Se .baene ging ck ee 6 Mt Te ee agt4 oof ay, Ma i Bids Nera ae ‘ ah ek Saree Ket ‘ ‘ Sex F - te a os A Ke ip is a aac ie 4 ae ete ee Phen hp ats Ah aa, yn : Ww Berks. ; ane Basie ae Sad ersity of Virgin PE1625 .W3 1859B A An American dictionary of the ini Nah a ate eit a aap ~~ ee af *2 ‘ : SORE \ Re rcURIe yak SS “ay 44 ye i +5 She by Gh * . Ril ee at 5 ra fhe. + SAP rite ek) i Ope whee 4 aes we . a5 =e ry tseee eas Containing all the matter and nov PROFESSOR C] Ce Ce. In the language of an em such a work are made —it abridgment or condensation abridgment, or works on a other English Dictionary co) aboye the price of other an a my 4 improving it for a second edition. several gentlemen distinguisl press. In the exhibition of the any other Dictionary. 4s exhibiting the roots of the kind ed words in other languages ment. The Dejinitions are given by loose collection of terms more or less 5 the history of the word to its secondhry and trated, and the use and American authors, use, the definitions haye not’ bee authorities, but have been carefully instances, haye been furnishe authority in particular dep The vocabulary has been the wo ds in actual use, tl} of provincial and obsvlet: encumbered nor deformed a Dictionary that profes In Orthography, the chan not been sanctioned by violent departures from tl] omitted, while ‘real and j retained, actual pronuncij In J *ronuneiatio } a0. 4 demand it. the words are respelled. ation, as practised by LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA FROM THE BOoKs OF MILES POINDEXTER (1868-1946) GIFT OF COMDR. GALE POINDEXTER. USN Ss DICTILO NARY, | | ABRIDGED, | 1452 PAGES, ements up to the time of his death, umproved, by YALE. COLLEGE. LD, MASS., S. h nine tenths of our references to raphy.” These definitions, without ‘and are not found in any mere ie amount of matter found in any x, vet is sold at a trifling advance he new edition of WEBsTER’s DICTIONARY, in Crown Quarto, seems to us deserving of general patronage, for the following reasons: — Tt contains the results of the labors To the labor of the author has been added that of Professor C. A. Goopricu, for nearly three years of constant attention, assisted by D 1ed in literature and the sciences. All the results of the study of the author, as published in the Original Edition in Quarto, and the Revised Edition with the services of Dr. Goodrich, are now given to the public in one of the cheapest and most beautiful volumes ey There may be a differ to the correctness of the views of the author valuable and indispensable treasury of knowl a precise and full description, and not by a , aS it has passed f derived significatio Justified by ample quot y scrutinized, and, in very many d directly by gentlemen of the highest artments of kn judiciously e lat are proper] owledge. nlarged by the addition of all y English. “A sufficient number terms has been added, while yet it is not by those which ought not to be admitted into ses to be a standard §€S proposed by Dr. Webster, which have and which seem to be too 1e eneral spelling, have mportant improvements h general adoption, n, the scheme of notation is sim The aim the truly educated among the TESTIMONIALS, years. er issued from the American corrected in some im-jortant particulars, in which the table of Walker Litymology of the language, it is superior to | is deficient and erroneous | The List of Geographical Names is the most extensive th | | | } ence of opinion in regard great body of Mnelish words, it is an in- 12,000 to 13,000 names, edge. The exhibition of | names with figured yowe v8; WE regard as a valuable accompani-| the most important n can be correctly prononnced. j It is with pleasure that we greet this new and y ynonymous. They exhibit, also, | American literature. rom its primary and original of good English. been judiciously ave been wisely ple, and in cases which / has been to give the English and American people, ascertained by actua ries, and correspondence. of its distinguished author, who | avoided. devoted himself to the preparation of the original edition for thirty-five | whose | The whole subject has been elaborated by Professor Goodrich years, and expended much of the twelve years following in revising and srofessional duty it has been to train public speakers for thirty The variety of vowel sounds, which distinguis ation of the English from that of the continent accurately indicated by any figured key, ness as a standard, and embarrassing As a guide to pronunciation, the Dictionary easily consulted, and at the same time. is in Royal Octavo, together | a just exhibition of the langu The Table of Scriptural N Classical Table has receiv ed large additions, ana } as to particular words, yet} seen in connection with ames, especially those of ¢} THE MOST COMPLETE, ACCURATE, AND R The signification is illus- TIONARY OF THE LANG UAGE. ations from the best English In respect to words of technical and peculiar n hastily assumed from professed ott! peti lip Lee et co ce C And thirty other members of the U ‘ : go lot servation, inqui- The artificial and affected pronunciation is y hes the pronunci- al languages, cannot be Without destroying its useful- , instead of guiding, the reader) , in_its present form, can be accurate and reliable in giving age as pronounced by educated nien. ames has been carefully revised. The las been revised and | | at we have comprising, as it does, S given by respelline the By means of the table, 1€ continent of Europe, any English Dictionary, The pronunciation, a Is, is easily indicated, We recommend it to all who desire to possess ELIABLE DIC- aluable contribution to | U.S. Senator. oe Lm « Inited States Senate. | fiTESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. THEODORE FRELINGHUYSEN, Chancellor of University of New York. Witiiam H. CamMpse.t, Editor N. Y. District School Journal. GeorGEe N. BrieGs, Governor of Massachusetts. Witiism B. CaLnoun, Secretary of State of Massachusetts. RicHarp S. Rust, Commissioner of Common Schools in New Hamp- shire. ; THEopoRE F. Krne, Superintendent of Schools in New Jersey. jtonert C. WINTHROP, Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives. EpMUND BuRKE, Commissioner of Patents. JOHN Youna, Governor of New York. CHRISTOPHER MorGan, Secretary of State, and Superintendent of Common Schools in New York. ALVAH Hunt, Treasurer of New York. Rev. SAMUEL H. Cox, D. D. . LyMAN BEECHER, D. D., President of Lane Seminary. CALVIN E. Stowe, D. D., Professorin ‘ os D. H. ALLEN, Professor in Rey. HemMan Humpnrey, D. D., late President of Amherst College. Rev. Ezra Kevver, D. D., President of Wittenburg College, Ohio. M. A. Drent, Professor in Be es us N. A. Grecer, Professor in BensAMIN LARABEE, D. D., President of Middlebury College; and other distinguished gentlemen. March, 1848. It is the great work of an American citizen, accomplished after a life of indefatigable study and labor, and deserves the public fayor. IK Sve. It is a truly national work, illustrating at once American learning and American enterprise and art. frre We rejoice that it bids fair to become the standard Dictionary to be used by the numerous millions of people who are to inhabit the United States. — Signed by 104 Members of Congress. ce ce cc «ce cc Webster’s Dictionary, the new edition, revised by Professor Goodrich, and published by G, & C. Merriam, Springfield, Mass., the best Diction- ary of the English language extant—an enduring monument of the author’s learning and industry, and an honor to our country, ought to be found in every family. Will not the enlightened and liberal, in our various religious societies, furnish their clergymen with a copy, as an indispensable volume in their libraries? Language, and the English language, is the great instrument with which the ministers of the gospel are enabled to do good logic would more extensively prevail. — Rev. 7. H. Gallaudet. I have been in the habit of using Dr. Webster’s Dictionary for several years past, in preference to all others, because it far excels them all, so far as I know, in giving and defining scientific terms. — Pres, Hitchcocl:, of Amherst College. I have always considered Dr. Webster’s work in lexicography as sur- passed in fullness and accuracy by none in our language. — Rev. Dr. Wayland, President of Brown University, Providence, R. I, Webster’s American Dictionary may now be recomr-ended, without reserve or qualification, as the best extant. — Pres¢dent Olin, of the Wesleyan University, December, 1847. ’ ne ice, WERSTER’S Digrronary.— The publishers of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, in Crown Quarto, received an order for twelve copies of that work lately from Ceylon. Its fullness, precision, and accuracy, render it an indispensable aid, not only to the student at home, but to the mis- sionary abroad, as he opens the treasures of the English language to the dark mind of his heathen scholar, or molds to order and system the ruder elements of his native tongue, ‘The revised edition has already been republished in England. — New York Tribune, August, 1848. Lord Brougham, in a recent conversation with an intelligent American traveler, remarked of this work,—‘“‘It has come to be a necessity to every educated man.”’ The London Literary Gazette, of April Ist, speaks of it in the follow- ing just terms : — “The original edition of the American Dictionary is‘too well known and appreciated in England to require us to dwell at length on its plan and execution. In the present edition, Professor Goodrich has been ably assisted by several eminent men, each distinguished in his own sphere of inquiry; and the result is in the highest degree satisfactory. The work is a noble monument of erudition and indefatigable research ; and the style and accuracy of its typography would do honor to the press of any country in Europe. ‘This volume must find its way into all our public and good private libraries, for it provides the English student with a mass of the most valuable information, which he would in yain seek for elsewhere,” If language were better understood, sound | A DictIioNaARY TO QUEEN Vrierorta. — Messrs. G. & Merriam, publishers of the riew unabridged edition of Webster’s Dictionary, have prepared a very splendid copy of that work, designed as a present to her majesty Queen Victoria. The volume was bound by J. B. Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia. The following is the letter of presentation ?— “To her Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, this copy of Webster’s Quarto Dictionary is offered by the American publishers, as a product of Science and the Arts, from the republic which is proud to call England her mother country. ‘“May your majesty long live to rejoice in the loyal and grateful affection of the millions who inhabit your extended empire, and may the messages and offerings from England to America, and from America to England, be the offerings of peace and of mutual good will. ““May these countries, which are united by a common language, be also one in the common purpose to make this language the bearer and the symbol of the Civilization, the Science, the Freedom, and the Chris- tianity which they shall together diffuse throughout the earth. “GEORGE & CHARLES MERRIAM. «‘ SPRINGFIELD, Massachusetts, U.S. A., December, 1848.” THE QUEEN’s DicTIONARY. — The Messrs. Merriam, some time since, transmitted to Queen Victoria, through the hand of George Bancroft, the American minister, a magnificently bound copy of their unabridged edition of Webster’s Dictionary. It was given to the queen, througn her husband, Prince Albert, and its receipt has been acknowledged by the secretary of his royal highness. The acknowledgment is, of course, directed to his excellency the American minister, and we have the pleasure of presenting it to our readers. — Springfield Republican. | *Srr,—TI have the honor to inform your excellency, that her majesty the queen has accepted, with great pleasure, the copy of the last edition of Webster’s English Dictionary, which, according to the directions you gave me, was laid by me before his royal highness Prince Albert, and was presented afterwards by the prince to her majesty, on the part of the publishers, Messrs. Merriam; and [ have been commanded to ex- | press to your excellency, and to beg of you to transmit to Messrs. | Merriam, her majesty’s gracious thanks for this beautiful present, which her majesty highly values, not only on account of the great merits of | the work itself, but still more so as a sign of those feelings towards her royal person on the part of a large portion of the Anglo-American | nation, which your excellency informed me it was intended to represent, |and which, after the political disunion which has taken place between |the United Kingdom and the United States, could not indeed have found a more appropriate way of expressing themselves than the pres- entation to her majesty of a work on the English language, which directly refers to that powerful and indissoluble bond by which the two cognate nations on the eastern and western side of the Atlantic will forever remain united. Your excellency, as well as Messrs. Merriam, will, no doubt, feel great pleasure in learning that her majesty has placed the work, presented through your excellency, amongst the few selected volumes which compose her own private library. ‘““T have the honor to be, sir, your excellency’s faithful servant, “ WS PRIM RY RAN RAS RN WS RQ) = x SS cs c cis es eee«QURTH STREET. \ D, MASS. 2LES MERRIAM. Deike ur dig oss oiAN AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE; CONTAINING THE WHOLE VOCABULARY OF THE FIRST EDITION IN TWO VOLUMES QUARTO; THE ENTIRE CORREC- TIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS OF THE SECOND EDITION IN TWO YOLUMES ROYAL OCTAVO; TO WHICH IS PREFIXED AN INTRODUCTORY DISSERTATION ON THE ORIGIN, HISTORY, AND CONNECTION, OF THE LANGUAGES OF WESTERN ASIA AND EUROPE, WITH AN EXPLANATION OF THE PRINCIPLES ON WHICH LANGUAGES ARE FORMED. BY NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., Member of the American Philosophical Society in Philadelohia; Fellow of the American Academy of Asxts and Sciences in Massachusetts ; 7} Y 3 i y ‘* 3 Member of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences ; Fellow of the Royal Society of Northern Antiquaries in Co- penhagen ; Member of the Connecticut Historical Society ; Corresponding Member of the Historical Socvetves in Massachusetts, New York, and Georgia; of the Academy of Medicine in Philadel- phia, and of the Columbian Institute ir Washington ; and Honorary Member of the Michigan Historical Socvety. GENERAL SUBJECTS OF THIS WORK. I. ETYMOLOGIES OF ENGLISH WORDS, DEDUCED FROM AN EXAMINATION AND COMPARISON OF WORDS OF CORRESPONDING ELEMENTS IN TWENTY LANGUAGES OF ASIA AND EUROPE. IL—THE TRUE ORTHOGRAPHY OF WORDS, AS CORRECTED BY THEIR ETYMOLOGIES. [Il — PRONUNCIATION EXHIBITED AND MADE OBVIOUS BY THE DIVISION OF WORDS INTO SYLLABLES, BY ACCENTUATION, BY MARKING THE SOUNDS OF THE ACCENTED VOWELS, WHEN NECESSARY, OR BY GENERAL RULES. IV.— ACCURATE AND DISCRIMINATING DEFINITIONS, ILLUSTRATED, WHEN DOUBTFUL OR OBSCURE, BY EXAMPLES OF THEIR USE, SELECTED FROM RESPECTABLE AUTHORS, OR BY FAMILIAR PHRASES OF UNDISPUTED AUTHORITY. REVISED AND ENLARGED, BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, PROFESSOR IN YALE COLLEGE. ) ; ) » 0 ) WITH PRONOUNCING VOCABULARIES OF SCRIPTURB, CLASSICAL, AND GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. PHILADELPHIA: J. B. LIPPINCOTT & CO., 22 & 24 FOURTH STREET. SPRINGFIELD, MASS. GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM. Sia. OF. re HOTA No OST a achat area foeer ae ENTERED ACCORDING TO AcT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1840, By NOAH WEBSTER, LL. D., IN THE CLERK’S OFFICE OF THE Districr Court oF THE DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT. ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1847, By GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM, IN THE CLERK’S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT CouRT OF THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, ENTERED ACCORDING TO AcT OF CONGRESS, IN THE YEAR 1856, By EMILY W. ELLSWORTH, JULIA W. GOODRICH, WILLIAM G. WEBSTER, ELIZA S. W. JONES, AND LOUISA WEBSTER, IN THE CLERK’S OFFICE OF THE DISTRICT Court OF THE DisTRICT oF CONNECTICUT ee ee i cc aran rn AAA STEREOTYPED AT THE BOSTON TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDRY. MANUFACTURED By CASE, LOCKWOOD & CO., HARTFORD, Cony,PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. BY 2h EDP PLoOr® Tue demand for THe American Dictionary or tHE Enexish Laneuace has increased so rapidly within a few years past, that the publishers have felt the necessity of its being stereotyped, for the greater convenience of the public, in a single quarto volume. In deciding upon this measure, they were desirous that the work should be thoroughly revised anew, and that each department which it embraces, should be brought down, as far as possible, to the latest advances of science, literature, and the arts, at the present day. With this view, it was placed in the hands of Rev. Cuauncry A. Goopricu, Professor in Yale College, as one of the members of Dr. Wesster’s family, in the expectation of his obtaining such additional aid as might be necessary for the accomplishment of this design. The Editor has not acted, however, upon his own personal responsibility in executing this trust. He has, from time to time, laid open the sheets.to the inspection of the other members of the family ; and no important alterations have been made, especially in any of the lead- ing characteristics of the work, except with the concurrence, or at the request, of Dr. Webster’s legal representatives. In laying before the public an edition thus prepared, the fruit of nearly three years of care and attention, the Editor will be expected to make some brief statement of the principles on which he has conducted the revision, and the results of his labors as exhibited in the present volume. This work was first published, in two quarto volumes, in the year 1828. At the expiration of twelve years, or in the year 1840, a second edition was published by the Author, in two royal octavo volumes. Of this he thus speaks in the Advertisement prefixed: “The improvements in this edition of the American Dicrionary consist chiefly in the addition of several thousand words to the vocabulary, the division of words into syllables, and the correction of definitions in several of the sciences, which are made conformable to recent discoveries and classifications. For the latter improvements, the Author is indebted chiefly to Professor Tuniy, of the Medical College in New Hayen. To these improvements may be added the introduction and explanation of many phrases from foreign languages, frequently used by English authors, and in conversation ; and also of many se = ras al in some foreign terms used in books of music.’? In conducting this revision, Dr. Webster was aided : . a subse- part of his labors by his son, Witt1am G. Wensrer, Esq., of New Haven; who, also, at quent period, prepared the revised Addenda, under the direction of his father. The later 1m- provements of the Author, down to the period of his death, are here inserted under their proper i as hich has heads, from the manuscripts which he left. By these successive revisions, and the one Ww the now been made, new matter, to the amount of more than three hundred pages, has been added toa GOT ET RET PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. and by careful compression, 1s now brought f which, by the use of a smaller type, it will now be proper work; all o Of the course pursued in the revision, within the compass of this volume. briefly to speak. In respect to the nsidered it as lying within his province, to Etymologies, the Editor has not co In a very few cases of obvious necessity, some slight change has make any material alterations. But the chief labor, in re difficult task of giving with accuracy the numerous words from ference to this part of the work, has been bestowed on’ the been made. Oriental and foreign languages, which are used in tracing the origin of our own. The chief value of a dictionary consists in its Definitions ; , by established usage, to the words of —in giving a clear, full, and accurate exhibition of all the various shades of meaning which belong ally, that Dr. WesstTrr’s Dictionary has been generally con- a language. It is im this respect, especl To this point, therefore, the r, both of this country and of England. sidered superior to every othe No efforts have been spared to obtain the most labors of the Editor have been mainly directed. recent and valuable works, not only in lexicography, but in the various departments of science and the arts embraced in the American Dictionary. As these subjects are in a state of continual progress, every important word, in its various applications, has been diligently examined and compared with the statements made on each topic, by the latest and most approved authorities. | Smart’s English Dictionary, in the edition of 1846, has been carefully collated with this work, and also the unfinished one, in a course of publication, by Gilbert, so fay as the numbers have appeared. Reference has although this had been previously likewise constantly been made to Richardson’s Dictionary, and also to the Analytical Dictionary of Booth. Each of the articles examined by Dr. Webster, in Brande’s Encyclopedia of Science, Literature, and Art, has been collated with the corresponding portions of this Dictionary, as the starting-point, when necessary, of investigation in larger treatises. The Penny Cyclopedia has been consulted at every step, especially in matters of science; and the Encyclopedia Americana (based on the German Conversations-Lexikon) has been relied upon, partic- ularly on subjects of continental literature, philosophy, history, art, &c. In order to secure greater accuracy, numerous special dictionaries, or vocabularies confined to some single department, have also been collated with this work; and the ablest treatises on important branches of science and sag been diligently examined. In architecture, the chief reliance has been placed on the xford Glosss ‘chi e author of es. ee... ie os of Architecture, (1842,) by Guilt, Encyclopedia, (1844,) and Gardner’s re ae = netleul inne) aligonpanecneHs general antiquities, the large treatise of Fosbrol a (1846,) have been chiefly used. In antiquities, the principal reliance has been a ie a Semen consulted, ee in classical work of the highest authority. In respect to tl 3 ie oe dictionary of Smith, (1846,) as a Eee eae p o the antiquities of the church, the elaborate work of ) has been frequently consulted; and Hook’s Church Dictio nary (1844) has been 3 ? Pir I EE pais is ate E TS STRmel PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. Vv England, and also of the Roman Catholic and Greek Churches. In botany, use has principally been made of the writings of Lindley and Loudon. In natural history, Partington’s British Cyclo- pedia of Natural History, (1835-7,) and Jardine’s Naturalist’s Library, (1834—43,) have been much consulted, in connection with the articles on these subjects in the Penny Cyclopedia and similar works. In geology, mineralogy, and some associated branches: of natural history, Humble’s Dic- tionary of terms in these departments (1840) has been compared with this work throughout. In respect to mercantile subjects, banking, coins, weights, measures, &c., McCulloch’s Commercial Dictionary (1845) has been collated at every step, as the standard work on these subjects. In manufactures and the arts, Dr. Ure’s Dictionary of Manufactures, Arts, and Mines, with its Supple- ment, (1845,) has been relied upon as of the highest authority. In engineering and mechanical philosophy, Hebert’s Engineer’s and Mechanic’s Cyclopedia (1842) has been carefully collated, with a constant reference to the more popular and recent dictionaries of Francis, Grier, and Buchanan, in the editions of 1846. In seamanship, the Dictionary of Marine “Terms, in Lieutenant Totten’s Naval Text-Book, (1841,) has been taken as a guide. In military affairs, the dictionary of Campbell (1844) has been followed, in connection with the more extended articles contained in Brande and the Penny Cyclopedia, on the kindred topics. In the fine arts, much use has been made of the dictionary of Elmes. In domestic economy, the Eneyclopedia of Webster and Parkes on this subject (1844) has furnished many important statements, on a great variety of topics, presented for the first time in a scientific form; and to this has been added Cooley’s Cyclopedia of Practical Receipts, (1846,) as exhibiting much collateral information, in respect to the arts, manufac- tures, and trades. Such, in general, are the authorities which have been relied on in this revision. But it is obviously impossible for any one mind to embrace with accuracy all the various departments of knowledge which are now brought within the compass of a dictionary. Hence arise most of the errors and inconsistencies which abound in works of this kind. To avoid these as far as possible, especially in matters of science, the Editor at first made an arrangement with Dr. James G. Prrcivar, who had rendered important assistance to Dr. Webster in the edition of 1828, to take the entire charge -of revising the scientific articles embraced in this work. This revision, however, owing to causes beyond the control of either party, was extended to but little more than two letters of the alphabet; and the Editor then obtained the assistance of his associates in office, and of other gentlemen in various professional employments. ‘T’o these he would now return his acknowledgments, for the aid they have afforded. The articles on law have been collated with Blackstone and Bouvier’s Law Dictionary, by the Hon. Exizur Goopricu, formerly Professor of Law in Yale College, and the errors discovered, which were few in number, have been carefully eorrected. The departments of ecclesiastical history and ancient philosophy have been thoroughly revised by the Rev. James Murpvocx, D. D., late Professor in the Andover Theological Seminary, who has furnished, in many instances, new and valuable definitions. The terms in chemistry 5 : requisite have been submitted to Professor Smuiman, of Yale College; and whatever changes were req ————— B if 1 — I EEA T RSS ela ARE L I RE OTT MERA ieeei PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. vl in the explanations, have been made under his direction. In the departments of botany, anatomy, , and some branches of natural history, Dr. Webster received assistance, in the physiology, medicine, : | Tutty, late Professor in the Medical revision of 1840, as mentioned above, from Dr. Wit.1am Institution of Yale College. Still further aid has been received from the same source in the present revision, and much of the accuracy of this work, On topics connected with Oriental literature, aid in these branches, will be found owing to the valuable assistance he has thus afforded. has frequently been obtained from Professor Gisss, of Yale College. A part of the articles on astronomy, meteorology, and natural philosophy, in the edition of 1828, passed under the revision of Professor Otmstep, of Yale College. This revision has now been extended to all the articles on these subjects throughout the work, and new definitions have been furnished in numerous snstances. The definitions in mathematics; after having been compared with those given in the dictionaries of Hutton, or Barlow, have been submitted to Professor Sranuey, of Yale College, and the alterations have, in all cases, been made under his direction. In the sciences of geology and mineralogy, a thorough revision of the whole volume has been. made by James D. Dana, Ksa., Geologist and Mineralogist of the United States Exploring Expedition, and associate editor of the American Journal of Science and Arts, to whom the Editor is likewise indebted for assistance on various other subjects, which has greatly enhanced the value of the work. In practical astronomy and the science of entomology, aid has been frequently received from Epwarp C. Herricx, Esq., Librarian of Yale College. The articles on painting and the fine arts have, to a great extent, passed under the inspection of Narwanreu Jocenyn, Esq., Painter, of New Haven, and new definitions have in many cases been furnished. A correspondence has likewise been carried on with literary friends in England, and especially with one of the contributors to the Penny Cyclopedia, with a view to obtain information on certain points, in respect to which nothing definite could be learned from any books within the reach of the Editor. Extended lists of words have been transmitted for examination, and returned with ample notes and explanations. Much obscurity has thus been removed in respect to the use of terms which have a peculiar sense in England, especially some of frequent occurrence at the universities, in the cireles of trade, and in the familiar intercourse of life. T’o the friends who have given their assistance in these various departments, the Editor would return his cordial thanks. Whatever im- provement the work may have gained from this revision, in respect to clearness, accuracy, and fullness of definition, will be found owing, in a great degree, to the aid which they have thus afforded. With regard to the insertion of new words, the Editor has felt much hesitation and embarrassment. Some thousands have been added in the course of. this revision, and the number might have been swelled to many thousands more, without the slightest difficulty. There is, at the present day, especially in England, a boldness of innovation on this subject, which amounts to absolute licen- tiousness. A hasty introduction into our dictionaries, of new terms, under such circumstances, is cea) none cemesaed A Cr vocabulary is already encumbered with a multitude of words, which Se Mina te. conan FMS ET o —— : a aa em rlPREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION” . Vil have never formed a permanent part of English literature, and it is a serious evil to add to their number. © Nothing, on the contrary, is so much needed as a thorough expurgation of our dictionaries in this respect, —the rejection of many thousands of words which may properly find a place in the glossaries of antiquarians, as a curious exhibition of what has been proposed, but never adopted, as a part of our language, but which, for that reason, can have no claim to stand in a dictionary designed for general use. All words, indeed, which are necessary to an under- standing of our great writers, such as Bacon, Spenser, Shakspeare, &c., ought, though now obsolete, to be carefully retained ; and in the present revision a considerable number of this class have been introduced for the first time. Other words have likewise been admitted to a limited extent, namely, the familiar terms of common life in England, which have been much used of late by popular writers in Great Britain. Many of these need to be explained for the benefit of readers in this country ; and, if marked as “ familiar,” “colloquial,” or “low,” according to their true char- acter, they may be safely inserted in our dictionaries, and are entitled to a place there, as forming a constituent part of our written and spoken language. One of the most difficult questions on this subject, relates to the introduction of technical and scientific terms. Most of our general diction- aries are, at present, without any plan as to the extent and proportion in which such words should be inserted; nor can they ever be reduced to order until each department is revised by men of science who are intimately acquainted with the subjects, and who are competent to decide what terms ought to be admitted into a general dictionary, and what terms should be reserved for special dictionaries devoted to distinct branches of science. Something of this kind, on a limited scale, has been attempted in the progress of this revision. Lists of words have been obtained from the gentlemen mentioned above, which might properly be inserted in this volume; and very few terms of this class have been admitted except under their direction. In accordance with their advice, a small number have been excluded; but in this respect the Editor has not felt at liberty to carry out his views in their full extent. In respect to Americanisms, properly so called, it is known to those who are conversant with the subject, that they are less numerous than has been generally supposed. Most of those familiar words, especially of our older states, which have been considered as peculiar to our country, were brought by our ancestors from Great Britain, and are still in constant use there as local terms. The recent investigations of Forby, Holloway, and Halliwell, have thrown much light on this subject; and the names of these authors are, therefore, frequently placed under the words in question, to indicate their origin and their present use in England. Notes have also been added to some words which are peculiar to our country; but their number is comparatively , small. In reference to Orthography, some important alterations have been made, but in strict conform- ity, it is believed, with the Author’s principles on this subject. The changes in our orthography recommended by Dr. Webster, are of two distinct kinds, and rest on very different grounds. These it may be proper for a moment to consider. His main principle was, that the tendencies of eePREFACE TO THs REVISED EDITION. simplicity and broader analogies, ought to be watched and cherished with our language to greater er a Movement toward wider analogies and more the utmost care. He felt, therefore, that whenev general rules, had advanced so far as to leave but few exceptions to impede its progress, those oy renc te. On this ground, he exceptions ought to be set aside at once, and the analogy rendered comple this g , rejected the w from such words as favour, labour, &c. from Latin terminations in or, through the Norman French, but encum- Of these we have a large number, which came to us, In most cases, bered with a silent w, as in emperour, authour, editour, é&c. From this entire class, except about twenty words, the w has been gradually dropped ; and in respect to these, scarcely any two persons can be found, however strenuous for retaining it, who are in practice consistent with each other, or with themselves, as to the words in which this letter is used. In fact, we have reached a point where, unless we take Webster and the dictionaries which agree with him as our guide, we have no standard on the subject; for Johnson, Walker, and others, retain the w in numerous words, into which no one would think of introducing it at the present day. Public convenience, therefore, demands that we do at once what must ultimately be done. No one can believe that the progress of our language will be arrested on this subject. The w will speedily be omitted in all words of this class, unless, from the sacredness of its associations, it be retained in Saviour, which may stand for a time as a solitary exception. Nor 1s it Dr. Webster who is the innovator in this case, but the English mind, which has for two centuries been throwing off a useless encumbrance, and moving steadily on toward greater simplicity in the structure of our language. Such, too, is the case with certain terminations in re, pronounced like er; as, centre, metre, &c. We have numerous words of this class derived from the French, all of which originally ended in re; as, cider, (cedre,) chamber, (chambre,) &c. These have been gradually conformed to the English spelling and pronun- ciation, till the number in re is reduced to not far from twenty words with their derivatives ; and in respect to them also the process is still going on. Center is, to a considerable extent, the spelling of the best mathematical writers. Meter is the word given by Walker in his Rhyming Dictionary, from a sense of the -gross inconsistency of attaching to this word and its derivative diameter a different termination. Others are gradually undergoing the same change. Dr. Webster proposes, therefore, to complete the analogy at once, and conform the spelling of the few that remain to the general principles of our language. Acre, lucre, and massacre, present the only difficulty, from their liability, if changed, to be mispronounced, and may therefore be suffered to stand as necessary exceptions. Another departure from the principles of English orthography which Dr. Webster has endeavored to correct, is one that was pointed out by Walker, in very emphatic terms, nearly fifty years ago. T’he principle in question is this, — that, in adding to a word the formatives ing, ed, er, se a single consonant (if one precedes) is doubled when the accent falls on the last syllable, as in forgetting, beginning, &c., but is not doubled when the accent falls on any of the preceding syl- lables, as in benefiting, gardening, &c. Walker, in his fifth Aphorism, says, “ Dr. Lowth justly re- naw iuks that an error frequently takes place in the words worshipping, counselling, &c., which, having ek TA ry So ey OT: + oars " = = 3PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION the accent on the first syllable, ought to be written worshiping, counseling. An ignorance of this oS} ruie has led many to write bigotted for bigoted; and from this spelling has frequently arisen a false pronunciation. But no letter seems to be more frequently doubled improperly than Z. . Why we should write libelling, levelling, revelling, and yet offering, suffering, reasoning, 1 am totally at a loss to determine; and unless J ean give a better plea than any other letter of the alphabet for being doubled in this situation, I must, in the style of Lucian in his trial of the letter 7, declare for an expnl- sion.”? These were the deliberate and latest opinions of Walker. If he had taken the trouble to carry them into his vocabulary, instead of relying on a mere remark of this kind for the correction of the error,—if he had simply stated, under about forty verbs, how the participle should be spelt, (for he did not give participles in his Dictionary,) and had altered six or eight words, as worshipper into worshiper, traveller into traveler, &e., the error would probably, by this time, have been wholly eradicated from our orthography ; and Dr. Webster would have escaped much ignorant vituperation, for following in the footsteps of Walker and of Lowth. Walker also says in his Aphorisms, “Why should we not write dullness, fullness, skillful, willful, as well as stiffness and gruffness?” The principles of our language plainly require us to do so; and Dr. Webster felt that the change might easily be made. The words which need to be reduced to this analogy are only about eight in number, including imstallment and inthrallment, which, if spelt with a single J, are liable to be mispronounced, instal’ment, &c. Again, the words expense, license, recompense, which formerly had a ¢ in the last syllable, have now taken an s, because the latter consonant is the only one used in the derivatives; as, evpensive, &c. A similar change is needed in only three words more to complete the analogy, namely, defense, offense, and pretense ; and these Dr. Webster has changed. It is sometimes asked, “ Why not change fence also?” For the simple reason, that its derivatives are spelt with a c, as fenced, fencing ; and the word therefore stands regularly with others of its own class. Finally, Dr. Webster proposes to drop the w in mould and moult, because it has been dropped from gold, and all other words of the same ending. —Such are the principal changes under this head, introduced by Dr. Webster into his Dictionary. In the present edition, the words are spelt in both ways, for the convenience of the public, except in cases where this seemed to be unnecessary or was found to be inconvenient. These changes, considering the difficulty that always belongs to such a subject, have met with far more favor from the public, than was reasonably to be expected. Most of them have been exten- They are gaining eround daily, as the reasons by which they and it is confidently believed that, being founded sively adopted in our country. are supported are more generally understood ; in established analogies, and intended merely to repress irregularities and remove petty exceptions, they must ultimately prevail. The other class of changes mentioned above rests on a different basis, — that of Htymology. These will be estimated very differently, according to the acquaintance of different persons with the languages from which the words are derived. When Dr. Webster substituted bridegoom for i ee ———PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION. fether for feather, &c., the German critics highly applauded the change. They pre- bridegroom, sal reception, because similar improvements, on a much broader scale, dicted its speedy and univer had been easily made in their language. But Dr. Webster found the case to be widely different relve year ‘thography to a considerable among us. After an experiment of twelve years, he restored the old orthography , number of such words. In the present edition, it is restored in respect to nearly all that remain, from the full conviction, that, however desirable these changes may be, in themselves considered, as they do not relate to the general analogies of the language, and can not be duly appreciated by the body of the people, they will never be generally received.* On the subject of Pronwnciation, much labor has been bestowed in the progress of this revision. A careful comparison has been made with the latest authorities, and wherever changes seemed desirable, and could be made in consistency with the Author’s principles, they have been here introduced. 'The key to pronunciation has been somewhat enlarged, and placed at the bottom of each page for greater ease of reference, and the pointed letters have been used to a still greater ex- tent. Many thousand words have been re-spelled, and no efforts have been spared to render the work, in all respects, a complete Pronouncing Dictionary. In the progress of these labors, the Editor has been frequently struck with the wisdom of. Dr. Webster in not attempting too much as to marking the pronunciation. Most of the later orthoépists, as Knowles, Smart, &c., have made their system of notation so extensive and complicated, and have aimed to exhibit so many nice shades of distinction, as in many cases to perplex rather than aid. The Publishers, being desirous to make this, in all respects, a complete work of reference, have introduced, at the close of the volume, a list of Greek and Latin Proper Names, with their pronun- ciation, prepared by Professor Tuacuer, of Yale College; a list of Scripture Proper Names, pre- pared by Professor Porrrer, of Yale College; and a Pronouncing Vocabulary of Modern Geographical Names, prepared also under the superintendence of Professor Porrer. Of these a full account will be found in the several prefaces by which they are accompanied. In conclusion, the Editor would acknowledge his obligations to the gentlemen who have aided him, for more than two years, in these labors, — Mr. Samven W. Barnum, M. A., of Yale College, and Wituiam G. Wesstrr, Esq., of New Haven, The intimate acquaintance of the latter with his father’s views, has made his counsel and codperation of great value in the progress of this revision. To the overseers of the mechanical execution of this work, at the Boston Tyrr ann STEREO- tyPE Founpry, the Editor would likewise make his acknowledgments for many valuable suggestions during the progress of the revision, and for the watchful care and assiduity with which they have performed the difficult task of giving accuracy to the details of this volume. New Haven, September, 1847. " For a more full-and detailed account of Dr. Webster’s orthography, as exhibited in this volume, see page Ixxxi. AIA nis ea SE rena . Ty 7" = 7 ‘ = ater seit a Disa a FF APR I 4AUTHOR’S PREFACE. In the year 1783, just at the close of the Revolution, I published an elementary book for facilitating the acquisition of our vernacular tongue, and for correcting a vicious pronunciation, which prevailed extensively among the common people of this country. Soon after the publication of that work, I believe in the following year, that learned and respectable scholar, the Rev. Dr. Goopricu, of Durham, one of the trustees of Yale College, suggested to me the propriety and expediency of my compiling a Dictionary, which should complete a system for the instruction of the citizens of this country in the language. At that time, I could not indulge the thought, much less the hope, of undertaking such a work; as I was neither qualified by research, nor had I the means of support, during the execution of the work, had I been disposed to undertake Tie eEnGn many years, therefore, though I considered such a work as very desirable, yet it appeared to me impracticable ; as I was under the necessity of devoting my time to other occupations for obtaining subsistence. About thirty-five years ago, I-began to think of attempting the compilation of a Dictionary. I was induced to this undertaking, not more by the suggestion of friends, than by my own ex- perience of the want of such a work, while reading modern books of science. In this pursuit, I found almost insuperable difficulties, from the want of a dictionary, for explaining many new words, which recent discoveries in the physical sciences had introduced into use. ‘Tio remedy this defect in part, I published my Compendious Dictionary in 1806; and soon after made preparations for undertaking a larger work. My original design did not extend to an investigation of the origin and progress of our lan- euage, much less of other languages. I limited my views to the correcting of certain errors in the best English dictionaries, and to the supplying of words in which they are deficient. But after writing through two letters of the alphabet, I determined to change my plan. I found myself embarrassed at every step, for want of a knowledge of the origin of words, which Jonnson, Bawey, Junius, Sxinnur, and some other authors, do not afford the means of obtaining. Then, laying aside my manuscripts, and all books treating of language, except lexicons and dictionaries, I endeavored, by a diligent comparison of words having the same or cognate radical letters, in about twenty languages, to obtain a more correct knowledge of the primary sense of original words, of the affinities between the English and many other languages, and thus to enable myself to trace words to their source. I had not pursued this course more than three or four years, before I discovered that I had to unlearn a great deal that I had spent years in learning, and that it was necessary for me to go back to the first rudiments of a branch of erudition which I had before cultivated, as I had supposed, with success. I spent ten years in this comparison of radical words, and in forming a Synopsis of the principal Words in twenty Languages, arranged in Classes under their primary Elements or Letters. The result has been to open what are to me new views of language, and to unfold what appear to be the genuine principles on which these languages are constructed. After completing this Synopsis, I proceeded to correct what I had written of the Dictionary, and to complete the remaining part of the work. But before I had finished it, I deterrhined on AJ CR ee lee Maine, and left at her death a daughter, who was adopted by Dr. Webster, and is now married to Henry Trowbridge, Jun., Esq., of New Haven; the fifth is married to the Rey. Henry Jones, of Bridgeport, Conn.; and the sixth remains unmarried, in the family of her brother. In conclusion, it may be said that the name of Noan Wen- STER, from the wide circulation of some of his works, is known familiarly to a greater number of the inhabitants of the United States, than the name, probably, of any other individual except the Farner or nis Country. Whatever influence he thus acquired was used at all times to promote the best interests of his fellow-men. His books, though read by millions, have made no man worse. ‘T’o multitudes they have been of lasting: benefit, nor only by the course of early training they have furnished, but by those precepts of wisdom and virtue with which almost every page is stored. j August, 1847. | | | | | | | | j | |DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE or Speech is the utterance of articulate sounds or voices, rendered significant by usage, for the expression and communication of thoughts. According to this definition, language belongs exclusively to intellectual and intelligent beings, and, among terrestrial beings, to man only; for no animal on earth, except man, can pro- nounce words. The word language is sometimes used in a more comprehensive sense, and applied to the sounds by which irra- tional animals express their feelings or affections; as to the neighing of the horse, the lowing of the ox, the barking of the dog, and to the cackling and chirping of fowls; for the sounds uttered by these animals are perfectly understood by the re- spective species. So also language is figuratively applied to the signs by which deaf and dumb persons manifest their ideas; for these are instruments of communicating thoughts. But language in its proper sense, as the medium of intercourse between men, or rational beings, endowed with the faculty of uttering articulate sounds, is the subject now to be considered. Written language is the representation of significant sounds by letters, or characters, single or combined in words, arranged in due order, according to usage. ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE. We read in the Scriptures, that God, when he had created man, “blessed them; and said to them, Be fruitful and multi- ply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: and have dominion over the fish of the sea,” &c. God afterward planted a garden, and placed in it the man he had made, with a command to keep it, and to dress it; and he gave him a rule of moral conduct, in permitting him to eat the fruit of every tree in the garden, except one, the eating of which was prohibited. We further read, that God brought to Adam the fowls and beasts he had made, and that Adam gave them names; and that when his female companion was made, he gave her a name. After the eating of the for- bidden fruit, it is stated that God addressed Adam and Eve, reproving them for their disobedience, and pronouncing the pen- alties which they had incurred. In the account of these trans- actions, it is further related that Adam and Eve both replied to their Maker, and excused their disobedience. If we admit, what is the literal and obvious interpretation of this narrative, that vocal sounds or words were used in these com- munications between God and the progenitors of the human race, it results that Adam was not only endowed with intellect for understanding his Maker, or the signification of words, but was furnished both with the faculty of speech and with speech itself, or the knowledge and use of words as signs of ideas, and this before the formation of the woman. Hence we may infer that language was bestowed on Adam, in the same manner as all his other faculties and knowledge, by supernatural power; or, in other words, was of divine origin: for, supposing Adam to have had all the intellectual powers of any adult individual of the species who has since lived, we can not admit as probable, or even possible, that he should have invented and constructed even a barren language, as soon as he was created, without super- natural aid. It may indeed be doubted whether, without such aid, men would ever have learned the use of the organs of speech, so far as to forma language. At any rate, the invention of words and the construction of a language must have been by a slow process, and must have required a much longer time than * Celebrant, carminibus antiquis,.Tuistonem deum terrd editum, et filinum Mannum, originem gentis conditoresque. Manno tres filios assignant. —De br. Germ. 2. **In ancient songs they celebrate Tuisto, a god sprung from the earth, and his INTRODUCTION. that which passed between the creation of Adam and of Eve. It is, therefore, probable, that language, as well as the faculty of speech, was the immediate gift of God. We are not, however, to suppose the language of our first parents in paradise to have been copious, like most modern languages; or the identical language they used, to be now in existence. Many of the primitive radi- cal words may and probably do exist in various languages; but observation teaches that languages must improve and undergo great changes as knowledge increases, and be subject to con- tinual alterations, from other causes incident to men in society. A Brier Account oF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF THE PRINCIPAL LANGUAGES, ANCIENT AND MODERN, THAT HAVE BEEN SPOKEN BY NATIONS BETWEEN THE GANGES AND THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. 41 We learn from the Scriptures that Noah, who, with his family, was preserved from destruction by the Deluge, for the purpose of re-peopling the earth, had three sons, Shem, Ham, and Ja- pheth. This fact, a little obscured by tradition, was retained by our rude German ancestors, to the age of Tacitus.” Japheth was the eldest son; but Shem, the ancestor of the Israelites and of the writers of the Scriptures, is named first in order. The descendants of Shem and Ham peopled all the great plain situated north and west of the Persian Gulf, between that Gulf and the Indian Ocean on the east, and the Arabic Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea on the west, with the northern coast of Africa; comprehending Assyria, Babylonia or Chaldea, Syria, Palestine, Arabia, Egypt, and Libya. The principal languages or dialects used by these descendants, are known to us under the names of Chaldee, or Chaldaic, which is called also Aramean, Syriac, Hebrew, Arabic, Ethiopic, Samaritan, and Coptic. Of these, the Chaldee and Hebrew are no longer living languages, but they have come down to us in books; the Samaritan is prob- ably extinct or lost in the modern languages of the country, but the language survives ina copy of the Pentateuch; the Coptic is nearly or quite extinct, and little of it remains; the Syriac, Ara- bic, and Ethiopic are yet living languages, but they have suffered and are continually suffering alterations, from which no lying language is exempt. These languages, except the Coptic, being used by the de- scendants of Shem, I call Shemitic, or Assyrian, in distinction from the Japhetic. As the descendants of Japheth peopled Asia Minor, the northern parts of Asia, about the Euxine and Cas- pian, and all Europe, their languages have, in the long period that has elapsed since their dispersion, become very numerous. All languages having sprung from one source, the original words from which they have been formed must have been of equal antiquity. That the Celtic and Teutonic languages in Europe are, in this sense, as old as the Chaldee and Hebrew, is a fact not only warranted by history and the common origin of Japheth and Shem, but susceptible of proof from the identity of many words yet existing in both stocks. But there isa marked difference between the Shemitic and Japhetic languages; for even when the radical words are unquestionably the same, the modifications, or inflections and combinations which form the compounds, are, for the most part, different. ae As it has been made a question which of the Shemitie lan guages is the most ancient, and much has been written to prove it to be the Hebrew, I will state briefly my opinion on what appears to me to be one of the plainest questions in the history of nations. We have for our certain guides, in determining this son Mannus, [Man] the origin and founders of their nation. To Mannus they assien tliree sons.’ Noah is here called Jan. t _ Sareesee | | | [a : | 5 |< | Wiens. Sass y i E r | Were originally a tribe or nation inhabiting the north of Italy, or the s ore | Wood ; celw, to conceal, Lat, célo. In Gaclic the word is coilt or cet. The Celts | northern stormltorie To ee ae nee STE nee | Vee INTRODUCTION. . . . : Reenmaranunitors Ar rende Arabic, and E PAY had not become so diffe re nb as to rend si it impracticable for him to converse with the inhabitants of Pal- estine and Egypt. But the language of Abram’s descendants, mL eer > 17.° a pe Cll Ne Be 1 eae and that of the land of Shinar or the Chaldee, must, in the natu i 2 t7 > a7 VW oe ee t ee ntor S us la In conse qu nee of the m- ] re luce Uy, Ve do not SNOW 5 but, ; nN he sre 1e7fra oO »bs rv< ons | Ae i neé ocripture Intorms D5 t! « rl ) ( \ fr ) ft 2 > wy vy have made in my researches, it appears th ut the Chaldee dia lect, in the use of dental letters instead of sibilants, is much the most oeneral in the Celtic and Teutonic languages of Europe. Thus the German only has a sibilant In wasser, when the other Teu- . . } z tonic languages have a dental, water. I think also that there are far more words in the Europea 1 languages which accord with the & e : © a} vr ¢ c © Cc y T Os > pious attempts of the people to build a city, and a tower whose pious attempts of the peop Perneereceae : z . spk areas rie Ww ake themse 1S ¢ top might reach to heaven, with a ues oe ae eas t their dispersio O nterposed and con- name and prevent their disper lon; God’ interpost pee een: ounded their lancuace., so that they could not understand each founded their lang re, aU EME Ye eee v waxy »h jew rere isperse ‘ other; in consequence of which, they were disp r¢ thence over the face of all the earth.” ip 3. If the confusion of languages at Babel originated the differ- ences which cave rise to the various languages of the families which separated at the dispersion, then those several languages are all of equal antiquity. Of these the Hebrew, as a district Jans guage, was not one; for the Hebrew nation was of posterior origin. 4. All the words of the several great races of men, both in Asia and Europe, ~- which ai vernacular in their several lan- f ma At. ec 2 ant 1x7 ’ guages, and unequivoc ally the same, are of equal antiquity, as haldee or Arabic, than there are words which accord with the lebrew. If this Ghsennation is well asa the Hebrew must have suffered the loss of more primitive words than the other languages of the Shemitic family. This, however, is true, that all of them have lost some words, and in some cases the Hebrew retains what na others have lost. 8 The Hebrew Scriptures are, by many centuries, the most ancient writings extant. Hence probably the strange inference, that the Hebr aw is the oldest language; as if the inhabitants of Chaldea and Syria had had no lancuage for ages before the pro- ye —™T 1 4 7 se |x they must have be en derive from the common Chaldee stoe] 9 | which existed before the dispersion. The words common to the | geni itor of the oe brews was born. : I woe ee f ea ey iil air acl e Celtic and Teutonic Janonaces Byr ans and Hebrews could not have been borrowed from the 9. The vernacular words in the Celtic and Teutonic languages || eee f an es . aan Fee . : y the caine ds ae Sete |i Hebrew; for the Hebrews originated from Heber and Abr: m, | of modern Europe, which are evidently the same wor s still || several centuries after Syria ar ieypt were populous countries eee in the Ss he mitie languz ages, are of he same antiqguit y ; being This fact is attested |} by the Scripture hist h ry, which declares that wl! Abram migrated from Ghaldea and came into Canaan or P: : alestine, ‘the Canaanite was then in th 1e land ;”’ and when he a part of he common language which was used on the plain of Shinar , before the dispe rsion. mm Phe descendants of Japheth peopled the northern part of Asia, 1 re Eaned from Egypt, “the Pe rizzite dwelt in the land.”’ These | and all Europe ; or, if aie colonies from Egypt planted the in- decl arations, and ‘the histor y of Abimelech, and of the war of four |} selves in Greece at ane urly period, they or their desct its sings or chieftains with five, as also of the cities of Sodom and | must have been merged in the mass of Japhet ec p Silat ition Gon norrah, prove Syria to have been at that time well BeOpM ed. | Certain it is, that the Greek language is chic ily formed on the || he lancuage of the mbhabitants, then, must have been ecoéval | Same radical words as the Celt ic and Teutonic lansuages. is with the nation, and long anterior to the Hebrew as a aitbue t| he Japhetic tribes of men, whose descenda ints peopled the | dialect. It may be added, that in the early periods of the world, | south and west of Europe, were first establish d in the country | when no books existed, nations, living remote or distinct, never | now called Persia, or, by the natives themselves, Iran. Of this || borrowed words from each other. One nation living in the ae | fact, the evidence now existing is decisive. The numerous words of ne r, as the Hebrews did among the Egyptians, may adop found in the Greek, Latin, Gaelic, English, and the kindred eat wy Para anton I all ques a single word, or a few words; buta family « of words thus adopte Fe tongues, which are still used in Persia, prove, beyond all ques- | | is an occurrence rarely ornever known. The borrowing of words, | tion, that Persia must have been the residence of the people in modern times 3, 1s almost anal from the use of boc EL whose descendants introduced into Europe the languages from o. It is probable that some differences of language were pro- | which the modern languages are derived. The fact proves fur- | luced by We confusion; but neither that eve nt nor any super- natural event is necessary to ac count for the differences of di: ile ct or of languages now existin. x. The different modern la nguaces of the Gothic or Teutonic stock all originated in the natural course of eve nts; and the differences are as great between them as they are between the la inguages of the Shemitic stock ther, that a great body of the original Persians remained in their | own country, and their descendants constitute the mass of the | population at this day. In the early stages of socie ty, men dwelt or migrated in fami- lies, tribes, or clans. The fami ily of Abraham and Jacob in Asia, and the clans of the Gaels in Scotl: und, exhibit to us the manner x tribe, of which the government was patriarchal. Such families 6. Soon after two races of men of a common stock have sepa- | in which societies and n: itions were originally formed. The rated and placed themselves in distant countries , the language descendants of a man settled around him, and formed a clan, or | of each begins to pee aon that of the othe r, by various f means. —1]. One tribe or tion will suffer one ord to become obsolete and be forgotten nie a another will suffer the loss of another ; sometimes a whole family of words will be lost; at other times. a part se at other time -S, a single word only of a numerous fare ily will be retained often migrated in a body, and often the personal characteristics | of the progenitor might be distinctly tr: iced in his descendants i for many generations. In process of time, some of these families {| pee nations; more generally, by means of wars and mi ora- by one n: ition, while another nation will re- | tions, different tribes became ble nde d, and the distinction’ ix, in different languages. Thus | to the north of Europe and Asia, but the primitive inhabitants of wisdom in English is in German of | tain the whole. 2. The same word will be differently applied fairies was lost. | by two distant races of me n, and the difference will be so great In rude ages, the families or tribes of men are named from as to obscure the original afhir nity. 3. Words will be «x ompounded | some characte atic of the people; or, more generally, from the || by two nations in a different manner, the same radical words place of their residence. The Greeks gave the name of Scythia || taking a different prefix or suffi | weishett, [wisehe ad, wisehood,] | the west of Europe they called Kanon Kelts, Celts, a word signi- from wise, weis. The ngelish mislead 3 is in Danish forleder, from fying 2oods men. These -were ced le oder. 4. The pronunci: ution and orthogr: uphy of words will ften be so much ch: iune@ed, that the descend: mts from the same ancestors as the Greeks and Romans themselve s, but they had same word in two languages | pushed their migrations into Gaul, Spain, and Britain. The first can not, without difficulty, be reco: gnized as identical. No per- | settlers or occupiers of these countries were driven forward by son, without a considerable attention. to the changes which letters | succe ssive hordes, until they were checked by the ocean; ther have suffere d, would at once suspect or | : re believe the English let they made their stand, and there we find their descenc dente at | and the Mrenc! th Idisser to be the sg; ume word. 7. As Abram migrated from Cl this day. These may ie considered as the descendants of the re 1aldea, he must have spoken | earliest settlers or first inhabitants of the countries where the Chaldee language ; they and probably, at that time, the Syriac, | are found, Among these are the inhabitants of France, south of * Welsh celt, a cove $n neINTRODUCTION. the Garonne, and those of the north of Spain, called by the Ro- mans Aquitani and Cantabri, in more modern times Gascoigns, Basques, and Cantabrians, who still retain their native language ; and in Great Britain, the Gaels in Scotland, and the natives of the north and west of Ireland, who also retain their primitive languase.* The first inhabitants of the north and west of Europe, known to the Greeks and Romans, to whom we are indebted for our earliest accounts of that region, were the Cimbri, who inhabited the peninsula of Denmark, now called Jutland, and the tribes which belonged to the Teutonic and Gothic races which were established in Germany and on both sides of the Baltic. Whether tribes of Celtic origin had overspread the latter countries before the arrival of the Gothic and Teutonic races, and all Europe had been inhabited by the Celts even to the borders of Sarmatia, has been a question much disputed by historians and antiquaries. The German and French writers generally contend that the Celts inhabited all the north of Europe, as far at least as Sarma- tia; but some respectable English writers are of a different opin- ion. Now, it is agreed that the Welsh are descendants of the Cimbri, inhabitants of Jutland; and their language bears a strong affinity to the Celtic languages which still exist—a fact that countenances the opinion of the German and French writers. But the dispute is of little moment; the Celtic, Teutonic and Gothic races being all of the Japhetic stock, migrating from Asia through Asia Minor at different times, and pursuing different courses westward. The first tribes probably sought the warm climates alone the north coast of the Mediterranean, and estab- lished themselves in Greece and Italy. Others followed the course of the Danube and its subsidiary strea till they fell upon-the rivers that conducted them to the Baltic. The first inhabita of Greece and Italy were probably of the Celtic race ; but if they were, it is very evident that tribes of the Teutonic or Gothic races invaded those countries before they were civilized, and intermingled with the original inhabitants. The Pelasgi may have been among the number. ‘This is an inference which I draw from the affinities of the Greek and Latin languages with those of Teutonic origin. The Teutonic and Gothic races im- pressed their language upon all the continent of Europe west of the Vistula, and from that river to the Rhine, or rather to the 4 ’ -P LO me LiiDs ta nts Seine, anterior to the conquest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. ‘The same races, invading and conquering the south of Europe, in the fourth and fifth centuries, on the downfall of the Roman empire, infused a portion of their language into the Italian and Spanish, which is still distinguishable. The ancient Sarmatia, including Poland and Russia, was prob- ably peopled originally by races of men who passed into Europe by the country north of the Euxine. Their original residence was alone the Rivers Kur and Araxes, or on the mountains be- tween the Euxine and Caspian. The name of the Russ or Rus- sians is clearly recognized in the Roxolanit of Pliny and Ptolemy, and possibly the ancestors of this race may have entered Kurope by Asia Minor. That the Teutonic races, originally from Persia, inhabited Asia Minor, and migrated westward by that course, is evident from the names which they impressed on mountains, rivers, andplaces. Such are the Cragus of Pliny, the Welsh and English crag ;t Perga in Pamphylia, now burg or bergen; Thym- breck, the name of a small stream near the site of Troy, a word in which we recognize the English brook; it was contracted by the Greeks into Thymbrius.t It is admitted by all gentlemen acquainted with Oriental litera- ture, that the Sanscrit, or ancient language of India, the parent of all the dialects of that great peninsula, is radically the same language or from the same stock as the Greek and Latin; the affinities between them being remarkably clear and decisive. If so, the inhabitants of India and the descendants of the Celtic and Teutonic nations are all of one family, and must have all migrated * I purposely omit all consideration of the different families, tribes, or nations, which first peopled Greece and Italy. In Greece we read of the [pacor or Tpatxot, the Hellenes. the Achwans, the Dorians, the AXolians, the [onians, the Pelasgi, &c.; in Italy, of the Illyrians, the Liburni, the Siculi, the Veneti or Heneti, the Iberi, Ligures, Sicani, Etrusci, Insubres, Sabini, Latini, Samnites, and many others. But as these nations or their descendants gave the name of Crxts to the Umbri, or nations that dwelt in the north, in the less cultivated parts of Europe, and to the inhabitants of Gaul; and as all the tribes, under whatever denomination they were known, were branches of the great Japhetic stock, I shall call them by that general name, Certs; and under the general name of Goths or Teutons, shall comprehend the various tribes that inhabited the north of Germany, and the country north of the Baltic, or Scandinavia. A Jate writer seems to consider the T'eutonic races as the only ancestors of the Grecks and Romans. But from Celtic words still found in the Greek and Latin, words not belonging to any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages, it Is demon- Wo ateaeal XKV | from one country after the separation of the nations of the She- mitic stock from those of the Japhetic race.§ Whether that country was Persia, or Cashmir, or a country farther east, is a point not easily determined. One important inference results from this fact—that the white men of Europe, and the black or tawny men of India, are direct descendants from a common ancestor. Of the languages of HKurope, the Greek was first improved and refined, and next to that the Latin. The affinity between these languages and those of the west and north of Europe is very striking, and demonstrates their common origin. It is probable, however, that there are some words in the Greek derived from Africa, if Egyptian colonies were established in Greece, as his- torians inform us. The modern Italian, Spanish, French, and Portuguese, are composed chiefly of Latin words, much altered, however, both in orthography and inflections. Perhaps nine tenths of all the words now found in those languages are of Latin origin; being intro- duced by the Romans, who held Gaul im subjection five or six centuries, and Spain much longer; or being borrowed from Latin authors since the revival of letters. All these languages, how- ever, retain many words of Celtic origin; the primitive language not having been entirely extirpated. In some instances, the same word has been transmitted through both channels, the Cel- tic and the Latin, and is yet retained. Thus in French céder, and in Italian cedere, is directly from the Latin cedo; while the French congedier and Italian congedare are composed of the same word, with a prefix, derived from the Celtic, and retained in the Welsh gadavo, to quit, to leave, [L. concedo.] And this same verb probably appears also in quit, a word common to the Teutonic and to the Celtic languages. — See Cone, in the Dictionary. It must be observed further, that the Spanish language con- tains some words of African origin, introduced by the Carthagin- ians before the Roman conquest of Spain, or afterward by the Moors, who for several centuries were masters of that country. It contains also some words of Gothic origin, introduced by the Goths, who conquered that country, at the downfall of the Ro- man empire. The French also contains some words of Teutonic origin, either from the Belgie tribes, who occupied the country to the Seine at the time of Cesar’s invasion, or from the Franks, who established the dynasty of the Merovingian kings im the fifth century, or from the Normans, who obtained possession of the northern part of that kingdom in the tenth century, or from all these sources. The German, Dutch or Belgic, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, and Swedish languages are of Teutonic or Gothic origin.|| They are all closely allied; a great part of the words in them all being the same or from the same roots, with different prefixes or affixes. There is, however, a greater difference between the Danish and Swedish, which are of the Gothic stock, and the German and Dutch, which are of Teutonic origin, than between two lan- guages of the same stock, as between the Danish and Swedish. The Norwegian, Icelandic, and some of the languages or dialects of Switzerland, belong to the same stock ; but of these I have no particular knowledge. The Basque or Cantabrian in Spain, the Gaelic in the north of Scotland, and the Hiberno-Celtic or native language of Ire- land, are the purest remains of the ancient Celtic. From a com- parison of a vocabulary of the Gaelic and Hiberno-Celtic, I find little or no difference between them; and from a long and atten- tive examination of this language, and of the languages of Teu- tonic origin, I find less difference between them than most authors have supposed to exist. The Armoric or language of Brittany, in the north-west angle of France, and the Cornish, in the south-west of England, are also of Celtic origin. The Cornish is now extinct; but the Ar- moric is a living language. strably certain that the primitive settlers in Greece and Italy belonged to the Celtic races. Thus the Greek Boaxiwy, Lat brachiwm, the arm, is formed on the Gaelic braich, raigh, W. braig, a word not found among the Teutonic nations. So the Welsh mociaw, to mock, is found in the Greek pwoxaw, and French mo- quer, to mock, and Ir. mogadh, a mocking 3 but not in any of the Gothic or Teu- tonic languages. Many similar facts prove that the Celtic races were among the earliest inhabitants of Greece. + Plin. H. N. lib. 5, cap. 27. Strabo, lib. 7. 6, informs us that the Dalmatians had the singular practice of making a division of their fields every eighth year Hence perhaps the name, from deal, and mata or madh, country. ft Clarke’s Travels. See the word Crux, in the Dictionary. he || In strictness, the Swedish and Danish are of Gothic origin, and the German and Saxon, of Teutonic origin.eta Tides, aga ia cutee INTRODUCTION. _ moans ‘| | | | XAV, 8th, A few foreign words, introduced by political and literary intercourse. Of these, the Saxon words constitute our mother tongue , being words which our ancestors brought with them from Asia. The Danish and Welsh also are primitive words, and may be considered as a part of our vernacular language. They are of equal antiquity with the Chaldee and Syriac. I LOLGS commerce, or b The English, as now spoken, is a language composed of words y o = from several others. The basis of the language is Anglo-Saxon, t or, as I shall, for the sake of brevity, call it, Saxon, ae is closely allied to the languages of Teutonic and Got ge one on the continent. But it retains a great number of words om hy the ancient languages of Britain, the Belgic or PlCeeT ens eae the Cymraeg or Welsh, particularly from the latter, an pone from the Cornish. Cesar informs us, that before he iny adec Britain, Belgic colonies had occupied the southern coe ones land; and the inhabitants of the interior, northern andl pee m parts, were the ancestors of the present W elsh, who call the as selves Cymry, and their country Cymru, a name which indicates their origin from the Cimbri, inhabitants of the modern Denmark, or Cimbric Chersonese, now Jutland. AFFINITY OF LANGUAGES. On comparing the structure of the different languages of the Shemitic and Japhetic stocks, we can not but be struck with the » . , Velsh contains many Latin words introduced by | fro. that although a great number of words consistine of the 3e modern We ny Latin wo ; g : ng : the Romans, who had possession of Britain for five eee years. | same or of cognate letters, and conveying the same ideas, are = But the body of the language is probably their vernacular tongue. found in them all, yet in the inflections, and in the manner of It is more nearly allied to the languages of Celtic origin than to those of the Teutonic and Gothic ‘stock; and of this British lan- guage, the Cornish and Armoric are dialects. It has been commonly supposed that the Britons were nearly exterminated by the Saxons, and that the few that survived escaped into the west of England, now Wales. It is true that many took refuge in Wales, which their descendants still retain ; but it can not be true that the other parts of England were entirely depopulated. On the other hand, great numbers must have escaped slaughter, and been intermixed with their Saxon conquerors. The Welsh words, which now form no unimportant part of the English language, afford decisive evidence of this fact. It is probable, however, that these words were for a long time used only by the common people, for few of them appear in the early Saxon writers. The English contains also many words introduced by the Danes, who were for some time masters of England are not found in the Saxon. These words prevail most in the northern counties of England; but many of them are incorpo- rated into the body of the language. bees After the Conquest, the Norman kings endeavored to extirpate the English language, and substitute the Norman. For this pur- pose, it was ordained that all law proceedings and records should be in the Norman language; and hence the early records and forming compounds and derivatives, there are remarkable differ- ences between the two great families. In the modifications of the verb, for expressing person, time, and mode, very little re- semblance is observable between them. If we could prove that the personal terminations of the verb, in the Japhetic languages, were originally pronouns, expressive of the persons, we should prove an affinity between the words of the two races in a most important particular. Some attempts of this kind have been made, but not with very satisfactory results.* In the formation of nouns, we recognize a resemblance. be- tween the English termination th, in birth, truth, drouth, [Saxon drugothe,| warmth, &c., and the Shemitic terminations N" and ~~ ; and the old plural termination en, retained in oxen, and the Welsh plural ending ton, coincide nearly with the Arabic termi- nation of the dual number ss an, and the regular masculine 2 ; which words ° plural termination (99 on, as well as with the Chaldee, Hebrew, and Syriac |" 7. And it is justly remarked by Mitford, that in the variety of plural terminations of nouns, there is a striking resemblance between the Arabic and the Welsh. There is one instance, in the modern languages of Teutonic origin, in which OE SF 8 ei eo a 1 N Bence we find the Arabic nunnation : — this is the German and Dutch orts Ol law Cases came to be written in Norman. Bi eithe . , = . Ss “7 Be ma Mees OLED, LN Orman el binnen, the Saxon binnan or binnon, signifying within, Hebrew royal authority, nor the influence of courts, could change the . oo vernacular language. After an experiment of three hundred oo Nee years, the law was repealed; and since that period, the English has been, for the most part, the official, as well as the common language of the nation. A few Norman words, however, remain in the English; most of them in law language. Since the Conquest, the English has not suffered any shock from the intermixture of conquerors with the natives of Engla nd; but the language has undergone great alterations, by the disuse of a large portion of Saxon words, and the introduction of words from the Latin and Greek languages, with some French, Italian, and Spanish words. These words have, in some instances, been borrowed by authors directly from the Latin and Greek; but most of the Latin words have been received through the medium of the French and Italian. For terms in the sciences, authors have generally resorted to the Greek; and from this source, discoveries in science demand new terms, the vocabulary of the English language is receiving continual augmentation. We have also afew words from the German and Swedish, mostly terms in mineralogy ; and commerce has introduced new com- modities of foreign growth or manufacture, with their foreion names, which now make a part of our language. Such are camphor, amber, arsenic, and many others. — The English, then, is composed of, Ist, Saxon and Danish words of 2d, British or Welsh, Cornis] considered as of Celtic origin. and Chaldee 472, Ar. (4? bin, without the mark of nunnation when it signifies within ; but when it signifies separation, space, 4 OL interval, the original sense, it is written cyfz, and pronounced, with the nunnation, like the Teutonic word binnon. One mode of forming nouns from verbs in the Shemitic lan- guages is by prefixing m. I know of no instance of this manner of formation in the Japhetic languages, except in some names which are of Oriental origin. Mars is said to be from aoyc, but if so, the word was undoubtedly formed in the East. So we find Morpheus, the god of sleep, to be probably formed with the pre- fix m, from the Ethiopic A022. aorf, to rest, to fall asleep ; whence we infer that Morpheus is sleep deified.t But as many words in all the languages of Europe and Asia are formed with prepositions, perhaps it may be found, on exami- nation, that some of these prefixes may be common to the fami- lies of both stocks, the Japhetic and the Shemitic. We find in German gemiith, in Dutch gemoed, from muth, moed, mind, mood. We find mad in Saxon is gemaad ; polish, the Latin polio, is in Welsh caboli ; mail in Italian is both maglia and camaglia ; belief Teutonic and Gothic orioy in Saxon is geleaf, and in German glaube. We find that in the 1 and Armoric, which may be | Shemitic languages, 5a signifies to fill or be full, and we find ao | mt as --—- ‘ j L 2s esi 7th, A few words directly from the Italian, Spanish, German and other languages of the continent. * According to Dr. Edwards, there is a rem Lc arkable resemblance between th Shemitic languages andthe Muhhekaneew, t Plax or Mohegan, one of the native lan- 9 2. Fae : : : mas : ae No n, a mixture of French and Gothic. in the Arabic je kamala, has the same Signification.. In 4th, Latin, a language formed on the Celtic and Teutonic. Coes x Spools X ionifi ; cat French, chiefly Latin Corrupted, but with a mixture of JRE, WW Ett signifies to remove; and \\.5 kagal, signifies . eltic. " 2 Sis . GiHOMGreele formed’ on fine @olks Fe to wander in mind, to be delirious. In Chaldee and Syriac, a7 9 » 7y oie 2 eee . . . . Cutie ’ elfic an Teutonic, with some | is to wonder, precisely the Latin demiror, which is a compound of de and miror. We find also that nations differ in the orthography of some in- itial sounds, where the words are the same. Thus the Spanish has guages of New England, in : the use of the pronouns as prefixes and affixes to verbs. — Observations, &c. p. 13. t Ludolf, Col. 446, 447. ee eee anne aouneoaenn ——— SSeS a a |INTRODUCTION. XXVI1 lamar, llorar, for the Latin clamo, ploro; and the Welsh has llawr, for the English floor, llabi, a tall, lank person, coinciding with flabby, llac for slack, and the like As the prepositions and prefixes, in all languages, constitute an important class of words, being used in composition to vary the sense of other parts of speech, to an almost unlimited extent, it may be useful to give them a particular consideration. The simple prepositions are, for the most part, verbs or parti- ciples, or derived from them; when verbs, they are the radical or primary word, sometimes varied in orthography by the addition or alteration of a single vowel, or perhaps, in some cases, by the loss of the initial consonant, or aspirate. Such are the Greek maon, meor, xava; the Latin con and per; the English for, which retain their original consonants. The following, of, by, in, on, un; the Latin ab, ad, pro, pre, re; the Greek amo, e7t, 100, may have lost the initial or final consonants; of for hof; im for hin; ab for hab; pro for prod. \n some words this loss can only be conjectured ; in others, it is known or obvious. Thus the Eng- lish by and be was’ originally big, as it is in the Saxon; and the Latin re is written also red, evidently a derivative of an Arabic verb still existing ; the Latin sub and super are formed probably from the Greek 770, wee, by the change of an aspirate into ¢, or the Greek words have lost that letter. The English but in the phrase ‘They are all here but one,”’ is a participle; the Saxon butan, or buton ; Dutch buiten, from buiten, torove. Among is the Saxon gemang the verb, or the participle of gemengan, to mingle. In general, the primary sense of the preposition is moving, or moved. Thus to in English, and ad in Latin, primarily denote advancing toward a place or object; as in the sentence, ‘‘ We are going to town.’ From, of, Lat. ab, Gr. amo, denote motion from a place or object. The French prés is from the Italian presso, and this is the Latin participle pressus, pressed; hence it denotes near, close. In some instances prepositions are compounds, as the English before; that is, be or by fore, by the front; and the French auprés, at or near. Prepositions, from their frequent use, and from the ease with which their primary signification is modified to express diifer- ences of position, motion, or relation, as occasions demand, have, in many instances, a great variety of applications; not, indeed, as many as lexicographers sometimes assign to them, but several different, and sometimes opposite signrfications ; as, for examples, the English for, with, the Latin con, and the Greek mage. For, which is from the root of the Saxon faran, Greek srogevone, to pass, denotes toward, as in the phrase “ A ship bound for Jamai- ca;’’ or it denotes in favor of, as, ‘‘This measure is for the public benefit;’’ or, “‘ The present is for a friend.’’ But it de- notes also opposition or negation, as in forbear, forgive, forbid. With is a verb, but has rather the sense of a participle. . It is found in the Gothic with a prefix, ga@-withan, to join or unite. [ts primary sense, then, is joined, close; hence, in company ; as in the sentences—‘“‘ Go with him,” “* Come with me.” It has the sense also of from, against, contrariety, opposition, as in withdraw, withstand, without. In Saxon it had also the sense of toward, as ‘‘ with corthan,” toward the earth; also of for, denoting substitu- tion or equivalent in exchange, as, ‘¢ sylan with deges weorce,”’ to vive for a day’s work; also of opposite, over against, as, “ with tha s@,”’ opposite the sea. Con, in Latin, generally signifies with, toward or to, denoting closeness or union, approach, joint operation, and the like, as in concurro, conjungo, congredior ; but it has also the sense of against or opposition, as in contendo. The Greek zugu is doubtless from the root of the English fare, Saxon faran, to go, to pass. It signifies from, that is, departure —also at, to, Latin ad; near, with, beyond, and against. To understand the cause of the different and apparently con- trary significations, we are to attend to the primary sense. The effect of passing to a place is nearness, at, presso, pres, and this may be expressed by the participle, or, ina contracted form, by the verb. The act of passing or moving toward a place, readily gives the sense of such prepositions as to, and the Latin ad, and this advance may be in favor or for the benefit of a person or thing, the primary sense of which may perhaps be best expressed by toward; “A present or a measure 1s toward him.” But when the advance of one thing toward another is in enmity or opposition, we express the sense by against; and this sense is especially expressed when the motion or approach is in front ofa person, or intended to meet or counteract another motion. Hence the same word is often used to express both senses, the context determining which signification is intended. Thus for in Eng- lish, in the sentence, ‘‘ He that is not for us is against us,”’ de- notes in favor of. But in the phrase ‘for all that,” it denotes opposition. “It rains; but for all that, we will take a ride,” that is, in opposition to that, or notwithstanding the rain, we will ride. The Greek zaga, among other senses, signifies beyond, that is, past, and over, Hebrew ny. The prepositions which are used as distinct words, are called separable prepositions, or more generally prepositions : — those which are used only in composition, are called inseparable prep- ositions. For the sake of brevity, I give to all words or single letters, prefixed to other words in composition, the general name of prefixes. One of the best modes of ascertaining the true sense of a prep- osition, is, to examine its various uses in composition, and dis- cover what effect it has in modifying the signification of the word to which it is prefixed. Prepositions, used in compounds, often suffer the loss or change of a letter, for the sake of euphony, or the ease of pronunciation. Thus ad in Latin becomes af in affero ; con becomes col in colligo ; the Greek zragu loses a letter in sagem, as does avre in many words. The following sketch of the principal prepositions and prefixes in several languages of Europe, will exhibit some of the affinities of these languages, and, in a degree, illustrate the uses of this class of words. SAXON AND GOTHIC. And, Saxon and Gothic, signifies against, opposite. This is —— | the Greek arr, and Latin ante, not borrowed from the Greek or Latin, but a native word. Examples, andstandan, to stand against, to resist; andswarian, answarian, to answer; that is, to speak again, against, or in return, Amb, emb, ymb, usually emb, Saxon, signifying about, around ; coinciding with the Latin amb, and Greek cuge. Example, emb- faran, to go around, to walk about; embutan, about ; emb, about, and butan, without. See But. Ambeht, embeht, ymbeht, office, duty; whence we have embussador. This in Gothic is and- buhtei; and a bailiff, minister, or servant, is andbahts. The Ger- mans have the word contracted in amt, charge, office, Dutch ampt, Danish ambt. The Gothic orthography gives rise to the question, whether amb, emb, and art, Saxon and Gothie and, are not radically the same word; and it is very certain that the Gothic and Saxon and is radically the same word as the Latin in, Danish ind. So in Gothic, ‘‘and wigans,” a the ways, into the highways, Luke xiv. 23; ‘“‘and haimos,’’ per vicos, through the towns, Luke ix. 6. This preposition, amb, is in Dutch om; in German wm; in Swedish and Danish om. At is a Gothic preposition and prefix, coinciding with English at, Latin ad. Be, in Saxon, as a preposition and prefix, is always written be, or big, answering to the English by, a preposition, and be in beset. In Gothic, it is written 02, by, and be, being contractions of big. The primary and principal signification is near, close ; as, ** Stand or sit by me.” So in the word bystander. It 1s a prefix of ex- tensive use in the Saxon, German, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish. Its use in denoting instrumentality, may be from the sense of nearness ; but more probably it is from passing, like per, through ; or it denotes proceeding from, like of; as, “ Salvation is of the Lord.”’ For, in Saxon, as in English, is a preposition and prefix of ex- tensive use. In Saxon, for signifies a-going, from faran, to go, to fare. It is radically the same word as fore, in the sense of in front, before. Its primary sense is advancing ; hence moving toward; hence the sense of in favor of, and that of opposition, or negation. See the preceding remarks. This word in German is fir, but, with this orthography, the word is little used in composition. Yet the German has frrbitte, intercession, or praying for ; furwort, intercession, recommenda tion, and a pronoun, [ for-word ;| and filr-wahr, forsooth. In the sense of fore, the German has vor, a word of extensive use asa prefix. Thus in Saxon foreseon, to foresee, 18 in German vorsehen. The identity of these words will not be questioned. But in German, as in Dutch, the preposition ver, which is the English far, and Saxon fyr, is used in composition, in words in which the Saxon and English have for. Thus forgifan, to jor- give, is in German vergeben, and in Dutch vergeeven — Saxon, forgitan, to forget; German vergessen ; Dutch vergeeten. Hence rT LTTEREI XXViil we see that the Saxon for, fore, fyr, the English for, fore, Ja; and the German fiir, vor, and ver, are from the same radix. cee In Dutch, for and fore are represented by voor, and ver repre ents for and far. a ; Tae unites for and fore, as does the Swedish. The French has this word in pour, and the Spanish and Ron: guese in por. The latter signifies not only for, pat Ee aes in Portuguese, ‘‘ Eu passarei por Franga, 1 wil pass a er France. Here we see the sense of moving. In Spanish anc Portuguese, this word is written also para, as if ao u e eee, It is evidently the same word, probably received throug La zu ¢ ts ent channel from that of por. Now, through 1S the exact Se nee of the Latin per; and per is the Italian preposition cus toane, 1° for and por. But, what is more to the purpose, the Speen Italian, and Portuguese word, equivalent to the English forgive, is in Spanish perdonar, in Italian perdonare, and in Portuguese perdoar; and the French is pardonner. Here, then, we bane strong if not conclusive evidence, that for, pour, por, per, par, and para, in different languages, are all from one stock, the word being varied in dialect, or by the different families ; just as we have far, as well as the Saxon fyr, and the English forth, further, from the same primitive word. We have the same word in pursue and purchase, from the French pour. The Greek has zegav, and wage, probably from the same root, as well as zrogevouer, 00s. Ga, in Gothic, which is ge in Saxon, is a prefix of very exten- sive use. In Saxon, it is prefixed to a large portion of all the verbs in the language. According to Lye, it has sometimes the sense of the Latin cum ; but in most words I can not discern any effect of this prefix on the signification of the simple verb. It is retained in the Danish and in some German and Dutch words, especially in the participles of verbs, and in nouns formed from them. But it is remarkable that, although the Saxon is our mother tongue, we have not remaining inthe language a single instance of this prefix, with the original orthography. The only remains of it are in the contraction a, as in awake, adrift, ashamed, &c., from gewecan, awecan ; gedrifan, adrifan; gesceamiun, ascamian. 'The letter y prefixed to verbs and participles used by Chaucer, as yberied, yblent, ybore, ydight, and a few others, is the remnant of the ge. The words yclad and ycleped are the last English words used in which this letter appears, It is possible that the first syllable of govern, from Latin gu- berno, Greek zufeovew, may be the same prefix; or it may be the Welsh prefix 0, which occurs in goberu, to work, which the Romans wrote operor. But I know not whether the first syllable of govern is a prefix or not. There is another word which retains this prefix corrupted, or its equivalent; this is common, which we haye received from the Latin communis. This word in the Teutonie dialects is, Saxon gemene; German gemein; Dutch gemeen; Danish gemeen : Swedish gemen. Now, if this is the Latin communis, — and of the identity of the last component part of the word there can, I think, be no doubt, —then the first part of the word is the Teu- tonic ge altered to com; or, what is more probable, com is the equivalent of ge, or ge may be a contracted and corrupted form of cum, com. In either case, we arrive at the conclusion that the alee ene eee INTRODUCTION. Teutonic ge and the Latin cwm are equivalent in signification. fn is used in the Saxon and Gothic, as in modern Enelish. It is in German em, Dutch and Swedish m, Danish ind, Greek ev, Latin in, French en. This is radically the same word as on and wn, the German an, Dutch aan, and Welsh an. In its origi- nal sense, it implies moving, advancing toward; and hence its Use as a particle of negation or contrariety. They are going to the city. “* Hwe audio in te dici,” I hear these things said agwinst you. In modern military usage, on is used in the same sense of advancing ; ‘¢ The army is marching on Liege.’’ Mid, in Saxon, signifies with. It is the Gothic mith, German Be a and the Greck wera; but wat tained 9 / Seems é “le same origin as mid, middle, amidst. In the Gothic it is used as a prefix. i Mis, a prefix, is the verb miss, to deviate. ee cee patch, eercdish, and Danish, in nearly the same ense as in Hnolish. s radical sense is epar r ay Of is a preposition and prefix of extensie ee or wander. agin English. It denotes primaril ign ee = eee hence separation departure ana Ae Sete Bean ene aos I C / » ¢ wie istance: in the latter sense it Is written off. It is the Latin ab, written by the early Romans af ; the Greek ato, the German ab, the Dutch af, Danish and Swedish af. The Saxons often prefixed this word in c re ases where we use it after the verb asa modifier ; as, of-drifan, to drive off ; ” 3 — ‘“¢ Hunt 2 urbem,”’ It is used in as it is still used by the Germans, Dutch, Swedes, and Danes. We retain it, as a prefix, in offset and offspring, Sa xon of-spring. As it denotes proceeding from, it is the proper sign of the genitive case; the case expressing production. Ofer, English over, Gothie ufar, German «ber, Dutch over, Danish over, Swedish ofver, is a preposition and prefix, in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages which I have examined; and in the same or similar senses. This seems to be the Greek UILEQ, from which the Latins formed super by converting the aspirate of the Greek vowel into s. This is probably the Heb. Ch. Syr. Ar. 2) to pass, a passing, beyond. On is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of very extensive use. It is obviously a different orthography of in, and it is used for in in the Saxon; as, “on onginn,’’ in the beginning. It has also the sense we now give to on and upon, with other modifications of sionification. In composition, on signifies into, or toward ; as, on-blawan, to blow in; onclifian, to adhere, to cleave to; and it is also a parti- cle of negation, like wn ; as, onbindan,tounbind. This on is only a different spelling of wn, in Dutch on, German un, used as a word of negation. The Gothic has un and und, in the like sense, as the Danish has wn; the Dutch ont. In this sense, wn answers precisely to the Greek asti, and as this is sometimes written und in Gothic, as im is written ind in Danish, there can be little doubt that in, on, un, arti, are all from one stock. The original word may have been han, hin, or hon; such loss of the first letter is very common; and znn, from the Ch. and Heb. 43m. presents us with an example. See In and Inn, in the Dictionary. The German has an, and the Dutch aan, in the sense of in || and on. | Oth is a Saxon preposition and prefix, sometimes written ath and ed, and answering nearly to the Latin ad and re j as in oth- witan, contracted, to twit, to throw in the teeth. It has also the sense of from, or away, or against, as in othswerian, to abjure. | This preposition is obsolete, but we have the remains of it in |] twit, and perhaps in a few other words. Sam, samod, a prefix. See the Danish and Swedish, infra. Yo is a preposition and prefix, of extensive use in our mother tongue. It occurs as a prefix in such words as to-brecan, to break ; to-beran, to bring or bear, [ad-ferre.] We retain itin to- gether, Saxon togedere; and in toward, Saxon toward, towardes ; and in tomorrow, today, tonight. The Dutch write it toe, and the Germans zu, and both nations use it extensively as a prefix. In Gothic it is written du, as in du-ginnan, to gin, that is, to begin. It would be gratifying to learn whether the Ethiopic ae which is prefixed to many verbs, is not the remains of the same prep- osition. Un is a Saxon prefix, of extensive use as a privative or parti- cle of negation. See On and In. Under is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use in the present English sense. The Germans write it unter, and the Dutch onder, and use it in like manner. The Danes and Swedes write it under, and use it in the same sense. Up, uppe, is a Saxon preposition and prefix, of considerable use in the present English sense. The Gothic has uf, in the sense of the Latin sub. The Germans write it auf, and the Dutch Op, the Danes op, and the Swedes up, and all use it as a prefix. Us, in Gothic, is a preposition and prefix. This is the German wus, and equivalent to the Latin ez. It is the Saxon ut, the Eng- lish out, Dutch uit, Swedish ut, and Danish ud, diezlectically varied. To this answers the Welsh ys, used in composition; but ys seems rather to be a change of the Latin ex, for the Latin expello is written in Welsh yspeliaw, and extendo is estyn. Wither, in Saxon, from the root of with, denotes against, or opposition. It is a prefix in Saxon, written in German wider, in Dutch weder; Danish and Swedish veder. It is obsolete, but retained in the old law term withernam, a counter-taking or distress, In the German language, there are some prepositions and pre- fixes not found in the Saxon; as, Ent, denoting from, out, away. Er, without, out or to. Danish er. Nach, properly nigh, as in nachbar, neighbor; but its most Common signification in composition is after ; as in nachgehen, to go after. This sense is easily deducible from its primary sense, Which is close, near, from urging, pressing, or followine. In Dutch, this word is contracted to nad, as in nabuur, neighbor ; nagaan, to follow. The Russ has na also, a prefix of extensive use, and probably the same word. This fact Suggests the ques-INTRODUCTION. ma XXL tion, whether the ancestors of these great families of men had not their residence in the same or an adjoining territory. It deserves also to be considered whether this na is not the Shemitic 3) oc- curring as a prefix to verbs. Weg is a prefix used in the German and Dutch. It is the Saxon, German, and Dutch weg, way; in the sense of away, or passing from, from the verb, in Saxon wegan, wegan, to carry, to weigh, English to wag, the sense of which is to move or pass; as German wegfallen, to fall off or away. Zer, in German, denotes separation. In the Gothie dialects, Danish and Swedish, fra is used as a prefix. This is the Scottish fra, English from, of which it may be a contraction. : Fram in Swedish, and frem in Danish, is also a prefix. The primary sense is to go, or proceed, and hence it denotes moving to or toward, forth, &c., as in Danish fremforer, to bring forth ; fremkalder, to call for. But in Danish, fremmed is strange, foreign, and it is probable that the English from is from the game root, with a different application. It may be from the same stock as the Gothie frum, origin, beginning, Latin primus, signifying to shoot forth, to extend, to pass along. Gien, igien, in Danish, and zgen, in Swedish, is the English gain in again, against. This is a prefix in both these Gothic languages. It has the sense of the Latin re, as in 2gtenkommer, to come back, to return; of against, as in igienkalder, to counter- mand, or recall; of again, as gienbinder, to bind again. This may be the Latin con. Mod, in Danish, and mot, emot, in Swedish, is a preposition, signifying to, toward, against, contrary, for, by, upon, out, d&c.; as ‘¢mod staden,’ toward the city ; modstrider, to resist; mod- aift, an antidote; modbér, a contrary wind; modvind, the same. This is the English meet, in the Gothic orthography, motyan, to meet, whence to moot. O, in Swedish, is a negative or privative prefix, as in otdig, immature, in English, not tidy. It is probably a contracted word. E Paa in Danish, pa in Swedish, is a preposition and prefix, sionifying on, in, upon. Whether this is allied to be, by, and the Russ. po, I shall not undertake to determine with confidence ; but it probably is the same, or from the same source. Samman, signifying together, and from the root of assemble, is a prefix of considerable use in both languages. It answers to the Saxon sam, samod, equivalent to the Latin con or cum, It seems to be allied to swme and the Latin similis. Til, both in Danish and Swedish, is a prefix, and in Danish, of very extensive use. It is equivalent to the English to or toward, and signifies also at, in, on, by, and abowt, and in composition often has the sense of back or re, as in tilbage, backward, that is, to back ; but generally it retains the sense of to or onward; as in tilbyder, to offer, that is, to speak or order to; tildriver, to drive on; tilgiver, to allow, to pardon, that is, to give to, and hence to give back, to remit. This is the English til, which we use in the game sense as the Danes; but in English it always refers to tume, whereas in Danish and Swedish it refers to place. Thus we can not say, ‘ We are going tll town;”’ but we say, “ Wait till I come, tz/l my arrival; literally, ‘‘ Wait to I come, to my arri- val;”’ that is, to the time of arrival. The difference is not in the sense of the preposition, but in its application. The Scotch retain the Danish and Swedish use of this word ; no slight evidence of their origin. U in Danish, the Swedish Q, is a prefix, equivalent to zn, and is used as a privative or negative; as in waar, an unseasonable year; uartig, uncivil. RUSSIAN. Vo, or ve, signifies im, at, by, and may possibly be from the same root as the English be, by. But see Po. Za is a prefix signifying for, on account of, by reason of, after ; as in zavidyyu, to envy, from vid, visage; viju, to see, Latin video; zadirayu, from deru, to tear; zamirayu, to be astonished or stupefied, from the root of Latin mzror, and Russian mir, peace; miryu, to pacify, to reconcile ; mirnie, pacific; zamirenie, peace, pacification ; zamiriayu, to make peace ; Arm. miret, to hold, to stop; the radical sense of wonder, astonishment, and of peace. Ko, a preposition, signifying to, toward, for. Na, a preposition and prefix, signifying on, wpon, at, for, to, seems to be the German nach, Dutch na; as in nagrada, rec- ompense; na, and the root of Latin grata ; nasidayu, to sit down, &c. O, a preposition, signifying of or from, and for. Ob, a preposition and prefix, signifying to, on, against, about ; as, obnemayu, to surround, to embrace; of and Saxon neman, to take. Ot is a preposition, signifying from, and it may be the English out. Po is a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying 7, by, after, from, &c.; as, podayu, to give to; polagayu, to lay, to expend, employ, lay out; to tax or assess; to establish or fix; to believe or suppose; po and lay. This corresponds with Eng- lish by, and the Latin has it in possideo, and a few other words. [Saxon besittan.] Pomen, remembrance, po and mens, mind. Rad, a preposition, signifying for, or for the love of. So, a preposition and prefix of extensive use, signifying with, of, from; and as a mark of comparison, it answers nearly to the English so or as. Y, with the sound of uw, is a preposition and prefix of extensive use. It signifies near, by, at, with, as.uberayu, to put in order, to adjust, to cut, to reap, to mow, to dress, French parer, Latin puro; ugoda, satisfaction; ugodnei, good, useful, English good ; J udol, a dale, from dol. | | ' } Nad, a preposition, signifying above or upon. | 3 WELSH. The prefixes in the Welsh language are numerous. The fol- | lowing are the principal. Am, about, encompassing; Saxon amb, Greek aug. An. See Saxon In. Cy, cyd, cyv, cym, implying union, and answering to cum, con, and co in Latin. Indeed cym, written also cyv, seems to be the Latin cum, and cy may be a contraction of it, like co in Latin. Ca seems also to be a prefix, as in caboli, to polish, Latin polzo. Cyn, cynt, former, first, as if allied to begun. Di, negative and privative Dis, negative and precise. Dy, iterative. E and ec, adversative. Ed and eit, denoting repetition, like re, Saxon ed, oth. Es, separating, like Latin ex. See Ys. Go, extenuating, inchoative, approaching, inution or a less degree, like the Latin sub ; ¢ what dear. This seems to be from the root of English go. Han, expressive of origination Lied, partly, half. Oll, all. Rhag, before. Rhy, over, excessive. Tra, over, beyond; Latin trans. Try, through. Ym, mutual, reflective. Ys, denoting from, out of, separation, proceeding from, ansWwer- ing to the Latin ex; as, yspeliaw, to expel. So es, Welsh, estyn, to extend. going, denotes dim- as in gobrid, some- Most of these prepositions, when used as prefixes, are so dis- tinct as to be known to be prefixes. But in some instances, the original preposition is so obscured by a loss or change of letters, as not to be obvious, nor indeed discoverable, Without resorting to an ancient orthography. Thus, without the aid of the Saxon orthography, we should probably not be able to detect the component parts of the English tzovt. But in Saxon it is written edwitan and othwitan ; the preposition or prefix oth, with wztan, to disallow, reproach, or cast in the teeth. . It has been above suggested to be possible, that in the Shemit- ic languages, the } im triliteral roots may be the same prefix as the Russian na, the Dutch na, and the German nach. Let the reader attend to the following words. Hebrew 023, to look, to behold, to regard. The primary sense of look is, to reach, extend, or throw. Ch., to look; also to bud or sprout. Ar. lass devise or strike out; to draw out. If the first letter is a prefix, the Hebrew word would accord with Latin video; the Chaldee, with video and with bud, Spanish French bouton, bouter, to put, and English to pout, and extending. nabata, tu spring, or issue as water; to flow out; to botar, French bout, end, from shooting, | | | 'wP r Tt TRO] UCTION. - -=- 3 d ; TMi See Ch. supra. Ar. 243 nabatha, to bud; to germinate. See Ch. supr ° Heb. 533 naval, to full; to sink down; to wither; to fall off, as 1} leaves and flowers; to act foolishly; to disgrace. Derivative, foolish; a fool; 553 nafal, Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam., to fall. Ch. 555 nabal, to make fowl; to defile; that is, to throw or put on. Ar. jas nabala, to shoot, as an arrow; to ilrive, as camels; to excel; also to die; that is, probably, to fall. A Can there be any question, that fall, foul, and fool are this very word, without the first consonant? The Arabic, without the first consonant, agrees with Gr. fassw, and the sense of falling, then, is to throw one’s self down. Heb. "03 natar, to keep, guard, preserve, retain, observe. Ch. to observe; to keep; to lay up. Syr. and Sam. zd. Eth. 4(NZ natar, to shine. -—-- Ar. .45 natara, to keep; to see; to look; to attend. Remove the first letter, and this coincides with the Greek THEW. No person will doubt whether 5ja3 namal, to circumcise, is formed on 57) mul. Ch. 03 nasar, to cut; to saw. - - Syr.zd. Lat. serra, serro. Ar. A nafida, to fade, to vanish, to perish, to be empty, to fail. Heb. M53 nafach, to blow, to breathe. from 15D, puach, to blow. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. zd. If the Shemitic 3 in these and similar words is a prefix or the remains of a preposition, it coincides very closely with the Russ. and Dutch na, and the latter we know to be a contraction of the German nach. Now, the German nach is the English nigh ; for no person can doubt the identity of the German nachbar and the english neighbor. In the course of my investigations, I very early began to sus- pect that b, f, p, c, g, and k, before 1 and r, are either casual letters, introduced by peculiar modes of pronunciation, or the latter. I had ad- remains of prepositions; most probably the vanced far in my Dictionary, with increasing evidence of the nary truth of this conjecture, before I had received Owen’s Dictio An examination of this work has con- of the Welsh language. tizmed my suspicions, or rather changed them into certainty. attend to the manner of articulating ease with which 4/, br, fl, fr, pl, pr, el If we the letters, and the without an intervening vowel, , cr, gl, or, are pronounced, even without a sheva, we shall not be surprised that a preposition or prefix, like be, pe, pa, po, or ge, should, in a rapid pronunciation, lose its vowel, and the con- sonant coalesce closely with the first letter of the principal word. m1... } 5 ’ Thus blank, prank, might naturally be formed from belank, perank. That these words are thus formed, I do not know; but there is nothing in the composition of the words to render it improbable. Certain it is, that a vast number of words are formed with these prefixes, on other words, or the first consonant is a mere adven- titious addition; for they are used with or without the first con- sonant. Tale the following examples ; — Hiberno-Celtic, or Irish, brac or brach, the arm, is written also 7 / AT alah “M79/p y > ¥ 1 1 raigh, Welsh braic, whence Poayiwv, brachium. Braigh, the ro} Nay “a7 yt “7 a a eek , a neck, Sax. hraca, Eng. rack, Gr. duyic. Ff raoch, heath, ling, brake, Li. erica. s * HH hefore same letters. r no ] r Owe ac c 1 1 | L do not follow Owen to the last step of his analysis, as I am of opinion that, in making monosyllabic words to be compound, he often errs. For eX- ample, he supposes brog, a tumult, to be from rhog, a broken or rough utterance ; u £0 nt Or groan ; and this, to be a compound of rhy, exeess, What is over or eyond, and oc, a forcible utterance, a groan. I believe rhog to be a primitive uncompounded word, coinciding with the English rough. even supposes plad, a flat thing, a plate, to be from llad, with py. Jilad he ex ains, what is sive ae . po ie WAAT AGC An athe Shin stilt 2 : man a i) al Paes things, and py, What is inward or involved. ee coe Golbt that the first letter is a prefix in plad, but, beyond all question ui 1S trom the same root as Ued, breidtn, coinciding with Lat. latus; both from 4 common root signifying to extend. But Ido I lev é | y g i * lot believe Jad or lle -0m- pound words. eee econ Dug, a duke, Owen supposes to be forme land 7 in Saxon corresponds to the Greek k, and Latin c, before the such are flag and d on ug, over; which can not be ee ~ _ ~~ ~ cs 2 Welsh llawr, Basque lurra, Eng. floor Lat. floccus, Eng. flock or lock. Sax. hraccan, Eng. to reach, in vo Sax. hracod, Eng. ragged. Ger. rock, Eng. frock. Dutch geluk, Ger. gluck, Eng. luc iw * muting. ke. Greek, EKolie dialect, Aoodor, for dodor, a rose. Latin clunis, Eng. loin, G. lende, W. clun, from lun. Eng. cream, Ger. rahm, Dutch room. Sax. hlaf, Polish chlieb, G. leib, Eng. loaf. Sax. hladan, Eng. to lade or load, Greek ziww, Lat. clino, Sax. hlinian, hleonun, Russ. klonyu, Eng. to lean. Russ. kladu, to lay. Greek iayyvoc, Lat. lagena, Eng. flagon. Sax. hrysan, Eng. to rush. French frapper, Eng. to rap. Sax. geredian, to make ready; in Chaucer, greith, to make Sax. hred, quick; hradian, ready. readiness. to hasten; hrednes, Eng Spanish frisar, to curl or frizzle; rizar, the same. Sax. gerefa, Eng. reeve, G. graf, D graaf. Lat. glycyrrhiza, from the Greek ; But formation of words by prefixes, as in Eng. liquorice. in no language have we such decisive evidence of the the Welsh. Take the following instances, from a much greater number that might be produced, from Owe: Blanc, a colt, from llanc. Blith, milk, from lith. Biliant, fine linen, from Iliant. 1’s Welsh Dictionary. Plad, a flat piece or plate, from Ilad. Pled, a principle of extension, from Jled. Pledren, a bladder, from pledyr, that distends, from Jled. Pleth, a braid, from /leth, Eng. plai Tec OT 8 eae Plicciaw, to pluck, from llig. t Ploc, a block, from lloc ; plociaw, to block, to plug. Plong, a plunge, from llwng, our vulear lunge. Glwth, a glutton, from llwth. Glas, a blue color, verdancy, a gre from /las. Giyd, gluten, glue, from lyd. Claer, clear, from llaer. Clav, sick, from Ilan. Cluepa, a club, a knob, from ll. en plat, whence Eng. glass, Clot, a piece, a clout, from Iliwd, lot. Clamp, a mass, a lump. Clawd, a thin board, from Jazod. Cledyr, a board or shingle, whence cledrwy, lattice, from lled. Bran, Eng. bran, from rhan; rhan u, to rend. Brid, a breaking out, from rhid. Brog, noise, tumult, a brock, from rhoc. Brog, froth, foam, anger, broci, to chafe or fret, from brioc, a boiling or ferment, from rhwe. somethine rough,a grunt, Gr. S ? ’ > Sone? > > Povyo. Bryd, what moves, impulse, mind, thought, from rhyd. Brys, quickness, brysiaw, to hasten Eng. to rush, and crysiiw, to hasten, from rhys, to rush. is the same word rhys, with different prefixes, forming brysiaw and erysiaw. Hence W. brysg, Eng. Graz, [pronounced grath,| a step, gradus, gradior. Greg, a cackling, from rheg. Grem, a crashing, gnash, a murmur, gnash, from rhem. We have some instances of similar y , to shoot along, from rhys, [Here brisk. ] a degree, from rhaz, Lat. gremiaw, to crash o: Hence Lat. fremo, Gr. Boeuw.1 vords in our own language ; cl lag ; flap and lap ; clump and lump. Vhere is another class of words which are a prefix of a different kind. probably formed with LL I refer to words in which s precedes true, unless the Latin dux, duco, are compounds. ur, extreme, Over; but doubtless it is from the Dur, steel, he derives from root of the Latin durus. So par, signifying what is contiguous, a state of readiness or preparation, a significa tended his researches to monosyllabic roots in them wi at par is from the root of the Latin o equal; the root of a numerous family of the Japhetic languages of Europe, but in the certainly is not a Welsh c belief that it is not an uncompounded word. Welsh Dictionary ex compared the m«< have formed a very different opinion as to their origin. vinced that many of the words which he supposes to be contractions, such as rhy, lle, lly, the last consonant being lost. ——— par, fellow, or match, Owen makes a compound of py, and ar; py, as above explained, and ar, a word of various : there can be no doubt th being the Latin par, But paro, to prepare, words not oniy in Shemitic languages of Asia. It tions, on, upon, surface, &c. ompound, nor is there the least evidence to induce a Had the learned author of the a variety of other languages, and th each other, [ think he would I am very well con- primitive or radical, areINTRODUCTION. another consonant, as scalp, skull, slip, slide, sluggish, smoke, smooth, speed, spire, spin, stage, steep, stem, swell, spout. We find that tego, to cover, in Latin, is in Greek oreyw; the Latin fallo is in Greek ogaiiwo. We find nagaydocg is written also ouagaydog; and it may be inquired whether the English spin is not from the same root as myn, web or woof, znvioy, a spindle, myvitw, to spin. Sprout in English is in Spanish brota. We find the Welsh ysbrig, the English sprig, is a compound of ys, a prefix denoting issuing or proceeding from, like the Lat. ez, and brig, top, summit. Ysgar, a separate part, a share; ysgar, ysgaru, to divide; ysgariaw, to separate, is composed of ys and car, according to Owen; but the real root appears distinctly in the Gr. xe.w. This is the English shear, shire. Ysgegiaw, to shake, by laying hold of the throat, to shake roughly, is a compound of ys and cegiaw, to choke, from ceg, the mouth, an entrance, a choking. This may be the English shake ; Sax. sceacan. Ysoin, a robe made of skin; ys and cin, a spread or covering. Ysoodi, to shade; ysgawd, a shade; ys and catod. Yscrab, what is drawn up or puckered, a scrip; ys and crab, what shrinks. See Eng. crab, crabbed. Ysegravu, to scrape; ys and crav, claws, from rhav. Ysgrec, a scream, a shrick, ysgreciaw, to shriek, from crec, a shriek, crecian, to shriek, from creg, cryg, hoarse, rough, from rhyg, rye, that is, rough; the grain so named from its roughness. This is the English rowgh, Lat. raucus. Here we have the whole process of formation, from the root of rough. We retain tne Welsh crecian, to shriek, in our common word to creak, and with a formative prefix, we have shriek, and our-vulgar screak. ‘The Latin ruga,a wrinkle, Eng. rug, shrug, are probably from the same source. Ysgrivenu, to write, Lat. scribo, from ysgriv, a writing, from criv, a mark cut, a row of notches; criviaw, to cut, to grave; from rhiv, something that divides. Hence scrivener. Ysgub, a sheaf or besom, ysgubaw, to sweep, Lat. scope, from cub, a collection, a heap, a cube. Yscud, something that whirls; ysgudav, to whisk or scud ; from cud, celerity, flight; ysguth, ysguthaw, the same. Ysowth, a push; ysgwthiaw, to push or thrust; from guwth, guwthiaw, the same; probably allied to Eng. shoot. ‘The Welsh has ysoythu, to jet or spout, from the same root. Yslac, slack, loose; yslaciaw, to slacken ; from llac, loose, slack, llaciaw, to slacken, from llag, slack, sluggish; allied to Eng. lag and slow. Yslapiaw, to slap, to flap, from yslab, what is lengthened or distended, from /lab, a flag, a strip, a stroke. Llabi, a tall, lank person, a stripling, a looby, a lubber, is from the same root; llabiaw, to slap. Ysled, a sled, from lled, says Owen, which denotes breadth ; but it is probably from the root of slide, a word probably from the same root as /led, that is, to extend, to stretch along. Ysmot, a patch, a spot; ysmotiaw, to spot, to dapple, from mad, Eng. mote. Ysmociaw, ysmygu, to dim with smoke, from mg, smoke. So smooth, from Welsh myth. Yspail, spoil, from pail, farina, says Owen. I should say from the root of palea, straw, refuse, that is, from the root of peel, to strip. YVspezlidtu, to be pilfering. Yspeliaw, to expel, from pel, a ball, says Owen ; but this is thé Latin expello, from pello. Ball may be from the same root. Yspig, a spike, a spine; yspigav, to spike ; from pig, a sharp point, a pike. Hence Eng. spigot. Yspin, a spine, from pin, pen. Ysoynu, to ascend, Lat. ascendo, from cyn, first, chief, most. The radical sense is to shoot up. Yslwe, a slough, from Ilwe, a collection of water, a lake. Yspar, a spear, from pdr, a cause or principle of producing, the germ or seed of a thing, a spear. This consists of the same ele- ments as ber, a spit, and Eng. bar; and in Italian bar is sbarra. The primary sense is to shoot, thrust, drive. Yspinc, a finch, from pinc, gay, fine, brisk; a sprig, a inch. Ysplan, clear, bright; ysplana, to explain; from plan, that is parted off, a ray, a shoot, a planting, a plane; whence plant, a child; Eng. a plant; planu, to shoot, as a plant. Hence splen- dor, W. ysplander. Ysporthi, to support, from porth, a bearing, a port, passage, &c. Lat. porta, porto. Ystac, a stack, a heap; ystaca, a standard; from tag, a state of being stuffed or clogged. fore- gioad, a denial; gewadu, to deny or disown. Ystad, a state; ystadu, to stay; from tad, that spreads, a con- tinuity. The primary sense is to set. Ystain, that is spread; a stain; tin, Lat. stannum; ystaeniar, to spread over, to stain; ystaenu, to tin, or cover with tin; from taen, a spread, a layer. Qu. is tin from spreading ? Ystavl, a stool, from tawl, a cast or throw. The sense is to set, to throw down. Tawl is the root of deal. Ystor, a store, that forms a bulk, from tor, a swell, a promi- nence. Ystorm, a storm, from torm, that is stretched, but the sense is a rushing. Ystrym, a stream, from trym, compact, trim, that is, stretched, straight, from extending. Ystwmp, a stump, from temp, a round mass, a tump. Yswuatiaw, to squat, from yswad, a throw, or falling down, from If this deduction is correct, the sense of denial is a throwing or thrusting back, a repelling. It is so in other words. Yswitiaw, to chirp, twitter, from yswid, that makes a quick turn. Qu. éwitter. In some of the foregoing words, it appears evident that the Welsh prefix -ys is an alteration of the Latin ez, and the words in which this is the case were probably borrowed from the Latin, while the Roman armies had possession of England. But there is a vast number of words, with this prefix, which are not of Latin origin; and whether ys is a native prefix in the Welsh, may be a question. One thing is certain, that s before anotner consonant, and coalescing with it, is, in a great number of words, a prefix. The modern Italian affords abundant proof of the extensive use of s, as the remains or representative of ex; as, sballare, to un- pack, unbale; sbarbato, beardless; sbattere, to abate ; sbrancare, to pluck off branches; scaricare, to discharge; scommodare, to incommode}; sconcordia, discord; scornare, to break the horns; serostare, to pull off the crust; and a great number of others. Now, if the same manner of forming words with this prefix has actually prevailed among the northern nations of Europe, we may rationally suppose that many English words, and perhaps all of this class, are thus formed. ‘Thus scatter may be formed from a root in Cd; shape, from Cb, Cf, or Cp ; skill, from the root of Lat. calleo ; slip, from the root of Lat. labor ; smart, from the root of Lat. amarus, bitter, Heb. 5); smite, from the root of Latin mitto ; span, from the root of pan, to stretch; spar, from the root of dar; speak, from the root of Lat. voco ; speed, from a root in Pd, per- haps.Lat. peto; steal, from the root of Lat. tollo ; steep, from the root of deep ; stretch, from the root of reach ; sweep, from the root of wipe ; swan, from wan, white ; swell, from the root of to weil, Sax. wellan, to boil, &c. That many English and other Teutonic and Gothic words are thus formed, appears to be certain. These facts being admitted, let us examine a little further. In Russ. svadiba is a wedding. Is not this formed on the root of wed, with s for a prefix? Svara is a quarrel. Is not this formed on the root of vary, variance, or of spar? Sverlo is a borer; qu. bore and veru; svertivayu, to roll; qu. Lat. verio ; skora, furs, peltry ; qu. Fr. cuer; skot, a beast; qu. cattle; skupayw, to pur- chase in gross; qu. cheap, Dan. kioben, and its root; slaber, weak; qu. Lat. labor, lapsus ; slagayu, to fold; qu. lay, and plzco ; slivayu, to pour out liquors; qu. hat. libo ; slupayu, to peel off bark or skin; qu. Lat. liber; snimayu, to take away; qu. Sax. neman, to take; snova, new; qu. Liat. novus ; Snig, sneio, SNOW, Fr. neige. The Lat. nivis is from this root, with g opened to v. Russ. spletayu, to plait, &c. The Russ. prefix so occurs in a great number of words; sobirayu, to collect or assemble, precisely the Heb. and Ch. 3X: It now becomes an interesting question, to determine how far any analogy exists between the languages of the Japhetie and Shemitic families in regard to prefixes. For example, in the Shemitic languages, 1 is a prefix of extensive use, corresponding almost exactly with the English and Dutch ly, the Saxon ve, and German bei. This preposition and prefix has several senses in the Saxon which are now obsolete; but its present prevailing sense occurs in all the Shemitic languages. iY BMP M113, by a strong east wind. Ex. xiv. 21. Compare the following defini- tions of this preposition; the Sax. from Lye, and the Shemitic from Castle. Sax. de, e, ex, in, secus, ad, juxta, secundum, pro, per, super, propter, circa. Heb. Ch. Syr. in, e, ex, cum, propter, usque ad, adeo ut, ad, super, per, contra, ante$e Beant Ste i XXXII IND RODUCALTON. Eth. tn, per, pro, propter, cum, secundum, apud. Ar. in, cum, propter, per, ad, erga. ; er . Lope sm In Numbers xiv. 34, it signifies according to, or after; \DODnA Da, according to the number of days. eA eaieeaac eS now perhaps obsolete in English, but was common in t i Saxon ; tk ; y ‘dine lis strencth : rO OLTLOUS SUIS. as, *‘be his megnum,’’ according to his strength ; DT yu he So ‘be tham mestan,” by the most, is now expressed by, most. ee Now, it is remarkable that this word in Hebrew, Arabic nn te iti ; in ¢ S isely as it is in Eno- Persic, is the preposition used in oaths, precisely as : ss , ‘ E nm. 16, 5 el ve I sworn. Arabic, bal- lish. Gen. xxii. 16, "2, By myself have I sworn bi J " = rs 7 | I}. YO 0 t] lah, or by Allah ; Persic, Jammy bechoda, or begoda, by God, the very words now used in English. The evidence, then, is de- cisive, that the Shemitic prefix 2 is the Teutonic be, by, Yeu eOUs tracted, and this Teutonic word iS certainly a contraction of big, which is used in the Saxon, especially in compound ords, as 10 bigspell, [by-spell,] a fable; bigstandan, to stand by. his prefix, < Q yn then, was in universal use by the original stock of ma nkind, be- fore the dispersion; and this word alone is demonstrative proof of the common origin of the Shemitiec and Teutonic languages, Now, it is equally certain that this is the prefix b, and probably p, before / and 7, in block, braigh, and a multitude of words in all the modern languages; and, probably, the same letter is a prefix in many Shemitic words. We know that be in the Saxon bedelan, and Dutch bedeclen, is a prefix, as the simple verb is found in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages. The Hebrew and Chaldee S43 corresponds exactly, in elements and in signification, with the Saxon and Dutch. Whether the first letter is a prefix in the latter lan- guages, let the reader judge. See the word Drat, which, when traced, terminates in the Welsh tawl, a cast off, a throw ; separa- tion ; tawlu, to cast or throw off, to separate. In Chaldee, to scatter, to disperse. word has the same signification in the Syriac and Samaritan. te) — badar, signifies The LA ow : * ye ees = In Ethiopic, the word, with ()\ prefixed, signifies to wish, love, desire ; and with T prefixed, to strive, to endeayor ; and without a prefix, strife, course, race. Both these significations are from stretching, straining. ——— In Arabic, »» badara, signifies generally to hasten, to run to; --- This signification is but )% bathara, signifies to disperse, to sow or scatter seed. This verb is written in Hebrew Was with precisely the same signification. The Arabic, also, has the verb with this orthogra- phy, signifying to sow, and also to beat or strike with a stick. le. Here we have the simple verb, without the prefix, with the sense of the Ethiopic with a prefix. Supra. NOW, in Syriac, 32 dar, signifies to strive or stru ro oD wa We find algo the Ar to sprinkle. We find in Chaldee O17, 744 } } abic _)S tharra, the simple verb, signifies , and "7, the simple verb, signi- ce fies to disperse; in Syriac, the same. In Arabic 1, tharaa, signifies to sow, like the foregoing verb, and hence to procreate. Both this and the former verb signify also to whiten, as the hair of the head; as we Say, to sprinkle with gray hairs. The Arabic eee 4 darad, signifies to drive, to impel, to repel, to contend, to ke to shine, to sparkle. And here we have the litera] signi- eee of this whole class of verbs; to drive, urge, throw, send; = 2 Se ve “ aa x 1; ‘ “nce to scatter, to strive, to shoot as rays of light, procreate, &c. The Hebrew Corresponding verb is M5} or sow ; and the word with the like ort} and Ar. This is the Latin Sero. prefix in the yerb 5 beh may be ~ 1%, to scatter, to ography occurs in Ch. Syr. And who can doubt that 3 is a 72 above mentioned ? In Welsh, goberu signifies to work operation ; formed by the prefix go and toward, approach » tO Operate ; per; 3 and per rendered by gober, work, go denoting progress Owen, that pervades, a ————$____.. i Le a fruit, a pear; but the real sense is to strain, drive, thrust, urge, &c. . ; This word, in the Armoric dialect, is written either gober or ober ; in Latin operor, whence Eng. operate. The same word is to bring forth; to ieee se <3 RAND in the Ethiopic, If)Z gaber, to make, to do; ()\ 12 agabar, to c s cause to be made: i NZ tagabar, to work, operate, negotiate ; 0 i }Z gabar, a maker. This is the Heb. and Ch. "33, to be strong, to prevail, to estab- -—_—— = jubara, to heal, as a broken bone ; to strensthen. Reatard. ea. mite a ? aa That this Shemitic word and the W elsh and radically one, there can not be a question : indisputably, that vo is a prefix. ee lish; and asa noun, a man; Ar. a to make strong, are all] and the Welsh proves, This, then, is a word formed on Ethiopic qa or Sa. Lhe Heb, 555x; strong, that is, strained, and “AN, a ——5 wing, that is, a shoot, are from the same root; and in Arabic ef : oe abara, signifies to prick, to sting, and its derivatives, the extrem- : ity of a thing, a point, a needle, corresponding with the Welsh bar, a summit, a tuft, a branch, a bar, and the Welsh ber, a pike, a lance, a spit, a spear, Lat. veru; in Welsh, also, Pa and per, aspit, are all doubtless of the s r, a Spear, ame origin. In Syriac, ion tsabar, signifies to make, to work or operate. {s this the same root with a different prefix ? _-—— The same word in A to bear, to sustain. We observe, that in the Teutonic and Gothic languages, the same word is used with different prefixes. Thus, in o tongue, begin is written gynnan, the simple radical rabic, y* tsabara, sionifies to be patient, mother word, and agunnan, beginnan, and ongynnan; and in the rothic, duginnan, in English, ur which, would be togin. or Should it appear, upon inve stigation, that verbs in the Assyri- an languages have the same prefixes which occur in the European languages, the fact will evidence more affinity between the lan- res of these two stocks than has yet been known to exist wus ich may be sup now attend to the natural causes w) tity or rese posed to have obscured or destroyed the iden of languages which had a common origin. The affinity of words, in two or more diff known by identity of letters and identity of cation; or by letters of the same organ, and a sionification obviously deducible from the same sense. Letters of the same ors b, f, p, and 2, are so easily converted, the change is so frequent, tl much obscurity. 7 mbdlance anruages, 1s an, as, for example, 1e inte her, and 1at this circumstance seldom occasions The changes of signification occasion difficulty, not so much by necessity, as because this branch of philology is less understood. 1 41 the o} » the of more 1. CHANGE OF CONSONANTS WHICH REPRESE THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE ORGANS SPEECH. Consonants are the stamina of words. > They are convertible and freq uently converted into their cognates. The Enclish word bear represents the Latin fero and purio, and fero is the Greek The Latin ventus is wind in English; and The Latin dens, in Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, dance in English is in German tanz. (éEOQ). } ine habeo is have. ! is tand; and | These changes are too familiar to require a multiplication of | examples. But there are others less common and obvious, which are yet equally certain. Thus in the Gaelic or Hiberno-Celtic, m and mb are convertible with ®; and in Welsh, m and > are changed, even in different cases of the same word. Thus, in Irish, the name of the hand is written either lamh or lav, and in Welsh mien, a stone, is written also yaen. The Greek 6 is always pro- nounced as the English 2, as Bovdowar, Lat. volo, | inglish will, German wollen i 3. and the sound of b the Greeks express by 4; In the Chaldee and Hebrew, one remarkable distinction is the use of a dental letter in the former, where the lant. Ag cuth in Chaldee is gold, in Chaldaic is Sn} latter has a sibi- rid 7] (Ty > cush in Hebrew ; 2-5, in Hebrew. The like change appears in the modern languages; for water, which in most of the northern languages iS written with a dental, is in Ger man written wasser Di arc emanate nae —i eaten . | | || | 1} 1} | and the Latin dens, W. dant, Dutch tand, Swedish and Danish tund, is in German zahn. The like change is frequent in the Greek and Latin. oarrw, in one dialect, is poacow, in another ; and the Latins often changed ¢ of the indicative present, or in- finitive, into s in the preterit and participle; as, mitto, mittere, Misi, Missus. L and r, though not considered as letters of the same organ, are really such, and changed the one into the other. Thus the Spaniards write blandir for brandish, and escolta for escort. The Portuguese write brando for bland, and branquear, to whiten, for blanch. The Greek has gocyeddior for the Latin flagellum. In Europe, however, this change seems to be limited chiefly to two or three nations on the coast of the Mediterranean. JL is some- times commutable with d. We have a few instances of the change of g or gh into f. Thus rough is pronounced ruf, and trough, trauf. The Russians often change the d of a noun into the sound of 7, or the compound g, in the verb formed from that noun; as, lad, accord, harmony; laju, to accord or agree; bred, damage, loss; breju, to injure. The Italians and French have also changed a dental into a palatal letter, in many words; as, Italian raggio, aray, from Lat. radius ; and ragione, reason, from ratio; Fr. manger, to eat, from Laat: mando, or manduco. In the south of Europe, the Greek y has been changed, in some instances, into the Italian or Spanish z, and then by the French into s. It seems that the Spanish z has, at some former period, been pronounced as a guttural. Thus the Gr. foeyiwr, Lat. brachium, the arm, is in Spanish brazo, and the Spaniards have the word from the Latin, or from the same source as the Latin and Greek, the Celtic braig. This word brazo the French changed into bras, and from that we have brace and embrace. A similar change occurs in Durazzo, from Dyrrachium, and in the Spanish luz, light. The Teutonic nations often used h to express the power of the Greek x, and the Latin c; as, heart for zuodia, horn for cornu. Hence we find that the Saxon hlinian, hleonian, or hlynian, to lean, is the Greek xziuw, Latin clino. The letter h is now dropped, and we write the word lean. In like manner, the Saxon Alid, which we now write lid, is from the same root as the Latin claudo, cludo, the Greek ziedouw, which is contracted into xis1w. And in this word we may notice another fact, that the word signifies not only to shut, but to praise or celebrate; proving that this word and the Latin plaudo are the same, with different prefixes, as lawdo ; and that the primary sense is, to strain. This in Saxon appears in hlud, loud, hlydan, to cry out. In Latin, f and have been converted; as, hordewm for fordeum ; and the Spaniards now write h for f; as, hacer for the Latin facere ; hilo for filum ; herr for fervre, &c. The letters r and s are commutable. eisen; in D. yzer. The letters n and s seem also to be commutable; as in Latin pono, posur. The letters 1 and r are convertible; for the English colonel is in Spanish and Portuguese coronel, and in Armoric coronal, The cause of these differences is in the position of the organs in the articulations; the position being nearly but not exactly the same. Thus tron in German is 2. CHANGE OF VOWELS. The change of vowels is so common, as to occasion no difficulty in determining the sameness of words; indeed, little or no regard is to be had to them, in ascertaining the origin and affinity of lan- guages. In this opinion [ accord with almost all writers on this subject; but I have to combat the opinion of that elegant scholar, Sir William Jones, who protests against the licentiousness of ety- mologists, not only in transposing letters, but in totally disregard- ing the vowels, and who seems to admit the common origin of words only when written with the same letters, and used in a sense precisely the same.” am not at all surprised at the common prejudice existing against etymology. As the subject has been treated, it is justly liable to all the objections urged against it. But it is obvious that Sir W. Jones had given very little attention to the sub- ject, and that some of its most common and obyious principles had escaped his observation. His opinion, with regard to both articulations and yowels, is unequivocally erroneous, as will INTRODUCTION. * Asiatic Researches, vol. 3, p. 489. XXX1il appear from the following list of words, taken from modern lan- guages, and respecting the identity of which, that gentleman himself, if living, could not have the slightest doubt. ©? English. Saxon. Dutch. German. Swedish. Latin. CRA a a trekk dr: tral drag, t ragan, rekken, tragen, raga, raho. give, gifan, geeven, geben, gifva. ace } fot, fet, voet, fuss, fot, Gu ee hook, hoc, haak, haken, hake. day, dag, deg, daag, tag, dag. have, habban, hebben, haben, hafva, habeo. [Fr. avoir; ai, as, a, avons, avez, ont.] leap, hleapan, loopen, laufen, lépa. burn, byrnan, branden, brennen, brinna. will, willan, willen, wollen, willja, volo, velle. stone, stan, steen, stein, sten. broad, __ bred, breed, breit, bred. earth, eorth, aarde, erde, jord, Dan. zord. who, hwa, wie, ho, Dan. hvo. seek, secan, zoeken, suchen, sokia, sequor. bean, bean, boon, bohne, bona, Dan. bonne. Here are scarcely two words written with the same letters in two languages; and yet no man ever called in question their identity, on account of the difference of orthography. The diver- sity is equally great in almost all other words of the same original. So in the same words we often find the vowel changed, as in the Lat. facio, fect ; ago, egi; sto, steti; vello, vulsi. Nothing is more certain than that the Welsh gwyz and the English wood are the same word, although there is one letter only common to them both. It is pronounced gooyth, that is, g and wyth ; as, guard for ward. This prefixing of ¢ to words which in English begin with 20, is very common in Spanish and French. The word wer in French is guerre; Sp. guerra. 3. CHANGE OR LOSS OF RADICAL LETTERS. There are some words which, in certain languages, “have suffered a change of a radical letter; while in others it is wholly lost. For example, word, in Danish and Swedish, is ord: wort, a plant, is wrt; the Saxon gear, or ger, English year, in Danish is aar, in Swedish is ar, in Dutch jaar, and in German jehr. In the word yoke, and its affinities, we have a clear and deci- sive example of changes in orthography. Yoke, the Latin yugum, is from the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic 373 zug, to join, to couple ; a word not found in the Hebrew. The Greeks retained the ori- ginal letters in tuyos, tuyow; the Latins changed the first letter to j in jugum, and inserted a casual n in jungo. From the Latin the Italians formed giogo, a yoke, and giugnere, to join; the Spaniards, ywgo, a yoke, and juntar, to join; the French, joug, a yoke, and joindre, to jom. In Saxon, yoke is geoc or 20c; in Dutch, juk; G. joch ; Sw. ok. One of the most general changes that words have undergone, | is the entire loss of the palatal letter g, when it is radical and | final in verbs, or the opening of that articulation to a vowel or | diphthong. We have examples in the English bow, from Saxon | bugan, to bend; buy, from bycgan ; brow, from breg; lay, from legan, or lecgan; say, from segan; fair, from feger ; flail, from | the German flegel, Lat. flagellum; French nier, from Lat. nego, | NEZAT | The same or similar changes have taken place in all the modern | languages of which | have any knowledge. | The loss and changes of radical letters in many Greek verbs | deserve particular notice. We find, in the Lexicons, mocyua, moayos, moazrixog, are referred to weacow, meaTTH, aS the theme or root; tayue, to racow; dyTwe, tO dew ; and pouyua, to poadow. This reference, so far as it operates as a direction to the student where to find the verb to which the word belongs, and its expla- nation, is useful and necessary. But if the student supposes that these words are formed from the theme, so called, or the first per- son of the indicative mode, present tense, he is deceived. Tam confident no example can be found, in any language, of the pal- atals y and x, formed from the dentals and sibilants rt and o; nor is 6y7m0, or any similar word, formed by the addition of the dental to a verb ending in a vowel. The truth is, the last radical in dew is lost, in the indicative mode; and in mgacdw, TeaTTo, it 1s changed, The radical lost in Semis dor 6; the original word was dedw or Osdw, and the derivatives Q7rTwe, éntogixy, were formed ‘ay i \ } bi | " ¥ ; (Fi b . ¥ | A { ;: k : / A | a 2INTRODUCTION. | before the radical letter was dropped in the verb. No sooner is the verb restored to its primitive form, than we recognize its con- nection with the Irish raidham, to speak; Saxon red, speech ; redan, to read; German reden, rede; Dutch raad, &c. The original root of zeacow was meayw, 7eazo, OF Teaxu, ANC from this were formed mouyua, moaxtizoc, before the last radical was changed. No sooner is the original orthography restored, than we see this to be the Teutonic verb, German brauchen, Duteh gebruiken, Danish bruger, Sw. bruka, Sax. brucan, to use, to practice, and hence the English broker. The same remarks are applicable to reyua and tacow; poayna and peacow; aidayn and «ihucow; yaourtng and yaoaoow, and many other words of like formation. In all these cases, the last radical letter is to be sought in the derivatives of the verb, and in one of the past tenses, particularly in an aorist, This fact affords no feeble evidence that in Greek, as in the Shemitie languages, the preterit tense or an aorist was the radix of the verb. Koato, in Greek, is to cry like a crow or rook; but the last radical is changed from y, as, in the second aorist, it forms AOU ELS. Now, in Danish, crow is krage, in Ger. kriihe, in D. kraai, in Sw. kraka ; a fact that demonstrates the last radical letter to be a pal- atal, which in English is opened to 9, in crow. But it is not in the Greek language only that we are to seek for the primitive radical letters, not in what is now called the root of the verb, but in the derivatives. The fact is the same in the Latin and in the English. The Latin fluctus and fluzi can not be deduced from fluo; but the orthography of these words proves demonstrably that the original root was jlugo, or fluco. So, in English, sight can not be deduced from see, for no example can be found of the letter 2 introduced to form the participles of verbs. Sight, in Saxon gesicht, D. zigt, G. sicht, Dan. sigt, Sw. sickt, is a participle; but the verb in the infinitive, in Saxon is seon, geseon, Ger. sehen, D. zien, Dan. seer, Sw. se; in which no palatal letter is found, from which g or ch can be deduced. The truth, then, is, that the original verb was segan, or in Dutch zegen ; the g being lost, as it is in the French nier, from the Lat. nego. In the change of letters in the Greek verbs before mentioned, the process seems to have been from or x to £, and then too and T; TQdyH, MQGcw, Meadow, meattw. This is certainly a process which is natural and common. The Latin brachium thus be- came in Spanish brazo, and then in French bras; and thus in the Italian, Alexandria has become Alessandria. When the last radical of a Greek verb isa dental, it may not be certain whether the original letter was d, or th, or t. We find the Greek verb ovaw, to draw, forms its derivatives with 0, OMa0uG, o7eorg ; and this is probably the Armoric spaza, from which we have spay. So goatw, poaorc, and poadn, are evidently of the same family. It is not improbable that the original letter might have a compound sound, or it might correspond nearly to the Arabie % or UO or the English dh or th, or ds, so as easily to pass into d or into s. It is equally clear that many Greek words have lost an initial consonant. The letter most generally lost is probably the Ori- ental j5, but obviously the palatals y and x have, in many in- stances, been dropped. There seems to be no question that the Greek doc is the English whole, and perha psall. This in Welsh is oll or holl, in Saxon al or geall; and this is undoubtedly the Shemitic 55. So the Greek vituu. is the Welsh colli, to lose; and s:iew may be the English coil, Fr. cueillir. In like manner the Greek has, in many words, lost a labial initial, answering to the English 6, f, or o. The Greek edu is undoubtedly the Latin video; edyov is from the same root as work: ; wdiog is from the root of vid, in the Latin divido, and individuus, = Widen 2 Ulat is, separate, and from the Arabic ch; badda, to separate. In many instances, the Latin retained or restored the lost let ter ; thus hamaxa for dake , harpago for uomtayyn ; harmonia for uoliovia ; video for edu), If the marks of breathing, called spiritus as lenis, now prefixed to Greek words, were intended to represent > att oO oat ate ; » the letters lost, or to stand in the place of them, they answer this purpose very imperfectly. The spiritus asper may stand for a palatal or guttural letter, but it does not designate which letter, the Mm, or the 5; much less does this or the other spiritus justly represent the labials, b, f, 7, or 2. Whenever the Latins wrote h in the place of the Greek Spiritus, we may conclude that the original letter was nm; or a per and spiritus cognate letter; and we may conclude | be ascertained by another. also that the v in video, and in divido, viduus, individuus, stands | for the original labial lost in e:dw and wos. But there are many words, I apprehend, in which the lost letter is unknown, and in which the loss can not be recovered by any marks prefixed to the words. We may well suppose that hymnus exhibits the correct written form of 7uvo¢; but what is there in the Greek vgn to lead us to consider this word as the English woof, and tga to be the same as weave? Both the Greek words have the spiritus asper. What proportion of Greek words have been contracted by the loss of an initial or final consonant, can not, I apprehend, be de- termined with any precision; at least, not in the present state of philological knowledge. It is probable the number of contracted words amounts to one fourth of all the verbs, and it may be more Similar contractions have taken place in all other languages ; a circumstance that embarrasses the philologist and lexicographer at every step of his researches, and which has led to innumer- able mistakes in etymology. We know that the Swedish ar, and Danish aar, a year, have lost the articulation g,and that the English y in year is the representative of g,asj is in the Dutch jaar, and German jahr: for the g is found in our mother tongue ; and in a multitude of words, one language will supply the means of determining the real origin or true orthography, which can not : . But doubtless many changes have taken place, of which the evidence is uncertain ; the chain which might conduct us to the original orthography being broken, and no means now remain of repairing the loss. In no language has the rejection or change of consonants served so effectually- to obscure the original words as in the French. So extensive have been the chances of orthography in that language, that, had not the early lexicographers indicated the loss of letters by a mark, it would be impossible now to dis- cover the original orthography, or to trace the connection of words with other languages, in a large. portion of them. And it is with regret we observe the influence of the French practice of suppressing consonants extending itself to other countries. It is owing to the most servile obsequiousness of nations, that Basil or Basilea, the elegant name of a town in Switzerland, has been corrupted to Basle, and pronounced most barbarously Bale. The Germans are pursuing a like course in suppressing the pala- tal letters; a most unfortunate circumstance for the strength of the language. The Italians also have a disposition to reject letters when they interfere with their habits of pronunciation; and hence we see, in their language, piano, written for plano; jiore for flore ; fiocco for flocco; a change that has removed a radical consonant, and thus obscured, or rather destroyed, the affinity between the Italian and the Latin words. Another difference of writing and pronouncing has been pro- duced by the change of a sibilant letter into an aspirate ; or, e converso, by the change of an aspirate into a sibilant. No person doubts whether the Latin super is the Greek UILEO ; OF Ouahog I8 similis ; or «d&g is sal, salt. The latter in Welsh is halen, hal. So helyg, a willow, in Welsh, is in Latin saliz. The Greek {nru is This in Persic is C4a4 heft or haft, which approaches the Greek fare. It has been commonly supposed that, in this case, the aspirate in Greek has been con- verted into an s. There are, however, strong reasons for be- lieving that the change has been the reverse, and that s has been dropped, and its place supplied by an aspirate. The word seven the Latin septem, English seven. —— is, beyond a question, the Shemitic Fay ylAwW bom, whence Maw, Ya, i Eng. sabbath ; and the Gaelic sean, old, whence Latin senex, in Welsh hen, seems clearly to be the Ar. (ey sanna, to be old. It is then clear that in these words s is radical. It is probable, how- ever, that the aspirate, in some cases, has been changed into s. It deserves to be noticed that the radix of a word is sometimes obscured, in Greek and Latin, by the loss or change of a radical letter in the nominative case. We find in Latin nepos, in the . . . . . . . a > nominative, 1s nepotis in the genitive; honos, honoris, &ec. In these changes, I suppose the letter restored in the oblique cases to be the true radical letter. Thus adamant has been deduced by our etymologists from the Greek « negative and duwew, to sub- due, on the supposition that the stone was named from its hard- ae pb te te may cir ie “ras « a ' ness. ‘This is a good example of a great part of all etymological deductions; they are mere conjectures. It did not oceur to the SS =e —————————inquirer that adamas, in the nominative, becomes in the genitive adamantis ; that n is radical, and that this word can not be reg- ularly deduced from the Greek verb. Any person, by looking into a Welsh dictionary, may see the original word. In some words, it is not easy to determine whether x before d is casual or radical. Insuch words as the Latin fundo, to pour, and tundo, to beat, there is reason to think the x is casual, for the preterit is formed without it, fudz, tutud?. But in other words n before d seeins to be radical, and the d casual; as in fundo, fundare, to found. For this word coincides with the Irish bun, foundation, and with the Shemitic 2A banah, to build. So the English find is in Swedish finna, and zn is in Danish ind. Another fact, of considerable consequence, is the casual sound of n given to g, which produced the effect of doubling the y in Greek, and of occasioning the insertion of n before g in the Latin, as also'in the Teutonic and Gothic languages. Thus we see the y 1s doubled in the Greek ayye42Zw, and we know, in this case, how the change originated; for the original word is in the Gaelic and Irish, agalla. So y is prefixed to another palatal or guttural letter in aY Y0, OY HOG, eyytlo. A similar nasal sound of g probably introduced the n before ¢ in lingo, to lick ; linquo, to leave. We may be confident, in all cases, that n is not radical, when it is dropped in the supine and participle, as in lictum, lictus, from linquo. When vn is retained in the supine and participle, there may be more reason for doubt; but in this case, the ques- tion may often be determined by the corresponding word in another language, or by some other word evidently of the same family. Thus we can have little doubt that lingo and the Eng- lish lick are the same word, or that the Lat. lingua and ligula are of one family. This casual insertion of m in words of this class must be care- fully noticed by the etymologist, or he will overlook the affinity of words which are evidently the same. We have many words in English which are written with m before a g or a k, when the ancient words in the Gothic and Teutonic languages, and some of them in the modern Danish and Swedish, are written without nm. Thus sink, in Gothic, is stgcwan; to think, is thagkyan. It is not improbable that the Gothic word was pronounced with the sound of m or ng, as in English. So also in sigguan, to sing; laggs, long. In afew instances we find the Swedes and Danes > have the word written in both ways, as tan ka, tenker, and tycka, tykker, to think. But, in general, the Germans, Danes, Swedes, and Dutch, write words of this sort with ng. To show how important it is to know the true original orthog- raphy, I will mention one instance. Jn our mother tongue, the word to dye, or color, is written deagan ; the elements or radical letters are dg. To determine whether this and the Latin tingo are the same words, we must first know whether zn in tzngo is radical or casual. This we can not know with certainty, by the form of the word itself, for the m is carried through all the tenses and forms of the verb. But by looking into the Greek, we find the word written with y, teyyw; and this clearly proves the alliance of the word with deagan.—See Dyr, in the Dictionary. We have many English words, in which a d has been inserted before g, as in badge, budge, lodge, pledge, wedge. In all words, I believe, of this class, the dis casual, and the g following is the radical letter, as pledge, from the French pleige ; wedge from the Saxon wecg. The practice of inserting d in words of this sort seems to have originated in the necessity of some mode of preserving the English sound of g, which might otherwise be sounded as the French g before e. And it is for this reason we still retain, and ought to retain, d in judge, abridge. In like manner, the Teutonic c has been changed into the sound of ch, as Sax. wacian, wecian, to wake, to watch ; Sax. thac, thatch. There are some nations which, in many words, pronounce and write g before uw or 2; asin the French guerre, for war ; guede, for woad; guetter, for wait ; in Welsh, gwal, for wall; gwain, tor wain; gwared, for guard, which in English is ward, Sp. guarda. In some instances, the uw or w# is dropped in modern writing, as in the French garenne, a warren; garde, for guard. This differ- ence of orthography makes it difficult, in some cases, to ascertain the true radical letters. CHANGE OF SIGNIFICATION. Another cause of obscurity in the affinity of languages, and one that seems to have been mostly overlooked, is, the change of the primary sense of the radical verb. In most cases, this change INTRODUCTION. AXXV consists in a slight deflection, or difference of application, which has obtained among different families of the same stock. In some cases, the literal sense is lost or obscured, and the ficura- tive only is retained. The first object, in such cases, is to find the primary or literal sense, from which the various particular applications may be easily deduced. Thus we find, in ] atin, libeo, libet, or lubeo, lubet, is rendered, to please, to like; luhens, willing, glad, cheerful, pleased; lzbenter, lubenter, willingly, gladly, readily. What is the primary sense, the visible or physi- cal action, from which the idea of willing is taken? I find, either by knowing the radical sense of willing, ready, in other cases, or by the predominant sense of the elements Lb, as in Lat. labor, to slide, liber, free, &c., that the primary sense is to move, incline or advance toward an object; and hence the sense of willing, ready, prompt. Now, this Latin word is the English love, Ger- man lieben, liebe. ‘‘ Lubet me ire,” I love to go; I am inclined to go; I go with cheerfulness; but the affinity between love and lubeo has been obscured by a slight difference of application, among the Romans and the Teutonic nations. Perhaps no person has suspected that the English words heat, hate, and hest in behest, are all radically the same word. But this is the fact. Sax. hatian, to heat, or be hot,and tohate; hetan, to heat and to call; hatan, to call, to order, to command; ge-hetan or ge-hatan, to grow warm, to promise, to vow; Gothic gahaitan, to call, to promise; Dutch heeten, to heat, to name, to call, bid or command; German heitzen, to heat; hetssen, to call; hitzen, to heat, to hoist; Swedish hetsa, to inflame, to provoke; Danish heder, to heat, to be called. Behest we have from the German or Swedish dialect. Heat coincides with the Latin estus, for hestus, which is written with s, like the German. Hate coin- cides with the Latin odz, osus, so written for hodz, hosus; and as the Teutonic h often represents the Latin c, as in horn, cornu, the Danish orthography, heder, coincides with the Latin ezto, to call. Now, what is the radical sense? Most obviously to stir, agitate, rouse, raise, implying a driving or impulse; and hence in Latin estuo, to be hot, and to rage or storm; hence to ezcite, and hence the sense of the Latin czto, quickly, from stirring, rousing to action. In this case, hatred, as well as heat, is violent excitement. We find also in the Saxon and Gothic the sense of vowing, that is, of driving out the voice, uttering, declaring, a sense allied to calling and commanding; and to this is allied the sense of the Latin reczto, to recete. In English, befall signifies to fall on, to happen to; in German, the same word, befallen, has the like signification. But in Saxon, gefeallan signifies to fall, to rush on; while in German, gefallen sionifies to please, that is, to suit, to come to one’s mind, to be agreeable. The Danish gefalder has the same signification as the German. We find by the Saxon, that the English reck, to care, and reckon, and the Latin rego, to rule, are all the same word, varied in orthography and application. To find the primary sense ot reck, to care, we are then to examine the various derivative senses. And we need go no further than to the Latin rectus and English right, the sense of which is straight, for this sense 1s derived from straining, stretching. Care, then, is a straining of the mind, a stretching toward: an object, coinciding with. the primary sense of attentzon. The primary sense of reckon is to strain out sounds, to speak, tell, relate; a sense now disused. The Saxon carc, care, cercian, to care, to cark, is connected in 4 origin with the Latin carcer, a prison; both from the sense of straining, whence holding or restraint. i To prove how the primary general sense of a word may ramily into different senses, by special appropriation of the word among separate families of men proceeding from the same stock, let us observe the different senses in which leap is used by the English, and by the nations on the continent. In English, to leap is simply to spring ; as, to leap a yard; to leap over a fence. But on the continent it signifies to run. Now, it will be seen that this word, as used by the Germans, can not always be translated by itself, that is, by the same word, into English. Take, for illustration, the following passage from Luther’s Version of the Scriptures: Sam. xvii. 17. —‘‘ Nimm fir deine brider diese epha sangen, und diese zehen brod, und lauf ins heer zu deinen briidern;” “Take now for thy brethren an epha of this parched corn, and these ten loaves, and leap to the camp of thy brethren.” Leap, instead of run, is good German, but bad English.* There are two other words in this passage, of which a like remark may be made, The German brod, loaves, is our bread, which admits o1 * ‘¢ He walks, he leaps, he runs.”? — Cowper. , worry ea a eat ie cs igh a emeencer ae AR ot. rc AE cs SS OS EOXXXVI no plural: and sangen is our singed, which we can not apply to parched corn. : ‘ So, in some of the Teutonic languages, to warp kittens ‘or puppies, to warp eggs, is correct language, though to our ears very odd; but this is only a particular application of the primary sense, to throw. We say, to lay eggs; but to lay is to throw down. By this comparison of the different uses and applications of a word, we are able, in most cases, to detect its original significa- tion. And it is by this means, I apprehend, that we may arrive a a satisfactory explanation of the manner in which the same word came to have different and even opposite significations. It is well known, for example, that the Hebrew word barak, is rendered, in our version of the Scriptures, both to bless and to curse. The propriety of the latter rendering is contro- verted by Parkhurst, who labors to prove, that in Kings and in Job, where it is rendered to curse, it ought to be rendered to bless; and he cites, as authorities, the ancient versions. It is true, that in J Kings xxi. 10, 13, and in Job i. 11, and ii. 5, the Seventy have rendered the word by evioyew, to bless; and other ancient versions agree with the Septuagint. But let the word be rendered by bless in the following passages: “‘ Put forth thy hand now, and touch his bone, and his flesh, and he will bless thee to thy face.’’ ‘ Bless God and die.’’ How very absurd does such a translation appear! It shows the immense importance of understanding the true theory of language, and the primary sense of radical words. Let us, then, endeavor to discover, if possible, the source of the difficulty in the case here mentioned. To be enabled to arrive at the primary sense, let us examine the word in the several languages, first of the Shemitic, and then of the Japhetice stock. Heb. 173, to bless; to salute, or wish a blessing to. 2. To curse; to blaspheme. 3. ‘T’o couch or bend the knee, to kneel. Deriv. A blessing, and the knee. Chaldee, 12; to bless; to salute at meeting, and to bid fare- well at parting. 2. To bend the knee. 3. To dig; to plow; to set slips of a vine or plant for propa- gation. — Talm. and Rabbin. Deriv. The knee; a blessing; a cursing ; a cion; the young of fowls. z Syriac, «2-5, to fall on the knees; to fall or bow down. Judg. v. 27 2. To issue or proceed from. Matth. xy. 19. 3. To bless. Samaritan, 49, to bless Seep hm bo } jal Ethiopic, N2n, to bless. Deriv. the knee. Arabic, Sys baraka, to bend the knee; to fall on the breast, as a camel. 2. To be firm, or fixed. 3. To rain violently; to pour forth rain, as the clouds. BoE zvo. 4. To detract from; to traduce; to reproach or pursue with reproaches; to revile. ©. To bless; to pray for a blessing on; blessed. 6. To hasten; to rush, as on an enemy ; to assail. Deriv. The breast; the basin of a fountain ; receptacle of water, as in Heb. and Ch. ; also, dance; constancy ; splendor; a flash of light. Gr. to prosper; to be a fishpond, or increase ; abun- --=— In the latter sense, usually from Sy. baraka, Hep. and Ch. Pia barak, i ‘The Arabic word supplies us with the certain means of deter- mining the radical sense; for among other significations it has the sense of pouring forth rain; and this is precisely the Greek Poeyw. The primary sense, then, is to send, throw, or drive, in a transitive sense ; or in an intransitive sense, to rush, to break forth. To bless and to curse have the same radical sense, which is. to send or pour out words, to drive or to strain out the voice sore: cisely as in the Latin appello, from pello, whence peal ut of thunder or of a bell. The two senses spring from the ap 0 Tta~ tzon of loud words to express particular acts. This dévends on usage, like all other particular applications of one genera] si ‘ni- fication. The sense in Scripture is to utter words either in a —SaaeeSSS—SS INTRODUCTION good or bad sense ; to bless, to salute; or to rail, to scold, to re: proach ; and this very word is probably the root of reproach, as it certainly is of the Latin precor, used, like the Shemitic word, in both senses, praying and cursing, or deprecating.* It is also the same word as the English pray, It.. pregare, Th. precor, the same as preach, D. preeken, W. pregethu. 'To the same family belong the Gr. Boayw, Bovyw, Bovyaouar, to bray, to roar, to low, Lat. rugio. Here we see that bray is the same word, applied to the voice of the ass and to breaking in a mortar, and both are radi- cally the same word as break. The sense of kneeling, if radical, is to throw, and if from tlie noun, the sense of the noun is a throwing, a bending. The Chaldee sense of digging, if radical, is from thrusting in an instrument, or breaking the ground ; but perhaps it is a sense derived from the name of a shoot or cion, and in reality, to set a shoot, to plant. The Syriac use of this word in Matth. xv. 19, is intransitive, to issue, to shoot, or break forth. So in Arabic, to rush*on, to assault. ‘The sense of firmness in Arabic is from setting, throw- ing down, as in kneeling; and hence the sense of breast, the fixed, firm part. That this word has the sense both of blessing and of cursing, or reproaching, we have demonstrative evidence in the Welsh language. Rhég,in Welsh, is 773, without the prefix. It signi- fies a sending out; utterance; a gift or present; a consigning ; a ban, a curse or imprecation. Khegu, to give; to consign; to curse. From rhég is formed preg, a greeting, or salutation, [the very Hebrew and Chaldee word,] pregeth, a sermon, and pregethu, to preach. Here we have not only the origin of preach, but another important fact, that preg, and of course 772, is a com- pound word, coinposed of a prefix, p or b, and rhég. But this is not all; the Welsh greg, a cackling, gregar, to cackle, is formed with the prefix g on this same rhég. [Dan. krage, a crow.] In Welsh, bregu signifies to break; brég, a breach, a rupture. This Owen deduces from bar, but no doubt erroneously. It is from rhegu ; and there is some reason to think that break is from A, rather than from "5; but probably both are from one radix, with different prefixes. -“—_-= We observe one prominent sense of the Arabic Sys baraka, is to rain violently; to pour forth water, as clouds. This is pre- cisely the Greek foeyw; a word found in all the Teutonic and Gothic languages, but written either with or without its prefix. Saxon, r@gn or regn, rain; regnan, to rain. Dutch, regen, rain; regenen, bercgenen, to rain upon. German, regen, rain; regnen, to rain; beregnen, to rain on. Swedish, regna, to rain. Danish, regn, rain; regner, to rain. Saxon, racu, rain; Cimbric, rekia, id. Here we find that the English rain is from the same root as the Welsh rhég, rhegu, and the Shemitic q 2: Pursuing the inquiry further, we find that the Saxon recan, or reccan, [W. rhegu,] signifies to speak, to tell, to relate, to reckon, the primary sense of which last is to speak or tell; also to rule, which shows this to be the Latin rego ; also to care, which is the English reck. That this is the same word as rain, we know from the Danish, in which language regner signifies both to rain and to reckon, to tell, to count or compute. In the German, the words are written a little differently ; rechnen, to reckon, and regnen, to rain. So in Dutch, reekenen and regenen; but this is a fact by no means uncommon. Here we find that the English reckon and reck, and the Latin rego, are the same word. The primary sense is to strain, to reach, to stretch. Care, is a stretching of the mind, like attention, from the Latin tendo, and restraint is the radical sense of governing. Hence rectus, right, that is, straight, stretched. Hence we find that rain and the Latin regnum, reign, are radi- cally the same word. Now, in Saxon, racan, or recan, is the English reach, to stretch or extend, from the same root, and probably reek, Saxon recan, reocan, to fume or smoke; for this is to send off. I might have mentioned before, that the Chaldee 45" 1, a cion or branch, is precisely the Celtic word for arm} Irish, Uraic, or raigh; Welsh braig; whence the Greek Boayiwr, the Latin bra- chium, whence the Spanish brazo, whence the French bras, whence the English brace. The arm is a shoot, a branch, and * “*Tmprobus urget iratis precibus.?? — Horace.branch is from this root or one of the family, n being casual; branch for brach. On this word let it be further observed, or on PD or Pn, if radically different, are formed, with the prefix s, the German sprechen, to speak, sprache, speech; Dutch spreeken, spraak ; ~ o ° a - Swedish spraka, sprak; Danish sprog, speech; and Swedish spricka, to break ; Danish sprekker. The same word with n cas- ual is seen in spring, the breaking or opening of the winter; and here we see the origin of the marine phrase, to spring a mast, Danish springer, to burst, crack, or spring. This in Swedish is written without n, spricka, to break, burst, split; but a noun of this family has n, springa, a crack, and spring, a spring, a running. Now let us attend to other Shemitic words consisting of cog- nate elements. Chaldee, 775 prak, to rub or scrape; to rub out or tread out, as grain from the ear or’sheaf; Latin frico, frio. 2. To collect and bind, as sheaves; perhaps English, to rake. 3. To break or break down. 4. To question; to doubt. In Saxon and Gothic, fregnan, fragan, signifies to ask. Deriv. Froward; perverse. Prov. ii. 12. So in English re- Ffractory. This verb is not in the Hebrew; but there are two derivatives, one signifying the inner vail of the temple; so called probably from its use in breaking, that is, interrupting access, or separa- tion, like diaphragm in English. The other derivative is ren- dered rigor, or cruelty; that which strains, oppresses, breaks down, or rakes, harasses. Vith this verb coincides the Irish bracaim, to break, to harrow, that is, to rake. Syr. «242, to rub; so rendered, Luke vi. 1. Lat. frico. A derivative signifies to comminute. Deriv. Distortion; winding; twisting. Let this be noted. ee . Ar. Sys faraka, torub, Lat. frico. 2. To hate, as a husband or wife; to be languid, or relaxed. Deriv. Laxity; frangibility ; friability. Heb. D4, to break, burst, or rend; to break off; to separate. Deriy. A breaking or parting of a road. Ch. D5, to break. 2. 'To redeem; that is, to free, separate, or deliver. 3. To explain, as a doubtful question. Deriv. One who ransoms or delivers; a rupture; the neck or its juncture ; a joint of the fingers, &c.; the ankle; the joint of. a reed; a chapter or section of a book; explanation; exposition. j21D, a rupture, coinciding with the English broke. Syr. «D9, to redeem. 2. To depart; to remove; to separate. Deriv. A recess, or withdrawing; separation; liberation ; redemption; safety ; vertebra. Sam. The same as the Syriac verb. Ar. ys faraka, to separate; to divide; to withdraw; to dis- perse; [qu. Lat. spargo;] to lay open; to disclose; to cast out; to immerse. Deriv. Separation; distinction, distance; interval; disper- sion; aurora, as we say, the break of day; also, a garment reach- ing to the middle of the thigh, qu. frock ; also breech. I have placed these two words together, because I am con- vineed they are both of one family, or formed on the same radical word. The latter coincides exactly with the Latin frango, fregi, fractum ; for n in frango is undoubtedly casual. Now, in Welsh, bregu, to break, would seem to be directly connected with ‘73, yet doubtless bregu isthe English break, the German brechen, the Dutch breeken, &c. In truth, the three words 772, 75, and 1D, are probably all from one primitive root, formed with dif- ferent prefixes, or rather with the same prefix, differently written ; the different words bearing appropriate senses, among different tribes of men. We observe in the Chaldee word the sense of questioning. Perhaps this may be the Gothic fragan, to ask ; and if so, it coin- cides with the Latin rogo, the latter without the prefix. In the sense of break, we find, in the Greek, ényrvvw, without a prefix. Most of the significations of these verbs are too obvious to INTRODUCTION. XXXVIi need illustration. But we find in the Syriac the sense of distor- tion, a sense which at first appears to be remote. from that of breaking or bursting asunder. But this is probably the primary sense, to strain, to stretch; a sense we retain in the phrase, to break upon the wheel; and by dropping the prefix, we have the precise word in the verb, to rack. Now, if this is the genuine sense, we find it gives the English wreck and wrack, the Danish vrag, Sw. vrak,a wreck. In Saxon, wrecan, wrecan, is the English wreak ; that is, to drive, or throw on; wrace, is an exile, a wretch. In Dan. vrager signifies to reject; Sw. vrika, to throw away ; all implying a driving force ; and that wreck is connected with break, is probable for another reason, that the Latin fractus, frango, forms a constituent part of naufragium, the English shipwreck, which in Danish is simply orag. Now, if straining, distortion, is one of the senses of this root, the English wring, wrong, Danish vrang, Sw. orang, may be deduced from it, for undoubtedly z is not radical in these words. The Dutch has wringen ; but the German drops the first letter, and has réagen, both to twist or wind, and to ring or sound; the latter sense from straining or throwing, as in other cases. Without n, wring would be wrig, and wrong, wrog ; wrang, wrag, Danish crag. In Greek, ényog is a blanket or coverlet, and connected with ényvuue; that is, a spread; from stretching, or throwing over. We find also among the Chaldee derivatives the sense of a neck, and a jot. Now, we find this word in Irish, braigh, the neck; in Greek, without the prefix, dayic, the spine of the back; Saxon, hracca; English, the rack, and, from the Greek, the rick- ets, from distortion. Coinciding with the Greek ényrvw, to break, we find in Welsh Thwgaw, to rend; and coinciding with gayra, a rock, a crag, Welsh craig ; and connected with these, the Saxon hracod, Eng- lish ragged, that is, broken; evidently the participle of a verb of this family. Hence we find the senses of distortion and breaking connected in this root, in a great. variety of instances. The Shemitic p42) to lighten, to shine or flash, is one of this family. The sense is, to shoot or dart, to throw, as in all like cases. And under this root the Arabic has the sense, to adorn, as a female; to make bright or shinmg; which gives the English prank and prink, D. pragt, G. pracht. Prance is of the same family, from leaping, starting, darting up. In Greek, Boeyzus, short, stands in the Lexicons as a primary word or root. But this is from the root of break, which is lost in Greek, unless in $yyvvur, without the prefix. From feayue, or the root of this word, the French language has abreger, to abridge ; and what is less obvious, but equally certain, is, that from the same root the Latin has brevis, by sinking the palatal letter, as we doin bow, from bugan, and in lay, from lecgan ; so that abridge and abbreviate, brief, are from one root. It should have been before mentioned that the Latin refragor signifies to resist, to strive against, to deny, whence refractory ; a sense that demonstrates the primary sense to be, to strain, urge, press; and refraction, in optics, isa breaking of the direct course of rays of light by turning them; a sense coinciding with that of distortion. We see, then, that one predominant sense of break, is, to strain, to distort. Let us now examine some of the biliteral roots in rg and rk, which, if 6 is a prefix, must be the primary elements of all the words above mentioned. Ch. 434 rag, regag, to desire, to long for. This is the Greek ogey, and English to reach ; for desire is expressed by reaching forward, stretching the mind toward the object. So in Latin appeto and expeto, from peto, to move toward. This coincides nearly with the Latin vogo, to ask, and the Goth. fragnan, Sax. fregnan. Syr. es to desire ; and with olaph prefixed, JI; to desire, or long; also to wet, or moisten; also IRE to moisten — Latin Tigo, irrigo, to irrigate. Deriv. Tender, soft, fresh, from moisture or greenness. Qu. Lat. recens, a derivative. oe Here desire and irrigation are both from one root; desire is a reaching forward, and irrigation is a spreading of water. This root, in Hebrew 35, signifies to weave, or connect, as in texture and net-work; but the-primary sense is to stretch or strain. F saneXXXVIii © J signifies to emit an agreeable - In Arabic, the same verb zo — smell; to breathe fragrance; radically, to throw or pend as eject; a mere modification of the same sense. This is the ane fragro, whence fragrant, with a prefix; but according exactly with the English reek. “x in Ch. Heb. Syr. and Sam., signifies to prolong, to extend. In Ar. as in Heb. in Hiph. to delay, or retard ; that is, to draw out in time. 35 in Heb. has been differently, interpreted; indeed, it has been rendered by words of directly contrary signification. — The more modern interpreters, says Castell, render it, to split, divide, separate, or break; the ancient interpreters rendered it, to stiffen, to make rigid or rough, to wrinkle or corrugate. Castell and Parkhurst, however, agree in rendering it, in some passages, to quiet, still, allay. Jer. xlvii. 6,1. 34. In Job vii. 5, our trans- lators have rendered it broken, ‘* My skin is broken,’ [rough, or rigid.] In Job xxvi.12, it is rendered by divide, ‘‘ He divideth the sea by his power.’ In Vanderhooght’s Bible it is in this place rendered by commovet, he agitates the sea. The Seventy render it by zareavoe, he stilled; and this is the sense which Parkhurst gives it. In Isaiah li. 15, and Jer. xxxi. 35, it is rendered in our version by divide. ‘‘But Iam the Lord thy God, that divided the sea, whose waves roared.” In Vanderhooght’s Bible it is rendered in Isaiah li. 15, ‘¢I am Jehovah thy God, gui commovens mare, ut perstrepant fluctus ejus.” In Jer. xxxi. 35, “‘ commovens mare, ut tumultuentur fluc- tus’ — agitating or moving the sea, that the waves roar, or may roar. ‘The passage in Isaiah is rendered by the Seventy, or 6 Oz0g gov, 6 Tagavowy Try baluoaay, zat Hywy Tae wuULatTa avTys, “agitating the sea, and causing its waves to roar and resound.” Yn the French translation, the passage in Isaiah is, ‘+ qui fend la mer, et ses flots bruient :’’ [I] who divide the sea, and the waves roar. In Jeremiah the passage is, ‘qui agite la mer, et les flots en bruient:’’ who agitates the sea, and therefore the waves roar. In Italian, the passage in Isaiah is rendered, ‘¢ che muovyo il mare, e le sue onde romoreggiano.”’ In Jeremiah, **che commuove il mare, onde le sue onde romoreggiano:’’ who moveth the sea, wherefore its waves roar, or become tumultuous. These different renderings show the importance of under- standing the literal or primary sense of words; for whatever may be the rea! sense in the passages above mentioned, it can not be to diwide if we are to give to yau in the following word its usual sense of and, it is difficult to make sense of the word Y3"; by translating it, he stilleth: He stilleth the sea, and its waves are tumultuous, or He stilleth the sea that the waves may roar or be agitated! This will not answer. The more rational version would be, He roughens the sea, and its waters roar; or he drives, impels it into agitation. In Ethiopic, the same word signifies to coagulate, to freeze, to become rigid; and this is undoubtedly the Latin rigeo, and with a prefix frigeo, and this signification is per- haps allied to the Lat. rugo, to wrinkle ; for, as a general rule, the radical sense of wrinkle is to draw, as in contract, contraho, and this seems to be the sense of vigeo. Both these words are allied to rowgh, which is from breaking or wrinkling. This sense would perhaps well suit the context in these two ‘passages, as it would also that in Job vii. 5: My skin is rough. Z Now, in Arabic, the general signification of ¥4% is to return, to repeat, to withdraw, which may be from drawing back; a differ- ent application of the original sense, to strain, stretch, or extend. The root 15 in Chaldee signifies to spit, and this is probably the Latin ructo, somewhat varied in application. The same verb - =- in Arabic SJ, rauka, signifies to drive off, to reject; to shoot or grow long, as teeth ; ‘o strain, purify or make clear, as wine ; precisely the English to rack; ; also, to spread, and to pour out. mee DP, to empty, to draw out, to attenuate or make thin ; an as a noun, spittle; Syriac, to spit, to draw out, to attenuate ; pearl ats to pour out, to draw out, to extend; Ethiopic, to be ne, slender, or thin; Arabic, to be soft, tender, thin. The verb nN has a like signification, and is perhaps from the same original : oS a 9/1, Hebrew, to spread, stretch, extend. But, says Castell fee e ancient interpreters rendered the word, to ordain, estab- sh, make firm; to strike, to beat, as plates of metal. But the Sense 1s to stretch, to spread, and the beating is only the means INTRODUCTION. of extending. Hence 4‘, the firmament, which agrees well with Lat. regio, an extent; in Hebrew, properly, an expanse. And to reconcile the ancient and modern interpretations of this word, let it be remembered that strength and firmness are usually or always from stretching, tension. Now let us hear Ainsworth on the word regio. ‘ Regio a rego quod priusquam provineis fierent, regiones sub regibus eraut atque ab his regebantur.’”’ How much more natural is it to de- duce regio from the primary sense of rego, which is to stretch, to strain, to extend! Regio is an extent, a word of indefinite signi- fication. In Chaldee and Arabic this verb signifies to mend, to repair, to make whole; from extending, spreading over, or making strong. See the root 55, infra. We observe that 445 and Yp* agree, in original signification, with the English reach, on the root of whici, or some of its deriv- atives, was formed stretch. That 772, “1b stand PD were formed on any of the foregoing biliteral roots, we may not be able to affirm; but it is certain from the Welsh, that the first consonant of the triliteral root is a prefix, and it is certain from the Shemitic languages, that the primary sense is the same in the biliteral and triliteral roots, or that all the applications or particular significa- tions may readily be deduced from one general signification. To illustrate this subject more fully, let us attend to the various applications of some other Shemitic words of extensive use. N12. Heb. N12 bara, to create. This, by most lexicographers, is given as the first signification, in all the Shemitic languages. Parkhurst says, to create; to produce into being. Gen. i. 1. 2. To form by accretion or concretion of matter. Gen. i, 21. 3. In Hiph. to make fat; to fatten or batten. J Sam. i1. 29. 4. To do or perform something wonderful. Num. xvi. 30. 5. In Niph. to be renewed. In Kal. to renew, in a spiritual sense. Ps. li. 12. Castell says, 1. To create from nothing, or to produce something new or excellent from another thing. Gen. i. Is. xli. 5. 2. In Niph. to be renewed or re-created. Is. xlviii. 7. Ps. cu. 19. 3. To cut off; to take away; to bear away, or remove; also, to select; to prepare. Josh. xvii. 15,18. Ezek. xxiii. 47. Gesenius says, 1. Strictly, to hew, to hew out. [Ar. to cut, to cut out, to plane.] 2. To form; to make; to produce. Ar. yy. The order of significations is, as in the Ar. Cxl= galaka, to be smooth, to make smooth. 2. To plane. 3. To form, make. Gen. 1. l, 21, 27. 1. Niph. passive of Kal. No. 2. Gen. ii. 4. 2. Tobe born. Ezek. xxi. 30. Ps. cii. 18. Pi. S872, the verb differently pointed; to hew, to cut down. Josh. xvii. 15, 18. 2. To cut down with the sword; to kill. Ezek. xxiii. 47. 3. To make fat. 1 Sam. ii. 29. Thus far the Hebrew. Chal. S42, to create. Gen. i. 1. 2. Morcutot. . sess 20: 3. To make fat; to grow sound or strong. Talm. Deriv. Fat; whole; sound; strong. Castell. Syr. (2, to create. Gen.i.1. Mark xiii. 19. 2. To remove to a distance; and Deriy. distance, distant. Castell. Sam. 4-9, to create. Gen.i. 22. Deut. iv. 32. Castell. ee Ar. ya, to create. Job xxxviil. 7. [qu. 4 and 6.] 2. To be free, or guiltless, not obnoxious to punishment. Num. v. 28, 31; and xxxii. 22. Rom. vii. 6. 3. ‘To free; to absolve from a crime; to liberate; to dismiss ; to justify. Tix. xx. 7. Num. xiv. 18. 4. To escape; to forsake. o. To recover from disease; to be healed; to restore to health. Lev. xiii. 18. Josh. vy. 8. Matth. iv. 23.6. To cleanse; to free from impurities. 7. To abstain from. Deriy. Creator; free; unobnoxious; clean; empty. -— Ar. J 4, to create. 2. To cut off; to hew or pare. 3. To separate; to distinguish. 4. To make thin. 5. To oppose; to strive ; to resist. 6.- To provoke ; to boast, or make a parade, 7. To distribute ; to disperse. Castell. According to Gesenius, the primary sense of the verb is to hew, to cut out, and thus to make smooth, and thus to create; and he deduces these senses in the same order as he does those of the Arabic verb, which gives the word like. But there is no ground for this opinion; and doubtless the verb originated before the use of edge tools. The predominant senses of this word are, to separate, to free, to remove; as we see by the Arabic and Syriac. Now, hewing is indeed separating, and we have the English word pare from this root; but we must seek for a signification which is more general than that of paring, or we shall not be able to account for the sense of making fat, sound, entire, and strong, nor for that of being born. The truth undoubtedly is, this word is of the same family with the English bear, the Latin pario, and the radical sense is to throw, to thrust, to send, to drive, to extend ; hence to throw out, to produce, as applied to the birth of children or of the world. To throw or drive is the primary sense of separation and division, that is, to drive off. The English word deal, when traced to its root, presents the same fact. See Dear. To create is to produce or bring forth, the same sense as that of birth, applied to a differ- ent object. The sense of hewing and paring is from driving off, separation. In Syriac, we observe the general application, in removal, or departure to a distance. The sense of fattening is derivative, and allied to that of healing or making whole, sound, strong, in the Arabic; that is, preparing, bringing to a good state, or from tension, the usual primary sense of strength and power. To obtain a more full and satisfactory view of this subject, let us attend to the same word in the modern languages of Europe. LATIN. Paro, to prepare, make ready, procure, design, &c. The radi- cal sense of paro is probably the same as in the Shemitic lan- guages; to produce, to bring forward. So also ready implies an advancing, and so does promptness. But the various ways of preparing a thing for use naturally give to the word, in process of time, a variety of particular significations ; each of which re- sults in bringing the thing to the state desired. The compounds of paro are apparo, to prepare, to furnish, accouter or set out; comparo, to prepare or procure, to make equal, to compare, to join, to dress or make ready ; preparo, to prepare; reparo, to re- pair, to create anew, to regain, to compensate ; separo, to sepa- rate. Let the Latin uses of this word be compared with the same Hebrew word in Joshua xvii. 15, where it is rendered cut down. «¢ Ascend to the wood country and cut down for thyself;’’ Sep- tuagint, exzabaoov oeaura, clear for thyself. This is one mode of preparation for use. In Ezek. xxi. 19, it is rendered choose; Septuagint, dcataSers, appoint. ITALIAN. Parare, to prepare; to garnish; to adorn; to propose an occa- sion; to parry, or ward off, as a blow; to defend; to cover from or shelter; to repair; to teach a horse to stop, and in horseman- ship, to stop; parata, a warding off, a garnishing ; parato, pre- pared, ready, prompt, warded off or parried, shielded, defended. Apparare, to learn; apparato, learned, prepared; apparato, preparation, garnishment. Parecchio, a preparation ; also equal, even [L. par ;] parecchiare, to prepare ; pareggiare, to make equal, tocompare ; apparecchiare, to prepare, to ornament or garnish, to set in order; appareggiare, to put in competition, to match, to equal. Comparare, to compare. Disparare, to forget; disparare, sparare, to unfurnish, disgar- nish, to make unready, to disbowel, to separate, disjoin, unpair ; to discharge, as artillery. INTRODUCTION. Imparare, to learn. Riparare, to repair, to restore to the first state; to repair, or resort to, or have access to; to parry, or ward off; riparo, repa- ration, a fort, a bank, fence, mound, remedy, shelter. SPANISH. Parar, to prepare; to stop, detain, prevent; to end; to treat or use ill; to stake at cards; to point out the game, as pointers. Parada, a halt or stopping, end, pause; a fold for cattle; a relay, as of horses; a dam or bank; a stake or bet; a parade, or a place where troops are assembled to exercise ; parado, remiss, careless, unemployed. Par, a pair; a peer; afterbirth; the handle of a bell. Aparar, to stretch out the hands or skirts of a garment for receiving any thing ; to dig and heap earth round plants; to close the upper and hind quarter of a shoe to the sole ; to couple male and female animals; to dub, as a ship. Alparador, a sideboard, a dresser in a kitchen, a workshop, a wardrobe ; aparato, preparation, pomp, show. Aparcar, to match; to suit one thing to another, [pair.] Aparejo, preparation, harness, sizing of a piece of linen or board on which something is to be painted; tackle, rigging em- ployed on board ofa ship. [4Apparel, parrel.] Comparar, to compare. Desparejar, to make unequal. Disparar, to discharge, as fire-arms. Amparar, to shelter; to protect. [Aragon, to sequester, as goods. ] Emparedar, to confine or shut up. Reparar, to repair; to observe carefully, to consider; to mend or correct; to suspend or detain; to guard, defend, protect; to regain strength, or recover from sickness; to right the helm. Separar, to separate. PORTUGUESE. Parar, v. z. to stop, to cease to go forward; to confine upon, to meet at the end, to touch, to be bounded; to tend, to drive at something, to aim at, to come to; to imply, involve, or comprise : «¢ Nad posso parar com fome,”’ I can not bear hunger. ‘ Ninguem pode aqui parar,’’ Nobody can live or stay here. [Eng. bear.] Parar, v. t. to stop, to hinder from proceeding; to parry or ward off; to turn or change with regard to inclination or morals; to lay or stake, as a wager. Parada, a stopping, or place of stop- ping; a bet or wager. Amparar, to protect, shelter, defend, abet. Comparar, to compare ; comprar, to buy, to procure. Aparar, to pare, as an apple; to mend or make a pen; to parry a blow. Aparelhar, to prepare, to fit, to cut out or rough hew ; aparelho, tackle in a ship for hoisting things, Eng. a parrel. Disparar, to shoot, to discharge, as fire-arms. Reparar, to repair; to parry in fencing; to advert; to observe ; to make amends; to retrieve; to recover; to recruit; to shelter; reparo, in fortification, defense, FRENCH. Parer, to deck, adorn, trim, set off, embellish; to parry or ward off. ‘ Parer des cuirs,” to dress leather; ‘* Parer le pied d'un cheval,” to pare a horse’s hoof. Parer, v. t. to stop; paresse, idleness. Pari, a lay, bet, or wager; parier, to bet or lay a wager. Appareil, preparation, furniture, train, retinue, (Eng. apparel. ] Apparauz, tackle, sails and rigging, [Eng. porrel.] Pair, a peer, an equal; paire,a pair; apparrer, to pair, to match S’emparer, to seize, to invade. Reparer, to repair. Separer, to separate. ARMORIC. Para, to dress, to trim, to stop, to parry, to prepare, RUSSIAN. Uberayu, to put in order, to adjust, to mow or reap, to cut, to dress, as the hair. This word has the common prefix u. eeao PERSIC. Ce => Oy poridan, to cut off. WELSH. Par, something contiguous, or that is in continuity; a ENS of readiness or preparedness; a pair or couple; a fellow, match. Pdr, a cause; the essence, germ, or seed of a thing; a spear. Para, to continue, to endure, to persevere Parad, a causing ; parat, that causes to be. Parawd, prepared, ready ; parod?, to prepare. 7 T 1 4 Cd an- hat all the foregoing w ords in the present Europe an | a guages [and several others might have been added] are forme SS a 5 ° * ye ° . . a ™ from one stock or radix, coinciding with the Latin paro, is a fact that admits of no question. he only doubt respecting the cor- rectness of the whole preceding statement, is, whether the Latin paro is radically the same as the Oriental N72; and with regard to this point, I should suppose the evidence to be convincing. Indeed, there is good reason to believe that the Oriental verbs 855, 792, IAM, and 43%, are all formed from one primitive radix. Certain it is, that the English bear comprehends both the Latin tow a fero and pario, and the latter corresponds nearly with MD and Eth. G.2P fari, to bear. But admitting only what is certain, that all the foregoing European words are from one radix, we are then to seek for a primary meaning from which may be deduced the following significations ; Lat. to prepare ; Ital. to adorn, to parry, to stop, to defend, to repair, to learn; Span. to prepare, to stop, to lay or stake as a wager, a pair or couple; Port. to stop, to confine upon or be contiguous, to drive or aim at, to parry, to pare; Fr. to deck, to parry, to stop, to pare; Arm. to dress, to prepare, to parry; Russ. to adjust, to dress, to mow or reap; Welsh, pre- puredness, contiguity, a pair, a cause, to continue or endure; and several other significations. The various significations result from throwing, sending, driv- ing. ‘To separate or remove is to drive or force apart; hence to parry, and hence to defend. Separation implies extension, a drawing out in length or time; hence the Portuguese senses of confining upon, reaching to the limit. This gives the sense of par, equal, that is, of the same extent; and hence coming to, and suiting, as in Latin convenio. Here let it be observed that, admitting the word par, equal, to belong to this family, as in the Welsh, we have strong reason to believe that the Shemitic 42h, to join, or fit together, to asso- ciate, whence as a’ noun, an associate, is formed from the same root, or 82; for in the Saxon we find not only fera, but gefera, a companion, fellow, or peer; gefera answering precisely to the Oriental word. The sense of betting is from throwing down, as we say, to lay a wager. The sense of stopping is from setting, fixing, or from parrying. ‘The sense of adorning is from putting on, which is trom sending, or from extension, enlargement, as we say, to set off, and hence it is allied to the sense of show, display, parade. Preparation is from producing, bringing forward, or adjusting, making right; and often implies advancing, like ready, prompt ; and the latter word, prompt, from promo, to bring forth, affords a good illustration of the words derived from paro. The senses of cutting off, paring, and the like, require no explanation. The Italian disparare, and the Spanisn and Portuguese dis- tei ee eee ee earns present the original sense of the , rive. Us Sense gives that of the Welsh pdr, a Spear, as well as a cause, or that which impels. A spear is a shoot, from the sense of thrusting ; and our word spear is proba- bly formed from the root of bar, and Welsh ber, a spit, a pike a lance, a spear, Lat. very, Now, in Chaldee, a bar is NADY, ae hen, . * “mae from 39, to pass; a verb which is probably of the same family with S75. It is further to be observed t} i i i lat, in Italij / written both barra and sbarra. pees It is observed above that 55 is the English bear and the Latin pario ; but pario would seem to be the Hebrew M45 11D parah, to be fruitful, to bear fruit, applied to plants and ania But this Piord seems to denote producing in general, rather than the pro- uction of children. However this may be, it is certain that bear in English, as well as in Saxon, expresses the sense of both parro ee ee INTRODUCTION. a PORTH » and fero in Latin. The Latin fero, and the Greek qeow, signify both to carry and to produce, as young or fruit. Parto does not. So in the Gothic, bairan is to carry, gabairan is to carry and to produce young. In German, fihren is to carry, and gebiren, to bring forth, to beara child. In Dutch, bewren is to lift; voeren, to carry ; and baaren, to bring forth, as children; to bear, to be- get, to cause. Danish, berer, to carry, to support, and to yield or produce. Sw. bara, to carry; barn,a son. Irish beirim, to bear or bring forth, and to tell or relate, like the Latin fero, whence Fr. parler, to speak. It appears, then, that the English bear, and the Saxon: from which we have received it, and the Gothic and the Danish cor- responding words unite, in the same orthography, the senses of two words of different orthography in other languages. [ have found other examples of a similar kind. There is, there- fore, solid ground to believe that all these words are from one primitive root; the different modes of writing the word, and the several appropriations, haying originated in different families of the great races of men, before languages were reduced to writing ; and when they came to be written, each word was written according to its usual pronunciation, and defined according to its use in each family. or three derivatives of the same stock might have become a part of the same national language. And by the intermixture of tribes, two Unquestionably the Greek yegu), and qogew, are branches of the same stock. We have, in the modern languages, decisive evidence that different yerbs may have, and in fact haye, a common radix. Thus, in English, list and lust are different modes of writing the same word; both are united in the other Teutonic dialects. So, in Latin, lzbet and lubet; and similar instances I have found in almost every language which I have examined. The Latin pareo, to appear, to come to light, if not a compound word, may be of this family. Paries, a wall, if primarily a par- tition wall, is of the same stock. its signification is passing. Per belongs to this family, as The Sax. faran, to fare, Gr. zrogevowcn, seems to be from one branch of this stock, probably 4a). See the word Pass, in the Dictionary, in the derivative senses of which there are some resemblances to those of 4h. "55 afar. This verb, says Lowth, means to cover, to cover sin, and so to expiate ; and it is never used in the sense of breaking or dissolv- img a covenant, though that notion occurs so often in the Scrip- tures; nor can it be forced into this sense, but by a great deal of far-fetched reasoning. Prelim. Diss. See Isaiah xxvill. 18. Lovwth on Isaiah, 155, says Castell, ‘* texuit, operuit, Anglice, to cover ; per me- tathesin, zoevmtw, zevgpy, peculiariter bitumine, sive glutinosa aliqua materia obduxit; picavit.”’ Gen. vi. 14. Park} i his verb. tl f rt arkhurst gives to this verb. the sense of covering or over- spreading, as primary, and deduces from it the Greek zouvrrw, and English cover and coffer. Isaiah xxviii. 18, it signifies to annul, as a covenant. considers the sense of atonement or expiation to be radically that of covering. He, however, admits, that, in He also Gesenius agrees with the English lexicographers, in assigning to this verb the primary sense of covering or overlaying, as in Gen. vi. 14. xxvill. 18, of blotting out, obliterating. sense of forgiving, in some passages, in which our version has that of purging away. sages, Castell renders the word, to be merciful or propitious. He admits that this word has the sense, in Isaiah But he gives to it the Ps. Ixv. 3, and Ixxix.9. In these pas- In all these authors there is, I conceive, a radical mistake, in Supposing the primary sense to be to cover, and in the opinion that this Hebrew word is the English verb to cover. A still greater mistake is in the supposition of Castell and Parkhurst, that this, by a metathesis, gives the Greek zounrw. The English word cover comes to us through the French cou- crtr, from the Italian coprire,a contraction of the Latin co-operio, whence co-opertus, Italian coperto, covered, Eng. covert.* The Latin aperio is to open, and operto is to cover, both from pario or one of the roots in Br, which has just been explained. The root in these words is per or par, and the sense is varied by prefixes ; perhaps ad-pario or ab-pario and ob-pario. Now, cover can have * In this deduction of cover from the Latin, 1am supported by Lunier, the ablest French etymologist whose works I have seen. $53 i HO AAIINTRODUCTION. xli no connection with “DD, unless this latter word is a compound, with 5 for a prefix.. This may be the fact, but the connection, even in that case, is very remote. Let us see if we can gain any light upon the subject of the primary sense of 45D from the cognate languages. Chaldee, "D>, to deny, to reject. Prov. xxx. 9. 2. To wipe; “She eateth and wipeth her mouth.’ 20. 3. To wash or cleanse. Matth. xxvii. 24. Castell. Syriac, +AD kefar, to deny. Gen. xviii. 10. Luke xu. 9. 2. To wipe, to wipe away, to annul, to abolish. Prov. xxx. 20. Is. xxviii. 18. Castell. > Prove Sox. Arabic, — kafara, to deny ; to disbelieve ; to be an infidel ; to be impious; to blaspheme. Acts ui. 13, 14. 2 Pet. i. 1, 5. Jude 15. 2. To cover; to conceal. 3. To expiate; to make expiation for one, and free him from crime. Castell. Now, the senses of the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to deny, to reject, to annul, to wipe, wash, or to cleanse by these acts, can not be deduced from covering. In Hebrew, the word has the sense of covering, as the ark, with bitumen or pitch, in Gen. vi. 14; that is, to smear, or pay over, as our seamen now express it. But it should be considered that the sense of covering is rarely or never primary; it is usually from the sense of putting on, which is from the sense of throwing or pressing, or it is from overspreading, which is a spreading, stretching, or throwing over ; hence the derivative senses of cov- ering and hiding. These latter senses are sometimes derived from others; but these are the most general. And in this pas- sage of Genesis, the literal sense is probably to put on, or to rub or spread over, a sense which coincides with that of the Chaldee and Syriac, Prov. xxx. 20, though differently applied; or what is more probable, the verb, in Gen. vi. 14, is from the noun, which is the name of the substance used; as we should say, to pztch with pitch. The real original sense of this Shemitic verb is to remove, to separate, by thrusting away or driving off. Hence its application, in the Chaldee, Syriac, and Arabic, to denial, the rejection of God or truth. To deny or reject is to thrust away. Hence from tlre Arabic caffer, an infidel, one who denies and rejects the Mo- hammedan religion ; hence Caffraria, the southern part of Africa, the country of infidels; so called by the followers of Mohammed, just as the Christians gave the name of pagans to the inhabitants of villages [pagus] who rejected the Christian religion. This signification explains the Hebrew uses of this word. Its literal sense is applied to the cleansing or purification of sacred things, as the altar. Ley. xvi. 18. Ina spiritual sense, to the purification of the soul, a type of the purification by the blood” of Christ; hence it is rendered atonement, or expiation. Hence, probably, the sense of appeasing, Gen. xxxii. 21, Prov. xvi. 14, though this may be from removing or smoothing. The sense of forgiveness is from thrusting away or giving back, precisely as in the modern languages; Lat. remitto, to send back or away ; forgive, to give back or away; pardon, in French, Spanish, and Italian, has a like sense, which is more clearly exhibited by the Dutch vergeeven, German vergeben; ver being the English fur, to give fur, to give away; hence to reject, and remember no more. The sense of give, and of the French donner, is nearly the same as that of "DD. To give is to send, to cause to pass; and so of donner. Now, it is a question of some moment, whether the opinion that 455 is the same as the English cover, has not inclined lexicog- raphers and commentators to render it by this word, in several passages, where the true sense is to forgive, or to purify by cleansing from sin. : However this may be, the interpretation given above will fully disprove Lowth’s assertion, that this word is never used in the sense of breaking or annulling a covenant. So confident is the learned bishop on this point, that he ventures to call in question the reading, Isaiah xxviii. 18, and to suppose the true word to be 4Dh, from 71D, to break. With respect to the reading, I shall offer no opinion; but if the present reading is correct, | am confident that no word in the Hebrew language is better fitted to express the sense. Your covenant with death shall be wzped away, abolished, or, as in the versien, annulled. And so is the rendering in the Syriac. If \D> is a compound word, and the first letter a prefix, it may ——— be from the same root as the Arabic yas gafara, whose signifi- cation is to cover. But the primary sense is, to throw or put on. It signifies, also, to forgive; but to forgive is to send back or away, remitto, and not to cover. And I apprehend that for want of knowing the primary sense of such verbs, the word cover has been often substituted for forgzve, in the translating of this verb. S*) kal or kol. » » : ©. » No. 1. Heb. 515, 45, to hold, to contain; Sw. halla. 5555, to hold, to sustain, to maintain, to comprehend. Ch. 572, to measure; that is, to ascertain the contents,-or to stretch, and comprehend the whole. Pah. To feed, to nourish. See 55n. Deriv. A measure; also custom, rite, manner; probably from holding or continued practice. Qt " ¥ Syr. In Aph. to measure. Deriv. A measure. Eth. nO, to follow; to go behind; Gr. azo&ovésw; that is, to hold to, or to press after. Deriv. The hinder part; the poop of a ship; behind. French cul. No. 2. Heb. 555, to finish; to complete; to make perfect. Gr. z«aioc. Ss alos the whole; Gr. d20¢, Eng. all, by the loss of the first letter; but in Welsh holl, or oll; and in Saxon al, el, and geall. Ch. 555, to crown; to adorn. Pih. To perfect; to complete ; to comprehend ; to embrace. Deriy. Comprehending; universality; a general rule, &c. Syr. “Ad, to crown. Deriy. A crown; all; every one. Sam. 2.2.4, as the Chaldee. Eth. NAVA), the same; also, to cover. Ar. = kalla, to be weary or dull; to be languid; to tire; also, to crown; to shine. Deriv. All; dullness; heaviness. No. 3. Heb. 855, to hold; to restrain; to shut or confine; to check; Gr. zwivw; Sw. halla. Deriv. A place of confinement; Lat. caula. Ch. ND, 15D, "55, to hold; to restrain; also, to trust; to con- fide in, or rely on; to hope. (See No. 6.) Also, to finish; to perfect ; also, to consume ; to cause to fail. In Aph. To call; to cry out; to thunder; Gr. xatew; Lat. calo; W. galw; Eng. to call; Lat. gallus, from crowing. Syr. \\2, to hold; to restrain; to forbid; to deny. Deriv. all; a cork, bar, or bolt. Sam. KL, to hold, or restrain. oth. nevr, to hold, restrain, or prohibit. Deriy. Lat. alius; a fellow, or companion. Ar. \= kala, to keep; to preserve; to turn the face toward a thing and look repeatedly. Soin English, to behold. Also, to come to the end, as of life; also, to feed, to devour food ; also, to abound in pasture ; also, to hinder, or detain ; also, to look atten- tively ; also, to sprout; also, to take upon a pledge, or upon trust; supra, Chaldee. (See No. 6.) No. 4. Heb. 75>, to finish; to consume; to bring to naught; to waste; to fail. (See No. 8.) No. 5. Ch. 55x, to eat; to consume; also, to take; to hold ; to contain. In Aph. to feed; to give food; also, to call ; to thunder ; to roar, or bellow; also, to publish; to accuse; to defame. Heb. to eat; to consume. Sam. 28%, to eat. Syr. Yol, to publish; to divulge, as a crime; to accuse. Eth. ANN, to suffice; as we say, it is well, Lat. valeo ; also, to be or exist; that is, to be held, or to be fixed or permanent, to continue. Ar. to eat; to devour; to corrode; Lat. helluo. <<“ sw No. 6. Ar. \<5, wakala, to trust; to commit to another in confidence. (See No. 3.) Pea TgEth. On/ wakal, with a prefix; to trust, as above. ‘ No. 7. Heb. 5D", to be able; to prevail; Lat. calleo; W. gallu; Eng. could. No. 8. Ch. 559, to digest; to consume. (No. 5.) Ar. MMs, to collect; to tie; to bind; to unite; also, to divide, impel, or compel. This is the primary sense of the wong rather of this root; to press; to strain; to urge, or impel; dso, to extend. These verbs are different modifications of one radix ; and hence the English hold, call, hollow, heal, hale ; the ee calo, caulis, calleo, callus; Greek zotha, xuwhos, OF xuddog; and a multitude of words in all the modern languages of Kurope. The sense of holding, restraining, forbidding, hindering, and keeping, are too obvious to need any explanation. They are from straining. To this sense is nearly allied the sense of meas- uring, or ascertaining what is held or contained. ‘That which is contained is all, the whole that is comprehended, from the sense of extension. The signification of finishing or perfecting seems in a good sense, to be from that of soundness; a sense which is from stretching or strength, Or it may be from coming to the end, like jinish and achieve, or from shutting, closing. And the sense of consuming, wasting, failing, may be from bringing to an end. In Latin, to consume is to take all ; and possibly this may be the sense of this verb. But the Arabic sense of failure would seem rather to be from holding, stopping, or coming to an end. The sense of eating may be from consuming, or taking apart ; but from some of the derivatives of No. 5, I am inclined to think the primary sense is to feed, to crowd, to stuff; the prima ry sense of the root applied to this particular act; for under the Chaldee root we find words which signify the nut of a species of oak, the Gr. ayvios, and a collection or crowd of people, [ Gr. ov20¢,] both of which are from collecting or pressing together. The sense of seeing and looking is from reaching or casting and striking, or from holding or fixing the eyes on. The sense of trusting seems also to be that of holding to or resting on. ‘The English hold in behold is from this root. The sense of calling, roaring, and thunder, is from impelling the voice or sound; a pressing, driving, or straining, applied to sound; like the Latin appello, from pello, Hence the sense of publishing, accusing, and defaming. The sense of sprouting, in the Arabic, is a shooting or pushing out, as in other cases; Lat. caulis. The sense of ability, power, strength, in No. 7, is from strain- ing, stretching, or holding, as in other words of the like sense. Hence Lat. calleo, to be skilled, and to be hard, callus. On this root 55 is probably formed js J O)9 a word differently INTRODUCTION. be like; to have a beautiful form ;. to know, perceive, or compre- hend; to hesitate; to be ignorant. Derivative, a shackle. See Castell, col. 3750. To this root Castell refers the English skill; and it is certain the words correspond both in elements and in sense. Now, in the Gothic and Teutonic languages, the verbs corresponding to these Shemitic verbs, signify, in Saxon, scylan, to separate, to distinguish; Icelandic and Swedish, skilia, to divide, separate, sever; whence shzeld, that which separates, and hence defends ; D. scheelen, to differ; schillen, to peel, or pare; whence scale and shell. To this root our lexicographers refer skill. The prefix in this word would seem to have the force of a negative, like L. ez. Now, is it possible to suppose that these words can be formed from a common root? The sense of sin and folly is probably from wandering, devi- ating, as in delirium; and this is only a modification of the pri- mary sense of 55, to stretch or extend; that is, departure, sepa- ration. Or the w has, in these senses, the force of a negative. The sense of knowing, understanding, is usually or always from taking, holding, or extending to; as we say, I take your meaning. In this application, these words would seem to be directly from the Eth. and Ch. 575, to be able; the Latin calleo, L, bem be om lew to be hard, and to know or be well skilled. That this word is from the same root as 55>) 55, DD, we know by the Samari- tan £3, which signifies all, and which is a mere dialectical spelling of the Heb. and Ch. 5b. The sense of depriving and wasting, in the Hebrew, is from separation, the sense of the Gothic and Teutonic words; but it is to be noticed that this sense seems to imply throwing, as one mode of parting, and this is also the direct act of founding, laying the foundation. : When we turn our attention to the Arabic, new affinities are disclosed. The first definition is, to bind, to gird, to shackle, and hence the English word. The radical sense of bind is to strain, the sense of hold. And here we arrive at the origin and primary sense of shall, should ; Saxon scealan, to be obliged; that is, to be bound or constrained. Hence we see why the words scale, shell, and shall, are all written alike in Saxon, sceal ; for scale and shell are from peeling, or covering, binding. From this verb the Saxon has scyld, a crime, or guilt, Lat. scelus, and scyld, a shield. The German has the same word in schuld, guilt, culpability, debt; Dutch, schuld; Danish skulde, should, and scyld, a debt, a fault, a crime ; Sw. skuld, the same. This word scyld, skuld, and schuld, is the English should, the preterit of the verb shall; and it is the word used in the Saxon, German, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Swiss Lord’s Prayer, to express what is rendered in English pointed in the Hebrew and Chaldee. This word signifies, in Hebrew, to pervert, to err, to be foolish or infatuated, to act foolishly. In Chaldee, to understand, know, or consider; to look or be- hold; to cause to understand; Rabbinic, to be ignorant; whence its derivatives, knowledge, wisdom significations may result from the on the original verb. \t * . . In Syr. \am (the same word) signifies to be foolish, or mad ; to cause to know, or to give understanding; to observe; to search or know thoroughly; to ask or seek to understand ; to discern or distinguish; also to err, to sin, to be foolish or perverse. In Sam. the same word See Castell, col. 2523. y é That 70 is formed on the same root with a diffe obvious and certain, from the corres This word in Hebrew signifies to understand, or know; to cause to ee to be wise, or to act wisely ; corresponding with He Ch. 229 above 3 and being a mere dialectical orthography of the word. It signifies, also, to deprive, strip, bereaye: and to Ta ‘ © c ris) nile ‘ Cr , 4% } waste, scatter, and destroy ; also, to cast, as fruit or offspring ; also, to prosper. x ‘ . Ch. to understand, and Ch. 5550, to complete, to finish ; also, . . ‘ yw * od to found, to lay the foundation. This is 555 with » prefixed. Syr. to found, to finish, to adorn. , Ignorance. These different different effects of the prefix signifies to look, and to be accustomed. rent prefix, is pondence of significations. - _ Ar, \=o% shakala, to bind under the belly; to gird; t 0 bind the feet; to fetter; to shackle; to form, or fashion ; to be debts; forgive us our debts, Here we see the primary sense of the word is to be held, or bound; hence, liable. The English word guilt may be from the same root, without a prefix; but whether it is or not, we observe the word expresses more than the English word debt, trespass, or offense ; it comprehends the sense of fault, or sin, with that of being held or liable to answer or to punishment. Debt, in the modern use of the word, implies the latter, but not the former; trespass and offense imply the sin, but not the liability to answer. We have no English word that includes both senses except guilt, and this ms to be hardly adequate to express the full sense of scyld. To account for the various significations of the same word, in different languages, and often in the same language, it is neces- sary to find the primary action expressed by the root; and in compound words it is necessary to observe or ascertain the differ- ent effects produced on the original word by the prefixes. Thus the verb inculpo, in Low Latin, signifies to excuse; but some modern writers use inculpate in a directly different sense; that is, to blame. In like manner impartible has two different significations; that may be imparted; and in law, not partible, or divisible. the fact also with impassionate. I am persuaded a vast number of instances of similar diversities in the application of prefixes, may be found in the Shemitic languages; and this will account for differences which otherwise seem utterly irreconcilable. We find in our mother tongue, that the same word sicnifies to heal and to conceal, Lat. celo; Saxon hel, health; helan, helan, to heal, to conceal; ge-helan, and ge-helan, to heal, and to con- ceal; Old English hele. Hence we see that the Exglish hedl and the Latin celo are the same word differently applied, but from a see Such is | dubious, obscure, and intricate; to agree, suit, or answer to; to common signification, whichis, to make strong or fast, or to hold, from the sense of pressing. Or perhaps the Latin celo may haveINTRODUCTION. xIili this sense of holding, restraining ; and heal may rather be from making perfect. No. 2, supra. We may now also see the radical sense of holy; Saxon hal and ge-hal, whole, sound, safe; halig, holy; halgian, to hallow. If this word contains the sense of separation, or driying off, like Latin sacer, as it may, it is from shutting, confining, or restrain- ing intercourse. But I am inclined to believe the primary sense of holy is sound, entire, coinciding with the radical sense of heal. CLOD, LAUDO, CLAUDO In Welsh, clod is praise, from llod, a forcible utterance. This is the English loud, and Lat. laudo, which, with a prefix, becomes plaudo. In Welsh, llodi signifies to reach out, to crave, from the radical sense of //od, to thrust out or extend; but according to Owen, Ilodi is from llawd, which signifies a shooting out, or a going onward, productiveness, a lad; and asan adjective, tending forward, craving, lewd; llodig, craving, brimming; Uodineb, lewdness. Now, beyond all question, these words are the Chal- dee, Syriac, Hebrew, and Samaritan 45", to beget; to bring forth ; to cause to be born; and as a noun, a child of either sex, a lad. The Arabians and Ethiopians use vaw or waw, where the --—— Hebrews use yod. ‘The Arabic corresponding word is No wa- lada, the Ethiopic ONL walada, to beget, to bring forth. But this is not all. In Greek, the verb zie, a contraction of vie1dow, signifies to‘praise, to celebrate. Here we have pre- cisely the Welsh llod above, corresponding with the Latin laudo and plaudo. But the same Greek word ziew, ziedow, sionifies to shut or make fast. This is the Latin cludo, claudo. The Saxons used h for the Greek » and the Latin c; and with these words accords the Saxon Alid, a cover; English, a lid; that which shuts or makes fast. That these words are all from one root, is a fact apparent beyond any reasonable doubt; nor is there the least difficulty in ascertaining the affinity, for the radical sense, to reach forward, to thrust, to strain, solves the whole mystery. To thrust, gives the sense of begetting and producing ; to strain or throw out the voice, gives the sense of praise; and to thrust or press together, gives the sense of closing and making fast. In this manner, words, which at first view appear to have no con- nection, will, when pursued through different languages, assimi- late and unite, not only without forced analogies, but in defiance of all preconceived opinions; and the reluctant mind is at last compelled to admit their identity. There is another set of words whose derivation from the same root is very certain, though perhaps less opvious. These are the Danish slutter, to shut, close, conclude, finish, determine ; slutter, a key-keeper, a jailer; Swedish sluta, claudere, obserare, to shut, or shut up, or end; slott, a castle; D: sleutel,a key ; slot, a lock, a castle, a conclusion; sluiten, to shut, lock, close, stop, con- clude; G. schloss,a lock; schliessen, to close, conclude, finish, fetter, shackle; schlcwse,a sluice; D. sluis, id. Eng. sluice, that is, which shuts or fastens; Low Latin, exclusa. Sce Spelman’s Glossary. ‘These words are unequivocally formed from the root of claudo, clausi, by the prefix s, just as the Welsh yslac, slack, loose, is formed on Uac, artd yspetliaw on yspail, spoil, and this on the root of peel. We observe all the Teutonic dialects use the dental t, as the final radical, except the German. ‘The Latins use both the dental and a sibilant, claudo, clausi, clausus. If the Danish lyd, sound, Sw. lyda, to sound, is the same word as Hnglish loud, these words belong to this family. CRADLE. Another example. The English word cradle, Saxon cradel, is in Welsh ecryd, a rocking, a shaking, a cradle. In Velsh, the verbs erydu, crydiaw, crydian, signify to shake, to tremble. These correspond to the Irish creatham, to shake; Greek xeadaw, to shake, to swing. The Welsh verbs are by Owen deduced from rhyd, which signifies a moving. Now 3%» in Hebrew, Chaldee, and Ethiopic, signifies to shake or tremble. The same word in Arabic, XE 5 signifies to thunder; to impress terror; to tremble; to shake. This coincides with the Latin rudo, to roar, to bray; and we know from the voice of the ass, that roughness or shaking is an ingredient in the sense of this word. We know it also from rudis, one of the affinities of rudo. ‘here is also in Arabic, 4$,, which is rendered to run hither and thither; to move one way and the other; to tremble; to shake In Hebrew S41 signifies to tremble or shake, and to palpitate; in Syriac and Eth. to rub or scrape. This connects the word directly with cradle, through the Hebrew; and through the Syriac, with the Latin rado. Here again we find the sense of roughness or grating. Then turning to the Welsh, we find grydiaw, which signifies to utter a rough sound; to shout, whoop, or scream ; erydwst, a murmur, from gryd, a shout, or whoop, and this from rhyd, the word above mentioned; so that crydu, to shake, whence cradle, is from the same root as grydiaw, to shout, and this is the Italian gridure; Sp. and Port. gritar ; Saxon gredan; Swedish grata; Danish greder ; Dutch kryten ; German greiten. This word in French is contracted, by the omission. of the last radical, into crier for crider; whence, probably, we have cry, W. crt. Hence we find that the sense of cry is to utter a rough sound; and this is connected with the braying of the ass, with shaking, trembling, and with roarmg, murmuring, and thunder. The connection, in this example, is so marked as to preclude all hesi- tation as to the identity of the words. The Shemitic roots 343, OM, NAN, and 44), all, in some of the languages of that stock, coincide in sense and elements with the English grate, French gratter ; and if the first letter is a pre- fix, they would seem to unite with the Latin rado. But thisisa point I would not undertake to determine. One fact more. The Welsh cri, above mentioned, signifies a cry; and as an adjective, rough, raw. Now, this coincides with the Latin crudus, in sense; and crudus with the Welsh cryd, above mentioned. The Dan. brygger, Eng. to brew, are probably connected with break, with freckle, and with rough. So, under this root, the Welsh grediaw, signifies to heat, scorch, parch; whence greidyll, a otiddle, from graid, that shoots in rays; heat, ardency, from gra, that shoots, or rises, as the nap or frieze of cloth. The latter is probably a contracted word, of the same family, but not the root, as Owen supposes. But the radical sense implies a shaking, agitation, and roughness. MEET, METE, MEASURE. Saxon. — Metan, to put, to place; Fr. mettre, It. mettere, Sp. and Port. meter, Lat. mztto. Metan, metan, to find, to meet, or meet with; to paint; to dream; to measure, to mete, Lat. mctior, metor, Gr. “eTQEw, ME- toov, Lat. mensus, with a casual n, that is, mesus, Fr. mesure. Almetan, gemcetan, to meet, to find, to measure. Gemeting, gemetung, a meeting. Gemet, gemete, fit, suitable, Eng. meet ; also, painted or por trayed. Gemetegun, gemetian, to moderate ; gemetlic, moderate, modest. Mete, measure, mode, Lat. modius, modus, Meter, measure in verse, meter [not metre] Metere, an inventor, a painter. Mate, middling, [mediocris,] modest, moderate. Mot, gemot, a meeting, a council, Witena-gemot, a council of wise men, Motian, to meet, especially for debate. Eng. to moot. Goruic. — Motyan, gamotyan, to meet, to find. Mota, a place for the receipt of toll or customs. Durcu.— Ontmocten, to meet, to encounter. Meeten, and toemecten, to measure. Meeter, a measurer. Gemoeten, to meet; gemoel, a meeting. GERMAN. — Mass, measure, meter ; Masse, moderation. Messen, vermessen, to measure ; messer, a measurer. : Gemiss, measure; also, conformable, suitable ; Eng. meet, suit- able; German gemdssigt, temperate, moderate. Swepisu.— Muta, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. [This is the sense of jinding.] Mote, a meeting. & Mot, and emot, toward, against; as in motsta, to stand against, to resist. Mata, to measure ; matt, measure, meter, mode. Mattelig, moderate, middling, frugal, temperate. Mitta, to be sufficient, to satisfy, to cloy. Danisu.— Moder, to meet, to convene ; mide or mode, a mect- ing; mod, contrary, opposite, against, to, toward, for, on, by, ———$——$———$—$—$<— $e A ae Pe a i a Sete, eas Se eons ceexliv INTRODUCTION. aside, abreast, as in modsetter, to set against, to SRR ay siger, to say against, to contradict; modvind, a ae : Moed, moden, ripe, mellow, mature. : [Qu. Lat. mites. Mode, manner, fashion. [Probably from the Prats es Maade, measure, form, style of writing, way, modes ae en fashion. [This is the native Danish word corresponding Lat. modus.] Maadelig, moderate, temperate. oe. Met, enough, sufficient ; metter, to satisfy, or sate, og a From the same root are the G. mit, D. met, mede, Sw. an an. tr. “meta, signifyine with. ee Ae first Rediieation of the Saxon matan, or metan, ven that this word, which is the English meet, is also the ae mettre, and Lat. mitto, the sense of which is to throw or send, : put, to lay. Meet is only a modification of the same sense, to come to, to fall, to reach, hence to find; as we say, to fall on. The sense of painting or portraying is peculiar to the Saxon. Iam not confident that this sense is from finding ; but we ob- serve that metere is rendered an inventor and a painter. The sense of paint, then, may be, to find out, to devise or contrive. The sense of dreaming is also peculiar to the Saxon. The sense may be to devise or imagine, or it may be to rove, as in some other words of like signification. If so, this sense will accord with the Syriac ,\, infra. The other significations present no difficulty. To mcet is to come fo, to reach in proceeding or in extending; hence to find. The primary sense of measuré is to extend, to stretch to the full length or size of a thing. Meet, fit, suitable, like par, peer, pair, is from extending or reaching to. So suit is from the Latin sequor, through the French, to follow, to press or reach toward. supra. The English meet and mete appear to be from the Saxon dia- lect, but moot from the Gothic. Let it be remarked that the Saxon mect and mete are united in the same orthography; and in the Dutch the orthography is not very different; ontmoeten, gemoeten, to meet, and mecten, to measure. Not so in the other languages. In German, mass is measure, and messen, to.measure ; but the sense of meet does not occur. Yet that mass is the same word as meet, fit, varied only in dialect, appears from this, that gemiss, with a prefix, is suitable, answering to the English meet. The Swedish and Danish words follow the Gothic orthography ; Swedish mvta, to meet, to fall on, to come to, to happen. These significations give the sense of finding, and are closely allied to See par, under 53) =- w the senses of the Arabic verb dio madda, infra. The Danish verb is moder, to meet; but in both the Swedish and Danish, the sense of measure js expressed by a different ° orthography. Sw. mdta, to measure; matt, measure; Dan. maade, measure, mode. In these two languages we find also the sense of sufficiency, and to satisfy. See infra, the Ar. Avo and Heb. and Ch. RZ. _ But in these Gothic dialects, there is one application of meet- ing, which deserves more particular notice. In Swedish, mot and emot is a preposition of the same signification as the Enclish against. It is rendered toward, against. So in Danish, mod is contrary, opposite, against, to, toward, by, aside, abreast. This preposition is the simple verb, without any addition of letters prefix or suffix. We hence learn that the sense of such prepo- sitions is a meeting or coming to, which gives the sense of to or toward ; but when one meets another in front, it gives the sense of opposition, or contrary direction. This coming to or meeting may be for a friendly purpose, and hence in one’s fayor like for in English. Thus‘in Danish, “ Guds godhed mod os,” God’s BUCH ees or mercy toward us. In other cases, mod signifies against, and implies counteraction or Opposition; as modgift, an antidote ; modgzang, adversity. So for, in English, signifies to- Pe or in favor of; and algo Opposition and negation, as in orbid. In the Danish we find mo see this sense in the Chalde tend, or come to. The Latin modus is from this root, and, by its seems to have been received from the Gothie race measure, limit, from extending, ed, moden, ripe, mature. We shall € NO”. The sense is, to reach, ex- orthography, it - The sense is becomes the radix of many words which express limitation or restraint, as moderate, modest, modify ; a sense directly contrary to that of the radical verb. This leads us a step furthe northern languages, mod, moed, signifies mind anger, whence English moody. vancing or rushing forward, wl that is, a setting or stretching tion, heat, and, lastly, anger. animosity; and the Greek jeer force, vehemence, and anger. r. In Saxon, Gothic, and other : , courage, spirit, The primary sense is an ad- 1ich expresses mind, or intention ; forward, and also spirit, anima- So the Latin animus gives rise to o¢, mind, signifies also strength, Mania is from the same radical sense. Let us now connect this root, or these roots, with the Shemitic languages. In Hebrew and Chaldee, measure. ‘l'his coincides oe exp a ddd fut 5 signifies to measure; 4 all write the word with a dental, but the German is MUSS. have seen in the Gothic, that mota is a toll-house. It may be from measuring, that is, a portion, or perhaps income. aie This word in Arabic, Xo madda, signifies, 1. To stretch or extend, to dra delay or give time, to forbe radical sense of measure. w out, to make or be long, to ar, to bring forth. To extend is the 2. To separate, or throw off or out; to secern, secrete, or dis- charge. Hence to become matter or sanies, to produce pus, to maturate. Here we have the origin of the word matter, in the sense of pus. It is an excretion, from throwing out, separating, freeing, discharging. Here we have the sense of the Latin mitto, emitto. 3. To assist, to supply. This sense is probably from coming to, that is, to approach or visit. “I was sick, and ye visited me. I was in prison, and ye came to me.” Matth. XKV. This application coincides with the English meet, but particu- larly with the Swedish and Danish sense of the word. 4. To make thin, to attenuate ; probably from stretching. Among the Arabic nouns formed under this root, we find a measure, or modius, showing that this verb is the same as the Chaldee and Hebrew; we find also matter, or pus, and lenity. Qu. Lat. mitis. In Chaldee, Non eet | ed bene an hyn, or 7272 signifies to come to, to happen, to reach, [to meet,] to be ripe or mature, to cause to come, or produce. The first sense gives that of maturine 6) to bring gives that of finding, and the latter and we observe that matter, «> pus, is wv — from the Arabic AX madda, and the sense of ma Chaldee No meta. Y maturo, we connect th generate matter. In Syriac, this yerb signifies the same as the Chaldee, to come to; and also to be strong, to prevail; that is, to strain or stretch, the radical sense of power. In Hebrew, z}9 has the sense of the foregoing verb in the Chaldee ; to find, to come to, to happen. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to find, and to be stron prevail; hence, both in Hebrew and Chaldee, Here we see the Danish and Swedish metter, and mitta, to be sufficient. This is also meet, dialectically varied. In Syriac, also, this verb signifies to be strong or powerful ; also in Pah. to bring or press out, to defecate, which’ sense unites this word with the Heb. 1X73, to press, to squeeze. In Ethiopic, this verb signifies to come, to happen, to cause to come, to bring in, to bring forth. Now, it is evident that NY, and the Chaldee the former coin- O74) are dialectical forms of the same word ; rthography, but with.the other ture, from the et in the use of maturate, from the Latin e words; for to maturate is to ripen, and to g, to to be sufficient. ciding with the German mass in 0 languages in Sionification. In Chaldee, yx signifies the middle, and, as a verb, to set in the middle, to pass the middle; in Syriac, to be divided in the middle. Qu. Is not this a branch of the family of meet 2 In Chaldee, Sax amad, to measure, is evidently from ‘4)3, with ,in Sy or comprehending. This, then, ee a prefix or formative 8. This word riac, signifies, like the simple verb, to escape, to be liberated. In Pael, to liberate. a with the Latin metior, and Gr. MLETOEW, as well as with the Saxon, Dutch, Daitiish, and Swedish, which In Syriac, So mad, signifies to escape, to get free; that is, to depart, a modification of the sense of extending in the Arabic. A derivative in Syriac signifies a duty, toll, or tribute; and we=_ Se In Arabic, this verb XoJ amida, signifies to be terminated, to end; whence the noun, an end, limit, termination, Latin meta ; which, Ainsworth informs us, signifies, in a metaphorical sense, a limit. The fact is the reverse; this is its primary and literal sense, and that of a pillar and goal are particular appropriations of that sense. In Hebrew, 7/25 signifies a cubit, a measure of length. = The same in the Rabbinic, from 4), with a prefix. In Chaldee, this verb signifies to be contracted, to shrink. Is not this sense from 479, measure, modus; a limit, or a drawing ? That the Shemitic words, 3972, NDA, NN and 4d, are words of the same stock with meet, mete, Lat. metior, there can be no doubt ; but it is not easy to understand why the different signifi- cations of meeting and measuring should be united in one word, in the Saxon language, when they are expressed by very differ- ent words in the Shemitic, and in most of the Teutonic languages. We know, indeed, that in German a sibilant letter is often used, in words which are written with a dental in all the other kindred languages. But in this case, the German mass, measure, must coincide with 774, as must the Swedish mata, and Dan. maade, and the Saxon metan, Dutch gemoeten, Goth. motyan, Sw. méta, Dan. méder, with the Chaldee Xd, but not with the word Nvn. It may not be impossible nor improbable that all these words are from one stock or radix, and that the different orthographies and applications are dialectical changes of that root, introduced among different families or races of men, before languages were reduced to writing. In the Latin mensus, from metior, the n 1s probably casual, the original being mesus, as in the French mesure. I have reason to think there are many instances of this insertion of before d and s. From this exhibition of words and their significations, we may fairly infer the-common origin of the following words, Lat. mitto, French mettre, English meet, to come to, meet, fit, and mete, to measure, Lat. metior, metor, Gr. weroov, wetoew, Lat. mensura, Fr. mesure, Eng. measure, Lat. modus, mode, Sax. and Goth. mod, mind, anger; whence moody, Eng. moot, Lat. maturus, ma- ture, and Eng. matter. In Welsh, madw signifies to cause to proceed; to send; [Lat. mitto;|] to suffer to go off; to render productive; to. become beneficial; and méd signifies what proceeds or goes forward, hence what is good; and mad, the adjective, signifies proceeding,’ advancing, progressive, good or beneficial. This word, then, affords a clear proof of the radical sense of good. We have like evidence in the English better, best, and in prosperity, which is from the Greek zrooggenw, to advance. In Welsh also we find madrez, matter, pus ; madru, to dissolve, to putrefy, to become pus. That these words are from the same oon wn root as the Arabic Xo supra, I think to be very obvious; and here we observe that the Welsh have one important sense de- rived from the root, that of good, which occurs in none of the other languages. But the primary sense is the same as that of the other significations, to go forward, to advance ; hence to pro- mote interest or happiness. Here we have undeniable evidence that the sense of good, Welsh mad, and the sense of matter, pus, proceed from the same radix. LEGO. The Greek Zeyw is rendered, to speak or say ; to tell, count, or number; to gather, collect, or choose; to discourse; and to lie down. This last definition shows that this word is the English lie and lay; and from this application, doubtless, the Latins had their lectus, a bed; that is, a spread, a lay. The Latin lego, the same verb, is rendered to gather; to choose; to read; to steal, or collect by stealing; and the phrase legere oram signifies to coast, to sail along a coast; legere vela, is to furl the sails; legere halitum, to take breath; legere littus, to sail close to the shore; legere milites, to enlist or muster sol- diers; legere pugno, to strike, perhaps to lay on with the fist. It would seem, at first view, that such various significations can not proceed from one radix. But the fact that they do is indubitable. The primary sense of the root must be to throw, strain, or extend, which in this, as in almost all cases, gives the INTRODUCTION. slv sense of speaking. ‘The sense of collecting, choosing, gathering, is from throwing, or drawing out, or separating by some such act; or from throwing together. The sense of lying down is probably from throwing one’s self down. ‘The sense of reading, in Latin, is the same as that of speaking, in the Greek, unless it may be from collecting, that is, separating the letters, and uniting them in syllables and words; for in the primitive mode of writing, diacritical points were not used. But probably the sense of reading is the same as in speaking. The phrases legere oram, legere littus, in Latin, may coincide with that of our seamen, to stretch or lay along the shore or coast, or to hug the land; especially if this word lay, in Sanscrit, signifies to cling, as I have seen it stated in some author, but for which I can not vouch. If this sense is attached to the word, it proves it closely allied to the L. ligo, to bind. That the sense of throwing, or driving, is contained in this word, is certain from its derivatives. Thus, in Greek, amoheyu signifies to select, to collect; and also to reject, to repudiate, and to forbid; which imply throwing, thrusting away. Now, if throwing, sending, or driving, is the primary sense, then the Latin lego, to read, and lego, legare, to send, are radi- cally the same word; the inflections of the verb being varied, arbitrarily, to designate the distinct applications, just as in pello, appello, appellere, to drive, and appello, appellare, to call. And here it may be worth a moment’s consideration, whether several words with prefixes, such as slay, flog, and the Latin plico, W. plygu, are not formed on the root of lay, that is, lag or lak. The sense of slay, Sax. slagan, slean, is properly to strike, to beat; hence, in Saxon, “ Hig slogon heora wedd,” they slew their league, or contract; that is, they struck a bargain. It signifies also to throw, as to slag one into prison; also, to fall; to set or lay. The sense of killing is derivative from that of strik- ing, a striking down. Flog, Lat. jligo, signifies, primarily, to rush, drive, strike, Eng. to lick ; and, if formed on the root of lay, is precisely the popular phrase, to lay on. If plico is formed with a prefix on lay or its root, it must have been originally pelico, that is, belico, belay. Then, to fold would be to lay on or close; to lay one part to another. Now, this word is the Welsh plygu, to fold, which Owen makes to be a compound of py and lly. ‘The latter word must be a contraction of llyg. We know that the word reply is from the French repliquer, the Latin replico. Now, to reply is not to fold back, but to send back, to throw back, as words, or an answer; and this gives the precise sense of lay, to throw, to send, which must be the sense of the radical word. It is no inconsiderable evidence of the truth of my conjecture, that we constantly use the phrase to lay on, or lay to, as synony- mous with ply, a word belonging to this family. To pledge, another of this family, is to lay down, to deposit; and the pri- mary sense of play, Saxon plegan, Dan. leger, Sw. leka, is to strike or drive. In Welsh, lluctaw signifies to throw, fling, cast, or dart; to pelt; to drift; from llu¢g, a darting, a flash, glance, or sudden throw ; hence lluced, lightning. Llug signifies, also, that breaks, or begins to open; a gleam, a breaking out in blotches; the plague. Llwg signifies, also, that is apt to break out, that is bright, a tumor, eruption. These words coincide with English light, Lat. luceo; the primary sense of which is to throw, shoot, er dart; and these words all contain the elements of jlog and fling. In Welsh, llycw signifies to fall flat, to lie extended, or to squat. This is evidently allied to lay and lie. These senses agree also with that of luck, to fall, or come sud- denly ; that is, to rush or drive along. In Russ, vlagayu is to lay, or put in; equivalent to the German einlegen. The Latin jflwo is contracted from jflugo; and the radical sense of flow is the same as that of light. So the river far, in Europe, is doubtless from the same source as the Oriental 7&8, to shine, whence air. And “), which, in Hebrew, signifies to flow as water, as well as to shine, chiefly signifies, in Chaldee and Syriac, to shine. To show the great importance, or rather the absolute necessity, of ascertaining the primary sense of words, in order to obtain clear ideas of the sense of ancient authors, more particularly of difficult passages in dead languages, let the reader attend to the following remarks. o In commenting on certain parts of Isaiah xxviii. Lowth ob- G —_serves, in his Preliminary Dissertation, the difficulty of deter- mining the meaning of Min, in verse 15th. In gut Ver era in others, it is rendered agreement ; but, says Lowth, | Hou means no such thing in any part of the Bible, except in ie ne verse following; nor can the lexicographers give any Boer actory account of the word in this sense.” Yet he agrees wit ey that in these passages it must have this Seer ne dif- ficulty, it seems, has arisen from not understanding e pu sense of seeing, for the verb generally signifies to ae ong eS a noun the word signifies sight, vision ; and so it is rendered in the Latin version annexed to. Vanderhooght’s Bible. The Seventy render it by ouvréyxn, a covenant or league; and they are fol- lowed by the moderns. “ Nous avons intelligence avec le Se~ pulchre:”’ French. ‘Noi habbiam fatta lega col sepulcro: ; Diodati. ee understands the word to signify, to fasten, to settle, and he cites 2 Sam. xx. 9, 71n, ‘‘ Joab took Amasa by the beard.”’ Here the sense is obvious; and from this and other passages, we may infer with certainty, that the radical sense is to reach to, or to seize, hold, or fiz. If the sense is to reach to, then it accords with covenant, conveniens, coming to; if the sense is to fix, or fasten, then it agrees with league, Lat. ligo, and with pact, pactum, from pango, to make fast; all from the sense of exten- sion, stretching, straining. Hence the meaning of 5h, the breast; that is, the firm, fixed, strong part. And if the English gaze is the same word, which is not improbable, this determines the appropriate sense of seeing, in this word, to be to fix, or to look or reach with the eye fixed. But we have other and decisive evidence of the primary signi- fication of this word in the obvious, undisputed meaning of TM, the same word with a prefix, which signifies to catch, or lay hold on; to seize; hence behind, following, as if attached to; and hence drawing out in time, to delay. Now, it is not improbable that the Arabic j= hauza, may be a word of the same stock; and this signifies, among other senses, to collect, contract, or draw together, to accumulate, to have in- tercourse or commerce with another. The latter sense would give nearly the signification of the Hebrew word. Lexicographers are often embarrassed to account for the differ- ent signification of words that are evidently derived from the same root. Thus, in Hebrew, 11H is rendered to sing; to look, behold, or observe; and to rule; and its derivatives, a ruler, a wall, the navel-string, a chain or necklace, &c. How can a word signify to rule, and to sing, and to look? Nothing can be more easy or natural. The sense is, in both cases, to stretch or strain, toreach. To sing is to strain the voice; to rule is to re- strain men; and to see is to reach, or to hold in view. In Latin, sero signifies to sow, to plant, to beget, to spread; consero, to sow, and to close or join; desero, to leave off, to de- sert; asscro, to plant by or near, and to assert, affirm, and pro- nounce ; dissero, to discourse ; insero, to isert, to implant ; resero, to unlock, to open, to disclose. Decsero, to desert, Ainsworth Says, is a compound of de and sero, “ut sit desertum quod non seritur nec colitur.” And dissero he supposes must be a meta- phorical use of the word. Now, on the principles I have un- folded, nothing is easier than an explanation of these words. The sense of sero is to throw, to thrust ; its literal sense is applied to sowing and planting; consero is to thrust or drive together; desero is to throw from; assero is to throw in words, or to throw out, as in appello ; dissero is to throw words or arguments, with the sense of spreading, expatiating ; insero is to throw or thrust im; Tesero 1s to throw or drive from, hence to unlock or open. It is by resorting to the primary idea of words, that we are able to explain applications, apparently, or in fact, diverse and even contrary. A very common example of this contrariety occurs in words which signify to guard or defend. For instance, the Latin arceo signifies to drive off, and to protect, secure, hold, restrain, or keep from departing or escaping ; two senses directly opposite. This is extremely natural; for arceo signifies to thrust off, repel, drive back; and this act defends the person or object attacked. Or if we suppose the sense of straining to be anterior to that of repulsion, which is not improbable, then the act of straining or holding produces both effects; to repel or stop what advances to assault, and protect what is inclosed or assaulted. The words guard and warren present a similar application of the primary idea; and all languages which I have examined furnish a multitude of similar examples. INTRODUCTION. These examples illustrate the utility of extensive researches in language; as all cognate languages throw light on each other ; one language often retaining the radical meaning of a word which the others have lost. Who, for instance, that is acquainted only with the English use of the verb to have, would suspect that this word and happen are radically one, and that the primary sense is to fall or rush, hence to fall on and seize? Yet nothing is more cegtain. In the Spanish language the senses of both verbs are retained in haber ; and the Welsh hapiaw gives us the true origi- nal signification. In like manner the primary sense of venio, in Latin, can not be certainly determined, without resorting to other words, and to kindred languages. In Latin, the word signifies to come or arrive ; but in Spanish, venida, from venir, the Latin venia, sig- nifies not only a coming or arrival, but an attack in fencing. Venio coincides in origin with the English find; Saxca jindan ; German and Dutch finden, to find, to fall or light oo”; &anish finder ; Swedish, finna, to find, to discover, to mee, to strike against, [offendere.] ‘The primary sense of venio, then, is not merely to come or arrive, but to rush or move «th a driving force; and this sense is applicable to coming or going. That the primary sense is to fall or rush, we l.ave evidence in the Latin ventus, and English 27nd, both from the root of this verb. We have still further evidence in the word venom, which in Welsh is gwenwyn; gwen, white, and gwyn, rage, smart, whence guwynt, wind. Venom is that which frets or excites a raging pain. Hence we may infer that Latin venor, to hunt, to chase, is of the same family; and so is venza, leave, or leave to depart, or a departure, a leaving, coinciding in signification with leave. The latter word, venia, proves another fact, that the primary sense of veziio is, in general, to move in any direction, and that the Latin sense, to come, is a particular appropriation of that sense. In ascertaining the primary sense of words, it is often useful or necessary to recur to the derivatives. Thus the Latin ledo is rendered to hurt; but, by adverting to allido, elido, and collido, we find that the original signification is to strike, hit, or dash against. Hurt, then, is the secondary sense; the effect of the primary action expressed by the verb. So the Latin rapio, to seize, does not give the sense of rapidus, rapid; but the sense of the latter proves the primary sense of rapto to be to rush, and in its application, to rush on and seize. These examples will be sufficient to show how little the affini- ties of language have been understood. Men have been generally satisfied with a knowledge of the appropriate sense of words, without examining from what visible or physical action, or pr?- mary sense, that particular application has been derived. Hence the obscurity that still rests on the theory of language. It has been supposed that each word, particularly each verb, has an original specific sense, or application, distinct from every other verb. We find, however, on a close examination and compari- son of the same word in different languages, that the fact is directly the reverse; that a verb expressing some action, in 4 general sense, gives rise to various appropriate senses, or partic- ular applications. And in the course of my researches, I have been struck with the similarity of manner in which different nations have appropriated derivative and figurative senses. For example, all nations, as far as my researches extend, agree in expressing the sense of justice and right by straightness ; and sin, miquity, wrong, by a deviation from a straight line or course. Equally remarkable is the simplicity of the analogies in language, and the small number of radical significations; so small, indeed, that I am persuaded the primary sense of all the verbs in any language may be expressed by thirty or forty words. We can not, at this period of the world, determine, in all cases, which words are primitive, and which are derivative ; nor whether the verb or the noun is the original word. Mons. Gebelin, in his Monde Primitif, maintains that the noun is the root of all other words. Never was a greater mistake. That some nouns may have been formed before the verbs with which they are connected, is possible; but, as languages are now constructed, it is demon- strably certain, that the verb is the radix or stock from which have sprung most of the nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech belonging to each family. This is the result of all my researches into the origin of languages. We find, indeed, that many modern yerbs are formed on nouns; as, to practice from practice ; but the noun is derived from a Greek verb. So we use wrong as a verb, from the adjective wrong ; but the latter is pri- marily a participle of the verb to wring. Indeed, a large part ofINTRODUCTION. xvii all nouns were originally particles or adjectives, and the things which they denote were named from their qualities. So pard, pardus, is from 43 barad, hail; and the animal so named from his spots, as if sprinkled with hail, from the sense of separation or scattering. Crape, the Fr. crépe, is from créper, to crisp. Sight signifies, primarily, seen; it being the participle of seon, con- tracted from sigan. Draught is the participle of draw, that which is drawn, or the act of drawing; thought is the participle of think. As the verb is the principal radix of other words, and as the proper province of this part of speech is to express action, almost all the modifications of the primary sense of the verb may be comprehended in one word, to move. The principal varieties of motion or action may be expressed by the following verbs. 1. To drive, throw, thrust, send, urge, press. 2. To set, fix, lay. But these are usually from thrusting, or throwing down. 3. To strain, stretch, draw; whence holding, binding, strength, power, and often health. To turn, wind, roll, wander. To flow, to blow, to rush. . To open, part, split, separate, remove, scatter. See No. 16. To swell, distend, expand, spread. To stir, shake, agitate, rouse, excite. . To shoot, as a plant; to grow; allied to No. 1. 10. To break, or burst; allied sometimes to No. 3. 11. To lift, raise, elevate; allied to No. 9. 12. To flee, withdraw, escape; to fly ; often allied to No. 1. 13. To rage; to burn; allied to Nos. 7 and 8. 14. To fall; to fail; whence fading, dying, &c. 15. To approach, come, arrive, extend, reach. This is usually the sense of gaining. No. 34. 16. To go, walk, pass, advance; allied to No. 6. 17. To seize, take, hold; sometimes allied to No. 31. 18. To strike; to beat; allied to No. 1. 19. To swing; to vibrate. No. 29. 20. To lean; to incline; allied to the sense of wandering, or departing. 21. To rub, scratch, scrape; often connected with driving, and with roughness. 22. To swim; to float. 23. To stop, cease, rest; sometimes, at least, from straining, holding, fastening. 24. To creep; to crawl; sometimes connected with scraping. 25. To peel, to strip, whence spoiling. 26. To leap, to spring ; allied to Nos. 9 and 1. 27. To bring, bear, carry; in some instances connected with producing, throwing out. 28. ‘To sweep. 29: Mo hanot. Nor 19: 30. To shrink, or contract; that is, to draw. See No. 3. 31. To run; to rush forward; allied to No. 1. 32. To put on or together; to unite; allied to Nos. 1 and 3. 33. To knit, to weave. 34. To gain, to win, to get. See No. 15. These and a few more verbs express the literal sense of all the primary roots. But it must be remarked that all the foregoing sienifications are not distinct. So far from it, that the whole may be brought under the signification of a very few words. The English words to send, throw, thrust, strain, stretch, draw, drive, urge, press, embrace the primary sense of a great part of all the verbs in every language which I have examined. Indeed, it must be so, for the verb is certainly the root of most words; and the verb expresses motion, which always implies the appli- cation of force. Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, in most instances at least, if not in all, denote, primarily, to strain or restrain by exertion of force; and to le is, primarily, to throw down, to lay one’s self down. So that intransitive verbs are rarely exceptions to the general remark above made, that all verbs primarily ex- press motion or exertion of force. The substantive verb has more claims to be an exception than any other; for this usually denotes, 1 think, permanence or continued being; but the pri- mary sense of this verb may perhaps be to set or fix; and verbs haying this sense often express extension in time or duration. So teww), in Greek, is to stretch, but the same word tenco, in Latin, is to hold; hence continuance. Let us now attend to the radical sense of some of the most gO DO E> OY x common verbs. Speaking, calling, crying, praying, utterance of sounds, is usu- ally from the sense of driving or straining. Thus, in Latin, appello and compello, though of a different conjugation from pello, depello, impello, are from the same root; and although the Latin repello does not signify to recall, yet the corresponding word in Italian, rappellare, and the French rappeler, signify to recall, and hence the English repeal. Hence also peal, either of a bell or of thunder. This is the Greek faz4w, and probably waiaw is from the same root. The sense of striking is found in the Greek verb, and so it is in the Latin loquor, English clock. But in general, speaking, in all its modifications, is the straining, driving, or im- pulse of sounds. Sometimes the sense coincides more exactly with that of breaking or bursting. Singing 18 a driving or straining of the voice; and we apply strain to a passage of music, and to a course of speaking. I am not confident that I can refer the sensation of hearing to any visible action. Possibly it may sometimes be from striking, hitting, touching. But we observe that hear is connected in origin with ear, as the Latin audio is with the Greek ous, wros, the ear; whence it appears probable that the verb to hear is formed from the name of the ear, and the ear is from some verb which signifies to shoot or extend, for it signifies a limb. Tle primary sense of seeing is commonly to extend to, to reach; as it were, to reach with the eye. Hence the use of be- hold, for the radical sense of hold is to strain; and hence its sig- nification in beholden, held, bound, obligated. See the verb Suz, in the Dictionary. The sense of look may be somewhat different from that of see. It appears, in some instances, to have for its primary signification, to send, throw, cast ; that is, to send or cast the eye or sight. The primary sense of feeling is to touch, hit, or strike; and probably this is the sense of taste. Wonder and astonishment are usually expressed by some word that signifies to stop or hold. Hence the Latin miror, to wonder, is the Armoric miret, to stop, hold, hinder; coinciding with the English moor, and Spanish amarrar, to moor, as a ship. To begin is to come, or fall on; to thrust on. We have a familiar example in the Latin incipio, in and capto ; for capio is primarily to fall or rush on and seize. See Burein, in the Dic- tionary. Attempt is expressed by straining, stretching, as in Latin tento. See Assay and Essay. Power, strength, and the corresponding verb, to be able, are usually expressed by straining, stretching, and this is the radical sense of ruling or governing. Of this the Latin rego is an example, which gives rectus, right, that is, stretched, straight. Care, as has been stated, is usually from strazning, that 1s, a tension of the mind. Thinking is expressed by setting. To think is to set or fix or hold in the mind. It approaches to the sense of suppose, Latin suppono. : And under this word, let us consider the various applications of the Latin puto. The simple verb puto is rendered to prune, lop, or dress, as vines; that is, according to Ainsworth, putum, i. e. purum reddo, purgo, by which I understand him to mean, that putym is either a change of purum, or used for it; a most improbable supposition, for the radical letters ¢ and 7 are not com- mutable. Puto is rendered, also, to make even, clear, adjust, or cast up accounts; also to think or consider; to suppose; to de- bate. Its compounds are amputo, to cut off, prune, amputate, to remove ; computo, to compute, to reckon, to think or deem; dis- puto, to make clear, to adjust or settle, to dispute or debate, to reason ; imputo, to impute, to ascribe or lay to, to place to ac- count; reputo, to consider, to revolve, to reckon up, to impute. The Latin deputo signifies to think, judge or esteem, to account or reckon, and to prune; but the Italian deputare, Spanish dipu- tar, and French deputer, from the Latin word, all signify to send. How can the sense of thin/:, and that of lop or prune, be deduced from a common root or radical sense? We find the solution of this question in the verb to depute. The primary sense Is to throw, thrust, or send, or to set or lay, which is from throwing, driving. To prune is to separate, remove, or drive off; to force off; to think is a setting in the mind; to compute 1s to throw or put together, either in the mind or in numbers; to dispute 1s to throw against or apart, like debate, to beat from ; to ¢mpute 1s to throw or put to or on; and to repute is to think or throw im the mind repeatedly. To amputate is to separate by cutting round. Puto, then, in Latin, is from the same root, probably, as the English put, or the same word differently applied ; and also the Dutch pooten, to plant; poot, a paw, a twig or shoot, Gr. putor, &c.In attempting to discover the primary sense of words, we are to carry our reflections back to the primitive state of mankind, and consider how rude-men would effect their purposes, before the invention or use of the instruments which the moderns em- ploy. The English verb to cut, signifies, ordinarily, to separate with an edged tool; and we are apt to consider this as the chief and original sense. But if so, how can czt, the stroke of a whip, which is a legitimate sense of the word, be deduced from the act of severing by an edged tool? We have, in this popular use of the word, a clew to guide us to the primary sense, WIE is, to drive, urge, press; and, applied to the arm, to strike. But we have better evidence. In the popular practice of speaking in ape Cea New England, it is not uncommon to hear one person call to another when running, and say, Cut on, cut on; that is, hurry, run faster, drive, press on; probably from striking a beast which one rides on. ‘This is the original sense of the word. Hence we see that this verb is the Latin cedo, to strike, to cut down, some- what differently applied and cado, to fall, is only a modified sense of the same root, and the compounds incido, to cut, and incido, to fall on, are of one family. To cut is, therefore, prima- rily, to strike, or drive; and to cut off, if applied to the severing of bodies, before edged tools were used, was to force off, or to strike off; hence the sense of separating in the phrase to cut off a retreat or communication. So the Latin carpo is the English carve, originally to separate by plucking, pulling, seizing and tearing ; afterwards, by cutting. Asking is usually expressed by the sense of pressing, urging. We have a clear proof of this in the Latin peto and its com- pounds. ‘This verb signifies, primarily, to rush, to drive at, to assault; and this sense, in Dictionaries, ought to stand first in the order of definitions. We have the force of the original in the words impetus and impetuous. So the Latin rogo coincides in elements with reach. The act of understanding is expressed by reaching or taking, holding, sustaining ; the sense of comprehend, and of understand. We have a popular phrase which well expresses this sense, ‘J take your meaning or your idea.” So in German, begreifen, to begripe, to apprehend. Knowing seems to have the same radical sense as under- standing. Pain, grief, distress, and the like affections, are usually ex- pressed by pressure or straining. Affliction is from striking. _ Joy, mirth, and the like affections, are from the sense of rous- ing, exciting, lively action. Covering, and the like actions, are from spreading over or cutting off, interruption. Miding is from covering or from withdrawing, departure; or concealment may be from withholding, restraining, suppressing, or making fast, as in the Latin celo. Heat usually implies excitement; but as the effect of heat, as well as of cold, is sometimes to contract, I think both are some- times from the same radix. Thus cold and the Lat. calco, to be warm, and callus and calleo, to be hard, have all the same ele- mentary letters, and I suppose them all to be from one root the sense of which is, to draw, Strain, shrink, contract. I am the more inclined to this opinion, for these words coinc; le with calleo, to be strong or able, to know; a sense that implies straining and holding. Z Hope is probably from reaching forward. We express strong desire by longing, reaching toward. ‘ _ Earnestness, boldness, daring, peril, promptness, readiness, will- ingness, love, and favor, are expressed by advancing or inclining. Tight is often expressed by opening, or the shootine of rays radiation; and probabl 7, iM many cases, the orisinal word was applied to the dawn of day in the morning. Whiteness is often Mai ee light. We have an instance of this in 20, to s and to be white. And that the primary sense of this word is to shoot, to radiate that is, to throw out or off, we have evidence in the verb cano, to sing, whence canto, the sense of which js retained in our popular use of cant; to cant.a stone ; to cant over a cask: sive the thine a cant ; for all these words are from one stock. ~ : = i eae Par ae worth, is from the root of vireo, Y, , orward, to shoot; hence the orisinal sense is strength, a sense we retain in its application to the qualities of plants. Hence the Latin sense of cvirtus is bravery coinciding with the sense of boldness, a projecting forward. _ - Pride is from swelling or elevation, the primary sense of some other words nearly allied to it. Fear is usually from shrinj: ing or from shaking, trembling ; xlviil INTRODUCTION. or sometimes, perhaps, from siriking, a being struck, as with surprise. ; : Holiness and sacredness are sometimes expressed by scparation, as from common things. The Teutonic word holy, however, seems to be from the sense of soundness, entireness. Faith and belief seem to imply a resting on, or a leaving. It is ertain that the English belief is a compound of the prefix be and leaf, leave, permission. ‘To believe one, then, is to leave with him, to rest or suffer to rest with him, and hence not to dispute, contend, or deny. Color may be from spreading over or putting on; but in some instances the primary sense is to dip. See Dye and Tince. Spots are from the sense of separating, or from sprinkling, dis- persion. . The radical sense of making is to press, drive, or force. We use make in its true literal sense, in the phrases, Make your horse draw, Make your servant do what you wish. Feeding is from the sense of pressing, crowding, stuffing ; that is, from driving or thrusting. Eating seems to have a somewhat different sense. Drinking is from drawing, or. from wetting, plunging. Drench and drink are radically one word. Anger, and the like violent passions, imply excitement, or violent action. Hence their connection with burning or inflam- mation, the usual sense of which is raging or violent commotion. Agreement, harmony, are usually from meeting or union, or from extending, reaching to. Dwelling, abiding, are from the sense of throwing or setting down, or resting, or from stretching; as we see by the Latin continuo, from tenco, Gr. te1vw, to extend. Guarding and defending are from roots that signify to stop, or to cut off; or, more generally, from the sense of driving off; a repelling or striking back. In some cases, perhaps, from holding. Opposition is usually expressed by meeting, and hence the prepositions which express opposition. Thus the Danish prepo- sition mod, Swedish mot or emot, against, contrary, is the English word to meet. Words which express spirit, denote, primarily, breath, avr, wind, the radical sense of which is to flow, move, or rush. Hence the connection between sprit and courage, animus, animosus ; hence passion, animosity. So in Greek goevtic, frenzy, is from ors, the mind, or rather from its primary sense, a moving or rushing. So in our mother tongue, mod is mind or spirit; whence mood, in English, and Saxon modig, moody, angry. Hence mind in the sense of purpose, its primary signification, is a setting forward, as wntention is from intendo, to stretch, to strain, the sense that ought to stand first in a Dictionary. Reproach, chiding, rebuke, are from the sense of scolding, or throwing out words with violence. Sin is generally from the sense of deviating, wandering, as is the practice of lewdness. Right, justice, equity, are from the sense of stretching, making straight, or from laying, making smooth. Palschood is from falling, failing, or from deviation, wander- ing, drawing aside. The primary sense of strange and foreign, is distant, and from some verb signifying to depart. Wild and fierce are from a like sense. Vain, vanity, wane, and kindred words, are from exhausting, drawing out, or from departing, withdrawing, falling away. Paleness is usually from failure, a departure of color. Glory is from opening, expanding, display, or making clear. Binding, making fast or close, is from pressure, or straining. Writing is from scratching, engraving, the sense of all primi- tive words which express this act. A crowd, a mass, a wood, &c., are from collecting or pressing, or some allied signification. Vapor, steam, smoke, are usually from verbs which signify to exhale or throw off. Stepping seems to be from opening, expanding, stretching. Thus passus in Latin is from pando, to open, but this agrees in origin with pateo, and with the Greek zrarew. Gradus, in Latin, coincides with the Welsh rhavd, a way, and this, when traced to its root, terminates in the Oriental 3, 1349, Chaldee, to open, Stretch or expand; in Syriac, 135 reda, to go, to pass. Walking may be sometimes from a like source; but the word alk signi- fies, primarily, to roll, press, work and full, as a hat, whence walker signifies a fuller. So f/ ~ s . ° Sofiness and weakness are usually named from yielding, bend- os ————INTRODUCTION. ing, withdrawing, as is relaxation. Softness, however, is some- times connected with smoothness, and perhaps with moisture. Sweetness seems to have for its primary sense, either softness or smoothness. Roughness is from sharp points, wrinkling or breaking; and acidity is from sharpness or pungency, and nearly allied to roughness. Death is expressed by falling or departure; life, by fixedness or continuance, or from animation, excitement. Selling is, primarily, a passing or transfer. Sellan, in Saxon, signifies to g?ve, as well as to sell. A coast or border is usually the extreme point, from extending. Law is from setting, establishing. The primary sense of son, daughter, offspring, is usually a shoot, or, as we say, zssue. Hence, in Hebrew, 4a ben, signifies both a son, a cion, a branch, and the young of other animals. A son, says Parkhurst, is from 7123 banah, to build; and hence he infers that a son is so called, because he builds up or continues his father’s house or family. But if so, how does the word apply to a branch, or an arrow? What do these build up? The mis- take of this author, and of others, proceeds from their not under- standing the original meaning of the verb, which is not to erect, or elevate, but to throw, to set, to found ; and this verb is probably retained in our word found. A son is that which is thrown or shot out; a cion or branch is the same, an offset, one an offset of the human body, the other of a plant, and an arrow is that which is shot or thrown. Hence, probably, the Hebrew ‘AN eben or even, a stone, W. maen or vaen, that which is set, so named from = == its compactness or hardness. And in Arabic abana, signifies i) to think, Lat. opznor, that is, to set in the mind. Few and small are senses often expressed by the same word. Thus, although fezo in English expresses merely a small number, yet the same word in French, peu, and in the Italian, poco, sig- nifies little in quantity, as well as few in number. Cause is from the sense of urging, pressing, tmpelling. Hence it well expresses that which produces an effect; and hence it is peculiarly expressive of that by which a man seeks to obtain a claim in law. A cause in court is $roperly a pressing for mgcht, like action from ago; and prosecution from the Latin sequor, which is our word seek. Hence the Latin accuso, to accuse, to throw upon, to press, or load with a charge. The Saxon saca, contention, suit in law, is synonymous with cause, and from the root of seek, sequor. itis the English sake. The word thing is nearly synonymous with cause and sake. See Tuna, in the Dictionary. The primary sense of time, luck, chance, fortune, is to fall, to come, to arrive, to happen. Tide, time, and season, have a like original sense. Zvtde, in Saxon, is tzme, not a flow of the sea, the latter being a secondary and modern application of the word. This primary signification of time will unfold-to us what I for- merly could not understand, and what I could find no person to explain; that is, why the Latin tempora should signify t¢mes and the temples. It seems that tempora are the falls of the head. Hence, also, we understand why tempest is naturally deducible from tempus, as the primary sense is to fall, to rush. Hence tempestious, seasonable, that comes in good time. Season has a like sense. Hence, also, we are led to understand, what has seemed inex- plicable, how the French hewreux, lucky, happy, can be regu- larly deduced from heure,an hour. We find that in Greek and Latin the primary sense of hour is time, and time is a coming, a falling, a happening, like the English luck, and hence the sense of lucky; hence fortunate and happy. The word fortunate is precisely of the same character. The primary sense of the Shemitic "27 davar, or thavar, cor- responds almost precisely with that of cawse and thing in English ; that is, to strain, urge, drive, fall, or rush. Hence it signifies to speak, and in Ch. and Syr. to lead, to direct, to govern. As a noun, it signifies a word, that which is uttered; a thing, cause, or matter; thatis, that which happens or falls, like event from evenio ; also a plague, or great calamity ; that is, that which falls or comes on man or beast, like plague; a stroke or affliction, from striking, And it may be observed, that if the first letter is a prefix answer- ing to the Gothic du, Saxon and English to, in the Saxon to- drifan, to drive, then the root 4A coincides exactly with the Welsh pert, to command, which is retained in composition in the Lat. vmpero. Indeed, if the first syllable of guberno is a prefix, xlix the root of this word may be the same. The object, however, for which this word is here mentioned, is chiefly to show the uniformity which men have observed in expressing their ideas; making use of the same visible physical action to represent the operations of the mind and moral ideas. Silence, deafness, dumbness, are from stepping, holding, or making fast. War is from the sense of striving, driving, struggling. Good is generally from enlarging, or advancing, like pros- perous. Evil is from wandering, departing, or sometimes from softness, weakness, flowing or fluxibility, as is the case with the Latin malum, from the Welsh mall. The primary sense of the names of natural and material ob- jects can not always be ascertained. he reasons are obvious. Some of these names are detached branches of a family of words which no longer form a part of our language; the verb and all the derivatives, except a single name, being extinct, or found —= only in some remote country. Others of these names have suf- fered such changes of orthography, that it is dificult or impossible | to ascertain the primary or radical letters, and of course the | family to which they belong. Numerous examples of such words | occur in English, as in every other language. | But from such facts as have occurred to me in my researches, | I may venture to affirm with confidence, that most names of | natural objects are taken from some obvious quality or action, or | some supposed quality of the thing; or from the particular action | or operation by which it is produced. dh he human body is named from shaping, that is, setting, fixing, or ex- => instances at least, to be named from eruptions on the body. tending, and hence, sometimes, the general name of the human race. A board, a table, a floor, is from spreading, or expanding, ex- | tending. Skin and bark are from peeling, stripping, &c. The names of particular animals and plants can not always be | I I J | traced to their source ; but, as far as | have been able to discover their origin, I find animals to be generally named from some striking characteristic of external appearance; from the voice, from habits of life, or from their effice. There is reason for believing that the Greek coovdoc and Latin struthio, or ostrich, is from the same root as the English strut, the strutter; the primary sense of which root is, to stretch, whieh explains all the senses of the Greek and Latin words of this family. It is certain that the crow is named from its ery, and the leopard from his spots. Thus plants were named from their qualities; some from their form, others from their color, others from their effects, others from the place of their growth. The English root, Lat. radvz, is only a particular application of rod and ray, radius; that is, a shoot. Spurge 1s, undoubtedly, from the root of the Latin purgo. There is reason to think that many names of plants were originally adjectives, expressing their qualities; or the name was a compound, used for the same purpose, one part of which has been dropped, and the other remaining as the name of the plant. Thus pine, pinus, is from pin, pinna, penna ; for in Welsh pin is a pin and a pen or style for writing, and pinbren is a pine-tree. The tree, then, was named from its leaf. Fir has a similar origin and signification, It is probable or rather certain, that some natural objects, as plants and minerals, received their names from their supposed qualities; as, in ages of ignorance and superstition, men might ascribe effects to them, by mistake. The whole history of magic and enchantment leads us to this conclusion. Minerals are, in many instances, named from their obvious qualities, as gold from its yellowness, and zron from its hardness. The names can, in some cases, be traced to their original, as that of gold and of the Latin ferrwm ; but many of them are not easily ascertained. Indeed, the greatest part of the specific names ot animals, plants, and minerals, appear to be obscure. Some of them appear to have no connection with any family of words in our language, and many of them are derived to us from Asia, and from roots which can be found only, if found at all, in the Asiatic languages. is These observations and explanations will be sufficient to show the importance of developing, as far as possible, the origin of words, and of comparing the different uses of the same word in different languages, in order to understand either the philosophy of speech, or the real force and signification of words in their practical application. Thus twmors are named | from pushing, or swelling ; and redness, or red, seems, in some | j | | | The arm is a shoot, a push, as is the branch of a tree. | | | =a sigraematreteo : ne ie eat aee Pete ered rete eae If it should be found to be true, that many of the Shemitic verbs are formed with prefixes, like those of the Europese ao guages, this may lead to new illustrations of ne Oe ae guages of the Scriptures. In order to determine this act, i be useful to examine whether the Chaldee and Hebrew a is Ag often a prefix answering to bein the Teutonic languages ; w het er 4 and > are not prefixes answering to the ga and ge of the Gothic and Teutonic; whether 7, 0, and m, and 1, a dialectical form of D, do not coincide with the Gothic du, the Saxon to, the Dutch toe, and the German zu ; whether } does not answer to the Russ. and Dutch na, the German nach ; and whether o gad w do not answer to s, sh, and sch in the modern English and German. If many of the Shemitic triliteral verbs are compound, it fol- lows that the primary radix has not been detected. At any rate, I have no hesitation in affirming, that the primary sense of many of the roots in the Shemitic languages, that-sense which is almost indispensable to an understanding of many obscure passages in the Scriptures, has been hitherto overlooked or mistaken. In order fully to comprehend many uses of the words, it will be necessary to compare them with the uses of the words of the same family in the modern languages; and this comparison must be far more extensive than any hitherto made, and conducted on principles which have not been before duly appreciated and applied. : ] have introduced the foregoing comparative view of the several significations of the same word in different languages, not merely to illustrate the general principles of language, but with a special reference to an explanation of the etymologies which occur in this work. Should my Synopsis ever be pub- lished, the learned inquirer might pursue the subject at his pleasure. The results of the foregoing remarxs and illustrations may be thus recapitulated. 1. The nations which now constitute the distinct families or races of Japheth and Shem, are descendants of the common fam- ily which inhabited the plain of Shinar before the dispersion. 2. The families at the dispersion retained a large proportion of the words which wexe in common use before that event, and the same were conveyed to their posterity. In the course of time, some of these words were dropped by one family or tribe, and some by another, till very few of them are retained in their origi- nal form and signification, by all the nations which have sprung from the main stock. A few of them, however, are still found in all or nearly all the languages which I have examined, bearing nearly the same signification and easily recognized as identical. 3. Although few of the primitive words can now be recognized as existing in all the languages, yet as we better understand the changes which haye beén made in the orthography and sig- nification of the same radical words, the more affinities are dis- covered; and particularly, when we understand the primary sense, we find this to unite words whose appropriate or custom- ary significations appear to have no connection. 4. A great number of the primitive radical words are found in compounds, formed in different languages, with different affixes and prefixes, which obscure the affinity. Thus veritas in Latin, is walrheit in German; the first syllable in each is the same word, the last different. In other instances, both difference of orthography, of formation, and of application, concur to obscure the affinity of words. ‘Thus the English word strong is in Danish streng, signifying stern, severe, rigid, strict ; 5 hed [stronghood] is severity, rigor, strictness. words is not radical ; remove this letter which coincide with the Latin strino are found to be from the san c, strain, to stretch. 0. It appears that b, p and f are often prefixes, either the remains of prepositions, or casual additions to words, introduced by peculiar modes of pronunciation, which prefixes now precede consonants, with which they readily coalesce in pronunciation as land r, forming triliteral words on biliteral roots; as in block from lloc, or lock ; play, Saxon plegan, from leg or lek, Swedish leka, Dan. leger ; flow, Lat. fluo, from lug, or luc, which appears in light, lux, luceo, and in lug, a river, retained in Lugdunum. 6. It appears, also, that ¢ or /: and g are often prefixes before the same consonants, J and 7, as in Lat. clunis, Eng. loin; W. clod, praise, from lod, Latin laus, laudo; German cluchs English luck; Lat. gratia, W. rhad. = i and streng- Now, 2 in these , and we have strog, streg, strictus ; and these words ae radix, which signifies to draw, to INTRODUCTION. 7. It appears, also, that sis a prefix in a vast number of words, as in speed, spoil, swell, sweep ; and it is very evident that st are prefixed to many words whose original, radical, initial consonant was 7, as in straight, strict, strong, stretch, from the root of right, rectus, reach, and in stride, from the root of the Latin gradior, Wii. If these inferences are just, as I am persuaded they are, it follows that there is a more near resemblance and a much closer affinity between the languages of Europe and of Western Asia, than has hitherto been supposed to exist. It follows, also, that some of the most important principles or rudiments of language have hitherto escaped observation, and that philology is yet in its infancy. Should this prove, on further examination, to be the state of philology, it is reserved for future investigators to ex- amine the original languages of the Scriptures on new principles, which may serve to illustrate some obscure and difficult passages, not hitherto explained to the general satisfaction of critics and commentators. If any persons should be disposed to doubt or contradict these facts, let them first consider that my conclusions are not hasty opinions, formed on isolated facts; but that they have been forced upon me, in opposition to all my former habits of thinking, by a series of successive proofs and accumulating evidence, during a long course of investigation, in which | have compared most of the radical words, in more than twenty languages, twice, and some of them three times. No part of my researches has given me more trouble or solici- tude than that of arriving at the precise radical signification of moral ideas; such, for example, as hope, love, favor, faith. Nor has it been with much less labor that I have obtained a clear knowledge of some of our physical actions. It is literally true that I have sometimes had a word under consideration for two or three years, before 1 could satisfy my own mind as to the pri- mary signification. That I have succeeded at last, in- every instance, can hardly be supposed—yet, in most cases, I am perfectly satisfied with the results of my researches. PROGRESS AND CHANGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. It has been already observed that the mother tongue of the English is the Anglo-Saxon. The following are specimens of that language as it was spoken or written in England before the Norman conquest. The first is from the Saxon Chronicle. The original is in one column, and the literal translation in the other. The English words-in Italics are Saxon words. The number of these will show how large a proportion of the words is retained in the present English. An. DCCCXCI. Her for se here east, and Earnulf cyning gefeaht with them rede-here wer tha scipu comon, mid East- Francum, and Seaxum, and Begerum, and hine geflymde. And thry Scottas ecwomon to Ailfrede cyninge on anum bate, butan wleum gerethum, of Hi- bernia; and thonon hi hi beste- lon, forthon the hi woldon for Godes lufan on eltheodinesse bion, hy ne rohton hwer. An. 891. Here [this year] fared the army east, and Ear- nulf, the king, fought with the cavalry [7¢dearmy] ere the ships come, with the East-Francs, and Saxons, and Bavarians, and put them to flight. And three Scots come to Ailfred, the king, in a [an] boat, without any 7rowers, from Hibernia, and thence they privately withdrew [bestole] be- cause that they would, for God’s love be [or live] in a state of pilgrimage, they should not be anxious —[reck, care] where. Se bat wes geworht of thrid- dan healfre hyde, the hie on foron, and hi namon mid him that hie hefdon to seofon nih- tum mete, and tha comon hie ymb seofon niht, to londe on Cornwealum, and foran tha sona to Alfrede cyninge. The boat was wrought of two hides and a half [third half hide,] in which they fared [came] and they took with them that they had for seven nights meat, and they come about the seventh night, to land in Cornwall, and fared [went] soon to Allfred ’ the Ling. The following specimen is from the Anglo-Saxon version of 8 SS Orosius, supposed to be made by King Alfred.INTRODUCTION. hi Ohthere sede his hlaforde,| Octhere told [sazd] his lord, FElfrede kyninge, thet he ealra|king Alfred, that he lived north North-manna north mest bude.|most of all the north men. He He cweth that he bude on them | quoth that he dwelt in the [them] lande northeweardum with tha|land northward, opposite [with] west se. He sede theah thet|the west sea. He said though, thet land sy swythe north tha-|that that land is due north from non; ac hit is eall west buton on|thence, and that zt zs all waste feawum stowum sticce melum|except [but] in a few places wiciath Finnas, on huntathe on| [stows] where the Funns for the wintra, and on sumera on fis-|most part dwell, for hunting in cothe be there se. He sede|zwinter, and in summer for fish- thet he et sumum cyrre wolde|ing in that sea, [by the sea.] fandiam hu lange thet land|He said that he, at some time, north right lege. : would find how long that land lay right north. Laws of King thelbert. Gif Cyning his leode to him| Jf the King shall call [evte] gehatath, and heom mon ther|his people to him, and any one yfel gedo, II bote and cyning cee shall there do evil, let L. scillinga. ouble compensation be made, and fifty shillings to the King. Gif in Cyninges tune man| Jf in the King’s town a man mannan ofsleah, L. scill. ge-|slay a man, let him compensate bete. | [boot] with fifty shillings. Gif on Eorles tune man man-|] Jf im an Earl's town one man nan ofsleath, XII scil. gebete. |slayeth another man, let him pay twelve shillings for reparation. Gif man thone man ofslehth, XX scil. gebete. If man [any one] slayeth any man, let him compensate with twenty shillings. Gif thuman (of a slehth) XX| Jf the thumb shall be cut off, scil. Gif thuman negl of weor-|twenty shillings. If the thwmb deth III scil. gebete. Gif man|nail shall be cut off, three shil- scytefinger (of a slehth,) VIII|lings shall be the compensation. scil. gebete. Gif man middle} Jf any one [off slayeth, striketh finger (of a slehth,) IV scil.|off,] cutteth off the fore finger, gebete. Gif man gold-finger (of| [shoot finger,| let him compen- a slehth,) VI scil. gebete. Gif|sate with eight shillings. If any man thon litlan finger (of a|one cutteth off the mzddle finger, slehth) XI scil. gebete. let him pay four shillings. If any one cutteth off the gold finger, [ring finger,] let him pay six shillings. If any one cut- teth off the little finger, let him pay eleven shillings. Laws of King Eadgar. We lerath that ele cristen| We order (or instruct) that man his bearn to christendome|each Christian man earnestly geornlice wenige and him pater)accustom [wean] his children to noster and credon tece. Christianity, [ Christendom,] and teach him the Pater Noster and Creed. We lwrath that preost ne beo| We direct that a priest be not hunta ne hafecere ne teflere;}a Awnter, nor hawker, nora game- ac plegge on his bocum swa his|ster; but that he apply to his hade gebirath. books, as it becomes his order. We observe by these extracts that rather more than half the Saxon words have been lost, and now form no part of our language.” This language, with some words introduced by the Danes, continued to be used by the English till the Norman conquest. After that event, great numbers of Saxon words went into disuse, not suddenly, but gradually, and Irench and Latin words were continually added to the language, till it began to assume its present form, in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Yet the writings of Gower and Chaucer can not now be fully understood without a glossary. But it was not in the loss of native Saxon words and the acces- sion of French and Latin words alone, that the change of our language consisted. Most important alterations were made in the sounds of the vowels. It is probable, if not certain, that our first vowel @ had usually or always the broad sound, as we now pronounce it in fail, or in some words perhaps the Italian sound, as it is now called,and as we pronounce it in far. The sound of e was probably nearly the same as it is im French and Italian, and in the northern languages on the continent of Europe ; which is nearly that of a@ in favor. The Saxon sound of 7 was probably the same as it is still on the Continent, the sound of ee or long e. The sound of w was that of our present oo, French ow, the sound it still has in Italian, and in most countries on the European continent. It is probable that the change of the sound of uw happened in consequence of the prevalence of the French pro- nunciation after the conquest; for the present sound of uw may be considered as intermediate, between the full sound of 00, or French ou, and the French sound of w. These changes, and the various sounds given to the same character, now serve to perplex foreigners, when learning Eng- lish; and tend, in no small degree, to retard or limit the ex- tension of our language. This is an unfortunate circumstance, not only in obstructing the progress of science, but of Chris- tianity. The principal changes in the articulations are the use of k for c, as in look for locian; the loss of h before J, as in loaf from hlaf, lot for hlot, lean for hlinian ; and the entire loss of the prefix ge or ga, as in deal for ge-delan, deem for ge-deman ; and of to as a prefix, as in to-helpan, to help; to-dailan, to deal. In no in- stance do we feel more sensibly the change of sounds in the vowels, than in that of 7, which in French, Spanish, and Italian, is e long; for in consequence of this, persons who are not ac- quainted with these foreign languages, mispronounce such words as marino, Messina, Lima, giving to 2 its English sound, when in fact the words are to be pronounced mareeno, Messeena, Leema. In grammatical structure the language has suffered consider- able alterations. In our mother tongue, nouns were varied to form cases, somewhat as in Latin. This declension of nouns has entirely ceased, except in the possessive or genitive case, in which an apostrophe before s has been substituted for the regular Saxon termination es. Some of our pronouns retain their declensions, somewhat varied. The plural termination in en has been dropped, ‘n a number of words, and the regular plural termination been substituted, as houses for housen. In most cases, the Saxon termination of the infinitive mode of verbs has been dropped, and for gifan we now write, to give. The variations of the verb, in the several persons, have been materially changed. Thus for the Saxon — We lufiath, Ge lufiath, | Hi lufiath; Ie lufige, | Thu lufast, He lufath ; we now write — I love, We love, Thou lovest, Ye love, He loveth or loves ; They love. In the Saxon plural, however, we see the origin of the vulgar practice still retained in some parts of England and of this coun- try. We loves, they loves, which are contractions of lujiath. In the substantive verb, our common people universally, and most persons of, better education, unless they haye rejected their traditionary language, retain the Gothic dialect, in the past tense. I was, We was, Thou wast, Ye was, He was; They was. However people may be ridiculed for this language, it is of genuine origin, as old as the Saxon word were. In Gothic the past tense runs thus — * Mr. Meidinger of Frankfort, in the Introduction to his Etymological and Comparative Dictionary of the Teuto-Gothic Languages, notices this observa- tion of mine, respecting the proportion of Saxon words which have been lost, and then states the opinion of Mr. Turner, that more than four-fifths of the words in modern English are of Saxon origin. This difference in the tio state- ments proceeds from a circumstance overlooked. My statement refers only to the actual proportion of Saxon words retained in the vocabulary, which is prob- ably less than half of the whole number of words in the language. Mr. Turner’s statement refers to the proportion of Saxon words actually used in our COROT language, which is, doubtless, as great as he represents it. The words of Saxon origin are the more necessary words ; such as are wanted in all the common concerns of life ; and therefore in use they compose the body of the language. eee enns a ———S—— aes first articulatic pilin aaa pped the first articulation v; The present tense, indicative mode 1 of the Latin verb, wi e would be written thus: — i een gne ew s ee ce ee ee = hs In many instances the translators have deviated from the original, in using the subjunctive form of the English verb to express what in Greek is expressed in the indicative. Thus Ex viog 1 tov Ozov, If thou be [art] the son of God. Ch. v. 29 and 30. Ex de 6 opbakuos cov 6 deEtog oxardudrter oe, If thy right eye offend [offendeth] thee; Ex % de&ta cov HE Oxar- daditer os, If thy right hand offend [offendeth] thee. So also in chapter xviii. 8 and 9. Matthew iv. 6. Ch. xii. 26. Ei 6 Satravas tov [easteth] out Satan. @hy xix: LOS Er ovuTuS ECLY i QITvTLa TOV avdow7cov META THS yuvar- zo¢, If the case of the man Je [is] so with his wife. Ch. xxii. 45. Ev ovy dufid vase avtoy Kvoov, If David then call [ealleth] him Lord. 2 Cor.iv.16. Evoé eEw 1 Ly avGow7ros diipbeoetan, Though our is perishing. ] In all these passages, the English verb, in the subjunctive, outward man perish [perishes, or properly expresses a conditional, ture tense, contrary to the sense of the original, except in the last passage cited, where the apostle evidently speaks of the perishing of the outward man as a fact admitted, which renders the transla- tion still more improper. Let us now attend to the following passages. Matthew vil. 9. H to ecw viog avtov aetov, Or what man is ask [shall ask] bread, will he give Kat eav cybvv THO), If he ask him a serpent? Here the original tense is varied to express a future or hypo- thetical event, yet the verb in Enolish is in the same tense as in xamples; and what renders the version more the first class of lh e objectionable is, that the verb in the first clause does not corre- spond with that in the second clause. of making good English of the translation, but by supposing the verb in the first clause, ask, to be in the future tense. So it would be in Latin, and so it is, ‘si petierit.”’ should ask) a fish, will he give (or This fault runs through the whole English version of the Scriptures, and a distinction of original languages, is generally neglected in the translation. NI iE Tims vi 4: have [has] children or nephews. Verse 8. Eu de tie coy iy vat Mahisa Twy orxerwy ov TeOOVOERL, If any provide [provideth] not for his own, and especially for those of his own house. This subjunctive form of the verb, of he be; if he have; if he G0; uf he say; if thou write; whether thou see; though he fall, Now, the most unlettered man in this country would express the sense in English with the same marked distinction of tenses which appears in the Greek. If thou art the son of God ; if thy right eye offends thee; if the case of the man is such; if David calls him Lord; or, if the sense is understood to be future and contingent, if thy son shall ask bread, or if he should ask bread, would be the uniform language of any of the common people of our country. ‘There would not, probably, be a single exception, unless in the use of the substantive verb, which is often used in the subjunctive form. And the most unlettered man would use the corresponding verbs in the two clauses, if he shall ask, 2ill he give; or, if he should ask, would he give. The use of the verb, in all similar phrases, is perfectly well settled in this coun- try, and perfectly uniform among the higher and lower classes of men; unless when the practice has been varied by the influence of Grammars, in which the conjugation of the verb is according to the antiquated practice of the age of Elizabeth. Ex os TIS YNQH TELIA H Exyora EVEL, If any widow autavayv exBasder, if Satan cast contingent, or hypothetical fu- viuwy avbowscos, Ov say aiTyON 6 there of you, whom if his son him a stone? [shall ask] a fish, will he give There is no possible way If thy son shall ask (or would he give) him as sTpent? tenses clearly marked in the t ee which was generally used by the writers of the sixteenth century, was in a great measure discarded before the time of Addison. Whether this change was in consequence of the prevalence of colloquial usage over grammar rules, or because discerning men perceived the impropriety and inconsistency of the language of books, I pretend not to determine. Certain it is, that Locke, Watts, Addison, Pope, and other authors of the first distinction, who adorned the close of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century, generally used the indicative mode to express condition, uncertainty, and hypothesis in the present and past tenses. Thus Locke writes — ‘If these two propositions are by Ego vesum, Nos vesumus, [was,] Tu ves, Vos vestis, was, Ile vest ; Illi vesunt, [fwas. é ee ee eeeINTRODUCTION. hii nature imprinted.” ‘If principles are innate.’’ ‘If any person hath never examined this notion.’”’ ‘ Whether that substance thinks or no.” “If the soul doth think in sleep.” “If one considers well these men’s way of speaking.” ‘If he does not reflect.” ‘ Unless that notion produces a constant train of suc- cessive ideas.” ‘If your lordship means.’ Such is the lan- guage of Locke. Now, what is pomerkanles the learned Dr. author who has, by his SET subjunctive form of the verb, in suc h cases, often uses the indica- tive in his own writings. cc Tf he does not carefully attend to this —if this pleasure arises from the shape of the composition — if this zs not firmly and well established.’’ These-verbs are in contradiction of his own principles. On Isaiah, Prelim. Diss Addison. “If the reader has a mind to see a father of the same stamp.” ‘If exercise throws off all superfluities— if it clears the vessels — if it dissipates a growing distemper.’’ Such is the language’of Addison, the most ‘elegant writer of the genu- ine English idiom in the nation. ‘“d ; secondly, on the authority of the best usage of that cluster of disting uished writers who adorned the beginning of the last century; and, thirdli Ys on the authority of universal colloquial practice, w hich I com ider as the real and only genuine language. [ repeat this remark, uo general and respectable usage m speaking, is the genul or legiti mate language of a country, to which the written sae ought to be conformed. Langu: oe is that which is uttered by the tongue, and if men do not write the language as if 1s spoke n by the great body of respectable pe -ople, they do not write the real lancud re, Now, in ‘colloq ujal usage, the subjunctive form of the verb, a conditional : sentences, is rarely used, and perhaps never, except wi hen the substantive verb is em ployed. Our stu- dents are taught in school the subjunctive form, if thou hare, uf he come, &c., and some of them continue, in afte r life, to wrzte in that manner; but, in the course of more than forty years, I ha not known three men who have ventured to use that form of t! verb in conversation. We toil in school to learn a langnage which we dare not introduce into conversation, uage but which the force of custom compels us to abandon, In this respect, the present study of grammar is worse than useless. This colloquial custom accords with other la Bea ges. The French say and writes 7/ est, ifhe is. The Latins often used the same form, ‘‘ sz quid est in me ingenil, judices;”’ but the use of the Latin subjunctive depends on certain other words which pre- cede; as, “‘cum sit civis,’ as he zs a citizen, or, since he zs a citizen ; and the present tense is often used to express what we express by an auxiliary. That the Greeks used the indicative to express a conditional present tense, we have seen by citations above. By this arrangement of the verb, the indicative form after if and other verbs introducing a condition or hypothesis, may be used uniformly to express a fact or event under a condition or supposition, SURE Fs the peau or past tenses; the speaker being uncertain respecting the fact, or representing it as doubtful. ‘‘ Tf the man zs honest, “he will return he has borr “If the ship has arrived, we shall be inf ‘If the bill zas prese nte d, it W Bs doubtless paid.”’ has been passed, we are precluded from further oppo owed.”’ it to-morrow.”’ “If the law sition.’ Or med of On the other hand, when a is intended to speak of a future contingent event, I would always use the auxiliaries that are proper for the purpose. ‘ If t shall or should rain to-morrow, we shall not ride to town.”’ T would never use the subjunctive form, 7f it rain, in prose; and in poetry, only from necess ity, as an abric lved phrase, for if it shall or should rain. In this manner tion between the tenses, which are now constantly confounded, may be preserved and made obvious, both to natives and foreicners. € The effect of the study of Lowth’s principles greatly extended by the been to introduce or establish a form of the verb in writing, which is obsolete in colloquial language ; to fill our books with a confusion of tenses, and thus to keep the language unsettled. Nothing can be more perplexing to the student, than every where to meet with discre pancies between rules and practice. There is another erroneous manner of writ ing, common to the best authors in the language, ¥ vhich seems to have escaped notice, This is, to connect a verb in the past tense with a preceding one in the same tense, when the latter verb is intended to ex] press a very different rae from the former. Thus, ‘*¢ Then Manaceeh Anew that the Lord, he «was God.” 2 Chron. xxxiii. 13. _ The Latins, in this case, would probably have used the infini- tive; <‘ Manasseh novit Jehovam Deum esse.” In I ‘nelish we ought to write and say, “‘ Manasseh knew Je shovah to be God,’ } On, ‘“ Manasseh knew that Jehovah he zs God.’ In most sii ilar cases the use of the infinitive in English is as e legant as in Latin. But there are many cases where the infinitive can not be used. We can not use it after say ; ‘the said him to be a good man,” is not eer though ‘che declared, or affirmed, or believed Him to bea gor ns man,” is “el cant. In order to understand the impropriety of the common mode of the distinctio > , which has been popularity of Mu rray’s Grammar,* has $i Se * Lindley Murray, in the Introduction to his Grammar, acknowledges general terms, that “the authors to whom the grammatical ‘part of this con ee Th is principa my indebted for its materials are, Harris, Johnson, Low ‘th, riestisy, Beattie Sheridan, W alker, and Coote.” But on examin: iti appears that the gr atest portion of the grammatical part is from Thowth: pont a ? a Pears Sac as ODUCTION ever we yellow o vertible tc silver ; beings. We metal; for we the passage cited from Chr to a fact past, the permane tive or the ind: of « corres rt language : COTNSUSUS mM Virtue. ~ the G ‘dhe ment of sin.” ] shells from being I comprise vegetable fluids as passing through a series of chemical changes ; forge that animation was Us] [should be] violated, he could stamp with his foot army oe of the 4 that a man’s own interest bound [binds] hi and in which if he proved ene yuld prove] himself glaring] deficient, he fidence, and the good-will of the people with whom he had [might have, or should hav e] to do.” stitutes] should said to him, If they hear not Moses they be persuaded though one rose [shall or should rise] from the dead. ieee if any thing i improper anne ars people.” can, or precept, t honest.”’ obligation. } . the sea 2as [is] susceptible of dominion.’ notes and remarks are taken from Priestle y’s Grammar. ' using the latter verb, as in the example above cited, it may be remarked, that the present tense is that whic h is used fo express what exists at all times. Thus we say, God zs or exists, when- peak of his permanent exstence we say, Gold is E dehilen iron zs a most valuable-metal; it zs not con- . plants and animals are very distinct living do not say, Guld was yellow; iron was a valuable mean to express permanent qualities. Hence, in hronicles, the first verb knew, referring but the last, which is intended to express nt being or character of God, should be in the infini- vative present tense. The following are examples ‘¢ His master had taught him that happiness Anachar SUS, ll. 12 ). , who openly taught that there 7s but one person in aes Encycl )pe dia. or taught that eternal death zs the proper punish- E MINOTTNS. is correct ; ‘¢ Sabellius eae ‘Our dav Bu ie ve Sry different is the following: ‘‘ Having believed for many at water was [is] an elastic fluid.’’ The follo Owing would tter: ** Waving believed water to be an elastic fluid.” following: ‘* We know not the use of ae. epidermis of lls. Some authors have supposed that it secured [secure s] the covered with vermes.”’ Edin. Encyc “It was just remarked, that marine fossils did not [do not] remains.’ Ib. turn their back on their old ‘If my readers will thoughts friends, they will find it difficult to call a single man to remem- brance who appeared to know that life was short, fis short,] till he was about to lose it.”’ Ramble TINO: 1L- 7 ‘‘ They considered the body as’a hydraulic machine, and the C ts essential characteristic.” Darwin. by Pompey, that if the C al er Dy ompey, that if the ommonwealth was and raise an sround.”’ Rambler, No. 10. In the forecoine sentence, the past tense is used for the future 5 > 3 cs uf was declared contingent. ‘¢ It was affirmed in the last discourse, that much of the hon- orable practice of the world rested [rests] on the substratum of selfishness; that society was [is] held together, l in Ene ext eTcise f its relative virtues, mainly by the tie of reciprocal ac im to all hikes average quities which obtained [obt ain} in the neighborhood around him; would be the res abandoned by pect, and the con- 1 Chalmers’s Com. Dis. 4. ‘“‘In the last discourse, I observed that love constituted [cou- the whole moral character of Got”’ Dwight’s Theology. father Abraham; but if one went [shall or dead, they will repent. And he and the prophets, neither will ‘And he said, Nay, go] to them from the ” Luke xvi. 30, 31. ‘‘ Independent of parties in the national legislature itse If, as often as the period of discussion arrived, the ‘state legislatures, who wwill guardians of the oa the federal governme nt, ee const mntly Were Mert attention always be not only vigilant, but suspicious and jealous rights of the citizens, against encroachments , to aad the ae to the he foregoing sentence, if he render it into another language. S ‘Cie ero vindicated the truth, and inculcated the value of the that nothing was [is] truly useful which was [is] not Let any man attempt to resolve t ‘‘He undertook to show that justice was [is] of perpetual ‘The author concedes much of his argument, and admits that [Better still, he admits the sea to be susceptible of dominion.] Some valuable I studied grammar in the originals long before Murray’s compilation appeared, and, in citing author- ities, deem it proper to cite the originals. principles form the main structure of Murray’ S compilation. | | Fe 7 f x \ ey 3 ae hela Hoke ARE!INTRODUCTION. ie «© A nation would be condemned by the impartial voice of mankind, if it voluntarily went [should go] to war) on a claim of which it doubted [should doubt] the legality.” ‘The Supreme Court observed that they were not at liberty to depart from the rule, whatever doubt might have been enter- tained, if the case was [had been] entirely new.” “« He held that the law of nations prohibited [prohibits] the use of poisoned arms.” ‘¢ He insisted that the laws of war gave [give] no other power over a captive than to keep him s safely se ‘©The general principle on the subject is, that, if a commander makes a compact with the enemy, and it be of such a nature that the power to make it could be reasonably implied from the nature of the trust, it would be valid and binding, howell he abused his trust.”” Let any man translate this sentence into another language, if he can, without reducing the verbs to some consistency. ‘“Congress have declared by law, that the United States were [are] entitled to priority of payment over private creditors, in cases of insolvency.” ‘‘The Supreme Court decided, that the acts of Congress, giving that general priority to the United States, were [are] constitutional.’ ‘It was admitted that the government of the United States was [is] one of enumerated powers.”’ ‘From his past designs and administrations, we could never argue at all to those which were future.’ [This is an odd com- bination of words. ] «¢ Jesus knowing that the Father had given all things into his hands, and that he was come from God and went to God.” John xu. 3. «¢ Alexander dispatched Eumenes with three hundred horse to two free cities— with assurance that if they submitted and re- cevved him boule or would submit and receive] as a friend, no evil should befall them.”’ ‘©The apostle knew that the present season was [is] the only time allowed for this preparation.’ «© What would be the real effect of that overpowering evidence which our adversaries requi yred [should require] in a revelation, it is difficult to foretell.’ “It could not otherwise have been known that the word had has] this meaning.” “I told him if he went [should go] to-morrow, I would go with him.”’ This fault occurs in our hearing every hour in the day. A like fault prevails in other languages; indeed, the English may have been led into it by reading foreign authors. ‘ Mais on a remarqué ayec raison, que l’espace conchoidal était infini.”’ Lunier. {t has been remarked with reason, that the conchoidal space was [is] infinite. But whatever may be the practice of other nations, there would be no. difficulty in correcting such impropriet ies In our own lan- guage, if as much attention were given to the study of its true principles, as is given to other subjects of literature and science. But if, in this partic ular, there is a British or American author who writes his vernacular language correctly, his writings have not fallen under my inspection. There is another fault very common among Ineglish writers, though it is less frequent in the United States; this is the con- version of an intransitive verb into a passive one. It is sur- prising that an error of this kind should have gained such an established use, in some foreign languages, as to be incurable. Barbarous RTORE may indee ‘de form languages; but it should be the business of civilized men to purify their language from barbarisms. In the transitive verb, there is an agent that performs some action on an object, or in some way affects it. When this verb becomes SPSS) the agent and the object change places in the sentence. Thus, John loves Peter, is transitive, but Peter is loved by John, is passive. In the intransitive verb the case is different ; for the action is limited to the agent; and when it is stated the it a thing 1s done, there is no agent by which it is done. I perish, is intransitive ; Tam perished, is the passive form; but the latter neither expresses nor umplies an agent by which I perish. This fault occurs frequently in the common version of the Scriptures. “Yea, whereto might the strength of their hands profit me, in whom old age wus [had] peris ede: Job xxx. 2: ¢¢ Their memorial zs [has] perished with them.” Ps. ix. 6. “The heathen are [have] perished out of this land.” Ps, x. 1G; ‘¢ Israel zs [has] fled before the Philistines.” “© David zs [has] fled.” 2 Sam. xix. 9. “The days were [had] not expired.” 1 Sam. xviii. 26. ‘ And when the year was [had] expired.” 2 Chron. xxxvi. 10. “‘T only an [have] escaped alone to tell thee.” Jobi. 15. And it came to pass, when he was [had] returned.” Luke Xi) Los Return is sometimes a transitive verb, and sometimes intran- sitive. When asum of borrowed money ts returned, the phrase is correct, for this is the passive form of a transitive verb. But when a man is returned, we may ask, who has returned him? In this case, the man returns by his own act, and he can not be said to be returned. Sam tye liv ‘He found the empress zas [had] departed.” Coxe. “They were [had] arrived within three days’ journey of the spice country.” Gibbon, ch. i. note. «¢ Neither Charles nor Diocletian were [had] oe ed at a very advanced period of life.”’ Ib. ch. xii. “The posterity of so many gods and heroes was [had] fallen into the most abject state.” Ib. ch. ii. “ Silver was [had] grown more common,”’ Ib. ‘He was [had] rzsen from the dead, and was [had] just ascended to heaven.’’ Milner, 1. 20. «¢ Hearing that they r were [had] arrived.” i AM ‘© Claudius — vexed because his wife was [had] become a Chris- tian.” Ib. 274. ‘¢ Does not the reader see how much we are [have] already departed from Christian simplicity ?”’ Ib, 299. “My age zs [has] ue Isaiah xxxvill. 12. “The man out of whom the demons were [had] departed.” Luke vii. 35. “© Workmen were [had] arrived to assist them.’ Mitford. «¢ A body of Athenian horse 2ous [he id] just arrived.’ Ib. This fault is common in Mitford’s History of Greece. In the writings of Roscoe, which are more elegant, it occurs, but less frequently. “The time limited for the reception of the cardinal was ex- pired.’ Roscoe, Leo X. ‘“¢ He inquired whether the report was true, thi a i legate was arrived.” . L. Med. ‘The nation being [having] once more got ne a course of borrowing.” Price on Liberty. ‘¢ When he was [had] retired to his tent.’ Coxe's Russ. “6 Le was [he ad] not yet arrived.’ 1b. The intransitive verb grow is constantly used by the Ffiglish as a transitive verb; as, to grow wheat. This is never used in the Northern States, unless by persons who have adopted it recently from the English. It seems almost incredible that such errors should continue, to this time, to disfigure the language of the most distinguished vriters, and that they should escape animadversion. ‘The prac- tice has evidently been borrowed from the French or Italian; but surely no lover of correctness can excuse such violation of the best established prineiples in our language. This fault occurs, in a few instances, in the writings of the American authors, as in the writings of Ames and Hamilton. It is, however, very rare, either in books or colloquial usage. Even our common people are remarkably accurate in using the auxil- lary have with the participle s of intransitive verbs. Th ley always, I believe, say, a ship has arrived, a plant has perished, the enemy had fled, the price had fallen, the corn has or lad orown, the time has expired, the man has returned, the vessel had departed. Such also is the language of our most eminent writers. “The Generals Gates and Sullivan have both arrived.” Washington's Letters. B. Trumbull. Progress of Dullness. «“ The Indians of the village had fled.” ‘Our Tom has grown a sturdy boy.” “Our patriots have fallen.” Discourse of D. Webster, Aug. 1826. ‘¢ Our commissary had not arrived.’ Ellicott. The exceptions to this correct practice are chiefly in the use of the participles of come and go. It is very common to hear the expressions, he 7s come or zs gone, in which ease the partici iple seems to take the character of an adjective; although, in most * On this use of intransitive verbs, as, The ship roas departed, it may be asked, Who departed it? —The mail is arrived. Whio has arrived it?— The tree is perished, Who has perished it? —‘The enemy was fled. Who fled them? —The time was expired. Who expired it ¢ fing ataueeepc ~ ee | | | lyi | | instances, the regular form of expression, he has cone One to be preferred. So dead, originally a particip one Bee only as an adjective; and deceased and departed are Om s Uae in the like manner. We say, a deceased or depart d pene D : it should be remarked that the original expression Was, om me a has deceased, or has departed this life ; and this PAE Se ogy ; sy an easy but heedless transition, became vs deceased, or aS ‘ ¢ Bat ¢ In general, however, the conversion of an intransitive ais form of expression into the passive form, 1s very rare among the sople of New England. Be a ae D eanimatical error running through the writings pf so respectable a writer as Mitford, which ought not to be passec unnoticed; as it seems to be borrowed from the I rench language, whose idioms are different from the English, but wach the Eng- lish are too apt to follow. This fault is, in using the preteut or perfect tense, instead of the past tense indefinite, usually called, most improperly, the enperfect. Take the following sentences for examples: ‘‘ The conduct of Pelopidas toward Arcadia and its minister at the Persian court 1 mere caprice or resentment.’ ‘The verb here ought to be was. “‘'The oration [of Isocrates] has been [was] a favorite of Dio- nysius of Halicarnassus,”’ “This form of expressing the time would be good in French, but is very bad in English. gone, 1s And it may be here remarked, that the tense he was, he arrived, he wrote, is not properly named emper- fect. ‘These verbs, and all verbs of this form, denote actions finished or perfect; as, ‘In six days God created the heaven and the earth.”’ Imperfect or unfinished action is expressed in Eng- lish in this manner —he was reading, they were writing. The error of calling the former tense imperfect, has probably pro- ceeded from a servile adoption of the Latin names of the tenses, without considering the difference of application. There are some errors in all the English Grammars, that have been derived to us from antiquity. Such is the arrangement of that among the conjunctions, like the Greek 6x1, and the Latin AL IKE uazaoro 1 JLICEVOAOR, OT ESAL TEAELWOLS ToLS Achadyicerors avtn wage Kvetov. And blessed is she who believed that there shall be a performance of the things which were told her from the Lord. Luke i. 45. In our version, 61 is rendered for, but most erroneously. The true meaning and character of 2 wil best appear by a transposition of the clauses of the verse: ‘There shall be a performance of the things told her from the Lord; blessed or happy is she who believed that.’ Here OTI, that, appears to be what it really is, a relative or substitute for the whole clause in Greck succeeding it. Soin Luke xxii. 18. Aeyw yao wu ott ov un miw, &e. I say to you that I will not drink. { will not drink, I say to you that. It is the same in Latin: “ Dico enim vobis quod non bibam.”’ Quod is here a rela- tive soverned by dico, and referring to the following clause of the sentence. So also Matthew ix. 28. Tisevete Ot dvvasar Tovro sowmsa: Do ye believe that I am able to do this? I am able to do this: do ye believe that 2 This error runs through all Grammars, Greek, Latin, French, English, &c. But how such an obvious fact, that the word that, and its corresponding words in other languages, refer to the clause of a sentence, should escape observation, age after age, it is not easy toexplain. How could it be supposed that a word is a con- junction which does not join words or sentences? That is used, in the passages cited, not to wnite two sentences, but to continue the same sentence by an additional clause. The relative, when referring to a sentence or the clause of a sentence, is not varied, for a variation of case is not wanted. So notwithstanding and provided in English. and pourvu que in French, are called conjunctions, but most improperly, as they are participles; and when called conjunctions, they always form with a word, clause, or sentence, the case absolute or independent. Thus, “It rains, but notwithstanding that, [it rains,] I must so to town.” That fact (it rains) not opposing or preventing me, that is, in opposition to that, 1 must go to town; hoc non ob- Stante. “YT will ride, provided you will accompany me.” That is, I] vill ride, the fact, you will accompany me, being provided. Such is the structure of these sentences. See my Philosophi- cal and Practical Grammar.* lt is the same in French pourcu que, that being provided, que referring to the following clause, There are other points in grammar equally faulty. Not only in English grammar, but in the grammars of other languages, a ee ee ee se Ssh oe * Now entitled An Improved Grammar. has scarcely been the result of | SO ence aia meee ae men eas eran bat bot hd hg? ) e word from the whole class, and introduce a change wl} ( lich creates unc« rtainty where none had existed for ages, without the smallest benefit to ind the perplexity and discordance occasioned by the innoyation ? Now, let it be observed that Johnson himself wrote dispatch ; this orthography occurs twice under Send in his Dictio Jive times under Speed. It is gratifying to observe the stern good sense of the E nation, presenting a firm resistan Stone, Paley, Coxe, Milner old and genuine orthosra 14. The omission of one / in befall, in thrall, &c., is by no means to be two letters // serve as a guide to th broad a or aw. According pronunciation, the letter a has in balance ; it is, theref all words of this class. 15. It is an established | monosyllabic verbs end | by a long vowel ; for nary, and 1 } Lalis ce to such innovations. Black- » scott, and Mitford, uniformly use the phy of instructor, visitor, and dispatch. stall, installment, recall, vindicated ; as by custom the le true pronunciation, that of to the established rules of Enolish ore, expedient to retain both letters in 1ed rule, in the English ] mg in a single consonant, , and other verbs ending in anguage, that not preceded a single accented aphy of de- tituting ¢ en- ed by printers, for the sake of avoiding the use of the old | long s; but since this has been discarded, that reason no longer The orthography defense, &c., is Justified, not only by 1e deriv- — defe MSUVE, extensive, offe NSLOE, te into skeptic. leged that the word is from the but is not scene derived from the Greek ozynteov, and ascetic from uoznrizoc, and analogy Were they not Why violate , 1 , by > But as usace | 1 from the Frenéh depécher. If we must fol- Why not car ry > 2 ) > is more properly But dis- ; why, then, disturb the emnify us for In ¢nstalment would have the sound it This is a point of little importance in itself; but when 7n- structor had been from time immemorial the established orthog- I have in this word and in There is nota particle | of reason for altering instructor and visitor, which would not a's . ao i 3 eT apply to collector, cultivator, objector, projector, and a hundred INTRODUCTION. Johnson writes octoedrical ; Chalmers, octoedral ; S a ne in Walker, and Jones, follow Johnson; but Jones has octahedron, The Greek, in words of i this kind, is inconsistent, for oxrw is changed, in compound words, I have followed the Greek compounds, and have in- serted h, which I consider as almost indispensable in the English 10. Johnson introduced istructer, in the place of instructor, in opposition to every authority which he has himself adduced to exemplify his definitions — Denham, Milton, Roscommon, Locke, A ddi ; ) rersi of the Scriptures. Addison, Rogers, and the common versions O4 ie Penpe But what is more singular, this orthography, instructer, is con- trary to his own practice; at least, in four editions of his Rambler which I have examined, the word is uniformly written instructor. Il. Most of these and some other inconsistencies have been || of long continuance. But there are others of more recent date, | which the ] { . = . » o ae : which admit of no apology, as they are changes from right to | | ee consonant, and of course not preceded by a long vowel, double | the final consonant, in all the derivatives, which are formed by a Thus, jit, blot, bur, when ing, are written fitted, jilteth, termination beginning with a vowel. they take the terminations ed, eth, fitting ; blotted, blotteth, blotting ; barred, barreth, barring. Abet, compel, form the like derivatives : abetted, abetteth, abetting ; com- pelled, compelleth, compelling. wrong, that is, with its long sound ; Hence we see the reason why verbs, having tl vowel, do not double the last consonant ; repeated. The converse of this rule is, that verl sonant, but having the accent on t] preceding the last, ought not to doul derivatives. 1e long sound of Thus, limit, labor, charter, clatt | hinder, have for their derivatives limited, | cluttered, pardoning, delivering, hinderest. seem, the rule is wholly neglected of this class. ‘ worshipper, apparelled, embowelled, libelling, and many oth oldest and best established rules in the ] Dictionary, lays down th careful, in all cases, to observe it. these classes of words to a recul ancuase, ar and uniform orthography. like manner, nouns formed from such verbs of establishing a general rule, to whicl 1 there may. be no exce tion. What should we say to a man w alterrer, barterrer, banterre r, gardenner, reason can be assigned doubled in these words as well as in jewelle The truth is, the syllable to be add usual termination er or or, and not} laborre r ed to the original 1in@ more. Not less remarkable is the practice of doubl nant in equalled, equalling, but not in the verb equalize. And to add to the inconsistency, the last consonant is sometimes doubled In tranquillize, a word in exact analogy with equalize. (The. L, however, is properly doubled rived from zovorudditw and and for the sake of ot! a Al seniey — cnt 27 - 49 1er derivatives of zo, OTAAAOS and KLETQAAOYV, quillity, from tranqutllitas ; chancellor, from cancellarius, &c.] A singular instance of inattention to ana occurs in the formation of certain words from the Greek. in dnatomy, bronchotomy, cacophony, others, the } final vowel of the Greek original is represented in English b y y, Which makes a syllable. Is-represented by e, which never makes a syllable at the end of a word. The consequence is, that the last two syllables are liable to be pronounced in one, tome, trophe, bole. Sucha departure from analogy venient. Besides, if the letter y closed the word number, the plural would b into 2és. A like fault is of ending in er. iS very incon- s in the sincula regularly formed by chang y e Inf ives all eTQoy gives meter, in BEnelish, servable in the spelling of certain deri In barometer, hygrometer, similar derivatives, the Greek while in English books the word is written metre, like the word. The French are consistent, for tl the same manner, both wl discrepancies in the Kinglish philologists. vat thermometer, and French 1ey write the word in h ge are little honorable to 1en single and in composition. English lancua Suc In the use of the prefixes en, em, in, im, there is not uniformit nor settled usage. The French changed em, and English authors have adopted regard to any settled rule. thing toward reducing tl but some changes } y the Latin in into én or one or the other, without Johnson’s Dictionary has done some- 1e number of discrepancies of this kind ; lave, since his time, been introduced. | have, in most words, followed his orthography; but, in a few instances, have adopted the more modern usage ; as, indorse and insure, with their derivatives, according to prevailing mercantile In the use of the prefix wn, many changes within the last century or two, and the. substituted for un; as, imaccessible, practice. have taken place use of im has been for wnaccessrble. The in- The reason of this rule is, that without this duplication of the last consonant, the vowel of the primitive word would, in the derivative, be naturally pronounced Jjited, bloting, bared, compeled. a as, feared, repealed, 3 ending in a single con- ie first syllable, or ona syllable yle the final consonant in the er, pardon, deliver, laboreth, chartered QD 8 But, strange as it may and violated in numerous words Thus we observe, in all authors, biassing, bevel- | ling, levelled, travelled, cance lled, revelling, rivalling, worshipped, 7 ers, in ast consonant is doubled, in opposition to one of the Perry, in his rule for guidance, but has not been I have endeavored to reduce In are written with a single consonant, as jeweler, traveler, worshiper, for the purpose p- ho should write audittor, 2 Wet no good why the final consonant should not be ’ r, traveller, enameller. word is the ing the last conso- in crystallize and metallize, as if de- etaddttw, in which the J is doubled; uniformity the double J is retained in the A few other words haye the’ Zl doubled on the ground of their derivation; as, tran- logy or uniformity, Thus, euphony, lithotomy, and But in epitome, catas- trophe, hyperbole, and many others, the final vowel of the Greek , 1n words of English origin, rarely or anemia =A ———————| | | | t quirer will observe that I have, under each word, noticed this change. In the use of the termination zze, the English books are all at variance with each other; and no lexicographer is consistent with | himself. Hence we every day see authorise and authorize, apos- tatise and apostatize, temporise and temporize. As this termina- tion from the Greek or Latin has a definite signification, to make, 1 have adopted the rule to write it uniformly zze, when it is from either of those languages; as in legalize, to make legal. The French write the termination zse, and this has led to the Enelish discrepancies. In other cases, when the French ise does not proceed from the Latin ize, | have retained the original orthography of words from the French; as in enterprise, advise, surprise. This is a distinc- tion of some importance. In many cases} when a false orthography has been long estab- lished, I have noticed the fact, without making any alteration in the common spelling. In a few words IJ have followed Milton, Dryden, Pope, and other authors of the Augustan age, who were more correct than more modern writers; as they followed the etymology, from which later writers have deviated, sometimes by mistake in taking the word from the French, instead of the Saxon. In a few instances, ] have discarded English innovations, which are evidently mere blunders. Such are comptroller and others, which convert the words into absolute nonsense. The words disannul, unloose, and others, fall under the like condem- nation. No lexicographer, knowing the proper origin of these words, can be justified in giving support to such outrageous de- viations from etymology« They are a reproach to the literature of the nation. The negligence of the English in giving currency ‘to such errors, hardly admits of an apology. Philology-has indeed been neglected during a century and a half; it is not cultivated, te any extent, in the universities and schools; or it is studied in very superficial writers. Indeed, in etymology there is no accurate scholarship, either in English or French writers. No author, whose works have come under my observation, has explored the wide field of my researches; none has traced words to their pri- mary source, and discovered the radical signification, with the manner in which derivative senses have been drawn from the radical signification, and moral ideas have been expressed by words denoting physical action or properties. The discoveries on this subject constitute an era in philology, and it is hoped that the advantage gained will be pursued. If men of adult years do not choose to examine the subject of orthography, and correct their own practice, their children, learn- ing the language as corrected, will become familiar with the true orthography, and familiarity and habit will lend support to truth and uniformity. . There are many words in the language containing superfluous letters, especially in the terminating syllable. Thus, one s in the syllables Tess and ness, at the end of words, is useless; one l in gill, rill, sill, dull, one f in cliff, bluff, are superfluous; but in such words no alteration is made. The rule for adding two consonants of a sort should be, to add two letters to the original word, when they are both wanted in the derivatives. Thus fil would give the sound of jill; but this being a verb, the two letters are required in the past tense and participles, filled, filling. So in the adjective stiff, the second letter is wanted in stiffen, otherwise a person would be apt to pronounce the word stz-fen. But in some words the terminating consonant is doubled, not only without necessity or use, but in opposition to propriety. Plaintiff isthe French plaintif ; pontiff is the French pontife; and no possible reason can be assigned for adding an f to the original word, any more than for adding the same letter to brief and relvef. And what is worse, the letter is doubled in pontiff, the original, and then omitted in all the derivatives, pontificate, pontifical, dc. [In such words, however, the alte ration has not been insisted on, as the public do not seem prepared to unite in rejecting the second /.] In like manner, the vowel e is added to a multitude of words, in which it is not pronounced, and is worse than useless, as it often misleads the learner in the pronunciation. If the final e were omitted in juvenil, volatil, the pronunciation could not be mistaken; but as the preceding vowel is sometimes long and sometimes short in the terminating syllables tle, ine, ite, the final e serves only to perplex the learner. In such words, however, no alteration is made. INDE ODUC LLON:. | | lix In the terminating syllable zve, the final e is worse than useless, as the 2 1s always short, zv, and the addition of e contravenes the general rule, that the vowel followed by a consonant, and ¢ final, is generally long, as in mate, mote, mute, dissipate. When I was young, the popular-pronunciation of ive was tve, with the z long. The general use of my Spelling Book has nearly banished that pronunciation, and the orthography is not altered. | Our modern writers seem to delight in this useless addition of » final; as they annex it to words without reason or authority. This fault occurs frequently in words borrowed from foreign languages, in which the letter is not found in the original lan- guage. One would suppose that good taste alone ought to correct this error. : With regard to words which recent discoveries have introduced into the sciences, there may be some apology for differences of orthography, as writers have not established usage for a guide. | Hence we find oxyd is written also oxide and oxyde; oxygen and hydrogen are written also origene, oxygene, and hydrogene. Sul- phate, nitrate, &c., are written also sulphat, netrat. he adopt the method by which Walker attempts to settle pro- nunciation, and cite authorities in favor of each mode of spelling? Then the result is, so many names appear on one side, and so many on the other. But who, it may be asked, will undertake to graduate the scale by which the weight of authorities is to be determined? Numbers will not always decide questions of this sort to the satisfaction of the public. In this ease I have determined to conform the orthography to established English analogies; the only authority from which there can be no legitimate appeal. Now, no rule in orthography is better established, than that which we have adopted from the Latin language, of representing the Greek upsilon by the letter 7) the orthography of oxygen and hydrogen, from o&ue and vdwo, this rule has been observed; and why should oryd be an exception ? With regard to sulphate, nitrate, and other names of that class of compounds, I consider the final e as essential to the words, to prevent a false pronunciation ; the vowel a having its first sound as in fate, though slightly pronounced. The word usually written chemistry has undergone two or three changes, according to fancy or to conjectural etymology. Men have blundered about the plainest thing imaginable; for to de- termine its true orthography, nothing was necessary but to open an Arabic lexicon. ‘The inhabitants of the south of Europe, who introduced the word, doubtless knew its origin, and wrote it cor- rectly, chimistry, with i, not with y or e; and had the English been contented to take it as they found it, the orthography would have been correct and uniform. [This alteration has not, however, been insisted on, as men of science have not as yet seemed ready to adopt it.] In introducing words from other languages, it is desirable that the orthography should be conformed, as nearly as may be, to established English analogies. For this reason, | have written maneuver, reconnoiter, as English words; and should prefer to pronounce aiddecamp, as an English word, with English pro- nunciation and a regular plural termination. So also rendezvous. The word talc is ill-formed. ‘The original word on the conti- nent of Europe is talk or talg ; and the change of & into c is not merely needless, but worse, for it precludes the use of the regular adjective, talcy. Hence we see the adjective used is talcose, an awkward compound of a Teutonic word with a Latin termination. This word would more properly be written talk or talck, which admit regular derivatives, talcky, talckiness. In like manner, zinc, if written zink, would admit the regular adjective, zunky, as written by Kirwan. It is with no small regret that I see new terms formed, without a due regard to regular English analogies. New terms are often necessary, or at least very useful; but they ought to be coined according to the settled principles of the language. A neglect of these principles is observable in the word systematize, which, not being borrowed from the Greek, ought to follow the general SS : : In this case, what ec urse is the lexicographer to pursue ? Shall | rule of English formation, in agreement with legalize, modernize, civilize, animalize, and others, and be written systemize. This is the more important, as the derivates systemizing, systemization, are of more easy utterance than those of systematize, and particu- larly the noun systematization. On this head I would subjoin a remark or two on the mode of writing Indian names of rivers, mountains, and places in America, which we have adopted. The French were the first Europeans who explored the country —————-4 BesIx between the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, ands of COURE: 1 iti di ‘ 29g whic ccurrec irst to con yritino the Indian names which occ the first to commit to writing t Rey Ue mee to them in theirtravels. In doing this, they at I } Pes ; in letter cording he French manner of pro- the sounds in letters, according to t S Fee eT ce toes nunciation. Hence it happened that they wrote ’ 7 Yi | 2p ave Oo 7 nac,* in the French orthography. And as the French is X : Ww in their language, they could not express the proper eae O he > 5 caper e Fie oe eh a : tee - i | first syllable of Wabash, Wisconsin, Wuchita, otherwise than by writing them Ouabache, Outisconsin, Ouachita ; and Missoori in French is Missouri. All this is very proper for Frenchmen, for the letters used express the true sounds of the words. But in English, the letters used lead to a false pronunciation, and for this reason should not be used in English compositions. It is to be deeply regretted that our language is thus doomed to be a heterogeneous medley of English and foreign languages ; as the same letters representing different sounds, in different languages, serve to embarrass the reader who understands only his own. The irregularities in the English orthography have always been a subject of deep regret, and several attempts have been made to banish them from the language. The first attempt of this kind was made by Sir Thomas Smith, Secretary of State to Queen ‘lizabeth ; another was made by Dr. Gill, a celebrated master of St. Paul’s School, in London; another by Charles Butler; sey- eral attempts were made in the reign of Charles I.; an attempt was made by Elphinstone, in the last century ; and lastly, another effort was made by Dr. Franklin. The latter gentleman com- piled a Dictionary on his scheme of reform, and procured types to be cast, which he offered to me, with a view to engage me to prosecute his design. This offer I declined to accept; for 1 was then, and am still convinced, that the scheme of introducing new characters into the language, is neither practicable nor expedi- ent. Any attempt of this kind must certainly fail of success. But that some scheme for expressing the distinct sounds of our letters by visible marks, ought to be adopted, is a point about which there ought to be, and I trust there can be, but one opin- ion. That such a scheme is practicable as well as expedient, [ should presume to be equally evident. Such is the state of our written language, that our own citizens never become masters of orthography, without great difficulty and labor; and a great part of them never learn to spell words with correctness. In addition to this, the present orthography of some classes of words leads to a false pronunciation, In regard to the acquisition of our language by foreigners, the | evil of our irregular orthography is extensive, beyond what is || generally known or conceived. While the French and Italians | have had the wisdom and the policy to refine and improve their | | } | | | | respective languages, and render them almost the common lan. guages of all well-bred people in Europe, the English language, clothed in a barbarous orthography, is never learned by a for- eloner but from necessity ; and the most copious language in Europe, embodying an uncommon mass of science and erudition, is thus very limited in its usefulness. And to complete the mis- chief, the progress of arts, science, and Christianity among the heathen, and other rude or unevangelized nations, is most sen * This word is, I believe, customarily pronounced Mackinaw, and the original may well be suffered to fall into disuse. {t We hear it said that a lexicographer should adopt or follow the common orthography of words. This is true when the orthography accords with etymology, and is settled or undisputed. gut in the English language there are many words whose Spelling is not settled; some whose spelling is a deviation from established analogies; some whose spelling presents Wrong component syllables or radical Jetters. In other words, whose origin || IS Known, authors differ in the manner of writing them. Take the follow- ing examples. ‘i n olinson’s Dictionary we find blamadle desirable, ratable, without the final e of the original words; but saleable. tame. abie, With e; proveuble, with e; unprovable, reprovable, without it : moveable with e, but unmovable, removable, without it. Daniel H. Barnes, in the Red Book re- marks, that in this class of words, Johnson’s contradictions (discrepancies) are fen on One Side, and nine on the other. We every day see the like discr ; yanci s im books and the public prints. : : Pameeraee eS -ohnson has cognisee, co 7 } blamably, appeasable, approvable, guisour, recognise, recocnisee, recornis 7] polnson:, mi. gu > 0 » Tecognisee, recognisor, with s, (but A ALE and cognizance, with z,)and the terminating syllable sour and sor Walker has authorize, authorization; but disauthorise. Johnson and Walker Hane CDuLeriz6, cauterization, but epitomise ; canonize, familiarize, fertilize. with 2 Ss > 1p alice 77 3 - xy é au Johnson, modernise, Walker, modernize ; Johnson, syllogize, but Walker a ogise; both have extemporize, temporize, but contemporise, egualise; V alker 1aS dinortise, but amortization, amortizement. Similar discrepancies are seen in all our books and papers. pe every day see surprise and surprize; merchandise { : and merchandize : PIL UIT ane Wipes ~ . « indo « roy) a paste enguire and inquire; entrust and intrust: ensure, ensurance, and insure, in- IND RODUE TION: sibly retarded by the difficulties of mastering an irregular or- thography. ae The mode of ascertaining the proper pronunciation of words by marks, points, and trifling alterations of the present characters, seems to be the only one which can be reduced to practice. This mode, resembling the use of points in the Hebrew, has been adopted by some of the nations on the Continent ; and IT have pursued it, to a certain extent, in designating distinctions in the sounds of letters, in this work. The scheme I have invented is not considered as perfect; but it will accomplish some important purposes, by removing the most numerous classes of anomalies. With this scheme, the visible characters of the language will pre- sent to the eye of a reader the true sounds of words; and the scheme itself 1s so simple, that it may be learned in a few mo- ments. To complete a scheme of this kind, a few other alterations would be necessary, but such as would not materially change the orthography, or occasion the least difficulty to the learner or reader. After these alterations, there would remain a few words whose anomalies may be considered as incorrigible, such as know, gnaw, rough, &c., which may be collected into tables and easily learned ; and all the other irregularities may be so classed under general rules, as to be learned with very little labor. The adoption of this or any other scheme for removing the the language, must depend on public opinion. The plan I have adopted for representing the sounds of letters by marks and points, in this work, is intended to answer two purposes. First, to supersede the necessity of writing and printing the words a second time, in an orthography adapted fo express their pronun- ciation. The latter method pursued by the English orthoepists, as applicable to most words, is, I think, not only unnecessary, but very inexpedient.’ The second purpose is, to exhibit to my fel- low-citizens the outline of a scheme for removing the difficulties of our irregular orthography, without the use of new characters ; a scheme simple, easy of acquisition, and sufficient to answer all the more important purposes of a regular orthography.t Norr.— In the formation of the plural number of nouns end- ing in ance, ancy ; ence, ency; the general rules are to be observed. When ‘the letter e terminates the word, the letter s only is to be added; as in compliance, compliances ; but if the letter y termi- nates the word, this letter is omitted, and ies are added; as in discrepancy, discrepancies ; dependency, dependencies. In some cases, the same word is sometimes written with e, and sometimes with y; in which cases the word admits of either form of the plural termination. PRONUNCIATION. As our language has been derived from various sources, and little or no systematic effort has been made to reduce the orthog- raphy to any regularity, the pronunciation of the slanguage is subject to numerous anomalies. Each of our vowels has several different sounds; and some of the consonants represent very different articulations of the organs. ‘That part of the language which we have received from the Latin, is easily subjected to hedge, pledge, but allege, and many others. conimon orthography ? In our language, the unqualified rule of following the common orthography can not have place, for in respect to many words there is no such thing. It is, therefore, wrong in principle, for it would sanction mistakes and tend to per- petuate them; it would preclude correctness and regularity. Such a rule would have been as just in the age of Chaucer as it is now, and had it been observed, what would have been the present state of English orthography ? Many of the anomalies in our language have orisinated in carelessness, or In mistakes, respecting the origin of words. Philology, for a long series of years, has been most shamefully neglected. In this condition of our language, I hold it to be the duty of a lexicographer to ascertain, as far as it is practicable, the genuine orthography of words, and introduce that which is correct ; particularly when the true orthography serves to illustrate their signification. When this is known, men will be satisfied with it, and fluctuations of spelling will cease. With a full conviction-of the value of truth and correctness in language, as in every other department of literature, I have diligently sought for truth, and made it the guide of my decisions. I can not consent to give countenance to errors, Which obscure the origin or pervert the signification of words, and be an instrument of corrupting the purity and disfiguring the beauty of the language. A due regard to the purity of the language, to the convenience of learners, whether citizens or for- elgners, and to the usefulness of a language which is to be the most extensive on the globe, and the chief instrument of civilizing and christianizing nations, Seems to demand, and surely justifies, the labor of correcting the more enormous anomalies which deform it. One would Suppose that these considerations, con- curring with the honor of our nation, would induce the lovers of literature to make some concessions of private opinions for the accomplishment of these What then, and where, is the surance; endorse, endorsement, and indorse, indorsement; wulf and culpk; par : © “ = . hp . , ; 2 . } rz : p : tisan and partizan; connection and connexion ; chemist and chymist, both wrong; 5) eer TE Bix +49 ee a eee . = SS desirable objects. obstacles which the English orthography presents to learners ofINTRODUCTION. a few general rules of pronunciation. The same is the fact with most of the derivatives from the Greek. Many words of French origin retain their French orthography, which leads to a very erroneous pronunciation in English; and a large portion of our monosyllabic words of Saxon origin are extremely irregular both in orthography and pronunciation. If we can judge, with tolerable certainty, from the versification of Chaucer, the pronunciation of words must have been, in many respects, different in his age from that of the present day; par- ticularly in making a distinct syllable of e final, and of the termi- nation ed. But no effort was probably ever made to settle the pronunciation of,words till the last century. In England, which was settled by various nations, there are numerous dialects or diversities of language still retained by the great mass of the population. The first settlers of New England were almost all of English origin, and, coming from different parts of England, they brought with them some diversities of language. But in the infancy of the settlements, the people lived in towns adjacent or near to each other, for mutual aid and protection from the natives; and the male inhabitants of the first generation frequently assembled for the purpose of worship or for government. By the influence of these and other causes, particularly by that of common schools, the differences of language among our citizens have been gradu- ally lost; so that in this part of the United States, there can hardly be said to exist a difference of dialect. It is to be remarked, further, that the first ministers of the gos- pel, who migrated to this country, had been educated at the English universities, and brought with them all the learning usually acquired in those institutions, and the English language as it was then spoken. The influence of these men, who were greatly venerated, probably had no small effect in extinguishing differences of speech. Hence it has happened that the traditional pronunciation of the language of well-educated people has been nearly the same, in both countries, to this day. Among the common people, whose pronunciation in all countries is more or less corrupt, the diver- sities in this country are far less numerous than in England. About sixty or seventy years ago, Thomas Sheridan, an Irish gentleman, who had been the pupil of an intimate friend of Dean Swift, attempted to reduce the pronunciation of English words to some system, and to introduce it into popular use. His analysis of the English vowels is very critical, and in this respect, there has been little improvement by later writers, though I think none of them are perfectly correct. But in the application of his prin- ciples, he failed of his object. Either he was not well acquainted with the best English’ pronunciation, or he had a disposition to introduce into use some peculiarities which the English did not relish. The principal objection made to his scheme is, that he gives to s the sound of sh, in sudorific, superb, and other words where s is followed by wu long. These he pronounces shoodor- ific, shooperb, shooperfluity, &c. This pronunciation of s, corre- sponding to the Shemitic #, he probably learnt in Ireland, for in the Irish branch of the Celtic, s has often the sound of sh. Thus sean, old, is pronounced shean. ‘This pronunciation was no sooner published, than condemned and rejected by the English. Another most extraordinary innovation of Sheridan was, his rejection of the Italian sound of a, as in father, calm, ask, from every wordin the language. Thus his notation gives to a in bar the same sound as in barren, barrel, bat; to a in father, pass, mass, pant, the same sound as in fat, passion, massacre, pan, fancy. Such a gross deviation from established English usage was of course condemned and rejected. In his pronunciation of ti and ci, before a vowel, as in par- tiality, omniscience, Sheridan is more correct than Walker, as he is in some other words; such, for example, as bench, tench, book, took, and others of the same classes. Sheridan also contributed very much to propagate the change of tu into chu, or tshw; as in natshur, cultshur, virtshue. This innovation was vindicated on the supposed fact, that the letter w has the sound of yw; and natyur, cultyur, virtyue, in a rapid enunciation, become natshur, &c. And to this day, this error respecting the sound of w is received in England as truth. But the fact is otherwise, and if not, it does not justify the practice ; for in usage, w is short in nature, culture; so that on the princi- ples of Sheridan himself, this letter can have no effect on the preceding articulation. This imnovation, however, has prevailed to a considerable extent, although Sheridan subjected the change of tw to no rules. He is consistent in applying this change equally to tw, whether the accent follows the ¢ or not. If tw 1s to be changed to tshz, i future and perpetual, it ought to undergo the same chai Jfuturity and perpetuity; and Sheridan, in pronouncing tutor, tutelage, tumult, as if written tshootor, tshootelage, tshoomult, is certainly consistent, though wrong in fact. In other words, however, Sheridan is inconsistent with himself; for he pro- nounces multitshood, rectitshood, servitshood, while habitude, beatitude, certitude, decrepitude, gratitude, &c., retain the proper sound of ¢. Walker’s rule for changing tu to chu only when the accent precedes, is entirely arbitrary, and evidently made by him to suit his own practice.” It has, however, the good effect of reducing the chus, and removing +he outrageous anomalies of tshootor, tshoomult, &c. There are many.other words which Sheridan has marked for a pronunciation, which is not according to good usage, and which the later orthoepists have corrected. In general, however, it may be asserted that his notation does not warrant a tenth part as many deviations from the present respectable usage in Ene- land, as Walker’s; yet as his Dictionary was republished in this country, it had no small effect in corrupting the pronunciation of some classes of words, and the effects of its influence are not yet extinct. What the precise effect of Sheridan’s scheme of pro- nunciation was in England, I am not able to determine. But I have had information from the late venerable Dr. Johnson, of Stratford, and from the late Dr. Hubbard, of New Haven, who were in England between the year 1765 and the revolution, that about that period, the change of ¢ into chu had not taken place, to any extent. It began to prevail on the stage and among the younger barristers and members of parliament before Dr. John- son left England, just before the war with America; and Sheri- dan’s Dictionary, published scon after, undoubtedly contributed to extend the innovation. This change presents a new obstacle to the acquisition of a language, whose anomalies were before frightfully formidable and perplexing. The favorers of innova- tion seem not to reflect on the immense convenience of a correct notation of sounds in a language, by its proper characters; the utility of uniformity and permanence in that notation; and the extensive evil of destroying or impairing the use of alphabetical writing. The man who perverts or changes the established sound of a single letter, especially of a consonant, does an injury to that language, and to the community using it, which fifty men of the same talents can never repair. In a few years after the publication of Sheridan’s Dictionary, appeared Walker’s, the author of which introduces the work to the public with the following remarks on the labors of his pred- ecessors. ‘¢ Among those writers who deserve the first praise on this subject, is Mr. Elphinstone, who, in his Principles of the English Language, has reduced the chaos to a system, and laid the foun- dation of a just and regular pronunciation. But this gentleman, by treating his subject with an affected obscurity, and by absurdly endeavoring to alter the whole orthography of the language, has unfortunately lost his credit with the public, for the part of his labors which entitles him to the highest praise.’’ «« After him, Dr. Kenrick contributed a portion of improvement, by his Rhetorical Dictionary ; but he has rendered his Dictionary extremely imperfect, by entirely omitting a great number of words of doubtful and difficult pronunciation ; those very words for which a Dictionary of this kind would naturally be con- sulted.” Let it be noted, that the same objection lies in full force against Sheridan, Walker, and Jones. “To him succeeded Mr. Sheridan, who not only divided the words into syllables, and placed figures over the vowels, as Dr. Kenrick had done, but by spelling these syllables as they are pro- nounced, seemed to complete the idea of a Pronouncing Diction- ary, and to leave but little expectation of improvement. It must be confessed that his Dictionary is generally superior to every thing that preceded it, and his method of conveying the sound of words by spelling them-as they are pronounced, is highly rational and useful. But here sincerity obliges me to stop. The numer- ous instances I have given of impropriety, inconsistency, and want of acquaintance with the analogies of the language, suf- ficiently. show how imperfect I think his Dictionary is, upon the whole, and what ample room was left for attempting another, that might better answer the purpose of a guide to pronun- ciation.” “The last writer on this subject is Mr. Nares, who, in his Elements of Orthoepy, has shown a clearness of method, and an extent of observation, which deserve the highest encomiums. c r I EEOINTRODUCTION. Ixu . x ar ‘ctaken the best But he seems, on many occasions,’ to have mistaken eS usage, and to have paid too little attention. to the first principles oS of pronunciation. : oe 1 7 tg ? > ANnNATW Anenvre Soon after the publication of Walker's Dictionary, app¢ ane the Dictionary of Stephen Jones, who undertakes to correct ie p ‘ Th; thar ohiects:to Sherida errors of Sheridan and Walker. This author objects to Sheridan, OTs ¢ 5 ! ay: = “oa Pes ather.) that he has not introduced the Italian sound of a, [as mn J ill in a single instance, and that Walker has been too sparing In the roe Ree perry Nee tan Dieses ot vy any peculiar use of it. He objects that mneridan Has Doe DY BAS 2 Aste marks, pointed out the sound of oz or oy, as IN 7o2Se AN cloy ; i S; | cate ts Boat aa ON eS eee ee and that Walker has given distinct marks of pronunciation t th : : = “¢ seat SOT Te eae diphthone ow, which are terrific to the learner, and not well calcu- mA > +A wah) NM r R ae ade ae lated to express the exact sound. He considers it as no trivial £ ly ker’s system, that he uses the long e in place of the error in VW i cives to asperity, for example, the ludicrous sound | fight, mind, tyme, dle, a short y, which aDIPAE oe of asperectce. He notices also, as a fault in W alker’s scheme, that he makes no difference in the sound of oo in tool, tooth, and in look, took. In all these particulars, except that of oz and oy, J think every man who understands genuine English, will accord with Jones. From careful observation, while in England, I know that Jones's notation is far more correct than that of Sheridan or Walker; and, except in two or three classes of words, his pronunciation is exactly that which |] uniformly heard .n England, and nearly the same as that of well-educated gentlemen in New England. A few years after the appearance of Jones's Dictionary, Wil- liam Perry published a Pronouncing Dictionary, in which an attempt is made to indicate the sounds of the letters by certain arbitrary marks. In this work, the author has rejected most of the peculiarities of Sheridan, Walker, and Jones, and given the language nearly as it was spoken, before those authors undertook to reculate the pronunciation. This author's manner of desig- nating the sounds of the letters is too complex for convenience, but his pronunciation is nearer to*the actual usage in England, than that of either of his predecessors before mentioned. His orthography also is more correct, according to present usage, than that of his predecessors. During the year 1828, appeared the Dictionary of R. S. Jame- son, of Lincoln’s Inn, intended to combine the merits of the most popular Dictionaries, and to correct the false pronunciation of Walker, whose notation in some classes of words he entirely rejects. He condemns, as a slovenly ( } 4 enunciation, the sound given to d, which, before 7 and uw, Walker directs, in certain words, to be pronounced like j7. He rejects also his notation of i ch, or tsh, in congratulation, flatulent, natural, and all similar words. He rejects also the affected pronunciation of Sheridan and Valker, in such words as guide and kind. Most of the other er- rors of Walker he copies, as he does his antiquated orthography. Th, ne 1 14 naniwatra haxra - y ; The Eneclish ortho pists have analyzed, and in general have well defined or described, the sounds and appropriate uses of the letters of the alphabet. Sheridan’s analysis, which appeared a iew years before Wa ker S, 1s, for the most part, correct; but, in Agaseprhimc +] ‘ < nf r . A . aescribing the sounds of what may be called the diphthoneal cece < Toren ater Pen oes Ot ean ae ea ; m7 vowel 2, I think he has erred, in making it to consist of the broad. a@ or awande. He; bu idmits, indeed, that the voice does not rest on the sound az, but he contends that the mouth is opened to the same degree of aperture, and is in the same position, as if it were going to sound aw; but before the voice can get a passage to the lips, the under jaw is drawn uy « Sete: wn > to the position for sounding e. On this it is justly remarked by Walker, that av and « ad eet ie ; a precisely the component elements of 7 are C he diphthong oi and Oy. If the ao is pronounced, I would add, then 2 and oy must be pronounced exactly alike; and if aw is not pronounced, not a component part of the diphthongal vowel i, Walker contends that this diphthong 7 is composed of the sound of the Italian a, as in jather, and the sound of e. If so must have given to a a very are accustomed to give it. , then it is he different sound from that which we But this is a mistake; that sound of a 1s ho more heard in 7, than the sound of aw. The sound of 7 in 9 mini Is not faweght, mawend, tawem. awedle - nor is it fdeght, miend, tiem, dedle. Let any man utter the an or the Italian a before the e, and he will instantly perceive the error, and reject both definitions, as leading to a false pronuncia- tion. Nhe truth is, the mouth, Im uttering 7z,-is not opened so wide as in uttering aq ord; the initial sound is not that of aw or d@; nor is it possible, by any characters we possess, to express the true sound on paper. The initial sound is not formed so deep in the throat as aw or ad; the position of the organs i eS * In many instances, I suppose the writer means. Ss —————— Se an | nearly, yet not exactly the same. The true sound can be Jearned only by the ear. , ‘ | Equally inaccurate is the definition of the first sound of z, or | longa wz, which these writers allege to consist of the sounds of | e and oo, or you. It has this sound, indeed, in certain words, as in unite, union, and others; but this is a departure from the proper sound of this character, as heard in cube, abuse, durable, human, legs 5 r need freooh. aheoose rable | jury. These words are not pronounced keooh, abeoose, deoorable, heooman, jeoory. The effort to introduce this affected pronuncia- . . ne o . . Ree : my ; rae tion is of most mischievous tendency. ihe sound of e is not heard in the proper enunciation of the English wu, and for that | reason it should not be so stated on paper, nor named yw; as the error naturally leads to a corrupt pronunciation. Dr. Kenrick remarks, that we might as well prefix y to the other vowels, as to w, and pronounce them ya, ye, yz, yo. But this is not the whole evil; this analysis of w has led orthoe- pists to give to our first or long w two distinct sounds, or rather to make a diphthong and a vowel of this single letter. Thus they make it a diphthong in almost all situations, except after 7, where they make it a vowel equivalent to oo, or the French ow. hey represent was being equivalent to ev, that is, e and 00, in | ] | cube, tube, duty, confusion, endure, pronounced kewbe, dewty, confewsion, endewre; but in brute, fruit, rude, intrude, | | ruby, they make w equivalent to 00; thus, broote, froot, roode, | | entroode, rooby. [ know not where this affectation originated ; it first appeared | in Sheridan’s Dictionary, but it is a most unfounded distinction, and a most mischievous error. No such distinction was known to Dr. Johnson; he g fusion ; and no such distinction is observed among good speake l te wh C, rives the long uw but one sound, as in con- rs generally, either in this country or in England. I was particu- larly attentive to the public speakers in England, in regard to : that very few of them made the distinction here mentioned. In that country, as in this, the long wu has a uniform sound after all the consonants. The source of the error in this, as in another case to be men- tioned hereafter, may be an inattention to the manner in which the articulations affect the vowels which follow them. To understand this, it will be necessary or useful to examine the anatomical formation of articulate sounds. ‘“‘An articulate sound,” says Lowth, ‘tis the sound of the human voice, formed by the organs of speech. A vowel is a simple articulate sound.” These definitions seem not to be sufficiently accurate. - Articu- lation, in human speech, is the jointing, juncture, or closing of the organs, which precedes and follows the vowels or open sounds, and which partially or totally intercepts the voice. A vowel or vocal sound is formed simply by opening the mouth. Thus, in sounding a or o, the mouth is opened in a particular manner, but without any articulation or closing of the organs. In strictness, therefore, a simple vowel is not an articulate sound, as Lowth supposes; and it is certain that many irrational ani- mals, without the power of articulation, do utter vowel sounds with great distinctness. An articulate sound, then, is, properly, a sound preceded or followed, or both, by an articulation or junction of the organs. Thus ba, ab, and bad, are articulate sounds; the yowel being begun or closed, with a junction of the lips, interrupting the voice, in ba and ab; and in bad, the vocal sound being preceded by one articulation and followed by another. The power of | articulation constitutes the gréat difference between men and brutes; the latter, being unable to articulate, can utter only vocal sounds. The imperfect articulations of the parrot and some other animals, form no exception that deserves notice. | I give the name articulation to the act of joining the organs, and to the character or letter which represents the junction. In the latter sense, the word is equivalent to consonant ; and articu- lation may be considered the preferable terin, as it expresses the fact of closing the organs. Human speech, then, consists of vocal sounds separated and modified by articulations of the organs. We open the mouth in a particular manner, to utter a vowel; we then close the organs, interrupt that sound, and open the organs to utter a second vowel; and continue this opening and closing, to the end of the word. This process is carried on with surprising rapidity. Now, in passing from an articulation, or close position, to an open position for uttering a vowel, it happens often that a very slight sound of e is uttered so as to be perceptible to the ear, this point, and was happy to find either before or after the utterance of the proper vowel. This is remarkably the case with the long vowels preceding r; for such - J he rate) es Pina © ae eanINTRODUCTI ON. is the nature of that letter, that bare, : mire, more, BORETLE, appa- Tent, CC., can not well be pronounced without a sli ght sc ound of e betw een the long vowel and the consonant. Thus the words above named are pronounced nearly baer, mier, moer, pderent, appicre net 5 and bare, mire, approach toward two syllables drawn very closely together. A like case, though less obvious, occurs in uttering w, particu- larly after the labial and palatal arti iculations. In passing from the articulations ed, eg, em, ep, or pe, to the sound of w, as in mute and pure, we are apt ea oy to utter e; and this utterance, w! tion of the organs, ae) Beoe nistalen for the first component sound of the long or openu. The same cause has given rise to the pronunciation of e before the vowel in such words as guide, guard, kind, guise. This is precisely similar to the vulgar pro- nunciation of cow, gown, county, town, &c., that is, keow, keounty, teown — a pronunciation formerly common in land, and not yet wholly extine t. This vicious pronunciation, in all words of this kind, whether countenanced by men of low life or of fashionable life, ought to be carefully avoided; as the slen- der sound of ¢, in such cases, gives a feebleness to the words utterly inconsistent with that ‘fall, open, and manly enunciation which is essential to eloquence. The genuine sound of uw long, de consonants, is the same in all the words above specified; and the reason why it has been made a distinct vowel after 7, as in rude, [rood,] is, that the organs are open before the sound commences whereas, when it follows most of our consonants, the sound 3 commenced immediately after an articulation, or close pos the organs, as in mute ible and infusion. For this reason, wu has more distinctly its long or open sound after labials and palatals, than after 7; but this I circumstance should not be the ground of radical distinctions, equivalent to the sounds of differ- ent letters. There is, in Wa liar to himself. short 7 when it is ticular situa- geown, New Ene- ’s analysis of the alphabet, an error pecu- is, in making a distinction between the owed by a consonant, and when it is not; as in abi he calls-the first 2, in abil, short; but the and equivalent to e in equal. (See Principles 107, 544.) He also makes the unaccented y, at the end of a syllable, precisely like the first sound of e in me, meter Ability, then, written according to his principles, would be abil ete e. Never was a grosser mistake. The sound of z and y in unaccentec n articulation or t sound of ¢ long, that is, e shortened; the same sound in quality or kind, but not in quantity. To prove this fact, nothing is necessary but an attention to the manner in which the words are pronounced, when they are made emphatical by utterance. They are then pronounced leetle, teeny; and this we hear every day, not only among children, but often among adults. In this change of pronunciation, there is nothing more than a proloneation of the sound of 7, which, in the syllables lit, tin, 1s short, in leetle, teeny, is long. In consequence of this mistake, Walker has uniformly made a different notation of 7 when accented, and followed by a con- sonant in the same syllable, and when it stands alone in the syllable and unaccented. ‘Thus to the first 7 in ability he assigns a different sound from that of the second; and in article, he gives arteecle ; to 7 the sound of e long, but in articular, antic ulate, he gives it the short sound, tk. It is in consequence of ‘ney mis- take, that he has throu; shout his Dictionary assigned to z and y unaccented, and to y unaccented terminating words, e long; an error, which, it is ascertained by actual enumeration, extends to more than eleven thousand vowels or syllables; an error, which, if carried to the full extent of his principles, would subvert all the rules of Enolish versification. Jones and Perry have corrected this error in their notations, throughout the language. If it should be said that Walker did not intend to direct Ys) this case, to be pronounced as e long, but that his notation is in- tended only to mark the quality of the sound, it may be replied, he either intended the sound to be that of e long, according to his express direction, or he did not. If he did, his notation is not according to any good practice, either in England or the United I Tia} ‘ xr} Biar Pell xrar = 1 syllables, whether followed by 1 7 not, is always the shor little and tiny r a slight sound of tached from the influence of sition of the sound of States; and by changing a short vowel into a long one, his nota- tion would subvert the rules of metrical composition. If he did not, his notation is adapted to mislead the learner, and it does mislead learners, wherever his book is strictly followed. h ee lxili | truth, this notation is generally condemned in England, and univer sally rejected in practice.” In the notation of sounds, there is a mistake and inconsistency in most orthoepists, which deserves notice, not on account of its practical importance so much, as to expose an error in syllab- ication or the division of nee into sylla ubles, which has been maintained by all writers in Great Britain, from time immemorial. The rule is, that “¢a single consonant between two vowe Is, must be joined to the latter syllable.” According to this rule, habit, baron, tenet, are to be divided thus, ha-bit, ba-ron, te-net. This rule is wholly arbitrary, and has for ages r rendered dificult the acquisition of the language oe e : How is it possible that men of discernment should support a rule, that in th ousands of words makes it necessary to break a syllable, detaching one of the letters essential to it, and giving it a place in the next? In the abeve mentioned, hab, bar, ten, are distinct syllables, which can not be divided without violence. u 4 jawed C — ae In many words, as in these, this syllable is the radix of the word; the other syllable being formative or adventitious. But 1 where this is not the case, convenience requires that Syuaiee sh uld, if possible, be kept entire; and in all cases, the division of syllables should, as far as possible, be such as lead fie learner to a just pronunciation. As in our language the long and short vowels are no tinguished by differences of character, when we consonant between vowels, we can not determine, from the pr | ceding vowel character, whether the sound is lone or short. Ai | stranger to the language knows not whether to pronounce habit | | | | | — 4 L + LO SEG a ha-bit or hab-it, till he is instructed in the customary pronuncia- tion. It was probably to avoid this inconvenience, that r ancestors wrote two consonants instead of one in a great number of words, as in banner, dinner. In this respect, however, there iformity in English; as we have generally retained orthography of the languages words, as in tutor, rigor, silent, and the like. Now, it should be observed that although we often see the consonant doubled, as in banner, yet no more than one articul tion, in these cases, is ever used in speaking. We e organs but once between the first and second syllable, nor is it | possible to use both the letters n, without pronouncing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs and closin them a second time. Hence, in all cases, when the same nant is written twice between vowels, as in banner, dinner, bet- ter, one of them only is represented by an articulation of the organs; the other is useless, except that it preyents any mistake as to the sound of the preceding vowel. In the notation of most orthoepists, there is inconsistency, at least, if not error. If they intend to express the true pronuncia- tion by using the precise letters necessary for the purpose, they all err. For instance, they write bar/run for bar'on, when one Is no un from which we have received the COonso- articulation only is, or possibly can be, used; so also ballance, bigot, biggamy, mellon, metiaphor, mellody. 'Thisis not. only use- less, for the use of the accent after the consonant, as bar/on, ball- ance, big'ot, mel/on, &c., completely answers the ee of determining the pronunciation, but it is contradictor ir own practice ina vast number of cases. Thus they write one consonant only inevvil, czvic, rivet ; and Walker writes kollonade | doubling 1, but kolony, kolonise, with a single 1. This want of | system is observable mn all the books which are offered to the to - ~ public as standards of orthoepy. A still greater fault, Beuhuee it may lead to innume L tical errors, consists in t he notation of unaccented s} lables. In this particular, there is error and discrepancy in the schemes of the orthoepists, which shows the utter 1 them into effect. The final y unaccented: Walker makes to be | long, as I have before observed; while Sheridan, Jones, and | Perry, make it equivalent to short 2, or, at least, give it a short sound, according to universal practice. Walker pronounces the last vowel in natural and national, as a@ short; Sheridan, as e short, naturel ; Jones, as w short, natwrul. Sheridan's notation able prac: impossibility of carrying * From the fact, which Walker re lates of himself, (Prin. 245,) that he made a distinction between the sound of ee in flee and in meet, until he had consulted good speakers, and partic ul rly Mr. Garrick, who could fine 1 no a ference in the sound, it might be inferred that his ear was Wok very accurate. But his mistake evid wntly arose from not atte nding to the effect of the articu lation in the latter word, which stops the sound suddenly, but hes not vary it. It is the same mistake which he made in the sound of7 in the second syllable of abiktty, which he calls short, while the sound of the second i and of y is that of longe. The celebrity of Walker as a teacher of elocution, and his Key to the Pronunciation of Ancient Names, which, with a few exceptions, is a good standard work, have led many persons to put more confidence in his English Orthoepy, than a close examination of its principles will support. ame i f SiegINTR [xiv ODUCTION. may be a mistake, for he gives to ia in national, the poune oh ul In the adjective deliberate, Walker and Jones give d@ 1D uae ee syllable its proper lone sound ; so Sheridan, the sound of e short, deliberet. Dignitary is pronounced by She ridan dig ge Y; and Walke x and Jones give to a its short sound, as in at. he terminating syllable ness is pronounced by W alker and Jones nes, by Sheridan nis; as, blessednes, ble ssednis. The same differ- ence exists in their notation of less ; Sheridan pronouncing it lis, as in blamelis, and Walker and Jones giving e its proper sound. These differences, and many others, run through their works, and appear in a large portion of all the words in the ¥VU ~> cL w € S language, Now, it is probable that all these Bepilemen pronounced these words alike, or so nearly alike, that no difference vould be noticed | by a bystander. The mischief of these aa is, that attempts are made to express minute shades of sounds, to speak, which can not be represented to the eye by characters. A great part of the notations must, nece ssarily, be inaccurate, and for this reason, the notation of the vowels in unaccented syllables should not be attempted. From a careful attention to this Sabie oct, I am persuade d that all such notations are useless, and many Of them mischievous, as the -y lead to a wrong pronun- ciation. In no case can the true pronunciation of words in a language be accurately and completely expressed on paper; it can be caught only by the ear, and by practice. No attempt has ever been made to mark the pronunciation of all the sounds, in any other language; and in our language it is worse “then useless. 4s Walker’s pronunciation has been represented to the people of this country as the standard, I shall confine my remarks chiefly to his work, with a view to ascertain its merits, and correct any erroneous impressions which have from such SADE O MEO 1. The first class of words whic which @ has what is called its Ita in father, psalm, calm. From a hasty enumeration of words of this class, I find there are two or three hundred in number, in which Walker gives to a its short sound, as in fat, bat, fancy, when, in fact, the most respectable usage in England , as ‘well as in the United States, gives that letter its Italian sound. This error Jones and Pe rry have corrected. To be correct in this class of words, we have only to retain the cust omary pronuncia- tion of the Nx orthe rm States. 2. The notation of the sound of oo by Walker is wrong in most or all the words in which oo are followed by £, and in some others. Notwithstandi: 12 the distinction between the lor 1g and short sound of 00 is clear, and well est: ablishec 1 in a great number distinctions or so been received 1 I shall mention, is that in io sound, as we pronounce it of words, yet he assigns the short sound to ei ight words only, viz. wool, w ood, good, hood, foot, stood, understood, and withstood. (Prin. 307.) It seems inconceivable that a man, bred or resident in Lond ion, should assion to vo in book, cook , took, and other like words, the same sound as in cool, , food. Jones and Perry have corrected this notat ion, and giy en the pronunciation accordi ng to good usage, and just according to our customary pro nunciation. W hile in England, I did not hear a single word of this class pronounced acco pees to Walker’s notation. 3. To the letters ch in bench, bi wnch, clinch, drench, inch, tench, wrench, and many other words , Wa illke xr gives the French ‘sound. that is, the sound of sh, ins stead of ch; as, bensh, insh, &c. It would seem by this andl other e xample: S BE Ww rong notation, that the author had been accustomed to so} me local pe culiaritie Ss, e ‘ithe Yr in London, where all kinds of dialects are heard, or in some other place. In this j instance, he gives to these words a pronunciation diiferent from that of other orthoepists, and one which I have never heard, either in England or in this country. Iis notation 1s palpably wrong, as our customa ry pronunciation is universa lly correct. 4. It has been alreax ly x remarked, that Walker’s notation of the sound of z and y short, In unacce nie d syllables, which he directs to be pronounced like ¢ long, in me, mete, is contrary to all good usage, and is re Je cted by ey ery other orthoepist, exce pt Jameson. Walker admits z to be short when Siew by a consonant in the same syllable. Thus the first 2 in abilit y is short, but the second i and the y are long e, abilectee Now, observe ‘the con- sequence. In the plural, abilities, according to his rule, must be pronounce d Nee 3 ; but the w ord is never thus pronounced ; universally it S pronounced abilitiz; the last vowel sound is, in practice, immec liately followed by a consonant, and py his own rule, must be short. Then the result is, y in ability is long e, but ie in the plural, is short 7. And for this change of rOune no boom, hae ot provision is made in Walker’s scheme, nor in any other that I have ever seen. 5. In the analysis of the sounds of our letters, Walker alleges the diphthong ou, ow, to consist of the broad a or aw, and the Italian sound of w. According to his scheme, about, abound, round, now, vow, are to be pronounced abawut, abaw und, TUW und, ndwu, cawu. But who ever heard this pronunciation fhe f fact is not so; the broad sound of @ is not the initial sound of this diphthong ; it is not commenced as deep in the throat, or with the same ‘aperture, it is a sound that can be learned only by the ear. ‘The pronunciation of this di iphthong is uniform in both countries. 6. In noting the sound of the unaccented vowels, and those which have the secondary accent, there are mistakes without number, in all the schemes which [ have seen, and one cohtinued as a2; series of differences between the orthoe pists. The following is a specimen. Sheridan. Walker. Jones. Deliverense, Dignytery, Anser, Assembledzh, Deliveranse. Dignytary. Ansur. Assembladzhe. Deliveranse, Dignetare, Ansur, Assembladje, Averaje, Bind eee Barrin, Averaje, Averedzh. Barren, Barren. Penal, Penal, Penul. Pennens, Pennanse, Pennunse. Pennytenshel, Pennetenshal, Pennytenshul. Pennyt ensherry, pesunidZh, Pennyte snshary. e ersune »dje. Pennetenshare, Persunidje, Proksymet, Proksemat, Proksymet, Proflyset, Proflewat, Profly get. Pennetrent, Pennetrant, Pennetrant, Akkuzaturry, Akkuzatore, Akkuzatury Akkrymunny, Akkremone, Akkry munny. Allymunny, Allemunne, Ally ymunny. seremunny, Seremone, ry mc ony. I take no notice of the different letters by which these writers express the same sound, one using e where another uses y, but of the different sounds w fie h they give to the vowels in the second > third, or last syllable. Now, I appeal to any person who has a tolerably correct ear, whet her it is the sound of a that is uttered by good speakers, or any speakers, in deliverance and dignitary Is it the sound of a that we hear in the last syllable of penetrant, and assemblage? Do we hear, in the last yllable of profligate, the short a, as in fat? So far from it, a a eS lic speaker, who should utter the sound of a so that it should be di istinctly recognized in any pole audience, would e xpose him- self to ridicule. The sound of the last vowel ap proaches to that of e or u, and the notation of Sheridan is nearest the truth. But any notation is worse than useless; for without it, there would be no difference in customary pronunciation. To show the utter impracticability of expressit t unac- cented vowels s, in all cases, with precision, let the reader observe Walker’s notation of @ in the word mode rate, and its derivatives. In the adjective and verb, the a is long, as in fate; in moderately and moderateness it is short, asin fat. This is certainly notation; no good speaker ever pronounces these words mod- eratly, moderatness. In addition to this, the a in the verb to moderate, is more distinctly pronounced than it isin the adjective, in which it has rather the sound of e short, moderct; at least the sound is more nearly that of e than of a. And this Aigtinieti ion of sound, between letters in the same word, when an adjective, and when a verb, occurs ina multitude of cases—a anes for which no provision is made in any system of orthoepy that I have seen, and one which must be left to the cognizance of the ear alone. There is another class of vowel sounds that comprises too many inaccuracies to be overlooked. This is the class in which the first syllable has an unaccented e, as in debate. In all words of this kind, Walker directs the letter ¢ to have its long sound, as in me, mete. ‘Then, become, bedeck, begin, debate, de bar, declare, elect, legitimate, mec chante, medicinal, memorial, necessity, peculiar, petition, rebule, recant, relate, secure, select, velocity, &c. be pronounced beecome, beedeck, beein, deebate, deebar, eelect, leegitimate, meechanic, meedicinal, meemorial, pecculiar, peetition, recbuke C5 reecant, reelate, Scecure, locity, &c. According to this notation, the first yowel e in evil, even, and Pe haat €, o the incorre et are to de eclare, neecessity, ‘seelect, vee: —__-—— a ST Se , oS oe - Prt in vi aay 5 " Saat) Ge Te een nee ES ; Pe larcnare gern ree a in event, is “to have the same sound, being all marked with the rs RF ET 5 ta,same figure. Now, let me ask, where a speaker can be found who pronounces these words in this manner. Who ever heard of such a pronunciation? This notation is erroneous and mis- chievous, as it is inconsistent with the regular accent, which carries the stress of voice forward to the next syllable, and must, necessarily, leave the first vowel with the feeble sound of short z ory. This’ short sound, and not the long one, as in even, is that which we always hear in such words. The like error occurs in Walker’s notation of z in direct, di- minish, and many other words. Walker himself, under despatch, calls the sound of e the short 2; but under rule 107, says this sound of 2 can not be properly said to be short, as it is not closed by a consonant; yet it has half its diphthongal sound, the sound ofe!! This reason, that 2 or e is not short, because the sound is not closed by a consonant, is entirely groundless, and contra- dicted by the universal pronunciation of thousands of English words. To direct such words to be pronounced deerect, deemin- wsh, is inexcusable. This error corresponds with that specified under No. 4, supra. Thus there is neither uniformity nor consistency among the orthoepists, in the notation of the unaccented vowels; and it is hardly possible there should be, for many of the sounds are so slight, in ordinary pronunciation, that it is almost impossible for the ear to recognize the distinctions, and absolutely impossible to express them on paper. Jn truth, as Dr. Ash remarks, in a dis- sertation prefixed to his Dictionary, the sounds of the five vowels, in unaccented, short, and insignificant syllables, are nearly coin- cident; and it must be a nice ear that can distinguish the differ- ence of sound in the concluding syllable of altar, alter, manor, murmur, satyr. It is for this reason that the notation of such vowels at all savors of hypercritical fastidiousness, and, by aiming at too much nicety and exactness, tends only to generate doubts and multiply differences of opinion. If the accent is laid on the _proper syllable, and the vowel of that syllable correctly pro- nounced, the true pronunciation of the word will follow of course ; at least the pronunciation is more likely to be right than wrong, and no mistake will occur, which shall be an object of notice. Nor can I approve the practice of writing all words in differ- ent characters, to express their pronunciation, as if their proper letters were so many hieroglyphics, requiring interpretation. A great part of English words have an orthography sufficiently reg- ular, and so well adapted to express the true pronunciation, that a few general rules only are wanted as a guide to the learner. 7. Another error of notation, in most of the English books, is that of the vowel in the first syllable of circle, circumstance, and many other words, the first syllable of which Sheridan first, and afterwards Walker and Jones, directed to be pronounced ser. This pronunciation 1 have never heard either in England or in this country. Perry’s notation makes the syllable sur, according to all the usage with which I am acquainted. 8. Another objection to the books offered as standards of pronunciation, particularly to the Dictionaries of Sheridan and Walker, is, that the rules are inconsistent, or the execution of the work is inconsistent with the -rules. Thus Walker lays it down as arule, (No. 357,) that c after the accent, and followed by ea, ia, te, to, or eous, takes the sound of sh, as in ocean, social, Phocion, saponaceous, which are pronounced as if written oshean, sosheal, Phosheon, saponasheous. But in the Dictionary, the author departs from the rule, and directs these words to be pronounced as if written oshun, soshal, saponashus. So also in gracious, ancient, especial, provincial, tenacious, rapacious, and I know not how many others, the author departs from his own rule; so that either his rule or his practice must be wrong. And here it may be proper to notice a mistake of the author, which has led to an erroneous notation in a great number of words. The mistake is, that he assigns to c and ¢ before the vowels ed, ta, ie, co, and zo, the sound of sh. Thus in ocean, he considers ¢ as pronounced like sh; and in partial, he considers the sound of sh as proceeding from ¢ only. Now, the truth is, that the sound of sh, in these and in all similar cases, results from the combination of c, t, or s, with the following vowel; that is, from the rapid enunciation and blending of the two letters. Then the sound of the first vowel being blended with c or ¢, it ought not to be repeated, and form a distinct syllable. To make three syllables of ocean, is to use the vowel e twice. In most cases, all the orthoépists agree in pronouncing these combinations correctly in dissyllables, and primitive words; as, oshun, grashus, tenashus, parshal, substanshal, nashun, relashun, preshus, and the like. But in a number of words that are primitive in our lan- INTRODUCTION. lxv guage, Walker and Jones depart from this rule; for although they pronounce conscience in two syllables, conshense, yet they pronounce nescience and prescience in three, neshyense, preshyense. So also when they make tzal one syllable in the primitive word, they make two syllables of these letters in the derivatives; par- tial is parshal, but partiality is parsheality. 'Thus one error has led to another, and a large part of all words of this kind are mis- pronounced. Sheridan and Perry, in this respect, are consistent and correct; making one syllable only of cza, cie, cio, tra, tio, both in primitives and derivatives, throughout the language. A single line of poetry ought to settle this point forever. Expatiate free o’er all this scene of man. Pope. £ 9. A remarkable instance of inconsistency occurs in the fol- lowing words. Armature, aperture, breviature, feature, &c., Walker pronounces armatshure, apertshure, breviatshure, over- tshure; but forfeiture is forfeetyure, and judicature, ligature, lite- rature, miniature, nunciature, portraiture, prefecture, quadrature, signature, are pronounced as here written. Can any reason be possibly assigned for such inconsistency ? 10. Obedience and its family of words Walker pronounces obejeence, obejeent, obejeently; but disobedience, disobedient, as here written. Expedient is either as here written, or expejeent ; but expedience without the alternative. Why this inconsistency ? 11. Obdurate, obduracy, are marked to be pronounced obdurate or objurate, obduracy or objuracy; but objurately, objurateness, without an alternative. In these last words occurs another error; the @ in the third syllable is made short, as if pronounced rat—a deviation from all good usage. This notation of obdwrate is inconsistent, also, with that of zn- durate, and with that of obdwre —an inconsistency which appears to have no plausible pretext. The conversion of d into 7 before 2 is rejected, I believe, im all words, by Jones, Perry, and Jameson, and before w is rejected by Perry and Jameson, and in many words by Jones. It is a de- parture from orthography wholly inexcusable. 12. Walker (Principles, No. 92) lays it down as a rule, that when a is preceded by the gutturals hard g or c, [he should have said palatals,] it is, im polite pronunciation, softened by the inter- vention of a sound like e, so that card, cart, guard, regard, are pronounced like keard, keart, gheard, regheard. Now, it is re- markable that in the vocabulary or dictionary, the author has departed from his rule, for in not one of the foregoing words, except guard, nor ina multitude of other words which fall within the rule, has he directed this sound of e before the following vowel. Had he conformed to his own rule, he must have per- verted the pronunciation of car, carbuncle, care, carcass, cardinal, cargo, garden, garter, discard, and a long list of other words, too long to be here enumerated. The English orthoepists now con- fine this prepositive sound of e te guard, guaranty, guardian, cuile, kind, and a few others. The probable origin of this fault has been already assigned, in treating of the letter w. It is an affected pronunciation, which Nares calls ‘¢a monster, peculiar to the’stage.” Indeed, this slender sound of e before another vowel, is wholly incompatible with that manly enunciation which is peculiarly suited to the genius of the language. Perry and Jameson have rejected it. 13. In the first edition of Walker’s Dictionary, the author, under the word tripod, observes, that ‘¢ all words of two syllables, with the accent on the first, and having one consonant between two vowels, ought to haye the vowel in the first syllable long.” But this was too rash, for such words as cem/ent, des!ert, preface, presient, profit, reb/el, tropic, and a multitude of others,.stand, in the author’s book, in direct opposition to his own rule. Ina subsequent edition, the author, or some other person, has qualified the rule by an exception in favor of settled usage. ‘’his excep- tion destroys the value of the rule; and indeed there is, and there can be, no rule applicable to words of this class. ‘The pronuncia- tion of the first vowel can be known only by the usage. 14. The derivatives of nation and ratio Walker and Jones pronounce nashlonal, rush'onal. If this should be defended on the ground of the shortening power of the antepenultimate ac- cent, then let me ask why we have not nosh/onal from notzon, devoshlonal from devotion, probash'oner from probation, stash! on- ary from station? Why make rules and not apply them ? _Why indulge such palpable inconsistencies and multiply anomalies? 15. Possess is, by the English orthoepists, pronounced pozzess ; but why not, then, pronounce assess, assist, assassin, concessron, obsession, with the sound of z2 Can any good reason be assigned for making possess an exception to the pronunciation ot this class ———— TIxvi of words? disagreeable to the ear, and should be which usage is established. Good taste 1 limitation than an extension of this practice, ae ee applies also to some words beginning with dis, in which a ker goes beyond other orthoepists in giving to s this nasal sounc 16. Walker lays it down as a ‘fact, that w has the sound of e and oo or yu. This is true in many words, as in wnion, unite, unanimity, &c. Hence, according to his principle, u mn these words is to be. pronounced yunion, yunite, without the letter y prefixed. Yet he writes these and similar words with y, yunion, which, upon his principles, would prefix yu to the sound of yu, and the pronunciation would be yuyuni fe, or cooyunite. But his notation of this sound of wz is not uniform; for he writes disunion and disunite without y, though it must be as proper in the com- pound as in the simple word. The same inconsistency occurs between use, written yuse, yuze, and disuse, disuze. 17. There is a fault in Walker’s notation of 0, when it has the sound of oo, the French ow. In the Key, he marks 0, when it | has this sound, with the figure 2, and gives move as an example Then, according to his Key, o alone, when thus marked, sounds las 00. But in the Vocabulary, he thus marks both vowels in | book, look, boot, and all similar words. Then, according to his notation, each of the vowels has the sound of 00, and book, look, are to be pronounced boo- 00k, loo-ook. We certainly did not in- tend this; but such is precisely his direction, or the result of his notation; and a foreigner, without counter-direction, must be led into this pronunciation. The same fault occurs in his notation of ce, as in mcet and seek. | 18. Volume, Walker and Jones Prone volyume, but this is | not exactly correct. Will it be said that in volume the w is long? This remark i | This utterance of sounds through the nose is always restricted to words in should rather induce a INTRODUCTION. Of marble stone was cut An altar carv’d with cunning imagery. Spenser. When in those oratories might you see Rich carvings, portraitures, and zmagery. Dryden. Your gift shall two large goblets be Of silver, wrought with curious imagery. Dryden. What can thy zmagery of sorrow mean ? Prior. Pronounced in four syllables, zmagery, in these lines, makes a syllable too much, and injures the measure, and in the last example utterly destroys it. The true pronunciation of Spenser, Dryden, and Prior, is the same as it alw ays has been in my ele- ment ary books. [Although the ‘same remarks m: ay be applicable to such words as bravery, finery, knavery, scenery, sl laoery, COCs, it has been thought best to make a distinct syll able of the e and r, to avoid misunderstanding as to the sound intended. ] 21. Formerly the words puissance, puissant, had the accent on the second syllable; although the poets seem, in some in- stances, to have blended the four first letters into one syllable. But the modern change of the accent to the first syllable, is not in accordance with English analogies, and it impairs the measure of many lines of poetry, in which these words occur. In the adverb puzssantly, it has a very bad effect. The foregoing observations extend to whole classes of words, in which the gepine pronunciation has been changed, unsettled, and perverted. It would be inconsistent with the limited nature of this Introduction, to enter into an examination of eve ry par- ticular word of disputable pronunciation. It seems to be inex- pedient and useless to be ‘stow, as Walker has done, half a page, or a page, on a single word, in attempting to settle some trifling point, or, 1m many cases, to settle a point that, in this country, has never been dispute sd. | This“is not the fact; at Jeast I never heard it thus pronounced either in England or America; it is always short in common eS Ue Ge has the first sound of u, shortened. 3 wat uncle, concord, concourse, concubine, are pronounced To give a brief statement of the errors, diversities, and contra- y Walker, ingh, ungkl, kongkord, kongkorse, kongkubine; and dictions of the principal schemes of orthoepy which have been offered to the public, within the last half century, two classes of Ww ous only will be suffic ient as specimens. The following lists are not co mplete, but they comprehend the greatest number of words in their respective classe The dates at the head of the colu nns, designate the year ate the Dic- tionaries in my posse ssion were published, indicatin< g nearly, but not exactly, the ori gin of each scheme. In the orthography, I have given the letters used by each author, in the syllable which contains the difference of pronunciation; in the others, I have followed the common orthography. There can se no apolos sy for such 1 attempts to corrupt our language. by Walker and the *s; the final e of the and uttered with 7, as a 20. It is known that the word tmagery 1s other orthoépists, pronounced in four syllable primitive word being detached from it, distinct syllable. W Thy s savagery has escaped the same fate, I do | not know. It is obvious that, in neglige! “nt practice, these words haye often been thus pronounced. But the most correct pro- | nunciation retains the original word entire in the derivative, the | slight sound of e before 7 no ee constituting a syllable, than it does in more and mire. Take the following examples : — | Ie these edits vulgarisins ‘are offered for our adoption. I: p | Sheridan Walker. Jones. Perry. Jameson. 1784. 1794. 1798. 1805. 1827. ee Abbréveatshure, Abbréviature, Abbrey/iature, Abbreveature en ete Accentshuate, Accentuate, Accentuate, Accentuate. > . ua ay Piss * : . a centuation, Accentshuation, Accentuation, Accentuation, Accentuation. Ree Actshual, Actual, Actual, Actual. Ae. &c., Actshuate, Actuate, Actuate, Actuate. . aUEP shur, Admikstshure, Admixture, Admixture, Admixture. TQ / rar “ ¢ ra ae Adventshual, Adventual, Adventual, Adventual. Te TR . > [ A ve i ur, Adventshure, Adventure, Adventure, Adventure. a Bue ture, Agricultshure, Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture erture, artshure pertur I D : ae aa. Apertshure, Aperture, Aperture, Aperture. ILC L y aC > I 1 Bera, Ty Archit eisnares Arcl hitectshure, Architecture, Architecture. ae Armatshure, Armature, Armature e fee Artshuate, Artuate, Attaintshur, aintshur 1 i ic é mie Attaintshure, Attainture, Attainture. ventshur, Aventshure Aventure Befortune, Bef ‘ Sis tia! Aventure. ene befortshune, Befortune, Befortune, Befortune. ountyus, Bountcheous Bounteous Bec ; Gaactes 3 ; nteous, ounteous, Bounteous. ure, Calentshure, Calenture, Calenture Calenture Capitulate, Capitulate Capitul: shiny . Br : Gane pitulate, apitulate, Capitulate Capitulate apsular, Capshular Capshular 3 pay Cian Gan | ar, apshular, Capsular, Capsular. © - oo * ‘ Ciba aptshure Captshur, Capture, Capture. artulary, Cartshulary, Cartulary C lary Celature, @elatovaes : : artulary, Cartulary. Geers lure, Celatshure, Celature, Celature. etshur, Cinctshure, Cincture, Ci Claushur, Clauzhure, C ee Gineee: a lauzhure, Clauzhure, Clauzhur mime nsurate, Commenshurate, Commensh nens Gerri mee L menshurate, Commensurate, Commensurate. \ Comp actshur, Comy oi “ a ane epee, Commutual é acts ure, o1 y > 2 1 | Genesenie Compostshure Lees Compactare : Compacture pos ce Compostshure, Composture. ————<— Se a paeasimcnereseeeen —————————— et ee —— es epee ae a a —SIS— OO ——————— Mi rat De oie ener SeesINTRODUCTION. -XVil Sheridan. Walker. Jones. Perry. Jameson. 1734. 1794. 1798. 1805. 1827. Concretshur, Concretshure, Concretshure, Concreture, Coencreture. Congratulate, Congratshulate, Congratulate, Congratulate, Congratulate. Conjectshur, Conjectshure, Conjectur, Conjecture. Conjecture. Conjunctshur, Conjunctshure, Conjunctur, Conjuncture, Conjunkture. Connatural, Connatshural, Connatshural, Connatural, Connatural Constituent, Constitshuent, Constituent, Constituent, Constituent Constructshur, Constructshure, Constructure, Constructure, Constructure Contextshur, Contextshure, Contextshure, Contexture, Contexture. Conventual, Conyentshual, Conventual, Conventual, Conventual. Counternatural, Counternatshural, Counternatural, Counternatural. Courtshus, Courtsheous, Courteous, Curtcheous, Courteous Creatshur, Cretshure, Creatshure, Creature, Creture. Cultshur, Cultshure, Culture, Culture, Culture. Debentshur, Debentshure, Debenture, Debenture, Debenture. Decoctshur, Decoctshure, Decocture, Decocture, Decocture. Defeatshur, Defeatshure, Defeature, Defeature. Dejectshur, Dejectshure, Dejecture, Dejectnre, Dejecture Departshur, Departshure, Departshure, Departure, Departure. Dictatshur, Dictatshure, Dictature, Dictature. Discornfitshur, Discomfityure, Discomfityure, Discomfiture, Discomfiture. Discourtshus, Discourtshus, Discourteous, Discurcheous, Discourteous. Disnaturalize, Disnatshuralize, Disnaturalize, Disnaturalize, Disnaturalize Disnatshured, Disnatshured, Disnatshured, Disnatured. Divestshur, Divestshure, Divestshure, Divesture, Divesture. Dutyus, Dutéous or Dutsheous, Duteous, Duteous, Duteous. Effectual, Effectshual, Effectual, Effectual, Effectual. Enraptshur, Enraptshure, Enraptshure, Enrapture, Enrapture Estuary, Estshuary, Estuary, Estuary, Estuary. Estuate, Estshuate, Estuate, Estuate, Estuate. Eventual, Eventshual, Eventual, Eventual, Eventual. Expostulate, Expostshulate, Expostulate, Expostulate, Expostulate Factshur, Factshure, facture, Facture, Facture. Fastuous, Fastshuous, Fastshuous, Fastuous. Featshur, Featshure, Featshure, Feature, Feteyer. Fistula, Fistshula, Fistshula, Fistula, Fistula. Flatulence, Flatshulence, Flatulence, Flatulence, Flatulence Flatuous, Flatshuous, Flatuous, Flatuous. Fluctuate, Fluctshuate, Fluctuate, Fluctuate, Fluctuate Fortune, Fortshune, Fortshune, Fortune, Fortune. Fractshur, Fractshure, Fractshure, Fracture, Fracture. Fructuous, Fructshuous, Fructuous, Fructuous, Fructuous. Futshur, Futshure, Futshur, Future, Futyure. Garnitshur, Garnitshure, Garniture, Garniture, Garniture. Gestshur, Gestshure, Gestshure, Gesture, Gesture. Gratulate, Gratshulate, Gratulate, Gratulate, Gratulate. Guttural, Guttshural, Guttural, Guttural, Guttural. Habitual, Habitshual, Habitual, Habitual, Habitual. Horticultshur, Horticultshure, Horticulture, Horticulture Horticulture. Hortulan, Hortshulan, Hortulan, Hortulan, Hortulan. Ilnatshur, [lInatshure, IlInatshure, Illnature, Ilnatyur. Immenshurable, {mmenshurable, {mmenshurable, Immenshurable, Immensurable Impetuous, Impetshuous, [mpetshuous, Impetuous, Impetuous. Importunate, Impostshur, Incestuous, Indentshur, Ineffectual, Infatuate, Inseulptshur, Insular, Insulated, Intellectual, Jointshur, Junctshur, Lectshur, Legislatshur, Mantua, Manufactshur, Maturate, Menshurable, Meteor, Misfortshun, Mixtshur, Moistshur, Morshur, Mutshual, Natshur, Natshural, Importshunate, [mpostshure, Incestshuous, Indentshure, Ineffectshual, Infatshuate, Insculptshure, Inshular, Inshulated, Intellectshual, Jointshure, Junktshure, Lectshure, Legislatshure, Mantshua, Manufactshure, Matshurate, Menshurable, Mete@ or Metsheor, Misfortshune, Mixtshure, Moistshure, Morshure, Mutshual, Natshure, Natshural, Importshunate, Impostshure, Incestshuous, Indentshure, Ineffectshual, Infatuate, Insculptshure, Insular, Insulated, Intellectshual, Jointure, Junctshure, Lectshure, Legislature, Mantua, Manufactshure, Matshurate, Menshurable, Meteor, Misfortshune, Mixtshure, Moistshure, Morshure, Mutshual, Natshur, Nattshural, Importunate, Imposture, Incestuous, Indenture, Ineffectual, Infatuate, Insculpture, Insular, Insulated, Intellectual, Jointure, Juncture, Lecture, Legislature, Mantua, Manufacture, Maturate, Mensurable, Meteor, Misfortune, Mixture, Moisture, Morshure. Mutual, Natchure, Natural, Importunate. Impostyur. Incestuous. Indentyur. Ineffectual. Infatuate. Insculptyur. Insular. Insulated. Intellectual. Jointyur. Junctyur. Lecty ur. Legislatyur Mantua. Manufactyur Maturate. Mensurablie Meteor. Misfortune. Mixtyur. Moistyur. Mutual. Nateyur. Natural. ‘it ee a itr ~*~— )xvill INTRODUCTION. Sheridan. 1784. Noctshuary, Nurtshur, Overtshur, Paintshur, Pastshur, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetshuity, Pictshur, Piteous, Plentshus, Postshur, Postshulate, Presumptuous, Projectshur, Promptshur, Punctshual, Punctshur, Pustshul, Raptshur, Recapittshulate, Ritshual, Ruptshur, Sanctshuary, Satshurate, Scriptshur, Sculptshur, Septshuagint, Sittshuate, Spirittshual, Sportshul, Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshur, Stattshut, Strictshur, Structshur, Sumptshuous, Shootshur, Tarantshula, Tempestuous, Tenshur, Textshuary, Textshur, Tinetshur, Titshular, Tortshur, Tortshuous, Tritshuration, Tshoomultshuous, Unctshuous, Unstattshutable, Vestshur, Ventshur, Veolentchelo, Vertshu, Vitshuline, Voluptshuous, Vultshur, Waftshur, This table of words may, perhaps, Walker. 1794. Noctshuary, Nurtshure, Overtshure, Paintshure, Pastshure, Peninshula, Periostshum, Perpetshual, Perpetuity, Pictshure, Pitcheous, Plentshus, Postshure, Postshulate, Prezumtshuous, Projectshure, Promptshure, Punctshual, Punctshure, Pustshule, Raptshure, Recapittshulate, Ritshual, Ruptshure, Sanctshuary, Satshurate, Scriptshure, Sculptshure, Septshuagint, Sittshuate, Spirittshual, Sportshule, Stattshuary, Stattshu, Stattshure, Stattshute, Strictshure, Structshure, Sumptshuous, Sutshure, Tarantshula, Tempestshuous, Tenshure, Textshuary, Textshure, Tinctshure, Tittshular, Tortshure, Tortshuous, Tritshuration, Tumultshuous, Ungktshuous, Unstattshutable, Vestshure, Ventshure, Veolentshelo, Vertshu, Vitshuline, Voluptshuous, Vultshure, Waftshure, Jones. erry. Jameson. 1798. 1805. 1827. Noctuary, Noctuary, Noctuary. Nurtshure, Nurture, Nurtyur. Overture, Overture, Overture. Paintshure, Painture. Pastshure, Pasture, Pastyur. Peninshula, Peninsula, Peninsula. Periosteum, Periosteum, Periosteum. Perpetshual, Perpetual, Perpetual. Perpetuity, Perpetuity, Perpetuity. Pictshur, Picture, Pictyur. Piteous, Piteous, Piteous. Plenteous, Plenteous, Plenteous. Postshure, Posture, Postyur. Postshulate, Postulate, Postulate. Prezumtshuous, Presumptuous, Presumptuous. Projectshure, Projecture, Projecture. Promptshure, Prompture, Promptyur. Punctual, Punctual, Pungtual. Punctshure, Puncture, Pungktyur. Pustshule, Pustule, Pustule. Raptshur, Rapture, Raptyur Recapittshulate, Ritshual, Ruptshure, Recapitulate, Ritual, Rupture, Recapitulate Ritual. Ruptyur. Sanctuary, Sanctuary, Sangktuary Satshurate, Saturate, Saturate. Scriptshure, Scripture, Scriptyur. Sculptshure, Sculpture, Sculptyur. Septuagint, Septuagint, Septuagint Situate, Situate, Situate. Spirittshual, Spiritual, Spiritual. Sportshule. Stattshuary, Statuary, Statuary. Stattshu, Statu, Statu. Stattshure, Stature, Statyur. Stattshute, Statute, Statute. Strictshure, Stricture, Strictyur. Structshure, Structure, Structyur. Sumtshuous, Sumptuous,: Sumptuous. Sutshure, Suture, Suteyur. Tarantshula, Tarantula, Tarantula. Tempestshuous, Tempestuous, Tempestuous. Tenshure, Tenshur, Tenshur. Textshuary, Textuary, Textuary. Textshure, Tinctshure, Texture, Tincture, Textyur. Tingktyur. Titshular, Titular, Titular. Tortshure, Torture, Tortyur. Tortshuous, Tortuous, Tortuous. Tritshuration, Triturate, Trituration. Tumultshuous, Tumultuous, Tumultuous. Unctuous, Unctuous, Ungktuous. Unstattshutable, Unstatutable. Vestshure, Vesture, Vestyur. Ventshure, Venture, Ventyur. Veolonchelo, Violoncello, Veolontsello. Vertshu, Virtue, Virtu. Vitshuline, Vituline. Voluptshuous, Voluptuous, Voluptuous. Vultshure, Vulture, Vultyur. Waftshure, Wafture. the English orthoepy. novel in the be thought a burlesque on | make his pronunciation a standard, is absolute infatuation, as, It certainly presents a phenomenon altogether | if adopted in its full extent, it would introduce many differences history of language. in the pronunciation of words in the two countries, in which Of these five authorities, the notation of Perry, with the ex- | sameness now exists; and even the attempt, should it not be ception of a few words ending in Ure, to the present usage in England, as far in that country, extended. remote from that usage. syllables in certain classes ously pronounced, in W number including se ngland, hear one yowe!] ees | eee sot species perenne is most nearly accordant | successful, must multiply discordancies and distract opinions, as my observations, while | and thus place the desired uniformity at a greater distance than That of Walker is by far the most | ever. Fortunately, Walker’s pronunciation has never been gen- From an actual enumeration of the erally received in England, and where it has been received. we of words in which the vowel is errone- I tion : alker’s scheme, I have ascertained that obsolete. Walker’s pronunciation of several classes of words amounts to more than f2elve thousand, without | is also condemned by Jones and Knowles. veral classes of unaccented syllables, which would swell the number by some thousands. aid not, while in E to Walker’s notation. ‘ : set noe : see, by Jameson’s Dictionary, that it is becoming unpopular and We observe in the following list, that the three first of these Of this whole number, I | orthoepists have no rule by which their pronunciation is regulated. TORE pono ee neee according Hence the want of uniformity in ~words of like orthography. anitested in this country to | See bounteous, courteous, duteous, and plenteous. Why should eo %& (Ce pe we"; tie peace bene so a fe Phan thn ae we! fi Sa Bt kA ae ee Sd ahs £plenteous be reduced to two syllables, when bounteous is pro- nounced in three? And what reason can be assigned for the dierent notation of capitulate and recapitulate 2 A remarkable instance of incohsistency in Walker’s notation, occurs in words of more syllables than two, ending in ture. Thus we find ture converted into chure [tshure] in Abbreviatshure. Compactshure. Dejectshure. Admixtshure. Compostshure. Departshure. Adventshure. Concretshure. Dictatshure. Agricultshure. Conjectshure. Divestshure. Apertshure. Conjunctshure. Impostshure. Attaintshure. Contextshure. Indentshure. Aventshure. Debentshure. Overtshure. Celatshure. Decoctshure. Projectshure. Calentshure. Defeatshure. But in the following words the terminating syllable remains unaltered. llliterature. Literature. Prelature. Intemperature. Miniature. Quadrature. Investiture. Nunciature. Serrature. Judicature. Nutriture. Signature. Ligature. Prefecture. Temperature. Limature. In this class of words, Sheridan and Jones are also inconsistent with themselves, though not to the same extent as Walker. Perry and Jameson retain, in all these words, the true orthog- raphy and pronunciation. In these words, also, Walker gives to u, in the last syllable, its first or long sound; but this is an in- accurate notation; the sound is that of the long wu, shortened, at least so far as my observation extends, either in England or the United States. In the following classes of words, as pronounced by Walker, there is either error or inconsistency, or both. Assidjuous. Commodious or Commojeus. Credjulous, Dividual or Dividjual. Fastidious or Fastidjeous. Gradient or Grajeent. Gradual or Gradjual. Guardian or Guarjean. Obejeence. Obejeent. Obduracy or Objuracy. Obdurate or Objurate. Occidjuus. Odium or Ojeum. Ojus or Ojeus. Ordeal or Orjeal. Hideus or Hidjeous. Penjulous. Immediacy or Immejeasy. Penjulum. Incendiary or Incenjeary. Predial or Prejeal. Individual or Individjual. Prelujeus. Ingrejent [for Ingredient.] Presidjeal. Insidious or Insidjeus. Procejure. Intermedial or Intermejeal. Quotijean. Invidious or Invidjeus. Mediocrity or Mejeocrity. Medium or Mejeum. Melodious or Melojeus. Meridian or Meridjea Modulate or Modjulate. Nidjulation. Nodjule. Noctidyal or Noctidjeal. Radiate or Rajeate. Radiant or Rajeant. Radius or Rajeus. Rezidjual. Sardius or Sarjeus. Sedulous or Sedjulous. studious or Stujeus. Tedious or Tejeus. It would seem that, in a. large part of these words, we may take our choice, either to retain the proper sound of d, or to convert it into that of 7. This choice certainly makes an odd kind of standard. But why mediate should retain the sound of d, while immediacy and medium suffer a change; or why radiate should be given in the alternative, radiate or rajeate, while irra- diate and wradiance are not subjected to any change; or why obedience should be changed into obejeence, and disobedience re- main unchanged, I am not able to conjecture. INTRODUCTION. lxix These classes of words exhibit a specimen of the modern ORTHOEPY, so called, of our language; it is indeed a brief and imperfect specimen, for | have ascertained by actual enumera- tion, that a catalogue of all the differences of notation in these authors, would comprehend about one third of all the words in their vocabularies. Amidst this mass of errors and contradic- tions, our consolation is, that the good sense of the English nation, a learned and respectable people, is triumphing over the follies and caprices of fashion, and frowning on this most mis- chievous spirit of innovation.* In proportion as the importance of settled usages and of pre- serving inviolate the proper sounds of letters, as the true and only safe landmarks of pronunciation, shall be appreciated by an enlightened people, just in that proportion will all attempts of affected speakers to innoyate upon such established usages, be reprobated and resisted. The intentions of the men who have undertaken to give a standard of pronunciation, have, unquestionably, been upright and sincere; but facts have proved that instead of good, they have, on the whole, done harm; for instead of reducing the pro- nunciation of words to uniformity, they have, to a considerable extent, unsettled it, and multiplied differences. The whole process of these attempts, from Sheridan’s first publication, is within my memory; and I am confident that, whatever has been the effect of these attempts in Great Britain, the result of them, in the United States, has been to multiply greatly the diversities of pronunciation. And such is the present state of the authori- ties, offered as standards, that it is impossible, from books, to gain a correct knowledge of what is the general usage. If I had no other means of knowing this general usage, than the English books, I should be utterly unable to ascertain it, and should give up the attempt as hopeless.t Some of the differences of notation, in the several books, may be rather apparent than real; but with all due allowance for this imperfection of the schemes, I am persuaded that there are ten differences among these orthoepists, where there is one in the actual pronunciation of respectable people in England and the United States; and in most of them the notation, if strictly fol- lowed, will lead to ten differences of pronunciation, where one only now exists in the actual practice of the two countries. This effect of multiplying doubts and diversities has resulted from very obvious causes. 1. The limited acquaintance of orthoepists with the oenerg ge ney al or usage, and their taking the pronunciation of London, some dialect or local practice im that city, for the best usage. The propagation of such a dialectical or peculiar practice- would of course disturb the uniformity of any other practice in other parts of England or in this country. 2. The difficulty, or rather impracticability, of representing sounds, and nice distinctions of sound, on paper; especially in unaccented syllables. 3. The partiality of authors for the practice of particular speakers, either stage players or others, which would lead them to denominate that the best practice which had been adopted by their favorites. 4. A spirit of fastidious hypercriticism, which has led writers to make minute distinctions, that are liable to be disputed, and which tend only to perplex the inquirer, and generate uncertainty or diversity, where no essential difference had previously ex- isted in practice. This spirit is continually producing new books and new schemes of orthoepy, and every additional book serves only to increase the difficulty of uniting opinions and establishing uniformity. This view of the subject is probably the most favorable that van be presented. The real fact seems to be this: these men have taken for the standard what they were pleased to call the best wsage, which, in many cases, is a local usage, or some fayor- ite peculiarity of particular speakers, at least if they have had .any authority at all; or they have given the pronunciation which * Walker’s Dictionary has been trumpéted, in this country, as the standard of orthoepy in England. ‘his is so far from the truth, that three later compilers of pronouncing dictionaries, living in London, have expressly condemned his pronunciation in whole classes of words. Walker’s notation of a before s, in such words as lass, last, past, giving a the short sound it has in fan, lack, is condemned by Jones, who calls it a mincing, modern affectation. \Valker’s giving to oo in look, took, and others, the same sound asin tooth, tool, is condemned by the same author. Walker’s giving to the short 7 and y the sound of ce or long e, in such words as glory, probity, which, by his notation, are to be pronounced gloree, probectee, Jones pronounces to be ludicrous. This error extends to more than eleven thousand syllables. Walker’s change of the sound of d into that of j, in certain classes of words, is condemned by Jameson. He remarks that Walker’s adjulation for adulation; compenjeum for compendium ; ingrejent for ingredient, ii spoken with solemnity, would be intolerable. He condemns, also, Walker’s change of tw into tsh, in such words as corngratshulation, flatshulent, natshural. This pronunciation, Knowles, a still later compiler, declares to be absolute pedantry und vulgarity. { The multiplicity of books for instructing us in our vernacular language, is an evil of no small magnitude. Every man has some peculiar notions which he wishes fo propagate, and there is scarcely any peculiarity or absurdity for which some authority may not be found. ‘The facility of book-making favors this dis- position ; and while a chief qualification for authorship is a dextrous use of an inverted pen, and a pair of scissors, we are not to expect relief from the evil. K , oa Seniors poten ininas sie im Spe eeshappened to please their fancy, though not authorized by HEE In this manner they have attempted to bend the common usage i ticular fancies. : . nea: in this manner, by presenting to the public local or particular practice, or mere innovation, for a standard, Wieteae of general or national usage, that the authors an ONes uee ES have unsettled the pronunciation of many words, and multiplie diversities of practice. These attempts to obtrude local eet ae the public, and bend to it the general or national aes are : e boldest assumptions of authority in language that the history o literature has ever exhibited. In England, however, these pre- tensions to direct the pronunciation of the nation, have less effect than they have in the United States, for this obyious reason, that in England pronunciation is regulated almost exclusively by the practice of the higher classes of society, and not by books ; hence, if books do not exhibit the customary pronunciation, the falsity of notation is easily detected, and the work which offers it is neglected. But in this country, where the people resort chiefly to books for rules of pronunciation, a false notation of sounds operates as a deception, and misleads the inquirer. How long the citizens of this country will submit to these impositions, time only can determine. The English language, when pronounced according to the genuine composition of its words, is a nervous, masculine lan- guage, well adapted to popular eloquence; and it is not improb- able that there may be some connection between this manly character of the language and the freedom of the British and American constitutions. They may, perhaps, act and react upon each other mutually, as cause and effect, and each contribute to the preservation of the other. At the same time, the language is by no means incapable of poetical sweetness and melody. The attempts to refine upon the pronunciation, within the last half century, have, in my opinion, added nothing to its smooth- ness and sweetness, but have very much impaired its strength of expression as well as its regularity. The attempts to banish the Italian sound of a, and to introduce the sound of e before z and wu, as in kind, guard, duty, &c., ought to be resisted, as injurious to the manly character of the genuine English pronunciation.” In order to produce and preserve a tolerable degree of uni- formity, and the genuine purity of our.language, two things appear to be indispensable, viz., 1. To reject the practice of noting the sounds of the vowels in the unaccented syllables. Let any man, in genteel society or in public, pronounce the distinct sound of @ in the last syllable of important, or the distinct sound of e in the terminations less and ness, as in hopeless, happiness, and he would pass for a most in- elegant speaker. Indeed, so different is the slight sound of a great part of the unaccented vowels, in elegant pronunciation, from that which is directed in books of orthoepy, that no man can possibly acquire the nicer distinction of sounds, by means of books; distinctions which no characters yet invented can express. Elegant pronunciation can be learned only by the ear. The French and Italians, whose languages are so popular in Europe, have never attempted to teach the sounds of their letters by a system of notation embracing the finer sounds of the vowels. 2. To preserve purity and uniformity in pronunciation, it is necessary to banish from use all books which change the orthog- raphy of words, to adapt the pronunciation to the fashion of the day. The scheme now pursued is the most mischievous project for corrupting the language that human mgenuity ever devised. By removing the landmarks of language, all the fences which can secure the purity and regularity of the language from un- licensed depredations without end are demolished, the chief use and value of alphabetical writing are destroyed, and every thing is given to chance and to caprice. ug In determining the pronunciation of words in this work, I have availed myself of the most respectable English authorities, as well as of my own personal observations in both countries, and of the observations of American gentlemen of erudition, who have visited. England. In selecting from a mass of contradictory authorities, I may not, in all cases, have adopted the best pro- nunciation ; but I have spared no pains to execute this part of the work with fidelity. In general, the rules I have prescribed to myself are these, 1. The usage of respectable people in England and the United a ee a ee ae 2 y * The French language, by the loss or imperfect use of articul rendered easy in utterance, has become so fee impressive eloquence, From the specime Chamber of Deputies in Paris, I should entirely on his own animation and actio ‘ ations, though ble in sound as to be unfit for bold, ns which I have witnessed in the Suppose the orator must depend almost 2 ee n for success in popular speaking, with eran os i aT Be cand Cate Be C ce INTRODUCTION. aaa States, when identical in the two countries, settied and undis- puted. This rule comprehends most of the words in the lan- guage. 2. When usage is unsettled or uncertain, I have adj usted the pronunciation to the regular, established analogies of the language, as far as these can be definitely ascertained; having, however, in accentuation, some regard to euphony, or the prosaic melody which proceeds from a due succession of accented and unaccented syllables. There are some words, differently pronounced by respectable people, in which no decisive reasons appear for preferring one mode of pronouncing them to another; either might be adopted, without any injury to melody or analogy. I see no particular reason why pat/ent should have its first vowel short, and matron, pa'tron, and patriot, the first vowellong. Much less do I approve the reasons assigned for making the @ short in mat!ronal, and not in ma/tronly, or short in pat'ronal, and not in pa/ironess. The reasons assigned by Walker appear to me to be absolute trifling. The rule of uniformity is paramount to every other, excepting that of general, undisputed custom; and when the practice is unsettled, it seems to be the duty of the lexicographer to be guided by that rule, for his authority may lead to the uniformity desired. In a few instances, the common usage of a great and respect- able portion of the people of this country accords with the analo- gies of the language, but not with the modern notation of English orthoepists. In such cases, it seems expedient and proper to re- tain our own usage. To rehounce a practice confessedly regular, for one confessedly anomalous, out of respect to foreign usage, would hardly be consistent with the dignity of lexicography. When we have principle on our side, let us adhere to it. The time can not be distant, when the population of this vast country will throw off their leading-strings, and walk in their own strength ; and the more we can raise the credit and authority of principle over the caprices of fashion and innovation, the nearer we ap- proach to uniformity and stability in practice. It is difficult, if not impracticable, to reconcile the opinions of a nation, in regard to every point, either of orthography or pro- nunciation. Every attempt that has yet been made in regard to the English .anguage, has served only to increase the difficulty ; and as a gentleman remarked to me in London, a convention of learned men could not effect the object, for no two men would think alike on the subject. The language of a nation is the common property of the peo- ple, and no individual has a right to make inroads upon its prin- ciples. As it is the medium of communication between men, it is important that the same written words and the same oral sounds to express the same ideas, should be used by the whole nation. When any man, therefore, attempts to change the established orthography or pronunciation, except to correct palpable errors and produce uniformity, by recalling wanderers into the pale of regular analogies, he offers an indignity to the nation. No local practice, however respectable, will justify the attempt. There is great dignity, as well as propriety, in respecting the universal and long-established usages of a nation. With these views of the subject, I feel myself bound to reject all modern innovations, which violate the established principles and analogies of the language, and destroy or impair the value of alphabetical writing. I have, therefore, endeavored to present to my fellow-citizens the English language in its genuine purity, as we have received the inheritance from our ancestors, without removing a landmark. If the language is fatally destined to be corrupted, 1 will not be an instrument of the mischief. ETYMOLOGY. Irregular as is the orthography of the English language, and unsettled or corrupt as is the pronunciation, there is nothing either in English or in any other language of which I have any knowledge, which exhibits so strikingly the low state of philol- ogy, as the etymological deductions of words, or the history of their origin, affinities, and primary signification. To enable the young inquirer to estimate the erudition, correctness, or negli- gence of writers on this subject, and to awaken more attention to this branch of learning, I will state briefly the results of my researches, and the opinions which I haye been compelled to little or no aid from the strength and beauty of language. The language of popular eloquence should be neither the mouthing cant of the stage, nor the mincing affectation of dandies, nor the baby talk of the nursery. Such was not the language of Demosthenes nor of Cicero; and such may never be the lan- guage of the British Chatham and of the American Ames. MEO RA EET 8 etINTRODUCTION. mel form on the merits of the principal treatises on this subject. And if these opinions or this statement should be charged to egotism, or my overweening confidence in the success of my own investigations, my apology is, that I have suffered so much myself by a misplaced confidence in the erudition of writers; I have so often embraced errors which it has cost me more labor to unlearn than to learn; that if I can prevent my fellow-citizens, who have a taste for this study, from being subjected to the same evils, I shall think the advantage obtained more than a balance for any unmerited imputation. The first example of etymology which I shall mention is that of Josephus, the historian of the Jews, who informs his readers that the first man ‘‘ was called Adam, which, in the Hebrew tongue, signifies one that is red, because he was formed out of red earth compounded together; for of that kind is virgin and true earth.” Here is a mistake proceeding from a mere resem- blance of words; it being certain that 4dam no more signifies red earth, than it does red cedar. This mistake is connected with another, that 4dam was the proper name of the first man, an individual; whereas the word is the generic name of the human species, and, like man in English, signifies form, shape, image, expressing distinctively the characteristic eminence or distinction of form of the human race. This fact explains the use of the plural pronoun, in the account of the creation of the species. ‘¢ And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea,” &c. Gen.1i. 26. It is evident, also, that the words used in relation to the species, the zmage, the likeness of God, have ref- erence, not only to their intellectual and moral faculties, but also to their external form; and so the apostle interprets the words, 1 Cor. xi. 7. Not that God has any bodily shape of which man can be the image, but that man has a superior or super-excellent form, corresponding to his intellectual powers, and distinguishing him from all other animals. Now, the mis- take of Josephus has infected the Christian world for eighteen hundred years, and the mistake, with erroneous inferences from it, enters into the most recently published systems of theology. Among the most celebrated authors of antiquity, who have written on the subject of language, is Varro, who has left a treatise De Lingua Latina. On this author’s learning, Cicero, Quinctilian, and Augustine have bestowed the most unbounded praises. He is pronounced to have been vir egregius; eruditis- simus Romanorum ; peritissimus lingue Latine et omnis anti- quitatis, sine ulla dubitatione, doctissimus.* He was, doubtless, a man of uncommon erudition for the age in which he lived; and his etymological treatise may be consulted with advantage, by persons who have knowledge enough of this subject to sepa- rate the certain or probable from the improbable and conjectural. But it is certain, from what remains of his treatise, that his knowledge of the origin of words did not extend beyond the most obvious facts and principles. Thus he deduces inztiwm from ineo; exitus from cxeo; victoria from vinco. All this is well; and we have reason to think him correct, in deducing vellus, fleece, from vellerc, to pluck, as, doubtless, fleeces were plucked from sheep, before the use of shears. And we have reason to believe him when he informs us that imber was origi- nally written himber ; that hircus was written by the Sabines jircus, and hedus, fedus. Very different must be our opinion of the following ety- mologies. Pater, says Varro, is from patefacio; ager cultus is so called * Of the full value of these encomiums we can hardly judge, as most of Varro’s writings have perished, and some of those which survive appear in a mutilated form. But the greater his erudition, the more striking will appear his ignorance of this subject. + Thus far had I written, before I had seen this author’s Hermes Scyruicus. By this work I find the author agrees with me in regard to the identity and common origin of many of the Gothic and Greek prepositions. Indeed, I had supposed that proof of such an obvious fact could hardly be necessary, in the present state of philological knowledge. Some of these prepositions he has illustrated with a good degree of accuracy ; although, should this work ever fall into his hands, I think he will be convinced that in one or two important points, his explanations are defective. In regard to other prepositions, I am satisfied the author has ventured upon unsafe ground; at least his opinions appear to me not to be well supported. In respect to his explanations of the names of the mythological deities, it ap- pears to me the author, like all other authors whose works I have seen, wanders in darkness. From all my researches into the origin of words, 1 have drawn this conclusion, that the pagan deities are mostly the powers or supposed pow- ers of nature, or imaginary beings supposed.to preside over the various parts of creation, or the qualities of men, deified, that is, exalted and celebrated as super- natural agents. There are few of the names of these deities which I pretend to understand ; but there are a few of them that seem to be too obvious tobe mis- taken. No person, [ think, can doubt that the Dryads are named from devs, an because in it seeds coalesce or unite with the earth; referring ager, perhaps, to the root of agger, or the Greek aysigw. Campus, he says, was so named because fruits were first gathered from the open field, deducing the word from capio. Next to this were the hills, colles, so named colendo, from colo, because these were cultivated next to the open plain. That land or field which ap- peared to be the foundation of cattle and money, was called fundus, or it was so called because it pours forth [ fundat] annual crops. He deduces cogitare from cogendo ; concilium from cogt- tatione; cura from burning cor, the heart; volo from voluntuas, and @ volatu, a flying, because the mind flies instantly whither it will. How low must have been the state of philology, when such improbable conjectures as these could attract the enco- miums before mentioned from Cicero and Quinctilian ! The reader will find many things in Isidore and Priscian worthy of his attention, though much of what their works con- tain is now so familiar to scholars of moderate attainments, as scarcely to repay the labor of perusal. But he who learns that Isidore makes oratio, a compound of oris ratio; nomen, a con- traction of notamen; and that he derives verbum from verberato aere, will hardly think it worth his labor to pursue his researches into that author’s works. “Nor will he be disposed to relish Pris- cian’s deduction of litera from legilitera, because a letter affords the means of reading, or from lturo, to obliterate, because the ancients used to write on wax tables, and afterwards to obliterate what they had written. Vossius wrote a folio on the etymology of Latin words; but from repeated examinations of his book, I am persuaded that most of his deductions are far-fetched, conjectural, and fanciful ; many of them are certainly erroneous. Menage and Minshew I have not consulted; chiefly because from such extracts as I have seen, from their writings, I am certain that little reliance can be placed on their opinions, except in cases too plain to be mistaken. Junius and Skinner, the authorities for most of the etymologies of Bailey and Johnson, are sufficiently correct in referring Eng- lish words to the language from which they are immediately de- rived, especially when the orthography is too plain to be mistaken. They inform us, that father is from the Saxon feder, that drop is from the Saxon dreppan, that picket is from the French piquet, and the like. So Johnson informs us that accent is from the Latin accentus, and accept from the French accepter, Latin ac- cipio. All this is well, but it can hardly be called etymology, or the deduction of words from their originals. Whiter, in his Erymotocicon Maenom, the first volume only of which I have perused, began his work on a good plan, that of bringing together words of the same or of cognate radical letters, and in pursuance of his plan, he has collected many real affinities. But he has destroyed the value of his work by mistaking the radical sense of many words, and by confounding words of dif- ferent elements. Jamieson, in his Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Lan- guage, has collected the affinities of words in that language, particularly words of Gothic and Teutonic origin, with industry, and probably with judgment, and a good degree of accuracy. In some instances, I think, he has departed from correct principles of etymology, and mistaken facts ; and he, as well as Whiter, falls very short of truth in a most important particular, a clear under- standing of the primary sense of words. Jamieson’s Dictionary, however, contains a valuable addition to our stock of etymo- logical materials.t oak or tree. Hence I infer that this name was applied to certain imaginary beings inhabiting the forests. : : No person can doubt that JVereus, the deity of the sea, and the nereids, SO_ . nymphs of the sea, are named from the Oriental 1m, ye, a river, from the corresponding verb, to flow. No person doubts that Flora, the goddess of flow- ers, is merely a flower deified. bik Hence I infer that the true method of discovering the origin of the pagan deities, is to find the meaning of their names. : Now, Diana is the goddess of hunting. What quality, then, is most necessary fora hunter? What quality would rude men, destitute of the weapons which we possess, most value as useful in obtaining subsistence ? Doubtless courage and swiftness. ‘Thus we have substantial reasons for believing that Diana is the Celtic dan or dian, which signifies bold, Strong, vehement, impetuous, the root of Danube, Don, and other names of large rivers. If we examine the name of Minerva, we shall find that the first syllable con- tains the elements of manus, the hand, and of mind; and the last constituent part of the word corresponds well with the German arbeit, D. arberd, labor, WOK) the last consonant being lost. Well, what are the characteristics of Minerva: Why, she is the goddess of wisdom and of the arts. The sense of pevos, would give one of her characteristics, and that of manus and arbeit, the other; but which is the true word, I do not know. + ee ae, |lxxil INTRODUCTION. To Horne Tooke are we indebted for the first explanation of certain indeclinable words, called conjunctions and Brep oso and for this let him have all merited praise. But his ee 1es were very limited, and he has fallen into most eT et eee particularly in his oe volume. I have made no use of iu rritings in this work. Das Heats of Harris, according to Dr. Lowth, ‘* is the: et beautiful and perfect example of analysis that has been Cea ; since the days of Aristotle.” This, im my opinion, As not the character of the work, which, for the most part, consists of pas- sages from the works of Aristotle, Ammonius, A pollonius, Pris- cian, and other grammarians. It 1s little more than a collection of the opinions of the ancient writers on philology, whose meta- physical subtilties rather obscure than illustrate the subjec o To show how easily men may be misled by metaphysics, when applied to the plainest subject imaginable, take the following example from the Hermes. ‘ INTRODUCTION. able to the ear, than the accentuation of any other syllable. The ease of speaking, and a kind of prosaic melody, resulting from a due proportion of accented and unaccented syllables, which en- ables the speaker to bound with ease from one accented syllable to another, without omitting those which are unaccented, are the two great principles by which the accentuation of words has been regulated. And it is to be extremely regretted that these principles should, in any instances, be neglected, or forced to yield to arbitrary reasons of derivation, or to a pedantic affecta- tion of foreign pronunciation. When we know that the great mass of a nation naturally fall into a particular manner of pro- nouncing a word, without any rule or instruction, we may rely upon this tendency as a pretty certain indication that their ac- centuation is according to the analogies of the language, by which their habits of speaking have been formed; and this ten- dency can not be opposed without doing violence to those analo- gies and to national habits. Thus, formerly, the word horizon was universally accented on the first syllable, and this accentuation was according to the settled analogy of the language. But the early poets had a fancy for conforming the English to the Greek pronunciation, and accented the second syllable; the orthoepists followed them; and now we have this forced, unnatural pronunciation of the learned, in collision with the regular, analogous, popular pro- nunciation. By this affectation of the Greek accent, the flowing smoothness of the word is entirely lost. In like manner, an imitation of the French pronunciation of confesseur and successeur led the early poets to accent the Eng- lish words on the first syllable, in violation of analogy and euphony ; and some orthoepists affect to follow them; but public usage frowns on this affectation, and rejects their authority. There are many words in the English language, indeed a large part of the whole number, which can not be reduced under any general rule of accentuation, as the exceptions to any rule formed will be nearly as numerous as the words which the rule embraces. And, in most instances, we shall find in the structure of the words satisfactory reasons for the difference of pronunciation. DISSYLLABLES. No general rule can be given for the accentuation of words of two syllables. 1t is, however, worth observing, that when the same word is both a noun, or an adjective, and a verb, it happens, in many instances, that the noun or adjective has the accent on the first syllable, and the verb on the last; instances of which we have in ab/sent, to absent! ; con'cert, to concert! ; ex'port, to expdrt. ‘The reason is, the preterit and participles of the verbs require to have the same syllable accented as the verb; but if the first syllable of the preterit and participles were to ‘be ac- cented, it would be difficult to pronounce the words, as may be perceived by attempting to pronounce ab/senting, con/certed, con’- ducted, with the accent on the first syllable. In a few instances, the word has a different accent when a noun, from that which it has when an adjective; as Au/gust, august’; gallant', gal/lant. TRISYLLABLES. Words of three syllables, derived from dissyllables, usually retain the accent of their primitives. Thus, Pdet, pdetess ; pleasant, pleas'antly; gracious, graciously ; re- ldte, related ; poli'te, poli'test. In like manner, words of four syllables, formed from dissylla- bles, generally retain the accent of the primitives; as in collect! able, from. collect!, ser/viceable, from service. In all cases, the preterit and participles of verbs retain the accent of the verbs. Words ending in tion, sion, tian, cious, tious, cial, cian, tial, trate, tient, cient, have the accent on the syllable preceding that termination; as, motion, Christian, precious, erudition, pa- tient, S&c. Words of more than two syllables, ending in ty, have, for the most part, the accent on the antepenult; as, gratuity, propriety, prosperity, insensibility. Trisyllables ending in ment, for the most part, have the accent on the first syllable ; as, compliment, detriment ; but to this rule there are many exceptions, and particularly nouns formed from verbs; as, amendment, commandment. Words with the following terminations, have the accent on the last syllable except two, or antepenult : — a ee eee, Fee ee Ba CR ee even SS Seba Nea ans tas. ve elie hi DM ici sca tairetINTRODUCTION. lxxv —fluous ; as, super!fluous, mellifiluous. —ferous ; as, bacciflerous, argentiflerous. —fluent ; as, circum'fluent. —cracy; as, democ'racy, theocracy. —gonal ; as, diagonal, hexag'onal. —gony; as, cosmog'ony, theog'ony. —machy ; as, logom'achy, theom!achy. —loquy ; as, ob!loquy, ventril/oquy. —mathy ; as, polymiathy. —meter ; as, barometer, hygrom'eter. —nomy ; as, economy, astron'omy. —ogy; as, philollogy, cosmology. —pathy ; as, aplathy, antip!athy. —phony ; as, eu'phony, sym'phony. —parous ; as, oviplarous, vivip!arous. —scopy ; as, deuteros'!copy, acros'copy. —strophe; as, apos'trophe, catas'trophe. —vomous ; as, ignivlomous. —vorous ; as, carniviorous, graminiviorous. —tomy ; as, anatlomy, lithot!omy. —raphy ; as, geog'!raphy, orthog'raphy. Compound words, as book-case, ink-stand, pen-knife, note-book, usually have a slight accent, that is, one syllable is distinguished by some stress of voice; but as the other syllable is significant by itself, it is uttered with more distinctness than the syllables of other words which are wholly unaccented. And in some words there are two accents, one on each component part of the word, which are barely distinguishable. ‘Thus, in legislative, legislator, legislature, the accent on the first syllable can hardly be dis- tinguished from that on the third; and if a speaker were to lay the primary accent on the third syllable, his pronunciation would hardly be noticed as a singularity. Indeed, there are some com- pound words, in which there is so little distinction of accent, that it is deemed unnecessary to mark either syllable or part of the word as accented. As to a great part of English words, their accent must be learned from dictionaries, elementary books, or practice. There is no method of classification, by which they can be brought under a few simple general rules, to be easily retained by the memory ; and attempts to effect this object must only burden the memory, and perplex the learner. The differences in the accentuatien of words, either in books or iN usage, are not very numerous. In this respect, the language is tolerably well settled, except in a few words. Among these are acceptable, commendable, confessor, successor, receptacle, re- ceptory, deceptory, refragable, dyspepsy, which the orthoepists incline to accent on the first syllable. But with regard to most of these words, this accentuation is contrary to common usage, and with regard to all of them, it ought to be rejected. The ease of pronunciation requires the accent to be on the second syllable, and no effort to remove it can ever succeed. The words accessory, desultory, exemplary, and peremptory, would all have the accent on the second syllable, were it not very difficult, with this accent, to articulate the three last sylla- bles of the derivatives, accessorily, desultorily, exemplarily, per- emptorily. It is for this reason that the primary accent is laid on the first syllable, and then a secondary accent on the third enables the speaker to articulate distinctly, and with tolerable ease, the last syllables. Ifthe primary accent is laid on the sec- ond syllable, there can be no secondary accent. Yet the natural accent of the primitives being on the second syllable of the three first, and the derivatives little used, we find good speakers often lay the accent on the second syllable; nor is it easy to change the practice. . This circumstance of regarding the pronunciation of derivative words, in settling the accent, has been either wholly overlooked, or not sufficiently observed in practice. Hence the orthoepists accent the second syllable of the verbs alternate, demonstrate, contemplate, compensate, confiscate, expurgate. Notwithstand- ing all authorities, however, such is the tendency to consult ease and melody in utterance, that many respectable speakers lay the accent of these and similar words on the first syllable. The reason of this is obvious, although, perhaps, it never oc- curs to the speakers themselves. It is, that when the accent is laid on the second syllable, the two last syllables of the participles altern/ating, demon/strating, compen'sated, &c., are either pronounced with difficulty, being wholly unaccented, or they are disgustingly feeble. ow very difficult it is to utter distinctly the words alternating, demonstrating, &c., with the accent on the second syllable; the organs being compelled to change their position, and form three, four, five, or six articula- tions in an instant, to utter the two last syllables! But place the primary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary one on the third, and the voice resting on these, the speaker 1s enabled to | bound with ease from syllable to syllable, and utter the whole | word distinctly, without effort — al/ternating, dem onstrating. In compensate and confiscate, the accent on the second syl- lable leaves the last syllable of the participle most miserably weak. What a feeble line is this of Pope! — Each seeming ill, compensated of course. This evil is remedied by placing the primary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary one on the third; com/pensated ; com'pensating ; confiscating ; confiscated; the full sound of @ giving due strength to the last syllables. It is further to be observed that there are some words which, in poetry and prose, must be differently accented, as the accent has been transferred by usage from one syllable to another with- in the two last centuries. Nares enumerates more than a hun- dred words, whose accent has been thus changed since the age of Shakspeare. Of this class of words are aspect, process, sojourn, convex, contest, retinue, converse, the noun horizon, which Milton accents on the second syllable, and acceptable, which he accents on the first, as he does attribute and contribute. But the accent of all these words has been changed; the seven first have the accent indisputably on the first syllable second syllable; and although some difference of opinion may - exist as to the accentuation of horizon and acceptable, yet the practice of accenting horizon on the first, and acceptable on the second, is according to regular analogies. however, this is not here insisted on, as later usage is against accenting the first syllable.] OF JOHNSON’S DICTIONARY, AND OF THE MANNER IN WHICH THE FOLLOWING EXECUTED. WORK IS Dr. Johnson was one of the greatest men that the English nation has ever produced; and when the exhibition of truth depended on his own gigantic powers of intellect, he seldom erred. But in the compilation of his Dictionary, he manifested a great defect of research, by means of which he often fell ito mistakes; and no errors are so dangerous as those of great men. The authority created by the general excellence of their works, gives a sanction to their very mistakes, and represses that spirit of inquiry which would investigate the truth, and subvert the errors of inferior men. It seems to be owing to this cause, chiefly, that the most obvious mistakes of Johnson's’ Dictionary have remained to this day uncorrected, and still continue to dis- figure the improved editions of the work recently published. In like manner, the opinions of this author, when wrong, have a weight of authority that renders them extremely mischievous. The sentiment contained in this single line, Quid te exempta juvat spinis de pluribus una 2 is of this kind; that we are to make no corrections, because we can not complete the reformation — a sentiment that sets itself in direct opposition to all improvement In science, literature, and morals; a sentiment, which, if it had been always an efficacious principle of human conduct, would have condemned, not only our language, but our manners and our knowledge, to everlasting rudeness. And hence, whenever a proposition 1s made to cor- rect the orthography of our language, the opinion and ipse dixit of Johnson. — on the European continent have purified their langtages, and reduced the orthography to a good degree of regularity, our enemies of reform contend most strenuously for retainmg the anomalies of the language, even to the very rags and tatters of barbarism. But, what is more extraordinary, the very persons who thus struggle against the smalle orthography, are the most ready to innov and will, at any time, adopt a change tha Kee though it may infringe the regularity of the language, multip!} anomalies, and increase the difficulty or learning It. Nay, they will not only innovate themselves, but will use their eee propagate the change, by deriding those who resist it, and who it is instantly repelled with nat fashion may introduce, t ; the two last, on the [In respect to horizon, Thus, while the nations st improvement of the ate in the pronunceateon, =o —————————language. improved, The principal faults in Johnson’s Dictionary are, terms of science. or short. It is surprising that such’a notation should still be retained in that work. 3. It is considered as a material fault, that, in some classes of words, Johnson’s orthography is either not correct upon princi- ple, or not uniform in the class. Thus he writes heedlessly, with ss, but carelesly, with one s; defence, with c, but defensible, de- fensive, with s; rigour, inferiour, with u, but TiZOTOUs, inferiority, without it; publick, authentick, with k, but publication, authenti- cate, without it; and so of many other words of the same classes. 4. The omission of the participles, or most of them, is no small defect, as many of them, by use, have become proper adjectives, and require distinct definitions. The additions of this kind in this work are very numerous. It is also useful, both to natives and foreigners, to be able, by opening a dictionary, to know when the final consonant of a verb is doubled in the participle. 5. The want of due discrimination in the definitions of words that are nearly synonymous, or sometimes really synonymous, at other times not, is a fault in all the dictionaries of our lan- guage which I have seen. Permeate, says Johnson, signifies to pass through; and Permeable, such as may be passed through. But we pass through a door or gate; althotigh we do not permeate it, or say that it is permeable. Obedience, says Johnson, is obse- quiousness ; but this is rarely the present sense of the word; so far from it, that obedience is always honorable, and obsequiousness usually implies meanness. Peculation, says Johnson, is robbery of the public, theft of public money. But as robbery and theft are now understood, it is neither. Inaccuracies of this kind are very numerous. 6. There are in Johnson’s Dictionary some palpable mistakes in orthography, such as comptroller, redoubt, and some others, there being no such legitimate words in the Janguage. In other instances, the author mistook the true origin of words, and has erred in the orthography, as in chymisiry and diocess. 7. The mistakes in etymology are numerous; and the whole scheme of deducing words from their original is extremely imperfect. 8. The manner of defining words in Johnson, as in all other dictionaries, is susceptible of improvement. In a great part of the more important words, and particularly verbs, lexicographers, either from negligence or want of knowledge, have inverted the true order, or have disregarded all order, in the definitions. There is a primary sense of every word, from which all the other have proceeded; and whenever this can be discovered, this sense should stand first in order. Thus the primary sense of make is to force or compel ; but this in Johnson’s Dictionary is the fifteenth definition ; and this sense of facio in Ainsworth, the nineteenth. 2. One of the most objectionable parts of Johnson’s Dictionary, in‘imy opinion, is the great number of passages cited from authors, to exemplify his definitions. Most English words are so famil- latly and perfectly understood, and the sense of them so littl liable to be called in question, that they may be safely left to rest on the authority of the lexicographer, without examples. Who needs extracts from three authors, Knolles, Milton, and Berkeley to prove or illustrate the literal meaning of hand? Who needs extracts from Shakspeare, Bacon, South, and Dryden, to prove hammer to be a legitimate English word, and to signify an in- strument for driving nails? So, under household, we find seven e eT nt day, an affectation of reviving vy, perhaps, be revived to advan. as 10 make a glossary necessary * There is, among some poets of the prese the use of obsolete words. Some of these m: tage; bet when this practice proceeds so far strive to retain the resemblance between the written and spoken A considerable part of Johnson’s Dictionary is, however, well executed; and when his definitions are correct, and his arrange- ment judicious, it seems to be expedient to follow him. It would be mere affectation or folly to alter what can not be 1. The want of a great number of well-authorized words be- longing to the language. This defect has been, in part, supplied oS a . ae . . . S A by Mason, but his supplemental list is still imperfect, even in common words, and still more defective from the omission of 2. Another great fault, that remains uncorrected, is the manner of noting the accented syllable; the accent being laid uniformly on the vowel, whether it closes the syllable or not. Thus the accent is laid on e in te'nant as well as in fe/acher, and the in- quirer can not know from the accent, whether the vowel is long Ixxvi INTRODUCTION passages and nearly thirty lines employed to exemplify the plain interpretation, a@ fumily living together. ; In most cases, one example is sufficient to illustrate the mean- ing of a word; and this is not absolutely necessary, except in cases wheré the signification is a deviation from the plain, literal sense, a particular application of the term; or in a case where the sense of the word may be doubtful and of questionable authority. Numerous citations serve to swell the size of a Dictionary, with- out any adequate advantage. But this is not the only objection to Johnson’s exemplifications. Many of the passages are taken from authors now little read, or not at all; whose style is now antiquated, and by no means furnishing proper models for stu- dents of the present age. In the execution of this work, | have pursued a course some- what different ; not, however, without fortifying my own opinion with that of other gentlemen, in whose judgment I have con- fidence. In many cases, where the sense of a word is plain and indisputable, [ have omitted to cite any authority. I have done the same in many instances, where the sense of a word is wholly obsolete, and the definition useful only to the antiquary. In some instances, definitions are given without authority, merely because I had neglected to note the author, or had lost the refer: elegant words are to the statesman and the poet. ence. In such cases, I must stand responsible for the correctness of the definition. In all such cases, however, I have endeayored to be faithful to the duty of a lexicographer ; and if, in any in- stance, a mistake has escaped me, I shall be happy to have it suggested, that it may be corrected. In general, I have illustrated the significations of words, and proved them to be legitimate, by a short passage from some respectable author, often abridged from the whole passage cited by Johnson. In many cases, I have given brief sentences of my own; using the phrases or sentences in which the word most frequently occurs, and often presenting some important maxim or sentiment in religion, morality, law, or civil policy. Under words which occur in the Scriptures, 1 have often cited passages from our common version, not only to illustrate the scriptural or theological sense, but even the ordinary significations of the words. These passages are short, plain, appropriate, and famil- iar to most readers. Ina few cases, where the sense of a word is disputed, I have departed from the general plan, and cited a number of authorities. In the admission of words of recent origin into a Dictionary, a lexicographer has to encounter many difliculties; as it is not easy, in all cases, to determine whether a word is so far author- ized as to be considered legitimate. Some writers indulge a licentiousness in coining words, which good sense would wish to repress. At the same time, it would not be judicious to reject all new terms, as these are often necessary to express new ideas; and the progress of improvement in arts and science would be retarded by denying a place in dictionaries to terms given to things newly discovered. But the lexicographer is not answer- able for the bad use of the privilege of coining new words. It seems to be his duty to insert and explain all words which are used by respectable writers or speakers, wnether the words are destined to be received into general and permanent use or not. The future use must depend on public taste, or the utility of the words — circumstances which are not within the lexicographer’s control. Lexicographers are sometimes censured for inserting in their vocabularies vulgar words, and terms of art, known only to par- ticular artisans. That this practice may be carried too far, is admitted ; but it is to be remarked that, in general, vulgar words are the oldest and best authorized words in language; and their use is as necessary to the classes of people who use them, as It may be added, that such words are often particularly useful to the lexi- cographer, in furnishing him with the primary sense, which is no- where to be found but in popular use. In this work 1 have not gone quite so far as Johnson has done, in admitting vulgar words. Some of them are too low to deserve notice. The catalogue of obsolete words in Johnson has been consider- ably augmented by Mason. I have, though somewhat reluc- tantly, inserted nearly the whole catalogue, which, I presume, amounts to seven or eight, and perhaps to ten thousand words. Most of these may be useful to the antiquary ; but to the great mass of readers they are useless.* ee i to the understanding of a poem, it seems to be a Violation of good taste. How different is the simple elegance of Dryden, Pope, Gray, Goldsmith, and Cow- per! ‘INTRODUCTION. [xxvii I have also inserted many words which are local in England; being retained from the different languages that have been spoken in that country, but which are no more a part of our present language in the United States, than so many Lapland words. ‘These, however, occur in books which treat of agricul- ture and the arts—books which are occasionally read in this country. Law terms, which are no part of the proper language of the United States, and never can be, as the things they express do not exist in this country, are, however, retained, as it is necessary that the gentlemen of the bar should understand them; and it will be time to dismiss them from books when they are obsolete in practice. As to Americanisms, so called, I have not been able to find many words, in respectable use, which can be so denominated. These I have admitted and noted as peculiar to this country. I have fully ascertained that most of the new words charged to the coinage of this country, were first used in England. In exhibiting the origin and affinities of English words, I have usually placed first in order the corresponding word, in the lan- guage from or through which we have receiyed it; then the cor- responding words in the languages of the same family or race; then the corresponding word in the languages of other families. Thus, for example, the word break we have from our Saxon ancestors; I therefore give the Saxon word first; then the same word in the other Teutonic and Gothic languages; then the Celtic words; then the Latin; and, lastly, the Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic. This order is not followed in every in- stance, even of vernacular words, but it is the more general course | have pursued. When there can be no rational doubt respecting the radical identity of words, I have inserted them without any expression of uncertainty. When there appears to be any reason to question that identity, I have mentioned the probability only of an affinity, or inserted a query, to invite fur- ther investigation. Yet I am aware that many things, which in my view are not doubtful, will appear so to persons not versed in this subject, and who do not at once see the chain of evidence which has led me to my inferences. For this there is no remedy but further investigation. In regard to words which have been introduced into the lan- guage in modern days, 1 have generally referred them to the Janguage from which the English immediately received them. A great part of these are from the Latin, through the French ; sometimes, probably, through the Italian or Spanish. In some instances, however, the order is reversed; indeed, it can not always be known from which language the words have been received, nor is it a matter of any consequence. One circumstance, however, deserves to be particularly noticed— that when I refer a vernacular word to the corresponding word in one of the Shemitie languages, I would not have it understood that the English word was derived or borrowed from that Oriental word. For example, I have given the Shemitic PP as the verb corresponding with the English break, that is, the same word in those languages; not intending by this that our ancestors bor- rowed or received that word from the Chaldeans, Hebrews, or other Shemitic nation. This is not the fact. It would be just as correct for the compiler of a Chaldee or Hebrew Lexicon to derive PND from the English break or German brechen. So when I deduce coin, through the French, Spanish, or Italian, from the Arabic, Obs I do not consider the word as borrowed from the Arabic, but as proceeding from a common radix. With regard to vernacular words, in any European language, such de- duction is always incorrect. Yet errors of this kind abound in every book I have seen, which treats of this subject. The fruth is, all vernacular words in the languages of Europe are as old as ‘the same words in Asia; and when the same words are found in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, it is almost demonstrably certain that these words were in use before the dispersion; the nations of both families have them from the common stock, and the words, like the families of men which used them, are to be considered as of the same antiquity. When, therefore, I state the words of another language as cor- responding with vernacular words in the English, they are offered as affinities, or the same word varied dialectically, perhaps, in orthography or signification, but words from the same root as the English. Thus, under the word bright, I state the Saxon. word, and then the corresponding word in the Ethiopic, the participle of a verb; not that our ancestors borrowed the word from the ~ Ethiopians, but that the verb from which bright was derived, though lost in the Saxon, is still retained in the Ethiopic. This fact proves that the ancestors of the Saxons once used the verb, but suffered it to go into disuse, substituting shine, scinan, in its place. It is much to be regretted that British authors and travelers admit into their writings foreign words, without conforming them, in orthography, to regular English analogies. It is owing to this disregard of the purity and regular form of orthography in Eng- lish, that we are perplexed with such words as burlesque, soup, group, tour, corps, depot, suite, pacha, ennui, and many others. In this respect, modern writers manifest less taste than the writers of former centuries, who, when they borrowed foreign words wrote them in conformity to English analogies. This practice of blending with the English many words of an orthog- raphy which in our language is anomalous, is very embarrassing to readers who know only their vernacular tongue, and often introduces an odious difference between the pronunciation of different classes of people—an evil more sensibly felt in this country than in Great Britain, where differences of rank exist; in short, it multiplies the irregularities of a language, already so deformed by them as to render it nearly impracticable for our own citizens ever to overcome the difficulties of its orthography — irregularities which foreigners deem a reproach to the taste of a literary nation. Where is the good sense which should dictate a manly firmness in preserving the regular analogies and purity of the language? Where is there a due attachment to uniFoRMiITYy, which consti- tutes the principal beauty and excellence of a language, and, beyond all other means, facilitates its acquisition? I would not refuse to admit foreign words into the language, if necessary or useful; but I would treat them as our laws treat aliens; I would compel them to submit to the formalities of naturalization, before they should be admitted to the rights of citizenship; I would con- vert them into English words, or reject them. Nor would I per- mit the same word to be written and pronounced in two different ways, one English, the other French. The French suite in Eng- lish is suzt, whether it signifies a set of clothes, or of apartments, or of armor, or of attendants. In the orthography of certain classes of words I have aimed at uniformity ; but I haye uot proceeded so far in this desirable ref- ormation of the common spelling, as my own wishes and strict | propriety might dictate. Thus, if viczows, from the Latin wtiwm, is written with c, the verb oztzate should regularly be written with the same letter; and we have precedents in the words appreciate and deprecrate, from the Latin pretiwm. In like manner, expa- tiate should be conformed to the orthography of spacious ; exceed, proceed, and succeed, should follow the analogy of concede, inter- cede, and recede. These are points of minor importance, but far from being unimportant. In writing the termination of such verbs as civilize, legalize, modernize, there is a diversity which may be corrected without inconvenience. We indeed have some of the verbs of this class from the French, in which language zser is the termination; but most of them we have borrowed directly from the Latin or Greek, or perhaps from the Spanish or Italian, or they are of our own coinage. As the termination ize is conformable to the Greek original, as it has a definite meaning, and as it expresses the true pronunciation in English, it seems expedient to reduce the whole class to a uniformity of orthography. Enterprise, devise, comprise, revise, compromise, and surprise, belong to a different class, and retain the orthography of their originals. There is a fact respecting the pronunciation of on in cognizance and recognizance, which seems to have escaped observation; this is, that @ was introduced to express a nasal sound, as in the French gn, or Spanish n, but not for the purpose of being pronounced as g. Itis probable that the Latins changed con, before nosco, into cog, for this reason ; and it may be inferred, from the modern pronunciation of these words, that the Greeks omitted or softened the sound of y in yiyvwoxm and yiyvowar. However this may be, the old pronunciation of the words was undoubtedly conusance, or conizance, reconizance ; and hence, in the oid writers on law, the letter g was omitted. Indeed, there is a harshness in the pro- nunciation of g in these words, that offends the organs both of the speaker and hearer, and which well justifies the pronunciation of the old lawyers —a pronunciation which we frequently hear at this day among gentlemen of the bar. Whether the Latins pronounced the letter g in such words as benignus, condignus, malignus, it is of no moment for us to deter- a L —< - ———_— rrrIxxvill INTRODUCTION. mine, In our mode of writing benign, condign, malign, the sound of g must be dropped; but it is resumed in the derivatives, benignity, condignity, malignity : 80 1n design, designate; resign, resignation.” ike oh In noting the obsolete words, which amount to some ; I may have committed mistakes; for words obsolete in one par of the British dominions, or in some part of the United States, may be words in common use in some other part of such comin. ions not within my knowledge. The rule I have generally ob- served, has been to note as obsolete such words as I have not heard in colloquial practice, and which I have-not found in any writer of the last century. The notation of such words as are disused, may be of use to our own youth, and still more to for- eigners who learn our Janguage. Under the head of etymology, in brackets, the reader will observe references to another work, for a more full explanation or view of the affinities of the words under which these references occur. These are references to a Synopsis of the principal uncompounded words in twenty languages —a work that is not published, and it is uncertain whether it will ever be published. But if it should be, these references will be useful to the philologist, and I thought it expedient to insert them. ENGLISH ALPHABET. LaneuaGeE or speech consists of human voices or articulate sounds, intended to communicate thoughts or ideas from one person to another. Articulate voices are those which are formed by closing and opening the organs of speech — the lips, the tongue, the teeth, &c. An articulation is a jointing or closing of the organs, as in pro- nouncing ab, ed, op, un, at, eth, ag, eng. Articulate sounds of the human voice are represented by letters or characters written, painted, engraved, or printed. A letter, or letters in combination, form syllables and words, which are the symbols of ideas. To letters, syllables, and words, are annexed certain sounds, which, being uttered by the organs of speech, communicate ideas, through the instrumentality of the ears. When letters and words are written, painted, engraved, or printed, they communicate thoughts, through the instrumentality of the eyes. In order to the communication of thoughts or opinions cor- rectly, from one person to another, it is essential that both persons should annex the same sounds to the same letters and words; or that the letters and words used should be symbols of the same thoughts to both persons. This identity of sounds and symbols constitutes a particular language, the instrument of social inter- course in a nation. In the English language, the letters are twenty-six ; represent- ing sounds, simple or compound; or modifying such sounds. Letters are of two kinds, vowels and consonants. Vowels are vocal sounds, uttered by opening the mouth or organs of speech, without a contact of the parts of the mouth. The sound of a perfect vowel may be prolonged at pleasure, with- out altering the position of the organs. Such is the first or long sound of a, e, o. The yowels in the English are siz —a, e, i, 0, u, y. Butzand u are not always simple vowels; and y is sometimes used as a consonant. These letters also represent different sounds — a cir- cumstance which creates much difficulty in learning the language The broadest or deepest vowel sound is that of a in fall, au in aught, aw inlaw. This sound requires the largest opening of the mouth. A less opening of the organs gives the sound of the Ital- lan @, as in father, glass. One less deep gives the sound of the short a, as in fat, cat, can. A still smaller opening gives the sound of a in fate, make; and a still smaller, gives the sound of ¢ in mete, feet. The first sound of 0, as in note, is made by a circu- lar position of the lips; and with a less circular Opening of the lips we utter the sound of oo in tool. The first or long sound of ¢ is compound, as in pine; so is the first sound of w in due, suit, tribunal. These sounds can not be exactly expressed or described in writing. * The Spanish puro is the Latin pugnus; and our word aw i e Sp Y m, the D. the Latin pignus. So we pronounce impune, for impugn, Fyoneh aa te in eT z 2 ples a ee Y + ee) ce I Ai 9 are TT The first or long sound of each vowel is exemplified in the following words : — a in make, name. e in me, mete. u in duty, true. z in pine, bind. y in dry, defy. The short sound of each vowel may be exemplified in the fol- lowing words :— a in mat, ban. e in bet, men. z in bit, pin. The vowel a has a third sound, called broad, as in ball, all, walk. The same sound is expressed by au in taught, and by aw in saw. This sound is shortened in what, quadrant, quality. Its remaining sound is the Italian one mentioned above, as in father, glass. The vowel e has the sound of long a in a few words, as in prey, survey, their. The letter z retains its French sound, that of the English long e, in some words which we have received from the French lan- guage, as in pique, marine, machine. The vowel o, in a few words, has the sound of oo, the French ou, as in move, prove, lose. ‘This sound of 00 is shortened in book, look. Ina few words, o has the sound of w short, as in dove, love. The first sound of y, as in dry, is the same as that of 2 in pine ; and its short sound in glory, pity, is the same as that of z in pin, brisk. This short sound of z and y is, properly, the short sound of e long. Hence little, when the first vowel is prolonged, be- comes leetle. Hence been is pronounced bin. The short e in let is nearly, but not precisely, the short sound of a in late. [Short e before 7 at the end of a word, and before 7 followed by any consonant but itself in the middle of a word, verges toward the sound of short w, as in her, fertile, in which e has not exactly the same sound as in herring, ferry. Most persons, indeed, as Smart remarks, run completely into the sound of short w, pro- nouncing the first syllable of mercy and of murder alike. Those who are more delicate in their pronunciation, endeavor to avoid this in accented syllables, retaining very slightly the sound of short e, though it is difficult to do this, in some cases, without running into the sound of a. These remarks apply also to the sound of short 2 and y in the same circumstances, as in sir, circle, mirth, &c. Smart remarks that, ‘‘evyen among the more refined classes, si7, dirt, bird, are pronounced sur, durt, burd ; and, in- deed, in all very common words, it would be somewhat affected to insist on the delicacy refered to.’’] The vowel wu, in some words, has the sound of 00 in book, as in pull, full, put. The letter z, in some words, is pronounced yu, in which case it is anomalous, representing both a consonant and a vowel. This pronunciation occurs in words which begin with w, forming a syl- lable by itself; as in unite, union, unanimous ; and before 7, as in failure, measure, insure, and in a few other cases. Some English writers allege that the proper sound of w is yu. This is a great mistake ; the true sound is nearly ex, but these letters do not express its exact sound. The letter w has its form and its name from the union of two v’s, in old books; o being called yu. This name is ill chosen, and not adapted to express its sound. This letter is, properly, a vowel, with the sound of 00, French ou, but shortened in pro- nunciation, as in dwell, pronounced dooell. That w 1s a vowel, is proved by the fact, that its sound, 00, may be prolonged at pleasure, with the same position of the organs; and it has the same sound both in the middle and at the beginning of a word; as in daoell, well. Yet at the beginning of a word, it is preceded by a, as a wall, a woolen garment, which has led writers to number it among the consonants. W, before another vowel, forms a diphthongal sound; at least this combination seems to deserve a place among diphthongs. It corresponds exactly with w before a vowel, as in equal, equity, in- equity, antiquity, quote, question, persuade, in which w might be substituted for uw, as it is in the Dutch language. In a few words, zw is written before h, but pronounced after it, as in when, white, pronounced hooen, hooite. This absurdity has proceeded from a change of the order of letters in the Saxon, in which h preceded wz; thus, hwen, hwite. o in note, hold. o in not, boss. u in dun, must. y in pity, duty. the Latin pugno, pugna. How far these facts tend to show the Latin pronun- ciation, let the reader judge. Se PN i ne as ciemooel Log 7 er Pre Ses i eNO Ore pee Re %INTRODUCTION. ]xx1x Before r, as in wrench, wring, w 1s not pronounced. Before the-diphthong ow, as in wound, w aids in forming a triphthong. Following 0, w forms part of a diphthong, as in now, vow ; or is mute, as in low, slow, snow. Two vowels rapidly pronounced in one syllable, constitute a diphthong ; as oz in join; oy in joy; ow in sound ; and ow in vow. Two vowels in succession, when one only is pronounced, do not forma diphthong. In my books I follow Sheridan, and de- nominate such vowels a digraph; that is, double written. Such are the following: az, ay, au, a0, ed, ce, 2, EU, EW, CY, 2, OU, UL. Consonants are the letters which represent the articulations of. the organs. The letters of this sort, in the English language, are the following, in large and small characters: B,b; C,c; ID cle Bf; Graph, os J, j5 Kk Ely Mim; No osk, ps) Q, 45 RSE ps riSineleptise iV Visi Oo 5, ioe zs The articulations or jointings made by these letters, may be learned from the following syllables: ab, ac, ad, af, ag, aj, ak, al, am, an, ap, aq, ar, as, at, av, ax, az. Observe the point of contact in the organs which stops the sound. The letters b, f, p, m, v, represent the articulations of the lips, and are called labials, or lip-letters. The consonants d, t, 1, n, and th, represent the jointings of the tongue and the upper teeth, or gum in which the teeth are inserted. For this reason, they are denominated dentals, or tooth-letters. The consonants close c, close g, k, and g, represent the articu- lations of the lower part of the tongue and upper part of the mouth, or palate ; hence they are called palatals, or palate-letters. The consonants s and z represent the position of the end of the tongue near the upper teeth; and when pronounced, the breath issues or is driven out between the tongue and teeth, with a hiss- ing; hence these letters are called szbilants, or hissing-letters. The letter c before e, 2, and y, is precisely equivalent to s. The letter 7 is uttered with a jar or vibration of the end of the tongue, near the upper teeth. The letters 7 and z represent each two sounds ; those of 7 may be expressed by dj, and those of x by ks. The consonant g before e, 2, and y, is, in many words, the exact equivalent of }. The close articulations irterrupt all distinct sound ; such are k, p, and t, asin ak, ap, at. These are called mutes. Band d are mutes, but less close. C and g are close articulations at the end of syllables, as in public, rag. At the beginning of syllables, they are close before a, 0,and wu, as in can, cot, cud; gap, go,gun. But before e, z, and y, cis equivalent to s, as in cedar, city, cycle; and g is sometimes close, as in gift, and sometimes compound, as in general, ginger. The consonants which represent articulations not close, are f, l, M,N, 7, S, 0,2; as in the syllables ef, el, em, en, er, es, ev, ez. H represents a breathing, and is denominated aspzrate. There are, in Hnglish, four articulations, for which there are no single charariers ; but they are represented by ch, sh, th, and ng. The sound of ch, as in church, cheer, may be represented by tsh. The sound of sh occurs in shine, shall. It is precisely equiva- lent to the French ch. Th are aspirated in think, throne; but vocal in that, thou. Walker, in explaining the letters of the alphabet, represents or denominates the consonant b as flat, and p as sharp; v as flat, and f as sharp; d as flat, and ¢ as sharp; th in thee, thou, as flat, and th in think, as sharp. These epithets do not express the powers of these consonants, nor the differences between them. The true representation of them is this: B is a labial, representing a less close articulation than p, which indicates a compression of the lips, that instantly stops all sound. The articulation is the same. D represents a less close articulation of the tongue and upper teeth than t. J represents an articulation of the upper teeth and the lower lip, with a breathing without sound ; » represents the same articulation with sound. S represents a near articulation of the end of the tongue and the upper teeth, with a breathing or hissing without sound; z represents the same articulation with a hissing sound. The same distinction exists between the articulation sh as in fresh, and that of zh as in oster, fusion, delusion. The sound of ng is simple, and occurs in sing, thing, in which the articulation is not close. ‘The same is also true of the parti- ciples and verbals, as singing, singer. But there is another class of words, as anger, longer, in which the g goes to the subsequent syllable, while, at the same time, the peculiar sound of ng is re- tained on the preceding syllable. To indicate this, such words are marked with a double accent, thus, an!!ger, longer, denoting that they are not to be pronounced either ang-er, oF an-ger, but with the peculiar sound of ng followed by g, as described above. Yet there are not, in this case, two articulations, as some or- tho&pists seem to suppose. The g directly succeeds the peculiar sound of ng without any new position of the organs, so that there is only one articulation or jointing between the syllables, though that is a close one. Orthoépists represent, that, in the combination nk, as in ink, bank, n has the sound of ng. This isa mistake. The sound of ng is nasal, the articulation being less close than nk. If the m in such words had the sound of ng, then ink would have a nasal sound, ing, preceding k; but this is not the fact; on the other hand, the close articulation & stops all sound. Walker, then, in representing bank, brink, as being pronounced bangk, bringk, en- tirely mistakes the fact. Norr.— In this work, the diphthongs of foreign words, from which anglicized words are derived, are very often rejected; as in economy, edematous, atheneum, maneuver, pean. The diphthongs @ and @ are of difficult formation in writing, and of no use in English words. RULES FOR PRONUNCIATION, AND EXPLANATIONS OF THE MANNER OF DESIGNAT- ING SOUNDS IN THIS WORK. The first or long sound of the vowels is designated by a horizon- tal mark over the vowel, thus, 4, 6,1, 6,0, y. This mark is not necessary (though it is here used) in words and syllables ending in e, after a single consonant, as in fate, mete, rite, note, mute, in which the first vowel is long, and the final e is silent. So also it is unnecessary in the last syllables of colonnade, fortitude, anti- pode, suicide, proselyte, consecrate, and others of similar formation. The first sound of a vowel is also indicated by the mark of accent immediately after the vowel, as in fa'vor, ce'dar, vi'tal, glolry, trully, cy'cle. The second or short sound of a single vowel is indicated by one or more consonants terminating the word or syllable, as in ban, band, pen, bend, pin, flint, not, plot, sun, must, cyst, withstand descend, rotund. The short sound is also indicated by the mark of accent im- mediately after a single consonant, as in salary, enlergy, infamy, botlany, hus!band, sym'bol. The third or broad sound of @ is designated by two points under the vowel; thus, ball, broad. But the necessity of these points is superseded by a general rule, that, in most words in which a is followed by ld, lk, Ul, as in bald, balk, fall, the letter a has its broad sound. [Still the @ is generally used for greater clearness. ] This broad sound occurs in the digraphs au and aw; as in taught, lato. When this broad a@ is shortened, the sound is indicated by @ single point under a; as in what, quadrant. The fourth or Italian sound of ais designated by two points over the letter; thus, bar, mdst, father. The letter e having the sound of a long, has a mark under the letter; as in prey, convey. The letter i, when it has the sound of e long, has two points. over the letter; thus, futtgue, marine. : The letters i and 0, when they have the sound of w short, have a curving mark; thus, bird, déve. The vowel o has, in a few words, the sound of 00, French ou, which is indicated by two dots over the letter; thus, mdve, lise. This sound, when shortened, is designated by a point’ under each of the yowels; thus, book, look; bush, full. The two letters 00, without points, have the sound of the French ow; as in fool, room. The digraphs ai, ay, always have the sound of the first or long a, unless otherwise marked. The digraphs ea, ee, e2, 2e, always have the sound of the first or long e, unless otherwise marked. In all cases, when one vowel of a digraph is marked, that vowel has the sound designated by the mark, and the other is quiescent; thus, wpbraid, arrdyed, decéit, siége, appear, course, float, broad, vein, show. By marking the vowel 9, in the digraphs ow and av, the digraph is distinguished from the diphthong; thus, im source, ou are a digraph; but in sour they are a diphthong; and 662, a weapon, is distinguished from bow, to bend. ———— ean... ae saagggengione es 8 " aS ie : mace ea a=mr Ixxx Thus ow and ow, without a mark, are always diphilong?: The digraphs ew, ew, and wz, have the sound of the firs ne in feud, brew, bruise. The writers who attempt to give w 5 Ne after r, the sound of 00, as in rude, brew, [rood, Ecco} SF Oo age an affected pronunciation. In all such words, wv e ew sore Wie proper sound of w in duty, tumult, lucid, both mn this coun ny a in the general usage in England. Some persons a: ect P nounce the letters e and w distinctly, eand oo; but this affectation was condemned by Wallis, as early as the reign of Charles II. The vowel z, in the termination 7ve, 1s always short; as in motive, relative, pronounced motiv, relat. ve The peculiar articulation of the letter r renders it necessary to utter a slight sound of e short between a vowel and that letter. Thus, bare, mere, mire, more, mure, are pronounced bder, meer, mier, moer, muer; SO in parent, apparent, pronounced nearly paerent, wppaerent. ‘This necessity makes a slight variation in the sound of a, but too inconsiderable to deserve a particular mark of distinction. The accented syllable is designated by this mark! at the end, as in la'bor, glo'ry, ten’or, amend!, det'riment, withdraw!, avo’, destroy', renew!. After syllables having two or more consonants followed by e quiescent, or a diphthong, the accent has no effect upon the vow- el, as in dislodge!, rejoice'. In many cases, the mark over the vowel might designate both the sound of the vowel and the accented syllable, as in abrade, up- braid, dedice, besiége; but the accent is uniformly marked.* The letters ch, in words from the French, are pronounced as sh, and over the letter c is a mark; thus, chaise, pronounced shayz. The letters ce, cz, and ti, before a vowel, often blend into the sound of sh. ‘Thus, ocean, Phocion, motion, are pronounced o'shun, Pho'shun, mo!shun. Uence, ceous, cious, tious, blend into the syllable shus, as in cetaceous, gracious, factious, pronounced ceta'shus, gra'shus, fac'shus.t The termination szon, after a consonant, is pronounced shun; concession is pronounced concesh'un. But after a vowel, it is pronounced zhun; diffusion is pronounced diffu'lzhun. The termination ton, in most words, is pronounced shun, after a vowel or consonant ; nation, affection, are pronounced na!/shun, affec'shun. In a few words, tian, tion, are pronounced chun; as in Chris- tian, bastion. Egyptian is an exception; Egypshun. The termination sier, when not under the accent, is pronounced zher or zhur, as in o!sier, bra'sier ; but when under the accent, it has the sound of seer, as in cuirassier!. When two accents occur after ¢ or z, and before ci and ti, they indicate that the preceding syllable ends with the pronunciation of sh. Thus, pre!/cious, vi!!tiate, are pronounced presh'ous, vish'- ate; the ci and tz blending into the sound of sh. In such words as pronunciation, euphony seems to require that cia should be uttered in two syllables, pro-nun-ci-a'tion, to pre- vent the repetition of the sound of sh; pronunshashun.t Dr. Ash remarks, that the different vowels, in unaccented syl- lables, are pronounced alike, or nearly so. Thus, in the words altar, alter, manner, manor, murmur, all the vowels of the last syl- lables have nearly the same sound. Hence it is useless to mark the unaccented vowels, their sounds being too obscure and indistinct to be defined, or to be distinguished by marks. The nice dis- tinctions between them, if any exist, are to be acquired only by usage and good taste. The letters gh, in most English words, are quiescent. In the following, they are pronounced like f; cough, chough, clough, enough, hough, laugh, rough, slough, tough, trough. H after r is mute, as in rhetoric. G and k before m are mute, as in gnaw, knave. W before 7 is mute, as in wrest, wrong. In a few words, h after w is pronounced before it, as in what which. ’ In the termination en, eis usually mute, as in broken, pro- nounced brokn. * It is said by some writer, that the accent never falls on a vowel, but always Onaconsonant. This is a great mistake. The last syllable of foresee has the accent on the last syllable, and on the vowels which end the syllable. In open the accent is on the first syllable, in which there is no consonant. Bee ot. c —_ ROSE ee eee Ryness) ee aE oa ; " RENE Ra as 2 SN cage enc INTRODUCTION. The final e is mute after 7, in the following syllables: ble, cle, dle, fie, gle, kle, ple, tle, zle. B after m is mute, as in dumb. L is mute before k, as in walk; before m, as in calm; and before f, as in half, calf. JV is mute after m, as in hymn. Ph are always pronounced like f, as in philosophy; but they are silent in phthisic, pronounced tizzic. P is mute before s, as in psalm ; and before t, as in ptyalism, Ptolemy. In the terminating syllable of adjectives, ous, the letter o is always silent. The unaccented y, at the end of words, is short, like 7 in pin, pit, as in glory, probity. In the plural of such words, zes are pronounced 7z, as glories, pronounced gloriz. But y, in monosyllables, has its first sound, as in dry, my; and in verbs and plurals of nouns the same sound occurs in the in- flections, as in fly, flies ; try, tries ; pronounced flize, trize. In the termination fy, the y has its first sound, as in fortify. So also z in the last syllable of forttfies. S has its proper sound after f, p, k, t, and th aspirate, as in chiefs, caps, franks, pits, deaths. S has the sound of z after b, d, g, gh, 1, m,n, 7, s and ss, z, 2, AW, AY, EW, ey, OW, oY, sh, ng, th vocal, ch, oe, ie, and after c fol- lowed by e final; as in robs, robes, races, rods, rides, TAZS, TALES, toils, dreams, sighs, rains, bars, waves, roses, passes, mazes, laws, days, news, preys, vows, joys, brushes, sings, breathes, churches, foes, flies. S before m has the sound of z, as in spasm, baptism The letter z, in Welsh words, is pronounced as the vocal th in that, thou. In many cases, a word, the better to express the pronunciation, is written a second time, in the letters most proper for the pur- pose. In this case, the pronunciation of the radical word is to be observed in the derivatives, unless otherwise noted. Thus, bright.is written brite, to show the pronunciation; and this pronunciation is to be observed in its derivatives, brightness, brightly. The letter wu, it has been remarked, has the sound of yu in words in which this letter forms a syllable by itself, as in u-nit, u-nanimous, u-biquity, u-surp, and in some monosyllables, as in use, pronounced yuse. In extending this sound to wu after d, as in gradual, credu- lous, Walker has changed the sound of d to that of dj; and gradual becomes gradjual or grajual; credulous is changed to credjulous or crejulous. But this pronunciation of Walker is severely condemned by Jameson and Knowles. Soalso Walker’s butsheus for beauteous, plentshus for plenteous, are condemned and discarded. The same fate attends Walker’s ingrejent for in- gredient, and other words of a like orthography. The present practice is to give to uw the sound of yu, in such words as nature, feature, rapture; which are pronounced nat-yur, féat-yur, rapt-yur. This practice seems to have been adopted to avoid the common corruption of a change of ¢ into tsh, as in natshur —a pronunciation condemned by the latest orthoé pists. But in words of more syllables than two, this pronunciation of u as yu, in the last syllable, as in caricature, literature, judicature, is not to be commended. [Still, as the corruption referred to oc- curs quite as frequently in words of this class as in those of two syllables, it has been thought best to place them all on the same footing, and to mark with the sound of w as heard in unite, all the terminations in wre, with their derivatives.] The termination ed, in the past tense and participles of verbs, retains the vowel e, in this vocabulary, for showing the proper orthography, especially to foreigners; but in the customary pro- nunciation, this yowel is omitted, except after d and t. Thus, abandoned, delivered, charmed, ore pronounced abandond, de- liverd, charmd. ‘his rule extends to all cases, except to some formal uses of particular words, or to occasional uses of some words in verse. After d and t, this termination ed is, from necessit » pronounced as a distinct syllable; as in abraded, hated. { The English orthoépists allege that the letter c, in such words, has the sound of sk. This isa mistake, The pronunciation of sh, in such words, is the effect of blending the sound of c with the following vowel This mistake has misled Walker and others into a multitude of errorsORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER. AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME. 1. Terminations in our changed into or. — Such words as favor, labor, &c., formerly ending in our, drop the uw. One word, how- ever, is here given in both ways, viz., Savior, Saviour. 2. Terminations in cx changed into c.— Words of more than one syllable, ending in zc or zac, which formerly ended in k, have dropped the k, as in music, maniac, &c. Add to these almanac, sandarac, limbec (from alembic); also havoc. The k is retained (1) in a few derivatives, as colicky, trafficker, mimicking, &c., to prevent an erroneous pronunciation; (2) in all monosyllables, as sick, stick, wreck, &c., and hence in their compounds, as brain- sick, candlestick, shipwreck, &c.; (3) in all other terminations except zc and zac, as in arrack, hammock, &c. 3. Terminations in RE changed into rR.— Such words as centre, metre, theatre, &c., with their compounds, have the re changed into er, as center, meter, theater, &c. Some hundreds of words, like chamber, cider, diameter, &c., have already undergone this change, which is here extended to about twenty more, to complete the analogy. Acre, lucre, and massacre, are necessarily excepted, be- cause the change would lead to an erroneous pronunciation. The above words, however, are here given in both modes of spelling. 4, Words in which the final consonant is not doubled in adding such formatives as ING, BD, ER, &c.—It is a rule extending to many hundreds of cases, that, in adding to a word such formatives as ing, ed, er, &c., a single consonant at the end of a word is doubled when the accent falls on the lust syllable, as in forgetting, beginning, excelling ; but is not doubled when the accent falls on any preceding syllable, as in benefiting, gardener, &e. This rule has been violated in the case of about fifty words ending in lI, whose derivatives have had the J doubled, as traveller, &c. These words are here restored to their true analogous spelling, as recommended by Walker, Lowth, Perry, and others, as in traveling, canceled, leveler, counselor, duelist, marvelous, &c. On the same principle, woolen is spelled with a single 7. It does not interfere with this rule that chancellor, and the derivatives of metal and crystal, as met- alline, metallurgy, crystalline, crystallize, &c., have the J doubled, since they come directly from the Latin cancellarius and metallum (Greek wéraddov), and the Greek xgvotaiiog. The above rule is also applied to the derivatives of worship and bias, making them wor- shiping, worshiped, worshiper, biasing, biased. Bigoted has already taken its true spelling with but one ¢, and such should be the spell- ing of carbureted, sulphureted, &c. 5. Distinction between verbs in 17% and 1sE.— Verbs from the Greek .tw, and others formed in analogy with them, have the ter- mination ize, as baptize, legalize, &c. Catechise and exorcise are exceptions. Verbs, and also some nouns, derived directly from the French, with a few from other sources, end in zse, as advertise, advise, affranchise, amortise, chastise, circumcise, comprise, com- promise, criticise, demise, despise, devise, disfranchise, disguise, divertise, emprise, enfranchise, enterprise, exercise, manumise, mer- chandise, misprise (to mistake), premise, reprise (to take again), Tevise, SUpervise, surmise, surprise. 6. Terminations in ABLE. — Able, when incorporated into words ending with silent e, cuts it off, as in blamable, except after c or g, as in noticeable, changeable. 7. Compounds of words ending in tL.—Such compounds as befall, miscall, install, forestall, inthrall, enroll, retain the double J, to prevent a false pronunciation, making the last vowel short, as befal, enrol, &c. For the same reason, double J should be retained in the nouns znstallment, inthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment. 8. DrerxnsE, OrrensE, and Prerense.— In these words, s is substituted for c, because s is used in the derivatives, as defensive, offensive, pretension. ‘The words expense, recompense, and license, have, on this ground, undergone the same alteration within com- paratively a short period, and a change in the three mentioned above would complete the analogy.. These words are here given in both forms of -spelling. : 9. Forete vt, Distitx, Instixzt, Furrityt. — These words retain the Zl of their primitives, for it must be retained in the participles and other derivatives, as foretelling, distiller, instilling, fulfilled, &c. In this case, it is only necessary to remember the rule, that the spelling of the original words tell, still, fill, is retained in all the derivatives. 10. Connection, Drriection, InrLectTion, REFLECTION. — These follow the spelling of their verbs, connect, deflect, inflect, reflect. 11. Derivatives of Dutt, SxitxL, WiLL, dnd Furi.— These re- tain the ll, viz. dullness, fullness, skillful, willful, to prevent the inconvenience of exceptions to a general rule. Walker says, there is no reason why we should not write dullness, fullness, skillful, and 2o2llful, as well as stiffness, gruffness, and crossness. 12. Derivatives of Vititain. — The derivatives of villain ought to retain the 2, as in villainous, villainy, &c. This is the case in all similar words when the ain is not under the accent, as mountain- ous from mountain, captaincy from captain, chieftaincy from chief- tain, chaplaincy from chaplain, certainty from certain, &c. Both modes of spelling, however, are given in this volume. 13. Movuxip and Movtr.— These words should be written mold and molt, like gold, bold, fold, colt, &c., in which the w has been dropped, or was never introduced; but they are here given in both ways. 14. Terms in chemistry.—The orthography oryd (from d&vs) is considered preferable to oxide, because in all other derivatives the Greek uv is represented by the English y, as in oxygen, hydrogen, &c. In such terminations as chlorid, fluorid, ammid, &c., the final e is not used, because they are formed in analogy with acid, and the eis unnecessary, and might lead to the error of giving a long sound to the preceding 7. Such words as salicin, ceri, vera- trin, &c., also omit the final e in most cases, because it is unneces- sary, though it is retained in bromine, chlorine, fluorine, todine, and a very few others. The spelling of the last class of words has the authority of Brande’s Encyclopedia, the Penny Cyclopedia, and some distinguished chemical works. 15. Wor.— This word takes the final e, like doe, foe, hoe, sloe, toe, and all similar nouns of one syllable. The termination in 0 be- longs, among monosyllables, to the other parts of speech, as go, so, and to nouns of more than one syllable, as motto, potato, tomato, &c. 16. Practice, as a verb. — This verb should be spelled like the noun, with a c, as in notice, apprentice, and all similar words in which the accent precedes the last syllable. The distinction of spelling between the noun and verb belongs properly to words ac- cented on the last syllable, as device, n., devise (pronounced de- vizel),v. ‘To apply the distinction here, and spell the verb practise, tends to give it the same pronunciation (practize) as we often find in uneducated persons; but as this spelling, though in opposition to the regular analogy, is more prevalent, the verb is here given in both ways. 17. Drours is given as spelled by Spenser, Bacon, &c., and as still extensively pronounced; and hight as spelled by Milton, and derived from high. They are, however, placed under drought and height, the more ordinary spelling, though, on some accounts, the old spelling is to be preferred.Ae Ee ACB ELS: HEBREW AND SAMARI- CHALDEE. JNVames. Aleph x Beth Ei Gimel 4 Daleth 5 He q Vau 1 Zain 7 Cheth nm Teth D Yod + Caph “has Lamed 5 Mem bn Nun ie) Samech D Ain y Phe rp Tzaddi yx Koph 5 Resh Sin Shin Thau n TAN. it 3 Mork wwe 4 te ep jut = oreo J lt ARABIC. Names. Final. Medial. Elif j L L Be oS * Jim Gees = Dal x X Dhal Sia ON d He % & 4 Wau 4 5 > Ze Se ES ; Ha c Ee =\ Kha cq # =< Ta b &L L Tha 6 & Ye Sec. A Kef SL FSB Lam Ar \ Mim e e a Nun oy ty A WON = = ; Ain Maer x Gain Saeek x Fe C5 cae R T'sad Ue Ue asa Dhad US Ve 212 Kaf CS) ey & Re 2 > Sin Us ys atk ; Shin Cue as Te Co ck x The ee esk x Initial. GS Bb Ce blac Vea. cbs ol. q n lee » he We Use JVames. Olaph Beth Gomal Dolath He Vau Zain Heth Teth Yud Coph Lomad Mim Nun Semceath Ee Pe ‘T'sode Kuph Rish Shin Tau SYRIAC. Final. 2 —o. 3 e ol OL ° Q ) } on A as SD of N SS pace) oi Sy SS 2 2 36° & Pue) eQ Pee ile 2 eA. ah Medial, L i 7 d> po ob B Tritial. S oO ow eat 7 ey 0~ 8 The Arabic vowels are only three, viz. Fatha, - a,e; Kesra, > The diacritical signs are Jesm © or quiescent Sheva; Teshdid » or Dagesh forte; Hamza + placed over Elif when radical. Nunnation or double final vowels, = = = ©, showing that they are to be pronounced an, en or in, on or un. The Persj i : 4s eas. : Tsians use the Arabic alphabet, with the addition of Pe, 25 Che, >; Ghaf, [ <); and Zhe, 5. e,i; Dhamma, ° 0, u. ‘ a he eae hi ied low icing y 3 sa ON areas Nippon ERE, (SP ji Pane * tree wl Ben Ph = ‘ pee ie , =i ets ae —- “ hoo voedacanaedet SaitOe oR MED Che’ De ee mt a OS Re , i Nee Me ageMeT |. 1 Te ah ERR LT Tee nc GEES LEE IN ict See i ria Sat SaeedETHIOPIC Alph Bet Gemel Den Hoi Waw Zal Haut Hharm Tait Yaman Quaf Lawi Mai Nahas Saut Ain Af Pait Psa Zadai Zappi Kaf Rees Saat Tawi A short. Hed fl ba 1 ga ep da U ha @ wa H za ay ha a ha (qT) tha P ya mn ka (\ la ® ma 7 na UW sa Wied we fa & pa T pa Q Za 6 zza p ka -p Xd ij Sa meta U. (yr U 1 bu T gu 2 du Ib bu @, wu MH zu dy hu thu (Ty thu P yu me eo (y lu o> mu r, nu UF su Ou a fu & pu T pu & 7A Qs 27 & ku ZT ee su aise CU ie i, Nn, bi 1, gi 2 di Y hi P Wi H. Zl ch, hi a hi Mm, thi R, yl n, ki (A, li Q mi , ni UL si om ail & pl T Pl a a Q 2zZi & ki Zt fy, Sl tb ti AP TPA Ea. A long. E. \e a ie-e ba f, be q ga 1, ge £ da 2 de YU ha Y he PP wa i we H za H, ze dy ha ch, he + ha at, he Mm) tha (1), the Pp ya BR ye _ ka nm ke ) la (, le AQ ma A, me o na ry ne Uj sa Uiese OF a oe q. fa a; fe R pa & pe De Ee Re A Za a Ze Q zza Q Zze p ka & ke Cha Ge ft} Sa IL Se ej ta t te Ye Ay f) by TERY, & dy v hy Oo wy H ZY th hy fj hy m thy ey) m ky Q ly & my = ny du sy OLY qe ty. & Py 7 Py a ZY 6 ALY p ky G ry Ml Sy eey O. (\ Oo f bo 1 go pe do U ho wo H ZO a ho tf ho (qy tho P" yo n ko (fe lo @ mo ce no W so PO «@ fo & po T po R ZO 2 ZZO B ko S10 fh SO” r{* to Nore. — In the foregoing alphabets, the order of the Arabic and Ethiopic letters is conformed to that of the Chaldee and Hebrew. ‘The reader will observe two or three defects, which are owing to the imperfection of the fonts of type heel 2DIRECTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS. ich i i iti S *,* At the end of some of the etymologies, there are references, (as, under the , ary writing have the parts separated by a A d at , (as, : ee ae ny i ve after the word which forms their | word Axare, “See Class Bd, No. 23, 33,””) which point to corresponding parts in Toe RarnuRNy Cees nORieY er especially when their number is small, they are | the author’s ‘‘ Synopsis of Words in Twenty Languages ?? — a work which has not . 4 adocs ~~ t a 3 = <3 aranend in their erties alphabetical order, If, then, a compound word is not found | yet been published. in the first-mentioned place, it should be sought in its strictly alphabetical order. ABBREVIATIONS. ds foradiective prep. stands for. . preposition. Dan. . stands for. Danish. Lat. or Z. stands for Latin. as : ee ; WYEts sive 2 0 preterit tense. Diets we ebe tee ec) DULCHS (07 OCLC. Pers oe 52504... Persic, or Persian, ae ; : : pee ee ve: or compound. | prom...+.+.«++s- pronoun. MONO cious) 310) «| s England, OF EEN ELIS a | eO7ite aia te 6 ol eo! 6 HOTELES: con. .».. conjunction, or connective. | superl........ . superlative. TOK ao ais =) «) sys LuLOPICe MITE 9 G6 SOO aD Russian. exclam .. exclamation, or interjection.|v.7. ......... Verb intransitive. TUBA SO rd 8 tp 3 LOeeer Nii da bo 4 a8 Samaritan, fi. +... feminine. Delta twisi ats) 6 «isles VOLD) UONSILIVe: G. or Ger. . 22 German. WGNSis 6 » = cis © » HANSCTIL. Ms « . » masculine. wae iid America, or Ameri-| Goth ....... Gothic. Sieh ee Saxon, or Anglo- i. . . name, or noun. can. Gre 6% os a ©) e GICC Ke Saxon. obs. +. obsolete. Are ciate) cere el ene Aros Hebi. 3 a5 owe DIeDIeE Ws sla xG elo to ce ee Spanish. ple « . plural. ATI 6a 6 © sie) ois CATIMOFIC. NCOxis fencl aio) ats tele Icelandic. Us eawetiny coon ec Swedish. Pp.» - - participle passive, or perfect.| Ch. ..-.+++-+- Chaldee. Tn Velo, edie ese Trish, or Gaelic. SUre (eeitiors 6 ee ak Syriac. ppr participle present. Cornth % wee «yes COMISh: Ul; Wat aes e'e)s =) oe) Atallalt. We stelsia'ss 6 «+ a VVElSHe Kh LO TH PRONUNCITA LION. A, Ey, 1; Se ae jandas mete, mite, | EW, or EU, like long u, as in new, Tend OO rec wciels « eo Sun) book: CK hard, like ii sie OS IN 2 6 Sleke Jong or open, mote, mute, dye. |Ylikelonge,.......... marine, OU or OW, ........ « about, town. | G soft, likej, .......... gem. A Italian, or AU, . . far. MCLG NSHOXE 25.6) altel . bird. Uo erate sees os bis et ete IDI: GOST y) boets) sicleis = = als « 0) ONUGS A broad, AU or AW, fall. Oy ge hstaia idole)» an ei oe JUDO. WINNS Gon pan aa Cae SAKE 2, crete «5 6 oe «vic me Sy WAS: in eaiien ais) 6) a) «) soa WV O like short w, a . dove. € hard, or €H, like k, .. . carry. Soin wile eine es a cis a) atone es om Rests E like longa, ..... prey, there. ON 5 ' wolf. C soft, likes, . Bieta oa elton: PES os fo oie cl cite oc ere ee ase EE, 45, or GS, Pree enara™ OMAN oeocaan S60 GiblEP CH,... vee ee ee s MUCh ADS. Vols: ols 1a] 6/s v6 nia) epee teins like long e, a ; 00, seh moon. Gijikesh; .s.5s © « Macune. REMARKS. 1. Improper Diphihongs.—In these, the vowel which is sounded is| fare, &c., is pronounced like the a in fat, but much lengthened in quan- alone marked, as in dz, éa, or ed, Ju, &c. tity. This, according to Smart and all the later orthotpists, as well as 2. Double Accent (). —This is used in two cases: (1) When, in such} Walker, is a departure from true English usage. ; words as anger, (pronounced ang'ger,) the g is, as it were, drawn back 8. Itakan A. — The sound of a in far, daunt, &c., and its sound in fast, to the preceding syllable, forming with m the sound of ng, while it is also | pant, &c., being radically the same, is represented by the same charac- retained with its proper hard sound in its own syllable. Thus the dis-| ter, d@. Yet, in words like fast, clasp, ask,-pass, waft, path, pant, &c., the tinction is marked between such words as longer, of greater length, | sound is not so much prolonged as in far; and in such words as dance, and long'er, one who longs. (2) When, in the case of e or z followed by | advantage, it is shortened still more, and by some is changed into the cv or tz, the sound of sf is drawn back to the preceding syllable, as in| sound of a in fat. special, discre''tion, addition, vicious, (pronounced spesh/al, diskresh'-| 9. Broad A.— The distinction between the broad a (a), or ato, and the un, addish/un, vish'us.) The double accent is also used when the sound | same sound shortened (a), as in what, is readily perceived. Insome words, of zh is drawn back, as in transi/tion, vi'/sion, (pronounced transizh!un, | however, as salt, cobalt, &c., the a is not so broad as in all, nor so short vizh'un ;) but this peculiarity is also indicated either by respelling or by | as in what; but, in respect to this nicer distinction, the ear must decide. the marked s. When the single accent (’) and double accent (”) both 10. Short £ before R.—'The sound of short e before 7 at the end of a occur on the same word, the former is to be considered the primary, and | word, or followed by another consonant than 7, as in confer, perform, the latter the secondary accent, as in cheese'mon'ger. herd, earth, &c., is nearly the same as that of Short w before r; but 3. Vowels in Italics. — Vowels which are Italicized are not sounded, | some, particularly in England, attempt, in this case, to give the e its reg- as the a in metal; the e in used, hazel, burden; the z in evil, cousin; the} ular short sound, as heard in hen, herald, herring. The same remarks oin beckon, &e. Hence, the termination ed in participles and adjectives, | may be made respecting 27, to which some attempt, in such words as when the ¢ is Italicized, though separated to the eye, does not to the| vrgin, mth, &c., to give the regular sound of short e and *. ; ear form a distinct syllable. Thus wsed is pronounced in one syllable. ll. Short o.— The shut sound of o before 7 in the same syllable, as in 4. Accented Syllables.— When an accented syllable ends in a conso-| nor, being unavoidably the same as that of a, is not marked with any nant, the vowel which it contains has its regular short or shut sound, | distinctive character. A sound intermediate in length between that of unless otherwise denoted according to the key. ain ail and of o in not is heard in such words as off, soft, song, cloth, 5. Unaccented Syllables. — When an unaccented syllable ends in a/| loss, frost, &c. Here, however, a drawl is carefully to be avoided. vowel other than e mute, this vowel has an obscure or faint sound, un- less otherwise marked. The obscure a is usually the short Italian a, as in America. The obscure e,7, and y, have the open sound of e shortened, as ia event, labial, duty; and hence, in respelling for pronunciation, the eis used to denote these sounds. The obscure o and wu have their recular open sounds, but somewhat shortened, as in monopoly, swzperflzous. When the unaccented syllable ends in a consonant, the yowel which it contains, if single, has its regular short or shut sound, as in assign, ex- plain, furnish, connective, calwamny ; but ain such words as monarchy, &c., has the faint sound of the Italian a. In neither of these cases should the sound of the other vowels (a,'e, 7, 0, y) run into that of win tub. _ 8. Terminations WM ICE, (GE, §¢c.— When the z in such terminations as we, Uge, tle, ime, ine, ise, ite, ive, is not marked with any distinctive char- acter, it 1s to be considered short, as in malice, vestige, hostile, feminine &e., pronounced mal'ts, ves'tij, hos!til, femlinin, &c. io Long A before R. — The long sound of a before 7 in the same syllable, as Heard in fare, pair, parent, bear, &c., is nearly the same as in fate; or more exactly, it begins with the latter sound, and ends with the faint sound of eor@. In this case, however, the a should never be made a distinct syllable, faler, pay/rent, but Jare, &e. So prayer, though spelled in two syllables, should be pronounced in one, as prare. By many, however, the first part of this compound sound is entirely omitted, and the ain i te - wee re ee ee PGT F Fj Pi 8 Sra ii Td Zi ganas eae 12. Long u.— The long or open sound of w has been considered by many as a diphthong composed of e, or y, and 00. Dr. Webster regarded it, in most cases, as a peculiar vowel sound, nearly resembling e and oo, but so much closer as hardly to be diphthongal; and considered the sound as yoo only when it begins a syllable, or when it is heard in certain terminations, as in wre, &c. There isa strong tendency, which ought to be carefully avoided, to change this sound into oo after d, ¢, J, n, and $, as doo'ty for di’ty, &c.; but in avoiding this, as Smart remarks, the w must be kept very close, and not run into dyuty or de-uty. Walker sounds w like oo after 7; but even here, the best speakers, in Dr. Web- ster’s view, give a slight softening between the vowel and the consonant, pronouncing rude in a less broad and open manner than rood, i. e., giving the wits distinctive sound. 13. Respelling for Pronunciation. —(1) In respelling the French en, on, &c., the letters mg are designed simply to mark the vowel as nasal, and are not to be pronounced themselves. (2) The respelling of a word, when a number of related words follow, applies to all of them down to some other word which is respelled. (8) Compound words, which are not respelled or otherwise marked, are to be pronounced like the simple words of which they are composed; but of and with at the end of com- pounds, like hereof, herewith, &c., have their final consonants sounded as in doff, smith.WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY OF PH E- ENGL SEP AN GG ee A AB ABA is the first letter of the alphabet in most of the known languages of the earth; in the Ethiopic, however, it is the thirteenth, and in the Runic, the tenth. It is naturally the first letter, because it represents the first vocal sound naturally formed by the human organs; being the sound uttered with a mere opening of the mouth without con- straint, and without any effort to alter the natural position or configuration of the lips. Hence this letter is found in many words first uttered by in- fants ; which words are the names of the objects with which infants are first concerned, as the breast, and the parents. Hence in Hebrew ON am, is mother, and AN ab, is father. Im Chaldee and Syriac, abba is father; in Arabic, aba; in Ethiopic, abi; in Malayan and Bengalese, bappa; in Welsh, tad, whence we retain dad; in Old Greek and in Gothic, atta ; in Irish, aithair ; in Cantabrian, azta ; in Lapponic, atki; in Abyssinian, abba; in Am- haric, aba; in Shilhic and Melindane, African dialects, baba; and papa is found in many nations. Hence the Latin mamma, the breast, which is, in popular use, the name of mother; in Swedish, amma isanurse. This list might be greatly ex- tended ; but these examples prove A to be the first natural vocal sound, and entitled to the first place in alphabets. _ The Hebrew name of this letter, aleph, signifies an oz or a leader. A has, in English, four sounds; the long or slender, as in place, fate; the broad, as in wall, fall, Which is shortened in squad, what ; the open, or Italian, as in father, which is shortened in china; and the short sound, as in fat. Its primitive sound was probably aw. A is also an abbreviation of the Saxon an or ane, one, used before words beginning with an articulation; as, a table, mstead of an table, or one table. This is a modern change ; for in Saxon an was used before consonants as well as vowels ; as, an tid, a time, an gear, ayear. [See AN] This letter serves as a prefix to many English words, as in asleep, awake, afvot, aground, agoing. In some cases, this is a contraction of the Teutonic fe, US in asleep; aware, from the Saxon sgeslapan, to sleep, wewarian, to beware; the Dutch gewaar. Sometimes it is a corruption of the Saxon on; as, again, from ongean ; awake, from onwacian, to watch or Wake. Before participles, it may be a contrac- tion of the Celtic ag, the sign of the participle of the present tense; as, ag-radh, saying ; a-saying, a-going. Or this may be a contraction of on, or, what is equally probable, it may have proceeded from a mere accidental sound produced by negli- gent utterance. In some words, a may be a con- traction of at, of, in, to, or an. In some words of Greek original, a is privative, giving to them a negative sense, as in anonymous, from u and vvopa, name. Among the ancients, A was a numeral, denoting 500; and with a dash, A, 5000, In the Hebrew, Syr., Ch., Sam., and Ar., it denotes one or unity. In the Julian calendar, A is the first of the seven dominical letters. Among logicians, A, as an abbreviation, stands for a universal affirmative proposition. A asserts; FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.—TON#, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; E denies. Thus in barbara, a, thrice repeated, de- notes so many of the propositions to be universal. The Romans used A to signify a negative or dis- sent in giving their votes; A. standing for antiquo, I oppose or object to the proposed law. Opposed to this letter were U. R., utt rogas, be it as you desire —the words used to express assent to a proposition. These letters were marked on wooden ballots, and each voter had an affirmative and a negative put into his hands, one of which, at pleasure, he gave as his vote. —In criminal trials, A. stood for absolvo, 1 acquit; C. for condemno, I condemn; and N. L. dent ; and the judges voted by bullots thus marked. —In inscriptions, A. stands for Augustus ; or for ager, aiunt, aurum, argentum, &c. A. is also used for anno; as in A. D., for anno Domini, the year of our Lord; and A. M., for anno mundi, the year of the world ; and also for ante, as in A. M., for ante meridiem, before noon; and for arts, asin A. M., for artium magister, master ofarts. With the Romans, A. U. C. stood for anno urbis condita, in the year froin the building of the city of Rome. In algebra, a and the first letters of the alphabet represent known quantities—the last letters are sometimes used to represent unknown quantities. In music, A is the nominal of the sixth note in the natural diatonic scale —called by Guido la. It is also the name of one of the twv natural moods; and it is the open note of the 2d string of the violin, by which the other strings are tuned and regulated. In pharmacy, @ or G2, abbreviations of the Greek ana, signify of each separately, or that the things mentioned should be taken in quantities of the same Weight or measure. In chemistry, A A A stand for amalgama, or amal- gamation. In commerce, A. stands for accepted, as in case of a bill of exchange. books by the letters, A, B, C, instead of figures. Public officers number their exhibits in the same manner; as the document A, or B. Alpha and Omega, the first and Jast letters of the Greek alphabet, are used in Scripture for the be- ginning and end — representative of Christ. In mathematics, letters are used as representatives In argu- ments letters are substituted for persons, in cases of numbers, lines, angles, and quantities. supposed, or stated for illustration ; as, A contracts with B to deliver property to D.—In the English phraseology, ‘fa landlord has a hundred a year,” ‘‘the sum amounted to ten dollars @ man,’ a is merely the adjective one, and this mode of expres- sion is idiomatic; a hundred in a@ [one] year; ten dollars to a [one] man. AAM, n. containing five or six palms.] A measure of liquids among the Dutch, varying in different cities from 37 to 4] English wine gallons. AA-RON’IE, a. AA-RON/I€-AL, hood of which he was the head. Doddridge. AB, in English names, fs an abbreviation of Abbey or Abbot; as, Abton, Abbey-town, or Abbot-town. for non liquet, it is not evi- Merchants also number their [Ch. MON, or NON, a cubit, a measure Pertaining to Aaron, the Jew- ish high priest, or to the priest- OH as SH; FH as in THIS. aS - AB, a prefix to words of Latin origin, and a Latin preposition, as in abduct, is the Greek aro, and the Eng. of, Ger. ab, D. af, Sw. Dan. af, written, in an- cient Latin, af. It denotes from, separating or de- parture. AB; the Hebrew name of father. [See AREAS AB; the eleventh month of the Jewish civil year, and the fifth of the ecclesiastical year, answering to a part of July, and a part of August. In the Syriac calendar, 40 is the name of the last sum- mer month, AB/A-€A,n. A kind of flaxin the Philippine Islands. AB-A-CIS/6US, x. In ancient architecture, the square compartments of Mosaic pavements. AB/A-CIST, zn. [from abacus. ] One that casts accounts; a calculator. A-BACK’, adv. [a and back, Sax. on bec; at, on, or toward the back. See Back. Toward the back ; on the back part; backward. In seamen’s language, it signifies the situation of the sails, when pressed back against the mast by the wind. Taken aback, is when the sails are carried back suddenly by the wind. Laid aback, is when the sails are purposely placed in that situation to give the ship sternway. Mariner’s Dict: AB/A-€OT, x. The cap of state, formerly used by English kings, wrought into the figure of two crowns. AB-A€/TOR, n. dyer In law, one that feloniously drives away or steals a herd or numbers of cattle at once, in dis- tinction from one that steals a sheep or two. AB/A-€US, n. [L. abacus, any thing flat, as a cup- board, a bench, a slate, a table or board for games ; Gr.a6az. Usually deduced from the Oriental, PAN abak, dust, because the ancients used tables cov- ered with dust for making figures and diagrams. ] 1. Among the Romans, a cupboard or buffet. 2, An instrument to facilitate operations in arith- metic. On this are drawn lines; a counter on the lowest line is one; on the next, ten; on the third, a hundred, &c. On the spaces, counters denote half the number of the line above. Other schemes are called by the same name. The name is also given to a table of numbers cast up ; as, an abacus of addition; and, by analogy, to the art of num- bering, as in Knighton’s Chronicon. Encye. 3. In architecture, a table constituting the upper member or crowning of a column and its capital. It is square in the Tuscan, Doric, and [onic or- ders, but its sides are arched inward in the Co- rinthian and Composite. The name is also given to a concave molding on the capital of the Tus- can pedestal, and to the plinth above the boultin in the Tuscan and Doric orders. Encye. 4, A game among the Romans; so called from its being played on a board, somewhat in the manner of chess. P. Cyc. AB/A-CUS HAR-MON‘IG€-US, x. The structure and disposition of the keys of a musical instrument. AB/A-€US MA/JOR,n. ». +. [L. accommodo, to apply or suit, from ad and commodo, to profit or help; of con, with, and modus, measure, proportion, limit, or manner, See Mope.]} 1. To fit, adapt, or make suitable; as, to accom- modate ourselves to circumstances ; to accommodate the choice of subjects to the occasions. Paley, 2. To supply with or furnish ;— followed by with; as, to accommodate a man with apartments. 3. To supply with conveniences ; as, to accommo- date a friend. 4. To reconcile things which are at variance ; to adjust ; as, to accommodate differences, 4 0. To show fitness or agreement; to apply; as to accommodate prophecy to events. me 6. To lend to —a commercial sense. In an intransitive sense, to agree, to be conform- able to, as used by Boyle. { Obs. } A€-€OM’MO-DATE, a. Suitable; fit; adapted; as means accommodate to the end. ay. Tillotson. A€-€OM’MO-DA-TED, pp. Fitted; adjusted ; adapt- ed; applied; also, furnished with conveniences ; as, we are well accommodated with lodgings. : The capability of A€-C€OM/MO-DATE-LY, adv. Suitably; fitly. [Little used.] 5 : a ee ACC A€-€OM’MO-DATE-NESS, 2. Fitness. [ Little used. AG COM/MO-DA-TING, ppr. Adapting; making suitable; reconciling; furnishing with conveni- ences ; applying. A€-COM’/MO-DA-TING, a. Adapting one’s self to ; obliging ; yielding to the desires of others ; disposed to comply, and to oblige another; as, an accommo- dating man. A€-C€OM-MO-DA'TION, n. — followed by to. The organization of the body with accommodation to its func- tions, Hale. Fitness; adaptation ; 2. Adjustment of differences ; reconciliation ; as of parties in dispute. 3. Provision of conveniences. 4. In the plural, conveniences; things furnished for use ; — chiefly applied to lodgings. : 5. In mercantile language, accommodation is used for a loan of money which is often a great con- venience. An accommodation note, in the language of bank directors, is one drawn and offered for dis- count, for the purpose of borrowing its amount, in opposition to a note which the owner has received in payment for goods. : : ; In England, an accommodation bill is one given in- stead of a loan of money. Crabbe. 6. It is also used of a note lent merely to accom- modate the borrower. 7. In theology, accommodation is the application of a passage to something not originally intended by it, on the ground of resemblance or analogy. Many of those quotations were probably intended as nothing more than accommodations, 8. In marine language, an accommodation ladder is a light Jadder hung over the side of a ship at the gangway. A€-COM/MO-DA-TIVE, a. Furnishing accommo- dation. A€-€0M’MO-DA-TOR, n. One that accommodates ; one that adjusts. Warburton. A€-€OM’PA-NA-BLE, a, [See Accomrany.] So- ciable. [JVot used. A€-€OM/PA-NI-ED, pp. Attended by; connected with, A€-€OM/PA-NI-MENT, xn. [Fr. accompagnement. See Accompany.] Something that attends as a circumstance, or which is added by way of orna- ment to the principal thing, or for the sake of sym- metry. Accompaniment, in music, the subordinate part, or parts, accompanying the voice, or a principal in- strument; also, the harmony of a figured base. Accompaniment of the scale, in music, the harmony assigned to the series of notes forming the diatonic scale, ascending and descending. Py Cacs Accompaniment, in painting, an object accessory to the principal object, and serving for its orna- ment or illustration. Brande. A€-€OM PA-NIST', n. The performer in music who takes the accompanying part. Busby. A€-€OM'PA-NY, v. t. [Fr. accompagner; Sp. acom- panar ; Port. accompanhar. See Company.] 1. To go with or attend as a companion or asso- ciate on a journey, walk, &c.; as, a man accom- pames his friend to church, or on a tour. 2. To be with, as connected; to attend ; as, pain accompanies disease. A€-€OM'PA-NY, v. i. To attend; to be an asso- ciate ; as, to accompany with others. [ Obs.] Bacon. 2. To cohabit, Milton. 3. In music, to perform the accompanying part in a composition. Busby. A€-COM’'PA-NY-ING, ppr. or a. Attending ; going with, as a companion. A€-€OM/PLICH, x. [Fr. complice; L. complicatus, folded together, of con, with, and plico, to fold ; W. plegy, to plait; Arm. plega. See Comerex and Piepce.] An associate in a crime; a partner or partaker in guilt. It was formerly used ina good sense for a co-operator, but this sense is wholly ob- solete. It is followed by with before a person ; as, A was an accomplice with B in the murder of C. Dryden uses it with to before a thing. A€-COM’PLICE-SHIP, n. The state of being an accomplice. H.. Taylor. A€-COM/PLISH, v. 4. [Fr. accomplir, to finish, from ad and I. compleo, to complete. See CoMPLEYE. | To complete ; to finish entirely. That He would accomplish seventy years in the desolation of Jerusalem. — Dan. ix, 2. To execute ; as, to accomplish a vow, wrath, or fury. Levy. xiii. and xx. 3. To gain; to obtain or effect by successful ex- ertions ; as, to accomplish a purpose. Prov. xiii. 4, ‘To fulfill or bring to pass; as, to accomplish a prophecy. This that is written must yet be accomplished in me. — Luke xxii. 5. To furnish with qualities which serve to render the mind or body complete, as with valuable endowments and elegant manners. 6. To arm and equip. The armorers accomplishing the knights. Shak, A€-€OM/PLISH-ED, pp. Finished ; completed ; ful- filled; executed ; effected, 2. a. Well endowed with good qualities and manners; complete in acquirements; having a finished education; applied usually to acquired qualifications, without including moral excellence. 3. Fashionable. Swift. A€-€OM/PLISH-ER, n. One who accomplishes. A€-COM/PLISH-ING, ppr. Finishing ; completing; fulfilling; executing; effecting; furnishing with valuable qualities. A€-€OM/PLISH-MENT, zx. Completion; fulfill- ment; entire performance; as, the accomplishment of a prophecy. 2. The act of carrying into effect, or obtaining an object designed ; attainment; as, the accomplishment of our desires or ends. 3. Acquirement; that which constitutes excel- lence of mind, or elegance of manners, acquired by education. A€-€OMPT’. [Obs.] See Account. A€-COMPT’ANT. lope See Accountant. A€-€ORD!, nxn. [Fr. accord, agreement, consent; accorder, to adjust, or reconcile ; Sp. acordar ; Arm. accord, accordi; It. accordo, accordare. The Lat. has concors, concordo. Qu. cor and cordis, the heart, or from the same root. In some of its appli- cations, it is naturally deduced from chorda, It. corda, the string of a musical instrument. ] 1, Agreement; harmony of minds; consent or concurrence of opinions or wills. They all continued with one accord in prayer. — Acts i. 2. Concert ; harmony of sounds; the union of different sounds, which is agreeable to the ear; agreement in pitch and tone; as, the accord of notes ; but in this sense it is more usual to employ concord or chord. 3. Agreement: just correspondence of things; as, the accord of light and shade in painting. 4. Will; voluntary or spontaneous motion; used of the will of persons, or the natural motion of other bodies, and preceded by ozon. Being more forward of his own accord, —2 Gor. viii. ‘hat which groweth of its own accord thou shalt not reap. — Lev. xxy. o. Adjustment of a difference; reconciliation ; as, the mediator of an accord. 6. In law, an agreement between parties in con- troversy, by which satisfaction for an injury is stipulated, and which, when executed, bars a suit. Blackstone. 7. Permission, leave. A€-€ORD!, v. t. To make to agree, or correspond ; to adjust one thing to another. Her hands accorded the lute’s music to the voice. Sidney, 2. To bring to an agreement; to settle, adjust, or compose ; as, to accord suits or controversies, Hale. 3. To grant, to give, to concede; as, to accord to one due praise. A€-€ORD!, v.7. To agree ; to be in correspondence. My heart accordeth with my tongue. Shak. 2. To agree in pitch and tone. A€-€ORD/A-BLE, a. Agreeable; consonant. Gower. A€-€ORD/ANCE, xn. Agreement with a person ; con- formity with a thing. Shak. A€-€ORD/ANT, a. agreeable. A€-CORD/ANT-LY, adv. ment, A€-CORD/ED, pp. A€-€ORD/ER, n. Corresponding; consonant ; In accordance or agree- Dwigiit. Made to agree; adjusted. One that aids, or favors. [Little used. | A€-CORDIING, ppr. or a. Agreeing ; harmonizing. Th’ according music of a well-mixt state. Pope. 2. Suitable; agreeable ; in accordance with. In these senses, the word agrees with or refers to a sentence, Our zeal should be according to knowledge. Sprat. Noble is the fame that is built on candor and ingenuity, accord- ing to those beautiful lines of Sir John Denham. Sect. Here the whole preceding parts of the sentence are to accord, i. e. agree with, correspond with, or be suitable to, what follows. According, here, has its true participial sense, agreeing, and is followed by to. It is never a preposition. — A€-€ORD/ING-LY, adv. Agreeably ; suitably ; ina manner conformable to, Those who live in faith and good works, will be rewarded accordingly. A€-CORD'I-ON, n. [from accord.] A small keyed wind instrument, whose tones are generated by the play of wind upon metallic reeds. It is a small wind-chest, the sides of which are made to fold and expand like a bellows. On the top are apertures in PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— M@TE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, Ce ee een tanner area re ane 10 D&VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — es Se co pn meee Canam =ACC ACC ACC which the reeds are inserted, and upon which the reeds play. Each key playing on two apertures, the reeds of which are furnished with reversed valves, is made to command two successive notes in the scale, according as the wind is drawn in by expand ing the chest, or forced out by closing it. Ip addi tion to the keys, there is a slide which opens '1}¥ n reeds attuned to the harmonics of the tonic ay d dominant, by opening which the air has an Lar- monic accompaniment. The bottom of the chest is furnished with a large key, by which the chest may be opened, and suddenly exhausted or filled, as need requires. ‘This is a melodious portable in- strument, commanding two or three octaves in the diatonic scale. Prof. Fitch. A€-€OR/PGO-RATE, v. t To unite. [Wot in use] [See INcoRPORATE. Milton. A€-COST’, v. t [Fr. accoster; ad and céte, side, border, coast ; G, kiiste; D. kust; Dan. kyst.] To approach; to draw near; to front, or face. [Not in use. | 2. To speak first to; to address. Milton. Dryden. A€-E€OST’, v. 7. To adjoin. ee: in use.) Spenser. A€-€OST/A-BLE, a. Easy of access ; familiar. Howell. A€-C€OST/ED, pp. or a. Addressed ; first spoken to. In heraldry, being side by side. A€-COST/ING, ppr. Addressing by first speaking to. A€-COUCHE!MENT, (ac-coosh/mong,) n. [Fr.] De- livery in child-bed. A€-COUCH-EUR’, (ac-coo-share’,) n. [Fr.] A man who assists women in childbirth. A€-COUNT’, n. [Fr. conte; It. conto; Sp. cuenta; Arm. count; an account, reckoning, computation. Formerly writers used accompt from the Fr. compte. See Counr.] 1. A sum stated on paper; a registry of a debt or credit ; of debts and credits, or charges; an entry in a book or on paper of things bought or sold, of payments, services, &c., including the names of the parties to the transaction, date, and price or value of the thing, Account signifies a single entry, or charge, or a statement of a number of particular debts and credits, in a book or on a separate paper ; and in the plural, is used for the books containing such entries. 9. A computation of debts and credits, or a general statement of particular sums ; as, the account stands thus ; let him exhibit his account. 3. A computation or mode of reckoning; applied to other things than money or trade; as, the Julian account of time. 4, Narrative ; relation ; statement of facts ; recital of particular transactions and events, verbal or written ; as, an account of the revolution in France, Hence, 5. An assignment of reasons; explanation by a recital of particular transactions, given by a person jn an employment, or to a superior, often implying responsibility ; answering for conduct. Give an account of thy stewardship. — Luke xvi. Without responsibility or obligation. He giveth not account of his matters. — Job xxxiii. 6. Reason or consideration, as a motive ; as, on all accounts, on every account. 7. Value; importance ; estimation ; that is, such a state of persons or things as renders them worthy of more or less estimation ; as, men of account. What isthe son of man, that thou makest account of him? — Psal. cxliv. 8. Profit ; advantage; that is, a result or produc- tion worthy of estimation. To find our account in a pursuit ; to turn to account. Philip. iv. 9, Regard ; behalf; sake; a sense deduced from charges on book. Put that to my account. — Philem. 18. To make account, that is, to have a previous opinion or expectation, is a sense now obsolete. A writ of account, in law, is a writ which the plaintiff brings demanding that the defendant should render his just account, or show good cause to the contrary ; called also an action of account. Cowel. A€-COUNTY, v. t. ‘To deem, judge, consider, think, or hold in opinion. Jand my son Solomon shall be accounted offenders. — 1 Kings i. 2. To accownt of, to hold in esteem ; to value. Silver was not any thing accounted of in the days of Solomon. ines xX. 3. To reckon, or compute ; as, the motion of the sun whereby years are accounted; also, to assign as a debt; as, a project accounted to his service; but these uses are antiquated. A€-COUNT’, v. i. To render an account or relation of particulars. An officer must accownt with or to the treasurer for money received. 2. To give reasons; to assign the causes; to ex- plain ; with for ; as, idleness accounts for poverty. 3. ‘To render reasons ; to answer for in a respon- sible character ; as, we must account for all the tal- ents intrusted to us, A€-COUNT-A-BIL/LTY, n. The state of being liable to answer for one’s conduct; liability to give account, and to receive reward or punishment for actions. The awful idea of accountabiltly. R. Hail. 2. Liability to the payment of money or of dam- ages ; responsibility for a trust. A€-COUNT!A-BLE, a. Liable to be called to ac- count ; answerable to a superior; as, every man is accountable to God for his conduct. 2, Subject to pay, or make good, in case of loss. A sheriff is accountable, as bailiff and receiver of goods. Accountable for, that may be explained. [Vot pen A€-COUNT!A-BLE-NESS, 7. Liableness to answer or to give acfount; the state of being answerable, or liable to the payment of money or damages. A€-COUNT!’ A-BLY, adv. In an accountable manner. A€-COUNT/ANT, zn. One skiHed in mercantile ac- counts ; more generally, a person who keeps ac- counts ; an officer in a public office who has charge of the accounts. In Great Britain, an officer in the Court of Chancery who receives the money paid into the court, and deposits it in the Bank, is called accountant-general, A€-COUNT/ANT-SHIP, x. The office or employ- ment of an accountant. A€-COUNT’-BOQK, n. A book in which accounts are kept. Swift. A€-COUNT’ED, pp. Esteemed ; deemed; consid- ered; regarded ; valued. Accounted for; explained. A€-COUNT/ING, ppr. Deeming ; esteeming; reck- oning ; rendering an account. Accounting for; rendering an account ; assigning the reasons; unfolding the causes. A€-COUNTIING, zn. The act of reckoning or adjust- ing accounts. A€-€OUP/LE, (ac-cup’pl,) v. t. To couple; to join or link together. [See CoupLe. A€-COUP/LE-MENT, (ac-cup’pl-ment,) z. A coup- ling ; a connecting in pairs; junction. [Little used. A€-COUR/AGE, (ac-cur/age,) v. t [See Courace. To encourage. Cot used. | Spenser. A€-COURT!’ v. t. [See Courr.] To entertain with courtesy. [Wot used.] Spenser. A€-COU'TER, )} (ac-coot/er,) v. t ([Fr. accoutrer ; A€-€6U'TRE, contracted from accoustrer, from Norm. coste, a coat, coster, arich cloth or yestment for festivals. Ithink this to be the true origin of the word, rather than coudre, couture, couturier.] In a general sense, to dress ; to equip; but appro- priately, to array in a military dress ; to put on, or to furnish with a military dress and arms; to equip the body for military service. A€-€OU!'TER-ED, ) pp. Dressed in arms; equipped. A€-€OU'TRED, Beattie. A€-C€OU’TER-ING, ppr. Equipping with military habiliments. A€-€OU'TER-MENTS, ) x. pl. Dress; equipage ; AG COUIRER MENTS? | furniture for the body ; appropriately, military dress and arms ; equipage for military service. 9, In common usage, an old or unusual dress. A€-€OY’!, v. t. [old Fr. accoisir.] To render quiet or diffident ; to soothe ; to caress. eae Spenser. A€-CRED/IT, v. t. [Fr. accrediter; Sp. acreditar ; It. accreditare; to give authority or reputation ; from L. ad and credo, to believe, or give faith to. See Crepit.] To give credit, authority, or reputation ; to accred- it an envoy, is to receive him in his public character, and give him credit and rank accordingly. A€-ERED-IT-A/TION, n. That which gives title to credit. [Zatéle used. | : ; A€-ERED/IT-ED, pp. or a. Allowed ; received with reputation ; authorized in a public character. Christ. Obs. A€-GRED/IT-ING, ppr. Giving authority or repu- tation. A€-GRES'CENT, a. [See Accretion.] Increasing. Shuckford. A€-ERE'TION, z. [L. aceretio, increase; aceres!co, to increase, literally, to grow to; ad and cresco; Eng. accrue; Fr. accroitre. See INCREASE, ACCRUE, Grow. 1. A growing to; an increase by natural growth ; applied to the increase of organic bodies by the ac- cession of parts. Arbuthnot. 2, An increase by an accession of parts exter- nally. Bacon, 3. In the civil law, the adhering of property to something else, by which the owner of one thing becomes possessed of a right to another ; as when a legacy is left to two persons, and one o them dies before the testator, the legacy devolves to the survivor by right of accretion. Encyc, A€_€RIM-I-NA/TION, n. Accusation. A€-CRE'TIVE, a. Increasing by growth ; growing ; adding to by growth; as, the accretive motion o ants. AG-ERGACH!, v.t. [Fr. accrocher, to fix on a hook ; from croc, crochet, a hook, from the same elements as crook, which see.] 1, To hook, or draw to,as with a hook; but in this sense not used. 2. To encroach; to draw away from another. Hence, in old laws, to assume the exercise of royal prerogatives. Blackstone. The noun accroachment, an encroachment, or at- tempt to exercise royal power, is rarely or never used. [See Encroacn.] A€-CRUB!, (ac-cru’,) v.i. [Fr. accroitre, aceru, to in- crease; L. accresco, cresco; Sp. crecer and acrecer ; It. crescere, accrescere ; Port. crecer; Arm. eal Literally, to grow to; hence, to arise, proceed or come ; to be added, as increase, profit, or damage ; as, a profit accrues to government from the coinage of copper; a loss accrues from the comage of gold and silver. A€-ERUE’, (ac-cru’,) x. Something that accedes to or follows the property of another. [ Obs.] A€-ERUVING, ppr. Growing to; arising; coming ; being added. A€-CRU/MENT, n. Addition; increase. [Little seas Montagu. A€-C€U-BA'TION, n. [lL accubatio, a reclining, from ad and cubo, to lie down. See Cusz.] A lying or reclining on a couch, as the ancients at their meals. The manner was to recline on low beds or couches, with the head resting on a pillow or on the elbow. Two or three men lay on one bed, the feet of one extended behind the back of another. This prac- tice was not permitted among soldiers, children, and servants; nor was it known, until luxury had corrupted manners. Encyc. A€-CUMB’, v. i. [L. accumbo; ad and cubo.] To recline, as at table. [JVot used.] A€-€UM'BEN-CY, nz. State of being accumbent or reclining. A€-CUM/BENT, a. [L. accumbens, accumbo, from cubo. See AECUEARION:| Leaning or reclining, as the ancients at their meals. In botany, when one part of an organ is applied to another by its edge, it is said to be accumbent. Brande. A€-€0’MU-LATE, v. t. [L. accumulo; ad and cu- mulo, to heap; cumulus, a heap; Sp. acumular; It. accumulare; Fr. accumuler, combler-.} 1. To heap up; to pile; to amass; as, to accumu- late earth or stones. 2. To collect or bring together; as, to accumulate causes of misery ; to accumulate wealth. A€-€U'MU LATE, v. i. To grow to a great size, number, or quantity ; to increase greatly ; as, public evils accumulate. AG-60'’MU-LATE, a. Collected into a mass or quantity. Bacon. A€-€0'/MU LA-TED, pp. or a. Collected into a heap or great quantity. A€-€U'MU-LA-TING, ppr. Heaping up; amassing ; increasing greatly. A€-€U-MU LA/TION, n. The act of accumulating ; the state of being accumulated; an amassing ; a collecting together; as, an accumulation of earth or of evils. 2, In law, the concurrence of several titles to the same thing, or of several circumstances to the same proof. Encyc. 3. In universities, an accumulation of degrees, 1s the taking of several together, or at smaller intervals than usual, or than is allowed by the rules. Encyc. A€-€0'/MU-LA-TIVE, a. That accumulates; heap- ing up; accumulating. i A€-60'MU-LA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an accumulative manner; in heaps. A€-€G/MU-LA-TOR, 1%. athers, or amasses. AG/EU-RA-CY, n. [L. accuratio, from accurare, to take care of; ad and curare, to take care; cura, care. See Care.] 1. Exactness; exact conformity to truth; or toa rule or model; freedom from mistake ; nicety ; cor- rectness; precision which results from care. The accuracy of ideas or opinions is conformity to truth. The value of testimony depends on its accuracy ; copies of legal instruments should be taken with accuracy. ; 9. Closeness; tightness; as, a tube sealed with accuracy. A€/GU-RATE, a. [L. accuratus.] In exact con- formity to truth, or to a standard or rule, or to a model; free from failure, error, or defect; as, an accurate account; accurate measure, an accurate expression. 9, Determinate; precisely fixed; as, one body may not have a very accurate influence on another. Bacon. 3. Close; perfectly tight; as, an accurate sealing or luting. i A€IGU-RATE-LY, adv. Exactly; im an accurate manner ; with precision ; without error OF defect ; as, @ Writing accurately copied. : A 2, Closely ; so as to be perfectly tight; as, a vial One that accumulates, ae TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; accurately stopped. Comstock % as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Do Le et re 11 . e a. a ee a Laa ea 2 Mh meme Nee RY ACH ACE ACH A€/€L RATE-NESS, x. nicety , precision. A€-CURSE’, (ac-curs’,) v. t. Accuracy ; | Ac, for ad, and curse. ] evil upon. [7s verb is rarely used. See Curse.] A€-CURS/ED, pp. or a. (part. pronounced ac-curst’ ; adj. ac-curs‘ed, Doomed to destruction or misery.) The city shall be accursed. — John vi. 2. Separated from the faithful; cast out of the church ; excommunicated. I could wish myself accursed from Christ, St. Paul. 3. Worthy of the curse; detestable; execrable. Keep from the accursed thing, —Josh. vi. Hence 4. Wicked ; malignant in the extreme, A€-€U/SA-BLE, a. That may be accused; chargea- ble with a crime; blamable; liable to censure ; red by of. ACeaAN Tew. One who accuses. , Hall, A€-€0-SA/TION, x. The act of charging with a crime or offense; the act of accusing of any wrong or injustice. : 2. The charge of an offense or crime; or the declaration containing the charge. They set over his head his accusation. — Matt. xxvii. A€-€U/SA-TIVE, a. or n. A term given to a case of nouns, in grammars, on which the action of a verb terminates or falls; called in English grammar the objective case. A€-€U/SA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an accusative manner. 2. In relation to the accusative case in grammar. A€-€0/SA-TO-RY, a. Accusing; containing an accusation ; as, an accusatory libel. A€-CUSE’, v.t. [L. accuso, to blame, or accuse ; ad and causor, to blame, or accuse; causa, blame, suit, or process, cause ; Fr. accuser ; Sp. acusar ; Port. accusar ; It. accusare; Arm. accusi. ‘The sense is, to attack, to drive against, to charge or to fall upon. See Cavse.] 1, To charge with, or declare to have committed a crime, either by plaint, or complaint, information, in- dictment, or impeachment ; to charge with an offense against the laws, judicially or by a public process ; as, to accuse one of a high crime or misdemeanor. 2. To charge with a fault ; to blame. Their thoughts in the meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another. —Rom. ii. It is followed by of before the subject of accusa- tion ; the use of for after this verb is illegitimate. AC-CUS’ED, pp. or a. Charged with a crime, by a legal process ; charged with an offense; blamed. A€-€US/ER, n. One who accuses or blames; an officer who prefers an accusation against another for some offense, in the name of the government, before a tribunal that has cognizance of the offense, A€-€US'ING, ppr. or a. Charging with a crime; blaming. A€-€US'TOM, v. t. [Fr. accoutumer, from ad and coutumeé, coustume, custom. See Custom, ] To make familiar by use; to form a habit by practice; to habituate or inure 3 aS, to accustom one’s self to a spare diet. A€-€US/TOM, v. i. do any thing. [Little used.] 2. To cohabit. [Vot used. A€-€US'/TOM, n. Custom. Lavoe used. | A€-€US/TOM-A-BLE, a. ual; customary. [Little used. A€-€US'TOM-A-BLY, ado. or habit. [Little used, | A€-€US'/TOM-ANCB, zn. Custom ; habitual use or practice. [JWVot used. Boyle. A€-CUS‘TOM-A-RLLY, adv. According to custom or common practice. [See CusromariLy.] [Little used.] A€-€US'TOM-A-RY, a, Usual; customary. [See ont ee used. | A€-€US'TOM-E pp- Being familiar by use ; habituated ; inured. Milton. According to custom 2. a. Usual; often practiced ; as, in their accus- A-CE-TAB’/U-LUM, n, tomed manner. A€-€US'/TOM-ING, ppr. Making familiar by prac- _ tice; inuring. ACE,n. [L. as,a unit or pound ; Fr. as; It. asso; D. aas; G. ass; Sp. as. 1a Al unit; a single point ona card or die ; or the card or die so marked, 2. A very small quantity ; a particle; an atom ; a trifle; as, a creditor will not abate an ace of his demand. L A-CEL’DA-MA, 7. [Ch. PH, a field, and NpD7, Ch. Syr. and Sam., blood.] . : ; A field said to have lain south of Jerusalem, the Same as the potter’s field, purchased with the bribe which Judas took for betraying his master, and therefore called the Jield of blood. It was ap- propriated to the interment of strangers, A-CEPH/A-LAN, Ne [Gr. axeparos.] Ty A-CEPH!/A-LA, n. pl. aati plied to a class of mollus- cous animals, comprehending those which have no AC-E-TA/RI-OUS, a. head, as the oyster and muscle, Bell. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MBETE, PREY. pee ——— 12 a ae : 4 BN te RN ie mt ee ele ai appara ana SOON ORT oe ee eee Bae Rh Ce ete exactness ; ; A-CEPH’A-LT, zn. pl. To devote to destruction ; to imprecate misery or A-CERV/AL, a. To be wont, or habituated to A-CERV/ATE, vt. To heap up. A-CERV/ATE, a. Wilton. A-CERV/OSKE, a. Of long custom ; habit- A-CES'CENCE, Jn, [L. A-CES’/CEN-CY, from acesco. turning sour by spontaneous decomposition, and] A-CHIEVE’, ». t. A-CES/CENT, a. A-CES'TIS, n. [Gr.] (Gr. a and xedaXn.] A sect of levelers who acknowledged no chief or head. A-CEPH/A-LIST, 2 One who acknowledges no head or superior. A-CEPH’A-LOUS, a. head. 1. Without a head, headless. In history, the term Acephali was given to several sects who refused to follow some noted leader, and to such bishops as were exempt from the jurisdiction and discipline of their patriarch. It was also given to certain levelers who acknowledged no head in the reign of Henry I. It was also applied to the Blemmyes, a pretended nation of Africa, and to other tribes in the East, whom ancient naturalists represented as having no head; -their eyes and mouth being placed in other parts. Modern dis- coveries have dissipated these fictions. In Engclish laws, men who held lands of no particular lord, and clergymen who were under no bishop. LL. Hen. I. Cowel. 2. In botany, applied to ovaries, the style of which springs from their base, instead of their apex. Brande. 3. In anatomy, applied to a fetus having no head. A-CEPH/A-LUS, n. Anobsolete name of the tenia or tape-worm, which was formerly supposed to have no head ; an error now exploded, 'Vhe term is also used to express a verse defective in the beginning. ACE’-POINT, n. The side of a card or die that has but one spot. AC’E-RAN, n. (Gr. a priv. and xepas, horn. AC’E-RA, x. nt. | Terms applied to a family of apterous insects, without antenne ; and toa family of gastropod molluscous animals, without tentacles, Brande, A-CERB', a. [L. acerbus; G. herbe, harsh, sour, tart, bitter, rough, whence herbst, autumn, herbstze u, harvest time ; D. herfst, harvest. See Harvest. Sour, bitter, and harsh to the taste; sour, with astringency or roughness; a quality of unripe fruits, Quincy. A-CERB/ATE, v. t. To make sour, bitter, or harsh to the taste. A-CERB/A-TING, ppr. A-CERB/LTY, n. astringency. 2. Harshness, bitterness, or severity ; applied to persons or things; as, acerbity of temper, acerbity of pain. Barrow. A-CER/I€, a. [L. acer, a maple-tree.] Pertaining to the maple ; obtained from the maple ; as, aceric acid. A-CER'LDES, n. pl. [Gr. a priv. and knpos, wax.] Plasters made without wax. Parr AC/ER-OSE, ) a. [L. acerosus, chaffy, froin acus, AC’ER-OUS, § chaff, or a point.] In botany, chafty ; resembling chaff. [Gr. a priv. and xepadn, a Making sour. A soumess with bitterness and 2. An acerous or acerose Ieaf is one which is A-CHE'NI-UM, x. [Gr. axnv, poor. ] linear and permanent, in form of a needJe, as in pine. Martyn, A-CER/RA, n. [L.] in which incense was burnt ; a censer. Adams Ant. Pertaining to a heap. ; growing in heaps, or in closely compacted clusters. Full of heaps. [Obs.] acescens, turning sour, hence a being moderately sour ; a tendency to tum sour. Turning sour; readily becoming tart or acid by spontaneous decomposition. Hence, slightly sour; but the latter sense is usually ex- pressed by acidulous or sub-acid. Nicholson. A factitious sort of chryso- colla, made of Cyprian verdigris, urine, and niter. Cyc. {L. from acetum, vinegar. See Acip.] or like vessel, and a measure of about one eighth of a pint. 1." In anatomy, the cavity of a bone for receiving the protuberant end of another bone, and therefore forming the articulation called enarthrosis. It is used especially for the cavity of the os innomina- tum, Which receives the head of the thigh bone. 2. A glandular substance found in the placenta of some animals, 3. In botany, the trivial name of a species of | A-CHIEV/ER, n. Peziza, the cup peziza; so called from its resem- blance to a cup. 4. Itis Sometimes used in the sense of cotyledon. 5. A species of lichen. 6. In entomology, the socket on the trunk, in which the leg is inserted. Brande, 7. A sucker of the Sepia or cuttle-fish, and of other similar molluscous animals. rande. Used in salads; as, acctarious Brande. plants. A-CHE/AN, a. ACH/E-RON, n. In natural history, heaped, or| ACH’ER-SET, n. Among the Romans, a vinegar cruse A-CHIEV/ED, pp. A-CHIEVE’/MENT, 7. ing. Cyc. A€H/ING, ppr. or a. A€H/ING, n. A'CHI-OTE, n. The anotta, a tree, and a drug AC/E-TA-RY, 7. [See Acip.] An acid pulpy sub- stance in certain fruits, as the pear, inclosed in a congeries of small calculous bodies, toward the base of the fruit. Grew. AC'E-TATE, x. A salt formed by the union of acetic acid with any salifiable base, AC‘E-TA-TED, a. Combined with acetic acid. A-CE/TIC, a. Relating to acetic acid; as, acetic ether. Ure, A-CK/TIC AC/ID, n. An acid composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, always in the same uni_ form and definite proportions, It exists in vinegar in_a dilute and impure state. A-CE-TI-FL€A/TION, n. The act of making ace- tous or sour ; or the operation of making vinegar. Cyc. A-CET'I-FY, v. t. To convert into acid or vinegar. Aucin. A-CéT'I-FY, v. 1. To tum acid. Encyc. Dom. Econ. AC-E-TIM/E-TER, n. [L. acetum, vinegar, and HeT pov, Measure. | An instrument for ascertaining the strength of vinegar. Ure. AC-E-TIM’E-TRY, n. The act or method of ascer- taining the strength of vinegar, or the proportion of acetic acid contained in it. Ure. AC‘E-TONE, nm. A new chemical name for the pyro-acetic spirit. Ure. A-CE'TOUS, } a. 1. Sour; acid; as, acetous spirit. AC-E-TOSE/, Boyle. 2. Causing acetification ; as, acetous fermentation. A-CE/TOUS AC/ID,n. A term formerly applied to impure and dilute acetic acid, under the notion that it Was composed of carbon and hydrogen in the Same proportions as in acetic acid, but with less oxygen. It is now Known that no such acid exists, so that this term is not now in use. A-CE'TUM, n. [L. See Acip.] Vinegar; a sour liquor, obtained from vegetables dissolved in bouling water, and from fermented and spirituous liquors, by exposing them to heat and air. This process is called the acid or acetous fermentation. ACHE, (ake,) v. i. [Sax. ace, ece; Gr. axew, to ache or be in pain ; axos, pain. The primary sense is, to be pressed. Perhaps the Oriental pyy, to press. /ike would be a better spelling of this word. 1. To suffer pain; to have or be in pain, or in continued pain ; as, the head aches. 2. To suffer grief, or extreme grief; to be dis- tressed ; as, the heart aches. ACHE, (ake,) n. Pain, or continued pain, in opposi- tion to sudden twinges, or spasmodic pain. Jt de- notes a more moderate degree of pain than pang, anguish, and torture. Pertaining to Achaia in Greece, and to a celebrated league or confederacy established there. ‘This state lay on the Gulf of Corinth, with- in Peloponnesus. In botany, a small bony fruit, consisting of a single seed, which neither adheres to the pericarp nor opens when ripe. In Roman antiquity, a vessel A-CHERN’/AR, n._ A star of the first magnitude in the southern extremity of the constellation Eridanus. (Gr. axos, pain, and poos, a river A fabled river of hell or the lower re- Ancient Poets, An ancient measure of corn, sup- or stream. ] gions. posed to be about eight bushels. Encye. A-CHIEV’A-BLE, a. [See AcHiEvE.] That may be performed arrow. See Acrp.] A] A-CHIEV/ANCE, 7. Performance. Elyot [I'r. achever, to finish; Arm. acchui; old Fr. chever, to come to the end, from Fr. chef, the head or end; old Eng. cheve; Sp. and Port. acabar, from cabo, end, cape. See Cuier.] 1. To perform, or execute; to accomplish ; to finish, or carry on to a final close. It is appropri- ately used for the effect of efforts made by the hand or bodily exertion ; as, deeds achieved by valor. 2. To gain or obtain, as the result of exertion. Show all the spoils by valiant kings achieved. Prior. Performed; obtained; accom- plished. The performance of an action. 2. A great or heroic deed; something accom- plished by valor, or boldness, 3. An obtaining by exertion. 4. An escutcheon or ensigns armorial, granted for the performance of a great or honorable action. Encyc. One who accomplishes a purpose, or obtains an object by his exertions. A-CHIEV/ING, ppr. Performing ; executing ; gain- y [See AcueE.] Being in pain; suffering distress, Pain ; continued pain or distress, used for dyeing red. The bark of the tree makes good cordage, and the wood is used to excite fire by friction. [See Anorr A.] Clavigero. FINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — EEE i a ec ON Be 4 oe | yee a} i oa a PN 5 RETIN ich aed ictACI A€H/I-RITE, x. A synonym of Diorrasx. A-CHLAM-YD/E-OUS, a. [a neg. and Gr. xAapus, a garment.] In botany, naked, having no floral en- _ Velope. Lindley. A/EHOR, n. [Gr. axwp, sordes capitis. _1. The scald head, a disease forming scaly erup- tions, supposed to be a critical evacuation of acri- monious humors ; a species of herpes. Hooper. Quincy. 2. In mythology, the god of flies, said to have been worshiped by the Cyreneans, to avoid being vexed by those insects. Encye. A€H-RO-MAT’I€, a. [Gr. a priv. and xpwza, color. } Destitute of color. Achromatic telescopes are formed of a combination of lenses, which separate the variously colored rays of light to equal angles of divergence, at different angles of refraction of the mean ray. In this case, the rays being made to refract toward contrary parts, the whole ray is caused to deviate from its course, without being separated into colors, and the optical aberration arising from the various colors of light, is pre- vented. This telescope is an invention of Dollond. JVicholson. ACH-RO-MA-TIC/LTY, xn. The state of being achromatic. ACH-RO/MA-TISM, n cor 1. The destruction of the primary colors, which accompany the image of an object seen through a prism or lens. Brande. 2. The state of being achromatic ; as, the achro- [Gr. a priv. and xpwpa, matism of a lens. Cyc. A-CI€'U-LA, n. pl. [L. acicula.] The spines or prickles of some animals and plants. Cyc. A-CI€/U-LAR, a. [L. acicula, Priscian, a needle, from Gr. aky, L. acres, apoint. See Acip.] . In the shape of a needle; having sharp points like needles. Kirwan. Martyn. An acicular prism is when the crystals are slender and straight. Phillips. A-CIE/U-LAR-LY, adv. In the manner of needles, or prickles. A-CI€/U-LATE, a. form of a needle. A-Cl€/U-LI-FORM, a. Having the form of needles. ACID, a [L. acidus; Sax. eced, vinegar; from the root of acies, edge; Gr. ax; W. awc, an edge or point. See epee, Sour, sharp or biting to the taste; having the taste of vinegar ; as, acid fruits or liquors. AC'ID, x. In common language, a sour substance. In chentstry, a compound capable of uniting with salifiable bases, and thereby forming salts. An acid may be composed either of a simple or compound acidifiable base united with one or more acidifying principles. ‘Those acids which were first recog- nized were sour to the taste (hence the name) and capable of reddening blue vegetable colors. Many acids are now Known which have neither of these properties. An acid is always the electro-negative ingredient of a salt. AC-ID-IF’ER-OUS, a. [acid and L. fero.] Con- taining acids, or an acid. Acidiferous minerals are such as consist of an earth combined with an acid, as carbonate of lime, aluminite, &c. Phillips. A-CID'I-FI-A-BLE, a. [from acidify.] Capable of being converted into an acid, by union with an acidifying principle. A-CID-I-FI-€A/TION, nm. The act or process of acidifying or changing into an acid. A-CID'I-FI-ED, pp. Made acid; converted into an [L. acicula, a needle.] In the acid. A-CID'I-FI-ER, n. A simple or compound principle, whose presence is necessary for acidity. The ele- mentary acidifying principles are oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, sulphur, selenium, and tellurium. Cyanogen may be named as an exam- ple of a compound acidifying principle, and prob- ably there are one or two more. No acid is known which does not contain one of these substances. A-CID'I-FY, v. t. [acid and L. facio. } To make acid; but appropriately, to convert into an acid, chemically so cailed, by combination with any substance. A-CID/LEF'Y-ING, ppr. or a. Making acid; convert- ing into an acid; having power to change into an acid. Oxygen is called an acidifying principle or element. AC-ID-IM/E-TER, 7. S factd and Gr. pserpov, meas- ure. ] An instrument for ascertaining the strength of acids Ure. A-CID/LTY, n. [Fr. acidité, from acid.] The quality of being sour; sourness; tartness ; sharpness to the taste. AC/ID-NESS, n. The quality of being sour; acidity. A-CID/U-LAS, n. pl. Medicinal springs impregnated With carbonic acid. Parr A-CID'U-LATE, wv. t. [(L. acidulus, slightly sour ; Fr. aciduler, to make slightly sour. See Acrp.] ACM To tinge with an acid; to make zeid im a mod- erate degree. ircuthnct, A-CID/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. “Yinged with an acid ; made slightly sour. A-CID!/U-LA-TING, ppr. AC'ID-ULE, nr. In chemistry, a salt, in which A-CID/U-LUM, the acid is in excess; as, tartaric acidulum, oxali¢ acidulum. A-CID/U-LOUS, a. [L. acidulus. See Acrp. Slightly sour; sub-acid ; as, acidwlous sulphate. Acidulous mineral waters, are such as contain carbonic acid. Brande. AC'IL-FORM, a. [L. acus, a needle, and forma, form.] Shaped like a needle. AC-J-NA/CEOUS, a. [L.] Full of kernels. AC-I-NAC'I-FORM, a. [L. Gcindces, a cimeter, Gr. akwaxns, and L. forma, form.] In botany, formed like, or resembling a cimeter. Martyn. A-CIN'I-FORM, a. [L. acinus, a grape stone, and forma, shape. Having clusters like the stones of grapes; full of small kernels. The uvea or posterior lamina of the iris in the eye, is called the acinifurm tunic, from its color resembling that of an unripe grape. Parr. AC’IN-OSE, AC/IN-OUS, a: Consisting of minute granular concretions; used in mineralogy. Kirwan. AC'IN-US, 7. [Li] 1. In botany, one of the small grains which com- pose the fruit of the blackberry, and other similar plants. 2, In anatomy, this term is applied to the ultimate secerning follicles of glands, or the granulations composing the structure of some conglomerate glands, as the liver. AC-I-PEN‘/SER, x. In ichthyolory, a genus of fishes of the order of Chondropterygil, having an obtuse head; the mouth under the head, retractile and without teeth. To this genus belong the sturgeon, sterlet, huso, &c. A€-KNOWL/EDGE, (ak-nol/edge,) v. t knowledge. See Know.) 1. To own, avow, or admit to be true, by a declaration of assent; as, to acknowledge the being of a God. 2. To own or notice with particular regard. In all thy ways acknowledge God. — Pipv. iii. Tinged with an acid. [From L. acinus. See AcinIFoRM.] yc. [ad and Ist. xx xiii. 3. To own or confess, as implying a conscious- ness of guilt. lacknowledze my transgressions, and my sin is ever before me. — Ps. li. and xxxii. 4, To own with assent; to admit or receive with approbation. He at acknowledgeth tH® Son hath the Father also, —1 John ii. 2 ‘Tim, it. 5. To own with gratitude; to own as a benefit ; as, to acknowledge a favor, or the receipt of a gift. Milton. 6. To own or,admit to belong to; as, to acknowl- ede a son. 7. To receive with respect. All that see them shall acknowledge that they are the seed which the Lord hath blessed. —Isa. vi. 1 Cor. xvi They his gifts acknowledged not. 8. To own, avow, or assent to an act ina legal form, to give it validity ; as, to acknowledge a deed before competent authority. A€-KNOW L/EDG-ED, pp. or a. Owned ; confessed ; noticed with regard or gratitude ; received with ap- probation ; owned before authority. A€-KNOWL/EDG-ING, ppr. Owning; confessing ; approving; grateful: but the latter sense is a Galli- cism, not to be used. A€-KNOWL/EDG-MENT, x. The act of owning ; confession ; as, the acknowledgment of a fault. 2. The owning, with approbation, or in the true character ; as, the acknowledgment of a God, or of a public minister. 3. Concession ; admission of the truth; as, of a fact, position, or principle. 4. The owning of a benefit received, accompanied With gratitude; and hence it combines the idea of an expression of thanks, Hence, it is used also for something given or done in return for a favor. 5. A declaration or avowal of one’s own act, to give it legal validity ; as, the acknowledgment of a deed before a proper officer. Acknowledament-money, in some parts of England, is a sum paid by tenants, on the death of their land- lords, as an acknowledgment of their new lords. Encyc. A€'ME, (ak/my,) n. [Gr. axpy.] The top or highest point; the height or crisis of any thing. It is used to denote the maturity or perfection of an animal. Among physicians, the crisis of a disease, or its utmost violence, Old med- ical writers divided the progress of a, disease into four periods ; the arche, or beginning, the anabasis, or increase, the acme, or utmost violence, and the paracme, or decline. A€/MILE, n. [Gr. axyn, a print.] A mineral of the ACO augite family, occurring in long, pointed crystals, of a dark brownish color, and a bright and somewhat resinous luster. A€’NE, (ak/ny,) x. [Gr.] A small, hard pimple or tubercle on the face. tego Quincy. A-€OLD!, adv. Cold; very cold; as, Tom’s a-cold. [ Obs. ] Shak. A-€0L/0-GY, n. [Gr axos and oyos. The doctrine of remedies, or the materia medica. A-€OL'O-THIST, A€/O-LYTH, In the ancient church, one of the subordinate offi- cers, who lighted the lamps, brought forward the elements of the sacraments, attended the bishops, &c. An officer of the like character is still em- ployed in the Roman Catholic church. Encyc. A€/ON-ITE, x. [L. aconitum; Gr. axovivor. The herb wolf’s-bane, or monk’s-hood, a poison- ous plant ; and in poetry, used for poison in general. A-€ON/I-TIN, n. A poisonous vegetable principle or alkaloid, extracted from the aconite. Brande. A-C€ON'TI-AS, n. [Gr. axovrias; axovrtov, a dart, from axwy.] 1. A species of serpent, called dart-snake, or jaculum, from its manner of darting on its prey. This serpent is about three feet in length ; of a light gray color, with black spots resembling eyes; tke belly perfectly white. Itis a native of Africa and the Mediterranean isles ; is the swiftest of its kind, and coils itself upon a tree, from which it darts upon its prey. 2. A comet or meteor resembling the serpent. A-€ OP’, adv. [a and cope.] At the top. [ Ods.] Jonson. A'/CORN, nm. [Sax. @cern, from ec or ac, oak, and corn, a grain. 1. The seed or fruit of the oak; an oval nut which grows in a rough permanent cup. The first settlers of Boston were reduced to the necessity of feeding on clams, muscles, ground-nuts, and acorns. B. Trumbull. 2. In marine lancuage, a small ornamental piece of wood, of a conical shape, fixed on the point of the spindle above the vane, on the mast head, to Keep the vane from being blown off Mar. Dict. 3. In natural history, the Lepas, a genus of shells of several species, found on the British coast. The shell is multivalyular, unequal, and fixed by a stem ; the valves are parallel and perpendicular, but they do not open, so that the animal performs its func- tions by an aperture on the top. ‘These shells are always fixed to some solid body. A'€ORN-ED, a. Furmished or loaded with acorns ; fed with acorns. Shak. A€/OR-US, x. [L., from Gr. axopor.] 1. Sweet flag, or sweet rush. 2. In natural history, blue coral, which grows in the form of a tree, on a rocky bottom, in some parts of the African seas. It is brought from the Cama- n. [Gr. axodAovSew. | rones and Benin. Encyc. 3. In medicine, this name is sometimes given to the great galangal. Encyc. A-€OS'MILA, n. [Gr. a priv. and xocpos, order, beauty.] Irregularity in disease, particularly in crises; also, Ul health, with loss of color in the face. Parr. Blancard. K-€0-TYL-E/DON, n. [Gr. a priv. and xorvAndwr, from kotvA7, a hollow. In botany, a plant in which the seed-lobes, or cotyledons, are not present, or are indistinct. Part- ington. The acotyledons form a grand division of the vegetable kingdom, including the ferns, lichens, &c., and correspond to the Cryptogamia of Linneus. A-€0-TYL-E'/DON-OUS, a. Having either no seed- lobes, or such as are indistinct, like the ferns, lich- ens, &c. A-€OUCH’Y, n. [Fr. acuwchi.] A small species of cavy, the olive cavy ; sometimes called the Surinam rabbit. A-€OUS'TIE, a. hear. } Pertaining to the ears, to the sense of hearing, or to the doctrine of sounds. Acoustic duct, in anatomy, the meatus auditortus, or external passage of the ear. Acoustic vessels, in ancient theaters, were brazen tubes or vessels, shaped like a bell, used to propel the voice of the actors, so as to render them audi- ble to a great distance ; in some theaters at the dis- tance of 400 feet. Encyc. Acoustic instrument, or auricular tube; called in popular language an ear-trumpet. Parr. Acoustics, or Acousmatics, Was a name given to such of the disciples of Pythagoras as had not com- pleted their five years’ probation. ‘ A-€OUS'TIES, n. The science of sounds, teaching their cause, nature, and phenomena. ‘This science is, by some writers, divided into diacoustics, which explains the properties of sounds coming directly from the sonorous body to the ear; and catacoustics, which treats of reflected sounds. But the distinc- tion is considered of little real utility. [Gr. axovorixos, from axoya, to TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/’CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, i Ue 13; 4 } 7 Hi A€-QUI-ES'CENCE, 2. A€-QUI-ES'CENT, a. A€-QUI-ES'CING, ppr. Quietly submitting ; resting A€-QUIR/ED, pp. OY a Vectors a ACQ remedies for deafness, or imperfect hearing. _ Quincy. A€-QUAINT", v. t —i 0: 2 kiende, to know, to be acquainted with. ken ; which see. ] known ; to make familiar. A man of sorrows and acquainted with grief. — Isa. lui. 2. To inform; to communicate notice to; as,a friend in the country acguaints me with his success. Of before the object—as to acquaint a man of this design—has been used, but 1s obsolete or im- proper. : : Beas 3. To acquaint one’s self, is to gain an intimate or particular knowledge of. Acquaint now thyself with him, anil be at peace. —Job xxii. A€-QUAINT/ANCE, 7. Familiar knowledge; a state of being acquainted, or of having intimate or more than slight or superficial knowledge; as, I know the inan, but have no acquaintance with him. Sometimes it denotes a more slight knowledge. 2. A person or persons well known; usually per- sons we have been accustomed to see and converse with, but not standing on the more intimate relation of friendship. Lover and friend hast thou put far from me, and my acquaint- ance into darkness. — Ps, lxxxviii. My acquaintance are estranged from me. — Job xix. Acquaintances, in the plural, is used, as applied to individual persons known; but more generally, acquaintance is used for one or more. Acguaintant, in like sense, is not used. A€-QUAINT’ANCE-SHIP, n. State of being ac- quainted. Chalmers. A€-QUAINT’ED, pp. Known; familiarly known ; informed; having personal knuwledge. A€-QUAINT!ING, ppr. Making known to; giving notice or information to. A€-QUEST’, n. [L. acquisitus, acquiro.] 1. Acquisition ; the thing gained. Bacon. 2. Conquest; a place acquired by force. Bacon. A€-QULESCE’, (ak-que-ess’,) v. i. [L. acquiesco, of ad and guiesco, to be quiet; quics, rest; Fr. acqui- escer,. 1. ‘I'o rest satisfied, or apparently satisfied, or to rest without opposition and discontent, usually im- plying previous opposition, uneasiness, or dislike, but ultimate compliance, or submission 3 as, to acquiesce in the dispensations of Providence. 2. To assent to, upon conviction ; as, to acquiesce in an opinion ; that is, to rest satisfied of its cor- rectness, or propriety. Acquiesced in; ina passive sense complied with ; submitted to, without opposition ; as, a measure has been acquiesced in. A quiet assent; a silent submission, or submission with apparent content ; distinguished from avowed consent on the one hand, and on the other, from opposition or open dis- content; as, an acquiescence in the decisions of a court, or in the allotments of Providence, Ql Resting satisfied ; easy ; sub- mitting; disposed to submit. Johnson. content. AC-QUIR-A-BIL'L-TY, n. ble. A€-QUIR!/A-BLE, a. That may be acquired. A€-QUIRE’, v. t. [L. acquiro, ad and quero, to seek, that is, to follow, to press, to urge ; acquiro signifies to pursue to the end or object; Fr. acquerir; Sp. adquirir ; Ar. 3 kara; Heb. apn to seek, to make toward, to follow. The IL, quesivi, unless contracted, is probably from a different root. See Class Gr. and Gs.] Ty Mat . « * = To gain, by any means, something which is ina degree permanent, or which becomes vested or inherent In the possessor ; as, to acquire a title, estate, learning, habits, skill, dominion, &c. Plants acquire a green color from the solar rays. A mere temporary possession is not expressed by acquire, but by gain, obtain, procure; as, to obtain [not ac- quire] a book on loan. Descent is the title whereby a man, on the death of his nocestor, dequires his estate, by right of representation, as his heir at law, lackstone, C Gained, obtained, or re- celved from art, labor, or other means, in distinc- State of being acquira- aley. 2, In medicine, this term is sometimes used for Old Fr. accointer, to make known, whence accointance, acquaintance. Qu. Per. }!XiSS kunda, knowing, intelligent; Ger. kunde, knowledge ; kund, sDOW Ds pubes 2: pe kunde, Knowledge; Sw. kand, known; Wan. ni 4 yb These words seem to have for their primitive root the Goth. and Sax. kunnan, to know, the root of cun- ning; Ger. kennen; D. kunnen, kan; Eng. can and 1. To make known ; to make fully or intimately ‘AG/QUIS-ITE, a. A€-QUIS'I-TIVE, a. ACQUIS UTLVE-LY, adv. Noting acquirement. A€-QUIS'/L-TIVE-NESS, 7. A€-QUIST’,n. See Acquest. [Vot used.] Milton. A€-QUIT’, »v. t. A€-QUIT/MENT, zn. A€-QUIT’TAL, n. A€-QUIT’TANCE, zx. A€-QUIT’/TANCE, v, t. To acquit. [Ods.] A€-QUIT’TED, pp. A€-QUIT’TING, ppr. A-CRASE!, )v. t. A-CRAZE!, A€/RA-SY, n. [Gr. axpacia, from a priv. and Kpacts, A/ERE, ekey) Ne tion from those things which are bestowed by nature. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —MiTE, PREY.— PINE, MARY ACR Thus we say, abilities, natural and acquired. It implies title, or some permanence of possession. A€-QUIRE/MENT, 7. The act of acquiring, or that which is acquired ; attainment. .It is used in oppo- sition to natural gifts; as, eloquence, and skill in music and painting, are acquirements; genius, the gift of nature. It denotes especially personal attain- ments, in opposition to material or external things gained, which are more usually called acquisitions ; but this distinction is not always observed. A€-QUIR/ER, x. A person who acquires. A€-QUIR/ING, n. Acquirement. A€-QUIR/ING, ppr. Gaining, by labor or other means, something that has a degree of permanence in the possessor, A€-QUI/RY, n. Acquirement. [Wot used.] Barrow. Gained. [WVot used.] Burton, A€-QUL-SI’TION, n. [L. acquisitio, from acquisitus, acquesivi, Which are given as the part. and pret. of acquiro; but quesivi is probably from a different root ; W. ceisiaw ; Eth. MUJW chasas, chas; Ar. a) kassa, to seek. Class Gs.] 1. The act of acquiring ; as, a man takes pleasure in the acquisition of property, as well as in the pos- session. 2. The thing acquired, or gained ; as, learning is an acquisition, It is used for intellectual attainments, as Well as for external things, property or dominion ; and in a good sense, denoting something estimable. That is acquired ; acquired ; [but improper. Wotton. A word is said to be used acquisitively, when it is used with to or for following. Luly’?s Grammar. Desire of possession ; propensity to acquire. [Fr. acquitter ; W. gadu, gadaw ; L. cedo ; Arm. kitat, or quytaat, to leave, or forsake ; Fr. quitter, to forsake ; Sp. quitar ; Port. quitar ; It. quitare, to remit, forgive, remove ; D. kwyten ; Ger. quittiren. | To set free; to release or discharge from an obli- gation, accusation, guilt, censure, suspicion, or whatever lies upon a person as a charge or duty ; as, the jury acquitted the prisoner; we acquif a man of evil intentions, It is followed by of before the object; to acquit from is obsolete. In a reciprocal sense as, the soldier acquitted himself well in battle, the word has a like sense, implying the discharge of a duty or obligation. Hence its use in express- ing excellence in performance ; as, the orator acquitted hinself well, that is, in a manner that his situation, and public expectation, deganded. The act of acquitting, or state of being acquitted. South. [ This word is superseded by AcquiTTaL. A judicial setting free, or deliv- erance from the charge of an offense, as by verdict of a jury, or sentence of a court ; as, the acquittal of a principal operates as an acquittal of the acces- sories. A discharge or release from a debt. 2. ‘The writing, which is evidence of a discharge; a receipt in full, which bars a further demand. Shak. Set free, or judicially dis- charged from an accusation ; released from a debt, duty, obligation, charge, or suspicion of guilt. Setting free from accusation ; releasing from a charge, obligation, or suspicion of guilt. To make crazy; to infatuate. [See Crazy. ] 2. To impair; to destroy. [Wot in use. | constitution or temperament. ] 1. In medical authors, an excess or predominancy of one quality above another, in mixture, or in the human constitution. Bailey. 2. Excess ; irregularity [Sax. acer, acera, or ecer; Ger. acker; D. akker ; Sw. acker; Dan. ager; W. eg; Ir. acra; Ice. akr; Pers. akkar; Gr. aypus; Lat. ager. In these languages, the word retains its primitive sense, an open, plowed, or sowed field. In English, it retained its original signification, that of any open field, until it was limited to a definite quantity by statutes 31 Ed. Il. 5 Ed. I. 24 H. VIL. Covel. A preferable spelling of this word would be aker, | 1. A quantity of land, containing 160 square rods or perches, or 4840 square yards. ‘This is the Eng- lish statute acre. The acre of Scotland contains 6150 2-5 square yards. The French arpent differs not greatly from the English standard acre. ‘T'he Roman jugerum was 3200 square yards, 2. In the Mogul’s dominions, acre is the same as lac, or 100,000 rupees, equal to £12,500 sterling, or 99,000 dollars. ACR fought by English and Scotch combatants on their frontiers. Acre-taz ; a tax on land in England, at a certain sum for each acre, called also acre-shot, A'€RED, a. Possessing acres or landed property. Pope. A€/RID, a. [Fr. acre; L. oat Sharp ; pungent; bitter; sharp or biting to the taste ; acrimonious; as, acrid salts. A€/RID-NESS, 7. A sharp, bitter, pungent quality. A€-RI-MO'NI-OUS, a. Sharp; bitter; corrosive 5 abounding with acrimony. 2. Figuratively, severe ; sarcastic; applied to Jan- guage or temper. A€-RI-MO/NI-OUS-LY, adv. bittemess. A€-RI-MO'NI-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being acrimonious, A€'RI-MO-NY, n. [L. acrimonia, from acer, sharp. The latter part of the word seems to denote like- ness, state, condition, like head, hood, in knight- hood; in which case it may be from the same root as maneo, GY. peva. 1, Sharpness; a quality of bodies, which cor- rodes, dissolves, or destroys others ; as, the acrimony of the humors. Bacon. 2, Figuratively, sharpness or severity of temper ; bitterness of expression proceeding from anger, ill- nature, or petulance. South. A€’/RI-SY,n. [Gr. a privy. and Kplots, judgment. A state or condition of which no right judgment can be formed ; that of which no choice is made ; matter in dispute ; injudiciousness. [ Zitile used. } Bailey. 2. In medicine, defect of crisis, or of a separation and expulsion of morbific matter in the human body. A-CRITAN, m 2) [Gr. axptros, indiscernible. ] A-ERITA, xn. pl. ‘Terms applied to that divis- ion of radiate animals in which there is no distinct discernible nervous system, and no separate alimen- tary canal, as the sponges, polypes, &c. Brande. A€/RI-TUDE, n. [See Acrip.] An acrid quality ; bitterness to the taste ; biting heat. A€‘RI-TY, nm. Sharpness; eagerness. [ Obsolete. ] A-€RO-A-MAT'TE, (a. (Gr. axpvoapartxos, from A-€RO-A-MAT’I€-AL, j axpomopal, to hear. } Abstruse ; pertaining to deep learning; an epithet applied to the secret doctrines of Aristotle. Enfield. A-E€RO-AT/TE, a. [Gr. AKPOATlKOS. | Abstruse ; pertaining to deep learning ; and op- posed to exoteric. Aristotle’s lectures were of two Kinds, acroatic, acroamatic, or esoteric, which were delivered to a class of select disciples, who had been previously instructed in the elements of learning ; and exoteric, which were delivered in public. The former respected being, God, and nature ; the pon- cipal subjects of the latter were logic, rhetoric, and policy. The abstruse lectures weré called acroatics. Enfield. [Gr. axpa, a summit, With sharpness or A-€RO-CE-RAU’NT-AN, a. and xepavvos, thunder. } An epithet applied to certain mountains, between Epirus and Mlyricum, in the 41st degree of Jatitude. They project into the Adriatic, and are so termed from being often struck with lightning. Encyc. AG/RO-E€HORD, n. [L. acrochordus, from Gr. akpoxopdwy, a Wwart.] The name of a genus of serpents, found in Java, covered entirely with small scales, which resemble granulated warts when the body is inflated. P. Cyc. A€/RO-GEN, n. [Gr. axpos and yétvonat.] A cryp- togamic or acotyledonous plant, so called from in- creasing, in growth, chiefly at its extremity. Brande. A€/RO-LITH, zn. [Gr. axpos and Xt Gos. ] In archi- tecture and sculpture, a statue whose extremities were of stone. Elmes. A-CROL'ITH-AN, a. Pertaining to an acrolith ; formed like“an acrolith; as, an acrolithan statue. Brande, A-€RO'MI-ON, n. [Gr. axpos, highest, and WLS, shoulder. ] In anatomy, that part of the spine of the scapula which receives the extreme part of the clavicle, Quincy. A-€RON'TE, ) a. [Gr. axpos, extreme, and VUg, A-CRON’IE-AL,§ night.) In astronomy, a term applied to the rising of a star at sunset, or its setting at sunrise. This rising or setting is called acronical. The word is opposed to cosmical, Bailey. Encyc. Johnson. A-CRON/IE-AL-LY, adv. In an acronical manner ; at the rising or setting of the sun. A-CROP/O-LIS, n. [Gr axpos and TOAtS.] del; the citadel in Athens. A€/RO-SPIRE, nx. [Gr. axpos, highest, and c7ecpa, a spire, or spiral line.] The sprout at the ends of seeds when they begin to germinate ; the plume, or plumule, so called from A cita- Acre-fight ; a sort of duel in the open field, formerly its Spiral form. Mortimer. A€’/RO-SPIR-ED, a. Having a Sprout, or having sprouted at both ends. Mortimer. — 14 e NE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —ACT This, and the preceding word, are especially used by the English malsters. A-€ROSS’, (a-kraus!,) prep. [aand cross. See Crass. ] J. From side to side, opposed to along, which is in the direction of the length ; athwart; quite over ; as, a bridge is laid across a river. 2. Intersecting ; passing over at any angle; as, a line passing deross another. A-€ROS'/TIE, n. [Gr. axpa, extremity or beginning, and o7cxos, order or verse. | A composition in verse, in which the first letters of the lines, taken in order, form the name of a per- son, kingdom, city, &c., which is the subject of the composition, or some title or motto. A-CROS'TIC, a That relates to, or contains an acrostic. A-€ROS/TIC-AL-LY, adv. acrostic. A-€RO-TE-LEU/TIE, n. [Gr. axpos, extreme, and TeAsvTn, end. ] Among ecclesiastical writers, an appellation given to any thing added to the end of a psalm or hymn; as a doxology. A-€RO'TER, n. A-CRO-TE/RLA, n. pl. In architecture, a term applied to small pedestals, usually without a base, anciently placed at the two extremes, or in the middle of pediments or frontis- pieces, serving to support the statues, &c. It also signifies the figures placed as ornaments on the tops of churches, and the sharp pinnacles that stand in ranges about flat buildings with rails.and balusters. Anciently the word signified the extremities of the In the manner of an [Gr. axpornp, a Summit. ] body, as the head, hands, and feet. Encyc. A-€RO-TE!RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the acroter, as, acroterial ornaments. P. Cyc. A-€RO-THYM’/LON, x. Supos, thyme. ] Among physicians, a species of wart, with a nar- row basis and broad top, having the color of thyme. It is called Thymus. Celsus. A-EROT’/O-MOUS, a. [Gr. axpoy, top, and rexvw, to cut.] In mineralogy, having a cleavage parallel with the top. Dana. A€T, v. i. (Gr. ayw, L. ago, to urge, drive, lead, bring, do, perform ; or in general, to move, to exert force ; Cantabrian, eg, force; W. egni; Ir. eigean, force ; Ir. aige, to act or carry on ; edchdam, to do or act; actaim, to ordain; eacht, acht, deed, act, condi- tion; Fr. agi; It. agire, to do or act. 1. To exert power; as, the stomach acts upon food; the will acts upon the body in producing motion, 2. To be in action or motion ; to move. He hangs between, in doubt to act or rest. [Gr. axpos, extreme, and Pope, 3. To behave, demean, or conduct, as in morals, private duties, or public offices ; as, we know not why a minister has acted in this manner. But in this sense, it is most frequent in popular language ; as, how the man acts or has acted. To act up to, is to equal in action ; to fulfill, or per- form a correspondent action ; as, he has acted up to his engagement or his advantages. ACT, v. t. To perform; to represent a character on the stage. Act well your part; there all the honor lies. 2. To feign or counterfeit. [Obs. or improper.] With acted fear the villain thus pursued. Dryden, 3. To put in motion; to actuate; to regulate movements. Most people in the world are acted by levity. South. Locke. [In this latter sense obsolete, and superseded by ACTUATE, which see. | A€T,n. The exertion of power; the effect, of which power exerted is the cause ; as, the act of giving or receiving In this sense, it denotes an operation of the mind. Thus, to discern is an act of the understanding ; to judge is an act of the will. 2. That which is done ; a deed, exploit, or achieve- ment, whether good or ill. And his miracles and his acts which he did in the midst of Eeypt. — Deut, xi. 3. Action; performance; production of effects ; as, an act of charity. But this sense is closely allied to the foregoing. 4, A state of reality or real existence, as opposed to a possibility. The seeds of plants are not at first in act, but in possibility, what they alterwurd grow to be. Hooker. Pope. 5. Im general, act denotes action completed; but preceded by i, it denotes incomplete action. She was taken in the very act. —John viii, In act is used also to signify incipient action, or a state of preparation to exert power; as, “‘In act to strike,”’ a poetical use. 6. A part or division of a play to be performed Without interruption ; after which the action is sus- pended to give respite to the performers. Acts are divided into smaller portions, called scenes. A€T’/ED, pp. Done; performed; represented on the A€’'TI-AN, a. A€T’ING, ppr. or a. ACTING, n. play. A€-TIN’I-A, n. [L. from Gr. axriv, a ray.] A€-TIN’LFORM, a. [Gr. axriv, a ray, and Lat. A€-TIN’/O-LITE, zn. A€-TIN-O-LIT’TIE, a, lite. A€-TIN-OM’/E-TER, x. ([Gr. axriv, a ray, and A€!TION, n. A Car 7. The result of public deliberation, or the decis- ion of a prince, legislative body, council, court of justice, or magistrate; a decree, edict, law, judg- ment, resolve, award, determination; as, an act of parliament, or of congress, ‘The term is also trans- ferred tothe book, record, or writing, containing the laws and determinations. Also, any instru- ment in writing to verify facts. In the sense of agency, or power to produce effects, as in the passage cited by Johnson from Shakspeare, the use is improper. To try the vigor of them, and apply Allayments to their act. Act, in English universities, is a thesis maintained in public, by a candidate for a degree, or to show the proficiency of a student. At Oxford, the time when masters and doctors complete their degrees is also called the act, which is held with great solemnity. At Cambridge, as in the United States, it is called commencement. Encyc. Act of faith, (auto da fé,) in Roman Catholic coun- tries, is a solemn day held by the Inquisition for the punishment of heretics, and the absolution of ac- cused persons found innocent ; or it is the sentence of the Inquisition. Acts of the Apostles ; the title of a book in the New Testament, containing a history of the transactions of the apostles. Acts of Sederunt: in Scots law, statutes made by the lords of session, sitting in judgment, by virtue of a Scottish act of parliament, (1540,) empowering them to make such constitutions or regulations as they may think expedient for ordering the procedure and forms of administering justice. Brande. Acta Diurna ; among the Romans, a sort of gazette, containing an authorized account of transactions in Rome, nearly similar to our newspapers. Acta Populi, or Acta Publica ; the Roman registers of assemblies, trials, executions, buildings, births, marriages, and deaths of illustrious persons, &c. Acta Sanctorum; the lives and reputed miracles of Romish saints. Acta Senatus ; minutes of what passed in the Ro- man senate, called also Commentarii, commentaries. stage. Relating to Actium, a town and prom- ontory of Epirus; as, Actian games, which were instituted by Augustus, to celebrate his naval victory over Anthony, near that town, Sept. 2, B. C. 31. They were celebrated every five years. Hence, Actian years, reckoned from that era. Encyc. Doing ; performing; behaving ; representing the character of another. Action; act of performing a part of a Shak. Churchill. A genus of Acalepha, having a circle of tentacles or rays around the mouth; including the animal flowers or sea-anemones. YC. Having a radiated form. [Gr. axriv, aray, and ArOos, a stone.] The bright green variety of hornblende, occurring usually in glassy prismatic crystals, and also fibrous. Dana, Like or pertaining to actino- forma, form. | peTpov, measure. | An instrument for measuring the intensity of solar radiation. aubent). [. actio. See Acr.] 1. Literally, a driving ; hence, the state of acting or moving; exertion of power or force, as when one body acts on another ; or action is the effect of power exerted on one body by another; motion produced. Hence, action is opposed to rest. Action, when produced by one body on another, 1s mechanical ; when produced by the will of a living being, spon- taneous or voluntary. [See Def. 3.] 9, An act or thing done; a deed. The Lord is a God of knowledge, and by him are actions weighed. — 1 Sam. il, 3, In mechanics, agency ; operation ; driving im- pulse; effort of one body upon another ; as, the action of wind upon a ship’s sails; also, the effect of such action. 4. In ethics, the external signs or expression of the sentiments of a moral agent; conduct; behavior ; demeanor; that is, motion or movement, with respect to a rule or propriety. 5. In poetry, a series of events, called also the subject or fable: this is of two kinds; the principal action, Which is more strictly the fable, and the in- cidental action or episode. Eneiyec. 6. In oratory, gesture or gesticulation; the ex- ternal deportment of the speaker, or the accommo- dation of his attitude, voice, gestures, and counte- nance, to the subject, or to the thoughts and feelings yf the mind. Encyc. 7. In physiology, the motions or functions of the TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; = body, vital, animal, and natural; vital and involun- tary, as the action of the heart and lungs; azmal, as muscular, and all voluntary motions; zatural, as manducation, deglutition, and digestion. Encyc. 8. In lai, literally, an urging for right ; a suit or process, by which a demand is made of a right; a claun made before a tribunal. Actions are real, personal, or mized ; real, or feudal, when the demand- ant claims a title to real estate ; personal, when a man demands a debt, personal duty, or damages in lieu of it, or satisfaction for an injury to person or property ; and mized, when real estate is demanded, with damages for a wrong sustained. Actions are also civil or penal; civil, when instituted solely in behalf of private persons, to recover debts or dam- ages; penal, when instituted to recover a penalty, imposed by way of punishment. The word is also used for a right of action; as, the law gives an action for every claim. Blackstone. A chose in action, is a right to a thing, in opposi- tion to the possession. A bond or note is a chose in action, [Fr. chose, a thing,] and gives the owner a right to prosecute his claim to the money, as he has an absolute property in a right, as wellas in a thing, in possession. 9. In some countries of Europe, especially France, action is a share in the capital stock of a joint-stock company, or in the public funds, equivalent to our term share; and consequently, in a more general sense, in the plural, to stocks, The word is also used for movable effects. 10. In painting and sculpture, the attitude or posi- tion of the several parts of the body, by which they seem to be actuated by passions ; as, the arm ex- tended, to represent the act of giving or receiving. ll. Battle; fight; engagement between troops in war, Whether on Jand or water, or by a greater or smaller number of combatants. This and the 8th definition exhibit the literal meaning of action, viz. a driving or urging. Quantity of action; in physics, the product of the mass of a body by the space it runs through and its velocity. In many cases actionand act are Synonymous ; some distinction between them is observable. Action seems to have more relation to the power that acts, and its operation and process of acting; and act, more relation to the effect or operation complete. Action is also more generally used for ordinary trans- actions ; and act, for such as are remarkable, or dig- nified; as, all our actions should be regulated by prudence ; a prince is distinguished by acts of hero- ism or humanity. Encyc. Action-taking, in Shakspeare, is used for litigious, A€/TION-A-BLE, a. That will bear a suit, or for which an action at law may be sustained; as, to call aman a thief is actionable. A€’TION-A-BLY, adv. In a manner that subjects to legal process. A€’TION-A-RY, or A€/TION-IST, nx. In Lvrope, a proprietor of stock in a joint-stock company ; one who owns actions or shares of stock. A€T/IV-ATE, v. t. To make active. A€T/IVE, a. [L. activus ; Fr. actif] 1. That has the power or quality of acting; that contains the principle of action, independent of any visible external force ; as, attraction is an active power; or it may be defined, that communicates action or motion, opposed to passive, that recelves action ; as, the active powers of the mind. 2. Having the power of quick motion, or the disposition to move with speed; nimble ; lively ; brisk; agile; as, an active animal. Hence, : 3. Busy ; constantly engaged in action ; pursuing business with vigor and assiduity ; opposed to dull, slow, or indolent; as, an active officer. It is also op- posed to sedentary ; as, an active life. : 4, Requiring action or exertion ; practical ; opera- tive ; producing real effects ; opposed to speculative ; as, the active duties of life. ; 5. In grammar, active verbs are those which not only signify action, but have a noun or name fol- lowing them, denoting the object of the action or impression ; called also transitive, as they imply the passing of the action expressed by the verb to the object ; as, a professor instructs his pupils. 6. Active capital, or wealth, is money, or property that may readily be converted into money, _ and used in Commerce or other employment for profit. Hamilton. 7. Active commerce; the commerce in which a na- tion carries its own productions and foreign com- modities in its own ships, or which is prosecuted by its own citizens ; as contradistinguished from pas- sive commerce, in which the productions of one country are transported by the people of another ountry. ‘ : The eommerce of Great Britain and of the United States is active; that of China is passive. It may be the interest of foreign nations to deprive i f i orce i yo bottoms Sossible, of un active commerce in our own : ! : Federalist, Hamilton. ACT Bacon. us, os far as A@T/IVE-LY, adv. In an active manner; by action ; —'H as in THIS. 15af ) | ACU at nimbl 7 y ; brisk Me cati rT en ail on; as v erieenl ee | ACI VEN) a W ord is us leis ee ee the f NESS. 3, 7D ed activel uelive S160 =a cn VBA BSS, Seip qualit Ys signif- acuo i ACT . Less used ng; nimbler AG eee : Le 2 re - than Actiy ee queen ofme : ea 3 “ct i peut TITY. ss of . Shar A . AT. ental : oe ves Sharp <¢ ef Theat aa ee of being acti ppppsed ‘3 shee ee oAt sey a : mas a ; 3 d vig SS: agility : & active ; 2 try <3 or a | A i: nt sae Big Helive the See one EDT, ObEae An ee a sharp poi Vues the Indiar | ie here of actin it t is applied to of business 1abit acute h subtends 1c Ree 2 rig an ae “ ute we v ity, 1S tl pers PSS 5 aS, é cute-anale a ess thi c a ood feom- : SSaltie ‘ | rt i ce bsin i ae ae gled tnik 2 han - right n ANT of b be To A 5 or Inf 1ole space j r things acute angle, is ninety d ane’ dds C0 = : “ ie aotiom or activity ; Bae of any Pijects which the acute-an Sti less Bk cana whose eee a cha a a ? : a a ‘B k act ate ‘rench pHeIse Nt , 1S exerted. which is a cone, is ninety d ee angles Chauc y or mov - ehedva . adamas ; une ASG j xerted. Sa Ss one egrees gies ar aucer us a fy OF ae af A€T/O BSS, a Wi nt. e, for putting I 2. SACHS , the z grees ea e of uses adz » and wv » a Jodes word Bt Re 7 ithout “ ting in 2. Figurati . angle at the ach. An of the Ros Hien a he | ae re agent. ste He that Wee te or spirit Sean ; Hone applied to ite? ie is : : a | : ay OME r perf : sing mi f& nic - ment odes 3 Sp. dic ” Sw. is damn a goin pirit, wera ninute disti € disce al pow stone... S amante: S ‘amantis ad omar 4 ie a play ; represents 3 an activ S, an ac istincti rnment; Sie hard me : i i . a stage sa chi e€ “ ute reas ons; 0 , ; perc Sie: ne- stone ao} a es ae 3 A age playe aracter Se A : “asoner. sopposed lo st as : zs Boga Diver , or acts sibi _ Applied t ‘ to dull 2 OF > hardness* a ed by s Ir. aima “io, ae sa part i ibuity ; 0 the se “ll or stupi ath orenhee S; a na y some nt, ~ryX urts OF cé ms, an adv m any ; suscepti senses; ws upid ; r substance aes to the : nel ‘RESS, n DS pe advocate or proct re er to Pega of Boerne nice or quick Has often ence OS extreme ardne: i mada specially . A female w or in acute eyesi perceiv 5 impressi lick se ne, yo given Sodeee “The : ; AGI’U y on the sta who acts 4 yesight, f eive smal €SSIONS 5 ane D. “nin ragy i on i : aly female acts or pe . An ght, hear all obje ; havi m mine 1earted > Jodes 2 he 5 : erf acute di ing eae D jects ; nzg|A neral i a “Shake a Jak i ae {Pr hs in a play Orms. a sympt e disease. i g, or feel S5 as, < 5 D-A Ofy amar @: as.y ame : 26 [Ere actue ee ay. 5 and ymptoms of ase, 1S ing > a ma Ne AN on ste lutel eal or effectuz uel. See A speedi s of so ; is one whi 5: an | AD ANT-E/ has no te s hak. Buti draw itely ; as ual, or tl Act.] edily t some derree ¢ hich is < -A-MANT"I} AN, a elinteal sig cat virtual s, actual hex 1at exists chroni O a crisis sree of se Ls attended wi rie es of ee st ‘i or potents eat, op sts truly LC. sis, as < severity oe ved, a a . a red-l otential ; » Opposed t y and ab ay » as a pleuri y, and c diss alities of ier damn i ee Sa m nO jleurisy ; comes ssolved adar e of 7 . Wilt caustic on, Oppos autery at which i sharpe cute ac 5 Oppose = chai > or pe ull an nat e Se applicati sed ft y, or the b Ich 1s irpens the iccent, is sed to ains. penetrate ; that cz it; havi < fe tery, Tier 6 1@ Vo » 1S tha ated ; as an n¢ aving upon tl 1, that tential cx ing by . In msi Ice, at whicl Adan 3 as, ad. It be b 5 9. Existi 1¢ body at may p autery ¥ sha ste, a rs ch elev rTs ane : one a aoa y bya di y produce y,; Or a arp, or hi 5 acute 1S : ates pray, b spar ; ne bond ) tive, o ng ina y a differe e the s 7 ugh ; S applied F Dh tire a a a | pe sen ora SN os 3 Oppose I dtoa ery he » OF freeni anriety r 1 3. Reiner ay rove puposiiOM Ae ReE ANTE Oe pepeee (0 grave. tone which is AW NA and of Pree sree This at ss S Bein Ban " Vv: as O sp A-€CUTE’ * 5 ana a Ss is a lan AR cult fusi Ss. ‘hi 5 Witn es ne ie = perianth acute ¢ s the te ertaini USIOF lis st 4. I 1e country sent time ; actual cri eae ado. § angle, as I erm giv aining 1. stone is .- In the ry. Ss OL crime 1inati eee foam ei = a | “ ete cane act ie. | A-COTE on. arply ; k 1 a s of a mi 0 com dam. A ana an ee es COTE/NESS 3 Keenly ; wi Martyn red cart mistak mon red < dami ° si Se ae a iene ists} 3 With nice ’ AD/AN rth. aken opini ed clay c earth vite ae 5 a as this liter: site ee nice dis AD!/AM-IT pinion ay, so calle 1, cated fi plion. of ni ; opposed " Ci 1S COI . 9. Fi eral sense re RTM : a :S = 5 rom Ads ature sl to origi nimit- 2. Misurati se, asa . ; but s \ isionaries eee ae ; 2 = has nis com eran ively, the >< pplied t seldom inn les, wl KS In ch neans at incl to bec > Or ee ption ; Y, Une faculty oO materi : used nocence i Oe “to esta : ie i wi aa t a Ween eae things. abhorred e, and, like nded to ae a sect ee walking and Ry apiecte an Meuteieee senses, or Penns or Several OTTLAEes holdings vent uo : ; 1s ATs} \ s > ~ - © se ~ ‘ as o i "0 re ol feeling he under- ane ; one tempts Have ing it to be eee Tt of UA ae n erformances, [Hard ae Snares discern abe ace yn 3 by oi Pee ANGI ae : a = _ . y = 2 - A i ss - > disti Wetae AD-AN-SO . s the 3 ae ye this ACT! J-AL-LY > Reality Shak y music. » or elevati istinctions 1 acuteness D-AN-SOINI Ayn oe ai | i i . : 4. Viol tion of s ns. bread O/NI-A e the Adz ury. : this ACTUAL TZU Derts . fact ; really ; i Haweis toa ba ence of a di sound, in rhet one pee si ate = ACT fh da-LL- 1 o mak Wasp Lit RO ES "A: risis. sease. whi ator » species < calab:; an so a AGT'EAT-NESS, fe ane actual. truth. A een TOR se, Which brings it Boyle. i one Beet called alabashi-tree. tis 2 monkey i UB het | a i686 off ie gs it speedi stem ri > largest of bab, a nati IS a 2 y’s a af akg Late hex ice was n the mi ily rises r St of the v lative of genus of erishi 4. act . y of bei are, e inventio as to sl middle ference ee rd = : AM a he qua Bae armi ntion of fi sharpen 1 P ames Sixtv-fiv ove twe getable ki rica, ar = os st e invent peeve es 2n instr 2eS, A pers fererx V-five to elve x ingdo »* id In Eu ginally in ¢ ; a term of ti . AD, : o sharpe arms, $s struments aoie of six ae - oe a Surope use ourts of civi of the civi , a Lati pen their i , such ‘ s. Bef lengtl 1e bri nty-eigl en feet e Pe nally in co Sof civil: z Ivil law n prepositi ir instr officers ¢ efore ras 1 of sixty fi anches s cht feet j , but is rnaola Ira clerk aw jurisdi aw, and sition, signi iments s attend whee it obo ae | a a a ea i » signify} S. ed he fruit is eet, the e LOT IZ circum ag if .2 joi s term is eistrar g. on; but fi gnifying t Enc inches ij is obl ends bendi eutally, ae tists echnee generally. rom He gto. Itis Yc. es in le ong ending y to tl nce c stock ¢ used fi ally. eb. Cl S probat dow1 engrth » pointed ¢ ee i In 4 ompany ompany for the 1 Syr. S ably 1, unde gth, and c oD iy te America, 1 LY. y, particul: e man. nine | - a se a = = oo : ae lS rs to tl ich is d w ids, te a life ad Is cl y. of ome - ON a contai he tre See neous a AGT’ insurance liefly < : an > near eoATs ntains eck ile’ ee ae fanee achicha applied to the & Cyc. uso deduce. aE pLOacy : fr 3f to and hark pte aie Sen iCERR OIE een J-ATE : neanacnol lanage sually ye HES 1 ; from whi rat es | at : 3 Ds actio 3 ger ; y changed i nh co n Which “= groes as 2a an y substanc mer ice ane put into eeytrom act if [ Litile uscd. ] e hich it ae into hie Ast leet * Tas leter i mi | fo ; a = : : S, men ¢ action ; to . used. ‘rote 5 efixed aa, rst lette fe ast lette “ has ce 1e tree is 1elr foc » are use i aves seems to “a actuated Be move or incit Jjirmo Bere ; for Nes for aie of the a Is| A DIA ye a oe named from y ae . seo bode y motives ‘ite to . " » Gifirmo ; advredi amo, tl da to DAS g scription of i m M. 2 perspi Torate ‘ n used eSe0 action ; pono; fc ; for ad gTediwr, a , the Ro orde 5, Ts A of it peaens vho r not legi fe, noting : sed forme Ok passi ; Iti xr adripi adleao » aggredi mans er of 1 An anim: ua son, wi ob legitimi g increas rime rly sions. adtine LUTipio seve I allexo: ior: fi hos: namm: DAE z : A€TU-A mate ease of uy m the s It . 0, attin > a7TTiplo; . Z0; fo ’ or ad YAPT. meh =e : | = | Le Sion aitineo, EO meET TA ; for ads r adpone -} A-DAP" IW extine » somewh: 2 pachyder CYC. ACT’U_A SD, nx ; but tl > of ease of 1e reas adscribc Tae a, to ts a bie U-A-TIN » PP. Put i 1€ use is the sou of pronu »ason of this 9, ascril lie apt ,v.t [S ee ae action NG, ppr. P in action; inci s€ 18 Ad nds. nciation, ; us change is f6 rt ve make ae = Es tt - ae Sat ders ge is found Towne ST. nr ptar ; It. ad Buclkinnge si -U- AI TY Tt ¢ In acti ya to actic adapte em; to f greeable 1¢ ins oO make suitz el ete tl A ON 10n ;: acuion,. ed to ‘ o the r eness an Es us | ! 4 on: eff aiiiies ale ; incit dress toucl aa é “a re zs ec 3 ‘n10 | aay ing to essed 1 the nm; in lori to < to its it, or sui ~R¢ us ri i esse ; prejudi fC, a t ur wa S uses ; ; suit: 2 a _ ! : se ices 5 an arg) wn Imm: vc nts. ses ; we have ; as, to building Bane Ah R ng PaE in ac- ing fener anaes in | of the neon § mt Ren It is nea ia aoa eae an ulture, t} al to J2¢ the Roma tlanvill A uiry to be aw.a judi : ad- d -A-B oe, ; a a = a re ti ingu Bia , a judici: : A-DAPT IL/I-TY gs mi LaF ed i ; Ge el itum; e. ial w APT’ A- y aterial is 5 ib an een part O ; at ] rit cor A-D a BLE-N 3 ) n ’ al or To sl} site I ne furr et. In anci a lil Y acco! DP easure: j nmand- pee Epa. 1 : = | snarpe [ 4. OW. tent agri nol, wi npant art a : fi } a tle u pen; tc cio. tos ITI- , Without i ment whi net aa os - ‘ Se > make » fo she : A it interferi whicl hea | i a no = A€-U se , ake pl irpen. S$ Ad val erferi hich may , applied thes [ON at may b aden eae : U-I/ LTO iIngent - pee A ar valorem j ac ng wit! ay be perf to a state of AN, 7. T} ay be ad ptation ee " a erferi re performe A-DAPT If bei _ The act ¢ apted : sharpeni N,n fi > COIrrTos| Vv \ -] lai lance, t Gao alle | a ie - i arpe 5 Me sive : ; . + r ED geo in A-€0! ning of rom I e. [Lit Lid up , terms usec o the val position eth NE oe ) of 1 LE-AQD) medici is QC1L0 Hari atl thei pon good sed to alue ; j . APT’/ED_N + suite ’ fit ; fi ee Uae Mn ines : 9, to sh arvei eur Vi ods. at z denote ee D a . - : point, < | BK, a *S to Iner sharpe: is t alue.as op a a (oe : fe duti bInmerce Bbleness ie soe : and tl [L. C ) crease kee n.] iF oaspecl 3K S$ stated i -ertain Yi 1es orc 6 | A-] wae Se >? Stat aint aioe In b ie dimi iculeus their effi le} A pecitic te ae ote cae ih =n = and st s, from effect A-DA€'TY sum 1 1eIr INvoi per ce res = ER : eing ad: d. : a a : a : awh Ipon a gi 1voices : j nt. u ral iit, 1X g adapted ; : 3 used ‘ Ing pric » wee 5 Ul. a In z dy Tle (e a five Ss; 1n ypon A - In chenni. ne eh - bark, i d chiefl ¢ prickles > AcID ukn, a 1 zooloyr [ ahs 4 Nn quanti oppositi A-DAPT! misty. S peels . ' In disti efly to S, or she 3 > ZY, a loc priv. a nity or ier TION oe ‘ the - istincti denot Harp pomts sCOMOLIV Se wis Ga oi roe - yt. oe ‘ints : ‘ AD'AGE ive ext OUKT DAD iber. Z TION . suiti ER. ce) ap ont xtren Avs, & digi Little L 7 ing: maki OGLE zoolomry, t thorns, eve in ate A Brave lee adaeuin cd without pete A- A pea 2 ais Adaptation; the a a crow { credi arb: ¢ grum, OF fits. f NESS rdly leciti ; the f AGU iB-T, n ’ Ing a sti grow {fro edit by ; an old , ene tg oe : “e 2 J-LON, Lali f a sting M m fr yy long d sayi gio ; It ande. a sed. | >> le A st: ee a it bly fi INE OK A LJ Inivoriani or prickl Milne, om antiquit: use <2 Wise ng, whic . adacio BSD seins | “ , eee ra sing fe AD-A'G iquity > vise ot ch has ¢ | AI, 7 e of bei : | x | mn a - bservati as obtai lk i A A ‘ ne | | nM rat euro vlog re asio, I 2 n. [It. ad ation fomied aes eee of ae brew monttl z Nite [Not ees 2 MEN acorn » akvAoc $33 i sure: S . ‘acio OWI 2th sbruary yee “to | \ a. ut of : S$, probs aise; EB >; Sp. and », aC 1 of th y and , answer “th (42: A sl ite [IL the ile > proba- ; Eng p. and P rompc named fi Swe doth of a5 ! : S a g ae mae npound of ed from acred and 6 > beginni z to tl i percepti Pp point ; men. from scarle Music, £ Hey: = ms : : é 7 | Asin etn » from ac et oak to be + a sl > L 3 and ance of , to bec of the civi Mar I discrimi 5» Penetré ‘ a fis : 1CUS OY ° Ie perf ow mo » Oblum;: and Ps ot vevetati omer ron from t s { sCriminati tratl Jururativel acu As; ormed j oveme 5) Lr alesti getat ° glorious, fi ee e 2 and fi ees L J. | AS an < ed in: ent «| AL stine ion jus. from ar; s | : ae pe dae aA ai ) AF e. » in th: , fror ; SO res MIN-A’ 1ind. the, quickness W dvert agio ; ¢ piec CB,» " zs teers IN-ATE , the f; 1eSS hen », slowly, 5 aS, ¢ PCe! Of A-DAR/C 7” RE ee Ba gn e : au - repe: owly, lei , an adagi musi AR/CE -OM. Moll i be 3 lg 3 Ge {I y of ni mer pated ge nd wi : se . 4 point g a long 46 ACWmMiy nice} A i tole verne adacio surely, ¢ of Hayd ) INGLIS n ([G 4.) At wi Pee pt : s . ea any uatis, fi AD/AN very clo, adaci 2? und wi ydn. saltish re ae ne mg i x se ce ie VAM, n V slow 210, it di ith er: grou sh concreti pxns.| pleas A dgis! A-€ MIN-A-T g and hi acume rilomerne In H . irects t grace. srounds in G eee ie ede -€U-MI -TED hichl n. | y, the eb. Cl he m tard rilati< ares i ‘ N-A/T Seas ehly taper) app ie@ name of I U e ae = “ ) a ra ae ie pering proprik of tl} yr. Eth tetters ge, and is k eTass j hi a shar a N, 7 pened e Cando 5 ately 1e } 7 ATs oJ ers, & » and used rae is, lke iat A€_U UIE point >% As to a poi rdolle man race. the firs luman Re tae Sais ; ry at ay = Ete 3-U-PUN sharpeni poimt . ent race. T rst M species sikind: cow | se =e a . roe buna Dene Man, the cles, manki a- eee. D. ie skin it e bas- en a a point signifies, in ‘ Haris: ord TA ee Eo ane ; AD_AWT. t. To subdue Guten LED OSYs PUNE! an 5 Ske Arabi 2S, thi Ces peci : S fonn 1e Sen D . * y. 2] A, e 4 IL. : Li > Acup Arabic 1d VENIOPIC se bth sls 0 2 i foe Ma sm nie ae CUPUNCTURE is evidi to join, 1 pic, to pleas AS a ver ape, or ss To daunt: used. § a ae Aeoran ie i aGntiO: » Unite, or | ase or be a , the word -DAYS! int; to subj Skelt see i par aaa e on, pe , € pun yr, t y connec ye ac pree S!, adv subject celton alg sthareies with » perforr LC- s »to be] scted wi scorda precaules I D Ca i | } : i 1 : ae less | llate ; ike o with ant, to LTA eA YSe or 1n Not wse ; -COTE! edle, as | Ny pricki 3; Whe r equal np , apree Die days ; j cm ‘ 3 king shar ence be om oe i th 2 : : brine Dy Reine lane: G * the s ’ for nih, He TAN ) in tl NSEF, 1di > ne RiSzi9 Gr. dc e@ sens m ar ? leb. C tand ee hes | . acutus, s adaches < Adit - Ofnas ense of li 1 linage . Ch. | A um vul UM, {I phrase r oe iz and : am’s a S$, 2 body, li liren casein to ass D-€OR/ gus, t a asl eel 10W an als ople cy : ess b Ssim- ae ATE, 2 : jE ee ae ee en cane BDeCRGR ae [See Ree form ser ae s ‘ ak é o 9, the aR a cit AN. ) i . pba IN act th cap- > FAR, F le s need! peach ir e _ ce oh Pisa 4 of itr Pian 1. De bee nite on pulace. fy 5 WHAT our speci popuilé iroat TRON ;] 7 LOS sede ia _ 01S, ¢ ar ni . ’ thi set o Yeeeah a : a see ame ng r put ad and a ; ivated j of the gf OFr Sl ee cn, : ,» PREY ed in e yucca three sum to anot perso unit = | 2 . oin Se -— PIN gardens Ca, a 9.7 to four, t another ee s 4 we Zz ay 7 Y 4 eg | eae ueca a] 2 ott sum is § m an aggre ite ; as, on E, BIRD N What has b in idea or Boneiiee =a ; L— In voll . een ¢ onside , ae n alleg ee , DOVE ged, let Sees a y let this argur SE 2 La nent be adde »5 BOOK = -_—_———_————____ — - Rapides, Ke se ae pe ET ST *ADD 3. To increase number. Xhou shalt add three cities more of refuge. — Deut. xix. 4. To augment. Rehoboam said, I will add to your yoke. —1 Kings xii. Ye shall not add to the word which I command you. — Deut. iv. As here used, the verb is intransitive, but there may pe an ellipsis. To add to, is used in Scripture, as equivalent to give, or bestow upon. Gen. xxx. Matt. vi. In Gal. li. the word is understood to signify instruction ; “‘In conference they added nothing to me.?? In narration, he or they added, is elliptical; he added words, or what follows, or he continued his dis- course. In. general, when used of things, add implies a principal thing, to which a smaller is to be an- nexed, as a part of the whole sum, mass, or number. AD-DEC/I-MATE, v. t. . ad and decimus, tenth.] To take, or to ascertain tithes. Dict. ADD’ED, pp. Joined in place, in sum, in mass or aggregate, in number, in idea, or consideration ; united ; put together. AD-DEEM’, v. t. [See Deem.] To award; to sen- tence. [Little used.] AD-DEN' DUM, n.; pl. AD-DEN'DA. [L.] A thing or things to be added ; an appendix. AD/DER, n. [Sax. etter or ettor, a serpent and poison ; D. adder, Qu. Sax. nedre, a serpent; Goth. nadr; G. natter; VV. neider; Corn. naddyr ; Ir. nathair ; Ls. natrix, a serpent. ] A venomous serpent of several species, belonging to the viper family. AD'DER-FLY, n. A name of the dragon-fly or Libeilula; sometimes called adderpolt. AD/DER?S-GRASS, 2. A plant about which ser- pents lurk. AD'DER’S-TONGUE, n. A genus of ferns, Ophio- glossum, whose seeds are produced on a spike re- sembling a serpent’s tongue. AD'DER’?S-WORT, n. Snakeweed, so named from its supposed virtue in curing the bite of serpents. AD-DI-BIL'-TY, x ‘The possibility of being added. Locke. AD'DI-BLE, a. [See App.] That may be added. Locke. AD'DICE, n. [Obs.] See Anz. AD-DI€T’, a. Addicted. [Not much used.] AD-DI€T’, v. t. [L. addico, to devote, from ad and dico, to dedicate. To apply one’s self habitually ; to devote time and attention by customary or constant practice. [ Sometimes in a good sense. } They have addicted tnemselves to the ministry of the saints. _ ror. X More usually, in a bad sense, to follow customa- rily, or devote, by habitually practicing that which is ill; as, a man is addicted to intemperance. To addict one’s self to a person—a sense borrowed from the Romans, who used the word for assigning debtors in service to their creditors —is found in Ben Jonson, but is not Jegitimate in English. AD-DIET/ED, pp. Devoted by customary practice. AD-DI€T’ED-NESS, nx. The quality or state of being addicted. AD-DIET/ING, ppr. Devoting time and attention; practicing customarily. AD-DI€’/TION, x. The act of devoting or giving up in practice ; the state of being devoted. His addiction was to courses vain, Shak. 2. Among the Romans, a making over goods to another by sale or legal sentence ; aiso, an assign- ment of debtors in service to their creditors. Encyc. ADD/ING, ppr. Joining ; putting together ; increasing. AD-DIT’A-MENT, n. [L. additamentum, from ad- ditus and ment. See Avp.] An addition, or rather the thing added, as furni- ture in a house; any material mixed with the principal ingredients in a compound. Ancient anatomists gave the name to an epiphysis, or junc- tion of bones without articulation. [Little used in either sense. AD-DI"TION, nm. [L. additio, from addo.] 1. The act of adding, opposed to subtraction, or diminution ; as, a sum is increased by addition. 2. Any thing added, whether material or im- material. 3 In arithmetic, the uniting of two or more num- bers in one sum; also the rule or branch of arith- metic which treats of adding numbers. Simple ad- dition is the joining of sums of the same denom- ination, as pounds to pounds, dollars to dollars. Compound addition is the joining of sums of dif- ferent denominations, as dollars and cents. 4. In law, a title annexed to a man’s naine, to show his rank, occupation, or place of residence ; as, John Doe, Esq.; Richard Roe, Gent.; Robert Dale, Mason; Thomas Way, of Vew York. 5. In music, a dot at the right side of a note, to lengthen its sound one half. AD-DUC’ED, (ad-duste’,) pp. AD-DU/CENT, a. AD-DO/CER, x. One that adduces, ADD as a mark of honor, opposed to abatements; as, bordure, quarter, canton, gyron, pile, &c. Enciyc. 7. In distilling, any thing added to the wash or liquor in a state of fermentation. 8. In popular language, an advantage, ornament, improvement ; that is, an addition by way of eminence. AD-DI''TION-AL, a. That is added. It is used by Bacon for addition ; but improperly. AD-DI/’/TION-AL-LY, adv. By way of addition. ADD'I-TIVE, a. That may be added, or that is to be added. ADD'I-TO-RY, a. That adds, or may add. AD'DLE, a. [W. hadyl, corrupt; hadlu, to decay, to putrify ; Heb. 55m, to fail, Ar. Js hadala, to Se decline, and JSS chadala, to frustrate, to fail, to cease; Sax. aidlian, to be empty, or vain. Unimpregnated; not fecundated; also, having lost the power of development; in a morbid state ; putrid ; applied to eggs. Hence, barren, producing nothing. His brains zrow addle. Dryden. AD/DLE, v.t. To make addle; to make corrupt or morbid. Scott. AD'DLED, pp. or a. Morbid, corrupt, putrid, or barren. Broton. AD/DLE-HEAD/ED, ) a. Having empty brains. AD/DLE-PA-TED, Dryden. AD-DOOM’, v. t. [See Doom.] To adjudge. Spenser. AD-DORS/ED, (ad-dorst’,) a. [. ad and dorsum, the back. } In heraldry, having the backs turned to each other, as beasts. A.D-DRESS’, v. t. [Fr. adresser; Sp. enderezar; It. dirizzare, to direct, to make straight. This is sup- posed to be from L. divivo. See Dress.] 1, To prepare ; to make suitable dispositions for ; to enter upon; as, he now addressed himself to the business. Turnus addressed his men to single fight. Dryde The archangel and the evil spit addressing themselves for the combat. Addison. [ This sense is, I believe, obsolete or little used.) 2. To direct words or discourse; to apply to by words ; as, to address a discourse to an assembly ; to address the judges. 3. To direct in writing, as a letter; or to direct and transmit; as, he addressed a letter to the Speaker. Sometimes it is used with the reciprocal pronoun; as, he addressed himself to the Speaker, instead of, he addressed his discourse. The pbrase is faulty, but less so than the following: To such I would address with this most affectionate petition. Young Turnus to the beauteous maid addressed. Dryden, The latter is admissible in poetry, as an elliptical phrase. 4. To present an address, as a letter of thanks or congratulation, a petition, or a testimony of respect ; as, the legislature addressed the President. 5. To court or make suit as a Jover. 6. In commerce, to consign or intrust to the care of another, as agent or factor ; as, the ship was ad- dressed to a merchant in Baltimore. AD-DRESS/, x. A speaking to; verbal application ; a formal manner of speech; as, when introduced, the President made a short address. 2. A written or formal application ; a message of respect, congratulation, thanks, petition, &c.; as, an address of thanks ; an officer is removable upon the address of both houses of assembly. 3. Manner of speaking to another; as, a man of pleasing address. 4. Courtship; more generally in the plural, ad- dresses; a8, he makes or pays his addresses toa lady. 5. Skill; dexterity ; skillful management; as, the envoy conducted the negotiation with address. 6. Direction of a letter, &c., including the name, title, and place of residence of the person for whom it is intended. Hence, these particulars are denom- inated a man’s address. AD-DRESS’/ED, (ad-drest’,) pp. Spoken or applied to; directed; courted; consigned. AD-DRESS’/ER, n. One who addresses or petitions. AD-DRESS/ING, ppr. Speaking or applying to; directing ; courting ; consigning. AD-DUCH’, v. t. [L. adduco, to lead or bring to; ad and duco, to lead. See Duxe.] 1. To bring forward, present, or offer; as, a wit- ness was adduced to prove the fact. 2, To cite, name, or Introduce ; as, to adduce an authority or an argument. i Brought forward ; cited ; alleged in argument, Bringing forward, or together; a word applied to those muscles of the body which pull one part toward another. [See Appucror.] 6. In heraldry, something added to a cont of arms, AD-DO/CI-BLE, a. That may be adduced, ADF AD-DUC'ING, ppr. Bringing forward ; elting in argument. AD-DU€’TION, n. The act of bringing forward. AD-DU€’TIVE, a. That brings forward. AD-DU€/TOR, nz. : A muscle which draws one part of the body toward another ; as the adductor oculi, which turns the eye toward the nose ; the adductor pollicis manus, which draws the thumb toward the fingers. AD-DULCE’, (ad-duls’,) v. t [L. ad and dulcis, sweet.] Tosweeten. [JVot used.] Bacon. D/EB, x. An Egyptian weight of 210 okes, each of three rotolos, which last is a weight of about two drams less than the English pound. But at Rosetta, the adeb is only 150 okes. Encye. AD-E-LAN-TA’DO, n. [Spanish.] A governor of a province; a lieutenant-overnor. abertson. AD/EL-ING, n. A title of honor, given by our Saxon ancestors to the children of princes, and to young nobles. It 1s composed of ade/, or rather ethel, the Teutonic term for noble, illustrious, and ling, young, posterity. Spelman. Sw. adelig ; D. edel; Ger. edel and adelig, noble; Sp. hidalzo. We observe the term in many Saxon names of princes ; as, Et/el-wolf, noble wolf, or noble help; Ethel-bald, noble bold ; -” Eo Ethel-bert, noble brightness. Ar. ‘SS athala, to be well rooted, to be of noble stock or birth. Class DIL AD/E-LITE, n. Adelites or Almoganens, in Spain, were conjurers, who predicted the fortunes of indi- viduals by the flight and singing of birds, and other accidental circumstances. Ed, Encyc. A-DEL'O-POD, x. [Gr. a privative, djAus, apparent, and rous, foot.]} An animal whose feet are not apparent. Morin. AD-EMP/TION, x. [1. adimo, to take away; of ad and emo, to take.) In the civil law, the revocation of a grant, dona- tion, or the like. AD-EN-OG!/RA-PHY, 2. ypad, to describe. | That part of anatomy which treats of the glands. AD/EN-OID, a. [Gr. adnv, a gland, and erdos, form.] In the form of a gland ; glandiform. AD-EN-O-LOG’I€-AL, a. Pertaining to the doctrine of the glands. Encyc. AD-EN-OL!0-GY, n. [Gr. adny, a gland, and Avyos, discourse, ] In anatomy, the doctrine of the glands, their na- ture, and their uses. AD/E-NOS, n. A species of cotton, from Aleppo, called also marine cotton. AD-EN-OT/O-MY, n. [Gr. adny, a gland, and ron, a cutting. } In anatomy and surgery, a cutting or incision of a gland. Morin, AD-EPT’, 7. [L. adeptus, obtained, from adipiscor. One fully skilled or well versed in any art. The term is borrowed from the alchemists, who applied it to one who pretended to have found the philoso- [Gr. adnv, a gland, and pher’s stone, or the panacea. Encyc. AD-EPT’, a. Well skilled ; completely versed or ac- quainted with. Boyle. AD-EP/TION, n. [L. adeptio.] An obtaining; acquirement. | Obs.] Bacon. AD-EPT/IST, x. An adept. AD/E-QUA-CY, x. [L. adequatus, of ad and equatus, made equal. ] The state or quality of being equal to, proportion- ate, or Sufficient ; a sufficiency for a particular pur- pose. The adequacy of supply to the expenditure. far in Disguise, AD/E-QUATE, a. Equal; proportionate ; corre- spondent to; fully sufficient; as, means adequate to the object ; we have no adequate ideas of infinite power. Adequate ideas, are such as exactly represent their object. AD/E-QUATE, v. t. To resemble exactly. [Not used. Shelford. AD/E-QUATE-LY, adv. In an adequate manner; :n exact proportion ; with just correspondence, repre- sentation, or proportion; in a degree equal to the object. : AD/E-QUATE-NESS, n. The state of being ade- quate; justness of proportion or representation ; sufficiency. AD-E-QUA/TION, x. Adequateness. [Not used.] Bp. Barlow. AD-ES-SE-N A/RLANS, n. pl. [. adesse, to be pres- ent, a church history, a sect who ho!d the real pres- ence of Christ’s body in the eucharist, but not by transubstantiation. They differ, however, as to this presence ; sume holding the body of Christ to be in the bread ; others, about the bread. _-Eneye. AD-FE€T’ED, a. In algebra, compounded ; consist- ing of different powers of the unknown quantity. Bailey, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 3 i7fe ADI PILLA AD: SRIL-- ther TION, x. [L. ad and filtus, as mer marriage are parts of Germany. AD FINEM, [L.] To the end. AD-HERD’, Bi. [L. aaiarens ad and hereo, to stick ; Ir. adharadh pleura. rsonal union or contort rot faith, fixed, either e! ae 15 ae men a party, a principle, or opinion leader, a ehurelty OF of a qe Every thing adheres together. Shak. AD-HER/ENCE, n. The quality or state of sticking adhering. cS Rip aitoely a being fixed in attachment ; fidel- ity; aieady attachment ; as, an adherence to a party or op’ AD- HE :R/EN- CY, n. The same as ADHERENCE. the sense of that zohich adheres, not legitimate. ecay uf Piety. AD- REN a. Sticking, uniting, as glue or wax; united y vith , as, “an adherent mode,” in Locke, that is, a mode accidentally joined with an object, as Bn in ac) AD-HER/ENT, Ae The person who adheres; one who eae? a leader, party, or profession ; a fol- lower, or partisan; a believer ina particular faith or church. In the sense of an appendage, obsolete. AD-HER/ENT-LY, adv. In an adherent manner. D-HER/ER, 2. One that aoe oe an adherent. AD-HE SION, (ad-he/zhun,) n. _[L. adhesio, The act or state of sticking, or being united and attached to; as, the adhesion of glue, or of parts ited by growth, cement, and the like. Adhesion f- Senerally used in a li teral, adherence in a meta- phorical sense. 2. Sometimes, figuratively, adherence, union, or steady attachment ; rmness in opinion; as, an “ud hesion to vice ; but in this sense nearly obsolete. The union of bodies by attraction is usually de- nominated cohesion. The term adhesion, i n physics, has been applied to the force by which Bodies of different kinds adhere when united ; cohesion, to the force that unites the particles of homogeneous bodies eC. In medicine, the union, by. disease, of contiguous parts, naturally Separate ; as, the adhesion of t the Jungs to the pleura ; or the union of the separated parts of a wound; in the process of healin AD-HE/SIVE icky ; tenacious, as plutinons surnan ees er or tending to adhere. Thus gums are adhesi ‘Adhesive Gls in medicine, sticking plaster ; 3 used especially for uniting the tips of wounds. Adhesive inflammation ; in ieee) that kind of indammetion which causes adhes e slate; a variety of SE ar adhering strongly es the tongue, and rapidly absorbing water. Ore. AD-H&/SIVE-LY, adv. In an adhesive manner. AD-HE/SIVE-: NESS, Te ane ee of sticking or napa pc ences tena AD-H VT, t [L. Palanan eh and habeo, to have.] Be use. pply. [Rarely used. AD-HI- te aE Application; use. Whitaker. AD/HIL,n. A Bee of the sixth magminids, upon the garment of Andromeda, under the last star in her Encyc. AD HOMT-NEM, (L. all To the man; to the interests or passions oe the AD-HOR-TA TION, 1 Fa af adhortatio.] dvice. [Seldom aise J AD-HOR/TA-TO-RY, [L. adkortor, to advise, ad and hori tor.) A dvisory ; containing counsel or warning. Potter’s Antigq. A-DI-APH/OR-ISTS, n. (Gr. eduadnongsinditren) Moderate Lutherans; aname given, the six- teenth century, to certain men that followed Me- a who was more pacific than Luther. Ene e Adiaphorists held some opinions and ceremo- nies A be detent, which Luther condemned as R-ITES. See EDIE SHOR 4-DL-APH/O-ROU US, a. Indifferen 1. name given by Boyle toa spirit distined froin tar- tar, and some other vegetable substances, neither acid nor alkaline, or not possessing the distinct character of any chemical 1 bod: In medicine, Sencuae a medicine which will do AD- BILIEA ~TED, a. Adopted as ason. [See Ar-| A- Es (a-du’.) ns] A Gothic customs by eens Ke children Of a for- t upon the same footing with those of a Sreeeuing one; still retained in some 1. To stick to, as glutinous substances, or by nat- ural growth; as, the lungs sometimes adhere to the 2. To be joined, or held in contact ; to cleave to. Figuratively, to hold to, be attached, 0 emain 4. To be au stone ® hold together as the parts ADIT, n. AD-JA/CENT, AD JE ee e Added. Parkhurst, Ghai AD‘JE Ure. AD/JE€-TIVE- -LY, ad». In the manner of an adjec- AD-JOIN’, v. t. [Fr. adjoindre; i. adjungo, ad and AD-JOIN/ANT, a. AD-JOIN/ED, (ad-joind’,) pp. Joined to; Tire i AD JOINING, pre ADJOURN’, (ad-jurn/,) v. t. [Fr. ajourner, from jour- neither harm ni unglison. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. 1s eee ADJ [Fr. @ Dieu, to God ; a compound ord, and an elliptical form of speech, for I com- soe you to is called an adverb, but it has none of the Saperties of a modifying wor Farewell; an expression of kind wishes at the parting of friends A-DIEU aos -DI ma A farewell) or commendation to the care of ‘God 3 as, an everlasting adieu. A AD IN-DEF- TNITOM, [L.] To any indefinite xtent. AD ie FILNITUM, (L.) To endless extent. AD IN-Q UI-REN’DUM, [L.] For inquiry, a writ. a INEE IM, [L.J in the mean time ; for the ADIN ‘OLE, 2 See Petnosiiex. AD-I- POC/ER- ATE E, v. t. To convert ante adipocere. AD-I-POC-ER-A/TION, The or process of being changed into mainaceres AD! Epo- CERE!, n. [L. adeps, fat, and cera, Fr. cire, wax, AL soft, unctuous, or waxy substance, of a light- brown color, into which the muscular fibres of dead anna bodies are converted, by long immersion in water or spirit, or by burial in moist places under pectin cireumstanecs. This substance was discovers by Fourcroy, in the burying-ground of enchurels des ranean when it was removed in 7 uni ‘ed. Repos. Ed. Encyc. ADIL POSE, a. adiposus, from adeps, fat. Qu. Ch, waw, to BOW fat ; Heb. and Ch,, fat, gross, stu- pid; Ar. , tafashun, fat, bulky.] natomy, the adipose membrane is the cel- lular Membane containing the fat in its cells. The adipose arteries and veins ae esprend on the coat and fat that cover the kidne: adipose sacs ani ducts are the bags and vera which contain the fat. Quincy. Coxe.— Adipose tissuc; an assemblage of” i vesicles; containing the fat ; elobely agglomerated, and i in the inte the common ealilart reas Gelainyse = naintee substance; animal fat. eats, from adeo, aditum, to approach, ad and eo, to g An ertancen or passage; aterm in mining, used to denote the opening by which a mine is entered, or by which water and ores are carried away ; called also the d. It is usually made in the side of a hill. The. Ward is sometimes used for air: ee iput not with strict proprie! AD-JA/CEN-CY, n. from ad and jaceo, to The state of lying Bibes or contiguous; a border- ing upon or lying next to; as, the adjacency of lands or buildings. In the sense of that h is adjacent, as used by Brown, it 2 not neeniminies a ng near, close, ty. re adjaceo, to lie eantinione: or contiguous ; bordering upon; as, To add or put, as one thing to another. Macknight. BON, n. The act of adding, or as add- Little wse Ee TN VE, x. In grammar, a word used with a nou ex xpress a quality of the thing named, or eoaerniee attributed to it, or to limit bute. Thus, in the phrase, a wise ruler, wise is the aciecuve) ob gaitbute, expressing a particular prop erty 0} Wibectise: Glow a color which requires to be fixed by some mordant or base to give it permanency. ive; as, a word is used adjectively. jungo. See Jorn. To join or unite to; to put t 0, by placing in con- tact; to unite, by fastening together with a joint, mortise, or knot. But in these transitive senses, it is rarely used. [See Jo N/, ».i. To lie ce be next to, or in contact ; to be contiguous; as, a farm adjoining tg ene high- way. This is the zi commnon use of the word, and to is often omitted ; as, adjoining the IER ayes Contiguous to. [Wot used. a Joining to; adjacent ; contigu- née, a day, 6 r day’s work. See Hoomate Journey. Literally, to_put off, or deter to another day ; but now used to denote a formal intermission of busi- » OF journey; It. giorno. a field adjacent to the highway. ADJ AD-JU-DI-€a/TION, n. ADJ same body, and appropriately used of public bodies or private commissioners, intrusted with business ; tion. AD-JOURN’, v.7. To suspend wusiness fora time; from one day to another, or for a longer period, usually Bute business) as Gr lesisiatiies and courts, sbment ; as, Co at four o’clock, without j It was moved that parliament should adjourn for six weeks. ct Speeches, vol. v. 403. AD-JOURN/ED, (ad ends pp. Put off, delayed, or deferred for a limite tine. 2. As an adjective, existing or held by adjourn- ment; as, an aun session of a coun, opposed to stated or ee ular. AD-JOURN e ppr WAS suspending for a time ; Beane a sessio: AD-JOURN'MENT, act of adjourning ; as, in legislatures, the cjouriment of one huuse is not an adjourmient of t 2. ‘The putting off i another day or time speci- fied, or without day: that is, the closing of a session of a pu ublic or official bi 3, The time or interval during which a public body defers business; as, du an adjournment. suspension of business for refreshment, be- tween the Jorn of a house and an adjournment, is called a7 reat Britain, the close of as sion of rarleinent is called a prorogation;. as the close of a parliament is a dissolution. But in Great Britain, as well as in the United States eeiouranant is now used for an intermission of busines or an. Indefinite time; as, an ebomment of parliament for six weeks. Select Speeches, vol, v. 404. AD-JUDGE’, v. & [Fr. aiieer from Hee “judge. See Jupce. To decide, or determine, in the case of a contro- verted question ; 3 as, the prize was adjudged to the ictor; to decree by a judicial opinion ; used ap- Deaarierely of courts of law and equity the @ was adjudged in Hilary term; a criminal was adjudged to sutfer death. t las been used in the sense of to judge; as, he aaaieed him Un ODY of his friendship. But this sense is unus' AD-JUDG/ED, Gd -judjd’,) pp. peered by judi- cial opinion ; decreed ; sentence YS Ua per Decunche by judicial opin- ion ; senten ADJODG/ MENT, Ne une act of judging ; sentence. Temple. AD-JU/DI-€ATE, »v. t. ies adjudico, to give sources See Jupex.] To adjudge ; to try and ididerenming; asacourt. It has nie Sense 0 oi udge L€. 3 B 2 try and determine upon ADA ne mil which is next to or contigs Judiialy Baase the fours adjudicated wpon the case. Chee x 6 e- AD-Ja'CENT-LY, adv: So as to be adjacent, ADIODIER-LED, yp. Adjudged ; tried and de pele » t [L. adjicio, of ad and jacio, to ADJODI- €A-TING, ppr. Adjudging; trying and Seren AD: The act of adjudging; the act or process of trying and determining judicially ; as, a ship was taken and sent into port for adjudica- tion. 2. A judicial sentence ; judgment or decision of a ourt. Nbosel families Were parties to some of the foraes ena Utica one. 3. In Cars law, an action by which a cone at- taches the heritable estate of his debtor, or his debt- oy’s heir, in payment or security of his’ jt; Or al action by which the holder of a heritable right, la- boring under a defect in point of form, may supply that defect. Encyc. - [L. adjumentum.] Help; support. [ot used. ADA UNE, n. [IL adjunctus, joined, from adjungo. oF Something added to another, ae not essential- ly a part of it; as, water absor y a cloth or sponge is its adjunct. Also, a aa joined to an- other. retaphysics, a quality of the body or the mind, Riedie natural or acquired ; as color, in the as, the court adjourned the consideration of the ques- ongress adjourned Iti is also used for the act of closing the Session of a public body; as, the court adjourned inking, in the mind. °3, In amar, words added to AUG or am- plify the force of o words ; as_the History of the American Revolution The words in Italics are the eauncle of Hi 4. In m aTLee ona is employed to denominate the relation setveen the principal mode and the modes of its two fifths. Encyc. The adjunct deities, among the Rov » Were in- foron deities, which were added as Saunt to the principal gods; as Bellona to Mars; to Vulcan, the Cabiri ; to the Good Genie’ the Lares; to the Su the eae TES. ness, a putting off to any artes meeting of the In the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, ine Nap: “—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—ADL juncts were a class of members attached to the pur- suit of particular scie ences They were twelve in number, created in 171 Encye. Adjunct has been Gen for a colleague, but rarely. ‘otton. AD/JUNET, a. Added to or united with; as, an ad- runect profes SOF. ni; AUR HON, n. The act of joining; the thing AD. JUNewive, g Joining; having the quality of ADJ UNGT/TVE, n. That which is joined. BD, SUNCTIVE LY, adv. In an adjunctive man- AD JUNeT'LY, adv. In connection with; conse- anyon A'TION, n. The act of adjuring ; a solemn char on oath, oe ede the penalty of a CUISE: 2. The fos n of 0 AD-JURE’, iro, fe swear eclemnTG or cores Gis! to eee d and juro, to sw ear.) 5 charge, bind, ot coma on oath, or under the Renal of a gosh vad ened ad hem at that time, saying, Cursed be e the Lord, tn riseth up and” buildeth this Tet Be shoe Josh To charge eanealy and solemnly, on pain of Gade wrath. I adjure thee by the living God. — Matt. xxvi. Acts xix. 3. To conjure ; to charge, urge, or summon with solemnity. The magistrates adjured by all the bonds of civil duty. een Ye sacred altars, be all of you adjure ryder The commissioners red thera ee to. ie pass so a eeatle an opportunity of eee their liberties rshall’s Life “of Washington. AD-JUR/ED, pp. arent on oath, or wath a denun- ciation of God’s wrath ; 3 solemn] a ag TEER, nm. One that adjures ; one ‘that exacts AD- JORIING, ppr. Charging on oath, or on the pen. alty of a curse? Beseerings with solemnity, AD-JUST’, v. t. [Sp. ajustar; Port. id.; It. a tare; Fr. ate to AL ore frames of iy ‘ad, anaes ie tus, just, exact. Jus’ 1, To make exacts to fit; to make correspondent, or conformable ; as, to adjus sta garment to the body, an event to the predlietions or things to a standard. Lock . Addison. 2. To put in order; to eerie or reduce to sys- tem 5 ees to adjust a scheme; to adjust affairs. 3 make accurate ; to settle or bring to a satis- facto eaiet so that parties are agreed in the re- sult ; as, to adjust accounts ; the di ferences are ad- ted. u Abat JUST’ A-! re a. abat anny or can be adjusted. AD-JUST' or conformable ; 3 re- duced to a Hele ‘rain on standard 3 Sett! AD-JUST’ER, x. A person who acter that which regulates. AD: USEING G, ppr. Reducing to due form ; fitting king exact or correspondent settling. ADJUSTMENT. The of adjusting; regula- tion; a reducing to just (orn or order; 3a making fit or conformable ; a settlement. Wal Woodward. AD/JU-TAGE, or AJ/U-TAGE om tube fitted to the mouth of'a wrescels through manen water is played in a fountain. Encyc. AD/JU-TAN-CY, [See Ap UTNE ane oie of an adjutant; skillfal praseon ADA Ne L. adjutans, mding of a juvo, jutum, to h elp. in LaF ae an officer whose business is to t the Supen Or officers by receiving and commu- ng orders. He places guards, receives and tistbites munitions assigns places of rendez- 3. from Bigeos hantaae general, in ane army, is the chief adjutant. Adjutants-general, a Jesuits, were a sele number of fathers, ‘who resided with the general of the order each of whom h had a province or coun’ assi to his ae usiness was to cor- respond with that province, ‘by t eir delegates, em- issaries or visitors, and give i GRA ok cour rences to the father-general. CYC. utant is a very large species oe ees called also the gigantic crane, a “native of India ; one of the most voracious and carnivorous birds known, YC AD-JOTE!, v. t. Tohelp. [ot used.] AD-J OTOR, 7. Ahelper. [Little wsed ; its compound Coapsuron i is in common Use. AD-JU'TRIX, xn. A female assistant. AD-J O/VANT, a, Welping; assisting, Howell. AD-. JUVANT 7 . An assistant. In me medicino, a sub- stance added to a prescription, to aid the operation of the principal ingredient or basis. Cyc. Med. D-LE-GA 5 Te ee ad aud legate, an embassy, from eet % nd. Se In the public law of ite Ger sean empire, a right, claimed by the states, of joining their own minis- ADM and eponations) relating to the common interest of the empire. Ce AD LIB! I- TUM, [L.] oe pleasureit Sulnout restric- AD-LO-€0: U/TION, Ms tion. AD- ME SSIURE, ce we y oe & iad and meas- ure. See Mrasure, 1. To zea Aus gsceriain dimensions, size, or capacity 3 used for meas aE rtOnG to aa to each claimant his right; oo to admeasure dower or common of pasture. Blackstone. AD-MEAS/UR-ED, pp. Measured); apportioned. AD- MEAS'URE-MENT, Ne di- ensions by a rule, as “of a Ship, cask, and the like. aa The measure of a thing, or diménsions ascer- 2 tain Ty these uses the word is equivalent to measure- ment, mensuration, and ae adjustment of Gport ion, or ascertain. ment of, ‘shares, as of acwet oe pasture held in com- é y Writ o: COTES di- rected to the sheriff Blackstone. AD-MEAS’/UR-ER, 7. One that admeasures. AD-MEAS/UR-ING, ppr. Measuring ; apportioning. AD-MEN-SU-! RA/TION i is equivalent to ADMEASURE- MENT, but not much used. [See Mensuration.] AD-MIN/L! €LE,n [L. adminiculum.] elp ; support. Not used. AD-MIN- Ley. LAR, a. Supplying help; helpful. AD-MIN/IS-TER, v. t. [L. earning; of ad and ministro, to serve or manage. See STER. 1. To act as minister or chief at if managing public affairs, under Jaws or a cons' Siac of gov- ernment, as a king, president, or other supreme fic It is used ‘also of absolute monarchs, who rule not in subordination; but is more strictly appli- cable to limited monarchs and other suum e@xec- utive officers, and to governors, viceroys, judges and ine like, Who are under the auToney of la Ws. g or a president administers the e government or las aenen he executes them, or carries them into A judge administers the laws when he ap- nies ae to particular cases or persons: In short to administer is to direct the execution or application of laws. 2. To dispense, as, to administer justice or the sacrament. 3. To afford ; to give or furnish; as, to administer relief, that is, to act as the agent. To administer medicine, is to direct and cause it to be taken. 4. a give, as an oath ; to cause to swear Recor AD MINIS-TER, x. i, To contribute; to bring aid or supplies ; to ada something; as, a shade adminis- ters to our comfo! je oan the office of administrator ; as, A adnunisters upon the estate of B. AD-MIN/IS-TER-ED, pp. irecnreds governed ; afforded ; given ; dis ensed. AD. AUN: Is: TH/RLAL, a. Portining tal edministia: the executive part of g AD: aiNIS ae ING, ppr. Teeenearcaene into eff ng; dispensing. AD- MIN’ ISTitaT'B by the place of ADMINISTER, has been used, but a oe well authorize AD-MIN- 1S YPRAUTION, n. The of administer- ing ; direction ; management ; qovennmmen? of public anu ; the conducting of any office or employment Tr xecutive part of government, consisting in ae exercise of the constitutional and legal pow- ers, the general Superintend ence of national affairs, and the enforcement o 3. The persons collectively, who are intrusted with the execution of laws, and the superintendence of public affairs; the chief magistrate and his coun- cil; ot the council alone, as in Great Britain. 4, ispensation ; distribut ition; exhibition ; as, the administration of Justice, of the sacrament, or of grace. 1 Cor ix. managed ; 5. The management of the estate of an intestate person, under a commission from t cipcepens author- ity. This management consists’in rcolleqtin ting debts, paying debts and Weeaces. and distributing the Sara among the heirs. 6. The power, office, or commission of an admin- istrator. fe g Surrogates are authorized to grant See as on lt is more usual to say, letters of administration. Blackstone. 7. This name was given by the Spaniards to the staple magazine or Srarchouse at Callao, in Peru where foreign ships mu a Encyc. AD-MIN'IS-TRA-T IVE, a, That administers, or by which one administers. AD-MIN-IS-TRA/TOR, n. Aman who, by virtue of a commission from the ordinar; > surrogate, court of probate, or other proper San thontys has the charge one the goods and estate of one dying without a will. 2. One who administers, or who directs, man- ages, distributes, or dispenses laws and tees either ters wiun those of the emperor, in public treaties in civil, judicial, political, or ecclesiastical affairs. 3. In Scots lazo, a tutor, curator, or guardian, hay- ADM ing the care of one who is incapable of acting for himself. term is usually applied to a father who has power over his children and their estate, during their minority. Encyc. au f1N- iS a A'TOR-SHIP, n. The office ch an minis AD- MINS. VERAITRIX, nm, A female who adminis- ters upon the estate of an intestate ; also, a female wh ministers government. AD-ML RA BIL‘I- TY, n. The quality of being ad- AD/MI-RA-BLE-N ESS, mirable; the power of exciting admiration. SDM RA- BLES [L. admirabilis.] dmired ; worthy of admiration; having aualces to eSeiLes wonder, with approbation, esteera, of persons or things; thi ete erate of the body, or of the universe. AD/MI-RA-BLY, adv. In amannerto excite wonder, mingled with approbation; esteem, or AD/MI- RAL, 7. Latin of the vniaals ages amira, amiras. tralis, an_emir; Sp. almirante } por id, ; It. ape E aniral from Ar. sai amara, to command, get a commander ; Sans. amara; Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam DR, to spea ak. The terminating syllable of admiral may be &Xs, the sea. This word is said to have been introduce ds inte urope by the Genoese or Venetians, in the 1 13th century. sparing commander in chief; the commander of a fleet o 1. The lord Teak admiral, in Great Britain, is a officer who superint tends a maritime affairs, and has the government o} ofthe navy. He has also juris- diction over au Jnantime causes, and commissions the naval o: 2. The an of ie elles the highest oniger under the aaa mbarks pedition, the wou ie is sa eaed at the Tine hone allan sihast-he The cade, an officer next in rank and mmand to the admiral, has command of the second sauadton. He carries his flag at the fore-top- gallant-mast . This name is given also to cer- tain aes ae have power to hold Saute of vice- adirally, in various parts of the British dominions. rear admiral, next in rank to the vice-ad- sine has command ok the third squadron, canes his zen-top-gallant-mast-head. . The comnander of f any single fleet, or in gen- oe any fing 0 6. The ship which carries the admiral ; also tl hip of a fleet of inrchantmen, Rey Ce G In zoology, a species of shell-fish. [See vate J] . A species of butterfly, which lays her eggs on TS great stinging nettle, and delights in es AD/MI-RAL- Sue, n. The office or power a oa nae miral. Pee AD/MLRAL-TY, x. In Great Britain, the office of lord high adiniral ee office is discharged by one person, or by a of commissioners, called lords of ie ‘dial ; tormelly seven, but now six in num! 2. Oke building where the lords of the admiralty transact business. The admiralty courts or court of admiralty, is the supreme cou trial of maritime causes, held before the lord high aaauents or lords of the admi- ralt' sain general, a court of admiralty is a court for the trial of causes arising on the high seas, as prize causes and the like. In the United States, there is no admiralty court, distinct from others; but the district courts, established in several States by ongress, are invested with Ba aie powers. AD-MLRA/TION, x. Wonder mingled with pleas- ing emotions, as.approbation, esteem, ove or vener- ation; a compound emotion excited by something novel, rare, great, or excellent ; appl plied to persons and their works. It often includes a slight degree of surprise. ‘Chus we view the solar sy ystem with admiration, Very near to admiration is the wish to ad It has been sometimes used in an ill sense, onat- ing der with Seu nen on: Your ores [with adi Dryden, Wi BSay a w her, iaranteseal Fath ‘great admiration. — Rev. AD-MIRE! » t. [L. admiror, ad and miror, to won- p.and Port. wanna: ree adm: irer ; It. ammirare 5 eee to look, to take aim ; Corn. miras, to look, see, or face; Arm. miret, to stop, hold, keep; W. mir, Visage ; “also, fair, comel maer, One looks after, ‘keeps or guards, a mayor, OF bailiff’; Russ. zamiray, to be aetoniehed oe stu upefied ; za, a prefix, and mir, peace; miryu, t make peace The emay ence is to hold, 0 or strain. Ch. and m1; L. demiror. See Moor and Mar. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CLOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. - 194 a pineroreiesstiice esate ADM 1. To regard with wonder or surprise, mingled with approbation, esteem, reverence, or affection. When he shall come to be glorified in his saints, and be ad- mired in all them that love him. —2 Thess. i. This word has been used in an ill sense, but seems now correctly restricted to the sense here given, and implying something great, rare, or ex- cellent, in the object admired. a 2. ‘To regard with affection ; a familiar term for to love greatly. [itis an error to follow this verb with an infinitive ; as, I admire to see a man con- sistent in his conduct. £7.] : AD-MIRE’, v. i. To wonder; to be affected with slight surprise ; sometimes with at; as, to admire at his own contrivance. Ray. T’o admire at sometimes implies disapprobation. AD-MIR/ED, pp. Regarded with wonder, mingled with pleasurable sensations, as esteem, love, or reverence. : AD-MIR/ER, 2. One who admires; one who es- teems or loves greatly. : : AD-MIR/ING, ppr. Regarding with wonder united with love or esteem. AD-MIR/ING-LY, adv. manner of an admirer. AD-MIS-SI-BIL’L-TY, n. With admiration; in the The quality of being ad- nuissible. Judge Chase. AD-MIS/SI-BLE, a. [See Apmit.] That may be admitted, allowed, or conceded; as, the testimony is admissible. AD-MIS’SI-BLY, adv. So as to be admitted. AD-MIS’SION, x. [L. admissio.] 1. The act or practice of admitting ; as, the admis- sion of aliens into our country ; also, the state of being admitted. 2. Admittance ; power or permission to enter; en- trance ; access; power to approach; as, our laws give to foreigners easy admission to the rights of citizens ; the admission of a clerk to a benefice. 3. Allowance; grant of an argument or position not fully proved. AD-MIT’, v. t. [L. admitto, from ad and mitto, to send ; Fr. mettre.] 1. To suffer to enter; to grant entrance, whether into a place, or an office, or into the mind, or con- sideration ; as, to admit a student into college; to admit a serious thought into the mind. 2. To give right of entrance; as, a ticket adyits one into a play-house. 3. To allow ; to receive as tie ; as, the argument or fact is admitted. 4. To permit, grant, or allow, or to be capable of; as, the words do not admit of such a construction. In this sense, of may be used after the verb, or omitted. AD-MIT’TA-BLE, a. allowed. AD-MIT’TANCE, n. allow- More usually, [ance. 2. Permission to enter; the power or night of entrance ; and hence, actual entrance ; as, he gained admittance into the church. 3. Concession; admission ; allowance; as, the admittance of an argument. [Wot used, | 4. Shakspeare uses the word for the custom or prerogative of being admitted ; “ Sir John, you are a gentleman of excellent breeding, of great admit- That may be admitted or The act of admitting ; 5) AD-NAS/CENT, a. AD-NA/TA, n. AD'NATE, a. it, AD'NOUN, n. [ad and noun.] AD NWBLLA-TED, a. A-DO/, n. AD-O-LES/CENCE, n. ADO 3. To instruct or direct. Moses was admonished by God, when he was about to make the tabernacle. — Heb. viii 4, In ecclesiastical affairs, to reprove a member of the church for a fault, either publicly or privately ; the first step of church discipline. It is followed by of or against ; as, to admonish of a fault committed, or against committing a fault. It has a like use in colleges. AD-MON‘ISH-ED, pp. Reproved ; advised ; warned ; instructed. AD-MON’ISH-ER,2. One who reproves or counsels. AD-MON’ISH-ING, ppr. Reproving ; warming ; coun- seling; directing. AD-MON'ISH-MENT, n. Admonition. Shak. AD-MO-NI''TION, x. Gentle reproof; counseling against a fault; instruction in duties; caution; direction. ‘Tit. iii, 1 Cor. x. In church discipline, public or private reproof to reclaim an offender; a step preliminary to excommunication. AD-MO-NI’TION-ER, n. A dispenser of admoni- tions. Hooker. AD-MON’I-TIVE, a. Containing admonition. Barrow. AD-MON'I-TIVE-LY, adv. By admonition. AD-MON’I-TOR, x. An admonisher; a monitor. AD-MON’I-TO-RY, a. Containing admonition ; that admonishes, AD-MORT-I-ZA’TION,n. The reducing of lands or tenements to mortmain. [See Morrmarn.] ZEncyc. AD-MOVE’,v. ¢. [L. ammon ee) To move to; to bring one thing to another. Little uscd. | Brown. [L. ad and nascens, growing. ] Growing to or on something else. Evelyn. [L. ad and natus, grown, from nascor, to grow. ] 1. In anatomy, a synonym of the conjunctiva, or outer coat of the eye, reflected over the ball of the eye from the inner surface of the eyelids. The term has also been applied to the aldwrinea. 2. Such parts, growing on animal or vegetable bodies, as are usual and natural, ag/the hair, wool, horns; or accidental, as fungus, mistletoe, and ex- crescences. 3. Offsets of plants, germinating under ground, as from the lily, narcissus, and hyacinth Quincy. Encye. [L. ad and natus, grown.] In botany, pressing close to the stem, or growing toi Jartyn. In grammar, an adjective, or attribute. [Little used. Clouded ; obscured. [Qu. a and do.] Bustle ; trouble; labor; difficulty; as, to make a great ado about trifles; to persuade one with much ado. [L. adolescens, growing, of ad and olesco, to grow, from oleo. Heb. n>y to ascend . -— Ar. Ube to be high.] The state of growing, applied to the young of the human race ; youth, or the period of life between childhood and manhood. A-DOP’TION-IST, x. A-DOPT'IVE, a. ADO and heir; to take one who is not a child, and treat him as one, giving him a title to the privileges and rights of a child. 2. In a spiritual sense, to receive the sinful chil- dren of men into the invisible church, and ito God’s favor and protection, by which they become heirs of salvation by Christ. Brown. 3. To take or receive as one’s own that which is not naturally so; as, to adopt the opinions of an- other; or to receive that which is new ; as, to adupt a particular mode of husbandry. 4. To select and take; as, which mode will you adopt? A-DOPT’ED, pp. or a. Taken as one’s own; received as son and heir ; selected for use. A-DOPT’ED-LY, adv. In the manner of something adopted. A-DOPT’ER, n. One who adopts. 2. In chemistry, a large, round receiver, with two necks, diametrically opposite to each other, one of which admits the neck of a retort, and the other is joined to another receiver. It is used in distilla- tions, to give more spice to elastic vapors, or to in- crease the length of the neck of a retort. A-DOPT'ING, ppr. Taking a stranger as a son; tak- ing as one’s own. A-DOP'TION, x. [L. adoptio.]} 1, The act of adopting, or the state of being adopted ; the taking and treating of a stranger as one’s own child. 2. The receiving as one’s own what is new or not natural. 3. God’s taking the sinful children of men into his favor and protection. Eph. iv. Adoption by arms; an ancient ceremony of pre- senting arms to one for his merit or valor, which Jaid the person under an obligation to defend the giver. Adoption by baptism, is the spiritual affinity which is contracted by god-fathers and god-children, in the ceremony of baptisin. It was introduced into the Greek church, and afterward among the an- cient Franks. This affinity was supposed to entitle the god-child to a share of the god-father’s estate. Enciye. Adoption by hair, was performed by cutting off the hair of a person and giving it to the adoptive father. Thus Pope John VIII. adopted Boson, king of Arles. Adoption by matrimony, is the taking of the chil- dren of a wife or husband, by a former marriage, into the condition of natural children. This is a practice peculiar to the Germans, but is not so prop- erly adoption as adfiliation. Encyc. Adoption by testament, is the appointing of a per- son to be heir, by will, on condition of his taking the name, arms, &c., of the adopter. Encyc. In Eurcpe, adoption is used for many kinds of admission to a more intimate relation, and is nearly equivalent to reception ; as, the admission of persons into hospitals or monasteries, or of one society into another, Encyc. One who maintains that Christ was the son of God by adoption only. Murdock. [L. adoptivus.] Thai adopts; as, an adoptive father; or that is adopted ; as, an adoptive son. A DOPT’IVE, n. A person or thing adopted. : A DOR’A-BLE, a, That ought to be adored ; worthy of divine honors. In popular use, worthy of the utmost love or respect. A-DOR!A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being ador- able, or worthy of adoration. A-DOR/A-BLY, adv. In a manner worthy of ado- ration. AD-O-RA/TION, x. The act of paying honors to a divine being ; the worship paid to God ; the act of addressing as a God. Adoration consists in external homage, accompanied with the highest reverence. It is used for the act of praying, or preferring re- quests or thanksgiving to the Supreme Being. 2. Homage paid to one in high esteem ; profound tance;?? but the license is unwarrantable. AD-MIT’TED, pp. Permitted to enter or approach ; allowed; granted; conceded. AD-MIT’TER, n. - He that admits. AD-MIT’TING, ppr. Permitting to enter or approach : allowing ; conceding. AD-MIX', ». t. To mingle with something else. See Mrx.] AD-MIX/TION, (ad-mix’chun,) x. admuistio, of ad and misceo, to mix. A mingling of bodies ; AD-O-LES/CENT, a. childhood to manhood. AD-O-NE/AN, a. Pertaining to Adonis Fair Adonean Venus. Faber. A-DO'NLA, n. pl. Festivals celebrated anciently in honor of Adonis, by females, who spent two days in lamentations and infamous pleasures. Encyec. A-DON'I€, a. Adonic verse, a short verse, in Which the death of Adonis was bewailed. It consists of a Bailey. Cyc. dactyl and spondee. A-DON'I€,x. An Adonic verse. Among the Anglo- Saxons, a poetic verse consisting of one long, two short and two long syllables. Henry’s Brit. 2, 383. A-DO'NIS, n. In mytholory, the favorite of Venus, Growing ; g 3 advancing from [L. admiztio, or see Mix.) : a union by mixing differ- ent substances together, It differs from composition or chemical combination ; for admiztion does not alter the nature ofthe substances mixed, but merely blends them together; whereas in composition, the particles : unite by affinity, lose their former properties, and said to be the son of Cinyras, king of Cyprus. He| reverence. vi form new compounds, with different properties, was fond of hunting, and received a mortal wound Adoration, among the Jews, was performed by ad AD-MIX’/TURE, n. {from admirz. from the tusk of a wild boar. Venus lamented his bowing, kneeling, and prostration. Among the Ro- . The substance mingled with another; sometimes death, and changed him into the flower anemone. mans, the devotee, with his head covered or vailed, ry the act of mixture, or the state of being mixed. We A-DO'NIS, n. In botany, bird’s eye or pheasant’s eye. applied his right hand to his lips, bowing and turn- ie Say, an admixture of sulphur with alum, or the A-DO'NISTS, zn. pl. ‘ eee Ch. and Syr. JN Adon, ing himself from left to right. The Persians fell on ae admixture of different bodies, Lord, a Scriptural title of the Supreme Being.] the face, striking the forehead against the earth, Wo AD-MON’ISH, ». t. [L. admoneo, ad and moneo, to Among critics, a sect or party who maintain that} and kissing the ground. ‘The adoration paid to the aif teach, warn, admonish; Fr. admonéter; Norn. the Hebrew points ordinarily annexed to the conso- Grecian and Roman emperors consisted in bowing ie Pee Sp. amonestar ; Port, amoestar, or admo- nants of the word Jehovah, are not the natural points and kneeling at the feet of the prince, laying hold \ estar 5 ammonire: G. mahnen, ermahnen 7 DD i a. maanen, to dun, vermaanen, to admonish 3 SW. mana Sormana ; Dan. mane, formane j Sax. menan, to mean. 1. To warn or notify belonging to that word, and that they do not express the true pronunciation of it ; but that they are vowel points belonging to the words Adonai and Elohim, of his robe, then withdrawing the hand ping it to the lips, i and clap- In modern times, adoration is paid to the pope by Kissing his feet, and to princes I * 2 i |! of a fault; to reprove with applied to the ineffable name Jehovah, which the by kneeling and kissing the hand. This word was i a mildness. Jews were forbid to utter, and the true pronuncia- used by the Romans for acclamation or great ap- Ataie th Count him not as an enemy, but edmonish him as a brother, | “OR of which was lost; they were therefore always | _ plause, given to public performers; and the election ea — 2\'Thesa, til, to pronounce the word Adonai, instead of Jehovah. of a pope is sometimes by adoration, that is, by sud- ike 2. To counsel against wrong practices - t : Encyc. den acclamation without scrutiny. Encye i) ( 0 caution ; = ee awit or advise. a ? ADOPT", v. t. [L. adopto, of ad and opto, to desire | ADORE’, v. t. [L. adoro. In Ch. and Het. ANTS or choose. See Oprion.] ln ~ , 1. To take a stranger into one’s family, as son FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, a0 hadar, to honor, reverence, or glorify, to adom; Hicb. \4N, to be magnificent or glorious, to magnify, Admonish one another in psalms and hymnz. — Col. iii. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 5 Te ’ BP ene err eile oo al Gly Nea p } : i Neate semana gt St eh oa td ee ater enti SS a aha ee RO geADR -to glorify. This word is usually referred to the Latin ad orare, to carry to one’s mouth; ad and vs, oris; as, In order to kiss one’s hand, the hand is carried to one’s mouth. See Calmet, ad verbum, Who cites, in confirmation of this opinion, the ancient practice of kissing the hand. See Job xxxi. 1 Kings xix. Ps. ii. Gen. xli, Ainsworth supposes the word to be a compound of ad and oro, to pray ; and if the word is compound, as I suspect, this opinion is most probably correct. i} 1. To worship with profound reverence; to ad- dress with exalted thoughts, by prayer and thanks- giving; to pay divine honors to; to honor as a god, or as divine. Driden. 2. To love'in the highest degree; to regard with the utmost esteem, affection, and respect; as, the people adore their prince. Tatler. A-DOR’ED, pp. or a. Worshiped as divine; highly reverenced ; greatly beloved, A-DOR’/ER, x. One who worships, or honors as di- vine ; in popular language, an admiring lover. A-DOR/ING, ppr. or a. Honoring or addressing as divine ; regarding with great love or reverence. DP OR TEEN, adv. W)th adoration. A-DORN’, v. t. [L. adorno, ad and orno, to deck or beautify, to dress, set off, extol, furnish; Fr. orner ; Sp. Port. ornar; It. ornare; Arm. aourna. Orno is probably the Saxon sdrinan, gerenian, gerinan, gekxrinan, to touch, to strike, "to adorn, that is, to put on.] 1. To deck or decorate; to make beautiful; to add to beauty by dress ; to deck with external orna- ’ ments. A bride adorneth herself with Jewels. —Isa. vi. 2. To set off to advantage ; to add ornaments to ; to embellish by any thing external or adventitious ; as, to adorn a speech by appropriate action, senti- ments with elegance of language, or a gallery with pictures. 3. To make pleasing, or more pleasing ; abilities adorned by virtue or aff ibility. 4. To display the beauty or excellence of; as, to as, great adorn the doctrine of God. ‘Titus ii. A-DORN’,n. Ornament. [Obs.] Spenser. A-DORN’, a. Adorned; decorated. [Obs.] Milton. A-DORN’‘ED, pp. Decked; decorated; embellished. A-DORN’ER, zn. One who adorns. A-DORN'ING, ppr. Ornamenting; decorating ; dis- playing beauty. A-DORN/ING, x. Omament; decoration. A- DORN/ING-LY, adv. By adorning. A-DORN/MENT, 7. An adorning ; ornament. AD-OS-€U- LA'TION, nm. [L. ad and osculatio, a kissing, from osculum, a kiss, or routhy) The impregnation of plants by the falling of the farina on the pistil. Encye. Adosculation is also defined to be the inserting of one part of a plant into another. Crabbe. A-DOSS’ED, (a-dost/,) a. [Fr. adossée, part. of a- dosser, to set back to back ; dos, the back.] In heraldry, denoting two figures or bearings placed back to back. Encyc. A-DOWN’, prep. {a and down.] From a higher to a lower sittiation ; ; downward ; implying descent. A-DOWN’, adv. Down; on the ground; at the bottom. AD QUOD DAM NUM, [L.] In law, a writ directing the sheriff to inquire w hat dam: 1gZe mi ay accrue from the grant of certain liberties or franchises. Brande. A-DREAD’, (a-dred’,)a. {See Dreap.] Affected by dread. (Obs. AD REF-ER-EN DUM. eration. A-DRI-AT'I€, a. [L. Adria or Hadria, the Gulf of Venice. ] Pertaining to the gulf called, from Venice, the Venetian Gulf. A-DRI-AT’I€, n. The Venetian Gulf; washes the eastern side of Italy. A-DRIFT’, a. or adv. [Sax. adrifan, gedrifan, and drifan, to drive. See Drive. Adrift is the partici- ple of the verb.] Literally, driven; floating; floating at random ; impelled or moving without direction. As an adjec- tive, it always follows its noun; as, the boat was adrift. AD-RO-GA'TION, n. [L. ad and rogo, to ask. InTERROGATE and RoGarion.] A species of adoption in ancient Rome, by which a person capable of choosing for himself was ad- mitted into the relation of a son. So called from the questions put to the parties. Encyc. 1 Pet. iii. [L.] For further consid- a gulf that See A-DROIT’, (a-droyt’,) a. [Fr. from drott, right, straight, ‘direct ; whence droite, the right hi ind; It. diritto, right, straight, contract ted from the in di- rectus, dirigo ; . Arm. dret. See RicHt. | Dextrous ; skillful; active in the use of the hand, and figuratively, in the exercise of the mental fi acul- ties ; Ingenious’; ready in invention or execution. A- DROIT’LY, adv, With dexterity ; in a ready, skillful manner. Chesterfield. A-DROIT’NESS, 7m. Dexterity ; readiness m the use of the limbs, or of the mental faculties. Tlorne. -A-DUL’TER-A-TING, ppr. ADU A-DRY’, a, [Sax. adrian, to dry Thirsty ; in want of drink. follows the noun. AD-SCI-TI/'TIO to add or join.] Added ; taken as supplemental ; requisite. Warton. AD/SORIPT, n. [L. adscribo.] One who is held to service as attached to some object or place, as when a slave is made an adscript of the soil. Bancroft. AD-STRI€’TION, n. [L. adstrictio, astrictio, of ad and stringo, to strain or bind fast. See Srrict.] A binding fast. Among physicians, the rigidity of a part of the body, occasioning a retention of usual evacuations ; costiveness ; a closeness of the emunc- tories ; also, the styptic effects of medicines: cyc. Quincy. AD-STRI€’/TO-RY, AD-STRING THN lee DSCC eA S= TRINGENT, AD-U-LA/RLA, n. [from Adula, the summit of a Swiss mountain. ] A term applied to the semi-transparent varieties of albite and felspar ; its color is white, or with a tinge of green, yellow, or red. Cleaveland. AD-U-LA/TION, n. [L. adulatio.]} Servile flattery ; praise in excess, or beyond what is merited ; high compliment. Shak. AD/U-LA-TOR, n. A flatterer; one who offers praise servilely. AD/U-LA-TO-RY, a. Flattering ; containing exces- Sive praise or compliments ; servilely praising; as, an adulatory address. AD!U-LA-TRESS, zn. servility. A-DULT’, a. [L. adwtus, grown to maturity, from oleo, to grow ; Heb. nby to ascend.) Having arrived at mature years, or to full size and strength; as, an adult person or plant. A-DULT’, n. A person grown to full size and strength, or to the years of manhood. It is also applied to full-grown plants. Among civilians, a person between fourteen and twenty-five years of e. Encyc. Adult schools ; schools for instructing adults, who have not been educated in their youth; first éstab- lished, in England, in 1811. P. Cyc. A-DUL/TER-ANT, n. The person or thing that adulterates. A-DUL/TER-ATE, v. t. [L. adultero, from adulter, mixed, or an adulterer ; ad and alter, other. ] To corrupt, debase, or make impure by an admix- ture of baser materials ; as, to adulterate liquors, or the coin of a country. Boyle. A-DUL/TER-ATE, v. 7%. To commit adultery. [ Ods.] A-DUL'TER-ATE, a. Tainted with adultery; de- based by foreign mixture. A-DUL’'TER-A-TED, pp. or a. Corrupted ; by a mixture with something of Jess value. A-DUL!TER-ATE-LY, adv. In anadulterate manner. A-DUL/TER-ATE-NESS, n. The quality or state of being debased or corrupted. Debasing ; corrupting. A-DUL-TER-A’TION, n. The act of adulterating, or the state of being adulterated, corrupted, or de- based by foreign mixture. The adulteration of liquors, of drugs, and even of bread and beer, is a common, but a scandalous crime. A-DUL’TER-ER, n. [L. adulter.] 1. A man guilty of adultery; 2 man who has sexual commerce with any married woman except his wife. [See ApuLtrry.] 2, In Scripture, an idolater. Ezek. xxiil. 3. An apostate from the true faith, or one who violates his coven: int engagements ; a very wicked person. Jer. ix. and xxill. 4, One de votell to earthly things. ‘Lanis adjects ve always Spectator. S, a. [L. ascititius, adscisco, ascisco, additional ; not A female that flatters with debased James iv. A-DUL’TER-ESS, n. A married woman guilty of incontinence. A-DUL/TER-INE, a. Proceeding from adulterous commerce ; spurious. Fiall. A-DUL'TER-INE, zx. In the civil law,a child issuing from an adulterous connection. A-DUL’TER-OUS, a. Guilty of adultery ; pertain- Ie to adultery. 2. In Scripture, idolatrous; very wicked. xii. and xvi. Mark viii. A-DUL!TER-OUS-LY, adv. Matt In an adulterous man- ner. A-DUL'TER-Y, x. ATE. | 1. Violation of the marriage bed; a crime, or a civil injury, which introduces or may introduce, into a family, a spurious offspring. In common usage, adultery means the unfaithful- ness of any marrie d person to the marriage bed. In England, Parliament grant absolute divorces for in- fide lity to the marriage bed in either party ; and the spiritual courts divorce a mensa et toro. By the laws of Connecticut, the sexual intercowrse of any man with a married woman, is the crime of adultery in both; such intercourse of a married man with an unmarrie d woman, is fornication in [L. adultertum. See ADULTER- ADV both, and adultery of the man, within the meaning of the law respecting divorce; but not a felonious adultery in either, or the crime of adultery at com- mon law, or by statute. ‘This latter offense is, in England, proceeded with only in the ecclesiastical courts. 2. In a scriptural sense, all manner of lewdness or unchastity, as in the seventh commandment. 3. In Scripture, idolatry, or apostasy from the true God. Jer. il: 4. In old laws, the fine and penalty imposed for the offense of adultery. o. In ecclesiastical affairs, the intrusion of a person into a bishopric, during the life of the bishop. Encyc. 6. Among ancient naturalists, the grafting of trees was called adultery, being considered as an un- natural union. Pliny. A-DULT’NESS, n. The state of being adult. AD-UM'BRANT, a. [See ApumrraTE.] Giving a faint shadow, or slight resemblance. AD-UM’'BRATE, v. t. [L. adumbro, to shade, from umbra, a a shade ; Fr. ombre; Sp. sombra ; It. ombra.] To give a faint shadow, or slight likeness ; to ex- hibit a faint resemblance, ‘like a shadow. AD-UM-BRA'TION, x. The act of making ashadow or faint resemblance. 2. A faint sketch ; an imperfect representation of a thing. Bucon. 3. In heraldry, the shadow only of a figure, out lined, and painted of a color darker than the field. Dict. AD-U-NA'TION, n. [L. ad and unus, unio.) The state of being united; union. [JVot used.) Tranmer. AD-UN/CL-TY, nm. [L. aduncitas, hookedness, of ad and uneus, a hook. Hookedness ; a bending in form of a hook. Arbuthnot. AD-UN€/OUS, a. [L. aduncus.] Hooked ; bent or made in the form of a hook. Bacon. AD-UNQUE’. (a-dunk’,) a. [Not used. ] acon. [L. adwro, ad and uro, to burn.) [Not used. ] Bacon. {[L. adustus, burnt, the participle of adu- Hooked. A-DURE/, x. t. To burn up. A-DUST’, a ro, to burn. Burnt ; scorched ; become dry by heat; hot and ery. A-DUST’ED, a. scorched. A-DUS/‘TION, xn. The act of burning, scorching, or pene to dry ness ; a State of being thus heated or driec AD PALLOIREM. [L.] According to the value. ad valorem duty 1s a certain per centage on the ue or price. AD-VANCE’, (ad-vins’,) v. t. [Fr. avancer ; Sp. avan- zar, to move forward; It. avanzare, to get or in- creuse; Arm. avans, to advance. This word is formed on van, the front, which seems to be the Ch. and Hgb. 725, 0°35, surface, face ; whence Fr. avant ; It. avanti, before. ] 1. To bring forward; to move further in front. Hence, 2. To promote ; to raise toa higher rank ; as, amuaniee one from the bar to the bench. To improve or make better, which is consid- a as a progression or moving forward ; 3 as, to ad- mance one’s true interests. 4. To forward ; to accelerate srOW th; as, to ad- vance the growth ‘of plants. 5. To offer or propose ; to bring to view or no- tice ; as, to advance an opinion or an argument. In commerce, to supply beforehand ; to furnish on veyed or before goods are delive red, or work done ; or to furnish as a part of a stock or fund ; as, to advance money on loan or contract, or toward a Bie hase or establishment. To furnish for others ; to supply or pay for oth- ers, in expectation of revmbursement. Become hot and dry; burnt ; An val- to They advanced the money out of their own funds, and took the sheriil’s deeds in their own nani. Kent, Johnson's Rep, 8. To raise ; to enhance ; as, to advance the price of goods. AD-VANCE’, v. 7% To move or go forward ; ceed ; as, the troops advanced. Oro improve, or make progress; to grow better, greater, wiser, or older; as, to advance in know 1 edge, in stature, in wisdom, or in years. 3. To rise mm rank, office, or consequence ; to be preferred or promoted ; as, to advance in political standing. AD-VANCE’, to pro- n. A moving forward, or toward the cone larendon. . Gradual progression ; improvement ; as, an ad- vane in religion or knowledge. tterbury. 3. Advancement ; ; promotion; preferment ; as, an advance Inprani< OM OMICe. 4, First hint py way of invitation ; first step to- ‘TONE, I BUL Ly UNITE. — ANGE R, VI''CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS at eee eT ae I A TEADV ADV ADV ward a reconciliation with B. very frequently used in the plural. The amours of an empress require the plainest advances. Gibbon. vance on the prime cost of goods. made large advances to B. furnished. I shall, with great pleasure, make the necessary eipaices. a Ye The account was made up with intent to show what advances had been made. Kent. In advance; in front; before; also, beforehand ; before an equivalent is received, or when one part- ner in trade has furnished more than his proportion ; as, A is tn advance to B a thousand dollars or pounds. AD-VANCE’-GUARD, (7. The van-guard ; the AD-VANC'ED-GUARD, |} first line or division of an army in order of battle, in front of the main body ; opposed to rear-cuard. 2. A small party in advance of the main-guard. Cyc. AD-VANC'ED, (ad vansus pp- or a. Moved for- ward ; promoted ; improved ; furnished beforehand ; situated in front, or before the rest ; also, old, hav- ing reached the decline of life; as, advanced in years ; an advanced age. : AD-VANCE/MENT, x. The act of moving forward or proceeding. : 2. The state of being advanced ; preferment ; promotion, in rank or excellence; the act of pro- moting. 3. Settlement on a wife, or jointure. 4, Provision made by a parent for a child by gift of property, during his, the parent’s life, to which the child would be entitled as heir, after his parent’s death. R. M. Sherman, 9. The payment of money in advance ; money paid in advance. AD-VANC’ER, x. One who advances; a promoter. Among sportsmen, a start or branch of a buck?s attire, between the back antler and the palm. Encyc. AD-VANC'ING, ppr. Moving forward ; proceeding ; promoting ; raising to higher rank or excellence ; improving ; Supplying beforehand, as on loan, or as stock in trade. AD-VANC'IVE, a, Tending to advance or promote, AD-VANT’AGE, n. [Fr. avantagze, from avant, be- ward an agreement; as, A made an advance to- In this sense it is 5. In trade, additional price; profit; as, an ad- 6. A giving beforehand; a furnishing of some- thing, on contract, before an equivalent is received, as money or goods, toward a capital or stock, or on loan ; or the money or goods thus furnished ; as, A 7. A furnishing of money or goods for others, in expectation of reimbursement; or the property so of being advantageous ; profitableness ; usefulness ; convenience AD-VANT/AG-ING, ppr. AD-VE€-TI'TIOUS, a. Brought from another place ; imported ; foreign. nid. ward AD'/VENT, n. vento, to come. A coming ; apprupriately, the coming of our Sav- ior, and in the calendar, it includes four Sabbaths betore Christmas, beginning on St. Andrew’s day, or on the Sabbath next before or after it. tended as a season of devotion, with reference to the coming of Christ in the flesh, and his second coming to judge the world. Adventitious. AD-VE AD-VE nio AD-VE AD-VE vent ards. life. Who tz fore ; It. vantaggio ; Sp. ventaja. 1. Any state, condition, or circumstance, favora- ble to success, prosperity, interest, or reputation ; as, the enemy had the advantage of elevated ground, 2. Benefit; gain; profit. What advantage will it be to thee ? — Job xxxv. There exists, in the economy and course of pature, an indis- soluble union between virtue and happiness; between duty one’s | erty.?? risked. and advantage, fashinzton. | 3. Means to an end; opportunity ; convenience for obtaining benefit ; as, Students enjoy great ad- vantaves for improvement; the general took advant- age of his enemy’s negligence. 4. Favorable state or circumstances; as, jewels Set to advantace, 5. Superiority, or prevalence over ; with of or over. Lest Satan should get an advantage of us (or over us.) — 2 Cor, ii. 6. Superiority, or that which gives it; as, the ad- vantage of a good constitution. 7. Interest ; imcrease ; overplus. And with advantage means to pay thy love. [Obs.] Shak. _8. Additional circumstance to give prepondera- tion. AD-VANT!AGE, >. t. gain. What is 4man advantaged, if he gain the whole world, and lose himself, or be cast away ? — Luke ix, 2. To promote ; to advance the interest of. AD-VANT/AGE-A-BLE, a. Profitable ; convenient ; gainful. [Little used. | D-VANT/AG-ED, pp. Benefited ; promoted, AD-VANT!/AGE-GROUND, m. Ground that gives advantage or superiority ; a state that gives supe- rior advantages for annoyance or resistance, Clarendon. AD-VAN-TA/GEOUS, a. Being of advantage ; fur- nishing convenience, or Opportunity to gain benefit - gainful; profitable ; useful ; beneficial ; as, an ad. vantageous position of the troops ; trade is advanta- f£eous tO a nation. AD-VAN-TA'’GEOUS-LY, adv. In an advantageous Manner ; profitably ; usefully ; conveniently. Arbuthnot, AD-VAN-44/GEOUS-NESS, re rbuthno To benefit ; to yield profit or bold, n hazard AD/VER verb. ] In g¢ usually tremely that is, express is often The quality or state Lstmeena etnoerene ge FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY = An AD-VENE!, v, 2. Adde AD-VEN’TURE, 7. ADVENT, | 1. Hazard; risk; chance; that of which one has no direction ; as, at all adventures, that is, at all haz- AD-VEN’/TUR-ER, 7. AD-VEN’T ing. AD-VEN/TUR-OUS, a. 1. Inclined, or willin encounter danger ; daring ing: applied to persons. 2. Full of hazard To accede, or come to; to be added to, or become a part of, though not essential. AD-VE’NI-ENT, a. Advenin causes, See Finp.] N'T’INE, a. N-TI/'TIOUS, a. See ApvENT.] Diseases of continuance get an adventitious strength from cus- tom. N-TI’TIOUS-LY, adv. ss N-TI'’/TIOUS-NESS, n. adventitious, AD-VENT’IVB, a. tle ee) AD-VENT'IVE, n. from without. AD-VENT’U-AL, a. Accidental The thing [Little used. ] Relating [ Fr. aventu [See Ve NTURE. ] 2. An enterprise of hazard; a bold undertaking, in which hazards are to be encountered, and the is- sue is staked upon unforeseen events. 3. A remarkable occurrence ; a striking event, more or less important ; as, the adventures of one’s 4. That which js put to hazard ; a sense in popu- lar use with seamen, and usually pronounced ven- ture. Something which a seaman is permitted to carry abroad, with a view to sell for profit. A bill of adventure, is a writin iKes goods on board of his ship, Wholly at the risk of the owner. AD-VEN’/TURE, »v. t. the power of unforeseen events ; as, to adventure To risk, ife. [See Venture.] AD-VEN’TURE, v. i. To dare; to try the chance ; as, to adventure on ‘‘the tempestuous sea of lib- AD-VEN’TUR-ED, pp. Put to x HSE VENTURESOME. ] And followed freedom on the adventurous tide. AD-VEN’TUR-OUS-LY, adv. a manner to incur hazard. AD-VEN’TUR-OUS-NESS, n. The act or quality of being adventurous, Be ita |e adverbium, of rammar, a word used to & verb, participle, adjective, or other adverb, and Placed near it; as, he w white. » The term adverb, denot improper. AD-VERB/I-AL, a. Pertaining to AD-VERB/I-AL-LY, adv. In verb. Profiting ; benefiting. [L. advenio, to come to, ad and ve- [L. adventus, from advenio, of ad and [L. adventitius, from adve- d extrinsically ; accidental; not essentially inherent ; casual ; foreign. One who hazards, or puts something at risk; as, merchant-adventurers. 2. One who seeks occasions of chance, or attempts ovel, or extraordinary enterprises. AD-VEN’TURE-FUL, a. i of enterprise. AD-VEN’TURE-SOME Given to adventure ; full ,@. Bold; daring; incurring JRE-SOME-NESS, 7. being bold and venturesome. AD-VEN’TUR-ING, ppr. Putting to risk; hazard- [Fr. aventureuz.] g to incur hazard; bold to » courageous ; enterpris- ; attended with risk; exposing to danger; requiring courage: applied to things; as, an adventurous undertaking. Boldly ; daringly ; in remel This part of speech might be more Significantly named a modifier, as its use is to modify, to vary or qualify the sense of another word, by enlarging or restraining it, or quality, or manner, which the word itself does not In the manner of an ad- Boyle, [ Little used.) g; Coming from out- AD-VER-SA/RLA, 7. VERSE. 1. Among the ancrents, a book of accounts, so named from the placing of debt and credit in opposition to each other. 2. A common-place book. Encyc. 3. In literature, a miscellaneous collection of no.es, reinarks, or selections ; used as a title of books or papers of such character. This meaning is derived from the second. AD-VER-SA’RI-OUS, a. [ Bad.]} Southey. [L. from adversus. See Av- Adversary. AD'VER-SA-RY, z. See ADVERSE. ] 1. An enemy or foe ; one who has enmity at It is In- Encyc. [Wot used. ] Bacon, Bacon. Accidentally. The state of being ; adventitious. [Zit- acon, or person that comes acon. to the season of ad- Saunderson. re, from advenio. See Dryden. Bacon. g signed by a person, or hazard; to put in hazard ; ventured ; d Bentham. The quality of Trumbull. ad and verbum, toa modify the sense of rites zell; paper ex- by expressing form, ing position merely, an adverb. AD-VERT’, AD-VERT’ED, pp. AD-VERT’ENCE, ) 7. AD-VERT’EN-CY, § AD-VERT/ENT-LY, adv. AD-VERT’ING, ppr. AD-VER-TISE’, ov. 1. AD-VER-TIS/ED, pp. AD-VER'TISE-MENT, N. AD-VER-TIS/ER, n. One who advertises, AD-VER-TIS/ING, ppr. heart. The Lord will take vengeance on his adversaries. — Nah. i. In Scripture, Satan is called THE ADVERSARY, by way of eminence. — ] Pet. v. 2. An opponent or antagonist, as in a suit at law, or in Single combat ; an opposing litigant. AD'VER-SA-RY, a. Opposed ; Opposite to; adverse. In law, having an opposing party ; as, an adversary Suit ; In distinction from an application, in law or equity, to which no opposition 1s made. AD-VERS/A-TI VE, a. Noting some difference, con- trariety, Or opposition ; as, John is an honest man, but a fanatic. Here but 1s called an adversative con- junction. This denomination, however, is not al- Ways correct; for but does not always denote oppo- sition, but something additional. AD-VERS/A-TIVE, n A word denoting contrariety or opposition. AD/VERSE, (ad’vers,) a [L. adversus, opposite ; of ad and versus, turned ; from verto, totum. See Ap- vent. ‘This word was formerly accented, by some authors, on the last syllable; but the accent is now settled on the first. ] 1. Opposite ; opposing ; acting in a contrary direc- tion ; conflicting ; counteracting ; as, adverse winds ; an adverse party. 2. Figuratively, opposing desire ; contrary to the wishes, or to supposed good; hence, unfortunate ; calamitous ; afflictive ; pernicious ; unprosperous ; as, adverse fate or circumstances. AD-VERSE’, (ad-vers’,) v. t. To oppose. [Vet used.] ower, AD/VERSE. LY, adv In an adverse manner; Oppo- sitely ; unfortunately ; unprosperously ; in a man- ner contrary to desire or success. AD'VERSE-NESS, n. Opposition 3 Uunprosperous- ness, AD-VERS'I-TY, n. An event, or series of events, which oppose success or desire; misfortune; ca- lamity ; affliction; distress ; state of unhappiness, In the day of adversity, consider. — Eccl. vii. Ye have rejected God; who saved you out of all your adversi- ties. —1 Sam. x, v. % [L. adverto, of ad and verto, to turn. ] To turn the mind or attention to; to regard, ob- Serve, or notice; with to; as, he adverted to what Was said, or to a circumstance that occurred. Attended to; regarded ; with to. A direction of the mind to; attention ; notice ; regard ; consideration ; heedfulness. AD-VERT’ENT, a. Attentive ; heedful. In an advertent manner. Attending to; regarding; ob- serving. [Fr. avertir; Arm. aver SZ, to inform; from ad and verto, to turn. See Ap_ VERT. 1. To inform; to give notice, advice, or intelli- gence to, whether of a past or present event, or of something future. 1 will advertise thee what this people will do to thy people in the latter day. —Num. xxiv, I thought to advertise thee, saying, Buy it before the inhab- itants and elders of my people. — Ruth iv. In this sense, it has of before the subject of infor- mation ; as, to advertise a man of his losses. 2. To publish a notice of ; to publish a written or printed account of; as, to advertise goods, or a farm. Informed ; notified ; warned : used of persons: published ; made known; used of tings. Information ; admoni- tion; notice given. ‘More generally, a publication intended to give notice ; this may be by a short ac- count printed ina newspaper, or by a written: ac- count posted, or otherwise made public. This ti- tle is often given to public prints. ER- Informing ; giving notice ; publishing notice. 2. a. Furnishing advertisements ; as, advertising customers. 3. In the sense of monitory, or active intelligence, as used by Shakspeare. used, in giving [Vot now ] AD-VICE’, n. [Fr. avis, opinion, notice ; Arm. avis -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ee os 3 Mey oy aerage Wee or Ee = os OPIS Mr sicd i sceetdie iatADV This and the verb aviser, to advise, seem to be formed of ad and the L. viso, to see, to visit. ] 1. Counsel ; an opinion recommended, or offered, as worthy to be followed. What advice sive ye? —2 Chron. x. With good advice make war. — Prov. xx. We may give advice, but we can not give conduct. Franklin. 2. Prudence ; deliberate consideration. Shak. 3. Information as to the state of an affair or af- fairs ; notice ; intelligence ; as, we have late ad- vices from France. [Commonly in the plural.] To take advice, is to consult with others. AD-VICE!’-BOAT, n. A vessel employed to carry dispatches or information. AD-VI$'A-BLE, a. [See Avvisr.] 1. Proper to be advised; prudent; expedient; proper to be done or practiced ; as, it is not advis- able to proceed, at this time, to a choice of officers. 2. Open to advice. South. AD-VIS/A-BLE-NESSj n. The quality of being ad- visable or expedient. AD-VIS'A-BLY, adv. With advice. AD-VISE!, v. t. [Fr. aviser ; Arm. avisa ; It. avvisare. See Apvicr. To give counsel to ; to offer an opinion, as wor- thy or expedient to be followed ; as, I advise you to be RCOULIOUS of speculation. To give information ; to oe acquainted with ; thing communicated ; as, vised of the risk. 3. To deliberate, consider, or consult. Advise thyself of what word I shall bring again to him that sent me. — 1 Chron. xxi. But in this sense it is usually intransitive. AD-VISE!, v. 7% To deliberate, weigh well, or con- sider. Advise and see what answer 1 shall return to him that sent me. —2 Sam. xxiv. To advise with, is to consult for the purpose of tak- ing the opinions of others. AD-ViS'ED, pp. or a. Informed; counseled ; also, cautious ; prudent; acting with deliberation. Let him be advised in his answers. With the well advised is wisdom. — Proy. xiii. 2. Done, formed, or taken with advice or deliber- ation ; intended ; 5 as, an advised act or scheme. AD-VIS‘/ED-LY, adv. With deliberation or advice ; heedfully ; purposely ; by design ; as, an enterprise advisedly undertaken. AD-VIS/ED-NESS, n. Deliberate consideration ; pru- dent peace antes AD-VISE/MENT, x. spection. 2. Consultation. The action standing continued nisi for advisement. Mass. Reports. AD-VIS/ER, n. One who gives advice or admoni- tion ; also, in a bad sensc, one Who instigates or per- suades, AD-VIS'/ING, ppr. Giving counsel. AD-VIS/ING, x. Advice ; counsel. AD-VIs/O- RY, a. Having power to advise. The veneral association has a general advisory superintendence over all the ministers and churches. — 7Jrummbull’s Hist. Conn. Madison. Ramsay, Hist. Car. 2. Containing advice; as, their opinion is merely advisory. AD'VO-€A-CY, x. The act of pleading for or sup- porting ; ind cation: defense ; intercession. Brown. 2, Judicial pleading ; lawsuit. Chaucer. AD'VO-€ATE,n. [L. advocatus, from advoco, to call for, to plead for; of ad and vwoco, to call. See VocaL.] 1. Advocate, in its primary sense, signifies one who pleads the cause of another in a court of civil law. Hence, 2. One who pleads the cause of another before any tribunal or judicial court, as a barrister in the Eng- lish courts. We say a man is a learned lawyer and an able advocate. 3. In church history, a person appointed to defend the rights and revenues of a church or monastery. CYC. In Europe, advocates have different titles, accord- ing to their particular duties, Consistorial advocates, in Rome, appear before the Consistory, in opposition to the disposal of benefices. Elective advocates are chosen by a bishop, abbot, or chapter, with license from the prince. Feudal advocates were of a military kind, and to attach them to the church, had grants of land, with power to lead the vassals of the church to war. Fiscal advocates, in ancient Rome, defended causes in which the /fiscus or private revenue of the emper- or Was concerned. Juridical advocates became judges, in consequence of their attending causes in the Count’s court. Matricular advocates defended the cathedral churches. Sp. avisar ; to communic ate notice ; . - followed by of before the the merchants were ad- Bacon. Counsel; information ; circum- Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; ADY Military advocates were employed by the church to defend it by arms, when force gave law to Europe. Some advocates were called nominative, from their being nominated hy the pope or king ; some regular, from their being qualified by a proper course of study. Some were supreme; othe rs, subordinate. Advocate, in the German polity, is a magistrate appointed in the emperor’s name to administer justice. Faculty of advocates, in Scotland, is a society of eminent lawyers, who practice in the highest courts, and who are admitted members only upon the severest examination, at three different times. It consists of more than two hundred members, and from this body are vacancies on the bench usually supplied. Lord adéocate, in Scotland, lawyer, or prose cutor of crimes Judge advocate, in courts material, a person who manages the prosecution. In English and American courts, advocates are the same as counsel, or counseJors. In England, they are of two degrees, barristers and serjeants ; the former, being apprentices or learners, can not, by ancient custom, be admitted serjeants till of six- teen years’ standing. Blackstone. Encyc. 4. One who defends, vindicates, or espouses a cause by argument; one who is friendly to; as, an advocate for peace, or for the oppressed. In Scripture, Christ is called an advocate for his people. the principal crown Ve have an advocate with the Father. —1 John ii. AD/VO-€ATE, v. t. To plead in favor of; to defend by argument, before a tribunal or the public; to support or vindicate. Those who advocate a discrimination, Hamilton's Report on Public Debt. The Duke of York advocated the ameniiment. — Debates on the Regency in the Bouse of J.ords, Dec. 27, 1810. The Earl of Buckin; gham advocated the origin: ul resolution. The idea of a legislature, consisting of a single pen, hoion advocated by some, was gener Ally re probates Ramsay, Hi st. Carolina. How little claim persons, who advocate this sentiment, really possess to be considered C alvinists, will appear from the following quotation. Mackenzie's Life of Calvin. The most eminent orators were engaged to advocate his cause Mitford. A part only of the borly, whose cause he ae r0cates, coincide with him in judgniént, Chris. Obs. xi. 434, Scott. AD/VO Ree TED, pp. Defended by argument ; dicatec AD'VO- ‘GATE. SHIP, zn. advocate. AD! V0O-€4-TESS, n. vin- The office or duty of an A female advocate. Taylor. SE : €A-TING, ppr. Supporting by reasons ; de- fending ; maintaining. AD-V0O-€A/TION, x ‘A pleading for; plea; apology. Shak. A bill of advocation, in Scotland, is a written ap- plication to a superior court, to call an action before them from an inferior court. The order of the su- perior court for this purpose is called letters of ad- vocation, AD-VO-LU'TION, x. AD-VOU'TRER, z AD-VOU'TRESS, n. An adulteress. Bacon. AD-VOU'TRY,n. Adultery. [Jittleused.] Bacon. AD-VOW-EI', n. He that has the right of advow- A rolling toward something. An adulterer. son. Coveel, 2. The advocate of a church or religious house. Cyc. AD-VOW'SON, x. [Fr. avouerie, from avouer, to avow ; Norm. avwoerie, or avoeson. But the word was latinized, advocatio, from advoco, and avow is from advoco.] In English law, a right of presentation to a vacant benefice ; or, in other words, a right of nominating a person to officiate in a vacant church. The name is derived from advocatio, because the night was first obtained by such as were founders, benefactors, or strenuous defenders, advocates, of the church. Those who have this right are styled patrons. Ad- vowsons are of three kinds, presentative, collative, and donative; presentative, when the patron presents his clerk to the bishop of the diocese to be insti- tuted ; collative, when the bishop is the patron, and institutes or collates his clerk, by a single act; dona- tive, when a church is founded by the king, and assigned to the patron, without being subject to the ordinary, so that the patron confers the benefice on his clerk, without presentation, institution, or induction. Advowsons are also appendant, that is, annexed to a manor, or in gross, that is, annexed to the person of the patron. Blackstone, AD-VOY’ER. See Avoyenr. A-DY-NAM/‘I€, a. Weak; destitute of strength. Adynamic fevers, in medicine, a term employed by Pinel, to denote malignant or putrid fevers attended AER A-DYN/A-MY, x. power. ] In medicine, weakness; want of strength occa- sioned by disease. Morin. A-DY'TUM, xn. [Lat.; Gr. adurov.] A secret apartinent. In ancient temples, a secret place from whence oracles were given. ADZ, n. [Sax. adese; Sp. azuela; formerly written in Eng. addice. | An iron instrument with an arching blade, across the line of the handle, and ground from a base on its inside to the outer edge; used for chipping a horizontal surface of timber. Encyc. 44; a diphthong in the Latin language ; used also by the Saxon writers. It answers to the Gr. at. The Sax. @ has been changed into cor ea. In deriva- tives from the learned languages, it is mostly super- seded by e, and convenience seems to require it to be wholly rejected in anglicized words’ For most words found with this initial combination, the reader will therefore search under the letter E. ZED, ED, EAD, syllables found in names from the Saxon, signify happy ; as, Eadric, happy kingdom ; Eadrig, happy victory ; Edward, prosperous WwW atch; Edgar, "successful Ww eapon. Gibson. Lye. 8'DIL E, rn. [L.] In ancient Rome, an officer or magistrate, who had the care of the public build- | ings, (@des,] streets, highways, public spectacles, &c. Aa/GIL-OPS,n. [Gr. atyiAww; act, a goat, and ww, the eye.] "A tumor in the inner corner of the eye, and a plant so called. Quincy. BE! GIS, 2. [Gr. acyes, a goat skin, and shield ; from az, a goat.] A shield, or defensive armor; originally applied to the shield given by Jupiter to Minerva. “EL, AL, ALH, or EAL, in Saxon, Eng. all, are seen in many names 3; aS in /#£lfred, "Alfred, all peace ; Jélwin, all conqueror. Gibson. ELF seems to be one form of help, but more gener- ally written elph or ulph; as in #E/fwin, victorious aid ; 3 ea illustrious help. wbson. ZE-Ni/TD, [L. Anezs.] An heroic poem, written site Vv ene in which A®néas is the hero. /O0-L Ist, nm. ([L. olus.] A pretender to inspi- ration. Swift. f2-0'LLAN, a. Pertaining to #olus, the god of the winds. /£-0'LI-AN HARP, 7. See Eorran Harr. f2-QUIN/O-LITE, x. See Pircustone. A/ER-ATE, v. t. [See Arr.] 1. In chemistry, to combine with carbonic acid, formerly called jixed air. [The word has been dis- carded from modern chemistry. 2. In zorlogy, to change the circulating fluids of animals by the agency of the air; to arterialize. A/ER-A-TED, pp. Cox nbined with carbonic acid ; as, aerated mineral waters ; changed by the agency of the air; arterialized. A'ER-A-TING, ppr. Combining with carbonic acid ; changing by the agency of the air; arterializing. A-ER- A/T ION, 2 In chemistry, the act or operatioa of combining with carbonic acid. Din zoolosry, the change in the circulating fluids of animals, effected by the agency of the air; as the arterialization of the blood by respiration’ in the higher animals ; and the corresponding change in the lower animals. 3. In agriculture, the exposure of soil to the free action of the air, as "essential to the erowth of plants. A-E/RLAL, a. (iL. aérius. See Arr] ; 1. Belonging to the air, or atmosphere ; as, aerial TEENS: . Consisting of air; partaking of the nature of ave ; as, aerial particles. 3. Produced by air; as, aerial honey. Pope, 4, Inhabiting or frequenting the air; as, Fen SOUBStE rs. Placed in the air; high ; eal spires ; aerial flight. Aerial acid; carbonic acid. [ Obs.] Ure. Aerial perspective. See PERSPECTIVE. A-E/RLANS, x. pl. In church history, a branch of Arians, so called from Aerius, who maintained that there is no difference between bishops and priests. A'E-RIE, (a‘ry or e/ry,) n. [W. eryr, Corn. er, an eagle. The nest of a bird of prey, as of an eagle or hawk; a brood of such birds. Shak. | A-ER-LFI-€A'TION, rn. The act of combining air Ww se the state of being filled with air. Fowrcroy. 7 he act of becoming air, or of changing into an Aenea state, as substances which are con- verted from a liquid or solid form into gas or an elastic vapor; the state of being aeriform. Ibid. A/ER-I-FLED, pp. Having air infused, or combined with. A’ER-I-FORM, a. [L. aer, air, and forma, form. ] Having the form or nature of air, or of an elastic fluid. ‘The gases are aeriform fluids. : : A/ER-L-FY, v. t. To infuse air into; to fill with air, or to combine air with; to change into an aeriform state. [Gr. a privative and duvayis, lofty ; elevated ; as, with great muscular debility. Cyc. Med. $ as Z; OH as SH; A-ER-O-DY-NAM'TES, n. [Gr. anp and dvvapis.] x FH as in THIS. 23AFA The science which treats of the motion of the air, and of the mechanical effects of air in motion. Brande. A-ER-OG/NO-SY, x. ([Gr. anp, air, and yvwors, knowledge.] The science which treats of the prop- erties of air, and the part it performs in the opera- tions of nature. A-ER-OG/RA-PHY, x. [Gr. ano, air, and ypada, to describe.] A description of the air or atmosphere ; but aerology is chiefly used. _ A’ER-O-LITE, n. [Gr. ano, air, and \:8os, a stone.] A stone which has fallen from the air, or atmos- i ions ; a meteoric stone. pheric regions ; a Duce Mel Rep. A-ER-O-LOG'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to aerology. A-ER-OL/O-GIST, n. One whois versed in aerology. A-ER-OL/O-GY, n. [Gr. ayp, air, and Aoyus, de- scription. ] : ‘ A description of the air; that branch of philoso- phy which treats of the air, its constituent parts, properties, and phenomena. Encyc. A'ER-O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. anp, and pavreca, div- ination. ] : ; Divination by means of the air and winds. A-ER-OM/E-TER, 2. ([Gr. anp, air, and perpov, measure. 1. An instrument for making the necessary cor- rections in ascertaining the mean bulk of gases. Hebert. ®. An instrument for ascertaining the density or rarity of air. Morin. A-ER-OM/E-TRY, xn. [as above.] The science of measuring the air, including the doctrine of its pressure, elasticity, rarefaction, and condensation. [fm this sense, the word is now disused, the term pneumatics having taken its place.] _ Encyc. Rather aerometry is the art or science of ascer- taining the mean bulk of the gases. Tre. A/ER-O-NAUT, nn. [Gr. anp and vavrns, a sailor, from vavs, a ship.] One who sails or floats in the air; an aerial nav- igator: applied to persons who ascend in air balloons. Burke. A-ER-O-NAUT’I€, a. Sailing or floating in the air; pertaining to aerial sailing. A-EER-O-NAUT’LES, n. The doctrine, science, or art of sailing in the air, by means of a balloon. A/ER-O-NAUT-ISM, 2. The practice of ascending and floating in the atmosphere, in balloons. Journ. of Science. A/ER-O-PHYTE, n. [Gr. ano and v7 y, a plant.] A plant that lives exclusively in air, in distinc- tion from a hydrophyte. rande, A-ER-O-SCEP/SY, n. [Gr. ano and cxezropat, to exore] The faculty of perception by the medium of the air, Supposed to reside in the antenne of insects. Kirby. A-ER-OS’/€0-PY, n. [Gr. ano and oxerropat, to see.] The observation or perception of the air. A'ER-O-SITE, n. See Rep-Sirver. A/ER-O-STAT, n. [Gr. anp and craros, sustaining, from tornyt, to stand.] _A machine or vessel sustaining weights in the air; a name given to air balloons. Encyc. 4-ER-O-STAT/I€, a. Suspending in air; pertaining to the art of aerial navigation. A-ER-O-STAT’I€S, n. The science that treats of the equilibrium of elastic fluids, or of bodies sustained in them; hence, the science of aerial navigation. A-ER-OS-TA/TION, n. Aerial navigation ; the sci- ence of raising, suspending, and guiding machines i in the air, or of ascending in air balloons. 2. he science of weighing air. Adams. E-RU/GIN-OUS, a. Partaking of copper rust. A’ER-Y-LIGHT, a. In Milton, light as air; used for airy light. 4ES'-CHY-NITE, x. A black or dark brownish yel- low ore, from the Ural Mountains ; an ore contain- ing Utanium, zirconium, and cerium. Dana. ZES-THET'IES, ES-THET/I€S,’ {7 [Gr. atcOnrikos.] The theory or philosophy of taste; the science of the beautiful, or that which treats of the principles of the belles lettres and fine arts, 4-E-THE-OG/A-MOUS, a. [Gr. an@ns, unusual, and yajos, Marriage.) A term applied to cryptogamic plants, founded on the opinion, that their mode of propagation 1s not hidden, but only unusual. Brande. ZX PI-OL/0-GY, m (Gr. airta, cause, and doyos, discourse. ] The science of the causes of disease. “TT! PES,n. Eagle stone, which see. A-FAR’, adv. [aand far. See seek I. Ata distance in ace ; to or from a distance ; used with from preceding, or off following ; as, he Was seen from afar ; 1 saw him afar off: _2 In Scripture, figuratively, estranged in affec- tion ; alienated. My kinsmen stand afar off. —Psal. xxxviii, 3. Absent ; not assisting. Why standest thou afar off, O Lord. — Psal. x. 4. Not of the visible church. — Eph. ii. AF-FAB-U-LA/TION, n. AF-FAM'ISH, v.t. [ AF-FAM/ISH-MENT,, n. AF-FEAR, v. t. AF-FE€T’, v. t. AFF A-FEARD!, a. [Sax. aferan, to make afraid. Afeard is the participle passive. See Pear. ; ‘ Afraid ; affected with fear or apprehension, in a more moderate degree tlian is expressed by terrified. It is followed by of, but no longer used in books, and even in popular use is deemed vulgar. AF’FA,2. A weight used on the Guinea coast, equal toanounce. The half of it is called eggeba. Encyc. AF-FA-BIL/I-TY, x [See Arrasre.] The quality of being affable; readiness to converse; civility and courteousness in receiving others, and in con- versation ; condescension in manners. ffadbility of countenance is that mildness of aspect which invites to free social intercourse. AIYFA-BLE, a. [L. affabilis, of ad and fabulor. FABLE. | 1, Easy of conversation ; admitting others to free conversation without reserve; courteous; com- plaisant ; of easy manners; condescending ; usually applied to superiors ; as, an affable prince. 2. Applied to external appearance, affable denotes that combination of features which invites to con- versation, and renders a person accessible, opposed to a forbidding aspect; mild ; benign ; as, an affuble countenance. AF’FA-BLE-NESS, x. Affability. AF’FA-BLY, adv. In an affable manner; courte- ously ; invitingly. See The moral of a fable. [F'r. affaire, from faire, to make or do ; The primary sense AF-FAIR’, n- L. facere; Sp. hacer; It. fare. of facio is to urge, drive, impel. ] I. Business of any kind; that which is done, or is to be done: a word of very mndefinite and undefinable signification. In the plural, it denotes transactions in general ; as, human affairs; political or ecclesi- astical affairs; also, the business or concerns of an individual; as, his affairs are embarrassed. 2. Matters ; state; condition of business or con- cems. Lhave sent that ye may know our affairs, — Eph. vi. 3. In the singular, it is used for a private dispute, or duel; as, an affair of honor. 4. In military language, a partial engagement of troops. 5. Affairs, in the plural, public concerns and their management; as, ‘“‘at the head of affairs,’ Junius ; ‘4 talent for affuirs,’’? Prescott. See Famisu.] To starve. A starving. To frighten. [ Obs.] Spenser. [L. afficio, affectum, of ad and facio, to make; L. affecto, to desire, from the same root. Affect is to make to, or upon, to press upon.] 1. To act upon; to produce an effect or change upon; as, cold affects the body; loss affects our interests. 2. ‘Io act upon, or move the passions ; as, affected with grief. 3. ‘I’o aim at; aspire to; desire or entertain pre- tension to; as, to affect imperial sway. [See the etymology of Arran. ] 4. ¢l’o tend to by natural affinity or disposition ; as, the drops of a fluid affect a spherical form. o. To love, or regard with fondness, Think not that wars we love and strife affect. iairfaz. [ This sense is closely allied to the third.] 6. To make a show of; to attempt to imitate, in a manner not natural; to study the appearance of what is not natural, or real; as, to affect to be grave ; affected friendship. It seems to have been used formerly for convict or attaint, as in Ayliffe’s Parergon; but this sense is not now in use. AF-LPECT-A/TION, n. [L. affectatio.]} J. An attempt to assume or exhibit what is not natural or real; false pretense; artificial appear- ance, or show; as, an affectation of wit, or of virtue, 2. Fondness ; affection. [JWVot used.] Hooker. Fall. AF-FE€T’ED, pp. Impressed; moved, or touched either im person or in interest; having suffered some change by external force, loss, danger, and the like ; as, we are more or less affected by the failure of the bank. 2. Touched in the feelings; having the feelings excited ; as, affected with cold or heat. 3. Having the passions moved; as, affected with SOrroW or joy. 4. a. Inclined or disposed; followed by to; as, well affected to government. _ » a Given to false show ; assuming, or pretend- Ing to possess what is not natural or real; as, an affected lady. 6. a. Assumed artificially; not natural; as, af- fected airs. _ 7. In algebra, this term, when applied to an equa- tion, denotes that two or more several powers of the unknown quantity, enter into the equation. AF-FE€T/ED-LY, adv. In an affected manner ; hypocritically ; with more show than reality ; for- AFF mally ; studiously ; unnaturally ; as, to walk affect- edly ; affectedly civil. AF-FE€T'/ED-NESS, n. The quality of being af- fected ; affectation. AF-FEC€T-I-BIL/I-TY, x. fectible. AF-FE€T’/I-BLE, a. That may be affected. AF-FE€T/ING, ppr. Impressing; having an effect on; touching the feelings; moving the passions; attempting a false show ; greatly desiring ; aspiring to possess. 2, a, Having power to excite, or move the pas- sions ; tending to move the affections ; pathetic; as, an affecting address, The state of being af- Lhe most affecting music is generally the most simple. Mitford. AF-FE€T/ING-LY, adv. In an affecting manner; in © manner to excite emotions. AF-FE€/TION, n. [L. affectio.] affected. [Little used.] 2. Passion; but more generally, 3. A bent of mind toward a particular object, holding a middle place between disposition, which is natural, and passion, which is excited by the presence of its exciting~object. Affection is a per- manent bent of the mind, formed by the presence of an object, or by some act of another person, and existing without the presence of its object. Encyc. 4. In amore particular sense, a settled good-will, love, or zealous attachment; as, the affection of a parent for his child. It was formerly followed by to or toward, but is now more generally followed by Sor. 5. Desire ; inclination; propensity ; good or evil ; as, Virtuous or vile affections. Rom.i. Gal. 5. 6. In a general sense, an attribute, quality, or property, which is inseparable from its subject ; as, love, fear, and hope are affections of the mind ; figure, weight, &c., are affections of bodies. 7. Among physicians, a disease, or any particular morbid state of the body; as, a gouty affection; hysteric affection. 8. In painting, a lively representation of passion. Wotton. Shakspeare uses the word for affectation; but this use is not legitimate. AI-FEC'TION-ATE, a. [Fr. affectionné.] 1. Having great love, or affection; fond; as, an affectionate brother. 2. Warm in affection ; zealous. The state of being Man, in his love to God, and desire to please him, can never be too affeckonale. pr pra, 3. Proceeding from affection; indicating love ; benevolent ; tender; as, the affectionate care of a parent ; an affectionate countenance. 4. Strongly inclined to. ([Zittle used.) _ Bacon. AF-FIE€/TION-ATE-LY, adv. With affection ; fond- ly ; tenderly ; kindly. 1 Thess. ii. AF-FE€/TION-ATE-NESS, x. Fondness; good- will ; affection. AF-FE€'T{ON-ED, a. Disposed; having an affec- tion of heart. Be kindly affectioned one to another. — Rom. xii. 2. Affected ; conceited. [ Obs.] Shak. ADP-FECT/IVE, a. That affects, or excites emotion ; suited to affect. [Zittle used. ] AFP-FE€T/ITVE-LY, adv. In an affective or impres- sive manner. AF-FE€T’/OR,) 7. One that affects ; one that prac- AY-FE€T’ER, } _ tices affectation. AF-FE€T/Y-OUS, a. Full of passion. [Vet used.] Leland. AF-FEER’, ». t. To confirm. [JVot used.] AV-FEER!, v.t. [Fr. afferer, affeurer, or afforer, to assess or value. ] In law, to assess or reduce an arbitrary penalty or amercement to a precise sum; to reduce a general amercement to a sum certain, according to the cir- cumstances of the case. Blackstone. AF-FEER/ED, pp. Moderated in sum; assessed ; reduced to a certainty. AF-FEER/MENT, n. The act of affeering, or assess- ing an amercement, according to the circumstances of the case AF-FEER/’OR, n. One who affeers; a person sworn to assess a penalty, or reduce an uncertain penalty to a certainty. Cowel, AF-FET-TU-O0'SO, or CON AF-FET'TO.. [It., from L. affectus In music, a affecting. AF-FI/ANCE, n. [Norm. affiaunce, confidence ; Fr. Jiancer, to betroth; Sp. fianza, security in bail, afianzar, to give security or bail, from far, to trust, to bail, to confide in; Port. id.; Fr. fier, to trust ; It. jfidare, affidare, to trust, fidanza, confidence, Jidanzare, to betroth, from L. fido, fides. } 1. The marriage contract or promise; faith pledged. [Fr. affier, to set.] 1 ue to render notes soft and FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 24 OES TES IM hse SEAAFF Supreme Being. The Christian looks to God with implicit afiance. Atterbury. or fidelity in marriage, or to promise marriage. To me, sad maid, he was affianced. Spenser. 2. To give confidence. Affianced in-my faiba. Pope. AF-FI/ANC-ED, (af-fi/anst,) pp. or a. marriage ; betrothed ; bound in faith. AF-FT/ANC-ER, n. marriage between parties. ising fidelity, tense ; he made oath; from ad and fides, faith.] trate afhanced. AI-FILE!, v. t. [Fr. affiler.] To polish. [Mot used.] Chaucer. and jilius, a son. 1. To adopt ; to receive into a family as a son. 2. To receive into a society as a member, and initiate in its mysteries, plans, &c.—a sense in which the word was much used by the Jacobins in France, during the revolution. AFP-FIL‘L-A-TED, pp. or a. Adopted; associated ; received into a society. Affiliated societies ; local so- cieties, connected with a central society, or with each other. , AF-FIL‘I-A-TING, ppr. or a. Adopting ; associating ; receiving into a society. AF-FIL-I-A/TION, n. Adoption ; association in the same family or society. In English law, the assignment, by law, of a child, as a bastard, to its father. Brande. AJ} FIN-AGE, x. A refining of metals. AF-FIN‘ED, a. Joined in affinity. [Obs.] Shak. AF-FIN/LTY, nx. [L. affinitas, from affinis, adjacent, related by marriage; ad and /finis, end. 1. The relation contracted by marriage between t nusband and his wife’s kindred, and between a eife and her husband’s kindred; in contradistinc- ion from consanguinity, or relation by blood. Solomon made affinity with Pharaoh. —1 Kings iii. 2. Agreement; relation; conformity; resem- blance; connection ; as, the affinity of sounds, of colors, or of languages. 3. In chemistry, that attraction which takes place, at an insensible distance, between the heteroge- neous particles of bodies, and forms compounds. AF-FIRM/, ». t. ne affirmo; ad and jirmo, to make firm. See Firm. 1. To assert positively ; to tell with confidence ; to aver; to declare the existence of something ; to maintain as true, opposed to deny. Of one Jesus, whom Paul affirmed to be alive. — Acts xxv. 2. To make firm ; to establish, confirm, or ratify ; as, the Supreme Court affirmed the judgment. AF-FYRM’,v.% To declare solemnly before a court or magistrate, for confirining a fact, or to have an affirmation administered to, by way of confirmation, or aS a substitute for an oath; as, the witness affirmed to the fact, or he was affirmed to the fact. AF-FIRM’A-BLE, a. That may be asserted or de- clared ; followed by of; as, an attribute afirmable of every Just man. AF-FIRM/A-BLY, adv. In a way capable of affirm- ation. AF-FIRM/ANCE, . Confirmation; ratification ; as, the affirmance of a judgment; a statute in affirmance of common law. 2. Declaration ; affirmation. [Little used.] Selden. Cowper. AF-FIRM/ANT, x. One who affirms. AF-FIRM-A/TION, n. The act of affirming or as- serting as true ; opposed to negation or denial. Shak. 2. That which is asserted ; position declared as true ; averment. Hammond. 3, Confirmation ; ratification; an establishment of what had been before done or decreed. Hooker. 4, A solemn declaration made under the pén- alties of perjury, by persons who conscientiously decline taking an oath; which affirmation is in law equivalent to testimony given under oath. AF-FIRM/A-TIVE, a. That aflirms or asserts; declaratory of what exists ; opposed to negative; as, an affirmative proposition. 2. Confirmative ; ratifying; as, an act affirmative of common law. 3. In algebra, positive ; a term applied to quan- tities which have the sign + plus, denoting addi- tion, and opposed to negative, or such as have the sign — minus, denoting subtraction. 2. Strong trust or reliance, applied chiefly to the AF-FY/ANCE, v. t. To betroth; to pledge one’s faith Pledged in One who makes a contract of AF-FI/ANC-ING, ppr. Pledging in marriage; prom- AF-FI-DA/VIT, x. [An old law verb in the perfect A declaration upon oath. In the United States, more generally, a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and sworn to, before an authorized magis- AF-FY/ ED, (af-fide’,) a. or part. Joined by contract ; Shia AF-FIL/I-ATE, v. t. [Fr. afflier, to adopt, to ini- tiate into the mysteries of a religious order; L. ad AEE AF-FIRM/A-TIVE, n. That side of a question Which affirms or maintains; opposed to Negatrve ; as, there were seventy votes in the affirmative, and thirty-five in the negative. AF-FIR M/A-TIVE-LY, adv. In an affirmative man- ner ; positively ; on the affirmative side of a ques- tion; opposed to negatively. AF-FIRM’/ED, pp. Declared; asserted ; averred; confirmed ; ratified. AF-FIRM’/ER, n. One who affirms. AF-FIRM/ING, ppr Asserting ; declaring positively ; confirming. AF-FIX’, v. t [L. afigo, afixum, of ad and figo, to wee Gr. myyw, THyVU@, méw; Eng. peg. See Ix. 1. To unite at the end; to subjoin, annex, or add at the close; as, to ajiz a syllable to a word ; to afiz a seal to ~n instrument. 2. To attach, unite, or connect with; as, names affixed to ideas, or ideas affixed to things. 3. To fix or fasten in any manner. In this sense, jiz is more generally used. AIF’FIX, x. A syllable or letter added to the end of a word. AF-FIX’ED, (af-fixt’,) pp. United at the end; an- nexed ; attached. AF-FIX’ING, ppr. Uniting at the end; subjoining; attaching. AF-FIX’ION, x. The act of uniting at the end, or state of being so united. [Little used.] AF-FIX’TURE, n. That which is afixed. Drake. AF-FLA/TION, n. [l. aflo, afflatum, of ad and flo; Eng. blow. See Brow.] A blowing or breathing on. AF-FLA/TUS, x. ee 1. A breath or blast of wind. 2. Inspiration; communication of divine knowl- edge, or the power of prophecy. Spence. AF-FLI€T’, v. t. [L. affligo, afflicto, of ad and flizo, to strike; Eng. flog; Gr. Eol. oAAGR AG-O-NIST’I€-AL-LY, adv. ner; like prize-fighting. AG'O-NIZE, v. i% ([Gr. aywrigw, to strive. See In an agonistic man- AGony. To writhe -yith extreme pain; to suffer violent anguish. To smart and agonize at every pore. Pope. AG'O-NIZE, v. t. To distress with extreme pain ; to torture. ope. AG'O-NIZ-ED, pp. Distresséd with excessive pain ; tortured. AG’O-NIZ-ING, ppr. ing with torture. AG’O-NIZ-ING, a. Giving extreme pain. AG/O-NTZ-ING-LY, adv. With extreme anguish. AG-O-NO-THETE!, x. [Gr. aywy, contest, and T:Onpt, to appoint. ] An officer who presided over the games in Greece. AG-O-NO-THET'TE€, a. of the Grecian games. AG'O-NY, x. [Gr. aywy,a contest with bodily exer- tion ; a word used to denote the athletic games in Greece ; whence aywytu, anguish, solicitude, from ayw, L. ago. In Ir. agh is a battle, conflict; Gr. aywvifw, to strive. See Act. 1. In strictness, pain so extreme as to cause writhing or contortions of the body, similar to those made in the athletic contests in Greece. Hence, 2. Extreme pain of body or mind; anguish; ap- propriately, the pangs of death, and the sufferings of our Savior in the garden of Gethsemane. Luke xxii. 3. Violent contest or striving. More. A-GOQD’, adv. In earnest. [Wot used. | Shak. A-GOU!TI, ) (a-goo/ty,) n. [Qu. Sp. agudo, sharp ; A-GOU/TY,§ LL. acutus.] A quadruped of the order Rodentia; arranged by naturalists in the genus Cavia. It is of the size of arabbit. The upper part of the body is brownish, with a mixture of red and black ; the belly yellow- ish. Three varieties are mentioned, all peculiar to South America and the West Indies. It burrows in the ground, or in hollow trees; lives on vegeta- bles; is voracious like a pig, and makes a similar grunting noise. It holds its food in its fore paws, like a squirrel. When scared or angry, its hair is erect, and it strikes the ground with its hind feet. Its flesh is white and well tasted. Encyc. A-GRAM’MA-TIST, x. [Gr. a priv. and Ypappa, a letter. ] ; An illiterate person. A-GRA'‘RLAN, a. [L. agrarius, from ager, a field.] 1. Relating to lands. Appropriately, denoting or pertaming to an equal division of lands; as, the agrarian laws of Rome, which distributed the con- quered and other public lands equally among all the citizens, limiting the quantity which each might enjoy. Authors sometimes use the word as a noun ; an agrarian, for agrarian law. Burke. An agrarian distribution of land or property would make the rich poor, but would not make the poor rich. 2. Pertaining to agrarianism. A-GRA/RI-AN, z. One in favor of an equal division of property among the inhabitants of a country. A-GRA/RI-AN-ISM, x. An equal division of Jands or property, or the principles of those who favor such a division. A-GREE’, v. 7% [Fr. agréer, from gré, will, accord. This is contracted from Sp. agradar, Port. id., to please, to gratify, whence agradable, agreeable; from the root of L. gratia, W. rhad, grace, favor, that comes freely. The primary sense is advancing, from the same root as L. gradior ; W. rhaz, [rhath ;] Syr. 3 radah, to go.} Suffering severe pain ; writh- Pertaining to the president 1. To be of one mind; to harmonize in opinion ; as, in the expediency of the Jaw, all the parties agree. : 2. To live in concord, or without contention ; as, parents and children agree well together. 3. To yield assent; to approve or admit; fol- lowed by to;-as, to agree to an offer, or to an opinion. 4. To settle by stipulation, the minds of parties being agreed as to the terms ; as, to agree on articles of partnership. Didst thou not agree with me for a penny a day ?— Matt. xx. 5. To come to a compromise of differences ; to be reconciled. Agree with thine adversary quickly. — Matt. v. 6. To come to one opinion or mind ; to concur ; as, to agree on a place of meeting. This sense differs not essentially from the fourth, and it often implies a resolving to do an act. John ix, 7. To be consistent ; to harmonize; not to con- tradict, or be repugnant; as, this story agrees with what has been related by others. Their witness agreed not together. — Mark xiy. 8. To resemble; to be similar; as, the picture AGR 9. To suit; to be accommodated or adapted to; as, the same food does not agree with every consti- tution. A-GREE’, v. t. To admit, or come to one mind con- cerning ; as, to agree the fact. Also, to reconcile or make friends; to put anend to variance ; but these senses are unusual and hardly legitimate. Let the parties agree the fact, is really elliptical; Let them agree on the fact. A-GREE-A-BIL/I-TY, x. [Not used.) Chaucer. A-GREE/A-BLE, a. Suitable; conformable; corre- spondent ; consistent with ; as, the practice of virtue is agreeable to the law of God and our own nature. 2. In pursuance of ; in conformity with; as, agreeable to the order of the day, the House took up the report of the committee. It is not correctly followed by with. In this sense, some writers use agreeably for agreeable, but in violation of the true principles of construction; for the word is an ad- jective or attribute, in agreement with the last clause of the sentence. The House took up the report of the committee, (which taking up was) agreeable to the order of the day. The use of agree- ably in this sentence would pervert the sense. 3. Pleasing, either to the mind or senses; as agreeable manners ; fruit agreeable to the taste. A-GREE/A-BLE-NESS, n. Suitableness; conform- ity ; consistency ; as, the agrecableness of virtue to the laws of God. 2. The quality of pleasing ; that quality which gives satisfaction or moderate pleasure to the mind or senses; as, an agreeablencss of manners ; there is an agreeableness in the taste of certain fruits. This is the usual sense of the word. 3. Resemblance ; likeness; with to or between. The agrecableness beticeen man and other parts of creation. $ Grew. Easiness of disposition. > A-GREE/A-BLY, adv. Pleasingly; in an agreeable manner; in a manner to give pleasure; as, to be agreeably entertained with a discourse. 2. Suitably ; consistently ; conformably. The effect of which is, that marriages grow less frequent, agreeably to the maxim above laid down. Paley. This is a gross error, proceeding from mistake. Asgreeably signifies, in an agreeable manner; but this is not the sense, nor does the word modify the verb grow. The sense is, Marriages grow less frequent, which (fact, or whole member of the sentence, or proposition) is agreeable to the maxim above laid down. This use of agreeably is common, but very erroneous. 3. Alike; in the same manner. Both armed agreeably. [Obs.]} Spenser. A-GREED!, pp. Being in concord or harmony of opinion ; of one mind. Can two walk together except they be agreed ? — Amos iii. 2. Assented to; admitted; as, a proposition is asreed to. 3. Settled by consent; implying bargain or con- tract; as, the terms were agreed to, or agreed upon. A-GREE/ING, ppr. Living in concord; concurring ; assenting ; settling by consent. A-GRIEEH/ING-LY, adv. In conformity to. [Little LS (hey i A-GREE/MENT,z. Concord ; harmony ; conformity. What agreement hath the temple of God withidols ? —2 Cor. vi. 2. Union of opinions or sentiments ; as, a good agreement subsists among the members of the council, 3. Resemblance ; conformity ; similitude. Expansion and duration have this further agreement. Locke. 4, Union of minds in regard to a transfer of in- terest; bargain ; compact; contract ; stipulation ; as, he made an agreement for the purchase of a house. Make ai agreement with me by a present. —2 Kings xviii. 5. In grammar, concord, which see. A-GRES'/TIE€, la. [L. agrestis; Fr. agreste; from A-GRES/TI€-AL,} lL. ager, a field, or the same root. | Rural; rustic ; pertaining to fields or the country, in opposition to the city ; unpolished. Gregory. A-GRI€-0-LA’TION, x. Cultivation of the soil. AG'RL€EUL-TOR. n. [L. ager, a field, and cultor, a cultivator. | One whose occupation is to till the ground; a farmer ; a husbandman ; one skilled in husbandry. AG-RI-€UL'TUR-AL, a. Pertaining to husbandry, tillage, or the culture of the earth. AG/RI-CUL-TURE, rn. [L. ager, a field, and cultura, cultivation. See Acre and CuLture.] In a general sense, the cultivation of the ground, for the purpose of producing vegetables and fruits, for the use of man and beast ; or the art of prepar- ing the soil, sowing and planting seeds, dress- ing ®he plants, and removing the crops. In this sense, the word includes gardening, or horticulture, and also the raising and feeding of cattle or stock. But in a more common and appropriate sense, it is used does not agree with the original. AGU tended to raise grain and other field crops for man and beast. It is equivalent to husbandry. Agriculture is-the most general occupation of man. AG-RL-€UL’/TUR-ISM, n. The art or science of agriculture. [Little wsed.] AG-RI-C€UL'/TUR-IST, n.° One skilled in the art of cultivating the ground; a skillful husbandman. AG/RI-MO-NY, n. [L. argemonia, from the Gr. Thus it is written by Pliny. But in lower Latin it is written agrimonia. Said to be from Gr. ap) ena, the web or pearl of the eye, from apyos, white, which this plant was supposed to cure. See The- oph. 887.] A genus of plants, of several species. Of these, the eupatoria or common agrimony, and the odorata or sweet-scented, are the most useful. It is a mild astringent and stomachic. Encyc. AG-RIP-PIN/I-ANS, n. pl. In church history, the fol- lowers of Agrippinus, bishop of Carthage in the third century, who first taught and defended the doctrine of rebaptization. Encyc. A-GRISE!, v. i [Sax agrisan. | To shiver. [JVot in use.] Chaucer. A-GRISE!, v. t. To terrify ; also, to make frightful. [ot in use.] Spenser. A/GROM, x. A disease frequent in Bengal and other parts of the East Indies, in which the tongue chaps and cleaves, becomes rough, and sometimes covered with white spots. The remedy is some chalybeate liquor, or the juice of mint. Encyc. A-GRON/O-MY, 2. [Gr. ayoos, a field, and vopas,a rule. The art of cultivating the ground ; agriculture. Brande. AG-RO-STEM’MA, nm. A genus of plants of several species, containing the common corn cockle, wild lychnis or campion, &c. A-GROS/TIS, n. [Gr. aypwort | Bent-grass ; a genus of many species. A-GROS-TOG’/RA-PHY, n. A description of the grasses. A-GROS-TOL/0-GY, n. [Gr. aypworts, grass, and oyus.] That part of botany which relates to the grasses. rande, A-GROUND’, adv. [Of a, at, or on, and ground.} 1. On the ground ; a marine term, signifying that the bottom of a ship rests on the ground for want of sufficient depth of water. When the ground is near the shore, the ship is said to be ashore or stranded. 2. Figuratively, stopped ; impeded by insuperable obstacles. A’/GUE, (a’gu,) . [Sax. ege, oga, or hoga, fear, hor- ror; Arm. hegea, to shake ; Goth. agis, fear, agyan or ogan, to fear; Ir. agh, fear, agha or aghaim, to fear. The radical idea is a shaking or shivering similar to that occasioned by terror.] 1. The cold fit which precedes a fever, or a par- oxysm of fever in intermittents. It is accompanied with shivering. 2. Chilliness; a chill, or state of shaking with cold, though in health. 3. It is used for a periodical fever, an intermittent, whether quotidian, tertian, or quartan. In this case, the word, which signifies the preceding cold fit, is used for the disease. A'GUE, v. t. To cause a shivering in ; to strike with a cold fit. Haywood. A/GUE-€AKE,n. , gabron, the re- duction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, from the verb, which signifies to consoli- date ; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. 72a, to be strong. ] The science of quantity in general, or universal arithmetic. Algebra is a general method of compu- tation, in which signs and symbols, which are com- monly the letters of the alphabet, are made to repre- sent numbers and quantities. It takes an unknown quantity sought, as if granted ; and, by means of one or more quantities given, proceeds till the quantity supposed is discovered, by some other known quan- tity to which it is equal. This science was of Oriental discovery ; but whether among the Arabians or Indians, is uncertain. AL-GE-BRA/I€, {a. Pertaining to algebra; con- AL-GE-BRA’‘T€-AL, § taining an operation of algebra, or deduced from such operation. Algebraic curve; a figure whose intercepted diame- ters bear always the same proportion to their respec- tive ordinates. Bailey. AL-GE-BRA/I€-AL-LY, adv. By algebraic process. AL-GE-BRA/'IST, nx. One whois versed in the science of algebra. AL/GE-BRA-IZE, v. t. duce {6 algebraic form. AL/GEN-EB, n. A fixed star of the second tude, in the right side of Perseus. UNCYC. AL-GE-RINE’, 2. [from Algiers.] A native of Al- giers, a city and a country on the north coast of Africa. AL-GE-RINE’, a. AL’/GID, a. [L. algidus. Cold. [Vot used. ] AL T-TY ALCID-NESS, n. Chilliness, coldness. AL-GIF’I€, a. Producing cold. AL/GOL,n. >y The Chaldee verb signifies to join or connect, and the Sense of this word, applied to grapes, is a cluster, like grape in English. It signifies, also, in Ch., a tu- mor, a pustule, a mountain, the sense of which is a AM-BIL/O-QUOUS, a. lump or mass collected ; and this may be the sense of amber. In German, Dutch, Swedish, and Danish, it has a name corresponding to the English burn- AM-BIL/O-QUY, n. AMB e An entertainment or feast, consisting of a medley of dishes. King. AM-BLGU/LTY, n. [L. ambiguitas, from ambizo.| Doubtfulness or uncertainty of signification, fiom a word’s being susceptible of different meanings; double meaning; as, words should be used which admit of no ambiguity. AM-BIG/Y-OUS, a. [L. ambiguus.] Having two or more meanings; doubtful ; being of uncertain signification ; susceptible of different interpretations ; hence, obscure. It is applied to words and expressions ; not to a dubious state of mind, though it may be toa person using ygords of = doubtful signification ; as, the ancient oracles were s ambiguous, aS Were their answers. AM-BIG/Y-OUS-LY, adv. In an ambiguous manner 5 with doubtful meaning. AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being am- biguous ; uncertainty of meaning ; ambiguity ;-and hence, obscurity. AM-BIL/E-VOUS, a. [L. ambo, both, and levus, left.] Left-handed on both sides. [JVot in use.] Brown. AM-BIL'O-GY, n. [L. ambo, both, and Gr. )oyos, speech. ] Talk or language of doubtful meaning. {L. ambo, both, and loguor, to speak. ] Using ambiguous expressions. : The use of doubtful or ambigu- ous expressions. AM/BIT, 2. he ambitus, a circuit, from ambio, to go about. See AMBIENT. The line that encompasses a thing. In geometry, the perimeter of a figure, or of the surface of a body; the periphery or circumference of a circular body. Johnson. Encyc. AM-BI’TION, n. [L. ambitio, from ambio, to go about, or to seek by making interest ; of amb, about, and eo, to go. [See Ampaces.] This word had its origin in the practice of Roman candidates for office, who went about the city to solicit votes.] A desire of preferment, or of honor; a desire of excellence or superiority. It is thus used in a good sense ; as, emulation may spring from a laudable am- bition. It denotes more commonly, however, an in- ordinate desire of power, or eminence, often accom- panied with the use of illegal means to obtain the object. It is sometimes followed by of; as, a man has an ambition of wit. Milton has used the word in the Latin sense of going about to solicit or obtain ; but this sense is hardly legitimate. AM-BI''TION, v. t. [Fr. ambitionner.] Ambitiously to seek after. [Little used.] King. AM-BI/’TION-LESS, a. Devoid of ambition. Pollok. AM-BI/TIOUS, a. [L. ambitiosus.] I. Desirous of power, honor, office, superiority, or excellence: aspiring ; eager for fame; followed by of before a noun: as, ambitious of glory. 2. Showy ; adapted to command notice or praise; as. ambitious ornaments. 3. Figuwratively, eager to swell or rise higher; as, the ambitious ocean. Shak. AM-BI’’TIOUS-LY, adv. In an ambitious manner ; with an eager desire after preferment or superiority. AM-BI//TIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being am- bitious ; ambition. Being nearly synonymous with ambition, it is not often used. AM’BI-TUS, n. [L.] 1. The circumference or exte- rior edge or border of a thing. 2. In Roman law, the open space surrounding a building or tomb. Encyc. 3. In Roman history, a canvassing for votes by can- didates for office. AM/BLE, v.it. [Fr. ambler, from L. ambulo, to walk ; Qu. amb, about, and the root of Fr. aller.] 1. To pace ; to move with a certain peculiar pace, as a horse, first lifting his two legs on one side, and then changing to the other. Edin. Encyc. 2. To mové easy, without hard shocks. Shak. 3. In a ludicrous sense, to move with submission, or by direction, or to move affectedly. Johnson. AM’BLE, 7. A peculiar pace of a horse, in which the two legs of the same side rise together. AM/BLER, x. A horse which ambles; a pacer. AM/BLING, ppr. or a. Lifting the two legs on the same side at first going off, and then changing. AM/BLING-LY, adv. With an ambling gait. AM/BLY GON, zn. [Gr. affdAvs, obtuse, and ywrvia, an angle.] An obtuse-angled triangle ; a triangle with one an- Him time ambles withal. gle of more than ninety degrees. Bailey. Encyc. AM-BLYG/ON-AL, a. Containing an obtuse angle. Ash. AM-BLYG/ON-ITE, x. [Gr. apBdXvywrvtos, having an obtuse angle. A mineral from Saxony, of a pale-green color, sometimes spotted, somewhat resembling pyroxene. It consists of phosphoric acid and alumina, with 9 per cent. of lithia. Dana. AM/BLY-O-PY, x. [Gr. auBdvs, dull, and wy, eye.] AM/BI-GU,n. [Fr. See Amurcurry.] AMB nea, or of the interior of the eye; either absolute Weakness of sight from disease or old age: or rela. tive, when objects can be seen only in a certain light, distance, or position, as in day and night blindness, near and far sightedness, and strabismus or squint- ing. Sauvasges. AM’BO, mn. [Gr. apBwv, a pulpit; L. umbo, a AM/BON, boss. } An oblong, elevated pulpit, in the early Christian churches, but disused after the fourteenth century. Gwilt. AM-BRE-A/DA, xn. [from amber.] A kind of facti- tious amber, which the Europeans sell to the Afri- cans. _ Encyc. AM-BRE/I€ AC/ID, n. An acid formed by digesting ambreine in nitric acid. AM-BRE'INE, n. One of the animal proximate prin- ciples, and the chief constituent of ambergris. AM-BRO'SIA, (am-bro/zha,) rn. [Gr. a neg. and Bpo- Tos, mortal, because it was supposed to confer immor- tality on them that fed on‘it.] I. In heathen antiquity, the imaginary food of the gods Hence, - 2. Whatever is very pleasing to the taste or smell. The name has also been given to certain alexiphar- mic compositions. 3. A genus of plants. AM-BRO’SI-A€, a, Having the qualities of ambrosia. AM-BRO/SIAL, (am-bro/zhal,) a. Partaking of the nature or qualities of ambrosia; fragrant; delighting the taste or smell; as, ambrosial dews. Ben Jonson uses ambrosiac in a like sense, and Bailey has ambro- sian, but these seem not to be warranted by usage. AM-BRO/SIAL-LY, adv. In an ambrosial way. AM-BRO/SIAN, a. Pertaining to St. Ambrose. The Ambrosian ofiice, or ritual, is a formula of worship in the church of Milan, instituted by St. Ambrose. AM-BRO/SIAN-CHANT, x. A mode of singing or chanting introduced by St. Ambrose. It was more monotonous than the Gregorian, which was used afterward. AM’BRO-SIN, n. In the middle ages, a coin struck by the dukes of Milan, on which St. Ambrose was rep- resented on horseback, with a whip in his right hand. AM/BRY, n. [contracted from Fr. awmdnerie, almonry, from old Fr. almoigne, alms.) J. An almonry ; a place where alms are deposited for distribution to the poor. In ancient abbeys and priories there was an office of this name, in which the almoner lived. 2. A place in which are deposited the utensils for house-keeping ; also, a cupboard; a place for cold victuals. AMBS/-ACE, (amz/ace,) n. [1. ambo, both, and ace.] A double ace, as when two dice turn up the ace. AM’BU-LANCE, nx. [Fr.] A flying hospital; a mov- able hospital, or place of succor for the wounded, formed, for the occasion, on the field of battle, or in its immediate vicinity ; first introduced into the French armies. Cyc. Med. AM/BU-LANT, a. [L. ambulans, from ambulo.] Walking ; moving from place to place. Encyc. Ambulant brokers, in Amsterdam, are exchange- brokers or agents, who are not sworn, and whose testimony is not received in courts of justice. AM/BU-LATE, v. % To walk; to move backward and forward. AM-BU-LA/TION, m. fee arate es) A walking about ; the act of walking. AM’/BU-LA-TIVE, a. Walking. AM/BU-LA-TO-RY, a, That has the power or faculty of walking; as, an animal is ambulutory. : 2, Pertaining to a walk; as, an ambulatory view, 3. Moving from place to place ; not'stationary ; as, an ambulatory court, which exercises its jurisdiction in different places. Johnson. 4. In ornithology, formed for walking ; applied to the feet of birds with three toes before and one be- hind. Brande. AM'BU-LA-TO-RY, n. A place to walk in; applied to any place in buildings, inclosed by a colonnade or arcade, as porticoes and corridors ; also, to the aisles or passages in churches. P. Cyc. AM/BU-RY, ) nm [Qu. L. wmbo, the navel; Gr. AN'BU-RY, ap Bor.) ; Among farriers, a tumor, wart, or swelling on a horse, full of blood, and soft to the touch. Encye. AM’/BUS-CADE, n. [Fr. embuscade ; Sp. and Port. em- boscada; It. imboscata, from It. tmboscare ; Sp. embos- car, to lie in bushes, or concealed ; in and bosco, bosque, a wood; Eng. bush.] 1. Literally, a lying in a wood, concealed, for the purpose of attacking an enemy by surprise ; hence, a lying in wait, and concealed in any situation, for a like purpose. i 92. A private station in which troops lie concealed, with a view to attack their enemy by surprise; am- bush. ‘ 3. A body of troops lying In ambush. AM’BUS-€AUE, v.t. To lie in wait for, or to attack from a concealed position. ‘ a AM/BUS-€AD-ED, pp. Having an ambush laid against, or attacked from a private station ; as, his troops were Weakness of sight, without any opacity of the cor- ambuscaded. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CLIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 6 4l1 AME AM/BUS-€AD-ING, ppr. Lying in wait for; attack- ing from a secret station. : AM’BUSH, n. [Fr. embitche, of in and bush ; Dan. busk ; D. bosch; Ger. busch; Fr. bosquet, boscage, bocage, bois. See Busn.] : S 1. A private or concealed station, where troops lie in wait to attack their enemy by surprise. 2. The state of lying concealed, for the purpose of attacking by surprise ; a lying in wait. 3. The troops posted in a concealed place, for at- tacking by surprise. Lay thee an ambush for the city.— Josh. viil. AM/BUSH, v. t. To lie in wait for; to surprise, by as- sailing unexpectedly from a concealed place. AM’BUSH, v. i. To lie in wait, for the purpose of at- tacking by surprise. Nor saw the snake, that ambushed for his prey. AM/BUSH-ED, (am/busht,) pp- Lain in wait for ; sud- denly attacked from a concealed station. : AM/BUSH-ING, ppr. Lying in wait for; attacking from a concealed station, : AM'BUSH-MENT, 2. An ambush ; which see. AM-BUS’TION, n. [L. ambustio, from amburo, to burn or scorch; of amb, about, and uro, to bun.} Among physicians, a burning ; a burn or scald. AMWEL, x. [Fr- email.] ’ The matter with which metallic bodies are over- Jaid in the process of enameling; but its use is super- seded by enamel; witch see. ee A-MEL/IOR-A-BLE, a. That may be meliorated. A-MEL/IOR-ATE, v. t. [Fr. ameliorer, from L. melior, better.] To make better; to improve; to meliorate. S. S. Smith. Christ. Obs. Buchanan. A-MEL/IOR-ATE, v. 7. To grow better; to meliorate. A-MEL/IOR-A-TED, pp. Grown better; improved. A-MEL/IOR-A-TING, ppr. Becoming or making better. A-MEL-IOR-A/TION, n. A making or becoming bet- ter; improvement; melioration. A-MEN’. This word, with slight differences of or- thography, is in all the dialects of the Shemitish stock. As a verb, it signifies to confirm, establish, verify ; to trust, or give confidence ; as a noun, truth, firmness, trust, confidence ; as an adjective, firm, sta- ble. In English, after the Oriental manner, it is used at the beginning, but more generally at the end of declarations and prayers, in the sense of, be zt jirm, be it established. And let all the penple say, Amen, — Ps. cvi. The word is used also as a noun: ‘ All the prom- ises of God are amen in Chirist,”’? that is, firmness, stability, constancy. A-Mi&-NA-BIL’/L-TY, nN. A-ME/NA-BLE-NESS, Trumbull. The state of being ame- nable ; liability to answer. Judge Story. A-M¥E/NA-BLE, a. [IJt. menare; Fr. mener, amener ; Norm. amesner, to lead, to bring; Fr. amener, It. am- mainare, in marine language, to strike sail.] 1. In old law, easy to be led; governable, as a woman by her husband. [ Tis sense is obsolete.] 2. Liable to answer ; responsible; answerable ; li- able to be called to account; as, every Man 1s amena- ble to the laws. We retain this idiom in the popular phrase, to bring m, to make answerable; as, a man 1S brought in to pay the debt of another. A-Mi!/NA-BLY, adv. In an amenable manner. AM'EN-AGE, v.t Tomanage. [Obs.] Spenser. AM'EN-ANCE, n. Conduct; behavior. [Obs.] Spenser. A-MEND’, v. t. [Fr. amender; L. emendo, of e neg. and menda, mendum, a fault; W. mann, a spot or blemish ; Sp. and Port. emendar; It. ammendare. See Menp.] 1. To correct ; to rectify by expunging a mistake ; as, to amend a writ. 2. To reform, by quitting bad habits; to make bet- ter, In a moral sense ; aS, to amend our ways or our conduct. 3. To correct; to supply a defect; to improve or make better, by some addition of what is wanted, as well as by expunging what is wrong ; as, to amend a bill before a legislature. Hence it is applied to the correction of authors, by restoring passages which had been omitted, or restoring the true reading. A-MEND’, v. i. ‘To grow or become better, by refor- mation, or rectifying something wrong in manners or morals. It differs from improve, in this, that to amend implies something previously wrong; to im- prove, does not. A-MEND!A-BLE, a. ‘That may be amended ; capable of correction ; as, an amendable writ or error. A-MEND/‘A-TO-RY, a. That amends; supplying amendment; corrective. A-MENDE!', n. [Fr.) A pecuniary punishment, or fine ; a reparation or recantation. ‘The amende ho- norable, in France, is an infamous punishment in- flicted on traitors, parricides, and sacrilegious per- sons. The offender, being led into court with a rope about his neck, and a lighted torch in his AME words also denote simply a recantation in open court, or in presence of the injured person. Encyc, 9, In popular language, the phrase denotes a public recantation and reparation to an injured party, for improper language or treatment. : A-MEND'ED, pp. Corrected; rectified; reformed ; improved, or altered for the better. A-MEND/ER, 7. The person that amends. A-MEND/FUL, a. Full of improvement. ‘ A-MEND‘ING, ppr. Correcting; reforming; altering for the better. A-MEND/MENT, n. An alteration or change for the better; correction of a fault or faults ; reformation of life, by quitting vices. 2. In legislative proceedings, any alteration in a bill or motion, by adding, changing, or omitting. ; 3. In law, the correction of an error in a writ or process. Shakspeare uses it for the recovery of health, but this sense is unusual. A-MENDS', n. pl. [Fr. amende] : Compensation for an injury ; recompense; Satis- faction; equivalent; as, the happiness of a future life will more than make amends for the miseries of this. A-MEN’I-TY, 2. [L. amenitas; Fr. amenus; W. mwyn, good, kind.] Pleasantness; agreeableness of situation; that which delights the eye; used of places and prospects. row. A MEN'SA ET TO!RO, [L.] From board and bed. A divorce from board and bed is when husband and wife separate, but the husband maintains the wife. AM/ENT, A-MENT/UM, In botany, a species of inflorescence, consisting of many scales, ranged along a stalk or slender axis, which is the common receptacle; as in birch, oak, chestnut, Martyn. A spike, the bracts of which are all of equal size, and closely imbricated, and which is articulated with the stem. Lindley. AM-EN-TA!CEOUS, a. 1. Growing in an ament; re- sembling a thong; as, the chestnut has an amenta- ceous inflorescence. Martyn. 2. Furnished with aments; having flowers ar- ranged in aments ; as, amentaccous plants. Brande, A-MERCE’, (a-mers’,) v.t. [A verb formed from a, for on or at, and Fr. merci, mercy, or from L. merces, reward. 1. To inflict a penalty at mercy; to punish by a pecuniary penalty, the amount of which is not fixed by law, but left to the discretion or mercy of the court ; as, the court amerced the criminal in the sum of one hundred dollars. 2. To inflict a pecuniary penalty; to punish in general. Milton uses of after amerce: ‘* Millions of Spirits amerced of heaven ;”’ but this use seems to be a poetic license. A-MER’CED, pp. Fined at the discretion of a court. A-MERCE/MENT, (a-mers/ment,) n. A pecuniary penalty inflicted on an offender at the discretion of the court. It differs from a inc, in that the latter is, or Was originally, a fixed and certain sum prescribed by statute for an offense ; but an amercement is arbi- trary. Hence the practice of afeering. [See AFrEeER.] But, in America, the word jine is now used for a pe- cunlary penalty which is uncertain; and it is com- mon, in statutes, to enact that an offender shall be Jined, at the discretion of the court. In England, also, fines are now usually discretionary. ‘Thus the word jine has,in a measure, superseded the use of amerce- ment. ‘Lhis word, in old books, is written amercia- ment. Amercement royal, is a penalty imposed on an officer for a misdemeanor in his office. A-MER/CER, 7. One who sets a fine at discretion upon an offender. A-MER'I-€A, n. [from Amerigo Vespucci, a Flor- entine, who pretended to have first discovered the western continent. ] One of the great continents, first discovered by Sebastian Cabot, June 11, O. S., 1498, and by Colum- bus, or Christoval Colon, Aug. 1, the same year. It extends from the eightieth degree of north, to the fifty-fourth degree of south latitude; and from the thirty-fifth to the one hundred and fifty-sixth degree of longitude west from Greenwich, being about nine thousand miles in length. Its breadth at Darien is narrowed to about forty-five miles, but at the northern extremity is nearly four thousand miles. From Darien to the north, the continent is called Worth America, and to the south, it is called South America. A-MER'L-CAN, a. Pertaining to America. A-MER/LCAN, n. A native of America; originally applied to the aboriginals, or copper-colored races, found here by the Europeans; but now applied to the descendants of Europeans born in America, es- pecially to the inhabitants of the United States aménité; L. n. [L. amentum, a thong, or strap.] The name American must always exalt the pride of patriotism. Washington. hand, begs pardon of his God, the court, &c. ‘These FAITE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, 2 ee ona AMI 2. The love which American citizens bave to their own country, or the preference of its interests. A-MER/I-CAN-IZE, v. t. To render American; to naturalize in America. AMES'-ACE, See Amps-ace. A-MET-A-BO/LI-AN, n. ) [Gr. aneg. and petaBadrAw, A-MET-A-BO’LI-A, z. pl. to change.] In zoology, terms denoting a division of insects which do not undergo any metamorphosis. Brande. A-METH/O-DIST, nn. A quack. ([Vot used.]} AM/E-THYST, xn. [L. amethystus; Gr. upeSvoros, which the Greeks supposed to be formed from a neg. and peSvw, to inebriate, from some supposed quality in the stone of resisting intoxication. Plin. xxxvii. 9, mentions an opinion, that it takes its name from its colorapproaching that of wine, but not reaching it. A sub-species of quartz, of a bluisn violet color, o different degrees of intensity. It generally occurs crystallized in hexahedral prisms terminated by cor- responding pyramids; also in rolJed fragments, com- posed of imperfect prismatic crystals. Its fracture is conchoidal or splintery. It is wrought into various articles of jewelry. Cleaveland. Encie. Oriental amethyst; the yiolet blue variety of trans- parent crystallized corundum. AM’/E-THYST, in heraldry, signifies a purple color. It is the same, in a nobleman’s escutcheon, as pur- pure in a gentleman’s, and mercury in that of a sovereign prince, Encyc. AM-E-THYST’INE, a. 1. Pertaining to, or resem- bling amethyst; anciently applied to a garment of the color of amethyst, as distinguished from the Tyrian and hyacinthine purple. 2. Composed of the amethyst; as, an amethystine cup. Brande. A’MI-A, n. A genus of fish, of the Abdominal order, found in the rivers of Carolina. Pennant. A-MI-A-BIL/I-TY, n. Amiableness. A/MI-A-BLE, a. [Fr. amable; L. amabilis; from amo, to love.] 1. Lovely ; worthy of love; deserving of atfection ; applied usually to persons. But in Psal. Ixxxiv. 1, there is an exception . *‘ How amiable are thy taber- nacles, O Lord!” 2. Pretending or showing love. Lay amiable'siege to the honesty of this Ford’s wile, Shak, But this use is not legitimate. A!’MI-A-BLE-NESS,x. The quality of deserving love ; loveliness. A’MI-A-BLY, adv. In an amiable manner to excite or attract love. AM-I-AN’THUS, xn. [Gr. apiuvros, of a neg, and ptiaww, to pollute or vitiate; so called from its In- combustibility. Plin. 36. 19.] Barth-flax, or mountain-flax ; a mineral substance somewhat resembling flax, belonging either to the species pyroxene or hornblende, usually grayish, or of a greenish white ; sometimes of a yellowish or, silvery white, olive or mountain green, of a pale flesh red or ocher color. It is composed of delicate filaments, very flexible, and somewhat elastic, often Jong, and resembling threads of silk. It is incom- bustible, and has sometimes been wrought into cloth and paper. Kirwan. Encyc. Cleaveland, AM-I-AN’THI-FORM, a. [amianthus and form.] Having the form or likeness of amianthus Amianthiform arseniate of copper. AM-I-AN’/THIN-ITE, nm. A species of amurphous mineral, a variety of actinolite; its colour ash, greenish, or yellowish gray, often mixed with yel- low or red; its fracture confusedly foliated and fibrous. Kirwan. AM-I-AN/THOID, n. [amianthus and Gr. e1dis, form. ] A variety of asbestus, composed of long capillary filaments, flexible and very elastic; more flexible than the fibers of asbestus, but stiffer and more elastic than those of amianthus. The color is olive green, or greenish white. Haiiy. Cleaveland. AM-I-AN’/THOID,a. Resembling amianthus in form. AMI-€A-BLE, a. [L. amicabilis, from amicus, a friend, from aio, to love. 1. Friendly ; peaceable; harmonious in social or mutual transactions; usually applied to the disposi- tions of men who have business with each other, or to their intercourse and transactions ; as, nations or men have come to an amicable adjustment of their differences, 2. Disposed to peace and friendship ; as, an amica- ble temper. [ But rarely applied to a single person. | AM/I-C€A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being peace- able, friendly, or disposed to peace; friendliness; a disposition to preserve peace and friendship. AM/I-CA-BLY, adv. In afriendly manner ; with har- mony or good-will; without controversy; as, the dispute was amicably adjusted. AM'I6T,) x. [L. amictus, from amicior, to clothe; Fr. AM/ICE, amict; Sp. amito ; Port. anieles| A square linen cloth that a Roman Cathonic priest ties about his neck, hanging down behind, under the alb, when he officiates at mass. Sp. and Port. Dict, A-MID’, prep. [of a and Sax. midd, the middle; manner; in a Phillips. A-MER/I-CAN-ISM,n. An idiom peculiar to America. A-MIDST’, L, medius. Amidst is the superlative DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 42 RSET icc sate iit abeA iM Ni degree, middest, a contraction of Sax. mid-mesta, mid- most. See Mropie and Mipst.] 1. In the midst or middle. 2. Among; mingled with; as,a shepherd amidst his flock. 3. Surrounded, encompassed, or enveloped with; as, amidst the shade ; amid the waves. Amid is used T y . ‘ AMLDRT: nm See Ammrp. [mostly in poetry. AM/I-DINE, n. Starch modified by heat so as to be- come a transparent mass, like horn, which is soluble in cold water. A-MID/-SHIPS ; in marine language, the middle of a ship, with regard to her length and breadth. AM'I-LOT, 2. A white fish in the Mexican lakes, more than a foot in length, and much esteemed at the table. lavigero. A-MISS!, a. [aand miss. See Mrss.] 1. Wrong; faulty; out of order ; improper; as, it may not be amiss to ask advice. [This adjective al- ways follows its noun. | 2. adv. Ina faulty manner; contrary to propriety, truth, law, or morality. Ye ask and receive not, because ye ask amiss. —James iv. Applied to the body, it signifies indisposed ; as, I am somewhat amiss to-day. AM'I-TY, n. [Fr. amitié; It. amistad, amistade; Sp. amistad, from amistar, to reconcile; Port. amizade; Norm. amistee, friendship, amez, friends, ameis, ametz, beloved. Qu. L. amo, amicitia. | Friendship, in a general sense, between individ- uals, societies, or nations; harmony; good under- standing; as, our nation is in amity with all the world; a treaty of amity and commerce. AM/MA,n. [Heb. OX, mother.) 1. An abbess or spiritual mother. 2. A girdle or truss used in ruptures. [Gr. ajrpa.] OLE. AM'MAN, n. [G. amtmann; D. amptman; Dan. amnt- mand; & compound of ampt, Sax. ambaht, or embeht, office, duty, charge, and man. See Empassapor.] In some European nations, a judge who bas cogni- zance of civil causes. Encyc. AM'‘MID, nr. [formed from ammonia.) A compound of ammidogen with an element, in which ammidogen is the electro-negative ingredient. AM-MID/O-GEN, x. [ammid and Gr. yevvaw, to produce. A basifying and basic principle, composed of two equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen. AM/MI-RAL, x. An obsolete form of admiral. M/MITE HAM'MITS, mn. [Gr. apnjos, sand. ] A sandstone or freestone, of a pale brown color, very heavy, of a lax texture, composed of small round granules, cemented by an earthy, sparry matter. The grit or granules are small stalagmites, composed of crusts or coatssincluding one another. It is the roe-stone or odlite of recent authors. Da Costa. Plin. 37. 10. AM/MO-CHRYS#, (am/mo-kris,)n. [Gr. uyzpos, sand, and yovevs, gold. ] A yellow, soft stone, found in Germany, consisting of glossy yellow particles. When rubbed or ground, it is used to strew over writing, like black sand with us. Qu. yellow mica. Plin. 37. 11. Enciye. AM-MO-DY'TES, n. [Gr. appos, sand, and dvw, to enter. ] The sand eel, a genus of fish, of the Apodal order, about a foot in length, with a compressed head, a long, slender body, and scales hardly perceptible. T'wo speci’'s are now recognized by naturalists. It buries itself in the sand, and is found also in the stomach of the porpoise, which indicates that the Jatter fish roots up the sand like a hog. Encyc. AM-MO/NI-A, x. [The real origin of this word is not ascertained. Sorge authors suppose it to be from Ammon, a title of Jupiter, near Whuse temple in Upper Egyptit was generated. Otherssuppose it to be from Ammonia, a Cyrenaic territory ; and others deduce it from a.,os, sand, as it was found in sandy ground. } Ammonia is an alkali, which is gaseous or aériform In its uncombined state, and is composed of three equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen; now considered an ammid of hydrogen. It is often called volatile alkali. AM-MO/NI-A€, a. Pertaining to ammonia, or AM-MO-Ni’A€-AL, possessing its properties. AM-MO'NLA€, or GUM-AM-MO'NI-A€, n. [See AMMONIA. | The concrete juice of an umbelliferous plant, the Dorema animoniacum, brought from Persia in large masses, composed of tears, internally white, and ex- ternally yellow. It hasa fetid smell,anda nauseous, sweet taste, followed by a bitter one. It is inflam- mable, soluble in water and spirit of wine, and is used in medicine as adeobstruent and resolvent. Hneyc. AM-MO/NI-AN, a. Relating to Ammonius, surnamed Saccas, of Alexandria, who flourished at the end of the second century, and was the founder of the eclectic system of philosophy ; or rather, he com- pleted the establishment of the sect, which origi- nated with Potamo. Enfield. AMO AM’/MON-ITE, n. [cornu Ammonis, from Jupiter Am- mon, whose statues were represented with ram/’s horns. } The serpent-stone, or cornu Ammonis, a fossil shell, curved into a spiral, like a ram’s horn; of various sizes, from the smallest grains to three feet in diam- eter. ‘This fossil is found in strata of limestone and clay, and in argillaceous iron ore. [t is smooth or ridged ; the ridges straight, crooked, or undulated. Cyc. Encyc. Plin. 37. 10. AM-MO/NI-UM, x. A compound radical, consisting of four equivalents of hydrogen and one of nitrogen, and having the habitudes and chemical relations of an element. AM-MO-N1i/U-RET, ) x. A term once applied to cer- AM-MO-NI/A-RET,{ tain supposed compounds of ammonia and a pure metal. All of these have been ascertained to be salts composed of ammonia with an acid of the metal, which renders the term incorrect and useless. AM-MU-NI’TION, x. [lL ad and munitio, from munio, to fortify.] Military stores, or provisions for attack or defense. In modern usage, the signification is confined to the articles which are used in the discharge of fire-arms and ordnance of ali Kinds , as powder, balls, bombs, various kinds of shut &c. Ammunition bread, shoes, stockings &c. are such as are contracted for vy government ana served out to the private soidiers. Encuc. Am. AM'/NES-TY, 7. , Gr. quvnoria,of a neg and pynots memory, from the root of mens, mind See Mino] An act of oblivion a genera: pardon of the of- fenses of subjects against the government, or the proclamation of such pardon. 1 es AMINEON, n, [Gr. apveov, a vessel or membrane. ] The innermost membrane surrounding the fetus in the womb. It is thin, transparent, and soft, smooth on the inside, but rough on the outside. Encye. AM-NI-OT’'I€, a. Pertaining to the amnios; con- tained in the amnios; as, the amniotic fluid. 2. Relating to the liquor of the amnios. Amniotic acid, an acid found in the amniotic fluid of the cow; considered the same as the allantoic acid. AM-(8-B4a/AN, a. Alternately answering. Warton. AM-O8-B/3/UM,n. [Gr. apotGuros, alternate; apot Gn, change. ] A poem in which persons are represented as speak- ing alternately, as the third and seventh eclogues of Virgil. Encyc. A-MO-LI’//TION, x. Removal. Se Se A-MO/MUM, zn. [Gr apwpoy; Ar. Leo hamauma, w= from ca hamma, to warm or heat; the heating plant. ] A genus of plants; all natives of warm climates, and remarkable for their pungency and aromatic properties, Itincludes the granwm paradisi, or grains of paradise. Cyc. True amomum is around fruit, from the East, of the size of a grape, containing, under a membranous cover, a number of angular seeds of a dark brown color, in three cells. Of this fruit, ten or twelve grow in a cluster, adhering, without a pedicle, to a woody stalk. It is of a pungent taste and aromatic smell, and was formerly much used in medicine, but is noW a stranger to the shops. Plin. 12.13. Encye. A-MONG!, (a-mung’,) prep. (Sax. onmans, onge- A-MONGST’, (a-mungst’,) mang, among; geman- can, to mingle; D. and Ger. mengen; Sw. menga ; an, menge; to mingle; Gr. piyyv@. See Mincve.] {2M a general or primitive sense, mixed or min- gled with; as tares among wheat. 2. Conjoined, or associated with, or making part of the number. Blessed art thou among women. — Luke I, 3. Of the number ; as, there is not one among a thousand possessing the like qualities, A-MO/NL-AN, a. [from Amon or Hamon, a title of Jupiter, or rather of the sun; Ar. Heb. and Ch. on, mon, Ham or Camah, which, as a verb, signifies to heat or warm, and, as a now, heat or the sun, and in Arabic, the supreme God. } Pertaining to Jupiter Ammon, or to his temple and worship in Upper Egypt. Bryant. AM-O-RA'DO, x. [L. amor, love, amo, to love. But the word is ill formed.] A lover. [See Iyamorato, which is chiefly used.] Ch. Rel. Appeal. AM-O-RE/ANS, n. pl. A sect of Gemaric doctors or commentators on the Jerusalem Talmud. The Am- oreans succeeded the Mishnic doctors, and were followed by the Sebureans AM/O-RET, x. [L. amor, love.] A lover. AM-O-RETTE!, 7. [I. amor, love; Fr. amourette.] An amorous woman ; also, a love knot, ora trifling love affair. Good’s Sacred Idyls. Chaucer. A-MORPH/OUS, a. AMP AM/O-RIST, n. ie amor, love.] A lover; a gallant; an inamorato. Boyle. AM-O-RO/SA, 2. [It.] A wanton woman. AM-O-RO’SO, n. [It., from amor, love.] A lover ; a man enamored. AM'O-ROUS, a. [Fr. amoureuz; It. amoroso; from L. amor, love. I. Inclined to love ; having a propensity to love, or to sexual enjoyment ; loving; fond. 2. In love ; enamored. Shak. 3. Pertaining or relating to love ; produced by love; indicating love ; as, amorous delight ; amorous airs. Milton. Waller. AM/’O-ROUS-LY, adv. Jn an amorous manne? ; fond- ly ; lovingly. AM/O-ROUS-NESS, n. The quality of being inclined to love, or to sexual pleasure ; fondness; lovingness. Sidney. [Gr. a neg. and pop¢n, form. ] Having no determinate form; of irregular shape; not of any regular figure. Kirwan. A-MORPH’Y, x. _ Irregularity of form; deviation from a determinate shape. Swift. A-MORT’, adv. [L. mors, meets In the state of the dead ; dejected ; spiritless. Shak. A-MORT-I-ZA'TION, ) 2. The act or right of alien- A-MORT’'IZE-MENT, ating lands or tenements to a corporation, which was considered formerly as transferring them to dead hands, as such alienations Were mostly made to religious houses for superstitious uses. Blackstone. A-MORT'IZE, v. t. [Norm. amortizer, amortir; Sp. amortizar, to sell in mortmain ; It. ammortire, to ex- tinguish, from morte; L. mors, death. See Morr- MAIN. In English law, to alienate in mortmain, that is, to sell to a corporation, sole or aggregate, ecclesiastical or temporal, and their successors. This was con- sidered as selling to dead hands. This can not be done without the king’s license. [See Morrmatn.] Blackstone. Covwel. A-MO'TION, x. [L. amotio ; amoveo.] Removal. In law, deprivation of possession. Blackstone. A-MOUNT’, v. i. [Fr. monter, to ascend; Norm. amont, upward ; Sp. Port. montar; It. montare; from L. mons, 2 mountain, or its root; W. mynyz.] 1. To rise or reach, by an accumulation of par- ticulars, to an aggregate whole; to compose in the whole ; as, the interest on the several sums amounts to fifty dollars. 2.-To rise, reach, or extend to, in effect or sub- stance; to result in, by consequence, when all things are considered ; as, the testimony of these witnesses amounts to Very little. Bacon. A-MOUNT’, x. The sum total of two or more partic- ular sums or quantities ; as, the amount of 7 and 9 is 16. 2. The effect, substance, or result ; the sum ; as, the amount of the testimony is this. A-MOUNTY’ING, ppr. Rising to, by accumulation or addition; coming or increasing to; resulting, in effect or substance. A-MOUR’, x. [Fr., from L. amor, ove} An unlawful connection in love; a love intrigue; an affair of gallantry. South. A-MOV’AL, x. [L. amoveo.] Warton. Total removal. [JVot used.] Evelyn. A-MOVE’, v. t. [L. amoveo, a and moveo, to move.] 1. To remove. [Not used.] Spenser. 2. In law, to remove from a post or station. Hale. A-MOV ING, a. Moving away. AM/PE-LITE, n. [Gr. apmedos, a vine.] The name of an earth abounding in pyrites, used by the an- cients to kill insects, &c., on vines ; hence the name. The term has also been applied by Brongniart to a compound of alum, and graphic schist. AM-PHIB/I-AL, n. : AM-PHIB'I-AN, n- ghar an , both or about, and AM-PHIB/I-A, n. pl. adie ; In zoology, the Amphibia are a class of animals, so formed as to live on land, and for a long time under water. Their heart has but one ventricle; their blood is red and cold; and they have such command of the lungs, as for a considerable time to suspend respiration. ‘This class of animals is divided into two orders, the Reptiles and the Serpents. ‘To the first belong the Testudo or tortoise, the Draco or dragon, the Lacerta or lizard, and the Rana or frog ; to the second, the Crotalus, Boa, Coluber, Anguis, Amphisbena, and Cecilia. _ Linn. The term has also been applied by Cuvier to des- ignate a family of marine quadrupeds, including the seal and walrus. Encyc. | This term is strictly applicable only to such ani- mals as possess both lungs and gills, as the siren, or other equivalent organs, as some of the lower ani- mals. Less strictly, it may be applied to such ani- mals as breathe by gills at one period of their exist- ence, and by lungs at another, as the frog. P. Cyc. AM-PHIB/I-O-LITE, n. (Gr. ayp¢ cos, amphibious, and \.Gos, stone. : A term ee the fossil remains of the Am- phibia of Linneus. Dict, Hist. Nat. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ° 2—— AMP AM-PHIB-I-O-LOG'I€-AL, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to amphibiology. ; AM-PHIB-I-OL/O-GY, x. [Gr. ay¢c, on both sides, Bus, life, and oy0s, discourse.] A discourse or treatise on amphibious animals, or the history and description of such animals. AM-PHIB/I-OUS, a. [See Amprrptar.] 1. Having the power of living in two elements, alr and water, as frogs, crocodiles, beavers, and the like. 2. Of a mixed nature; partaking of two natures ; as, an amphibious breed. : : AM-PHIB/I-OUS-NESS, nz. The quality of being able to live in two elements, or of partaking of two na- tures. 4 AM-PHIB/I-UM, x. That which lives in two ele- ments, as in air and water. & AM/PHI-BOLE, n. [Gr. apz¢tBoros, equivocal ; ange and Burdw.] : : A name given by Uatiy to a species of minerals, including tremolite, hornblende, and actinolite Its primitive form is an oblique rhombic prism. Cleaveland. AM-PHLBOL/I€, a. Pertaining to amphibole; re- sembling amphibole, or partaking of its nature and characters. , Cooper. Amplubolic rocks; such as contain amphibole or hornblende as a leading constituent. Dict. Hist. Nat. AM-PHIB/0O-LITE, n. Trap, or greenstone ;arock with a base of amphibole or hornblende. Dict. Hist. JVat. AM-PHIB-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. Doubtful; of doubtful meaning. AM-PHIB-O-LOG'I€-AL-LY, adv. meaning. AM-PHI-BOL/0-GY, n. [Gr. au¢t,8aXdw, and Aoyos, speech; apdtGoXoyta.] A phrase or discourse, susceptible of two interpre- tations; and hence, a plirase or discourse of uncer- tain meaning. Amphibology arises from the order of the phrase, rather than from the ambiguous mean- ing of a word, which is called equivocation. We have an example in the answer of the oracle to Pyrrhus: *‘ Aio te Romanos vincere posse.”? Here teand Romanos may either of them precede or fol- Jow vincere posse, and the sense may be either, you may conquer the Romans, or the Romans may con- quer you. The English Janguage seldom admits of amphibology. Encyc. Johnson. AM-PHIB/O-LOID, n. A rock composed of amphi- bole and felspar, in which the amphibole predom- Inates ; a variety of greenstone. Dict. EHist. Nat. AM-PHIB/O-LOUS, a. [Gr. apgpBodos; apyde and Bardvw, to strike. ] Tossed from one to another; striking each way, with mutual blows. [Little used. AM-PHIB/O-LY, x. tae aug PurAta; appt, both ways, and SadX\w, to strike. ] Ambiguity of meaning. [Rarely used.] Spelman. AM’/PHI-BRA€H, n. (Gr. angi, and Bpaxvs, short.] In poetry, a foot of three syllables, the middle one Jong, the first and last short; as, Adbéré, in Latin. In English verse, it is used as the last foot, when a. syllable is added to the usual number forming a double rhyme ; as, With a doubtful The piece, you think, is incorrect ; why, take it. ope. Trumbull, AM’/PHI-€O-ME, n. [Gr. ape and xoyn, hair.] A kind of figured stone, of a round shape, but rugged and beset with eminences; called also Erotylos, on account of its supposed power of excit- ing love. Anciently, it was used in divination ; but it 1s little Known to the moderns. AM-PHI€-TY-ON/'I€, a. council of Amphictyons. AM-PHI€'TY-ONS, n. pl. In Grecian history, an assem- bly or council of deputies from the different states of Greece, supposed to be so called from Amphictyon the son of Deucalion ; but this opinion is probabiy a fable. ‘Ten or twelve states were represented in this assembly, which sat alternately at Thermopyle and at Delphi. Each city sent two deputies, one called Feromnemon and the-other Pylagoras. The former Inspected the sacrifices and ceremonies of religion : the latter had the charge of deciding causes and dif. ferences between private persons. The former was elected by lot; the latter by a plurality of voices. They had an equal right to deliberate and vote in all matters relating to the common interests of Greece. Paus. Flin. Strabo. Encyc. AM’PHID, n. A term applied to compounds eee: ing of acids and bases, as distinguished from jaloid compounds. Berzelius. AM-PHIG/A-MOUS, a. (Gr. aupcand yapos. A term applied, by Decandolle, to the lowest. class of plants, or those whose structure is entirely cellular and which have no distinct sexual) organs. , AM/PHLGENE, n. [Gr. anpc and yEV0S.] In mineralogy, another name of the leucite or Ve- suvian. AM-PHI-HEX-A-H&/DRAT a. hedral. | In crystallography, when the faces of the crystal, Encyc. Pertaining to the august Gr. ape, and hera- AMP counted in two different directions, give two hexa- hedral outlines, or are found to be six 1n number. Cleaveland. AM-PHIM/A-CER, n. [Gr. audtpaxpos, long on both sides. } : In ancient poetry, a foot of three syllables, the mid- dle one short and the others long, as in c@sttids. AM-PHIP/NEUST, n. ([Gr. apdis and mvew.] term applied to a tribe of reptiles, which have both Jungs and gills at the same time ; comprehending the true amphibia, as the proteus and siren, Brande. AM/PHI-POD, rn. [Gr. apg: and zovs.] One of an order of crustaceous animals, with sub- caudal, natatory feet, and sessile eyes, Branile. AM-PHIP/RO-STYLE, xn. [Gr. andi, rpo, before, and o7vAos, a column. ] A double prostyle, or an edifice with columns in front and behind, but not on the sides. Morin. AM-PHIS-BAi/NA, nxn. [Gr. appicBatva, of anpcs and Baww, to go; indicating that the animal moves with either end foremost. A genus of serpents, with the head smal], smooth, and blunt; the nostrils small, the eyes minute and blackish, and the mouth furnished with small teeth. The body is cylindrical, and divided into numerous annular segments; the tail obtuse, and scarcely to be distinguished from the head, whence the belief that it moved equally well with either end foremost. There are two species, the fuligmosa, vlack with white spots, found in Africa and America and the alba, or white species, found in both the indies, and generally in ant-hillocks. They feed on ants and earth-worms, and were formerly deemed poisonous ; but this opinion is exploded. Encyc. Cyc. The aquatic amphisbena, Gordius aquaticus, Linn., is an animal resembling a horse-hair, found in water, and moving with either end foremost. The vulgar opinion that this is an animated horse-hair is found to be an error. This hair-worm is generated in the common black beetle, in which the parent worm lays its eggs; and is sometimes found in the earth and on the leaves of trees. Lister, Phil. Trans, Vo. 83. AM-PHIS'‘CLY, )x. pl. [Gr. aydc, on both sides, AM-PHIS/CIANS,§ and oxca, shadow.] In geography, the inhabitants between the tropics, whose shadows, in one part of the year, are cast to the north, and in the other to the south, according as the sun is south or north of their zenith. AM’PHI-TANE, n. A name given by ancient nat- uralists to a fossil, called by Dr. Hill, -Pyricubium. Pliny describes it as of a square figure and a gold color. Qu. Cubic pyrites. Pliny, 37,10. Encyc. AM-PHI-THE/A-TER, ) x. [Gr. apvgiOsarpor, of augr, AM-PHI-THE/A-TRE,§ about, and Searpov, thea- ter, from Seaopat, to see or look.] 1. An edifice in an oval or circular form, having its area encompassed with rows of seats, rising higher as they recede from the area, on which peo- ple used to sit to view the combats of gladiators and of wild beasts, and other sports. The ancient thea- ter was a semicircle, but exceeding it by a fourth part of its diameter; the amphitheater was a double theater, and its longest diameter was to its shortest as 11-2tol. Amphitheaters were at first of wood, but in the reign of Augustus, one was erected of stone. The area, being covered with sand, was called arena. Kennet. 2. In gardening, a disposition of shrubs and trees in the form of an amphitheater, on a slope, or form- ing a slope, by placing the lowest in front. An am- phitheater may also be formed of turf only. Enceyc. AM-PHI-THE/A-TRAL, a. MResembling an amphi- theater. Tooke. AM-PHI-THE-AT/RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to or ex- hibited in an amphitheater, Warton. AM'PHI-TRITE, x. [Gr. audizpirn, a goddess of the sea. Bi A genus of marine animals, of the Linnmaftturder Mollusca, arranged by Cuvier in the class Annelida. AM-PHOD/E-LITE, x. A reddish crystallized mineral from Finland; consisting chiefly of silica, alumina, and lime, with a small portion of iron and manga- nese. and. AM/PHO-RA, n. [L. amphora; Gr. apdopevs or apgt- popevs ; angdeand Popew. Among the Greeks and Romans, a two-handled vessel used for holding wine, oil, &c. The amphora of the Romans contained forty-eight sextaries, equal to about seven gallons and a pint, English wine measure. The Grecian or Attic amphor contained about a third more. This was also, among the Ro- mans, a dry measure of about three bushels. Among the Venetians, itisa liquid measure of sixteen quarts. : Encyc. This name was formerly used in England ; but the capacity of the Sax. ambrais not certainly known. LL. Ine. Cap. 70. Wilkins, Pref. LL. /thelstan. Spelman. AM'PHO-RAL, a. Pertaining to or resembling an AM/PLE, a. [F r. ample; WL. amplus.] [amphora, Large ; wide; spacious; extended; as, ample room. ‘This word carries with it the sense of room or space fully sufficient for the use intended. ha nee 5 2. Great im bulk, or size ; as, an ample tear. Shak. AMU 3. Liberal ; unrestrained ; without parsimony ; fiul- ly sufficient ; as, ample provision for the table; ample justice. 4. Liberal ; magnificent; as, ample promises. 5. Diffusive ; not brief or contracted ; as, an ample narrative. [ciency ; abundance. AM/PLE-NESS, n. Largeness ; spaciousness; suffi- AM/PLEST, a. superl. Most ample or extended. AM-PLEX'I-G€AUL, a. [L. amplexor, to embrace, of amb, about, and plico, plexus, to fold, and caulis, kavAos, a stem. ] In botany, nearly surrounding or embracing the stem, as the base of a leaf. AM/PLI-ATE, v. t. [L. amplio. See Amrre.| To enlarge; to make greater; to extend. [Little awsed, AMC PLL-A’TION, nm. Enlargement; amplification ; diffuseness. [Little used.] 2. In Roman antiquity, a deferring to pass sentence; a postponement of a decision, to obtain further evi- dence. Encye. AM-PLII’I-CATE, v. t [L. amplifico.] To enlarge ; to amplify. AM-PLI-FL-€a/TION, n. [L. amplificatio.] l. Enlargement; extension. 2. In rhetoric, diffusive description or discussion ; exaggerated representation; copious argument, in- tended to present the subject In every view, or in the strongestlight; diffuse narrative, ora dilating up- on all the particulars of a subject; a description given in more words than are necessary, or an illustration by various examples and proofs. treated. AM/PLI-FI-ED, pp. Enlarged; extended; diffusively AM'PLI-FI-ER, x. One who amplifies or enlarges ; one who treats a subject diffusively, to exhibit it in the strongest light. Sidney. AM/PLI-FY, v.t. [Fr. amplifier; L. amplifico ; of am- plus and facio, to make large.] 1. To enlarge ; to augment; to increase or extend, in a general sense; applied to material or immaterial wings. 2. In rhetoric, to enlarge in discussion or by repre- sentation ; to treat copiously, so as to present the subject in every view, and in the strongest lights. 3. To enlarge by addition; to improve or extend ; as, to amplify the sense of an author by a paraphrase. AM/PLI-FY, v.i% To speak largely or copiously ; to be diffuse in argument or description ; to dilate upon ; often followed by on; as, to amplify on the several topics of discourse. Watts. 2. To exaggerate ; to enlarge by representation or description ; as, Homer amplifies, —not invents. Pope. AM/PLI-F ¥-ING, ppr. fusively treating. AM/PLI-TUDE, n. [L. amplitudo, from amplus, large.] 1. Largeness; extent, applied to bodies; as, the amplitude of the earth. 2. Largeness; extent of capacity or intellectual powers ; as, amplitude of mind. 3. Extent of means or power; abundance; suf- ficiency. Watts. Amplitude, in astronomy, is an arch of the horizon intercepted between the true east and west points and the center of the sun or a star at its rising or set- ting. At the rising of a star, the amplitude is eastern or ortive ; at the,setting, it 1s western, occiduous, or occasive. It is also northern or southern, when north or south of the equator. Johnson. Encyc. Amplitude of the range, in projectiles, is the hori- zontal line subtending the path of a body thrown, or the line which measures the distance it has moved. : Johnson. Chambers. Magnetical amplitude, is the arch of the horizon between the sun or a star, at its rising or setting, and the east or west point of the horizon, by the com- ass. The difference between this and the true am- plitude is the variation of the compass. OncYC. AM’PLY, adv. Largely; liberally ; fully ; sufficiently ; copiously ; in a diffusive manner. AM-PUL-LA’/CEOUS, a. Like a bottle or inflated bladder ; swelling. Kirhy. AM/PU-TATE, v. t [L. amputo, of amb, about, and puto, to prune. ] . To prune branches of trees or vines ; to cut off. 2. To cut off a limb or other part of an animal body ; aterm of surgery. body. AM/PU-TA-TED, pp. Cut off; separated from the AM/PU-TA-TING, ppr. Cutting off a limb or part of the body. AM-PU-TA/TION, 2. [L. anita.) The act or operation of cutting off a limb or other part of the body. AM'U-LET, x. [L. amuletum; Fr. amulette; Sp. amu- leto ; from Lat. amolior, amolitus, to remove. ] Something worn as a remedy or preservative against evils or mischief, such as diseases and witch- craft. Amulets, in days of ignorance, were com- mon. ‘They consisted of certain stones, metals, or plants; sometimes of words, characters, or sen- tences, arranged in a particular order. They were appended to the neck or other part of the body. Among some nations they are stillin use. ZEncye. Enlarging ; exaggerating ; dif 44 Fa rE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. eo M ETE, PREY. bes PINE, MARINE, BIRD. ie NOTE. DO VE, MOV KE, WOLF, BOOK. — te ae eae SoAM-U-LET'TE, a. A-MUR- Coo TY, 7 A-MUSE’, v. t. detain ; gaze Lat. musso.] 1. To entertain th 2. To detain ; A-MUS/ED, pp. A-MUSE/MENT, n engages the mind ; A-MUS’ER, ; One \ A-MUS/ING-LY, adv. A-MU'SIVE, a. tertain the ‘mind. A-MU/SIVE-LY, inent. adv. Made of almonds. A-MYG/DA-LATE monds; milk of alm 2. A salt whose ac A-MYG-DAL/[€ the bitter almond. A-MYG/DA-LINE, a. almond. A-MYG/DA-LINE, n. A-MYG/DA-LOID, and ecdos, form ; A variety of trap n. reous spar, and the minerals are detache A-MYG-DA-LOI of amygdaloid. AM-Y-LA/CEOUS, zn. AM/Y-RALD- ISM, n. of universal gri oa Amyrault, of France He taught that God d and that none are e Christ ; be lieving, though he ance to improve this AN, a Dan. en; Fr. on, un, L. unus, una, unwmn ; One; noting an known, certain, spec me an orange.” dropped; as, a man ; an king. This letter a people, definitely ; 3 as, “* The controversies.”? An, tology ; the true phra and one, are the san same sense, yet by cl numbering. Where thry, We now use on never used except w adjectives, is sometin as a substitute for it: reason for such condi An is to he used be h; as,an hour. first, as in historian, a AN, in old English at please your honor.” A-MYG/DA-LATE, a. Ne AC/ID, n D/AL, the covering of the sphericles. pee that none can obtain that God refuses to none the power of [Sax. an, ane, one ; nitely, not certain, known, or specified. ASsise Noah built an ark of Gopher wood: was an eminent apostle.”? Before but our ancestors wrote an man, should not be used W ith it ; AN Pertaining to an amulet. The quality of lees or scum. [Rr amuser, to stop or keep at bay, to ‘roti muser, to loiter or trifle ; It. musare, to or stand idle ; Ger. mtissig, idle. Qu. Gr. pvew j e mind agreeably ; to occupy or detain attention with agreeable objects, whether by singing, conversation, Johnson remarks, that amuse implies something less lively than divert, and less important than please. Hence it is often sald, we are amused with trifles. to engage the attention by expectation ; as, to amuse one by flattering promises. "Agreeably entertained ; mind engaged by something pleasing. or ashow of curiosities. Dr. hope or the having That which amuses, detains, or entertainment of the mind; pastime; a pleasurable occupation of the senses, or that w niet furmis hes it, as dancing 5 Sports, or music. vho amuses, or ailords an agree- able pntertuamerit to the mind. A-MUS’ING, ppr. or a. ate pleasure to the mind, so as to engage it; pleasing. Entertaining; giving moder- In all amus sing manner, That has the power to amuse or en- In a manner to give amuse- [L. amygdalus, an almond.] An emulsion made of al- onds. Bailey. Coxe. id is the amygdalic. An acid obtained from Pertaining to or resembling the A crystalline substance obtained from the kernel of the bitter almond. [Gr. azvydaXca, an almond, Ger. mandel-stein, almond-stone. ] rock, containing small cavities, occupied, wholly or in part, by nodules or geodes of different minerals, particularly agates, quartz, calca- zeolites. When the imbedded d, itis porous, like lava. Dana. a. Pertaining to or consisting [L. amylum, starch, of a priv. and pody, a mill, being forme aly made without BOO CIDE: Plin. 18. 7.] Starchy ; pertaining to starch; resembling starch. A-MYLII€ € AC/LD, n. A yolatile acid obtained from starch. Turner. AM/Y-LINE, x. [L. amylum; Gr. apvdov 3 apvdos, unground, a and pvAn, mill. The insoluble portion of starch which constitutes Thomson. In church history, the doctrine as explained by Amyraldus, or the seventeenth century. esires the happiness of all men, y-Iuded by a divine decree, but salvation without faith in does not grant to all his assist- power. Encyc. D. cen; Ger. ein; Sw. and une; Sp. un, uno; It. uno, wna ; Gr. ev; Ir. ein, ean, aon; W.- un, yn; Com. uynyn; Arm. yunan.} individual, ified, or understood ; either definitely, or indefi- Definitely ; 299 CC Paul Indefinitely ; as, ‘* Bring a consonant the letter nis represents an definitely, or in- definite ly. Definitely ; as, ‘‘ I willtake you to me for and [ will be to ‘you a Gor 1225 Tex. vae. In- province of a judge is to decide being the same word as one, “such an one,’ is tau- se is such one. A)though an, a, ne word, and always have the istom, ar and a are used exclu- sively as a definitive adjective, and one is used in ancestors wrote an, loa. So an and a are ith @noun ; but one, like other ies used without its noun, and “© One is at a loss to assign a ches fore a vowel and before a silent ou’ e, two, three. It is also used before 4 when the accent of the word falls on any syllable except the nd hi istoriographer. thors, signifies {fj as, ‘*An it j, ~- So in Gr. ay or eay, Ar. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANG ANA Sam. and L. an, if or whether; Ir. an, Ch. }N or} if, whether. It is probably an imperative, like 7, ah cif give. Qu. Sax. annan, or anan, to give. NA, Gd, or a. [Gr. ava.] In medical prescriptions, it denotes an equal quan- tity of the several ingredients ; 3; us, Wine and honey, and, G& or & OZ. il., that is, of wine and honey each two ounces. A’/NA, as a termination. denotes a collection of memo- rable sayings. Thus, Scaligerana is a book con- taining the sayings of Scaliger. Similar collections existed among the ancients, as the Dicta Collectanea, or sayings, of sus Cesar. AN-A-B: AP/TISM, [See Awanarrist.] The doctrine of ie Anabaptists. AN-A-BAP/TIST, zn. a baptist. ] One who holds the doctrine of the baptism of adults alone, or of the invalidity of infant baptism, and who of course maintains, that those who have been baptized in their infancy ought to be baptized aguin. With these sentiments is generally united the belief, that baptism ought always to be performed by immersion, Encyc. AN-A-BAP-TIST’I€, ) a. Relating to the Ana- AN-A-BAP-TIST/I€- AL, 5 baptists, or to their doc- trines. Milton. Bull. AN-A-BAP!TIST-RY, x. The sect of Anabaptists. AN-A-BAP-TIZHE’, v. t. Torebaptize. [Vet wsed.] Whitlock. AN-A-BRO/SIS, n, A wasting away of the body. AN-A-CAMP/TIE, a. [Gr wa and xaurrw, to bend. I. Reflecting or reflected a word formerly applic to that part of optics which treats of reflection; the same as what is now called catoptric. [See Caropr- TRICS.] 2. Anacamptic sounds, among the Greeks, were sounds produced by reflection, as in echoes ; or such as proceeded downward from acute to grave. Busby. AN-A-€ AMP’ TI€-AL-LY, adv. By reflection; as, echoes are sounds produced anacamptically. Hutton. AN-A-€AMP/TIES, x. The doctrine of reflected light. {See Catroprrics., 2. The doctrine of reflected sounds. AN-A-€AR/DI-UM, n. The name of plants, a species of which produces the cashew-nut, or marking nut, which furnishes a thickish, red, acrid, inflammable liquor, which, when used in mark- ing, turns black, and is very durable. Ure. AN-A-€A-THAR/TIE, a. [Gr. ava, upward, and xaJapots, a purging. See Caruarric.] Cleansing by exciting discharges from the mouth and nostrils. Quincy, AN-A-€A-THAR/TIE, x. A medicine which excites discharges by the mouth, or nose, as expectorants, emetics, sternutatonie 8; and masticatories. Quincy. AN-A-CEPH-A-L-0/S IS, x. In rhetoric, a recapitu- lation of the heads of a discourse. AN-A€H/O-RET. See AncHoreEt. AN-A€H/RO-NISM, n. [Gr. ava, and xpovos, time.) An error in computing time; any error in chro- nology, by which events are misplaced in regard to each other. AN-A€H-RO-NIS’/TI€, a, Erroneous in date; con- taining an anachronism. Warton. AN-A-€LAS/TIE, a. [Gr. avaand xaos, a breaking, from xA1@, to break. Refrac ting ; ; breaking the rectilinear course of iight. Anaclastic glasses ; sonorous glasses or phials, w hich are flexible, and emit a vehement noise by means of the human breath ; called also vezing glasses, from the fright which their resilience occasions. OR sy are low phials with flat bellies, like inverted tunne ts, and with very thin, convex bottoms. By G out a little air, the ‘bottom springs into a concave form With a smart crack ; ; and by breathing or blow- ing into them, the bottom, with a like noise, sprigs into its former convex form. Encyi. AN-A-€LAS/TICS, n. That part of optics which treats of the refraction of light; commonly cailed dioptrics, Which see. Encyc. AN-A-CGE-NO/SIS, x. [Gr. avaxotywots: ava and Kotvos, common. | A figure of rhetoric by which a speaker applies to his eppeng nis for their opinion on the pomt in debat Walker. AN-A- €O- LOU/THON, n. [Gr. avaxoXovloy, not fol- lowing. ] A term in grammar, denoting the want of sequence in a sentence, one of whose members does not cor- respond with the remainder. Brande. AN-A-€ON’DA, zn. A name given in Ceylon to a large snake, a species of Boa, which is said to de- vour travelers. Its flesh is excellent food. Encyc. A-NAC-RE-ON/TI€, a. Pertaming to Anacreon, a Greek poet, whose ‘odes and epigrams are ce slebrated for their delicate, easy, and graceful air, and for their exact imitation of nature. “The Anacreontic verse consists of three feet and a half; the first foot either a spondee or ilambus, or an anapest; the rest usually spondees or lambuses; as, Ash. (Gr. ava,again, and Garriorns, Hutton. a genus of ™) ng TAWit Orso Asyew Arpsidas— MeXcrt yAvKEL Badovoa ER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; © ANA A-NA€-RE-ON/TI€, nz. A poem composed in the manner of Anacreon. AN/A-DEM, 7. [Gr. avadnpa. A garland or fillet. A chaplet or crown of flowers. W. Browne. AN-A-DI-PLO'SIS, x. [Gr. ava, again, and dizdoos, double. ] Duplication, a figure in rhetoric and poetry, con- sisting in the repetition of the last word or words in a line or clause of a sentence, in the beginning of the next; as, ‘* He retained his virtues amidst all his misfortunes — misfortunes Which no puudence could foresee or prevent.’? CYC. AN/‘A-DROM, x. [See below.] A fish that eats rivers. Morin. Sa ee a. [Gr. ava, upward, and dpopos, course. Ascending; a word applied to such fish as pass from the sea into fresh waters, at stated seasons. Encye. AN’A-GLYPH, x. [Gr. ava, and yAuvda, to engrave. ] An ornament niege by sculpture. AN-A-GLYPH/I€, n. In ancient sculpture, a term ap- plied to chased or erngesed work on metal, or to any thing worked in relief. "Brande. AN-A-GLYP’TI€, a. Relating to the art of carving, engraving, enchasing, or embossing plate. Evelyn. A-N AG- NORE SIS; z {iGr. UVAYVOPIGLS. -| Recogni- tion ; the unray Bite of a plot in dramatic action. Blair. AN/A-GO-GE, n. [Gr. avaywyn, of ava, upward, and aywyn, a leading, from uyo. An elevation of mind to things celestial; the spiritual meaning or application of words; also, the application of the types and allegories of the Old Testament to subjects of the New. | Encye AN-A-GO-GET'I€-AL, a. Mysterious. AN-A-GOG'I€-AL, a. Mysterious; elevated; spirit- ual ; as, the rest of the Sabbath, in an anagozical sense, signifies the repose of the saints in heaven. AN-A-GOG'T€-AL-LY, adv. In a mysterious sense ; With religious elevation. AN-A-GOG/I€S, x. Mysterious considerations. LL. Addison. AN’A-GRAM,n. [Gr. ava and ypappa, a letter. ] A transposition of the letters of a name, by which a new word is formed. Thus Galenus becomes ange- lus; William Noy (attorney-general to Charles I.,a Jaborious man) may be turned into J moyl zn lav. AN-A-GRAM-MAT/I€, ja. Making an anagram. AN-A-GRAM-MAT'T€-AL, § Camden’s Remains. AN-A-GRAM-MAT'TI€- AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an anagram. AN-A-GRAM/MA-TISM, x. making anagrams. AN-A-GRAM’MA- TIST, n. AN-A-GRAM/MA- TIZE, Vs te The act or practice of ‘'amden. A maker of anagrams. To make anagrams. Herbert. a commentary. nowles. AN’A-GROS, rn. A measure of grain in Spain, con- taining something Jess than two bushels. Eneyc. A/NAL, a. [L. anus.) Pertaining to the anus; situated near the anus; as, the anal ‘fin. neyc. Pennant. A-NAL/CIM, A white or flesh-red mineral, of A-NAL/CIME, the zeolite family, occurring in twenty-four sided (trapezoidal) crystals, and some- times in cubes. It is common in amygdaloid and AN’A-GRAPH, x. An inventory ; Ns some lavas, and. By friction, it acquires a weak electricity ; hence its name, [Gr.ava\xts, weak. Cleaveland, AN-A-LE€/TI€, a. Collecting or selecting; made up of selections ; ae an analectic magazine. AN’A-LE€TS te avu and dey, to collect. A colle ction oie lort pieces, as essays, remarks, &c. Enciyce. AN! Bs LEM-MA, x. [Gr. avadnppa, altitude. ] In se cere a projection of the sphere on the ane of the meridian, orthographically made by Straight lines, circles, and ellipses, the eye being sup- posed at an infinite distance, and in the east or west points of the horizon. Also, An instrument of wood or brass, on which this kind of projection is drawn, with a horizon or cursor fitted to it, in which the solstiti: ul colure, and all the circles parallel to it, will be concentric circles; all circles oblique to the eye will be ellipses; and all circles whose planes pass through the eye will be right lines, Encyc. Ash. AN-A-LEP/SIS, 2. [Gr. avad\nvs, from ava\upPava, to receive again. The augmentation or nutrition of an emaciated body ; recovery of strength after a disease. Quincy. AN-A- LEP’TIE€, Gn, 1G orroborating invigorating ; giving strength ae disease. AN-A LEP’TIE, A medicine which gives strength, and aids in eestor a body to health after sickness ; ; a restorative. AN-AL/O-GAL, a. Analogous. [Not used.] Hale. AN-A-LOG/I€-AL, a. Having analogy ; used by way of analogy; bearing some relation. Thus analogical reasoning is reasoning from some similitude which things known bear to things unknown, An analogicas FH as in THUS. H as SH;ANA word is one which carries with it some relation to the original idea. Thus the word firm primarily denotes solidity or compactness in a material body ; and by analogy, when used of the mind, it conveys the idea of qualities having a similitude to the solidity of bodies, that is, fixedness or immovability. _ Watts. ANA-L-OG/I€-AL-LY, adv. In an analogical man- ner ; by way of similitude, relation, or agreement. Thus, to reason analogically 1s to deduce inferences from some agreement or relation which things bear to each other. ; : AN-A-LOG/I€-AL-NESS, 7. The quality of being analogical ; fitness to be applied for the illustration of some analogy Johnson. A-NAL/O-GISM, x. [Gr m adoytop0s.] ‘ 1. An argument from the cause to the ST an 9, Investigation of things by the analogy they bear to each other. Crabbe. A-NAL/O-GIST, xn. One who adheres to analogy. A-NAL/0-GIZE, v. 1. To explain by analogy ; to form some resemblance between different things ; to consider a thing with regard to its analogy to some- thing else. : Cheyne. A-NAL‘O-GOUS, a. Having analogy ; bearing some resemblance or proportion ; followed by to; as, there is something in the exercise of the mind analogous to that of body. A-NAL/O-GOUS-LY, adv. Jn an analogous manner. AN/A-LOGUE, (an/a-log,)». [Fr., from Gr. avadoyus.] 1. A word corresponding with another; an analo- gous term. Pritchard. 9. An animal or other thing resembling another. A-NAL/O-GY, n. [Gr. avadoy:a, of ava and Xoyos, ratio, proportion. } : J. An agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects, when the things are otherwise entirely different. Learning enlightens the mind, because it isto the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden, When both the things which have an analogy follow a preposition, that preposition must be between or betwizt ; as, there is an analogy between plants and ani- mals, or between customs. When one of the things precedes a verb, and the other follows, the preposi- tion used must be to or with; as, a plant has some analogy to or with an animal. 2. With grammarians, analogy is a conformity of words to the genius, structure, or general rules of a language. ‘Thus the general rule in English is, that the plural of a noun ends in es; therefore all nouns which have that plural termination have an anal- ogy, or are formed in analogy with other words of a hike kind. Jolinson. LEncye. A-NAL/Y-SIS, n. [Gr. avadvots, of ava and Avois, a loosing, or resolving, from Avw, to loosen. See Loose. ] 1. The factitious separation of a compound body into its constituent parts ; a resolving ; as, an analy sis of water, air, or oil, to discover its elements. 9. A consideration of any thing in its separate parts ; an examination of the different parts of a sub- ject, each separately, as the words which compose a sentence, the notes of a tune, or the simple propo- sitions which enter into an argument. It is opposed to synthesis, {n mathematics, analysis is the resolving of prob- lems by reducing them to equations. The analysis of finite quantities is otherwise called algebra, or spe- cious arithmetic. Theanalysis of infinites is the meth- od of fluxions, or the calculus. Encic. Ancient analysis ; in mathematics, a method of pro- ceeding from the thing sought, as taken for granted, through its consequences, to something really grant- ed or Known; opposed to synthesis. ‘This chiefly re- spected geometrical investigations. Hutton. In logic, analysis is the tracing of things to their source, and the resolving of knowledge into its origi- nal principles. 3. A syllabus, or table of the principal heads of a continued discourse, disposed in their natural order. 4. A brief, methodical illustration of the principles of ascience. In this sense it is nearly synonymous with synopsis. AN'A-LYST, x. analysis. AN-A-LYT'TI€, a. Pertaining to analysis; that AN-A-LYT’I€-AL, resolves into first principles ; that separates into parts or original principles ; that resolves a compound body or subject; as, an analyt- teal experiment in chemistry, or an analytical investi- gation. It is opposed to synthetic. AN-A-LYT'LE-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of anal- ysis ; by way of separating a body into its constitu- ent parts, or a subject into its principles. AN-A-LYT/I€S, n. The science of analysis [See ANALYsIs. | AN-A-LYZ/A-BLE, a. That can be analyzed. AN-A-LYZ'A-BLE-NESS, n. ‘The state of being an- alyzable. One who analyzes, or is versed in Kirwan. AN'A-LYZE, v, t. [Gre avadvw. See Anarysis.] To resolve a body into its elements; to separate a compotind subject into its parts or propositions, for the purpose of an examination of each separately ; ANA as, to analyze a fossil substance ; to analyze an action to ascertain its morality. AN'A-LYZ-ED, pp. Resolved into its constituent parts or principles, for examination. i AN/A-LYZ-ER, n. One who analyzes; that which analyzes or has the power to analyze. AN/'A-LYZ-ING, ppr. Resolving into elements, con- stituent parts, or first principles. AN-AM-NB'SIS, m. [Gr. avauvyats.] A figure in rhetoric, which calls to remembrance something omitted. Knowles. AN-AM-NES’TIE€, a. That aids the memory AN-A-MORPH/O-SIS or AN-A-MORPH-O/SIS, 2. (Gr. ava and poppwots, formation. } 1. In perspective drawings, a deformed or distorted portrait or figure, which, in one point of view, is confused or unintelligible, and in another, is an ex- act and regular representation; or confused to the naked eye, but reflected from a plain or curved mir- ror, appearing regular, anil in right proportion. Encyc. 2. In botany, any part of a plant in which there is an unusual degree of cellular development, is said to be in a state of anamorp/losis. indley. A-NA'NAS, n. The name of a species of Bromelia ; the pine-apple. Encyc. AN-AN//GU-LAR, a. Without angles. AN/A-PEST, 72. [Gr ava and rat, to strike. Bailey.) In poetry, a foot consisting of three syllables, the first two short, the last long ; the reverse of the dac- tyl; as, Can 4 boshém sd genulé remain Unmoyed when her Corydon sighs ? AN-A-PEST'I€, n. The anapestic measure. Bentley. AN-A-PEST’I€, a. Pertaining to an anapest ; consist- ing of anapestic feet. A-NAPH/O-RA, n. [Gr from avadepw.] A figure in rhetoric, when the same word or words are repeated at the beginning of two or more succeeding verses or clauses of a sentence; as, ‘Where isthe wise? Where is the scribe? Where is the disputer of this world?” Johnson. 2. Among physicians, the discharge of blood or pu- rulent matter by the mouth. Encyc. Core. AN-A-PLE-ROT’I€, a. [Gr. avazAnoou, to fill.) Filling up; promoting granulation of wounds or ulcers. AN-A-PLE-ROT'T€, ‘n. A medicine which promotes the granulation or incarnation of wounds or ulcers. Shenstone Encyc. Parr. AN'AREH, n. [See Anarcnuy.] The author of con- fusion ; one who excites revolt. Milton. A-NARE€H’IE, a, Without rule or government ; A-NAR€EH'IE-AL, in a state of confusion ; applied to a State or society. Fielding uses anarchial, a word of less difficult pronunciation. AN/ARE€H-ISM, n. Confusion; anarchy AN'AR€H-IST, n. An anarch; one who excites re- volt, 6r promotes disorder in a State. Stephens. AN/AR€H-Y, n. [Gr. avapx.a, of a priv. and apyxn, rule. ] Want of government; a state of society when there is no Jaw or supreme power, or when the laws are not efficient, and individuals do what they please with impunity ; political confusion. A-NAR/RHI-€HAS, n. The sea-wolf; a genus of rav- enous fish, of the order of Apodals, found in the northern seas, AN-ARTH/ROUS, a. [Gr. ay priv. and ap@oy, a joint or article. ] In grammar, without the article. Bloomfield. A’NAS, n. [L.] A genus of water-fowls, of the or- der Anseres, including the various species of ducks. The species are very numerous. AN-A-SAR/€A, n. [Gr. ava, in or between, and capt, flesh. ] Dropsy of the cellular membrane ; an effusion of serum into the cellular substance, .occasioning a soft, pale, inelastic swelling of the skin. Quincy. Coze. AN-A-SAR/COUS, a. Belonging to anasarca, or drop- sy ; dropsical. AN-A-STAL'TI€, a. [Gr. avacreAXa, to close. ] In medicine, astringent; styptic. Coxe. AN-A-STAT/I€-PRINT/ING, n. A mode of obtain- ing a fac-simile of any printed page, engraving, &c., on a plate of zinc, from which an impression can be taken, as from the stone of the lithographic press. A-NAS-TO-MAT’I€, a Having the quality of remov- ing obstructions. A-NAS'TO-MOSE, v.2% [Gr. ava and oropa, mouth. |] To inosculate ; to communicate with each other ; applied to the vessels of the body, as the arteries and veins, Darwin. Encye. A-NAS!TO-MO-SING, ppr. or a. InoscuJating ; commu- nicating with each other; as, anastomosing vessels. A-NAS-TO-MO’SIS, n. The inosculation of vessels, or the opening of one vessel into another, as an arte- ry into another artery, or a vein into a vein. Coze. In older authors, the supposed opening of the mouths of the extreme vessels, causing a discharge of their contents, as In excretion. A-NAS-TO-MOT’I€, a. Pertaining to anastomosis. A-NAS-TO-MOT’I€, n. A medicine supposed to have the power of opening the mouths of vessels, and re- ANA moving obstructions; such as cathartics, deobstru- ents, and sudorifics. Encyc. A-NAS/TRO-PHE, 2. [Gr. avacrpogn, a conversion, or inversion. ] In rhetoric and grammar, an inversion of the natu- ral order of words ; as, saza per et scopulos, for per saxa et scopulos. Encie. AN/A-TASE, n. [Gr. avaracts, extension, so named from the length of its crystals. A native oxide of titanium, also called octahedrite, occurring in brilliant octahedral crystalsof a brown or somewhat bluish color externally, but greenish- yellow by transmitted light. Dana. A-NATH’E-MA, n. [Gr. avafepa, from avariOnpt, to place behind, backward, or at a distance, to sepa- rate. | 1. Excommunication with curses. Hence, a curse or denunciation by ecclesiastical authority, accompa- nying excommunication. This species of excommnu- nication was practiced in the ancient churches against notorious offenders ; all churches were warned not to receive them; all magistrates and private persons were admonished not to harbor or maintain them, and priests were enjoined not to converse with them, or attend their funeral. There are two kinds of anathemas, judiciary and abjuratory. The former is pronounced by a council, pope, or bishop ; the latter is the act of a convert who anathematizes the heresy which he abjures. 2. In heathen antiguity, an offering or present made to some deity, and hung upina temple. Whenever a person quitted his employment, he set apart, or ded- icated, his tools to his patron deity. Persons who had escaped danger remarkably, or been otherwise very fortunate, testified their gratitude by some offer- ing to their deity. Encyc. A-NATH-E-MAT"T€-AL, a. Pertaining to anathema, A-NATH-E-MAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of anathema. A-NATH’‘E-MA-TISM, ». Excommunication. Hooker. A-NATH-E-MA-TI-ZA’/TION, n. The act of anathe- matizing. Encyc. A-NATH’E-MA-TIZE, v. t To excommunicate with a denunciation of curses ; to pronounce an anathema against. Hammond, A-NATH’E-MA-TIZ-ED, pp Excommunicated with curses. A-NATH'R-MA-TIZ-ER, n. One who pronounces an anathema. Hammond. A-NATH!E-MA-TIZ-ING, ppr Pronouncing an anath- ema. AN-A-TIF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. anas, a duck, and fero, to produce. } Producing ducks. Brown. A-NAT’O-CISM, n. [L. anatocismus, from Gr. ava, again, and roxos, usury-.] Interest upon interest; the taking of compound in- terest; or the contract by which such interest Is se- cured. [Rarely used.] Johnson. Cicero. AN-A-TOM/I€-AL, a. Belonging to anatomy or dis- section ; produced by cr according to the principles of anatomy, or natural structure of the body ; relating to the parts of the body when dissected or separated. AN-A-TOM/I€-AL-LY, adv. In an anatomical man- ner; by means of dissection; according to the doc- trine of anatomy. A-NAT’O-MIST, n. One who dissects bodies ; more generally, one who is skilled in the art of dissection. A-NAT-O-MI-ZA/TION, n. The act of anatomi ing. A-NAT’O-MIZE, v. t. To dissect ; to divide into the constituent parts, for the purpose of examining each by itself; to lay open the interior structure of the parts of a body or subject ; as, to anatomize an animal or plant ; to anatomize an argument. A-NAT/O-MIZ-ED, pp. Dissected, as an animal body. A-NAT/O-MIZ-ING, ppr Dissecting. A-NAT’O-MY, 7. [Gr. avarupn, of ava, through, and TOUN, a cube?) 1. The art of dissecting, or artificially separating the different parts of an animal body, to discover their sitation, structure, and economy. 2. The doctrine of the structure of the body, Jearned by dissection ; as, a physician understands anatomy. 3. The act of dividing any thing, corporeal or in- tellectual, for the purpose of examining its parts; as, the anatomy of a plant, or of a discourse. 4. The body stripped of its integuments and mus- cles; a skeleton, or the corporeal frame of bones en- tire; without the skin, flesh, and vessels. [4n im- proper use of the word, and vulgar.) 5. Tronically, a meager person. AN-A-TREP/TI€, a. [Gr. avatpera, to overturn.] Overthrowing ; defeating ; prostrating : a word ap- plied to those Dialogues of Plato which represent a complete defeat in the gymnastic exercises. Enfield. AN‘A-TRON, n. [from Gr. virpov, niter.] 1. Soda, or mineral fixed alkali. 2. Spume, or glass-gall; a scum which rises upon melted glass, in the furnace, and, when taken off, dissolves in the air, and then coagulates into common salt. 3. The salt which collects on the walls of vaults. Coxe. Johnson. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 4QANC AN'BU-RY, mn. A soft tumor on horses, containing blood. 2. A sort of gall produced by insects on the roots of turnips, cabbages, &c. AN’CES-TOR, n. [Fr. ancestres, ancétres; LL. anteces- sor, of ante, before, and cedo, to go.] One from whom a person descends, either by the father or mother, at any distance of time, in the tenth or hundredth generation. An ancestor precedes in the order of nature or blood ; a predecessor, in the order of office. AN-CES-TO/RI-AL, a. Ancestral. Pollok. AN-CES/TRAL, a. Relating or belonging to ancestors ; claimed or descending from ancestors; as, an ances- AN-CES'TRESS, x. A female ancestor. [tral estate. AN'CES-TRY, n. A series of ancestors, or progenitors ; lineage, or those who compose the line of natural de- scent. Hence, birth or honorable descent. Addison. AN€H’/L-LOPS, mn. [Gr. acycAww, from acz, a goat, and wy, aneye. Qu.] The goat’s eye; an abscess in the inner angle of the eye ; an incipient fistula lachrymalis. oxe. ANE€H/OR, nn [L. anchora; Gr. ayxupa; It. and Port. ancora; Sp. ancla; D. G. Dan. anker; Sw. ankare; Ir. ankaire, ancoir, or ingir ; Corn. ankar ; Ar. ankar ; Pers. anghar; Russ. tacor; Fr. ancre; Arm. ancor.] 1, An iron instrument for holding a ship or other vessel at rest in water. It is a strong shank, with a ring at one end, to which a cable may be fastened ; and with two arms and flukes at the other end, forming a-suitable angle with the shank to enter the ground. _ In seamen’s language, the anchor comes home, when it is dislodged from its bed, so as to drag by the vio- lence of the wind, sea, or current. Foul anchor, is when the anchor hooks or is entan- gled with another anchor, or with a wreck or cable, or when the slack cable is entangled. The anchor a cock bill, is when it is suspended per- pendicularly from the cat-head, ready to be let go. The anchor a peak, is when it is drawn in so tight as to bring the ship directly over it. The anchor is a trip, or a weigh, when it is just drawn out of the ground, in a perpendicular direction, either by the cable or the buoy-rope. To back an anchor, is to Tay down a small anchor ahead of that by which the ship rides, with the cable fastened to the crown of the iatter to prevent its com- ing home. At anchor, is when a ship rides by her anchor. Hence, to he or ride at anchor. To cast anchor, or to anchor, is to let go an anchor, to keep a ship at rest. To weigh anchor, is to heave or raise the anchor out of the ground. Anchors are of different sizes. The principal, and that on which most dependence is placed, is the sheet anchor. Then come the best bower, the small bower, the spare anchor, the stream anchor, and the kedge anchor, which is the smallest. Mar. Dict. 2. In a figurative sense, that which gives stability or security ; that on which we place dependence for safety. Which hope we have as an anchor of the soul, both sure and steadfast, — Heb, vi. 3. In architecture, anchors are carved work, some- what resembling an anchor. It is commonly a part of the ornaments of the boultins of capitals in the Tuscan, Doric, and Ionic orders, and on the mold- ings of cornices. In heraldry, anchors are emblems of hope. Encyc. ANCH/OR, v.t. To place at anchor; as, to anchor a ship. A ship is anchored, but not moored, by a single anchor. 2. To fix or fasten on; to fix in a stable condition. AN€H/OR, v.% ‘To cast anchor ; to come to anchor; as, our ship anchored off the Isle of Wight. 2. To stop; to fix or rest on.. AN€H/OR-A-BLE, a. Fit for anchorage. | Herbert. ANCH’OR-AGE, n. Anchor-ground; a place where a ship can anchor, where the ground is not too rocky, nor the water too deep nor too shallow. 2. The hold of a ship at anchor, or rather the anch- or and all the necessary tackle for anchoring. 3. A duty imposed on ships for anchoring in a har- bor. AN€H/OR-ED, pp. lying or riding at anchor; held by an anchor; fixed in safety. AN€H’O-RESS, nm. A female anchoret. Fairfax. AN€H‘/O-RET, )n. [Gr. avaxwenrns, from avayw- AN€H/O-RITE, ei), to retire, of ava and xwpew, to go. Written by some authors anachoret. ] A hermit ; a recluse ; one who retires from society into a desert or solitary place, to avoid the tempta- tions of the world, and devote himself to religious duties. Also, a monk, who, with the leave of the abbot, retires to a cave or cell, with an allowance from the monastery, to live in solitude. Encye. ANE€H O-RET'TE, a. Pertaining to a hermit, or AN€H-O-RET’IC-AL, his mode of life. AN€H/OR-GROUND, x. Ground suitable for anchor- ig. AN€LU’OR-HOLD.7. The hold or fastness of an anch- or; security. TONE. BULL. UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THI ANC AN€H'OR-ING, ppr. Coming to anchor; casting anchor ; mooring. AN€H/OR-SMITH, n. The maker or forger of anch- ors, Or one whose occupation is to make anchors. AN-CHO/VY, 2. [Port. and Sp. anchova ; Fr. anchois ; It. acciuga; G. anschove. A small fish, about three inches in length, of the genus Clupea or herring, found and caught in vast numbers in the Mediterranean, and pickled for ex- portation. It is used as a sauce or seasoning. AN-CHO/VY-PEAR, n. A fruit of the West Indies, produced by a species of the genus Grias. It resem- bles the mango in taste, and, like it, is sometimes pickled when green. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. AN€H’Y-LOS-ED, (ank/e-lost,) a. Immovably united or fixed, as joints of bones. JHantell. AN€H-Y-LO’SIS, n. [Gr. ayxudwats, from ayxvdos, crooked.] Stiffness of a joint; immobility of a joint natural- ly movable. AN€H-Y-LOT’TE, a. AN’/CIENT, a. ante, antiquus.] I. Old; that happened or existed in former times, usually, at a great distance of time; as, ancient au- thors, ancient days. Old, says Johnson, relates to the duration of the thing itself; as, an old coat ; and an- cient, to time in general; as, an ancient dress. But this distinction is not always observed. We say, in old times, as well as ancient times ; old customs, &c. We usually apply both ancient and old to things sub- ject to gradual decay. We say, an old man, an an- cient record ; but never, the old sun, old stars, an old river or mountain. In general, however, ancient is opposed to modern, and old to new, fresh, or recent. When we speak of a thing that existed formerly, which has ceased to exist, we commonly use ancient ; as, ancient republics, ancient heroes; and not, old re- publics, old heroes. But when the thing which be- gan or existed in former times, is stil] in existence, We use either ancient or old; as, ancient statues or paintings, or old statues or paintings ; ancient authors, or old authors, meaning books. But, in these exam- ples, ancient seems the most correct, or best author- ized. Some persons, apply ancient to men advanced in years, still living ; but this use is not common in modern practice. 2. Old; that has been of long duration ; as, an an- cient forest ; an ancient city. 3. Known from ancient times; as, the ancient con- tinent, opposed to the new continent. Robertson. AN’CIENT, nx. [Supra Generally used in the plural, ancients. Those who lived in former ages, opposed to moderns. In Scripture, very old men. Also, governors, rulers, political and ecclesiastical. The Lord will enter into judgment with the ancients of his peo- ple. — Isa. ti. Jer. xix. God is called ‘‘ the Ancient of days,” from his eter- nal existence. Dan. vii. Hooker uses the word for seniors; ‘‘they were his ancients ;?? but the use is not authorized. 2. Ancient is also used for a flag or streamer, in a ship of war, or the colors of a regiment ; and for an ensign or the bearer of a flag, as in Shakspeare. Cowel supposes the word, when used for a flag, to be a corruption of end-sheet, a flag at the stern. It is probably the Fr. enseigne. Johnson. Cowel. Encyc. Ancient demesne, in English law, isa tenure by which all manors belonging to the crown, in the reign of William the Conqueror, were held. The numbers, names, &c., of these were all entered in a book called Domes-day Book. Corel. Blackstone. Council of Ancients, in French history, the higher branch of the legislative body, in the constitution of 1795. AN/CIENT-LY, adv. In old times ; in times long since past; as, Rome was anciently more populous than at present. AN’‘CIENT-NESS, nz. The state of being ancient ; an- tiquity ; existence from old times. AN'CIENT-RY, x. Dignity of birth; the honor of an- Pertaining to anchylosis. x . 2 ° Snare! [Fr. ancien; It. unziano, anzi; from L. cient lineage. Spenser on Ireland. Shak. AN'CIENT-Y, n. Age; antiquity. [JVot in use.] Martin, AN’CIENT-Y, xz. In some old English statutes and au- thors, eldership or seniority. 14 Hen. II. AN-CI'LE, x. [L.] In Roman antiquity, the sacred shield of Mars, said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa. Adams. AN/CIL-LA-RY, a. [L. ancilla, a female servant. } ], Pertaining to a maid-servant, or female service. Blackstone. 9, Subservient er subordinate to; as, a court ancil- lary to another jurisdiction, AN-CIP’I-TAL, a. [lL anceps.] Doubtful, or double ; double-faced, or double- formed. ‘ In botany, two-edged; compressed, and forming two opposite angles, as a stem; having two proml- nent, longitudinal angles, with a convex disc, as a leaf, Barton, Elem. of Botany. AN'‘€OME, 2. A small ulcerous swelling, coming sud- denly. Boucher, AND AN/€ON, xn. [L. ancon; Gr. ayxwy, the elbow. ] The olecranon, er elbow ; the larger posterior pro- cess at the upper end of the ulna. AN'CONES, n. pl. [L. ancon; Gr. ayxoy. In architecture, the brackets supporting a cornice on the flanks, as in doorways, &c.; also, the corners or uoins of walls, cross-beams, or rafters. Guilt. AN’'€O-NY, x. [probably from ayxay, the cubit, from its resemblance to the aun In iron works, a piece of half wrought iron, in the shape of a bar in the middle, but rude and unwrought at the ends. A piece of cast iron Is melted off and hammered, at a forge, nto a mass of two feet long, and of a square shape, which is called a bloom; then carried to a finery, and worked into an ancony ; it is then sent to a chafery, where the ends are wrought into the shape of the middle, and the whole is made into a bar. Encyc. AND, conj. [Sax. and; Ger. und; D. ende or en; and.] And is a conjunction, connective, or conjoining word. It signifies that a word or part of a sentence is to be added to what precedes. Thus, give me an apple and an orange; that is, give me an apple, add, or give in addition to that, an orange. John and Pe- ter and James rode to New York; that is, John rode to New York, add or further Peter rode to New York, add James rode to New York. AN-DA-LU/SITE, n. A mineral, occurring usually in thick lamellar forms, of a grayish or pale reddish tint, and sometimes in rhombic prisms, and com- posea chiefly of silica and alumina. Its name is de- rived from Andalusia, in Spain, where it was first discovered. In a variety called cross-stune, or chias- tolite, the crystals, when cut transversely, show a tes- selated structure, or appear to consist of four white crystals, placed so as to make a white cross, and set in a dark ground. ana, AN-DAN'TE. ([lIt., from andare, to go; Eng. to wend, to wander. | In music, a word used to direct to a movement moderately slow, between largo and allegro. Encyc. As a noun, it denotes a piece of music to be per- formed in andante. AN/DAR-A€, x. Red orpiment. Coze. AN/DE-AN, a. Pertaining to the Andes, the great chain of mountains extending through South Amer- ica. Columbiad, 3, 138. AN-DIi’RA, 2. The name of the genus of plants which comprehends the cabbage bark-tree of Jamaica. AND/I-RON, vn. [Teut. andena, or andela. In Sax, the corresponding word is brandisen, brand or frre iron; D. brand-yzer. The Fr. landier, Arm. lander, Junius thinks, is our and-iron, with the French J pre- fixed. An Iron utensil used in Great Britain, where coal is the cominon fuel, to support the ends of a spit; but in America, used to support the wood in fireplaces. AN-DRA-NAT/O-MY, 7. [Gr. aynp, avdpos, a man, and avaropn, dissection. ] The dissection of a human body, especially of a male. oxe. Quincy. AN/DRE-O-LITE, n. A mineral, the harmotome, or cross-stone. res AN-DROG/Y-NAL, )a. [Gr. avnp, aman, and yun, AN-DROG/Y-NOUS, § woman.] Having two sexes; being male and female; her- maphroditical. In botany, the word is applied to a plant bearing both staminiferous and pistilliferous flowers on the same root. These plants constitute the class Mona- cia, in Linneus’s system. Milne. AN-DROG/Y-NAL-LY, adv. With the parts of both sexes. AN-DROG/Y-NUS, n. An hermaphrodite. Johnson. AN-DROID/ES, x. [Gr. avnp, man, and erds, form.] A machine in the human form, which, by certain springs, performs some of the natural motions of a living man. One of these machines, Invented by M. Vaucanson, appeared at Paris in 1738, representing a flute-player. Encyc. AN-DROM/E-DA, n. A northern constellation, behind Pegasus, Cassiopeia, and Perseus, representing the figure of a woman chained. se 9. The name of a celebrated tragedy of Euripides, now lost. Eneyc. 3. Also, a genus of plants. AN’DRON, n. [Gr. avyp, a man.] In Grecian and Roman architecture, the apartment appropriated for the males. This was in the lower part of the house, and the syneceum, or apartment for females, was in the upper part. Brande. AN-DRO-PET’AL-OUS, a. [Gr. avyo and meradov.] An epithet applied to double flowers, produced by the conversion of the stamens into petals, as in the garden ranunculus. Brande. AN-DROPH/A-GI, n. [Gr. aynp, man, and gaya, to eat. : Man-eaters ; but the word is little used, being su- perseded by ANTHROPOPHAGT, which see. Herodotus mentions people of this character. Melpom. 106. AN-DROT’O-MY, x. [Gr. avnp, a man, and ropn,a cutting. A cutting of human bodies ; dissection of the hu- man body, as distinguished from zeotomy. S. 47i y ANG ANG A-NEAR’, prep. Near Atterbury AN’/E€-DO-TAL, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. AN’‘E€-DOTE, x. [Gr. a priv. and exdidwyt, to pub- lish ; exdorus, given out.) : 1. In its original sense, secret history, or facts not generally known. But in more common usage, a par- ticular or detached incident or fact of an interesting nature ; a biographical incident; a single passage of private life. Procopius gave the title of anecdotes to a book he published against Justinian and his wife Theodora; and similar collections of incidents in the lives of eminent men are now common. Encyc. 2. The relation of an incident or particular event. Melmoth. AN-E€-DOT'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to anecdotes. Bolinsbroke. A-NELE’, v.t. [Sax. ell, oil.] i To give extreme unction. [JVot user Shak. AN-E-MOG/RA-PHY, x. [Gr. avexos, Wind, and ypudy, description ° : A description of the winds. Johnson. AN-E-MOL/O-GY, x. [Gr- avéuos, wind, and \vyos, discourse. | ‘ The doctrine of winds, or a treatise on the subject. AN-E-MOM’E-TER, n. [Gr. avepos, wind, and PETPEW, to measure. ] An instrument or machine for measuring the force and velocity of the wilfd. - Encye. A-NEM/O-NE, xn. [Gr. avenw@yy, from aveyos, wind. It was by the ancient Greeks written avenxwXu:. The- oph. lib. 6, cap. 7. Piin. 21. 23. Venus is said to have changed her Adonis into an anemone. Ovid. Metam. lib. 10. 735.) Wind-flower; a genus of plants of numerous spe- cies. Some of the species are cultivated in gardens, of which their double flowers are among the most el- egant ornaments, Sea Anemone. See AnNIMAL-FLOWER. A-NEM/O-NIN, n. An acrid, crystallizable substance, obtained from some species of anemone. It burus like camphor. Brande. A-NEM/O-SCOPE, x. [Gr. aveuos, wind, and cxorew, to view. ] A machine which shows the course or direction of the wind. ENcyce A-NENT’, prep. About; concerning, over against: a Scottish word. Qu. Gr. evayre ANES. See Awns. AN/EU-RISM, x. [Gr. ava, and cvpvyw, to dilate, from évpvs, broad. A soft, pulsating tumor, arising from the preternat- ural dilatation or rupture of the coats of an artery. This is either encysted or diffused. The encysted aneurism 1s when, the coats of the artery being only dilated, the blood is confined within its proper coat. Of this kind is the varicose. The diffused aneurisin includes all those in which, from an aperture in the artery, the blood is spread about in the cellular mem- brane, out of its proper course. Quincy. Coxe. AN-EU-RIS/MAL, a. Pertaining to an aneurism. A-NEW! adv. [a and nev.] Over again ; another time; in a new form 3; as, to arm anew ; to create anew. AN-FRA€-TU-OS/LTY, n. A state of being full of windings and turnings, AN-FRA€/TU-OUS, a. [L. anfractus, of amb, about, AN’GEL-PEO'PLED, a. Peopled with angels. and fractus, broken. See Breax.] Winding ; full of windings and turnings ; written, Jess correctly, ANFRACTUOSE. Ray. AN-FRA€!TU-OUS-NESS, n. A state of being full of windings and turnings. AN-FRA€/TURE, n. A mazy winding. AN-GA-RI-A/TION, n. [L. angario; GY. ayyapevw, AN'GEL-WING-ED, a. Winged like angels. to compel ; a word of Persian origin. Compulsion ; exertion. [Wot a AN-GEIL-OT/O-MY, n. See Ancioromy. AN'GEL, n. [L. angelus; Gr. ayyéAos, a messenger, from ayys\)«o, to tell or announce ; Ir. agalla, aral- larm, to speak or tell; from the root of call, or of Ar. - =- Ad Ms kaula, to say, to tell. Sax, angel; Ir. aingeal, or aingiol ; D. G. Sw. Dan. engel; Sp. angel; It. angelo; Port. anjo; Fr. ange; Russ. angel.) : I. Literally, a messenger; one employed to commu- nicate news or information from one person to anoth- eratadistance. But appropriately, 2. A spirit, or a spiritual intelligent being, employed by God to communicate his will to man. Hence, an- gels “are ministers of God, and ministering spirits. Heb. i. 3, In @ bad sense, an evil spirit ; as, the angel of the bottomless pit. Matt. xxv. 1 Cor. vi. Rev. Ix. 4. Christ, the mediator and head of the church. Rev. X. o. A minister of the gospel, who is an embassador of God. Rey. ii. and iii. 6. Any being whom God employs to execute his judgments, Rey. xvi. Cruden. 7. In the stule of love, a very beautiful person. Shak. AN/GEL, n. A fish found on the coast of Carolina, of the Thoracic order, and genus Chetodon. It hag a small, projecting mouth; the laminz above the gills are armed with cerulean spines ; the body, a foot in length, appears as if cut off, and waved, and covered with large green scales. Pennant, from Catesby. AN‘GEL, n. A gold coin, formerly current in England, bearing the figure of an angel. Skinner says this de- vice Was impressed upon it in allusion to an observa- tion of Pope Gregory the Great, who, seeing some beautiful English youths in the market at Rome, asked who they were; being told they were Anpzli, English, he replied, they ought rather to be called angeli, angels. This coin had different values under different princes; but is now an imaginary sum or money of account, implying ten shillings sterling. Encyc. AN/GEL, a. Resembling angels; angelic; as, angel whiteness. Shak. AN’'GEL-AGE, n. The existence or state of angels. Beaumont §& Fletcher. AN’GEL-BED, n. An open bed without posts. Knowles. AN/GEL-FISH, x. A species of shark, the Squalus squatina. It is from six to eight feet long, with a large head, teeth broad at the base, but slender and sharp above, disposed in five rows, all around the jaws. The fish takes its name from its pectoral fins, which are very large, and extend horizontally, like Wings when spread. This fish connects the genus of AN’/GEL-SHOT, nz. [Fr. ange, a chain-shot.] AN/GEL-WEL/€OME, x. Welcome by angels. AN’GEL-WOR-SHIP, x. The worshiping of angels. AN’GER, x. Rays with that of Sharks, partaking of the charac- ters of both; but it differs from both in this, that its mouth is placed at the extremity of the head. Encic. AN-GEL/T€, Ja. [L. angelicus. AN-GEL/I€-AL, § Resembling angels ; belonging to angels, or partaking of their nature; suiting the na- ture and dignity of angels. AN-GEL‘I-€A, ». The name of a genus of umbellif- erous plants, arranged, by Linnzus, in the class and order Pentandria Digynia. AN-GEL/I€-AL-LY, adv. Like an angel. AN-GEL/I€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being an- gelic; excellence more than human. AN’GEL-ITES, in church history, so called from Ange- lium in Alexandria, where they held their first meet- ings; a sect of heretics, near the close of the fifth century, who held the persons of the Trinity not to be the same, nor to exist by their own nature; but each to be a God, existing by participating of a deity common to them all. They are called, also, Sever- 1TES, from Severus, their head ; and THeopostans, from one Theodosius, whom they made their pope. Encyc. AN’/GEL-LIKE, a. Resembling or having the manners of angels. AN-GEL-OL/0-GY, 7. fang and Aoyns.] A discourse on angels; or the doctrine of angelic beings. Ch. Spectator. AN'GE-LOT, n. [Fr. anche, the reed of a hautboy or other wind-instrument of music.] 1. An instrument of music, somewhat resembling a lute. Jolinson. 2. An ancient English coin, struck at Paris while under the dominion of England; so called from the figure of an angel supporting the escutcheon of the arms of England and France. Also, a small, rich sort of cheese, made in Normandy. Encyc. Jewsbury. Chain-shot, being two halves of a cannon-ball fast- ened to the ends of a chain. > : Bowring. Thomson. Trapp. [L. ango, to choke, strangle, vex ; Whence angor, vexation, anguish, the quinsy, angi- na. Gr. ayy, to strangle, to strain or draw together, to vex. The primary sense is, to press, squeeze, make narrow ; Gr. ayxr, near; Sax. enge; G. enge; ; an eng, narrow, strait; W. ing. This word _-_ -— may be connected in origin with the Ar. (2i- ha- - -- aa nika, to be angry, and W&,=% chanaka, to strangle ; Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. P2M, to strangle. In Sax. ange signifies vexed ; angmod, sad, anxious ; ang-set, a car- buncle; angsum, pressed close ; anzswmian, to vex, to make anxious; Eng. anguish, anxious; L. angus- his, angina, &c. See ANGUISH. ] 1. A violent passion of the mind excited by a real or supposed injury ; usually accompanied with a pro- pensity to take vengeance, or to obtain satisfaction from the offending party. This passion, however, arles In degrees of violence, and, in ingenuous minds, may be attended only with a desire to re- prove or chide the offender. _ Anger is also excited by an injury offered to a rela- hon, friend, or party to which one is attached ; and some degrees of it may be excited by cruelty, injus- has no immediate connection, or even to the commu- nity of which one isa member. Nor is it unusual to see something of this passion roused by gross absurd- ities in others, especially in controversy or discussion. Anger may be inflamed till it rises to rage and a tem- porary delirium. , 2. Pain or smart of a sore or swelling ; the literal sense of the word, but little used. AN/'GER, v. t. To excite anger; to provoke ; to rouse resentment. 2. T’o make painful ; to cause to smart ; to inflame ; as, to ager an ulcer. Bacon. AN’GER-ED, pp. Provoked ; made angry. AN"GER-LY, adv. [anger and like.] In an angry manner; more generally written An- GRILY. AN-GIUNA,x. [L., from ango, to choke. See Ngee) In medicine, a term applied to all inflammatory af- fections of the throat or fauces, from the accompany- ing difficulty of breathing ; including the quinsy, ma- lignant sore-throat, croup, mumps, &c. Cullen. Angina pectoris ; 1 peculiar, painful, periodic, nery- ous affection of the chest. AN-GI-OG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ayyecov, a vessel, and ypadn, description. | A description of the vessels in the human body. Ash. AN-GI-OL/0-GY, n. [Gr. ayyecov, a vessel, and Aoy- os, discourse. ] A treatise or discourse on the vessels of the human body, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, &ce. Bailey. Quincy. AN’GI-O-MON-O-SPERM/OUS, n. [Gr. ayyétov, a vessel, jovos, alone, and oxsppa, Seer Producing one seed only in a seed-pod. Johnson. AN’GI-O-S€OPE, n. [Gr. ayyeiov, a vessel, and cxo- 7éW, to view. | An instrument for examining the capillary vessels of a body. Morin. AN/GI-O-SPERM, n. [Gr. oyyecov, a vessel, and onep- pa, seed. ] In botany, a plant which has its seeds inclosed in a pericarp. AN-GI-O-SPERM/OUS, a. Having seeds inclosed in a pod or other pericarp. In Linneus’s system, the sec- ond order of plants in the class Didynamia are called Angiospermia. This word is opposed to gymnosperm- ous, or naked-seeded. AN-GI-OT’/O-MY, n. (Gr. ayyetov, a vessel, and ron, a cutting.] 1. In medicine, the opening of a vessel, whether a vein or an artery, as in bleeding. It includes both arteriotomy and phlebotomy. 2. In anatomy, a dissection of the vessels of the body. Parr. ANGLE, n. [Fr. angle; L. angulus, a corner; Gr. ayxvAos; W. ongle; G. and D. angel, a hook, an an- gle; Dan. angel, a hook, angle, a sting; Sax. an- gel, ahook; Sp. and Port. angulo; It. angolo. The German has angeln, to angle with a hook; but in D. hengel is the rod, and hengelen, to angle. Qu. hinge and hang.] In popular language, the point where two lines meet, or the meeting of two lines in a point; a corner. In geometry, the space comprised between two straight lines that meet in a point, or between two straight converging lines, which, if extended, would meet; or the quantity by which two straight lines, departing from a point, diverge from each other The point of meeting is the vertex of the angle, and the lines containing the angle are its sides or legs. In optics, the angle of incidence is the angle which a ray of light makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of any medium on which it falls. The angle of refraction is the angle which a ray of light refracted makes with a perpendicular to that point of the surface of the refracting medium on which it falls. Encyc. A right angle is one formed by a right line falling on another perpendicularly, or an angle of 90 degrees, making the quarter of a circle. An obtuse angle is greater than a right angle, or more than 90 degrees. An acute angle is less than a right angle, or less than 90 degrees. A rectilineal or right-lined angle is formed by two right lines. A curvilincal angle is formed by two curved lines. A mixed angle is formed by a right line with a curved line. Adjacent or contiguous angles are such as have one leg common to both angles, and both together are equal to two right angles. External angles are angles of any right-lined figure Without it, when the sides are produced or length- ened, _Internal angles are those which are within any right-lined figure. Oblique angles are either acute or obtuse, in opposi- tion to right angles. A solid angle is the meeting of three or more plane angles at one point. tice, or oppression offered to those with whom one FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M nt On A spherical angle is one made by the meeting of ETE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 48 it) OM RURS TET eesANG ANI ANI another on the surface of the globe or sphere. Bailey. ANGLE, (ang/gl,) 7. of a rod, a line, and a hook, or a line and hook. 2. One who may be easily enticed; a gull. Shak. and hook. angle for the hearts of people or to angle hearts. Shak. Sidney. AN'GLED, a. Having angles: used only in compounds. AN''GLER, x. One that fishes with an angle; also, a Frog. AN'’GLE-ROD, n. The rod or pole to which a line and hook are fastened. AN'GLE-SITE, x. Native sulphate of lead. It oc- curs in white or yellowish prismatic crystals, semi- transparent, with a glassy or adamantine luster, and is found associated with other ores of lead. The name is from Anglesea, a British locality of the min- eral. Dana. AN''GLI€, a. [from Angles ; Sax. ing, a plain or AN''GLI€-AN, meadow, and lic, like, or etkos, like, which is the root of the L. icus, in publicus, and all similar adjectives. From ing was formed Angles, the English, to which is added this common affix, ic. The Angles were the Ingevones of Tacitus, ing- woners, dwellers on the plain or level land, near the Elbe and Weser. [See EncriisH and Wonr.] Ing is annexed to many English names, as Reading, Basing, Kettering, towns situated on flat land.] English; pertaining to England or the English nation ; as, the Anglican church. Pinkerton. N’’GLI€-AN, n. A member of the Church of Eng- land. Burke. AN GLI-CE, eee In English, in the English manner. AN'GLI-CISM, x. An English idiom; a form of lan- guage peculiar to the English. Milton. AN''GLI-CIZE, v. t. To make English; to render conformable to the English idiom, or to English analogies. AN'GLI-CIZ-ED, pp. Made English; rendered con- formable to the English idiom. AN'’GLING, ppr. Fishing with an angle. ANGLING, n. A fishing with a rod and line; the art of fishing with an angle. AN''GLO-A-MER/I-€AN, n. A descendant from Eng- lish ancestors, born in America, or the United States. AN"”GLO-A-MER'I-€AN, a. Pertaining to the de- scendants of Englishmen in America. AN''GLO-DA‘NISH, a. Pertaining to the English Danes, or the Danes who settled in England. Wotton. AN!'GLO-NOR/MAN, a. Pertaining to the English Normans. Wotton. AN’’GLO-NOR/MAN, n. An English Norman. AN’GLO-SAX/ON, a. Pertaining to the Saxons who settled in England, or English Saxons. AN’’GLO-SAX/ON, n. An English Saxon; also, the language of the English Saxons. AN-GO/LA-PEA, or PIG'/EON-PEA. A species of Cytisus. AN''GOR,x2. [L. See Ancer.] 1. Pain ; intense bodily pain. 2. The retiring of the native bodily heat to the center, occasioning headache, palpitation, and sad- ness. Encyc. Coxe. AN/'GRED, or AN//GER-ED, pp. Made angry ; pro- voked, AN''GRI-LY, adv. In an angry manner; peevishly ; with indications of resentment. ANGRY, a. [See Anecpr.] 1. Feeling resentment; provoked ; followed gen- erally by with before a person. God is angry with the wicked every day. — Ps. vii. . But it is usually followed by at before a thing. Wherefore should God be angry at thy voice ? — Eccles. vy. 2. Showing anger; wearing the marks of anger; caused by anger; as, an angry countenance ; angry words. 3. Inflamed, as a sore; red; manifesting inflam- mation. 4, Raging ; furious; tumultuous. Or chain the angry vengeance of the waves. Judge Trumbull. ANG-SA’NA, or ANG-SA/VA, n. A red gum of the East Indies, like that of dragon’s blood. Coxe. AN'GU, n. Bread made of the Cassada, a plant of the West Indies. AN"GULFER, x. [L. anguis, a serpent, and fero, to bear; Sans. agui.] In astronomy, a cluster of stars in the form of a man holding a serpent; Serpentarius, one of the con- stellations of the northern hemisphere, sh. AN-GUIL/LI-FORM, a. [L. anguilla, an eel, and forma, shape.] In the form of an ee. . resembling an eel. two arches of great circles, which mutually cut one 1. A hook; an instrument to take fish, consisting AN’'GUISH, n. AN!'GLE, v.% To fish with an angle, or with line 2. v.t. orz% To fish for; to try to gain by some bait or insinuation, as men angle for fish; as, to fish, a species of Lophius, sometimes called jishing-| mous. ily of apodal fishes, including the eel, and other fishes resembling it in form and structure. AN-GUIN’/E-AL, a [L. anguis, a snake.] Resem- bling or pertaining to a snake. [Fr. angoisse ; It. angoscia ; Sp. ansia ; Port. angustia, showing the direct derivation of this word from L. angustia, narrowness, from pressure ; D. and G. angst; Dan. angest. This and a numerous class of words are from the root ang, eng, denoting narrow, from pressure. See ANGER. Extreme pain, either of body or mind. As bodily pain, it may differ from agony, which is such dis- tress of the whole body as to cause contortion, whereas anguish may be a local pain, as of an ulcer, or gout. But anguish and agony are nearly synony- As pain of the mind, it signifies any keen distress from sorrow, remorse, despair, and the kin- dred passions. And they hearkened not to Moses, for anguish of spirit, and for cruel bondage, — Ex, yi. AN'’GUISH, v. t. To distress with extreme pain or rief. Temple. AN’/GUISH-ED, (ang’gwisht,) pp. Extremely pained ; tortured ; deeply distressed. AN/’GU-LAR, a. Having an angle, angles, or corners : pointed ; as, an angular figure. 2. Consisting of an angle; forming an angie; as, an angular point. Angular motion; the motion of a body moving circularly about a fixed point, as of a planet or pendulum. Hutton. AN’ GU-LAR/L-TY, x. The quality of having an angle or corner. AN!'GU-LAR-LY, adv. With angles or corners; in the direction of the angles. AN//GU-LAR-NESS, n. The quality of being angular. AN'GU-LA-TED, a. Formed with angles or corners. Woodward. AN''GU-LOS’LTY, n. A state of being angular. AN’GU-LOUS, a. Angular ; having corners; hooked. Glanville. AN-GUST’, a. [L. angustus.] Narrow ; strait. [Vot nse Burton. AN-GUST/ATE, a Narrow; diminishing rapidly in breadth. AN-GUST-A/TION, x. [l. angustus, narrow. See ANGER. |] The act of making narrow ; a straitening, or being made narrow. Viseman. AN-GUST'IL€LAVE, x. [L. angustus, narrow, and clavus, a knob or stud, A robe or tunic embroidered with purple studs or knobs, or by purple stripes, worn by Roman knights. The laticlave, with broader studs, was worn by sen- ators. Quinctilian. Kennet. AN-HE-LA/TION, n. [L. anhelo, to pant, or breathe with difficulty ; from halo, to breathe. } Shortness of breath; a panting; difficult respira- tion. Encyc. Coxe. AN-HE-LOSE’, a. Out of breath; panting; breathing With difficulty. [Zittle used.] Dict. AN'HI-MA, x. A Brazilian aquatic fowl, larger than a swan, and somewhat like a crane; the Palamedea cornuta (Linn.), or horned screamer. Its head is Remarks by way of censure or criticism ; reproof ; blame. It may sometimes be used for punishment, or punishment may be implied in the word, but this is not common. In an ecclesiastical sense, it differs from censure, says Ayliffe ; censure, respecting spir- itual punishment, and animadversion, a temporal one. Glanville uses the word in the sense of percep- tion, but this use is not authorized. AN-IL-MAD-VER/SIVE, a. That has the power of perceiving. Glanville, AN-L-MAD-VER/SIVE-NESS, x. The power of an- iImadverting. AN-I-MAD-VERT’, v.i. [L. animadverto, of animus, mind, and adverto, to tum to.] 1. To turn the mind to ; to consider. 2. To consider or remark upon by way of criticism or censure. Dryden. 3. To inflict punishment ; followed by upon. Grew. AN-I-MAD-VERT’ER, nm. One who animadverts or makes remarks by way of censure. AN-LMAD)-VERT/ING, ppr. Considering ; remark- ing by way of criticism or censure. AN’L-MAL, x. [L. animal, from anima, air, breath, soul; Gaelic anam, breath. The W. has envil, en, a being, soul, spirit, and mil,a beast; Arm. aneval; San. an, animi. Qu. Dan. aande, Sw. ande, breath.] An organized body, endowed with life, sensation, and the power of voluntary motion ; a living, sensi- tive, locomotive body ; as, man is an intelligent ani mal. Animals are essentially distinguished from plants by the property of sensation. The contractile property of some plants, as the Mimosa, has the ap- pearance of the effect of sensation, but it may be merely the effect of irritability. The distinction here made between animals and vegetables may not be philosophically accurate ; for we can not perhaps ascertain the precise limit be- tween the two kinds of beings ; but this is sufficiently correct for common practical purposes. The history of animals is called zoology. By way of contempt, a dull person is called a stupid animal. AN'I-MAL, a. That belongs or relates to animals ; as, animal functions, Animal is distinguished from imtellectual ; as, animal appetites, the appetites of the body, as hunger and thirst. The animal functions include sensation, and vol- untary motion, in distinction from the natural and vital, or the organic functions. Animal life is opposed to vegetable life. Animal is opposed also to spiritual or rational, which respects the soul and reasoning faculties ; as, animal nature, spiritual nature, rational nature. Animal food may signify that food which nourishes animals; but it usually denotes food consisting of animal flesh. Animal economy is the system of laws by which the bodies of animals are governed, and depending on their organic structure. Animal spirits, in the plural, denotes the nervous fluid, and in popular language, life, vigor, energy. _ Animal system, denotes the living animal organi- zation. small, its bill black, the toes armed with long claws. But what is remarkable, is a horn growing from its forehead ; and the second joint of the wing is armed with two straight triangular spurs, an inch in Jength. The fidelity between the male and female is so great, that when one is dying, the other remains by the car- cass fill it expires. Dict. of Nat. Hist. AN/HY-DRITE, n. [So called because destitute of water. See ANHYDROUS. |] Anhydrous gypsuin; differing from gypsum in not containing water. It occurs in rectangular crystals, nearly colorless, or of pale shades of blue or red ; also fibrous, radiated, and granular. A siliceous variety is called vulpinite. Dana. AN-HY'/DROUS, a. ([Gr. avvdpos, dry; a priv. and vdwp, water. ] Destitute of water ; as, anhydrous salts or acids. AN-I-ENT’ED, a. [It. niente, nothing; Norm. neant ; Fr. aneantir, to annihilate. ] Frustrated ; brought to naught. [Obs.] Chaucer. A-NIGHT", adv. [a, or at, and male In the night time. nights, in the plural, is used of frequent and customary acts. You must come in earlier anights. Shak. AN’IL, x. [Sp. anil, indigo; Port. anil; D. anyl; Ar. S ® . * has nilun, slender, nila, blue.] A shrub from whose leaves and stalks indigo is made ; a species of Indigofera, or indigo plant. AN/‘ILE, a. Aged; imbecile. [Encyc. A-NIL’/L-TY, 7. [L. anilis, anilitas, from anus, an old woman ; Celtic, hen, old.] The state of being an old woman; the old age of a woman ; dotage. AN/I-MA-BLE, a. Susceptible of animation. AN-I-MAD-VER/SAL, x. That which has the power of perceiving and judging. More. This term is employed by Cuvier to denote a fam- Animal kingdom, denotes the whole class of beings endowed with animal life. Encyc. Johnson. AN-I-MAL/€U-LAR, )a Pertaining to animalcules. AN-I-MAL/€U-LINE, Lon. Rev. AN-I-MAL/€ULE, 2. [L. animalculum, animalcula.] A little animal; but appropriately, an animal whose figure can not be discerned without the aid of a magnifying glass; such as are invisible to the naked eye. Animalcule [L. pl.] is also used. AN-I-MAL/€U-LIST, n. One versed in the knowl- edge of animalcules. : Keith. AN/I-MAL-FLOW-ER, n. In zoology, a name ap- plied to several species of marine animals, (zoophytes,) but more especially to the Actinias or sea-anemones. They are usually fixed to rocks, and appear, when expanded, like a large flower, much resembling an. Aster. At the center of the flower is the mouth of the animal, and around it there are one or more cir- cles of slender appendages, called tentacles, corre- sponding in position to the petals of the Aster, The colors of these animal flowers are often of singular beauty. They are also called polyps, and are iden- tical in structure with a large part of coral animals. — The other marine animals, to which the term ani- mal-flower is also extended, belong to the Holothu- rias, Which, with the Actinias, were ranged under the Mollusca, by Linneus; and to the Tubularias, Sertularias, Hydras, and Alegonia, which were classed with the zoophytes. ‘They are all arranged under the zovphytes by Cuvier. Cyc. AN‘I-MAL-ISE.a. Like an animal. Cudworth. AN’/L-MAL-ISM n. The state of mere animals, actu- ated by sensual appetites only, without intellectual or moral qualities. ; Beecher. AN-I-MAL/LTY, Animal existence. — 4 AN-I-MAL-I-ZA/TION, n, The act of Riving mama) ife owine wi roperties Of an mal. life, or endowing with the prof “Meas: Rigas. 2, Conversion into animal matter, by the processes AN-I-MAD-VER/SION, nm. [L. animadversio.] of assimilation. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 7 49 a] id * ee ew a* ' } t } AN-I-MOS’/LTY, 2. A-NIN'GA, n. AN'I-ON, x. [Gr. ava, upward, and twy E AN/ISE-SEED, n. ANI ANN ANN AN/I-MAL-IZE, tv. t. _ ] dow with the properties of animals. 5. To convert into animal matter, ; , AN/I-MAL-IZ-ED pp. Endowed with animal life. AN’LMAL-IZ-ING; ppr. Giving animal life to. AN/I-MAL-MAG/NET-ISM, 7. erator. See MesMerisM. ; : AN'I-MAL-NESS, x. ‘The state of animal existence. AN/LMATE, v. t. [L. animo. See Animat. I. To give natural life to; to quicken; to make alive ; as, the soul animates the body. 2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of a thing ; as, to animate a lyre. 3. To give spirit or vigor; to infuse courage, joy, or other enlivening passion ; to stimulate or incite ; as, to animate dispirited troops. _ : AN/I-MATE, a. Alive; possessing animal life. Milton. This word is used chiefly in poetry for ANIM ATED. AN/I-MA-TED, pp. or a. Being endowed with animal life ; as the various classes of animated beings. 2. a. Lively ; vigorous ; full of spirit; indicating animation ; as, an animated discourse. ‘ AN’I-MA-TING, ppr. Giving life ; infusing spirit ; en- livening. AN/I-MA-TING-LY, adv. So as to animate or excite feeling. AN-I-MA/TION, n. The act of infusing life ; the state of being animated. 2. The state of being lively, brisk, or full of spirit and vigor; as, he recited the story with great ani- mation. AN/I-MA-TIVE, a. That has the power of giving-life or spirit. Johnson. AN’I-MA-TOR, x. .One that gives life; that which infuses life or spirit. AN/IM-E,n. [Fr.] In heraldry, a term denoting that the eyes of a rapacious animal are borne of a dif- ferent tincture from the animal itself. AN/IM-E, x. [Sp.] A resin exuding from the stem of a large American tree, (a species of Hymenza,) called by the natives courbaril; by Piso, jetaiba, It is of a transparent amber color, a light, agreeable smell, and of little or no taste. It dissolves entirely, but not readily, in rectified spirit of wine, and is used, like gum copal, as a varnish. Encye. AN-I-MET/TA, n. Among ecclesiastical writers, the cloth which covers the cup of the eucharist. Encyc. AN‘I-MISM, x. [I. anima.} The doctrine that the phenomena of the animal economy are produced by the agency of the soul, as taught by Stahl and Sauvages; also, the doctrine that the living phenomena of organized bodies are produced by an actuating or vital principle, distinct from the substance of those bodies. Cyc. Med. AN‘I-MIST, n. One who maintains the doctrine of animism. AN'UI-MO FU-RAN’DI, [L.] In lac, with intent to steal. AN-LMOSE!, a. [L.] Full of spirit ; hot; vehement ; resolute. AN-I-MOSE/NESS, n. Spirit; vehemence of temper. [L. animositas; Fr. animosité ; from L. animosus, animated, courageous, enraged ; from animus, spirit, mind, passion. So in Teutonic, mod, mind, signifies also pride, passion, anger. Ani- mus, Spirit, Gr. avejos, wind, breath, is from flowing, swelling, rushing, which gives the sense of violent action and passion. See ANIMAL. ] Violent hatred, leading to active opposition ; active enmity. Animosity differs from enmity, Which may be secret and inactive ; and it expresses a Jess crim- inal passion than malice, Animosity seeks to gain a cause or destroy an enemy or rival, from hatred or private interest ; malice seeks revenge for the sake of giving pain. p mn. Aroot growing in the West Indies, like the China plant, used in refining sugar. Encyc. > going. ] The same as electro-negative element, or the element which, in electro-chemical decompositions, is evolved from itS combinations at that surface by which the electric current enters the electrolyte; opposed to cation. AN’ISE, (an/nis,) n. aimmson. Cast. 1619.] An annual plant, placed by Linneus under the genus Pimpinella. It grows naturally in Egypt, and 1s Cultivated in Spain and Malta, whence the seeds are imported. The stalk rises a foot ind a half high, dividing into slender branches, gary ished with nar- Tow leaves, cut into three or ro or four narrow sesments. The branches terminate in large, loose umbels, com- posed of smaller umbels or rays, on'long footstalks. The flowers are small, and of a yellowish white ; the seeds oblong and sy velling. Anise-seeds have an [L. anisum; Gr. avifov, Ar. aromatic smell, and a pleasant, warm taste ; they are useful in warming the stomach and expelling wind. NYC. Theoph. lib. 7. 3. Plin. 20. 17, To give animal life to; to en- A supposed agent of a peculiar and mysterious nature, said to have a pow- erful influence on the patient when acted upon by contact or voluntary emotion, on the part of the op- AN'NAL-IZE, v. t. To record; to write annals. AN’NALS, n. pl. AN'NATS, nx. pl. AN-NEAL/, ?. t. AN-NEAL/ED, pp. or a. AN-NEAL/ING, ppr. or a. Heating ; tempering by AN-NEAL'ING, n. The process of applying heat for AN’/NE-LID, 5 AN-NEL/‘LDAN, ‘ and Gr. AN-NEL/I-DA, AN-NEL-LA/TA, (7% 2! AN-NE€T/ANT, a, AN-NEX’, v. t. AN-NEX’, . i. AN-NEX!, x. AN-NEX-A/TION, n. AN-NEX’ED, (an-next/,) pp. Joined at the end ; con- AN-NEX/ING, ppr. AN-NEX/ION, n. AN-NEX’MENT, n. The act of annexing; the thing S The seed of anise. AN-NY/HI-LA-BLE, a. That may be annihilated. AN-NI/HLLATE, v. n FATH, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METER, PREY. AN-IS-ETTE’, n. A cordial flavored with anise-seed. ANK/ER, n. [Dutch.] A measure of wine and spirits, (particularly the latter,) formerly used in England, and containing ten wine gallons. P. Cyc. ANK’/ER-ITE, 7. bonates of lime, magnesia, and iron. It resembles carbonate of lime in color and crystalline structure, but tums brown on exposure, owing to the iron it contains, ANK’LE, (ank/l,) x. [Sax. ancleow ; D. enkel.] The jomt which connects the foot with the leg. ANK’LE-BONE, n. The bone of the ankle; the astragalus. ANI’ULET, x. ankle, AN’/LACE, x. A little ankle; an ornament for the A short dagger shaped like a scythe. ANN, n. In Scotch law, the right of the executor AN/NAT, of a deceased clergyman to a half-year’s revenue of his benefice. Ed. Encye. AN’NAL, n. In the Roman Catholic church, a mass said for any person every day during the year, or a mass said on a particular day every year. P. Cyc. AN'NAL-IST, n. [See ANNALS. ] A writer of annals. Encyc. [Jot much used. ] [L. annales, annalis, from annus, a year, the root of which may be the Celtic az, ain, a great circle. Varro says the word annus signifies a great circle. ] 1. A species of history digested in order of time, or a relation of events in chronological order, each event being recorded under the year in which it happened. Annals differ from history, in merely relating events, without observations on the motives, causes, and consequences, which, in history, are more diffusively illustrated. 2. The books containing annals; as, the Annals of Tacitus. [L. annus.] A year’s income of a spiritual living; the first fruits, originally given to the pope, upon the decease of a bishop, abbot, or parish clerk, and paid by his suc- cessor. In England, they were, at the reformation, vested in the king, and in the reign of Queen Anne, restored to the church, and vested in trustees to form a fund for the augmentation of poor livings, com- monly called Queen Anne’s bounty. Eincyc. [Sax. anelan, on-elan, to kindle or inflame, to heat; from e¢lan, to kindle, to heat, or bake, and to anoint with oil. Sax. al, oil. Hence it may be inferred, that oil is named from inflaming, or burning. ] To heat; to heat and cool slowly, as glass, cast- iron or other metals, for the purpose of rendering them less brittle, vulgarly called nealing. This is done by heating the glass or metal nearly to fluidity, and then suffering it to cool gradually. Metals made hard and brittle by hammering, by a similar pro- cess, recover their malleability. Johnson. 'The word has also been applied to the heating of glass to fix colors, and to the baking of tiles. Bailey. Encyc. Heated; tempered; made malleable and less brittle by heat. heat the purpose of removing brittleness or increasing ductility. [L. annellus, a little ring, £1005, form. ] Terms applied to a divis- ion of the articulata, or articulate animals, characterized by an elongated body, formed of numerous rings or annular seg- ments, including the earth-worm and various other animals. Connecting; annexing. [L. annecto, annexum; Fr. annexer ; of ad and necto, to tie, or connect. ] 1. To unite at the end ; as, to annex a codicil to a will. To subjoin ; to affix. 2. To unite, as a smaller thing to a greater; as, to annex @ province to a kingdom. 3. To unite to something preceding, as the main object ; to connect with > AS, to annex a penalty to a prohibition, or punishment to guilt. ‘T’o join; to be united. Something annexed. The act of annexing, or uniting at the end; conjunction ; addition ; the act of con- necting; union. In English law, the uniting of lands or rents to the crown. Tooke. nected with; affixed. Uniting at the end; affixing. The act of annexing; annexation : addition. [ Little used. i annexed. hak. A mineral consisting of the car- AN-NI-VERS/A-RY, zn. AN/NI-VERSE, 7. AN'NO DOM'I-NY, [L.] In the year of our Lord, AN-NOM-IN-A/TION, n. AN'NO MON'DY, [L.] AN-NO'NA, 7. AN’NO-TATE, v. i. AN-NO-TA/TION, n. AN’NO-T4-TOR, n. AN-NO/TA-TO-RY, a. AN-NOT’TO. AN-NOUNCE’, (an-nouns’,) v. t, [Fr. annoncer ; It. AN-NOUNCE/MENT, (an-nouns/ment,) n. AN-NOUN’CER, n. AN-NOY’, n. AN-NOY/ANCE, 7. t [L. ad and nikilum, a trifle.] 1. To reduce to nothing ; to destroy the existence of; as, no human power ¢an annihilate matter. 2. To destroy the form or peculiar distinctive prop- erties, so that the specific thing no longer exists; as, to annihilate a forest by cutting and carrying away the trees, though the timber may still exist; to anni- hilate a house by demolishing the structure. AN-NI/HL-LATE, a. Annihilated. AN-NY/HI-LA-TED, pp. stroyed. AN-NIHL-LA-TING, ppr. Reducing to nothing ; destroying the specific form of. AN-NLHLLA‘TION,n. The act of reducing to noth- ing, or non-existence ; or the act of destroying the form or combination of parts under which a thing exists, So that the name can no longer be applied to it ; as, the annihilation of a corporation. 2. The state of being reduced to nothing. AN-NI-VERS/A-RLLY, ado. Annually. Ffall. AN-NI-VERS/A-RY, a, [L. anniversarius, of annus, year, and verto, to turn.] teturning with the year, at a stated time; annual ; yearly ; as, an anniversary feast. Anniversary days, in the Roman Catholic church, are the days in which an office is yearly performed for the souls of the deceased, or in which the martyrdom of the saints is yearly celebrated. P. Cyc. A stated day returning with the revolution of the year. The term is applied to a day on which some remarkable event is annually celebrated, or a day on which an interesting event is commeniorated by solemnities of religion, or exhibi- tions of respect. In the Roman Catholic church, an of- fice yearly performed for the souls of the deceased. 2. The act of celebration ; performance in honor of an event. ryden, Anniversary. [Vot used.] Dryden. Smiih. Reduced to nothing; de- noting the time from our Savior’s incarnation ; as, Anno Domini, or 4. D. 1800. This was written Anno Domini 1809, nnd revised A. D. 1825 and 1827, Ww. [L. ad and nominatio, from nomino, to name, from nomen. ] 1. A pun; the use of words nearly alike in sound, but of different meanings ; a paronomasia. Encyc. 2, Alliteration, or the use of two or more words successively beginning with the same letter. Tyrwhitt. In the year of the world. [L. annona, from annus, a year.] A year’s production or increase; hence, provisions. 2. In the Roman empire, a contribution or tax, paya- ble in corn, imposed on some of the more fertile provinces. Brande. [L. argo. To comment; to make remarks on a writing. Tatler. [L. annotatio, of ad and notatio, a marking, from noto, to mark, or nota, a mark. ] I. A remark, note, or commentary on some passage of a book, intended to illustrate its meaning ; gener- ally used in the plural ; as, annotations on the Scrip- tures, 2. The first symptoms of a fever, or attack of a paroxysm. Coze. A writer of notes ; a commen- tator, a scholiast ; one who writes notes to illustrate the composition of an author. Containing annotations. See Anorra. annunziare; Li. annuncio, to deliver a message, of ad and nuncio, to tell, from nuncius, a messenger. : 1. To publish ; to proclaim ; to give notice, or first notice ; as, the birth of Christ was announced by an angel. 2. To pronounce ; to declare by judicial sentence. Prior. AN-NOUN’CED, (an-nounst’,) pp. Proclaimed ; first published. Ol The act of giving notice ; proclamation ; publication. One that announces, or first gives notice ; a proclaimer. AN-NOUN/CING, ppr. Introducing notice ; first pub- lishing ; proclaiming. AN-NOY’, v. t. [Norm. annoyer, from neure, nuire, to hurt; Fr. nuire; It. nuocere; from L. noceo, to hurt, eee - that is, to strike; Syr. tag, Ar. LG naka, to strike, to hurt; Heb. and Ch. >), to strike. Hence, proba- bly, L. neco, to kill. See Nuisance and Noxrovs.] To incommode ; to injure or disturb by continued orrepeated acts ; to tease, vex, or molest ; as, to annoy, an army, by impeding their march, or by a continne cannonade. Injury or molestation from continued acts or inconvenience, Shak. Beattie. That which annoys or injures the act of annoying ; the state of being annoyed includes something more than inconvenience, — FINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —ANN AN-NOY’ED, pp. Incommoded, injured, or molested by something that is continued or repeated. AN-NOY’ER, xn. One that annoys. AN-NOY’/FUL, a. Giving trouble ; incommoding ; molesting. [JVot used.] Chaucer. AN-NOY/ING, ppr. Incommoding ; lesting. AN-NOY‘OUS, a. Troublesome. [Wot used.] Chaucer. AN'NU-AL, a. [Fr. annuel; Sp. anual; It. annuale; L. annalis, from annus, a year; Gr. evos, evvos; Sans. anda. 1. Yearly ; that returns every year ; coming yearly ; as, an annual feast. 2. Lasting or continuing only one year or season; that requires to be renewed every year; as, an annual plant. Leaves that grow in the spring, and perish in the autumn, are called annual, in opposi- tion to evermreen. 3, Performed in a year; as, the annual motion of the earth. AN’NU-AL, x. A small book published yearly, con- taining select compositions and elegant engravings. AN’NU-AL, x. Had his application been equal to his talents, his progress might have been greater. J, Jay. 6. The act of directing or referring something toa particular case, to discover or illustrate the agree- ment or disagreement ; as, I make the remark and leave you to make the application. 7. In theology, the act by which the merits of Christ are transferred to mun, for his justification. 8. In geometry, division; or the applying one quantity to another, whose areas, but not figures, shall be the same; or the transferring a given line into a circle or other figure, so that its ends shall be in the perimeter of the figure. Encyc. 9. In sermons, that part of the discourse, in which the principles before laid down and illustrated, are applied to practical uses. ‘ Application of one science to another, is the use of the principles of one for the purpose of enlarging or perfecting the other ; particularly applied to the dif- ferent branches of the mathematical sciences ; as, the application of algebra to geometry. - Cyc. AP/PLI-CA-TIVE, a. That applies. Bramhall. AP/PLLEA-TO-RY, a. That includes the act of ap- plying. Edicards’s Hist. of Redemption. AP/PLI-CGA-TO-RY, x. That which applies. Zaylor. AP-PLI/ED, pp. Put on; put to; directed; employed. AP-PLI'ED-LY, adv. In a manner which may be ap- plied. [JVot in use.] Montagu. AP-PLI/ER, x. One that applies. AP-PLI/MENT, zn. Application. [JWVot in use.] Marston. AP-PLY’, v. t. [L. applico, of ad and plico, to fold or knit together; Fr. appliquer; Sp. aplicar; It. ap- plicare; W. plegy, to bend or fold; Arm, plega, to fold or plait; pleca, a fold; Gr. mAcxw, to Knit, or twist; Sax. plegan, plegian, pleggan, to play, to bend to or apply, incumbere; Dan. flug,a fold; D. ploor, a fold; plooijen, to plait; Eng. ply, display, and em- ploy. The word plegy, plico, is formed from the root of lay, Sax. lecgan, ‘The sense then is to lay to ; and it is worthy of remark, that we use lay to in the pre- cise sense of ply and apply. It is certain from the Welsh that the first consonant is a prefix. | 1. To lay on; to put one thing to another; as, to APP apply the hand to the breast; to apply medicaments to a diseased part of the body. 2. To use or employ for a particular purpose, or in a particular case; as, to apply a sum of money to the payment of a debt. 3. To put, refer, or use, as suitable or relative to something ; as, to apply the testimony to the case. 4, To fix the mind; to engage and employ with attention ; as, ‘* Apply thy heart to instruction.?? : Proverbs. 5. To address or direct ; as, ‘* sacred vows applied to Pluto.”? Pope. 6. To betake ; to give the chief part of time and attention ; as, to apply one’s self to the study of botany. ‘This is essentially the fourth sense. 7. To make application; to have recourse by re- quest; as, to apply one’s self to a counselor for ad- vice. This is generally used intransitively ; as, to apply to a counselor. 8. To busy ; to keep at work; toply. [Obs. Su- perseded by ply, which see.] Sidney. Spenser. AP-PLY’, v.%. To suit; to agree ; to have some con- nection, agreement, or analogy; as, this argument applies well to the case. 2. To make request to; to solicit; to have re- course to; with a view to gain something; as, to apply to the president for an office; I applied to a friend for information. AP-PLY'ING, ppr. Laying on; making application. AP-POG-GEA-TU'RA,n. [It.] In music, a note in a smaller character than the regular notes of the piece, interposed between two of the latter, and sharing the time of the following note; used for transition or expression. AP-POINT’, v. t. [Fr. appointer, to refer, to give an allowance ; Sp. apuntar, to point or aim, to sharpen, to fasten as with points or nails; It. appuntare, to fix, appoint, or sharpen. See Pornz. 1. To fix; to settle; to establish ; to make fast. When he appointed the foundations of the earth. — Prov. viil. 2. To constitute, ordain, or fix by decree, order, or decision. Let Pharaoh appoint officers over the land. — Gen. xli. He hath appointed a day in which he will judge the world. — Acts XVu. 3. To allot, assign, or designate. Aaron and his sons sball appoint every one to his service. — Num. iv. These cities were appointed for all the children of Israel. — Josh. xx. 4, To purpose or resolve ; to fix the intention. For so he had appointed. — Acts Kx. 5. To ordain, command, or order. Thy servants are ready to do whatever my lord the king shall appoint, —2 Sam. xy. 6. To settle ; to fix, name, or determine by agree- ment; as, they appointed a time and place for the meeting. 7. Milton uses the word in a peculiar sense, ‘‘ Ap- point not heavenly disposition,”? Sam. gon. ; i, Ce, point not to it by way of censure or condemnation ; arraign not. AP-POINT’, v. 7%. To ordain; to determine. 2 Sam. xvii. 14. AP-POINT’A-BLE, a. That may be appointed or constituted ; as, officers are appointable by the exec- utive. ‘ederalist, Madison. AP-POINT’ED, pp. ora. Fixed ; set; established ; de- creed; ordained; constituted ; allotted. 2. Furnished; equipped with things necessary ; as, a ship or an army is well appointed. AP-POINT-EE!,n. A person appointed. ‘* The com- mission authorizes them to make appointments, and pay the appointees.” Circular of Mass. Representatives, 1768; also Whea- ton’s Reports. 2, A foot soldier in the French army, who, for long service and bravery, receives more pay than other privates. Encyc. Bailey. AP-POINT’ER, n. One who appoints. : AP-POINT/ING, ppr. Setting; fixing; ordaining ; constituting ; assigning. : AP-POINT/MENT, x. The act of appointing ; desig- nation to office; as, he erred by the appointment of unsuitable men. : 2, Stipulation ; assignation ; the act of fixing by mutual agreement; as, they made an appotntment to meet at six o’clock. : : 3. Decree ; established order or constitution ; as, It is our duty to submit to the divine appointments. 4, Direction ; order; command. Wheat, salt, wine, and oil, let it be given according to the ap- pointment of the priests. — Ez. vi. 5. Equipment, furniture, as for a ship, or an army ; whatever is appointed for use and management. 6. The accouterments of rilhay officers: as belts, shes, gorgets, é&c., used in the plural. See aes Campbell's Mil. Dict. 7. An allowance to a person ; a salary or pension, as to a public officer; properly used only in the plural. - E : Appointments differ from wages in being a special TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CLOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; ¥FH as in THIS. ol Hilder tl.er APP APP Aster - fixed and ordinary. ; Encyc. 8. A devise or grant to a charitable use. _ Blackstone. AP-PORT’ER, n. [Fr. apporter; L. porto. IM Use. Cs Portion and Part. ] to apportion time among various employments. Signed in suitable parts or shares. : AP-POR/TION-ER, 7. One that apportions, tions or shares. eee AP-POR/TION-MENT, x. The act of apportioning ; a dividing into just proportions or shares; a dividing and assigning to each proprietor his just portion of an ivided right or property. pace ve : Hamilton, Rep. Feb. 13, 1793. AP-POSE!, v. t. [Fr. apposer, to set to; L. appono. See AprposiTeE.] : 1. To put questions ; to examine. [See Posr.] Bacon. 2. To apply. Harvey. AP-POS/ER, 7. An examiner; one whose business is to put questions. In the English Court of Exchequer there is an officer called the foreign apposer. A bishop’s examining chaplain was formerly called his apposer ; ordinarily pronounced poser. Encye. AP’PO-SITE, a. [L. appositus, set or put to, from ap- pono, of ad and pono, to put or place.] Suitable ; fit; very applicable ; well adapted ; fol- lowed by to; as, this argument is very apposite to the case. AP/PO-SITE-LY, adv. Suitably ; fitly ; properly. Harvey. AP/PO-SITE-NESS, n. Fitness; propriety ; suitable- ness. Hale. AP-PO-SI''TION, n. The act of adding to; addition; a setting to ; accretion. By the apposition of new matter. Arbutinot. 2. In grammar, the state of two nouns put in the Same case, without a connecting word between them ; as, [ admire Cicero, the orator. In this case, the second noun explains or characterizes the first. AP-POS'I-TIVE, a. Apposite; applicable. Knatchbull. AP-PRAIS/AL, (ap-praz/al,) n. A valuation by au- thority ; an appraisement. Stat. Conn. 1824, AP-PRAISE!, v. t. [Fr. apprecier ; Sp. apreciar ; It. ap- prezzare, to set a value; from L. ad and pretium, price. See Price and APPRECIATE. | This word is written and often pronounced after the French and Italian manner. But generally it is pro- nounced more correctly apprize, directly from the D. prys; W. pris; Eng. price or prize. [See A PPRIZE, | To set a value on; to estimate the worth of, par- ticularly by persons appointed for the purpose. AP-PRAISE/MENT, n. he act of Setting the value ; a valuation. [See APPRIZEMENT. | grant, or gratification, not fixed, whereas wages are A bringer in; one that brings into the eat [Wet a u E « e “4 AP-POW TION, v.t. [Lad and portio, portion. See To divide and assign in just proportion 3 to dis- tribute among two or more persons or things a Just part or share to each ; as, to apportion undivided rights ; AP-POR!TION-ED, pp. Divided; distributed or as- AP-POR/TION-ING, ppr. Distributing in just propor- al sense, it is applied chiefly to taking or arresting persons by legal process, or with a view to trial; as, to apprehend a thief. ‘ : 2. To take with the understanding, that is, to con- ceive in the mind ; to understand, without passing a judgment, or making an inference. ] apprehend not, why — : So many and so various laws are piven. Milton. 3. To think; to believe or be of opinion, but with- out positive certainty ; as, all this is true, but, we ap- prelend, it is not to the purpose. Notwithstanding this declaration, we do not apprehend that we are guilty of presumption, Encyc., art, Metaphysica. 4, To fear ; to entertain suspicion or fear of future evil ; as, We apprehend calamities from a feeble or wicked administration. AP-PRE-HEND/ED, pp. Taken; seized; arrested ; conceived ; understood ; believed ; feared. AP-PRE-HEND/ER, 7. One who takes ; one who con- ceives in his mind; one who fears. AP-PRE-HEND/ING, ppr. Seizing ; taking ; conceiy- ing ; understanding ; believing ; fearing. AP-PRE-HEN’SI-BLE, a. That may be apprehended or conceived. AP-PRE-HEN/SION, n. The act of seizing or taking hold of; as, the hand is an organ of apprehension. 2. The act of taking or arresting ; as, the felon, af- ter his apprehension, escaped. 3. The mere contemplation of things without af- firming, denying, or passing any judgment; the op- eration of the mind in contemplating ideas, without comparing them with others, or referring them to ex- ternal objects; simple intellection. atts. Glanville. Encyc. 4. An inadequate or imperfect idea, as when the word is applied to our knowledge of God. Encyc. 5. Opinion ; conception ; sentiments. In this sense, the word often denotes a belief, founded on sufficient evidence to give preponderation to the mind, but in- sufficient to induce certainty ; as, in our apprehension, the facts prove the issue. To be false, and to be thought false, {s all one, in respect of men, who act not according to truth, but apprehension, South, 6. The faculty by which new ideas are conceived ; as, aman of dull apprehension. 7. Fear; suspicion; the prospect of future evil, ac- companied with uneasiness of mind. Claudius was in no small apprehension for his own life. Addison. AP-PRE-HEN’SIVE, a. Quick to understand ; as, an apprehensive scholar. Holder. South. 2. Fearful; in expectation of evil ; as, we were apprehensive of fatal consequences. This rs the usual sense of the word.] . Suspicious ; inclined to believe ; as, I am appre- hensive he does not understand me. 4. Sensible ; feeling ; perceptive. [Rarely used.] Milton. AP-PRE-HEN/SIVE-LY, adv. In an apprehensive AP-PRE-HEN/SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being apprehensive ; readiness to understand ; fearfulness. AP-PRAIS’/ER, 7. One who values ; appropriately, a person appointed and sworn to estimate and fix the value of goods and estate. [See APPRIZER. ] SS AP-PRE-€A/TION, n. Earnest prayer. fall. AP’PRE-€A-TO-RY, a. Praying or wishing good. AP-PRE'CIA-BLE, (ap-pré/sha-ble,) a. [See Appre- CIATE.] That may be appreciated ; capable of being duly estimated; valuable. Encyc. 2. That may be estimated or determined ; as, an appreciable quantity. AP-PRE/CIATE, (ap-pre/shate,) v. t. [Fr. apprecier, to set a value; L. ad and pretium, value, price; D. prys; W. pris; Ger. preis. See PRICE. ] 1. To value; to set a price or value on ; to esti- mate ; as, we seldom sufficiently appreciate the ad- vantages we enjoy. 2. To raise the value of. Lest a sudden peace should appreciate the money, Ramsay. [Not used in the latter sense in England, and but little in America.] AP-PRE/CIATE, v.i. To rise in value; to become of more value; as, the coin of the country appre- ciates; public securities appreciated when the debt was funded. [Not used in this sense in England, and but little in America. AP-PRE/CIA-TED, pp. Valued ; prized ; estimated ; advanced in value. AP-PRE/CIA-TING, ppr. mating ; rising in value. AP-PRE-CI-A/TION, n, A setting a value on; a just valuation or estimate of merit, weight, or any moral consideration. Washington’s Inaug. Speech, Apr. 30, 1789. 2. A rising in value ; increase of worth or value. Marshall, Life of Washington. Hamilton?s Report, Feb. 13, 1793. See remark under Appreciate. AP-PRE-HEND)/, ». t. [L. apprehendo, of ad and pre- hendo, to take or seize ; Sax. hendan or hentan. Setting a value on ; esti- AP-PREN/TICE, v. t. To bind to, or put under the AP-PREN’TICE-FEE, n. A sum given to the master P-PROAC NTE ; . . Bis . c = JA CH/A- LE-I L5 . State 2IN < of an apprentice as a premium for the instruction of i a VA-BLE-NESS, n. The state of bemg’ap- AP-PREN/TICE-SHIP, n. The term for which an ap- AP-PREN/TIS-AGE, n. Apprenticeship. [Wot in use.] AP-PRESS/ED, (ap-prest! AP-PREN/TICE, n. [Fr. apprenti,an apprentice, from apprendre, to learn; L. apprehendo, See APPREHEND.] - One who is bound by covenant to serve a me- chanic, or other person, for a certain time, with a view to learn his art, mystery, or occupation, in which his master is bound to instruct him. Appren- tices are regularly bound by indentures, Blackstone. 2. In old law books, a barrister, considered a learn- er of law, till sixteen years standing, when he might be called to the degree of serjeant. Blackstone. care of, a master, for the purpose of instruction in the knowledge of a trade or business. the latter. Blackstone. PRA Ws rh achac NN AP-PREN/TICE-HQQD, 7. Apprenticeship, [ot AP-PROACH/ER, n. One who approaches or draws near. AP-PROACH/ING, ppr. Drawing nearer ; advancing used. | Shak. prentice is bound to serve his master. This term, in England, is, by statute, seven years. Jn Paris, the term is five years, in the greater number of trades ; after which, the person, before he is qualified to ex. ercise the trade as a master, must serve five years as companion of his master, and the term is called his companionship. Encye. The statements above refer to a former state of things. Apprenticeship, as obligatory, was abolished in France at the revolution; and in England, Lon- don and a few other corporate towns excepted, by the act of 54 Geo. III. c. 96, (1814.) P. Cyc. Brande. 2. The service, state, or condition of an apprentice ; a state in which a person is gaining instruction under a master. 1. ‘To take or seize; to take hold of. In this liter- AP-PREST’, 2) a; [ad and pressed.] AP-PROACH/, v. t. manner. AP-PROACHY, n. AP-PROACH’A-BLE, a. That may be approached ; AP-PROACH/ING, 7. : : ; 7 AP-PROACH'LESS, a. That cz It: ached. a journeyman ; during which term he is called the AP-PRG NOG mn ease pearance ‘ MENT, n. g near. AP/PRO-BATE, a. AP/PRO-BATE, ». t. AP/PRO-BA-TED, pp. Approved ; ccmmended. AP’/PRO-BA-TING Bacon. | AP-PRO-BA’TION In botany, pressed close ; lying near the stem, cr applying its upper surface to the stem. Martyn. Ed. Encyc. AP-PRISE’, v. t. [Fr. appris, participle of apprendre, to learn, or inform. See Arrprenenp. To inform ; to give notice, verbal or written ; fol- lowed by ef; as, we will apprise the general of an intended attack ; he apprised the commander of what he had done. Thomson. Porteus. AP-PRIS/ED, (ap-prizd/,) pp. Informed ; having no- tice or knowledge communicated. AP-PRIS/ING, ppr. Informing ; communicating no- tice to. AP-PRIZE’, v. t. [This word is usually written ap- praise, as if deduced from the Italian apprezzare. There is no other word from which it can regularly be formed ; the French apprecier being recognized in appreciate. But apprize, the word generally used, is regularly formed, with ad, from price, prize; D. prys; Ger. preis; W. pris; or from the Fr. priser, to prize ; and this is the more desirable orthography. To value ; to set a value, in pursuance of author- ity. It is generally used for the act of valuing, by men appointed for the purpose, under direction of law, or by agreement of parties ; as, to apprize the goods and estate of a deceased person. ‘The private act of valuing is ordinarily expressed by prize. AP-PRIZ/ED, pp. Valued ; having the worth fixed by authorized persons. AP-PRIZE’/MENT, n. The act of setting a value un- der some authority or appointment; a valuation. Statutes of Conn. Blackstone. 2. The rate at which a thing is valued ; the value fixed, or valuation ; as, he purchased the article at the apprizement. AP-PRIZ/ER, n. A person appointed to rate, or seta value on articles. When apprizers act under the authority of law, they must be sworn. AP-PRIZ'ING, ppr. Rating ; setting a value under authority. AP-PRIZ/ING, x. The act of valuing under authority. AP-PROACH’, v. i. [Fr. approcher, from proche, near; It. approcciare. The Latin prozimus contains the root, but the word, in the positive degree, is not found in the Latin. It is from a root in Class Brg. Signifying to drive, move, or press toward } probably 772. 1. ‘To come or go near, in place; to draw near; to advance nearer. Wherefore approached ye so nigh the city ? —2 Sam. xi. 2. To draw near in time. And so much the more 4s ye see the day approaching. — Heb, x. 3. To draw near, in a figurative sense ; to advance near to a point aimed at, in science, literature, goy- ernment, morals, &c.; to approximate; as, he ap- proaches to the character of the ablest statesman. 4. To draw near in duty, as in prayer or worship. They take delight in approaching to God, —Isa. li. To come near to; as, Pope ap- proaches Virgil in smoothness of versification. This use of the word is elliptical, to being omitted, so that the verb can hardly be said to be transitive. The old use of the word, as, ‘* Approach the hand to the handle,” is not legitimate. 2. To have access carnally. Levy. xviii. The act of drawing near; a coming or advancing near; as, he was apprised of the en- emy’s approach. 2. Access ; as, the approach to kings. Bacon. 3. The path or avenue which leads from the public road or highwé¥ to a house or dwelling. Downing. 4. In fortification, approaches are the works thrown up by the besiegers, to protect them in their advances toward a fortress. accessible, proachable. toward. In gardening, the act of in- grafting a sprig or ‘shoot of one tree into another, Without cutting it from the parent stock; called also marching and grafting by approach. Encye. [Little used. | Brown. [L. approbatus.] Approved. Elyot. [L. approbo, to eppoel To express approbation of ; to manifest a liking, or degree of satisfaction. “The cause of this battle every man did allow and approbate.”? Hall, Hen. VII, Richardson’s Dictionary. {This word, though obso- dete in England, is occasionally used in America. } Mr. Hutchinson approbated the choice. J, Eliot. » ppr. Expressing approbation of. as 5 , % [lL approbatio. See Proor and Proyr. he 62 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MBTE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.—NOTE, DO I. The act of approving ; a liking; that state or VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Se = eeretitinenstansendAP-PRO/PRI-ATE, a. AP-PRO/PRI-ATE-NESS, x. AP-PRO/PRLATE-LY, adv. AP-PRO/PRI-A-TOR, n. 2. One who is possessed of an appropriated “bene- Blackstone. A lay possessor of the AP-PRO/PRI-E-TA-RY, 7. AP-PROV/A-BLE, a. [See AP-PROV!/A-BLE- AP-PROV/AL, n. AP-PROV/ANCE, n. AP-PROVE’, v. t. APR disposition of the mind, in which we assent to the propriety of a thing, w ith some degree of pleasure or of God require our appro- satisfaction ; as, the laws Bae 2. Attestation ; support ; or action, in fav or of w hat is approved. The commendation of a book Meensed or per- mitted to be published by authority, es was formerly the case in England. APY PRO-BA-TIVE, a. tion. AP/PRO-BA-TO-RY, a pressing approbation. Approving S that is, active approbation, Shak. g; implying approba- Milner. Containing approbation ; ex- hk. Scott. AP-PROMP'’, v. t. for Promer. [WVot used.] Bacon. AP-PROOF’, Me Approval. 2. Certain knowledge. jNis used. | AP-PROP/ER-ATE, v. t. To hasten. [vi ot used. AP-PRO-PIN/QUATE, v. 2. To draw near. [Not used. ] AP-PRO-PIN-QUA/TION, n. used, | AP-PRO-PINQUE’, v. t. To approach. AP-PRO/PRI-A-BLE, a. [from appropriate.] That may that m: iy be set apart, or assigned eluates to a particular use. be appropriated ; AP-PRO’PRI-ATE, proprius, private, fe sail ir. See P 1. To set apart for, or assi appropriated for a garden. . To take to one’s self in exclusion of others ; to aan or use as by an exclusive right; as, let no man CER nop nate the use of a common benefit. - To make peculiar; as, to appropriate names to faces iS. 4. To sever an ecclesiastical benefice, and annex it to a spiritual corporation, sole or aggregate, being the patron of the living. 5. To set apart or vote asum of money for a par- ticular object ; as, Congress has appropr iated a million (Thi LUs is o7e of dollars for the increase of the navy. appropero. | [Vot used. ] Shak. [L. appropinquo.] A drawing nigh. [JVot Hail. Tudibras. sequestered, Brown. Fr. approprier, of L. ad and ROPER. | gn to a particular use exclusion of all other uses; as, a spot of groun a Locke. lackstone. of the most common uses of the word in “America. ] ate words in pleading. AP-PRO/PRI-A-TED, pp. or a. ular use; an ecclesiastical corporation. Belonging peculiarly ; liar ; set apart for a particular use or person; as, re- ligious worship is an appropriate duty to the Creator. 2. Most suitable, fit, or proper; as, to use appropri- Assigned to a partic- claimed or used exclusively ; annexed to Peculiar fitness; the quality of being appropriate, or peculiarly suitable. In an proper manner. AP-PRO/PRI-A-TING, ppr. person or use ; AP-PRO-PRL-A/TION, n. one’s self; or of words, to ideas. 2. In law, the severing or sequestering of a benefice to the perpetual use of a spiritual corporation, sole or ageregate, being the patron of the living. purpose must be obtained the king’s license, and the consent of the bishop and of the patron. appropriation is thus made, the appropriator and his successors become perpetui al parsons of the church, and must sue and be sued in that name. Ene. Law. appropriate or Assigning to a particular claiming or using exclusively ; sever- ing tothe perpe tual use of an ecclesiastical corporation. The act of sequestering, or assigning to a particular use or person, in exclusion of all others ; application to a special use or purpose ; as, of a piece of ground, for a park; of a right, to When the Blackstone. 3. The setting apart by vote of a sum of money be expended for a increase the navy. AP-PRO/PRI-A-TIVE, a. fice. profits of a benefice. APPROVE. | That may be approved ; -NESS, 2. prov able. Approbation. Approbation. and probo, to prove or approve. Prove, and Proor.] l. To like ; to be pleased with ; pricty of ; as, we tration. To prove; to show to be true ; First thy obedience. [This sense, though common a century or two ago, is now rare. | approve the measures This word may include, with the assent of me inind to the propriety, a commendation to others. to justify. Wouldst thou approve thy constancy ? porns That appropriates. McCulloch. One who appropriates Spelman. that merits approbation. The quality of being [See Arproye.] Temple. [See Approve, ] Thomson. [F'r. approwver ; L. approbo, of ad See AprproBATE, to admit the pro- of adminis- Milton. pecu- Tor this 7 to given purpose, and also the money thus set apart; as, an appropriation has been made to APP 3. To experience ; to prove by trial. [JVot used. See Peo | Shak. 4. To make or show to be worthy of approbation ; to commend; as, to approve one’s self to God by righteousness. 5. To like and sustain as right; to commend. Yet their posterity approve their sayings. — Ps. xlix. This word, when it signifies to be pleased, is often followed by of, in which use it is intransitive ; as, I approve of the measure. But the tendency of modern usage is to omit of: **I approve the measure.”? 6. To improve. Blackstone. 7. In military affairs, to sanction officially ;-as, to approve the decision of a court-martial. AP-PROV'‘ED, pp. Liked; commended; shown or proved to be worthy of approbation ; having the ap- probation and support of. Study to show thyself approved to God. —2 Tim. ii. Approved is used by Shakspeare for proved ; as, ** an approved wanton.” Jesus, a man approved of God. — Acts ii. This word here seems to include the idea of Christ’s real office, as the Messiah, and of God’s love and ap- probation of him in that character. Brown?s Dict. AP-PROVE/MENT,n. Approbation ; liking. Hayward. 2. In law, when a person indicted for felony or treason, and arraigned, confesses the fact before plea pleaded, and appeals or accuses his accomplices of the same crime, to obtain his pardon, this confes- sion and accusation are called approvement, and the person an approver. Blackstone. 3. Improvement of common lands, by inclosing and converting them to the uses of husbandry. Blackstone. AP-PROV'ER, m. One who approves. Formerly, one who proves or makes trial. 2. In law, one who confesses a crime and accuses another. [See ArrroypmMeNntT.] Formerly, those who had the letting of the king’s demesne, in small manors, were called approvers of the king. In Stat. 1 Edw. III. c. 8, sheriffs are called the king’s ap- provers. In old law writers, a bailiff or steward of a manor is called an approver. Encyc. AP-PROV'ING, ppr. Liking; commending; giving or expressing approbation. AP-PROV/ING, a. Yielding approbation; as, an ap- proving conscience. AP-PRO V'ING-LY, adv. AP-PROX/I-MANT, a. By approbation. Approaching. [WVot used.] De ring Lu AP-PROX/I-MATE, a. [L. ad and prozimus, next. See Approach. Nearest to; next; nearto. [This word is superseded by ProxIMATE.] Approximate quantities ; in mathematics, those which are nearly, but not absolutely, equal. Brande. AP-PROX/I-MATE, v. t. To carry or advance near ; to cause to approach. Aikin. Shenstone. To approximate the inequality of riches to the level of pears urkeé,. AP-PROX/I-MATE, v.% To come near; to approach. Burke. AP-PROX/I-MA-TED, pp. Carried or advanced near. AP-PROX'I-MA-TING, ppr. Advancing near; caus- ing to approach. AP-PROX-I-MA/TION, n. Approach; a drawing, moving, or advancing near. Hale. 2. In arithmetic and algebra, a continual approach or coming nearer and nearer to a root or other quan- tity, without being able perhaps ever to arrive at it. Eneyc. Johnson. 3. In medicine, communication of disease by con- a Coxe. 4, A mode of cure by transplanting a disease into an animal or vegetable. by immediate contact. Coxe. AP-PROX/I-MA-TIVE, a. Approaching; that ap- proaches. Td. Encyc. AP- PULSE’, (ap-puls’,) ~ [lL appulsus, of ad and pello, to drive. 1. The act of striking against; as, in all conso- nants there is an appulse of the organs. Holder. 2. Arrival ; landing. Bryant. 3. In astronomy; the approach of any planet to a ap- conjunction w en the sun or a star. AP-PUL/SION, 7. moving Bede AP-PULS/IVE, Striking against; driving toward ; as, tite. aahiene influence of the planets. Med. Rep. The act of striking against by a AP-PULS/IVE-LY, adv. AP-PUR/TEN-ANCE, xn. So written for ArrertE- NENCE. Ca appartenance. See Appertarn.] That which belongs to something else ; an adjunct ; an appendage ; as, small buildings are the appurte- nances of a mansion. Appropriately, such buildings, rights, and improvements, as belong to land, are called the appurtenances. AP-PUR/TEN-ANT, a. Belonging to; pertaining to of right; as, aright of way appurtenant to land or By appulsion. buildings. Blackstone. In law, common appurtenant is that which is AVE annexed to land, and can be claimed only by pre- scription or immemorial usage, on a legal presump- tion of a special grant. Blackstone. A/PRLEATE, v.27. [Li apricor.] To bask in the sun. [Little used.] Ray A-PRIC/LTY, x. Sunshine. [Little used.] A/PRI-€OT, xn. Old orthography, apricock. [W. bricyllen; Arm. brigesen; Fr. abricot, whence the present orthography. Junius and Skinner allege that the Italians formerly wrote the word bericoco, berricoccoli. At present they write it albicocca, and the Spaniards albaricoque, which indicate the word to be formed of albus and coccus, white berry ; Sp. albar, white. But apricot seems to be formed from the old orthography. ] The fruit of the Armeniaca vulgaris, (a species arranged by Linneus in the genus Prunus ;) allied _ tothe plum, and of an oval figure and delicious taste. A/PRIL, x. [L. aprilis ; Fr. avril; Sp. abril; Ir. abrail ; Corn. ebril ; W. ebrill. The fourth month of the year. A/PRIL-FOOL, x. One who is sportively imposed upon by others on the first of April. A PREO!RI, {L.] Reasoning a priori is that which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from causes previously known. This is the reverse of a posteriort. Hedge. A!PRON, (a/purn,) n. [Ir aprun; a, or ag, and Celtic bron, the breast. | 1. A cloth or piece of leather worn on the fore part of the body, to keep the clothes clean, or defend them from injury. 2. The fat skin covering the belly of a goose. Johnson. 3. In gunnery, a flat piece of lead that covers the vent of a cannon. 4, In ships, a piece of carved timber, just above the foremost end of the keel. Mar. Dict. A platform, or flooring of plank, at the entrance of a dock, against which the dock-gates are shut. Enciyc. 6. A piece of leather or other thing to be spread be- fore a person riding in a gig, chaise, or sulky, to de- fend him from rain, snow, or dust. A'PRON-ED, a. Wearing an apron. Pope. A/PRON-MAN, zn. A man who wears an apron; a laboring man; a mechanic. AP/RO-POS, (ap/ro-po,) adv. pose. | ]. Opportunely ; seasonably. Warburton. 2. By the way; to the purpose ; a word used to introduce an incidental observation, suited to the occasion, though not strictly belonging to the narra- tion. APISIS, n.; pl. Ar’st-pes. [Gr. dis, connection, from amtw, to connect. ] . In ancient astronomy, the apsides were the two points, in the orbit of the sun or of a planet, at the ereatest and least distance from the earth; the most distant called the hiz cher or greater ; the least distant, the lower or lesser apsis ; and corresponding to the apogee and perigee. In modern astrononw, the apsides are those points, in the orbit of a primary planet, at the greatest and least distance from the sun; corre- sponding to the aphelion and the perihelion; also, those points, in the orbit of a secondary planet, at the greatest and least distance from its primary ; cor- responding g, in relation to the moon, to the apogee and perigee, and in relation to the s atellites of Jupiter, to the apojove and perijove. The line connecting these is called the line of the apsides. Mreyc. Meth. Ed. Encyc. 9, Apsis, or absis, is the arched roof of a house, rooms or oven; also the ring or compass of a wheel. . In ecclesiastical writer 's, an Inner part of a church, Rea a domed semicircular or polygonal termina- tion of the choir or aisles, where the altar was placed, and where the clergy sat. Also, the bishop’s seat or throne, in ancient churches; called also exedra and tribune. This same name was given to a reliquary or case in which the relics of saints were kept. Encyc. [Fr. @ and propos, pur- APT, a. [L. aptus, from apto, to fit; Gr. anra@, to tie; Sax. he Dp. ] 1. Fit; suitable ; as, he used very apt metaphors. as Ei wing a te ndency ; ; liable; wsed of things; as, wheat on moist land is apt to blast or be w inter- killed. 3. Inclined ; disposed customarily ; used of persons ; ag) men are too apt to slander others. Ready ; quick; used of the mental powers; as, a puri apt to learn ; ; an apt wit. . Qualified; fit. All the men of might, APT, v. t. To fit; to suit or adapt. Rose APT/A-BLE, a. That may be adapted. [Vot used.] Sherwood. AP’TATE, v. t. To make fit. [Jot used.] Bailey. AP’TER-A, 7. pl. Is a priv. and rrepoy, a wing. el A term applied to insects without wings. 8 Aptera, constituting the seventh order of insects in strong and apt for war. —2 Kings xxiv. Linneus’s system, “comprehend many genera. But TONE, BULL, UNITE — ANGER, VI'/CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH FH as in THIS. ad os aeA QU later zoologists have made a very different distribu- tion of these animals. : ‘ AP’/TER-AL, a. [Supra.] Destitute of wings. _ In architecture, without lateral columns ; applied to buildings which have no series of columns along their sides, but are either prostyle or amphiprostyle, and opposed to peripteral. : P. Cyc. ; AP’/TER-OUS, a. In zoology, destitute of wings; applied to insects of the order Aptera. fie 2. In botany, destitute of membranous expansions, as a stem or petiole ; opposed to alate. Brande. AP’TER-YX, n. [Gr. a neg. and zrepvé, a wing.] A bird of New Zealand, with only short rudiments of wings, armed with a claw, and without a tail. Partington. APT’I-TUDE, 7. [of aptus, apt.) _. : J. A natural or acquired disposition for a particular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect ; as, oil has an aptitude to burn; men acquire an aptr- tude to particular vices. 2. Fitness; suitableness. : ee 3. Aptness; readiness in learning; docility. APT-I-TU/DIN-AL, a. Containing aptitude. APT-I-TU'DIN-AL-LY, adv. In an aptitudinal man- ner. APT’LY, adv. In an apt or suitable manner; with just correspondence of parts; fitly ; properly ; justly ; pertinently ; readily. APT’/NESS, n. Fitness; suitableness ; as, the aptness of things to their end. 2. Disposition of the mind; propensity ; as, the aptness of men to follow example. : 3. Quickness of apprehension ; readiness in learn- ing; docility; as, an aptness to learn is more ob- servable in some children than in others. i 4, Tendency, in things; as, the aptness of iron to AP'TOTE, n. [Gr. a-priv. and trwots, case.] _[rust. In grammar, a noun which has no variation of termination, or distinction of cases; an indeclinable noun. AP/Y-REX-Y, n. [Gr. a priv. and rupecow, to be fe- verish, from mvp, fire.] The absence or intermission of fever. A-PY/ROUS, a. [Gr. arvpos, a priv. and zvp, fire.] Incombustible, or that sustains a strong heat with- out alteration of form or properties. Apyrous bodies differ from those simply refractory. Refractory bodies can not be fused by heat, but may be altered. Encyc. A/QUA, 7. [L. aqua; Sp. agua; Port. agoa ; It. acqua, Water; Arm. eagui, to water, or steep; Goth. ahwa, water; which in Saxon is reduced to ca; G. and D. el, in eiland; Fr. eau; W. gwy or aw; Ir. oig or oiche; Amh. ove. ] A Latin word, signifying water; much used in pharmacy, and the old chemistry, in various signifi- cations, determined by the word or words annexed. Aqua fortis, in the old chemistry, is now called nitric acid, Aqua marina, or aqua marie ; a name which jewel- ers give to the beryl, on account of its color. Aqua regia, in the old chemistry, is now called nitro-muriatic acid. ARA AQ/UB-DU€T, (ak/we-dukt,) x. [L. agua, water, and ductus, a pipe or canal, from duco, to lead. See Duke. ] A conductor or conduit of water, by means of pipes, or a canal or tunnel, or other channel, sup- ported by some structure. More particularly applied to the ancient structures, raised on one or more series of arches, and sustaining one or more channels, con- ducted on a slightly descending plane. These have been superseded, in a great measure, in modern times, by pipes following the inequalities of the ground, and conveying the water on the principle of hydrostatic pressure. This term is also applied to a structure, similar to the ancient aqueducts, for conveying a canal over a river or hollow ; more prop- erly called an aqueduct-bridge. A'/QUE-OUS, a. Watery; partaking of the nature of water, or abounding with it. 2. Made by means of water; as, an agucous solu- tion. Aqueous humor; in anatomy, one of the humors of the eye; a transparent, limpid fluid, occupying the space between the crystalline lens and the cornea, divided into two chambers by the iris. Wistar. A’QUE-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being watery ; waterishness ; wateriness. A'QUI-FORM, a. In the form of water. AQ/ULLA,n. [L., whence aquilinus ; from the Orient- al $py to be crooked. This bird is probably named from its curving beak.] In ornithology, the eagle. Also, a northern constel- lation, containing, according to the Britannic cata- logue, 71 stars. Encyc. A@Q’UL-LINE, (-lin or line,) a. [L. aguilinus. See AQUILA.] 1. Belonging to the eagle. 2. Curving; hooked ; prominent, like the beak of an eagle ; applied particularly to the nose. AQ/UI-LON, x. [L. aquilo.] The north wind. Shak. AQ-UI-TA’NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Aquitania, one of the great divisions of Gaul, which, according to Cesar, lay between the Garonne, the Pyrenees, and the ocean. In modern days, it has been called Gas- cony. The inhabitants, in Cesar’s time, spoke a dif- ferent dialect from that of the proper Celts, between the Garonne and Seine. This dialect bore an affin- ity to the Basque, in Biscay, to which they were contiguous ; and some remains of it still exist in the Gascon. Aquitania is the country of the Aqui; from the name of the people, with tan, a Celtic word, sig- nifying region or country. The Romans, either from their general usage, or from not understanding the Celtic tan, annexed another termination signifying country, za, the Ir. ai or avi, Heb. 18 ai, a settlement or habitation; Gr. aca, land, country ; Hindu, eya, the same. Cesar, Com. lib. i. 1. D?Anville. A. R. stand for anno regni, the year of the reign ; as, A. R, G. R. 20, in the 20th year of the reign of King George. AR‘AB, 7. [Literally, a wanderer or dweller in a des- ert.] A native of Arabia. AR’A-BESK, 2. The corrupt modern Arabic, as dis- tinguished from the pure old Arabic of the Koran. Aqua vite ; brandy, or spirit of wine. A-QUA/RI-AN, n. One of a sect of Christians, in the primitive church, who consecrated water in the eu- charist instead of Wine ; either under a pretense of abstmence, or because they thought it was unlawful to drink wine. Enciye. A-QUA/RI-UM, n. [L.] An artificial pond in gardens for rearing aquatic plants. Brande. A-QUa’RI-US, n. [L.] The Water-bearer; a sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters about the 2Ist of January ; so called from the rains which prevail, at that season, in Italy and the Bast. Also, a constel- Jation of the zodiac, containing, according to Flam- Stead, 108 stars, and, according to the P. Cyc., 152, The sign and the constellation originally coincided ; but from its recession, in consequence of the preces- Sion of the equinoxes, the sign now begins in the constellation of Capricorn. A-QUAT’IE, a. [L. aquaticus. See AQqua.] _ Pertaining to water: applied to animals which live In water, as fishes; or to such as frequent it; as, aquatic fowls. Applied to plants, it denotes such as frow In water. Aguatical is rarely used. A-QUAT’IE€, n. A plant which grows in water. as the flag. : AQ/UA-TILE, a. That inhabits the water. [ Rarely used. rown. A-QUA-TINT"A, a. [L. aqua, Water, and It. tinta, dye. See Tincture. |] : A method of engraving by aqua fortis, by which an effect is produced, resembling a drawing in water colors or Indian ink. This peculiar effect is produced by covering the plate, after the outlines of the design have been etched, with a granulated ground, which permits the acid to act only in the interstices of its grain, now formed by pouring over the plate, in an inclined position, a solution of resin in alcohol. Ori- ginally, the ground was formed by sifting over the plate a fine powder of resin,.or of resin and asphal- tum, and then heating the plate ; but this method is now obsolete. Cyc. [Mot in use. Guthrie. AK!A-BESQUE, (ar/a-besk) n. An ornament execu- ted in the Arabesque style. AR/A-BESQUE, a. [See Arasian.] In the manner of the Arabians; applied to paintings or ornaments consisting of imaginary foliage, stalks, plants, &c., in which there are no figures of men or animals. A-RA‘/BI-AN,a. Pertaining to Arabia. [ Encyc. A-RA'BLAN,n. A native of Arabia; an Arab. AR/A-BI€, a. Belonging to Arabia, or the language of its inhabitants. AR/A-BIE, x. The language of the Arabians. A-RAB/T€-AL-LY, adv. In the Arabian manner. AR/A-BISM, n. An Arabic idiom or peculiarity of lan- guage. Encyc. Stuart. AR/‘A-BIST, nm. One well versed in the Arabic lan- guage or literature. Encyc. ARA-BLE, a. [L. aro; Gr. apow, to plow ; Ir. arain.] Fit for plowing or tillage; hence often applied to land which has been plowed or tilled. AR/JA-BY, n. Arabia. A-RA€H/NLDAN, n. [Gr. apaxvn, a spider, and A-RA€CH/NELDA, n. pl. £(00s, form. ] Terms applied to a class of articulate animals, with legs, but without wings, including the spi- ders, mites, and scorpions; arranged by Linneus in the class Insecta, order Aptera, but differing from true insects by the absence of antenne, and by not undergoing metamorphosis. A-RA€H/NOID, a. [Gr. apaxvy,a spider, and erdos, form ; Heb. JN, to weave, that is, to stretch, to draw out; Eng. reach.] In anatomy, the arachnoid tunic or membrane (tu- mica arachnoida) is a very thin and delicate semi- transparent membrane, which is spread over the brain and the spmal cord between the dura mater and pia mater. The term was formerly applied, al- so, to the hyloid membrane, or membrane of the vit- reous humor of the eye, and to the capsule or proper coat of the crystalline. Milton. ARB nea) Was formerly used as synonymous with arach- noid. Cyc. Wistar. Parr. A-RACH/NOID, n. A species of madrepore, found fossil. Cye. A-RA€H-NOL/‘O-GIST, nm. One versed in Seach nology. A-RAC€H-NOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. apaxvn and Aoyos.] The science or history of spiders and other Arach- nida. AR-A-€HO'SIAN, a. Designating a chain of moun- tains which divide Persia from India. As. Researches. AR-AIGN’EE, (ar-ran/ya,)) mn. [Fr., a spider.] AR-RAIGN’, (ar-rain’,) In fortification, the branch, return, or gallery of a mine. Bailey. A-RAISH!, v.t Toraise. [Vot wsed.] Shak. AR-A-MA'I€, a. ARQ ades, and divisions, under proper officers. In gener- al, an army,in modern times, consists of infantry and cavalry, with artillery; although the union of all is not essential to the constitution of an army. Among savages, armies are differently formed. 2, A great number ; a vast multitude ; as, an army of locusts or caterpillars. Joel li. 25. : AR/NOLD-IST, 2». A disciple of Armold of Brescia, who, in the 12th century, preached against the Roman Catholic church, for which he was banished ; but he was afterward permitted to return. By his preaching, an insurrection was excited, for which he was condemned and executed. Encyc. AR/NOT, x. A name of the pignut or earthnut, a spe- cies of Carum, (Bunium, Linn.) __ AR-NOT’TO, 7. The Anotta; which see. Also, a tree so called. AR/NUTS, n. Tall oat-grass. A-RO/MA, n. [Gr- avwpa.] : The quality of plants, or other substances, which constitutes their fragrance, which is perceived by an agreeable smell, accompanied in some with a warm, spicy taste. : AR-O-MAT'TE, a. Fragrant; spicy; strong- AR-O-MAT‘I€-AL, scented ; odorifcrous ; having an agreeable odor, AR-O-MAT [€, n. A plant, drug, or medicine, char- acterizeu py a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste. Cyc. Parr. AR-O-MAT-I-ZA/TION, n. The act of impregnating or scenting with aroma, or rendering aromatic. A-RO/MA-TIZE, v. t To impregnate with aroma; to infuse an aromatic odor; to give a spicy scent or taste ; to perfume. ‘acon. A-RO'MA-TIZ-ED, pp. Impregnated with aroma; rendered fragrant. A-RO/MA-TIZ-ER, x. That which communicates an aromatic quality. Evelyn, A-RO'/MA-TIZ-ING, ppr. Rendering spicy; impreg- nating with aroma. A-RO'MA-TOUS, a. Containing aroma, or the princi- ple of fragrance. AR/OPH, x. [a contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A name by which saffron is sometimes called. Aroph Paracelsi, a chemical preparation of Paracel- sus, formed by sublimation from equal quantities of hematite and salammoniac. The term aroph is also used by the same writer as synonymous with lithon- tryptic, a solvent for the stone. Encyc. Coxe. A-ROSE!; the past or preterit tense of the verb to ARISE. A-ROUND’, prep. [aand round. See Rounp.] 1. About; on all sides; encircling ; encompassing. A lambent flame around his brows. 2. In a looser sense, from place to place; at ran- Dryden. dom. A-ROUND’, adv. Ina circle; on every side. 2. In a looser sense, at random; without any fixed direction ; as, to travel around from town to town. See Rounp. A-ROU/RA, n. [Gr.] A Grecian measure of fifty feet. Also, a square measure of half the plethron, or, ac- cording to Suidas, of a fourth part of a plethron. The Egyptian aroura was the square of a hundred feet, ora hundred cubits. Arbuth. Smith?s Dict. Al oti ot haratza, to stir, to excite. It is often contracted in- to rouse. It may be allied to D. raazen; G. brausen, to rage, to stir, bluster. Class Rs.] To excite into action that which is at rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion, that which is languid ; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dor: aant faculties. A-ROUS'ED, pp. Excited into action ; put in motion. A-ROUS'ING, ppr. Putting in motion ; Stirring ; ex- citing into action or exertion. A-ROW!, adv. [aandrow.] Inarow; successively. Sidney. Shak. A-ROYNT’, adv. Be gone; away. Obs. ] Shale. AR-PEG!'GI-O, (ar-ped’je-o,) n. [It., from arpa, a harp. ] In music, a term denoting that the notes of a chord are heard in rapid succession, and not simultaneous- ly ; or the striking the notes of a chord in quick suc- cession, in the manner of playing the harp. Trrk. P. Cyc. AR'PENT, n. [Fr. arpent; Norm. arpen. In Danes: day, it is written arpennus, arpendus, and arpent. Columella mentions that the arepennis Was equal to half the Roman juger. The word is said. by Scali- ger, to be derived from arpendium, i. e. arvipendium, or arvipennium, a cord for measuring land. Spelman. Lunier. | A portion of land in France, ordinarily containing one hundred square rods or perches, each of 18 feet. But the arpent is different in different parts of France. The arpent of Paris contains 900 square tolses. It is less than the English acre by about one seventh. Spelman. Encyc. Cowel. Arthur Young. AR-RAIGN’ED, pp. AR-RAIGN/ER AR-RAIGN/ING, ppr. AR-RANGEY, v. t. AR-RANGE’MENT', n. AR-QUE-BUS-ADE!, 2. A distilled water applied to ARR a bruise or wound ; so called because it was original- ly used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr. 2. The shot of an arquebuse. Ash. AR/QUE-BUSE, ] HAR/QUE-BUSE, gun or cannon. gun. A sort of hand-gun; a species of fire-arms, an- ciently used, which was cocked with a wheel. It carried a ball that weighed nearly two ounces. A larger kind, used in fortresses, carried a ball of Encyc. A soldier armed with an ar- three ounces and a half. AR-QUE-BUS-IER’, n. quebuse. AR/QUI-FOUX, (ir’ke-foo,) . A kind of lead ore, used by potters to give their wares a green varnish. McCulloch. A plant. [See Orracn.] AR-RACK’, nm. [contracted into rack.] A spirituous liquor from the East Indies. The name is said to signify, in the East, any spirituous liguor ; but that which usually bears this name is a liquor distilled from toddy, the juice of the cocoanut-tree, procured by incision. Some persons allege it to be a spirit dis- tilled from rice or sugar, fermented with the juice of the cocoanut. AR/RA-GON-ITE, zn. it was first observed. In mineralogy, carbonate of lime, crystallized in rhombic prisms, or in forms derived from the same. It differs from common carbonate of lime, or calcare- ous spar, in its crystallization ; the crystals of the lat- ter affording, by cleavage, a rhombohedron, and those of the arragonite a rhombic prism. It has also a great- er hardness, and a higher specific gravity than calca- reous spar. Dana. AR-RAIGN’, (ar-rane’,) v. t. [Norm. arraner, arrai- soner, and aresner, to put to answer, to arraign. The usual derivation of this word from Sax. wregan, ge- wregan, to accuse, is probably incorrect. It appears to be of Norman origin, and if s is radical, it coincides In origin with L. reus, contracted from the root of Tes. | 1. To call or set a prisoner at the bar of a court, to answer to the matter charged against him in an in- dictment or information. When called, the indict- ment is read to him, and he ig nut to plead, guilty or not guilty, and to elect by whom he will be tried. Blackstone. 2. According to law writers, to set in order; to fit for trial ; as, to arraign a writ of novel disseisin. To arraign the assize, is to cause the demandant to be called to make the plaint, and set the cause in order, that the tenant may be brought to answer. Covwel. 3. To accuse; to charge with faults. Johnson. More correctly, to call before the bar of reason, or taste ; to call in question, for faults, before any tri- bunal. AR/RACH, nz. from Arragon, in Spain, where They will not arraign you for want of knowledge. Dryden. AR-RAIGN’, (ar-rane’,) n. Arraignment; as, clerk of the arraigns. lackstone. Called before a tribunal to an- swer, and elect triers ; accused ; called in question. ,m One whoarraigns. Coleridge. Calling before a court or tribu- al ; accusing. nal ; g AR-RAIGN’MENT, n. [Norm. arresnement, arrayne- ment. | 1. The act of arraigning; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an ac- cusation, and to choose his triers. 2. Accusation. 3, A calling in question for faults. AR-RAI/MENT, n. [See Array.] Clothes; garments. We now use raiment. [Fr. arranger, of ad and ranger, to set in order; Arm. renega, rang, rank, a row Or line. See Ranx.] 1. To put in proper order ; to dispose the parts of a whole in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose ; as, troops arranged for battle. 2. To adjust; to settle; to put in order; to pre- pare: a popular use of the word, of very general appli- cation. AR-RANG/ED, (ar-ranjd’,) pp. Put in order ; disposed in the proper order ; adjusted. The act of putting in proper order; the state of being put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. That which is disposed in order ; system of parts disposed in due order. The interest of that portion of social arrangement is in the hands of all those who compose it. urke, 3. Preparatory measure; previous disposition ; as, we have made arrangements for receiving company. 4. Final settlement ; adjustment by agreement ; as, the parties have nade an arrangement between them- selves concerning their disputes: a popular use of the word. 5. Classification of facts relating to a subject, or of objects, in regular, systematic order; as, the Linne- an arrangement of plants. {[Fr. from argquer, to make crooked, and the T'eut. bus, a ipe, a gun; D. bus, a tube, pipe, gun; Sw. bossa, a pipe, ae : Hence the word signifies a hool- AR-REAR/AGE, 7. 5 a. AR-R ECT! ED, arrizo. AR-REN-TA/TION, n. ARR AR-RANG/ER, x. One that puts in order. AR-RANG/ING, ppr. Putting in due order or form ; adjusting. AR‘'RANT, a. [I su pose this to be a different spell- ing of Errant, which see.] Notorious, in an ill sense; infamous ; mere; vile; as, an arrant rogue or coward. AR/RANT-LY, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; in- famously ; impudently ; shamefully. AR/RAS, nz. said to be from Arras, the capital of Ar- tois, in the French Netherlands, where this article was manufactured. ] Tapestry ; hangings wove with figures. Shak. AR-RAUGHT’, (-rawt,) a. Seized by violence. Spenser. AR-RAY’, n. [Norm. araie, and arraer, arair, to array, settle, prepare ; ray, a robe, and the array or pannel of the jury; old Fr. arroi; [this is a word contract- ed ;] Ir. earradh, a suit of armor, furniture, accouter- ments, wares ; It. arredo, furniture, implements; rig- ging ; arredare, to prepare or equip; Arm. ,eiza, to put in order or arrange; Sp. arreo; Port. arreio, ar- reyo, array, dress ; Port. arrear, to dress. Class Rd, and allied to rod, radius, ray. The primary sense is to make straight or right. See Dress.] 1, Order ; disposition in regular lines ; as, an army in battle array. Hence, a posture of defense. 2. Dress ; garments disposed in order upon the per- son. Ty den. 3. In law, the act of impanneling a jury ; or a jury impanneled ; that is, a jury set in order by the sher- iff, or called man by man. Blackstone. Cowel. Commission of array, in English history, was acom- mission given by the prince to officers in every coun- ty, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them im a condition for war. Blackstone. AR-RAY’, v. t. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle. 2. To deck or dress ; to adorn with dress: applied especially to dress of a splendid kind. Array thyself with glory. — Job xl. Pharwoh arrayed Joseph with fine linen. —Gen. xli. 3. To set a jury in order for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. Cowel. 4. To envelop. In gelid caves with horrid glooms arrayed. Trumbull, AR-RAY’‘ED, (ar-rade’,) pp. Set in order, or in lines ; arranged in order for attack or defense; dressed ; adorned by dress ; impanneled, as a jury ; enveloped. AR-RAY’ER, n. One who arrays. In some early Eng- lish statutes, an officer who had care of the soldiers’ armor, and who saw them duly accoutered. In some reigns, commissioners of array were appoint- ed for this purpose. Encyc. AR-RAY‘ING, ppr. Setting in order; putting on splendid raiment; impanneling. AR-REAR’, adv. [Fr. arriére, behind. In some of its uses it has the sense of lower, inferior. [See Arri- ERE-BAN.] Sp. and Port. arriar, to lower sail ; Arm. reor, revr, or refr, the fundament; W. rhevyr, id., from rhev, thick. Lunier deduces arrear and arriere from L. ad and retro. But the derivation from the Celtic seems most probably correct. ] Behind ; at the hinder part. Spenser, In this sense obsolete. But from this use, we retain the word as a noun in the phrase in arrear, to signi- fy behind in payment. AR-REAR!’, n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due. It is generally used in the plural; as, the arrears of rent, wages, and taxes ; and supposes a part of the money already paid. [arrear and the common French termination age.] Arrears ; any sum of money remaining unpaid, af- ter previous payment of a part. A person may be in arrear for the whole amount of a debt; but arreurs and arrearage imply that a part has been paid. AR-RE€T’ L. arrectus, raised, erect, from See Reacn.] Erect; attentive; as a person listening. Akenside. Se: arrendar, to rent, to take by lease; of ad and reddo, to return. See Rent.] In the forest laws of England, a licensing the owner of land in a forest to inclose it with a small ditch and low hedge, in consideration of a yearly rent. Covel. AR-REP-TI//TIOUS, (ar-rep-tish’us,) a. [L. arreptus, of ad and rapio, to snatch. See Rapacrous.] 1. Snatched away. 2. {adand repo, to creep. See Creer.) Crept in privily. Johnson. Bailey. AR-REST’, v. t. [Fr. arréter, for arrester; Sp. arres- tar; It. arrestare; L. resto, to stop; W. araws, arosi, to stay, wait, dwell; Eng. to rest. See Rest. _1. To obstruct ; to stop; to check or hinder mo- tion ; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. 2. To take, seize, or apprehend by virtue of a war- rant from authority ; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. 3. To seize and fix; as, to arrest the eyes, or at- tention. The appearance of such a person in the world, and at such n period, ought to arrest the consideration o every thinking mind, Buckminster, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. — 70 alee TicatsAR-RIVE’, v. 7. ARR 4. To hinder or restrain ; as, to arrest the course of justice. AR-REST’, n. The taking or apprehending of a per- son by virtue of a warrant from authority. An ar- rest is made by seizing or touching the body. 2. Any seizure, or taking by power, physical or moral. 3. A stop, hinderance, or restraint. 4, In law, an arrest of judgment is the staying or stopping of a judgment after verdict, for causes as- signed. Courts have power to arrest judgment for intrinsic causes appearing upon the face of the rec- ord ; as when the declaration varies from the origi- nal writ; when the verdict differs materially from the pleadings ; or when the case laid in the declara- tion is not sufficient, in point of Jaw, to found an ac- tion upon. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment. Blackstone. 5. A mangy humor between the ham and pastern of the hind legs of a horse. Johnson. AR-REST-A/TION, n. The act of arresting; an ar- rest, or seizure. AR-REST’ED, pp. Seized; apprehended; stopped ; hindered ; restrained. AR-REST’ER, jn. One who arrests. In Scots law, AR-REST/OR, the person at whose suit an arrest- ment is made. AR-REST'ING, ppr. restraining. AR-REST/MENT, zn. A term, in Scots law, applied to persons or things. Applied to persons, it denotes, in criminal cases, the securing of a criminal until he undergoes trial, or finds caution or bail, and in some civil cases, the securing of a debtor, until he gives se- curity. Applied to things, it denotes the attachment, by a creditor, of the movable estate of a debtor, or the order of a judge, by which he who is debtor in a movable obligation to the arrester’s debtor, is pro- hibited to make payment or delivery, till the debt due to the arrester is paid or secured. The debtor, thus restrained, is called the arrestee. as the restrain- ing creditor is called the arrester. Ed, Encyc. AR-RET", (ar-ra',) n. (Fr. arrét; arrester, arréter, to detain, to fix, to determine. ]} A French word, signifying, 1. A judgment, decis- ion, or decree. Applied more particularly to the jndg- ments and decisions of courts and tribunals.’ Before the revolution, it denoted a judgment or decision of a sovereign court, such as the parliaments, chamber of accounts, court of aids, and some others, whose decisions were without appeal, and could be reversed only by their own act, or by the king or his council ; also, the decisions or decrees of the royal council, which were considered as a part of the French law. 2. An arrest or seizure of persons, or a seizure or at- tachment of goods ; corresponding to the Scotch law term arrestment, AR-RET’, v. t. To assign; to allot. [Obs.] Spenser. AR-RIDE’, v t. [L. arrideo.] To laugh at; to please well. Selzing; staying; hindering; [Wot in wse.] B. Jonson. AR-RIERE’, (ar-reer’,) n. [Fr. arriére. The last body of an army; now called Rear, which see. Arriere-ban ; the convocation, by the sovereign, of all his feudatories, to march in arms against the en- emy. Encyc. Meth. Ban and arriere-ban ; the assembly of the vassals and arriere vassals, convoked by the sovereign to march against the enemy. San refers to the fiefs immediately holding of the king; and arvriere-ban to the arriere fiefs, or those holding of the vassals. Ban signifies proclamation, and arriere-ban, arriere proc- lamation. ‘This word is used in the sense of the act of convoking ; as, the sovereign has the right of ban and arriere-ban;—of the duty of assembling when convoked ; as, subject to and exempt from the ban, &c. ;— the assembly or assembling ; as, to appear at the ban, &c. ;—and the body assembled, as muster of the ban, general of the ban. Encyc. Meth. Arriere-fee, or fief ; a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. Arriere vassal ; the vassal of a vassal. AR/RIS,n. {Fr. areste,aréte. In architecture, the edge formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved ; applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges, which separate the flutings in a Dorie column. Cle: AR-RIS/ION, (ar-rizh/un,) n. [L. arrisio.] The act of smiling. Ashe. AR-RIV/AL, n, The coming to, or reaching a place, from a distance, whether by water, as in its original sense, or by land. 2. The attainment or gaining of any object, by effort, agreement, practice, or study. 3. The person or thing arriving ; as, news brought by the last arrival. The next arrivals here will gladlier build their nests. Warner. AR-RIV/ANCE, x. Company coming. [Vot used.] Shak. 2. Arrival ; a reaching in progress. [Obs.] Brown. [Fr. arriver ; Arm. arrivont, arrivein; AR-RIV/ING, ppr. AR/RO-GANCE, n AR'RO-GAN-CY, n. Arrogance. AR/RO-GANT, a. AR/RO-GATE, v. t. AR!/RO-GA-TED, pp. AR/RO-GA-TING, ppr. AR-RO-GA'TION, n. AR’RO-GA-TIVE, a. AR-RON' DISSE-MENT, (-m&ng,) 7. AR-RO’SION, (ar-ro/zhun,) 2. AR'/ROW-GRASS, n. AR/ROW-HEAD, (-hed,) n. ters. AR/ROW-ROOT, n. It. arrivare; Sp. and Port. arribar; of ad and Fr. ARR me, the shore or sloping bank of a river; Sp. ribera; L. ripa; Sans. arivi. Yn Irish, airbhe is ribs. It appears that rib, rive, and ripa are radicallv one word; in like manner, costa, a rib, and coast, are radically the same. ] 1. Literally, to come to the shore, or bank. Hence, to come to or reach in progress by water, followed by at. ae arriwed at Havre de Grace, July 10, 1824. 2. To come to or reach by traveling on land; as, the post arrives at 7 o’clock. 3. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reason- Ing, or experiment; as, to arrive at an unusual de- gree of excellence or wickedness ; to arrive at a con- 4. ‘To happen or occur. [clusion. Happy ! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller. AR-RIVE’, vt Toreach. [JVot in use.] Shak. Coming to or reaching, by water or land ; gaining by research, effort, or study. [L. arrogantia, from arroga, to claim ; of ad and rogo, to beg, or desire; Fr. arro- gance; Arm. roguentez; Sp. and Port. arrogancia ; It. arroganza. See AKROGATE. ] The act or quality of taking much upon one’s self; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; conceitedness ; presumption. I will cause the arrogance of the proud to cease. —Isa. xiii. 1 Sam. i, Prov. viii [This orthography is less usual. Assuming ; making, or having the disposition to make exorbitant claims of rank or esti- mation; giving one’s self an undue degree of im- portance ; haughty ; conceited ; applied to persons. 2, Containing arrogance ; marked with arrogance ; proceeding from undue claims or self-importance ; applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions, or behavior. AR/RO-GANT-LY, adv. In an arrogant manner; With undue pride, or self-importance. AR/RO-GANT-NESS, zn. Arrogance. [Little used.] [L. arrogo, of ad and rogo; Fr. arroger; Sp. and Port. arrogar; It. arrogare. The primary sense of rogo, to ask, is to reach or stretch. } To assume, demand, or challenge more than is proper ; to make undue claims, from vanity or false pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings. Claimed by undue pretensions. Challenging or claiming more power or respect than is just or reasonable. The act of arrogating, or mak- ing exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Assuming, or making undue claims and pretensions. More. [Fr., from ar- rondir, to make round ; of ad and rond, round. ] Literally, a circuit, or district. As now used, in France, it denotes, especially, the immediate subdivi- sion of a department. The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments ; those, into arrondissements ; those, into cantons; and the latter, into communes. [L. arrodo.] . t. 1. To form into elementary sounds; to form into distinct syllables, or words ; as, to articulate letters or language. 2. ‘To draw up or write in separate particulars, [Vot used. ] Shak. 3. To treat, stipulate, or make terms. [JVot used.] Shak. 4. To joint. Smith. AR-TI€/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. 1. Uttered distinetly in syllables or words. 2. Jointed; having joints; as a plant or animal. AR-TI€/U-LATE-LY, adv. 1. With distinct utterance of syllables or words. 2. Article by article; in detail. Paley. AR-TI€/U-LATE-NESS, n. The quality of being articulate. AR-TI€!/U-LA-TING, ppr. lables or words. AR-TI€-U-LA'TION, nz. 1. In anatomy, the joining or juncture of the bones. This is of three kinds: Ist, diarthrosis, or a movable connection, including enarthrosis, or the ball and socket joint; arthrodia, which is the same, but more superficial ; ginglymus, or hinge-like joint; and tro- choid, or the wheel and axle: 2d, synarthrosis, im- movable connection, as by suture, or junction by serrated margins; harmony, or union by straiglit margins; and gomphosis, like a nail driven in a board, as the teeth in their sockets: 3d, symphysis, or union by means of another substance; as syn- chondrosis, union by a cartilage ; syssarcosis, union by muscular fibers; synneurosis, union by tendons; syndesmosis, union by ligaments; and synostosis, union by a bony substance. Quincy. Cuxe. 2. In botany, a term applied to the connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods; also, to the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize; and to the parts intercepted between the joints. Encyc. 3. The forming of words; a distinct utterance of syllables and words by the human voice, by means of closing and opening the organs. 4. A consonant ; a letter noting a jointing or closing of the organs. ART’LFICE, n. facio, to make. ] 1, Artful contrivance; an artful device, in a good or bad sense. corresponds with trick, or fraud. 2, Art; trade; skill acquired by science or prac- tice. [Wot used. | ART-IF'I-CER, n. [L. artifez, from ars and facio.] 1. An artist; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith or saddler. 2. One who makes or contrives; an inventor; as, an artificer of fraud or lies. Milton. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [JVot used. Ben Jonson. ART-I-FI//CIAL, (art-e-fish/al,) a. Made or contrived by art, or by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light; an artijicial magnet. 2, Feigned ; fictitious ; not genuine or natural ; as, artificial tears. 3. Contrived with skill or art. 4. Cultivated ; not indigenous; not being of spon- taneous growth ; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. Artificial arguments, in rhetoric, are arguments in- vented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. Artificial lines, on a sector or scale, are lines so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigo- nometry, navigation, &c. Artificial numbers ; the same with logarithms. Chambers. Encyc. ART-I-FI//CLAL/I-TY, n. The quality of being arti- ficial ; appearance of art, Shenstone. ART-LFI/’CIAL-LY, adv. By art, or human skill and contrivance; hence, with good contrivance ; With art or ingenuity. ART-I-FI/'CIAL-NESS, n. tificial. AR-TIL’/LE-RIST, n. A person skilled in gunnery. AR-TIL/LE-RY, 7. This word has no plural. [Fr. artillerie; It. artiglieria; Sp. artilleria. In Fr. ar- tilleur, artillier, is a matross ; Sp. artillar, to mount cannon. In Armoric, artillery is artilhiry, and an Uttering in distinct syl- [L. artifictum, from ars, art, and or ingenious In a bad sense, it The quality of being ar- by articulation or jointing. This articulation con- artist is artilher. In Norm. Fr. artillery 13 written articlarie. ‘The Armoric unites this word with art, , PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK — 72 oe ery aaARU artist, indicating that the primary sense is, instru- ments, things formed by art, or rather prepared by art, preparations. ] - In a general sense, offensive weapons of war. Hence it was formerly used for bows and arrows. And Jonathan gave his artillery to his lad. —1 Sam, xx. But in present usage, appropriately, 2. Cannon ; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, &c., with their furniture of car- riages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds, and also rockets and grenades. 3. In a@ more extended sense, the word includes the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of artillery. 4, The men who manage cannon and mortars, in- cluding matrosses, gunners, bombardiers, cannoniers, or by whatever name they are called, with the offi- cers and engineers, and the persons who supply the artillery with implements and materials. Encyc. o. The science of artillery and gunnery. Campbells Mil. Dict. AR-TIL’/LE-RY-MAN, rn. A man who manages a large gun in firing. ART/LSAN, x ([Fr., from L. ars. See Arr.] I, One trained to manual dexterity in any art, mystery, or trade. 2. A handcraftsman ; a mechanic. ARTIST, 2. [Fr. artiste; It. artista; from L. ars. See Art. ] 1. In @ general sense, one who is skilled in the practice of some art. Dryden. 2. Appropriately, in present usage, one wlio pro- fesses and practices one of the liberal arts, in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. It is thus that the artist is distinguished from the artisan, Who follows mechanically the rules of his handcraft or art. The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, engravers, and architects. ie Elmes. AR-TISTE’, (ar-teest!,) n. el A term of very ex- tensive application among the French, to denote one who is peculiarly dextrous and tasteful in almost any art, as an opera dancer, and even a hair-dresser or a cook This term should not be confounded With the English word artist. ART-IST/1€, a. [from artist.] Pertaining to an ART-IST/I€-AL, artist; made in the manner of an artist ; conformable to art ; regular. ART-IST/I€-AL-LY, adv. In an artistic manner. ART’LESS, a. Unskiilful; wanting art, knowledge, or skill. Dryden. 2. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem ; simple; sincere; unaffected; undesigning; as, an artless mind. 3. Contrived without skill or art; as, an artless taxe. ART’LESS-LY, adv. Without art or skill; in an art- less manner, 2. Without guile; naturally; sincerely ; unaffect- edly. Pope. ART/LESS-NESS, n. The quality of being void of art or guile ; simplicity ; sincerity ; unaffectedness. AR/TO-TY-RITE, n. [of Gr. apros, bread, and rupos, cheese. ] One of a sect of heretics, in the primitive church, who celebrated the eucharist with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men were not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. They _admitted females to the priesthood and episcopacy. Encye, ARTS/-MAN, 7. Alearned man. [ Obs.] Shak, AR-UN-DEL/IAN, a. Pertaining to Arundel; as, Arundelian marbles. The Arundelian marbles are ancient stones, containing a chronological detail of the principal events of Greece, fromm Cecrops, who lived about 1582 years before Christ, to the archon- ship of Diognetus, before Christ 264. The engraving was done in Paros, and the chronology is calied the Parian Chronicle. These stones are called Arundel- tan, from the earl of Arundel, who employed Wil- liam Petty to procure relics of antiquity in the Bast, in 1624. These, with other curiosities, were pur- chased, and by the earl’s grandson presented to the University of Oxford. Their antiquity and even their authenticity have been questioned. Eneyc. A-RUN-DIN-A/CEOUS, a, [L. arundo, a reed,] Pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane, AR-UN-DIN’E-OUS, a. Abounding with reeds. A-RU/RA,n. [Gr. apypa.] Literally, as authors sup- pose, a plowed field, According to Herodotus and Suidas, the arura of Egypt was a piece of ground fifty feet square. Others make it a square of 100 cubits; others of 100 feet. The Grecian arura was asquare measure of half the plethron. [See Aroura.] Encyc, Herod., Euterpe. A-RUS'PEX, n. [L.] A soothsayer. Dryden. A-RUS/PICE, n. Written also Harusprcy. [L. arusper, or haruspex, a soothsayer, or diviner, who attempted to foretell events by consulting the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. Qu, Teut, onf, yrs; Eta. OZE arwe, cattle, and L, specio, to view,] ASC A priest, in ancient Rome, whose business was to inspect the entrails of victims killed in sacrifice, and by them to foretell future events. A-RUS’PI-CY, x. The act of prognosticating by in- spection of the entrails of beasts slain in sacrifice. Butler. AR/VEL, x. A funeral. Grose. -— AS, (az,) adv. [Pers. een asa, like, similar, as; Gr. ws; Qu. Fr. aussi. But more probably the English Word is contracted from als, G. and D. It corre- sponds in sense with the Persian. ] 1. Literally, like; even; similar. ‘‘ Ye shall be as Gods, knowing good and evil.”? ‘As far as we can sce,”’ that is, like far, equally far. Hence it may be explained by in like manner; as, do as you afe commanded. 2. It was formerly used where we now use that. [ Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of ex- amination. Bacon. 3. It was formerly used for as if. [Obds.] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 4. While; during; at the same time. ‘‘ He trem- bled as he spoke.”? But in most of its uses, it is re- solvable into like, equal, even, or equally, in like man- mer. In some phrases, it must be considered a nom- inative word, or other words must be supplied. *¢ Appoint to office such men as deserve public con- fidence.”? This phrase may be elliptical for ‘‘such men as those who deserve public confidence.”? As seems, In some cases, to imply the sense of proportion. ‘‘In general, men are more happy, as they are less involved in public concerns.?? As, in a subsequent part of a sentence, answers to such; give us such things as you please; and ina preceding part of a sentence, has so to answer to it ; as With the people, so with the priest. AS,x. [L.] A Roman weight of twelve ounces, an- swering to the libra or pound. 2. A Roman coin, originally of a pound weight; but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and by the Papirian law, to half an ounce. It was originally stamped with the figure of a sheep, sow, or ox; and afterward with a Janus, on one side, and on the re- verse, a rostrum or prow of a ship. 3. An integer; a whole or single thing. Hence the English. ace. Hence the Romans used the word for the whole inheritance ; hwres ex asse, an heir to the whole estate. Eencyc. AS/A ; a corruption of /asar, an ancient name of a gum. Literally, the healer ; from the Hebrew asa, a physi- cian or healer. Parr. [See Oozer.] Encyc. AS-A-DUL/‘CIS ; the same as Benzorn, AS-A-FO&T’I-DA, ) 2. [asa gum, and L, fatidus, fet- AS-A-FET/I-DA, id. A fetid inspissated sap, from Persia and the East Indies. It is the concrete juice of a large umbellifer- ous plant, the Ferula assafetida, much used in med- icine, as an antispasmodic. Encyc. AS/A-RIN, n. A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europeum ; now called camphor of asarum. AS-BES/TI-FORM, a. Having the structure of as- bestus, AS-BES/TINE, a. [See Asnestus.] Pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature and qualities ; incombustible. AS-BES’TIN-ITE, n. [See Assestus.] The actino- lite or strahlstein. ‘ _ Kirwan. Calciferous asbestinite; a variety of actinolite, par- tially effervescing. Kirwan. AS-BES’TUS, ) x. [Gr. ac@cecros, inextinguishable ; AS-BES/TOS, : of u neg. and ofevyup., to extin- guish, ] A term applied to varieties of hornblende and py- roxene, occurring in long, delicate fibers; usually of a white or gray color, and also in compact fibrous masses and seams, of greenish and reddish shades, The finer varieties have been Wrought into gloves and cloth, which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen?s clothes. As- bestus is also employed in the manufacture of iron safes, and for lamp-wicks. Dana. Ligniform asbestus is a variety of a brown color, and of a slaty or splintery fracture, and if broken across, presents an lregular, filamentous structure, like wood. Kirwan. AS'BO-LIN, n. [Gr. ac oX7.] A yellow, oil-like matter, very acrid and bitter, ob- tained fram soot. AS/EA-RIS, 7z,.; pl. As-car't-pes. [Gr, In zoology, a genus of intestinal worms. The body is cylindrical, and tapering at the ends. AS-CEND’, v,7% [l. ascendo, from scando, to mount or climb; W. esgyn, to rise 3 cyn, first, chief. It has the same elements as begin. 1, To moye upward; to mount; to go up; fo rise, Whether in alr or water, or upon 4 material object. AS-CEND’, v. t. To go or moye upward upon; as, to AS-CEND/A-BLE, a. That may be ascended. S-CEND/ANT, n. Superiority, or commanding in- AS-CEND/ANT, a. Superior ; predominant ; surpass- AS-CEND’/ED, pp. or a. Risen; mounted up; gone AS-CEND/EN-CY, 7. Power; governing or controll- AS-CEND/ING, ppr. ora. Rising ; moving upward ; AS-CEN/SION, (as-sen/shun,) 2, [IL ascensio.] AS-CEN/SION-DAY, n, A festival of some Christian AS-CEN/SIVE, a Rising; tending to rise, or caus- AS-CENT’, n. [L, ascensus.] ASC / 2. To rise, in a figurative shnse ; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, &c. 3. To proceed from modern’ to ancient times; to recur to former ages ; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity. ie 4, In a corresponding sense;'to proceed in a Jine toward ancestors ; as, to astend to our first pro- genitors. bo o. To rise, as a star; to proceed or come above the horizon. a tle 6. In music, to rise in ¥ocal utterance; to pass from any note to one more;acute. ascend a hill or ladder ;-—,-or.to climb; as, to ascend a tree, fluence ; as, one man has the ascendant over another. 2. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy, or degrees of kindred ; sopposed to descendant. 3. Hight; elevation.’ 4f Little used. ] Temple, 4. In astrology, the horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which rises above the horizon at the time of one’s birth; supposed’to have influence on a per- son’s life and fortune! Encyc. That one of the ftvelve houses of heaven, which at any time is abot fo rise; called also the jirst house. That point ifthe ecliptic, included in it, which is just rising, is called the horoscope, and the planet, or other heavenly body, which rules in the house, is called lord of the ascendant. ‘The ascendant is considered the strongest house, and is supposed to exercise an especial influence on the fortune of a person born at the time. RP. Cyc. Hence the phrases to be in the ascendant, denoting. to have commanding power or influence, and lord of the ascendant, denoting one who has_ possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. ing. 2. In astrology, above the horizon. to heaven. ing influence. Custom has an ascendency over the understanding, Watts. proceeding from the less to the greater; proceeding from modern to ancient, from grave to more acute, A star is said to be ascending, when rising above the horizon, in any parallel of the equator. Ascending latitude, is the latitude of a planet, when moving toward the north pole, Ascending node, is that point of a planet’s orbit, wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Ascending vessels, in anatomy, are those which carry the blood upward or toward the superior parts of the body. 1, The act of ascending; arising. It is frequently applied to the visible elevation of our Savior to heaven. 9, The thing rising, or ascending. [JVot author- ized. | ‘ i 3. In astronomy, ascension is either right or oblique. Right ascension of the sun, or of a star, is that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with the sun or star, in a right sphere ; or the are of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the sun or star. Oblique ascension, is an arc of the equator, mtercept- ed between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; oy the are of the equator inter- cepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star Johnson, Brande, churches, held ten days, or on the Thursday but one, before Whitsuntide, in commemoration of our Savior’s ascension into heaven, after his resurre¢- tion; called also Holy Thursday. Ascensional difference, is the difference between the right and oblique ascension of the same point on the surface of the sphere. Chambers. ing to rise, Journ. of Science. l, The act of rising; motion upward, whether in air, water, or other fluid, or on eleyated objects ; rise; amounting upward ; as, the dscent of vapors from the earth 2, The way by which one ascends ; the means of ascending. Bacon. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4, The degree of elevation of an object, or the an- gle it malges with a horizontal] line; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees. : 5, Acchivity ; the rise of a hill; as, a steep ascent. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G@ as J; S as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 10 73 Silica NS5 a a ETT ASH ASI ASL certainty. ] cision, by removing obscurity or ambiguity. The divine law ascertains the truth. Flooker. purity of a metal. E 2 ; 3. To make sure by previous measures. [ Unusual.] Lords, persuaded the queen to create twelve new ee ae 4, lo make certain or confident, followed by an objective and of; as, to ascertain us of the goodness of our work. [Unusual.] _ ‘ Dryden. 5. To fix; to establish with certainty ; to. render invariable, and not subject to will. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and mexsure of taxation. ibbon. AS-CER-TAIN/A-BLE, a. That may be made cer- tain jn fact, or certain to the mind; that may be certainly known, or reduced to a certainty. re Kerr’s Lavoisier. AS-CER-TAIN’ED, pp. Made certain ; defined ; es- tablished ; reduced to a certainty. ' AS-CER-TAIN’ER, 2. The person who ascertains or makes certain. , AS-CER-TAIN’‘ING, ppr. Making certain ; fixing ; establishing; reducing to a certainty ; obtaining certain knowledge. ae AS-CER-TAIN’MENT, 2. The act of ascertaining ; a reducing to certainty ; certainty ; fixed rule. Swift. -CES/SAN-CY BRIGRIC AES >> See Acescency, AcEScENT. AS-CET’I€, a. [Gr. acxnros, exercised, hardened ; from acxéw, to exercise. ] Reured from the world; rigid; severe ; austere ; unduly rigid in devotions and mortifications. AS-CET’TE, n. 1. In the early church, one who retired from the customary business of life, and devoted himself to the duties of piety and devotion ; a hermit ; a recluse. 2. One who practices undue rigor and self-denial in religious things. 3. The title of certain books on devout exercises J as, the Ascetics of St. Basil. AS-CET’I-CISM, n. The state or practice of ascetics. Bib. Repos. AS/CL-T, mn. pl. [lL ascit, from Gr. a priv. and AS‘CI-ANS, oxta, a shadow.] Persons, who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon. Such are the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, at times, a vertical sun. Bailey. AS'CI-TANS, n. pl. [Gr. ackus, a bag or bottle of skin. ] A sect or branch of Montanists, who appeared in the second century. They introduced into their as- Semblies certain bacchanals, who danced around a bag or skin distended with air, in allusion to the bottles filled with new wine. Matt. ix. Encyc. AS-CI/TES, n. [Gr. acxos, a bladder. ] Dropsy of the belly; a tense, equable swelling of the belly, with fluctuation, from a collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the peritoneum. AS-CIT’IE, a Belonging to an ascites ; dropsi- AS-CIT’I€-AL, cal; hydropical. AS-CI-TI’TIOUS, (as-si-lish/us,) a, [L. ascitus ; Low - ascititius ; from ascisco, to take to or associate. Additional ; added ; Supplemental; not inherent or original. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope. AS-€LE/PI-AD, n. in ancient poetry, 2 verse of four feet, the first of which is a spondee, the second a choriamb, and the last two dactyls ; or.of four feet and a cwsura, the first a spondee, the second a dac- tyl, then the cesura, followed by two dactyls ; as, Mecé | nas 4t4 | vis | edite | régibis. Encye. AS-€RIB/A-BLE, a. [See Ascrisge.] That may be ascribed or attributed. AS-€RIBE!, v. t. [L. ascribo, of ad and scribo, to write ; Eng. scrape, 1. To attribute, impute, or set to, as to a cause LO refer an effect to its Cause ; as, losses are often to be ascribed to imprudence. 2, To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance ; to consider or allege to belong; as, to ascribe perfec- ion to God, or imperfection to man. Job xxxvi. Ps. Ixviii. 1 Sam. xviii, AS-€RIB/ED, PP. Attributed or imputed ; considered or alleged, as belonging. AS-€RIB/ING, ppr. Attributing ; imputing ; alleg- ing to belong. AS-€RIP/TION, (as-krip’/shun,) 7. The act of as- cribing, imputing, or affirming to belong. — AS-CRIP-TI/TIOUS, a. That. is ascribed. This word was applied to villains under the feudal sys- tem, who were annexed to the freehold and trans- ferable with it. Spelman. Lib. Niger Scaccarii, A-SEX!/U-AL, a. Having no distinct sex. AS-CER-TALN’, v. t. [from the L. ad certum, toa 1, To make certain; to define or reduce to pre- 2. To make certain, by trial, examination, or ex- periment, so as to know what was before unknown ; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the A-SHAME!, v.t. To shame. [Not used. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority in the House of 4-SI-AT'I€, n. A native sia. ASH, n. [Sax. esc; Dan. ask; Germ. esche; D. A-SI-AT/1-CISM, n. Taner 1. The popular name of different species of trees of the Linnwan genus Frazinus. The common Eu- ropean ash is the &, excelsior. 2. The wood of the ash-tree. ASH, a. Pertaining to or like the ash ; made of ash. ASH, v. t. To strow or sprinkle with ashes; as, to ash the hair. Hovwel. 2. To strow with ashes for the purpose of manure, A-SHAM/ED, a. [roe Sax. gescamian or ascamian, to be ashamed, to blush, from scama, shame ; originally a participle. See SHame. 1. Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction of some criminal action or in- fecorous conduct, or by the exposure of some gross error or misconduct, which the person is conscious must be wrong, and which tends to impair his honor or reputation. It is followed by of: Thou shalt remember thy ways, and be ashamed. —Ex. xvi. Israel shall be ashamed of his own counsel. — Hosea xx. 2. Confused by a consciousness of guilt or of in- feriority, by the mortification of pride, by failure or disappointment. They shall be greatly ashamed that trust in images. — Isa. xlii. hls adjective always follows its noun.) A-SHAM’ED-LY, adv. Bashfully. [Wot used.) ASH’€0L-OR-ED, a. Of a color between brown and gray. Woodward. ASH'EN, a. [See Asu.] Pertaining to ash; made of ASH/ER-Y, n. [ash. 1. A place where ashes are deposited. 2. A place where potash is made. ASH/ES, n. pl. without the singular number. {Sax, asca; Goth. azga; D. asch; G. asche; Sw. aska: Dan. aske; Basque, auscua.] 1. The earthy particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. The remains of the human body when burnt. Hence, figuratively, a dead body or corpse. 3. In Scripture, ashes is used to denote vileness meanness, frailty, or humiliation. I, who am but dust and ashes. —Gen. xviii. I abhor myself, and repent in dust and ashes. —Job xiii. Volcanic ashes; the loose, earthy matter ejected by volcanoes. ASH’-FIRE, x. A low fire used in chemical oper- ations. ASH/-HOLE, n. A repository for ashes ; the lowest part of a furnace. ASH’LAR, } n. In architecture, a facing made of squared ASH’LER, stones ; or a facing made of thin slabs, used to cover walls of brick or rubble. The term has also been applied, in England, to common or free stones as they are brought from the quarry. Gwilt. ASH’LER-ING, n. Quartering for lathing to, in gar- rets, two or three feet high, perpendicular to the floor, and reaching to the under side of the rafters. A-SHORE’, adv. [a, at, or on, and shore, See SHORE. } I. On shore; on the land adjacent to Water; to tiie shore ; as, bring the goods ashore. 2. On land, opposed to aboard ; as, the captain of the ship remained ashore. > 1, On or to one side; out of a perpendicular or straight direction. 2, Ata little distance from the main part or body Thou shalt set aside that which is full. —2 Kings iv. 3. From the body; as, to put or lay aside a gar ment. John xiii. 4, From the company; at a small distance, or in private ; as when speakers utter something by them selves, upon the stage. 5. Separate from the person, mind, or attention 5 in a state of abandonment. Let us lay aside every weirht. — Heb. xii. 6. Out of the line of rectitude or propriety, in a moral view. They are all gone aside. —Ps. xiv. 7. In a state of separation to a particular use; as, to set aside a thing for a future day. To set aside, in judicial proceedings, is to defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of a superior tribunal ; as, to set aside a verdict ora judgment. AS-IN-E/GO, n. [Sp. asnico, a little ass.] A foolish fellow. Mason. AS'I-NINE, rarely AS/I-NA-RY, a. [L. asinus; W. asyn, the ass. Belonging to the ass; having the qualities of the ass. ASK, v.t [Sax. ascian, acsian, or arian; D. eischen ; G. heischen; Ir. ascaim; Gr. atitow. Qu. Eth. ANT asku, to pray or beseech. In former times, the English word was pronounced az, as in the royal style of assenting to bills in parliament. ‘Be it as it is axed.” In Calmuc, asoc signifies to inquire. The sense is to urge or press. 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words ; to pe- tition ; with of, in the sense of from, before the per- son to whom the request is made. Ask counsel of God. — Judges xviii. 2. To require, expect, or claim. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. — Juke xii. 3. To interrogate, or inquire ; to put a question, With a view to an answer. He is of are, ask him. — John ix. 4. To require, or make claim. Ask me never so much dowry. —Gen. xxxiy, Dan. ii. 5. To claim, require, or demand, as the price or value of a commodity ; to set a price ; as, what price do you ask 2 6. To require, as physically necessary. An exizence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a de- sign to maturity. Addison. This sense is nearly or entirely obsolete ; ask being superseded by require and demand. 7. To invite ; as, to ask guests to a wedding or en- tertainment ; ask my friend to step into the house. ASK, v.7. To request or petition, followed by for ; as, ask for bread ; or without for. 3. On the ground; as, the ship was driven ashore. ASH’/-PAN, n. A pan beneath a grate or furnace to receive ashes. ASH/TO-RETH, 7. {[Heb.] A goddess of the Si- donians and Philistines, the same as the Venus of the Romans. ASH’/-TUB, n. A-tub to receive ashes. ASH-WEDNES/DAY, (ash-wenz/de,) n. The first day of Lent ; supposed to be so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of sprinkling ashes, that day, on the heads of penitents, then admitted to penance. ASH’-WEED, n._ A plant, the small wild angelica, goutwort, goats-foot, or herb-gerard, a species of the genus Augopodium. ASH/Y, a. 1. Belonging to ashes, 2. Ash-colored ; pale; inclining to a whitish gray. Shak. 3. Made or composed of ashes; as, the ashy womb of the phenix. Milton. 4. Filled or strowed with ashes; as, ashy hairs. Chaucer. ASH/Y-PALE, a. Pale as ashes. Shak A’/SIA, n. One of the four quarters of the globe. [A name originally given to Asia Minor or some, part of it; perhaps from the Asses, Ases, or Osses, about Mount Taurus. Mallet, North. Ant. i. 60. Pliny. ] A'SIAN, a. Pertaining to Asia. Dryden. Mitford. A/SI-ARE€H, (a/she-4rk,) m. [Asia and apxos, chief. } A term applied to the chiefs or pontiffS of Procon- sular Asia, who had the superintendence of the _ public games. Acts xix, Milner. A-SI-AT’I€, (a-she-at/ik,) a. Belonging to Asia; a Enceyc. of Constantinople and the Arabian Gulf to the Pa- was originally appropriated to what is now Asia Minor, or rather a part of it. Imitation of the Asiatic manner. essche ; Russ, yasen.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M 74 A-SIDE’, adv. [aand side. See Sipe. ] eA RT ——————————_ ASIVING, ppr. or a, Requesting ; petitioning ; inter- quarter of the globe which extends from the Strait | A-SLAKB’, v. t. (Sax aslacian. See Srack.] cific Ocean onthe cast. It is probable the name AS-LA’NI, n. A Turkish silver coin worth from 115 A-SLANT’, a. or adv. [aand slant. See Sen Ask, and it shall be given you. — Matt. vii. 2. To inquire, or seek by request ; sometimes fol- lowed by after. Wherefore dost thou ask after my name? — Gen. xxxii. This verb can hardly be considered as Strictly in- transitive, for some person or object is always: understood. Ask is not equivalent to demand, claim, and require, at least in modern usage; much less is it equiva- lent to beg and beseech. ‘The first three words, de- mand, claun, require, imply a night, or supposed right, in the person asking, to the thing requested ; and beg and beseech imply more urgency than ask. Ask and request imply no right, but suppose the thing de- sired to be a favor. The French demander is cor- rectly rendered by ask, rather than by demand. AS-KANCE!,) ado. [D. schuins, slopingly.] Side- AS-KANT’, $ ways; obliquely ; toward one cor- ner of the eye. Milton. Dryden. ASKED, pp. Requested ; petitioned ; questioned ; in- ASK’ER, 7. [terrogated. __ 1. [from ask.] One who asks; a petitioner; an Inqnirer. 2. A water newt, Johnson. A-SKEW!, adv [G. schief; Dan. shiev; D. scheef, awry, crooked, oblique. With a wry look; aside; askant ; sometimes in- dicating scorn, or contempt, or envy. Spenser. rogating ; inquiring. 2. Silently expressing request or desire. Explain the asking eye. Pope. To remit ; toslacken. [ot in use. | Spenser. to 120 aspers. Encyc. On one side; obliquely ; not perpendicularly or with a right angle. ETE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. The shaft drove through his neck as/ant, Dryden.ASP ASP ASLEEP’, a. or adv. to sleep. } 1. Sleeping ; in a state of sleep; at rest, Sisera was fist asleep. — Judes iv. 2. To a state of sleep ; as, to fall asleep. 3. Dead ; in a state of death. Concerning them who are asleep, sorrow not, —1 Thess. iv. 4, To death. Por since the fathers fell asleep, all things continue. —2 Pet. iii. A-SLOPE’, a. or adv. [aand slope. See Srorz.] right direction. Set them not upright, but aslope. _ Bacon. A-SLUG/, adv. In asluggish manner. [Jot used. ] Fotherby. AS-MO-NE/AN, a. family that reigned over the Jews 126 years. AS-MO-NE/AN,n. One of the family of Asmoneus. A-SO'/MA-TOUS, a. (Gr. u priv. and cwya, body.] Without a material body ; incorporeal. edd. ASP, n. [L. aspis; Gr. agtis, around shield and ASP'TE, | an asp; supposed to be from Heb. and this serpent, with his head elevated in the center, like the boss of a buckler.] A small, poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, Whose bite occasions inevitable death, but without pain. It is said that the celebrated Cleopatra, rather than be carried a captive to Rome by Augustus, suf- fered death by the bite of the asp; but the fact has been qnestioned.. Authors are not agreed, to what species the asp of the ancients should be referred. Bruce thinks it the Coluber cerastes, Linn. Cuvier considers it the Coluber haje, Linn. AS-PAL'’A-THUM, x. the agallochum or aloes-wood ; also, the rose-wood, (Lignum Rhodium.) Parr. Gye, AS-PAL/A-THUS, nm 1. A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the natural order FPabacew, (class De- candria, Linn.) The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. 2. A plant, called rose of Jerusalem, or our lady’s TOSe. 3. The rose-wood, (Lignum Rhodium,) a fragrant wood, yielding an essential oil with the odor of roses; furnished by two species of Convolvulus, (C. floridus and C. scoparvus,) natives of the Cana- ries. Parr. iCic: AS-PAR/A-GIN, n. A crystallized substance, first dis- covered in the juice of asparagus, the precise nature of which is not settled. AS-PAR-AG/ILN-OUS, a. Properly, allied to the aspar- agus; but in Aorticulture, denoting plants whose tender shoots are eaten, like those of asparagus. Brande. AS-PAR‘A-GUS, n. [L. and Gr. 5; probably from oravatoa), to tear, from its lacerated appearance, or from the root of oméiwa, a spire, from its stem.] The name of a genus of plants and also the com- mon name of one of its species, cultivated in gar- dens, called otherwise sparagus, sparage, and vulgar- ly sparrow-grass. This has an upright, herbaceous stalk, bristly leaves, and equal stipulas. The roots have a bitterish, mucilaginous taste; and the stalk is, in some degree, aperient and deobstruent, but not very efficacious. AS-PAR/TATE, n. Any compound of the aspartic acid with a salifiable base. AS-PAR/TIE ACID, n. A concrete or crystalline acid, obtained from asparagus, and composed of car- bon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. AS/PE€T, x. [L. aspectus, from aspicio, to look on, of ad and specio, to see or look.] 1. Look; view; appearance to the eye or the mind; as, to present an object or a subject in its true aspect, or under a double aspect. So we say, public affairs have a favorable aspect. 2. Countenance; look, or particular appearance of the face ; as, a mild or severe aspect. 3. Look; glance; act of seeing. now unusual. | 4, Position or situation with regard to seeing, or that position which enables one to look in a particu- Jar direction ; or, in a more general sense, position in relation to the points of the compass ; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces or looks to the south. 5. In astrology, the situation of one planet with respect to another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from two planets, and meeting at the eye. The aspects are five ; sextile, when the planets are 60° distant ; quartile, or quadrate, when their distance is 90°, or the quarter of a circle ; trine, when the distance is 120°; opposition, when the dis- tance is 180°, or half a circle; and conjunction, when they are in the same degree. [This sense is {@ and sleep, or Sax. geslapan, With leaning or inclination ; obliquely ; with de- clivity or descent, as a hill; declining from an up- Pertaining to Asmoneus, the father of Simon, and chief of the Asmoneans, a Ch. 55x, to gather in, or collect; from the coil of The calambac, a variety of AS-PE€T’ED, a. Having an aspect. [WVot used.] B. Jonson. [JVot wsed.] AS-PE€’TION, x. The act of viewing. Es Brown. ASP/EN,) 2. [D. espe; G. aspe, espe; Sax. espe; Sw. ASP, asp; Dan. @sp; Qu. from the Ar. -” -” - CRAasS khashafa, to be agitated.] A species of the poplar, so cailed from the trem- bling of its leaves, which move with the slightest Impulse of the air. Its leaves are roundish, smooth, and stand on long, slender foot-stalks, ASP’EN, a. Pertaining to the aspen, or resembling it ; made of aspen wood. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. AS’PER, a. [l. See Asrerate.] Rough; rugged. [ Little used.] Bacon. AS/PER, n. [L. aspiro, to breathe.] In grammar, the Greek accent, importing that the letter over which it is placed ought to be aspirated, or pronounced as if the letter 4 preceded it. Encyc. AS'/PER, x. A Turkish coin, of which three make a medine. Its value is about a cent and 12 decimals. AS/PER-ATE, v. t. [L. aspero, from asper, rough. ] To make rough or uneven. Boyle. AS’PER-A-TED, pp. Made rough or uneven. AS-PER-A'TION, xn. A making rough. AS-PER-GIL/LUS, n. The brush used, in the Roman Catholic church, for sprinkling holy water on the people. AS-PER-GOIRE!, n. [Fr. aspersoixr.] A sprinkling with holy water. AS-PER-L-FO/LLATE, a. Solium, a leaf. Having rough leaves. The term asperifoliate (L. asperifolie) has been ap- plied, by different botanists, to a natural family of plants, characterized by a monopetalous corolla, usu- ally with four divisions, an ovary deeply four-cleft, formerly regarded as four naked seeds, and alternate leaves, rough to the touch, whencethe name. These plants constitute the forty-first order in Linneus’s fragments of a natural method, and aiso form a di- vision in the methods of Hermann, Boerhaave, and Ray. They now form the natural order Boraginace. AS-PER-I-FO’/LI-OUS, a. Having leaves rough tothe touch. [See the preceding word. AS-PER/I-TY, n. . asperitas, from asper, rough.] 1. Roughness of surface ; unevenness ; opposed to smoothness. Boyle. 2. Roughness of sound; that quality which grates the ear; harshness of pronunciation. Warton, 3. Roughness to the taste ; sourness. 4. Roughness or ruggedness of temper; morose- ness ; sourness ; crabbedness. Rovers. 5. Sharpness. Berkeley. A-SPERM/OUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and oreppa, seed.] In botany, destitute of seeds. AS-PER-NA’/TION, x. Disregard ; contempt. AS’PER-OUS, a. [L. asper, rough. ] [l. asper, rough, and Rough ; uneven. Boyle. AS-PERSE’, (as-pers’,) v.t. [L. aspergo, aspersus, of ad = ac and spargo, to scatter; Ar. ey faraga, to split, divide, scatter. See Class Brg.] 1. To bespatter with foul reports or false and in- jurious charges ; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate ; as, to asperse a poet or his writings ; to asperse a character. 2. To cast upon. Heywood. AS-PERS/ER, n One that asperses or vilifics an- other. AS-PER/SION, 2. A sprinkling, as of water or dust, in a literal sense. Shak. 2. The spreading of calumnious reports or charges, which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny; censure. Bp. Hall AS-PERS/O-RY, a. Tending to asperse; defamatory. AS-PHALT’ = AS-PHALT/UM, {7% [G- aggarzos.] Bitumen Judaicum, Jew’s pitch; a smooth, hard, brittle, black or brown substance, which breaks with a polish, melts easily when heated, and when pure, burns without leaving any ashes. It has little taste, and scarcely any smell, unless heated, when it emits astrong smell of pitch. Itis found in a soft or liquid state on the surface of the Dead Sea, which, from this substance, is called 4sphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in the earth, in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. Formerly, it was used for embalming dead bodies ; the solid asphalt- um is still employed in Arabia. Egypt, and Persia, instead of pitch, for ships; and the fluid asphaltum is used for varnishing, and for burring in lamps. It is also used for pavement in streets. A species found in Neufchatel is found excellent as a cement for walls and pavements ; very durable in air, and not penetrable by water. A composition of asphalt- um, lamp-black, and oil of spike, or turpentine, is used Encyc. Brande. AS/PE€T, v. t. Tobehold. [JVot used. ]} Temple. AS-PECT/A-BLE, a. That may be seen. [Votused.] Raleigh. for drawing black figures on dial plates, Nicholson. ASP AS-PHALT'I€, a. Pertaining to asphaltum, or con- taining it; bituminous. Wilton. AS-PHALT/ITE, a. Pertaining to or containing as- phaltum. Bryant. Wilford. AS-PHALT’US, rn. Asphaltum. Naphtha and Asphaltus. Milton. AS’/PHO-DEL, n. [L. asphodelus; Gr. acdodedos See Theoph. lib. 7. Plin. lib. 21.17. Perhaps it is from the root of spud; Dan. spyd: Sw. spiut; Ice. spioot, a spear, from the shape of its leaves. ] The coinmon name of different species of the genus Asphodelus ; cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. ‘The ancients planted asphodels near graves, to supply the manes of the dead with nourishment. Eneiyc. Johnson. AS-PHU-RE-LA’TA, n. [Gr. a priv. and cgupa, a hammer; not malleable. A series of semimetallic fossils, fusible by fire, and In their purest state not malleable. In their native state, they are mixed with sulphur and other adven- titious matter, in the form of ore. Under this de- nomination are classed bismuth, antimony, cobalt, zinc, and quicksilver. Coze. Encyec. AS-PHYX‘I-A, } x. (Gr. acdvfca, of a priv. and agus, AS-PHYX/Y, § pulse.] Originally, want of pulse, or cessation of the mo- tion of the heart and arteries ; as now used, apparent death, or suspended animation, particularly from suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespi- rable gases; recently applied also to the collapsed state, in cholera, with want of pulse. ASP/I€, x. The asp; which see. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a twelve pound shot. ASP/I€, n. [Fr.] A plant growing in France, a species of lavender, (Lavandula spica,) which resembles the common kind (Z. vera) in the blue color of its flowers, and in the figure and green color of its leaves. It is called male lavender, spica nardi, and pseudo-nardus. The oil of this plant, called ol of spike, or oil of aspic, is used by painters, farriers, and other artificers. It is very inflammable, of a white color, and aromatic. ficholson. FHourcroy. AS-PIR‘/ANT, a. Aspiring. AS-PIR/ANT, n. [See Asprre.] One who aspires, breathes after, or seeks with eagerness. Faber. 2. A candidate. Hurd. AS’/PLRATE, vw. ¢. Be aspiro, to breathe or blow ; Gr. aoratpw, to palpitate; from spiro and cra:ow ; er ee Ar. ye safara, to hiss, or make a hissing by blow- ing on a wind instrument. See Srire, Srrrit.] To pronounce with a breathing or full emission of breath. We aspirate the words horse and house. Dryden. AS/PI-RATE, v. 7. To give or impart a strong breath- ing ; as, the letter h aspirates. Dryden. AS'PI-RATE, n. PP terest; joined. AS-SO'CIATE-SHIP, n. The state or office of an associate. Encyc., art. Reynolds. AS-SO'CIA-TING, ppr. Uniting in company or in interest ; joining. AS-SO-CI-A/TION, n. : 1. The act of associating ; union ; connection of ~~ persons. 2. Union of persons in a company; a society formed for transacting or carrying on some business for mutual advantage; a partnership. It is often ap- plied to a union of states, or a confederacy. 3. Union of things ; apposition, as of particles of matter, 4. Union or connection of ideas. An association of ideas is where two or more ideas constantly or naturally follow each other in the mind, so that one almost infallibly produces the other, Encyc. ©. An exertion. or change of some extreme part of the sensorium residing in the muscles or organs of sense, in consequence of some antecedent or attend- ant fibrous contractions. Darvin. 6. Among Congregationalists, a society of the cler- fy, consisting of a number of pastors of neighboring churches, united for promoting the interests of re- ligion and the harmony of the churches, Pertaining to an associa- tion of clergymen. AS-SO/CIA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of associ- ating, or of being affected by sympathy. Darwin. Miller. Dryden. [Associate is now used. ] [Old Fr., from L. absolvo.] To solve; [ Obs. Taylor. Bacon. [ Fr. sour To soil; to stain. to release ; to absolve. Obs. Act of assoiling; absolution. Jore. Speed. Fr., from L, ad and sono, to sound. See Sounp. to moderate, than to quiet, tranquilize, or reduce to perfect peace or ease. AS-SUAGE!’, v. i. To abate or subside. The waters assuaged. — Gen, yiil. But I apprehend the sense is, —the waters were checked. Heb. Jw. AE SURG ED pp- Allayed ; mitigated ; eased; ap- peased, ae AS-SUAGE/MENT, n. Mitigation; abatement. AS-SUAG/ER, n. One who allays or pacifies ; that which mitigates or abates. AS-SUAG/ING, ppr. Allaying; mitigating; appeas- Ing; abating. AS-SUA/SIVE, a. [from assuage.] Softening ; miti- gating ; tranquilizing. Pope AS-SUB'JU-GATE, v. t. To bring into subjection. [ Obs. Shak. AS-SUE-FA€’TION, n. [L. assuefacio.] The act of accustoming. [Not used. ] Brown. Resemblance of sounds. In rhetoric and poetry, a concurrence of words or lines, terminated by sounds approximating to, but not concurring in a rhyme. Encyc. Meth. Having a resemblance of sounds. In Spanish poetry, assonant rhymes are those in which a resemblance of sounds serves instead of a natural rhyme; as, ligera, tierra. These require only the same vowel in the last or two last syllables, without any concurrence of consonants as in rhyme, [Fr. assortir ; It. assortire; of ad and sortir, sortire, to sally forth, and in It. to draw lots. See Sort. 1. To separate and distribute into classes things of the like kind, nature, or quality, or things which are suited to a like purpose. It is sometimes applied to persons as well as things, 2. To furnish with all sorts. 3 Burke. to suit. Mitford. SSORT’ED, pp. or a. Distributed into Sorts, kinds, or classes, 2. Furnished with an assortment, or with a vari- ely ; as, a Well-assurted store. Burke. 3. Fitted or adapted to. associate, They appear—no way assorted to those with whom they must Burke. S-SORT/ING, ppr. Separating into sorts ; supplying With an assortment ; agreeing. 1. The act of distributing into sorts, kinds, or classes, or of selecting and Suiting things. 2. A mass or quantity distributed into kinds, or Sorts; or a number of things assorted, 3. A number of things of the same kind, varied in size, color, quality, price, form, or the like, to suit the market, the wants of people, or various purposes ; as, an assortment of thread, of silks, of calicoes, &c. An assortment of paintings. W. Cose. 4. A variety of sorts or kinds adapted to various wants, demands, or purposes ; as, an assortment of oods. Mercantile Usage. S-SOT’, v. t. [See Sor.] To infatuate; to besot. eet used. J Spenser. -SUAGE/, v. ¢. [This word appears to be formed on the G. schwach; PD, zwak, weak, or on D. zagt, soft, gentle, quiet, which coincides With the Sax. swig, Silence ; swigan, to be silent ; whence geswi- Encyc. eens to be silent; G. schweigen; D. zwygen, id. AS-SUMP’TIVE-LY, alo. By way of assumption. Nn Sax. also, geswican is to cease, fail, rest, be AS-SUR/ANCE, (as-shur/ans,) x. [Fr., from assurer, quiet. But the Dutch word for assdugre 1S verzagten, ; to soften. ] To soften, in a Jigurative sense; to allay, mitigate, €ase, or-lessen, as pain or grief; to appease or pacify, AS-SUMP’SIT, n. AS-SUMP’TIVE, a. as passion or tumult. In strictness, it signifies rather AS/SUE-TUDE, n. [L. assuetudo, from assuetus, part. of assuesco, to accustom. | Custom ; habit; habitual use. Bacon. AS-SUME!,v.t. [L asswmo, of ad and sumo, to take.] 1, To take or take upon one’s self. It differs from receive, in not implying an offer to give. The God assumed his native form again, Pope. 2. To take what is not just ; to take with arrogant claims ; to arrogate; to seize unjustly ; as, to assume haughty airs ; to assume unwarrantable powers. 3. To take for granted, or without proof; to sup- pose as a fact; as, to assume a principle in reasoning. 4. To appropriate, or take to one’s self; as, to assume the debts of another. ©. To take what is fictitious; to pretend to pos- Sess; to take in appearance ; as, to assume the garb of humility. AS-SUME’, v. 7. 1. To be arrogant; to claim more than is due. 2. In law, to take upon one’s self an obligation ; to undertake or promise; as, A assumed upon himself, and promised to pay. AS-SOM/ED, pp. Taken; alrogated ; taken without proof; pretended. AS-SUM/ER, n. One who assumes ; an arrogant per- son. AS-SUM/ING, ppr. Taking ; arrogating; taking for granted ; pretending. AS-SUM’ING, a. Taking or disposed to take upon one’s self more than is just ; haughty ; arrogant. AS-SUM'ING, n. Presumption. Jonson. [pret. tense of L. assum. | 1. In law, a promise or undertaking, founded on a consideration. This promise may be verbal or writ- ten. An assumpsit Is express or implied ; express, when made in words or writing : umplied, when, m consequence of some benefit or consideration accru- ing to one person from the acts of another, the law presumes that person has promised to make compen- Sation. In this case, the law, upon a principle of justice, implies or raises a promise, on which an ac- tion may be brought to recover the compensation. Thus, if A contracts with B to build a house for him, by implication and intendment of law, A promises to pay B for the same, without any express words to that effect. 2. An action founded on a promise. When this action is brought on a debt, it is called indebitatus as- sumpsit, Which is an action on the case to recover damages for the non-payment of a debt. Blackstone, AS-SUMPT-, v.t. To take up; to raise. [Barbarous, and not used, Sheldon. AS-SUMPT’, n. That which is assumed. [Vot used.] Chillingworth. AS-SUMP’TION, n. [L. assumptio.] 1. The act of taking to one’s self, Hammond, 2. The act of taking for granted, or supposing a thing without proof; supposition. Norris. This gives no sanction to the unwarrantable assumption that the soul slecps from the period of death to the re Surrection of the body. Thodey. 3. The thing supposed; a postulate, or proposition assumed. In logic, the minor or second proposition in a categorical syllogism. Encye. 4. A consequence drawn from the propositions of which an argument is composed. Enecye. o. Undertaking; a taking upon one’s self. Kent. 6. The taking up a person into heaven. Hence, in the Roman Catholic and Greek churches, a festival in honor of the miraculous ascent of the Virgin Mary into heaven. Encye. 7. Adoption. Warton, That is or may be assumed. As- sumptive arms, in heraldry, are such as a person has a right, with the approbation of his sovereign, and of the heralds, to assume, in consequence of an exploit. of ad and stir, séur, Sure, certain. Qu. the Rab. and Talm. WN to make firm, confirm, verify ; or is seur the G. zwar, from the root of L. verus ; more probably it is from It. sicurare, assicurare, to insure, from L. securus. | ¥. — PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 5ST isle SESS aceecheeemeetnasnapsnnpieminen aniseAST any ground of full confidence. raised him from the dead. — Acts xvii. 9 certainty. trepidity. Brave men meet danger with assurance. Knolles. ance is intolerable. bashfulness; laudable confidence. Conversation with the world will give them knowlec surance. cke. to other contingencies. [See Insurance.] Cye. assurances of the kingdom. Blackstone. 8. Conviction. Tillotson. Christ, and of final salvation. SURANCE. of his sincerity. 2. To confirm; to make certain or secure. And it shall be assured to him. — Ley. xxvii, 3. To embolden ; to make confident. And hereby we shall assure our hearts before him. —1 John iii. as, let me be assured of your fidelity. o. To atfiance ; to betroth. [Obs.] Shak. [See Insure. ] dent ; made secure ; insured. not doubting ; bold to excess. Bacon. Shak. dubitably. Assuredly thy son Solomon shall reisn. —1 Kings i. AS-SUR/ED-NESS, (ash-shur/ed-ness,) n. The state , Of being assured ; certainty ; full confidence. Hakewill. AS-SUR/ER, z. One who assures ; one who insures against loss ; an insurer or underwriter. AS-SUR’GENT, a. [L. assurgens, assurzo.] In botany, rising upward in a curve from a declin- ing base. Martyn. AS-SUR/ING, (ash-shir/ing,) ppr. Making sure or confident; giving security ; confirming ; insuring. AS-SUR/ING-LY, adv. Ina way to create assurance. AS-SWAGE’. See Assuace. AS-SYR'I-AN, a Pertaining to Assyria. AS-TAR TE, n. Ashtoreth, a goddess of the Sidoni- ans; the same as Venus of the Romans. AS/TE-ISM, n. (Gr. usetus, beautiful, polite.] In rhetoric, genteel irony ; a polite and ingenious manner of deriding another. Encyc. AS'TER, n. [Gr. asnp.| A genus of plants, with compound flowers, many of which are cultivated for their beauty, particularly the China Aster. The species are very numerous. AS-TE/RI-AS, n. [Gr. asnp, a star.] Stella marina, sea-star, or star-fish; a subdivision or family of radiate animals, characterized by a sub- orbicular, depressed body, divided into rays, usually five in number, with a mouth below, at the center. The rays vary, in length and form, in different spe- cies, from-simple salient angles, to very long, and, in some species, minutely ramified processes. AS-TE/RI-A-TED, a. [Supra.] Radiated ; presenting diverging rays, like a Star ; as, asteriated sapphire. Cleaveland. AS’TER-ISK, n. [Gr. asepioxos, a little star, from asnp, @ Star, The figure of a star, thus, *, used in printing and Waiting asa reference toa passage or note in the mar- gin, or to fill the space when a name, or part of a name, is omitted. AS'/TER-ISM, nv, [Gr. aseptcpos, a little star, from asp, a Star. 1. Formerly, a constellation ; as now used, a small cluster of stars, either included or not in a constella- tion. ; nm Oty ce 2. An usterisk, or mark of reference. [This is less TOD CT. A-STERN!, adv. [a, or at, and stern. See STERN. ] Whereof he hath given assurance to all men, in that he hath | AS/TER-OID, 7. 2. Firm persuasion; full confidence or trust; free- C aL dom from doubt; certain expectation; the utmost| | Piter. A fifth, Astrea, has since been discovered. Let us draw near with a true heart, in full assurance of faith. — ake 3. Firmness of mind; undoubting steadiness ; in- 4. Excess of boldness ; impudence ; as, his assur-| A-STERT’, v. t. 5. Freedom from excessive modesty, timidity, or Ire and as- *' Lock 6. Insurance; a contract for the payment of a sum | ASTH’MA, (ast/ma,) mn. [Gr. ucOy1.] on occasion of a certain event, as loss or death. Re- cently, assurance has been used, in England, in rela- tion to life contingencies, and insurance, in relation ee 7, Any written or other legal evidence of the con- veyance of property. In England, the legal evidences of the conveyance of property are called the common 9. In theology, full confidence of one’s interest in AS-SURE’, (ash-share’,) v. t. [Fr. assurer. See As- Il. To make certain; to give confidence by a prom- ise, declaration, or other evidence ; as, he assured me 4. To make sure, with of before the object secured 5 6. To insure; to covenant to indemnify for loss. AS-SUR’ ED, (ash-shird’,) pp. Made certain or confi- AS-SUR/ED, (ash-shird’,) a. Certain; indubitable; AS-SUR/ED-LY, (ash-shiir/ed-ly,) adv. Certainly ; in- Mar. Dict. [Gr. aso, a star, and etc AS-TER-OID/AL, a. ing.to the asteroids. Journ. of Science. modus, a foot.] with the astrite, to which it serves as the base. Encyc. To startle. [Jot in use.] Spenser. AS-THEN/‘I€, a. [Gr. priv. and aHevos, strength.] In medicine, weak ; characterized by debility. AS-THEN-OL/O-GY,n. [Gr. a priv , cJevos, strength, and Aoyos, discourse. ] The doctrine of diseases connected with debility. Coxe. respiration ; the paroxysms exacerbating and remit- ting; the inspirations, during the attack, fuller and want of air, accompanied by paleness of the skin and lividness of the lips. The term is also often ap- plied to any chronic difficulty of breathing. ASTH-MAT’I€, a. Pertaining to asthma; also, affect- ed by asthma; as, an asthmatic patient. ASTH-MAT’I€, zn. A person troubled with asthma. Arbuthnot. AS-TIP’U-LATE, for Stiruvare. APSE Sr aie AS-TIP-U-LA’TION, for Sticucatron. + PVotin-use.] AS-TONE’, v.t. [See Asronisu.] ‘To terrify, or as- AS-TON’Y, tonish. [ Obs. Chaucer. AS-TON’ED, ) pp. ora. Astonished. [Obs.] AS-TON/IED, Spenser. Milton. AS-TON’ISH, v. t. [Old Fr. estonner, now étonner; L. attono, to astonish ; ad and tone. Sax. gestun, noise, and stunian, to stun ; G. staunen; Arm. eston, Won- derfully. The primary sense is, to stop, to strike dumb, to fix. See Tone and Stun. ] To stun, or strike dumb with sudden fear, terror, surprise, or wonder; to amaze; to confound with some sudden passion. I, Daniel, was astonished at the vision. —Dan. viii. AS-TON’ISH-ED, (as-ton/isht,) pp. or a. Amazed; confounded with fear, surprise, or admiration. AS-TON/ISH-ING, ppr. Amazing ; confounding with wonder or fear. AS-TON'ISH-ING, a. Very wonderful; of a nature to excite great admiration or amazement. AS-TON/ISH-ING-LY, adv. In a manner or degree to excite amazement. Bp. Fleetwood. AS-TON'ISH-ING-NESS, x. The quality of exciting astonishment. AS-TON’ISH-MENT, ». Amazement; confusion of mind from fear, surprise, or.admiration, at an extra- ordinary or unexpected event. AS-TOUND’, vt. [from Old Fr. estonner.] To astonish ; to strike dumb with amazement. AS-TOUND/ED, pp. Astonished to dumbness. AS-TOUND/ING, ppr. Astonishing. 2. a. Adapted to astonish. AS-TOUND/MENT, n. Amazement. Coleridge. A-STRAD/‘DLE, adv. [a and straddle. See Srrappve.] With the legs across a thing, or on different sides ; as, to sit astraddle. S-TR AB// ASTRETAY n. (Gr. asno, a star.] 1. ‘The goddess of justice. A name sometimes given to the sign Virgo. The poets feign that Jus- tice quitted heaven, in the golden age, to reside on earth ; but becoming weary with the iniquities of men, she returned to heaven, and commenced a con- stellation of stars. Encyc. 2, A small planet, discovered in Dec. 1845, revolv- ing round the sun in 1510 days, and belonging to the group sometimes called asteroids. 3. A species of coral zoophytes, of a rounded form, and covered, when alive, with animal flowers. AS'TRA-GAL, zn. [Gr. aspa)ados, a turning joint, vertebra, spondylus. ] 1. In architecture, a little round molding which sur- rounds the top or bottom of a column, in the form of a ring; representing a ring or band of iron, to pre- vent the splitting of the column. It is often cut into beads or berries, and is used in ornamented entabla- tures to separate the several faces of the architrave. Encyc. 2. In gunnery, a round molding on a cannon near the mouth. Encye. AS-TRAG/A-LUS, n. C be 1. In anatomy, the huckle, ankle, or sling bone ; the upper bone of that part of the foot called the tar- sus, Supporting the tibia. Coze. 2. A genus of papilionaceous plants, of the natural order Fabacee, containing numerous species, some of which are called, in English, milk-vetch and liguorice-vetch. Gum tragacanth is obtained from Jxg, form. } A name given by Herschel to the four newly-dis- covered planets between the orbits of Mars and Ju- AS-TER-O-PO/DLUM, nx. [Gr. asnp, a star, and zouvs, A kind of extraneous fossil, of the same substance A chronic, paroxysmal, and intermittent disease of more frequent than natura], but with a sensation of AST AST _ i. The act of assuring, or of making a declaration 1. In or at the hinder part of a ship; or toward the AS'TRAL, a. [L. astrum; Gr. asnp, a star,] in terms that furnish ground of confidence ; as, I hinder part, or backward ; as, to go astern. Belonging to the stars ; starry. Dryden. trusted to his assurances; or the act of furnishing 2. Behind a ship, at any indefinite distance. AS/TRAL-LAMP, n. An Argand lamp, in which the oil is contained in a vessel in the form of a flattened ring, obliquely inclined outward and downward, and surmounted by a flattened hemispherical ground glass; the whole arrangement designed to throw a strong and uninterrupted light on the table below. Resembling a star; or pertain- | A-CSTRAY’, adv. [a and stray. See Srray. Out of the right way or proper place, both in a lit- eral and figurative sense. In morals and religion, it signifies wandering from the path of rectitude, from duty and happiness. Before I was afflicted, I went astray. — Ps. cxix, Cattle go astray when they leave their proper own- ers or inclosures. See Deut. xxii. AS-TRE/A, n. See Astrxa. AS-TRI€T’, v. t. [L. astringo, astrictus. See As- TRINGE. 1. To bind fast; to confine. [JVot much used.] 2. To constrict ; to contract. AS-TRI€T’, a. Compendious; contracted. Weever. AS-TRI€T/ED, pp. Bound fast; confined; con- stricted. AS-TRIET/ING, ppr. Binding fast; confining ; con- AS-TRI€/TION, n. [tracting. 1, The act of binding fast, or confining. 2. A contraction of parts by applications ; the stop- ping of fluxes or hemorrhages. Coxe. 3. Constipation. Arbuthnot. 4. In Scotland, thirlage ; an obligation to have corn ground at a certain mill, paying a toll called multure. Ed. Encyc. Sinclair. AS-TRI€TIVE, a. Binding; constricting ; styptic. AS-TRI€T/O-RY, a. Astringent; binding; apt to bind. A-STRIDE!, adv. With the legs across. AS-TRIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. astrifer; astrum, a star, and Fero, to bear.] Bearing or containing stars. [Little used.] AS-TRIG’ER-OUS, a. [Low L. astriger.] Bearing stars. [Vot wsed.] AS-TRINGE’, (as-trinj’,) vt. [L. astringo, of ad and stringo, to bind fast, to strain. See Strain. 1. To bind fast ; to constrict ; to contract ; to cause parts to draw together. Bacon. 2. To bind by obligation. Wolsey. AS-TRING/ED, pp. Bound fast; constricted ; con- tracted. AS-TRING/EN-CY, n. The power of contracting the parts of the body ; that quality in medicines which causes vital contraction of the soft solids; as, the as- tringency of acids or bitters. Bacon. Arbuthnot. AS-TRING/ENT, a. Binding; contracting ; strength- ening; opposed to laxative. Quincy. Astringent principle ; in chemistry, tannic acid or tannin ; characterized particularly by forming an in- soluble compound with gelatine. Ure. AS-TRING/ENT, x. A medicine that has the property of causing vital contraction in the soft solids, usually accompanied with increased absorption and dimin- ished excretion. AS-TRING/ER, /] 2. [Fr. austour, autour, a gos- AUS-TRING/ER,} hawk.] ‘A falconer that keeps a goshawk. Shak. Covel. AS-TRING’ING, ppr. Binding fast ; constricting ; con- tracting. AS-TROG/RA-PHY, zx. and ypupa, to describe. A description of the stars, or the science of describ- ing them. AS’TRO-LABE, n. [Gr. asnp,a star, and AaGetv, to take. I. dn instrument formerly used for taking the al- titude of the sun or stars at sea. 2. A stereographie projection of the sphere, on the plane of a great circle, usually either upon the plane of the equator, the eye being supposed to be in the pole of the world, or upon the plane of the meridian, the eye being in the point of intersection of the equi- noetial and the horizon. 3. Among the ancients, the same as the modem ar- millary sphere. Encyc. AS-TROL’A-TRY, n. [Gr. ucrnp and \aroeeca.} The worship of the stars. Cudworth. AS-TROL/O-GER, n. [L. astrologus, of Gr. aspov AS-TRO-LO/GI-AN, a star, and Aryos, discourse. 1. One who professes to foretell future events by the aspects and situation of the stars. Astrologian is little used. Wotton. 2. Formerly, one who understood the motions of the planets, without predicting. Raleich. AS-TRO-LOG‘I€, a. Pertaining to astrology; AS-TRO-LOGIEZAL, { professing or practicing as- trology. AS-TRO-LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv, In the manner of as- trology. : AS-TROL!O-GiZE, v. 7. To practice astrology. AS-TROL/O-GY, x. [Supra.] A se.ence which teaches to judge of the effects and influences of the stars, and to foretell future events by their situation and differ- ent aspects ; called, also, judicial astrology. This scl- ence was formerly in great request, as men Ignorant- Gr. asnp, Or aspoy, a star, different species, particularly the A. verus. ly supposed the heavenly bodies to have a ruling in- TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//C1OUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 79 FATS cago, axa fluence over the physical and moral world ; but it is now universally exploded by true science and philos- ophy. a, Note. The term astrology was used by the ancients in the sense of astronomy. : AS-TRON’O-MER, 2. One who is versed in astrono- my; one who has a knowledge of the laws of the heavenly orbs, or the principles by which their mo- tions are regulated, with their various phenomena. AS-TRO-NOM’I€, Parasning s aie ; a. Pertaining to astronomy. AS-TRO-NOM/I€-AL, 2 ae AS-TRO-NOM’I€-AL-LY, adv. In an astronomica manner; by the principles of astronomy. AS-TRON’O-MIZE, v.i. To study astronomy ae tle used. ] TOWN. AS-TRON/O-MY, n. [Gr. aspov, a star, and vopos, a Jaw, or rule. The science which teaches the knowledge of the celestial bodies, their magnitudes, motions, distances, periods of revolution, eclipses, order, and of the causes of their various phenomena. This science depends on observations made cliefly with instruments, and upon mathematical calculations. AS/TRO-SE€OPE, x. [Gr. uaspov, a star, and cxo7ew, to view. ] An astronomical instrument, composed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations, with their stars, are delineated, by means of which the stars may be easily known. Encyc. AS-TROS/€O-PY, n. [See Asrroscorr.] Observation of the stars. AS'/TRO-THE-OL/0-GY, x. [L. astrum, a star, and ATH than iz or on; at the house, may be i or near the house. It denotes also toward, versus; as, to aim an arrow ata mark. From this original import are derived ali the vari- ous uses of at. At the sight, is with, present, or com- ing the sight; at this news, present the news, on or with the approach or arrival of this news. At peace, at war, In a state of peace or war, peace or war ex- isting, being present ; at ease, at play, efa loss, &c., convey the like idea. .At arms, furnished with arms, bearing arms; at hand, within reach of the hand, and therefore near ; at my cost, with my cost; at his suit, by or with his suit; at this declaration, he rose from his seat, that is, present, or coming this decla- ration ; whence results the idea, in consequence of it. At his command, is either under his command, that 1s, literally, coming or being come his command, in the power of, or in consequence of it, e is good at engraving, at husbandry ; that is, in performing that business. Ife deserves well at our hands, that is, from us. The peculiar phrases in which this Word occurs, with appropriate significations, are nu- merous. 4 first, at last, at least, at best, at the Worst, at the highest or lowest, are phrases in which some noun is implied ; as, at the first time or begin- ning ; at the last time, or point of time ; at the least or best degree, &c. ; all denoting an extreme point or superlative uegree. tall, is in any manner or degree. At is sometimes used for to, or toward, noting pro- gression or direction ; as, he aims at perfection ; he makes or runs at him, or points at him. In this phrase, he longs to be at him, at has its general sense theologia, divinity. ] i Natural theology founded on the observation of the celestial bodies. Jerham. A-STRUT’, adv. [See Strur.] In a strutting manner. AS-TUTE’, a. [L. astutus, from astus, craft, subtilty ; Ir. aisde, aiste, ingenuity. ] Shrewd; sharp; eagle-eyed ; critically examining or discerning ; subtle; cunning. Sandys. AS-TOTE’LY, adv. Shrewdly ; sharply ; subtilly. AS-TUTE/NESS, n. Shrewdness ; cunning. A-SUN’DER, adv. [Sax. asundrian, to divide. See SUNDER.] Apart; into parts; separately; in a di- vided state. The Lord hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked. — Ps. exxix. A-SWOON’, adv. Inaswoon. [Obs.] Gower. A-S¥'LUM, n. [L. from Gr. acvdsv, safe from spoil, a and cv)y, spoil, cvAaw, to plunder. ] 1, A sanctuary or place of refuge, where criminals and debtors shelter themselves from justice, and from which they can not be taken without sacrilege. of appreaching, or present, or with, in contest or attack. AT’A-BAL, n. [Sp.] A kettle-drum ; a kind of tabor, used by the Moors. A-TA€/A-MITE, n. A native chloride of copper, originally found, in the form of sand, in the desert of Atacama, between Chili and Peru. Dana. AT’A-GHAN, n. Among the Turks, a long dagger, worn in a belt, with pistols, in a metal scabbard. Byron, AT/A-MAN, x. [Russ., from Polish hetman, a general in chief; G. hauptmann.] A hetman, or chief of the Cossacks. AT-A-MAS’/€0, n. The trivial name of a species of the genus Amaryllis, called atamasco-lily. AT’A-RAX-Y, n. [Gr. arapaxos, of a priv and Tapaxn, tumult. | Calmness of mind: a term used by the stoics and skeptics to denote a freedom from the emotions which proceed from vanity and self-conceit. Encyc. TAIT, ee ra n. (Gr. a priv. and ragts, order. ] emples and altars were anciently asylums ; as were tombs, statues, and monuments. The ancient heathens allowed asylums for the protection of the Vuest criminals; and the Jews had their cities of 2. Any place of retreat and security. [refuge. 3. An institution for the protection or relief of the unfortunate ; as, an asylum for the poor, for the deaf and dumb, or for the insane. A-SYM’ME-TRAL, ’ Ree aA iach AS-YM-MET’/RI€-AL, § @ [See Syaaerry.] Not having symmetry. [Little used. | More. A-SYM/ME-TRY, 7. [Gr. a priv. and TUULPMETNLA, symmetry, of ovy, with, and perpew, to measure. The want of proportion between the parts of a thing. It is also used in mathematics for incom- mensurability, when between two quantities there is no common measure. Johnson. AS'YMP-TOTE, n. [Gr. a priv., cuy, With, and 770, to fall; not meeting.) Sometimes pron. a-syimp!tote. A line which approaches nearer and nearer to some curve, but, though infinitely extended, Would never meet it. This may be conceived as a tangent to a curve at an infinite distance, Chambers. AS-YMP-TOT’I€-AL, a. Belonging to an asymptote. Asymptotical curves, are such as coutinually approach when extended, but never meet. A-SYN-AR-TETE/, a, (Gr. a priv., ovv, and apraw.] Literally, disconnected ; not fitted or adjusted. Asynartete sentences ; those of which the members are not united by connective particles ; as, I came, I saw, I conquered. srande. Asynartete verse; in prosody, a verse consisting of two members, having different rhythms ;- as when the first consists of iambuses and the second of trochees, or the first of dactyls and the second of jambuses, A-SYN’DE-TON, zn. [Gr. a priv. and cvvdew, to bind together.] In grammar, a figure which omits the Connective ; as, veni, vidi, vici. It stands opposed to polysyndeton, which is a multiplication of connectives. Campbell. AT, prep. [Sax. et; Goth. at; L. ad. At, ad, and to, if not radically the same word, often coincide in signification. In W. at is to, and in Danish and Swedish, it is the sign of the infinitive mode ; in Amh. od, or ud, is toward. ‘The word at is doubtless the Oriental NNN, ANN, Ch. and Heb. to come, to approach. Hence it primarily denotes presence, mecting, nearness, direction toward. } In general, at denotes nearness or presence ; as, at the ninth hour, at the house ; but it is less definite FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— Mi&TE, PREY.— PINE Note. Ataxia is more generally used by medical writers than atary. 1. Want of order; disturbance ; irregularity. Hall. 2. In medicine, irregularity in disease, or in the functions ; irregularity in the crises and paroxysms of fever. Coze. Encyc. A state of disease characterized by great irregu- larity Cyc. Med. A-TAX'I€, a. In medicine, irregular ; characterized by great irregularity. Alazic fever ; aterm applied by Pinel to malignant typhous fever. Cyc. Med. AT’CHE, n. In Turkey, a small silver coin, value about six or seven mills, Encyc. ATE; the preterit of eat; which sce. A/TEH, (a/ty,) n. (Gr. arn, mischief ; araw, to hurt. Alle is a personification of evil, mischief, or malice. ] In pagan mytholory, the goddess of mischief, who Was cast down from heaven by Jupiter. Hom. Lis XIX. 125% ATYE-LENE, a. [Gr. areXns, imperfect] In mineralogy, imperfect; wanting regular forms in the genus. Shepard. AT-E-LES'/TITE, n. ». t. [Fr. augmenter ; L. augmento, aug- mentum, from augeo, auri, to increase; Gr. avtw, ae{w, Which seems to be the Eng. to waz, or to eke; Sax. eacan.] 1. To increase; to enlarge in size or extent; to swell; to make bigger; as, to augment an army, by reénforcement ; rain augments a stream. 2, Figuratively, to increase or swell the degree, amount, or magnitude; as, impatience augments an evil. AUG-MENT’, v. i. To increase; to grow larger; as, a streain augments by rain. AUG'MENT, 7. Increase; enlargement by addition ; state of increase. 2. In philology,a syllable prefixed to a word; or an increase of the quantity of the initial vowel. 3. In medicine, the increase of a disease, or the period intervening between its attack and hight. Parr. AUG-MENT’A-BLIE, a That may be increased ; ca- pable of augmentation. Walsh’s Amer. Review. AUG-MENT-a’TION, n. 1, The act of increasing, or making larger, by addi- tion, expansion, or dilatation. 2. The state of being increased or enlarged. 3. The thing added by which a thing is enlarged. 4. In music, a doubling the value of the notes of the subject of a fugue or canon. Busby. Augmentation Court; in England, a court erected by 27 Hen. VIII., to augment the revenues of the crown by the suppression of monasteries. It was long ago dissolved. Encye. Augmentation, in heraldry, consists in additional charges to a coat-armor, often given as marks of honor, and generally borne on the escutcheon or a canton. Encyc. AUG-MENT’A-TIVE, a. Having the quality or pow- er of augmenting. AUG-MENT’ER, 2. He that augments. AUG-MENT'ING, ppr. Increasing; enlarging. AU’/GUR, n. [L. augur. The first syllable is from avis, a bird ; but the meaning and origin of the last syllable are not obvious. ] 1. Among the Romans, an officer whose duty was to foretell future events by the singing, chattering, flight, and feeding of birds, or by other signs or omens, derived from celestial phenomena, appearances of quadrupeds, or certain accidents, called dire. There was a college or community of augurs, originally three in number, and afterward nine, four patri- cians and five plebeians. They bore a staff or wand, and were held in great respect. Encyc. Ed. Encye. 2, One who pretends to foretell future events by omens. We all know that augur can not look at augur without laughing. Buckminster. AU’/GUR, v.z% To guess; to conjecture by signs or omens ; to prognosticate, AU’GUR, v. t. To predict or foretell ; as, to augur ill success. AU'GU-RAL, a. a aumuraliss) Pertaining to augurs or to augury. The Romans nad their augural staff and augural books. AU'GU-RATE, v.%. To judge by augury ; to predict. Little used. | Warburton. -GU-RA/TION, n. The practice of augury, or the foretelling of events by observing the actions of birds, or certain other phenomena. AU/GUR-ED, pp. Conjectured by omens; prognosti- cated, AU’/GUR-ER, x Anaugur. [JWVotlegitimate.| Shak. AU-GU/RLAL, a. Relating to augurs, or to augury Brown. AU'GUR-ING, pp. or a. Prognosticating ; prescient ; as, auguring hope. Shak. AU/GUR-IZE, v.t. Toaugur. [Wot in use.] AU/GU-ROUS, a. Predicting ; foretelling ; foreboding. AU/GU-RY, 2. [L. awgurtun, 3 1. The art or practice of foretelling events by ob- serving the actions of birds, or other phenomena. 2. An omen; prediction; prognostication. Shak, AU'GUR-SHIP, n.. The office, or period of office, of an augur. Bacon. AU-GUST’, a. [L. augustus. The first syllable of this word is probably from the root of augeo, or of awe. Grand ; magnificent ; majestic; impressing awe; inspiring reverence * us, august in visage. Dryden. This epithet, as a title of honor, was first conferred by the Roman senate upon Octavius, after confirm- ing him in the sovereign power. AU’/GUST, n. The eighth month of the year, con- taining thirty-one days. The old Roman name was Seztilis, the sizth month from March, the month in which the primitive Romans, as well as Jews, De- AUR gan the year. The name was changed to August in honor of the emperor Octavius Augustus, on ac- count of his victories, and his entering on his first consulate in that month. Gebelin. AU-GUST’AN, a. Pertaining to Augustus; as, the Augustan age. The Augustan confession, or confession of Augs- burg, drawn up at Augusta Vindelicorum, or Augsburg, by Luther and Melanchthon, in 1530, contains the principles of the Protestants, and their reasons for separating from the Roman Catholic church. Encyc. The Augustan history, (historia Augusta ;) a series of Roman historians, who wrote the lives of the Roman emperors, from Adrian to Carinus inclusive ; a period of 167 years. P. Cyc. The Augustan age of any national literature, is the supposed period of its highest state of purity and re- finement. So the reign of Louis XIV. has been called the Augustan age of French literature, and that of Queen Anne, the Augustan age of English literature. AU-GUST-IN'LANS, nz. pl. Those divines, who, from St. Augustin, maintain that grace is effectual from its nature, absolutely and morally, not relatively and gradually. Encyc. AU-GUST'INS, n. pl. An order of monks, so AU-GUST-IN’LANS, calleé from St. Augustin ; popularly called Austin friars. They originally were hermits, but were congregated into one body by Pope Alexander IV., under Lanfranc, in 1256. They clothe in black, and make one of the four orders of mendicants. Encye. AU GUST’NESS, xn. Dignity of mien; grandeur; magnificence, AUK, 7. [Provincially alk. Iu. alca.] A popular name applied to different species of aquatic birds of the genus Alca, and order Anseres ; as, the great auk or northern penguin, the little auk or black and white diver, the Labrador auk or puffin, &c. AU-LA‘RLAN, n. [L. aula,a bas At Oxford, the fr I member of a hall, as distinguished from a collegian, * Chalmers. AU-LET'I€, a. [Gr. avAnrtkos, from avXos, a pipe.] Pertaining to pipes or toa pipe. [Little used.] AU/LI€, a ([L. aulicus, from aula, a hall, court, or palace; Gr. avA7.] Pertaining to a royal court. The Aulic Council, was a supreme court of the former German empire; properly the supreme court of the emperor, as the Imperial Chamber was that of the empire. -Its officers were appointed immediately by the emperor, except the vice-chancellor, who was appointed by the archbishop of Mentz. It was com- posed of a president, who was a Roman Catholic, a vice-chancellor, and eighteen councilors or assessors, nine of whom were Roman Catholics, and nine Prot- estants ; or, according to the statement of others, only six were required to be Protestants, but their vote, when unanimous, was reckoned equal to that of all the rest. Its decisions were without appeal, but sub- ject to the ratification of the emperor. It always fol- lowed the emperor’s court, the established seat of which was at Vienna. It ceased at the death of each emperor, and was renewed by his successor. It became extinct when the German empire was dis- solved in 1806. Encyc. Heiss. P. Cyc. The term aulic council, is now applied to a council of the war department of the Austrian empire, and the members of different provincial chanceries of that empire, are called aulic councilors. P. Cyc. The Aulic, in some European universities, is an act maintained by a young divine, on being admitted a doctor of divinity. It begins by an harangue of the chancellor addressed to the young doctor, after which he receives the cap and presides at the Aulic or dis- putation. Encye. AU-MAIL/, v.t. [Fr.email.] To figure or variegate. pe used. | Spenser. A M/BRY. See Ampry. AUME, 7x. A Dutch measure for Rhenish wine, con- taining 40 English gallons. Encyc. AUNE, (Gwn,) 2 fats a contraction of aulne ; L. ulna.] A French cloth measure, but of different lengths in different parts of the country. At Rouen, it is an English ell; at Calais, 1.52; at Lyons, 1.061; at Paris, 0.95. ; Encyc. AUNT, xn. [L. amita, contracted. Qu. Fr. tante.] The sister of one’s father or mother ; correlative to nephew or niece. AU/RA, n. [L. from Heb. 4X), iar, a stream ; Gr. avpa. See Arr. ] Literally, a breeze, or gentle current of air; but technically used to denote any subtile, invisible fluid, supposed to flow from a body ; an effluvium, emana- tion, or exhalation, as the aroma of flowers, the odor of the blood, a supposed fertilizing emanation from the pollen of flowers, &c. 3 Epileptic aura, (aura epileptica:) a sensation as ofa current of air, rising from some part to the head, preceding an attack of epilepsy. | s : Electric aura; a supposed electric fluid, emanating from an electrified body, and forming a mass sur- rounding it, called the electric atmosphere. [See Ar- MOSPHERE, ELECTRIC. | TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Se Fx ace a. wien ates ait ag A >AUR AU’/RATE, 7. [Supposed to be from aurum, gold.] A sort of pear. AU/RATE, 7. [L. aurum, gold; Fr. or; from the ~ Heb. and Ch. 1)N, light, fire, and to shine, from its color; Ir. or; W. aur; Corn. our; Basque, urrea; Arm. aur, gold.] A combination of auric acid with a base; as, aurate of potash. AU/RA-TED, a. [L. auratus.] golden-colored ; gilded. i 2. Combined with auric acid. AU/RE-ATE, a. Golden; gilded. a AU-RE/LI-A, x. [from aurum, or aur, gold, from its color. See Curysauts.] : In entomology, the nymph, chrysalis, or pupa of an insect; aterm applied to insects in their second stage of transformation, particularly when quiescent, and inclosed in a hardish case, reflecting a brilliant, golden color, as in some of the Lepidoptera. Resembling gold; AU-RIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. aurifer, from aurum, gold, AU’/RLFORM, a. [L. auris, the ear, and forma, | AU-RI/GA, n. AU-RLGA/TION, n. [L. auriga.] “The act or prac- AU-RI-PIG-MEN’/TUM. See Onprment. AU'RIST, n. [L. auris, ear.] One skilled in disorders AU/ROEHS, n. AU/RI-TED, a, [L. auritus, from aduris, the ear, AU-RO'RA, 7. AU-RE/LI-AN, a. Like or pertaining to the aurelia. a Humphreys. AU-RE/LI-AN, n. An amateur collector and breeder ~ of insects, particularly of the Lepidoptera. AU-RE/O-LA, z. [L. aurum, gold.] “The circle of rays with which painters surround the head of Christ and the saints. AU/RIE, a. [from aurwm, gold.) Pertaining to gold. “ The auric acid is that combination of gold and oxy- gen, in which the oxygen is in the greatest propor- tion to the gold, or the sesquioxyd. AU/RL€LE, n. [L. auricula, dim. from auris, the ear.] 1, The external ear, or that part of the ear which is prominent from the head. ‘ 2. The auricles of the heart are two muscular sacs, Situated at its base, and exterior to the ventricles ; so called from their resemblance to the auricle or ex- ternal ear of some quadrupeds. Their systole, or contraction, corresponds to the diastole of the ven- tricles, and vice versa. They receive the blood from the veins, and communicate it to the ventricles. Encyc. Chambers. AU/RI-€LED, a, Having appendages like ears. AU-RI€/U-LA, n. A species of Primula, called, from the shape of its leaves, bear’s ear. AU-RIL€/U-LAR, a. [from L. auricula, the ard J. Pertaining to the ear, or to the sense of hearing. 2. Secret ; told in the ear; as, awricular confession. 3. Recognized by the ear; known by the sense of hearing; as, auricular evidence. 4, Received or traditional; known by report; as, auricular traditions. Bacon. 5. Pertaining to the auricles of the heart. Cyc. Med. Auricular feathers ; in birds, the circle of feathers surrounding the opening of the ear. AU-RI€/U-LAR-LY, adv. In a secret manner; by way of whisper, or voice addressed to the ear. AU-RI€/U-LATE, a. In botany, having lobes or ap- pendages like the ear ; shaped like the ear. An auriculate leaf has small appended leaves or lobes on each side of its petiole or base. AU-RI€/Y-LA-TED, a. Having appendages, like the ear; as, the auriculated vulture, so called because it has a projection of the skin, or fleshy crest, extend- ing from each ear along the side of the neck. Ed. Encyc. Cuvier. and fero, to pune: That yields or produces gold; as, auriferous sants or streams. Thomson. Bar-shaped ; having the form of the human ear. [L., of aurea, orea, a head stalk, a bridle, and rego, to govern or manage. | 1. Literally, the director of a car, or wagon. In astronomy, the Wagoner, a constellation in the north- erm hemisphere, situated between Perseus and Gem- ini. 2. The fourth lobe of the liver; also, a bandage for the sides. uincy. tice of driving horses harnessed to carriages. AU-RIG/RA-PHY, n. The art of writing with gold instead of ink, AU-RLSEALP’I-UM, n. [L. auris, ear, and scalpo, to scrape. An instrument to clean the ears 5 used also in operations of surgery on the ear. of the ear, or who professes to cure them. Ash, (G. wrochs, the ure-oz, urus and oz. | The urus or bison of Poland ; considered by some as the common ox ina wild state, but regarded by Cuvier as a distinct species. Bones nearly analogous to those of the aurochs, but much larger, have been found fossil in the northern parts of both continents. Eared ; having lobes or appendages, like the ear: a term employed both in zoology and botany. (L. aurora; Sans. arun; Ch. and Heb. })x light, and y to raise. } I. The rising light of the morning ; the dawn of day, or morning twilight. AU-RO'RAL, a. Belonging to the aurora, or to the AU/RUM, x. [L AUS-€UL-TA/TION, 7x. AUS-€UL'TA-TO-RY, a. AU/SPL€ATE, ». t. business. Burke’s Reflections. 2. To foreshow. B. Jonson. AU!'SPICE, [L. auspicium, of avis, a bird, AU/SPI-CES, a AU-SPI//CIOUS, save pEw ey) a. AU-SPI/CIOUS-LY, adv. AU-SPI”CIOUS-NESS, n. A state of fair promise ; AUS/TER, n. ope. AU-STERBE’, a. [L. austerus.] Severe; harsh; rigid; AU-STERB'LY, adv. Severely ; rigidly ; harshly. AU-STERE'NESS, n, Severity in manners ; harsh- AU-STER/LTY, n. AUS'TRAL, a. those south of the equator. Encye. AUS-TRAL-A’SIA, n. [austral and Asia.| A name AUS-TRAL-A/SIAN, a. Pertaining to Australasia ; AUS-TRAL-A/SIAN, x. A native of Australasia. AUS-TRA/LL-A, n. 2. The goddess of the morning, or twilight deified FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT AUS by fancy. The poets represented her as rising out of the ocean, in a chariot, with rosy fingers dropping gentle dew. 3. A species of crowfoot. Jojinson. Auro'ra borea/lis, or Lumen boreale; northern twilight; popularly called northern lights. This species of light usually appears in streams, ascend- ing toward the zenith from a dusky line a few de- grees above the northern horizon, Sometimes it assumes a Wavy appearance, as in America, in March, 1782, when it overspread the whole hem- isphere. Sometimes it appears in detached places; at other times, it almost covers the hemisphere. As the streams of light have a tremulous motion, they are called, in the Shetland Isles, merry dancers. They assume all shapes, and a variety of colors, from a pale red or yellow to a deep red or blood color; and in the northern latitudes, serve to illuminate the earth and cheer the gloom of long winter nights. Auro'ra austra'lis; a corresponding phenomenon in the southern hemisphere; the streams of light ascending in the same manner from near the south- ern horizon. northern lights ; resembling the twilight. E. Goodrich. See Aurare.] Gold. Au'rum ful'minans, (fulminating gold,) is a_pre- cipitate, obtained by ammonia, from a solution of gold in nitro-muriatic acid. This precipitate is of a brown yellow, or orange color, and when exposed to a moderate heat, detonates with considerable noise. It isa compound of auric acid and the oxyd of am- monium. Au'rum mosalicum, or musi!vum ; a sparkling gold- colored substance, obtained by heating a mix- ture of sulphur and oxyd of tin in a close vessel. The elements of the oxyd unite with separate por- tions of the sulphur, forming sulphurous acid, and the durum mustvum, Which last is a deuto-sulphuret (deuto-sulphid) of tin. It is used as a pigment. [L., from antiq. ause; Gr. ous, ovas, the ear, and cultus, from colo, to use or exercise. | 1. The act of listening, or hearkening to. 2. In medicine, a method of distinguishing diseases, particularly in the thorax, by observing the sounds in the part, generally by means of a tube applied to the surface. Laennec. Pertaining to hearing or listening. \ {L. auspicor.] To give a favor- able turn to, in commencing ; a sense taken from the Roman practice of taking the auspicium, or inspec- tion of birds, before they undertook any important n. pl. and specio, to inspect. ] 1. The omens of an undertaking, drawn from birds ; the same as Aucury, which see, 2. Protection; favor shown; patronage; influ- ence. In this sense the word is generally plural, usplces. [See Avsricr.] Having omens of success, or favorable appearances 5 as, aN auspicious beginning. 2. Prosperous; fortunate; applied to persons; as, auspicious Chief. Dryden. 3. Favorable ; kind ; propitious ; applied to persons or things ; aS, an auspicious mistress. Shak. With favorable omens ; happily ; prosperously ; favorably ; propitiously. prosperity. [L.] The south wind. P. stern ; applied to persons; aS, an austere master; an austere look. 2. Sour with astringency; harsh; rough to the taste ; applied to things ; as, austere fruit or wine. ness ; austerity. 2. Roughness in taste. [L. austeritas.] Severity of man- ners or life; rigor; strictness; harsh discipline. It is particularly applied to the mortifications of a mo- nastic life, which are called austerities. L. australis, from auster, the south Wind, or south, Southern ; lying or being in the south; as, austral land ; austral ocean. Alustral signs; the last six signs of the zodiac, or given to the countries situated to the south-east of Asia, comprehending New Holland, New Guinea, New Zealand, &c. Pinkerton. as, Australasian regions. A name given by some recent £eographers to all the Oceanic regions between Asia AU-THEN’TIE€, da. AU-THEN/TI€-AL, and America, and more especially to New Holland, AUT which is also called the continent of Australia, or the Austral continent. AUS-TRA’LIL-AN, a, Pertaining to Australia, or to New Holland. The natives of New Holland, from their resemblance to the African negroes, are called Australian or Austral negroes, AUS-TRA’LIL-AN, n. A native of Australia. AUS’TRAL-IZE, v.i. To tend toward the south or south pole, as a magnet. Brown. AUS'TRI-AN, a. [from Austria. This word is formed with the Latin termination ia, country, from Ms- terreich, the German name, which is eastern rick, eastern kingdom, so called in reference to the west- ern dominions of paevemarnes Pertaining to Austria; properly, a district of Ger- many, situated on both sides of the Danube, between Bavaria and Hungary ; originally a marquisate, then a duchy, and finally an archduchy, of the German empire. ‘The term was afterward applied to a circle of the German empire, including the former; and since the dissolution of the German empire, (1806,) it has been extended to an empire, including exten- sive territories, in South-eastern Germany and the adjoining countries. AUS'TRI-AN, n. A native of Austria. AUS'TRINE, a. [L. austrinus, from auster, south.] Southern ; southerly. Johnson. AUS'TRO-E-GYP’TIAN, n. [L. auster and Eguptian.] 1. n. A southern Egyptian, supposed to have origi- nated from Ethiopia. 2. a. Relating to the southern Egyptians. AUS’/TRO-MAN-CY, n. [from auster, the south wind, or, among the poets, wind in general, and Gr. pavreca, divination. Soothsaying, or prediction of future events, from observations of the winds, Encyc. AU'TER DROIT, (6'ter drwa,) [Law Fr.] Another’s right, AU'TER-FOITS, (6'ter fw ;) a word composed of the French autre, another, and foits, fois, time, introduced into law language, under the Norman princes of Eng- land. It signifies, at another time, formerly ; as, auter- Joits acquit, auterfoits attaint, auterfoits convict, formerly acquitted, attainted, or convicted, which being spe- cially pleaded, is a bar to a second prosecution for the same offense. Blackstone. Auterfoits acquit. [Law Fr.] The plea of a for- mer acquittal. Auterfoits attaint. mer attainder. Auterfoits convict. [Law Fr.] The plea of a for- mer conviction. [Law Fr.] The plea of a for- AU'TER VIE, (6/ter vee,) [Law Fr.] Another’s life. Tenant pour auter vie; one who holds an estate by the life of another, Blackstone. [Fr. authentique; It. and Sp. autentico ; Low L. authenticus, from the Gr. avdevrixos, from avOevrns, an author or maker; one who does any thing by his own right ; also, one who kills himself. The first syllable is from avros, which is probably from the root of author, auctor; and the sense of self-murderer seems to in- dicate that the other constituent of the word is from Sevw, Seive, to kill, but the primary sense of which is, to strike, to drive or thrust with the hand, &c. In the word before us, the sense is to throw, or to set ; hence authentic is set, fixed, made or made cer- tain by the author, by one’s own Bele 1, Having a genuine original or authority, in oppo- sition to that which is false, fictitious, or counterfeit ; being what it purports to be ; genuine; true; applied to things ; as, an authentic paper or register. 2. Of approved authority ; as, an authentic writer. 3. In law, vested with all due formalities, and legally attested. 4. In music, having an immediate relation to the Key-note or tonic ; in distinction from plagal, having a corresponding relation to the fifth or dominant, in the octave below the key-note. Authentic melodies ; those which have their princi- pal notes between the key-note and its octave; in distinction from plagal melodies, which have their principal notes in the octave below the fifth of the key. Authentic moods or tones ; in the ancient church MUSIC, the four moods, introduced by St. Ambrose, in which the principal notes of the melodiesare confined within the octave above the key-note; in distinction from the piagal moods or tones, introduced by Gregory the Great, in which the principal notes of the melodies are confined within the octave berow the fifth of the key. Ed, Enciyc. Authentic or perfect cadence ; the chord or harmony of the dominant, followed by that of the tonic, or the progression of the dominant to the tonic; in dis- tinction from the plagal cadence, the chord of the fourth or subdominant, followed by that of the tonic, or the progression of the subdominant to the tonic. Callcott. AU-THEN’TI€-AL-LY, adv. In an authentic man- ner ; with the requisite or genuine authority. Brown. AU-THEN’TI€-AL-NESS, nm. The quality of being authentic; genuineness; the quality of being of -— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARXNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 86AUT good authority ; authenticity. enerally used. AU-THEN'TI€-ATEB, v. t. 1. To render authentic; to give authority to, by the proof, attestation, or formalities, required by law, or sufficient to entitle to credit. The king serves only as a notary to authenticate the choice of [The latter word is arrow. judges. Burke. 2. To determine as genuine ; as, to authenticate a ortrait. Walpole. AU-THEN’TI€-A-TED, pp. Rendered authentic ; having received the forms which prove genuineness. AU-THEN’TI€-A-TING, ppr. Giving authority by the necessary signature, seal, attestation, or other forms. AU-THEN-TI€-A/TION, nz. The act of authentica- ting; the giving of authority by the necessary for- malities ; confirmation. AU-THEN-TIC/LTY, n. 1. The quality of being authentic; of established authority for truth and correctness. 2. Genuineness; the quality of being of genuine original. {In later writers, especially those on the evidences of Christianity, this term is restricted in its use to the first of the above meanings, and dis- tinguished from genuineness. ‘It may be of use,” says Bishop Watson, ‘‘ to state the difference between the genuineness and the authenticity of a book. A genuine book is that which was written by the person Whose name it bears. An dutlentic book is that which relates matters of fact, as they really happened.”? Apology for the Bible. } AU-THEN’TIC-NESS, 7. Authenticity. sa) AU/THOR, n. [L. auctor; Ir wghdar ; W. awdur ; Fr. auteur; Sp. autor; It. autere. The Latin word is from the root of augeo, to increase, or cause to enlarge. The primary sense is one who brings or causes to come forth. ] 1. One who produces, creates, or brings into being; as, God is the author of the universe. 2. The beginner, former, or first mover of any thing ; hence, the efficient cause of a thing. It is appropniately applied to one who composes or writes a book, and in a more general sense, to one whose occupation is to compose and write books. AU’/THOR, v. t. To occasion; to effect. [WVot used,] AU!/THOR-ESS, x. > Me = Sr pecans td tae eaten ee a oo 3 5 = Tee ARV ip the suit ; this scheme will not avail: medicines will not avail to check the disease ; suppositions, without proof, will not avail. A-VAIL!,n. Profit; advantage toward success ; ben- efit ; as, labor, without economy, is of little avail. It strength. A-VAIL-A-BIL/I-TY, x. Availableness. : A-VAIL/A-BLE, a. Profitable ; advantageous ; having efficacy ; as, 2 measure is more or less available. 5 2. Having sufficient power, force, or eflicacy, tor the object; valid; as, an available plea. Laws human are available by consent. Hooker. A-VAIL!A-BLE-NESS, Power or eflicacy in pro- moting an end in view. we : 2. Competent power ; legal force ; validity ; as, the availableness of a title. A-VAIL!/A-BLY, adv. Powerfully ; profitably ; advan- tageously ; validly; efficaciously. ; A-VAIL/ING, ppr. Turning to profit ; using to advan- tage or effect ; assisting ; profiting. A-VAIL/MENT, n. Profit ; efficacy ; successful issue. Litile used. ] : : A-VAILS’, n. pl. Profits or proceeds. It is used, in New England, for the proceeds of goods sold, or for rents, issues, or profits. AV-A-LANCHE’, AV-A-LANGE’, A snow-slip ; a mass or body of snow or ice sliding down a mountain, This is a French term, originally applied to the masses of snow or ice precipitated from the Alps, but is now applied to similar phenomena in other high mountains, It is also applied to similar falling masses of earth or rock ; and, figuratively, to any sudden or violent act or impulse of human masses. A-VALE!, v.t. [Fr. avaler, to let down; aval, down- The n. [Fr., from avaler, to descend.] ward] 1. To let down ; to lower ; to cause to descend ; as, to avale a sail. Gower. Phebus ’gan avale His weary wain. Spenser. 2. To depress; to make abject ; as, to avale the soy- ereignty. Wotton. A-VALE!, v.i. [Fr. avaler, to descend.] To fall, as rain, or the tide; to descend; to dis- mount. haucer.- Spenser. A-VANT’, x. The front of an army. [.Vot used.] [See AN. A-VANT'€OU'RIER, (a-vang'koo'reer,) n. [Fr. See Courter.] A person dispatched before anoth- er person or company, to give notice of his or their approach. A-VANT/-GUARD, n. The van or advanced body of an army. [See Vancuarp.] AV'A-RICE, n. [L. avaritia, from avarus, from aveo, to covet. ] An inordinate desire of gaining and possessing wealth ; covetousness; greediness or insatiable de- sire of gain. Shak. Avarice sheds a blasting influence over the finest affections and sweetest comforts of mankind. Buckminster. AV-A-RI//CIOUS, a. Covetous; greedy of gain; im- seems usually to convey the idea of efficacious aid or | moderately desirous of accumulating property. AV-A-RI/’CIOUS-LY, adv. Covetously ; with inordi- nate desire of gaining wealth. Goldsmith. AV-A-RI’CIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being av- aricious ; insatiable or inordinate passion for property. AV‘A-ROUS, a. Covetous. [Wot used, | Gower. A-VAST"’, exclam. [It. basta, enough ; literally, it suf- fices, from bastare, to suffice ; Pers. bas, enough; Qu. D. houd vast, how vast, hold fast.] nN seamews language, C€as€ 5; stop ; stay. AV-A-TAR’, or A-VA’/TAR, n. A Hindoo word, de- noting the descent of a deity in a visible form or in- Carnation. A-VAUNT’, exclam. [W. ibant, begone. ] Begone ; depart; a word of contempt or abhor- _ rence, equivalent to the phrase “ Get thee gone.” A'VE,n. An ave-mary. : A'VE-MA'RY, n. [from the first words of the Roman Catholic prayer to the Virgin Mary; L. ave, Maria, hail, Mary.] I. A form of devotion in the Roman Catholic church. Their chaplets and rosaries are divided into a certain number of ave-marys and paternosters. 2. A particular time, in Roman Catholic countries about half an hour after sunset, and also at early dawn, when the bells ring, and the people repeat the ave-mary. i P. Cyc. AV-E -NA4’CEOUS, a. [L. avenaceus, from avena, oats ; Fr. avoine.] Belonging to or partaking of the nature of oats. AV'E-NAGE, n. or A certain quantity of oats paid by a tenant to a landlord in lieu of rent or other duty. Encyc. AV'EN-ER, m. [Norm. Fr.] In Englisn aaa, AV’/EN-OR, an officer of the king’s stables, whose duty was to provide oats, A-VENGE’, (a-venj’,) >. t. Port. vingar; L. vindez. to gain, to win. [Fr. venger ; Sp. vengar ; In Sax. winnan, to contend, A-VER’, AV’ER-AGE, n. 1. To take satisfaction for an injury by punishing FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE A Veh, the injuring party ; to vindicate by inflicting pain or evil on the wrong-doer. Shall not God avenge his own elect ?— Luke xyili. Avenge me of my adversary. — Jb, yer. 3. In these examples, avenge implies that the evil in- flicted on the injuring party is a satisfaction or jus- tice done to the injured, and the party vindicated is the object of the verb. 2. To take satisfaction for, by pain or punishment inflicted on the injuring party. He will avenge the blood of his servants. — Deut. xxxii. Ilere, the thing for which satisfaction is taken is the object of the verb. 3. To revenge. To avenge and revenge, radically, are synonymous. But modern usage inclines to make a valuable distinction in the use of these words, re- stricting avenge to the taking of just punishment, and revenge to the infliction of pain or evil maliciously, in an illegal manner. 4..'To punish ; as, to avenge a crime. Dryden. o. In the passive form, this verb signifies to have or receive just satisfaction, by the punishment of the offender. Shall not my soul be avenged on such a nation as this? —Jer. v. A-VENGE/ANCE, n. Punishment. See VENGEANCE. A-VENG/ED, pp. Satisfied by the punishment of the offender ; vindicated ; punished. A-VENGE/MENT, n. Vengeance; punishment ; the act of taking satisfaction for an Injury by inflicting pain or evil on the offender; satisfaction taken ; re- venge. A-VENG/ER, nm. One who avenges or vindicates; a vindicator; a revenger. A-VENG’/ER-ESS, n. A female avenger. Spenser. A-VENG/ING, ppr. Executing vengeance ; taking sat- isfaction for an injury by the punishment of the of- fender ; vindicating. AV'ENS, n. The herb bennet, (Geum urbanum.) AV‘ENT-AILE, n. The movable part of a helmet in front. Halliwell. AV'/EN-TINE, a. Pertaining to Mons Aventinus, one of the seven hills on which Rome stood. Bryant. A-VEN'TURE, n. [Fr. aventure, from L. venio, to come. } A mischance causing a person’s death without fel- ony ; as by drowning, or falling from a house.. [See ADVENTURE. Cowel. A-VENT’U-RINE, )n. [Fr. aventurine.| A variety A-VANT’U-RINE, § _ of translucent quartz, spangled throughout with scales of yellow mica. AV‘E-NUE, x [Fr., from venir, to come or go; L. cen. 1G 4 passage; a Way or opening for entrance into a place ; any opening or passage by which a thing is or may be introduced. 2. An alley or walk in a park or garden, planted on each side with trees, and leading to a house, gate, wood, &c., and generally terminated by some dis- tant object. The trees may be in rows on the sides, or, according to the more modern practice, in clumps at some distance from each other. Encye. 3. A wide street, as in Washington, Columbia. v. t. [Fr. averer; It. avverare, to aver, or verify; Arm. quirya, from the root of verus, true ; Ir. feor or fir; W. ewir; Corn. uir; Ger. wahr; D. waar. See Vuriry.] 1. To affirm with confidence ; to declare in a pos- itive or peremptory manner, as in confidence of as- serting the truth. Prior. 2. In lav, to offer to verify. [See AveRMENT.] (Norm. aver, avers, cattle, money, goods, Sp. averio, from aver or haber, Fr. avoir, to have or possess. In ancient law, a duty or service which a tenant was bound to render to his lord, by his beasts and carriages or instruments of husbandry. Spelman. But averagium signifies also the loss of goods in transportation; Sp. averia, damage sus- tained by goods or ships; Port. avaria, an allowance out of freight to the master of a ship, for damage sus- tained ; contribution by insurers, to make good a Joss ; It. avaria; Dan. hawerie, damage of a ship or waste of goods, extraordinary charges during a voyage. If avaria signifies damage, and is from aver or haber, Spanish, to have, the sense of the word is probably that which happens or falls, a misfortune, for the verb have and happen are radically the same word ; Spanish, haber, to have, and to happen or be- fall; also, fortune, property. This would give the sense of damage, or of proportion, lot, share, that which falls to each of a number. But the primary sense is not very obvious. ] 1. In commerce, a contribution to a general loss. When, for the safety of a ship in distress, any destruc- tion of property is incurred, either by cutting away the masts, throwing goads overboard, or other means, all persons who have goods on board, or property in the ship, contribute to the loss according to their average, that is, the goods of each on board. This principle, introduced into the commerce of Europe from the Rhodian laws, and recognized by the regu- lations of Wisby, is now an established rule in the [Wot used. AVE that, when one man’s property is sacrificed to save a ship, all persons whose property is saved, or in like hazard, should bear their proportion of the loss. "ark. Beawes. Spelman. 2. From the practice of contributing to bear losses in proportion to each man’s property, this word has obtained the present popular sense, which is, that of a mean proportion, medial sum or quantity, made out of unequal sums or quantities.. Thus, if A loses 5 dollars, B 9, and C 16, the sum is 30, and the av- erage 10. 3. A small! duty, payable, by the to the master of the ship, over and above the freight, for his care of the goods. Hence the expression in bills of lading, *‘paying so much freight, with pri- mage and average accustomed.” Cowel. Encyc. 4. In England, the breaking up of cornfields, eddish, or roughiings. Ash. 5. Averages, in the English corn trade, denotes the average amount of prices of the several kinds of grain In the principal corn markets. Upon or on an average, is taking the mean of un- equal numbers or quantities. AV'ER-AGE, a. Medial ; containing a mean propor- tion. Price. Beddoes. Kirwan. Edwards’s West Indies. AV’/ER-AGE, v. t. To find the mean of unequal sums or quantities; to reduce to a medium; to divide among a number, according to a given proportion ; as, to average a loss. AV’/ER-AGE, v. i. To forma mean or medial sum or quantity ; as, the losses of the owners will average 25 dollars each. Ch. Obs. X. 522; xi. 302. These spars average ten feet in length. AV‘ER-AG-ED, pp. Reduced or formed into a mean proportion, or into shares proportioned to each man’s property. Jefferson. AV’ER-AG-ING, ppr. Forming a mean proportion out of unequal sums or quantities, or reducing to just shares according to each man’s property. A-VER/MENT, n. [See Aver.] Affirmation; posi- tive assertion ; the act of averring. 2. Verification ; establishment by evidence. Bacon. 3. In pleading, an offer of either party to justify or prove what he alleges. In any stage of pleadings, when either party advances new matter, he avers it to be true, by using this form of words, ‘‘ and this he is ready to verify.””? ‘This is called an averment. Blackstone. A-VER/NAT, x. A sort of grape. Jolinson. A-VER’NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Avernus, a lake of Campania, in Italy, famous for its poisonous qualities, which ancient writers represent as so malignant as to kill fowls flying over. Hence, as authors tell us, its name, avoves, Without birds. Virgil. Mela. Strabo. AV’‘ER-PEN-NY, z. Money paid toward the king’s carriages by land, instead of service by the beasts in kind; or money paid in lieu of the service of average. Burn. Spelman. A-VER/RED, (a-verd’,) pp. Affirmed; laid with an averment. A-VER/RING, pp#. Affirming; offering to justify or verify. A-VER’/RO-IST, n. One of a sect of peripatetic phi- Josophers, who appeared in Italy before the restora- tion of learning; so denominated from Averroes, a celebrated Arabian author. They held the soulto be mortal, though they pretended to submit to the Christian theology. Encye. AV-ER-RUN/€ATE, »v. t. [hs averrunco, of ad and erunco, from runco, to weed, or rake away. ] 1. To root up; to scrape or tear away by the roots. Hudibras. shippers of goods, Belknap. declaring positively ; 2. To prune. AV-ER-RUN-€aA/TION, n. The act of tearing up or raking away the roots. 2. The act of pruning, or cutting off superfluous branches. Cye. AV-ER-RUN-€A/TOR, xn. In arboriculture, an instru- ment for pruning trees, consisting of two blades fixed on the end of a rod; so constructed as to operate like a pair of shears. rande. AV-ER-SA’TION, n. [L. aversor. See Avert.] A turning from with disgust or dislike ; aversion ; hatred ; disinclination. South. It is nearly superseded by Aversion. A-VERSE’, (avers’,) a. [See Averr.] The literal sense of this word is, turned from, in manifestation of dislike. Hence the real sense is, 1. Disliking; unwilling ; having a repugnance of mind. . Averse alike to flatter or offend. Pope. 2. Unfavorable ; indisposed ; malign. And Pallas, now averse, refused her ald. Dryden. This word and its derivatives ought to be followed by to, and never by from. This word includes the idea of from ; but the literal meaning being lost, the affection of the mind signified by the word, is ex- erted toward the object of dislike, and, like its kindred terms, hatred, dislike, contrary, repugnant, &c., should be followed by to. Indeed, it is absurd to speak of maritime laws of Europe; for it is most reasonable 83 an affection of the mind exerted from an object. , MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — htt ate Be Petree at eeeAVO AVO AWA /iverse expresses a less degree of opposition in the See Voip. It coincides also with L. vito, evito; Fr.) A-VOW’A-BLE, a. That may be avowed, or openly mind than detesting and abhovring. eviter. See Class Bd.] acknowledged with confidence. Donne. Milton twice uses averse in its literal sense of _1. To shun ; to keep at a distance from ; that is,] A-VOW/AL,zn. An open declaration ; frank acknowl- turned away, With from; but it is not according to the literally, to go or be wide from; as, to avoid the com- edgment. Hume. English idiom. 3. Turned backward ; in a direction contrary to progression ; as, tracks averse Dryden. A-VERSE'LY, (a-vers/ly,) adv. With repugnance ; unwillingly. 2. Backward; behind; as, an arm _ stretched aversecy, Davenant. Brown. A-VERSE/NESS, (a-vers/ness,) n. Opposition of mind ; dislike ; unwillingness ; backwardness. Herbert. A-VER/SION, 2. [Fr. aversion, from L. averto.] 1. Opposition or repugnance of mind ; dislike ; dis- inclination ; reluctance; hatred. Usually this word expresses moderate hatred, or opposition of mind, not amounting to abhorrence or detestation. It ought generally to be followed by to before the object. [See Aversg.] Sometimes it admits of for. A freeholder is bred with an aversion to subjection. Addison. 2. Opposition or contrariety of nature: applied to manimate substances. Magnesia, notwithstanding this aversion to solution, forms a kind of paste with water. ourcroy, Trans. 3. The cause of dislike. Pain their aversion, pleasure their desire. Pope. A-VERT’, v. t. [L. averto, a, from, and verto, to turn, anciently vorto; hence vertex, vortex; probably al- lied to L. vario; Eng. veer; Sp. birar ; Eth. (\2ZP bari. Class Br.] 1. To turn from ; to turn off or away ; as, to avert the eyes from an object. Shak. 2. To keep off, divert, or prevent; as, to avert an approaching calamity. Hooker. 3. To cause to dislike. Hooker. But this sense seems to be improper, except when heart, or some equivalent word, is used ; as, to avert the heart or affections, which may signify to alienate the affec- tions. Thomson. A-VERT’, v7 To tum away. Thomson. A-VERT’ED, pp. Turned from or away. A-VERT’ER, x. One that turns away or averts; that Which turns away or averts. A-VERT’ING, ppr. Turning from; turning away ; preventing. A/VI-A-RY, 7. [L. aviarium, from avis, a bird. A house or inclosure for keeping birds confined. Wotton. A-VID/L-OUS, a. [L. avidus.] Eager; greedy. Bale. A-VID'I-OUS-LY, adv. [See Avipiry.] Eagerly ; with greediness. Bale. A-VID'I-TY, n. [L. aviditas, from avidus, and this from aveo, to desire, to have appetite; Heb. and Ch. 7X to desire, or covet. ] 1. Greediness; strong appetite: applied to the SeNnSes- 2. Eagerness; intenseness of desire: applied to the mind. AV-I-GA'/TO, )n. The Persea gratissima [Zaurus AV-O-€A/DO, Persea, Linn.] or alligator pear, a native of the West Indies. The tree has a Straight stem, long, oval, pointed leaves, and flowers, each with a six-cleft corolliform calyx, produced in clusters, on the extremities of the branches, ‘The fruit, when fully ripe, is considered a delicacy. A-ViGN/ON BER-RY, (a-veen/yong-,). The fruit of the Rhamnus Infectorius, and of other species of the same genus; so called from the city of Avignon, in France. The berry is less than a pea, of a yellow- ish-green color, and bitter, astringent taste ; used by dyers and painters for coloring yellow. Encyc. A-VILE/, v. t [Fr. avilir. See Vixe.] To depreciate, [Jot in use.] A-VISIE’, | n. ys avis. | A-VI'SO,§ Advice; intelligence. [ot in use.] A-VISK/, v.27, To consider. [Not i use.] Spenser. A-VISE/MENT, n. Advisement. [See Apvice and ADVISE. ] AV'O-CAT, (av’o-c’,) n. [Fr.] An advocate: a term applied to the higher class of French lawyers, corresponding to the English counselor at law, and the Scotch advocate. AV/O-CATE, v. t, [L. avoco, from a and voco, to call. See Voricr and Vocat. To call off or away. [Vot used. ] Barrow. AV-O-€A/TION, n. [See Vocation, Voice, Vocat.] 1. The act of calling aside, or diverting from some employment ; as, an avocation from sin or from busi- ness. 2. The business which calls aside. The word is generally used for the smaller affairs of life, or occa- sional calls which summon a person to leave his or- dinary or principal business. ‘The use of this word for vocation 1s very improper. A-VO/€A-TIVE, a. Calling off. [Wot wsed.] A-VO/€A-TIVE, n. That which calls aside; de- hortation ; dissuasion. Todd, AV!'O-CET, 2. See Avoser. A-VOID!, v. t (er. vuider, or vider; vuide, or vide, void, empty; Eng. wide, void, widow; L. vidua. B. Jonson. pany of gamesters. 2. To endeavor to shun; to shift off; as, to avoid expense. 3. To quit; to evacuate ; to shun by leaving; as, to avoid the house. Shak. 4. 'To escape ; as, to avoid a blow. 5. To emit or throw out; as, to avoid excretions. For this, Voip is now generally used. 6. To make void ; to annul or vacate. The grant can not be avoided without injustice to the grantee. Anon, 7. In pleading, to set up some new matter or dis- tinction, which shall avoid, that is, defeat or evade the allegation of the other party. Thus, ina replication, the plaintiff may deny the defendant’s plea, or con- fess it, and avoidit by stating new matter. Blackstone. A-VOID!,v.t. To retire ; to withdraw. David avoided out of his presence. —1 Sam. xviii. [Improper.] 2. To become void, vacant, or empty, as a benefice. Ayliffe. A-VOID/A-BLE, a. That may be avoided, left at a distance, shunned, or escaped. 2. That may be vacated ; liable to be annulled. A-VOID/ANCE, n. The act of avoiding or shunning. 2. The act of becoming vacant, or the state of being vacant. It is appropriately used for the state of a benefice becoming void, by the death, depriva- tion, or resignation of the incumbent. Cowel. 3. The act of annulling. 4, The course by which any thing is carried off. Bacon. A-VOID/ED, pp. Shunned; evaded; made void; ejected. A-VOID/ER, n. One who avoids, shuns, or escapes. 2. The person who carries any thing away; the vessel in which things are carried away. Johnson. A-VOID/ING, ppr. Shunning; escaping; keeping at a distance; ejecting ; evacuating; making void or vacant. A-VOID/LESS, a. That can not be avoided ; inevita- ble. Dryden. AV-OIR-DU-POIS’, (ay-er-du-poiz’,) [Fr. avoir du poids, to have weight. See Pors.] A weight, of which a pound contains 16 ounces. Its proportion to a pound troy is as 17 to 14. ‘This is the weight for the larger and coarser commodities, as hay, iron, cheese, groceries, &c. Chambers. AV‘O-LATE, v. % To fly away ; to escape; to ex- hale. Boyle. AV-O-LA'TION, 2. [3 avelo, to fly away, of a and volo. See Vovati e.] The act of flying away ; flight; escape. [Jitile used. AV/O-SET, )n. The popular name of different AV-O-SET’TA,}§ species of aquatic birds, of the genus Recurvirostra, arranged by Linneus in the order Gralla, but by Pennant and Latham among the Palmipedes. The bill of these birds is long, slen- der, flexible, and bent upward toward the tip. They have very long legs, and palmated feet, which last are considered as adapted for wading on soft mud, rather than for swimming. A-VOUCH’, v. t. [Norm. voucher, to call, to vouch; L. voco, advoco. See Voice.] 1. To affirm; to declare or assert with positive- ness. Hooker. 2. To produce or call in; to affirm in favor of, maintain, or support. Such antiquities could have been avouched for the Irish. Spenser. 3. To maintain, vindicate, or justify. Shak. A-VOUCH’, n. Evidence; testimony; declaration. [ Little used. | Shak. A-VOUCH/’A-BLE, a. That may be avouched. Little usta} A-VOUCH/ED, (a-voucht’,) pp. Affirmed ; maintained ; called in to support. A-VOUCH/ER, n. One who avouches. A-VOUCH/ING, ppr. Affirming ; calling in to main- tain; vindicating. : % A-VOUCH’MENT, mx. Declaration; the act of avouching. Shak. A-V OU-E!, (4-vou-a',) n. A French term, originally denoting a protector of a church or religious commu- nity, corresponding to the English advowee; at pres- ent, applied to the lower class of French lawyers, corresponding to the English attorney at law. A-VOW’, v. t. [Fr. avower; Arm. avoei; Norm. avower; L. voveo.| 1. To declare openly, with a view to justify, maintain, or defend; or simply to own, acknowl- edge, or confess frankly ; as, a man avows his princi- ples or his crimes. Re 95, 2. In law, to acknowledge and justify, in one’s own right,as when the distrainer of goods defends in an action of replevin, and avows the taking in his own right, but insists that such taking was legal. Blackstone. A-VOW!,n. A vow or determination. [Vot used.] A-VOW’‘ANT, n. The defendant in replevin, who avows the distress of the goods, and justifies the taking. Cowel. A-VOW'ED, (a-vowd’) pp. Openly declared ; owned ; frankly acknowledged. A-VOW'ED-LY, adv. In an open manner; with frank acknowledgment. A-VOW-EE!, n. Sometimes used for advowee, the per- son who has a right to present toa benefice ; the patron. {see ADYoWSoON. Cowel. A-VOW’ER, n. One who avows, owns, or asserts. A-VOW/'ING, ppr. Openly declaring; frankly ac- knowledging ; justifying. A-VOW/RY, 7. In law, the act of the distrainer of goods, who, in an action of replevin, avows and jils- tifies the taking in his own right. Blackstone. When an action of replevin is brought, the distrain- er either makes avowry, that is, avows taking the distress in his own right, or the right of his wife, and states the reason of it, or makes cognizance, that is, acknowledges the taking, but justifies it in another’s right, as his bailiff or servant. A-VOW!TRY. See ApvowrTry. A-VOY'ER, nx. [L, advocatus ; old Fr. advoes.] A name - formerly assumed by the chief magistrates of im- perial towns, and of the Swiss cities. [Disused. A-VULS’ED, (a-vulst/,) a. [See Avuxsron.] Plucke or pulled off. Shenstone. A-VUL'SION, x. [L. avulsio, from avello, a and vello, to pull, coinciding with Heb. and Ar. nbp falah, to separate ; Eng. pull.] A pulling or tearing from or asunder; a rending or forcible separation. A-WAIT’,v.t. [a and wait. See Wart. Fr. guetter, to watch; guet, a watch; It. guatare, to look or watch. ] Literally, to remain, hold, or stay. 1. To wait for ; to look for, or expect. Betwixt the rocky pillars Gabriel sat, Chief of the angelic guards, awaiting night. Milton. 2. To be in store for; to attend; to be ready for ; as, a glorious reward azaits the good. A-WAIT’, x. Ambush; a state of waiting for. Spenser. © A-WAIT/ING, ppr. Waiting for; looking for; ex- pecting ; being ready or in store for. A-WAKE’, v. t. ; pret. AwoxEr, AWAKED; pp. AWAKED. [Sax. gewaecan, wacian, or weccan; D. wekken; Ger. wecken; Sw. vacka ; Dan. vekke. The L. vigilo seems to be formed on this root. See Waxe.] 1. To rouse from sleep. I go that I may awake him out of sleep. —John xi. 2. To excite from a state resembling sleep, as from death, stupidity, or inaction; to put into action, or new life ; as, to awake the dead; to awake the dor- mant faculties. A-WAKE’, v. 2. To cease to sleep; to come from a state of natural sleep. Jacob awaked out of sleep. —Gen. xxviii. 2. To bestir, revive, or rouse from a state of inac- tion ;_to be invigorated with new life; as, the mind awakes from its stupidity. Awake, O sword, against my shepherd. — Zech. xii. 3. To rouse from spiritual sleep. Awake, thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light. — Eph. v. Awake to righteousness. —1 Cor, xv. 4. To rise from the dead. Job xiv. A-WAKE’, a. Not sleeping; in a state of vigilance or action. A-WAK’EN, (a-wa'kn,) v. t. This is the word awake, With its Saxon infinitive. It is transitive or intransi- tive, but more frequently transitive, as awake is more frequently intransitive. Its significations are the same as those of awake. A-WAK/EN-ED, (a-wak’nd,) pp. Roused from sleep, in a natural or moral sense. A-WAK/EN-ER, n. He or that which awakens. | A-WAK/EN-ING, ppr. Rousing from sleep ; exciting; awaking. A-WAK'EN-ING, n. A revival of religion, or more general attention to religion than usual. A-WAK/EN-ING-LY, adv. In amanner to awaken. A-WARD’/, v. t. [Scot. warde, determination ; Norm. garda, award, judgment; agardetz, awarded. See Guarp and RxecGarp.] ; To adjudge; to give by sentence or judicial deter- mination ; to assign by sentence. This word Is ap- propriately used to express the act of arbitrators In pronouncing upon the rights of parties; as, the ar- bitrators awarded damages to A. B. A-WARD’, v. 7. Tojudge; to determine ; to make an A-WARD’, n. _ , (award. 1. A judgment, sentence, or final decision ; as, the award of Providence, the award of posterity. 2. More particularly, the decision of arbitrators in a case submitted. je : 3. The paper containing the decision of arbitrators. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. i2 89 ai Le ii AWK A-WARD/ED, pp. Adjudged, or given by judicial sentence, or by the decision of arbitrators. _ A-WARD/ER, . One that awards, or assigns by sentence or judicial determination ; a judge. Thiomson. A-WARDI/ING, ppr. Adjudging; assigning by judi- cial sentence ; determining. A-WARE’, a. [Sax. gewarian, to take care, provide, avoid; to preserve or defend; also, covered, pro- tected ; warian, to beware ; war, aware. See WarE and Wary. BoreL ae Watchful; vigilant; guarded ; but more strictly, in modern usage, apprised; expecting an event from information, or probability ; as, the general was aware of the enemy’s designs, A-WARN’, v. t. To warn; which see. Spenser. — A-WAY!, adv. [Sax. aweg, absent, a and ee, way ; also onweg, away, and awegan, to avert. See W AY.] 1. Absent; at a distance; as, the master 1s away Srom home Haye me away, for 1 am wounded. —2 Chron, xxxv. 9, It is much used in phrases signifying moving or going from; as, go away, send arway, run away, &C. ; all signifying departure, or separation toa distance. Sometimes without the verb ; as, whither away so fast ? Shak. Love hath wings, and will away. . Waller. 3. As an exclamation, it is a command or invita- tion to depart ; away, that is, be gone, or let us go. 4. With verbs, it serves to modify their sense, and form peculiar phrases ; as, Sey To throw away ; to cast from, to give up, dissipate, or foolishly destroy. : 5 To trifle away; to lose or expend in trifles, or in idleness. as To drink away, to squander away, &c. ; to dissipate in drinking or extravagance. To make away with, is to kill or destroy. — : 5. Away with, has a peculiar signification in the phrase, ‘‘I can not away with it.” Isa.i, The sense is, ** I can not bear or endure it.?’ Away with one, signifies, take him away. A-WaY'WARD, adv. Away. Gower. AWE, (aw,)n. [Dan. ave, fear, awe, chastisement, dis- cipline ; ave, to chastise or correct; Gr. a) 2, to be astonished. Qu. Ir. agh; Sax. ege or oga, fear ; Goth. agjan, or ogan, to dread. It would appear that the primary sense of the Dan. is to strike, or check.] 1. Fear mingled with admiration or reverence ; reverential fear. Stand in awe and sin not. — Ps. iv. 2. Fear; dread inspired by something great, or terrific. AWE, v.t. To strike with fear and reverence ; to in- fluence by fear, terror, or respect; as, his majesty awed them into silence. A-WEA/RY, a. Weary; which see. Shak. A-WEAFH’ER, (a-weth/er,) adv. [a and weather. ] On the weather-side, or toward the wind ; as, helm aweather! opposed to alee. Mar. Dict. AWE-€OM-MAND/ING, a. Striking with or influ- encing by awe. Gray. AW/ED, (awd,) pp. Struck with fear; influenced by fear or reverence. A-W EIGH’, away») adp. [aand weigh.] Atrip. The anchor is aweigh when it is just drawn out of the ground, and hangs perpendicular. [See ATRIP, AWE-IN-SPIR/ING, a. Impressing with awe. Bp. Hobart. AWE!-STRUCK, a. Impressed or struck with awe. AW!'FUL, a. [aweand full.] [ Milton. 1. That strikes with awe ; that fills with profound reverence ; as, the awful majesty of Jehovah. 2. That fills with terror and dread; as, the awful approach of death. 3, Struck with awe; scrupulous, A weak and aiuful reverence for antiquity. Watts. Shakspeare uses it for obedient, or under due awe of authority or dignity. Our common people use this word in the sense of frightful, ugly, detestable. AW’'FUL-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having eyes that excite awe. AW/FUL-LY, adv. Ina manner to fill with awe; in a yeverential manner. AW/FUL-NESS, zn. 1. The quality of striking with awe, or with rev- erence ; solemnity ; as, the awfulness of this sacred place. 2. The state of being struck with awe. A help to prayer, producing in us reverence and aufulness. Taylor [ot legitimate.) A-WHAPE!, v. t. [W. cwapiav, to strike smartly, ] To strike ; toconfound. [Obs.] Spenser. [This is our vulgar zhop. A-WHILE’, adv. [aand while, time, or interval. } A space of time ; for some time; for a short time. AWK, a. Odd; out of order. DL’ Estrange. 2. Clumsy in performance, or manners; unhandy ; not dextrous. [ Vulgar. AWK’WARD, a. [awk and ward. | AXI 1. Wanting dexterity in the use of the hands or of instruments ; unready ; not dextrous ; bungling. Dryden. 2. Inelegant; unpolite; ungraceful in manners; clumsy. Shak. 3. Unfavorable ; untoward ; adverse ; unfortunate. Shak. AWK/WARD-LY, adv. Clumsily; in a rude or bun- ~ pling manner ; inelegantly ; badly. AWK/WARD-NESS, nz. Clumsiness ; ungracefulness “jn manners; want of dexterity in the use of the hands or instruments ; unsuitableness, Addison. AWL, 7. [Sax. el, an awl, and an eel; Ger. ahle, an awl, and aal, an eel; D. els, an awl; aal, an eel ; Dan. aal, an eel ; Ir. ail, a sting or prickle. | An iron instrument for piercing small holes in leather, for sewing and stitching; used by shoe- makers, saddlers, &c. The blade is either straight, or a little bent and flattened. AW/'LESS, a. [awe and lIcss.] 1. Wanting reverence ; void of respectful fear ; as, awless insolence. Dryden. 2. Wanting the power of causing reverence; not exciting awe; as, an awless throne. Shak. AW L!/-SHAP-ED, Ghent) a. 1. Having the shape of an awl. 2. In botany, subulate ; slender, and tapering to- ward the extremity, as a leaf, AWL!'WORT, 7. [awl and wort. See Wort.] The popular name of the Subularia aquatica; so called from its awl-shaped leaves, which grow in clusters round the root. It is a native of Britain and Treland. Encyc. ae nm [D.aam; G. ahin.] = cote A Dutch liquid measure, containing eight steckans, or twenty verges or verteels, varying in different cities from 37 to 41 English wine gallons. Arbuthnot. AWWN,2. [Sw. agn; Gr. axva, axvn.] The beard of corn or grass ; a slender, sharp pro- cess issuing trom the chaff or glume in corn and raSSeS. Martyn. AWN’ED, (awnd,) a. In botany, furnished with an awn, as a glume. AWN'ING, n. [Goth. hulyan, to coyer.] A cover of canvas, to shelter from the sun’s rays ; originally employed as a shelter toa vessel’s deck, or a boat, but now used for various other pur- poses ; as in gardening, for protecting plants, and in cities, as a shade around buildings. 2. That part of the poop-deck which is continued forward beyond the bulk-head of the cabin. Mar. Dict. AWN’LESS, a. Without awn or beard. AWN’/Y, a. Having awns; full of beard. A-WOKBE!. The pret. of Awake. A-WORK’, adv. [Sax. geweorcan, to work.] At work ; in, or into, a state of labor or action. Shak. A-WORK/ING, adv. At work; in, or into, a state of working or action. Hubberd’s Tale. A-WRY’', a, or adv. [Dan. vride, to twist ; vrien, twist- ed; Sw. vrida; Sax. writhan, to writhe, 1. Turned or twisted toward one side, not in a straight or true direction, or position; asquint ; with oblique vision; as, to glance a look awry; the lady’s cap is awry. 2. In a figurative sense, turned aside from the line of truth, or right reason; perverse or perversely. Sidney. Milton. AX, n. [improperly written Axe.] [Sax. er, eax, ese; G. axt; Sw. yxra; Dan. 6ze; L. ascia; Gr. agiyy ; It. w - azza; Eth. mer hatzit, an ax; or Ar. Se hazza, to cut; Ch. and Syr. N>¥n hatzina, an ax. An instrument, usually of iron, for hewing timber and chopping wood. It consists of a head with an arching edge, and a helve or handle. The ax is of two kinds, the broad ax for hewing, and the narrow az for rough-hewing and cutting. The hatchet is a small ax, to be used with one hand. AX-A-YA/EATL, n. A fly, in Mexico, whose eggs, deposited on rushes and flags, in large quantities, are sold and used asa sort of caviare, called ahuauhtli. This was a dish among the Mexicans, as it now is among the Spaniards. Clavigero. AX/-FORM, a. In botany, having ao re- AX!/-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) semblance to an ax or hatchet ; dolabriform. AX!-HEAD, n. The head or iron of an ax. 2 Kings vi. AX!/-HELVE,n. The handle of an ax. AX'I-Al, a. Pertaining to an axis. Prout. AX-IF/ER-OUS, a. A term applied to plants which consist exclusively of an axis, without leaves or other appendages. Brande. AX/T-FORM, a. [L, azis and forma. | fn the form of an axis. Encyc. AX'IL, {e [L. axilla; Ir. asgal; Fr. aissellé; D. AX-IL‘/LA, orel, the armpit; Ch. and Heb. $sx to Separate or set apart; whence Y?)¥X armpits. ] In botany, the angle, on the upper side, formed by AXO a branch with the stem, or by a leaf, or its petiole, with the stem or branch. Milne. Darwin. AX'ILE, a. Lying in the axis of any thing, or from the base to the opposite end; as an embryo which lies in the axis of a seed. Brande. AX/ILL-LAR, ad. Pertaining to the axilla or arm- AX'IL-LA-RY, pit. 2. In botany, situated in, or rising from, the axilla ; formed by a branch with the stem, as a leaf, or by a leaf, or its petiole, with the stem or branch, as a AX/IN-ITE, 2. [Gr. afivn, an ax.] [ flower. A mineral, occurring in brilliant glassy crystals, with thin and sharp edges, somewhat resembling an ax. It consists chiefly of silica, alumina, lime, and oxide of iron. It is the thumerstone of Kirwan, and has been also called yanolite and violet schorl. Dana. AX-IN/O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. afivn, an ax, and payreca, divination. } Among the ancients, a species of divination, by means of an ax, or hatchet, performed by laying an agate-stone on a red-hot hatchet, or by fixing a hatch- et on a round stake, so as to be poised; then the names of those suspected were repeated, and he at whose name the hatchet moved, was pronounced guilty. Encic. AX/IOM, n, [Gr. aftwpa, authority, an authoritative sentence, or that which is assumed, from az«os, wor- thy, agiow, to think worthy, to esteem, to demand ; Eng. to ask [to az;] that which is asked, sought, or esteemed. ] 1. A self-evident truth, or a proposition whose truth is so evident at first sight, that no process of reasoning or demonstration can make it plainer; as, **the whole is greater than a part.”? Johnson. Encyc. 2. An established principle in some art or science ; a principle received without new proof. Encyc. AX-I-O-MAT’TE€, a. Pertaining to an axiom ; hav- AX-J-O-MAT’I€-AL, ing the nature of self-evident truths or received principles. Pref. to Bacon’s Aphorisms. AX-I-O-MAT'I€-AL-LY, adv. By the use of axioms. AX'TI-O-PIST-Y, n. [ee agtosg and mores, faith. ] The quality which renders a thing worthy of be- lief; worthiness of credit. AXIS, 7.; pl. Axes. [L.; Gr. afwv; Russ. os; Sax, @z; Fr. aze, or aissicu, essieu; G. achse; D. as; It. asse; Sp. exe; Port. exo, eizo.] 1. The straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, on which it revolves, or may re- volve. Aris of the earth; the imaginary right line passing through the center and poles of the earth, on which it performs its diurnal revolution from west to east. 2. In geometry, a straight line in a plane figure, about which it revolves to produce a solid. 3. In conic sections, a right line dividing the section into two equal parts, and cutting all its ordinates at right angles. 4. In mechanics, the axis of a balance, is that line about which it moves, or rather turns. The azis of oscillation, is a right line parallel to the horizon, passing through the center, about which a pendulum vibrates. The azis in peritrochio, or wheel and azle, is a me- chanical power, consisting of a wheel concentric with a cylindrical axis, with which it revolves ; the power being applied to the circumference of the wheel, and the weight to that of the axis. 5. In optics, a particular ray of light from any ob- ject, which falls perpendicularly on the eye; called, also, the optic or visual axis. 6. In architecture, the spiral axis, is the axis of a twisted column drawn spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without. 7. In botany, the central part or column of a plant, around which the other parts are disposed, corre- sponding to the vertebral column in the higher orders of animals ; divided into the ascending axis, or stem, and the descending axis, or root, which are united by the collet orneck. The term is also applied, in a limited sense, to the central column in some modes of inflorescence, as in the ament, and the spike of grasses. 8. In anatomy, the term azis is applied to the second vertebra of the neck, called also vertebra dentata ; and toa tooth-like process, (processus dentatus,) on its upper surface, which passes upward through the central foramen of the first vertebra or atlas, thus serving as a pivot on which the latter turns, whence the term. The axts of the Ionic capital, is a line passing per- pendicularly through the middle of the eye of the volute. The axis of a vessel, is an imaginary right line pass- ing through the middle of it, perpendicular tg its base, and equally distant from its sides. AX/LE AX’LE-TREE, ns See Axis.] A piece of timber or bar of iron, fitted for insertion in the hobs or naves of wheels, on which the wheels [Sax. ez and tree. turn. AX/O-LOTL, n. The name of a batrachian reptile, of the genus Gyrinus, found in the Lake of Mexico, and other lakes in the Mexican Cordilleras. It is FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 90 IRR SE Msc sjecatt deinB about 8 or 9 inches in length, and has a smooth skin of a deep brown color, thickly mottled- with black. It has permanent gills or branchie, formed of three long, ramified processes on each side of the neck, and also lungs; and thus, like the Proteus and Siren, is one of the true amphibia, P. Cyc. AX-OT/O-MOUS, a. [Gr. a¥wy,.axis, and reuva, to cleave, In mineralozy, having a cleavage with a single face, perpendicular to the axis. Shepard. AX’STONE, nx. A light green or greenish-gray min- eral, remarkable for its toughness ; a variety of jade or nephrite. It is used by some savages, particularly the natives of the South Sea Isles, for making axes or hatchets. It occurs amorphous, and in rolled frag- ments. Dana. AX’UNGE, n. [L. arungia.] Hog’s lard. Ure. AY, }(a/e,) adv. [G@ D. Dan. Sw. ja, (pron. ya;) Dan. AYE, ga; Com. ia; Ar. ya; Fr. oui. It may be a contracted word. ] _ Yes; yea; a word expressing assent, or an affirma- tive answer to a question. It is used also to enforce the sense of what is asserted, equivalent to even so, truly, certainly. [This word is always written J, in the old editions _ of Shakspeare.] AYE, adv. [eax aa, a, or awa; Gr. acc; Amh. ai, con- Unually ; D. eeww, an age ; Gcth. aiw, an age, eterni- ty; L. evwm, which, without its termination, is ev, @w, a contracted word; W.haug. This is in Sax. ece, eternal ; whence ecnesse, eternity, from ecan, to increase, extend; Eng. to elke. Always ; ever; continually ; for an indefinite time ; For aye; forever. used in poetry. AY'GREEN, n. [aye, ever, and es The house-leek, (sempervivum tectorum.) AYLE,n. In law, a grandfather. [See Besayxe.] Writ of ayle; a writ in lieu of an assize of mort @ancestor, when the abatement happens on the death of the demandant’s grandfather or grandmother. lackstone. AY ME, interj. Used, in several instances, by Milton, instead of ak me! Ay me! unhappy. A'Y-RY. See Arrte. AZ'A-ROLE, n. [Fr. azerole.] The Crategus azarolus, or Neapolitan medlar; a fruit-bearing shrub, allied to the white thorn. —-_-- Comus. AZ/I-MUTH, n. [Ar. Cagaw samatha, to move or go SCL toward ; Cagaw (L. semita,) a way or path; with a prefix. | is the second letter, and the first articulation, or consonant, in the English, as in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and most other alphabets. In the Ethiopic, it is the ninth letter, and its shape is that of a hut. Perhaps from this or other like figure, it received its Hebrew name, beth, a house. It is a mute and a labial, being formed by pressing the whole length of the lips together, as in pronoun- cing eb. It is less perfectly mute than p, as may be perceived by pronouncing the syllables ab and ap. It is convertible, Ist, with p, as in the Celtic ben or pen, a mountain; In the English beak and peak, beck and peck; 2d, with v, as in the German silber, for silver ; and in Spanish, b and v are often used indifferently ; 3d, with f, as in English bore, and Latin foro ; English bear, Latin fero; in the Celtic bun, bunadh, bunait, stock, origin, foundation ; English found ; Latin fundamentwm ; with the Greek ¢, as Bilip, for @iAimmos; 4th, with v and w; as, Insh for, Latin verus ; fear, vir; Irish butac, the wick of a candle. The Modern Greek B is always pronounced like the English V, and the Russian B corresponds with it. In composition, the letter B is changed into p be- fore the letter p ; as in opprimo, from ob and premo; oppono, froin ob and pono; into f, before f, as in offero, from ob and fero; into c before c, as in occido, from ob and cado, and cedo. As a numeral, B was used by the Hebrews and Greeks, as now by the Arabians, for2; by the Ro- mans for 300, and with a dash over it, thus, B, for 3000. B is used also as an abbreviation ; thus B. A, stand for bachelor of arts; B. L. for bachelor of laws; B. D. for bachelor of divinity; B. F., prefixed to the decrees of the old Romans, for bonum factum. In music, B stands for the tone above A; Bh, for B flat, or the semitone major above A. B. also BAB 1. In astronomy, an arch of the horizon intercepted between the meridian of the place and the azimuth or vertical circle passing through the center of any object. 2. Magnetical azimuth; an arch of the horizon, in- tercepted between the azimuth or vertical circle, passing through the center of any heavenly body and the magnetic meridian. This is found by ob- serving the object with an azimuth compass. 3. Azimuth compass; an instrument for finding either the magnetic azimuth or amplitude of a heavenly object. 4. Azimuth dial; a dial whose stile or gnomon is at right angles to the plane of the horizon. D. Azimuths, azinuth circles, or vertical circles, are great circles of the sphere intersecting each other in the zenith and nadir, and cutting the horizon at right angles. On charts, these azimuths are represented by rhumbs, and on the globe, by the quadrant of altitude, when screwed in the zenith. Encyc. Chambers. Johnson. Bailey. AZ'T-MUTH-AL, a; Pertaining to the azimuth. A-ZO'I€, a. [Gr. « priv. and (wy, life.] Destitute of any vestige of organic life. Dana. Suen n. (Gr. @ priv. and (wn, life, or Gwrixos, vital. In chemistry, an element, existing, when uncom- bined, in the state of a gas; called azote, from its fatal effects upon animal life, but more generally nitrogen, from its forming nitric acid by combination With oxygen. It exists, together with oxygen, in at- mospheric air, and forms about seventy-nine parts in a hundred of it, by volume. Combined with hy- drogen, in a certain proportion, it forms ammonia ; and it enters into the composition of most animal substances, particularly of the muscular fiber. AZ'OTH, x. In alchemy, the first principle or mercury of metals; the liquor of sublimated quicksilver ; brass ; the universal remedy of Paracelsus. Coxe. Quincy. A-ZOT/I€, a. Pertaining to azote; formed or con- sisting of azote; as, azolic gas, AZ'O-TITE, n. A name given by Thompson to a salt, supposed by Davy to be formed by the combina- tion of nitrous oxyd with a base, and called by him nitroxic. AZ'O-TIZE, v. t To impregnate with nitrogen or azote. AZ!'O-TIZ-ED, pp. Impregnated with azote. AZ!'O-TIZ-ING, ppr. Impregnating with azote. AZ'URE, (azh'ur or a/zhur,) a. [Persic, lazurd, blue ; Fr. azur; Sp. azul, or azur; lt. azzurro; W. asur, blue. Hence lazult, in lapis lazuli. Ofasky-blue, resembling the clear blue color of the sky. AZ'URE, (azh/ur or a/zhur,) x. The fine blue color B. stands for base, and B. C. for basso continuo, or thorough base. BAA, x. The cry or appropriate bleating of sheep. BAA, v.i. To cry or bleat as sheep. BA’AL, n ([Oriental, bya lord.] An idol among the ancient Chaldeans and Syrians, representing the sun. The word signifies also lord, or commander; and the character of the idol was varied by different nations, at different times. Thus Baal Berith is supposed to signify, the Lord of the Covenant; Baal Peor, or rather Baal Phegor, the Lord of the dead. Ps. cvi. Baal Zebub, the god of flies, &c. : BAB'BLE, v. i. [D. babbelen; Fr. babiler ; properly, to throw out.] : J. To utter words imperfectly or indistinctly, as children. Prior. 2, To talk idly or irrationally; to talk thought- lessly. Arbuthnot. 3. To talk much; to prate; hence, to tell secrets. Shak, 4. To utter sounds frequently, incessantly, or indistinctly ; as, a babbling echo; a babbling stream. BAB/BLE, v. t. To prate; to utter. BAB/BLE, zn. Idle talk ; senseless prattle. Shak. BAB/BLE-MENT, x. Idle talk; senseless prate ; un- meaning words. Milton. BAB/BLER, zn. An idle talker; an irrational prattler ; a teller of secrets. BAB/BLING, ppr. or a. Talking idly ; telling secrets. 2, Uttering a succession of murmuring sounds ; as, a babbling stream. 3. In hunting, babbling is when the hounds are too busy after they have found’a good scent. BAB/BLING, n. Foolish talk. 1 Tim. vi. BABE, n. [Ger. bube, a boy; Ir. baban; D. babyn; Syr. babia ; Phenician, babion; Ar. babah, a babe, an BAB of the sky. This word was formerly applied to the lapis lazuli, and the color prepared from it. But it is now applied to the blue extracted from cobalt, though somewhat a different color; the blue of the lapis lazuli is called ultramarine. The term azure is ap- plied also to the blue glass made of the oxyd of cobalt and vitrifiable substances, when reduced to fine powder. When in masses, itis called smalt, Encyc. 2. The sky, or azure vault of heaven. 3. In heraldry, a blue color in coats of all persons under the degree of baron. Jones. The term azure, in heraldry, denotes a blue color generally, not only in the arms of all degrees of per- sons, but in those of states, cities, and communities. The limitation of azure to the arms of gentlemen, of sapphire to those of noblemen, and of Jupiter to those of sovereign princes, or the mode of blazoning by tinctures, precious stones, and planets, in those three degrees respectively, is not generally admitted. Ed. Encyc AZ'URE, (azh/ur or a/zhur,) v. & To color blue. AZ'URED, (azh'urd ov a/zhurd,) a. Colored azure; being of an azure color. Sidney. Shak. AZ'URE-STONE, zn. A synonym of the lapis lazuli, and also of the lazulite. AZ!/URE-TINT-ED, a. Having a tint of azure color. AZ/UR-ITE, xn. A synonym of the lazulite, and also of the blue malachite. AZ'URN, a. Of a blue color. [Little wsed.] Jfilton. AZ'Y-GOS, a. [Gr. a priv. and (vyov, a yoke.] In anatomy, a term applied to certain parts or or- gans, which have no fellow, or are not one of a pair. These parts are situated in or near the mesial plane of the body. Azygos muscle; a muscle extending along the mid- dle of the soft palate and uvula, which draws the latter organ upward and forward. Azygos process; @ spinous process in the middle of the anterior and inferior surfaces of the sphenoid bone, uniting with the vomer and the nasal plate of the ethmoid bone. Azygos vein, (vena azygos;) a vein which com- mencés, in the lumbar region, by anastomosis with the inferior vena cava, or some of its branches, and, extending upward along the right and anterior part of the spine, terminates in the superior vena cava, a little above the pericardium. AZ'YME, n. [Fr.] [See Azymous.] Unleavened bread. [Not m use.] AZ'Y-MITE, n. [See Azymous.] In church history, a term applied to Christians who administer the Eucharist with unleavened bread. Encyc. AZ'Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. a priv. and Gvj7, leaven.] Unleavened ; unfermented ; as sea-biscuit. 2sh. iS) 9S infant. Ar, Uw pals babos, or baboson, the young of man or beast; Syr. babosa, a little child. It is re- markable that this Syriac and Arabic word for an infant, is retained by the natives of America, who call an infant pappoos. LL. pupus, a word of endear- ment; pupa, little girl; whence pupillus, pupilla, pupil. Ar. bobohon, the beginning of youth; Gr. cc oo BaBat, and ravac; Ar. Ly Ly baba, to say baba, that is, father ; papa, a word taken from the first attempts of children to pronounce the name of a parent.] An infant; a young child of either sex. BA/BEL, n. [Heb.] Confusion; disorder. Beaumont. BAB’/ER-Y, x. Finery to please a child ; any trifling toy for children. Sidney. BAB/ISH, a. Likea babe; childish. Ascham. BAB/‘ISH-LY, adv. Childishly. BAB'ISH-NESS, n. Childishness. f BAB-OON’, 7. (Fr. babouin, so called from its resem- blance toa babe. This name seems to have origina- ted in the Oriental babion, papio. See Bane.] ; Aname common to several of the larger species of monkeys, belonging to the genus Simia, in the class Mammalia, and order primates, according to the system of Linneus ; but more recently consid- ered as forming a distinct genus in the order Quad- rumana and family Simie. Baboons have short tails 5 a long face ; a broad high muzzle ; dog-like tusKs, or canine teeth ; and naked callosities on the buttocks. They are found only on the eastern continent and adjacent islands. Encye. crise BAB/LAH, n. The rind or shell of the fruit of the ‘Mimosa cineraria. It contains gallic acid and tannin, and has been used in dying drab. Ure. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS 91either sex ; a babe; [used in familiar language.] 2. A small image in form of an infant, for girls to play with; adoll, Ba/BY, v. t. To treat like a young child. Young. BA/BY-HOQD, 2. The state of being ababy. Ash. BA’/BY-HOUSE, x. Bee ates oe BA€’€HIE€, a. Jovial; drunken; mad with intoxi- cation. 2. Relating to Bacchus, the god of wine ; as, a bacchic feast, or song; bacchic mysteries. ‘aber. Encyc. BA€-€HUUS, n. In ancient poetry, a foot composed of a short syllable and two long ones; as in &vdrt. Encyc. BA€'CHUS, n. The god of wine, and son of Jupiter and Semele, daughter of Cadmus. BA€-CIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. baccifer, of bacca, a berry, and fero, to bear. That produces berries. [See Bacca.] Bacciferous plants, in some of the earlier systems of botany, in- cluded all such plants as have a pulpy fruit, whether Cowper. In the manner of BACK, ado. BACK, >. ¢. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PI 2 | BAC BAC BAC = E ae : > ¢ ] she ind ; i TS I indorse a warrant, issued in another ! Like a young child; pertaining to an of the apple, berry, or cherry kind; but in others, to sign or inc as ‘ BARN: J a au . comprehended such plants only as bear the pulpy county, to apprehend an offender. Blackstone. BA/BY, x. [See Basy.] An infant or young child of | _ pericarp, called bacca, or berry. Milne. 5. In seamanship, to back an anchor, is to lay down 5 . © « » BA€-CIV/O-ROUS, a. [L. bacca, berry, and voro, to eat. Eating or subsisting on berries; as, baccivorous birds. BACH’E-LOR, z. bac, small. sense of babbling in the Spanish. rather from shooting, protruding. ] 1. A young man who has not been married.. 2. A man of any age, who has not been married ; often with the word old. 3. A person who has taken the first degree in the liberal arts and sciences, at a college or university. This degree, or honor, is called the baccalaureate. This title is given also to such as take the first de- gree in divinity, law, or physic, in certain European universities. 4. A knight of the lowest order, or, more correctly, J The Ger- mans anciently constituted their young men knights or soldiers, by presenting to them a shield and a a young knight, styled a knight bachelor. lance, ina great council. This ceremony answered to that of the toga virilis of the Romans. In admitted to the livery are called bachelors. BACH/E-LOR-SHID, n. elor. 2. The state of one who has taken his first degree in a college or university. BACK, n. [Sax. bac, bec; Dan. bag; Sw. bak; and Sw. backe, bakke, a hill, a clod or lump. The sense probably is a ridge, like the Ger. riicken, D. rug, ap- plied to the shoulders, or to the back of a beast. } 1. The upper part of an animal, particularly of a quadruped, whose back is a ridge. In human beings, the hinder part of the body. 2. The outward or convex part of the hand, op- posed to the inner, concave part, or palm. 3. As the back of a man is the part on the side op- posite to the face, hence the part opposed to the front; as, the back of a book, and of a chimney, or the back of a house. 4. ‘Tiie part opposite to or most remote from that which fronts the speaker or actor, or the part out of eight ; as, the back of an isle, of a wood, of a village. 5. As the back is the strongest part of an animal, and as the back is behind in motion, hence the thick and strong part of a cutting tool ; as, the back of a knife, or of a saw. 6. The place behind or nearest the back ; as, on the back of a hill, or of a village. 7, The outer part of the body, or the whole body ; a part for the whole; as, he has not clothes to his back. 8, To turn the back on one, is to treat with contempt, to forsake, or neglect him. South. To turn the back to one, to acknowledge to be superior. 10. To turn the back, is to depart, or to leave the care or cognizance of; to remove or be absent. Davies. 1]. Behind the back, is in secret, or when one is absent. 12. To cast behind the back, in Scripture, is to forget and forgive. Is. xxxviii. 17; or to treat with con- tempt. Ez, xxiii. 35. Neh. ix. 26. 13. To plow the back, is to oppress and persecute. Ps. cxxix. 14. To bow the back, Rom. xi. 10. To the place from which one came; as, to go back, is to return. 2. In a figurative sense, to a former state, condition, or station ; as, he can not go back from his engage- ments. _ 3 Behind ; not advancing; not coming or bring- ing forward; as, to keep backa part ; to keep one’s self back. 4. Toward times or things past; as, to look back on former ages, o. Again ; in return ; as, to give back the money. 6. To go or come back, is to return, either to a for- mer place or state, 7. To go or give back, is to retreat, to recede. To mount; to get upon the back ; some- times, perhaps, to place upon the back; as, to back a horse. Shak. 2. To support ; to maintain 3 to second or strength- en by aid; as, the court was backed by the House of Commons. en. Dryd 3. To put backward ; to cause to retreat or recede ; as, to back oxen. _ 4. To back a warrant, is for a justice of the peace, in the county where the warrant is to be executed, is to submit to oppression. SR [Fr. bachelier ; Sp. bachiller, a bach- elor of arts and a babbler; Port. bacharel, id., and bacello, a shoot or twig of the vine ; It. baccelliere, a bachelor of arts ; bacchio, a staff; bacchetta, arod; L. baculus, a stick, that is, a shoot; Fr. bachelette, a damsel, or young woman; Scot. baich,a child; W. bacgen, a boy, a child ; bacgenes, a young girl; from This word has its origin in the name of a child, or young person of either sex, whence the Or both senses are the livery companies of London, those persons not yet BACK’BONE, n. [back and bone.] The state of being a bach- | BACK/BOX-Es, n. pl. BACK’€AR-RY, 7. BACK’DOOR, n, [back and door.] A door on the back vay. BACK’ED, (bakt,) pp. Mounted; having on the BACK’ED, (bakt,) a. BACK’ER, x. BACK’FRIEND, 7. BACK-GAM/MON, n. BACK/GROUND, n. BACK/HAND-ED, a. BACK/HAND-ED, ado. BACK/HOUSKE, n. BACK/ING, ppr. BACK’ING, n. BACK’/ING-UP, n. BACK’PAINT-ING, n. BACK’PIECE, n. BACK’RE-TURN, n. BACK’-ROOM, xn. [back and room.] A room behind BACKS, 2. BACK’SET, a. BACK’SET, n. A check to the BACK/SIDE, n. BACK-SLIDE’, v. i. BACK-SLID/ER, n. An apostate ; one who falls from NE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — a small anchor ahead of a large one, the cable of the small one being fastened to the crown of the large one, to prevent Its coming home. 6. Yo back astern, in rowing, is to manage the oars in a direction contrary to the usual method, so as to move a boat stern foremost. To back the oars ; to row backward with the oars. 7. To back the sails, is to arrange them so as to take out the wind, and thus to cause the ship to move astern. Mar. Dict. 8. Zo back the field, in horse-racing, is to bet against a particular horse or horses, that some one of all the other horses in the field will beat them. Racing Calendar. BACK, v.% To move or go back ; as, the horse re- fuses to back. Encyc. BACK’BITE, ». t, [back and bite.] To censure, slan- der, reproach, or speak evil of the absent. Prov. xxv. BACK’BIT-ER, n. One who slanders, calumniates, or speaks ill of the absent. BACK’BIT-ING, n. The act of slandering the absent ; secret calumny. 2 Cor. xii, BACK’BIT-ING-LY, adv. With secret slander. Barret. BACK’BOARD, n. [back and board.}] A board placed across the after part of a boat for the passengers to lean against. 2. A board attached to the rim of a water-wheel, to prevent the water from running off the floats or paddles, into the interior of the wheel. JVichulson. The bone of the back, or the spine. The boxes on the top of the upper case used for printers’ types, usually appropri- ated to small capitals. A having on the back; a term of law. part of a building; a private passage; an indirect back ; supported by aid ; seconded; moved back- ward. Having a back; a word used in composition ; as, broad-backed, hump-backed. One who backs or supports another in a contest. 2. In architecture, a small slate laid on the back of a large one at certain points. Brande. [back and friend.] A secret South. [W. bac, small, and cammaun, conflict, battle; camp, a game.|] A game played by two persons, upon a table, with box and dice. The table is in two parts, on which are 24 black and white spaces, called points. Each player has 15 men of different colors for the purpose of distinction. Encic. [back and ground.} Ground in the rear or behind, as opposed to the front. 2. A place of obscurity, or shade ; a situation little seen, or noticed. enemy. [back and hand.] With the hand turned backward ; as, a backhanded blow. With the hand directed back- ward ; as, to strike backhanded, [back and house.] A building be- hind the main or front building ; a necessary. Mounting ; moving back, as a horse ; seconding. In horsemanship, the operation of break- ing a colt for the saddle. bert. 2. In book-binding, the preparing of the back of a book with glue, &c., before putting on the cover. A term used in cricket and other games, for stopping the ball and driving it back. [back and paint.}| The meth- od of painting mezzotinto prints, pasted on glass of a size to fit the print. Encyc. [back and piece.] The piece of ar- mor which covers the back. Repeated return. Shak. the front room, or in the back part of the house. pl. Among dealers in leather, the thick- est and stoutest hides, used for sole leather. Encye. [back and set.] Set upon in the rear. Anderson. progress of any thing ; arelapse. [Scottish.] [back and side.] The back part of any thing; the part behind that which is presented to the face of a spectator. Ex. iii 2. The hind part of an animal. 3. The yard, ground, or place behind a house. i. [back and slide.] To fall off; to apostatize ; to turn gradually from the faith and practice of Christianity. Jer. iii. Hos. iy. the faith and practice of religion. Prov. xiv. ED, ES F e~ >) P i MON REAED PRN ESRD Rohe -BAC 2. One who neglects his vows of obedience and falls into sin. BACK-SLID'ING, n. The act of apostatizing from faith or practice; a falling insensibly from religion Into sin or idolatry. Jer. v. 6. BACK-SLID/ING-NESS, n. The state of backsliding. BACK’STAIFF, n. [back and staf, so called from its being used with the observer’s. back toward the sun. | A quadrant; an instrument for taking the sun’s altitude at sea ; called also, from its inventor, Davis’s quadrant. Encyc. BACK’-STAIRS, n. pl. [back and stairs.] Stairs in the back part of a house ; private stairs; and figuratively, a private or indirect way. BACK’STAYS, n. pl. [back and stay.] Long ropes or stays extending from the top-mast heads to both sides of a ship, slanting a little aft, to assist the Shrouds in supporting the mast, when strained by a weight of sail, and prevent it from giving way and falling overboard. Mar. Dict. BACK’STONE, n. The heated stone on which oat- cake is baked. North of England. BACK’SWORD, 2. [back and sword.} A sword with one sharp edge. In England, a stick with a basket handle, used in rustic amusements. Arbuthnot. BACK’WARD, adv. [back and ward. See Waro.] With the back in advance ; as, to move backward. 2. Toward the back; as, to throw the arms back- ward; to move backward and forward. 3. On the back, or with the back downward ; as, to fall backward. 4. Toward past times or events; as, to look back- ward on the history of man. 3. By way of reflection ; reflexively. Davies. 6. From a better to a worse state ; as, public affairs go backward. 7. In time past; as, let us look some ages backward. 8. Perversely ; from a wrong end. I never yet saw man, but she would spell him backward. Shak. 9. Toward the beginning; in an order contrary to the natural order; as, to read backward. 0. In a scriptural sense, to go or turn backward, is to rebel, apostatize, or relapse into sin oridolatry. Is.i. 11. Contrarily ; in a contrary manner. Swift. "0 be driven or turned backward, is to be defeated, or disappointed. Ps. xl. To turn judgment backward, is to pervert justice and laws. Is, lix. BACK’/WARD, a. Unwilling ; averse ; reluctant ; hesitating. For wiser brutes are backward to be slaves, Pope. 2. Slow ; sluggish; dilatory. The mind is backward to undergo the fatigue of weighing every argument. Watts. 3. Dull; not quick of apprehension ; behind in progress ; as, a backward learner. 4, Late ; behind in time ; coming after something else, or after the usual time; as, backward fruits ; the season 1s backward. BACK’/WARD, nz. The things or state behind or past. In the dark backward or abysm of time. Shak. r (Wet proper, nor in use. BACK’/WARD-LY, adv. aversely ; perversely. BACK’WARD-NESS, x. Unwillingness; reluctance ; dilatoriness, or dullness in action. 2, A state of being behind in progress ; slowness ; tardiness ; as, the backwardness of the spring. BACK’-WA/TER, n. Water which sets back in a stream, owing to some obstruction below. Also, Water tnrown back by the turning of a water-wheel. BACK’WOODS/MAN, n. In the United States, an in- habitant of the forest in the new settlements, espe- cially on the western frontier, BACK’WORM, nz. [back and worm.] A small worm, in a thin skin, in the reins of a hawk. [See Frvanpers.] Encyc. BACK/-W OUND, (-wound or -woond,) v. t. To wound secretly behind the back. Shak. BA/‘€ ON, (ba/kn,) n. [W. baccwm; Ir. bogun. In old charters, boca. Cowel. In Ger. bache is a wild sow. ] Hog’s flesh (Sometimes that of the bear, &c.) salt- ed or pickled and dried, usually in smoke. To save one’s bacon, is to preserve one’s self from harm. BA-€O'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to Lord Bacon, or to lis system of philosophy. BAC/ULE, n. [Fr. bascule.] In fortification, a kind of portcullis or gate, made like a pitfall, with a counterpoise, and supported by two great stakes. Encyc. LBAO/U-LITE, n [L. baculus.) A name common to a genus of fossil shells, of a straight form, a little conical, in their cellular struct- ure resembling the ammonites, Ed. Encye. BA€-U-LOM/E-TRY, xn. [L. baculus, a staff, and Gr. peroov, Measure. | The act of measuring distance or altitude by a staff Unwillingly ; reluctantly ; BAF oO BAD, a. [Pers. Xs bad, evil, depraved ; allied per- haps to Ar. A L bada. Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. 13N abad, to perish or destroy. ] Il; evil; opposed to good; a word of general use, denoting physical defects and moral faults, in men and things; as, a bad man, a bad heart, a bad design, bad air, bad water, bad books. 2. Vicious ; corrupt; depraved, in a moral sense; as, a bad life ; a bad action. Unwholesome ; as, bud provisions. Unfortunate ; unprosperous ; as, a bad state of Unskillful ; as, a bad player. [affairs. Small ; poor; as, a bad crop. Infirm ; as, a bad state of health. . Feeble, corrupt, or oppressive ; as, a bad govern- ment. 9. Hurtful; pernicious; as, fine print is bad for the eyes. 10. Unfavorable ; as, a bad season. 11. Poor; sterile; as, a bad soil. 12. Rough or muddy ; as, a bad road. In short, bad expresses whatever is injurious, hurt- ful, inconvenient, unlawful, or immoral; whatever is offensive, painful, or unfavorable; or what is de- fective. BAD, ((bad.) The past tense of Bro. [See B BADE, § ‘ ad. past tense of Brp. [See Brp.] BADGE, n. [I know not the affinities of this word, not having found it in any other language. Probably it belongs to Class Bg. ] I. A mark, sign, token, or thing, by which a per- son is distinguished, in a particular place or employ- ment, and designating his relation to a person or to a particular occupation; as, the badge of authority. 2. The mark or token of any thing; as, the badge of bitterness. Shak. 3. An ornament on ships, near the stern, decorated with figures. BADGE, v. t. DAD Wp o0 To mark, or distinguish with a badge. Shak. BADGE/LESS, a. Having no badge. Bp. Hall. BADG/ER, n. (Qu. badge, supra; or Sax. bygan, byc- gan, to buy ; Norm. buzge. | In /aw, a person who is licensed to buy corn in one place and sell it in another, without incurring the penalties of engrossing. Covwel. BADG/ER, n. A plantigrade quadruped of the genus Ursus, (Linn.,) now ranked in a separate genus, (Taxus or Meles,) of a clumsy make, with short, thick legs, and long claws on the fore feet. It inhabits the north of Europe and Asia, burrows, is indolent and sleepy, feeds by night on vegetables, and is generally very fat. Its skin is used for pistol furniture ; its flesh makes good bacon, and its hair is used for brushes to soften the shades In painting. Encyc. The American badger is called the ground-hog, and is sometimes white. Pennant. BADG’‘ER, v. t. To follow up or pursue with great eagerness, as the badger is hunted; to pester or wor- ry. : Rich. Dict. BADG/ER-LEG-GED, (-legd,) a. Having legs like a badger. Johnson says, having legs of unequal length ; but, qu. short, thick legs. Shak. BAD-I-A/GA, x. [Russ. badyaga.] A small sponge, common in the north of Europe the powder of which is used to take away the livic marks of bruises. Encyc. This is properly a cryptogamic plant of the order Alge,and genus Badiaga, though considered by Lin- neus as a species of Spongia. ecker. BAD/I-ANE, ) 2. ‘The seed of a tree in China, which BAN’DI-AN, smells like anise seeds; used by the Chinese and Dutch to give their tea an aromatic taste. Encyc. BAD-LGE/ON, n. A mixture of plaster and freestone, ground together and sifted, used by statuaries to fill the small holes and repair the defects of the stones of which they make their statues ; also, a mixture of saw-dust and glue, used by joiners to fill up defects in their work. Encyc. BAD'IN-AGE, (bad/in-azh,) n. [Fr.] Light or play- ful discourse. Chesterfield. BAD/LY, ado. [from bad.| In a bad manner; not well; unskillfully; grievously; unfortunately; im- perfectly. BAD/NESS, x2. The state of being bad, evil, vicious, or depraved ; want of good qualities, natural or mor- al ; as, the badness of the heart, of the season, of the roads, &c. BAF’®E-TAS, Ne BAF’/TAS, An India cotton cloth or plain muslin. That of Surat is said to be the best. Encye. BAF’FLE, v. t. [Fr. befler, to make or play the fool with ; Sp. befar; It. beffare, id. It coincides in origin with buffoon. In Scottish, bef, baff, signifies to strike. } To mock or clude by artifice; to elude by shifts and turns; hence, to defeat, or confound ; as, to baf- fle the designs of an enemy. or staffs. auey. Johnson. Fashionable follies baffle argument, Anon. BAI To practice deceit. Barrow. A defeat by artifice, shifts, and turns, South. BAE’EFLED, pp. TEluded ; defeated; confounded. BAFFLER, n. One that baftles. BAILING, ppr. or a. Eluding by shifts and turns, or by stratagem ; defeating; confounding. A baf- Jling wind, among seamen, is one that frequently shifts from one point to another. BAE/FLING-LY, adv. In a baffling manner. BAT’ FLING-NESS, n. Quality of baffling. BAG,n. [Norm. bage, a bag, a coffer ; barnes, baggage. This word seems to be from the root of pack, pouch, Fr. poche, or of the same family; or it is from the sense of tying, hinding; Sp. Jaga, a rope or cord for fastening loads on beasts of burden. Hence barvaze ; It. bagaglia; Sp. bagaze; Port. bagagem; Fr. bagage; Arm. pacq, a pack, and bagaich.] I. A sack; a pouch, usually of cloth or leather, used to hold, preserve, or convey corn and other commodities. 2. A sack, m animal bodies, containing some fluid or other substance ; the udder of a feinale beast. 3. Formerly, a sort of silken purse tied to the hair. 4. In commerce, a certain quantity of a commodity, such as it is customary to carry to market in a sack; as, a bag of pepper or hops; a bag of corn. 5. Among farriers, a bag of asafetida and savin is tied to the bits of horses to restore their appetites. Encyc. BAG, v. t. To put into a bag; as, to bag game. [Used chiefly by sportsmen. ] 2. To load with bags. BAG, v. i. To swell like a full bag, as sails when filled with wind. BA-GASSE/, n. The sugar-cane, when crushed and dry ; used as fuel. Te. BAG-A-TELLE’, (bag-d-tel’,) n. [Fr.; Sp. bagatela ; It. bagatella; Arm. bagauh.] l. A trifle ; a thing of no importance. 2. A game played on a board having, at the end, nine holes, into which balls are to be struck, with a rod held in the hand of the player. BAG'GAGE, n. [Fr. bagage. Qu. Eng. package; D. pakkaadje, baggage, that which is packed. See Bac.] 1. The tents, clothing, utensils, and other necessa- ries of an army. » 2. The clothing and other conveniences which a traveler carries with him on a journey. BAF’ELE, v. i. BAF’F LB, n. Having dispatched my baggage by water to Altdorf. Coxe, Switz. [The English now call this luggazge.] BAG'GAGE, n. [Fr. bagasse; It. bagascia ; Sp. baga- z0, a catamite; Pers. baga, a strumpet. |] 1. A low, worthless woman ; a Sstrumpet. 2. A playful, saucy female. Goldsmith. BAG’'GING, ppr. Swelling; becoming protuberant. BAG’GING, n. The cloth or materials for bags. United States. Edwards’s West Indies. BAGN’IO, (ban/yo,) n. [It. bagno; Sp. bano; Port. banho ; Fr. bain; L. balnewm.] 1. A bath; a house for bathing, cupping, sweating, and otherwise cleansing the body. In Turkey, it 1s the name of prisons where slaves are kept; so called from the baths which they contain. Encyc. 2. A brothel. ae BAG/PIPE, x. [bag and pipe.] A musical wind in- strument, used chiefly in Scotland and Ireland. It consists of a leathern bag, which receives the air by a tube, which is stopped by a valve; and pipes, into which the air is pressed by the performer. The bass- pipe is called the drone, and the tenor or treble is called the chanter. The pipes have eight holes like those of a flute, which the performer stops and opens at pleasure. There are several species of bagpipes, as the soft and melodious Irish bagpipe, with two short drones and a long one; the Highland bagpipe, with two short drones, the music of which is very loud ; the Scot’s Lowland bagpipe, which is played with a bellows, and is also a loud instrument. ‘There is also a small pipe, with a chanter about eight inches in length. _ Encic. | In seamanship, to bag-pipe the mizzen, is to lay it aback by bringing the sheet to the mizzen shrouds. Mar. Dict. BAG/PIP-ER, z. One who plays on a bagpipe. | BAG/RE,x. A small bearded fish, a species of Silurus, anguilliform, of a silvery hue, without scales, and de- licious food. Dict. of Nat. Hist. BAG/REEF, 2, [bag and reef.] A fourth and lower reef used in the British navy. Mar, Dict. BA-GUETTE’, (ba-get’,) n. [Fr. baguette, from bague, aring; Ir. beacht; Sax. beag-] In architecture, a little round molding, less than an astragal, sometimes carved and enriched. Encyc. Johnson. BA-HAR’,) 2. Weights used in the East Indies. The BAR’RE, $ great bahar, for weighing pepper, cloves, nutmegs, &c., is 524 Ibs. 9 0z. avoirdupols. The dedle bahar, for weighing quicksilver, vermilion, ivory, silk, &c., is 437 lbs. 9 02. avoirdupois. Eneyc. BAIGNE, v. t. [Fr. baigner.] To soak or drench. [JVot used.] Carew. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 93 ene!“is aa > eur re i ia dl, o Ata hs UES aed: BAI BAL BAL BAIK'AL-ITE, n. Asia. ] or radiated acicular prisms. Dana. id ah, to deliver, free, liberate, permit to go.] 1. To set free, deliver, or liberate from arrest and imprisonment, upon security given that the person bailed shall appear and answer in court. — The word is applied to the magistrate or the surety. The magis- trate bails a man, when he liberates him from arrest or imprisonment, upon bond given with sureties. The surety bails a person, when he procures his release from arrest, by giving bond for his appear- ance. Blackstone. 2, To deliver goods in trust, upon a contract, ex- pressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed on the part of the bailee, or person intrust- ed; as, to bail cloth to a tailor to be made into a gar- ment, or to bail goods toa carrier, lackstone. 3. To free from water; as, to bail a boat. This word is improperly written bale. The word is prob- ably the same as bail in law, to free, or liberate, and signifies to throw out water, as with a bucket or shovel. BAIL, n. The person or persons who procure the re- Jease of a prisoner from custody, by becoming sure- ty for his appearance in court. The bail must be real, substantial bondsmen. Blackstone. B. and B, were bail to the arrest in a suit at law. Kent. Bail is not used with a plura] termination. 2. The security given for the release of a prisoner from custody ; as, the man is out upon bail. Excessive bail ovght not to be required. Blackstone. Bail is common or special. Common bail are imagin- ary persons, who are pledges for the plaintiff’s prose- cution, as John Doe and Richard Roe, Special bail must be men of real substance, sufficient to pay their bond or recognizance. To perfect or jus- tify bail, is to prove by the oath of the person that he is worth the sum for which he is surety beyond his debts. To admit to bail, is to release upon security given by bondsmen. 3. The handle of a Kettle or similar vessel. Forby. 4. In England, a certain limit within a forest. BAIL/A-BLE, a, That may be set free upon bond With sureties ; that may be admitted to bail ; used of persons. 2. That admits of bail; as, a dailable offense. Blackstone. BAIL/BOND, n. A bond or obligation given by a prisoner and his surety, to insure the prisoner’s ap- pearance in court, at the return of the writ. Also, special bail in court to abide the judgment. Bouvier. BAIL/ED, pp. Released from custody on bonds for appearance in court. 2, Delivered in trust, to be carried and deposited, redelivered, or otherwise accounted for 3. Freed from water, as a boat. BAIL-EE’, n. The person to whom goods are com- ' mitted in trust, and who has a temporary possession and a qualified property in them, for the purposes of the trust. Blackstone. BAIL/ER, ) 7. One who delivers goods to another in BAIL/OR, trust, for some particular purpose. BAIL/IE, m A municipal officer in Scotland, corre- sponding to an alderman in England. Brande. BAILIFF, n. [Fr. baillif; Arm. belly; Scot. bailli ; It. bailo, a magistrate ; balia, power, authority. Ch. Ar. Heb. Syr. 5ya Jord, chief. Class Bl. This word, from its derivation, would more properly be spelt with but one f.] In England, an officer appointed by the sheriff. Bailiffs are either special, and appointed, for their adroitness, to arrest persons 3 or bailiffs of hundreds, who collect fines, summon Juries, attend the assizes, and execute writs and process. The sheriff in Eng- land is the king’s bailiff. There are also bailiffs of liberties, appointed by the lords in their respective Jurisdictions, to execute process, and perform other duties ; bailiffs of forests and of manors, who direct the husbandry, collect rents, &c.; and water-bailifs in each port, to search vessels, gather toll for anchorage, arrest persons for debt on the water, &c. Blackstone. Encyc. The office of bailiff formerly was high and honor- able in England, and officers under that title on the Continent are still invested with important functions. BAIL'I-WICK, n. [bailli, an officer, (see Baiuirr,) and Sax. wic.] The precincts in which a bailiff has Jurisdiction ; the limits of a bailiff’s authority ; as, a hundred, a liberty, a forest, over which a bailiff is appointed, In the liberties and franchises of lords, the bailiff has exclusive jurisdiction. Encyc. BAIL/MENT, x. [from bail.] A delivery of zoods, In trust, upon a contract, expressed or implied, that the trust shall be faithfully executed. Blackstone, BAIL'PIECE,n. A slip of parchment or paper con- [from Baikal, a lake in Northern A greenish variety of augite, occurring in grouped BAIL, v. t. [Fr. and Norm. bailler, to deliver, to lease ; Arm. bahailhat; Ar. de bahala; Eth. NAM bale- BAIT, v. i. BAIT, v. t. BAIT, v. i. BAIT, n. BAIT’ED, pp. Furnished with bait ; allured ; tempted. BAIT/ING, ppr. BAIT/ING, n. BAIZE, n. BAKE, v. t. BAK’ED, (bakt,) pp. or a. BAKE/HOUSE, 7n. BAK/ER-FOOT, n. BAK/ER-LEG-GED, a. BAK/ER-Y, n. BAKING, ppr. BAK/ING, n. BAL/AN, n. BAL/ANCE, nx. taining a recognizance of bail above or bail to the ac- tion. Blackstone. BAIN, (bang,)x. [Fr.] A bath. [Obs.] BAIN'-MA-RIE!, (bang-mii-ree!’,) n. maris. | In cookery, a large vessel of hot water in which saucepans, &c., are placed to warm food. BAl/RAM ; the name of two Mohammedan festivals, of which one is held at the close of the fast Ramezan, and the other seventy days after. PE. Cyc. BAIRN,)7. [Sax. bearn; Scot. bairn; probably, Eng. BARN, $ born.] A child. [ Little used in English.] BAIT, x. [W. abwyd, bwyd; Arm. beet; Ir. abadh; Sw. Uete, food ; beta, to feed; Sax. batan, to bait ; Russ. pitayu; Dan. bede, to rest for refreshment. ] 1. Any substance for food, proper to be used, or actually used, to catch fish, or other animals, by alluring them to swallow a hook, or to be caught in snares, or in an inclosure or net. 2. A portion of food and drink, or a refreshment taken on a journey. 3. An allurement ; enticement; temptation. BAIT, v. t To put meat on a hook or line, or in an incJosure, or among snares, to allure fish, fowls, and other animals into human power. 2. To give a portion of food and drink to a beast upon the road ; as, to dait horses. Johnson. To take a portion of food and drink for refreshment on a journey ; as, we stopped to bait. (Goth. beitan. In Sax. bate is contention. See Make-BaTe, 1. To provoke and harass by dogs; to harass by the help of others; as, to bait a bull or a boar. 2. To attack with violence; to harass in the man- ner of small animals. Shak. i. To clap the wings; to flutter as if to fly ; or to hover as a hawk, when she stoops to her prey. Bailey. Shak. White Bait, a small fish of the Thames. [L. balneum 2. Fed, or refreshed, on the road. 3. Harassed by dogs or other small animals; attacked. Furnishing with bait ; tempting; al- luring. 2. Feeding ; refreshing at an inn. 3. Harassing with dogs ; attacking. The act of baiting ; refreshment at an inn, particularly food for a horse. Ash. 2. The act of causing dogs to attack bulls, bears, &c. [Per. pozah, the nap or down of cloth ; Sp. bausan, the same.] A course woolen stuff, with a long nap, sometimes frized on one side, without wale, being wove with two treadles, like flannel. Chambers. {Sax. bacan; Sw. baka; Dan. bage; D. baken; Ger. backen; Gipsy, pekgum; Russ. peku, to bake ; pekar, a baker; Per. pochtan, to bake or cook.] 1. To heat, dry, and harden, as in an oven or fur- nace, or under coals of fire ; to prepare for food, in a close place heated ; as, to bake bread. 2. ‘lo dry and harden by heat, either in an oven, kiln, or furnace, or by the solar rays ; as, to bake bricks ; to bake the ground. BAKE, v.z. To do the work of baking ; as, she brews, washes, and bakes, 2. ‘To be baked ; to dry and harden in heat ; as, the bread bakes; the ground bakes in a hot sun. Dried and hardened by heat; dressed in heat ; as, baked meat. [bake and house.] A house or building for baking. BAKE/MEATS, n. pl. Meats prepared for food in an oven. Gen. xl. BAK’/EN,pp. The sameasBaxep, and nearly obsolete. BAK’ER, n. One whose occupation is to bake bread, biscuit, &c. 2. A small tin oven in which baking is performed. An ill-shaped or distorted foot. Taylor. Having crooked legs, or legs that bend inward at the knees. The trade of a baker. 2. A place occupied with the business of baking bread, &c. Smollett. 4 Drying and hardening in heat ; dress- ing or cooking in a close place, or in heat. A drying or hardening by heat. 2. The quantity baked at once ; as, a baking of bread. : A fish of a beautiful yellow, variegated with orange, a species ot’ wrasse, caught on the shores of England. Dict. of Nat. Hist. (Fr. balance; Sp. balanza ; It. bilancia . L. bilanz, bis, twice, and lanz, a dish, the double dish. ] I. A pair of scales for Weighing commodities. It consists of a beam or lever suspended exactly in the middle, with a scale or basin hung to each extremity, of precisely equal weight. The Roman balance, our steelyard, consists of a lever or beam, movable on a center, and suspended near one of its extremities, Hence, 2. One of the simple powers in mechanics, used FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MiTE, PREY.—-PINE 94 BAL/ANCE, v. t. BAL’ANC-ED, (bal/anst,) pp. BAL/ANCE-KNIFE, n. BAL/ANCE-REEFP, n. BAL/ANC-ING, ppr. for determining the equality or difference of weight in heavy bodies, and consequently their masses or quantity of matter. Encyc. 3. Figuratively, an impartial state of the mind, in deliberating ; or a just estimate of the reascns and arguments on both sides of a question, which gives to each its due weight, or force and Importance. 4, As balance signifies equal weight, or equality, it is by custom used for the weight or sum necessary to make two unequal weights or sums equal; that which is necessary to bring them to a balance or equipoise. Hence, in accounts, balance is the difference of tico sums ; aS, upon an adjustment of accounts, a balance was found against A in favor of B. Hence, to pay a balance, is to pay the difference and make the two acccunts equal. 5. Balance of trade, is an equal exportation of do- mestic productions, and importation of foreign. But, usually, the term is applied to the difference between the amount or value of the commodities exported and imported. Hence the common expression, the bal- ance of trade is against or in favor of a country. 6. Equipoise, or an equal state of power between nations ; as, the balance of power. 7. Equipoise, or an equai state of the passions. The balance of the mind. Pope. 8. That which renders weight or authority equal. The only balance attempted against the ancient kings, was a body of nobles. . Adams. 9. The part of a clock or watch which regulates the beats. 10. In astronomy, a sign in the zodiac, called, in Latin, Libra, which the sun enters at the equinox in September. The hydrostatic balance, is an instrument to deter- mine the specific gravity of fluid and solid bodies. The assay balance, is one which is used in doci- mastic operations, to determine the weight of minute bodies. Balance of Torsion. See Torston BaLance. It is an error to use balance for remainder; as, “The balance of the evening was spent in study.??] To adjust the weights in the scales of a balance so as to bring them to an equipoise. Hence, 2. To weigh reasons; to compare, by estimating the relative force, importance, or value of different things ; as, to balance good and eyil. 3. To regulate different powers, so as to keep them in a state of just proportion ; as, to balance Europe, or the powers of Europe. 4. To counterpoise ; to make of equal weight or force ; to make equipollent ; as, one species of at- traction balances another. One expression in the letter must check and balance another. Kent. 5. To settle and adjust, as an account; to find the difference of two accounts, and to pay the balance, or difference, and make them equal. 6. In seamanship, to contract a sail, by rolling upa small part of it at one commer. Mar. Dict. BAL/ANCE, v. i. To have on each side equal Weight ; to be on a poise; to preserve the equipoise of the body. 2. To hesitate ; to fluctuate between motives which appear of equal force, as a balance plays when poised by equal weights. Between right and wrong, never balance a moment. Anon. 3. In dancing, to move toward a person opposite, and then back. Charged with equal Weights ; standing on an equipoise ; regulated so as to be equal ; settled ; adjusted ; made equal in Weight or amount. BAL/ANCE-FISH, n. The zygena, or hammer-fish, (Fr. marteau ;) a fish of the genus Squalus, or shark kind. It is six feet long, and weighs 500 Ibs. It has three or four rows of broad, pointed, and serrated teeth ; has a horrible aspect, and is very voracious. It is peculiarly distinguished by the form of its head, flattened in front, and projecting laterally, like the head of a hammer. Encyc. Cuvier. A kind of table knife, which, when laid on the table, rests wholly on the handle Without the blade touching the cloth; so called because the weight of the handle counterbalances that of the blade. Encyc. Dom. Econ. A reef band that crosses a sail diagonally, used to contract it in a storm. Mar. Dict. BAL/ANC-ER, n. The person who Weighs, or who uses a balance. 2. A member of an insect useful in balancing the body. ‘The balancers (hatteres, Linn.) are two very fine, movable threads, terminated by a kind of oval button, placed under the origin of the wings, in the dipterous or two-winged insects. 3, One skilled in balancing, or preserving the equi- poise of his body. “AN Charging with equal weights ; being in a state of equipoise ; bringing to a state of equality ; regulating respective forces or sums to » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ELAR ERD ri cadensBAL make them equal; settling; adjusting; paying a difference of accounts; hesitating; contracting a sail by rolling up one corner of it. BAL/ANC-ING, x. Equilibrium; poise. Spenser. BAL/A-NITE, x. A fossil shell of the genus Balanus. RA ACER Jameson. BAL/AS-RU'BY” nm. [Sp. balax; Fr balais.] A variety of spinel ruby, of a pale rose red, or in- clining to orange. Its crystals are usually octahe- drons, composed of two four-sided pyramids, applied base to base. [See Sprne.] Cleaveland. Kirwan. BA-LAUS'TINE, x. The wild pomegranate-tree. Coxe. The balaustines of the shops are the dried flowers of the pomegranate. Parr. BAL-BU/TIATE, - om BAL-BU/CLNATE, v.% To stammer. BAL'€O-NI-ED, a. Having balconies. BAL‘€O-NY, or BAL-€G/NY, n. [Fr. balcon; It. balcone; Sp. balcon; Port. balcam ; probably a jutting, as in bulk, belly; W. bale. In Pers. xdSS\y balka- . nuh, is a cancelated window. ] In architecture, a platform or projection from the external wall of a house, or other building, sup- ported by columns, pillars, or consoles, and encom- passed with a balustrade. Balconies are common before windows. Encye. BALD, (bauld,) a. [Sp. baldio, untilled, vacant, unfur- nished; Port. baldio, open, common; baldar, to frustrate. } 1, Destitute of hair, especially on the top and back of the head. 2. Destitute of the natural covering; as, a bald oak. 3. Without feathers on the head; as, a bald vul- ture. 4. Destitute of trees on the top; as, a bald moun- tain. o. Unadorned; inelegant; as, a bald translation. Dryden. 6. Mean; naked ; base ; without dignity or value. Shak. 7. In popular language, open, bold, audacious. 8. Without beard or awn ; as, bald wheat. BALD!'A-€HIN, n. [It. baldacchino ; Sp. baldaquino, a rich silk or canopy, carried over the host. Du Cange. Lunier deduces it from the name of a city in Babylonia. ] In architecture, a structure in form of a canopy, supported by columns, and often used as a covering to insulated altars ; the term is also used for a shell over a door. Encyc. Johnson. BALD/ER-DASH, n. [Qu. Sp. balda, a trifle, or bal- donar, to insult with abusive language ; W. baldorz, to prattle ; D. bulderen.] Mean, senseless prate; a jargon of words ; ribald- Ty; any thing jumbled together without judgment. BALD/ER-DASH, v. t. To mix or adulterate liquors. Johnson, BALD/HEAD, (bawld’hed,) x. A man bald on the head. 2 Kings ii. 23. BALD/LY, adv. Nakedly; meanly; inelegantly ; openly. BALD/NESS, n. Want of hair on the top and back of the head; loss of hair; meanness or inelegance of writing ; want of ornament. BALD/PATE, x. BAP-TIST/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a baptistical manner. BAP-TIZ/A-BLE, a. ‘That may be baptized. WN. E. Elders. BAP-TIZE’, v. t. [See Bartism.] To administer the sacrament of baptism to; to christen. By some de- nominations of Christians, baptism is performed by plunging or immersing the whole body in water, and this is done to none but adults. More generally, the ceremony is performed by sprinkling water on the face of a person, whether an infant or an adult, and in the case of an infant, by giving hima name, in the name of the Iather, Son, and Holy Spirit, which Is called Christening. BAP-TIZ’‘ED, pp. or a. christened, BAP-TIZ/ER, x. baptism. BAP-TIZ/ING, ppr. Administering baptism to. BAR, n. [W. bar; It. barra; Fr. barre; Sp. barra; Port. id. ; It. barra, sbarra; Arm. barren, sparl; Heb. m2; Ch. N 3). If these words are the Eng. bar, the sense is, a shoot, that which shoots, passes, or is driven. ] 1. A piece of wood, iron, or other solid matter, long in proportion to its diameter, used for various purposes, but especially for a hinderance or obstruc- tion; as, the bars of a fence or gate; the bar of a door or hatchway. Numb. iii. 36. Ex. xxvi. 6. Having received baptism ; One who christens, or administers 2. Any obstacle which obstructs, hinders, or de- fends; an obstruction ; a fortification. Amos i. Must I new bare to my own joy create. Dryden, 3, The shore of the sea, which restrains its waters. Job xxxviii. 4, The railing that encloses the place which coun- sel occupy in ourts of justice. Hence the phrase at the bar of the court, signifies in open court, Hence, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —M&TE, PR BAR also, licensed lawyers are called barristers . _and hence the whole body of Jawyers licensed in a court, are customarily called the bar, A trial at bar, in England, is a trial In the courts of West- minster, opposed to a trial at Nisi Prius, in the circuits. 5. Figuratively, any tribunal ; as, the bar of public opinion. Thus the final trial of men is called the bar of God. 6. The inclosed place of a tavern, inn, or coffee- house, where the landlord or his servant delivers out liquors, and waits upon customers. Addison. 7. A bank of sand, gravel, or earth, forming a shoal at the mouth of a river or harbor, obstructing entrance, or rendering it difficult. 8. A rock in the sea, according to Brown; or any thing by which structure is held together, according to Johnson ; used in Jonah ii. 9. Any thing laid across another, as bars in herald- ry, stripes in color, and the like. 10. In the menage, the highest part of the place ina horse’s mouth between the grinders and tusks, so that the part of the mouth which lies under and at the side of the bars, retains the name of the gum. Encyc. The upper part of the gums, between the tusks and grinders, which bears no teeth, and to which the bit is applied. Johnson. 11, Bars, in music, are lines drawn perpendicularly across the lines of the staff, including between each two a certain quantity of time, or number of beats. 12. In law, a peremptory exception sufficient to destroy the plaintiff’s action. It is divided into a bar to common intendment, and bar special ; bar temporary, and bar perpetual. Bar to common in- tendment, is an ordinary or general bar, which dis- ables the declaration of the plaintiff. A special bar, is more than ordinary, as a fine, release, or justifica- tion. A temporary bar, is that which is good for a time, but may afterward cease. A perpetual bar, overthrows the action of the plaintiff forever. Blackstone. Covel. 13. A bar of gold or silver, is an ingot, lump, or wedge, from the mines, run in a mold, and un- wrought. . t. the admixture of meaner metals. BA-SIL'IE, BA-SIL‘I€-A, BASS IGULE 9) a: BA-SIL/IE-A, § BA-SILIIC, )a. BA-SIL/IE-AL, § BAS This term, in anatomy, has been applied to the sphenoid bone, and the cuneiform process of the oc- cipital bone, which are situated at the base of the cranium, and to an artery of the brain, resting on the cuneiform process of the occipital bone ; also, to the os sacrum, situated at the base of the spine. BA-SIL/IAN MONKS; monks of the order of St. Basil, who founded the order in Pontus. The order still exists, but has less power and celebrity than formerly. Encyc. n. (Gr. Baoidtxn; L. basilica; Gr. Baci- Agus, a king. ] Anciently, a public hall or court of judicature, where princes and magistrates sat to administer jus- tice. It was a large hall, with aisles, porticos, tribunes, and tribunals. The bankers also had a part allotted for their residence. These edifices, at first, were the palaces of princes, afterward courts of justice, and finally converted into churches. Hence, basilic now signifies a church, chapel, cathe- dral, or royal palace. Encyc. Sp. and It. Dict. {See Basit.] The middle vein of the arm, or the interior branch of the axillary vein, so called by way of eminence. Encyc. Quincy. In the manner of a public edi- fice or cathedral. Forsyth. BAS be at ease and thriving under benign influences; as, to bask in the blaze of day ; to bask in the sunshine of royal favor. The word includes the idea of some continuance of exposure. BASK, v. t. ‘To warm by continued exposure to heat; to warm with genial heat. ryden. Be (biskt) pp. Exposed to warmth, or genial leat. BASK/ET, n. [W. basged, or basgawd; Ir. bascaid ; probably from weaving or texture; W. basg, a net- ting or plaiting of splinters] 1. A domestic vessel, made of twigs, rushes, splin- ters, or other flexible things, interwoven. The forms and sizes of baskets are very various, as well as the uses to which they are applied; as corn-baskets, clothes-baskets, fruit-baskets, and work-baskets. 2. The contents of a basket; as much as a basket will contain ; as, a basket of medlars is two bushels. But, in general, this quantity is indefinite. In military affairs, baskets of earth sometimes are used on the parapet of a trench, between which the soldiers fire. They serve for defense against small shot. Encye. BASK/ET, v. t. To put in a basket. Cowper. BASK’‘ET-FISH, x. A-species of sea-star, or star-fish, of the genus Asterias, called also the Magellanic star- fish. It has five rays issuing from an angular body, , BAS o/-MIND/ED, oN Ofa low spirit OF mind > mean. 2. Belonging to the middle vein of the arm. and dividing into innumerable branches. These, BAS E/-MIND’ED-LY, adv. With a base mind, 3. Noting a particular nut, the walnut, Basilica nux. when extended, form a circle of three feet diameter. BASE/-MIND/ED-NESS, n. Meanness of spirit. BA-SIL'/L€ON, n. [Gr. Bazedcxos, royal.] San ara: Encye. a aa f Sandys. An ointment, This name is given to several com- | BASK'ET-HILT, n. [See Hirt.] The hilt of asword BASE/NESS, 2. Meanness; vileness ; worthlessness. positions In ancient medical wnters. At present it With a covering wrought like basket-work, to protect 9 Vi . ere lity of bei cosas is confined to three officinal ointments, distinguished the hand. : ; : Hudibras. 2. Vileness of metal; the quality of being of little as black, yellow, and green basilicon. Encyc. BASK/ET-HILT’ED, a. Having ahilt of basket-work. comparative value. __ Swift | BAS’LLISK, rn. [Gr. B ictAtoxos; L. basiliscus; from i Warton. 3. Bastardy ; illegitimacy of birth. Shak Bactrevs, king; so named from some prominences | BASK/ET-SALT, n. Salt put up in small baskets, A Deepness once ae on the head, resembling a crown. Morin’s Dict.) which is purer, whiter, and finer than common brine BAS/E-NET, zn. helmet. LSS TS 1. A fabulous serpent, called a cockatrice, and si Encyc. BASE/-SOUL-ED, a. Vile in soul. BASE/-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Low in courage ; mean ; cow- ardly. BASE/-STRING, n. The string of an instrument which produces the lowest note. Siak, BASE/-VI/OL, n. [See Vio..] A musical stringed instrument, used for playing the base or gravest part. BASH, v.72. [Heb. 2 bosh, to be cast down, or ud to be produced from a cock’s egg brooded by a ser- pent. The ancients alleged that its hissing would drive away all other serpents, and that its breath, and even its look, was fatal. Some writers suppose that a real serpent exists under this name. The name basilisk is now applied to -the species of a genus of lizards, (Basiliscus.) 2. In military affairs, a large piece of ordnance, so salt. ASK/ET-WOM/AN,-7. A woman who carries a basket to and from market. BASK/ING, ppr. Exposing or lying exposed to the continued action of heat or genia) warmth. BASK/ING-SHARK, nm. The sun-fish of the Irish; a species of Squalus or shark, (Squalis maximus.) This fish is from three to twelve yards in length, or even longer. The upper jaw is much longer than the — Ww ponfounded. Qu. D. verbaazen, to confound. See) caljed from its supposed resemblance to the serpent | Jower one; the tail is large, and the upper part much pase] AeHaned =ito he confounded with shane of that name, or from its size. ‘This cannon carried longer than the lower; the skin is rough, of a deep c , CUEO UIA Suns an iron ball of 200 pounds’ weight, but is not now leaden color on the back, and white on the belly. Spenscr. -- BA-SHAW!, n. [Ar. lezalks basha; Pers. pasha; Sp. used. Modern writers give this name to cannon of a smaller size, which the Dutch make 15 feet long, and the French 10, carrying a 48 pound ball. Encye. The fish weighs more than a thousand pounds, and atfords a great quantity of oil, which is used for lamps, and to cure bruises, burns, and rheumatic baza; It. bascia; Turk. basch, the head. Qu. D. } baas, master, and the bassus of the Alemannit and Longobards, in the middle ages, This word is often Written pacha, but this is the French orthography. } 1. A title of honor in the Turkish dominions; ap- propriately, the title of the prime vizier, but given to viceroys or governors of provinces, and to generals and other men of distinction. The Turkish bashaws exercise an oppressive authority in their provinces. Hence, 2. A proud, tyrannical, overbearing man. BASH’PUL, a. [See Basu and Asasu.] 1. Properly, having a downcast look ; hence, very modest. 2. Modest to excess; sheepish. | 3. Exciting shame. BASH’/FUL-LY, adv. manner, BASH’FUL-NESS, n. Excessive or extreme mod- esty; a quality of mind often visible in external appearance, as in blushing, a downcast look, con- hs fusion, &c. Ae 2. Vicious or rustic shame. | BASH/LESS, a. Shameless; unblushing. BAS/HYLE, 7. [See Basyir.] BA'SI€, a. Relating to a base; performing the office of a base in a salt. 2. ‘The term is often applied to a salt in which the base is in excess, or constitutes a large proportion of the neutral salt. Kane. BAS SEER, n. ‘That which converts into a salifiable DASE. BA/SLFY, v. t. BAS/IL-WEED, x. Wald basil; a plant of the genus Clinopodium. Muhlenberg. BA’SIN, (ba'sn,) n. [Fr. bassin; Ir. baisin; Arm. bagzin ; It. bacino, or bacile; Port. bacia. If. the last radical is primarily a palatal letter, this is the German becken; D. bekken.]} 1. A hollow vessel or dish, to hold water for wash- ing, and for various other uses. 2. In hydraulics, any reservoir of water. 3. That which resembles a basin in containing water, as a pond, a dock for ships, a hollow place for liquids, or an inclosed part of water, forming a broad Space within a strait or narrow entrance; a little bay. 4. Among glass-grinders, a concave piece of metal by which convex glasses are formed. 5. Among /atters, a large shell or case, usually of iron, placed over a furnace, in which the hat is mold- ed into due shape. 6. In anatomy, a round cavity between the anterior ventricles of the brain. Johnson. 7. The scale of a balance, when hollow and round. Prince. Belknap. 8. In Jewish antiquities, the laver of the tabernacle.| BASS, n. The American name of the linden, lime, 9. In physical geography, a circular or, oval valley, or tiel-tree ; called also bass-zo00d. [See Bast. ] or depression of the surface, the lowest part of which 2. (pron. bas.) A hassock or thick mat on which is generally occupied by a lake, or traversed by a persons kneel at church. Tiver; also, the entire tract of country drained by a] BASS, n. In music, the base; the deepest or gravest river, or to a sea or lake. part of a tune; or the lowest part in the harmony of _10. In geology, an isolated or circumscribed forma- a musical composition. This word is thus written in tion, particularly where the strata dip inward, on all Imitation of the Italian basso, which is the English sides, toward the center. ‘This term is especially base, low ; yet with the pronunciation of Jase and applied to the coal formations, called coal-basins or plural bases ; a gross error, that ought to be corrected ; coal-fields. as the word used in pronunciation is the English BA’S/J N-ED, (ba/snd,) pp. Inclosed ina basin. Young. word base. complaints. It is viviparous, and frequents the northern seas. [See Squatus.] Pennant. Encyc. BAS/QUISH, (bask/ish) a. Pertaining to the people or language of Biscay. Brown. BAS-RE-LIEP’, (ba-re-leef’,) n. See Bass-ReE.iEF. BASS, 7. [Bass is undoubtedly a corruption of G, bars, D. buars, a perch. See Barse. It has no plural.) The name of several species of fish.- In England, this name is given to a species of perch, called by some the sea-wolf, from its voracity, and resembling, in a degree, the trout in shape, but having a larger head. [t weighs about fifteen pounds. In the Vorth- ern States of America, this name is given to a striped fish which grows to the weight of 25 or 30 pounds, and which enters the rivers; of the genus Labrax. A species of striped fish, of a darker color, with a large head, is called sea-bass, as it is never found in fresh water. This fish grows to two or three pounds’ weight. Both species are well tasted, but the proper bass is a very white and delicious food. Shak. ew Pk Ge Very modestly ; in a timorous Sidney. Spenser. To convert into a salifiable base. A'SLFY- . Shin Gato ih: z AISTN_SIVS = ate ; : idl } BA el ee Cony ne into a Salifiable base. BA'SIN-SHA PED, (-shapt’,) a. Having the form of BASS, v. t. To sound in a deep tone. Shak. Ruane f z - 5 f - ; a [Gr. Gacrs and yun.) I he pedi- a basin. BASS-RE-LIEF’, (bas-re-léf”) n. [from It. basso, low, taf cel on which the ovary of certain flowers is situated. | BA/SIS, n.; pl. Basra. [L. and Gr. ; the same as and rilevare, to raise; whence 7ilievo, raised work. eer BASIL, x. The slope or angle of a tool or instrument, Base, which see. See Lirr and Retier.] a Bs vf a chisel or plane; usually of 12 degrees, but 1. The foundation of any thing; that on which a Sculpture, whose figures do not stand out far from ’ yr > np yy, 1 ° 1 a ; | a ‘ pon hats gous de TEE ees: rs Encyc. thing stands or lies ; the bottom or foot of the thing the .ground or plane on which they are formed. a eee v.t. Jo grind or form the edge ofa foal to an itself, or that on which it rests. See a full explanation When figures do not protuberate so as to exhibit the | ee Reece eens Moxon. er Base. eo : entire body, they are said to be done in relief; and Aiea ph AS ,”. [Fr. basilic ; It. basilico.] : 2. The groundwork or first principle; that which when they are tow, flat, or little raised from the Bia ies A name common to different species of plants, of} supports. plane, the work is said to be in low lief, (bass the genus Ocymum, all natives of w: iiates aR ech ces) ap eee ge oe S UA Tp LEC ea the sé ey ) natives of warm Climates. 3. Foundation ; support. lievo,)’ VVhen the figures are so raised as to be strik- i pay are parran aromatic plants, and one species, Rested Ricubil e nee er ingly prominent they are said to be in bold, strong, or Peck ot the sweet basil, is much used inc > speciz he basis of public credit is good faith, Tamilton. 35 ‘ Le a ? 5) qe Ae 6 ch used in cookery, especially Mhaleasisloh alexcalencntia oaile Sra rns hich relef, (alto-relievo.) See RELIEF. Encyc. ere | perne . ener = es me BASS/-VI/OL, n. See Basr-Vio1. ; 3 eats fe [ pent tI to strip.] A Basis, in chemistry. See Basx, No. 12. BAS/SA. See Basnaw. { ok n 2 . ie y ale ~ zlrayaq . _ <1 X Hn 7 hate ee of a sheep tanned; written also Basan. Wee ,% A singer of base. BAS/SET, 7. [Fr. eee: 3 : ae =, . « . ab f a lo) Q ic 7 7 . . poe ? a. [L. basilaris; basis.] ASK, v.7. [The origin of this word is not obvious. A game at cards, resembling the modern faro, said BAS/IL-A-RY, Qu. Ir. basgaim, to rest or repose. Relating to the base; situated at the base. 1 ma Riese : to have been invented at Venice, by a nobleman, To lie in warmth ; to be exposed to genial heat ; to who was banished for the invention. The game be- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 102 ee es). MN eee eeBAS’TARD, v. t. BAS’/TARD-ISM, zn. BAS’TARD-IZE, v. t. BAS ing introduced into France by the Venetian embas- sador Justiniani, in 1674, it was prohibited by severe edicts. Encye. BAS'SET, v.7. [See Bastt.] Among coal-diggers, to incline upward. Thus a vein of coal bassets, when it takes a direction toward the surface of the earth. This is called cropping, and is opposed to dipping. Encye- BAS/SET, a. Inclined upward; as, the basset edge of strata. BAS/SET-HORN, zx. A musical instrument resem- bling a clarionet, but of much greater compass, em- bracing nearly four octaves. Ps Cyc. BAS/SET-ING, ppr. Having a direction upward. BAS/‘SET-ING, x. The upward direction of a vein in a mine. BAS-SET/TO, x. A tenor or small base-viol. BAS/SIN-ET, x A wicker basket with a covering or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. Encyc. Dom. Econ. BASS’-MAT, n. Matting made of the inner bark of trees, particularly the lime-tree. BAS'SO-CON-CERT-AN' TE, in music, is the base of the little chorus, or that Which plays throughout the Whole piece. Bailey. BAS'SO-CON-TIN'U-O; thorough base, which see under Base. Bailey. BAS'SO-RE-LIE'VO. See Bass-RELIEF. BAS'SO-RE-PIE'NO is the base of the grand chorus, which plays only occasionally, or in particular parts. Bailey. BAS'SO-VI-O-LI'NO is the base of the base-viol. BAS’SOCK, n. The same as Bass, a mat. [ Bailey. BAS-SOON’, n. [Fr. basson; It. bassone, from basso, low. ] A musical wind instrument, blown with a reed, and furnished with eleven holes, which are stopped, as in other large flutes. Its compass comprehends three octaves. Its diameter at bottom is nine inches, and for convenience of carriage it is divided into two parts; whence it is called also a fagot. It serves for the base in a concert of hautboys, flutes, &c. Jolinson, Encyc. Busby. BAS-SOON/’IST, n. A performer on the bassoon. Busby. BAS/SO-RINE, n. . t. word used by the Levant Company.] Eton. BAT-TU-LA/TION, n. A prohibition of commerce. BAT’ TUE, n. [Fr.] A beating up for game; the game. BAT-TU'TA, n. [It.] beating. BAT’TY, a. [from bat, an animal.] Belonging to a bat. BATZ, n. Encye. Shak. land, worth about two pence sterling, or four cents. [Qu. Fr. bas-bulon. } Encyc. In Scotland and tie north of England, a halfpenny. ohnson. that which is gay and showy without real value. [See Baws .e.] Dryden. \ A drugget manufactured in Burgundy, with thread spun thick, and of coarse wool. Encyc. See Bax. A kind of cloak or surtout. Johnson. A stick like those bound up in fagots; a piece of waste wood. Johnson. Bavins ; in war, brush-fagots. Encyc. {Fr. babvole, a toy, or baby-thing ; ac- cording to Spelman, baubella are gems or jewels.] A trifling piece of finery; a gewgaw ; that which [Mot in use in the United : [This is said to have been bas- tillement, from bastille, a fortification, from Fr. batir, See Batrorocy.] One that repeats the same thing In speaking or writing. [Lit- To repeat needlessly the [Gr. BarroXoyra, from Parros, To interdict commerce. [4 The measuring of time by A small copper coin with a mixture of sil- ver, current in some parts of Germany and Switzer- BAY BAW'‘REL, x. A kind of hawk. Todd. BAW’‘SIN, n. A badger. B. Jonson. BAX-TE/RL-AN, a. Pertaining to Baxter, a celebrated English divine ; as, the Barterian scheme. Encyc. BAY, a. [Bt bar or baie; It. baio ; Sp. bayo ; L. badius. Class Bd.] Red, or reddish, inclining to a chestnut color; ap- plied to the color of horses. The shades of this color are called light bay, dark bay, dappled bay, gilded bay, chestnut bay. In popular language, in England, all bay horses are called brown. Johnson. Encyc. BAY, x. ([Fr. baie; Sp. and Port. bahia; It. baia; D. baar; contracted from the root of Sax. bye, an angle, bygan, D. boogen, to bend, whence bow. 1. An arm of the sea, extending into the land, not of any definite form, but smaller than a gulf, and larger than a creek. ‘The name, however, is not used with much precision, and is often applied to large tracts of water, around which the land forms a curve, as Hudson’s Bay. Noris the name restricted to tracts of water with a narrow entrance, but used for any recess or Inlet between capes or head lands, as the Bay of Biscay. 2. A pond-head, ora pond formed by a dam forthe purpose of driving mill-wheels. [J believe not used in the United States.) 3. In a barn, a place between the floor and the end of the building, or a low inclosed place for depositing hay. In England, says Johnson, if a barn consists of a floor and two heads, where they lay corn, they call it a barn of two bays. These bays are from 14 to 20 feet long, and floors from 10 to 12 feet broad, and usually 20 feet long, which is the breadth of the barn. Builder’s Dict. 4, Any kind of opening in walls. Chambers. BAY,n. [Qu. Gr. Gawy, a branch of the palm-tree. In Sp. baya is a berry, the fruit of the laurel.] 1. The lJaurel-tree. Hence, 2. Bays, in the plural, an honorary garland or crown, bestowed as a prize for victory or excellence, anciently made or sting of branches of the laurel. The patriot’s honors Trumbull, 3 3. In some parts BL States, a tract of land covered With bay-trees® Drayton, S. Carolina. BAY,n. [Goth. beidan, to expect; It. bada; ‘‘ tenere a bada,” to keep at bay; ‘* star a bada,” to stand tri- fling ; badare, to stand trifling ; to amuse one’s self, to take care, to watch, to covet; abbadare, to mind ; Fr. bayer, to gape or stand gaping. Qu, aboyer.] is gay or showy without real value. Dryden. Tor fool’s-bawble, see Foou. BAWB/LING, a. Trifling; contemptible. [Obs.] Shak. BAW! €0CK, 7. A fine fellow. [Qu. beaw-cock.] Shak. BAWD, n. BAWD [1 know not the origin of this word ; but in Pr., baudir is aterm in hunting, signifying to ex- cite or encourage dogs to the chase ; formed, accord- ing to Lunier, from the Low L. baldire, or exbaldire, to enliven, to quicken; which, from the It. baldo, baldanza, appears to be from the root of Eng. bold, the primary sense of which is, to project, to push or rush forward. In W, pud is what tends to allure. But one author quotes Ilesychius, as giving Gr. Bu- das, & procurer or procitress. | A proctirer or procuress. A person who keeps a house of prostitution, and conducts criminal intrigues. [ Usually applied to fe:nuales.] AWD, v.i. To procure ; to provide women for lewd purposes. 2. To foul or dirty. [JVot in use.] Skelton. A state of expectation, watching or looking for; BAW D'-BORN, a. Descended from a bawd. Shak. BAWD'I-LY, adv. Obscenely ; lewdly. BAW D/I-NESS, nz. Obscenity ; lewdness. BAW D’/RICK, 2. [See Barpricx.] A belt. Chapman. BAWDIRY, n. BAWD'Y, a. BAWD/Y-HOUSE, x. A house of lewdness and pros- BAWL, >. i. BAWL, wv. t crier. BAWL/ED, (bawld,) pp. BAWL/ER, n. BAW LING, ppr. BAWLI/ING, n. The act of crying with a loud sound. BAWN, n. [See Bawno.] The abominable prac- tice of procuring women for the gratification of lust. 2. Obscenity ; filthy, unchuste language. 3. Illicit intercourse ; fornication. Shak. Obscene ; filthy; unchaste ; applied to language. titution. i Sax. bellan ; Sw. bla, to low or bellow ; W. ballaw; G. bellen, to bark; D. balderen; to roar ; L. balo, to bleat; Fr. piailler, to bawl, to pule; Heb. ), yabal, the blast of a trumpet; Pers. bala, a cry or clamor; and Ar. and Heb. Sax, ebal, to weep, to wail. ‘These all coincide in elements with L. pello, appello, Eng. peal, and the primary sense is the eee I. To cry out with a loud, full sound ; to hoot; to cry with vehemence, as in calling, or in pain or ex- ultation. 2. To cry loud, as a child from pain or vexation. To proclaim by outcry, as a common Swift. Proclaimed by outcry. One who bawls. Crying aloud. An inclosure with mud or stone walls for as, to keep a man at bay. So a stag at bay, is when he turns his head against the dogs. Whence abey- ance, in law, or a state of expectancy. [Since to bay means to bark as a dog, to keep at bay may refer to the repeated barking or baying of a dog when his prey ceases to fly, and faces him; as, when a stag turns upon the dogs, he keeps them at bay, or barking, because they dare not close in and attack him. Hence comes the meaning of the phrase, viz., “ To ward off an attack; to keep an enemy from closing in.?’ Rich, Dict.} BAY, v.% [Fr. aboyer; It. bavare, to bark.] 1. To bark, as a dog at his game. Spenser. 2. To encompass, or inclose, from bay. We now use embay. Shalt. BAY, v.t. To bark at; to follow with barking. Shak. BAY’BER-RY, xn. The fruit of the bay-tree or Laurus nobilis. This name is applied, in some parts of the United States, to the fruit of JMyrica certfera, (wax myrtle,) and often also to the plant itself. BAY’BER-RY-TAL’LOW, xn. A waxy substance ob- tained from the bayberry, or wax-myrtle ; called also myrtle-war. BAY/-RUM, n. A spirit obtained by distilling the leaves of the bay-tree. BAY!/-SALT is salt which crystallizes or receives its consistence from the heat of the sun or action of the air. It forms in pits or basins, and from this circum- stance receives its denomination. It appears first in a slight incrustation upon the surface of the water, which may be sea water, or any other water in which salt is dissolved. This crust thickens and hardens, till the crystallization is perfected, which takes place in eight, ten, or fifteen days. Encyc. Chambers, BAY’-TRES, x. A species of laurel ; lawrus nobilis. Ba Y’/-WIN/DOW, x. A window jutting out from the wall, as in shops. BAY’-YARN, n. 52 bodan, to be. San. bhu; and W. b6d, byzu, bydiaw. The sense is, to stand, remain, or be fixed ; hence, to con- tinue. This verb is defective, and its defects are supplied by verbs from other roots, am, is, was, were, which have no radical connection with be.~ The case is the same with the substantive verb in most Janguages. ] 1. To be fixed ; to exist ; to have a real state or ex- istence, for a longer or shorter time. Let this mind be in you, which was in Christ Jesus. — Phil. it. To be, contents his natural desire, Pope. 2. To be made to be; to become. And they twain shall be one flesh. — Matt. xix. Jer. xxx. 3. To remain. Let the garment Je as it was made. 4, To be present in a place. Where was I at the time? When will you de at my house? 5. To have a particular manner of being or hap- pening; as, How is this affair? How was it? What were the circumstances ? This verb is used as an auxiliary in forming the tenses of other verbs, and particularly in giving to them the passive form; as, he has been disturbed. It forms, with the infinitive, a particular future tense, which often expresses duty, necessity, or purpose ; as, government is to be supported ; we are to pay our just debts. Let be, is to omit, or leave untouched ; to let alone. Let be, said he, my prey. Dryden. BE, a prefix, as in because, before, beset, bedeck, is the same word as by; Sax. be, bia; Goth. bt. It is com- mon to the English, Saxon, Gothic, German, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish languages. It occurs probably in the Russian, but is written po, as it is in possidco, and a few other words in the Latin. It denotes near- ness, closeness, »bqut, on, at, from Some root signi- fying to pass, or to press. See By.] That this word is the Shemitic 3, used asa prefix, is certain, not only from its general applications, which may be seen by comparing the uses of the word, in the Hebrew, for instance, with those in the Saxon; but from its use in part ular phrases, particularly in its use before the name of the Supreme Being, In swearing. Hence we find that 3 is not from 13 nor from m>3, as Parkhurst supposes, but is an abbrevig- tion of big, which is used in the Saxon, bigspell, a proverb, a by-word ; digstandan, to stand by. TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER. VICIOUS. —6 as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. aa | 14 105 een eee Sletiitiecs.__cacpeneen deat coceeeel ay ser geben ina pote conse PE Y: : + i A 14 A i fe : a} a I bi ce i | == BEA BEACH, x. [Qu. Russ. bok, Bide: see The shore of the sea, or of a lake, which is washed by the tide and waves; the strand. It may be some- times used for the shore of large rivers, BEACH’ED, (beecht,) a. Exposed to the waves; washed by the tide and waves; also, driven on a beach ; stranded ; as, the ship is beached. BEACH'Y, a. Having a beach or beaches. Shak. BEA‘€ON, (be'kn,) ”. [W. pigwn, a beacon, cone, or turret, from pig, a point. See Pixe. Sax. beacen, becen, a signal; D. baak, baaken; Ger. bake.) __ 1. A signal erected on an eminence, consisting of a pitch barrel, or some combustible matter, to be fired at night, or to cause a smoke by day, to notify the approach of an enemy. 2, A signal erected on rocks or shoals, to warn of danger. [ence a lighthouse is sometimes called a beacon. In general, a beacon may be any light or mark intended for direction and security against danger. : 3. Figuratively, that which gives notice of danger. BEA/EON, v. t. To afford light as a beacon ; to light p- Campbell. u BEA’/€ON-AGE, n. Money paid for the maintenance of a beacon. Encyc. Ash. BiEA/€ON-ED, pp. ora. Lighted by a beacon; hav- ing a beacon. BEAD, n. [Ger. bethe, a bead; supposed from beten, biddan, to pray, from the use of beads in Roman Cath- olic countries ; Sax. bead, a praying. Im Spanishand Portuguese, the word answering to count is used for a bead. 1. ‘A little perforated ball, to be strung on a thread, and worn about the neck, for ornament. A string of beads is called a necklace. Beads are made of gold, pearl, amber, steel, garnet, coral, diamond, crystal, pastes, glasses, &c. The Roman Catholics use strings of beads in rehearsing their prayers. Hence the phrase, to tell beads, and to be at one’s beads, is to be at prayer. Encyc. Johnson. 2. Any small globular body; hence the glass globules, used in traffic with savages, and sold in strings, are called beads; also a bubble on spirit. 3. A small piece of metal on a gun-barrel to take sight by. 4. In architecture, a round molding, commonly made upon the edge of a piece of stuff, in the Corin- thian and Roman orders, cut or carved in short em- bossments, like beads in necklaces. Encyc. Bidding of beads, is a charge given by a priest to his parishioners, to repeat certain prayers upon their beads for certain objects. Bailey. BEAD/-MAK-ER, rn. One who makes beads. In French, paternostrier is one who makes, strings, and sells beads. In Paris are three companies of pater- nostriers ; one that works in glass or crystal ; one, in wood and horn; a third, in amber, coral, &c. Encyc. BEAD!/-PROOF, a. Spirit is bead-proof, when, after being shaken, a crown of bubbles will stand, for some time after, on the surface, manifesting a cer- tain standard of strength. Encyc. BEAD/-ROLL, x Among Roman Catholics, a cata- logue of persons, for the rest of whose souls they are to repeat a certain number of prayers, which they count by their beads. Encyc. BEAD/-TREE, n. The Melia azedarach, a native of the East Indies, growing about 20 feet high, adorned with large pinnated or fringed leaves, and clusters of pentapetalous flowers. Encyc. BEADS/-MAN, x. A man employed in praying, gen- erally in praying for another. olunson. BEADS-WO6OM/AN, n. A praying woman; a woman Who resides in an alms-house. Ash. BEA’DLE, x. [Sax. bydel or bedel; Fr. bedeau; Sp. bedel; It. bidello; Ger. bittel, pedell; Sw. bodel, a beadle, or lictor ; from the root of bid, Sax. beodan, to order or command. See Brp.] 1. A messenger or crier of a court ; a servitor; one who cites persons to appear and answer ; called also an apparitor or summoner. Encyc. 2. An officer in a university, whose chief business is to walk with a mace, before the masters, in a pub- lic procession; or, as in America, before the pres- ident, trustees, faculty, and students of a college, in @ procession, at public commencements. Encyc. 3. A parish officer, whose business is to punish petty offenders. Johnson. BEA/DLE-SHIP, n. The office of a beadle. Wood. BEA/GLE, n. [Fr. bigle, so named from littleness ; W. bac, little; Ir. pie; It. piccolo. We have from the same root boy, and the Danes pige, a little girl, and probably pug is the same word. Qu. Gr. Tvy- pws, 2 pigmy.] A small hound, or hunting dog, formerly used in hunting hares. ‘They are now superseded, to a great extent, by harriers. Beagles are of different Sorts; as, the southern beagle, shorter and less, but thicker than the deep-mouthed hound; the ficet northern, or cat beagle, smaller, and of a finer shape than the southern. From these species united, is bred a third, still preferable; and a smaller sort is little larger than the lap-dog. Encyc. BEAK, n. [D. bek; W. pig; Ir. peac; Arm. bek; Fr. BEAK’ED, (beekt,) a. BEAK’ER, n. BEA L, Tl. BEAM, z. BEA bec; Sp. pico; It. becco; Dan. pig, pik; Sw. pigg, pik; Sax. piic; Fr. pique; Eng. peak, pike, &c. The sense is, a shoot, or a point, from thrusting ; and this word is connected with a numerous family. See Class Be.} 1. The bill or nib of a bird, consisting of a horny substance, either straight or curving, and ending in a point. 2. A pointed piece of wood, fortified with brass, resembling a beak, fastened to the end of ancient galleys ; intended to pierce the vessels of an enemy. In modern ships, the beak-head is a name given to the fore part of a ship, whose forecastle is square or oblong ; a circumstance common to all ships of war, v‘hich have two or more tiers of guns. Mar. Dict. Beak or beak-head, that part of a ship, before the forecastle, which is fastened to the stem, and sup- ported by the main knee. Encyc. 3. In farriery, a little shoe, at the toe, about an inch long, turned up and fastened in upon the fore part of the hoof. Farrier’s Dict. | 4. Any thing ending in a point, like a beak. This in America is inore generally pronounced peak. 5. In botany, a process, like the beak of a bird, terminating the fruit in certain plants, as in the Ge- ranium. [L. rostrum. : EAK, v.t. Among cock-fighters, to take hold with the beak. Ash. Having a beak; ending in a point, like a beak. 2. In botany, rostrate; furnished with a process (Ger. becher.] [like a beak. A cup or glass. Johnson. BEAK’I-R ON, (-i-urn,) n. A bickern; an iron tool, ending in a point, used by blacksmiths. Ash. E See Bort. W. bal, a prominence.] A pimple; a whelk ; a small inflammatory tumor ; a pustule. Johnson. Ash. BEAL, v.i. To gather matter; to swell and come to Johnson. Ash. ee; Sax. beam; G. baum; ar or rail; Ir. beim, a that the word be- gnifies the stock or , firm part. } piece of timber in a building, that lies across the walls, and serves to support the principal rafters. Encyc. 2. Any large piece of timber, long in proportion to its thickness, and squared or hewed for use. 3. The part of a balance, from the ends of which the scales are suspended; sometimes used for the whole apparatus for weighing. Encyc. 4, The part on the head of a stag, which bears the antlers, royals, and tops. 5. The pole of a carriage, which runs between the horses. Dryden. 6. A cylinder of wood, making part of a loom, on which weavers wind the warp before weaving; and this name is given also to the cylinder on which the cloth is rolled, as it is wove. 7. The straight part or shank of an anchor. 8. In ships, a great main cross timber, which holds the sides of a ship from falling together. The beams support the decks and orlops. The main beam is next the mainmast. Mar. Dict. 9. The main piece of a plow, in which the plow- tails are fixed, and by which it is drawn. 10. Beam compass; an instrument consisting of a square wooden or brass beam, having sliding sockets, that carry steel or pencil points ; used for describing large circles, and in large projections for drawing the furniture on wall-dials. Encyc. Johnson. On the beam, in navigation, signifies any distance from the ship, on a line with the beams, or at right angles with the keel. Mar. Dict. Before the beam, is an arch of the horizon between a line that crosses the ship at right angles, or the line of the beam, and that point of the compass which she steers. Mar. Dict. Beam ends. A vessel is said to be on her beam ends, when she inclines so much on one side that her beams approach a vertical position. Mar. Dict. BEAM'-BYRD, n. A small European bird, so called because it often builds its nest on the projecting end of a beam or rafter in a building; also named the a head, as a pimple. [Goth. bagms, D. boom, a tree; Dan. beam. We see by longs to Class Bg. stem of a tree; that 1. The largest, or a spotted fly-catcher. It is the Muscicapa grisola of naturalists. Ed. Encyc. P. Cyc. BEAM-FEATH’ER, (-fethi/er,) n. One of the long feathers in the Wing of a hawk. Booth. BEAM/-FILL/ING, x. The filling in of mason work between beams or joists. BEAM'-TREE, n. A species of wild service, a tree having very tough wood, used for beams, &c. _ The Crategus Aria, Linn. (Pyrus Aria, Decand.) BEAM, n. [Sax. beam, a ray of the sun; beamian, to Shine or send forth beams; Sam. bahmah, splendor ; Ir, bem, a stroke, and solbheim, a thunderbolt. ] A collection of rays emitted from the sun or other luminous body. BEAM, v. t. To send forth; to emit; followed ordi- narily by forth; as, to beam forth light. BEAM, v. i. To emit rays of light, or beams; to shine. BEAM/LESS, a BEAM’Y, a. Emitting rays of light ; radiant ; shining. BEAN, 2x. BEAN!’-€4-PER, n. BEAN/-€OD, n. BEAN/-FLY, 7. BEAN/-GOOSE, n. BEAN’-TRES-SEL, n. BEAR, (bare,) v. t.; pret. Bore; pp. Born, Borne. He beamed, the day star of the rising age, Trumbull. BEA BEAM/ED, a. The head of a stag is said to be beamed when it has all its antlers put forth. Booth. BEAM/’ING, ppr. ora. Emitting rays of light or beams BEAM/ING, 2. Radiation; the emission or darting of light in rays. 2. The issuing of intellectual light; dawn; pro- phetic intimation ; first indication. Such were the beamings of an original and gifted mind. T. Dawes. Emitting no rays of light. 2. Resembling a beam in size and weight ; massy. Dryden. 3. Having horns, or antlers. Dryden. (Sax. bean; Dan. bonne; Sw. bina; Gr. muavov ; D. boon; Ger. bohne; Ch. }}5N apun, a vetch. Qu. Arm. favon; Corn. id.; W. fie) A name given to several kinds of pulse, or legu- minous seeds, and the plants producing them. They belong to several genera, particularly Vicia, Pha- seolus, and Dolichos. The varieties most usually cultivated are, the horse bean, the mazagan, the kidney bean, the cranberry bean, the lima bean, the frost bean, &c. The stalk is erect or climbing, and the fruit roundish, oval, or flat, and of various colors This name properly belongs to the Faba vulgaris. (Vicia Faba, Linn.) Malacca-bean, or Anacardium; the fruit of a tree (Semicarpus Anacardium) growing in Malabar, and other parts of the East Indies. ‘This fruit is of a shining black color, of the shape of a heart flattened, about an inch long, terminating at one end in an obtuse point, and at the other adhering to a wrinkled stalk. It contains, within two shells, a kernel of a sweetish taste; and betwixt the shells is lodged a thick, acrid juice. Encyc. A plant, a species of Zygophyl- lum, a native of warm climates. Eneyc. A small fishing vessel or pilot boat, used in the rivers of Portugal. It is sharp forward, having its stem bent above into a great curve, and plated with iron. Encyc. BEAN/-FED, a. Fed with beans. Shak. A beautiful fly, of a pale purple color, found on bean flowers, produced from a maggot called mida. Eneyc. A species of Anas, (A. segetum,) a migratory bird, which arrives in England in autumn, and retires to the north in summer. It is so named from the likeness of the nail of the bill to a horse-bean. Encyc. Bean-tree of America; a name given to the Erythrma Corallodendron. Kidney-bean-tree; & Name given to certain species of the genus Glycine. Binding-bean-iree; a name given to a species of the genus Mimosa. Bean-trefoil ; a popular name of the Cytisus Labur- nuim and Anagyris feetida. Fam. of Plants. A plant. [Sax. beran, beran, beoran, byran, weberan, geberan, gebyran, aberan, aberan, to bear, carry, bring, sustain, produce, bring forth; gebyrian, gebyrigan, to per- tain to, to belong to, to happen, to become, or be suitable ; answering to the Latin fero, porto, pario, and oporteo. Hence, probably, Sax. barn, bearn, a son, coinciding with born. Goth. bairan, to bear, or carry; gabairan, to bear; G. frhren, to carry, and gebdren, to bring forth; D. beuren, to lift, voeren, to carry or bear; baaren, to bring forth; Sw. bara, to carry ; bdra fram, to bring forth; barn, a son; Dan. bere, to carry, bear, produce ; L. fero, pario, porto; Gr. dep, pupew ; Sp. and Port. parir, to bring forth ; portar, to carry ; It. portare, to carry; Ir. bearadh, beirim, to bear or bring forth, to tell or relate, whence Fr. parler ; Russ. beru, to take, to carry ; Sans. bharadi, to bear. This verb I suppose to be radically the Same as the Shemitic N13 to produce; L. pario. The primary sense is to throw out, to bring forth, or in general, to thrust or drive along. It includes the proper significations, both of L. jfero and pario; Shemitic N45 farah, and Oil igarars Hence, proba- bly, Gr. Bapos, Gapus, and a great family of words. See Class Br. Nos. 15, 22, 33, 35.) 1. To support; to sustain; as, to bear a weight or burden. 2. To carry; to convey; to support and remove from place to place; as, they bear him upon the shoulder; the eagle beareth them on her wings. Isaiah. Deuteronomy. 3. To wear; to bear as a mark of authority or dis- tinction, as, to bear a sword, a badge, a name; to bear arms in a coat, 4. To keep afloat; as, the water bears a ship. ©. To support or sustain without sinking or yield- ing; toendure; as, a man can bear severe pain or calamity ; or to sustain with proportionate strength, and without injury; as, a man may bear stronger food or drink. 6. To entertain; to carry in the mind; as, to bear a great love for a friend ; to bear inveterate hatred to gaming. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,—METE, PREY.— PINE. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 106 Se OT Ra eer Hi bce RE crBEA 7. To suffer ; to nndergo; as, to bear punishment. 8. To suffer without resentment, or interference to prevent ; to have patience; as, to bear neglect or indignities. 9. To admit or be capable of; that is, to suffer or sustain without violence, injury, or change; as, to give words the most favorable’ interpretation they will bear. 10. To bring forth or produce) as the fruit of plants, or the young of animals ; as, to bear apples; to bear children. 1l. To give birth to, or be the native place of. Here dwelt the man divine whom Samos bore. Dryden. 12. To possess and use as power ; to exercise; as, 13. To gain or win. [to bear sway. Some think to bear it by speaking a great word. [Not now used. The phrase now used is, to bear any. 14, ‘To carry on, or maintain ; to have ; as, to bear a part In conversation. 15. To show or exhibit; to relate ; as, to bear tes- timony or witness. This seems to imply utterance, like the Latin fero, to relate or utter. 16. To sustain the effect, or be answerable for ; as, to bear the blame. 17. To sustain, as expense; to supply the means of paying; as, to bear the charges, that 1s, to pay the 18. To be the object of. [expenses. Let me but bear your love, and I'll Bear your cares. [Unisual.] Shak Bacon. 19. To behave ; to act in any character; as, hath he borne himself penitent? [Not usual. ] Shak. 20. To remove, or to endure the effects of; and hence, to give satisfaction for. He shall bear their iniquities. —Is. lili. Heb: ix. To bear the infirmities of the weal, to bear one another’s burdens, is to be charitable toward their faults, to sympathize with them, and to aid them in istress. TOWN, To bear off, is to restrain ; to keep from approach ; and in seamanship, to remove to a distance ; to keep clear from, rubbing against any thing; as, to bear off a blow ; to bear offa boat; also, to carry away ; as, to bear off stolen goods. To bear down, is to impel or urge; to overthrow or crush by force; as, to bear down an enemy. To bear down upon; to press ; to overtake ; to make all sail to come up with. To bear hard, is to press or urge. Cesar doth bear me hard, Shak. To bear on, is to press against; also, to carry for- ward, to press, incite, or animate. Contidence hath borne thee on. Milton. To bear through, is to conduct or manage ; as, to bear through the consulship. B. Jonson. Also, to maintain or support to the end ; as, religion will bear us throwgh the evils of life. To bear out, iS to Maintain and support to the end ; to defend to the last. Company only can bear a man out in an ill thing. South. To bear up ; to support ; to keep from falling. Religious hope bears up the mind under suflerings. Addison. To bear up; to keep afloat. To bear a body. A color is said to bear a body in painting, when it is capable of being ground so fine, and mixed so entirely with the oil, as to seem only a very thick oil of the same color. Johnson. To bear date, is to have the mark of time when written or executed; as, a letter or bond bears date Jan. 6, 1811. To bear a price,is to have acertain price. In com- mon mercantile language, it often signifies or implies to bear a good or high price. To bear in hand; to amuse with false pretenses ; to deceive. Bacon. South. Shak. I believe this phrase is obsolete, or never used in America. To bear a hand, in seamanship, is to make haste, be BEAR, v.27. To suffer, a3 with pain. [quick. But man is born to bear. Pope. This is unusualin prose ; and though admissible, is rendered intransitive, merely by the omission of pain, or other word expressive of evil. 2. To be patient ; to endure. I can not, can not bear. This also seems to be elliptical. 3. To produce, as fruit; to be fruitful, in opposition to barrenness. This age to blossom, and the next to bear. Here fruit must be understood. 4. To press, with upon; as, to bear heavily on one’s spirits ; to bear hard upon an antagonist. 5. To take effect; to succeed; as, to bring matters to bear. Guardian. 6. To act in any character. Instruct me how I may bear like a true friar. [Unueual.] S Dryden. Dryden, 7. To be situated as to the point of compass, with respect to something else; as, the land bore LE. N. E. from the ship. BEAR/-€LOTH, Ns BEAR'ING-€LOTH, BEAR, n. BEA 8. To relate or refer to, with on or upon; as, how does this bcar on the question? 9. To have weight on the neck by the yoke, as oxen attached to the neap of a cart. 10. To convey intelligence; as, the letters bore that succor was at hand. Sir W. Scott. ll. To bear away, in navigation, is to change the course of a ship, when close hauled, or sailing with a side wind, and make her run before the wind. To bear up, is used in a like sense, from the act of bear- wg up the helm to the windward. Mar. Dict. Hence, perhaps, in other cases, the expression may be used to denote tending or moving from. 12. To bear down, is to drive or tend to ; to approach with a fair wind; as, the fleet bore down upon the enemy. 13. To bear in, is to run or tend toward ; as, a ship bears in With the land; opposed to bear off, or keep- ing at a greater distance. To bear up, is to tend or move toward; as, to bear up to one another : also, to be supported ; to have fortitude; to be firm; not to sink; as, to bear up un- der afflictions. 15. Yo bear upon, or against, is to lean upon or against ; to act on as weight or force, in any direc- tion, asa column upon its base, or the sides of two inclining objects against each other. 16. To bear against ; to approach for attack or seiz- ure; as, a lion bears against his prey. Dryden. 17. To bear upon; to act upon ; as, the artillery bore upon the center ; or to be pointed or situated so as to affect ; as, to bring or plant guns so as to bear upon a fort or a ship. 18. Zo bear with; to endure what is unpleasing ; to be indulgent ; to forbear to resent, oppose, or punish. Reason would I should bear with you. — Acts xviii. Shall not God avenge his elect, though he bear long with them? — Luke xviii. A cloth in which a new- born child is covered when carried to church to be baptized. Shak. [Sax. bera; G. bar; D. beer; Sw. Dan. and Ice. biorn ; Ir. bear; allied, perhaps, to fierce, L. ferus, fera, or to barbarus. | 1. A wild quadruped, of the genus Ursus. The marks of the genus are, six fore teeth in the upper jaw, alternately hollow on the inside ; and six in the under jaw, the two lateral ones lobated; the dog teeth are solitary and conical; the eyes have a nic- titating membrane, and the nose is prominent. ‘T’he arctos, the brown or black bear of Europe, has his body covered with long, shaggy hair. Some are found, in Tartary, of a pure white color. The po- lar or white bear, has a long head and neck; short, round ears ; the hair long, soft, and white, tinged in some parts with yellow. He grows toa great size, the skins of some being 13 feet long. This bear lives in cold climates only, and frequently swims from one isle of icé to another. Encyc. 2. The name of two constellations in the northern hemisphere, called the Greater and Lesser Bear. In the tail of the Lesser Bear is the pole-star. Bears and Bulls ; cant terms applied to persons en- gaged in the gambling transactions of the Stock Ex- change. A bear, is one who contracts to deliver, at a specified future time, stocks which he does not own; a bull, is one who contracts to take them. Hence, in the intervening time, it is the interest of the former to depress stocks, as the bear pulls down with his strony paws, and of the latter to raise stocks, as the bull throws uptvard with his horns. The stock is, in fact, never delivered, and was never meant to be. When the time for delivery arrives, the losing party pays the difference between the price of the stock then and at the time when the contract was made. BEAR or BERE, x ». t. Consisting of the wood or FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METER, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE BEE bark of the beech; belonging to the beech; as, a beechen vessel. ryden. BEECH/—MAST, x. The fruit or nuts of the beech. BEBCH’-NUT, 2. The nut of the beech-tree. BEECH!-OIL, n. [beech and oil.) Oil expresséd from the mast or nuts of the beech-tree. It is used in Pic- ardy, and in other parts of France, instead of butter ; but is said to occasion heaviness and pains in the stomach. Encye BEE Ee n. [beech and tree.) The beech. BEBF (Fr. beuf, an ox; Arm. bevin; It. bue; Sp. bucy § "Port. boy; W. buw; Corn. byuh, an ox ; Ir. bo, a cow, pl. buaibh; L. bos, bovis; Gr. Bovs. 1. An animal of the bovine genus, whether ox, bull, or cow ; but used of those which are ful] grown or nearly so. In this, which is the original sense, the word has a plural, beeves. The flesh of an ox, bull, or cow, or of bovine animals generally, when killed. In popular language, the word is often applied to the live animal; as, an ox is good beef; that is, well fattened. In this een the w we has no plural. BEEF, Consisting of the flesh of the ox, or + of bo- vine animals; as, a beef-steak. Swift. BEEF’-EAT-ER, n. [beef and eat.] [Corrupted in its second meaning, from bifetier, a keeper of the buffet or sideboard, because some of them were originally ar- ranged at side-tabies, at solemn festivals. nc. Am.] 1. One that eats beef. 2. A popular appellation for the yeomen of the Bu urd, in England, The Buphaga Africana, an African bird that fee a: on the larve which nestle under the hides of oxen. 4. In popular use, a stout, fleshy man. BEEF/STBAK, n. ‘beef and steak.) Asteak or slice of beef broile d ec for broiling. BEEF/-WIT-TED, a. peer and zit.] Dull in intel- lects ; stupid ; heavy-headed. Shai. BEELD, n. [Sax. behlyjdan, to cover. Protection ; refuge. [ Obs.) A shed for cattle. Fatrfaz. BE-EL’ZE-BUB, 2. A prince of devils. [The word signifies ue deity of flies.] BEE/MOL, In music, a half-note. BEEN a Six beon.] Part. perf. of Be; pronounced dim. In old authors, it is also the present tense plural of Br. BEEN, n the guitar kind, having nineteen frets; used in India. Als. Researches. BEER, nm. [W. bir; Fr. biere; Arm. byer, bir, ber; D. and G. bier ; It. birra.] A fermented liquor made from any farinaceous grain; but generally from barley, which is first malted and ground, and its fermentable substance then extracted by hot water. This extract or infu- sion is evaporated by boiling in caldrons, and hops or some other plant of an agreeable bitterness added. The liquor is then suffered to ferment in vats. Beer is of different degrees of strength, and is denomi- nated small beer, ale, porter, brown-stout, &c., accord- ing to its stre neth, or other peculiar qualities. Encyc. 2. Beer isa name given in America to fermenting liquors made of various other materials ; and w hen a decoction of the roots of plants forms part of the composition, it is called spring-beer, from the season in which it is made. There is also root-beer. BEER/-BAR-REL, x. A barrel for holding beer. BEER/-HOUSE, n. A house where malt liquors are sold; an ale-house. BEEST/’INGS. See BiestrnGs. BEES'-WAX, n which their cells are constructed. BEET, x. L. beta; Fr bette. | A plant of the genus Beta. The species cultivated in gardens are the cicla and vulgaris, or white and red beet. There are many varieties; some with long taper roots, and others turneps. which is manufactured in France on a great scale. Bacon, BEB'TLE, n. [Sax. bitl, or bytl, a mallet ; pe beetle. | A fretted stringed instrurment of music of The wax collected by bees, and of [D. biet; Ger. becete; It. bietola; W. betysen ; with flat roots, like The root furnishes a large portion of sugar, Cyc. betel, the . A heavy mallet or wooden hammer, used to ae wedges, beat pavements, &c., having ‘one, two, or three handles for as m: my men to use lt; called also a stamper, or rammer. 2. In zoology, a popular name common to the dif- ferent species of insects, of the genus Scarabeus, Linn. The generic characters are, clavated an- tenne, fissile longitudinally, legs frequently den- tated, and wings which have hard’cases, or sheaths. They are of different sizes, from that of a pin’s head to that of a man’s fist. They have various names, as the JMay-biug, or door-beetle, cock-chaffer, the tumble-dung, the elephant-beetle, &c. The latter, found in South America, is the largest species, being nearly four inches long. Encye. The terin bcetle is common, in popular language, to all insects with hard or shelly wing-cases, as the Coleoptera, and some of the Orthoptera, as the cock- roach. It is more appropriate to the Scarabei. Cyc. Partington. E, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 110BEF BEE’TLE, (bee’tl,) v. 7. To jut ; to be prominent ; to hang or extend out ; as, a cliff that UJeetles over its base. Shak. Eee BROW; n. [beetle and brow.] A prominent Shak. BEL TLE- BROW-ED, a, Having prominent brows. Swift. BEE/TLE-HEAD, n. [beetle and head.] A stupid fel- low. cot. BEE’TLE-HEAD-ED, (bé’tl-hed-ed,) a. Having a head like a beetle ; dull; stupid. Shak. BEB/TLE-STOCK, Ne [beetle and stock.] The handle of a beetle. Spenscr. BEE/TLING, ppr. or a. Jutting; being prominent; standing out from the main body. Thomson. BEBT’-RAV E, n. A kind of beet, used for salad. BEET/-RAD- ISH, Ash. BEEVES, 7. ; pl. of Deere Cattle ; quadrupeds of the bovine genus, called in England black cattle. BE-FALL’,v. ¢.; pret. Bere. ; part. BEFALLEN. [Sax. befellan, of be and fali.] To happen to; to occur to; as, let me know the worst that can befall me. It usually denotes il). It is generally transitive in furm, but there seems to be an ellipsis of to, and to some times follows it. BE-FALL!, v. i. To happen; to come to pass. I have revealed this discord which befell. To befall of, is not legitimate. BE-FALL’'EN, (be-fawl/n,) pp. BE-F ALLIING, m. That which befalls; an event. BE-F ALL‘ING, ppr. Happening to; occurring to; coming to pass. BE-FELU/, pret. of BEFALL. BE-FIT’, v. t. [be and fit.] to become. That name best befits thee. BE-FIT’/TING 2 PPP ora. Suiting; BE-FL/é AT’TER, .t. To flatter. BE-FOAM/, v. t. [be and foam.) Little used. BE-FOG’GED, a. Involved in a fog. BE-FOOL’, v. t. [be and fool.) To fool ; to delude or lead into error. Men befool themselves. South. BE-FOOL/ED, pp. Fooled ; deceived; led into error. BE-FOOLI/ING, ppr. Fooling; making a fool of; de- celving ; infatuating. BE-FORB’, prep. [ve and fore, that is, by, fure, near the fore part. Sax. before, or beforan, retained by Chaucer in beforn.] - In front ; on the side with the face, at any dis- tance; used of persons. Milton. 2. In presence of, with the idea of power, author- ity, respect. Abraham bowed before the people of the land. —Gen. xxiil. W herewithal shall I come before the Lord ? — Micah vi, 3. In sight of; as, before the face. 4. In the presence of, noting cognizance or juris- diction. Both parties shall come before the judge. —Ex. xxii. 5. In the power of, noting the right or ability to choose or possess ; free to the choice. The world was all before them. My laid is before thee. —Gen. xx. 6. In front of any object ; as, before the house, be- fore the fire. 7. Preceding in time. Before \ was afflicted, I went astray. — Ps. cxix. Before Abraham was, I am. — John viii. Here the preposition has a sentence following for an object. 8. In preference to. And he set Ephraim before Manassch. —Gen. xlviii. Poverty is desirable before torments. Taylor. 9. Superior ; preceding in dignity. He that cometh after me is preferred before me, for he was before me, — John i. 10. Prior to; having prior right; preceding in order ; as, the eldest son is before the younger in suc cession. Jl. Previous to ; in previous order; in order to. Before this treatise can become of use, two points are necessary. Se Swift Se No. 7.] 2. Before the wind, denotes in the direction of the wind and by its impulse. BE-FORB’, adv. In time preceding. You tell me what I knew before. 1. In time preceding, to the present, or to this time ; hitherto; as, tumults then arose which before were unknown. 2, Further onward in place, in progress, or in front. Reaching forth to those things which are before. — Phil. iil. 3. In front; on the fore part. The battle was before and behind. —2 Chron. xiii. In some of the examples of the use of before, which Jobnson places under the adverb, the word is a prep- osition governing a sentence; as, ‘** Before the hills appeared.””? This is the real construction, however Afilton. Fallen on. To suit ; to be suitable to ; Milton, becoming. To cover with foam. Irving. to infatuate ; Milton. Dryden. BEG BE-FORE/CIT-ED, a. Cited in a preceding part. BE-FORE/HAND, adv. [before and hand.) Ina state of anticipation or preoccupation ; often followed by mith; as, you are beforehand with me. 2. Antecedently ; ; by way of preparsien or prelim- aes ; aforetime. Matt. xiii. 1 Tim. v. In a state of accumulation, so as that more has bn received than expended. ‘A man is beforehand. [In this use it is more properly an adjective. 4. At first; before any thing is done. Z’Estrange. BE-FORE/MEN-TION-ED ,@. Mentioned before. — BE-FORE/TIME, adv. foe fore and time.} Formerly ; of old time. 1 Sam. ix. Josh. xx. [Qdés. BE-FOR’TUNE, »v. t.-[be and fortune.] To happen to; to betide. Shak. BE-FOUL/, w. t. To make foul ; to soil. BE-FRIEND’, (be-fre nd/,) v. t. [be favor ; to act as a friend to; benefit. BE-FRIEND/ED, pp. [Sax. befylan ; be and foul.] and friend.] To to countenance, aid, or Shak. Favored; countenanced. BE-FRIEND/ING, ppr. Favoring; assisting friend ; showing kindness to. BE -FRING +E’, (be-frinj’,) v. t. [be and fringe.] To fur- nish with a ‘fringe ; 3 to adom as with fringe. Fuller. BE-FRING’/ED, pp. Adorned as with a fringe. BE-FUR/RED, a. Covered with fur. BEG, ) n. (The Turks write this word begh, or bel, BEY,§ but pronounce it day.) In the Turkish dominions, a governor of a town or country ; more particularly, the lord of a sangiac or banner. Every province is divided into seven sangiacs or banners each of which qualifies a bey ; and these are commanded by the governor of the province, called beglerbeg, or lord of all the beys. Each beg has the commé ind of a certain number of spahis, or horse, denominated timariots. In Tunis, the beg, or bey, is the prince or king answering to the de y of Algie rs. In Evypt, the begs are twelve generals, who com- mand the militia, or standing forces of the kingdom. Encyc. BEG, v. t. [Probably contracted from Sw. begara, to as a ask, desire, crave; Dan. begiere; Ger. begehren; D. begeeren, which is a compound word; be and gleren, to crave; Sax. geornian, In Italian, picaro is a beggar. ] l. To ask earnestly ; to beseech; to entreat or supplicate with hu nility. It implies more urgency than ask or petition. Joseph begged the body of Jesus. — Matt. xxvii. To ask or supplicate in charity ; as, we may yet be reduced to bee our bread. 3. To take for granted; to assume without proof; as, to beg the question in debate. BEG, v.7. ‘To ask alms or charity ; ging ; to live by asking alms. I can not dic; 5? BE-GET’, v. t.; pret. Becot, Becar; pp. Becor, Br- GOTTEN. [Sax. begetan, of be and getan, to get. See Gert.] 1. To procreate, as a father or sire; to generate ; as, to bevet a son. . To produce, as an effect; to cause to exist; to generate ; as, luxury begets vice. BE-GET’TER, n. One who begets or procreates; a father. EC Ge EEE a gyrnan, to year. to practice beg- to beg I am ushamed, — Luke xvi. That may be begged. Butler. BEG/GAR,n. [See Bec.] One that lives by asking alins, or mane it his business to beg for charity. 2. One who supplicates with humility ; a petition- er; but in this sense rarely used, as the word has become a term of contempt. Johnson. 3. One who assumes in argument what he does not prove. Tillotson. BEG/GAR, v. t. To reduce to beggary; to impov- erish. Shak. 2. To deprive, or make destitute ; to exhaust; as, to begrar description. BEG/GAR- ED, pp. Reduced to extreme poverty. BEG/GAR-ING, ppr. Reducing to indigence, ora state of beggary. BEG’/GAR-LI-NESS, n. The state of being beggarly ; meanness 5; extreme poverty. Barret. BEG’GAR-LY, a. Mean; poor; in the condition of a beggar; extremely indigent; used of both persons and things. ; Shak. BEG’/GAR- LY, adv. Meanly; indigently ; despicably. Hooker. BEG/GAR-MAID,n. A maid that isa beggar. Shak. BEG/GAR-MAN, 7. Aman thatis a beggar. Shak. BEG/GAR-WOM'AN, n. A female beggar. Shak. BEG/GAR’S-LICE, n. The name of an obnoxious weed, (Echinaspernum Virginicum,) having a bur-like fruit or nut with hooked prickles, which fasten on those who pass by. BEG’/GAR-Y, x. A state of extreme indigence. Sidney, BEG/GED, pp. Entreated ; supplicated ; ; asked in charity ; assumed without proof. BEG’GING, ppr. Asking alms; supplicating ; assum- ing without proof. BEG’G ING, x. The act of soliciting alms; the prac- overlooked or misunderstood. tice of asking alms ; as, he lives by begging. —- BEG BE-GHARDS’,) n. A German word denoting one BE-GUARDS’, Who begs with importunity ; ap- plied formerly to some of the Franciscans and other mendicant orders of Rome. The term was also ap- plied to a class of persons distinguished for the favor and Ln of their prayers. rane. BE-GIL Gilded. B. Jonson. BE- GIN’, di. j pret. BEGAN; pp. Beoun. [Sax. gynnan, azinnan, beginnan, and onginnan, to begin, ongin, a beginning ; Goth. duginnan ; Sw. begynna ; Dan. begynde; D. and Ger. beginnen, to begin; D. and Ger. beginn, a beginning, origin ; W. cycwnu, to be- gin, cy, a prefix, and con, ahead. T he radical word is gin or gyn, to Which are prefixed be, on, and dv, which is fo. This appears to be the root of the Gr. yivouat, yevvaw, L. genero, gigno, coinciding with Syr. ea kon, to begin to be; in Aph. to plant, to Z confirm, to create; Eth. no4 kon, to be, to be- -=- * ue kana, to be, or become, to make, to create, to Be Heb. Ch. and $ D>; to make ready, to adapt, prepare, establish ; Sam. to create. The primary sense is, to throw, thrust, stretch forward ; hence, to set, or to produce, according to its connection or application. ] 1. To have an original or first existence ; rise ; to commence. As he spake come, or be made; Ar. 2am. to take e by the mouth of Bis bey prophets, which have been since the world began, — Luke Judgment must besin at the house of God. —1 Pet. iv. From Nimrod first the savage race began. Pope 0 . Dryden. to enter upon something as, begin, My muse. And tears began to flow. 2. To do the first act ; new ; to take the first step Besin every day to re When I bezin, 1 will eon make an end. —1 Sam. BE-GIN’, v. t. To do the first act of any fuses to enter on; to commence. Ye nymphs of Solyma, besin the song. And this they begin to ‘do.—Gen. xi. . To trace from any thing, as the first ground ; to ae ‘the foundation. The apostle begins our eno “dge in the creatures, which leads us to the knowledge of G Locke efeuer Pope. To begin with, to enter tipon first; to use or employ first; as, to begin with the Latin grammar; to begin business with a small capital. BE-GIN/NER, n. The person who begins; gives an original; author. 2. One who first enters upon any art, science, or business; one who is in his rudiments; a young practitioner ; often implying want of experience. he that the agent who is the cause ; an BE-GIN/NING, ppr. First entering upon; commen- cing; giving rise, or original ; taking rise, or origi. BE-GIN'NING, x. The first cause ; origin. I an the beginning and the ending. — Rev. i. 2. That which is first ; the first state; commence- ment; entrance into being. In the bezinning, God created the heaven and the earth. - Gen. i. 3. The rudiments, first ground, or materials. Michty things from small beginnings grow. BE-GIN’/NING-LESS, a. That hath no beginning. [2 bad word, Ba not used. ] Barrow. BE-GIRD!, (begurd’,) v. t.3 pret. BeGrrT, BEGIRDED 5 PP. Breorrt. [be and gird: Sax. beayrdan.] To bind with a band or girdle. 3. To surround ; to inclose ; to encompass. Begird the Almighty throne. 3. To besiege. Clarendon. To begirt, used by B. Jonson, is a corrupt orthog- Dryden. ‘Milton. raphy. BE- GIRDIED, ) pp. Bound witha girdle ; surrounded ; BE-GiRT ) inclosed ; besieged. ee setae ING, ppr. Binding with a girdle ; surround- ; besieging. BUG/LER. BEG, [See Brc.] The governor of a province in fie: "Turkish empire, next in dignity to the grand vizier. Bach has three ensigns or sti atts, trimmed with a horse tail, to distinguish him from a pashaw, who has two, and a beg, who has one. His province! is called beglerbeglic. Encyec- BE-GLOOM’, v.t. To make gloomy ; to darken. Badcock. BE-GNAW’, (be-naw’,) vt. [Sax. begnagan; be and gnaw. To bite or gnaw; to eat away; to corrode; t nibble. Shake BE-GOD!/, v.t. To deify. BE-GONB’, (be-gawn’,) Go away; depart. These two words have been improperly united. Be re- tains the sense of a verb, and gone, that of a par- ticiple. ; BE- GOR'ED, a. [be and gore.] Besmeared with gore. Spenser. BE-GOT’ SE GOT’TEN pp. of BEGET. Procreated ; generated. bh MIN, : TONE, BULL, UNITH.— AN’GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; PH as in THIS. ee Il > Peed J tn . . wae 7 eGie BEH BE-GRAVE’, v. t. To deposit in the grave; to bury. [ot used.]} 2. To engrave. [Vot used.] Gower. BE-GREASE’, v. t. Re and grease.] To soil or daub with grease, or other oily matter. : é ; BE-GRIME!, v.t. [be and grime.] To soil with dirt deep impressed, so that the natural hue can not easily be recovered. Shak. BE-GRIM/ED, pp. Deeply soiled. BE-GRIM’‘ER, x. One who begrimes. BE-GRUDGEY, (be-grudj’,) v. [See Grupox-] To grudge; to envy the possession of. BE-GRUDG/ED, pp. Having excited envy. 3 BE-GRUDG/ING, ppr. Envying the possession of. BE-GUILE’, (be-gile’,) v. t. [Ue and guile.) To delude ; to deceive; to impose on by artifice or craft. The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat. —Gen. il. 2. To elude by cratt. When misery could beguile the tyrant’s rage. Shak, 3. To elude any thing disagreeable by amusement, or other means; to pass pleasingly; to amuse; as, to beguile the tedious day with sleep. Shak. BE-GUIL/ED, pp. Deluded ; imposed on; misled by craft; eluded by stratagem ; passed pleasingly. BE-GUILE/MENT, n. Act of beguiling or deceiving. BE-GUIL/ER, x. He or that which beguiles or de- ceilves. BE-GUIL/ING, ppr. or a. Deluding; deceiving by craft; eluding by artifice ; amusing. BE-GUIL/ING-LY, adv. Ina manner to deceive. BE-GUIL/TY, v. t. To render guilty. [4 barbarous word. | Sanderson. BE-GUINE', (ba-geen’,) n. One of an order of females in Flanders, who, without having taken the monastic vows, are united for the purposes of devotion and charity, and live together in houses called beguinages. There were also similar societies of males called beghards, and sometimes beguins. See BeGHARp. BE/GUM, )x. In the East Indies,a princess or lady BE/GAUM, of high rank. Malcom. BE-GUN’, pp. of Becin. Commenced ; originated. BE-HALF’, (be-hif’,) ». [This word is probably a cormiption. If composed of be and half, it is a word of modern origin ; but I take it to be the Sax. behefe, profit, need, or convenience; G. behuf; D. behoef, necessaries, business ; behoeve, behalf; Sw. behof; Dan. behov, need, necessity, sufficiency, or what is required, sustenance, or support ; from the verb be- hoove, behifva, behdve, to need. The spelling is therefore corrupt ; it should be behof or behoof. See BenHoor.] 1. Favor ; advantage; convenience; profit; sup- port ; defense ; vindication; as, the advocate pleads in behalf of the prisoner; the patriot suffers in behalf of his country. 2. Part; side; noting substitution, or the act of taking the part of another; as, the agent appeared in behalf of his constituents, and entered a claim. BE-HAP’PEN, v. i. [be and happen.) To happen to. Spenser. BE-HAVE!, v.t. [G. gehaben; Sax. gehabban, and be- habban; be and have.| 1. To restrain ; to govern; tosubdue. [The Saxon _ sense of the word. | He did behave his anger ere ’twas spent. Shak. This sense is obsolete. Yet it often seems to be implied ; for to behave one’s self, is really to govern one’s self; to have in command. 2. To carry 5 to conduct ; used with the reciprocal pronoun; as, he behaves himself manfully. But the tendency of modern usage is to omit the pronoun ; as, he behaves well. BE-HAVE!, v. 7. To act; to conduct; generally ap- plied to manners, or to conduct in any particular business ; and in a good or bad sense. He behaves well or ill. BE-HAV’ED, pp. Conducted. BE-HAV/ING, ppr. Carrying; conducting. BE-HAV’IOR, (be-hav’yur,) x. [See Benave.] Man- ner of behaving, whether good or bad; conduct; manners ; Carriage of one’s self, with respect to pro- priety or morals ; deportment. It expresses external appearance or action; sometimes in a particular character; more generally in the common duties of lite ; as, our future destiny depends on our behavior in this hfe. It may express correct or good manners, but I doubt whether it ever expresses the idea of CEB OnE of manners, Without another word to qual- y it, _ Lo be upon one’s behavior, is to be in a state of trial, in which something important depends on propriety of conduct. The modern phrase is, to be, or to be put, upon one’s good behavior, Judges hold their office during good behavior; that is, during the integrity and fidelity of their official conduct. BE-HEAD’, (be-hed/,) v. t. [be and head.}] To cut off the head ; to sever the head from the body, with a cut- ting instrument ; appropriateiy used of the execution of men for crimes. DE (be-hed/ed,) pp, Waving the head cut off. BE-HEAD/ING, (be-hed/ing,) ppr. Severing the head from the body, 112 BEH BE-HEAD'ING, (be-hed’1ng,) n. The act of separat- ing the head from the body by a cutting instrument ; decollation. BE-HELD’, pret. and pp. of BeHoxp, which see. BE/HE-MOTH, n. [Heb. nwana3, plural of NOAA, a beast or brute ; from an Arabic verb, which signifies, to shut, to lie hid, to be dumb. In Eth. dumb.] Authors are divided in opinion as to the animal in- tended in Scripture by this name; some supposing it to be an ox, others, an elephant; and Bochart labors to prove it the hippopotamus, or river horse, It seems to unite some of the peculiar characteristics of all; and hence some consider it as a kind of type or representation of the largest land animals, under the general name of bchemoth, which is a plural, de- noting, literally, beasts. Kitto. The original word in Arabic signifies a brute or beast in general, es- pecially a quadruped. BE/HEN,)z. A plant. The white behen is a species BEN, of Cucubalus, called Swedish Lychnis, BEK’EN, or gum sepungar, also spatling poppy and bladder campion, (Cucubalus behen, Linn. ; Silene in- flata, Decand.) The empalement of its flower resem- bles network, and its leaves have somewhat of the flavor of peas. family of Plants. Encyc. The white behen of the shops is the root of the Centaurea Behen, a native of the Levant; the red behen is the root of the Statice Limonium, or sea lavender. Parr. BE-HEST’,7. [be and Sax. hese, a command; Ger. geheiss, command, from hezssen, to call, tell, or com- mand. See Heart. Command ; precept; mandate. BE-HIGHT"’, (behite,) v.t.; pret. Benor. [Sax. be- hetan, to promise.] To promise ; to intrust; to call or name ; to com- mand; to adjudge, to address; to inform; to mean ; to reckon. ‘The orthography is corrupt; it should be behite. [ Obs. Spenser. Chaucer. BE-HIND’, prep. Sex behindan, of be and hindan, be- hind; Goth. Aindar, beyond, behind; Aindar-leithun, to pass, preterire ; Ger. Ainter.] 1. At the back of another; as, to ride behind a horseman. 2. On the back part, at any distance; in the rear; as, to Walk behind another. 3. Remaining; left after the departure of another, whether by removing to a distance, or by death ; as, aman leaves his servant bchind him, or his estate at his decease. 4. Left at a distance, in progress or improvement ; as, one student is behind another in matheinatics. 5. Inferior to another in dignity and excellence. For I suppose I was not a whit behind the very chiefest apostles. — 2 Cor, xi. 6. On the side opposite the front or nearest part, or opposite to that which fronts a person; on the other side; as, behind a bed; behind a hill; behind a house, tree, or rock. Behind the back, in Scripture, signifies, out of no- tice or regard; overlooked ; disregarded. They cast thy laws behind their backs. — Neh. xix. Is. xxxvili. BE-HIND’, adv. [be and hind.] Out of sight; not produced or exhibited to view ; remaining; as, we know not what evidence is behind. 2. Backward; on the back part; as, to look behind. 3. Past, in the progress of time. Forgetting those things which are behind, — Phil. ii. 4, Future, or remaining to be endured. And fil! up that which is behind of the afflictions of Christ in my flesh. — Col. i. 5. Remaining after a payment; unpaid ; as, there is a large sum behind. 6. Remaining after the departure of; as, he de- parted and left us behind. BE-HIND'/HAND, a. [behind and hand.) Im arrear ; in an exhausted state; in a state in which rent or profit has been anticipated, and expenditures precede the receipt of funds to supply them. In popular use, a state of poverty, in which the means of living are not adequate tothe end, Also, in a state of back- wardness, in which a particular business has been de- layed beyond the proper season for performing it; as, he is behindhand in his business. Behindhand with, is behind in progress; not upon equal terms in forwardness; as, to be bchindhand with the fashionable world. This word is really an adjective, as it is applied to the person rather than to the verb; but like adrift, aloft, ashamed, and several other words, never pre- cedes the noun. Shakspeare’s ‘‘ behindhand slack- ness,’ therefore, according to present usage, is not a Jegitimate phrase. BE-HOLD’, ». t.; pret. and pp. Benevp. [Sax. be- healdan, beheoldan, gehealdan, cehaldan, from healdan, to hold. The sense is, to hold, to have in sight, from Straining, restraining. In Saxon, the verb signifies not only to look or see, but to guard; so in Latin, observo, from servo, to keep. This explication leads us to an understanding of the participle beholden, which retains the primitive sense of the verb, bound, BEL obliged. ‘The Germans retain the original sense in behalten, to hold or keep; as the Dutch doin gehou den, held, bound ; and the Danes in brholde, to keep, retain ; behold, a retreat, refuge, reservation. See Opserve and Recarp.]} g 1. To fix the eyes upon; to see with attention; to observe with care. Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world. -_ un i. 2. In a less intensive sense, to look upon ; to see. When he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived. —Num. xxi. BE-HOLD’, v.21. To look; to direct the eyes to an ob- ject. And I beheld, and lo, in the midst of the throne, a lamb, as it had been slain. — Rev. y. 2. ‘To fix the attention upon an object; to attend; to direct or fix the mind. Behold, I stand at the door and knock. — Rev. iii. This word is much used in this manner, for excit- ing attention or admiration. [tis in the imperative mode, expressing commit or exhortation, and by no means a mere exclamiuition. BE-HOLD/EN, (be-hold’n,) pp. or a. [The participle of BeHotp, to keep, guard, or bind. See BeHovp.] Obliged ; bound in gratitude ; indebted. Little are we beholden to your love. Shak. BE-HOLD’ER, n. One who beholds ; a spectator ; one who looks upon or sees. BE-HOLD'ING, ppr. Fixing the eyes upon; looking on ; seeing. 2. Fixing the attention; regarding with atten- tion. 3. n. Obligation. [Wot used.] Carew. 4. Obliged. [A mistaken use of the word for Bx- HOLD EN-] Bacon on Love. BE-HOLD/ING-NESS, n. The state of being obliged. [An error, and not in use.] Donne. Sidney. BE-HON’EY, (-hun’y,)v.t To sweeten with honey. Sherwood. BE-HOOF’, n. [Sax. behofian, to want, to be neces- sary, to be expedient ; hence, to be a duty; D. behoe- ven, to need; Ger. behuf, behoof; Dan. behdve, to need, to lack; behov, need, necessity, sufficiency, maintenance, that is, things needed; Sw. Jdehof, need ; behdfea, to need.] 1. Radically, need, necessity ; whence, by an easy analogy, the word came to signify that which sup- plies want. Hence, in present usage, 2. That which is advantageous ; advantage ; prof- it; benefit. No mean recompense it brings to your behoof. Milton. BE-HOOV/A-BLE, a. Needful; profitable. BE-HOOVE’, (he-hoov’,) v. t. [Sax. behofian, to want, to be necessary, or expedient. Supra.] To be necessary for; to be fit for; to be meet for, with respect to necessity, duty, or convenience. And thus it behooved Christ to suffer. — Luke xxiv. It may, perhaps, be used intransitively ; as, let him behave as it behooveth; but I believe such use is rare. BE-HOOVE’FUL, (be-hoov’ful,) a. Needful; useful; profitable ; advantageous. BE-HOOVE/‘FUL-LY, (be-hoov/ful-ly,) adv. © Useful- ly ; profitably. [ Obs., or nearly so.) BE-HOT’, pret. of Benicut. [ Obs.] BE-HOVBE’, and its derivatives. See BEHoovE. BE-HOWL’, v. i. [be and howl.] To howl at. [Wot used. | Shak. BE/ING, ppr. [See Be.] Existing in a certain state. Man, being in honor, abideth not. — Ps, xlix. BE/ING, x Existence; as, God is the author of our being. In God we live, and move, and have our being. — Acts xvii. 2. A particular state or condition. [This is hardly a different sense. | 3. A person existing: applied to the human race. 4. An immaterial, intelligent existence, or spirit. Superior beings, when of Inte they saw A mortal man unfold all nature’s law. Pope. 5- An animal ; any living creature ; as, animals are such bemgs as are endowed with sensation and spon- taneous motion. BE IT SO. A phrase of anticipation — suppose it to be so; or of permission — let it be so. Shak. BE-JADE!,v.t. [be and jade.] Totire. [Not used.] Milton. BE-JAPE!, v. t. To laugh at; to deceive. [Jot used.] Chaucer. BE-JES'/U-IT, v. t. To initiate in Jesuitism. Milton. BE-KISS’, v. t. [be and kiss.] To kiss or salute. [/Vot m use.) Johnson. BE-KNAVE’, v. t. [be and knave.] To call knave. cnet used. | Pope. BE-KNOW’, v. t. [be and know.] To acknowledge. Not used. Chaucer. BE-LA/BOR, v. t. {Perhaps from be and labor ; but in Russ. bulava is a club.] To ply diligently ; to Leat soundly ; to thump. Ajax belabors there a harmless ox. Dryden, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY —PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— nf hei da AM,| BEL BE-LACE’, v. t. [be and lace.] lace or cord. 2. To beat; to whip. BE-LAC/ED, a. Adorned with lace. Beaum. & Fletch. BE-LAM/, v. t. To beat or bang. Todd. BEu!/A-MOUR, x. [Fr. bel-amour.] A gallant ; a consort. [JVot used.] BEL/A-MY, x. [Fr. bel-ami.] A good friend ; an intimate. rie used.] Spenser. BE-LATE’, v. t. [be and late.] To retard or make too late. [ Wot used. BE-LAT’ED, pp. anda. [be and lated.] Benighted ; abroad late at night. 2. Too Jate for the hour appointed or intended ; later than the proper time. Burke. To fasten, as with a Spenser. BE-LAT/ED-NESS, n. A being too late, Milton. BE-LAVHE!, v. t. [be and lave.] To wash. [ot used.] BE-LAW’GIVE, v. t. To givealaw to. [Barbarous, and not used. Milton. BE-LAY’, v. t. [This word is composed of be and lay, to lay to, lay by, or close. See BeLeacuer.] 1. To block up, or obstruct ; as, to belay the coast. Dryden. Gower. 2. To place in ambush. Spenser. 3. To adorn, surround, or cover. Spenser. 4. In seamanship, to fasten, or make fast, by wind- ing a rope round a cleat, kevil, or belaying-pin. It is chiefly applied to the running rigging. Mar. Dict. BE-LAY’ED, pp. Obstructed ; ambushed; made fast. BE-LAY/ING, ppr. Blocking up; laying an ambush; making fast. BE-LAY/ING-PIN, x. A strong pin in the side of a vessel, or by the mast, round which ropes are wound, when they are fastened or delayed. BELCH, v. t. [Sax. bealcan, to belch, that is, to push out, to swell or heave ; belwan, to be angry, that is, to swell with passion ; Eng. bulge, bilge, bulk ; allied to W. balc, prominent. ] I. To throw or eject wind from the stomach with violence. 2, To eject violently from within ; as, a volcano belches flames and lava; to belch forth curses. BELCH, v.i. To eject wind from the stomach. 2. To issue out with eructation. BELCH, 7. The act of throwing out from the stom- ach, or violently from within ; eructation. 2, A cant name for malt liquor. BELCH/ED, (belcht,) pp. or from a hollow place. BELCH/ING, ppr. Ejecting from the stomach or any deep, hollow place. BELCH/ING, zn. Eructation. Barret. BEL/DAM, n. [Fr. belle, fine, handsome, and dame, lady. It seems to be used in contempt, or as a cant terms) 1. An old woman. Shak. Spenser seems to have used the word in its true sense for good dame. 2. A hag. Dennis. Ejected from the stomach Dryden. Shak. BE-LEA/GUER, (be-lee’ger,) v t. Ger. belagern, from be, by, near, and lagern, to lay ; D. belegeren, to besiege, to convene; to belay; Sw. belegra, to be- siege ; Dan. beleire; Russ. oblegayu.} To besiege: to block up; to surround with an ar- my, so as to preclude escape. ryden. BE-LEA’GUER-ED, pp. Besieged. BE-LEA/GUER-ER, 7. One who besieges. Sherwood. BE-LEA/GUER-ING, ppr. Besieging; blocking up. BE-LEAVE!,v.t. [be and leave.] To leave. [Wot used. } May. BE-LE€/TUR-ED, a. Lectured. BE-LEL!, v. t. [be and lee.) ‘To place on the lee, or in a position unfavorable to the wind. Shak. BE-LEM’/NITE, n. [Gr. GeXenvov, a dart, or arrow, from GeXos, from the root of BadXw, pello, to throw. | Arrow-head, or finger-stone ; vulgarly called thun- der-bolt, or thunder-stone. A generic name for the organic remains of extinct fossil bodies, having a Straight, tapering shell. They belonged to animals of the class Cephalopoda, Dana. BE-LEP/ER, v.t. To infect with leprosy. Beaumont. BEL ES-PRIT', (bel’es-pree!,) n.; pl. Beaux Esprits, (boz/es-pree!.) A wit; a fine genius. BEL/FRY, xn. [Fr. belfroy; barb. L. belfredus.] 1. Among military writers of the middle age, a tower erected by besiegers to overlook the place be- sieged, in which sentinels were placed to watch the avenues, and to prevent surprise from parties of the enemy, or to give notice of fires by ringing a bell. Encyc. 2. That part of a steeple, or other building, in which a bell is hung, and, more particularly, the timber work which sustains it. Encyc. BEL-GARD/,n. [Fr. bel and aera) A soft look or glance. [JVot used.] Spenser. BEL/GLAN, a. [See Bexerc.] Belonging to Belgium or the Netherlands. BEL/GI-AN, x A native of Belgium or the Low Countries. BEL/GI€, a. [L. belgicus, from Belg@, the inhabitants of the Netherlands and the country bordering on the Rhine, from that river to the Seine and the ocean. The name may have been given to them from their bulk or large stature; VW). balc, prominent, proud, BEL from bal, a shooting out; Eng. bulge; Russ. velit, preat. see: Romp; Mela) lib. J. co; ands on oy hac: Agric.; Joseph de Bell. Jud. 2. 16; Herod. lib. 6; Strabo, lib. 4. Owen supposes the Welsh name Belgiad to have been given them from their burst- ing forth and ravaging Britain and Ireland. But they had the name on the continent before their irruption into Britain.] Pertaining to the Belge, who, in Cesar’s time, pos- sessed the country between the Rhine, the Seine, and the ocean. They were of Teutonic origin, and, anterior to Cesar’s invasion of Gaul and Britain, col- onies of them had established themselves in the southern part of Britain. The country was called Belgica, from its inhabitants, who dwelt in the dis- trict around the town of Belgium, now called Beau- vais. See Cluy. Germ. Ant. 2. 2. Belgic is now applied to the Wetherlands, called, also, Flanders, or that part of the Low Countries which formerly belonged to the house of Austria. BE/LI-AL, n. [Heb. byy$2.] AS a noun, unprofitableness ; wickedness. Hence, the name of an eyil spirit. Milton. As an adjective, worthless ; wicked. Sons of Belial ; wicked men. Parkhurst. BE-LI/BEL, v. & [be and libel.] To libel or traduce. uller. BE-LIE’, v. t. [be and lie. Sax. belecgan, of be and leogan, to lie, lie, or lyg, a lie; D. beliegen; G. beli- gen, to belie. See Lier.) 1. To give the lie to ; to show to be false ; to charge with falsehood ; as, the heart belies the tongue. It is rarely used of declarations; but of appearances and facts which show that declarations, or certain ap- pearances and pretenses, are false and hypocritical. Tence, 2. 'To counterfeit; to mimic; to feign resem- blance. With dust, with horses’ hoofs, that beat the ground, And martial brass, belie the thunder’s sound. Dryden. 3. To give a false representation. Should I do so, I should belie my thoughts. Shak. 4, To tell lies concerning ; to calumniate by false reports. Thou dost belte him, Percy. Shak. 5. To fill with lies. Slander doth belie all corners of the world. Shak. BE-LY/ ED, pp. Falsely represented, either by word or obvious evidence and indication ; counterfeited ; mimicked. BE-LIEF’, x. [Sax. geleaf, leave, license, permission, consent, assent, belief, faith, or trust; geleafan, ge- lefan, geliefan, gelyfan, to believe; leofan, to leave and to live. From these words, it appears that be- lief is from the root of leave, permission, assent ; Sax. leaf, leave and belief; L. fides ; leofa, permission, li- cense; written, also, lif and lufa; lyfan, to permit ; D. geloof, G. glaube, belief, credit, faith; gelooven, glauben, to believe ; Dan, belove, to promise ; D. oor- lof, verlof, leave, permission; G. urlaub, leave, fur- lough. ‘The primary sense of believe, is to throw or put to, or to assent to ; to leave with or to rest on ; to re- ly. See Leave and Live.] 1. A persuasion of the truth, or an assent of mind to the truth of a declaration, proposition, or alleged fact, on the ground of evidence, distinct from person- al knowledge; as, the belief of the gospel; belief of a witness. Belief may also be founded on internal im- pressions, or arguments and reasons furnished by our own minds; as, the belief of our senses; a train of reasoning may result in belief. Belief is opposed to knowledge and science. 2. In theology, faith, or a firm persuasion of the truths of religion. No man can attain [to] belief by the bare conten lane of heayen and earth. 3. Religion ; the body of tenets held by the pro- fessors of the faith. In the heat of persecution, to which Christian belief was subject upon its first promulgation, ooker. 4, In some cases, the word is used for persuasion or opinion, when the evidence is not so clear as to leave no doubt; but the shades of strength in opin- ion can hardly be defined, or exemplified. Hence the use of qualifying words; as, a firm, full, or strong belief. 5. The thing believed ; the object of belief. Superstitious prophecies are the belief of fools. Bacon. 6. A creed ; a form or summary of articles of faith. In this sense, we generally use creed. BE-LIEV/A-BLE, a. That may be believed ; credible. Sherwood. BE-LIEVE’, v. t. To credit upon the authority or testimony of another ; to be persuaded of the truth of something upon the declaration of another, or upon evidence furnished by reasons, arguments, and de- ductions of the mind, or by other circumstances than personal knowledge. When we believe upon the au- thority of another, we always put confidence in his veracity. When we believe upon the authority of reasoning, arguments, or a concurrence of facts and circumstances, we rest our conclusions upon their BEL strength or probability, their agreement with our own experience, &c, 2. To expect or hope with confidence ; to trust. I had fainted, unless I had believed to see the goodness of the Lord in the land of the living. — Ps. xxvii. BE-LIEVE’, v. 7. To have a firm persuasion of any thing. In some cases, to have a full persuasion, ap- proaching to certainty ; in others, more doubt is im- plied. It is often followed by in or on, especially in the Scriptures. To believe in, is to hold as the object of faith. ‘* Ye believe in God, believe also in me.’ John xiv. To believe on, is to trust, to place full con- fidence in, to rest upon with faith. ‘‘ To them gave he power to become the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name.” John i. Johnson. But there is no ground for much distinction. In theology, to believe sometimes expresses a mere assent of the understanding to the truths of the gos- pel, as in the case of Simon. Acts viii. 1 others, the word implies, with this assent of the mimd, a yielding of the will and affections, accompanied with a humble reliance on Christ for salvation. John i. Qn. 15; In popular use and familiar discourse, to believe of- ten expresses an opinion in a vague manner, without a very exact estimate of evidence, noting a mere pre- ponderance of opinion, and is nearly equivalent to think or suppose. BE-LIEV’ED, pp. Credited ; assented to, as true. BE-LIEV’/ER, nz. One who believes ; one who gives credit to other evidence than that of personal knowl- edge. 2. In theology, one who gives credit to the truth of the Scriptures, as a revelation from God. Ina more restricted sense, a professor of Christianity ; one who receives the gospel, as unfolding the true way of sal- vation, and Christ as his Savior. In the primitive church, those who had been in- structed in the truths of the gospel and baptized, were called believers; in distinction from the cate- chumens, Who were under instruction, as preparato- ry to baptism and admission to church privileges. Enciyc. BE-LIEV'ING, ppr. or a. Giving credit “o testimony or to other evidence than personal knowlege. BE-LIEV/ING-LY, adv. In a believing mann-r- BE-LIKE’, adv. [be and like.| Probably ; likely , ner- haps. But perhaps from be and the Dan lykke, luck. By luck or chance. BE-LIKE/LY, adv. Probably. [JVot used.] Hall. BE-LIME’, v. t. To besmear with lime. Bp. Hall. BE-LIT’/TLE, v. t. To make smaller; to lower in character. [Rare in America, not used in England.]} Jefferson. BE-LIVE’, adv. [See Live.] Speedily ; quickly. [ Obs.] PENSEr. BELL, x. [Sax. bell, bella, belle, so named from its sound; Sax. bellan, to bawl or bellow ; W. ballaw ; G. bellen; D. id. ; coinciding with Gaddw and pello. See Peat.) 1. A vessel or hollow body used for making sounds. Its constituent parts are a barrel or hollow body, en- larged or expanded at one end, an ear or cannon by which it is hung to a beam, and a clapper on the in- side. It is formed of a composition of metals. Bells are of high antiquity. The blue tunic of the Jewish high priest was adorned with golden bells ; and the kings of Persia are said to have the hem of their robe adorned with them in like manner. Among the Greeks, those who went the nightly rounds in camps or garrisons, used to ring a bell, at each sentinel-box, to see that the soldier on duty was awake. Bells were also put on the necks of crim- inals, to warn persons to move out of the way of so ill an omen as the sight of a criminal or his execu- tioner; also, on the necks of beasts and birds, and in houses. In churches and other public buildings, bells are now used to notify the time of meeting of any congregation or other assembly. Encye. In private houses, bells are used to call servants, either hung and moved by a wire, or as hand-bells. Small bells are also used in electrical experiments. 2. A hollow body of metal, perforated, and con- taining a solid ball, to give sounds when shaken; used on animals, as on horses or hawks. 3. Any thing in form of a bell, as the cup or calyx of a flower. To bear the bell, is to be the first or leader, in allu- sion to the bell-wether of a flock, or the leading horse of a team or drove, that wears bells on his collar. To shake the bells, a phrase of Shakspeare, signifies to move, give notice, or alarm. To curse by bell, book, and candle, was to read the execration in English, with the ringing of bells, and candles lighted, to inspire the greater dread. BELL, v. t. To bell the cat, to encounter and cripple one of a greatly superior force. The phrase 1s de- rived from the fable of the mice resolving fone a 2m against his attack. bell on the cat, to guard them ag Ren BELL, v. i To grow in the form of bells, as buds or flowers. BELL/-FASH-ION-ED, a. Having the form fa bell. Mortimer. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z: OH as SH; FH as in THIS. pe" al 15 113 a nC ETEi BEL BEL BEL BELL/-FLOW-ER, x. [bell and flower.] A name | common to different species of plants of the genus Campanula} so named from the shape of the corol or flower, which resembles a bell. BELL/-FOUND-ER, zx. [bell and founder.] A man whose occupation is to found or cast bells. BELL/-FOUND/ER-Y, ) 7. A place where bells are BELL/-FOUND/RY, founded or cast. : BELL‘-MAN, 7. [bell and man.] A man who rings a bell, especially to give notice of any thing in the streets. BELL/-MET-AL, (met/l,) 72. Pee and metal.] A mixture of copper and tin, in the proportion of from three to five parts of copper to one of tin, and usu- ally a small portion of brass or zinc ; used for mak- ing bells. Eneyc, Am. a species of Capsicum, or Guinea pepper. This is the red pepper of the gardens, and most proper for pickling. Encyc. BELL/-PULL, x. A bell-cord. BELL!-RING-ER, z. One whose business is to ring a church or other bell. BELUL/-SHAP-ED, hell shart) a. [bell and shaped.] Having the form of a bell. In botany, campanulate ; swelling out, without a tube at the base, as a monopetalous corol. Martyn. BELL/-WEFH-ER, n. [bell and wether.] A wether or sheep which leads the flock, with a bell on his neck. BELL’/-WORT, nm. A name common to different spe- cies of plants of the genus Uvularia. Muhlenberg. BEL-LA-DON’NA, n. A plant, the tropa belladonna, Linn., or deadly nightshade. Lee. BEL-LA/TRIX, 7. [L.] A ruddy, glittering star of the second magnitude, in the left shoulder of Orion; so named from its imagined influence in exciting war. BELLE, (bel,) 2. [Fr., from L. bellus, It. bello, Sp. bello, handsome, fine, whence to embellish; allied perhaps to Russ. biel, white. ] A gay young lady. In populargse,alady of superior beauty and much admired. BELL/ED, (beld,) a. Hung with bells. BELLES- “.ET/TRES, (bel-let’ter,) n. pl. [Fr.] Pole literature; a word of very vague significa- tion It includes poetry and oratory ; but authors are not agreed to what particular branches of learn- mg the term should be restricted. Encyc. BELL'LBONE, n. (Fr. belle et bonne.) A woman excelling both in beauty and goodness. Not in use.] Spenser. BEL'LI-ED, (bel’lid,) pp. or a. In composition, swelled or prominent, like the belly. In botany, ventriéose ; swelling out the middle, as a monopetalous corol. Martyn. BEL-LIG/ER-ATE, v. i. To make war. Cockerain. BEL-LIG/ER-ENT, a. [L. belliger, warlike ; belligero, to wage war; from bellum, war, and gero, to wage; part. gerens, gerentis, waging. Gr. mo\enos, War; W. bel, war, tumult; bela, to war, to wrangle. ] Waging war; carrying on war; as, a belligerent nation. BEL-LIG/ER-ENT, n. A nation, power, or state, car- rying on war. BEL-LIG/ER-OUS, a. The same as BELLIGERENT. BELL'ING, n. [Sax. bellan, to bellow.] The noise of a roe in rutting time; a huntsman’?s term. Dict. 2. a. Growing or forming like a bell ; growing full and ripe ; used of hops; from bell. Ash. BEL-LIP/O-TENT, a. [L. bellum, war, and potens, powerful, bellipotens. | Powerful or mighty in war. [Little used.] Dict. BEL-L{QUE!, (bel-leek’,) a. [Old Fr.] Warlike. Not used.) Feltham. BEL/LEL-TUDE, n. [lL bellitudo.] Beauty of person. [ Obs, Cockeram. BELL/LESS, a. Having no bell. Scott. BEL’LON, x. A disease, attended with languor and intolerable griping of the bowels, common in places where lead ore is smelted. Encyc. A name given to the lead colic in Derbyshire. ts Quincy. BHL-LO/NA, n. ifone L. bellum, war.) The goddess of war. Ant, Mythol. BEL/LOW, v. i. [Sax. bulgian, bylgean; W. ballaw ; L. balo; D. bulken; Sw. bila; Sax. bellan, to baw] See Baw , 1. To make a hollow, loud noise, as a bull; to make a loud outcry; to roar. In contempt, to vo- ciferate or clamor. 2. To roar, as the sea ina tempest, or as the wind when violent; to make a loud, hollow, continued sound. - Dryden. BEL’LOW, nz. A loud outery ; roar. BEL/LOW-ER, 7. One who bellows. BEL/LOW-ING, ppr. or a. Making a loud, hollow sound, as a bull, or as the roaring of billows. BEL’/LOW-ING, 7. A loud, hollow sound or roar, like that of a bull. Herbert. BEL/LOWS, n. sing. and pl. [Sax. bilig or bylig, bellows; and bilig, bylg, a blown bladder, a bottle ; Goth, balgs, bylg, bylga, a mail or budget; L. bulga; Ir. builg, bolg, a bellows ; Ger. balg,askin ; blasebalg, & bellows, that is, a blow-skin ; D. blaasbalg ; Sw. , — eee Sea BELL/-PEP-PER, n. [bell and pepper.] A name of blasbalg ; Dan. blasebele. See Braze. The word is properly in the singular number, Goth. balss, but is used also in the plural. It seems to be the same word as the L. follis,and probably from shooting out, swell- ing, or driving. W. bal. An instrument, utensil, or machine for blowing fire, either in private dwellings or in forges, furnaces, and shops. It is so formed as, by being dilated and contracted, to inhale air by an orifice which is opened and closed with a valve, and to propel it through a tube upon the fire. BEL’/LOWS-FISH, n. The trumpet-fish, about four inches long, with a long snout ; whence its name. Dict. of Nat. Hist. BEL/LU-INE, a. [L. belluinus, from bellua, a beast.) Beastly ; pertaining to or like a beast; brutal. [Little used. } Atterbury. BEL/LY, 7. [Ir. bol, the belly, a‘bag, pouch, budget, blister, bellows; W. boly, the belly, whence boliaw, to belly, to gorge; Arm. boelcu, bowels. The prima- ry sense is swelled, or a swell. ] J. That part of the human body which extends anteriorly from the breast to the thighs, and also the cavity extending from the diaphragm to the pelvis, containing the bowels; the latter is called also the abdomen, or lower belly, to distinguish it from’ the head and breast, which are sometimes called bellies, from their cavity. Quincy. 2. The part of a beast corresponding to the human 3. The womb. Jer. i. 5. [belly. 4. The receptacle of food; that which requires food, in opposition to the back. Whose god is their belly. — Phil. iii. o. The part of any thing which resembles the human belly in protuberance or cavity, as of a harp or a bottle. 6. Any hollow inclosed place ; as, the belly of hell, in Jonah. 7. In Scripture, belly is used for the heart. Prov. xviii. 8. xx. 30. John vii. 38. Carnal lusts, sensual pleasures. Rom. xvi. 18, Phil. iii. 19. The whole Mane a Lite, 12; Brown. Cruden. BEL/LY, v.t. To fill; to swell out. Shak. BEL’LY, v. i. To swell and become protuberant, like the belly ; as, dellying goblets; bellying canvas. Dryden. Philips. 2. To strut. Bailey. BEL/LY-A€HE, xn. [rd and ache.] Pain in the bowels; the colic. | Vulgar. BEL’/LY-A€HE. BUSH or WEED, n. A species of Jatropha. BEL’/LY-BAND, zn. A band that encompasses the belly of a horse and fastens the saddle; a girth. Sherwood. BEL/LY-BOUND, a. Diseased in the belly, so as to be costive, and shrunk in the belly. Johnson. BEL/LY-CHEER, n. Good cheer. [Mot used. ] Chaucer. BEL/LY-FRET-TING, n. The chafing of a horse’s belly with a fore girt. 2. A violent pain in a horse’s belly, caused by FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE worms. Dict. BEL/LY-FUL, x. [delly and full.}] As much as fills the belly, or satisfies the appetite. In familiar and ludicrous language, a great abundance; more than enough. [ Vulgar. Johnson. BEL/LY-GOD, x. [bel and god.] A glutton; one who makes a god of his belly ; that is, whose great business or pleasure is to gratify his appetite. BEL’LY-ING, ppr. or a. Enlarging capacity ; swell- ing out, like the belly. BEL/LY-PINCH-ED, (pment) a. [See Prncu.] Starved ; pinched with hunger Shak. BEL’LY-ROLL, x. [See Roxu.] A roller protuber- ant in the middle, to roll land between ridges, or in hollows, Mortimer. BEL/LY-SLAVE, 7. A slave to the appetite. Homily. BEL/LY-TIM’'BER, n. [See Timper.] Food; that which supports the belly. [Vulgar. Prior. Hudibras. BEL/LY-WORM, n. [See Worm.] A worm that breeds in the belly or stomach. Jojinson. BE-LOCK’, v t. [Sax. belucan, from loc,¥a lock, with Beil To lock, or fasten, as with a lock. Shak. BEL/O-MAN-CY, x. [Gr. Geos, an arrow, and Havreéca, divination. ] A kind of divination practiced by the ancient Scythians, Babylonians, and other nations, and by the Arabians. A number of arrows, being marked, were put into a bag or quiver, and drawn out at random; and the marks or words on the arrow drawn, determined what was to happen. See Ezek. XXi. 21. Encyc. BEL/O-NE, n. [Gr. BeXovn, a needle. } A name given by Cuvier to the gar, garfish, or sea- needle, a species of Esox. It grows to the length of two or three feet, with long, pointed jaws, the edges of which are armed with small teeth, BE-LONG’, v. % [D. belangen, to concern, belang, concern, interest, importance, of be and lang ; Ger. belangen, to attain to, or come to; anlangen,to arrive, 114 to come to, to concern, to touch or belong; Dan. anlange, to arrive at, to belong. In Sax. gelangian is to call or bring. The radical sense of long is to extend or draw out, and with be or an, it signifies to extend to, to reach. ] 1. To be the property of; as, a field belongs to Richard Roe ; Jamaica belongs to Great Britain. 2. ‘To be the concern or proper business of; to ap- pertain ; as, it belongs to John Doe to prove his title. 3. To be appendant to. He went into a desert place belonging to Bethsaida. — Luke ix. 4. ‘To be a part of, or connected with, though de- tached in place ; as, a beam or rafter belongs to such a frame, or to such a place in the building. 5. To have relation to. And Dayid said, To whom bélongest thou? —1 Sam. xxx, 6. To be the quality or attribute of, To the Lord our God belong mercies and forgiveness. — Dan. ix 7. To be suitable for. Strong meat belongeth to them of full age. —Heb. y. 8. To relate to, or be referred to. He careth for things that belong to the Lord. —1 Cor. vil. 9. To have a legal residence, settlement, or inhab- itancy, whether by birth or operation of law, so as to be entitled to maintenance by the parish or town. Bastards also are settled in the parishes to which the mothers elong. lackstone. Hence, 10. To be the native of; to have original residence. There is no other country in the world to which the Gipsies could belong. Greliman, Pref. 12. 11. In common language, to have a settled resi- dence; to be domiciliated. BE-LONGI/ING, ppr. Pertaining; appertaining ; be- ing the property of; being a quality of; being the concern of ; being appendant to; being a native of, or having a legal or permanent settlement in. BE-LONG'ING, n. A quality. [Not in use.] Shak. BE-LOVE/, v. t. Tolove. [Obs.] Todd. BE-LOV’/ED, (be-luvd! as a participle, be-luv/ed as an adjective,) pp. or a. [be and loved, from love. Belove, as a verb, is not used.] Loved; greatly loved; dear tothe heart. Paul. BE-LOW’, prep. [be and low.] Under in place ; be- neath ; not so high; as, below the moon; below the knee. 2.’ Inferior in rank, excellence, or dignity. Felton. 3. Unworthy of; unbefitting. Driyden. BE-LOW’, adv. In a lower place, with respect to any object ; as, the heavens above and the earth below. 2. On the earth, as opposed to the heavens. The fairest child of Jove below. Prior. 3. In hell, or the regions of the dead; as, the realms below. Dryden. 4. In a court of inferior jurisdiction ; as, at the trial below. W heaton. BE-LOWT’, v. t [See Lowr.] To treat with con- temptuous language. iNet in use, | Camden. BEL/SWAG-GER, n. lewd man; a bully. Dryden. BELT,n. [Sax. belt; Sw. balt; Dan. balte; L. balteus; Qu. Ir. balt, a welt. Class Bl.] 1. A girdle, band, or circlet; as, a lady’s belt, a sword belt, a belt of trees. 2. A term applied to two narrow passages or straits in the Baltic. The Great Belt is the passage between the Isle of Zealand and that of Funen, at the en- trance of the Baltic. The Lesser Belt is the passage between the Isle of Funen and the coast of Jutland. 3. A bandage or band used by surgeons for various purposes. 4, In astronomy, certain girdles or zones which sur- round the planet Jupiter are called belts. 5. A disease among sheep, cured by cutting off the tail, laying the sore bare, then casting mold on it, and applying tar and goose-grease. Encyc. BELT, v. t. To encircle. Warton. 5 BEL'/TANE,/7. May day and its attendant ceremo- BEL'TIN, nies, among the Scottish Highland- ers ; as, the beltane fire, beltane cake, &c. Brande. BELT’ED, a. Wearing a belt. BE-LOU/GA, n. [Russ. bieluga, signifying white fish.] A fish of the Cetaceous order, and genus Delphi- nus, (D.~Leucas,) from 12 to 18 feet in length. ‘The tail is divided into two lobes, lying horizontally, and there is no dorsal fin. In swimming, this fish bends its tail under its body, like a Jobster, and thrusts it- self along with the rapidity of an arrow. This fish is found in the arctic seas and rivers, and is caught for its oil.and its skin. Pennant. This is properly the Sea beluga, (Russ. bicluga morskaia.) The term beluga is properly applied by the Russians to the white sturgeon, (Acipenser huso,) which furnishes isinglass and caviar; caught partic- ularly in the Volga and other rivers of the Caspian. BEL! VE-DERE’, (bel/ve-deer’,) n. Hel In Italian architecture, a pavilion on the top of an edifice; an artificial eminence in a garden. Eneyc. BEL'VI-DERE, n. | L. bdellus, fine, and video, to Bees] A plant, the Chenopodium scoparia, or annua mock cypress. It is of a beautiful pyramidical form, , BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ett tame cs ee OP aeBEN and much esteemed in China as a salad, and for other uses. Encyc. BE-LYE’. See Berrie. BE/MA, 2. [Gr. Bypa.] 1. A chancel. [JVot in use,] Beaumont. 2. In ancient Greece, a stage or kind of pulpit, on which speakers stood when addressing an assembly. Mitford. BE-MAD’,v.t. [be and mad.] To make mad. [JVot wm wse. | Shak. BE-MAN'GLE, v.t. [be and mangle.] To mangle ; to tear asunder. [Little used.] Beaumont. BE-MASK’, v.t [be and mask.] To mask; to con- ceal. Shelton. BE-MAZE/, v. t To bewilder. [See eer [ Little used. | JOWPer. BE-METE, wv. t. [be and mete.] To measure. [Vot in use.] Shak. BE-MIN’'GLE, v. t. [be and mingle.] To mingle; to mix. [Little wsed.] BE-MIRE/, v. t. [be and mire.] To drag or encumber in the mire ; to soil by passing through mud or dirty places. Swift. BE-MIST’, v. t. [be and mist.] To cover or involve in mist. [JVot used. ] Felton. BE-MOAN’, v. t. [be and moan.] To lament ; to be- wail; to express sorrow for; as, to bemoan the loss of a.son. Jeremiah. BE-MOAN/A-BLE, a. That may be lamented. [JVot Sherwood. used. BE-MOAN/ED, pp. Lamented ; bewailed. BE-MOAN/ER, x. One who laments. BE-MOAN'’ING, ppr. Lamenting ; bewailing. BE-MOCK’, v. t. [be and mock.] ‘To treat with mock- ery. [Little gee Shak. BE-MOCK/’, v.i. To laugh at. BE-MOIL/, v. t. [be and moil. Fr. mouiller, to wet.] To bedraggle ; to bemire ; to soil or encumber with mire and dirt. [JVot in use. Shak. BE-MOIST’EN, v. t. To moisten ; to wet. BE/MOL, n. In music, B flat, a semitone below B natural. acon. BE-MON/STER, v. t. [be and monster.] To make monstrous. [JVot in use.] hak. BE-MOURN’, v. t. To weep or mourn over. [Little used, BE MOS/ZD, (be-muzd/,) a. [be and muse.] Over- come with musing ; dreaming. [4 word of contempt. | Johnson. Pope. BEN, or BEN/-NUT, nz. . t. (Sax. beniman, benyman, pp. benumen, to seize, of be and niman, Sax.and Goth., to | BE-REAV/ING, ppr. Stripping bare ; depriving. . take or seize. This root is retained in withernam. It BE-REFT’, pp. of Bereavs. Deprived; made desti- is to be observed that b after m in numb, thumb, dumb, tute. &c., is an arbitrary addition of modern writers. ] hand or foot benumbed by cold. 2. To stupefy ; to render inactive ; as, to benumb the senses. Dryden. BE-NUMB'ED, (be-numd’,) pp. Rendered torpid ; de- prived of sensation ; stupefied. BE-NUMB/ED-NESS, n. Destitution of feeling. Smith. BE-NUMB/ING, ppr. Depriving of sensation 3 Stupe- fying. BE-NUMB’MENT, n. Act of benumbing. Kirby. BEN’ZO-ATE, n. [See Benzoin.] A salt formed by the union of the benzoic acid with any Salifiable aSe, BEN-ZO'T€, a. Pertaining to benzoin. Benzore acid, or flowers of benzoin, is a peculiar vegetable acid, obtained from benzoin, and some other balsams, by sublimation or decoction. It is a fine, light, white matter in small needles ; its taste pungent and bitterish, and its odor slightly aromatic. Thomson. BEN-ZOIN’, nm. Gum benjamin; a concrete resin- BEN’JA-MIN, ous juice flowing from the Styrax Benzoin, a tree of Sumatra, &c. By heat, or partial decomposition, it yields benzoic acid. It flows from incisions made in the stem or branches. It is solid and brittle, sometimes in yellowish-white tears joined together by a brown substance, and sometimes of a uniform brown substance like resin. It has little taste, but its smell, especially when rubbed or heat- ed, is extremely fragrant and agreeable. It is chiefly used in cosmetics and perfumes, Encyc. Thomson. BEN’ZULE, n._ [benzoin and jA7, Matter. A compound radical or basyle, consisting of hy- drogen, carbon, and oxygen; regarded as the base of benzoic acid. [This word has been variously spelled Benzyle, Benzoy, Benzoyl, Benzoil.} BE-PAINT’, v. t. [be and paint.) To paint; to cover with paint. [Little used. | Shak. BE-PALE’, v. t. [be and pale.] To make pale. [Not mm Use. ] Carew. BE-PINCH’, v. t. [be and pinch.} To mark with pinches. BE-PINCH’ED, ) pp. Marked with pinches. BE-PINCHT’ Chapman. 3. Favorable; having a salutary influence ; as, the benign aspect of the seasons. The benign light of revelation, Washington. _4. Wholesome ; not pernicious 3 aS, a benign medi- cine. Arbuthnot, 0. Favorable; not malignant ; as, a benign disease. BE-NIG/NANT, a. Kind; gracious ; favorable. BE-NIG'NI-TY, n. Goodness of disposition or heart ; Kindness of nature; graciousness. 2. Actual goodness ; beneficence. 3. Salubrity ; wholesome quality ; or that which tends to promote health, Wiseman. BE-NIGN/LY, (be-nine/ly,) adv. Favorably ; kindly ; graciously. BEN’I-SON, n. [Fr. benir, to bless ; benissant, bless- ing ; from the root of bene, bonus, boon. See Boon. ] Blessing ; benediction, [Vearly antiquated. | Johnson. BEN/JA-MIN, n. A tree or shrub, the Laurus Benzoin, (Linn. Benzoin oderiferum,) a native of America, called also spicebush. It grows to the height of 10 or 15 feet, with a very branchy head. ZOIN. | Benjamin-tree ; the Styrax Benzoin. BEN’NET, n. the Geum urbanum. BEN'NET-FISH, n A fish, of tw caught in the African seas purple, streaked with gold. Encyc. Pereira. » having scales of a deep Dict. of Nat. Hist. termined. Bent on; having a fixed inclination ; resolyed or de- termined on. BENT, 7. The state of being curving, crooked, or in- , d : ceed clined from a straight line; flexure > curvity. the bent of a people toward an object. This may be 2. A gum or resin, or rather a balsam. [See Ben- BE-QUEST’, n. The herb bennet, or common avens ; | BE-RATE/,». t. [be and rate.] "1 o feet in length, BE-RAT’TLE, v. t, [be and rattle.] To fill with rat- rp BE-RAY’,v.t. To make foul; to soil. BENT, pp. or a. from Benp. Incurvated ; inflected : : ‘ene : : inclined ; prone to or having a fixed propensity ; de- BER/BE-RIN, n. m1 é é BER/BER-RY, n. [L. berberis.| See Barberry. 2. Declivity ; as, the bent of a hill. [ Unusual, } BERE, n. [Sax. nek barley.] "The name of a species ae: ; es : Dryden. of barley, in Scotland. Gray. 3. Inclination ; disposition; a leaning or bias of BE-REAVE’, v. t.; pret. mind ; propensity ; as, the bent of the mind or will ; FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METH, PREY.—PINE 3 BE-PLAIT’ED, a. Plaited. Mrs. Butler. BE-POW’'DER, v. t. [be and powder.] 'T'o powder; to sprinkle or cover with powder. BE-PRAISE’, v. t. [be and praise.| ‘To praise greatly or extravagantly. Goldsmith. BE-PUCK’ER-ED, a, Puckered. BE-PUFF’ED, (be-puft’,) a. Puffed, BE-PUR/PLE, v.t. [be and purple.] To tinge or dye with a purple color. BE-QUEAFH’, v. t. [Sax. becwathan ; be and cwethan, to say ; cwid, a saying, opinion, will, testament ; cy- than, to testify ; Eng. que) 1. To give or leave by will; to devise some species of property by testament ; as, to bequeath an estate or alegacy. Hence, 2. To hand down to posterity ; as, to bequeath a family quarrel. BE-QUEAFH/ED, pp. Given or left by will. BE-QUEAFH/ER, x. One who bequeaths. BE-QUEAFH/ING, ppr. Giving or devising by testa- ment. BE-QUEAFH'MENT, 7. The act of bequeathing; a bequest. Something left by will; a legacy. BE-QUOTE’, v. t. To quote with great frequency. BE-RAIN!, v. t. To rain upon. fee m use.| Chaucer. 0 chide vehemently ; to scold. tling sounds or noise. Shak. [Wot in use. | Milton. A yellow bitter substance, obtained from the alcoholic solution of the extract of the root of the barberry. It is probably an alkaloid. It is called berberite by Thomson, and is classed by him as a bitter principle, REAVED, Bererr, A name common to different 7 : : species of grass, of the genus BE-REAV'ED, pp. or a. Deprived; Stripped and left 1. To make torpid; to deprive of sensation ; as,a BEREAVED, BEREFT; pp. Br- BER/RI-ED, (ber/rid,) a. Furnishe [Sax. bereafian, of be and reafian, | BER/RY, n. DER “a _ J. To deprive ; to strip; to make destitute ; with of before the thing taken away. Me have ye bereaved of my children. —Gen. xlii. It is sometimes used without of, and is particularly applied to express the loss of friends by death. 2. To take away from. Shak. destitute. BE-REAVE’MENT, n. Deprivation, particularly by the loss of a friend by death. BE-REAV'ER, n. He who bereaves, or deprives another of something valued. BER-EN-GA'RI-ANS, n. pl. A sect which followed Ber- engarius, archdeacon of St. Mary at Anjou, who denied the real presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist. Encyc. BERG, n. [Sax. beorg, beorh, a hill, a castle. ] A borough ; a town that sends burgesses to parlia- ment; acastle. [See Burc.] [Obs.] Ash. BERG’A-MOT, n. [Fr. bergamote ; Sp. bergamota.] I. A variety of pear. 2. A species of citron whose fruit has a fine taste and smell, and its essential oil is in high esteem as a per- fume. This oil is extracted from the yellow rind of the fruit. The bergamot is the Citrus bergamia, a distinct species, with a pear-shaped fruit, from the rind of which is obtained the oil of bergamot. 3. An essence or perfume from the citron thus produced. 4. A kind of snuff perfumed with bergamot. 5. A coarse tapestry, manufactured with flocks of wool, silk, cotton, hemp, and ox or goat?s hair, said to have been invented at Bergamo in Italy. Encyc. BERG’/AN-DER, n. [berg, a cliff, and Dan. and, G. ente, Sax. ened, a duck. A burrow duck ; a duck that breeds in holes under cliffs. Thomson. The Anas tadorna, sheldrake or burrow duck of England. BERG’E-RET, n. [Vot used. BERG/MAN-ITE, n. gist.] A variety of scapolite, by some regarded as a dis- tinct species, of a grayish color, of different shades : found in Norway. BERG’MAS-TER, n. [Fr. berger, a shepherd.] A song. Chaucer. [from Bergman, the mineralo- [Sax. beorg,a hill or castle, and : master. | ’ The bailiff or chief officer among the Derbyshire miners. Johnson. BERG/MOTE, n. meeting. ] A court held on a hill in Derbyshire, in England, for deciding controversies between the miners. Blount. Johnson. BE-RHYME’, (-rime,) v. t. [be and rhyme.] ‘To men- tion in rhyme or verse ; wsed int contempt. Shak. BER/LIN, n. A vehicle of the chariot kind, supposed to have this name from Berlin, the chief city of Prussia, where it was first made, or from the Italian berlina, a sort of stage or pillory, and a coach. Encyc. BER’LIN-BLUE, zn. Prussian blue. Ure. BER-LU€’CIO, n. A small bird, somewhat like the yellow-hammer, but less and more slender. Dict. of Nat. Hist. BERME, n. In fortification, a space of ground of three, four, or five feet in width, left between the rampart and the moat or foss, designed to receive the ruins of the rampart, and prevent the earth from fill- ing the foss, Sometimes it is palisaded, and in Hol- Jand it is generally planted with quickset hedge. Encye. This term is also applied to canals. Originally, on the bank opposite the towing-path, particularly in deep cuts, a level space was left, at the foot of the upper slope of the bank, as in fortification, and for the same purpose of intercepting the earth sliding down the bank; called a bench or berme. This is now omitted, and only a uniform Slope left to the Water’s edge. The bank opposite the towing-path is still, however, called the berme, or berme-bank. BER’/NA-€LE. See Barnacue. BER/NARD-INE, a. Pertaining to St. Berard, and the monks of the order. : BER’/NARD-INES, n. pl. An order of monks, founded by Robert, abbot of Moleme, and reformed by St. Ber- nard. The order originated about the beginning of the 12th century. They wear a white robe, with a black scapulary ; and when they officiate, they are clothed with a large white gown, with great sleeves, [Sax. beorg, a hill, and mote, a and a hood of the same color. Encyc. BE-ROB’/, v. t. [be and rub.) To rob. [Wot in use.] Spenser. BER/O-E, n. An oceanic animal of the Medusa fam- ily, having an oyal or globular body, of a transparent, gelatinous consistence. It is one of the animals that produces the phosphorescence of the ocean. d with berries. to deprive. See Ror and Rear. ] (Sax. beria, a grape or cluster of grapes ; bérga, a grape stone, a berry.] 116 » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, M6VE, WOLF, BOOK. — LG SAARC LES De ili jen he Lae LSBES 1. A succulent or pulpy fruit, containing naked seeds. Or, in more technical language, a succulent or pulpy pericarp, or seed-vessel, without valves, containing several seeds, which are naked, that is, which have no covering but the pulp and rind. Itis commonly round or oval. But in popular language, berry extends only to smaller fruits, as strawberry, gooseberry, &c., containing seeds or granules, An indehiscent, pulpy pericarp, many-celled and many- seeded ; the attachment of the seeds lost at maturity, and the seeds remaining scattered in the pulp. Lindley. 2. Amound. [For Barrow.] W. Browne. KER'RY, v. 7. To bear or produce berries. BER/RY-BEAR-ING, a. Producing berries. BER'RY-FORM-ED, a. Formed likea berry. Smith. BERT, x. Sax. beorht, berht; Eng. bright. This word enters into the name of many Saxon princes and no- blemen; as, Egbert, Sibert. The Bertha of the northern nations was by the Greeks called Eudozia, an equivalent word. Of the same sort were Phe- drus, Epiphanius, Photius, Lampridius, Fulgentius, Tilustris. [See Bricut.] Camden. BERTH, x. [from the root of bea) 1. A station in which a ship rides at anchor, com- prehending the space in which she ranges. In more familiar usage, the word signifies any situation or place, where a vessel lies, or can lie, whether at an- chor or at a wharf. 2. A room or apartment in a ship, where a number of officers or men mess and reside. 3. The box or place for sleeping at the sides of a cabin; the place for a hammock, or a repository for chests, &c. 4. A place or employment. To berth, in seamen’s language, is to allot to each man a place for his hammock. BER/THI-ER-ITE, n. A dark steel-gray ore of antimo- ny, consisting of antimony, iron, and sulphur ; named after M. Berthier. BER/TRAM, n. [L. pyrethrum, said to be from Gr. Tup, fire, from its acrid quality.] Bastard pellitory, a plant. BER/YL, x. [L. beryllus; Gr. ByovdAdos; Ch. Syr. and Eth. a gem, beryl, and in Syr. crystal, and a pearl; the latter word being a different orthography of beryl; probably from the root of the Fr. driller, to shine, Eng. brilliant, Eth. Neu bareah, to shine. ] A mineral of great hardness, occurring in green or bluish-green six-sided prisms. It is identical with the emerald, except in color; the latter having a purer and richer green color, proceeding from a trace of oxyd of chrome. The coloring matter of the beryl is oxyd of iron. Prisms of the beryl are some- times found nearly two feet in diameter, as at Ac- worth, in New Hampshire. The beryl, when trans- purent, is set as a gem, and called aqua-marine. Dana. BER/YL-€RYS/TAL, x. This term is not now used, except in speaking of the beryl. BER/YL-LINE, a. Like a beryl; of a light or bluish rreen. BE-RYL/LI-UM, n. The same as Giucinum, which see. BE-SAINT"”, ». t. [Wot in use. ] BE-SAYLE/, x. [Norm. ayle; Fr. aieul, a grandfather. ] A great-grandfather. If the abatement happened on the death of one’s grandfather or grandmother, a writ of ayle lieth ; if on the death of the great-grandfather, then a writ of besayle, but if it mounts one degree higher, to the tresayle, or grandfather’s grandfather, &c., the writ is called a wnt of cosinage or de consanguineo. [be and saint.] To make a saint. Blackstone, BE-SCAT/TER, v. t. [be and scatter.) To scatter over. [JVot used.] Spenser. BE-SEORN’, v. t. [be and scorn.] To treat with scorn; to mock at. [JVot used.] Chaucer. BE-SERATCHY, v. t. [be and scratch.] To scratch; to tear with the nails. [Jot in use. Chaucer. BE-S€RAWL/, v. t. [be and scrawl.] To scrawl; to scribble over. Milton. BE-SCREEN!, v. t. [be and screen.] To cover with a screen; to shelter; to conceal. Shak. BE-SCREEN’ED, pp. Covered ; sheltered ; concealed. BE-S€RIB/BLE, v. t. To scribble over. Milton. BE-SCUM/BER, v. t. [from cumber.] To encumber. [Wot legitimate, nor used. . Jonson. BE-SEE/,v.% [be and sce.] Tolook; to mind. [JVot in USE. | Wiclif. BE-SEECH’, v. t. ; pret.and pp. Besoucnr. [Sax. be and secan, to seck, inquire, follow ; D. verzoeken ; G. ersuchen ; from seek, sequor, to follow, with be, by, near, about ; that is, to follow close, to press. See Seex and Essay. The Saxon has gesecan.] To entreat; to supplicate; to implore; to ask or pray with urgency ; followed by a person; as, ‘‘I Paul beseech you by the meekness of Christ.”? 2 Cor, x. ; or by a thing; as, I beseech your patience. BE-SEECH’ER, x. One who beseeches. BE-SEECH/ING, ppr. Entreating. BE-SEECH’ING-LY, adv. In a beseeching manner. BE-SEEK’, v.t. ‘To beseech. [JVot used.] Chaucer. BES BE-SEEM’, v. t. [be and seem.] To become; to be fit for, or worthy of; to be decent for. What form of speeci or behavior beseemeth us, in our prayers to God ? Poker BE-SEEM'ING, ppr. or a. Becoming ; fit; worthy of. BE-SEEM/ING, n. Comeliness. Barret. BE-SEEM/ING-LY, adv. Ina beseeming manner, BE-SEEM/ING-NESS,n. Quality of being beseeming. BE-SEEM/LY, a. Becoming; fit; suitable. BE-SEEN’, a. Adapted ; adjusted. fot used. | BE-SET’, v. t. ; pret. and pp. Beser. tea. besettan, to place, of be and settan, to set; D. bezetten; G. beset- zen. See Ser.] 1. To surround ; to inclose ; to hem in; to besiege ; as, We are beset with enemies; a city is beset with troops. Hence, 2. To press on all sides, so as to perplex ; to entan- gle, so as to render escape difficult or impossible. Adam, sore beset, replied, Multon. 3. To waylay. Shak. 4. To fall upon. Spenser. BE-SET/TING, ppr aying. Surrounding ; besieging ; way- ] BE- ng SET’/TING, a. Habitually attending, or pressing ; as, a besetting sin BE-SHINE’, ». t. To shine upon. BE-SHREW), »v. t. to; to execrate. 2. To happen ill to. [JVot in use.] BE-SHROUD’ED, a. Shrouded, BE-SHUT’, v.t. Toshut up. [JVot wsed.] Chaucer. BE-SIDE!, prep. [be and side, by the side.] At the side of a person or thing; near; as, sit down beside me, or beside the stream. 2. Over and above; distinct from. Beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf fixed. — [Wot used.] [be and shrew.] ‘To wish a curse Dryden. Shak. BE-SMOKE’, v. t. BE-SMOK’ED, (-smokt,) pp. Fowed or soiled with BE-SMUTY’, v. t. [be and smut.] To blacken with BE-SMUT/TED, pp. BE-SNOW’!, v. & BE-SNO BE-SNUFE’, v. t. BE-SNUEFF’ED, (-snuft,) pp. Foul with snuff. Young. BE/S0M, xn. BE/SOM, v. t. To sweep, as with a besom. Br/SOM-ER, mn. One who uses a besom. BE-SORT’,v.t [be and sort.] To suit; to fit; to be- come, Shak. BE-SORT’,n. Company; attendance; train. [Obs.] hak. BE-SOT’, v. t. BE-SOT’TED, pp. or a. Luke xvi. 3. On one side; out of the regular course or order ; not according to, but not contrary. It is beside my present business to enlarge upon this speculation. Locke. 4. Out of ; ina state deviating from ; as, to put one beside his patience. Hence, 5. With the reciprocal pronoun, beside one’s self, is out of the wits or senses ; out of the order of reason, or of rational beings. Paul, thou art beside thyself. — Acts xxvi. BE-SIDES/, prep. Over and above; separate or dis- tinct from. And there was a fhmine in the land, besides the first famine. — Gen. xxvii. Note. This word, though radically the same as beside, and a corruption of it, ought not to be con- founded with it; for it is never used in the senses explained under beside, except in the second. BE-SIDE’, ) adv. Moreover; more than that; over BE-SIDES/, and above ; distinct from ; not included in the number, or in what has been mentioned. Besides, you know not what is the fate of your friend. The men said to Lot, Hast thou here any besides ? — Gen. xix. To all beside, as much an empty shade, An Eugene living, as a Cesar dead. Pope. These sentences may be considered as elliptical. BE-SID/ER-Y, 7. A variety of pear. Johnson. BE-SIEGE’, v. t. [be and siege; Fr. siege, and assie- ger, to besiege. See SIEGE. 1. To lay siege to; to beleaguer; to beset or sur- round with armed forces, for the purpose of compel- ling to surrender, either by famine or by violent at- tacks ; as, to besiege a castle or city. 2. To beset; to throng round; as, besieged with cares. BE-SIEG/ED, pp. or a. Surrounded or beset with hos- tile troops. BE-SIEGE’/MENT, n. Act of besieging ; state of be- ing besieged. BE-SIEG/ER, x. One who lays siege, or is employed in a siege. BE-SIEG/ING, ppr. Laying siege; surrounding with armed forces, BE-SlG/ING, a. Surrounding in a hostile manner ; employed in a siege ; as, a besieging arny. BE-SIEG/ING-LY, adv. Ina besieging manner. BE-SIT’,v.t. [beand sit.] Tosuit; to become. [ot used. | Spenser. BE-SLAVE’, v. t. To subjugate; to enslave. [Vot used, | : Bp. Hall. BE-SLAV/ER, v. t. To defile with slaver. BE-SLAV/ER-ED, pp. Defiled with slaver. Heber. BE-SLAV/ER-ING, ppr. Defiling with slaver. BE-SLIME’, v. t. ‘To daub with slime; to soil. [JVot used. . Jonson. BR SLOB‘BER-ING, ppr. Beslubbering. Ed. Rev. BE-SLUB’BER, v. t. [be and slubber, slabber.] To soil or smear With spittle, or any thing running from the mouth or nose. [Vulgar.] BE-SLUB/BER-ING, ppr. Smearing with spittle. BE-SMEAR’, v. t. [be and smear.) To bedaub; to everspread with any viscous, glutinous matter, or with any soft substance that adheres, Hence, to foul ; to soil. BE-SMBAR/ED, pp. Bedaubed ; overspread with any thing soft, viscous, or adhesive ; soiled. BES BE-SMEAR/ER, 7. One that besmears. BE-SMEAR’ING, ppr. BE-SMIRCH/, (-smurch,) v. t. Bedawbing ; soiling. {be and smirch.] To { Little vee Shak. [de and smoke.} ‘Yo foul with smoke; to harden or dry in smoke. [Little used.) soil ; to foul; to discolor. smoke ; dried in smoke. smut; to fovl vrith soot. Blackened with smut or soot. {be and snow. Sax. besniwed, par- Haple Lo scatter like snqw. f Little used.) Gower. V'ED, pp. ora. [be and snow.} Covered or sprinkied with snow, or with white blossoms. Han- To befoul with snuff. [ bury. (Sax. besm, a brush or broom; besman, twigs. Orosilus, 2, 3. Ger. besen; D. bezem; Arm. bezo, birch. The besom was a little bundle of twigs used for Sy cep: A broom; a brush of twigs for sweeping. I will sweep it with the besom of destruction, saith the Lord of nosis. — Is, xiv. Rolls back all Greece, and besoms wide the plain. Barlow. [be and sot.] To make sottish; to in- fatuate ; to stupefy ; to make dull or senseless. Milton. 2. To make to dote. Shak. Made sottish or stupid. Besotted on; infatuated with foolish affection. Dryden. BE-SOT’TED-LY, adv. Ina foolish manner. Milton. BE-SOT/TED-NESS, n. Stupidity ; arrant folly ; in- fatuation. JMfulton. BE-SOT’TING, ppr. Infatuating; making sottish or foolish. BE-SOT!’TING-LY, adv. In a besotting manner. BE-SOUGHT’, (be-sawt’,) pp. of Besrecu. Entreated; implored ; sought by entreaty. BE-SPAN’/GLE, v. t. [be and spangle.] To adorn with spangles; to dot or sprinkle with something brilliant ; as, the heavens bespangled with stars. BE-SPAN//GLED, pp. Adorned with spangles or something shining. BE-SPAN'/GLING, ppr. Adorning with spangles or glittering objects. BE-SPAT’TER, v. t. [be and spatter.] To soil by spattering ; to sprinkle with water, or with dirt and water. 2. To asperse with calumny or reproach. Swift. BE-SPAT’TER-ED, pp. Spattered over; soiled with dirt and water; aspersed ; calumniated. BE-SPAT/TER-ING, ppr. Spattering with water ; soiling with dirt and water ; aspersing. BE-SPAWL/, v. t. [be and spawl.) To soil or make foul with spittle. Milton. BE-SPEAK’, v. t.; pret. Bespoke; pp. Besproxe, BE- spokEN. [be and speak.) To speak for beforehand ; to order or engage against a future time ; as, to be- speak a seat in a public coach. My lady is bespoke. Shak, 2. To forebode ; to foretell. They started fears, and bespoke dangers, to scare the allies. Swift. 3. To speak to; to address. This sense is mostly poetical. He thus the queen bespoke. Dryden, 4. To betoken; to show ; to indicate by external marks or appearances; as, his manners bespeak him a gentleman. BE-SPEAK/ER, n. One who bespeaks. BE-SPEAK/ING, ppr. Speaking for or ordering be- forehand ; foreboding ; addressing; showing; indi- cating. BE-SPEAK/ING, x. A previous speaking or discourse, by way of apology, or to engage favor. Driden. BE-SPECK/LE, (-spekl’,) v. t. [be and speckle.] To mark with speckles or spots. Milton. BE-SPICEH/, v. t. spices. BE-SPIRT’, )v. t. To spurt out, or over; to throw BE-SPURT’, out in a stream or streams. [Wot usec. Milton. BE-SPIT’, v. t.; pret. Besrit; pp. Bespit, BesritTEeN. be and spit.| ‘Co daub or soil with spittle. Johnson. BE-SPOKE’, pret. and pp. of BesrEaK. : BE-SPOT’, v. t. [be and spot.]} To mark with spots. BE-SPOT’TED, pp. Marked with spots. [ Mortimer. BE-SPOT’TING, ppr. Marking with spots. BES REG (leer) v. t.; pret. and pp. BESPREAD. [be and sprea .]| ‘To spread over ; to cover OVer; as, to bespread with flowers. : BE-SPREAD/ING, ppr. See over. E-SPRENT’, pp. Sprinkled over. ‘ BE_SPRINK’LE. Vs a {de and sprinkle. | To sprinkle over; to scatter over; as, to besprinkle with dust. [be and spice.] To season with Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. =I — 117 t 2 AR TT iti ‘ RS AJ * Re tne ieee Diener ieee apt Fa asa esr fattest. ? MTR BES BET BET BE-SPRINK’LED, pp. Sprinkled over. BE-SPRINK/LER, n. One that sprinkles over. BE-SPRINK’LING, ppr. Sprinkling over. BE-SPRINK/LINGS, n. pl. Sprinklings. BEST, a. superlative. [Sax. best, contracted from - betest, from bet, more, or better; betre is also used ; betan, to amend, or restore, correct, heal ; bote, repa- ration, compensation; Eng. boot, to boot; Goth. botyan, to profit, aid, assist; Eng. but; G. bass, good, besser, better, beste, best; D. beter, best; Dan. beste; Sw. bdst. This word has no connection in origin with good. See Berrer. Literally, most advanced. Hence, _ : 1. Most good ; having good qualities in the highest degree ; applied indifferently to physical or moral subjects; as, the best man; the best road; the best cloth; the best abilities. This, like most, and other attributes, is often used without its noun, when the noun is obvious ; as, men are all sinners ; the best of them fail in the performance of duty. 2. Most advanced; most accurate; as, the best scholar. 3. Most correct, or complete ; as, the best view of a ee landscape, or of a subject. The best. This phrase is elliptical, and may be variously interpreted ; as, the utmost power; the strongest endeavor ; the most, the highest perfection ; as, let a man do his best; i. e. to the best of his power. 5. At best; in the best manner; in the utmost de- gree or extent applicable to the case; as, life is at best very short. To make the best of; to carry to its greatest perfec- tion ; to improve to the utmost; as, to make the best of a sum of money, or a piece of land. Also, to per- mit the least possible inconvenience ; as, to make the best of il fortune or a bad bargain. The best of the way. We had made the best of our way to the city ; that is, the most, the greatest part of the distance. [This is the primary sense.] BEST, n. Utmost; highest endeavor ; as, to do one’s best. See No. 4, above. BEST, adv. In the highest degree; beyond all other ; as, to love one best; to like this best; to please Best. 2. To the most advantage ; with the most ease ; as, which instrument can you best use? 3. With most profit or success; as, money is Dest employed in manufactures; this medicine will an- swer best in the present case. 4. Most intimately or particularly ; most correctly ; as, what is expedient is best known to himself. BEST-AR RANG/ED, a. Arranged in the best man- ner. BEST-€ON-CERT’ED, a. Concerted in the best manner. BEST-GOV'ERN-ED, a. Governed in the best manner. BEST-SPOK’EN, a. Spoken in the best manner. BEST-TEM/PER-ED, a. Having the most kind or mild temper. BEST-TRAIN’ED, a. Trained in the best manner. BEST-WRIT’TEN, a. Written in the best manner. Note. ‘These and similar compounds explain them- selves. BE-STAIN’,v.t. [be and stain.) To mark with stains ; to discolor, either the whole surface of a thing, or in spots. Shak. BE-STEAD’, (be-sted’,) v. t.; pret. and pp. Brestep. [de and stead. ] 1. To profit. How little you bestead, 2. To accommodate. They shall pass through it, hardly bested. —Is, viii. That is, distressed ; perplexed, 3. To dispose. Spenser. BES'TIAL, (best’yal,) a. [from beast.] Belonging to a beast, or to the class of beasts. 2. Having the qualities of a beast; brutal; below the dignity of reason or humanity ; carnal; as, a des- tial appetite. Shak. BES-TIAL‘LTY, n. The quality of beasts; the state or manners of man which resemble those of brutes. 2. Unnatural connection with a beast. BES/TIAL-IZE, v. t. To make like a beast. BES'TIAL-LY, adv. Brutally; in a manner below humanity. BE-STICK’, v. t.; pret. and pp. Bestuck. [be and stick.| To stick over, as with sharp points ; to mark, by infixing points or spots here and there. Truth shall retire, bestucl with slanderous darts, BE-STIR/, (be-stur’,) », t. [be and stir.] To put into brisk or vigorous action ; to move with life and vig- or; usually with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, rise and bestir yourselves. BE-STIR/RED, (be-sturd’,) pp. Roused into vigorous action; quickened in action. BE-STIR/RING, ppr. Moving briskly ; putting into vigorous action. BEST’NESS, x. he state of being best. [Wot used. ] Milton, Milton. i Morton. BE-STORM/, ». i. [be and storm.] To storm; to rage. ot used. | Young. BE-STOW’, ». t. [be and stow, a place. See Stow. 1. To give ; to confer; to impart; witb the sense of gratuity, and followed by on or upon. Consecrate yourselves to the Lord, that ho may beetow on you a blessing. —Ex. xxxii. Though I bestow all my goods to feed the poor. —1 Cor. xiii. 3, This word should never be followed by to. 2. To give in marriage ; to dispose of. I could have bestowed her upon a fine gentleman, Taller. 3. To apply ; to place for the purpose of exertion, or use ; as, to bestow our whole force upon an object. 4. To lay out, or dispose of; to give in payment for ; as, to bestow money for what we desire. Deut. xiv. 26. 5. To lay up in store; to deposit for safe keeping; to stow ; to place. . I have no room where to bestow my fruits. — Luke xii. BE-STOW/AL, x. Act of bestowing ; disposal. BE-STOW’ED, pp. Given gratuitously ; conferred ; laid out ; applied ; deposited for safe keeping. : BE-STOW’ER, n. One who bestows ; a giver ; a dis- oser,. BE-STOW’ING, ppr. Conferring gratuitously ; laying out; applying; depositing in store. BE-STOW!/MENT, n. The act of giving gratuitously ; a conferring. erry. God the Father had committed the bestowment of the bl ssings purchased to his Son. Edwards on Redemp. 372. If we consider this bestowment of gifts in this view. Chauncey, U. Sal. 155. Whatever may be the secret counsel of his will respecting his own bestowment of saving grace. Smalley, Serm. p. 37. 2. That which is conferred, or given; donation. They strengthened his hands by their liberal bestowments on him and his family. Christ. Mag. iii. 665, The fsee and munificent bestowment of the Sovereign Judge. Thodey. [Bestowment is preferable to bestowal, on account of the concurrence of the two vowels in bestowal. | BE-STRAD/DLE, v. t. To bestride. [See StrappLE. ] BE-STRAUGHT’, a. Distracted; mad. [Wot used] Shak. BE-STREW’, v. t. ; pret. BEstREWED ; pp. BEsTREWED, Brestrown. [be and strew.] 'To scatter over; to be- sprinkle ; to strow. Wilton. BE STREW’/ED, pp. of Brstrew. BE-STRIDE/, v. t.; pret. Bestrip or BESTRODE ; pp. Bestrip, Bestrippen. [be and stride. 1. To stride over; to stand or sit with any thing between the legs, or with the legs extended Across ; as, to bestride the world, like a colossus; to bestride a horse. Shak. 2. To step over; as, to bestride a threshold. Shak. Bestriding sometimes includes riding or defending, as Johnson remarks; but the particular purposes of the act, which depend on the circumstances of the case, can hardly be reduced to definition. BE-STRID'ING, ppr. Extending the legs over any thing, so as to include it between them. BE-STRODE’, pret. of Brestripe. BE-STROWN’, pp. of Bestrew. BE-STUCK’, pp. of Besticx. places with sharp points. BE-STUD’, ».t. [be and stud.] To set with studs; to adorn with bosses ; as, to bestud with stars. Milton. BE-STUD/DED, pp. Adorned with studs. BE-STUD/DING, ppr. Setting with studs; adorning as with bosses. BE-SWIKE’, (be-swik’/,) v. t. [Sax. beswican.] To allure. eae nec Gower. BET, n. [Sax. bad, a plec ge; badian, to give or take a pledge; G. wette, eee A wager ; that which is laid, staked, or pledged, in a contest, to be won, either by the victorious party himself, or by another person, in consequence of his Victory. Ata race,a man lays a bet on his own horse, or on the horse of another man. BET, v.t. To lay a bet; to Jay a wager; to stake or pledge something upon the event of a contest. BET, the old participle of Brat, is obsolete or vulgar. BE-TAKE’, v. t.; pret. Betoox; pp. Beraxen. [be and take. Sax. betecan.) 1. To take to; to have recourse to; to apply; to resort; with the reciprocal pronoun ; as, to betake our- selves to arms, or to action. It generally implies a motion toward an object; as, to betake ourselves to a Shady grove; or an application of the mind or facul- les corresponding with such motion; as, to betake ourselves to study or to vice. 2. Formerly, to take or seize. [ Obs.] BE-TAK’/EN, part. of Beraxe. BE-TAK/ING, ppr. Having recourse to ; applying ; re- sorting. BE-TAUGHT’, pret. of Brtaxr. BE-TEEM,, ». t. [be and teem.] produce ; to shed; to bestow. Sprinkled over. Pierced in various Spenser. [Mot used.] Chaucer. To bring forth; to [Mot used.] Spenser. is Shak. BE/TEL, (be/tl,) n. A species of pepper, the leaves of which are chewed, with the areca or betel-nut and lime, by the inhabitants of the East Indies. It is a creeping or climbing plant, like the ivy, the leaves somewhat resembling those of the citron. It is planted by a tree, or supported by props. In India, betel is taken after meals, and during a visit; it is Literally, to set or place. ] 118 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. separate ; In short, nothing is to be done without betel. ‘To correct the bitterness of the leaves, a little areca is Wrapped in them with the chunam, a kind of burnt lime made of shells Encyc. BE/TEL-NUT,n. The nut of the areca palm, chewed in the East with betel leaves and lime, BE-THINK’, v. t. ; pret. and pp. BetHoucur. think. } To call to mind; to recall or bring to recollection, reflection, or consideration ; generally followed by a reciprocal pronoun, with of before the subject of thought. [be and I have bethought myself of another fault. Shak, BE-THINK’, v. 7% To have in recollection ; to consid- Spenser. er. BETH’LE-HEM, n. [Heb. the house of food or bread. ] I. A town or village in Judea, about six miles south-east of Jerusalem, famous for its being the place of Christ’s nativity. 2. A hospital for lunatics; corrupted into Bepiam. BETH’/LEM-ITE, n. An inhabitant of Bethlehem ; a lunatic. 2. In church history, the Bethlemites were a sort of monks, introduced into England in the year 1257, who were habited like the Dominicans, except that they wore a star with five rays, in memory of the comet or star which appeared over Bethlehem at the nativity of our Savior. There is an order of Beth- lemites also in Spanish America. Encyc. BE-THOUGHT", (be-thawt’,) pret. and pp. of BeTHINK. BE-THRALL’, v. t. [be and thrall.] To enslave ; to reduce to bondage ; to bring into subjection. { Little used. | S/al. BE-THRALL/ED, pp. Enslaved. BE-THUMP’, v. t. [be and thump.] To beat soundly. Tnttle used, | Shak. BE-TIDE’, v. t.; pret. Betip or Betipep ; pp. BETID. [be and tide. Sax. tidan, to happen. See Tipe. To happen ; to befall; to come to; used of goad or evil, What will betide the few? Milton. BE-TIDE’, v.i. To come to pass; to happen. What news else betideth here ? Shak, Shakspeare has used it with of What would be- tide of thee? But this is unusual or improper. BE-TIME’, BE-TIMES’, § 1, Seasonably ; in good season or time; before it is late. adv. [be and time, that is, by the time.] To measure life learn thou betimes, Milton. 2. Soon ; in a short time. He tires betimes, that spurs too fast betimes. Shak, BE-TOK/EN, (be-to/kn) v. t. [be and token. Sax. be- tecan. 1. To signify by some visible object ; to show by signs. A dewy cloud, and in the cloud a bow, Betokening peace from God. Milton. 2. To foreshow by present signs ; to indicate some- thing future by that which is seen or known; as, a dark cloud often betokens a storm. Thomson. BE-TOK’EN-ED, pp. Foreshown ; previously indica- ted. BE-TOK’EN-ING, ppr. Indicating by previous signs. BET/O-NY,n. [L. betonica.] A name common to different species of plants, of the genus Betonica, (Linn.) The purple or wood betony (B. officinalis, Linn.,) a native of Europe, grows in woods and shady places, and is deemed useful as a mild corroborant. Encye. BE-TOOK’, pret. of Beraxe, BE-TORN’, a. ‘Torn in pieces. BE-TOSS’, v. t. [be and toss.] To toss; to agitate ; to disturb ; to put in violent motion. Shak. Shelton. BE-TOSS/ED, (be-tost/,) a. Tossed ; violently agitated. BE-TRAP’, v. t. [from trap.] To entrap; to insnare. Na used. | ccleve. BE-TRAY’, v. t, [Chaucer wrote betrass, betraiss, and the Fr. trattre is a contraction of traistre; Arm. traygza, to betray ; Norm. trahir, to draw in, to be- tray ; treitre, a traitor; Fr. trahir, which seems to be the L. traho. From trahir is formed trahissant, and trahison, treason. If traho is the root, the sense is, to draw aside, to withdraw, or lead away ; which would agree with the D, bedriegen, G. hetriezen, Sw. bedra- ga, Dan. bedrage, to deceive ; and treachery, Fr. tri- cherie, is from the root of trick, Ido not find betro- gan in the Saxon, but bedrog is rendered fefellit, and this is from dragan, to draw. Betray, then, seems to be a compound of be and dragan, to draw ; and betrass supra, may be from a different root. In strictness, to fail in duty ; to be guilty of breach of trust; to vio- late the confidence reposed. The word does not in itself import to deliver up; but by usage, either with or without the word enemies, it signifies to deliver up, in breach of trust.] 1. To deliver into the hands of an enemy by treachery or fraud, in violation of trust; as, an offi- cer betrayed the city. offered to friends when they meet, and when they The Son of man shall be betrayed into the hands of men. — Matt. xvii. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— COALS TMB ie iatBET 2. To violate by fraud, or unfaithfulness; as, to betray a trust. If the people of America ever betray their trust, their guilt will merit even greater punishment than other nations have suf fered, and the indignation of Heaven. . Adams. 3. To violate confidence by disclosing a secret, or that which was intrusted ; to expose, followed by the person or the thing; as, my friend betrayed me, or betrayed the secret. ? 4. To disclose, or permit to appear, what is intend- ed to be kept secret, or what prudence would con- ceal, Be swift to hear, but cautious of your tongue, lest you betray your ignorance. Wats. Hence, 5. To mislead or expose to inconvenience not fore- seen ; as, great confidence betrays a man into errors. |, 6. To show ; to disclose ; to indicate what is not obvious at first view, or would otherwise be con- cealed. Nor, after length of years, a stone betray The place where once the very ruins lay. Addison, This river betrays its original in its name. Holwell. All the names in the country betray great antiquity. Bryant. 7. To fail, or deceive. But when I rise, 1 shall find my legs betraying me. Johnson, Boswell, BE-TRAY’AL, (be-tra/al,) ». Betrayment. BE-TRAY’/ED, pp. Delivered up in breach of trust; violated by unfaithfulness ; exposed by breach of con- fidence; disclosed contrary to expectation or inten- tion ; made known. BE-TRAY’ER, x. One who betrays; a traitor. BE-T'RAY/ING, ppr. Delivering up treacherously ; vi- olating confidence ; disclosing contrary to intention ; exposing. BE-TRAY/MENT, n. Act of betraying; breach of trust. Udal. BE-TRIM’, v. t. [be and trim.] To deck; to dress; to adorn; to grace; to embellish; to beautify ; to decorate. Shak. BE-TRIM/MED, (be-trimd’) pp. Adorned ; decorated. BE-TRIMMING, ppr. Decking; adorning embel- lishing. BE-TROTH!, v. t. TrotH and Troru. 1. To contract to any one, in order to a future mar- riage ; to promise or pledge one to be the future spouse of another; to affiance; used of eitber sex. ‘©The father betroths his daughter.”’ 2. To contract with one for a future spouse ; to es- pouse ; as, a man betroths a lady. 3, fo nominate to a bishopric, in order to conse- cration. Ayliffe. BE-TROTH’ED, (be-trotht’) pp. or a. Contracted for future marriage. BE-TROTH'ING, ppr. Contracting to any one, in or- der to a future marriage, as the father or guardian ; contracting with one for a future wife, as the intend- ed husband ; espousing. BE-TROTH/MENT, n. A mutual promise or contract between two parties, for a future marriage between the persons betrothed; espousals- Eneye. BE-TRUST", v. t. [be and trust.] To intrust; to com- mit to another in confidence of fidelity ; to confide. This is less used than intrust. Hall. BE-TRUST’ED, pp. Intrusted ; confided ; committed in. trust. BE-TRUST’ING, ppr. Intrusting ; committing in trust. BE-TRUST/MENT,n. The act of intrusting ; the thing intrusted. Judge Chipman. BET’SO, x. The smallest Venetian coin. Mason. BET/TED, pp. Laid as a wager. BET/TER, a.; comp. of Ber. [See Best.] [Sax. bet, more, better; betere, betera, better; Sw. bdttre; D. beter; G. besser; D. baat, profit; baaten, to boot, to avail; Sans. bhadra, good. ‘The primary sense is more, or advanced further ; and, in America, this is acommon popular signification. This vessel con- tains better than half, that is, more than half; he walked better than a mile, that is, more than a mile.] 1. Having good qualities in a greater degree than another ; applied to physical, acquired, or moral qual- ities ; as, a better soil, a better man, a better physician, a better house, a better air, a better harvest. 2. More advantageous. Were it not better for us to return to Egypt? — Ex. xiv. 3. More acceptable. To obey is betler than sacrifice. —1 Sam. xv. 4. More safe. It is betfer to trust in the Lord than to put confidence in man. — be and troth, truth, faith. See 5. Improved in health; less affected with disease ; as, the patient is better. 6. To be better off; to be in a better condition. Bed- does, Hygeia. Thisis a very common phrase; but ought not off to be of? It is not elegant. 7. To have the better, is to have the advantage or superiority, followed by of before him or that over which the advantage is enjoyed ; as, the English had the better of the Spaniards. 8. To get or gain the better, is to obtain the advan- BEV tage, superiority, or victory ; as, to get the better of an enemy. 9. For the better, is for the advantage or improvement. BET’TER, adv. In a more excellent manner; with more skill and wisdom, virtue, advantage, or suc- cess ; as, to perform work better; to plan a scheme better ; land better cultivated ; laws better executed ; government better administered. 2. More correctly, or fully; as, to understand a subject better than another. 3. With superior excellence; as, to write or speak better than another. 4. With more affection ; in a higher degree; as, to love one better than another. It is not easy to specify and exemplify the various applications of better. In general, it implies what is more excellent, advantageous, useful, or virtuous, » than something else. BET’TER, vw, t. [Sax. beterian, betrian. See Becer| 1. ‘To improve ; to meliorate ; to intrease the goo qualities of; as, manure betters land; discipline may better the morals. 2. To surpass ; to exceed. The works of nature do always aim’at that which can not be bettered, Hooker. Qu. is not the sense, made better? 3. To advance ; to support ; to give advantage to ; as, to better a party ; to better a cause. BET’TER, nz. A superior; one who has a claim to precedence on account of his rank, age, or office ; as, give place to your betters. It is generally or al- ways used in the plural. BET/TER-ED, pp. Improved; meliorated ; made better. BET/TER-ING, ppr. Making better ; improving. BET’TER-ING-HOUSE,z7. A house for the reforma- tion of offenders. BET’/TER-MENT, x A making better; improve- ment. Montague. Betterments, in law, are those improvements of an estate which render it better than mere repairs. Bouvier. Superiority. Tooke. BET’TING, ppr. Wagering; laying a wager. BET’TING, n. The laying of a wager. Sherwood. BET’TOR, n. [from bet.] One who bets or lays a wager. Addison. BET’TY, x. [Supposed to be a cant word from the name of a maid; but qu. is it not from the root of beat or L. peto? A small instrument to break open doors. BET’TER-NESS, x. Arbuthnot. BE-TUM’BLED, a. [be and tumble.] Rolled about ; tumbled ; disordered. Shak. BE-TU/TOR-ED, «a. Tutored ; instructed. Coleridge. BE-T WEEN’, prep. [Sax. betweonan, betwynan ; of be and twain, two, Sax. tweg, twegen. ‘The Saxons used, in the same sense, betuh, and betweoh, betwo. See Twain, Twin] 1. In the intermediate space, without regard to distance ; as, New York is between Boston and Phila- delphia ; the Delaware River runs between Pennsyl- vania and New Jersey. 2. From one to another; passing from ene to another, noting exchange of actions or intercourse ; as, things go well between the parties. 3. Belonging to two or more, in common, or part- nership ; as, two friends have but one soul between them ; twenty proprietors own a tract of land between them. We observe that between is not restricted to two. 4, Having mutual relation to two or more ; as, dis- cords exist between the families. 5. Noting difference or discrimination of one from another; as, to distinguish betoeen right and wrong. BE-TWIXT’, prep. ([Sax. betwixt, betwyxt, betweox, betweoh; be and twes, two.] 1. Between; in the space that separates two per- sons or things ; as, betwizt two oaks. 2. Passing between; from one to another, noting intercourse. See BETWEEN. BEV/EL, x. [Fr. buveau. Qu. It. bieca livella, oblique level. 1. Among masons, carpenters, joiners, &c., an in- strument, or kind of square, one leg of which is fre- quently crooked, according to the sweep of an arch or vault. It is movable on a point or center, and so may be set to ans angle. An angle that is not a right angle is called a bevel angle, whether obtuse or acute. Bailey. Johnson. Encyc. 9. A slant or inclination of a surface from a right line ; as, the proper bevel of a piece of timber. Enciyc. BEV/EL, a. Slant; having the form of a bevel. BEV/EL, v. t. To cut to a bevel angle. Moxon. BEV/EL, v.i. To slant or incline off to a bevel angle, or from a direct line. BEV/EL-ED, pp. or a, Formed to a bevel angle. In mineralogy, replaced by two planes inclining equally upon the adjacent planes, as an edge ; having its edges replaced as above, as a cube or other solid. BEV/EL-GEAR, m. Wheel-work whose cogs stand beveling, or at an oblique angle to the shaft. BE W al BEV‘EL-ING, ppr. Forming to a bevel angle. BEV’/EL-ING, a. Slanting toward a bevel angle; bending from a right line. BEV’‘EL-ING, xn. A hewing of timber with a proper and regular slant toward a bevel angle, according to a mold Jaid on one side of its surface, 2. The slant or bevel of timber. Encyc. BEV/EL-MENT, n. In mineralogy, the replacement of an edge by two similar planes, equally inclined to the including faces or adjacent planes. BE/VER, 7. ([It. bevere, to drink.] A collation or small repast between meals. [JVot used. Morison. BE'VER, v.%. To take a small repast between meals. Wallis. BEV/ER-AGE, x. [It. bevere, or bere, to drink ; be- veraggio, drink ; Sp. beber, from L. bibo; Fr. buveur, a tippler; buvette, a tavern ; buvotter, to sip, to tipple; Arm. beuvrauh, beverage. } 1. Drink ; liquor for drinking. It is generally used of a pleasant or mixed liquor. Nectar is called the beverage of the gods, In the middle ages, beverage, beveragium, or biberagium, was money for drink given to an artificer or other person over and above his hire or wages. The practice has existed, to a certain extent, in America, within my memory, and I know not but it still exists in some parts of this country. A person who had a new garment, was called on to pay bev- erage, that is, to treat with liquor. Hence, 2, A treat on wearing a new suit of clothes, or on receiving a suit from the tailor; also, a treat on first coming into prison ; a garnish. 3. In England, water-cider, a mixture of cider and water, made by putting water into pomace before it is pressed. Mortimer. Johnson. BEV/ILE, ». [See Bever.] In heraldry, a thing broken or opening like a carpenter’s bevel. Encyc. BEV’Y, 7. [I know not the origin or affinities of this word. The etymologies I have seen are not worth notice. A flock of birds ; (sportsmen now confine the term to quails. Rich. Dict.;) hence, a company ; an as- sembly or collection of persons; usually applied to Females. BE-WAIL/, v. t. [be and wail.] To bemoan; to la- ment; to express sorrow for. It expresses deep sor- sow ; as, to bewail the loss of a child. The true penitent bewails his ingratitude to God. Anon, BE-WAIL/, v.27. -To express grief. Shak. BE-WAIL'A-BLE, a. That may be lamented. BE-WAIL/ED, pp. Lamented ; bemoaned. BE-WAIL/ER, x. One who laments. BE-WAIL/ING, ppr. Lamenting; bemoaning; ex- pressing grief for. BE-WAIL’ING, x. Lamentation. Raleigh. BE-WAIL/ING-LY, adv. In a mournful manner. BE-WAIL/MENT, x. The act of bewailing. BE-WAKE’, v. t. [be and wake.] To keep awake. [Not used. | Gower. | BE-WARE’, v. i. [Sax. bewertan, bewarian, gewarian, to guard, defend, restrain, prohibit, fortify, be cau- tious; Sw. bevara; D. bewaaren; Ger. gewahr, be- wahren; Dan. bevare, to keep guard, preserve. See Ware, Wary.| 1. Literally, to restrain or guard one’s self from. Hence, to regard with caution ; to restrain one’s self from any thing that may be dangerous, injurious, or improper ; to avoid, to take care; followed by of be- fore the thing that is to be avoided. Beware of all, but most beware of man. Pope. Beware of false prophets; beware of the leaven of the Pharisees; beware of the concision. Scriplure. 2. To have a special regard to. Behold, I send an angel before thee — beware of him, and obey his voice. — Ex, xxtil. [ This is unusual, and hardly legitimate. ] This word, though here admitted as a verb, from the Saxon, is rarely used as a verb in fact; orifa verb, is now never used except in the imperative mode. It is a compound of be and the Old Eng. ware, now wary. Be wary of danger. Hence, it can not be used with did, like a regular verb, nor with be, in any of its inflections, —he is beware; for this would be to use the substantive verb twice before ware and wary, is and be. Ben Jonson, however, has used the word in the third person. He bewares to act. But it has no past tense or participle, and therefore, if admitted as a verb, itis defective, and used only in the imperative mode, or after an auxiliary. BE-WEEP’, v. t. bedew with tears. : BE-WEEP’,v.7. Tomake lamentation. [be and weep.] To weep sver; to [ Little used.] Shak. [_Latile used. } Shak. BE-WEPT’, pp. Wept over; bedewed with tears. [ Little used. | : : BE-WET’,v.t. [be and wet.) To wet; to moisten. Not used.] BE-WHORE’, (be-hore’,) o t. to chastity. To corrupt with regard Beaum. and Fletcher. Shak. Nicholson. 2. To pronounce a whore. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z: CH as SH: FH as in THIS. 119 i \ep eee Ai ie ae BE-WIL/DE : A ey E-WIL'DER, »v. t. ([Dan. forvilde, vilde; D. ver-| BE-YOND! : BIB et wilderen ; G. verwildern ; from wild.) ‘ paren BEZ/ ree ,adv. Ata distance; yonder. Spenser The word i a! Tee liced st Beane fo confusion ; to Jose in path- pried: n. AA cotton cloth from Bengal, white or} for Slap 1s also used by Shakspeare as an adjective Re $ places ; to confound for want of a plain road ; t xT ANTY ; Encyc x a at perplex with mazes ; or in general, to rerples: 3 to een: n. A gold coin of Byzantium. {See Outswell te ee thy bias cheek ; Lost and bewildered in the fruitless search, Addison In heraldry a circle. or BIAS. ob. ‘ounce € colic of puft Aquilon, f “Ww : . 5 é Or: SO cz DS, v. t. o in : 7 He} Bit DERE, pp. Lost in mazes; perplexed coins of the Greek empire, Se ae gold a particular aireeHOR COMLEy mide’ to warp; to give : : s onfusion, or intricacy tines. BeOS yzan- repossess. The i > mind; to prejudice ; BE-WIL/DER-E ane tricacy. : : EES, B _prepossess, The judgment is is rat Judice ; to raed D-NESS, x. State of being bewil- BLENDER, n. [from antler.] The Bean OF a BY’ AS-DRAW-ING, a Paahty a Noe by ee sae ser’s ho BX : ZIAS_BT) hr/ac . y- ob used, BE-WIL/DER-ING, 7; ey deer’s horn, next above the brow antler, Enc BI/AS-ED, (bi/ast,) pp. or a. Incli sco Sale. Fe place ; perplexi : Tee ree Losing in a pathless BEL EL, n [Qu. Ch, 573, bezal, limits, c ae line ; warped ; prejudiced nclined from a right ‘ oe 5 2xing with confusion or intricac w. betzel, a rein; betzla, to curb.) 3, confines; | BY/AS-ING, por Givi : \ BE-WIL'/DER-ING-LY, adv. S ue v. betzel, a rein ; betzla, to curb.] 5 age TN Gs PPD CWE DI i eure: ANN a BR ae aD ». So as to bewilder. The upper part of 5 : : aie eae tie eee ae § las, particular d j eS BE-WIL/DER-MENT, REA TS AE ieine eee tae coinpasscsiatid TEE a ring, which en- BYAS-NESS, 9° eee prejudicing. rection, 4 -WIN’TER,v.t. Tomake like winter. [Not us 71 one. Bailey. An Ns, 2. Inclination to some sid a - [Not used, } oO BI-AU-RI€/U-LATE : Side, boop -V- ao Cost »4 [bis and auricula i i BE-WITCH!, », t. [be and witch.] To fester to BE/ZOAR,n. [Pers. yO+Alyd : sarc a term applied to a hea Gera ts je te gain an ascendency over by charms or incantation . 2 oe : oe which Castell re stiles. aera: te mammnalia, and in birds and . ie an operation which was formerly supposed to ne interprets ‘* ventus, i. e. dissipa . @ BI- AXUAT i a 4 4 i the person bewitched, so that he lost his Heat > pain OI Oer ECHL: BU issipator veneni, alexiphar-| prp_ ; Als, d. Having two axes. Sir D. Brewst i behaved ina strange, unaccountable ee sh, or » quod venenum pellit, et spirituum . 7 A small piece of linen or other a oe ere ) fe Paitmeoples being inclined| to Sule menue ADO: pe children over the breast. oth worn by Bes | what they could not account for. evil Spints| facultates retinet,” from AL, i oliv i is Bees aor a CUBE thS ack Ou siUEl is re ti how I am bewitched; behold, mine arm ‘ S\ bad, wind, breath, ive, the sides yellow, and the belly white rae ; f 8 like a blasted sapling ate ‘ z OF “ mo : 2. To ape ane a red up, Shak. enti and, 8 BIB, v. 7. [L. bibo; Sp. beber; aes of Wa Hist. ms é ; ascinate; to please hada » anc a 2aur i : va, to dri mae er; At. bevere; Gipsy, pi | gree as to take away the power of Seeete Bile ie) 9 POISO A: 2 ounets make} it ro. aes tippl eae 2 st 2 2 poe ane s : ple ; ink . ee ol poetry our xoulsibetetch- Dryden Poe hea poison, an antidote for poison = ee : pple; to drink frequently [Little _ 3. To deceive and mislez . : SEA pe eee, word from pase? 6 a. | BI-BA/CIOUS, (-ba/shus : Locke, NpGetive MA CtsIwil slead by juggling tricks or pane of the goat in Persia.] I wg, Or pasahr, the Adega san: a Cea See Biz.] BE-WITCH’ED, (be-wich . An antidote ; a general : BI-BAC'I-TY G5 disposed to imbibe é 2D, (be-wicht’,) pp. Fascinated ; ch subst >; a general name for certain animal | PEBAC'TTY, x. The quali iene MYATT 5 aA | pp. #ascinate shi 2 substances s , 1€ d TWIN ne aad Ie uality of bewitchi The orie aioe Rien Sa goose egg. Encic. The Bible s | eae ITCH’/MENT, xn. Fascination ; power of aus nous STS ss ate many of them of a resi- 1¢ Bible should be the standard of language as well as of faith pe bHarm- spe s. i combustible Pkioneane { : Bie’ WITS, n Shak 2. In a me Ie a tomson. BIB/LER S . secede ‘ 4 .pl. Straps ae pee : 7 mre general sense, any substance =F aa Me SES Bis.] A rss , . etmedtae Wee ieee leather by which bells are stratum upon stratum, in the ay a tance formed, BI'BLE Bae a) A OED Es j great drinker. ;| BE-WON'DER-ED, a. [be and onder.] Hee i Seat cose eae Maa RIE the Bible.” Eby, JOR LG RUStADUG EN ifnisen: ponder. Amazed. This name is also given t Shr SEU Ce €-AL, a. Pertaini i | BIWRAP!-(be-rap! ) v. t. [be and __ Pairfar. tain animals. ¥ o the biliary calculi of cer-| _ cred writings ; as, viblieal orien Bible; Cr toinelaas AVIRA HEINE Chae foe Fossil bezoar is a fis Cyc. | BIB/LI€-AL-LY, ad ATanaits | Wray and in int ges t. [Chaucer has wraie, wreye animal bezoar, witt gured stone, formed, like the | BIB/LI-CIST Z On AC COr Le OLDE Bue SUL IRE 1e Infinitive bewri . ? Yes : “AO ith several coz g . eae N ne ski i ae omnesax: eee nen aN Eevee to discover, as if traneous body, ahah Neral coals coud some ex- interpretation of the Bible in the knowledge and signi ; ya SAX. awre } fefiv'in Sicily. i serves as a nucleus; i ae a5 signify to reveal, as if the mepative ri onwrcon, chiefly in Sicily, in sand and clay pits It found BIS LI-OG/RA-PHER, n. [Gr. BiBo book cover. ] ative of wrigan, to| Purple color, and of the size of a ‘walnut 7 1s OF ai nai WO writes] esr book wand To disclose . to be of the nz es ze Ol a walnut. It seems Onewhoc : s Ss erfidiously : Its 2 : vane é nature of Armenizs a ; € who composes or Ac Fo make visible. sly ; to betray; to show or Salun earth. emian bole, and : called one skilled in itera He LORS ates eee Ceo F 0 : ° Enc . y ; a transcriber | Thy speech bewra : ezour mineral. This Ee : neyc. >, . eC yeth thee, — Mat ore anti “ : S preparation is ¢ WY Bailey. NS : ee. Ay the att. xxiii. antimony, produced by distilling Thee an oxyd of BIB-LLO-GRAPH'I€ a Ce, HOM Ash. BE-WRAY/ED ‘b oy (aa several times to dryness from the Sate nt routs acid | BIB-LI-O-GRAPH/I€-AL . e aoe to the his- ' 4 4 e-rade’,) pp. WDisclased : indicate of antin r Mie sublimated muriate | BIB-LI-OG’ eae Ory Of DOOKs. celt Hora ode en neo ditann P} sclased ; indicated ; Se 1ony. s e;b 41-OG/RA-PHY ' ; a. Sa | Rieu exposed to view. 2 ted; | BEZ-O-AR/DIE. a. Pertaini Nicholson. books: an: Y, 2. A history or description of | LWRAYIER. 2. A divuler of. > erlaining to or comp sae account of books and anes . | BE-WRaY’I NG see ew eer of secrets ; a discoverer - bezoar. ompounded of notices of the different at eS with Bu Nix, Ppre isclosing ; maki sae "+ | BEZ-O-& R/DI ey thev were pri $ -ditions, the times wl visible : g; making known or ; €, n. A medicin : ley were printed, and ot] i : pean Re Ga. bezoar, € compounded w sl iatrs EG egin 2S other information tenc Bi WRAY INGLY, adv. In amanner to bewray BEZ-O-AR/TIC-AL ’ ee ae no PAG aSLOKY of literature. Encyc. es BE. VRAY'MENT, n. Act of bewraying Nays antidote , & Having the qualities of an Worshine RY [Gr Sie Nosand Aarpet t] 3E-WRECK’, (be-reck’/,) v. t [be g. BEZ/Z1 Todd BIBI ors lip or homage paid to books. South a. ruin 5 to destroy (Not used. e and wreck.) To) Bunezz eae To waste in riot. [Not used. Se : AI-O-LITE, x. [Gr. 6: 8Aov, a book, and 8) BE-WROUGHT", (be-rawt! ya. } a BHU_CHAMP? - anh See a stone ; called also Phytobiblia and Lithobibli ee? Bisa Not used.] ») a. [be and work.] Worked AMP’A€, n [Hindu, bhi Ors Bookstone ; a species of schistous s ta. | i BEY, (ba \n I Peer Bo Jonson. | ‘eampce, & plant. , bhu, ground, and} careous, which present ol schistous stones, mostly cal- { entom non n the Turkish dominions, a governor f A beautiful plant of Indi : ures of leaves present, between their laming, the fig- r cea particular district of country ; also, in wee system under the nar ndia, known in Linneus’s} now used ] es, or sometimes simple dendrites. [ot places, a prince ; the same as Bre adie mand nee es Blossanisiica ame of Kempferia rotunda. T} BIB/LLO_MAN z BE-YOND/, prep. [Sax. be eG. [See Bec.] Eton, S rise from the ground with a st ene BILI-O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. 818 eon: youd: ue Le) s ee peepopeat, of be and aie scarce live a whole day ‘As Re 1ort Bean pavreéia, divination ] at. PiPXos, a book, and sy 7 “ns is is the partici nts in) 7° - Hes. il. 254, A ki woes verb wan, to go on the par iciple of the ’ commerce, a small shell calle A kind of divinatic > eet eee to pass. It coincides with the D much used in the Ree a shell called a cowry, Bible : consisting i on, performed by means of the eae 2 ne participle of the present tense of tl | BIL-AN’/GU-LATE Tone Encyc at hazard x a In selecting passages of Scripture Same verb, gaan, to go; Da S se 1€ | BT-AN’G Acero 5 ‘ * a » and drawing from them indic:; pee 2 then, it signifies by-passing or me eens : Literally, BANC vias ED Fs on twice, and angulus, Fiaeeee things future. i Dee Teen ee ; Say, past by, gone by.| ae Y-past; OF, aS we now Basie Os) B-LI-O-MA/NI-A, 2. [Gr. Bana : ie cues La eet On the further side of; on the side 1 , BLARM/LAN. Anes or corners. [Little used HEB Socaaane cs ae j . at ; ; Wi celts e side S s- ADI I-AN, a, f : “is Sides ook-m: Sai : Rie Tantencnibe distance from that aieeas in the north of mionane a race of Finns in Permia, eons ee ; a rage for possessing rare and 0 k ve er, or the sea ; either a mile be a(S White Sea; writte RE sO the Dwina, and about the | BIB-LL- -M AN nt pundred miles beyond the river eyond, OX B or Permian: ritten also Permian. The Biarmian bi i O-MA‘NI-A€, n. One who has a fi be MoRetore ati amir oan ake 2rmians, are sai S s ans ooks, as rage for ; FS ne at a place not yet reached powerful of the Rinne most wealthy and BIB-LI-O-MA-NY'/A€-AL fi ‘ 4 ing en - * m . Se he AVA Lad —£' sTtA IN} A se 1g beyond us, even before our death. Po Bi-A R-T [€'U-LATE, a. (itsoreandtans Tooke. for books. , a Pertaining to a passion | 5 _ 3. Past; out of reach of; diack Consisting of two joints. nd articulus, a joint.| | BIB-LI-O-PEG! Quart. Rev ! ' limit; further than the ae further than any given | BI/AS, n., [Arm a joints. _ BRIS: -PEG'I€, a. Relating to the Sint f Liles RENT iacloemnow ers he ent of any thing else; as, Me toca meas or vies; Fr. biais, a slope ; BIB] Spi : g 0 eae Bispiten Deron pee ae nd comprehension ; beyond L Reo sal Ss evasionss or tricks. ] ’ BIB/LI.O SOI m ([Gr. (i 8d1r0v, book, and ' wiih are. 5 e side Thi i 41-Q- 7 : ? é 4. Above; in a degree exceeding : : from a straight line e of a bowl which turns it A bookseller, BONED proceeding to a greater degree, as in Pees aBG _2. A leaning of the minde qaniinne BIB-LI-O-THE/€ AT : | ie jence, or quality of any kind; as, o Harem exCel=)|,. Ons propensity toward an inclination ; preposses-| —818Xo<, and thee 43, dev [Lies ibliothecas” a) library Ae bo or good beyond another. 3 aS, One man is great mind indifferent : ae an object, not leaving the Bel 2h leca, Snkn, a repository. } 4 ; £3 0 7 is ; j Ieee ation gives a bias % Bile a library. : To zo beyond, isa phrase which e : mind. . 1S, educat gives a bias to the BIB-LLOLH EG library J i cess In some action or sche 7h expresses an ex- 3. That whict BIB/LLO-_T E-€A-RY, n. A librarian D2 7 i : SAW: scheme; to exceed in i lich causes the mind Wee, -O-THEKE Ali : all, g nuity, in research, or in any poe Be ed in in- from a state of indifferen ind to lean or incline | BIB/LIST, x fi u, 7» A library. Bale ’ a bad sense, to deceive or circumvent se: hence, in course. ce to a particular object or olics, an aaa xo Bible. ] With fhe Romane Cath: Let no man go beyond and defraud his brother in any matt ao oe word is familiarly used as an adverb, fi faith. akes the Scriptures the sole rule of y matter. f a@ straight line, slanti Sed, as58} y ; for out 9, One w : a Encic. St, Paul, piece of cloth bias ; Pie eine falc hea as, to cut a BY BRAG Te A ae with the Bible. Ash, FATE. BS 2 g falls bias of nature. Shak. | BIB/U-LOUS. | ,@. Doubly bracteate. E > FAR FALL WH — LOUS a. il b t Laton, » FALL, AT. —METE, PREY. — PINE MARINE ae ala ? 3 BIRD. — NOTE D ntBID BIG BIG Spongy ; that has the quality of imbibing fluids or | BID, pp. of Bip. Invited; offered; com- on; beiciaws : i i SPODE’ Lg, , 7 ; 5 ; pregnant; and bog is a swelling; ete : f homson. BID’DEN, manded. — buciar, to bellow ; Dan. bug, the belly. These von: I-CAL'€AR-ATE, a. [L. bis and calcar, a spur.]| BID, n. An offer of a price: a word much used at auc- seem to be allied to bie, but I have not found this Armed with two spurs, as the limb of an animal. BY-CAP/SU-LAR, a. little chest, from capsa, a chest. Brande. [L. bis, double, and capsula, a See Carsurar.] In botany, having two capsules, containing séeds, to each flower ; as, a bicapsular pericarp. BY-CAR/BON-ATE, n. equivalents of Martyn. A carbonate containing two carbonic acid to one of base; one of the supercarbonates. BICE, ) n. Among painters, a pale blue color, pre- pared from the native blue carbonate of cop- per, or from smalt. Green bice is prepared from the blue, by adding yellow orpiment, or by grinding down the green carbonate of copper. Cooley. Brande. BI-CEPH’A-LOUS, a. [L. bis, and Gr. xegadn, head.] Having two heads. BI-CIP/IT-AL, BI-CIP/IT-OUS, Having two a, [L. biceps, of bis, twice, and caput, head.} heads. Applied to the muscles, it sig- nifies having two heads or origins; and any such muscle is deno BICK/ER, v. 2 minated biceps. [W. bicra, to fight, to bicker; Scot. bicker, to fight by throwing stones, to move quickly, to skirmish ; allied perhaps to It. picchiare, to beat ; picchiarsi, to fight ; picchiere. a soldier armed with a pike ; picchio, a care, to peck. peck, pike, and thrust at, or tox blow or stroke, a woodpecker ; bec- This verb is from the root of beak, primarily signifies to beat, to strike, to nake at by repeated thrusts or blows. ] 1. To skirmish; to fight off and on; that is, to make repeated rarely used. 2. To quarre contend in petulant altercation. signification. | 3. To move attacks. [But in this sense, I believe, 1; to contend in words; to scold ; to [This ts the usual quickly ; to quiver; to be tremulous, like flame or water; as, the bickering flame; the bickering stream. BICK'ER-ER, n. petty quarrel. BICK’ER-ING, ppr. BICK/ER-ING, n. BICK/ER-MENT, n. BICK’ERN, n. Milton. Thomson. One who bickers, or engages in a Quarreling ; contending ; quiv- Contention ; skirmish. [ering. Contention. [Vet used.] Spenser. [Of W. pig, a beak, or beak and iron.] An iron ending in a beak or point. BI-COL‘LL-GAT gether. ] connected by a BI-COL/OR, (-kul/lur,) a. colors. E, a. [bis and colligo, to bind to- In ornithology, having the anterior toes web. [bis and color.] Of two BI-CON/JU-GATE, a. [L. bis,and conjugo, to unite.] In pairs ; place Br/EORN, BI-CORN/OUS, BLERU/RAL, a. BI-€US/PID, d side by side. a. Having twohorns. Browne. Having two legs. [L. bis and cuspis, a point.] Ne BI-CUS/PID-ATE, Having two points. BID, v. t.; pret. Biv or Bape; pp. Biv, BippeNn. biddan ; Goth. b [Sax. idyan; to ask, request, or pray ; Sax. beodan, to command; bead, one who persuades or exhorts ; Sw. bidia, to ask, or entreat; D. bieden, to offer, or bid; gebieden, to command; G. bieten, to offer; sgebieten, pray, or desire ; invite ; L. peto, entbieten, to command; Dan. bede, to byde, to command, to bid, to offer, to to drive at, to attack, to ask, to de- sire, to beseech, anciently beto; Lr. impidiiim, to be- seech ; Sp. and Port. pedir, to ask or beg; Sans. badi, padi, petir, bottit, a commander; Ch. 5 to pray or beseech; Eth. éTO fato, or fatho, to desire. The primary sense is, to press forward, to drive, to urge ; hence L. notes utterance to asking, prayé impetus. Applied to the voice, it de- ,a driving of sounds, which is applied sr, and command. Class Bd.] 1. To ask; to request ; to invite. marriage. — Go ye into the highways, and as many as ye shall find, bid to the Matt. xxii. This sense is antiquated, but we have the same word from the Latin, in invite, fin and bid.] 2. To command ; to order or direct. And Peter answered him and said, Lord, if it be thou, bid me come to thee 3. Lo offer; auction. on the water. — Matt. xiv. to propose; as, to bid a price at an 4. To proclaim; to make known by a public voice. [ Obs. ] Our bans thrice bid. 5. To pronou Shak. nce or declare ; as, to bid a welcome. 6. ‘To denounce or threaten ; as, to bid defiance, 7. To wish or pray. Neither bid him John 10. To bid beads, Catholics ; to d God speed. [A mistake for good speed.] —2 is to pray with beads, as the Roman istinguish each bead by a prayer. Johnson. Also, to charge parishioners to say a number of paternosters. Encic. To bid fair, 1s to open or offer a good prospect; to appear fair. -BI-FRONT’ED, (-frunt/ed,) a. tions. BID/ALE, n. [bid and ale.] In England, an invita- tion of friends to drink ale at some poor man’s house, and there to contribute in charity ; an ancient and still a local custom. Encyc. BID/DER, x. One who bids or offers a price. Bidders at the auction of popularity. Burke. BID/DER-Y-WARE, n. A kind of metallic ware made at Biddery in Hindostan, composed of copper, lead, tin, and spelter. Encyc. Dom. Econ. BID/DING, ppr. Inviting ; offering ; commanding. BID’/DING, xn. Invitation; command; order; a proc- lamation or notifying. Siiak, BIDE, v. i. [Sax. bidan.. See AnipeE.] 1. To dwell ; to inhabit. Milton. 2. To remain ; to continue or be permanent in place or state. [Nearly antiquated.] Shak. BIDE, v. t. To endure; to suffer. 2. To wait for; as, I bide my time. ~ Scottish. [See ABIDy | Shak. BI-DENT’AL, a. [L. bidens, of bis, twice, and dens, a tooth.) Having two teeth. Swift. BI-DENT’ATE, a. In botany, two-toothed. In zoology, having two teeth, or two tooth-like processes, rande. BI-DET’, x. [Fr.] A small horse, formerly allowed to each trooper or dragoon for carrying his baggage. B. Jonson. Encyc. 2. An article of bedroom furniture, used in wash- ing the body. BID/ING, ppr. See ABrpine.] BID'ING, n. Residence; habitation. Rowe. BI-EN’/NI-AL, a. [L. biennis, of bis, twice, and annus, a year.] 1. Continuing for two years ; or happening, or tak- mg place, once in two years; as, a biennial election. 2. In botany, continuing for two years, and then perishing, as plants whose root and leaves are formed the first year, and which produce fruit the second. Used also as a noun. Martyn. BI-EN/NI-AL-LY, adv. Once in two years; at the return of two years. BIER, (beer,) n. ([Sax. ber; D. baar; Ger. bahre; Dan. baare; Ir. fier; from the same root as bear; L. Jferetrum, from fevo. See BEAR] A carriage or frame of wood for conveying dead human bodies to the grave. BIER/-BALK, (-bawk,) x. The church burials. [JVot used ir America. ] BIEST/INGS, x. pl. Ger. biestmilch. The first milk given by a cow after calving. . Jonson. BI-FA/CIAL, (-fa/shal,) a. Having the opposite sur- faces alike. anda. BI-FA/RI-OUS, a. [L. bifarius; bis and fero, or Teu- tonic faran, to go.] Twofold. In botany, pointing two ways, as leaves that grow only on opposite sides of a branch. Martyn. BI-FA/RI-OUS-LY, adv. In a bifarious manner. A stem or branch is bifariously hairy, when the hairs between any two joints come out on the front and back, and in the two adjoining internodes, on the right and left sides. Martyn. BIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. bifer, biferus, of bis, twice, and fero, to bear. | Bearing fruit twice a year, as plants do in warm climates. Tartyn. BIF/FIN, x. A baked apple crushed down into a flat, round cake. BIFID, a. [L. difidus, of bis, twice, and jfindo, fidi, to split or cleave. See Diyipr and Wipe. Ags In botany, two-cleft ; opening with a cleft; divided by a linear sinus, with straight margins. Martyn. BILFLO/ROUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and fore.) Bearing two flowers. Martyn. BY’ FOLD, «a. it bis, twice, and fold. ] Twofold ; double; of two kinds, degrees, &e BLFO/LLATE, a. In botany, having two leaves. BI/FO-RATE, a. [L. bis and foro.) In botany, having two perforations, as the anthers of the Rhododendron. rande. BIF/O-RIN, x. A minute oval sac found in the in- terior of the green pulpy part of the leaves of some plants ; so called because they discharge their con- tents by an opening at each extremity. Brande. BUFORM, a. [L. biformis, of bis, twice, and forma, form. ] Having two forms, bodies, or shapes. Crozall. BI/FORM-ED, a. Compounded of two forms. Jonson. BI-FORM/I-TY, x. A double form. More. Having two fronts. [L. bifurcus, of bis, twice, and Ffurea, a fork.] Dwelling; continuing; remaining. read for Tomilies. [Sax. byst, or bysting ; D. biest; BLFUR/CATE, a. BI-FUR/€A-TED, Forked ; divided into two branches. Johnson. BI-FUR-GA’TION, x. A forking, or division Into two branches. Brown. BI-FUR/€OUS, a. Forked. Coles. BIG, a. [In W. baic is a load; beiciaw, to load or lay word in any other language.] J. Bulky ; protuberant ; pregnant, applied to females. Big, in the sense of pregnant, is followed by with; as, big with child. The use of of, big of child, is not good English. 2. Great ; large ; ina more general sense; applied to any body or object. 3. Full; fraught, and about to have vent, or be brought forth. The important day, big with the fate of Rome. Addison, 4, Distended ; full, as with grief or passion. Thy heart is big; get thee apart and weep. Shak. 0. Swelled ; tumid ; inflated, as with pride ; hence, haughty in alr or mien, or indicating haughtiness ; proud ; as, big looks; big words ; to look big. 6. Great in spirit ; lofty ; brave. Have not I a heart as big as thine ? BIG, n. chamaa, is to collect; to come together; to agree, or be in accord ; to sleep together ; to bind. The crime of having two wives or husbands at once. Blackstone. In the canon law, bigamy was the marrying of a second wife after the death of the first, or once mar- rying a widow. This disqualified a man for orders, and holding ecclesiastical offices. Shakspeare uses the word in the latter sense in Rich, III. 7. Blackstone. BIG/-BEL/LI-ED, (-bel/lid,) a. Having a great belly ; advanced in pregnancy. BIG/-BON-ED, a. Having large bones. Herbert. BIG/-€ORN-ED, a. Having large grains. Dryden. BL-GEMIN-ATE, a. double. ] In botany, a term used of a decompound leaf hay- ing a forked petiole, with several leaflets at the end of each division. Martyn. BIG/GIN, n. [Fr. beguin; Sp. beca, a tippet, or cap. 1. A child’s cap, or something worn about the head. 2. A building. [Obs.] [Sax. byggan, to build.] Shak. BIGHT, (bite,)n. [D. bogt,a bend, a turning, a coil, a ay; Dan. bugt, a bend, a bow, a bay. It is the participle of boogen, buigen, bugan, to bend; W. bac, bacu. See Bow.] 1. A bend, or small bay between two points of land. 2. The double part of a rope when folded, in dis- tinction from the end; that is, a round, bend, or coil any where except at the ends. Mar. Dict, 3. The inward bent of a horse’s chambrel, and the bent of the fore knees. Bailey. BI-GLAND/U-LAR, a. Having two glands, as a plant. BIG/LY, adv. [from big.] In atumid, swelling, blus- tering manner; haughtily. BIG/-NAM-ED, a. Having a great and famous name. rashaw. BIG'NESS, n. Bulk; size; largeness; dimensions. It is used of any object, animate or inanimate, and with or without comparison. Thus we speak of the bioness of a tree, of a rock, of a house, without in- stituting a comparison with other objects of the kind. Yet in this case there is always some reference in the mind to known measure. We_ also say, one thing is as big as another; in which case we give the idea of unknown size by a known object. Big and bigness always imply expansion, more or less, in breadth, and are thus distinguished from tall and tallness. ; : BIG/OT, n. [Fr. bigot, and cagot, a bigot or hypocrite ; Arm. bigod. In Italian, bacchettone is a hypocrite. In Spanish, bigote is a whisker; hombre de bigote, a man of spirit ; tener bigotes, to be firm or undaunted. If the French cagot is connected with bigot, the first syllable in both is a prefix. But I am not able to ascertain the real origin and primary sense of the word. The etymologies I have seen are not satis- factory. ] ; 1. A person who is. obstinately and unreasonably wedded to a particular religious creed, opinion, prac- tice, or ritual. ‘he word is sometimes used in an enlarged sense, for a person who is illiberally at- tached to any opinion, or system of belief ; as, a bigot to the Mohammedan religion ; a digot to a form of rovernment. é 2D A Venetian liquid Ce ag ine ee f > amphor, or half the boot. neyc. BIGOT, in Obstinately and blindly attached to BIG/OT-ED, some creed, opinion, practice, or ritual ; unreasonably devoted to a system or party, and illib- [L. bis, twice, and geminus, eral toward the opinions of others. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; § as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 16 121 —— TT ncengieenre ro eT: ” oe Ta oy my ea eee a SRT Se oFBIL BIG/OT-ED-LY, adv. In the manner of a bigot; per- tinaciously. : BIG/OT-RY, n. Obstinate or blind attachment to a particular creed, or to certain tenets; unreasonable zeal or warmth in favor of a party, sect, or opinion ; excessive prejudice. : 2, The practice or tenet of a bigot. Pope. BIG/SOUND-ING, a. Having a pompous sound. Hall. BIG/SWOLN, a. [big and swoln. See Swevu.] Swelled to a large size; turgid; greatly swelled; ready to burst. Addison. BIG/-UD-DER-ED, a. [big and udder.] Having large udders, or udders swelled with milk. Pope. BLHY-DROG/U-RET, n. [L. bini and hydrogurct.] A compound of two atoms of hydrogen, as the electro- negative ingredient, with one of some other sub- stance, as the electro-positive ingredient. This term is contrary to rule. It should be deutohydroguret. BI-JOU’, (be-zhoo!,) n.; pl. Brsoux, (be-zhoo’.) [Fr.] A trinket, or a little box ; a jewel. ; BILJOU/TRY, (be-zhoo’try,) n. The making or deal- ing in jewelry ; jewelry itself. BLJU/GATE, /a. [L. bis, twice, and jugum, a yoke, BI-J0’GOUS, a pair. | Having two pairs of leaflets; used of pinnated leaves. Martyn. BLLA/BI-ATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and labium, a lip.] Having two lips, as the corols of flowers. Martyn. BI-LAM’/EL-LATE, a. [L. bis, twice, and lamella, a late. : Healing the form of a flatted sphere, longitudinally bifid ; used of the stigma of plants. Martyn. BIL/AN-DER, x, [D. bylander; Fr. belande, belandre ; Sp. bilandra; from be, by, and land; Ger. binnenland- er. A small merchant vessel with two masts, distin- guished from other vessels of two masts by the form of the mainsail, which is bent to the whole length of a yard, hanging fore and aft, and inclined to the horizon in an angle of about 45 degrees; the foremost lower corner, called the tack, being secured to a ring- bolt in the deck, and the aftermost, or sheet, to the tafferel. Few vessels are now rigged in this manner. Encyc. Mar. Dict. The bilander is a kind of hoy, manageable by four or five men, and used chiefly in the canals of the Low Countries ; so called because moving close by the land. Jolinson. BI-LAT’ER-AL, a. [L. bis and latus, side.] Having two sides. Dict. BIL/BER-RY, x. [I know not the meaning of bil, in this word. The Dutch word is blaauwbes, blueberry ; the Ger. heidelbeere, heath-berry. ] The name of a shrub and its fruit; a species of Vaccinium or whortleberry. The name, with us, is given to the taller shrub and its fruit, which is of a bluish color. BIL’'BO,n. [from Bilboa, in Spain. ] A rapier ; a sword ; so named, it is said, from Bil- boa, in Spain, where the best are made. Johnson. BIL/BOES, (bil’boze,) n. pl. On board of ships, long bars or bolts of iron with shackles sliding on them, and a lock at the end, used to confine the feet of pris- oners or offenders. Hence the punishment of offend- ers in this manner is called by the same name. Mar. Dict. Encic. BIL'BO-QUET, (bil'bo-ket,) n. [Fr.] The toy called cup and ball. BILD/STEIN, n. [Ger. bild, shape, and stein, stone.] See AGALMATOLITE, BILE, x. [L. bilis; Fr. bile.] A yellow liquor, separated from the blood in the liver, collected in the branches of the hepatic duct, and thence discharged by the common duct into the duodenum. BILE, 7. An inflamed tumor. orthography. ] BILE/DU€T, nv. [bile, and L. ductus, a conduit.) A vessel or cana] to convey bile; a term applied to the hepatic duct and its branches, Darwin. BILE/STONE, x. [bile and stone.] A gall-stone, or biliary calculus, which see. arwin. BILGE, n. [A different orthography of bulge, and belly, a protuberance. | 1, The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle. 2. The breadth of a ship’s bottom, or that part of her floor which approaches to an horizontal direction, on which she would rest, if aground. Hence, when this part of a ship is fractured, she is said to be bilged. Encyc. Mar. Dict, BILGE, v. 7. To suffer a fracture in the bilge ; to spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge. The term is used also when a ship has some of her timbers struck off by a rock or an anchor, and springs a leak. Encyc. Mar. Dict. BILG’ED, pp. or a. Having a fracture in the bilge, This participle is often used, as if the verb were transitive ; and perhaps it is sometimes so used. BILGE/-PUMP, 7. A pump to draw the bilge-water from a ship. BILGE/-WA-TER, n. Water which enters a ship, and lies upon her bilge or bottom, becoming, ordina- rily, very offensive. [See Bort, the correct BIL BIL/IA-RY, a. :]| conveying the bile; as, a biliary duct. Biliary calculus ; a gall-stone, ora concretion formed in the gall-bladder or its duct. Biliary duct ; the hepatic duct, which see. BI-LIN’/GUAL, ) a. BI-LIN'/GUAR, bilingual inscription. Gliddon. BI-LIN’'GUOUS, a, ([L. bis, and lingua, tongue.] Having two tongues, or speaking two languages. BIL'IOUS, (bil’yus,) a. [L. biliosus, from bilis, the bile.] Pertaining to bile ; consisting or partaking of bile. BI-LIT’/ER-AL, a, [L. bis, twice, and litera, letter.] Consisting of two letters ; as, a biliteral root in Jan- Sir W. Jones. guage. BILK, ». t. to leap or exult. } To frustrate or disappoint ; to deceive or defraud, by non-fulfillment of engagement; as, to bilk a cred- itor. Driden. BILK’ED, (bilkt,) pp. or a Disappointed ; deceived ; defrauded. : BILK/ING, ppr. Frustrating ; defrauding. BILL, 7. [Sax. bile, a beak, that is, a shoot.] I. The beak of a fowl. 2. An instrument, made in the form of a crescent, and fitted with a handle, When short, it is called a hand-bill; when long, a hedge-bill It is used for pruning trees, &c. BILL, 7. [Sax. bil; G. beil, an ax or hatchet ; D. dyl; Dan. bile; W. bwyell; Pers. das bil, a mattock, or - pick-ax, and a shovel] A pick-ax, or mattock ; a battle-ax ; an ax or hatch- et with a crooked point. BILL, x. [Norm. bile, a label or note; Fr. billet, dil; Arm. bilked; Sp. billete; It. biglietto, bulletta, bollettino. The primary sense, probably, is a roll or folded paper, Sp. boleta, a billet, a ticket, and a paper of tobacco, co- inciding with bola, a ball; or it is from cutting off, and signifies a piece. ] 1. In law, a declaration in writing, expressing some wrong the complainant has suffered from the defend- ant, or a fault committed by some person against a law. It contains the fact complained of, the damage sustained, and a petition or process against the de- fendant for redress. It is used both in civil and crim- inal cases. In Scots law, every summary application in writing, by way of petition to the court of session, is called a bill. Encyc. 2. In law and in commerce, in England, an obliga- tion orsecurity given for money under the hand, and sometimes the seal, of the debtor, without a condi- tion or forfeiture for non-payment. In the latter cir- cumstance, it differs from a bond. In the United States, this species of security is usually called a note, a note of hand, or a promissory note. 3. A form or draft of a law, presented toa legisla- ture, but not enacted. In some cases, statutes are called bils; but usually they are qualified by some description ; as, a dill of attainder. 4. A paper written or printed, and posted up in some public place, advertising the proposed sale of goods or particular things ; an advertisement posted. 5. An account of goods sold or delivered, services rendered, or work done, with the price or value an- nexed to each article. 6. Any written paper, containing a statement of particulars ; as, a bill of charges or expenditures sea physician’s bill of prescriptions ; a bill of fare or pro- visions, &c. 7. A bill of exchange, is an order drawn on a person in a distant place, requesting or directing him to pay money to some person assigned by the drawer, or to his order, in consideration of the same sum received by the drawer. Bills of exchange are either foreign or inland; foreign, when drawn by a person in one country upon one residing in another; inland, when both the drawer and drawee reside in the same coun- try. The person who draws the bill, is called the drawer ; the person on whom the request or demand is made, is called the drawee; and the person to whom the money is directed to be paid, is called the payee. 8. A bill of entry, is a written account of goods en- tered at the custom-house, whether imported or in- tended for exportation. 9. A bill of right, is a form of entry at the custom- house, by which goods, respecting which the import- €r IS not possessed of full information, may be pro- visionally landed for examination. 10. A dill of lading, is a written account of goods shipped by any person on board of a vessel, signed by the master of the vessel, who acknowledges the reccipt of the goods, and promises to deliver them safe at the place directed, dangers of the sea except- ed. It is usual for the master to sign two, three, or four copies of the bill ; one of which he keeps in pos- Session, one 1s kept by the shipper, and one is sent to the consignee of the goods. ll. A bill of parcels, is an account given by the seller to the buyer, of the several articles purchased, {from L. dilis.] Pertaining to the bile; Containing two languages, asa Goth. bilaikan, to mock or deride. This Gothic word appears to be compound, bi and laikan, BIM 12. A bul of sale, is a writing given by the seller of personal property to the purchaser, answering to a deed of real estate. In England it must be a sealed paper; in the United States it may be without seal. 13. Bill of health; a certificate from the proper au- thorities, as to the state of health of a ship’s com- pany, at the time of her leaving port. 14. A bill of mortality, is an account of the number of deaths in a place, in a given time. In these bills, it is not unusual to insert registers of births and christenings, as in London. 15. Bank-bill. See Banx. 16. Bill of credit; a bill or note for raising money on the mere credit of a state. 17. A bil of rights, is a summary of rights and privi- leges claimed by a people. Such was the declaration presented by the lords and commons of England to the prince and princess of Orange in 1688. In Amer- ica, a dill or declaration of rights is prefixed to most of the constitutions of the several states. 18. A dill of divorce, in the Jewish law, was a writ- ing given by the husband to the wife, by which the marriage relation was dissolved. 9. See InpIcTMENT. BILL, v.i. [from bill, a beak.] To join bills, as doves; to caress in fondness, ryden. BILL, v. t. [from bill, a writing.] To advertise by a bill or public notice; a cant word. DL’ Estrange. BILL’/BOOK, x. A book in which a person keeps an account of his notes, bills, bills of exchange, &c., thus showing all that he issues and receives. Bouvier. BILL/ET, x. [dim. of bill; Fr. billet; It. dulletta. A small paper or note in Writing, used for vatious purposes ; sometimes it is a short letter, addressed to some person ; Sometimes a ticket, directing soldiers at what house to lodge. In heraldry, billet is a bearing in the form ofa long square. Encuc. BILL’ET, n. [Fr. dillot.}] A small stick of wood. In architecture, an ornament in Norman work resembling a billet of wood. BILL/ET, v. t. [from billet, a Heke To direct a soldier, by a ticket or note, where to lodge. Hence, to quarter, or place in lodgings, as soldiers in private houses. BIL'LET-DOUX, (bil'le-doo,) n. [Fr.] or letter. BILL/ET-ING, ppr. houses. BILL/TARD, (bil’/yard,) a. billiards. BILL/IARDS, (bil/yardz,) n. pl. [Fr. billard, a mace or billiard table; It. bigliardo; Sp. villar. According to the ancient orthography, balyard, this word is com- posed of ball and yard, a ball-stick.] A game played on a rectangular table, covered with a green cloth, with small ivory balls, which the play- ers aim to drive into hazard-nets or pockets at the sides and corners of the tables, by impelling one ball against another, with maces, or cues, according to certain rules of the game. BILL/ING, ppr. or n. Joining of bills ; caressing. Shak. BIL/LINGS-GATE, n. [from a market of this name in London, celebrated for fish and foul language. ] Foul language ; ribaldry. Pope. BILLION, (bil/yun,) n. es and million.) A millien of millions; as many millions as there are units in a million. Among the French, a thousand millions. Brande. BILL/-MAN, x. One who uses a bill or hooked ax ; applied particularly to soldiers. BIL/LOT, x. Gold or silver in the bar or mass. Gilbert. BIL/LOW, n. [Dan. bélce; Sw. bolja, a swell, or roll- ing swell, allied to bile, bulge. ] A great wave or surge of the sea, occasioned usu- ally by violent wind. It can hardly be applied to the waves of a river, unless in poetry, or when the river is very large. BIL’/LOW, v.2. To swell; to rise and roll in large Waves or surges, rior. BIL’/LOW-BEAT-EN, a. Tossed by billows. BIL'LOW-ED, a. Swelled, like a billow. BIL'LOW-ING, ppr. Swelled into large waves or surges. BIL/LOW-Y, a. Swelling, or swelled into large waves; wavy ; full of billows or surges. One who posts up bills in pub- > A love note Quartering, as soldiers in private Pertaining to the game of BILL’-STICK-ER, n. lic places. BI/LOB-ED, )a. [L. bis, twice, and Gr. \oBos. See BI-LO'/BATE,{ Lose. Divided into two lobes; as, a bilobate leaf. Martyn. BI-LO€/U-LAR, a. [L. bis, twice, and loculus, from locus, a place. ] Divided into two cells, or containing two cells in- ternally ; as, a bilocular pericarp. Martyn. BIL'VA, n. The Hindoo name of a plant, the Crateva Marmelos of Linneus. As. Res. ii, 256. BI-MA€/U-LATE, a. Having two spots. BI-MA’NA,n. A term applied by Cuvier to the highest order of Mammalia, of which man is the type and with the price of each. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — py sole genus. Brande. BI-MA/NOUS, a. [dis and’ manus.] Having two hands. Man is bimanous, Lawrence. 122 NE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK — ip Reticle hibit ae: Se DO egBIN Be. BIR BI-MAR’/GIN ATE, a. In conchology, a term applied to shells wh.ch have a double margin as far as the tip. BI-ME/DI-AL, a. [L. bis, twice, and medial.] In mathematics, if two medial lines, A B and B C, commensurable only in power, and containing a ra- tional rectangle, are compounded, the whole line A C will be irrational, and is called a first bimedial Jine. Encye. BI-MEN/SAL, a. Occurring once in two months. 31 MUS/€U-LAR, a. [bis and muscidar:| Having two attaching muscles, and two muscular impres- sions, as a bivalve mollusk. Kirby. BIN, n. [Sax. binn, or binne.] A wooden box or chest, used as a repository of corn or other commodities. BIN; the old word for Br and Bren. BI/NA-RY, a. [L. binus, two and two.] Compounded of two. Binary arithmetic, the invention of Leibnitz, is that in which two figures only, 0 and 1, are used, in lieu of ten; the cipher multiplying every thing by 2, as in common arithmetic by 10. Thus, lis one; 10 is two; llis three; 100 is four; 101 is five; 110 is six; 1llis seven; 1000 is eight ; 1001lis nine; 1010 is ten. It is said this species of arithmetic has been used by the Chinese for 4000 years, being left in enigma by Fohi. Encyc. Binary measure, in music, is that used In common time, in which the time of rising, in beating, is equal to the time of falling. Encyc. Binary number, is that which is composed of two units. Encyc. Binary compound ; in chemistry, a compound of two elements, or of an element and a compound perform- ing the function of an element, or of two compounds performing the function of elements. Binary star ; a double star, whose members have a revolution round their common center of gravity. D. Olmsted. Bi/NA-RY, n. The constitution of two. Fotherby. BI’NaTE, a. (e binus. See Brnary.] Being double or in couples; growing in pairs. A binate leaf has a simple petiole, connecting two leaf- lets on the top; a species of digitate leaf. Martyn. BIND, v. t.; pret. Bounp; pp. Bounp, and obs. Bounp- EN. [Sax. bindan, gebindan, pret. band, bund, or bunden ; Goth. bindan, gahindan ; D. binden, verbinden ; Ger. the same; Sw. by !a, forbinda; Dan. binde, to bind, and bind, a band also baand, a band; Hindu, Go -VU - bandna; Gypsy, bandopen ; Pers. ow bandan, and OO. UF, (Cy D208 bandidan, to bind; the former signifies also to apply, to bend the mind; and the latter to shut, close, make fast. The sense is, to strain.] 1. T'o tie together, or confine with a cord, or any thing that is flexible ; to fasten as with a band, fillet, or ligature. 2. To gird, inwrap, or involve; to confine by a wrapper, cover, or bandage; sometimes with up; as, to bind up a wound. 3. To confine or restrain, as with a chain, fetters, or cord; as, bind him hand and foot. 4. To restrain in any manner. He bindeth the floods from overflowing. — Job xxviii. 5. To oblige by a promise, vow, stipulation, cove- nant, law, duty, or any other moral tie; to engage ; as, we are bound by the Jaws of kindness, of nature, of a state, &c. If a man shall swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond. — Numb, xxx. 6. To confirm or ratify. Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, shall be bound in heaven. Matt. xvi. 7. To distress, trouble, or confine, by infirmity. Whom Satan hath bound these eighteen years. — Luke xii. 8. To constrain by a powerful influence or per- suasion. I go bound in the spirit to Jerusalem. — Acts xx. 9. To restrain the natural discharges of the bow- els; to make costive ; as, certain kinds of food bind the body or bowels. 10. To form a border; to fasten with a band, or any thing that strengthens the edges; as, to bind a garment or carpet. 11. To cover with leather or any thing firm; to sew together and cover; as, to bind a book. 12. To cover or secure by a band; as, to bind a wheel with tire. 13. To oblige to serve, by contract; as, to bind an apprentice ; often with out; as, to bind owt a servant. 14. To make hard or firm; as, certain substances bind the earth The uses of this word are too various and numer- ous to be reduced to exact definitions. To bind to, is to contract ; as, to bind one’s self to a wife. To bind over, is to oblige by bond to appear at a court, BIND, v. 7. To contract; to grow hard or stiff; as, clay binds by heat. Mortimer. 2. To grow or become costive. 3. To be obligatory. BIND, 7. A stalk of hops, so called from its winding round a pole or tree, or being bound to it. 2. A bind of eels, is a quantity consisting of 10 strikes, each containing 25 eels, or 250 in the whole. Encyc. 3. Among miners, indurated clay, when much mixed with the oxyd of iron. Kirwan. 4. In music, a ligature or tie for the purpose of grouping notes together. Brande. BIND/ER, x. A person who binds; one whose occu- pation is to bind books ; also, one who binds sheaves. ‘ Sey thing that binds, as a fillet, cord, rope, or and. BIND/ER-Y, . A place where books are bound. BIND/ING, ppr. Fastening with a band ; confining ; restraining ; covering or wrapping; obliging by a promise or other moral tie; making costive; con- tracting; making hard or stiff. BIND/ING, a. That binds ; that obliges; obligatory ; as, the binding force of a moral duty or of a com- mand. BIND/ING, x. The act of fastening with a band, or obliging ; a bandage ; the cover of a book, with the sewing and accompanying work; any thing that binds ; something that secures the edge of cloth. 2, In the art of defense, a method of securing or crossing the adversary’s sword with a pressure, ac- companied with a spring of the wrist. Encyc. Binding joists, in architecture, are the joists of a floor into which the trimmers of staircases, or well-holes of the stairs and chimney-ways, are framed. Encyc. BIND/ING-LY, adv. So as to bind. BIND/ING-NESS, x. State of having force to bind. BIND/-WEED, n. A name common to different spe- cies of the genus Convolvulus ; as the white, the blue, the Syrian bind-weed, &c. The black Briony or Tamus is called black bind-weed; and the Smilax is called rough bind-weed. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. BI-NERV/ATE, a. [L. bis and nerva. Supported by only two nerves, as the wing of an insect. rande. BING, x. In alum works, a heap of alum thrown to- gether in order to drain. Encyc. BIN’NA-€LE, zn. [Formerly bittacle, supposed to be a corruption of Fr. Aabitacle; but more probably, boite @aiguille, needle-box. ] A wooden case or box in which the compass and lights are kept on board a ship. It is sometimes di- vided into three apartments, with sliding shutters ; the two sides contain each a compass, and the mid- dle division a lamp or candle. BIN/O-€LE, n. [L. binus, double, and oculus, an eye. | A dioptric telescope, fitted with two tubes joining, so as to enable a person to view an object with both eyes at once. Harris. BI-NO€/U-LAR, a. [See Binocre.] Having two eyes; also, having two apertures or tubes, so joined that one may use both eyes at once in viewing a dis- tant object; as, a binocular telescope. Encyc. BI-NO€/U-LATE, a. [L. bis and oculus.] Having two eyes. BI-NO/MLAL, a. [L. bis, twice, and nomen, name. ] In algebra, a root consisting of two members con- nected by the sign plus or minus ; as, a--b, or 7— 3. Encyce. BI-NOM/IN-OUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and nomen, name. ] Having two names. Johnson. BI-NOT’/O-NOUS, a. [bis and note.] Consisting of two notes ; as, a dinotonous Cry- Montague. BI-NOX/YD, x. [L. bis, twice, and ozyd.] In chem- istry, deutoxyd, which see. : BY-OC/EL-LATH, (bi-os/el-ate,) a, [L. bis and ocel- lus, a little eye.| In entomology, applied to a wing when dotted with two eye-like spots. BYI-OG/RA-PHER, 2x. (See BrocrarHy.] One who writes an account or history of the life and actions of a particular person ; a writer of lives, as Plutarch. BI-O-GRAPH'I€, a. Pertaining to biography, or Se AREAEOAT, | the history of the life of a person ; containing biography. BI-O-GRAPH/I€-AL-LY, adv. biography. BL_OG/RA-PHY, 2. write. ] . The history of the life and character of a particu- lar person. BY-OL/O-GY, 7. In the manner of a [Gr. Bros, life, and ypapa, to [Gr Bios and Aoyos.} : The science of life; aterm introduced by Trevi- ranus of Bremen, in place of physiology. Lazorence. BI-O-TY/NA, ) 7. [from Biot, a French ae Bi/O-TINE, A variety of Anorthite, (which see, found among the volcanic debris of Vesuvius. BIP/A-ROUS, a. [L. bis, twice, and pari, to bear. ] Bring forth two at a birth. ‘ BI-PART/1-BLE, a. [(L. bis, twice, and partio, to BIP/AR-TILE, divide. ] That may be divided into two parts. Martyn. BLPAR’TIENT, (-par’shent,) a. [L. dis, twice, and partio, partiens, to divide. ] BIP/AR-TITE, a. [L. bis, twice, and partitus, divided.] | 1. Having two correspondent parts, as a legal con- | tract or writing, one for each party. 2. In botany, divided into two parts to the base, as a leaf. Martyn. BYI-PAR-TI//TION, n. The act of dividing into two parts, or of making two correspondent parts. Jolson. BY-PE©’/TIN-ATE, a. [L. bis and pecten, a comb.] In botany, having two margins toothed like a comb. BI/PED, n. [L. bipes, of bis, twice, and pes, pedis, a foot.] An animal having two feet, as man. BIP/E-DAL, a. Having two feet, or the length of two feet. BYI-PEL’/TATE, a. [L. bis and pelta, a buckler.] Having a defense like a double shield. BI-PEN/’NATE, a. [L. dis and penna.] Having two wings. BI-PET/AL-OUS, a. [L. bis, and Gr. reradov.] In botany, having two flower leaves or petals. BI-PIN/NATE, BI-PIN/NA-TED, a In botany, having pinnate leaves on each side of the common petiole, as a leaf or frond. Martyn. BI-PIN-NAT’LFID, a. [L. bis, twice, pinna, a wing, or feather, and jindo, to divide.] In botany, doubly pinnatifid. A bipinnatifid leaf, is a pinnatifid leaf having its segments pinnatifid. BI-PO’/LAR, a. Doubly polar. Coleridge. BI-PUN€T’U-AL, a. Having two points. BI-PU/PIL-LATE, a. [L. bis and pupilla, a pupil.) In entomology, having an eye-like spot on the wing, with two dots or pupils within it of a different color, as in some butterflies. BI-QUAD/RATE, nz. squared. } In mathematics, the fourth power, arising from the multiplication of a square number or quantity by itself. Thus 4% 4=16, which is the square of 4, and 16 16 = 256, the biquadrate of that number. BI-QUAD-RAT'I€, n. The same as BIQuaDRATE. Encye. BI-QUAD-RAT'I€, a. Pertaining to the biquadratic or fourth power. Bigquadratic equation, in algebra, is an equation of the fourth degree, or one in which the unknown quantity is raised to the fourth power. Biquadratic parabola, in geometry, is a curve line of the third order, having two infinite legs tending the same way. Biquadratic root of a number, is the square root of the square root of that number. Thus the square root of 8l1is 9, and the square root of 9 is 3, which is the biquadratic root of 81. Enciye. BI-QUIN/TILE, n. [L. bis, twice, and quintus, fifth. ] An aspect of the planets, when they are distant from each other, by twice the fifth part of a great cir- cle, that is, 144 degrees, or twice 72 degrees. BLRA'DLATE, )a. [L. bis, twice, and radiatus, BLRA/DI-A-TED, set with rays.] Having two rays ; as, a biradiate fin. Encyc. BIRCH, (burch,) n. [Sax. birce; D. berken, or berke- boom; G. birke ; Dan. ae A name common to different species of trees, of the genus Betula; as, the white or common birch, the dwarf birch, the Canada birch, of which there are several varieties, and the common black birch. The smaller branches of the common European birch, (B. alba,) being tough and slender, were formerly much used for rods, especially in schools. Birch of Jamaica ; a species of the Pistacia or tur- pentine-tree. Fam. of Plants. BIRCH, a. Made of birch; consisting of birch. BIRCH’EN, BIRCH/-WINE, n. Wine made of the vernal juice of the birch. BIRD, (burd,) n. [Sax. bird, or bridd, a chicken ; from the root of bear, or W. bridaw, to break forth.] 1. Properly, a chicken; the young of fowls ; and hence a small fowl. 2. In modern use, any fowl or flying animal. Tech- nically, any individual belonging to a class of warm- blooded vertebrate aninils, (Aves,) characterized by oviparous generation, a covering of feathers, a beak, the posterior extremities organized as feet, and the anterior extremities as wings, generally formed for flight. It is remarkable that a nation should lay aside the use of the proper generic name of flying animals, fowl, Sax. fugel, D. vogel, the flyer, and substitute the name of the young of those animals, as the generic term. The fact is precisely what it would be to make lamb the generic name of sheep, Or colt that of the equine genus. BIRD, v. 7% To catch birds. Shak. BIRD-OF-PAR/A-DISE, n. A name common to a genus of birds (Paradisea) found in the Oriental Isles, and in New Guinea, some of them remarkably beauti- ful. The beak is covered with a belt or collar of downy feathers at the base, and the feathers on the sides are very long. The largest species 1s two feet fourinches in length. The head and back part of the neck of this species are lemon-colored ; the neck of [L. bipinnatus.] [L. bis, twice, and quadratus, Dividing into two parts. Ash. the brightest emerald green, soft like velvet; the TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/'GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 123 REESE 725 ne | oe + ERT — jection 207 ere r % sag Sop Shee sa ord ey ET a ee lie aPoe aaa BIR BIS ail BIS | breast is black ; the wings of a chestnut color. The back part of the body is covered with long, straight, narrow feathers, of a pale brown color, similar to the plumes of the ostrich. These are spread when the bird flies, for which reason it can keep very long on the wing. From the rump proceed two long, stiff shafts, feathered at the extremities. Encyc. BIRD/-BOLT, n. [bird and bolt.] An arrow, broad at the end, for shooting birds. Shak, BIRD/-€AGE, n. [bird and cage.] A box or case with wires, all auicks, or wicker, forming open ork, for keeping birds. : BYRD!-CALL, [bird and call.] A little stick, cleft at one end, in which is put a leaf of some plant for imitating the cry of birds. A laurel leaf counter- feits the voice of lapwings; a leek, that of nightin- gales, &c. : Eneyc. BIRD/-CATCH-ER, n. [bird and catch.] One whose employment is to catch birds ; a fowler. BIRD/-CATCH-ING, n. eee and catch.] The art of taking birds or wild fowls, either for food, for pleas- ure, or for their destruction, when pernicious to the husbandman. BIRD/-CHER-RY, n. [bird and cherry.] A tree, a species of Prunus, (P. padus.) There are other species called by the same name. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. BIRD/ER, x. A bird-catcher. BIRD-EY-ED, (burd/ide,) a. ing a glance as one goes. ; BIRD'-FAN-CI-ER, n, One who takes pleasure in rearing birds. 2. One who keeps for sale the various kinds of birds which are kept in cages. ; BIRD'ING-PIECE, n. [bird and picce.] A fowling- lece. Shak. BIRD/-LIKE, a. Resembling a bird. BIRD!-LIME,n. [birdand lime.) A viscous substance, usually made of the juice of holly-bark, extracted by boiling, mixed with a third part of nut oil or thin grease, used to catch birds. For this purpose, the twigs of a bush are smeared over with this viscid Quick-sighted ; catch- substance. ; 5 Encye. BIRD!-LIM-ED, a. Smeared with bird-lime ; spread to snare, Howell. BIRD/-MAN, n. catclier. BIRD/-OR-GAN, n. A small barrel organ, used in teaching birds to sing. BIRD’-PEP-PER, n. [bird and Baer) A species of Capsicum or Guinea pepper ; a shrubby plant, bear- ing a small, oval fruit, more biting than the other sorts. Encyc. BIRDS/-EVE, a. [bird and Eve] Seen from above, as if bya flying bird ; embraced at a glance ; hence, general ; not minute, or entering into details ; as, a bird’s-eye view of a subject. Burke. BIRDS/EYE, n. [bird and eye.]| The popular name [bird and man.] A fowler or bird- of a genus of plants, called also Pheasant?s eye, known | BI‘SA, ) n. A coin of Pegu, of the value of half a Ip botany by the generic term Adonis. There are B/ZA, ducat ; also, a weight. Encyc. Several species, some of which produce beautiful owers. Encyc. BIRTH, ) 7. BERTH, BIRTH'DAY, n. BIRTH’DOM, n. BIRTH/ING, x. BIRTH’LESS, a. BIRTH'NIGAT, (burth’/nite,) n. [birth and night. | BIRTH/PLACE, n. BIRTH’RIGHT, (burth’rite,) n. BIRTH’-SONG, n. BIRTH’-STRAN/GLED, a. BIRTH/WORT, (burth/wurt,) 7. BIS, in music, denotes repetition of a passage. BIS/€O-TIN, n. [Fr.] BIRTH, (burth,) n. [Sax. byrd, beorth; D. geboorte ; Ger. geburt; Ir. beirthe, from bear ; perhaps L. partus, from pario.] 1. The act of coming into life, or of being born. Except in poetry, it is generally applied to human beings ; as, the birth of a son. 2. Lineage; extraction; descent; as, Grecian birth. Denham. It is used of high or low extraction ; but is often used by way of distinction for a descent from noble or honorable parents and ancestors ; aS, a man of birth. 3. The condition in which a person is born. A foe by birth to Troy. Dryden, 4. That which is born; that which is produced, whether animal or vegetable. Milton, Addison. 9. The act of bringing forth; as, she had two children at a dirth. 6. In a theological sense, regeneration is called the new birth. 7. Origin ; beginning; as, the dirth of an empire. A station in which a ship rides. [See Bertu. [birth and day.] The day in which any person is born. 2. The same day of the month, in which a person Was born, in every succeeding year ; often celebrated as a joyful anniversary. It sometimes has the form of an attribute ; as, a birth-day ode. [birthand dom. See Dom and Doom.] Privilege of birth. [Wot use| Shak. Any thing added to raise the sides of a ship. Ash. Bailey. Destitute of birth. The night in which a person is born: and the anni- versary of that night in succeeding years. (birth and place.}] The town, city, or country, where a person is bom; more gen- erally, the particular town, city, or other local district. [birth and right. Any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by birth, such as an estate descendible by law to an heir, or civil liberty under a free constitution. Esau, for a morsel, sold his birthright. — Heb. xii. It may be used in the sense of primogeuiture, or the privilege of the first born, but is applicable to any right which results from descent. A song sung at the birth of a person. [birth and strangle.] Strangled or suffocated in being born. Shak. [birth and wort. | A genus of plants, Aristolochia, of many species, Encyc. been corrupted into Saxon biscop, bisceop, Sw. and | Dan. biskop, D. bisschop, Ger. bischof, It. vescovo, Fr. evéque, Sp. obispo, Port. bispo, W. esgob, and Ir. easob. OG In Ar. and Pers. cea) oskof. This title the Athe- nians gave to those whom they sent into the proy- inces subject to them, to inspect the state of affairs ; and the Romans gave the title to those who were inspectors of provisions. } 1. An overseer ; a spiritual Superintendent, ruler, or director ; applied to Christ. Ye were as sheep going astray, but are now returned to the shepherd and bishop of your souls. —I Pet. ij. 2. In the primitive church, a spiritual overseer ; an elder or presbyter; one who had the pastoral care of a church. The same persons are in this chapter called elders or presbyters, and overseers or bishops. colt, Com. Acts xx. Till the churches were multiplied, the bishops and pre sbyters were the same, b. Phil. i. 1. 1 Tim, iii. 1, Pit. Leta Both the Greek and Latin fathers do, with one consent, declare that bishops were cailed presbyters, and presbyters bishops, in apostolic times, the name being then common. Whitby. 3. In the Greek, Latin, and some Protestant churches, a prelate, or person consecrated for the Spiritual government and direction of a diocese. In Great Britain, bishops are nominated by the king, who, upon request of the dean and chapter for leave to elect a bishop, sends a congé d’élire, or license to elect, with a letter missive, nominating the person whom he would have chosen. The elec- tion, by the chapter, must be made within twelve days, or the king has a right to appoint whom he pleases. Bishops are consecrated by an archbishop, with two assistant bishops. A bishop must be thirty years of age; and all bishops, except the bishop of Man, are peers of the realm. Blackstone. By the canons of the Protestant Episcopal church in the United States, no diocese or state sball pro- ceed to the election of a bishop, unless there are at least six officiating presbyters residing therein, who shall be qualified, according to the canons, to vote for a bishop; a majority of whom, at least, must con- cur in the election. But the conventions of two or more dioceses, or states, having together nine or more such presbyters, may join in the election of a bishop. A convention is composed of the clergy, and a lay delegation, consisting of one or more mcm In every state, the bishop is bers from each parish. to be chosen according to such rules as the conven- tion of that state shall ordain. The mode of election in most or all of the states, is by a concurrent vote of the clergy and laity, in convention, each body voting separately. Before a bishop can be consecrated, he must receive a testimonial of approbation from the general convention of the church ; or, if that is not in session, from a majority of the standing committee A confection, made of flour, in the several dioceses. The mode of consecrating bishops and ordaining priests and deacons, differs (a BIRDS/EVE-MA/PLE, n. A kind of maple having Spots like the eye of a bird, used in cabinet work. BIRDS/FOOT, n. [bird and foot.) A plant, the Or- nithopus, whose Jegumen is articulated, cylindrical, and bent in the form of a bow. Encyc. BIRDS’FOOT-TRE/ FOIL, m. A genus of plants, the Lotus, of several species. Encyc. BIRDS/-MOUTH, n. In architecture, an interior an- gle or notch cut across a piece of timber, for its re- ception on the edge of another, as that on a rafter to be laid on a plate, BIRDS/NEST, 7. [bird and nest.| The nest in which a bird lays eggs and hatches her young. 2. A plant, a species of Ophrys or twyblade ; also, a species of Orchis. Encyc. 3. In cookery, the nest of a small swallow, of China and the neighboring countries, delicately tasted, and mixed with soups. This nest is found in the rocks ; it is of a hemispherical figure, of the size of a goose egg, and im substance resembles isinglass. In the Bast, these nests are esteemed a great luxury, and sell at a very high price. Enciyc. Bis LARES and BIRDS’/TONGUE 3 lames of plants. BIRD/-WIT-TED, a. Plighty ; passing rapidly from one subject to another ; not having the faculty of at- tention. Bacon. BI/REME, n. [L. biremis, bis and remus, aN oar. A vessel with two banks or tiers of Oars. Mitford, BIRG’AN-DER, xn. The name of a wild goose. Qu. Ber gander. BI-RHOM-BOID/AL, a. [dis and rhomboid.| Having a surface composed of twelve rhombic faces, which, being taken six and six, and prolonged in idea till they intercept each other, would form two different thombs. Cleaveland. BINK’EN, v.t. [from Birch ; Sax. birce, byrc.] To beat with a birch or rod. [ Obs. Ch. Relig. Appeal. PL-ROS/TRATE, a. 0 . bis, twice, and rostrum, BI-ROS'/TRA-TED, a beak. Having a double eak, or process resembling a beak. The capsule is bilocwar and birostrated, Encyc. BIRT, (burt,)n. A fish, called also turbot. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M etiihe 124 sugar, marmalade, and eggs. BIS/CUIT, (bis/kit,) n. [F'r., compounded of L. bis, twice, and cuit, baked; It. biscotto : Sp. bizcocho. 1. A kind of bread, formed into cakes, and baked hard for seamen. 2. A cake, variously made, for the use of private families. The name, in England, is given to a com- position of flour, eggs, and sugar. With us the name is given to a composition of flour and butter, made and baked in private families. But the com- positions under this denomination are very various. 3. Earthen ware or porcelain which has undér- gone the first baking, before it is subjected to the process of glazing. 4. In sculpture, a species of unglazed porcelain, in which groups and figures are formed in miniature, : ‘ Brande. BI-SE€T”, v. t. [L. bis, twice, and S€co, sectum, to cut. See Section. ] _ To cut or divide into two parts. In geometry, one line bisects another when it crosses it, leaving an equal part of the line on each side of the point where it is crossed, BI-SE€T’ED, pp. Divided into two equal parts. BI-SE€T/ING, ppr. Dividing into two equal parts. BI-SE€/TION, n. The act of cutting into two equal parts ; the division of any line or quantity into two equal parts. BI-SEG/MENT, n. [dis and segment.] One of the parts of a line, divided into two equal parts. BIL-SE/RLATE, a. Existing in two series. BI-SE’/TOSE, BLSE/TOUS, a [L. setosus.] Having two bristles, BI-SEX’/OUS, a. Consisting of both sexes. Brown. BI-SEX’U-AL, a. In botany, heing of both sexes, asa flower containing both stamens and pistils within the same envelop, BISH/OP, x. (L. episcopus; Gr. emiakomos, Of emt, over, and cxozos, inspector, or Visitor; cxorew, to view or inspect ; whence, Ettokerropuat, to visit or inspect ; also, emtoxonéw, to View. This Greek and Latin word accompanied the introduction of Chris- not essentially from the practice in England. Bishop Brownell. BISH/OP, n. A cant word for a mixture of wine, oranges, and sugar. Swift. 2. A part of a lady’s dress. BISH/OP, v. t. To confirm; to admit solemnly into the church, Johnson. 2. Among horse-dealers, to use arts to make an old horse look like a young one, or to give a good ap- pearance to a bad horse, Ash. Enicyc. BISH/OP-DOM, x. Jurisdiction of a bishop. BISH’OP-ED, (bish/opt,) pp. Confirmed. BISH/OP-ING, ppr. Confirming. BISH/OP-LIKE, a. Resembling a bishop; belonging to a bishop. ulke. BISH/OP-LY, adv. In the manner of a bishop. Hooker. BISH’OP-RIE€, n. ee and ric, jurisdiction. ] 1. A diocese ; the district over which the juris- diction of a bishop extends. In England are twen- ty-four bishoprics, besides that of Sodor and Man ; in Ireland, eighteen, 2. The charge of instructing and goveming in spiritual concerns ; office. Acts i, 20. BISH’/OPS-WEED, n. [bishop and weed.} A name common to different species of plants of the genus Ammi. BISH’/OPS-WORT; (-wurt,) x. A plant. BISK,n. [Fr. bisque.] Soup or broth, made by boil- ing Several sorts of flesh together. Kine, BISK/ET, xn. A biscuit. This orthography is adopted by many respectable writers. BIS’/MUTH, n. [G. wissmuth.] A metal of a yellow- ish or reddish white color, and a lamellar texture. It is somewhat harder than lead, and scarcely, if at all, malleable, being so brittle as to break easily un- der the hammer, and it is reducible to powder. Its internal face or fracture exhibits Jarge shining plates, variously disposed. It melts at 476° Fahr., and may be fused in the flame of a candle. It is often found In a native state, crystallized in rhombs or octahe- drons, or in the form of dendrites, or thin lamine sn- tianity into the west and north of Europe, and has ETE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD, vesting the ores of other metals, particularly cobalt. Nicholson. Eacye, —NOTE, DOVE, M6VE, WOLF, BOOK. —rc BIT Consisting of bismuth, or con- Cleaveland. BIS’/MUTH-AL, a. taming it. BIS’/MUTH-I€, a. Pertaining to bismuth. BIS'/MUTH-INE, x. A rare mineral, composed of bis- muth and sulphur ; a native sulphuret of bismuth. BIS‘MUTH-0O'€HER, jn. A native oxyd of bismuth, BIS’/MUTH-O’€HRE, § sometimes containingasmall portion of carbonic acid. BI/SON, n. A quadruped of the bovine genus, usually but improperly called the buffalo. The proper buffalo is a distinct species, peculiar to the warmer climates of the eastern continent. The bison is a wild animal, with short, black, rounded horns, with a great interval between their bases. On the sHoul- ders is a large hunch, consisting of a fleshy sub- stance. ‘The head and hunch are covered with a long, undulated fleece, of a rust color, divided into Jocks.. In winter, the whole body is covered in this manner; but in summer, the hind part of the body is naked and wrinkled. The tail is about a foot long, naked, except a tuft of hairs at the end. The fore parts of the body are very thick and strong; the hind parts are slender and weak. ‘These animals in- habit the interior parts of North America, and some of the mountainous parts of Europe and Asia. Pennant. Pennant alleges that the bison of America is the Same species of animal as the bison and aurochs of Europe, the bonasus of Aristotle, the wrus of Cesar, the bos ferus or wild ox of Strabo, the bison of Pliny, and the biston of Oppian. BIS-SEX’/TILE, n. [L. disseztilis, leap year, from bis- sextus, (bis and sextus,) the sixth of the calends of March, or twenty-fourth day of February, which was reckoned twice every fourth year, by the inter- calation ofa day. Ainszorth.] Leap year; every fourth year, in which a day is added to the month of February, on account of the excess of 6 hours, which the civil year contains, above 365 days. This excess is 11 minutes 3 sec- onds too much; that is, it exceeds the real year, or annual revolution of the earth. Hence, at the end of every century, divisible by 4, it is necessary to re- tain the bissextile day, and to suppress it at the end of those centuries which are not divisible by 4. Encyc. Pertaining to the leap year. [Sax. bisen.] Blind. [JVot used.] Shak. [Fr. bistre, from bis, brown. ] BIS-SEX/TILE, a. BIS‘SON, a. BIS/TER, ? BIS/TRE, § ™ Am ng painters, a dark-brown pigment extracted from the soot of wood. To prepare it, soot [that of beachis the hest] is put into water, in the proportion of two pounds to a gallon, and boiled half an hour; after standing to settle, and while hot, the clearer part of the fluid must be poured off from the sedi- ment, and evaporated to dryness; the remainder is bister. Encyc. BISTIP/U-LED, a. Having two stipules. BIS/TORT, n. [L. bistorta, bis and tortus, twisted.] A plant, a species of Polygonum ; in popular lan- guage, called snake-weed. BIS'/TOU-RY, (bis/tu-ry,) n [Fr. bistowri, from Pistoia, a city. A surgical instrument for making incisions. It is either straight and fixed in a handle like a knife, or its blade turns like a lancet, or it is crooked, with the sharp edge on the inside. Encyc. BI-SUL/€ATE, a. Two-furrowed. 2. In zoology, cloven-footed, or with two hoofed digits. BI-SUL/€OUS, a. [L. bisuleus, of bis and sulcus, a furrow.] Cloven-footed, as swine or oxen. Brown. BI-SUL/PHU-RET, n. [L. bint and sulphuret.] In chemistry, a sulphuret with two atoms of sulphur, as the electro-negative ingredient. An incorrect term fur deuto-sulphuret. BIT, x. [Sax. bitol, gebete, gebetel, a bit; betan, to bit or curb.] The iron part of a bridle which is in- serted in the mouth of a horse, and its appendages, to which the reins are fastened. It includes the bit mouth, the branches, the curb, the sevel holes, the tranchefil, and cross chains. Bits are of various kinds, as the musrole, snaffle, or watering bit ; the canon mouth, jointed in the middle; the canon or fast mouth, all of a piece, kneed in the middle; the scatch-mouth ; the masticador, or slavering bit, &c. Johnson. Encye. BIT, v. t. To put a bridle upon a horse ; tu put the bit in the mouth. BIT, pret. and pp. of Bits. tecth. BIT, ». ([Sax. bita, a bite or mouthful; bditan, to bite; D. bit; G. biss.] A small piece ; a mouthful, or mor- sel; a bite. 2. A small piece of any substance. 3. A small coin of the West Indies, ahalf pistareen, about ten cents, or five pence sterling. 4. A small instrument for boring. This word is used, like jot and whit, to express the smallest degree ; as, he is not a bit wiser or better. BITCH, n. [Sax. bicca, bicce, bice; Dan. bikke. Qu. Ger. betze ; Basque, potzoa. This word probably sig- nifies a female, for the French biche is a hind.) Seized or wounded by the BIT 1. The female of the canine kind, as of the dog, wolf, and fox. 2. A name of reproach for a woman. Pope. BITE, v. t.; pret. Bir; pp. Brit, Birren. Sw. dita; Dan. bide; Ger. beissen, to bite. 1. To break or crush with the teeth, as in eating ; to pierce with the teeth, as a serpent; to seize with the teeth, as a dog. 2. To pinch or pain, as with cold; as, a biting north wind ; the frost bites. 3. To reproach with sarcasm ; to treat with sever- ity by words or writing ; as, one poet praises, another bites. 4. To pierce, cut, or wound ; as, a biting falchion. hak. 5. To make to smart; as, acids bite the mouth. 6. To cheat; to trick. The rogue was bit. [Not elegant, but common. ] 7. To enter the ground and hold fast, as the bill and palm of an anchor. Mar. Dict. 8. To injure by angry contention. If ve bite and devour one another, — Gal. v. To bite the thumb at a person, was formerly a mark of contempt, designed to provoke a quarrel; as, in Shakspeare, ‘* Do you bite your thumb at us ?”? BITE, x. The seizure of any thing by the teeth of an animal, as the bite of a dog; or with the mouth, as 2. The wound made by the teeth. {of a fish. 3. A morsel ; as much as is taken at once by bdit- img ; a mouthful. 4. A cheat; a trick; a fraud. 5. A sharper; one who cheats. BIT’/ER, x. One who bites ; that which bites; a fish apt to take bait. 2. One who cheats or defrauds. BI-TERN/ATH, a. [L. bis and ternus, three. In botany, doubly ternate, as when a petiole has three ternate leaflets. Martyn. BIT/ING, n. Act of biting. BIT/ING, ppr. Seizing, wounding, or crushing with the teeth; pinching, paining, causing to smart with cold ; reproaching with severity, or treating sarcasti- cally ; cheating. BIT/ING, a. Sharp; severe; sarcastic. BIT/ING-LY, adv. In a sarcastic or jeering manner. BIT’LESS, a. Not having a bit or bridle. Fanshaw. BIT/MOUTH, n. [bit and mouth.] The bit, or that part of a bridle which is put in a horse’s mouth. Bailey. Ash. Encyc. BIT’/TA-€LE, n. [Qu. Fr. boite @aiguille, needle-box. | The box for the compass on board a ship. [See BINNACLE,. | BIT’TED, pp. Having the bit put in the mouth. BIT’/TEN, (bit/tn,) pp. of Brre. Seized or wounded by the teeth; cheated. BIT/TER, a. [Sax. biter; Sw. D. Ger. and Dan. bitter, from bite. ] ]. Sharp or biting to the taste; acrid ; like worm- wood. 2. Sharp; cruel ; severe ; as, bitter enmity. Heb. i. 3. Sharp, as words ; reproachful ; sarcastic, 4, Sharp to the feeling; piercing; painful; that makes to smart; as, a bitter cold day, or a bitter blast. 5. Painful to the mind ; calamitous; poignant; as, 6. Afflicted; distressed. [a bitter fate. The Egyptians made their lives bitter, —Ex. i. 7. Hurtful; very sinful. It is an evil and bitfer thing. —Jer. ii. 8. Mournful ; distressing ; expressive of misery ; as, a bitter complaint or lamentation. Job xxii. Jer. Vi. XXX1. BIT/TER, nx. [See Brr- TERS. BIT TBR, nm. [See Bitrs.] In marine language, a turn of the cable which is round the bitts. Bitter-end; that part of a cable which is abaft the bjtts, and therefore within board, when the ship rides at anchor. Mar. Dict. BIT’ TER-GOURD, n. ra and gourd.| A plant, a species of Cucumis, called Colocynthis, Colocynth, Col- oquintada. The fruit is of the gourd kind, having a shell inclosing a bitter pulp, which is a very drastic purgative. It is brought from the Levant, and is the bitter apple of the shops. Encyc. BIT/TER-ISH, a. Somewhat bitter; bitter in a mod- erate degree. Goldsmith. BIT/TER-ISH-NESS, n. The quality of being moder- ately bitter. Encyc. BIT/TER-LY, adv. With a bitter taste. 2. In a severe manner; In a manner expressing poignant grief ; as, to weep bitterly. 3. In a manner severely reproachful ; sharply ; se- verely ; angrily ; as, to censure bitterly. BIT/TERN, 2. [D. butoor; Fr. buter ; Corn, klabitter.] A fowl of the Grallic order, the ardea stellaris, (Linn.,) a native of Europe. This fowl has tong legs and neck, and stalks among reeds and sedge, feeding upon fish. Ii makes a singular noise, called by Dryden bumping, and by Goldsmith booming. Arbuthnot. Sax. bitan; Pope. [4 low word. ] A substance that is bitter. Encye. BIV “|| BIT’TERN, x. [from bitter.] In salt works, the brine remaining after the salt is concreted. This, being laded off, and the salt taken out® of the pan, is re- turned, and, being again boiled, yields more salt. It is used in the preparation of Epsom salt, or the sul- phate of magnesia, and of Glauber’s salt, or the sul- phate of soda. Johnson. Encyc. 2. A very bitter compound of quassia, cocculus in- dicus, &c., used by fraudulent brewers in adultera- ting beer. Cooley. BIT’/TER-NESS, x. [from dztter.] A bitter taste ; or rather a quality in things which excites a biting, dis- agreeable sensation in the tongue. 2. In a figurative sense, extreme enmity, grudge, hatred ; or rather an excessive degree or implacable- ness of passions and emotions; as, the bitterness of anger. Eph. iv. 3. Sharpness ; severity of temper. 4. Keenness of reproach ; piquancy ; biting sarcasm. 5. Keen sorrow ; painful affliction ; vexation ; deep distress of mind. Hannah was in lilterness of soul. —1Sam.i. Job vii. In the gall of bitterness; in a state of extreme im- piety or enmity to God. Acts viil. Root of bitterness; a dangerous error, or schism, tending to draw persons to apostasy. Heb. xii. BIT/TERS, n. pl. A liquor in which bitter herbs or roots are steeped; generally a spirituous liquor, the bitter cause of intemperance, of disease, and of premature death ! In the materia medica, the term bitters is applied to such medicinal substances as are characterized’ by their bitterness. Cullen. The simple bitters are properly such as exert only a tonic power on the digestive organs. BIT’ TER-SALT, 7. Epsom salt ; sulphate of magnesia. BIT’/TER-SPAR, n. A sparry mineral, resembling calcareous spar, but consisting of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia. It is the crystallized va- riety of dolomite or magnesian limestone. Ure. BIT’TER-SWEET, n. [bitter and sweet.) A species of Solanum, a slender, climbing plant, whose root, when chewed, produces first a bitter, then a sweet taste. Encyce. BIT/TER-VETCH, n. [bitter and vetch.| A species of Ervum, or lentil, cultivated for fodder. Encyc. 2. A genus of plants, known by the generic name Orobus, remarkable for their beautiful papilionaceous flowers. The tubercles of one species are in great esteem among the Highlanders of Scotland, who chew them, when dry, to give a better relish to their liquors. BIT/TER-WORT, n. [bitter and zoort.] The plant called gentian, Gentiana, Which has a remarkably hitter taste. BIT’/TING ppr. Putting the bits in the mouth. BIT/TOUR or BIT’TOR, n. The bittern. Dryden. BITTS, x. pl. [from the same root as Jite.] A frame of two strong pieces of timber fixed per- pendicularly in the fore part of a ship, on which to fasten the cables. There are also top-sail sheet-bitts, paulLbitts, carrick-bitts, &c. Mar. Dict. BITT, v. t. To put round the bitts; as, to ditt the ca- ble, in order to fasten it or to slacken it out gradually, which is called veering away. Mar. Dict. BI-TUME’, x. Bitumen, so written for the sake of the rhyme. May. BI-TUM/ED, a. Smeared with bitumen. Shak. BLTU/MEN, n. [L.; Fr. bitume; Sp. betun; It. be- tume. This name is used to denote various inflammable substances, of a strong smell and of different consist- encies, which are found in the earth. There are several varieties, most of which evidently pass into each other, proceeding from naphtha, the most fluid, to petroleum, a viscid fluid, maltha, more or less co- hesive, elastic bitumen or mineral caoutchouc, and asphaltum, which is sometimes too hard to be scratched by the nail. Nicholson. Cleaveland. BLTU/MLNATEH, v. t. To impregnate with bitumen. BI-TU/MI-NA-TED, pp. or a. Impregnated with bitu- men. BI-TU-MI-NIF’ER-OUS, a. [bitumen and fero, to pro- duce. ] Producing bitumen. Kirwan. BI-TU-MIN-I-ZA’TION, x. The process of forming bitumen. Mantell. BI-TO/MIN-IZE, v. t. To form into or impregnate with bitumen. Tit. Mag. BLTU'MIN-IZ-ING, ppr. Forming bitumen. BI-TO/MI-NOUS, a. Having the qualities of bitumen ; compounded with bitumen; containing bitumen. Milton. Bituminous limestone is of a lamellar structure, sus ceptible of polish, of a brown or black color, and, when rubbed, emitting an unpleasant smell. That of Dalmatia is so charged with bitumen that it may be cut like soap, ees Bituminous shale; an argillaceous shale impregna- ted with bitumen, usually accompanying coal. Brande. BIVALVBE, x. [L. bis, twice, and valve, L. valva.) A molluscous animal, having a shelly covering, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; © as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Io “<5 aa el a it 4BLA BLA BLA consisting of two parts or valves, joined together by an elastic ligament at the cardo or hinge, or a shell consisting of two parts, which open and shut. Also, a pericarp in which the seed-case opens or splits into two parts or valves. Encyc. Brande. BI VALVE, a. Waving two shells or valves BI-VALV/U-LAR, which open and shut, as the BI-VALV/OUS, oyster, or two parts or valves which open at maturity, as the seed-vessels of certain plants. Martyn. BI-VAULT’ED, a. [L. bis, twice, and vaule Having two vaults or arches. arlow. BI-VEN/TRAL, a. [L. dis and venter, belly.] Having two bellies; as, a biventral muscle. Bailey. BIV/L-OUS, a. [L. bivius ; bis and via, way.] Having two ways, or leading two ways. Brown. BIV' OUAC, (biv'wak,) n. [Fr. This word is prob- ably composed of be and the Teutonic root of wake, watch; Sax. wacian, to wake, to watch; L. vigilo; G. wache, a guard ; wachen, to watch.] ; The guard or watch of a whole army, as in cases of great danger of surprise or attack; or an encamp- ment without tents or covering. BIV'OUAC, v. t. To watch or be on guard, as a whole army; to encamp during the night without tents or covering. {This word anglicized would be bewatch.] BIX’WORT, 7. A plant. BIZ/AN-TINE. See Byzantine. BI-ZARRE’, (be-zar',) a. [Fr.] Odd; fantastical; whimsical ; extravagant, BLAB, v. t. [W. Uavaru, to speak ; D. labbery, prattle ; Ir. clabaire, a babbler; labhraim, to speak ; Chaucer, labbe, a blabber. 1, To utter or tell in a thoughtless manner ; to pub- lish secrets or trifles without discretion. It implies, says Johnson, rather thoughtlessness than treachery, but may be used in either sense. ryden. 2. To tell or utter, in a good sense. Shak. BLAB, v.%. To tattle; to tell tales. Shak. BLAB,x. A babbler; a telltale; one who betrays se- crets, or tells things which ought to be kept secret. BLAB/BER, zx. A tattler; a telltale. BLAB’BING, ppr. Telling indiscreetly what ought to be concealed ; tattling. BLACK, a. [Sax. blac, and blec, black, pale, wan, livid ; blacian, blecan, to become pale, to turn white, to become black, to blacken; blac, ink; Sw. blek, pale, wan, livid ; bleck, ink; bleka, to insolate, to ex- pose to the sun, or to bleach; also to lighten, to flash; D. bleek, pale; bleeken, to bleach; G. bdleich, pale, wan, bleak ; bleichen, to bleach ; Dan. blek, ink ; bleeg, pale, wan, bleak, sallow ; blege, to bleach. It is remarkable that black, bleak, and bleach, are all radically one word. The primary sense seems to be, pale, wan, or sallow, from which has proceeded the present variety of significations. 1. Of the color of night; destitute of light; dark. 2. Darkened by clouds ; as, the heavens black with clouds. for writing, drawing lines, and various other pur- poses of instruction. | BLACK’—-BOOK, x. its officers, their ranks and privileges, wages crown, in money, grain, and cattle. Encyc. 2. Any book which treats of necromancy. account of the enormities practiced tion. Encyc. BLACK’-BROW-ED, a. [black and brow.] a black-browed gust. Driden. the Tamus. BLACK’-€ANK’ER, n. other crops, produced by a species of caterpillar. Farm. Encyc. ONCYC. BLACK’€AP, n. [black and cap.] tacilla atricapilla, or mock-niglitingale ; from its black crown. Itiscommon in Europe. Enciyc. Pennant. served up in a dish of boiled custard. Jfason. BLACK’-€AT-TLE, n. [black and cattle.] may be their color. [English.] Johnson. BLACK’-CHALK, (-chawk,) n. fingers when handled; a variety of argillaceous slate. Ure. BLACK!-€0AT, n. A common and familiar name for a clergyman, as red-coat is for a soldier. BLACK’€OCK, n. [black and cock.] A fowl, called Linneus. BLACK!/DAY, n. A day of gloom and disaster. Shak. BLACK’-DEATH, (blak/deth,) x. The black plague BLACK’DROP, 7. A liquid preparation of opium in vinegar. BLACK’-EA’/GLE, n. a name given to the eagle of Edwards, BLACK’-EARTH, (-erth,) x. color. BLACK’ED, (blakt,) pp. BLACK’EN, (blak/kn,) 1. To make biack. The importation of slaves, that has blackened half America. Franklin. eet and eagle.] In Scotland, *alco fulvus, the white-tailed Mold ; earth of a dark Woodward. Made black ; soiled. v.t. [Sax. blecan. See Buack.] 2. To make dark ; to darken; to cloud. 3. To soil. 4. To sully reputation; to make infamous; as, vice blackens the character. BLACK'EN, v.i. To grow black or dark. BLACK’EN-ED, pp. Made black. 3. Sullen ; having a cloudy look or countenance. Shak. 4. Atrociously wicked ; horrible; as, a black deed or crime. Dryden. 5. Dismal; mournful; calamitous. Shak. Black and blue ; the dark color of a bruise in the flesh, which is accompanied with a mixture of blue. BLACK, x. That which is destitute of light or white- ness ; the darkest color, or rather a destitution of all color; as, a cloth has a good black. 2. A negro; a person whose skin is black. 3. A black dress, or mourning ; as, to be clothed in black. BLACK, v. t. To make black; to blacken ; to soil. Boyle. BLACK!/-A€T, n. flack and act.] The English stat- ute 9 Geo. I., which makes it felony to appear armed in any park or warren, &c., or to hunt or steal deer, &c., with the face blacked or disguised. Blackstone. BLACK’-ART, 7. Conjuration. BLACK/A-MOOR, n. [black and moor, | black man. BLACK’/BALL, n. [black and ball.} A composition of tallow, &c. for blacking shoes. 2. A ball of black color, used as a negative in voting. BLACK’BALL, v. t. To reject or negative in choos- ing, by putting black balls into a ballot-box. BLACK’BAR, zn, [black and rs A plea obliging the plaintiff to assign the place o trespass. Ash. cea m. (Sax. blucherian; black and erry. The berry of the bramble; a popular name applied to different species or varieties of the genus Rubus, and their fruit. BLACK’BIRD, n. [black and bird.) In England, a Species of thrush, the Turdus Merula, a singing-bird with a fine note, but very loud. In America, this name is given to different birds, as to the Gracula quiscula, or crow blackbird, and to the Oriolus pheniceus, or red-winged blackbird, (Sturnus predatorius, Wilson.) BLACK’BOARD, n. A board used in schools, &c., A negro; a BLACK’EN-ER, n. He that blackens. BLACK’EN-ING, ppr. Making black; darkening. BLACK’ER, a. comp. More black. BLACK’/EST, a. superl. Most black. BLACK’-EY-ED, a. Having black eyes. Dryden. BLACK’-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a black face. Shak. BLACK’FISH, x. [black and fish.] In the United States, a fish caught on the rocky shores of New England ; the Tautog, (Labrus americanus.) Mass. Rep. 2. A small kind of whale, about twenty feet long. BLACK’FLUX, n. A mixture of carbonate of potash and charcoal, obtained by deflagrating tartar with half its weight of niter. Brande. BLACK’-FOR-EST, n. [black and forest.) A forest in Germany, in Swabia ; a part of the ancient Her- cynian forest. BLACK’FRI-AR, n. Blackfriars is a name given to the Dominican order, called also Predicants and Preaching friars ; in France, Jacobins. Encyc. « BLACK’/GUARD, n. [said to be of black and guard; but is it not a corruption of blackard, black-kind 2) One who uses abusive, scurrilous language, or treats others with foul abuse. BLACK/GUARD, v. t To revile in scurrilous lan- guage, Low. BLACK’GUARD, a. Scurrilous; abusive. BLACK’GUARD-ISM, n. The conduct or language of a blackeuard. BLACK’/-GUM,n. An American tree, of the genus Nyssa, growing south of Philadelphia. The wood is Solid, and not apt to split, and hence is used for naves or hubs, and in ship-building. Gardner. BLACK’/HEART-ED, a. Having a black or malig- nant heart. BLACK’ING, ppr. Making black. BLACK’ING, xn. A substance used for blacking shoes, variously made; any factitious matter for making @hings black. Encyc. Ash. pe SCM a. Somewhat black; moderately black or dark. BLACK'-JACK, n. A name given by miners to blend, a mineral called also false galena. It is an ore of [Slack and book.] The black- book of the Exchequer in England, is a book said to have been composed in 1175, by Gervais of Tilbury. It contains a description of the Court of Exchequer, Tanks » per- quisites, and jurisdiction, with the revenues of the Encyc. 3. A book compiled by order of the visitors of mon- asteries, under Henry VIII., containing a detailed in religious houses, to blacken them and to hasten their dissolu- Having black eyebrows ; gloomy ; dismal; threatening ; as ) 3 £ ; ) - > BLACK’-BRY/O-NY, n. [black and bryony.] A plant, A disease in tumips and A bird, the Mo- so called | BLACK’-MAIL, n. 2. In cookery, an-apple roasted till black, to be Cattle of | BLACK/-MON/DAY, n. the bovine genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows, whatever A mineral of a*blu- ish-black color, of a slaty texture, and soiling the BLACK’NESS, n. The quality of being also black-grouse and black-game, the Tetrao tetrix of BLACK’-PIG/MENT, n. BLACK/-ROD, n. BLACK!/-SEA, n. BLACK’-SHEEP, n. BLACK’/-SIL/VER, n. BLACK/’/SMITH, n. BLACK’-SNAKE, n. BLACK’STRAP, 2. BLACK’TAIL, n. BLACK’THORN, n. BLACK’TIN, 2x. BLACK/-VOM/IT, n. BLACK’-WADD, n. BLACK!/-WAL’NUT, x. BLACK’/WORK, BLAD!/-AP/PLE, n. BLAD/DER, n. zinc, in combination with iron and sulphur; sul- phuret of zinc. WVicholson. 2, A leathern cup of old times. BLACK’-LEAD, (-led,) n. A mineral ofa dark steel- gray color, and of a scaly texture, composed of car- bon, with a small portion of iron. This name, bluck- lead, is improper, as it contains no lead. It is called plumbago, and graphite, as it is used for pencils. BLACK’LEG, n. A term applied to notorious gam- blers and cheats, BLACK’-LEGS, n. In some parts of England, a dis- ease among Calves and sheep. It is a sort of jelly which settles in the legs, and sometimes in the neck. Enciyc. BLACK’-LET’TER, mn. A term applied to the old English or modern Gothic letter, in which the early English manuscripts were written, and the first Eng- lish books were printed. Brande. BLACK’-LET’TER, a, Written or printed in black- letter ; as, a black-letter manuscript or book. 2. Studoius of books in black-letter. *« Kemble a black-letter man |” BLACK’LY, adv. Boaden. Darkly ; atrociously. A certain rate of money, corn, cattle, or other thing, anciently paid, in the north of England, to certain men, who were allied to robbers, to be by them protected from pillage. Cowel. Encyc. 2. Black-rent, or rents paid in corn or flesh. Encyc. Easter Monday, in 34 Ed. IlI., which was misty, obscure, and so cold that men died on horseback, Stowe. BLACK’/-MONKS, n. pl. A denomination given to the Benedictines. Encyc. BLACK’-MOUFH-ED, a. Using foul or scurrilous language. é Kulingbeck. black ; black color; darkness; atrociousness or enormity in wick- edness, A very fine, light, carbona- ceous substance, or lamp-black ; prepared chiefly for the manufacture of printers’ ink. By a recent process, it is obtained by burning common coal-tar. Ure. BLACK’-PUD/DING, n. A kind of food made of blood and grain. Johnson, [black and rod.] In England, the usher belonging to the order of the garter; so called from the black rod which he carries. He is of the king’s chamber and usher of parliament. Covel. Black row grains; a species of iron stone or ore, found in the mines about Dudley in Staffordshire, England. Encye. [black and sea.] The Euxine Sea, on the eastern border of Europe. {black and sheep.] In Oriental history, the ensign or standard of a race of Turkmans in Armenia and Mesopotamia. Encyc. A mineral, called also Brittle sulver ore, consisting of silver, antimony, and sulphur. [black and smith.]} A smith who works in iron, and makes iron utensils ; more prop- erly, an iron-smith. A serpent of a black color; two species are found in America. They are of the genus Coluber, which is not poisonous. BLACK-STRAKES, in a ship, are a range of planks immediately above the wales in a ship’s side, covered with tar and lJamp-black. Encyc. A name of a liquor drank by the vulgar. [Slack and tail.] of perch, called also a ruff or pope. Johnson. [black and thorn.] A species of Prunus, called sloe. It grows ten or twelve fect high, very branchy, and armed with sharp, strong spines, and bearing small, round, black cherries. - It is much cultivated for hedges. Encyc. [black and tin.] Tin ore, when dressed, stamped, and washed, ready for melting. It is the ore comminuted by beating into a black powder, like fine sand. Encye. A fish, a kind BLACK’/—-TRESS-ED, (-trest,) a. Having black tresses. BLACK’-VIS-AG-ED, a. Having a dark visage or Marston. A copious vomiting of dark- colored matter, resembling coffee grounds; or the substance so discharged; one of the most fatal at- tendants of the yellow fever. black and wadd.] An ore of manganese, found in Derbyshire, England, and used as a drying ingredient in paints. It is remarkable for taking fire when mixed with linseed oil in a cer- tain proportion. Encyc. A well-known American tree, (Juglans nigra,) the wood of which is of a dark color, forming a beautiful material for cabinet work. appearance. BLACK’—-WASH, n. A lotion made by mingling calo- mel and lime-water. n. [black and work.] Iron wrought by blacksmiths ; so called in distinction from that wrought by whitesmiths. Encyc. In botany, the Cactus, or a spe- Fam. of Plants. [Sax. bledr, bledra, bledd>a, a blad- cies of it. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY —PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — 126BLA der, and bled, a puff of wind, also a goblet, fruit, the branch of a tree; W. pledren, a bladder; Sw. and Dan. blad, a page, a leaf, Eng. a blade; D. blad, a leaf, page, sheet, a board, a blade, a plate; G. blatt, a leaf; blatter, a blister, which is our bladder. The Germans express bladder by blase, D. blaas, which is our blaze. Hence we observe that the sense is taken from swelling, extending, dilating, blowing; Sax. blawan, to blow; W. blot, or bleth, a puff or blast ; W. pled, extension, from lléd, breadth; L. latus.] 1. A bag or sac in animals, which serves as the receptacle of some secreted fluid; as, the wrinary bladder, the gall bladder, &c. By way of eminence, the word, in common language, denotes the urinary bladder, either within the animal, or when taken out and inflated with air. Encyc. Johnson. 2. Any vesicle or blister, especially if filled with air, or a thin, watery liquor. 3. In botany, a distended membranaceous pericarp. Martyn. BLAD/DER-ED, a. Swelled like a bladder. Dryden. 2. Put up in bladders ; as, bladdered lard. BLAD/DER-AN’’GLING, 7. Fishing by means of a baited hook attached to an inflated bladder. BLAD/DER-NUT, n. [bladder and nut.] A genus of plants, with the generic name of Staphylea. They have three capsules, inflated and joined by a longi tudinal suture. Enciyc. 2. The African bladder-nut is the Royena. . 3. The laurel-leaved bladder-nut is a species of Ilex, holm, or holly. Fam. of Plants. BLAD/DER-SEN/NA, or bastard-senna; a genus of plants, called in botany Colutea. Fam. of Plants. The jointed-podded bladder-senna is the Coronilla. Fam. of Plants. BLAD/DER-Y, a. Resembling a bladder; containing bladders. BLADE, n. [Sax. bled, bled, a branch, fruit, herbs, goblet, a phial, the broad part or blade of an oar; Gr. T\arvs, broad. The radical sense is to shoot, extend, dilate. See BLappen. 1. Properly, the leaf, or flat part of the leaf, (igula,) of gramineous plants, though the term is often ap- plied to the spire. In this sense of leaf, the term is much used, m the maize which are used as fodder. 2. The cutting part of an instrument, ds the blade of a knife, or sword, so named from its length or breadth. Usually, it is made of iron or steel, but may be of any other metal, cast or wrought to an edge or point. Also, the broad part of an oar. 3. Lhe blade of the shoulder, snoulder-blade, or blade- bone, is the scapula, or scapular bone. It is the broad upper bone of the shoulder, so called from its resem- blance to a blade or leaf. 4. A brisk man; a bold, forward man ; a rake. BLADE, v. t. ‘To furnish with a blade. BLADE’/BONE, n. The scapula, or upper bone in the shoulder. BLAD/ED, pp. Waving a blade or blades. It may be used of blade in the sense of a leaf, a spire, or the cutting part of an instrument. 2. In mineralogy, composed of long and narrow plates like the blade of a knife. Cleaveland. BLADE/SMITH, x. A sword. cutler. BLAD/ING, ppr. Furnishing with a blade. BLAIN, n. [Sax. blegene; D. blein.] A pustule ; a botch ; a blister. In farriery, a bladder, growing on the root of the tongue, against the wind- pipe, which swells so as to stop the breath. Encyc. BLAM/A-BLE, a. [See Brame.] Faulty; culpable; reprehensible ; deserving of censure. Dryden. BLAM/A-BLE-NESS, x. Culpableness; fault; the state of being worthy of-censure. Whitlock. BLAM/A-BLY, adv. Culpably; in a manner deserv- ing of censure. BLAME, v. t. [Fr. blamer, for blasmer; It. biasmare, to blame ; biasmo, for blasmo, blame. The Greeks have the root of this word in (PAacdnpew, to blaspheme, and it seems to be of the same family as Fr. blesser, to injure, that is, to strike. See BremisH. But it is not clear that the noun ought not to be arranged before the verb.] 1. To censure; to express disapprobation of; to find fault with; opposed to praise or commend, and applicable most properly to persons, but applied also to things. I withstood him, because he was to be blamed. —Gal. ii. I must blame your conduct; or I must blame you for neglecting business. Legitimately, it can not be foliowed by of. 2. To bring reproach upon; to blemish; to injure. [See BLemisn. | She had blamed her noble blood, [Obs.] Spenser, BLAME, n. Censure; reprehension ; imputation of a fault; disapprobation; an expression of disapproba- tion for something deemed to be wrong. Let me beur the blame forever. —Gen. xliii. 2, Fault; crime; sin; that which is deserving of censure or disapprobation. bal we should be holy and without blame before him in love. — yph. i. Southern States of North America, for the leaves of BLA 3. Hurt; injury. And glancing down his shield, from blame him fairly blest. Spenser. The sense of this word, as used by Spenser, proves that it is a derivative from the root of blemish. To blame, in the phrase, He is to blame, signifies blamnable,to be blamed. This is a pure Saxon phrase. A like use of to is seen in to-day, to-night, and in together, a compound. Blame is not strictly a charge or accusation of a fault ; but it implies an opinion in the censuring par- ty, that the person censured is faulty. Blame is the act or expression of disapprobation for what is sup- posed to be wrong. BLAM’/ED, (blamd,) pp. Censured ; disapproved. eras a. Yaulty ; meriting blame; reprehen- sible. BLAME/FUL-LY, adv. Ina blameful manner. BLAME/FUL-NESS, n. State of being blameful. BLAME/LESS, a. Without fault; innocent; guilt- less ; not meriting censure. A bishop then must be Ulameless, —1 Tim. ii. Sometimes followed by of. We will be blameless of this thine oath. — Josh. il. BLAME/LESS-LY, adv. Innocently; without fault or crime. Hammond. 3LAME/’LESS-NESS, 2. Innocence; a state of being not worthy of censure. Hammond. BLAM/ER,x. One who blames, finds fault, or censures. BLAME’WOR-fHI-NESS, (-wur-the nes,) x. The quality of deserving censure. BLAME/WOR-FHY, a. [blame and worthy.] De- serving blame; censurable; culpable; reprehensible. Tartin. BLAM/ING, ppr. Censuring ; finding fault. BLANE/ARD, n. [Fr. blanc, white, and ard, kind. A kind of linen cloth manufactured in Normandy, so called because the thread is half blanched before it Is wove, Encyc. BLANCH, v. t. [Fr. blanchir; It. bianchire, the l sup- pressed as in blame; Sp. blanquear; Port. branquear, lUchanged intor; Eng. blank. See Buracn.] 1. To whiten; to take out the color, and make white ; to obliterate. Dryden. 2, To slur; to balk; to pass over; that is, to avoid; to make empty. [Obs.] Bacon. 3. To make white by stripping of the peel, as, to blanch almonds. Wiseman. 4. In gardening, to whiten by excluding the light, as the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up, or tying them together. Brande. BLANCH, v.i. Toevade; to shift ; tospeak softly. Jolinson. Rather, to fail or withhold ; to be reserved ; to re- main blank, or empty. Books will speak plain, when counselors blanch. Bacon. BLANCH’ED, (blincht,) pp. Whitened. BLANCH’ER, x. One who whitens; also, one who anneals and cleanses money. BLANCH-IM/E-TER, x. [blanch, and Gr, perpov, measure. | An instrument for measuring the bleaching power of oxymuriate [chlorid] of lime, and potash. Ore. BLANCH/ING, ppr. or a. Whitening; making white. BLANCH’ING, n. The actof whitening. In coinage, the operation of giving brightness to pieces of silver, by heating them on a peel, and afterward boiling them successively in two pans of copper, with aqua fortis, common salt, and tartar of Montpelier, then draining off the water in a sieve. Sand and fresh water are then thrown over them, and, when dry, they are rubbed with a towel. Encyc. The covering of iron plates with a thin coat of tin is also called blanching. Encyc. In gardening, the term blanching is applied to the process of whitening the stalks or leaves of plants, by earthing them up, or tying them together, so as to exclude the light, or diminish its intensity. Brande. Blanch ferm, or blank farm, in ancient law, a white farm, was one where the rent was paid in silver, not in cattle. Encyc. Blanch-holding ; in law,a tenure by which the ten- ant is bound to pay only an elusory yearly duty to his superior, as an acknowledgment to his right. Encyc. BLANCH/ING-LIQ/UOR, (-lik/or,) x. The solution of chlorid of lime for bleaching; called by workmen chemic. Porter. BLANC-MANGE!', )(blo-monje’,) x. [Fr. white BLANC-MAN!' GER, food. ] : In cookery, a preparation of dissolved isinglass, milk, sugar, cinnamon, &c., boiled into a thick con- sistence. Encyc. BLAND, a. [L. blandus; Fr. blond; G. linde, gelinde, mild, soft; Sw. lindra; G. lindern; D. linderen; Dan. lindre; to soften or mitigate; Dan. lind, soft, mild, gentle ; L. lenis, lentus; Ar. ,, } lana, to be mild, soft, gentle, placid, smooth, lenient. See EEE Mild; soft; gentle; as, bland words; bland zeph- yis. Milton. Thomson. BLA BLAND-A’TION, n._ Gross flattery. [JVot used.] BLAND-IL/O-QUENCE, n. [L. blandus, mild, and loguor, to speak. ] Fair, mild, flattering speech. BLAND/ISH, v. t. [L. blandior; It. blandire: Sp. blan- diar, blandir ; Old Eng. blandise.] haucer. To soften ; to caress; to flatter by kind words or affectionate actions. Milton. BLAND/ISH-ER, nx. One that flatters with soft words. BLAND/ISH-ING, ppr. Soothing or flattering with fair words. BLAND/ISH-ING, x. Blandishment. BLAND'ISH-MENT, zn. Soft words; kind speeches ; caresses; expression of kindness; words or actions expressive of affection or kindness, and tending to win the heart. Milton. Dryden. BLAND/NESS, x. State of being bland. Chalmers. BLANK, a. [Fr. blanc; It. bianco; Sp. blanco; D. and Ger. blank; Dan. blank, shining; Sw. blanck, white, shining ; blankia, to shine See Bieacu.] 1 Void; empty; consequently white; as, a blank papet. 2. White or pale; as, he Blank moon. Milton. 3. Pale from fear or terror; hence, confused ; con- founded ; dispirited ; dejected. Adam — astonished stood, and blank. Milton. 4. Without rhyme; as, blank verse, verse in which rhyme is wanting. 5. Pure; entire; complete. Beddoes. 6. Not containing balls or bullets; as, blank car- tridges. This word is applied to various other objects, usu- ally in the sense of destitution, emptiness; as, a blank line, a blank space, in a book, &c. BLANK, x. Any void space; a void space on paper, or in any Written instrument. 2. A lot by which nothing is gained; a ticket in a lottery which draws no prize. 3. A paper unwritten; a paper without marks or characters. - 4. A paper containing the substance of a legal in- strument, as a deed, release, writ, or execution, with vacant spaces left to be filled with names, date, de- scriptions, &c. 5. The point of a target to which an arrow is di- rected, marked with white paper. [Zittle used.] Shak. 6. Aim; shot. [Obs.] Shale. 7. Object to which any thing is directed. Shak. 8. A small copper coin formerly current in France, at the rate of 5 deniers Tournois. ‘There were also pieces of three blanks, and of six; but they are now become moneys of account. Encyc. 9. In coinage, a plate or piece of gold or silver, cut and shaped, but not stamped. Encye. Blank-bar ; in law, a common bar, or a plea in bar, which, in an action of trespass, is put in to oblige the plaintiff to assign the place where the trespass was committed. Encyc. Point-blank shot; in gunnery, the shot of a gun leveled horizontally. The distance between the piece and the point where the shot first touches the ground is called the point-blank range; the shot pro- ceeding on a straight line, without curving. Encyc. BLANK, v. t. To make void ; to annul. Spenser. 2. To deprive of color, the index of health and spirits ; to damp the spirits; to dispirit or confuse ; as, to blank the face of joy. Shak. Tillotson. BLANK-€AR/TRIDGE, n. A cartridge filled with powder, but having no ball. Booth. BLANK/ED, (blankt,) pp. Confused; dispirited. BLANK/ET, 2. [Ir. blanchet, the blanket of a printing- press. 1. A cover for a bed, made of coarse wool loosely Woven, and used for securing against cold. Blankets are used also by soldiers and seamen for covering. 2. A kind of pear, sometimes written, after the French, blanquet. é 3. Among printers, woolen cloth, or white baize, to lay between the tympans. Print. Guide. BLANK/ET,v.t. To toss in a blanket by way of pun- ishment; an ancient custom. ‘The emperor Otho used to sally forth in dark nights, and, if he found a drunken man, he administered the discipline of the blanket. Encyc. 2. To cover with a blanket. BLANK’ET-ING, ppv. Tossing in a blanket. BLANK’ET-ING, n. The punishment of tossing in a 2. Cloth for blankets. {blanket. BLANK’LY, adv. Ina blank manner; with paleness or confusion. BLANK'NESS, n. State of being blank. BLANK’-VERSBE, zn. Any verse without rhyme; ap- plied particularly to the heroic verse of five feet With- out rhyme. BLAN-QUETTE’, (blan-ket!,) n. [Fr.] In cookery, a white fricassee. Cooley. BLARE, v. 7. [Old Belgic blaren; Teut. blarren; Iu ploro, to cry out, to bawl, to weep 5, Ir. blor, or glor, & noise, or voice. The radical sense 1s to shoot or drive forth, or to spread. } ; 1. To roar; to bellow. [Little sete Johnson. 9; To sweal or melt away, asa candle, Bailey. This is, I believe, usually called flare. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 127 PEE Ig, ai ei eeeN eat eet eette i BLA BLE BLE BLARE, n. Roar; noise. [Little used.] And sigh for battle’s blare. Barlow. 2. A small copper coin of Bern, nearly gre same value as the batz. NCYC. BLAR/NEY, 2. Soon deceitful talk ; flattery. eiishe] BL: AS-PHEME’, v. t ar. Naognco. The first syl- lable is the same as in blame, blasme, denoting injury ; probably, Fr. blesser, to hurt, that is, to strike; L. ledo, lesus. Hence in Sp. blasfemable is blamable. The last syllable is the Gr. d7j1, to speak I. T’o speak of the Supreme Being i in terms of i Impi- ous irreverence; to revile or speak re proachfully of God, or the Holy Spirit. 1 Kings xxi. Mark ili 9. To speak evil of; to utter abuse or calumny against; to speak reproachfully of. Pope. BLAS-PHEME’, v.z. To utter blasphemy. He that shall blaspheme against the Holy Spirit shall not be for- given. — Mark i ill. 2. To arrogate the prerogatives of God. This man blasphemeti. Who can forgive sins but God ?— Matt. i ark ii BLAS-PHEM/ER, 7. One who blasphemes; one who speaks of God in impious and irreverent terms. LGim, i: BLAS-PHEM/ING, ppr. Uttering impious or reproach- ful words concerning God. BLAS/PHE-MOUS, a. Containing blasphemy ; calum- as ; impiously irreverent or reproachful toward od. Sidney. BL. \S/PHE- MOUS-LY, With impi- ous irreverence to God. BLAS/PHE-MY, n. An indignity offered to God by words or writing ; reproachful, contemptuous, or ir- reverent words uttered impiously against Jehovah. Blasphemy is an injury offered to God, by denying that which Is due and be longing to him, or attributing to him that which is not agreeable to his nature, Linwood. In the middle ages, blasphemy was used to denote simply the blaming or condemning of a person or thing. Among the Greeks, to blaspheme was to use words of ill omen, which they were careful to avoid. Encye. 2. That which derogates from the prerogatives of God. Mark il. BLAST, xn. [Sax. blest, a puff of wind, a blowing; Sw. blast; Dan. blest; Ger. blasen; D. blaazen ; Dan. blase ; Ger. blase, D. blaas, Sw. blasa, a bladder. Hence Eng. blaze, which is prim irily a blowing or swelling. Ice. bloes , to blow. Qu. Fr. blaser, to burn up, to consume. The prima- ry sense is to rush or drive; hence to strike.] A gust or puff of wind; or a sudden gust of wind. 2, The sound made by blowing a wind instrument. Shak. 3. Any pernicious or destructive influence upon animals or plants. 4. The infection of any thing pestilential ; a blight on pp leniss A sudden compression of air, attended with a Pach: caused by the discharge of cannon. S A fi itulent disease in sheep. A. forcible stream of air from the mouth, from ane: bellows, or the like. 8. A violent explosion of gunpowder, in splitting rocks, and fhe explosion of inflamm< ible air in a mune. - The whole blowing of a forge necessary to melt one .e supply of ore; a common use of the word among workmen in forges in America. BLAST, v. t. (Literally, to strike.] To make to withe t by some pernicious influence, as too much heat or moisture, or other destructive cause ; or to check growth and prevent from coming to maturity ang producing fruit; to blight, as trees or plants. To affect with s ome sudden violence, plague, fal umity, or destructive influence, which destroy 3 or causes to fail ; as, to blast pride or hopes. The figu- rative senses of this verb are taken from the blasting of plants, and all express the idea of che eking growth, preve nting maturity, impairing, injuring, destroying, or disappointing ‘of the intended effect ; as, to blast credit, or reputation ; to blast designs. 3. To confound, or strike with force, by a loud Bist or din. " Shak. 4. To split rocks by an explosion of gunpowder. They did not stop to blast this BLAST’ED, Pp- growth, adv. Impiously ; ° Sw. blasa, to blaw; whence ore. Forster's Kalm's Travels. Affected by some cause that checks injure S, impairs, destroys, or renders abor- tive ; split by ane xplosion of eunpowde r. BL AST! ER, 7m. He or that which blasts or destroys. BLAST /— FUR- NACE, nz. A furnace for sme lting ores, in which the supply of air is furnished by a very powerful bellows, or other pneumatic apparatus. Brande. BLASTING, ppr. Affecting by a blast; preventing from coming to maturity ; frustrating ; splitting by an explosion of gunpowder. : : BLAST’ING, n. A blast ; cause, destruction by a pernicious BLAZE, ?. 2. 9 BLAZ’ED, pp. or a. BLAZ/ER, BLAZ/ ING, ppr. BLAZ/ING, a BLAZ/ING BLA BLA’'ZON, BLA‘ZON-ED, BLA/ZON-ER, n BLA’ZON-ING, ppr. BL: A'Z, ON-RY, BLEA BLEA’/BER-RY, n. BLEACH, 2. The act of splitting by an explosion of gunpowder. ee 128 TUNE, BULL, UNITE.—AN’GER, VI//CIOUS. —€ as Kos Geass Ul BLAST/MENT, 7. Blast; sudden stroke of some destructive cause. [S Superseded by Brast and Brast- Shak. ING. ] BLAS-TO-€AR/POUS, Kapros, fruit. ] ee In botany, germinating [Gr. BdXacros, germ, and inside the pericarp, as the mangrove. Brande. BLAST/—PIPE, n. otherwise peach-colored. Encyc. BLOS/SOM, v.i. To put forth blossoms or flowers ; to bloom ; to blow; to flower. 2. To flourish and prosper. The desert shall blossom as the rose. —Is, xxxv. BLOS/SOM-ZD, (blos/sumd,) pret. of Blossom. BLOS’SOM-ING, ppr. Putting forth flowers; blowing. BLOS/SOM-ING, n. The blowing or flowering of BLOS/SOM-Y, a. Full of blossoms. [ plants. BLOT, v. t. [Goth. blauthjan ; Sw. plottra; Dan. plet, a spot, stain, blot; plette, to blot or stain; L. ltura, (whence lituro, oblitero,) without the prefix; and D. kladden, witha different one. } 1. To spot with ink; to stain or bespatter with ink ; as, to blot a paper. 2. To obliterate writing or letters with ink, so as to render the characters invisible, or not distin- guishable ; generally with out; as, to blot out a word or a sentence, 3. To efface; to erase; to cause to be unseen or forgotten ; to destroy ; as, to blot owt a crime, or the remembrance of any thing. 4. To stain with Infamy ; to tarmish; to disgrace ; to disfigure. Blot not thy innocence with guiltless blood. Rowe. 5. To darken. He sung how earth blots the moon’s gilded wane. Coroley. 6. In Scripture, to blot one owt of the book of life, is to reject him from the number of those who are to be saved. To blot owt a name, a person, or a nation,is to destroy the person or nation ; to exterminate or consume. To blot out sins, is to forgive them. Sins are compared to debts, which are recorded in God’s book of remembrance, and, when paid, are crossed or canceled. BLOT, x. A spot or stain on paper, usually applied to ink. 2. An obliteration of something written or printed. ryden. 3. A spot in reputation; astain; a disgrace; a re- proach ; a blemish. Shak. 4, Censure; scorm ; reproach. He that rebuketh the wicked getteth a blot. — Prov. ix, 5. In backgammon, when a single man lies open to be taken up. Johnson. BLOTCH, n. [Sax. blectha, a scab or leprous affec- tion. ] : A pustule upon the skin ; an eruption, usually of a large kind. BLOTCH, v. t. To blacken. A Harmar. BLOTE, v. t. [The affinities of this word are not clearly ascertained. In Sax. blotan is to sacrifice, in Goth. to serve or worship; in Arm. Dloda is to soften ; W. plyz, soft; plyzaw, to soften; Dan. blode, Sw. bléta, to soften. ] To dry and smoke; as, to blote herrings. BLOT’ED, pp. Smoked and dried. BLOT’TED, pp. Stained ; spotted; erased. BLOT’TER, x. In counting-houses, a waste book. BLOT’TING, ppr. Spotting with ink; obliterating ; staining. BLOT’TING, 2. obliterating. BLOT/TING-PA/PER, n. Akind of paper made with- out size, serving toimbibe wet ink, and thus prevent blots. The making of blots; staining or BLO By blotting. A light, loose garment xe BLOT’TING-LY, adv. BLOUSE, ) (blowz,) 7. BLOWSE,} sembling a frock coat. BLOW, 7. [This, probably, is a contracted word, and the primary sense must be, to strike, thrust, push, or throw, that is, to drive. I have not found it in the cognate dialects. If g or other palatal letter is lost, it corresponds in elements with the L. plara, Gr. mAnyn, L. fligo, Eng. flog. But blow, a stroke, is written like the verb to blow, the Latin flo, and bloz, to blossom. The letter lost 1s probably a dental, and the original was blod, or bloth, in which case the word has the elements of loud, laudo, claudo, lad, &c.} 1. The act of striking; more generally, the stroke ; a violent application of the hand, fist, or an instru- ment, to an object. 2. The fatal stroke; a stroke that kills; hence, death. 3. An act of hostility ; as, the nation which strikes the first blow. Hence, to come to blows, is to engage in combat, whetber by individuals, armies, fleets, or nations ; and when by nations, it is war. 4. A sudden calamity ; a sudden or severe evil. In like manner, plaga, in Latin, gives rise to the Eng. plague. 5. A single act; a sudden event; as, to gain or Jose a province at a blow, or by one blow. At a stroke is used in like manney. 6. An ovum or egg deposited by a fly on flesh or other substance, called a fly-blow. BLOW, v. 7.; pret. BLEw ; pp. Blown. ([Sax. blawen, blowan, to blow as wind ; blowan, to blossom or blow, as a flower; D. bloeyen, to blossom; G. blaken, to swell or inflate ; L. jio, toblow. This word, proba- bly, is from the same roof as bloom, blossom, blow, a flower; W. bloden. See Brossom.] 1. To make a current of air; to me¢%; as air; as, the wind blows. Often used with it; as, wz blows a gale. 2. To pant; to puff; to breathe hg d or quick. Here is Mrs. Page at the door, sweating 9 s (blowing. Shak. 3. To breathe ; as, to blow hot at; cold. DD Estrange. 4. To sound with being blown as a horn or trum- pet. Milton. 5. To flower ; to blossom ; te bloom ; as plants. Milton. To blow over ; to pass away without effect ; to cease or be dissipated ; as, the storm or the clouds are blown over. To blow up; to rise in the air; also, to be broken and scattered by the explosion of gunpowder. BLOW, v. t. To throw or drive a current of air upon ; as, to blow the fire ; also, to fan. 2. To drive by a current of air; to impel; as, the tempest blew the ship ashore. 3. To breathe upon, for the purpose of warming ; as, to blow the fingers in a cold day. Shak. 4, To sound a wind instrument; as, blew the trum- 5. To spread by report. [pet. And through the court his courtesy was blown. Dryden. 6. To deposit eggs, as flies. 7. Fo form bubbles by blowing. 8. To swell and inflate, as veal; a practice of butchers. 9. To form glass into a particular shape by the breath, as in glass manufactories. 10. To melt tin, after haying been roasted to get rid of the sulphur and arsenic. Cyc. 1l. To put out of breath; to cause to blow from fatigue ; as, to dlow a horse. Sir W. Scott. 0 blow away; to dissipate ; to scatter with wind. To blow down; to prostrate by wind. To blow off; to shake down by wind ; as, to blow off fruit from trees; to drive from Jand; as, to blow off a ship. To blow out ; to extinguish by a current of air; as a candle, To blow up; to fill with air; to swell; as, to blozo up a bladder or a bubble. 2. To inflate; to puff up; as, to blow up one with flattery. ! 3. To kindle ; as, to blow wp a contention. 4. To burst, to raise into the air, or to scatter, by the explosion of gunpowder. Figuratively, to scat- ter or bring to naught suddenly ; as, to blow up a scheme. To blow upon; to make stale; as, to blow won an author’s works. Addison. BLOW, x. A flower; a blossom. Halliwell’s Dict. This word is in general use in the United States, and legitimate. In the Tatler, it is used for blossoms in general, as we use blowth. oy ; 2. Among seamen, a gale of wind. This also is a legitimate word, in general use in the United States. BLOW'BALL, n. [blow and ball.] The downy head af the dandelion, formed by the pappas, after the blossom has fallen. 3. Jonson. BLOW’ER, zn. One who blows; one who is employed in melting tin. é ; 9, A plate of iron or tin used to increase the cur- rent of air in a chimney. : BLOW/-FLY, x. A species of dipterous insect, (Musca How blows the citron grove. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. — 131 F= BLU BLU BLU carnaria, Linn ,) very troublesome in summer, from its depositing i's eggs on flesh. Partington. BLOWING, ppr. Making a current of air; breathing quick ; sounding a Ww ind instrument ; inflating ; im- pelling by Wind; mei.ngtin. —_ BLOWING, z. The motion of wind, or act of blow- ing. BLOWN, pp. Driven b; wind; fanned; sounded by blowing ; spread by re ort; swelled ; inflated ; ex- panded, as a blossoin; out of breath; as, the horse was very much blown. Blown upon ; made common or stale ; as, a passage in an author not yet blown upon. Addison. BLOW/-PIPE, zn. [blow and pipe.) An instrument by which a blast or current of air is driven through the flame of a lamp or candle, and that flame directed upon a mineral substance, to fuse or vitrify it. Blow-pipe of the artis: ; a conical tube of brass, glass, or other substance, usually a quarter of an‘inch in diameter at one end, and capilary, or nearly so, at the other, where it is bent nearly to a rightangle. This is used to propel a jet of air from the lungs, through the flame of a lamp or candle, upon the substance to be fused Blow-pipe of the mineralogist ; the same instrament, substantially, as the foregoing, but usually fitted with an ivory or silyer mouth-piece, and with several movable jets, to produce flames of different sizes. Its office is to produce instantly a furnace heat, on mi- nute fragments of mineral substances, supported on charcoal, by platina forceps, &c. Compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, invented in 1801 ; an instrument in which oxygen and hydrogen, pro- pelled by hydrostatic dr other pressure, coming from separate reservoirs, in the proportions requisite to form water, are made to unite in a capillary orifice, at the moment when they are kindled. The heat produced, when the focus is formed on charcoal or any non-conducting substance, is such as to melt every thing but the diamond, to burn the metals, and to dissipate in vapor, or in gaseous forms, most known substances. The blow-pipe of Newman, Clarke, &c., is the compound blow-pipe of Dr. Hare, with some unim- portant modifications. Silliman. BLOW'-POINT, n. [blow and point.] A kind of play among children. Johnson. BLOWSE, x. A light, loose garment resembling a frock coat. BLOWTH, xn. _[Ir. blati, blaith, a flower or blossom ; D, blocizel ; Ger. blithe.) Bloom or blossom, or that which is expanded. It signifies bloom or blossoms in general, or the state of blossoming. ‘Thus we say, trees are now in their blowth, or they have a full blowth. Rich. Dict. BLOWZE, (blowz,) x. [from the same root as blush, which ee. J. A ruddy, fat-faced woman. Hall, 2. A cap. BLOWZ’/Y, a. Ruddy-faced; fat and ruddy ; high- colored. BLUB, v. t. To swell. [Wot in use.] |See Bres.] BLUB’/BER, 2. [See Brosper, Bios, and Bies. | 1. A blobber, or bubble. [4 common, vulgar word, but lecitimate.] 2. ‘The fat of whales and other large sea animals, of which is made train-oil. It lies immediately un- der the skin and over the muscular flesh. 3. Sea nettle, or sea blubber ; the medusa. Encyc. BLUB’BER, ». 7 To weep in such a manner as to Swell the cheeks. Johnson. If I mistake not, this word carries with it the idea of weeping, so as to slaver. BLUB/BER,v». t. Toswell the cheeks or disfigure the face with weeping. BLUB/BER-ED, pp. or a. blubbered lip. BLUB’/BER-ING, ppr. cheeks. BLUD/GEON, n. [Goth. blyggwan, to strike. ] A short stick, with one end loaded or thicker and heavier than the other, and used as an offensive weapon by low persons. BLUE, (blu,) a. (Sax. bleo, bleoh, bleow, color; D. blaaww ; Ger. blau; Dan. blaae; Sw. bla, blue ; Sw. bly, Dan. blye, Ger. bli, lead, so named from its color; Slay. plavu; Fr. blew; Corn. dlou. _ One of the seven colors, into which the rays of light divide themselves, when refracted through a glass prism. There are various shades of blue, as sky-blue or azure, Prussian blue, indigo blue, smalt blue, &c. Kirwan. Encyc. Prussian blue; a chemical compound of iron and cyanogen. Ore. The blues, (a contraction for blue devils 3) low spirits ; melancholy. ; _To look blue; to be confounded or terrified, Grose. BLOE, v. t. To make blue; to dye of a blue color; to make blue by heating, as metals, &c. BLUE/-BIRD, n. olay and bird.} A small bird, very common in the United States; the Motacilla Slalis, Linn., (Sitvia sialis, Wilson’s Ornith. ; sialia Wil- sonu, Mass. Rep.) The upper part of the body is Swelled ; big ; turgid; as, a Weeping so as to sweil the blue, and the throut and breast of a dirty red. It makes its nest in the hole of a tree. BLUE/-BON-NET, n. [blue and bonnet.] A plant, a species of Centaurea. Fam. of Plants. BLUE’-BOOK, n. A book containing the names of all the persons in the employment of the U.S. government. BLUE/-BOT’TLE, x. [blue and bottle.] A plant, the Centaurea Cyanus, which grows among corn. This and the former plant receive their names from their blue bottle-shaped 4owers. 2. A fly with a large blue belly. Johnson. BLUE/BREAST, (b.ii/brest,) 7, A small species of European bird, called also Blue-throated warbler, (Sylvia Suecica, Latham.) BLUE/-€AP, n. [blue and cap.] A fish of the sal- mon kind, with blue spots on its head. Dict. of Nat, Hist. 2. A species of small bird, called also blue-titmouse, or tomtit, the Parses cw@ruleus. Partington. BLUE/-DEV/ILS, n. pl. Lowness of spirits; hypo- chondria __[{ Colloquial.] Grose. BLUE'’-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having blue eyes. Dryden. BLUE!-FISH, n. [blue and ile 1. A fish, a species of Coryphena, of the order of Thoracics, found about the Bahamas, and on the coast of Cuba. Encyc. 2. A fish, allied to the mackerel, common on the shores of New England; the Yemnodon saltator. BLUE/-HAIR-ED, a. Waving hair of a blue color. JMilton. BLUE/-JOHN,x. Among miners, fluor spar, a mineral, found in the mines of Derbyshire, and fabricated into vases and other ormamental figures. Encyc. BLUE/-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. A composition, burning with a blue flame, used as a night signal in ships. BLUE/LY, adv. Witha blue color. Swift. BLUE/NESS, n. The quality of being blue; a blue color. oyle. BLUE/-PE/TER, x. In the British marine, a blue flag With a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailing, to recall boats, &c. It is a corruption of Blue Repeater, one of the British signal flags. BLUE’-STOCK’ING, n. A term applied to literary ladies, and usually with the imputation of pedantry. It is derived from the name given to certain meetings held by ladies in the days of Dr. Johnson, for con- versation with distinguished literary men. Oneof the most eminent members was a Mr. Stiilingfleet, who always wore blue stockings, and who was so much distinguished for his conversational powers, that his absence at any time was felt to be a great loss, so that the remark became common, ‘‘ We can do noth- ing without the blue stockings.” WWence these meet- ings were sportively called blue-stocking clubs, and the ladies who attended them, blue-stockings. Boswell’s Life of Johnson. BLUE/-THROAT, n. [blue and throat.} A bird with a tawny breast, marked with a sky-blue crescent, in- habiting the northern parts of Europe and Asia. BLUE/’-VEIN-ED, (-vand’,) a. Having blue veins or streaks. Shak. BLUE VIT’RI-OL, n. BLUE/Y, a. Somewhat blue, BLUFF, a. [Perhaps allied to W. llwf, Eng. leap, from shooting forward. } Big; surly ; blustering. Dryden. BLUFF,n. A high bank, almost perpendicular, pro- jecting into the sea or a river; a high bank pre- senting a steep front. Belknap. Mar. Dict. BLUFF’-BOW-ED, a. [bluffand bow.] Having broad and flat bows, Mar. Dict. BLUFF’-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. [bluff and head.] Having an upright stem. Mar. Dict. BLUFF’NESS, n. A swelling or bloatedness ; surli- Sulphate of copper. ness. World. BLUFF'Y, a. Having bluffs, or bold projecting points of land. BLU'ISH, a. Blue in a small degree. BLU/ISH-LY, adv. Ina bluish manner. BLU/ISH-NESS, n. A small degree of blue color. oyle. BLUN’DER, v.i. [This word seems to be allied to the Gr. tAavaw, to err; and to flounder. This sense of the latter is to move with sudden jerks, and irreg- ular motions. In Dan. blunder is to wink, twinkle, or dissemble ; allied to Fr. loin.) 1. To mistake grossly ; to err widely or stupidly. Johnson. 2. To move without direction, or steady guidance; to plunge at an object ; to move, speak, or write with sudden and blind precipitance ; as, to blunder upon a reason; to blunder round a meaning. Pope. 3. To stumble, as a horse; a common use of the word. BLUN’DER, n. A mistake through precipitance, or without due exercise of judgment; a gross mistake. BLUN’DER-BUSS, n. [blunder and D. bus, a tube ; Dan. bosse ; Sw. béssa, a gun. 1. A short gun or fire-arm, with a large bore, capable of holding a number of balls, and intended to do execution without exact aim. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. BLUN’/DER-ED, pp. Pope. Halliwell, Done pr spoken with gross mistake. BLUN/DER-ER, n. One who is apt to blunder, or to make gross mjstakes ;°a careless person. BLUN’DER-HEAD, (-hed,) x. [blunder and head.] A stupid fellow ; one who blunders. ’ Estrange. BLUN/DER-ING, ppr. or a. Moving or acting with blind precipitance ; mistaking grossly ; stumbling. BLUN/DER-ING-LY, adv. In a blundering manner. PUOLS. BLUNT, ae. [from the root of Gr. apyBdvva, to dull.] 1. Having a thick edge or point, as an instrument ; dull; not sharp. 2. Dull in understanding ; slow of discernment, Shak. 3. Abrupt in address; plain; unceremonious ; Wanting the forms of civility ; rough in manners or speech. Bacon. 4. Hard to penetrate. [Unusual.]} Pope. BLUNT, v. t. To dull the edge or point, by making it thicker. 2. To repress or weaken any appetite, desire, or power of the mind; to impair the force of any pas- sion which affects the mind, or of any evil or good which affects the body ; as, to blunt the edge of Jove, of pain, or of suffering. Your ceaseless endeavors will be exerted to Hunt the stines of pain, Dwight. BLUNT’ED, pp. or a. Made dull; weakened; im- paired ; repressed. BLUNT'ING, ppr. pairing. BLUNT‘ING, n. Restraint. Taylor. BLUNT’LY, adv. Im a blunt manner; coarsely; plainly ; abruptly ; without delicacy, or the usual forms of civility. BLUNT’NESS, 2, Want of edge or point; dullness ; obtuseness ; wAnt of sharpness. 2. Coarseness of address; roughness of manners ; rude sincerity or plainness. BLUNT/’WIT-TED, a. [blunt and wit.] Dull; stupid. Shak. BLUR, x. [I have not found this word in any other language, but probably it is allied to the W. Jur, black and blue, livid, L. luridus.] A dark spot; a stain; a blot, whether upon paper or other substance, or upon reputation. South, BLUR, v. t. To obscure by a dark spot, or by any foul matter, without quite effacing. 2. To sully; tostain ; to blemish; as, to blur repu- tation. Butler. BLUR/RED, (blurd,) pp. Darkened or stained; ob- scurea. BLUR/RING, ppr. Darkening or staining; spotting. BLURT, v. t. [Allied probably to flirt, to throw. ] To throw out, or throw at random, hastily, or unadvisedly ; to utter suddenly or inadvertently ; commonly with out, and applied towords. Young. BLURT’ED, pp. Thrown out hastily. BLURT’ING, ppr. Throwing out or uttered hastily. BLUSH, v.72. [D. bloozen; Sw. blyas, to blush; Dan. blusse, to blaze or glisten ; blussel, blushing; D. blos, a blush; Sw. bloss; Dan. blus, a torch; Dan. blues ved, to blush or be ashamed ; Ir. loise, loisi, flame. It implies a throwing out, or spreading. Flash may be from the same root. See Buaze.] 1. To redden in the cheeks or face ; to be suddenly suffused with a red color in the cheeks or face, from a sense of guilt, shame, confusion, modesty, diffi- dence, or surprise, followed by at or for, before the cause of blushing; as, bllsh at your vices ; blush for your degraded country. In the presence of the shameless and unblushing, the young of- ; fender is ashamed to blush. Buckminster. 2. To bear a blooming red color, or any soft, bright color; as, the blushing rose. Making dull; repressing ; im- Shak, Shakspeare has used this word in a transitive sense, to make red, and it may be allowable in poetry. BLUSH, x. A red color suffusing the cheeks only, or the face generally, and excited by confusion, which may spring from shame, guilt, modesty, diffidence, or surprise. The rosy blush of love. He bears his blushing honors thick upon him. Trumbull. 2. A red or reddish color. 3. Sudden appearance ; a glance; a sense taken from the sudden suffusion of the face in blushing; as, a proposition appears absurd at first blush. Locke. BLUSH’ET, n. A young, modest girl. [Wot used.] BLUSH/FUL, a. Full of blushes. Thomson, BLUSH/FUL-LY, adv. Ina blushful manner. BLUSH/ING, ppr. ora. Reddening in the cheeks or face ; bearing a bright color. BLUSH/ING, n. The act of turning red; the appear- ance of color on the cheeks. BLUSH/ING-LY, adv. In a blushing manner. BLUSH’/LESS, a. Unblushing ; past blushing; im- pudent, Marston. BLUSH'Y, a. Like a blush; having the color of a blush. Harvey. BLUS/TER, v. i. [Sax. blestan, to blow. Probably allied to blaze, blast; Dan. blusse, to blaze, to rage.] 1. To be loud, noisy, or swaggering ; to bully ; to puff; to swagger, as a turbulent or boasting person. 132 PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— LIM EF BN Mane ici inate iyBOA 2. To roar, and be tumultuous, as wind; to be boisterous ; to be windy; to hurry. BLUS'TER,zn. Noise; tumult; boasting; boisterous- ness; turbulence ; roar of a tempest; violent wind ; hurry; any irregular noise and tumult from wind, or from vanity. BLUS’TER-ER, 7. A swaggerer; a bully; a noisy, tumultuous fellow, who makes great pretensions from vanity. BLUS/TER-ING, n. Noisy pretension; swaggering. BLUS'TER-ING, ppr. Making a noise; puffing ; boasting. BLUS’TER-ING, a. Noisy ; tumultuous; windy. BLUS/TER-ING-LY, adv. Ina blustering manner. BLUS’TROUS, a. Noisy ; tumultuous; boastful. Hudibras. BO, exclam. [W.bw.] A word of terror; a custom- ary sound uttered by children to frighten their fellows. BO/A,n. A genus of serpents, of the class Amphibia, the characters of which are, that the belly and tail are furnished with scuta, It includes the largest species of serpent, the B. constrictor, sometimes 30 or 40 feet long. Cyc. BO’A, n. A fur tippet, large and round; so called from its resemblance to the bea constrictor. BO’A CON-STRIET’OR, n. The scientific name ofa large and powerful serpent, sometimes 30 or 40 feet long, found in the tropical parts of America. It has a regular succession of spots, alternately black and yellow, extending the whole leneth of the back, and derives its name from its crushing its prey to death in its coils. The name has also been loosely applied to other large serpents which crush their prey, par- ticularly of the genus Python, found in Asia and Africa. P. Cyc. Brande. BO-AN-ER/GES, n. pl. Sons of thunder; an appella- tion given by Jesus Christ to his two disciples James and John. BOAR, n. [Sax. bar; Corn. bora, a boar; D. beer,a bear or boar; Ger. eber, a boar, and a gimlet or auger ; also, ebersciwein, boar-swine. Qu. L. aper and ver- res; Sans. varaha. | The male of swine not castrated. BOAR, v. i In the manege, a horse is said to boar, when he shoots out his nose, raising it as high as his ears, and tosses his nose in the wind. Encye. BOARD, nu. [Sax. bord and bred, a board, or table; Goth. baurd; Sw. bord, and brdde; D. boord, a board, a hem, border, margin; Ger. bord, a board, a brim, bank, border; and drct, a board, or plank ; Dan. bord, a board, a table; bredt, a board, or plank ; and bred, a border; W. bwrz, a board or table; Ir. bord, a table, a border. This word and broad seem to be allied in origin ; and the primary sense is to open or spread, whence broad, dilated. } 1, A piece of timber sawed thin, and of consider- able length and breadth compared with the thick- ness, used for building and other purposes. 2. Atable. The table of our rude ancestors was a piece of board, perhaps originally laid upon the knees. ‘* Lauti cibum capiunt; separata singulis sedes, et sua cuique mensa.”?” The Germans wash before they eat, and each has a separate seat, and his own table. Tacitus, De Mor. Germ. 22. 3. Entertainment ; food ; diet; as, the price of board is two, five, or seven dollars a week. 4. A table at which a council or court is held; hence a council, convened for business, or any au- thorized assembly or meeting ; aS, a doard of directors. 5. The deck of a ship; the interior part of a ship or boat; used in the phrase on board, aboard. In this phrase, however, the sense is primarily the side of the ship. Zo go aboard, is to go over the side. 6. The side of aship. (Fr. bord; Sp. borda.] Now board to board the rival vessels row. Driden, To fall over board; that is, over the side. To go by the board, is for the mast of a ship to be broken off, and thrown over the bord or side ; hence used figuratively, to denote a complete sweep or Board and board; side by side. [ destruction. 7. The line over which a ship runs between tack and tack. Yo make a good board, is to sail in a straight line, when close hauled. Zo make short boards, is to tack frequently. Mar. Dict. 8. A table for artificers to sit or work on. 9. A table or frame for a game ; as, a chess board, &c. 10. A body of men constituting a quorum in ses- sion; a court or council; as, a board of trustees; a board of officers. : ll. The boards, or college boards, in the English universities, are the official list of the members of the university. BOARD, v. t. To Jay or spread with boards ; to cover with boards. 2. To enter a ship by force in combat, which an- swers to storming a city or fort on land. 3. To attack; to make the first attempt upon a man. In Spenser, to accost. [Fr. aborder.] [ Obs.] Bacon. Shak. 4. To place at board, for a compensation, as a lodger. 5. To furnish with food, or food and lodging, fora compensation ; as, a man boards ten students. BOA BOARD, v.%. To receive food or diet as a Jodger, or Without lodgings, fora compensation; as, he boards at the moderate price of two dollars a week. BOARD!A-BLE, a. That may be boarded, as a ship. BOARD’ED, pp. or a. Covered with boards ; entered by armed men, as a ship; furnished with food for a compensation. BOARD/ER, x. One who has food or diet and lodging in another’s family for a reward. 2. One who boards a ship in action; one who is selected to board ships. Mar. Dict. BOARD/ING, ppr. Covering with boards; entering ship by force ; furnishing or receiving board, as lodger, for a reward. BOARD/ING, n. The act of entering a ship by force in combat. 2. The act of covering with boards, and also the 3. The same as Boarn ; food; diet. [covering itself. BOARD/ING-S€HOOL, n. A school, the scholars of which board with the teacher. BOARD/-RULE, n. A figured scale for finding the number of square feet ina board without calculation. a a Haldiman. BOARD!-WA-GES, n. pl. Wages allowed to servants to keep themselves in victuals. Dryden. BOAR/ISH, a. [from boar.] Swinish; brutal ; erel. lak. BOAR/-SPEAR, n. A spear used in hunting boars. Spenser. BOAST, v.12. [W. bostiaw, to boast, to toss, or throw ; G. pausten, to blow, swell, bounce; Sw. pdsa, Dan. puste, id. ; Qu, Gr. pucaw, to inflate ; Russ. khvastayu, to boast; L. fastus.] 1. To brag, or vaunt one’s self; to make an osten- tatious display, in speech, of one’s own worth, prop- erty, or actions, Not of works, lest any man should boast. — Eph. ii, 9. To glory; to speak with laudable pride and ostentation of meritorious persons or things. 1 boast of you to them of Macedonia. St. Paul. 2 Cor. ix. Usually, it is followed by of; sometimes by in. 3. To exalt one’s self. With your mouth you have boasted against me. — Ezek. xxxy, BOAST, v. t. To display in ostentatious language; to speak of with pride, vanity, or exutation, with a view to self-commendation. Lest men should boast their specious deeds. 2. To magnify or exalt. They boast themselves in the multitude of their riches. —Ps. 9 a Milton. 3. To exult in confident expectation. Boast not thyself of to-morrow. — Proy. xxvii. BOAST, 7. Expression of ostentation, pride, or van- ity ; a vaunting. Thou makest thy boast of the law. — Rom. il. 2. The cause of boasting; occasion ofvpride, van- ity, or laudable exultation. Trial by peers is the boast of the British nation. BOAST’ER, x. One who boasts, glories, or vaunts, ostentatiously. Boyle. BOAST’EUL, a. Given to boasting; ostentatious of personal worth or actions. Shak. BOAST’FUL-LY, adv. In a boastful manner. BOAST’FUL-NESS, n. State of being boastful. BOASTING, ppr. ‘Talking ostentatiously ; glorying ; vaunting. BOAST/ING, n. Ostentatious display of personal worth or actions; a glorying or vaunting. Where is boasting then ?— Rom, iii. BOAST’ING-LY, adv. In an ostentatious manner; with boasting. BOAST/IVE, a. Presumptuous. [Unusual.] Shenstone, BOAST’LESS, a. Without ostentation. Thomson. BOAT, (bote,) n. [Sax. bat; Sw. bat; Dan. baad; W. bad; Ir. bad; D. boot; G. bot, a boat; It. «dim. battello, a little boat, whence Fr. bateau ; Sp. bote, a boat.] 1. A small open vessel, or water craft, usually moved by oars, or rowing. The forms, dimensions, and uses, of boats are very various, and some of them carry a light sail. The different kinds of boats have different names; as, long-boat, lanch, barge, pinnace, jolly-boat, cutter, yawl, ferry-boat, wherry, Moses-boat, punt, felucca, fishing-boat, perogue, &c. 2. A small vessel carrying a mast and sails; but usually described by another word; as, a packct-boat, passage-boat, advice-boat, &c, Johnson. BOAT, v. t. To transport in a boat; as, to boat goods across a lake. ep. on Canals. Ash. BOAT’A-BLE, a. Navigable for boats, or small river craft. Ramsay. BOAT’ED, pp. Transported in a boat. BOAT!-BILL, 2. [boat and bill.) The name of a species of bird, the Cancroma cochlearia, a native of the tropical parts of South America. It is of the Grallic order, with a bill four inches long, not unlike a boat with the keel uppermost, or like the bowls of two spoons, placed with the hollow parts towards each other. Encyc. Partington. BOAT!’-FLY, A name common to different BOAT’-IN-SE€T, species of Hemipterous insects, Te of the genus Notonecta. Encyc. BOD BOAT’-HOOK, n. [boat and hook.) An iron hook with a point on the back, fixed to a long pole, to pull or push a boat. Mar. Dict. BOAT'ING, ppr. Transporting in boats. BOAT’LNG, n. The act or practice of sailing or trans- porting in boats. 2. In Persia, a punishment of capital offenders, by Jaying them on the back in a boat which is covered, where they perish. Encyc. BO-A/TION, x. [L. b00.] A crying out; aroar. [JVot used. Derham. BOAT/MAN, )7. [boat and man.] A man who man- BOATS/MAN, ages a boat; a rower of a boat. Dryden. Prior. BOAT!/-ROPE, n. [Uoat and rope.] A rope to fasten a boat, usually called a paznter. BOAT’-SHAP-ED,- (bote/shapte,) a. Having the shape of a boat ; navicular ; cymbiform ; hollow like a boat; as the valve of some pericarps. Martyn. BOAT’SWAIN, (in seamen’s language, bo’sn,) n. [Sax. batswein, from bat, boat, and swein, swai, a boy or servant. An ofticer on board of ships, who has charge of the boats, sails, rigging, colors, anchors, cables, and cord- age. His office is also to summon the crew to their duty, to relieve the watch, assist in the neces- sary business of the ship, seize and punish offenders, é&c. He has a mate who has charge of the long-boat, for setting forth and weighing anchors, warping, towing, and mooring. Jar. Dict. Encyc. Johnson. , mn A short, jerking action; as, a dob of the head. 2. Any little round thing, that plays loosely at the end of a string, cord, or movable machine; a little ornament or pendant that hangs so as to play loosely. Dryden. Our common people apply the word to a knot of worms, on a string, used in fishing for eels. 3. The words repeated at the end of a stanza. DP Estrange. A blow ; a shake or jog ; a jeer or flout. Ainsworth. Ascham. . The ball of a short pendulum. Encyc. . A mode of ringing. Johnson. A bob-wig. Shenstone. BOB, v. t To move in a short, jerking manner; as, to bob one’s head, to bob a courtesy. 4, a1 OT 2. To beat; to shake or Jog. Shak. 3. To cheat ; to gain by fraud. Shak. 4. To mock or delude. Ainsworth, 5. To cut short. BOB, v. 7. To play backward and forward; to play loosely against any thing. yden. 2. To angle, or fish for eels, or to catch eels with a bob. Encic. BO-BANCE’, (bo-bans’,) n. A boasting. [JVot in use.] Chaucer. BOB/BED, pp. Moved short and quick; beat or shaken; cheated ; gained by fraud ; deluded. BOB/BIN, x. [Fr- bobine; D. babyn.] A small pin or cylindrical piece of wood, with a head, on which thread is wound for making lace. A similar instru- ment, bored through to receive an iron pivot, and with a border at each end, is used in spinning, to wind thread or silk on ; a spool. 2. Round tape. BOB-BIN-ET’, xn. A kind of lace which is wrought by machines, and not by hand. Encyc. Dom. Econ. BOB/BING, ppr. Playing back and forth; striking ; cheating ; angling for eels. BOB/BIN-WORK, n. [bobbin and work.] Work woven with bobbins. 7610. BOB’-CHER-RY, 7. [beh and cherry.] Among chil- dren, a play in which a cherry is hung so as to bob against the mouth, and be caught with the teeth. Johnson. BOB/O-LINK, n. The popular name of the rice-bird or reed-bird, of the genus Icterus. BOB/STAYS, n. pl. [bob and stay.] Ropes to confine the bowsprit of a ship downward to the stem. Mar. Dict. BOB/TAIL, n. [bob and tail.) A short tail, or a tail cut short. hak. 2. The rabble; used in contempt. Bramston. BOB’TAIL-ED, a. Having the hair or tai) cut short. I Estrange. n. [bob and wig.) A short wig. Spectator. [Fr.] A sort of fine linen or buck- ram. Johnson. BOCE, z. The sparus, a beautiful fish. Ash. BOCK’E-LET, ) x. A kind of long-winged hawk. BOCK’E-RET, } Johnson, BOCK/ING, x. A particular sort of cloth, like baize or drugget. BOCK'LAND. See Booxranp. Encic. BODE, v.t. [Sax. bodian, dodigan, to foretell, to utter or announce ; bod, an order, mandate, or edict ; boda, a messenger, or preacher; Sw. bod, a message, an embassy ; beboda, to tell or relate ; Sax. gebodian, to offer or bid, to relate, tell, or announce, to command, to show, to promise. Radically, this 1s the same word as Brp, which see. The radical sense 1s, to utter, to drive out the voice.] To portend ; to foreshow ; BOB/-WIG, BOB/TAIL-WIG, BOG! A-SINE, n. to presage; to indicate TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ) | SS é . Seti nee i a Fagat ee Mel hee Me er ae ee BOD BOI BOL something future by signs ; to be the omen of; most generally applied to things ; a8, our vices bode evil to the country. BODE, v.% To foreshow ; to presage. This bodes well to you. BODE, z. An omen. 2, A stop. [See Asrper.] BO'DED, pp. or a. Presaged; omened. ‘ BODE/MENT, n. An omen; portent; prognostic; a Dryden. Chaucer. foreshowing. Oba Shak. BODGE, v. % [See Boaare.] To boggle; to stop. [Not used.] Shak. BODGE, n. A botch. [Vot used.] Whitlock. BOD/ICE, x. Stays; a waistcoat, quilted with whale- bone, worn by women. _ Johnson. BOD'I-ED, (bod/id,) a. [from dody.] Having a body. (UiLive BOD/I-LESS, a. [See Bopy.] Having no body or material form ; incorporeal. Davies. BOD/I-LI-NESS, n. Corporeality. Minsheu. BOD/I-LY, a. Having or containing a hody or mate- rial form ; corporeal ; as, bodily dimensions. South. 2. Relating or pertaining to the body, in distinction from the mind ; as, bodily defects ; bodily pain. Locke. 3. Real; actual ; as, bodily act. Shak. BOD'I-LY, adv. Corporeally ; united witha body or matter, It is his human nature, in which the Godhead dwells bodily. aus, 2. In respect to the entire body or mass; entirely ; completely ; as, to carry away bodily. BOD/ING, ppr. or a. [from dode.] Foreshowing ; pre- saging. BOD/ING, nm. An omen. Bp. Ward. BOD’KIN, n._ [Ir. bod, a limb, that is, a point, a shoot, With the termination kin, used as a diminutive; Gr. Baros, a thorn. I. An instrument of steel, bone, ivory, or the like, with a smal) blade, and a sharp point, for making holes by piercing. 3. Union; connection; a binding, : Let walls be so constructed as to make a good bond. othing worthy of death or of bonds, — Acts. 5. Cause of union; cement which unites ; link of , the bonds of affection. Charity is the bond of perfectness. — Col. iii. An obligation imposing a moral duty, as by a , by Jaw, or other means 7. In law, an obligation or deed by which a person the middle part, which firm, and in the fetus Mortimer. 4. In the plural, chains; imprisonment ; captivity. supplied with blood-vessels, and in the fetus, or ina diseased state, are very vascular. They are also fur- nished with nerves and absorbents, though less easi- They are covered with a thin, strong membrane, called the periosteum, which, , has very little sensibility in , but when inflamed is extremely sensi- ly detected in a sound state. together with the bones a sound state ble. Their cells and cavities are occu pied by a fatty substance, called the medulla or marrow. ter one tenth, and cartilage about one third of the whole. The earthy matter gives them their solidity, and consists of phosphate of lime, with a small por- tion of carbonate of lime and phosphate of magnesia, Cyc. Wistar. Thomson. 2. A piece of bone, with fragments of meat adher- ~ ortions, called epiphyses. Bones are PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY ee 136 They con- sist of earthy matter rather more than half, fatty mat- BON’NI-LASS, 2. [bonny and lass.) Abeautiful girl. Spenser. BON’NI-LY, adv [See Bonny.] Gayly ; handsome- ly ; plumply. BON’NI-NESS, x. Gayety ; handsomeness ; plump- ness. [Little used. ] BON’NY, a. [Fr. bon, bonne, good; L. bonus. See Boon] 1 Handsome ; beautiful. Till bonny Susan sped across the plain, Gay 2. Gay; merry; frolicsome ; cheerful ; blithe. Blithe and bonny. Shak. 3. In familiar language, plump, as plump and healthful persons are most inclined to mirth [ This word is much used in Scotland.) BON’NY, n. Among miners, a bed of ore, differing from a squat in being round, whereas a squat is flat ; or a distinct bed of ore, that communicates with no vein. auley. Encyc. BON’NY-€LAB/BER, n. (Qu. bonny, or Ir. baine, milk, and clabber; Ar. LS laba, biestings ; G. lab; D. leb, rennet. : A word used in Ireland for sour buttermilk. Johnson. milk that is turned, Ss of souring, and ap- It is used, in America, for any or become thick in the proce plied only to that part which is thick. BON’TEN, n. A narrow woolen stuff, BON’-TON’, (bong’tong’,) n. [Fr.] The hight of the fashion, BO'NUM MAG'NUM, [L.] A kind of plum. Johnson. BO'NUS, x. [L.] A premium given fora loan, or for a charter Of other privilege granted to a company. 2. An extra dividend to the shareholders of a Joint- stock company, out of accumulated profits. Gilbert. BON-VI-VANT", (bong-vé-vanig’,) n. {Fr.] A good fellow ; a jovial companion. BO/NY, a. [from bone.] Consisting of bones ; full of bones ; pertaining to bones, 2. Having large or prominent bones : stout; strong. BON’ZE, (bon’/zy,) n. A Boodhist priest ; a name used in China, Tunkin, and the neighboring countries, In China, the bonzes are the priests of the Fohists or sect of Fohi. They are distinguished from the laity by their dress. In Japan, they are gentlemen of family. In Tunkin, every pagoda has at least two bonzes belonging to it, and some have thirty or forty. In China, the number of bonzes is estimatéd at fifty thousand, and they are represented as idle, dissolute men. Encyc. BOO’BY, x. [Sp. bobo, a dunce or idiot, a ruff for the neck, a buftoon, the bird bobo. Qu. Ger. bube, a boy. ] 1. A dunce; a stupid fellow; a lubber: one void of wisdom or intellect. Tr. 2. A fowl, allied to the Pelican genus, the Sula > fe | binds himself, his heirs, executors, and administra- neitOnit He; tors, to pay a_ certain sum on or before a future day Dobenmanthe bones, is to attack, [little used, and ho appointed. This is a single bond. But usually a con- vulgar.] I eae , 3 fei dition is added, that, if the obligor shall do a certain To make no bones, is to make no scruple; a meta- ; act, or pay a certain sum of money, on or before a ne orn! gaa creer aa ea tO eee vi ed De rane Ps Se he : phor taken from a dog who greedily swallows meat ‘ | time specified, the obligation shall be void ; other- hae haaina hence TS 18 wise it shall remain in full force. If the condition eee OO DOMES. patie Johnson. ie 3 5 5 Sei : Bones; a sort of bobbins. made of bones or iVOry is not performed, the bond becomes forfeited, and the fi feaviig Jace: also dice VE Roe aes | bligor and his heirs are liable to the payment of the | ,, 20% Weaving ayaa ato) CCE a Reno i ODN; spy a BONE, v. t. To take out bones from the flesh, as in } }} whole sum. Blackstone. kaos Ame a: | 8, In architecture, a peculiar mode of disposing ae rhe ntwwhalenonehat cre Betray | bricks in a wall; as, English bond, where one course BONE’ ACE a ' ene i 2 = aoe = is Me I | consists of bricks with their ends toward the face ae any ie } [ a See "d Pane i Retin of the wall, called headers, and the next course of ae 4 ae c Niet re ae Rane ae eae him : 1 bricks with their lengths parallel to the face of the | .. ™ Peete? ae AS eae se Ue | : i ey a Ba sake Speen ige BONK!-A€CHE, (-ake,) m. Pain in the bones. Shak. | wall, called stretchers ; Flemish bond, where each BONE/-BLACK hes blacks Carhonnteong jc || course consists of headers and stretchers alternate- | BO! Batata song ae peewee nOuAce ous isub- | iv Beas stance into which pone are converted by calcina- BOND, a. [for bound.] Inastate of servitude or sla- tion, in\¢ lose vessels 3 ca led also acer, charcoal. alt | sates) ws is used as a decolorizing material and as a black pig- very ; captive. ae Tigges Whether we be Jews or Gentiles; whether we be bond or free. — BON/ED, pp. Deprived of bones, as in cookery. : Gee ae : BON’ED, a. Having bones; used in composition ; as, BOND, v. t. To give bond for, as for duties or customs high-boned, strons-boned. at a custom-house ; to secure payment of, by giving BONE/-DUST, n. Ground or pulverized bones, used a bond. as a powerful manure. On their reshipment and exportation, official clearances were BONE/-EARTH, (-erth,) n. The earthy residuum af- Said of bonded or debmntured goods, War in Doguae™ | tet the calcination of bone, consisting chicily of : Gee ees , phosphate of lime. In the United States, it 1s applied fo the goods on | BONE’-LACE, n. [done and lace,] A lace made of Which the customs arise, and to the duties secured linen thread, so called because woven with bobbins by bond. ; of bone. [ Obs. BOND!AGE, n. Slavery or involuntary servitude ; BONE’LESS, a. Without bones ; wanting bones: as, Captivity ; Imprisonment ; restraint of a person’s boneless sums. Shas. liberty by compulsion. In ancient English law, vil- BONE/-SET, v. t. [bone and set.] Toseta dislocated lenage. j K bone ; to unite broken bones. Wiseman. 2. Obhgation ; tie of duty. BONE/-SET, n. A plant, the thoroughwort, a species He must resolve not to be brought under the bondage of observing of _eupatorium. oaths. uth SET-TER, n. [bon d set.] One whose oc- 3. In Scripture, spiritual subjection to sin and cor- c n is to set and restore broken and dislocated rupt passions, or to the yoke of the ceremonial law ; bore servile fear. Heb. ii. Gal. ii. Rom. viii. BONE/-SET-TING, n. That branch of surgery which BOND!-€RED/IT-OR, n. A creditor who is secured consists in replacing broken and luxated bones; the by a bond. slackstone. practice of setting bones. BONDI/ED, pp. or a. Secured by bond, as duties. BONE/-SPAV-IN, 7. [bone and spavin.] A bony ex- Bonded goods, are those for the duties on which, crescence, or hard swelling, on the inside of the hock bonds are given at the custom-house, of a horse’s leg ; usually cured by blistering and firing, BOND/MAID, n. [bond and maid.| A female slave, or| or caustic blisters. Encyec. one bound to service without Wages, In opposition to BO-NET’TA, 7. Asea fish. Qu. Bonito. Herbert. a hired servant. BON’FIRE, n. [Fr. bon, good, and Jire.] BOND/MAN, n. [bond and man.] A man slave, or one A fire made as an expression of public joy and ex- bound to service without wages, In old English law, ultation. a villain, or tenant in villenage. BON/GRACE, n. [Fr. bonne and grace. } BOND/-SERV-ANT, n. [bond and servant.1 A slave : A covering for the forehead. [ot used.] Beaum. one who is subjected to the authority of another, or BO’NI-FORM, a. Ofa good shape. Whose person and liberty are restrained, BON’I-FY, v.t. To convert into good. [Wot used. ] BOND!-SERV-ICE, n. [Yond and service.] The con- r Cudworth. dition of a bond-servant ; slavery, BON'‘ING, ppr. Depriving of bones. BOND/-SLAVE, n. [bond and slave.] A person in a BO-Ni’/TO, n. [Sp.] A fish of the Tunny kind, Al state of slavery ; one whose person and liberty are growing to the length of three feet, found on the { subjected to the authority of a master, i American coast and in the tropical climates. It has {| BONDS'MAN, n. [bond and man.] Aslaye. [ Obs. a greenish back, and a white, silvery belly. : Derham. Hawksworth. Pennant. Dict. of Nat. Hist. _2. A surety ; one who is bound, or who gives secu- BON'MOT", (bong/mo’,) n. [Fr. bon, good, and mot, a aye for another _ a word.] A jest; a witty repartee. Poe. WOM-AN, ) 2. | Jond and woman.) A wom-| BONNE BOUCHE, (bon boosh,) n. [Fr.] A deli- ND, w OM-AN, j , an slave, £. Jonson. cious morsel or mouthful. BON’DUE, n. A species of Guilandina, or nickar-tree, | BON'NET, n. (Fr. bonnet; Sp. bonete; Ir. boinead ; the yellow nickar, a climbing plant, a native of the Arm. boned.] pee Re eee . ‘poe containing two hard 1. A covering for the head, in common use before A BONE. exe e a chile S marble. Encyc. the Introduction of hats. The word, as now used, ; aN z m. [Sax. ban; Sw. ben: D, been, bone or leg ; signifies a cover for the head, worn by females, close i | Sa aie v8 5 pene been, leg or bone. The sense at the sides, and projecting over the forehead. probably 1s, that which is set or fixed, ] 2. In fortification, a small work with two faces, ; ne A firm, hard substance, of a duJl white color, having only a parapet, with two rows of palisades Aa composing the Skeleton or firmer part of the body, about 10 or 12 feet distant. Generally, it is raised | mm the higher orders of animals, The bones of an above the salient angle of the counterscarp, and com- animal Support, all the softer parts, as the flesh and municates with the covered way. Encye. eat vessels, They Vary In texture in different bones, and Bonnet a pretre, or priest’s bonnet, is an outwork, i in different parts of the same bone. The long bones having at the head three salient angles and two in- Ba are compact in their middle portion, with a central ward. Johnson. e and cola or spongy at the cmemies DAP] quad tt dmtenaee, an addition to sailor a ad 1 ais Bonearclenminttevter stalin ao eta N le Woe aItional part laced to the foot of a sail, in small ves- ho THE DOR CERER Lea -ellular internally. sels, and in moderate winds, Mar. Dict. ‘tus are soft and cartilaginous, but BON'NET-ED, a. Wearins a bonnet. they gradually harden with age. The ends of the BON/NET-PEP’PER, ni t * . A species of Capsicum, or Fam. of Plants. é. | Guinea pepper. BON'NI-BEL, n [Fr. bonne and bell BOODH/IST, n. BOOK, n. fusca, of a brown and white color, much varied in different individuals. This fow] is found among the Bahama Isles, feeds upon fish, and lays its eggs on the bare rocks. It has a joint in the upper mandible, by which it can raise it without opening the mouth. Encye. BOO/BY, a. Having the characteristics of a booby. BOO/BY-HUT, n. A kind of covered sleigh, so called in the eastern part of the United States. BOO’/BY-HUTCH, n. A clumsy, ill-contrived, coy- ered carriage or seat, used in the east part of Eng- land. Forby. BOODH, xn. In Eastern Asia, a general name for the divinity. Malcom. BOODH'ISM, n. A system of religion in Eastern Asia, embraced by more than one third of the human race. It teaches that, at distant intervals, a Boodh, or deity, appears, to restore the world froma state of ignorance and decay, and then sinks into a state of entire non-existence, or rather, perhaps, of bare ex- istence without attributes, action, Or consciousness. This state, called Nirvana, or Nichan, is regarded as the ultimate supreme good, and the highest reward of virtue among men. Four Boodhs have thus ap- peared in the world, and passed into JNVirvana, the last of Whom, Gaudama, became incarnate about 900 years before Christ. From his death, in 543 B. C., many thousand years will elapse before the ap- pearance of another; so that the system, in the mean time, is practically one of pure atheism. ‘The objects of worship, until] another Boodh appears, are the rel- ics and images of Gaudama. EB. E. Salisbury. Malcom. One who maintains the doctrines of Boodhism. [Sax. boc, a book and the beech-tree ; Goth. boka; Icelandic, book; D. boek, a book, and the mast of beech ; beuke, a beech-tree ; G. buch, a book, and buche, a beech; Dan. bow; Sw. bok; Russ. buk: Gyp- SY, buchos. Like the Latin liber, book signifies pri- marily bark and beech, the tree being probably named from its bark.] 1. A general name of ey which is printed ; position bound ; a ery literary composition but, appropriately, a printed com- volume. The name is given also 4 to any number of written sheets when bound or A handsome girl. Spenser. sewed together, and to a volume of blank paper, in- -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MGOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — |BOO v tended for any species of writing, as for memoran- dums, for accounts, or receipts. 2. A particular part of a literary composition; a division of a subject in the same volume. 3. A volume or collection of sheets in which ac- counts are kept; a register of debts and credits, re- ceipts and expenditures, &c. In books: in kind remembrance ; in favor. Iwas so much in his books, that at his decease he Jeft me his amp. Addison. Without book; by memory ; without reading ; with- out notes; as, a sermon was delivered without book. This phrase is used also in the sense of without au- thority ; as, a man asserts without book. BOOK, v.t. To enter, write, or register in a book. | BOOK’-A€-COUNTY’, n. [book and account.) An ac- count or register of debt or credit in a book. BOOK’BIND-ER, n. [book and bind.] One whose oc- cupation is to bind books. BOOK’BIND-ER-Y, nx. A place for binding books, BOOK'BIND-ING, mn. The art or practice of binding books ; or of sewing the sheets, and covering them with leather or other material. BOOK’€ASE, n. A case with shelves, and, common- ly, doors, for holding books. | BOOK’-DEBT, (-det,) x. A debt for goods delivered, and charged by the seller on his book of accounts. BOOK’ED, (bogkt,) pp. Entered in a book ; registered. BOOK’FUL, @. [book and full.] Full of notions gleaned from books ; crowded with undigested learn- _ ing. Pope. BOOKING, ppr. Registering in a book. BOOK/ISH, a. Given to reading ; fond of study; more acquainted with books than with men. Shak. BOOK’ISH-LY, adv. In the way of being addicted to books or much reading. Thurlow. BOOK/ISH-NESS, n. Addictedness to books ; fond- ness for study. Whitlock. BOOK!-KEEP-ER, n. [book and keep.] One who keeps accounts, or the accounts of another; the of- ficer who has the charge of keeping the books and accounts in a public office. BOOK/-KEEP-ING, n. [book and keep.] The art of recording mercantile transactions in a regular and systematic manner; the art of keeping accounts in such a manner, that a man may know the true state of his business and property, or of his debts and credits, by an inspection of his books. The books for this purpose are, 1. A Waste Book, or Blotter, in Which are registered al] accounts or transactions in the order in which they take place; 2. The Journal, which contains the accounts transferred from the waste book, in the same order, but expressed in a technical style; 3. The Ledeer, in which articles of the same kind are collected together, from the jour- nal, and arranged under proper titles. In addition to these, several others are used; as, cash-book; book of charges of merchandise; book of Jlouse-expenses ; invoice-book ; sales-book ; bill-book ; receipt-book ; letéer-book ; pocket-book ; the use of which may be understood from the names. Encyc. BOOK/-KNOWL-EDGE, (-nol/lej,) n. Knowledge gained by reading books. BOOK/LAND, ) 2. [book and land.] In old English BOCK'LAND’ | laws, charter land, held by deed under certain rents and free-services, which differed nothing from free socage lands. ‘This species of ten- ure has given rise to the modern freeholds. Blackstone. BOOK/-LEARN-ED, a. [book and learn.] Versed in books ; acquainted with books and literature ; a term sometimes implying an ignorance of men, or of the common concerns of life. Dryden. BOOK'!-LEARN-ING, n. Learning acquired by read- ing ; acquaintance with books and literature ; some- times implying want of practical knowledge. Sidney. BOOK’LESS, a. [book and less.] Without books ; unlearned. Shenstone. BOOK/-MAD-NESS, n. A rage for possessing books ; bibliomania. BOOK’/-MAK-ER, n. books, BOOK/-MAK-ING, 7. publishing books. BOOK/-MAN, x. [book and man.] A man whose profession is the study of books. Shak. BOOK!/-MATE,n, [bookand mate.] A school-fellow. BOOK/MIND-ED-NESS, n. Love of books. — [ Shak. BOOK/-MU$-LIN, n. [Originally buke muslin.] A particular kind of muslin. BOOK’/-OATH, x. The oath made on the book, or Bible. Shak. BOOK/SELL-ER, 7, [book and sell.| One whose oc- cupation is to sell books. BOOK/SELL-ING, n. ‘The employment of selling books, BOQK’-STALL, n. A stand or stall, commonly in the open air, for retailing books. BOOK/STAND, n. A-stand or frame for containing books offered for sale in the streets. BOOK’STONE, n. See Brsxiovite, BOOK’STORE, x. A shop where books are kept for sale, {us S.;] called in England a bookseller?s shop. BOOK/WORM, (-wurm,) x. [book and worm.) A One who writes and publishes The practice of writing and BOO 2. A student closely attached to books, or addicted to study ; also, a reader without judgment. Pope. BOO/LEY, n. In Jreland, one who has no settled habitation, but wanders from place to place with his flocks and herds, living on their milk, like the Tartars. Spenser. BOOM, zx. [D. boom, atree, a pole, a beam, a bar, a rafter; Goth. bagms; Ger. bawm; Eng. beam; D. boomen, to push forward with a pole; Dan. bom, a rail or bar. ] J. A long pole or spar, run out from various parts of a ship, or other vessel, for the purpose of extend- ing the bottom of particular sails; as, the jib boom, studding-sail boom, main boom, square-sail boom, &c. Mar. Dict. 2. A strong iron chain cable, or line of spars bound together, extended across a river, or the mouth of a harbor, to prevent an enemy’s ships from passing. 3. A pole set up as a mark to direct seamen how to keep the channel in shallow water. 4. A hollow roar, as of waves. BOOM, v.72. [Sax. byma, byme, a trumpet; bymian, to blow or sound a trumpet; D. bomme, a drum; bom- men, to drum; W. bwmp, a hollow sound. We see the senses of sounding, uttering the voice, swelling, and rushing forward, are connected. ] I. In marine language, to rush with violence, as a ship under a press of sail. 2. To swell; to roll and roar, as waves. The hoarse waves booming to the ocean shore. Hiullhouse. 3. To cry as the bittern. Goldsmith. The. Dutch use bom for the sound of an empty barrel; and bommen is to drum. BOOM/ING, ppr. or a. Rushing with violence ; roar- ing, like waves. BOOM’/E-RANG, 7. natives of Australia. [See Ky.er. BOON,n. [L. bonus; Fr. bon; Norm. boon; It. buono ; Sp. bueno; Port. bom, good.] 1. A gift; a grant; a benefaction; a present; a A wooden weapon used by the favor granted. Addison. 2. [Dan. bén, Sw. bon, a petition.] A prayer or petition. sh. BOON, a. [Fr. bon; L. bonus.) Gay; merry; kind; bountiful; as, a boon com- panion. Milton. BOON, x. The refuse or useless vegetable matter from dressed flax. Library of Ent. Knowledge. BO/OPS, n. A genus of fishes, of the order Acanthop- terysii, found mostly in the Mediterranean. Brande. BOOR, 2. [Sax. gebur, a countryman or farmer; D. boer, a rustic or farmer; G. bauer, a countryman and a builder, from bawen, to build, to cultivate; Sax. byan, or bugian, and gebugian ; D. bowwen; Dan. bygge; Sw. byggia, to build. Boor is a contracted word. ] : 1. A countryman ; a peasant ; arustic ; a plowman ; a clown; hence, one who is rude in manners, and illiterate. Dryileg. 2. A name given to the Russian peasants. BOOR/ISH, a Clownish; rustic; awkward in man- ners ; illiterate. Shale. BOOR'ISH-LY, adv. Ina clownish manner. BOOR/ISH-NESS, zn. Clownishness; rusticity ; coarse- ness of manners. BOOSE, xn. [Sax. bosig, bose; Heb. and Ch. DA a -“- cS stall or crib; Ar. pyre abasa, to shut up or im- prison. | A stall or inclosure for an ox, cow, or other cattle. Not used, or local,] BOOZE, (booz,) v. i. [W. bozt, to immerse. ] To drink hard; to guzzle. [Vulgar.] -Maunder. BOOS/ER, n. One who guzzles liquor; a tippler. BOOST, v. t. To lift or raise by pushing; to push up. A common vulgar word in New England.) BOO’SY, (boo/zy,) a. A little intoxicated ; merry with liquor, [ Vulgar.) Zolloway. BOOT, v. t. [Sax. bot, bote, reparation, satisfaction, a making good, amends; Goth. botyan, to profit or help; Sw. lét, a fine; D. boete, fine, penalty, repent- ance; boeten, to amend or repair; G. busse, boot, fine, penance ; diissen, to amend; Dan. bodde, to repair, or requite’; bdde, to expiate, or make atonement; W. buz, profit ; buziazw, to profit. We observe this word is from the root of better, denoting more, or advance ; Eng. but. The primary sense of the root is to ad- vance, or carry forward.] l. To profit; to advantage. It shall not boot them, Looker. But more generally followed by 2t, — what boots it? Indeed, it is seldom used, except in the latter phrase. 2. To enrich; to benefit. I will boot thee. [Obs.J Shak. BOOT, n. Profit; gain; advantage; that which 18 given to make the exchange equal, or to supply the deficiency of value in one of the things exchanged. Shak. 2, To boot; in addition to; over and above; be- worm or mite that eats holes in books. sides; a compensation for the difference of value BOR } between things bartered; as, I will give my house for yours, with one hundred dollars to boot. [Sax. to || bote. The phrase is pure Saxon.] 3. Spoil; plunder. [See Boory.] Shak. BOOT, x. ([Fr. botte, a boot, a bunch; Ir. butais; W. botasen, botas; Sp. bota, a boot, a butt, or cask, a leather bag to carry liquors; Port. bota ; It. botte, boots, a cask. 1. A covering for the leg, made of leather, and united with a shoe. This garment was originally intended for horsemen, but is now generally worn by gentlemen on foot. The different sorts are, fish- ig-boots, Worn in water; hunting-boots, a thinner kind, for sportsmen ; jack-boots, a strong kind, for horsemen ; and half-boots. 2. A kind of rack for the leg, formerly used to torture criminals. This was made of boards bound fast to the legs by cords; or a boot or buskin, made wet and drawn upon the legs, and then dried by the fire, so as to contract and squeeze the legs. Encyc. 3. A box covered with leather in the fore part of acoach. Also, an apron or leathern cover fora gig or chair, to defend persons from rain and mud. [ Tis latter application is local and improper.) | 4. In the plural, boots, a servant-at hotels who blacks the boots; formerly called boot-catcher BOOT, v. t. To put on boots. BOOT’-€ATCH-ER,n. [boot and catch.] The person at an inn whose business is to pull off boots and clean them. [ Obs.] Swift. BOOT’-€RIMP, n. A frame or last used by hoot- makers for drawing and shaping the body of a boot. BOOT’ED, pp. or a. Having boots on. Dryden. BOOT-EE’, zn. A word sometimes used for a half or short boot. BO-0/TES, n. A northern constellation, consisting, according to Flamsteed’s catalogue, of fifty-four stars. BOOTH, n. [W. bth; Ir. bowth or both; G. bude; Russ. budka; Ch. m2 bith, a house, and to lodge for anight; also in the Ar. Sam. Syr. Eth. and Heb. beth, a house or booth, a nest for birds. Probably the sense is, a dwelling, trom lodging, abiding.] A house or shed built of boards, boughs of trees, or other slight materials, for a temporary residence. nD; bible. Camden. BOOT!-HOSE, n. [boot and hose.] Stocking-hose, or spatterdashes, in lieu of boots. Shak. BOOT’-JACK, n. A machine for drawing off boots. BOOT’LEG, x. [boot and leg.] Leather cut out for the leg of a boot. Ash. BOOT’LESS, a. [from boot.] Unavailing ; unprofit- able ; useless ; without advantage or success. Shak. BOOT’LESS-LY, ad. Without use or profit. BOOT’LESS-NESS, x. State of being unavailing. BOOT’TOP-PING, n. [boot and top.] The operation of cleansing a ship’s bottom near the surface of the water, by scraping off the grass, slime, shells, &c., and daubing it with a mixture of tallow, sulphur, and resin. Mar. Dict. BOOT/-TREE, )z. An instrument to stretch and BOOT’-LAST, ) widen the leg of a boot, consisting of two pieces, shaped like a leg, between which, when put into the boot, a wedge is driven. Encyc. BOOT’Y, 2. [Sw. byte; Dan. bytte; D. burt; G. beute ; It. dottino; Sp. botin; Fr. butin; D. butten, to rove. See Bur.] : 1. Spoil taken from an enemy in war; plunder; pillage. Milton. 2. That which is seized by violence and robbery. Shak. To play booty, is to play dishonestly, with an intent to lose. ohnson. BO-PEEP’, x. [bo, an exclamation, and peep.) The act of looking out or from behind something and drawing back, as children in play, for the purpose of frightening each other. Shak. Driyden. BOR’A-BLE, a. [See Bore.] That may be bored. Little used. | BO-RACH'IO, x. [It. boraccia, a leather bottle for wine; Sp. borracho, drunk. 1. A bottle or cask, (Vet used.] 2. A drunkard. Congreve. BO-RAC/IE€, (bo-ras/ik,) a. [See Bonax.] Pertaining to or produced from borax. | Boracic acid ; acompound of a peculiar element, bo- ron, With oxygen. It is generally obtained from bo- rax, by adding sulphuric acid, It is also found na- tive, in certain mineral springs in Italy. j : BO/RA-CITE, x. A mineral composed of boracic acid and magnesia; a native borate of magnesia. BOR/AGS, (bur/rage,) x. A plant of the genus Bo- rago. BOR/A-MEZ. See BaroMerz. ees BO/RATE, n, A salt formed by the combination of Dryden. boracic acid with a base. Fourcroy. (Ole) i +) BO/RAX, n. [Pers ad Ar. 94 borakon, from -<+r Gye baraka, to shine; Russ. bura.] Biborate of soda; a salt formed by a combination of boracid acid with soda. It is brought from the TH as in THIS. ! — 1g TONE, BULL, UNITE, — ANGER, VI//CIQUS,—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; 137 SP ah oro 4 Lee - wT spteem ag RT ET a -———— eS sgeaomeoeen BORD/-LODE, BORD/-LOAD, BORD/-LAND, n. BOR East Indies, where it is said to be found at the bot- tom or on the margin of certain lakes, particularly in Thibet. It is said to be artificially prepared in Per- sla, like niter. It comes in three States. 1. Crude borax, tincal, or chrysocolla, from Persia, in greenish masses of a greasy feel, or In opaque green crystals. 2. Borax of China, somewhat purer, in small plates or masses, irregularly crystallized, and of a dirty White. 3. Dutch or purified borax, in portions of transparent crystals, which is the kind generally used. Jt is an excellent flux in docimastic opera- tions, and useful in sodering metals. ooper. BOR’BO-RYGM, (bor’bo-rim,) x. [BopBoprypos, a rumbling.] A rumbling noise of wind in the bowels. 30RD/AGE, xn. See Borpianps. [ Todd. BORD’/EL, jn. [Fr. bordel, a brothel; D. bordcel; BOR-DEL’LO,{ Ger. bordell; It. bordello; Sp. burdel ; Ann. bordell; from bord, a house. This is the Eng. brothel. } A brothel; a bawdy-house; a house devoted to prostitution. . Jonson. BORD/EL-LER, nm. The keeper of a brothel. Gower. BORD’ER, n. ies and Arm. bord; Sp. bordo; Port. borda; It. bordo, See Boarn.]} The outer edge of any thing; the extreme part or surrounding line; the confine or exterior limit of a country, or of any region or tract of land; the exte- rior part or edge of a garment ; the rim or brim of a vessel, but not often applied to vessels ; the exterior part of a garden, and hence a bank raised at the side of a garden for the cultivation of flowers, and a row of plants ; in short, the outer part or edge of things too numerous to be specified. In botany, the limbus or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corol. Martyn. BORD/ER, v. i. To confine; to touch at the edge, side, or end; to be contiguous or adjacent; with on or upon ; a8, Connecticut, on the north, borders on or upon Massachusetts. 2. To approach near to. Wit which borders upon profaneness deserves to be branded as folly. uloison, BORD/ER, v. t. To make a border; to adorn with a border of Ornaments; as, to border a garment or a garden. 2. To reach to; to touch at the confine upon ; to be contiguous to. Sheba and Raamah border the Persian Gulf. Ralegh. 3. To confine within bounds ; to limit. [Vot used] Shak. BORD/ER-ED, pp. Adorned or furnished with a bor- edge or end; to er. BORD'ER-ER, n. One who dwells on a border or at the extreme part or confines of a country, region, or tract of land ; one who dwells neartoa place. Bacon. BORD’ER-ING, ppr. ora. Lying adjacent to; forming a border. BORD-HALF’PEN-NY, (bord-hap’pen-ny,) n. Money paid for setting up boards or a stall in market. Burn, bord and land. See Boarp.] In old laio, the demain Jand which a lord kept in his hands for the maintenance of his bord, board, or ta- ble, n. [bord and load.] The service re- quired of a tenant to carry timber from the woods to the lord?s house ; also, the quan- tity of provision paid by a bord-man for bord-land. Spelman. BORNE, pp. of Bear. Carried ; conveyed ; supported . BOR/NITE, n. BOR 2. To pierce or enter by boring; as, an auger bores 3. To push forward toward a certain point. [well. Dryden, 4. With horsemen, a horse bores, when he carries his nose to the ground. ict. o. In a transitive or intransitive sense, to penetrate the earth by means of a chise] or other cutting instru- ment, withdrawing the dust and fragments, at inter- vals, by means of @ scooping-iron or other ate instrument, for the purpose of ascertaining the presence of minerals, as veins of ore or beds of coal, or for obtaining springs of water, as in Artesian wells, or fountains of salt water, &c. BORE, x. The hole made by boring. Hence, the cav- ity or hollow of a gun, cannon, })istol, or other fire- arm ; the caliber, whether formed by boring or not. 2. Any instrument for making holes by boring or turning, as an auger, gimlet, or wimble. 3. A person or thing that wearies by iteration. BORE, x. A tide swelling above another tide. Burke. A sudden influx of the tide into a river or narrow Strait, conflicting with the water from above. Cyc. BORE, pret. of Bear. [See Byar | BORE’-€OLE, n. A variety of cabbage, whose leaves are not formed into a compact head, but are loose, and generally curled or wrinkled Fam. of Plants. BO/RE-AL, a. [L. borealis. See Boreas. } Northern; pertaining to the north or the north wind. ope. BO'RE-AS, n. [L. boreas; Gr. Booe 1s, the north wind ; Russ. burya, a storm or tempest ; buran, a tempest with snow. The Russ. gives the radical sense. ] The northern wind ; a cold, northerly wind. Milton. BOR’ED, (bord,) pp. Perforated by an auger or other turning instrument; made holiow ; wearied by te- dious iteration. BO-REE’,n. [Fr.] A certain dance, or movement in common time, or four crotchets in a bar; always be- ginning in the last quaver on last ecrotchet of the measure, Busby. BOR/ER, x. One who bores; also, an instrument to make holes with by turning. 2. Terebella, the piercer, a genus of sea worms, BOR/ING, n. [that pierce wood. I. The act of boring; a place made by boring. 2. The chips made by perforating a body are called borings. ; BOR'ING, ppr. Perforating by an auger or other turn- ing instrument ; making hollow ; wearying by tedi- ous iteration. BORN, (baurn,) pp. of Bear. Brought forth, as an an- imal. A very useful distinction is observed by good authors, who, in the sense of produced or brought forth, write this word born; but, in the sense of car- ried, write it borne. This difference of orthography renders obvious the difference of pronunciation. 1. To be born, is to be produced or brought into life. **Man is born to trouble.” A man born a prince ora beggar. It is followed by of before the mother or ancestors, Boring to the west. appropri- BOR'OUGH-MON”GER, (bur/ro-mung/ger,) n. One BOR’REN,, a. BOR/ROW, (bor'rd,) . t. Man, that is born of woman, is of few days and full of trouble. — Job xiv, 2. To be born, or born again, is to be regenerated and renewed ; to receive spiritual life. John iii. defrayed. The tellurite of bismuth. Dana. BORD/-MAN, n. land, who supplied BORD!-RAG-ING, n. of a country. [ Ob: BORD!-SERV-ICE, lord, an acre. [bord and man. | Se n. [bord and service. | ure by which bord-land was held, which was the payment of a certain In lieu of this, the tenant now pays sixpence Bailey. A tenant of bord- his lord with provisions. Encye. An incursion upon the borders Spenser. The ten- acid. Arm. bourg GY) &) s) 1G quantity of provisions to the BO/RON, n. The radical or elementary base of boracic BOR/OUGH, (bur’ro,) n. burh, beorh, beorg, borgo; Sp. burgo; ES borachon ; Sans. bura. This word, in Saxon, is Parke. [Goth. bairgs; Sax. bure, byrig; Ir. brow; Fr. bours; It. D. burg and berg; Dan. borg; burg and berg; Gr. xupyos; Ar. BOR/ROW, n. BORD’URE, 2. BORE, >. t. BORE, v.i. Tobe or is hard to bore. Encyc. a tract or compass of Within the escutcheon and Bailey, bora; D. booren; Ger. D. boor; Ger. bohrer ; In heraldry, metal, color, or fur, around it. [Sax. borian; Sw. bohren; Dan. borer, to bore ; Dan. borre, a borer; L. Soro, and perjoro, to bore, to perforate; Russ. burav, a borer; Gr. 7étpa), tO pierce or transfix; also, to pass Over, in Which sense it co- incides with ferry. The Celtic ber, bear, a spit, L. veru, from thrusting or piercing, coincide in elements Oo wr gat with this root. Pers. x Spas birah, a borer.] I. To perforate or penetrate a solid body, and make around hole, by é turning an auger, gimlet, or other Instrument. Hence, to make hollow 3 to form a round hole; as, to bore a cannon. 2. To eat out or make a hollow by gnawing or cor- roding, asa worm. - 3. To penetrate or break through by turnin g or la- bor ; as, to bore through a crowd. Gay. 4. To weary by tedious iteration. pierced or penetrated by an instru- ment that turns ; as, this timber does not bore well, interpreted a hill, heap, mountain, fortification, cas- tle, tower, city, house, and tomb. Hence Perga in Pamphylia, Bergen in Norway, Burgos in Spain, and probably Prague in Bohemia. In W. bur, bwre, sig- nifies a wall, rampart, or work for defense, and bzr- dais is a burgess. But the original sense probably is found in the verb Sax. beorgan, D. and G. bergen, BOR'ROW-ED, pp. Taken by consent of another, to BOR/ROW-ER, n. Russ. beregu, to keep, or save, that is, to make close or secure. Hence it coincides with park, and L. par- cus, Saving. (See the next word.) If the noun is the pumary word, denoting hill, this is from throwing to- gether, collecting ; a sense allied to that of making fast or ciose.] BOR/ROW-ING, ppr. Taking by consent, to use and Originally, a fortified city or town; hence, a hill, for hills were selected for places of defense. But in later times, the term city Was substituted to denote an episcopal town, in which was the see of a bishop, and that of borough was retained for the rest. At present, the name is given appropriately to such towns and villages as send representatives or burgesses to parliament. Some boroughs are incorporated, others are not. Blackstone. Encye. In Connecticut, this word, borough, is used for a town, or a part of a town, or a village, incorporated with certain privileges, distinct from those of other BOR/ROW-ING, n. ] BORS/HOLD-ER, n. BO'RU-RET, n. BOS, x. [L. BOS In Scotland, a borough isa body corporate, consist- ing of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction. Boroughs are erected to be held of the Sovereign, as is general- ly the case of royal boroughs; or of the superior of the lands included, as in the case of boroughs of re- gality and barony. Royal boroughs are generally erected for the advantage of trade. Encyc. BOR/OUGH, (bur’ro,) n. [Sax. borhoe, a surety ; bor- gian, to borrow; borg, interest; borga, a debtor, a surety ; borgwed, a promise or bond for appearance, a pledge ; borg-bryce, burg-break, violation of pledge ; borghand, borkhand, a surety or bail ; beorgan, to keep, guard, or preserve ; G. and J). borgen, to borrow. See the preceding word.] In Sazon times, a main pledge, or association of men, who were sureties or free pledges to the king for the good behavior of each other, and if any of- fense Was committed in their district, they were bound to have the offender forthcoming. The as- sociation of ten men was called a tithing or decenna- ry; the presiding man was called the tithing-man or head-borough ; or,in some places, borsholder, borough?s elder. This society was called, also, friburg, free- burg, frank-pledge. Ten tithings formed a hundred, consisting of that number of sureties, and this de- nomination is still given to the districts comprehend- ed in the association. The term seems to have been used both for the society and for each surety. The word main, hand, which is attached to this society, or their mutual assurance, indicates that the agree- ment was ratified by shaking hands. Spelman. Blackstone. Covel. Some writers have suggested that the application of this word to towns sprung from these associations, and of course was posterior to them in tine. [See Encyc., art. Borough.] But the word was used for a town or castle in other nations, and in Asia, doubt- less long before the origin of the Srank-pledge. BOR/OUGH ENGLISH - a customary descent of lands and tenements to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner leaves no son, to the young- est brother. Blackstone. Cowel. BOR/OUGH HEAD; the same as Heap-Boroveun, the chief of a borough. Ash. BOR’/OUGH HOLD/ER, n. A head-borough; a bors- holder. Ash. BOR/OUGH-MAS-TER, n. The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough. Ash. who buys or sells the patronage of a borough. Booth. Rustic ; rude. Spenser. [Sax. borgian, to borrow ; D. borgen, to borrow, lend, or trust ; Ger. borgen, the same; Dan. borge, to borrow ; borgen, bail, surety, pledge, warranter, main-pernor ; borg, trust, credit ; Sw. borgan, a giving bail; borg, a fortress. The pri- mary sense is, to make fast or secure. 1. To take from another by request and consent, with a view to use the thing taken for a time, and return it, or, if the thing taken is to be consumed or transferred in the use, then to return an equivalent In Kind ; as, to borrow a book, a sum of money, or a loaf of bread. It is opposed to lend. 2. To take from another, for one’s own use; to copy or select from the writings of another author ; as, to borrow a passage from a printed book ; to bor- row a title. - 3. To take or adopt, for one’s own use, sentiments, principles, doctrines, and the like ; as, to borrow in- struction. 4. To take for use something that belongs to an- other; to assume, copy, or imitate ; as, to borrow a shape ; to borrow the manners of another, or his style of writing. A borrowing; the act of borrowing. [JVut used. ] But of your royal presence Ill adventure The borrow of a week. Shak, be returned, or its equivalent in Kind; copied; as- sumed. One who borrows lender, [See the verb. ] 2. One who takes what belongs to another to use as one’s own. 3 Opposed to retum, Or to return its equivalent; taking what be- longs to another, to use as one’s own ; copying; as- suming ; imitating. The act of borrowing. [See the verb. [A contraction of buhr?s ealdor, borough’s elder, the elder or chief-of a borough. | The head or chief of a tithing, or burg of ten men; the head-borough. Lambert. Spelman. A combination of boron with a sim- ple body. | In zoology, the technical name of a ge- nus of quadrupeds. ‘The characters are, the horns are hollow within, and turned outward, in the form of crescents ; there are eight fore teeth in the under towns and of cities, | PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— pr Saag TT 13S jaw, but none in the upper; there are no dog teeth. NE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MSVE, WOLF, BOOK.— a eeeBO/SA, zn. BOSH, n. BOSH’BOK, x. BO'SOM, n. BO/SOM, v. t. BO'SOM-ED, pp. BO'/SOM-ING, ppr. BO/SON, 2. BOS-PO/RI-AN, - a. BOS/PO-RUS, n. BOSS; 2. BOS It includes the common ox, the bison, the buffalo, aud other species. Encyc. An intoxicating drink, used by the Egyp- tians, obtained from the meal of darnel and hemp- seed. BOS€/AGE, n. [Fr boscage, now bocage, a grove; It. bosco; Dan. busk; Ger busch, a wood, or properly a thicket or underwood; Eng. bush. ] l. Wood; underwood ; perhaps, sometimes, lands covered with underwood ; also, a thicket. 2. In old laws, food or sustenance for cattle, which is yielded by bushes and trees. owel. 3. With painters, a landscape representing thickets of wood. Encye. Chalmers. Outline ; figure. A kind of antelope in South Africa. BOSK’BT Be racin n. [It. boschetto, a little wood, from bos- BUSK’ET, : co. See Boscace.] In gurdening, a grove; a compartment formed by branches of trees, regularly or irregularly disposed, according to fancy. Encye. BOSK'Y, @ [See Boscace.] Woody ; covered with thickets. Milton. [Sax. bosm, bosum; D. boezem; G. busen. Qu. Ch. 7.3 or N12, the breast, uber, mamma. ] _ 1. The breast of a human being and the parts ad- jacent. 2. The folds or covering of clothes about the breast. Put thy hand in thy bosom.—Ex. iv. 3. Embrace, as with the arms; inclosure ; com- pass; often implying friendship or affection ; as, to live in the bosom of a church. 4, The breast, as inclosing the heart; or the inte- rior of the wreast, considered as the seat of the pas- sions. Anger restrth jn the bosom of fools. — Eccles. vil. Their soul was poured into their mother’s bosom. — Lam. ii, 5. The breast, or its interior, considered as a close place, the receptacle of secrets. If | covered my transgressions as Adam, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom, — Job xxxi, 6. Any inclosed place ; the interior ; as, the bosom of the ea-th or of the deep. 7. The tender affections ; kindness ; favor; as, the son of ‘is bosom; the wife of thy bosom. de shall carry the lambs in his bosom. — Isa. xl. 8. he arms, or embrace of the arms. Ps. cxxix. 9. Inclination ; desire. [ot used. ] Shak. Bosom, in composition, implies intimacy, affection, and confidence; as, a bosem-friend, an intimate or confidential friend ; bosom-lover, bosom-tnterest, bosom- secret, &c. Insuch phrases, bosom may he considered as an attribute equivalent to intimate, confidential, dear. To inclose in the bosom ; to keep with care. Bosom wp my counsel. Shak. 2. To conceal ; to hide from view. To happy convents bosomed deep in vines, Pope. Inclosed in the breast; concealed. Putting in the bosom. 2. Embracing, as a fond mother her child. A boatswain; [a popular, but corrupt pronunciation. } The merry boson. Dryden. {from Bosporus.] Pertaining to a bosporus, a strait or narrow sea between two seas or a sea and a lake. The Alans forced the Bosporian kings to pay them ue and ooKe exterminated the Taurians. The kings of the Cimmerian Bosporus are here re- ferred to. [Gr. Bouvs, an ox, and opos, a pas- sage. ] A narrow sea, or a strait between two seas, or be- tween a sea anda lake, so called, it is supposed, as being an ox-passage, a strait over which an ox may swim. So our northern ancestors called a strait a sound, that is, a swim. The term Bosporus has been particularly applied to the strait between the Sea of Marmora and the Black Sea, called the Thracian Bosporus; and to the strait of Caffa, called the Cim- merian Bosporus, which connects the Palus Meotis, or Sea of Azof, with the Euxine. D? Anville. [Fr. bosse; Arm. bogz. In D. bos is a bunch, a bundle, a truss, a tuft, a bush, a sheaf, whence bosch, G. busch, a bush or thicket. In W, 06th is the boss of a buckler, the nave of a wheel, and a Lottle, and hence W. bothel, a rotundity, a bottle or any round vessel, a wheal or blister. A boss is a protuber- ance, either from shooting, projecting, or rom col- lecting and forming a mass. ] 1. A stud or knob; a protuberant ornament, of silver, ivory, or other material, used on bridles, har- ness, &¢. 2. A protuberant part; a prominence; as, the boss of a buckler. 3. A projecting ornament at the intersections of the ribs of ceilings and in other situations. Ozf. Glos. BOSS, n. BOSS'Y, a. BOS'’WELL-ISM, n. BOT. BO-TAN'IG, )a. BO-TAN/IE-AL, { BO-TAN/I€-AL-LY, adv. BOT’AN-IST, n. BOT’ A-NIZE, v. i. BOT’ A-NIZ-ING, n. BOT-A-NOL/O-GY, 2. BOT’/A-NO-MAN-CY, x. BO-TAR/’GO, n. BOTCH, x. BOTCHU, v. t. BOTCH/ED, (botcht,) pp- BOTCH’/ER, n. BOTCH’ER-LY, a. BOTCH'ING, ppr. BOT 4, A water-conduit, in form of a tun-bellied figure. | BOTCH’Y, a. BOTE, x. sh. Batley. [D. baas, master.] Among mechanics, the master-workman or superatendent. [This word originated among the Dutch settlers of New York, but is now used extensively in the other States. ] BOSS/AGE, x. {from boss; Fr. bossage.] 1. A stone in a building which has a projecture, and is Jaid rough, to be afterward carved into mold- ings, capitals, coats of arms, &c. Encyc. 2. Rustic work, consisting of stones which ad- vance beyond the naked or level of the building, by reason of indentures or channels left in the joinings, chiefly in the corners of edifices, and called rustic quoins. The cavities are sometimes round, some- times beveled, or in a diamond form, sometimes in- closed with a cavetto, and sometimes with a listel. Encyc. BOSS/ED, (bost,) pp. Studded; ornamented with bosses. Shak. BOSS'IVE, a. Crooked; deformed. Osborne. Containing a boss; ornamented with bosses. His head reclining on his bossy shield. Pope. BOS/TRY-€HITE, n. [Gr. Bospnxos.] A gem in the form of a Jock of hair. Ash. BOS'VEL, n. : Sp: I 5 , | dow n3 a dialect, perhaps, of basis. Class Bd.] BOU-GIE/, (boo-zhé’,) n. [Fr., a wax candle 3; Sp 2. As a participle, or perhaps more properly an ad- 1. The lowest part of any thing; as, the bottom of bugia. ] wneiene Sd sea eae Ones ae nee oho kes d ! : : : és jective, destined “ending ; going, or intending to £0, a well, vat, or ship; the bottom of a hill. In surgery, a long, slender instrument, that is in- IE = > move obstructions. It is usually made of slips of face. It is also made of catgut, elastic gum, and ferred. Hooper. Dorsey. B OUIL'LOWN, (bool'yon,) 7. [Fr., from bouillir, to boil. See Boit.] Broth; soup. BOUK, v.%. To nauseate so as to be ready to vomit. Local. BOU-LAN/GER-ITE, n. [from M. Boulanger.] A bluish or lead-gray ore (a sulphuret) of antimony and lead. Dana. BOUL/DER. See Bowxper. BOUL/DER-WALL, zn. [Rather Bowiper-Wa.u. See po UEp He. A wall built of round flints or pebbles laid in a Strong mortar, used where the sea has a beach cast up, or where there is a plenty of flints. Builder’s Dict. BOU-LET’, x. [from the root of ball, or bowl; Fr. boule. ] In the manege,a horse is so called when the fetlock or pastern joint bends forward, and out of its natural position. Encyec. BOU'LE-VARD, (boo!le-vir,) n. [Fr.] Originally,a bulwark or rampart of a fortification or fortified town. Now applied to the public walks or streets occupying the site of demolished fortifications. BOULT. ee incorrect orthography.| See Bour. BOUL'TIN, n. [from the root of bolt; Sp. bulto, a pro- tuberance. ] In architecture, a molding, the convexity of which is just one fourth of a circle, being a member just below the plinth in the Tuscan and Doric capital. Tencie. BOUNCE, v. 2. [D. bonzen, to bounce ; bons, a bounce; allied probably to bound; Arm. boundi¢za ; Fr. bondir.| 1. ‘To leap or spring; to fly or rush out suddenly. Out bounced the mastiff, Swift. 2. To spring or leap against any thing, so as to re- bound ; to beat or thump by a spring. Against his bosom bounced his heaving heart. Dryden. 3. To beat hard, or thump, so as to make a sudden noise. Another bounced os hard as he could knock. Swift. 4. To boast or bully ; used in familiar speech. Johnson. 5. To be bold or strong. Shak. BOUNCE, n. A heavy blow, thrust, or thump, with a large, solid body. The bounce burst open the door. Dryden. 2. A loud, heavy sound, as by an explosion. Shak. Gay. 3. A boast ; a threat 3 mlow language. Johnson. 4, A bold lie; as, that was a bounce. Goldsmith. o. A fish ; a species of dog-fish or shark. Encyc. BOUN’CER, x. A boaster ; a bully ; a bold lie; in fa- miliar language, Johnson. BOUN’'CING, ppr. Leaping ; bounding with violence, as a heavy body ; Springing out; thumping with a loud noise ; boasting ; moving with force, as a heavy, bounding body. c up money at respondentia, as he is bound personally contains ; but from the size of bottles used for wine, ta er t porter, and cider, a bottle is nearly a quart ; as, a dot- | BOT’ TON-Y, n. Dict. [Fr.] A small, private der, a branch, an arm, the body of a tree, a stake, a tail, an arch, or bow ; Sw. bog; Dan. bov; from the [D. bogt, a bend, a coil; from troduced through the urethra into the bladder, to re- waxed linen, coiled into a cylindrical or slightly-con- ical form by rolling them on any hard, smooth sur- metal ; but those of waxed linen are generally pre- BOU BOUN'CING-LY, adv. Boastingly. e| BOUND, n. [Norm. bonne, boune, a bound ; bond, lim- e ited ; bundes, limits; from bind, bond, that which binds ; or from Fr. bondir, to spring, and denoting the utmost extent.] | 1. A limit; the line which comprehends the whole of any given object or space. It differs from bounda- See the Jatter. Bound is applied to kingdoms, states, cities, towns, tracts of land, and to territorial jurisdiction. ; 2. A limit by which any excursion is restrained ; the limit of indulgence or desire; as, the love of money knows no bounds, 3. A leap; a spring; a jump; a rebound. [Fr. bondir, to spring. 4, In dancing, a spring from one foot to the other. BOUND, v. t. ‘To limit; to terminate ; to fix the fur- thest point of extension, whether of natural or moral objects, as of land, or empire, or of passion, desire, - indulgence. Hence, to restrain or confine; as, to bound our wishes. To bound in, is hardly legitimate. 2, To mention the boundaries of a country ; as, to bound France. : 3. To make to bound. BOUND, v.i. [Fr. bondir; Arm. boundi¢za.] I. ‘To leap; to jump; to Spring ; to move forward by leaps. 3cfore his lord the ready spaniel bounds. 2. To rebound ; but the sense is the same. BOUND, pret. and pp. of Binp. As a participle, made fast by a band, or by chains or fetters ; obliged by f Shak. Pope. with to or for; as,a ship is bound to Cadiz, or for 7 Cadiz. The application of this word, in this use, is taken from the orders given for the government of the voy- age, implying obligation, or from tending, stretching. So destined implies being bound. Bound is used in composition, as in ice-bound, wind- bound, when a ship is confined or prevented from sailing by ice or by contrary winds. BOUND’A-RY, n. A limit; a bound. Johnson. This word is thus used as synonymous with bound. But the real sense is, a visible mark designating a limit. Bound is the limit itself, or furthest point of extension, and may be an imaginary line ; but deund- ary is the thing which ascertains the limit ; terminus, not finis. Thus, by a statute of Connecticut, it is enacted, That the inhabitants of every town shall procure its bounds to be set out by such marks and boundaries as may be a plain direction for the future ; which marks and boundaries shall be a great heap of Stones or a ditch of six feet long, &c. This distinc- tion is observed also in the statute of Massachusetts. But the two words are, in ordinary use, confounded. BOUND-BAIL/IFF, x. An officer appointed by a sher- iff to execute process ; so denominated from the bond given for the faithful discharge of his trust. Blackstone. BOUND’ED, pp. Limited; confined; restrained. BOUND/EN, [from bind.) It was originally a participle, but is now used only as an adjective ; as, it is our bounden duty. 30UND/EN-LY, adv. Ina dutiful manner. BOUND’/ER, 2. One that limits; a boundary. Herbert. BOUND/ING, ppr. Limiting ; confining ; restraining ; een Es Springing ; rebounding ; advancing with eaps. BOUND/ING-STONE, ) 2. A stone to play with. BOUND!-STONE, Dryden. BOUND’LESS, a. Unlimited ; unconfined ; immeas- urable; illimitable; as, boundless space; boundless power. BOUND!LESS-LY, adv. Without bound or limit. BOUND’/LESS-NESS, 2. 'The quality of being with- out limits, South. BOUN’TE-OUS, a. [See Bounty.] Liberal in char- ity ; disposed to give freely 3 generous ; munificent ; beneficent ; free in bestowing gifts; as, bounteous nature. It is used chiefly in poetry for bountiful. Johinson. BOUN’TE-OUS-LY, adv. largely ; freely. BOUN’TE-OUS-NESS, 7. Liberality in bestowing gifts or favors; munificence ; kindness. BOUN'TI-FUL, a. [bounty and full.) Free to five ; liberal in bestowing gifts and favors ; munificent ; generous. God, the bountiful Author of our being. Locke. It is followed by of before the thing given, and to before the person receiving, BOUN'TI-FUL-LY, adv. Liberally ; largely; in a bountiful manner. BOUN’TLFUL-NESS, n. The quality of being boun- tiful; liberality in the bestowment of gifts and fa- Liberally ; generously ; BOUN’TI-HEDR, (-hed,) Wor Goodness. | Obs. Stout; strong; large and heavy ; a customary sense in the United States; as, a bouncing may exceed the legal rate of interest. ‘The tackle of lass. PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARY BOUN/TI-HEAD, (-hed)) ne BOUN’TL-HOOD, BOUN’YY, xn. [Fr. bonté, goodness, excellence. favor ; It. bontd; L. bonitas, from bonus, good. ] 140 - NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — expeeeerereoyBOV BOW BOW 1. Liberality in bestowing gifts and favors ; gener- osily ; munificence. ‘The word includes the gift or favor, and the kindness of disposition with which it is bestowed ; or a favor bestowed with a benevolent disposition. This distinguishes it from a mere gift. It is also observed by Johnson, that it differs from charity, as a present from an alms, in not being be- stowed upon persons absolutely necessitous. ‘This is often the case; but bownty includes charity, as the genus comprehends the species; charity, however, does not necessarily include bounty, for charity, or an alms, nay be given with reluctance. The word may be used also for a free gift; 2 Cor. ix. 5 5 OF a Gisposition to give, without the gift ;good- ness in general. Spenser. 2. A premium offered or given to induce men to ture even or conchoidal, with a resimous luster, some- what shining. It is brittle, burns with a weak flame, and exhales an odor which is generally disagreeable. BOV/‘ID, a. [L. bos.] Cleaveland. Relating to that tribe of ruminant mammals, of which the genus Bos is the type. It comprehends the genera Catoblepas, Ovibos, and Bos. BO/VINE, a. [Low L. bovinus, from bos, bovis, an ox ; W. bu, buw, bug, bug, and the verb bugiaw, to bel- low. Pertaining to oxen and cows, ox the quadrupeds of the genus Bos. his animal is the strongest and fiercest of the bovine genus. Barrows Trav. The ox-born souls mean nothing more than the eight living souls Who issued from their allegorical mother, the bovine ark. enlist into the public service; or to encourage any | branch of industry, as husbandry, manufactures, or | commerce. Queen Anne’s bounty ; a provision made in her | reign for augmenting poor clerical livings. BOU-QUET’, (boo-ka’,) n. [Fr., a plume, a nosegay ; Arm. boged; It. boschetto. See Busu.] 1. A nosegay ; a bunch of flowers. 2. An agreeable aromatic odor, which is perceived on drawing the cork of any of the finer wines. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. BOURD, (boord,) n. A jest. [Ods.] Spense. BOURD/ER, x. A jester. [ Obs. BOUR/DON, 2. A pilgrim’s staff. BOUR-GEOIS!, (bur-jois’,) n. [It appears to be a French word, but I know not the reason of its ap- plication to types. ] A small kind of printing types, in size between long primer and brevier. BOUR’GEON, (bur/jun,) v.27. [Fr. bourgeon, a bud ; Arm. bourgeon, a button, or a bud.] To sprout ; to put forth buds; to shoot forth, as a branch. Goldsmith. BOURN, n. [Fr. borne, a limit; borner, to bound. In the sense of a stream, Sax. burn; Sw. brunn; D. bron; G. brunnen; Dan. brond.] 1, A bound; a limit. That undiscovered country, from whose bourn No traveler returns. Shak, 2. A brook; a torrent; arivulet. [Jn this sense ob- solete; but retained in many names of towns, seated on the banks of streams. In Scotland, it is still used in the senst of a brook, but they write it burn.] BOURN’LESS, a. Without limits. BOUR/NON-ITE, n. An ore, consisting of lead, anti- mony, copper, and sulphur; occurring in steel-gray crystals, often aggregated into shapes like small cog- wheels. Dana. BOURSE, (boors,)n. [Fr.] The French name foran exchange. BOUSE, ) (booz,) v. 7. [Arm. beuzi, to overflow; to BOOSE, drown ; W. bozi; Old D. buysen. In Russ. buza is a drink brewed from millet. Tooke.] To drink freely; to tope; to guzzle. [4 vulgar nore) Spenser. BOU-STRO-PHE'DON, ». [Gr. Bovs, an ox, an@ spehw, to turn.] This word is used to express the ancient mode of writing, in Greece, in alternate lines, one from right to left, and the next from left to right, as fields are plowed. BOUS'Y, (booz'y,) a Drunken; intoxicated. [Vul- gar. Dryden. [Fr. bout, end, or It. botta, a stroke. | A turn ; as much of an action as is performed at one time; a single part of an action carried on at successive intervals ; essay ; attempt. Sidney. Dryden. BOUT, 7. [It. beuta, or bevuta, a drinking, from bere, or bevere, to drink; L. bibo; Fr. boire; Sp. beber.] We use this word tautologically in the phrase a drinking-bout; or the word is the same as the pre- ceding. BOU-TADE!, (boo-tad’,) n. [Fr., from bouter; Sp. botar; It. buttare, to thrust; Eng. put; allied to bud. Properly, a start; hence,a whim. ([JVot EASE BOU-TANT’. See Arc Bourant. | Swift. BOUTE!-FEU, (boot/fu,) n. [Ir., from outer, to throw, and feu, fire ; or, according to Thomson, from boute,amatcb. Qu. from the root of Eng. bate or better. ] An incendiary ; a makebate. [JVot English.] acon. BOU'TLSALE, n. [Qu. sale of booty, or from boute, a match. Zhomson.} A cheap sale; or, according to others, a sale by a lighted match, during the burning of which a man may bid. [Not used. | Hayward. BOUTS-REMES', (boo-re-ma/,) n. pl. [Fr.] Words that rhyme given to be formed into verse. Smart. BO/VATE, xn. [In Law lL. bovata, from bos, bovis, an Ox. n ox-gate, or as much land as an ox can plow in a year; Cowel says 28 acres, BO'VEY-€0OAL, x. Brown lignite, an inflammable fossil, resembling, in many of its properties, bitumin- ous wood ; found at Bovey Hatfield, near Exeter, in England, Its structure is a little slaty ; its cross frac- raber. BOW, v. t. [Sax. bugan, bygan; W. bwan,and bacu, to bend, to grapple; G. biegen, beugen; D. boogen, buigen; Sw. Loja; Dan. Loje, to bend. 1. To bend; to inflect ; as, to bow vines. 2. To bend the body in token of respect or civility ; as, to bow the head. 3. To bend or incline toward, in condescension. Bow down thine ear to the poor. — Eccles, 4. To depress ; to crush; to subdue. His heavy hand hath bowed you to the grave. He bows the nations to his will. BOW, v. zt To bend; to curve; to be inflected ; to bend, in token of reverence, respect, or civility ; of- ten with down. This is the idol to which the world bows. 2. To stoop ; to fall upon the knees. The people bowed upon their knees. — Judges. 3. To sink under préssure. They stoop; they bow down together, — Isaiah. BOW, 7. An inclination of the head, or a bending of the body, in token of reverence, respect, civility, or submission. Bow of a ship, is the rounding part of her side for- ward, beginning where the planks arch inward, and terminating where they close, at the stem or prow. A narrow bow is called a lean bow ; a broad one, a bold or bluff bow. On the bow, in navigation, is an arch of the hori- zon, not exceeding 45 degrees, comprehended be- tween some distant object and that point of the compass which is right ahead. Mar. Dict. BOW, 2. [See Bow, to bend} An instrument of war and hunting, made of wood, or other elastic matter, with a string fastened to each end. The bow, being bent by drawing the string, and suddenly returning to its natural state by its elastic force, throws an ar- row toa great distance, and with force suflicient to kill an animal. It is of two kinds, the leng-bow, and the cross-bow, arbalet, or arbalest. The use of the bow is called archery. 2. Any thing bent, or in form of a curve: the rain- bow ; the doubling of a string in a knot ; the part of a yoke which embraces the neck; &c. 3. Asmall machine, formed with a stick and hairs, which, being drawn over the strings of an instrument of music, causes it to sound. 4, A beam of wood or brass, with three long screws that direct a Jathe of wood or steel to any arch; used in forming draughts of ships, and projections of the sphere, or wherever it is necessary to draw large arches. Harris. 5. An instrument for taking the sun’s altitude at sea, consisting of a large arch of 90 degrees grad- uated, a shank or staff, a side-vane, a sight-vane, and a horizon-vane ; nov disused. Encyc. 6. An instrument in use among smiths for turning a drill ; with turners, for turning wood ; with hatters, for breaking fur and wool. 7. Bows of a saddle, are the two pieces of wood laid archwise to receive the upper part of a horse’s back, to give the saddle its due form, and to keep it tight. Farrier’s Dict. 8. In architecture, a circular end of a church, apart- ment, or building. Elimes. BOW/-BEAR-ER, xn. [bow and bear.] An under of- ficer of the forest, whose duty is to inform of tres- ASSES. Cowel. BOW!-BENT, a. [bow and bent.] Crooked. Milton. BOW!-€0M/PAS-SES, (bo/kum/pas-sez,) 2. pl. A pair of compasses, with a bow or arched plate of metal riveted to one of the legs, upon which the other leg slides, to steady the motion. BOW/’-DRILL, 2. A drill worked by a bow and spring. BOW/-DYE, n. A kind of scarlet color, superior to madder, but inferior to the true scarlet grain for fix- edness and duration ; first used at Bow, near Lon- don. Encyc. BOW/-GRACE, n. In sea language, a frame or com- position of junk, laid out at the sides, or bows, of ships, to secure them from injury by ice. -Eneyc. BOW/-HAND, xn. [bow and hand.) The hand that draws a bow. Spenser. BOW/IE-KNIFE, (b3/e-nife,) n. A long knife, or dag- ger, usedyby hunters and others in the Western States. BOW'-LEG, x. A crooked leg. Taylor. BOW’-LEG-GED, (bo/legd,) a. [bow and leg.) Hay- ing crooked legs. Johnson. BOW/LESS, a. Destitute of a bow. BOW!-MAN, 2. [bow and man.) A man who uses a bow ; anarcher. Jerem. iv. 29. BOW/-MAN, n. The man who rows the foremost oar in a boat. Mar. Dict. BOW/-NET, 7. [ow and net.] An engine for catch- ing lobsters and crawfish, called also bow-wheel. It is made of two round wicker baskets, pointed at the end, one of which is thrust mto the other, and at the mouth is a little rim bent inward. Encyc. BOW’/-PEN, n. A metallic ruling-pen, having the part which holds the ink bowed out toward the middle, BOW/-PIECE, n. [bow and piece.] A piece of ord- nance carried at the bow of a ship. Encyc. BOW/-SHOT, x. [bow and shot.] The space which an arrow may pass when shot from abow. Gen. xxi. 16, Boyle. BOW/-WIN'/DOW. See Bay-Winpow. BOW/A-BLE, a. Of a flexible disposition. Use. BOWED, (bowd,) pp. Bent; crushed; subdued. BOWED, pp. ora. Bent; like a bow. BOW/ELS, 7. pl. {Ss bauch; D. butik; Sw. buk; Dan. bug; Fr. boyau; W. bog; a swelling; bogel, the na- vel. The sense is, protuberance. ] 1. The intestines of an animal; the entrails, es- pecially of man; the heart. 2 Cor. vi. 12. 2. The interior part of any thing; as, the Dowels of the earth. 3. The seat of pity or Kindness; hence, tender- ness, compassion ; @ scriptural sense. Bowel, in the singular, is sometimes used for gut. BOW’EL, v. t. To take out the bowels ; to eviscerate ; to penetrate the bowels. Ainsworth. Ash. BOW/EL-LESS, a. Without tenderness or pity. BOW’ER, x. [from bow.] An anchor carried at the bow of a ship. There are generally two bowers, called first and second, great and little, or best and [Not in small. Encije. BOW/ER, n. [Sax. bur, a chamber or private apart- ment, a hut, a cottage ; W. ber, an inclosure.] 1. A shelter or covered place in a garden, made with boughs of trees bent and twined together. It differs from arbor in that it may be round or square, whereas an arbor is long and arched. Milton. Encyc. 2. A bed-chamber; any room in a house except the hall. Spenser. Jason. 3. A country-seat; a cottage. Shenstone. B. Jonson. 4, A shady recess ; a plantation for shade. W. Brown. BOW’ER, v. t. To embower ; to inclose, Shak. BOWER, v. 2. To lodge. Spenser. BOWERS, ) x. pl. [from bow.] Muscles that bend the BOWRS, ) _ joints. Spenser. Mason. BOW/DER-Y, a. Covering ; shading, as a bower ; also, containing bowers, Thomson. A bowery maze that shades the purple streams. Trumbull, BOW’ESS, )n. A young hawk, when it begins to get BOW/BT, § out of the nest; a term in falconry. mneyc. Ash. BOWGE, v.z7. To swell out. [See Bouce.] BOWGH, v.t. ‘To perforate ; as, to bowge a ship. Ainsworth. [Ido not find this word in any other author.] BOWING, ppr. Bending; stooping; making a bow. BOW/ING-LY, adv. In a bending manner. BOWL, zn. [Sax. dolla. In Latin, vola is the hollow of the hand.] 1. A concave vessel to hold liquors, rather wide than deep, and thus distinguished from a cup, which is rather deep than wide. 2. The hollow part of any thing; as, the bowl of a spoon. 3. A basin; a fountain. Bacon. BOWL, n. [D. bol; Fr. boule; Sp. bola; Arm. bowl, a ball; W. pel.] A ball of wood used for play on a level plat of ground. BOWL, v.i. To play with bowls, or at bowling. 2, To roll the ball at cricket. 3. To move rapidly, smoothly, and like a ball; as, the carriage bowled along. BOWL, ». t. To roll, as a bowl; also, to pelt with any thing rolled. Shak. To bowl out, in cricket, is to knock down one’s wicket by bowling. BOWL’DER, n. [from bowl.] A stone, of a roundish form, and of no determinate size, found on the sea- shore, and on the banks or in the channels of rivers, &c., Worn smooth or rounded by the action of water ; a pebble. Johnson. Encie. The term bowlder is now used in geology for round- ed masses of any rock, found out of place, and ap- parently transported from their original bed by water. Bowlders of granite, often of great size, are Very common on the surface of the most recent forma- tions. BOWL/DER-STONE. See BowLveEr. BOWL'DER-WALL, x. A wall constructed of peb- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 141 i t - eee “> Sago ee eo " -~ co * Ce i eel a= 9 en = | BOX'-€0AT, n. BOX’-DRAIN, zm. An under-ground drain, boxed up on BOX-EL/DER, n. The ash-leaved mnaple, (Acer negun- BOX BRA BRA bles or bowlders of flint or other silicious stones, which have been rounded by the action of water. Builder’s Dict. BOWL’‘ER, zn. One who plays at bowls, or who rolls in cricket. BOW’LINE, x. [Sp. and Port. bolina; Arm. bouline, ‘voile de biais pour recevoir le vent de cété,” a slunting sail to receive a side wind, Gregoire; Fr. bouline, a tack; bouliner, to tack, to turn one way and the other, to dodge or shift. But in Danish it is bogline, the line of the bow or bend.] A rope fastened near the middle of the leech or perpendicular edge of the square sails, by subordinate parts, called bridles, and used to keep the weather edge of the sail tight forward, when the ship is close- hauled. Mar. Dict. Bowline-bridles are the ropes by which the bowline is fastened to the leech of the sail. Encyc. BOWLI/ING, z. The act of rolling bowls, or the ball at cricket. Burton. BOWLI/ING, ppr. Playing at bowls; rolling the ball at cricket; moving smoothly and rapidly along. BOWL/ING-AL/LEY, n. In the United States, a place for playing at bowls. BOWL‘ING-GREEN, x. [borol and green.| A level piece of ground kept smooth for bowling. 2. In gardening, a parterre in a grove, laid with fine turf, with compartments of divers figures, with dwarf trees and other decorations. It may be used for bowling; but the French and Italians have such greens for ornament, Enciyc. BOWSE, v. i. In seamen’s language, to pull or haul hard ; as, to bowse upon a tack ; to bowse away, to pull all tozether. Encyc. BOW'ISPRIT, n. [bow and sprit; D. boegspriet ; Dan. bogsprid; G. bugspriet. See Sertt. A large booin or spar, Which projects over the stem ot a ship, or other vessel, to carry sail forward. [This ts prove bly the true orthoxraphy. | Jar. Dict. BCWSS'EN, v.t. To drink; todrench. [.Vot used.] Qu. house. : bOW'STHING, n. The string of abow. The dow- string is used hy the Turks in strangling offenders ; hence, the verb to bowstring is sometimes used. BOW'STPRING-ED, a. Furnished with bowstrings. BOW'YER, n. [from bow, a corruption of bower, like sawyer. } An archer; one who uses a bow ; one who makes bows. | Zittle used.] Johnson. BOX, n. [Sax. box, a coffer, and the box-tree; L. buz- us, the tree, and pyzis,a box; Gr. rvgis, a box, and mugs, the tree; rvz, the fist; Ir. bugsa, buksa; Sw. buxbom ; Ger. bucksbaum ; Dan. buzbom, the box-tree ; Ger. Hiichse, a box ; It. bosso, the box-tree ; bossolo, a box ; Sp. 40z, the tree; Port. buzo, the tree ; buxa,a Ore = Rtopple ; Pers. poXs bazas, buxus, box-tree; Ar. the sam®. Box may be from closeness, applied to the shrub the fist, and the case, ] BOX/-LOB-BY, n. In a theater, the lobby leading to the boxes. BOX’-THORN, n. [box and thorn.] A plant, the Ly- cium, or a species of it. Fam. of Plants. BOX’-TREE, n. The box, (Buzus sempervirens, Linn.) BOX’ED, (boxt,) pp. Inclosed in a box ; struck on the head with the fist or hand ; furnished with a box or hollow iron, as a wheel. BOX’EN, (box/n,) a. Made of box-wood ; resembling box. Dryden. Gay. BOX’/ER, nm. One who fights with his fist. BOX/HAUL, v.t. To veer a ship in a particular man- ner, when close-hauled, round on to the other tack. Chambers. BOX’ING, ppr. or a. Inclosing in a box; striking with the fist; furnishing with a box. BOX/ING, n. The act of fighting with the fist ; a com- bat with the fist. . BOY, x. (Pers. bach, a boy ; W. bagzen, from bag, lit- Ue; Arm. bucuel, a child; bugale, boyish ; Sw. poike, a young boy; Dan. pog; Fr. page. (See Beacie and Puc.) Boy is a contracted word, and probably the L. puer, for puger, for we see by puella that r is not rad- ical. So the Gr. zucs probably is contracted, for the derivative verb, zai(w, forms meee matx0ers. The radical letters probably are Bg or Pg. A male child, from birth to the age of puberty ; but in general, applied to males under ten or twelve years I. A coffer or chest, either of wood or metal. In general the word bor is used for a case of rouch boards, or more slightly made than a chest, and used for the conveyance of goods. But the name is applied to cases of any size and of any materi- als ; as, a wooden boz, a tin bor, an iron box, a Strong hoz. 2 The quantity that a box contains ; as, a boz of quicksilver ; a box of rings. In some cases, the quan- uty called a boz is fixed by custom ; in others, it is uncertain, as a box of tea or sugar. 3. A certain seat in a play-house, or in any public room. 4. The case which contains the muriner’s compass. 5. A money-chest. 6. A tree or shrub, the Burus sempervirens, used for bordering flower-beds. The name is- also given to other species of the genus. The Alfrican box is the Myrsine. 7. A blow on the head with the hand, or on the ear with the open hand. 8. A cylindrical, hollow iron, used in wheels, in Which the axle-tree runs. Also, a hollow tube in a pump, closed with a valve, X,v.1 To fight with the fist; to combat with the hand or fist, OX, v.t. Toincloseina box ; also, to furnish with boxes, as a wheel or block, 2. To strike with the hand or fist, especially the ear or side of the head. : 3. To rehearse the several points of the compass in their proper order. Encyc. 4. To make a hole or cut ina tree to procure the Sap: as, to bora maple. °. To sail round. [Sp. bozar. To box off; to divide off into tight co-partments. An overcoat, originally worn by coachmen. the sides and top, and covered with earth. Brande. do, Linn. ; Vegundium aceroides, Moench,) a native of North America. . of age; alad. Sometimes it is used in contempt for a young man, indicating immaturity, want of vigor or judgment. BOY, v.t. To treat as a boy. Johnson. Rather, to act as a boy; to imitate a boy in action. The passage in Shakspeare, in which this word is found, is supposed to allude to the practice of boys acting Women’s parts on the stage. I shall see some squeaking Cleopatra boy my greatness. See Mason’s Sup. to Johnson. BOY’AR, n. A nobleman of Russia, Transylvania, &c. [See Borar.] BOY'AU, (boy'o,) n.; pl. Bovaux. [Fr. boyau,a gut, and a branch of a tree.] In fortification, a ditch covered with a parapet, serving as a communication between two trenches. Encye. BOY’-BLIND, a. Blind asa boy ; undiscerning. [ Obs. | Beaum. & Fl. BOY’ER, n. A Flemish sloop with a castle at each end, Encyc. BOY’HOOD, n. [boy and hood.) The state of a boy, or of immature age. Swift. BOY’ISH, a. Belonging to a boy; childish ; trifling ; resembling a boy in manners or opinions; puerile. Shak. BOY’ISH-LY, adv. Childishly ; in a trifling manner. Sherwood. BOY’ISH-NESS, n. Childishness ; the manners or be- havior of a boy. BOY'ISM, x. Childishness ; puerility. Dryden. 2. The state of a boy. Warton. BOY?S'-PLAY, x. Childish amusement ; any thing trifling. BO-YU’'NA, x. and slender, having an intolerable smell harmless reptile. BP; an abbreviation of BrsHop. BRA-BANT’INE, a. Pertaining to Brabant, a province of the Netherlands, of which Brussels is the capital. State Papers, vol. ii. BRAB’/BLE, n. [D. brabbelen, to stammer. ] A broil; a clamorous contest; a wrangle. [ Obs.] Shak. BRAB’/BLE, v. 7. To clamor ; to contest noisily. [ Obs.] Beaum. & Fl, BRAB/BLER,n. A clamorous, quarrelsome, noisy fel- low ; a wrangler. [ Obs.] Shak. BRAB/BLING, ppr. Clamoring ; wrangling. [ Obds.] BRAC€'CATE, a. [L. bracca, breeches. In ornithology, furnished with feathers which con- ceal the feet. BRACE, x. [Fr. bras; Sp. brazo; Port. brago; Arm. breach, or breh; Ir. brac, and raigh; W. braic; Corn. breck, or breh; L. brachium; Gr. Bpaxiwy, the arm. This word furnishes a clear and decisive evidence of the change of a palatal letter into a sibilant. The change comes through the Spanish or other Celtic dialect, brach, brazo, the Sp. z being originally a pal- atal or guttural; thence to the Fr. bras, and Eng. brace. In like manner, Durazzo is formed from Dir- rachium. The Greek verbs furnish a multitude of similar ghanges. This word furnishes also a proof that 6 is a prefix; for in Irish, brac is written also raigh. The sense of arm is, that which breaks forth, ashoot. From bras, the French have embrasser, to embrace, and in Sp. brazas is braces, and bracear is to brace, and to swing the arms. Brace, in naval affairs, is in D. bras; Dan. bras, and brase, to brace. Qu. Is this the same word as the Fr. bras, an enn 1. In architecture, a piece of timber framed in with bevel joints, to keep the building from swerving ei- ther way. I[t extends like an arm from the post or main timber. 2. That which holds any thing tight; a cincture or Also, a Dict. of Nat. Hist. BRA€H'LO-POD, zn. BRA€UH-I-OP/O-DA, n. pl. $ BRACH/MAN, BRA MIN, (bra/min,) BRA-€HYG/RA-PHY, 2. BRA-C€HYP’TER-OUS, a, BRA-€HYST’O-CHRONE, n bandage. The braces of a drum are not Bands. 142 3. A pair; a couple; as, a brace of ducks. It is used of persons only in contempt, or in a style of drollery. 4. In music, a line or bracket placed vertically at the beginning of each set of staves in a score, sery- ing to bind them together. Brande. o. A thick strap, which supports a calTiage on wheels. 6. A crooked line, in printing, connecting two or more words or lines; thus, 2: 5 ? bowl. It is used to connect triplets in poetry. 7. In marine language, a rope reeved through a block at the end of a yard, to square or traverse the yard. The name is giyen also to pieces of iron which are used as supports; such as the poop lan- terns, &c. Mar. Dict. 8. Brace, or brasse, is a foreign measure answering to our fathom. [Fr. brasse, fathom.]} 9. Harness; warlike preparation ; as we say, gird- ed for battle. Shak. 10. Tension ; tightness. Holder. 1]. Braces; pl., suspenders ; the straps that sustain pantaloons, &c. 12. The braces of a drum, are the cords on the sides of it, for tightening the heads and snares. 13. A curved instrument of iron or wood, for boring holes and driving screws, by pressure against the breast. Nicholson. BRACE, v.t. To draw tight; to tighten; to bind or tie close ; to make tight and firm. 2. To make tense; to strain up; as, to brace a drum. 3. To furnigh with braces; as, to brace a building. 4. To strengthen ; to increase tension , as, to bruce the nerves. D. In marine language, to bring the yards to either side. To brace about, is to turn the yards round for the contrary tack, To brace sharp, is to cause the yards to haye the smallest possible angle with the keel. To brace to, is to check or ease off the lee braces, and round in the weather ones, to assist in tacking. Mar. Dict. BRAC’/ED, (brast,) pp. Furnished with braces ; drawn close and tight ; made tense. BRACE’LET, n. [Fr. brasselet, and bracelet ; It. brac- ciale, braccialetto ; Sp. brazalete. See Brace. 1. An ornament for the wrist, worn by ladies. This ornament seems anciently to have been worn by men as well as women. 2. A piece of defensive armor for the arm. Johnson. BRA‘/CER, n. That which braces, binds, or makes firm; a band or bandage; also, armor for the arm. Chaucer. 2. A medicine, which gives tension or tone to any part of the body. BRA€H, x. [Fr. braque; D. brak ; It. bracco, a setting dog; Sp. braco, pointing or setting, as a pointer. ] A bitch of the hound kind. Shak. A large serpent of America, black #BRA€H’I-AL, a. {L. brachium, from the Celtic braic, brac, the arm.] Belonging to the arm; as, the brachial artery. Hooper. BRACH’LATE, a. [See Bracntat.] In botany, hav- ing branches in pairs, decussated, all nearly horizon- tal, and each pair at right angles with the next. Martyn. ) (Gr. Gpaxiov, the arm, and ruda, feet.] ‘Terms applied to a class or order of molluscous an- imals, characterized by two fleshy arms, or labial processes, which they can protrude or withdraw, and Which serve for prehension. n, One of the sacerdotal order of India. The brachmans are a branch of the ancient gymnosophists, and remarka- ble for the severity of their lives and manners. Encyc. BRA€H-Y-CAT-A-LEC/TIE, xn. [Gr. Bpaxus, short, and KareAnKrixos, cougnu In Greek and Latin prosody, a verse wanting two syllables at its termination. BRA€H-Y-DI-AG/O-NAL, n. The shortest of the di- agonals in a rhombic prism. BRA-C€HYG/RA-PHER, n. [See the next word.] A Writer in short hand. Gayton. [Gr. Boaxus, short, and ypapn, a writing. ] The art or practice of writing in short hand ; ste- nography. B. Jonson. BRA-€HYL/O-GY, n. [Gr. Bpaxus, short, and Aoyos, expression. ] In rhetoric, the expressing of any thing in the most concise manner. [Gr. Beaxus, short, and mrépov, Wing. ] In ornithology, a term denoting that the wings, when folded, do not reach to the base of the tail. Brande. [Gr. Bpaxtcrus, short- est, and xpovos, time. ] | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —BRA A curve, in which a body, descending by the force of gravity, moves through a given space in the short- est time. BRA€H'Y-TYP-OUS, a. Turos, form. | In mineralosy, of a short form. Mohs. Pano US, a. [Gr. Byaxus, short, and ovpa, tail, Short-tailed : a term applied to a tribe of crustacea, comprehending the c Fr. bravade. See Brave. ] A boast or brag ; an arrogant menace, intended to intimidate. BRAVE, a. [Fr. brave; Arm. brao; Sp. Port. It. bravo; D. braaf; Sw. braf; Dan. brav; Ger. brav, whence braviren, to look big, to bully or hector. In Sp. and Port. bravo signifies brave, valiant, strenuous, bullying, fierce, wild, savage, rude, unpolished, ex- cellent, fine; bravear, to bully, to menace m an arrogant manner; bravaisaswellofthesea; braveza, valor, and fury of the elements. The word brave expresses also a showy dress; Arm. bragal, to be well dressed, fine, spruce, of which brao seems to be a contraction. The word bears the sense of open, bold, expanding, and rushing, vaunting. It is doubt- less contracte 2d, and probably from the root of brag.] 1. Courageous ; bold; daring; intrepid; fearless of danger; as, a brave warrior. It usually unites the sense of cowrage with generosity and dignity of mind, qualities often united. Jacon. The brace man will not deliberately do an injury to his fellow- man. Anon. 2. Gallant ; having a noble mien. Si Spenser. lofty ; graceful ; 3. Magnificent; grand; as, a brave place. - Denham. 4. Excellent ; noble; dignified. [But in modern usage, it has nearly lost its application to things. ] [Ar. Sys baraka, to Spenser. a man daring beyond dis- 5. Gaudy ; showy in dress. adorn. ] Obs. ] BRAVE, x A hector; cretion or decency. Hot braves like thee may fight. Dsyden. A boast; a challenge; a defiance. Shak. 3. In America, an Indian wa~“or is called a brave, a term first applied by the French. BRAVE, v. t. To defy; to challenge; to encounter with courage and fortitude, or w ithout being moved ; to set at defiance. The ills of love I can brave. The rock that braves the tempest. 2. To carry a boasting appearance of; as, to brave that which they believe,not. acon. BRAV/ED, pp. Defied ; set at defiance ; met without dismay, or being moved. BRAVE'LY, adv. Courageously ; ; gallantly ; splendid- ly ; ina brave manner ; heroically. In Spenser, finely ; gaudily. 2. In colloquial usage, in good health ; or much re- covered from illness. Norfolk. Suffolk. [In this sense the term is still occasionally used im America. | BRAV’/ER, a.; comp. of Brave. BRAV/ER-Y, x. Courage; heroism; undaunted spirit ; intrepidity ; gallantry ; fearles sness of danger ; often united with generosity or dignity of mind which despises meanness and cruelty, and disdains to take advantage of a vanquished enemy. The due nD in proving his bravery, shows that he a it ae pec in De splendor: magnificence ; Dryden. showy aapeaenes, The bravery of their tinkling ornaments. —Is. ii. Spenser. 3. Show ; ostentation ; fine dress, Bacon. 4. Bravado; boast. Bacon Sidney. >. A showy person. Spenser. {In the last four senses, this word % nearly antiquated.]} BRAV/EST, a. ; superl. of Brave. BRAV/ING, ppr. Setting at defiance ; challenging. BRA'VO, n. [It.and Sp.] A daring villain; a bandit; one who sets law at defiance ; an assassin or mur- derer. Gov. of the Tongue, BRA!VO, interj7. Well done. BRA-VU'RA, n. [Sp., a boasting.] An air charac- terized by minute divisions, giving several notes to a syllable, and requiring great force and spirit in the performer. RaACycs BRAWL, v.i. [G. britllen; D. brullen; Dan. vraale ° and bréle; Sw. vrala, to roar or bellow; Fr. brailler ; Arm. brailhat, to brawl or be noisy; L. prelior; W. broliaw, to boast, to brag; brawl, a shooting out, a boast. a To quarrel noisily and indecently. Watts. - To speak loud and indecently. Shak. 3 or roar as water; to make a noise. Shak, BRAWL, v.t. To drive ur beat away, Shak. BRAW te n. (Norm. braul.] 1. Noise ; quarrel; scurnility; uproar. Hooker. 2. Formerly, a kind of dance, said to resemble the mode om cotillon. Shak. B. Jonson. Gray. BRAWL/ER, x. A noisy fellow; a wrangler. 4yliffe. BRAWI JING, n. The act of quarreling. BRAW L/ING, p ppr. ora, Quarrelling; quarrelsome. BRAW LIING- LY, adv. Ina quarrelsome manner. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MSVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 144 a ant es +, Wa Ree Pe Renee = a eeBRE BRAWN, nxn. [L. aprugnus, caro aprugna.] 1. The flesh of a boar, or the animal. 2. The 4deshy, protuberant, muscular part of the body Peacham. 3. Bulk; muscular strength. Dryden. 4. The arm, from its muscles or strength. Shak. 5. The flesh of the boar or of swine, collared so as to squeeze out much of the fat, boiled and pickled. BRAWN’ED, a. Brawny ; strong. Spenser. BRAWN‘ER, x. A boar killed for the table. King. BRAWN/I-NESS, n. The quality of being brawny ; strength ; hardiness. Locke. BRAWN’Y, a. Musculous; fleshy; bulky ; having large, strong muscles 5; strong. ryden. BRAY, v. t. [Sax. bracan; Fr broyer; to pound or bruise; bratre, to roar, or bray as an ass; Arm. bregui, to roar; Norm. brair, to cry; to brag; Gr. paxw; W. briwaw, to break in pieces, to rub or grind; breyan, a quern; Ir. bra, a handmill. See Brag and Break.] 1. To pound, beat, or grind small; as, to braya fool in a mortar. Prov. xxvii. 2. v. i. To make a harsh sound, as of an ass. Dryden. 3. To mak? a harsh, disagreeable, grating sound. Milton. BRAY, zx. 'T) 2 harsh sound or roar of an ass; a harsh, grating sov d. 2. Shel’ ag ground ; a declivity or slope of a hill. [Scottish, érae. airfax. BRAY,2. [W. bre, a mount or peak. Asbauwk or mound of earth. [ Obs. Herbert. BRAY’'ER, n. One that brays like an ass. Pope. 2. An instrument to temper ink in printing-oflices. ailey. Johnson. BRAY/ING, ppr. Pounding or grinding small ; roaring. BRAY/ING, n. The noise of an ass. 2. Roar; noise; clamor. BRAYLE, x. See Brat. BRAZE, v.t. [Fr. braser.] 1. To soder with an alloy of brass and zine. Smith. Moxon. 2. To harden to impudence; to harden as with brass. Shak. BRA/ZEN, (bra‘zn,) a Made of brass; as, a brazen helmet. Dryden. 9. Pertaining to brass ; proceeding from brass ; as, a brazen din. Shak. 3. Impudent; having a front like brass. Brazen age, or age of brass ; in mythology, the age which succeeded the silver age, when men had de- generated from primitive purity. Brazen dish, among miners, is the standard by which other dishes are gauged, and is kept in the king’s hall. [ England. } Brazen sea; in Jewish antiquity, a huge vessel of brass, cast on the plain of Jordan, and placed in Sol- omon’s temple. It was 10 cubits from brim to brim, 5 in hight, 30 in circumference, and contained 3000 baths. It was designed for the priests to wash them- selves in, before they performed the service of the temple. Encyc. BRA/ZEN, (bra'zn,) v. i. To be impudent ; to bully. Arbuthnot. BRA'ZEN-BROW-ED, a. Being of shameless impu- dence. TOWN. BRA'ZEN-FACE, n. [brazen and face.}] An impu- dent person ; one remarkable for effrontery. Shak. BRA’'ZEN-FAC/ED, (bra/zn-faste,) a. Impudent; bold to excess ; shameless. Dryden. BRA'ZEN-LY, adv. Ina bold, impudent manner. BRA'ZEN-NESS, n. Appearance like brass. In this sense, brassiness is the more correct word. 2. Impudence ; excess of assurance. BRA/ZIER. See Brasier. BRA-ZIL/ n. ([Port. braza, a live coal, or BRA-ZIL/-WOOD, glowing fire. This name was given to the wood for its color; and it is said that King Emanuel, of Portugal, gave this name to the country in America on account of its producing this wood. It was first named Santa Cruz, by its discov- erer, Pedro Alvares Cabral. Lindley’s Narrative of a Voyage to Brazil. Med. Rep. Hex. 2, vol. 3, 200.) Brazil, or brazil-wood, is a very heavy wood, of a red color, growing in Brazil and other tropical coun- tries. It is used in manufactures for dyeing red. It is the produce of the Cesalpinia echinata. BRAZ-LLET’TO, n. A kind of red dyeing-wood, in- ferior to the brazil-wood, brought from Jamaica, the produce of two species of Cesalpinia, (C. brasiliensis and C. crista.) See Brazir-Woop. Bancroft. BRA-ZIL/LAN, (bra-zil'yan,) a, Pertaining to Brazil ; as, Brazilian strand. Barlow. BRA-ZIL/-NUT, n. The Juvia; the nut of a large South American tree; the Bertholletia excelsa. BRAZ'ING, n. The act of uniting by an alloy of brass and Zinc. BREACH, zn. [Fr. breche; D. breuk; Ger. bruch; Sw. ° brack: Dan. brek: Sp. and Port. brecha. See Break. ] 1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken; a rupturé ; a break; a gap; the space between the sey- eral parts of a solid body parted by violence; as, a breach in a garment or in a wall. BRE 2. The violation of a law ; the violation or non- fulfillment of a contract ; the nom-performance of a moral duty ; non-performance of duty being a breach of obligation as well as a positive transgression or Vi- olation. Every breach of the public engagements is hurtful to public credit. Hamilton. 3. An opening in a coast. [Wot usual.] Spenser. 4. Separation between friends by means of enmity ; difference ; quarrel. Clarendon. 5. Infraction ; injury ; invasion; as, a breach upon kingly power. Clarendon. 6. Bereavement ; loss of a friend and its consequent affliction. 7. A violation of the public peace, as by a riot, af- fray, or any tumult which is contrary to law, and destructive to the public tranquillity, is called a breach of the peace. BREACH, v. t. To make a breach or opening, as in the walls of a fortification. Life of Wellington. BREACH’FUL, a. Full of breaches. BREACH’Y, a. Apt to break fences. Holloway. BREAD, (bred,) x. [Sax. breod; Ger. brot, brod; D. brood; Sw. bréd; Dan. brid; Qu. Gr. Bpwros, any thing esculent. If the word signifies food in general, or that which is eaten, probably it is the Heb. and Ch. n)72, from 772, barah, to eat or feed. But, in German, it signifies loaf as well as bread. ‘‘ Ze- hen brot,?? ten loaves. It may therefore signify, primarily, a lump or portion.] J. A mass of dough, made by moistening and kneading, and usually fermenting, the flour or meal of some species of grain, and baked in an oven or 2. Food in general. [pan. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. —Gen. tii. Give us this day our daily bread. Lord’s Prayer. 3. Support of life in general ; maintenance. Is the reward of virtue bread? Bee-bread. See Breer. Ship-bread ; bread for ships ; hard biscuits. Cassada-bread. See Cassava. BREAD, v. t. [Sax. bredan. See Broan.] To spread. [JVot used. ] Ray. BREAD/CHIP-PER, n. [bread and chip.] One who chips bread ; a baker’s servant; an under butler. Shak. BREAD/-€ORN, n. [bread and corn.) Corn of which bread is made. ‘This, in most countries, is wheat or rye; but, in some countries, bread is made of other grain, as of maize in some parts of America. BREAD/EN, (bred’/n,) a. Made of bread. Rogers. BREAD/-FRUIT-TREE, n. [bread, fruit, and tree.] The Artocarpus incisa, a tree which grows in the isles of the Pacific Ocean, of the size of an apple- tree, producing a fruit of a round or oval shape, and as large as a small loaf of bread, which is eaten as food. Encyc. BREAD/LESS, a. Without bread ; destitute of food. BREAD/-ROOM, . An apartment in a ship’s hold, where the bread is Kept. BREAD/-STUFF, x. Bread corn, meal, or flour. [U. States] BREADTH, (bredth:) Ne Boanp and Broan. The measure or extent of any plain surface from side to side ; a geometrical dimension, which, multi- plied into the length, constitutes a surface ; as, the length of a table is five feet, and the breadth three ; 5 < 3= 15 feet, the whole surface. BREADTH/LESS, a. Having no breadth. More. BREAK, ». t.; pret. Broxe, [Braxke, obs.;] pp. BRoKE or Broxen. [Sax. brecan, brecan, to break, and bra- can, to bray, as in a mortar ; Sw. brdka; Dan. brekke ; D. braaken, breeken ; Ger. brechen ; W. bregu, to break ; breg, a rent or rupture; bre¢, a breaking out ; a frec- kle; Goth. brikan; Ir. bracaim, to break, to harrow ; Sp. and Port. brecha, a breach; L. frango, Ffrezi, nm casual; Arm. fricga; Fr. fracas; Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. and Ar. p1), farak, to break, to free, or deliver, to separate ; Gr. dpaccw, dpayua. These words seem also to be allied to 72 and 5. If the first conso- nant is a prefix, which is probable, then connected with these words are the Gr. pyyvvw and epsikw, W. rhwygaw, Arm. roga, rega, to rend. Wreck is proba- bly of the same family. The primary sense is to strain, stretch, rack, drive ; hence, to strain and burst or break. It should be noted that the Greek fnyn, in the Adolic dialect, is Bonyn-] 1. To part or divide by force and violence, as a solid substance ; to rend apart; as, to break a band ; to break a thread or a cable. 2. To burst or open by force. The fountains of the earth were broke open. 3. To divide by piercing or penetrating; to burst forth ; as, the light breaks through the clouds. Pope. [Sax. bred and bred. See Burnet. Dryden. 4, To make breaches or gaps by battering, as in a wall. Shak. ] 5. To destroy, crush, weaken, or impair, as the human body or constitution. Milton. 6. To sink; to appall or subdue; as, to break the spirits or the passions. Philips. BRE 7. To crush; to shatter; to dissipate the strer gih of, as ofan army. ~ ryden. 8. To weaken or impair, as the faculties. Shak. 9. To tame; to train to obedience ; to make tracta- ble ; as, to break a horse. Addison. 10. To make bankrupt. , South. 1J. To discard, dismiss, or cashier ; as, to break an officer. Swift. 12. To crack, to part, or divide, as the skin; to open, as an aposteme. 13. To violate, as a contract or promise, either by a positive act contrary to the promise, or by neglect or non-fulfillment. 14. To infringe or violate, as a Jaw, or any moral obligation, either by a positive act, or by an omission of what is required. Dryden. 15. To stop; to interrupt; to cause to cease ; as, to break conversation ; to break sleep. Shak. 16. To intercept ; to check ; to lessen the force of ; as, to break a fall, or a blow. Bacon. 17. To separate; to part; as, to brean company or friendship. Atterbury. 18. To dissolve any union ; sometimes with off; as, to break off a connection. 19. To cause to abandon ; to reform, or cause to re- form ; as, to break one of ill habits or practices. Grew. 20. To open, as a purpose ; to propound something new ; to make a first disclosure of opinions; as, to break one’s mind. Bacon. 21. To frustrate ; to prevent. If plagues or earthquakes break not Heayen’s design. Pope. 9, To take away ; as, to break the whole staff of bread. Ps. cv. 23. To stretch ; to strain ; to rack ; as, to break one on the wheel. To break the back ; to strain or dislocate the verte- bre with too heavy a burden ; also, to disable one’s fortune. Shak. To break bulk: ; to begin to unload. Mar. Dict. To break cover ; to come forth from a lurking-place, as game when hunted. To break a deer; to cut it up at table. Johnson. To break fast; to eat the first meal in the day, but used as a compound word. To break ground; to plow. Carew. To break ground; to dig; to open trenches; and hence, figuratively, to commence an undertaking. Encyc. To break the heart; to afflict grievously; to cause great sorrow or grief; to depress with sorrow or de- Spair. Dryden. To break a jest; to utter a jest unexpected. Johnson. To break the neck; to dislocate the joints of the neck. Shak. To break off; to put a sudden stop to; to interrupt; to discontinue. Break off thy sins by righteousness. — Dan. iv, 2. To sever ; to divide ; a8, to break off a twig. To break in; to train or accustom. To break sheer. In marine language, when & ship at anchor is in a position to keep clear of the anchor, but is forced by wind or current out of that position, she breaks her sheer. Mar. Dict. To break up; to dissolve or put an end to; as, to break up house-keeping. 2. To open, or lay open; as, to break up a bed of earth. 3. To plow ground the first time, or after lying long unplowed. [4 common use in the U. States.] 4. To separate ; as, to break up a company. 5. To disband; as, to break up an army. To break upon the wheel; to stretch and break the bones by torture upon the wheel. To break wind; to give vent to wind from the body backward. a BREAK, (brake,) v.21. To part ; to separate ; to divide in two; as, the ice breaks, a band breaks. 9. To burst; as, a storm or deluge breaks. Dryden. 3. To burst by dashing against something; as, a wave breaks upon a rock. Pope. 4, To open, as a tumor, or aposteme, Harvey. 5. 'T’o open, as the morning ; to show the first light ; to dawn. Addison. 6. To burst forth; to utter or exclaim. Shak. 7. To fail in trade or other occupation ; to become bankrupt. “ Pope. 8. T'o decline in health and strength ; to begin to lose the natural vigor. Swift. 9, To issue out with vehemence. Pope. 10, To make way with violence or suddenness ; to rush ; often with a particle ; as, to break in to break in upon, as calamities; to break over, as a flood ; to break out, as a fire; to break forth, as light or a 11. To come to an explanation. [sound. I am to break with thee upon some affairs. Shak. [I believe antiquated.) s ‘ 12, To suffer an interruption of friendship ; to fall out. Be not afraid to break with traitors. B. Jonson. 13. To faint, flag, or pant. My soul breaketh for the longing that it hath unto thy Judg- ments. — Ps. cxix. To break away; to disengage itself from; to rush TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; @ as J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 19 1du eae MGT oe eee osetia semen 8 ene RE atiBREAK’FAST, (brek/fast,) x. [break and fast.] The BREAKFAST, (brek/fast,) v. t. To furnish with the BREAK’FAST, (brek’fast,) v. 7. BREAK’FAST-ING, ppr. Eating or taking the first BREAK’FAST-ING, n. 3 faraka, to break. This word comes to us from the south of Europe, and may have been introduced into Spain by the Moors. If this conjecture is not well founded, I know not the origin of the word. See Cast. Hept. Col. 3084.]} A party or division of troops, or soldiers, whether cavalry or infantry, regular or militia, commanded by a brigadier. It consists of an indeterminate number of regiments, squadrons, or battalions. A brigade of horse is a body of eight or ten squadrons; of infan- try, four, five, or six battalions or regiments. A brigade of artillery consists of six pieces, with usu- ally 140 men. A brigade of sappers consists of only eight men. BRI-GADE’, v. t. brigades. BRI-GAD/ED, pp. Formed into a brigade. BRI-GAD!ING, ppr. Forming into a brigade. BRI-GADE’-Ma-JOR, n. [See Magsorn.] An officer appointed by the brigadier, to assist him in the man- agement and ordering of his brigade. BRIG-A-DIER!’ or BRIG-A-DIER/-GEN/ER-AL, n. {Fr., from brigade. The general officer who commands a bngade, whether of horse or foot, and in rank next below a major-general. BRIG/AND, n. [Fr. brigand; W. brigant, a moun- taineer, a plunderer, from W, brig, a top or summit. } A robber; a freebooter; a lawless fellow who lives by plunder, or who belongs to a band of rob- To form into a brigade, or into bers. Warburton. BRIG/AND-AGE, n. Theft; robbery; plunder. Warburton. BRIG/AN-DINE, 7. [Qu. the origin of this word. In Pers. praghe is a helmet, | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 148 ae de ei Re SRS ace deleBRI BRI BRI Anciently,.a coat of mail. The name has ceased to be used, with the disuse of the thing. It con- sisted of thin, jointed scales of plate, pliant and easy to the body. Bneye- BRIG!AN-TINE, x. [Fr. brigantin; Arm. brigantine ; It. brigantino; Sp. bergantin; Port. bay cantim ; D. berkantyn. Qu. from L. aphractum, Gr. agpaxros, a vessel without a deck, uncovered. It is usually de- rived from brigand.] [See | BRIGHT, (brite,) a. [Sax. beorht, briht, byrht, or bryht, clear, shining, whence beorhtnes, brightness, beorltian, Goth. bairtiyan, to shine or be clear, or to manifest ; Ar. Ch. Heb. Syr. and Eth. pr, to shine, or more probably, Eth. AGU bareah, to shine, as the Eth. participle NCUT berht or bereht, corresponds ex- actly with the Saxon. I have not found this word in any other Teutonic or Gothic language, and the original verb is lost in the Saxon. In Saxon, beorh- thwile or brihthwile signifies a moment, the twinkling of aneye. This directs us to the primary sense of the verb, to shine, which is, to shoot, to dart, to glance. That this is the primary sense, we have evidence from the Sax. bryhtm, which is a deriva- tive from bryht, and which signifies a moment, that is, the time of a shoot, or darting, like glance.) 1. Shining; lucid; luminous; splendid; as, a bright sun or star; a bright metal. 2, Clear; transparent; as liquors. Thomson. 3. Evident; clear; manifest to the mind, as light is to the eyes. The evidence of this truth is bright. 4, Resplendent with charms; as, a bright beauty ; the brightest fair. Pope. 5. Uluminated with science ; sparkling with wit; as, the brightest of men. Pope. 6. Illustrious; glorious; as, the brightest period of a kingdom. otton. 7. In popular language, ingenious ; possessing an active mind. 8. Promising good or success; as, bright prospects. 9, Sparkling ; animated ; as, bright eyes. BRIGHT" EN, (brit/n,) v. t. To make bright or bright- er; to make to shine; to increase luster. 9. To make luminous by light from without, or by dispelling gloom ; as, to brighten sorrow or prospects. [ Philips. Waits. 3. To cheer; to make gay or cheerful. Joy brightens his crest. Milton. 4, To make illustrious, or more distinguished ; as, to brighten a character. Swift. 5. To make acute or witty. Johnson. BRIGHT’EN, (brit/n,) v. i. To grow bright, or more bright; to clear up; as, the sky brightens. 2. To become less dark or gloomy ; as, our pros- pects brighten. BRIGHT’ EN-ED, pp. BRIGHT’ EN-ING, ppr. BRIGHT’ER, a. comp. BRIGHT’EST, a. superl. BRIGHT/-BURN-ING, a, flame. BRIGHT EYED, Cide,) a. Having brighteyes. Gray. BRIGHT!-HAIR-ED, a. Having bright hair. Milton, BRIGHT/-HAR-NESS-ED, (-har’nest,) a. glittering armor. Milton. BRIGHT/-HUED, a. Waving a bright color. BRIGHT’-SHIN-ING, a. Shining with splendor. Spenser. BRIGHT’LY, (brite/ly,) adv. Splendidly ; with luster. BRIGHT/NESS, (brite/ness,) n. Splendor; luster ; glitter. South. 9, Acuteness, applied to the faculties; sharpness of wit; as, the brightness of a man’s parts. Prior. BRI-GOSE!, a. [from brigue.] Contentious. [.Vot wee Puller. BRIGUE, (breeg,) n. [Fr. brigue; Sp. brega; It. bri- ga, stwfe, disquiet; Ir. breaghean, to debate, to quarrel. ] Made bright or more bright. Making bright or brighter. More bright. Most bright. Burning with a bright Having A cabal; intrigue; faction; contention. [ Little wee Chaucer. Chesterfield. BRIGUE, (breeg,) v. 7. To canvass; to solicit. [Zit- tle used. uri, BRIGU/ING, (breeg/ing,) ppr. Canvassing ; soliciting. BRILL, n. A fish allied to the turbot, (the Plewroncc- tes rhombus,) much esteemed in England for food. BRIL-LANT'E, (bril-lant/e,) [It.] In music, in a gay and lively manner. Brande. BRILL/LAN-CY, (bril/yan-cy,) n. [See BRILLIANT. | Splendor ; glitter; great brightness. BRLILL/IANT, (bril‘yant,) a. [Fr. brillant, sparkling, from briller, to shine or sparkle; It. brillante, spark- ling; brillo, joy, gladness, also tipsy ; Sp. brillar, to glitter; brillador, brilliant; brillo, splendor; Ger. and Dan. brille, a pair of spectacles; hence Eng. beryl and pearl. 1. Sparkling with luster; glittering; as, a brilliant gem; a brilliant dress. 2, Splendid; shining; ay, a brilliant achievement. Washington was more solicijous to avoid fatal zaieakse, on to 1€8. perlorm brilliant exploits. mes BRILL/IANT, n. A diamond of the finest cut, formed TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/'CIOUS. —€ a stately carriage. Encyc. BRILL/IANT-LY, adv. Splendidly. Warton. BRILL/IANT-NESS, n. Brilliancy ; splendor ; glitter. BRILLS, n. BRIM, n. BRIM, a. [Sax. bryme.] Public; well known ; cele- brated. [Vot in use. ] arner. BRIM, v. t. To fill to the brim, upper edge, or top. Milton. BRIM, v. 7. To be full to the brim. Philips. BRIM/FUL, a. BRIM/FUL-NESS, n. Fullness to the top. [JVot used. | Shak. BRIM/LESS, a. Having no brim. Addison. BRIM/MER, x. A bow! full to the top. Dryden. BRIMMING, a. BRIM/STONE, n. |Sax. bryne, combustion, and stone, BRIND/ED, a. BRIN/DLED, a. BRINE, 7x. BRINE, v. t. BRING, v. t.; pret. and pp. Broucut. into facets, so as to reflect the light, by which it is rendered more glittering. It has a face or flat table at the middle or the top, and is thus distinguished from a rose diamond, which comes off to a point or angle. Hebert. 2. In the manege, a brisk, high-spirited horse, with Jolinson. The hair on the eyelids of a horse. [Sax. brymm; Sw. bram; Dan, bremme; Sax. ryman, to enlarge ; probably the extent or ex- treme. 1. Ihe rim, lip, or broad border, of any vessel or other thing; as, the brim of a hat, or of a vessel. 9, The upper edge of a vessel, whether broad or not ; as, the brim of a cup or glass. : 3. The top of any liquor; the edge, or that next the border at the top. The ses of the priests were dipped in the brim of the water. — osh. U 4, The edge or brink of a fountain ; the verge. Drayton. [brim and full.| Full to the top ; com- pletely full; as,a glass brimful ; a heart brumful of SOrTOW. Full to the top or brim; as, a brim- Dryden. ming pail. burn-stone, or burning-stone. See Branv and Burn.] Sulphur ; a hard, brittle, inflammable substance, of a lemon-yellow color, which has no smell, unless heated, and which becomes negatively electric by heat and friction. It is found, in great quantities, and sometimes pure, in the neighborhood of volcanoes. It is an ingredient in a variety of minerals and ores. The sulphur of commerce is procured from its natu- ral beds, or artificially extracted from pyrites. Hooper. Nicholson. BRIM/STON-Y, a, Full of brimstone, or containing it ; resembling brimstone ; sulphurous. [It. brinato, spotted.] Marked with spots ; tabby ; having different colors. Jilton. BRIN’/DLE, n. [from brind, the root of brinded.] The state of being brinded ; spottedness. Richardson. Spotted; variegated with spots of different colors. Addison. [Sax. bryne, brine, and a burning, from brennan, to burn. | 1. Water saturated or strongly impregnated with salt, like the water of the ocean. Artificial brine is used for the preservation of the flesh of animals, fish, vegetables, &c. 2. The ocean or sea. Milton. 3. Tears, so called from their saltness. Shak. Leach brine is brine which drops from corned salt in drying, which is preserved to be boiled again. Enciyc. To steep in brine, as corn, to prevent smut ; also, to mix salt with ; as, to brine hay. Encyc. ting. BRING/ER, 2. BRINE/-PAN, n. [brine and pan.] A pit of salt wa- ter, where, by the action of the sun, salt is formed by crystallization. BRINE’-PIT, n. [brine and pit.] A salt spring or well, from which water is taken to be boiled or evaporated for making salt. Enciyc. BRINB/-SPRING, n. [brine and spring.] A spring of Encyc. [Sax. bringan ; Sw. bringa; Dan. bringe; D. brengen; G. bringen; Goth. brizgan. We see by brought, D. bragt, and the Gothic briggan, that n is not radical.] 1. To fetch; to bear, convey, or lead froma dis- tant to.a nearer place, or to a person; as, bring me a book from the shelf; bring me a morsel of bread, In this sense, it is opposed to carry i and it is applied to the person bearing or leading, in opposition to sending or transmitting by another. 2. To produce ; to procure as a cause; to draw to. Nothing brings a man more honor than to be invariably just. 3. To attract or draw along. In distillation the water brings: over with it another substance, 4. To cause to come ; to cause to proceed from a distant place, in company, or at the same time ; as, to bring a boat over a river ; to bring a horse or car- riage ; to bring a cargo of dry goods. 5. ‘Io cause to come to a point, by moral influence ; used of the mind, and implying previous remoteness, aversion, alienation, or disagreement; as, to bring the mind to assent to a proposition; or to bring a man to terms by persuasion or argument. In this sense, it is nearly equivalent to persuade, prevail upon, or duce. The same process is effected by custom, salt water. ee 149 and other causes. Habit brings us to relish things at first disagreeabie ; reflection brings a man to his senses ; and w)ether the process is slow or rapid, the sense of the verb is the same. To bring to the mind any thing before Known and forgotten, is to recall; but the sense of bring is the same. The primary sense 1s to lead, draw, or cause to come; the sense of conveying or bearing is secondary. The use of this verb is so extensive, and incorpo- rated into so many peculiar phrases, that it is not easy to reduce its significations within any precise limits. In general, the verb bring implies motion from a place remote, either in a literal or figurative sense. It is used with various modifying words. To bring back, is to recall, implying previous depart- ure, either in a literal or figurative sense. To bring about; to bring to pass; to effect ; to ac- complish ; to bring to the desired issue. To bring forth, is to produce, as young or fruit ; also, to bring to light; that is, to make manifest, to disclose. To bring forward ; to cause to advance ; to produce to view. To bring in; to import; to introduce ; to bear from a remote place within a certain precinct; to place in a particular condition ; to collect things dispersed ; to reduce within the limits of law and government ; to produce, as income, rent, or revenue ; to induce to join, &c. To bring off; to bear or convey from a distant place ; as, to bring off men from an isle ; also, to pro- cure to be acquitted ; to clear from condemnation ; to cause to escape. To bring on; to cause to begin ; as, to bring on an action. Also, to originate or cause to exist; as, to bring on a disease. Also, to bear or convey from a distance ; as, to bring on a quantity of goods. Also, to attend, or to aid in advancing ; as, to bring one on his way. To bring over ; to bear across; as, to bring over dis- patches ; to bring over passengers in a boat. Also, to convert by persuasion or other means ; to draw to a new party ; to cause to change sides, or an opinion. To bring out; to expose; to detect ; to bring to light from concealment; as, to bring owt an accom- plice or his crimes. To bring under ; to subdue ; to repress ; to restrain ; to reduce to obedience; also, to bring beneath any thing. To bring up; to nurse; to educate; to instruct ; to feed and clothe; to form the manners, and furnish the mind with knowledge. The phrase may compre- hend all these particulars, Also, to introduce to prac- tice ; as, to bring up a fashion or ceremony. Also, to cause to advance near; as, to bring up forces, or the body of reserve. Also, to bear or convey upward. In navication, to cast anchor. To bring down; to cause to come down. Also, to humble or abase ; as, to bring down high looks. To bring to; in navigation, to check the course of a ship, by arranging the sails in such a manner that they shall counteract each other, and keep her nearly stationary. She is then said to lie to. The phrase is used also in applying a rope to the capstan. To bring by the lee ; to incline so rapidly to leeward of the course, when a ship sails large, as to bring the lee-side suddenly to the windward, and, by laying the sails aback, expose her to the danger of overset- Mar. Dict. One who brings or conveys to. Bringer in; the person who introduces. Bringer up; an instructor ; one who feeds, clothes, and educates ; also, one who isin the rear of an army. Ascham, BRING/ING, ppr. Bearing to; conveying ; persuad- ing ; causing to come. BRING/ING-FORTH, n. Production. Shak. BRIN/ISH, a. [from drine.] Like brine ; salt; some- what salt; saltish. BRIN/ISH-NESS, 2. saltish. BRINK, x. [Dan. and Sw. brink; W. bryncyn; Ir. breoch, bruach; from break. | The edge, margin, or border of a steep place, as of a precipice, or the bank of a river. BRIN’Y, a. [from brine.) Pertaining to brine, or to the sea; partaking of the nature of brine ; salt; as, a briny taste ; the briny flood. Dryden. Addison. BRISK, a. [This word may be of the same family with frisk and fresh, which see. W.. brysa, from brys, quick; brysiaw, to hasten, coinciding with press; from W. rhys, a rushing. See Rusx.] . 1. Lively ; active; nimble; gay; sprightly ; viva- cious; applied to animals; as, a brisk young man; @ brisk horse. j 9, Full of spirit or life; effervescing, aS liquors 5 as, brisk cider. : 3. Lively ; burning freely; as, 4 brisk fire. BRISK or BRISK UP, v. t. To make lively; to en- liven ; to animate. ' BRISK UP, v. % To come up with life and speed; to take an erect or bold attitude. BRISK/ET, 2. [Qu. Fr. brechet.] The breast of an animal; or that part of the breast Saltness ; the quality of being as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Re —— mee orn Re a Ee Oe = aie ¥ ee Pe ee eee | ae ae he ces ~ ae Na it aa aeBRO BRO BRO that lies next to the ribs; the fore part of the neck of a horse, at the shoulder down to the fore legs. Bailey. BRISK/-LOOK-ING, a. Having a lively look. BRISK’/LY, adv. Actively; vigorously ; with life and spirit. Boyle. Ray. BRISK’NESS, x. Liveliness; vigor in action ; quick- ness; gayety; vivacity ; effervescence of liquors. South. Dryden. BRIS’TLE, (bris’l,) m. [Sax. bristl, and byrst; Sw. borst; D. borstel, a bristle, a brush; G. borste, bristle ; borsten, to bristle up; Dan. bryste, to strut. The sense is, a shoot.] : 1. The stiff, glossy hair of swine, especially that growing on the back, used for making brushes; sim- ilar hair on other animals. 2. A species of pubescence on plants, in form of a stiff, roundish hair. ; Martyn. BRIS/TLE, v. t. To erect in bristles; to erect in de- fiance or anger, like a swine; as, to bristle the crest. 2, To fix a bristle ; as, to bristle a thread. Johnson. BRIS/TLBE, v.z% To rise or stand erect; as, the hair bristles, Dryden. 2. To raise the head and strut, as in anger or defi- ance ; as, a man bristles upto another. In this sense the word is common in the United States, but gen- erally pronounced brustle. BRIS/TLED, (bris/sld,) pp. or a. furnished with bristles. BRIS’/TLE-ARM-ED, a. Raised in bristles ; Armed with bristles. Kirby. BRIS/TLE-BEAR-ING, a. Having bristles. Kirby. BRIS/TLE-LIKE, a. Stiff as a bristle. BRIS’/TLE-SHAP-ED, (bris/l-shapt,) a. [bristle and shape.| Of the thickness and length of a bristle, as a Jeaf. Martyn. BRIS/TLING, (brisling,) ppr. Rising in bristles. BRIS/TLY, (bris/ly,) a. Thick set with bristles, or with hairs like bristles; rough. Bacon. BRIS’/TOL-FLOW-ER, n. A species of Lychnis, bachelor’s button, or catchfly. Fam. of Plants. BRIS/TOL-STONE, nm. Rock crystal, or crystals BRIS-TOL-Di/A-MOND, of quartz, found in a rock near the city of Bristol, in England, and frequently used for ornamental purposes. BRIS/TOL-WA-TER, n. The water of a warm spring near the city of Bristol, in England. Ash. Encye. BRIT,x. A fish of the herring kind, (clypee,) from one to four inches long, found, at some seasons, in immense numbers on the eastern coast of New Eng- Jand. Mass. Report. BRI-TAN/NIA, n. A metallic compound or alloy, consisting chiefly of block-tin, with some antimony, and a small proportion of copper and brass. neyc. Dom. Econ. BRI-TAN’NIE€, a. Pertaining to Britain; or, in its present use, to Great Britain. It is applied almost exclusively to the title of the king; as, His Britan- nic Majesty. The Britannic Catalogue, (Catalorus Britannicus,) is a catalogue of the stars, prepared by Flamsteed. BRITE, v.t To be or become over-ripe, as wheat, BRIGHT, barley, or hops. ohnson. Iknow not that this word is used in the United States.) BRIT/ISH, a. Pertaining to Great Britain or its in- habitants. It is sometimes applied to the language of the Welsh. BRIT’ISH-GUM,n. A substance of a brownish color, and very soluble in cold water, formed by heating dry starch at a temperature of about 600°Fahr. It corresponds, in its properties, with dextrine, and is used in solution, as a substitute for gum, in stiffen- ing goods. BRIT’ON, x. A native of Britain. BRIT’ON, a. British. Spenser. BRIT’TLE, a. [Sax. brittan, brytan, to break ; Sw. bryta; Dan. bryde, id.; W. brad, a breaking ; Sam. L¥XNQ brat; Ch. mop; Ar. Sys farata; Syr. Lia frat; Heb. 1) to part, to break. See Parr.] Easily broken, or easily breaking short, without splinters, or loose parts rent from the substance ; fragile ; not tough or tenacious; as, brittle stone or glass. Arbuthnot. BRIT’/TLE-LY, adv. Ina brittle manner. Sherwood. BRIT’/TLE-NESS, n. Aptness to break ; fragility ; opposed to toughness and tenacity. Boyle. BRITZ’SKA, (bris/ka,) n. A long carriage, with a calash top, and so constructed as to give space for reclining at night, when used on a journey. BRIZE, 7. The gadfly. [See Breeze. BROACH, n. [Fr. broche, a spit, faucet, or quill; W. proc, a thrust, a stab ; It. brocco, a peg; brocciare, to prick ; Sp. broca, a drill, a tack. It denotes a shoot a sharp-pointed thing. } , I, A spit, and, in some parts of the English do- minions, an awl, and a bodkin. Encyc. 2. A musical instrument played by turning a han- dle. Johnson. 3. A clasp or small utensil to fasten a vest. [See Broocn. 4. A start of the head of a young stag. Johnson. 5. A candle rod. Encyc. Dom. Econ. BROACH, v. t. [W. prociaw, to thrust or stab.} 1. ‘To spit ; to pierce as with a spit. Shak. Hakewill. 2. To tap; to pierce, asa cask, in order to draw the liquor ; hence, to let out. Hudibras. T’o open, as a store. [Ureusial| Knolles. 4. To utter; to give out; to publish first; to make public what was before unknown; as, to broach an opinion. Swift. To broach to ; in navigation, to incline suddenly to windward, so as to lay the sails aback and expose the vessel to the danger of oversetting. Jar. Dict. BROACH’ED, (brécht,) pp. Spitted; tapped ; opened ; uttered ; first published. BROACH’ER, x. A spit; one who broaches, opens, or utters ; a first publisher. Dryden. L’Estrange. BROACH/ING, ppr. Piercing with a spit; tapping ; first divulging. BROAD, (brawd,) a. [Sax. brad; Sw. bred; D. breed; Ger. breit; Dan. breed, broad; Arm. brudi, brudein, to publish. This word and spread seem to be formed on the root 144, or 774, to open, extend, spread ; in Syr., to go; L. gradior; a root of extensive use. ] 1. Wide ; extended in breadth, or from side to side, as distinguished from long, or extended from end to end. It is opposed to narrow; as, a broad street; a broad table. Dryden. Temple, 2. Wide ; extensive ; vast ; as, the broad expanse of ocean. 3. Large ; as, a broad mixture of falsehood. Locke. 4. Open; clear; not covered, confined, or con- cealed ; as, in broad sunshine. 9. Gross; coarse ; as, broad mirth; broad nonsense. Pope. Dryden. 6. Plain; tending to obscenity; as, a broad com- ment. Dryden. 7. Bold; not delicate; not reserved; as, broad words. Shak, 8. Comprehensive. It may be urged that the words in the constitution are broad enough to include the case. D. Daggett, Wheaton’s Rep. Broad as long ; equal upon the whole. L’Estrange. BROAD/-AX, n. [broad and az.] Formerly, a military weapon. In modern usage; an ax for hewing timber. BROAD/-BACK-ED, (brawd’bakt,) a. [broad and back.| Having a broad back. Barlow. BROAD!-BLOWN, a. [broad and blow.] Full blown. Shak. BROAD!-BOT’TOM-ED, a. Having a wide bottom. BROAD/-BREAST-ED, a. Having a broad breast. BROAD/-BRIM-MED, (brawd'brimd,) a. [broad and brim.] Having a broad brim. ramston. BROAD!/-€AST;, n. [broad and cast.] Among farmers, a casting or throwing seed from the hand for disper- sion in sowing. BROAD!/-€AST, adv. By scattering or throwing at large from the hand; as, to sow 6ére t. BROAD/-€AST, a. Cast or dispersed upon the ground with the hand, as seed in sowing; opposed to plant- ing in hills or rows. BROAD/-CHEST-ED, a. thorax. Having a broad chest or BROAD'€LOTH, n. A species of woolen cloth, so called from its breadth. BROAD!-EY-ED, (brawd/ide,) a. Having a wide view or Survey ; as, broad-eyed day. Shak. BROAD!'-FRONT-ED, (brawd/frunt-ed,) a. Having a broad front; applied to cattle. Chapman. BROAD/-HEAD-ED, a. Having a broad head. Scott. BROAD/-HORN-ED, a. Having wide-spread horns. Huloet. BROAD/-LEAF-ED, (brawdleeft,) a. [broad and leaf.] Having broad leaves. Voodward, BROAD!'-MOUFH-ED, a. Having a wide mouth. Irving. BROAD/-PIECE, n. [broad and piece.] A piece of gold coin broader than a guinea. Encyc. BROAD/-SEAL, n. The great seal of England; the public seal of a country or state. As a verb, not used. BROAD’-SHOUL-DER-ED, a. [broad and shoulder.] Broad across the shoulders. Spectator, BROAD/SIDE, n. [broad and side.] A discharge of all the guns on one side of a ship, above and below, at the same time. Mar. Dict. 2. The side of a ship, above the water, from the bow to the quarter. Mar. Dict. 3. In printing, a sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only. Johnson. BROAD!'-SPREAD, (-spred,) a. Wide-spread. BROAD!-SPREAD-ING, a. Spreading widely. Shak. BROAD!-SWORD, n. [broad and sword.) A sword with a broad blade and a cutting edge. “Wiseman. BROAD!/-TAIL-ED, a. Having a broad tail. Sandys. BROAD/-WISB, adv. [broad and wise.] In the direc- ticn of the breadth. Boyle. BROAD/EN, (brawd/n,) v. i. To grow broad. [ Unu- sual, Thomson. BROAD/EN, v. a. To make broad ; to render more broad or comprehensive. BROAD/ER, (brawd/er,) a. comp. More broad. BROAD/EST, a. superl. Most broad BROAD/LY, (brawd/le,) adv. In a broad mauner. BROAD/NESS, n. Breadth; extent from side to side; coarseness ; grossness ; fulsomeness. Dryden. BRO-€ADE!, n. [Sp. brocado; probably from broche, the instrument used in embroidery ; so Fr. brochure, a painphlet or stitched book. Silk stuff, variegated with gold and silver, or raised and enriched with flowers, foliage, and oth- er ornaments. Encyc. Span. Dict. BRO-€AD/ED, a. Woven or worked, as brocade, with gold and silver. 2. Dressed in brocade. Johnson. BRO-€ADE!-SHELL, x. The trivial name of the Co- nus geographicus. Cyc. BRO'CAGE, n. [See Broxe, Broker. e 1, The premium or commission of a broker ; the gain or profit derived from transacting business for other men, as brokers, either in a good or bad sense. Spenser. 2. The hire given for any unlawful office. Bacon. 3. The trade of a broker; a dealing in old things, 4. The business of a broker; the transactions of commercial business, as buying and selling, for other men. [See Broke, Broxer.] o. The act of pimping. Ash. BRO/CA-TEL x, BRO-€A-TEL’LO, n. [Sp- brocatel.] 1, A calcareous stone or marble, composed of frag- ments of four colors, white, gray, yellow, and red. Fourcroy. Nicholson. 2. A kind of coarse brocade, used chiefly for tapes- try. Newman says it is made of hemp and silk. Encyc. Newmans Span, Dict. BRO€'€O-LI, n._ [It. broccolo, sprouts; Fr. brocoli.] A subvariety of the cauliflower, having the head generally of a dark-green or purple color. BRO€H’/AN-TITE, n. [from Brochant de Villiers. ] A basic sulphate of copper, occurring in emerald- green crystals. BROCHE;; the true, but not the common orthography of Broacu. BROCK, n. [Sax. broc; Ir. broc; Corn. id.; W. broc, a badger, and noise, din, tumult, foam, anger ; brogi, to chafe, fume, wax fierce, from rhoc, a rough sound ; rhogain, to grunt. Ovwen.]} A badger. [See Bapger.] The Russians call it barsuk. In Ir. brech is a wolf, a wild savage, and a badger. BROCK/ET,n. [See Brocx.] A red deer two years old. Bailey wnites this brock or brocket. The French write it brocard. BROD/E-KIN, n. [Fr. brodequin.] A buskin or half-boot. Echard, BRO/GANS, n. pl. Stout, coarse shoes; the same as Brocues, which see. BROG’GLE, v.17. To fish for eels. [ot used.] BROGUE, (brog,) . [Ir. brog, a shoe, a house. ] 1. A stout, coarse shoe. ‘‘ Clouted brogues,” in Shakspeare, signify shoes whose soles are studded with nails, or clouts. In the Highlands of Scot- land, it is made of horse-hide with the hair on. 2. A cant word for a corrupt dialect or manner of pronunciation. arquhar. 3. Brogues is used by Shenstone for breeches, from the Irish bros. BROGUE/-MAK-ER, n. A maker of brogues. Johnson. BROID, v. t. To braid. [Obs.] [See Brarp.] BROID/ER, v. t. [Fr. broder ; Sp. and Port. bordar, to embroider; Arm. brouda, to prick; D. borduuren, to embroider; W. brodiaw, to make compact, to darn, to embroider ; briyd, a broach, an embroidering frame. Qu. Heb. and Ar. 172 brad, spotted.] To adorn with figures of needle-work. A robe, a broidered coat, anda girdle. — Exod, BROID/ER-ER, n. One that embroiders. BROID/ER-Y, x. Embroidery ; ornamental needle- work wrought upon cloth. [See EmsBrorpeEr.] Tickel. BROIL, x. [Fr. brouillerie, from brouiller, te mix, con- found, embroil; It. broglia, tumult ; brogliare, to em- broil. From this verb we have roil, to disturb, as lees. (See Rori.) The primary sense is, to stir, to agitate. It may be allied to brawl, and the French bruler.] A tumult; a noisy quarrel; contention ; discord, either between individuals or in the state. Shak. Granville. BROIL, v. t. [Qu. Fr. bruler. I believe this is from brouiller, to agitate. ] To agitate with heat; to dress or cook over coals, before the fire; but more generally upon a gridiron over coals. Driden. BROIL, v.i. To be subjected to the action of heat, like meat over the fire; to be greatly heated, or to sweat with heat. Where have you been broiling 2 Shak. BROIL’ED, pp. or a. Cooked or dressed by heat. BROIL/ER, n. One that excites broils; that which dresses by broiling. BROIL/ING, ppr. or a. Cooking over coals ; sweating. BROKE, v. i. [Sax. brucan, to use, employ, enjoy ; to eat or chew ; to brook; to profit ; broce, use; brec, BROAD’ISH, a Rather broad. Russell, use, gain; bryce, gain, profit, fruit, fructus; a viola- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 130BRO BRO BRO tion, or breaking; Sw. bruka; G. brauchen; Dan. bruge, D. gebruiken, to use or employ; L. frwor, for frucor, whence fructus, fruit; Gr. mpascw, Tpata, Tpdypa. See EEAcryces To transact business for another in trade; to act as agent in buying and selling, and other commercial business ; to transact business by an agent. Bacon. Shak. [This word is little used, at least in America; and Enclish writers seem to have used it in a low sense. } BROKE, pret. and pp. of Break. BRO/KEN, (brok’n,) pp. or a. from Break. Parted by violence; rent asunder ; infirm; made bankrupt. BRO/KEN-BACK-ED, (bro/kn-bakt,) a. BUF-FOON’ER-Y, n. The arts and practices of a buf- foon ; low jests ; ridiculous pranks ; vulgar tricks and postures. Jolinson. Dryden has placed the accent improperly on the first syllable. BUF-FOON/ING, n. Buffoonery. Dryden, Guthrie’s Quint. BUF-FOON'’ISH, a. Like a buffoon; consisting in low jests or gestures. BUF-FOON/ISM, 7. The practices of a buffoon. BUF-FOON’-LIKE, a. Resembling a buffoon. Sherwood. BUF-FOON’LY, a. Consisting of low, vulgar tricks. aide used. BUF'FY, a. Resembling the buff of the blood in color and texture ; as, the buffy coat of the blood. 2. Pertaining to buff on the blood. BU/FON-ITE, n. [L. bufo, a toad.] Toad-stone, considered as a fossil tooth of the An- arrhichas or sea-wolf, formerly much esteemed for its imaginary virtues, and worn in rings. It was named from an opinion that it was found in the head of a toad, Encye. BUG, xn. [Qu. W. bag, bygan, small. In common language, the name of a vast multitude of insects, which infest houses and stants. In zool- ogy, this word is applied to the insects arranged un- der the genus Cimex, of which several hundred spe- cies are described. Buss belong to the order Hemip- tera. They are furnished with an inflected rostrum or beak, and with antenne longer than the thorax, and the wings are folded together crosswise. The back is flat, the throat margmed, and the feet are formed for runing. Some species have no wings. The house-bug, or bed-bug, is a troublesome and dis- gusting insect. Eneye. Cyc. The insects of the genus Cimex (Linn.) now form an extensive group, divided into tribes, families, and genera. Ed. Encye. BUG W. bwg, a hobgoblin or scarecrow ; Tle BUG'BEAR, bugadu, to terrify ; Russ. buka, a sprite U a ae or goblin. In Pers, S3L, bauk, is fear.] A frightful object; a walking specter; any thing imaginary that js considered as frightful. Locke. Pope. BUG/BEAR, v. t. To alarm or frighten with idle phan- toms. Archbp. Kins. BUG’GER, x. [Fr. bougre; Sp. bujarron ; D. boggeren, verb. | One guilty of the crime against nature. A vile wretch ; a term of reproach. BUG/GER-Y, z. The unnatural and detestable crime of carnal intercourse of man or woman with a beast ; or of human beings unnaturally with each other. Sodomy. Encye. BUG’GI-NESS, n. [from buggy.] The state of being infected with bugs. BUG/GY, a. [from bug.] Abounding with bugs. Johnson. BUG/GY, 2. horse. BU/GLE, n. [W. bugail, a shepherd. (See BU/GLE-HORN, Bucotic.) The shepherd’s horn, or from the same root as the Fr. beugler, to bellow, from its sound. ] 1. A hunting horn. Spenser. 2. A military instrument of music. BU/GLE, ». An elongated glass bead, of various col- ors, though more commonly black. McCulloch. Shak. BU/GLE, x. [L. bugula, or bugillo.] A name common to different species of plants, of the genus Ajuga, natives of Europe. Encye. BU/GLE, j2. Names that have been given, BU’/GLE-WEED,}$ _ in America, to the Lycopus sin- uatus, and Lycopus virginicus, valued by some as remedies for hemoptysis, or spitting of blood. BU/GLE, 7. [L. buculus, an ox.] A sort of wild ox. Phillips. BU/GLOSS, xn. [L. buglossus; Gr. Bovydwosos, of Bous, an ox, and yAwsca, tongue. ] The popular name of a genus of plants, called Anchusa, used in dyeing and coloring. The small wild bugloss, is the Asperugo The viper’s bugloss, is the Echium. BUG’-WORT,z. Aplant, the Cimicifuga. Muhlenberc. BUHL, (btile,). A name given tolightand complicated figures of brass, unburnished gold, &c., set, as an ornament, into surfaces of ebony or ofher dark wood, or of tortoise-shell. Brande. Ency. Dom. Econ. BUHL’/WORK, (bale’wurk,) 2. Work in which wood Is inlaid with but. BUHR’/STONE, (bur’/stone,). A subspecies of silex or quartz, occurring in amorphous masses, compact, like hornstone, but containing a greater or less number of irregular cavities. It is used for mill-stones. Cleaveland. This word is often written BurrstTone. BUILD, (bild,) v. t.; pret. Burtt; pp. Burtt, (bilt.) The regular pret. and pp., Buitpep, is some- times used. [Sax. byldan, to confirm; dyld, bylde, byldo, constancy, firmness; Jilith, a model, an image; Sw. biuda; D. afbeelden, verbeelden ; Ger. bilden, abbilden; Dan. bilde; afbilde, to shape, form, design, delineate, represent, counterfeit ; Sw. and Ger. bild; D. beeld, image, statue, figure, representa- tion. ‘The primary sense is to set, fix, or make, and the orthography bi/d would be more accordant with the derivation. ] 1. To frame, construct, and raise, as an edifice or fabric of almost any kind, as a house, barn, shop, ship, or vesse], a wall, or other structure of art; to unite materials into a regular structure for use or convenience. . 2. To raise by art; to frame or shape into a partic- ular form; as, to build up a head-dress in a cone. Spectator. 3. To raise any thing on a support or foundation ; as, to build our hopes on air. 4. In Scripture, to increase and strengthen; to ce- ment and knit together; to settle or establish, and preserve. Acts xx. 32. Eph. ii. 22. I Sam. ii. 35. BUILD, (bild,) v. 7% To exercise the art or practice the business of building. To build, to plant, whatever you intend, 2. To construct, rest, or depend on as a founda- tion ; as, to build on the opinions of others. Addison. BUILDER, (bild’er,) x One who builds; one whose occupation is to build; an architect, a shipwnght, a mason, &c. 2. A creator. Whose builder and maker is God. —Heb. xi. BUILD’ING, (bild/ing,) ppr. Framing and erecting ; resting on. BUILD/ING, (bild/ing,) m. A fabric or edifice con- structed for use or convenience, as a house, a church, a shop, &c. BUILT, (bilt,) pp. Framed and raised ; constructed. BUILT, (bilt,) m. Form; shape; general figure of a structure ; as, the built of a ship. Dryden. Mar. Dict. A light vehicle, to be drawn by one Shak. Pope. 2. Species of building. Temple. BUL, z. The common flounder. Chambers. BULB, xn. [Gr. Godrfo>; L. bulbus, a bulb or round root; Fr. bulbe; It. bulbo; Sp. bulbo, an onion, or bulbous root ; W. bal, bol, protuberance. | A scaly body formed on a plant, above or beneath the surface of the ground, emitting roots from its base, and producing a stem from its center. It is al- ways formed of imbricated scales. A solid bulb has no existence. Lindley. BULB, v.2 To bulb out, is to project or be protuberant. oe used. | Evelyn. BULB-A’/CEOUS,a. Bulbous. [J believe, not used.] Johnson. Round headed. Producing bulbs; as, bulbifer- ous stems. Eaton. BULB/OOS, a. Containing bulbs or a bulb; growing from bulbs; round or roundish. Martyn. Milne. 2. Containing a knob, or protuberant part ; swell- ing out; presenting rounded elevations. Kirwan. BUL/BUL, 7. The nightingale of the Persians, rep- resented by the poets as enamored of the opening BULB/ED, (bulbd,) a. BULB-IF’ER-OUS, a. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, 154 bede Rca e aa ae MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Se eit + | MO REEOO LS ETBUL BUL BUN rosebud, and perched on some neighboring stem, as pouring out his song in her ear. oath BUL/CHIN, x. A young male calf. Dekker. JMarston. BULGE, n. A different orthography of Biter. [W. bole, bulk; balc, prominent; Sax. bulgian, to bellow, from swelling out. | The bilge or protuberant part of a cask; protu- berance. BULGE, v.i. To swell out; to be protuberant. JMozon. 2. To bilge, asaship. [See Bircr.] Dryden. BULG/ING, ppr. or a. Swelling out; bilging. 2. As an adj., protuberant. BU/LELMY, nm [L. bulimia; Gr. Bovd pia, Bov, BU-LIM’I-A, great, and Arnos, hunger.) A voracious appetite; a disease in which the pa- tient has a perpetual and insatiable appetite for food, and often faints, if not indulged. Encyc. ULK, n. [W. bwlg, bulk ; balciaw, to swell, to be proud ; Ir. balc, great, strong; Russ. bulkayw, to boil, to bubble; D. bulken, to low or bellow; Dan. bulk, a bunch on the back; Sax. bulgian, to low.] 1. Magnitude of material substance ; whole dimen- sions; size of a thing; as, an ox or ship of great bulk. 2. The gross; the majority; the main mass or body ; as, the bulk of a debt; the bulk of a nation. Swift. Addison. 3. Main fabric. Shak. 4. The whole content of a ship’s hold for the stew- age of goods. Encyc. 5. A part of a building jutting out. Shak, To break bulk, in seamen’s language, is to begin to unload. Mar. Dict. In. bull: ; in a mass, or Solid state ; as, pork i bulk, or bulk pork, i. e. pork not cut up or prepared for packing. Laden in bulk ; having the cargo loose in the hold, or not inclosed in boxes, bales, or casks. A sale by bulk, is a sale of goods as they are, with- out weight or measure. Bouvier. BULK/-HEAD, n. [bulk and head.] A partition in a ship, made with boards, &c., to form separate apart- ments. Encyc. Mar. Dict. BULK’I-NESS, n. Greatness in bulk, size, or stature. Locke. BULK’Y, a. Large; of great dimensions; of great size. ryden. BULL, 7. [G. bull; W. bwla; Russ. vol. Qu. from his sex, or from bellowing; Sw. béla; Dan. bor) 1. The male of bovine quadrupeds, or of the dif- ferent species of the genus Bos, of which cow is the female. 2. In a scriptural sense, an enemy, powerful, fierce, and violent. Many bulls have compassed me. — Ps. 3. Taurus, one of the twelve signs of the zodiac. BULL, x. [It. bolla, a bubble, a blister, a seal, or stamp, the pope’s bull; Fr. bulle; L. bulla, a boss, and an ornament worn on a child’s neck. ‘This name was given to the seal which was appended to the edicts and briefs of the pope, and, in process of time, applied to the edict itself. Spelman.) A letter, edict, or rescript of the pope, published or transmitted to the churches over which he is head, containing some decree, order, or decision. It is used chiefly in matters of justice or of grace. If the former, the lead or seal is hung by a hempen cord ; if the latter, by a silken thread. ‘The lead or bull is impressed on one side with the heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, on the other with the name of the pope and the year of his pontificate. The writing 1s in the old round Gothic letter; and the instrument has about it a cross, with some text of Scripture or reli- gious motto. Lunier. Encyc. The Golden Bull, so called from its golden seal, is an edict or imperial constitution, made by the em- peror Charles IV., (1356,) containing the fundamen- tal Jaw of the German empire. Leaden bulls were sent by the emperors of Constan- tinople to patriarchs and princes, and by the grandees of the empire, of France, Sicily, &c., and by patri- archs and bishops. Wazxen bulls were in frequent use with the Greek emperors, who thus sealed letters to their relations. Encyc. Bulls and bears; a cant term among stock-brokers for buyers and sellers of stocks on speculation. BULL, z. A blunder or contradiction ; more exactly, an apparent congruity, but real incongruity, of ideas, suddenly discovered. Rev. Sydney Smith. BULL (a prefix) signifies a bull, or large, or having a large head. BULL/-BAIT-ING, n. [bull and bait.] The practice of baiting or exciting bulls with dogs. Addison. BULL/-BEEF, m. [bull and beef.) The flesh of a bull; coarse beef. Shak. BULL/-BEG-GAR, n. [bull and beggar.] Something terrible or frightful. Ayliffe. BULL/-€ALF, (iif) n. [bull and calf.) A male calf; a stupid fellow. Shak. BULL/-DOG,n. [bull and dog.) A variety of dog, of a particular form, and of remarkable courage ; so named, probably, from being employed in baiting bulls, or from the size of the head. _ TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN//GER, VI'//CIOUS. — BUL’LLRAG, ». t. BULL/-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. BULL/-FEAST. See Buri-Frent. BULL’-FIGHT, n. [bull and fight.] A combat with a bull; an amusement among the Spaniards and Portuguese. A horseman, called a torreador or pica- dor, attacks a bull in a circus or inclosed arena, in presence of multitudes of spectators, irritating him With a spear, till the bull rushes upon the horse, and perhaps dismounts the rider. After the bull has been tormented a long time, the horseman leaves him, and some persons on foot attack him, and plunge darts into his neck; and, at a signal given by the president, the barbarous sport is ended by the dagger of a matador. Encyc. BULL/-FINCH, n. (bull and finch.] A bird allied to the grossbeak, whose breast, cheeks, and throat, are of a crimson color; the Lozia pyrrhula, Linn., (Pyr- rhula vulgaris, Brisson,) and the Rubicilla of the older naturalists. BULL!-FLY, ) x. The gadfly, a stinging insect which BULL/-BEE, { torments cattle. Philips. BULL/-FROG, n. [bull and frog.| The Rana ocel- lata, a large species of frog, found in North America, of a dusky-brown color, mixed with a yellowish- green, and spotted with black. These frogs live in stagnant water, and utter a loud, croaking sound, from which they probably received their name. The bull-frog of New England, is the Rana pipiens. Mass. Rep. Linsley. BULL’-HEAD, n. [bull and kena A genus of fishes, the Cottus, with a head broader than the body, whence the name. The Cotius gobis, or river bull- head, of England, is also called the Miller’s thumb. Having a large face. Dryden. Encyc. Cyc. 2. A stupid fellow ; a lubber. Johnson. 3. A small, black water-vermin. Philips. BULL’S’-EYE, n. (eult and eye.] Among seamen, a piece of wood, in the form of a ring, answering the purpose of a thimble. Mar. Dict. ®. Aldebaran, a star of the first magnitude in the constellation Taurus. Ash. 3. Among seamen, a small, obscure cloud, ruddy in the middle, portending a great storm. ONCY Ce 4, In architecture, a small, circular or elliptical open- ing or window. BULL’S/-NGSE, n. In architecture, the external angle of a polygon, or of two lines which meet at_an ob- tuse angle. wilt. BULL/-TROUT, x. [bull and trout.] A large species of trout, (Salmo trutta ;) called, also, salmon-trout, and sea-trout, thicker than the common sort, which, like the salmon, ascends rivers periodically to spawn. Its back hasa bluish-green gloss, and there are several black spots on the sides. Cyc. Dict. of Nat. Hist. BULL!/-WEED, x. Knapweed. Johnson. BULL/-WORT, 7. Bishopsweed. Johnson. BUL/LA, x. The name of a genus of univalvular tes- taceous Mollusca. 2. A bleb; a vesicle, or an elevation of the cuticle containing a transparent watery fluid. . BULL/ACE, xn. The wild plum, a species of Prunus, (P. insititia;) called, also, bullace-plum, and_bullace- tree; a native of England. Fum. of Plants. Encyc. 2. The bully-tree; a species of Chrysophyllum, a native of the West Indies. Fam. of Plants. BULL-AN’TI€, a. [from dull.] Designating certain ornamental capital letters, used in apostolic bulls. It is used also as a noun. Fry. BULL/A-RY, x. A collection of papistical bulls. BUL/LATE, a. [L. bullatus.] [ South. Having elevations like blisters, Im botany, a bul- late leaf, is one the membranous part of which rises between the veins in élevations like blisters. Martyn. BUL’LEN-NAILS, zn. pl. Nails with round heads and short shanks, turned and lackered. wilt. BULL/ET, n. ([Fr. bouwlet, dim. of boule, a ball. See BA. A sa of iron or lead, called also shot, used to load guns for killing man or beast. Balls for cannon are made of iron; musket-balls are made of lead. BULL/E-TIN, n. [Fr. bulletin, a ballot, a packet, a certificate ; Sp. boletin, a ticket, or warrant ; boleta, a ticket, a billet; Port. boleta; It. bulletta, bullettino ; properly, a roll. 1. A report of a state of facts, issued by authority, as of military operations, or of the health of some distinguished personage. 9, In a wider sense, any public notice or announce- ment, especially of news recently received. BULL/E-TIN-BOARD, x. A board on which an- nouncements of news are put up, particularly at news-rooms, printing-offices, &c. BULL/I-ED, (bul/lid,) pp. Insulted. BULL/ION, (bul/yun,) x. [Fr. bulon, base coin. ] Uncoined gold or silver in the mass. The precious metals are called bullion, when smelted and not per- fectly refined ; or, when refined, but in bars, ingots, or in any form uncoined, as in plate. Encic. In political economy, this word is used to denote gold and silver, both coined and uncoined. P. Cyc. ‘To insult in a bullying manner. Todd. BULLISH, a. blunder. BULL/IST, n. A writer of Papal bulls. Harmar. BUL/LITE, ». A petrified shell, or the fossil remains of shells, of the genus Bulla. Jameson. BUL-LI’/TION, (-lish/un;) n. {L. bullio. See Borr.] The act or state of boiling. Superseded by Esur- LITION. Bacon. BULL/OCK, n. [Sax. bulluca; G. bullochs. An ox, or castrated bull. In America, it is applied to a full-grown ox. BULL/OCK’S-EYVE, (-i,) z. A small, thick glass or skylight, in a covering or roof. BULL'Y, xn. [Sw. béla, to bellow; buller, a tumult; Dan. bullen, swelled, puffed up; or, more directly, from Sax. bulgian, to bellow.] A noisy, biustering, overbearing fellow, more dis- tinguished for insolence and empty menaces than for courage, and disposed to provoke quarrels. Addison. BULLY, v. t. To insult and overbear with noise and blustering menaces, King. BULL'Y, v. i. To be noisy and quarrelsome. Johnson. BULL/Y-ING, n. Act of bullying, or state of being bullied. BULL/Y-ING, ppr. Insulting with threats. BUL/RUSH, n. [bole, or boll, and rush.| A large kind of rush, growing in wet land or water, and without knots, says Johnson ; but Dryden calls it the knotty bulrush. The name bulrush is applied, in England, to the Scirpus lacustris, and also to the Typha latifolia, and T.. angustifolia, (P. Cyc. ;) in America, to the Juncus effusus. BULSE, z. A certain quantity of diamonds. Wrazall. India. BULITEL, n. [See Boxt.] A bolter or bolting-cloth ; also, bran. [JVot used.] BUL/WARK, x. [Sw. bolvarck ; D. bolwerk ; Ger. boll- werk; Dan. bolverk; from D. bol, plump, and a ball. Sw. bula, W. bal, a protuberance, and work; a pro- jecting or outwork. Fr. boulevard ; Sp. and Port. ba- luarte; It. baluardo.] 1. In fortification, a bastion, or a rampart ; a mound of earth round a place, capable of resisting cannon- shot, and formed with bastions, curtains, &c. Encyc. 9. A fortification ; also, any means of defense; as, a navy is the bulwark of a nation. 3. That which secures against an enemy or exter- nal annoyance; a screen or shelter; means of pro- tection and safety. Partaking of the nature of a bull, or Milton. Salvation will God appoint for walls and bulwarks. —Is. xxvi. BUL/WARK, v.t. To fortify with a rampart; to se- cure by a fortification ; to protect. Addison. Barlow. BUM, n. The buttocks; the part on which we sit. Johnson. BUM, v.i. To make a noise. Marston. BUM-BAIL/IFF, n. [A corruption of bound-bailif-] In England, an under-bailiff; a subordinate civil officer, appointed to serve writs, and to make arrests and executions, and bound with sureties for a faith- ful discharge of his trust. [4 vulgar word.] BUM/BARD, n. See Bompann. { Blackstane. BUM/BAST, n. [A different orthography of Bomsasr, which see.) 1. A clot patchwork. 2. Linen stuffed with cotton ; stuffing; wadding. Shak. 1 made by sewing one stuff upon another ; Grew. BUM’/BLE-BEE, n. [L. bombus, a buzzing. | A large bee, sometimes called humble-bee ; so named from its sound. BUM/BOAT, xn. Asmall boat for carrying provisions to a ship at a distance from shore. Mar. Dict. BUM/KIN, z. [See Bumexrn.] A short boom project- ing from each bow of a ship, to extend the clew of the foresail to windward. 2, A small out-rigger over the stern of a boat, to extend the mizzen. Mar. Dict. BUMP, n. [W. pwmp, a round mass; prmpiarw, to thump; allied to L. bombus, and Eng. pomp, from swelling, thrusting out. 1. A swelling or protuberance. 2, A thump; a heavy blow. BUMP, v.i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, as the bittern. It is also written boom. [W. brmp.] Driden. BUMP, »v.t. Tostrike, as with or against any thing large or solid; as, to bump the head against a wall; to thump. : BUMP’ER, ». A cup or glass filled to the brim, or till the liquor runs over. Dryden. 2, A crowded house at a theater, &c., in honor of some favorite performer, ; BUMP’KIN, n. [bwmp, large, swelling, and kin, Sax. cyn, kind, genus.] An awkward, heavy rustic ; a clown, or country lout. _ Locke. BUMP/KIN-LY, a. Clownish. [ot used.] Richardson. BUN, x. A kind of cake. BUNCH, n. [W. pwng; Dan. bunke, bynke, a heap, or heaped ease) Dryden. 1. A protuberance ; a hunch; a knob or lump; as, the bunch on a camel’s back. Tsatah. €asK; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 465 “ ————— _ soos aes | Cara eect —— = ss ea Cpe sna”j | | BUO together ; as, a bunch of grapes. ry den. of keys; a bunch of rods. Locke. hair ; a bunch of trees. BUNCH, v.12. protuberant or round. Woodward. BUNCH, v.t. To form or tie in a bunch or bunches, BUNCH’-BACK-ED, (-bakt,) a. sere and back.] Having a bunch on the back ; crooked. S/iak, Spenser. BUNCH/I-NESS, n. The quality of being bunchy, or growing in bunches. _ Johnson. BUNCH’Y, a. Growing in bunches; like a bunch; haying tufts. F Gre De BUN’DLE, x. [Sax. byndel ; D. bondel ; G. bund, bun- del ; Sw. bindel, and bunt. This word is formed from the root of bind, band, bond.) 1, A number of things put together. 9, A roll; any thing bound or rolled into a conve- nient form for conveyance; as, a bundle of lace; a bundle of hay. Spectator. BUN‘DLE, v.t Totie or bind ina bundle or roll; often followed by up; as, to bundle up clothes. Locke. Swift. To bundle off; to send a person off in a hurry, or pi Holloway. | BUNG,x. [Fr. bondon; G@ spund; D. sponds; W. bung, a bung-hole.] The stopple of the orifice in the bilge of a cask. : JVortimer. BUNG, v.t. Tostop the orifice in the bilge of a cask with a bung; to close up. BUN'GA-LOW,.7. In Bengal, a country house or cot- tage, erected by Europeans, and constructed of wood, bamboo, mats, and thatch. Malcom. BUNG’/-DRAW-ER, n. BUNG/-HOLE, n. [bung and hole.} The hole or ori- fice in the bilge of a cask. Sometimes shortened into BuNG. : BUNGLE, (bung’gl,) v.i. To perform in a clumsy, awkward manner; as, to bungle in making shoes. Dryden. BUNGLE, ».t. To make or mend clumsily; to botch ; to manage awkwardly ; with wp. Dryden, BUN’GLE, n. A botch; inaccuracy; gross blunder ; clumsy performance. Ray. BUN"'GLER, . A clumsy, awkward workman; one who performs without skill. Peacham. BUN'/GLING, ppr. Performing awkwardly. BUN''GLING, a. Clumsy; awkwardly done. Dryden, BUN’GLING-LY, adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. Be niley. BUNK, n. [Dan. bynke, a meal-tub ; Sw. mjélk-bunke, a milk-pan. ] A case or box of boards for a bed; a word used in some parts of America. BUNK’ER, n. A large bin or receptacle for various things, as coals, &c. BUN, )n. [Peot. bun, bunn: a < 2 Ir, bunna; Gr. Bovvos, BUNN, § ull, and a cake offered to deities. It sig- nifies a mass or collection. ] A small cake, or a kind of sweet bread. Gay. BUN/ION , (bun/yun,) z. An excrescence or ball on the great toe corresponding to a corn. BUNT, n. The middle part, cavity, or belly of a sail. JV lr. Dict. BUNT, v. i. To swell out ; as, the sail bunts. 2. In popular language, to push with the horns ; to butt. [See Pornr. | BUNT’ER, n. A cant word for a woman who picks up rags in the streets; hence, a low, vulgar woman. Jojinson. BUNT’ING, n. Aname common to different species of the genus Emberira, as the English or common bunting, and the snow bunting. The rice bunting, or bobolink, is a species of Icterus. BUNT'ING,) 7x. [Ger. bunt, D. bont, streaked, or of BUNT’INE,§ — different colors.) A thin, woolen stuff, of which the colors or flags and signals of ships are made. Mar. Dict. BUNT’LINES, xn. pl. Ropes fastened to cringles on the bottoms of square sails, to draw them up to their yards. Mar. Dict. BUOY, (bwoy,) 2. [Fr. bowée, a buoy ; D. boei, a buoy, a lodge or hut, a fetter, or shackle, a handcuff; boeijen, to fetter, to buoy; Ger. boy; Dan. boy; Russ. buy; Sp. boya, a buoy ; probably from the root of Sax. byan, to dwell, that 1s, to set, be fixed, or stationary. Dan. boe, boende.] 1. A float. 2. A floating mark to point out the position of ob- jects beneath the water, as anchors, shoals, rocks, &c. Buoys are of various kinds ; as, can-buoys, in the form of a cone ; nun-buoys, which are large in the middle, and tapering nearly to a point at each end ; cable-buoys, empty casks employed to buoy up the ca- ble in rocky anchorage. Life-buoy ; a buoy intended to support persons who have fallen into the water, until a boat can be dis- patched to save them. To stream the buoy, is to let it fall by the ship’s side 2. A cluster; a number of the same kind growing | BUOY, (bwéoy,) v. t. 3. A number of things tied together; as, a bunch | 4, A collection of things; a knot; as, a bunch of : To swell out in a protuberance ; to be BUOY, v.i. To float; to rise by specific lightness. A wooden mallet, of a pecu- | lar form, for taking the bung out of a cask. [Zocal.] | BUR To keep afloat in a fluid : to bear up, or keep from sinking in a fluid, as in water or alr; with wp. Woodward. 2. ‘To support or sustain ; to keep from sinking into ruin or despondency. ing Charles. 3. To fix buoys, as a direction to mariners. Pope. BUOY’AN-CY, (bwoy/an-sy,) nm. The quality of float- | ing on the surface of Water, or in the atmosphere ; specific lightness. | BUOY/ANT, a. Floating; light; that will not sink ; | having the quality of rising or floating in a fluid. Thomson. 2. Bearing up, as a fluid ; sustaining another body. [ Unusual. Dryden. BUOY’/ANT-LY, adv. Ina buoyant manner. Coleridge, BUGOY’ED, (bwéyd,) pp. ported. | BUOY'ING, ppr. Keeping afloat; sustaining. BUOY'-ROPE, n. [buoy and rope.| The rope which fastens a buoy to an anchor. BU-PRES’TI-DANS, xn. pl. A tribe of coleopterous insects, of brilliant metallic colors. Kirby. BUR, ? | BOUR, ? [Sax. bur,] signifies a chamber or a cottage. BOR, 5 BUR, x. [Sax. burre, burdock; W. bar, a bushy head or bunch; Ir. borr, a bunch or knob; Fr. bourrée, bush.] 1. Any rough or prickly envelope of the seeds of plants, whether a persistent calyx, pericarp, or proper coat, as of the chestnut and burdock. 2. A roughness in sounding the letter r. 3. A broad ring of iron behind the place for the hand on a spear used in tilting, Encye. BUR’/BOT, n. [from L. barbatus, so named from its beard. ] A fish of the genus Gadus, (G@. Zota,) shaped like an eel, but shorter and thicker, with a flat head, and on the nose it has twe small beards, and another on } the chin. It is disgusting in appearance, but delicate food. It is called also eel-pout. Encyc. BUR’‘DE-LAIS, n. A sort of grape. Jolinson. BUR/DEN, (bur/dn.) Written also Bortuen. [Sax. Kept afloat on water; sup- BUR In Spanish, this word bureo is a court of justice for the trial of persons belonging to the king’s house- hold. 8 BU-REAU’€RA-CY, (bu-ro/kra-se,) n. A system in which the business of government is carried on in departments, each under the control of a chief, in | contradistinction from a system in which the officers | of government have a co-ordinate authority. | Recent.] Brande. BU-RETTE’, n. In chemistry, an instrument, invented by Gay-Lussac, for the purpose of dividing a fluid into hundredths or thousandths, consisting of a larger grad- uated glass tube, and a smaller parallel tube, connect- ed with the former at the base, and recurved at the top. : iP Cte: BURG, n. [This is the same word as Borovuen, the | only difference being in the pronunciation of the final letter. ] } A borough ; originally, a fortified town, but now a city or town, which sends members to parliament, whether incorporated or not. [See Borovugu.] BURG/AGE, n. (from burg.] In English law, tenure in burgage, or burgage tenure, is tenure in socage, applied to cities or towns, or where houses, or lands which were formerly the site of houses, in an ancient borough, are held of some lord in common socage by a certain established rent; a remnant of Saxon tib- erty. Blackstone. | BURG/A-MOT, x. A variety of pear. [See Berca- MOT. } ois 2, A kind of perfume. [See Bercamor.] BURG/A-NET, ) n. [Fr. bourguignote, from burg, in BURG/O-NET,}$ the sense of covering or guarding. | A kind of helmet, the Spanish murrion. Spenser. Shak. BUR-GEOIS!, n. [Fr. bourgeois, pronounced boorzh- war', from bourgs, burg. | A burgess. BUR-GEOIS’, (bur-jois’,)n. A species of type, or print- ing letter, smaller than long primer, and larger than brevier. [See BourGeors.] BUR/GEON. Sce Bourceon. BUR’/GESS, 2. [Fr. bourgeois, from bourz, burg. | 1. An inhabitant of a borough, or walled town, Or one who possesses a tenement therein ; a citizen or freeman of a borough. Blackstone, burden, byrthen; Sw. birda: Dan. byrde; G. biirde; Ir. beart or beirt; Gr. ¢ opros; Fr. fardeau; Arm. fard; YU_LUS from bear; L. fero or porto; Pers. carry. See Brar.] 1. That which is borne or carried ; a load. Hence, 2. That which is borne with labor or difficulty ; that which is grievous, wearisome, or oppressive. : Jilton. 3. A birth. Shak. 4. [Fr. bourdon, a drone.] The verse repeated ina cry? burdan, to 2. A representative of a borough in parliament. Blackstone. 3. A magistrate of certain towns. Encyc. 4. Before the revolution, the representatives in the popular branch of the legislature of Virginia were called burgesses: as, the house of burgesses. It is now called the house of delewates. BUR’GESS-SHIP, n. The state or quality of a bur- Tess, South. BURG’GRA VE, n. [G. hurgsoraf ; burg, a fortress or fortified town, and graf, a count.] A title in Germany ; applied, originally, to one ap- song, or the return of the theme at the end of each verse ; the chorus; so called from the application of this word to the drone or base, and the pipe or string which plays it, in an instrument. A chord which is to be divided, to perform the intervals of music, when | open and undivided, is also called the burden. Encyc. 0. In common language, that which is often repeat- ed ; a subject on which one dwells. 6. A fixed quantity of certain commodities; as, a burden of gad steel, 120 pounds, 7. The contents of a ship; the quantity or number of tons a vessel will carry ; as, a ship of a hundred tuns burden. 8. A club. [Not in use. | Spenser. BUR’/DEN, (bur'dn,) v. t To load; to Jay on a heavy load ; to encumber with weight. Hence, 2. To oppress with any thing grievous ; as, to bur- den a nation with taxes. 3. To surcharge ; as, to burden the memory. BUR/DEN-ED, pp. or a. Loaded with Weight ; encum- bered ; oppressed. BUR’/DEN-ER, 7. One who loads ; an oppressor. BUR'DEN-OUS, a. Grievous ; heavy to be borne; op- pressive. Sulney. 2. Cumbersome ; useless. Milton. BUR/DEN-SOME, a. Heavy ; grievous to be borne ; causing uneasiness or fatigue ; oppressive. Dryden. BUR’DEN-SOME-LY, adv. In a burdensome manner. BUR/DEN-SOME-NESS, n. The quality of being bur- densome ; heaviness ; oppressiveness. BUR/DOCK, n. [bur and dock.] The popular name of a genus of plants called Arctium. They are troub- Jesome weeds. The lesser burdock is a species of Xanthium. BU/REAU, (bi/ro,) n. [Fr. bureau, an office, a table, a court, a chest of drawers; Sp. bureo, a court of jus- tice; Arm. burell; Fr. bure, a cloth. The primary sense 1s a cloth covering a table, like exchequer. Lu- nier. | I. A chest of drawers, for keeping papers or clothes. 2, A department for the transaction of business by a public functionary. On the continent of Evirope, the highest departments, in most countries, have the name of bureau; as, the bureau of the minister of foreign affairs. In England and America, the term is con- into the water, before letting go the anchor. Mar. Dict. fined to inferior and subordinate departments. idl deneeneet meena FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PI BURG-LA/RI-OUS-LY, adv. BURG/LA-RY, nx. EY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— pointed to the command of a burg; but afterward it became hereditary, with a domain attached. Some of the burggruves were immediate members of the former German empire. Ersch and Gruber, Enciyc. BURGH, (burg,) ~. A different orthography of Bure, Boroucu, which see. BURGH’-BOTE, x. [burgh and bote.] In old laws, a contribution toward the building or repairing of cas- tles, or walls, for the defense of a city or town. | Encye. BURGH!’-BRECH, 7. [burch and break.] A fine im- posed on a burgh, for a breach of the peace. [ English.] BURGH’ER, xn. [from burg.] An inhabitant of a burgh or borough, who enjoys the privileges of the borough of which he is a freeman. In America, it is applied to any native citizen, especially in the state of New York. BURGH’ER-MAS/TER, n. See Bunco-Masren. BURGH’ER-SHIP, n. The state or privilege of a | burgher. BURGH’—-MAS-TER, n. [burch and master,| A burgo- master ; also, an officer in the tin mines, who directs and lays out the meers for the workmen, called also bailiff, and bar-master. Encyc. BURGH’MOTE, n. [burch and mote, meeting.] The court of a burgh or borough. Encyc. BURG’LAR, n. [burgh or burg, a house, and Arm. laer, a thief; whence Fr. larron. | One guilty of nocturnal house-breaking ; one who breaks and enters a mansion house, with intent to commit a felony. Coke. BURG-LA’RI-AN, n. A person guilty of burglary. BURG-LA’RI-OUS, a. Pertaining to burglary 5 con- stituting the crime of burglary. To come down a chimney is held a burglarious entry. Blackstone. With an intent to com- mit burglary ; in the manner of a burglar. Blackstone. The act or crime of nocturnal house-breaking, with an intent to commit a felony. To constitute this crime, the act must be committed In the night, or when there is not daylight enough to discern a man’s face. Jt must be in a mansion house, or in an adjoining building which is a part or parcel of the mansion. ‘There must be an actual eee 106BUR BUR breaking and an entry; but an opening made by the offender, as by taking out a pane of glass, or lifting a window, raising a latch, picking a lock, or removing any fastening, amounts to a breaking 5 and putting in of the hand, after such breaking, Is an entry. The act must also be done with an in- tent to commit felony. Blackstone. BURG/O-MAS-TER, n. [burg and master.] A burgh- master; a magistrate, or one employed in the gov- ernment of a city. The burgomasters are the chief magistrates of the great towns in Holland, Flanders, and Germany. 2. An aquatic bird, the glaucous gull, (Larus glau- cus,) common in arctic regions, which lays its eggs in the holes of rocks. Ed. Encyc. BUR/GOUT, (bur/goo,) z. A kind of thick gruel used by seamen. BUR/GRAVE, 72. count. | In some European countries, an hereditary governor of a town or castle. Properly BurcGrave, which see. ] BUR/GUN-DY, n. A kind of wine, so called from Burgundy in France. Shenstone. BUR’/GUN_DY PITCH, n. Turpentine from which the essential oil has been distilled off, with the addi- tion of water. It is used for plasters. BURH is the same as bur, burgh, with the aspirate. It is Saxon, and signifies a city, a castle, a house, or tower. Hence, in composition, it signifies defense, protection ; as, czenburh, (queen-burh,) a woman ready to assist; Cuthburh, eminent for assistamces. Gibson’s Camden. BUR/I-AL, (ber’ri-al,) x. [See Bury.] The act of burying a deceased person ; sepulture ; interment ; the act of depositing a dead body in the earth, in a tomb or vault, or in the water. 9, The act of placing any thing under earth or wa- ter ; as, to bury seed in the earth. BUR’/LAL-PLACE, zn. A place appropriated to the burial of the dead ; a grave-yard. BUR/LAL SERV/ICE, (ber’re-al,) 7. performed at the interment of the dead. BUR/I-ED, (ber’rid,) pp. or a. Deposited in the earth, or in a grave. BUR/I-ER, (ber’ri-er,) 7. person. BU'RIN, n. [Fr. burin ; Port. boril ; It. bulino.] A graver ; an instrument for engraving. Jolnson. BURKE, v. t. [from the name of the Irishman who first committed the crime, in 1829.] To murder a person with the intention of selling the body for dissection. BURK/ED, (burkt,) pp. Murdered, as above. [.Modern.] BURK/ING, ppr. Murdering, as above. [burg and G. graf, D. graaf, a The service One who buries a deceased Shak. BURL, v.t. [See Burry.] To dress cloth as fullers 0. Johnson. 2. To pick knots and loose threads off from cloth. sh. BUR/LACH, zn. of grape. BURL’BR, n. A dresser of cloth. BUR-LESQUE’, (-lesk,) a. [Fr.; It. burlesco, from burlare, to ridicule ; burla, mockery, raillery ; Port. and Sp. burlar, to jest or scofl; burlesco, a Wag, a jester. The termination esque answers to Eng. ish.] Jocular; tending to excite laughter by ludicrous images, or by a contrast between the subject and the manner of treating it, as when a trifling subject is treated with gravity. BUR-LESQUE!,n. Ludicrous representation ; 4 con- trast between the subject and the manner of treating it, which tends to excite laughter or ridicule. 9, A composition in which a trifling subject or low incident is treated with great gravity, as a subject of great dignity or importance; or a composition in which the contrast between the subject and the man- ner of considering it renders it ludicrous ar ridic- ulous ; as in Virgil Travestie, the Lutrin of Boileau, Butlers Hudibras, and Trumbull’s McFingal. BUR-LESQUBE’, v. t. To tum into ridicule; or to make ludicrous by representation, as by treating a low or trifling subject with great gravity. BUR-LESQ/UBR, (bur-lesk/er,) n. One who bur- Jesques or turns to ridicule, BUR-LET’TA,n. [lItalian. See BurresQue, BuRvy. | A comic opera ; a musical farce. BUR‘LI-NESS, n. [See Burty.] Bulk; bluster. Johnson. BUR’LY, a. [The sense probably is swelled. Hence it accords with Russ. burlyu, to be noisy, to swell as sound. Qu. W. broliaw. See BurvesQue.] Great in size; bulky ; tumid; falsely great ; bois- terous, Dryden. Corley. This word is obsolete, or nearly so, in America ; but hurly-burly is common, in vulgar use, for noise, con- fusion, uproar. BURN, v. t.; pret. and pp. Burnep or Burnt. [Sax. bernan, bernan, or byrnan, to burn ; brine, a burning fire, ardor; Sw. brinna, branna ; G. brennen; D. branden; Dan. brende, from brand; L. pruna, and, perhaps, furnus, fornar, a furnace. The primary sense is, to rage, to act with violent excitement. ] [A contraction of burdelais.] A sort Jolinson. the action of heat or fire ; frequently with up ; as, to burn up wood. 2, To expel the volatile parts and reduce to char- coal by fire ; as, to burn wood into coal. Hence, in popular language, to burn a kiln of wood, is to char the wood. 3. To cleanse of soot by burning; to mflame; as, to burn a chimney ; an extensive use of the aword. 4. To harden in the fire; to bake or harden by heat ; as, to burn bricks or a brickkiln. 5. To scorch; to affect by heat; as, to burn the clothes or the legs by the fire ; to burn meat or bread in cookery. 6. To injure by fire ; to affect the flesh by heat. 7. 'T'o dry up or dissipate ; with wp ; as, to burn up is Dryden. To dry excessively; to cause to wither by heat; as, the sun burns the grass or plants. 9, To heat or inflame; to affect with excessive stimulus ; as, ardent spirits burn the stomach. 10. To heat so much in cookery, as to give the food a disagreeable empyreumatic taste. Hence the phrase burnt to. 11. To calcine with heat or fire ; to expel the vola- tile matter from substances, so that they are easily pulverized ; as, to burn oyster shells, or limestone. 12. To affect with excess of heat; as, the fever burns a patient. 13. To subject to the action of fire ; to heat or dry ; as, to burn colors. Jeneyc. 14, In surgery, to apply an actual cautery ; to cau- terlze. To burn up; to consume entirely by fire. To burn out; to burn till the fuel is all consumed. BURN, v.i. Tobe on fire; to flame; as, the mount ta: ma re 8 burned with fire. Exodus. 2. To shine; to sparkle. O prince! O wherefore burn your eyes Rowe. 3. To be inflamed with passion or desire; as, to burn with anger or love. Thomson. 4. ‘Io act With destructive violence, as fire. Shall thy wrath burn like fire? — Ps. Ixxxix, 5. To be in commotion ; to rage with destructive violence. The groan still deepens and the combat burns. 6. Tobe heated ; tobe ina glow ; as, the face burns. 7. To be affected with a sensation of heat, pain, or acidity ; as, the heart burns. 8. To feel excess of heat ; as, the flesh burns by a fire ; a patient burns with a fever. To burn out; to burn till the fuel is exhausted and the fire ceases. BURN, 2. Asmall stream; a brook. [ Scottish. ] BURN, x. A hurt or mjury of any part of the body, caused by the action of fire. 9, The operation of burning or baking, as in brick- making ; as, they have a good burn. BURN/A-BLE, a. That may be burnt. { Little usa] BURN/ED,)} pp. or a. Consumed with fire, scorchet BURNT, or dried with fire or heat; baked or hardened in the fire. BURN’/ER, n. A person who burns or sets fire to any thing . 9. An appendage to a lamp designed to promote combustion. BURN/ET, n. A plant, the Poterium Sanguisorba, common or garden burnet. The Sanguisorba offici- nalis, is the wild burnet or great burnet. Pope. BURN/ISH-ER, n. BURN/ISH-ING, ppr. BURNT/-EAR, n. BURNT’-OF’FER-ING, x. BURR, x. BURN/B'T-SAX/I-FRAGE, n. A name common to different species of plants of the genus Pimpinella. BURN/ING, ppr. Consuming with fire; flaming ; scorching ; hardening by fire; calcining; charring 5 raging as fire; glowing. BURN/ING, n. Combustion; the act of expelling volatile matter and reducing to ashes, or to a calx; a fire ; inflammation ; the heat or raging of passion. In surgery, actual cautery ; cauterization. BURNI/ING, a. Powerful; vehement; as, a burning shame; a burning scent. Shak. 9, Much heated; very hot; scorching. The burning plains of India. SS. Smith. BURN/ING-GLASS, n. [burn and glass.] A convex glass, Which, when exposed to the direct rays of the sun, collects them into a small space, or point, called a focus, producing an intense heat. The name is given also to a concave mirror which condenses the sun’s rays. Encyc. BURN/ING-MIR/ROR, n. A single concave mirror ; or a combination of plane mirrors, so arranged as to combine their rays in one focus. BURN/ING-THORN/Y-PLANT, nm. A species of Euphorbia or spurge. Fam. of Plants. BURNI/ISH, v. t. [Er. brwnir ; D. bruineeren; It. brunire; Sp. brunir. ‘This word undoubtedly is of secondary formation, from the color of flame. See Burn. To polish by friction; to make smooth, bright, and lossy ; as, to burnish steel. Driden. BURN/ISH, v. i. To grow bright or glossy. Swift. BURN/ISH, n. Gloss; brightness; luster. Christ. Observ. 1. To consume with fire; to reduce to ashes by BURN/ISH-ED, (burn/isht,) pp. Polished ; made glossy. The person who polishes or makes glossy. 9. An instrument used in polishing, of different kinds. It may be a piece of round polished steel, a dog’s or wolf?s tooth, a piece of copper, agate, or peb- ble, &c. It is used for giving a gloss or smoothness to metals, to the edges of books, &c. Polishing ; making smooth and glossy. BURN/OOSE, tas [Sp. albornoz ; Port. albernoz ; Pers. BURN/OS, Oey 3 Syr- hows biruna. | An upper cloak or garment, used by the Arabs. Parkhurst. BURNT, pp. or a. from Burn. Consumed ; scorched ; heated ; subjected to the action of fire. A disease in grain, by which the seed is rendered abortive, and its coat covered with a black powder; the charbon (coal) of the French, and the brand of the Germans. P. Cyc. [burnt and offer.) Some- thing offered and burnt on an altar, as an atonement for sin; a sacrifice; called also burnt-sacrifice. The offerings of the Jews were a clean animal, as an ox, a calf, a goat, or sheep; or some species of vegetable substance, as bread, and ears of wheat or barley. A roughness in sounding the letter r. 2. The lobe or lap of the ear. Dict. 3. The round knob of a born next a deer’s head, 4, The sweetbread. [Encyc. BURR/-MILL/STONE. See Buur-STone. BURR/-PUMP, )z. A pump, having a staff of 6, 7, BILGE/-PUMP, or 8 feet long, with a bar of wood to which the leather is naJled, which serves instead of a box. This staff is worked by Imen who pull it up and down, with a rope fastened to the middle of it. Encye. BURR/-STONE, n. Asilicious or quartz rock, con- BUHR/-STONE, taining many irregular cavities, and used for mill-stones. BUR’RAS-PIPE, z, An instrument or vessel used by surgeons to keep corroding powders in. Johnson. BUR/-REED,x. A plant, the Sparganium. Muhlenberg. BUR/REL, x. A sort of pear, called also the red but- ter pear, from its smooth, delicious, soft pulp. Philips. The ox-fly, gad-bee, or breeze. Johnson. BUR/REL-SHOT, n. [Fr. bourreler, to torment, and shot. Small shot, nails, stones, pieces of old iron, &c , ut into cases, to be discharged among enemies. BUR/ROCK, n. A small wier or dam where wheels are laid in a river, for catching fish. Philips. BUR/ROW, zn. A different orthography of BurGH, BorouGH, which see. BUR/ROW, n. [Sax. byrgen, a sepulcher, byrian, to bury, or beorgan, to keep.) A hollow place in the earth, where small animals lodge, and sometimes deposit their provisions. BUR/ROW, v. i. To excavate a hole in the earth ; to lodge in a hole excavated in the earth, as conies or ‘abbits. In a more general sense, to lodge in any deep or concealed place. The word seems to include the idea of excavating a hole for a lodge, as well as lodging in it; but the verb is not often used transi- tively ; as, to burrow the earth. BUR/ROW-ING, ppr. Lodging in a burrow. BURS/AR, n. [See Burse.] A treasurer, oF cash- keeper ; as, the burser of a college, or of a monastery ; a purser. 9. A student to whom a stipend is paid out of a burse or fund appropriated for that purpose, as the exhibitioners sent to the universities in Scotland, by each presbytery. Encyc. Jolinson. BURS/AR-SHIP, n. The office of a bursar. Hales. BURS/A-RY, n. The treasury of a college or mon- astery. 2. In Scotland, an exhibition. Encyc. BURSCH, (bursh,) 2. ; pl. BuRSCHEN. [Ger.] A youth ; especially a student in a German university. BURSE, (burs,) x. [Fr. bourse, a purse, the vesicle of the ga'l, the hull or skin of seeds, an exchange ; D. beurs, a purse, an exchange, scrotum ; Ger. bdrse, a purse, an exchange ; D. ddrs, the same; It. bersa; Sp. and Port. dolsa, a purse or bag, r being changed into /.] 1. A public edifice in certain cities, for the meet- ing of merchants to consult on matters of trade and money, and to negotiate bills of exchange. This 1s the name used in many cities in Europe, but in England and America, such building is C2 Ned an exchange. 9. In France, a fund or foundation for the main- tenance of poor scholars in their studies, In the middle ages, it signified a tittle college, or 4 hall ina university. Encyc. BURST, v. 7.; pret. and pp. Burst. The old participle bursten is nearly obsolete. [Sax. byrstan, burstan ; D. barsten; G. bersten; Dan. briste; Sw. brista, to burst. The word bristle seems to belong to burst, denoting a shoot. ] BUR/REL-FLY, n. 1. To fly or break open with force, or with sudden TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 157 as a owe Ss er p tt Sage Ek eae ae pT eae————————— violence ; to suffer a violent disruption. The pecu- j liar force of this word is, in expressing a sudden rup- ture, with violence, or expansion, or both. Hence it 1s generally used to signify the sudden rupture of a thing by internal force, and a liberation from con- finement; as, to burst from a prison ; the heart bursts | with grief. Milton. 2. To break away; to spring from; as, to burst |B BU of a gun, &c. This word when applied but when applied to the cire is, in America, tree ; bossolo, a little box. USH, ». i. called a doz. S to sheaves is c ular iron of a Qu. It. bosso, the box- Johnson writes it bushel. To grow thick or bushy. transitively, tish dialect, BUSK’ED, BUSK/ET, n. shrubs in a g BUSK'IN, n. alled bush, cart wheel Milton. (buskt,) a. “to busk them to battle.” it signifies to dress or attire. Wearing a busk. bush, or a compartment of A small arden. A kind of ering the foot and leg to BUT The word is applicable to a like circle in other round holes, as to the key-hole of a Watch, the vent Pollok. Spenser. half boot, or high the middle, In the Scot- shoe, cov- and tied under- from the arms. Pope. 3. To come or fall upon suddenly or with violence ; BUSH, v. t. To furnish a block wit h a bush, or to line any Orifice with me tal to prevent wearing. neath the knee, worn by actors in tragedy on the Stage. our ears. 4. To issue suddenly, or to come from a hidden or retired place into more open view ; as, a river bursts from a valley ; a spring bursts from the earth. 5. To break forth into action suddenly ; as burst into tears. : 6. To break or rush in with violence ; as, to burst into a house or a room. 7. To open spontaneously, as an abscess. i a It is often followed by an intensive particle ; as, 4 out, forth, awar, from, or asunder. : BURST, v. t. To break or rend by force or violence ; to open suddenly ; as, to burst a chain ora door ; to : : burst a cannon. ; {. bi || BURST, n. A sudden breaking forth ; a disruption ; ‘ a violent rending ; more appropriately, a sudden ex- plosion or shooting forth ; as, a burst of thunder; a burst of applause ; a burst of passion. 2. A rupture or hernia, or the unnatural protrusion of the contents of the abdomen. BURST, { pp. or a. Affected with a rupture or BURST’EN, { hernia. BURST, pp. Opened or rent asunder by violence. BURST'EN-NESS, n. The state of having a rupture ; BURS'’ER, nm: One that bursts. [the hernia. BURSTING, ppr. Rending or parting by violence; exploding. sae ~ * hs i ng oee , to See Oe = a to rush upon unexpectedly ; as, a sound bursts upon | BUSH’/E L, n. | BUSH’/EL-AGR, n. sel; probably from_boiste, that is, a little box.] I. A dry measure, containing eight gallons, or four used in England pecks. The Winchester tains eight gallons of wh pounds of wheat, troy we ounces troy; the ounce, twenty sterlings sterling, thirty-two grains of whe middle of the ear. Weights troy. troduced into England, inches ; The Winchester bushe States. Bushel the ve measure is used. 2. In popular language, Nitely. 3. The circle of iron in the nave of a wheel America, called a boz. [See by the bushel. bushel, from the time of Henry VII. to th Ir. boisseau ; Arm. boesel ; Norm. bus- boite, a box; It. bossolo, e year each the pour eat ; ight ; at grow The contents are 2150.42 solid inches, equivalent to 1131 ounces and 14 In 1826, the imperial bush¢ containing 2218.192 cubic So that 33 of the old or Winchester bushels are very nearly equal to 32 imperial bushels. Brande. lis used still in the United signifies both the quantity or capacity, and ssel which will contain the quantity. vessel of this kind is not in use. a large quantity, indefi- Busu.] A duty payable on commodities gallon, eight BUSK/IN-ED, BUSK’Y, a. with trees or Busu.] 1826, con- id, twelve ; and the ing in the BUSS, n. [Per. radical sense bus, the lip ; girl ; Sp. beso 2. [D. buis; from 50 to ohnson. pat BUSS, v. t. BUST, n. _ 2 - O daw a bosidan ; Ar. (Ue is bausa, S to kiss; L. basio; Fr. baiser ; terse besar; Port. beijar; It, ssn | Thelverb may be from the name of the > a kiss; G. biise ; Ss Russ. busa.] 70 tuns burden, carrying two masts, and two sheds, or cabins, on herring fishery. To kiss ; to [It. and Sp. dusto; Fr. buste; Norm. beser; Sp. baciare; D. poezen, to kiss. the noun, and perhaps from lip; at any rate, from the same »topush ; Per. puz, the lip; W. and Ir. D. poes, a kiss, a puss, a fur tippet, a Port. beigo, the lip; beijo, a Kiss; It. bacio. This word, so venerable for its an- 2 tiquity and general use, has fallen into disrepute. ] et _ ul a 1. A kiss; a salute with the lips. The half bushel A small vessel, e at each end; used in the Encyc. Mar. Dict. alute with the lips. Shak. L. bustum.] BURST’-WORT, n. be good against hernia or ruptures. BURT, x. A flat fish of the turbot kind. BURFH'EN. See Burpven. BUR’/TON, 7». A small tackle formed by two blocks or pulleys, used to set up or tighten the topmost shrouds, and for various other purposes ; called also top-burton-tackle, Mar. Dict. BURY, (ber’ry,) n. This word is a different orthog- raphy of burg, burh, borough. It signifies a house, habitation, or castle, and is retained in many names of places, as in Shrewsbury, Danbury, Aldermanbury. The word is used by Grew for burrov. BUR’Y, (ber’ry,) ». ¢. [Sax. byrian, burgan, to bury ; byrgen, a tomb or Sepulcher; allied to beorgan, to The Herniaria, a plant said to Johnson. BUSH/ET, n. BUSH’LNESS BUSH’-MAN, n. BUSH/MENT, n. BUSH’Y, a. Save. ] B 1. To deposit a deceased person in the grave; to| B inter a corpse ; to entomb. 2. To cover with earth, as seed sown. 3. To hide; to conceal; to overwhelm ; to cover with any thing; as, to bury any one im the ruins of a city. 4. To withdraw or conceal in retirement ; as, to bury one’s self in a monast ry, Or in solitude. °o. To commit to the water: to deposit in the ocean ; as, dead bodies buried in the deep. 6. To place one thing within another Thy name so buried in her. Shak. 7 To forget and forgive; to hide in oblivion ; to bury an injury. To bury the hatchet, in the striking metaphorical language of American Indians, is to lay aside the instruments of war, forget injuries, and make peace. BUR/Y-ING, (ber’re-ing,) ppr. Interring; hiding; covering with earth ; overwhelming. BUR’Y-ING, (ber’re-ing,) n. The act of interring the dead ; sepulture. John xii. 7. BUR/Y-ING-GROUND, {n. A grave-yard; a place as, Dutch bosh, a wood, and was so used by Chaucer, {n this sense it is extensively used in the British colonies, especially at the Cape of Good Hope, where it may have been borrowed from the Dutch.] 3. A branch of a tree fixed or hung out as a tavern sign. Hence, since the branch has been discontin- ued, a coronated frame of wood, hung out as a tay- ern sign, is so called. Hence the English proverb, ** Good wine needs no bush.” Encyc. [1 know not that this is so used in the United States. } 4. A circle of metal let into the sheaves of such B B { BUR/Y-ING-PLACE, appropriated to the sepul- It should be the main business of life to serve God, and obey his ture of the dead; a church-yard. oO: BUSH, n. [D. bosch; G. busch: Dan. busk ; Sw. busie; 5. Concern; right of action or interposing ; as It. bosco ; Sp. bosque; Port, bosque ; whence Sp. bos- What business has a man with the disputes of others ? A ; cage, Wr. bocage, It. boscata, @ grove or cluster of 6. A point ; a matter of question ; something to be es trees. Qu. Gr. Bookw, L. pasco, originally, to feed examined or considered. , on Sprouts. ] j : Fitness to govern is a perplexed business. Bacon. 8 fs I. A shrub; particularly a shrub with branches 7S thi be a : ine fof 3 oe ae rising from or near the root; a thick shrub ; also, a is SOMmetMInE tO Ea COne, oad PD OL amore a if , cluster of shrubs. With hunters, a fox tail. rane to one’s anterest; OPPGREC lO amusement; as, Wy i i Spenser. Waller. Encyc. Ash. we have no business in town. i i i : 2. A thicket or place abounding in trees or bushes. They were far from the Zidonians, and had no business with any i { i! | {This was the original sense of the word, as in the ] ruin him. BUS'I-NESS-LIKE, a. BUSK, zn. women on the breast, to form the shape ; a word de- BUSK, n. BUSK, ». 7. [Vot used in the United States. ] A wood. »”. [from bush, bushy.] being bushy, thick, or intermixe of a bush. y.] The quality of d, like the branches [D. bosch-man, boschjes-man. A woodsman ; a name which the Dutch give to 1. In sculpture, the figure of a person in relief, show- ing only the head, Shoulders, and Stomach ; ordina- rily placed on a pedestal or console. In speaking of an antique, we say the head is marble, and the bust porphyry, or bronze; that is, the shoulders and stomach. 2. The chest or thorax ; body. is, the trunk of the human a tribe of wild and ferocious inhabitants of Africa, near the Cape of Good Hope. [from bush.] A thicket; a cluster {ot used. ] alech, [from bush.] Full of branches; thick and spreading, like a bush ; as, a bushy beard or brier. Bacon. 2. Full of bushes; overgrown with shrubs. of bushes, vr 6) ] Encyc. BUST’ARD, n. [bus and tarda: It. otarda; Er. outarde. Ancient Celtic, tarda. Plin. 10, 22. The Otis tarda, a species of bird of the Grallic order, growing to the weight of 25 or 97 pounds, with a breadth of wing of six or seven feet. It in- habits England, and the temperate regions of Europe, Dryden. US'T-ED, (biz’/zid,) pp. of Busy. US'LLESS, (biz/ze-less,) a. [See Busy.] Without BUS'TLE, (bus'I,) ». i. and of parts of Asia and Africa, feeding on green corn and other vegetables, and on earth-worms. It runs fast and takes flight with difficulty. Encie. [This word may be allied to busy, or to L. festino.] business ; at leisure ; unemployed. Shak. US'T-LY, (biz/ze-ly,) adv. With constant occupation ; actively ; earnestly ; as, to be busily employed. 2. With an air of burry or importance ; with too much curiosity ; importunately ; officiously. Dryden. US/I-NESS, (biz’ness,) n. [See Busy.] Employ- ment; that which occupies the time, attention, and labor of men, for the purpose of profit or improve- ment; @ word of extensive use and indefnite signifi- cation. Business is a particular occupation, as agri- culture, trade, mechanic art, or profession, and when used of a particular employment. the word admits of the plural number, businesses. Business is also any temporary employment. 2. Affairs; concerns; as, a man leaves his business in an unsettled state. 3. The subject of employment ; that which en- gages the care and attention. You are so much the business of our souls, Dryden. 4. Serious engagement ; important occupation, in distinction from trivial affairs. one. — Judges. 8. Duty, or employment that duty enjoins. awyer’s business is to do justice to his clients. To do the business for a man, is to kill, destroy, or Als Being in the true manner of [ business, [Fr. busque.] whalebone, or wood, worn by A piece of steel, endent on fashion. A bush. [Wot used.] To be active or busy. he Saxon word bysgian, to busy, or the Sp. buscar, Busk is still used in America. [See Donne. This is probably B BUS'TLER, (bus’ler,) 7. BUS/TLING BUST’O, n. BUS'Y, (biz/zy,) a. BUS/Y-BOD’Y, (biz!zy-body BUS'Y-ING, ( BUS/Y-MIND BUT, part. for butan. To stir quick ; to be very active: to be very quick in motion, often or usually with the sense of noise Or agitation. And leave the world for me to bustle in. US’/TLE, (bus!l,) n. Hurry; with noise and agitation ; tum tation ; combustion. All would have been well without this bustle. Sak. great stir ; rapid motion ult from stirring or agi- Spectator. An active, stirring person. » (bus/ling,) ppr. or a. Stirring ; moving actively, with noise or agitation. A bust ; sometimes, perhaps, used for a Ashmole. ysig ; whence byseg, bezig, busy ; bezigen, statue [Sax. bysi, b business, byszian, to busy ; D. £ to busy, to use. This word appears, from the Dutch, to be composed of be, the prefix, and zie, the root of see, contracted in inf. to zien, but retained in the pret. za7, and in the derivatives, zigt, Sight, zigtbaar, visible. We find bezigtigen signifies to view. If thi opinion is correct, the primary sense is seeing, or closély inspecting. | 1. Employed with constan about something that rende nient ; as | t attention ; engaced | rs interruption incon\ e- , 2 man is busy in posting his books, | My mistress is busy, and can not come, Shak. 2. Actively employed ; occupied without cessation ; constantly in motion; as, a busy hee. Shak. 3. Active in that which does not concer the per- son ; meddling with or prying into the affairs of oth- ers ; officious ; importunate ; hence, troublesome ; vexatious. Waller. 4. Much occupied with employment ; as, a busy day. US’Y, (biz/zy,) v. t. To employ with constant atten- tion ; to keep engaged ; to make or keep busy ; as, to busy one’s self with books. To be busied with genus and species. Locke. >) [busy and body.) A meddling person ; one who officiously concerns him- self with the affairs of others. Taylor. biz'zy-ing,) ppr. Constantly employing. ED, a. Having an active mind. ae butan, buton, buta, bute, Without, on the outsic e, abroad: hence, except, or Fairfax uses it in the sense of prepare, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — t i blocks as have iron pins, to prevent their wearing. to search. i Mar. Dict. Busy.] Vibe, 158 PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — excepting, besides; that is, separated, not included. The verb is not in the Saxon ; but in Dutch we have eas } The buskins of the ancients had very thick |j Soles, to raise the actors and actresses to the stature || of the persons they represented, Encyc. 2. In classic authors, the word is used for tragedy. (busk/ind,) a. Dressed in buskins. Milton. Bushy ; wooded ; shaded or overgrown | shrubs ; generally written bosky. [See | S/iak. 5 Sst twit. MO REREC) PRCT Ee Oe eee——— BUT BUT BUT the verb in its primary sense, duiten, to rove or wan- der, to go freebooting ; buit, booty ; buiten, out, with- out, abroad, besides, except; Durten boord, overboard ; buiten deur, out of doors ; buiten huis, an out-house ; buiten man, an out-man, a stranger; G. beute, booty ; Sw. byte, booty ; byta, to exchange ; Dan. bytte, booty, a parting, division, distribution ; bytte, to part, divide, exchange, barter; Sp. botin; It. bottino; Fr. butin, booty. The primary sense of booty is to rove or wan- der, to part or separate from ; applied to persons, it is to wander ; applied to things, it may include strip- ping. But, then, is a contraction of butan, and pri- marily a participles) 1. Except ; besides ; unless. Who can it be, bul perjured Lycon? Smith. That is, removed, separated, excepted. Lycon be- ing separated, or excepted, who can it be? And, but infirmity, Which waits upon worn times, hath something seized His wished ability, he had himself The lands and waters measured. Shak. That is, except, unless, separate this fact, that in- firmity had seized his ability, he had measured the lands and waters. In this use, but, butan, is a participle, equivalent to excepting, and may be referred to the person speak- ing, or, more naturally, it is equivalent to excepted, and with the following words, or clause, forming the case absolute. Who can it be, Lycon being excepted ? And, but my noble Moor is true of mind, it were enough to put him to ill thinking. Sha It can not be but Nature hath some director, of infinite power, to euide her in all her ways. hi cer. There is no question but the king of Spain will reform most of the abuses. Addison. It is not impossible but 1 may alter the complexion of my play. Dryden In the last three examples, that is omitted after but. Jt is not impossible but that 1 may alter the complexion of my Pp. AY. In these and all similar phrases, but denotes separa- tion, exception. 2. Only ; as, there is but one man present. A formidable man but to his friends. Dryden. This use of but isa modern innovation, but per- haps too firmly established to be corrected. In all such phrases, a negative, not, nothing, or other word, is omitted. He is not a formidable man, but to his enemies; that is, except. There is not but one man present ; that is, there is not except or besides one pres- ent. So, also, ‘‘ Our light affliction is but for a mo- ment.” 2Cor.iv. Our affliction is not, except fora moment. If they Kill us, we shall but die. —2 Kings vu. The common people in America retain the origin- al and correct phrase, usually employing a negative. They do not say, I have but one. On the other hand, they say, I have not but one; that is, I have not ex- cept one; except one, and Ihave none. This word but, for butan, is not a conjunction, nor has it the least affinity to that part of speech. BUT, conj. (Sax. bote, reparation, satisfaction, com- pensation; and adverbially, moreover, further, that is, something added to make good, to supply that which is wanted, from betan, to make better, or more, to amend, that is, to advance ; D. boete; Sw. bite; Dan. baade; W. buz, advantage. So, in Ger. aber, but, is the Eng. over. In some of these lan- guages, it denotes a fine or penance, that which makes satisfaction. In Danish, profit ; baade, to gain or profit ; W. buziaw ; Goth. botyan, ils & (Ee busse, biissen. We use this word as a noun, in the phrase, He gives a guinea to boot, that is, to make good, to satisfy, or by way of addition; and as a verb, in the phrase, What boots it? what gain or profit is it? It is radically the same word as bet in better; and the radical sense is, to advance. | More ; further ; noting an addition to supply what is wanting to elucidate or modify the sense of the preceding part of a sentence, or of a discourse, or to continue the discourse, or to exhibit a contrast. Now abide faith, hope, charity, these three; but the greatest of these is charity. — 1 Cor. xiii. When pride cometh, then cometh shame; but with the lowly is wisdom. — Prev. xi. Our wants are many and grievous, but quite of another kind. The house of representatives were well agreed in passing the bill; but the senate dissented. This word is, in fact, a noun, equivalent to addition or supply ; but, in grammatical construction, no in- convenience results from considering it to be a con- nective. BUT, 7x. [Fr. bout, end, extremity, and but, end, aim, design ; Arm. but or bauwt. It is sometimes written butt, especially when applied to the end of a plank. It coincides, in sense and elements, with L. peto, Sp. bote, a thrust, botar, to cast, It. botta, botto, bottare, Fr. botte, bouder, Eng. pout, and many other words. See Burt.] 1. Anend; alimit; abound. Itis used particu larly for the larger end of a thing, as of a piece of timber, or of a fallen tree; that which grows nearest the earth. It is not often applied to the bound or lim- it of land ; yet butted, for bounded, is often used. BUT, v. i. BUT/-END, 2. BUTCH’ER, zn. 2. The end of a plank, in a ship’s side or bottom, which unites with another; generally written Burtt. 3. A mark or object of ridicule. 4. The foot or end of a play. To be bounded by; to lie contiguous to; @ word used in America. [See Asur. [but and end.] The largest or blunt end of a thing; as, the but-end of a musket, or of a piece of timber. This word is tautological, but and end signifying the same thing ; unless but is consid- ered as equivalent to swelling, protuberant. [EFr. boucher; Arm. bogzer, a butcher ; Fr. boucherie ; It. beccheria, butchery, Shambles. The primary sense probably is to stick or stab, as the Fr. boucher signifies to stop, that is, to set, to thrust. } 1. One who slaughters animals for market ; or one whose occupation is to kill animals for the table. The word may, and often does, include the person who cuts up and sells meat. 2, One who kills men, or commands troops to kill them ; one who sheds, or causes to be shed, human blood in abundance ; applied to princes and conquerors who delight i war, or are remarkable for destroying hu- man life, Locke. BUTCH/ER, v.t. To kill or slaughter animals for food, or for market. 9. To murder; but emphatically applied to murder committed with unusual cruelty, or circumstances of uncommon barbarity. BUTCH/ER-BIRD, n. The shrike ; a name common to different species of birds, of the genus Lanius, One species of this genus is called king-bird, from its courage in attacking hawks and crows. Encyc. The king-bird is now arranged under the genus Muscicapa, (JM. tyrannus.) Ed. Encyc. BUTCH’/ER-ED, pp. or a. Killed; slaughtered. BUT’TED, pp. 9 BUTCH’ER-ING, ppr. Slaughtering. BUTCH’/ER-LI-NESS, n. A cruel, savage, butcherly manner. Johnson. BUTCH’/ER-LY, a. [from butcher. | Cruel; savage ; murderous; grossly and clumsily barbarous. Shak. BUTCH’ER?$-BROOM, n._ A plant, the Ruscus acu- Jeatus, called also knee-holly. it is used by butchers for brooms to sweep their blocks. Encyc. BUTCH/ER-ROW, ». A row of shambles. Whitlock. BUTCH/ER-Y, x. The business of slaughtering cattle for the table or for market. Pope. 2, Murder, especially murder committed with unu- sual barbarity ; great slaughter. Shak. Dryden. 3. The place where animals are killed for market ; a shambles, or slaughter-house ; also, a place where blood is shed. Shak. BUT’LER, n. [Fr. bouteillier, from bouteille, a bottle, that is, the bottler; Ir. buitleir, a butler, from bduidel, boide, a bottle.) A servant or officer in the houses of princes and great men, whose principal business is to take charge of the liquors, plate, &c. Formerly, an officer in the court of France, being the same as the grand echan- son, or great cup-bearer, of later times. Encyc. BUT’/LER-AGE, x. A duty of two shillings on every tun of wine imported into England by foreigners or merchant strangers. It was a composition for the privileges granted to them by King John and Edward I., and originally received by the crown ; but it has been granted to certain noblemen. It was called but- lerage, because originally paid to the king’s butler for the king. Blackstone. Encyc. BUT’LER-SHIP, x. The office of a butler. Ge. x]. 21. BUT’MENT, n. [Old Fr. aboutement, from bout, but, end. ]} 1. A buttress of an arch; the supporter, or that part which joins it to the upright pier. Encye. 2. The mass of stone or solid work at the end ofa bridge, by which the extreme arches are sustained. The mass of stone at the end of a timber bridge, without arches, is called by the same name. It is written also ABUTMENT. BUT’SHAFT, n. [but and shaft. ] at butts with. B. Jonson. BUTT, 7. [See Bur.] Literally, end, furthest point. Hence, a mark to be shot at; the point where a mark is set or fixed to be shot at. ryden. 9. The point to which a purpose or effort is direct- ed. Shak, 3. The object of aim; the thing against which an attack is directed. Clarendon. Hence, 4, The person at whom ridicule, jests, or contempt are directed ; as, the butt of ridicule. Spectator. 5. A push or thrust given by the head of an ani- Also, a thrust in mal; as, the butt of a ram. fencing. 6. A cask whose contents are 126 gallons of wine, A butt of beer is 108 gallons, and from 1500 to 2200 weight of cur- rants is a butt. [Sax butte or bytt; Sp. bota.] Johnson. or two hogsheads ; called also a pipe. a plank in a ship’s side or bottom. Mar. Dict. 8. A particular kind of hinge for doors, &c. 9, Butts and bounds. See Burrs 7 The endo 10. 4 butt?s length; the ordinary distance from the place of shooting to the butt, or mark; as, not two pair of butts’ length from the town. Rich. Dict. An arrow to shoot BUTT, v. i. |W. puwtiaw, to butt, to thrust ; It. buttare ; Sp. botar ; Port. botar, to thrust or throw ; Fr. botte,a thrust ; from the same root, probably, as but, bout; L. peto. ’'o thrust the head forward ; to strike by thrusting the head against, as an ox oraram. Wotton. Dryden. Struck with the head. . a. Having abuttals ; as, the land is butted and bounded as follows. BUT’TER, n. [Sax. buter, butera ; D. boter; Ger. but- ter; D. butyrum; Gr. Bovrvooy.) An oily substance obtained from cream or milk by churming. Agitation separates the fat or oily part of milk from the serous and curdy part, called butter- milk. Butter ; in the old chemistry, a name given tosome of the chlorids, from their soft, butyraceous consistence, when recently prepared ; as, Butter of untimony ; now called the sesquichlorid of antimony, and obtained by distilling a mixture of cor- rosive sublimate and antimony. Butter of arsenic; the sesquichlorid of arsenic, ob- tained by a like process. Butter of bismuth; the chlorid of bismuth. Butter of tin; sublimated muriate of tin. Butter of zinc; the chlorid of zinc. Butter ; in vegetable chemistry, a name given to cer- tain concrete fat oils, which remain solid, or of a but- yraceous consistence, at the ordinary temperature, as those of the cocoa-nut and the cacao. Butter of cacao ; an oily, concrete, white matter, ob- tained from the cacao-nut, by bruising the nut and boiling it in water, or by heat and expression. Nicholson. Thomson. BUT’TER, v. t To smear with butter. 9, To increase the stakes at every throw or every game; a cant term among gamesters. Johnson. BUT’TER-BUMP, 7. The bittern. Johnson. BUT’TER-BURR, n. A plant, a species of Tussilago, or colt’s-foot, (7. Petasites,) growimg in wet land, With very large leaves. Fam. of Plants. Encyc. BUT’TER-€UP, Jn. Aname given to a species of BUT’ TER-€UPS, Ranunculus or crow-foot, with bright yellow flowers; called also golden-cup and king?s-cup ; the cuckoo-buds of Shakspeare. ‘am. of Plants. Lee. A yellow flower; the but- tercup. Gay. BUT’TBR-FLY, nz. [So named from the color of a yellow species. Sax. buterlege or buiter-fleoge. See Fy. } A name common to the different species of lepidop- terous insects, of the genus Papilio, (Linn. 3) properly, in the third and last stage of their existence. They have four wings imbricated with a kind of downy scales ; the tongue is convoluted in a spiral form ; and the body is hairy. The species are numerous. They are now considered as forming a group, subdivided into tribes, families, and genera. Butterflies proceed from the chrysalides of caterpillars ; caterpillars pro- ceed from eggs deposited by butterflies; they then change into chrysalides, which produce butterflies, which again deposit their eggs. BUT’TER-FLY-SHELL, n. ‘The popular name of a genus of Testaceous Mollusca, with a spiral unilocu- lar shell, called Voluta. Eneyc. BUT’TER-IS, zn. An instrument of steel set in wood, for paring the hoof of a horse. Farrier’s Dict. BUT’TER-MILK, n. The milk that remains after the butter is separated from it. Johnson calls this whey ; put whey is the thin part of the milk after the curd or cheese is separated. Buttermilk, in America, is not called zhey. BUT’TER-NUT, x. [butter and nut.] 1. The fruit of an American tree, the Juglans cine- rea, so called from the oil it contains. The tree BUT/TER-FLOW-ER, 7. bears a resemblance, in its general appearance, to the black walnut, so called, It is sometimes called oilnut and white walnut. cathartica. It is the Juglans cinerea of others. Belknap. ' } 9. The nut of the Caryocar nuciferum, a native of | South America, called also the Savuari, (vulgarly Suwarrow) nut. BUT’/TER-PRINT, BUT’/TER-STAMP, to mark cakes of butter. BUT’TER-TOOTH, n. A broad fore tooth. Johnson. BUT’TER-WIFE, in BUT’TER-WOMAN, § _ ter. BUT’TER-WORT, 2x. Johnson. has been strained through it, acquires, in a day or two, consistency, and is an agreeable food, used in the north of Sweden. Encyce BUT’TER-Y, a. [from butter.] Having the qualities or appearance of butter. Harvey. BUT’TER-Y, nz. ter, milk, provisions, and utensils are kept. are kept for sale to the students. BUI’TING, ppr. Striking with the head. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGE R, VICIOUS —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. The tree is called also dut- ternut or butternut-tree. Dr. M. Cutler calls it Juglans n. A piece of carved wood, used A woman who sells but- A species of Pinguicula, (P. vulgaris,) a plant growing on bogs or soft grounds. The leaves are covered with soft, pellucid prickles, which secrete a glutinous liquor ; and milk, which An apartment in a house where but- In some colleges, a room where liquors, fruit, and refreshments ee 159 “war i ee a Pan a ek ee en _ a aeBUY BUT’TOCK, x. behind. Var. Dict. BUT’ TON, (but/n,) x. boton, a button or bud; from the root of bud, that is, a push or protuberance. See Burt.] 1. A knob; a small ball; a catch, used to fasten The rump, or the protuberant part 2. The convexity of a ship behind, under the stern. [Fr. bouton, a button, a bud; W. buttun, or botiom; Corn. bottum; It. bottone; Sp. | BY to procure at a price ; as, to buy pleasure with praise ; to buy favor with flattery. Denham. 3. Io bribe ; to corrupt or pervert the judgment, by paying a consideration. To buy off; to influence to compliance ; to cause to bend or yield by some consideration ; as, to buy off conscience ; to detach by a consideration given; as, to buy off one from a party. To buy out ; to buy off, or detach from. Shak. —— BYR 6. “ By this time, the sun had risen,?? here seems to denote at, present, or come to. 7. According to; as, this appears by his own ac- count; these are good rules to live Bis nce: 8. On; as, to pass by land or Water; great battles by sea and land. In the latter phrase, at or on might be substituted for by. 9. It is placed before words denoting quantity, measure, or proportion ; as, to sell by the pound ; to The word tg i together the different parts of dress, made of metal, 2. To purchase the share or shares of a person in work by the rod or perch; this line is longer by a Aa ii silk, mohair, wood, &c. a stock, fund, or partnership, by which the seller is tenth. a: 7 2. Any knob oz ball fastened to another body ; a | separated from the company, and the purchaser | 10. It is used to represent the means or instrument : # Small protuberant body. Boyle. Pope. takes his place; as, A buys out B. To purchase} of swearing, or affirming ; as, to swear by heaven, ‘i ; 3. A bud; a gem of a plant. ; Shak. stock in any fund or partnership, is to buy in. or by earth ; to affirm by all that is sacred. a. ‘ 4. The button of the reins of a bridle, is a ring of _ Lo buy on credit, is to purchase a thing, on a prom- 1]. In the phrase, ‘‘ He has a cask of wine by him,”’ Fe i leather, with the reins passed through, which runs ise In fact or in law, to make paymentat a future day. by denotes nearness or presence. ; ' along the length of the reins. _ : Encyc. To buy the refu sal, is to give money for the right of 12. **'T'o sit by one’s self,” is to sit alone, or with- ee 5. A flat piece of wood, turning on a nail or screw, purchasing, at a fixed price, at a future time. out company. . to fasten doors. : Tv buy the small-poz, in South Wales, is to. receive 13. **’'To be present by attorney.”? In this phrase, 4 : 6. A small, round mass of metal, found at the bot- it by inoculation. Encic. by denotes means or instrument ; through or in the 5 i tom of a crucible, in chemical experiments, or which In popular language, to buy is to pay dear for, as in presence of a substitute. oe 4 . remains on the cupel, in the process of assaying. Chaucer. 14. In the phrase, ‘“‘north by west,”? the sense fr alten a J TG . m . , ‘ { : a _ Wicholson. Brande. BUY, v.i. To negotiate, or treat about a purchase. seems to be, north passing to the west, inclining or j 7. The sea-urchin, an animal which has prickles I will buy with you and sell with you. Shak. going westward, or near west. ; instead of feet. __ Ainsworth. BUY’ER, x. One who buys; a purchaser. Wotton. As an adverb, by denotes, also, nearness, or pres- , BUT’TON, (but n,) v. t To fasten with a button c IDIING ee C 7 son j i : N, (but n,) o. t. | faste a button oF) BUYING, (by/ing,) ppr. Purchasing. & ence; as, there was no person by at thetime. But | buttans ; to inclose or make secure with buttons: Re a “9 e some noun is understood. So, in the phrase ‘‘to ; Cen followed with up ; as, to button up a waistcoat. | BUZZ, v. i. [It. buzzicare, to whisper; Pers. *° cdv5° pass or go 5y,”’ there is a noun understood. _2. To dress or clothe. [Vot used. j ? bazidian, to blow, as wind.] O D> By and by, is a phrase denoting nearness in time; BUT’TON-BUSH, x. The popular name of the Ceph- Sage east ain aE is | ina Short time after; presently ; soon i ayanthusmecdentalic I. To make a low, humming sound, as bees: to | Ww, j ree a eam - th 5 1 ; b t alanthus oc 8: : ee Sie mo pOn a ee z ene ACL eAnk he hen persecution ariseth, because of the word, by and he is BUT’TON-ED, pp. Fastened with a button. Papeete pune Or. 23 Wat SR eres Re be- offended, — Matt. xiit et ae TUT ANT =a x Mic . rhic C ; - t > ro B ) o eg a oe T/T ONS nm. The hole or loop in which a ferih B xe pa CULM PPer 3y the by, signifies, as we proceed or pass, [Fr. en yutton is caught. 9 TMawh: 2 : . assant,| noting something interposed in } 2 BUT!TON-ING ppr- Fastening with a button 2. ‘l’o whisper ; to speak with alow, humming voice ; Pa : t,] cakes po tatat int xDO ed in the progress JTL ON-ING, ppr. as £ a button. to make alow, humming sound. Shak. Havcard of a discourse which is distinct from the main sub- || BUT’TON-MAK-ER, x. One whose occupation 1s to BUZZ. ihe eehenso a RE ge ee iene ject. The old phrase, ‘‘ on the by,?? on the passage RR CMUTCONGE: J44, v. t. Jo whisper; to spread, as report, by is now obsolete : oe TIT ANT QAURATT ch C Lay whispers, or to spread secretly. € rs Ss: BUT’TON-STONE, zn. A species of figured stone, or BUZZ, be ” The Saeen i ie crt y eee va ntley. To stand by, is to stand near, or to support. : : aS . g Ne hg en * ; ULL, nN. ; se 2ES; also, a whisper. $c. se 1) si 3 aE . nae Hints eS Op DS i ge COnBISUNS a two See Sanne ac, - By, in lullaby, and in the nursery, a word used in Jodies Which appear to be the filling up of holes in a PereT pear crac lulling infants to sleep, is evidently allied to words shell. A species has been found finely striated, like BUZZ/ARD,n. [D. buzaard; G. bussaar, busshard; It. found in many languages, signifying to rest, or be enone button. F vhs name is given also to a spe- Oo — quiet, or to.appease ; that is, to press, to stop, as the cies of Slate found in the marquisate of Bareith. x I. TAVG 7 is used in Russia, as wit 3 S ] eof B a bo bozzago ; Fr. buze, buse, or busard; Pers. “L; bauz, a Gr. rane, L. paco. It is used in Russia, as with us — erg : : INCYC. her bayu bai. This, probably, is the same word as the BUT’TON-TREE, n. The Conocarpus, a genus of hawk. ] : foregoing. plants, natives of the West Indies. 1. A species of Falco, or hawk, the Falco buteo; By, or bye, in by-law, [Sax. bilage,] is probably the 2 a Fam. of Plants. Encyc. a rapacious, but sluggish bird ; the breast usually of Sw. by, Dan. bye, a village, town, borough, or city, BUT’T ON-W EED, nm. The popular name of a genus a yellowish white ; the upper parts of a deep brown. from Sw. byggia, Dan. byzger, G. bauen, D. bowwen, to of plants, the Spermacoce. Fam. of Plants. In some parts of America, according to Pennant, it build, Sax. byan, to inhabit; that Is, a town-law, a BUT’TON-WOOD, n. The Platanus occidentalis, is called the great hen-hawk, from its feeding on municipal law \ Western plane-tree, a large tree, growing in North poultry. | Pennant. Encyc. In the common phrase good-by, by signifies pass- America, producing rough balls, from which It is The bird referred to by Pennant is the Falco biuteoi- maz, going. The phrase signifies, a good going, a named. The wood is hard, and used for windlasses, des, or short-winged buzzard. Mass. Rep. prosperous passage, and it is precisely equivalent to wheels, and blocks, Belknap. Mease. _ 2. A blockhead ; a dunce, : Johnson. Farewell, [Sax. faran, to go, go well,] may you havea BUT’TRESS, x. [This word appears to be composed | BUZZ’ARD, a. Senseless ; stupid. Milton. good going, equivalent to godd speed in the phrase “‘ to of but, end, and truss, or some word of that family.] | BUZZ/ARD-ET, x. A species of Falco, or hawk, re- bid one good speed.” [Not God speed, as is generally 1. A prop; a wall or abutment, built archwise, sembling the buzzard in most respects ; but its legs read and understood. ] Serving to Support another wall on the outside, when | are, in proportion, rather longer. Pennant, By is used in many compound words, in most of | very high, or loaded with a heavy superstructure. BUZZ‘ER, n. A whisperer; one who is busy in tell- which we observe the sense of nearness, closeness, | Encic. | ing tales secretly. Shak. or a withdrawing or seclusion. _. Any prop or support. South. | BUZZ'ING, ppr. or a. Makinga low, humming sound;| BY’/ARD, n. A piece of leather crossing the breast, BUT’ TRESS, v.t. To support by a buttress ; to prop. | _ whispering ; tattling in secret. used by the men who drag sledges in coal mines. | BUT’TRESS-ED, (but/trest,) pp. or a. Supported with | BUZ ZING-LY, adv. With a low, humming sound. Brande. a buttress. Ward. BY, prep. (Sax. be or big; Goth. bi; Sw. and Dan. be: | BY ‘-BLOW, n. A side or incidental blow. ; | BUTTS, n. pl. [from butt.) A place where archers D. by; G. bei; all contracted from big. This word, | BY/-BUS I-NESS, (-biz/ness,)n. Business aside of the ; ; | meet to shoot at amark. Also, short pieces of land im composition, is often written be, as in because, be- common mode. if in arable ridges and furrows. Encyc. siege. In Sw. and Dan. it is used only in composi-| BY/-COF/FEE-HO USE, 2. A coffee-house in an ob- Butts and bounds are the abuttals and boundaries tion. The Sw. and Dan. paa, and Russ. po, may be scure place Addis t \ | Le I ; po; j Ire place. JL@ALS ON. 4 of land. Holloway. from a different root, although they are nearly allied BY'-CON-CERN/MENT, n. An affair distinct from BUT’WINK, n._ A bird. Johlinson, in signification, and may be the same word differ- the main business, Dryden. } TI¥l U7 ox IMOTTS . Thy nf ti : T . = 4 BUT-Y -RA’/CEOUS, ja. [from butyrum, butter. ] ently written, This preposition occurs as a prefix in| BY '-CORN-ER, n. A private corner. ei, BUT/Y-ROUS, Having the qualities of but- all the Shemitic languages, contracted, indeed, into 2. | BY-DE-PEND/ENCE. n. An appendage ; that which 12 . ace ; 7 3 pe 4 z te “ 7 “ me ary - ee . % 2 5 ie - ter resembling butter. Encyc. Nicholson. Floyer. (See the Introduction.) The primary sense 1S, press- depends on something else, or is distinct from the ; BU-TYR/IE, a. Butyric acid is an acid found in but- mg, close, near, at; but in Goth. and Sax. it signi- ain dependence ak j oie _ PUY : , Ng, ’ ) | : LI main dependence. Shak, ter; an oily, limpid fluid, having the smell of rancid fies, also, about, according t0, on, with, against, after, BY’-DE-SIGN’, (-de-sin’,) n. An incidental design or butter, and an acrid taste, with a sweetish after-taste, &c. In some of these senses, it coincides with the purpose. Hudibras. like that of ether. Russ. po. The original verb to which this word be-| BY —DRINK-ING, n. A private drinking. BU'TY R-INE, nm A peculiar oily matter, existing in longs, most probably signifies to pass, to go, or come, | BY/-END, n. Private end ; secret purpose or adyvan- butter, associated with oleine and stereine. to drive, to press. | tage. , Estrange. BUX/E-OUS, a. Belonging to the box-tree. Near; close; as, sit by me; that house stands BY’/-GONE, (-gawn,) a. Past; gone by. Let by-sones BUX'I-NA,) 7. An alkaloid obtained from the Buzus byariver. Soin It. presso, from L. pressus; Fr. pres, be by-gones, let the past be forgotten. — [ Scottish. ] BUX/INE, sempervirens, or common box. auprés. Wence, by was formerly used for against ; : . Grew. a BUX/OM, a. [Sax. bocsum, from bog, a bow, bugan, to as, in our translation of the Bible, ‘though I know BY’-IN’TER-EST, n. Self-interest ; private advantage. i ¢ bend, and sum, some.] nothing by myself, (ovdev guavrw ovvotda,) 1 Cor. Atterbum. teu 1. Obedient ; obsequious, ready to obey. [ Ods.] iv. 4. This use of the word continued down to the BY'-LANE, n. A private lane, or one, out of the usual | j Milton. time of Baxter. road. Ha ae 2. Gay ; lively ; brisk. Milton. 2. Near, in motion ; as, to move, go, or pass, by a BY’/-LAW,n. [Dan. by, a town.] A town-law ; the ; ce ee ae | 3. W anton ; jolly. i Dryden. church. But it seems in other phrases, or with a law of a city, town, or private corporation. Bacon. 5 aa BUX OM-LY, adv. Obediently. [ Obs.] verb in the past time, to signify past, gone beyond ; BY’/-MAT-TER, n. Something incidental. Bacon. ; die i . 2. W antonly ; amorously Johnson. as, the procession is gone by; the hour is gone by; BY’-NAME, n. Nickname ; incidental appellation. k Bt ; BUX OM-NESS, n. Meekness; obedience. [ Obs.]} John went by. We now use past as an equivalent ‘amden, ‘ 2. Briskness ; amorousness. [ Chaucer. word ; the procession is gone past. Gone by, is in| BY/-NA ME, v.t. ‘T'o give a nickname to. Camden. BUY, (by,) v. t. ; pret. and PP: Boucnur, (bawt.) [Sax. strictness tautology, as now used; but I apprehend | BY/-P, S/SAGE, n. A passage by the by or Way ; ora bia bigan, or bycgan, bysan; Goth. bugyan, to buy. } by signifies primarily near. by-way. rm * 5 « « ss € roa wie . 5 nib a . ; { I. Lo acquire the property, right, or title, to any 3. Through, or with, denoting the agent, means, | BY/-PAST, a. Past; gone by. [Scots dialect.] Cheyne. A thing, by paying a consideration or an equivalent in instrument, or cause; as, a city is destroyed by fire ;| BY’-PATH, n. A private path ; an obscure way. Shak. Lat money. It differs from barter only in this—that in profit is made by commerce; to take by force.| BY/-PLA Y,n. On the stage, a scene which is carried 1 barter, the consideration or equivalent is some spe- This use answers to that of the Latin per, through, on aside, and commonly in dumb show, while the i | cles of commodity ; in purchase, the consideration is denoting a passing, acting, agency, or instrumentality. main action proceeds, with a view, ordinarily, to en- money paid or promised. To purchase; to acquire 4, “Day by day ;” “year by year;” “article by hance the sport, ‘ by paying a price to the satisfaction of the seller; op- article.” In these phrases, by denotes passing from BY’-PUR/POSE, n. An indirect or concealed purpose Coie ' posed to sell. ; one to another, or each particular separately taken, or design. 4 | 2. To procure by a consideration given, or by 5. “* By the space of seven years.” In this phrase, BY’-RE-SPE€T’, n. Private end or view. aie if, | something that is deemed worth the thing bought; | by denotes through, passing, or continuing, during. Bacon. Dryden. eee | ee det FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MBTE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ss a eae = a = J 160 pl thee ris jah fee a byt TV Hor pee ae | iv hee | Hy Pee i { Ue Uy ‘i GRAM LED ae cian git kce SEIS > =a CA-A'BA, n. €AB, vn. CAB, n. €A-BAL’, nm. CAB A private or obscure road. Swift. A private room or apartment. Shak. BY/-ROAD, n. BY'-ROOM, n. BY'/-SPEECH, n. directly relating to the point. BY'-SPELL, xn. [S BY'STAND-ER, n. Hooker. [Sax. bigstandan, to stand by.] no concern with the business transacting. Locke. BY’-STROKE, n. An incidental or sly stroke. BY'-TURN-ING, n. An obscure road. Sidney. BY’-VIEV’, (-va,) n. purpose. Atterbury. BY’-W ALK, n.~A secluded or private walk. Dryden. BY’-WAY,n. A zecluded, private, or obscure way. Addison. BY'-WEST, adv. Westward; to the west of. Davies. BY'-WIPE, n. A secret stronxe or sarcasm. Milton. BY’/-WORD, n. pean: bi, or big, and word, as in big- curd, and bigspell. Hither a passing word, or a town- saying. ] Ge the third letter in the English alphabet, and the 9 second articulation or consonant, is a palatal, nearly corresponding in sound with the Greek Ky Kappa, and with the Hebrew 5, caph. It bears a middle place, in pronunciation, between the aspirate mM, and the palatal 2. It is a Roman character, bor- rowed from the Gr. x, or from the Oriental 5, which was used in languages written from right to left, and When inverted, and the corners rounded, becomes C. In the old Etruscan, it was written 0, with the cor- ners rounded, but not inverted; in Arcadian, C, as now written. ‘That its sound in Latin was the same, or nearly the same, as that of kappa, may be known from the fact that the Greeks, while the Latin was a living language, wrote kappa for the Roman C. Perhaps the same character may be the basis of the Arabic Ee As an abbreviature, C. stands for Caius, Carolus, Cesar, condemno, &c., and CC. for consulibus. As a numeral, C. stands for 100; CC. for 200; &c. In music, C after the clef is the mark of common . . 2 * * . time, In Which each measure is a semibreve, corre- sponding to = C is also the name of a note in the scale ; the key note major, and the third minor, of An incidental or casual speech, not ax. bigspell.] A proverb. [ot used.] One who stands near; a spectator ; one who has BY’-STREET, n. A separate, private, or obscure street, Private view , self-interested CAB A common saying; a proverb ; a saying that has a reneral currency. Bacon. BYE,n. [Sax.] Bryant. A plant; the popular name of the | to bear, or produce; Goth. kunnan; Sax. cunnan, to Know, to be able; cunnian, to try, to attempt, to Camphoric acid; a crystallized acid, produced by long digestion or repeated distillation of camphor with €AM/PHOR-OIL, n. A fragrant, limpid oil, obtained from the Dryobalanops aromatica; considered as cam- The tree from which cam- phor is obtained. According to Miller, there are two sorts of trees that produce camphor; one, a mative of Borneo, which produces the best kind ; the other; a native of Japan, which resembles the bay-tree, bearing black or purple berries. But the tree grows also in Sumatra. The stem is thick, the bark of a ical power. One man can lift a weight which another €AM-PHOR/IE, a. Pertaining to camphor, or partak- can not. A horse can run a certain distance in a £2 A~ Jona > given. time. ‘ : 2. To have means or instruments, which supply power or ability. A man can build a house, or fit out a ship, if he has the requisite property. A nation can not prosecute a war without money or credit. I will lend you a thousand dollars if I can. 3. To be possible. Nicodemus said, How can these things be ?—John iil. 4, To have adequate moral power. A man can indulge in pleasure, or he can refrain. He can restrain his appetites, if he will. 5. ‘To have just or legal competent power, that is, right; to be free from any restraint of moral, civil, or political obligation, or from any positive prohibi- tion. We can use a highway for travel, for this is permitted by law. A man can or can not hold an office. The Jews could not eat certain kinds of ani- mals which were declared to be unclean. The house of commons, in England, can impeach, but the house of lords only can try impeachments. In general, we can do whatever neither the laws of God nor of man forbid. How can I do this great wickedness and sin against God ? — Gen. XxX XIX, 1 can not go beyond the word of the Lord my God, to do less or more. —Num, xxii. 6. To have natural strength, or capacity ; to be susceptible of; to be able or free to undergo any change, or produce any effect, by the Jaws and con- stitution of nature, or by divine appointment. Silver can be melted, but can not be changed into gold. Can the rush grow without mire ? — Job viii. Can the fig-tree bear-olive berries ? — James iii. Can faith save him ?— James ii. 7. To have competent strength, ability, fortitude, patience, &c., in a passive sense. He can not bear reproof. I can not endure this impertinence. This is a hard saying ; — who can hear it? — John vi. 8. To have the requisite Knowledge, experience, or skill. Young men are not admitted members of college, till they can translate Latin and Greek. An astronomer can calculate an eclipse, though he can not make a coat. 9. To have strength of inclination or motives suf- ficient to overcome obstacles, impediments, incon- venience, or other objection. I have married a wife, and therefore I can not come. — Lake xiv. I can not rise and give thee; yet because of his importunity, he will rise and give him. — Luke xi. 10. To have sufficient capacity ; as, a vessel can not hold or contain the whole quantity. €AN, v.t. Toknow. [Not in use) Spenser. €AN/-BUGY, n. In seamenship, a buoy in form of a cone, made large, and sometimes painted, asa mark to designate shoals, &c. Mar. Dict. €AN’-HOOK, n. An instrument to sling a cask by the ends of its staves, formed by reeving a piece of rope through two flat hooks, and splicing its ends together. Mar. Dict. prove ; cind, cyn, gecynd, kind; L. genus; D. kunnen, to know, to understand, to hold, to contain, to be able, like the Fr. savoir; Dan. kunne, (kan, indic. | pres. sing.,) to be able; kiende, to know ; Sw. kdnna, | to know; kunna, to be able; G. kennen, to know ; kdnnen, to be able. Hence cunning, that is, know- ing, skillful, experienced; G. konnen, a being able, ability, knowledge ; kund, public ; kunde, knowledge, acquaintance. The Teutonic and Gothic words unite with the Greek yevvaw, to beget, as a male, and to bear, as a female, which is connected with yivopat, to be born or produced. Can, cennan, and yevvae), are probably the same word; and the Sax. ginnan, in the compounds aginnan, bezinnan, onginnan, to begin, is from the same root. The primary sense is, to strain, to stretch, to urge or thrust with force which gives the sense of producing, and of holding, containing, which is the primary sense of knowing, comprehending ; and straining gives the sense of power. The Sax. cunnian, to try, is to strain. (See _ = Ken.) Ar. HS kauna, to be, the substantive verb ; also, to become, to be made, to endure ; also, en goat to create, to generate, to form; or? kanina, to know ; Heb. and Ch. 15, to fit or prepare, to form or fashion ; whence right, fit; as we have right; Sax. reht; Li. rectus, from rego, to rule, that is, to strain, stretch, make straight ; Syr. = kan, to begin to be d ‘2 d and its derivatives, to plant or establish, to create, to be prepared ; Eth. nO4 kun, to be, to hecome, to be made; Ch. and Sam as the Hebrew. See Class Gn, No. 29, 38, and 08, 42, 45, &c. Can, in English, is treated as an auxiliary verb, the sign of the infinitive being omitted, as in the phrases I can £9, instead of I can to go; thou canst go; he can £0. ] €A-NA'DI-AN, a. Pertaining to Canada, an extensive country on the north of the United States. €A-NA’/DI-AN, 7. An inhabitant or native of Canada. CA-NAILLE!,n. [L. canis, a dog; Fr. canaille; Sp. canalla; Port. canalha; It. canaclia. | The lowest class of people ; the rabble; the vulgar. CAN’A-KIN, n. A little can or cup. Shak. €A-NAL!,n. [L. canalis, a channel or kennel; these being the same word differently Written; Fr. canal; Arm. can, or canol; Sp. and Port. canal ; It. canale, (See Cane.) It denotes a passage, from shooting, or passing. } l. A passage for water; a water-course ; properly, a long trench or excavation in the earth, for conduct- ing water, and confining it to narrow limits ; but the term may be applied to other water-courses, It is chiefly applied to artificial cuts or passages for water, used for transportation ; whereas channel is applica- ble to a natural water-course. The canal from the Hudson to Lake Erie, is one of the noblest works of art, 2. In anatomy, a duct or passage in the body of an animal, through which any of the juices flow, or CAN’'CER-ATE, v. i. To grow into a cancer; to be- €AN-CER-A’TION, n. A growing cancerous, or into €AN'CER-OUS, a. Like a cancer; having the quali- €AN/CER-OUS-LY, adv. In the manner of a cancer. €AN’/CER-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being cancer- €AN’ERI-FORM, a. CAN’ERITE, n. [from cancer.] A fossil or petrified €AN/DENT, a. other substances pass ; or, more generally, any cy-| €AN/DI-€ANT, a. Growing white. Dict. lindrical or tubular cavity in the body, whether oc- cupied by a solid, fluid, or aériform substance ; as, the canal of the spine, the semicircular canals of the internal ear, the alimentary canal, &c. 3. A surgical instrument; a splint. Coxe. €A-NAL/-BOAT, n. A boat used on canals. €AN’AL-COAL, n. See CannEL-Coat. €AN-A-LI€/-U-L ATE, a ([L, canaliculatus, from CAN-A-LI€/-U-LA-TED, canaliculus, a little pipe, from canalis, canna, a pipe. ] Channeled ; furrowed. longitudinal groove above, and convex underneath ; applied to the stem, leaf, or petiole of plants. Martyn. €A-NA’RY, x. Wine made in the Canary Isles. 2. An old dance. Shakspeare has used the word as a verb, for to dance, in a kind of cant phrase. €A-NA/RY-BIRD, n. A singing-bird from the Canary 1. To be able; to have sufficient Strength or phys- PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. —p rer 1638 €AN/DID, a. In botany, having a deep €AN’/DI-DATE, n. Isles, a species of Fringilla. The bill is conical and INE, MARINE, BYRD.— NOTE, DSVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — straight; the body is yellowish white; the prime feathers of the wings and tail are greenish. ‘hese birds are now bred in other countries. €A-NA/RY-GRASS, n. A plant, the Phalaris, whose seeds are collected for canary-birds. CAN’CEL, v. t. [Fr. canceller ; Port. cancellar; L. can- cello, to deface, properly, to make cross-bars or lat- tice-work ; hence, to make cross lines on Writing, from cancelli, cross-bars or lattice-work ; Gr. KLYKAts ; Syr. and Ch. pap kankel, id. 1. To cross the lines of a writing, and deface them : to blot out or obliterate. 2. To annul, or destroy ; as, to cancel an obligation or a debt. 3. In printing, to suppress and reprint, for the sake of substituting other matter ; as, to cancel a page. €AN/CEL, x, In printing, the suppression and reprint- ing of a page or more of a work ; the part thus altered. €AN’/CEL-LATE, a. Consisting of a network of veins, without intermediate parenchyma, as the leaves of certain plants. €AN/CEL-LA-TED, a. [L. cancellatus, cancello.| 1. Cross-barred ; marked with cross lines. Grew. 2. Cellular, as the porous structure of bones. Mantell. €AN-CEL-LA’TION, n. The act of defacing by cross lines ; a canceling. C€AN'CEL-ED, pp. Crossed; obliterated ; annulled. €AN’CEL-ING, ppr. Crossing ; obliterating ; annull- ing. €AN’CER, n. [L. cancer; Sax. cancre; Fr. cancre; D. kanker ; Sp. cangrejo, cancro; It. cancro, canchero ; Gr. koyxy. This seems to be the same word, though ap- plied to the shell ; xapxivus, a cancer, is a different word. From the Greek, the Latins have concha, Eng. conch. But n is not radical ; for this is undoubt- edly the W. cocos, Eng. cockle; Fr. coquulle, coque, It. coccia. These words are probably from the same root as Sp. cocar, to wrinkle, twist, or make wry faces; Ir. cuachaim, to fold ; Eng. cockle, to shrink or pucker ; verbs which give the primary sense. It is to be noted that cancer and canker are the same word 3 canker be- ing the original pronunciation. 1. The crab or crab-fish ‘The term cancer was ap- plied, as a generic name, by Linneus, to a very ex- tensive genus of animals, marked by him in his class Insecta, order Aptera, corresponding to the first three orders of Cuvier’s class Crustacea, and including the crab, lobster, shrimp, crayfish, &c. The term is now confined to a genus of Crustacea, including only the common European crab and a few allied species. 2. In astronomy, one of the twelve signs of the zo- diac, represented by the form of a crab, and limiting the sun’s course northward in summer ; hence, the sign of the summer solstice. 3. In medicine, a roundish, hard, unequal, scirrhous tumor, which usually ulcerates, is very painful, and generally fatal. In the most limited sense, a morbid affection of the mamma, commencing with an une- ven livid induration, marked by cancriform dilated vessels, and usually terminating in a malignant pha- gedenic ulcer; the carcinus of Good. In a more fen- eral sense, any local affection commencing with an induration, and terminating in a phagedenic ulcer, or any malignant phagedenic ulcer, whether commen- cing with an induration or not. come cancerous, I? Estrange. a Cancer, ties of a cancer. Wiseman. Cancerous. [ous. 2. Having the form of a cancer or crab. CAN’ERINE, a. Having the qualities of a crab. crab. fourcroy. €AN-DE-LA/BRUM, n. [L.] 1. A tall support for a lamp. | 2. A candlestick with branches. [L. candens, from candeo, to be white || or hot. See the verb to Ca NT. ] Very hot; heated to whiteness ; glowing with heat. white; W. canu, to bleach. See Cant. ] 1. White. [ But in this sense rarely used, | 2. Fair; open; frank ; ingenuous; free from undue bias ; disposed to think and Judge according to truth and justice, or without partiality or prejudice ; applied to persons. 3. Fair; just; impartial ; applied to things; as, a candid view, or construction. [L. candidatus, from candidus, white ; those who Sought offices in Rome being obliged to wear a white gown. } 1. One who seeks or aspires to some office or priv- ilege, and who offers himself for the same; usually followed by Jor; as, a candidate for the office of sher- iff ; a candidate for baptism or confirmation. 2. One who is in contemplation for an office, or for [L, candidus, white, from candeo, to be Dryden. | estemecmereatne poate eeeCAN CAN CAN preferment, by those who have power to elect or ap- point, though he does not offer himself. One who, by his services or actions, will or may justly obtain preferment or reward, or whose conduct tends to secure it; as, a candidate for praise. 4. Aman who is qualified, according to the rules of the church, to preach the gospel, and take the charge of a parish or religious society, and proposes to settle in the ministry. [ United Stutes.] 5. One who is in a state of trial or probation for a reward, in another life ; as, a candidate for heaven or for eternity. €AN/DID-LY, adv. Openly; frankly ; without trick or disguise ; Ingenuously. €AN/DID-NESS, nz. Openness of mind ; frankness ; fairness ; iIngenuousness. €AN/DI-ED, (Kan/did,) pp. or a. [from candy.] Pre- served with sugar, or incrusted with it; covered with crystals of sugar or ice, or with matter resembling them ; as, candied raisins. €AN/DLFY, v. t. ori To make or become white, or candid. €AN/DLE, nr. [L. Sp. and It. candela; Fr. chandelle ; Sax. candel; Pers. kandil; Arm. cantol; W. caniyll; Ir. cainneal; from L. candeo, to shine, to be white, or its root. The primary sense of the root is, to shoot, to throw, to radiate. See Cant and CuHant. 1. Along, but small, cylindrical body of tallow, wax, or spermaceti, formed on a wick composed of linen or cotton threads, twisted loosely, used for a portable light of domestic use. 2. A light. 3. A light; aluminary. In Scripture, the candle of the Lord is the divine favor and blessing, Job xxix. 3; or the conscience or understanding. Prov. xXx. 27. Excommunication by inch of candle, is when the of- fender is alluwed time to repent, while a candle burns, and is then excommunicated. Sale by inch of candle, is an auction in which per- sons are allowed to bid only till a small piece of can- die burns out. Medicated candle ; in medicine, a bougie. Rush candles, are used in some countries ; they are made of the pith of certain rushes, peeled except on one side, and dipped in grease. Encye. €AN/DLE-BER-RY-TREE, nxn. The Myrica cerifera, or wax-bearing myrtle; a shrub common in North America, from the berries of which a kind of wax or oil is procured, of which candles are made. The oil is obtained by boiling the berries in water; the oil, rising to the surface, is skimmed off, and when cool, is of the consistence of wax, and of a dull green color. In popular language, this is called bay-berry tullow. SAN/DLE-BOMB, (kan/dl-bum,) x. A small glass bubble, filled with water, placed in the wick of a candle, where it bursts with a report. €AN'DLE-COAL. See Cannet-Coat, €AN'DLE-HOLD’/ER, n. [candle and hold.] A per- son that holds a candle. Hence, one that remotely assists another, but is otherwise not of importance. S €AN!/DLE-LIGHT, (-lite,) x. [candle and light.] light of a candle ; the necessary candles for use. Molineux. €AN/DLE-MAS, x. [candle and mass, Sax. massa ; candle-feast. | The feast of the church, celebrated on the second day of February, in honor of the purification of the Virgin Mary, so called from the great number of lights used on that occasion. This feast is supposed to have originated in the declaration of Simeon, that our Savior was ‘‘ to be a light to lighten the Gentiles.” On this day, the Roman Catholics consecrate all the candies and tapers which are to be used in their churches during the whole year. In Rome, the pope performs the ceremony himself, and distributes wax candles to the cardinals and others, who carry them in procession through the great hall of the pope’s palace. The ceremony was prohibited in England by an or- der of council in 1548. But Candlemas is one of the four terms for paying and receiving rents and inter- est ; and it gives name to a law term, beginning Jan. 15, and ending Feb. 3, Encyc. €AN'DLE-STICK, xn. [candle and stick; Sax. candel- sticcd. An instrument or utensil to hold a candle, made in different forms and of different materials ; originally, a stick or piece of wood. €AN'DLE-STUFF, n. [eandle and stuff] A material of which candles are made, as tallow, wax, &c. Bacon. €AN'DLE-WAST’ER, n, [candle and waste) One who wastes or consumes candles; a hard student, or one who studies by candlelight ; a spendthrift. . Janson. Shak. €AN'DLE-WICK, n. The wick for candles, €AN/DLES-ENDS, n. pl. Scraps; fragments. Beawm. €AN/DOCK,x. A plant or weed that grows in rivers. Walton. €AN/DOR, n, te candor, from candeo, to be white,] Openness of heart; frankness ; ingenuousness of €AN'DY, v. t. [It CAN/DY, v. 2. CAN'DY, xn. €AN/DY-ING, ppr. €AN/DY-ING, n. €AN'DY-TUFTS, x. €ANE, v. t. €CANE/-BRAKE, zn. €ANE/-HOLE, n. €ANE/-MILL, x. €A-NES/CENT, a. €A-NI€/U-LA, ) x. €AN/I-CULE, €A-NINE’, a. €AN'ING, x. t CANIS-TER,n. [L. canistrum; Gr. kavacroov, kavns, €ANK’ER, n. t candire, to candy, to preserve; candito, candied ; Fr. candir. This seems not to be the Latin condio, for the Italian has also condire. Possibly it may be from L. candeo, to be white. But So- in Ar. NAS kand, kandon, is the saccharine matter of the sugar-cane, or concrete sugar, and it is the same in Persian ; Sans. khand.] 1. To conserve or dress with sugar ; to boil in sugar. 2. To form into congelations or crystals. Shak. 3. Figurativelu, to cover or incrust with congela- tions, or crystals of ice. Dryden. To form into crystals, or become con- sealed ; to take on the form of candied sugar. A species of confectionery, or compound of sugar with some other substance, as sugar candy, molasses candy, &c. 2. In Bombay, a weight of 560 pounds. Conserving with sugar. The act of ‘preserving simples in substance, by boiling them in sugar. Encyc. A plant, the Iberis. Fam. of Plants. Ta 2. A Cretan flower. te. €ANE,n. [L. canna; Gr. xavva; Fr. canne ; W.cawn; Sp. cana; Port. cana or canna; It. canna; Arm. canen ; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ar. 73p. In the Arabic, a word of this family signifies a subterraneous passage for water, or canal. It probably signifies a shoot.] 1. In botany, this term is applied to several species of plants belonging to different genera, such as Arundo, Calamus, Saccharum, &c. Among these is the bamboo of the East Indies, with a strong stem, which serves for pipes, poles, and walking-sticks. The sugar-cane, a native of Asia, Africa, and Amer- ica, furnishes the juice from which are made sugar, molasses, and spirit. [See Sucar-Cane.] 2, A walking-stick. 8. A lance or dart made of cane. Dryden. 4. A long measure, in several countries of Europe; at Naples, the length is 7 feet 34 inches; in Thoulouse, in France, 5 feet 84 inches; in Prqvence, &c., 6 feet 5% inches. To beat with a cane or walking-stick. {cane and brake.] A thicket of Ellicott. [cane and hole.) A hole or trench for planting the cuttings of cane, on sugar planta- tions. Edwards’s W. Indies. A mill for grinding sugar-canes, for the manufacture of sugar. canes. €ANE/-TRASH, 7. [caneand trash.] Refuse of canes, or macerated rinds of cane, reserved for fitel to boil the cane-juice. Edwards’s W. Indies. [L. canescens. ] Growing white or hoary. [L. canicula, a little dog, from canis, a dog.] A star in the constellation of Canis Major, called also the Dog-star, or Sirius ; a star of the first mag- nitude, and the largest and brightest of all the fixed stars. From the rising of this heliacally, or at its emersion from the sun’s rays, the ancients reckoned their dog-days. €A-NI€/U-LAR, a. iG. canicularis. } Pertaining to the dog-star. [L. caninus, from canis, a dog.] Pertaining to dogs ; having the properties or qual- ities of a dog ; as, a canine appetite, insatiable hunger ; canine madness, or hydrophobia. Canine teeth; the sharp, pointed teeth, on each side, between the incisors and grinders; so named from their resemblance to a dog’s teeth. In man and most of the mammalia, there are two of them in each jaw, one on each side of the incisors. Canis Major; the Greater Dog; a constellation of the southern hemisphere, under the feet of Orion ; including Sirius or the dog-star. Canis Minor ; the Lesser Dog ; a constellation of the northern hemisphere, just below Gemini, including Procyon, astar of the first magnitude. Brande. A beating with a stick or cane. or kaveov; Fr. canastre; Port. canastra; Sp, canasta. | Properly, a small basket, as in Dryden; but more generally, a small box or case, for tea, coffee, &c. [L. cancer; Sax. cancere or canere ; D. kanker; Fr. chancre; It. canchero. This is the Latin cancer, With the Roman pronunciation. See Cancer.]} 1. A disease incident to trees, which causes the bark to rot and fall. 2. A popular name of certain small, eroding ulcers in the mouth, particularly of children. They are generally covered with a whitish slough. [See APHTH2:, | ° Cyc. 3. A virulent, corroding ulcer; or any thing that corrodes, corrupts, or destroys. Sacrilere may poe an eating canker, f Atterbury. And their word will eat as doth a canker, —2 Tim, ii. 4, An eating, corroding, virulent humor; corro- 6. In farriery, a running thrush of the worst kind ; a disease in horses’ feet, discharging a fetid matter from the cleft in the middle of the frog. Encyc. €CANK’ER, v. t. To eat, corrode, corrupt, consume, in the manner that a cancerafiects the body. Herbert. 2. To infect or pollute. Addison. €ANK/ER,v.2% To grow corrupt; to decay, or waste away by means of any noxious cause ; to grow rusty, or to be oxydized, as a metal. Bacon. €ANK/ER-BIT, a. Bitten with a cankered or enven- omed tooth. Shak. €ANK/ER-ED, pp. ora. Eaten, corroded, or corrupted. 2. a Crabbed ; uncivil. Spenser. €ANK'ER-ED-LY, adv. Crossly ; adversely. €ANK/ER-FLY, x. q i BAe! bad Poles to ; f i! ; 4 : \ P 2 i ‘ ; f tar ( } ' { r 1 a 4 M 7 ‘ee i bs f; Bes j : i 1 { ‘ { x 4 ‘ ‘ A | isd ; it i hig ’ eo 2 ‘ ‘ ; ( ‘ Esc 3t ee 3. The genuine books of the Holy Scriptures, called the sacred canon, or general rule of moral and relig- ious duty, given by inspiration. 4. A.dignitary of the church; a person who pos- sesses a prebend or revenue allotted for the perform- ance of divine service in a cathedral or collegiate church. : A cardinal canon, is one attached to a church, incar- dinatus, aS a priest to a parish. i: Domicellary canons, are young canons, not in or- ders, having no right in any particular chapters. Expectative canons ; having no reyenue or prebend, into a suitable shape. Similar boats are now used, by civilized men, for fishing and other purposes. It €A-NON’IE-ATE, n. The office of a canon. Encye. CAN/ON-IST, xn. aw. €AN-ON-IST’I€, a. Having the knowledge of a can- €AN-ON-I-ZA/TION, n. [See Canonizy.] The act CAN/ON-IZE, v. t. [from canon.] To declare a man but having the title and dignities of canons, a voice in the chapter, and a place in the choir, till a prebend should fall. : : : Foreign canons ; such as did not officiate in their canonries ; opposed to mansionary or residentiary can- ons. 3 Lay, secular, or honorary canons; laymen admitted, out of honor or respect, into some chapter of canons, Regular canons ; who live an ascetic life, in monas- teries or in community, and who, to the practice of their rules, have added the profession of vows. Tertiary canons; who have only the third part of the revenue of the canonicate. Encyc. ©. In monasteries, a book containing the rules of the order. 6. A catalogue of saints acknowledged and canon- ized in the Roman Catholic church. 7. Canon of the mass; the entire office of the mass, but particularly the secret words of the mass from the preface to the pater, in the middle of which the priest consecrates the host. The people are to re- hearse this part of the service on their knees, and in a voice lower than can be heard. Roman Catholic Church. 8. In ancient music, a rule or method for determin- ing the intervals of notes, invented by Ptolemy. Encyc. 9. In modern music, a kind of perpetual fugue, in which the different parts, beginning one after anoth- er, repeat incessantly the same air. Bushy. 10. In geometry and algebra, a general rule for the €AN!/ON-IZ-ED, pp Declared to be a saint. €AN’ON-IZ-ING, ppr. Declaring to be a saint, €AN/ON-RY, €AN/ON-SHIP, €AN/O-PI-ED, (kan/o-pid,) a. [See Geso=r Coy- €AN/O-PY, 7n. €AN/O-PY, v. t. €AN/O-PY-ING, ppr. Covering with a canopy. €A-NO'ROUS, a. [L. canorus, from cano, to sing.] €A-NO’/ROUS-NESS, n. Musicalness. CANT, v. t. solution of cases of a given kind. 11. In pharmacy, a rule for compounding medicines, 12. In surgery, an instrument used in sewing up wounds. Canon law, is a collection of ecclesiastical laws, Serving as the rule of church government. mouth. affixed, by the foundation, to maids, without oblig- ing them to make any vows, Or renounce the world. Encyc. Pertaining to a canon; according to the canon or rule. Canonical books, or canonical Scriptures, are those books of the Scriptures which are admitted by the canons of the church to be of divine origin. ‘The Roman Catholic church admits the books to be canonical ; the Protestants reject them. Canonical hours, are certain stated times of the day, fixed by the ecclesiastical laws, or appropriated to the offices of prayer and devotion. In Great Brit- ain, these hours are from eight o’clock to twelve in the forenoon, before and after which marriage can not be legally performed in the church. Encyc. Canonical obedience, is submission to the canons of a church, especially the submission of the inferior clergy to their bishops, and of other religious or- ders to their superiors. Canonical punishments, are such as the church may inflict, as excommunication, degradation, pen- ance, &c. Canonical life, is the method or rule of living pre- scribed by the ancient clergy who lived in communi- ty, a course of living prescribed for clerks, less rigid Apocryphal| €ANT, zn. alms and making complaints of their distresses, ders at an auction. than the monastic, and more restrained than the seC- war Canonical sins, in the ancient church, were those for which capital punishment was inflicted, as idolatry, murder, adultery, heresy, &c. Canonical letters, anciently, were letters which passed between the orthodox clergy, as testimoni- als of their faith, to keep up the catholic commun- ion, and to distinguish them from heretics. Canonical epistles, is an appellation given to those epistles of the New Testament which are called gen- eral or catholic. Encyc. €A-NON’T€-AL-LY, adv. Ina manner agreeable to the canon. €A-NON’I€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being ca- nonical. €A-NON'I€E-ALS, n. pl. The full dress of the clergy, worn when they officiate. €AN-ON-IC'I-TY, n. The state of belonging to the canon, or genuine books of Scripture, j : A professor of canon law; one skilled in the study and practice of ecclesiastical onist. of declaring a man a saint, or rather the act of rank- ing a deceased person in the catalogue of saints called a canon. This act is preceded by beatification, and by an examination into the life and miracles of the person ; after which the pope decrees the canon- ization. Addison. Encyc. 2. The state of being sainted. a saint, and rank him in the catalogue called a canon, in. An ecclesiastical benefice, in a cathedral or collegiate church, which has a prebend or stated allowance out of the revenues of the church commonly annexed to it. The benefice filled by acanon, A prebend may subsist without a canonry; but a canonicate is in- separable from,a prebend. Ayliffe. Encyc. ered with a canopy. Milton. [Gr. kwywrevov, a pavilion or net spread over a bed to keep off gnats, from xwyww, a gnat. 1. A covering over a throne, or over a bed ; mare generally, a covering over the head. So the sky is called a canopy, and a canopy is borne over the head in processions. 2. In architecture and sculpture, a magnificent dec- oration, serving to cover and crown an altar, throne, tribunal, pulpit, chair, or the like. Encie. To cover with a canopy. Dryden. Musical ; tuneful. Brown. [L. canto, to sing; Sp. cantar; Port. id., to sing, to chant, to recite, to creak, to chirp, to whis- tle ; It. cantare, to sing, to praise, to crow ; Fr. chan- ter; Arm. cana; from L. cano, tosing. The primary sense is, to throw, thrust, or drive, as in can; a sense retained in the phrase to cant over any thing. In singing, it implies a modulation or inflection of voice. In Welsh, can, with a different sound of the vowel, Signifies a song, and white, L. cano, canus, and caneo. These are from the same root, and have the same rad- ical sense, to throw or shoot, as rays of light, to shine, probably applied to the sun?s morning rays. W. canu, to sing; Sanscrit, gana; Persic, kandam. } 1. In popular usage, to give a sudden thrust or im- pulse ; as, to cant round a stick of timber, to cant a foot-ball. Forby’s East Anglia. 2. To incline or pitch forward, as a cask, to make it run more freely, 3. To speak with a whining voice, or an affected, €AN’TILE, v. ¢. singing tone. [in this sense, it is usually intransitive. ] 4. To sell by auction, or to bid a price at auction. Swift. sudden jerk; as, to give a ball a cant. [ ’his is the literal sense. 2. An inclination from a horizontal line ; as, to be on the cant. Tetton, 4. The whining speech of beggars, as in asking The peculiar words and phrases of professional men; phrases often repeated, or not well authorized. €AN/TLE, v. t. 6. Any barbarous jargon in speech. 7. Whining pretension to goodness. Johnson. 8. Outcry ata public sale of goods ; a calJl for bid- This use of the word is precisely equivalent to auction, auctio, a hawking, a crying out, or, in the vulgar dialect, a singing out; but I believe not in use in the United States, €AN'TIOLE, n. [Sp. and It. canti €AN!TIL-LATE, °. t. €AN-TIL-LA’TION, n. A thrust, push, or other Impulse, with a! €/ NT’ING, ppr. or n. €AN’/TLE, 7. [Arm. chantell ; [ Obs.) €ANT’LET, n. Swift. €AN’TO,n. [It. canto CANT, xn. [D. kant, a corner. ] An external angle or quoin of a building. Guilt. A niche ; acorner or retired place. B. Jonson. Cant-timbers, in a ship, are those which are situ- ated at the two ends. Mar. Dict. NL oe in music, denotes an elegant, smooth, graceful style. €AN-TA/BRLAN, a. Pertainin Bay of Biscay, in Spain. CAN-TA-BRIG/I-AN, n. A student or graduate of the university of Cambridge, Eng.; often abridged into Cantab. Smart. €AN/TA-LIV-ER, ) 7. [cantle and eaves. Qu. canterii CAN/TI-LEV-ER, § labrum, the lip of the rafter. Brande.] In architecture, a piece of wood, framed into the front or side of a house, to suspend the moldings and eaves over it. Encyc. €AN'TA-LOUPE,) 7. -A small, round variety of CAN/TA-LEUP, muskmelon, of a very delicate flavor. €AN-TA’TA, zn. [Italian, from cantare, to sing; L. canto, | A poem set to music; a composition or song, in- termixed with recitatives and airs, chiefly intended for a single voice. €AN-TA/TION, n. A singing. [Mot used.] CAN-TEEN!, n. [It. runt A tin vessel used by soldiers for carrying liquor for drink. It is also made of wood, in the form of a cep, Chambers. e TIT Tr SAN'TLR? n. The hind bow of asaddle. Booth. CANT’ER, v. 7. [Arm. cantreal or cantren, to run, te rove, or ramble, from tossing or leaping, canting. See Cant. ] To move as a horse in a moderate gallop, raising the two fore feet nearly at the same time, with a leap or spring. €ANT’ER, v. t. To ride upon a canter. €ANT’ER,n. A moderate gallop ; a Canterbury gallop. 2. One who cants or whines. €ANT'ER-BUR-Y, (Kant/er-ber-ry,) x. A receptacle for music, portfolios, loose papers, &e., being a stand with divisions. Smart. €ANT/ER-BUR-Y-BELL, n. A species of Campan- ula. [See Beri-Frower.] €ANT’/ER-BUR-Y-GAL/LOP, n. moderate gal- lop of a horse, commonly called a canter; said to be derived from the pilgrims riding to Canterbury at this pace. €ANT’ER-BUR-Y-TALE, n. A fabulous story ; so called from the tales of Chaucer. €ANT’ER-ED, pp. Ridden upon a canter. €ANT’ER-ING, ppr. . Moving or riding with a mod- erate gallop. €AN-THAR’I-DES, n. pl. (from cantharis, which see.] Spanish flies, used to raise a blister. €AN-THAR’I-DIN, 2. [Infra.] That peculiar sub- stance, existing in the Cantharis vesicatoria, which causes vesication. "*homson. €AN'THA-RIS, n. [Gr. cavBapic.] The Spanish fly or blister-beetle. This fly is nine or ten lines in length, of a shining yellow green or bronze color, mixed with azure, and has a nauseous smell. It feeds upon the leaves of trees and shrubs, preferring the ash. These flies, when bruised, are universally used as a vesicatory. The largest come from Italy, but the best from Spain, g to Cantabria, on the CANTH/US, n. [Gr. xavOos; D. kant, a corner. ] An angle of the eye; a cavity at each extremity of the eyelids ; the greater is next to the nose, the lesser towards the temple. Encyc. co; L. canticum, from canto. See Canrv. 1. Asong. In the plural, Canricves, the Song.of Songs, or Song of Solomon, one of the books of the Old Testament. 2. A canto; a division of a song. [Obs.] Spenser. To cut to pieces. [L. cantillo. See Cant. To chant; to recite with musical tones. M. Stuart. A chanting ; recitation with musical modulations, Throwing with a sudden jerk or impulse ; tossing. 2. Speaking with a whine or song-like tone. 3. n. Ridiculous pretense of goodness. €ANT'ING-LY, adv. With a cant, 3. A whining, singing manner of speech ; a quaint, | CANT/ING_N ESS, n. affected mode of uttering words, either in conversa-| €AN/TION,n. A ion or preaching. Quality of uttering in cant. song or verses. [Wot used.] Spenser. Fr, chanteau, whence echantillon; Eng. scantling. ] fragment; a corner or edge of any thing; the hind bow of a saddle. [ Obs.) hak. To cut into pieces; to cut outa piece. Dryden. A piece; a little corner ; a fragment. Driden. » a song; L. cantus. See Canr.] _ Apart or division of a poem, answering to what® Mm prose is called a book. In Italian, canto is a song, and it signifies also the treble part, first treble, or FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,—M&TE, PREY.— PINE 17.) highest vocal part, or the leading melody. » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — es). WOR DOEC TD FeCAN €AN’/TON, xn. [It. cantone, a corner-stone, and a can- ton ; Sp. canton ; Port. canto, a corner; Fr. canton, a corner; a part of a country, a district; Arm. can- ton; D. kant; G. kante; D. kandt, a corner, point, edge, border. The Welsh unites canton with cant, a hundred, L. centwm, Sax. hund, for cantrev is a cir- cuit or division of a country, from cant, a hundred.] 1. A small portion of land, or division of territory ; originally, a portion of territory on a border; also, the inhabitants of a canton. 2. A small portion or district of territory, consti- tuting a distinct state or government, as in Switzer- 3. In heraldry, a corner of the shield. {land. 4. A distinct part, or division ; as, the cantons of a painting or other representation. Burnet. €AN/TON, v. t. [Sp. acantonar.] 1. To divide into small parts or districts, as terri- tory ; to divide into distinct portions. Locke. Addison. 2. To allot separate quarters to different parts or divisions of an army or body of troops. €AN'TON-AL, a. Pertaining to a canton; divided into cantons. €AN'TON-ED, pp. Divided into distinct parts, or quarters ; lodged in distinct quarters, as troops. €AN/TON-ING, ppr. Dividing into distinct districts ; allotting separate quarters to each regiment. €AN'TON-IZE, v. t. To canton, or divide into small districts. avies. €AN’TON-MENT, 7. A part or division of a town or village, assigned to a particular regiment of troops ; separate quarters. Marshall. €AN/TRAP, x. An incantation or spell. 2. Mischief artfully performed. [Scottish.] €AN/TRED, Th ; €AN’TREF, | nm. {[L. centum.] A hundred villages, as in Wales. Encyc. €AN/VAS, n. [Fr. canevas, canvas, and cianvre, hemp; Arm. canavas; Sp. canamazo ; Port. canamno ; It. canavaccio, canvas, and canapa, hemp; D. kanefas, canvas, and hennep, hemp; G. kanefass, canvas, and hanf, hemp; Dan. canefas; LL. cannabis, hemp; Gr. kavva(ses ; Ir. canbhas, canvas, and canaib, hemp ; Russ. kanephas. Itis from the root of canna, cane; perhaps a diminutive. ] 1. A coarse cloth made of hemp or flax, used for tents, sails of ships, painting, and other purposes. 2. A clear, unbleached cloth, wove regularly in little squares, used for working tapestry with the needle. 3. Among the French, the rough draught or model on which an air or piece of music is composed, and given to a poet to finish. ‘The canvas of a song con- tains certain notes of the composer, to show the poet the measure of the verses he is to make. 4. Among seamen, cloth in sails, or sails in general ; as, to spread as much canvas as the ship will bear. €AN/VAS-€LIMB-ER, (-klim/er,) n. A sailor that goes aloft to handle sails. Shak. €AN'VAS-BACK, n. s —_ es ——— No aRea t fey i ; Regis f > ig 4 * th ’ { bf \ { i ; ; f ‘ ty 1 fee Lg i ; iF a | 2 } fe ; q } j CAR/BOY, n. €AR/BUN-€LE, (kar’bunk-l,) 7. CAR €AR-A-VAN/SA-RY, jn. A} €AR-A-VAN’'SE-RA,} ceiving and loading cara vans; a kind of inn, where the caravans rest a night, being a large, square building, with a spa cious court in the middle. Encie. CAR/VEL, ravelle. | the herring fishery. 29 to 30 tons’ burden. ; s 2. A light, round, old-fashioned ship. Jolinson. Pr. carvi; Sp. alcaravea or alcarahueya ; D. kerwe; Ar. a — karawiya.] A biennial plant, the carum carisi of Linneus, with good eating. The seeds have an aromatic smell and a warm, pungent taste. They are used in confection- ery, and also in medicine as a carminative. Encyc. 9. A-kind of apple. Mason. €AR-BA-ZOT‘IE AC'ID, n. [carbon and azote.) A yellow, bitter, crystallizable substance, obtained by the action of nitric acid on indigo and some other azotized organic substances. It is also called pieric acid, and the bitter principle of Welter. CAR/BINE. See Carasine. €AR/BON, n. [L. carbo, a coal; Sp. carbon; It. car- bone; Fr. charbon. Qu. Gr. xappw, to dry, or the root of char, Russ. charyu, to burn.] An elementary, combustible substance, existing pure and crystallized in the diamond, and some- times in graphite, and forming the basis of animal and vegetable charcoal, and of coke. By means of a galvanic apparatus, it is found to be capable of fu- sion. €XR-BON-A/CEOUS, a. Pertaining or relating to, or containing, or composed of, carbon ; as, carbonaceous matter. €AR/BO-NADE, 7. arom carbo, supra.] In cookery, flesh, fowl, or the like, cut across, Seasoned, and broiled on coals. Shak. €AR’/BO-NADE, v. t. To cut or hack. Shak. €AR’BO NAD-ED, pp. Cut for broiling or frying. €AR’/BO NAD-ING, ppr. Cutting for broiling or frying. €AR/BON-ATE, n. In chemistry, a salt formed by the union of carbonic acid with a base; as, the carbonate of lime, carbonate of copper. €AR/BON-A-TED, a. Combined with carbonic acid. Carbonated waters ; such mineral waters as are im- pregnated with carbonic acid. €AR-BON/IE AC/ID, n. An acid composed of one equivalent of carbon, and two equivalents of oxy- gen, or in which oxygen coinbines in the greatest proportion with carbon. It exists, under ordinary circumstances, when uncombined, in the state of a gas, but has been liquefied by very powerful pressure. It was formerly called fixed: air, aérial acid, mephitic gas, and cretaceous acid, or acid of chalk. It is found, in some places, in a state of fas ; it exists in the atmosphere, and is disengaged from fermenting liquors, and from decomposing vegetable and animal Substances, and is viven off in respiration. It is heavier than common air, and subsides into low places, vaults and wells, €AR-BONIE OX/YD, n. A gaseous compound of one equivalent of carbon, and one equivalent of oxygen. It is fatal to animal life, extinguishes com- 3 ; ~ ) €AR/CEL LAMP, n. A lamp of French invention, bustion, and burns with a pale blue flame, forming carbonic acid. It apparently possesses combining acid properties, and may be called carbonous acu. €AR-BON-IF’ER-OUS, a. [carbo and fero, to bear. ] Producing or containing carbon or coal. Kirwan, Geol. This term is properly applied to strata or formations containing coal. 5 €AR-BON-I-ZA’TION, n. bonizing. €AR’/BON-IZE, v. t. To convert into carbon by com- bustion or the action of fire, or by other means, as by the action of concentrated acids on animal and} € vegetable substances, €AR’BON-IZ-ED, pp. charcoal. €AR'BON-IZ-ING, ppr. Converting into carbon. €AR/BON-O-HY/DROUS, a. [carbon, and Gr. vowp, water.] Composed of carbon and hydrogen. €AR/BO-SUL/PHU-RET A term formerly ap- plied to the compounds formed by the action of the disulphuret of carbon, on the metallic and alkaline metallic sulphurets. A large, globular bottle of green glass, inclosed in basket-work for protection ; used es- pecially for carrying corrosive liquors, as sulphuric acid, &c. The act or process of car- € Converted into carbon or € [L. carbunculus, a little coal, from carbo. l. An anthrax; an inflammatory tumor, or painful gangrenous boil or ulcer. Coxe. Hooper, ~ 2. A beautiful gem, of a deep red color, with a Mixture of scarlet, called by the Greeks anthrax ; found in the East Indies, It is usually found pure, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— ME 174 A place appointed for re- €AR’A-VEL, n. [Sp. caravela; It. caravello ; Fr. ca- I. A small vessel on the coast of France, used in These vessels are usually from CAR/A-WAY, n. [Gr. xaos, xapov ; L. caros, caren; a taper root like a parsnep, which, when young, is €AR-BUNE€-U-LA/TION, n. €XR/CASS, n. €AR/CEL-AGE, n. €AR/CER, n. [L:] €AR/CER-AL, a. CARD, v.i. To €ARD, n. karda; Fr. carde; Arm. éncardone; and a card ; Port. carda, a card, and cardo, a thistle ; | €A R-DI/TIS, x. L, carduus ; It. cardo, a thistle and a card 3 L. caro, CAR of an angular figure, and adhering to a heavy, ~ ferrugincus stone, of the emery kind. - thirds of that in diameter. When held up to the the color of a burning coal. Encye. The mineral here described, is probably the Oriental ruby, or, at least, some crystallized Variety of corundum. The carbuncle of the ancients is supposed to have been a garnet. Cleaveland. 3. In heraldry, a charze or bearing consisting of eight radii, four of which make a common cross, and the other four, a saltier, Encyc. €AR/BUN-€LED, (kar/bunk-ld,) a. Set with car- buncles ; spotted. €AR-BUN€’U-LAR, a. Belonging to a carbuncle; resembling a carbuncle; red; inflamed. [L. carbunculatio, from carbunculo, to burn to a coal, to blast. See Carson, ] The blasting of the young buds of trees or plants, by excessive heat or cold, Harris. €AR/BU-RET, n. A combination of carbon with some other substance, the resulting compound not being an acid or base. More exactly, a compound of carbon with a basifiable or acidifiable substance, in which the carbon is the electro-negative ingre- dient. €AR’BU-RET-ED, a. Combined with carbon in the manner of a carburet ; as, carbureted hydrogen gas, Carbureted hydrogen gas, is a term applied to va- tious gaseous compounds of carbon, particularly to two definite compounds, the protocarburet of hydro- gen, or heavy carbureted hydrogen, composed of one equivalent each of carbon and hydrogen, and the bicarburet of hydrogen, or light carbureted hydro- gen, composed of one equivalent of carbon, and two equivalents of hydrogen. Carbureted isapplied to certain gaseous compounds. Thus we say, carbureted hydrogen. Silliman. €CAR/EA-JOU, n. The glutton, a voracious, carnivo- rous quadruped. CAR/ECA-NET, xn. [Fr. carcan, a chain ; It. carcame.] A chain or collar of jewels. Shak. - Hakevwell. CAR/EASS, n. (Fr. carcasse; It. carcame; Norm. carkoys, a mast, and acarcass. Qu. Gr. KLOX NOY, | . The body of an animal ; usually, the body when dead. It is not applied to the living body of the human species, except in low or ludicrous language. 2. The decaying remains of a bulky thing, as of a boat or ship. 3. The frame or main parts of a thing, unfinished or without ornament. ‘This seems to be the primary sense of the word. [See the next word. ] Hale. [It. carcassa; Sp. carcax; Fr. carcasse ; D. karkas.] An iron case or hollow vessel, about the size of a bomb, of an oval figure, filled with combustible and other substances, as meal-powder, saltpeter, sul- phur, broken glass, turpentine, &c., to be thrown from a mortar into a town, to set fire to buildings. It has two or three apertures, from which the fire blazes, and the light sometimes serves as a direction in throwing shells. It is equipped with pistol-bar- rels, loaded with powder to the muzzle, which ex- plode as the composition burns down. to them. This instrument is probably named from the ribs of Iron that form it, which resemble the ribs of a human carcass. Encyc. Mar. Dict. in which the oil is raised through tubes by clock- work, so as continually to overflow at the bottom of the burning wick, thus producing a very beautiful and brilliant light, Encyc. Dom. Econ. [L. carcer.] [Wot in use. } A starting-post. Belonging to a prison. (Gr. kapxivwpa, from Kapxlvow, Prison fees, AR-CI-NO/MA, n. Kapxivos, a cancer. ] A cancer ; also, a turgescence of the veins of the eye. oxe. AR-CI-NO'/MA-TOUS, a. Cancerous ; like a cancer, or tending to it, ARD, n. [Fr. carte; Sp. Port. and It. carta; L. charta; Gr. xaorns; D. kaort; G@ karte; Dan. kort; | € Ir. cairt; perhaps from bark, L. cortez, Ir. coirt or | € cairt, or the same root. } € 1. A paper or pasteboard of an oblong figure, on . , . . 2. A piece of pasteboard used for containing a which are painted figures or points ; used in games. €A RD/ING, ppr. Combing, person’s name, and often his address, or an invita- | €A RD/ING, n. tion, or business advertisement. 3. A note published by some one in the papers, CARD/ING-MA-CHIND/, n. containing a brief statement, explanation, request, &c, 4. The paper on which the points of the compass are marked. Reason the card, but passion is the gale. Pope. [D. kaard; G. kardetsche: Dan. karde: Sw. 7; Sp. carda, teasel, Its usual size t is nearly a quarter of an inch in length, and two sun, it loses its deep tinge, and becomes exactly of €AR/DLNAL, a. €K R/DI-NAL,n. An ecclesiastical prince in the Roman AR/DI-NAL-IZE, v. t. T’o make a cardinal. €AR/DLOID, n. play much at cards ; to gain. Johnson. to a heart. €AR-DI-OL/0-GY, n. the heart. of the heart. CAR to card ; Ir. cir, a comb. It seems that card, and L. carduus, are the same word, and probably the plant (teasel) is the original word, or both are from a com- mon root. The French carde is card and the stalks of the artichoke. Artichoke is so written for cardichoke. | An instrument for combing, opening, and breaking wool or flax, freeing it from the coarser parts, and from extraneous matter. It is made by inserting bent teeth of wire in a thick piece of leather, and nailing this to a piece of oblong board, to which a handle is attached, But wool and cotton are now generally carded in mills by teeth fixed on a wheel moved by water. €ARD, v. t. To comb, or open wool, flax, hemp, &c., with a card, for the purpose of cleansing it of extra- neous matter, separating the coarser parts, and mak- ing it fine and soft for spinning. €ARD/A-MINE, n. [Gr.] The name of a genus of plants; the popular names of several species of which are lady’s smock, cuckow flower, meadow cress, &c. €ARD’A-MOM, n. [Gr. kaodapwpoy, A plant of the genus Amomum, and its seeds, a native of India. The seeds of this plant, which frow in a pod, have a Warm, aromatic flavor, and are used in medicine. ENCYC €ARD/ED, pp. or a. Combed; opened; cleansed with cards, €ARD/ER, n. One who cards wool; also, one who plays much at cards. Wotton. CAR/DI-A€, (a. [L. cardiacus; Gr. xapdcaxos, CAR-DI/AE-AL, § from xapdca, the heart.] I. Pertaining to the heart. 2. Exciting action in the heart, through the me- dium of the stomach ; having the quality of stimu- Jating action in the system, invigorating the spirits, and giving strength and cheerfulness. Med. Dict. The cardiac orifice of the Stomach, called also cardia, is the upper or left orifice ; so called from its Vicinity to the heart, or its supposed sympathy with the latter. €AR’/DI-A€, n. A medicine which excites action in the stomach, and animates the Spirits. €AR/DI-ACE, n. A precious stone. €AR-DI-AL/GLA, } n. [L.; Gr. waodca, the heart, €AR/DI-AL-GY, and aXyos, pain. The heartburn, a violent sensation of heat and acrimony in the upper or left orifice of the stomach, seemingly at the heart, but rising into the esophagus. It is called also the cardiac passion. [L. cardinalis, said to be from cardo, a hinge. Chief, principal, preéminent, or fundamental ; as, the cardinal virtues, which pagans supposed to be justice, prudence, temperance, and fortitude. Catholic church, who has a voice in the conclave at the election of a popé;who is taken from their nuin- ber. The cardinals are divided into three classes or orders, containing six bishops, fifty priests, and four- teen deacons, making seventy. These constitute the sacred college, and compose the pope’s council. Originally they were subordinate in rank to bishops ; but they have now the precedence. The dress of a cardinal is a red soutaine or cassock, a rocket, 2 short purple mantle, and a red hat. Encye. Spelman, 2. A woman’s short cloak. Cardinal flower ; a plant, a native of North America, the Lobelia cardinalis; so called from its brilliant red flowers. Cardinal numbers, are the numbers one, two, three, &c., in distinction from first, second, third, &c., which are called ordinal numbers. Cardinal points, in cosmography, are the four in- tersections of the horizon with the meridian, and the prime vertical circle, or north and south, east and west. In astrology, the cardinal points are the rising and setting of the sun, the Zenith and Nadir. Cardinal signs, in astronomy, are Aries, Libra, Cancer, and Capricorn. Cardinal virtues ; prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude. Cardinal winds, are those which blow from the cardinal points. AR/DI-NAL-ATE, )n. The office, rank, or dignity AR’/DI-NAL-SHIP,§ of'a cardinal. [ Little Sheldon. as flax, wool, &c. [Little used.] The act of breaking or cleaning with 7 used. 2. Playing at cards, cards. A machine for comb- ing, breaking, and cleansing wool and cotton. It consists of cylinders, thick set with teeth, and moved by the force of Water, steam, &c. (Gr. xapdca, heart, and erdos, form. ] An algebraic curve, so called from its resemblance hambers. The science which treats of Inflammation of the fleshy substance Dunglison. TE, PREY ~ See -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ——_CAR CAR CAR €ARD! MAK-ER, n. [card and maker.] A maker of ‘cards. €ARD/-MATCH, n. Keand and match.] A match made by dipping pieces of card in melted sulphur. Addison. €AR-DOON’, n. [Sp. cardon; L. carduus. A species of Cynara, resembling the artichoke, but larger. Chambers. €ARD/-TA-BLE, n. The table appropriated to the use of gamesters, or used for playing cards on. 2. A table one of whose leaves folds over on to the other. €AR/DU-US BEN-E-DICT’US, 2. The herb Dlessed thistle. €ARE, x. [Sax. car, cara; Goth. kar, kara; Ir. car; L. cura. In Welsh, cur is care, anxiety; also, a blow, or beating, a throb; cwrazw, to beat, strike, or throb, to fight; cwriaw, to trouble, vex, pine, or waste away. In curo signifies to care, and to cure. In Sp. curar is to prescribe medicine ; to salt or cure, as flesh; to season, as timber ; to bleach, as cloth; intransitively, to recover from sickness; and reciprocally, to take care of one’s self. In Italian, curare iS to cure, attend, protect, defend, and to value or esteem. In French, curer is to cleanse; ‘¢ curer les dens,”? to pick the teeth; cure is a ben- efice. The primary sense is, to strain, or stretch, as in care, attention ; and curious is stretching forward ; but the sense of separating, or driving off, is com- prehended, which gives the French sense, and the sense of prying into is included in curious. The sense of healing is from that of care, or making sound and strong. The Welsh sense of beating is from driving, thrusting, coinciding with straining. See Carx and Cure.] 1. Concern ; anxiety ; solicitude ; noting some de- gree of pain in the mind, from apprehension of evil. They shall eat bread by weight and with care. — Ezek. iv. 9, Caution; a looking to; regard; attention, or heed, with a view to safety or protection, as in the phrase, ‘‘ take care of yourself.” A want of care does more damage than a want of knowledge. Franklin. 3. Charge or oversight, implying concern for safety and prosperity ; as, he was under the care of a physician. That which cometh upon me daily, the care of all the churches. — 2 Cor. xi. 4. The object of care, or watchful regard and at- tention ; as, ‘* Is she thy care? ” Dryden. €ARE, v.i. To be anxious or solicitous ; to be con- cerned about. Master, carest thou not that we perish ? — Mark iv. 2. To be inclined or disposed ; to have regard to ; with for before a noun, and to before a verb. ‘‘ Not caring to observe the wind.?? ‘*Great masters in painting never care for drawing people in the fash- ion.”? In this sense the word implies a less degree of concern. The different degrees of anxiety ex- pressed by this word constitute the chief differences in its signification or applications. €ARE/-ERAZ-ED, a. [care and craze.}] Broken or disordered by care or solicitude ; as, a care-crazed mother. Shak. €ARE/-DE-FY/ING, a. Bidding defiance to care. Shenstone. €ARE/-TON-ED, a. Tuned by care; mournful. Shak. €ARE/-WOUND-ED, (-wound-ed or -woond-ed,) a. Wounded with care. May. €A-REEN/, v. t. [Fr. carener, from carene, the side and keel of a ship; L. carina; Sp. carenar; Port, querenar ; It. carenare. | In sea language. to heave or bring a ship to lie on one side, for the purpose of calking, repairing, cleans- ing, or paying over with pitch the other side. Mar. Dict. €A-REEN’, v.i. To incline to one side, as a ship un- der a press of sail. Mar. Dict. €A-REEN’ED, pp. Laid on one side ; inclined. €A-REEN/ING, ppv. Heaving down on one side ; inclining. €A-REEN'ING, n. The act of heaving down on one side, or inclining, as a ship. €A-REER/’, xn. [Fr. carriere ; Sp. carrera ; Port. carr ei- ra; It. carriera. It is from the root of car, and L. curro, from the sense of running. ] 1. A course; a race, or running ; a rapid running ; speed in motion. Wilkins. Prior. 2. General course of action or movement 5 proced- ure ; course of proceeding. Conunue and proceed in honor’s fair career, Dryden. 3. ‘The ground on which a race is run. Johnson. 4. In the manege, a place inclosed with a barrier, in which they run the ring. Encyc. 5. In falconry, a flight or tour of the hawk, about 120 yards. Encyc QA-REER/, v. z% To move or run rapidly. When a ship is decked out in all her canvas, every sail swelled, and careering gayly over the curling waves, how lofty, haw gallant she appears | Irving. (A-REER/ING, ppr. Running or moving with speed. CAREFUL, a. solicitous. Martha, thou art careful and troubled about many things. — [See Carz.] Full of care ; anxious ; 2. Provident ; attentive to support and protect ; with of or for. Thou hast been careful for us with all care. —2 Kings iv. What could a careful father more have done ? Dryden. In present usage, careful is generally followed by of; as, careful of health. 3. Watchful; cautious; giving good heed ; as, be careful to maintain good works; be careful of your conversation. 4, Filling with care or solicitude ; exposing to con- cern, anxiety, or trouble ; full of cares. Raised to a careful hight. Shak. €ARE/FUL-LY, adv. With care, anxiety, or solici- tude. Though he sought it carefully with tears. — Heb. xii. 2. Heedfully; watchfully ; attentively; as, con- sider these precepts carefully. If thou carefully hearken to the Lord. — Deut. xv. 3. In a manner that shows care. Envy, how carefully does it look ! 4. Providently ; cautiously. Johnson. €ARE/FUL-NESS, n. Anxiety ; solicitude. Drink thy water with trembling and with carefulness, — Ezek. Xi. Collier. 2. Heedfulness ; caution ; vigilance in guarding against evil, and providing for safety. €ARE/LESS, a. [care and less. Sax. leas; Goth. laus. See Loose. } 1. Having no care; heedless; negligent ; unthink- ing ; inattentive; regardless; unmindful; followed by of or about; as, a careless mother; a mother care- less of or about her children, is an unnatural parent. 2. Free from care or anxiety ; Whence undisturbed ; cheerful. Thus wisely careless, innocently gay. Pope. 3. Done or said without care ; unconsidered ; as, a careless throw ; a careless expression. 4. Not regarding with care; unmoved by ; uncon- cerned for ; as, careless of money ; careless of conse- quences. 5. Contrived without art. Bp. Taylor. €ARE/LESS-LY, adv. Ina careless manner or way ; negligently ; heedlessly ; inattentively ; without care or concern. €ARE/LESS-NESS, n. Heedlessness; inattention ; negligence ; manner without care. €AR/EN-TANE, zn. [Fr. quarantaine, forty] A papal indulgence, multiplying the remission of penance by forties. Taylor. €A-RESS’, v. t [Fr. caresser; Arm. cherigza, to ca- ress, and to cherish; W. caredigaw; It. carezza, flat- tery, a caressing ; carexgiare, to coax, flatter, esteem ; Sp. caricia, a caress; acariciar, to caress, cherish, fon- dle ; Port. id. It may be from the common root of L. carus, Fr. cher, cherir, W. car. But some difficulties attend this hypothesis. } To treat with fondness, affection, or kindness ; to fondle; to embrace with tender affection, as a parent a child. South. €A-RESS/, n. An act of endearment; any act or ex- pression of affection ; an embracing with tenderness ; as, conjugal caresses. Milton. €A-RESS/ED, (Ka-rest/,) pp. Treated or embraced with affection. €A-RESS/ING, ppr. Treating with endearment or affection. €A-RESS/ING-LY, adv. Ina caressing manner. €A/RET, xn. [L. caret, there is wanting, from careo, to want.] In writing, this mark, a, which shows that something, omitted in the line, is interlined above, or inserted in the margin, and should be read in that place. €AR/GA-SON, n. A cargo, which see. Howell. €AR/GO, xn. [w. carg, a load, cargu, to load, from car, a Vehicle; Port. carga; Sp. carga, a load, bur- den, charge; Sp. cargo, aload ; cargazon, id. ; cargar, to load, to charge; \t. carico, a load, or charge; cari- care, to load, to charge; Fr. cargaison, a cargo; charge, a charge or load; charger, to load, burden, charge; Arm. carg. See CHARGE. The lading or freight of a ship; the goods, mer- chandise, or whatever is conveyed in a ship or other merchant vessel. The lading within the hold is called the inboard cargo, in distinction from horses, cattle, and other things carried on deck. The per- son employed by a merchant, to proceed with, over- see, and dispose of the lading, is called a supercargo. €AR/GOOSEH, n. A fowl belonging to the genus Colymbus, called the crested diver. The cheeks and throat are surrounded with a long, pendant ruff, of a bright tawny color, edged with black. The breast and belly are of a silvery white. It weighs two pounds and a half. €A/RI-A-TED, a. Carious. [Wot used.] [See Cariovs.] €AR/I-BOO, n. A quadruped of the stag kind. €AR/LEA, xn. A genus of plants, one species of which is popularly salled Papaw; also the trivial name of €AR/LEA-TURE, zn. [It. caricatura, formed from carica, a load, caricare, to load. See Carco.} A figure or description in which beauties are con- cealed and blemishes exaggerated, but still bearing a resemblance to the object. Encyc. €AR/I-CA-TURE, v. t. To make or draw a carica- ture; to represent as more ugly than the life. Injttleton. €AR/I-CA-TUR-ED, pp. Made ridiculous by grotesque resemblance. €AR/LEA-TUR-ING, ppr. Making ridiculous by gro- tesque resemblance. €AR'I-CA-TUR-IST, 2. One who caricatures others €AR-I-COG/RA-PHY,n. [L. carez, sedge, and ypugo, to describe. ] A description of the plants of the genus Carex or Sedge. Dewey. Journal of Science. €AR/I-ECOUS, a. [L. carica, a fig.] Resembling a fig; an epithet given to tumors that resemble a fig, such as occur often in the piles. Encyc. €A/RLES,n. [L.] The mortification of a bone; an ulcer of a bone. €AR/IL-LON, 2. ee A little bell. Also, a simple air in music, adapted to the performance of small bells or clocks. [See Carov. Busby. €CAR/LNATE, a. [L. carinatus, from caria, a CAR-LNA’TED, | keel. ] In botany, shaped like the keel of a ship; having a longitudinal prominency on the back, like a keel; applied to a calyx, corol, or leaf. Martyn. €A-RIN/THIN, x. A name given to such massive varieties of hornblende as are jet-black, shining, and easily cleavable. Shepard. €AR/I-OLE, x. [Fr.] Asmall, open carriage. 2. A covered cart. 3. A kind of calash. €A-RLOS/L-TY, ». [See Canrres.] Mortification or ulceration of a bone. Wiseman. €A/RI-OUS, a. Mortified; ulcerated; as a bone. Wiseman. €ARK, n. [W. carc, care, restraint; carcar, a prison, L. carcer; Sax. carc, care; cearcian, to cark, to creak, to grumble. The primary sense is, to strain.) Care ; anxiety ; concern; solicitude ; distress. Obs. Sidney. €ARK, v.i. To be careful, anxious, solicitous, con- cerned. [ Obs.] Sidney. €ARK/ING, ppr. ora. Distressing ; perplexing ; giving anxiety. [Obs.] €ARL, xn. [Sax. carl, a male, whence Carolus, Charles. The word signifies primarily, strong, robust; whence the English carl-cat and carl-hemp; house-carl, a do- mestic servant; Ger. kerl, a fellow ; kerl-haft, mascu- line, stout. See EUR 1. A rude, rustic, rough, brutal man. [Obs.] [See CHURL. 2, A kind of hemp. Tusser. €ARL, v.i. To act like a churl. [JVot in use.] Burton. €AR/LINE, €AR‘O-LINE, n. A silver coin in Naples. €AR/LINE, ; : mecaiye €AR/LING, n. ([Fr. carlingue, or escarlingue.] A piece of timber in a ship, ranging fore and aft, from one deck beam to another, directly over the keel, serving as a foundation for the body of the ship. On these rest the ledges on which the planks of the deck are made fast. Encyc. Mar. Dict. Carline knees, are timbers in a ship, lying across from the sides to the hatchway, and serving to sus- tain the deck. Encyc. €AR/LINE-THIS'/TLBE, (kir/lin-this’sl,) n. ‘The pop- ular name of some species of plants. CARLI/ISH, €ARL/ISH-NESS. €AR/LOCK, x. A sort of isinglass from Russia, made of the sturgeon’s bladder, and used in clarifying See CHURLISH. wine. Encic. €AR/LOT, n. A countryman. [See Caruz.] [.Vot used. | Shak. €AR-LO-VIN/GLAN, a. Pertaining to Charlemagne ; as, the Carlovingian race of kings. €AR/MAN, nx. [car and man.] A man whose em- ployment is to drive a cart, or to convey goods and other things in a Cart. €XR/MEL-IN, a. Belonging to the order of Car- €AR/MEL-ITE, melites. Weever. €AR/MEL-ITE, x. A monk of an order established on Mount Carmel, in Syria, in the 12th century. The Carmelites have four tribes, and they have now thirty-eight provinces, besides the congregation in Mantua, in which are fifty-four monasteries, under a vicar-general, and the congregations of barefooted Carmelites in Italy and Spain. They wear a scap&- lary, or small woolen habit, of a brown color, thrown over the shoulders. Encyc. 2. A sort of pear. €AR-MIN/A-TIVE, a. Expelling wind from the body ; warming; antispasmodic. : €AR-MIN/A-TIVE, n. [L. carmen, a charm, because it acts suddenly, as a charm is_ supposed to do, and because, among the ancients, its operation Was ac- companied by the singing of a stanza. } A medicine which tends to expel wind, or to rem- the species of Ficus, which produces the common fig. edy colic and flatulencies. le TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/‘CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. — V7 en. -™ — = = Sa ae a’ as ARIPO a ~ eePaeod oe eee ee ee Ne kathy heat ee alan a CAR CAR/MINE, n. mim; It. carmmnio; from the same root as crimson Port. carmesim, crimson ; SO cochineal, kermes ; Ar. “5-0 59 kirmiz, ee berry, and an insect, used in dyeing.] Encyc. Nicholson. oring principle of cochineal with alumine. 2. The pure coloring matter or coloring principle of cochineal ; precipitated, by spontaneous evapora- tion, from the alcoholic tincture of cochineal, in the Hi form of crystals of a fine red culor. | €AR'NAGE, n. maccia, carrion; Port. carrviagem, from L. caro, flesh. J. Literally, flesh, or heaps of flesh, as in sham- bles. 2. Slaughter; great destruction of men; havoc; ps massacre. Hayward. €XAR/NAL, a. [Fr. charnel; L. carnalis, from caro, flesh. ] I. Pertaining to flesh; fleshly; sensual ; opposed to spiritual; as, carnal pleasure. 2. Being in the natural state; unregenerate. The carnal mind is enmity against God. — Rom, viii. 3. Pertaining to the ceremonial law ; as, carnal ordinances. Heb. ix. 10, 4. Lecherous ; lustful; libidinous; given to sen- sual indulgence, Shak. Carnal knowledge ; sexual intercourse. €AR’NAL-ISM, n. The indulgence of carnal appe- ites. CAR'NAL-IST, n. One given to the indulgence of sensual appetites, Burton. €AR/NAL-ITE, x. A worldly-minded man. Anderson. €AR-NAL/LTY, n. Fleshly lust or desires, or the indulgence of those lusts ; sensuality. South. 2. Grossness of mind or desire; love of sensual pleasures. Tillotson. €AR/NAL-IZE, v. t. To make camal; to debase to carnality. Scott. €AR/NAL-LY, adv. In a carnal manner; according to the flesh ; in a manner to gratify the flesh or sen— sual desire. Lev. xviii. 20. Rom. Viii. 6. €AR/NAL-MIND/ED, a. Worldly-minded. More. €Al’/NAL-MIND/ED-NESS, m. Grossness of mind. Ellis, €AR-NA/TION, n. [Fr. carnation, the naked part ofa picture, flesh color; It. incarnatino ; carnasvione, ComM- plexion ; Sp. carnaza; Port. carnaz, from L. flesh. 1. Flesh color; the parts of a picture which are haked, or without drapery, exhibiting the natural color of the flesh. Encyc. 2. The popular name of a species of the genus of plants called Dianthus, so named from the color of the flower. €AR-NA’TION-ED, a. Made like carnation color. €AR-NEL/IAN, (kir-nél/yan,) n. [Fr. cornaline; Sp. coTnerina, A silicious stone, a variety of chalcedony, of a deep red, flesh-red, or reddish-white color. It is tolerably hard, capable of a good polish, and used for seals. ~ Encyc. Cleaveland, €AR'NEL-WORK, (-wurk,) 7. In’ ship-building, the putting together the timbers, beams, and planks, as distinguished from clinch-awork. Encyc. CARINE-OUS, a. [L. carneus, from caro, flesh.] Fleshy ; having the qualities of flesh. Ray. €AR/NEY,7n. A discase of horses, in which the mouth is So furred that they can not eat. Chambers. €AR-NI-FI-€A/TION, n. [Infra.] A turning to flesh. Chambers. CAR/NLFY, v. i. [from L. caro, carnis, flesh. To form flesh ; to receive flesh in growth. Hale, CAR/NI-VAL, n. [L. carnivale, farewell to meat. | A festival celebrated with merriment and revelry in Roman Catholic countties, during the week before Lent. CAR-NIV/O-RA, m. pl. An order of animals which subsist on flesh, as the hyena. caro, Cuvier. €AR-NIV-O-RAC'LTY, nz. [Infra.] Greediness of ap- petite for flesh. Pope. '€AR-NIV/O-ROUS, a. eat.] Eating or feeding on flesh ; an epithet applied to animals which naturally seek flesh for food, as the lion, tiger, dog, wolf, &c. CAR-NOS/LTY, xn. [Fr. carnosité, from L. caro, flesh. ] A little fleshy excrescence in the urethra, the neck of the bladder, &c, €AR/NOUS, Fles €XR-NOSE/, | % Fleshy. ee [L. caro, flesh, and voro, to [See Carnvovs.] eS —— Fr. carmin; Sp. carmin; Port. car- Sp. carmesi, crimson and cochineal powder ; It. chermisi, crimson, and chermes, kirmizon, a A powder or pigment, of a beautiful red or crimson color, bordering on purple, and used by painters in miniature, though rarely, on account of its great price. It is prepared by dissolving cochineal in an alkaline lye, and precipitating it by alum. This is properly a lake, or a combination of the col- [Fr. carnage; Sp. carniceria, carnage, and shambles; It. carnaggio, flesh-meat, and car- CAR €AR/OB, n. [Sp. algarroba; It. carruba.) ; The carob-tree, Ceratonia siliqua, a native of Spain, Italy, and the Levant. It is an evergreen, growing in hedges, and producing long, flat, brown-colored pods, filled with a mealy, succuJent pulp, of a sweet- ish taste. In times of scarcity, these pods are eaten by poor people, but they are apt to cause griping and lax bowels. Miller. Encyc. €A-ROCHE’, (Ka-rosh’,) n. [It. carrozza. See Car.] A carriage of pleasure. Burton. €A-ROCH/ED, (ka-rdsht’,) a Placed in a caroche. Beaum. and Fl. €AR/OL, n. [It. carola; W. carawl; Arm. coroll, a dance ; W. cor, Corn. karol, a choir. ] A song of joy and exultation ; a song of devotion ; or a song in general. Dryden. Spenser. Bacon. Milton. €AR/OL, v. 7. [It. carolare; W. caroli; Arm. carollt, to dance, to sing love-songs. To sing ; to warble ; to sing in joy or festivity. 2rior Shak. €AR/OL, v. t=. To praise or celebrate in song. Milton. €AR-O-LI/NA, n. [from Carolus, Charles II.] The name of two of the Atlantic States in North America, called Worth Carolina and South Carolina. €AR/OL-ING, n. A song of praise or devotion. Spenser. Pertaining to Carolina. A native or inhabitant of Car- €AR-O-LIN'I-AN, a. €AR-O-LIN’I-AN, n. olina. €AR-O-LIT'I€, a. Decorated with branches. €AR/O-MEL, n. The smell exhaled by burnt sugar. (See CaramMeE .] Tre. €A-ROT'ID, a. (Gr. xapwrides.] The carotid arteries, in the body, are two arteries, the right and left, which convey the blood from the aorta to the head and brain. The ancients supposed drowsiness to be seated in these arteries. [Gr. xapos. €A-ROUS‘AL, (ka-rouz/al,) n. [See Carouse.] A feast or festival. Johnson. But, in“A@merica, it signifies a noisy drinking bout, or reveling. €A-ROUSE!, (ka-rouz/,) v. i. [I'r. carrouse, hard drink- ing. I know not the real origin of this word. In CAR of America, as in New York, the term carpenter in- cludes both the framer and the joiner; and, in truth, both branches of business are often performed by the same person. ‘The word is never applied, as in Italy and Spain, to a coach-maker. €AR/PEN-TRY, xn. The art of cutting, framing, and joining timber, in the construction of buildings ; di- vided into house-carpentry and ship-carpentry. 2. The work of a carpenter. €ARP/ER, 2. One who carps; a caviler. CARPET, x. [I know not the origin of this word.] 1. A covering for floors, tables, Stairs, &c. This covering is usually made of wool, wrought with a needle, or more generally in a loom, but is sometimes made of other materials. The manufacture is of Asi- atic origin, but has been introduced into many parts of Europe, and into the United States. 2. Level ground covered, as with BYaSS ;.aS, a grassy carpet ; a carpet of green grass. Shak. Ray. To be on the carpet, is to be under consideration ; to be the subject of deliberation. The French phrase, to be on the tapis, is used in the like sense. Carpet knight, in Shakspeare, is a knight who en- joys ease and security, or luxury, and has not known the hardships of the field. Carpet-monger is used in a like sense. €AR/PET, v. t. To cover with a carpet; to spread with carpets. Bacon. Derham. €AR/PE'l-ED, pp. or a, Covered with a carpet. €AR/PET [NG, n. Cloth for carpets ; carpets in gen- eral. €AR’/PET-STRIP, n. The piece under a door to raise it above the carpet. €AR/PET-WALK, (-wawk,) n. A walk on smooth turf. Evelyn. CARP/ING, ppr. or a. Caviling ; captious ; censorious. Watts. €ARP/ING, n. The act of caviling ; a cavil ; unrea- sonable censure. €ARP/ING-LY, adv. Captiously ; in a carping manner. Jamden. €ARP/-MEALS, n. A kind of coarse cloth, made in the north of England. Phillips. €AR/PO-LITE, xn. [Gr. xapzos, fruit, and \.Gos, stone. ] Petrified fruits, of which the most remarkable are Pers. \9 >> karoz, signifies hilarity, singing, dan- cing. In Ger. rauschen signifies to rush, to fuddle. In Ir. craosal is drunkenness, from craos, excess, revel- vr To drink hard; to guzzle. In the United States, it Signifies also to be noisy, as bacchanalians. €A-ROUSE!’, (ka-rouz’,) x. A drinking match ca hearty drink or full draught of liquor; a noisy drink- ing match. €A-ROUS’/ER, n. A dzinker ; a toper; a noisy revel- er, or bacchanalian. €A-ROUS/ING, ppr. Drinking hard ; reveling. €A-ROUS/ING-LY, adv. Ina carousing manner. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, CARP, v. 2. [L. carpo, to seize,catch, pick ; It. carpire; Sp. and Port. curpir, to tear or scratch. See Ca RVE.] Literally, to snap or catch at, or to pick. Hence, to censure, cavil, or find fault, particularly without rea- son, or petulantly ; followed by at. No, not a tooth or nail to scratch, And at my actions carp and catch. Herbert. CARP, n. [Fr. and Port. carpe; Sp. carpa; It. carpio- ne; Arm. carpen; Russ. karp; D. karper; G. karpfen ; Dan. karpe; Sw. karp ; Low L. carpio, from carpo, to nuts converted into silex. €AR-POL/O-GIST, n. [Gr. kap7os, fruit, and Neyo, to Seen One who describes fruits. €AR-POL/O-GY, n. [Supra.] A description of fruits, Cyc. More strictly, that division of botany which relates to tlie structure of seeds and seed-vessels, or of the fruit. CAK/PUS, x. [L.] In anatomy, that part of the skel- eton forming the wrist, consisting of eight small bones, arranged in two rows. €AR/RA-WAY, n. See Caraway. €AR/REL, ) QUAR’REL, | ™ €AR’RI-A BLE, a. That may be carried. [Mot in use. | ' Sherwood. CAR/RIAGE, (kar’rij,) n. [Fr. charriage, from char- rier, to carry; It. carreggio, or carriaggio. See Carry, 1. The act of carrying, bearing, transporting, or conveying; as, the carriage of sounds. Bacon. 2. The act of taking by an enemy ; conquest; ac- quisition. [ Obs.] Knolles. An arrow used in cross-bows. seize. ] A fish, a species of Cyprinus, an excellent fish for ponds. These fishes breed rapidly, grow to a large size, and live to a great age. Encyc. €AR/PAL, a. [L. carpus, the Wrist.] Pertaining to the carpus, or wrist. ENCYC. CAR-PA’THI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Carpates, a range of mountains between Poland, Hungary, and Transylvania. €AR’PEL, )n. In botany, a small seed-vessel or CAR-PEL‘LUM, § pericarp, that is, one of a group produced by a single flower. De Cand. A carpel is formed by a folded leaf, the upper sur- face of which is turned inward, the lower outward, and the margins of which develop one or more buds, which are the ovules. Lindley. The latter definition is founded on the theory of metamorphosis, or abnormal development, in plants. €AR’PEL-LA-RY, a. Belonging to carpels, or con- taining them. Lindley. €AR’/PEN-TER, n. [Fr. charpentier; Sp. carpintero ; Port. carpenteiro ; It. carpentiere, a cartwright, or coach-maker ; L, carpentarius, from carpentum, a char- lot. | An artificer who works in timber; a framer and builder of houses and of ships. Those who build houses are called house-carpenters; and those who build ships are called ship-carpenters. In New England, a distinction is often made be- |. tween the man who frames and the man who executes the interior wood work of a house. The framer is the carpenter, and the finisher is called a joiner. This distinction is noticed by Johnson, and séems to be a genuine English distinction, But, in some other parts €AR/RIAGE-HORSE, n. €AR/RIAGE-MAK’ER, n. €AR/RI-BOO. €AR/RICK-BEND, n. €AR/RICK-BITTS, n. pl. CAR/RI-ED, (kar'rid,) pp. €AR’/RLER, n. C€AR/RI-ER PIG/EON, n. 3. That which carries, especially on wheels; a vehicle. This is a general term fora coach, chariot, chaise, gig, sulky, or other vehicle on Wheels, as a cannon-carriage on trucks, a block-carriage for mortars, and a truck-carriage. Appropriately, the word is ap- plied toa coach; and carts and Wagons are rarely, or never, called carriages. 4. The price, or expense, of carrying. 5. That which is carried ; burden ; as baggage, vessels, furniture, &c. And David left his carriage in the hands of the keeper of the carriage. —1 Sam. xvii. [Little used, ] 6. In a moral sense, the manner of carrying one’s Spenser. self; behavior; conduct; @eportment; personal manners. Bacon. Dryden. 7. Measures; practices; management. Shak. A horse kept for drawing Booth. One whose occupation it a carriage, is to make carriages, See Carrpoo. A particular kind of knot. In a ship, the bitts which Mar. Dict. Borne; conveyed ; trans- support the windlass. ported. [See Carry.] One who carries; that which carries, or conveys; also, a messenger. 2. One who is employed’ to carry goods for oth- ers for a reward; also, one whose occupation is to carry goods for others, called a common carrier; & porter. A pigeon that conveys letters from place to place, the letters being tied to the neck. 176 MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —CAR €AR/RLON, vn. [It. carogna; Sp. carrona; Fr. cha- regne; Arm. caroan; D. karonje. | 1. The dead and putrefying body or flesh of ani- mals ; flesh so corrupted as to be unfit for food. Pope. 2. A worthless woman ; a term of reproach. Shak. €AR'RI-ON, a. Relating to dead and putrefying car- casses; feeding on carrion; as, a carrion-crow. Shak. €AR-RON-ADE’,n. [It is said to be from Carron, in Scotland, where it was first made. A short piece of ordnance, having a large caliber, and a chamber for the powder, like a mortar. This species of cannon is carried on the upper works of ships, as the poop and forecastle, and is very useful in close engagements. Mar. Dict. Encyc. €AR-ROON!’, n. In London, a rent received for the privilege of driving a cart. S 2. A species of cherry. Tooke, Russ. €AR/ROT,n. [It. carota; Fr. carotte; Low L. carota.] An esculent root, of a yellow color, of the genus Daucus, cultivated for the table, and for cattle. €AR/ROT-Y, a. Like a carrot in color; an epithet given to red hair. €AR/ROWS, xn. pl. In Ireland, people who wander about and get their living by cards and dice ; stroll- ing gamesters. Spenser. CAR/RY, v. t. [W. cariaw, from car, a dray, drag, or wagon; Fr. charrier; Arm. charreat, or charreein; Sp. acarrear; Dan. kidre; Sw. kidra; G. karren. These verbs signify, primarily, to carry on a cart, or car, and are ‘evidently from the noun. But the English carry coincides also with the Latin gero, our vulgar kerry ; for the sense of behavior can hardly proceed from the moving of a wheel carriage, nor indeed can some other senses of this word. But the primary sense, in both cases, is to move.] 1. T’o bear, convey, or transport, by sustaining and moving the thing carried, either by bodily strength, upon a beast, in a vehicle, or in any kind of -water- craft. In general, it implies a moving from the speaker or the place, present or near, to a place more distant, and so is opposed to bring and fetch, and it is often followed by from, away, off, out. He shall carry the lambs in his bosom, — Is. xl. When he dieth, he shall carry nothing away. — Ps, xlix. 2. To convey ; as, sound is carried in the air. 3. To effect; to accomplish; to prevail; to gain the object ; as, to carry a point, measure, or resolu- tion ; to carry a prize ; sometimes followed by zt. Whose wills will carry i over the rest. Locke. Burke. 4. To bear out; to face through. If a mun carries tt off, there is so much money saved. DL Estrange. 5. To urge, impel, lead, or draw, noting moral impulse. Pride or passion will carry a man to great lengths. Men are carried away with imaginary prospects. — See Eph. iv. Heb. xiii. 9. 6. To bear; to have. In some vegetables, we see something that carries a kind of analogy to sense. Hale. 7. To bear ; to show, display, or exhibit to view. The aspect of every one in the family carries satisfaction. : Addison. 8. To imply, or import. To quit former tenets carries an imputation of ignorance. eé. 9. To contain, or comprise. He thought it carried something of argument in it, to prove that doctrine. Watts. 10. To extend, or continue in time ; as,to carvy an historical account to the first ages of the world ; but usually with a particle; as, to carry wp, or carry back, to carry forward. 11. To extend in space; as, to carry a line, or a boundary ; or in a moral sense; as, to carry ideas very far. 12. To support, or sustain Carry camomile on sticks. 13. To bear, or produce, as trees. Set them a reasonable depth, and they will carry more shoots upon the stem. Bacon. Bacon. 14. To manage, or transact, usually with on; as, to carry on business. 15. To carry one’s self; to behave, conduct, or demean. He carried himself insolently. Clarenaon, Sometimes with it; as, he carried wt high. 16. To remove, lead, or drive. And he carried away all his cattle. —Gen. xxxi. 17. To remove ; to cause to go. And the king of Assyria did capry away Israel to Assyria. —2 Kings xviii. 18. To transport ; to affect with extraordinary im- pressions on the mind. Rev. xvii. 19. To fetch and bring. Young whelps learn easily-to carry, Ascham. 20. To transfer; as, to carry an account to the ledger War was to be diverted from Greece by being carried into Asia. Mitford. CAR 21. In military affairs, to obtain possession of by force ; as, to carry the outworks of a place. To carry coals ; to bear injuries. Mason. To carry coals to Newcastle; to take things to a place where they already abound ; to lose one’s labor. To carry off; to remove to a distance; also, to kill ; as, to be carried off by sickness. To carry on ; to promote, advance, or help forward ; to continue ; as, to carry on a design; to carry on the administration of grace. 2, To manage, or prosecute; as, to carry on hus- bandry. 3. To prosecute, continue, or pursue; as, to carry on trade, or war. 4. To conduct in a wild, rude manner; as, he carries on at a great rate. To carry through; to support to the end; to sus- tain, or keep from failing, or being subdued. Hammond. To carry out; to bear from within ; also, to sustain to the end ; to continue to the end. To carry away, im seamanship, is to break; to carry sail till a spar breaks ; as, to carry away a fore- topmast. €AR/RY, v.z%. To run on rotten ground, or on frost, which sticks to the feet, as a hare. Johnson. 2. To bear the head in a particular manner, as a horse. When a horse holds his head high, with an arching neck, he is said to carry well. When he lowers his head too much, he is said to carry low. 3. To convey, to propel; as, a gun or mortar car- ries Well ; but this is elliptical. €AR'/RY-ALL, x. [Corrupted from cariole.] A light vehicle for one horse, having, usually, four wheels, and designed to carry a number of persons. €AR/RY-ING, ppr. Bearing, conveying, removing, &c. €AR’/RY-ING, n. A bearing;conveying, removing, - transporting. Carrying trade; the trade which consists in the transportation of goods by water from country to country, or place to place. We are rivals with them in navigation and the carrying trade. Federalist, Jay. Grace will carry a man through all difficuldes. Carrying wind, among horsemen, is a tossing of the nose as high as the horse’s ears. Encyc. €AR/RY-TALE, n. A tale-bearer, [JVot used.] €ARSE, n. Low, fertile land, adjacent to a river. { Scottish. | ART,n. [W. cart; Sax. cret, crat; Ir. cairt; Russ. karet. See Car. 1. A carriage with two wheels, fitted to be drawn by one horse, or by a yoke of oxen, and used in hus- bandry, or commercial cities, for carrying heavy com- modities. In Great Britain, carts are usually drawn by horses. In America, horse-carts are used mostly in cities, and oz-carts in the country. 2. A carriage in general. Temple. Dryden. €ART, v.t. To carry or convey on a cart; as, to cart hay. 2. To expose in a cart, by way of punishment. €ART’AGE, n. The act of carrying in a cart, or the price paid for carting. ; CAR/TA-RET, x. {Mexican A cot. Stephens. €ART/-BOTE, xn. In English law, wood to which a tenant is entitled for making and repairing carts and other instruments of husbandry. €ART'ED, pp. Borne or exposed in a cart. €ART’/-HORSE, 7. A horse that draws a cart. CART'ING, ppr. Conveying or exposing in a cart. €ART/ING, n. The act of carrying,in a cart. €ART/-JADE, n. A sorry horse; a horse used in drawing, or fit only for the cart. Sidney. €ART/-LOAD, n. A load borne on a cart; as much as is usually carried at once on a cart, or as is suf- ficient to load it. €ART/-ROPH, n. A rope for binding hay or other ar- ticles on a cart. €ART/-RUT, n. The cut or track of a cart-wheel. See Route. €ART’-TIRE, n. The tire, or iron bands, used to bind the wheels of a cart. €ART/-WAY, n. A way that is or may be passed with carts, or other wheel carriages. €ART/-WHEEL, zn. The wheel of a cart. CART/-WHIP, x. A large whip used in driving ani- mals in carts. €ART/WRIGHT, x. An artificer who makes carts. CARTE-BLANCHE’, (kiart-blinsh’,) x. [F'r., white paper. ] A blank paper, signed at the bottom with a person’s name, and sometimes sealed with his seal, given to another person, with permission to superscribe what conditions he pleases. Hence, unconditioned terms ; unlimited power to decide. Encyc. €AR-TEL! or CAR/TEL, zn. [It. cartello; Fr. Sp. and Port. cartel; from L. chartula.] 1. A writing or agreement, between states at war, for the exchange of prisoners, or for some mutual ad- vantage ; also, a vessel employed to convey the mes- senger on this occasion. 2, A letter of defiance or challenge ; a challenge to single combat. This sense the word has still in France and Italy; but with us it is obsolete. CAR = A cartel, or eartel-ship, is a ship employed in the ex- change of prisoners, or In carrying propositions to an enemy. €AR/TEL, v.i. Todefy. [Obs.] B. Jonson. €ART’ER, rn. The man who drives a cart, or whose occupation is to drive a cart. €AR-TE/SIAN, (kar-te/zhan,) a. Pertaining to the philosopher Des Cartes, or to his philosophy, which taught the doctrine of vortexes round the sun and planets. €AR-TE/SIAN, x. One who adopts the philosophy of Des Cartes. €AR-THA-GIN/LAN, a. Pertaining to ancient Car- thage, a celebrated city on the northern coast of Africa, about twelve miles from the modern Tunis. It was founded by the Phenicians, and destroyed by the Romans. €AR-THA-GIN’/LAN, nz. An inhabitant or native of Carthage. €XR/THA-MINE, zn. A red coloring matter, obtained from the flowers of the safflower, (Carthamus tinctu- rus ;) properly, carthamic acid. €AR/THA-MUS, n. The generic name of Bastard saffron. [See SarrroweEr.] ' From its flower is ob- tained a valuable red dye, and also the rouge used by ladies. Ure. €AR-THU/SIAN, (Kar-thi/zhan,) n. One of an order of monks, so called from Chartreuse, the place of their institution. They are remarkable for their austerity. They can not go out of their cells, except to church, nor speak to any person without leave. Encyc- €AR-THU/SIAN, a. Pertaining to the order of monks above named. Chambers. €AR/TLLAGE, n. [L. cartilago; Fr. cartilage. 1 sus- pect this and the English gvistle to be the same word; the r being transposed, cartil for cratil.] Gristle ; a smooth, solid, elastic substance, softer than bone, of a pearly color and homogeneous tex- ture, without cells or cavities. It is invested with a particular membrane, called perichondrium, which, in the articular cartilage, is a reflection of the synovial membrane. Cyc. Wistar. €AR-TI-LAG/IN-OUS, a. Pertaining to or resembling a cartilage; gristly ; consisting of cartilage. Ray. 2. In ichthyology, cartilaginous fishes are those whose muscles are supported by cartilages, instead of bones, or whose skeleton is cartilaginous. Many of these are viviparous, as the ray and shark, whose young are excluded from an egg hatched within them. Others are oviparous, as the sturgeon. Some of them have no gill-covers, but breathe through apertures on the sides of the neck or top of the head ; others have gill-covers, but destitute of bony rays. Encyc. Ed. Encyc. €AR-TOG/RA-PHER, n. One who makes charts. €X R-TO-GRAPH'IE-AL, a. Pertaining to cartog- raphy. EX R-TO-GRAPH'IE-AL-LY, adv. By cartography. €XR-TOG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. xaprn; L. charta, and Gr. ypagn.] The art or practice of forming charts or maps of a country. €AR-TOON!, zn. [It. cartone, pasteboard ; Sp. and Fr. carton; from L. charta, paper. } In painting, a design drawn on strong paper, to be afterward calked through, and transferred on the fresh plaster of a wall, to be painted in fresco. Also, a design colored for working in Mosaic, tapestry, &c. Eneyc. €AR-TOUCH’, (kar-tootch’,) n. [I'r. cartouche; Sp. cartucho; Port. cartuzo; It. cartuccia, a cartridge, a bit of paper, from carta, paper.] 1. A case of wood, about three inches thick at the bottom, girt with marlin, holding about four hundred musket balls, and six or eight iron balls of a pound weight, to be fired out of a howitz, for defending a ass. A cartouch is sometimes made of a globular form, and filled with a ball of a pound weight ; and sometimes for guns, being of a ball of a half or quar- ter of a pound weight, tied in the form of a bunch of grapes, on a tompion of wood, and coated over. Encyc. 2. A portable box for charges. [See CartripGe- Ox. 3. A roll or scroll on the cornice of a column. Coles. 4. The name applied by Champollion 1 the ellip- tical ovals on ancient Egyptian monumencs, and in papyri, containing groups of characters expressing the names or titles of kings or Pharaohs. €AR/TRIDGE, n. [A corruption of ae A case of pasteboard or parchment, ho ding the charge of powder, or powder and ball, for a cannun, mortar, musket, or pistol. The cartridges for smai) arms, prepared for battle, contain the powder and ball : those for cannon and mortars are made of paste- board or tin. Cartridges, without balls, are called blank cartridges. EXR/TRIDGE-BOX, n. A case, usually of wood, covered witli leather, with cells for cartridges. It is worn upon a belt thrown over the left shoulder, and hangs a little below the pocket-hole on the right side €AR/TRIDGE-PA'PER, 2. Thick, stout paper, of which cartridges are made. Smart. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 23 177 ae _ Ree eeetones aa eat? veorte tp ae cane beat 3 < ~~ eae4 | F a k a | @ { Lie 474 1 oe Pak Ae wie eee: I easy | one 7 vy 4 | ia ny ret | é | a ai ts ‘ : fe ‘ -+ ! 7 } Y 1 ; Ly) } yea i i { coe f mer | eS fe ‘ et t i fe j j ’ hy CAS CAS CAS €AR/TU-LA-RY, n. [Fr. cartulaire; Sp. cartulario, from carta, paper. | A register-book. or record as of a monastery. Blackstone writes it chartulary; and, primarily, it signifies the officer who has the care of charters and €AR/U-€ATE, n. [L. caruca.] [other public papers. As much land as one team can plow in the year. Eng. Law. Kelham. €AR/UN-€LE, (Kar’unk-I,) 2 ([L. caruncula, from caro, flesh.] : 1. A small fleshy excrescence, either natural or morbid. Core. 2. A naked, fleshy excrescence on the head of cer- tain birds, as the wattles of the king vulture, the turkey, &c. €A-RUN€’U-LAR, a. In the form of a caruncle. €A-RUN€/U-LA-TED, a. Having a fleshy excres- cence, or soft, fleshy protuberance. Encyc. €ARVE, v. t. [Sax. ceorfan, cearfan; D. kerven; G. aw kerben; Dan. karve; L. carpo. See Ar. >> charaba, ee SSS ————————— and ( 55 karafa, Heb. \1n, and Ch. 355. Class Rb, No. 26, 27, 30.] 1. Fo cut into small pieces or slices, as meat at ta- ble. 2. To cut wood, stone, or other material, into some pirticular form, with an instrument, usually a chisel ; tu engrave; to cut figures or devices on hard mate- nals. 3. To make or shape by cutting; as, to carve an image. 4. To apportion ; to distribute; to provide at pleas- ure; to select and take, as to one’s self, or to select and give to another. South. 5. To cut; to hew. Shak. To carve out, is to cut out, or to lay out, by design ; to plan. CARVE, v.i% To cut up meat; followed sometimes by for; as, to carve for all the guests. 2. To exercise the trade of a sculptor. 3. To engrave or cut figures. CARVE, xn. A carucate. [JVot wn use.] €ARV'ED, (karvd,) pp. or a. Cut or divided; en- graved ; formed by carving. €AR/VEL, x. Asmall vessel. [See Carave.] 2. The Urtica marina, or sea-blubber. €ARV’'ER, 2. One who cuts meat at table; a sculp- tor ; one who apportions or distributes at will, or one who takes or gives at’ pleasure. Dryden. Shak. 2. A large table knife for carving. CARVING, ppr. Cutting, dividing, as meat; cutting in stone, wood, or metal ; apportioning; distributing. CARVING, n. The act of cutting, as meat; the act or art of cutting figures in wood or stone; sculpture ; figures carved. €AR/VIST, xn. In falconry, a hawk which is of proper age and training to be carried on the hand. [A cor- ruption of carry-fist.] Booth. CAR-Y-A/TES, n. pl. In architecture, figures of €AR-Y-AT’I-DES, women dressed in long robes, after the Asiatic manner, serving to support entabla- tures. The Athenians had been long at war with the Caryans; the Jatter being at length vanquished, and their wives led captive, the Greeks, to perpetuate this event, erected trophies, in which figures of women, dressed in the Caryatic manner, were used to support entablatures. Other female figures were afterward used in ‘the same manner, but they were called by the same name. Encie. They were called Caryatides, from Carya, a city in the Peloponnesus, which sided with the Per- Slans, and on that account was sacked by the other Greeks, its males butchered, and its females reduced to slavery. Cyc. €AR-Y-AT'I€, a. Pertaining to the Caryans or Caryat- ides. €AR-Y-O-PHYL-LA’/CEOUS, a. A term denoting plants, or a family of plants, with caryophylleous flowers. €AR-Y-O-PHYL/LE-OUS, a, [Gr. Kkapvopvadoy, clove- gillyflower.] In botanj a term applied to corols having five petals wit long claws and expanded limbs, in a tubular calyx, as in the pink or clove-gillyflower. CA-RY-Ov/SIS, x. [Gr. xapva, a walnut, and ONT, to see | In botany, a pericarp which is one-celled, one- seeded, superior, indehiscent, dry, with the integu- ments of the seed cohering inseparably with the endocarp, so that the two are undistinguishable; in the ovarium state, evincing its compound nature by two or more stigmas, but nevertheless unilocular, having but one ovule, as the seed of wheat, barley, and maize. Lindley. CA-SAKRE'A, n. A fowl of the genus Anas, called also diudldy oose, larger than a mallard, found in Russia and Siberia. Encyc. €AS’/CA-BEL, n. [ Port. cascavel; Sp. cascabel, a little bell, a button or knob at the end of a eno The knob or pommel of a cannon behind the breech. €AS-CADE’, x. [Fr. cascade ; Sp. cascada ; It. cascata, from cascare, to fall. A watertfaJl ; a steep fall or flowing of water over a precipice, in a river or natural Stream ; or an artifi- cial fall in a garden. The word is applied to falls that are less than a cataract. CAS-CAL/HO, x. [Port.] In Brazil, a deposit of pebbles, gravel, and ferruginous sand, in which the diamond is usually found. Port. Dict. Cleaveland. €AS-€A-RIL/LA, 2. The bark of a tree called Croton Eleutheria, a powerful tonic. CASE, n. [Fr. caisse; Sp. and Port. caza, a box or chest ; It. cassa; D. kas; Dan. kasse. The French caisse is the Sp. caxa. The Spanish cazeta, a gasket, seems to be a derivative of cara, and if so, the fact indicates that caza is from an Oriental root, signify- ing to tie or bind, and that the word originally de- noted a bag made of skin, like a bottle, or a basket made of osiers interwoven, like fisc, fiscus. Qu. Syr. 1 a) casha, to bind or tie.] 1. A covering, box, or sheath ; that which incloses or contains; as, a case for knives; a case for books; a Watch case; a pillow case. 2. A receptacle for types in a printing-office. 3. The outer part of a.building. Addison. 4. A certain quantity ; as,a case of crown glass. ©. A building unfurnished. [Jot used.] €ASE, v.t. To cover with a case ; to surround with any material that shall inclose or defend. 2. To put in a case or box. 3. To strip off a case, covering, or the skin. [Un- usual, | Shak. €ASE, n.- [Fr. cas; It. caso; Sp. and Port. caso ; Ir. cas; L. casus, from cado, to fall.] 1. Literally, that which falls, comes, or happens; an event. Hence, the particular state, condition, or circumstances that befall a person, or in which he is placed ; as, make the case your own; this is the case with my friend ; this is his present case. 2. An individual occurrence or particular instance of disease ; as, a case of fever. 3. The state of the body, with respect to health or disease ; as, he is In a consumptive case. To be in good case, is to be fat; and this phrase is sometimes abridged, to be in case; applied to beasts, but not to men, except in a sense rather ludicrous. 4. A question; a state of facts involving a ques- tion for discussion or decision ; as, the lawyer stated the case. o. A cause or suit in court; as, the case was tried at the lastterm. In this sense, case is nearly synony- mous with cause, whose primary sense is nearly the same. 6. In grammar, the inflection of nouns, or a change of termination, to express a difference of relation in that word to others, or to the thing represented. The variation of nouns and adjectives is called de- clension; both case and declension signifying falling or leaning from the first state of the word. Thus liber is a book ; libri, of a book; libro, toa book. In other words, case denotes a variation in the termina- tion of a noun, to show how the noun acts upon the verb with which it is connected, or is acted upon by it, or by an agent. The cases, except the nominative, are called oblique cases. 7. A box in which merchandise is packed for transportation. In case, is a phrase denoting condition or supposi- tion ; literally, in the event or contingency ; if it should so fall out or happen. Put the case; suppose the event, or a certain state of things. Action on the case, in law, is an action in which the whole cause of complaint is set out in the writ. Blackstone. CASE, v.7. To put cases. [Not in use.] L’Estrange. €AS/ED, (kaste,) pp. Covered with a case. €ASE/-HARD-EN, v. t. To harden the outer part or superficies, as of iron, by converting it into steel, while the interior retains the toughness of malleable iron. This may be done by putting the iron into an iron box, with a cement of animal or vegetable char- coal, and exposing it, for some hours, to a red heat. Encyc. €ASE’-HARD-EN-ED, pp. ora. Having the outside hardened. €ASE/-HARD-EN-ING, ppr. part. €ASE/-HARD-EN-ING, n. The act or process of converting the surface of iron into steel, €A/SE-I€, a. [L. caseus, cheese.] Denoting the acid of cheese. €A/SE-IN,n. The curd or coagulable portion of milk. A substance identical in properties and composition With casein is found in certain leguminous plants, and is hence called vegetable casein or lerumin. Graham. €ASE/-KNIFE, (-nife,) n. A large table knife, for- merly kept in a case, €ASE/-MAN, n. Among printers, one Who works at the case, or sets type ; a compositor, Hardening the outer Mar. Dict. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MET 178 €ASE/MATE, 7. [Fr. casemate; It. casamatta ; Sp. and Port. casamata; from casa, a house, } 1, In fortification, a vault of mason’s work in the flank of a bastion, next to the curtain, somewhat inclined toward the capital of the bastion, serving as a battery to defend the face of the opposite bastion, and the moat or ditch. Chambers. 2. A well, with its subterraneous branches, dug in the passage of the bastion, till the miner is heard at Work, and air given to the mine. Harris. €ASE/MAT-ED, a. Furmished with a casemate. Kirby. €ASE’MENT, n. [It. casamento, a large house.] 1. A part of a movable window, sometimes within a larger, made to turn and open on hinges. Encyc. 2. A hollow molding, usually one sixth or one fourth of a circle. Encyc. €ASE/MENT-ED, a. Having casements. €A'SE-OUS, a. [L. caseus, cheese.] Pertaining to cheese; like cheese; having the qualities of cheese. The caseous principle; casein. €A’/SERN, 2. [Fr. caserne; Sp. caserna, from casa, a shed or house. ] A lodging for soldiers in garrison towns, usually near the rampart ; barracks. ; €ASE/-SHOT, x. Musket balls, stones, old iron, &c., put in cases, to be discharged from cannon. €A'SE-UM, x. The basis of cheese ; the purified curd of cheese ; casein. €ASE/-WORM, (-wurm,) n. A worm that makes it- self acase. [See Canpis.] ohnson. €ASH, n. [Fr. caisse; Sp. and Port. cara, a chest, box, coffer. See Case.] Money ; primarily, ready money, money in chest or on hand, in bank or at command. It is properly silver and gold; but since the institution of banks, it denotes also bank notes equivalent to money. To pay in cash,is opposed to payment in goods, commodities, or labor, as in barter. €ASH, v.t Toturn into money, or to exchange for money ; as, to cash a note or an order. 2. To pay money for; as, the clerks of a bank cash notes when presented. [Mercantile usage. ] €ASH, v.t. Todiscard. For Casurer. [Jot used.] €ASH/-AC-COUNT’, n. An account of money re- ceived, paid, or on hand. €ASH’/-BOOK, x. A book in which is kept a register or account of money received or paid. €ASH’ED, (kasht,) pp. Exchanged for coin, or other money equivalent. €ASH/EW, 7. [A corruption of Acajou, the Frenck orthography of the native name. ] A tree of the West Indies, Anacardium occidentale, bearing a kidney-shaped nut. The receptacle is as large as an orange, and full of an acid juice, which is often used to make punch. To the apex of this receptacle grows a nut, of the size of a hare?’s kid- ney, the shell of which is hard, and the kernel, which is sweet, is covered with a thin film, Encyc. CASH/EW-NUT,n. A nut at one extremity of the fruit of the cashew-tree, containing a black liquor used in marking linen, &c, Hebert. €ASH-IER’, (kash-eer’,) n. [Fr. caissier; It. cassiere; Sp. cazero ; Port. caxeiro; from caza, a box, whence cash. One who has charge of money; a cash-keeper. In a banking institution, the cashier is the officer who superintends the books, payments, and receipts of the bank. He also signs or countersigns the notes, and superintends all the transactions, under the or- der of the directors. €ASH-IER’, v. t. [Fr. casser, to break ; It. cassare, to annul, blot out, erase.] 1. To dismiss from an office or place of trust, by annulling the commission; to break, as for mal- conduct, and therefore with reproach; as, to cashier an officer of the army. 2. To dismiss or discard from service or from society. Addison. Dryden. Swift. 3. To reject; to annul or vacate. Locke. South, €ASH-IER/ED, (kKash-eerd’,) pp. Dismissed; dis- carded ; annulled. €ASH-IER/ER, n. One who rejects, discards, or breaks ; as, a cashierer of monarchs. Burke. CASH-TER/ING, ppr. Discarding; dismissing from C€ASH'ING, ppr. Exchanging for money. [service, €ASH’/-KEEP-ER,n. One intrusted with the keeping of money. €ASH’MERE, n. A rich and costly kind of shawl; so called from the country where first made. €ASH/OO, n. The juice or gum of a tree in the East €AS/ING, ppr. Covering with a case. [ Indies. CAS'ING, n. The act or operation of plastering a house with mortar on the outside, and striking it, while wet, by a ruler, with the corner of a trowel to make it resemble the joints of freestone. Encyc. 2. A covering; a case. CA-SI’NO, (Ka-sé/no,) n. [It.] A term applied, on the continent of Europe, to a club-house, or building used for social meetings, having rooms for public amusement, reading-rooms, &c. CASK, n. [Sp. and Port. casco.] A close vessel for containing liquors, formed by Staves, headings, and hoops. This is a general term, > comprehending the pipe, hogshead, butt, barrel, &c. E, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — = —' St). Re eee Tanti€ASK/ET, nx. [dim. of cask. €ASS/A-DA, ) 2. CAS €AS-SA/TION, n. €AS/SA-VA, zn. €AS/SLMERE, n. €AS-SY/NO, n. A game at cards. €AS/SI-O-BER-RY, n. The popular name of the fruit €AS-SON-ADE’, n. [Fr.] CAS CAS CAS See Casr.] A small chest or box, for jewels or other small articles. Shak. 2. In seamen’s language, a small rope, fastened to omets or little rings upon the yards, used to fasten the sail to the yard in furling. Encyc. This is usually written GAsKET. CASKET, v. t. To put in a little chest. Shak. €AS'PI-AN, a. [Caspwe,a word applied to a pass in the range of Mount Taurus. Plin. 5,27. D?Anville.] An epithet given toa large lake between Persia and Astracan, called the Caspian Sea. EXSQUE,) x. [Sp.and Port. casco; Fr. casque; Arm. CASK, casquen, casyed; L. cassis. See Case.] A head-piece; a helmet; a piece of defensive Sener to cover and protect the head and neck in attie. €ASQUE/-SHAP-ED, (kask’shapt,) a. Shaped like a casque, CASS, v. t. [Fr. casser; L. quasso.] To quash; to defeat; to annul. [JVot now used.] Ralegh. A species of the genus Janipha, S'A-DO,{ (Jatropha, Linn.) The roots of the manihot, or bitter cassada, and of the janipha, are made into a kind of bread, which serves for food to the natives of Africa and the West Indies, and they are also roasted and eaten like potatoes, They yield, also, a great quantity of starch, which the Brazilians export in small lumps, under the name of tapzoca. €AS/SATE, v. t. [Fr. casser. See Casnrer.] To vacate;-annul, or make void. [Obs.] Ray. The act of annulling. In France, the Court of Cassation is the highest court of appeal, having power to break (casser) or reverse the decis- ions of the courts below. Brande. A kind of starch or fecula, obtained from the root of the Janipha manihot. [See Cassava.] €AS/SE-PA-PER, n. Broken paper; the two outside quires of a ream. €ASI/SIA, (Kash/ya,) n. [Fr. casse; It. cassia ; Gr. and L. id. Qu. Heb. n7p. A genus of plants, of many species, among which is the senna. Cassia is also the name of a species of Laurus, the bark of which usually passes under the name of cin- mamon, differing from real cinnamon chiefly in the strength of its qualities. From a plant of this kind was extracted an aromatic oil, used as a perfume by the Jews. Ex. xxx. Ps. xlv. 8. Encye. Cassia buds; the unexpanded flowers of a species of Cinnamomum, (Laurus, Linn.,) brought from the Bast Indies. They are of a dark-brown color, with an aromatic taste, like that of cinnamon. €AS-SID/E-OUS, a. [L. cassis, a helmet. ] Helmet-shaped ; a term applied to an irregular cor- ol, having the upper petal dilated into a broad, hel- met-shaped leaf, as in aconitum. €AS/SI-DO-NY, x. [Fr. cassidoine.] The popular name of a species of Gnaphalium, cottonweed, cudweed, or goldylocks; also, of La- vandula steechas, or French lavender. [Sp. casimira.] A thin, twilled, woolen cloth. Encye. €AS-SLNETTE’, n. A cloth made of a cotton warp, and the woof of very fine wool, or wool and silk. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. Chalmers. of the genus Cassine ; also of the fruit of Viburnum levigatum. €AS-SI-O-PE/IA, (-pé’ya) n. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, situated near to Cepheus, as the fabulous Cassiopeia was wife to Cepheus, king of Ethiopia. Encyc. €AS-SLTE/RI-A, n. [L. cassiteron, tin.] A kind of crystals which appear to have an ad- mixture of tin. ‘The color is brown or whitish. [ Obs.] Encye. €AS/SI-US (purple of,) 2. irom the name of the dis- coverer, M. Cassius.] A beautiful purple color, ob- tained from the chlorid of gold by means of tin; much valued for the beautiful color which it gives to glass or enamel, €AS/SOCK, n. [Sp. casaca; It. casacca; Fr. casaque.] 1. Formerly, a cloak or gown worn over the other garments, Shak. 2. A close garment, resembling a long frock coat, worn by clergymen of the Roman Catholic and Epis- copal churches, under the surplice or gown. Hook. €AS/SOCK-ED, (kas/sckd,) a. Clothed with a cassock. The cassocked huntsman. Cowper. Cask-sugar ; sugar not refined. Encye. €AS/SO-WA-RY, n. [Sp. casuel. A large bird of the genus Casuarius, nearly as large as the ostrich, which it much resembles ; but its legs are thicker and stronger in proportion. The wings are so small as not to appear, being hid under the feathers. ‘The head is armed with a helmet of horny substance, consisting of plates one over anoth- er. It runs with great rapidity, outstripping the swiftest racer. The cassowary is found only in the €AS-SU-MU’NAR, 2. €AST, v. t.; pret. and pp. Cast. [Dan. kaste; Sw. south-eastern parts of Asia, and nowhere without the tropics. Encyc. Partington. An aromatic root, Zingiber Cassumunar. kasta. Qu. Arm. cagz, pp. cagzet, to send, to throw. See Class Gs, No. 1,56. Im Dan. et blind kast, is a guess, and to cast is the radical sense of guess. In Norman, gistes signifies cast up, and this seems to be the participle of sesir, to lie down ; to lie down may be to throw one’s self down. ‘This verb coincides, in sense, with the W. cothi, to throw off. See CasTLe. 1. To throw, fling, or send; that is, to drive from, by force, as from the hand, or from an engine. Hagar cast the child under a shrub, —Gen, xxi. Uzziah prepared slings to cast stones. —2 Chron. xxvi. 2. To sow ; to scatter seed. If a man should cast seed into the ground. — Mark iv. 3. To drive or impel by violence. A migffty west wind cast the locusts into the sea. — Ex. x. 4. To shed or throw off; as, trees cast their fruit ; a serpent casts his skin. 5. To throw or let fall; as, to cast anchor. Hence, to cast anchor, is to moor, as a Ship, the effect of cast- ing the anchor. 6. To throw, as dice or lots; as, to cast lots. 7. To throw on the ground, as in wrestling. Soa horse is cast, when entangled on a rope, and thrown down. Shak. 8. To throw away, as worthless. His carcass was cast in the way. —1 Kings xiif. 9. To emit or throw out. This casts a sulphureous smell. Woodward. 10. To throw, to extend, as a trench or rampart, including the sense of digging, raising, or forming. Thy enemies shall cast a trench about thee. — Luke xix. 11. To thrust; as, to cast into prison. 12. To put or set in a particular state. Both chariot and horse are cast into a dead sleep. — Ps. Ixxvi. 13. To condemn ; to convict; as a criminal. Both tried, and both were cast, 14. To overcome in a civil suit, or in any contest of strength or skill; as, to cast the defendant or an Dryden, antagonist. 15. To cashier or discard. Shak. 16. To lay aside, as unfit for use; to reject; as a garment. Addison. 17. To make to preponderate ; to throw into one scale, for the purpose of giving it superior weight ; to decide by a vote that gives a superiority in num- bers; as, to cast the balance in one’s favor; a casting vote or voice. 18. To throw together several particulars, to find the sum; as, to cast accounts. Ilence, to throw together circumstances and facts, to find the result; to compute; to reckon; to calculate; as, to cast the event of war. To cast and see how many things there are which a man can not do himself. Bacon. 19. To contrive ; to plan. Temple. 20. To judge, or to consider, in order to judge. Milton. 91, To fix or distribute the parts of a play among the actors. Addison. 29, To throw, as the sight; to direct, or turn, as the eye; to glance; as, to cast a look, or glance, or the eye. 93. To found; to form into a particular shape, by pouring liquid metal into a mold ; to run; as, to cast cannon. Thou shalt cast four rings of gold for it, —Ex. xxv. 24. Figuratively, to shape ; to form by a model. Watts. 95. To communicate; to spread over; as, to cast a luster upon posterity ; to cast splendor upon actions, or light upon a subject. To cast aside; to dismiss or reject as useless or in- convenient. : To cast away; to reject. Lev. xxvi. Is. v. Rom. xi. Also, to throw away; to lavish or waste by pro- fusion ; to turn to no use; as, to cast away life. Addison. Also, to wreck, as a ship. To cast by; to reject; to dismiss or discard with neglect or hate, or as useless. ' Shak. Dochke. To cast down; to throw down ; to deject or depress the mind. ‘ Why art thou cast down, O my soul? — Ps. xlil, To cast forth; to throw out, or reject, as from an inclosed place ; to emit, or send abroad ; to exhale. To cast off; to discard or reject; to drive away ; to put off; to put away ; to disburden. Among hwnts- men, to leave behind, as dogs ; to set loose, or free. Among seamen, to loose, or untie. To cast out; to send forth; to reject, or turn out ; to throw but, as words ; to speak or give vent to. si To cast up; to compute ; to reckon; to calculate ; as, to cast up accounts, or tlie cost. Also, to eject to vomit. To cast on; to refer or resign to. South. To cast one’s self on; to resign or yield one’s self to the disposal of, without reserve. To cast young ; to miscarry; to suffer abortion. Gen. XXX. To cast in the teeth; to upbraid ; to charge ; to twit. So, in Danish, “ kaste en i nesen,” to cast in the nose. To cast off copy; to ascertain how many printed pages will be made by a manuscript, by setting up a portion for trial. Brande. €AST, v.i. To throw forward, as the thoughts, with a view to some determination ; or to turn or revolve in the mind; to contrive; sometimes followed by about. I cast in careful mind to seek her out. Spenser. To cast about how to perform or obtain. Bacon. nuley. 2. To receive form or shape. Metal will cast and mold. Woodward. 3. To warp; to twist from regular shape. Stuff is said to cast or warp, when it alters its flatness or stralght- ness, OrOn. Note. — Cast, like throw and warp, implies a wind- ing motion. 4, In seamen’s language, to fall off, or incline, so as to bring the side of a ship to the wind ; applied par- ticularly to a ship riding with her head to the wind, when her anchor is first loosened. €AST, n. The act of casting; a throw ; the thing thrown ; the form or state of throwing; kind or manner of throwing. 9. The distance passed by a thing thrown; or the space through which a thing thrown may ordinarily pass; as, about a stone’s cast. Jake xxil. 3. A stroke ; a touch. This was a cast of Wood’s politics. Swift. 4. Motion or turn of the eye; direction, look, or glance; a squinting. They Ict you see by one cast of the eye. Addison. 5. A throw of dice: hence, a state of chance or hazard. It is an even cast, whether the army should march this way or that way. Hence the phrase the last cast, is used to denote that all is ventured on one throw, or one effort. 6. Form; shape. An heroic poem in another cast. Prior. 7. A tinge; a slight coloring, or slight degree of a color; as, a cast of green. Hence,a slight alteration in external appearance, or deviation from natural ap- pearance. The native hue of resolution Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought. Shak. 8, Manner; air; mien; as, a peculiar cast of coun- tenance. This sense implies the turm or manner of throwing ; as, the neat cast of verse. Pope. 9. A flight; a number of hawks let go at once. Sidney. 10. An impression in plaster; a small statue of bronze, plaster, &c. Encie. 11. Among founders, a tube of wax, fitted into a mold, to give shape to metal. 12, A cylindrical piece of brass or copper, slit in two lengthwise, to form a canal or conduit, in a mold, for conveying metal. 13. Among plumbers, a little brazen funnel, at one end of a mold, for casting pipes without sodering, by means of which the melted metal is poured into the mold. Encyc 14. Whatever is cast in a mold. 15. An unexpected opportunity or advantage; as, she had sometimes the cast of a cart, 1. €. opportu- nity of riding. Sir Walter Scott. 16. An assignment of the parts of a play to the several actors. 17. A trick. Martin. €AS-TA/LLAN, a, Pertaining to Castalia, a cool spring on Parnassus, sacred to the muses; as, Castalian fount. Poetry. €AS/TA-NET, n. [Sp. castateta, castariuela; Port. cas- tanheta; Fr. castagnette; It. castagnetta. This word seems to be from castazia, a chestnut, so named from the resemblance to two chestnuts. ] An instrument composed of small, concave shells of ivory or hard wood, shaped like spoons, placed to- gether, fastened to the thumb, and beat with the middle finger. This instrument is used by the Spaniards, Moors, and Bohemians, as an accompa- niment to their dances, sarabands, and guitars. Span. Dict. Ercic. €AST’A-WAY, n. [cast and away.] That which is thrown away. A person abandoned by God, as un- worthy of his favor; a reprobate. 1 Cor. 1x. 27. €AST/A-WAY, a. Rejected; useless ; of no value. : Ralesh. CASTE, n. [Port. casta, race or lineages In Hindostan, a name given first by the Portuguese to the several classes into which society 1s divided, with fixed occupations, which have come down from TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; Fil as in THIS. 179 at —e Te erst erCAS CAS CAT the earliest ages. in the progress of time. order or class in society. P. Cyc. €AS/TEL-LAN, n. [Sp. castellan ; Fr. chatelain. CasTLe.] A governor or constable of a castle. under a palatine. the palatines. Encye. €AS/TEL-LA-NY, 72. jurisdiction. Philips. €AS'/TEL-LA-TED, a. fountain or cistern. Johnson. 2. Adored with turrets and battlements, like a castle. €AS-TEL-LA/TION, n. The act of fortifying a house, and rendering it a castle. €AST’ER, n. [from cast.] One who throws or casts, or who makes castings in metal, &c. ; one who com- putes ; a calculator; one who calculates fortunes. Addison. 2. A small phial or vessel for the table; as, a set of casters. 3. A small wheel on a swivel, on which furniture is cast, or rolled, on the floor, in any direction. 4, One who makes castings ; a founder. [ors. 5. One who assigns the parts of a play to the act- €AST’ERS, n. pl. A stand with bottles for oil, vine- gar, &c. CAS/TLGATE, v.t. [L. castigo, from castus, chaste. Qu. Eth. TWA gasts, to chasten, correct, chide. The French use chatier, from castus, chaste: Arm. castiza; Sp. and Port. castigar ; It. castigare. To chastise; to punish by stripes; to ew. ci; to chasten ; to check. Shak. €AS'TI-GA-TED, pp. Punished; corrected. €AS'/TL-GA-TING, ppr. Punishing ; correcting ; chas- tising. €AS-TLGA/TION, n. Punishment; correction } pen- ance; discipline; emendation; restraint. Boyle. Hale. 2. Among the Romans, a military punishment in- flicted on offenders, by beating with a wand or switch. Encyc. €AS’/TI-GA-TOR, n. One who corrects, €AS'/TI-GA-TO-RY, a. Tending to correction; cor- rective ; punitive. Bramhall. €AS/TLGA-TO-RY, n. An engine formerly used to punish and correct arrant scolds, called also a ducking- stool, or trebucket. Blackstone. €AS/TILE-SOAP, n. A kind of fine, hard, white, or mottled soap, made with olive oil and soda. €AS-TIL/IAN, a. Pertaining to Castile, in Spain. €AS-TIL'IAN, (kas-til/yan,) n. An inhabitant or na- tive of Castile, in Spain. CASTING, ppr. Throwing; g; computing ; calculating; turning; giving a preponderancy ; de- ciding ; running or throwing into a mold, to give shape; assigning parts in a play. [See Cast.]} CASTING, n. The act of casting or ounding. 2. That which is cast in a mold; any vessel formed by casting melted metal into a mold, or in sand. 3. The taking of casts and impressions of figures, busts, medals, &c, 4. The assigning of parts in a play. o. The warping of a board. Casting of draperies; the proper distribution of the folds of garments, in painting and sculpture. €AST/ING-NET, 7. Anet which is cast and drawn, in distinction from a net that is set and left. May. €AST/ING-VOTE, )n. The vote of a presiding offi- €AST/ING-VOICH, cer, in an assembly or coun- cil, which decides a question, when the votes of the assembly or house are equally divided between the affirmative and negative. [United States.] Coxe. When there was an equal vote, the governor had the casting- wore. B. Trumbull, €AST/-1/RON, (-i/urn,) n. Iron run from the smelt- ing furnace, into pigs or ingots, or into molds for va- rious utensils ; a compound of carbon and iron. €AS’TLE, (kas/sl,) 7. [Sax. castel; L. castellum, from castrum; D. kasteel; Arm. fastell; Norm. chaztel ; Fr. chateau; Port. castello; It. id. j W. cast, envelop- ment, from cas, a being separated or insulated, ha- tred, envy, a castle; castell, a castle, whence cas- tellu, to surround ; casul, a cloak,a chasuble. The Welsh cas gives the primary sense, which is to sep- arate, to drive off; hence, to defend. It is probably from this root the Latins had casa. We observe, in the Welsh, c@s signifies, separated, a castle, and hatred, envy ; also, hateful, odious ; and casnawr, a hater, a persecutor; casnori, to persecute, to chase. sending ; The original castes, called in San- scrit varras, or colors, are four, viz., the Bramins, or sacred order; the Chehteree, or soldiers and rulers ; the Bice, Varssya, or husbandmen and merchants ; and the Sooders, Sudras, or laborers and mechanics. Numerous mixed classes, or castes, have sprung up Hence, a separate and fixed See in Poland, the name of a dignity or charge ; a kind of lieuten- ant of a province, commanding part of a palatinate The castellans are senators of the lower class, sitting, in the diets, on low seats behind [See Castie.] The lordship belonging to a castle; or the extent of its land and Inclosed in a building, asa €AS'TOR-Y,n. An oil drawn from castoreum, and €AS-TRA-ME-TA/TION, n. C€AS/TRATE, v. t. [L. castro; Fr. chatrer, for chastrer; €AS/TRA-TED, pp. OY a. CAS'TRA-TING, ppr. Gelding ; taking away the ob- €AS-TRA/TION, n. The act of gelding; the act or €AS-TRA/TO, n. ]. A house fortified for defense against an enemy ; The term seems to include the house and In old writers, a fortress. 1 the walls or‘other works around it. the word is used for a town or village fortified. the stern. has no solid foundation. cover the king with a castle, by a certain move. Encyc. €AS’/TLE-BUILD/ER, (kas'sl-bild/er,) 7. forms visionary schemes. €AS'TLE-BUILD/ING, n. tles in the air. €AS’TLE-CROWN-ED, a. €AS/TLED, (kas’sld,) a. Crowned with a castle. Furnished with castles; as, a castled elephant. Driden. €AS'TLE-GUARD, n. A feudal tenur@, or knight service, which obliged the tenant to perform service within the realm, without limitation of time. Iyttelton. €AS’TLE-RY, n. The government of a castle. Blount. €AS/TLET, 7. A small castle Leland. €AS’/TLE-WARD, n. An imposition laid upon sub- jects dwelling within a certain distance of a castle, for the purpose of maintaining watch and ward in the castle. Encyc. €AST/LING, n. An abortion or abortive. Brown. €AS/TOR, n. [L. castor; Fr. Sp. and Port. u.; Gr. KaoTwp. See Ar. Class Gs, No. 42.] 1. A beaver, an amphibious quadruped, with a flat, ovate tail, short ears, a blunt nose, small fore feet, and large hind feet. 2. [L. castoreum.] A substance of a strong, pen- etrating smell, when fresh, of a yellowish or light brown color, but when dried, of a reddish brown ; obtained from two secretory sacs, one in each groin of the beaver. It has been regarded as an antispas- modic. 3. In astronomy, a moiety of the constellation Gemini, called also Apollo. Castor and Pollux ; in meteorology, a fiery meteor, which, at sea, appear sometimes adhering to a part of a ship, in the form of one, two, and even three or four balls. When one is seen alone, it is called Helena, which portends that the severest part of the storm is yet to come. Two appearing at once are denominated Castor and Pollux, or Tyndaride, and portend a cessation of the storm. Chambers. €AS-TO/RE-UM, n. {L.] Castor; the peculiar sub- stance found in two inguinal sacs of the beaver. €AS/TO-RINE, x. An animal principle discovered in castor, and prepared by boiling castor in six times its weight of alcohol, and filtering the liquor. From this is deposited the castorine. Brande. €AS/TOR-OIL, n. [A corruption of Castus oil, the plant producing it having formerly been called Agnus castus. } The oil of the Ricinus communis, or Palma Christi, a plant of the West Indies, which grows to the hight of twenty feet in one season. The oil is obtained from the nuts or seeds by expression or decoction. That obtained by decoction is preferred, as less liable to become rancid, being free from the mucilage and acrid matter, which is mixed with the oil when expressed. It is a mild cathartic. Encyc. used in the preparation of colors. [L. castrametor, to en- camp, castra, camp, and metior, to measure or survey. ] The art or act of encamping ; : g; the marking or lay- Ing out of a camp, Murphy's Tacitus. -- Sp. and Port. castrar; It. castrare; Ar. (a> khatsai; Eth. AO to castrate; Ch. X¥n, to cut out or off. Class Gs, No. 41, 42.] 1. To geld; to deprive of the testicles ; to emas- culate. 2. To take away or retrench, as the obscene parts of a writing. 3. To take out a leaf or sheet from a book, and render it imperfect. Gelded ; emasculated ; pu- rified from obscene expressions, scene parts of a writing. practice of making eunuchs ; the act of taking away the obscene parts of a writing ; the act of taking out a leaf or sheet of a book. In botany, the cutting off of the anthers, or tops of the stamens of flowers, before the ripening of the pollen. It. See Castrare.] A male per- 2. The house or mansion of a nobleman or prince. 3. In a ship, there are two parts called by this name ; the forecastle, a short deck in the fore part of a ship, above the upper deck ; and the hindcastle, at Castle in the air: a visionary project ; a scheme that €AS’/TLE, (kas’sl,) v. t. In the game of chess, to One who The act of building cas- €AS'U-AL-LY, €AS/U-AL-NESS, n. €AS/U-AL-TY, n. €AS/U-IST, €AS/U-IST, v. i. €AS-U-IST'IE, ) a. €AS-U-IST'IE-AL, § €AS/U-IST-RY, (kazh’yu-ist-re,) n. CA'SUS F@D!E-RIS, CAT, nz. €AT’-BIRD, (-burd,) n. €AT’-BLOCK, n. €AT’S/-EVE, n, Hence the radical sense of hatred is a driving off. | Son emasculated for the purpose of improving his voice for a singer. Swift. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE 180 CAS/TREL, ) x. KES/TREL, size. CAS-TREN'/SIAN, a. [L, castrensis, from castra, a camp.] Belonging to a camp. €AST!-STEEL, n. Steel that has been fused in a crucible, usually without any addition of charcoal, and then cast into bars. Ore. €AS'U-AL, (Kazh’yu-al,)a. [Fr. casuel ; Sp. and Port. casual; It, casuale ; from L. casus,a fall. See Case and AcciDEnT. ] 1. Falling ; happening or coming to pass without design in the person or persons affected, and without being foreseen or expected ; accidental ; fortuitous ; coming by chance; as, the parties had a casual ren- counter. 2. Occasional; coming at certain times, without regularity, in distinction from stated or regular; as, casual expenses. 3. Taking place, or beginning to exist, without an efficient intelligent cause, and without design. Atheists assert that the existence of things is casual. Durteht. adv. Accidentally ; without design; by chance. Accidentalness ; the quality of A kind of hawk, resembling the Janner in shape and the hobby in fortuitously ; being casual. Accident; that which comes by chance or without design, or without being foreseen ; contingency, 2. Any injury of the body from accident, whether resulting in death or not; and bya metonymy, death, or other misfortune, occasioned by an accident. In military returns, the bead of casualties embraces all men who die, desert, or are dismissed. Campbell. 3. In Scots law, an emolument due from a vassal to his superior, beyond the stated yearly duties, upon certain casual events, Encyc. (Kazh’yu-ist,) 7. [It. Sp. and Port. casuista; Fr. casuiste; from L. casus; a case. One who studies and resolves cases of conscienee. The judgment of any casuist or learned divine js not sufficient to give him confidence, To play the part of a casuist. Wilton. telating to cases of con- science, or to cases of doubtful South, The science or doctrine of cases of conscience; the science of re- solving cases of doubtful propriety, or of determining the lawfulness or unlawfulness of what a man may do by rules and principles drawn from the Scriptures, from the laws of society, or from equity and natural reason. Pope. [L.] The case stipulated by treaty ; that which comes within the terms of com- pact, [Law of Nations.] [Ir. cat; Fr. chat; D. kat; Dan. kat; Sw. katt; G. kater, or katze; V.. catus: Vulgar Greek karts, OF yaros; It. gatto; Port. and Sp. gato; Lap. id.; Pol. kot; Russ. kots; Turkish keti; W. cath ; Corn. kath: Arm. gaz or kax; Basque catua. In Ar. w propriety. 145 kitta or Kaita, is a male cat. Class Gd, No. 56. ] = 1. A name applied to certain species of carnivorous quadrupeds, of the genus Felis. The domestic cat needs no description. It is a deceitful animal, and when enraged, extremely spiteful. It is kept in houses, chiefly for the purpose of catching rats and mice. The wild cat is much larger than the do- mestic cat. It is a strong, ferocious animal, living in the forest, and very destructive to poultry and lambs, The wild cat of Europe is of the same species with the domestic cat ; the catamount of North America is much larger, and a distinct species. Ed. Encyc. 2. A ship formed on the Norwegian model, having a narrow stern, projecting quarters, and a deep waist. It is strong built, from four to six hundred tuns burden, and employed in the coal trade. 3. A strong tackle or combination of pulleys, to hook and draw an anchor perpendicularly up to the cat-head of a ship. 4. A double tripod, having six feet. Cat of nine tails ; an instrument of punishment, con- sisting of nine pieces of line or cord fastened toa piece of thick rope, and having three knots at inter- vals, used to flog offenders on board of ships. Catin pan. The proverbial expression, ‘* to turn a cat in a pan,” denotes a sudden change of one’s party in politics or religion, for the sake of being in the ascendant ; as a cat always comes down on her legs, however turned or thrown. Toone. An American bird, whose cry resembles that of a cat; the Turdus felivor. A two or three fold block with an iron strop and large hook, used to draw up an anchor to the cat-head. Mar. Dict. A variety of quartz, or chalcedony, exhibiting yellowish, opalescent reflections from with- in, especially apparent when cut with a convex sur- face. These reflections, which resemble much , MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Ses ess. MER eee| | } Sagi peeteannesiome CAT CAT CAT tt those observable in the eye of a cat, have given name to the mineral. It is used as a gem. €AT!-EY-ED, (kat/ide,) a. Having eyes like a cat. €AT!/-FALL, x. In ships, a rope used in hoisting the anchor up to the cat-head. AT’/-FISH, n. T' was caviare to the general,”’ 1. e. to the common people, who could not relish or understand it. €AV'I-CORN, n. [L. cavus and cornu.| A ruminant animal having the horns hollowed like a sheath, and planted on a bony process of the front, as the ante- lope. €AV'IL, v. i. [Sp. cavilar ; Port. cavillar ; It. cavillare; L. cavillor; D. kibbelen; Oriental 3); Ch. to cry out or complain ; Syr. to accuse, oppose, censure. ] - To raise captious and frivolous objections ; to find fault without good reason ; followed by at. It is better to reason than to cavil, Anon. 2. To advance futile objections, or to frame soph- isms, for the sake of victory in an argument. €AV'IL, v. t. To receive or treat with objections. Wilt thon enjoy the good, Then cavil the conditions? Milton. Not usual. ss False or frivolous objections ; also, a fal- lacious kind of .reason, bearing Some resemblance to truth, advanced for the sake of victory. Johnson, Encye. One who cavils ; one who is apt to raise Captious objections ; a captious disputant. Addison. Raising frivolous objections. The raising of frivolous objections. In a caviling manner. Sherwood. [L. cavillatio.} The act or practice of caviling, or raising frivolous objections. [L. caveat, Jet him beware, from ca- veo. | 1. In law, a process in a court, especially in a spir- itual court, to stop proceedings, as to stop the proving of a will; also, to prevent the institution of a clerk to a benefice. In America, it is used in courts of common Jaw. Cranch’s Reports. 2. Intimation of caution ; hint ; warning ; admo- nition 3. In the patent laws of the United States, a descrip- tion of some invention, designed to be patented, lodged in the office before the patent right is taken out. It operates as a bar to applications, respecting the same invention, from any other quarter. To enter a caveat. Judge Innes, Cranch’s Reports. that is, let him examine the quality of what he buys, €AV'IL-OUS, a, Captious ; unfair in argument; apt to object without good reason. Ayliffe. €AV'IL-OUS-LY, adv. In a cavilous manner ; cap- tidtsly. Milton. Blackstone. | CAV'IL-OUS-NESS, n, €AVIIN, vn. €AV'L-TY, n. €AV/O-LIN-ITE, n. Hooker. Captiousness ; disposition or aptitude to raise frivolous objections. [Fr., from L. cavus, hollow. In the military art, a hollow way, or natural hollow, adapted to cover troops, and facilitate their approach to a place. Johnson. Bailey. [L. cavitas; Fr. cavité; from L. cavus, hollow. A hollow place ; hollowness; an opening ; as, the cavity of the mouth or throat. [ This is a word of very general signification. | [from Cavolini, a Neapolitan nat- uralist. ] A variety of Nepheline, which see. since the risk lies with him. Bouvier. FATE, FAR 184 » FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVN, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — €A/VY, 2. A genus of quadrupeds, embracing the—_— CkI CEL CEL Guinea pig, holding a middle place between the mu- rine and leporine tribes. Encye. €AW, v. i. [Probably from the sound; Sax. ceo, a crow or a jay.] To cry like a crow, rook, or raven. €AWK,) x Aname given by miners to an opaque, €AUK, massive, or compact variety of sulphate of baryta. €AWK'Y, a. Pertaining to cawk ; like cawk. Woodward. €AW-ING, n. The cry of the crow, rook, or raven. €AX/OU, xn. [Sp. caza, caxon.] A chest of ores of any metal that has been burnt, ground, and washed, and is ready to be refined. Chalmers. €AY-ENNE!’ PEP’PER, n. Mee eae. The manners and customs of the The nettle-tree, a genus of several or immoral. 3. One who is given to censure. ,| CEN-SO/RLAL, ) a. CEN-SO/RLAN, censorial power. 2. Full of censure. CEN-SO/RLOUS, a. blame or condemn; severe in making remarks on Encyc. Driden. [More properly Cx NSORIOUS. ] plying ill-nature, illiberality, or uncharitableness 3 as, a censorious critic. 2. Implying or expressing censure; as, censorious remarks. CEN-SO’/RL-OUS-LY, adv. In a censorious manner. CEN-SO/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Disposition to blame and condemn ; the habit of censuring or reproaching. 2. Ihe quality of being censorious. [ Taylor. CEN’SOR-LIKE, a. Censorious, CEN/SOR-SHIP,n. The office or dignity of a censor ; the time during which a censor holds his office. CEN’SU-AL, (sen/shu-al,) a. [L. censualis. | Relating to, or containing a census; liable to be rated. Whitaker. Encyce. CEN/SUR-A-BLE, a. [See Crensure.] Worthy of censure ; blamable ; culpable ; reprehensible ; faulty ; as, a censurable person, or censurable conduct. CEN’'SUR-A-BLE-NESS, n. Blamableness: fitness to be censured. Whitlock. CEN-SUR-A-BLY, adv. In amanner worthy of blame. CEN’SURE, (sen/shur,) zn. [L. censura; Fr. censure ; Sp. Port. and It. censura; from L. CENSeO, censor. 1. An estimate or judgment without implying dis- approbation. [ Obs.] Burnet. 2 The act of blaming or finding fault and con- demning as wrong; applicable to the moral conduct, or to the works of men. When applied to persons, it is nearly equivalent to blame, reproof, reprehen- sion, reprimand. It is an expression of disapproba- tion, which often implies reproof. 3. Judicial sentence ; judgment that condemns. An ecclesiastical censure is a sentence of condemnation, or penalty inflicted on a member of a church for mal- conduct, by which he is deprived of the communion of the church, or prohibited from executing the sacerdotal office. Encyc. CEN/SURE, (sen/shur,) v. t. [Fr. censurer ; Sp. cen- surar. | To find fault with and condemn as wrong; to blame ; to express disapprobation of; as, to censure aman, or his manners, or his writings. We laugh at vanity oftener than we censure pride. Buckminster. 2. To condemn by a judicial sentence, as in eccle- siastical affairs, 3. To estimate. [Jot in use. | CEN’SURE, v.i. To judge. [Wot in use. ] CEN/SUR-ED, (sen/shurd,) pp. Blamed; reproved ; condemned. Shak. CEN’A-TO-RY, a, [. cenatorius, from cena, supper, ceno, to sup. } Pertaining or relating to supper. Brown. CEN’O-BITE,n. [Gr. xo.vo8.orns,a community, from Kowvos, common, and (tos, life, Biow, to live. | One of a religious order, who live in a convent, or in community ; in opposition to an anchoret, or hermit, who lives in solitude. Encyc. CEN-O-BIT’TE, { a. Living in community, as CEN-O-BIT/I€-AL,§ men belonging to a convent. Stillingfleet. CE/NO-BY, 7. A place where persons live in com- munity. Buck. CEN’O-TAPH, (sen/o-taf,) n. [Gr. kevoradtov, from kevos, empty, and ragos, a tomb.] An empty tomb erected in honor of some deceased person, a monument erected to one who is buried elsewhere. Johnson. Encye. CENSE, (sens,)m. [L. census, a valuation, a register- ing, a tax; censeo, to enroll, to tax. Qu. Ch. D3p, to impose a fine. ] 1. A public rate or tax. 2, Condition ; rank, [ Obs.] B. Jonson. CENSE, v.t. [Fr. encenser. See INCENSE. | To perfume with odors from burning substances. Dryden. CENS’/ER, 7. pee encensoir; Sp. incensario; It. in- censiere. See Incense.] A vase or pan in which incense is burned. Among the Jews, a kind of chafing-dish, covered by a dome, and suspended by a chain, used to offer perfumes in sacrifices, CENS/ING, ppr. Perfuming with odors. CEN/SION, (sen/shun,) n. [L. censio. See Crnsr.] A rate, tax, or assessment. J. Hall. CEN’SOR, 7. [L. censor. S8ce CEns«.] 1. An officer in ancient Reme, whose business was to register the effects of the eltizens, to impose taxes according to the property which each man possessed, and to inspect the manners of the citizens, with power to censure vice and immorality by inflicting a Bacon. Encyc. CEN’SUR-ING, ppr. Blaming ; finding fault with. CEN’SUR-ING, n. A blaming ; reproach. CEN’SUS,7. [L. from censeo. See CENsE.] 1. In ancient Rome, an authentic declaration made before the censors, by the citizens, of their names and places of abode. This declaration was regis- tered, and contained an enumeration of all their Jands and estates, their quantity and quality, with the wives, children, domestics, tenants, and slaves, of each citizen. Hence the word Signifies this enu- meration or register, a man’s whole substance, and the tax imposed according to each man’s property. 2. In the United States of America, an enumeration of the inhabitants of all the States, taken by order of the congress, to furnish the rule of apportioning the representation among the States, and the number of representatives to which each State is entitled in the congress; also, an enumeration of the inhab- itants of a State, taken by order of its legislature. CENT, x. [Fr. cent; Sp. ciento; Port. cento; It. cento; from L. centum, formed on the Celtic, W. cant, Arm. cant, Corn. kanz. The Welsh cant signifies a circle, hoop, wheel, or rim, a wattled fence round a yard or corn-floor, hence a complete circle, a hundred. It is probable that the Teutonic and Gothic und, in hun- SOE Ar. iD handon, a hun- dred, and the same root gives India, Hindu. See Hunprep.] 1. A hundred. In commerce, per cent. denotes a certain rate by the hundred ; as ten per cent. is ten in the hundred, whether profit or loss. This rate is called percentage. 2. In the United States of America, a copper coin Whose value is the hundredth part of a dollar. CENT/AGE, n.~ Rate by the cent or hundred. CEN’/TAUR, n. [L, centaurus; Gr. ksyravpos. Qu. kevrew, to spur, and ravpos, a bull. I. In mythology, a fabulous being, supposed to be half man and half horse. It has been supposed that dred, is the same word. 2. One who is empowered to examine all manu- scripts and books, before they are committed to the press, and to see that they contain nothing heretical Belonging to a censor, or to the correction of public morals; as, Addicted to censure; apt to others, or on their writings or manners; often im- breaking horses. But the origin of the fable and ot the name is doubtful. 2. A constellation of the southern hemisphere. Encyc. CEN’TAUR-IZE, v.i. To perform the acts of, or to be like, a centaur; to be a man, and act like a brute. Oung. CEN’/TAUR-LIKE, a, Having the appearance of a centaur. Sidney. CEN’TAU-RY, 2. [L. centaurea; Gr. KEVTAVPEDD. | The popular name of various plants. The lesser centaury IS a Species of Erythrea. CEN-TE-NA/RLAN, x. A person a hundred years old. CEN’TE-NA-RY, n. hundred. } The number of a hundred; as, a centenary of years. CEN’/TE-NA-RY, a. Relating to a hundred 3 consist- ing of a hundred. CEN-TEN’NLAL, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and an- Nus, a year. ] I. Consisting of a hundred years, or completing that term. Mason. 2. Pertaining to a hundred years. 3. Happening every hundred years, CEN’TER,)7. [Gr. xevrpuv, a point, goad, or spur, CEN’/TRE, from xevrew, to prick; L. centrum; Fr, centre ; Sp. centro; Port. and It. id.] 1, A point equally distant from the extremities of a line, figure, or body; the middle point or place of any thing. 2. The middle or central object. In an army, the body of troops occupying the place in the line be- tween the wings. In a fleet, the division between the van and rear of the line of battle, and between the weather division and lee, in the order of sailing. 3. A single body or house. [Mar. Dict. These institutions collected all authority into one center, kings, nobles, and people. . Adams. Center of gravity; in mechanics, the point about which all the parts of a body exactly balance each other, so that when that point is supported, the Whole body is supported. D. Olmsted. Center of motion ; the point which remains at rest, while all the other parts of a body move round it. Barlow. CEN’TER,)v.t. To place on a center; to fixona [L. centenarius, from centum, a CEN’TRE,} central point. Milton. 2. To collect to a point. Thy joys are centered all in me alone, Prior. CENGUERS (=) rer ig . CEN’TRE; | v.t To be collected to a point. Our hopes must center on ourselves alone. Dryden, 2. To be collected to a point ; to rest on. 3. To be placed in the middle. Milton. CEN’TER-BIT, ) 7. An instrument turning on a CEN’TRE-BIT, § center, for ‘boring circular holes. CEN/TER-ED,) pp. Collected to a point or center; CEN’TRED, fixed on a central point. CEN’TER-ING, ) ppr. Placing on the center; collect- CEN’TRING, ing to a point. CEN’TER-ING, n. In architecture, the temporary woodwork or framing on which any vaulted work is constructed. Guilt. CEN-TES’/L-MAL, a. [L. centesimus, from centwm, a hundred. ] The hundredth. As a noun, the next step of pro- gression after decimal in the arithmetic of fractions. Johnson. CEN-TES-I-MA’TION, n. [.L. centesimus, supra. } A military punishment for desertion, mutiny, or the like, where one person in a hundred is selected for execution. Encyc. CEN’TESM, n. centesimus. | The hundredth part of an integer or thing. [Vot used. Bailey. CEN-TI-CIP/'IT-OUS, a, Having a hundred heads. CEN-TIF/I-DOUS, a. Divided into a hundred pares, CEN-TI-FO’/LLOUS, a. [L. centum, a hundre , and folium, a leaf, Having a hundred leaves. Bailey. Johnson. CEN’TI-GRADE, a. [L. centum, a hundred, and gra- dus, a degree.] Consisting of a hundred degrees; graduated into a hundred divisions or equal parts. Centigrade thermometer ; a thermometer having the distance between the freezing and boiling points of water divided into 100 degrees. CEN’ TI-GRAMME, n. [L. centum and gram.] In French measure, the hundredth part of a gramme. See Gram.) CEN-TIL/I-TER, jn. [L. centum, and Fr. litre, or CEN’TI-LI-TRE, § litron. | The hundredth part of a litre, a little more than 6-10 of a cubic inch. CEN-TIL/O-QUY, n. [L. centum and loquor. A hundred-fold discourse. CEN-TIME!, (san-teem/’,) 2, urton. [Fr.] The hundredth part of a franc. public mark of ignominy on the offender. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M 186 eee aco — Sees SSS this fancied monster originated among the Lapithe, CEN-TIM’E-TER, ) 7. [L. centum, a hundred, and CEN’T1-ME-TRE, Gr. jeTpov, measure. ] a tribe in Thessaly, who first invented the art of ETE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLI, BOOK na SB Pa at em meme ed SEE ey | 4 4 3 |CEN CER CER In French measure, the hundredth part of a meter, rather more than 39-100 of an inch, English measure. Christ. Obs. x. 192. Knotgrass. [JVot used. CEN-TIN/O-DY, z. | [L. centipeda; centum, a hundred, CEN'TI-PED, n. and pes, a foot.] A general term applied to insects having a great number of feet. They belong to the order Myriapo- da. Among them the genus Scolopendra includes large, venomous species, attaining, not unfrequently, in tropical climates, a length of six inches or more. CEN/TI-PEE, for Centivep, is not used. CENT’NER, 7. [L. centum, centinarius.] In metallurgy and assaying, a docimastic hundred ; a weight divisible first into a hundred parts, and then into smaller parts. The metallurgists use a weight divided into a hundred equal parts, each one pound; the whole they call a centner: the pound is divided into thirty-two parts, or half ounces; the half ounce into two quarters; and each of these into two drams. But>the assayers use different weights. With them a centner is one dram, to which the other parts are proportioned. Encye. CEN’TO, n. {L. cento, patched cloth, a rhapsody, ] A composition formed by verses or passages from different authors, disposed in a new order. Encyc. CEN/TRAL, a. [t centralis. | Relating to the center; placed in the center or middle ; containing the center, or pertaining to the parts near the center. Central forces ; in mechanics, the two antagonist forces, (the centripetal and centrifugal,) by whose united action bodies are caused to revolve round a central point. Hebert. CEN’TRE. See Center. CEN-TRAL’/LTY, 7. The state of being central. CEN-TRAL-I-ZA/TION, n. Act of centralizing. CEN/TRAL-IZE, v. t. To draw to a central point; to bring to a center. alhoun. CEN/TRAL-LY, adv. With regard to the center; in a central manner. CEN/TRIE€, a. Placed in the center or middle. CEN/TRI€-AL-LY, adv. Ina central position. CEN/TRICG-AL-NESS, zn. Situation in the center. Th eee a. ([L. centrum and fugio, to flee. 1. Tending to recede from the center. The centrif- ugal force of a body is that force by which all bodies, moving round another body in a curve, tend to fly off from the axis of their motion, in a tangent, to the periphery of the curve. Encyc. 2. In botany, expanding first at the summit, and later at the base, as a flower. Lindley. CEN-TRIP’/E-TAL, a. [L. centrumand peto, to move toward.] io 1. Tending toward the center. Centripetal force, is that force which draws or impels a body toward some point as a center; asin case of a planet re- volving round the sun, the center of the system. 2, In botany, expanding first at the base of the in- florescence, and later at the summit, as a flower. Lindley. Note. —The common accentuation of centrifugal and centripetal is artificial and harsh. The accent on the first and third syllables, as in ctrcumpolar, would be natural and easy. CEN-TUM’VIR, n.; pl. Centum/yirr. [L. centum, a hundred, and vir, a man.] A name given to certain judges in ancient Rome, appointed by the pretor, to decide common causes among the people. At first, three were taken from each of the thirty-five tribes, making one hundred and five, though, for the sake of the round number, they were called centumviri. ‘The number was af- terward increased to one hundred and eighty, with- out a change of their title. Smith’s Dict. CEN-TUM/VLRAL, a. Pertaining to the centumvir. CEN-TUM/VLRATE, n. The office of a centumvir. CEN/TU-PLE, a. [Fr., from L. centuplex, centum, and plico, to fold. A hundred fold. CEN’TU-PLE, v. t. To multiply a hundred fold. CEN-TU/PLI-CGATE, v. t. [L. centum and plicatus, folded ; Sp. centuplicar, to make a hundred fold.) To make a hundred fold. CEN-TUG'/PLLEA-TED, pp. Made a hundred fold. CEN-LO/PLLEA-TING, ppr. Making a hundred fold. CEN-TU/RI-AL, a. [from century.] Relating to a century, or a hundred years; as, a centurial sermon. When the third centurial jubilee of New England shall come, who of us will then be living to participate the general joy? J. Woodbridge, CEN-TO/RLATEH, v. t. [L. centurio, to divide into hundreds, or companies To divide into hundreds. CEN-TO/RLEA-TOR, )n. [Fr. centuriateur, from L. CEN/TU-RIST, centuria, a century, or from centurio, to divide into hundreds. } An historian who distinguishes time into centuries ; as in the Universal Church History of Magdeburg. Ayliffe. [L. centurio, froin centum, a hun- Johnson. Bailey. CEN-TO/RLON, x. dred Among the Romans, a military officer who com- manded a hundred men, a century, or company of infantry, answering to the captain in modern armies. CEN/TU-RY, (sent ystes) n. ([. centuria, from centum, a hundred.] 1. In a general sense, a hundred ; any thing con- sisting of a hundred parts. 9. A division of the Roman people for the purpose of electing magistrates, and enacting laws, the peo- ple voting by centuries; also, a company consisting of a hundred men. 3. A period of a hundred years. This is the most common signification of the word; and as we begin our modern computation of time from the incarna- tion of Christ, the word is generally applied to some term of a hundred years subsequent to that event; as, the first or second century, or the tenth century. If we intend to apply the word to a different era, we use an explanatory adjunct; as, the third century before the Christian era, or after the reign of Cyrus. 4. The Centuries of Magdeburg ; a title given to an ecclesiastical history, arranged in thirteen centuries, compiled by a great number of Protestants at Mag- deburg. CEOL. [Sax., a ship, L. celox, or Eng. keel.] This word is sometimes found prefixed to names. CEPH-AL-AL/GIE€, a. [Infra.] Relating to headache. CEPH/AL-AL-GY, n. Vor Kepadadyta, kepadn, the head, and adyos, pain.] The headache. CE-PHAU/I€, a. [Gr. xepadtxos, from xegadn, the head.] Pertaining to the head; as, cephalic medicines, remedies for disorders in the head. The cephalic vein, which runs along the arm, was so named be- cause the ancients used to open it for disorders of the head, Encyc. CE-PHAL/I€, n. A medicine for headache, or other disorder in the head. CEPH/AL-O-EX-TRA€T/OR, n. An instrument to extract a fetus by clasping the head. Casanova. CEPH/AL-O-POD, 2. [Gr. xepady, head, and 00a, the feet.] In natural history, a molluscous animal character- ized by a distinct head surrounded by a circle of long arms, by which it crawls and seizes objects. The sepia, or cuttle-fish, is one of these animals. The name cephalopod alludes to the fact that the feet, or arms, are arranged about the head, or appear to pro- ceed from it. and. CEPH-A-LO-POD‘TE, a. Belonging to the cephal- CEPH-A-LOP/O-DOUS, opods. CE-PH&/US, n. A constellation in the northern hem- isphere. C/PHUS, 2. A water-fowl of the duck kind; also,a species of monkey, the Mona. Dict. of Nat. Hist. CE-RA/CEOUS, a. [L. cera, wax.] Wax-like; par- taking of the nature of wax. CER/A-SIN, n. [L. conasusal Any gummy substance which swells in cold water, but does not readily dissolve init. Ure. Dr. John. CER/A-SITE, n. [L. cerasum, cherry-] A petrifaction resembling a cherry. Cuc. 9, The native muriate of lead. Dana. CE-RAS'/TES, n. [Gr. xeoas7s, from xepas, a horn. ] In zoology, a genus of poisonous African serpents with horns. Brande. Cr/RATE, n. [L. ceratum, from cera, wees A thick kind of ointment, composed of wax and oil, with other ingredients, applied externally in va- rious diseases. Cyc. CE/RA-TED, a. [L. ceratus.] Covered with wax. CER/A-TRIN, x. The bitter principle of Iceland moss. CER/BE-RUS, n. [L.] In mythology, a monster in the shape of a dog, guarding the entrance into the infer- nal regions, and described, by different ancient wri- ters,as haying three, fifty, and even a hundred heads. CBRE, n. The naked skin that covers the base of the pill in some birds, as in those of the hawk tribe. Encyc. CERE, v. t. [L. cera, wax.] To wax, or cover with wax. _ _ Wiseman, CE/RE-AL, a. [from Ceres.] Pertaining to edible grain, as Wheat, rye, &c. : Humboldt. CE-RE-A’LLA, x. pl. A technical term for the edible grains. Prout. CER-E-BEL/LUM, zn. [L. cerebellum. | The hinder and lower part of the brain, or the lit- tle brain. Coxe. Ca NL a. [from L. cerebrum, the brain. ] Pertaining to the cerebrum, or brain. CER/E-BRUM, n. [L.] The front and larger part of the brain. CERE/ELOTH, x. [L. cora, wax, and cloth.] A cloth smeared with melted wax, or with some gummy or glutinous matter, Bacon, But the English word for a cloth used to cover wounds is sear-cloth ; Sax. sar-cloth, a sore-cloth. CER/ED, (seerd,) pp. Spread over with melted wax. Cloths dipped in melted wax, with which dead bodies are infolded, when embalmed. Johnson. CER-E-MO/NLAL, a. [See Ceremony.] 1. Relating to ceremony, or external rite; ritual; according to the forms of established rites ; as, cere- monial exactness. It is particularly applied to the forms and rites of the Jewish religion ; as, the cere- monial law, or worship, as distinguished from the moral and judicial law. 2. Formal; observant of old forms; exact; precise in manners. Dryden. In this latter sense, Ceremonrous is now used. CER-E-MO/NLAL, nz. Outward form ; external nite, or established forms, or rites, including all the forms prescribed ; a system of rules and ceremonies, en- joined by law, or established by custom, whether in religious worship, in social intercourse, or in the courts of princes. 2. The order for rites and forms inthe Roman Catholic church, or the book containing the rules prescribed to be observed on solemn occasions. CER-E-MO/NI-AL-LY, adv. According to rites and ceremonies ; as, a person ceremonially unclean ; an act ceremonially unlawful. Milton. CER-E-MO'NLOUS, a. Consisting of outward forms and rites; as, the ceremonious part of worship. In this sense, CerEMONIAL is now used. 2. Full of ceremony, or solemn forms. Shak, 3. According to the rules and forms prescribed, or customary ; civil; formally respectful. “© Ceremori- ous phrases.”’ Addison. 4, Formal; according to the rules of civility ; as, to take a ceremonious leave. 5. Formal; exact; precise ; too observant of forms. CER-E-MO'/NLOUS-LY, adv. In aceremonious man- ner ; formally ; with due forms. CER-E-MO/NI-OUS-NESS, n. The use of customary forms; the practice of too much ceremony ; great formality in manners. CER’E-MO-NY, x. [L. Sp. It. Port. ceremonia; Fr. ceremonie. | 1. Outward rite ; external form in religion. 9, Forms of civility; rules established by custom for regulating social intercourse. 8. Outward forms of state ; the forms prescribed or established by order or custom, serving for the purpose of civility or magnificence, as in levees of princes, the reception of embassadors, &c. Master of ceremonies ; an officer who superintends the reception of embassadors. A person who regu- lates the forms to be observed by the company, or attendants, on a public occasion. . CE/RE-O-LITE, n. [L. cera, wax, and Gr. Awos, @ stone. ] ‘A substance which in appearance and softness re- sembles wax ; sometimes confounded with steatite. Cyc. Cleaveland. CE/RE-OUS, a. [L. cereus, from cera, wax.] Waxen; like wax. Gayton. CE/RES, x. [L.] In mythology, the inventor or goddess of corn, or rather the name of corn deified. ©. One of the asteroids or small planets revolving between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. It was dis- covered by M. Piazzi, at Palermo, in Sicily, in 1801. CE/RIN, n. [L. cera, wax.] * 1. A peculiar substance which precipitates, on evaporation, from alcohol, which has been digested on grated cork. : ‘ Ure. 2. The part of common wax which dissolves in boiling alcohol. : Brande. 3. A variety of the mineral Allanite. ; CE-RINTH/LANS,n. pl. Aset of heretics, the earliest of the Gnostic sects, so called from Cerinthus, one of the first heresiarchs in the church. They denied the divinity of Christ, but they held that, in his bap- tism, a celestial virtue descended on him in the form of a dove, by means of which he was consecrated by the Holy Spirit and made Christ. Encyc- Ch/RITE, n. [See Cerrum.] The silicious oxyd of cerium, a rare mineral, of a pale rose red color, with atinge of yellow. Haily. Jameson. Cleaveland. CE/RLUM, n. A metal discovered in Sweden, in the mineral cerite, and so called from the planet Ceres. It is of a great specific gravity ; its color a grayish white, and its texture Jamellar. Dict. of Nat. Hist. CER’NU-OUS, a. [lL. cernuus.] In botany, having the top curved downward. CE-RO-GRAPH'‘I€-AL, a. Pertaining to cerography. GE_-ROG/RA-PHIST, x. One who is versed in, or who practices, cerography. CE-ROG/RA-PHY, z. to write. ] J. A writing on wax. 2, The art of engraving on Wax, spread on a sheet of copper, from which a stereotype plate is taken. S. BE. Morse. In ancient architecture, that part of the ia in which bathers and [L. cera, wax, and Gr. ypapao, CE-RO! MA, 2- ancient baths and gymmnas bathel ' wrestlers used to anoint themselves with a comes sition of olland wax. Ss cS CER/O-MAN-CY, x. Divination by dropping melte wax in water. : CE-ROON’, n. [from the Spanish.] A bale or pack- CERE/MENT, n. [L. cera, wax.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— A N/GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Zz; CH as SH; age made of skins. TH as in THIS. TT ——————— A 1387 a — 2 Siena se < i's M Cheeni ener ST moe” oe‘ a | ‘ie ie i ‘ 4 1 + i : : ' a ; ; 4 2 1 i ‘ i i 1 : + a) ee vo 7 t ; peed bo Laet i ‘ to t } cn ia 7 ie, i. CER CE-RO-PLAS'TIE€, n. In sculpture, the art of model- ing or of forming models in wax. ‘ Elmes, CER/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the Cerris, or bitter oak. Chaucer. CER/RIS, x. [L.] The bitter oak. — CER/TAIN, (ser’tin,) a. [Fr. certain; Sp. cierto; It. and Port. certo; from L. certus.] : 1. Sure; true; undoubted; unquestionable ; that can not be denied ; existing in fact and truth. The dream is certain, and the interpretation sure, — Dan. ii. 2. Assured in mind ; having no doubts; followed f by of, before a noun. However, I with thee have fixed my lot, Certain to undergo like doom of death, Consort with thee To make her certain of the sad event. 3. Unfailing ; always producing the intended ef- fect ; as, we may have a certain remedy for a disease. 4. Not doubtful or casual; really existing. Virtue that directs our ways _ Through certain dangers to uncertain praise. 5. Stated ; fixed; determinate; regular. Ye shall gather a certain rate every day. — Ex. xvi. 6. Particular. Milton. Dryden, Dryden, CES It is followed by of, after the person, and before the thing told ; as, I certified you of the fact, CER/TI-FY-ING, ppr. Giving a written testimony, or certificate; giving certain notice; making cer- tainly known. CER-TIO-RA'RI, n. [Low L. certioror, from certus, certior. | A’ writ issuing out of Chancery, King’s Bench, or other superior court, to call up the records of an infe- rior court, or remove: a cause there depending, that it may be tried in the superior court. This writ is obtained upon complaint of a party, that he has not received justice, or that he can not have an Impartial trial in the inferior court. Encyc. CER/TLTUDE, 2 [Low L, certitudo, from certus, certain. Certaity ; assurance; freedom from doubt. Driden. CER/ULE, a. [L. ceruleus.] Blue. Leyer. CE-RU’/LE-AN, ) a. [L. ceruleus; It. and Sp. ce- CE-RU/LE-OUS, | ruleo. | Sky-colored ; blue, CER-U-LIF’I€, a. Producing a blue or sky-color. CER’U-LIN, n. Indigo dissolved in sulphuric acid, used in dyeing Saxon blue. Bigelow. Thomson. There came a certain poor widow. — Mark xii. In the plural number, a particular part or num- ber; some; an indefinite part, number, or quantity. ‘‘Hanani came, he and certain men of Judah.” ‘I mourned certain days.”? Veh. i. 2, 6. In the latter sense, it is used as a noun; as, ‘ cer- tain also of your own poets have said.?? Acts xvii. CER/TAIN-LY, adv. Without doubt or question ; in truth and fact. Certainly this was a righteous man. — Luke xxiii. 2. Without failure. He said, I will certainly return to thee. —Gen. xviii. CER/TAIN-NESS, n. Certainty, which see. CER/TAIN-TY, (ser/tin-te,) n. A fixed or real state ; truth ; fact. Know for a certainty, that the Lord your God will no more drive out these nations, — Josh. xxiii. Luke i. 2. Full assurance of mind ; exemption from doubt. Certainty is the perception of the agreement or disagreement of our ideas. Locke, 3. Exemption from failure ; as, the certainty of an event, or of the success of a medicine. The certainty of punishment is the truest security against crimes, 4LINES8, 4. Regularity ; settled state. CER/TES, adv. Certainly; in truth; verily. [Obds.] Chaucer. CER-TIF’I-CATE, n. [Fr. certificat; It. certificato. | See Cerriry.| 1. In a general sense, a written testimony not sworn to; a declaration in writing, signed by the party, and intended to verify a fact, 2, In a more particular sense, the written declara- tion, under the hand or seal, or both, of some pub- lic officer, to be used as evidence ina court, or to substantiate a fact. A certificate of this kind may be considered as given under the oath of office. 3. Trial by certificate, is where the evidence of the person certifying is the only proper criterion of the point in dispute; as, when the issue is whether a person was absent in the army, this is tried by the certificate of the mareschall of the army, in writing under his seal. Blackstone. CER-TIF/I-CATE, v. t. or i. To give a certificate ; to lodge a certificate with the proper officer, for the purpose of being exempted from the payment of taxes to support the ministry, in a parish or eccle- siastical society. New Encland. 2. To give a certificate to, acknowledging one to be a parishioner. But such certificated person can gain no settlement. ackstone, b. 1, ch. 9, 3. To verify by certificate. CER-TIF’I-CA-TED, pp. Declared 3 verified by a certificate. CER-TIEI-€A-TING, ppr. Furnishing with a certifi- cate ; verifying by a certificate, CER-TI-FI-€A/TION, n. The act of certifying. CER/TI-FI-ED, pp. or a. [See Cerriry.] Testified to in writing ; assured ; made certain ; informed. CER’/TI-FTI-ER, n. One who certifies, or assures. CER/TLFY, v. t. [Fr. certifier; Sp. certificar ; It. cer- tificare; Low L. certifico; from certus, certain, and facio, to make.|] I. To testify to in writing; to make a declaration in writing, under hand. or hand and Seal, to make known or establish a fact. The jadges shall certify their opinion to the chan such certificate the decree is usually founded, The judge shall cerfify under his hand, that the frechold came chiefly in question, Blackstone. 2. To give certain information to; applied to per- sons. cellor, and upon We have sent and certified the king. — Ezra iy, 3. To give certain information of; applied to things. This is designed to certify those things that are confirmed of God’s favor, Hammond, CESS/ANT, a. CES-SA/TION, n. CES-SA'VIT, n. CES/SER, 7. CES-SL-BIL/LTY, n. CES'SI-BLE, a. [See Cepe.] Giving way; yielding; CES’SION, (sesh/un,) n. [L. cessio ; Fr. cession; from L. cedo. cessum. See Crepe. CE-RU/MEN, n. [L. cera, wax. ] The wax or yellow matter secreted by the ear. CE/RUSE, n. [Fr. ceruse; L. and It. cerussa; Sp. cerusa. | White lead ; a carbonate of lead, produced by ex- posing the metal, in thin plates, to the vapor of vine- gar. Lead is sometimes found native in the form of ceruse, Ci:/RUS-ED, (sé'riist,) a. of white lead. CER’/VI-CAL, a. vicalis. } Belonging to the neck; as, the cervical Nerves ; cervical vessels. Encyc. CER/VINE, a. [L. cervinus; Sp. cervino; from L. cervus, a deer ; W. carw; Corn. and Arm. karu; Kamtchatka, karo.) Pertaining to the deer, or to animals of the genus Cervus. CE-SA’/RE-AN, a. The Cesarean operation is the tak- ing of a child from the womb by cutting ; an opera- tion which, it is said, gave birth to Cesar, the Roman emperor. CES-PL-TI''TIOUS, (-tish/us,) a. [L. cespes, turf. ] Pertaining to turf; made of turf. Gough. CES’PI-TOSE, a. [L. cespes, turf. ] In botany, growing in tufts. CES’PI-TOUS, a. Pertaining to turf; turfy Washed with a preparation Beaum. and Fl. [L. cervix, the neck, whence cer- A cespitous or turfy plant has many stems frorn the same root, usually forming a close, thick carpet or matting, Martyn. CESS (as a noun, a rate or tax, and as a verb, to rate or lay a tax) is probably a corruption of assess, or from the same root. It is not used. Spenser. CESS or CESSE. Out of all cesse sans cesse, is With- When an ecclesiastical person is created a bishop, or when the parson of a parish takes another benefice, without dispensation, the benefices are void by ces- sion, Without resignation. Encyc. CES/SION-A-RY, a. Having surrendered effects ; as, a cessionary bankrupt. Martin. CESS’/MENT, m. An assessment or tax. [Vot used.] CES’SOR, 7. [L. cesso, to cease.] Tn law, he that neg- lects, for two years, to perform the service by which he holds lands, so that he incurs the danger of the writ of cessavit. [See Cxssavit.] Cowel. 2. An assessor, or taxer. CESS’/-POOL, n. A cavity sunk in the earth, to re- ceive and retain the sediment of water conveyed in drains. CEST, 7m. [Infra.] A lady’s girdle. CEST’US, x. [L., from Gr. xeoros.] The girdle of Venus, or marriage girdle, among the Greeks and Romans. CE-SOU’/RA, or CE-SU’RA, n. [Fr. césure; It. ceswra; L. cesura, from cedo, cesum, to cut off.) A pause in verse, so introduced as to aid the reci- tal, and render the versification more melodious, It divides a verse or line into equal or unequal parts. Its most pleasing effect is produced when it is placed at the end of the second foot, or in the middle, or at the end of the third foot. Sheridan. CE-SU/RAL, a. Pertaining to the cesura. CE-TA/CE-A, n. pl. ) In natural history, terms applied CE-TA!/CEAN, n. to the order of Cetaceous ani- mals ; marine mammalia. [See the next word.] Beil. CE-TA’/CEOUS, (se-ta/shus,) a. [L. cete; Gr. kntus, a Whale. ] Pertaining to the Cetacea; belonging to the whale Kind. The cetaceous fishes include the genera Mon- odon, Balwna, Physeter, and Delphinus. They have no gills, but an aperture on the top of the head, and a flat or horizontal tail. They are predaceous in their habits. Encyec. CE'TATE,x. A compound of cetic acid, with a base. Chevreul. CET’/TE-RA€H, n. A trivial name of a species of Asplenium, or spleenwort. CE/TI€, a. [L. cctus, a whale. ] Pertaining to the whale. The cetie acid is a pecu- liar substance obtained from the spermaceti. Ure, CE/TIN, n. [L. cetus, a whale. ] A name given to pure spermaceti by Chevreul. €ET-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. [from cetology.| Pertaining to cetology. CE-TOL/O-GIST, n. One who is versed in the natu- ral history of the whale and its kindred animals. CE-TOL'0-GY, x. [Gr. xijros, a whale, and Avyos, discourse. ] The doctrine or natural history of cetaceous ani- mals, Ed. Encye. CE/TUS, n. [Supra.] In astronomy, the Whale, a large constellation of the southern hemisphere. CEY’LAN-ITE, n. [from Ceylon.] _A dingy blue, or grayish black, variety of spinel. Itis also called Collins. out stay; excessively, Shak. CESS, v. 7 [L. cesso, to cease.] To cease. [ Obs.] IPense Tv. [ Obs.) Cowel., Ceasing ; intermitting action. Montague. [L. cessatio, from cesso, to cease. ] A ceasing ; a stop; a rest; the act of discontin- uing motion or action of any kind, whether tem- porary or final. 2. A ceasing or suspension of operation, force, or 2. To neglect a legal duty. effect ; as, a cessation of the laws of nature. A cessation of arms; an armistice or truce, agreed to by the commanders of armies, to give time fora capitulation, or for other purposes. 4 [L. cesso, to cease ; cessavit, he hath ceased. | In law, a writ given by Statute, to recover lands, whien the tenant or occupier has ceased for two years to perform the service which constitutes the condi- tion of his tenure, and has not suflicient goods or chattels to be distrained, or the tenant has so inclosed the land that the lord cannot come upon it to distrain. Blackstone. [See Crss.] . Me eee EEA ri lice aS wit FyCHA CHAF’ER, x. One who chafes. CHAF’ER, n. [Sax. ceafor; D. kever; G. kafer.] An insect, a species of Scarabaus, or beetle. CHAF’ER-Y, n. [from chafe.] In iron works, a forge in which the metal is subjected to a welding heat. Nicholson. CHAFE’-WAX,n. In England, an officer belonging to the lord chancellor, who fits the wax for the seal- ing of writs. Harris. CHAFF, 2. [Sax. ceaf; D. kaf; G. kaff] 1. The husk or dry calyx of corn and grasses. In common language, the word is applied to the husks when separated from the corn by thrashing, riddling, or winnowing. The word is sometimes used, rather improperly, to denote straw cut small for the food of cattle. Martyn. Encye. 2. Refuse ; worthless matter ; especially that which is light, and apt to be driven by the wind. In Scrip- ture, false doctrines, fruitless designs, hypocrites, and ungodly men, are compared to chaff. Ps.1.4. Jer. XX. 28. Js. xxxiii. 11. Matt. ili. 12. CHAFF’-€UT-TER, n. A machine for cutting up straw, &c., into chaff. CHAE’PFER, v.t. [Sax. ceapian ; D. koopen; G. kaufen ; Sw. kapa; Dan. kidber, to bargain or buy. It seems to be radically the same word as cheap, cheapen, and chap in chapman. See CuEapr.] To treat about a purchase ; to bargain; to haggle; to negotiate; to chop and change; as, to chaffer for preferments, Dryden. CHAF’FER, v. t. To buy; toexchange. Spenser. [ In this sense it is obsolete. CHAEF’EFER, nm. Merchandise. [JVot in use.] Skelton. et REE E n. One who chaffers ; a bargainer ; a buyer. CHAE’FER-ING, ppr. or a. Bargaining; buying. CHAF/FERN,n. . t. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—ME&ETE, PREY. — CHAM/BER-€OUN’SEL, nz. vocate causes in court. CHAM’/BER OF €OM’MERCE, Ne the merchants and traders of a city. CHAM’BER-WIN’DOW, n. The window of acham- ber. CHAM’BER, v.i. To reside in or occupy as a cham- ber. 2. To be wanton ; to indulge in lewd or immodest behavior. Rom. xiii, To shut up, as in a chamber. Shak. Shak. 2. a. In conchology, divided into compartments by walls or partitions ; as, a chambered shell. Buckland. I Tapestry or hangings for a chamber. Wanton, lewd, immodest beha- Rom. Xiil. brelan ; Sp. camarero; Port. camareiro; It. camerlingo ; D. kamerling ; Dan. kammer-herre; L. camerarius. | 1. An officer charged with the direction and man- agement of the private apartments of a monarch or noble. He was originally keeper of the treasure chamber; and hence, in some municipal corpora- tions, the term denotes treasurer. The lord cham- berlain of Great Britain is the sixth officer of the crown. ‘To him belong livery and lodging in the King’s court ; on coronation day, he brings to the king his apparel, his sword, scabbard, &c. He dresses and undresses the king on that day, and waits on him be- fore and after dinner. To him also belongs the care of providing all things in the house of lords, in time of parliament. Under him are the gentleman usher of the black rod, and other officers. The lord cham- berlain of the household has the oversight of all of- ficers belonging to the king’s chambers, except the precinct of the bed-chamber, of the wardrobe, phy- sicians, chaplains, barbers, &c., and administers the oath to all officers above stairs. The chamberlains of the exchequer of London, of Chester, of North Wales, &c., are receivers of rents and revenues. Encyc. Johnson. 2. A servant who has the care of the chambers in an inn, or hotel. The office of a cham- Urine. [ berlain. A woman who has the care of chambers, making the beds, and cleaning the rooms, or who dresses a lady, and waits upon her in her apartment. A vessel used in bed-rooms. A counselor who gives his opinion in a private apartment, but does not ad- A board to pro- tect the interests of commerce, chosen from among Gr. kan7 w, for m is often casual before a labial, and in Gr. yaugat is the jaws.] 1. To bite with repeated action of horse champs the bit. 2. To bite into small pieces; to devour. ryden. CHAMP, v. t% To chew; to perform the action of biting by repeated motion of the teeth ; as, to champ upon the bit. Hooker. CHAM-PAGNEY, (sham-pane’,) n A kind of brisk, sparkling wine, from Champagne, in France. CHAM-PAIGN’, n. [from camp, or the same root.] A flat, open country. Bacon. Milton. CHAM-PAIGN’, (sham-pane’,) a. Level, open; as a champaign country. CHAM-PAIN’, n. In _ heraldry, champain, oY point champain, is a mark of dishonor in the coat of arms of him who has killed a prisoner of war after he has asked for quarter. Encic. CHAMP DE MARS, (shang de mirz,) [Fr. 5] literally, the field of Mars; an extensive, open space in Paris, used for military reviews and public assemblies. CHAMP’ED, pp. Bitten ; chewed. CHAMP’ER, n. One that champs, or bites. CHAM/PER-TOR, n. [See Cuamperty.] In law, one who is guilty of champerty, which see, CHAM’PER-TY, n. [Fr. champart, field-rent ; champ, L. campus, a field, and part, a share, or partir, to di- vide, campum partire. A species of maintenance, being a bargain with a plaintiff, or defendant, to divide the land, or other matter in suit, between them, if they prevail ; whereupon the champertor is to carry on the party’s suit at his own expense. The purchase of a suit, or _ of the right of suing. lackstone. CHAM-PIGN/ON, (sham-pin/yon,) n. [Fr.] A kind of edible mushroom. CHAMP’ING, ppr. Biting with repeated action. CHAM/PL-ON, n. [Fr. champion; Arm. campyon; Sp. campeon; Port. campeam, or campiam; It. campione ; D. kamper, or kampvegter; G. kampfer. In all the Teutonic dialects, camp, or kamp, signifies a combat, and in some of them, a camp; Sax. campa, a camp, and a combat; cempa, a soldier, warrior, or gladia- tor; W. camp, a game, a feat; campiaw, to contend ina game. Here we have the origin of the Latin campus. It was originally the plain, or open place appropriated to games, sports, and athletic exercises. } 1. A man who undertakes a combat in the place or cause of another. Bacon. 2. A man who fights in his own cause in a duel. 3. A hero; a brave warrior. Hence, one who is bold in contest; as, a champion for the truth. the teeth ; as, a to chew ; to masticate ; CHAM’PI-ON, v. t. To challenge toa combat. Shak. CHAM/’PI-ON-ED, pp. Challenged to combat. CHAM’PI-ON-ESS, n. A female champion. Fairfaz. CHAM’PL-ON-ING, ppr. Challenging to combat, CHAM/PI-ON-SHIP, n. State of being a champion. NV; A. Rev. The practice of coun- selors at law, who give their opinions in private, but do not appear in court. The joint or bending of the upper part of a horse’s hind leg. In New England, pro- nounced gambrel, which see. An animal of the genus Lacerta, or lizard, with a naked body, a tail, and four feet. The body is six or seven inches long, and the tail five inches ; with this it clings to the branches of trees. The skin is cold to the touch, and contains small grains, or emi- nences, of a bluish-gray color in the shade, but in the light of the sun, all parts of the body become of a grayish-brown, or tawny color. It has, however, the power of greatly changing its color. It isa na- [Corrupted from Fr. echancrer, to hollow, to cut sloping; Arm. chancra; said to be from cancer.] 1. To channel ; to cut a furrow, as in a column, or to cut into a sloping form, or bevel. Jojiinson. Bailey. Encyc. 2. To wrinkle. Shak. wood, or other hard material. 2. A slope, or bevel. Cut into furrows, or cut sloping, or beveling. Cutting a gutter in; cutting in a slope, or bevel. Fossil remains of the Chama, a shell. See Camver. eee It. An animal of the goat kind, whose skin is made Cuvier. It is now arranged with the antelopes. [Gr. xapact, on the ground, and The popwar name of the Anthemis nobilis ; a bitter CHANCE, >. i. CHANCE, a. CHANCH/A-BLE, a. CHANCE’A-BLY, adv. CHANCE/-€0M-ER, (-kum/er,) n. unexpectedly. Addison. CHANC’ED, (chinst,) pp. of CHance. CHANCE/FUL, a. Hazardous. Spenser. CHANC!/ING, ppr. CIIA NCE/-MED/LEY, n. CHAM-POL/LION-IST, (sham-pol/yun-ist,) n. A fol- lower of Champollion the younger, in respect to Egyptian hieroglyphics, CHANCE, n. [Fr. chance; Norm. cheaunce; Arm. changz; D. kans; G. schanze. This seems to be from the participle of the French verb cheoir, to fall, Sp. caer, from the L. cado, or directly from the Latin cadens, cadentia.| 1. An event that happens, falls out, or takes place, without being contrived, intended, expected, or fore- seen ; the effect of an unknown cause, or the unu- sual or unexpected effect of a known cause 5 acci- dent; casualty; fortuitous event 3 as, time and chance happen to all. By chance a priest came down that way. — Luke x. 2. Fortune; what fortune may bring; as, they must take their chance. 3. An event, good or evil ; success or misfortune ; luck. Shak. 4. Possibility of an occurrence ; opportunity. Your ladyship may have a chance to escape this address. Swift. To happen ; to fall out ; to come, or arrive, without design or expectation. : If a bird’s nest chance to be before thee. — Deut, xxii, Ah, Casca, tell us what hath chanced to-day. Shak. Happening by chance ; casual; as, a chance comer. Accidental ; casual ; fortuitous. Casually ; by chance. One who comes Happening. [chance and medley, a mix- ture ; but-more properly, chaudemell, Norm. Fr.,a hot debate, strife, or quarrel ; chaud, hot, from L. calidus, and meller, for mesler, to mix. ] In law, the killing of another in self-defense upon a sudden and unpremeditated encounter. The term has been sometimes applied to any kind of homicide by misadventure, but, in strictness, is applicable to such killing only as happens in defending one’s self [Fr. champayer, I have not found. Qu. against assault. Blackstone. P. Cyc. Bouvier. PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Ei 5. ae eoe Se ae eaeCHA CHA —— / CHA CHAN/CEL, zn. [Fr. chawcel, or chanceau; L. canecelli, lattices, or cross-bars, inclosing the place ; Sp. cancel, cancilla, a wooden screen, a wicker gate ; It. cancello, palustrades; Gr. xcyxAcc; Ch. $pap kankel, or kan- kail, network; Syr. td. See Cancex.] That part of a church, between the altar, or com- munion table, and the balustrade, or railing, that incloses it, or that part where the altar is placed ; formerly inclosed with lattices, or cross-bars, as now with rails. Encyc. Johnson. CHAN’CEL-LOR, n. [Fr. chancelier ; Arm. chanceilher, or canceller ; Sp. canciller ; Port. chanceller; It. can- celliere; D. kanselier ; G. kanzler; Sw. cantsler; Dan. kantsler or cantsler ; L. cancellarius, a scribe, secreta- ry, notary, or chancellor ; from cancello, to make lat- tice-work, to cancel, or blot out by crossing the lines ; or from carcelli, lattices, because the secretary sat behind lattices. Originally, a chief notary or scribe, under. the Ro- man emperors; but in England, in later times, an officer invested with judicial powers, and particu- larly with the superintendence of all charters, letters, and other official writings of the crown, that required to be solemnly authenticated. Hence this oflicer became the keeper of the greal seal. From the Ro- man empire, this office passed to the church, and hence every bishop has his chancellor. The lord high chancellor of Great Britain, or keeper of the great seal, is the highest officer of the crown. He is a privy counselor by his office, and prolocutor of the house of lords by prescription. ‘To him belongs the appointment of all justices of the peace ; he is keeper of the king’s conscience, visitor of all hospitals and colleges founded by the king, guardian of all charitable uses, and judge of the high Court of Chancery. Chancellor of an ecclesiastical court, is the bishop’s lawyer, versed in the civil and canon law, to direct the bishop in causes of the church, civil and criminal. Chancellor of a cathedral, is an officer who hears lessons and lectures in the church, by himself or his vicar, inspects schools, hears causes, applies the seal, writes and dispatches letters of the chapter, keeps the books, &c. Chancellor of the exchequer, is an officer who pre- sides in that court, and takes care of the interest of the crown. He has power, with the lord treasurer, to lease the crown lands, and with others, to com- pound for forfeitures on penal statutes. He is the highest finance minister of the British government. Chancellor of a university, is an officer who seals the diplomas, or letters of degree, &c. The chan- cellor of Oxford is usually one of the prime nobility, elected by the students in convocation ; and he holds the office for life. He is the chief magistrate im the government of the university. Cambridge is also elected from among the prime no- bility ; he does not hold his office for life, but may be elected every three years. Chancellor of the order of the Garter, and other mil- itary orders, is an officer who seals the commissions and mandates of the chapter and assembly of the knights, keeps the register of their proceedings, and delivers their acts under the seal of their order. Johnson. Encye. In France, a secretary is, in some cases, called a chancellor. In the United States, a chancellor is the judge of a court of chancery or equity, established by statute. In Scripture, a master of the decrees, or president of the council. Ezra iv. CHS N/CEL-LOR-SHIP, n. The office of a chancel- lor; the time during which one is chancellor. CHAN/CE-RY, n. [Fr. chancellerie ; Arm. cancellery ; Sp. chancilleria ; It. cancelleria; Li. cancellaria, from cancelli, lattices, or from the judge, who presided in the court. | 1. In Great Britain, the highest court of justice, next to the parliament, consisting of two distinct tribunals; one ordinary, being a court of common law ; the other extraordinary, or a court of equity. The’ ordinary legal court holds pleas of recognizances acknowledged in the chancery, writs of scire facias for repeal of letters patent, writs of partition, and all personal actions by or against any officer of the court. But if the parties come to issue in fact, this court can not try it by a jury ; but the record must be delivered to the King’s Bench. From this court issue all original writs that pass under the great seal, com- missions of charitable uses, bankruptcy, idiocy, lu- nacy, &c. The extraordinary court, or Court of Equity, pro- ceeds upon rules of equity and conscience, moderates the rigor of the common law, and gives relief in cases where there is no remedy in the common law 9, In the United States, a court of equity. [courts. GHAN/ERE, (shank/er,) 2. [Fr. chanere ; Arm. chancr. The same as cancer, canker. A venereal ulcer. CHAN/EROUS, (shank’rus,) a. the qualities of a chancre. CHAN-DE-LIER/’, (shan-de-leer’,) n. [Fr. id.; Sp. candelero ; It. candeliere; Arm. cantolozr, or cantuler ; from L, candela, a candle, from caneo, to shine.] Ulcerous; having support fascines to cover pioneers, CHAND’/LER, nz. tonic handler. being determined by a prefix, as, tallow-chandler, CHAND/LER-LY, adv. CHAND’LER-Y, x. CHAND/RY, 2. The place where candles are kept. CHAN/EFRIN, n. CHANGE, v.t. CHANGE, v. i. The chancellor of CHANGE, 2. CHANGE/A-BLE, a. CHANGE’A-BLE-NESS, 2. CHANGE/A-BLY, adv. 1. A frame with branches to hold a number of candles, to illuminate a public or large room. 2. In fortification, a movable parapet, serving to [Qu. Fr. chandelier ; or rather Teu- See Cornn-CHANDLER, A general term for a dealer, the particular meaning ship-chandler, &c. Like achandler. Milton. The commodities sold by a chandler. B. Jonson. The fore part of a horse’s head. Fr. changer; It. cangiare; Arm. ece- inch; Norm. chainant; exchanging. Qu. Is this rad- ically the same word as It. cambio, cambiare, Sp. id. ?] 1. To cause to turn or pass from one state to an- other ; to alter, or make different; to vary in exter- nal form, or in essence; as, to change the color or shape of a thing; to change the countenance; to change the heart or life. 2. To put one thing in the place of another; to shift ; as, to change the clothes. Be clean and change your garments. —Gen. xxxy. 3. To quit one thing or state for another ; followed by for; as, persons educated in a particular religion do not readily change it for another. 4. To give and take reciprocally; as, will you change conditions with me ? 5. To barter; to exchange goods; as, to change a coach for a chariot. 6. To quit, as one place for another ; as, to change lodgings. 7. To give one kind of money for another ; to alter the form or kind of money, by receiving the value CHANG/ED, pp. or a. Altered; varied ; turned ; con- CHANGH’/FUL, a. CHANGE!LESS, a. tion. CHANGE LING, n, CHANG/ER, n. One who alters the form of any thing. CHANG'ING, ppr. or a. CHANG/ING, 7. An altering, or putting one thing for in a different kind ; as, to change bank notes for silver ; or to give pieces of a larger denomination for an equivalent in pieces of smaller denomination ; as, to change an eagle for dollars, or a sovereign for Six- pences, or to change a dollar into cents ; or, on the other hand, to change dollars for or into eagles, giv- ing money of smaller denomination for larger. 8. T'o become acid or tainted ; to turn from a nat- ural state of sweetness and purity; as, the wine is changed; thunder and lightning are said to change milk. To change a horse, or to change hand, is to turn or bear the horse’s head from one hand to the other, from the left to the right, or from the right to the left. arrier’s Dict. To be altered ; to undergo variation ; as, men sometimes change for the better, often for the worse. Iam Jehovah; I change not. — Mal. ii. 2, To pass the sun, as the moon in its orbit; as, the moon will change the 14th of this month, Any variation or alteration in form, state, quality, or essence; or a passing from one state or form to another; as, a change of counte- nance; a change of habits or principles. 2, A succession of one thing in the place of an- other; vicissitude; as, a change of seasons ; a change of objects on a journey ; a change of scenes. 3. A revolution ; as, a change of government. 4. A passing by the sun, and the beginning of a new monthly revolution; as, a change of the moon. 5, A different state by removal ; novelty; variety. Our fathers did, for change, to France repair, 6. Alteration in the order of ringing bells; variety of sounds. Four bells admit twenty-four changes in ringing. Holder. 7. That which makes a variety, or may be substi- tuted for another. Thirty changes of raiment. — Judges xiy. 8. Small coins of money, which may be given for larger pieces. 9. The balance of money paid beyond the price of goods purchased ; as, I gave the clerk a bank note for his cloth, and he gave me the change. 10. The dissolution of the body ; death. All the days of my appointed time will I wait, till my change come, —Job xiv. 11. Change, for exchange ; a place where merchants and others meet to transact business; a building ap- propriated for mercantile transactions. 12, In arithmetic, permutation ; variation of num- bers. Thirteen numbers admit of 6,227,020,800 changes, or different positions. Dryden. CHANGE-A-BIL'I-TY, n. Changeableness, which 2s leming. That may change; subject to alteration ; fickle; inconstant; mutable; variable ; as, a person of a changeable mind. 9, Having the quality of suffering alteration of external appearance ; as, changeable silk. The quality of being changeable ; fickleness; inconstancy ; instability ; mutability 2, Susceptibility of change, or alteration. Hooker Inconstantly. generally used. verted ; shifted. \\ Full of change; imconstant ; || uncertain ; subject to alteration. | Pope. Constant ; not admitting altera- | mutable ; fickle ; [change and ling. It is said this word originated in a superstitious opinion thatfairies | steal children, and put others that are ugly and stupid || in their places. Johnson. ] || 1, A child left or taken in the place of another. Spenser. | | 2. An idiot; a fool. Dryden. Locke. 3. One apt to change; a waverer. Shak. — |} 4, Any thing changed and put in the place of another. Shak. | 2, One that is employed in changing and discount- ing money ; a money-changer. 3. One given to change. Altering ; turning ; putting one thing for another; shifting. another. CHANG/ING-PIECE, n. A term of contempt for one who is fickle or changeable. Shak. CHAN'NEL, n. [Ir. cainneal ; Fr canal; L. canalis; Arm. can, or canol. It is a different spelling of canal, 1. In a general sense, a passage ; a place of passing or flowing ; particularly, a water-course. 2, The place where a river flows, including the whole breadth of the river. But more appropriately, the deeper part or hollow in which the principal current flows. 3. The deeper part of a strait, bay, or harbor, where the principal current flows, either of tide or fresh water, or which is the most convenient for the track of a ship. 4, That through which any thing passes; means of passing, conveying, or transmitting ; as, the news was conveyed to us by different channels. 5. A gutter or furrow in a column. 6. An arm of the sea; a strait, or narrow sea, he- tween two continents, or between a continent md an isle; as, the British or Irish channel. 7. Channels of a ship; broad pieces of plank bolted edgewise to the outside of a vessel, and used for spreading the lower rigging. R. H. Dana, Jr. CHAN'NEL, v.t. To form a channel; to cut chan- nels in; to groove ; as, to channel a field or a column. Wotton. Having channels grooved CHAN/NEL-ED, pp. or a. longitudinally. CHAN/NEL-ING, ppr. Cutting channels; grooving longitudinally. [Fr.] Asong. Shak, GHAN/SON, (shan/son,) n. CHANT; v. t [Fr. chanter; L. aganu; Arm. cana, cannein; It. Port. cantar; L. cano. See Canr. 1. To sing; to utter with a melodious voice ; that is, to cant or throw the voice in modulations. Spenser. canto, cantus; W. cantare; Sp. and The cheerful birds do chant sweet music, 2. To celebrate in song; as, to chant the praises of Jehovah. 3. To sing after the manner of a chant. CHANT, v. i. To sing; to make melody with the voice. They chant to the sound of the viol. — Amos vi. 9. To sing after the manner of a chant. CHANT,n. Song; melody. 2. A peculiar kind of sacred music, in which prose is sung with less variety of intonation than in com- mon airs. CHANT’ED, pp. Sung; uttered with modulations of voice after the manner of a chant. CHANT’ER, x. One who chants; a singer or song- ster. Pope. 9, The chief singer, or priest of the chantry. Gregory. 3. The pipe which sounds the tenor or treble in a bagpipe. CHANT’L€ELEER, n. [chant and clear, Fr. clair.] A cock, so called from the clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing. Dryden. CHANT’ING, ppr. ora. Singing; utteringa melodious voice ; repeating words with a singing voice after the manner of a chant. CHANT/ING, n. The act of singing or uttering after the manner of a chant. CHANT’RESS, x. A female singer. CHANT’RY, n. [Fr. chantrerie, from chant.] : An endowed chapel where one or more priests daily sing or say mass for the souls of the donors, or such as they appoint. Corel, €HA-OL'/O-GY, n. A treatise on chaos, or chaotic €HA/OS, (ka/os,) n. [L. chaos; Gr. xaos.] _ [matter. That confusion, or confused mass, 1n which mat- ter is supposed to have existed, before it was sep- arated into its different kinds, and reduced to order by the creating power of God: “ Rudis indigestaque moles.?? Ovid. Milton. TONE, BULL, UNILE.—AN/GER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ae ra .* eee Tweets See eel ed 191CHA CHA 9. Any mixed mass, without due form or order; as, a chaos of materials. ; 3. Confusion ; disorder; a state in which the parts are undistinguished. ; Donne. €HA-OT'IE, a. Resembling chaos; confused; as, the earth was originally in a chaotic state — Ww CHAP or CHAP,».¢. [Ar. A> jabba, to cut off or out, | CHA ' | H CHAP/E-RON, (shap/e-roén,) n. [Fr.] A hood or cap worn by the knights of the Garter in their habits. It was anciently worn by men, women, nobles, and populace ; afterward appropriated to doctors and li- centiates in colleges. ‘The name then passed to cer- tain devices placed on the foreheads of horses which drew the hearse in pompous funerals. 2. One who attends a lady to public places as a guide and protector. Johnson. Encyc. } Se CHAP’E-RON, (shap/e-rén,) v. t. To attend a lady to tii ae. } : : Tea public places as a guide and protector. br eae to castrate 5 Le jada, LOSBUE Remus rears ON Clee; ey A eee one pp. Waited on in a public assem- 1% . It seems to be allied to the G. and*D. kappen, | ,. bly by a friend or protector. il { Dee Lappe, Fr. couper; but these agree better with GABE E RONDNG, ppr- Attending on a female in a on | a public assembly. Re ke alse Teas CHAP/-FALL-EN, (chop/fawln,) a. [chap and fall. } Vilas ad { Ar. xr or ( &,— > kabaa or kayafa, to cut. Having the lower chap depressed ; hence, dejected ; tears ; Ce dispirited ; silenced. 3. Jonson. " i See Cuop and Gare.] pene CHAP’I-TER, n. [Fr chapiteau; It. capitello ; Li. cap- ‘ é | To cleave, split, crack, or open longitudinally, as itellum, from caput, ahead. This is a different word y al the surface of the earth, or the skin and flesh of the for Carirat. ] a ye H hand. Dry weather chaps the earth; cold dry winds 1. The upper part or capital of a column or pillar. | | chap the hands. : : Lore [See Capitar.] - | ! |} CHAP or CHAP, v.t To crack; to open in long slits ; 2. That which is delivered by the mouth of the i j iH as, the earth chaps; the hands chap. justice in his charge to the inquest. Oncyc. to | CHAP or CHAP, n._ A longitudinal cleft, gap, or | CHAP/LAIN, (-lin,) x. [Fr. chapelain ; Sp. capellan ; It. | 1 | chink, as in the surface of the earth, or in the hands capellano; Li. capellanus ; from chapel. ] ; i | or feet. J. An ecclesiastic who has a chapel, or who per- j i CHAP, n. {[Sax. ceafl, a beak, or chap; pl. ceaflas, forms service in a chapel. The king of Great Britain ; the Tae has forty-eight chaplains, who attend, four each ; The upper and lower part of the mouth; the jaw. month, to perform divine service for the royal fam- It is applied to beasts, and vulgarly to men; gener- ily. Princes also, and persons of quality, have chap- ally in the plural, the chaps or mouth. lains, who officiate in their chapels. HAP, x. A man ora boy; a youth. It is used also in 2. A clergyman who belongs to a ship of war, toa the sense of a buyer. ‘If you want to sell, here is regiment of land forces, or to some public institution, your clap.”’? Jn this sense it coincides with chapman. for performing divine service. [see CHeEap. | Steele. 3. A clergyman who is retained to perform divine }| CHAP, v.i [Sax. ceapian.] service in a family. To cheapen. [WVot used.] Chaplains of the pope, are auditors or judges of CHAP-AR-RAL', n. [Sp., from chaparra, an evergreen causes in the sacred palace. Encyc. oak. CHAP’LAIN-CY, n. The office or station of a chap- A thicket of low evergreen oaks. JVewman’?s Dict. Jain. CHAP’-BOOK, n. [See CuHapman and Curap.] A CHAP’LAIN-SHIP, n. The office or business of a small book, carried about for sale by hawkers. chaplain. ; CHAPE, 2. [Fr. chape, the tongue of a buckle, a cover, 2. The possession or revenue of a chapel. Jonson. a churchman’s cope, the head of an alembic; Arm. CHAP/LESS, a. Without any flesh about the mouth. chap ; Sp. chapa, a thin plate of metal covering some | CHAP’LET, n. [Fr. chapelet.] [ Bailey. Shak. kind of work. Qu. cap.] 1. A garland or wreath to be worn on the head ; 1. The catch of any thing, as the hook of a scab- the circle of a crown. 4 bard, or the catch of a buckle, by which it is held to 2. A string of beads used by the Roman Catholics, i the back strap. by which they count the number of their prayers. 2. A brass or silver tip, or case, that strengthens They are made sometimes of coral, of wood, of dia- the end of a scabbard. Jolinson. Phillips. monds, &c., and are called paterhosters. The inven- CHAP! EAU, (shap'po,) n. j pl. CHaeEaux, (shap’poze.) tion is ascribed to Peter the Hermit, who probably {Pr.] A hat; in heraldry, a cap or bonnet. learnt it in the East, as the Orientals use a kind of CHAP!EAU BRAS, (shap‘po bra,) n. A military hat chaplet, called a chain, rehearsing one of the perfec- which can be flattened and put under the arm, tions of God on each link, or head. The Great Mogul (bras.) is said to have eighteen of these chains, all precious || CHAP/EL, n. [Fr. chapelle; L. capella; Arm. chapel;| stones. ‘The Turks also use a kind of chaplet in { Sp. capila,a chapel, a hood or cowl, a chapter of reciting their prayers. Encyc, | collegians, a proof-sheet ; Port. capella; It. cappella; 3. In architecture, a little molding, carved into D. kapel: from the same root as cap. It is said that round beads, pearls, olives, or the like. | the kings of France, in war, carried St. Martin’s hat 4. In horsemanship, a chapelet, which see. ito the field, which was kept in a tent as a precious 5. A tuft of feathers on a peacock’s head. Johnson. ; | relic, whence the place took the name capella, a little 6. A small chapel or shrine. Hammond. | hat, and the priest who had the custody of the tent CHAP/MAN, n.; pl. Carmen. [Sax. ceapman; D. was called capellanus, now chaplain. Hence the koopman ; G. kaufmann; D. kidbmand. See CHEAP. ] ; word chapel came to signify a private oratory. L A cheapener ; one that offers as a purchaser. Enceyc. Lunier.| . 1. A house for public worship, erected separate RREb chapman Mey, Delrny, BRIE from a church; primarily, a private oratory, or house 2, A seller; a market-man. Shak. of worship belonging to a private person. In Great CHAP’PED, (chapt,) pp. Cleft; opened, as the sur- Britain there are several sorts of chapels ; as, face or skin. | parochial chapels, distinct from the mother church ; | CHAP’PING, ppr. Cleaving, as the surface or skin. i 1 chapels which adjoin to and are a part of the! CHA P/PY, a. Full of chaps; cleft. { | church ; such were formerly built by honorable per- | CHAPS, x. pl. The mouth or jaws. [See Cuap.] sons for burying-places; chapels of ease, additional | CHAPT. See Cuarrep. churches, built in large parishes, for the accommo- CHAP/TER, n. [Fr. chapitre; L. capitulum, a head ; dation of the inhabitants ; free chapels, which were It. capitolo ; Sp. capitulo; from L. caput, the head.]} founded by the king of England; chapels in the uni- 1, A division of a book or treatise; as, Genésis versities, places of worship belonging to particular contains fifty chapters. Hence the phrase, 7 the end ! colleges; domestic chapels, built by noblemen or gen- of the chapter, that is, throughout ; to the end. a Uemen for the use of their families. Encyc. Johnson, les, 2. In England, a place of worship for dissenters. 2. In ecclesiastical polity, a society or community of ae | 3. A printer’s work-house ; said to be so called clergymen, belonging to a cathedral or- collegiate ' because printing was first carried on in a chapel. church. Encyc. i pet Also, an association of workmen in a printing-office. 3. An organized branch of’ some society or frater- ae . _Bratde. Bailey. Encye. nity, as of the freemasons, &c. mh i; CHAPEL, ®. t. To deposit inachapel. Beauwm. & FT. 4. A place where delinquents receive discipline and i Fe! i Sena a. Without a chape. correction. Ayliffe. So eset TR Teh o. A decretal epistle. Ayliffe. 3 CHAP'LET, { URLS ehepelse eas: } CHAPTER, v. t. ‘To tax; to correct. Dryden. A pair of stirrup leathers, with stirrups, joined at CHAP’TER-HOUSE, n. A house where a chapter j the top in a sort of leather buckle, by which they are meets. Bailey. made fast to the frame-work of the saddle, after they | CHAP!” "REL, 2. [from chapiter.| The same as im- a Hage been adjusted to the length and poerne.of the post. Moxon. ig ' rider, _ Harriers Dict. CHAR, 7. A delicious fish inhabiting deep lakes in i CHAP/EL-ING, n. The act of turning a ship round| mountainous regions, and preferred to dnejsalnion: ina light breeze of wind, when close-hauled, so Encyc. of Dom. Econ, : that she will lie the same way as before, Mar. Dict. | CHAR, n. In England, work done by the day ; a sin- i CHAP’EL-LA-NY, n. A place founded within Some | gle job, or task. In ew England, it is pronounced oe vee ee and dependent thereon. a LOE chore, which see. I know not the origin of the At i AP’EL-RY, n. The bounds or jurisdiction of a Word. In Sax. cerre, cyrr, signifies a time, a turn, e, ats e} chapel. occasion, from cerran, cyrran, to turn or return. €HAR/AE-TER, v. t. €HAR!A€-TER-ED, pp. €HAR-A€-TER-IS/TIE, a €HAR-A€-TER-IS/TIE-AL, CHAR, v. t. To perform a business. May. CHAR, v.% To work at others’ houses by the day, without being a hired servant; to do small jobs. Bailey. Johnson. CHAR/-WOM-AN, n. A woman hired for odd work, or for single days. Jolinson. [Char-man and Char-woman are, I believe, not used in America. | CHAR, v.t. (Russ, jaryu or charyu, to roast or burn ; or goryu, to burn, or be burnt; and with a prefix, sgaroyw or sgorayu, to bum; Fr. charrée, ashes. Qu. Heb. Ch. Eth. 17m. Class Gr, No. 22,23. This seems to be the root of L. carbo. See Cuanx.] 1. To burn or reduce to coal or carbon; to reduce to charcoal, by expelling all volatile matter from wood. This is done by burning wood slowly, under a covering of turfand earth. 2. To expel all volatile matter from stone or earth by heat. The stone or earth charred from all foreign visible ingredients. Kirwan. CHAR/ACT, mn. (See Cuaracter.] An inscription. CHAR/ECT, } [Not tn wse.] kelton. CHAR/A€-TER, n. [L. character; Fr. caractére; Sp. caracter; It. carattere; Gr. xapaxtnp, from the verb Xapacc@, KXapaTTwW, xXapatw, to scrape, cut, en- grave. ] 1. A mark made by cutting or engraving, as on stone, metal, or other hard material ; hence, a mark or figure made with a pen or style, on paper, or other material used to contain writing; a letter or figure used to form words and communicate ideas, Char- acters are literal, as the letters of an alphabet; nu- meral, as the arithmetical figures; emblematical or symbolical, which express things or ideas ; and abbre- viations ; as, C. for centum, a hundred ; Ib, for libra, a pound ; A. D., Anno Domini; &c. 2. A mark or figure made by stamping or impres- sion, as on coins, 3. The manner of writing; the peculiar form of letters used by a particular person. You know the character to be your brother’s, Shak. 4. The peculiar qualities impressed, by nature or habit, on a person, which distinguish him from oth- ers ; these constitute real character, and the qualities which he is supposed to possess constitute his est- mated character, or reputation. Hence we say, a character is not formed, when the person has not ac- quired stable and distinctive qualities, 3. An account, description, or representation of any thing, exhibiting its qualities and the circum- stances attending it; as, to give a bad chavacter toa town, or to a road. . 6. A person; as, the assembly consisted of various characters, eminent characters, and low characters; all the characters in the play appeared to advantage. The friendship of distinguished characters. Roscoe. 7. By way of eminence, distinguished or good qualities; those which are esteemed and respected ; and those which are ascribed to a person in common estimation. We inquire whether a stranger is a man of character. 8. Adventitious qualities impressed by office or sta- tion ; the qualities that, in public estimation, belong to a person in a particular station, as when we ask how a magistrate or commander supports his charac- ter. 9. The peculiar qualities or properties by which one thing is distinguished from another, as animals, plants, and minerals. These properties, when employed for the purpose of discrimina- ting minerals, are called characters. Cleaveland, 10. Distinctive quality of any kind strongly marked, particularly energy or force; as,a man is said to have no character, or a great deal of character. To engrave ; to inscribe. Milton. Shak. 2. To describe; to distinguish by particular marks or traits. Mitford. Engraved; inscribed ; dis- tinguished by a particular character. Mitford. €HAR/AC-TER-ISM, n. The distinction of character. Bp. Hall. 2. A particular aspect or configuration of the heavens. encyc. . (Gr. xapaxrnotori- kos, from yapuxrnp.] That constitutes the character; that marks the pe- culiar distinctive qualities of a person or thing; as, generosity is often a characteristic virtue of a brave man. It is followed by of; as, generosity is characteristic of true bravery. €HAR-A€-TER-IS/TI€, n. That which constitutes a character ; that which characterizes; that which distinguishes a person or thing from another. Invention-is the characteristic of Homer. Pope. 2. In grammar, the principal letter of a word, which is preserved in most of its tenses, in its deriv- atives and compounds. The characteristic of a logarithm, is its index or ex- ponent. i 192 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — " POLLED ices ih eee ok, aiiCHA CHA CHA CHARD, n. The characteristic triangle of a curve, in geometry, is a rectilinear right-angled triangle, whose hypot- enuse makes a part of the curve, not sensibly dif- ferent from a right line. Encyc. CHAR-AC-TER-IS/TIE-AL-LY, adv. In a manner that distinguishes character. HAR-A€-TER-IS/TI€-AL-NESS, x. The state or qualities of being characteristic. €HAR-A€-TER-L-ZA/TION, n. Act of character- izing. €HAR/A€-TER-IZE, v. t. [Gr. xapaxrnpFo.] 1. To give a character, or an account of the per- sonal qualities of a man; to describe by peculiar qualities. 2. To distinguish; to mark, or express the char- acter; to exhibit the peculiar qualities of a person or thing; as, humility characterizes the true Chris- tian ; the hero is characterized by bravery and mag- nanimity. The system of mediation has characterized the entire scheme of divine dispensation. Thodey. 3. To engrave or imprint. [Jittle used.] Hale. 4, To mark with a peculiar stamp or figure. European, Asiatic, and African faces are all characterized. Arbuthnot. €HAR/AC-TER-IZ-ED, (kar/ak-ter-izd,) pp- De- scribed or distinguished by peculiar qualities. €HAR/AC-TER-IZ-ING, ppr. Describing or distin- uishing by peculiar qualities. Q €HAR/AC-TER-LESS, a. Destitute of any peculiar character. Shak, €HAR/AC-TER-Y, n. Impression; mark ; distine- tion. ee used. | hak. MHA-RADB/, (sha-rade’,) n. [Said to be from the name of the inventor. ] A composition, in which the subject must be a word of two or more syllables, each forming a dis- tinct word ; and these syllables are to be concealed in an enigmatical description, first separately and then together. Example: My jirst, when a Frenchman is learning English, serves him to swear by. My second is either hay or corn, My whole is the delicht of the age. Gar-rick. Encyc. CHAR/E0AL, n. [char and coal. See Cuar.] Coal made by charring wood ; the remains of wood burnt under turf, or in other circumstances to exclude air, and from which all watery and other volatile matter has been expelled by heat. It makes a strong heat, and is used in furnaces, forges, private families, &c. It is black, brittle, light, and inodorous, and, not being decomposable by water or air, will endure for ages Without alteration. (Fr. charde; L. carduus.] The leaves of artichokes tied and wrapped all over, except the top, in straw, during autumn and winter. This makes them grow white and lose some of their bitterness. Chambers. Chards of beet, are plants of white beet transplanted, producing great tops, which, in the miudst, have a large, white, thick, downy, cotton-like main shoot, which is the true chard. Mortimer. CHAR/FRON, n. A defense for a horse’s head, made of plates of steel or pieces of leather. Brande. CHARGE, (charj,) v. t (Fr. charger; Arm. carga; Sp. cargar; It. caricare, or carcare ; Port. carregar. It would seem from the Welsh, that this word is from car, a cart or other vehicle, and that the noun charse or cargo was first formed, and therefore ought in arrangement to precede the verb. If the verb was first formed, the primary sense would be, to load, to throw or put on or in. I think the fact to be otherwise. See Carco.] 1. To rush on; to fall on; to attack, especially with fixed bayonets ; as, an army charges the enemy. 9. To load, as a musket or cannon; to thrust in powder, or powder and ball or shot. 3. To load or burden ; to throw on or impose that which oppresses ; as, to charge the stomach with in- digestible food; or to lay on, or to fill, without op- pressing ; as, to charge the memory with rules and precepts ; to charge the mind with facts. . To set or lay on; to impose, as a tax: as, the land is charged with a quitrent; a rent is charged on the land. 5. To lay on or impose, as a task. The gospel chargeth us with piety toward God. Tulotson. 6. To put or lay on; as, to charge a building with ornaments, often implying superfluity. 7. To lay on, as a duty ; followed by with. The commander charged the officer wilh the execution of the project. — See Gen. xl. 8. To intrust to; as,-an officer is’ charged with dis- patches. 9. To set to, as a debt; to place on the debit side of an account; as, to charge a man with the price of goods sold to him 10. To load or lay on, in words, something wrong, reproachful, or criminal; to impute to; as, to charge a man with theft. 11. To lay on in words; to impute to; followed by on before the person ; as, to charge a crime on the offender ; to charge evil consequences on the doc- trines of the Stoics. CHARGE, v. 1. CHARGE, n. 12. To censure ; to accuse. In all this Job sinned not, nor charged God foolishly. — Job i. 13. To lay on, give, or communicate, as an order, command, or earnest request ; to enjoin; to exhort. Charge them that are rich im this world, that they be not high- minded. —1 Tim. vi. In this sense, when the command is given in the name of God, or with an oath, the phrase amounts to an adjuration. To adjure ; to bind by an oath. 1 Sam, xiv. 28. 14. To give directions to; to instruct authorita- tively ; as, the judge charged the grand jury to in- quire respecting breaches of the peace. 15. To communicate electrical matter to, as to a coated vial, or an electrical battery. To make an onset. Thus Glanville says, ‘‘ Like your heroes of antiquity, he charges in iron ;”? and we say, to charge with fixed bayonets. But in this application, the object is understood ; to charge the enemy. Fr. charge; Arm. and W. carg; Sp. carga, cargo; Port. carga, carrega; It. carica, carco; Eng. cargo. ] 1. That which is laid on or in; in @ general sense, any load or burden. It is the same word radically as cargo. 2. The quantity of powder, or of powder and ball or shot, used, or proper to be used, in loading a mus- ket, cannon, or other like instrument. 3. An onset; a rushing on an enemy ; attack ; especially by moving troops with fixed bayonets. But it is used for an onset of cavalry, as well as of infantry. 4. An order, injunction, mandate, command. Moses gave Joshua a charge. — Num. xxvii. The king gave charge concerning Absalom, —2 Sam, xviii. Hence, 5. That which is enjoined, committed, intrusted, or deliver: ) another, implying care, custody, oversight, « ity to be performed by the person in- trusted. gay ‘lanani charge over Jerusalem. — Neh, vii. Hence the word includes any trust or commission ; an office, duty, employment. It is followed by of or over; more generally by of. Hence, 6. The person or thing committed to another’s custody, care, or management; a trust. Thus the people of a parish are called the minister’s charre. The starry guardian drove his charge away To some fresh pasture. 7. Instructions given by a judge to a jury, by a bishop to his clergy, or, among Presbyterians, &c., by a member of an ordaining council to one who is set as pastor over a congregation, or to the congrega- tion themselves. The word may be used as synony- mous with command, direction, exhortation, or nyunc- tion, but always implies solemnity. 8. Imputation in a bad sense ; accusation. Lay not this sin to their charge. — Acts vil. 9. That which constitutes debt, in commercial transactions; an entry of money, or the price of goods, on the debit side of an account. 10. Cost ; expense; as, the charges of the war are to be bore by the nation. 11. Imposition on land or estate; rent, tax, or whatever constitutes a burden or duty. 12. In military affairs, a signal to attack; as, to sound the charge. 13. The posture of a weapon fitted for an attack or combat. Their armed slaves in charge. Shak. Dryden. 14. Among farriers, a preparation of the consist- ence of a thick decoction, or between an ointment and a plaster, used as a remedy for sprains and In- flammations. 15. In heraldry, that which is borne upon the color ; or the figures represented on the escutcheon, by which the bearers are distinguished from one another. 16. In electrical experiments, a quantity of electrical fluid, communicated to a coated jar, vial, or pane o glass. 17. In painting, charge, or overcharge, iS an exagge- ration of character in form, color, or expression. Elmes. A charge of lead, is thirty-six pigs, each containing six stone, wanting two pounds. CHARGE/A-BLE, a. That may be charged ; that may be set, laid, imposed ; as, a duty of forty per cent. is chargeable on Wine. 9, Subject to be charged; as, wine is chargeable with a duty of forty per cent. 3. Expensive ; costly ; as, a chargeable family. 4, Laying or bringing expense. Because we would not be chargeable to any of you. — 1 Thess. ii. 5. Imputable ; that may be Jaid or attributed as a crime, fault, or debt; as, a fault chargeable on a man. 6. Subject to be charged or accused; as, a man chargeable with a fault or neglect. CHARGE/A-BLE-NESS, n. Expensiveness ; cost ; CHARGE/A-BLY, adv. Expensively; at great cost. Ascham. CHARG/ED, pp. Loaded; burdened; attacked ; laid on; instructed; imputed; accused; placed to the debt ; ordered ; commanded. CHAR'GE D?AR-FAIRES', (shar'zha daf-fair’,) 7. [Fr.] A person intrusted with the public interest in a foreign natjon, in the place of an embassador or other. minister. CHARGE/FUL, a. Expensive; costly. [JVot wsed.] Shak. CHARGE’LESS, a. Not expensive ; free from ex- ense. CHARG’/ER, n. In Scots law, one who charges anoth- er in a suit. 2. A large dish. Num. vil. 3. A horse used in battle. CHARGE!-HOUSB, n. A school-house. [Obs.] Shak. CHARG/ING, ppr. Loading; attacking ; laying on; instructing ; commanding ; accusing ; imputing. CHAR/LLY, adv. [See Cuary.] Carefully; warily ; frugally. [Litile used. } Shak. CHAR/L-NESS, n. Caution; care; nicety; scrupu- lousness. [Little wsed.] Shak. CHAR/ING, for Cuorinc, doing chores, is used by Coleridge. CHAR/I-OT, n. [Fr. chariot, from char, a car, which see ; Sp. It. carro; It, carretta.] J. A half coach; a carriage with four wheels, and one seat behind, used for convenience and pleasure. 2. Acar or vehicle, used formerly in war, drawn by tivo or more horses, and conveying two men each. These vehicles were sometimes armed with haoks or scythes. CHAR/LOT, v. t. To convey in a chariot. Milton. CHAR/LOT-ED, pp. Borne ina chariot. Cowper. CHAR-LOT-EER’, n. The person who drives or conducts a chariot. It is used in speaking of mili- tary chariots, and those in the ancient games, but not of modern drivers. Johnson. Addison. CHAR-LOT-EER/ING, ppr. Driving a chariot. 2. a. Using a chariot. CHAR/LOT-MAN, x. ‘The driver of a chariot. 2 Chron. Xvi. CHAR/LOT-RACK, n. A race with chariots; a sport in which chariots were driven in contest for a prize. Addison. CHAR/LTA-BLE, a. [Fr. See Cuarity.] Benevo- lent and kind ; as, a charitable disposition. 9. Liberal in benefactions to the poor, and in re- lieving them in distress ; as, a charitable man. 3. Pertaining to charity; springing from charity, or intended for charity ; benevolent; as, a charitable institution, or society ; a charitable purpose. 4. Formed on charitable principles ; favorable ; dictated by kindness; as, a charitable construction of words or actions. CHAR/I-TA-BLE-NESS, nr. The disposition to be charitable, or the exercise of charity. 92, Liberality to the poor. CHAR/I-TA-BLY, adv. lently ; with a disposition to help the poor ; favorably. caritade. Qu. Gr. xagts. The Latin caritas is from carus, dear, costly, whence beloved; and the word was sometimes written charitas, as 1f from the Gr. xagts. The Latin carus would seem to be from the verb careo, to want, as dearness arises from scarcity. Gr, No. 56.] God, and universal good-will to men. Col. iii. 1 Tim. 1. as, the charities of father, son, and brother. Milton. them in distress. the poor for their relief. societies, missionary societies, and others. on words and actions which the case will admit. The highest exercise of charity is charity toward Buckminster. charities of life. g. A charitable institution. D. Webster. an order or society of females whose 0 tend the Sick. costliness. oyle. untary contributions for educating poor children. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 193 Kindly ; liberally ; benevo- CHAR/I-TY, n. [Fr. charité; L. charitas, Or caritas 5 W. cariad; Sp. caridad; Port. caridade ; It. caritd, Of this we have an example in the English dear, whence dearth, which shows the primary sense of dear to be scarce. But qu. the Oriental 1p. Class 1. In a general sense, love, benevolence, good-will ; that disposition of heart which inclines men to think favorably of their fellow-men, and to do them good. In a theological sense, it includes supreme love to 1 Cor. xiii. 2. In a more particular sense, love, kindness, affec- tion, tenderness, springing from natural relations ; 8. Liberality to the poor, consisting in alms-giving or benefactions, or in gratuitous services to relieve 4. Alms; whatever is bestowed gratuitously on 5. Liberality in gifts and services to promote pub- lic objects of utility, as to found and support Bible 6. Candor; liberality in judging of men and their actions; a disposition which inclines men to think and judge fayorably, and to put the best construction 1 the uncharita- 7. Any act of kindness or benevolence; as, the isters of charity, in the Roman Catholic church, are SILT Cl Gems ffice is to at- CHAR/L-TY-SEHOOL is a school maintained by vol- ——— ” aie < ae a ae ‘ores Pesca pee eel Spe ee—— Re —e se cieitpeneciaiebitg CHAR’LOCK, n. CHARM, n. CHARM, v. i. CHAR/MA, n. CHARM/ED, CHARMER, n. CHARM’ER-ESS, n. CHARM /FUL, a. CHARM/ING, ppr. CHARM/ING-LY, adv. CHARM/ING-NESS, n. The power to pleas CHARM/LESS, a. Destitute of charms. CHAR-NE/€0O, zn. A sort of sweet wine. Shak. CHAR/NEL, a. [Fr. charnel, carnal, CHA CHA CHA —--—--— CHARK, v. t [Qu. char, or Ch. 77", Ar. Sy> ha- raka, to burn. ] To burn to a coal; to char. CuHar.] : CHAR-I-VA-RI’, (shar-e-va-ree’,) n. .[Fr.] A mock serenade of discordant music, kettles, tin horns, &c., It was at first direct- ed against widows who married a second time, at an advanced age; but is now extended to other occa- designed to annoy and insult. sions of nocturnal annoyance and insult. CHARL/A-TAN, (sharl/a-tan,) 7. garrio; Gr. ynovw.] rulo, g One who prates much in his own favor, and makes unwarrantable pretensions to skill; aquack; an em- Brown. iric ; 2 mountebank. d Butler. OHARL-A-TAN/IC-AL, a. Quackish; making un- due pretensions to skill; ignorant. Covolez. CHARL-A-TAN/I€-AL-LY, adv. of a charlatan. CHARL!A-TAN-RY, (shirl/a-tan-ry,) n. by fair words. CHARLES’S-WAIN, n. or rustic. See Watn.] In astronomy, seven stars, more commonly called the Dipper, in the constellation called Ursa Major, or the Great Bear. NCYC. [The word seems to denote the rustic’s wain, or wagon, so called from its shape; the four stars cor- responding to the body, and the other three to the tongue or neap. — Ed. | (Sax. cerlice. probably signifies a plant or root. The English name of the Raphanus Raphanistrum, and Sinapis arvensis, very pernicious weeds among grain. One kind has yellow flowers; another, white, with jointed pods. Lee. Encyc. See ALarm.] 1. Words, characters, or other things imagined to possess some occult or unintelligible power ; hence, a Magic power or spell, by which, with the supposed assistance of the devil, witches and sorcerers have Spell; en- been supposed to do wonderful things. chantment. Hence, 2. That which has power to subdue opposition, and gain the affections ; that which can please irre- sistibly ; that which delights and attracts the heart ; generally in the plural. The smiles of nature and the charms of art. Addison. Good humor only teaches charms to last. ope. CHARM, v. t. To subdue or control by incantation or secret influence. I will send serpents among you— which will not be charmed. — er. Vil. 2. To subdue by secret power, especially by that which pleases and delights the mind ; to allay or ap- pease. Music the fiercest grief can charm. Pope. 3. To give exquisite pleasure to the mind or senses ; to delight; as, we were charmed with the conver- sation. The aerial songster charms us with her melodious n 4. To fortify with charms against evil. I bear a charmed life, which must not yield. [Not in use 9°. To make powerful by charms. 6. ‘To summon by incantation. 7. To temper agreeably. Spenser. To sound harmonically. Milton. A fish resembling the sea-wolf. pp. OY a. charms ; delighted ; enchanted, otes. Anon, Shak. Johnson. Shak. Johnson. charm ; one that uses, or has tl ment. Deut. xviii. 11. 2. One who delights and attracts the affections. 4n enchantress, Chaucer. Abounding with charms. Cowley. ppr. Using charms ; enchanting, 2. a. Pleasing in the highest degree ; delighting, Music is but an elegant and charming species of elocution. E). Porter. charm, or to give delight. She smiled very charmingly, Addison, Swift a charnel-house, a larder; Arm. carnell ; It. carmo; Li. carnalis, carnal, from caro, flesh. ] Containing flesh or caveasses. Milton. [Wot used.] [See [Fr., from It. ciar- latano, a quack, from ciarlare, to prate; Sp. charla- tan, from charlar, to prate ; Port. charlar, id.; L. gar- After the manner Undue pre- tensions to skill; quackery; wheedling; deception Johnson. [ Charles, Celtic karl, a man, ZLeac, in Saxon, is a leek; but the same word occurs in hemlock, and it [Fr. charme; Norm. carme, or garme; Arm. chalm; L. carmen, a song, a verse, an outcry, a charm. It coincides with the W. garm, an outcry, garmiaz, to shout, Sax. cirm, or cyrm, outcry, noise. CHAR’/NEL-HOUSE, zx. A place under or near church- sited. An- ciently, a kind of portico or gallery, in or near a churchyard, over which the bones of the dead were es, where the bones of the dead are repo laid, after the flesh was consumed. €HA/RON, n. [Gr.] piece of money. CHAR’PIE, (shar’pe,) n. wound. CHARR, . A fish, a species of Salmo. CHAR’RED, (chard,) pp. or a. [from char.] to coal. bonized. CHAR/RING, ppr. volatile matter. CHAR/RY, a. [See Cuar.] to a draught of some portion of land. each other. ciple of Mercator’s projection. projection. [See Prosection.] ances of the moon. or small parts of the earth. CHAR-TA’CEOUS, (-shus,) a. _ quite opaque, like most leaves. CHARTE, (shirt,) n. Resembiir the restoration of Louis X VIII., in 1814. CHAR’TER, n. [Fr. chartre, from L. cha Carp. 1. A written instrument, executed with us given as evidence of a grant, contract, or 1s done between man and man. sense, it is the instrument of a grant confer ers, rights, and privileges, either from a neled on a jury ; a charter of pardon, &c. Subdued or defended by One that charms, or has power to 1@ power of enchant- Delightfully ; ina manner to e. Johnson, fleshly ; charnier, Sp. carnero ; Jaws for their own regulation. charter rovernments. 2. Any instrument, executed with form and so- lemnity, bestowing rights or privileges. South. 3. Privilege ; immunity ; exemption. My mother, Who has a charter to extol her blood, When she does praise me, grieves me. Shak. CHAR’TER, v. t. To establish by charter. Buchanan. 2. To hire or let a ship by charter. [See Cuanter Party. CHAR/TER-LAND, n. Land held by charter, or in socage. ole. CHAR’TER-PAR/TY, n. in two, and giving one part to each of the ors. In commerce, an agreement respecting the vessel, and the freight. proprietor or master of the ship, and by the x who hires or freights it. It must contain t and burden of the vessel, the names of the master and freighter, the price or rate of the freight, the time of loading and unloading, and other stipulated con- ditions, CHAR/TER-ED, pp. OY a. chartered rights ; chartered power. D. R 2. Invested with privileges by charter ; privileged. 3. Hired or let, as a ship. CHAR’TER-ING, ppr. 2. Hiring or letting by charter. by CHART’ISM, n. [irony charter.| In England, the itical party who desire universal principle of a po suffrage, the vote by ballot, annual parliame other radical reforms, as set forth in a document Pe Cues One infected with chartism, or radi- called the people’s charter. CHART'IST, n. cal principles, CHART’LESS, a. has been mad chartless main. Without a chart ; of which €; not delineated on paper; FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — py Ne 194 [See Cuan. The constitution or fundamen- tal law of the French monarchy, as established on In its more usual other sovereign power, or from a private person ; as, a charter of exemption, that no person shall be impan- ters, under which most of the colonies in America were settled, were given by the king of England, and incorporated certain persons, with powers to hold the lands granted, to establish a government, and make These were called [Fr. charte-partie, a divided charter, from the practice of cutting the instrument This is to be signed by the Granted by charter; as, Giving a charter; establishing Barlow. Encyc. In mythology, the son of Erebus and Nox, whose office was to ferry the souls of the deceased over the waters of Acheron and Styx, fora [Fr.] Lint for dressing a Reduce Charred wood; wood whose outer surface is car- Reducing to coal; depriving of Pertaining to charcoal; like charcoal, or partaking of its qualities. Lavoisier. CHART, n. [L. charta, the same as Carp, which see. ] An hydrographical or marine map; a draught or projection on paper of some part of the earth’s super- my. ficies, with the coasts, isles, rocks, banks, channels, or entrances into harbors, rivers, and bays, the points of compass, soundings or depth of water, &c., to reg- ulate the courses of ships in their voyages. The term chart is applied to a marine map; map is applied A plane chart, is a representation of some part of the superficies of the globe, in which the meridians are supposed parallel to each other, the parallels of latitude at equal distances, and of course the degrees of latitude and longitude are every where equal to Mercator’s chart ; a chart constructed on the prin- [See Prosection.] Globular chart; a chart constructed on a globular Seleno graphic charts, represent the spots and appear- Topographic charts, are draughts of particular places Encyc. 1g paper ; Lindley. Brande. rta. See ual forms, whatever ring pow- king, or 5) The char- contract- hire of a nerchant he name Encyc. amsay. [ Shak. charter. nts, and no chart as, the ceedingly severe. CHART’U-LA-RY, LARY. | CHAR’Y, a. chase. CHASE, vw. t. that in brace. as game ; to hunt. Lev. Xxvi. 7. To chase away, is To chase metals. CHASE, n. a ship at sea, &c. Some other chase. the chase. game. x Casu.] CHAS’/ER, n. a hunter. 2. A term applied 3. An enchaser. CHAS’I-BLE. CHAS/ING, ppr. bossing on metals CHAS/ING, n. CHASM, (kazm,) n. over it in dismay, €HASM’Y, a. CHAS/SE-LAS, n. military affairs, one CHASTE, a. casto; from L. castus. root. Qu. Ir. caidh. ing females. plied to persons before While the affected, extravagant CHASTE/-TREE, n. CHAR-TREUSE’, (shiar-trooze’,) n. [Fr.] brated monastery of Carthusians, in the mountains of Dauphiny, in France. An officer in the ancient Latin church, who had the care of charters and other papers of a public na- ture. Blackstone uses this word for a record or regis- ter, as of a monastery. (Sax. cearig. | Careful; wary ; * CHAS/A-BLE, a. That may be chased; fit for the [ Fr. chasser ; Arm. chagzeal ; Sp. cazar ; Port. cagar ; It. cacciare. The elements are Cg or Ck; and the change of a palatal to a sibilant resembles 1. Literally, to drive, urge, press forward with ve- hemence ; hence, to pursue for the purpose of taking, 2. To pursue, or drive, as a defeated or flying ene- 3. To follow or pursue as an object of desire; to pursue for the purpose of taking; as, to chasea ship. 4. To drive ; to pursue. Chased by their brother’s endless malice. Vehement pursuit; a running or driving after, as game, in hunting; a flying enemy, in war; 2. Pursuit with an ardent desire to obtain, as pleas- ure, profit, fame, &c. ; earnest seeking. 3. That which may be chased ; ally taken by the chase; as, beasts of chase. 4. That which is pursued or hunted ; as, seek So, at sea, a ship chased is called 5. In law, a driving of cattle to or from a place. 6. An open ground, or place of retreat for deer and other wild beasts ; differing from a forest, which is not private property and from a park, which is inclosed. vate property, and well stored with wild beasts or 7. (Fr. chasse; Sp. caxa; It. cassa. An iron frame used by printers to confine types, when set in columns or pages. 8. A wide groove. 9. Chase of a gun; the forward part, from the trun- nions to the swell of the mouth. Parks Pantolosy. 10. A term in the game of tennis. Chase guns}; in a ship of war, guns used in chasing an enemy, orin defending a ship when chased. These have their ports at the head or stern. *CHAS’/ED, (chast,) pp. or a. dently ; driven; embossed. One who chases ; a pursuer; a driver ; a vessel, for firing when in chase. See CHAsuBLe. ’ . 7 7 IX) - } . lursuing ; driving; hunting; em- The act or art of embossing on metals. XAW, XATK, XAIVO@, 1. A cleft; a fissure; a gap; properly, an opening made by disrupture, as a breach in the earth or a rock. 2. Avoid space ; a vacuity. Between the two propositions, that the gospel is true, and that it is false, what a fearful chasm! The unsettled reason hovers €HASM’ED, (kazmd,) a. Abounding with chasms. A sort of grape. CHAS/SEUR, (shas/saur,) n. active, trained for rapid movements. [Fr. chaste; Arm. chast; It. Sp. and Port. Sw. kysk, Russ. chistei, are probably from the same be, separate, from the Oriental practice of If so, castus accords with the root of castle, W. cas; and, at any rate, the word denotes purity, a sense taken from separation. 1. Pure from all unlawful commerce of sexes. Ap- all sexual commerce, undefiled ; applied to married persons, true to the marriage bed. 2. Free from obscenity, y behold your chaste conversation. —1 Pet. iil. 3. In language, pure ; genuine ; uncorrupt; free from barbarous words and CHASTE/-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having modest eyes. tree that grows to the hight of eight or ten feet, pro- A cele- The regulations are ex- n. [Fr. chartulaire. See Canrtu- See Cane.] frugal. Sh OwWcr. Deut. xxxii. 30. Knolles. to compel to depart ; to disperse. See EncHAsE,. that which is usu- , and is invested with privileges, A chase is pri- See Casr and Pursued ; sought ar- to guns at the head and stern of Brande. [See EncnaseE.] [Gr. xacpua, L. chasma, from Gr. to open. Buckminster. Having gaps or a chasm. [Fr., a huntsman.] In of a body of cavalry, light and Sax. cusc, D. kulisch, G. keusch, I suppose the primary sense to sequester- marriage, it signifies pure from phrases, and from quaint, expressions. Collins. The Agnus castus, or Vitex ; a NE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— Se E a Ss |. MORRO Sem aOm Ee ages—-— CHA ducing spikes of flowers at the end of every strong shoot in autumn. Miller. CHASTE’LY, adv. Ina chaste manner; without un- lawful commerce of sexes , without obscenity ; pure- ly ; without barbarisms or unnatural phrases. CHAS/TEN, (chas/n,) 2. t. ie chatier, for chastier ; Arm. castien; Russ. chischi. 1. To correct by punishment; to punish ; to inflict pain for the purpose of reclaiming an offender ; as, to chasten a son with a rod. I will chasten him with the rod of- men. — 2 Sam. vii. 2. To afflict by other means. As many as I love I rebuke and chasten., — Rey. ili. I chastened my soul with fasting. — Ps. Ixix. 3. To purify from errors or faults. CHAS'TEN-ED, (chas'nd,) pp- or 4. Corrected ; pun- ished ; afflicted for correction ; purified from faults. CHAS'TEN-ER, nz. One who punishes for the purpose CHE CHE CHA_-TOY/MENT, n. Changeable colors, ex changea-) CH EAP/EN, (chép/n,) v. t. [Sax. ceapian. See Cuxar, bleness of color, in a mineral ; play of colors. Cleaveland. CHAT PO-TA'TOES, x. pl. Small potatoes fit only for pigs, &c. Brande. CHAT’TAH, n. In India, an umbrella. CHAT’TED, pp. Talked familiarly, or on light sub- jects. CHAT’TEL, (chat/],) n. [See CattLe.] Primarily, any article of movable goods. In modern usage, the word chattels comprehends all goods, movable or im- movable, except such as have the nature of freehold. “¢ Chattels are real or personal. Chattels real, are such of land, wardships in chivalry, the next presentation animals, furniture of a house, jewels, corn, &e.”? Blackstone. as concern or savor of the realty, as a term for years to a church, estates by statute merchant, elegit, and the like.- Chattels personal, are things movable, as supra. CUuwAPIEN-ED, ( down in price. CHEAP/EN-ING, CHEAP’LY, ado. CHEAP/NESS, nr. CHEAR. To shops in crowds the daggled females fly, Pretend to cheapen goods, 9. To lessen value. CHEAP/EN-ER, n. beating down the price of. CHEAP’ER, a. comp. CHEAP/EST, a. superl. usual price, or real value. See CHEER. 1. To attempt to buy ; to ask the price of a com- modity ; to chaffer. Swift. Dryden. chép/nd,) pp- Bargained (v7; beat ut nothing buy. One who cheapens or bargains. ppr. Bargaining for; chaffering ; More cheap, less expensive. Most cheap ; least costly. At a small price ; at a low rate. Lowness in price, considering the ed of correction. CHASTE/NESS, n. Chastity; purity. Correcting; aftlicting for cor- CHAT’TER, v. 2. idly and indistinctly, as a magpie or a monkey. See Cuat.] To utter sounds rap- p 9. To make a noise by collision of the teeth. We CHEAT, v.t. [Sax. ceatt. In Ar. E> khadaa, sig- CHAS/TEN-ING, ppr. rection. CHAS’/TEN-ING, n. Correction ; suffering inflicted for the purpose of reclaiming. No chastening for the present seemeth to be joyous, but grievous. ing. 3. To talk idly, carelessly, or rapidly ; to jabber. — Heb. xi. CHAS-TIS/A-BLE, a. Deserving of chastisement. Sherwood. CHAS-TISE’, v. t [Fr. chatier; Arm. castiza, from chaste, castus. The Latin castigo, Sp. and Port. casti- gar, It. gastigare, are formed with a different termi- | ation. We have chastise from the Armoric dialect. ] 1. To correct by punishing; to punish ; to inflict pain by stripes, or in other manner, for the purpose of punishing an offender and recalling him to his duty. I will chastise you seven times for your sin. — Ley. xxvi. awe ; to repress. The gay, social sense, By decency chastised. Thomson. to chastise a poem. CHAS/TISE-MENT, (chas/tiz-ment,) 7. ment; Arm. castiz; from’ chaste.) wise. Shall Jso much dishonor my fair stars, Cp equal terms to give him chastsement 2 Shak. 9. To reduce to order or obedience ; to restrain ; to 3. To correct ; to purify by expunging faults ; as, CHAS-TIS/ED, (chas-tizd!,) pp. Punished ; corrected. [Fr. chati- Correction ; punishment; pain inflicted for pun- ishment and correction, either by stripes or other- idle talk. CHAT’TER-BOX, z. CHAT!’ TER-ER, n. One that talks incessantly. A prater; an idle talker. 2. Aname given to some species of dentirostral rT’ They birds, from their loud and monotonous notes. feed chiefly on berries. Swainson. CHAT’TER-ING, ppr. or a. clashing, as the teeth. CHAT’TER-ING, x. chilliness. CHAT’TING, ppr-. CHAT'TY, a. Talking familiarly. CHAUF’FER, n. (Fr. chauffer, to heat. ] tom. ufe. OHAU-MON-TELLP’, xn. [Fr.] _A sort of pear. CHAUN, n Agap. [Wotm use.| [See Yawn.] CHAUN, v.i. To open; to yawn. Not in use. | CHAUNT. See Cuant. AVIEN- . ea n. (Fr. chevesne.] The chub, a fish. CHAW, v. t. say, the teeth chatter, when one is chilly and shiver- nifies to deceive CHAT’TER, x. Sounds like those of a pie or monkey ; Uttering rapid, indistinct sounds, as birds; talking idly ; moving rapidly and Rapid, inarticulate sounds, as of birds; idle talk ; rapid striking of the teeth, as in Given to free conversation ; talkative. CHAT’WOOD, n. Little sticks; fuel. Bailey. Johnson. ‘In chemistry, a small furnace, a cylindrical box of sheet iron, open at the top, with a grate near the bot- F (Sax. ceowan ; D. kaauwen ; G. kauen ; Ir. to disguise, to deceive, to lay snares ; Eth. eM chiet or hiet, sig- nifies to cheat, to deceive, to defraud.] 1. To deceive and defraud in a bargain; ceive for the pu application is to commerce, in which a person uses some arts, or misrepresentations, or withholds some facts, by which 2. T'o deceive by any artifice, trick, or device, with a view to gain an advantage contrary to common honesty ; as, to cheat a person at cards. 3. 'To impose on ; to trick. out of, and colloquially by into, as to cheat a child into a belief that a1 CHEAT, n. 2. A person deceitful practi CHEAT’ER, nz. imposing on. CHEAT!A-BLE-NESS, 2. CHEAT!/-BREAD, (-bred,) 2. or not made in the family. CHEAT’ED, pp. CHEAT'ING, n. I have borne chastisement ; I will not offend any more. — Job XXXIV. A The chastisement of our peace, in Scripture, was the pain which Christ suffered to purchase our peace and reconciliation to God. Js. lili. CHAS-TIS/ER, n. One who chastises ; a punisher ; a corrector. CHAS-TIS/ING, ppr. recting. CHAS/TL-TY, n. [L. castitas ; Fr. chasteté ; Sp. casti- dad; It. castitd; from L. castus, chaste.] 1. Purity of the body ; freedom from all unlawful commerce of sexes. Before marriage, purity from all commerce of sexes; after marriage, fidelity to the marriage bed. 9. Freedom from obscenity, as in language or con- versation. 3 Freedom from bad mixture ; purity in words and phrases. 4, Purity ; unadulterated state ; as, the chastity of the gospel. Gibbon. CHAS/U-BLE, n. In the Roman Catholic church, an outward vestment worn by the priest in saying mass, having a large embroidered or gilt cross on the back, and a pillar in front, designed to be em- blematical of Christ’s sufferings. CHAT, v.i. [G. kosen, to talk, or prattle ; Ir. ceadach, talkative ; ceadac, a story or narrative; Sp. cotorra, a magpie ; cotorrera, a hen-parrot, a talkative Woman ; Gr. kwrtAAw, to prate; D. koeteren, to jabber, and Punishing for correction; cor- er. +] CHAW. n, [A different spelling of jaw. See Cuaw, cagnaim, or cognaim; Arm. jaoga, Or chaguein; coln- ciding with jaw, which in Arm. is javed, gaved, OF chagell, and as cheek and jaw are often united, this word coincides with Sax. ceac, ceoca. It is most cor- rectly written and pronounced chaw; but chew is deemed most elegant. ] 1. To grind with the teeth; to masticate, as food in eating; to ruminate, or to chew, as the cud. 9. To ruminate in thought ; to revolve and consid- Obs supra. 1. The jaw. Ezek. xxix. 4. But, in modern edi- tions of the Bible, it is printed jaw. 2. In vulgar language, a cud; as much as is put in the mouth at once. CHAW!’DRON, x. _ Entrails. Shak. CHAW/’ED, (chaud,) pp. Chewed. CHAW/ING, ppr. Chewing. CHECK, v. t. It. scacco, ered ; Low L. CHAY’-ROOT, nx. The root of the Oldenlandia um- bellata, used in giving the beautiful red to the Ma- dras cottons. It is also called chaya-root and choy- root CHEAP, a. [Sax. ceap, cattle, business, or trade, a price, a pledge or pawn, a selling any thing that may be bought or sold ; ceapian, cypan, to buy, to sell, to negotiate, to gain; D. koop, a bargain or purchase 5 ‘‘te koop zetten,” to set to sale ; “ goed koop,”’ cheap, good purchase ; koopen, to buy ; G. kaufen; Dan. ki- -_ w= arts. CHEAT/ING-LY, adv. [Fr. echec, pl. echecs, which we have changed into chess; Sp. zaque, a move at chess; maque de mate, check-mate ; zagoate, a rebuke. the squares of a chess-board ; scacchi, chess-men ; scacco-matto, check-mate ; scaccato, check- , circumvent, seduce ; to fail, to hide, - = defraud; AL&> kaida, signifies to to de- rpose of gain in selling. Its proper he deceives the purchaser. It is followed by of or nedicine is palatable. A fraud committed by deception ; a trick ; imposition ; imposture. who cheats; one guilty of fraud by ces. Liability to be cheated. Hammond. Fine bread purchased, [Little used. ] Defrauded by deception. One who practices a fraud in com- merce, CHEATING, ppr. or a. Defrauding by deception ; The act of defrauding by deceitful In a cheating manner. Port. zaque, a check ; Sp. and Port. zaquima, a halter ; scaccarium, an exchequer, Fr. echiquter ; G. schach, chess ; schachmatt, check-mate ; D. schaak, chess; schaak-mat, check-mate ; Dan. skak, chess, crooked, curving ; parter, chaffer, chop and change ; Sw. schach, chess ; schach-matt, check-mate ; Russ. schach, check, chess ; schach-mat, check-mate. an old man, a shaik, and xaco, a jacket. skak-mat, check-mate ; skakrer, to In Spanish, zaque, zeque, is hese latter Bis ea words seem to be the Ar. cls shaich, or clas the latter is rendered to grow old, to be old, to blame or rebuke, under which we fin signifies to use diligence, quasi to bend to or apply ; also, to abstain or turn aside. d shail; the former In Arabic we fin also Ss shakka, to doubt, hesitate, halt, and in Hebrew the same word > signifies to still, allay, kwetteren, to chatter ; kouten, id. } form or ceremony. Milton. Dryden. 2. To talk idly ; to prate. Jolinson. CHAT, v.t. Totalk of. [JVot in use.] Shak. CHAT, x. Free, familiar talk ; idle talk ; prate. CHAT. n. A twig, or little stick. [See Curt.] CHAT-EAU’, (shat-to’,) n. [I'r., a castle. TLE] A castle ; a seat in the country. CUAT" CHAT/EL-LA-NY, zn. [Fr. chatellenie. } [See CasTELLANY ernor of a castle. _ [Fr. chat, cat, and q@il, eye.] CHA-TOY/ANT, a, like that of a cat’s eye in the dark. in the interior an undulating or wavy light. It is It rarely exceeds the size of a filhert. 1. To talk in a familiar manner ; to talk without See Cas- E-LET, (shat/e-let,) n. Alittle castle. Chambers. The lordship or jurisdiction of a castellan, or gov- Having a changeable, undulating luster, or color, CHA-TOY/ANT, z. A hard stone, a little transparent which, being cut smooth, presents on its surface an a yellowish-gray color, or verging to an olive-green. Dict. of Nat. Hist. change. ting ood, we have cheap. ] 1. Bearing a low price modity, or at a price less than the real value. gense is always comparative ; cheap at one time is considered dear at another. It is a principle which the pr established, a principle cheaper to hire the labor of freemen than to com of slaves. as, cheap beauty. of Make not yourself cheap in the cyes of the world, CHEAP, x. which we have cheap. [Obs.] : TONE, BULL, UNITE, — ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH ag, SH; in market; that may be purchased at a low price ; that is, at a price as low or lower than the usual price of the article or com- The for a price deemed ogress of political science has clearly that illustrates at once the wisdom of the Creator and the blindness of human cupidity, that it is p | the labor . Bacon. 9. Being of small value; common ; not respected 5 Anon. Bargain; purchase ; as in the phrases, good cheap, better cheap ; the original phrases from We have, in ner in whic 1. To stop moderate. 3. To com a list. CHECK, v. i. - 2. To rebuke ; to chide or reprove. 5. In seamanship, is too stiffly extended ; also, t The mind checks at any vigorous undertaking. ‘PH as in THIS. Gber ; Sw. kapa; Russ. kupayu ; L. caupo; Eng. to sink, stop or check, to obstruct or hedge ; ]¥ a hedge. cheapen, to chaffer, chap-man, chap-book, to chop and The sense is, a purchase, and good cheap is a good purchase or bargain. Hence, probably, omit- these words, clear evidence of the man- h several modern nations express the Shemitic W, or unl ; to restrain; to hinder or repress ; to curb. It signifies to put an entire stop to motion, or to restrain its violence, and cause an abatement; to Shak. pare any paper with its counterpart or with a cipher, with a view to ascertain its authen- ticity ; to compare corresponding papers ; by a counter-register. : : 4. To make a mark against names Im going over to control to ease off a little of a rope, which o stopper the cable. Mar. Dict. To stop ; to make a Stop ; with at. Locke. 195ene CHE 2. To clash or interfere. ~ I] love to check with busineas, Bacon. | 3. To strike with repression. Dryden. [ These applications are not frequent.] CHECK, 7. A stop; hinderance; rebuff; sudden re- straint, or continued restraint; curb; control; gov- ernment. 2. That which stops or restrains, as reproof, repri- mand, rebuke, slight or disgust, fear, apprehension, a person ; any stop or obstruction. _ Clarendon. 3. A mark put against names in going over a list. 4. A token given to railroad passengers, serving to identify them in claiming their luggage, &c. Also, in theaters, a similar token, to identify those who go out, expecting to return. o. In falconry, when a hawk forsakes her proper game, to follow rooks, pies, or other fowls, that cross her in her flight. auley. Encyc. 6. The correspondent cipher of a bank note; a corresponding indenture ; any counter-register. Johnson. 7. A term in chess, when one party obliges the other either to move or guard his king. 8, An order for money, drawn on a banker or on the cashier of a bank, payable to the bearer. This is a sense derived from that in definition 6. 9. In popular use, checkered cloth; check for checkered. Check, or check-roll; a roll or book containing the names of persons who are attendants, and in the pay of a king or great personage, as domestic ser- vants, Bailey Encyc. Clerk of the check, in the British king’s household, has the check and control of the yeomen of the guard, and all the ushers belonging to the royal family, the care of the watch, &c. Bailey. Encyc. Clerk of the check; in the British royal deck-yards, is an officer who keeps a register of all the men em-_ ployed on board his majesty’s ships and vessels, and of all the artificers in the service of the navy, at the port where he is settled. CHECK’-BOQK, x. A book containing blank checks upon a bank. Bouvier. CHECK’ED, ) pp. Stopped; restrained ; repressed ; CHECKT, curbed ; moderated ; controlled ; rep- rimanded. CHECK’ER, ». t. [from check, or perhaps directly from the Fr. echiquier, a chess-board. Norm. eschegir, or chekere, exchequer. ] 1, To variegate with cross lines; to form into little squares, like a chess-board, by lines or stripes —<— Pe 9 ere, a ee of different colors. Hence, 2. To diversify ; to fariegate with different qual- ities, scenes, or events. Our minds are, as it were, checkered with truth and falsehood, Addison, CHECK’ER, x. One who checks or restraims ; a re- buker. 2. A chess-board. CHECK’ER, m. Work varied alternately as CHECK’ER2WorK, | to its colors or materials; work consisting of cross lines, CHECK’ER-ED, pp. or a. Diversified ; Variegated. CHECK’ERS, n. pl. Draughts ; a common game on a checkered board. CHECK’ING, ppr. Stopping ; curbing; restraining ; moderating ; controlling ; rebuking. CHECK’LESS, a. That can not be checked or re- strained. CHECK/MATE, n. [See Curecx. Mate is from the root of the Sp. and Port, matur, to kill, Ar, Ch. Syr. Heb. Eth. Sam. nyn moth, to die, to kill.] 1. The movement in the game of chess, which stops all further moving, and ends the game, 2. Figuratively, defeat ; overthrow, CHECK’MATE, ». t. To Spenser. make a move in chess, | CHEER’LY, a. Gay; cheerful ; not gloomy. which stops all further moving, and ends the game. | CHEER/LY, adv. Cheerfully ; heartily ; briskly. Hence, to arrest and defeat, Skelton. CHEER/UP, ) v. t. To make cheerful ; to enliven ; to CHECK!/MAT-ED, pp. Stopped in the game of chess. CHIR/RUP chirp. [ Colloquial. Dr. Cheyne. CHECK’/MAT-ING, ppr. Making a last move in chess. CHECKS, n. A term applied toa kind of cloth, as ginghams, plaids, &c, CHECK’Y, n. In heraldry, a border that has more than two rows of checkers, or when the bordure or shield is checkered, like a chess-board. Encyc. CHEEK, 7. [Sax. ceac, ceoca; D. kaak: this is proba- bly the same word as jaz, Fr. joue, Arm. gaved, javed, connected with jaoga, chaguein, to chaw, or chew, for the words chin, cheek, and jaw, are confounded ; the same word Which, in one dialect, signifies the cheek, in another significs the jaw. Gena in Latin is the English chin.] 1. The side of the face below the eyes on é€ach side, 2. Among mechanics, cheeks are those pieces of a Machine, or other kind of workmanship, which form corresponding sides, or which are double and alike ; as, the cheeks of a printing-press, which stand per- pendicular and support the three sommers, the head, Shelves, and winter; the cheeks of a turner’s lathe ; the cheeks of a glazier’s vise 3 the cheeks of a mortar, and of a gun-carriage ; the cheeks of a mast, which Serve to sustain the trestle-trees, &c. checkered i FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAGRE CHE Check by jowl; closeness ; proximity. CHEEK’-BONE, n. The bone of the cheek. CHEEK’ED, (cheekt,) a. Brought near the cheek. Beaum. Cotton. CHEEK’-TOOTH, n. The hinder tooth or tusk. Joel CHEEP, v.i. To chirp, as a small bird. [i. 6. CHEER, v.t. [Fr. chére; Arm. cher, cheer, entertain- ment ; Ir. gairim, to call, shout, extol, rejoice ; Gr. xato@, to rejoice, to hail or salute. The primary sense is, to call out or shout, as in joy ; a sense re- tained in jovial companies, to give cheers, and among seamen, to salute a ship by cheers. Orient. Nip kara. I. Lo salute with shouts of joy, or cheers, or with stamping or other expressions of applause. 2. To dispel gloom, sorrow, silence, or apathy; to cause to rejoice ; to gladden ; to make cheerful; as, to cheer a lonely desert; the cheering rays of the sun ; good news cheers the heart. 3. To infuse life, spirit, animation ; to incite; to encourage ; as, to cheer the hounds. CHEER, v.%. To grow cheerful ; to become gladSome or joyous. At sight of thee my gloomy soul cheers up. Cheer up, my lads. Phillips. CHEER, n. A shout of joy ; as, they gave three cheers. Also, stamping, or other expressions of applause. CHEER’/FUL-LY, adv. CHEER/FUL-NESS, n. CHEER’I-LY, adv. CHEER’I-NESS, n. Cheerfulness CHEER/ING, ppr. or a. CHEER’ING-LY, adv. CHEER/ISH-NESS, n. CHEER/LESS, a. CHEER’LESS-NESS, n. State of being destitute of CHEER’Y, a. CHEESE, n. CHEESE/-€AKE, “n. CHEESE/-MON// CHEESE/-PAR-ING, n. CHEESE!-PRESs, n. A CHEESE/-REN- 2. A state of gladness or joy ; a state of animation above gloom and depression of Spirits, but below CHE CHEESE’-VAT, n. The vat or case in which curds are confined for pressing. Glanville, CHEES'Y, a. Having the Nature, qualities, taste, or form of cheese. CHEF-D’EUV'RE, (shef-doov’r,) n. terpiece or performance in arts, &c. CHEG’RE, } n. [Sp. chiquito, small ] CHEG'OR, $0 Vos Ceuisio 7 EUaa tl, A tropical insect, that enters the skin of the feet and multiplies incredibly, causing an itching. It is written, also, chigger, chigoe, jigger. CHEI-ROP’'TER, n. [Gr. xerp, the hand, and €HEI-ROP/TER-A, n. pl. TTEPOV, Wing. ] Terms applied to animals whose anterior toes are connected by a membrane, and whose feet thus serve for wings, as the bat. Lunier. €HET-ROP’TER-OUS, a. Belonging to the Cheirop- [Fr.] A mas- Encyc. tera. €HEI-RO-THE/RI-UM, n. por xétp, hand, and 0n- ptov, beast.] An animal whose footsteps alone have been found in Germany. It is sometimes spelt chiro- thervum. : CHEK-O/A, n. The Chinese porcelain clay. €HEL'I-DON, n. [Gr.] A brown fly with silvery wings. CHE-LIEYER-OUS, a. [Gr. yyAn, a claw, and L. fero, to bear. ] Furnished with claws, as an animal. CHEL'I-FORM, a. [L. chela, a claw, and form.] mirth, gayety, and jollity. Son, be of good cheer; thy sins are forgiven thee. — Matt. 1x. Then were they all of good cheer, and they also took some meat. — Acts xxvii. 3. Mirth; gaycety ; jollity, as at a feast. 4. Invitation to gayety. Shak. 5. Entertainment ; that which makes cheerful ; provisions for a feast. Shak. The table was loaded with good cheer. Irving. 6. Air of countenance, noting a greater or less de- gree of cheerfulness. His words their drooping cheer Enlizhtened. CHEER’ED, pp. CHEER/ER, n. Milton. Enlivened ; animated; made glad. One who cheers; he or that which gladdens. Thou cheerer of our days. Wotton, Prime cheerer, light. Thomson, CHEER’FUL, a. Lively; animated ; having good Spirits ; moderately joyful. This is the most usual Signification of the word, expressing a degree of an- imation less than mirth and Jollity. 2. Full of life; gay; animated ; mirthful ; music- al ; as, the cheerful birds. 3. Expressive of good spirits or joy ; lively ; ani- mated. A merry heart maketh a cheerful countenance. — Proy, xv. In a cheerful manner; with Having the form of a claw. €HE-LO'NI-AN, n. ) [Gr. xé\wyn, a tortoise.] Terms €HE-LO'NI-A, n, pl. $ applied to animals of the tor- toise kind. €HE-LO'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to or designating ani- mals of the tortoise kind. €HE'LY, (-ké/le,) n. [L. chela; Gr. xnAn, a claw.] The claw of a shell-fish. Brown. €HEM’L€-AL,, (kim/i-kal or kem/i-kal.) [See Cuem- IstRY.] Pertaining to chemistry ; as, a chemical op- eration. 2. Resulting from the operation of the principles of bodies by decomposition, combination, é&c.; as, chemical changes. 3. According to the principles of chemistry ; as, a chemical combination. €HEM'I€-AL-LY, adv. According to chemical prin- ciples ; by chemical process or operation. CHE-MiSE’, (she-méz‘,) n. [Fr. chemise; Ir. caimse, S cams; Sp. camisa; It. camicia; Ar. (JOAD9 kamit- zon; Arh. id.] 1. A shift, or under-garment, worn by females, 2. A wall that lines the face of any work of earth. CHEM-I-SETTE’, (shem-e-zet',) n. [Fr.] An under garment, worn over the chemise. alacrity or willingness ; readily ; with life, anima- tion, or good spirits. Life ; animation ; good spir- its; a state of moderate joy or gayety ; alacrity. He that showeth mercy, with cheerfulness. —Rom. xii. With cheerfulness ; with spirit. Giving joy or gladness 3 en- encouraging; animating. In a cheerful manner. State of cheerfulness. [Jot Milton. Without joy, gladness, or comfort ; gloomy ; destitute of any thing to enliven or animate the spirits. Spenser. livening ; in use. cheerfulness or comfort. Gay ; sprightly ; having power to make AY. cae Come, let us hie, and quaff a cheery bowl. Gay. (Sax. cese, or cyse; Ir. cais; W. caws ; Corn. kes; Arm. caus; L. caseus, Sp. queso; Port. queijo; D. kaas; G. kise; Basque, gasna, or gazta. The primary sense is to curdle, to congeal, from col- lecting, drawing, ‘or driving ; W. casidw, to curdle. Perhaps it is allied to SqUeeze, l. The curd of milk, coagulated usually by rennet, separated from the sérum or whey, and pressed in a vat, hoop, or mold. ; 2. A mass of pomace or ground apples placed on a ress. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. A cake made of soft curds, su- Prior. One who B. Jonson. The rind or paring of cheese. Beaum. ° press, or engine for pressing curd in the making of cheese. Q. y NET, n. A plant, ladies? bed-straw, gar, and butter ! GER, (-mung’ger,) 7. deals in or sells cheese. Galium verum. €HEM'IST, (kim/ist or kem/ist,) n. €HEM'IS-TRY, A person versed in chemistry ; a professor of chemistry. (kim/is-try or Kem/is-try,) ». [Fr. chimie; Sp. chimia; It. and Port. chimica. ~The orthography of this word, from its derivation and the analogy of other European languages, would properly be chimistry. It is the Arabic oe kimia, the occult art or science, from => kamai, to conceal. This was originally the art or science now called alchemy; the art of converting baser metals into gold. ‘The order of Diocletian, directing search to be made for books treating of the wonder- ful art of making gold and Silver, and all that should be found to be committed to the flames, proves the origin of this art to be as remote as the close of the third century ; and it was probably somewhat earlier. Gibbon, ch. 13. It is not improbable that this art was fe The common orthogra- used in counterfeiting coins. phy is from yew, to melt or fuse ; the cld orthography was from yvw, the same word, differently written ; both having no foundation but a random guess. If lexicographers and writers had been contented to take the orthography of the nations in the south of Europe, where the origin of the word was doubtless understood, and through whom the word was intro- duced into England, the orthography would have been settled, uniform, and corresponding exactly with the pronunciation.] Chemistry is a Science, the object of which is to discover the nature and properties of all bodies by analysis and synthesis. Macquer. Chemistry is that science which explains the inti- mate mutual action of all natural bodies. Fourcroy. Analysis or decomposition, and synthesis or combi- nation, are the two methods which chemistry uses to accomplish its purposes, Fourcroy. Hooper. Chemistry may be defined, the science which in- vestigates the composition of material substances, and the permanent changes of constitution which their mutual actions produce. Ure. Chemistry may be defined, that science, the object of which is to discover and explain the changes of METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE » MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Mein clinna ict hateCHE CHE CHE composition that occur among the integrant and con- stituent parts of different bodies. Henry. Chemistry is the science which treats of those events and changes in natural bodies which are not accompanied by sensible motions. Thomson. Chemistry is justly considered as a science, but the practical operations may be denominated an art. Chemistry relates to those operations by which the intimate nature of bodies is changed, or by which they acquire new properties. Davy. CHEQUE. See CHEcK. CHEQ’UER. See CHECKER. CHER’LEF, n. Written also SuHerrrr. The prince of Mecca ; a high priest among the Mohammedans. CHER/ISH, v. t. [Fr. cherix; Arm. cherigza ; from Fr. cher, dear ; W. cir, bounty ; ciriaw, to pity, to cherish. see CaREss. 1. To treat with tenderness and affection ; to give warmth, ease, or comfort to. We were gentle among you, even as a nurse cherisheth her children. —1L Thess. il. The damsel was fair, and cherished the king. —1 Kings 1. 9, To hold as dear; to.embrace with affection; to foster and encourage ; as, to cherish the principles of virtue ; to cherish religion in the heart. 3. To treat ina manner to encourage growth, by protection, aid, attendance, or supplying nourish- ment; as, to cherish tender plants. 4, To harbor; to indulge and encourage in the mind; as, to cherish ill-will, or any evil passion. CHER/ISH-ZD, (cher/isht,) pp. Or a. Treated with tenderness; warmed; comforted; fostered. CHER/ISH-ER, n. One who cherishes; an encour- ager; a supporter. CHER/ISH-ING, ppr. Warming; comforting; en- couraging ; fostering ; treating with affection. CHER/ISH-ING, n. Support ; encouragement. root is from Manilla, in the Philippine Islands, and is highly prized for the delicacy of its flavor. EHER-O-POT’A-MOS, n. [Gr xotwos, a hog, and roripos, river.) An animal of the order of pachy- dermata, allied to the hog, now extinct. CHER/RY, n. [Fr. cerise; L. cerasus; It. ciriegia ; Port. cereja; Sp. cereza; Arm. geresen ; D. kars, or kriek; G. kirsche; Sw. kirsbar; Dan. kirseber; so named, it is said, from Cerasus, a city in Pontus, near the Euxine, whence the tree was imported in- to Italy. The fruit of a tree, a species of Prunus, of which there are many varieties, as the red or garden cherry, the red-heart, the white-heart, the black cherry, the plack-heart, and several others. The fruit isa pulp inclosing a kernel. It is related that this fruit was brought from Cerasus, in Pontus, to Italy, after the defeat of Mithridates by Lucullus, A. R. 680, and in- troduced into England by the Romans, about 120 years afterward, A. D. 59. Barbadoes cherry, is the genus Malpighia, of several species. The berries are red, clrerry-shaped, acid, and eatable. Bird cherry, is a species of Prunus, the common laurel, or lawro-cerasus. Lee. Also, the Prunus Padus. Encye. Cornelian cherry is the fruit of the Cornus, cornel- tree, or dog-wood. It is a small, acid, cherry-like, eatable berry. Dwarf cherry, is the fruit of a species of Lonicera, or honey-suckle. Hottentot cherry, is the fruit of a species of Cassine. The fruit is a trispermous berry, of a dark, purple color. Winter cherry, is a name of the fruit of the Phy- salis, a genus of many species. Itisa berry of the size of a small cherry, inclosed in an inflated, blad- der-like calyx. This name is also given toa species of Solanum. Fam. of Plants. CHER/RY, a. Like a red cherry in color ; red, ruddy, blooming ; as, a cherry lip ; cherry cheeks. CHER/RY, n. A cordial composed of cherry juice and spirit, sweetened and diluted. ‘The wild cherry is most generally used for this purpose, being steeped for some days in spirit, which extracts the juice of the fruit; the tincture is then sweetened and diluted to the taste. This cordial is moderately bitter and astringent. It is sometimes made of the mazzard. CHER/RY-CHEEK-ED, (-cheekt,) a. Having ruddy cheeks. Congreve. CHER/RY-PIT, n. A child’s play, in which cherry- stones are thrown into a hole. Shak. CHER/RY-TREE, n. kerub. In Ch. | CHEST, v. t. To reposit in a chest; to hoard. A figure composed of various creatures, as a man, to keep or guard the way of the tree of life. The two cherubs which Moses was commanded to make at the ends of the mercy-seat, were to be of beaten work of gold; and their wings were to extend over the mercy-seat, their faces toward each other, and between them was the residence of the Deity. Ez. xxv. The cherubs, in Ezekiel’s vision, had each four heads, or faces, the hands of a man, aud wings. The four faces were, the face of a bull, that of a man, that of a lion, and that of an eagle. They had the likeness of a man. Ezek. iv. and x. In 2 Sam. xxii. 11, and Psalm xviii. Jehovah is represented as riding on a cherub, and flying on the wings of the wind. In the celestial hierarchy, cherubs are repre- sented as spirits next in order toseraphs. The hiero- glyphical and emblematical figures embroidered on the vails of the tabernacle, are called cherubs of cu- rious or skillful work. Ez. xxvi. A beautiful child is called a cherub. a. Pertaining to cherubs ; angelic. ishing manner. CHER/ISH-MENT, n. Encouragement ; comfort. [Obs.] | CHER/U-BIM, n. The Hebrew plural of Cuxrrus. €HER/MES. See Kermes. CHER/U-BIN, a. Cherubic; angelic. Shak. GHE-ROOT’, n. Akind of cigar. The genuine che- | CHE 2/U-BIN, n. A cherub. Dryden. CHER/UP; a corruption of chirp, which see. GHER'VIL, n. [Sax. cerfille, a contraction of L. cher- ophyllum ; Gr. yaipepudAdov, Xatpw, to rejoice, and udd Iv, leaf.) The popular name of a plant, of the genus Chero- phyllum. CHES!/A-PEAK, 7. A bay of the United States, whose entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia, and which extends northerly into Maryland 270 miles. It receives the waters of the Susquéhannah, Potomac, Rappahannoc, York, and James Rivers. CHES/I-BLE. See CHAsuBLeE. CHES/LIP, n. A small vermin that lies under stones. CHESS, n. [Fr. echecs. See CHeEcK.] An ingenious game performed by two parties with different pieces, on a checkered board, that is, a board divided into sixty-four squares, or houses. The suc- cess of the game depends almost entirely on skill. Each gamester has eight dignified pieces, called a king, a queen, two bishops, two knights, and two rooks, or castles ; also eight pawns. The pieces of the parties are of different colors. Encyc. CHESS, n. [I do not find this word in any English dictionary ; nor do I know its origin or affinities. In vc Persian, Ue khas, or gas, signifies evil, depraved, and a useless weed.] In ew England, the Bromus Secalinus, a grass and is supposed to be which grows among wheat, wheat degenerated or changed, as it in fields where the wheat 1s winter-killed, It bears some resemblance to oats. by Pliny, Nat. Hist. lib. 18, ca. 17. ‘*Primum omni- et hordeum in eam degenerat.”? This change of wheat and barley into um frumenti vitium avena est; ascribes to a moist soil, wet weather abounds most This fact is mentioned adjective. goods are kept or transported. It differs from a trunk in not being covered with skin or leather. 9, The trunk of the body from the neck to the belly; the thorax. Hence, broad-chested, narrow- chested; having a broad or narrow chest. 3. In commerce, a certain quantity ; as, a chest of | sugar ; a chest of indigo; &c. Chest of drawers, is a case of movable boxes called drawers. Johnson. CHEST’ED, a. Having a chest, as in thick-chested ; narrow-chested. CHEST’-FOUND-ER-ING, n. jams D. kin; G. kinn ; Dan. kind, the cheek ; Sw. kind; L. gena; Gr. yevus. ‘The sense is probably an edge or side, and allied to chine. } The lower extremity of the face, below the mouth ; the point of the under jaw. CHI/NA, n. A species of earthen ware, made in China, and so called from the country ; called, also, China ware, and porcelain, [See Porcevatn.] CHI NA-OR/ANGE, 2. 6. A set of bells which chime or ring in harmony. have been originally brought from China. The sweet orange, said to chapim. It is said to be of Arabian origin. It can not be the L. crepis, Gr. xpnmcs, unless a letter has been lost. ] A high shoe, formerly worn by ladies. Shak. CHIP, CHEAP, CHIP’PING, in the names of places, imply a market; from Sax. ceapan, cypan, to buy or sell. [See Cupar.] CHIP, x. [from the root of chop. Fr. cowpeau.] 1. A piece of wood or other substance, separated from a body by a cutting instrument, particularly by an ax. It is used, also, for a piece of stone separated by a chisel or other instrument, in hewing. 9. A fragment or piece broken off ; a small piece. CHIP, v.t. To cut into small pieces, or chips; to di- minish by cutting away a little ata timne, or in small pieces ; to hew. Shak. CHIP, v. i. To break or fly off in small pieces, as in CHIP/-AX, x. An ax for chipping. [potters’ ware. CHIP/-HAT, x. A hat made of wood split into thin filaments. CHIP/PED, (chipt,) pp- hewed. CHIP/PER, »v. 2. In New Encland, t an adjective, for lively, cheerful, ta used in the Craven dialect. CHIP/PING, ppr. Cutting off in small pieces. CHIP/PING, n. A chip; a piece cut off or separated by a cutting or engraving instrument ; @ fragment. 2, The flying or breaking off in small pieces of the edges of potter’s ware and porcelain. Encyc. €HLRA’GRA, n. the hand, [See below.] Gout in th €HLRAG/RIE-AL, a. [from chiragra, hand-gout ; Gr. xecp, the hand, and ayp a, seizure.] __ Having the gout in the hand, or subject to that disease. 5 Cut in chips, or small pieces ; To chirp or chirrup. Forby. his word is colloquially used as Ikative, as kipper 13 < Brown. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; 8 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 199meine ca ea, CHI CHL CHO CHIRK, (churk,) a. [Probably allied to chirp; D. circken, obs. Qu. Sax. cearcian, to creak, uses the verb to chirk, in the sense of chirp, or chat- ter. The word is found in the Russ. chirkayu, to chirp. It is colloquial in New England.] Lively ; cheerful ; in good spirits ; in a comfortable state. CHIRK, v.i Tochirp. [Obs.] CHIRM, v.71. [Sax. cyrman.] To sing asa bird. [JWVotin use.] €HI/RO-GRAPH, (ki/ro-graf,) n. [Gr. xetp, the hand, and yeagw, to write. ; 1. Anciently, a writing, which, requiring a counter- part, was engrossed twice on the same piece of parchment, with a space between, in which was Written the word chirographum, through which the parchment was cut, and one part given to each party. It answered to what is now called a charter-party. 2. A fine, so called from the manner of engross- ing, which is still retained in the chirographer’s office in England. Encyc. €HI-ROG’/RA-PHER,7. ‘See Cuinocra PH.] He that exercises or professes thi art or business of writing. In England, the chirograyher of fines is an officer in the common pleas, who engrosses fines acknowl- edged in that court, and delivers the indentures to the parties. Encye. €HI-RO-GRAPH'I€, a. Pertaining to chirog- €HIRO-GRAPH/IEAL, { raphy. €HI-ROG/RA-PHIST, 2. One who tells fortunes by [Not a legitimate word.]} Arbuthnot. examining the hand. [See Curnocrarn.] ‘The art of writing, or a writing with one’s own hand. €HI-RO-LOG’I€-AL, a. Pertaining to chirology. CHI-ROL/O-GIST,x. [Gr. xecp, the hand, and \oy 0S, discourse. ] One who communicates thoughts by signs made with the hands and fingers. €HI-ROL/O-GY, n. [See Curroxocist.] The art or practice of communicating thoughts by Signs made by the hands and fingers; a substitute for language or discourse, much used by the deaf and dumb, and ; by others who communicate with them. Bailey. . €Hi/RO-MAN-CER, n. [See CHiroMANcy.] One who attempts to foretell future events, or to tell the fortunes and dispositions of persons, by inspecting the hands. Dryden. €HiI’RO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. xe1p, the hand, and pay- Téa, divination. ] Divination by the hand ; palmistry ; the art or prac- tice of attempting to foretell events, or to discover the disposition of a person, by inspecting the lines and lineaments of his hand. Brown. €HVRO-MAN-IST, nm One who foretells future €Hi'RO-MAN-TIST, events, in relation to an in- dividual, by inspecting his hands. €HI-RO-MAN’TIE, a, Pertaining to chiromancy, or divination by the hand. Chaucer. €HI-ROG/RA-PHY, zn. Chiromantic deception. €HI-RO-NOWIE, a. the hands in oratory. orate ¥,n. [Gr. xe€:p, the hands, and VOjL0S, rule, The art or rule of moving the h gesture, €HI’RO-PLAST, n. [Gr. ye to form. ] An instrument to form the hand fo piano-forte. €HI-ROP/O-DIST, n. [Gr. xern and TOUS. | Literally, one who handles the feet; a surgeon for the feet ; a corn-cutter. The term is sometimes ap- hia plied to one who removes excrescences from the hands. €HI-ROS/O-PHIST, n. A fortune-teller. CHIRP, (churp,) w. i. [Ger. zirpen.] To make the noise of certain small birds, or of cer- tain insects ; as, a chirping \ark, or cricket. Thomson. CHIRP, v. t. To make cheerful. Grellman. Relating to the art of moving ands in oratory ; to, the hand, and r\accw, r playing on the Pope. CHIRP, x. A particular voice of certain birds or in- sects, Spectator. erful. CHIRP’/ER, n. One that chirps, or is che Making the noise of certain small CHIRP/ING, ppr. birds. CHIRP/ING, n. The noise of certain small birds and Insects, CHIRP/ING-LY, adv. CHIRRE, v. i. CHIR/RUP, ». t. In a chirping manner. [Sax. ceorian.] To cov, asa pigeon. To cheerup; to quicken or animate by chirping ; as, to clurrup one’s horse. CHI-RUR/GEON, n. [Gr. XEtpovpyos, One who oper- ates with the hand, yecp, the hanc » and epyos, work ; L. chirurgus ; Fr. chirurgien; Sp. cirujano; Port. sur- glam, or cirurgiam; It. chirurgo; Arn. surgyan. | A surgeon ; one whose profession is to heal dis- eases by manual operations, instruments, or external applications. [This ill-sounding word is obsolete, and it now appears in the form of SURGEON, Which € € € see, ] CHI-RUR/GE-RY, n. [Gr. xecpoupyta. See Currur- GEON That part of the medical art which consists in ———_—— Chaucer CHIVE. CHIVES, n. pl. In botany, slender thre €HLAM/Y-PHORI €HLA-MYPH/O-RUS FAFE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, —METE, PREY. — pj healing diseases and wounds by instruments and ex- ternal applications ; now written SurcErRy. €HI-RUR/GIC, a. Pertaining to surgery, or to €HI-RUR/GIE-AL, the art of healing diseases and wounds by manual operations, instruments, or ex- ternal applications. 2. Having qualities useful in external applications, for healing diseases or injuries. It is now written Suraicat. CHIS/EL, x. [Fr. ciseau, a chisel ; ciseler, to engrave ; Am. gisell; Sp. cincel ; Heb. })3, Ch. D)a or NT), or Ar. ww Ee 5S> chazza, to cut, hew, or carve. See Class Gs.] An instrument of iron or steel, used in carpentry, joinery, cabinet work, masonry, sculpture, &c., either for paring, hewing, or gouging. Chisels are of dif- ferent sizes and shapes, fitted for particular uses. CHIS‘EL, v. t To cut, pare, gouge, or engrave with a chisel. CHIS/EL-ED, pp. or a. Cut or engraved with a chisel. CHIS'EL-ING, ppr. Cutting with a chisel. - - CHIS/LEU, n. [Heb. 15 p>, from the Ar. \nw> kasila, - to be torpid or cold. The ninth month of the Jewish year, answering bon, and oxygen, obtained by the action of chlorine upon alcohol. €HLO’/RATE, n. [See Curonmz.] A compound of chloric acid with a salifiable base. Ure. €HLO/RIC, a. Pertaining to chlorine, or obtained from it; as, chloric acid. re, Chloric acid is that acid of chlorine and oxygen which contains the greatest proportion of the oxygen. €HLO/RID, n. [See Curorine.] A non-acid com- pound of chlorine with another element. €HLO-RID'TE, a. Pertaining to a chlorid. Ure. €HLO/RINE,/n. [Gr. xAwpos, green; so named €LO’RIN, from its color. ] Chloric gas; a new name given to what has been called oxymuriatic gas. This substance has hitherto resisted all efforts to decompose it; and, as it is not known to contain oxygen, and is apparently a simple substance, it has been denominated, from its color, chlorine, or chloric gas. It forms about Sixty per cent. of common salt; and is a powerful agent in bleach- ing and disinfecting. Davy. €HLO-RI’/O-DINE, n. A compound of chlorine €HLO-RI-OD/I€ AC/ID, and iodine. CHLO’RIS, rn. [Gr. xAwpos, green. | The green finch, a small bird. €HLO'/RITE, xn [Gr. xAwpus, green. |] A soft, olive-green mineral, consisting of minute scales, and somewhat soapy tothe touch. It is allied to a part of November and a part of December, in the modern division of the year. CHIT, x. ([Sax. cith, a shoot or twig, from thrusting out. | 1. Ashoot or sprout ; the first shooting or germina- tion of a seed or plant. Hence, 2. A child or babe, in familiar language. 3. A freckle ; that is, a push. CHIT, v. 7. Tosprout; to shoot, as a seed or plant. CHIT’/CHAT,n. [See Cuat, CHATTER. ] Prattle ; familiar or trifling talk. CHIT’/TER-LING, n. The frill to the breast of a shirt. PASCOLOINE, CHIT’TER-LINGS, n. pl. The smaller intestines of swine, &c., fried for food. CHIT/TY, a. Childish; like a babe. 2. Full of chits or sprouts. CHIV’/AL-RIE€, (shiv/al-rik,) a. Partaking of the char- acter of chivalry. CHIV’AL-ROUS, (shiv/al-rus,) a. Pertaining to chivalr Johnson. [See Curvatry.] y or knight-errantry ; warlike ; to talc, but contains also silica, Inagnesia, and alu- mina. ana, €HLO’/RITE, n. A salt formed of chlorous acid and a base. Ure. Kirwan. €HLO-RIT'I€, a. Pertaining to or containing chlo- rite ; as, chloritic sand. Tyjell. €HLO/RO-€AR-BON’IE, a. The terms chloro-car- €HLO/RO-€AR/BON-OUS, bonic acid and chloro- carbonous acid are applied, the former by Thomson, and the latter by Ure, to a compound of chlorine and carbonic oxyd, formed by exposing a mixture of the two gases to the direct solar rays. It was discovered by Dr. J. Davy, and called by him phosgene-gas. €HLO’/RO-CY-AN/I€, a. Composed of chlorine and cyanogen. €HLO-ROM’/E-TER, n. [Gr. xAwpos and perpor.] An instrument for testing the decoloring or bleach- ing powers of chlorid of lime. €HLO-ROM/E-TRY, n. The process for testing the bleaching power of any combination of chlorine. Ure. bold; gallant. CHIV’AL-ROUS-LY, (shiv/al-rus-le,) adv. alrous manner ; boldly ; gallantly. Benjamin. CHIV/AL-RY, (shiv‘al-ry,) n. [Fr. chevalerie, from chevalier, a knight or horseman, from cheval, a horse ; Sp. caballeria; It. cavalleria. See Cavatry. 1. Knighthood ; a military dignity, founded on the Service of soldiers on horseback, called knights; a service formerly deemed more honorable than service in infantry. Bacon. 2. The qualifications of a knight, as valor and dex- terity in arms, Shak. 3. The system of knighthood ; the privileges, char- acteristics, or manners of knights ; the practice of Knight-crrantry, or the heroic defense of life and honor. Dryden. 4. An adventure or exploit, as of a Knight. Sidney. ©. The body or order of knights. Shak. 6. In English law, a tenure of lands by knight’s service ; that is, by the condition of performing ser- vice on horseback, or of performing some noble or military service to his Jord. This was general or special; general, when the tenant held per servitium militare, Without specification of the particular ser- vice ; special, when the particular service was desig- nated. When the tenant held only of the king, the tenure was regal; when he held of a common per- son, it was called common. This service was also grand sergeantry, as when the tenant was bound to perform seryice to the king in his own person ; and petit sergeantry, when he was bound to yield to the king annually some small thing, as a sword or dag- ger. Chivalry that might be held of a common per- Son was Called escuage, scutagium, or shield service, Blackstone. Id before the al of England, Spenser, In a chiy- Court of chivalry ; a court formerly he lord high constable and earl marsh having cognizance of contracts and other matters re- lating to deeds of arms and war. It had jurisdiction both of civil and criminal causes, but no power to enforce its decisions by fine or imprisonment, not being a court of record. It is now nearly extinct. See Crvx, { Blackstone. ads or filaments [See Stamen.] (n. [Gr. xAapus, a cloak, and ; f dep, to bear. } American quadruped, allied to the covered with a shell or coat of mail, Harlan. A tunic, or loose coat, r the vest or doublet. Elmes. AC/ID, n. An acid formed by the ne on acetic acid. Dana. - Aliquid compound of chlorine, car- C in the blossoms of plants. 3, C f 4 A small South armadillo. It is like a cloak, HLA/MYS, n. [L. and Gr.] worn by the ancients ove HLO-RA-CE/TIE€ ; action of chlori HLO’/RAL, n NE €HLO/RO-PHYL, n. [Gr. yAwpos, green, and gu)\Aov, €HLO-RO'SIS, zn. €HLO-ROT'IE, a. Pertaining to chlorosis ; as, chlo- €HLO/ROUS, a. €HLO-ROX-AL'I€, a €HLO/RU-RET, n. A compound of chlorine : CHOAK. €HO/AN-ITE, n. CHOCK,v.i. Tofillupa cavity, (to choke;) as, “‘the CHO€/0-LATE-HOUSE, n. A house w » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — €HLO-RO’/PAL, n. [Green opal.] A greenish, earthy mineral, consisting of silica and oxyd of iron, with 18 to 20 per cent. of water. Dana. €HLO/RO-PHANE, n. [Gr. XA @pos, green, and gatvw, to show. ] A variety of fluor spar, from Siberia. When placed on a heated iron, it gives a beautiful emerald-greex light. Cleaveland. Cyc. €HLO-RO-PHAITE, n. [Gr. x\wpos, green, and gac- os, blackish. ] A rare mineral found in small nodules ; it consists principally of silica and iron, with a little alumina. It has been supposed to be decomposed olivine. Cleaveland. leaf. The green matter of the leaves of vegetables. Pelletier. [Gr. xAwpos, green.] 1. The green sickness, a disease of females, char- acterized by a pale or greenish hue of the skin, weak- ness, palpitation, dyspepsy, &c. Coxe. 2. A disease in plants, causing them to turn of a pale hue. rotic affections. Med. Rep. 2. Affected by chlorosis ; as, chlorotic nuns. Battie. Chlorous acid is that acid of chlorine and oxygen which contains the smallest proportion of oxygen. « Chlorozalic ether; an oxalic ether containing chlorine instead of hydrogen. Chloroxalic acid was formerly used for chloracetic acid. Dana. a name formerly given to what is now called a chlorid, See CHoxe. A zoophyte of the chalk. Mantell. wood work exactly chocked into the joints.” Fuller. 2. ‘T’o encounter. [See Suocx, HOCK, n. A wedge, or something to confine a cask or other body, by chocking into the space around it. [Hence the word chock-full, Meaning completely filled. Todd. So chock up means completely up. ] 2. An encounter. [See SHock. HO€/O-LATE, n. [Fr. chocolat ; Sp. and Port. cho- colate ; It. cioccolata, from cacao, 1. A paste or cake composed of the roasted Kernel of the cacao, with other ingredients, usually a little sugar, Cinnamon, or vanilla. The nut is first ground fine, mixed with the ingredients, and put in a mold. _ 2. The liquor made by dissolving chocolate in boil- ing Water. here company may be served with chocolate.| | | | CHOG/O-LATE-NUT. CHODE, the old preterit of Cu1pe, which see. CHOICE, n. [Fr. choix; Arm. choas; Sax. cyse, D. guishing what is to be preferred, and in giving & preference. selected in preference to others; selection. Cc CHOICE, a. CHOICE/-DRAWN, a. Selected with particular care. CHOICE’LESS, (chois’less,) a. CHOICE’LY? (chois'ly,) adv. CHOICE/NESS, (chois’ness,) 7. €HOIR, (quire,) x. fHOIR’-SER/ VICE, (quire’-) n. CHOKE, v.t. CHO See Cacao. keus; See Cxoose.] 1. The act of choosing ; the voluntary act of se- lecting or separating from two or more things that which is preferred ; or the determination of the mind in preferring one thing to another ; election. Ye know how that a good while ago God made choice among us, that the Gentiles by my mouth should hear the word of the gospel, and believe. — Acts Xv. 2. The power of choosing ; option. Where there is force, there can be no choice. Of these alternatives we have our own clioice. 3. Care in selecting ; judgment or skill in distin- Anon. I imagine Cesar’s apophthegms were collected with judgment and choice. Bacon. Cc 4. The thing chosen ; that which is approved and | q Nor let thy conquests only be her choice. Prior. 5. The best part of any thing; that which is pref- erable, and properly the object of choice. In the choice of our sepulchers bury thy dead. — Gen. xxiii. 6. The act of electing to office by vote ; election. To make choice of ; to choose ; to select ; to separate and take in preference. Worthy of being precious ; very valuable. My choicest hours of life are lost. My revenue is better than choice silver. — Prov. Vili. 9. Holding dear ; preserving or using with care, as valuable ; frugal; as, to be choice of time, or of ad- vantages. 3. Selecting with care, and due attention to prefer- ence ; as, to be choice of one’s company. € preferred ; select; Swift. hak. Not having the power Hammond. With care in choosing ; with nice regard to preference ; with exact choice ; as, a band of men choicely collected. 2. Valuably ; excellently ; preferably ; curiously. 3, With great care; carefully ; as, a thing choicely preserved. of choosing ; not free. Valuableness ; par- ticular value or worth ; as, the choiceness of a plant, or of wine. Gr. xooos; Fr. cheur; [L. chorus ; chor ; Sp. Port. and It. coro; Sax. chor ; D. choor; G. - - Ar. (=> kaura, to go round, to collect, or bind. See Cuorus, | 1. A collection of singers, especially in divine ser- vice, in a church. 9. Any collection of singers. 3, That part of a church appropriated for the sing- ers. In Congregational and some other churches, the singers are placed in certain seats in the galleries. 4. In cathedrals, and collegiate churches and chap- els, that part of a church eastward of the nave, and separated from it, usually, by a screen of open work. This, in parish churches, is called the chancel. 5, In nunneries, a large hall adjoining to the body of the church, separated by a grate, where the nuns sing the office. The service of sing- ing performed by the choir. Warton. [Sax. aceocan. In Arm. coucg, or goucg, is the neck, with which choke may be connected, in the sense of narrowness, or compression. The sense of choke is to stuff, thrust down, or stop; or to com- press, or bind tight. (The Sp. ahoyar is the Port. afocar, L. suffoco.) It is probably allied to the Sp. cegar, to shut, L. cecus, Eng. key, Sax. cee] 1. ‘To stop the passage of the breath, by ailing the windpipe, or compressing the neck. The word is used to express a temporary or partial stoppage ; as, to choke with dirt or smoke ; or an entire stoppage that causes death ; to suffocate ; to strangle. Mark v. 2, To stop by filling ; to obstruct; to block up; as, to choke the entrance of a harbor, or any passage. 3. To hinder by obstruction or impediments; to hinder or check growth, expansion, or progress; as, to choke plants ; to choke the spreading of the fruit. Bacon. Thorns choke them. — Matt, xiii. Luke viii, 4. To smother, or suffocate, as fire. Dryden. 5. To suppress, or stifle; as, to choke the strong conception. Shak. 6. Lo offend ; to cause to take an exception ; as, I was choked at this word. Swift. We observe that this word generally implies crowd- ing, stuffing, or covering. A channel is choked by stones and sand, but not by a boom. CHOKE, v. i. To have the windpipe stopped ; as, cat- tle are apt to choke when eating potatoes. 2. To be offended ; to take exceptions. TUNE, BULL, UNILE.— CHOKE/-CHER-RY, n. The popular name of a spe- CHOK/ED, pp. or a. Suffocated ; CHOKE/-DAMP, z. CHO CHOKE, x. The filamentous or capillary part of the artichoke. Johnson. cies of wild cherry, remarkable for its astringent qualities. strangled ; obstructed by filling ; stifled; suppressed ; smothered. Noxious vapor (carbonic acid CHOOS/ER, 7. CHOOS/ING, ppr. CHOOSING, 2. 5 CHO the following verb standing as the object, instead of a noun. He that chooses; he that has the power or right of choosing ; an elector. Selecting ; taking in preference ; electing. Choice; election. Choosing notes, in music, a term applied to two or more notes, either of which may be taken at the option of the performer. CHOKE’-FULL, x. CHOKE’-PEAR, x. CHOK/ER, n. €HOL'ER, (kol/er,) n. [IL. cholera; Gr. xoAepa, from €HOL/ER-A, n. A sudden evacuation of the aliment- > €HOL/ER-A AS-PHYX’L-A, 2. €HOL/ER-IE, a. €HOL/ER-IG-NESS, n. Irascibility ; anger; peevish- €HO-LES’TER-I€, a: €HO-LES’/TER-INE, n. [Gr. xoAn, bile, and orepéos, gas) in wells, coal mines, and other pits. {choke and full.] Full as possi- CHOOS/ING-LY, adv. By choosing. CHOP, v. t. [G. and D. kappen; Dan. kapper; Gr. Kkor7w; Fr. couper; Norm. copper or couper, AY. - —_— = ble ; quite full. A kind of pear that has a rough, astringent taste, and is swallowed with difficulty, or which contracts the parts of the mouth. 9, Anaspersion or sarcasm by which a person is put to silence. [4 low term.] Clarissa. One that chokes another; one that puts another to silence ; that which can not be an- -- =— => or CAS kabacha or kayafa, to cut. Class Gb, No. 47, 51.] j ‘ 1. To cut off or separate, by striking with a sharp instrument, either by a single blow, or by repeated swered. : : Johnson. HOKE/WEED, x. A plant so called. blows ; as, to chop off a head ; to chop wood. HOK/ING, ppr. or a. Suffocating; strangling. 2. To cut into small pieces ; to mince ; as, to chop meat ; to chop straw. HOK/Y,a. That tends to suffocate, or has power to suffocate. HOL/A-GOGUE, (kol’a-gog,) 7. from xoAn, bile. } A medicine that has the specific quality of evacu- ating the bile. 3. To grind and mince with the teeth ; to devour eagerly ; with up; as, to chop up an entertainment. Dryden. 4. To break or open into chinks or fissures ; to crack; to chap. [See Cuar.] CHOP, v. i. To catch or attempt to seize with the mouth. [Vet used.] T'o chop at the shadow, and lose the substance. DL’ Estrange. 9, To light or fall on suddenly. Johnson. If this is a legitimate sense, it indicates that the primary sense is, to throw, thrust, or strike. It is not in common use. To chop in; to become modish. [Wot usc [Gr. xoAnyayos, xoAn, bile.. 1. The bile. By the superabundance of this fluid, anger was formerly supposed to be produced ; or perhaps the opinion was, that the bile caused the in- flamed appearance of the face in anger. Hence, 9. Anger; wrath; irritation of the passions. son. To chop out ; to give vent to. [Wot used.| Beaum. CHOP, v. t. (Sax. ceapian, cypan, to buy or sell. See CHEAP. | 1. To buy, or rather to barter, truck, exchange. 2. To exchange ; to put one thing in the place of another ; as, to chep and change our friends. DL’ Estrange. 3. To bandy ; to altercate; to return one word or thing for another. Let not the council chop with the judge. CHOP, v.i. To turn, vary, change, or shift suddenly ; - im seamen’s phrase, the wind chops, or chops ary canal, both upward and downward; popularly called cholera morbus. A disease differing from ordinary cholera morbus in a more rapid prog- ress, in producing more violent spasms, in asphyxy, or cessation of pulse, and speedy death. It is called also Asiatic cholera. Abounding with choler. Dryden. 9, Easily irritated ; irascible ; inclined to anger ; as, a choleric Man. 3. Angry; indicating anger; excited by anger; as, a cloleric speech. Ralegh. Bacon. ness. Pertaining to cholesterine, or . obtained from it ; as, cholesteric acid. Ure. various senses of this verb seem to center in tha: v. thrusting, driving, or a sudden motion or ex- ertion of force. CHOP, x. A piece chopped off; a small piece of meat ; as, a mutton chop. : : > A crack or cleft. See Cuar, which, with the broad sound of a, is often pronounced chop. solid. A es substance, resembling spermaceti, found in the bile and biliary concretions. €HO-LI-AM’BI€, n. [L. choliambi.] A verse in poe- try haying an iambic foot in the fifth place, and a spondee in the sixth or last. Bentley. 3, The chap; the jaw: pl. the jaws; the mouth, CHOL'TRY, n. A Hindoo caravansera, oF empty the sides of a river’s mouth orchannel. [See CHAP. house, for the use of travelers. Malcom. 4. In China, a permit or stamp. : €HON/DRO-DITE, 2. A light-yellow, brittle mineral, | CHOP, . A Chinese word signifying quality ; as, silk occurring disseminated through primary limestone, or goods of the first chop. A exchange or an exchanger CHOP/-CHURCH, 2. of benefices. CHOP/-FALL-EN, (-fawl-n,) a. Dejected ; dispirited. CHOP/-HOUSB, n. A house where provision ready dressed is sold. as in New Jersey, and Orange county, New York. Regular crystals can rarely be distinguished. It is sometimes brownish, reddish, or apple-green. Chondrodite consists of silica, fluorine, and mag- It has been called brucite in the United nesia. States. Dana. CHOP/IN, n. [Fr. chopine.] A liquid measure in €HON-DROL/O-GY, n. [Gr. xovdpos, a cartilage, and France, containing nearly a pint Winchester meas- doyos. | ure. In Scotland, a quart of wine measure. CHOP’PED, (chopt,) pp. ora. Cut; minced. The history of cartilages. CHOPPING, ppr. Cutting ; mincing ; buying; bar- tering. CHOP’PING, a. Stout; lusty; plump. Burke. CHOP’PING, n._ [Sp. chapin.| A high-heeled shoe, €HON-DROP-TE-RYG/LAN, x. (Gr. xovdpos and MTEPV. | A term applied to an order of fishes, characterized by the gristly nature of the spines which support the fins. Cuvier. worn by ladies in Italy. [See Curorrine.] €HON-DROP-TE-RYG/LAN, a. Gristly finned. 9. A cutting; a mincing; from chop. _ : CHOP/PING-BLOCK, n. A block on which any thing is laid to be chopped. CHOP/PING-KNIFB, n. A knife for mincing meat. CHOP/PY, a. Full of clefts or cracks. CHOPS. See Cuor. CHOP’STICKS, n. pl. Twosmall sticks of wood, ivory, &c., held by the Chinese between the thumb and fingers, and used to convey food to the mouth. €HO-RAGIE€, a. Pertaining to the choragus; as, choragzic monuments. €HO-RA'GUS, mw. |Gr. xXopnyos, Koes and anes In Athens, a term applied to those who superintende a musical or theatrical entertainment, and provided a chorus at their own expense. €HO/RAL, a. {from chkorus.] Belonging to or compos ing a choir or concert; as, choral symphonies. JMilton. CuHosE. [Sax. ceosan; . kiezen; G. kiesern; Sw. kesa; Ice. kioosa; Fr. chotsir; Arm. choasa; Pers. ghozidan. The Hebrew has wwp to collect. See Class Gs, No. 40, 70, 71.] 1. To pick out; to select; to take by way of pref- erence from two or more things offered ; to make choice of; as, refuse the evil and choose the good. The man the Lord doth choose shall be holy. — Num. xyi. 2. To take in preference. Let us choose to us judgment. — Job xxxiv. 3. To prefer ; to choose for imitation ; to follow. and choose none of his ways. — Prov. iil. CHOOSE, ae Dy ters pie CHosE; pp. CHOSEN, : ) Envy not the oppressor, 4. To elect for eternal happiness; to predestinate to life. ; Many are called, but few chosen, — Matt. xx. For his elecv’s sake, whom he hath chosen. — Mark xiil. 5. To elect or designate to office or employment by votes or suffrages. In the United States, the people choose representatives by votes, usually by ballot. CHOOSE, v. i. To prefer; as, I choose to go. 9. To have the power of choice. The phrase, he can not choose but stay, denotes that he has not the power of choice, whether to stay or not. The verb, in these phrases, is really transitive ; as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. PaO 2. Singing in a choir; as, choral seraphs. €H6/RAL-LY, adv. In the manner of a chorus. [L. chorda; Gr. xoodn, an intes- €HORD, (kord,) 2. d , an inte tine, of which strings were made. When it signifies 4 string or small rope, in general, it is written cord. Milton See Corp.] 1. The string of a musical instrument. ation of two or more sounds rding to the laws of 92, In music, the combin uttered at the same time, accoraim fifth, and eighth, which are harmony ; as a third, ANGER, VICIOUS, —€ as K; Gas J; & 20 | |CHO perfect chords, or consonancies. Sixth are imperfect chords. 3, In geometry, a right line, drawn, or supposed to extend, from one end of an arc ofa circle to the other. The fourth and} CHOSE, CHR pues) Ne thing ; . : The primary sense is, action, See Tuine and Cavse.] Hence the chord of an arc is a right line joining the In law, property in action; a right to possession extremities of that arc. Encyc. or that which may be demanded and recovered } €HORD, v. t. To string. Driyden. Suit or action at law. Thus money due on a bon ; eee J €HORD’ED, pp. Strung; furnished with strings. C€HORD-EE’, n. is considerably curved. ae s i €HORD/ING, ppr. Furnishing with strings. CHORE, n. [Eng. char. from the principal work of the day. ing furniture, &c. [See Cuar.] €HOR-E-PIS/€O-PAL, a. [Gr. xwpos, place, and exc- cxomos, bishop. ] bisho €HOR-E-PIS'CO-PUS, n. A local or suffragan bishop. CHOU/ANS, Took. 1S €HO-RE'US, €HO-REE’, and the second short ; the trochee. €HO/RLAMB, Ne €HO-RI-AM/BUS, tauBos, iambus. 5 short ; that is, a choreus or trochee united ; as, nobilitas, anzietas. €HO-RI-AM/BI€, n. A choriamb. €HO-RI-AM’BIE, a, Pertaining to a choriamb. Jason. Encyc. €HO/RI-ON, n. : seems to be allied to xwpew, to hold, or contain. } the fetus in utero. : : : €HO/RIST, n. [Fr. choriste.] A singer in a choir. €HOR/IST-ER, n. [from chorus, choir.] & concert, ryden, 2. One who leads a choir in church music. is the sense in the United States, €HO-ROG/RA-PHER, n. [See CHoroGrapny. |] gions or countries. €HO-RO-GRAPH/I€-AL, a. Encye. collntries. €HU-RO-GRAPH'IE-A L-LY, adv. UNCYC. ical manner ; regions, €HO-ROG/RA- PHY, n. [Gr. xwpos, a and ypadw, to describe. The art or practice of making a map or description of a particular region, country, marking its limits, bounds, or position. Chorography differs from geozraphy, as the description of a par- ticular country differs from that of the whole earth ; and from topography, as the description of a country differs from that of a town, city, or district. Encye. €HO/ROID, nx. [Gr Xoptov, a particular membrane, and <é1dos, likeness. ] In anatomy, a term applied to several parts of the body that resemble the chorion 3 as the inner mem- brane investing the brain, or the pia mater; the second coat of the eye ; the fold of the carotid artery in the brain, in which is the pineal gland OLE. €HO’RUS, zn. [L. chorus; Gr. xopos; Sax, cheur ; D. choor or koor ; Sp. and It. coro; Ir. cora ; W. cdr. In Welsh, the word signifies a round or circle, achoir. If the primary sense is a circle, ora Encyc. company, the word may be referred to the Ar. UW — = karra, to return, to repeat. Class Gr, No. 32, 34. If the radical sense is to sing or shout, it may be allied to Gr. xatow. The former is most probable. ] 1. A number of singers; a Company of persons singing in concert; hence, a piece performed by a whole company in concert. Dryden. Pope. Addison. 2, The persons who are Supposed to behold what passes in the acts of a tragedy, and sing their senti- ments between the acts. Shak. Johnson. 3. The song between the acts of a tragedy. Johnson. company join the With a singer, in kawra, to go round, to collect, to bind; or to 4. Verses of a song in which the singer ; or the union of a company repeating certain couplets or verses, at certain peri- ods in a song. Johnson. Encyc. 5. A musical composition of two or more parts, 6. Among the Greeks, a chorus consisted of a num- ber of singers and dancers, [See Cuorp.] In medicine and sur- gery, a painful erection of the penis, under which it In America, this word de- notes small work of a domestic kind, as distinguished It is generally used in the plural, chores, which includes the daily CHOSE or occasional business of feeding cattle and other| GH6OS/ animals, preparing fuel, sweeping the house, clean- Pertaining to the power of a suffragan or loc Fell )n. [Gr. xopetos.] In ancient poetry, foot of two syllables, the first long [Gr. xopetos, a trochee, and In ancient poetry, a foot consisting of four syllables, of which the first and last are long, and the others and an iambus [Gr. xoptov or xwptov; the Jatter In anatomy, the exterior membrane which invests 1. Literally, a singer; one of a choir; a singer in This A person who describes a particular region or country ; or one who forms a map or maps of particular re- Pertaining to chorogra- phy ; descriptive of particular regions or countries ; laying down or marking the bounds of particular In a chorograph- in a manner descriptive of particular place or region, Or province ; or of or note is a chose in action done is a chose (choust,) pp. Cheated ; defrauded ; im- posed on. CHOUS/ING, ppr. Cheating CHOW’DER, n. In New England, a dish of fish boiled With biscuit, salt pork, &c. In Spanish, chode is a paste made of milk, eggs, sugar, and flour, In the west of England, chowder-beer is a liquor made by boiling ; Imposing on. [I'r. chose ; Sp. cosa, suit, cause, It. cosa; Port. cousa; L. causa. (See Cause.) urging, prosecution. j a recompense for damage an express, the latter from an implied, contract. A contract executed is a chose in Possession ; a contract A chose Select; distinguished by preference; em- €HRIS/TIAN, (krist/yan,) 7. (shoo’anz,) n. pl. Royalist insurgents on 2. To name ; to denominate ; applied to things. Burnet. CHRIS/TEN-DOM, (Kris-dum,) 7. [Sax. cristendom, cristen, Christian, and dom, power, judgment, rule, : jurisdiction. See Curist.] y 1. The territories, countries, or regions inhabited d by Christians, or those who profess to believe in the Christian religion ; particularly, all countries gov- emed by Christian sovereigns and institutions. 2. The whole body of Christians, Hooker. 3. Christianity ; the Christian religion ; as, While christendom prevailed. eapeuae) Milner. n a} CHRIS/TEN-ED, (kris/nd,) pp. Baptized and named ; initiated into Christianity. CHRIS/TEN-ING, (kris/n-ing,) ppr. naming. ;| CHRIS/TEN-ING, n. The act or ceremony of bap- - tizing and naming ; initiation into the Christian re- ligion. Baptizing and (Gr. xotcriavos; L, christianus ; Sax, cristen; D. kristen; Fr. chrétien: Sp. cristiano ; Arm. cristen; W. cristian, See Cunisr.] I. A believer in the religion of Christ. 2. A professor of his belief in the religion of Christ. low the example, and obey the precepts, of Christ ei believer in Christ who is characterized by real piety. 4. In a general sense, the word Christians Includes all who are born in a Christian country or of Chris- tian parents. €HRIS'TIAN, a. [See the noun.] Pertaining to Christ, taught by him, or received from him ; as, the Christian religion ; Christian doctrines. 2. Professing the religion of Christ ; as, a Christian friend. 3. Belonging to the religion of Christ ; relating to Christ, or to his doctrines, precepts, and example ; as, Christian profession and practice. 4. Pertaining to the church ; courts Christian. €HRIS/TIAN, v. t. To baptize. CHRIS/TIAN-ISM, (Krist/yan-izm, vicnos. See Curis. | 1. The Christian religion. 2. The nations professing Christianity. Johnson. €HRIS/TIAN-ITE, n. See ANORTHITE, With which it is identical, CHRIS-TIAN/L-TY, (Krist-yan/e-te,) 2. TIAN, from Christ. ] The religion of Christians ; or the system of doc- trines and precepts taught by Christ, and recorded by ecclesiastical ; as, Blackstone, Not used.| Fulke. n, (Gr. xptorcia- [See Currs- the evangelists and apostles. Whilst politicians are disputing about monarchie and republics, Christianity is alike friendly to them all. S, aristocracics, applicable, useful, and Pa black spruce in water and mixing with it molasses. CHOW’DER, z. t. To makea chowder. CHOW’TER, v.24 To grumble like a frog or a fro- ward child. Phillips. CHRE-MA-TIS/TIES, n. (Gr. xonpara, wealth. } The science of wealth 3 a branch of political economy. CHRES-TOM/A-THY, n. [Gr. xpnorouabera.] A book introductory to the learning of languages, containing selected passages, with notes, explana- tions, &c. German. ] €HRISM, (Krizm,) 2. anoint, } Unguent ; unction. In the Roman Catholic and Greek: churches, oi) consecrated by the bishop, and used in the administration of baptism, confirmation, ordina- tion, and extreme unction. It is prepared on Holy Thursday with much ceremony, and, in some cases, mixed with balsam. Encye. CHRIS'MAL, a. Pertaining to chrism. Brevint. CHRIS-MA/TION, m. The act of applying the chrism, or consecrated oil ; in baptism, by the priest ; in con- firmation, by the bishop. In ordination, it is usually Styled unction. Encye. CHRIS/MA-TO-RY, n. A vessel to hold the oil for chrism, CHRIS'OM,n. [See Curism.] ] } os Meee Alcon “ poke opa OU CIR-EUMLDUeT l O 1 € OF a single term, either from Ag mmon interest ; as, a circular letter. t-C€ UM-DU€T’, t. [L. circumduco; circum, delicacy or respect, or with a view to soften the force 6. Circular lines, are straight lines pertaining to the round, and duco, to lead. ] of a direct expression, or for other reason : circle, as sines, tangents, secants, &c. To contravene ; to nullify; a term of civil law. C1R-€UM-LO€/U-TO-RY a Pertaining toa circum- i 7. Circilar numbers, are those whose powers ter- Little used. Ayliffe. locution ; consisting or contained in a compass if pnate He He Same digits as the roots themselves ; | C R-€UM-DU€’TION, nm. A leading about. [ Little words ; periphrastic ae SianEne F as n r se : n OF Qn : : SA cE . . é. a » Whose squares ona ee eel tes ie fee Hooker. CIR-CUM-MUR/ED, a. [L. circum and MUTUS, a : Ay. : oY. arlow. git luing ; cance!lation. utle used. ré 8. Circular sailing, is the method of Sailing by the a | Ayla . Wisled round; encompassed with a wall. Shak . Cee act ae Encye, | CIR/CUM-FER, v. t. [L. eiroumfero.] CIR-CUM-NAV/LGA-BLE, a. [See Ciacumwayt % 2 ieaxe circular letter, or paper. To bear or carry round Not in use Bacon ; That mav evebicd ; ere . 1 ofr ; J BF Se. acon, GATE. Chat may be saile i CIR-€U-LAR/L-T Y,n. The state of being circular, CIR-C€UM/FER-ENCGR. n, I [ ircumfe J f L y , } IA VILGATE aroun : Fay: CIR/6U-LAR-LY i - 1 > 2 | da. Clrcumfercntia, from cir- CIR-€UM-NA V/L-GaA ES ie. at: (L. circumnaviso ; AR-LY, adv. Ina circular manner; in the cum, round, and fero, to carry. circum and navizo, to sail fi nS shi a 1 form of a circle ; in the form of going and returnine 1. The line tha 2 C safi fer Sha end stom! NOYES) \aashpas| ' CIR/€U-LATE (sur/icu tag ys Bi Fes re ling. . 1¢ line that goes round or encompasses a fig- To sail round ; to pass round by water: as. to cir \: circulo. | ZN: -late,) v. 1, [Br. circuler; L. ure; a Ce paety ; applied particularly to the line that cumnavigate the globe. ee: . : j B0es round a circle, sphere, or other figure approach- CIR-CUM-NAV/LG@i-_T Sai i ce To mye a a circle ; to move or pass round ; to ing these in form. — f 7 ‘Milton, CIR-CUM.N A vit Ga TING ni Saaline nee f Ove round and return to the same int ; 2. The space j ed j »j i R-GCUMNAV1_G@airrow “mMhe = 4 a Elbodlcincdiites:in the hedy Same point; as, the x Ane eee in Bi eiteles sean ape CIR-CUM-NAV-I-GA/TION, n. The act of sailing what eobodye: . 3 4 Circle ; any thing circular or orbic- round. Arbuthnot LO pass from place to place, from person to per- ular; as in Milton, speaking of a shield. CIR-C€UM-NAV'I-GA-TOR r ailatane iG s0n, or from hand to hand; to be diffused ; as, mon- i CIR > ROT ONG arene sails ‘round, ‘ cy circulates in the Country ; a story circulates in The broad circumference x ae LECAITION, n. [L. circumplico ; circum | towni Hung on his shoulders like the moon. ent plico, to oe 3. To move round: to : ‘ : A folding, winding. or Wrapping round ; or a state Tun; to flow in veins or] CIR-CUM/FER. ; i i i nan apr ae Sapte | channels, or in an Renee Dee : r : “El M FER ENCE, v. t. To include in a circular of being Inwrapped. [Little used. Bailey, i 3, C place ; as, the sap of Space. [JWVot used. | Brown CIR-G€UM-PO’/LAR } H ; plants circulates ; water circulates in the earth, or air CIR-CUM-FE-REN/TIAT, Pertaini tolthane co eee oda circum, and Eng. polar.) in a city or house. Giniaratas AL, a. e Sa eee 1€ ae a aout the pole; an appellation given to. stars x CIR/€U-LATE Dit Do can . Eee : arkhurst. Which are so near the north o]e as to revolve round it eee ause to pass from place to CIR-€UM-F E-REN’TOR, nm. An instrument used by it without settin Tr i f se de 5 i place, or from person to person; to put about; to surveyors for taking angles. It is f : G ng. 16 number of these depends on bat spread ; as, to circulate a report ; to circulate bills of intey ae ng angles, consists of a brass the latitude of the Spectator. We apply it to the credit, z metian anes €, all of a piece, and carries a mag-|} north polar region and Stars, but the word is appli- CIR/CU-LA-TED, pp. Causedito pads round ee ee Chale eee above the center of the cir- cable to either pole. é im > e 1S pre . a] Y ryy e ere Biel sacs ey x © IS graduated into 360 degrees. Only | CIR-CUM-PO-SI//7 [ON, nm. [lL circum and Positio.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MET ; T = a » TALL, mie MEE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — F pet ————— —— - $$ : 206 . MORRO S ReesCLI may be Russ. lovkie, convenient, dextrous, wlovka, dexterity, craft, lovlyu, to take or seize, as if allied to Gothic lofa, Ir. lamb, W. llaw, the hand. In Ir. lub is a thong or loop, a plait or fold, and craft, cun- ning ; lubach, sly, crafty ; Jubam, to bend. In Eth. AN labawi, signifies ingenious, ready, skillful, and the verb, to understand, or be skillful. If v, in clever, is from g, as in many other words, the affinities may be Sax. gleaw, knowing, skillful, industrious, wise, which is the G. klua, D. kloek, Dan. klog, Sw. klok. Let the reader judge. } 1. Dextrous; adroit in using tools or other means of accomplishing an end with address and skill; as, a clever artisan, or clever chambermaid. 2. Expert; ingenious, handling all subjects, requir- ing intelligence and ability, with skill, dexterity, and success ; as, a clever reviewer, a clever debater. It does not, however, denote the highest order of talent, much less creative genius. 3. Executed or performed with adroitness and dexterity ; as, a clever review, a clever speech, or clever device or trick. Addison. 4. In New England, good-natured, possessing an agreeable mind or disposition. In Great Britain, this word is applied to the body or the intellect, in respect to adroitness of action; in America, it is ap- plied chiefly to the temper or disposition. In Great Britain, a clever man is a dextrous man, one who performs an act with skill or address. In New England, a clever man is a man ofa pleasing, obliging disposition, and amiable manners, but often imply- ing a moderate share of talents. Fitness, suitable- ness, gives both senses analogically ; the former applied to the body or intellect; the latter, to the dis- position, or its qualities. In some of the United States, this word is applied, knowing, discerning. €LEV/ER-LY, adv. Fitly ; dextrously ; handsomely. utler. €LEV’ER-NESS, n. Dexterity ; adroitness; skill. Jolinson. ineness; good nature. New England. as n. [Qu. L, clavis.] England. | New England. Uob, a Jump, a lubber. | 1. A ball of thread. Spenser. thing that guides or directs one in an intricate case, Watts. most corner of a Sstay-sail. Mar. Dict. 2. To direct. €LEW’ED, (klade,) pp. Trussed up, as sails. €LLENT/AL, a. Dependent. [Unusual.] Burke. €LI/ENT-ED, a. Supplied with clients. Carew. €LI-EN-TELE’, n. The condition or office of a client. Obs. olin T-SHIP,n. The condition of a client; a state as in England, to the intellect, denoting ingenious, 2. Mildness or agreeableness of disposition ; oblig- , Au iron bent to the form of an ox-bow, with the two ends perforated to receive a pin, used on the end of a cart-neap, to hold the chain of the forward horse or oxen; or a draft iron on a plow. [Local mn €LEW, (klu,) n. [Sax. cleow, cliwe; D. kluwen ; G. kloben; La. globus. The word signifies a ball or a lump. In Welsh, clob is a knob or boss; cliopa is a club or knob; clap is a lump; all from roots in 1d; 2. The thread that forms a ball; the thread that is used to guide a person in a labyrinth. Hence, any 3. The lower corner of a square-sail, and the aft- polar circles ELEW, (klu,) v. t. In seamanship, to truss up to the yard, by means of clew-garnets or clew-lines, in {order to furling. CLI claim, or defending against a suit, in a court of jus- tice. Bacon. Taylor. 3. A dependent. B. Jonson. Bp. Hall. of being under the protection of a patron. [ Clientele is not used. Dryden. €LIFF, xn. [Sax. clif, clyf, or cleof; D. klif, or klip; G. and Dan. klippe; Sw. klippa; W. clip; L. clivus ; probably from cleaving, Sax. clifian, cleofian. | 1. A steep bank; as, the cliffs of Dover. So, in Saxon, the cligs of the Red Sea. Orosius, supposed by Alfred. 2. A high and steep rock ; any precipice. This word has been sometimes written Cirrr, and, if from cleaving, rending, coincides with cleft in €LIFF, (in music.) See CLer. [origin. €LIFF/Y,a. Having cliffs; broken; craggy. Harmar. €LIET/ED, a. Broken. Congreve. €LLMA€!/TER, 2. (Gr. xAcuaxrnp, the step of a lad- der, from xAcnaz, a ladder or scale; L. climacter. | more generally used. €LI-MA€’/TER-IE€, a» [Gr. kAyaxtnptkos 5 Le ELLMAG€-LER/IE-AL, | climactericus, from climaz, a ladder. See Crrmax.] Literally, noting a scale, progression, or gradation ; appropriately, denoting a critical period of human life, or acertain number of years, at the end of which a great change is supposed to take place in the human constitution. Pee the noun. } €LLMA€’/TER-I€, n. A critical period in human life, or a period in which some great change is sup- posed to take place in the human constitution. The critical periods are supposed, by some persons, to be the years produced by multiplying 7 into the odd numbers, 3, 5, 7, and 9; to which others add the Bist year. The 63d year is called the grand climacteric. It has been supposed that these pericds are attended with some remarkable change in respect to health, life, or fortune. Brown. Dryden. Pope. €LLMA-TAREH'TE, a. [Gr xAcua, climate, and apxn, dominion. ] Presiding over climates. Paus. Trans., Vote. €LIMATE,n. (Gr. xAcua § whence L. clima; It. and Span. clima; Fr. climat. Qu. from Gr. kAcva, to lean or incline, or the root of climax.) 1. In geography, a part of the surface of the earth bounded by two circles parallel to the equator, and of such a breadth that the longest day in the parallel nearest the pole is half amhour longer than that near- est the equator. The beginning of a climate is a parallel circle, in which the Jongest day is half an hour shorter than that at the end. The climates begin at the equator, where the day is twelve hours long; and, at the end of the first climate, the longest day is twelve and a half hours long; and this in- crease of half an hour constitutes a climate, to the ; from which climates are measured by the increase of a month. Johnson. Encyc. 9. The condition of a place in relation to the various phenomena of the atmosphere, as temperature, mois- ture, &c. Thus we say, a warm or cold climate; a moist or dry climate; a favorable climate; a genial 1. A critical year in human life; but ch teric 18 é ; ; 3 but climacteric 18 | 7 54 B/A-BLE, (klim/a-bl,) a. That may be climbed. 9. A certain space of time. [JVot used.] B : [Not used.] Brown. | .1 spied, (klimd,) pp- Ascended by the use of €LIMB/ER, (klim/er,) 2. One who climbs, mounts, €LIMB/ER, v. i. [from climb, or a different orthogra- €LEW’-GAR/NETS, n. pl. In marine language, asort climate. of tackle, or rope and pulley, fastened to the clews of | €LI/MATE,v. 7 To dwell; to reside in a particular the main and foresails, to truss them up to the yard. region. Shak. Hist of St. Domingo. €LEW/ING, (kli/ing,) ppr- Trussing up. Little used, and hardly legitimate.) €LEW/-LINES, x. pl. These are the same tackle, and €LLEMAT’IE, a. Pertaining toa climate or cli- applied to the smaller squar top-gallant and sprit-sails. Mar. Dict. this word belongs. ] Literally, to strike. Hence, attached to the winches in cutters, &c. Mar. Dict. €LICK, x. A small, sharp sound. used for the like purpose, as clew-garnets, but are : at e-sails, as the top-sail, €LI-MA-TIC/LTY, n. The property of climatizing. To make a small, sharp noise, or rather a succes- sion of small, sharp sounds, as by a gentle striking. The solemn death-watch clicked. Gay. €LICK, n. In _ seamen’s language, a pall, or small €LI/MA-TURE, n. piece of iron, falling into a notched or ratchet wheel, €LI-MAT’I€-AL, mates; limited by a climate. €LYMA-TIZB, v.t. To accustom to a new climate, €LICK, v. i. [D. klikken; Fr. cliqueter, to crack ; cli- as a plant. quet, a mill-clapper. See €xacx, to the root of which €LI/MA-TIZBH, v. 2. To become accustomed to a new climate ; as, plants will climatize in foreign countries. €LI/MA-TIZ-ED, pp. Accustomed to a new climate. €LI-MA-TOL/O-GY, 7. [Gr. kAcha and Aoyos.] causes on which the climate of a place depends. Brande, Aclimate. [Little used.] Shak, step, mim, leim, or trom the root of climb.] The science of climates; or an investigation of the €LIMAX, 7. ([Gr. xAcuaz, a scale or ladder; L. climax, perhaps from the root of the W. lamu, to stride, leap, Wam, a step, stride, leap. Ir. lei- 2. The latch of a door. [Zocal.] €LICK’/ER, x. The servant of a salesman, who stands at tue door to invite customers. [4 low word, and not used in the United States. ] €LICK/ET, x. The knocker of a door. [Vot used in the United States. } €LICK/ING, ppr. or a. Making small, sharp noises. €LICK/ING, x. A small, sharp noise. €LIENT,n. [Fr. client ; It. cliente; Sp. id.; L. cliens.] 1. Among the Romans, a citizen who put himself under the protection of a man of distinction and in- fluence, who, in respect to that relation, was called his patron. Hence, in modern usage, 2. One who applies to a lawyer or counselor for advice and direction in a question of Jaw, or com- mits his cause to his management in prosecuting a Gradation; ascent; a figure of rhetoric, in which a sentence rises, as it were, step by step; or in which the expression which ends one member of the period begins the second, and so on, till the pe- riod is finished; as in the following: ‘When we have practiced good actions a while, they become easy; and, when they are easy, we begin to take pleasure in them ; and, when they please us, we do them frequently; and, by frequency of acts, they grow into a habit.” Tillotson. 9. A sentence, or series of sentences, in which the successive members or sentences rise in force, im- portance, or dignity, to the close of the sentence or CLI Croms, but the latter is not elegant. [Sax. climan or climban ; D. klimmen; G. id. The corresponding word in Dan. is klyver ; Sw. klifwa.] 1. To creep up by little and little, or step by step ; to mount or ascend, by means of the hands and feet; |: to rise on any fixed object, by seizing it with the hands and lifting the body, and by thrusting with the feet ; as, to climb a tree or a precipice. And he ran before and climbed up into a sycamore-tree. — Luke xix. 2, To mount or ascend with labor and difficulty. Shak. 3. To rise or ascend with a slow motion. Black vapors climb aloft. Dryden. 4. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- hesive fibers ; applied to plants. €LIMB, (klim,) v. t. Vo ascend by means of the hands and feet, implying labor, difficulty, and slow progress ; as, to climb a wall or a steep mountain. Prior. 29, To mount or ascend, with labor or a slow mo- tion ; as, to climb the ascents of fame. Prior. 3. To mount or ascend by means of tendrils or ad- hesive fibers ; applied to plants. Sherwood. the hands and feet, or by tendrils; ascended with Jabor. or rises, by the hands and feet; one who rises by Ja bor or effort. 2. A plant that creeps and rises on some support. Mortimer. 3. One of an order of birds that climb, as the wood- pecker. They have two toes before and two behind. es 1 pe phy of clamber. ] To climb ; tomount with effort. [Wot used.] Tusser. €LIMB/ING, ppr. ora. Ascending by the use of the hands and feet, or by tendrils ; ascending with diffi- culty €LIMB/ING, (klim/ing,) n. The act of ascending. €LIME, x. [from climate, or directly from Gr. and L. clima. | A climate ; a tract or region of the earth ; a poett- cal word, but sometimes used in prose. [See CiimaTe.-] Whatever clime the sun’s bright circle warms, Milton. €LINCH, v.t. [D. klinken, to clink or rivet; Alink, a latch, a rivet; Dan. klinke, a latch ; Sw. klinka; Fr. clenche; allied to cling, link, W. clicted, a latch.] 1. To gripe with the hand; to make fast by bend- ing over, folding, or embracing closely. Thus, to clinch a nail, is to bend the point and drive it closely. To clinch the hand or fist, is to contract the fingers closely into the palm of the hand. To clinch an in- strument, is to close the fingers and thumb round it, and ho!d it fast. 9. To fix or fasten; to make firm; as, to clinch an argument. €LINCH, n. A word used in a double meaning; a pun; an ambiguity; a duplicity of meaning, with identity of expression. Johnson. Here one poor word a hundred clinches makes, Pope. 9. A witty, ingenious reply. Bailey. 3. In seamen’s language, the part of a cable which is fastened to the ring of an anchor ; a kind of knot and seizings, used to fasten a cable to the ring of an anchor, and the breeching of a gun to the ring-bolts in a ship’s side. Mar. Dict. €LINCH’ED, (klincht,) pp. Made fast by doubling or embracing closely. €LINCH/ER, n. That which clinches; a cramp or piece of iron bent down to fasten any thing. Pope. 2, One who makes a smart reply. Bailey. 3. Ficuratively, that which makes fast. TOHIE 7 €LINCH’ER-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. €LINK/ER-BUILT, work. next below it, like slates on the roof of a house. Mar. Dict. embracing closely ; griping with the fist. verb below. | upon, especially by winding roun as, the tendril of a vine clings to Its support. Tyo babes of love close clinging to her waist. 2. To adhere closely ; to stick to, as stance. 3. T’o adhere closely and firmly, fection; as, men of a.party cling t €LING, v. t. To dry up, or wither, Till famine cling thee. In Saxon, clingan is re Pope. Wiseman. o their leader. Shak. series. Dryden. €LIMB, (klime,) v. tj pret and pp. CLIMBED, OF marcesco, as Well as to cling. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, Made of clincher- €LINCH’ER-WORK, (-wurk,) n. In ship-building, the disposition of the planks in the side of a boat or ves- sel, when the lower edge of every plank overlays the €LINCH/ING, ppr. Making fast by doubling over or €LING, v. i ; pret. and pp. CLuNnc. [Sax. clingan, to adhere and to wither; Dan. klynger, to grow in clus- ters ; klynge, a heap or cluster. See the transitive 1. To adhere closely; to stick to; to hold fast d or embracing ; a viscous sub- in interest or af ndered to fade or wither, In this sense is used ip che es > Rea CLO forclinzan, pp. forclungen. 'The radical sense, then, appears to be, to contract or draw together; and dry- ing, withering, is expressed by shrinking. [ The latter use of the word is obsolete. J t €LING/ING, pyr. Adhering closely ; sticking to ; wind- ing round and holding to, €LING/STONE, x. peach, whose pulp adheres closely to the stone. Apt to cling; adhesive. a. [Gr. xAtvixos, from xKAwwn, a bed, from x\1vw, to*recline. In a general sense, pertaining to a bed. | Jecture is a discourse delivered at the bedside of the sick, or from notes taken at the bedside, by a phy- sician, with a view to practical Instruction in the healing art. Clinical medicine is the practice of med- icine on patients in bed, or in hospitals. convert is a convert on his death-bed. persons receiving baptism on their death-beds were A variety of One confined to the bed by sickness. In a clinical manner; by the €LIN/I€-AL-LY, adv. (Sw. klinga; Dan. klinger, klinker ; D. This seems to be a dialectical orthography of clang, clank, L. clango; and, if n is not radical, they coincide with clack, click, with the radical sense, to strike. ] To ring or jingle ; to utter or make a small, sharp sound, or a succession of such sounds, as by striking small metallic or other sonorous bodies together. klinken; G. klingen. €LINK, n. A sharp sound, made by the collision of small sonorous bodies. Spenser, according to John- son, uses the word for a knocker. Vitreous matter which collects in fur- naces where stone coal is used. 2. A very hard kind of brick. €LINK/ING, ppr. succession of sounds. €LINK/STONE, n. Making a small, sharp sound, or (clink and stone, from its sono- A mineral which has a slaty structure, and is gen- erally divisible into tabular masses, usually thick, sometimes thin like those of argillite. fracture is commonly splintery. Its colors are dark greenish-gray, yellowish, bluish, or ash-gray ; and it iS usually translucent at the edges, sometimes opaque. It occurs in extensive masses, often composed of co- Jummar or tabular distinct concretions, more or less regular. It is usually found among secondary rocks ; sometimes resting on basalt, and covered by green- stone. €LI-NOM’E-TER, n. [Gr. «iv, to lean, a An instrument for measurin €LIN-O-MET’RI€-AL, a. Performed by a clinom- €LINQ/UANT, (klink/ant,) 7. CLINQ/UANT, (klink/ant,) a, [Fr.] Glittering ; dressed €LI/O, n. (Gr. xAErw.] In mythology, the muse who presided over history. €LIP, v. t. [Sax. clypan; Dan. Klipper; Sw. klippa. ms to be, to strike, to cut off by a sud- The Danish word signifies ssors, but to wink ortwinkle with the eyes. In our popular dialect, a clip is a blow as, to hit one a clip. Cut is used in a Jike s radical sense, then, is, en effort, thrust, or spring. ] 1. To cut off with shears or by a sudden stroke ; especially, sides of a thing, to make it sh distinction from shav to strike or drive with a sud- een ee Ur a ere ch ae har age 7 . scissors ; to separate to cut off the ends or orter or narrower, in ing and paring, which are per- t close to the thing shaved ; as, to clip the hair; to cl But love had clipped his wings, and cut him short. 2. To diminish coin by to cut short ; as, to clip the King’s 4. To confine ; to hug ; to embrace. [ Lo clip it, is a vulgar phrase ) , in Wew England,-for to run with speed, and w as so used in falconry. j This seems to be the meaning of Dryden: — at what her eye designed, neck, and clips it down the wind. This sense would seem to be A blow or stroke with the 2. An embrace ; that is, a throw 3. A sheep-shearing. 4. The product of shee ! u p-Shearing ; as, there will be a large chp this year. This is retained in > (pp. ora. Cut off; cuts diminished by paring. FATE, FAR, FA SS LL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY SES Sea 14 €LIP/PER, n. One who clips; especially one who cuts off the edges of coin. Addison. 2. A vessel built for fast sailing. €LIP/PING, ppr. Cutting off or shortening with the edges ; curtailing. me €LIP/PING, n. The act of cutting off, curtailing, or diminishing. : 2. That which is clipped off; a piece separated by clipping. ocke. CLIQUE, (kleek,) n. [Fr.] A narrow circle of per- sons ; a party ; used commonly in a bad sense. €LIV‘ERS, n. A plant, the Galium aparine ; called also goose-grass, or hairifi It has a square, rough, jointed stem; the joints hairy at the base, with eight or ten narrow leaves at each joint. Encic. €LIV’'I-TY, x. Inclination; ascent or descent. €LOAK,)x. [Sax. lach; D. laken. In Chaucer, lake €LOKE,${ is cloth.] 1. A loose outer garment worn over other clothes, both by men and women. 2 A cover; that which conceals; a disguise or pretext; an excuse; a fair pretense. €LOAK, ) v.t. To cover with a cloak. €LOKE, 2. To hide ; tc conceal; to use a false covering, NPeENSET. €LGOAK!-BAG, n. A bag in which a cloak or other clothes are carried ; a portmanteau. €LOAK’ED, (klokt,) pp. Covered with a cloak ; concealed under an external covering. €LOAK’ED-LY, adv. Ina concealed manner. CLOAK’ING, ppr. Coverilig with a cloak; hiding under an external covering. €LO'CHARD, n. [from clock, Fr. cloche.] A belfry. [WVot used.] Weever. €LOCK,n. ([Sax. clugga, clucga; D. klok; G. klocke ; Dan. klokke ; Sw. klocka; Fr. cloche; Arm. cloch, or clech; Ir. clog; W. cléc; properly, a bell, and named from its sound, from striking. It coincides in origin With clack and cluck, L. giocio, Ch. x52. Class Lg, No. 27. See Crucx.] 1. A machine consisting of wheels moved by weights, so constructed, that by a uniform vibration of a pendulum, it measures time, and its divisions, hours, minutes, and seconds, with great exactness. It indicates the hour by the stroke of asmall ham- mer on a bell. The phrases, what o’clock is it? it is nine o°clock, seem to be contracted from what of the clock? it is nine of the clock, 2. A figure or figured work in the ankle or side of a stocking, Swift, €LOCK, v. t. To call. €LOCK’-MAK-ER, n. is to make clocks. €LOCK’-SET-TER, n. 2 [See Crucx.] 4n artificer whose occupation One who regulates the clock. [Vot wsed. Shak. shears or scissors; diminishing coin by paring off €LOG, 2. i. €LOG, x. motion, or leaping, as a piece of wood fastened to €LOG’'GED, (klogd,) pp. or a. €LOG/GI-NESS, n. €LOG/GING, ppr- €LOG/GY, a. €LOIS'/TER, n. €LOIS/TER, v. t. €LOCK’-WORK, n. The machinery and movements of a clock; or that part of the movement which strikes the hours on a bell, in distinction from that part which measures and exhibits the time on the face or dial-plate, which is called watch-work. Encyc. 2. Well-adjusted work, with regular movement. €LOD, n. [D. kluit, a clod; G. klots; Dan. klods; Sw. Alot, a log, stock, or stump; Dan. klode; D. kloot, a ball; G. loth, a ball; D. lood, lead, a ball; Sw. and Dan. lod, id. ; W. cluder, a heap. Clod and clot seem to be radically one word, signifying a mass or lump, from collecting or bringing together, or from condens- ing, setting, fixing. In Sax. clud, a rock or hill, may be from the samé root. See Class Ld, No. 8, 9, 10, 16, 26, 35, 36, 40. Qu. Gr. kAw8w, to form a ball. ] 1. A hard lump of earth of any kind ; a mass of earth cohering. Bacon. Dryden. 2. A lump or mass of metal. [Little used.] Milton. 3. Turf; the ground. Swift. 4. That which is earthy, base, and vile, as the body of man compared to his soul. Milton. Burnet. o. A dull, gross, stupid fellow ; a dolt. Dryden. 6. Any. thing concreted. Carew. €LOD, v. i To collect into concretions, or a thick mass ; to coagulate ; as, cledded gore. Milton. {See Cior, which is more generally used. } €LOD, v. t. To pelt with clods. €LOD'DY, a. Consisting of clods; abounding with clods. 2. Earthy ; mean ; gross. €LOD/HOP-PER, n. A clown; a dolt. SEODIEA TE: mn. A stupid fellow; a dolt; a thick- skull. €LOD/PAT-ED, a. Shak, Stupid ; dull; doltish. Arbuthnot. €LOD/POLL, n. A stupid fellow ; a dolt; a block- head. Shak. €LOG, v. t. (W. cleg, a lump; clug, a swelling, roundness ; clog, a large Stone; loc, a mound, a dam ; log, an augment ; léogi, to make compact, to hire, L. loco; Ir. loc, a stop; locaim, to hinder. These coincide with Eng. lock, in primary sense, or may be from the same root. But clog, though of the same family, seems not to be directly derived from either of these words. 1. To load or fill with something that retards or hinders motion ; as, to clog the channel of a river; to clog a passage, | CLOIS/TER-AL, a. €LOIS'/TER-ED, pp. €LOIS'/TER-ER, n. €LOIS/TER-ING, ppr. €LOIS/TRESS, n. €LOKE, n. €LOKE/-BAG, n. €LOMB, pret. of Cums. €LONG, old part. of Curna. €LON’IE, a. €LOSE, (kléze,) 2. t. -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 2. To put on any thing that encumbers, with a view to hinder or restrain leaping ; to shackle ; as, to clog a beast. 3. To load with any thing that encumbers ; to burden; to embarrass ; as, to clog commerce with impositions or restrictions. Addison. 4. To obstruct natural motion, or render it diffi- cult ; to hinder; to impede. To coalesce ; to unite and adhere ina cluster or mass. Move it sometimes with a broom, that the seeds clog not to- gether. evelyn. 2. To form an accretion; to be loaded or encum- bered with extraneous matter. The tecth of the saw will begin to clog. Sharp. Any thing put upon an animal to hinder his leg. 2. An encumbrance; that which hinders motion, or renders it difficult ; hinderance ; impediment. Swift. 3. [Qu. Fr. clague; Sp. and Port. galocha; Arm. galoig.| A term applied to overshoes with thick soles of leather or wood for wet weather. 4, A wooden shoe, [ Provincial in England.) Wearing a clog; shackled ; obstructed ; loaded with encumbrance, The state of being clogged. Putting on a clog; loading with ; obstructing 3 Impeding. That clogs, or has power to clog ; Slavery is the greatest clog to speculation. encumbrance thick ; gross. [Fr. cloitre ; Sax. claustr, or cluster; Arm. claustr, or ‘cloestr; Sp. claustro; It. claustro, or chiostro ; D. klooster; G. kloster; Dan. and Sw. klos- ter; W. claws, clipys; Ir. clabhstur: WL. claustrum, from clausus, pp. of claudo. See Eng. Cxose.] 1. Literally, a close ; a close or inclosed place. A monastery or nunnery ; a house inhabited by monks or nuns. 2. In architecture, an arcade or colonnade around an open court. 3. In a more limited sense, the principal part of a regular monastery, consisting of a square, erected between the church, the chapter-house, and the refectory, and over which is the dormitory. The proper use of the cloister is for the monks to meet in for conversation. The cloister is square, and has its name from being inclosed on its four sides with buildings. Hence, in architecture, a building is said to be in the form of a cloister, when there are build- ings on each of the four sides of the court. Encye. To confine in a cloister or monas- tery. 2. To shut up; to confine closely within walls ; to immure ; to shut up in retirement from the world. Contined to a cloister; retired from the world; recluse. Sometimes shortened into CLOISTRAL, Walton. Shut up in a cloister; inhabit- ing a monastery. 2. a. Solitary ; retired from the world. 3. Built around, as a court; inclosed. Shak. Wotton. One belonging to a cloister. Shutting up in a monastery ; confining; secluding from the world. A nun; 4woman who has vowed religious retirement. { Little used. | Shak. See Cioak. See CLoax-Bag. VTE, [Gr. kAovos, a shaking or irregular motion. } Shaking ; convulsive ; irregular ; as, clonic spasm. a ore, Clonic spasm, is that fn which the muscles or mus- cular fibers contract and relax alternately, in quick succession, producing the appearance of agitation, as in epilepsy ; used in contradistinction to tonic spasm. €LOOM, >. t. [Sax. cleman ] To close with glutinous matter. [ Zocal.] Mortimer. (Fr. clos; Arm. verb closa, or closein ; part. closet; from the L. participle clausus, of claudo, to shut; Fr. clorre; It. chiudere: chiuso; D. kluis, an inclosure. The D. sluiten, G. schliessen, schloss, Dan. slutter, Sw. sluta, are from the same root, with a prefix. Gr. keww, for kX\etdow, Whence kAets, a key, clavis, that which shuts or fastens 5 Vie claws, clys,a close, a cloister ; Sax. hid, a lid, the shutter ; Alidan, to cover; Ir. cleithim, cludaim. See Class Ld, No. 1, 8, 9, 10. 1. To shut; to make fast by pressing together, or by stopping an open place, so as to intercept a pas- sage, In almost any manner ; as, to close the eyes , to close a gate, door, or window. In these and other cases, closing is performed by bringing an object be- fore the opening. To close a book, is to bring the parts together. The Lord hath closed your eyes, —Is, xxix. He closed the book. — Luke iy. 2. To end; to finish ; to conclude; to complete ; | } | ee Png hm ha be ES, ae a eerie, aesCLO CLO CLO to bring to a period; as, to close a bargain, or con- tract. One frugal supper did our studies close. Dryden. 3. To unite, as the parts of a breach or fracture ; to make whole ; to consolidate ; often followed by up. The Lord closed up the flesh instead thereof. — Gen. ii. 4, To cover; to inclose; to encompass ; to over- whelm ted ; often followed by on or upon. The fat closed upon the blade, — Judges tii. The earth closed upon them. —Num. xvi. 2. To end; to terminate, or come toa period; as, the debate closed at six o’clock. To close on or upon ; tocome toa mutual agreement ; to agree on or join in. France and Holland might close upon some measu disadvantage. To close with ; to accede to ; to consent or agree to ; as, to close with the terms proposed. When followed by the person with whom an agreement is made, to make an agreement with ; to unite with ; as, to close with an enemy. He took the time when Richard was deposed, And high and low with happy Harry closed. In this sense, to close in with is less elegant. To close with ; to unite ; to join closely ; to grap- To close in with ; ple, aS persons in a contest ; applied to wrestlers, when they come to close em- brace for scuffling. €LOSE, xn. An inclosed place ; any place surrounded by a fence or other body which defends or confines it, particularly a small field, or portion of land, 9, Conclusion; termination; final end; as, the close of life; the close of day or night. 3. A temporary finishing; a pause; rest; cessa- tion ; intermission. At every close she made, th’ attending throng res to our Temple. € € € € Dryden. Replied, and bore the burden of the song. Dryden. 4. The manner of shutting. The doors of plank were; their close exquisite. Chapman. Bacon. 5. A grapple in wrestling. €LOSE, a. Shut fast; tight; made fast, so as to have no opening; as, a close box; a close vizard. 9, Having parts firmly united; compact; dense ; applied to solid substances of any kind ; as, the close texture of wood or metal. 3. Having parts firmly adhering; viscous; tena- cious ; as oil, or glue. Wilkins. 4, Confined ; stagnant; without ventilation or mo- tion ; as, close air. . Confined ; retired. While David kept himself close. —1 Chron. xii. 6. Hid ; private ; secret ; as, to keep a purpose close. Num. v. Luke ix. 7. Confined within narrow limits ; narrow; as, a close alley. 8. Near; within a small distance; as, a close fight or action. 9. Joined ; in contact, or nearly so ; crowded ; as, to sit close. 10. Compressed, as thoughts or words brief ; concise ; opposed to loose or diffuse. or ; hence, Where the original is close, no version can reach it in the same compiiss. ryden, 11. Very near, in place or time ; adjoining, or near- ly so. I saw him come close to the ram. — Dan. viii. They sailed close by Crete. — Acts xxvii. Some dire misfortune follows close behind. Pope. 12. Having the quality of keeping secrets, thoughts, or designs; cautious ; as, a close minister. Hence, in friendship, trusty ; confidential. Shak. 13. Having an appearance of concealment 5 imply- ing art, craft, or wariness; as, a close aspect. Shak. 14, Intent; fixed; attentive; pressing upon the object; as, to give close attention. Keep your mind or thoughts close to the business or subject. Locke. 15. Full to the point ; home ; pressing ; as, a close argument ; bring the argument close to the question. Dryden. 16. Pressing; earnest ; warm ; as, a close debate. 17. Confined ; secluded from communication ; as, a close prisoner. 18. Covetous ; penurious; not liberal; as, a close man. ; 19. Applied to the weather or air, close, in popular language, denotes warm and damp, cloudy or foggy, or warm and relaxing, occasioning a sense of lassi- tude and depression. Perhaps, originally, confined air. 20. Strictly adhering to the original; as, a close translation. 21. In heraldry, drawn in a coat of arms with the pressingly. sects, of admitting none even to occasional commun- ion at the Lord’s supper, except those who embrace the distinctive peculiarities of the sect. €LOSE/-€OM-PA€T’ED, a, Beir €LOSE/-€OR-PO-RA/TION, x. €LOSE/-COUCH-ED, (-koucht,) a. €LOSE!-€UR/TAIN-ED, a. Inclosed or surrounded €LOSE/-PENT, a. ELOSE’-QUAR/TERS, n. pl. €LOSEH/-SHUT, a. €LOSE/-STOOL, n. €LOSE/-TONGU-ED, (-tungd,) a. €LOS/ED, pp. or a. €LOSE/LY, adv. Close evection; an election in which the votes for | € Behind her death Close followed pace for pace. Milton. Close communion ; with Baptists, communion in the Lord’s supper with their own sect only. ig in compact order 5 Addison. A body or corpora- tion which fills its own vacancies, and is not open to the public. compact. Quite concealed. Milton. € with curtains. Milton. € LOSE/-FIST-ED, a. Covetous; niggardly. Berkeley. LOSE/-HAND-ED, a. Covetous; penurious. Hale. LOSE’-HAND/ED-NESS, n. Covetousness. Holyday. LOSE/-HAUL-ED, a. In seamanship, haying the tacks or lower corners of the sails drawn close to the side to windward, and the sheets hauled close aft, in sailing near the wind, 1. €., near that point from which the wind blows. Encyc. Shut close. Dryden. Strong barriers of wood hen the ship is boarded. 1e into direct Mar. Dict. used in a ship for defense w Hence, to come to close quarters, is to con contact with an enemy. Shut closely. A chamber utensil for the con- venience of the sick and infirm. Keeping silence ; cautious in speaking. Shak. Shut ; made fast; ended ; con- cluded. In a close, compact manner ; with the parts united, or pressed together, so as to leave no vent ; as, a crucible closely luted. 2, Nearly ; with little space intervening ; applied to space or time; as, to follow closely at one’s heels ; one event follows closely upon another. 3. Intently ; attentively ; with the mind or thoughts fixed; with near inspection ; as, to look or attend closely. 4. Secretly ; slily. [Jot much used.] Carew. 5. With near affection, attachment, or interest ; in- timately ; as, men closely connected in friendship ; nations closely allied by treaty. 6. Strictly ; within close limits ; without commu- nication abroad ; as, a prisoner closely confined. 7. With strict adherence to the original; as, to translate closely. €LOSE’NESS, z. The state of being shut, pressed to- gether, or united. Hence, according to the nature of the thing to which the word is applied, 9. Compactness ; solidity ; as, the closeness of text- ure in wood or fossils. acon. 3, Narrowness; straitness, as of a place. 4, Tightness, in building, or in apartments ; firm- ness of texture, in cloth, &c. 5. Want of ventilation ; applied to a close room, or to the air confined in it. Swift. 6. Confinement or retirement of a person ; recluse- ness ; solitude. Shak. 7. Reserve in intercourse ; secrecy ; privacy ; cau- tion. Bacon. Addison. 8. Covetousness ; penuriousness. 9. Connection ; near union ; intimacy, whether of friendship or of interest ; as, the closeness of friend- ship, or of alliance. 10. Pressure ; urgency ; variously applied ; as, the closeness of an argument, or of debate ; the closeness of a question or inquiry. 11. Adherence to an original; version. €LOS/ER, n. 9, A piece of brick used to cl Ae as, the closeness of a [ishes. A finisher; one that concludes or fin- ose a course of brick- €LOS/ER, «.; comp. of Cros. More close. [work. €ELOS/EST, a.; superl. of Crose. Most close. €LOS/ET, x A small room or apartment for retire- ment ; any room for privacy. When thou prayest, enter into thy closet. — Matt. vi. 9. An apartment for curiosities or valuable things. Dryden. f f of a room, for repositing utensils and furniture. €LOS/ET, v. t. take intoa private €LOT, 2. [See Cro soft or fluid matter, Jump ; as, a clot of blood. I t €LO €LOTH, (kloth or klawth,) x. €LOFHE, v. t.; pret. an 3. A small, close apartment, or recess, in the side To shut up in a closet ; to conceal ; to apartment for consultation. Swift. LOS/ET-ING, ppr. Shutting up in a private room ; the different candidates are nearly equal. concealing. Close vote; an election in which the number of | GLOS/ET-SIN, (kloz/et-sin,) 7 Sin committed in | votes for different persons or different sides of a ques- privacy. . Hali. tion is nearly equal. LOSH, n. A disease in the feet of cattle, called also €LOSE, adv. Closely; nearly; densely; secretly ; the founder. ailey. ELOS'ING, ppr. Shutting ; coalescing ; agreeing ; end- ing. €LOS/ING, a. That ends or concludes; as, a closing . WED depths closed me round about, — Jonah ii, €LOSE/-BAND-ED, a. Being in close order; closely word or letter. 5. To inclose ; to confine. [See Incrose.] united. Milton. | €LOS/ING, x. End; period; conclusion. 6. To move or bring together; to unite separate | ELOSE/-BAR-RED, a. Made close by bars; firmly | €LOS/URE, (klo/zhur,) 7. The act of shutting; a bodies or parts; as, to close the ranks of an army. closed. closing. : : Boyle. €LOSE, v.z. To unite ; to coalesce ; to come together, | CLOSE/-BOD-I-ED, (-bod-id,) a. Fitting the body ex- 9, ‘Nhat which closes, or shuts ; that by which sep- as the parts of a wound or fracture, or parts separa- actly ; setting close, as a garment. Ayliffe. arate parts are fastened or made to adhere. Pope. €LOSE-C€OM-MUN/ION, n. The practice, in some 3. Inclosure; that which confines. Shak. Shak. 4, Conclusion. p.] A concretion, particularly of which concretes into a mass or Clod and clot appear to be adically the same word ; but we usually apply clod oa hard mass of earth, and clot to 4 mass of softer substances, or fluids concreted. T,v.z. To concrete ; to coagulate, as soft or fluid matter, into a thick, inspissated mass; as, milk or blood clots. 9. To form into clots or clods ; ted glebe. LOT/—BIRD, 2. LOT/-BUR, n. to adhere ; as, clot- Philips. The common GEnanthe or English [G. klette.] Burdock. eat [Sax. clath; D. kleed, G. kleid, kleiden; Sw. The plural is regu- garments, it is writ- cloth, and kleeden, to clothe ; kidde, klada; Dan. klede, kleder. lar, CLorHs; but when it signifies ten CLoTHEs.] 1. A manufacture cotton, flax, hemp, or stuff of wool or hair, or of or other vegetable filaments, formed by weaving or intertexture of threads, and used for garments or other covering, and for various other purposes ; as, woolen cloth, linen cloth, cotton cloth, hair cloth. But cloth is often used for a fabric of wool, in con- tradistinction to that made of other material. 9, The covering of a table; usually called a table- cloth. Pope. 3. The canvas on which pictures are drawn. [Vot used. | Dryden. 4. A texture or covering put to a particular use ; as, a cloth of state. Hayward. 5. Dress; raiment. [See Crotues.] Vl ne’er distrust my God for cloth and bread. Quarles. 6. The covering of abed. [ot used.] Prior. 7. The cloth, is familiarly used for the clerical profes- sion or clergy ; SO We Say, a person of your cloth. Smart. d pp. CLorHep or Ciap. [See CLoTH. : 1. To put on garments ; to invest the body with raiment; to cover with dress, for concealing naked- ness and defending the body from cold or injuries. The Lord God made coats of skin and clothed them. — Gen. iii. 2, To cover with something ornamental. Embroidered purple clothes the golden beds. without the aid of other words, seldom example from Pope, it sig- Pope. But clothe, signifies to adorn. In this nifies merely to cover. 3. To furnish with raiment ; to provide with clothes ; as, a master is to feed and clotie his apprentice. ‘4, To put on; to invest; to cover, as with a gar- ment ; as, to clothe thoughts with words. I will clothe her priests with salvation. — Ps. cxxxii. _ Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. — Prov. xxii, Let them be clotied with shame. — Ps. xxxv. 5. To invest ; to surround ; to encompass, The Lord is clothed with majesty. — Ps. xciii. Thou art cloted with honor and majesty. — Ps. civ. 6. To invest; to give to by commission; as,, to clothe with power or authority. 7. To cover or spread over; as, the €LOFHE, v.i. To wear clothes. Care no more to clothe and eat. E€LOFH'ED, pp. Covered with garments ; dressed ; furnished with clothing. ELOEHES, (klothz or kloze,) n. ; pl. of CLotH. Cover- ing for the human body 5 dress ; vestments ; vesture ; a general term for whatever covering is Worn, OF made to be worn, for decency or comfort. If may touch but his clothes 1 shall be whole. — Mark v. hes. Prior. t for holding earth is clothed [with verdure. Shak. invested ; 9, The covering of a bed; bed-clot €LOFHES/-BASK-ET, x. A large baske or carrying clothes. €ELOFHES/-BRUSH, zn. &c., from cloths. €LOELHES/-LINE, x. hung out to dry. ELOFH IER, (kloth’yer,)2. In English authors, aman who makes cloths; a maker of cloth. — Johnson. [In this sense, I believe, it is not used in the United States; certainly not in JVew England.) 2. In America, a man whose occupa and dress cloth. ; : ; Covering with or putting on A brush for removing dust, Booth. A line on which clothes are tion is to full wings close, and in a standing posture. Bailey. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — €LOS/ET-ED, pp. Shut up in a closet ; concealed. AN'GER, VI/‘CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; ELOFH/ING, ppr. or 4- CH as SH; FH as in THIS. See eee a Q15 ~~CLO CLO CLU vestments of any kind; providing with garments investing ; covering. : €LOFH/ING, x. Garments in general ; clothes ; dress raiment ; covering. As for me — my clothing was sackcloth. — Ps. xxxv. 2, The art or practice of making cloth. [ Unusual.] The king took medsures to instruct the refugees from Sener ay. in the art of clothing. €LOTH’-SHEAR-ER, n. frees it from superfluous nap. €LOTH’-WORK-ER, (-wurk-,) n. Scott. €LOT/POLL, x A thickskull; a blockhead. CLopPoLt. ] €LOT/TED, pp. or a. sated ; adhering in a lump. Clotted cream; cream obtained by warming new milk. €LOT’TER, v.z [from clot.] ‘To concrete or gather into Jumps. _ Dryden. €LOT’TING, ppr. Concreting ; inspissating ; forming into clots. €LOT’TY, a. [from clot.] Full of clots, or small, hard masses ; full of concretions, or clods. €LOUD, x. [I have not found this word in any other Janguage. ‘The sense is obvious —a collection, Its elements are those of clod, and Lat, claudo.] 1. A collection of visible vapor, or watery particles, suspended in the atmosphere, at some altitude. A like collection of vapors near the earth is usually called Jog. Locke. I do set my bow in the cloud. — Gen. ix. Behold a white cloud. —Rev. xiv. The clouds are distributed into four fundamental classes, depending on their prevailing forms, viz., cumulus, stratus, cirrus, and nimbus ; and three subor- dinate varieties, composed of mixtures of the others, ViZ., cirro-cumulus, cirro-stratus, and cumulo-stratus. [See these words. D. Olmsted. 2. A collection of smoke, or a dense collection of dust, rising or floating in the air; as, a cloud of dust. A cloud of incense. — Ezek. viii. 3. The dark or varied colors, in veins or spots, on stones or other bodies, are called clouds. 4, A great multitude; a vast collection; as, a cloud of witnesses, Seeing we are encompassed with so great a cloud of witnesses. — Heb. xii. 5. Kiguratively, a state of obscurity, darkness, or danger ; as, amidst the clouds of war; a cloud hung over his character; there was a cloud thrown over their prospects. €LOUD, v.t. To overspread with a cloud or clouds ; as, the sky 1s clouded ; clouds intercept the rays of the sun. Hence, 2. To obscure ; to darken ; as, to cloud the day, or truth, or reason. 3. To darken in veins or spots; to variegate with colors ; as, clouded marble. 4. To inake of a gloomy aspect ; to give the appear- ance of sullenness, What sullen fury clouds his scornful brow. o. To sully ; to tarnish. Shak. pis) te 0 grow cloudy; to become obscure with clouds; sometimes followed by over; as, the sky clouds over. €LOUD/-AS-CEND/ING, a. Ascending to the clouds. Pope. Sandys. €LOUD/-BER-RY, n. A plant, called also knot-berry ; Rubus chamemorus, €LOUD!-BORN, a. Bom of a cloud. Dryden. €LOUD!-€APT, a. [cloud and cap.] Capped with clouds ; touching the clouds ; lofty. The cloud-capt towers. €LOUD’-€OM-PEL/LER, n. Jove. €LOUD/-€0M-PEL/LING, a Collecting clouds driving clouds ; as, cloud-compelling Jove. Shak. He that collects clouds ; 0% Waller, Dryden. €LOUD!-€OV/ER-ED, (-kuv/erd,) a. Enveloped with clouds, Youngs. €LOUD!-DIS-PEL’LING, a. Having power to dis- perse clouds, Dryden. €LOUD/-E-€LIPS’ED, (-e-klipst’,) a. Eclipsed by a cloud. Shak. €LOUD’/ED, pp. or a. Overcast; overspread with clouds; obscured; darkened; rendered gloomy or sullen; variegated with colored Spots or veins. €LOUD/-FENC-ED, (-fenst,) a. Fenced with clouds. €LOUD!-GIRT, (-gurt,) a. Girt with clouds. CLOUD/LLY, adv. [from cloudy.}] With clouds: darkly ; obscurely. : Dryden. €LOUD'I-NESS, x. The state of being overcast with clouds; as, the cloudiness of the atmosphere. 5 Harvey. - Obscurity; gloom; want of brightness. _ 3. Darkness of appearance ; variegation of colors in a fossil or other body. . Appearance of gloom or sullenness ; as, cloudi- ness of aspect. Cor — One who shears cloth, and A maker of cloth. [See Concreted into a mass ; inspis- : | ness; variegating with colors. ; €LOUD/-KISS-ING, a. | €LOUD/LESS, a. €LOUD/LESS-LY, adv. €LOUD/-PIERC-ING, a. the clouds. €LOUD!-TOPT, a. Without clouds. cloud. €LOUD!-TOUCH-ING, (-tuch-ing,) a. clouds. €LOUD’Y, a. clouds; a night. w pillar. Ex. xxxii. 9, 3. Obscure ; dark ; cloudy and confused notions. . Having the appearance of gloom; or cheerful ; as, cloudy looks. 6. Marked with veins or spots of dark hues, as marble. 7. Not bright; as, a cloudy diamond. €LOUGH, (kluf,) 2. [Sax. clowgh, a cleft.] A cleft in a hill. €LOUGH, (klof,) x. In commerce, an all the commodity may hold out in retailing ; ten CLorF. It is little used. €LOUT, n. [Sax. clut, a patch, a plaster, seam or joint; Sw. klut; W. clwt, a patel clwtiaw, to patch; Sax. gecluted, sewed clouted, patched ; gesceod mid gecludedum with clouted shoes. This nail. The word clout, a nail, may be French clou, clouter, from L. clavus, from L. claudo, cludo. Speare, signify patched shoes or shoes stu nails, let the critic determine. Such shoe mon in England, and were formerly worn the sense of blow.) close a breach. 2. A piece of cloth for mean purposes. 3. A piece of white cloth, for archers t [Not now used. 5. [Fr. clow, clouter.] A small nail. England.] €LOUT, v. t. piece or patch ; as, clouted shuon, in Milton the sense as understood by Johnson. stands the word clouted to signify with small nails, from the French following words in Shakspeare, ‘* whose answered my steps too loud,” nance to Mason’s interpretation. In this verb clout must signify, to nail, or fasten w to stud. z €LOUT’ED, pp. or a. covered with a clout. Clouted cream, in Gay, is evidently used Patched ; mended €LOUT’ER-LY, a. €LOUT’ING, ppr. €LO'VATE, a. In conchology, an epithet ay Shell which is thicker toward the top and toward the base. CLOVE, pret. of Cleave. [Obds.] CLOVE, n. [D. Kloof. See Creave.] A cleft ; a fissure ; a gap; a ravine. though properly an appellative, places, that are real clefts, or which appear as, the Clove of Kaaterskill, in the State of N and the Stony Clove. a Journ. of €LOVE, n. [Sax. clufe; Fr. clow; Sp. clavo; vo; from L. clavus, a nail; so called from i blance to a nail. § Spice-nail. } of the Molucca Isles. the laurel, and its bark resembles that of No verdure is seen under it. Pp €LOUDI/ING, ppr. or a. Overspreading with clouds ; ea last red and hard. These are called cloves. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOT Touching the clouds. Shak. Being without a cloud; uncloud- ed; clear; bright; luminous; as, cloudless skies. y Touching the €LOUD!-WRAPT, (-rapt,) a. Involved in clouds. Overcast with clouds; obscured with , a cloudy day; a cloudy sky 2. Consisting of a cloud or clouds; as, a cloudy not easily understood ; gloom, anxiety, sullenness, or ill-nature ; Spenser. 9. Indicating gloom orsullenness ; as, cloudy wrath. two pounds in every hundred weight, after tare and tret have been deducted, for the turn of the undoubtedly signifies patched shoes, for clut, in Saxon, does not signify a Whether clouted brogues, in Shak- sare com- ca. The primary sense is, to thrust or put on ; hence 1. A patch; a piece of cloth or leather, 4. An iron plate on an axle-tree, to keep it from 6. In vulgar language, a blow with the hand. [Vew Chalmers. To patch; to mend by sewing on a Mason nailed, studded clouter, and the give some counte- 2. To cover with a piece of cloth. Spenser. 3. To join clumsily ; as, clouted sentences. Ascham. 4. To cover or arm with an iron plate. ). To strike ; to give a blow. Beaum. cream, 1. €., cream obtained by warming ne Clumsy ; awkward. Mortimer. Patching ; covering witha clout. Spenser. This word, i is not often used as such in English ; but it is appropriated to particular It is properly a Dutch word. So in D. kruidnagel, herb-nail or 1. A very pungent aromatic spice, the unexpanded flower-bud of the clove-tree, Caryophyllus, a native The tree grows to the size of 4 At the extremities of its branches are produced vast numbers of flower- buds, which are at first white, then green, and at obscuring; giving an appearance of gloom or sullen- Penetrating or rising above Philips. Having the top covered with a Gray. Sandys. Owring. ; a cloudy as, Watts. indicating not open Shak. or various Boyle. owance of scale, that often writ- a plate, a 1, a clout; together, scon, shod from the the root of dded with _in Ameri- &c., to Spenser. 0 shoot at. Sha Kk. [ wearing. | LEDS iS under- rudeness case, the ith nails ; clumsily ; for clotted WwW milk. Brande. yplied to a elongated Gilbert. as such; ew York, Science. Port. cra- ts resem- the olive. 2. [from eleave.] The parts into which garlic sep- arates, when the outer skin is removed. Tate. 3. A certain weight; seven pounds of wool; eight pounds of cheese or butter. [Mot used in America. | €LOVE-GIL/LY-FLOW-ER, n. A species of Dian- thus, bearing a beautiful flower, cultivated in gar- dens ; called, also, carnation pink. Vote. —Some writers suppose that gilly-flower should be written July-flower. But qu., is it not a corruption of the French girofle, clou de girofle, cloves; giroflée, a gilly-flower ; giroflier, a stock-gilly-flower; L. cary- ophyllus. Chaucer wrote cloue gilofre. Cant. Tales, 13,692. The Italians write garofano, probably for garofalo; Arm. genofles, genoflen. Johnson supposes the plant so called from the smell of the flower re- sembling that of cloves; but it is probably from its shape, the nail-flower, as in Dutch. [See Cro st €LO’VEN, (klo/vn,) pp. or a. [from cleave.) i- vided ; parted. €LO!/VEN-FOOT-ED, ) a. €LO/V EN-HOOF-ED, § the ox; bisulcous. €LOVE/-PINK, 2x. tion pink. €LO/VER Having the foot or hoof divided into two parts, as The clove gilly-flower or carna- , ) 2. Sax. cleferavyrt, clover- €LO’VER-GRASS,§ wort; G. klee; D. klaver ; Dan. klever or klee. The Saxon word is rendered also marigold and violet. The Dutch word signifies aclub. The name, then, signifies club-grass, club- wort, lL. clava, from its flower. Dan. klebber, to cleave, to cling.] A genus of plants, called Trifolium, trefoil, or three-leafed, Fr. trefle. The species are numerous. The red clover is generally cultivated for fodder and for enriching land. The white clover is also excel- lent food for cattle, either green or dry, and from its flowers the bee collects no small portion of its stores of honey. To live in clover, is to live luxuriously, or in abun- dance ; a phrase borrowed from the luxuriant growth of clover, and the feeding of cattle in clover. €LO’/VER-ED, a. Covered with clover. Thomson. €LOWN, xn. [L. colonus, a husbandman.] 1, A countryman ; a rustic; hence, 2. One who has the manners of a rustic ; a churl ; a man of coarse manners; an ill-bred man. Sidney. Dryden. Swift. 3. The fool or buffoon in a play, circus, &c. €LOWN’/AGE, n. The manners ofa clown. [.Vot in use. | . Jonson. €LOWN’ER-Y, 7n. Ill-breeding ; rustic behavior ; rudeness of manners. [Little used.) L’Hstrange. €LOWN’ISH, a. Pertaining to or resembling clowns; consisting of rustics ; as, a clownish neighborhood. Dryden. 2. Coarse; hard; rugged; rough; as, clownish hands. Spenser. 3. Of rough manners; ill-bred ; as, a clozonish fellow. 4, Clumsy ; awkward ; as, a clownish gait. Prior. CLOWN’/ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of clowns ; coarsely ; rudely. €LOWN'ISH-NESS, n. The manners of a clown; rusticity ; coarseness or rudeness of behavior; in- civility ; awkwardness. Dryden. Locke. €LOY, v.t. [from Fr. clower, or the root of the word, the L. cludo, claudo; coinciding in elements with glut. 1. Strictly, to fill; as, to cloya harbor by sinking ships ; to cloy one’s couch with tears. Rich. Dict. Hence, 2. To glut, to satisfy, as the appetite; to satiate. And as the appetite, when satisfied, rejects addition- al food, hence, to fill to loathing, to surfeit. Who can cicy the hungry edge of appetite ? By bare imagination of a feast? Shak. 3. To spike up a gun; to drive a spike into the vent. Bailey. Johnson. 4. In farriery, to prick a horse in shoeing. Ash, [In the two latter senses, I believe the word is little used, and not at all, in America. ] €LOY’ED, (kKloyd,) pp. Filled} glutted; filled to sa- tiety and loathing ; spiked ; pricked in shoeing. €LOY’ING, ppr. or a. Filling; filling to satiety or disgust. €LOY’LESS, a. That can not cloy, , or fill to satiety. €LOY’MENT, x. Surfeit; repletion beyond the de- mands of appetite. [Little used. | Shak. €LUB, n. [W. clopa, clwpa, coinciding with clap, @ lump, and clob, clobyn; G. klépfel; D. klaver; Sw. klubba; Dan. klubbe ; L. clava. The sense is probably a knob or lump, W. llwb, llob, whence lubber. It is evidently connected with cleave, to stick or cling, Dan. klebber.] 1. Properly, a stick or piece of wood, with one end thicker and heavier than the other, and no larger than can be wielded with the hand. c 2. The name of one of the suits of cards ; so named from its figure. 3. An association of persons who meet under cer- tain self-imposed regulations, for the promotion of some common object, as literature, science, hilarity, politics, &c. : 4. An association for the support of a club-house, Encyc. Which see. B, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — a head ps EF, a Ree eee— CLU 5, The dividend of expense at a club or some meet- | € ing; as, to pay one’s club. Hudibras. Club of Hercules. The story of Hercules with his club originated in the use of clubs, as weapons of war and other achievements, among rude nations, before the invention of other instruments and the use of iron. Hence striking, beating, was the first mode of killing ; and hence smite and ‘slay, properly signifying to strike, came to signify to kill. Hercules was the leader of a savage band, who wielded the heaviest club; and hence the club was the origin of the scep- ter, which is in the shape of a club, coinciding with Latin scipio. Any bold warrior at the head of a pred- atory band was a Hercules. €LUB, v. i. [W. clapiaw, to form into a lump.] 1. To join, as a number of individuals, to the same end ; to contribute separate powers to one end, pur- pose, or effect. Till grosser atoms, tumbling in the stream Of fancy, madly met, and clubbed into a dream. Dryden. 2. To pay an equal proportion of a common reck- oning or charge. €LUB, v. t. To unite for the accomplishment of a common end ; as, to club exertions. 9. To raise by a proportional assessment; as, to club the expense. 3. In common parlance, to raise or turn uppermost the breech or club of a musket ; as, the soldiers clubbed their muskets. €LUB/BED, (klubd,) pp. Collected into a sum and averaged, as different expenses. 2. United to one end or effect. 3. Shaped like a club. Aszat. Researches, V. 213. 4. Having the breech turned upward, as a musket. 5, Heavy, like a club. Chaucer. €LUB’BER, ) x. One who belongs to a party, club, or €LUB/BIST, association. urke. €LUB/BING, ppr. Joining in a club; uniting to @ common end. €LUB/-FIST, n. A large, heavy fist. €LUB!-FIST-ED, a. Having a large fist. €LUB!-FOOT, n. A short, deformed foot. €LUB/-FOOT-ED, a. Having short or crooked feet. €LUB/-HEAD-ED, a. Having a thick head. Derham. €LUB/-HOUSB, 7. An establishment for furnishing meals, and a place of rendezvous, to a select number of individuals, called loosely a club, to whieh addi- tions can be made only by ballot. Each member pays an annual tax for the support of the house, and re- ceives his meals and other refreshments at their ac- tual cost. Chambers’s Mag. €LUB/-LAW, n. Government by clubs, or violence ; the use of arms, or force, in place of law ; anarchy. Addison. Howell. €LUB'-MAN, n. One who carries a club. €LUB/-MOSS, n. A kind of moss, Lycopodium clava- tum, whose minute seeds are burnt in theaters to im- itate lightning. Brande. €LUB/-ROOM, x. The apartment in which a club meets. Addison. €LUB/-RUSH, zn. A genus of plants, the Scirpus. Muhlenberg. €LUB/-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a. Shaped like a club ; growing thicker toward the top ; clavated. Martyn. €LUCK, v.i. (Sax. cloccan; Dan. klukker ; Sw. klyc- ka; G. glucken; D. klokken ; W. clocian, clocian ; Arm. clochat; L. glocio; It. chiocciare ; Sp. clocar, cloquear ; Ch. 253. Class Lg, No. 27. (See Crack and Cuock,) The Gr. cAwtw seems to be the same word, as it gives kAwypos; the guttural passing Into ¢, as in many Greek verbs ; and hence Fr. glousser. See Brace.] ‘9 make the noise, or utter the voice, of the do- mestic hen, when sitting on eggs for hatching, and when conducting her chickens. This voice, with the change of the vowel, is precisely our word clack and clock, and is probably an onomatopy. [See Ciack and CLock. €LUCK, v. t. To call chickens by a particular sound. €LUCK/ING, ppr. ora. Uttering the voice of a hen; calling chickens. €LUCK/ING, xn. her chickens. €LUE. See CLew. €LUMP, xn. [G. klump; D. klomp ; Sw. klimp ; Dan. klump, a lump; W. clamp. It is lump with a prefix. The noise of a hen when she calls It coincides with plump, and L. pluimbum, lead ; as the D. lood, G. loth, Dan. lod, Eng. lead, coincide with clod. It signifies a mass or collection. If m is the final radical, see Class Lm, No. 1, 4,5, 9. L. glemus.| 1, A thick, short piece of wood, or other solid sub- stance; a shapeless mass. Hence clumper, a clot or clod. 9, A cluster of trees or shrubs; formerly written Piump. In some parts of England, it is an adjective signifying lazy, unhandy. Bailey. 3. ‘I'he compressed clay of coal strata. Brande. €LUMP/ER, v.t. To form into clumps or masses. €LUMPS, zn. [from clump.) A stupid fellow ; a num- skull. [Vulyar.] Bailey. €LUM/SELY, adv. [from clumsy.] Ina clumsy man- €LUM/SY, a. €LUNCH, 2x. €LUS'TER, v. i. €LUS/TER, ». t. €LUS/TER-GRAPE, nz. €LUS'/TER-ING, ppr. or a. o in bunches; uniting in a bunch, or in a flock, crowd, CLY LUM/SI-NESS, n. The quality or dexterity. [from clump, lump.] thick, like a clump or lump. Her clumsy fingers. 3. Awkward ; a clumsy fellow. ment; clumsy verse. in coal-pits next to the coal. €LUNG, pret. and pp. of CLING, ELUNG, v. 2. €LU/NI-AE, x. tine monks, so called from Cluni, in Burgundy. €LUS/TER, x. root of close, L. clausus, claustrum, claudo, a collect- ing or crowding together; Sw. klasa, a cluster of Toshrink. ([JVot One of a reform (Sax. cluster. It grapes ; Dan. klase. The latter neat ; clysa, to make compact ; 1. A bunch; a number of thi growing or joined together; a raisins. 9. A number of individuals cluster of people. gether ; the clustering snow. body. €LUS/TER-ED, pp or a. Collected into a cluster, or crowd ; crowded. or close body. €LUS’/TER-ING-LY, adv. €LUS/TER-Y, a. 2. Full of clusters. €LUTCH, v. t. [This seems tc Sax. leccan, to seize, whence I know not its origin, latch. ] Inc them together; to clinch. [ clinch, this may be from the sa clutch a dagger; to clutch prey. 3, To seize or grasp; as, to selzure 3 grasp. for connecting shafts with eacl so as to be disengaged at pleas €LUTCH’ED, (klucht,) pp. €LUTCH/ES, n. pl. The paws ¢ animal, as of a cat or dog. 2. The hands, in the sense or of power. €LUTCH'ING, ppr. €LUT’TER, n. [W. cluder, a elements of L. claudo.} 1. A confused assemblage ; He saw what a clutler there was Wi 9. Noise; bustle. [This England.] €LUT’TER, v. t. fill with things in confusion to clutter the house. €LUT’TER, v.i. To make a fusion. noise and bustle, but probably €LUT'TER-ED, pp. order. €LUT’TER-ING, ppr-. €LYP/E-ATE, a. [L. clypeus, €LYS/MILE, a. [Gr. KA vga. | Washing ; cleansing. €LYS'/TER, n. [Gr. kAvornp, tere; Dan. klisteer.] An injection ; lower intestines, for the purr the bowels. Sometim-s it is ner; awkwardly ; in an unhandy manner ; without readiness, dexterity, or grace. TUNE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. €LYS/TER-IZE, v. t. thick, and moving heavily ; awkwardness ; iness ; ungainliness ; want of readiness, nimbleness, 2. Moving heavily, slowly, or awkwardly ; as, or things collected or gathered into a close body ; as, a cluster of bees; a 3. A number of things situated near each other; as, a cluster of governments in Italy. To grow in clusters ; to gather or unite in a bunch, or bunches ; as, clustering grapes. 9. To collect into masses; as, the men cluster to- To collect into a bunch or close A small, black grape. Growing in a cluster, or Growing in clusters. It may be allied 1. Lo double in the fingers and pinch or compress 2. To seize, clasp, or gripe with the hand; as, to grasp. €LUTCH, n. A griping or pinching with the fingers ; 2. A projecting tooth, or other piece of machinery, Seized; grasped. Hudibras. Seizing with the hand. daw, to bear, to bring together, to heap. of being short and unhand- Collier. Properly, short and ace, ungainly ; unhandy; artless; with- € out readiness, dexterity, or grace; as, a clumsy Man ; 4. Ill-made; badly constructed ; as, a clumsy gar- € Kirwan. Bailey. which see. used.| See Ciinc. ed order of Benedic- seems to be from the , in orthography, co- incide nearly with class. In Welsh, clios is compact, clwys is a close. } ngs of the same kind knot ; as, a cluster of Milton. Dryden. J. Adams. Milton. Thomson. Mortimer. lusters. Johnson. Bailey. » be from the root of geleccan, id. If not, to lock and If n is not radical in me root. ] Shak. Herbert. clutch the globe at a Collier. 1 other, or with wheels, ure. Hebert. yr talons of a rapacious of rapacity or cruelty, Stilling fleet. heap or pile, from clu- [It has the as, a clutter of words. th huge pots, se and spits. Estrange. sense seems allied to clatter, but it is not the sense of the word in New To crowd together in disorder ; to ; as, to clutter a room ; bustle, or fill with con- The English lexicographers explain this word by by mistake. Encumbered with things in dis- Encumbering with things in a shield.] [confusion. Shaped like a Roman buckler. from x\vf@, to wash or cleanse; L. clyster: D. klisteer; G. klystier ; Fr. clis- a liquid substance injected into the ose of promoting alvine discharges, relieving from costiveness, and cleansing administered to nourish and support patients wh. can not swallow aliment. To ayply a clyster. €0ACH, } 2. €0OUCH, } €O0ACH, v. & €0ACH-BOX, x. €0ACH’FUL, x. €0ACH/-HIRE, zn. €0ACH’/-MAK-ER, n. COA to heap up ; To heap up; to pile. O-A-CERV’ATE, a. €LYS/TER-PIPE, n. A tube or pipe used for injec- tions. €LYS/TER-WISE, adv. Inthe manner of a clyster. €0; a prefix, signifying with, in conjunction. [See Con.] €0-A-CERV/ATE, v.t. [L. coacervo; con and acervo, acervus, a heap.] [ Little used. ] [L. coacervatus. Heaped ; raised into a pile ; mee into a crowd ; accumulated. O-AC-ER-VA'TION, n. of being heaped together. Among miners, indurated clay, found COACH, n. [Fr. coche; Arm. coich ; or coach-box; Sp. coch Little used. | Bacon. The act of heaping, or state | Little used.) _ Bucon. It. cocchio, a coach e, a coach and a coasting- barge; Port. coche; D. koets, a coach and a couch; G. kutsche. bed, (Fr. couche, coucher This word seems to be radically a couch or ,) a covered bed, on wheels, for conveying the infirm.) A close vehicle for con four wheels, and drawn It differs from a chariot, well as behind. ure, or for traveling. Hackney-coach; a coa cities, they are licensed and the rates of fare fixed by law. Mail-coach ; a coach th Stage-coach; a coach sengers from town to to by the poop. To carry « The coach sits. coach. €0ACH‘-HORSE, 2. coaches. €5ACH/-HOUSE, 2. from the weather. make coaches. €0ACH/MAN, 2. E€OQACH/MAN-SHIP, zn. €0-ACT", v. t. €O0-ACT/ED, pp. or a. used. | Itis a carriage of state, or for pleas- An apartment in a large near the stern, the roof of which is formed As many in a coach as it will hold. Money paid for the use of a hired To act together. ymodious traveling, borne on by horses or other animals. in having seats in front as ch kept for hire. In some by authority, and numbered, iat carries the public mails. that regularly conveys pas- wn. [See Srace. ship of war, Mar. Dict. u a coach. Pope. seat on which the driver of a Arbuthnot. Dryden. A horse used in drawing A house to shelter a coach Swift. A man whose occupation is to S wift. The person who drives a coach. Prior. Skill in driving coaches. Jenyns. [Not used.] Shak. Forced; compelled. [ot B. Jonson. €0-A€'TION, zn. [L. coactio, coactus, cogo; conan ago, to drive.] Force; compulsion, ling. €0-A€T/IVE, a. Forci power to impel or restrain. 9. Acting in concur €0-AET/IVE-LY, adv. €0-AD!SU-MENT, z. €0-AD/JU-TANT, a. Helping ; €0-AD-JU/TOR, xn. juto, to help ] mutually assisting or operating. [L. con and adjutor, a helper ; ad- either in restraining or impel- outh. compulsory ; having the Ralegh. rence. Shak. ~ In a compulsory manner. Mutual assistance. ns 5 [L. con and adjutans, le >Iping. Philips. 1. One who aids another ; an assistant; 4 fellow- helper ; an associate 1 n Operation. 2. In the canon law, one who is empowered or ap- pointed to perform the duties of another. Johnson. 3. In the Roman Catholic church, the assistant of a bishop or other prelate €0-AD-J0/TOR-SHIP, assistance. €0-AD-JU/TRIX, n. €0-AD-J0/VAN-CY, n. vo, to assist.] Joint help ; tion. [Little used.) €0-AD-JU/VANT, 2. a prescription designe €0-AD/U-NATE, a. unitio, from unus. } the base. ‘The word €0-AD-U-NI/'TION, ( unus, One. | [ Little used, | €0-AD-VEN’TUR-ER forest. €0-A'/GENT, nz. €0-AG-MENTY’, v. t. drive. ]} €0-AG-MENT-A/TIO —€ as K; GasJ; $ as Z; CH as si ~~ Q8 The union of different substances in one €0-AF-FOR/EST, v. t ment; con and agmen, To congregate or. heap together. united body ; union ; h Brande. n. State of a coadjutor ; joint Pope. A female assistant. Smolleti. [L. con and adjuvans ; adju- assistance ; concurrent aid; co-opera- Brown. In medicine, an ingredient in d to aid some other ingredient. [L. coadunatus ; con, ad, and In botany, coadunate leaves are several, united at is used also to denote one of the natural orders of plants in Linneus’s system. Martyn. -nish/un,) n. [L. con, ad, an mass. Hale. A fellow-adventurer. nivoell. To convert ground to 4 Howl. ) Ne An assistant or associate ae an act. eaum. L. coagmento, to join or Ce a compact body, from ago, to [Wot used.] Glanville. Collection into a mass OF [ Little used. ] B. Jonson. N, 7. conjunction. SH; FH as in THIS rath os ee ee actin ——Cala iface enn | COA COA COA €0-AG-MENT’ED, a. Congregated ; heaped together ; ; COAL/-WORK, (-wurk,) n. united in one mass. Glanville. €0-AG-U-LA-BIL/LT agulated. €0-AG/U-LA-BLE, a. | be concreted ; capable of congealing or changing from a liquid to an inspissated state ; as, coagulable lymph. Boyle. €0-AG/U-LANT, n. That which produces coagula- tion. Forsyth. €0-AG/U-LATE, v.t. [L. coagulo; Fr. coaguler; It. coagulare; Sp. coagular. Usually considered as from cozo, conand ago. But probably the last component part of the word is the W. ceulaw, to curdle, the root of gelid and congeal.] To concrete; to curdle; to congeal; to change from a fluid into a fixed substance, or solid mass ; as, to coagulate blood ; rennet coagulates milk. This word is generally applied to the change of fluids into substances like curd or butter, of a moderate con- sistence, but not hard or impenetrable. acon. Arbuthnot. €0-AG/U-LATE. v.i. To curdle or congeal ; to turn from a fluid into a consistent state, or fixed sub- stance ; to thicken. Bacon. Boyle. €0-AG/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. Concreted ; curdled. €0-AG/U-LA-TING, ppr. Curdling ; congealing. €0-AG-U-LA/TION, n. The act of changing from a fluid to a fixed state ; concretion ; the state of being coagulated ; the body formed by coagulating. ee used, | > Ure. Arbuthnot. €0-AG’U-LA-TIVE, a. That has the power to cause concretion. Boyle, €0-AG/U-LA-TOR, n. Thz* which causes coagula- tion. Arbuthnot. €0-AG/U-LUM, n. . ‘To train or use fighting cocks. [Little used. | 3. To cocker. [Vot in use.] [B. Jonson. €OCK-ADE’, x. ter. cocarde; Sp. cocarda; Port. cocar, or cocarda. } ; A ribbon or knot of ribbon, or something similar, worn on the hat, usually by officers of the army and navy, sometimes by others. It most usually desig- nates the military character 5 sometimes political parties. €0CK-AD/ED, a. Wearing a cockade. Young. Kinder. €OCK/AL, n. A game called huckle-bone. €OCK-A-TOO!, x. n. One of the speakers in a dia- ogue. €OL-LOGUE’, v. t. To wheedle. [JVot in use.] €OL/LOP, x. A small slice of meat; a piece of flesh. Dryden. 2. In burlesque, a child. Shak. 3. In Job xv. 27, it seems to have the sense of a thick piece or fleShy lump. ‘‘He maketh collops of fat on his flanks.?? This is the sense of the word in New England. €OL-LO/QUI-AL, a. [See Corroauy.] Pertaining to common conversation, or to mutual discourse ; as, colloquial language ; a colloquial phrase. €OL-LO/QUI-AL-ISM, n A colloquial form of ex- pression. €OL-LO/QUI-AL-LY, adv. By mutual conversation. €OL/LO-QUIST, n. A speaker in a dialogue. Malone. €OL/LO-QUY, x. [L. colloquium; con and loquor, to speak. ] Conversation; mutual discourse of two or more ; conference; dialogue. Milton. Taylor. €OL'LOW. See Cotty. €OL-LUE/TAN-CY, x. to struggle. ] A struggling to resist; a striving against ;resist- ance ; opposition of nature. €OL-LUE-TA’TION, n. A struggling to resist; con- test ; resistance ; opposition ; contrariety. Woodward. €OL-LUDE’, v. i. [L. colludo; con and ludo, to play, to banter, to mock. To play into the hand of each other; to conspire in a fraud ; to act in concert. Johnson. €OL-LUD/ER, n. One who conspires in a fraud. €O0L-LUD/ING, ppr. Conspiring with another in a €OL-LUD/ING, n. A trick; collusion. [fraud. €O0L-LU/SION, (-zhun,) x. [L, collusio. See Co1- LUDE. | 1. In law, a deceitful agreement or compact be- tween two or more persons, for the one party to bring an action against the other, for some evil purpose, as to defraud a third person of his right. Cowel. A secret understanding between two parties, who plead or proceed fraudulently against each other, to the prejudice of a third person. Encyc. 2. In general, a secret agreement and co-operation fgr a fraudulent purpose. €O0L-LU/SIVE, a. Fraudulently concerted between two or more ; as, a collusive agreement. €O0L-LU/SIVE-LY, adv. By collusion; by secret agreement to defraud. €OL-LU/SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being col- lusive. €OL-LU/SO-RY, a. Carrying on a fraud by a secret concert; containing colJusion. €0L-LU/VLES, n. [L.] Filth; a sink; a mixed mass of refuse matter. €0L/LY, n. [Supposed to be from coal.” €0L'LOW,$ The black grime or soot of coal or burnt wood. Woodward. Burton. €0L'LY, v. t. To make foul; to grime with the smut of coal. Shak, €0L/LY-RITE, n. [Gr. xodAvocor, infra. ] A variety of clay, of a white color, with shades of gray, red, or yellow. Cleaveland. €OL-LYRI-UM, n. [L.; Gr. xoAXvptov. Qu. from kwAvw, to check, and pros, defluxion. ] A lotion intended to prevent excessive discharges, now applied only to eye-waters. Brande. €OL/MAR,n. [Fr.] A sort of pear. €OL/O-CYNTH, zn. [Gr. KoAokvyv Ors. ] The coloquintida, or bitter apple of the shops, a kind of cucumber, from Aleppo and from Crete. It contains a bitter pulp, which is a drastic purge. Encyc. €OL-O-CYNTH/IN, n. The supposed active medici- nal principle of the colocynth. P, Cyc. €0-LOGNE/-EARTH, (ko-lone/erth,) n. A kind of light bastard ocher, of a deep brown color, not a pure native fossil, but containing more vegetable than mineral matter; supposed to be the remains of wood long buried in the earth. Fill. It is an earthy variety of lignite or brown coal. Cleaveland, €0-LOGNE/-W A-TER, (ko-lone/wa-ter,) x. A liquor composed of spirits of wine, oil of lavender, oil of rosemary, essence of lemon, and oil of cinnamon. €0L/0-LITE, x. [Gr. ckwAov, the colon, and AcBos, stone. } A name given to the fossil intestines of fishes. €O/LON, n. [Gr. xwAov, the colon, a member or pa 1. In anatomy, the largest of the intestines, or rather the largest division of the intestinal canal ; beginning at the cecum, and ascending by the right kidney, it passes under the hollow part of the liver, and the bottom of the stomach, to the spleen ; thence descending by the left kidney, it passes, in the form of an S, to the upper part of the os sacrum, where, from its straight course, the canal takes the name of rectum. Encyc. Quincy. (L. colluctor ; con and luctor, | €COL/O-NEL, (kur/nel,) 7. COL colon, but less than that of a period; or rather, it is | used when the sense of the division of a period is complete, so as to admit a full pot; but something continued by an additional remark, without a neces- sary dependence on the foregoing members of the sentence. Thus, A brote arrives ata point of perfection he can never pass: ina Spect. No, iii. The colon is often used before an address, quota- tion, or example. ‘Mr. Grey was followed by Mr. Erskine, who spoke thus: ‘I rise to second the mo- tion of my honorable friend.’”? But the propriety of this depends on the pause, and this depends on the said, or a like word, the colon is not used, and seems to be improper. Thus, in our version of the Scrip- tures, such members are almost invariably followed by a comma: “But Jesus said to them, ‘ Ye know not what ye ask.’ ” The use of the colon is not uniform; nor is it easily defined and reduced to rules. of it might be dispensed with without mach incon- venience. [Fr. colonel ; It. colonnello ; Arm. coronal; Sp. coronel; Port. coronel; from It. colonna, Fr. colonne, a column, It. colonnello, the col- umn of a book.] The chief commander of a regiment of troops, whether infantry or cavalry. He ranks next below a brigadier-general. In England, colonel-licutenant 1S the commander of a regiment of guards, of which the king, prince, or other person of eminence, is colonel. Lieutenant-colonel is the second officer in a regiment, and commands it in the absence of the colonel. €OL/O-NEL-CY, (kur/nel-cy,) )n. €0L/O-NEL-SHIP, (kur/nel-ship,) § mission of a colonel. Swift. Washington. €0-LO'NL-AL, a. [See Corony.] Pertaining to a colony; as, colomal government ; colonial rights. Co1onicat is not in use. ] €OL/O-NIST, 2. [See Cotony.] An inhabitant of a colony. Blackstone. Marshall, Life of Washington. €OL-O-NI-ZA'/TION, nz. The act of colonizing, or state of being colonized. Colonization society ; a society in the United States designed to aid free blacks in emigrating to Africa. €OL-O-NL-ZA'TION-IST, n. A friend to coloniza- tion, particularly to the colonization of Africa by emigrants from the colored population of the Uni- ted States. €OL/O-NIZE, v.t. [See Corony.] To plant or estab- lish a colony in; to plant or settle a number of the subjects of a kingdom or state in a remote country for the purpose of cultivation, commerce, or dcfense, and for permanent residence. Bacon. The Greeks colonized the south of Italy and of France. 9. To migrate and settle in, as inhabitants. English Puritans colonized New England. €OL/O-NIZE, v. i. To remove and settle in a distant country ; as, to colonize in India. Buchanan. €OL/O-NIZ-ED, pp. Settled or planted with a colony. €0OL!/O-NIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Planting with a colony. €0L/O-NIZ-ING, n. The act of establishing a colony. This state paper has been adopted as the basis of all her later colunizings. Tooke, i. 622. €OL-ON-NADE’, n. [It. colonnata, from colonna, a column ; Sp. colunata; Fr. colonnade. See CoLuMNn.] 1. In architecture, a series or range of columns, placed at regular intervals, Builder’s Dict. Addison. 2. Any series or range of columns. When dis- posed in a circle, or when surrounding a building of any shape, they are called a peristyle; when the rows of columns are double or more, they form a polystyle. Pope. €0L/O-NY, 7. [L. colonia, from colo, to cultivate. | 1. A company or body of people transplanted from their mother country to a remote province or coun- try, to cultivate and inhabit it, and remaining subject to the jurisdiction of the parent state ; as, the British colonies in America, or the Indies; the Spanish colo- nies in South America. When such settlements, in later times, cease to be subject to the parent state, they are no longer denominated colonies. The first settlers of New England were the best of Englishmen, well-educated, devout Christians, and zealous lovers of lib- erty. ‘There was never a colony formed of better materials. Ames, The office, rank, or com- 9. The country planted or colonized ; a plantation ; also, the body of inhabitants in a territory colonized, including the descendants of the first planters. The people, though born in the territory, retain the name of colonists, till they cease to be subjects of the pa- rent state. 3 A collection of animals; as, colonies of shell- fish. Encyc. €OL/O-PHA-NY. See CoLoPHony. €OL/O-PHON, n. An inscription on the last page of a book, before title-pages were used, containing the 2. In grammar, a point or character formed thus [:], used to mark a pause greater than that of a seml- place or year, or both, of its publication, the print- proverb respecting the people of Colophon, in Ionia, that they always came hindermost. is added by way of illustration, or the description 1s €0OL/O-PHON-ITE, n. resin color. ] few years he has all the endowments he is capable of. €OL'O-PHO-NY, zx. form of introducing the quotation; for after say, €0L-O-QUINT/IL-DA,n. [Gr. koAokvvIts ; L. colocyn- Indeed, the use | COL/OR, (kul/lur,) ». [L. color ; It. colore; Sp. Port. COL Brande. Warton. [Supra, from the city, or its A variety of garnet, of a resinous fracture, and a reddish yellow or brown color, occurring in small, amorphous, granular masses. Dict. Nat. Hist. Black rosin; the dark-colored resin obtained by the distillation of turpentine. Brande, It is so named from Colophon, in Ionia, whence the best was formerly brought. The spelling Coxo- PHANY, given by Ure, seems, therefore, to be erro- neous. this.! The colocynth, or bitter apple, the fruit of a plant of the genus Cucumis, a native of Syria and of Crete. It is of the size of a small orange, containing a pulp which is violently purgative, but sometimes useful as a medicine. Chambers. color ; Fr. couleur.] 1. In physics, a property inherent in light, which, by a difference in the rays and the laws of refraction, or some other cause, gives to bodies particular ap- pearances to the eye. The principal colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. White is not properly a color; as a white body re- flects the rays of light without separating them. Black bodies, on the contrary, absorb all the rays, or nearly all, and therefore black is no distinct color. But in common discourse, white and black are de- nominated colors ; and ail the colors admit of many shades of difference. 2. Appearance of a body to the eye, ora quality of sensation, caused by the rays of light ; hue; dye; as the color of gold, or of indigo. 3. A red color; the freshness or appearance of blood in the face. My cheeks no longer did their color boast. Dryden. 4. Appearance to the mind; as, prejudice puts a false color upon objects. 5, Superficial cover ; palliation ; that which serves to give an appearance of right; as, their sin admit- ted no color or excuse. King Charles. 6. External appearance; false show; pretense; guise. : 5 ' : Under the color of commending him, J have access my own love to prefer. Shak, [See Acts xxvii. 30.] 7. Kind ; species ; character ; complexion. Boys and women are, for the most part, cattle of this color. Shak 8. That which is used for coloring; paint; as red lead, ocher, orpiment, cinnabar, or vermilion, &c. 9. Colors, with a plural termination, i the mili- tary art, a flag, ensign, or standard, borne 1n an army or fleet. [See Frac.] 10. In law, color, in pleading, is when the defendant, in assize or trespass, gives to the plaintiff a color OF appearance of title, by stating his title specially ; thus removing the cause from the jury to the court. Blackstone. Water colors, are such as are used in painting with- out being mixed with oil. Encye. €6L/OR, (kul/lur,) v. & To change or alter the exter- nal appearance of a body or substance; to dye; to tinge; to paint; to stain; as, to color cloth. Gen- erally, to color is to change from white to some other color. 2, To give a specious appearance ; to set in a fair light ; to palliate ; to excuse. He colors the falsehood of Ainess by an express command of Jupiter to forsake the queen. Dryden. 3. To make plausible; to exaggerate in representa- tion. Addison. To color a stranger’s goods, is when a freeman al- lows a foreigner to enter goods at the custom-house in his name, to avoid the alien’s duty. E €OL/OR, v.i. To turn red; to have color come into the cheeks from embarrassment, anger, &c. €OL/OR-A-BLE, a. Designed to cover or conceal ; specious ; plausible ; giving an appearance of right or justice; as, a colorable pretense ; a colorable ex- cuse. Spenser. Hooker. €6L!OR-A-BLE-NESS, n. Speciousness ; plausible- ness. €6L/OR-A-BLY, adv. Speciously ; plausibly ; with a fair external appearance. Bacon. €OL/OR-ATE, a. [L. coloratus, from coloro, to color. ] Colored; dyed, or tinged with some color. [Zit- tle used. | dl. €OL-OR-A'TION, (kul-lur-a/shun,) 2. [L. coloro.] The art or practice of coloring, or the state of be- ing colored. Bacon. €6L/OR-A-TURE, zn. In music, all manner of varia- tions, trills, &c., intended to make a song agreeable. Encie. vi the exter- €O0L/OR-ED, (kul/lurd,) pp, oF 4- Having th nal appearance changed ; dyed ; tinged ; painted or stained. er’s name, &c. The word is derived from a Greek ——$—$—$—$—$—$—$s— TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; GasJ; Sas Z; CH as 29 SH; FH as in THIS. 295 a SS ae ere a ie Ed Sanne “- ree odCOL 2. Streaked ; striped ; having a diversity of hues. 3. Having a specious appearance. _ [ Bacon. _ Colored people; black people, Africans or their descendants, mixed or unmixed. : €OL-OR-IF’L€, (Kul/lur-,) a. [color, and L. facio.] ‘That has the quality of tinging ; able to give color or tint to other bodies. _,_ Kirwan. €OL/OR-ING, ppr. ora. Dyeing ; staining; tinging. 2. Giving a fair external appearance ; palliating ; excusing. ae €OL/OR-ING, n. The act or art of giving a color; the state of being colored; color, 2. A specious appearance ; fair artificial represen- tation ; as, the story has a coloring of truth. 3. Among painters, the manner of applying colors, or the mixture of light and shade formed by the va- rious colors employed. : €OL/OR-IST, x. [Supra-] One who colors ; a painter who excels In giving the proper colors to his designs. Dryden. €OL/OR-LESS, a. [Supra.] Destitute.of color; not distinguished by any hue ; transparent; as, colorless water, glass, or gas. _Newton. €0-LOS’SAL, a. [See Corossus.] Like a colos- €OL-OS-SE/AN, sus ; very large ; huge; gigantic. €OL-OS-SE’/UM,n. The name given to the largest amphitheater in the world, that of Vespasian; also written CoLisEUM. : €0-LOS’SUS, zz, [L.andGr.] A statue of a gigan- tic size. The most remarkable colossus of antiquity was one at Rhodes, a statue of Apollo, so high that it is said ships might sail between its legs. €0-LOS/SUS-WISE, adv. In the manner of a co- Jossus. Shak. €OL’PORT-AGE, n. The system of distributing tracts, &c., by colporteurs. 5 : €OL'PORT-EUR, ) 7. [Fr. colporteur, a carrier on his €OL/PORT-ER, neck. Literally, a peddler; but in recent usage, one who travels for the sale and distribution of religious tracts and books. €OL/STAFF,z. A staff for carrying burdens by two persons on their shoulders. [Zocal.] €OLT, 7. [Sax. colt.] 1. The young of the equine genus of animals, or horse kind. In America, colt is equally applied to the male or female, and this is unquestionably cor- rect. ‘The male is called a horse-colt, and the female is called a filly. 2. A young, foolish fellow ; a person without expe- rience or stability. Shak. €OLT, v.i. To frisk, riot, or frolic, like a colt; to be licentious. [Wot used. €OLT, v.t. To befool. [Wot used.] Shak. €OLT’S’-FOOT, x. The popular name of Tussilago Farfara, a plant whose leaves were once much em- ployed in medicine. The name is also given to a species of Cacalia. Fam. of Plants. €OLT’S/-TOOTH, n. An imperfect or superfluous tooth in young horses. Johnson. ~ COM [ Colombina is, in ItaJian, a diminutive term of en dearment, ‘‘ pretty little dove,” (Plaut. Cas. 1, 50 **Meus pullus passer, mea columba, mi lepus ;’ Asin. 3,3, 103, *‘ Dicigitur me anaticulam, columbam vel cateilum, Hirundinem, monedulam, passerculum stage varies from the prototype. —E. H. B.] €O-LUM’BITE, n. The ore of columbium. €O-LUM’BI-UM, n. [from Columbia, America.] A metal first discovered in an ore or oxyd, found ish Museum. The same metal was afterward dis- covered in Sweden, and called tantalum, and its ore tantalite. Cleaveland. €O-LUM’BO. See Carumsa. €OL-U-MEL/LA, n. In botany, the central column in a capsule, taking its rise from the receptacle, and having the seeds fixed to it all round. Martyn. The axis of the fruit. Lindley. 2. In conchology, the upright pillar in the center of most of the univalve shells. Humble, €OL/UMN, {kol/lum,) n. [L. columna, columen; W. colov, a stalk or stem, a prop; colovyn, a column; Ir. colbh, a stalk, a column; Arm. coulowenn ; Fr. colonne; It. colonna; Sp. columna; Port. columna, or coluna, This word is from the Celtic, signifying the stem of a tree, such stems being the first columns used. The primary sense is a shoot, or that which is set.] 1. In architecture, a long, round body of wood or stone, used to support or adorn a building, composed of a base, a shaft, and a capital. The shaft tapers from the base, in imitation of the stem of a tree. There are five kinds or orders of columns. 1. The Tuscan, rude, simple, and massy ; the hight of which is fourteen semi-diameters or modules, and the dimi- nution at the top from one sixth to one eighth of the inferior diameter. 2, The Doric, which is next in strength to the Tuscan, has a robust, masculine as- pect; its hight is sixteen modules. 3, The Jonic is more slender than the Tuscan and Doric; its hight is eighteen modules. 4. The Corinthian is more deli- cate in its form and proportions, and enriched with ornaments ; its hight should be twenty modules. 0. The Composite is a species of the Corinthian, and of the same hight. Encyc. In strictness, the shaft of a column consists of one entire piece; but it is often composed of different pieces, So united as to have the appearance of one entire piece. It differs, in this respect, from a pular, Which primarily signifies a pile, composed of small pieces. But the two things are unfortunately con- founded ; and a column, consisting of a single piece of timber, is called a pillar, or pile. 2. An erect or elevated structure, resembling a col- umn in architecture; as, the astronomical column at 2. A love of youthful pleasure. [Little used. | Well said, Lord Sands: Your colt’s-tooth is not yet cast. Shak. €OLT’ER, n. [L. culter,a colter or knife; that is, the cutter; Fr. coutre; It. coltro; W. cylltawr; D. kouter ; G. kolter. The fore iron of a plow, with a sharp edge, that cuts the earth or sod. €OLT’ISH, a. Like a colt; wanton; frisky ; gay. COL'U-BER, 2. [L., a serpent or adder.] © [ Chaucer. In zoology, a genus of serpents. Linneus placed under this genus all serpents, whether venomous or not, whose scales beneath the tail are arranged in pairs; but Cuvier and later authors restrict it to those having transverse plates on the belly, the plates under the tail forming a double row, a flat- tened head, with nine larger plates, teeth almost equal, and no poison fangs. Pe Cyc, €OL'U-BRINE, a. [L. colubrinus. Relating to the coluber, or to Serpents ; cunning ; Crafty. [Little used.] Johnson. €OL/UM-BA-RY, zn. (L. columbarium, from columba, a pigeon; W. colomen; Ir. colm or colum; Arm. coulm; Russ. golub, a pigeon or dove. In Russ. goluber signifies, of a sky-blue azure. | A dove-cot ; a pigeon-house, €0-LUM/BATE, xn. A salt or compound of columbic acid with a base. €0-LUM’BI-AN, a. Pertaining to the United States, or to America, discovered by Columbus. €O-LUM’BIE, a. Pertaining to columbium ; as, co- lumbie acid. €OL-UM-BIF’/ER-OUS, a. Producing or containing columbium. Phillips. €OL/UM-BINE, a. Like, or pertaining to,a pigeon or dove ; of a dove color, or like the neck of a dove. €OL/UM-BINE, n. [L. columbina.) 1. The popular name of Aquilegia, a genus of plants of several species. The Thalictrum, or meadow-rue, is also called feathered columbine. 2. The heroine in pantomime entertainments. €0-LUM/NAR, a. €OL!UMN-ED, (kol/umd,) a. €0-LURE’, n. . €OM, in composition, as a prefix, Ir. comh, or coimh, W. Paris, 2 kind of hollow tower, with a spiral ascent to the top; gnomonic column, a cylinder on which the hour of the day is indicated by the shadow of a style ; military column, among the Romans ; triumphal col- umn, &C. 3. Any body pressing perpendicularly on its base, and of the same diameter as its base; as, a column of water, air, or mercury. 4. In the military art, a large body of troops drawn up in deep files, with a narrow front; as, a solid col- umn. So, also, numbers of ships in a fleet following each other in order. o- Among printers, a division of a page 3 @ perpen- dicular set of lines separated from another set by a line or blank space. In manuscript books and pa- pers, any separate perpendicular line or row of words or figures. A page may contain two or more columns ; and, in arithmetic, many columns of figures may be added. 6. In botany, the aggregate stamen of a plant when the filaments are united mtoa tube around the styles, as in the Malvaceous plants, which have been called Columnifere, i. e., column-bearers. The united sta- mens and styles of the plants of which the genus Orchis is the type, is called a column. Formed in columns; having the form of columns ; like the shaft of a column; as, co- lumnar spar. Having columns. Gr. koXovpos ; koXos, mutilated, and ovpa, a tail; so named because a part is always be- neath the horizon. ] In astronomy and geography, the colures are two great circles, supposed to intersect each other at right angles, in the poles of the world, one of them pass- | COM’/BAT-ED ing through the solstitial and the other through the | €OM’B equinoctial points of the ecliptic, viz., Cancer and Capricorn, Aries and Libra, dividing the ecliptic into €OM'BAT-ING, ppr. four equal parts. The points where these lines in- tersect the ecliptic are called cardinal points. Barlow. an oil used in lamps, Ur cym or cyv, L. com or cum, denotes with, to, or against. putillum ;”?) and it denotes, in old Italian comedy, the name of a maid-servant, who is a perfect coquette, in which respect the character familiar to our English in Connecticut, at New London, near the house of Governor Winthrop, and by him transmitted to Sir} a ,y Hans Sloane, by whom it was deposited in the Brit- | €0/MATE, n. €OM’/BAT,n. A fighting; a struggling to resist, over- €OM-BAT’A-BLE, a. €OM’/BAT-ANT, a. Contending ; disposed to contend. €OM'BAT-ANT, n. €OM-BAT'’IVE, a. Disposed to combat. €OL’/ZA,n. A variety of cabbage whose seeds aftord €0M-BAT/IVE-NESS, i €OMB/ED, (komd COM a Lethargy ; dozing; a preternatural propensity to : sleep ; a kind of stupor of diseased persons. Coze. 71 €0/MA,x. [L., from Gr. xoun, a head of hair. ] ; 1. In botany, a species of bract, terminating the ,| Stem of a plant, in a tuft or bush; as in Crown-im- perial. Martyn. 2. In astronomy, the envelope of a comet; a dense nebulous covering, which surrounds the nucleus, or body of a comet. €O/MART, n. [con and mart.] A treaty; article ; agreement. [ Obs.] Shak. €0/MATE, a. - comatus, from coma; Ir. ciamh, ciabh. Hairy ; encompassed with a coma, or bushy appear ance, like hair. Shak. [co and mate.] A fellow-matc or com- panion. hak. €0’MA-TOSE, } a. [See Coma.] Preternaturally dis- €0/MA-TOUS, posed to sleep; drowsy ; dozing, without natural sleep ; lethargic. COMB, (kome,) n. [Sax.] mountains, eae Brown. €OMB, (kome,) n. [Sax. camb, a comb; cemban, to comb ; G. kamm; D. kam; Sw. kamm; Dan. kam, a comb ; Ir. ciomaim, to comb or card. Qu. I. como, to dress, trim, or comb, which seems to be allied to the Gr. xouos. But the noun may be the radical word in our language, and from scratching, scraping; Eth. 1¢ O famed, to shave or scrapes] 1, An instrument, with teeth, for separating, cleans- ing, and adjusting hair, wool, or flax. Also, an in- strument of horn or shell, for keeping the hair in its place when dressed. 2. The crest, caruncle, or red, fleshy tuft, growing on a cock’s head ; so called from its indentures, which resemble the teeth of a comb. 3. The substance in which bees lodge their honey, in small, hexagonal cells. 4. A dry measure of four bushels ; properly Cooms. [Wot used in the United States. ] €OMB, v. t. To separate, disentangle, cleanse, and adjust, with a comb ; as, to comb hair; or to separate, cleanse, and lay smooth and Straight; as, to comb wool. COMB, v. t, In the language of seamen, to roll over, as the top of a wave; or to break with a white foam. [ Qu. Sp. combar, to bend, or from the English canes €OMB’-BIRD, (Kome/burd,) n. A gallinaceous fow of Africa, of the size of a turkey-cock. : €OMB’/-BRUSH, zn. A brush to clean combs. €OMB’/-MAK-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make combs. €OMB/-MAK-ING, n. combs, €OM’BAT, v. i. [Fr. combattre, com and battre, to beat with or against; It. combattere; Sp. combatir; Port. combater ; Arm. combadti or combatein. See Beat. ] 1. To fight; to struggle or contend with an op- posing force. Pardon me; I will not combat in my shirt. Shak. This word is particularly used to denote private contest, or the fighting of two persons in a duel; but it is used in a general sense for the contention of bodies of men, nations, armies, or any species of an- imals. Coxe. Grew. A valley between hills or The art or business of making After the fall of the republic, the Romans combated only for the choice of masters, Gibbon. 2. To act in opposition. Milton. It is followed by with before the person, and for before the thing sought; as, A combats with B for his right. COMBAT, »v. t. To fight with; to oppose by force ; as, to combat an antagonist. 2. To contend against ; to oppose ; to resist ; as, to combat arguments or opinions. throw, or conquer; contest by force ; engagement ; battle ; as, the combat of armies, 2. A duel; a fighting between two men ; formerly, a formal trial of a doubtful cause, or decision of a controversy between two persons by swords or batons, e That may be disputed or Op- posed. B. Jonson. A person who combats; any per- son who fights with another, or in an army, or fleet. 2. A duelist ; one who fights or contends in battle, for the decision of a private quarrel or difference; a champion. 3. A person who contends with another in argu- ment or controversy. > pp. Opposed ; resisted. Locke. AT-ER, n. One who fights or contends. Sherwood. f Striving to resist ; fighting ; op- posing by force or by argument. : : : Among phrenologists, an organ which predisposes a person to fight ; disposition to contend. (Gr. kwpa, lethargy. ] Fenning. The name of the mistress of Harlequin in our pantomimes. Todd’s Johnson. | €0'MA, n. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, Spee ) pp. or a. Separated, cleaned, or dressed with a comb. B : : 226 MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ene PMS bo eS eeeCOM €6OMB’/ER, (kém/er,) x. One who combs ; one whose occupation is to comb wool, &c. €0M/BER, (kum/ber,) 7. Encumbrance. [Vot used. | €OM’BER, x. A long, slender fish, with a red back, found in Cornwall, England. €OM-BIN/A-BLE, a. Capable of combining. Chesterfield. €OM-BIN’A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being combin- able. €OM/BLNATE, a. trothed. [JVot used. €OM-BI-NA/TION, zn. [Fr. combinaison, See Com- BINE.| In general, close union oF connection. Hence, 1. Intimate union, or association of two or more persons or things, by set purpose or agreement, for effecting some object, by joint operation ; in a good sense, When the object is laudable ; in an ill sense, when it is illegal or iniquitous. When the word stands by itself, it is commonly taken in a bad sense ; aS, combinations have been formed among the people. See Compine.] Espoused ; be- Shak. throw government, or a combination to resist op- pression. 9. An assemblage; union of particulars; as, a combination of circumstances. 3. Commixture ; union of bodies or qualities in a mass or compound ; as, to make new compounds by new combinations. Boyle. 4. Chemical union ; union by affinity. Mix dry acid of tartar with dry carbonate of potash ; no combi- nation will ensue, till water is added. Henry. 5. In mathematics, the term combinations denotes the different collections that may be formed out of a given number of things, taken @ certain number at a time, without regard to the order in which they are arranged; and are thus distinguished from permuta- tions, or changes, which have reference to the order in which the several quantities may be arranged. Barlow. 6. Combination room; in the University of Cam- bridge, Eng., a room into which the fellows withdraw after dinner, for wine, dessert, and conversation. €OM-BINE’, v. t. [Fr. combiner ; It. combinare; Sp. combinar; from the Low Latin combino, of com and binus, two and two, or double. ] 1. To unite or join two or more things ; to link closely together. Friendship combines the hearts of men. 9, To agree; to accord; to settle by compact. [Mot usual. ] Shak. 3. To join words or ideas together ; opposed to analyze. Johnson. 4. To cause to unite; to bring into union or con- federacy. The violences of revolutionary France combined the powers of Europe in opposition. €OM-BINE’, v. 7 To unite, agree, or coalesce ; as, honor and policy combine to justify the measure. 9, To unite in friendship or design; to league to- gether. Anon. You with your foes combine. Dryden. 3. To unite by affinity, or natural attraction. Two substances which will not cor:bine of themselves, may be made to combine by the intervention of a third. 4. To confederate; to unite as nations; as, the powers of Europe combined against France, €OM-BIN/ED, (kom-bind’) pp. or 4. United close- ly ; associated ; leagued ; confederated ; chemically united. €OM-BIN/ER, n. He or that which combines. €OMB/ING, (kém/ing,) ppr. Separating and adjusting hair, wool, &c. by means of a comb. €OMB/ING, nr. Borrowed hair combed over a bald art of the head. eel Bp. Taylor. €OM-BIN/ING, ppr. or a. niting closely ; joining in purpose ; confederating ; uniting by chemical affinity. €6MB’/LESS, a. Without a comb or crest; as, a combless cock. Shak. €OM-BUST’, a. [L. combustus, comburo.| When a planet is in conjunction with the sun, or apparently very near it, it is said to be combust, or in combustion ; an old mathematical term now dis- used. €OM-BUST’LBLE, a. ee combustible; Sp.id.; from L. comburo, combustum. That will take fire and burn; capable of catching fire; thus, wood and coal are combustible bodies. €OM-BUST’I-BLE, nm. A substance that will take fire and burn; a body which, in its rapid union with others, disengages heat and light. Ure. €OM-BUST’I-BLE-NESS, ) n. The quality of taking €O0M-BUST-LBIL’/LTY, fire and burning ; the quality of a substance which admits the action of fire upon it; capacity of being burnt. Lavoisier. 2. The quality of throwing out heat and light, in the rapid combination of its substance with another Ure. body. €OM-BUS/TION, (kom-bust/yun,) n. [Low L. com- bustio. See ComsBust. e. It is sometimes equivalent to league, or to €OM-BUST'IVE, a. Disposed to take fire. conspiracy. We Say, a combination of men to over-| OME, (kum,) v.i.; pret. Came; part. CoME. {Sax. COM or, according to modern chemistry, the union of an inflammable substance with oxygen, attended with light, and in most instances with heat. In the com- bustion of a substance, heat or caloric is disengaged, and oxygen is absorbed. Lavoisver. This theory of Lavoisier being found somewhat defective, the following definition is given. Com- bustion is the disengagement of heat and light which accompanies chemical combination. Ure. Combustion can not be regarded as dependent on any peculiar principle or form of matter, but must be considered as & general result of intense chemical action. Brande. 2. In popular language, a burning ; the process OF |}. action of fire in consuming a body, attended with heat, or heat and flame ; as, the combustion of wood or coal. 3. Conflagration ; a great fire. Hence, from the violent agitation of fire or flame, 4, Tumult ; violent agitation with hurry and noise ; confusion ; Uproar. Hooker. Milton. Dryden. cuman, or cwiman; Goth. cwiman, pret. cwom ; D. koomen, pret. kwam ; G. kommen; Sw. komma ; Dan. kommer, to come. Qu. W. cam, Ir. ceim, a Step. -_ - And qu. the Ar. eb kauma: Heb. Ch. d)p to rise, or stand erect ; to set or establish ; to subsist, con- sist, remain; to rectify, or set in order; and in Arabic, to be thick, stiff, or congealed. The senses of the words appear to be very different ; but we use come in the sense of rising or springing, applied to corn; the corn comes or comes Up, G. keimen. So the putter comes, when it separates from the whey and becomes thick or stiff. And is not our common use of come, when we invite another to begin some act, or to move, equivalent to rise, being originally directed to persons sitting or reclining, in the Ori- ental manner? Coming implies moving, driving, shooting along, and so we use set; We Say, to set forward; the tide sets northerly. ] 1. To move toward; to advance nearer, in any manner, and from any distance. We say, the men come this way, whether riding or on foot; the wind comes from the west; the ship comes with a fine breeze ; light comes from the sun. It is applicable, perhaps, to every thing susceptible of motion, and is opposed to go. 9, To draw nigh; to approach; to arrive; to be present ; as, the time has come. Come thou and all thy house into the ark. — Gen. vii. All my time will I wait, till my change come, — Job xiv. When shall I come and appear before God? — Ps. xiii. Then shall the end come. — Matt. xxiv. Thy kingdom come ; thy will be done. — Matt, vi 3. To advance and arrive at some state or condi- tion ; as, the ships came to action; the players came to blows ; is it come to this? His sons come to honor, and he knoweth it not. —Job xiv. I wonder how he came to know what had been done; how did he come by his knowledge ? the heir comes into possession of his estate ; the man will come, in time, to abhor the vices of his youth; or he will come to be poor and despicable, or to pov- erty. In these and similar phrases, we observe the pro- cess or advance is applied to the body or to the mind, indifferently ; and to persons or events. 4, To happen or fall out; as, how comes that? let come what will. Hence, when followed by an ob- ject or person, with to or on, to befall; to light on. After all that has come on us for our evil deeds. — Ezra ix. All things come alike to all. — Eccles, ix. 5. To advance or move into view ; to appear; as, plood or color comes and goes in the face. Spenser. Shak. 6. To sprout, as plants; to spring. The corn comes or comes up. ‘In the coming or sprouting of malt, as it must not come too little, so it must not come too much.?? Mortimer. So Bacon uses the word; and this use of it coincides nearly with the sense of DIP, quom, 2 Kings xix. 26, and in the same chapter inserted in Jsatah Xxxvii. 27. It is the G. keimen, Icelandic keima, to bud or germinate. 7. To become. So came I a widow. Snake. 8. To appear or be formed, as butter ; to advance or change from cream to butter; a common use of the word ; as, the butter comes. Hudibras. 9, Come, in the imperative, is used to excite atten- tion, or to invite to motion or joint action; come, let us go. This is the heir; come, let us kill him. — Matt. xxi. When repeated, it sometimes expresses haste ; come, come. Sometimes it expresses or introduces rebuke. 4 As the sense of come is to move, im almost any manner, in its various applications, that sense is COM roach, it denotes advancing nearer; with words ex- P > g pressing departure, as from, of. out of, &c., it denotes motion from, &c. To come about; to happen, to fall out; to come to pass; to arrive. How did these things come about? So the French venir @ bout, to come to the end, that is, to arrive. To come about ; to turn ; to change ; to come round. The wind will come about from west toeast. ‘The ship comes about. It is applied to a change of senti- ments. On better thoughts, and my urged reasons, They are come about, and won to the true aide. 3B. Jonson. To come again; toreturn. Gen. xxviii. Lev. xiv. To come after; to follow. Matt. xvi. Also, to come to obtain ; as, to come after a book. To come at; to reach; to arrive within reach of 5 to gain; to come so near as to be able to take or pos- sess. We prize those most who are hardest to come at. To come at a true knowledge of ourselves. Also, to come toward, as in attacking. [Addison. To come away ; to depart from; to leave; to issue To come back; to return. from. To come by; to pass near; a popular phrase. Also, to obtain, gain, acquire ; that is, to come near at, OY close. Examine how you came by all your state. Dryden. This is not an irregular or improper use of this word. It is precisely equivalent to possess, to sit by. [See Possgss.] So in Ger. bekommen, D. bekoomen, to get or obtain ; the by or be prefixed. To come down; to descend. The Lord will come down on Mount Sinai. — Ex, xix. Also, to be humbled or abased. Your principalities shall come down. — Jer. xii. Come down from thy glory. —Jer. xlvul. To come for; to come to get or obtain; to come after. To come forth; to issue or proceed from. Is. xi. Micah v. Also, to depart from ; to leave. Mark ix. Also, to come abroad. Jer. iv. To come from; to depart from ; to leave. In popu- lar language, this phrase is equivalent to, where is his native place, or former place of residence ; where did this man, this animal, or this plant, originate. To come home; that is, to come to home, or the house ; to arrive at the dwelling. Hence, to come close; to press closely ; to touch the feelings, interest, or rea- son. [See Home.] To come in; to enter, as into an inclosure. Also, to comply ; to yield; as, come in and submit. Also, to arrive at a port, or place of rendezvous ; as, the fleet has come UM. Also, to become fashionable ; to be brought into Gen. xv se. Silken garments did not come in til] late. Arbuthnot, Also, to enter as an ingredient or part of a compo- sition. A nice sense of propriety comes in to highten the character. Also, to grow and produce; to come to maturity and yield. If the corn comes in well, we shall have a supply without importation. Crops come in light. Also, to lie carnally with. Gen. XXXxViil. To come in for; to arrive in time to take a share. Johnson says this phrase is taken from hunting, where the slow dogs take nothing. Qu. But the sense in which we now use the phrase has no refer- ence to time or slow movement. It is, to unite with others in taking a part, The rest came in for subsidies. To come into; to join with; to bring help. Also, and more generally, to agree to; to comply with ; to unite with others in adopting ; as, to come into a measure or scheme. To come near; to approach in place. Hence, meta- phorically, to approach in quality ; to arrive at nearly the same degree in a quality, or accomplishment ; to resemble. Temple. To come nigh, is popularly used in like senses, To come no near, in seamanship, is an order to the helmsman not to steer so close to the wind. To come of; to issue from; to proceed from, as a descendant. Of Priam’s royal race my mother came. Dryden. Also, to proceed from, as an effect from a cause. This comes of judging by the eye. DL’ Estrange. Whence come wars? Come they not of your lusts? —James lv. To come off; to depart from; to move from on. Also, to depart or deviate from a line or point; ta become wider; to dilate. Bacon. Also, to escape ; to get free. If they come off sale, call their deliverance & miracl Hence, to end; to arrive at the final issue; as, to come off with honor or disgrace. , To a aff from ; to leave; to quit. Felton. To come off, is also used for take place ; aS, the meet- ing came off at such a time. To come on; to advance ; to proceed ; as, come on, Swift. e, Addison. 1. The operation of fire on inflammable substances ; nection with it. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; © as Z; CHa modified indefinitely by other words used in con- Thus, with words expressing ap- brave boys; night is coming on. So we say, the young s SH; FH as in THIS. 227 a a ne ren _ et mates sa Ria mane acts ——a m = eee en) See Se say os oie. > = we ss cs Ei COM man comes on well in his studies ; and the phrase of- ten denotes a prosperous advance, successful im- provement. So we say of plants, they come on well, whence adjusting, putting in order. conventens, from convenio. ] COM So, in Latin, €OME, (kum,) n. €OME/-OFF, n. €0-ME/DI-AN, n. €OM’E-DY, n. €OME/LI-LY, (kum/le-ly,) adv. cent manner, €OME’/LI-NESS, (kum/le-ness,) n, That which is becoming, fit, or suita manner. due proportion of parts 3 comeliness decorum and propriety. forcible than beauty, less eleg light than prettiness.?? A careless comelinees with comely care, He hath no form nor comeliness, — Is, lili. 2 €OME’/LY, (kum/ly,) a. [from come. suitab they grow or thrive; that is, they proceed. Also, to fall on ; to happen to, Lest that come on you which is spoken of in the prophets. — cts Xill. Also, to invade ; to rush on. To come over; to pass above or across, or from one side to another. In distillation, to rise and pass over, as vapor. Also, to pass from one party, side, or army, to an- other ; to change sides. To come out ; to depart or proceed from. They shall come out with great substance. —Gen., xv. Also, to become public; to escape from conceal- ment or privacy; to be discovered ; as, the truth is come out at last. Also, to be published, as a book. The work comes out in quarto. Also, to end or come to an issue; as, how will this affair come out? he has come out well at last. Also, to appear after being clouded, and to shine : as, the sun has come out. To come out of ; to issue forth, as from confinement, ora close place ; to proceed or depart from. Also, to issue from, as descendants. Kings shall come out of thee. — Gen. xvii. To come out with; to give publicity to ; to disclose. To come short; to fail; not to accomplish. [ Boyle. All have sinned and come shortof the glory of God. — Rom. iii. To come to; to consent or yield. Swift. Also, to amount to; as, the taxes come to a large Also, to recover, as from a swoon. {[sum. To come together ; to meet or assemble. To come to pass; to be; to happen ; to fall out; to be effected. ‘I'he phrase is much used in the com- mon version of the Scriptures, but is seldom found in modern English writings. To come up; to ascend ; to rise. Also, to spring ; to shoot or rise above the earth, as a plant. acon. Also, to come into use, as a fashion. T0 come up the capstern, in seamanship, is to turn it the contrary way, so as to slacken the rope about it. To come up the tackle fall, is to slacken it gently. To come up to; to approach near. Also, to amount to. Also, to advance to; to rise to. To come up with; to overtake, in following or pur- suit. some; graceful. than beautiful or elegant. I have seen a son of Jesse —a comely person. —-1 Sam. xvi T will not conceal his comely proportion. — Job xli, 2. Decent; suitable ; proper ; becoming time, place, circumstances, or persons. Praise is comely for the upright, — Ps, xxxiii, Is it comely that a woman pray to God uncovered? O, what a world is this, when what is comely Enyenoms him that bears it | €OME'LY, (kum’ly,) adv. €OM’ER, n. one who has arrived, and is present. €OM-ES-SA/TION, n. [L. comessatio.] Feasting or reveling. Ascham. Wotton. COMET, n. e cometa; Gr. ko coma, hair ; a hairy star.] tem which consist either w lous matter. They usually orbits, having the sun in the near to the sun in their perihelion comet, when perfectly formed parts, the nucleus, the e wanting. €OM’ET, 7. A game at cards. €OM-ET-A/RI-UM, n. A intended to represent the the sun. D. Olmsted. Southerne. Encyc. €OM/ET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to a comet. Cheyne. €O-MET‘I€, a. Relating to a comet. €OM’ET-LIKE, a. Resembling a comet. Shak. €OM-ET-OG/RA-PHY, n. describe. ] A description or treatise of comets. €OM/FIT, (nr. [D. konfyt; G. confect; Dan €OM’FIT-URE, § confetto, confettura, or confezione; Sp. confeito; from the L. cor con and facio, to make.] A dry sweetmeat; any kind of fruit or served with sugar and dried. €OM’/FIT, (kum/fit,) v. t Johnson. To come upon; to fall on; to attack or in vade. To come; in futurity ; to happen hereafter. In times to come. Success is yet to come. Take a lease for years to come, Locke. Come is an intransitive verb, but the participle come is much used with the substantive verb, in the pas- sive form. ‘‘The end of all flesh is come.” lam come, thou art come, he is come, we are come, &c. This use of the substantive verb, for have, is perhaps tuo well established to be rejected ; but have or has should be used in such phrases. In the phrase, ‘* come Friday, come Candlemas,” there is an ellipsis of cer- tain words ; as, zhen Friday shall come. Come, come, the repetition of come, expresses haste, or exhortation to hasten. Sometimes it introduces a threat. A sprout. [Mot used.] Mortimer. Means of escape ; evasion ; excuse. We do not want this come-off. Grellman, 172. er in comedy ; or a player in general, male or female. Camden. Peacham. [L. comedia; Gr. xwpwdia. Qu. from Kw, a village, and wdn, a song, or rather aeidw, to sing, and denoting that the comedian was a strolling singer ; or whether the first syllable is from KWUNS, a merry feast, whence comic, comical, the latter indicat- ing that the comedian was characterized by buffoon- ery. The latter coincides in elements with the Eng- lish game. ] A dramatic composition lighter passions and 2. A writer of comedy. , intended to represent the actions of mankind, which are to be imitated in language, dress, and manner, by actors on a Stage, for the amusement of spectators. The termination of the intrigue is happy, and the design is amusement. In a suitable or de- Sherwood. [See Comery.] ble, in form or S symmetry or. of manner implies “It signifies something less ant than grace, and less Johnson. Sidney [ Little used. | Comeliness of person implie Ae } The sense of leness is often from meeting, coming together, M/FORT, n, [See Comepy.] An actor or play- ce Ne €OM/FORT-A-BLE, a, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, —M&ETE, PREY. - Topreserve dry with sugar. Cowley. €OM’FIT-MAK-ER, n. One who makes or prepares cons fits, €OM/FORT, (kum/furt,) ». t. [Low L. conforto; Fr. conforter ; Arm. conforti, or conforta; It. confortare ; Sp. and Port. confortar ; Ir. comit-f hurtach, comfort, and furtachd, id. ; furtaighim, to relieve or help : from the L. con and fortis, strong. ] : - To strengthen; to invigorate ; to cheer or en- liven. Light excelleth in comfor ting the spirits of men, Comfort ye your hearts. i i — Gen. xviii. 2. To strengthen the mind when depressed or en- feebled ; to console; to give new vigor to the Spirits ; to cheer, or relieve from depression or trouble. His friends came to mourn with Job ii. Bacon. him and to comfort nim, — 3. In law, to relieve, assist, or en courage, as the accessory to a crime after the fact. Blackstone. Relief from pain ; ease; rest, or moderate pleasure after pain, cold, or distress, or uneasiness of body. The word signifies, properly, new strength, or animation; and relief from pain is often the effect of Strength. In a popular sense, the word signifies, rather negatively, the absence of pain, and the consequent quiet, than positive animation. 2. Relief from distress of mind; the ease and quiet which is experienced when pain, trouble, agi- tation, or affliction, ceases. It implies, also, some degree of positive animation of the spirits, or some pleasurable sensations derived from hope, and agree- able prospects ; consolation. Let me alone, that I may take comfort a little. —Job x Daughter, be of good con g Vfort; thy faith hath made thee whole. — Matt. ix. 3. Support ; consolation under calamity, distress, or danger. Let thy merciful kindness be for my comfort. — Ps. cxix, 4. That which gives strength or support in distress, difficulty, danger, or infirmity ; as : » pious children €OM/MA, n. T. Koupa,.a segment, from kor, to are the comfort of their aged parents. cut off.] 5. In la, Support ; assistance ; countenance ; en- couragement ; fort to a felon. 6. That which gives security from want, and fur- nishes moderate enjoyment; as, the comforts of life. Being in a state of ease, or aS, an accessory affords aid or com- confect; Fr. confit, confiture; It. confite ; Port. vfectura, confectus, conficio, I. Properly, becoming ; suitable; whence, hand- Applied to person or form, it denotes symmetry, or due proportion ; but it expresses less £3; Suited to —1 Cor. xi. Shak, Handsomely ; gracefully. One that comes; one who approaches ; all. €0-MES’TI-BLE, a. [Fr.] Eatable. [Wot used.] bnrns; from KON, A term applied to those members of the solar sys- holly or in part of nebu- move in very eccentric focus, approaching very , and receding to a very great distance from it at their aphelion. A » consists of three nvelope, or coma, and the tail; but one or more of these parts is frequently n astronomical instrument, revolution of a comet round [comet, and Gr. ypadw, to root pre- €0M/FORT-FUL, a. €OM/FORT-ING, ppr. or a. €OM’/FORT-LESS, a. Without comfort ; €OM’/FORT-LESS-LY, adv. €0OM’FORT-LESS-NESS, n. €OM’/FORT-RESS, n. €OM’/FREY, ) (kum’fry,) n. COM/FRY, 4 €OM'IE, a. [L. comicus; Gr. KOKO. €OM'I€-AL, a. €OM/IE-AL-LY, adv. €OM'IE-AL-NESS, n. COMING, ppr. [See Come.] Drawin eoMING. n. The act of coming; approach. €OM’ING-IN, n. of the year. 2 Kings xiii. CO-MI'' TI-A, (Ko-mish/e-a,) 7. pl. ) Rome, a term applied to the assem people, for electing officers €O-MI''TIAL, (Ko-mish/al,) a. k bly of the Romans ; probably eo, Ir. coimh, W. cym, OF cyv. the Romans, for electing office €OM’I-TY, n Ir. caomh. } tercourse between indiv Ss ity ; good-breeding. ized by comity of manners. ! the shortest pause in re tence into divisions or construction, earth, that doeth wit, Knowledge, are excelle moderate enjoyment ; pain. This is the most United States, as a person after sickness or common use of the word in the — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W ** Live soberly, righteously, ent world.’ COM 2. Admitting comfort; that may Who can Pare him a comfortable dreadful Judge ? 3. Giving comfort ; affordin comfortable to my mother. [ Ob The word of m Sam. xiv. 4. Placing above want, and affordi enjoyment ; as, a comfortable provision for life. €0M’/FORT-A-BLE, n. containing down or cotton quilted in. €0M’/FORT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state comfort. €0M'/FORT-A-BLY, adv. fort or consolation. Speak ye comfortably to Jerusalem. — Is. xi. 2. With comfort or cheerfulness Hope comfortably and cheerfully for afford comfort. ou Shak. [America.] God’s pertormance. Hammond. €OM/FORT-ED, pp. Strengthened ; consoled ; en- couraged. €OM/FORT-ER, . One who administers comfort or consolation ; ; one who strengthens and Supports the mind in distress or danger. I looked for comforters, but found none. — Ps, lxix. Miserable comforters are ye all, —Job xvi. 2. The title of the Holy Spirit, whose office it is to comfort and support the Christian. But the Com/forter, the Holy S; pirit, whom the Father will send in my name —he will teac h you all things. — John xiy. 3. A knit woolen tippet, long and narrow. Full of comfort. Giving strength or spir- its; giving ease; cheering > encouraging ; consoling. without any thing to alleviate misfortune or distress, I will not leave you comforlless. — John xiy. In a comfortless manner State of being comfort- Jess. A female that affords comfort. [Qu. L, confirmo, equiy- alent to consolido. ] The popular name of a genus of plants, the Sym- phytum. See Comepy.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. 2. Raising mirth ; fitted to excite merriment. Shak. Relating to comedy ; comic. Gay. 2. Exciting mirth ; diverting ; sportive; droll. Addison. We say a buffoon is a comical fellow, or his story or his manners are comical. In a manner befitting comedy. im a manner to raise 2. In a comical manner ; mirth. The quality of being comical : the power or quality of raising mirth. Johnson. g nearer ornigh, approaching ; moving toward ; advancing. 2. a. Future; yet to come ; aS, IN coming ages. 3. Forward ; ready to come. appearance before his & consolation ; as, be a y lord the king shall now be comfortable. — 2 ng moderate A warm coverlet fora bed, of enjoying In a manner to give com- } Without despair. How coming to the poet every muse, Pope. The latter sense is now unusual. 2. The state of being come ; arrival. The Lord hath blessed thee since m Entrance. I know thy going- y coming. —Gen. xxx, ) = out and thy coming-in, —2 Kings xix. 2. Beginning ; commencement ; as, the coming-in 3. Income ; revenue. [Not now used. } 4. Compliance ; submission. [Wot in use.] Massinger. In ancient lies of the and passing laws, is. comitia, an assem- Shak. onned from cum and 1. Relating to the comitia or popula: assemblies of ts and passing laws. Middleton. rian assemblies Bp. Bancroft. ~ [L. comitas, from comes, mild, affable 2. Relating to an order of Presbyte Mildness and Suavity of manners ; courtesy of in iduals or communities ; civil Well-bred people are character 1. In writing and printing, this point [,] denoting ading, and separating a sen- members, according to the Thus, “ There is not a Just man upon good, and sinneth not.?? <« Virtue, nt accomplishments,?? and piously, in the pres- 2. In music, a name applied to the interval between OLF, BOOK. — | cee Ta es ) ee tale ro aedCOM the major and the minor tone; also applied to some other small intervals. Ed. Encyc. 3. Distinction. Addison. €OM-MANDY, v. t. [It. comandare ; Sp. comandar, man- dar; Arm. coumandi; Fr. commander; con, or com, and L. mando, to command, to commit to; Basque manatu ; literally, to send to, to send forth, from the same root as commend, demand, and L. moneo. See Class Mn. 1. To bid; to order; to direct; to charge ; imply- ing authority, and power to control, and to require obedience. We will se the Lora our God, as he shall command us, — EX. Vill. I know that he [Abraham| wili command his children and his household after him, and they will keep the way of the Lord. — Gen, xviii. 2. To govern, lead, or direct , to nave or to exer- cise supreme authority over; as, Lord Wellington commanded an army in Spain, he commanded the army at the battle of Waterloo. 3. To have in power; to be able to exercise power or authority over; as, a military post commands the surrounding country ; a fort commands the parbor 4, To overlook, or have in the power of the eye, without obstruction. One side commands a view of the finest garden in the worla Addison. 5. To direct ; to send. The Lord shall command the blessing on thee. — Deut. xxviii. The Lord will command his loving kindness, — Ps. xlil. 6. To have or to exercise a controlling influence over; as,a good magistrate commands the respect and affections of the people. : €OM-MAND’, v. z To have or to exercise supreme authority ; to possess the chief power; to govern ; as, the general commands with dignity and human- ity. What general commands in Canada? €OM-MAND/, n. The right or power of governing with chief or exclusive authority ; supreme power; con- trol ; as, an officer has a brigade under his command ; he takes command of the army in France; an appro- priate military term. 2. The power of controlling ; governing influence ; sway. He assumed an absolute command over his readers. 3. Cogent or absolute authority. Command and force may often create, but can never cure, an aversion. ocke. 4. The act of commanding ; the mandate uttered ; order given. The captain gives command, Dryden, 5. The power of overlooking, or surveying, with- out obstruction. Dryden. The sleepy strand Which overlooks the vale with wide command. 6. Th> nawer of governing or controlling by force, or of di ug and protecting ; as, the fortress has complete command of the port. 7. That which is commanded ; control ; as, a body of troops under command. Marshall. 8. Order; request; message; any communication desired, or sent; @ complimentary use. 9. A body of troops, or any naval or military force, under the command of a particular officer. €OM-MAND/A-BLB, a. That may be commanded. €OM-MAN-DANT’, 7. [Fr.] A commander; a com- manding officer of a place or of a body of forces. Dryden, Smollett. €OM-MAND/A-TO-RY, a. Having the force of a com- mand. €OM-MAND/ED, pp Ordered; directed; governed ; controlled. €OM-MAND/ER, n. A chief; one who has supreme authority ; a leader ; the chief officer of an army, or of any division of it. The term may also be applied to the admiral of a fleet, or of a squadron, or to any supreme officer; as, the commander of the land or of the naval force ; the commander of a ship. 2. In the navy, an officer who ranks above a lieu- tenant and below a captain. 3. One on whom was bestowed a commandry. _ A. A heavy beetle or wooden mallet, used in pay- ing, &c. (This gives us the primary sense of L. mando, to send, to drive.] 5. An instrument of surgery. 32 HAR COE ENDIRWEI n. [Fr. commanderie.} Among several orders of knights, a district under the control of a member of the order, who received the income of the estates belonging to the knights within that district, and expended part for his own use, and accounted for the rest. Brande. There are strict and regular commandries, obtained by merit, or in order; and others are of grace and favor, bestowed by the grand master. There are al- so commandries for the religious, in the orders of St. Bernard and St. Anthony. Encyc. €OM-MAND/ING, ppr. or a. Bidding; ordering ; di- Wiseman. recling with authority ; governing; bearing rule ; ex- ercising supreme authority ; having in power; over- COM 2. Controlling by influence, authority, or dig- nity ; as, a man of commanding manners ; a command- ing eloquence. €O0M-MAND/ING-LY, adv. Inacommanding man- ner. €OM-MAND/MENT, zn. A command ; a mandate ; an order or injunction given by authority ; charge ; precept. Why do ye transgress the commandment of God ? — Matt. xv. This is the first and great commandment. — Matt. xxii. A new commandment I give to you, that ye love one another. —John xiii. 2. By way of eminence, a precept of the decalogue, or moral faw, written on tables of stone, at Mount Sinai; one of the ten commandments. Ex. Xxxiv. 3. Authority ; coercive power. Shak. €OM-MAND/RESS, z. A woman invested with su- preme authority. Hooker. €OM/MARK, n. [Fr. comarque; Sp. comarca.]} The frontier of a country. Shelton. €OM-MA-TE/RI-AL, a. [con and material.} Consist- ing of the same matter with another thing. Bacon. €OM-MA-TE-RI-AL'LTY, x. Participation of the same matter, Johnson. €OM-MAT’I€, a. Having short clauses or sentences ; orief; concise. €0M/MA-TISM, zn. ciseness in writing. €OM-MEAS!/UR-A-BLE, a. ing a common measure. generally used. COMME IL FAUT, (kom-il-fo,) [Fr.] As it should be. €OM-MEM/O-RA-BLE, a. Memorable ; worthy to be remembered, or noticed with honor. [See Memora- Briefness ; con- Bp. Horsley. [See Mrasure.] Hav- But CoMMENSURABLE is [from comma.] BLE. COMAEM'O-RATE, vy. t. [L. commemoro; con and memoro, to mention. See Mremory.] To call to remembrance by a solemn act; to cele- brate with honor and solemnity ; to honor, as a per- son or event, by some act of respect or affection, intended to preserve the remembrance of that per- son or event; as, the Lord’s supper is designed to commemorate the sufferings and dying love of our Savior. €OM-MEM/O-RA-TED, pp. Called to remembrance by some act of solemnity. €OM-MEM/O-RA-TING, ppr. Celebrating with hon- or by some solemn act. €O0M-MEM-O-RA/TION, n. The act of calling to re- membrance by some solemnity ; the act of honoring the memory of some person or event by solemn cel- ebration. ‘The feast of shells at Plymouth, in Massa- chusetts, is an annual commemoration of the first landing of our ancestors in 1620. Commemoration day, at the university of Oxford, Eng., is an annual solemnity in honor of the benefac- tors of the university, when orations are delivered, and prize compositions are read in the theater. It is the great day of festivity for the year. Tuber. €OM-MEM/O-RA-TIVE, a. Tending to preserve the remembrance of something. Atterbury. €O0M-MEM/O-RA-TO-RY, a. Serving to preserve the memory of. €OM-MENCE’, (kom mens’,) v. 7% [Fr. commencer ; Port. comégar; Sp. comenzar; It. cominctare ; Arm. coumangz. Perhaps com and initio. | 1. To begin; to take rise or origin ; to have first existence ; as, a state of glory to commence after this life ; this empire commenced at a late period. €OM-MEND’, n. €OM-MEND/A-BLE, a. €OM-MEND/A-BLE-NESS, 2. €OM-MEND/A-BLY, adv. €0M-MEND/AM, n. COM 4, To make acceptable or more acceptable. But meat commendeth us not to God. —1 Cor. viii. 5. To produce or present to favorable notice. The chorus had an occasion of commending their voices to the dng. Dryden. 6. To send or bear to. These draw the chariot which Latinus senda, And the rich present to the prince commends. Dryden. Commendation. [JVot used.] Shak. [Fr. recommandable ; It. com- mendable. Formerly accented improperly on the first syllable. ] That may be commended or praised ; worthy of approbation or praise ; laudable. Order and decent ceremonies in the church are commendable. Bacon. State of being com- mendable. Laudebly ; in a praise- worthy manner. [L.] In ecclesiastical law, in Eng- land, a benefice or living commended, by the king or head of the church, to the care of a clergyman, to hold till a proper pastor is provided. This may be tempo- rary or perpetual. Blackstone. The trust or administration of the revenues of a benefice given to a layman, to hold as a deposit for six months, in order to repairs, &c., or to an ecclesi- astic, to perform the pastoral duties, till the benefice is provided with a regular incumbent. Encyc. €OM-MEND/A-TA-RY, n. [Fr. commendataire; It. commendatario, commendatore. One who holds a living in commendam. €O0M-MEND-A/TION, n. [L. commendatio. | 1. The act of commending ; praise ; favorable rep- resentation in words ; declaration of esteem. Need we, as some others, letters of commendation? —2 Cor. XXX. 2. Ground of esteem, approbation, or praise; that which presents a person or thing to another in a fa- vorable light, and renders worthy of regard or accept- ance. Good-nature is the most godlike commendation of a man. Dryden. 3. Service ; respects ; message of love. Shak. Note. —In imitation of the French, we are accus- tomed to use recommendation, &c., for commendation. But, in most instances, it is better to use the word wjthout the prefix re. A letter ofcommendation is the preferable phrase. €0M-MEND/A-TOR, n. One who holds a benefice in commendam. Chalmers. €OM-MEND/A-TO-RY, a. Which serves to com- mend ; presenting to favorable notice or reception ; containing praise ; as, a commendatory letter. Bacon. Pope. 9. Holding a benefice in commendam ; as, a com- mendatory bishop. €OM-MEND/A-TO-RY, zn. A commendation; eulogy. South. €OM-MEND’ED, pp. Praised ; represented favorably ; committed in charge. €O0M-MEND’/ER, n. One who commends or praises. €OM-MEND/ING, ppr. Praising ; representing favor- ably ; committing or delivering in charge. €O0M-MENS’AL, n. [L. con and mensa, ple One that eats at the same table. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To begin to be, as in a change of character. Let not learning, too, commence its foe. Pope. 3. To take a degree, or the first degree, in a uni- versity or college. ailey. €OM-MENCE’, v. t. To begin ; to enter upon ; to per- form the first act ; as, to commence operations. 2. To begin; to originate; to bring; as, to com- mence @ Suit, action, or process in law. €OM-MENC’ED, (kom-menst’,) pp. nated. €O0M-MENCE/MENT, (kom-mens/ment,) ». Begin- ning; rise ; origin; first existence ; as, the com- mencement of New Style, in 1752; the commencement of hostilities in 1775. 29. The time when students in colleges commence bachelors ; a day in which degrees are publicly con- ferred in the English and American universities, €OM-MENC'LNG, ppr. or a. Beginning ; entering on; originating. €O0M-MEND’, v. t. [L. commendo ; con and mando ; It. commendare; Port. encommendar; Fr. recommander ; Sp. comandar, to command, and formerly to commend. This is the same word as command, differently ap- plied. The primary sense is, to send to or throw ; hence, to charge, bid, desire, or entr sat. ] 1. To represent as worthy of notice, regard, or kindness ; to speak in favor of; to recommend. 1 commend to you Phebe, our sister. — Rom. xvi, 2. To commit ; to intrust or give in charge, Father, into thy hands I commend my spirit. — Luke xxiii. 3. To praise; to mention with approbation. The princes commended Sarni before Pharaoh. Begun; origi- looking without obstruction. The Lord commended the unjust steward. Bible. | TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. €OM-MEN-SAL/LTY, n. [Sp. commensaha; L. com- mensalis ; con and mensa, a table. | Fellowship at table; the act or practice of eating at the same table. ae used.| Brown. Gillies. €OM-MEN-SU-RA-BIL/L-TY, ) 2. [Fr. commensura- €O0M-MEN/SU-RA-BLE-NESS, bilité. The capacity of being compared with another in measure, or of being measured by another, or of having a common measure. Brown. Hale. €0M-MEN/SU-RA-BLE, a. [Fr.,from con and L. men- sura, measure. See Measure. } That have a common measure ; that may be meas- ured by the same number or quantity. Thus a yard and a foot are commensurable, as both may be meas- ured by inches. Commensurable numbers are those which may be measured or divided by another num- ber without a remainder, as 12 and 18, which may be measured by 6 and 3. Commensurable surds, are those which, being re- duced to their least terms, become true figurative quantities of their kind, and are therefore as a ra- tional quantity to a rational one. Barlow. €OM-MEN/SU-RA-BLY, adv. In a commensurable manner. €O0M-MEN’SU-RATE, a. [It. conmensurare 5 Sp. con- mensurar, Whence conmensurativo; con and L. mensu- ra, measure. | 1. Having a common measure. 9, Equal; proportional; having equal measure Or extent ; as, we find nothing in this life commensurate to our desires. €O0M-MEN’/SU-RATE, ». t. measure. €0OM-MEN/SU-RA-TED, pp. measure. To reduce to a common Reduced to a common w tO © oie ieee apie 2: 4 yewCOM €0M-MEN/SU-RATE-LY, adv. of measuring or being measured by some other thing. Holder. 2, With equal measure or extent. €OM-MEN’SU-RATE-NESS, 7. Quality of being commensurate. Foster. €OM-MEN’SU-RA-TING, ppr. Reducing to a com- mon measure. €0M-MEN-SU-RA/TION, 7. of one thing to another. to think, to devise, to compose ; from con and mens mind, or the same root. It. comentare ; Fr. commenter ; Sp. comentar; Port. commentar. See Ae : 1. To write notes on the works of an author, with tate ; followed hy on. We say, to comment on an au- thor, or on his writings. ryden. Pope. 2. To make remarks, observations, or criticisms, either on a book, or writing, or on actions, events, or opinions. Shak. €OM MENT, v.t. To explain. Fuller. 2. To feign; to devise. [ Obs. Spenser. €OM/MENT, n. A note, intended to illustrate a writ- ing, or a difficult passage in an author; annotation ; explanation ; exposition ; as, the comments of Scott on the Scriptures. 2. That which explains or illustrates; as, a man’s conduct is the best comment on his declarations. Pov- erty and disgrace are very significant comments on lewdness, gambling, and dissipation. 3. Remark ; observation. In such a time as this, it is not meet That every nice offense should bear its comment. Shak, €OM’MENT-A-RY, n. A comment; exposition ; ex- planation ; illustration of difficult and obscure pas- sages in an author. 2. A book of comments or annotations. 3. An historical narrative ; a memoir of particular transactions ; as, the Commentaries of Cesar. €OM’MENT-A-RY, v. t. To write notes upon. [ Lit- tle used. €OM/MEN-TATE, v. t. To make comments; to write notes upon. Purs. of Lit, €OM’MENT-A-TOR, nm. One who comments; one who writes annotations ; an expositor; an annotator. [The accent on the first syllable and that on the third are nearly equal. €OM-MENT-A’TOR-SHIP, zn. The office of a com- mentator. €OM’MENT-ER, n. One that writes comments; an 2. One who makes remarks, {annotator. €OM’/MENT-ING, ppr. Making notes or comments on something said or written. €OM-MEN-TI’TIOUS, (kom-men-tish/us,) a. [L. com- mentitius. | Proportion, or propor- tion in measure ; a state of having a common measure. All fitness lies in a particular commensuration, or Ea oull. €OM/MENT, v. 2. [L. commentor, to cast in the mind, > : : : ‘ a OM-MIN'GLING, ppr. a view to illustrate his meaning, or to explain par- € x » PI - selse's ticular passages; to explain; to expound; to anno-| COM-MIN’U-ATE, v. t. To grind [Wot used.] [See COM With the capacity } €COM-MI-NA/TION, n. [L. comminatio ; con and mi-; €OM-MIS/SION, (-mish/un,) x. [Fr. commission; It. natio, a threatening, from minor, to threaten. See Menace.] 1. A threat or threatening ; a denunciation of pun- ishment or vengeance. 2, The recital of God’s threatenings on stated days; an office in the Liturgy of the Church of England, appointed to be read on Ash Wednesday, or on the first day of Lent. Encyec. €OM-MIN’‘A-TO-RY, a. Threatening; denouncing punishment. . Jonson. €OM-MIN’GLE, (-ming’/gl,) v. t. [con and mingle.] To mix together; to mingle in one mass, Or inti- mately ; to blend. [See Mincur.] Shak. €OM-MIN’GLE, v.i. To mix or unite together, as different substances. Bacon. €OM-MIN’GLED, pp. Mingled together. Mingling together. ComMInuTE. €OM-MIN’U-I-BLE, a. Reducible to powder. Brown. €OM’MLNUTE, v. t. [L comminuo; con and minuo, to lessen, from the root of minor; Ir. mion, min, fine, _ small, tender ; W. main, man; Ar. =r manna, to di- mninish. Class Mn, No. 5.] oS : To make small or fine ; to reduce to minute parti- cles, or to a fine powder, by breaking, pounding, rasp- ing, or grinding ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; to levi- gate. Itis chiefly or wholly applied to substances not liquid. acon. €OM’MI-NU-TED, pp. or a. Reduced to fine particles; pulverized ; triturated. €OM’MI-NU-TING, ppr. pulverizing ; levigating. €OM-MI-NU/TION, n. The act of reducing to a fine powder or to small particles; pulverization, 2. Attenuation ; as, comminution of spirits. Bacon. €OM-MIS'ER-A-BLE, a. [See Commiserate.] De- serving of commiseration or pity ; pitiable ; that may excite sympathy or sorrow. This commiserable person, Edward. Tittle used. €OM-MIS/ER-ATE, v. t. [l. commiseror; con and misereor, to pity. See MisEraBve.] To pity ; to compassionate ; to feel sorrow, pain, or regret, for another in distress ; applied to persons. We should commiserate those who groan beneath the weight Reducing to fine particles; Bacon. of age, disease, or want. enham. 2. To regret ; to pity ; to be sorry for; as, to com- miserate our mutual ignorance. Locke. €OM-MIS/ER-A-TED, pp. €OM-MIS'ER-A-TING, ppr. ing ; feeling sorrow for. €OM-MIS-ER-A/TION, n. Pity ; compassion ; a sym- pathetic suffering of pain or sorrow for the wants, af- flictions, or distresses of another. Pitied. Pitying ; compassionat- Invented ; feigned ; imaginary. Glanville. €OM’MERCE, n. [Fr. commerce; L. commercium ; con and mercor, to buy ; merz, merco. See Class Mr, No. 3. It, commercio; Sp. comercio ; Port. commercio. For- merly accented on the second syllable. ] 1. In a general sense, an interchange or mutual change of goods, wares, productions, or property of any kind, between nations or individuals, either by barter, or by purchase and sale ; trade ; traffic. Com- merce is foreign or inland. Foreign commerce is the trade which one nation carries on with another ; in- land commerce, or inland trade, is the trade in the ex- change of commodities between citizens of the same nation or state. Active commerce. See Active. 2. Intercourse between individuals ; interchange of Work, business, civilities, or amusements ; mutual dealings in common life. 3. Familiar intercourse between the sexes. 4. Interchange ; reciprocal communications 5 as there is a vast commerce of ideas, D. Webster. €OM-MERCE’, v.i. To traffic ; to carry on trade. 2. To hold intercourse with. Raleigh. And looks commercing with the akies, Milton. €OM-MER/CIAL, (kom-mer’shal,) a. Pertaining to commerce or trade ; as, commercial concerns ; commer- cial relations. 2. Carrying on commerce; as, a commercial nation. 3. Proceeding from trade ; as, commercial benefits or profits. €OM-MER/CIAL-LY, adv. Ina commercial view. Burke. €OM-MER/CING, ppr. Holding intercourse with ; as, and looks commercing with the skies, Milton. €OM’MERE, (-mare,) x. [F'r. mere. ] common mother. €OM-MET'IE, a. Giving a gloss or beauty. COM MIGRATE, o. i. [L. commigro; con and migro, to migrate.] Z To migrate together; to move ina body from one country or place to another, for permanent residence. Tittle used. €OM-MI-GRA/TION, n. The moving of a body of people from one country or place to another, with a view to permanent residence, Woodward. ne ee I > SD ee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METRE, PREY.— PINE, MA I can not think of these poor deluded creatures but with commiseération. €OM-MIS/ER-A-TIVE-LY, adv. From compassion. €OM-MIS’/ER-A-TOR, n. One who pities. Brown. €OM-MIS-SA/RI-AL, a. [See Commissary.] Pertain- ing to a commissary. Smollett uses Commissoniat; but this is not regu- lar nor authorized. €OM-MIS-SA/RI-AT, n. MUSSER The office or employment of a commissary ; or the whole body of officers in the commissary’s depart- ment. Tooke, Russ. i. 575. €OM/MIS-SA-RY, n. [Fr. commissaire ; It. and Port. commissario; Sp. comisario; Low lL. commissarius ; from commissus, committo ; con and mitto, to send. } 1. Ina general sense,a commissioner ; one to whom is committed some charge, duty, or office, by a supe- rior power ; one who is sent or delegated to execute some office or duty, in the place, or as the represent- ative, of his superior. 2. In ecclesiastical law, an officer of the bishop, who exercises spiritual jurisdiction in places of the dio- cese so far distant from the episcopal see, that the chancellor can not call the people to the bishop’s principal consistory court, without putting them to inconvenience. Aylife. Encyc. 3. In @ military sense, an officer who has the charge of furnishing provisions, clothing, &c., for an army. Commissaries are distinguished by different names, according to their duties ; as, commissary-general, who is at the head of the department of supplies, and has under him deputy commissaries and issuing, commissa- rves ; the latter to issue or distribute the supplies. _ 4. An officer who musters the army, receives and Inspects the muster-rolls, and keeps an account of the strength of the army. He is called the commis- sary-general of musters. ‘The commissary of horses has the inspection of the artillery horses; and the commissary of stores has charge of all the stores of the artillery. €OM’MIS-SA-RY-GEN/ER-AL, Ne commissary department. €OM’'MIS-SA-RY-SHIP, Ne [Sp. comisariato. See Com- Encyc. The head of the The office of a commis- COM commisione ; Sp. comision; L. commissio, with a differ- ent application, from committo; con and mitto, to send.] 1. The act of committing, doing, performing, or perpetrating ; as, the commission of a crime. 2. The act of committing or sending to; the act of intrusting, as a charge or duty. 3. A writing from proper authority, given to a per- son as his warrant for exercising certain powers, or the performance of any duty, whether civil, ecclesi- astical, or military. Hence, 4. The thing committed, or power and authority given. o. By a metonymy, a number of persons joined in an office or trust. 6. In commerce, the state of acting under authority in the purchase and sale of goods for another. To trade or do business on commission, is to buy or sell for another by his authority. Hence, 7. The allowance made to a factor or commission merchant for transacting busthess, which is a certain rate per cent. of the value of the goods bought or sold. 8. To put a ship into commission, is to send it forth on public service after it has been laid up. 9. To put the great seal into commission, is to place it in the hands of commissioners during the period that intervenes between the going out of one lord keeper and the accession of another. Commission of bankruptcy, is a commission issuing from the chancellor in Great Britain, and in other countries from some proper authority, appointing and empowering certain persons to examine into the facts relative to an alleged bankruptcy, and to secure the bankrupt’s lands and effects for the creditors. Commission of lunacy, is a commission issuing from the Court of Chancery, to authorize an inquiry whether a person is a lunatic or not. Commission officer, in the army or navy, is an officer who has a commission, in distinction from subaltern officers. €OM-MIS/SION, (kom-mish/un,) v. t To give a commission to ; to empower or authorize by com- mission. The president and senate appoint, but the president commissions. United States. 2. To send with a mandate or authority. A chosen band He first commissions to the Latian land. 3. To authorize or empower. Note. — ComMissIoNaTE, in a like sense, has been used, but rarely. €OM-MIS’/SION-AL, a. Appointed by warrant. €OM-MIS/SION-A-RY, [Little wsed.] €OM-MIS/SION-ED, pp. or a. Furnished with a commission ; empowered ; authorized. €OM-MIS/SION-ER, nz. person who has a com- mission or warrant from proper authority, to perform some office, or execute some business, for the person or government which employs him, and gives him authority ; as, commissioners for settling the bounds of a state, or for adjusting claims. €0M-MIS‘SION-ING, ppr. Giving a commission to; furnishing with a warrant; empowering by letters patent or other writing; authorizing. €OM-MIS’/SION-MER/CHANT, n. A merchant who transacts business as the agent of other men, in buying and selling, and receives a rate per cent. as his commission, or reward. COM’MIS-SURE, n. [L. commissura, from committo, commissus ; literally, a sending or thrusting together. ] 1. A joint, seam, or closure; the place where two bodies, or parts of a body, meet and unite ; an inter- stice or cleft between particles or parts, as between plates or lamelle. 2. In architecture, the joint between two stones, or application of the surface of one to that of another. 3. In anatomy, a suture of the cranium or skull ; articulation ; the corners of the lips. Also, certain parts in the ventricles of the brain, uniting the two hemispheres. Coxe. €OM-MIT’, v.t. [L. committo, to send to, or thrust together; con and mitto, to send ; Fr. mettre, to put, Set, or lay ; commettre, to commit ; It. mettere, com- mettere ; Sp. meter, cometer; Port. meter, cometer.] Literally, to send to or upon > to throw, put, or lay upon. Hence, 1. To give in trust ; to put into the hands or power of another ; to intrust; with to. Commit thy way to the Lord. —~ Ps. xxxvil. The things thou hast heard of me, commit to faithful men. — 2 Tim. ii, 2. To put into any place for preservation ; to de- posit ; as, to commit a passage in a book to memory ; to commit the body to the grave. 3. To put or send to, for confinement 3 as, to com- mit an offender to prison. Hence, for the sake of brevity, commit is used for imprison. "The sheriff has committed the offender. These two were committed, at least restrained of their liberty. rendon. 4. To do; to effect or perpetrate ; as, to commit murder, treason, felony, or trespass. Dryden. sary. Ayliffe. Thou shalt not commit adultery. — Ex, xx. ——$<$—$———— 230 RINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— cee Toy | RMON eee ee oorCOM 5. To join or put together, for a contest ; to match ; followed by with; a Latinism. How does Philopolis commit the opponent with the respondent. [Little used.] More. 6. To place in a state of hostility or incongruity. “ Committing short and long words.”? But this seems to be the same signification as the foregoing. 7. To expose or endanger by a preliminary step or decision which can not be recalled; as, to commit the peace of a country by espousing the cause of a belligerent. You might have satisfied every duty of political friendship with- out committing the honor of your sovereign. Junius. _8. To engage ; to pledge; or to pledge by implica- tion. The general addressed letters to Gen. Gates and to Gen. Heath, cautioning them against any sudden assent to the proposal, which might possibly be considered as committing the faith of the United States. Marshall, And with the reciprocal pronoun, to commit one’s self, is to do some act, or make some declaration, which may bind the person in honor, good faith, or consistency, to pursue a certain course of conduct, or to adhere to the tenure of that declaration. 9. To refer or intrust to a committee, or select number of persons, for their consideration and report ; a term of legislation ; as, the petition or the bill is committed. Is it the pleasure of the house to commit the bill? 10. J'o commit fully, is to commit to prison for trial, in distinction from a temporary commitment while under examination. Bouvier. €OM-MIT’MENT, n. The act of committing; a sending to prison ; a putting into prison ; imprison- ment. It is equivalent to sending or putting m sim- ply ; as, a commitment to the Tower, or to Newgate ; or, for the sake of brevity, omitting the name of the place, it is equivalent to putting into prison; as, the offender is secured by commitment. 9. An order for confining in prison. But more generally we use mittimus. 3. The act of referring or intrusting to a committee for consideration ; a term in legislation; as, the com- mitment of a petition or a bill to a select number of persons for consideration and report. 4, The act of delivering in charge, or intrusting. 5. A-doing, or perpetration, as of sin or a crime ; commission, Clarendon. 6. The act of pledging or engaging; or the act of exposing or endangering. [See the verb, Nos. 7 and = Hamilton, €OM-MIT’TAL, n. A pledge, actual or implied. €OM-MIT’TED, pp. Delivered in trust; given in charge ; deposited ; imprisoned ; done ; perpetrated ; engaged ; exposed; referred to a committee. Fully committed; committed to prison for trial. See Commit. | €OM-MIT’TEE, x. One or more persons elected or appointed, to whom any matter or business is referred, either by a legislative body or either branch of it, or by a court, or by any corporation, or by any society, or collective body of men acting together. In legis- lative bodies, a house or branch of that body may resolve or form itself into a committee, called a com- mittee of the whole house, woen the speaker leaves the chair, and one of the members acts as chairman. Standing committees are such as continue during the existence of the legislature, and to these are com- mitted all matters that fall within the purposes of their appointment; as, the committee of elections, or of privileges, &c. Special committees are appointed to consider and report on particular subjects. €OM-MIT’TEE-SHIP, n. The office and profit of committees. Milton. €OM-MIT’TER, n. One who commits; one who does or perpetrates, South. €OM-MIT’TI-BLE, a. That may be committed. Little used. Brown. €OM-MIT’TING, ppr. Giving in trust; depositing ; imprisoning ; perpetrating ; engaging ; referring toa committee ; exposing. €OM-MIX!, v. t. [L. commisceo, commixtus ; con and misceo, to mix. [See Mrx.] To mix or mingle; to blend; to mix, as different substances. Bacon. Newton. €OM-MIX!, v.27. To mix; to mingle. Shak. €0OM-MIX!' ED, (kom-mixt/,) pp. Mixed; blended. €OM-MIX/ING, ppr. Mixing; blending. €OM-MIX’/TION, (kom-mix/chun,) n. Mixture; a blending of different ingredients in one mass. or compound. Brown. Commixton is used by Shakspeare, but is hardly legitimate. €OM-MIXT/URE, (kKom-mixt/yur,) x. ingredients in one mass or compound. Bacon. 2, The mass formed by mingling different things ; composition ; compound. Bacon. Shak. Wotton. 3. In Scots law, a method of acquiring property, by blending different substances belonging to different proprietors. Encyc. €OM-MODE’, n. [Fr., from L. commodus, conveni- | ; : The act of mixing ; the state of being mingled ; the blending of COM 1. A kind of head-dress formerly worn by ladies. Addison, 9. A chest of drawers, often with shelves added, and other conveniences €OM-MO/DLOUS, a. [Fr. commode ; Jt. comodo; Sp. id. ; Li. commodus. See Mope.] Convenient; suitable ; fit; proper; adapted to its use or purpose, or to wants and necessities; as, a commodious house or room. The haven was not commodious to winter in, — Acts xxvii. 12. It is followed by for before a noun; as, a place commodious for a cainp. €OM-MO/DI-OUS-LY, adv. Conveniently ; ina com- modious manner; suitably ; in a manner to afford ease, or to prevent uneasiness ; as, a house commodt- ously sittated ; we may pass life commodiously with- out the restraints of ceremony. €OM-MO/DI-OUS-NESS, nz. Convenience ; fitness ; suitableness for its purpose ; as, the “commodiousness of a house or an apartment; the commodiousness of a situation for trade. €OM-MOD'L-TY, n. [L. commoditas ; It. comodita ; Fr. commodité ; Sp. comodidad ; Port. commodidade. See ComMoDE.] : _ 1. Primarily, convenience; profit; advantage ; interest. ‘* Men seek their own commodity.” In this sense it was used by Hooker, Sidney, &c.; but this is nearly or wholly obsolete. 2. That which affords ease, convenience, or advan- tage; any thing that is useful, but particularly in commerce, including every thing movable that 1s bought and sold, goods, wares, merchandise, produce of land and manufactures. Unless, perhaps, ani- mals may be excepted, the word includes all the movables which are objects of commerce. Commodities are movables, valuable by money, the common measure. ocke. The principal use of money is to save the commutation of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot. Staple commodities, are those which are the produce or manufacture of a country, and constitute the prin- cipal articles of exportation. ‘Thus flour is the staple commodity of New York and Pennsylvania ; flour and tobacco, of Maryland and Virginia ; cotton and rice, of South Carolina and Georgia; cotton and sugar, of Louisiana. €OM’/MO-DORE, zn. [This word is probably a corrup- tion of the Italian comandatore, a commander; or the Spanish comendador, a superior of a monastery, or a knight who holds a commandry.] 1. The officer who commands a squadron or de- tachment of ships, destined on a particular enter- prise. In the British marine, a naval officer having the temporary rank of rear-admiral. Brande. 2. A title given by courtesy to the senior captain, when two or more ships of war are cruising in com- pany. ‘otten. 3. The convoy or leading ship in a fleet of mer- chantmen, which carries a light in her top to conduct the other ships. €OM-MOD-U-LA/TION, n._[L. con and modulatio. | Measure; agreement. [Little used} Hakewill. €OM/MOIGNE, (-moin,) x. [Fr.] monk of the same convent. vee in use. | Selden. €O0M/MON, a [L. communis; Fr. commun; Arm. cowmun ; It. comune ; Sp. comun ; Port. commum ; Goth. gamains ; Sax, gemen; G. gemein; D. gemeen; Sw. gemen; Dan. gemeen; Ir. cumann ; Goth. gamana, a fel- low, fellowship. This word may be composed of cum COM 10. A common bud, in botany, is one that contains both leaves and flowers ; a common peduncle, one that bears several flowers, a common perianth, one that incloses several distinct fructifications ; a com- mon receptacle, one that connects several distinct fructifications, Martyn. Common divisor, or measure, in mathematics, is a number or quantity that divides two or more num- bers or quantities without a remainder. Common law; in Great Britain and the United States, the unwritten law, the law that receives its binding force from immemorial usage and universal reception, in distinction from the written or statute law. That body of rules, principles, and customs, which have been received from our ancestors, and by which courts have been governed in their judi- cial decisions. ‘Che evidence of this law is to be found in the reports of those decisions, and the records of the courts. Some of these rules may have originated in edicts or statutes which are now lost, or in the terms and conditions of particular grants or charters ; but it is most probable that many of them originated in judicial decisions founded on natural justice and equity, or on local customs. Common pleas ; in Great Britain, one of the king’s courts, now held in Westminster Hall. It consists of a chief justice and three other justices, and has cognizance of all civil causes, real, personal, or mixed, as well by original writ as by removal from the inferior courts. ‘A writ of error, in the nature of an appeal, lies from this court to the Court of King’s Bench. Blackstone. In some of the American States, a court of common pleas is an inferior court, whose jurisdiction is lim- ited to a county, and it is sometimes called a county court. This court is variously constituted in differ- ent States, and its powers are defined by statutes. It has jurisdiction of civil causes, and of minor of fenses ; but its final jurisdiction is very limited ; all causes of magnitude being removable to a higher court by appeal, or by writ of error. Common prayer; the liturgy of the Church of Eng- land, which all the clergy of the church are enjoined to use, under a penalty. Encye. Common recovery; a legal process for barring en- tails, remainders, &c. [See Recovery. ] Common time; in. music, the name given to those varieties of time, in which the measure consists of two or of four equal portions. Edin. Encye. In common; equally with another, or with others ; to be equally used or participated by two or more ; as, tenants in common; to provide for children i common; to assign lands to two persons in common, or to twenty in common; we enjoy the bounties of Providence in common. €OM/MON, m. A tract of ground, the use of which is not appropriated to an individual, but belongs to the public, or to a number. Thus we apply the word to an open ground or space in a highway, re- served for public use. 2, In law, an open ground, or that soil the use of which belongs equally to the inhabitants of a town or of a lordship, or toa certain number of proprie- tors; or the profit which a man is in the land of another ; or a right which a person has to pasture his cattle on land of another, or to dig turf, or catch fish, or cut wood, or the like; called common of pasture, of turbary, of piscary, and of estovers. Common, or right of common, is appendant, appurte- nant, because of vicinage, OF tn gross. Common appendant, is a right belonging to the own- and man, men, the plural men being equivalent to people and vulgus. ‘The last syllable is clearly from the root of many, which seems to belong to the root of man, and mean is of the same family. Hence we see the connection between common and mean, as vulgar, from vulgus, Eng. folks. 1. Belonging equally to more than one, or to many indefinitely ; as, life and sense are common to man and beast; the common privileges of citizens ; the common wants of men. 2. Belonging to the public; having no separate owner. The right to a highway is common. 3. General; serving for the use of all; as, the common pray er. 4, Universal; belonging to all; as, the earth is said to be the common mother of mankind. 5. Public; general ; frequent ; as, common report. 6. Usual ; ordinary ; as, the common operations of nature ; the common forms of conveyance ; the com- mon rules of civility. 7. Of no rank or superior excellence; ordinary. Applied to men, it signifies, not noble, not distin- guished by noble descent, or not distinguished by office, character, or talents; as, & common man; a common soldier. Applied to things, it signifies, not distinguished by excellence or superiority ; as, a common essay ; & common exertion. It, however, is not generally equivalent to mean, which expresses something lower in rank or estimation. 8. Prostitute ; lewd; as, a common Woman, 9. In grammar, such verbs as signify both action and passion are called common; as, aspernor, I despise or am despised ; also, such nouns as are both ent; con, or com, and modus, manner. See Move.] masculine and feminine ; as, parens. ers or occupiers of arable land to put commonable beasts upon the lord’s waste, and upon the lands of other persons within the same manor. This is a matter of most universal right. Common appurtenant, may be annexed to lands in other Jordships, or extend to other beasts, besides those which are generally commonable ; this is not of common right, but can be claimed only by immemo- rial usage and prescription. Common because of vicinage, or neighborhood, is where the inhabitants of two townships, lying con- tiguous to each other, have usually intercommoned with one another, the beasts of the one straying into the other’s fields ; this is a permissive right. Common in gross, or at large, is annexed to a man’s person, being granted to him and his heirs by deed ; or it may be claimed by prescriptive right, as by a parson of a church or other corporation sole. Blackstone. €OM/MON, v.i. To have a joint right with others In common ground, Johnson. 2. To board together; to eat at a table in common, Encyc. €OM/MON, adv. Commonly. Shak. €OM’/MON-€AR’RI ER, 2. One who undertakes, for hire, to transport goods from one place to another. Such a carrier is liable for all losses and injuries to the goods, except those which have happened in con- sequence of the act of God, or of the enemies of the country, or of the owner of the property himself. Bouvier. €OM!/MON-€OUN’CIL, n- The council of a city or corporate town, empowered to make by-laws for the contuwedl TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 231 eC - ao uae ey eI fi “w ~ ~ a ASNT Tet ms ae Tat * * ae teCOM government of the citizens. The common-council | of London consists of two houses ; the upper house, composed of the lord mayor and aldermen; and the COM COM Doctors Commons, in London; a college founded by municated ; capable of being imparted from one to Dr. Harvey, for the professors of the civil law, where another; as, knowledge is communicable by words. the civilians common together. The house was con- Lost bliss, to thee 110 more communicable. Milton. : , - ae : at fire i rn built j 372 Sternal life Dm ic all. ker. Jower house, of the common-council-men, elected by sume d in the great fire in 1666, but rebuilt in 1672. E rnal life is communicable to all Hooker the several wards. In most of the American cities, l'o this college belong thirty-four proctors. Encyc. 2. That may be recounted. ain. i the mayor, aldermen, and common-counciJ-men con- | €OM’MON-1 Y, x. In Scots law, land belonging to stitute one body, called a Court of Common-Council, [The common-councils sometimes consist of two houses, chambers, or courts, (as at Norwich,) and sometimes form only one. The city of London is divided into twenty-four wards ; the supreme magis- trate of each ward has the title of alderman; the 3. Communicative ; ready to impart. Met used, } . Jonson. €OM-MU/NI-€A-BLE-NESS, nm. The state of being communicable. €OM-MU/NI-€A-BLY, adv. €OM-MU'NI-€ANT, n. two or more common proprietors ; or a heath or muir, of which there has been a promiscuous possession by pasturage. Eneyc. €OM-MON-WEAL/, le [See Wear and With communication. €OM’MON-WEALTH’, WEALTH. ] One who communes at the ee eh I. An established form of governnient, or civil Lord’s table ; one who is entitled to partake of the ty twenty-four aldermen, with the lord mayor, form the polity ; Or, more generally, a state; a body politic, sacrament, at the celebration of the Lord’s supper. it | Court of Aldermen; each ward annually chooses a consisting of a certain portion of men, united, by com- se é Hooker. Atterbury. a certain number of the inhabitants, who are sworn to pact or tacit agreement, under one form of govern- €OM-MU’/NI-€ATE, Woyits lee communico; from com- | i assist the aldermen with their advice in all public ment‘and system of laws. Phis term is applied to munis, common; It. comunicare ; Sp. comunicar; Fr. | re} affairs, and they form the Court of Common-Council. the government of Great Britain, which is of a mixed communiquer. | : - . \ RENT (B: character, and to other governments, which are con- To impart; to give to another, as a partaker ; €0M’MON-COUN/CIL-MAN, n. A member of a sidered as free or popular, but rarely, or improperly, to confer for joiut possession ; to bestow, as that i | common-council. to an absolute government. A commonwealth is which the receiver is to hold, retain, use, Or enjoy ; ee €OM’/MON-€RI’ER, x. A crier whose occupation is properly a free state ; a popular or representative gov- with Zo. ot to give notice of lost things. . : s ernment; a xepublic ; as, the commonwealth of Mas- Where God is worshiped, there he communicates his blessings ae ee €OM/MON-HALL, x. A hall or house in which citi- sachusetts. The word signifies, strictly, the common and holy influences. aura ' t zens meet for business. good or happiness; and hence, the form of govern- Let him that is taught in the word communicate to lilin that ‘ €OM’/MON-LAW. See Law and Gomaron. ment supposed best to secure the public good. ee in all Bead things, —Gal. vi. ied €OM’/MON-LAW’YER, m One versed in common- 2. The whole body of people in a state ; the pub- 2. To impart reciprocally, or mutually ; to have or ea law. i Spelman. lic. Shak. enjoy a share of ; followed by with. 4 i €0M’MON-LOOK’ING, a, Having a common ap- 3. The territory of a State 5 as, all the land within Common benefits are to be communicated with all, but pecu- oo i pearance. the limits of the commonwealth. Massachusetts. liar benefits with choice. con. | td €OM’/MON-PLEAS, x. pl. A court for trial of civil 4. The Commonwealth ; In English history, the form ae ela =sicea ny companys ne ne ; causes. [See Common. ] of government established on the death of Charles le ANE Sul communicates ts praise wilh me, ryden, a €0M’/MON-SENSE, 2. Sound practical judgment; the instantaneous decision of unperverted reason. 4 €OM/MON-A-BLE, a. Held in common. Bacon. Fe 2. That may be pastured on common land. and which existed under Oliver Cromwell and his son. €0M-MON-WEALTII’S’MAN, Ne the English commonwealth. No. 4. €OM’/MO-RANCBE, )n. €0M’/MO-RAN-CY, \ 3. To impart, as knowledge; to reveal ; to give, as information, either by words, signs, or signals , as, tO communicate intelligence, news, opinions, or facts. Formerly, this verb had with before the person re- ceiving; as, ‘‘He communicated those thoughts only with the Lord Digby.?? Clarendon. One who favored [See ComMonweEa.tu, ensts 1 either be f the plow, or such as ; pa ee us uceae cae Dl lack sive. [L. commorans, commoror ; con and moror, to stay or de- But now it hus €OM’MON-AGE, zn. The right of pasturing on a com- lay.] to only. mon ; the joint right of using any thing in common ‘A dwelling or ordinary residence ina place ; abode ; 4. To deliver; as, to communicate a message ;—to with others. Johnson. habitation. give; as, to communicate motion. | be COM MON-AL-TY, eee evomon people. jn Great Commorancy consists in usually lying there. Blackstone. €OM-MU/NI-€ATE, v. % To partake of the Lord’s | Britain, all classes and conditions of people who are : = : below the rank of nobility. \ ; The commonalty, like the nobility, are divided into several supper. Taylor. €OM/MO-RANT, a. Instead of this, in America, at least in New Eng- Dwelling; ordinarily residing ; inhabiting. land, commune is generally or always used. Fo ee degrees. Blackstone. All (reeholders within the precinct—and all persons commorant 2. To have a communication or passage from one j In the United States, commonalty has no very defi- therein —are obliged to attend the court leet. Blackstone. to another; to have the means of passing from one || ‘ nite signification. It is, however, used to denote €OM-MO’/RI-ENT, a. [L. commoriens.] to another; as, two houses communicate with each |} j that part of the people who live by labor, and are not Dying at the same time. Buck. other ; a fortress communicates with the country ; the || ; liberally educated, nor elevated by office or profes- €OMMOFH-ER, n. A godmother. [Little used. ] canals of the body communicate with each other. sional pursuits €OM-MO'TION, xn. [L. commotio, commoveo; con and : ‘ Arbuthnot. ; 2. The bulk of mankind. Hooker. moveo. See Mover. 3. To have intercourse ; applied to persons. €OM'MON-ER, nz. One of the lower rank, or common 1. Agitation ; as, the commotion of the sea. 4. To have, enjoy, or suffer, reciprocally ; to have people ; one under the degree of nobility. Addison. 2. Tumult of people ; disturbance ; disorder, which a share with another. 2. A member of the house of commons. Swift. may amount, at times, to sedition or insurrection ; Ye have done well that ye did communicate with my affliction. 3. One who has a joint right in common ground. as, the commotions of a state. — Phil. iv. : cadre When ye hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified. — €OM-MU'NI-€4-TED, pp. Imparted from one to i! 4. A student of the second rank in the University uke xxi: another ; bestowed ; delivéred. €OM-MU’NI-€A-TING, ppr. bestowing ; delivering of Oxford, Eng., (corresponding to a pensioner at Cambridge,) who is not dependent on the foundation 3. Agitation ; perturbation ; for support, but pays for his board or commons, to- disorder of mind ; heat ; excitement. Imparting ; giving or ‘ 2. Partaking of the sacrament of the Lord’s supper. gether with all other charges, Huber. He could not debate without commotion. Clarendon. 3. Leading or conducting from place to place, as a o. A prostitute. Shak. €OM-MO/TION-ER, 2 One who excites commotion. passage ; connected by a passage or channel ; as, two 6. A partaker, or Fuller, [ Little used. Bacon. lakes communicating With each other. eee (nish'un,) n. [L. commonitio. | eOM-Mo6V i/, v.t. [L. commoveo. See Move.] 4. Having intercourse by words, letters, or mes- To put in motion ; to disturb ; to agitate ; to unset- tle ; a poetic word. Thomson. i.) €OM-MOV’/ED, pp. US Ell, ; : ie €OM-MOV'ING, ppr. €0M-MON’I-TO-RY, a. Calling to mind ; giving ad- €OM-MUN/AL, pu monition. For. €OM-MUNE!. 2. 7. €OM’MON-LY, adv. Usually ; generally ; ordinarily ; 4 frequently ; for the most part; as, confinned habits commonly continue through life. Advice ; warning; instruction. €OM-MON’I-TIVE, a. Sages; corresponding. €OM-MU-NI-€A/TION, nm. The act of imparting, conferring, or delivering, from one to another: as, the communication of knowledge, opinions, or facts. 2. Intercourse by words, letters, or messages ; in- terchange of thoughts or opinions, by conference or other means. [Little used.] AT e j . 1 r , . Warning ; monitory. [Little Moved ; agitated. Agitating. Pertaining to a commune. [Fr. communier; W. cymunan ; Arm. communya. The Welsh word is, by Owen, con- sidered as a compound of cy, a prefix equivalent to €O M’MON-NESS, n. Frequent occurrence ; a state of being common or usual. 2. Equal participation by two or more. [ Little Red €OM’MON-PLACE, a. Common, trite, not new or extraordinary. €0OM/MON-PLACE, n. A memorandum ; a common topic. €OM’MON-PLACE, ». t. To enter in a common- place-book, or to reduce to general heads. Felton. €OM’MON-PLACE/-BOOK, nm A book in which things to be remembered are recorded. €0OM’MON-PLAC-ED, (-plast,) a. Entered in a com- monplace-book. €OM’MONS, n. pl. The common people, who inherit or possess no honors or titles ; the vulgar. Chaucer. Shak. Dryden. 2. In England, the lower house of parliament, con- sisting of the representatives of cities, boroughs, and counties, chosen by men possessed of the property or COMMUNE, n. co and con in Latin, and ymun; ym noting identity, and unaw, to unite. If the word is formed from cy or cum and unus, it is radically different from com- mon. But the Latin communico accords with this word, and with eae) 1. To converse ; to talk together familiarly ; to im- part sentiments mutually, in private or familiar dis- course ; followed by with before the person. And there will I meet and commune with thee. — Ex, xxv. 2. 'To have intercourse in contemplation or medi- tation. Commune with your own heart on your bed. — Ps. iy, 3. To partake of the sacrament or Lord’s supper; to receive the communion; a common use of the word in America, as it is in the Welsh, A small territorial district in France, one of the subordinate divisions of the country in- troduced in the late revolution, In the country, a Abner had communication with the elders of Isrnel, saying, Ye sought for David in times past to be king over you. — 2 Sam. iii. Let your communication be, yea, yea ; nay, nay. — Matt. v. In 1 Cor. xv. 33, ‘Evil communications corrupt good manners,” the word may signify conversation, colloquial discourses, or customary association and familiarity. 3. Intercourse ; interchange of knowledge ; cor- respondence ; good understanding between men. Secrets may be carried so far as to stop the communication necessary among all who have the management of uticirs. Swift 4. Connecting passage; means of passing from place to place; as a strait or channel between seas or lakes, a road between cities or countries, a gallery between apartments in a house, an avenue between Streets, &c. Keep open a communication with the besieged place. ©. That which is communicated orimparted. The house received a communication from the governor commune sometimes embraces a number of villages, While some large cities are divided into a number of communes. COM-MO'NI-BUS AN'NIS; one year with another ; on an average. COM-MU'NI-BUS LO'CIS; one place with another; on a medium. €OM-M U-NI-€A-BIL/LTY, n. qualifications required by law. This body is called the house of commons. The house of representatives, in North Carolina, bears the same name. 3. Common grounds ; land possessed or used by two * or more persons in common. [See Como N.] ee é 4. Food provided at a common table, as in colleges, b where many persons eat at the same table, or in the respecting the hospital. 6. In rhetoric, a trope, by which a speaker or writer takes his hearer or readerasa partner in his sentiments, and says we, instead of Jor you. Beattie. €OM-MU’/NI-€A-TIVE, a. Inclined to communicate ; ready to impart to others. In the sense of liberal of benefits, though legitimate, it is little used. ] [See Communicate. ] 2. Disposed to impart or disclose, as knowledge, 4 same hall. The quality of being communicable; capability of opinions, or facts ; free to communicate ; not reserved. i Their commons, though but coarse, were nothing scant. being imparted from one to another. Johnson. HES Dryden, €OM-MU'NL-€ ee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. A-BLE, a. [Fr.] That may be com- —METE, PREY.— PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— Re ana 8 aoe We have paid for our want of prudence, and determine for the future to be less communicative. Swift. ia tet 5, RLS BeeCOM €OM-MU'NI-€A-TIVE-NESS, x. The quality of be- ing communicative ; readiness to impart to others ; freedom from reserve. Norris. €0M-MUO/NI-€A-TOR, n. One who communicates. Dwight. €0M-MU'/NL€A-TO-RY, a. Imparting knowledge. Barrow. €OM-MUNIING, ppr. Conversing familiarly ; haying familiar intercourse. €OM-MUN/ING, x. Familiar converse ; private inter- course. E. T. Fitch. €OM-MUN/ION, (kom-min/yun,) n. [L. communio; Fr. communion; It. comunione; Sp. comunion; Port. communham. See Common. 1. Fellowship; intercourse between two persons or more; interchange of transactions or offices; a state of giving and receiving; agreement ; concord. We are naturally led to seek communion and fellowship with Hook others. ooker. What communion hath light with darkness ?—2 Cor. vi The communion of the Holy Spirit be with you all. —2 Cor, xili. 2. Mutual intercourse or union in religious wor- ship, or in doctrine and discipline. ‘The Protestant churches have no communion with the Roman Cath- olic church. 3. The body of Christians who have one common faith and discipline. The three grand communions into which the Christian church is divided, are those of the Greek, the Roman Catholic, and the Protestant churches. 4. The act of communicating the sacrament of the eucharist; the celebration of the Lord’s supper ; the participation of the blessed sacrament. The fourth council of Lateran decrees that every believer shall receive the communion at least at Easter. Encyc. 5. Union of professing Christians in a particular church; as, members in full communion. Communion-service, in the liturgy of the Episcopal church, is the office for the administration of the holy sacrament. €O0M-MUN/LON-IST, n. One of the same communion. Dury, €OM/MU-NISM, n. [Fr. commune, common. ] Community of property among all the citizens of a state ; a state of things in which there are no indi- vidual or separate rights in property ; a new French word, nearly synonymous with agrarianism, socialism, and radicalism. €OM/MU-NIST, n. An advocate for a community of property among citizens. Some persons of this sect contend also for a community of females, or a pro- miscuous intercourse of the sexes. €OM-MU/NL-TY, xn. [L. communitas; It. comunita ; Sp. comunidad ; Fr. communauté. See Common, ] 1. Properly, common possession or enjoyment ; as, a community of goods. It is a confirmation of the original community of all mee Dick 9, A society of people having common rights and privileges, or common interests, civil, political, or ecclesiastical ; or living under the same laws and regulations ; as, a community of monks. 3, Society at large; a commonwealth or state; a body politic ; the public, or people in general. [In this sense, the term should not be used abso- lutely, like the word society ; as, the interests of com- munity require this; but, the interests of the commu- nity, &c.]} 4, Commonness; frequency. [Obs.] Shak, €OM-MU-TA-BIL/I-TY, n. [See Commute.] The quality of being capable of being exchanged or put, one in the place of the other. €OM-MU'TA-BLE, a. [L. commutabilis. See Com- MuTE.] That may be exchanged, or mutually changed ; that may be given for another. In phi- lology, that may pass from one into another ; as, the letter b is commutable with v; or, in Celtic, b and mh are commutable. €OM-MU-TA’TION, zn. [L. commutatio. See Com- MUTE. ] 1. Change; alteration ; a passing from one state to another. South. 9. Exchange ; the act of giving one thing for an- other ; barter. The use of money is to save the commutation of more bulky commodities. Arbuthnot. death. be given as a commutation for penance. Blackstone. €OM-MU/TA-TIVE, a. tativo. See CommurTe.] men in society. To cultivate an habitual regard to commutative justice. Burke. €OM-MO/TA-TIVE-LY, adv 3. In law, the change of a penalty or punishment from a greater to a less; as banishment instead of Suits are allowable in the spiritual courts for money agreed to [Fr. commutatif; It. commu- Relative to exchange ; interchangeable ; mutually passing from one to another; as, commutative justice, justice which is mutually done and received, between By way of reciprocal COM 1. To exchange ; to put one thing in the place of another ; to give or receive one thing for another ; as, to commute our labors; to commute pain for pleas- ure. 2. In law, to exchange one penalty or punishment for another of less severity ; as, to commute death for transportation. €OM-MUTE’, v.i. To atone; to compensate; to stand in the place of; as, one penalty commutes for another. €OM-MUT’‘ED, pp. Exchanged. €OM-MOUT’ING, ppr. Exchanging. €OM-MU/TU-AL, a. [con and mutual.] Mutual; re- ciprocal ; used in poetry. There, with commutual zeal, we both had strove Tn acts of dear benevolence and love. ope. €0'MOSE, a. [L. comosus, hairy.] In botany, ending in a tuft or kind of brush. Brande. €OM-PAET’, a. ([L. compactus, compingo; con and pango, pactus, to thrust, drive, fix, make fast or close ; antiq. pago, paco; Gr. myyvuw. See Pack. Literally, driven, thrust, or pressed together. Hence, 1. Closely and firmly united, as the particles of solid bodies ; firm; close; solid; dense. Stone, iron, and wood are compact bodies. A compact leaf, in bot- any, is one having the pulp of a close, firm texture. 2, Composing; consisting. A wandering fire, Compact of unctuous vapor. Multon. This sense is not common. [See the verb.] Com- pact seems to be used for compacted. So in the fol- lowing example. 3. Joined ; held together. [Little used.] A pipe of seven reeds, compact with wax together. Peacham. 4. Brief; close; pithy; not diffuse; not verbose ; as, a compact discourse. COMPACT, xn. [L. compactum.) An agreement; a contract between parties; a word that may be applied, in a general sense, to any covenant or contract between individuals; but it is more generally applied to agreements between na- tions and states, as treaties and confederacies. So the constitution of the United States is a political contract between the States; a national compact. Or the word is applied to the agreement of the individu- als of a community. The law of nations depends on mutual compacts, treaties, leagues, &c. Blackstone. In the beginnings of speech there was an implicit compact, founded on common consent. 0 €OM-PA€T’, v. t. To thrust, drive, or press closely together; to join firmly; to consolidate ; to make close ; as the parts which compose a body. Now the bright sun compacts the precious stone. Blackmore. This verb is not much used. The participle is more frequent ; as, the earth’s compacted sphere. Roscommon. The solids are more strict and compacted, Arbuthnot. 9. To unite or connect firmly, as in a system. The whole body fitly joined together and compacted, — Eph. iy. 3. To league with. Thou pernicious woman, Compact with her that’s gone. Shak. 4. To compose or make out of. Ifhe, compact of jars, grow musical. Shak. In the two last examples, compact is used for com- pacted. €OM-PACT’ED, pp. or a. or connected. €OM-PA€T’ED-LY, adv. Ina compact manner. €0M-PA€T’ED-NESS, n. A state of being compact ; firmness ; closeness of parts ; density, whence results hardness. Dighy. €OM-PA€T/ER, x. One who makes a compact. €OM-PA€T'I-BLE, a. That may be joined. €O0M-PAET/ING, ppr. Uniting closely ; consolidating. €OM-PA€!TION, n. The act of making compact; or the state of being compact. Bacon. €OM-PA€T'LY, adv. Closely; densely ; with close union of parts. €0M-PA€T’NESS, z. Firmness ; close union of parts ; density. oyle. €OM-PA€T’URE, x. Close union or connection of parts ; structure well connected ; manner of joining. penser. €OM-PA/GES, n. [L.] A system of structure of many parts united. ay. €OM-PAG-IN-A/TION, n. [L. compago. See Com- PACT. Union of parts; structure ; connection ; context- ure. [JZittle wsed.] Brown. €0M/PA-NA-BLE, a. Companionable. [ Obs.] €0OM/PA-NA-BLE-NESS, x. Sociableness. [ Obs.] Sidney. [ Obs.] Bacon. Sociableness. A Obs] Bp. Hall. Pressed close ; firmly united €OM-PAN'I-A-BLE, a. Social. €OM-PAN/I-A-BLE-NESS, 2. exchange, Brown. €OM-MUTE!, v.t [. commuto; con and muto, to change. See Murase and Muration.] €OM/PA-NI-ED, pp. Associated with ; attended. der. €0M-PAN/ION-A-BLE, a. €0M-PAN/ION-A-BLY, adv. r €OM-PAN/ION-LESS, a. Having no companion. €OM-PAN/ION-SHIP, 7. €OM’PA-NY, (kum/pa-ne,) x. COM Arm. compaignun ; It. compagno; Sp. companero; Port. companheiro ; Ir. companach. See Company | 1. One who keeps company with another; one with whom a person frequently associates and con- verses. ‘‘It differs from friend,’ says Johnson, ‘‘ as acquaintance from confidence.” ‘The word does not necessarily imply friendship; but a companion is often or generally 2 friend. A companior: of fools shall be destroyed. — Prov. xiii. 9. One who accompanies another ; as two persons meeting casually and traveling together are called companions. So soldiers are called companions in 3. A partner; an associate. {arms. Epaphroditus, my brother, and companton in labor, and fellow- soldier. — Phil. ii. 4, A fellow ; a mate. | 5, A termsometimes applied toa knight ; in distinc- | tion from the knights commanders of the same order. | | Shak. 6. A sort of wooden porch, placed over the en- trance or staircase of the cabin, in merchant ships. Hence the cabin stairs are called the companion-way, and the ladder by which officers ascend to and de- scend from the quarter deck is called the companion lad Mar. Dict. Fit for good fellowship ; qualified to be agreeable Im company ; sociable ; agreeable as a companion. Clarendon. In a companionable manner. Fellowship ; association. | Shak. Sak. [It. compagnia; Sp. | compania; Port. companhia; Fr. compagnie; not from } cum and panis, bread, a mess or number of men eat- ing together, as is commonly supposed; but from | | 2. Company ; train. cum and pannus, cloth, Teutonic faline or vaan, a flag. The word denotes a band or number of men under | one flag or standard. What decides this question is, the Spanish mode of writing the word with x tilde, titled n, compania, for this is the manner of writing pano, cloth; whereas pants, bread, is written pan. The orthography of the word in the other languages | is confirmatory of this opinion.] | 1. In military afairs, the soldiers united under the command of a captain; a subdivision of a regiment, | consisting usually of a number from sixty toone hun- | dred men. But the number is indefinite. } 2. Any assemblage of persons; a colleuvion of men, | or other animals, in a very indefinite sense. It may be applied to a small number, or any miultitude what- ever; as in Scripture we read of a company of priests, a company of prophets, and an innumerable company | of angels; also, a company of horses. 3. An assemblage of persons for entertainment or festivity ; a party collected by invitation or other- wise. 4, Persons that associate with others for conversa- tion or pleasure ; society ; as, let your children keep good company. 5. The state of being a companion; the act of ac- companying; fellowship; society; as, we cannot enjoy the company of licentious men. I will keep thee company. Dryden. 6. A number of persons united for the same pur- pose, or in a joint concern; as, a company of mer- chants or mechanics; a company of players. The word is applicable to private partnerships or to incor- porated bodies of men. Hence it may signify a firm, house, or partnership; or a corporation ; as, the East India Company, a banking or insurance company. 7. The crew of a ship, including the officers ; also, a fleet. To bear company; to accompany ; to attend ; to go with; denoting a temporary association. His faithful dog shall bear him company. To keep company ; to accompany ; to attend ; also, to associate with frequently or habitually ; hence, to frequent public houses, Prov. xxix. €OM'PA-NY, v. t. To accompany ; to attend ; to go with ; to be companion to. [But Accomrany is gen- erally used.] €OM/PA-NY, v. 2 the company of. I wrote you not to company with fornicators. — 1 Cor. v. 2. To be a gay companion. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To have commerce with the other sex. Bp. Hall. €OM/PA-NY-ING, ppr. Associating with; accompa- nying ; attending. €OM/PA-RA-BLE, a. [L. comparabilis. See Comrs RE. | That may be compared; worthy of comparison ; being of equal regard; that may be estimated as equal. There is no blessing of Jife comparable to the enjoyment of a discreet and virtuous friend. Addison. The precious sons of Zion, comparable to fine gold. —Lam. iv. Pope. To associate with; to frequent €OM/PA-RA-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree wor- thy to be compared, or of equal regard. Wotton. EOM/PA-RATES, n. pl. In logic, the two things com- €OM-PAN/ION, (kom-pan'yun,) ”. [Fr. compagnon ; 30 TONE, BULL, 1JNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K: Gas J: Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. pared to one another. 233 ea ae a rea Se ReCOM €OM-PA-RA’'TION, 2x. vision. €0OM-PAR/A-TIVE, a. ‘ paratrvo ; Ir. comparatyf. See Compare. ] solute. light, when compared with iron. good or evil. as, a comparative faculty. Qu. Glanville. 3. In grammar, expressing more or less. Thecom- parative degree of an adjective expresses a greater or less degree of a quantity, or quality, than the positive; as, brighter, or more bright; smaller; Jiner ; stronger ; weaker. Comparative anatomy; that branch of anatomy which treats of the anatomy of man and of other animals in one connected view, in order to compare them, and arrive at general conclusions. Zn. Am. COM-PAR’A-TIVE, z. One who is equal, or pre- tends tobe anequal. [Wot now used.] Shak. COM-PAR’A-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina state of compa- rison; by comparison; according to estimate made by comparison; not positively, absolutely, or in it- self. A thing is comparatively heavy, when it is compared with something lessheavy. Paper is cozm- paratively light or heavy; light, when compared with lead; and heavy, when compared with air. How few, comparatively, are the instances of a wise application of time and talents! Anon. COM-PARPF’, v.t. [L. comparo, to prepare, to provide or procure, to make equal, tocompare ; con and paro, to prepare ; It. parare, todress, trim, adorn; also, to parry ; Sp. parar, to prepare, to halt, to stop, to pre- vent, to detain, to stake at cards; Port. parar, to stop or cease to go forward; tomeet or confine upon; to touch or be bounded; to tend; to drive at some end; to aim at; to come to; to hinder; to parry, or ward off; toturnor change in inclination or morals; to lay or stake, asa wager; Sp. parada, a halt, stop, pause; a fold for cattle; a relay of horses or mules; a dam or bank; a bet, Stake, or wager ; a parade, or place of exercise for troops; Port. id.; Arm. para; W.parodi,toprepare. This seems to be the x3 bava, of the Shemitic languages. The primary sense is, to throw, drive, orstrike ; hence, to drive or force off, to separate, to pare ; hence, to trim, or dress, which may be from Separating, as in the French paver des cuirs, to dress or curry leather ; or from setting off, as we express the idea, that is, by enlargement, or display ; or from setting inorder, as We Say, to fix. The sense of compare is allied to the Portuguese application of the word, to come to, to meet; and the L. par, equal, belongs to the same Lees: €OM-PARE!, v.i. To hold comparison ; to J €OM-PARE!, n. The state of being compa _— Provision; a making pro- [L. comparativus; It. com- 1. Estimated by comparison ; not positive or ab- The comparative weight of a body is that which is estimated by comparing it with the weight of another body. A body may be called heavy, when compared with a feather, which would be called | ¢9M_pa R'ED, pp. Set together and examined with So of comparative 2. Having the power of comparing different things 3| COM-PAR/ER, 7. €OM-PAR/ING, ppr. €OM-PAR/ING, n. €OM-PAR’I-SON, n. €OM-PART’, v. t. root, and seems to be included in comparo. One of the principal significations is, to stop; that is, to set ; to fix. In fencing, it is to intercept by thrusting the Weapon aside. In gaming, it is to lay or throw down. All the senses unite in that of extending, thrusting, or driving. W. par, that is, contiguous, preparedness, a pair, a fellow, Eng. peer, Li. par. The latter word seems to signify, extended, or reaching to, and to be closely allied to the Portuguese sense of contiguity, ] 1, To set or bring things together in fact or in con- templation, and to examine the relations they bear to each other, with a view to ascertain their agree- ment or disagreement ; as, to compare two pieces of cloth, two tables, i or coins; tO compare reasons and arguments ; to compare pleasure with pain. {In comparing movable things, it is customary to bring them together, for examination. In comparing things immovable or remote, and abstract ideas, we bring them together in the mind, as far as we are able, and consider them in connection. Comparison therefore is really collation, or it includes it, 2. To liken; to represent as similar, for the pur- pose of illustration. Solon compared the people to the sea, and orators and coun- sellors fo the winds; for that the sea would be calm and quiet, if the winds did not trouble it. acon. In this sense compare is followed by to. 3. To examine the relations of things to each other, with a view to discover their relative propor- tions, quantities, or qualities; as, to compare two kingdoms, or two mountains, with each other ; to compare the number ten with fifteen; to compare ice with crystal; to compare a clown with a dancing- master or a dandy. In this sense compare is followed by with. 4. In grammar, to form an adjective in the de- grees of comparison ; as, blackish, black, blacker, blackest. 5. To get; to procure; to obtain; as in Latin. Spenser. be like or equal. 2. To vie. [ Obs. Spenser, red ; com- PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —M&TE, PREY. Se several parts or subdivisions. €OM-PART’ED, pp. Divided into parts or apartments, €OM-PART/ING, ppr. P €OM-PAR-TI'TION, n, parts. of the whole groundplot of an edifice into its va- €0M/PASS-ED, (kum/past,) rious apartments, Encyc. Division ; part divided ; a separate part; as, amphitheaters needed no compartitions. Wotton. €OM-PART’ MENT, n. {Fr. compartiment ; It. compar- timento. } as of a picture, or of a groundplot. Pope. Peacham. disposed with symmetry, for ornament; as, a com- partment of tiles or bricks, duly arranged, of various colors, and varnished, to decorate a building. In war- dening, compartments are assemblages of beds, plots, borders, walks,: &c. called also a partition. €OM-PART’NER, n. A sharer, €OM’/PASS, (kum/pas,) 2. It. compasso ; Port. compasso ; con, or com, and Fr. pas, Sp. paso, It. passo, a pace or step, L. passus, which co- incides with the participle of pando, to open or stretch. (See Pace and Pass.) er. So in Spanish and Portuguese, it signifies a beat- ing of time in music.] of a space, and the Space included ; applied to time, space, sound, &c, narrow compass. compass of our thoughts. a year, the compass of an empire, the compass of rea- son, the compass of the voice. COM parative estimate; comparison ; possibility of enter- ing into comparison, or being considered as equal. Their small galleys may not hold compare With our tall ships. Waller, 2 Simile ; similitude ; illustration by comparison. Johnson. [This noun is in use, but can not be considered as elegant. respect to likeness or unlikeness, agreement or dis- agreement ; likened ; represented as similar. One who compares or makes a comparison. Examining the relations of things to each other ; likening. Act of comparing. Baxter. It. comparazione; Sp. com- paracion; Fr. comparaison; Port. comparacam ; -L. comparatio, See Compare. 1. The act of comparing; the act of considering the relation between persons or things, with a view to discover their agreement or resemblance, or their disagreement or difference. We learn to form a correct estimate of men and their actions by comparison. 2. ‘The state of being compared. If we rightly estimate what we call good and evil, we shall find it lies much in comparison. Locke, 3. Comparative estimate ; proportion. Who is left among you that saw this house in its first glory? And how do you see it now? Isit not in your eyes in comparison of it as nothing ?— Hag. ii. 4. In grammar, the formation of an adjective in its several degrees of signification ; as, strong, stronger, strongest ; greenish, green, greener, greenest ; glorious, more glorious, most glorious. In English, there are strictly four degrees of comparison o. A simile; similitude, or illustration by si- militude. Whereunto shall we liken the kingdom of God? Or with what comparison shall we compare it? — Mark iy. 6. In rhetoric, a figure by which two things are considered with regard to property or quality, which is common to them both; as, a hero is like a lion in courage, Here courage is common to hero and lion, and constitutes the point of resemblance. Encyc. The distinction between similitude and comparison is, that the former has reference to the quality ; the latter, to the gquanily. Comparison is between more and less; simili- tude is between good and bad. Hannibal — hung like ao tempest on the declivities of the Alps—is a likeness by similitude, The sublimity of the scriptural prophets ex- ceeds that of Homer, as much as thunder is louder than a whisper— is a likeness by comparison. J. Q. Adams, lect. ix. But comparison has reference to quality as well as quantity. [Fr. compartir ; It. compartire ; Sp. compartir, con, or com, and partir; L. partio, to divide. €OM’PASS, (kum’pas,) v. t. Literally, to measure with > p > Y; See Parr. To divide ; to mark out a plan or design into its Wotton. yarts. In architecture, the division or disposition 1. A division or separate part of a general design, 2. A design composed of several different figures, In heraldry, a compartment is Encyc. Pearson. A compass is a stepping togeth- 1. Stretch ; reach; extent; the limit or boundary Our knowledge lies within a very The universe extends beyond the So we say, the compass of And in that compass all the world contains, Dryden. 2. A passing round ; a circular course ; a circuit. Time is come round; And where I did begin, there shull I end: My life has run its compass. Shak €0M/PASS-BOX, (kum/pas-) n. A box fora compass. €OM’PASS-NEE’DLE, n. The needle of the compass. Dividing or disposing into| €OM/PASS-SAW, n manner. The act of dividing into €OM’/PASS-A-BLE, a. That may he compassed. ed ; inclosed ; obtained ; imagined. €OM’PASS-ES, zn. pl. from its legs ; but pair is superfluous or improper, and the singular number, compass, is the preferable name. ] figures, &c., consisting branches, made of iron, Steel, or brass, joined at the top by a rivet, on which they move. are alsO compasses of three legs, or triangular com- passes, cylindrical and spherical compasses, with four branches, and various other kinds. Encyc. €O M’PASS-ING, ppr. closing ; tending. [F'r. compas; Sp. compas; €OM-PAS/SION, (kom-pash/un,) x. Sp. compasion; Fr. compassion; Low L. compassio, compatior ; con and patior, passus, to suffer. TIENCE. ] sensation .of sorrow excite tunes of another ; pity; commiseration. 1s a mixed passion, compounded of love and SOTrOW ; at least some portion of love generally attends the pain or regret, or is excited by it. of an enemy even changes enmity into at least tem- porary affection. €OM-PAS’SION, D. t. €OM-PAS/SION-A-BLE, hak. tle used. They fetched a compass of seven days’ journey. —2 Kings iil. €OM-PAS/SION-ATE, a. 2Sam.yv. Acts xxviii, ~ 934 sition to pity; inclined to show mercy ; merciful ; — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MSVE, WOLF, BOOK. — COM 3. Moderate bounds ; limits of truth ; moderation , due limits. In two hundred years, (I speak within compass,) no such commission had been executed. Davie. This sense is the same as the first, and the peculiar force of the phrase lies in the word within. 4. The extent or limit of the voice, or of sound. [See No. 1.] o. An instrument, often called the mariner?s com- pass, used for directing or ascertaining the course of ships at sea. It consists of a circular box, containing a paper card marked with the thirty-two points of di- rection, and fixed on a magnetic needle, that always points to the north, the variation excepted. The nee- dle, with the card attached to it, turns on a pin in the center of the box. The box is covered with glass, to prevent the motion of the card from being disturbed by the wind, and is so suspended as to remain al- ways in an horizontal position, notwithstanding the motion of the ship. Encyc, 6. An instrument used in surveying land, con- structed, in the main, like the mariner’s compass ; but with this difference, that the needle is not fitted into the card, moving with it, but plays alone; the card being drawn on the bottom of the box, and a circle divided into 360 degrees on the limb. This in- strument is used in surveying land, and in directing travelers in a desert or forest, miners, &c. Encyc. acompass. Hence, 1. ‘l'o stretch round; to extend so as to embrace the whole: hence, to inclose, encircle, grasp, or seize ; as, to compass with the arms. 2. To surround; to environ; to inclose on all Sides ; sometimes followed by around, round, or about. Now, all the blessings Of a glad father compass thee about. Shak. With favor wilt thou compass him as with a shield. — Ps, v. The willows of the brook compass bim about. —Job x1. 3. To go or walk round. Ye shall compass the city—and the seventh day ye shall compass the cily seven times. — Josh. vi. For ye compass sea and land. — Matt. xxiii, 4. To besiege; to beleaguer; to block up. This is not a different sense, but a particular appli- cation Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round, and keep thee in on every side. — Luke xix, 5. To obtain; to attain to; to procure ; to bring within one’s power; to accomplish. If I can check my erring love, I will; If not, to compass her J’Il use my skill. ; How can you hope to compass your designs? Shak. Denhain. 6. To purpose ; to intend ; to imagine; to plot ; to contrive ; as we say, to go about to perform, but in mind only ; as, to compass the death of the king. Compassing and imagining the death of the king are synony- mous terms ; compass signifying the purpose or design of the mind or will, and not, as in common speech, the carrying such design to effect. Blackstone, - A saw that cuts ina circular Burke. pp. Embraced ; surround- [Ora pair of compasses, sonamed An instrument for describing circles, measuring of two pointed legs or ‘There Embracing ; going round ; In- obtaining ; accomplishing ; imagining ; in- 2. In ship-building, incurvated ; arched. Mar. Dict. [It. compassione ; See Pa- A suffering with another; painful Sympathy ; a d by the distress or misfor- Compassion Extreme distress He, being full of compassion, forgave their iniquity. — Ps, XXVill. His father had compassion, and ran, ahd fell on his neck, and Kissed him. — Luke xv. To pity. [Not used.] Shak. a Deserving of pity. [ Zit- arrow, Having a temper or dispo- —————— RDA Se FD ici uiaeg Boshi ERR ISre ee COM having a heart that is tender, and easily moved by the distresses, sufferings, wants, and infirmities of others. not also tender and compassionate, 0 €OM-PAS'SION-ATE, v. t. To pity ; to commiserate ; to have compassion for. Compassionates my pains, and pities me, Addison. €OM-PAS/SION-A-TED, pp. Pitied. €OM-PAS/SION-ATE-LY, adv. WVith compassion ; mercifully. Clarendon. €0OM-PAS/SION-ATE-NESS, m. The quality of be- ing compassionate. €OM-PAS/SION-A-TING, ppr. Having pity on ; com- miserating. €0M/PASS-LESS, a. Having no compass. Knowles. €OM-PA-TERN/LTY, x. [con and paternity.] The relation of a godfather to the person for whom he an- swers. avies. €OM-PAT-I-BIL'L-TY, n. [See Compatisre.] Con- sistency ; the quality or power of coéxisting with something else ; suitableness; as, a compatibility of tempers. €OM-PAT'LBLE, a. [Fr. compatible ; Sp. id.; Port. compativel ; from the L. competo, to sue or seek for the same thing, to agree ; con and peto, to seer Consistent ; that may exist with ; suitable ; not incongruous; agreeable; followed by with; some- times by to, but less properly. The poets have joined qualities which by nature are! the most compatible. roome. The office of a legislator and of a judge are deemed not co7n- pauble. To pardon offenders is not always compatible with public safety. €OM-PAT'I-BLE-NESS, 7. Consistency; fitness ; agreement; the same aS CoMPATIBILITY, which is generally used. €OM-PAT'I-BLY, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; consistently. €OM-PA/TIENT, (-shent,) a. [L. con and patior. | Suffering together [Little used.] Buck. €OM-PA/TRI-OT or COM-PAT/RI-OT, n. [It. com- patriotta; Sp. compatriota ; con, OF com, and patriot. | One of the same country, and having like interests and feelings. urke. €OM-PA/TRLOT or €OM-PAT/RI-OT, a. Of the Akenside. same country. €0OM-PA/TRLOT-ISM or €OM-PAT’RI-OT-ISM, zx. Fellow-patriotism. €OM-PEER!, n. [L. compar; con and par, equal. See Bees , An equal; a companion ; an associate ; a mate. Philips. €OM-PEER/, v.t. To equal; to match; to be equal Shak. with. €OM-PEER!,v. i. [L. compareo.] To appear. [Obs.] €OM-PBL’, v. t. [L. compello, compellere ; con and pello, to drive ; Sp. compeler ; Port. compellir. See Peat and AprrEAu.] 1. To drive or urge with force, or irresistibly ; to constrain ; to oblige ; to necessitate, either by phys- ical or moral force; as, circumstances compel us to practice economy. Thou shalt not compel him to serve a5 bond servant. — Levit. XXV. And they compel one Simon to bear his cross. — Mark xv. Go out into the highways and hedges, and compel them to come in, that my house may be filled. — Luke xiv. 2. To force; to take by force or violence ; to seize. The subjects’ grief Comes through commissions, which compel from each A sixth part of his substance. [This sense is harsh, and not very common. | Johnson. 3. To drive together ; to gather; to unite in a crowdor company. A Latinism ; compellere pregem. Shak. In one troop compelled. Dryden. 4. To seize; to overpower ; to hold. And casy sleep their weary limbs compelled. Dryden. [ Unusual. ] 5. To.call forth; L. compellere. [Obs.] Spenser. €OM-PEL’LA-BLE, a. That may be driven, forced, or constrained. €OM-PEL’LA-BLY, adv. By compulsion. €OM-PEL-LA/TION, n. [L. compellatio ; compello, compellare, the same word as the preceding, applied to the voice ; to send or drive out the voice. } Aceremonious appellation ; the word of salutation. The compellation of the kings of France is by sire. Temple. €OM-PEL’/LA-TO-RY, a. Compulsive. €O0M-PEL'LED, pp. Forced ; constrained ; obliged. €OM-PEL/LER, z. One who compels or constrains. €OM-PEL/LING, ppr. Driving by force; constrain- ing ; obliging. €OM/PEND, €0M-PEND’/I-UM, In literature, an abridgment; a summary; an epitome ; a brief compilation or composition, con- taining the principal heads, or general principles, of m ([L. compendium.] €OM-PEND-I-A/RLOUS, a. Short; contracted. [Zit- €OM-PEN There never was a heart truly great and generous, that was South. | © €OM-PEND'I-OUS-LY, adv. €OM-PEND/I-OUS-NESS, x. €OM-PEN/SATE or €OM'PEN-SATE, ». t To COM tle used. | D/I-ATE, v. t. Tosum or collect together. Not used. | M-PEND’I-OUS, a. Short ; summary ; abridged ; comprehensive ; containing the substance or general principles of a subject or work in a narrow compass 5 as, a compendious system of chemistry ; a compendi- ous grammar. 9. Short; direct; near; not circuitous; as, a com- endious way to acquire science. In-a short or brief man- ner ; summarily ; in brief; in epitome. The substance of Christian belief is compendiously expressed in a few articles. Anon. Shortness ;_ brevity ; comprehension in a narrow compass. entley. €OM-PENS/A-BLE, a. [See ComrrensaTe.] That , may be compensated. [bitte used.] suitably ; reasonably ; as, the fact has been compe- €OM-PEN’SATE or €OM/PEN-SATE, v. t. [L. com- tently proved - a church is competently endowed. penso ; con and penso, to prize or value, from pendo, €OM-PET'LBLE, a. [Wot now used.] See Com- to weigh, to value. See PenpEnT.] RATE ERs oe eae ee 1. To give equal value to; to recompense ; to give €OM-PET/ING, ppr. Striving in rivalry. €OM-PE-TI//TION, (kom-pe-tish/un,) n [Low L. an equivalent for services, or an amount lost or be- stowed ; to return or bestow that which makes good a loss, or is estimated a sufficient remuneration ; as, to compensate a laborer for his work, or a merchant for his losses. 2. To be equivalent in value or effect to; to coun- terbalance ; to make amends for. The length of the night and the dews do compensate the heat of the day. Bacon The pleasures of sin never compensate the sinner for the mis- eries he sufters, even in this life. Anon. make amends ; to supply an equivalent ; followed by for; as, nothing can compensate for the loss of reputation. This word is generally accented on the second syl- by the feebleness of the last syllables in the parti- ciples compen! sated, compensating. Each seeming want compensated of course. With the primary accent on the first syllable, and the secondary accent on the third, this defect, and the difficulty of uttering distinctly the last syllables, are remedied. €OM-PEN/SA-TED or €OM/PEN-SA-TED, pp. Rec- ompensed; supplied with an equivalent in amount or effect ; rewarded. €OM-PEN/SA-TING or €OM’PEN-SA-TING, ppr. Giving an equivalent ; recompensing ; remunerating ; making good a deficiency. €OM-PEN-SA’/TION, n. That which is given or re- ceived as an equivalent for services, debt, want, loss, or suffering ; amends ; remuneration ; recompense. Allother debts may compensation find. Dryden. The pleasures of life are no compensation for the loss of divine fayor and protection. 9. That which supplies the place of something else, or makes good a deficiency. Paley. 3. In law, a set-off ; the payment of debt by a credit of equal amount. €OM-PEN/SA-TIVE, «@. pensation. €0M-PEN/SA-TO-RY, a. making amends. €OM-PENSE’, (kom-pens’,) v.t. To recompense ; found in Bacon, but not now in use. { delay. €OM-PE-REN/DI-NATE, v.t. [L. comperendino.| ‘To €O0M-PETE’, v. i. [IL. competo ; con and peto. | 1. Toseek, or strive for the same thing as another ; to carry on competition or rivalry. Our manufacturers compete with-the English in making cotton cloths. 9, To strive or claim to be equal. The sages of antiquity will not dare to compete with the in- spired authors. Milner. €OM/PE-TENGE, ) x. [L. competens, competo, to be €0M/PE-TEN-CY, meet or fit; con and peto, to seek ; properly, to press, urge, or come to.] Primarily, fitness ; suitableness ; convenience. Hence, 1. Sufficiency ; such a quantity as is sufficient ; property or means of subsistence sufficient to fur- nish the necessaries and conveniences of life, with- out superfluity. Reason’s whole pleasure, all the Joys of sense, Lie in three words — health, peace, and competence. Pope. 9. Sufficiency, applied to other things than prop- erty ; but this application ts less cOmmon. 3. Legal capacity or qualifications ; fitness ; as, the competence of a Witness, which consists in his having the qualifications required by law, as age, soundness of mind, impartiality, &c. 4. Right or authority 5 legal power or capacity to take cognizance of a cause; as, the competence of a judge or court to examine and decide. Kent. 5, Fitness; adequacy ; suitableness ; legal suffi- ciency ; as, the competency of evidence. Sewall. Pope. Making amends or com- Serving for compensation ; €0OM!/PE-TENT-LY, adv. lable, most unfortunately, as any ear will determine , ai 1 €OM-PET’/L-TOR, 2. COM lowed by to; as, competent supplies of food and cloth- ing; a competent force ; an army competent to the preservation of the kingdom or state; a competent knowledge of the world. This word usually implies a moderate supply, a sufficiency without superfluity. 2. Qualified ; fit; having legal capacity or power ; as, a competent judge or court; a competent witness. In a judge or court, it implies right or authority to hear and determine ; in a witness, it implies a legal right or capacity to testify. 3. Incident; belonging; having adequate power or right. That is the privilege of the infinite Author of things, who never slumbers nor sleeps, but is not competent to any finite being. Locke. It is not competent to the defendant to allege fraud in the plaintiff. Sufficiently ; adequately ; competitio.| See Compete and CoMPETENCE. 1. The act of seeking, or endeavoring to gam, what another is endeavoring to gain at the same time ; rivalry; mutual strife for the same object ; also, strife for superiority ; as, the competition of two candidates for an office, or of two poets for superior reputation. 9. A state of rivalship; a state of having equal claims. A portrait, with which one of Titian’s could not come in competition. D. Te 3. Double claim; claim of more than one to the saine thing; formerly with to, now with for. Competition to the crown there is none, nor can be. Bacon, There is no competition but for the second place. Dryden. One who seeks and endeavors to obtain what another seeks; or one who claims what another claims; a rival. They can not brook competitors in love. 2. An opponent. €OM-PET’I-TO-RY, a. Rivaling ; acting in compe- tition. 43 Dangers of the Country. M-PET’I- SS . CO eRe ? n. A female competitor. €OM-PI-LA/TION, n. [See Compire.] 1. A collection of certain parts of a book or books into a separate book or pamphlet. 2. A collection or assemblage of other substances ; or the act of collecting and forming an aggregate, Woodward. €OM-PI-LA’TOR, n. A collector. [ot used.] Chaucer. €OM-PILE’, v. t. [L. compilo, to pilfer or plunder; con and pilo, to pillage, to peel, and to drive close ; compilatio, a pillaging ; It. compilare; Fr. compiler ; Sp. and Port. compilar. The L. pilo is the English to peel, to strip ; but pilo, to make thick, or drive to- gether, is the Gr. zihow, lanas cogo, coarcto, consti- po. Compile is probably from peeling, picking out, selecting, and putting together. } 1. To collect parts or passages of books or writings into a book or pamphlet ; to select and put together parts of an author, or to collect parts of different au- thors ; or to collect and arrange separate papers, laws, or customs, in a book, code, or system. 2, To write; to compose. In poetry, they compile the praises of virtuous men and ac- tions. Temple. Shak. Shak. 3. To contain; to comprise. [JVot wsed.] Spenser. 4, To make up; to compose. [JVot used.| Shak. 5. To put together ; to build. [Not used.] Spenser. €OM-PIL'ED, pp. Collected from authors ; selected and put together. €OM-PILE/MENT, zn. The act of piling together or heaping ; coacervation. [Little used.] Woodward. €OM-PIL/ER, x. A collector of parts of authors, or of separate papers OF accounts ; one who forms a book or composition from various authors or separate pa- pers. Bacon. Swift. €OM-PIL/ING, ppr-. Collecting and arranging parts of books, or separate papers, in a body or compo- sition. €OM-PLA'CENCE, )n. {[L. complacens, complaceo ; €0M-PLA/CEN-CY, eon and placeo, to please ; Fr. complaire, complatsant ; It. compiacere, compiacente ; Sp. complacer.| 1. Pleasure ; satisfaction ; gratification. It is more than approbation, and less than delight or joy. Others proclaim the infirmities of a great man with satisfaction and complacency, if they discover none of the like in themselves. Addison. 2, The cause of pleasure or joy. Ailton. 3. Complaisance ; civility ; softness of manners ; deportment and address that afford pleasure. Complacency, and truth, and manly sweetness, Dwell ever on his tongue, and mee bh his OE : €OM'PE-TENT, a. Suitable ; fit ; convenient ; hence, a larger work or system. sufficient, that is, fit for the purpose ; adequate ; fol- ddison. In the latter sense, CoMPLaisANve, from the French, is now used. [See CoMPLAISANUE. | a ———$<$<$—$_$_ —— CH as SH: FH as in THIS. | TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; ——————————— Se 230 - o Ce ane a s - y As on Drs aaa mA Be a| | ' 3 | | | { } €OM-PLALN’, ». t. €0M-PLAIN/A-BLE, a. €OM-PLAIN/ANT, n. €OM-PLAIN/ER, n. One who complains, or expresses COM €OM-PLA/CENT, a. Civil; complaisant. They look up with a sort of complacent awe to SEE Ss €OM-PLA-CEN’TIAL, a. Marked by complacence ; accommodating. Ch. Relig. Appeal. €OM-PLA-CEN’TIAL-LY, adv. Ina complacential or accommodating manner. €OM-PLA'CENT-LY, adv. manner. €OM-PLAIN’, v. i [Fr. complaindre ; con, OF com, and plaindre, plaint, to lament, to bewail; Sp. planir ; It. compagnere, OY compiangere; from the L. plango, to strike, to lament. If is not radical, the original word was plago, coinciding with plaga, Gr. rAyyn. But this is doubtful. The primary sense is to drive, whence to strike and to lament, that is, to strike the hands or breasts, as In extreme grief, or to drive forth the voice, as in appello.]} : lj. To utter expressions of grief; to lament. Softly ; in a complacent I will complain in the bitterness of my spirit. — Job vii. be I complained, and my spirit was overwhelined. — Ps. Ixxyii. 2. To utter expressions of censure or resentment ; to murmur; to find fault. And when the people complained, it displeased the Lord. — Num. xi 3. To utter expressions of uneasiness or pain. complains of thirst. He complains of a headache. 4. To charge ; to accuse of an offense ; to present an accusation against a person to a proper officer. To A B, one of the justices of the peace for the county of S, complains C D. This verb is regularly followed by of, before the cause of grief or censure ; as, to complain of thirst, of ignorance, of vice, of an offender. : 5. To represent injuries, particularly in a writ of audita querela, He To lament ; to bewail. Dan, Civ. War. This use of complain is uncommon, and hardly le- gitimate, The phrase is properly elliptical. That may be complained of. Feltham. They might the grievance inwardly complain. JVot in use. : [Fr. complatenant.} 1. A prosecutor ; one who prosecutes by complaint, or commences a legal prooess against an offender for the recovery of a right or penalty. He shall forfeit one moiety to the use of the town, and the other moiety to the use of the complainant. Siat. of Massachusetts, 2. The plaintiff in a writ of audita querela. bid. grief ; one who laments ; one who finds fault ; a mur- murer. These are murmurers, complainers, walking after their own 16. Justs. — Jude €OM-PLAIN’FUL, a. Full of complaint. [vot used.) COM-PLAIN'ING, ppr. or a. Expressing grief, sor- COM rior acts of civility ; as, the gentleman received us with complaisance. 2. Condescension ; obliging compliance with the wishes or humors of others. In complaisance poor Cupid mourned. Prior. principle for the act. Your Pop esac ee will not permit your guests to be incom- moded, non. €OM/PLAI-SANT, (kom/pla-zant,) a. Pleasing in man- ners ; courteous ; obliging ; desirous to please ; as, a complaisant gentleman. 2. Civil; courteous ; polite ; as, complaisant deport- ment or treatment. OOM'PLAI-SANT-LY, (kom/’pla-zant-ly,) adv. In a pleasing manner; with civility; with an obliging, affable address or deportment. — Pope. €OM’PLAI-SANT-NESS, n. Civility ; complaisance. [ Little wsed. €OM’/PLA-NATE, a. plates. €OM!/PLA-NATE, ) ». t. €OM-PLANE’, $ PLAIN. ] To make level ; to reduce to an even surface. Derham. €OM’/PLA-NA-TED, ) pp. Planed to an even sur- €OM-PLAN’ED, } face. €OM’/PLA-NA-TING, ppr. Reducing to a level sur- Flat or laminate ; having thin [L. complano; con and pla- nus, plain. See Prange and €OM-PLAN/ING, face. €OM/PLE-MENT, x. [L. complementum, from compleo, to fill; con and pleo, to fill. Literally, a filling. ] I. Fullness ; completion ; whence, perfection. They, as they feasied, had their fill, Por a full complement of all their il. Hub. Tales. 2. Full quantity or number; the quantity or num- ber limited ; as, a company has its complement of men ; a ship has its complement of stores. 3, ‘That which is added, not as necessary, but as ornamental ; something adventitious to the main thing; ceremony. [See CoMPLIMENT.] Gamished and decked in modest complement. Shak. 4. In trigonometry, the complement of an arc or an- gle, is the difference between the arc or angle and ninety degrees. Thus, if the arc taken is thirty de- grees, its complement is sixty. Day. Do. In geometry, the complements of a parallelogram are the two spaces which, with the parallelograms about the diagonal, make up or complete the whole parallelogram. Brande. 6. In astronomy, complement is used to denote the distance of a star from the zenith. Barlow. 7, Arithmetical complement of a number, is the dif- ference between the number and 10, 100, 1000, &c. Its principal use is in working proportions by loga- rithms, Day. 3. Desire of pleasing; disposition to oblige; the COM €OM-PLETE/NESS, n. perfection. Watts. plishing. €OM-PLE’TION, n. Fulfillment ; accomplishment. There was a full, entire harmony and consent in the divine predictions, receiving their completion in Christ. South. to the university for the completion of his education or studies. ' €0M-PLE’TIVE, a. Filling; making complete. €OM-PLEX’/ION-AL, a. Harris. €OM-PLE/TO-RY, a, Fulfilling ; accomplishing. Barrow. €OM-PLE/TO-RY, n. The evening service ; the com- plin of the Roman Catholic church. Hooper. €OM/PLEX, a. [L. .complexus, €OM-PLEX’/ED, (kom-plekst’,) complex, embra- cing, from complector, to embrace; con and plecto, to Weave, or twist; Gr. mexw; L. plico; W. plyzu; Arm. plega; Fr. plier; It. piegare; Sp. plegar; D. plooyen, to fold, bend, or double. } 1. Composed of two or more parts or things ; com- posite ; not simple; including two or more particu- lars connected ; as, a complex being ; a complex idea ; a complex term. Ideas made up of several simple ones, I call complez ; such as beauly, gratitude, a man, the universe. ocke. 2. Involved ; difficult ; as, a complex subject. €OM’PLEX, zn. Assemblage ; collection; complica- tion. [Little used.] This parable of the wedding supper comprehends in it the whole complez of all the blessings and privileges of the gospel. South €OM-PLEX’ED-NESS, x. Complication; involution of parts in one integra); compound state ; as, the complexedness of moral ideas. cke, €OM-PLEX'ION, (kom-plex’yun,) n. A complex State ; condition; as, to this complerion we must come at Jast. [Little used.) Shak. 2. The color of the skin, particularly of the face ; the color of the external parts of a body or thing; as, a fair complexion ; a dark complexion; the complexion of the sky. 3. The temperament, habitude, or natural disposi- tion of the body ; the peculiar cast of the constitu- tion, which gives it a particular physical character ; a medical term, but used to denote character or descrip- tion ; as, men of this or that complezion. "Tis ill, though different your complezions are ; The family of heaven for men should war, Dryden. Depending on or pertaining to complexion ; as, complexional efflorescences ; com- plexional prejudices. Brown. Fiddes, €OM-PLEX/ION-AL-LY, adv. By complexion. Brown. row, or censure ; finding fault ; murmuring ; lament- ilies: €OM-PLAIN‘ING, n. €OM-PLAINT’, n. i €OM/PLAI-SANCE, (kom/pla-zans,) n. [ Fr. complai- be ing ; accusing of an offense. The expression of regret, sor- row, or injury. [Fr. complainte ; It. compianto.] 1. Expression of grief, regret, pain, censure, or re- sentment ; lamentation ; murmuring ; a finding fault. Even to-day is my complaint bitter. —Job xxiii, I mourn in my complaint, and make a noise. — Ps. ly, The Jews laid many and grievous complaints against Paul. — Acts xxv, I find no catise of complaint. Hooker, 2. The cause or subject of complaint, or murmur- ing. The poverty of the clergy hath been the complaint of all who wish well to the church. Swift. 3. ‘The cause of complaint, or of pain and uneasi- ness, in the body; a malady; a disease 3 usually ap- plied to disorders not violent; as, a complaint in the bowels or breast. 4. Accusation; a charge against an offender, made by a private person or informer to a justice of the peace, or other proper officer, alleging that the of- fender has violated the law, and claiming the pen- alty due to the prosecutor. It differs from an infor- mation, which is the prosecution of an offender by the attorney or solicitor-general; and from a present- ment and.indictment, which are the accusation of a grand jury. 5. Representation of injuries, in a general gense ; and appropriately, in a writ of audita querela. sance, from complaisant, the participle of complaire ; con, or com, and plaire, to please, whence plaisant, pleasing, plaisir, pleasure, L. placeo, placere, the in- finitive changed into plaire; It. compiacenza, from compiacere, piacere ; Sp. complacencia, complacer. This is the same word as complacence; the latter we have from the Latin orthography. This word affords an example of a change of a palatal letter, in the Latin, into a sibilant, in French ; c into s.] 1. A pleasing deportment; courtesy ; that manner of address and behavior, in social intercourse, which gives pleasure ; civility ; obliging condescension ; kind and affable reception and treatment of guests ; exte- €OM-PLE-MENT’AL, a. €OM-PLE-MENT’A-RY, m. One skilled in compli- €OM-PLETE’, a. €OM-PLETE’ €OM-PLET’ED, pp. Finished €OM-PLETE/LY, adv a Swift. COM-PLETE’MENT, n. The act of completing; a finishing. yden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PIN eee SE a 8. In fortification, the complement of the curtain, is that part in the interior side which makes the demi- gorge. Filling ; supplying a de- ficiency ; completing. ments. _[NVot wn use.) B, Jonson. [. completus, from compleo; con and pleo, inusit., to fill; It. compiere. The Greek has ™\aq@,to approach, to fill, contracted from TéAaa), the primary sense of which is, to thrust or drive ; and if the Latin pleo is from the Greek, which is probable, then the original orthography was peleo, compeleo; in which case r\aw, re\aw, pleo, is the same word as the English fill, The Greek 1\74w is said to bea de- rivative, Literally, filled ; full. 1. Having no deficiency ; perfect. And ye are complete in him who is the head of all principality and power, — Col. fi. 2. Finished ; ended ; concluded 3 as, the edifice is complete. This course of vanity almost complete. In strict propriety, this word admits of no compar- ison ; for that which is complete, can not be more or less so. But as the word, like many others, is used With some indefiniteness of signification, it is cus- tomary to qualify it with more, most, less, and least. More complete, most complete, less complete, are common expressions. 3. In botany, a complete flower is one furnished with a calyx and corolla. Vaillant. Or having all the parts of a flower. Martyn. , v £. To finish; to end; to perfect; as, to complete a bridge or an edifice ; to complete an education. 2. To fill desires. 3. To fulfill; to accomplish; to perform ; as, the prophecy of Daniel is completed. ; ended ; perfected ; ful- Prior. 3 to accomplish ; as, to complete hopes or filled ; accomplished Fully ; pertectly ; entirely. jon, or to the care of it. Taylor. €OM-PLEX/ION-ED, (kom-plex/yund,) a, Having a certain temperament or state. Addison. €OM-PLEX’I-TY, n. The state of being complex ; complexness. Burke. €OM’/PLEX-LY, adv. €0OM’/PLEX-NESS, n. €OM-PLEX’URB, n. €OM-PLI’/A-BLE, a, €OM-PLY/ANCE, n. [See Comrry.] The act of com- €OM-PLI/ANT, a. €OM-PLY/ANT-LY, ado. €OM/PLI-CA-CY, n. €OM’/PLL€ATE, v. t. €OM-PLEX’ION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to the complex- In a complex manner; not sim- ply. The state of being complex or Smith. The involution or complication of one thing with others. [See Comrry.] That can bend Milton, involved. or yield. plying ; a yielding, as to a request, wish, desire, de- mnand, or proposal ; concession ; submission. Let theking meet compliance in your looks, A free and ready yielding to his wishes, 2. A disposition to yield to others. He was a man of few words and great compliance. tarendon. 3. Obedience; followed by with; as, compliance with a command or precept. 4. Performance; execution; as, a compliance with the conditions of a contract. Yielding ; bending ; as, the com- [See Puranr, which is generally Milton. ; civil ; obliging. In a yielding manner, A state of being complex or in- Rowe. pliant boughs. used. 2. Yielding to request or desire tricate, The state of being complete ; €OM-PLET’ING, ppr. Finishing ; perfecting ; accom- 2. Act of completing ; state of being complete ; ut- most extent ; perfect state ; as, the gentleman went Mitford, [L. complico; con and plico, to fold, weave, or knit. See ag 1. Literally, to interweave ; to fold and twist to- gether. Hence, to make complex ; to involve; to en- tangle ; to unite or connect mutually or intimately, as different things or parts; followed by with. Our offense against God hath been complicated with injury to men, Tillotson, So we say, a complicated disease 3 a complicated affair. Commotion in the parts may complicate and dispose them after the manner requisite to make them stick. Boyle. 2. To make intricate. E, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DSVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — oomenenimciioe-« Fa gs) 5, MOREE Em)= | | €OM'PLLEATE, a. more parts united. COM they are separate and distinct in right. glume or chaff in some grasses. or parts united. €OM/PLI-CATE-LY, adv. €0M/PLI-CATE-NESS, x. €OM/PLLEA-TING, ppr. uniting €OM-PLL-€A/TION, 7. plexity and complications. or interwoven, or mutually united. } | | | | €OMPLLEA-TIVE, 4. volve. €OM’/PLICE, (-plis,) 7. Sp. id. ; L. complico, complicitum, complices. | PLIcATE and ComPLex. | | accomplice. The latter is now used. PLICE. | Shak. €OM-PLIC/I-TY, (-plis’e-te,) . complice. ee used, €0M-PLIED, pret. of Comey. €OM-PLIVER, n. yielding temper. €OM/PLI-MENT, 7. CoMPLeETe. } fricu— | Ee observed few compliments in matter of arms. 9, A present or favor bestowed. me ii compliment of Homer’s Iliad. | COMPLEMENT, v. ¢. Monarchs Should compliment their foes, and shun their friends. Prior. Po She compliments Menelaus very handsomely. 2, To congratulate ; as, to compliment a prince on the birth of a son. 3. To bestow a present; to manifest kindness or regard for, by a present or other favor; as, he com- i vlimented us with tickets for the exhibition. i| GOM/PLI-MENT, v. 7. | é ceremony, or ceremonious language. I make the interlocutors, upon occasion, com, nliment with each ? ? - Boyle, Expressive of civility or other. €OM-PLIL-MENT‘AL, a. respect ; implying compliments. and such froth. €OM-PLI-MENT/AL-LY, adv. Languages grow rich and abundant in complimental phrases, Volton. a person of ready compliance; a man of a Complex ; composed of two or Though the particular actions of war are complicate in fact, yet Bacon. L 2. In botany, folded together, as the valves of the Martyn. €0M'PLI-GA-TED, pp. ora. Interwoven ; entangled ; involved ; intricate ; composed of two or more things Tn a complex manner. The state of being com- plicated ; involution ; intricacy ; perplexity. ale. Interweaving ; infolding ; The act of interweaving, or involving two or more things or parts ; the state of being interwoven, involved, or intimately blended. The notions of a confused knowledge are always full of per- Wilkins. 2. The integral, consjsting of many things involved By admitting a complication of ideas, the mind is bewildered. alts. Tending or adapted to in- [It. complice; Fr. Port. and See Com- One who is united with another in the commis- sion of a crime, or in an ill design; an associate or confederate in some wnlawful act or design; an [See Accom- Clarendon. (Fr. complicite. ] The state or condition of being a complice or ac- One who complies, yields, or obeys 5 f an easy, Swift. [Fr. id.; It. complimento ; Sp. cumplimiento, completion, perfection, compliment ; Port. comprimento, length, fulfillment ; compliment, obliging words, from the verb comprir, to fulfill, to perform ; Sp. cumplir ; It. compiere ; L. compleo, See 1. Ar -xpression of civility, respect, or regard ; as, to s or make one’s compliments to an absent In this application, the plural is always used. > J Sidney. My friend made To praise ; to flatter by ex- pressions of approbation, esteem, or respect. pe. To pass compliments; to use V In the nature of a compliment; by way of civility or ceremony. €OM-PLI-MENT’A-RY, a. gard, or praise. €0M/PLI-MENT-ED, pp. €0M’PLLMENT-ER, x. given to compliments ; a flatterer. €OM’PLI-MENT-ING, ppr- as a present. Praised. €0M/PLINE, {a [Fr. complie ; It. compieta; from L. compleo, complendo, completus. | The last division of the Roman Catholic breviary ; the last prayer at night, to be recited after sunset ; so} €OM-POSE’, ». t. called because it closes the service of the day. r €0M'PLIN, in some evil design ; a conspiracy. I know their complot is to have my life. €COM-PLOTY’, v. t. criminal. scene of miseries to the Trojans. spiracy. €OM-PLOT’TER, n. splrator. ———— Broome. Expressing civility, re- One whocompliments 5 one Johnson. Praising, bestowing on Johnson. Hincyc. Taylor. €0OM/PLISH, for Accomr.isn, is not now used. Spenser. €0M/PLOT, n. [French, of con, or com, and plot.|) A plotting together ; a joint plot; a plot; a confederacy Shak. To plot together ; to conspire ; to form a plot; to join in a secret design, generally We find them complotting together, and contriving a new Pope. €OM-PLOT’MENT, n. A plotting together; con- ng. €0M-PLOT’TED, pp. Plotted together ; contrived. One joined in a plot; a con- Dryden. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; €OM-PLOT’TING, ppr. Plotting together ; conspir- €OM-PLOT’TING-LY, adv. €OM-PLU-TEN’/SIAN, a. The Complutensian copy of €OM-PLY!, v. i. ; pret. Comptiep. [The Italian com- COM ing; contriving an evil design or crime, By complotting. the Bible is that of Complutum or Alcala de Henares, first published in 1575, by Cardinal Ximenes, in Spain. piacere, to humor, to comply, is the Latin complaceo, Fr. complaire. The Sp. cumplir is from compleo, for it is rendered to discharge one’s duty, to provide or supply, to reach one’s birthday, to fulfill one’s prom- ise, to be fit or convenient, to sufice. The Portu- guese changes 1 into r ; comprir, to fulfill, to perform ; hence, comprimento, a complement, and a compliment. Comply seems to be from the Spanish cumplir, or L. compleo ; formed, like supply, from suppleo ; yet in some of its uses, the sense is deducible from the root of Lat. plico. (See Arpiy and Puy.) It is fol- lowed by with.] 1. Zo comply with; to fulfill; to perfect or carry into effect ; to complete ; to perform or execute ; as, to comply with a promise, with an award, with a command, with an order. So to comply with one’s expectations or wishes, is to fulfill them, or complete them. 9. To yield to; to be obsequious ; to accord ; to suit ; followed by with; as, to comply with a man’s humor. The truth of things will not comply with our conceits. Tillotson. €OM-PLY'ING wits, ppr- Fulfilling ; performing ; yielding to. COM letters compose syllables, syllables compose words, wo1ds compose sentences, A few useful things, confounded with many trifles, fill their memories, and compose their intellectual possessions. Watts. 4, To calm ; to quiet ; to appease ; to tranquillize ; that is, to set or lay; as, to compose passions, fears, disorders, or whatever is agitated or excited. 5. To settle ; to adjust; as, to compose differences. 6. To place in proper form, or ina quiet state. In a peaceful grave my corpse compose. Dryden. 7, To settle into a quiet state. The sea composes ilself to a level surface. It requires about two days to compose it after a gale. W. 8. To dispose; to put in a proper state for any purpose. [Obs.] The army seemed well composed to obtain that by their swords which they could not by their pen. Clarendon. 9, In printing, to set types oF characters In a com- posing stick, from a Copy, arranging the letters in the proper order. i 10. In music, to form a tune or piece of music with notes arranging them on the staff in such a manner, as, when sung, to produce harmony. €OM-POS‘/ED, pp. Set together, or in due order ; formed ; constituted; calmed ; quieted ; settled ; adjusted. 2..a, Calm; sedate; quiet; tranquil ; free from agitation. The Mantuan there in sober triumph sat, Composed his posture, and his look sedate, €OM-P6S/ED-LY, adv. Calmly ; seriously 5 sedately- Clarendon. Pope. €OM-PONE’, v. t. To compose; to settle. [ Obs.] See Compose. ] €OM-PONLE’, In heraldry, a bordure, or compone, is €OM-PON’ED, that formed or composed of a row of angular parts or checkers of two colors. €OM-PO/NENT or €OM’PO-NENT, a. nens, compono; con and pono, to place. Literally, setting or placing together ; hence, com- posing ; constituting 5 forming a compound ; as, the component parts of a plant or fossil substance ; the ) a €O0M-POS/ING, ppr. oY a. component parts of a society. €OM-PO/NENT or €OM/PO-NENT, 2. ent part. €OM-PORT"’, v. 2 Digby. [It. comportare ; Fr, comporter ; Sp and Port. comportar ; con and L, porto, to bear. (See Bear.) It is followed by with. ] carry together. comport with our prudence. comport with his station. €OM-PORT", »v. t. behave ; to conduct. on that occusion. urke. [ Little used. | and Italian. aniel. €OM/PORT, 2. acting. I knew them well, and marked their rude comport. Dryden. [Not used. Behavior ; conduct ; missible in poetry. We now use deportment. the first syllable. €OM-PORT’A-BLE, a. We cast the rules of this art into some comportable method. Wotton, Suitable ; consistent. Spenser. Bp. Richardson. Behaved; suited. €OM-PORT’ED, pp. Behaving ; suiting. €OM-PORT/ING, ppr. €0M-PORT/MENT, 2. ner of acting. [Vot now used.) COMPOS ME of possum, potis.] Possessed of mind; in a sound state of mind. Hale. Addison. comporre. | Literally, to place or set together. Hence, State, affections, as an author; as, to compose a sermon, OF a book. 3. To constitute, or form, as parts of a whole; [L. compo- A constitu- To comport with ; literally, to bear to or with; to Hence, to agree with; to suit; to accord ; as, to consider how far our charity may His behavior does not With the reciprocal pronoun, to It is curious to observe how Lord Somers — comported himself Burk 9. To bear; to endure; as in French, Spanish, manner of This word is rarely or never used, but may be ad- The uniting different things, parts, or ingredients ; or the accent, since Dryden’s time, has been transferred to €OM-PORT/ANCE, n. Behavior; deportment. [ Obs-] €OM-PORT-A/TION, n. An assemblage. [Not used. ] Behavior ; demeanor ; man- TIS. [L. con and pos, from the root [Fr. composer; Arm. compost; from the participle of the L. compono, compositus ; con and ono, positus, to set, put, or lay ; Fr. poser, and in a different dialect; Eng. to put; Sp. componer; It. 1. To form a compound, or one entire body or I thing, by uniting two or more things, parts, or indi- tion. s viduals; as, to compose an army of raw soldiers ; By composition is meant the distribution and orderly placing of i ryden. the parliament of Great Britain is composed of two houses, lords and commons ; the senate of the United States is composed of two senators from each speaks of the composition of gesture, Zeal ought to be composed of the highest degrees of all pious i Spratt. 9. To invent and put together words and sen- tences ; tomake, as a discourse or writing ; to write, The man very composedly answered, Iam he. €OM-POS'ED-NESS, n. A state of being composed 5 calmness ; sedateness ; tranquillity. Wilkins. €OM-POS'/ER, n. One who composes; one who writes an original work; as distinguished from a compiler ; an author; also one who forms tunes, whether he adapts them to particular words or not. 9. One who quiets or calms ; one who adjusts a difference. Placing together ; forming 5 constituting ; writing an original work ; quieting ; settling ; adjusting ; setting types. €OM-POS/ING-STICK, n. Among printers, an in- strument in which types are set from the cases, ad- justed to the length of the lines. €0M-POS/ITE, a. Made up of parts; as, a composite language. oleridge. 2. In architecture, the composite order is the last of the five orders of columns; so called because its capital is composed of the Tonic order grafted upon the Corinthian. It is of the same proportion as the Corinthian, and retains the same general character, with the exception of the capital, in which the Ionic volutes and echinus are introduced, and the Corin- thian caulicoli (or smaller branches) and scrolls are left out. It is called also the Roman or the Jtalic order, Gloss. of Archit. Composite number ; one which can be measured exactly by a number exceeding unity, as 6 by 2 or 35 so that 4 is the lowest composite number. Encyc. €OM-PO-SI'/TION, n. In a general sense, the act of composing, or that which is composed; the act of forming a whole or integral, by placing together and whole body, mass, or compound, thus formed. Thus we speak of the composition of medicines, by mixing divers ingredients, and call the whole mixture a composition. A composition of sand and clay is used for luting chemical vessels. Vast pillars of stone, cased over with a COMROR ACT A looks like marble. ddison. Heat and vivacity, in age, 1s an excellent composition for i Bi business. con. 2, In literature, the act of inventing or combining ideas, clothing them with words, arranging them in order, and, in general, committing them to paper, OF otherwise writing them. Hence, 3 A written or printed work; a writing, pam- phiet, or book. Addison. 4, In music, the act or art of forming tunes ; or 4 tune, song, anthem, air, or other musical plece. _ 5. The state of being placed together ; union ; conjunction ; combination. Contemplate things first in their simple natur them in composition. 6. In the fine arts, that combination of the several parts, in which each is presented in its due propor- es, and then view Watts. things, both in general and particular, 7. Adjustment; orderly disposition. Ben Jonson look, pronuncl- ation, and motion, in a preacher. Gs : 8. Mutual agreement to terms or conditions for the settlement of a difference or controversy: Thus we are agreed 5 I crave our composition may be written. Shak. 9. Mutual agreement for the discharge of a gents y ferent from those require Gas J; Sas Z ee eee 237 as, on terms or by means dif ; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. a ps st :BOOST on Ptr Ae See €0M-POS-SESS/OR, n. €0M-POS/SLBLE, a. €OM/POST, ». t. €OM-POST’URE, n. €0OM-POS’URE, (kom-po/zhur,) n. sition. €OM-PO-TA/TION, n. tatio, from poto, to drink — COM COM by the original contract, or by law, as by the pay-] €OM/PO-TA-T'OR, n. One who drinks with anot ment of a different sum, or by making other com- ; Hence, the sum so paid, or compensation | €OM-POUND,, >. t. pensation. J C given, in lieu of that stipulated or required. A real composition is when an agreement is made between the owner of lands and the parson or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary and the patron, that such lands shall for the future be discharged from the payment of tithes, by reason of some land or other rea] recompense given to the parson, in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone. A bankrupt is cleared by a commission of bank- ruptcy, or by composition with his creditors. 10. Consistency ; congruity. [Zitile used.] Shak. 11. The act of uniting simple ideas in a complex idea or conception ; opposed to analysis. Newton. 12. The joining of two words in a compound, as in book-case; or the act of forming a word with a prefix or affix, which varies its signification ; as, re- turn, from turn ; preconcert, from concert ; endless, from end. : 13. The synthetical method of reasoning; syn- thesis ; a method of reasoning from known or admit- ted truths or principles, as from axioms, postulates, or propositions previously demonstrated, and from these deducing a clear knowledge of the thing to be proved; or the act of collecting scattered parts of knowledge, and combining them into a system, so that the understanding is enabled distinctly to follow truth through its different stages of gradation. This method of reasoning is opposed to analysis, or resolu- tion. It begins with first principles, and, by a train of reasoning from them, deduces the proposi- tions or truths sought. Composition, or synthesis, pro- ceeds by collecting or combining ; analysis, or resolu- tion, by separating or unfolding. Harris. Encyc. 14. In printing, the act of setting types or charac- ters in the composing-stick, to form lines, and of ar- ranging the lines in a galley, to make a column or page, and from this to make a form. 15. In chemstry, the combination of different sub- stances, or substances of different natures, by affin- ity ; from which results a compound substance, dif- fering in properties from either of the component parts. Thus water is a composition of hydrogen and oxygen, which are invisible gases. 16. Composition of forces, in mechanics, is the finding of a single force which shall be equal to two or more given forces when acting in given directions. Hebert. 17. Composition of proportion, in mathematics, is when, of four proportionals, the sum of the first and second is to the second as the sum of the third and fourth to the fourth. Barlow. €OM-POS/I-TIVE, a. Compounded 3; having the power of compounding or composing. €OM-POS'I-TOR, x. In printing, one who sets types, and makes up the pages and forms. 2. One who sets in order. A joint possessor. [con and possible.] Consistent. [Not used. Chillingworth. COMPOST, n. [It. composta; L. compositum, from compono. See Compose. ] In agriculture, a mixture or composition of various manuring substances for fertilizing land. Compost may be made by almost every animal and vegetable substance in nature, with lime or other earthy matter. 2. A mixture or composition for plastering houses, usually called compo. Smart. To manure with compost. Bacon, Soil; manure. [JVot used.] Shak. [See Compose. ] 1. The act of composing, or that which is com- posed ; a composition; as, a form of prayer of pub- lic composure; a hasty composure. In the composures of men, remember youareaman. Watts. In this use,this word has given w 2. Composition ; der. [Little used.] From the various EOP ORUTES of these corpuscles, h the varieties of bod ay to Composition. combination ; alrangement; or- appen all ies formed out ofthem. Woodward. _3. The form, adjustment, or disposition of the va- rious parts, In composure of his face, Lived a fair but manly grace, g Crashaw. The outward form and composure of the body, Duppa. 4, Frame; make ; temperament. His composure must be rare indeed, Whom these things cannot blemish. Shak. 5. A settled state of the mind ; sedateness ; calm- ness ; tranquillity. When the passions are silent composure, Tis is the most common use of this word. . Agreement ; settlement of differences ; compo- [Little used.] The treaty at Uxbridge posure. , the mind enjoys its most perfect Wats. Gave the fairest hopes of a ha py com- king Charles. [L. compotatio; con and po- The act of drinking or tippling together. Brown. Philips. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — ME 238 © €OM/POUND, a. Composed of tw Pop TL. Port. compor. | mass or body ; as, to compound drugs. Whoever compoundeth any like it, shall be cut off from people. — Ex, xxx. 2. To unite or combine. We have the power of altering and compounding images all the varieties of picture. 3. To compose ; to constitute. [Not used. | 4. In grammar, to unite two or more words ; form one word of two or more. 0. To settle amicably ; to adjust by agreement ; a difference or controversy. acon. [In this sense we now use Composer. 6. To pay by agreement ; to Been as a debt, by paying a part, or giving an equivalent different from that stipulated or required ; as, to compou debts. 7AY. But we now use, more generally, to compound with. [See the verb intransitive. ] To compound felony, is for a person robbed to take the goods again, or other compensation, upon an agreement not to prosecute the thief orrobber. Th offense is, by the laws of England, punishable } fine and imprisonment. Blackstone. €OM-POUND’, ». i. accepted or remitted. They were glad to compound for his bare commitment to the Tow Aarendon. with. Compound with this fellow by the year, 3. To come to terms, by granting each side ; to agree. Shak, something o Cornwall compounded to furnish ten oxen for thirty pounds, Carew. Paracelsus and his admirers have compounded with the Galen- ists, and brought into practice a mixed use of chemica! med- icines. Temple. 4. To settle with a creditor by agreement, and discharge a debt by paying a part of its amount; o to make an agreement to pay a debt by means or it a manner different from that stipulated or requirec by law. dollar. A man may compound with a parson to pay a sum of money in lieu of tithes. [See Composition No. 9.] To compound with a felon, is to take the goods compono; con and pono, to set or put; Sp. componer ; It. comperre, for componere ; Addison. Shak. To agree upon concession ; to come to terms of agreement, by abating something of the first demand ; followed by for before the thing 2. To bargain in the lump ; to agree ; followed by her. With the aggravz e house or person. those varieties divided into six equal 1. To mix or unite two or more ingredients in one €OM’/POUND, n. A union or mixture of twc hie ferent substances Man is a compound into 2. to pounded. €OM-POUND’ED, pp. as rials; mixed ; formed stances. €OM-POUND’/ER, 7x. different things. nd agreement. [Little use take. €OM-POUND’ING, ppr. is In one body or mass €OM-PRE-€a/TION, n. A praying together. prehendo, to seize or gra Sp. and Port. comprehen Seize ; ge-hentan, id. Literally, to take in ; 1. To contain; to inc The empire of Great Britaj and Ireland, with their n or construction. r Rom, xiii. i 3. To understand ; to your meaning.”? God doeth gre ; XXXVii. It is not always safe to dist stolen, or other amends, upon an agreement not to €OM-PRE-HEND/ED, pp. prosecute him. Blackstone, dients. Compound substances are made up of two or more simple substances, We alts. 2. In grammar, composed of two or more words. Ink-stand, writing-desk, carelessness, are compound words. 3. In botany, a compound flower is a species of ag- gregate flower, containing several florets, inclosed in a common perianth, on a common receptacle, with the anthers connected in a cylinder, as in the sunflower and dandelion. Martyn. Harris. A compound stem, is one that divides into branches. A compound leaf, connects several leaflets in one petiole, called a common petiole. A compound raceme, is composed of several race- mules or small racemes. A compound spike, is composed of several spicules or spikelets. A compound corymb, is coryimbs. A compound umbel, is one which has all its rays or peduncles bearing umbellules, or small umbels, at the top. A compound fructification, consists of several con- fluent florets: opposed to simple. 4. Compound interest, is interest upon interest ; when the interest of a sum is added to the principal, and then bears interest ; or when the interest of a sum is put upon interest. 9. Compound motion, is that which is effected by two or more conspiring powers, acting in different but not in opposite directions, Barlow. 6. Compound or Composite number, is that which may be divided by some other number greater than unity, without a remainder; as 18, which may be divided by 2, 6 and 9. 7. Compound ratio, is that which the product of the antecedents of two or more ratios has to the product of their consequents. Thus 6 to 72 is in a ratio com- pounded of 2 to 6, and of 3 to 12, ay. 8. Compound quantity; in algebra, a quantity com- posed of two or more simple quantities or terms, con- nected by the sign + (plus,) or — (minus.) ‘Thus formed of several small o or more ingre- €OM-PRE-HEND/ING plied; understood. understanding sible to be comprised. ceivable by the mind. Ing understood. €OM-PR E-HEN/SLBLY, circuit, The words wisdom and righ comprehensively, so as t This word is rarely SIVELY. €OM-PRE-HEN'SION, Ns The act or quality ing ; a comprising. In the Old Testament there 9 This wise and religious apho pacity of knowing; asst Within our comprehension. 4. In rhetoric, a trope or of a whole is put COM-PRE-HEN’SIVE, a. prising much, or including hending much in a small c 2. Having the pow many things at once ; aS,a a+b—c, and bb — b, are compound quantities. Day. 9. Compound larceny, is that which is accompanied TE, PREY. — pin SS manner; with gpreat exte QLF, BOQ ee ae, So.) 5 Meee aa ition of taking goods from one’s 10. Compound time; in mus. of time in which each measure is ; the result of composition. Mor- tar is a compound of lime, sand, and water. In the East Indies, a yard round a buildin corruption of the Portuguese Shak. | COM-POUND/A-BLE, a. One who compounds or mixes 2. One who attempts to bring parties to terms of d. L 3. One who Soe: 4. One at a university fees, according to his mean ; forming a mixed body ; agree- dV ing by concession, or abatement of demands ; dis- charging a debt by agreement to pay less thanthe original sum, or in a different manner. €OM-PRE-HEND/, ». t¢. prendre. This word is a compound of the Latin con and pre, and the Saxon hendan or hentan, to take or Hence forchend, in Spenser. ] 2. To imply ; to contain or include by implication If there be any other commandment in this saying, Thou shalt love | hold, or contain in the mind ; A bankrupt may compound with his creditors in idea; according to the popular phrase, “{[ take for ten shillings on the pound, or fifty cents on the at things, which we can not comprehend. — Job ecause we do not comprehend it »ppr. Including ; comprising ; g; implying. €OM-PRE-HEN‘SI-BLE, a. 1, That may be comprehended or included ; pos- 2. Capable of being understood ; intelligible ; con- COM-PR E-HEN/SI-BLE-NESS, n. embrace, or comprehension ; signification ; in a manner to of comprehending or contain- New; in the New, an ope 2. An including or containing within a n compass ; a summary ; an epitome or compend comprehension of all the ingredients o 3. Capacity of the mind to underst the understanding to receive _ for a part, or that of a part for a whole, or a definite number for an indefinite. Having the quality of com- as, a comprehensive charity ; It seems sometimes to convey €r to comprehend or understand €OM-PRE-HEN’/SIVE-LY, adv. nt of embrace COM-PRE-HEN’SIVE-NESS, Ne FE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, W fe saa COM lackstone. tw, a term applied to parts, T. Hastings. mass or body formed by the 9 Or More ingredients or dif- of flesh and spirit. South. : §34 word campania. Capable of being com- Sherwood. Made up of different mate- by union of two or more sub- Swift. with a debtor or felon, who pays extraordinary S, for the degree he is to Smart. Uniting different substances > L. con and precatio.] [Little used.] [L. comprehendo; con and sp ; It. comprendere, prendere ; der, prender} Fr. comprendre, to take with, or tcgether. lude ; to comprise. n comprehends England, Scotland, dependencies, ; it is briefly comprehended thy neighbor as thyself, — conceive ; that is, to take, to possess or to have lieve a proposition or statement, Contained ; included; im- [L. compreh ensibilis, 2 Capability of be- More. With great extent of with large extent of comprehend a large adv. teousness are commonly used very o signify all religion and virtue, Tillotson. used. [See Comprenen- [L. comprehensio.] is a close comprehension of the n discovery of the Old. Hooker. arrow rism, in the text, is the sum and f human happiness, Logera, and ; power of and contain ideas 3 Ca- he nature of spirit is not figure, by which the name Harris. a great extent ; extensive ; a comprehensive view. the sense of compre- ompass. comprehensive head. Pope, In a comprehensive The quality of be-COM ing comprehensive, or of including much extent; as, the comprehensiveness of a view. 9, The quality of including much in a few words, or narrow compass. Compare the beauty and comprehensiveness of legends on ancient coins, Addison, €OM-PRE-HEN’SOR, n. One who has obtained knowledge. [Not in use. | all. €OM-PRES-BY-TE/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the Pres- byterian form of ecclesiastical ministration. Milton. €OM-PRESS’, v. t. [L. compressus, comprimo ; con and premo, pressus, to press. But the verb premo and participle pressus may be from different roots. Fr. presser ; D. pressen; Sp. apretar, and prensar. See Press. ] 1. To press together by external force; to force, urge, or drive, into a narrower compass ; to crowd ; as, to compress air. The weight of a thousand atmospheres will compress water twelve and a half per cent. Perkins. 2. To embrace carnally. Pope. 3. To crowd; to bring within narrow limits or space. Events of centuries—compressed within the Cornet of a single life. D. Webster. €OM'PRESS, zx. In surgery, a bolster of soft linen cloth, with several folds, used by surgeons to cover a plaster or dressing, to keep it in its place, and de- fend the part from the external air. Encyc. €OM-PRESS’ED, (kom-prest’,) pp. or 4. Pressed or squeezed together; forced into a narrow or narrower compass ; embraced carnally. 2. In botany, flatted ; having the two opposite sides plane or flat ; as, a compressed stem. Martyn. €OM-PRESS-I-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality of being compressible ; the quality of being capable of com- pression into a smaller space or compass ; as, the compressibility of elastic fluids, or of any soft sub- stance. €OM-PRESS/I-BLE, a. Capable of being forced or driven into a narrower compass ; as, elastic fluids are compressible; water is compressible in a small degree. €OM-PRESS’I-BLE-NESS, n. Compressibility ; the quality of being compressible. €OM-PRESS/ING, ppr. Pressing together. €OM-PRES/SION, (kom-presh/un,) 7. The act of compressing, or of pressing into a narrower compass ; the act of forcing the parts of a body into closer union, or density, by the application of force. 9. The state of being compressed. €OM-PRESS/IVE, a. Having power to compress. Smith. The act or force of one body oyle. [Vot in use. ] Milton. €OM-PRINT’, v. i. [See Print.] To print together. It is taken, in law, for the deceitful printing of another’s copy or book, to the prejudice of the pro- prietor. [Little used. Philips. €OM!/PRINT, n. The surrepititious printing of a work belonging to another ; a work thus printed. Smart. €OM-PRIS/AL, n. The act of comprising or compre- hending. arrow. €OM-PRISE’, v. t. [Fr. compris, participle of com- prendre; L. comprehendo. See CoMPREHEND. | To comprehend ; to contain; to include ; as, the substance of a discourse may be comprised in a few words. €OM-PRIS/ED, pp. Comprehended ; contained. €OM-PRIS/ING, ppr. Containing; including; com- prehending. €0M/PRO-BATE, »v. t concur in testimony. €OM-PRO-BA’/TION, 2. con and probo, to prove.] Proof; joint attestation. [Little used.] Brown. €OM!/PRO-MISE, n. [L. compromissum, from com- promitto, to give bond to stand to an award; con and promitto, to promise ; It. compromesso ; Fr. compromts ; Sp: compromiso, See PRoMIseE.] 1. A mutual promise or contract of two parties in controversy, to refer their differences to the decision of arbitrators. €0M-PRESS/URH, n. pressing against another ; pressure, €OM/PRIEST, x. A fellow-priest. To agree in approving; to Elyot. [L. comprobatio, comprobo ; cessions. ae is its usual signification. | €OM/PRO-MISE, »v. t. claims by the parties; to compound. 2. To agree; to accord. Shak. some act or declaration. Smart. agreement, with mutual concessions. €0OM/PRO-MIS-ER, x. One who compromises. 2. An amicable agreement between parties in con- troversy, to settle their differences by mutual con- 3. Mutualagreement; adjustment. Judge Chipman. To adjust and settle a differ- ence by mutual agreement, with concessions of 3. To commit; to put to hazard; to pledge by [In this sense, see CompRomiT, which 1s generally used, | €OM/PRO-MI$-ED, (kom’pro-mizd,) pp. Settled by COM €OM-PRO-MIS-SO/RLAL, a. Relating to a compro- mise. almers. €OM/PRO-MIT, v. t. [Fr. compromettre; It. compro- mettere, Sp. comprometer; L. compromitto ; com and promitto, to promise. ] 1. To pledge or engage, by some act or declaration, which may not be a direct promise, but which ren- ders necessary some future act. Hence, 2. To put to hazard, by some previous act or measure, which cannot be recalled; as, to compromit the honor or the safety of a nation. €OM/PRO-MIT-ED, pp. Pledged by some previous act or declaration. €OM’/PRO-MIT-ING, ppr. hazard. €OM-PRO-VIN’/CIAL, (-shal,) n. [con and provincial. | One belonging to the same province or archiepis- Pledging; exposing to copal jurisdiction. Ayliffe. €OMPT, (kount,) n. [Fr. compte, from computo. | Account; computation. [ Obds.] Shak. €OMPT, v.t. Tocompute. [Obs.] (See Count.] [L. comptus.] Neat; spruce. [Vot used. | €OMPT, a. Accountable ; sub- S €OMPT’LBLE, (kount/e-bl,) a. ject; submissive _ [ Obs.] hak. €OMPT'LY, adv. Neatly. [ot in use.] Sherwood. €OMPT/NESS,7n. Neatness. [JVot m use.| Sherwood. €OMP’/TON-ITE, zn. A mineral from Vesuvius, iden- tical with T'’homsonite, which see. €OMP-TROLL’, (kon-trol’.) See Conrrox, the true spelling. €OM-PUL!/SA-TIVE, €OM-PUL/SA-TO-RY, See Comre..] Compelling ; forcing ; constraining; operating by force. Shak. €OM-PUL/SA-TIVE-LY, adv. By constraint or com- pulsion. €OM-PUL/SION,2. [Low L. compulsio. See CoMPEL. | 1. The act of driving or urging by force, physical or moral; force applied ; constraint of the will; the application of a force That is irresistible. If reasons were as plenty as blackberries, I would give no man a reason on compulsion. Shak A man is excused for acts (lone through unavoidable force and compulsion. Blackstone. 9. The state of being compelled or urged by violence. €OM-PUL'SIVE, a. Having power to compel; driv- ing; forcing ; constraining , applying force ; as, uni- formity of opinions cannot be effected by compulsive measures. €OM-PUL/SIVE-LY, adv. By compulsion ; by force. €OM-PUL/SIVE-NESS, n. Force; compulsion. €OM-PUL/SO-RI-LY, adv. Ina compulsory manner ; by force or constraint. €OM-PUL/SO-RY, a. Having the power or quality of compelling ; applying force ; driving by violence ; constraining. In the correction of vicious propensities, it may be necessary to resort lo compulsory measures. €OM-PUN€'TION, x. [L. compunctio, compungo; con and pungo, to prick or sting; It. compunzione, com- pugnere, or compungere ; Sp. compuncton ; Fr. componc- tion. See PunGENcyY.] 1. A pricking; stimulation ; irritation ; seldom used in a literal sense. Town. 2. A pricking of heart ; poignant grief or remorse proceeding from a consciousness of guilt ; the pain of sorrow or regret for having offended God, and in- curred his wrath; the sting of conscience proceeding from a conviction of having violated a moral duty. With expressions lav'endon. a. [L. compulsus, from com- pello; Low L. compulso. He acknowledged his disloyalty to the king, of great compunction. €OM-PUN€’TION-LESS, a. Not feeling compunc- tion. €OM-PUNE€’TIOUS, (kom-punk/shus,) a. Pricking the conscience ; giving pain for offenses comunitted, Let no compunciious Visiting of nature Shake my fell purpose. Shak. €OM_PUNE’TIVE, a. Causing remorse. Johnson. €OM-PU'PIL, xn. A fellow-pupil. [Little used. | Walton. €OM-PUR-GA’TION, n. [L. compurgo ; con and pur- go, to purify. ] In law, the act or practice of justifying a man by the oath of others, who swear to their belief of his veracity ; wager of law, in which a man, who has given security to make his law, brings into court eleven of his neighbors, and having made oath him- self that he does not owe the plaintiff, the eleven neighbors, called compurgators, avow On their oaths that they believe in their consciences he has affirmed the truth. Blackstone. €OM-PUR-GA/TOR, n. One who bears testimony or swears to the veracity or innocence of another. [See CoMPURGATION. €OM-POT’A-BLE, a. [See Comrurr.] Capable of being computed, numbered, or reckoned. Hale. €OM-PU-TA'TION, n. [L. computatio, from computo. See ComruTe. | 1. The act of computing, numbering, reckoning, or estimating ; the process by which different sums or €OM-PUTE’, v. t. [L. computo, con and puto, to lop or | €OM-PUTE’, n. €OM-PUT’/ED, pp- €OM-PUT’ER, n. €OM-PUT/ING, ppr. €0OM/PU-TIST, n. €0OM/RADE, n. [Fr. camarade ; It. camerata ; Sp. cama- CON other result depending on such sums or particulars. We find by computation the quantity of provisions necessary to support an army for a year, and the amount of money to pay them; making the ration and pay of each man the basis of the computation. By computations of time or years, we ascertain the dates of events. 2. The sum, quantity, or amount ascertained by computing or reckoning en SE We pass for women of fifty: many additional years are thrown into female computations of this nature. Addis 3. Calculation. prune ; to think, count, reckon ; to cast up. The sense is probably to cast or throw together. ] 1. To number; to count; to reckon ; to cast to- gether several sums or particulars, to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or other result. Compute the quan- tity of water that will fill a vessel of certain dimen- sions, or that will cover the surface of the earth. Com- pute the expenses of a campaign. Compute time by weeks or days. 9. To cast or estimate in the mind ; to estimate the amount by known or supposed data. 3. To calculate. Computation. [Not used.] Brown. Counted ; numbered ; reckoned ; estimated. One who computes ; a reckoner; a calculator. Swift. Counting ; numbering ; reckon- ing; estimating. Acomputer. Wotton. H. More. rada; Port. camarada; from camara, camera, a cham- ber.| Literally, one who lodges in the same room. Hence, in a more general sense, a fellow, a mate, or compan- ion ; an associate in occupation. €OM/RADE-SHIP, x. State of being comrades. €OM/ROGUB, zn. A fellow-rogue. [Vot in use.] B. Jonson. €ON, [with or against.]| A Latin inseparable preposi- tion or prefix to other words. Ainsworth remarks that con and cum have the same signification, but that cum is used separately, and con in composition. Con and cum may be radically distinct words. The Irish comh, or coimh, is equivalent to the Latin con; and the Welsh cym, convertible into cyv, appears to be the same word, denoting, says Owen, a mutual act, qual- ity, or effect. It is precisely equivalent to the Latin com, in comparo, compono ; and the Latin com, in com- position, may be the Celtic comA or cym. But, gener- ally, it seems to be con, changed into com. Ainsworth deduces cum from the Greek cvv ; for originally it was written cyn. But this is probably a mistake. Con coincides, in radical letters and in significa- tion, with the Teutonic gain, gen, gean, igen, Wien, in the English again, against; Sax. gean, ongean; Sw. igen; Dan. igien. Whatever may be its origin or affinities, the primary sense of the word is proba- bly from some root that signifies to meet or oppose, OF turn and meet; to approach to, or to be with. This is the radical sense of most prepositions of the like import. [See the English WirtH, Acain.} Soin Irish, coinne, a meeting ; os coinne, opposite. Con, in compounds, is changed into lJ before J, as in colligo, to collect, and into m before a labial, as in comparo, to compare. Before a vowel or h, the n is dropped ; as in coalesco, to coalesce, to co-operate ; co- hibeo, to restrain. It denotes union, as In conjowm ; or opposition, as in conflict, contend. Qu. W. gan, with. €ON, (abbreviated from Latin contra, against.] In the phrase pro and con, for and against, con denotes the negative side of a question. As @ noun, a person who is in the negative ; as, the pros and cons. €ON, v.t. [Sax. cennan, connan, cunnan, to know, to be able, to be skillful or wise 5 and cennan, to bear or bring forth, Gr. yevvaw; and cunnian, to try, to at- tempt, to prove, L. conor; whence cunning, skillful, experienced, or skill, experience ; the latter word, cunnian, coincides in sense with Sax. anginnan, on- ginnan, to begin, to try, to attempt, L. conor. D,ken- nen, to know, understand, or be acquainted ; kunnen, to be able, can, to know or understand, to hold or con- tain; the last signification coinciding with the W. ganu, to contain. G. kennen, to know; and kénnen, tobeable. Dan. kan, to be able, pret. kunde, whence kundskab, knowledge, skill, experience. Sw. kdnna, to know ; kuna, to be able, to be skilled, to know. The primary sense is, to strain or stretch, which gives the sense of strength, power, as in can, and of hold- ing, containing, comprehending ; as, contain, trom con- tineo, teneo, Gr. retv@, L. tendo. And this significa- tion connects these words with gin, in its compounds, begin, Sax. beginnan, anginnan, &C., to strain, to try, to stretch forward and make an effort ;, also with the Gr. yevvaw, L. gignor, to beget, or to bring forth, : mee Class Gn, No. 29, 36, 40, 42, 45, 58. In the sense of know, con signifies to hold or to reach. ] 1. To know. [0bs-] Spenser. particulars are numbered, estimated, or compared, €OM/PRO-MIS-ING, ppr. Adjusting by agreement. with a view to ascertain the amount, aggregate, or TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as 2; cH Of muses, Hobbinol, I conne no skill. as SH; ¥H as in THIS. 239 daa a el i t .hi ' Vy i Ve is ‘ { ; ‘ a i ; i } j ; is Le ue Aa 7 : g B> 85 concave f1ass. < Ber =) 5° 5 = 9 2rot. ‘ ra a . 6 y * Tn r TN ; is ‘ . { 2. Hollow, in a general sense; as, the concave shores os Understanding ; power or faculty of conceiving ; | €CON-CEIV/ING, n. Apprehension 3 Conception. | of the Liber ce Shak. apprehension ; as, a man of quick conceit. [Vearly Shak. 3. In botany, a concave leaf is one whose edge stands antiquated, } €ON-CEL/E-BRATE, v. t. To celebrate together. above the disk. Martyn. How often did her eyes say to me that they loved! yet I, no derstand them. Sidney. tastic notion ; as, a strange or odd conceit. of a fool than of him. — Prov. xxvi. 4. Pleasant fancy ; gayety of imagination. off with a conceit. Estrange. ©. Affected or unnatural conception. Some to conceit alone their works confine. Pope. 6. Favorable or self-flattering opinion ; a lofty or vain conception of one’s own person or accom plish- ments. By a little study and a great conceit of himself, he has lost his reilrion, entiey. Out of conceit with ; not having a favorable opinion of; no longer pleased with ; aS, a man Is out of con- ceit with his dress. Hence, to put one out of conceit with, isto make him indifferent to a thing, or in a degree displeased with it. Tulotson. Swift. €ON-CEIT’, v. t To conceive; to imagine ; to think ; to fancy. The strong, by conceiting themselves weak, are thereby ren- dered inactive. S South, Conceived ; imagined; fancied. Endowed with fancy or imagination. nolles, 3. ad Entertaining a flattering opinion of one’s self; having a vain or too high conception of one’s own person or accomplishments ; vain. If you think me too conceited, Or to passion quickly heated. Followed by of before the object of conceit. The Athenians were conceited of their own wit, science, and politeness, entley. €ON-CEIT/ED-LY, adv. In a conceited manner ; fancitully ; whimsically. Conceitedly dress her. Donne. €ON-CEIT/ED-NESS, n. The state of being con- ceited ; conceit ; vanity; an overweening fondness of one’s own person or endowments. Collier. €ON-CEIT’LESS, a Of dull conception; stupid ; dull of apprehension. [ot in use. ] Shak. €ON-CEIV’A-BLE, a. [Fr. concevable; It. concepi- bile; Sp. conceptible. See Conceive. ] 1. That may be imagined or thought; capable of being framed in the mind by the fancy or imagina- tion. If it were possible to contrive an invention, whereby any con- cervable weight may be moved by any conceivable power, Vilkins. €ON-CEIT/ED, pp. 2. part, a. { Obs.] Swift, 2. That may be understood or believed. Itis not conceivable that it should be the very person, whose shape and voice is assumed. Atterbury. €ON-CEIV’/A-BLE-NESS, m The quality of being conceivable, €ON-CEAL/MENT, n. Forbearance of disclosure ; a ee a FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE CON-CEIV/A-BLY, adv. Ina conceivable or intelli- gible manner. [L. concedo ; con and cedo, to yield, cedcere; Sp. ceadaishim ; gadael, and gadaw, to quit or leave, to permit. The preterit cessi indicates that this word may be See that Class, No. 67, See also Class Gd, and Crepe and grant; to let pass undisputed ; as, the advocate con- cedes the point in question ; this must not be conceded ed; as, a question, proposition, fact, or statement, is admitting ; granting. looking for such a matter, had not my conceit open to un- 3. Opinion ; notion ; fancy ; imagination ; fan- Seest thou a man wise in his own conceit? there is more hope On the way to the gibbet, a freak took him in the head to 0) CON n- | €CON-CEIVD’, (Kon-seeve’,) v. t. [F'r. concevoir ; It. 3. To form an idea in the mind; to understand ; to comprehend ; as, we cannot conceive the manner in which spirit operates upon matter. 4. To think ; to be of opinion ; to have an idea; to imagine. You can hardly conceive this man to have been bred in the same climate. Swift. €ON-CEIVE’, v. i. To have a fetus formed in the 0 womb ; to breed ; to become pregnant. Thou shalt conceive and bear a son. — Judges xiil. 2. To think ; to have a conception or idea. 3. To understand ; to comprehend ; to have a com- plete idea of; as, I can not conceive by what means this event has been produced, €ON-CEIV’ED, (Kon-seevd’,) pp. womb; framed in the mind; Formed in the devised; imagined ; t [ Not used,| Sherwood. €ON-CENT’,n. [L. concentus, from concino, to sing in accordance ; con and cano, to sing. 1. Concert of voices; concord of sounds; har- mony ; as, a concent of notes. Bacon. 2. Consistency ; accordance; as, in concent to man’s own principles. Atterbury. €ON-CENT’ED, part. a. Made to accord. Spenser. CON-CEN’TER, ) v. 7. [Fr. concentrer ; It. concen- €ON-CEN’/TRE,$ trare; Sp. and Port. concentrar; con and L. centrum, a center; Gr. xevrpoy,a goad, a sharp point, a center; xevrew, to prick or goad. The primary sense is a point.] To come to a point, or to meet in a common cen- ter; used of converging lines, or other things that meet in a point. All these are like so many lines drawn from several objects, that in some way relate to him, and concenter in him. ale. €ON-CEN’TER, ) v. 4 To draw or direct toa com- CON-CEN’TRE, mon center; to bring to a point, aS two or more lines or other things. The having a part less to animate, will serve to concenter the spirits, and make them more active in the rest. Decay of Piety. €ON-CEN’TER-ED, ) pp. Brought to a common cen- €ON-CEN’/TRED, $ ter; united ina point. €ON-CEN’TER-ING, ) ppr. Tending to a common €ON-CEN’TRING, center ; bringing to a center. €ON-CENT’FUL, a. Harmonious. Fotherby. €ON-CEN’/TRATE, v. t. [See ConcentTen.] To bring to a common center, or to a closer union ; to cause to approach nearer to a point, or center ; to bring nearer to each other ; as, to concentrate par- ticles of salt by evaporating the water that holds them in solution; to concentrate the troops in an army ; to concentrate rays of light into a focus. 2. To increase the specific gravity of a body. Vote. — The verb concentrate is sometimes accented on the first syllable. The reason is, With the pri- mary accent on the first syllable, and a secondary accent on the third, the pronunciation of the par- ticiples, concentrating, concentrated, is much facil- itated. CON-CEN’TRA-TED, pp. or a. Brought to a point or center ; brought to a closer union ; reduced to a nar- row compass ; collected into a closer body. €ON-CEN’/TRA-TING, ppr. Bringing to a point or to closer union ; collecting into a closer body, or a | | | narrow compass. €ON-CEN-TRA/TION, n The act of concentrating ; the act of bringing neare together; collection into a central point ; compression into a narrow space ; the state of being brought to a point. _2. In chemistry, the volatilization of part of a liquid, in order to increase the Strength of the re- mainder. €ON-CEN’/TRA-TIVE-NESS, n. Among phrenolo- gists, the power or faculty of concentrating the in- tellectual force. €ON-CEN’TRIE, a. [It. concentrico ; Fr, concentrique ; L. concentr? 240 ee a U #, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — cus; con and centrum, center.] a ee a oe ACS | REMC edCON Having a common center ; as, the concentric coats of an onion ; the concentric orbits of the planets. €ON-CEN!’TRI€-AL-LY, adv. In a concentric man- ner. €ON-CEN-TRIC/I-TY, n. State of being concentric. €ON-CENT’U-AL, a [from concent.) Harmonious ; accordant. ] Warton. €ON-CEP’T'A-€LE, zn. [L. conceptaculum; from con- cipio. See Concerve.] 1. That in which any thing is contained ; a vessel ; a receiver, or receptacle. Woodward. 2. In botany, a follicle; a pericarp of one valve, €ON-CERN’ED, pp-or a. €ON-CEP’TI-BLE, a. used. | €ON-CEP/TION, x. [L. conceptio, from concipio. €ON-CEP/TIOUS, (kKon-sep’shus,) a. €ON-CEP’TIVEH, a. -] €ON-CEP’TU-AL-IST, n. One who maintains that €ON-CERN/, v. t. €ON-CERN’, n. opening longitudinally on one side and having the seeds loose in it. ‘The term has also been applied to the cases containing the reproductive organs of such plants as ferns. WVartyn. See Concervasir.] That may be conceived ; conceivable ; intelligible. C fot ale. (See Concerve.) It. concezione; Sp. concepcion ; Fr. conception. | 1. The act of conceiving ; the first formation of the embryo or fetus of an animal. I will greatly multiply thy sorrow and thy conception. — Gen, iii. 2. The state of being conceived. Joy had the like conception in our eyes, Shak. 3. In pneumatology, apprehension of any thing by the mind; the act of conceiving in the mind; that mental act, or combination of acts, by which an idea or notion is formed of an absent object of perception, or of a sensation formerly felt. When we see an object with our eyes open, we have a perception of it; when the same object is presented to the mind With the eyes shut, in idea only, or in memory, we have a conception of it. Kames. Stewart. Encyc. 4, Conception may be sometimes used for the power of conceiving ideas, as when We say, a thing is not within our conception. Some writers have de- fined conception as a distinct faculty of the mind; but it is considered by others as memory, and per- haps with propriety. 5. Purpose conceived ; conception with reference to the performance of an act; as, note his dangerous conception in this point. Shak. 6. View or opinion; apprehension ; kriowledge. And as if beasts conceived what reason were, Aad that conception should distinctly show. 7. Conceit ; affected sentimentorthought. [Rare.] He is too full of conceptions, points of epigram, and witticisms. Dryden. Apt 10 con- [Not now used.) Shak. ? [ Little Davies. ceive ; fruitful; pregnant. Capable of conceiving. used. Brown. conceptions are the only universals in philosophy; a nominalist. J. Murdock. [Fr. concerner; {t. concernere, Sp. concernir; to concern, to regard, to belong to; Low Latin concerno; con and cerno, to separate, sift, di- vide ; to see. If this is the true origin, as { suppose, the primary sense is, to reach or extend to, or to look to, as we use regard. ] 1. To relate or belong to. Preaching the kingdom of Ged and teaching those things which concern the Lord Jesus Christ. — Acts xxvii. 9, To relate or belong to, in an emphatical man- ner; to affect the interest of ; to be of importance to. Our wars with France have affected us in our most tender interests, and concerned us more than those with any other nation, Addison. It much concerns us to secure the favor and protection of God. Anon, 3. To interest or affect the passions; to take an interest in ; to engage by feeling or sentiment; as, a good prince concerns himself in the happiness of his subjects; a kind parent concerns himself in the vir- tuous education of his children. They think themselves out of the reach of Providence, and no longer concerned to solicit his favor. ROgETS. 4. To disturb ; to make uneasy; as, to be much concerned for the safety of a friend. Derham. 5. To intermeddle; as, we need not concern our- selves with the affairs of our neighbors. That which relates or belongs to one; business; affair ; a very general term, express- ing whatever occupies the time and attention, or affects the interests of a person. Intermeddle not in the private concerns of a fam- ily. Religion is the main concern of a rational being. We have no concern in the private quarrels of our neighbors. The industrious and prudent occupy their time with their own concerns. 2. Interest; importance; moment; that which affects the welfare or happiness ; as, to live in peace, is a matter of no small concern to a nation. Mysterious secrets of a high concern, And weighty truths, solid convincing sense, Explained by unaffected eloquence. Rascommon. €ON-CERN’/ED-LY, adv. €O0N-CERN/ING, ppr. Pertaining to; regarding ; hav- €ON-CERN’ MENT, 7. €ON-CERT’, >. t. CON-CERT, x. €ON’CERT-PITCH, x. €ON-CERT-A’TION, nx. ] €ON-CERT’A-TIVE, a. €ON-CERT‘ED, pp. or a. €ON-CERT!/ING, ppr. €ON-CERT’O, n. €ON-CES’SION, (kon-sesh/un,) 2, [JL. concessio, from 3. Affection ; regard ; careful regard ; solicitude ; TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI//CIOUS, —€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; PH as in THIS. CON CON anxiety ; as, why all this concern for the poor things | CON-CES/SION-A-RY, a. Yielding by indulgence or of this life ? O Marcia, let me hope thy kind concerns And gentle wishes follow me to battle. An impenitent man feels no concern for his soul. _ 4. Persons connected in business, or their affairs in general ; as, a debt due to the whole concern; a loss affecting the whole concern. Mercantile Usage. i Interested ; engaged ; hav- ing a connection with that which may affect the interest, welfare, or happiness ; as, all men are con- cerned in the propagation of truth; we are concerned in the virtuous education of our children. 2. Interested in business; having connection in business; as, A is concerned with B in the East India trade. Of an advocate or counselor we Say, he is concerned in the cause of A against B. 3. Regarding with care; solicitous; anxious; as, we are concerned for the fate of our fleet. With affection or interest. Addison. Anon. ing relation to. The Lord hath spoken good concerning Israel. —Num. x. ] have accepted thee concerning this thing. — Gen. xix. This word has been considered as a preposition, but most improperly ; concerning, when so called, re- fers toa verb, sentence, or proposition ; as, in the first example, the word applies to the preceding afiirma- tion. The Lord hath spoken good, which speaking good is concerning Israel. Concerning, in this case, refers to the first clause of the sentence. The thing in which one is concerned or interested ; concern ; affair ; business ; interest. To mix with thy concernments I desist. Milton. Propositions which extend only to the present life, are small, compared with those that have influence upon our everlast- ing concernments. Watts. The great concernnient of men is with men. Locke. 2. A particular bearing upon the interest or hap- piness of one; importance; moment. Experimental truths are matters of great concernment to mankind. Boyle. 3. Concern ; interposition; meddling; as, the father had no concernment in the marriage of his daughter. In this sense, we generally use concern. 4, Emotion of mind; solicitude ; as, their ambition is manifest in their concernment. In this sense, con- cern is generally used. {It. concertare, to contrive; Sp. concertar, to agree, to adjust, to covenant; Port. 2d. ; Fr. concerter; from L. concerto, to strive together ; con and certo, to strive. The primary sense js, to set or act together. ] To contrive and settle by mutual communication of opinions or propositions ; to settle or adjust, asa plan or system to be pursued, by conference or agree- ment of two or more parties; as, to concert meas- ures; to concert a plan of operations. Agreement of two or more ina de- sign or plan; union formed by mutual communica- tion of opinions and views ; accordance in a scheme ; harmony ; as, the allies were frustrated for want of concert in their operations ; the emperor and the pope acted in concert. 9. A number or company of musicians, playing or singing the same piece of music at the same time; or the music of a company of players or sing- ers, or of both united. 3. A singing In company. 4. Accordance; harmony. In music, the pitch or degree of elevation generally adopted fora given note, and by which the other notes are governed. BS Cue Strife ; contention. [Little used. Contentious ; quarrelsome. Mutually contrived or planned. Contriving together. (It.] A piece of music composed for a particular instrument, which bears the greatest part in it, or in which the performance is partly alone, and partly accompanied by other parts. Brande. concedo. See CoNCEDE. 1. The act of granting or yielding ; usually imply- ing a demand, claim, or request, from the party to whom it is made, and thus distinguished from giv- ing, Which is voluntary or spontaneous. The concession of these charters was in a parliamentary way. Hale. 9. The thing yielded; as, in the treaty of peace, each power made large concessions. 3. In rhetoric, or debate, the yielding, granting, or allowing, to the opposite party, some point or fact that may bear dispute, with a view to obtain some- thing which can not be denied, or to show that, even admitting the point conceded, the cause is not with the adverse party, but can be maintained by the ad- vocate on other grounds. 4. Acknowledgment by way of apology; confes- allowance. €ON-CES/SION-IST, x. One who is in favor of mak- ing concessions. €ON-CES/SIVE, a. Implying concession; as, a con- cessive conjunction. Lowth. €ON-CES/SIVE-LY, adv. By way of concession or yielding; by way of admitting what may be dis- putable. Brown. €ON-CES/SO-RY, a. Conceding ; yielding. €ON-CET’TO,n. [It. See Concert.) Affected wit ; conceit. [Not English, nor in use.] [L. concha; Gr. xoyxn; It. conca; Shenstone. ——————— CONEH, (konk,) Te €ONCH’/LFER, (konk’e-fer,) 2. €ONEH-IF’/ER-OUS, a. €ONEHITE, (Konk/ite,) x. A fossil or petrified conch €ONEH/ OID, (konk/oid,) x. €ONEH-OID'AL, a. €ONEH-OL/O-GIST, n. €0ONEH-OL/0-GY, n. €ONEH-OM'E-TER, 2. €ONEH-YL-LA/CEOUS, (-shus,) @. €ONEH-YL-LOL/O-GIST, €O0NEH-YL-L-OL/0-GY. €ONEH-YL'LOUS, a. €ON/CIA-TOR, xn. €ON-CIL/I-A-BLBE, vn. a conciliabulum. | €ON-CIL’/LAR, a. €ON-CIL’/LATE, (kon-sil/e-ate,) v. t. sion of a fault. Sp. concha; Fr. conque; probably W. cocos, cockles, and perhaps allied to cogiaw, to frown, to knit the brows, that is, to wrinkle. See Cancer.] A marine shell. Adds orient pearls, which from the conchs he drew. Dryden. [L. concha, a shell, and fero, to bear. ] An animal that produces or is covered with a shell, as the tortoise; applied particularly to bivalve mol- lusks. Cuvier. Kirby. Producing or having shells. Nat. Hist. [conch, supra, and Gr or shell. €.dus, form. ] The name of a curve, given to it by its inventor, Nicomedes. In mineralogy, having curved elevations or depressions, in form like the valve of a bivalve shell; applied only to a surface produced by fracture ; the fracture, when of the kind described, is said to be conchordal. Dana. €ONEH-O-LOG/IE-AL, a. [See ConcHoxrocy.] Per- taining to conchology. One versed in the natural history of shells; one who studies the nature, prop- erties, and habits, of shells and their included animals. [Gr. xo)x7, a shell, and Aoyos, discourse. ] The doctrine or science of shells and the animals that inhabit them. (Gr. xoyxy, a shell, and pstpew, to measure. | An instrument for measuring shells. Barnes. {from conch.] Pertaining to shells ; resembling a shell; as, conchyl- vaceous impressions. WA. [from L. conchylium, a shell-fish.] See Concu- oLocist and ConcHoLoGy. €ONEH-YL-I-OM/E-TRY, x. [L. conchylium, and Gr. peT POV.) The art or science of measuring shells or their curves. Of the nature or species of shells, In glass-works, the person who weighs and proportions the salt on ashes and sand, and who works and tempers them, Encyc. CON-CIERGE!, (kon-sarj’,)n. ([Fr.] A keeper, as of a prison, a palace, &c. Not in use.] Bacon. [from L. concilium, a council.) [Little used.] [L. concilio, to draw or bring together, to unite; a compound of con and calo, Gr. xadew, to call; Ch. 95x in Aph., from 145, NOD, or mb>, to hold or keep, to trust, to finish, A small assembly. Pertaining or relating to a council. to call, to thunder; W. galw. ‘The primary sense of the root is, to strain, stretch, drive, or draw. Calling is a straining or driving of voice. See Class GI, No. 32, 36, 48, 49; and see CouncIL.] 1. To lead or draw to, by moral influence or power; to win, gain, or engage, as the affections, favor, or good-will; as, politeness and hospitality conciliate affection. 2. To reconcile, or bring to a state of friendship, as persons at variance. been made to conciliate the contending parties €ON-CIL/I-A-TED, pp. moral influence, as by favor or affection ; reconciled. €ON-CIL/L-A-TING, ppr. Winning; engaging ; rec- onciling. favor; as, a conciliating address. €ON-CIL-I-A/TION, z. ng ing, as esteem, favor, or affection ; reconciliation. €ON-CIL/I-A-TOR, x. One who conciliates or recon- ciles. €ON-CIL/LA-TO-RY, a. Tending to conciliate or reconcile; tending to make peace between persons at variance; pacific; as, the general made concilia- tory propositions to the insurgents; the legislature adopted conciliatory Measures, : €ON-CIN'NI-TY, n. [L. concinnitas, from Con fit, concinno, to fit or prepare 5 either from con an cano, to sound in accord, or thé the word may be the Heb. and Ch. }), to fit or adapt. ] ol 241 We say, an attempt has Won; gained; engaged by 9. a. Winning; having the quality of gaining The act of winning or gain- he last constituent of CUS pia AOR at * ane . re SAREE Te rl iy “I ae WO RROO ERIM EE © ae ey€ON-CRE-ATE, v. t €ON-CRE-ATIED, pp. or a. €ON-CREDIIT, v. t. ‘To intrust. [Wot wsed.] Barrow. €ON CRE-Ma'TION, 2. GON'ERE-MENT, n. [Low L. concrementum, from. €ON-CRES'CENCH, 2. €0N-€RES'CLBLE, a. CONCRETE, d. [L. concretus, from concresco, to grow CON/ERETE, n. | \ eae CON CON CON 1. A moving, flowing, or running together; con- fluence ; as, a fortuitous concourse of atoms; a con- course of men. 9, A meeting ; an assembly of men ; an assemblage ofthings ; a collection formed by a voluntary or spon- taneous moving and meeting in one place. Acts XIX. 3. The place or point of meeting, ora meeting ; the point of junction of two bodies. The drop will begin to move toward the concourse of. the glasses. Newton. | This application is unusual. | [con and create ; It. concreare. ] To create with, or at the same time. Dr. Taylor insists that it is inconsistent with the nature of virtue that it should be concreated with any person. Edwards, Orig. Stn. Created at the same time, or in union with. [L. concremo, to burn to- gether; con and cremo, to burn. | The act of burning different things together. [Lit- tle used. | concresco, to grow together. See Concrere.} A growing together ; the collection or mass formed by concretion, or natural union. Hale. [L. concrescentia, concresco. See Concrete. ] Growth or increase ; the act of growing or increas- ing by spontaneous union, or the coalescence of sep- arate particles. Ralegch. Capable of concreting ; that may congeal or be changed from a liquid to a solid state. They formed a genuine, fixed, conecrescible oil, Fourcroy. together; con and cresco, to grow. See Grow. j. Literally, united in growth. Hence, formed by coalition of separate particles in one body ; consist- ent in a mass; united in a solid form. The first concrete state or consistent surface of the chaos. Burnet. 9. In logic, existing in asubject; not abstract; as, the white snow. Here whiteness is considered as ex- isting in the snow, and not as a separate thing. Concrete terms, while they express the quality, do also express, or imply, or reler to a subject to which they belong. Watts. 3. A conercte number expresses or Cenotes a partic- ular subject; as, three men; but when we use a number without reference to a particular subject; as three or five, we use the term in the abstract. Barlow. Bailey. 4. 1n phonology, a concrete sound, or movement of the voice; is one which slides continuously up or down, as distinguished from a discrete movement, in which the voice leaps at once from one line of pitch to another. Rush. A compound; a mass formed by concretion, spontaneous union, or coalescence of separate particles of matter in one body. Gold is a porous concrete. Bentley. 2. In philosophy, 2 mass or compound body, made up of different ingredients ; a mixed body or mass. Soap is a factitious concrete. Encyc. 3. In logic, a concrete term ; a term that includes both the quality and the subjectin which it exists ; as, nigrum, a black thing. Ainsworth. 4. In architecture, a mass of stone chippings, peb- bles, &c., cemented by mortar, laid at the founda- tion of walls in spongy soils. Brande, €ON-CRETE', v.t. To unite or coalesce, as separate particles, into a mass or solid body. chiefly by spon- taneous cohesion, or other natural process ; as, saline particles concrete into crystals ; blood conecretes in a bowl. Applied to some substances, it is equivalent to indurate ; as, metallic matter concretes into a hard body. Applied to other substances, it is equivalent to congeal, thicken, inspissate, coagulate, as in the con- cretion of blood. Arbuthnot. Woodward. Newton. €CON-ERETE, v. t. To form amass by the cohesion or coalescence of separate particles. Hale. CON-CRET'ED, pp. or a. congealed, inspissated, clotted. CON-ERETEH'LY, adv. not abstractly. CON-ERETEINESS, nz. coagulation. EON-ECRETIING, ppr. mass ; becoming thick; making solid. €ON-ERE'TION, (kon-kré!shun,) w. Norris. cess, the small particles of matter into a mass. 2, ‘I'he mass or solid matter formed by growing to- gether, by congelation, condensation, coagulation, or induration ; a clot; a lump ; asolid substance formed m the soft parts or in the cavities of animal bodies. €ON-ORE!TION-A-RY, a. €ON-ORE'TIVE, a. ces. €ON-ECRE'/TURE, 7x. | €ON-CREW!, (krii',) v. 2 €ON-€RIM-IN-A'TION, n. €ON-€U'BIN-AGB, n. €ON-€U'BIN-AL, a. €ON-CU'BIN-A-RY, 2. €ON-€U'BIN-A-RY, a. €ON-€U'BIN-ATE, 2. Encyc. Cruden. €ON-CUL'EATE, v. t. [L. conculco.] To tread on; to trample under foot. Mountagu. €ON-CUL'EA-TED, pp. €ON-ECULIEA-TING, ppr. €ON-GUL-CA'TION, 2. €0ON-€U'PIS-CENCE, n. [L. concupiscentia, from con- €ON-€U'PIS-CENT, a. ure ; libidinous. Shak. €ON €U-PIS-CEN'TIAL, a. Relating to concu- €ON-€0U'PIS-CI-BLE, a. Exciting or impelling to the United into a solid miass ; In a concrete manner; ina manner to include the subject with the predicate ; A state of being concrete ; Coalescing or congealing in a é l The act of con- creting ; the process by which soft or fluid bodies become thick, consistent, solid, or hard; the act of growing together, or of uniting, by other natural pro- CON-CRE/TION-AL, a. Pertaining to concretion. Pertaining to or made up of concretions ; producing concretions. Hitchcock. Causing to concrete; having power to produce concretion; tending to form a solid mass from separate particles; as, concretive juices Brown, A mass formed by concretion. [Not used. To grow together. [WVot Spenser. A joint accusation. (Fr. See Concunine.] The act or practice of cohabiting, as man and woman, in sexual commerce, Without the authority of law ora legal marriage. Ina more general sense, this word is used to express any criminal or prohibited sexual commerce, including adultery, incest, and forni- cation. In some countries, concubinage is marriage of an inferior kind, or performed with less solemnity than a true or formal marriage; or marriage with a woman of inferior condition, to whom the husband does not convey his rank or quality. This is said to be still in use in Germany. Encyc, In Jaw, concubinage is used as an exception against her that sueth for dower ; in which it is alleged that she was not lawfully married to the man in whose lands she seeks to be endowed, but that she was his concubine. Cowel. Pertaining to concubinage. One who indulges in concu- used. binage. Relating to concubinage. Whoredom ; lewdness. [JVot Taylor. in use. | €ON-C€U'BINE, (konk'yu-bine,) x. [Fr., from L. con- cubina, from concumbo, to lie together; con and cum- - bo, or cubo, to lie down.] 1. A woman who cohabits with a man without the authority of a legal marriage ; a woman kept for lewd purposes; a kept mistress. Bacon. Shak. Dryden. 2. A wife of inferior condition ; a lawful wife, but not united tothe man by the usual ceremonies, and of inferior condition. Such were Hagar and Ketu- rah, the concubines of Abraham; and such concu- pines were allowed by the Roman laws. Trampled on. Treading on. A trampling under foot. [Mot much used. : cupisco, to covet or lust after; con and cupio, to desire or covet. | Lust; unlawful or irregular desire of sexual pleasure. In a more general sense, the coveting of carnal things, or an irregular appetite for worldly good ; inclination for unlawful enjoyments. We know even secret concupiscence to be sin. Hooker. Sip, taking occasion by the commandment, wrought in me all manner of concuptscence.—Rom. Vil. Desirous of unlawful pleas- piscence. enjoyment of carnal pleasure; inclining to the at- €ON-€UR'REN-CY, zx. €ON-CURIRENT, a. €CON-CUR'RENT, zn. €ON-CUR'RENT-LY, adv. edly. €ON-CUR'RING, ppr. or a. Meeting in the same €ON-€US-SA'TION, 2. €ON-CUS'SED, (kon-kust'!,) x. €ON-CUS'SION, (kon-kush/un,) n. [L. tainment of pleasure or good ; as, concwpiscible appe- i South. tite. €ON-€UR!, v.i. [L. concurro, to run together; con and curro, to run; It. concorrere; Sp. concwrrir; Port. concorrer ; Fr. concourir.| J. To meet in the same point; to agree. Reason and sense concur. Temple. 2. To agree; to join or unite, as in one action or opinion; to meet, mind with mind; as, the two houses of parliament concur in the measure. It has with before the person with whom one agrees ; as, Mr. Burke concurred with Lord Chatham in opinion. It has to before the effect. Extremes in man concur to general use. Pope. 3. 'l'o unite or be conjoined, with the consequen- tial sense of aiding, or contributing power or in- fluence to a common object; as, various causes may concur in the changes of temperature. €ON-CUR'RENCHE, n. A meeting or coming together; union 5 conjunction. We have no other measure but of our own ideas, with the concurrence of other probable reasons, to perstiade us, Locke. 2, A meeting of minds; agreement in opinion ; union in design ; implying joint approbation. Tarquin the Proud was expelled by the universal concurrence of nobles and people. ‘ wit. 3. A meeting or conjunction, whether casual or intended ; combination of agents, circumstances, or events. Struck with these great concurrences of things. Crashaw. 4. Agreement; consent ; approbation. See No. 2, 5. Agreement or consent, implying joint aid or contribution of power or influence. From these sublime images we collect the greatness of the work, and the necessity of the divine concurrence Lo it. Rogers. 6. A meeting, as of claims, or power; joint rights, implying equality in different persons or bodies ; as, a concurrence of jurisdiction in two different courts. The same as CoNCURRENCE. Meeting ; uniting ; accompany- ing; acting in conjunction ; agreeing in the same act; contributing to the same event or effect op- erating with. I join with these laws the personal presence of the king’s son, as a concurrent cause of this reformation. Davies. : All combined, Your beauty, and my impotence of mind, And his concurrent flame, that blew my fire. 2. Conjoined ; associate ; concomitant. There is no difference between the concurrent echo and the ite. rant, but the quickness or slowness of the return. Bacon _ 3. Jomt and equal ; existing together and operat- ing on the same objects. The courts of the United States, and those of the States, have, in some cases, concurrent jurisdiction. That which concurs; joint or Dryden. contributory cause. To all affairs of a porNanCs there are three necessary concur= rents—time, industry, and faculties. Decay of Piely. With concurrence ; unit- point; agreeing; running or acting together ; unit- ing in action; contributing to the same event or effect ; consenting. A concurring figure, in geometry, is one which, being laid on another, exactly meets every part of it, or one which corresponds with it in all its parts. [See Concussion.] A vVio- lent shock or agitation. Shaken. concussio, from concutio, to shake, from con and quatio, quasso, to shake or shatter. From the sense of discutio and percutio, We may infer that the primary sense is to beat, to strike, or to beat in pieces, to bruise, to beat down, Fr. casser, Eng. to quash, L. cedo, cudo. See Class Gd, No. 38, 40, 76, and Class Gs, No. 17. 1. The act of shaking, particularly and properly by the stroke or impulse of another body. It is believed that great ringing of bells, in populous cities, hath dissipated pesulent air, which may be from the concusston of the air. Bacon. 2. The state of being shaken; a shock; as, the concussion of the brain by a stroke. It is used also for shaking or agitation in general; as, the concus- sion of the earth. Woodward. €ON-€US'SIVE, a. Having the power or quality of shaking. Jolinson. €OND, v.t. [Fr. conduirc.} In seamen’s language, to conduct a ship; to direct the man at the helm how to steer. ailey. Encyc. €ON-DEMN!, (kon-dem!,) v. t [L. condemno; con and damno, to condemn, to disapprove, to doom, to devote ; It. condannare, dannare ; Port. condenar ; Sp. id.; Fr. condamnar ; Arm. condauni; D. doemen, ver- doemen; G. verdammen; Sw. ddma, fordéima; Dan. dimmer, fordémmer ; Sax. deman, fordeman, to deem, to doom, to judge, to condemn. See Damn, DEEM, Doom. | 1. To pronounce to be utterly wrong; to utter a sentence of disapprobation against; to censure; to blame. But the word often expresses more than censure or blame, and seems to include the idea of utter rejection ; as, to condemn heretical opinions ; to condemn one’s conduct. We condemn mistakes with asperity, where we pass oyer sins with gentleness. Buckminster. 2. To determine or judge to be wrong, or guilty ; to disallow ; to disapprove. Beloyed, if our heart condemn us not, we have confidence to* ward God.—l John iil. 3. To witness against; to show or prove to be wrong, or guilty, by acontrary practice. The men of Nineveh shall rise in judgment with this genera- tion, and shall condemn it.—Matt, xu. 4, To pronounce to be guilty ; to sentence to pun- ishment; to utter sentence against judicially ; to doom; opposed to acquit or absolve; with to before the penalty. The son of man shall be betrayed unto the chief priests, and unto the scribes, and they shall condemn him to death.— Matt. xx. ee He that believeth on him is not condenned.—John lil. 5. To doom or sentence to pay a fine ; to fine. And the king of Egypt—condemned. the land ina hundred tal- ents of silver.—2 Chron. xXxxvl- 6. To judge or pronounce to be unfit for use, or service ; as, the ship was condemned as not sea~ worthy. : te To judge or pronounce to be forfeited ; as, the ship and her cargo were condemned. TONE, BULL, UNITE: — AN'GER, VI"CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; S as Z; CHM as SH; FH as in THIS. 243 he tet =. Le — SI eric ie ff : i, ee rea Ra CON €ON-DEM/NA-BLE, a. That may be condemned blamable ; culpable. s TOWN. €O0N-DEM-NA/TION, n. [L. condemnatio. | guilty, and dooming him to punishment. For the Judgment was by one to condemnation. —Rom. v. 2. The state of being condemned. Dost thou not fear God, seeing thou art in the same condemna- tion ?— Luke xxiii. 3. The cause or reason of a sentence of condem- nation. John iil. s : €ON-DEM/NA-TO-RY, a. Condemning ; bearing con- demnation or censure ; as, a condemnatory sentence or decree. €ON-DEMN/ED, (kon-demd’) pp. “or a. Censured ; pronounced to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or for- feited ; adjudged or sentenced to punishment. €ON-DEM’/NER, z. One who condemns or censures. €ON-DEM’NING, ppr. or a. Censuring; disallowing ; pronouncing to be wrong, guilty, worthless, or for- feited ; sentencing to punishment. €ON-DENS’A-BLE, a. [See Conprnse.] Capable of being condensed; that may be compressed into a smaller compass, and into a more close, compact state ; as, vapor is condensable. €ON-DENS/ATE, v. t% [See Conpense.] To con- dense ; to compress into a closer form; to cause to take a more compact state ; to make more dense. €ON-DENS'ATE, v.%. To become more dense, close, or hard. €ON-DENS/ATE, a. Made dense ; condensed; made more close or compact. €ON-DENS’A-TED, pp. Peacham. Condensed ; made more compact. €ON-DENS/A-TING, ppr. Making more close or compact. , €ON-DEN-SA/TION, x. [lL. condensatio. See Con- DENSE. ] The act of making more dense or compact ; or the act of causing the parts that compose a body to ap- proach or unite more closely, either by mechanical pressure or by a natural process ; the state of being condensed. Dew and clouds are supposed to be formed by the condensation of vapor. It is opposed to rarefaction and expansion. Condensation is applica- ble to any compressible matter; and from condensa- tion proceeds increased hardness, solidity, and weight. €ON-DENS/A-TIVE, a. Having a power or tendency to condense. €ON-DENSE’, (kon-dens!,) v, t. [L. condenso; con and denso, to make thick or close; It. condensare; Sp. and Port. condensar; Fr. condenser. See DEnseE.] 1, To make more close, thick, or compact ; to cause the particles of a body to approach, or to unite more closely, e'ther by their own attraction or affinity, or by mechanical force. Thus vapor is said to be con- densed into water by the application of cold; and air is condensed in a tube by pressure. Hence the word 18 sometimes equivalent to compress. The act of condemning ; the judicial act of declaring one CON ; 1. To descend from the privileges of superior ran or dignity, to do some act to an inferior, whic require. Rom. xil. justice does not require. Spain’s mighty monarch, In gracious clemency, does condescend, On these condidions, to become your friend. 3. To stoop or descend; to yield ; to submit ; im plying a relinquishment of rank, or dignity of char acter, and sometimes a sinking into debasement. Can they think me so broken, so debased, With corporal servitude, that my mind ever Will condescend to such absurd commands ? €ON-DE-SCEND/ENCE, 7 > submission to an inferior. Dryden, Milton. You will observe [in the Turks] an insulting condescendence which bespeaks their contempt of you. Eton. €ON-DE-SCEND/ING, ppr. from rights or claims; yielding. — 2. a. Yielding to inferiors ; courteous ; obliging. €ON-DE-SCEND/ING-LY, adv. kind concession ; courteously. Atterbury. €ON-DE-SCEN/SION, n. Voluntary descent from rank, dignity, or just claims ; relinquishment of strict right ; submission to inferiors in granting requests or performing acts which strict justice does not require, Hence, courtesy. It forbids pride and commands humility, modesty, &cension to others. Raphael, amidst his tenderness, shows and conde- Tillotson. such a dignity and con- descenston in all his behavior, as are suitable to a superior nature, Addison. €ON-DE-SCEN’SIVE, a. Condescending ; courteous. arrow. [Vot used.] Bp. Hall. CON-DIGN’, (kon-dine’,) a. [L. condignus; con and dignus, worthy. See Dieniry.] 1. Deserved ; merited ; suitable; applied usually to punishment; as, the malefactor has suffered condign punishment. 2. Worthy ; merited ; as, condion praise. In the latter sense, seldom used.] [Spenser. Shak. CON-DIG/NI-TY, n. Merit; desert. In school divin- ity, the merit of human actions, which claims re- ward on the score of justice. Milner. €ON-DIGN’LY,(kon-dine/ly,) adv. According to merit. €ON-DIGN’NESS, (kon-dine/ness,) n. Agreeableness to deserts ; suitableness. €ON’DI-MENT, n. [L. condimentum, from condio, to season, pickle, or preserve. ] Seasoning ; sauce ; that whichis used to give relish €ON-DE-SCENT’, n. Condescension. 2. To tnake thick; to inspissate ; applied to soft, compressible substances. 3. To compress into a smaller compass, or into a to meat or other food, and to gratify tlre taste. As for radish and the like, they are for condiments, und not for nourishment. con. close body ; to crowd ; applied to separate individuals. Thus we say, to condense ideas into a smaller com- ass. Dryden. €ON-DENSE’, v. i. To become close or more com- pact, as the particles of a body ; to approach or unite more closely ; to grow thick. Vapors condense and coalesce into small parcels. | Newton. €ON-DENSE’, a. Close in texture or com compact ; firm; dense ; condensated. which is generally used.] Milton. €ON-DENS’ED, (kon-denst',) pp. or a. Made dense, or more close in parts ; made or become compact ; compressed into a narrower compass, €ON-DENS/ER, n. A pneumatic engine or syringe, in which air or other elastic fluids may be compressed. It consists of a cylinder, in which is a movable piston to force the air into a receiver, anda valve to prevent the air from escaping. Encyc. 2. A vessel, or part of machinery, in which aqueous or spirituous Vapors are reduced to aliquid form. This may be done either by injecting a quantity of cold Water int the condenser, as in that of a steam-en- gine, or by immersing the condenser in another vessel, through which coJd water continually flows. Hebert. €ON-DENS/ING, ppr. or a. Making more close or compact. €ON-DENS/I-TY, n. The state denseness ; density. [The latter are generally used. COND/ER, xn. [Fr. conduire; L. conduco. See Conn. 1. A person who stands upon a cliff, or elevate part of the sea-coast, in the time of the herring fish- ery, to point out to the fishermen, by signs, the course of the shoals of fish. Covel. 2. One who gives directions to a helmsman how to steer the ship. Encyc. €ON-DE-SCENCE’, n. Descent from superiority. €ON-DE-SCEND/, v. i. [It. condescendere ; Sp. conde- scender ; Fr. condescendre; con and L. descendo. See position ; [See Dense, of being condensed ; €ON-DIS-CI/PLE, n. €ON-DITE’, >. t. €ON-DITE/ MENT, n. € €ON-DI'/TION, (kon-dish/un,) x. [L. condiscipulus ; con and dis- cipulus. See Discrrre.] A school-fellow ; a learner in the same school, or under the same instructor. [L. condio, conditum.] To prepare and preserve with sugar, salt, spices, or the like ; topickle; as, to cundite pears, plums, quinces mushrooms, &c. [Little used.] Grew. Taylor. A composition of conserves, » In the form of an electuary. pailey. [Little used.] Grew. [L. conditio, from condo, to build or make; to ordain; properly, to set or fix, or to set together, or in order ; con and do, to give; properly, to send.]} 1. State; a particular mode of being; applied to external circumstances, to the body, to the mind, and to things. We speak of a good condition, or a bad con- dition, in reference to wealth and poverty ; in refer- ence to health and sickness ; in reference to a cheer- ful or depressed disposition of mind; and with reference to a sound or broken, perishing state of things. The word signifies a setting or fixing, and has a very general and indefinite application, coin- ciding nearly with state, from sto, to stand, and de- notes that particular frame, form, mode, or disposi- tion, in which a thing exists, at any given time. A man is in a good condition, when he is thriving. A Nation with an exhausted treasury, and burdened with taxes, is not in a condition to make war. A poor man is ina humble condition. Religion affords consolation to man in every condition of life. Ex- hortations should be adapted to the condition of the mind. , powders, and spices ee used. | N-DITING, ppr. Preserving. Condition, circumstance, {s not the thing; Bliss is the same in subject or in king. Pope. 2. Quality ; property ; attribute. Descenp.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, It seemed to us a condition ae and property of divine powers and at strict justice or the ordinary rules of civility do not Hence, to submit or yield, as to an inferior, implying an occasional relinquishment of distinction. Mind not high things, but condescend to men of low estate, — 2. To recede from one’s rights in negotiation, or common Intercourse, to do some act, which strict - A-voluntary yielding or Descending from rank or distinction in the intercourse of life ; receding By way of yielding to inferiors ; with voluntary submission; by way of €ON’DOR, n, €ON-DUCEY, ». i. CON 3. State of the mind ; temper ; plexion. [See No. 1, Shak. 4. Moral quality ; virtue or vice. Raleigh. South. These senses, however, fall within the first definition. } . Rank, that is, state with respect to the orders or grades of society, or to property ; as, persons of the best candition. Clarendon. 6. Terms of a contract or covenant; stipulation ; that is, that which is set, fixed, estabJished, or pro- posed. What are the conditions of the treaty? Make our conditions with yon captive king. Dryden. He sendeth and desireth conditions of peace. — Luke xiv. 7. Aclause in a bond, or other contract, containing terms or a stipulation that it is to be performed, and, in case of failure, the penalty of the bond is to be in- curred. 8. Terms given or provided, as the ground of some- thing else ; that which is established, or to be done, or to happen, as requisite to another act; as, I will pay a sum of money on condition you will engage to refund it. 9. That which must exist, as the ground or neces- ‘| sary adjunct of something else. €ON-DI'TION, (kon-dish/un,) v. i. To make terms; to stipulate ; as, it is one thing to condition for a good office, and another to execute it, €ON-DI’’TION, v t. To contract ; to stipulate. It was conditioned between Saturn and Titan, that Saturn should put to death all his male children. k temperament ; com- h egh. €ON-DI’TION-AL, a. Containing or depending on a condition or conditions ; made with limitations; not absolute ; made or granted on certain terms. A con- ditional promise is one which is to be performed when something else stipulated is done or has taken place. A conditional fee, in law, is one which is granted upon condition that, if the donee shall die without such par- ticular heirs as are specified, the estate shall revert to the donor. Hence it is a fee restrained to particwar heirs, to the exclusion of others. 2. In grammar and logic, expressing a condition or Supposition ; as, a conditional word, mode, or tense ; a conditional syllogism. €ON-DI'’TION-AL, x. A limitation. CON-DI’TION-AL'I-TY, n. The quality of being conditional, or limited ; limitation by certain terms. €ON-DI//TION-AL-LY, adv. With certain limita- tions ; on particular terms or stipulations ; not abso- lutely or positively. Bacon. We see large preferments tendered to him, but conditionally, upon his doing wicked offices. South. €ON-DI'/TION-A-RY, Conditional ; stipulated. [JVot used. Norris. CON-DI’TION-ATE, a. Conditional ; established on certain terms. [Not used.] Hammond. €ON-DI'TION-ATE, v. t. To qualify; to regulate {Not in use.] Brown. €ON-DI//TION-ED, (kon-dish’und,) pp. Stipulated ; containing terms to be performed. 2. a. Having a certain state or qualities. This word is usually preceded by some qualifying term ; as, good-conditioned, ill-conditioned, best-conditioned. €ON-DI//TION-ING, ppr. Making terms or conditions In stipulations. €ON-DI’TION-LY, adv. used, | EON/DL-TO-RY, n. hide. A repository for holding things. €ON-DO'LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing condolence. CON-DOLE’, v.i. [L. condoleo ; con, With, and doleo, to ache, or to grieve. To feel pain, or to grieve, at the distress or misfor- tunes of another. favPREBee) a. On certain terms. [Wot Sidney. [L. conditorium, from condo, to Your friends would have cause to rejoice, rather than condole with you, It is followed by with before the person for whom we feel grief. €ON-DOLE’, v. t. To lament or bewail with another, or on account of another’s misfortune, [ Unusual. ] Why should our poet petition Isis for her safe delivery, and af- terward cre her miscarriage ? Dryden. “Miiton. €ON-DOLE/MENT, n. Grief; pain of mind at an- other’s loss or misfortune; sorrow : mourning. Shak. €ON-DO’/LENCE, n, Pain of mind, or grief excited by the distress or misfortune of another. Arbuthnot. €ON-DOL’ER, x2. One who condoles. €ON-DOL'ING, ppr. Grieving at another’s distress. €ON-DOL/ING, n. Expression of grief for another’s OSS. €ON'’DO-MA, n. An animal of the goat kind, as as a stag, and of a gray color. It is a species of ante €ON-DO-NA’TION, n, The act of pardoning, large Dict, of Nat. Hist. lope, the 4. strepsiceros. [L. condono.) [ Little used.] ( A large bird, of the genus Vultur, found in the most elevated parts of the Andes, in South America. It flies higher than any other bird. The reports of its size have been much exaggerated. Dana. [L. conduco; con and 1g8 to be hidden und unseen to others. acon, 244 duco, to lead ; Sp. conducir ; It. condurre. | MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Wncnciiicecaitas PE aSCON To lead or tend ; to contribute ; followed by to. They may conduce to further discoveries for completing the theory of light. Newton. To conduce to, includes the sense of aiding, tending to produce, or furnishing the means; hence it is sometimes equivalent to promote, advance, or further. Virtue conduces to the welfare of society. Religion conduces to temporal happiness. Temperance conduces to health and long life. In the transitive sense, to conduct, it is not author- ized. €ON-DUCE/MENT, 7. A leading or tending to; ten- dency. Gregory. €ON-DU/CENT, a. Tending or contributing to. Laud. €ON-DU/CLBLE, a. [L. conducibilis. } Leading or tending to; having the power of con- ducing ; having a tendency to promote or forward. Our Savior hath enjoined us a reasonable service ; all his laws are in themselves conducible to the temporal interest of them that observe them. Bentley. [ This word is less used than ConvuctveE.] €ON-DU/CI-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of leading or contributing to any end. More. €ON-DU’/CI-BLY, adv. Ina manner to promote. €ON-DU/CING, ppr. Tending or contributing. €ON-DOU/CIVE, a. That may conduce or contribute ; having a tendency to promote. An action, however conducive to the good of our country, will 2 represented as prejudicial to it. Addison. €ON-DU/CIVE-NESS, n. The quality of conducing or tending to promote. Boyle. €ON'DUET, nxn. [Sp. conducta; It. condotta; Fr. con- duite; from the L. conductus, but with a different sense, from conduco, to lead; con and duco. See DuKE. 1. Literally, the act of leading ; mand. So Waller has used it. Conduct of armies is a prince’s art. 2. The act of convoying or guarding; guidance, or guidance ; com- bringing along under protection. Shak. 3. Guard on the way; convoy ; escort. Shak. pares senses are now unusual, though not improper. ] . In a general sense, personal behavior; course of actions ; deportment ; applicable equally to a good or bad course of actions ; as, laudable conduct ; detestable conduct. The word seems originally to have been followed with life, actions, affairs, or other term ; as, the conduct of life; the conduct of actions ; that is, the leading along of life or actions. Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold. Bacon. What in the conduct of our life appears. Dryden. But, by custom, conduct alone is now used to ex- press the idea of behavior, or course of life and man- ners. 5. Exact behavior ; regular life. [Unusual.] Swift. 6. Management ; mode of carrying on. Christianity has humanized the conduct of war. 7. The title of two clergymen appointed to read prayers at Eton College, in England. Mason. €ON-DUET’, v. t. [Sp. conducir; Port. conduzir, to conduct, and to conduce; Fr. conduire ; It. condurre; L. conduco. But the English verb is from the noun conduct, or the Latin participle. ] 1. To Jead; to bring along; to guide; to accom- pany and show the way. And Judah came to Gilgal, to conduct the king over Jordan. — 2 Sam. xix. Paley. 2, To lead; to direct or point out the way; as, the precepts of Christ will conduct us to happiness. 3. To lead; to usher in; to introduce ; to attend in civility. Pray, receive them nobly, and conduct them Into our presence, Shak. 4. To give a direction to; to manage ; applied to things; as, the farmer conducts his affairs with pru- dence, 5. To lead, as a commander; to direct; to govern ; to command ; as, to conduct an army or a division of troops. 6. With the reciprocal pronoun, to conduct onc’s self, isto behave. Hence, by a customary omission of the pronoun, to conduct, in an intransitive sense, is to behave; to direct personal actions. [See the noun. 7. To escort; to accompany and protect on the way. €ON-DUET’ED, pp. Led; guided; directed ; intro- duced; commanded ; managed. €ON-DUCT-I-BIL/L-TY, n. Capability of being con- ducted ; as, the conductibility of the electric fluid. €ON-DUECT/ING, ppr. or a. Leading; escorting ; introducing ; commanding ; behaving; managing. €ON-DUE'TION, xn. The act of training up. [Wot in use. | Lui . Jonson. 2. Transmission through or by means of a con- ductor. Henry’?s Chem. €ON-DUE-TI//TIOUS, (-tish/us,) a. [L. conductitius, from conduco, to hire. ] Hired ; employed for wages. Ayliffe. CON €ON-DUCT’OR, x. A leader; a guide; one who goes before or accompanies, and shows the way. 2. A chief; a commander ; one who leads an army or a people. 3. A director ; a manager: a superintendent ; as, the conductor of a railroad train. 4. In surgery, an instrument which serves to di- rect the knife in cutting for the stone, and in laying up sinuses and fistulas; also, a machine to secure a fractured limb. oxe. Encyc. 5. In physics, a substance which forms a medium for the transmission of some other substance or fluid, particularly of heat or electricity. Hence, 6. A metallic rod erected by buildings or in ships, to conduct lightning to the earth or water, and pro- tect the building from its effects. €ON-DU€T/O-RY, a. Having the property of con- ducting. €ON-DUET’RESS, zn. rects ; @directress. €ON’DUIT, (kon/dit,) n. [Fr. conduit, the of conduire, L. conducere, to conduct; Sp. It. condotto ; Port. conducta.] 1. In ancient architecture, a narrow passage, usually under ground, for the purpose of secret communica- tion between apartments. Brande. 2, A canal or pipe for the conveyance of water ; an aqueduct. Conduits are made of Jead, stone, cast iron, wood, &c., above or below the surface of the earth. 3. A vessel that conveys the blood or other fluid. Shak, A female who leads or di- particip] ~ conducto - The conduits of my blood. 4. A conductor. These organs are the neryes, which are the conduils to convey them from without to their audience in the brain. Locke. 5. A pipe or cock for drawing off liquor. _ Shak. 6. Any channel that conveys water or fluids; a sink, sewer, or drain. €ON-DU/PLLEATE, a. [L. conduplicatus, from) con- duplico, to double or fold; con and duplico. See DovuBLeE. | Doubled or folded over or together, as the leaves of a bud. Martyn. €ON-DU/PLLEATE, v. t. To double ; to fold together. €ON-DU/PLI-GA-TED, a. Doubled; folded together. €ON-DU-PLI-€A'TLON, n. [L. conduplicatio. | A doubling ; a duplicate. Johnson. €ON'DYLE, (kon'dil,) n. [L. condylus; Gr. KOvVOVADS.] A protuberance on the end of a bone; 4 knot, or joint ; a knuckle. ULE. €ON'DYL-OID, a. [Gr. xovdvdos and ecdos, form.] The condyloid process is the posterior protuber- ance at the extremities of the under jaw ; an oblong rounded head, which is received into the fossa of the temporal bone, forming a movable articulation. The anterior is called the coronoid process. Encyc. €ON’DYL-OID, n. The apophysis of a bone; the projecting soft end, or process of a bone. Coze. €ON'DYL-OPE, n. [Gr. xovdvdus, a joint, and €ON-DYL/O-POD, mous, foot. A general term applied by Cuvier to insects, crus- tacea, and spiders, in allusion to the fact that they are articulated animals with jointed feet. Dana. €ONE, xn. [Fr. cone; It. and Sp. cono ; from L. conus ; Gr. xovws; W. con, that which shoots to a point, from extending; W. connyn, a tail; conyn, a stalk; cono, aspruce fellow. It coincides in radical sense with the root of can and begin.] 1. A solid body or figure having a circle for its base, and its top terminated in a point or vertex, like a sugar-loaf, 9. In botany, the conical fruit of several evergreen trees, as of the pine, fir, cedar, and cypress. It is composed of woody scales, usually opening, and has a seed at the base of each scale. Martyn. A cone of rays, in optics, includes all the rays 0 light which proceed from a radjant point and fall upon a given surface, as of a glass. Barlow. Brande. A right cone, is when its axis is perpendicular to the plane of its base, and its sides equal. It is formed by the revolution of a right-angled plane triangle about one of its sides. Brande. An oblique or scalene cone, is when its axis 1s in- clined to the plane of its base, and its sides unequal. €O-NE/INE. See Conrina. [ Bailey. Brande. €0/NE-PATE,)x. ‘The Mexican popular name of an €0/NE-PATL, animal of the weasel kind in Amer- ica, resembling the polecatin form and size, and inits fetid stench. Itis the Mephitis Americana, commonly called skunk in New England. €ONB/-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a. €0/NEY. See Cony. €ON-FAB/U-LATE, v. 2. ulor, to tell, See Fase. To talk familiarly together ; to chat ; to prattle. If birds confabulate or no. [Little used.) €ON-FAB-U-LA/TION, n. [L. confabulatio,] Familiar talk ; easy, unrestrained, unceremonious conversation. Familiarly abridged into confab. [Vot an elegant word, and little used. €ON-FAB'U-LA-TO-RY, a. Tfaving the form of a cone. L. confabulor ; con and fab- Cowper. elonging to familiar €ON-FA-MIL/IAR, (-fa-mil’yar,) a. €ON-FAR-RE-A’TION, zn. CON Very familiar, Not in use. [L. confarreatio ; con and farreo, to join in marriage with a cake, from far com or meal. ] The solemnization of marriage among the Romans, by a ceremony in which the bridegroom and bride ! tasted a cake made of flour, with salt and water, called far or panis farreus, in presence of the high priest and at least ten witnesses. Ayliffe. Adam. €ON-FAT/ED, a. Fated together. [Jot in use.) GON-FE€T’, v. t. To make sweetmeats. [See Com- | FIT. ] €ON/FECT, n. [L. confectus, conficio. See Comrir.] Something prepared with sugar or honey, as fruit, herbs, roots, and the like; asweetmeat. Harvey. €ON-FECT/ED, pp. Made into sweetmeats. €ON-FECT/ING, ppr. Making into sweetimeats. €0N-FEC’TION, n. [L. confectio, from conficio ; con and facio, to make. ] 1. Any thing prepared with sugar, as fruit; a sweetineat ; something preserved. Bacon. Encyc. 2. A composition or mixture. ‘acon. 3. A soft electuary. Encic. €ON-FEC€/TION-ER, nz. One whose occupation is to make, or to sell, sweetmeats, &c. Boyle. Confectionery in this sense is obsolete. ] €ON-FE€’/TION-ER-Y, xn. A place for sweetmeats ; a place where sweetmeats and similar things are made or sold. 2, Sweetmeats in general; things prepared or sold by a confectioner. €ON-FEC/TOR, n. [L.] An officer in the Roman games, Whose business was to kill any beast that was dangerous. JMilner. €ON-FE6’TO-RY, a. Pertaining to the art of making sweetmeats. Beaum. €ON-FED'ER-A-CY, n. [Low L. confederatio; con and fderatio, from fedus, a league. See Fepenar and Wep.] Shak. J]. A league or covenant; a contract between two or more persons, bodies of men or states, combined in support of each other, in some act or enterprise ; mutual engagement ; federal compact. The friendships of the world are oft Confederacies in vice. A confederacy of princes to check innovation. 9. The persons, states, or nations united by a league. Virgil has a whole confederacy against him. Dryden. 3. In law, a combination of two or more persons to commit an unlawful act. Encye. €ON-FED/ER-ATE, a. [Low L. confederatus.] United in a league ; allied by treaty ; engaged in a confederacy. These were confederate with Abram. —Gen. xiv. Syria is confederate with Ephraim. — Js. vii. €ON-FED’ER-ATE, z. One who is united with oth ers in a league ; a person or nation engaged in a con- federacy ; an ally. Shak. Driden. €ON-FED/ER-ATE, wv. i, [Fr. confederer; Low L. confwdero. Butthe English verb seems to be directly from the adjective, supra. ] No unite in a league ; to join in a mutual contract or covenant; as, the colonies of America confeder- ated in 1776; several states of Europe have some- times confederated for mutual safety. By words men come to know one another’s minds; by these they covenant and confederate. South, €ON-FED/ER-ATE, v. t. To unite in a league; to ally. Addison, Anon. With these the Piercies them confederate. Daniel. €ON-FED/ER-A-TED, pp. or a. United in a league. €ON-FED/ER-A-TING, ppr. Uniting in a league. €ON-FED-ER-A/TION,n. [Fr. confederation ; It. con- federazione; Low L. con, wderatio ; con and federatio.} 1. The act of confederating ; a league ; a compact for mutual support ; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or states. The three princes enter into a strict league and confederation. Bacon. 9, The United States of America are sometimes called the confederation. €ON-FER/, v. i. [Fr. conferer ; It. conferire; Sp. con- vrir; Lu. confero; con and fero, to bear, to bring foxth, to show, to declare. See Bear. ] To discourse ; to converse; to consult together 5 implying conversation on some serious or important subject, in distinction from mere talk, or light, famil- jar conversation ; followed by with. Adonijah conferred with Joab and Abiathar. —1 Kings i. Festus confered with (he council. — Acts xxv. €ON-FER’, v. t. To give or bestow ; followed by on. Coronation confers on the king no royal authority. South. This word is particularly used to express the grant of favors, benefits, and privileges, to be enjoyed, or rights which are to be permanent; as, to: confer on to confer a title or an one the privileges of a citizen ; €ON-DUET/IVE, a. Directing; leading; managing. talk. [Little used. | honor. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS. —€ as K; GasJ; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ALLA —_—<—<—<——s i ——— ed Mie i aes bay eree eee | ons be a = ha" = ee Coe eT ee a CON 2. To compare; to examine by comparison ; liter- ally, to bring together. [See Compare. ] * : . Im. Vl. If we confer these observations with others of the aE eaalre: oyle. This sense, though genuine, is now obsolete. ] : . To contribute ; to conduce to; that is, to brin to. The closeness of parts confers much to th strength of the union; or, intransitively, confers to the strength of the union. €ON’FER-ENCE, 7. It. conferenza. [ Obs. ]} Glanville. [Fr. conference; Sp. conferencia See Conrer.] conference at Ratisbon. nothing to me. —Gal. ii. struction. parison. The mutual conference of observations. ferent passages of Scripture. Looker. [ This sense is, I believe, now obsolete.) buls, &c. o. A stated meeting of preachers in the Wesleyan Methodist church, for transacting business. €ON-FER/RED, pp. Given; imparted ; bestowed. €ON-FER/RER, z. One who confers; one who con- verses ; one who bestows. €ON-FER/RING, ppr. Conversing together ; bestow- €ON-FER/RING, xn. The act of bestowing. fing. 2. Comparison ; examination. €ON-FER-RU/MIN-A-TED, a. Sodered together. Hooker. €ON-FER/VA, n. ; pl. Conrerys. [L.] In botany, the name of an extensive section of the Al¢@, consisting of simple, tubular, jointed water-weeds. PP. Cyc. €ON-FESS’, v. 1 ([Fr. confesser; It. confessare ; Sp. confesar; Port. confessar ; from L. confiteor, confessum ; con and fateor, to own or acknowledge ; Ir. Faotsdin. | 1. To own, acknowledge, or avow, as a crime, a fault, a charge, a debt, or something that is against one’s interest or reputation; as, I confess the argu- ment against me is good, and not easily refuted ; let us frankly confess our sins. Human faults with human grief confess. Prior. “ Confess thee freely of thy sins,?? used by Shak- Speare, is not legitimate, unless in the sense of Roman Catholics. 2. In the Roman Catholic church, to acknowledge sins and faults to a priest ; to disclose the state of the conscience to a priest, in private, with a view to ab- solution ; sometimes with the reciprocal pronoun. The beautiful votary confessed herself to this celebrated father. y u Addison. 3, To own, avow, or acknowledge; publicly to declare a belief in and adherence to. Whoever shall confess me before men. — Matt. x. 4. To own and acknowledge, as true disciples, friends, or children. Him wi Me ll I confess before my Father who is in heaven. — atl. x. 9. To own; toacknowledge ; to declare to be true, or to admit or assent to in words ; opposed to deny. Then will I confess to thee that th thee. — Job xl. These — confessed that they were Strange earth, — Keb. xi. 6. To show by the effect ; to prove ; to attest. Tall, thriving trees confessed the fruitful mold. y own right hand can save rs and pilgrims on the Pope. 7. To hear or receive the confession of another ; as, the priest confessed the nuns. €ON-FESS!, v. 7. To make confession ; to disclose faults, or the state of the conscience ; as, this man went to the priest to confess. €ON-FESS/ANT, x. One who confesses to a priest. Bacon. €ON-FESS/A-RY, x. One who makes a confession. [Not used. Hall CON-FESS/ED, (kon-fest’,) pp. or a. Owned ; ac- knowledged ; declared to-be true ; admitted in words; avowed; admitted to disclose to a priest. CON-FESS’ED-LY, adv. By confession or acknowl- edgment ; avowedly ; undeniably. Demosthenes Was confessedly the greatest orator in Greece. 2. With avowed purpose ; as, his object was con- Sessedly to secure to himself a benefice. CON-FESS/ING, ppr. Owning ; avowing; declaring to be true or real ; granting or admitting by assent ; receiving disclosure of sins, or the state of the con. science of another. £ON-FES/SION, (kon-fesh/un,) » The acknow)l- edgment of a crime, fault, or something to one’s disadvantage ; open declaration of guilt, failure, debt, accusation, &c. With the mouth confession is made to salvation. — Rom, x, be, 1. The act of conversing on a serious subject; a discoursing between two or more, for the purpose of instruction, consultation, or deliberation ; formal discourse ; oral discussion ; as, the ministers had a For they who seemed to be somewhat, in conference added 2. A meeting for consultation, discussion, or in- 3. Comparison ; examination of things by com- The conference of dif- 4. A meeting of the two branches of a legislature, by their committee, to adjust differences respecting PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PIN CON Whio, before Pontius Pilate, witnessed a good confession. — 3. The act of disclosing sins or faults to a priest the disburdening of the conscience privately to a g confessor ; sometimes called auricular confession. ; sion into a church. is entered and execution issued. €ON-FES/SION-AL, z. C€ON-FES/SION-A-RY, 2. A_confession-chair, as above. €ON-FES/SION-A-RY, a. confession. . CON-FES/SION-IST, x. One who makes a profession of faith. Mountaru, CON-FESS/OR, n. [Fr. confesseur; Sp. confesor.) 1. One who confesses; one who acknowledges his sins. 2. One who makes a profession of his faith in the Christian religion. The term was particularly ap- plied, in the early church, to one who confessed the doctrine of Christ before persecuting magistrates, and firmly endured punishment for defending the faith. If such a one died under his torments, he was called amartyr, Hook. The term was used, also, for such Christians as lived a good life, and died with the reputation of sanctity. Encyc. 3. A priest of the Roman Catholic church, who hears the confessions of others, and has power to grant them absolution. €ON-FEST’, pp. or a. [For ConresseD.] Owned; open ; acknowledged; apparent; not disputed. €ON-FEST’LY, adv. [For CoNFPEssEDLY.] Avowed- ly ; indisputably. [Little used. | CON/FLDANT, n. m. ) One intrusted with secrets ; €ON’FI-DANTE, n. f. § a confidential or bosom friend. [This word has been spelt confident by Mit- ford, Coxe, and others, and this spelling would be preferable, as more conformed to the derivation of the word.] €0ON-FIDE!, v.t. [L. confido; con and fido, to trust ; It. confidare; Sp. Port. confiar; Fr. confier; Arm, Jizyout. See Farrn.] To trust; to rely on, with a persuasion of faith- fulness or veracity in the person trusted, or of the reality of a fact; to give credit to; to believe in, with assurance ; followed by in. The prince confides mm his ministers ; the minister confides in the strength and resources of the nation; we confide in the veraci- ty of the sacred historians ; we confide in the truth of a report. €ON-FIDE’,».t. To intrust; to commit to the charge of, with a belief in the fidelity of the person intrust- ed ; to deliver into possession of another, with assur- 2. Avowal; the act of acknowledging ; profession. | CON/FI-DENT, a. 9. The acknowledgment of a debt, by a debtor, before a justice of the peace, &c., on which judgment The seat where a priest or confessor sits to hear confessions ; a confession- [Sp. confestonario.| [chair. Pertaining to auricular of success. : lam confident that much may be a of philosophy. 2. Positive ; dogmatical; as, a confident talker. é 4. Confession, or confession of faith; a formulary in 3. Trusting ; without suspicion. which the articles of faith are comprised ; a creed to be assented to or signed, as a preliminary to admis- Rome, be as just and rracious unto me, Aslam sonilen and kind to thee. Shak, 4, Bold toa vice; having an excess of assurance. The fool rageth and is confident. — Prov. xiy. €CON/FI-DENT, n. One intrusted with secrets ; a con- fidential or bosom friend. Dryden. Coxe. Mitford, [This word has been usually written ConFivanr. The regular English orthography would be ConFIDEN as given by Coxe and Mitford.] €ON-FLDEN/TIAL, a. another ; trusty ; that may be safely trusted ; as, a confidential friend. 2. That is to be treated or kept in confidence ; pri- vate ; as, a confidential matter. 3. Admitted to special confidence, €ON-FI-DEN’TIAL-LY, adv. In confidence ; in re- liance or secrecy. €ON’FI-DENT-LY, adv. With firm trust ; with strong assurance ; without doubt or wavering of opinion ; positively ; as, to believe confidently ; to assert confi- dently. €ON/FI-DENT-NESS, n. Confidence ; the quality or state of having full reliance, €ON-FID’ER, nx. One who confides; one who intrusts to another, T; €ON-FID'ING, ppr. or a. Trusting; reposing confi- dence. CON-FIG/U-RATE, v. i, [lL. confizuro. See Conric- URE. To show like the aspects of the planets toward each other. Jordan. CON-FIG-U-RA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. confiruro. 1, External f rm, figure, shape; the figure which bounds a body, and gives it its external appearance, constituting one of the principal differences between bodies. Encye. 2 Relative position or aspect of the planets ; or the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time. Bailey. Johnson. 3. Resemblance of one figure to another. Bailey. Jones. CON-FIG/URE, v. t. [L. confiruro; con and Jiguro, to form ; figura, figure.] To form ; to dispose in a certain form, figure, or shape. Bentley. €ON-FIG/UR-ED, (kon-fig’yurd,) pp. To dispose In a certain form. €ON-FIG/UR-ING, ppr. Forming to a figure. €ON-FIN’A-BLE, a. That may be confined or lim- ited. Bp. Hall, €ON’FINE, xn. [L. confinis, at the end or border, ad- ance of safe keeping, or good management ; followed by to. We confide a secret to a friend; the common interests of the United States are confided to the congress ; the prince confides a negotiation to his envoy. They would take the property out of the hands of those to whom it was confided by the charter. lopkinson Congress may, under the consulution, confide to the Circuit Court jurisdiction of all otfenses against the United States. udge Story. €ON-FID/ED, pp. Intrusted ; committed to the care of, for preservation, or for performance or exercise. €ON'FI-DENCE, n. [L. confidentia; It. confidenza ; Sp. confianza; Fr. confiance, confidence See Con- FIDE. 1. A trusting or reliance ; an assurance of mind or firm belief in the integrity, Stability, or veracity, of another, or in the truth and reality of a fact. “Mu- tual confidence is the basis of social happiness. I place confidence in a statement, or in an official report. It is better to trust in the Lord, than to put confidence in man. — FS. CXV)il. I rejoice that I have confidence in you in all things, —2 Cor. vii, 2. Trust ; reliance ; applied to one’s own abilities or fortune ; belief in one’s own competency. His times being rather prosperous than calm, had raised his confidence by success. on, 3. That in which trust is placed ; ground of trust; he or that which supports, Israel was ashamed of Beth-el their confidence. —Jer. xviii. ehovah shall be thy confidence. — Prov. iii. 4. Safety, or assurance of safety ; security. They shall build houses and plant vineyards ; yea, they shall dwell with confidence. — Ezek. xxviii. °. Boldness ; courage. Preaching the g kingdom of God with all confidence. — Acts XXViILI. 6. Excessive boldness ; assurance, proceeding from vanity or a false opinion of one’s own abilities or ex- cellencies. Wits, €ON-FIN’ED, pp. or a, Restrained Within limits €ON'FINE-LESS, a, joining ; confintum, a limit; con and Jinis, end, bor- der, limit; It. confine, confino; Sp. confin; Fr. and Port. conjins. See Fine. ] Border ; edge ; exterior part ; the part of any territory Which is at or near the end or extremity. It is used generally in the plural, and applied chiefly to coun- tries, territory, cities, rivers, &c. We say, the con- Jines of France, or of Scotland ; and, figuratively, the confines of light, of death, or the grave; but neyer the confines of a book, table, or small piece of land. CON'FINE, a. Bordering on ; lying on the border; adjacent ; having a commun boundary. Johnson. CON'FINE, v.i. [Fr. confiner; Sp. confinar; It. confi- nare. | To border on; to touch the limit: to be adjacent or contiguous, as ove territory, kingdom, or state, to another; usually followed by on; sometimes by ith. England confines on Scotland. Connecticut confines on Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, and the Having full belief ; trusting ; rely- 1 ing ; fully assured; as, the troops rush on, confident done toward the improvement Boyle. Enjoying the confidence of Sound. €ON-FINE!, v. t. [Sp confinar; Fr, conjfiner. See |} supra. ] 1. To bound or limit; to restrain within limits ; |} hence, to imprison; to shut up; to restrain from es- | cape by force or insurmountable obstacles, ina gen- | eral sense; as, to confine horses or cattle to an ielo- | sure ; to confine water in a pond, to dam ; to confine a garrison in a town ; to confine a criminal in prison. 2. To immure ; to keep close, by a voluntary act ; to be much at home, or in retirement : as, a man con- Jines himself to his studies, or to his house. 3. To limit or restrain voluntarily, in some act or practice ; as, a man may con/ine himself to the use of animal food. r 4. To tie or bind; to make fast or close ; as, to | confine air in a bladder, or corn in a bag or sack, 5. To restrain by a moral force ; as, to confine men by laws. The constitution of the United States con- Jines the States to the exercise of powers of a local nature. ; Im- . - . u prisoned ; limited ; secluded ; close. Boundless ; unlimited; without Shak. Their confidence ariseth from too much credit given to their own Hooker. 746 end. CON-FINE/MENT, zn. Restraint within E, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — limits ; Im-CON CON CON prisonment ; any restraint of liberty by force or other obstacle, or necessity ; as, the confinement of a debtor or criminal to a prison, or of troops to a besieged town. 2. Voluntary restraint ; seclusion; as, the conjine- ment of a man to his house, or to his studies. 3. Voluntary restraint in action or practice; as, confinement to a-particular diet. 4. Restraint from going abroad by sickness, partic- warly by childbirth. €ON-FIN’/ER, x. He or that which limits or restrains. €ON’FIN-ER, n. A borderer; one who lives on con- fines, or near the border of a country. Shak. 2. He or that which is near the limit; a near neigh- bor; he or that which is adjacent or contiguous ; as, confiners in art; confiners between plants and ani- mals, as oysters. Wotton. Bacon. €ON-FIN/ING, ppr. Restraining ; limiting; imprison- ing. €ON-FIN‘I-TY, x. ae confinitas.]| Contiguity ; near- ness ; neighborhood. Dict. €ON-FIRM/, (kon-furm’,) v. t. [L. confirmo; con and Jirme, to make firm. See Firm.] 1. To make firm, or more firm; to add strength to; to strengthen; as, health is confirmed by exer- cise. 2. To fix more firmly ; to settle or establish. Confirming the souls of the disciples. — Acts xiv. I confirm thee in the priesthood. Maccabees. Confirm the crown to me and to mine heirs. Shak, 3. To make firm or certain ; to give new assurance of truth or certainty ; to put past doubt. The testimony of Christ was confirmed in you.— 1 Cor. i. 4. To fix; to radicate ; as, the patient has a con- Jirmed dropsy. 5. Tostrengthen ; to ratify ; as, to confirm an agree- ment, promise, covenant, or title. 6. To make more firm ; to strengthen ; as, to con- jirm an opinion, a-purpose, or resolution. 7. To admit to the full privileges of a Christian, by the imposition of a bishop’s hands. Johnson. In the government of the United States, to estab- lish, assent to, or ratify ; as, the senate conjirms or rejects the appointments proposed to them by the president of the United States. €ON-FIRM’A-BLE, (kon-furm’a-bl,) a. That may be confirmed, established, or ratified; capable of being made more certain. Brown. €ON-FIRM-A/TION, n. The act of confirming or es- tablishing ; a fixing, settling, establishing, or making more certain or firm ; establishment. In the defense and confirmation of the gospel, ye are all partak- ers of my grace.— Phil. i 2. The act of ratifying; as, the conjirmation of a promise, covenant, or stipulation. 3. The act of giving new strength; as, the con- jirmation of health. 4. The act of giving new evidence ; as, the con- jirmation of opinion or report. 5. That which confirms; that which gives new strength or assurance ; additional evidence; proof; convincing testimony ; as, this fact or this argument is a confirmation of what was before alleged. 6. In law, an assurance of title, by the conveyance of an estate or right in esse, from one man to anoth- er, by which a voidable estate is made sure or una- voldable, or a particular estate is Increased, or a pos- session made perfect. Blackstone. 7. In church affairs, the act of ratifying the elec- tion of an archbishop or bishop, by the king, or by persons of his appointment. Blackstone. 8. The act or ceremony of laying on of hands, in the admission of baptized persons to the enjoyment of Christian privileges. The person to be confirmed brings his godfather and godmother, and takes upon himself the baptismal vows. ‘This is practiced in the Greek, Ronan, and Episcopal churches. Hammond. Encye. €ON-FIRM/A-TIVE, (kon-furm!a-tiv,) a Having the power of confirming; tending to establish. €ON-FIRM/A-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina manner tending to confirm. €ON-FIRM-A’TOR, zn. He or that which confirms. €ON-FIRM/A-TO-RY, (kon-furm/a-to-ry,) a. That serves to confirm; giving additional strength, force, or stability, or additional assurance or evidence. 9, Pertaining to the rite of confirmation. €ON-FIRM’ ED, (kon-furmd’,) pp. ora. Made more firm; strengthened ; established. 2. Admitted to the full privileges of the church. €ON-FIRM/ED-NESS, (kon-furm/ed-ness,)n. A fixed state. €ON-FIRM-EE’, n. One to whom any thing is con- firmed. sh. €ON-FIRM/ER, (kon-furm/er,) n. He or that which confirms, establishes, or ratifies; one that produces new evidence; an attester. Shak. CON-FIRM/ING, (kon-furm/ing,) ppr. Making firm or more firm; strengthening; ratifying; giving addi- tional evidence or proof; establishing ; administering the rite of confirmation. €ON-FIRM/ING-LY, (Kon-furm/ing-ly,) adv. In a manner to strengthen or make firm. JB. Jonson. €ON-FIS/CA-BLE, a. [See Conriscate.] That may be confiscated ; liable to forfeiture. Browne. CON-FIS/CATE or CON/FIS-CATE, v. t. [L. con- jisco; con and fiscus, a basket, hamper, or bag; hence, revenue, or the emperor’s treasure ; It. conjis- care; Fr. confisquer; Sp. confiscar. To adjudge to be forfeited to the public treasury, as the goods or estate of a traitor or other criminal, by way of penalty ; or to condemn private forfeited property to public use. The estate of the rebels was seized and confiscated. Anon. €ON-FIS/EATE or CON/FIS-CATE, a. Forfeited a criminal. €ON-FIS/€CA-TED or CON/FIS-€A-TED, pp. or a. or estate judging to the public use. offense. Ezra vil. 26, €ON-FIS/€A-TO-RY, a. Consigning to forfeiture. and adjudged to the public treasury, as the goods of Adjudged to the public treasury, as forfeited goods €ON-FIS’/€A -TING or CON’FIS-€A-TING, ppr. Ad- €ON-FIS-CA/TION, n. The act of condemning as forfeited, and adjudging to the public treasury, as the goods of a criminal! who has committed a public €ON’FIS-€A-TOR, n. One who confiscates. Burke. the place of meeting; as, the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates, or of the Ohio and Mississippi. 2, The running together of people; the act of | meeting and crowding in a place; a crowd; a con- course ; the latter word is more generally used. Temple. Shak. 3. A collection; meeting; assemblage. Boyle. €ON/FLU-ENT, a. [L. confluens.] Flowing togeth- er; meeting in their course, as two streams; as, confluent streams. Blackmore. 2, In medical science, running together, and spread- ing over a large surface of the body; as, the confluent small-pox. Encyc. 3. In botany, united at the base ; growing in tufts ; as, confluent leaves; running into each other; as, confluent lobes. Martin. €ON/FLUX, zn. [Low L. confluzio, from confiuo. See ConFLUENCE. 1. A flowing together; a meeting of two or more currents of a fluid. Shak. 2. A collection ; a crowd; a multitude collected ; as, a general conflux of people. larendon. €ON-FLUX-L-BIL’/LTY, n. The tendency of fluids to run together. ee used.) Boyle. €ON-FORM’,a. [L. conformis; con and forma, form.] €ON’FIT, zn. A sweetmeat. €ON/FLTENT, 7. [L. confitens. See Conress.] One €ON/FIT-URE, x. CON-FIX!, v. t. €ON-FIX/ED, (-fixt,) pp. Fixed down or to; fast- CON-FLX/ING, pp. Fixing to or on; fastening. €ON-FIX/URE, nz. €ON-FLA/GRANT, a. €ON-FLA-GRA/TION,n. [L. conflagratio. See Fia- €ON-FLA/GRA-TIVE, a. €ON-FLA/TION, zn. CON-FLEX’URE, xn. A bending. €ON/FLICT, x. [L. conflictus, from confligo ; con and €ON-FLICT’, v. 7 To strike or dash against; to €ON-FLICT/ING, ppr. Striking or dashing together ; €ON-FLICT/IVE, a. Tending to conflict. €ON/FLU-ENCE, 2. Burke. [See Conrect.] who confesses his sins and faults. [JVot much used.] {Fr., from confire, confit; L. con- fectura, conficio; con and facio. This word is cor- rupted into Comrit, which is now used.] A sweetineat ; confection ; comfit. Bacon. [L. confizo, conficum}; con and figo, to fix, to thrust to or on. See Fix.] To fix down ; to fasten. Shak. ened. The act of fastening. Mountagu. [L. conflagrans, conflagro; con and flagro, to burn. See Furacrant. Burning together in a common flame. Wilton. GRANT. ] 1. A great fire, or the burning of any great mass of combustibles, as a house, but more especially a city or forest. Bentley. 2. The burning of the world at the consummation of things, when ‘‘the elements shall melt with fer- vent heat ”” Causing conflagration. [L. conflatio, from conflo; con and flo, to blow. See Brow. j A blowing together, as of many instruments in a concert, or of many fires in melting metals. Smart. [Vot used. | jligo, to strike, Eng. to flog, to lick; Sp. conflicto; It. conflitto ; Fr. conflit. J. A striking or dashing against each other, as of two moving bodies in opposition ; violent collision of substances; as, a conflict of elements or waves; a conflict of particles in ebullition. 2. A fighting; combat, as between men, and ap- plicable to individuals or to armies; as, the conflict was long and desperate. 3. Contention ; strife ; contest. In our last conflict, four of his five wits went halting off. Shak. 4. A struggling with difficulties ; a striving to op- pose or overcome; as, the good man has a perpetual conflict with his evil propensities. 5. A struggling of the mind; distress; anxiety. Col. ii. 6. The last struggle of Jife ; agony ; as, the conflict with death. Thomson. 7. Opposing operations; countervailing action ; collision ; opposition. In exercising the right of freemen, the man of religion experi- ences no conflict between his duty and his inclination. J. Appleton. meet and oppose, as bodies driven by violence; as, conflicting Waves or elements. 2. To drive or strike against, as contending men or armies; to fight; to contend with violence; as, conflicting armies 3. To strive or struggle to resist and overcome ; as, men conflicting with difficulties. 4, To be in oppositicn, or contradictory. The laws of the United States and of the individual States may, in same cases, conflict with each other. Wheaton’s Rep. fighting ; contending; struggling to resist and over- 5) come. 2, a. Being in opposition; contrary ; contradictory. In the absence of all conflicting evidence. Slory. [L. confluentia, from confluo ; con and fluo, to flow. See Fiow.] 1. A flowing together ; the meeting or junction of €ON-FORM/, ». t. €ON-FORM’, v. i. To comply with or yield to; to €ON-FORM/A-BLE, a. . Correspondent; having the €ON-FORM/A-BLY, adv. With or in conformity ; €ON-FORM/ED, pp. two or more streams of water, or other fluid; also, Made to resemble ; assuming the same form ; like; resembling. [Jittle used. ] Bacon. [L. conformo; con and formo, to form, or shape, from forma, form.] 1. To make like in external appearance; to re- duce toa like shape, or form, with something else ; with to; as, to conform any thing to a model. 2. More generally, to reduce to a likeness or cor- respondence in manners, opinions, or moral qual- ities. For whom he did foreknow, he also did predestinate to be conformed to the image of his Son. — Rom. viii. Be not conformed to this world. — Rom. xii. 3. To make agreeable to; to square with a rule or directory. Demand of them why they conform not themselves to the order of the church. Hooker. live or act according to; as, to conform to the fashion or to custom. 2. To comply with; to obey ; as, to conform to the laws of the state. same or similar external form or shape; like; re- sembling ; as, an edifice conformable to a model or draft. 2, Having the same or similar manners, opinions, or moral qualities. The Gentiles were not made conformable to the Jews, in that which was to cease at the coming of Christ, Hooker. 3. Agreeable; suitable; consistent; as, Nature is conformable to herself. Newton. 4, Compliant ; ready to follow directions; submis- sive ; obsequious ; peaceable ; disposed to obey. I have been to you a true and humble wile, Atall time to your will conformable. Shak. 5. In weology, when the planes of one set of strata are generally parallel to those of another set lying in contact, they are said to be conformable. Lyell. It is generally followed by to, but good writers have used with. In its etymological sense, that may be conformed, capable of being conformed, it seems not to be used. suitably ; agreeably ; as, let us settle in our own minds what rules to pursue, and act conformably. €ON-FORM-A/TION, n. The manner in which a > body is formed ; the particular texture or structure of a body, or disposition of the parts which compose it ; form; structure; often with relation to some other body, and with adaptation to some purpose or effect. Light of different colors is reflected from bodies, ac- cording to their different conformation. Varieties of sound depend on the conformation of the organs. 2, The act of conforming ; the act of producing suitableness or conformity ; with to; as, the conform- ation of our hearts and lives to the duties of true religion Watts. 3. In medical science, the particular make or con- struction of the body peculiar to an individual; as, a good or bad conformation. Encyc. Made to resemble ; reduced to a likeness of ; made agreeable to; suited. €ON-FORM/ER, n. One who conforms ; one who complies with established forms or doctrines. €ON-FORM/ING, ppr. Reducing toa likeness; adapt- ing ; complying with. €ON-FORM/IST, x. One who conforms or complies 5 appropriately, one who complies with the worship of the Church of England, or of the established church, as distinguished from a dissenter or non-conformist. €ON-FORM/LTY, x. Likeness ; correspondence with 2 model in form or manner; resemblance ; agreement ; congruity with something else ; followed by to or with. A ship is constructed in conformity to a model, or in conformity with a model. True happiness consists mM conformity of life to the divine law. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. RAT es Sere ee 5 deed acl — a *ore ge Ae ~ ys CON CON CON 2, Consistency ; agreement. tions of Hippocrates. Arbuthnot. principles ; compliance with established customs. Live not in conformity with the world. Anon. €ON-FOR-TA/TION, nz. [See Comrort.] The act of comforting or giving strength. [WVot used.] Bacon. €ON-FOUND’, v. t. [Fr. confondre ; Lu. confundo ; con and fundo, to pour out; It. confondere; Sp. and Port. confundir. Literally, to pour or throw together. ] 1. To mingle and blend different things, so that their forms or natures can not be distinguished ; to mix in a mass or crowd, so that individuals can not 2. To throw into disorder. [be distinguished. Let us go down, and there confound their language. —Gen. xi. 3. To mix or blend,so as to occasion a mistake of one thing for another; as, men may confound ideas with words. A fluid body and a wetting liquor, because they agree in many things, are wont to be confounded, Boyle. 4. To perplex; to disturb the apprehension by in- distinctness of ideas or words. Men may confound each other by unintelligible terms or wrong applica- tion of words. 5. To abash; to throw the mind into disorder; to cast down; to make ashamed. Be thou confounded, and bear thy shame. — Ezek. xvi. Saul confounded the Jews at Damascus. — Acts ix. 6. To perplex with terror ; to terrify ; to dismay ; to astonish ; to throw into consternation ; to stupefy with amazement. So spake the Son of God; and Satan stood A while as mute, confounded what to say. Milton. The multitude came together, and were confounded. — Acts ii. 7. To destroy ; to overthrow. So deep a malice to confound the race Of mankind in one root. Milton. €ON-FOUND’/ED, pp. Mixed or blended in disorder ; perplexed; abashed ; dismayed ; put to shame and silence ; astonished. 2.a. Very great; tory. [Vulgar.} €ON-FOUND'/ED-LY, adv. Enormonsly ; greatly; shamefully ; as, he was confoundedly avaricious. low word.) €ON-FOUND/ED-NESS, x. founded. Milton. €ON-FOUND/ER, rn. One who confounds; one who disturbs the mind, perplexes, refutes, frustrates, and puts to shame or silence; one who terrifies. €ON-FOUND/ING, ppr. Mixing and blending; put- ting into disorder; perplexing; disturbing the mind ; abashing, and putting to shame and silence ; as- enormous ; as, a confounded The state of being con- Many instances prove the conformity of the essay with the no- 3. In theology, correspondence in manners and 2. To disorder, as, a sudden alarm confused the troops; a careless book keeper has confused the ac- counts. confused his ideas. or Shame ; to disconcert. his argument. Confused anid sadly she at lengih replied. Pope. €ON-F US! ED, (kon-fazd’,) pp. or a. Mixed ; blended ; so that the things or persons mixed can not be dis- tinguished. Some cried one thing, and some another; for the assembly was confused, — Acts xix. 2. Perplexed by disorder, or want of system ; as, a confused account. 3. Abashed ; put to the blush or to shame ; agitated ; disconcerted. €ON-FUS/ED-LY, adv. In a mixed mass ; without order or separation; indistinctly ; not clearly; tu- multuously ; with agitation of mind ; without regu- larity or system. €ON-FUS/ED-NESS, z. ne ; SDE Bal 34 rist. oe Ee et a ama thy, by which one affected part of the system affects 3. In a regular series; in the order of cause and HW 4. To render venerable } a make Respected a8," ome distant part. This cnsenl is supposed to exist] effect, , ; Addison. iY io ules or principles uae a ie a seat 4; devoted: | 2» 0r be produced by, the nerves, and the affections 4. With assumed importance ; with conceit. 3 : ee? CON'SE-CRATE, a OT CO OSE ky ae ? to be communicated from one part to another by Campbell. i i Bi Bey dedicated. means of their ramifications and distributions through €ON-SE-QUEN’TIAL-NESS, nm. Regular consecu- a They were assembled in that consecrate place. Bacon. the body. Thus the stone in the bladder, by velli- tion in discourse. Dict. BL bare vie [ This word is now seldom used, unless in poetry. ] cating the fibers, will produce Spasms and colic mM | €ON/SE-QU ENT-LY, adv. By consequence ; by ne- a €ON'SE-CRA-TED, pp. or a. Made sacred by cere- the bowels; a*shameful thing seen or heard will pro- cessary connection of effects with their causes ; in ¥ met Hi nonies or solemn rites ; separated from a common to duce blushing in the cheeks. Quiicy. ED EY consequence of something. : By a : et: a sacred use ; devoted or dedicated to the service and But Many facts indicate that other causes than CON’SE-QI ENT-NESS, n. Regular connection of oe j worship of God ; made venerable. nervous communication produce sy mpathy. propositions following each other; consecution of i: 24 €ON’/SE-CRA-TED-NESS, x. Statevof being conse- | CON-SENT’, v. i. [L. consentio. See the noun. ] discourse. _ [ Little used. ] Digby. i entrar! i Literally, to think with another. Henc Cy “ €ON-SER! TON, n. [ L. consero, consertum. | jogs €ON/SE-€RA-TING, ppr. or a. Making sacred ; ap- agree or accord. : More generally, to agree eit é Junction ; adaptation, a Young. ye ae propriating to a sacred use; dedicating to the service and will; to yield to what one has the pows r, the | €ON-SERV ‘A-BLE, a. [See ConsERVE.] That may it as | of God; devoting ; rendering venerable. right, or the disposition to withhold, or refuse to be kept or preserved from decay or injury. : €ON-SE-ORA/TION, n. The act or ceremony of sep- grant. €CON-SERV/AN-CY, n. [L. conservans. See Con- ye ae arating from a common to a sacred use, or of devo- If sinners entice thee, consent thou Doane ie i SERVE. | ; ‘4 : ting and dedicating a person or thing to the service One ae eS BATHE Mibik ood he ll ‘dwell wih neg A court of conservancy is held by the lord mayor | and worship of God, by certain rites or solemnities. (Gensexsivee mae s of London, for the preservation of the fishery on the " Consecration does not make a person or thing really S; Potanres Thames. : ne : Johnson. holy but declares it to be sacred, that is, devoted to si ee ee Beto bP le ae Ps.1 €ON-SERV/ANT, a. _Preserving ; having the power Gud, or to divine service ; as, the consecration of the When thou sawest a thief, thou consentedst with him. — Ps. ]. or quality of preserving from decay or destruction. priests among the Israelites ; the consecration of the 3. To assent. €ON-SER-VA/TION, zn. [L. conservatio. See Con- vessels used in the temple ; the consecration of a I consent to the law, that it is good. —Rom. vii. 1 Tim. vi. SERVE. f ; bishop. : €ON-SEN-TA-NE/LTY, n. Mutual agreement. Nhe act of preserving, guarding, or protecting ; 2. Canonization; the act of publicly enrolling or €ON-SEN-TA/NE-OUS 2 ae TS consentaneus. See preservation from loss, decay, Injury, or violation ; numbering among the acknowledged saints or gods ; Goxsene it ? z the keeping of a thing in a safe or entire state ; as, the ceremony of the apotheosis of an emperor. Hale. Acreeable « accordant; consistent with : suitable the conservation of bodies from perishing ; the conser- : 3. The benediction of the elements in the eucha- as eC EL Ga oe 2 ls eo vation of the peace of society ; the conservation of a rist ; the act of setting apart and blessing the elements The ee of virtue is not consentaneous to the youvoewed privileges. ; i in the communion. Encyc. ee ps ue ye ee | CONSERVATISM, 2. The desire and effort of ; €ON'SE-CRA-TOR, n. One who consecrates; one CON-SEN-TA NE-OU S-LY, adv. Agreeably; con- preserving what is established. who performs the rites by which a person or thing BISLEY: ; suitably. Taira jg eB cn €ON-SERV/A-TIV E,a. Preservative ; having power -Is devoted or dedicated to sacred purposes. Atterbury. | CON-SEN-Ta NE-OUS-NESS, n. Agreement; ac-| “to preserve in a safe or entire state, or from loss, CON'SE-CRA-TO-RY, a. Making sacred. : cordance aeons LEN: Dict. Waste, or injury. Peacham. Bp. Morton. CON-SENT ER, n. One who consents. €ON-SERV/A-TIVE, n. One who aims to preserve €ON-SEE-TA/NE-OUS, a. Following of course. CON-SEN’TIENT, (kon-sen/shent,) a, [L. consentiens, from ruin, innovation, injury, or radical change ; Gilbert. consentio. | ; : Z te one Who wishes to maintain an institution, or form CON’SEE-TA-RY, a. [L. consectarius, from consector, Agreeing in mind; accordant in opinion. of government, in its present state. [Modern USALE. | to follow ; con and sector, sequor. See Seek. ] The authority due to the consentient judgment of the church. €CON-SER-V A'T'OR, 2. A preserver ; one who pre- Following ; consequent ; consequential ; deducible. : 2 Pearson. serves from injury or violation. Appropriately, an Brown. CON’/SE-QUENCE, zn. [L. consequentia, from conse- officer who has the charge of preserving the public i €ON’SEC-TA-RY, x. That which follows; conse- quor ; con and sequor, to follow. See Seex.] as peace, as judges and sheriffs ; also, an officer who quence ; deduction from premises ; corollary. 1. That which follows from any act, cause, princi- has the charge of preserving the rights and privileges Woodward. ple, or series of actions. Hence, an event or effect of a city, corporation, or community, as in Roman CON-SE-€U'TION, n. [L. consecutio, from consequor, produced by some preceding act or cause Catholic universities, It is a word of extensive ap- to follow ; con and sequor, to follow. See SEEK.] Shun the bitter consequence; for know, plication. I. A following or sequel; train of consequences The day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt die. Milton. 2. In Connecticut, a person appointed to superintend from premises; series of deductions. Hale. The consequences on oer are disgrace, poverty, discase, idiots, lunatics, &c., manage their property, and pre- 2. Succession ; series of things that follow each Se ae serve it from waste. other ; as, a consecution of colors. Newton. 2. In logic, a proposition collected from the agree- €ON-SERV’A-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of pre- €ON-SEE’U-TIVE, a. [It. consecutivo ; Fr. consecutif. ment of other previous propositions ; the conclusion serving from Joss, decay, or injury. See Consecurion.] which results from reason or argument ; inference ;| €ON-SERV/A-TO_R Y,7. A place for preserving any 1, Following in a train ; succeeding one another in deduction. thing in a state desired, as from loss, decay, waste, a regular order ; successive ; uninterrupted in course Every rational being is accountable to his Maker; man is a or injury. Thus, a fish-pond for keeping fish, a or succession ; as, fifty consecutive years. Arbuthnot. a ahr panto a DRE gence then must be, that man is granary for corn, an ice-house for ice and other 2. Following ; consequential ; succeeding ; as, the From this train of argument, the consequence is obvious. things, a receptacle for water, &c., are called con- actions of men consecutive to volition. Locke. sna se Sia Sis sha aes servatories. 3. Consecutive chords, in music, imply a succession 3. Connection of cause and effect ; consecution. 2. A greenhouse for exotics, often attached to a or repetition of the same consonance in similar mo- ae je eifelt dwelling-house as an ornament. In large conserva- tion. Encyc. aoe Fe see Ste eee Mitton tories, properly so called, the plants are reared on CON-SE€'U-TIVE-LY, adv. By way of consequence a ges Te Adal es erg a the free soil, and not in pots. Brande. or succession, in opposition to antecedently or casually, 4. Influence ; tendency, as to effects. The See 3. A society for promoting, or for preserving, music Dirtie of consequence, in this use, Is modified by the words in food taste. = : BFE LUNES, % State of being consec- |, ‘Connected with it; us, it is of Uitle consequence,” | eon Sian VEY, (Kon-Serv!:)-, ¥. [1 conservo 3 con utive. - that is, of little importance, small effects will follow ; and servo. to hold, keep, or guard; Fr. conserver: It. €ON-SE-NES’CENCE, ) 7. pe consenesco, to grow | .. | is of no COE Cea i aOn no moment, no effect of! conservare; Sp. conservar, See Class Sr, No. 34, 38 €ON-SE-NES/CEN-CY, § ol e) importance will follow ; ‘it is of great consequence, 39, 40, 45. and Class Dr, No. 32.) ? A growing old; decay from age; as, the consenes- of great See e COE Laae ence au pou ws : To keep ina safe or sound state ; to Save ; to pre- ; cence of the world. Ray. 3. Importance; extensive influence ; distinction ; serve from loss, decay, waste, or injury ; to defend rt, €ON-SEN’SION, n. [L. consensio. See Consenm. | as, a nan of great COSCO MERCE ES OVICLY, Sai from violation ; as, to conserve bodies from perishing ; Agreement; accord. [Little wsed.] Bentley. In consequence ; by means of ; as the effect of. to conserve the peace of society ; to conserve fruits, \ | ; CON-SENT’, x. [L. consensus ; It. consenso; Fr. con- | CON SE-QU ENT, a. [L. consequens.| : roots, and herbs, with sugar, &c. 4. ial sentement Sp. consentimiento ; from L. consentio, to be 1. Following as the natural effect ; with to or on. €CON’SERVE, n. A sweetmeat made of fresh fruits, 1 of one mind, to agree ; con and sentio, to think, feel, The right was consequent fo, and built on, an act perfectly Perl» Sc., beat into one uniform mass, with fine sugar, and e OF PExcelve 5 Sp. consentir; Port. Fr. id. ; It. consentire. His Seg wits conseqirenticni hia wices Locke. Without boiling. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. i . See Sensz and ASSENT, ] ag is Te : 2. In pharmacy, a similar preparation, designed to i 1, Agreement of the mind to what is proposed or 2. Following’ by necessary inference or rational preserve the flowers, herbs, roots. or fruits of sim- ‘ stated by another 5 accord hence, a yielding of the deduction 3} aS, a proposition consequent to other prop- ples, as nearly as possible, in their natural fresh Mind oF wil to that which is proposed; as, a parent TALES State. Fresh vegetables ; sug: ‘the consistence gives his consent to the mre of his datieutor CON’SE-QUENT, n. Effect ; that which follows a of ee Deer ane aes Des : _ We generally use this word in cases where power, Cause: 3. A conservatory. [Not usual.] Evelyn. Po rights, and claims, are concerned. We give consent They were ill governed, which is always a conseyuent of ill- | CON-SER V‘ED, Pp» Preserved in a safe an® sound ; br ; NOL give consent to a mere opinion _ 2. ‘That which follows from propositions by rational pared with sugar. or abstract proposition, In this Case, We give our as- deduction ; that which is deduced from reasoning or | CON-SERV'‘ER,. n. Onc who conserves; one who ap sent, But assent is also used in conceding what we argumentation ; a conclusion or inference. keeps from loss or injury ; one who lays up for pres- #3 4 may withhold. We give our assent to the marriage | CON-SE-QUEN/TIA L, a. Following as the effect; ervation ; a preparer of conserves, Haiioovd: Temple. ot “ ee eae eae Laat RRR REGS Ne PLC LRT aR ees 1) FATEH, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MO VE, WOLKE, BOOK, — es —— ee ee See ee SSS SS as ee ee 252 A eee : EEO f { BE SC iy}, MEE eRe aCON €ON-SERV/ING, ppr. Keeping in safety ; defending ; maintaining; preparing with sugar. €ON-SES'/SION, n. -[L. consessio. See Session. | A sitting together. [Little used.] €ON-SES/SOR, x. One that sits with others. [Zittle used. | €ON-SID/ER, v. t. [L. considero, to consider, to view attentively, from consido or consideo, to sit by; con and sedeo, to sit. (See Sir.) The literal sense is, to sit by or close, or to set the mind or the eye to; hence, to view or examine with attention. ] 1. 'To fix the mind on, with a view to a careful ex- amination; to think on with care; to ponder; to study ; to meditate on. Know, therefore, this day, and consider it in thy heart.— eut, lv. Hast thou considered my servant Job? —Job1i. Consider the lilies of the field how they grow. — Matt. vi. 2. To view attentively ; to observe and examine. The priest shall consider the leprosy, — Lev. xiii, 3. To attend to; to relieve. Blessed is he that considereth the poor. — Ps. xli. 4. To have regard to ; to respect. Let us consider one another to provoke to love and to good works. — Heb. x. 5 To take into view in examination, or into ac- count in estimates; as, in adjusting accounts, ser- vices, time, and expense, ought to be considered. 6. In the imperative, consider is equivalent to, think with care, attend, examine the subject with a view to truth or the consequences of a Ineasure. So we use see, observe, think, attend. 7. To requite; to reward; particularly for gratui- tous services. €ON-SID/ER, v.i. To think seriously, maturely, or carefully ; to reflect. None considereth in his heart, neither is there knowledge or understanding. — Is. xliv. In the day of adyersity consider. — Eccles. vil. 9. 'To deliberate; to turn in the mind, as in the case of a single person; to deliberate or consult, as numbers ; sometimes followed by of; as, [ will con- sider your case, or of your Case. The apostles end elders come together to consider of this matter. — Acts xv. 3. To doubt ; to hesitate. Dryden. €ON-SID/ER-A-BLE, a. [Fr.andSp. See ConsIDER. | That may be considered ; that is to be observed, re- marked, or attended to. lt is considerable, that some urns have had inscriptions on them, expressing that the lamps were burning. Wilkins. [This primary use of the word is obsolescent, or very rarely used. | 2, Worthy of consideration ; worthy of regard or attention. Eternity is infinitely the most considerable duration. As that which is worthy of regard is in some measure important, hence, 3. Respectable ; deserving of notice ; of some dis- tinction ; applied to persons. Men considerable in all worthy professions, eminent in many ways of life. Spratt. 4, Important; valuable; or moderately large, ac- cording to the subject. Considerable aid was ex- pected from the allies. A man has a considerable egtate in Norfolk. A considerable sum of money was céllected. Formerly it was sometimes followed by to. He thought bis aid considerable to him. €ON-SID/ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. Some degree of im- Gllotson. importance that deserves notice. ness, or by their effects on society, €ON-SID/ER-A-BLY, adv. tice ; in a degree not trifling or unimportant. And Europe still considerably gains, Both by their good examples and their pains, €ON-SID/ER-ANCE, nx. sober thought, [Vot used.] [See ConsipreRaTion.] . Shak. Roscommon. €ON-SID/ER-ATE, a. SIDER. [L. consideratus. praise. ae used, | 8. Moderate ; not rigorous. Johnson. due consideration ; calmly ; prudently. €ON-SID/ER-ATE-NESS, 7. acon. quences of a hasty decision. 2. Mature thought ; serious deliberation. €ON-SID/ER-A-TIVE, a. Taking into consideration. [ ] €ON-SID/ER-ED, pp- €ON-SID/ER-ER, n. €0ON-SID/ER-ING, ppr. portance, moment, or dignity ; a degree of value or The considerablenesa of things is to be estimated by their useful- In a degree deserving no- Consideration ; reflection ; See Con- 1. Given to consideration or to sober reflection ; thoughtful; hence, serious; circumspect; careful ; discreet ; prudent ; not hasty or rash ; not negligent. F&neas is patient, considerate, and careful of his people. Dryden. 9. Having respect to; regardful ; as, considerate of €ON-SID/ER-ATE-LY, adv. With deliberation ; with Prudence ; calm delib- eration €ON-SID-ER-A/TION, n. [L. consideratio. See Con- aE 1. The act of considering ; mental view ; regard ; notice ; as, let us take into consideration the conse- CON 3. Contemplation ; meditation. The Icve you bear to Mopsa hath brought you to the considera- tion of hor virtues. Sidney. 4, Some degree of importance ; claim to notice, or regard ; a moderate degree of respectability. Lucan is an author of consideration among the Latin peetes Addi 5, That which is considered ; motive of action ; in- fluence ; ground of conduct. He was obliged, antecedent to all other considerations, to search an asylum. Dryden. 6. Reason; that which induces to a determina- tion; as, he was moved by the considerations set be- fore him. 7. In law, the reason which moves a contracting party to enter into an agreement ; the material cause of a contract; the price or motive of a stipujation. In all contracts, each party gives something in ex- change for what he receives. A contract is an agreement, upon sufficient consid- eration. ‘This consideration is express or implied; ex- press, when the thing to be given or done is speci- fied ; implied, when no specific consideration is agreed upon, but justice requires it and the law implies it; as, when a man labors for another, without stipu- lating for wages, the law infers that he shall receive a reasonable consideration. A good consideration iS that of blood, or natural love ; a valuable consideration is such as money, marriage, &c. Hence, a considera- tion is an equivalent or recompense; that which is given as of equal estimated value with that which is received. Eittle used. Thought of with care; pon- dered ; viewed attentively ; deliberated on; exam- ined A thinker; one who considers ; [ConsipERaTOR is not in use. | Fixing the mind on; medi- tating on; pondering ; viewing with care and atten- tion ; deliberating on. Note. —We have a peculiar use of this word, which may be a corruption for considered, or which may be a deviation from analogy by an insensible change in the structure of the phrase. ‘‘It is not pos- sible for us to act otherwise, considering the weakness of our nature.”? As a participle, this word must here refer to us, or the sentence can not be resolved by any rule of English syntax. It would be correct to say, s¢ It is not possible for us to act otherwise, the weak- ness of our nature being considered; or, ‘* We, con- sidering the weakness of our nature, can not act oth- erwise.’ But the latter phrase is better grammar than it is sense. We use other participles in like manner; as, ‘‘.Allowing for tare, the weight could not be more than a hundred pounds.?? ‘These and simi- lar phrases are anomalous. But considering 1s no more a kind of conjunction, in such a phrase, than it IS a 7l0uU7l. €ON-SID/ER-ING, z. The act of deliberating, or carefully attending to; hesitation; as, many mazed considerings. Shak. €ON-SID/ER-ING-LY, adv. With consideration or deliberation. Whole Duty of Man. €ON-SIGN’, (Kon-sine’,) v.t. [L. consigno, to seal or sign ; con and signo, to seal or Stamp ; signum, a Sign, seal, or mark; It. consegnare, to deposit, deliver, con- sign ; Sp. consignar; Fr. consigner. (See Sten.) The sense is, to set to, to thrust, or send. | 1. "To give, send, or set over; to transfer or deliver into the possession of another, or into a different state, with the sense of fixedness in that state, or permanence of possession ; as, at death the body is consigned to the grave. a man of reflection. At the day of general account, good men are to be consigned over to another state, Allerbury. 2. 'To deliver or transfer, as a charge or trust; to ceptor ; to consign goods to a factor. Addison. tion ; as, to consign a history to writing. i Dryden. 4. To appropriate. €ON-SIGN/, (kon-sine’,) 0. % sent. [ Obs.] Shak. place, or state. Despair is « certain consignation to eternal ruin. Yate used.| [See ConsiGNMENT,] €C Taylor. Park, N-SIG/NA-TURE, 2. ing or stamping. €ON-SIGN’ED, (kon-sind’,) pp. mitted for keepmg or management ; or superintendence ; a factor. €ON-SIGN’DR, (kon-sin/er,) _} 7% €ON-SIG-NIF/I-CA-TIVE, a. €ON-SIGN'MENT, (kon-sine/-,) 2. eu St-MIL/L-TUDE, n. Resemblance. [Little used. | €ON-SIST’, v.1. €ON-SIST'ENCE, The €0ON-SIST/EN-CY, commit; as, to consign a youth to the care of a pre- 3. To set over or commit, for permanent preserva- To submit to the same terms with another ; also, to sign; to agree or con- €ON-SIG-NA‘TION, n. The act of consigning ; the act of delivering or committing to another person, Full signature; joint sign- Delivered ; com- deposited in trust. €ON-SIGN-EE’, (kon-se-nee’) x. The person to whom goods or other things are delivered in trust, for sale The person who CON sends, delivers, or commits goods or other things in trust to another for sale, or superintendence. €ON-SIG-NLFL€aA/TION, n. [See Stenrry.] Joint Harris. [See Sronrry.] ing a like signification, or jointly significative. Vallancey, Gram. 57. signification. ison. | SQN-SIGN/ING, (Kon-sine!-,) ppr. Delivering to anoth- er in trust; sending or committing, asa possession or charge. The act of con- signing; consignation; the act of sending or com- mitting, as a charge for safe keeping or management ; the act of depositing with, as goods for sale, 9. The thing consigned; the goods sent or deliv- ered to a factor for sale; as, A received a large con- signment of goods from B. 3. The writing by which any thing is consigned. €ON-SIWLLAR, a. Having common resemblance. [Little used. [L. consisto ; con and sisto, to stand ; Sp. consistir ; It. consistere ; Fr. consister.] 1, To stand together; to be in a fixed or perma- nent state, as a body composed of parts in union or connection. Hence, to be; to exist; to subsist; to be supported and maintained. He ie before all things, and by him all things consist. — Col. i. 2. To stand or be; tolie; to be contained ; fol- lowed by in; as, the beauty of epistolary writing consists in ease and freedom. 3. To be composed; followed by of; a5, a land- scape should consist of a variety of scenery. To consist together ; to coexist ; to have being con- currently. Necessity and election can not consist together in the same act. Bramhall, To consist with ; to agree ; to be in accordance with; to be compatible. Health consists with temperance alone. Pope. A standing together; a be- ing fixed in union, as the parts of a body; that state of a body, in which its com- ponent parts remain fixed. The consistency of bodies is divers; dense, rare, tangible, pneumiatical, volatile, &c. Bacon. 2, A degree of density or spissitude, but indefinite. Let the juices or liquor be boiled into the consistency of sirup. Arbuthnot. 3. Substance ; make; firmness.of constitution ; as, friendship of a lasting consistency; resolutions of du- rable consistence. South. Hammond. 4, A standing together, as the parts of a system, or of conduct, &c. ; agreement or harmony of all parts of a complex thing among themselves, or of the same thing with itself at different times; congrulty ; uniformity ; as, the consistency of laws, regulations, or judicial decisions ; consistency of opinions ; con- sistency of behavior or of character. There is harmony and consistency in all God’s works, J. Lathrop. 5. A standing; a state of rest, in which things capable of growth or decrease remain for a time at a stand. hambers. €ON-SIST/ENT, a. [L. consistens. See Constst-] 1. Fixed ; firm; not fluid; as, the consistent parts of a body, distinguished from the fluid. Harvey. 9. Standing together or Inagreement ; compatible ; congruous; uniform; not contradictory or opposed ; as, two opinions or schemes are consistent ; let 2 man be consistent with himself; the law is consistent aoith, justice and policy. So two consistent motions act the soul. Pope. €ON-SIST/ENT-LY, adv. In a consistent manner; in agreement; agreeably ; as, to command confidence a man must act consistently. GON-SIS-TO/RLAL, ) a. [See Consistory.] Per- €ON-SIST’O-RY, taining or relating to a con- sistory, or ecclesiastical court of an archbishop or bishop. Ayliffe. Every archbishop and bishop of a diocese hath a consistory court. Encyc. €ON-SIS-TO'RI-AN, a. Relating to an order of Pres- byterian assemblies. Bp. Bancroft. €ON-SIST/O-RY, nr. [LL. consistorium, from consisto. See Consist.] Primarily, a place of meeting ; 4 council-house, or place of justice. Hence, j 1. In the English church, a place of justice in the spirittial court, or the court itself; the court of every diocesan bishop, held in their cathedral churches, for the trial of ecclesiastical causes arising within the diocese. ‘The bishop’s chancellor or his commissary is the judge. Blackstone. 2. In the Roman Catholic church, an assembly of prelates ; the college of cardinals at Rome, Pius was then hearing causes in consistory- Bacon. 3, A solemn assembly or council. Milton. Pope. 4. A place of residence. [ot used.] Shak. consigns ; one who 5. In some churches, as the Dutch, a consistory is Let us think with consideration. Sidney. €ON-SIGN-OR’, (kkon-se-nor’,) ee is TONH, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. - ————— ee rmDenaaeeS _ ed a5 i oe ko aay tt a a { a Sod | Bee | ‘ } r 4 i ‘ bf 7 } ‘ ’ \" i ' - a “4 reece whe. © a tees Smt 7— a aman eee aa ee aie AO AEE cee Rn en precer estne eee ae CON CON CON 3 z "i mr FF ST 2 ioe ¥ ife i hag! the lowest tribunal, corresponding to a church session, | CON-SOL/I-DATE, a. Formed into a solid mass. 2. To unite in company. aes and in others js composed of ministers and elders, ; f Elyot. He begins to consort himself with men, Locke. corresponding to a presbytery. _ €ON-SOL’L-DA-TED, pp. ora. Made solid, hard, or 3. To accompany. [Wot used.] Shak. €ON-SO/CIATE, n. [lL consociatus. See the next compact ; united. e : : ef €ON-SORT’A-BLE, a. Suitable. Wotton. word.] €ON-SOL'TDA-TING, pyr. Making solid; uniting. | ¢9N-SOR'T’ED, pp. United in marriage. Milton. An associate ; a partner or confederate ; an accom- | CON-SOL-I-DA’TION, n. The act of making, or pro- €ON-SORT’ING, ppr. Uniting in company with ; as- plice. Hayward. cess of becoming, solid; the act of forming into a sociating. €ON-SO/CIATE, v. #. [L. consociatus, from consocio ; firm, compact mass, body, or system. é €ON-SOR’TION, n. Fellowship. [ot used.] Brown. con and socio, to unite ; soctus, a companion. See 2. The uniting of several particulars into one body ; €ON/SORT-SHIP, n. Fellowship ; partnership. Socrat.] ay : as, a consolidation of the funds. Hence, . |€ON/SOUND, n. The name of several species of 1. To unite; to join; to associate. Wotton. 3. The annexing of one bill to another in parlia- plants. na 2. To cement or hold in close union. Burnet. ment or legislation. €ON-SPE€’TA-BLE, a. Easy to be seen. i‘ 3 To unite in an assembly or convention, as pas- 4. The combining of two benefices in one. Cowel.| 6QN_SPEE/TION, n. A beholding. [Not used.] I tors and messengers, or delegates of churches. 5. The uniting of broken bones or wounded flesh. _SPRE_TU! PY Sight vie r > ) pada tk ae anes. €ON-SPE€-TU'LTY, n. Sight; view. [ot used.] 4 Saybrook Platform. €ON-SOL’I-DA-TIVE, a. Tending to consolidate ; €ON-SPER/SION, n. Asprinkling. [Not used.] = * . ‘ ean 4 4 » on > . s ; . y . CON-SO/CIATE, v. t. To unite; to coalesce. healing. | e : ae €ON-SPI-€U/I-TY, n. Conspicuousness; brightness. A Bentley. €ON-SOL'ING, ppr. Comforting; alleviating grief. [Little used. ] Shak i . eS 5 : i SATJ/ING ¢ ) CONS ifort : a ae < fete 2. To unite, or meet in aybody, ; to form a couRoe! €ONn Son ING, a, Adapted to console or comfort ; as, €ON-SPIE/Y-OUS, a. [L. conspicuus, from conspicio Fit ation of pastorsand messengers. Saybrook Platyorm. LORS CANES: : to look or see ; con and specio, to see. See Species. | ; €ON-SO/CIA-TED, pp. or a. Associated in a body. €ON SOLS, n. pl. In England, three per cent, annui- 1. Open to the view; obvious to the eye; easy to ‘ €ON-SO/CIA-TING, ppr. Uniting in a body. ties, granted at different times, and at last consoli- aaah So es eae av ; 7a ae fej ma ate 2 So, 7 E aoe 5 ve : : be seen; manifest; as, to stand in a conspicuous { €ON-SO-CI-A’/TION, (kKon-so-she-a/shun,) n. Inti- dated into one stock orfund. ‘They constitute near- place ei is ; mate union of persons ; fellowship ; alliance ; com- ly half the public debt, and hence their rise or fall is 0 ell i ui | panionship ; union of things. [The word is less used| taken as an index of the state of stocks. Brande. 0 EOE tie Be ae than AssociATION.] Wotton. |€ON/SO-NANCE, x. [Fr., from L. consonantia, con- 2. Obvious to the mental eye ; clearly or extensive- eee 8 2. An assembly of the pastors and delegates of the sonans, from consono, to sound together ; con and sono, ly known, perceived, or understood, Hence, emi- ee 15] Congregational churches within a certain district, tosound. See Sounp and Tone.] nent; famous; distinguished ; as, a man of conspic- ome SR forming a court of appeal from the decisions of the 1. Accord oragreement of sounds. In music, con- uous talents; a lady of conspicuous virtues. ; ad i churches. Trumbull’s History of Connecticut. sonance is an accord of sounds, simultaneously pro- | CON-SPI€’Y-OUS-LY, adv. In a conspicuous man- ae 4 ; ON-SO-CI-A’TION-AL, a. Pertaining to a consoci- duced, which creates an agreeable sensation in the ner; obviously ; in a manner to be clearly seen ; em- > = > ‘ aio ; . i ation. Trumbull. ear as the third, fifth, and eighth. It denotes, also, inently ; remarkably. Pak €ON-SOL/A-BLE, a. [See Corsore.] That admits the according intervals. When the intervai of a con- | CON-SPI€/Y-OUS-NESS, n. Openness or exposure oe ws comfort; capable of receiving consolation. sonance is invariable, it is called perfect; but when to the view ; a state of being visible at a distance; Hg €ON/SO-LATE, v. t. To comfort. [Obs.] [See it may be either major or minor, it is termed imperfect. as, the conspicuousness of a tower. i Consoue.] Busby. 2. Eminence; fame; celebrity; renown; a state €ON-SO-LA/TION, 2. [L. consolatio. See Consore.] 2. Agreement; accord; congruity; consistency ; of being extensively known and distinguished ; as, 1. Comfort ; alleviation of misery, or distress of agreeableness; suitableness ; as, the consonance of the conspicuousness of an author, _ mind ; refreshment of mind or spirits; a compara~} opinions among judges; the consonance of a ritual | €ON-SPIR/A-CY, n. [lL conspiratio, from conspiro. tive degree of happiness in distress or misfortune, to the Scriptures. See Conspire. : springing from any circumstance that abates the | €ON/SO-NANT, a. Agreeing; according; congru- 1. A combination of men for an evil purpose; an evil, or supports and strengthens the mind, as hope, ous ; consistent; followed generally by to; sometimes agreement, between two or more persons, to commit ‘ joy, courage, and the like. by with; as, this rule is consonant to Scripture and some crime in concert; particularly, a combination i Againet such cruellties, reason. to commit treason, or excite sedition or insurrection, 4 With inward consolations recompensed. Milton, 2. In music, composed of consonances; as, conso- against the government of a state; a plot; as, a con- . We have great joy and eonsolation in thy love. — Philem, 7. nant intervals. sptracy against the life of a king ; a conspiracy against i 2. That which comforts or refreshes the spirits;| CON’SO-NANT, n. A letter, or element of speech, the government. | the cause of comfort; as, the consolation of Israel. having either no vocality, as p and the other mutes, More than forty had made this conspiracy. — Acts xxiii. ; Luke ii or only an imperfect vocality, as b, 7, &c. For this 9, I ; = oa z foe re : 2. In law, an agreement between two or more per- i €ON'/SO-LA-TOR, n. One who comforts. reason, consonants are ordinarily sounded only in “ak falsely Prd eanticiounle to indict. or Beate! to : €ON-SOL!A-TO-RY, a. [lL consolatorius.] connection with a vowel, and hence the name. The b Sea Roa : gn SSS: 5 3 2 era ‘ Le ? . : e indicted, an innocent person of felony. Tending to give comfort ; refreshing to the mind ; consonants are better called articulations, as they are Blackstone ; assuaging grief. Howell. the names given to the several closings or junctions} ° A ; ah Sn hituee ear “a f : . A concurrence; a general tendency of two or €ON-SOL/A-TO-RY, n. A speech or writing con- of the organs of speech, which precede and follow as ene te’one Roane 5 y Sidney taining topics of comfort. Milton. the openings of the organs with which the vowels €ON-SPIR/ANT etl conspranss| €ON-SOLD’,v. t. [L.consolor ; It, consolare; Sp. con- are uttered. These closings are perfect, and wholly Bp OR GA EA ogee g ANTES GE Ar ] } ’ : Bees + : . 9 rea a ys waar Conspiring ; plotting; engaging in a plot to com- solar; Fr. consoler. The primary sense is either to intercept the voice, as in the syllables ck, ep, et, or materi Shak ae enperfeet and admitting, some, slight sound, as in| eON-SPL-RAVTION, nm Conspiracy ; agreement or | set or allay, to give rest or quiet, Ar. Muy sala, Heb. Dao. cola oo epee aera aie ae ance muresy 1 concurrence of things to one end. ? ’ ? and others semi-vowels. The consonants begin or €ON-SPIR/ ny +} . : . : : : ‘ : ua ee . IN-SPIR/A-TOR, x. One who conspires; one who n>wz ; or the sense is to strengthen, in which case it end syllables, and their use is to determine the man- engages in a plot to commit a crime, particularl coincides with the root of solid. ‘The latter is most ner of beginning or ending the vocal sounds. ‘These Ganson I , y . . . . - . “ho . probable. } closings or configurations of the organs, being vari- 9. | mics y aare 2 5 : 5 , ES rie 2 : 2. In law, one w agrees W é alsely ¢ To comfort ; to cheer the mind in distress or de- ous, serve to diversify the syllables, as in uttering ba, wiaicioneh a ene 3 ess (want angus rales eeu pression ; to alleviate grief, and give refreshment to da, pa, or ab, ad, ap; and, although 6 and p may be By the British statute. a cons SOG AGRRER to ae the mind or spirits; to give contentment or moderate considered as representing no sounds at all, yet they we Dye En Samah ae cma 8 osha apn nig nae ga eae aes span : e : ope Rss anata . 2 one who binds himself by oath, covenant, or other happiness, by relieving from distress. The promises so modify the utterance of ab, ap, or ba, pa, that the alliance, to assist another falsely and maliciously to of the gospel may well console the Christian in all slight difference between these articulations may be indict Sra in fal eiwto may eniny 1 3 Brise the afflictions of life; it is a consoling reflection that perceived as far as the human yoice can be distinctly E€ON_SPILE!. ase [L. a ote to a aon ae eel the evils of life are temporary. heard. =; to breathe. But Phe neiiare soiiee is, to cnrowete TiC T AT y ¥ ae . « e , . € v7] I am much consoled by the reflection that the religion of Christ CON SO-NANT-LY, adv. Consistently sink DB eICeR wind ; hence spira, a fold, circle wreath or band ; has been attacked in vain by all the wits and philosophers, ment. ] h se re h ar} is br h ze } ; and its triumph has been complete. P, Henry. | €ON’/SO-NANT-NESS, n. Agreeableness; consist- BNC LAC Sense. Ob Whe ver 1s, Lo prealie Occ uer Oks a s ‘ ency more probably, to wind or band together. ] €ON’SOLE, n. [Fr.] In architecture, a bracket, or €ON'SO-NOUS. a WN coneeriie I, To agree, by oath, covenant, or otherwise, to shoulder-piece ; or an ornament cut upon the key of Ae aioe Seed gern S.J commit a crime ; to plot; to hatch treason. an arch, which has a projecture, and, on occasion greeing In sound ; symphonious. en : i : ? y ? ? >) CON-SO/PLATE, v. t. To lull aslee [Mot used ] The servants of Ammon conspired against him, and slew the serves to support little cornices, figures, busts, and] AAs) an pr, syper BAe eonce bs see king in his own house. —2 Kings xxi vases. Encyc. CONSO-PLA PION, n A lulling asleep. [Vot used.] They conspired against Joseph to slay him. —Gen. xxxvii. €ON-SOL/ED, pp. Comforted; cheered CON’SO-PITE, v. t=. [L. consopio. = ee Nepean A; ered, To ¢ se: to lull to slee Mm d 2. In law, to agree falsely and maliciously to indict CON-SOL/ER, n. One that gives comfort. Fie Se) Cone to sleep. ot used. | an innocent person of felonv €ON-SOL/I-DANT, a. [See Consor IDATE ] Having €ONn sO-PI I E, a. Calm j composed. [Wot used. | 3 T ae Sern c ee d ll thi : , eee < : . To agree; Oo : a the quality of umiting wounds, or forming new flesh. ON/SORT More. Spar pees apres eee end ; d3,.a ings €ON-SOL'LDANT, n. A medicine that heals or | ©ON'SORT, 7x. [L. consors; con and sors, sort, state, Pen ar) Ree ate unites the parts of wounded flesh. Core. kind: ces CEILS ns ee BEES R €ON-SOL/LDATE, v. t. [It. consolidare; Fr. consoli- 1. A companion ; a partner; an intimate associate ; ss lial aecas ames magn ve papers» ; der ; Sp. consolidar ; con and UL. solidus, solid. See particularly, a partner of the bed ; a wife or husband. €ON-SPIR/ERyn. One who conspires or plots ; a con- ty SeakpH He single chose to live, and shunned to wed, Spirator. Shak. 1. To make solid; to unite or press together loose Well pleased to want a convort of his bed. Dryden. | CON-SPIR/ING, ppr. or a. Agreeing to commit a a or separate parts, and form a compact mass; to 2. An assembly or association of persons, convened | rime 5 plotting; uniting or concurring to one end. eH harden or make dense and firm. for consultation. Spenser. 2. In mechanics, conspiring forces are forces acting : He fixed and consolidated the earth abovo the waters, Bur 3. Union; conjunction ; concurrence. Atterbury. obliquely to each other, but which may be severally zie rN I fj Z toed I J resolved into two parts, one of which, in each ca ay ii : : . ; s é ‘ number of instruments played together; a Bir aie eee oe ) : vaSC, eee 2. To unite the parts of a broken bone, or the lips symphony; aconcert. In this sense concert is now | Cts in the same direction with the other ; co-operat- bee) ' of a wound, by means of applications. CNCYC. used Z ing powers D. Olmsted ea: 3. In a more general sense, to unite vari urti Bon : _SPIR/IN A ani oe » Ir ; e Various partic- EMT ats ants 5 : ; €ON-SPIR/ING-LY, adv. In the manner of a conspir- ie ee : ulars as one mass or body; as, to consolidate the another Hig CE On Bay Aw Essel eeey In econ palya wit acy ; by conspiracy Milton. a forces of an army; to consolidate vations funds. : : : ee 3 i erecta : - . I if ; Heresenn par liaieniary Mer eRMtG CaaecToTEte ta Queen consort; the wife of a king, as distinguished | CON-SPIS-SA/TION, n._ [L. conspissatus, me ) ence, p { Sage, vO from a queen rernant, who rules alone, and a queen The act of making thick or viscous ; thickness. me es bills is to unite them into one. In law, to consolidate , ai q . zi q : Mi eo A | benefices is to combine them into one. dcowager, the widow of a king. I-SPU Al eee ASE €ON-SOL/LDATE ina . : €ON-SORT’, v.i. To associate ; to unite in company ; CON-SPUR-€A'TION, n. [L. conspurco ; con and spur~ i a »v.t. To grow firm and hard; to| ~ 6 kee a : ass ?| co, to defile.) unite and become solid; as, moist clay consolidates Sh ee a) MS RUN ort The act of defiling; defil : I by drying. Which of the Grecian chiefs consorts with thee? Dryden. race ving; defilement ; pollution [vi ot baat ¢ ites 3 SEs all. i S / + 3 ar . In Burts jendinlcers of the head, drynesa maketh them more apt CON-SORT’, v. E To join ; to marry. €ON'STA-BLE, (Kun/sta-bl,) . [Sp. condestable ; Port. oldate, Bacon, With his consorted Eye, Milton. id. ; It. conestabile ; Fr. connectable; Sp. conde, It. conte, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARiNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — bi: OHA : = cs SuneCON a count, and L. stabulum, a stable; L. comes stabul, count of the stable. ] 1. A high officerin the monarchical establishments €ON-STEL-LA/TION, 7. of the middle ages. rande. The lord high constable of England was the seventh officer of the crown. He had the care of the common peace, in deeds of arms and matters of war, being a judge of the court of chivalry, now called the court of honor. ‘To this officer, and to the earl marshal, be- longed the cognizance of contracts, deeds of arms without the realm, and combats and blazonry within the realm. The power of this officer was so great, and so improperly used, that it was abridged by the | €ON-STER-NA/TION, 2. 13th Richard II., and was afterward forfeited in the person of Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, in 1521. It has never been granted to any person since that time, except pro hac vice, or on a particular occa- s10n. Encye. 9. An officer of the peace. In England, there are high constables, petty constables, and constables of London. The high constables are chosen at the court leets af the franchise or hundred over which they preside, or, in default of that, by the justices of the quarter sessions, and are removable by the same au- thority that appoints them. The petty constables are chosen by the jury of the court leet, or, if no court is held, they are appointed by two justices of the peace. In London, a constable is nominated in each precinct by the inhabitants, and confirmed at the court of wardmote. The duty of constables is to keep the peace ; and for this purpose they are invested with the power of arresting and imprisoning, and of break- ing open houses. In the United States, constables are town or city officers of the peace, with powers similar to those possessed by the constables in Great Britain. They are invested also with powers to execute civil as well as criminal process, and to levy executions. In Wew England, they are elected by the inhabitants of towns in Jegal meeting. To overrun the constable ; to spend more than aman is worth or can pay ; a vulgar phrase. €ON/STA-BLER-Y, (kun/sta-bler-y,) 7. jurisdiction of constables. €0ON’/STA-BLE-SHIP, n. The office of a constable. €0N/STA-BLE-WICK, n. The district to which a constable’s power is limited. Hale. €ON-STAB/U-LA-RY, a. Pertaining to constables ; consisting of constables. €ON/STAN-CY, x. [L. constantia, from consto; con and sto, to stand.] 1. Fixedness; a standing firm; hence, applied to God or his works, immutability ; unalterable contin- uance; a permanent state. Tooker. 9. Fixedness or firmness of mind ; persevering res- olution ; steady, unshaken determination ; particu- larly applicable to firmness of mind under sufferings, to steadiness in attachments, and to perseverance in enterprise. Lasting affection; stability in love or friendship. 3. Certainty ; veracity ; reality. €ON/STANT, a. [L. constans.] 1. Fixed; firm; opposed to flurd, To turn two fluid liquors into a constant body. In this sense not used.) 8. Fixed; not varied; unchanged ; permanent ; im- mutable. The world ’s a scene of changes, and to be Constant, in nature, were inconstancy. 3. Fixed or firm in mind, purpose, affection, or principle ; unshaken ; unmoved ; as, @ constant friend or lover. 4. Certain ; steady ; firmly adherent ; with to; as, a Inan constant to his purpose or ¢o his duties. €ON/STANT, x. In physics, that which remains un- changed or invariable. Thus a quantity, force, law, &c., when it continues unchanged, is called a con- stant. Jet, (OU €ON-STAN-TI-NO-POL/I-TAN, a. Relating to Con- stantinople, the metropolis of the empire of Turkey. €ON/STANT-LY, ad. Firmly ; steadily ; invariably ; continually ; perseveringly. Rhoda constantly affirmed that it was even so. — Acts xii. These things I will that thou affirm constantly. — Tit. lil. €ON/STAT, n. [L., it appears.] Im England, a cer- tificate given by the clerk of the pipe and auditors of the exchequer to a person who intends to plead or move fora discharge of any thing in that court. The effect of it is to show what appears upon the record respecting the matter in question. 92, An exemplification under the great seal of the enrollment of any letters patent, Encyc. €ON/STEL-LATE, v. 7% [Low L. constellatus; con and stello, to shine ; stella, a star.] To join luster; to shine with united radiance or one general light. [Little used.] The several things which engage our affections shine forth and constellate in God, Boyle. €ON’STEL-LATE, v. t. To unite several shining bodies in one splendor [Jittle used.] Brown. €ON'STEL-LA-TED, pp. ora, United in one splen- dor. TOWN. The body or Shak. Johnson. Boyle. Cowley. prise. €ON/STI-PATH, ». t. €ON/STLPA-TED, pp. Made costive. €ON/STLPA-TING, ppr- €0ON-STL-PA/TION, 7. €ON-STIT’/U-EN-CY, 7. CON SEITU-ENT, a. {L. constituens, constituo ; con €ON-STIT’U-ENT, xn. €ON’STI-TUTE, v. t. €ON/STLTOUTE, zn. €ON/STL-TUC-TED, pp. ora. €ON/STLTC-TED AU-THOR'-TIES, n. pl. The TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS — : CON 2. Starry; set or adorned with stars or constella- tions. J. Barlow. A cluster, assemblage, or group, of fixed stars ; a number of stars which appear as if situated near each other in the heavens, and are considered as forming a particular division, ‘The constellations are reduced mostly to the figures of certain animals or other known things, as the bear, the bull, the ram, the balance, &c. For the stars of heaven, and the constellations thereof, shall not give their light. —Is. xiii. 9. An assemblage of splendors or excellences. [L. consternatio, from con- sterno; con and sterno, to throw or strike down. ] Astonishment ; amazement or horror that confounds the faculties, and incapacitates a person for consulta- tion and execution; excessive terror, wonder, or sur- ] South. [L. constipo ; con and stipo, to crowd, or cram, Eng. to stuff, to stop. See Strurr and CCE) 1. To crowd or cram into a narrow compass; to thicken or condense. Bacon. 2. To stop, by filling a passage, and preventing motion ; as, to constipate capillary vessels. Arbuthnot. 3. To fill or crowd the intestinal canal, and make costive. Brown. Making costive. The act of crowding any thing into a less compass; a pressing together ; con- densation ; as, a close constipation of particles. Bentley. 9. More generally, a crowding or filling to hard- ness the intestinal canal, from defective excretion ; costiveness ; obstipation. Encyc. Coxe. The act of constituting, or, more frequently, the body of constituents. [Modern usage and statuo, to set. See Statue, Statute. ] Setting; constituting ; applied to parts of a thing that are essential to it. Hence, J. Necessary or essential; elemental; forming, composing, or making, as an essential part; as, oxy- gen and hydrogen are the constituent parts of water. Body, soul, and reason, are the three constituent parts of a man, Dryden, 9. Having the power of constituting or appointing. A question of right arises between tho constituent and represent ative body. unius. He or that which sets, fixes, or forms; he or that which constitutes or composes. Their first composure and origination requires a higher and ne bler constituent than chance. Hale. 2. That which constitutes or composes, as a part, or an essential part. The lymph in those glands is a necessary constituent of the alt ment. Arbuthnot. 3. A term applied to those who appoint or elect some one as their representative to an office or em- ployment. urke. L. constituo; con and statuo, toset. (See Sratusr, 5 raTUTE.) It. constituire; Sp. constituir ; Fr. constituer.] 1. To set; to fix; to enact; to establish. We must obey laws appointed and constituted by lawful author ity, not against the law of God, Taylor. 2. To form or compose; to give formal existence to; to make a thing what it is. Perspicuity consti- tutes the prime excellence of style. Truth and reason constitute that intellectual gold that defics de- struction Johnson, 3. To appoint, depute, or elect, to an office or em- ployment; to make and empower. A sheriff is con- stituted a conservator of the peace; A has constituted B his attorney or agent. An established law. [ Obs. Set; fixed: established ; made ; elected; appointed. magistrates or governors of a people. H. More. €ON/STL-TO-TER, n. One who constitutes or ap- points. CON/STLTO-TING, ppr. Setting ; establishing ; com- posing; electing ; appointing. €ON-STI-TU/TION, 7. The act of constituting, enacting, establishing, or appointing. ©, The state of being; that form of being, or pe- culiar structure and connection of parts, which makes or characterizes a system or body. Hence, the particular frame or temperament of the human body is called its constitution. We speak of a robust or feeble constitution; a cold, phlegmatic, sanguine, or irritable constitution. We speak of the constitution of the air, or other substance ; the constitution of the solar system ; the constitution of things. 3. The frame or temper of mind, affections, or passions. 4. The established form of government in a state, kingdom, or country; a system of fundamental €ON-STI-TO/TION-AL-IST, nz. E€ON-STI-TU-TION-AL'LTY, zn. €ON-STI-TO/TLON-AL-LY, adv. €ON-STL-TU’TION-A-RY, a. Constitutional. [Bad.] €ON-STLTO'TION-IST, x. €ON/STLTU-TIVE, a. That constitutes, forms, or CON of astate or nation. In free states, the constitution is paramount to the statutes or laws enacted by the legislature, limiting and controlling its power; and in the Umted States, the legislature is created, and its powers designated, by the constitution. 5. A particular law, ordinance, or regulation, made by the authority of any superior, civil or eeclesiasti- cal; as, the constitutions of the churches ; the novel constitutions of Justinian and his successors. 6. A system of fundamental principles for the gov- ernment of rational and social beings. The New Testament is the moral constitution of modern society. Grimke. €ON-STL-TU’TION-AL, a. Bred or inherent in the constitution, or in the natural frame of body or mind; as, a constitutional infirmity ; constitutional ardor or dullness. ; 9. Consictent with the constitution ; authorized by the constitution or fundamental rules of a govern- ment; legal. An act of congress prohibiting the importation of slaves into the United States is consututonal, 3. Relating to the constitution ; as, a constitutional doubt. Paley. An adherent to the constitution of government. 9, An innovator of the old constitution, or a framer or friend of the new constitution, in France. Burke. The state of being constitutional ; the state of being inherent in the natural frame; as, the constitutionality of disease. Coxe. Med. Repository. 2, The state of being consistent with the constitu- tion or frame of government, or of being authorized by its provisions. The judges of the Supreme Court of the United States haye the power of determining the constitutionality of laws. In consistency with the constitution or frame of government. One who adheres to the constitution of the country. Bolingbroke. composes; elemental; essential. The constitutive patts of a schismatic being the esteem of him- self and contempt of others. Decay of Piety. 2. Having power to enact, establish, or create ; instituting. €ON'STLTU-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina constitutive man ner. €ON-STRAIN’, v.t. [Fr. contraindre ; It. constrignere, or costringere; Sp. constrenir ; Port. constringir ; from L. constringo; con and stringo, to strain, to bind See Srrain.] In a general sense, to strain; to press; to urge; to drive; to exert force, physical or moral, either in urging to action or in restraining it. Hence; 1. To compel or force; to urge with irresistible power, or with a power sufficient to produce the effect. The spirit within me constraineth me. — Job xxxii. I was constrained to appeal to Cesar. — Acts xxvii. For the love of Christ constraineth us. — 2 Cor. v. 9. To confine by force ; to restrain from escape or action ; to repress. My sire in caves constrains the winds. 3. To hold by force ; to press; to confine How the strait stays the slender waist constrain | Gay. Dryden. 4. To constringe; to bind. When winter frosts constrain the field with cold. Dryden, 5. To tie fast; to bind; to chain; to confine. He binds in chains The drowsy prophet, and his limbs consiraing. Dryden 6, To necessitate. Did fate or we the adulterous act constrain? Pope. 7. To force; toravish. [JVot used.] Shak. 8. To produce in opposition to nature; as, & con- strained voice; constrained notes. Waller. €ON-STRAIN/A-BLE, a. That may be constrained, forced, or repressed ; liable to constraint, or to re- straint. Hooker. €ON-STRAIN/ED, pp. or a. Urged irresistibly or powerfully ; compelled ; forced; restrained; con- fined ; bound; imprisoned ; necessitated. €ON-STRAIN/ED-LY, adv. By constraint; by com- ulsion, ooker- GEON-STRAIN/ER, n. One who constrains. oa €ON-STRAIN/ING, ppr. or a. Urging with irresisti- ble or powerful force ; compelling ; forcing ; repress- ing ; confining ; holding by force ; pressing 5 binding. €ON-STRAINT’, n. [EFr. contrainte. ] Irresistible force, or its effect; any force or power, physical or moral, which compels to act or to forbear action, or which urges so strongly as to produce its effect upon the body or mind ; compulsion ; restraint ; confinement. i a, Ic den. Not by constraint, but by my cholce, I came. Feed the flock of God, taking the oversight thereof, not by con rules, principles, and ordinances, for the government € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. straint, but willingly. — 1 Pet. Y- 255 ; 4% eo ' a i t ‘3 4 ‘ = RY et = OG : ¢ | ‘ 3 ioe f ‘ : fe i 4% ny ‘a oe © { & et ae \CON CON CON CON-STRAINT/IVE, a. Having power to compel arew. €ON-STRICT’, v. t. [L. constringo, constrictum. See CON'STROE, v.t. [L. construo. ConsTRAIN, | To draw together; to bind; to cramp; to draw into a narrow compass ; hence, to contract or cause to shrink. Arbuthnot. €ON-STRICT’ED, pp. Drawn together ; bound ; con- tracted. €ON-STRICT/ING, ppr. Drawing together ; binding ; €ON-STRIC/TION, zn. 1 traction, by means of some inherent power, or by spasm, as distinguished from compression, or the pres- sure of extraneous bodies; as, the constriction of a muscle or fiber. It may, perhaps, be sometimes used as synonymous with compression. EON-STRIET/OR, n. That which draws together or contracts. In anatomy, a muscle which. draws to- | gether or closes an orifice of the body ; as, the con- | strictor labiorum, a muscle of the lips. Encyc. | | | contracting. 2. A term applied to large serpents which crush their prey in their folds, as the Boa Constrictor, &c. Brande. | €ON-STRINGE’, (kon-strinj’,) v. t. [L. constringo. See ConstrRAIN.] To draw together; to strain into a narrow com- pass ; to contract ; to force to contract itself. Strong liquors constringe, harden the fibers, and coaculate the fluids. flui Arbuthnot. €ON-STRING/ED, pp. Contracted ; drawn together. €ON-STRING’/ENT, a. Having the quality of con- tracting, binding, or compressing. Bacon. Thomson. CON-STRING/ING, ppr. Drawing or compressing into a smaller compass; contracting; binding. €ON-STRUCT’, v. t. [L. construc, constructum; con and struo, to lay, dispose, or set in order; Sp. con- struir; Fr. construire; It.1d, See Structure. ] 1, To put together the parts of a thing in their proper place and order; to build; to form; as, to construct an edifice 2. To devise and compose; as, to construct a new system ; or simply to frame or form; as, to construct atelescope. The word may include the invention, with the formation, or not, at the pleasure of the Writer. A man constructs a ship according to a model; or a grammar by a new arrangement of prin- ciples ; or a planetarium of a new form. 3. To interpret or understand. [See ConsTRUE.] 4, To construct an equation, in geometry, is to form a geometrical figure corresponding to the equation. Stanley. CON-STRUET'’ED, pp. Built; formed; composed ; compiled. CON-STRUET’ER, n. One who constructs or frames. CON-STRUET'ING, ppr. Building; framing; com- CON-STRUE/TION, n. [L. constructio.] [ posing. 1. The act of building, or of devising and forming ; fabrication. 2, I'he form of building; the manner of putting together the parts of a building, a machine, or a sys- tem; structure ; conformation. The sailing of a ship and its capacity depend chiefly on its construction. 3. In grammar, syntax, or the arrangement and con- A drawing together or con- * pile ; fabric. [For this, Structure is more generally used Blackmore. See Construct. ] 1. To arrange words in their natural order; to re- duce from a transposed to a natural order, so as to discover the sense of a sentence ; hence, to interpret, 3, and, when applied to a foreign language, to translate ; to render into English; as, to construe Greek, Latin, or French. 2. To interpret ; to explain ; to show or to under- stand the meaning. I pray that 1 may not be so understood or construed. Hooker. Thus we are put to coyistrue and paraphrase our own wortls, Salling fleet. €ON’STRO-ED, pp. Arranged in natural order; in- terpreted ; understood ; translated. CON’/STRU-ING, ppr. Arranging in natural order; expounding; interpreting ; translating. €ON’/STU-PRATE, v. t. [Li.constupro ; con and stupro To violate ; to debauch ; to defile. [to ravish.] €ON'STU-PRA-TED, pp. Debauched. CON/STU-PRA-TING, ppr. Violating. €ON-STU-PRA'/TION, n. The act of ravishing; vi- olation ; defilement. Bp. Hall. CON-SUB-SIST’,v.7%. To subsist together ‘See Sus- SIST. | €ON-SUB-STAN/’TIAL, (-stan/shal,) a. [L. consub- stantialis ; con and substantia. See SupsTance.] 1. Having the same substance or essence ; coes- sential, The orthodox believe the Son to be consubstantial with the Fa- ther. neyc. 2. Of the same kind or nature. It continueth a body consubstaniial with ours, Hooker. €ON-SUB-STAN’TIAL-IST, n. One who believes in consubstantiation. Barrow. €ON-SUB-STAN-TI-AL’LTY, (-stan-she-al’e-ty,) n. The existence of more than one in the same sub- stance ; as, the coeternity and consubstantiality of the Son with the Father. Hammond. 2. Participation of the same nature. Johnson. €ON-SUB-STAN’TIATE, v. t. [L. con and substantia, substance. ] To unite in one common substance or nature. Johnson, €ON-SUB-STAN’TIATE, v. i To profess consub- stantiation. Dryden. €ON-SUB-STAN’TIA-TED, pp. United in a common substance €ON-SUB-STAN/TIA-TING, ppr. Uniting in a com- mon substance. €ON-SUB-STAN-TI-A’TION, (-she-a/shun,) n. The union of the body of our blessed Savior with the sac- ramental elements. The Lutherans maintain that, after consecration of the elements, the body and blood of Christ are substantially present with the substance of the bread and wine; which is called consubstantiation, or impanation. Encyc. €ON’/SUE-TUDE, x. Custom; usage. Scott. €ON-SUE-TU/DIN-AL, a, Customary. CONSUL, x. [L. consul, from consulo, to consult.] 1. The chief magistrate of the ancient Roman re- public, invested with regal authority for one year. There were two consuls annually chosen in the Cam- nection of words in a sentence, according to established usages, or the practice of good writers and speakers. 4. Sense; meaning ; interpretation ; explanation ; or the manner of understanding the arrangement of words, or of understanding facts. Let us find the true construction ; or let us give the author’s words a sound, rational, consistent construction. What con- struction can be put upon this affair, or upon the con- duct of a man? ©. The manner of describing a figure or problem In geometry. Johnson. The drawing of such lines, such figure, &c., as are previously necessary for making any demonstration appear more plain and undeniable. Encye. 6. The construction of an equation, in geometry, is the drawing of such lines and figures as are neces- sary for the solution of a problem or the demonstra- tion of a theorem. Stanley. Jojlinson. CON-STRUE€/TION-AL, a. Pertaining to construc- tion; deduced from construction or interpretation. [ Unusual. Waterlagd, €ON-STRUE/TION-IST, n. One who construes a writing or public instrument. CON-STRUET/IVE, a. By construction; created or deduced by construction, or mode of interpretation ; not directly expressed, but inferred; as, constructive treason. Blackstone. Stipulations, expressed or implied, formal or constructive. Paley. CON-STRUET’IVE-LY, adv. In a constructive man- ner; by way of construction or interpretation ; by fair inference. Chauncey. United States. A neutral must have notice of a blockade, either actually by a formal information, er constructively by notice to his govern- meut, cent. CON-STRUET/IVE-NESS, nm Among phrenologists, the faculty which leads to the formation of parts into a whole. Combe. pus Martius. In the first ages of Rome, they were elected from patrician families or noblemen ; but, in the year of Rome 388, the people obtained the privi- lege of electing one of the consuls from their own body, and sometimes both were plebeians. Encyc. 2. A chief magistrate, among the French, during their revolution, in imitation of the Romans. Brande, 3. A person commissioned by a king or state to re- side in a foreign country as an agent or representa- tive, to protect the rights, commerce, merchants, and seamen, of the state, and to aid the government in any commercial transactions with such foreign country. . An adviser. [Not well authorized. Bacon. €ON’SUL-AGE, zn. A duty laid by the British Levant company on imports and exports for the support of the company’s affairs. Eton. €ON’/SUL-AR, a. Pertaining to a consul; as, consular power ; consular dignity, or privileges, €ON/SUL-ATE, n. [L. consulatus.| The office of a consul. Addison. [This is applicable to modern consuls, as well as to the Roman. 2. The jurisdiction or extent of a consul’s authority. 3. The residence of a consul. [ Kent. CON’/SUL GEN/ER-AL, n. A consul, in the commer- cual sense, appointed for several places or over several! consuls. Encyc. Am. €ON/SUL-SHIP, n. The office of a consul; or the term of his office; applicable only to Roman consuls. €ON-SULT’, v.i. [L. consulto, from consulo, to con- Sult, to ask counsel. The last syllable may be from sc the Ar, Ni saala, Heb. Ch. Sam. Eth. ONY, to ask.] 1. To seek the opinion or advice of another, by a statement of facts and suitable inquiries, for the pur- pose of directing one’s own judgment ; followed by with. Rehoboam consulted with the old men. —1 Kines xii. CON STRUCT’ URE, (kon-strukt'yur,)n. An edifice ; ee 2, To:take counsel together ; to seek opinions and advice by mutual statements, inquiries, and reason- ings ; to deliberate In common. The chief priests consulted that they might mit Jarorus to death. John xi. To consider with deliberation. JZiuke xiv. €ON-SULT’, v. t. To ask advice of; to seek the opinion of another, as a guide to one’s own judg- ment; as, to consult a friend or parent. 2. T’o seek for information, or facts, in something ; as by examining books or papers. Thus, I consulted several authors on the subject; I consulted the official documents. 3. To regard ; to have reference or respect to, in judging or acting; to decide or to act in favor of. We are to consult the necessities, rather than the pleasures, of life. We are to consult public as well as private interest. He consulted his own safety in flight. Ere fancy you consult, consult your purse, 4. To plan, devise, or contrive. Franklin, Thou hast consulted shame to thy house, by cutting off many pt ople. — Hab. ii. [ This sense is unusual, and not to be countenanced. | €ON-SULT’,n. The act of consulting ; the effect’ of consultation ; determination ; a council, or deliber- ating assembly. Dryden. Bacon. This word is, I believe, entirely obsolete, except in poetry. It would be naturally accented on the first syllable, but the poets accent the last. €ON-SULT-A/TION, n. The act of consulting; de- liberation of two or more persons, with a view to some decision. The oe priests held a consultation with the elders and scribes. — Mark xv. 2. A meeting of persons to consult together; a council for deliberation, as of legal counsel retained in a Cause, or of physicians in a dangerous disease. Wiseman. Writ of consultation ; in law, a writ awarded by a superior court, to return a cause which had been re- moved by prohibition from the court Christian to its original jurisdiction ; so called, because the judges, on consultation, find the prohibition ill founded. Blackstone. €ON-SULT’A-TIVE, a. Having the privilege of consulting. Bramiaill. €ON-SULT’ED, pp. or advice ; regarded. CON-SULT’ER, x. One who consults, or asks coun- sel or information; as, a consulter with familiar spirits. Deut. xviii. €ON-SULT'ING, ppr. ora. Asking advice ; seeking information ; deliberating and inquiring mutually ; regarding. €ON-SUM/A-BLE, a. [See Consume.] That may be consumed ; possible to be destroyed, dissipated, wasted, or spent; as, asbestos is not consumable by Asked ; inquired of, for opinion fire. Wilkins, The importation and exportation of consumable commodities. ocke, €ON-SUME’, v. t. [L. consumo; con and sumo, to take. So, in English, we say, it takes up time, that is, it consumes time. Sp. consumir; It. consu- mare; Fr. consumer. Olass Sm.] 1. To destroy, by separating the parts of a thing, by decomposition, as by fire, or by eating, devour- ing, and annihilating the form of a substance. Fire consumes Wood, coal, stubble ; animals consume flesh and vegetables. 2. To destroy by dissipating or by use; to expend ; to waste ; to squander ; as, to consume an estate. Ye ask, and receive not, because ye ask amniss, that ye may con- sume it upon your lusts. —James iv. 3. To spend ; to cause to pass away, as time 5 ag, to consume the day in idleness. Their days did he consume in vanity. — Ps, xxviii. 4. To cause to disappear ; to waste slowly. My flesh is consumed away. — Job xxxviil. 5. To destroy; to bring to utter ruin; to exter- minate. Let me alone —that I may consume them. — Ex. xxxii. €ON-SUME’, v. i. To waste away slowly; to be exhausted. Their flesh — their eyes — their tongue shall consume away. — Zech. xiv. The wicked shall perish — they shall consume.— Ps, xxxvii. €ON-SUM/ED, pp. Wasted; burnt up; destroyed ; dissipated ; squandered ; expended, €ON-SUM/ER, n. One who consumes, wastes, or destroys ; that which consumes. €ON-SUM/ING, ppr. Burning ; wasting ; destroying; expending ; eating; devouring. 2. a. ‘That destroys. spends, The Lord thy God is a consuming fire. —Deut, iv. €ON-SUM/MATE or €ON’SUM-MATE, ». t. [. consummo, consummatus ; con and summo, from swm- ma, sum; Fr. consummer; Sp. consumar. See Sum.] < ° , al 2 eee David consulted with the captains of thousands. —1 Chron. xiii. To end; to finish by completing what was in- PATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, ee 256 VOLF, BOOK.— Spe SLL siestaCON CON CON tended ; to perfect; to bring or carry to the utmost point or degree. He had a mind to consummate the happiness of the day. Tatler. €ON-SUM'’MATE, a. Complete; perfect ; carried to the utmost extent or degree ; as, consummate great- ness or felicity. €ON-SUM/MA-TED or €ON’/SUM-MA-TED, pp. Completed ; perfected ; ended. €ON-SUM/MATE-LY, adv. Completely ; perfectly. arton. €ON-SUM/MA-TING or €ON/SUM-MA-TING, ppr. Completing ; accomplishing ; perfecting. €ON-SUM-MA’TION, n. [L. conswmmatio.] 1. Completion ; end ; perfection of a work, pro- cess, or scheme. Addison. 2. The end or completion of the present system of things ; the end of the world. Hooker. 3. Death; the end of life. Shak. Consummation of marriage; the most intimate union of the sexes, which completes the connubial relation. €ON-SUMP’TION, x. [L. consumptio. See ConsuMeE.] 1. The act of consuming ; waste; destruction by burning, eating, devouring, scattering, dissipation, slow decay, or by passing away, as Ume; as, the consumption of fuel, of food, of commodities or estate, of time, &c. 2, The state of being wasted or diminished. Etna and Vesuvius have not suffered any considerable diminution or consumption. Voodward, 3. In medicine, a wasting of flesh; a gradual decay or diminution of the body ; @ word of extensive signi- fication. But particularly, the disease called phthisis pulmonalis, pulmonic consumption, a disease seated in the lungs, attended with a hectic fever, cough, &c. €ON-SUMP’TIVE, a. Destructive; wasting; ex- hausting ; having the quality of consuming, or dis- sipating ; as, a Jong, consumptive war. Addison. 9. Affected with a consumption or pulmonic dis- ease; as, consumptive lungs ; or inclined to a con- sumption ; tending to the phthisis pulmonalis ; ap- plied to the incipient state of the disease, or to a constitu- tion predisposed to it. €ON-SUMP'TIVE-LY, adv. consumption. Beddoes. €ON-SUMP’/TIVE-NESS, n. A” state of being con- sumptive, or a tendency to a consumption. €ON-TAB/U-LATE, v. t. [L. contabulo; con and rapula:} To floor with boards. Gayton. €ON-TAB/U-LA-TED, pp. Floored with boards. €0N-TAB/U-LA-TING, ppr. Flooring with boards. €ON-TAB-U-LA/TION, n. The act of laying with boards, or of flooring. €ON'TACT, xn. [L. contactus, from contingo, to touch ; con and tango, to touch, originally tago; Gr. Utyw. See Toucn. A touching; touch; close union or juncture of bodies. Twobodies come in contact when they meet without any sensible intervening space; the parts that touch are called the points of contact. €ON-TAC'TION, n. The act of touching. Brown. €ON-TA’'GION, (-ta/jun,) n. [L. contagio, from the root of contingo, tango, primarily, tago, to touch.] 1. Literally, a touch or touching. Hence, the communication of a disease by contact, or the mat- ter communicated. More generally, that subtile mat- ter which proceeds from a diseased person or body, and communicates the disease to another person, as in cases of small-pox, measles, &c., diseases which are communicated without contact. This contagion proceeds from the breath of the diseased, from the perspiration or other excretions. 2. That which communicates evil from one to another ; infection ; that which propagates mischief ; as, the contagion of vice or of evil examples. Wilton. 3. Pestilence; a pestilential disease; venomous exhalations. Shak. €ON-TA/GION-ED, (kon-ta/jund,) a. Affected by contagion. €ON-TA/GION-IST, n. One who believes in the contagious character of certain diseases, as the plague, &c. €ON-TA/GIOUS, a. Containing or generating conta- gion ; catching ; that may be communicated by con- tact, or bya subtile excreted matter; as, a contagious disease. 9. Poisonous; pestilential; containing contagion ; as, contagious air ; contagious clothing. 3. Containing mischief that may be propagated ; as, contagious example. 4. That may be communicated from one ™, anoth- er, or may excite like affections in others. His genius rendered his courage more contagious. Wirt. €ON-TA/GIOUS-LY, adv, By contagion. €ON-TA/GIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being con- tagious. €ON-TAIN’, v. t. [L. contingo; con and teneo, to hold ; It. contenere; Fr. contenir; Sp. contener. See Tenet, TENURE. 1. To hold, as a vessel; as, the vessel contains a gallon. Hence, to have capacity; to be able to In a way tending to 2. To comprehend ; to hold within specified limits. Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens cannot con{ain thee. —1 Kings viii. 3. To comprehend ; to comprise. The history of Livy contains a hundred and forty books. 4. To hold within limits prescribed ; to restrain ; to withhold from trespass or disorder. Us. eriser. Fear not, my lord; we can contain ourselves. Shak, 5. To include. This article is not contained in the specified. 6. To inclose ; as, this cover or envelop contains a letter. €ON-TAIN’, v. i. To live in continence or chastity. Arbuthnot and Pope. 1 Cor. vil. €ON-TAIN/A-BLE, a. comprised. Boyle. €ON-TAIN’ED, pp. Held; comprehended; com- prised ; included ; inclosed. €ON-TAIN‘ER, x. That which contains. CON-TAIN/ING, ppr. Holding; having capacity to hold ; comprehending ; comprising ; including; in- closing. €ON-TAM'I-NATE, v. t. [L. contamino ; con and ant. tamino. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. Now to defile. Class Dm, No. 19.] To corrupt the purity or excellence of; to pol- lute ; as, to contaminate the blood. It is employed, usually, ina figurative sense ; to sully; to tarnish ; to taint. Lewdness contaminates character ; coward- ice contaminates honor. Shall we now Contaminate our fingers with base bribes ? Shak. €ON-TAM’I-NATE, a. Polluted ; defiled ; corrupt. CORT AM EAE, pp. Polluted; defiled ; tar- nished. €ON-TAM/I-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Polluting ; defiling ; tarnishing. €ON-TAM-I-NA’TION, nx. lution ; defilement ; taint. €ON-TAM/I-NA-TIVE, a. Adapted to contaminate. €ON'TECK, n. Quarrel; contention. [Vot Eng- Spenser. The act of polluting ; pol- lish. CON PEC/TION, nm. [L. contego.] A covering. [JVot used.] Sir T. Browne. €ON-TEM/ER-A-TED, a. Violated; polluted. €ON-TEMN’, (-tem,) v. t. [L. contemno ; con and temno, Ss - a to despise ; It. contemnere; Ar. 1 dhaama, to drive away, to despise. Class Dm, No. 1, 4.] 1. To despise ; to consider and treat as mean and despicable ; to scorn. In whose eyes a yile person is contemned. — Ps. xv. 2. To slight ; to neglect as unworthy of regard ; to reject with disdain. Wherefore do the wicked contemn God ?— Ps. x. They contemn the counsel of the Most High. — Ps. cyvii. €ON-TEM’NED, (kon-temd/,) pp. Despised ; scorned ; slighted ; neglected, or rejected with disdain. €ON-TEM/NER, rn. One who contemns ; a despiser ; a scorner. €ON-TEM/NING, ppr. Despising; slighting-as vile or despicable ; neglecting or rejecting, as unworthy of regard. €ON-TEM’PER, v. t. [Low L. contempero; con and tempero, to mix or temper. See Temrern.] T’o moderate ; to reduce to a lower degree by mix- ture with opposite or different qualities ; to temper. The leaves qualify and contemper the heat, Ray. €ON-TEM/PER-A-MENT, n. Moderated or qualified degree ; a degree of any quality reduced to that of another ; temperament. Derham. €ON-TEM’PER-ATE, v. t. [See Contemprer.] To temper; to reduce the quality of, by mixing some- thing opposite or different ; to moderate. Brown. Wiseman. €ON-TEM-PER-A’TION, nm. The act of reducing a quality by admixture of the contrary ; the act of mod- erating or tempering. Brown. 2. Temperament; proportionate mixture; as, the contemperament of humors in different bodies. Hale. [Instead of these words, TEMPER and TEMPERA- MENT are now generally used.] €O0N-TEM/PER-A-TURE, x. temperament. €ON-TEM/PLATE or CON/TEM-PLATE, v. t. [L. If m is radical, see Class Dm, No, 3, Like temperature or contemplor. 4, 35. ; 1. T’o view or consider with continued attention ; to study ; to meditate on. This word expresses the attention of the mind, but sometimes in connection with that of the eyes; as, to contemplate the heavens. More generally, the act of the mind only is intended ; as, to contemplate the wonders of redemption ; to con- template the state of the nation and its future pros- pects. hold ; applied to an empty vessel. The king’s person contains the unruly people fi il occasions. mt — as Obs] : CET a aaeaeSreae €ON-TEM’PLATE or €ON’/TEM-PLATE, v. i. To : hig ag . boven || s tIOI. account. This number does not contain the article} eon ~RM_M/PLA-TED or G€ON’TEM-PLA TED, pp. €ON-TEM/PLA-TING or €CON!/TEM-PLA-TING, pp. hat may be contained or! Eqn’ TEM-PLA/TION, n. [L. contemplatio.] 2. To consider or have im view, in reference to a future act or event; to intend. A decree of the national assembly of France, June 26, 1792, contemplates a supply from the United States of four millions of livres. There remain some particulars to complete the information con- templated by those resolutions. Hamilton's Report. If a treaty contains any stipulations which contemplate a state of future war. Kent's Commentaries. — —— think studiously ; to study ; to muse; to meditate ; as, he delights to contemplate on the works of crea- or a. Considered with attention; medita’ed on ; intended. Considering with continued attention; meditating on ; musing. 1. The act of the mind ‘1 considering with atten- tion ; meditation ; study, continued attention of the mind to a particular subject. Contemplation is keeping the idea, brought into the mind. some time actually in view. Locke. 2. Holy meditation ; attention to sacred things; a particular application of the foregoing definition. To have in contemplation ; to intend or purpose, or to have under consideration. €ON-TEM’PLA-TIST, x. One who contemplates. €ON-TEM/PLA-TIVE, a. Given to contemplation, or continued application of the mind to a subject ; stu- dious ; thoughtful; as, a contemplative philosopher or mind. 2. Employed in study ; as, a contemplative life. 3. Having the appearance of study, or a studious habit ; as, a contemplative look. Denham. 4, Having the power of thought or meditation ; as, the contemplative faculty of man. Ray. €ON-TEM!PLA-TIVE-LY, adv. With contemplation ; attentively ; thoughtfully ; with deep attention. €0ON’TEM-PLA-TOR, n. One who contemplates ; one employed in study or meditation; an inquirer after knowledge. Ralegh. Brown. €ON-TEM-PO-RA/NE-OUS, a. [See Coremporary.] Living or being at the same time. €ON-TEM-PO-RA/NE-OUS-LY, adv. time with some other event. €ON-TEM-PO-RA/NE-OUS-NESS, nz. The state or quality of being contemporaneous. Gliddon. €ON-TEM’/PO-RA-RE-NESS, n. Existence at the same time. : Howell. €ON-TEM/PO-RA-RY, a. [It. Sp. contemporaneo ; Fr. contemporain; L. contemporalis; con and temporalis, temporarius, from tempus, tine. For the sake of ea- sier pronunciation, and a more agreeable sound, this word is often changed to Coremrorary ; and this Is the preferable word. ] Coetaneous; living at the same time, applied to persons ; being or existing at the same time, applied to things ; aS, contemporary kings ; contemporary events. See Gor=mporary, the preferable word. ] €ON-TEM/PO-RA-RY, n. One who lives at the same time with another; as, Socrates and Plato were coz- temporartes. €ON-TEM/PO-RIZE, v. t. To make contemporary ; to place in the same age ortime. [Obds,] Brown €ON-TEM/PO-RIZ-ED, pp. Placed in the same time At the same or age. €ON-TEM’PO-RIZ-ING, ppr. Placing in the same time. €ON-TEMPT’, (Kon-temt/,) n. [L. contemptus. See CoNnTEMN. } oe 1. The act of despising ; the act of viewing or con- sidering and treating as mean, vile, and worthless ; disdain ; hatred of what IS Inean oF deemed vile. This word is one of the strongest expressions of a mean opinion which the language affords. Nothing, says Longinus, can be great, the contempt of which is great, ; Addison. 9. The state of being despised ; whence, in @ scrip- tural sense, shame, disgrace. Some shall awake to everlasting cantempt. — Dan. xii. 3. In law, disobedience of the rules and orders of a court, which is a punishable offense. €ON-TEMPT'I-BLE, a. [L, contemptidilis. | 1. Worthy of contempt; that deserves scorn or dis- dain ; despicable; mean; vile. Internperance is a contemptible vice. No plant or animal is so contempt- ible as not to exhibit evidence of the wonderful power and wisdom of the Creator. The pride that leads to dueling is a contemptible passion. go 2, Apt to despise ; contemptuous. [Vot legitimate.] Shuks €ON-TEMPT’IL-BLE-NESS, zn. The state of beng contemptible, or of being despised ; despicableness ; meanness ; vileness. GON-TEMPT!I-BLY, adv. In a contemptible man- ner; meanly ; In a manner deserving of contempt. €ON-TEMPT’U-OUS, a. Manifesting oF expressing contempt or disdain; scornful ; as, COE pe guage or manner; a contemplious opinion: ; gene to men, apt to despise ; haughty ; insolent; as, a ia- Teach me to contemplate thy grace, Mrs. Delany. tion proud, severe, contemptuous. Milton. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN’GER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS, 33 257 tS a aes 1 seca: ay ee pl FigCON CON CON €ON-TEMPT’U-OUS-LY, adv. In a contemptuous manner ; with scorn or disdain; despitefully. treated conlempluously. Taylor. haughtiness. stretch, from teneo, Gr. rer_vw. See Tenn, Tenet. ] position. eut. L. defend and preserve. You sit above, and see vain men below Contend for what you only can bestow. saints. — Jude 3, 3. To dispute earnest'v ; to strive in debate. xi. Job ix vince and reclaim. Then contended I with the rulers. — Neh. xiii, 5. To strive in opposition ; to punish. The Lord God called to contend by fire. — Amos vii. The parties contend about trifles, itors contend for the prize. €ON-TEND’, v. t. To dispute; to contest. When Carthage shall contend the world with Rome. Dryden. after contend; but it is adr sible in poetry. disputed ; contested. €ON-TEND/ENT, 2. An antagonist or opposer. L’ Estrange. ant ; a charnpion,. Locke. Watts. pose ; debating ; urging in argument; quarreling. claims or interests. or freehold contiguous to a tenement. Blackstone. Norm. Dict. held; con and teneo, to hold.] Literally, held, contained within limits; hence, quiet ; not disturbed ; having a mind at peace ; easy ; Satisfied, so as not to repine, object, or oppose. Content with science in the vale of peace. Pope. Baying food and raiment, let us be therewith content. — 1 im. Yi, €ON-TENT’, v.t,, To satisfy the mind; to make quiet, so as to stop complaint or opposition ; to ap- pease ; to make easy in any situation; used chiefly with the reciprocal pronoun. Do not content yourselves with obscure and confused ideas, where clearer are to be obtained. Watts. Pilate, willing to content the people, released Barabbas, — xv 2. To please or gratify, It doth much content me To hear him so inclined. Shak. €ON-TENT’, xn. Rest or quietness of the mind in the present condition ; satisfaction which holds the mind in peace, restrajning complaint, opposition, or further desire, and often implying a moderate degree of hap- piness. A wise content his even soul secured, By want not shaken, nor by wealth allured. Smith. _2. Acquiescence ; satisfaction without examina- tion. The style is excellent; The sense they humbly take upon content, Pope. . 5 oie 3. The power of containing ; capacity ; extent within limits; as, a ship of great content. Bacon. [ But in this sense the plural is generally used. } 4. The term used in the house of lords, in Eng- land, to express an assent to a bill or motion. €ON-TENT-A/TION, n. Content ; satisfaction. [ Obs.) Arbuthnot. €ON-TENT’ED, pp. or a. Satisfied ; quiet; easy in mind; not complaining, opposing, or demanding more, The good nan is contented with his Jot. It is our duty to be contented with the dispensations of P ovidence, €(N-TENT’ED-LY, adv, quietly ; without concern. CON-TENT’ED-NESS, n. State of resting in mind ; quiet ; satisfaction of mind with any condition or event. Walton. CON EE a Full of contentment. [Jot used, CON-TEN’TION, n. [L. contentio. See ConrENp.] 1. Strife; struggie ; a violent effort to obtain some- In a contented manner ; The apostles and most eminent Christians were poor, and €ON-TEMPT’U-OUS-NESS, n. Disposition to con- tempt; act of contempt; imsolence; scornfulness ; €ON-TEND’, v. 7% [L. contendo; con and tendo, to 1. To strive, or to strive against; to struggle in op- Distress not the Moabites, nor contend with them in battle. — 9. To strive; to use earnest efforts to obtain, or to Rogers. [Fr. conten- Le Ye should earnestly contend for the faith once delivered to the They that were of the circumesion contended with him. — Acts 4, To reprove sharply ; to chide; to strive to con- 6. To quarrel; to dispute fiercely; to wrangle. To contend for ; to Strive to obtain ; as, two compet- This transitive use of contend is not strictly legiti- mate. The phrase Is elliptical, for being understood €ON-TEND'ED, pp. Urgvd in argument or debate ; €ON-TEND/ER, n. One who contends; a combat- €ON-TEND'ING, ppr. Striving; struggling to op- 2. a. Clashing; opposing; rival; as, contending €ON-TEN’/E-MENT, n. [con and tenement.] Land €ON-TENT’, a. [L. contentus, from contineor, to be test ; quarrel. the partisans of the several colors. Adam. test ; controversy. Avoid foolish questions, and genealo stnivings about the law. — Tit. iii A foo]’s lips enter into contention. — Prov. xviii. 3. Strife or endeavor to excel; emulation. Shak. c 2 deavor, [ Obs.] This is an end worthy of our utmost contention to obtain, €ON-TEN’TIOUS, (kon-ten/shus,) a. tieux ; It. contenzioso. | 1. Apt to contend; given to angry debate ; quar- relsome ; perverse. A continual dropping in a miny day and a contentious woman are alike. — Prov. xxvii. 2. Relating to contention in law; rejating to liti- gation ; having power to decide causes between con- tending parties; as, a court of contentious jurisdic- tion. Blackstone. 3. Exciting or adapted to provoke contention or disputes ; as, a contentious subject. Milner. €ON-TEN’TIOUS-LY, adv. In a contentious man- ner; quarrelsomely ; perversely. Brown. €ON-TEN'TIOUS-NESS, n. A disposition to con- tend; proneness to contest; perverseness ; quarrel- someness, Bentley. €ON-TENT’LESS, a. Discontented ; dissatisied ; un- easy. Shak. €ON-TENT’LY, adv. Inacontented way. [Obs.] €ON-TENT/MENT, zn. [Fr. contentement.] 1. Content ; a resting or satisfaction of mind with- out disquiet ; acquiescence. Contentment, without external honor, is humility. Grew. Godliness, with contentment, is great gain. —1 Tim. vi. 2. Gratification. At Paris the prince spent a day, to give his mind some content- ment, Wotton. €ON’TENTS or €CON-TENTS/, n. pl. That which is contained ; the thing or things held, included, or comprehended within a limit or line; as, the contents of a cask or bale ; of aroom or aship; the contents of a book or writing. 2. In geometry, the quantity of matter-or space in- cluded in certain lines, Barlcvzo. 3. Heads of what a book contains; an index. €ON-TERM/IN-A-BLE, a. [L. con and terminus.] Capable of the same bounds. Wotton. €ON-TERM/IN-ATE, a. Having the same bounds. . Jonson. CON-TERM’IN-OUS, ) a. [L. conterminus, con and CON-TERM'IN-AL, § terminus, a border.] Bordering upon; touching at the boundary ; con- tiguous ; as, a people conterminous to the Roman ter- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, ritory. €ON-TER-RA’NE-AN, ) a. [lL conterraneus; con €ON-TER-RA/NE-OUS, § and terra, country. Being of the same country. [JVot used.] ict. €ON-TES-SE-RA/TION, n. Assembly ; collection. CON-TEST’, v. t. [i'r. contester, to dispute. The Sp. and Port. contestar, and L. contestor, have a different sense, being equivalent to the Eng. attest. See Test. ] 1. ‘To dispute ; to strive earnestly to hold or main- tain; to struggle to defend. The troops contested every inch of ground. 2. To dispute ; to argue in opposition to; to con- trovert ; to litigate ; to oppose; to call in question; as, the advocate contested every point. None have contested the proportion of these ancient pieces, ryden. €ON-TEST’, v.i. To strive; to contend; followed by with. The difficulty of an argument adds to the pleasure of contesting with it, when there are hopes of victory. Burnet. 2. To vie; to emulate. Of man, who dares in pomp with Jove contest. Pope. CON’TEST, xn. Strife ; struggle for victory, superior- ity, or in defense ; struggle in arms. All Europe en- gaged in the contest against France. The contest was furious, 2, Dispute ; debate; violent controversy ; strife in argument. Leave all noisy vontests, all immodest clamors, and brawling lan- guage, Watts. CON-TEST’A-BLE, a. That may be disputed or de- bated ; disputable ; controvertible. €ON-TES I’A-BLE-NESS, n. Possibility of being contested. CON-T EST-A/TION, n. The act of contesting ; strife ; dispute. After years spent in domestic contestations, she found means to withdraw. Clarendon, 2. Testimony ; proof by witnesses Barrow €ON-TEST’ED, pp- ora. Disputed. CON-TEST/ING, ppr. Disputing, €ON-TEST/ING, n. The act of contending. Bazter. 2. Strife in words or debate ; quarrel; angry con- ries, and contentions, and c , , 4. Bagerness ; zeal; ardor; vehemence of en- thing, or to resist a person, claim, or injury ; con-; €ON-TEST’LESS, a. Not to be disputed. Hill. CON-TEX!, v. t. To weave together. [Vot Sea) Multitudes lost their lives in a tumult raised by contention among Boy 4 CON'TEXT, xn. [L. contextus, from contezo; con and texo, to weave. ] The general series or composition of a discourse ; more particularly, the parts of a discourse which pre- cede or follow the sentence quoted; the passages of Scripture which are near the text, either before it or after it. The sense of a passage of Scripture is often iJlustrated by the context. €ON-TEXT’, a. Knit or woven together; close ; firm. Derham. €ON-TEXT’, v. t. To knit together. [Jot used.] €ON-TEXT’U-RAL, a. Pertaining to contexture, or to the human frame. Smith. €ON-TEXT’URE, (kon-text/yur,) n. The interweav- ing several parts into one body ; the disposition and union of the constituent parts of a thing, with re- spect to each other; composition of parts ; econstitu- tion ; as, a suk of admirable contezture. He was not of any delitate conterture ; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty. Wotton. €ON-TEXT’UR-ED, a Woven; formed into texture. CON-TIG-NA’/TION, nm. [L. contignatio; con and tignum, a beam.] I. A frame of beams; a story. Wotton. 2. The act of framing together, or uniting beams m a fabric. Burke. €ON-TI-GU/I-TY, n. [See Conrievovus.] Actual contact of bodies ; a touching. Hale. CON-TIG/U-OUS, a. [L. contiguus; con and tango, tago, to touch.] ‘Touching; meeting or joining at the surface or border ; as, two contiguous bodies or countries. The houses in ancient Rome were not contiguous Enciye. This word is sometimes used in a wider sense, though not with strict propriety, for adjacent, or near, without being absolutely in contact. Usually followed by to. Bacon uses with, but he has not been followed. €ON-TIG/U-OUS-LY, adv. In a manner to touch; without intervening space. Dryden. €ON-TIG’/U-OUS-NESS,n. A state of contact; close union of surfaces or borders. €ON’TI-NENCE, )n. [L. continentia, from contineo, €ON’TI-NEN-CY,§ to hold, or withhold; con and teneo, to hold. See Tener. 1. Ina general sense, the restraint which a person imposes upon his desires and passions; self-com- mand. 2. Appropriately, the restraint of the passion for sexual enjoyment; resistance of concupiscence ; forbearance of lewd pleasures: hence, chastity. But the term is usually applied to males, as* chastity is to females. Scipio the younger exhibited the no- blest example of continence recorded in pagan his- tory ; an example surpassed only by that of Joseph in sacred history. 3. Forbearance of lawful pleasure. Content without lawful venery, is continence ; without unlawful, is chastity. Grew. 4. Moderation in the indulgence of sexual enjoy ment, Chastity is either abstinence or continence ; abstinence is that of Virgins or widows; continence, that of married persons. Taylor. 5. Continuity; uninterrupted course. [Not now used. ] Ayliffe. €ON’TI-NENT, a. [L. continens.] 1. Refraining from unlawful sexual commerce, or moderate in the indulgence of lawful pleasure; 2. Restrained ; moderate ; temperate. [chaste. Haye a continent forbearance. Shak, 3. Opposing; restraining. Shak. 4. Continuous ; connected ; not interrupted ; as, a continent fever. More generally we now say a con- tinued fever The north-east part of Asia, if not continent with America. brereood. €ON'TI-NENT, n. In geography, a great extent of Jand, not disjoined or interrupted by a sea; a con- nected tract of land of great extent; as, the eastern and western continent. It differs from an isle only in extent. New Holland may be denominated a continent. Britain is called a continent, as opposed to the Isle of Anglesey. Henry, Hist. Brit. 1, 34. In Spenser, continent is used for ground in general. 2. That which contains any thing, [Not wsed.] €ON-TI-NENTIAL, a. Pertaining or relating to a contineut ; as, the continental powers of Burope. In America, pertaining to the United States ; as, conti- nental money, in distinction from what pertains to the separate States; @ word much used during the rev- olution, €ON’TI-NENT-LY, adv. In a continent manner; chastely ; moderately ; temperately. €ON-TINGE’, x. i. To touch; to happen. -[ Obs.] €ON-TIN'GENCE, ) n. [L. continyens ; contingo, to €ON-TEST/ING-LY, adv. Yn a contending manner. CON-TIN/GEN-CY, fall or happen to; con and tango, to touch. See Touch] MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 258 iv — ae od os >. WM EOeCON 1. The quality of being contingent or casual; a happening ; or the possibility of coming to pass. We are not to build certain rules on the contingency of human actions. South, 9. Casualty ; accident; fortuitous event. The success of the attempt will depend on contingencies. See Accrpent and Casuatty.] €ON-TIN'GENT, a. Falling or coming by chance, that is, without design or expectation on our part ; accidental ; casual. On our part, we speak of chance or contingencies ; but with an infinite being, nothing can be contingent. 2. In law, depending on an uncertainty ; as, a con- tingent reniainder. Blackstone. SON_TIN/GENT, x. A fortuitous event . that which comes without our design, foresight, or expectation. 9. That which falls to one in a division or appor- tionment among a number; a quota; a suitable share ; proportion. Each prince furnishes his con- tincent of men, money, and munitions. €ON-TIN'GENT-LY, adv. Accidentally; without design or foresight. CON-TIN/GENT-NESS, 2. tingent ; fortuitousness. CON-TIN/U-A-BLE, a. The state of being con- That may be continued. Jefferson. €ON-TIN/U-AL, a. ([Fr. conttnuel; WL. continuus. See ContTinveE.] 1. Proceeding without interruption or cessation ; unceasing ; not intermitting; used in reference to tune. He that hath a merry heart hath a continual feast. — Prov. xv, I have great heaviness and coniinual sorrow of heart. — Rom. ix, 2. Very frequent ; often repeated ; as, the charita- ble man has continual applications for alms. 3. Continual fever, or continued fever ; a fever that abates, but never entirely intermits, till it comes to a crisis ; thus distinguished from remitting and inter- matting fever. 4. Continual claim: in law, a claim that is made from tine to time, within every year or day, to land or other estate, the possession of which can not be obtained without hazard. owell. 5. Perpetual. Continual proportionals ; quantities in continued proportion. [See ConTINUED.} rande, €ON-TIN'U-AL-LY, adv. Without pause or cessa- tion ; unceasingly ; as, the ocean is continually roll- ing its waves on the shore. 2, Very often; in repeated succession ; from time to time. Thou shalt eat bread at my table continually. —2 Sam. ix. €ON-TIN/U-AL-NESS, n. Permanence. Hales. €ON-TIN/U-ANCE, nr. [See Continue.] A holding on or remaining in a particular state, or in a course or series. Applied to time, duration ; a state of last- ing ; as, the continuance of rain or fair weather for a day ora week. Sensual pleasure is of short con- tinuance. \ tinuance in sin. By patient continuance in well doing. — Rom. ii. in Paris. tinuwance of his species. Addison. 5. Progression of time. were fashioned. — Ps. cxxxix, a day for the parties to a suit to appear. After issue ous stages of proceeding, a day is continually given from time to time. a continuance. Blackstone. suit from one stated term of the court to another. g. Continuity ; resistance to a separation of parts a holding together. [JVot used.] Bacon. €ON-TIN'U-ATE, v. t. To join closely together. €ON-TIN'U-ATE, a. [(L. continwatis.) Potter. 9. Perseverance ; as, no excuse will justify a con- 3. Abode; residence ; as, during our continuance a. ? eee 2 €ON-TIN/U-OUS, a. 4. Succession uninterrupted ; continuation ; a pro- Reath longing of existence ; as, the brute regards the con- pans BG 3A OF 8 €ON-TIN'U-OUS-LY, adv. In thy book all my members were written, which in continuance 6. In law, the deferring of a suit, or the giving of or demurrer joined, as well as in some of the previ- | GON-TORT , v. t. and entered upon record, for the parties to appear on The giving of this day 1s called | EON-TORT’ED, pp. or a 7. In the United States, the deferring of a trial or CON €ON-TIN'U-A-TIVE, n. An expression noting per- manence or duration. To these may be added continuatives ; as, Rome remains to this day ; which includes at least two propositions, viz., Rome was, aud Rome is. Watts. 9. In grammar, a word that continues. Harris. €ON-TIN/U-Aa-TOR, n. One who continues or keeps up a series or succession. €ON-TIN’UE, (Kon-tin/yu,) v. 1. ee continuer ; L. continuo; con and teneo, to hold; It. continuare ; Sp. continuar. See TENET.] time indefinitely. The multitude continue with me now three days, and have noth- ing to eat. — Matt. xv, 9. To last; to be durable; to endure; to be per- manent. Thy kingdom shall not contnue. —1 Sam. xiii. 3. To persevere ; to be steadfast or constant in any course. If ye continue in my word, then are ye my disciples indeed. — John viii. €ON-TIN’UE, v. t. To protract; not to cease from or to terminate. O, conunue thy loving-kindness to them that know thee. — Ps. XXXV1. 9. To extend from one thing to another; to pro- duce or draw out in length. Continue the line from A to B; let the line be continued to the boundary. 3. To persevere in; not to cease to do or use; as, to continue the same diet. 4. To hold to or unite. [Wot wsed.] The navel continues the infant to its mother. Brown, €ON-TIN/UED, (Kon-tin/yude,) pp. or a. Drawn out; protracted ; produced ; extended in length ; extended without interruption. _ a. Extended in time without intermission ; pro- ceeding without cessation ; uninterrupted ; wnceas- ing; aS, a continucd fever, which abates, but never entirely intermits; a continued base is performed through the whole piece, Continued proportion, in arithmetic and algebra, is a proportion composed of two or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the following one; as, 4:8: 8: 16::16: 32. Day. €ON-TIN/U-ED-LY, adv. Without interruption ; without ceasing. orris. €ON-TIN/U-ER, 2. One who continues ; one that has the power of perseverance. hak. €ON-TIN’U-ING, ppr. Remaining fixed or perma- nent; abiding; lasting; enduring ; persevering ; pro- tracting; producing in length. 2. a. Permanent. Here we have no continuing city. — Heb. xii. €ON-TLNU'I-TY, x. 1. Connection uninterrupted ; union of parts; unbroken texture. talk of the solution of continwity. 2. Law of continuity ; in physics, the principle that nothing passes from one state to another, without passing through all the intermediate states. Brande. €ON-TIN’U-O. [It.] In music, continued. [L. continuus. Joined without intervening space; as, continwows Thomson. In continuation without (L. continuitas. } cohesion ;_ close Philosophers interruption. nation. €ON’TRA-BAND, 2. Prohibition of trading in goods 1. To remain in a state or place; to abide for any €ON’TRA-BAND-IST, 7. CON-TRA-BAS'SO. [It] CON TRA BO'NOS MO'RES. €ON-TRAECT’, v.t. [L. contraho, contractum; con and CON Prohibited. Contraband goods are such as are prohibited to be imported or exported, either by the laws of a particular kingdom or state, or by the law of nations, or by special treaties. In time of war, arms and munitions of war are not permitted by one belligerent to be transported to the other, but are held 5 to be contraband, and liable to capture and cendem- contrary to the laws of a state or of nations. 2. Illegal traffic. One who traffics illegally. The largest kind of bass- viol, usually called the double bass. Brande. G [L.] Against good niorals. traho, to draw ; It. contrarre; Sp. contraer ; Port. con- trahir: Fr. contracter. See Draw.] 1. To draw together or nearer; to draw into a less compass, either in length or breadth ; to shorten ; to abridge; to narrow ; to lessen; as, to contract an in- closure ; to contract the faculties ; to contract the pe- riod of life; to contract the sphere of action. 2. To draw the parts together; to wrinkle ; as, to contract the brow. ¥ To betroth; toaffiance. A contracted his daugh- ter to B; the lady was contracted to a man of merit. 4. To draw to; to bring on; to incur; to gain. We contract vicious habits by indulgence ; we con- tract debt by extravagance. 5, ‘I') shorten by omission of a letter or syllable ; as, to contract a word. 6. To epitomize; to abridge; as, to contract an essay. €ON-TRACT’, v. i. To shrink; to become shorter or narrower. Many bodies contract by the application of cold; a hempen cord coztracts by moisture. 2. To bargain; to make a mutual agreement, as between two or more persons. We have contracted for a load of flour; or we have contracted with a farmer for a quantity of provisions. €ON-TRAGT!, [for ContractTeD,] pp- betrothed. €ON’TRACT, x. An agreement or covenant between two or more persons, in which each party binds him- self to do or forbear some act, and each acquires a right to what the other promises ; a mutual promise, upon lawful consideration or cause, which binds the parties to a performance ; a bargain ; a compact. Contracts are executory or executed. Sup. Court, Cranch’s Rep. 9. The act by which a man and woman are be- trothed, each to the other. Shak, 3. The writing which contains the agreement of parties with the terms and conditions, and which serves as a proof of the obligation. €ON-TRAGT’ED, pp. Drawn together, or into a shorter or narrower compass; shrunk ; betrothed ; incurred ; bargained. 9. a. Drawn together; narrow; mean; selfish ; as, a man of a contracted soul or mind. Contracted vein, or vena contracta; a term denoting the diminution which takes place in the diameter of a stream of water issuing from a vessel, at a short distance from the discharging aperture. Hebert. €ON-TRA€T/ED-LY, adv. Ina contracted manner. Bp. Newton. The state of being con- Affianced 5 Sh ey €ON-TRACT/ED-NESS, Ne tracted. 9. Narrowness; meanness ; excessive selfishness. CON-TOR-NI-A'TI, n. [It. contorno, contornato. | In numismatics, a species of medals or medallions of bronze, having a curved furrow, (contorno,) on each side, and supposed to have been struck in the 2 days of Constantine and his sticcessors. Encyc. Am. fL. contorqueo, contortus ; con and ? torquco, tortus. | To twist together; to writhe. Twisted over each other in oblique directions. A contorted corol, in botany, has the edge of one petal lying over the next, in an obliqne direction. Martyn. ;| 6ON-TOR’TION, x. [Fr. contorsion ; L. contortio.| 1. A twisting; a writhing; a wresting ; a twist; wry motion ; as, the contortion of the muscles of the 1. Immediately united; holding together. a used. Hooker. ®, Uninterrupted; unbroken. [Little used-] Peacham. SUN-TIN'U-A-TED, pp. Closely joined. EON-TIN/U-ATE-LY, adv. out interruption. [Little used.] Wilkins. SON-TIN/U-A-TING, ppr. Closely uniting. GON-TIN-U-A'TION, n. [L- continuatio. | cession uninterrupted. of the species. the continuation of a story. ing. With continuity ; with- 1. Extension of existence in a series or line ; suc- These things must be works of Providence, for the continuation Ray. 9. Extension or carrying on to a further point ; as, Coxe. contracted neck. Encyc. €ON-TOUR!’, (kon-toor’,) n. torno ; Sp. id.; con and tour, torno, a turn. } minates, a figure. Encyc. Johnson, €ON-TOUR/NI-A-TED, a. as if turned in a lathe. ar ae Encye. CON’TRA; a Latin preposition, signifying agaunst English words. Fr. contre. intra: tra for W. tras. proclamation, prohib trebande, See Ban.] | TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; member of the body out of its natural situation ; the iliac passion; partial dislocation ; distorted spine ; [Fr. contour; It. con- €ON-TRAC/TION, zn. The outline ; the line that bounds, defines, or ter- Having edges appearing in opposition, entering into the composition of some It appears to be a compound of con and tra, like [It. contrabbando, contrary to 3. Extension in space ; production; a carrying on €ON'TRA-BAND, a. - in length; as, the continuation of a line in survey- ited; Sp. contrabando; Fr. con- GCON-TRAC€T-LBIL/LTY, x. Possibility of being contracted ; quality of suffering contraction ; as, the contractibility and dilatability of air. Arbuthnot. €ON-TRAET'I-BLE, a. Capable of contraction. Small air-bladders dilatable and contractible. Arbuthnot, GON-TRACT’L-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of suffer- ing contraction ; contractibility. Dict. €ON-TRACT'ILE, a. Tending to contract; having the power of shortening or of drawing into smaller dimensions ; as, the contractile force of certain elastic bodies. arwin. €ON-TRACT-IL/LTY, x. The inherent quality or Beddoes. force by which bodies shrink or contract. Shortening or narrowing 5 face. Swift. €ON-TRACT'ING, ppr- | owi e 9. In medicine, a twisting or wresting of a limb or drawing together ; lessening dimensions ; shrinking; making a bargain ; betrothing. 9. a, Making or having made a contract or treaty ; stipulating ; as, the contracting parties to a league. [L. contractio.] 1. The act of drawing together, or shrinking ; the act of shortening, narrowing, Or lessening, extent or dimensions, by causing the parts of a body to ap- proach nearer to each other; the state of being con- tracted. Oil of vitriol will throw the stomach into involuntary conirac- 4 Arbuthnot. hons. The contraction of the heart is called systole. Some things induce a contraction of the nerves. 2. The act of shortening, abridging, OF reducing within a narrower compass by any means. A poem may be improved by omissions Or contractions. 2 3. In grammar, the shortening of a word, by the Bacon. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 259Pra dete Se <= i SO CON omission of a letter or syllable ; as can’t for can not; burst for bursted or bursten; Sw. and Dan. ord, a word. 4. Acontract; marriage contract. 5. Abbreviation. [ Shak. €ON-TRACT’OR, n. One who contracts ; one of the parties to a bargain ; one who covenants to do any thing for another. __ Taylor. 2. One who contracts or covenants with a govern- ment to furnish provisions or other supplies, or to perform any work or service for the public, at a cer- tain price or rate. €ON/TRA-DANCE, 7. danza; Sp. contradanza.} : A dance in which the partners are arranged in opposition, or in opposite lines. [The word is now more generally spelt and pro- nounced Country-paNCcE, though in opposition to the meaning and derivation. €ON TRA-DIET’, v. 2. dico, to speak.] 1. To oppose by words ; to assert the contrary to what has been asserted, or to deny what has been [Wot used.] [Fr. contredanse ; It. contrad- th. contradico ; contra and affirmed. It is not lawful to contradict a point of history known to all the world. ryden. The Jews —spoke against those things which were spoken by Paul, contradicting and blaspheming.— Acts xiii, 2. To oppose ; to be directly contrary to No truth can contradict another truth. Hooker. CON scope of the malady points out. €ON-TRA-IN’DI-€A-TED, pp. contrary to the usual one €ON-TRA-IN’DI-€A-TING, ppr. trary method of cure. €ON-TRA-IN-DL€A/TION, n. An indication, from some peculiar symptom or fact, that forbids the method of cure which the main symptoms or nature of the disease requires. Arbuthnot. €ON-TRAL/TO, n. [It.] In music, the part imme- diately below the treble, called also the counter tenor. Brande. €ON/TRA-MURE, zn. [See CounrTer- Harvey. Encyc. Indicating a method An out wall. MURE. €ON-TRA-NAT’U-RAL, a. Opposite to nature. [ Lit- tle Bey Bp. Rust. €ON-TRA-NI/TEN-CY, n. [L. contra and nitor, to Strive. ] Reaction ; resistance to force. €ON-TRA-POSE’, v. t. To set in opposition. €ON-TRA-PO-SI'/TION, (-zish/un,) 7. fecetia and Eee A placing over against ; opposite position. €ON-TRA-PUNT’AL, a. Pertaining to counterpoint. €CON-TRA-PUNT!IST, x. One skilled in counter- point. Jason. ‘CON-TRA-REG-U-LABWI-TY, n. [contra and Teg u- larity. ] Contrariety to rule, or to regularity. Norris. €ON-TRA/RI-ANT, a. {F'r., from contrarier, to con- tradict, or run counter. | €ON-TRA-DICT’ED, pp. Opposed in words ; opposed ; denied. €ON-TRA-DIET’ER, nz. One who contradicts or de- nies ; an opposer. Swift. €ON-TRA-DIET/ING, ppr. Affirming the contrary to what has been asserted ; denying ; opposing. €ON-TRA-DI€/TION, n. [L. contradictio. | 1, An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or affirmed; denial; contrary declaration. 2. Opposition, whether by words, reproaches, or attempts to defeat. Consider him that endured such contradiction of sinners against himself. — Heb. xii. 3. Direct opposition or repugnancy ; inconsistency with itself; incongruity or contrariety of things, words, thoughts, or propositions. These theorems involve a contradiction. If we perceive truth, we thereby perceive whatever is false in contradiction to it. TEW. €ON-TRA-DI€/TION-AL, a. Inconsistent. [Not in Milton. Use, €ON-TRA-DI€/TIOUS, (-dik/shus,) a. Filled with contradictions ; inconsistent. ollier. 2. Inclined to contradict ; disposed to deny or cavil. 3. Opposite ; inconsistent. I €ON-TRA-DI€/TIOUS-NESS, n. Inconsistency ; Contradictory ; opposite ; used. inconsistent. [ Little Ayliffe. CON’TRA-RIES, (Kon/tra-riz,) n. pl. See Con- TRE In logic, propositions which destroy each other, but of which the falsehood of one does not establish the truth of the other, If two universals differ in quality, they are contrarics ; as, every vine is a tree; no vineisa tree. These can never be both true together; but they may be both false. ‘atte. CON-TRA-RVE-TY, 2. TRARY. ] 1. Opposition in fact, essence, quality, or princi- ple ; repugnance, The expedition failed by means of a contrariety of winds. There is a contrariety in the nature of virtue and vice; of love and hatred ; of truth and falsehood. Among men of the same profession, we find a contrariety of opinions. 2. Inconsistency ; quality or position destructive of its opposite. [L. contrarvetas. See Con- Shak. How can these contrarieties agree ? €ON’TRA-RI-LY, adv. In an opposite manner; in opposition ; on the other side ; in opposite ways. €ON/TRA-RLNESS, n. Contrariety ; opposition. contrariety to itself. 2. Disposition to contradict or cavil. €ON-TRA-DIET’/IVE, a. Containing contradiction. €ON-TRA-DI€T/IVE-LY, adv. By contradiction. Norris. €ON-TRA-DI€T’O-RI-LY, adv. In a contradictory manner; in a manner inconsistent with itself, or opposite to others. a posi Brown. €ON-TRA-DIET’O-RI-NESS, n. Direct opposition ; contrariety in assertion or effect. axter. €ON-TRA-DI€T’O-RY, a. Affirming the contrary ; implying a denial of what has been asserted 3 as, contradictory assertions. 2. Inconsistent ; opposite ; contrary ; as, contradic- tory schemes. €ON-TRA-DIET/O-RY, n. A proposition which de- nies or opposes another in all its terms 3 contrariety ; inconsistency. It is common with princes to will contradictorica. €ON-TRA-DIS-TINET’, a. Bacon, Distinguished by opposite qualities. Smith. ine ON m. [contra and distinc- tion. Distinction by opposite qualities. We speak of sins of infirmit presumption. €ON-TRA-DIS-TINETIVE, a, opposites. €ON-TRA-DIS-TIN’/GUISH tra and distinguish. To distinguish not merely by differential, but by opposite qualities. These are our complex ideas of soul and body, as contradistin- guished, ocke, €ON-TRA-DIS-TIN’/GUISH-ED, (-ting/gwisht,) pp. Distinguished by opposites. €ON-TRA-DIS-TIN//GUISH-ING, pprs Ing by opposites. €ON-TRA-FIS/SURE, (-fish’yur,) n. [contra and Jis- sure.] In surgery, a fissure or fracture in the cra- nium, on the side opposite to that which received the blow, or at some distance from it. Core. Encyc. €ON-TRA-IN/DLEANT, m. A symptom that forbids to treat a disorder in the usual way. Burke. €ON-TRA-IN/DL-CATE, v, t [contra and indicate. } Y; in contradistinction to those of South Distinguishing by Harris. , (-ting/guish,) v. t. [con- Distinguish- In medicine, to indicate some method of cure, con- | €CON-TRAST", v. 2, trary to that which the general tenor of the disease 260) €ON’TRA-RY, n. €ON’TRA-RY, nz. Salling fleet, €ON’TRA-RY, v. t. [Fr. contrarier. ] = To contradict or oppose. [ Obs.] €ON’TRA-RY-MIND/ED, a, Of a different mind or opinion. Hall, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PY eS ee —<$—————————— Dict. €ON-TRA/RI-OUS, a. Contrary ; opposite ; repug- nant. Milton. €ON-TRA/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Contrarily ; oppositely. Shak. requires ; or to forbid that to be done which the main Indicating a con- CON sist, withstand, strive, debate, quarrel. The primary sense is, to set against, or to strain, to strive.] 1. To set in opposition different things or quali- ties, to show the superior excellence of one to ad- vantage. To contrast the goodness of God with our rebellion, will tend to make us humble and thankful. Clark, Serm., July 4, 1814. 2. In painting and sculpture, to place figures in such opposition or dissimilitude, that the one shall give greater visibility and effect to the other. The figures of the groups must contrast each other. Dryden. €ON-TRAST’, v.% To stand in contrast or Opposi- tion to. The joints which divide the sandstone contrast finely with the divisional planes which separate the basalt into pillars. Lyell. €CON’TRAST, n. Opposition of things or qualities ; or the placing of opposite things in view, to exhibit the superior excellence of one to more advantage. What a contrast between modesty and impudence, or between a well-bred man and a clown! 2. In painting and sculvture, opposition or dissimil- itude of figures, &c., by which one contributes to the visibility or effect of the other. Johnson. Contrast, in this sense, is applicable to things of a similar kind. We never speak of a contrast between a man and a mountain, or between a dog and a tree ; but we observe the contrast between an oak and a shrub, and between a palace and a cottage. €CON-TRAST’ED, pp. or a. Set in opposition ; exam- ined In opposition. €ON-TRAST’ING, ppr. Placing in opposition, with a view to discover the difference of figures or other things, and exhibit the advantage or excellence of one beyond that of the other. €ON'TRA-TEN/OR, n. In music, a middle part be- tween the tenor and treble; contralto; counter. €ON'TRATE-WHEEL, n. A wheel, the teeth of which lie contrary to those of the other wheels ; i. e., parallel to the axis ; used chiefly for clock-work. €ON-TRA-VAL-LA/TION, n. [L. contra and vallo, to fortify ; Fr. contrevallation.] In fortification, a trench guarded with a parapet, formed by the besiegers between their camp and the place besieged, to secure themselves and check sal- lies of the garrison. Brande. €ON-TRA-VENE’, v. t. [L. contravenio; contra and vento, to come. | Literally, to come against ; to meet. Hen ce, to op- pose, but used in a figurative or moral sense ; to op- pose in principle or effect ; to contradict; to obstruct in operation ; to defeat ; as, a law may contravene the provisions of the constitution. €ON-TRA-VEN’ED, pp. Opposed ; obstructed. €ON-TRA-VEN’ER, 7. One who opposes. €ON-TRA-VEN/ING, ppr. Opposing in principle or effect. €ON-TRA-VEN’TION, 7x. Opposition ; obstruction ; €ON/TRA-RI-WISE, adv. [contrary and wise, man- ner.] On the contrary ; oppositely ; on the other hand. Not rendering evil for evil, nor railing for railing ; but contrari- wise, blessing. —1 Pet. iii [L. contrarius, from contra, against ; Fr. contraire ; Sp. and It. contrario. | 1. Opposite ; adverse ; moving against, or in an opposite direction ; as, contrary winds. 2. Opposite ; contradictory ; not merely different, but inconsistent or repugnant, The flesh lusteth against the spirit, and the spirit agninst the en and these are contrary, the one to the other, — This adjective, in many phrases, is to be treated grammatically as an adverb, or as an adjective re- ferring to a sentence or affirmation ; as, this hap- pened contrary to my expectations. The word here really belongs to the affirmation or fact declared — this happened ; for contrary does not, like an adverb, express the manner of happening, but that the fact itself was contrary to my expectation. According, agreeable, pursuant, antecedent, prior, anterior, &c., are often used in the like manner. A thing that is contrary or of Op- posite qualities. No contraries hold more anupathy Than I and such a knave. Shak. 2. A proposition contrary to another, or a fact con- trary to what is alleged ; as, this is stated to be a fact, but I will endeavor to show the contrary. On the contrary; in Opposition ; on the other side. Swift. To the contrary ; to an opposite purpose or fact ; as, he said it was just, but I told him to the contrary. They did it, not for want of instruction to the contrary. [Fr. contraster, Norm. id., ta con- €ON-TRIB/U-TA-RY, ‘a. €ON-TRIB/UTE, ». t. €ON-TRIB/UTE, ov. i. €ON-TRIB/U-TED, pp. Giv a defeating of the operation or effect; as, the pro- ceedings of the allies were in direct contravention of the treaty. €ON-TRA-VER/SION, n. turning. ] A turning to the opposite side ; antistrophe. Congreve. €ON-TRA-YER/VA, x. [Sp. contrayerba; Port. con- traherva; contra and yerba, herva, an herb, L. herba; a counter herb, an antidote for poison, or, in general, an antidote. ] The popular name of various plants, as of some species of Dorstenia, Passiflora, &c. €ON-TREE-TA/TION, n. [L. contrectatio, tracto. } A touching or handling. Ferrand, CON-TRE-TEMPS', (Kon-tr-lang’,) n. [Fr.] An un- expected accident, which throws every thing into confusion. CON-TRIB/U-TA-BLE, a. [L. contra and versio, a That can be contributed. : [See Contrisute ) Pay- ing tribute to the same sovereign; contributing aid to the same chief or principal. It was situated on the Ganges, at the place where this river re- ceived a contributary stream. D’Anville, An. Geog. [L. contribuo ; con and tribuo, to grant, assign, or impart; It. contribuire: Sp. con- tribuir; Fr. contribuer. See TrisE, TRiBuTe. | 1. To give or grant in common with others ; to give to a common stock or for a common purpose ; to pay a share. It is the duty of Christians to contribute a portion of their substance for the propagation of the gospel. England contributes much more than any other of the allies. ddison, 2. To impart a portion or share toa common pur- pose ; as, let each man contribute his influence to cor- rect public morals, ) i To give a part; to lend a por- tion of power, aid, or influence ; to have a share in any act or effect. There is not a single beaut l y in the piece, to which the invention must not contribute, Pope. trast; It. contrastare, Sp. and Port. contrastar, to re- en or advanced to a com- mon fund, stock, or purpose ; pajd as a share. NE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Nees nt i |. WOREeD ee eenCON CON CON €ON-TRIB/U-TING, ppr. Giving in common with others to some stock or purpose; imparting a share. €ON-TRI-BU/TION, x. The act of giving to a com- mon stock, or in common with others; the act of lending a portion of power or intluence to a common purpose ; the payment of each man’s share of some common expense. 2. That which is given to a common stock or pur- pose, either by an individual or by many. We speak of the contribution of one person, or the contribution of asociety. Contributions are wvoluntary, as taxes and imposts ; or voluntary, as for some undertaking. 3. In a military sense, irnpositions paid by a frontier country, to secure themselves from being plundered by the enemy’s army; or impositions upon a country in the power of an enemy, which are levied under various pretenses, and for various purposes, usually for the support of the army. €ON-TRIB'U-TIVE, a. Tending to contribute ; con- tributing ; having the power or quality of giving a portion of aid or influence ; lending aid to promote, In concurrence with others. This measure is contributive to the same end. €ON-TRIB’U-TOR, n. One who contributes; one who gives or pays money to a common stock or fund ; one who gives aid to a common purpose, in conjunc- tion with others. €ON-TRIB/U-TO-RY, a. Contributing to the same stock or purpose ; promoting the same end; bringing assistance to some joint design, or increase to some common stock. €ON-TRIS/TATE, v. t. [L. contristo.] To make sorrowful. Es used. | Bacon. €ON-TRIS-TA/TION, n. The act of making sad. Not used.] acon. €ON'TRITE, a. [L. contritus, from contero, to break or bruise; con and tero, to bruise, rub, or wear. See TRITE. | Literally, worn, or bruised. Hence, broken-hearted for sin; deeply affected with grief and sorrow for having offended God; humble; penitent; as, a con- trite sinner. A broken and acontrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise. — S. il. Taylor. €ON'TRITE-LY, adv. In a contrite manner; with enitence. for sin. €ON'TRITE-NESS, n. Deep sorrow and penitence €ON-TRI’ TION, (-irish’un,) n. [L. contritio.] 1. The act of grinding or rubbing to powder. JVewton. 9. Penitence ; deep sorrow for sin; grief of heart for having done wrong, especially towards an infi- nitely holy and benevolent God. The word is usu- ally understood to mean genuine penitence, accom- panied with a deep sense of ingratitude in the sin- ner, and sincere resolution to live in obedience to the divine law. Fruits of more pleasing savor, from thy seed Sown with contrition in his heart, Milton. Imperfect repentance is by some divines called at- trition. €ON-TRIV’A-BLE, a. be contrived ; capable o devised. Perpetual motion may seem easily contrivable. €ON-TRIV/ANCE, xn. [See Conrrive.] The act of inventing, devising, or planning. There is no work impossible to these contrivances. Wilkins. 2, The thing invented or planned ; ascheme; plan ; disposition of parts or causes by design. Our bodies are made according to the most orderly contrivance. Glanville. 3. Artifice ; plot; scheme; as, he has managed his contrivance well. €ON-TRIVE’, v. t. [Fr. controwvor; con and trouver, to find; It. controvare.]} 1. To invent; to devise ; to plan. Our poet has always some beautiful design, which he first estab- ishes, and then contrives the means which will naturally conduct him to his end. Dryden. 2. To wear out; as, three ages such as mortal men contrive. Spenser. [ Obs.] [This must be from the L. contero, contrivi, and if the Fr. controwver, and Italian controvare, are the same word differently applied, the primary sense is, to invent by rubbing, that is, by ruminating; or to strike out, as in forge. But the word is probably from trouver, to find. €CON-TRIVE’, v. 7. To form or design; to plan; to scheme ; as, how shall we contrive to hide our shame? [ T'his verb is really transitive, but followed by a verb, in the place of an object or name.) €ON-TRIV/ED, pp. or a. Invented; planned; de- vised. €ON-TRIVE/MENT, x. Contrivance ; invention. €ON-TRIV’ER, nr, An inventor; one who plans or devises ; a schemer. Swift. Shak €ON-TRIV/ING, ppr. Planning; forming in design. €ON-TROL!, n. [Fr. controlle, a counter register ; contre and rolle, a roll, list, or catalogue; Arm. coun- see Conrrive.| That may being planned, invented, or Willans. 1. Primarily, a book, register, or account, kept to correct or check another account or register ; a coun- ter register. Hence, check ; restraint; as, to speak or to act without control. The wind raged without control. Our passions should be under the control of reason. 2. Power; authority ; government; command. Children should be under the control of their parents. The events of life are not always under our control. 3. He or that which restrains. Burke. €ON-TROL’, v. t. To keep under check by a counter register or double account. The proper officer con- trols the accounts of the treasury. 2. To check; to restrain ; to govern. I feel my virtue struggling in my soul; But stronger passion does its power control. 3. To overpower; to subject to authority; to counteract ; to have under command. The course of events can not be controlled by human wisdom or power. 4. To direct or govern in opposition ; to have supe- rior force, or authority over. A recital can not control the plain words in the granting part of a deed, Johnson’s Reports. €ON-TROL/LA-BLE, a. That may be controlled, checked, or restrained ; subject to command. Passion is the drunkenness of the mind, and not always control- lable by reason. South. €ON-TROL/LED, (kon-trold’,) pp. Checked; re- strained ; governed. €ON-TROL/LER, x. [Norm. countre-rouler.] 1. One who controls or restrains; one that has the power or authority to govern or control. The creat Controller of our fate Deigned to be man, and lived in low estate. 9. An officer appointed to keep a counter register of accounts, or to oversee, control, or verify the ac- counts of other officers ; as, in Great Britain, the controller of the hanaper, of the household, of the Dryden. Dryden. €ON’TRO-VERT-ED, pp. or a. in debate. €0ON'’TRO-VERT-ER, zm. One who controverts; a controversial writer. B. Jonson. €ON-TRO-VERT’I-BLE, a. That may be disputed ; disputable ; not too evident to exclude difference of opinion ; as, this is a controvertible point of law. €ON-TRO-VERT’I-BLY, adv. In a controvertible manner €ON’TRO-VERT-ING, ppr. attempting to refute. €ON’TRO-VERT-IST, mn. One who controverts ; a disputant ; a man versed or engaged in controversy or disputation. Disputed ; opposed How unfriendly is the spirit of the controvertist to the discern- ment of the critic Campbell. - | €ON-TU/BER-NAL, a. [L. contubernalis, from contu- bernium ; con and tubernr. ] Pertaining to fellowship in a mess or lodging; de- noting a species of coneubinage. €ON-TU-MA/CIOUS, (kon-tu-ma/shus,) a. [L. con- tumarx, from con and tumeo, to swell.} 1. Literally, swelling against; haughty. Hence, obstinate ; perverse ; stubborn; inflexible ; unyield- ing; disobedient ; as, a contumacious child. 9. In law, willfully disobedient to the orders of a court. Blackstone. €ON-TU-MA/CIOUS-LY, adv. Obstinately ; stub- bornly ; perversely ; in disobedience of orders. €ON-TU-MA’/CIOUS-NESS, n. Obstinacy ; perverse- ness ; stubbornness ; contumacy. €ON/TU-MA-CY, n. [L. contumacia. | 1. Stubbornness; unyielding obstinacy ; inflexi- bility. Milton. 2. In law, a willful contempt and disobedience to any lawful summons or order of court; a refusal to appear in court when legally summoned, or diso- bedience to its rules and orders. Ayliffe. €ON-TU-ME/LLOUS, a. [L. contumeliosus. See pipe, and of the pells. In the United States, the duty of the controller of the treasury is to superintend the adjustment and preservation of the public ac- counts ; to examine all accounts settled by the audi- tor, and certify to the register the balances due there- on; to countersign all warrants drawn by the secretary of the treasury which shall be warranted by law ; to report to the secretary the official forms of all papers to be issued in the different offices for collecting the public revenue, and the manner and form of keeping and stating the accounts of the persons employed in them, &c. Stat. of the United States. €ON-TROL/LER-SHIP, n. ‘The office of a controller. €CON-TROL/‘LING, ppr. or a. Checking ; governing. €ON-TROL’MENT, zn. The power or act of con- trolling ; the state of being restrained ; control ; restraint. 2, Opposition ; resistance ; counteraction ; refu- tation. For this word, Conrrot is now generally used. €ON-TRO-VER/SA-RY,a. Disputatious. Bp. Hall. €ON'TRO-VERSE, x. and v. Controversy, and to dispute. [ Obds.] €ON'TRO-VERS-ER, n. A disputant. [Obs.] €ON’TRO-VERS-OR, Mountagu. €ON-TRO-VER/SIAL, (-shal,) a. [See Conrroverr, CoNTROVERSY. | Relating to disputes ; as, a controversial discourse. €ON-TRO-VER/SIAL-IST, n. One who carries on a controversy ; a disputant. [The proper word is Con- TROVERTIST, Which sce €ON-TRO-VER/SIAL-LY, adv. In a ‘controversial manner. €ON-TRO-VER’SION, nz. €ON/TRO-VER-SY, 2. TROVERT. | ]. Dispute ; debate ; agitation of contrary opin- ions. A dispute is commonly oral, and a controversy in writing. Johnson. Dispute is often or generally a debate of short duration, a temporary debate; a controversy is often oral, and sometimes continued in books or in Jaw for months or years. Act of controverting. [L. controversia. See Con- This left no room for controversy about the title. Locke. Without controversy, great is the mystery of godliness. —1 Tim, i. 9, A suit in law; a case in which opposing par- ties contend for their respective claims before a tribunal, And by their word shall every controversy and every stroke be tried. — Deut. xxi. 3. Dispute ; opposition carried on. The Lord hath a controversy with the nations, — Jer. XXv. 4. Opposition ; resistance. And stemming it [the torrent] with hearts of controversy. Shak. €ON'TRO-VERT, v. t. contra and verto, verso, to turn. Literally, to turn against. ter roll.] the justness of a conclusion. [L. controverto, controversor ; To dispute ; to oppose by reasoning; to contend against in words or writings ; to deny and attempt to disprove or confute ; to agitate contrary opinions ; as, to controvert opinions or principles ; to controvert ContTUuMELY. ]} 1. Haughtily reproachful ; contemptuous ; imso- | Disputing ; denying and | lent ; rude and sarcastic; as, contumelious language. Swift. 2. Haughty and contemptuous ; disposed to utter reproach, or to insult ; insolent ; proudly rude; as, a contumelious person. Shak. 3. Reproachful ; shameful ; ignominious. Decay of Piety. €ON-TU-ME/LI-OUS-LY, adv. In a Ccontumelious manner; with pride and contempt ; reproachfully ; rudely ; Insolently. €ON-TU-ME'LI-OUS-NESS, zn. Reproach ; rudeness ; contempt. €ON’TU-ME-LY, n. [L. contumelia, from contumeo ; con and tumeo, to swell.} Rudeness or reproach compounded of haughtiness and contempt ; contemptuousness ; insolence; con- temptuous language. The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely. Shak. €ON-TUND’, v. t. [L. contundo.] To beat; to bruise by beating. [Little used.] €ON-TUSE, v. t. [L. contusus, contundo.] To beat; to bruise; to injure the flesh or substance of a living being or other thing without breaking the skin or substance, sometimes with a breach of the skin or substance. Bacon. €ON-TUS'/ED, pp. ora. Bruised. €ON-TUS/ING, ppr. Bruising. €ON-TU/SION, (Kon-ti/zhun,) x. [L. contusio, from contunao ; con and tundo, to beat ; San. tud.] 1. The act of beating and bruising, or the state of being bruised. 2. The act of reducing to powder or: fine particles by beating. Bacon. 3. In surgery, a bruise; a hurt or injury to the flesh or some part of the body by a blunt instrument, or by a fall, producing no breach or apparent wound. €0-NUN'DRUM, n.” A sort of riddle in which some odd resemblance is proposed for discovery between things quite unlike ; a quibble ; a low jest Smart. CON/U-SA-BLE, a. Liable to be tried or judged. €ON/U-SANCE, nr. [Fr. connoissance. | Cognizance ; knowledge ; notice. SANCE.] €ON/U-SANT, a. Knowing; having notice of. €ON-U-SOR!’. See CoGnizor. €ON-VA-LESCE’, (kon-va-less’,)v.7. To grow better after sickness; to recover health. €ON-VA-LES'CENCE, )n. ([L. convalesco, to grow €ON-VA-LES/CEN-CY,. stronger ; con and valesco, to get strength, valeo, to be strong, Eng. well. See We t and Avait.] Renewal of health ; the insensible recovery of health and strength after disease ; the state of a body renewing its vigor after sickness or weakness. €ON-VA-LES‘GENT, a. Recovering health and strength after sickness or debility. €ON-VA-LES/CING, ppr. Recovenng health, €ON-VEE'TION, n. [L. convectio, from conveho, to convey. ] A carrying ; the convection of heat. [See Connv- the act of carrying or conveying ; as, Prout. TUNE, BULL, UNITE. —AN/'GDR, VI//CLOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; FH as in eS Sire 6 es ~ 261€ON!/ VENT, n. €ON-VENT’, v. t. €ON-VENTY’, v. i €ON-VENT'I-€LE, 2. €ON-VENT'L-€LE, v.z% To belong toa conventicle. South. €ON-VENT’I-E€LER, nm. One who supports or fre- quents con venticles. Dryden. €ON-VEN'TION, zn. CON CON CON €ON-VEN/A-BLE, a. Ese ConveENE.] be convened or assembled. Panoplist, May, 1809. 2, Consistent. AES] Spenser. €ON-VENE’, v. come. ] 1. To cometogether; to meet; tounite; as things. [Un usual. | The rays of light converge and convene in the eyes. Newton. 9, To come together ; to meet in the same place ; Parliament will convene in legislature con- to assemble ; November. vened at twelve o’clock the state house. €ON-VENE’, v.t. To cause to assemble ; to call to- gether ; to convoke, The president has power to ie ene the congress on special occasions. To summon judicially to meet or appear By the papal canon law, clerks can be convened only before an sslastical julge. Ayliffe. €ON-VEN‘ED, pp Assembled ; convoked. CON-VEN/ER, xn. One who convenes or meets with others. [ Obs.] 2. One who calls an assembly together. Hence, The chairman of an organized body, asa com- aa it being his province to convene or call them together. [ Scottish. CON-VENTENCE, ] 7. [. convenientia, SON-VEN/LEN-CY, | venio.] Literally, a coming together; a meeting. Hence, 1. Fitness; suitableness; propriety ; adaptation .f one thing to another, or to circumstances. Hooker. 9. Commodiousness ; ease; freedom from diffi- cul,” Every man must want something for the convenience of his life. Aulamy There is another convenience in this method. Nu Swift 3. That which gives ease ; aa ek that which is suited to wants or necessity. A. pair of spectacles is a great convenience in old age. 4. Fitness of time or place. Shak. €ON-VEN/IENT, a. Fit; suitable; proper ; adapted to use or to wants; commodious; followed by to or Jor ; usually by for. Some arts are peculiarly convenient to particular nations. Tulotson. Feed me with food conventent for me. — Prov. xxx. €ON-VEN/IENT-LY, adv. Fitly; suitably; with adaptation4o the end or effect. That house is not conveniently situated for a tradesman. 2. Commodiously ; with ease; without trouble or difficulty. He cannot conveniently ac cept the invitation. €ON-VEN/ING, ppr. Coming together; calling to- gether, €CON-VEN/ING, 2. convention. as persons. The two houses of the ? The citizens convened in from. con- The act of coming together; [L. conventus, from convenio, to as- semble ; Fr. couvent. } 1. An assembly of persons devoted to religion; a DoUy, of monks or nuns. . A house for persons devoted to religion; an antes ; a monastery ; a nunnery. L. conventus, convenio. To call before a judge or judicature. Shak. To meet;toconcur, [Wot wsed.] Beaum. [L. conventiculum, dim. of conventits, | 1. An assembly or meeting; usually applied to a meeting of dissenters from the established chure h, for religious worship. In this sense it is used by English writers and in English statutes. Hence, an assembly, in contempt. Atterbury. In the United States, this word has no appropriate anliearions and is little used, or not at all. . A secret assembly or cabal ; ; a meeting for plots. Shak. [L. conventio. See Convene.] 1. The act of coming together ; a meeting of sey- eral persons or indiv iduals. Boyle. 2. Union ; coalition. An assembly. In this sense, the word includes any formal meeting or collection of men for civil or ecclesiastical purposes ; particularly an assembly of delegates or representatives for consultation on im- portant concerns, civil, political, or ecclesiastical. In Great Britain, convention is the name given to an extraordinary assembly of the estates of the realm, held without the king’s writ ; asthe assembly whic h restored Charles II. to the throne, and that which declared the throne to be abdic ated by James IT. In the United States, this name is given to the as- sembly of representatives which forms a constitution of government, or political association ; as, the con- vention Which formed the constitution of the United States in 1787. 4. An agreement or contract between two parties, as between the commanders of two armies; an agreement previous to, or in the place of, a definitive treaty. That may t. [1. convenio; con and venio, to €ON-V EN/TION -ER, x. €ON-VEN €ON-VENT’U-AL, a. €ON-VENT’U-AL, n. €ON-VERGE’, €ON-VERG/ENCE, ) 2. €ON-VERG’EN-CY, €ON-VERG/ENT, a. €ON- ‘VERG! ING, pp7. or a. €ON-VERS/A-BLE, a. €ON-VERS/ €ON-VERS/A-BLY, adv. €ON’VER-SANCE, ? x. Disposition to associate ; €ON/VER-SAN-CY ,$ habit of familiarity. €ON’V ER- SANT, a. [It. conversante. See Con- VERSE. €ON’VER-SANT-LY, adv. €ON-VER-SaA/TION, zn. €ON-VER-SA’/TION-AL- IST, 7. €ON-VER-SA/TION- ED, a. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, €ON-VEN'TION-AL, a. [Fr. conventionnel.} l. Stipulated ; formed by agreement. Conventional services reserved by tenures on grants, sae out of the crown or knights service. Hal 2. Arising out of custom or tacit agreement ; conventional use of language. €ON-VEN/’TION-AL-ISM, n. That which is received or established by convention or agreement. €ON-VEN-TION-AL‘I-TY, x. A conventional mode of living and acting. €ON-VEN’TION-AL-LY, ad. manner ; by tacit agree ment. €ON-VEN’TION-A-RY, Acting under contract ; settled by stipulation 5 eGHyenabaale 3 as, convention ary tenant Carew. One who belongs to a con- as, a In a conventional vention. ’TLION-IST, x. One who makesa contract. (Fr. conventuel. } [ Sterne. selonging to a convent; monastic; as, conventual priors One that lives in a convent ; Addison. convergo ; a monk or nun. (kon-verj’,) v. 2. con and vero, to incline. To tend to one point; to incline and approach nearer together, as two lines which continually ap- proach each other; opposed to diverge. Lines which converge in one direction diverge in the other. Low L. See VercE.] The mountains converge into a single ridge Jefferson. The quality of converging ; tendency to one point. Gre ZOry. Tending to one point; ap- proaching each other. as they proceed or are extend- ing Tending to one point ; approaching e ach other, as lines extended. onverging rays; I optics, those rays of light, which, proceeding from differe nt points of an object, tend toward a single point. At this point they cross, and become nivercine rays. Encic. Converging series, in mathematics, is that in which the magnitude of the several terms gradually di- minishes, Barlow. [It. conversabile; Fr. conver- sable. See Converse. Qualified for convérsation, or rather disposed to converse ; ready or inclined to mutual communica- tion of thoughts ; sociable; free in discourse. Addison. A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being free in conversation ; disposition or readiness to con- verse ; sociability. In a conversable manner. 1. Keeping company ; having frequent or custom- ary intercourse ; intimately associating; familiar by fellowship or coh ibitation ; acquainted. But the men were very good to us —as long us we were conver- sant with them. —1 Sam. xxv. Never to be infected with delight, Nor conversant with ease and idleness, Shak. 2. Acquainted by familiar use or study. We cor- rect our style, and improve our taste, by being con- versant with the best classical writers. In the foregoing applications, this word is most generally followed by with, according to present usage. In was formerly used; and both in and among may be used. 3. Concerning; having concern or relation to ; having for its object; followed by about. Education is conversant about children. Wotton, In a conversant or famil- lar manner. General course of manners ; behavior ; deportment ; especially as it respeets mor- als. Let your conversation be as becometh the gospel. — foal i, Be ye holy in all manuer of conversation. —1 Pet [In this sense nearly obsolete.] 2. A keeping company ; familiar intercourse ; inti- mate fellowship or association ; commerce in social life. Knowledge of men and manners is best ac- quired by conversation with the best company. 3. Intimate and familiar acquaintance ; as, a con- versation With books or other objects. 4, Familiar discourse; general intercourse of sen- timents ; chat; unrestrained talk, opposed to a for- mal conference, What I mentioned in conversation was not a new thought. wit. [ This is now the most general use of the word. | N-VER-SA/TION- AL, a. Pertaining to conversa- Se done in inutual discourse or talk. One who excels in conversation. Acquainted with the €ON-VERSEY, v. E€ON/VERSE, vn. €ON’VERSE-LY, adv. €ON-VER/SION, n. [L. €ON-VERS/IVE, €ON-VERT’, vw. e manner of acting in life. [JVot used.| Beawm. and Fl. 262 €ON-VERS/A-TIVE, a. Relating to an intercourse with men; opposed to contemplative. She chose to endue him with conversafive qualities of youth. Wotton, CON VER-SAZ-I-O'NE, (kon’ver-sat-ze-0/na,) n. [It.] A meeting for conversation, particularly on literary subjects. Gray. [L. conversor ; con and versor, to be turned ; F'r. converser; It. conversare; Sp. conver- sar. Literally, to be turned to or with ; to be turned about. } To keep company ; to associate ; to cohabit; to hold intercourse and be intimately acquainted; fol- lowed by with for him who lonely loves To seek the distant hills, and there converse Vith nature, Thomson. 2. To have sexual commerce. Guardian. To talk familiarly ; to have free intercourse in mutual communication of thoughts and opinions; to convey thoughts reciprocally ; followed by with be- fore the person addressed, and on before the subject. Converse as friend with friend. _We have often con- versed with each other on the merit of Milton’s poetry. This is now the most general use of the word. | Conversation ; familiar discourse or talk ; free interchange of thoughts or opinions. Formed by thy converse happily to steer From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. 2. Acquaintance by frequent or customary inter- course ; cohabitation ; familiarity. In this sense, the word may include discourse, or not ; as, to bold con- verse With persons of different sects; or to hold con- verse With terrestrial things. 3. In logic, the converse of a proposition is that which arises from interchanging the terms; i. e., putting the predicate for the subjec ty and the subject for the predicate. It should not (as is often done) be confounded with the contrary or opposite of a propo- sition, Which is formed by introducing the negative mot Or no. 4. In mathematics, an inverted proposition; thus, after drawing a cor nclision from something sx posed, Wwe invert the order, making the conclusion the sup- position or premises, and draw from it what was first supposed. Thus, if two sides of a triangle are equal, the angles opps site the sides are equal ; and the converse is true, i. e., if these angles are equal, the two sides are acini Barlow. Brande. With change of order; ina contrary order ; reciprocally. Johnson. conversio. See Convert.] 1. In @ general sense, a turning or change from one state to another ; with regard to substances, trans- mutation ; as, a conversion of water into ice, or of food into chyle or blood. 2. In military affairs, a change of front, as when a body of troops is attacked in the flank, and they change their position to face the-enemy. 3. In a theological or moral sense, a change of beart, or dispositions, in which the enmity of the heart to God and his law, and the obstinacy of the will, are subdued, and are succeeded by supreme love to God and his moral government, and a reformation of life. 4. Change from one side or party to another. That conversion will be suspected that apparently concurs with interest. Johnson. o. A change from one religion to another; as, the Pre erston of the Gentiles. Acts xy. The act of appropriating to private use; as, in ao er and conversion. Conversion of equations ; in alg ebra, the reduction of equations by multiplication, or the manner of alter- ing an equation, when the quantity sought, or any member of it, is a fraction ; the reducing of a frac- tional equation into an integral one. Encyc. Bailey. Jchnson. Conversion of proportion, in mathematics, is when of four proportionals it is inferred that the first is to its excess above the second as the third to its excess above the fourth. Barlow. Conversion of propositions, in logic, is a changing of the sibject into the place of the ‘predicate, and still retaining the qué py of the proposition. Bailey. Sociable ; conversable. [L. converto; con and verto, to turn; coinciding in elements and signification with barter, and probably from the root of vary, vario, veer, eu birar, Port. virar, to turn. Class Br.] To ‘ch: ange or turn into another substance or as, tO convert gases Into water, or water into ice. . To change from one state to another; as, to convert a barren waste into a fruitful field ; to convert a wilderness into a garden ; to convert rude Savages into civilized men. 3. To change or turn from one religion to another, or from one party or sect to another; as, to convert pagans to Christianity ; to convert royalists into re- publicans. 4, To tum froma bad life to a good one ; tochange the heart and moral character, from enmity to God fora MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — y ae F a ees)». ME eeCON and from vicious habits, to love of God and to a holy life Repent ye therefore, and be converted, that your sins may oe blotted out. — Acts iil. He that converteth « sinner from the error of his way, shall saye a soul from death. — James v. 5. To turn toward a point. Crystal will callify into electricity, and convert the needle freely placed. [Unusual.] Brown 6. To turn from one use or destination to another ; as, to convert liberty into an engine of oppression. 7. To appropriate or apply to one’s own use, or to personal benefit ; as, to convert public property to our own use. 8. To change one proposition into another, so that what was the subject of the first becomes the predi- cate of the second ; as, all sin is a transgression of the law ; but every transgression of the law is sin. Hale. 9. To turn into another language. B. Jonson. €ON-VERT’, v. i. To turn or be changed ; to under- go a change. The love of wicked friends converts to fear ; That fear, to hate, €ON/VERT, x. A person who is converted from one opinion or practice to another; a person who re- nounces one creed, religious system, or party, and embraces another ; applied particularly to those who change their religious opinions, but applicable to po- litical or philosophical sects. 9. In a more strict sense, one who is turned from sin to holiness. Zion shall be redeemed with judgment, and her converts with righteousness. — Is. 1. 3. In monasteries, a lay friar or brother, admitted to the service of the house, without orders, and_not al- lowed to sing in the choir. Encic. €ON-VERT’ED, pp. ora. Turned or changed from one substance or state to another; turned from one religion or sect to another ; changed from a state of sin to a state of holiness; applied to a particular use ; appropriated. €ON-VERT’ER, 2. makes converts. €ON-VERT-LBIL'I-TY, n. [from convertible. ] 1 The capability of being converted or changed from one substance, form, or state, to another; as, the convertibility of land into money. Burke. 2. The quality of being changeable from one let- ter to another ; as, the convertibility of m with 0, or of d into t. As. Researches. €ON-VERT'I-BLE, a. [Fr., from convertir. 1. That may be changed ; susceptible of change 5 transmutable ; transformable. Minerals are not convertible into another species, though of the same genus, Harvey. 9. So muchalike that one may be used for another. Usury and interest are not now convertible terms, though formerly they “were. 3. That may be changed, as one letter for another ; as, b, p, and f are convertible letters. Shak. One who converts; one who €ON-VERT!I-BLE-NESS, n. Convertibility. €ON-VERT'I-BLY, adv. Reciprocally ; with inter- change of terms. South. €ON-VERT’ING, ppr. Turing; changing. €ON-VERT‘ING, a. Adapted to convert; that con- verts from a state of nature to a state of grace. €ON'VERT-ITE, n. Aconvert. [ot m use. | €0ON'/VEX, a. [L. converus; It. convesso. | Rising or swelling on the exterior surface into a spherical or round form; gibbous; opposed to con- cave, Which expresses a round form of the mterior surface ; as, a conver mirror or lens. €ON/VEX, zn. A convex body ; as, heaven’s convex. Tickel. €ON/VEX-ED, (kon/vext,) a. berant in a spherical form. TOWN. €ON-VEX’/ED-LY, adv. Inaconvex form. Brown. €ON-VEX'LTY, vn. [L. converitas.] The exterior surface of a convex body; a gibbous or globidar form ; roundness. Newton. Bentley. €ON/VEX-LY, ado, converly conical. €ON'VEX-NESS, n. Convexity ; which see €ON-VEX/O-€ON/CAVE, a. inside corresponding to the convex surface. €ON-VEX!/O-€ON!’VEX, a. Convex on both sides. €0ON-VEY’, (kon-va!,) v. t. Weicu and Way.] 1. To carry, bear, or transport, either by land or water, or in air; as, to convey a letter or a package ; to convey goods from England to France. 2. To pass, or cuuse to pass; to transmit; as, to convey a right or an estate from father to son. 3. To transfer; to pass a title to any thing from one person to another, as by deed, assignment, or otherwise ; as, to convey lands by bargain and sale. 4. To cause to pass; to transmit; -to carry, by any medium; as, air conveys sound; words convey ideas. Made convex ; protu- In a convex form; as, a body Convex on one side and concave on the other; having the hollow on the [L. conveho ; con and ve- ho, to carry, Sax. wegan, wegan, Eng. to weigh. See CON 5. To manage with privacy. [Jot used.] I will convey the business as I shall find means, 6. To impart ; to communicate. €ON-VEY’, (kon-va!,) v. i. To play the thief. Shak. €ON-VEY’A-BLE, (kon-va/a-bl,) a. That may be conveyed or transferred. Burke on the Sublime. €ON-VEY'ANCE, (kon-va/ans,) n. The act of con- veying ; the act of bearing, carrying, or transport- ing, by-land or water, or through any medium. 2, The act of transmitting, or transferring, as ti- tles, estates, or claims, from one person to another ; transmission ; transferrence ; assignment. 3. The instrument or means of passing a thing from place to place, or person to person; as, a Ve- hicle is a conveyance for persons or goods; 2 canal or aqueduct is a conveyance for water; a deed is a con- weyance of land, 4. Removal; the act of removing or carrying. Shak. 5. Management; artifice; secret practices. [In this sense, obsulete. Spenser. €ON-VEY’AN-CER, (kon-va/an-ser,) n. One whose occupation is to draw conveyances of property, deeds, Shak. &ce. €ON-VEY/AN-CING, n. The act or practice of draw- ing deeds, leases, or other writings for transferring the title to property from one person to another. €ON-VEY’ED, (kon-vade’,) pp. Carried ; transmit- ted ; transferred. €ON-VEY’ER, (kon-va/er,) n. One who conveys ; he or that which conveys, carries, transports, trans- mits, or transfers from one person or place to another. 2. A juggler, Shak. €ON-VEY'ING, (kon-va/ing,) ppr. Carrying; trans- porting ; transferring. €ON-VI-CIN/L-TY, xn. Neighborhood ; vicinity. Warton. €ON-VIET’, v. t. [L. convinco, convictum; con and vinco, to vanquish or subdue; Sp. convencer ; It. con- vincere; Fr. convaincre. (See Convince.) The verb vinco is allied to vincio, to bind, the primary sense of which is, to strain, force, make fast ; hence, to sub- due; and as 7 appears to be casual, the root is Vg or 7c.) 1. To determine the truth of a charge against one ; to prove or find guilty of a crime charged ; to deter- mine or decide to be guilty, as by the verdict of a jury, by confession, or other legal decision. ‘The jury convicted the prisoner of felony. 3. To convince of sin; to prove or determine to be guilty, as by the conscience. They who heard it, being convicted by their own conscience, went out one by one. —John vii. 3. To confute ; to prove-or show to be false. [ Obs.] Brown. 4. To show by proof or evidence; as, to convict a person of error. Hooker. €ON-VIET’, pp. for Convictep. Proved or found Shak. guilty. €ON'VIET, n. A person proved or found guilty of a crime alleged against him, either by the verdict of a jury or other legal decision. €0ON-VIET’ED, pp. or a. Proved or determined to be guilty, either by verdict of a jury or by the decision of conscience. €ON-VIET/ING, ppr. or a. Proving or finding guilty, €ON-VIE/TION, nz. The act of proving, finding, or determining to be guilty of an offense charged against a person before a Jegal tribunal; as by confession, by the verdict of a jury, or by the sentence of other tri- bunal, as in the summary convictions before commis- sioners of the revenue. 9. The act of convincing, or compelling one to ad- mit the truth of a charge; the act of convincing of sin or sinfuwlness; the state of being convinced or convicted by conscienceg the state of being sensible of guilt; as, the convictions of a sinner may be tem- porary, or lasting and efficacious. By conviction, a sinner is brought to repentance. Men often sin against the conviction of their own consciences. 3. The act of convincing of error; confutation ; the act of compelling one to acknowledge his error, or the truth of what is alleged ; as, the conviction of a heretic may induce him to abandon his errors. 4, Strong belief on the ground of satisfactory evi- dence, without any implication of previous error ; as, a conviction that there is nothing honorable which is not accompanied with innocence. Steele. €ON-VIET/IVE, a. Having the power to convince or convict. €ON-VIET/IVE-LY, adv. In a convincing manner, More. €ON-VIET/IVE-NESS, n. Power of convicting. €ON-VINCE’, (kon-vins’,) v. t. [L. convinco; con and vinco, to vanquish ; Sp. convencer ; It. convincere; Fr. convaincre. 1. To persuade or satisfy the mind by evidence ; to subdue the opposition of the mind to truth, or to what is alleged, and compel it to yield its assent; as, to convince a man of his errors; or to convince him of the truth. For he mightiis convinced the Jews, showing by the Scriptures Gober €ON-VIN/CED, (Kon-vinst’,) pp. or a. €ON-VINCE/MENT, (kon-vins/ment,) 7. CONVINCING, ppr: a! CON 2. To convict ; to prove guilty; to constrain one to admit or acknowledge himself to be guilty. If ye have respect to persons, ye commit sin, and are convinced of [by] the law as trnsgressors. — James Il. To convince all that are ungodly among them of all their ungod- ly deeds, —Jude xy. 3. To convince; to prove. [Obs.] Shak. 4, To overpower; to surmount; to vanquish. Shak, _ Persuaded in mind ; satisfied with evidence ; convicted. Convic- tion. [ Little used.) €ON-VIN/CER, n. _ He or that which convinces ; that which makes manifest. More. €ON-VIN‘CI-BLE, a. Capable of conviction. 2, Capable of being disproved or refuted. [ Little used. Brown. Persuading the mind by evi- dence ; convicting. 2. a. Persuading the mind by evidence ; capable of subduing the opposition of the mind and compelling its assent. We have convincing proof of the truth of the Scriptures, and of God’s moral government of the world €ON-VIN’CING-LY, adv. Ina convincing manner ; in a manner to leave no room to doubt, or to compel assent. Clarendon. €ON-VIN/CING-NESS, n. The power of convincing. €ON-VI/'TLOUS, (Kon-vish/us,) a, [L. convitior.] Reproachful. Obs] €ON-VIVE’, v.t. To entertain; to feast. [JVot in use Shak. €ON-VIV'LAL, a. [L. convivalis, from conviva, a guest, or convivo, to live or eat and drink together ; con and vivo, to live. See VictTuats.] Relating to a feast or entertainment ; festal; so- cial , jovial; as, a convivial meeting. Denham. €ON-VIV-LAL/LTY, n. The good humor or mirth indulged at an entertainment. 9. A convivial spirit or disposition. €ON/VO-€ATE, v.t. [L. convoco, to convoke; con and voco, to call. See Vorce.] To convoke ; to call or summon to meet; to as- semble by summons. [See Convorn.] €ON-VO-€A/TION, n. [L. convocatio. 1. The act of calling or assembling by summons. 2. An assembly. {n the first day there shall be a holy convocation, — Bx. xii. 3. In the Church of England, an assembly of the clergy, by their representatives, to consult on ecclesi- astical affairs. Jt is summoned to meet at the same time with parliament ; but, for more than a century past, it has been prorogued immediately upon its as- sembling. Edin. Encyc. Brande. 4. In the University of Oxford, an academical as- sembly, in which the business of the university is transacted. Brande. €ON-VOKE’, v. t. [L. convoco; Fr. convoguer. See Voice. ] To call together; to summon to meet; to assem- ble by summons. It is the prerogative of the presi- dent of the United States to convoke the senate, €ON-VOK‘ED, pp. Summoned or assembled by order, €ON-VOK/ING, ppr. sembling. €ON’/VO-LUTE, a. Rolled together, or one part €ON!VO-LU-TED, on another ; as, the sides or margins of nascent leaves in plants, or as the petals and stigmas in Crocus. Martyn, Lee. €ON-VO-LU/TION, n. [L. convolutio.] 1. The act of rolling or winding together, or one thing on another; the state of being rolled together. 9. A winding or twisting ; a winding motion 3 as, the convolution of certain vines ; the convolution of an eddy. Thomson. €ON-VOLVE’, v. t. [L. convolvo; con and volvo, to roll. See Wattow.] To roll or wind together ; to roll one part on another. €ON-VOLV’ED, pp. Rolled together. €ON-VOLV/ING, ppr. Rolling or winding together. €ON-VOLV’U-LUS, x. [L., from conyolvo.] Bindweed, a genus of plants of many species, €ON-VOY', v.t. [Fr convoyer; It. conviare ; Sp. con- voyar; Port. comboyar; con and voie, via, way, or the same root; or more directly from the root of L. veho, to carry; Sax. wegan, wegan, to bear or carry, to bring along. ] T’o accompany on the way for protection, either by sea or land; as, ships of war convoyed the Jamaica fleet ; the troops convoyed the baggage wagons. When persons are to be protected, the word escort is used. i i €ON’/VOY, x. A protecting force accompanying ships or property on their way from place to place, either by sea or land. By sea, a ship or ships of war which accompany merchantmen for protection from an. en- emy. By land, any body of troops which Pe pany provisions, ammunition, or other property, for protection. 2. The ship Summoning to convene; as- or fleet conducted and protected ; protecting force ; that that Jesus was the Christ. — Acts xvii. TONE, BULL, UNITE. —AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; Hi os.in THIS. | a eal that which is conducted by @ 263 (Site.= a colar oss fae igen COO which is convoyed. both the protecting and protected fleets. Reports. Anderson. Burchett. Encyc. 3. The act of attending for defense. 4. Conveyance. [ Obs. €ON-VOY’ED, (kon-voyd’,) pp. sage by a protecting force. €ON-VOY'ING, ppr. Wilton. S/iak. guarding. €ON-VULSE’, x. t. Le convello, convulsum, convulsus con and vello, to pull or pluck.] an animal body; to affect by irregular spasmis; as the whole frame may be convulsed by agony. Convulsing heaven and earth. Thomson, €ON-VULS'/ED, (kon-vulst’,) pp. spasms; shaken violently. €ON-VULS'ING, ppr. tractions ; shaking with violence. €ON-VUL'SION, x. [L. convillsio. | traction of the muscular parts of an animal body. Encyc. commotion ; as, political convulsions. €ON-VUL'‘SION-A-RY, a. €ON-VUL'SIVE, a. convulsive rage ; convulsive sorrow. Dryden. Prior. sive motions; convilsive strife. €ON-VUL/SIVE-LY, adv. agitation. €0/NY or €ON’Y, n. [D. konyn; G. kanin ; Sw. ' kanin; Dan. kanine; Fr. conin, or conil; Li. cuniculus ; It. coniglio ; Sp. conejo; Ir. cuinin; W.cwning. The primary sense is, a shoot, or a shooting along. | A rabbit ; a quadruped of the genus Lepus, which has a short tail and naked ears. In a wild state the fur is brown, but the color of the domestic rabbit is various. €0’/NY-BUR-ROW, (ké/ne- or kun/ne-,) x. where rabbits burrow in the earth. €0'NY-€ATCH, (ko!/ne- or kun/ne-,) v. i. catch. } Dryden. Hale. A place [cony and In the cant of thieves, to cheat; to bite; to Shak. A thief; a cheat; a sharper. trick. €0O'NY-€ATCH-ER, zn. 0 €0'NY-€ATCH-ING, n. Banter. [Obs.] €00, v.i. [Probably from the sound. } To cry, or make a low sound, as pigeons or doves. Thomson. €00/ED, (kood,) pret. of Coo. COO'ING, ppr. or a. Uttering a low sound, as a dove. €OO/ING, zn. Invitation, as the note of the dove. COOK, v.t. [Sax. gecocnian; Sw. koka; Dan. koger ; - kooken; G. kochen; It. cuocere; Sp. cocer, and cocinar ; Port. cozinhar; L. coquo.] 1. To prepare, as victuals for the table, by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, &c. To dress, aS meat or vegetables, for eating. 2. To prepare for any purpose. Shak. 3. To throw. [ Obs. or local.] Grose. €OOK, v. i. To make the noise of the cuckoo. €OOK, n. [Sax. coc; D. kok; D. koch; Sw.kock; Dan. kok; It. cuoco; Ir. coca; L. coquus. | One whose occupation is to prepare victuals for the table; a man or woman who dresses meat or vegetables for eating. SO pp. Ora. Prepared for the table. €0OK’ER- >”. ‘The art or the practice of dressing and preparing victuals for the table. COOK’ING, ppr. or a. Preparing victuals for the table. €00K’-MAID, n. [cook and maid.] A female servant or maid who dresses provisions. €OQOK’/-ROOM, n. [cook and room.| A room for cook- ery; a kitchen. On board of ships, a galley or caboose. ’ COOK'Y, n. [D. kock, kockje, a cake. ] A small cake, moderately sweet. €OOL, a. (Sax. col; D.koel; G. kithl; Sw.kall; Dan, kold, cold; kiéler, to cool ; kulde, chilliness ; kuler, to blow strong. ] 1. Moderately cold ; being of a temperature be- tween hot and cold ; as, cool alr; cool water. 2. Not ardent or zealous ; not angry ; not fond ; not excited by passion of any kind; indifferent 3 as, a cool friend ; a cool temper ; a cool lover. 3. Not hasty ; deliberate ; aS, a cool purpose; a cool falsehood or deception. Hence, 4. Impudent in a very high degree, as, when speak- apo Some trick, pretension, &c., we say, “‘ That is cool. 5. Not retaining heat ; light; as, a cool dress. €OOL, xn. A moderate state of cold ; moderate tem- perature of the air between hot and cold ; as, the cool of the day; the cool of the morning or evening. COOL, v.t [Sax. colian, acolian; D. koelen; G. kith- len; Dan. kiler.] l. To allay heat; to make cool or cold ; to reduce the temperature of a substance ; as, ice cools water. Send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool my tongue. — Luke xvi. Shak. — The word sometimes includes Admiralty State Papers. Attended on a pas- Attending on a voyage or pas- sage, for defense from enemies; attending and 1. To draw or contract, as the muscular parts of |} COOL/ED, pp. » | COOL/ER, zn. 2. To shake ; to affect by violent, irregular action. Contracted by Affecting by spasmodic con- 1. A preternatural, violent, and involuntary con- 2. Any violent and irregular motion; tumult; Pertaining to convulsion. That produces convulsion ; as, 2. Attended with convulsion or spasms; as, convul- With violent shaking or COO as passion of any kind; to calm, as anger; to abate, as love; to moderate, as desire, zeal, or ardor; to render indifferent. €OOL, v.7. ‘To become less hot; to lose heat. Let tea or coffee cool to the temperature of the blood be- fore it be drank. 2. To lose the heat of excitement or passion; to become less ardent, angry, zealous, or affectionate ; to become more moderate. Speak not in a*passion ; } first let your temper cool. COOL!-CUP, n._ A beverage that is cooling. Made less hot, or less ardent. That which cools; any substance which abates heat or excitement; as, acids are coolers to the body. 2. A vessel in which liquors or others things are cooled. €0OL/-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. Having a temper not easily excited ; free from passion. urke. COOLING, ppr. Abating heat orexcitement; making or becoming cool. COOL/ING, a. Adapted to cool and refresh; as, a cooling drink. €OOL/ISH, a. Somewhat cool. Goldsmith. €OOL’LY, adv. Without heat or sharp cold. 2. In a cool or indifferent manner; not cordially ; Without passion or ardor. He was coolly received at court. 3. Without haste; calmly; deliberately. The design was formed coolly, and executed with firmness. COOL'NESS, n. A moderate degree of cold ; a tem- perature between cold and heat; as, the coolness of the summer’s evening. 2. A moderate degree, or a want of passion ; want of ardor, or zeal; indifference; want of affection ; as, they parted with coolness. €COOL-TANK’/ARD, xn. An old English beverage of various composition, but usually of ale with a little wine, or wine and water, with an addition of lemon juice, spices, and burrage, or other savory herbs. Encyc. Dom. Econ. €OOL’Y, n. An East Indian porter or carrier. €OOM,n. [Fr. cambouis; Sw. kim, soot.] Soot that gathers over an oven’s mouth; also, the matter that works out of the naves or boxes of car- riage wheels. In Scotland, the useless dust which falls from coals. COOMB, (koom,)). [Qu. L. cumulus, or Gr. KUE- COMB, (kom,) Bos. A dry measure of four bushels, or half a quarter. COOP, xn [D.kuip,atub; kuiper, a cooper; G. kufe; Fr. cuve; L. cupa, from bending, hollowness, or con- taining, holding, Qu. Gr. kupos. The Latin cupa seems to be both coop and cup. See Cup. 1. A box of boards, grated or barred on one side, for keeping fowls in confinement. It is usually ap- plied to long boxes for keeping poultry for fattening or conveyance on board of ships, as cage is used for a small box to keep singing-birds in houses. I do not know that it is ever used in America fora pen to con- fine other animals, 2. A pen ; an inclosed place for small animals. 2. To moderate excitement of temper; to allay, COP €O0-OP/ER-A-TOR, n. One who endeavors jointly with others to promote the same end. €OOP’ER-ING, ppr. Making casks, or putting them in order. €OOP/ER-ING, n. The occupation of a cooper. €0-OP'TATE, v. t. “L. coopto.) To choose, or choose with another. €0-OP-TA/TION, nx. €0-OR/DI-NANCE, n. €O0-OR’/DI-NATE, a. [L. con and ordinatus, from or- dino, to regulate. See Orper.] Being of equal order, or of the same rank or de- gree ; not subordinate; as, two courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction. €0-OR/DI-NATE-LY, adv. In the same order or rank ; in equal degree ; without subordination. €0-OR/DI-NATE-NESS, n. The state of being co- ordinate ; equality of rank and authority. €0-OR-DI-NA’TION, n. The state of holding equal rank, or of standing in the same relation to some- thing higher or lower. [WVot used.] Adoption ; assumption. Howell. Joint ordinance. In the high court of parliament there is a rare co-ordination of power. loicell, €OOT, n. tailed. ] A water fowl of the genus Fulica, frequenting lakes and other still waters. Vhe common coot has a bald furehead, a black body, and lobated toes, and is about fifteen inches in length. It makes its nest [D. koet ; W. cwtiar, from cwta, short, bob- [Sax. cop, or copp; W. cop, cob; D. kop; G. ; I'r. coupeau; Gr. x vpn.) 1. The head or top of a thing, as in cob-castle, for cop-castle, a castle on’a hill; a tuft on the head of birds. This word is little used inAmerica, unless cub, the spike of maize, may be the same word. Chaucer. 2. The conical ball of thread formed on the spin- dle of a wheel or spinning-frame. CO-PAI’/BA, )n. [Sp.and Port.] Balsam of copaiba, €O-PAI’VA,} or capivi, is a liquid, resinous juice, flowing from incisions made in the stem of a tree called Copajfera officinalis, growing in Spanish Amer- ica, in the province of Antioquia. This juice is clear, transparent, of a whitish or pale-yellowish color, an agreeable smell, and a bitterish, pungent taste. it is of the consistence of oil, or a liftle thicker. As a medicine, it is corroborating and detergent. Encyc. €0'PAL, n. [Mexican copalli, a generic name of res- ins. Clavigero. | The concrete juice of a tree growing in South America and the East Indies, hard, shining, transpa- rent, citron-colored, and inodorous. It is not strictly a gum, nora resin, as it has not the solubility in water common to gums, nor that in spirit of wine common to resins. In these respects it rather resembles am- ber. It may be dissolved by digestion in linseed oil, with a heat little less than sufficient to boil or de- compose the oil. This solygion, diluted with spirit of turpentine, forms a beautiful transparent varnish. Encyc. Nicholson, €O-PAR/CE-NA-RY, n._ [co, or con, and Norm. parce- Johnson. 3. A barrel or cask for the preservation of liquors. Johnson. 4. A tumbre], or close cart. Encyc. Jamieson’s Dict. [ The tlree last senses not American. | €OOP, v. t. To put in a coop ; to confine in a coop. Hence, to shut up or confine in a narrow compass ; usually followed by up ; to coop up; sometimes by in. The Trojans cooped within their walls. They are cooped in close by the laws of the country. COOP’ED, (koopt,) pp. to narrow limits, €00-PEE!, n. A motion in dancing. COOPER, n. [from coop; D. kuiper; G. kitfer.] One whose occupation is to make barrels, hogs- heads, butts, tubs, and casks of various kinds. €OOP’ER, v. t. Todo the work ofa cooper ; to mend or put in order, as a cooper does casks. COOP’ER-AGE, n. The price paid for cooper’s work. 2. A place where cooper’s work is done. Jameson. 3. The work or business of a cooper. Perry. €0-OP’ER-ATE, v. i. [L. con and opero, to work; Fr. cooperer ; It. cooperare; Sp. cooperar. 1. To act or operate jointly with another or others, to the same end ; to work or labor with mutual efforts to promote the same object. It has with before the agent, and to before the end. Russia co-operated with Great Britain, Austria, and Prussia, to reduce the power of Bonaparte, 2. To act together; to concur in producing the Same effect. Natural and moral events co-operate in illustrating the wisdom of the Creator €0-OP/ER-A-TING, ppr- gether, €0-OP-ER-A’TION, n. The act of working or oper- ating together to one end ; joint operation ; concur- rent effort or labor; as, the co-operation of the com- bined powers ; the co-operation of the understanding and the will. COOHER-ASDLVE, a. Operating jointly to the same end. Dryden. Locke. Shut up in a coop; confined . Acting or operating to- PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE So ee ee €O-PART’NER-Y, n. eo a : i ! ing. €O'PA-TAIN, n. [See Cor.] High-raised ; pointed. [JVot in use. Shak. €O-PA’TRI-OT or €O-PAT’RLOT, n. A joint pa- €O-PAY’VA. COPE, n. mer, parcenery. See CoparcEener.] Partnership in inheritance ; joint heirship; joint right of succession or joint succession to an estate of inheritance. €O-PAR’CE-NER, n. [con and parcener, from part, Fr. parti, L. pars, or the verb partir, to divide.] A coheir ; one who has an equal portion of the in- heritance of his or her ancestor with others. All the coparceners tozether make but one heir, and haye but one estite amoung them. slackstone, Coparceners take by descent; Joint-tenants, by purchase. Blackstone. €O-PAR!/CE-NY, n. An equal share of an inheritance. €O-PART’MENT, n. The same as CompartMENT. [Wot in use.] Warton. €O0-PART’NER, n. See Copar- CENER.] 1. One who has a share in a common stock for transacting business, or who is jointly concerned with one or more persons, in carrying on trade or other business ; a partner; an associate, particularly in trade or manufactures. 2. A sharer; a partaker; as, copartners of our loss. Milton, €O-PART’NER-SHIP, n. Joint concern in business ; a state of having a joint share in a common stock, or a joint interest and concern in business, particularly in trade and manufactures. 2. The persons who have a joint concern. ; The state of being copartners In any undertaking ; not confined, like copartnership, to trade or business [con and partner. triot. G. Morris. See Coparsa. [W. céb; Sax. ceppe; D. kap; Dan. kappe, kaabe ; Sw. kappa or kapa; Fr. chape, whence chapeau, a hat; Sp. capa ; It. cappa ; Port capa.] 1. A cover for the head. » MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — tN aCOP COP COP 2. Asacerdotal cloak worn in sacred ministrations. An ornament worn by chanters and subchanters when they officiate in solemnity. It reaches from the shoulders to the feet. 3. Any thing spread or extended over the head ; the arch or concave of the sky ; the roof or covering of a house ; the arch over a door, &c. 4. An ancient tribute due to the king or lord of the soil, out of the lead mines in some parts of Derby- shire. Encyc. €OPE, v. t. To cover as-with a cope. Addison. 2. To pare the beak or talons of a hawk. Bailey. 3. To embrace. rae Shak. €O6PE, v. i. [Dan. kiv, contention ; kives, to strive ; kappes, to strive, to equal, to envy ; Sw. ki, strife ; kifwa, to contend or quarrel ; kdppas, to strive ; to em- _ Cc- - ulate ; Ar. r= kafaa, to turn back, to drive away, to thrust, to oppose, to equal; ORS kafai, to be sufficient, to be equal, to be like, to be a substitute. Class Gb, No. 53, 55.] 1. To strive or contend on equal terms, or with equal strength; to equal in combat; to match; to op- pose with success. Their generals have not been able to cope with the troops of Athens. Addison, Till Luther rose, no power could cope with the pope. D. A. Clark. He was too open and direct in his conduct, and possessed too lit- tle management, to cope with so cool and skillful an adver sary. Wirt. 2. To contend ; to strive or struggle ; to combat. Host coped with host; dire was the din of war. Philips, 3. To encounter ; to interchange kindness or sen- timents. Shak. 4. To make return; to reward. [ Obs. Shak. 5. To exchange or barter. [JVotin use.] Bailey. €0/PECK. See Koreck. €OP/ED, (Kopt,) pp. or a. Covered with a cope. €0PE’MAN, 7. Achapman. [Vot used.] Shak. €0-PER/NI-GAN, a. Pertaining to Copernicus, a - Prussian by birth, who taught the world the solar system now received, called the Copernican system. €OPRES/MATE, n. [cope and mate.] A companion or friend. [ Obs.] Hubbard. €OPE/STONE, n. Head or top stone. €0O-PHO’SIS, n. [Gr.] Deafness. €OP/I-ED, (kop/id,) pp. [See Cory.] Taken off; written or transcribed from an original or form ; imi- tated. €OP'I-ER, )z. One who copies ; one who writes or €OP/Y-IST, transcribes from an original or form ; a transcriber ; an imitator ; also, a plagiary. Addison. Dryden. €OP/ING, ppr. Striving; contending. €OP/ING, n. [See Corr, n.] The top or cover of a wall, usually made sloping to carry off the water. 1 Kings vii. 9. A coping over,is a projecting work beveling on its under side. €0/PI-OUS, a. [Fr. copieux; It. copioso; Sp. id.; L. copiosus, from copia, abundance, Ir. coib. Qu. Ch. ee. 55) to collect, gather, accumulate; Ar. bes jabau, id. Class Gb, No. 2, 5, 55.] 5 1. Abundant ; plentiful; in great quantities ; full; ample ; furnishing full supplies. The tender heart is peace, And kindly pours its copious treasures forth In various converse. Thomson, 2. Furnishing abundant matter; not barren ; rich in supplies. The redemption of man is a copi- ous subject of contemplation. Hail, Son of God, Savior of men! thy name Shull be the copious matter of my song, Milton. €6/PI-OUS-LY, adv. Abundantly; plentifully ; in large quantities. 2. Largely; fully ; amply; diffusely. The remains of antiquity have been copiously described by trav- rs. ddison, €0’PI-OUS-NESS, n. Abundance; plenty; great quantity ; full supply. 2, Diffusiveness of style or manner of treating a subject ; as, the copiousness of Homer. Dryden. COP/IST, nm. A copier; an wl-formed word. €OP'LAND, n. A piece of ground terminating in a cop or acute angle. [Mot used in America.) Dict. €O-PLANT’,v.i. To plant together [Vot in use.] Howel rs 0 . €0-POR/TION, n. Equal share. [JVot used.] Spenser. €OP'PED a. [See Copr.] Rising to a point, or €OP/PLED,§ head. : Bey Copped like a sugar-loaf, Wiseman. €OP/PEL. See Curer. COP/PER, n. [D. koper ; G. kupfer; Sw koppar; Ir. copar; Corn, cober; Li. cuprum; Fr. cutvre; Sp. cobre; Port. id.; Arm. cuevr, coevre; supposed to be so called from Cyprus, an isle in the Mediterra- it xa\xos kumptos, Cyprian brass, brass of Cyprus. In this case, copper was originally an adjectives] A metal of a pale red color, tinged with yellow. Next to gold, silver, and platinum, it is the most ductile and malleable of the metals, and it is more elastic than any metal except steel, and the most sonorous of all the metals. It is found native in lamine or fibers, in a gang almost always quartzous ; it is also found crystallized, and in grains or super- ficial lamine on stones or iron. It is not altered by water, but is tarnished by exposure to the air, and is at last covered with a green carbonated oxyd. Cop- per in sheets is much used for covering the bottoms tin and zinc, it is used in enamel-painting, dyeing, smaller proportion, bronze ; and with zinc, it forms brass, pinchbeck, &c. When taken into the body, it operates as a violent emetic, and all its preparations are violent poisons. Fourcroy. Encyc. Hooper. €O0P’/PER, a. Consisting of copper. Cleaveland. €OP! PER, n. large boiler. 2, Formerly, a small copper coin. My friends filled my pocket with coppers. €OP’PER, v. t. To cover or sheathe with sheets of copper ; as, to copper a ship. €OP/PER-AS, n. [Fr. couperose; D. koperrood, that is, red copper, and koperroest is copper rust, verdigris 5 Arm. couperosa, or couperos.] Sulphate of iron, or green vitriol ; a salt of a pecu- liar astringent taste, and of various colors, green, gray, yellowish, or whitish, but more usually green. It is much used in dyeing black and in making ink, and in medicine, asa tonic. The copperas of com- merce is usually made by the decomposition of iron pyrites. The term copperas was formerly synony- mous With vitriol, and included the green, blue, and white vitriols, or the sulphates of iron, copper, and i Cleaveland. Fourcroy. An American serpent, the Franklin. zinc. €OP/PER-BEL’LY, 2. Coluber erythrogaster. €O0P/PER-BOT-TOM-ED, a. sheathed with copper. €OP/PER-ED, pp. or a. Covered with sheets of cop- per ; sheathed. €0P/PER-FAST-EN-ED, with copper.bolts. €OP/PER-HEAD, (-hed,) . [from its color.] A poisonous American serpent, the Trigonocephalus contortriz ; the Boa contortrix of Linnzus. €OP/PER-ISH, a. Containing copper; like copper, or partaking of it. €OP'/PER-NOSE, n. A red nose. Shak. €OP/PER-PLATE, n. A plate of polished copper on which concave lines are engraved or corroded, ac- cording to some delineated figure or design. This plate, when charged with any colored fluid, imparts an impression of the figure or design to paper or parchment. Encyc. 2. A print or impression on paper, &c., from a cop- perplate. €OP/PER-SMITH, n. One whose occupation is to manufacture copper utensils. €OP/PER-WORK, (-wurk,) nz. is wrought or manufactured. Woodward. €OP/PER-WORM, (-wurm,) n. A little worm in ships; a worm that frets garments; a worm that breeds in one’s hand. Ainsworth. €OP/PER-Y, a. Mixed with copper ; containing cop- per, or made of copper ; like copper in taste or smell. Woodward. €OP/PICE,) x”. [Norm. coupiz, from couper, to cut, €OPSE, Gr. korTw. | A wood of small growth, or consisting of under- wood or brushwood ; a wood cut at certain times for fuel or other purposes. The rate of coppice lands will fall on the discovery of coal mines. Locke. Having a _ bottom (-fas/snd,) a. Fastened A place where copper €OP/PLE-CROWN, xn. A tuft of feathers on the head of a fowl. Holloway. €O0P/PLED,)a. [from cop.] Rising toa point; con- €OP’PED, \ ical. Woodward. €OP/PLE-DUST, n. Powder used in purifying met- als ; properly, cupel dust. €OP/PLE-STONES, n. pl. Lumps and fragments of stone broke from the adjacent cliffs, rounded by being bowled and tumbled to and again by the action of water. Johnson. Woodward. In New England, we pronounce this word cobble, cobble-stones, and if the word is a diminutive of cob, cop, a head, or cub, a heap, we follow the Welsh cob, as the English do the same word cop, in the Saxon dialect. We apply the word to small round stones, from the size of an inch or two, to five or six inches or more, in diameter, wherever they may be found. €OP’/RO-LITE, n. [Gr. compos, dung, and ArGos,a stone. ] Petrified dung of carnivorous reptiles. Buckland. €0-PROPH’A-GOUS, a. Feeding on excrements. €OP-RO-LIT/I€, a. Containing or resembling cop- rolites. Humble. €OP’TIC, a. of ships, for boilers, and other utensils; mixed with €OP’TIE, n. &c.; mixed with tin, it forms bell-metal; with a €OP/U-LA, x. €OP/U-LATE, a. A vessel made of copper, particularly a | COP/U-LATE, v. t. €OPSE, v. t. To preserve underwoods. Swift. €OP'SY, a. Having copses. Dyer. Pertaining to the descendants of the ancient Egyptians, called Copts, or Cophti, as distinct from the Arabians and other inhabitants of modern Egypt. The name is supposed to be taken from Coptos, the metropolis of the Thebaid; as Egypt, Avyurros, is probably from that name; Sanscrit, agupta, inclosed, fortified. So Misraim and Mazor are from ‘W¥ to inclose, to bind, to fortify. Whatever may be the origin of Copt, the adjective Coptic now refers to the people called Copts, who are Christians, and to their Janguage. Hence, The language of the Copts. [See Class Gb, No. 8, 14.] [L. See Corvuration and Covrte.] In logic, the word which unites the subject and pred- icate of a proposition. Religion zs indispensable to happiness. Hereis is the copula, joining religion, the subject, with indispensable to happiness, the predicate. Joined. [Little used. ] [L. copulo, to couple; Sp. copular ; It. copulare; Fr. coupler. See Cour.e.] To unite; to join in pairs. [Litile used.] €OP/U-LATE, v. i. To unite in sexual embrace ; applied to animals in general. €OP/U-LA-TED, pp. Joined in pairs. €OP/U-LA-TING, ppr. Uniting in pairs ; embracing. €OP-U-LA’/TION, n. [L. copulatio.] The act of coupling; the embrace of the sexes in the act of generation ; coition. €OP/U-LA-TIVE, a. That unites or couples. In grammar, the copulative conjunction connects two or more subjects or predicates, in an affirmative or neg- ative proposition ; as, riches and honors are tempta- tions to pride; the Romans conquered Spain, and Gaul, and Britain; neither wealth nor honors wil purchase immortal happiness. €OP/U-LA-TIVE, x. A copulative conjunction. 2. Connection. [JVot in use.] €OP/Y, xn. [Fr. copie; Arm. copy ; It. copia; Sp. and Port. copia; Ir. coib, coibeadh. This word is from the root of cope, in the sense of likeness, resem- -=— blance, Ar. —— kafai, to be like; or it is from doubling, and the root of cujf, Ar. ¢ l= kaifa. Class Gb, No. 50. See Core and Curr.] Literally, a likeness or resemblance of any kind. Hence, 1. A writing like another writing; a transcript from an original ; or a book printed according to the original ; hence, 2. Any single book, or set of books, containing a composition resembling the original work; as, the copy of a deed, or of a bond; a copy of Addison’s works; a copy of the laws; a copy of the Scrip- tures. 3. The form of a picture or statue according to the original ; the imitation or likeness of any figure, draught, or almost any object. 4. An original work; the autograph ; the arche- type. Hence, that which is to be imitated in writ- ing or printing. Let the child write according to the copy. The copy is in the hands of the printer. Hence, a pattern or example for imitation. His virtues are an excellent copy for imitation. 5. Abundance. [L. copia.] [Obs. ; €O0P'Y, v. t. To write, print, or engrave, according to an original; to form a like work or composition by writing, printing, or engraving ; to transcribe ; often followed by out, but the use is not elegant. The men of Hezekiah copied certain proverbs of Solo- mon. 9. To paint or draw according to an original. 3. To form according to a model, as in archi- tecture. 4. To imitate or attempt to resemble ; to follow an original, or pattern, in manners or course of life. Copy the Savior in his humility and obedience. ‘ €OP’Y, v. i, To imitate or endeavor to be like ; to do any thing in imitation of something else. A painter copies from the life. An obedient child copies after his parent. They never fail, when they copy, to follow the bad as well as the good. Dryden. €0P/Y-BOOK, n. A book in which copies are written or printed for learners to imitate, oe €OP/Y-ED, (kKop/id,) pp- Transcribed ; imitated ; usu- ally written Correp; but copyed is preferable. €OP'Y-ER, xn. One who copies or transcribes ; usual- ly written Correr; but copyer is most regular. €OP/Y-HOLD, n. In England, a tenure of estate by copy of court roll; or a tenure for which the tenant hath nothing to show, except the rolls made by the steward of the lord’s court. Blackstone. €OP/Y-HOLD/ER, nz. One who is possessed of land in copy-hold. 2Y - pr. COPY.ING.PRESS, x. A machine for taking an ex- act copy of any manuscript recently written. Hebert. Transcribing. nean. ‘This opinion is probable, as the Greeks called €OPSE, n. A wood of small growth. [See Corrice.] €OP'Y-IST, n. A copier; 2 transcriber, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; GasJ; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 34 269 PE. a eee ae el = BA Tee Ne — aa tsCOR COR COR €OP/Y-RIGHT, (-rite,) n. The sole nght which an author has in his own origina! literary compositions ; the exclusive right of an author to print, publish, and vend his own literary works, for his own ben- efit ; the like right in the hands of an assignee. _ €0-QUAL'LILN, x. A small quadruped, of the squir- rel kind, but incapable of climbing trees. Dict. of Nat. Hist. (koke’le-ko,) x. [Fr.} Wild pop- py; hence, the color of wild €OQUE/LL-€OT, €OQUE'LL-€0, | poppy, Viz., a mixture of orange and scarlet, €0-QUET’, (ko-ket’,) v. t To attempt to attract no- tice, admiration, or love, from vanity ; to treat with an appearance of tenderness or regard, with a view to deceive and disappoint. You are coquelling a maid of honor. Swift. €0-QUET’, v.z, To trifle in love; to treat a person with an appearance of favor, but with a design to de- ceive and disappoint. : €O0-QUET’RY, x. [Fr. coquetterie.] Attempts to attract admiration, notice, or love, from vanity; affectation of amorous advances ; tri- fling in love. Addison. €0-QUETTE’, (ko-ket’,) n. [Fr. coguet, a beau, a general lover, a cock-boat ; coquette, a jilt; from the Welsh or Celtic coegen, a vain, saucy wench, a co- quette, from coeg, vain; Sp. coqueta; It. civetta, an owl; civettare, to play the wag, to trifle, to coquet ; civetteria, coquetry ; civettino, a vain young fellow. ] A vain, airy, trifling girl, who endeavors to attract admiration and advances in love, from a desire to gratify vanity. and then rejects her lover; a jilt. The light coqueffes in sylphs aloft repair, And sport and flutter in the fields of air. Pope. JVote. — In French, coquet is masculine, and coquette feminine ; but, as our language bas no such termi- nation for gender, it may be better to write coquet for both sexes, and for distinction prefix male to the word when applied to a man. €0-QUET’TED, pret. and pp. of Coquer, which see. €0-QUET’TING, ppr. Attracting notice to gain ad- mirers, and then rejecting them. €0-QUET'’TISH, (ko-ket/ish,) a. Practicing coquetry. €O0-QUET’TISH-LY, (ko-ket/ish-ly,) adv. In a co- quettish manner. €OR, 7. The measure of a pottle. €OR/A-CLE, 2. [W. cwrwgle.| A boat used, in Wales, by fishermen, made by covering a wicker frame with leather or oil-cloth. A similar boat was used by the ancient Egyptians. Brande. €OR/A-€OID, n. [Gr. xopat, a crow, and ecdos, form. ] A sinall, sharp process of the scapula, shaped like a crow’s beak. The name has been extended to a bone in birds, &c., near the shoulder-joint. Brande. €OR/A-€OID, a. Shaped like a crow’s beak. Buckland. CORAL, n. [L. corallium; Gr. xopadXtov, from xopn, damsel, and waA¢, sea; F'r. corail, or coral ; It. corallo ; Sp. coral; D. koraal ; G. koralle; Dan. koral.] In zoology, a substance consisting chiefly of carbo- nate of lime. It is the-solid secretions of zoophytes, produced within the tissues of the polyps, and corre- €OR/AL-LOID, ) €OR-AL-LOID/AL, § Ilaving the form of coral; branching like coral. Dict. Nat. Hist. €OR/AL-LOID, x. A term formerly applied to a spe- cies of minute corals called Escara, and also some- times to the Gorgonias. Encyc. CO'/RAM JU'DI-CE, [l.] Before the judge. CO'RAM NON JU'DI-CE, [L,] Before one not a judge ; before one who has not jurisdiction. €O-RANT’, n. [Fr. courant, running ; courir, to run; a. [coral, and Gr. evdos, form.] L. curro.] A lofty, sprightly dance. Johnson. Temple. CORB, xn. . corbis. See the next word.] 1. A basket used in coaleries. 2. An omament in a building. Spenser. CORB/AN, xn. [l. corbis; D. korf; G. korb; Sw. korg ; Dan. kurv; Fr. corbeille; Eth. nZzn karbo, a wicker basket; Russ. korban, a church box or chest, a treas- ury. But, in Ethiopic, korban is an oblation, that which is offered to God, a gift, sacrifice, coinciding With the Heb. }2>), from 2%), to approach, to cause to approach, to bring or offer. 1. In Jewish antiquity, an offering, sacrifice, or oblation of any Kind, presented before God. Gesenius. It is a gift, corban, by whatsoever thou mightest be profited by me; that is, | have devoted that to God which you ask of me, and it is no longer mine to give, Encyc. 2. An alms-basket; a vessel to receive gifts of charity ; a gift; an alms; a treasury of the church, where offerings are deposited. Calmet. 3. Among Mohammedans, a ceremony performed at the foot of Mount Arafat, in Arabia, near Mecca. It consists in killing a number of sheep, and distrib- uting them among the poor. Encyc. CORBE, a. [Fr. courbe.] Crooked. [ot in use.] Spenser. €ORB’EIL, (kor’bel,) n. [Fr. corbeille ; It. corbello. See Corsan.] In fortyfication, a little basket, to be filled with earth, and set upon a parapet, to shelter men from the fire of besiegers. Johnson. €ORB/EL, x. [See the preceding words. ] 1. In architecturc, the representation of a basket, sometimes set on the heads of caryatides. 2. ‘The vase or tambor of the Corinthian column ; so called from its resemblance to a basket. Encyc. €ORB/EL, n. A short piece of timber, iron, &c., ina wall, jutting six or eight inches, as occasion requires, in the manner of a shoulder-piece ; sometimes placed, for strength, under the semigirder of a platform. The under part is sometimes cut into the form of a boultin, sometimes of an ogee, or of a face, &c. Encyc. Johnson, 2. A niche or hollow left in walls for images, fig- ures, or statues. Chambers. COR/BY, 7. A raven. COR/EULE,)xn [lL €OR/ELE, § sense. the heart. ] In botany, the heart of the seed, or rudiment of a future plant, attached to and involved in the cotyle- dons. It consists of the plume, or ascending part, [Wot in use. ] corculum, but in a different It is a diminutive, from cor, sponding to the skeleton in higher animals. Corals have often the form of trees, shrubs, or assume hem- ispherical and nodular shapes. Such are madrepores, astreas, and brain-coral. The surface is usually cov- ered with radiated cells, each of which marks the position of one of the polyps ; and, when alive, the animals appear like flowers over every part of the zoophyte. and. 2. A piece of coral, used by children as a play- thing. €OR/AL, a. Made of coral ; resembling coral. COR/AL-RAG, n. In geology, a coralliterous deposit, forming a member of the middle division of oolite. Fumble, €OR/AL-TREE, n. A genus of plants, Erythrina, of several species, natives of Africa and America. They are ‘all shrubby, flowering plants, adorned chiefly with trifoliate or three-lobed leaves, and scarlet spikes of papilionaceous flowers. COR/AL-WORT, n. The popwar name of certain species of plants, Dentaria, called also tooth-wort, or tooth-violet. Fam. of Plants. €OR-AL-LA/CEOUS, a. Like coral, or partaking of its qualities. €OR-AL-LIF/ER-OUS; a, Containing coral. Gilbert. €OR/AL-LLFORM, a. feral and form.] Resembling coral; forked and crooked. Kirwan. €OR-AL-LIG/EN-OUS, a. Producing coral. Humble. €OR/AL-LINE, (-lin,) a. Consisting of coral; like coral ; containing coral. COR/AL-LINE, x. A submarine, semi-calcareous or calcareous plant, consisting of many jointed branches, resembling some species of moss. The term has also been applied to certain minute corals growing in moss-like forms. Dana. €OR/AL-LIN-ITE, n. A fossil polypier or coralline. Dict. Nat. Hist. COR/AL-LITE, . A mineral substance or petrifac- tion, in the form of coral ; or a fossil polypier, larger and the rostel, or radicle, the simple descending part. Martyn. CORD, n. [W. cord; Fr. corde; It. corda; Sp. cuerda ; D. koord; L. chorda; Gr. xopdn. According to the Welsh, this word signifies a twist, from cér, the root of clorus. 1, A string, or small rope, composed of several strands twisted together. Rahab let down the spies by a cord through the window. Josh. ii. 2. A quantity of wood or other material, originally measured with a cord or line. The cord is a pile containing 128 cubic feet; or a pile eight feet long, four feet high, and four feet broad. 3. In Scripture, the cords of the wicked, are the snares With which they catch the unwary. Ps. cxxix. The cords of sin, are bad habits, or the consequences of sin. Prov, v. The cords of a man, are the fair, gentle, or natural means of alluring men to obedience. Hos. xi. The cords of vanity, are worldly vanities and pleas- ures, profit, or preferment; or vain and deceitful arguments and pretenses, which draw men to sin. Is. Vv. To stretch a line or cord about a city, is to level it, or utterly to destroy it. Zam, ii. The cords of a tent, denote stability. To loosen or break the cords, is to weaken or destroy ; to lengthen the cords, is to enlarge. Job xxx. Is. liv. Jer. x. CORD, v.t, To bind with a cord or rope; to fasten with cords, 2. To pile wood or other material for measurement and sale by the cord. CORD'MAK-ER,n. One whose occupation is to make ropes ; but in America called ropemaker. CORD/WOOD, x. Wood cut and piled for sale by the cord, in distinction from long wood; properly, wood cut to the length of four feet; but, in this respect, the practice is not uniform. In Scotland, cordwood is than a corallinite, ywan. Dict. Nat. Hist. iL wood conveyed to market on board of vessels, in op- €ORD/AGE, n. (Sp. cordage; Fr. id.; from cord.] A term applied to all sorts of cords or ropes used in the running rigging of a ship, or kept in reserve, to supply the place of that which may be rendered un- serviceable. In @ more general sense, the word in- cludes all ropes and lines used on board of ships. €ORD/ATE, a {[{L. cordatus, with a ~different €ORD/A-TED, signification, from cor, the heart.] Having the form of a heart ; heart-shaped; a term used by naturalists; as, a cordate leaf, in botany, re- sembling the longitudinal section of the heart. Hence, cordate-oblong, heart-shaped lengthened ; cor- date-lanceolate, heart-shaped, gradually tapering to- ward each extremity, like the head of a lance; cordate-sagittate, heart-shaped, but resembling the head of an arrow. Martyn. €ORD'ATE-LY, adv. Ina cordate form. €ORD’ED, pp. or a. Bound or fastened with cords. 2. Piled in a form for measurement by the cord. 3. Made of cords; furnished with cords. Shak. 4. Striped or furrowed, as by cords. 5. In heraldry, a corded cross is one wound with cords, or made of two pieces of wood. NCYC. €OR-DE-LIER’, (kor-de-leer’,) n. [Fr., from corde, a girdle or cord worn by the orders A Franciscan friar; one of a religious order found- ed by St. Francis; a gray friar. The Cordeliers wear a thick gray cloth, a little cowl, a chaperon, and a cloak, with a girdle of rope or cord, tied with three knots. Encyc. €OR’DEL-ING, a. Twisting. C€ORD'I-AL, a. [Fr. and Sp. cordial; It. cordiale; from L,. cor, the heart.] 1. Proceeding from the heart; hearty; sincere ; not hypocritical; warm; affectionate ; as, we give our friends a cordial reception. W ith looks of cordial love, Milton. 2. Reviving the spirits; cheering; invigorating ; giving strength or spirits ; as, cordial waters. Wiseman. €ORD'I-AL, n. In medicine, that which suddenly ex- cites the system, and increases the action of the heart or circulation when languid; any medicine which increases strength, raises the spirits, and gives life and cheerfulness to a person when weak and depressed. 2. Aromatized and sweetened spirit, employed as a beverage. Cooley. 3. Any thing that comforts, gladdens, and exhila- rates ; as, good news is a cordial to the mind. €ORD/I-AL-HEART’ED, a. Having cordial affec- tion. €ORD-L-AL/LTY, n. Relation to the heart. [Wot used. | Brown. 2. Sincerity ; freedom from hypocrisy; sincere affection and kindness ; as, our friends were received with cordialitv. €ORD'I-AL-IZE, v. t. To render cordial. €ORD'I-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered cordial. €ORD'I-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making cordial. €ORD'I-AL-LY, adv. Heartily ; sincerely ; without hypocrisy ; with real affection. The Christian cor- dially receives the doctrines of grace. €ORD/LAL-NESS, n. Cordiality ; hearty good will. CORD/IE-RITE. n. The mineral called otherwise tolite and dichroute, €ORD/I-FORM, a. form. ] Heart-shaped ; having the form of the human 1e€art. €ORD/L-NER, n. Ne used.| See ConpwAIner. CORD/ING, ppr. Binding with cords ; piling for meas- Ec. Rev. [L. cor, the heart, and forma, urement, €OR'DON, n. [Fr. and Sp. cordon; It. cordone; Port. cordam. See Corp. I. In fortification, a row of stones jutting before the rampart and the basis of the parapet ;- or a row of stones between the wall of a fortress which lies aslope, and the parapet, which is perpendicular ; serv- ing as an ornament, and used only in fortifications of stone-work. Johnson. Encyc. 2. In military language, a line or series of military posts ; as, a cordon of troops. 3. Cordon sanitaire; a line of troops or military posts on the borders of a district of country infected With disease, to cut off communication, and thus prevent the disease from spreading. €OR'DO-VAN, n. Spanish leather. COR-DU-ROY’, n. A thick cotton stuff, corded or ribbed. €ORD'WAIN, n. [Sp. cordoban; Port. cordovam; Fr. cordowan ; from Cordova, or Cordoba, in Spain. ] Spanish leather; goat-skin tanned and dressed. a Spenser. Sp. Dict. €ORD’WAIN-ER, n. [from Cerne A shoemaker. This word was formerly written cordiners. It is evi- dently from the French cordouan, cordouannier ; properly, a worker in cordwain, or cordovan leather. €ORE, zn. bs ceur; Norm. core; Sp. corazon; Port. coragam ; it. cuore; from L. cor, the heart, Gr. xeap See Class Gr.] position to that which is floated. Encyc. I. The heart or inner part of a thing; particularly the central part of fruit, containing the kernels or FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 266 ae a ae 5 WECOR COR COR seeds; as, the core of an apple or quince. It was or quantity ; as, corn is dear or scarce. In this sense, | COR/NEL, nm, ([. cornus, from cornu, a formerly applied to place; as, in the core of a square. the word comprehends all the kinds of grain which €OR/NEL-TREE, : horn, or its root, from the Rdegh. constitute the food of men and horses. In Great €OR-NEL/IAN-TREE, hardness of the wood; Sp. 9. The inner patt of an ulcer or boil. Dryden. Britain, corn is generally applied to wheat, rye, oats, corno; It. corniolo; Fr. cornouiller. | The cornelian cherry or dogwood, the popular name 3. In architecture, the interior part of any thing; as, the core of a column or wall. Guilt. 4. A body. [Fr.corps.] [Not used.] Bacon. 5, A disorder of sheep, occasioned by worms in the liver. Chambers. €OR/ED, (kord,) a. In the herring fishery, rolled in salt, and prepared for drying. Ash. €O-RE/GENT, x. A joint regent or ruler. Wraxall. €0-RE-LA'TION, zn. Corresponding relation. Kidd. CORF, x. A basket for carrying coals and other min- erals in a mine. Gilbert. €0-RI-A/CEOUS, (ko-re-a'shus,) a. [I coriaceus, from corium, leather. ] 1. Consisting of leather, or resembling leather ; tough; as, coriaceous concretions. Arbuthnot. 2. In botany, stiff, like leather or parchment; ap- plied to a leaf, a calyx, or capsule. Martyn. ae ee n. [L. coriandrum; Gr. Koptov, Kopt- ayvov. The popular name of a genus of plants of one spe- cies. The seeds of this species have a strong smell, and, in medicine, are considered as stomachic and carminative, €0-RIN/DON. See CorunpumM. COR/INTH, x. Acity of Greece. Hence, 2, A small fruit, now called Currant; which see. Philips. Broome. €0O-RINTH’LA€, a. Pertaining to Corinth. D’Anville. €0-RINTH’I-AN, a. Pertaining to Corinth, a celebra- ted city of Greece ; as, Corinthian column ; Corinthian order; Corinthian brass. The Corinthian order, in architecture, is the most delicate of all the orders, and enriched with a profusion of ornaments. The capital is usually adorned with olive leaves or acan- thus. Encyc. €0-RIVAL, x. [con and rival; written improperly CorrivyAL.] A rival, or fellow-rival ; a competitor. Shak. €O-RVVAL, v. t. To rival; to pretend to equal. Shak. €O-Ri/VAL-RY, Teintiealry CORILVATESHIP (> oR es CORK, n. [D. kurk; G. kork; Sw. korck ; Dan. kork ; Sp. corcho; Russ. korka ; Fr. ecorce; L. cortex, bark, rind, shell, crust. ] 1. A glandiferous tree, a species of Quercus, grow- ing in Spain and Portugal, having a thick, rough, fungous, cleft bark. 9. The outer bark of the tree, or epidermis, of which stopples for bottles and casks are made. This outer bark is taken off, and a new epidermis is formed, which, in six or seven years, becomes fit for use. This bark is also burnt to make a kind of light black, called Spanish black. 3. A stopple for a bottle or cask, cut out of cork. €ORK, v. t. To stop bottles or casks with corks ; to confine or make fast with a cork. [Sce also Cax.] €ORK’ED, (korkt,) pp. Stopped with a cork. €ORK/ING, ppr. Stopping with corks. €ORK/ING-PIN, n. A pin of a large size. Swift. €ORK/SEREW, (-skrii,) xn. A screw to draw corks from bottles. €ORK’Y, a. Consisting of cork ; resembling cork ; dry and tough like cork. Bind fast his corky arms. Shak. €OR/MO-RANT, 2. Cormorant is suppose marinus, Sea-raven. morvran, Sea-crow. | 1. A genus of sea-birds, (Phalacro coraz,) often called the sea-raven, and distinguished for its voraci- ty. The head and neck are black ; the coverts of the wings, the scapulars, and the back, are of a deep green, edged with black, and glossed with blue. The base of the lower mandible is covered with a naked, yellow skin, which extends under the chin, and forms a sort of pouch. This bird occupies the cliffs by the sea, feeds on fish, and is extremely voracious. Encyc. 2. A glutton. €OR/MUS, n. [Gr. xopyos.] In botany, the generic name of a stalk or stem of any plant. D. C. Willdenow. 9. The dilated base of the stems of monocotyledo- nous plants, intervening between the root and the first buds, and forming the reproductive portion of such plants, when they are not caulescent. Lindley. €ORN, n. [Sax. corn; D. koorn; G. korn; Dan. and Sw. korn. Not improbably this word is the L. gra- num. Such transpositions are not uncommon. ‘The word signifies not only the hard seeds of certain plarits, but hail and shot, L. grando, Ir. gran, grain, hail, shot. Johnson quotes an old Runic rhyme : ‘¢ Hagul er kaldastur korna,’? Hail is the coldest corm. See Geen 1. A single seed of certain plants, as wheat, rye, barley, and maize ; a grain. In this sense it has a plural; as, three barley corns make an inch. It is generally applied to edible seeds, which, when ripe, are hard. Fr. cormoran; Sp. corvejon. to be corrupted from Corvus The Welsh also called the bird and barley. In the United States, it has the same gen- eral sense, but by custom it is appropriated to maize. We are accustomed to say, the crop of wheat is good, put the corn is bad ; it is a good year for wheat and rye, but bad for corn. In this sense, corn has no plural. 3. The plants which produce corn, when growing in the field ; the stalks and ears, or the stalks, ears, and seeds, after reaping and before thrashing. We say, a field of corn, a sheaf or a shock of corn, a load of corn. The plants or stalks are included in the term corn, until the seed is separated from the ears. 4, In surgery, a hard excrescence, or induration of the skin, on the toes or some part of the feet, occa- sioned by the pressure of the shoes ; so called from its hardness and resemblance to a corn. 5, A smail, hard particle. [See GRAIN. ] €ORN, v. t. To preserve and season with salt in grains ; to sprinkle with salt; as, to corn beef. 2. To granulate ; to form into small grains. €ORN/-BASK-ET, x. A large basket for carrying the ears of maize. €ORN’BIND, 2. [Local.] TOS€. €ORN/-BLADE, 7. The leaf of the maize. Corn-blades are collected and preserved as fodder, in some of the Southern States of America. €ORN/BRASH, zn. A coarse, shelly limestone, form- ing a soil celebrated, in Wiltshire, England, for the growth of corn. Brande. Mantell. €ORN/-BREAD, (-bred,) x. A kind of bread or bread- cake made of the meal of Indian corn. €ORN/-CHAND-LER, n. [ Chandler, a dealer in can- dles, is supposed to be from the Fr. chandelier ; but what has this word to do with corn and ship, in corn- chandler and ship-chandler 2 In these words, chandler seems to be a corruption of the Teutonic handler, a trader ; Sw. kornhandlare, a corn-dealer ; Dan. handler ; G. id. ; D. handclaar.] A dealer in corn. €ORN’-€LAD, a. Covered with growing corn. Barlow. €ORN!-CRAKE, n. The crake or land-rail; the corn- crow ; for kraka, in Sw., and krage in Dan., is our word crow, and the name is probably taken from its cry. The Dutch kraai, a crow, is contracted from kraag, and kraaijen is to crow, to vaunt, to tell tales ; G. krahe, krahen. €ORN!-CUT-TER, n. Loom and cut.] One who cuts corns or indurations of the skin. CORN/FIELD, n. A field where corn is growing. €ORN/-FLAG, n. The popular name of a genus of plants, the Gladiolus, of several species, bearing red or white flowers. €ORN!-FLOOR, zn. A floor for corn, or for thrashing corn. Js. xxi. Hos. ix. €ORN/-FLOW-ER, zn. A flower or plant growing among corn, as the blue-bottle, wild poppy, &c. Bacon. €ORN/-HEAP, 7. A heap of corn. Hall. €ORN/-LAND, zn. Land appropriated or suitable to the production of corn or grain. €ORN!-LAWS, 2. pl. In Great Britain, laws prohib- iting the importation of foreign corn or grain for home consumption, except when the price rises beyond a certain rate. Repealed in 1846. MW Culloch. €ORN/-LOFT, zn. An apartment for corn ; a granary. Sherwood. €ORN-MAR/Y-GOLD, zn. The popular name of a ge- nus of plants, the Chrysanthemum. €ORN/-MAS-TER, x. One who cultivates corn for sale. [Vot used. ] Bacon. €ORN/ME-TER, n. One who measures com. €ORN/-MILL, n. A mill for grinding corn, more gen- erally called a grist-mill. €ORN/-PARS-LEY, x. of plants, the Sison. €ORN’-PIPE, n. A pipe made by slitting the joint of a green stalk of corn. Johnson. €ORN/-ROCK-ET, n. The popular name of a genus of plants, the Bunias. GORN/-ROSE, nz. in Aph., to call. (See Houp.) Class Gl. This word is often confounded With counsel, with which it has no connection. Council is a collection or assembly.] 1. An assembly of men summoned or convened for consultation, deliberation, and advice. The kings of England were formerly assisted by a grand council of peers. The chief priests and all the council sought false witness. — att. XX, The word is applicable to any body of men, ap- pointed or convened for consultation and advice in important affairs ; as, a council of divines or clergy- men, with their lay delegates ; a council of War, con- sisting of the principal officers, to advise the com- mander-in-chief or admiral ; a council of physicians, to consult and advise in difficult cases of disease. 2. A body of men specially designated to advise a chief magistrate in the administration of the govern- ment, as in Great Britain. 3. In some of the American States, a branch of the legislature, corresponding with the senate in other States, and called legislative council. New Jersey. 4. An assembly of prelates and doctors, convened for regulating matters ot doctrine and discipline in the church. o. Act of deliberation; consultation of a council. Milton. Common-council of a city ; in London, a court con- sisting of the lord mayor and aldermen in one house, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE. DOVE. MOVE. WOLF, BOOK.— 272COU COU COU €OUN/CIL-BOARD, COUN’CIL-OR, n. €OUN/CIL-TA-BLE, n. €0-UN-DER-STAND ING, n. Mutual understanding. €0-U-NITE’, v. t. €OUN'SEL, x. and of representatives of the several wards, called common-councilmen, in the other. But more generally, the common-council is considered as the body of representatives of the citizens, as distinct from the mayor and aldermen. ‘Thus, in Connecticut, the cities are incorporated by the name of ‘‘’The Mayor, Aldermen, Common-Council, and Freemen, of the City of Hartford, New Haven, &c.” Ecumenical council; in church history, a general council or assembly of prelates and doctors, repre- senting the whole church; as, the council of Nice, of Ephesus, and of Chalcedon. Encyc. Privy council; a select council for advising a king in the administration of the government. Aulic council. See Autic. Council-table ; round which a council holds consultation. the council itself in deliberation or session. The member of a council. the table Hence, [See CouUNSELOR. Council-board. To unite. [Votused.] More. UD Fr. conseil ; Arm. consailh; It. con- siglio ; Sp. consejo ; Port. conselho ; from L. consilium, from the root of consulo, to consult, which is probably aS —_ the Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. Eth. bxw, Ar. \Lw saula, toask. Class Sl, No. 16, 42. The radical sense of the verb to ask is, to set upon, urge, or press. Hence the Oriental verb is probably the root of the L. salio, assilio, or from the same root. See the like analogies in L. peto, to ask, to assail.] 1. Advice ; opinion, or instruction, given upon re- quest or otherwise, for directing the judgment or conduct of another; opinion given upon deliberation or consultation. Every purpose is established by counsel. — Prov. Xx. Thou hast not hearkened to my counsel. — 2 Chron, xxv. 2, Consultation ; interchange of opinions, We took sweet counsel together. — Ps. ly. 3. Deliberation ; examination of consequences. They all confess that, in the working of that first cause, counsel Hooker. is used, reason followed, and a way observed. 4. Prudence; deliberate opinion or judgment, or the faculty or habit of judging with caution. O, how comely is the wisdom of old men, and understanding and counsel to rnen of honor! — Ecclus. xxv. The law shall perish from the priest, and counsel from the an- cients. — Ezek. vil. 5. In a bad sense, evil advice or designs; art; machination. The counsel of the froward is carried headlong. — Job v. 6. Secrecy ; the secrets intrusted in consultation ; secret opinions or purposes. Let a man keep his own. counsel. 7. In @ scriptural sense, purpose; design ; will ; decree. What thy counsel determined before to be done. — Acts iv. To show the immutability of his counsel. — Heb. vi. 8. Directions of God’s word. Thou shalt guide me by thy counsel. — Ps, xxiii, 9. The will of God, or bis truth and doctrines con- cerning the way of salvation. I have not shunned to declare to you all the counsel of God.— Acts Xx, 10. Those who give counsel in law ; any counselor or advocate, or any number of counselors, barristers, or sergeants ; as, the plaintiff’s counsel, or the de- fendant’s counsel. The attorney-general and solicit- or-general are the king’s counsel. In this sense the word has no plural; but, in the singular number, is applicable to one or more persons, €OUN'SEL, v. t. [L. consilior.] 1. To give advice or deliberate opinion to another for the government of his conduct ; to advise. I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire. — Rey. iil. 9. To exhort, warn, admonish, or instruct. We ought frequently to counsel our children against the vices of the age. They that will not be counseled can not be helped. Franklin. 3. To advise or recommend ; as, to cownsel a crime. [Wot much used. } ryden. €OUN/SEL-KEEP’ER, n. One who can keep a se- Shak. cret, €OUN/SEL-KEEP/ING, a. Keeping secrets. Shak. COUN’SEL-A-BLE, a. Willing to receive counsel ; disposed to follow the advice of others. Clarendon. €OUN'SEL-ED, pp. Advised; instructed ; admon- ished. €OUN'SEL-ING, ppr. Advising; instructing; ad- monishing. €OUN/SEL-OR, n. Any person who gives advice ; but properly one who is authorized by natural rela- tionship, or by birth, office, or profession, to advise another in regard to his future conduct and measures. Ahithophel was David’s counselor. His mother was €0UN/SEL-OR-SHIP, x. €OUNT, v.t. ([Fr. conter; It. contare; Sp. Port. con- €OUNT, v.i. Great Britain, the peers of the realm are hereditary counselors of the crown. 2, One of the members of a council ; one appointed to advise a king or chief magistrate, in regard to the administration of the government. 3. One who is consulted by a client in a law case; one who gives advice in relation toa question of Jaw ; one whose profession is to give advice in law, and manage causes for clients. Privy counselor ; a member of a privy council. The office of a counselor, or privy counselor. tar; Arm. counta or contein. Qu. the root. The Fr. has compter, also, from the L. compute ; the Sp. and Port. computar; and the It. computare. ‘The Eng. count is directly from conter; and it may be a question whether conter and contar are from the L. computo.] 1. To number; to tell or name one. by one, or by small numbers, for ascertaining the whole number of units in a collection ; as, to cownt the years, days, and hours of a man’s life ; to count the stars. Who can count the dust of Jacob? — Num. xxii. 9. To reckon; to preserve a reckoning #to com- pute. Some tribes of rude nations count their years by the coming of certain birds among them at certain seasons, and leaving them at others. Locke. 3. To reckon ; to place to an account; to ascribe or impute ; to consider or esteem as belonging. Abraham believed in God, and he counted it to him for righteous- ness, — Gen, XV. 4. To esteem; to account; to reckon; to think, judge, or consider. I count them my enemies. — Ps. cxxxix. Neither count J my life dear to myself. — Acts Kx. I count all things loss. — Phil. iii. 5. To impute ; to charge. Rowe. 5. To count on or upon; to reckon upon ; to found an account or scheme on; to rely on. We can not count on the friendship of nations. Count not on the sincerity of sycophants. 9. To swell the number, or count; as, each addi- ento; It. conte. The Spanish has also computo, and the It. id.] 1. Reckoning; the act of numbering; as, this is the number according to my count. 2, Number. Spenser. 3. In law, a particular charge in an indictment, or narration in pleading, setting forth the cause of com- plaint. There may be different counts in the same declaration. COUNT, 2. [Fr. comte; It. conte; Sp. conde; Port. td. ; Arm. condt; from L. comes, comitis, a companion or associate, a fellow-traveler. Qu. con and eo.] A title of foreign nobility, equivalent to the Eng- lish earl, and whose domain is a_county. An earl ; the alderman of a shire, as the Saxons called him. The titles of English nobility, according to their rank, are duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and baron. Blackstone. Encyc. That may be numbered. Spenser. Numbered ; told ; esteemed; reck- €OUNT!A-BLE, a. COUNTED, pp. oned ; imputed. €OUN!TE-NANCE, nz. [Fr. contenance, from contenant, containing, from contenir, to contain, L. contineo ; con and teneo, to hold.] 1. Literally, the contents of a body ; the outline and extent Which constitutes the whole figure or ex- ternal appearance. Appropriately, the human face 5 the whole form of the face, or system of features ; visage. A merry heart maketh a chocrful countenance. — Prov. xv. Be not, as the hypocrites, of a sad countenance. — Matt. vi. 9. Air; look; aspect; appearance of the face; as in the phrase, to change or alter the countenance. 3. The face or look of a beast; as,a horse of a good countenance. 4, Favor; good-will ; kindness. Thou hast made him glad with thy countenance, — Ps. xxi. cious aids. his anger and frowns. Ps. This application of face ]XXX. mon, but probably universé vor. with an averted face. Hence, his counselor to do wickedly. 2 Chron. xxii. In €OUN/TE-NANCE, ». t. €OUN!TE-NANC-ED, (Roun aan) pp. Favored, GOUN'TE-NANC-ER, n. €OUN'TE-NANC-ING, ppr. tional one counts. eeu f TAIT; €OUNT, x. [Fr. conte and compte ; Sp. cuenta and cu- COUNT‘ER, n. Hence, in scriptural language, the light of Gods countenance is his smiles or favorable regards, his fa- vor and grace; and to hide his face or countenance is to manifest his displeasure, and withdraw his gra- So the rebuke of his countenance indicates or countenance, which seems to be of high antiquity, proceeded probably from the practice of turning away the face to express anger, displeasure, and refusal —a practice still com- Let religion enjoin the countenance of the laws. Give no countenance to violations of moral duty. and virtue. é 6. Show ; resemblance ; superficial appearance. The election being done, he made countenance of great discon- tent thereat. Ascham. 7. In law, credit or estimation. Cowel. To keep the countenance, is to preserve a calm, com- It is the provinee of the magistrate to give countenance to piety Atterbury. posed, or natural look, unruffied by passion ; to re- frain from expressing laughter, Joy, anger, or other passion, by an unchanged countenance, In countenance; in favor; in estimation. If the profession of religion were tn countenance among men of distinction, it would have a happy effect on society. To keep in countenance; to give assurance or cour- age to; to support; to aid by favor; to prevent from shame or dismay To put in countenance; to give assurance ; to en- courage ; or to bring into favor ; to support. Out of countenance; confounded ; abashed ; with the countenance cast down; not bold or assured. To put out of countenance; to cause the counte- nance to fall ; to abash ; to intimidate ; to disconcert. To favor ; to encourage by opinion or words. The design was made known to the minister, but he said nothing to countenance it. 9. To aid; to support; to encourage ; to abet ; to vindicate, by any means. Neither shalt thou countenance a poor man im his cause. —Ex, xxiii. 3, To encourage; to appear in defense. He countenanced the landing in his long-boat. Wotton. 4. To make a show of. Each to these ladies love did countenance, Spenser. Shak. 5. To keep an appearance. encouraged ; supporte One who countenances, fa- vors, or supports. Favoring ; encouraging ; supporting. [from count.] A false piece of money or stamped metal, used as means of reckoning ; any thing used to keep an account or reckoning, as in games. 2. Money, in contempt. Shak. 3. A table or board on which money is counted; a table on which goods in a shop are laid for examina- tion by purchasers. In lieu of this, we sometimes see written the French Comprorr, from compter, computo; but counter is the genuine orthography. 4. The name of certain prisons in London. 5. One that counts or reckons ; also, an auditor. 6. Encounter. [.Vot used.] 7. In ships, an arch or vault, whose upper part 1s terminated by the bottom of the stern. ‘The upper or second counter is above the former, but not vaulted. 8. A telltale; a contrivance in an engine or Car- riage to tell numbers, as of strokes or revolutions. 9. In music, counter is the name given to an under part, to serve for contrast to a principal part; as, counter-tenor, &c, Countér of a horse; the breast, or that part of a horse’s forehand which lies between the shoulder and under the neck. Farrier’s Dict. €OUN'TER, adv. [Fr. coni~e; L. contra; Sp. and It. contra; probably a compoul of con and tra, as Mm ez- tra, ultra. | 1. Contrary ; in opposition; in an opposite direc- tion; used chiefly with run or go. as, to run counter to the rules of virtue; he went counter to his own in- terest. 9, The wrong way ; contrary to the right course. Shak. 3. Contrariwise ; in a contrary manner. Locke. 4. The face, or at the face, [Vot used.| Sands. This word is prefixed to many others, chiefly verbs™ and nouns, expressing opposition. €OUN-TER-A€CT’, v. t. [counter and act.] To actin opposition to; to hinder, defeat, or frustrate, by con- trary agency. Good precepts will sometimes counter- act the effects of evil example; but more generally good precepts are counteracted by bad examples. €O0UN-TER-A€T’ED, pp. Hindered; frustrated ; de- feated by contrary agency. ) GOUN-TER-A€T’ING, ppr. or a. Acting against ; hin- dering ; frustrating, €OUN-TER-A€/TION, n. Action in opposition ; hin- among rude nations. The opposite conduct would, of course, express fa- The grant of a petition is accompanied with a look directed to the petitioner; the refusal or denial, derance. : €OUN-TER-ACT/IVE, 2. One who or that which counteracts. Tending to counteract. €OUN-TER-ACT'IVE, a. t By counteraction. GOUN-TER-ACT'IVE-LY, adv. €COUN/TER-AT-TRAE'TION, n, [eounter and at- traction.] Opposite attraction. Shenstone. €OUN'THR-AT-TRAECT'IVE, 4 Attracting in an op- 5, Support; aid ; patronage ; encouragement ; fa- vor in promoting and maintaining a person or cause, posite way. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CLOUS. - € as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; 'H as in THIS. 39 273 ~ errr: a Senate — - Lé ene —— JA Teer = © ret tas odCOU €OUN-TER-BAL/ANCE, v. t. [counter and balan To weigh against ; tor we ach against with an equa weight; to act against with equal power or effect ; to countervail. or request. owel. .t. [counter and plot.} ‘To op- pose one plot to another. to attempt to frustrate strat- A plot or artifice opposed to ? Estrange. €OUN-TER-PLOT’TING, n. A plotting in opposition nm. [Fr. contrepointe; Arm. con- rappunto ; contre and point.] over for a bed, stitched or woven been corrupted into CounTErR- 2. In music, counterpoint is When the musical char- notes in each part are signified, a manner, each with respect to ow the parts answer one to an- Encyc. Busby. synonymous with harmony, and ips Cijc. Sandys. [F'r. contrepeser ; It. contrap- é Porse.] 1. To countortel ince ; to weigh against with equal to be equiponderant to; , The faves and distrnce of w eights counterion each other, to equal in weight. cal. Digby. must be counierpaees by a plummet pulley to the axis Wilkins. 2. To act against with equal power or effect; to om of the senate may be able to FaTE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 274COU counterpoise the rash impetuosity of a democratic house. €O0UN'TER-POISE, n. peso; Sp. contrapeso. | 1. Equal weight acting in opposition to something ; equiponderance ; a weight sufficient to balance anoth- er in the opposite scale ; equal balance. Milton. 9, Equal power or force acting in opposition ; a force sufficient to balance another force ; equipol- lence, {be second nobles are a counterpoise to the higher nobility. acon, 3. In the manege, a position of the rider in which his body is duly balanced in his seat, not inclined more to one side than the other. Encyc. €OUN'TER-POIS-ED, pp. Balanced by an equivalent opposing weight, or by equal power. €OUN’TER-POIS-ING, ppr. or a. Balancing by equal weight in the opposite scale, or by equal power. €OUN/TER-POLSON, (-poi/zn,) n. [counter and por- son.] One poison that destroys the effect of another ; an antidote; a medicine that obviates the effects of poison. Arbuthnot. €OUN!TER-PRA€-TICE, n. Practice in opposition to another. €OUN'/TER-PRESS-URE, n. [counter and pressure. ] Opposing pressure ; a force or pressure that acts in a contrary direction. Blackmore. €OUN/TER-PROJ-E€T, n. [counter and project.| A project, scheme, or proposal, of one party, given in Opposition to another, before given by the other par- ty ; as in the negotiation of a treaty. Swift. €OUN'TER-PROOF, n. [counter and proof.] In en- graving, a print taken off from another fresh printed, which, by being passed through the press, gives the firure of the former, but inverted. Brande. €OUN'TER-PROVE, v. t. [counter and prove. | To take off a design in black lead or red chalk, by passing it through a rolling press with another piece of paper, both being moistened with a sponge. Chambers. See the verb. [Fr. contrepoids: It. contrap- €OUN!/TER-PROV-ED, pp. E€QUN/TER-PROV-ING, ppr. See the verb. €OUN-TER-REV-O-LU/TION, x. A revolution op- posed to a former one, and restoring a former state of things. €0UN/TER-REV-O-LU’TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to a counter-revolution. €OUN'TER-REV-O-LU/TION-IST, n. in or befriending a counter-revolution. €OUN'TER-ROLL, n. [counter and roll.) In law,a counterpart or copy of the rolls, relating to appeals, inquests, &c. ailey. 9, As a verb, this word is contracted into ControL, which see. €0UN-TER-ROL!/MENT, n. A counter account. [See ConTroL. | €0UN-TER-SA/LI-ENT, a. [Fr. contre and saillir, to leap. eee. is when two beasts are borne in a coat, leaping from each other. Bailey. €OUN'TER-SEARP, n. [Fr. contrescarpe ; It. contra- scarpa; Sp. contraescarpa; contre and escarpe, scarpa, escarpa, a slope, from the root of carve.] In fortification, the exterior talus or slope of the ditch, or the talus that supports the earth of the cov- ered way ; but it often signifies the whole covered way, with its parapet and glacis ; as when it is said, the enemy have lodged themselves on the counter- scarp. Harris. Encyc. €OUN'TER-SCUF-FLE, n. Opposite scufile; contest. €OUN/TER-SEAL, v.t. To seal with another. Shak. €OUN'TER-SEAL-ED, pp. Sealed with another. €OUN'TER-SEAL-ING, ppr. Sealing with another. €OUN’TER-SE-CURE, v. t. [counter and secure.] T'o secure one who has given security. €OUN'TER-SE-€U/RLTY, n. Security given to one who has entered into bonds or become surety for another, Bailey. €O0UN’TER-SENSE, nz. Opposite meaning. Howell, €OUN/TER-SIGN, (-sine,) v. t. [counter and sign.] One engaged a secretary. are countersigned by the cashier. €OUN'TER-SIGN, n. superior, to attest its authenticity. €OUN’TER-SIG-NAL, n. respond to another; a naval term. €OUN/TER-SIG/NA-TURE, zn. a writing. of the cabinet ministers. ‘ooke. €OUN!/TER-SIGN-ING, ppr. €OUN’TER-SINK, v. t. €OUN’TER-SINK-ING, ppr. Literally, to sign on the opposite side of an instrument or writing ; hence, to sign, as secretary or other sub- ordinate officer, a writing signed by a principal or superior, to attest the authenticity of the writing. ‘hus charters signed by a king are countersigned by Bank notes, signed by the president, A private signal, word, or phrase, given to soldiers on guard, with orders to let no man pass unless he first names that sign; a mili- tary watchword. Advance, and give the cowntersign. 9. The signature of a secretary or other subordi- nate officer to a writing signed by the principal or A signal to answer or cor- The name of a sec- retary or other subordinate officer countersigned to Below the imperial name is commonly a counter-signature of one T COU Attesting by the signa- ture of a subordinate officer. To drill a conical depression in wood or metal, as in a hole for a screw. €OUN’TER-SINK, x. A drill or bracebit for counter- sinking. See the verb. €OUN TER-STAT/UTE, x. A contrary statute or ordinance. Milton. €O0UN'TER-STROKE, x. A contrary stroke ; a stroke returned. Spenser. €OUN’TER-SUNK, pp. See the verb. €O0UN-TER-SURE/TY, n. A counter-bond, or a surety to secure one that has given security. €OUN’TER-SWAY, n. Contrary sway ; opposite in- fluence. Milton. €OUN'TER-TAL-LY, x. A tally corresponding to another. {counter and taste.| Oppo- Shenstone. €OUN'/TER-TASTE, x. site or false taste. €OUN-TER-TEN/OR, ) n. [counter and tenor.] In €OUN/TER, music, one of the middle parts, between the tenor and the treble; high tenor. €OUN'TER-TIDE, n. [counter and tide.] Contrary tide. Dryden. €OUN'TER-TIME, n. [counter and time.] In the manege, the defense or resistance of a horse, that in- terrupts his cadence and the measure of his manege, occasioned by a bad horseman, or the bad temper of the horse. Encyc. 9. Resistance ; opposition. Dryden. €OUN’TER-TURN, n. The height of a play which puts an end to expectation. Dryden. €O0UN-TER-VAIL’, v. t. [counter and L. valeo, to avail or be strong. | To act against with equal force or power; to equal; to act with equivalent effect against any thing ; to balance; to compensate ; as, the profit will hardly countervail the Inconveniences. Although the enemy could not countervail the king’s damage. — Esth. vii. €OUN'TER-VAIL, n. Equal weight or strength ; power or value sufficient to obviate any effect; equal weight or value; compensation ; requital. Spenser. South. €OUN-TER-VAIL/ED, pp. Acted against with equal force or power; balanced ; compensated. €OUN-TER-VAILIING, ppr. or a. Opposing with equal strength or value; balancing ; obviating in effect. €OUN’TER-VIEW, (-vu,)7. [counter and view. ] An opposite or opposing view ; opposition ; a posture in which two persons front each other. Milton. 2. Contrast; a position in which two dissimilar things illustrate each other by opposition. Swyt. €OUN'TER-VOTE, v. t. To vote in opposition ; to outvote, Scott. €O0UN'TER-WEIGH, (-wa,)v.t. [See Weicu.] To weigh against ; to counterbalance. Ascham. €OUN’TER-WHEEL, v. t. To cause to wheel in an opposite direction. €0UN/TER-WHEEL-ING, ppr. an opposite direction. €OUN'LER-WIND, n. Contrary wind. €O0UN-TER-WORK’, (-wurk,) v.t. [See Worx.] To work in opposition to ; to counteract ; to hinder any effect by contrary operations. That counterworks each folly and caprice. €OUN-TER-WORK/ING, ppr. Working in opposi- tion ; counteracting. €OUN-TER-WROUGHT”, (-rawt,) pp. Counteracted ; opposed by contrary action. €OUNT’ESS, n. [Er. comtesse; It. contessa ; Sp. con- desa. See Counr.] The consort of an earl or count. €OUNT'ING, ppr. Numbering; reckoning. EOUNT/ING-HOUSE, ) x. [See Count, the verb.] €OUNT/ING-ROOM, § The house or room appro- priated by merchants, traders, and manufacturers, to the business of keeping their books, accounts, letters, and papers. €OUNT'ING, xn. The act of computing or reckoning. €OUNT’LESS, a. [count and less.] That which can not be counted ; not having the number ascertained, nor ascertainable ; innumerable. The sands of the sea-shore are countless. COUN’ LTRLFL-ED, (kun’tre-fide,) a. Rustic; rural ; having the appearance and manners of the country. Todd. Rich, Dict. €OUN'TRY, (kun/try,) n. [The correct orthography would be Contry, Fr. contrée, It. contrada, contracted from L. conterra, con and terra, land adjacent to a city. Hence, the citizens say, ‘¢ Tet us go into the country.” The Latin has conterrancus, a countryman. | 1. Properly, the Jand lying about or near a city ; the territory situated in the vicinity of a city. Our friend has a seat in the country, a few miles from town. See Marky. Luke viii. Hence, 9. The whole territory of a kingdom or state, as opposed to city. We say, “ The gentleman has a seat in the country,” at any distance from town indefinitely. Causing to move in Pope. COUN’ TRY, (Kun’try,) a. €OUN'TRY DANCE, x. DANCE. €0UN/TRY-MAN, x. COU gion, as distinguished from other regions; a king- dom, state, or lesser district. We speak of all the countries of Europe or Asia. And they came into the country of Moab. — Ruthi. 4, The kingdom, state, or territory, in which one is born; the land of nativity ; or the particular dis- trict indefinitely in which one is born. America is my country, or England is my country. Laban said, It must not be so done in our country. — Gen. xxix. 5. The region in which one resides. He sojourned in the land of promise, as in a foreign country. — Heb. xi. 6. Land, as opposed to water ; or inhabited territory. The shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country. — Acts xxvii. 7. The inhabitants of a region. All the country wept with a loud voice. — 2 Sam. xv. 8. A place of residence; a region of permanent habitation. They declare plainly that they seek a country. — Heb. xi. They desire a better country, that is, a heavenly. — Heb. xi. 9. In law, a jury or jurors; as, trial by the coun- try, per pais. Pertaining to the country or territory at a distance from a city ; rural ; rustic 5 as, a country town; a country seat; a country squire ; a country life; the country party, as opposed to city party. 2, Pertaining or peculiar to one’s own country. He spoke in his country language. Maccabees. 3. Rude ; ignorant. Dryden. [Fr. contre danse.] A dance in which the partners are arranged opposite to each other in lines. Originally and properly, Conrra- One born in the same country with another. This man is my countryman. See 2 Cor. xi. 26. 9. One who dwells in the country, as opposed toa citizen; a rustic; a farmer or husbandman; a man of plain, unpolished mannets. 3 An inhabitant or native of a region. What countryman 1S he? €HUN'TRY SEAT, n. A dwelling in the counxy used as a place of retirement from the city. €OUNT!/-WHEEL, rn. The wheel in a clock which moves round and causes it to strike. COUNTY, n. [Fr. compté; Sp. condado; It. contéa; L. comitatus. See Count.] 1. Originally, an earldom ; the district or territory of a count or earl. Now, a circuit or particular portion of a state or kingdom, separated from the rest of the territory, for certain purposes in the ad- ministration of justice. It is called also a shire. See Surre.] Each county has its sheriff and its court, with other officers employed in the adminis- tration of justice, and the execution of the laws. In England there are fifty-two counties, and in each is a lord-licutenant, who has command of the militia. The several States of America are divided by law into counties, in each of which is a county court of inferior jurisdiction ; and in each the supreme court of the State holds stated sessions. 9, A count; an earl orlord. [Obs.] Shak. County. palatine, in England, is a county distin- guished by particular privileges ; so called a palatio, the palace, because the owner had originally royal powers, or the same powers, in the administration of justice, as the king had in his palace ; but their powers are now abridged. The counties palatine, in England, are Lancaster, Chester, and Durham. County corporate, is a county invested with partic- ular privileges by charter or royal grant, as Lon- don, York, Bristol, &c. €OUN'TY, a. Pertaining to a county ; as, county court, €OUN’TY €GURT, 2. A court whose jurisdiction is limited to a county, and whose powers, in America, depend on statutes. In England, it is incident to the jurisdiction of the sheriff. €OUN’TY TOWN, x. That town where the various courts of a county are held. In the Western States, it is improperly called a county seat. COUP DE GRACE’, (koo-de-gras’,) [Fr.] Titerally, the stroke of mercy by which an executioner ends the sufferings of one on the rack, &c., by death. Hence,a decisive, finishing stroke ; a finisher. COUP DE MAIN‘, (koo-de-mang’,) [Fr.] An in- stantaneous and unexpected attack or enterprise. COUP D’ GIL, (koo-dale’,) [Fr.] Slight view ; glance of the eye. COUP D’E-TAT, (koo-da-ta’,) [Fr.] A sudden, de- cisive blow, in politics ; a stroke of policy. COUP DE SO-LEIL', (koo-de-so-lale’,) (Fr.] A stroke of the sun. COU-PE!’, (koo-pa’,) 7. French diligence €0U-PEE’, (Koo-pee’,) n. [Fr. couper; to cut.] A motion in dancing, when one leg 15 a little bent, and suspended from the ground, and with the other The front apartment of a 275 €OUN’TER-SIGN-ED, pp. Signed by a secretary or Hence, 7 other subordinate officer. 3. Any tract of land, or inhabited land; any re- a motion is made forward. Chambers. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. oo rt IE rechanegalgoes wien oe ‘ - a eet - “ fe aes he ee, ee Taerae’ ig a — Ee abe Ee eed = i ae vo er = : ¢ Stil aas 6 * ; " { { |" bl ae€OUP’/LING-BOX, (kup'pling-box,) 7. €OUP/LING-PIN, n. €OUR’/AGE, (kur’raj) n. he has occasion for it; courage which arises from a sense of duty acts in a uniform manner. — Addison, Be strong and of good courage. —Deut. xxxi. €OUR-A/GEOUS, (kur-ra/jus,) a. Brave; bold; dar- €0UR-A/GEOUS S-NESS, n. Courage ; €OU-RANT’, ) s eee: RAN/TO, : €OU-RAP’, n. A distemper in the East Indies ; a kind eOURR, Us t, €OURB, a. €OUR’/BA-RIL, nx. Anime, a resinous substance which €OU'RI-ER, (koo/re-er,) n. COU C OU €0UP’LE, (kup’p!) 2. [Fr. couple; L. copula > it.Sp: id.: Arm. couble; D. koppel; G. kuppel; Sw. koppel ; Dan. kobbel j Heb. 5D>; Ch. id., and 5Dp, to double or fold ; Syr. id. ; Sam., to shut. ] 1. Two of the same species or kind, and near in place, or considered together ; as, a couple of men; a couple of oranges. ,I have planted a couple of cherry- trees. We can not call a horse and an ox a couple, unless we add a generic term. Of a horse and ox feeding in a pasture, mals. Among huntsme n and soldiers, brace is used for couple; as, a brace of ducks; a brace of pistols. C tonple differs from pair, which implies, strictly, not only things of the same kind, but likeness, equality, or customary association. A pair is a couple, but a cou uple may or may not be a pair. Two things of any kind connec ted or linked to- renek 3. A male trothed, or couple. 4. That which links or connects two things togeth- er; a chain. COUPLE, (kup/pl,) v. & cop yular ; It. copulare. 1. To link, chain, or connect one thing with an- other; to sew or fasten together. and female connected by marriage, be- allied ; as, a married couple; a young [Fr. coupler ; L. copulo ; Sp. Thou shalt couple the curtains with hooks, — Ex, xxvi. To marry ; to wed; to unite, as husband and wife. eau an jist, LO embrac e, as the sexes. Driden. €0UP’/LED, (kup'pld) pp. or a. United, as two things ; linked; married. Coupled in pairs half a diameter C0! 'P'LE-BEG-G AR, columns; in architecture, columns arranged r apart. One who makes it his busi- ness to marry begs gars 0 eac : ou Swift. €OUP/LE-MENT, (kup’pl- ne n. Union. Spenser. COUP/LET, (kup! let,) n. Fr. 5] ' Two verses ; a pair of Thymes A division of a hymn or ode, in which an equal number or equal measure of verses is found in each part, called a strople. 3. A pair; as, a couplet of doves. [Vot used.] COUP!/LING, ppr. Uniting in couples ; fastening or connecting together ; embracing. COUPLING, n. That yeh couples or connects, as a hook, chain, or bar; as, the coupling of a railroad car. 2 Chiron. XXXiv. 2. The act of coupling. In machinery, something that permanently connects two shafts ; usually, a tube or strong cylinder embracing the end of each shaft, with a pin or bolt passed through each. Hebert. A pin used for coupling or join- ing together railroad cars and other machinery. COU-PON’, (koo-pong’,) n. [Fr.] An interest cer- tificate, printed at the bottom of transferable bonds, state, railroad, &c.,) given for a term of years. here are as many of these certificates as there are payments of interest to be made. At each time of payment one is cut off, and presented for payment. Hence its name, coupon, or cut off. [Fr., from ceur, L. cor, the heart ; Arm. couraich; Sp. corage; Port. cora; gem; It. coragzio. | Bravery ; intrepidity ; that quality of mind which enables men to encounter danger and diiliculties with firmness, or without fear or depression of spirits ; valor; boldness ; resolution. It is a constituent part of fortitude; but fortitude implies patience to bear continued suffering. Courage that grows from constitution often forsakes a man when ing; intrepid; hardy to encounter dif ficulties and dangers ; adventurous ; enterprising. Be thou strong and courageous, —Josh. i. €0UR-A'GEOUS-LY, boldly ; stoutly. adv, With courage; bravely ; boldness ; bray- ery ; intrepidity ; spirit ; valor. [Fr. courante, running. ] 1. A piece of music in ple time; also, a kind of dance, consisting of a time, a step, a balance, and a coupee. Eencyc. 2. A title of a newspaper, so called from its rapid circulation. us phere or itch in the armpits, groin, bre ast, and Encyc. ie courber. | Not in use. | Crooked. To bend. [JVot in use. ] flows from the Hymenea, a tree of South America ; used for varnishing. ourcroy [Fr. courier, from courir, torun, L, curro.] we should say, a couple of ani- | PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.— MET'E €OURSE, v. t. COU! ISE, ts €OURS’ED, (korst,) pp. €OURS/ER, n. €OURS/ES B, 2. pl. 1. A messenger sent express for conveying letters or dispatches, usually on public business. 2. The name of a newspaper. COURSE, n. [Fr. course; Sp. curso; It. corso; It. cursa; from L. cursus, from curro, to run, W. gyru, Eng. hurry. See Class Gr, No. 7, 15, 32, 34.] 1. In its general sense, a passing; a moving, or motion forward, ina direct or curving line ; applica- ble to any body or substance, solid or fluid. Applied to animals, a running, or walking ; a career; a passing, or passage, with any degree of swiftness indefinitely. Applied to fluids, a flowing, as in a stream in any direction ; as, a Straight course, or winding course. It is applied to water or other liquids, to air or wind, and to light, in the sense of motion or passing. Applied to solid bor lies, it signifies motion or pass- ing; as, the course of a rolling stone; the course of a Carriage ; the course of the earth in its orbit. Applie 1 to navigation, it signifies a passing or mo- Hon on water, or in balloons in air; a voyage. The direction of motion; line of adv: ancing ; ait of compass, in which motion is directed ; as, What course Shall the pilot steer? In technical lan- geilage, the angle contained between the nearest me- ridian and that point of compass on which a ship sails in any direction. Mar. Dict. 3. Ground on which a race is run. 4. A passing or process ; the progress of any thing ; as, the course of an argument, or of a debate; a course of thought or reflection. o. Order of proceeding or of passing from an an- cestor to an heir; as, the course of descent in in- heritance. 6. Order ; turn ; class ; other in office or duty. succession of one to an- Solonion appointed the courses 7. Stated and orderly method of proceeding ; manner. He obtained redress in due course Leave Nature to her course. 8. Series of successive and methodical procedure ; a train of acts or applications ; as, a course of med- icine administered. 9. A methodical series, applied to the arts or sci- ences; a systemized order of principles in arts or sciences, for illustration or instruction. We say, the author has completed a cowrse of principles or of lectures in philosophy. Also, the order pursued by a student ; as, he has completed a course of studies in law or physic S. 10. Manner of proceeding ; way of life or conduct ; deportment ; series of actions. of the priests. — 2 Chron. viii. usual of law. That I might aoe my course with joy. — Acts xx, Their course is evil. —Jer. xxiii. 11. Line of eae manner of proceeding ; we know not what course to pursue, 2. Natural bent ; propensity ; uncontrolled will. Let not a perverse child take his own course. 13. Tilt; act of running in the lists. 14. Orderly structure ; system. The tongue as, setteth on fire the course of nature. — James fii. 15. Any regular series. In architecture, a contin- ued range of stones, level or of the same hight throughout the whole length of the building, and not interrupted by any aperture. A laying of bricks, &c. 16. The dishes set on table at one time; s service of meat. 17. Regularity ; order; regular succession ; as, let the classes follow in course. 18. Empty form; as, compliments are often words of course. Of course ; by consequence; in regular or natural order; in the common manner of proceeding; with- out special direction or provision. This effect will follow of course. If the defendant resides not in the State, the cause is continued of course. ‘Lo hunt; to pursue; to chase. We coursed him at the heels. Shak. 2. To cause to run; to force to move with speed. May. 3. To run through or over. Winding arteries. dusty plain, The blood courses the The bounding steed courses the To run ; to move with speed ; PE BGHE: ; as, the blood courses. The greyhounds coursed through the ficlds. Hunted ; chased; pursued ; to run or move Shak. caused to run. A swift horse; a runner; a war horse ; a word used chiefly in poetry. Dryden. Pope. 2. One* who hunts ; 3 one who pursues the sport of coursing hares. Johnson. 3. An order of birds which have short wings, and move chiefly by running, as the ostrich, dodo, and cassowary. Kirby. 4. A disputant. [Not in Use. | Wood. In a ship, the principal sails, as the main-sail, fore-sail, and mizzen: sometimes the name is given to the stay-sails on the lower masts ; also to the main stay-sails of all brigs and schooners. Mar, Dict. 2. Catamenia ; menstrual flux. a race; | | U COURNEY, n. COURS/ING, ppr. ing ; compelling to run. COURS'ING, n COURT, x. [Sax curt ; corte; Sp. corte; Port. The primary sense anc obvious. which signifies to go r soo li a ae kaura, Hence Class Gr, No. 32, 34. [ yard, Goth. gards ; or it signifying to cut off or nify the former is most probable circle; Ar, bind. in its center, and in the a court-yard. 2. A space inclosed street ; or a space formi public street. 3 A palace ; sovereign prince. ministered. St. Paal was br a king or emperor. 6. The and deciding causes, chancery ; ecclesiastical court; 7. Any jurisdiction, tical. The civility ; flattery ; addre phrase, to make court, to and address. In Scripture, court; the temple, three. the Gentiles; the which the people exercised their two houses; as, a ge sneral ¢ : pe session of the le eau R T,v. t In a gene deavor to spies ase by Civi the word de rived from the To woo ; to solicit A thousand court you, €oOURT, Ds 1. mi inners of the court. €OURT-BAR/ON, 2. A dent toa ner COURT’-BRED, €OURT!’-BUB-BLE, zn prince. days. €OURT!-DAY, n minister justice. €ouURT’— —DRESS, zn. ance at court or levee, €COURT’-DRESS-E OR, 2. €OURT!’-FASH- ION, n. €OURT-FA/VOR, zn, a court or prince. €OURT’-HAND, xn. €ouURT’—- HOUSE, nx. courts are held, and public meetings. €OURT!-LA-DY, n. versant in Se €OURT!’-MAR’TIAL, n. COURT’-PLAS-TER, n. silk, with some benzoin, on one side. , PREY.— PINE, MARINE S760 Part of the Hunting ; The act or sport of chasing and hunt- ing hares, foxes, or deer. opplication are not perfectly Most probably the applied to a yard or inclosure. fence that cuts off or excludes access. 1. An uncovered area before or behind a house, or ed on all sides by the buildings; in popular Janguz ige, the place of residence of a king or 4. The hall, chamber, ought into the highest court in 5. Persons who compose the retinue or council of persons or judges assembled for hearing civil, or ecclesiastical; as, a a court martial ; court baron, &c. art of pleasing; the art of i an inclosed part of the entrance into a palace or house. “ second, Ww orshiped ; : court of the priests, where the priests and Levites j ministry. worship are called the courts of the Lord. 10. In the United States, a legislature consisting of the General Court of Massachusetts. The original constitution of Connecticut established Sourt in 1639. though they court in vain. To attempt to gain by address; to solicit; to see ee ; as, to court commendation or applause. To act the courtier; to imitate the [See Breep.] €OURT!-BREED.- ING, Ne O The trifle of a court. COURT’-CHAP/LAIN, n. €OURT!-€UP’/BOARD, n. A day in which a court sits to ad- || A dress A favor or benefit bestowed by The hand or manner of w riting used in records. and Judie lal proceedings. or a house appropriated to courts A lady who attends or is con- €OURT’-LEET, A court of record held once a year, ina particular hundred, lordship, or manor, be- fore the steward of the leet. court consisting of military or naval officers, for the trial of offenses of a military or naval charac ter. adhe sive substane e 5 OU he ecHean In a aie S He erw ood: chasing ; running ; flow- ; Fr. cour; corte; IL. Arm. court; It. curia; Ir. curt. verb cwr, a word is from a ound, to collect. W. to go round, to collect, to See t may possibly be allied to may be derived from a verb separate, and primarily sig- The latter case usually surround- Goilt. by houses, broader than a ng a kind of recess from a Europe. or place where justice is ad- Athens. Alterbury. Temple. criminal, military, naval, law; a court of a court of admiralty ; an Hence, military, or ecclesias- court of civil, ipsinuation ; ss to gain favor. Hence the attempt to please by flattery The tabernacle had one The first was the court of the court of Israel, in the third was the Hence, places of public Trumbull. gislature. ral sense, to flatter; to en- lities and’ address ; a use of manners of a court. for marriage. Pope. a court inci- Blackstone. Bred at court. Education at a court. Milton. Beaum. A chaplain to a king or baron’s court; > The sideboard of ancient Shak. suitable for an appear- A flatterer. Locke. The fashion of a court. Fuller. DL’ Estrange. Shak. house in w hich established merica, lackstone. ; pl. Courts-MartiaL. A Sticking-plaster made of » coinmonly gum Ure. , BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, _ WOLF, BOOK. — NS TES 5COU COURT/-YARD, 2. house. €OURT’ED, pp. Flattered ; wooed ; solicited in mar- riage ; sought. €56URT’E-OUS, (kurt/e-us,) a. [from court; Fr. cour- tois ; It. cortese; Sp. cortes. 1. Polite ; well-bred ; being of elegant manners ; civil; obliging; condescending ; applied to persons. 9, Polite; civil; graceful; elegant; complaisant ; applied to manners, §c. €OURT!B-OUS-LY, adv. In a courteous manner ; With obliging civility and condescension ; complai- santly. €OURT’E-OUS-NESS, n. Civility of manners; obli- ging condescension ; complaisance. €OURT’ER, x. One who courts; one who solicits in marriage. Sherwood. €OURT'E-SAN, (kurt/e-zan,) m. [Fr. courtisane; Sp. cortesuna ; from court. ] A prostitute ; a woman who prostitutes herself for hire, especially to men of rank. €OURT'E-SY, (kurt/e-sy,) n. [Fr. courtotsie ; Sp. It. cortesia; Port. cortezia; from Fr. courtots, Sp. cortes, courteous, from court. ] 1. Elegance or politeness of manners ; especially, politeness connected with kindness ; civility ; com- plaisance ; as, the gentleman shows great courtesy to strangers ; he treats his friends with great courtesy. 9, An act of civility or respect; an act of kindness or favor performed with politeness. Shak. Bacon. i 3. A favor; as, to hold upon courtesy, that is, not of right, but by indulgence. Tenure by courtesy, Or curtesy, 1s Where a man mar- ries a woman seized of an estate of inheritance, and has by her issue born alive which was capable of in- heriting her estate ; in this case, on the death of his wife, he holds the lands for his life, as tenant by cur- tesy. Blackstone. COURTESY, (kurt/sy,) ». The act of civility, re- spect, or reverence, performed by a woman; a fall or inclination of the body, corresponding in design to the bow of a gentleman. Dryden. COURTESY, (kurt/sy,) v. i To perform an act of civility, respect, or reverence, as a woinan. Note. — ‘This word was formerly applied to the other sex; but is now used only of the acts of rever- ence or civility performed by women. COURT’E-SY, v.t. To treat with civility. [Vot in use. COUILTE/SY-ING, (kurt/sy-ing,) ppr. Making an act of civility or respect, as females. €OURT'IER, (kort/yur,) n. [from court.] Aman who attends or frequents the courts of princes. Bacon. Dryden. 2, One who courts or solicits the favor of another ; one who flatters to please ; one who possesses the art of gaining favor by address and complaisance. There was not among all our princes a greater courtier of the people than Richard HI. Suckling. €OURT/IER-Y, n. The manners of a courtier. [JVot used. | . Jonson. €EOURTING, ppr. Flattering ; attempting to gain by address ; wooing ; soliciting In marriage. EOURT'ING, xn. The act of paying court; the act of soliciting in marriage. €OURT/LIKE, a. Polite; elegant. Camden. €OURT/LI-NESSY, x. [See Courtiy.] Elegance of manner}; grace of mien; civility ; complaisance with dignity. Digby. €OURT’LING, n. A courtier; a retainer to a court. B. Jonson. €OURT'LY, a. [court and like.} Relating to a court ; elegant ; polite with dignity, applied to men and man- ners; flattering, applied to language. Pope. €OURT’LY, adv. In the manner of courts ; elegantly ; in a flattering manner. €OURT/SHIP, n. The act of soliciting favor. Swvft. 2. The act of wooing in love; solicitation of a woman to marriage. Dryden. 3, Civility; elegance of manners. [Obs.] Donne. €OUSIIN, (kuz'n,) n ([Fr. cousin. Qu. contracted from L. consobrinus, or consanguineus, or is it allied o to the Persian Uso related, kindred ?] 1. In a general sense, one collaterally related more remotely than a brother or sister. But, 2, Appropriately, the son or daughter of an uncle oraunt; the children of brothers and sisters being usually denominated cousins, or cousin-germans, (from germanus, of the same stock.) In the second gener- ation, they are called second cousins. 3. A title given by a king to a nobleman, particu- larly to those of the council. Johnson. €OUS'IN, (Kuz’n,) a. Allied. [Obs.] Chaucer. €OUS'IN-LY, (kuz/n-ly,) a. ike or becoming a cousin, €0US/SLNET, (koos'si-net,) n. [Fr., a cushion.] In architecture, a stone placed on the impost of a pier for receiving the first stone of an arch, Also that part of the Ionic capital between the abacus an quarter round, which serves to form the volute. Gooilt. A court or inclosure round a; €OU-TEAU’, (Koo-to’,) x. [Fr., a knife.] A hanger. €OVE, x. [Sax. cof, cofe, an inner room,aden. Qu, COV Obs. L. covum. The Spanish has the word with the Arabic prefix, alcoba and alcove; Port. alcova ; It. alco- vo. It may be allied to cubby, W. cwb, a hollow place, a cote or kennel ; or to cave, Ar. LAS kabba, to arch, or OLS kauba, to make hollow.] A small inlet, creek, or bay ; a recess in the sea- shore, where vessels and boats may sometimes be sheltered from the winds and waves. €OVE, v.t. To arch over; as, a coved ceiling. Swinburne. €0V/E-NA-BLE, a. [Old Fr.] Fit; suitable. [Obs.] Wickliffe. €0V'E-NANT, (kuv/e-nant,) n. [Fr. convenant, the participle of convenir, to agree ; L. convento, con and venio, to come ; Norm. conevence, a covenant; It. con- venzione, from L. conventio. Literally, a coming to- gether; a meeting or agreement of minds. } 1. A mutual consent or agreement of two or more persons, to do or to forbear some act or thing, a con- tract ; stipulation. A covenant is created by deed in writing, sealed and executed ; or it may be implied in the contract. Encyc. Blackstone. 2. A writing containing the terms of agreement or contract between parties; or the clause of agreement in a deed containing the covenant. 3. In theology, the covenant of works, is that implied in the commands, prohibitions, and promises of God ; the promise of God to man that man’s perfect obedi- ence should entitle him to happiness. This do, and live: that do, and die. The covenant of redemption, is the mutual agree- ment between the Father and Son, respecting the re- demption of sinners by Christ. The covenant of grace, is that by which God en- gages to bestow salvation on man, upon the condition that man shall believe in Christ, and yield obedience to the terms of the gospel. Cruden. Encyce. 4, In church affairs, a solemn agreement between the members of a church, that they will walk together according to the precepts of the gospel, in brotherly affection. €0V/E-NANT, (kuv/e-nant,) v.i. To enter into a for- mal agreement; to stipulate; to bind one’s self by contract. A covenants with B to convey to him a certain estate. When the terms are expressed, it has for before the thing or price. They covenented with him for thirty pieces of silver. — Matt, XXVi. €O0V'/E-NANT, v. t. To grant or promise by cove- nant. €0V/E-NANT-ED, pp. or a. Pledged or promised by covenant. €0V-E-NANT-EE’, n. The person to whom a cove- nant is made. Blackstone. €0V/E-NANT-ER, 7. He who makes a covenant. lackstone. 29. A subscriber to the Scotch national covenant, in the reign of CharlesI. Also, one of the Scotch seceders, who, in 1743, renewed the same covenant, J. Murdock. €OV/E-NANT-ING, ppr. Making a covenant; stipu- lating. €0OV'EN-OUS. See Covin and Covinovs. €OV/ENT, n. [Old Fr. covent, for couvent.] A convent or monastery. Bale. Hence, Covent Garden, in London, is supposed to have been the garden of a convent on that spot. €OV/ENT-RY, xn. Tosend to Coventry, denotes, among military men, to exclude from the society of the mess, to shut out from all social intercourse, for conduct re- garded as mean or ungentlemanly. TrOSe. [This phrase has been traced to the times of Charles I., though with great doubt as to its origin. ‘The fol- lowing facts, mentioned by Baxter in the narrative of his life, may, perhaps, furnish an explanation. Coventry was a stronghold of the Puritans; and, at the commencement of the troubles, many of this de- spised sect, in the neighboring country, “‘ that would fain have lived quietly at home, were forced (by the royalists) to be gone, and to Coventry they came,’ Hence, the phrase to send to Coventry may have been handed down by the Cavaliers to military men, and obtained its present application. — Kd. ] €O0V/EN-TRY BLUE, 7. Blue thread of a superior dye, made at Coventry, England, and used for em- broidery. . Jonson. Tooke. €0V'ER, (kuv/er,) v. t. [Fr. couvrir; Sp. and Port. cu- brir; It. coprire ; Norm. coverer and converer ; from L. cooperio.] 1. To overspread the surface of a thing with an- other substance ; to lay or set over; as, to cover a ta- ble with a cloth, or a floor with a carpet. The valleys are covered with corn. — Ps. Ixv, The locusts shall cover the face of the earth. — Ex. x, 2, To hide ; to conceal by something overspread. 3. To conceal by some intervening object; as, the enemy was covered from our sight by a forest. 4. To clothe; as, to cover with a robe or mantle ; to cover nakedness. 1 Sam. xxviii. 14. Ez. xxviii. 42. 5. To overwhelm. The waters covered the chariots and horsemen, — Ex. xiv. Let them be covered with reproach. — Ps. }xxi. 6. To conceal from notice or punishment. Charity shall cover the multitude of sins. —1 Pet, iv. 7. To conceal; to refrain from disclosing or con- fessing. | He that covereth hia sin shall not prosper. — Prov, xxviii. COV | | 8. To pardon or remit. Blessed is he whose sin is covered. — Ps. xxxil. 9. To vail, applied to women. 1 Cor. Xi. To wear a hat, applied to men. Be covered, sir. 10. To wrap, infold, or envelop; as, to cover a package of guods. 11. To shelter; to protect ; to defend. A squadron of horse covered the troops on the retreat. And the soft wings of peace cover him around. Cowley. 12. To brood ; to incubate ; as, a ken covering her eggs. Addison. 13. To copulate with a female. 14. To equal, or be of equal extent ; to be equiva- lent to; as, the receipts do not cover the expenses ; @ mercantile use of the word. 15. To disguise; to conceal hypocritically. 16. To include, embrace, or comprehend. This land was coverea by a mortgage. Johnsows Rep. €o0Vv’ER, (euweer} n. Any thing which is laid, set, or spread over another thing ; as, the cover of a ves- sel; the cover of a bed. 2. Any thing which vails or conceals ; a screen ; disguise ; superficial appearance. Affected gravity may serve as a cover for a deceitful heart. 3. Shelter; defense; protection. The troops fought under cover of the batteries. 4. Concealment and protection. vanced under cover of the night. 5. The woods, underbrush, &c., which shelter and conceal game; shelter; retreat. 6. A plate set on the table. €0V’/ER-CHIEF, n. A covering for the head. [ Obs.] Chaucer. €0V’/ER-€LE, n. [Fr. ] A small cover; a lid. €0V'ER-ED, (kuv/erd,) pp. or a. Spread over; hid; concealed ; clothed ; vailed ; baving a hat on ; wrap- ped; inclosed ; sheltered ; protected ; disguised. €0V’ER-ER, n. He or that which covers. €OV/ER-ING, ppr. Spreading over; laying over; concealing ; vailing ; clothing ; wrapping ; inclos- ing; protecting ; disgnising. €0V/ER-ING, n. That which covers; any thing spread or laid over another, whether for security or concealment. Noah removed the covering of the ark. —Gen. viil. He spread a cloud for a covering. — Ps. cy. Destruction hath no covering. — Job xxvi. 2. Acover ; a lid. Every open vessel that hath no covering. —Num. xix. 3. Clothing ; raiment ; garments ; dress. They cause the naked to lodge without clothing, that they have no covering in the cold. —Job xxiy. €OV'ER-LET, n. [cover, and Fr. lit, a bed. The cover of a bed; apiece of furniture designed to be spread over all the other covering of a bed. Dryden. €0V'ER-SHAME, n. Something used to conceal in- The army ad- famy. Dryden. €0V/ER-SLUT, x. Something to hide sluttishness. urke. €0V/ERT, (kuv/ert,) a. [Fr. couvert, participle of cowvrir, to cover. | 1. Covered ; hid; private ; secret; concealed. Whether of open war, or covert guile, Milton. 9, Disguised ; insidious. 3. Sheltered; not open or exposed; as, a_ covert alley or place. Bacon. Pope. 4. Under cover, authority, or protection; as, a feme-covert, a married woman Who is considered as being untler the influence and protection of her hus- band. €0V'ERT, n. A covering, or covering place ; a place which covers and shelters ; a shelter ; a defense. A tabernacle —for a covert from storm and rain. —Is. iv. I will trust in the covert of thy wings. — Ps. 1xi. 9. A thicket ; a shady place, or a hiding-place. 1 Sam. xxv. Job XXxviil. / 3, A term applied to feathers of different sizes on or under the wings of birds. _ Brande. €0V/ERT-LY, adv. Secretly ; closely; 1m private ; insidiously. Among the poets, Persius covertly strikes at Nero. €OV’/ERT-NESS, n. Secrecy; privacy. . €0V/ERT-URE, (Kuv/ert-yur,) ”- olen ; shel- I 5 sfense /Wiiton. acon. ter; defense. elt Seon 2. In law, the state of a married W oman, considered as under cover, Or the power of her hus- Dryden. If I say, Surely the darkness shall cover me, — Ps. cxxxix. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN//GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as band, and therefore called a feme-covert or femme- SH; FH as in THIS. 277 = ane wena ee. aE ao a . 4 ba a TS a a eel meeee ~~ ney COW couvert. The coverture of a woman disables her from making contracts to the prejudice of herself or husband, without his allowance or confirmation. €OV/ERT-W AY, 7- In fortification, a space of ground level with the field, on the edge of the ditch, three or four fathoms broad, ranging quite round the half or other works, toward the country. It has a parapet raised on a level, together with its banquets and glacis. It is called, also, the corridor, and some- times the counterscarp, because it is on the edge of the scarp. _ Harris. Encyc. €OV/ET, (kuv/et,) v. t [Fr. convoiter, to covet ; Norm. coveitant. covetous ; covetise, greediness ; W. cybyz, a covetous man; cybyzu, to covet. The Welsh word is pronounced cybythu 5 and cy has the power of con, and may be a contraction of it. The last constituent part of the word coincides in elements with the Latin peto, and more nearly with the Gr. roQeq, to desire. ] 1. To desire, or wish for, with eagerness ; to desire earnestly ; to obtain or possess ; in a good sense. Covet earnestly the best gifts. —1 Cor. xi. 9. To desire inordinately ; to desire that which it is lawful to obtain or possess ; in a bad sense. moons, Thou salt not covet thy neighbor’s house — wife — or ser- vant. — Ex. xx. €OV/ET, v.i. To have an earnest desire. 1 Tim. Vi. €0V/ET-A-BLE, a. That may be coveted. €OV/ET-ED, pp. or a. Eamestly desired; greatly wished or longed for. €0V'/ET-ER, (kuv/et-er,) n. One who covets. €OV/ET-ING, ppr. Earnestly desiring or wishing for ; desiring inordinately to obtain or possess. €0V'ET-ING, n. Inordinate desire. Shak. €0V’/ET-ING-LY, adv. With eager desire to possess. €0V’'ET-ISE, (-is,)n. Avarice. [JVot in use.] Spenser. €0V/ET-OUS, (kuv’et-us,) a. [Fr. convoitewr. | 1. Very desirous ; eager to obtain ; m a good sense ; as, covetous of wisdom, virtue, or learning. Taylor. Shak. 2. Inordinately desirous ; excessively eager to ob- tain and possess; directed to money or goods, avari- clous. A bishop, then, must not be covetous.— 1 Tim. ili. €0V/ET-OUS-LY, adv. With a strong or inordinate desire to obtain and possess ; eagerly ; avariciously. €0V/ET-OUS-NESS, n. A strong or inordinate de- sire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good ; usually in a bad sense, and applied to an inordinate de- sire of wealth, or avarice. Out of the heart proceedeth covetousness. — Mark vi. Mortify your members —and covetousness, which is idolatry. — Jol. iil 2. Strong desire; eagerness. Shak. €OV’/EY, (kuv’y,) x. [Fr. cowvée, a brood ; couver, to sit on or brood, to lurk or lie hid; It. covare; Sp. co- bijar, to brood, to cover; L. cubo, incubo. See Class Gb, No. 14, 25, 31, 36, 88.] 1..A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young. Hence, a small flock or number of birds together; applied to game; as, a covey of par- tridges. Addison. 2, A company ; 2 set. “<= €OV'IN, (kuv/in,) n. [Qu. Ar. [srt gabana, to de- fraud. More probably this word belongs to some verb in Gb, sigmifying to conceal, or to agree. In Norm. Fr. covyne is a secret place or meeting. } In law, a collusive or deceitful agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third. Cowel. €0'VING, n. [See Cove.] -The projection of the up- per stories of houses over the lower ones ; formerly a prevalent style of building. Qwilt. €0OV'IN-OUS, a. Deceitful; collusive ; fraudulent. COW, n.; pl. Cows; old pl. Kine. [Sax. cu; D. koe; G. kuh; Sw. ko; Dan. koe; L. ceva; Hindoo gaj or gou; Pers. koh; Pahlavi gao; Sans. go, a cow, and gau, an ox, godama, a cowherd ; Heb. mya, to low. The female of the bovine genus of animals; a quadruped with cloven hoofs, whose milk furnishes an abundance of food and profit to the farmer. Sea-cow; the Manatee, a cetaceous herbivorous mammal. [See Sea-Cow.] COW, v.t fou. Ice. kufioa, or kuga, to depress.] To depress with fear; to sink the spirits or courage; to oppress with habitual timidity. Shak. €OW!-BANE, n. [cow and bane.| A popular name of the Cicuta, a genus of poisonous aquatic plants, of- ten destructive to cattle. Farm. Encye. €0OW'HAGE, )n. [In Bengalee, al kooshee.| A legu- €O0w!/-ITCH, minous plant, the Mucuna pruriens, a native of warm climates. It has a fibrous root and an herbaceous, climbing stalk, with red papiliona- ceous flowers, and leguminous, coriaceous pods, crooked, and covered with sharp hairs, which pene- trate the skin, and cause an itching. A sirup made from these pods has been used as a vermifuge. €OW’HERD, n. fect Herp.] One whose occupa- tion it is to attend cows. €OW!-HOUSE, zx. A house or building in which cows are kept or stabled. Mortimer. CRA €QW!/-KEEP-ER, x. One whose business is to keep cows. Broome. €OW!-LEECH, n. [See Leecu.] One who pro- fesses to heal the diseases of cows. €OW!-LEECH-ING, mn. The act or art of healing the distempers of cows. Mortimer. €OwW'LICK, x. . t. ] €REEK, (kreck;) n. W. we speak of the credit of a bank, when general con- fidence is placed in its ability to redeem its notes; and the credit of a mercantile house rests on its sup- posed ability and probity, which induce men to trust to its engagements. When the public credit is ques- tionable, it raises the premium on loans. Sli é . A 9. The noise of fractured bones, when moved by €RE/TISM, xn. A falsehood ; a Cretan practice; from €Ri/ED, pret. and part. of Cry. €REPT, pret. and pp. of Creer. the reputation of the Cretans as liars and deceivers. €RE/TOSEH, a. Chalky. CRE-VASSE!, n. [Fr.] A deep crevice; a breach. This term is applied on the Mississippi to a breach in CRI crepo, to crack, to burst with a sharp sound; It. | EREST/{ING, ppr. Furnishing with a crest. crepitare, crepare; Fr. crever ; Sax. hreopan ; Goth. | EREST’LESS, a. Withoutacrest; not dignified w coat-armor ; not of an eminent family ; of low birth. a crack. Shak Chalky ; having the qualities of chalk; Like cha abounding with chalk. abrupt sound, rapidly repeated, as salt in fire, or aS se : during calcination. It differs from detonate, which | CRE/TA-T ED, a. Rubbed with chalk. €RE/TIE, zn. [Gr. KONTLKOS. | helpless idiots in the valleys of the Alps. the levee or embankment of the river. crack ; It. crepatura; L. crepo, to burst. Tate and Rip.] €REVIIS, n. The craw-fish. [Little used.] assembly, a collection, from gathering or press Class Rd.] So we say a miserable crew. 3. The company of seamen who man a ship, sel, or boat; the company belonging to a ve boatswain, &c. It is appropriated to the com sailors. €REW, pret. of Crow; but the regular preterit participle, crowed, is now most commonly used. €REW/EL, xn. [Qu. D. klewel.] Two-threaded worsted yarn slackly twisted. Johnson. Bail €REW/ET. See Cruer. €RIB, n. [Sax. crybb; D. krib; Sw. krubba ; 1. The manger of a stable, in which oxen rack. Where no oxen are, the crib is clean. — Prov. xiv. The manger for other beasts. The ass knoweth his master’s crib. — Is, i. “~ lunate ; lunated ; shaped like a crescent; asa leaf. Martyn. €RES/CIVE, a. [L. cresco, to grow.] : Increasing ; growing. Shak. €RESS, x2. (Fr. cresson; It. crescione; Arm, cregzon; 3, A stall for oxen. 5, A small building, raised on posts, for st Indian corn. U. Sta D. kers; G. kresse; Sax. cerse OF cressen. Qu. its alliance to grass, or to L. cresco. The name of several species of plants, most of them of the class Tetradynamia. Water-cresses, of the genus Sisymbrium, are used as asalad, and are valued in medicine for their antiscorbutic qualities. The leaves have a moderately pungent taste. They grow on the brinks of rivulets and in other moist grounds. The word. is generally used in the plural. €RESS/ET, n. [Fr. croisette, dim. of croiz, cross, be- cause beacons formerly had crosses on their tops. See Cross. ] 1. A great light set on a beacon, light-house, or watch-tower. Johnson. Shak. 2, A lamp or torch. Mitton. Holinshed. €REST, x. (Fr. créte; L. crista; It. cresta; Sp. cres- ton. This is, probably, a growing or shooting up, from the root of cresco, Fr. crottre; Norm. crest, it rises, it accrues; Russ. rastu or rostu, to grow ; Tost, growth, size, tallness.} 1. The plume of feathers or other material on the top of the ancient helmet ; the helmet itself? Shak. 2, The ornament of the helmet in heraldry. Encyc. the head of other fowls. crest for. Shak 9. To mark with long streaks. €REST/ED, pp.or a. [from crest.| Wearing a crest adorned with a crest or plume; having a comb; as a crested helmet; a crested cock. 2, In natural history, having a tuft like a crest. €REST!-FALL-EN, (-fawl-n,) a. Dejected; sunk bowed ; dispirited ; heartless ; spiritless. Shak. Howell. one side, as a horse. Encyc. €REST, v. t. To furnish with a crest; to serve as a I ©, Maving the upper part of the neck hanging on as of the neck or arte A See for a child to sleep in. : cution ; trespasses or private injuries, at the suit of €RIB, v. & To shut orconine in a narrow habita-| the individuals injured. But, in many cases, an act tion ; to cage. Shak. is considered both as a public offense and a trespass, ERIB/BAGE, xn. A game at cards, in which the dealer and is punishable both by the public and the individ- makes up a third hand for himself, partly out of the ual injured. €RIB/BING, ppr- Shutting in a crib ; confining. from cribro, to sift; Sp. criba, cribar ; Port. criv cribro, cribrare, and crivello, crivellare ; cribler; W. cribaw, to comb or card; Arm. k Ir. riobhar, a sieve; allied to Eng. garble. Se ~- Ve Class Rb, No. 30, 34, 46.] States. sieve or riddle. ; €RIB/BLED, pp. Sifted. 3. The comb of a cock ; also, a tuft of feathers on €RIB/BLING, por. Sifting. ’ €RLBRA'TION, The See CRIBBLE. | The act of sift- €RIMIN-AL-NESS, ing or riddling 5 use in pharmacy. 4. Any tuft or ornament worn on the head. Dryden. 5. Loftiness ; pride; courage; spirit; a lofty mien. form. ] ; Shak. Resembling a sieve or riddle ; aterm applied : Crichton, physician to the emperor of Russia. a velvet-black color, and crystallizes in very octahedrite. 5 [Not used. ] the part affected ; local spasm or cramp. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as A poetic foot of three syllables, one short between EREP-LTA'TION, n. The act of bursting with a two long syllables. Bentley. Sat SO oan 2 €RE/TIN, rn. A name given to certain deformed and €RICK’/ET-ER, nr. One who plays at cricket. Kidd. €RICK/ET-MATCH, zn. A match at cricket. €REV/ICE, x. [Fr. crevasse, from crever, to burst, to AS, : : See Creri- | CRIM. CON. Criminal conversation ; unlawful inter- A crack ; a cleft ; a fissure; a rent; an opening ; i 7 : as, a crevice in a Wall. Addison. Sp. crimen; Fr. crime; Arm. crim; Norm. crisme. €REV'ICE, v. t. To crack ; to flaw. Wotton. This word is from the root of Gr. xptvw, L. cerno, to €REW, (kri,) x. [Contracted from Sax. cread, or cruth, a crowd; D. rot; G. rotte; Sw. rote; Eng. rout, an 1. A company of people associated ; as, a noble crew; a gallant crew. Spenser. Chevy Chase. mu y 29. A company, in a low or bad sense, which is now root, then, of these derivatives is the same as of the most usual; a herd; as,a rebel crew. Milton. Ir. criathar, a sieve, W. rhidyll, Eng. riddle; W. rhidiaw, to secrete, to separate. We have screen, a Also, the company or gang of a carpenter, gunner, krybbe; Ir. grib. Qu, the root of grapple, to catch.] cows feed. In America, it is distinguished from a 2. A small habitation or cottage. Shak. &c. The minor wrongs, committed against individ- 4. A case or box in salt-works. Encyc. and the minor wrongs against public rights are called hand of his opponent. Smart. 9 : oak Bae SAI IBOIMOUY, : 9. Any great wickedness iniquity ; wrong. €RIB/BED, (kribd,) pp. Shut up; confined ; caged. Co atebege ots yi (RU Ea a sea Dane. €RIB/BLE, n. [L. cribellum, from cribrum, and this Fr. crible, wrong; contrary to law, right, or duty. Gasp, Ar. r= arbala ; Ch. Gan, to sift or riddle. criminal act. i Jy a ; : ion; wicked. 1. A coarse sieve or screen. _ Brande. inal code ; criminal law. 2. Coarse flour or meal. [ot used in the United | eRIM/IN-AL, n. A person who has committed an €RIB/BLE, v. t To sift; to cause to pass through a or human. More particularly, a person indicted or IRIE - Crt i ee. acl oe €RIB/RI-FORM, a. te CURIOS IX) Sees This is by no means the only criterion of criminally. lamina of the ethmoid bone through which the fibers , 4 a9) : ae : of the olfactory nerve pass to the nose. Sanael violation of divine law; wickedly; in a wrong OF Lr at . A mineral, so called from Dr. oe foe CON te ti ( T | ERIM/IN-ATE, v. t. [L. criminor, criminatus. } small rhomboids. It occurs in primitive rocks, with Ure. €RICK, n. [See Creax.] The creaking of a door. 9, A spasmodic affection of some part of the body, crime. back, rendering it difficult to move €RIM/IN-A-TING, ppr CRI €RICK/ET, x. [D. krekel, from the root of creak; W ae 1) cricell, cricket, and cricellu, to chirp or chatter; crig, An insect of the genus Gryllus, belonging to the oe fs Rock samphire. order Hemiptera. There are several species, so €RE-TA’CEOUS, a. [L. cretaceus, from creta, chalk. named, probably, on account of their creaking or Sp. It. id.; Fr. craie; D. kryt; G. kreide; Sw. krita.] chirping voice. Ik ; The cricket chirping in the hearth. Goldsmith. ERICK/ET, n. [Qu. Sax. cricc, a stick.] 1. A play or exercise with bats and ball. Pope. 2. A low stool. [British kriget, a little elevation. Whitaker. Qu. Sw. krycka, stilts or crutches. ] Duncombe. [ Duncombe. €ERIER, n. [See Cry.] One who cries; one who makes proclamation. The crier of a court is an officer whose duty is to proclaim the orders or com- mands of the court, to open or adjourn the court, keep silence, &c. A crier is also employed to give notice of auctions, and for other purposes. course with a married woman. €RIME, xn. [L. crimen; Gr. kotya; It. crime; Port. 7d. ; separate, to judge, to decree, to condemn. But this verb seems to be composed of two distinct roots ; for, in Latin, the pret. is crevt, which can not be formed from cerno; and in Greek, the derivatives, KolOw, Kptats, KotTNs, cau not be regularly formed from xoivw. The Gr. xpipa is undoubtedly a con- traction; for in Norman the word is crisme, The ing. ves- riddle, from the root of xptva, and riddle, from the ssel. Celtic root of xptots, xoitns- To judge is to decide, to separate, or cut off, hence to condemn ; & crime 1s mon that which is condemned.] 1. An act which violates a law, divine or human ; an act which violates a rule of moral duty ; an of- and fense against the laws of right, prescribed by God or man, or against any rule of duty plainly implied in those Jaws. A crime may consist in omission or neg- CY. lect, as well as in commission, Or positive transgres- sion. The commander of a fortress, who suffers the Dan. enemy to take possession by neglect, is as really criminal as one who voluntarily opens the gates with- and out resistance. But, in @ more common or restricted sense, a crime denotes an offense, or violation of public law, of a deeper and more atrocious nature; a public wrong ; or a Violation of the commands of God, and the offenses against the laws made to preserve the pub- lic rights ; as treason, murder, robbery, theft, arson, uals or private rights, are denominated trespasses 5 oring| misdemeanors. Crimes and misdemeanors are pun- Less ishable by indictment, information, or public prose- Capital crime ; a crime punishable with death. o; It. | CRIME/FUL, a. Criminal ; wicked; partaking of Shak. ribat ; | CRIME'LESS, a, Free from crime; innocent. Shak. e Ch.| €RIM/IN-AL, a. Guilty of acrime ; applied to persons. 9, Partaking of a crime 5 involving a crime ; that violates public law, divine or human; as, theft is a 3, That violates moral obligat VI : 4. Relating to crimes ; opposed to civil; as, a crim- offense against public law; a violator of law, divine charged with a public offense, and one who is found guilty, by verdict confession, or proof. : : ERIMIN-AL'L-TY, n. The quality of being crim nal, or a violation of law ; guiltiness ; the quality of being guilty of a crime. Blackstone, iv. ch. 17. Panoplist. Encyc. to the | eprM/IN-AL-LY, adv. In violation of public law ; in iniquitous manner. It has . ; i ri : to allege to acute, To accuse; to charge with a crime; g be guilty of a crime, offense, or wrong. an ; Seer, ee tee Our municipal laws do not require the offender to plead aunt criminate himself. Scott on Lev. vi. Bevoes Herod. €RIM/IN-A-TED, pp. Accused ; accusing; alleging to be charged wilh @ guilty. s 7%; OH as SH: 44 as In THIS. SES ae $< — 283 peakCRI CRI CRI €RIM-IN-A/TION, n. [L. criminatio.] The act of accusing ; accusation; charge of hav- ing been guilty of a criminal act, offense, or wrong. Johnson. €RIM/IN-A-TO-RY, a. Relating to accusation; ac- using. : : €RIM'IN-OUS, a. Very wicked; heinous; involving great crime. [JVot eel ‘ Hammond, €RIM/IN-OUS-LY, adv. Criminally ; heinously ; enor- mously. [Vot used.] : oh €RIM/IN-OUS-NESS, 7. Wickedness ; guilt; crimin- ality. [Jot used.] King Charles. €RIM/O-SIN. See Crimson. : €RIMP, a. [Sax. acrymman, to crumble; D. kruim, a crum ; kruimelen, to crumble. See Crumsvx.] 1. Easily crumbled; friable; brittle. [Little used.] The fowler — treads the crimp earth. Philips. 2, Not consistent. [Qu. Dan. krum, crooked, or supra, easily broken.] [Vot used.] Arbuthnot. €RIMP, v. t. [W. crimpiaw, to pinch, to form into a ridge or rim. } : To catch; to seize; to pinch and hold. CRIMPLE. | €RIMP, v.t. [Sax. gecrympt.] 1. To pinch up in ridges, as a ruffle or the hair. 2. In cookery, to crimple or cause to contract, as the flesh of a live fish, by gashing it with a knife, to give it greater hardness, and make it more crisp, Smart. This is evidently the same word as the foregoing. €RIMP, 7. In England, an agent for coal merchants, and for persons concerned in shipping. Bailey. — 2. One who decoys another into the naval or mili- tary service. 3. One who decoys sailors in any way, for the sake of getting them in his power. 4. A game at cards. [Obs.] / x . CU EIPIENG. n. The act of crimping. €RIMP/ING-MA-CHINE’, (-ma-sheen’,) n. A machine consisting of two fluted rollers, for crimping ruffles. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. €RIMP’LE, (krimp’l,) v. t. [D. krinpen; G. id.; Sw. krimpa; Dan. krymper; Scot. crimp; W. crimpiaw, to shrink, to pinch; crwm, crom, curving, bending, shrinking ; crymu,to bend. See Crumpce and Rum- PLE, from the same root, W. rhimp, rim, a rim.] To contract or draw together; to shrink ; to cause to shrink ; to curl. Wiseman. €RIMP/LED, pp. Contracted; shrunk; curled. €RIMP’LING, ppr. Contracting ; shrinking ; curling ; hobbling. ° Ash, €RIM’S ON, (krim/zn,) n. [It. cremisi, cremisino ; Fr. cramoist; Sp. carmesi; Arm. carmoasy ; D. karmozyn ; G. karmosin ; Sw. karmesin ; Dan. karmesie ; from Ar. SEG [See ae _ - 7 . sep larmizon, kermes, the cochineal insect or = - berry. ] A deep-red color; a red tinged with blue; also, a red color in general; as, the Virgin crimson of mod- esty. Shak. He made the vail of blue, snd purple, and crimson. —2 Chron. iii. €RIM'/SON, a. Of a beautiful deep red ; as, the crim- son blush of modesty ; a crimson stream of blood. €RIM/SON, v.-t. To dye with crimson ; to dye of a deep-red color; to make red. €RIM’SON, v. i. To become of a deep-red color; to be tinged with red; to blush. Her cheeks crimsoned at the entrance of her lover. €RIM/S ON-ED, (krim/znd,) pp. Dyed or tinged with a deep red. €RIM’S ON-HU-ED, (krim’zn-hide,) a. Of acrimson color. €RIMSON-ING, ppr. Dyeing or tinging with a deep- red. €RIM’/SON-WARM, a. Warm to redness. ERIUNAL, a. [L. crinis, hair.] Belunging to hair. €RINE/UM, n. A cramp; a contraction; a turn or bend; awhimsy. [4 vulgar word. Hudibras. ERINGE, (krinj,) v. t. [Probably from the root of crank, crinkle, Heb. and Ch. yx; or from the root of crook, with a nasal sound of the last consonant ; G. kriechen; W. erygu, to curl.j Properly, to shrink ; to contract ; to draw together ; a popular use of the word. [Vulgarly, scringe.] You see him cringe his face, Shak. €RINGE, (krinj,) v. i. To bow; to bend with servil ity; to fawn; to make court by mean compliances. Platterers are always bowing and cringing. Arbuthnot. CRINGE, (krinj,) n. A bow; servile civility. Philips. ERINGE/LING, nm. One who cringes meanly. €RING/ER, n, One who cringes, or bows, and flatters With servility. €RING/ING, ppr. or a. Shrinking; bowing servilely. €RIN/GLE, (kring’gl,) n. [D. kring, krinkel, kronkel a bend, turn, ving, or twist. See Cranx and CrinceE. 2. In marine language, a hole in the bolt-rope of a sail, formed by intertwisting the division of a rope, called a strand, alternately round itself, and through the strand of the bolt-rope, till it becomes threefold, and takes the shape of aring. Its use is to receive the ends of the ropes by which the sail is drawn up to its yard, or to extend the leech by the bow-line- bridles, Iron cringles, or hanks, are open rings running on the stays, to which the heads of the stay-sails are made fast. Mar. Dict. €RIN-I-CUL/TUR-AL, a. Relating to the growth of hair. €RI-NIG/ER-OUS, a. [L. criniger; crinis, hair, and gero, to wear. ] Hairy ; overgrown with hair. €RINITE, a. [te crinitus, from crinis, hair. crinaw, to parch, to frizzle.] Having the appearance of a tuft of hair. €RINK’LE, (krink!l,) v. 7% [D. krinkelen, to wind or twist. Qu. crank and ring, Sax. hring.] To turn or wind; to bend; to wrinkle; to run in and out in little or short bends or turms ; as, the light- ning crinkles. €RINK’LE, v. t To form with short turns or wrink- les; to mold into inequalities. €RINK’LE, n. A wrinkle; a winding or turn; sinu- osity. €RINK’LED, pp. Formed into short turns. €RINK'LING, pp. Bending in short turns. €RI-NOID/E-AN, n. ) (Gr. xptvov,a lily, and evdos, €RI-NOID/E-A, n. pl.} likeness. In geology, terms applied to extinct, fossil, radiated animals, related to some of the Star-fish and asterias, but growing on a Jong, jointed stalk. The name in- cludes the encrinites, to which the term stone-lily has oIten been applied. Dana. €RENOID/AL, a. Containing the fossil remains of crinoideans. Tumble. €RINOSE, a. Hairy. [See Crinite.] [Little used.] €RI-NOS'L-TY, n. Hairiness. [Little used.] €RIP’PLE, (krip/l,) n. [D. kreupel; G. kritppel ; Dan. krypling, kroppel, and krébling, from krob, a creeping animal; Icel. crypen, to move crooked. It would seem that this is from the root of creep.] A lame person; primarily, one who creeps, halts, or limps ; one who has lost, or never enjoyed, the use of his limbs. Acts xiv. The word may signify one who is partially or to- tally disabled from using his limbs. See the blind beggar dance, the cripple sing. €RIP/PLE, a. Lame. Shak. €RIP/PLE, v. t To lame; to deprive of the use of the limbs, particularly of the legs and feet. 2. To disable ; to deprive of the power of exertion. We say, a fleet was crippled in the engagement. €RIP/PLED, (krip’pld,) pp. or a. Lamed; rendered impotent in the limbs; disabled. €RIP/PLE-NESS, n. Lameness. CRIP/PLING, ppr. Laming; depriving of the use of the limbs; disabling. €RIP/PLINGS, x. pl. Spars or timbers set up as sup- ports, (crutches,) against the side of a building. Smart. €RISIS, n.; pl. Crises. [Gr. xptois, L. crisis, from the root of xptvw, to separate, to determine, to de- cide. See Crime. 1. In medical science, the change of a disease which indicates its event ; that change which indicates re- covery or death. It is sometimes used to designate the excretion of something noxious from the body, or of the noxious fluids ina fever. Encyc. Parr. 2. The decisive state of things, or the point of time when an affair is arrived at its hight, and must soon terminate or suffer a material change. Dict. Qu. W. Pope. This hour ’s the very crisis of your fate, Dryden. €RISP, a. [L. crispus; It. crespo; G. kraus. See the verb. 1. Curled; formed into curls or ringlets. 2. Indented; winding; as, crisp channels. Shak. 3. Brittle; friable ; easily broken or crumbled, Bacon. €RISP, v. t. [L. crispo; It. crespare; Sp. crespar; Fr. créper; Dan. kruser; Sw. krusa; W. cris, a crust; crisb, a crisp coating; crisbin, crisp, friable; from rhis, broken into points, mince ; allied to cresu, cra- su, to roast or parch. Irom the Gothic dialects, we ausetye that p is not radical. Class Rd, No. 20, 73, I. 1. To curl; to twist ; to contract or form into ring- lets, as the hair; to wreathe or interweave, as the branches of trees. B. Jonson. Milton. 2. To indent. Johnson. To twist or eddy. Mason. But the sense is, to curl ; to wrinkle in little undu- lations, as a fretted surface. From that sapphire fount the crisped brooks, Rolling on orient pearl and sands of gold, Ran nectar, visiting each plant. €RISP/ATE, €RISP/A-TED, | ~ Milton. Having a crisped appearance. aa 3 €RISP-A/TION, n. The act of curling, or state of be- 1. A withe for fastening a gate. [Zocal.] €RISP’A-TURE, xn. A curling ; the state of being curled. : Lee. Botany. €RISP’ED, (krispt,) pp. ora. Curled ; twisted; friz- 2d zled. €RIS/PIN, x. An appellation given familiarly to shoe- makers, from their patron saint, Crispinus. €RISP/ING, ppr. Curling; frizzling. €RISP/ING-PIN, n. A curling-iron. €RIS-PI-SUL/€ANT, a. lightning is represented. €RISP/LY, adv. With crispness; in a crisp manner. €RISP’NESS, n. A state of being curled ; also, brit- tleness, €RISP’Y, a. Isaiah, Wavy or undulating, as Curled ; formed into ringlets ; as, crispy Jocks. Shak, 2. Brittle; dried so as to break short; as, a crispy cake. €RIST/ATE, a. [L. cristatus, from crista, a €RIST/A-TED, crest. In botany, crested ; tufted; having an appendage like a crest or tuft, as some-anthers and flowers. Martyn. €RI-TE/RI-ON, n.; pl. Criverta. [Gr. xottyptoy, from the root of xptvw, to judge. See Crime.] A standard of judging; any established law, rule, opinions are compared, in order to discover their truth or falsehood, or by which a correct judgment may be formed. €RITH/O-MAN-CY, n, Teta, divination. | A kind of divination by means of the dough of cakes, and the meal strewed over the victims in ancient sacrifices. : Encye. €RITIE, n. [Gr. xotrixos, from xpirns, a judge or discerner, from the root of xotvw, to judge, to sepa- rate to distinguish. See Crime.] 1. A person skilled in judging of the merit of lite- rary works; one who is able to discern and distin- guish the beauties and faults of writing. In a more general sense, a person skilled in judging with propri- ety of any combination of abjects, or of any work of art; and particularly of what are denominated the fine arts. A critic is one who, from experience, knowledge, habit, or taste, can perceive the differ- ence between propriety and impropriety, in objects or works presented to his view ; between the natu- ral and unnatural; the high and the low, or lofty and mean; the congruous and incongruous; the correct and incorrect, according to the established rules of the art. 2. An examiner; a judge. [Gr. xo.0n, barley, and papr- And make each day a critic on the last. Pope. 3. One who judges with severity ; one who cen- sures or finds fault. Pope. Watts. Snoift. €RIT'IE, o. Critical; relating to criticism, or the art of judging of the merit of a literary performance, or discourse, or of any work in the fine arts. [See CriTIcat.] ERITIE, v. i. tle used. €RIT/IC-AL, a. Critic.] 1. Relating to criticism; nicely exact; as, a crit- ical dissertation on Homer. 2. Having the skill or power nicely to distinguish beauties from blemishes ; as, a critical judge; a crit- ical auditor ; a critical ear; critical taste. 3. Making nice distinctions; accurate ; as, critical rules, 4. Capable of judging with accuracy ; discerning beauties and faults; nicely judicious in matters of literature and the fine arts ; as, Virgil was a critical poet. 5. Capable of judging with accuracy ; conforming to exact rules of propriety ; exact; particular; as, to be critical in rites and ceremonies, or in the selection of books, 6. Inclined to find fault, or to judge with severity 7. [See Crisis.) Pertaining to a crisis ; marking the time or state of a disease which indicates its ter- mination in the death or recovery of the patient; as, critical days, or critical symptoms. 8. Producing a crisis or change in a disease ; indi- cating a Crisis; as, a critical sweat. 9. Decisive ; noting atime or state on which the issue of things depends; important, as regards the consequences ; as, a critical time or moment; a criti- cal juncture. 10. Formed or situated to determine or decide, or having the crisis at command ; important or essential for determining ; as, a critical post. Mitford. 11. Respecting criticism. €RIT/IE-AL-LY, adv. In a critical manner; witb nice discernment of truth or falsehood, propriety ot impropriety ; with nice scrutiny ; accurately 5 eXx- actly ; as, to examine evidence critically ; to observe 2. At the crisis; at the exact time. [critically 3. Ina critical situation, place, or condition, so as to command the crisis ; as, a town critically situated. To criticise ; to play the critic. [ae Temple. [L. criticus; Gr. xpirixos. See ing curled, Bacon. Wh : uford. €RIT/IE-AL-NESS, n. The state of being critical ; incidence at a particular point of time. FATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — principle, or fact, by which facts, propositions, and:CRO 2. Exactness 5; accuracy ; nicety; minute care in examination, €RIT/LCISE, v. i. To examine and judge critically ; to judge with attention to beauties and faults ; as, to criticise on a literary work, on an argument or dis- course, 2. To write remarks on the merit of a perform- ance ; to notice beauties and faults. Cavil you may, but never crificise. Pope. 3. To animadvert upon as faulty ; to utter censure ; as, to criticise on 4 man’s manners, or his expenses. Locke. €RIT’/L-CISE, v. t. To notice beauties and blemishes, or faults, in; to utter or write remarks on the merit of a performance; as, to criticise the writings of Milton. 2. To pass judgment on with respect to merit or blame; as, to criticise an author; to criticise the conduct. €RIT/I-CIS-ED, (krit’e-sizd,) pp. Examined and judged with respect to beauties and faults. €RIT’I-CIS-ING, ppr. ora. Examining and judging with regard to beauties and faults ; remarking on ; animadverting on. €RIT/I-CISM, n.. The art of judging with propriety of the beauties and faults of a literary performance, or of any production in the fine arts; as, the rules of criticism. 2. The act of judging on the merit of a perform- ance ; animadversion; remark on beauties and faults ; critical observation, verbal or written. We say, the author’s criticisms are candid, or they are severe. €RI-TIQUE’, (kre-teek’,)n. [{Fr. critique.] A critical examination of the merits of a performance ; remarks or animadversions on beauties and faults. Addison wrote a critique on Paradise Lost. 2, Science of criticism ; standard or rules of judging of the merit of performances. [Often spelt Critic. ] If ideas and words were distinctly weighed, and duly considered, they would afford us another sort of logic and crilic, Locke. [See Crisp.] A kind of rough- €RIZ'ZEL-ING, ness on the surface of glass, which clouds its transparency. Encye. €ROAK, v. 7. [Sax. cracettan; Goth. hrukyan; L. cro- cio, crocito; Sp. croaxar; It. crocciare ; Fr. croasser ; Arm. crozal; G. krachzen; D. kraaijen, to crow, and kruchgen, to groan; Ir. grag, gragam; coinciding jn elements with W. creg, cryg, hoarse, crygu, to make rough or hoarse; Sax. hreog, rough, and /hreow- ian, to rue; Gr. kowl aw, Kpwy mos, and Kpalw, Kpayets. These all appear to be of one family, and from the root of rewzh and creak, W. rhyg. See Crow.] 1. To make a low, hoarse noise in the throat, as a frog or other animal. 2. To caw; to cry aS a raven or crow. 3. To make any low, muttering sound, resembling that of a frog or raven; as their bellies croak. Locke. 4. Figuratively, to complain; to forebode evil; to grumble. Rich. Dict. 5. In contempt, to speak with a low, hollow voice. €ROAK, n. The low, harsh sound uttered by a frog or a raven, or a like sound. €ROAK'/ER, n. One that croaks, murmurs, or grum- bles ; one who complains unreasonably. EROAKI/ING, ppr. or a. Uttering a low, harsh sound from the throat, or other similar sound ; foreboding evil; grumbling. €ROAK/ING, nz. Adow, harsh sound, as of a frog, or the bowels. 9. The act of foreboding evil; grumbling. €RO/ATS, n. pl. Troops, natives of Croatia. €ROE/AL-ITE, n. [from crocus, saffron.| A variety of the mineral natrolite, one of the zeolites. It has an orange or brick-red color, and occurs in reniforin or globular masses, having a radiated structure. €RG/CEOUS, (krd’shus,) a. [L. croceus, from crocus, saffron. ] Like saffron ; yellow ; consfsting of saffron. €RO'CHES, n. pl. Little buds or knobs about the tops of a deer’s horn. Bailey. €ROC-I-TA’/TION, n. A croaking. €ROCK, n. D. krukke; Sw. kruka; Fr. cruche; W. cregen, an earthen vessel ; crocan, a pot.|] An earthen vessel; a pot or pitcher ; a cup. €ROCK, nz. “--- Ar. Sy> charaka, to burn.] €RIZ'ZEL, ne [L. crocito.] Soot, or the black matter collected from combustion on pots and kettles, or in a chimney. Ray. €ROCK, ». t. or 2, coloring matter of cloth. Forby. New England. €ROCK/ER-Y, x. to make earthen vessels; crocenyz, a potter. Crock, ] Earthen ware; vessels formed of clay, glazed and The term is applied to the coarser kinds of ware, the finer kinds being usually called china or baked. [Sax. cruce, crocca; D. krwk; G. krug ; [Qu. from crock, supra, or from Ch. 11N, To black with soot, or other mat- ter collected from combustion ; or to black with the [W. crocan, a boiler or pot ; crocenw, See CRO €ROCK/ET, n. [Fr. croc, crochet.] In Gothic archi- tecture, a term applied to curved and bent foliage, used to ornament canopies, spires, and pinnacles. Elines. €ROCK'Y, a. Smutty. Forby. €ROC/O-DILE, n. [Fr. xpoxodetXos ; (QU. KpoK0s, saffron, and decAos, fearing ;) L. crocodilus ; It. coc- codrillo ; Sp. cocodrilo.) 1. An amphibious animal of the genus Crocodilus. It has a naked body, with four feet and a tail; it has five toes on the fore feet, and four on the hind feet. It grows to the length of sixteen or eighteen feet, runs swiftly on land, but does not easily tum itself. It inhabits the large rivers in Africa and Asia, and lays its eggs, resembling those of a goose, in the sand, to be hatched by the heat of the sun. {See ALLIGATOR. ] Encyc. 2. In rhetoric, a captious and sophistical argument, contrived to draw one into a snare. €RO€/O-DILE, a. Pertaining to or like a crocodile ; as, crocodile tears, that is, false or affected tears, hyp- ocritical sorrow ; alluding to the fictions of old trav- elers, that crocodiles shed tears over those they de- vour. €ROE-O-DIL'I-AN, a. Pertaining to the crocodile. Buckland. €ROEG-O-DIL'L-TY, nz. In logic, a captious or sophis- tical mode of arguing. ERO'EUS, n. [Gr. xpoxos, from the Shemitic Pp, and its yellow color.] 1. Saffron, a genus of plants. 2. In chemistry, a yellow powder; any metal cal- cined to a red or deep yellow color. Encyc. €ROFT, xn. [Sax. croft; allied, probably, to L. crypta, Gr. kputrw, to conceal. ] A small field adjoining or near toa dwelling-house, and used for pasture, tillage, or other purposes. Brande. €ROLSADE’, xn. [Fr., from croiz,a cross.] A holy war; an expedition of Christians against the infidels, for the conquest of Palestine. [See the more com- CRO €ROOK, v. t. [Fr. crocher ; Sw. kréka ; Dan. kro ger ; W. crwcau, crocau. | . 1. To bend; to turn froma straight line; to make a curve or hook. 2. To turn from rectitude ; to pervert. 3. To thwart. [Little used.] €ROOK, v. i. To bend or be bent; to be turned from Bacon. a right line; to curve; to wind. Camden. €ROQOK’-BACK, n. A crooked back ; one who has a crooked back or round shoulders. Shak. €ROOK/-BACK-ED, (-bakt,) a. Having a round back, | or shoulders. ryden. €ROOK/ED, (part. krookt, adj. krook/ed,) pp. or a. Bent ; curved ; curving ; winding. 2, Winding in moral conduct ; devious ; froward ; to obliquity, or wandering from duty. They are a perverse and crooked generation. — Deut. XXxi.- €ROQK’/ED-LY, adv. Ina winding manner. 2. Untowardly ; not compliantly. €ROQK’ED-NESS, n. A winding, bending, or turn- ing; curvity ; curvature; inflection. Hooker. 9. Perverseness ; untowardness ; deviation from rectitude ; iniquity ; obliquity of conduct. 3. Deformity of a gibbous body. Johnson. Taylor. €ROOK/EN, v. t. To make crooked. [JVot in use. | €ROOK/ING, ppr. Bending ; winding. €ROOK!/-KNEED,a. Having crooked knees. Shak. €ROOK!/-SHOUL-DER-ED, a, Having bent shoul- ders. €ROP, n. [Sax. crop, cropp, the crop of a fowl], a cluster, ears of corn, grapes, grains of corn ; D. krop; G. kropf; W. crop, the crop or craw ; cropiad, a gathering into a heap, a creeping ; cropian, to creep. Here we see that crep is a gathering, and that it is connected with creep, whose radical sense is to catch or take hold. Hence crop coincides with L. carpo, carpus, and perhaps with reap, rapio, as it does with grapple. Hence we see how the crop of a fowl, and nron word, CrusapeE.] €ROIS/ES, n. pl. [See Cross.] Soldiers engaged in a croisade, and wearing the badge of it. urke. 9. Pilgrims wearing the same badge, and accompa- nying the military expedition. J. Murdock. €RO'KER, n. A water fowl that inhabits the Chesa- peak and the large rivers in Virginia ; sometimes of three feet in length. Pennant. €ROM/LEEH, (krom/lek,) n. [W. cromleg; crom, bent, concave, and Jlec, a flat stone. | A term applied to huge flat stones, resting on other stones, set on end for that purpose ; supposed to be the remains of druidical altars. Rowland, Mon. Antiq. €RO-MOR/NA, n. ‘Fr. cromorne; Ger. krummhorn, crooked horn.] open. Corruptly written CREMONA. €ROM-WEL/LLAN, a. Pertaining to Cromwell. CRONE, zn. come brittle; Gr. yeowv, old.] 1. An old woman. 2. An old ewe. €RO'NET, zn. the top of a horse’s hoof. ohnson. 9. The iron at the end of a tilting spade. Bazley. €RON/IC-AL, CRON/YE-AL. See AcRonicat. €RO/NY, n. [See Crone. Shak. Dryden. Tusser. “-=- ative, an associate. ] friend. To oblige your crony, Swift, Bring our dame a new year’s gift. Swift. standing. €ROOK, nz. hrugg, a shepherd’s crook, which in Italian is rocco W. crug, a heap, a rick; Sax. hric; Eng. a ridge W. crys, rough, hoarse. is, to strain or draw ; hence, to bend. 1. Any bend, turn, or curve ; or a bent or curvin ber, or ina river; and any hook is a crook. called a crosier porcelain. He left his crook, he left his flocks. Prior. 3. A gibbet. 4. An artifice; a trick. Cranmer. The name of areed stop in the organ, voiced like the oboe, but of a different quality, bearing the same relation to the oboe as the stopped diapason to the (Ir. criona, old ; crion, withered ; crionaim, to wither, fade, decay ; W. crinaw, to wither, to be- [coronet.] The hair which grows over But this word seems to carry the sense of fellowship, and is precisely the Ar. * .% karana. to join, to associate ; whence its deriv- Or , to Join, > An intimate companion ; an associate ; a familiar Hence, an old crony is an intimate friend of long y [Sw. krok; Dan. krog ; Fr. eroc, crochet ; Arm. crocq; Ir. cruca ; W. crog, crwca, croca ; Goth. forms roughness, and this is the radical sense of hoarseness, It. roco, hoarse, L. raucus, Eng. rough, The radical sense of crook instrument. We speak of a crook in a stick of tim- 9. A shepherd’s staff, curving at the end ; a pas- toral staff. When used by a bishop or abbot, it is a crop of grain or hay, are consistently the same word. ] 1. The first stomach of a fowl]; the craw. 2. The top or highest part of a thing; the end [Not in use. | haucer. 3, That which is gathered ; the corn or fruits of the earth collected; harvest. The word includes every species of fruit or produce, gathered for man or beast. 4. Corn and other cultivated plants while growing ; a popular use of the word. 5. Any thing cut off or gathered. 6. Hair cut close or short. €ROP, v. t. To cut off the ends of any thing ; to eat off; to pull off; to pluck; to mow; to reap; as, to crop flowers, trees, or grass. Man crops trees or plants with an instrument, or with his fingers; a beast crops with his teeth. 2. To cut off prematurely ; to gather before it falls. While force our youth, like fruits, untimely crops. Denham. 3. To cause to bear a crop; as, to crop a field. €ROP, v. i. To yield harvest. [Not in use.] Shak. €ROP!-EAR, x. [crop andear.] A horse whose ears / are cropped. tak. €ROP/-EAR-ED, a. Having the ears cropped. B. Jonsvun. €ROP/FUL, a. Having a full crop or belly ; satiated Milton. €ROP/-OUT, v. i. To ripen to a full crop. 2. When an inclined stratum, as of coal, appears on the surface, it is said to crop owt. Lyell, €ROP/PED, ) pp. ora. Cut off; plucked ; eaten off 5 €ROPT, reaped or mowed. €ROP/PER,n. A pigeon with a large crop. Johnson. Walton. €ROP'PING, ppr. Cutting off; pulling off; eating off; reaping or mowing. €ROP/PING, x. The act of cutting off. 2. The raising of crops. €ROP!-SICK, a. Sick or indisposed from a sur- charged stomach; sick with excess in eating or drinking. Tate. €ROP!/-SICK-NESS, mn. Sickness from repletion of the stomach. [L. crapula. ; | ERO/SIER, (kro/zhur,) x. [Fr. crosse, a croster, a bat or gaff-stick ; crosser, to play at cricket; Arm. crogz ; . ? G. riicken, the back or ridge of an animal. These from the root of cross.] words appear to be connected with L. ruga, a 1. A bishop’s crook or pastoral staff, a symbol of wrinkle, Russ. kryg, okrug, a circle. Wrinkling pastoral authority and care. It consists of a gold or silver staff, crooked at the top, and is carried occa- sionally before bishops and abbots, and held in the hand when they give solemn benedictions. The use of crosiers is ancient. Originally, a crosier was a staff with a cross on the top, in form of a crutch or Oe Encyc. 9, Aterm sometimes applied to four stars in the southern hemisphere, in the form of a Cross; the Southern Cross. Encyc. €ROS'LET, n. [See Cross.] A small cross. In heraldry, a cross cressed at a small distance from the ends. Encyc. €ROSS, n. [W. croes; Arm. croaz; G. Kreuz; Sw. kors; Dan. kryds and kors; Russ. krest. Class Co 5 TUNE, BULL, UNITE. — AN'GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. perverse ; going out of the path of rectitude ; given || 285 ~ Ca x SET ee tn ta ¥ ‘ : 37 § Tk Bae on mmelloramed are were - aoeei ea oe at nee ae —— iid Ae laes ir CRO CRO CRO Rd. But the English cross would seem to be from the L. cruz, through the Fr. eroiz, crosier; It. croce ; Sp. cruz; W. crég, coinciding with the Ir. regh, riagh. Qu. the identity of these words. The Irish has cros, a cross; crosadh, crosaim, to cross, to hinder. If the Jast radical is g or c, this word belongs to the root of crook. Chaucer uses crouche for cross.] 1. A gibbet consisting of two pieces of timber placed across each other, either in form of a T or of an X. That on which our Savior suffered, is repre- gented, on coins and other monuments, to have been of the former kind. ge Encyc. 9, The ensign of the Christian religion ; and hence, Jiguratively, the religion itself. : Rowe. 3, A monument with a cross upon it, to excite de- votion, such as were anciently set in market-places. Johnson. Shak, 4, Any thing in the form of a cross or gibbet. 5. A line drawn through anothez. Johnson. 6. Any thing that thwarts, obstructs, or perplexes ; hinderance ; vexation ; misfortune ; opposition ; trial of patience. Heaven prepares good men with crosses. B. Jonson, 7. A mixing of breeds in producing animals. 8. Money or coin stamped with the figure of a Cross. Dryden. 9. The right side or face of a coin, stamped with a cross. Encyc. 10. The mark of a cross, instead of a signature, on a deed, formerly impressed by those who could not write. Encyc. 11. Church lands in Ireland. Davies. 12. In theology, the sufferings of Christ by cruci- fixion. That he might reconcile both to God in one body by the cross. — Eph. ii. 13. The doctrine of Christ’s sufferings and of the atonement, or of salvation by Christ. The preaching of the cross is to them that perish foolishness. — Or. 1. al, V. To take up the cross, is to submit to troubles and afflictions from love to Christ. 14. In mining, two nicks cut in the surface of the earth, thus, +. Cross and pile;*a play with money, at which it is put to chance whether a coin shall fall with that side up which bears the cross, or the other, which is called pile, (pile;) or reverse. €ROSS, a. Transverse ; oblique ; passing from side to side ; falling athwart ; as,a cross beain. The cross refraction of a second prism. Newton. 2, Adverse ; opposite ; obstructing ; sometimes With to; as, an event cross to our inclinations. 3. Perverse; untractable ; as, the cross circum- stances of a man’s temper. South. 4. Peevish; fretful; ill-bumored ; applied to per- sons or things ; aS,a cross woman orhusband ; a cross answer. 5. Contrary ; contradictory ; perplexing. Contradictions ‘that seem to lie cross and uncouth. South. 6. Adverse ; unfortunate. Behold the cross and unlucky issue of my design. Glanville. 7. Interchanged ; as, a cross marriage, when a brother and sister intermarry with two persons who have the same relation to each other. Bailey. 8. Noting what belongs to an adverse party ; as, a cross \nterrogatory. ent. €ROSS, prep. Athwart; transversely ; over; from side to side ; so as to intersect. And cross their limits cut a sloping way. Dryden, This is admissible in poetry, as an abbreviation of Across. €ROSS, v. t. To draw or run a line, or lay a body across another; as, to cross a word in writing; to cross the arms. 2. To erase ; to cancel ; as, to cross an account. 3. To make the sign of the cross, as Roman Cath- olics in devotion. 4, To pass from side to side; to pass or move over ; as, to cross'a road ; to cross a river or the ocean, I crossed the English Channel, from Dieppe to Brigh- ton, in a steamboat, Sept. 18, 1824. N. OW. 5. To thwart; to obstruct; to hinder; to embar- TasS; as, to cross a purpose or design. 6. To counteract; to clash or interfere with ; to be inconsistent with; as, natural appetites may cross our principles. 7. To counteract or contravene ; to hinder by au- thority ; to stop. [See No. 5.] 8. To contradict. Hooker. 9. To debar or preclude. Shak. To cross the breed of an animal, is to produce young from different varieties of the species. €ROSS, v.2. To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass laterally, or from one side toward the other, or from place to place, either at right an- gles or obliquely ; as, to cross from Nantucket to New Bedford. Bacon. 3. To be inconsistent ; as, men’s actions do not al- €ROSS’-ARM-ED, a. With arms across. In botany, brachiate; decussated; having branches in pairs, each at right angles with the next. Martyn. €ROSS/-BAR-RED, (-bird,) a. Secured by transverse bars. Milton. €ROSS’-BAR-ROW, 7. An arrow of a cross-bow. €ROSS'-BAR-SHOT, n. A bullet with an iron bar passing through it, and standing out a few inches on each side; used in naval actions for cutting the ene- my’s rigging. Encye. €ROSS/-BEAR-ER, n. In the Roman Catholic church, the chaplain of an archbishop or primate, who bears a cross before him on solemn occasions. Also, a cer- tain officer in the Inquisition, who makes a vow be- fore the inquisitors to defend the Roman Catholic faith, though with the loss of fortune and life. Encyce. €ROSS’-BILL, n. In chancery, an original bill by which the defendant prays relief agalnst the plaintiff. Blackstone. €ROSS/-BILL, n. A species of bird, the Lozia curvi- rostra, the Mandibles of whose bill curve opposite ways and cross each other. Encyc. €ROSS/-BITE, n. A deception; a cheat. L’Estrange. €ROSS!-BITE, v. t. To thwart or contravene by de- ception. Collier. €ROSS!-BIT-ING, ppr. Thwarting or contravening by deception. €ROSS/-BIT-TEN, pp. Contrayened by deception. €ROSS'-BOW, xn. In archery, a weapon used for shooting, and formed by placing a bow athwart a stock. Bailey. €ROSS’/-BOW-ER, 2. One who shoots with a cross- bow. Ralech. €ROSS’-BREED, n. A breed produced from the male and female of different breeds. €ROSS’-BUN, n. A bun or cake with a cross marked €ROSS/EUT, v. t. To cut across. {on it. €ROSS/EUT-SAW, n. A saw managed by two men, one at each end. €ROSS/ED, (krost,) pp. Having a line drawn over; canceled ; erased ; passed over; thwarted ; opposed ; obstructed ; counteracted. €ROSS-ETTE’, n. [Fr.] In architecture, a term ap- plied to the small, projecting pieces in arch stones, which hang upon the adjacent stones. rande. €ROSS/-EX-AM-IN-A'TION, 2. The examination or interrogation of a witness, called by one party, by the opposite party or his counsel. €ROSS-EX-AM/INE, v. t. ‘To examine a witness by the opposite party or his counsel, as the witness for the plaintiff by the defendant, and vice versa. The opportunity to cross-eramine the witnesses has been ex- pressly waived. Kent, €ROSS-EX-AM/IN-ED, pp. Examined or interroga- ted by the opposite party. €ROSS-EX-AM/‘IN-ING, ppr. gating by the opposite party. €ROSS/-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having that kind of squint by which both the eyes turn toward the nose, so that the rays, in passing to each eye, cross the other. Forby. €ROSS/-FLOW, v.2. To flow across. Milton. €ROSS’-GRAIN-ED, a. Having the grain or fibers across or irregular, and henve difficult to work ; as in timber, where a branch shoots from the trunk, there is a curling of the grain. 2. Figuratively, perverse ; untractable ; not conde- scending. €ROSS'ING, ppr. Drawing; running or passing a line over; erasing ; canceling ; thwarting ; opposing ; counteracting ; passing over. €ROSS/ING, n. A thwarting ; impediment; vexation. 2. A passing across. 3. The place of passing; as, the crossings of the streets. €ROSS’/-JACK, (kro/jak,) 7. A sail extended on the lower yard of the mizzen-mast, but seldom used. Encyc. the legs Examining or interro- €ROSS/-LEG-GED, (-legd,) a. across. €ROSS/-LIKE, a. €ROSS’/LY, adv. thing else. 2, Adversely ; in opposition ; unfortunately. 3. Peevishly ; fretfully. €ROSS’NESS, nm. Peevishness; fretfulness ; ill-hu- mor; perverseness. €ROSS’-PATCH, n. An ill-natured person. heard in New England.] Mem. of H. More. €ROSS’-PIECE, n. A rail of timber extending over the windlass of a ship, furnished with pins with which to fasten the rigging, as occasion requires. Encyc. €ROSS’-PUR-POSE, n. A contrary purpose ; contra- dictory system ; also, a conversation in which one person does or pretends to misunderstand another’s meaning. Anenigma; a riddle. Mason. €ROSS-QUES'TION, v. t. To cross-examine. Killingbeck. €ROSS-QUES!TION-ING, ppr. Cross-examining. €ROSS’-READ-ING, n. The reading of the lines of a Having Having the form of a cross. Athwart ; so as to intersect some- [Still ways cross with reason. [JVot used.] Sidney. 286 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&ETE, PRE newspaper directly across the page, through the ad- Y.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— joining columns, thus confounding the sense, and often producing a ludicrous combination of ideas. €ROSS/—ROW, (-r0,) n. ‘The alphabet, so named be- cause a cross is placed at the beginning, to show that the end of learning is piety. Johnson. Shalt. 2, A row that crosses others. €ROSS/-SEA, n. Waves running across others; a swell running in different directions. €ROSS/-STAFF, x. An instrument to take the alti- tude of the sun or stars. €ROSS/-STONE, n. See Harmotome and Sravuro- LITE. €ROSS/-TIN-ING, n. in husbandry, a harrowing by drawing the harrow or drag back and forth on the same ground. Encic. €ROSS/-TREES, x. pl. In ships, certain pieces of tim- ber, supported by the cheeks and trestle-trees, at the upper ends of the lower masts, to sustain the frame of the top, and on the topmasts, to extend the top- gallant shrouds. Mar. Dict. €ROSS/-WAY, ) 2. A way or road that crosses an- €ROSS/-RGOAD,§ other road or the chief road ; an obscure path intersecting the main road. Shak. €ROSS/-WIND, n. A side wind; an unfavorable wind. Boyle. €ROSS!/WISE, adv. €ROSS/-WORT, n. CROTCH; 2. [iE r- CrutcH. | 1. A fork,or forking ; the parting of two legs or branches; as, the crotch of atree. Bacon. Forby. 2. In ships, a crooked timber placed on the keel, in the fore and aft parts of a ship. 3. A piece of wood or iron, opening on the top and extending two horns or arms, like a half moon, used for supporting a boom, a spare topmast, yards, &c. Mar. Dict. Having a crotch; forked. [{Fr. crochet, croche, from croc. See Actoss ; in the form of a cross. A plant of the genus Valjantia. croc, a hook. See Crook and €ROTCH’ED, (krotcht,) a. €ROTCH’/ET, n. Crook. ] 1. In printing, a term applied to brackets or hooks including words, a sentence, or a passage, distm- guished from the rest, thus [ ]. 2. In music, a note or character, equal in time to | 3. A piece of wood resembling a fork, used as a support in building. 4. A peculiar turn of the mind ; a whim, or fancy ; a perverse conceit. half a minim, and the double of a quaver, thus, All the devices and crotchets of new inventions. Howell. €ROTCH/ET-ED, a. Marked with crotchets. €ROTCH/ET-Y, a. Having perverse conceits, or crotchets of the brain. €RO'TON OIL, n. Oil from the Croton tighiwm,a plant of the East. It is a violent cathartic, and causes small pustules when rubbed on the skin. Brande. €ROUCH, v. i. [G. kriechen, kroch, kroche, to creep, to stoop, to cringe, probably allied to crook, Fr. crochu, as cringe to crank. Class Rg. Vulgarly, crooch, scrooch. | 1. Tio bend down ; to stoop low ; to lie close to the ground; as an animal. A dog crouches to his mas- ter; a lion crouches in the thicket. 2. To bend servilely ; to stoop meanly; to fawn; to cringe. Every one that is left in thy house shall come and crouch to him, for a piece of bread. —1 Sam, ii. €ROUCH,v.t. [SeeCross.] To sign withthe cross; to bless. [Vot in use. ] Chaucer. €ROUCH’/ED-FRI-ARS, n. pl. An order of friars, so called from the cross which they wore. CROUCHING, ppr. ora. Bending; stooping ; cring- ing. €ROUP, (kroop,) x. [Fr. croupe, a ridge, top, but- tocks; Sp. grupa; Port. garupa; It. groppa; W. crib; Russ. krivet, crooked; krivlyu, to bend.] The rump of a fowl; the buttocks of a horse, or extremity of the reins above the hips. €ROUP, (kroop,) n. [Scot. croup, crope, crupe, crowp, to croak, to cry or speak with a hoarse voice ; Goth. hropyan ; Sax. hreopan, to call out.] The disease called technically cynanche trachealis, an inflammatory affection of the trachea, accompa- nied witha hoarse cough and difficult respiration. It is vulgarly called rattles. €ROU-PADE!, n. [from croup, or its root.] In the manege, a leap in which the horse pulls up his hind legs, as if he drew them up to his belly. Encye. €ROU’PI-ER, (kroo'pe-er,) n. [Fr.] He who watches the cards and collects the money at a gaming-table 2. One who, at a public dinner party, sits at the lower end of the table as assistant chairman. Smart. €ROUT, 2. G.k aoe KROUT, n. [G, kraut, cabbage, an herb; D. kruid.] Sour crout is made by laying minced or chopped cabbage in layers in a barrel, with a handful of salt and caraway seeds between the layers; then ram- ming down the whole, covering it, pressing it witha heavy weight, and suffering it to stand, till it has gone through fermentation. It is an efficacious pre- servative against scurvy in long voyages. Encyc.CRO €ROW, (krd,) n. [Sax. crawe; Dan. krage; Sw. krihen, D. kraaijen, Goth. hruk, a croaking, hrukyan, to croak or crow, L. crocio, Gr. kpat It has no connection with L. corvus, but rook is of the same family. ] 1. A large black bird, of the genus Corvus ; the beak is convex and cultrated, the nostrils are covered with bristly feathers, the tongue is forked and car- tilaginous. ‘This is a voracious bird, feeding on car- rion and grain, particularly maize, which it pulls up, just after it appears above ground. To pluck or pull a crow, is to be industrious or con- tentious about a trifle, or thing of no value. Johnson. 9. A bar of iron with a beak, crook, or two claws, used in raising and moving heavy weights, drawing spikes, &c. Moxon. 3. The voice of the cock. [See the verb.] 4. The mesentery or rufile of a beast, so called by butchers. EROW, v. i.; pret. and pp. CRoweED ; formerly pret. Crew. (Sax. crawan; D. kraaien; G. krahen; Gr. kpatw. See the noun.] 1. To cry or make a noise as a cock, in joy, gay- ety, or defiance. 2. To boast in triumph; to vaunt; to vapor; to swagger. [4 popular, but not an elegant use of the word. | Grandison. €ROW!'-BAR, n. A bar of iron sharpened at one end, used as a lever for raising heavy bodies. €ROW!-BER-RY, x. A plant of the genus Empetrum, or berry-bearing heath. One species bears the crow- crake berries. Encyc. €ROW’S!-BILL, 2. In surgery, a kind of forceps for extracting buMets and other things from wounds. Encyce. EROW’S!-FEET, 2x. pl. The wrinkles under the eyes, which are the effects of age. [ Obs.] Chaucer. €ROW!-FLOW-ER, n. A kind of campion. €EROW!-FOQT, n. On board of ships, a complication of small cords spreading out froma long block 5 used to suspend the awnings, or to keep the top-sails from striking and fretting against the tops. Encyc. 9. In botany, the Ranunculus, a genus of plants. EROW’S!-FOOT, x. In the military art, 2 machine of iron, with four points, so formed that in whatever way it falls, there is one point upward, and intended to stop or embarrass the approach or march of the enemy’s cavalry ; a caltrop. Encyc. EROWIING, ppr. Uttering a particular voice, as a cock; boasting in triumph; vaunting ; bragging. €ROW!-KEEP-ER, n. A boy employed to scare off crows from new-sown land. ‘This was formerly sometimes done by shooting at them with a bow; and hence Lear says, that fellow handles his bow like a crow-keeper, i.e. awkwardly, as one not trained to its use. Forby. EROW!/-NET, x. In England, a net for catching wild fowls; the net used in New England for catching wild pigeons. EROW!-SILK, nr. A plant, the €onferva rivalis. Fam. of Plants. EROW!-TOE, (krd/to,) n. A plant; as, the tufted crow-toe. Milton. €ROWD, )n. [Ir cruit; W. croth, a swelling or €ROWTH, bulging, a musical instrument. ] An instrument of music with six strings; a kind of violin. €ROWD, n. [Sax. cruth, cread. See Crew.] 1. Properly, a collection; a number of things col- lected, or closely pressed together. 9, A number of persons congregated and pressed together or collected into a close body without order ; athrong. Hence, 3, A multitude ; a great number collected. 4. A number of things near together; a number promiscuously assembled or lying near each other ; as, a crowd of isles in the Egean Sea. 5. The lower orders of people; the populace; the vulgar. Dryden. €ROWD, v. t. To press; to urge; to drive together. 2. To fill by pressing numbers together without order; as, to crowd a room with people ; to crowd the memory with ideas. 3. To fill to excess. Volumes of reports crowd a lawyer’s library. 4. Yo encumber by multitudes. Shak. 5. To urge; to press by solicitation; to dun. 6. Inseamanship, to crowd sail, is to carry an extra- ordinary force of sail, with a view to accelerate the course of a ship, as in chasing or escaping from an enemy ; to carry a press of sail. €ROWD, v.i. To press in numbers; as, the multi- tude crowded through the gate or into the room. 9, To press; tourge forward; as, the man crowded into the room. 3. To swarm or be numerous. €ROWD’/ED, pp. ora. Collected and pressed ; pressed together; urged; driven; filled by a promiscuous multitude. €ROWD/ER, z. crowd. A fiddler; one who plays on a craka; D kraai; G.krihe; so named from its cry, G. brane be rahe; so named trom I's crys >* | EROWDI/ING, n. The act of crowding; the state of @, k0alW, KExpaya. 2 yi ) €ROWN, n. [Fr. cowronne; Arm. curun; W. coron ; thrusting; driving; assembling in a promiscuous multitude; filling ; urging. being crowded, D. kroon; G krone; Sw. krona; Dan. krone; Ir. coroin; L. corona; Sp. and It. 7d.; Gr. kopwvn. e radical letters appear to be Cr, as corolla, without n, indicates. Qu. atoporroundness. See Cuorvs.| 1. An ornament worn on the head by kings and sovereign princes, as a badge of imperial or regal power and dignity. Figuratively, regal power; royalty; kingly government, or executive authority. 9. A wreath or garland. 3. Honorary distinction ; reward. They do it to obtain a corruptible crown; we, an incorruptible. ome Or. LX. 4, Honor; splendor; dignity. The crown has fallen from our heads, —Lam. v._ Phil. iv. A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband. — Proy. xii. 5. The top of the head; the top of a mountain or other elevated object. The end of an anchor, or the point from which the arms proceed. 6. The part of a hat which covers the top of the head. 7. Acoin anciently stamped with the figure of a crown. The English crown is five shillings sterling. The French crown js a hundred and nine cents. Other coins bear the same name. 8. Completion; accomplishment. 9, Clerical tonsure in a circular form; a little cir- cle shaved on the top of the head, as a mark of eccle- siastical office or distinction. 10. Among jewelers, the upper work of a rose diamond. 11. In botany, an appendage to the top of a seed, which serves to bear it in the wind. CRU _ In surgery, transverse ; passing across ; intersect- ing ; in form of a cross ; as, crucial incision. Sharp. 2. Severe ; trying; searching, as if bringing to the cross; a8, a crucial experiment. €RU/CIAN, n. A short, thick, broad fish, of a deep yellow color Dict. of Nat. Hist. €RU/CIATE, (kri/shate,) v. t. [L. crucio, to torture, from cruz, a cross. ] To torture; to torment; to afflict with extreme pain or distress; but the verb is seldom used. [See EXxcRruciATE ] €RU/CIATE, a. Tormented. [Little used.] 2. In botany, having the form of a cross. €RU-CLA’TION, xn. ‘The act of torturing; torment. Tittle used. ] Hall, €RU’CLBLE, n. [It. crogiuolo, and crociuolo ; Sp. crisol; Port. chrysol or crisol; Fr. crewset; D. kroes, smelt-kroes. tis from cruz, a cross, as Lunier sup- poses, from the figure of the cross formerly attached to it. But qu.] 1. A chemical vessel or melting-pot, usually made of earth, and so tempered and baked as to endure extreme heat without melting. It is used for melting ores, metals, &c. 2. In metallurgy, a hollow place at the bottom of a furnace to receive the melted metal. Fourcroy. €RU-CIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. crucifer ; cruz, a cross, and fero, to bear.] Bearing the cross. Dict. 2. In botany, a term applied to the Crucifere, a family of plants having the four petals of the flower in the form of a cross. Partington. €RU/CLFI-ED, pp. ora. Put to death on the cross. €RU'CLFLER, m. [See Cruciry.] A person who crucifies ; one who puts another to death on a cross. €RUV/CLFIX, n. [L. crucificus, from crucyigo, to fix to a cross; crux and figo, to fix.] 1. A cross on which the body of Christ is fastened 12. In architecture, the uppermost member of the cornice, called also the corona or larmier. €ROWN, v. t. To invest with a crown or regal orna- ment. Hence, to invest with regal dignity and power. 9, To cover, as with a crown; to cover the top. And peaceful olives crowned his hoary head. Dryden. 3. To honor; to dignify ; to adorn. Thou hast crowned him with glory and honor. —Ps. viii. 4. To reward; to bestow an honorary reward or distinction on ; as, the victor crowned with laurel. 5. To reward; to recompense. She'll crown a grateful and a constant flame. 6. To terminate or finish ; to complete ; to perfect. 7, To terminate and reward ; as, our efforts were crowned With success. EROWN’ED, pp.ora. Snvested with a crown, or with regal power and dignity ; honored; dignified ; re- warded witha crown, wreath, garland, or distinction ; recompensed ; terminated ; completed ; perfected. €ROWN’/ER, n. He or that which crowns or com- pletes. €ROWNI/ET, zn. A coronet, which see. Shakspeare has used it for chief end or last purpose; but this sense is singular. €ROWN!-GLASS, n. The finest sort of English win- dow-glass. EROWN-IM PE/RLAL, 7 A plant of the genus Fritillaria, having a beautiful flower. EROWNI/ING, ppr. or a. Invested with a crown, or with royalty or supreme power; honoring with a wreath or With distinction; adorning ; rewarding ; finishing ; perfecting. Roscommon. tion or finish of a member or any ornamental work. or interweaving of the strands at the end of a rope. €ROWN’LESS, a. Without a crown. Byron. for crimes and misdemeanors. Bailey. ners of a horse’s hoof, a cancerous and painful sore. Farrier’s Dict. EROWN!-THIS-TLE, (-this-s!) n. A flower. EROWN/-WHEEL, n. A wheel with cogs set at righ angles with its plane. which drives the balance, and in royal pendulums, 1 called the swing-2wheel. middle, with curtains. It is designed to gain som EROYL/STONE, x. Crystallized cawk, in which th crystals are small. Woodward. Johnson. €ROZE, n. A cooper’s tool. EROWDI/ING, ppr. Pressing together; pushing ; @ Cross. } TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//C1OUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; EROWNIING, n. In architecture, the upper termina- €ROWN!-OF’FICE, n. In England, an office belong- ing to the Court of King’s Bench, of which the king’s coroner or attorney is commonly master, and in which the attorney-general and clerk exhibit informations EROWN!-POST, xn. In building, a post which stands upright in the middle, between two principal rafters. E€ROWN!-SEAB, n. A scab formed round the cor- 9. In a watch, the upper wheel next the balance, EROW N/-WORK, (-wurk,) 2. In fortification, an out- ; work running into the field, consisting of two demi- 5. Not brought to perfection ; bastions at the extremes, and an entire bastion in the ture ; as, the crude materials of the earth. a ] SANtiton. hill or advantageous post, and cover the other works. €RV/CIAL, (kri/shal,) a. [Fr. cruciale, from I. crux, in effigy. Encyc. 2. A representation, in painting or statuary, of our Lord fastened to the cross. Johnson. 3. Figuratively, the religion of Christ. [Little used. | Taylor. €RU-CLFIX/ION, (kru-se-fix/yun,) n. [See Crucr- F1x.] The nailing or fastening of a person to a cross, for the purpose of putting him to death ; the act or punishment of putting a-criminal to death by nailing him to a cross. Addison. €RU/CLFORM, a. [L. cruz, a cross, and forma, form. ] 1. Cross-shaped. 9. In botany, consisting of four equal petals, dis- posed in the form of a cross. Martyn. The cruciform plants, or Crucifere, comprehend nearly all culinary plants, except spinach, as the cab- bage, turnip, raddish, mustard, &c. Farm. Encyc. €RU/CLEY, v.t. [L. crucifigo ; cruz, cross, and jigo, to fix; Fr. crucifier; It. crocifiggere; Sp. crucijicar. ] 1. To nail to a cross; to put to death by nailing the hands and feet to a cross or gibbet, sometimes, anciently, by fastening a criminal to a tree with cords. But they cried, Crucify him, crucify him. — Luke xxii. 2, In scriptural language, to subdue; to mortify ; to destroy the power or ruling influence of. They that are Christ’s have crucified the flesh, with the affections and lusts. — Gal. Y. 3. To reject and despise. They crucify to themselves the Son of God afresh. — Heb. vi. To be crucified with Christ, is to become dead to the law and to sin, and to have indwelling corruption subdued. Gal. ii. and Yi. 4. To vex or torment. [Vot used.] Burton. €RD/CLEY-ING, ppr. Putting to death on a cross or gibbet ; subduing ; destroying the life and power of. €RU-CIG/ER-OUS, a. Bearing the cross. 2. In marine language, the finishing part of a knot,| €RUD, xn. Curd. EES Curp, the usual orthography. | €RUD/DLE, v. i. To curdle; also, to stoop. Brocket. €RUDE, a. [L. crudus ; Fr. crud, cru; Sp. and It. eru- do; Port. cru; Arm. criz; W. crt; D. raauww; Sax. hreaw; G. roh; Eng. raw ; either from the root of cry, from roughness, (W. cri, a cry, and crude,) or from h\ the Ar. U2)! aradha, to eat, to corrode, to rankle, to become raw, L. redo, rosi. Class Rd, No. 35.] 1. Raw ; not cooked or prepared by fire or heat; in its natural state; undressed ; as, crude flesh, crude meat. In this sense, raw is more generally used. 9. Not changed from its natural state; not altered t or prepared by any artificial process; as, crude salt, crude alum. 3. Rough; harsh; unripe; not mellowed by air or S other means ; as, crude juice. 4. Unconcocted ; not well digested in the stomach. Bacon. unfinished ; imma- Milton. Having indigested notions. . Indigested ; not matured ; not well formed, ar- le notions 5 e ranged, or prepared in the intellect; as, crude no a crude plan ; a crude theory. ‘ Milton. 8. In painting, a term applied to a picture when the colors are rudely laid on, and do not blend or har- monize. Brande. e ~1 o> TH as in THIS. 237Ds re CRU CRU CRU ri , Tj aration ; witho ble to receive falling fragments, and keep the 4, To overwhelm by power; to subdue; to con eee Ee tare EUs teen crn quer beyond resistance; as, to érush one's enemies’ SARIN ESS. Rawness ; unripeness ; an undi- €RU'ME-NAL, n. [L. crumena.| A purse. [Not OTST rebellion. e ay gested or unprepared state ; as, the crudeness of flesh oan) Spenser. 2: O oppress grievously. lants, or of any body in its natural state. _ €RUM’MA-BLE, a. That may be broken into smal Thou shalt be only oppressed and ¢rushed always. — Deut. cee A state of being unformed or indigested ; imma- pieces by the fingers. xxviil. ue tureness ; as, the crudeness of a theory. €RUM/MY, ore Full of Cru soft. ; a _ 6. To bruise and break into fine particles by beat- is €RO/DLTY, n. [L. cruditas.] CRUMP, a. [Sax. crump; D. krom; G. krumm; Dan. ing or grinding ; to comminute. ; Rawness ; crudeness ; something in a crude state. krum; W, crom, crwm, crooked 3 Ir. crom, whence To crush a cup of wine ; to master or drink it. Shak. . Among physictans, a term applied to undigested sub- cromaim, to bend, croman, the hip-bone, the rump. €RUSH, 2. 7. To be pressed into a smaller compass by stances in the stomach, or unconcocted humors not Crump, rump, rumple, crumple, crimple, are doubtless external Weight or force. is well prepared for expulsion ; excrements. of one family. ] €RUSH, x. A violent collision, or rushing together, || Coxe. Encyc. Crooked ; as, crump-shouldered. - which breaks or bruises the bodies; or a fall that €RU'DLE, v. t. Tocoagulate. But this word is gen-| €RUMP/ET, n. Asoft cake baked upon an iron breaks or bruises into a confused mass ; as, the crush erally written CurpLE ; which see. plate. : of a large tree, or of a building. €RO/DY, a. Concreted; coagulated. [Jot in use.]| €RUM/PLE, v. i. [from crump. See Rumpe.e, the side S ae stt : 6 } The wreck of matter and the crush of worlds. Addison. ; SpalGann: DENSE. same word without a prefix. RUSH/ED. (krusht nee ee waren Raa 2c! [ee Raw : Pa [ot used.] [See Crupe.] Shak. To draw or press into wrinkles or folds; to rum- CE Ro pee a 2) BP. 0 pe a recurs aNacae rere a 7 . is; 2 3 Addison. vs : yao = Bui id €RU’EL, ae re uae L. crudelis; It. crudele. See Nios ilo contract: to shrink Sinith by power; braken or bruised by a fall; grievously yeast obi JDE an UDE. : an ayate) he ath; 5 oi : 2ssed - re ise , : Sh ee CrupE d to give pain to others, in body or mind; | €RUM/PLED, pp. ora. Drawn or pressed into wrin- SEDI 7) ed’; broken or bruised to powder ; comminu bad 1s Dispose’ gr EO toEOnT ee Reet eee nee bigs ? €RUSH’/ER, n. One who crushes. ted. aia | rilling or pleased to torment, vex, or aiflict ; = ae . Sis : JSH/IN : . 25S] eZing i : os. j lees Sea caries of pity, compassion, or kindness; €RUM’PLING, ppr. Drawing or pressing into wrin- cae a Co Ou Se ee aera By ou fierce ; ferocious; savage ; barbarous ; hard-hearted;| €RUM’PLING,n. A small, degenerate apple. [kles. subduing by force; oppressing ; comminuting oa bd ° ; ir dispositions. Johnson. aTTe 5 , SES aay ee B° | ; applied to persons or their dispositions. : S ST, ‘'L.crusta; Fr. cr : It. Soper et ‘pp - Y AAHiae Arey = Tee. oi €RUNK, Da : : ee ra avian Me crusta; Fr. cro&te: It. crosta; D korst 5 { : They are cruel, and have no mercy. — Jer. vi. E€RUNK'LE. (%% Tocry likeacrane. [ot used.] G. kruste; W. crest, from cresu, to parch or scorch, aa! a3 ery S$; savage: causi ai == ? : es ardeni y heat. imi sense j ae 2. Inhuman ; barbarous ; savage ; cause pain, | op TOR, n. [L.] Gore; coagulated blood. Greenhill. cr eat oekcening by heat Soe pee pelea an e IS Hee 4 grief, or distress, exerted in tormenting, vexing, or €RUP probably to shrin ,, contract, har €n, whether by aN ee afflicting. EROUP { n. The buttocks. cold or heat, and it is probably allied to crystal, 7 Ba a * : > :. iS OT ao > x ad T < rr) AE ye ey Cursed be their wah (op awe ec meg eas sie xii €RUP, a. Short; brittle. [Wot in use. ] Trane 88.) &c. See Class Rd, No. 19, 33, 13576, re PI EE Tae sn EAC RE ea RUP/PE kroop/er,) x. [Fr. croupiere; It. srop- “aS Set : ‘ ‘ i ee aaa ee eee ae se SE Se ae aba orupa f 1. An external coat or covering of a thing, which . j + 7 th ee , > 1a . 7 p = “ag a €RU/EL-LY, adv. Ina cruel manner; with cruelty ; ridge, the buttocks ofa horse. See Crovr.] ? rs hard qe naa the era Sua U es BS ie : ys 7 e st 0 sad ; > $ OW ; : £3 inhumanly ; barbarously. In the manege, the buttocks of a horse; the apenas sist BEAT crust Ol snow ; the crust o i cause he ily oppressed, he shall die in his iniquity. — Ezek, a - eee “2 4 = ee pe im : ae mee strap of leather which is buckled to a saddle 2. A deposit from wine as it ripens, collected on 5 ae c 4 4 . - c Ps ‘3 . * nan a i ee ' o 2. Painfully ; with severe pain or torture ; as, an and, passing under a horse’s tail, prevents the saddle nue en of battles &C., Be ae: OF Nanas instrument may cut the flesh most cruelly. from being cast forward on to the horse’s neck. 3 A eae of eee evanta ae Bread : €RU/EL-NESS, n. Inhumanity ; cruelty. Spenser. €RUP/PER, v. t. To put a crupper on; as, to crupper o Pe =e a Disiicns €RU/EL-TY, n. [L. crudelitas; Fr. cruauté. | a a horse, AueAvetells is) thelhacd eure of at cranial 1. Inhumanity ; a savage or barbarous disposition or) €RU’RAL, a. [L. cruralis, from crus, cruris, the leg.] 5. A Sea ? ‘ reams Bae eaanals sr, Which is gratified in giving unnecessary pain . Belonging > leg; as, the crural arteries » A Scab, 3 B Brug als. ay Hee wien EN eee = ‘apolied to Be ° Suid ene bee na a and the ey Sa 6. The superficial substances of the earth are, in | as th ae alt TOR ETAEeS : the testis and envy of which east ae Quincy. Coze a geology, Called its crust. fe pene 2 as 3 Shak: 2 ‘Shaped Ey leg or root sprees €RUST, v. t. To cover with a hard case or coat; to 4 . ei Oe . ae WINE 20 “iS iy + . “i pete zs be : a : =a rN . x spre 7e > Surface a subs -e harder than the 2. Barbarous deed; any act of a human being €RU-SADE’, n. [Fr. croisade; It. crociata; Sp. cruza- ppt oreuine eS pec’ a thine oaith « . x . 7 Snr * or < 2 ; zr 3 ; SU; as “ which inflicts unnecessary pain; any act intended da; from L. cruz, Fr. croiz, Sp. cruz, It. croce, a cross. clay «to cmist cake with eae ~ crusted with hark | to torment, vex, or afilict, or which actually torments Class Rg. ay ; St Cé sugar ; pete or afflicts, without necessity ; wrong; injustice ; op- A military expedition undertaken by authority of 2. To cover with concretions Swift. pression. the Roman Catholic church, for the recovery of the €RUST noi gather i cent intoa hardcore ri ; i av: . n.— y Li > scene Savior’s life < suffer- singe a eeee fovea F ersten see ) With force and with cruelty have ye ruled them. — Ezek. Holy Land, the scene of our Savior’s life and suffer: ering ; to concrete or freeze, as superficial matter. xxxiv. ings, from the power of infidels or Mohammedans. E€RUS-TA/CE-A (-she-a,)n. pl. One of the classes of 5 age . bs- 1 £ u-f -sne- ‘ . , “ ERU/EN-TATE, a. [L. cruentatus.] Several of these expeditions were carried on from the Articulata, ot areienited animals, including lob ae. - Fue s % 5 f : fae sae ms ae E C d ated @ é ae Smeared with blood. [Little used.] Glanville. Fe eee or ees: The poles sters, shrimps, and crabs; so called from the crust- TRAN Q yr - ¢ ante: TOSSES 2Te ,0OLOTe G sew e I ° SE . €RU-ENT/OUS, a. Bloody ; cruentate. hei SROS NES DEON + : a ae Fi ecaaiat a i a "| like shell with which the body and legs are covered. €RV/ET, xn. [Qu. Fr. crewz, hollow, or cruchette, from their outer garments, and w ere hence called cru- Dann cruche, See Cruse.] saders. The term has also been applied to military CRUS-TAIOEAN: nz. or a. See Causticpa s : “4s « 7. me a AL . . »© . A vial or small glass bottle, for holding vinegar, expeditions against the Waldenses and others who €RUS-TA-CE-OL/O-GY. 7 [L. crustacea, and Gr rc a s > iscp > F 7 a Wnt OO = i = 5 a i. ~ > . ERUISE, n. See Cruse. foil, &c. ME ie prureit of Rome. tamped with a Aoyos.] The science which treats of the crustacea. ERUISE, (kriize,) v. 7. [D. kruissen, from kruis, a Mohs 9 It ( 5 9 Stamy ERUS-1 A-CE-O-LOG’I€-AL, a. Pertaining to crus- cross; G. kreuzen; D. krydser ; Fr. croiser. See Cross.] CIOSS._ : taceolosy. To sail back and forth, or to rove on the ocean in| €RU-SAD/ER, n. A person engaged in a crusade. €RUS-TA-CE-OL/O-GIST, m ‘One versediin cree search of an enemy’s ships for capture, or for protect- a SF ae AMES cenlony: ing commerce; or to rove for plunder, as a pirate. } CRUSE, n. fe - kroes. See RUCISLY, |] 4A sma 1 cup. €RUS-T'A'CEOUS, (krus-ta/shus,) a. [Fr. crustacée, \ The admiral cruised between the Bahama Isles and Take with thee a cruse of honey. —1 Kings xiv, from L. crusta. Pertaining to or of the nature of crust or shell ; beJonging to the Crustacea, which see. Ed. Encye. €RUS-TA/CEOUS-NESS, n. The quality of having a soft and jointed shell. ecraser;_ Ir. scriosam. In Sw.| @R UST’A-TED, a. Covered with a crust ; as, crustated krossa, in Dan. kryster signifies, to squeeze. In It. basalt. Encyc. croscio is a crushing ; and crosciare, to throw, strike, €RUST-A! TION, n. An adherent crust ; fneri@tation! pour, or rain hard. There are many words in the €RUST’ED, pp. Covered with a crust. . Shemitic languages which coincide with crush in €RUST’L-LY. adv. [from crusty.] Peevishly ; harsh- mys ships, or for protecting commerce, or for plun- elements and signification. Ch. Heb. Syr. D1, to ly ; morosely. er, as a pirate. ee SUST’L-NESS, n. The quality srust ; he Ss. €RUL/LER, x. A kind of crisped cake boiled in fat. : 5 : CEES Dee eee ane guality of SUS) 3 es See Kruuuer. break in pieces, Ar. garasa, id.; Eth. TINT Re Oo SOL ERS e Ve Po UD mas ERUSTIING, ppr. Covering with crust. CBOE? Ne Cees ? D: Pa Le One Heb: anv aes 3 ; CRUST’Y, a. Like crust ; of the nature of crust ; per- NO. 14.46 19! 95 26.1 gnaw, or break. aos: 40; charats, to grind, whence grist; Heb. and taining to a hard covering ; hard ; as, a crusty coat ; 0. 14, 10, 19, 25, 26.] a i : Ch. pn, and Ch. Syr. Heb. p34, to break, to crush ; a crusty surface or substance. ‘ee | A small fragment or piece ; usually, a small piece Ee 2. Peevish ; snappish ; morose ; surly ; a word used of bread or other food, broken or cut off; the soft ° , : in familiar discourse, but not deemed elewant. [In the part of bread. Ar. WN) the same. See crash, in English, and Fr. old writers Crust ig used.] = Lazarus, desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the Cuba. We cruised off Cape Finisterre. A pirate In Vew England, it is used chiefly or wholly fora Was cruising in the Gulf of Mexico. small bottle or vial for vinegar, called a vinegar-cruse. ERUISE, n. A voyage made in crossing courses; 42) €RU/SET,n. [Fr. creuset, formerly croiset. See Cru- sailing to and fro in search of an enemy’s ships, or ee a pirate in search of plunder. A goldsmith’s crucible or melting pot. Philips. €RUISER, (kriz/er,) n. A person or a ship that] €RUSH, ov. t. [Fr. cruises ; usually an armed ship that sails to and fro for capturing an enemy’s ships, for protecting the commerce of the country, or for plunder. CRUISING, ppr. Sailing for the capture of an ene- : . . : . in Che th, shaggy pz ak bark. rich man’s table. — Luke xvi briser, Arm. freusa,to bruise. See Class Rd, No. 16, ERUT, x The rough, shaggy part of oak bark = co s : : ; 20, 22. 41. 48. and Svr. No. 36. See Rusn.] CRUTCH, n._ [It. croccia, or gruccia; D. kruk; G. t €RUMB,)v.t. To break into small pieces with the ze Tein swede i be SEAIRE RE Onive hard bodies: kricke ; Sax. krycka; Dan. krykke ; radically the same eae €RUM fingers ; as, to crumb bread into milk soe DIOsS ANG (OeMUISe) DEL W CeMREY OF NA ag S hi “ook . i prin acide Sac meee to squeeze, so as to force a thing out of its natural} 25 crotch and crook.] CRUM BLE, v.t. [D. kruimelen ; G. kritmeln,] _ shape ; tobenios i icaect ee aia 1. A staff with a curving cross-piece at the head, ; 1'o break into small pieces ; to divide into minute a ada Se Oe ce s . to be placed under the arm or shoulder, to support : ee parts. The ass — crushed Balaam’s foot against the wall, — Num. xxii. the Jame in walking : €RUM’BLE, v. i. To fall into small pieces ; to break T'o crush grapes or apples, is to squeeze them till 2. Figuratively, old age. Shak. or part into small fragments. bruised and broken, so that the juice escapes, €RUTCH, v.t. To support on crutches ; to prop or If a stone is brite, it will crumble into gravel. Arbuthnot. Benes to crush out, is to force out by pressure. : sustain, with miserable helps, that which is feeble. { : 2. To fall to decay; to perish ; as, our flesh will a eer press with violence 3 to force together into Two fools that crutch their feeble sense on verse. Dryden. } crumble into dust. suas €RUTCH’/ED t krutcht, and adj : 3. To overwhelm by pressure; to beat or force tolled y ee OF & (part. pro. krutcht, J: Pt / » i es rc 2 “m7 Vile 5 “0 an y : ~h/e > ~ aye | ; €RUM BLED, pp. or a. Broken or parted intogmall down by an incumbent weight, with breaking or Krutch ed.) Supporced with crutches. | pieces. Bee bruising; as" thellmaniw aeeeied by the fall of a| CRUTCH’/ED FRI/ARS. See Crovcuep Friars. a ( RB UING PPT or ae pasabing mtossmoall frags) ge oo? 2 : CRUX, n. [L. cruz, a cross.) ; ments; falling into sma pleces ; ecaying, r i . : . er Any thing that puzzles. vexe tries. in the hich- 3 3 5 : T'o crush the pillars which the pile sustain. Dryden. ¥, & Mat puzzles, vexes, or tnes, ane ‘ i | €RUMB/-ELOTH, n. A cloth to be laid under a ta- Tho are sie before the sai — Job iv. est degree. [Little used. | Dr. Sheridan. N 2 | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — is a Ke ae 288 :CRY €RV/YS-HAGE, rn. A fish of the shark kind, having a trianguwar head and mouth. _ Dict. of Nat. Hist. ERY, v. i.; pret. and pp. Criep. It ought to be Crrep. [Fr. crier. The Welsh has crt, a cry, and rough, raw, criaw, to cry, clamor, or weep; and crevu, to | ery, to crave; both deduced by Owen from cro, a \ combining cause, a principle, beginning, or first mo- | tion ; also, what pervades or penetrates, a cry. This is the root of create, or from the same root. Cre, Owen deduces from rhe, with the prefix cy; and rhe, he renders a run or swift motion. This Is certainly contracted from rhed, a race, the root of ride; Owen to the contrary notwithstanding. All the senses of these words unite in that of shooting forth, driving forward, or producing. There is a Class of words a little different from the foregoing, which exactly | give the sense of cry. It. gridare; Sp. and Port. gri- tar; Sax. eredan; Sw. grata; Dan. greder ; D kry- ten; W. grydiaw, to utter a rough sound, from rhyd, the Welsh root of crydu, to shake or tremble, whence cradle. (W. creth, a trembling or shivering with cold, 1 from cre; also, constitution, disposition.) The latter root, riyd, crydu, would give ert, rough, raw, crude. Cry is a contracted word ; but whether from the for- mer or latter class of roots may be less obvious — pos- sibly, all are from one source. If not, [ think cry is } | froin the French crier, and this from gridare, gritar.] (| 1. To utter a loud voice; to speak, call, or ex- claim with vehemence ; in a very general sense. 2. To call importunately ; to utter a loud voice, by way of earnest request or prayer. The pe The people 3. To utter a loud voice in weeping ; to utter the voice of sorrow ; to lament. But ye shall ery for sorrow of heart. — Is, Ixv. Esau erted with a great and bitter cry. — Gen. XXVil. Also, to weep or shed tears in silence; 4 popular use of the word. 4, To utter a loud sound in distress ; as, Heshbon shall cry. Is. XV- He giveth food to the young ravens which cry. — Ps. cxlvii. 5. To exclaim ; to utter a loud voice ; And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly erieth out. — Luke ix. ople cried to Phurtoh for bread. — Gen. xli. cried to Moses, and he prayed. —Num. xi. with out. 6. To proclaim; to utter a loud voice, in giving public notice. Go, and cry in the ears of Jerusalem. — Jer. il. The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness. — Is. xl. 4 , “ 7. To bawl; to squall; asa child. 8. To yelp, as a dog. It may be used for the ut- | tering of a loud voice by other animals. To cry against ; to exclaim, or utter a loud voice by way of reproof, threatening, or censure. Arise, go to Nineveh, and cry against it, — Jonah i. To cry out; to exclaim; to vociferate ; to scream ; to clamor 2. To complain loudly. To cri out against ; to complain loudly, with a view to censure ; to blame; to utter censure. To cry to; to call on in prayer ; to implore. ERY, v. t. To proclaim ; to name loudly and publicly for giving notice; as, to cry goods; to cry a lost child. To cry down; to decry; to depreciate by words or in writing ; to dispraise ; to condemn. Men of dissolute lives ery down religion, because they would not be under the restraints of it. Tillotson, 2. To overbear. Cry down this fellow’s insolence. Shak. To cry up; to praise ; to applaud ; to extol; as, to ory up a man’s talents or patriotism, or a woman’s beauty ; to cry up the administration. 9. To raise the price by proclamation ; as, to cry up certain coins. [JVot in use. } Temple. _ To cry off; in the vulgar dialect, is to publish inten- tions of marriage. ERY, n.; pl. Cries. In a general sense, a loud sound uttered by the mouth of an animal ; applicable to the voice of man or beast, and articulate-or inarticulate. 9. A loud or vehement sound, uttered in weeping, or lamentation ; it may be a shriek or scream. And there shall be a great cry in all the land of Egypt.— wk. Xl, 3. Clamor ; outcry ; as, war, war, is the public cry. And there arose a great ery. — Acts xxiii. 4. Exclamation of triumph, of wonder, or of other passion. 5. Proclamation; public notice. At midnight there was a cry made. — Matt. xxv. 6. The notices of hawkers of wares to be sold in the street are called cries; as, the cries of London. 7. Acclamation ; expression of popular favor. The ery went once for thee, Shak. 8. A loud voice in distress, prayer, or request ; im- portunate call. 12. A pack of dogs. Shak. €ERY/AL, n. [W. cregyr, a screamer.] The heron. Ainsworth. ERY'ER, x. ERY'ER, zn. ERYV/ING, ppr. &e. ERY/ING, a. ERY'ING, 2. ERY O-LITE, n. [Gr. kpvos, cold, and AcHos, stone, €RY-OPH/O-RUS, x. CRY CUB 9. Public reports or complaints ; noise ; fame. 1t— 1 will go Because the cry of Sodom and Gomorrah is gret rding down, and see whether they have done altogether acco: to the cry of it. —Gen. xviii. 10. Bitter complaints of oppression and injustice. He looked for righteousness, and behold a cry. —Is. v. 11. The sound or voice of irrational animals ; ex- pression of joy, fright, alarm, or want ; as, the cries of fowls, the yell or yelping of dogs, &c. See Crier. A kind of hawk, called the falcon gentle, an enemy to pigeons, and very swift. Ainsworth. Uttering a loud voice ; proclaiming, Notorious ; common; great; as, a cry ino Sin or abuse. Addison. Importunate call ; clamor; outcry. ice-stone. ] A fluorid of sodium and aluminum, found in Greenland, of a pale, grayish-white, snow-white, or yellowish-brown. It occurs in masses of a foliated structure. It has a glistening, vitreous luster. Duane. [Gr. kpvos, frost, and popew, to bear. ] Secretly. Gr. kputtos, concealed, yapos, marriage. |} In botany, a class of Jistils are not distinctly Linneus. Ed. Encye. Pertaining to plants of the class Cryptogamia, includ- ing ferns, mosses, sea- w—ronc ros, secret, and Aoyos, €ERYS'TAL-LITE, n. €RYS/TAL-LIZ-A-BLE, a. €ERYS-TAL-LLZA/TION, 2. 1. Consisting of crystal; as, a crystalline palace. Shak. 2. Resembling crystal; pure; clear; transparent; pellucid; as, a crystalline sky. Milton. Crystalline heavens ; in ancient astronomy, two spheres imagined between the primum mobile and the firmament, in the Ptolemaic system, which sup- posed the heavens to be solid and only susceptible of Hd a single motion. Barlow. | hid Crystalline humor, } alentiform, pellucid body, com- a Crystalline lens ; posed of a very white, trans- parent, firm substance, inclosed in a membranous capsule, and situated in a depression in the anterior part of the vitreous humor of the eye. It is some- what convex, and serves to transmit and refract the rays of light to the vitreous humor. Encye. HHaooper. A name given to whinstone, Hall. Tilomson. 1} [from crystallize. | That || may be crystallized ; that may form or be formed into crysials. Clavigero. Lavotsier. [from crystallize] The act or process by which the parts of a solid separated by the intervention of a fluid or by again coalesce or unite, and forma solid body. If the process is slow and undisturbed, the particles assume a regular arrangement, each substance taking a de- terminate and regular form, according to its natural laws; but if the process is rapid or disturbed, the substance takes an irregular form. This process is the effect of refrigeration or evaporation. Lavoisier. Kirwan. 2. The mass or body formed by the process of crys- tallizing. Woodward. €ERYS'TAL-LIZE, v. t. To cause to form erystals. Common salt is crystallized by the evaporation of sca | wate i €RYS! tal: to unite, as the separate particles of a and form a determinate and regular solid. —————————— cooled slowly after fusion. _body, fusion, r. TAL-LIZE, v. i. To be converted into a crys- |} substance, | Each species of salt crystallizes in a peculiar form. Lavoisier. | €RYS'TAL-LIZ-ED, pp. or a. Formed into crystals. {| oa ERYS'TAL-LIZ-ING, ppr.. Causing to crystallize ; \| forming or uniting in crystals. ERYS-TAL-LOG/RA-PHER, 2. {Infra.] One who | describes crystals, or the manner of their formation. || ERYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH'IE, a. Pertaining to || OES PALLLO-GRAPHIIC-AL, | crystallography. ERYS-TAL-LO-GRAPH/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the man- ner of crystallography. ERYS-TAL-LOG/RA-PHY, zn. [crystal, as ypagn, description. | 1. The doctrine or science of crystallization, teach- | | ing the principles of the process, and the furnis and structure of crystals. 9. A discourse or treatise on crystallization. || CTE-NOID/I-ANS, (te-noid!-) n. pl. (Gr, s7&, id.; Ar CLes nakafa, to strike; Heb. 4, to strike off, to sever by striking, to kill. The French coup coin- cides with cuff in elements, but it is supposed to be Cuff, however, 3) OF [This word probably signifies a fold or doubling ; Ar. ( Ci kaufa, to double the border and sew together: Ch. hy>, to bend; Heb. }55; Gr, The fold at the end ofa sleeve ; the part of a sleeve An epithet applied to the older characters of the Arabic language, used at the time of Mo- hammed, and about three centuries after, when those [L.] For whose benefit, The stamping of pigs,of arms of the duchy [Fr. cuirasse; It. corazza; Qu. from cor, a piece of defensive armor, made and covering the 2, The last words of a speech, which a player, who is to answer, catches and regards as an intimation to Stage, what Saoeeeceemteeenens a ee OTe DY Tg Oar a re rnnnaCUL If from cully, one easily de- ceived ; a dupe. Dryden. 2. A round or bulbous root; Orchis. [L. coleus.] €ULL/ION-LY, a. Mean; base. [4 bad word, and not used. | Shak. €UL'/LIS, xn. [Fr. coulis, from couler, to strain.] 1. Broth of boiled meat strained. Beaum. and Il. 2. A kind of jelly. Marston. €UL'LY, x. [See the verb.] A person who is meanly deceived, tricked, or imposed on, as by a sharper, jilt, or strumpet; a mean dupe. Hudibras. €UL'LY, v. t. [D. kullen, to cheat, to gull. ] To deceive; to trick, cheat, or impose on; to jilt. €UL'LY-ING, ppr. Deceiving; tricking. €UL/LY-ISM, x. The state of a cully. [ Cully and its derivatives are not elegant words. ] €ULM, xn. [L. culmus; Ir. colbh ; VW. colov, a stalk or stem; L. caulis; D. kool. See Quirt and Havuim.] 1. In botany, the stalk or stem of corn and grasses, usually jointed and hollow, and supporting the leaves and fructification. Martin. 9. The straw or dry stalks of corn and grasses. _ 3. Anthracite coal; a species of fossil coal, found in small masses, not adhering when heated, difficult to be ignited, and burning with little flame, but yielding a disagreeable smell. Nicholson. Journ. of Science. 4. Comminuted anthracite coal. Gilbert. €UL/MEN, 2. [L.] Top; summit. €UL-MIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. culmus,a stalk, and fero, to bear. | 1. Bearing culms. Culmiferous plants have a smooth, jointed stalk, usually hollow, and wrapped about at each joint with single, narrow, sharp- pointed leaves, and their seeds contained in chatty husks, as wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Milne. 9. Abounding in culm or glance coal. 3. Containing culm. €UL/MIN-ATE, v. t. [L. culmen, a top or ridge.] To be vertical ; to come or be in the meridian ; to be in the highest point of altitude; as a planet. Milton. €UL/MIN-ATE, a. Growing upward, as distin- guished from a lateral growth; a term applied by Dana to the growth of corals. €UL!/MIN-A-TING, ppr. ora. Being at the meridian ; having its highest elevation. €UL-MIN-A’TION, n. The transit of a heavenly body over the meridian, or highest point of alti- J. A mean wretch. Quincy. Sedgwick. tude for the day. Barlow. 2, Top; crown. €UL-PA-BIL/L-TY, n. [See Currasre.] Blamable- ness ; culpableness, €UL’PA-BLE, a. [Low L. culpabilis ; Fr. coupable ; It. colpabile; from L. culpa, a fault ; W. cwl, a fault, a flagging, a drooping, like fault, from fau.] 1. Blamable ; deserving censure, as the person who has done wrong, or the act, conduct, or negli- gence of the person. We say, the man is culpable, or voluntary ignorance is culpable. 9. Sinful; criminal ; immoral ; faulty. But gener- ally, culpable is applied to acts less atrocious than crimes, 3. Guilty of ; as, culpable of acrime. [JVot used. | Spenser. €UL/PA-BLE-NESS, n. Blamableness; guilt; the quality of deserving blame. €UL'PA-BLY, adv. Blamably ; in a faulty manner ; in a manner to merit censure. €UL/PRIT, x. [Supposed to be formed from cul, for culpable, and prit, ready ; certain abbreviations used by the’clerks in noting the arraignment of criminals ; the prisoner is guilty, and the king is ready to prove him so. | Blackstone. J. A person arraigned in court for a crime. ryden. 9. Any person convicted of a crime; a criminal. €UL'/TER, n. [L.] A colter; which see. €UL-TI-ROS'/TRAL, a. [L. culter, a colter, and ros- trum, a beak.] Having a bill shaped like the colter of a plow, or like a knife, as the heron. artington. €UL'TLVA-BLE, a. [See Curtrvare.] Capable of being tilled or cultivated. Med. Repos. Edwards’s W. Ind. €UL-TLVA'TA-BLE, a. Cultivable. Edwards. €UL/TI-VATE, v. t. [Fr. cultiver; Sp. and Port. cultivar ; It. cultivare; from L. colo, cultus, to ull, to dwell. 1. To till; to prepare for crops; to manure, plow, dress, sow, and reap; to labor or manage and im- prove in husbandry ; as, to cultivate land ; to cultivate a farm. Sinclair, 2, To improve by labor or study ; to advance the growth of ; to refine and improve by correction of faults, and enlargement of powers or good quali- ties ; as, to cultivate talents ; to cultivate a taste for poetry. : 3. To study; to labor to improve or advance ; as, to cultivate philosophy ; to cultivate the mind. 4. To cherish ; to foster; to labor to promote and increase ; as, to cultivate the love of excellence; to €UL'TI-VA-TED, pp. or a. lage. €UL'TI-VA-TING, ppr. Tilling ; preparing for crops ; €UL-TI-VA’TION, n. €UL'TI-V4-TOR, n. €UL'TRATE, Pa. €UL/TRA-TED, § _ knife.] CUM 5. To improve ; to meliorate, or to labor to make better; to correct; to civilize; as, to cultivate the wild savage. 6. To raise or produce by tillage; as, to cultivate corn or grass. inclair. Tilled ; improved in ex- cellence or condition ; corrected and enlarged ; cherished ; meliorated; civilized; produced by til- improving in worth or good qualities ; meliorating ; enlarging; correcting ; fostering; civilizing ; produ- cing by tillage. The art or practice of tilling and preparing for crops; husbandry ; the manage- ment of land. Land is often made better by cultiva- tion. Ten acres under good cultivation will produce more than twenty. when badly tilled. 2. Study, care, and practice directed to improve- ment, correction, enlargement, or increase; the ap- plication of the means of improvement; as, men may grow wiser by the cultivation of talents; they may grow better by the cultivation of the mind, of virtue, and of piety. 3. The producing by tillage; as, the cultivation of corm or grass. One who tills, or prepares land for crops ; one who manages a farni, or carries on the operations of husbandry in general; a farmer; a husbandman ; an agriculturist. 2, One who studies or labors to improve, to pro- mote, and advance in good qualities, or in growth. 3. A kind of harrow. L. cultratus, from culicr, a Sharp-edged and pointed ; shaped like a pruning- knife ; sg, the beak of a bird is convex and cultrated. Encyc. art. Corvus. Loudon. €UL/TURS, ee. n. [{L. cultura, from colo, See \ CuLTivaTx. 1. The act of tilling and preparing the earth for crops ; cultivation ; the application of labor or other means of improvement. We ought to blame the culture, not the soil. 9. The application of labor, or other means, to im- prove good qualities in, or growth ; as, the culture of the mind; the culture of virtue. 3. The application of labor, or other means, in pro- ducing ; as, the culture of corn or grass. 4. Any labor or means employed for improvement, correction, or growth. €UL/TURE, v. t. To cultivate. €UL/TUR-ED, pp. Cultivated. €UL!/TURE-LESS, a. Having no culture. €UL/TUR-ING, ppr. Cultivating. €UL/TUR-IST, x. A cultivator. €UL'VER, zn. [Sax. culfer, culfra ; Arm, colm; L. co- lumba. | A pigeon, or wood-pigeon. Thomson. €UL/VER-HOUSE, x. A dove-cote. Harmar. €UL/VER-IN, n. (Fr. couleuvrine ; It. colubrina ; Sp. culebrina; from L. colubrinus, from coluber, a ser- pent. ] A long, slender piece of ordnance or artillery, serv- ing to carry a ball to a great distance. Encye. €UL/VER-KEY, (-ké,) n. A plant, or flower. Halton. €UL/VERT, zn. A passage under a road or canal, cov- ered with a bridge; an arched drain for the passage of water. Cyc. €UL'VER-TAIL, 7. [culver and tail.) Dovetail, in Pope. Thomson. ber. €UM’/BER-SOME-NESS, x. €UM’/BRANCEH, z. €UM/BROUS, a. €UM/BROUS-LY, adv. €UM/BROUS-NESS, zn. Statg of being cumbrous. €UM/FREY, (kum/fry,) 2. €UMIIN, x. [L. cuminum; Gr. kuptvoy; Oriental })55, CUN ) ; : | 2. Unwieldy ; unmanageable; not easily borne or | managed; as, a cumbersome load; a cumbersome ma- chine. €UM'BER-SOME-LY, adv. In amanner to encum- Sherwood. Burdensomeness; the quality of being cumbersome and troublesome. That which obstructs, retards, or renders motion or action difficult and toilsome ; bur- den; encumbrance ; hinderance ; oppressive load ; embarrassment. Wilton. | Burdensome ; troublesome ; render- ing action difficult or toilsome ; oppressive ; as, a cumbrous weight or charge. Milton. Dryden. 2. Giving trouble; vexatious ; as, a cloud of cum- brous gnats. Spenser. 3. Confused ; jumbled ; obstructing each other 5 | as, the cumbrous elements. JWilton. In a cumbrous manner. A genus of plants, the Symphytum; sometimes written Comrrey, CoMFRY, and ComPpury. kamon. ‘The verb with which this word seems to be connected, signifies, in Ar. Ch. Syr. and Sam., to re- tire from sight, to lie concealed.] An annual plant whose seeds have a bitterish, warm taste, with an aromatic flavor ; Cuminum cyminum. €UM'MING-TON-ITE, nz. A new mineral discovered by Dr. J. Porter, in Cummington and Plainfield, Hamp- shire county, Massachusetts, and named by Prof. Dewey. It is massive, the composition thin, colum- nar, scapiform, stellular, rather incoherent, fibers somewhat curved, luster silky, color ash-gray, trans- lucent to opaque, brittle. Porter. Shepard. €0/MU-LATE, v. t. [L. cumulo; Russ. kom, a mass or lump; L. cumulus, a heap; Fr. combler, cumuler ; Sp. cumular ; It. cumulare.] To gather or throw into a heap; to form a heap; to heap together. Woodward. AccumuLatE is more generally used. ] €U-MU-LA/TION, n. The act of heaping together ; a heap. [See AccumuLaTIon.] €0/MU-LA-TIVE, a. Composed of parts in a heap; forming a mass. acon. 9, That augments by addition ; that is added to something else. In Jaz, that augments, as evidence, facts, or arguments, of the same kind, €U'MU-LOSE, a. Full of heaps. €U/MU-LO-STRA/TUS, n. [L. cumulus and stratus. ] In meteorology, a name given toa cloud having, in jts main body, the characters of the stratus, but in its margin, small tufts like the cumulus. D. Olmsted. €0/MU-LUS, zn. [I., a heap.] In meteorology, 2 name given to one of the four fundamental clouds, from its structure in convex masses piled one upon anotlier. D. Olmsted. [WVot used.] [See Con.] [See Conn, the €UN, v.t. To know. 2. To direct the course of a ship. true orthography. ] €UNE-TA/TION, n. [L. cunctor, to delay] Delay. [Not much used.] €UN€-TA’TOR, x. One who delays or lingers. [ Lit- tle used. | Hammond. €UND, v. t. To give notice. [See Conp.]| €0'/NE-AL, a. [L. cuneus, a wedge. See Coin. ] Having the form of a wedge. TUNE-ATE CUINE-ATE, a. Wedge-shaped. joinery and carpentry. €UL/VER-TAIL-ED, (-tald,) a. United or fastened, as pieces of timber, by a dovetailed joint; @ term used by shipwrights. Encyc. €UM'/BENT, a. [L. cumbo.] Lying down. €UM/BER, v. t. [Dan. kummer, distress, encumbrance, grief; D. kommeren; G. kummern, to arrest, to con- cern, to trouble, to grieve; Fr. enconbrer, to encum- ber. 1. To load, or crowd. A variety of frivolous arguments cumbers the memory to no pur- pose. Locke. 9, To check, stop, or retard, as by a load or weight ; to make motion difficult ; to obstruct. Why asks he what avails him not in fight, And would but cumber and retard his flight ? Dryden. Martha was cumbered about much serving. — Luke x. trouble or obstruction Thus, brambles cuwmber a garden or field. EncumBer, which is more generally used.] ness; embarrassment 5 disturbance; distress. Thus fade thy helps, and thus thy cumbers spring. Spenser. ee word is now scarcely uscd. | €UM/BER-ED, pp. Loaded; crowded. €UM/BER-ING, ppr. Loading ; crowding ; obstructing €UM'BER-SOMB, a. Troublesome ; embarrassing ; vexatious ; as, cumbersome obedience cultivate gracious affections. Sidney. 3. To perplex or embarrass ; to distract or trouble. 4. To trouble ; to be troublesome to; to cause in, as any thing useless. [See €UM’BER, nz. Hinderance ; obstruction ; burdensome- burdensome ; €0!/NE-A-TED, €U-NE/LFORM, ) a. [L. cuneus, a wedge, and forma, €U/NLFORM, form. ] Having the shape or form of a wedge. €UN'NER, n. A vulgar local name for the limpet or patella. Gilbert. €UN'NING, a. [Sax. cunnan, connan; Goth. kunnan, to know ; Sw. kunna, to be able, to know ; kunnig, known; also, knowing, skillful, cunning ; D. kunnen, can, to be able, to hold, contain, understand, or know; G. kénnen. See Can. 1. Knowing; skillful ; experienced ; well-instruct- ed. It is applied to all kinds of knowledge, but gen- artificers, or the knowledge acquired by experience. Fsau was a cunning hunter, —Gen. xxii. I will take away the cunning artificer. —Is. lll. ‘A cunning workman. — Ex, xxxvill. 2. Wrought with skill ; curious ; ingenious. With cherubs of cunning work shalt thou make them. — Ex. Xvi. [ The foregoing senses occur frequently in our version of the Scriptures, but are nearly or quite obsolete.| 3, Artful; shrewd; sly; crafty; astute; design- ing; as, a cunning fellow. They are resolyed to be cunmng ; aa being sincere. NOUN. In this sense, the purpose or final end of the ete son may not be illaudable ; but cunnind implies the : : Se ar thi use of artifice to accomplish the purpose, rather than open, candid, or direct means. Hence, 4. Deceitful; trickish ; bad purpose. > TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CLOUS.— € as K; GasJ; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 591 erally and appropriately, to the skill and dexterity of let others run the hazard of employing stratagems for a NE — ssIpsec me Be oy Sa CUP CUR 5, Assumed with subtilty ; artful. | Accounting’ his integrity to be but a cunning face of falsehood. - : 2 Sidney. €UN'NING, 2. | [Obs.] Let my right hand forget her cunning. — Ps. cxxxyii. 9, Art; artifice; artfulness; craft; shrewdness; the faculty or act of using stratagem to accomplish | a purpose. Hence, in a bad sense, deceitfulness or deceit ; fraudulent skill or dexterity. | | Discourage cunning in a child; cunning is the ape of wisdom. : ocke. €UN'NING-LY, adv. Artfully ; craftily ; with subtil- ty; with fraudulent contrivance. | We have not followed cunningly devised fables. —2 Pet. i. | | i | GUN’/NING-MAN, zn. A man who pretends to tell for- tunes, or teach how tp recover stolen or lost goods. 3 utler. | €UN/NING-NESS, n. Cunning; craft; deceitfulness. €UP,n. [Sax. cop or cupp; D. kop; Dan. 2d. ; Sw. kopp ; Fr. coupe; Arm. coupen; It. coppa; Sp. copa; Ir. capa, or capan; VW. cwbh, copan; L. cupa, cuppa, whence =) 5 cupella, a cupel, alittle cup; Ch. 2)>kud; Ar W o> 1 | kubon. Class Gb, No. 48. See also No 6, The | primary sense may be, hollow, bending, Russ. kopayu, | or containing; most probably the latter, and allied | to lL, capio. See No. 50, 52, 68, and Coop.] 1. A small vessel of capacity, used commonly to | drink out of. It is usually made of metal; as, a sil- | vercup;a tin cup. But the name is also given to | vessels of like shape, used for other purposes. It is | | | 1 | | | | usually more deep than wide; but tea-cups and cof- fee-cups are often exceptions. 2. The contents of a cup; the liquor contained in a cup, or that it nay contain ; as, a cup of beer. See Cor xl: 3. In @ scriptural sense, sufferings and afflictions; that which is to be received or endured. iH O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me. — | Matt. xxvi. || 4. Good received ; blessings and favors. My cup runneth over. — Ps, xxiii. Take the cup of salvation; that is, receive the bless- ings of deliverance and redemption with joy and thanksgiving. Cruden. Brown. .. Any thing hollow like a cup; as, the cup of an acorn. ‘The bell of a flower, and a calyx, is called a JSlower-cup. 6. A glass cup or vessel] used for drawing blood in scarification. : Cup and can; familiar companions; the can being the large vessel out of which the cup is filled, and Knowledge; art; skill; dexterity. animal appetite, like lust or concupiscence, but for desire of the mind. No property is secure when it-becomes large enough to tempt the cupidity of indigent power, €UP’-MOSS, 2. some plant called a moss, whether correctly or not is uncertain. €u'PO-LA, n. [It. cupola; Sp. cupula; from the root of cup, or rather from W. cop, a top or summit.] 1. In architecture, a spherical vault on the top of an edifice ; a dome. 2. The round top of a structure ; as, the cupola of a Burke. furnace. Enciyc. €U’PO-LAED, a. Havingacupola. [Wot used.] Herbert. €UP’PED, (kupt,) pp. Bled by means of cupping- glasses, €UP’PER, x. [from cup.] One who applies a cup- ping-glass ; a scarifier. CUP’PING, ppr. orn. Applying a cupping-glass, with scarification ; a drawing blood with a cupping-glass. | CUP/PING-GLASS, n. A glass vessel like a cup, to be applied to the skin, before and after Scarification, for drawing blood. €U/PRE-OUS, a. [L. cupreus, from cuprum, copper.] Coppery ; consisting of copper ; resembling copper, or partaking of its qualities. Encyc. Boyle. €U-PRIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. cuprum, copper, and fero, to bear. ] Containing or affording copper; as, cupriferous sil- ver. Tooke, Russ. €UP!-ROSE, n. The poppy. ‘ €UP/-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a. Shaped like a cup. €U’PU-LA,) 7. [L. cupula.] In botany, the cup of €U'’PULE, }_ the acorn, husk of the filbert, chestnut, é&c. ; a peculiar combination of bracts. Bs Cye: €U-PU-LIF’ER-OUS, a. Bearing cupules. €UR, n. [Qu. Lapponic coira; Basque chauirra; Ir. gyr, gaier, a dog. _ A degenerate dog; and, in reproach, a worthless man. Addison. Shak, Dryden. €UR/A-BLE, a. [See Cure.] That may be healed or cured ; admitting a remedy; as, a curable wound or disease ; a curable evil. Dryden. €UR’/A-BLE-NESS, n. Possibility of being cured, healed, or remedied. €U-RA-COA’, (ku-ra-so’,) m. -A liqueur or cordial, fla- vored with orange peel, cinnamon, and mace, and deriving its name from the Island of Curacoa, where it is best made. Brande. €U/RA-CY, )n. [See Cure and Curate.] The €U/RATE-SHIP, $ oflice or employment of a curate ; the employment of a clergyman who represents the incumbent or beneficiary of a church, parson, or vic- ar, and officiates in his stead. Swift. 2. A benefice held by license from the bishop. €U-RAR'I-NA, n. An alkaloid obtained from the La- siustoma Curare, or the Woorara-tree of South Amer- thus the two being constantly associated. Swift. Cups, in the plural; social entertainment in drink- ing; merry bout. Thence from cups to civil broils, Milton, €UP, v.i. In surgery, to apply a cupping-glass to pro- cure a discharge of blood from a scarified part of the body. 2. To supply with cups. [ Obs. Shak. €UP’-BEAR-ER, n. An attendant of a prince or at a feast who conveys wine or other liquors to the guests ; an officer of the king’s household. Veh. i. €UP/BOARD, (kub/burd,) n. [cup and board.| Origi- nally, a board or shelf for cups to stand on. In mod- ern houses, a small case or inclosure in a room, with shelves destined to receive cups, plates, dishes, and ENCY Ce the like. Bacon. Dryden. €UPR’BOARD, v. t. To collect into a cupboard; to hoard. [NVot used.] Shak. €UP/BOARD-ED, pp. Deposited in a cupboard. CU/PEL, 2. [L. cupella, u little cup.] A small cup or vessel used in refining precious metals. It retains them while in a metallic state, but when changed by fire into a fluid scoria, it absorbs them. Thus when a mixture of lead with gold or silver is heated in a strong fire, the lead is oxydated, and sinks into the substance of the cupel, while the gold or silver re- majns pure. This kind of vessel is made usually of ‘phosphate of lime, or the residue of burnt bones, rammed into a mold, which gives it its figure. Encyc, Lavoisier. Nicholson. €U/PEL-DUST, n. Powder used in purifying metals. Smart. €U-PEL-LA’TION, n. The refining of gold, silver, and some other metals, in a cupel, or by scorification. Lavoisier. Nicholson. Encye. €UP/-GALL, n. A singular kind of gall found on the leaves of oak, &c. It contains the worm of a small Encic. fly. EC’/PID, n. [L. cupido.] In mythology, the god of love. €U-PID'I-TY, n. [L. cupiditas, from cupidus, from cu- pro, to desire, to covet. See Class Gb, No. 22, 24.) An eager desire to possess something ; an ardent Wishing or longing ; inordinate or unlawful desire of Ica, €U'RATE, zn. See Cure.] I. A clergyman in the Church of England, who is employed to perform divine service in the place of the Incumbent, parson, or vicar. Encye. There are two kinds; stipendiary being one who is hired by the rector or vicar to serve for him, and per- petual being one who is not dependent on the rector, but is supported by a part of the tithes or otherwise. Brande. 2. One employed to perform the duties of another. Dryden. Relating to the cure of diseases ; Arbutinot. See Curs.] One who has the [L. curator, or curatus, from cura, care. €U/RA-TIVE, a. tending to cure. €U-RA/TOR, n. [L. care and superintendence of any thing. Swift. 2. A guardian appointed by law. Ayliffe. 3. Aniong the Romans, a trustee of the affairs and interests of a person emancipated or interdicted. Also, one appointed to regulate the price of mer- chandise in the cities, and to superintend the cus- toms and tributes. Encyc. 4. In the United Provinces, or Holland, the curator of a university superintends the affairs of the institu- tion, the administration of the revenues, the conduct A vague term for a sort of moss, or CUR 2. To restrain ; to check; to hold back: to con- fine ; to keep in subjection ; as, to curb the passions. And wisely learn to curb thy sorrows wild, Miiton. 3. To furnish or surround with a curb, as a well. 4. To bend. [Vot used.]} €URB/ED, pp. Restrained; checked ; kept in subjec- tion; furnished with a curb, €URB/ING, ppr. Holding back; checking ; restrain- CURBING, xn. A check.. ing. €URB/LESS, a. Having no curb or restraint. €URB’/-ROOP, nx. A roof having a double slope on each side ; a gambrel roof. €URB’-STONE, n. A stone placed at the edge of a pavement, to hold the work together. It is written sometimes Kers or Kirs. €UR-€0U'LI-O, x. [L.] A general name, in the United States, for the coleopterous insects which devour fruits, or the larve of which do so. Gardner. €URD, n. [Ir. cruth; Scot. cruds. Sometimes, in Eng- lish, Crup. The primary sense is, to congeal or coag- ulate. See CrysTav.] The coagulated or thickened part of milk, which is formed into cheese, or, in some countries, eaten as common food. The word may sometimes, perhaps, be used for the coagulated part of any liquor. Bacon. €URD, v. t- To cause to coagulate; to turn to curd. €URD/ED, pp. Coagulated. { Shak. €URD'LE, (kurd1,) v. % [Sometimes written Cav- DLE. See Curp.] 1. To coagulate or concrete ; to thicken, or change into curd. Milk curdles by a mixture of runnet. 2. To thicken; to congeal; as, the blood curdles in the veins. €URD/LE, v. t. To change into curd; to cause to thicken, to coagulate, or concrete. Runnet or brandy curdles milk. At Florence they curdle their milk with artichoke flowers. Encyc. 2. To congeal or thicken. The recital curdled my blood. CURD'LED, pp. or a. Coagulated ; congealed. CURD'LING, ppv. Concreting ; congulating. €URD/Y, a. Like curd; full of curd; coagulated. Arbuthnot. €URE, x. [L. cura; Fr. cure; L. curo, to cure, to take care, to prepare; W. cfir, care, a blow or stroke, af- fliction ; curaw, to beat, throb, strike; curiaw, to trouble, to vex, to pine or waste away ; Fr. curer, to cleanse; ‘‘se curer les dents,” to pick the teeth; It. cura, care, diligence ; curare, to cure, attend, protect; also, to value or esteem; Sp. cura, cure, remedy, guardianship ; curar, to administer medicines; to salt, as meat ; to season, as timber; to bleach thread or linen; to cake care ; to recover from sickness ; curioso, curious, neat, clean, handsome, fine, careful. The radical sense of this word is, to strain, stretch, extend, which gives the sense of healing, that is, making strong, and of care, superintendence. But the Welsh has the sense of driviny, a modified ap- plication of extending, and this gives the sense of Separation and purification. In its application te hay, timber, provisions, &c., the sense may be, to make right, as in other cases; but of this I am not confident. } 1. A healing; the act of healing; restoration to health from disease, and to soundness from a wound. We say, a medicine will effect a cure. 2. Remedy for disease; restorative; that which heals. Colds, hunger, prisons, ills without a cure. Dryden. 3. The employment of a curate ; the carepf souls; spiritual charge. €URE, v.t. [L. curo. See the noun.] 1, To heal, as a person diseased, or a wounded limb ; to restore to health, as the body, or to sound- ness, as a limb. The child was cured from that very hour. — Matt. xvii. 2. 'To subdue, remove, destroy, or put an end to; to heal, as a disease. Christ gave his disciples power to cure diseases. — Luke Ix. When the person and the disease are both men- tioned, cure is followed by of before the disease. The physician cured the man of his fever. of the professors, &c. Enciyc. €U-RA/TRIX, n. She that cures or heals. Cudworth. CURB, n. [Fr. courber, to bend; Russ. koroblyu, to bend, to draw in, to straiten. ] 1. In the manege, a chain of iron made fast to the upper part of the branclies of the bridle, in a hole called the eye, and running over the beard of the horse. It consists of three parts; the hook, fixed to the eye of the branch ; the chain or links ; and the two rings or mails. Encyc. 2. Restraint ; check ; hinderance. Religion should operate as an effectual] curd to the passions. 3. A frame or a wall round the mouth of a well. 4. (Fr. courbe; It. corba, a disease and a basket. A hard and callous swelling on the hind part of the hock of a horse’s Jeg, attended with stiffness, and 3. To remedy ; to remove an evil, and restore to a good state. Patience will alleviate calamities which it can not cure, 4. To dry; to prepare for preservation ; as, to cure hay ; or to prepare by salt, or in any manner, So as to prevent speedy putrefaction ; as, to cure fish or beef. €UR/ED, pp. or a. Healed; restored to health or soundness; removed, as a disease ; remedied ; dried, smoked, or otherwise prepared for preservation. €URE/LESS, a. That can not be cured or healed ; incurable ; not admitting of a remedy ; as, a cureless disorder ; a cureless ill. Dryden. €UR’ER, xn. A healer; a physician ; one who heals, Harvey. CUR/TEW, (kur/fu,) n. [Fr. couvre-feu, cover-fire. | I, The ringing of a bell or bells at night, as a sig- nal to the inhabitants to rake up their fires and retire wealth or power, It is not used, I believe, for the sometimes pain and lameness, Encyc. €URB, v. t. To restrain ; to guide and manage, as a horse. Milton. torest. This practice orignated in England, from an order of William the Conqueror, who directed that, PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE 202 , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—CUR CUR CUR at the ringing of the bell at eight o’clock, every one €URL, v.i. To bend in contraction ; to shrink into circulating; as, current opinions; current i should put out his light and go to bed. This word ringlets. Boyle. Hence, common, general, or fashionable ; generally bot is not used in America; although the practice of 9. To rise in waves or,undulations ; Lo ripple ; and received ; popular; as, the current notions of the | i 4 1 ringing a bell at nine o’clock continues in many particularly, to roll over at the summit ; as, a curling day or age ; current folly. Watts. Swift. Pope. | hay places, and is considered, in New England, asasig-| wave. 9, Established by common estimation ; generally | i nal for people to retire from company to their own 3. To rise in a winding current, and to roll over at received ; as, the current value of coin. | ii @ abodes ; and, in general, the signal is obeyed. the ends; as, curling smoke. 3. Passable; that may be allowed or admitted. Lig 9, A cover for a fire; a fire-plate. [Jot used. | 4. T’o writhe ; to twist itself. Shak. ae 6U-RLA LISTIE L oy Bacon. Then round her slender waist he curled. Dryden. 4, Now passing ; present in its course ; as, the cur- | SRS attS Gael . curialis. | 5. To shrink ; to shrink back ; to bend and sink. SRN Me anein eh con ell A ane ; He curled down into a corner. Sree er Baou passing; Boyce €U-RLAL/L-TY, n. [L. curialis, from curva, a court. ] 6. To play at the eee Ger ed curlt Scottish applied to fluids ; as, a current of water, or of air. The privileges, prerogatives, or retinue, of a court. eos Dears BE nae Cer Re [Scots a 2, A progressive motion of the water of the sea, a nigpee ? €URL, n. A ringlet of hair, or any thing of a like ae ny Hives ach [Wot used. | Bacon. form Jake, and ata certain place. The Gulf Stream is a | €UR/ING, ppr. Healing; restoring to health or sound- 5 ‘Undulation; a waving; si Sify’ = flex remarkable current, in the Atlantic. A current sets \| ness ; removing, as an evil; preparing for preserva- : J Seas O a into the Mediterranean, lj Lion. €UR/ING-HOUSE, 2. drained and dried. €U-RI-O-LOG'I€, a. speaking. Designating a rude kind of hieroglyphics, in which a thing is represented by its picture. Warburton. €U-RI-OS/L-TY, n. [[L. curiositas. See Curious. ] 1. A strong desire to see something novel, or to discover something unknown, either by research or inquiry ; a desire to gratify the senses with a sight of what is new or unusual, or to gratify the mind with new discoveries ; inquisitiveness. A man’s curtosity leads him to view the ruins of Balbec, to investigate the origin of Homer, to discover the component parts of a mineral, or the motives of another’s actions. A building in which sugar is Edwards, W. Ind. [Gr. xvptodoyta, propriety of 2. Nicety; delicacy. Shak. 3. Accuracy ; exactness ; nice performance ; curi- ousness ; as, the curiosity of workmanship. Ray. 4. A nice experiment; a thing unusual or worthy of curiosity. There hath been practiced a curiosity, to set a tree on the north side of a wall, and at a little hight, to draw it through the wall, &c. Bacon. 5. An object of curiosity ; desire of seeing, or deserves to be seen extraordinary. We tookaramble together to see the curiosities of this great town. Addison. The first and the last senses are chiefly used. | | €U-RLO'SO, nz. It.] A curious person; a virtuoso. €U/RLOUS, a. [L. curiosus, from cura, care. See Cure. } ]. Strongly desirous to see what is novel, or to dis- cover what is unknown ; solicitous to see or to know ; inquisitive. Be not curious in unnecessary matters, nor to pry into the concerns of your neighbors. Anon. | 9. Habitually inquisitive ; addicted to research or inquiry ; as, a man of a curious turn of mind ; some- times followed by after, and sometimes by of. Curi- ous after things elegant and beautiful; curious of antiquities. Woodward. Dryden. 3. Accurate; careful not to mistake ; solicitous to be correct. Men were not curious what syllables or particles they used, a Hooker. 4. Careful; nice; solicitous in selection ; difficult to please. A temperate man is not curious of delicacies. 5. Nice; exact; subtile; made with care. Both these senses embrace their objects —w ith 2 more curious discrimination. Holder, that which excites a , as novel and Taylor. 6. Artful; nicely diligent. Each ornament about her seemly lies, By curious chance, or careless art, composed. Fuairfar. 7, Wrought with care and art; elegant ; neat ; finished; as, a curious girdle ; curious work. Ex. XXVili. XXX. 8. Requiring care and nicety ; Acts X1X. 9. Rigid; severe ; particular. [Little used.] Shak. 10. Rare; singular; what was hardly to be ex- | pected; as, a curious fact. Hume. Burke. Southey. | €U/RI-OUS-LY, adv. With nice inspection ; inquisi- tively ; attentively. | I saw nothing at first, but observing it more curiously | appeared. as, curious arts. , the spots Newton. 9, With nice care and art; exactly; neatly ; ele- gantly. Ps. CXXXIX. 3. In a singular manner ; | 60/RLOUS-NESS, n. actness of workmanship. | 9. Singularity of contrivance. 3. Curiosity. €URL, v.t. [D. krullen; Corn. krillia.] 1. To turn, bend, or as the hair. 9, To writhe ; to twist ; to coil ; as a serpent. 3, T'o dress with curls. The snaky locks That curled Megera, Milton, 4. To raise in waves or undulations ; to ripple. Seas would be pools, without the brushing ur ‘J'o curl the waves. unusually. Fitness to excite curiosity ; ex- Dan. kréller, to curl, to crisp ; form into ringlets ; to crisp ; Dryden. 3. A winding in the grain of wood. 4, A disease in potatoes, in which the leaves, at their first appearance, seem curled, and shrunk up. Brande. €URL/ED, pp. ora. Turned or formed into ringlets ; crisped ; twisted ; undulated. €URLI/ER, x. One that curls. fied with ash and black; and the largest species spread more than three feet of wing. It frequents the sea-shore in winter, and in summer retires to the mountains. This bird is of the same family with the woodcock and sandpiper, and is much prized for food. Its various species are widely scattered on both continents. €URL'I-NESS, zn. A state of being curly. EURL/ING, zn. A winter game among the Scotch, which consists in launching from the hand a heavy weight, (as a large stone or mass of iron,) along the surface of the ice, so asto strike another heavy weight and propel it in a given direction, thus resembling billiards. Jamieson’s Scottish Dict. EURLIING, ppr. or a. Bending ; twisting ; formning into ringlets ; playing at the game of curling. E€URL/ING-1-R ONS, ) n. pl. ‘An instrument for curl- €URL/ING-TONGS, }_ ing the hair. €URL'ING-LY, adv. Ina waving manner. €URL'Y, a. Having curls; tending to curl; full of ripples. €URL!/Y-HEAD-ED, } €URLIY-Pa-TED, }% €UR-MUD/GEON, Qxur-mud/jun,) 7. heart, and mechant, evil. Nares. Qu. 2, One that plays at the gam called curling. > Nee : ; : [ Scottish] Bee on eato; 2° | €U Ae adv. a constant OHO with baa it y AY - om . continued progression. ence, commonly ; gener “y so CUR IDE: (isu U5) Mees We Xe cote OF corlieu.] ally ; Seong ; with general Spee "as, the ib ig An aquatic bird, of the genus Numenius, and the ER is Pee ree aeted and believed ” ? Gos 5 14 grallic order. It has a long bil) ; its color is diversi- CURRENT NESS eae Carroney ! circulation . gen | ee | a ae a : ) ) op Mice 5 4 | Having curling hair. [Fr. ce@ur, An avaricious, churlish fellow ; 4 miser; a nig- gard ; a churl. Hudibras. €UR-MUD/GEON-LY, a. Avaricious ; covetous ; niggardly ; churlish. I’ Estrange. The fruit of a well- onging to the genus Ribes, of which considered a species ; the gross- berry or gooseberry and the currant falling under the same genus. Currants are of various species and varieties; as, the common red and white currants, and the black currant. 9. A small kind of dried grape, imported from the Levant, chiefly from Zante and Cephalonia ; used in cookery. M Culloch. GUR/REN-CY, n. [See Current.] Literally, a flow- ing, running, or passing ; a continued or uninter- rupted course like that of a stream; as, the currency of time. Ayliffe. 9. A continued course in public opinion, belief, or reception ; a passing from person to person, OF from age to age ; as, a report has had a long or general currency. Jolinson. 3. A continual passing from hand to hand, as coin or bills of credit; circulation ; as, the currency of cents, or of English crowns ; the currency of bank bills, or of treasury notes. 4, Fluency ; readiness of utterance ; sense we generally use fluency. 5. General estimation; the rate at which thing is generally valued. kingdoms according to their bulk and Bacon. €UR/RANT, 2. [om Corinth. | known shrub be Grossularia is now but in this any He takes greatness of g currency, and not after intrinsic value. 6. That which is current or in circulation, as a medium of trade. The word may be applied to coins, or to bills issued by authority. It is often ap- plied to bank notes, and to notes issued by govern- ment. Crawford. €UR/RENT, a. [L. currens, from curro, to flow or run; Fr. cowrir, whence courier, and discourir, to discourse, concourir, to concur, &c.; It. correre; Sp. and Port. correr, to run; W. gyru, to drive or run; Eng. hurry. It seems to be connected with the root -_—_ of car, cart, chariot, like currius. See Ar. US karua, -— and (S > garai. Class Gr, No. 7, 32, 15.] its Literally, flowing, running, passing. Hence, passing from person to person, OF froin hand to hand ; LL, UNITE. TONE, BU AN'GER, VI'/CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas CUR-REN'TE CAL! A-MO, [L.] The pen running ; €UR/RLELE, zn. 3. Acourse. [Not in use.] #s i €UR-RIG/U-LUM, x. [L.] A race-course; a place | iy for running; a chariot, &c. Hence, | | EUR/RLED, (kur'rid,) pp. ora. {See Curny.] Dressed €UR/RLER, 2. €UR'RISH, a. [See Cur.] Like a cur; having the €UR/RISH-LY, adv. €UR/RISH-NESS, 2. Feltham. €UR/RY, v. t. (Fr. corroyer ; Arm. courreza ; Sp. cur- tir: Port. cortir. The French and Armoric word caresses, kindness, or officious civilities. [ot ele- gant. | Hooker. EUR/RY, n. A kind of sauce much used in India, It is Z: CH as SH; ——————————————— + coin. + 3. Course ; progressive motion OF continuation ; as, the current of time. 4. A connected series; Successive Course 5 aS, the current of events. 5. General or main course 5 opinjon. movement ; | | | as, the current of car Le with the pen running. eral reception. 2. Fluency ;_ easiness much used. | of pronunciation. [JVot [L. curriculum, from curro, to run.] 1. A chaise or carriage with two wheels, drawn by | two horses abreast. 9. A chariot. [JVot in use.] 2. A course, in general ; applied particularly to the course of study in a university, &c cleaned ; prepared. see 12 : @ ; dressed as leather ; by curryll [L. coriarius; Fr. corroyeur. Curry. | A man who dresses and colors leather, after it is tanned, ———— malignant ; snappish ; qualities of a cur; brutal 5 snarling ; chaurlish ; intractable ; quarrelsome. | Sidney. Fairfax. Shak. | Like a cur ; in a brutal manner. Moroseness ; churlishness. corium, a hide, and seems to be compounded of L, a word of like sig- the root of rado, to scrape, or of nification. The Sp. and Port. word seems to be al- lied to cortez, bark, from stripping; or to L. curtus, short, from cutting. But the L. corium is probably from a root signifying to Scrape, oF to peel. See Class Gr, Nos. 5 and 8.] 1. I'o dress leather after it is tanned; to soak, pare, or scrape, cleanse, beat, and color tanned hides, and prepare them for use. 9, To rub and clean with a comb ; as, to curry a horse. 3. To scratch-or claw ; to tear, in quarrels. By setting brother against brother, To claw and curry one another. 4. To rub or stroke; to make smooth ; to tickle by flattery; to humor. But generally used in the phrase, To curry fa 4 ] eile r ae a Butler. i vor; to seek or gain favor by flattery, containing red pepper and other strong spices. 1 poured on the food, which is hence spoken of as curried rice, fowl, &c. 9. A stew of fowl, sauce. fish, &c., cooked with curry - Spalding. €UR/RY-COMB, n. [See Coms.] An iron instru- ment or comb, for rubbing and cleaning horses. €UR/RY-ING, ppr. Scraping and dressing; clean- ing ; scratching. 9. Rubbing down, as a horse. €UR/RY-ING, n. Rubbing down a horse. 2. The art of dressing skins after they are tanned, or of giving them the necessary smoothness, luster, color, and suppleness. re. €URSEH, v. t. ; pret. and pp. [Sax. - oo LE ee a er . = ae AE a aCUR CUR CUS 4 | 2. To injure ; to subject to evil; to vex, harass, or 1, A cloth hanging round a bed, or at a window, | €CUSH’AT, (koosh/at,) nm. The ring-dove or wood- oe: torment with great calamities. which may be contracted, spread, or drawn aside, at pigeon. _ Scott. iyi On impious realms and barbarous kings impose pleasure ; intended for ornament, or for use. Also, | EUSH/ION, (koosh/un,) 2. [Fr. coussin; It. cuscino; D. nt Thy plagues, and curse ’em with such sons as those. Pope. the hangings about the ark, among the Israelites. kussen; G, kussen; Sp. coxin; Port. cozim; Arm. 4 Bhs dewotate end: a ee ROTTER Hee? = Cort the ae | es) a ee . : stage fro spectators. 11S Is raised or let down : S cut ye SEES pours souieee ee eee or By cords. Hence the phrases, to drop the curtain, to} cougzin. Qu. Ar. a kisaian; Ch. 10> keesi, ag j ae 2 wa sae close the scene, to end: to raise the curtain, or the : é i | Then began ne to curse and to a cay curtain will rise, to denote the opening of the play.| 2 little cushion for the elbow.] | CURSE, n. Malediction; the expression of a wish of} And to draw the curtain, is to close it, to shut out the 1, A pillow for a seat ; a soft pad to be placed on é | evil to another. light, or to conceal an object ; Or to open it, and dis- a chair; a bag, stuffed with wool, hair, or other soft | Shimei— who cursed me with a grievous curse. —1 Kings ii. close the object. Behind the curtain; in concealment 5 material. : | | | | Duarmtecation of Fee in secrét. : : 2. A bag of leather filled with sand, used by en- te ~ er a inter cathe” Nol __ 3. In fortification, that part of the rampart which gravers to support the plate. i EY coleren u0to a curze enc unio/an on. — Nem x. Is between the flanks of two bastions, bordered with 3. In gilding, a stuffing of fine tow or Wool, coy- 5 3, Affliction; torment; great vexation. a parapet five feet high, behind which the soldiers ered by leather, on a board; used for receiving the | | | I will make this city a curse to all nations. — Jer. xxvi. stand to fire on the covered Way, and into the moat. leaves of gold from the paper, in order to its being | Teas | 4. Condemnation ; sentence of divine vengeance : _Encyc. rs AD DLOD er sizes and figures. _. deneye. | g | onsinness CUBTAIN Cre olan wn at Ce asan| See stonons 8 plans pedis of Sexi an | ee J AIN, 2. t. slose With curtains ; to furnis NEA-CUS » S€a- a Species of Statice, Be Christ hath redeemed us we the curse of the law. —Gal. iii. with ACR Oinclose with curtains ; to urns €USH/ION, v. t. Te seat ona mania Lee. | j : 5. Denunciation of evil. €UR/TAIN-ED, pp. Inclosed with curtains. 2. To furnish with cushions; as, to cushion a an u i } The priest shall write all these curses in a book. — Num. v. €U R’TAIN-ING, per. Inclosing or surrounding with eneeson ED, (kooshfund ) Seated ae | : ee, SIG atin eee Mie Ie curtains. HSE LOWN-ED, (Koosn‘und,) pp. ora. Seated on a yay i CURSED, CUS) OP _Execrated ; afflicted ; vexed ; €UR/TAIN-LE€-TURE, x. Reproof given in bed by| cushion; supported by cushions; furnished with Beh tormented ; blasted by a curse. a wife to her husband. Addison. cushions, Johnson. : 2. Devoted to destruction. €UR/TAIN-LESS, a. Having no curtain. CUSH'ION-ET, n, A little cushion. Beawm. and Fl. i} Thou art cursed from the earth. — Gen. iv. €URT/AL, n. A horse, and also a dog, with a docked | CUSK, x. A salt water fish, Brosmius vulgaris, highly €URS/ED, a. Deserving a curse; execrable; hateful;| _ tail. . Jonson. esteemed for food. D. H. Storer. pe te detestable ; abominable. €URT’AL, a. Curt; brief. Milton, | €USK'IN, x. A kind of ivory cup. [Vt in use.] Pe Bh 2. Vexatious; as, a cursed quarrel ; cursed thorns. 2. Belonging to the court gate; as, the curtal friar, Bailey. i ee Dryden. Prior. who was porter of the monastery. Smart, CUSP,n. [L. cuspis, a point. ] Ft €URS/ED-LY, adv. In a cursed manner ; enor-| CUR/TATE, a. (L. curtatus, from curto, to shorten. ] 1. The point or horn of the moon or other Jumi- | vt mously ; miserably ; in a manner to be cursed or The curtate distance, in astronomy, is the distance nary. Encyc. a detested. [A low word, | of a planet from the sun, reduced to the plane of the 2. In architecture, a projecting point in the foliations Hi || CURS/ED-NESS, n. The state of being under a curse, ecliptic; i. e. to that point where a perpendicular, of Gothic tracery, arches, panels, &c.; and also a te gl or of being doomed to execration or to evil. let fall from the planet, meets with the ecliptic, projecting point, forming a pendent of a pointed | ieee €URS/ER, x. One who curses, or utters a curse. Encye. arch, &c, rande. | a €UR/SHIP, x. [See Cur.] Dogship ; meanness ; ill- Or the interval between the sun or earth, and that | CUSP’A-TED, a. [L. cuspis, a point.] | nature, Hudibras. point where a perpendicular, let fall from the planet, _ Pointed ; ending in a point. €URS'ING, ppr. Execrating; imprecating evil on ;| _ meets the ecliptic, Barlow. | CUSP/I-DAL, a. Ending in a point. More. | denouncing evil; dooming to evil, misery, or vexa- €UR-Ta/TION, n. [See Curtare.] The interval } @USP/I-DATE, a. [L. cuspidatus, from cuspis, a | tion. between a planet’s distance from the sun and the | ©USP/I-DA-TED, } point. } : 2 €URS/ING, n. Execration ; the uttering of a curse ; curtate distance. arlow. Having a sharp end, like the point of a spear; ter- | . a dooming to vexation or misery. CUR/TI-LAGE, n. In law, a yard, garden, inclosure, minating in a bristly point ; as, a cuspidate leaf. : ; €UR’/SI-TOR, n. [from the L. curso, cursito, to run.] or field, near and belonging to a messuage, {This is Martyn. In England, a clerk in the Court of Chancery, whose probably from court, or the same radix. ] CUS'PIS,n. [L.] A point. business is to make out original writs. In the stat. €URT'LY, adv. Briefly. [Vot in use.] €US/TARD,n. [Cymbric custard. Junius, Isuspect | ute 18 Edward IIL., the cursitors are called clerks of | CURT’NESS, n. Shortness. the first syllable to be W. cats, curd, cheese. ] course. ‘They are twenty-four in number, and are a | €U/RU LE, a. [L. curulis, from currus, a chariot. ] A composition of milk and eggs, sweetened, and | i corporation among themselves. T'o each are assigned Belonging to a chariot. The curule chair or seat baked or boiled, forming an agreeable kind of food. certain counties, to which he issues Writs. Encyc. among the Romans, was a stool without a back. Custard-cofin; a cant term used by Shakspeare | CUR/SIVE, a. [It. corsivo, running. See Course and covered with leather, and so made as to be folded. for a piece of raised pastry, or upper crust, which Current.] ; It was conveyed in a chariot, and used by public | _ Covers or coffins a custard. Todd, Running; flowing. Cursive hand, is a running| _ officers. Smith’s Dict. €US'TARD-AP’/PLE, x. A plant, a species of Anona, hand. Fry. €URT’SY. See Counrssy. growing in the.West Indies, whose fruit is of the €UR’/SO-RA-RY, a. Cursory; hasty. [Not in use.] | CURV’A-TED, a. [See Cunve.] Curved ; bent ina size of a tennis ball, of an orange color, containing a | Shak. regular form. yellowish pulp, of the consistence of custard. Encyc. | €UR/SO-RI-LY, adv. [See Cunsory.] Ina running €URV-A/TION, n. The act of bending or crooking. | €US’TODE, n. See Cusropian. i or hasty manner; slightly ; hastily ; without atten. CURV’A-TURE, n. [L. curvatura. See Curve. ] z €US-TO’/DLAL, a, [from custody.] Relating to cus- tion ; as, I read the paper cursoriuy. : The continual flexure or bending of aline from a tody or guardianship. €U R/SO-RI-N USS, m. Slight view or attention. rectilinear direction. Encyc, | €US-TO'DI-AN, n. One who has the care or custody €UR/SO-RY, a. [L. cursorius, from cursus. See] €URV E, (kKurv,) a. [L. curvus, bent, crooked ; curvo, of some public building, &c. W. Irving. Course. | : , : to bend, turn, or Wind ; Fr. courbe, courber ; It. curvo, | CUS/TO-DY, n. [L. custodia; It. and Sp. id.; frora 1. Running ; hasty ; slight ; superficial ; Careless ; curvare; Sp. curvo, corvar. If b is not radical, this L. custos, a watchman, a keeper. This word has the not with close. attention ; as, a cursory reading; a| word belongs to Class Gr, W. cér,a circle; but qu.;| elements of castle, W. cas, the primary sense of cursory view. for in Russ. it is krivei. which is, to separate, to drive off; hence, to defend, _2. Running about ; not stationary. Bending ; crooked ; inflected in a regular form, to hold. See Cuasre.] pee pp. of Corse. [See Cursep. ] and forming part of a circle ; as, a curve line, which LA Keeping ; a guarding ; care, watch, inspec- CURST, a. _ Hateful ; detestable ; froward ; torment- may be cut by a right line in more points than one. tion, for keeping, preservation, or security. The ing; vexatious; peevish; malignant ; mischievous ; Encyc. prisoner was committed to the custody of the | Malicious ; snarling; a word, however, which can A curve line is that which is neither a straight line sheriff. pe ray alaD pees definite signification. It is nor composed of straight lines. YCs Under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be the Paar Papen Hous In some of its ap- CURVE, nn. A bending without angles ; that which boards of the tabernacle. — Num. iii. Cd < ors F ears e 2 * s hent = : “ 3 Bey SoS a hee ae Lora crust, and to signity PROBE coe ee janie dio ne Moc isor Le fine ; Strai i €URST’NESS, n. Peevishness ; malignity ; froward- straight line, Brae” erty Nee Ue aiteee acpi eG RESCEEAL TLDS LB 3G s oe “4 gis aaa ro a Woe euRT’ eal surliness. ag ibe unscureo ys Bt courier 5 Russ. krivlyu.] 3. Defense from a foe ; preservation ; security. Short. Rarely used, and not elegant.) Brown. | €UR V/ED, DP. or a, Bent; regularly inflected. eee ee SE ST etea ON Waele CUR-TAIL/, v. t. “[Composed of L. curtus, Fr. court, | CURV/ET, n. [It. corvetta; Fr. courbette« Sp. corveta Is ie ‘Te short, and tailler, to cut; taille, edge.] Sea Curve.] , ; ~| €US/TOM, n. [Fr. coutume, from coustume; It. costu- To shorten; to cut off the end or a part ; as, to 1. In the manege, a particular leap of a horse, when ma, costume ; Sp. costumbre ; Port. costume ; Arm. cus- curtail words. Hence, in a more general sense, to he raises both his fore legs at once, equally advan ed UTD nous Li, consiietus: shorten in any manner; to abridge ; todiminish; as,| and, as his fore legs are falling te see his ind 1. Frequent or common use, or practice ; a frequent to curtau our privileges. It is followed by of before legs, so that all his legs are raised at once. Encyc There habierap ee aces hence, way; established the thing shortened. His name was curtailed of three 2. A prank; a frolic. ae eeP eh eAbiiualy Practice; letters ; Wwe are curtailed of our rights, CURV/ET. >». a [It corvettare; Fr. courbetter: & The priests custom with the people was, —1 Sam. ii. CUR'TAIL-DOG, n. A dog whose tail is cut off, ac-| — corvetcar.] "Pte we The nie nO such custom. —1 Cor. xi, i : Poe 1) the forest laws, and therefore hindered 1. To leap; to bound 3 to spring and form a curvet, 9 : = ae oe Hes 2 een a : die mc g. Shalt. 2. To leap and frisk. 2. A buying of goods ; practice of frequenting a CUR/TAIL-STEP, n. The lowest step in a flight of | ECURV/1-FORM, a. Having the form of a curve shop, and purchasing or procuring to be done, The i | Stairs, ending, at its outer extremity, in a scroll. €UR-VLLIN'E-AR Tas Sete pe ue: uy een shopkeeper has extensive custom, or a good min of peat Brande €UR-VLLIN’E-AI, tet fae ? ? ? custom. A mill or a manufacturer has extensive cus- i jj CUR-T AIL’ED, pp. Cut short or shorter; abridged. Consisting of curve lines; bounded by curve lines;| 7 Or little custom. euRTaIie a Cuties oie any, thing, asa curvilinear figure. , : Let him have your custom, but not your votes. Addison. f Ss . : : y ay TT 1r . j | aieidaing. >» Pp & short or shorter ; Tine y, N ae state of being cur- 3. In law, long-established practice, or usage, €UR-TAIL/ING, nm. Abridgment ; ALBrETiA HOG ar, sisting in oie Ae 5 which constitutes the unwritten law, and long con- bo | CURTAIN, (Kur/tin,) n. [It. cortina; Low L. Sp. | €UR-VI-LIN'E-AR-LY adv. Ina curvilinear meg eer,| Sent to which gives it authority. Customs are gon- lea r and Port. id.; D. gordyn; Fr. courtine, in fortification, | CUR V'ING, n. A cu ante ii ding fe eeGe ee Paenaee imnited ta ceo Be This word may be from the root of court, and from | CURV/ING. por. Be ‘dit Bea hese Dae Peular, which are limited to a city or district. Encyc. ; the sense of separating. I think it is not a contrac- €URV/LTY S : [iteecuetee 7 Sot ne eRe at aa famniliar, TISee scouaron ee , x ; Y,n. ([L. Ly which is the word used, ih | tion of the It. copertina,] A bending in a regular form ; crookedness. Holder. 2. To give custom a r Bacon. y 4 4 A 7h I ; eee FAR, FALL, a ee EREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — i te ‘ ' 994 ae —— a ' i { FRO DAL A ISM teases RT HE igCUT — CUT | CUT €US'/TOM, v.i. To accustom. Spenser. €US'TOM, n. [Fr. coutume, from cofiter, for couster, to cost. ] Tribute, toll, or tax; that is, cost or charge paid to the public. Render custom to whom custom is due. — Rom. xii. Customs, in the plural; the duties imposed by law | on merchandise imported or exported. In Great Britain and the United States, this word ts limited to | these species of duties. || €US'TOM-A-BLE, a. Common ; habitual ; frequent. Johnson. | 2, Subject to the payment of the duties called cus- toms. Law of Massachusetts. || €US/TOM-A-BLE-NESS, wu. Frequency ; conformity 1! tocustom. [Little used.] | €US'TOM-A-BLY, ado. customary manner. €US’TOM-A-RI-LY, adv. [See Customary.] || ually ; commonly. Ray. 1 €US'TOM-A-RLNESS, n. Frequency ; commonness ; \] According to custom; ina Hayward. Habit- habitual use or practice. || €US/TOM-A-RY, a. [Fr. coutumier.] | J. According to custom, or to established or com- | mon usage; as, a customary dress ; customary compli- ments, | 2. Habitual; in common practice ; as, customary vices. 3. Holding by custom; as, customary tenants, who are copy-holders. | 4. Held by custom ; as, a customary freehold. €US’/TOM-A-RY, . [Fr. coutumier, coustumier.] A book containing laws and usages, or customs ; as, the customary of the Normans. Cowel. || €US'TOM-ED, (kus/tumd,) a, Usual; common ; to | which we are accustomed. [See AccustoMEn.] 2, Furnished with customers, Bacon. €US’/TOM-ER, n. One who frequents any place of sale for the sake of purchasing goods ; one who pur- chases goods or wares. 9. One who frequents or visits any place for pro- curing what he wants. We say a mill has many cuws- tomers. Hence, a person who receives supplies is called a customer; the smith, the shoemaker, and the tailor, have their customers ; and the coffee-house has its customers. Hence, perhaps, the phrase an ug- ly customer, meaning one who is difficult to deal with 3, A toll-gatherer. [Obs.] [or manage. 4, A common or lewd woman. Shak. €US’/TOM-HOUSE, n. The house where vessels en- ter and clear, and where the customs are paid, or se- cured to be paid. €US'TOM-SHRUNK, a. Having a diminished num- ber of customers. Shak. CUS'TOS, n. [L.] A keeper; as, custos bre'vium, the principal clerk of the common pleas ; custos rotulo!- rum, the principal justice of the peace in a county, who is keeper of the rolls and records of the sessions of the peace. England. €US/TREL, n. [Qu. Old Fr, coustillier, from L. scu- tum. | A buckler-bearer. Also, a vessel for holding wine. Not in use. | €US'TU-MA-RY, n. A book of laws and customs, €UT, v. t.; pret. and pp. Cur. [Norm. cotu, cut. This word coincides in elements with the W. cat, a piece, cateia, to cut, cwta, short, cwtau, to shorten, and with ysgythru, to cut off, to lop, to shred, to carve, which Owen deduces from ysgwth, a push, from gwth, a push or thrust, wwthiaw, to push, thrust, press. Whether cut is derived to us from the Welsh or not, may bea question ; but I have not found the word in any of the Gothic or Teutonic languages. It is obviously from a common root with the L. cedo and cudo, and the primary sense is, to thrust, to drive, to strike ; and to cut off is primarily to strike off We have proof of this in our own language ; for a stroke with a whip is called a cut, and our common peo- ple, when they urge a person to ride or run with haste, ery out, Cut on, cut on. The fact is the same with many other words which now signify to sepa- yate with an edged tool. See Class Gd, No. 2, 4, 8, 43, 49, 56, 59, and, ina different dialect, Class Gs, No. 5, 6, 28, 32, 40, 41, 42, 67. 1. To separate the parts of any body by an edged instrument, either by striking, as with an ax, or by sawing or rubbing; to make a gash, incision, or notch, which separates the external part of a body ; as, to cut the flesh. It signifies, also, to cut into pieces; to sever or divide; as, to cut timber in the forest. But when an entire separation of the body is intended, it is usually followed by off, down, asun- der, in two, in pieces, or other word denoting such severance. ‘* Ye shall not cut yourselves,” that is, Ye shall not gash your flesh Deut. xiv. 2. To hew. Thy servants can skill to cut timber. — 2 Chron. ii. 3, To carve, as meat ; to carve or engrave in sculp- ture Addison. . To divide; to cleave, by passing through; as, a ship cuts the briny deep. To penetrate ; to pierce ; to affect deeply ; as, a sarcasm cuts to the quick. oO > right angles. cut off an angle or distance. sever €UT, v. 2. GUT, pp. or 4. CUT, 72. 6. To divide, as a pack of cards; as, to cut and shufile. 7. To intersect; to cross. One line cuts another at ¢ The ecliptic cuts the equator. 8. To castrate, To. cut across; to pass by a shorter course, so as to To cut asunder; to cut into pieces; to divide; to He hath cut asunder the cords of the wicked. — Ps, cxxix. To cut down; to fell; to cause to fall by severing. Ye shall cut down their groves. — Ex. xxxiy. Hence, to depress ; to abash ; to humble ; to shame 5 to silence ; as, his eloquence cuts down the finest ora- tor. Addison. [ This phrase is not elegant, but is m popular use. | To cut off; to separate one part from another; as to cut off a finger, or an arm ; to cut of the right han figure ; to cut off a letter or syllable. 2. To destroy; to extirpate; to put to death un-| €0/TI-CLE, n. [L. cuticula, dim. of cutis, skin, the timely. Jezebel cut off the prophets of the Lord. —1 Kings xviil. Evil-doers shall be cut off. — Ps. xxxvii. 3. To separate ; to remove to a distance, or to pre- vent all intercourse. A man in another country, or in prison, is cut off from his country or his friends. 4, To interrupt; as, to cut off communication. 5. To separate ; to remove; to take away ; as, to cut off ten years of life. 6. To intercept ; to hinder from return, or union. The troops were cut off from the ships. 7. To end; to finish; as, to cut offall controversy. 8. To prevent or preclude ; as, to cut off all occa- sion of blame. 9, To preclude or shut out. The sinner cuts him- self off from the benefits of Christianity. 10. To stop, interrupt, or silence. The judge cut off the counsel very short. Bacon. To cut on; to hasten; to run or ride with the ut- most speed; a vulgar phrase. 2. To urge or drive in striking; to quicken blows 5 to hasten. To cut out; to remove a part by cutting or carving ; as, to cut out a piece from a board ; to cut out the tongue. Hence, 9, To shape or form by cutting; as, to cut out a garment ; to cut out an image; to cut oula wood in- to walks. Hence, 3. To scheme ; to contrive; to prepare ; as, to cut out work for another day. So we say, to strike out. 4. To shape; to adapt. He is not cut out for an author. [Vot elegant. ] 5. To debar. [Vet common.] Pope. 6. To take the preference or precedence of ; as, to cut out a prior judgment creditor. Kent. 7. To step in and take the place of, as in courting and dancing. [4 vulgar phrase. | 8. To interfere asa horse, when the shoe of one foot beats off the skin of the pastern joint of another. To cut out a ship, is toenter a harbor, and seize and carry off aship by sudden attack. To cut short ; to hinder from proceeding by sudden interruption. Achilles cut him short. 2. To shorten; to abridge; as, to cut short of pro- visions or pay ; to cut the matter short. To cut up; to cutin pieces ; as, to cut up beef. 9. To eradicate ; to cut off; as, to cut up shrubs. To cut acquaintance with any one, or to cut one’s acquaintance, is to meet him in the street or else- Dryden. €U-TA!NE-OUS, a. €UuTEH, a. €UTH, in Saxon, signifies known, or famous. 8 The stamp on which a picture is carved, and by which it is impressed. ; 9, The act of dividing a pack of cards. Also, the | right to divide; as, whose cut is it? | 10. Manner in which a thing is cut; form; shape; | fashion; as, the cut of a garment; the cut of his | beard. Stillingfleet. 11. A fool; acully; a gelding. [Wot in use.] To draw cuts, is to draw lots, as of paper, &c., cut of unequal lengths. Rich. Dict. Cut and long tail; men of all kinds ; @ proverbial expression borrowed from dogs. || [See Curicrez.| Belonging to | the skin, or cutis ; existing on, or affecting the skin ; as, a cutaneous disease ; cutaneous eruption. {acute.] Clever; sharp. [Vulg. Ash. Hence, Cuthwin, a famous conqueror ; Cuthred, a famous or knowing counselor; Cuthbert, known bright, or fa- mous for skill. ibson. same as hide, which see. ]} 1. The scarf-skin; the thin, exterior coat of the skin, which rises In a blister; a thin pellucid mem- brane covering the true skin. 9. The thin, external covering of the bark of a plant. It serves to prevent too rapid perspiration, and is furnished with respiratory openings called stomata. Brande. 3. A thin skin formed on the surface of liquor. fewton. €U-TI€/U-LAR, a. Pertaining to the cuticle or exter- nal coat of the skin. €UT’LASS, n. ([Fr. coutelas; Arm. contelagzen; It. coltellaccio; Port. cutelo. This word seems to be from the L. cultellus, at least the Italian and French are so; and n in the Armoric is casual, as in other words in that dialect. The curteleaze or curtelax of some authors, and curtaz, seem to be corrupted, or they are from Sp. cortar, L. curto, to cut. CuTLAs would, from the etymology, be a more correct orthography. | A broad, curving sword; a hanger; used by sol- diers in the cavalry, by seamen, &c. €UT’LER, n. [Fr. coutelier; Norm. coteller; Arm. conteller or coutellowr ; Port. cutileiro ; It. coltellinaio ; from L. culter, a knife.] One whose occupation is to make knives and other | cutting instruments. | €UT/LER-Y, n. The business of making knives; or, | more generally, knives and other edged imstruments | in general. | | oS €UT/LET, n. [Fr. cdtellette, a little side or rib; coté, side. | A small piece of meat for cooking; as, a veal cutlet. €UT/PURSE, n. [cut and purse.) One who cuts purses for stealing them or their contents; a practice said to have been common when men wore purses at their girdles. One who steals from the person; a thief ; a robber. €UT’/TER, n. One who cuts or hews. 9, An instrument that cuts; as, a stravo-cutter. 3. A fore tooth, that cuts meat, as distinguished from a grinder. 4. A small boat used by ships of war. sel with one mast and a straight running bowsprit, Shak. Bentley. Also, a-ves- a sloop. Mar. Dict. 5. A small one-horse sleigh. America. 6. An officer in the exchequer that provides wood for the tallies. 7. A ruffian; a bravo; a destroyer. €UT!-THROAT, n. [ Obs.] A murderer; an assassin ; aruf- where, and pretend not to see or recognize him. To pass into or through and sever ; to enter and divide the parts; as, an instrument cuts well. 2, To be severed by a cutting instrument; as, this 3. To divide by passing. [fruit cuts easy or smooth. The teeth are reacly to cul, Arbuthnot. 4, To perform a surgical operation by cutting, es- pecially in lithotomy. He saved lives by cutting for the stone. 5. To interfere, as a horse. To cutin; to divide, or turn a card, for determining who are to play. Pope. Gashed; divided; hewn; carved; intersected ; pierced ; deeply affected ; castrated. Cut and dried; prepared for use; @ metaphor trom hewn timber. . The action of an edged instrument ; astroke or blow, as with an ax or sword. 9, A cleft; a gash; a notch; a wound ; the open- ing made by an edged instrument, distinguished by its length from that made by perforation with a point- 3. A stroke or blow with a whip. [ed instrument. 4. A channel made by cutting or digging ; aditch ; a groove ; a furrow 5 a canal. 5. A part cut off from the rest; as, a good cut of beef; a cut of timber. Also, any small piece or shred. 6, A near passage, by which an angle is cut off ; as, a shorter cut. 7. A picture cut or carved on wood or metal, and impressed from it. SIDI South. Dryden. Murderous ; cruel; barbarous. arew. €UT’TING, ppr. ora. [See Cur.] Dividing by an edged instrument ; cleaving by the stroke or motion of an edged instrument, as by a knife, ax, or saw ; hewing ; carving; intersecting; piercing. 2. a. Piercing the heart ; wounding the feelings ; deeply affecting with shame or remorse ; pungent ; iquant ; satirical; as, a cutting reflection. €UT’TING, n. A separation or division. 2. A piece cut off; a twig or cion cut off for the purpose of grafting; as, the cuttings of vines. 3, An excavation through a hill in constructing a railroad, canal, &c. 4. The operation of removing a stone from the which may be run in upon deck; rigged nearly like | flan. | €UT!-THROAT, a. | | | bladder. €UT/TING-LY, adv. Ina cutting manner, €UT/TLE, n. [Sax. cudele, from the sense of €UT/TLE-FISH, withdrawing or hiding, allied to cuddle, W. cuziaw, to hide, Arm. cutaff, or cuddyo, to hide. } 1. A genus of molluscous animals, of the order Cephalopoda and genus Sepia. They have small arms, with serrated cups, by which they lay fast hold of any thing. They have also two tentacula longer than the arms; the mouth is in the centre of the arms, and is horny, and hooked like the bill of a hawk. They feed on sprats, lobsters, and other shell-fish. They have a little bladder under the throat, [near the liver, Cuvier,] from when when pursued, they throw out a black liquor that darkens TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ee 295 BEC ES Oe * ~ cused ie : “a We ow ee a. ae ee ae aS Sg a en nal a ee ee al{ | the water, by which means they CYC CY M COP y escape. cuttle is used for a foul-mouthed blackens the character of another. 2. A knife. [Not in use.] Shak. €UT'TY-STOOL, n. A small raised seat or gallery in old Scottish churches, where female offenders against chastity were formerly seated during three Sundays, and publicly rebuked by their minister. Walter Scott. Jamieson. Eneyc. Shak. Hence, fellow ; one who | €UT’-WA-TER, n. The fore part of a ship’s prow, | | or knee of the head, which cuts the water. Also, a | | water-fowl, a species of gull; or rather, the Rhyn- | | cops, or razor-bill. | €UT’-WORK, (-wurk,) x. Embroidery. [JVot in use.] | | €UT’-WORM, x. A name given to any caterpillar | i dwelling on the earth, which eats or cuts away the young plants of cabbage, corn, beans, &c. Gardner. CWT. ; an abbreviation of hundred weight. CY'/AN-ATE, x. with a base. CY-AN’IE AC/ID, xn. oxygen. CY/AN-ID, n. Had success attended the Americans, the death of Warren would ave been sulficient to damp the joys of victory, and the cypress would have been united with the laurel. Eliot’s Biog. 296 » MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— (Gr. kuna, a Wave, and gawa, color is green, of different shades ; its fracture conchoidal or undulated, and in hardness it ranks next to the sap- Containing a cyme; in the form of a (Gr. xuvayxy, a dog- Kvw@v, a dog, and ayxyw, to press or 2d n. An alkaloid obtained from A&thu- The year de-DAC DAG DAI CYP/RI-AN, a. Belonging to the Island of Cyprus. 2. \ term applied to a lewd woman. CYP’RIN, a. Pertaining to the fish of the genus Cyp- rinus. CYP/RLOT, x. An inhabitant of Cyprus. CY/PRIS, n.; pl. Cyprives. Aspecies of fresh-water Crustacea, which swim by means of cilia ; they swarm in stagnant water. Mantell. CY/PRUS, n. A thin, transparent, black stuff. Shak. CYR-E-NA/I€, a. Pertaining to Cyrene. CYR-LO-LOG/I€, a. [Gr. xvpcos, chief, and. Aoyos, discourse. } Relating or pertaining to capital letters. CYSTS, n. (Gr. xvorcs, a bladder.] A bag or tunic which includes morbid matter in animal bodies. Encye. Encyc. D in the English alphabet, is the fourth letter ant 9 the third articulation. It holds the same place in tlle English as in the Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, Greek, and Latin alphabets. In_ the Arabic, it is the eighth; in the Russian, the fifth ; and in the Ethiopic, the nineteenth letter. is a dental articulation, formed by placing the end of the tongue against the gum just above the upper teeth. It is nearly allied to T, but is not so close a letter, or rather it does not interrupt the voice so suddenly as I’, and in forming the articulation, there is a lingual and nasal sound, which has induceil some writers to rank D among the lingual letters. It has but one sound, as in do, din, bad; and is never quiescent in English words, except in a rapid utter- ance of such words as handkerchief. As a numeral, D represents five hundred, and when a dash or stroke is placed over it, thus, D, it denotes jive thousand. As an abbreviation, D. stands for Doctor; as, M. D. Doctor. of Medicine; D. T. Doctor of Theology, or S. T. D. Doctor of Sacred Theology; D. D. Doctor of Divinity, or dono dedit; D. D. D. dat, dicat, dedicat ; and D. D. D. D. diznum Deo donum dedit. DAB, v. t. [Fr. dauber, or from the same root. It has the elements of dip, dub, and tap, Gr. rurrw, and of daub. Class Db, No. 3, 21, 28, 58.} 1. To strike gently with the hand; to slap; to box. Bailey. 2, To strike gently with some soft or moist sub- stance; as, to dab a sore with lint. Sharp. DAB, x. A gentle blow with the hand. 2. A small lump or mass of any thing soft or moist. 3. Something moist or slimy thrown on one. 4. In sportive language, an expert man ; as, a dab at making anindex. Goldsmith. 5. A small, flat fish, allied to the flounder, of the genus Platissa, of a dark brown color. DAB'BED, (dabd,) pp. Struck with something moist. DAB/BING, ppr. Striking gently with something moist. DAB/BLE, v. t. [Heb. 52 tabal, or from the root of dip, Goth. daupyan, Belgic dabben or dabbelen. See Dir. ] Literally, to dip a little or often ; hence, to wet; to moisten ; to spatter ; to wet by little dips or strokes ; to sprinkle. Swift. Wiseman. DAB/BLE, v.i. To play in water; to dip the hands, throw water, and splash about; to play in nud and water. 2. To do any thing in a slight or superficial man- ner ; to tamper; to touch here and there. You have, I think, been dabbling with the text. 3. To meddle ; to dip into a concern. DAB/BLER, n. One who plays in water or mud. 2. One who dips slightly into any thing ; one who .meddles without going to the bottom ; a superficial meddler; as,a dabbler in politics. DAB/BLING, ppr. or a. Dipping superficially or often ; playing in water, or in mud; meddling. DAB/BLING, x. The act of dipping superficially into, or meddling with any thing. DAB/BLING-LY, adv. Ina dabbling manner. DAB/CHICK, n. [dab, or dip, and chick.| A water- fowl, a species of grebe. Jardine. DAB/STER, nm. [Qu. from adept, with ster, Sax. steoran, to steer. ] One who is skilled ; one who is expert; a master of his business. [JVot an elegant word.] (See Dar- Atterbury. PER. | DA C4'PO, (da-ka’po,) [It.] In music, a direction to return to, and end with, the first strain. DACE, n. [D. daas. Qu. Fr. vendorse.] A fish, the Cyprinus leuciscus ; a small river fish of CYST’TIE, a. cyst. CYST’INE, x. man bladder. CYS-TI’TIS, x. A kin CYS'TO-CELE, x. a tumor. ] A hernia or rupture formed by the protrusion of the urinary bladder. CYST’OSE, a. CYS-TOT’O-MY, z. vw, to cut.] The act or practice of opening cysts ; particularly, DAC€'TYL, nz. probably a shoot. finger; as, tésminé, DA€/TYL-AR, a. DA€/TYL-ET, n. DA€-TYL/TE, a. or wholly of dacty flute, a flute consisti DA€-TYLITE, zn A of dactyls. DA€/TYL-IST, nz. flowing verse. vAvdw, to engrave. The inscription finger ring or gem. to write. DA€-TYL-OL/0O-GY Aoyos, discourse. | qualities of finger rixy, divination. ] Divination by fin DAD, Te V DAD'DY,§ tad or Gypsy, dad, dada ; tiatia; Finn. taat.] taken. DAD/DLE, v. i. DA‘/DO,n. [ltal., a DAD/DOCK, x. D43'DAL, a. 2. Skillful. DAi-DA/LI-AN, a. intricate ; maze-lik D4D/A-LOUS, a. gin with various w of plants. DAFF, DAFFR, ma [iLce: DAFF, v.t. Vo dau DAFF, v. t. DAF’FO-DIL, x. double narcissus ; a deep yellow hue. DAFT, a. Insane Scottish DAG, n. Dew. a bright silvery color. Walton. DAG, n. Pertaining to a cyst, or contained in a The cystic duct is the membranous canal that conveys the bile from the hepatic duct into the gall- bladder. The cystic artery is a branch of the hepatic. It was formerly called cystic oryd. Inflammation of the bladder. (Gr. kvorts, 2 bladder, and kyAn, Containing cysts. [Gr. daxrvdos, a finger; L. dactylus ; See Dicir.] A poetical foot, consisting of three syllables, the first long, and the others short, like the joints of a Pertaining to a dactyl; reducing from tnree to two syllables. A dactyl. Pertaining to or consisting chiefly [from dactyl.] One who writes DA€-TYL’/O-GLYPH, zx. The science or art of gem engraving. NM. tad; A stupid, blockish fellow. To toss asi Hooper. d of calculus formed in the hu- Brande. ooper. [Gr. xvorts, a bladder, and rep- D. carmitnée. Scots Essays. Bp. Hall. Is; as, dactylic verses; a dactylic ng of unequal intervals. Encyc. line consisting chiefly or wholly Warton. [Gr. daxrvdos, finger, and of the name of the artist on a Brande. DA€-TYL-OG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. daxrvAos and ypagw, Brande. , n. [Gr daxrvdos, finger, and 1. The act or the art of communicating ideas or thoughts by the fingers. Deaf and dumb persons ac- quire a wonderful dexterity in this art. 9. The science which treats of the history and rings. Elmes. DA€-TYL/O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr daxrvAos and papy- ger rings. Elmes. Ir. taid; Arm. tad; Corn. taz; ancient L. tata; Port. taita; Sans. tada ; Hindoo, dada; Russ. Father; a word used by infants, from whom it is The first articulations of infants or young children are dental or labial ; dental, in tad, dad, and labial, in mamma, papa. i To do any thing slowly; to walk with tottering, like a child or an old man. [Little used. | DADE, v. t. To hold up by leading-strings. [ Little used. | Drayton. die.] The die or square part of a pedestal ; the cubical base of a column. Thomson. The rotten body of a tree. {L. Dedalus, Gr. Autdudos, an ingenious artist, who made the Cretan labyrinth. } 1. Various; variegated. Spenser. [See Dxpavr.] Formed with art ; e: [from Dedalus.] Having a mar- indings and turnings; of a beau- tiful and delicate texture ; a term applied to the leaves Martyn. Lee. dauf, allied to deaf.] [ Obs.] Chaucer. Grose. nt. fecal) e; to put off. [See Dorr.] Shale. [D. affodille; G. doppelte narcisse, It. asfodillo; Fr. asphodele; L. asphodelus ; Gr. aopudenos. A plant of the genus Narcissus, of several species. These have 2 bulbous root, and beautiful flowers of Enciyc. ;. foolish ; thoughtless; giddy. er. darue, from thrusting. ] A dagger; a hand-gun; a pistol. [Wot in use.] Burton. [Vot in use. | the operation of cutting into the bladder for the ex- traction of a stone or other extraneous matter. fe Brande, CYTH-E-RE/AN, a. Pertaining to the goddess Venus. CYT’I-SIN, 2. A vegetable proximate principle found in the Cytisus laburnum, and other plants. It is an active medicine. CYT’I-SUS, zx. A shrub or tree; also, a genus of trees ; tree-trefoil. CZAR,n». A king; a chief; a title of the emperor of Russia; pronounced tzar, and so written by good authors. CZA-Ri/NA, (za-ré/na,) . A title of the empress of | Russia. CZAR/ISH, a. Pertaining to the czar of Russia. CZAR/O-WITZ, n. The title of the eldest son of the czar of Russia. DAG, n. [Sax. dag.] 1. A loose end, as of locks of wool; called also dag-locks. Bailey. 2, A leathern latchet, DAG, v.t. Todaggle. [Not in use.] 2. To cut into slips. [oes Chaucer. DAG/GER,n. [Fr.dague; D.dagge; Arm. dager; Sp. daga; Port. adaga ; It. daga; Ir. daigear. InG. and D. degen is a sword. ] 1. A short sword ; a poniard. Sidney. 2. In fencing schools, a blunt blade of iron with a basket hilt, used for defense. 3. With printers, an obelisk, or obelus, a mark of reference in the form of a dagger; thus (7). DAG/GER, v. t. To pierce with a dagger ; to stab. DAG'/GERS-DRAW-ING, n. The act of drawing daggers ; approuch to open attack or to violence; a quarrel. Swift. DAG/GLE, (dag’gl,) v. t. [Probably from dag, dew, or its root. To trail in mud or wet grass ; to befoul ; to dirty, as the lower end of a garment. DAG/GLE, v.i. Torun through mud and water. DAG/GLED, pp. Dipped or trailed in mud or foul water; befouled. DAG’GLE-TAIL, a. Having the lower ends of gar- ments defiled with mud. DAG/GLING, pp. Drawing along in mud or foui water. ; DAG/-LOCK, x. [dag, dew, and lock.] A lock of wool on asheep that hangs and drags in the wet. loner pronounced tag-lock, } Grose. DAG!/-SWAIN, n. [dag,ashred.] A kind of carpet. DAG/-TAIL-ED, a. The same as daggle-tail; trailed in mud. DA-GUERRE/I-AN, (da-ger’/re-an,) a. Pertaining to Dacuerre, or to his invention of the daguerreotype. DA-GUERRE’O-TYPE, (da-ger’ro-type,) m- [from Daguerre, the discoverer.] A method of fixing im- ages of objects by the camera obscura. A co,per sheet, plated with silver, well cleaned with diluted nitric acid, or polished, is exposed to the vapor of iodine, which forms a very thin coating. This sheet is placed in the camera obscura, in which it remains a very short time; it is then taken out and ex- posed to the vapor of mercury ; then heated to 167° Fahrenheit, and the images appear as by enchant- ment. DAH/LIA, 7. botanist. ] A South American plant, introduced into Europe by the Spaniards in 1789. It bears a large, beauti- ful, compound flower, of every variety of hue. Partington. (This name originally belonged toa shrub grow- ing at the Cape of Good Hope, with flowers of but little beauty. DAH/LINE, 2. [from Dahl, the name of a Swedish Inulin, the fecula obtained from ele- campane, resembling starch. Ure. DAI/LI-NESS, n. Daily occurrence. Taylor. DAI/LY, a. (Sax. deglic, from dag, day.] Happening or being every day; done day by day ; bestowed or enjoyed every day ; as, daily labor; a daily allowance. Give us this day our daily bread. Lorl’s Prayer. DAI’LY, adv. happens daily. é DAINT, n. Something of exquisite taste; a dainty, DAINT’LLY, adv. [from dainty.) Nicely 5 elegantly ; as, ahat daintily made. [WVot tegitimate, nor in Use. Bacon. 9, Nicely; fastidiously ; with nice regard to what is well tasted ; as, to eat daintily. _ 3. Deliciously ; as, to fare daintuly. mvery day; day by day; as, a thing 4, Ceremoniously ; scrupulously. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. | | | | | | | 38 a7 m see ceame cami MEEDAM DAM Ee DAL nicety ; as, the daintiness of the limbs. [ Obs.] 3. Jonson. the daintiness of provisions. ness; as, the daintiness of the taste. Wotton. tion to manners. _[ Obs.] : DAINT/REL, n. A delicacy. [JVot in use. daint, the teeth, L. dens, Gr. odovs, Sans. danta. ] delicious ; as, dainty food. His soul abhorreth dainty meat. — Job xxxiil. ous; as, a dainty taste or palate ; a dainty people. 3. Scrupulous in manners; ceremonious. Shak. nately beautiful ; as, dainty hands or limbs. Shak, 5. Nice; affectedly fine ; as, a dainty speaker. Prior. DAINT’Y, n. Something nice and delicate to the taste ; that which is exquisitely delicious ; a delicacy. Be not desirous of dainties, for they are deceitful meat. — Prov. XXIU. 2, A term of fondness. [JVot much used.] Why, that’s my dainty. Shak. DAIRY, x. [This word I have not found in any other language. In Russ. dovyu signifies to milk, and Junius mentions dey, an old word for milk, and Ice- landic deggia, to milk. It may be, and probably is, a contracted word.] 1. Milk, and all that concerns it, on a farm; or the business of managing milk, and of making but- ter and cheese. The whole establishment respecting milk, in a family, or on a farm. Grounds were turned much in England either to feeding or dairy; and this advanced the trade of English butter. Temple. 2. The place, room, or house, where milk is set for cream, managed, and converted into butter or cheese, ryden. 3. A milk farm or pasture land. Bacon, DAI/RY-HOUSE, ) x. A house or room appropriated DAI/RY-ROOM, { to the management of milk. DAURY-MAID, n. A female servant whose business is to manage milk, Addison, DAI/RY-ING, x. The business of conducting a dairy. PB. Cyc. DAIS, (da’is or dase,)n. A raised floor at the upper end of the dining-hall, where the high table stood. W. Scott. Also, a canopy with its seat at the high table. Dal’S{-ED, (da/zid.) a. [See Darsy.] Full of daisies ; adorned with daisies. Shak. DAI/SY,7n. [Sax. deges-ege, day’s eye. A plant of the genus Bellis, of several varieties, The blue daisy belongs to the genus Globularia, as does the globe daisy ; the greater or ox-eye daisy belongs to the genus Chrysanthemum ; and the middle daisy, to the Doronicum. Fam. of Plants. DA/KER, 7. A dicker; the number of ten. DA/KER-HEN, n. The corn-crake or Jand-rail, a bird of the grallic order of Linnzus. Ed. Encic. DA’KIR. n. In English statutes, ten hides, or the *wen' cth part of a last of hides. Encye. DALF, n. [Goth. dalei; Dan. and Sw. dal; G. thal; DP dal; W. dél; Russ. dol, udol, and doline; allied, perhaps, to dell. The Welsh ddl signifies a winding, bend, or meander, and a dale through which a river runs; a band,a ring, &c. In D. daalen signifies to descend, to sink. ] Jow place between hills; a vale or valley; a poetic word. ; DAL/LLANCE, n. [See Datry.] Literally, delay ; a lingering ; appropriately, acts of fondness; inter- change of caresses ; toying, as males and females : as, youthful dalliance. Milton. — 2. Conjugal embraces; commerce of the sexes. Milton. De Delay. [ Obs. Shak. DAL/LI-ED, (dal/lid,) pp. Delayed ; deferred. DAL/LI-ER, n. One who fondles; a trifler; as, a dallier with pleasant words. Ascham. DAL/LY, v. i, [W. ddl or dala, to hold, bear, keep, stop; Arm. dalea, to stop or retard ; Ir. dail, delay ; Russ. dlyu. The sense of holding is often connected with that of extending, drawing out in time; Ar, SUs taula, to prolong, to delay, Class Dl, No. 20. See, also, No. 24, 29.] I. Literally, to delay ; to linger ; to wait. Hence, 2. To trifle ; to lose time in idleness and trifles ; to amuse one’s self with idle play. It is madiess to dally any longer. Calamy. __3. To toy and wanton, as man and woman; to interchange caresses ; to fondle. Shak. 4. To sport ; to play. She dailies with the wind. Shak. DAINT’I-NESS, z. Delicacy; softness; elegance ; 2. Delicacy; deliciousness; applied to food; as, 3. Nicety in taste; squeamisbness ; fastidious- 4, Ceremoniousness ; scrupulousness ; nice atten- DAINT’Y, a. be deintiaiz; Scot. dainty ; hées dant, 1. Nice; pleasing to the palate; of exquisite taste ; 2, Delicate ; of acute sensibility ; nice in selecting what is tender and good; squeamish ; soft ; luxuri- 4. Elegant; tender; soft; pure; neat; effemi- DAL'LY, v. t. To delay; to defer; to put off; toa amuse till a proper opportunity ; as, to dally off the time. [JWVot much used. Knolles. DAL/LY-ING, ppr. Delaying; procrastinating ; tri- fling; wasting time in idle amusement; toying; fondling. DAL-MAT'’TI-€A, 7. A long white gown with sleeves, worn by deacons in the Roman Catholic church. DAM, xz. [Supposed to be from dame, which see.] 1. A female parent; used of beasts, particularly of quadrupeds. 2. A human mother, in contempt. Shak. 3. [Fr. dame, the queen; Sp. dama.] A crowned min in the game of draughts. DAM, n. [D. dam; G. damm; Sw. id.; Dan. dam,a pond. See the verb.] A mole, bank, or mound of earth, or any wall, or a frame of wood, raised to obstruct a current of Water, and to raise it, for the purpose of driving mill-wheels, or for other purposes. Any work that stops and confines water in a pond or basin, or causes it to rise. DAM, v. t. [Sax. demman; G. dammen; D. dammen ; Dan. demmer ; Ch. DY to stop, to shut; Heb. and = - Ss Ch. DON, Ar. eb! atama, to stop or shut. Qu. -- Ch. pvp, Ar. satama, id. This is the root of dumb. See Class Dm, No. 17, 18, 23, 39.] 1. To make a dam, or to stop a stream of water by a bank of earth, or by any other work; to con- fine or shut in water. It is common to use, after the verb, in, up, or out; as, to dum in, or to dam up, the water, and to dam out is to prevent water from entering. 2. To confine or restrain from escaping ; to shut in; used by Shakspeare of fire, and by Milton of light. DAM/AGE, n. [Fr. dommage ; Arm. douwmaich ; Norm. domage ; Sax. dem; L. damnum; Sp. davio; Port. da- no; It. danno; Ir. damaiste. This word seems to be allied to the Greek (nyiu, a fine or mulct, Ch. 707 or 1D}, to impose a fine. But qu. See Damn.] 1. Any hurt, injury, or harm, to one’s estate ; any loss of property sustained ; any hinderance to the in- crease of property ; or any obstruction to the success of an enterprise. A man suffers damage by the de- struction of his corn, by the burning of his house, by the detention of a ship which defeats a profitable voyage, or by the fuilure of a profitable undertaking. Damage, then, is any actual loss, or the prevention of profit. It is usually and properly applied to prop- erty, but sometimes to reputation and other things which are valuable. But, in the latter case, injury is more correctly used. 2. The value of what is lost. 3. Damages; in law, the estimated reparation in money for detriment or injury sustained; that which is given or adjudged to repaira loss. [It is the prov- ince of a jury to assess damages in trespass. DAM/AGE, v. t. [It. danneggiare ; but Norm. damager is to oppress. ] To hurt or harm ; to injure ; to impair; to lessen the soundness, goodness, or value of. Rain may dam- age corm or hay ; a storm may damage a ship; a house is often damaged by fire when it is not destroyed ; heavy rains damage roads. DAM/AGE, v. i. To receive harm; to be injured or impaired in soundness or value ; as, green corn will damage in a mow or stack. DAM/AGE-A-BLE, a. That may be injured or im- paired ; susceptible of damage ; as, damageable goods. 2. Hurtful; pernicious. [ Rare.] DAM/AG-ED, pp. or a. Hurt; impaired; injured. DAM’/AGE-FEAS/ANT, (dam/aj-faz/ant,) a. [Fr. fai- sant, from faire. | Doing injury ; trespassing, as cattle. Blackstone. DAM’AG-ING, ppr. Injuring; impairing. DAM/AR. See Dammar. DAM/AS-CENE, n. [L. damascenus, from Pee l. A particular kind of plum, now pronounce Damson ; which see. 2. It may be locally applied to other species of plums. DAM/ASK, n. [It. dommasco ; Fr. damas ; Sp. damasco; from Damascus, in Syria.] 1. A silk stuff, having some parts raised above the ground, representing flowers and other figures, origi- nally from Damascus. 2. A kind of wrought linen, made in Flanders, in imitation of damask silks. 3. Red color, from the damask-rose. Fairfax. Damask-steel is a fine steel from the Levant, chief- ly from Damascus, used for sword and cutlass blades. DAM/ASK, v. t. To form flowers on stuffs ; also, to variegate ; to diversify; as, a bank damasked with flowers. Milton. 2. To adorn steel-work with figures. [See Damas- KEEN. | DAM/ASK-ED, (dam/askt,) pp. Variegated with flow- ers. DAM-ASK-EEN’, ASK. To make incisions in iron, steel, &c., and fill them with gold or silver wire for ornament; used chiefly for adorning sword-blades, guards, locks of pistols, Ce Chambers. DAM-ASK-EEN’ED, pp. or a. Cut into figures and inlaid with gold or silver wire. DAM-ASK-EEN/ING, ppr. Engraving and adorning with gold or silver wire inlaid. DAM-ASK-EEN/ING, n, The act or art of beautify- ing iron or steel, by engraving and inlaying it with gold or silver wire. DAM/ASK-IN, n. A saber, so called from the manu- facture of Damascus, DAM/ASK-ING, ppr. DAM/ASK-EN, D- te a damasquiner. See Dam- Variegating with flowers. DAM’/ASK-PLUM, n. A small, black plum. DAM’ASK-ROSE, x. A species of rose which is red, and another which is white. DAM/AS-SIN, n. A kind of damask with gold and silver flowers woven in the warp and woof. Ure. DAME, 2. [Fr. dame; Sp. Port. It. dama; from L. domina, a mistress or governess, from domo, Gr. du- paw, to subdue, Eng. to tame. Class Dm, No. 3, 4, 23, 24.] Literally, a mistress ; hence, a lady; a title of honor toa woman. It is now generally applied to the mis- tress of a family in the common ranks of life ; as is its compound, madam. In poetry, it is applied to a woman of rank. In short, it is applied with propri- ety to any woman who is or has been the mistress of a family, and it sometimes comprehends women in general. DAME’S-V1I/O-LET, )n. A plant of the genus Hes- DAME’WORT, peris; called also queen’s-sil- lyflower, or rocket. \t is remarkable for its fragrant odor, and ladies are fond of having it in their apart- ments. DA/MI-AN-ISTS, x. pl. In church history, the followers of Damianus, patriarch of Alexandria, in the fourth century, who concentered all the personal attributes of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, in the one God ; and therefore was accused of teaching Sabellianism. DAM/MAR, 7. A name applied to a resinous sub- stance obtained in the East Indies from a species of Agathis or Dammara, a tree allied to the pine. DAM’MED, pp. Confined or shut in by means of a dam. DAM/MING, ppr. dam. DAMN, (dam,) v. t. [L. damno; Fr. damner; Arm. dauna; It. dannare; Sp. danar; Port. danar. The Portuguese word is rendered to hurt, to damnify, to corrupt or spoil, to undo or ruin, to bend, to crook, to make mad. The latter sense would seem to be from the L. demens, and damnum is by Varro referred to demendo, demo, which is supposed to be a compound of de and emo. But qu., for damno and condemno co- incide with the Eng. doom.] 1. To sentence to eternal torments in a future state; to punish in hell. He that believeth not shall be damned. — Mark xvi. 2. To condemn; to decide to be wrong or worthy of punishment ; to censure ; to reprobate. He that doubteth is damned if he eat. —Rom. xiv. 3. To condemn ; to explode ; to decide to be bad, mean, or displeasing, by hissing or any mark of dis- approbation ; as, to damn a play, or a mean author. 4. A word used in profaneness ; a term of execra- tion. DAM’NA-BLE, a. That may be damned or con- demned; deserving damnation; worthy of eternal punishment. More generally, that which subjects or renders liable to damnation ; as, damnable heresies. Pets, Ls 2. In a low or ludicrous sense, odious, detestable, or pernicious. Shak. DAM’NA-BLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of de- serving damnation. DAM/NA-BLY, adv. In a manner to incur eternal punishment, or so as to exclude mercy. South. 2. In a low sense, odiously ; detestably ; sometimes excessively. DAM-NA/TION, n. [L. damnatio. ] 1. Sentence or condemnation to everlasting pun- ishment in the future state; or the state of éternal torments. How can ye escape the damnation of hell? — Matt. xxiii. Confining water by means of a 2. Condemnation. Taylor. DAM/NA-TO-RY, a. Containing a sentence of con- demnation. Waterland. DAM’NED, (damd, adj. in serious discourse, dam!- ned,) pp. or a. Sentenced to everlasting punishment In a future state ; condemned. 2. a. Hateful ; detestable ; abominable ; a word chiefly used in profaneness by persons of vulgar man- ners. DAM-NIF'I€, a. [See Damniry.] mischievous. DAM'NI-FTED, pp. damaged. DAM/NLFY, »v. t. Procuring loss ; [See Damniry.] Injured; en- [L. damnifico; damnum and facio It. damnijicare.] 2938 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —DAM DAN DAR | ny 1. To cause loss or damage to; to hurt in estate or interest ; to injure ; to endamage ; as, to damnify a man in his goods or estate. 2. To hurt; to injure; to impair ; applied to the per- Son. Spenser. DAM/NLFY-ING, ppr. Hurting ; injuring ; impairing. DAMNING, ppr. Dooming to endless punishment ; a condemning. 9. a. That condemns or exposes to damnation; as, a damning sin. DAM/NING-NESS, x. Tendency to bring damnation. Hammond. DAM NUM ABS! QUE IN-JT'RLA, [L.] Loss with- out any injury of the which the law can take cog- nizance. DAMP, a, [G. dampf; D. damp ; Sw. damb ; Dan. damp, steam, vapor, fog, smoke ; perhaps steam is from the same root, from wasting; Sans. dhuma. See Class Dm, No. 33. 1. Moist; humid; being in a state between dry and wet; as, a damp cloth ; damp air ; sometimes fog- gy ; as, the atmosphere is damp; but it may be damp without visible vapor. 2. Dejected ; sunk ; depressed ; chilled. [ Unusual. ] Milton. DAMP, 7x. Moist air; humidity ; moisture ; fog. Wilton. 2. Dejection ; depression of spirits ; chill. We say, to strike a damp, or to cast a damp, on the spirits. Milton. 3. Damps, pl. ; noxious exhalations, or rather gas- es, issuing from the earth, and deleterious or fatal to animal life. ‘These are often known to exist in wells which continue long covered and not used, and in mines and coal-pits; and sometimes they issue from the old lavas of volcanoes. ‘These damps are usually the carbonic acid gas, vulgarly called choke-damp, which instantly suftocates ; or carbureted hydrogen, called jire-damp. DAMP, v. t To moisten ; erately wet. 2. To chill; to deaden; to depress or deject ; to abate ; as, to damp the spirits; to damp the ardor of to make humid, or mod- passion, Swift. 3. To weaken; to make dull; as, to damp sound. Bacon. 4. To check or restrain, as action or vigor; to make languid ; to discourage ; as, to damp industry. Bacon. DAMP!/ED, (dampt,) pp. Chilled ; depressed ; abated ; weakened; checked; discouraged. DAMP’EN, (damp’n,) v.t. To make damp or moist. DAMP/EN-ING, ppr. Making damp. Judge Johnson. DAMP’ER, n. That which damps or checks. 9. A valve or sliding plate in a furnace to stop or lessen the quantity of air admitted, and thus to reg- ulate the heat or extinguish the fire. Edwards, W. Ind. Rumford. 3. A part of a piano-forte, by which the sound is deadened. DAMP/ING, ppr. Chilling; deadening ; dejecting ; abating ; checking; weakening. DAMP/ISH, a. Moderately damp, or moist. DAMP/ISH-LY, adv. Ina dampish manner. DAMP!ISH-NESS, n. A moderate degree of damp- ness, or moistness ; slight humidity. DAMP/NESS, x. Moisture; fogginess ; moistness 5 moderate humidity; as, the dampness of the alr, of the ground, or of a cloth. DAMPS, n. pl. See Dame. DAMP’Y, a. Dejected ; gloomy. [Little used.] Hayward. DAM/SEL, n._ [Fr. damorselle and demoiselle, a gentle- woman, and damoiseau, a spark or beau; Norm. damoisells, or demicelles, nobles, sons of kings, princes, DAN, n. [Sp. don. Qu. from domtnus, or Ar. oN DANCE, ». i. DANCE, v. t To make to dance; to move up and DA NCE, Tl. DANC/ED, (dinst,) pp. DAN/CER, zn. dauna, to be chief, to judge, Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. }. Class Dn, No. 2, 4. A title of honor equivalent to master; used by Shakspeare, Prior, &c., but now obsolete. (Fr. danser; Sp. danzar ; Port. dangar ; Arm. dangzal ; It. danzare; G. tanzen; Sw. dansa ; Dan. dandser; D. danssen; Basque, dantza ; Russ. tantzyu. Qu. the radical letters, and the Oriental y)1, with a casual 7.] 1. Primarily, to leap or spring; hence, to leap or move with measured steps, regulated by a tune, sung or played on a musical instrument ; to leap or step| p with graceful motions of the body, corresponding with the sound of the voice or of an instrument. There is a time to mourn, and a time to dance. — Eccles. iii. 2. To leap and frisk about; to move nimbly or up and down. To dance attendance; to wait with obsequiousness ; to strive to please and gain favor by assiduous atten- tions and officious civilities; as, to dance attendance at court. down, or back and forth; to dandle; as, to dance a child on the knee. Bacon. In a general sense, a leaping and frisking about. Appropriately, a leaping or stepping with motions of the body adjusted to the measure of a tune, particularly by two or more in concert. A lively, brisk exercise or amusement, in which the movements of the persons are regulated by art, in figure, and by the sound of instruments, in measure. 9. A tune by which dancing is regulated, as the minuet, the waltz, the cotillon, &c. Moved up and down, back- ward or forward, in measured steps. One who practices dancing, or is skill- ful in the performance. DAN/CING, ppr. or a. Leaping and stepping to the sound of the voice or of an instrument ; moving in measured steps; frisking about. DAN/CING, n. The act of moving in measured step ; frisking. DAN/CING-MAS-TER, n. of dancing. DAN’/CING-SEHOOL, n. A school in which the art of dancing is taught. DAN’DE-LLON, x. [Fr. dent de lion, lion’s booths A well-known plant of the genus Leontodon, hav- ing a naked stalk, with one large flower. DAN/DER, v.i. To wander about; to talk imcohe- rently. DAN/DLPRAT, x. [Fr. dandin, a ninny ; It. dondo- lone, a loiterer; dondolo, any thing swinging; do7- dolare, to swing, to loiter. ‘The Sp. and Port. tonto, a dolt, may be of the same family. Qu. prat.] A little fellow ; an urchin; a word of fondness or contempt. Johnson. DAN’DLE, v.t. [G. tandeln, to toy, to trifle, to lounge, to dandle; Fr. dandiner, to jog; It. dondolare, to swing, toloiter ; Sp. and Port. tontear, to dote, to talk nonsense; Scot. dandill, dander. ‘These words seem to be allied. 1. To shake or jolt on the knee, as an infant; to move up and down in the hand ; literally, to amuse by play. One who teaches the art Ye shall be dandled on her knees —Js, Ixvi. 2. To fondle ; toamuse; totreat as a child ; to toy with. lam ashamed to be dandled thus, Addison, 3, To delay ; to protract by trifles. [ Obs.] Spenser. DAN’DLED, pp. Danced on the knee, or in the arms; knights, lords, ladies of quality, and damoyseles, dam- sels, female infants; Sp. damisola, a young gentle- woman, any girl not of the lower class. The Arm. ma-mesell, va-mesell, or man-mescll, a woman OF mad- am, seems to indicate that the first syllable is a pre- fix, and mesell, Eng. miss, a distinct word. But damoiselle, Norm. demicelle, from which we have dam- sel, is doubtless from the Italian damigella, a diminu- tive, formed from dama, like the L. domicilium, from domus, and penicillus, from the root of penna. The Italian damigello, in the masculine gender, shows the propriety of the ancient application of damsel to males. | A young woman. Formerly, a young man or wo- man of noble or genteel extraction ; as, Damsel Pepin ; Damsel Richard, prince of Wales. It is now used only of young women, and is applied to any class of young unmarried women, unless to the most vulgar, and sometimes to country girls. With her train of damsels she was gone. Dryden, Then Boaz said, Whose dameel is this ? — Ruth ii. This word is rarely used in conversation, or even in prose writings of the present day; but it occurs frequently in the Scriptures, and in poetry. PAM/SON, (dam/zn,). [Contracted from damascene, the Damascus plum.] The fruit of a variety of the Prunus domestica ; a small black plum. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — fondled ; amused by trifles or play. DAN’DLER, x. One who dandles or fondles children. DAN/DLING, ppr. Shaking and jolting on the knee ; moving about in play or for amusement, as an infant. DAN/DLING, n. Act of fondling, or jolting on the knee. DAN’DRUFF, n. [Qu. Sax. tan, a scab, tetter, and drof, sordid; or Fr. teigne, Arm. tign, or taign.) A scurf which forms on the head, and comes off in small scales or particles. DAN'DY,x. [Fr. dandin, a ninny, a silly Follow] A fop; a coxcomb ; one who dresses himself like a doll, and who carries his character on his back, DAN/DY-ISH, a. Like a dandy. DAN/DY-ISM, n. The manners and dress of a dandy. DANE, 7. A native of Denmark. DANEI/GELT, n. [Dane and gelt, geld, money, | In England, an annual tax formerly laid on the English nation, for maintaining forces to oppose the Danes, or to furnish tribute to procure peace, It was at first one shilling, afterward two, and at last seven, for every hide of land, except such as belonged to the church. Encye. At a subsequent period, when the Danes became masters, the danegelt was a tax levied by the Danish princes on every hide of land owned by the Anglo- Saxons. P. Cyc. DANE/WORT, x. A plant of the genus Sambucus; a species of elder, called dwarf-elder or wall-wort. DAN’GER, 2. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; DAN/GER-LESS, a. DAN/GER-OUS, a. DAN/GER-OUS-LY, ado. DAN/GER-OUS-NESS, n. Danger; hazard; peril; a DANGLE, (dang’gl,) v. z DAN/'GLER, 7. DAN!''GLING, ppr. or a. DAN/ISH, a. [Fr. Arm. Scot. danger ; Norm, daun- rerous, dubious. This word in Scottish, according to amieson, signifies peril, power, or dominion, doubt, hesitation. In Chaucer, it signifies peril, and coy- ness, sparingness, or custody. In old English laws, | it denotes a payment in money by forest tenants, to | their lord, for permission to plow and sow in the time of pannage or mast-feeding. The primary sense is not obvious. Spenser has the following couplet :— Valiant he should be as fire, Showing danger more than ire.] Peril ; risk ; hazard ; exposure to injury, loss, pain, or other evil. It is easy to boast of despising death when there is no danger. Our craft is in danger to be set at naught. — Acts xix. AN’GER, v. t. To put in hazard; to expose to loss or injury. Shak. But rarely used. [See ENDANGER which is generally used. } Free from danger; without Sidney. Perilous; hazardous; exposing to loss; unsafe; full of risk; as, a dangerous voy- age; a dangerous experiment. 9, Creating danger; causing risk of evil; as, a dangerous man ; a dangerous conspiracy. With danger ; with risk of evil ; with exposure to injury or ruin ; hazardously ; perilously ; as, to be dangerously sick; dangerously situated. risk. [Little used.] state of being exposed to evil; as, the dangerousness of condition, or disease. [Dan. dingler, to swing to and fro. Qu. dandle, or Ch. Syr. 2pn.] 1. To hang loose, flowing, shaking, or waving ; to hang and swing. He’d rather on a gibbet dangle. Hudibras. 2. To hang on any one; to be a humble, officious follower ; with after or about; as, to dangle about a woman ; to dangle after a minister for favors. One who dangles ; applied particu- larly to men who hang about women. Hanging loosely ; busily or officiously adhering to. Belonging to the Danes or Denmark. DAN/ISH, n. The language of the Danes. DANK, a. [Qu. G. tunken, to dip.] Damp ; moist ; humid; wet. DANK, 7. Moisture ; humidity. DANK/ISH, a. Somewhat damp. DANK/ISH-NESS, z. Dampness ; humidity. DA-NU/BI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Danube. DA/OU-RITE, n. A mineral, called rubellite, resem- bling shorl, but differing from it in chemical charac- ters. Its color is red, of various shades. Cleaveland. DAP or DAPE, v. i. [Goth. daupyan, to dip.] To drop or let fall the bait gently into the water ; to raise or sink it; @ word used by anglers. Walton. DA-PAT’IE-AL, a. [L. dapes.] Sumptuous in cheer. [JVot in use. | DAPH/NE, x. A nymph of Diana. DAPH/NIN, n. The bitter principle of the Daphne Mezereum, discovered by Vauquelin. It is obtained in small crystals, hard, transparent, of a grayish color, and a bitter taste. DAP’I-FER, n. [L. dapes, feast, and fero, to bear. ] One who brings meat to the table. Formerly, the title or office of the grand-master of a King’s house- hold. It still subsists in Germany. Encye. DAP’PER, a. ([D. dapper, brave, valiant; Sw. and Dan. tapper; G. tapfer. See Class Db, No. 13, 28.] Active ; nimble ; brisk ; or little and active ; neat; lively ; as, a dapper fellow ; a dapper spark. DAP/PER-LING, n. A dwarf; a dandiprat. DAP’PLE, a. ST probably allied to tabby, and from dipping, or to W. davnu, to drop. The word signi- fies spotted, and spots are often from dropping or sprinkling. ] Marked with spots ; spotted ; variegated with spots of different colors or shades of color; as, a dapple- bay or dapple-gray ; applied to a horse or other beast. It may sometimes express streaked, but this is not its true signification. DAP/PLE, v. t. To spot; to variegate with spots. The gentle day Dapples the drowsy east with spots of gray. The dappled pink and blushing rose. DAP’PLED, pp. or a. Spotted ; variegated with spots of different colors or shades of color. DAP/PLING, ppr. Variegating with spots. PRR, n. A fish found in the Severn. DARD, n. [Fr. dard.] What is thrown out, oris cast forward, as a dart 1s thrown. DARE, v. i.; pret. Durst. [Sax. dearran, durran; D. darren, durven; G. diirfen; Sw. dierf, bold ; dierfvas, to dare, and téras, to dare; Dan. tér, to dare, and tér, dry, torrid, L. torreo; Dan. trhed, dryness, bar- renness ; trstig, thirsty. The German ditrfen, com- pounded, bediirfen, signifies to want, to need, to lack, and this, in Dutch, is derven. The Sw. dare, rash, mad, sottish dara, to infatuate, Dan. daarer may be of the same family. The Gr. Sappew, an Milton. hak. Shak. Prior. Bailey. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 299 “ i RAEN ie wat - gE a lie ~ i \ ee ad = rma. «3 ee eae ks a aSse eaeaee me * None of his disciples durst ask him, Who art thou ?— John xxi. DAR Russ. derzayu, to dare, are evidently the same word. 2. = = Ar. ya dhaura, to be bold, audacious ; to be angry, or averse ; to be tervified, to flee. to tremble. venturous, I dare do all that may become a man. Shak. Dare airy of you go to law before the unjust ?— 1 Cor. vi In this intransitive sense, dare is not generally fel- lowed by the sign to before another verb in the in- finitive ; though to may be used with propriety. In German, the verb is numbered among the auxiliaries. In the transitive form, it is regular, thus : DARE, v. t.; pret. and pp. Daren. provoke ; to defy; as, to dare a man to fight. Time, | dare thee to discover Such a youth, and such a lover. Dryden. To dare larks ; to catch them by means of a look- ing-glass, or by keeping a bird of prey hovering aloft, which keeps them in amaze till caught by a net thrown over them; to terrify or amaze. Johnson. Dryden. DARE, n. Defiance ; challenge. [Not used.] Shak. DARE,n. A small fish, the same as the dace. Encyc. Johnson. DAR’ED, pp. Challenged ; defied. DARE/FUL, a. Full of defiance, { DAR’ER, x. One who dares or defies. DAR'I€, n. A gold coin of Darius the Mede, value about 556 cents. DAR/ING, n. A bold act; a hazardous attempt. Southey. DAR/ING, ppr. Having courage sufficient for a pur- pose ; challenging ; defying. 2. a. Bold; courageous ; intrepid; fearless ; ad- venturous ; brave ; stout. Grieve not, O daring prince, that noble heart, 3. Audacious ; impudently bold and im heaven-daring, defyi DAR/ING-LY, adv. fot used.|] Shak. Pope. defying, as defying almighty power. Boldly ; courageously ; fearless- ee ly ; impudently. The principles of our holy religion are daringly attacked from the press, Anozi, DAR'ING-NESS, n. Boldness ; courageousness , au- daciousness, » -— DARK, a. [Sax. deorc; Iv. dorcha ; Pers, Sys tirah, DARK, ». ¢. DARK’-BROW-ED, a. I. DARK’-€OL-OR-ED, (-kul/lurd,) a. Having a dark DARK’EN, (dark’n,) v t. Go - dark ; Sb tarik, dark, darkness. See Class Dr, No. 15. 1. Destitute of light; obscure. phere is one which prevents vision. 2. Wholly or partially black; having the quality opposite to white; as, a dark color or substance. 3. Gloomy ; disheartening ; having unfavorable prospects ; as, a dark time in political affairs. There is, in every true woman’s heart, a spark of heavenly fire, which beams and blazes in the dark hour of adversity. Irving. 4. Obscure; not easily understood or explained ; Saying, A dark atmos- as, a dark passage in an author; a dark 5. Mysterious; as, the ways of Providence are often dark to human reason. 6. Not enlightened with Knowledge ; destitute of learning and science ; rude; ignorant; as, a dark age. 7. Not vivid; partially black. Lev. xiii. 8. Blind. [Wot in use.] Dryden, 9. Gloomy ; not cheerful ; as, a dark temper. Addison, 10. Obscure ; concealed ; secret ; as, a dark design. Il. Unclean ; foul. 12. Opaque. _ But dark and opaque are not synony- mous. Chalk is opaque, but not dark, 13. Keeping designs concealed. The dark, unrelenting Tiberius, Gibbon. DARK, 7. [Sans. tareki.] Darkness ; obscurity ; the absence of light. We say, We can hear in the dark. Shall thy wonders be known in the dark2— Ps, Ixxxviii, 2. Obscurity ; secrecy 3 @ state unknown ; things done in the dark. _ 3. Obscurity ; a state of ignorance ; as, we are all in the dark, To darken ; to obscure. not understood ; Milton, as, | Obs.] Stern of aspect ; frowning ; as, dark-browed Hotspu Percy’s Masque, hue, Smith. } Sax. adeorcian.] 1, To make dara; to deprive of light; as, close the shutters and aarken the room. So in Sw. darra, The sense of boldness, daring, is some- times from the sense of advancing ; but some of the senses of these words indicate the sense of receding. } | To have courage for any purpose ; to have strength of mind or hardihood to undertake any thing ; to be bold enough ; not to be afraid, to venture; to be ad- To challenge; ‘to DAR To obscure ; to cloud. His confidence seldom darkened his foresight. 3. To make black. The locusts darkened the land, —Ex, x. To make dim; to deprive of vision. Let their eyes be darkened. — Rom. xi. Bacon, hs 5. To render gloomy; as, all joy is darkened. Is. XXIV. norant or stupid. Their foolish heart was darkened. — Rom. i. Having the understanding darkened. — Eph. iv. intelligible. ob xxxviii. burning sun darkens the complexion. 9. To sully ; to make foul. DARK’EN, v. 7. grow less white or clear. DARK’ EN-ED, (dark/nd,) pp. Tillotson. DARK’/EN-ER, x. That which darkens. DARK/EN-ING, ppr. making black, or less white or clear ; clouding. DARK’-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having dark eyes. DARK’-HOUSE, n. An old word for a mad-house. DARK’‘ISH, a. Dusky ; somewhat dark. DARK’LING, a. a poetical word. DARK’LY, adv. tainly; with imperfect light, clearness, edge. Milton. Shak. They learn only what tradition has darkly conveyed to them, Anon. DARK/—MIND-ED, a. vengeful mind. DARK’NESS, nx. Absence of light. And darkness was on the face of the deep. — Gen. i. axtcr. 2. Obscurity ; want of clearness or perspicuity ; that quality or state which renders any thing difficult to be understood ; as, the darkness of counsels. 3. A state of being intellectually clouded ; 1gno- rance. Men love darkness rather than light. — John ili. 4. A private place ; secrecy ; privacy. What I tell you in darkness, that speak ye in light. — Matt. x, D. Infernal gloom ; hell; as, utter darkness. Matt. XXil. 6. Great trouble and distress ; calamities ; perplex- ities, A day of clouds and thick darkness. —Joel ii. Is, viii. 7. Empire of Satan. DARN, n. DARN/ED, pp. DAR/NEL, 7. DARN’/ER, n. DARN/ING, ppr. Mending in imitation of the origi- DARN/ING, n. The act of mending, as a hole in a DAR/RAIN, v. t. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. 300 Who hath delivered us from the power of darkness. — Col. i. 8. Opaqueness. Land of darkness ; the grave. Job x. DARK’SOME, (dark/sum,) a. Dark ; gloomy ; obscure ; as, a darksome house ; a darksome cloud. Milton. DARK’-SOUL-ED, a. Having a-dark soul. DARK’-WORK-ING, (-wurk/ing,) a. Working in darkness, or in secrecy. Shak. DAR'LING, a. [Sax. deorling ; deor, dear, and ling, which primarily denotes likeness, and, in some words, is a diminutive. Soin G. hebling, loveling, D. Llieve- ling. See | Dearly beloved; favorite ; regarded with great kindness and tenderness ; as, a darling child; a darling science. Watts. DAR/LING, nm. One much beloved; a favorite ; as, that son was the darling of his father. DARN, v. t. [W. darn; Arm. darn; Fr. darne;a piece or patch. ] To mend a rent or hole, by imitating the texture of the cloth or stuff with yarn or thread and a needle : to sew together with yarn or thread. It is used par- ticularly of stockings. Gay. Swift. A place mended by daring. Mended by imitating the texture of Dryden. the cloth. A plant of the genus Lolium, a kind of grass; the most remarkable species are the ved darnel, or rye-grass, and the white darnel. One who mends by darning. As texture ; sewing together, as a torn stocking, or cloth. farment, i [Norm. dareigner, derener, dereigner, deraigner, to prove, to testify, to clear himself, to in- stitute ; noun, darrein, or derene, or dreigne, proof; also, derreiner, to endeavor. In Chaucer, the word 1s Interpreted to contest. But for thou art a worthy gentil knight, And wilnest to darraine hire by bataille, The word is probably compound. But neither the 6. To deprive of intellectual vision; to render ig- 7. To obscure ; to perplex ; to render Jess clear or DART, ». 2. Who is this that darkeneth counsel by words without knowledge ? 8. To render less white or clear; to tan; as, a To grow dark or darker; also, to : DARTS 0.2: Deprived of light ; ob- | ~* * scured ; rendered dim; made black ; made ignorant. é : DAR/TARS, x. Depriving of light ; obscuring ; aoe DART’ED, pp. DAR'T’ER, n. [ Shak. tie Being in the dark, or without light ; Obscurely ; dimly ; blindly ; uncer- OrkNOW]= Tx ROVING TY ace: DAR’TROUS, a. Having a dark, close, or re- DASH, v.t. DASH, v.i. To strike, break, Scatter, and fly off; DASH, n. Collision; a violent striking of two bodies ; as, the dash of clouds. another substance ; as, the water. a dash upon the enemy. fop made a dash. break or stop in the ser ¢g0—~j; or a pause ; or the division of the sentence. the note over which in a short, distinct manner. DASH’-BOARD, nz. origin nor the signification is obvious. ] of a chaise DAS To prepare, or to order; or to try ; to endeavor ; t prove ; to apply to the contest. { Obs. Carew. Spenser. DAR/REIN, a. [Corrupted from Fr. dernier. | Last ; as, darrein continuance, the last continu ance, outer. DART, 7. [Fr. dard; Arm. dared or dard; It. Sp. ané Port. dardo; Russ. drot. In Sw. dart is a dagge, The word is from some verb signifying to throw < thrust. In Gr. dovv is a spear or ae 1. A pointed, missile weapon, to be thrown by tk hand; a short Jance. ryden. 2. Any missile weapon; that which pierces anx wounds. Shah. And from about her shot dar te of des're. To throw a pointed tartrument with « sudden thrust ; as, to dart a javelir, D yden 2. To throw suddenly or rapidly; to seas: te emit; to shoot; applied to smo? objects whic pass with velocity; as, the sun darts his beams oa the earth. Or what ill eyes malignant glances dart. Pope. To fly or shoot, as a dart ; to fly rapidly. 2. To spring and run with velocity; te start sud- denly and run; as, the deer darted f.om the thicket. A scab or ulceration ur.dcr the chins Farm. Encyé. Thrown or hurled, zs a pointed in- strument ; sent with velocity. One who throws a dart. 2. A Brazilian bird, of the Pelican family, which darts into the water after its prey. Partington. of lambs. DART’ING, ppr. Throwing, as a dart ; hurling darts ; flying rapidly. Rapidly ; like a dart. A vague term reluting toa kind of cutaneous dis- ease of no definit~ character. [In Dan. dask signifies a blow ; in Sw. daska, to strike ; ia Scot. dusch, to rush. In Persian, Yu | = 3b taz or tauz, is an assault on an enemy. See Class Ds, No. 3, 4, 5, 14, 22, 30, 31, 40. 1. To strike suddenly or violently, whether throw- | ing or falling ; as, to dash one stone against another. Bacon. Lest thou dash thy foot against a stone. — Matt. iy. 2. To strike and bruise or break ; to break by col- lision ; but usually with the words in pieces. Thou shalt dash them in pieces, as a potter’s vessel. — Ps. ii. 3. To throw water suddenly, in separate portions ; as, to dash water on the head. 4. To bespatter; to sprinkle; as, to dash a gar- ment. Shak, 5. To strike and break or disperse. At once the brushing oars and brazex prow | Dash up the sandy waves, aud ope the depth below. ryden, | 6. To mix and reduce or adulterate by throwing in | another substance ; as, to dash wine with water; the | story is dashed with fables. 7. To form or sketch out in haste, carelessly. Pope. 8. To erase ai a stroke ; to strike out; to blot out or obliterate ; as, to dash out a line or word. Pope. 9. To break ; to destroy ; to frustrate ; as, to dash all their schemes and hopes. 10. To confound ; to confuse; to put to shame; to abash; to depress by shame or fear 3 as, he was dashed at the appearance of the judge. Dash the proud gamester in his gilded car. Pope. as, agitate water and it will dash over the sides of a ves- sel ; the waves dashed over the side of the ship. 2. To rush, strike and break, or Scatter ; as, the waters dash down the precipice. 3. To rush with violence, and break through; as, he dashed into the enemy’s ranks 3 Or, he dashed through thick and thin. / : Thomson. 2. Infusion ; admixture; something thrown into Wine has a dash of Innocence with a dash of folly. Addison. 3. Admixture; as, red with a dash of purple. 4. A rushing, or onset, with violence 3 as, to make [F'r. dartre, tetter. ] | ii | | 5. A sudden stroke; a blow; an act. | She takes upon her bravely at first dash. Shak. 6. A flourish ; blustering parade; as, the young (Vulgar.] 7. A mark or line, in Writing or printing, noting a itenceé; as in Virgil, quos 8. In music, a small mark [thus | ] denoting that it is placed is to be performed Brande. A board placed on the fore part , Sleigh, or other vehicle, to prevent water, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — = en——————_—— — DAT mud, or snow, from being thrown upon those in the vehicle by the heels of the horses. DASH/ED, (dasht,) pp. Struck violently ; driven against ; bruised, broken, or scattered, by collision ; besprinkled ; mixed or adulterated ; erased ; blotted out ; broken; cast down; confounded ; abashed. DASHI/ING, ppr. Driving and striking against ; strik- ing suddenly or violently ; breaking or scattering by collision; infusing; mixing; confounding; blotting out; rushing. 2. a. Rushing; driving; blustering ; dash; as, a dashing fellow. 3. a. Precipitate ; rushing carelessly on. Burke. DAS’/TARD, xn. [In Sax. adastrigan is to frighten, to deter. ] A coward; a poltroon ; one who meanly shrinks from danger. ryden. DAS/TARD, a. shrinking from danger. making a Cowardly ; meanly Curse on their dastard souls. Addison. DAS'TARD, v. t. To make cowardly ; to intimidate ; to dispirit. Dryden. DAS’TARD-IZE, v. t. To make cowardly. Hovell. DAS’TARD-IZ-ED, pp. Made cowardly. DAS'TARD-IZ-ING, ppr. Making cowardly. DAS’TARD-LI-NESS, n. [from dastardly.] Coward- liness. Barrett. DAS/TARD-LY, a. Cowardly ; meanly timid ; base; sneaking. Herbert. DAS/TARD-NESS, n. Cowardliness ; mean timor- onsness. DAS'’TARD-Y, x. Cowardliness ; base timidity. DAS'Y-URE, x. [Gr. dios and ovpa.) A quadruped of New Holland and Van Diemen’s Land, allied to the opossum. DA’/TA, x. pl. [L. data, given.] Things given, or adinitted ; quantities, principles, or facts given, known, or admitted, by which to find things or results unknown. DA-TA/RI-A, n. The papal chancery at Rome, from which all bulls are issued, so called from the sub- scription, Datum apud Sanctum Petrum, \. e., in the Vatican. Encyc. Am. DA’TA-RY, 7. A high officer of the chancery of Rome, who affixes the datum Rome to the pope’s bulls. 2. The employment of a datary. DATE, n. [Fr. date; It. and Sp. data; L. datum, given, from do, to give; Sans. da, datu.] 1. That addition to a writing which specifies the year, month, and day, when it was given or execu- ted. In letters, it notes the time when they are writ- ten or sent; in deeds, contracts, wills, and other pa- pers, it specifies the time of execution, and, usually, the time from which they are to take effect and op- erate on the rights of person. ‘To the date is usually added the name of the place where a writing is exe- cuted, and this is sometimes included in the term date. 3, The time when any event happened, when any thing was transacted, or when any thing is to be done; as, the date of a battle; the date of Cesar’s arrival in Britain. 3. End; conclusion. [ Unusual. ] What time would spare, from steel receives its date, 4. Duration ; continuance ; as, ages of endless date. Milton. DATE, v. t. To write or note the time when a letter is written, or a writing executed; to express, in an instrument, the year, month, and day, of its execu- Pope. DAU - pressing Something to be given to a person, or for his benefit ; as, utilis vobis, useful to you. In English, this relation is expressed by to or for. Dative executor ; in law, one appointed by the judge of probate ; an administrator. DAT’O-LITE, n. A mineral, occurring in small, DATHO-LITE, | complex, glassy crystals, usually colorless, or a little yellowish. It consists of silica, boracic acid, and lime, with five per cent. of water. A variety presenting botryoidal or mammillary forms is called botryolite. Dana, DA’TUM, z.; pl. Dara. [L.] Something given or ad- mitted. [See Dara DA’/TUM-LINE, zn. In civil engineering, the horizon- tal or base line, from which the surface-points are reckoned, or measured, in the plan of a railway, &c. Gilbert. DA-TUWRA STRA-MO'NI-UM, n. The thorn-apple, a plant yielding seed of a medicinal quatity. DA-TU/RLNA, )n. An alkaloid obtained from Datu- DA-TU/RI-A, ra stramonium, now supposed to be DA-TU’RINE, identical with Atropina. DAUB, v. t. [W. dwbiaw, to daub; dwb, mortar; Ir. dobhaimh, to daub ; doib, plaster ; allied probably to Fr. dauber, to strike, that is, to throw or put on, and the root of this word probably occurs, contracted, in the L. induo.] 1. To smear with soft, adhesive matter ; to plaster ; to cover with mud, slime, or other soft substance. She took for him an ark of bulrushes, and daubed it with slime and with pitch. — Ex. il. I will break down the wall ye have daubed with untempered mortar, — Ezek. xiii. 2. To paint coarsely. If a picture is daubed with many bright colors, the vulgar ad- mire it. Vatts. 3. To cover with something gross or specious ; to disguise with an artificial covering. So smooth he daubed his vice with show of virtue, Shak. 4, To lay or put on without taste; to deck awk- wardly or ostentatiously, or to load with affected finery. Let him be daubed with lace. Dryden. 5. To flatter grossly. Conscience will not daub nor flatter. South. DAUB, v. % To practice gross flattery ; to play the hypocrite. Shak. DAUB’ED, (dawhbd,) pp. Smeared with soft, adhesive matter ; plastered ; painted coarsely ; disguised ; load- ed with ill-chosen finery. DAUB/ER, n. One who daubs; a coarse painter 5; a low and gross flatterer. DAUB/ER-Y, )x. A daubing; any thing artful. DAUB/RY, Shak. DAUB/ING, ppr. Plastering; painting coarsely ; dis- guising clumsily ; decking ostentatiously ; flattering grossly. DAUB/ING, 2. flattery. DAUB’Y, a. Plastering ; coarse painting; gross Viscous 3 glutinous; slimy; 7?»esive, DI ryjirt ite DAUGH’TER, (daw’ter,) n. [Sax. dohter ; D. dogter ; G. tuchter; Sw. and Dan. dotter; Gré Ovyarnp ; Goth. dauhtar ; Russ. doch ; Pers. yAsS dochtar, a daugh- On tion, and, usually, the place ; as, to date a letter,a bond, a deed, or a charter. 2. To note or fix the time of an event or transac- tion. Historians date the fulfillment of a prophecy at different periods. 3. To note the time when something begins; as, to date a disease, or a calamity, from a certain cause. DATE, v.i. To reckon. 2. To begin ; to have origin. | Phaniz dactylifera. The Batavian republic dates from the successes of the French arins, z E. Everett, DATE, n. [Fr, datte, for dacte; It. dattero; Sp. datil ; L. dactylus ; Gr. daxrvd0s.] The fruit of the great palm-tree, or date-tree, the ‘This fruit is somewhat in the shape of an acorn, composed of a thin, light, glossy membrane, somewhat pellucid and yellowish, con- and wholesome, and in this is inclosed a hard kernel. DATE/-TREBE, xn. The tree that bears dates ; the great palm-tree. DAT’ED, pp. tion specified ; having the time of happening noted. DATE/LESS, a. Having no date ; having no fixed term. DAT’ER, n. One that dates. [ Shak. DAT/ING, ppr. happening, or originating. DA/TIVE, a. orn. [L. dativus, from do, to give. ] he spoke to them. taining a soft, pulpy fruit, firm and sweet, esculent Having the time of writing or execu- Expressing the time of writing, or of executing, a paper or instrument ; noting the time of In grammar, a term applied to the case of nouns which usually follows verbs that express giving, or some act directed to an object. Thus, datur tibi, it is given to you ; missum est uli, it was sent to him ; fecit mihi, he made, or did, to, or for, me; loquebatur illis, It also follows other words ex- ter; also, CA=4 docht, daughter, and a virgin ; also, strength, power; Sans. dugida, or duhita. The-latter words coincide with the Sax. dugan, to avail, to be good ; dugoth, strength, grace, L. decus. See De- CENCY. | 1. The female offspring of a man or woman; a fe- male child of any age. 2. A daughter-in-law ; a son’s wife. Ruth iii. 3. A woman; pl. female inhabitants. Dinah went out to see the daughters of the land, — Gen, xxxiv. 4. A female descendant; lineage of females. Luke i. 5. The female penitent of a confessor, Shak. This word is used, in Scripture, for the inhabitants of a city or country, male and female. Js. xvi. 2. ‘Matt. xxi. Also, a term of affection or kindness. Daughter, be of good comfort. — Matt, ix. DAUGH’TER-LLNESS, 2. The state of a daugh- ter. More. 2. The conduct becoming a daughter. DAUGH’TER-LY, a. Becoming a daughter ; dutiful. DAUK. See Dawk. { Cavendish. DAUNT, v. t. [In Scot. dant, danton, signify to sub- due. In Dan. daaner, Sw. dana, signifies to faint or swoon. Qu. L. domito, Fr. dompter, contracted. } To repress or subdue courage; to intimidate ; to dishearten ; to check by fear of danger. It expresses less than fright and terrify. Some presences daunt and discourage us. DAUNT'ED, pp. Checked by fear; intimidated. DAUNTY’ING, ppr. Repressing courage ; intimidating ; Glanville. DAUNT’LESS-LY, ado. DAUNT/LESS-NESS, 7. DAU’PHIN, 2. DAU/PHIN-ESS, n. Da/VID-ISTS, DA/VID GEOR/GI-ANS, DA-VI'NA, n. DAV‘IT, n. DAY DAUNT’LESS, a. Bold; fearless; not timid ; not dis- couraged ; as, a dauntless hero ; a dauntless spirit. In a bold, fearless manner. Fearlessness ; intrepidity. [Fr. dauphin, a dolphin; L. delphin, delphinus ; Gr. d&\duv; It. delfino ; Sp. delfin.] The eldest son of the king of France, and pre- sumptive heir of the crown. Since the dethrone- ment of the elder branch of the Bourbon family, in 1830, the title has been discontinued. P. Cyc. The wife or lady of the dauphin. n. pl. The followers of David George; a sect of quiet mystics in the 16th century, who were accused of very erroneous sentiments. A new Vesuvian mineral, of a hexahe- dral form and Jaminar texture; so called in honor of Sir H. Davy. It is the same with nepheline, which see. A beam used on board of ships, as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow, without injuring the sides of the ship ; an operation called fishing the anchor. 2. The term is also appiied to pieces of timber or iron, projecting over a ship’s side or stern, having tackle to raise a boat by ; these are called boat davits. Totten. DAW,n. A word thatis found in the compound names of many species of birds ; as, the jackdaw; the blue daw ; the purple daw. DAW, v. i. To dawn. [WVot in use.] [See Dawn. DAW’DLE, v.i. To waste time; to trifle. [Obs. DAW'DLER, rn. Atrifler. [Obs.] DAW‘ISH, adv. Like a daw. DAWK, x. A hollow, rupture, or incision in timber. [| Local. | Moxon, 2. {Hindoo dak. } The mail post in India. DAWK, v.t. To cut or mark with an incision. I know not that this word is used in America. | DAWN,v.i. [Sax. dagian; G.tagen; D. daagen; Sw. dagas; from the root of day, whichsee. ‘The primary sense is, to shoot, as rays; hence, to open or expand, to shine. We observe in this word the z of the Saxon infinitive is retained. 1. To begin to grow light in the morning; to grow light; as, the day dawns; the morning dawns. It began to dawn toward the first day of the week. — Matt. XXVi. 9. To begin to open or expand ; to begin to show intellectual light, or knowledge ; as, the genius of the youth begins to davon. When life awakes and dawns at every line. Pope. 3. To glimmer obscurely. Locke. 4. To begin to open or appear. Dryden. DAWN, x. ‘The break of day ; the first appearance of light in the morning. They arose about the dawn of day. —Josh. vi. The word may express the whole time from the first appearance of light to sunrise. 9. First opening or expansion ; first appearance of intellectual light ; as, the dawn of genius, intellect, or mental powers. 3. Beginning ; rise ; first appearance ; as, the dawn of time. Shak. 4, A feeble or incipient light; first beams. These tender circumstances diffuse a dawn of serenity over the soul. Pope. DAWNIING, ppr. or a. Growing light; first appear- ing luminous ; opening; as, the dawning day. 2. Opening; expanding ; beginning to show ,intel- lectual light ; beginning. DAWNI/ING, n. ‘The first appearance of light in the morning. 2. The first opening or appearance of the intellect- ual powers; beginning ; as, the first dawning of no- tions in the understanding. Locke. DAY, n. [Sax. deg, deg, dag ; Goth. dags; D. dag; G. tag; Sw. dag ; Dan. dag ; Sans. dyu ; Celtic di, dia; W. dydh; Lat. dies. See Dawn.] 1. ‘That part of the time of the earth’s revolution on its axis, in which its surface is presented to the sun ; the part of the twenty-four hours when it 1s light; or the space of time between the rising and setting of the sun; called the artificial day. And God called the light day. — Gen. i. 9. The whole time or period of one revolution of the earth on its axis, or twenty-four hours ; called the natural day. And the evening and the morning were the first day. —Gen. i. In this sense, the day may commence at any period of the revolution. The Babylonians began the day at sunrising; the Jews, at sunsetting ; the Egyp tians, at midnight, as do several nations 1n modern times, the British, French, Spanish, American, &c- This day, in reference to civil transactions, Is called the civil day. Thus with us the day when a legal instrument is dated, begins and ends at midnight. The sidereal day, is the period in which the earth makes one complete revolution on its axis, and is an the mean souar day, about four minutes snorted th Se : 2 ; Son owing to the motion of te sun in its ¢ e : Barlow. disheartening. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/‘CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; So eee FH as in THIS. —<—<—<——— 801 Lecigiege RAR ee e ey CESaa. Sea _ ——— ‘ ee Sea eee ieee sm Oe DAY/-BREAK, n. DAY’-€OAL, x. A name given by miners to the upper stratum of coal. Encyc. DAY’-DREAM, n. A vision to the waking senses. Mason. DAY'-FLOW-ER, n. The popular name of a genus DAY/-FLY, x. DAY'-FLY-ER, n, An animal that flies in the day- DAYS - DEA DEA 3. Light ; sunshine. Let us walk honestly, as in the day. — Rom. xiii. 4. Time specified ; any period of time distinguished from other time; age; time with reference to the He was a useful man existence of a person or thing. in his day. In the day thou eatest thereof, thoushalt surely die. —Gen. ii. In this sense, the plural is often used ; as, from the days of the judges; in the days of our fathers. In this sense, also, the word is often equivalent to life, or earthly existence. 5. The contest of a day ; battle ; or day of combat. The day is his own. He won the day; that is, he gained the victory. : 6. An appointed or fixed time. If my debtors do not keep their day. 7. Time of commemorating an event ; anniversary ; the same day of the month, in any future year. We celebrate the day of our Savior’s birth. Day by day; daily ; every day ; each day in suc- cession ; continually ; without intermission of a day. Day by day we magnify thee. Dryden, Common Prayer. But or only from day to day; without certainty of I continuance ; temporarily. Shak. To-day, adv. (Sax. to-deg.] On the present day ; this day ; or at the present time. _ Day of grace; in theology, the time when mercy is offered to sinners. To-day, if ye will hear his voice, harden not your hearts. — Ps. xcyv. Days of grace; in law, are days granted by the court for delay, at the prayer of the plaintiff or de- fendant. Encyc. Three days, beyond the day named in the writ, in which the person summoned may appear and answer. lackstone. Days of grace ; in commerce, a customary number of days, in Great Britain and America three, allowed for the payment of a note or bill of exchange, after it becomes due. A note due on the seventh of the month is payable on the tenth. The days of grace are different in different coun- tries. In France, they are ten; at Naples, eight; at Venice, Amsterdam, and Antwerp, siz; at Ham- burg, twelve; in Spain, fourteen ; in Genoa, thirty. Encye. Day in court, is a day for the appearance of parties in a suit. Days in bank; in England, days of appearance in the Court of Common Bench. Days in court are gen- erally at the distance of about a week from each other, and have reference to some festival of the church. On some one of these days in bank, all orig- inal writs must be made returnable. Blackstone. DAY'-BEAM,n. The light of the day. Bowring. DAY’-BED, n. Abed used for idleness, indulgence, or rest, during the day. Shak. DAY'-BOOK, n. A journal of accounts ; a book in which are recorded the debts and credits or accounts of the day. The dawn or first appearance of light in the morning. of plants, the Commelina. Muhlenberg. One of a genus of insects that live one day only, or a very short time, called Ephemera. The species are numerous, some of which live scarcely an hour, others several days. Encyc. time. DAY'-LA-BOR, nm. Labor hired or performed by the day. DAY—-LA/BOR-ER, n. One who ayorks by the day. DAY’LIGHT, (-lite,) x. The light of the day ; the light of the sun, as opposed to that of the moon or of a lamp or candle. DAY'-LIL-Y,n, The same with asphodel. Johnson. A species of Hemerocallis. Botany. DAY’LY, a. The more regular orthography of Datty. DAY/-MAID,n. A dairy maid. Shak. DAYS’MAN, 7. An umpire or arbiter ; a mediator. Neither is there any daysman betwixt us. — Job ix, DAY/-SPRING, n. The dawn ; the beginning of the day, or first appearance of light. Whereby the dayspring from on high hath visited us. — Luke i. DAY'-STAR, n. The morning star, Lucifer, Venus; the star which precedes the morning light. Milton. DAY’-TIME, n. The time of the sun’s light on the earth ; opposed to night. DAY’/-WEA-RI-ED, (da’/wé-rid,) a. Wearied with the labor of the day. DAY’-WOM-AN,7n. A dairy maid. Sos (-wurk,) n. Work by the day; day- abor. DAY’S'-WORK, n. The work of one day. Among seamen, the account or reckoning of a ship’s course for twenty-four hours, from noon to noon. Encyc. Cs DAZE, v. t. [Qu. Sax. dwes, dysi, dysig, Eng. dizzy. See Dazziez.] To overpower with light; to dim or blind by too strong a light, or to render the sight unsteady. NVot now used, unless in poetry. Dryden. DAZE, n. Among miners, a glittering stone, DAZ'ZLE, v. t. [In Sax. dwes is dull, stupid, foolish ; dwescan, to extinguish; dysi or dysig, dizzy.] 1. To overpower with light; to hinder distinct vision by intense light; or to cause to shake; to render unsteady, as the sight. We say, the bright- ness of the sun dazzles the eyes or the sight. 2. To strike or surprise with a bright or intense light; to dim or blind by a glare of light, or by splendor, in a literal or figurative sense ; as, to be dazzled by resplendent glory, or by a brilliant ex- pression. DAZ!ZLE, v. 7. To be overpowered by light; to shake or be unsteady ; to waver, as the sight. I dare not trust these eyes ; They dance in mists, and dazzle with surprise. Dryden. DAZ'ZLED, pp. ora. Made wavering, as the sight; overpowered or dimmed by a too strong light. DAZ'ZLE-MENT, n. The act or power of dazzling. [et used. Donne. DAZ!/ZLING, ppr. or a. Rendering unsteady or waver- ing, asthe sight; overpowering by a strong light; striking with splendor. DAZ/ZLING-LY, ado. Ina dazzling manner. DE, a Latin prefix, denotes a moving from, separa- tion ; as in debark, decline, decease, deduct, decamp. Hence, it often expresses a negative, as in derange. Sometimes it augments the sense, as in deprave, de- spou. It coincides nearly in sense with the French des and L. dis. The Latin phrase de jure denotes by right; de facto in fact, or actually existing. DEA/EON, (dé/kn,) n. [L. diaconus, from Gr dta- kovos, a minister or servant; dia, by, and kovew, to serve ; Fr. diacre; Arm. diagon ; It. and Sp. diacono; D. diaken.] 1, A person in the lowest degree of haly orders. The office of deacon was instituted by the apostles, /icts Vi., and seven persons Were chosen, at first, to serve at the feasts of Christians, and distribute bread and wine to the communicants, and to minister to the wants of the poor. In the Roman Catholic church, the office of the dea- cons js to incense the officiating priest; to lay the corporal on the altar; to receive the cup from the subdeacon, and present it to the person officiating ; to incense the choir; to receive the pax from the officiating prelate, and carry it to the subdeacon ; and at the pontifical mass, to put the miter on the bishop’s head. Encyc. In the church of England, the office of deacons is declared to be to assist the priest in administering the holy communion ; and their oflice in Presbyterian and Independent churches is to distribute the bread and wine to the communicants. In the latter, they are elected by the members of the church. 2. In Scotland, an overseer of the poor, and the master of an incorporated Company. DEA’€ON-ESS, (dé/kn-ess,) n. A female deacon in the primitive church. Encyc. DEA/EON-RY, n. The office, dignity, or minis- DEA/€ON-SHIP, try of a deacon or deaconess. Encyc. DEAD, (ded,) a. [Sax. dead, probably contracted from deged; D. dood; G. todt; Sw. ddd; Dan. ddd. See Die. 1. Deprived or destitute of life; that state of a being, animal or vegetable, in which the organs of motion and life have ceased to perform their func- tions, and have become incapable of performing them, or of being restored to a state of activity. The men are dead who sought thy life. — Ex. iv, It is sometimes followed by of before the cause of death ; as, dead of hunger, or of a fever. 2. Having never had life, or having been deprived of vital action before birth; as, the child was born 3. Without life ; inanimate. * [dead. All, all but truth, drops dead-born from the press. Pope. 4. Without vegetable life ; as, a dead tree. 5. Imitating death; deep or sound; as, a dead sleep. 6. Perfectly still; motionless as death; as, a dead calm ; a dead weight. 7. Empty; vacant; not enlivened by variety; as, a dead void space; a dead plain. yden. We say, also, a dead level, for a perfectly level surface. 8. Unemployed; useless; unprofitable. A man’s faculties may lie dead, or his goods remain dead on his hands. So dead capital or stock is that which produces no profit. . Dull; inactive ; as, a dead sale of commodities. 10. Dull; gloomy; still; not enlivened; as, a dead winter; a dead season. Addison, Il. Still; deep; obscure; as, the dead darkness of the night. 12. Dull; not lively ; not resembling life; as, the DEAD, (ded,) x. DEAD, (ded,) n. DEAD, (ded,) v. 7. DEAD-€6L/OR-ING, (ded-kul/lur-ing,) n. DEAD/-DRUNK, a. DEAD/EN, (ded’n,) v. t. DEAD!'EN-ED, pp. or a. DEAD! EN-ING, ppr. DEAD!-EYE, (ded/i,) n. 13. Dull; heavy; as, a dead sound. Boyle. 14. Dull; frigid; lifeless; cold; not animated ; not affecting ; used of prayer. Addison. 15. ‘Tasteless ; vapid; spiritless; used of liquors. 16. Uninhabited ; as, dead walls. Arbuthnot. 17. Dull; without natural force or efficacy ; not lively or brisk ; as, a dead fire. 18. In a state of spiritual death ; void of grace; lying under the power of sin. 19. Impotent ; unable to procreate. 20. Decayed in grace. Thou hast a name that thou liyest, and art dead. —Rey. iii. 21. Not proceeding from spiritual life; not pro- ducing good works; as, faith without works is dead. James ii. 22, Proceeding from corrupt nature, not from spir- itual life or a gracious principle; as, dead works. Heb. ix. 14. 23. Perfect or complete; as, a dead level, a dead certainty ; so, also, a dead shot, i. e., a perfect or un- erring marksman. 24. In law, cut off from the rights of a citizen; deprived of the power of enjoying the rights of property ; as, one banished or becoming a monk is civilly dead. Blackstone. Dead language; a language which is no longer spoken or in common use by a people, and known only in writings, asthe Hebrew, Greek, and Latin. Dead rising, or rising line; the parts of a ship’s floor or bottom throughout her length, where the floor tim- ber is terminated on the lower futtock. Mar. Dict. Dead sect. See Ser. The dead signifies dead men. Ye shall not make cuttings for the dead. — Ley. xix, 2. The state of the dead ; or death. This is John the Baptist; he is risen from the dead, — Matt. xiv. This may be understood thus— he is risen from among the dead. Rom. iv. The time when there is a remarka- ble stillness or gloom; depth, as the midst of win- ter or of night. The dead of winter, the dead of night, are familiar expressions. To lose life or force. [ Obs.] Bacon. DEAD, (ded,) v. ¢. To deprive of life, force, or vigor. Obs Bacon. In paint- img, the first Jayer of colors, usually some shade of gray, on which are superinduced the finishing colors which give life and beauty to the picture. Brown. DEAD/-DO-ING, a. Destructive ; killing. [ Obs.] Spenser. So drunk as to be incapable of helping one’s self. [D. dooden; G. tédten.] 1. To deprive of a portion of vigor, force, or sen- sation ; to abate vigor or action ; as, to deaden the force of a ball; to deaden the natural powers or feelings. 2. ‘To blunt; to render less susceptible of feeling ; as, to deaden the senses. 3. To retard ; to lessen velocity or motion ; as, to deaden the motion of a ship, or of the wind. 4. To diminish spirit ; tomake vapid or spiritless ; as, to deaden wine or beer. o. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy ; as, to deaden gilding by a coat of size. Deprived of force or sensa- tion ; made vapid ; to give a dead appearance. Depriving of force, velocity, or sensation. [dead-man’s eye.] Among seamen, a round, flattish, wooden block, encircled by a rope, or an iron band, and pierced with three holes, to receive the laniard, used to extend the shrouds and stays, and for other purposes. DEAD/-HEART-ED, a. Having a dull, faint heart. fail. DEAD/-HEART-ED-NESS, nz. Pusillanimity. DEAD/-LET-TER, n. A letter which lies for a cer- tain period uncalled for at the post-office, and is then sent to the general post-office to be opened. ‘ DEAD’-LIFT, x. The lifting of a thing at the ul most disadvantage, as of a dead body; hence, an extreme exigency. Hudibras. DEAD!-LIGHT, (ded/lite,) n, A strong woaden shut- ter, made to suit a cabin window, in which itis fixed, to prevent the water from entering a ship in a storm. DEAD/LI-HOOD, n. The state of the dead. Pearson. DEAD’LI-NESS, (ded/li-ness,) x. The quality of be- ing deadly. DEAD'LY, (ded/ly,) a, That may occasion death ; mortal; fatal; destructive; as, a deadly blow or wound. 2, Mortal ; implacable ; aiming to kill or destroy ; as, a deadly enemy ; deadly malice ; a deadly feud. DEAD’LY, (ded/ly,) adv. In a manner resembling death ; as, deadly pale or wan. Shak, 2. Mortally. With groanings of a deadly wounded man, — Ezek. xxx. dead coloring of a piece 3 a dead eye. 3. Implacably ; destructively. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 302 < RZ). PRIEST eSDEA 4. In a vulgar or ludicrous sense. very ; extremely ; as, a deadly cunning man. Arbuthnot. DEAD/LY-€AR-ROT, n. A plant of the genus ‘Thapsia. DEAD/LY-NIGHT’SHADE, zn. A poisonous plant of the genus Atropa, the belladona. DEAD/MARCH, n. A piece of solemn music, played at the interment of the dead. DEAD/‘NESS, (ded’ness,) x. Want of natural life or vital power in an animal or plant ; as, the deadness of a limb, of a body, or of a tree. 2. Want of animation; dullness; languor; as, the deadness of the eye. 3. Want of warmth or ardor; coldness ; frigidity ; as, the deadness of the affections. 4. Vapidness ; want of spirit; as, the deadness of liquors. 5. State of being incapable of conception, accord- ing to the ordinary laws of nature. Km. iv. 19. 6. Indifference ; mortification of tle natural de- sires ; alienation of heart from temporal pleasures ; as, deadness to the world. DEAD/-NET-TLE, n. A plant of the genus Lamium, and another of the genus Galeopsis. DEAD!-PLEDGE, x. A mortgage of pawning of things, or thing pawned. Bailey. DEAD/-RECK-ON-ING, (ded/rek-ning,) n. In navi- gation, the judgment or estimation of the place of a ship, Without any observation of the heavenly bod- jes ; or an account of the distance she has run by the log, and of the course steered by the compass, and this rectified by due allowances for drift, lee- way, &c. Mar. Dict. DEAD'-STRUCK, a. Confounded ; struck with horror. DEAD/-WA-TER, x. The eddy water closing in with a ship’s stern, as she passes through the water, DEAD'-WEIGHT, (ded/wat,) n. A heavy or oppres- sive burden. 2. A name given to an advance by the Bank of England to the government, on account of half-pay and pensions to retired officers of the army or navy. Gilbert. DEAD/-WOOD, n. Blocks of timber laid on the keel of a ship, particularly at the extremities. DEAD/WORKS, n. pl. The parts of a ship which are above the surface of the water when she is laden. DEAF, (def in England, more commonly deef in Amer- ica,) a. (Sax. deaf; Ice. dauf; D. doof; G. taub ; Dan. dév; Sw. déf; D. dooven; to quench or stifle ; Dan. déver, to deafen; coinciding with Ch. N5v to extinguish, L. stipo, Fr. etouffer, to stuff. Wence we say, thick of hearing. The true English pronuncia- tion of this word is deef, as appears from the poetry of Chaucer, who uniformly makes it rhyme with leaf; and this proof is confirmed by poetry in the works of Sir W. Temple. Such was the pronuncia- tion which our ancestors brought from England. The word is in analogy with leaf, sheaf, and the long sound of the vowels naturally precedes the semi-vowel f. Def, from the Danish and Swedish pronuncia- tion, is an anomaly in English of a singular kind, there being not another word like it in the language. See Chaucer’s ‘‘ Wife of Bath’s Prologue.’’} 1. Not perceiving sounds ; not receiving impres- sions from sonorous bodies through the air; as, a deaf ear. 9. Wanting the sense of hearing; having organs which do not perceive sounds; as,a deafman. It is followed by to before that which ought to be heard ; as, deaf to the voice of the orator, Blind are their eyes, their ears are deaf, Nor hear when mortals pray ; Mortals that wait for their reliet, Are blind and deaf as they. Watts, Ps. 135. 3. In a metaphorical sense, not listening ; not regard- ing; not moved, persuaded, or convinced 3; reject- ing; as, deaf to reason or arguments. Men are deaf to the calls of the gospel. 4, Without the ability or will to regard spiritual things ; unconcerned; as, hear, ye deaf. Is. xlil. 5. Deprived of the power of hearing; deafened ; as, deaf with clamor. 6. Stifled ; imperfect ; obscurely heard; as, a deaf noise or murmur. Dryden. DEAF, v. t., to deafen, is used by Dryden, but is obso- lete, unless, perhaps, in poetry. DEAF’EN, (deef’n or def’n,) v. t. To make deaf; to deprive of the power of hearing; to impair the or- gans of hearing, so as to render them unimpressible to sounds. 9, To stun; to render incapable of perceiving sounds distinctly ; as, deafened with clamor or tu- mult, 3. In architecture, to deafen a floor, is to render it impervious to sound, by filling the space beneath it with mortar and other substances. wilt. DEAF’ EN-ED, (deef’nd or def/nd,) pp. Made deaf; stunned. DEAF’EN-ING, ppr. pervious to sound. DEAL’LY, (deef'le or def'le,) adv. sounds ; obscurely heard. DEAF’NESS, (deef’ness or def’ness,) nm. Incapacity of perceiving sounds ; the state of the organs which Making deaf; rendering im- Without sense of TONE, BYLL, UNITE.—A DEAF’-MUTE, n. A deafand dumb person. Gallaudet. DEAL, v. t.; pret. and pp. Deatt, (delt.) [Sax. delan, DEAL, ». t DEAL, n. DEA prevents the impressions which constitute hearing ; as, the deafness of the ears ; hence, applied to persons, want of the sense of hearing. 2. Unwillingness to hear and regard; voluntary rejection of what is addressed to the ear and to the understanding. King Charles. bedelan, gedalan; Goth. dailyan; Sw. dela; Dan. deeler; G. theilen; D. deelen; bedeelen; Russ. delyu ; W. dydoli, to separate; dy and tawl, separation, a throwing off, tazolu, to throw off, to separate ; Ir. and Gael. dailim, to give; dail, a part, Eng. dole; Heb. and --—- Ch. 572 to separate or divide; Ar. JX badala, to Oe exchange, or give in exchange; JX badhala, to give, to yield. (Qu. W. gozoli, to endow.) There isa remarkable coincidence between the Shemitic word and the Sax. and Dutch, bedelan, bedeelen. The Welsh tawlu gives the true original sense. ] 1. To divide ; to part; to separate; hence, to di- vide in portions ; to distribute ; often followed by out. Is it not to deal thy bread to the hungry. —Is. lyiii. And Rome deals out her blessings and her gold. Tickel. 9. To scatter; to throw about; as, to deal out feathered deaths. Dryden. 3. To throw out in succession ; to give one after another ; as, to deal out blows, to deal out cards, to deal out curses. To traffic ; to trade; to negotiate. They buy and sell, they deal and traffic. South. 2, To act between man and man; to intervene ; to transact or negotiate between men. He that deals between man and man, raiseth his own credit with both. Bacon. 3. To behave well or ill; to act; to conduct one’s self in relation to others. Thou shalt not steal, nor deal falsely, nor lie. — Lev. xix. 4. To distribute cards. To deal by ; to treat, either well or ill; as, to deal well by domestics. Such one deals not fairly by his own mind. Locke. To deal in; to have to do with; to be engaged in ; to practice. They deal in political matters ; they deal in low humor. To trade in ; as, to deal in silks, or in cutlery. To deal with ; to treat in any manner; to use well or ill. Now will we deal worse with thee. —Gen. xix. Return — and I will deal well with thee. —Gen. xxxii. 2. To contend with ; to treat with, by way of op- position, check, or correction; as, he has turbulent passions to deal with. 3. To treat with, by way of discipline, in ecclesi- astical affairs ; to admonish. [Sax. del, dal, gedal; Ir. dal; D. deel; G. theil ; Dan. deel; Sw. del; Russ.dolia. See the verb. ] 1, Literally, a division; a part or portion ; hence, an indefinite quantity, degree, or extent; as, a deal of time and trouble; a deal of cold; a deal of space. Formerly it was limited by some; as, some deal; but this is now obsolete or vulgar. In general, we now qualify the word with great; as, a great deal of labor ; a great deal of time and pains; a great deal of land. In the phrases, it isa great deal better or worse, the words great deal serve as modifiers of the sense of The true construction is, it is, by a great deal, better; it is better by a great deal, that better and worse. is, by a great part or difference. 2, The division or distribution of cards; the art or practice of dealing cards. The deal, the shuffie, and the cut, Svifl. 3. The division of a piece of timber made by saw- ing; a pine board or plank ; @ sense much more used in England than in the United States. DE-AL’BATE, v. t. To whiten. aes used. | DE-AL-Ba/TION, DEAL/ED, pp. DEAL/ER, nx. Divided ; thrown out. wit and learning. Swift. 9. A trader; atrafficker; a shopkeeper ; a broker; a merchant ; a word of very extensive use; as, a dealer in dry goods; a dealer in hardware; a dealer in stocks ; a dealer in leather; a dealer in lumber; a dealer in linens or woolens ; a small dealer in groce- ries ; a monev-dealer. 3. One why distributes cards to the players. DEAL/ING, ppr. 9. Trading ; trafficking ; negotiating. 3. Treating ; behaving. DEAL/ING, x. Practice; action ; conduct ; behavior [out as, observe the dealings of the men who administer But it is now more generally used the government. of the actions of men in private life. DEALT, (delt,) pret. and pp. Scattered; given in suc- [L. dealbo ; de and albus, white.] n. The act of bleaching; a whit- [ening. One who deals; one who has to do with any thing, or has concern with; as, a dealer in Dividing; distributing ; throwing DEA 2, Conduct in relation to others; treatment; as, the dealings of a father with his children. God’s dealings with men are the dispensations of his proy- idence or moral government. 3. Intercourse in buying and selling ; traffic ; busi- | ness; negotiation. American merchants have ex tensive dealings with the merchants of Liverpool. 4. Intercourse of business or friendship ; concern. The Jews have no dealings with the Samaritans, — John iv. DE-AM/BU-LATE, v.i. [L. deambulo.] To walk abroad. [Vot used.] DE-AM-BU-LA/’TION, 2. The act of walking abroad. Elyot. DE-AM’BU-LA-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to walks. DE-AM/BU-LA-TO-RY, n. A place to walk in. DEAN, n. [Fr. doyen, the eldest of a corporation ; Arm. dean; Sp. dean, decano; Port. deam, decano; It. deca- no; from L. decanus, the leader of a file ten deep, the head of a college, from decem, Gr. dexa, W. deg, ten; so named because originally he was set over ten can- ons or prebendaries. Ayliffe.] 1. In England, an ecclesiastical dignitary in cathe- dral and collegiate churches, and the head of a chap- ter ; the second dignitary of a diocese. Ancient deans are elected by the chapter in virtue of a conge @elire from the king and letters missive of recommendation ; but in the chapters founded by Henry VIII. out of the spoils of dissolved monasteries, the deanery is dona- tive, and the installation merely by the king’s letters patent. Encyc. 2. An officer in each college of the universities in England. Warton. 3. In the United States, a registrar of the faculty in some colleges, and especially in medical institutions. Rural dean, or arch-presbyter, had originally juris- diction over ten churches; but afterward he became only the bishop’s substitute, with no absolute judicial power in himself, but the ordering of ecclesiastical affairs within his deanery, by the direction of the bishop or archdeacon. ubert. Dean of a monastery ; a superior established under the abbot, to ease him in taking care of ten monks. Hence his name. Encyc. Dean and chapter, are the bishop’s council, to aid him with their advice in affairs of religion, and in the temporal concerns of his see. Encyc. DEAN/ER-Y, x. The office or the revenue of a dean. Clarendon. Swift. 2. The house of a dean. Shak. 3. The jurisdiction of a dean. Each archdeaconry is divided into rural deaneries, and each deanery is divided into parishes. lackstone. DEAN/SHIP, x. The office of a dean. DEAR, a. [Sax. deor; G. thewer, dear, rare; theure or theurung, dearness, scarcity, dearth ; D. duur, dear ; duurte, dearth; Sw. dyr, dear; dyrhet, dearth ; Dan. dyre, dyrtid, id. It seems that the primary sense Is, scarce, rare, or close, narrow ; this is obvious from dearth. So in L. carus, caritas. Class Dr, No. 7, 8, 19, and Class Sr, No. 4, 34, 47.] 1. Scarce ; not plentiful ; as, a dear year. [ Obs.] Shak. 2. Bearing a high price in comparison of the usual price ; more costly than usual ; of a higher price than the customary one. Wheat is dear at a dollara bush- el, when the usual price is seventy-five cents. This sense results from the former, as dearness is the effect of scarcity and demand. 3. Of a high value in estimation ; greatly valued ; beloved ; precious. And the last joy was dearer than the rest. Pope. Be ye followers of God, as dear children. — Eph. vy. DEAR, a. [Sax. derian, to hurt; Scot. dere or deir, to annoy, and dere, to fear. } Hurtful ; grievous ; hateful. [Obs.] Shak. DEAR, v. t. ‘To make dear. Nas used.| Shelton. DEAR, n. A darling; a word denoting tender affec- tion or endearment ; as, my dear. DEAR/BORN, n._ A light four-wheel carriage. DEAR/-BOUGHT, (-baut,) a. [See Boucur.] Pur- chased at a high price ; as, dear-bought experience 5 dear-bought blessings. DEAREST, a. superl. the greatest value. DEAR/EST, n. Darling; a term denoting the tenderest DEAR/LING. See Darvine. [affection. DEAR/-LOV-ED, (-luvd,) a. Greatly beloved. Shak. DEAR/LY, adv. At a high price; as, he pays deurly for his rashness. : 2. With great fondness ; as, we love our children DEARN, a. [Sax. deorn.] [dearly ; dearly beloved. Lonely ; solitary ; melancholy. [ Obs,] Shak. DEAR/NESS, n. Scarcity; high price, or a higher price than the customary one; as, the dearness of corn. 9, Fondness ; nearness to the heart 0 great value in estimation ; preciousness ; te : as, the dearness of friendship. DEARNI/LY, adv. Secretly; privately ; mournfully. Obs.]_ [See Dernvy.] DEARTH, (derth,) 7. dearth of corn. Bearing the highest price ; of r affections ; nder love ; [See Drar.] Scarcity; as, a Shak. cession; traded; conducted N/GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; 8 as Z; 2. Want; need ; famine. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. | 303 Seer rs Sa as ser <—— = ee ee FB eke eon achat ars a en me Soes Se DE 3. Barrenness ; sterility ; DE-AR-TIE/U-LATE, »v. t. DEATH, (deth,) 7. déd; Dan. ddd. B as, a dearth of plot. Dryden, To disjoint. [NVot used.] [Sax. death ; D. dood; G. tod; Sw. See Dre and Deap.] DEB DE-BARK-A/TION, n. The act of disembarking. DE-BARK’ED, (de-barkt’,) pp. Removed to land from on board a ship or boat. DE-BARK/ING, ppr. Removing from a ship to the land ; going from on board a vessel. 1. That state of a being, animal or vegetable, but | DE-BAR/RED, (de-bard’,) pp. [from debar.] Hindered more particularly of an animal, in which there is to- tal and permanent cessation of all the vital functions, when the organs have not only ceased to act, but have lost the susceptibility of renewed action. Thus the cessation of respiration and circulation in an an- imal may not be death ; for during hybernation, some animals become entirely torpid, and some animals and vegetables may be subjected to a fixed state by frost, but being capable of revived activity, they are not dead. 2. The state of the dead 3. The manner of dying. 3 as, the gates of death. [Job Xxxviii. Thou shalt die the deaths of them that are slain in the m_dst of the seas. — Ezek. xxvill. Let me die the death of the righteous. — Num, xxiii. 4. The image of mortality represented by a skele- ton; as, a death’s head. 5. Murder; as, a man of death, We say, he caught his death. 6. Cause of death. Shak. Bacon. O thou man of God, there is dvath in the pot.— 2 Kings iv, 7. Destroyer or agent of death ; as, he will be the death of his poor father. 8. In poetry, the means or instrument of death ; as, an arrow is called the feathered death; a ball, a lead- en death. Deaths invisible come winged with fire. 9. In theology, perpetual separation from God, and eternal torments ; called the 10. Separation or alienation of the sou) from God ; a being under the dominion grace or divine life ; called spiritual death. We know that we have passed fi love the brethren. —1 John iii, Lukei. Civil death, is the separation of a man from civil society, or from the enjoyme banishment, abjuration of the realm, entering intoa monastery, &c. DEAT H’-BED, (deth/bed,) x. person dies or Is confined in DEAT H’-BOD-ING, a. DEATH!-DART-ING, a. DEATH’-DO-ING, a. DEATH/FUL, a. structive These eyes beh The deatiful scene. DEATH’/FUL-NESS, zn. DEATH’LESS, a. less fame, DEATH’LIKE, a. the throat of a dying person. DEATH’-SHAD-OW-ED, a. Surrounded by the shades of death. DEATH’-STROKE, n. to death ; the gates of death. DEATH’S/-MAN, n. DEATH!-T0-KEN, n. That which indicates approach- ing death. DEATH’ WARD, adv. Toward death. Beawm. and Fl. A small kind of beetle, whose DEATH!-WATCH, n. ticking, which is really the mate, has been weakly supposed, by superstitious and ignorant people, to prognosticate death. Gay. L. deauro. | DE-AU’RATE, v. t. To gild. [Little used. ] DE-AU/RATE, a. Gilded. DE-BAC/EHATE, v. i. DE BA€-€Ha’/TION, n. DE-BA€’LE, (de-bak’1,) n. bursting forth. A violent rush of waters, having so great force as to have conveyed the fracme mains of animals and vegetables, to a distance from their native localities, DE-BAR’, v. t. trance ; to preclude or enjoyment ; to snut out or deharred from any rational enjoyment ; religion de- bars us from no real pleasure. DE-BARK’, v.t. [Fr. debarquer ; de and barque, a boat or vessel. To lan DE-BARK’, ». i. Portending death. Darting or inflicting death. Inflicting death. DEAT H’-DOOM-ED, a. Doomed to death. Coleridge. Full of slaughter; murderous; de- ald Appearance of death. Taylor. Immortal ; not subject to death, destruction, or extinction ; as, deathless beings ; death- t The stroke of death DEATH’S’-DOOR, (deths’dor,) n. An executioner ; a hangman. To rave and bluster, as a bac- A raving. [de and bar.] To cut off from en- ; to hinder from approach, entry, from a ship or boat; to remove from on board any water-craft and place on land; to disem- bark ; as, to debark artillery. pecially in a transitive sense, than DiseMBARK. ] To leave a ship or boat and pass to the land ; as, the troops debarked at four o’clock. Dryden. second death. Rev. il. of sin, and destitute of rom death to life, because we nt of civil rights; as by Blackstone. The bed on which a his last sickness. Shak. Shak. Pope. from approach, entrance, or possession. DE-BAR’RUING, ppr. Preventing from approach, en- trance, Or enjoyment. DE-BAR/RING, n. Hinderance from approach. DE-BASE’, v. t. [de and base.] ‘To reduce from a higher to a lower state in quality or respectability. The drunkard debases himself and his character. In- temperance and}debauchery debase men almost to a level with beasts. 2. To reduce or lower in quality, purity, or value ; to adulterate ; as, to debase gold or silver by alloy. 3. To lower or degrade ; to make mean or despica- ble. Religion should not be debased by frivolous dis- putes. Vicious habits debase the mind as well as the character. 4. To sink in purity or elegance; to vitiate by meanness ; as, to debase style by the use of vulgar words. ; DE-BAS/ED, (de-baste’,) pp. or a. Reduced in esti- mated value; lowered in estimation; reduced in purity, fineness, quality, or value ; adulterated ; de- Resembling death ; gloomy ; still; calm; quiet; peaceful; motionless; like death in horror or in stillness; as, deathlike slumbers. 2. Resembling death ; cadaverous. DEATH’-RAT-TLE, (deth/rat-tl,) n. A rattling in More. A near approach ‘aylor. Shak. Shak. call of the male for.its {chanal. A breaking or Buckland. [Fr] nts of rocks, and the re- Ed. Encyc. exclude ; as, we are not > [{t is less used, es- graded ; rendered mean. DE-BASE/MENT, zn. The act of debasing; degrada- tion ; reduction of purity, fineness, quality, or value ; adulteration ; a state of being debased ; as, debase- ment of character, of our faculties, of the coin, of style, &c. DE-BAS/ER, n. One who debases or lowers in esti- mation or in value; one who degrades or renders mean ; that which debases. DE-BAS/ING, ppr. or a. Reducing in estimation or worth ; adulterating ; reducing in purity or elegance ; degrading ; rendering mean. 2. a. Lowering; tending to debase or degrade ; as, debasing vices. DE-BAS/ING-LY, adv. So as to debase. DE-BAT’A-BLE, a. [See Desatre.] That may be debated ; disputable ; subject to controversy or con- tention ; as, a debatable question. DE-BATE/, n. [Fr. dehat; Sp. debate; Port. id.; de and battre, to beat. 1, Contention in words or arguments ; discussion for elucidating truth ; strife in argument or reasoning, between persons of different opinions, each endeav- oring to prove his own opinion right, and that of his opposer wrong; dispute; controversy ; as, the de- bates in parliament or in congress. 2. Strife ; contention Behold, ye fast for strife and debate. —Is, viii. 3. The power of being disputed ; as, this question is settled beyond debate ; the story is true beyond de- bate. 4. Debate or debates; the published report of argu- ments for and against a measure ; as, the debates in the convention are printed, DE-BATE’, v.t. [Fr. debattre; Sp. debatir; Port. de- bater. See Bear and Asare.] To contend for in words or arguments; to strive to maintain a cause by reasoning ; to dispute ; to dis- cuss ; to argue ; to contest, as opposing parties; as, the question was debated till a late hour. Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself. — Proy. xxv. DE-BATE’, v. i. To debate on or in; to deliberate ; to discuss or examine different arguments in the mind. Shak. 2. To dispute. Tatler, 3. To engage in combat. [Vot in use.] DE-BAT’ED, pp.-or a. Disputed ; argued ; discussed. DE-BATE/FUL, a. Of things, contested ; occasion- ing contention. Spenser. 2. Of persons, quarrelsome; contentious. { Little used. DE BATE/FUL-LY, adv With contention. Sherwood. DE-BATE/MENT, n, Controversy ; deliberation. [ Lit- tle used.) Shak. DE-BAT’ER, n. controvertist, DE-BAT/ING, ppr. ora. tending by arguments. DE-BAT’/ING-LY, adv. In the manner of a debate. DE-BAT/ING-SO-CI/E-TY, n. A society for the pur- pose of debate and improvement in extemporaneous speaking. DE-BAUCH/, v.t. [Fr. debaucher ; Arm. dibaucha. This is said by Lunier to be compounded of de and an old French word, signifying a shop, (bauche,) and that its primary sense is to draw or entice one from his shop or work; and in this sinse it is still used. Hence, embaucher is to help a journeyman to employ- ment, and to enlist asa soldier. he general sense, then, of debauch, in English, is to lead astray, like seduce. ] I, ‘To corrupt or vitiate ; as, to-debauch a prince or youth ; to debauch good principles. 2. To corrupt with lewdness; as, to debauch a woman. One who debates; a disputant; a Disputing ; discussing ; con- DEB 3. To seduce from duty ur allegiance; as, to de- bauch an army. DE-BAUCH!’, 2. [Fr. debauche; Arm. dibauch. Excess in eating or drinking ; intemperance ; drunkenness ; gluttony ; lewdness. DE-BAUCH’ED, (de-baucht’,) pp. or a. Corrupted ; vitiated in morals or purity of character. DE-BAUCH/ED-LY, adv. Ina profligate manner. = Cowley. DE-BAUCH’ED-NESS, nz. Intemperance. Bp. Hall. DEB-AU-CHEE’, (deb-o-shee’,) n. A man given to intemperance or bacchanalian excesses. But, chiefly, a man habitually lewd. DE-BAUCH/ER, n.. One who debauches or corrupts others ; a seducer to Jewdness, or to any dereliction of duty. DE-BAUCH/ER-Y, n. Excess in the pleasures of the table ; gluttony ; intemperance. But, chiefly, habit- ual lewdness ; excessive unlawful indulgence of Just. 2. Corruption of fidelity ; seduction from duty or allegiance. The republic of Pans will endeavor to complete the debauchery of the army. Burke. DE-BAUCH’/MENT, nv. The act of debauching or corrupting ; the act of seducing from virtue or duty. DE-BEL’LATE, v. t. [L. debello.} [ Taulor. To subdue. [Wot used. Bacon. DE-BEL-LA’TION, n. The act of conquering or sub- duing. [Wot used. More. DE BE'NE ES'SE, [L.] Well being, or condition- al allowance. In Jaz, to take an order or testimony de bene esse, is, to take or allow it for the present, but subject to be suppressed or disallowed on a further or fll examination. Covel. DE-BENT’URE, x. [Fr., from L. debeo, to owe. Class Dh. 1. A writing acknowledging a debt; a writing or certificate signed by a public officer, as evidence of a dett due to some person. This paper, given by an officer of the customs, entitles a merchant, exporting goods, to the receipt of a bounty, or a drawback of duties. When issued by a treasurer, it entitles the holder to a sum of money from the state. 2. In the customs, a certificate of drawback; a writing Which states that a person is entitled toa certain sum from the government, on the exportation of specified goods, the duties on which had been paid. DE-BENT’UR-ED, a. Debentured goods are those for which a debenture has been given, as being entitled to drawback. DEB/ILE, a. [L. debdilis; Fr. debile; It. debile; Sp. de- bul. See Class Db, No. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 15, 47, 51.) Relaxed ; weak ; feeble ; languid ; faint; without strength. Shak, DE-BIL/L-TATE, v. t. [L. debdilito, from debdilis.] To weaken ; to impair the strength of; to enfee- ble; to make faint or languid. Intemperance debdili- tates the orgens of digestion. Excessive indulgence debilitates the system. DE-BIL/I-TA-TLD, pp. or a. relaxed. DE-BIL/I-TA-TING, ppr. Weakening ; impairing strength. DE-BIL'I-TA-TING, a. Tending or adapted to weaken, DE-BIL-I-Ta/TION, n. The act of weakening ; re- laxation. DE-BIL'I-TY, nn. [L. debilitas, from debilis. Relaxation of the solids; weakness ; feebleness ; Janguor of body; faintness; imbecility; as, mor- bid sweats induce debility. Ww may be applied to the mind, but this is less common. DEBIT, n. [L. debitum, from debeo, to owe, Fr. de- voir, Sp. deber, It. dovere. (See Duty.) The sense is probably to press or bind ; Gr. dew. Debt. It is usually written Deer, But it is used in mercantile language; as, the debit side of an account. DEB'IT, v. t. To charge with debt ; as, to debit a pur- chaser the amount of goods sold. We debit congress with this whole sum. Weakened ; enfecbled ; enfeebling ; Jefferson. 2. To enter an account on the debtor side of a book ; as, to debit the sum or amount of goods sold. DEB/IT-ED, pp. Charged in debt; made debtor on account. 2. Charged to one’s debt, as money or goods. DEB/IT-ING, ppr. Making debtor on account, as a person. 2. Charging to the debt of a person, as goods. DEB/IT-OR, n. ka ‘ BR = a S ° nn reer (a S Pe "reed Ce i ee eli: - se » a eS i Siietnenpeet! er| | DEC DE-CEM’VIR, 2. ; pl. Decemvrri or Decemvirs.] [L. decem, ten, and vir, a man.] One of ten magistrates, who had absolute author- ity in ancient Rome. aes E-CEM’VI-RAL, a. Pertaining to the decemvirs in Rome. ; Encyc. DE-CEM/VI-RATE, 2. [lL decemviratus. See Dr- CEMYIR.] 1. The office or term of office of the decemvirs, or ten magistrates, in Rome, who had absolute authority for two years. : : 9. A body of ten men in authority. : Dize/CEN-CY,7. [Fr. decence ; L. decentia, from decens, deceo, to be fit or becoming ; Sp. decencia ; It. decenza. The L. deceo coincides in elements with the G. tau- gen, to be good, or fit for ; D. deugen, to be good or Virtuous ; Sax. dugan, to avail, to be strong, to be worth ; duguth, virtue, valor; dohtig, doughty ; dohter, daughter ; W. tygiaw, to prosper; to befit; to succeed. ‘he Teutonic and Welsh words have, for their radical sense, to advance or proceed, to stretch forward. In Welsh, also, tég signifies clear, fair, smooth, beautiful; tegu, to make smooth, fair, beauti- ful, which would seem to be allied to deceo, whence decus, decoro. See Class Dg, No. 18, 25. ; : 1, That which is fit, suitable, or becoming, in words or behavior; propriety of form in social in- tercourse, in actions, or discourse; proper formality ; becoming ceremony. It has a special reference te behavior; as, decency of conduct; decency of worship. But it is used, also, in reference to speech; as, he discoursed with decency. Those thousand decencies, that daily flow From all her words and actions. Milton. 9. Suitableness to character ; propriety. 3. Propriety in speech ; modesty ; opposed to rib- aldry, or obscenity. Want of decency is want of sense. Pope. It may be also used for propriety of speech, op- posed to rudeness, or disrespectful language ; and for propriety in dress, opposed to raggedness, exposure of nakedness, filthiness, &c. DE-CEN/NA-RY, n. [L. decennis, decennium, from decem, ten, and annus, a year. | 1. A period of ten years. 2, A tithing consisting of ten freeholders and their families. Blackstone. DE-CEN/NLAL, a. [l. decennalis, as above.] Continuing for ten years ; consisting of ten years; or happening every ten years; as, a decennial period ; decennial games. DE-CEN/NO-VAL, ja, [L. decem, ten, and novem, DE-CEN’NO-VA-RY, § nine.] Pertaining to the number nineteen; designating a period or circle of nineteen years. [Little used.] Holder. DE/CENT,a. [L. decens; Fr. decent. See Decency.] 1. Becoming; fit; suitable, in words, behavior, dress, and ceremony ; as, decent language; decent conduct or actions ; decent ornaments or dress. 2. Comely ; not gaudy or ostentatious. A sable stole of Cyprus lawn, O’er the decent shoulders drawn, 3. Not immodest. 4. In popular language, moderate, but competent ; not large; as, a decent fortune. So a decent person is one not highly accomplished nor offensively rude. DrE/CENT-LY, adv. In a decent or becoming man- ner; with propriety of behavior or speech. 2. Without immodesty. 5 Milton. Past hope of safety, ’twas his latest care, Like falling Cesar, decently to die. DE’/CENT-NESS, n. Decency. DE-CEP-TI-BIL'I-TY, n, The quality or state of be- ing capable or liable to be deceived. Glanville. DE-CEP/TI-BLE, a. That may be deceived. Brown. DE-CEP’TION, (de-sep’shun,) n. [L. deceptio, from decipio. See Deceiye.] 1. The act of deceiving or misleading. All deception is 2 misapplication of the established signs nsed to communicate thoughts. ~ “Anon, 2. The state of being deceived or misled. Incau- tious and inexperienced youth is peculiarly exposed to deception. 3. Artifice practiced ; cheat ; as, a scheme is all a deception. DE-CEP’TIOUS, (de-sep/shus,) a. Tending to de- ceive ; deceitful. “Shak. DE-CEP’TIVE, a. Tending to deceive ; having power to mislead, or impress false opinions; as, a deceptive countenance or appearance. DE-CEP/TIVE-LY, adv. Ina manner to deceive. DE-CEP’TIVE-NESS, ». The power of deceiving ; the tendency or aptness to deceive. : DE-CEP’TO-RY, a. Tending to deceive; qualities or means adapted to mislead. DE-CERN’, v.t. [L. decerno.] To judge. [Not in use.] DE-CERN/ED, pp. Judged; estimated. DE-CERN/ING, por. Judging ; estimating, DE-CERPT", a. [L. decerptus.] Cropped. [Wot used.] ryden, containing DEC DE-CERP/TI-BLE,a. That may be plucked or taken off. DE-CERP/TION, n. [L. decerpo, to pluck off; de and carpo. | A pulling or plucking off; a cropping. Glanville. DE-CER-TA/TION, n. [L. decertatio; de and certo, to sues) Strife ; contest for mastery. DE-CES/SION, (de-sesh/un,) 2. cedo, to pass. | Departure. [Little use: DE-CHARM/, ». t. Vee decharmer. See CHarm.] To remove aspell or enchantment ; to disenchant. DE-CHARM/ED, pp. Disenchanted. [ Harvey. DE-CHARM/ING, ppr. Removing a spell. DE-€HRIS/TIAN-IZE, v. t. [de and Christianize.] To turn from Christianity ; to banish Christian be- lief and principles from. J. P. Smith. DE-€HRIS'!TIAN-IZ-ED, (-knist/yan-izd,) pp. Turned from Christianity. DE-CHRIS’TIAN-IZ-ING, ppr. tianity. DE-CID/A-BLE, a. DE-CIDE’, »v. t. cut. | Literally, to cut off, and thus toend. Hence, 1. Toend; to determine, as a controversy, by ver- dict of a jury, or by a judgment of court, We say, the court or the jury decided the cause in favor of the plaintiff, or of the defendant. 2. To end or determine, as a dispute or quarrel. 3. To end or determine a combat or battle; as,a body of reserve, brought to the charge, decided the contest. 4, To determine ; to fix the event of. the bill is decided. 5. In general, to end; to terminate. DE-CIDE’, v. i. To determine; to form a definite opinion ; to come toaconclusion. We can not de- cide how far resistance is lawful or practicable. The court decided in favor of the defendant. DE-CID/ED, pp. Determined; ended; concluded. DE-€ID/ED, a. That implies decision; clear; un- equivocal ; that puts an end to doubt. I find much cause to reproach myself that I have lived so long, and have given no decided and public proofs of my being a Christiun. ~ P. Henry, Wirl’s Sketches. 2. Resolute ; determined. DE-CID/ED-LY, adv. Im a decided or determined manner; clearly ; indisputably ; in a manner to pre- DE-CI/DENCE, zn. [L. decidens.] {clude doubt. A falling off. avot in use. | Brown. DE-CID’ER, nz. ne who determines a cause or con- test. DE-CID/ING, ppr. Determining ; ending; concluding. DE-CID/U-OUS, a. [L. deciduus, decido ; de and cado, to fall. ] Falling; having but a temporary existence, as in animals, certain kinds of hair, horns, and teeth, are deciduous ; not perennial or permanent. In botany, a deciduous leaf is one which falls in autumn ; a decid- uous calyx is that which falls along with the corol andstamens ; distinguished from permanent. Martyn. DE-CID/U-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of falling once a year. DEC’I-GRAM, n. A French weight of one tenth DEC'T-GRAMME, of a gramme. DiE’/CIL, n. An aspect or position of two planets, when they are distant from each other a tenth part of the zodiac. [ Obsolete.] Encye. DE-CIL/I-TER, )z. A French measure of capacity DEC'UI-LI-TRE, equal to one tenth of a litre. DE-CILL‘ION, (de-sil/yun,) x. According to the Eng- lish notation, a million involved to thé tenth power, ora unit with sixty ciphers annexed ; according to the French notation, a thousand involved to the elev- enth power, or a unit with thirty-three ciphers an- nexed. DE-CILL/IONTH, a. Pertaining to a decillion. DEC'I-MAL, a. [L. decimus, tenth, from decem, ten; Gr. dexa; Goth. tig, ten, Sax. a tie.] 1. Numbered by ten ; as, decimal progression. Locke. 2. Increasing or diminishing by tens; as, decimal numbers ; decimal fractions. 3. Tenth; as, a decimal part. Decimal arithmetic, is that in which we count tens, DEC'I-MAL, n. A tenth; a fraction having some power of ten for its denominator. DEC'ILMAL-LY, adv. By tens; by means of decimals, DEC'I-MATE, v. t. [L. decimo, from decem, ten.] 1, To tithe; to take the tenth part. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man; a practice in armies for punishing mu- tinous or unfaithful troops. 3. To take every tenth. Mitford. DEC'I-MA-TED, pp. Tithed ; taken by lots. PECL MASEING: ppr. ‘Tithing; selecting every entn, DEC-I-MA’TION, n tenth by lot. 2. The selecting by lot for punishment every tenth man In a company or regiment, &c. DEC/I-M4-TOR, n. One who selects every tenth man for punishment. outh. [Little used.] Brown. [L. decessio; de and Turning from Chris- That may be decided. Jones. [L. decido; de and cedo, to strike, to The fate of A tithing ; a selection of every DEC DE-CIM/E-TER, nm. A French measure of length DEC'U-ME-TRE, equal to the tenth part of a me- ter, or 3 inches and 93710 decimals. DEC’IM-O-SEX’/TO, 7. [L.] A book is in decimo- sexto, when a sheet is folded into sixteen leaves, Taylor. DE-CI/PHER, (-si/fer,) v. t. [Fr. dechiffrer; de and chiffre, a cipher; It. deciferare; Sp. descifrar; Port. decifrar- See CiPHER.] 1. To find the alphabet of a cipher; to explain what is written in ciphers, by finding what letter each character or mark represents ; as, to decipher a letter written in ciphers. 2. To unfold ; to unravel what is intricate; to ex- plain what is obscure or difficult to be understood : as, to-decipher an ambiguous speech, or an ancient manuscript or inscription. 3. To wnite out; to mark down in characters. Locke, [ This use is now uncommon, and perhaps improper. |} 4. To stamp; to mark; to characterize. [ Unu- sual. J Shak. DE-CiI’PHER-A-BLE, a. That may be deciphered, or interpreted. DE-Ci/PHER-ED, pp. Explained ; unraveled ; marked. DE-CI/PHER-ER, n. One who explains what is written in ciphers. DE-CI/PHER-ING, ppr. Explaining; detecting the letters represented by ciphers; unfolding ; marking. 2. n. ‘The act of explaining or unfolding. DE-CIS/ION, (de-sizh’un,) n. [L. decisio. CIDE. 1, Determination, as of a question or doubt; final judgment or opinion, in a case which has been under deliberation or discussion ; as, the decision of the Su- preme Court. He has considered the circumstances of the case and come to a decision. 2. Determination of a contest or event; end of a struggle ; as, the decision of a battle by arms. 3. In Scotland, a narrative or report of the proceed- ings of the Court of Sessions. Johnson. 4. Report of the opinions and determinations of any tribunal. We say, read the decisions of the Court of King’s Bench. 5. Act of separation ; division. 6. Unwavering firmness. DE-Ci/SIVE, a. Having the power or quality of de- termining a question, doubt, or any subject of delib- eration ; final; conclusive; putting an end to con troversy ; as, the opinion of the court is decisive of the question. 2. Having the power of determining a contest or event; as, the victory of the allies was decisive. DE-CI/SIVE-LY, adv. Inaconclusive manner; ina manner to end deliberation, controversy, doubt, or contest. Chesterfield. DE-CI/SIVE-NESS, n. The powerof an argument or of evidence to terminate a difference or doubt ; con- clusiveness. 2. The power of an event to put an end toa con- test. DE-Ci/SO-RY, a. See Dr- [Wot used. ] Able to decide or determine. Sherwood. DECK, v. t. [D. dekken; G. decken; Sw. téckia; Dan. tekker; Sax. gedecan, and thecan, and theccan; L. tego, to cover, whence tectum, a roof, Fr. toit. The Gr. has reyos, a roof, but the verb has a prefix, creyw, to cover. Hence, L. tegula,a tile. The Ir. teach.a house, contracted in Welsh to ty, may be of the same family. In Ger. dach is a roof, and thatch may be also of this family. Class Dg, No.2,3, 10. The primary sense is, to put on, to throw over, or to press and make close. | 1, Primarily, to cover ; to overspread; to put on. Hence, 2. To clothe; to dress the person; but usually, to clothe with more than ordinary elegante ; to array ; to adorn ; to embellish. The dew with spangles decked the ground. Dryden. 3. To furnish with a deck, as a vessel. DECK, 7. ‘The covering of a ship, which constitutes a floor, made of timbers and planks. Small vessels have only one deck ; larger ships have two or three decks. A flush deck is a continued floor from stem to stern, on one line. 2. A pack of cards piled regularly on each other. Grew. DECK/ED, (dekt,) pp. Covered; adorned; furnished with a deck. DECK’ER, x. One who decks or adorns; a coverer ; as, a table-decker. 2. Of a ship, we say, she is a two-decker or a three- decker ; that-is, she has two decks or three decks. DECK’ING, ppr. Covering; arraying; adorning. DECK’ING, x Ornament; embellishment. Homilies. DE-€LAIM’, »v. i. {L.. declamo; de and clamo, to cry out. See Crarm and Ciamor.] I. To speak a set oration in public ; to speak rhe- torically ; to make a formal speech or oration ; as, the students declaim twice a week. 2. To harangue ; to speak loudly or earnestly, toa public body or assembly, with a view to convince their minds or move their passions. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 306ee DEC DEC ail DEC DE-€LAIM’, v. t. To speak in public. 2. To speak in favorof; to advocate. [JVot in use.]} DE-€LAIM/ANT,) 7. One who declaims ; a speaker DE-€LAIM’ER, in public ; one who attempts to convince by an harangue. 2. One who speaks clamorously. DE-CLAIM/ING, ppr. Speaking rhetorically ; ha- ranguing. DE-€LAIM/ING, xn. 2. An harangue. E€-LA-MA/TION, n. [L. declamatio.] 1. A speech made in public, in the tone and man- ner of an oration ; a discourse addressed to the pas- sions; a set speech; an harangue. The word is ap- plied especially to the public speaking and speeches of students in colleges, practiced for exercises in oratory. It is applied also to public speaking in the legislature and in the pulpit. Very often it is used for a noisy harangue, without solid sense or argu- ment; as, mere declamation ; empty declamation. aa piece spoken in public, or intended for the public. DEC’LA-MA-TOR, nz. The act of speaking in public. Bp. Taylor. A declaimer. ([JVot hed Taylor. DE-€LAM/A-TO-RY, a. [L. declamatorius.] 1. Relating to the practice of declaiming; per- taining to declamation ; treated in the manner of a rhetorician ; as, a declamatory theme. Wotton. 2. Appealing to the passions; noisy; rhetorical without solid sense or argument; as, a declamatory way or style. DE-€LAR/A-BLE, a. [See Decrare.] declared or proved. DE-CLAR/ANT, zn. One who declares. DEE€-LA RA/TION, xn. [L. declaratio.] 1. An affirmation ; an open expression of facts or opinions ; verbal utterance ; as, he declared his sen- timents, and I rely on his declaration. 9, Expression of facts, opinions, promises, pre- dictions, &«.,in writings ; records or reports of what has been declared or uttered. The Scriptures abound in declarations of mercy to penitent sinners. 3. Publication ; manifestation ; as, the declaration of the greatness of Mordecai. sth. x. 4, A public annunciation ; proclamation ; as, the declaration of independence, July 4, 1776. 5. In law, that part of the process or pleadings in which the plaintiff sets forth at large his cause of complaint ; the narration or count. DE-€LAR/A-TIVE, a. Making declaration ; explan- atory ; making show or manifestation ; as, the name of a thing may be declarative of its form or nature. 2. Making proclamation, or publication. [ Grew. DE-€LAR/A-TO-RI-LY, adv. By declaration or exhi- bition. DE-€LAR‘A-TO-RY, a. Making declaration, clear manifestation, or exhibition; expressive; as, this clause is declaratory of the will of the legislature. The declaratory part of a law, is that which sets forth and defines what is right and what is wrong. A declaratory act, is an act or statute which sets forth more clearly and explains the intention of the legislature in a former act. DE-6€LARE’, v. t. [L. declaro; de and claro, to make clear; Ir. gluair, or gleair ; W. eglur, clear, bright ; egluraw, to make clear or plain, to manifest, to ex- plain ; Fr. declarer: Sp. declarar ; It. dichiarare. (See Crear and Guory.) The sense is to open, to sepa- rate, or to spread. ] 1. Toclear; to free from obscurity ; tomake plain. Boyle. In this literal sense, the word is no longer in use.] \. To make known; to tell explicitly ; to manifest or communicate plainly to others by words. I will declare what he hath done for my soul, — Pa. lxvi, 3. To make known ; to show to the eye or to the understanding; to exhibit; to manifest by other means than words. The heavens declare the glory of God. — Ps. xix. 4, To publish; to proclaim. Declare his glory among the heathen. — 1 Chron. xvi. Declaring the conversion of the Gentiles. — Acts xv. 5. To assert; to affirm ; as, he declares the story to be false. To declare one’s self; to throw off reserve and avow one’s opinion; to show openly what one thinks, or which side he espouses. DE-€LARE’, v. 7 To make a declaration ; to pro- claim or avow some opinion or resolution in favor or in opposition ; to make known explicitly some de- termination ; with for or against ; as, the prince de- clared for the allies; the allied powers declared against France. Like fawning courtiers, for success they walt ; And then come smiling, and declare for fate. That may be Dryden. 2. In law, to recite the causes of complaint against the defendant; as, the plaintiff declares in debt or trespass. 3. To show or manifest the issue or event ; to de- cide in favor of; as, victory had not declared for either party. avowed; exhibited ; manifested; published; pro- claimed ; recited. DE-€LAR/ED-LY, adv. Avowedly ; explicitly. DE-€LAR/ED-NESS, n. State of being declared. DE-CLARE/MENT, 2. Declaration. DE-€LAR/ER, n. One who makes known or pub- lishes ; that which exhibits. + DE-€LAR/ING, ppr. Making known by words or by other means; manifesting; publishing; affirming; reciting the cause of complaint. DBE-CLAR/ING, n. Declaration ; prociamation DE-€LEN'SION, x. [L. declinatio, from declino. DECLINE. } 1. Literally, a leaning back or down; hence, a falling or declining toward a worse state ; a tendency toward a less degree of excellence or perfection. The declension of a state is manifested by corruption of morals. We speak of the declension of virtue, of manners, of taste, of the sciences, of the fine arts, and sometimes of life or years ; but in the latter ap- plication, decline is more generally used. 2. Declination; a declining; descent; slope; as, the declension of the shore toward the sea. Burnet. In grammar, inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns; the declining, deviation, or leaning of the termination of a word from the termination of the nominative case ; change of termination to form the oblique cases. Thus from rez in the nominative case, are formed regis in the genitive, regi in the dative, regem in the accusative, and rege in the ablative. DE-€LIN/A-BLE, a. That may be declined ; chang- ing its termination in the oblique cases ; as, a declina- DEC€/LILNATE, a. [L. declinatus.] [dle noun. In botany, bending or bent downward, in a curve ; declining. Martyn. DE€-LI-NA’TION, 2x. A leaning; the act of bending See DE-€LINE!/, x. 4. To inflect ; to change the termination of a word | for forming the oblique cases ; as, Dominus, Domini, Domino, Dominum, Domine. Literally, a leaning from; hence, a falling off; a tendency to a worse state; diminution or decay ; deterioration ; as, the decline of life; the decline of strength; the decline of virtue and religion 5 the decline of revenues; the decline of agriculture, commerce, or manufactures ; the decline of learning. 9. A gradual decay of health; consumption. DE-€LIN’ED, pp. Bent downward or from; inflected. DE-€LIN/ING, ppr. or a. Leaning; deviating; fall- ing; failing; decaying; tending to a worse State ; avoiding; refusing ; inflecting. DE€-LI-NOM’E-TER, 7. An instrument for measuring the declination of the magnetic needle. Journ, of Science. In botany, declinate ; bent down- DE-€LINIOUS, a. ward. DE-€LIV/L-TY, n. [L. declivitas, from declivis, slop- ing; de and clicus. See Ciirr.] Declination from a horizontal line; descent of land ; inclination downward; a slope; a gradual descent of the earth, of a rock or other thing; chiefly used of the earth, and opposed to acclivity, or ascent ; the same slope, considered as descending, being a declivity, and considered as ascending, an acclivity. DE-€LI/ VOUS, a. Gradually descending ; not DE-CLIV/LTOUS, precipitous ; sloping. DE-€0€T"’,v.t. [L. decoguo, decoctum; de and coquo, to cook, to boil. } 1. To prepare by boiling ; to digest in hot or boil- Ing water. acon. 2. To digest by the heat of the stomach ; to pre- pare as food for nourishing the body. Davies. 3. To boil in water, for extracting the principles or down ; as, a declination of the head. 2. A declining or falling into a worse state ; change from a better to a worse condition ; decay ; deteriora- tion; gradual failure or diminution of strength, soundness, vigor, or excellence. 3. A deviation from a right line, in a literal sense ; oblique motion ; as, the declination of a descending body. Bentley. 4. Deviation from rectitude in behavior or morals ; obliquity of conduct ; as, a declination fxom the path of integrity. 5. In astronomy, the distance of any object from the celestial equator, either northward or southward. D. Olmsted. 6. Declination of the compass, or needle, is the varia- tion of the needle from the true meridian of a place. Barlow. 7. In dialing, the declination of a wall or plane, is an arch of the horizon, contained between the plane and the prime vertical circle, if reckoned from the east or west, or between the meridian and the plane, if you reckon from the north or south. Barlow. 8. In grammar, declension ; or the inflection of a noun through its various terminations. Johnson. DE€-LI-NA/TOR, n. An instrument for taking the declination, or inclination of a reclining plane; an instrument in dialing. Barlow. DE-€LIN/A-TO-RY, a. Declinatory plea; in law, a plea before trial or conviction, intended to show that the party was not liable to the penalty of the law, or was specially exempted from the jurisdiction of the court. The plea of benefit of clergy is a declina- tory plea. Blackstone. DE-€LIN’A-TURE, 2. Adeclining. [Rare.] G. Combe. DE-€LINE’, v.t. {L. declino; de and clino, to lean. See Lean. 1. To lean downward; as, the head declines to- ward the earth. 2 To lean from a right line; to deviate; m a literal sense. 3. To lean or deviate from rectitude, in a moral sense; to leave the path of truth or justice, or the course prescribed. Yet do I not decline from thy testimonies. — Ps. cxix. 157. 4. To fall; to tend or draw toward the close ; as, the day declines. 5. To avoid or shun; to refuse; not to comply ; not to do; as, he declined to take any part in the concern. perity decline under a corrupt administration. war. DE-ELINE’, v. ¢. down. In molancholy deep, with head declined. Thomson, point or right line. DE-€LAR/ED, pp. or a. Made known; told explicitly ; TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 6. To fall; to fail; to sink ; to decay ; to be im- paired ; to tend to a less perfect state ; as, the vigor of youth declines in age; health declines ; Virtue de- clines ; religion declines ; national credit and pros- 7. To sink; to diminish ; to fall in value; as, the prices of land and goods decline at the close of a To bend downward; to bring 2. To bend to one side; to move from a fixed Qs 3. To shun or avoid ; to refuse ; not to engage in ; to be cautious not to do or interfere ; not to accept or comply with; as, he declined the contest ; he de- clined the offer; he declined the business or pursuit. virtues of a substance. acon. 4, To boil up toa consistence ; to invigorate. Shak. [ This verb is little used, and, in its last sense, ts hard- ly proper. DE-SOC€T’ED, pp. Prepared by boiling. DE-€0€T’L-BLE,a. That may be boiled or digested. DE-€0€/TION, (de-kok’shun,) n. [Fr. decoction; It. decozione. See Decocr.] 1. The act of boiling a substance in water, for ex- tracting its virtues. 2. The liquor in which a substance has been boiled ; water impregnated with the principles of any animal or vegetable substance boiled in it; as,a weak or a strong decoction of Peruvian bark. DE-COCT'IVE, a. That may be easily decocted. DE-€O€T’URE, zn. Asubstance drawn by decoction. DE-€OL/LATEH, v.t. [I decollo.] To behead. DE-€OL’/LA-TED, pp. Beheaded. DE-€OL/LA-TING, ppr. . Beheading. DE-€OL-LA/TION, n. [L. decollatio, from decollo, to behead ; de and collwm, the neck.] The act of beheading; the act of cutting off the neck of an animal, and severing the head from the body. ~It is especially used of St. John the Baptist, and of a painting which represents his beheading. DE-€0L/OR, (-kul/lur,) v. t. To deprive of color ; to bleach. Ure. DE-€OL/OR-ANT, z. A substance which removes color, or bleaches. DE-€OL-O-RA/TION, (-kul-lur-a/shun,) x. [L. de- Ferrand. coloratio. | . The removal or absence of color. DE-€0L'OR-ING, ppr. or a. Depriving of color. DE-€0L/OR-IZE, v. t. ‘To deprive of color. D/€OM-PLEX, a. [de and complex.] Compounded of complex ideas. Gregory. Locke. DE-GOM-POS/A-BLE, a. [See Decomrosse.] That may be decomposed; capable of being resolved into its constituent lements. Davy. DE-€OM-POSE’, v. t. [IF r. decomposer ; de and com- poser, to compose, from li. compono, compositus. | To separate the constituent parts of a body or sub- stance; to disunite elementary particles combined by affinity or chemical attraction ; to resolve into original elements. DE-GOM-POS’ED, pp. or a. Separated or resolved into the constituent parts, DE-C€OM-POS/ING, ppr. Burke. Separating into constituent parts. DE-€OM-POS/ITE, (de-kom-poz/it,) a. [L. de and compositus. See Compose.] : Compounded a second time; compounded with things already composite. acon. DE-€OM-PO-SI/'TION, x. Analysis; the act of sep- arating the constituent parts of a compound body or substance. Decomposition differs trom mechanical division, as the latter effects no change 1 the prop- erties of the body divided, whereas the parts decom- posed have properties very different from those of the substance itself. A second composition. used. | Decomposition of forces; th ‘forces; Which see. DE-GOM-POUND’,v.t. [de and compound. | To com- pound a second; to compound or mux with that [In this sense, not now Boyle. e same as resolution of ——— 307 a ak ges Sie acta BAS 7ea Lo ae ome ww rhe ne DEC composition. oyle. Locke. JVewton.— », To reduce to simple parts by mechanical di- vision ; to decompose. [Little used, or not at all. ] DE-€OM-POUND’, a. Compound of things or words atready compounded ; compounded a second time. ; Boyle. 9, A decompound leaf, in botany, is when the pri- mary petiole is so divided that each part forms a com- pound leaf. A decompound flower, 1s formed of com- ound flowers, or containing, within a common ! which is already compound ; to form by a second i B | | 1 ‘| calyx, smaller calyxes, common to several flowers. Martyn. DE-COM-POUND/A-BLE, a. That may be decom- pounded. DE-GOM-POUND/ED, pp. Compounded a second time ; composed of things already compounded. D-COM-POUND'ING, ppr-. Compounding a second time. | pRe’O-RA-MENT, x. Ornament. [ot used.] DE€/O-RATE, v. t. [L. decoro, from decus, decor, comeliness, grace. See Decency. ] 1. To adorn; to beautify ; to embellish ; used of external ornaments or apparel; as, to decorate the person ; to decorate an edifice ; to decorate a lawn with flowers. 9, To adorn with internal grace or beauty ; to ren- der lovely ; as, to decorate the mind with virtue. 3. To adorn or beautify with any thing agreeable ; to embellish ; as, to decorate a hero with honors, or a lady with accomplishments. DE€/O-RA-TED, pp. or @ embellished. DE€/O-RA-TING, ppr. Adoming ; embellishing ; rendering beautiful to the eye, or lovely to the mind. DEG-O-RA/TION, n. Ornament; embellishment ; any thing added which renders more agreeable to the eye or to the intellectual view. 9, In architecture, any thing which adorns and enriches an edifice, as vases, paintings, figures, festoons, &c. 3. In theaters, the scenes, which are changed as occasion requires. DEC/O-RA-TIVE, a. Adorning; suited to embellish. DE€/0-RA-TIVE-NESS, zn. Quality of being deco- rative. DE€/O-RA-TOR, n. One who adorns or embellishes, DE-€0/ROUS or DE€/O-ROUS,a. [L. decorus, See Decency.] Decent; suitable to a character, or to the time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; proper ; befitting ; as, a decorous speech; decorous behavior ; a decorous dress for a judge. DE-€0/ROUS-LY or DE€/0-ROUS-LY, adv. In a becoming manner. DE-€0/ROUS-NESS or DE€/0-ROUS-NESS, n. De- cency or propriety of behavior. DE-COR/TLEATE, v. t. [L. decortico ; de and cortex, bark. ] To strip off bark; to peel; to husk; to take off the exterior coat; as, to decorticate barley. Arbuthnot. Stripped of bark ; peeled ; Adorned ; beautifted ; DE-€OR’TI-€A-TED, pp. husked. DE-C€OR/TL€A-TING, ppr. external coat; peeling. DE-€OR-TLEaA/TION, x. bark or husk. DB-€0/RUM, zn. CENCY.| 1. Propriety of speech or behavior; grace arising from suitableness of speech and behavior, to one’s own character, and to the characters present, or to the place and occasion; seemliness; decency; op- posed to rudeness, licentiousness, or Jevity. ‘To Speak and behave with decorwm is essential to good breeding. 2, In architecture, the suitableness of a building, and of its parts and ornaments, to its place and uses. DE-COY!, v. t. [D. kooi, a cabin, berth, bed, fold, cage, decoy ; kooijen, to lie, to bed.] To lead or lure by artifice into a snare, with a view to catch; to draw into any situation to be taken by a foe; to entrap by any means Which de- ceive. The fowler decoys ducks into a net. ‘l’roops may be decoyed into an ambush. One ship decoys another within reach of her shot. : DE-COY’,n. Any thing intended to lead into a snare ; any lure or allurement that deceives and misleads into evil, danger, or the power of an enemy. 2. A place for catching wild fowls. DE-COY/-DUCK, n. A duck employed to draw oth- ers Into a net or situation to be taken. DE-€OY’ED, pp. Lured or drawn into a snare or net ; allured into danger by deception. DE-COY/ING, ppr. Luring into a snare or net by de- ception ; leading into evil or danger. DE-€OY’/-MAN, nz. A man employed in decoying and catching fowls. DE-CREASE!, v. 1. Stripping off bark or the The act of stripping off [L. from deceo,to become. See De- [l. decresco; de and cresco, to digrisai. See Grow. | grow ; Fr. decroitre ; It, decrescere ; Sp. decrecer ; Arm. an CS esi p To become less ; to be diminished gradually, in ex- < tent, bulk, quantity, or amount, or in strength, qual- ity, or excellence ; as, the days decrease in length from June to December. He must increase, but I must decrease. — John iii. DE-CREASE!, v. t. To lessen; to make smaller in dimensions, amount, quality, or excellence, &c. ; to diminish gradually or by small deductions; as, ex- travagance decreases the means of charity ; every payment decreases a debt ; intemperance decreases the strength and powers of life. DE-CREASE’, n. A becoming less; gradual diminu- tion ; decay ; as, a decrease of revenue ; a decrease of strength. 9, The wane of the moon; the gradual diminu- tion of the visible face of the moon from the full to the change. DE-E€REAS/ED, pp. Lessened; diminished. DE-€:REAS/ING, ppr. or a. Becoming less; diminish- ing; waning. DE-CREAS/ING-LY, adv. By diminishing. DE-C€REB’/, n. [L. deeretum, from decerno, to judge ; de and cerno, to judge, to divide ; Fr. decret; It. and Sp. decreto. | 1. Judicial decision, or determination of a litigated cause ; as, a decree of the Court of Chancery. The decision of a court of equity is called a decrce; that of a court of law, a judgment, 2. In the civil law, a determination or judgment of the emperor on a suit between parties, Encyc. 3. An edict or law made by acouncil for regula- ting any business within their jurisdiction ; as, the decrees of ecclesiastical councils. Encyc. In general, an order, edict, or law, made by a superior, as a rule to govern inferiors. There went a decree from Cesar Augustus, that all the world should be taxed. — Luke ii. 5. Established law, or rule. He made a decree for the ran. —Job xxviii. 6. In theology, predetermined purpose of God; the purpose or determination of an immutable Being, whose plan of operations is, like himself, unchange- able. DE-C€REE’, v. t. To determine judicially ; to resolve by sentence; as, the court decreed that the property should be restored ; or, they decreed a restoration of the property. 2. To determine or resolve legislatively ; to fix or appoint ; to set or constitute by edict or in purpose. Thou shalt deerce a thing, and it shall be established. — Job xX X11. Let us not be cerning Us. DE-G€REED’, pp. Determined judicially ; appointed ; established in purpose. DE-CREE/ING, ppr. Determining; resolving; ap- pointing ; ordering. DE€/RE-MENT, 7. See DECREASE. 1. Decrease ; waste; the state of becoming gradu- ally less. solicitous to know what God has decreed con- Anon, resolved ; [L. decrementum, from decresco. —) Rocks and mountains suffer a continual decrement. Woodward. 9, The quantity lost by gradual diminution or waste ; opposed to increment. 3. In heraldry, the wane of the moon. 4. In erystalozraphy, a successive diminution of the lamens of molecules, applied to the faces of the prim- itive form, by which the secondary forms are sup- posed to be produced. Fatty. DE-EREP/IT, a. [L. decrepitus, from de and crepo, to break. | Broken down with age; wasted or worn by the infirmities of did age ; being in the last stage of de- cay ; weakened by age. Milton. Pope. This word is sometimes erroneously written and pronounced DecrePIb. DE-CREP/LTATE, v. t. [L. decrepo, to break or burst, to crackle ; de and crepo.]} To roast or calcine In a strong heat, with a contin- wal bursting or crackling of the substance ; as, to de- crepitate salt. DE-€REP/I-TATEH, v. 2. roasting. DE-€REP/I-TA-TED, pp. noise. DE-€REP/I-TA-TING, ppr. Crackling; roasting with a crackling noise ; suddenly bursting when exposed to heat. DE-€REP-I-TA/TION, n. The act of roasting witha continual crackling; or the separation of parts with a crackling noise, occasioned by heat. DE-€REP/IT-NESS, ) n. [See Decrerit.] The bro- DE-€REP/IT-UDE, ken, crazy state of the body, produced by decay and the infirmities of age. : DE-€RES/CENT, a. [lL decrescens. See DEcREASE.] Decreasing ; beccming less by gradual diminution ; as, a decrescent moon. DE-€RE/TAL, a. [See Decrez.] Appertaining toa decree ; containing a decree; as, a decretal epistle. DE-E€RE'TAL, x. An authoritative order or decree. 2. A letter of the pope, determining some point or To crackle, as salts when Roasted with a crackling DEC question in ecclesiastical law. The decretals form the second part of the canon law. Encyc. 3. A collection of the pope’s decrees. Howell. DE-ERE/TION, (de-kré/shun,) n. [See Decreasse.] A decreasing. [JVot used. Pearson. DE-€RE/TIST, n. One who studies or professes the knowledge of the decretals. DE-ERE/TIVE, a. Having the force of a decree. Rich. Dict. In a definitive manner. oodman. DE€/RE-TO-RY, a. Judicial; definitive ; established by a decree. DE€/RE-TO-RL-LY, adv. South. 2. Critical ; determining; in which there is some definitive event ; as, critical or decretory days. Brown. DE-CREW’, v. i. To decrease. [JVot in use.] DE-ERIAL, nz. [See Decry.] A erying down; a clamorous censnre ; condemnation by censure. DE-€RI/ED, (de-kride’,) pp. Cried down; discredit- ed; brought into disrepute. DE-€RI/ER, n. One who decries or clamorously cen- sures. [It would be better to write Decryar, Decryep, DecrYeER. | DE-CROWN’, v. t. ie and crown.] ‘To deprive of a crown. [ Little used. Overbury. DE-E€RUST-A/TION, n. The removal of a crust from. DE-€RY!, v. t. [Fr. decrier ; de and crier, to cry-] 1. To cry down; to censure as faulty, mean, or worthless; to clamor against; to discredit by finding fault; as, to decry a poem. 2. To cry down, as improper or unnecessary ; to rail or clamor against; to bring into disrepute ; as, to decry the measures of administration. DE-ERV/ING, ppr. Crying down. DE€-U-BA/TION, n. [L. decumbo.] The act of lying down. Evelyn. DE-CUM/BENCE, |». [L. decumbens, from decumbo, DE-€UM/BEN-CY,$ to lie down; de and cumbo, to lie down. } Tbe act of lying down; the posture of lying down. Brown. DE-€UM’BENT, a. In botany, declined, or bending down ; having the stamens and pistils bending down to the lower side; a3, a decumbent flower. Martyn. DE-€UM/BENT-LY, adv. In% decumbent posture. DE-CUMBI-TURE, n. The time at which a person takes to his bed in a disease. 2. In astrolory, the scheme or aspect of the heav- ens, by which the prognostics of recovery or death are discovered. DE€/U-PLE, (dek’yu-pl,) a. mAouvs, from déxa, ten. | Tenfold ; containing ten times as many. DE€/U-PLE, n. A nuinber ten times repeated. DE€/U-PLE, v. t. To make tenfold. DE€/U-PLED, ppr. Made tenfold. Coleridge. DE-€0/RL-ON, n. [L. decurio, from decem, Gr, dexa, ten. ne officer in the Roman army, who commanded a decuria, or ten soldiers, which was a third part of the turma, and a thirtieth of the legion of cavalry. Encyc. Temple. The state or office of a decu- The decretory rigors of a condemning sentence, [L. decuplus ; Gr. dexa- DE-€U/RI-ON-ATE, zn. rion. DE-€UR/RENT, a. [L. decurrens, from decurro, to run down; de and curro, to run. | Extending downward. A decurrent leaf, is a ses- sile leaf, having its base extending downward along the stem. Lindley. DE-€UR/RENT-LY, ado. In a decurrent nranner. DB-€UR/SION, n. [L. decursio, from decurro; de and curro, to run. | The act of running down, as a stream. DE-€UR’SIVE, a. Running down. Decursively pinnate; in botany, applied to a leaf having the Jeaflets decurrent, or running along the DE-CURT’, v. t. [L. decurto.] [ petiole. __ To shorten by cutting off. [JVot m use. ] DE-CURT-A/TION, x. [L. decurto, to shorten; de and curto.] The act of shortening or cutting short. DE€/U-RY, n. [L. decuria, from decem, Gr. dexa, ten.) A set of ten men under an officer called decurio. DE-€US/SATE, v. t. [L. decusso, to cut or strike across, | . In general, to intersect; to cross, as lines, rays, or nerves in the body ; usually, to intersect at acute an- ales, or in the form of an X, Brown. Encije. DE-CUS/SATEH, a. Crossed; intersected. In bot- DBE-€US/SA-TED, any, decussated leaves and branches, are such as grow in pairs which alter- nately cross each other at right angles, or in a reg- ular manner. Martyn. Lee. In rhetoric, a decussated period is one that consists of two rising and two falling clauses, placed in alternate opposition to each other. For example, 4 If impudence could effect as much in courts of justice, as insolence sometimes does in the country, Cesina would now yield to the impudence of Ebutius, as he then yielded to his insolent assault.” John Q. .ddams, Lect. Hale. es FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 305DED DEE In a decussate manner. DE-GUS/SATE-LY, adv. S/Sa-TING Crossing ; intersecting at DE-€US! I ppr- acute angles. DE-€US-SA/TION,n. The act of crossing ; the cross- ing of two lines, rays, or nerves, which meet in a point, and then proceed and diverge. Hutton. 2, A crossing in the form of an X. DE-€US/SA-TIVE-LY, adv. Crosswise; in the form of an X. Brown. DE-Da/LI-AN, a. DED!A-LOUS, a. See Dzpatovs. DE-DE€/O-RATE, v. t. [L. dedecoro.] To disgrace. LS fot used. | DE-DE€-O-RA/TION, n. A disgracing. [Vot used. | DE-DB€/O0-ROUS, a. Disgraceful ; unbecoming. DE-DEN-TI//TION, (-den-tish/un,) n. [de and denti- tion.] The shedding of teeth. Brown. DED/L-GATE, v. t. [L. dedico ; de and dico, dicare, to vow, promise, devote, dedicate. See Class Dg, No. 12, 15, 45. The sense is, tosend, to throw ; hence, to set, to appoint. ] 1. To set apart and consecrate to a divine Being, or to a sacred purpose ; to devote t0a sacred use, by a solemn act, or by religious ceremonies ; as, to dedi- cate vessels, treasures, a temple, an altar, or a church, to God or to a religious use. Vessels of silver, of gold, and of brass, which King David did dedicate to the Lord. — 2 Sam. vii. 2. To appropriate solemnly to any person or pur- pose; to give wholly or chiefly to. The ministers of the gospel dedicate themselves, their time, and their studies, to the service of Christ. A soldier dedicates himself to the profession of arms. 3 To inscribe or address to a patron; as, to dedi- cate a book. DED/L€ATE, a. Consecrated ; devoted ; appropriated. Shak. DED‘I-€A-TED, pp. or a. Devoted to a divine Being, or to a sacred use ; consecrated ; appropriated ; given wholly to. DED-I-€A-TEE’, n. * ) 4 See D&paALiAn. One to whom a thing is dedica- ted. 1d, Rev. DED/L-€A-TING, ppr. Devoting to a divine Being, or to a sacred purpose; consecrating ; appropriating ; giving wholly to. DISD-I-GA/TION, n. The act of consecrating to a divine Being, or to a sacred use, often with religious solemnities ; solemn appropriation ; as, the dedication of Solomon’s*temple. 2. The act of devoting or giving to. 3. An address to a patron, prefixed to a book, tes- tifying respect, and recommending the work to his a. protection and favor. Pope. DED/I-€A-TOR, n. One who dedicates ; one who inscribes a book to the favor of a patron. Pope. DED/I-CA-TO-RY, a. Composing a dedication; as, an epistle dedicatory, DED'I-MUS,n. {L.] persons to do some act in place of a judge, amine a witness, é&c. DE-DI'/TION, (de-dish’un,) zn. to yield.] The act of yielding any thing ; DED/O-LENT, a. [L. dedoleo.] Feeling no compunction. [Vot used. ] DE-DUCE’, v. t. [L. deduco; de and duco, to lead, bring, or draw. The L. duco is the Sax. teogan, teon, Eng. to tug, to tow, G. ziehen; hence L. duz, Eng. duke. (See Duxz.) Class Dg, No. 5, 12, 15, 37, 62, 64.] 1. To draw from ; to bring from. O goddess, say, shall I deduce my rhymes From the dire nation in its early times? 9. To draw from, in reasoning ; to gather a truth, opinion, or proposition, from premises ; to infer some- thing from what precedes. Reasoning is nothing but the faculty of deducing unknown truths from principles already known. Locke. A writ to commission private as to @X- ouvier, [L. deditio, from dedo, surrendry. Hale. Pope. 3. To deduct. [JVot in use.] B, Jonson. 4. To transplant. [JVot in use.] Selden. DE-DUC’ED, (de-diste’,) pp. Drawn from ; inferred ; as a consequence from principles or premises. DE-DOCE’MENT, 7x. The thing drawn from or de- duced; inference; that which is collected from premises. Dryden. DE-DUC’LBLE, a. That may be deduced ; inferable ; collectible by reason from premises ; consequential, ‘The properties of a triangle are deducible trom the complex idea of three lines including a space. Lock DE-DOC/ING, ppr. Drawing from; inferring; col- lecting from principles or facts already established or known, DE-DU/CIVE, a. [ Little used. | DE-DUET’,v. t. [L. deduco, deductum. See Depuce.] To take from ; to subtract ; to separate or remove, in numbering, estimating, or calculating. Performing the act of deduction. charges of freight. DE-DU€T’ED, pp. Taken from; subtracted. DE-DU€! TION, (de-duk’shun,) 2. DE-DUET’IVE, a. DE-DU€T/IVE-LY, adv. DEED, nz. DEED, v. t. DEED/-A-CHIEV-ING, a. DEED/LESS, a. DEED/-POLL, n. DEED’Y, a. DEEM, v. t. DEEM, vi. DEEM’ED, pp. DEEM/ING, ppr. DEEM/STER, zn. DEEP, «a. 1 Thus we say, from the sum of two numbers deduct the lesser number ; from the amount of profits deduct the DE-DU€T’ING, ppr. Taking from ; subtracting. —_—_—— TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. — € as K; G as [L. deductio.] 1. The act of deducting. 2, That which is deducted ; sum or amount taken from another; defalcation; abatement; as, this Sum is a deduction from the yearly rent 3. That which is drawn from premises; fact, opinion, or hypothesis, collected from principles or facts stated, or established data; inference ; conse- quence drawn; conclusion; as, this opinion is a fair deduction from the principles you have advanced. Deducible ; that is or may be de- duced from premises. All knowledge is deductive. Glanville. By regular deduction; by way of inference; by consequence. Brown. [Sax. ded: D. daad; G. that; Dan. daad; the participle of Sax. don, Goth. tauyan, G. thun, D. doen, to do; probably a contracted word. } 1. That which is done, acted, or effected; an act; a fact ; a word of extensive application, including whatever is done, good or bad, great or small. And Joseph said. to them, What deed is this which ye have done? — Gen. xliv. We receive the due reward of our deeds. — Luke xxv. 2, Exploit ; achievement; illustrious act. Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn. Dryden. 3. Power of action ; agency. With will and deed created free. Multon. 4. A writing containing some contract or agree- ment, and the evidence of its execution ; particular- ly, an instrument on paper or parchment, conveying real estate to a purchaser or donee. This instrument must be executed, and the execution attested, in the DEEP, n. The sea; the abyss of waters ; the ocean. manner prescribed by law. Indeed ; in fact ; in reality. These words are united, and called an adverb. But sometimes they are sep- arated by very, in very deed; a more emphatical ex- pression. Ex. ix. To convey or transfer by deed ; @ popular use of the word in America; as, he deeded all his estate to his eldest son. That accomplishes great deeds. Inactive ; not performing or having or exploits. Pope. A deed not indented, that is, shaved Blackstone. performed deeds or even, made by one party only. Industrious ; active. [Sax. deman; D. doemen; Sw. dma; Dan. démmer; whence doom. Russ. dwmayu,to think, reflect, reckon, believe ; duma, a thought or idea, a privy council; dwmnoi, a privy counselor. See Class Dm, No. 5, 36, 39, and Class Sm, No. 5.] lL. To think ; to judge ; to be of opinion ; to con- clude on consideration ; as, he deems it prudent to be silent. For never can I deem him Jess than god. Dryden. The shipmen deemed that they drew near to some country, — Acts XXVil. 2. To estimate. [Obs.] Spenser. DEEM, n. Opinion ; judgment; surmise. [ Obs.] To judge ; to think ; to estimate. Thought; judged ; supposed. Thinking ; judging; believing. [deem and ster. See STEER. ] A judge in the Isle of Man and in Jersey. Johnson, diup, Dan. dyd. whose radical sense is, to thrust or plunge. dwovyn. | 1. Extending or being far below the surface ; de- scending far downward ; profound ; opposed to shal- low ; as, deep water; a deep pit or well. 9. Low in situation; being or descending far be- low the adjacent land; as, a deep valley. _ 3. Entering far ; piercing a great way. in a good soil takes deep root. into the flesh. 4, Far from the outer part ; secreted. A spider deep ambusbed in her den. Dryden, So deep, when applied to soldiers drawn up in rank and file, means distance from the front; as, drawn up three deep. 5. Not superficial or obvious ; He discovereth deep things out of darkness. — Job xii, 6. Remote from comprehension. © Lord, thy thoughts are very deep. — Ps. xcii. hidden ; secret. 7. Sagacious; penetrating ; having the power to ;| DEEP/-THROAT-ED, a. enter far into a subject; as, a man of deep thought a deep divine. 8. Artful ; ious ; designing ; erous. 9, Grave in sound ; organ. 10. Very still ; 11. Thick ; black; sight. Now deeper darkness brooded on the ground, Hoole. 0s Silas! Zs [Sax. deop, dypa; D. diep; G. tief; Sw. It seems to be allied to dip and dive, Qu. W. A tree A spear struck deep contriving; concealing artifice; insid- as, a friend, deep, hollow, treach- low ; as, the deep tones of an solemn; profound ; as, deep silence. not to be penetrated by the DEE 12. Still ; sound; not easily broken or disturbed. The-Lord God caused a deep sleep to fall on Adam. —Gen. il. 13. Depressed ; sunk low, metaphoricaliy; as, deep poverty. 14. Dark; intense; strongly colored ; as, a deep brown; a deep crimson; a deep blue 15. Unknown; unintelligible. A people of deeper speech than thou canst perceive, —Is, xxxili, 16. Heartfelt; penetrating; affecting; as, a deep sense of guilt. 17. Intricate ; not easily understood or unraveled; |} as, a deep plot or intrigue. This word often qualifies a verb, like an adverb. Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. Pope. He maketh the deep to boil like a pot. — Job xii. 2. A lake; a great collection of water. Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets. — Luke y. 3. That which is profound ; not easily fathomed, or incomprehensible. Thy judgments are a great deep. — Ps. XXXVi. 4. The most still or solemn part; the midst ; as, in deep of night. Shak. Philips. DEEP/-DRAW-ING, a. Sinking deep into the water. Shak. DEEP’/-DRAWN, a. Drawn from a depth. DEEP’ EN, (dee/pn,) v.t To make deep or deeper ; to sink lower; as, to deepen the channel of a river or harbor ; to deepen a well. 9. To make dark or darker; to make more thick or gloomy} as, to deepen the shades of night; to deepen gloom. 3. To give a darker hue, or a stronger color; as, to deepen a color; to deepen a red, blue, or crimson color. 4. To make more poignant or absorbing; as, to deepen grief or sorrow. 5. To make more frightful ; rors of the scene. 6. To make more sad or gloomy ; as, to deepen the murmurs of the flood. 7. To make more grave; as, to an organ. DEEP’EN, 2. t deepens at every as, to deepen the hor- deepen the tones of To become more deep; as, the water cast of the lead. DEEP/EN-ED, (deep'nd,) pp. Made more deep. DEEP/EN-ING, ppr. or a. Sinking lower ; making more deep; growing deeper. DEEP’ER, a. comp. More deep. DEEP/EST, a. superl. Most deep. DEEP/-LAID, a. Laid deep; formed with cunning and sagacity. DEEP’LY, adv. At or toa great depth ; far below the surface ; as, a passion deeply rooted in our nature ; precepts deeply engraven on the heart. 2. Profoundly ; thoroughly; as, deeply skilled in ethics or anatomy. 3. To or from the inmost recesses of the heart ; with great sorrow ; most feelingly. He sighed deeply in his spirit. — Mark viii. He was deeply atiected at the sight. 4. To a great degree; as, he has deeply offended. They have deeply corrupted themselves. — Hos. ix. 5, With a dark hue, or strong color; as, a deeply- red liquor; deeply colored. 6. Gravely ; as, a deeply-toned instrument. 7. With profound skill; with art or intricacy ; as, a deeply-laid plot or intrigue. This word can not easily be defined in all its va- rious applications. In general, it gives emphasis or intensity to the word which it qualifies. DEEP’/-MOUFH-ED, a. Having a hoarse, Joud, hol- low voice ; as, a deep-mouthed dog. Shak. DEEP’/-MUS-ING, a. Contemplative ; thinking closely or profoundly. Pope. DEEP/NESS, z. Depth; remoteness from the surface in a descending line ; interior distance from the sur- face ; profundity. And forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth, — Matt. xii. 9. Craft; insidiousness. DEEP/-READ, (-red,) 4 Anon, [ Cmetsualch Haying fully read; pro- foundly versed. I? Estrange. DEEP/-RE-VOLV/ING, a, Profoundly pevalving or (UK. meditating. J DEEP/-SEAR-RED, (-skard,) a. Having deep scars. DEEP/-SEAT-ED, a. Seated deeply, DEEP/-SOUND-ING, a. Having a low sound, DEEP/-THINE-ING, a. Thinking profoundly. Having a deep throat or voice. Milton. DEEP/-TON-ED, a. Having a very low or grave tone. DEEP/-VAULT-ED, a. Formed like a deep vault or < : Milton. Having a deep waist, as a ship when the quarter-deck and forecastle are raised from four to six feet above the Jevel of the main deck Mar. Dict. arch. DEEP/-WAIST-ED, a. DEEP/-WORN, a. Worn toa great depth. Hopkinson. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. | a —— rn! Seay Ss eennerenertooe y 309 a taryDEF DEF DEF DEER, z. sing. and pl. [Sax. deor; D. dier j G. thier; Sw. ditties Den. dyr ; Polish zwiers; GY. np, a wild beast. The primary sense is simply roving, wild, untamed ; hence, a wild beast. ] A quadruped of the genus Cervus, of several spe- cies, as the stag, the fallow-deer, the roe-buck, the rane Or reindeer, &c. These animals are wild, and hunted in the forest, or kept in parks. ‘Their flesh, called venison, 1S deemed excellent food. DEER/-NECK, n. In horsemanship, a thin, ill-formed neck. Farm Encyc. DEER/-SKIN, The skin of a deer, of which a very supple leather is made, DEER’/S"ALK-ER, (-stawk-er,) 7. tices deerstalking. Booth. DEER/STALK-ING, (-stawk- ing,) m. The lying in wait to shoot deer, or pursuing them as much as pos- sible under cover. DEER/STEAL-ER, n. DEER/STEAL- ING, The act or crime of stealing DE/ESS, x. [Fr. ed [deer. A ee [Vot in use.] Croft. DE-FACE’, fArm. difagza; de and L. facio; Fr. defaireé, to Beek or unmake. 1. To destroy or mar the face or surface of a thing ; to injure the superficies or beauty ; to disfigure; as, to deface a monument ; to deface an edifice. 2. To injure any thing ; to destroy, spoil, or mar; to erase or obliterate ; as, to deface letters or writing ; to deface a note, deed, or bond ; to deface a record. 3. To injure the appearance ; to disfigure. DE-FAC/ED, (de-faste’,) pp. ora. Injured on the sur- face ; disfigured ; marred ; erased. DE-FACE’MENT,n. Injury to the surface or beauty ; rasure; obliteration ; that which mars beauty, or dis- One who prac- One who steals deer. == figures. DE-FAC/ER, 7. He or that which defaces; one who aes mars, or disfigures, DE-FAC’ING, ppr. Injuring the face or surface ; mar- ring; disfiguring ; erasing. DE-FAC/ING-LY, adv. Ina defacing manner. DE FAC'TO, [L.] Actually; in fact; in reality; existing ; as, a king de facto, distinguished from a king de jure, or by right. DE-FAIL’ANCE, mn ([{Fr. See Fair.] Failure; mis- carriage. [{ Obs.] Taylor. DE-FAL'€ATEH, v. t. ([Fr. defalquer; It. defalcare; Sp. desfalcar ; Port. desfalcar; from L. defalco; de and falco, from falz, a sickle. ] Literally, to cut off; hence, to take away or deduct a Pars used chiefly of money, accounts, rents, in- come, ee FALICR, -TED, pp. Taken away; deducted, asa DE-FAL/€x-TING, ppr account, rents, &c. DE-FAL-€A/TION, nm. That which is cut off; as, this loss is a defalcation from the revenue. Interally, a cutting off, and hence, a diminution, deficit, or withdrawment. [Jn recent usage. ] DE-FALK’, v.t. To defalcate. [Vot in use.]} Bp. Hall. DEF-A-MA’/TION, n. [See Derame.] The uttering of slanderous words, with a view to injure another’s reputation ; the malicious uttering of falsehood re- specting another, which tends to ‘destroy or impair his good name, character, or occupation; slander calumny. To constitute defamation, in law, the words must be false, and spoken maliciously. De- famatory words, written and published, are called a libel. Blackstone. DE-FAM’A-TO-RY, a. Calumnious ; slanderous ; containing defamation ; false and injurious to repu- tation ; as, defamatory Ww ords ; defamatory reports or Writings. DE-FAME' v. t. [Fr. diffamer ; It. diffamare; Sp. dis- famar ; from L. diffamo ; de, or dis, and fama, fame.] 1. To slander ; falsely ‘and maliciously to utter words respecting another which tend to injure his reputation or occupation ; as to Say, a judge is cor- rupt ; a man js perjured; a trader is a knave. 2. To speak evil of ; to dishonor by false reports ; to calumniate ; to libel ; to impair reputation by acts or words. Deducting from a money Being defamed, we entreat. —1 Cor. iv. DE-FAM’ED, pp. Slandered; dishonored or injured by evil reports. DE-FAM/ER, n. niator. DE-FAM/ING, ppr. ter by false reports. DE-FAM/ING, n. Defamation; slander. DE-FA! M/ING-LY, adv. DE-FAT’I-GA- BLE, a. much used. | DE-FAT’I-GATE, v. t. tire. See Faticur.] A slanderer; a detractor; a calum- Slandering ; injuring the charac- Jeremiah. In a defaming manner. Liable to be wearied. [ Vot Glanville, [L. defatizo ; de and fatigo,to To weary or tire. [Little used.] Herbert. DE-FAT-L-GA/TION, n. Weariness. [Little used.] ‘acon. DEFAULT’, x. [Fr. defaut, for default, from defaillir, to eM de and ft llir, to fail. See Far and Favurt Tapa failing, or failure ; an omission of that vel ought to be done; . neglect to do what duty or law 310 requires; as, this evil has happened through the governor’s default. A default, or fault, may be a crime, a vice, or a mere defect, according to the na- ture of the duty omitted. 2. Defect; want; failure. Cooks could make artificial birds, in default of real ones. Arbutinot. 3. In law, a failure of appearance in court at a day assigned, particularly of the defendant ina suit when called to make answer. It may be applied to jurors, witnesses, &c. ; but a plaintiff’s failing to appear by himself or attorney is usually called a non-appear- ance. To suffer a default,is to permit an action to be called without appearing or answering ; applied to a defendant. DE-FAULT’, v.%. To fail in performing a contract or agreement. Johnson. DE-FAULT’, v. t. In law, to call out a defendant, [pceormne ‘to the common expression.] To call a efendant officially to appear and answer in court, and on his failing to answer, to declare him in de- fault, and enter judgment against him; as, let the defendant be defaulted. No costs are to be awarded for such town, if defaulted. Mass. Laws. 2. To call out a cause, in which the defendant does not appear, and enter judgment on the default ; as, the cause was defaulted. To fail in performance. DE-FAULT’,v.t Tooffend. [Obs.] DE-FAULT’ED, pp. Called out of court, as a de- Oa Hay ing defect, [fendant or his cause. DE-FAULT’ER, n. One who makes default; one who fails to appe: ar in court when called. 2. One who fails to perform a public duty ; partic- ularly, one who fails to account for public money intrusted to his care ; a delinquent. DE-FAULT’ING, ppr. Failing to fulfill a contract; delinquent, 2, Failing to perform a duty or legal requirement ; as, a defaulting creditor. Walsh. 3. Calling out of court, and entering judgment against for non-appearance, as a defendant. DE-FEAS!/ANCE, (de-féz/ans,) n. [Norm. defesance ; Fr. defesant, from defaire, to undo; de and faire, L FSacio. | 1, Literally, a defeating; a rendering null; the DRC CHEE of the operation of an instrument. In law, a condition, relating toa deed, bette pe rformed, the deed is defeated or rendered void; ora collateral deed, made at the same time with a feoffment or other conveyance, containing conditions, on the performance of which the estate then created may be defeated. A defeasance, on a bond, or a recognizance, or a judgment recovered, is a condition which, when performed, defeats it. A defeasance differs from the common condition of a bond, in being a separate deed, whereas a common condition is inserted in the bond itself. Blackstone. 3. The writing containing a defeasance. Milton. which Spenser. That may be de- as, a defeasible title; a defeasible 4. Defeat. pons DE-FEAS/I-BLE, (de-féz’e-bl,) a. feated, or annulled ; estate. DE-FEAS'I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being de- feasible. DE-FEAT’, n. and faire. ] I. Overthrow ; loss of battle; the check, rout, or destruction of an army by the victory of an enemy 2. Successful resistance ; as, the defeat of an at- tack. 3. Frustration; a rendering nulland void; as, the defeat of a title. 4. Frustration ; prevention of success ; as, the de- feat of a plan or design. DE-FEAT’, v. t. To overcome or vanquish, as an army ; to check, disperse, or ruin by victory; to overthrow ; applied to an army, or a divison of troops ; to a fleet, or to a commander. ‘The English army de- feated the French on the Plains of Abraham. Gen- eral Wolf defeated Montcalm. The French defeated the Austrians at Marengo. 2. To frustrate ; to prevent the success of ; to dis- pope We say, our dearest hopes are often de- cated. [Fr. defaite, from defaire, to undo; de Then mayest thou forme defeat the counsel of Ahithophel. —2 Sam. xy. and xvii. 3. To render null and void ; as, to defeat a title or an estate. 4. To resist with success ; as, to defeat an attempt or assault. DE-FEAT’ED, pp. or a. Vanquished ; effectually re- sisted ; overthrown ; frustrated; disappointed ; ren- dered null or inoperativ e. DE-FEAT/ING, ppr. Vanquishing; subduing; op- posing successfully ; overthrowing ; frustrating ; dis- apuonting ; rendering null and void. DE-FEAT’YURE, (-fet/yur,) n. Change of feature. Shak. 2. Overthrow ; defeut. Beawm. a erth) Lopes DEP’E-CATE, v. t. [L. defeco; de and fer, dregs.] 1. To purify; to refine; to clear from dregs or impurities ; to clarify ; as, to defecate liquor. 2. To purify from admixture ; to clear; to purge of extraneous matter. DEF’E-€A-TED, pp. DEF’/E-€4-TING, or impurities. DEF-E-€4/TION, or dregs; matter. DE-FE€T’, x. [L. defectus; It. difetto; Sp. defetto; from L. deficio, to fail; de and facio, to make or do.] I. Want or absence of something necessary or useful toward perfection ; fault ; imperfection. We say, there are numerous defects in the plan, or in the work, or in the execution. Lees have been corrected, and defects supplied. Purified ; Ppr- clarified ; refined. Purifying ; purging of lees The act of separating from lees niiiecation from impurities or foreign Davies. Failing ; fault ; mistake ; imperfection in moral eoninee or in judgment. A deep conviction of the defects of our lives tends to make us humble. Trust not yourself; but, your defects to know, Make use of evegy frie ond and e very foe. Pope. 3. Any want, or imperfection, in natural objects ; the absence of uny thing necessary to perfection ; any thing unnatural or misplace d ; blemish ; deformi- ty. Wespeak of a defect in the organs of seeing or hearing, or ina limb; a defect in timber ; a defect in an ins Sen &e, DE-FEC€T’, v. i. To be deficient. [Vo DE-FECT-LBEL/L-TY, Ne { Little used, | DE-FE€T’/I-BLE, a. | Little used. | DE-FE€/TION, (de-fek/shun,) 7. Derect. | 1. Want or failure of duty ; particularly, a falling away ; apostasy ; the act of abandoning a person or cause to Which one is bound by allegiance or duty, or to which one has attached himself.. Our defection from God is proof of our depravity. The cause of the king was rendered desperate by the defection of the nobles. 2. Revolt; used of nations or states. DE-FE€T/IVE, a. [L. defectivus. See Derecr.] 1S VY: anting either in subs stance, quantity, or qual- ity, or in any thing necessary ; impe rfect ; as, a de- fective limb ; defective timber; a defective copy or book ; a defective account. Defective articulation, in speaking, renders utterance indistinct. 2. Wanting in moral qualities ; faulty ; blamable ; not conforming to rectitude or rule; as, a defective character. 3. In grammar, a defective noun is one Which wants a whole number or a particular case; an in- declinable noun. 4. A defective verb, is one Which wants some of the tenses DE-FE€T/IVE- LY, adv. perfectly. DE-FE€T/IVE-NESS, n. imperfect ; faultiness. DE-FE€T-U-OS/L-TY, nx. [ Not used. DE-FE€T’ tin use.] Brown. Deficiency ; imperfection. Dighy. Hale. Imperfect ; deficient ; wanting é. HX [L. defectio. See In a defective manner ; im- Want; the state of being Defectiveness ; faultiness Montacu. [ Little used. } Worthington. [ Vot in wse. it Pentley. DE-FENCE!, n. Protection against injury ; vindica- tion when attacked. 2. The art or science of defending against ene- mies ; skill in fencing, &c. 3. In law, the defendant’s answer or plea. [For remarks on the spelling of the word, see | DEFENSE. DE-FENCE’LESS, a. FENSELESS,. DE-FEND’, v. t. [L. defendo ; de and obs. fendo; Fr. defendre ; It. difendere; Sp. defender ; Port. id. ; Arm. difenn, or divenn; W. difyn; Norm. fendu, struck; defender, to oppose, to prohibit. ‘The primary sense is, to strike, thrust, or drive off; to repel. ] 1. To drive from ; to thrust back ; hence, todeny ; to repel a demand, charge, or accusation ; ; to oppose ; . to resist; the effect of which is to maintain one’s own claims. 2. To forbid ; to prohibit; that is, to drive from, or back. Milton calls the forbidden fruit the de- fended fruit. The use of wine in some places is defended by customs or laws. Temple. J-OUS, a. Full of defects. DEF-E-DA/TION, n. Pollution. Without defense. [See De- pais application is nearly obsolete. To drive back a foe or danger; to repel from a thing that which assails or annoys ; to protect by opposition or resistance ; to support or maintain ; to prevent from being injured or destroyed. There arose, to defend Israel, Tola, the son of Puah. — Judges x. 4. To vindicate ; to assert ; to uphold; to maintain uninjured, by force or by argument; as, to defend our cause ; to defend rights and privileges; to defend rep- utation. 5. To secure against attacks or evil; to fortify against danger or violence; to set obstacles to the approach of any thing that can annoy. A garden FATE, FAR, FALL, Re oes PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —DEF DEF DEF may be defended by a grove ; a camp may be defended by a wall, a hill, or a river. DE-FEND’, v. i. To make opposition; as, the party comes into court, defends, and says. DE-FEND/A-BLE, a. That may be defended. DE-FEND/ANT, a. [Fr. participle of defendre.} 1. Defensive ; proper for defense. Shak. 2. Making defense ; being in the character of a de- fendant. Whieaton’s Rep. DE-FEND/ANT, zn. He that defends against an as- sailant, or against the approach of evil or danger. 2. In law, the party that opposes a complaint, de- mand, or charge; he that is summoned into court, and defends, denies, or opposes, the demand or charge, and maintains his own right. It is applied to any party of whom a demand is made in court, whether the party denies and defends, or admits the claim and suffers a default. DB-FEND/ED, pp. Opposed; denied; prohibited ; maintained by resistance ; vindicated ; preserved un- injured ; secured. DE-FEND/ER, n. One who defends by opposition ; one who maintains, supports, protects, or vindicates ; an assertor; a vindicator, either by arms or by argu- ments ; a champion or an advocate. DE-FEND/ING, ppr. Denying; opposing ; resisting ; forbidding ; maintaining uninjured by force or by rea- son; securing from evil. DE-FENS/A-TIVE, x. Guard; defense; a bandage, plaster, or the like, to secure a wound from external injury. Jolinson. DE-FENSE’, (de-fens’,) n. [. defensio.] 1. Any thing that opposes attack, violence, danger, or injury; any thing that secures the person, the rights, or the possessions, of men ; fortification ; guard; protection; security. A wall, a parapet, a ditch, or a garrison, is the defense of a city or for- tress. The Almighty is the defense of the righteous. PSE LX: 9. Vindication ; justification ; apology ; that which repels or disproves a charge or accusation. Men, brethren, fathers, hear ye my defense. — Acts xxii. 3. In law, the defendant’s reply to the plaintiff ’s declaration, demands, or charges. 4, Prohibition. [ Obs.] Temple. 5. Resistance ; opposition. Shak. 6. The science of defending against enemies ; skill in fencing, &c. 7. In fortification, a work that flanks another. [This word, like expense, has, till of late, been spelled with a c, though Bailey gave it with s. It ought to undergo the same change with expense, the reason being the same, viz., that s must be used in defensive as in expensive. Defense was the original spelling in the French, and defensio in the Latin, It is therefore desirable, on every ground, to exchange the c for s.] DE-FENSE’, (de-fens’,) v. t. tion. [ Obs. DE-FENS’ED, (de-fenst’,) pp. Fortified. DE-FENSE’LESS, (de-fens'less,) a. Being without defense, or without means of repelling assault or in- jury ; applied to a town, it denotes unfortified or un- garrisoned ; open to an enemy ; applied to a person, it denotes naked ; unarmed; unprotected ; unprepared to resist attack; weak; unable to oppose; uncov- ered ; unsheltered. DE-FENSE/LESS-NESS, (de-fens’less-ness,) n. The state of being unguarded or unprotected. DE-FENS’LBLE, a. That may be defended ; as, a de- fensible city. 9. That may be vindicated, maintained, or justi- fied; as, a defensible cause. DE-FENS/IVE, a. [Fr. defensif.] 1. That serves to defend; proper for defense ; as, defensive armor, Which repels attacks or blows, op- posed to offensive arms, which are used in attack. 2. Carried on in resisting attack or aggression ; as, defensive war, in distinction from offensive war, which is aggressive. 3. In a state or posture to defend. Milton. DE-FENS/IVE, n. Safeguard ; that which defends. Wars preventive, upon just fears, are true defensives. Bacon. To defend by fortifica- Fairfax. To be on the defensive, or to stand on the defensive, is to be or stand in a state or posture of defense or re- sistance, in opposition to aggression or attack. DE-FENS/IVE-LY, adv. Ina defensive manner; on the defensive ; in defense. DE-FER/, v.t. [L. differo ; dis, from, and fero, to bear. ] 1. To delay; to put off; to postpone to a future time ;.as, to defer the execution of a design. When thou vowest 2 vow, defer not to pay it. — Eccles. v. Hope deferred maketh the heart sick, — Proy. xiii. 2. To refer; to leave to another’s judgment and determination. Bacon. In this sense, Rerer is now used.] DE-FER’, v.2z ‘To yield to another’s opinion ; to sub- mt in opinion ; as, he defers to the opinion of his ather. DEF’/ER-ENCE, n. A yielding in opinion ; submission of judgment to the opinion or judgment of another. opposition to those for whose wisdom we have a great deference. 2. Complaisance ; condescension. Locke. 3. Submission. Addison. DEF’ER-ENT, a. Bearing ; carrying ; conveying. [ Zit- tle used. Bacon. DEF’ER-ENT, n. That which carries or conveys. 2. A vessel in the human body for the conveyance of fluids. Chambers. 3. In the Ptolemaic astronomy, a circle surrounding the earth, in whose periphery the center of the epi- cycle moves round. D. Olmsted. DEF-ER-EN/TIAL, Cems e a. Expressing defer- DEF-ER-EN’TIAL-LY, adv. With deference. [ence. DE-FER/MENT, zx. uckhing. DE-FER/RED, pp. DE-FER/RER, x. Delay. Delayed ; postponed. One who delays or puts off. B. Jonson. DE-FER/RING, ppr. Delaying ; postponing. DE-FI/ANCE, n. [French, ina different sense. Dery. 1. A daring; a challenge to fight; invitation to combat ; a call to an adversary to encounter, if he dare. Goliath bid defiance to the army of Israel. 2. A challenge to meet in any contest ; a call upon one to make good any assertion or charge ; an invi- tation to maintain any cause or point. 3. Contempt of opposition or danger; a daring or resistance that implies the contempt of an adversary or of any opposing power. Men often transgress the law, and act in defiance of authority. DE-FI/A-TO-RY, a. Bidding or bearing defiance. Shelford. DE-FI//CIEN-CY, ) n. [L. deficiens, from deficio, to fail, DE-FI//CIENCE, $ de and facio, to do. 1. A failing; a falling short; imperfection; as, a deficiency in moral duties. 2. Want; defect; something less than is neces- sary ; as, a deficiency of means ; a deficiency of reve- nue ; a deficiency of blood. DE-FI//CIENT, (de-fish’ent,) a. Wanting ; defective ; imperfect ; not sufficient or adequate ; as, deficient es- tate ; deficient strength. 2. Wanting ; not having a full or adequate supply ; as, the country may be dejicient in the means of car- rylng on war. Deficient numbers, in arithmetic, are those numbers whose aliquot parts, added together, make less than the integer whose parts they are. Brande. DE-FI’//CIENT-LY, adv. Ina defective manner. DEF’I-CIT, x. [L.] Want; deficiency; as, a deficit in the taxes or revenue. DE-FI’ ED, (de-fide’) pp. See Challenged ; dared to com- bat. DE-FYER, n. [See Dery.] A challenger; oe who dares to combat or encounter; one who braves ; one who acts in contempt of opposition, law, or authori- ty; as, a defier of the laws. [Better written De- FYER. | DE-FIG-U-RA/TION, n. A disfiguring. [JVot in use.] Hal all. DE-FIG/URE, (-fig’yur,) v. t. To delineate. [ot in use. Weever. DE GoLIAD-ING. n. In fortification, the raising of the exposed side of a fortress, so as to shelter the inte- rior works, when they are in danger of being com- manded by the enemy from some higher point. DE-FILE’, v. t. [Sax. afylan, befylan, gefylan, afulan, from ful, fula, foul. (See Four.) The Syr. SQ} tefal, is almost precisely the English word. Cast. 1553. 1. To make unclean ; to render foul or dirty ; ina general sense. 9. To make impure ; to render turbid ; as, the wa- ter or liquor is defiled. 3. To soil or sully ; to tarnish; as reputation, &c. He is among the greatest prelates of the age, however his character may be defiled by dirty hands. Swift. They shall defile thy brightness. — Ez. xxviii. 4. To pollute ; to make ceremonially unclean. That which dieth of itself, he shall not eat, to defile himsclf therewith. — Ley. xxii. 5. To corrupt chastity ; to debauch ; to violate ; to tarnish the purity of character by lewdness. Shechem defiled Dinah. — Gen. xxxiv. 6. To taint, in a moral sense; to corrupt ; to vitiate ; to render impure with sin. Defile not yourselves with the idols of Egypt. — Ezek. xx. He hath defiled the sanctuary of the Lord. — Num. xix. DE-FILE’, v. i. [Fr. defiler; de and file, a row or line, from L. filum, a thread. ] To march off in a line, or file by file ; to file off. Roscoe. DE-FILE’,n. [Fr. defilé, from fil, file, a thread, a line.] A narrow passage or way, in which troops may march only in a file, or with a narrow front ; a long, narrow pass, as between hills, &c. DE-FIL/ED, pp. ora. Made dirty or foul; polluted ; soiled; corrupted ; violated ; vitiated. DE-FIL/ED, pret. Marched off in a line. DE-FILE/MENT, n. The act of defiling, or state of Hence, regard ; respect. We often decline acting in DE-FIL’ER, x. DE-FIL/ING, ppr. or a. DE-FIN’A-BLE, a. _ 2. Corruption of morals, principles, or character ; impurity ; pollution by sin. The chaste can not rake into such filth without danger of de- | Julement. Addison. | | / or violates ; that which pollutes. Polluting ; making impure. 2. Marching in a file, or with a narrow front. [See Derine.] Literally, that may be limited, or have its limits ascertained ; hence, capable of having its extent ascertained with precision; capable of being fixed and determined. The extent of the Russian empire is hardly dejinable ; the limits are hardly definable. 2, That may be defined or described ; capable of having its signification rendered certain, or expressed 3. That may be fixed, determined, or ascertained ; as, the time or period is not definable. DE-FIN’A-BLY, adv. In a definable manner. DE-FINE’, v. t [L. definio; de and finio, to end, to limit, from jinis, end; Fr. definir; Sp. definir; It. definire. | 1. To determine or describe the end or limit; as, to define the extent of a kingdom or country. 2. To determine with precision; to ascertain ; as, to define the limits of a kingdom. 3. To mark the limit ; to circumscribe; to bound. 4. To determine or ascertain the extent of the meaning of a word; to ascertain the signification of a term; to explain what a word is understood to ex- press; as, to define the words virtue, courage, belief, or charity. 5. To describe ; to ascertain or explain the distinc- tive properties or circumstances of a thing; as, to define a line or an angle. : DE-FINE’, v.i. Todetermine; todecide. [Votused.] acon. DE-FIN’ED, (de-find,) pp. Determined ; having the extent ascertained ; having the signification deter- mined. 2. Having the precise limit marked, or having a determinate limit ; as, the shadow of a body is well defined. DE-FIN’/ER, nm. He who defines; he who ascertains or marks the limits; he who determines or explains the signification of a word, or describes the distinc- tive properties of a thing. DE-FIN/ING, ppr. or a. Determining the limits ; as- certaining the extent ; explaining the meaning; de- scribing the properties DEF’IN-ITE, a. [L. definitus.] 1. Having certain limits ; bounded with precision ; determinate ; as, a definite extent of land; definite dimensions ; definite measure. 2. Having certain limits in signification; determi- expression. 3. Fixed; determinate ; exact; precise ; as,a deji- mite time or period. 4, Defining; limiting; determining the extent; as, a definite word. DEF’IN-ITE, x. Thing defined. Ayliffe. DEF’IN-ITE-LY, adv. In a definite manner. DEF‘IN-ITE-NESS, n. Certainty of extent; certainty of signification ; determinateness. DEF-IN-I’/TION, (def-e-nish’un,) 2. See DEFINE. J. A brief description of a thing by its properties ; as, a definition of wit, or of a circle. 2. In logic, the explication of the essence of a thing by its kind and difference. 3. In lericography, an explanation of the significa- tion of a word or term, or of what a word is under- stood to express. DE-FIN/LTIVE, a. [L. definitivus.] 1, Limiting the extent ; determinate ; positive; ex- press; as, a definitive term. 2, Limiting ; ending ; determining; final; opposed to conditional, provisional, or interlocutory ; as, a defir- itive sentence or decree. DE-FIN/L-TIVE, n. In grammar, an adjective used to define or limit the extent of the signification of an apellative or common noun. Such are the Greek 0, f, ro; the Latin hic, ille, ipse; the, this, and that, in English ; le, la, les, in French; il, la, lo, in Italian. Thus, tree is an appellative or common noun; the tree, this tree, that tree, designate a particular tree, determinate or known. Homo signifies man; hic homo, ille homo, a particular man, &c, But, in some languages, the definitives have lost their original use, in a great degree; as in the Greek and French. Thus, ‘La force de la vertu”? must be rendered, in English, the force of virtue, not the force of the virtue. The first la is a definitive ; the last has no definitive [L. definitio. effect. - DE-FIN/I-TIVE-LY, adv. Determinately ; positively ; expressly. i 2, Finally ; conclusively ; unconditionally ; as, the oints between the parties are definitively settled. being defiled ; foulness ; dirtiness ; uncleanness. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; One who defiles; one who corrupts | | | With certainty or precision ; as, definable words. | | nate; certain; precise ; as, a definite word, term, or | | DE-FIN’I-TIVE-NESS, n. Determinateness ; deci- siveness ; SoS DE-FIX’,v.t. [L. defigo.] To fix - to fasten. [Vet wsed.] Herbert. FH as in THIS. wat oll = seers a A es iS Am SE SS ‘segs pee ot EON * ak a Sie a Ba gn : * = ne fas a ia po reais Sabet cae ar edé i ‘ pi e 7 _ i) Fa! By! 1 | ? ‘ e ? 1 1 ga | Fi fest en yi : 1.2 a Mv 1} ! : Ri ; ; } } ; i t ‘ te i 1 re ‘ Let i | t i t : j at t { ' ‘ i ee fot} et t byt { 4 het ‘ ae ; é 44 ' Ls f i re aes ' © DEF {| DEF-LA-GRA-BIL/L-TY,n. [See DeFLaGra TE.| The |! quality of burning with a sudden and sparkling com- i! pustion, as a metallic wire ; a chemical. term. Boyle. || DE-FLA/GRA-BLE, a. Having the quality of burning with a sudden and sparkling combustion, as alcohol, | oils, &c. Boyle. DEF/LA-GRATE, v. t. [I defiagro; de and flagro, to burn } To burn with a sudden and sparkling combustion ; as, to deflagrate oil or spirit. 3 , Burmed ; consumed. DEF'LA-GRA-TED, pp- | DEF/LA GRA-TING, ppr- Burning; consuming. | DEF-LA-GRA/TION,n. Asudden and sparkling com- | bustion. The strength of spirit is proved by defiagration, Encyc. || A rapid combustion of a mixture, attended with | much evolution of flame and vapor, as of niter and | charcoal. Ce This term is also applied to the rapid combustion of metals by galvanism. | DE F/LA-GRaA-TOR, n. A galvanic instrument for producing rapid and powerful combustion, particu- larly the combustion of metallic substances. Hare. DE-FLE€T’, v.% [L. deflecto; de and flecto, to turn or bend. To turn from or aside; to deviate from a true course or right line; to swerve. The needle deflects from the meridian. DE-FLE€T’,v.t. Toturn aside; to turnor bend from a right line or regular course. DE-FLE€T’ED, pp. Turned aside, or from a direct line or course. In botany, bending downward arch- Brown, wise. DE-FLE€T/ING, ppr. Turning aside; turning from a right line or regular course. DE-FLE€’TION, zn. Deviation; the act of turning aside; a turning from atrue line or the regular course. 2. The departure ofa ship from its true course. 3. A deviation of the rays of light toward the sur- face of an opaque body ; inflection. Hooke. | DE-FLEX/URE, (de-flek/shur,) x. A bending down ; | aturning aside; deviation. DE-FLO/RATE, a. [L. defloratus, from defloro, to de- flour ; de and floreo, flos. See FLower. | In botany, having cast its farina, pollen, or fecun- dating dust. Martyn. DEF-LO-RA/TION, n. [Fr._ See Dertour.] 1. The act of deflouring; the act of depriving of the flower or prime beauties ; particularly the act of taking away a woman’s virginity. 9. A selection of the flower, or of that which is most valuable. The laws of Normandy are, in a great measure, the defloration of the English laws. ae. DE-FLOUR’, v.t. [L. defloro; de and floreo, or flos, a flower ; Fr. deflorer; It. deflorare, or defiorare; Sp. desflorar. See Firower.] i. To deprive a woman of her virginity, either by force or with consent. When by force, it may be equivalent to ravish or violate. 2. To take away the prime beauty and grace of any thing. The sweetness of his soul was defloured. Taylor. 3. To deprive of flowers. Montagu. DE-FLOUR/ED, pp. ora. Deprived of maidenhood ; ravished ; robbed of prime beauty. DE-FLOUR/ER, nm. .One who deprives a woman of her virginity. DE-FLOUR/ING, ppr. Depriving of virginity or maid- enhood ; robbing of prime beauties. DE-FLOW’, v.i. [L. defiuo.] To flow down. py et in use. | Brown, DEF’LU-OUS, a. [L. defluus; de and fluo, to flow.] Flowing down; falling off. [Little wsed. | DE-FLUX’,7n. ({L. deflurus; de and fluo, fluxus. Fiow.] A flowing down; a running downward; as, a de- fluz of humors. [See Dervuxion.] acon. DE-FLUX/ION, (de-fluk’/shun,) 2. [L. defluzio, from defluo, to flow down; de and fluo, to flow. See Friow. | 1. A flowing, running, or falling of humors or fluid matter, from a superior to an inferior part of the body ; properly, an inflammation of a part, attended with increased secretion. 2. A discharge or flowing off of humors; as, a de- fluzion from the nose or head in catarrh. See DEF/LY, adv. Dextrously ; skillfully. [Obs.] [See Daa Spenser. DEF-O2-DA’TION, (def-e-da/shun,) n. The act of making filthy. DE-FO-LI-A/TION, n. [L. de and foliatio, foliage, from folium, a leaf or folior. See Forto.] Literally, the fall of the leaf, or shedding of leaves ; but teclnically, the time or season of shedding eaves in autumn ; applied to trees and shrubs. ; Linnaeus. UE-FORCE’, v. t. [de and force.] To disseize and keep out of lawful possession of an estate ; to with- hold the possession of an estate from the rightful owner; applied to any possessor whose entry was DEF DEG originally lawful, but whose detainer is become un- lawful. lackstone. DE-FORC’ED, pp. Kept out of lawful possession. DE-FORGE/MENT, 2. The holding of lands or ten- ements to which another person has a right; a gen- eral term, including abatement, intrusion, disscisin, discontinuance, or any other species of wrong, by which he that hath a right to the freehold is kept out of possession. lackstone. 2. In Scotland, a resisting of an officer in the ex- ecution of law. DE-FOR/CIANT, n. He that keeps out of possession the rightful owner of an estate; he against whom a fictitious action is brought in fine and recovery. Blackstone. DE-FORC/ING, ppr. Keeping out of Jawful posses- sion. e DE-FORM/, v. t. [L. deformo; de and forma, form ; Sp. desformar ; It. deformare.] 1. ‘I'o mar or injure the form ; to alter that form or disposition of parts which is natural and esteemed beautiful, and thus to render it displeasing to the eye ; to disfigure; as,a hump on the back deforms the body. 2. To render ugly or displeasing, by exterior appli- cations or appendages; as, to deform the face by paint, or the person by unbecoming dress. 3. To render displeasing. Thomson. 4. To injure and render displeasing or disgusting ; to disgrace; to disfigure moral beauty ; as, all vices deform the character of rational beings. 5. To dishonor ; to make ungraceful. DE-FORM/, a. [L. defurmis. | Disfigured ; being of an unnatural, distorted, or disproportioned form ; displeasing tothe eye. Spenser. Wintry blasts deform the year. Dryden. Sight so deform what heart of rock could long Dry-eyed behold ? DEF-ORM-A/TION, n. Milton. A disfiguring or defacing. Baxter. DE-FORM/ED, pp. ora. Injured in the form; disfig- ured; distorted; ugly ; Wanting natural beauty or symmetry. 2. Base; disgraceful. DE-FORM/ED-LY, adv. DE-FORM’ED-NESS, zn. unnatural form. DE-FORM/ER, x. One who deforms. DE-FORM/ING, ppr. Marring the natural form or figure; rendering ugly or displeasing; destroying DE-FORM/I-TY, n. [L. deformitas.] [ beauty. 1. Any unnatural state of the shape or form ; want of that uniformity or symmetry which constitutes beau- ty; distortion; irregularity of shape or features ; disproportion of limbs; defect, crookedness, &c. ence, ugliness; as, bodily deformity. 9. Any thing that destroys beauty, grace, or propri- ety ; irregularity ; absurdity; gross deviation from order, or the established laws of propriety. Thus we speak of deformity in an edifice, or deformity of char- B. Jonson. In an ugly manner. Ugliness ; a disagreeable or acter. DE-FORS’ER, n. [from force.] One that casts~out by force. Blount. Ill formed, and not in use. ]} DE-FOUL/’, v.t. ‘To defile. DE-FOUL/ED, pp. Defiled; made dirty. DE-FOUL/ING, ppr. Rendering vile. DE-FRAUD’, v. t. [L. defraudo; de and fraudo, to cheat ; fraus, fraud ; It. defraudare; Sp. defraudar.] 1. To deprive of right, either by obtaining some- thing by deception or artifice, or by taking something wrongfully without the knowledge or consent of the owner ; to cheat; to cozen; followed by of before the thing taken; as, to defraud a man of his right. The agent who embezzles public property defrauds the state. The man who by deception obtains a price for a commodity above its value, defrauds the pur- chaser. We have corrupted no man, we have defrauded no man. —2 Cor. vii. 9. To withhold wrongfully from another what is duetohim. Defraud not the hireling of his wages. 3. To prevent one wrongfully from obtaining what he may justly claim. A man of fortune who permits his son to consume the season of education in hunting, shooting, or in frequenting horse- races, assemblies, &c., defrauds the community of a bene- factor, and bequeaths them a nuisance. Paley. 4. To defeat or frustrate wrongfully. By the duties deserted —by the claims defrauded. DE-FRAUD-A/TION, n. The act of defrauding. DE-FRAUD/ED, pp. Deprived of property or right by trick, artifice, or deception ; injured by the withhold- ing of what is due. DE-FRAUD/ER, n. One who defrauds; one who takes from another his right by deception, or with- holds what is his due; a cheat; a cozener; an em- bezzler ; a peculator. DE-FRAUD/ING, ppr. Depriving another of his prop- erty or right by deception or artifice; injuring by withholding wrongfully what is due. DE-FRAUD/MENT, n. The act of defrauding. Milton. Paley. DE-FRAY’, (de-fra’,) v. t. [Fr. defrayer ; de and frais, fraiz, expense ; Arm. defraei.] I. To pay; to discharge, as cost or expense; to bear, as charge, cost, or expense. It is followed chiefly by expense, charge, or cost. The acquisitions of war seldom defray the expenses. The profits of a voyage will not always defray the charges, or even the cost of the first outfits. 2. To satisfy ; as, to defray anger. [Obs.] Spenser. 3. To fill; as, to defray a bottle. [Obs.] Spenser. DE-FRAY’ED, pp. Paid; discharged, as expense, or COST. DE-FRAY’ER, 2. One who pays or discharges ex- DE-FRAY/ING, ppr. Paying; discharging. [penses. DE-FRAY’MENT, x. Payment, Shelton. DEFT, a. ([Sax.deft.] Neat; handsome; spruce; ready; dextrous; fit ; convenient. [ Ods.] Shak. Dryden. DEFT’LY, adv. Neatly; dextrously; in a skillful manner. {[ Obs.] Shak. Gray. DEFT/NESS,z2. Neatness; beauty. [Obds.] Drayton. DE-FUN€T’, a. [L. defunctus, from defungor; ta perform and discharge ; de and fuzgor, id.] Having finished the course of life ; ceased. DE-FUN€T’, n. A dead person; onedeceased. Shak. DE-FUN€/TION, n. Death. [JVot wsed.]} Shak. DE-FY’, v. t. [Fr. defier; de, des, from, and fier, to trust ; It. sfidare; Sp. desafiar ; desand fiar; Port. 1d. ; Arm. difyal; Low L. difidare, and diffiduciare, from fido, totrust. (See Fairy.) The word diffidare seems originally to have signified, to dissolve the bond of allegiance, as between the lord and his vassal; op- posed to afidare. Spelman, ad voc. Hence it came to be used for the denunciation of enmity and of war. Hence, to challenge. If we understand defier to sig- nify to distrust, then to defy isto call in question the courage of another, according to the popular phrase, “© You dare not fight me.’’] 1, To dare ; to provoke to combat or strife, by ap- pealing to the courage of another ; to invite one to contest ; to challenge; as, Goliath defied the armies of Israel. 2, To dare; to brave ; to offer to hazard a conflict by manifesting a contempt of opposition, attack, or hostile force ; as, to defy the arguments of an oppo- nent ; to defy the power of the magistrate. ead; de- Shak. Were we to abolish the common Jaw, it would rise triumphant above its own ruins, deriding and defying ils impotent enemies. Duponceau. 3. Tochallenge to say or do any thing. DE-FY!/, n. Acchallenge. [JVot used.] Dryden. DE-FY’ER, z. One who defies. [See Derrer.] DE-FY/ING, ppr. Challenging ; daring to combat. DEG, v. t. [Sax. deagan.] ‘To sprinkle. Grose. DE-GAR/NISH, v. t. [Fr. degarnir; de and garnir, to furnish. [See GarnisuH.] 1. To unfurnish ; to strip of furniture, ornaments, or apparatus. 2. To deprive of a garrison, or troops necessary for defense ; as, to degarnish a city or fort. Washington's Letter, Nov. 11, 1788. DE-GAR/NISH-ED, (de-gir/nisht,) pp. Stripped of fur- niture or apparatus ; deprived of troops for defense. DE-GAR/NISH-ING, ppr. Stripping of furniture, dress, apparatus, or a garrison. DE-GAR’NISH-MENT, n. The act of depriving of furniture, apparatus, or a garrison. DE-GEN’DER, v.i. To degenerate. [Obs.] Spenser. DE-GEN’ER-A-CY, n. [See DeceNneEraTs, the verb.] 1. A growing worse or inferior ; a decline in good qualities ; or a state of being less valuable ; as, the degeneracy of a plant. 2. In morals, decay of virtue; a growing worse ; departure from the virtues of ancestors; desertion of that which is good. We speak of the degeneracy of men in modern times, or of the degeneracy of man- ners, of the age, of virtue, &c., sometimes without reason. 3. Poorness; meanness ; as, a degeneracy of spirit. DE-GEN/ER-ATE, ». i. [L. degenero, from degener, grown worse, ignoble, base; de and gener, genus; Fr. degenerer ; Sp. degenerar.] To become worse ; to decay in good qualities; to pass from a good to a bad or worse state; to lose or suffer a diminution of valuable qualities, either in the natural or moral world. In the natural world, plants and animals degenerate when they grow to a less size than usual, or lose a part of the valuable qualities which belong to the species. In the moral world, men degenerate when they decline in virtue, or other good qualities. Manners degenerate when they be- come corrupt. Wit may degenerate into indecency or impiety. : DE-GEN/ER-ATE, a. Having fallen from a perfect or good state into a less excellent or worse state ; hav- ing lost something of the good qualities possessed ; having declined in natural or moral worth. The degenerate plant of a strange vine. —Jer. il. _2. Low ; base; mean; corrupt; fallen from primi- tive or natural excellence ; having lost the good qual- ities of the species. Man is considered a degenerate being. A coward is a man of degenerate spirit. j FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — = 312DEG DEI DES Grown worse. In a degenerate or base DE-GEN/ER-A-TED, pp. or a. DE-GEN’/ER-ATE-LY, adv. manner, JWilton. DE-GEN’/ER-ATE-NESS, n. | (da-zhu-na’,) | Also: used of late in the fashionable world for lunch. rilbert. DE JURE, [L.] Of right. [See Dr Facro.] DE-LAC-BR-A/TION, n._ [L. delacero.) A tearing in pieces. [WVot used. : DE-LA€-RY-MA/TION, x. [LL. delacrymatio; de and lacrymatio, a Weeping. A pretornatural discharge of watery humors from the eyes ; waterishness of the eyes. Dict. DEL-A€-TA'TION, n. [L. delactatio.] A weaning. [Vot used.] Dict. DEL-AP-SA'TION, n. A falling down. Ray. DE-LAPSE’, (de-laps’,) v. i. [L. delabor, delapsus i de and labor, to slide.] To fall or slide down. DE-LAPS’ED, (de-lapst’,) pp. Fallen down. DE-LAP’SION, n. A falling down of the uterus, anus, &c. DE-LATE’, v. t. Jero, to bear.] : 1. Tocarry; toconvey. [Little used.] Bacon. 2. To accuse ; to inform against ; that is, to bear a charge against. B. Jonson. DE-LA’TION, n. Carriage ; conveyance ; as, the de- lation of sound. {Little used.) Bacon. 9, Accusation; act of charging with a crime; a term of the civil law. Fr.] Breakfast. [L. delatus; de and latus, part. of DE-LA’/TOR, x. [L.] An accuser ; an informer. Sandys. DE-LAY’, (de-la/,) v. t. [Fr. delai, delay ; Sp. dilatar ; Port. id., to delay ; It. dilata, delay ; dilatare, to di- late, to spread; from L. dilatus, differo. We see that delay is from spreading, extending. See Divare.] 1. To prolong the time of acting, or proceeding ; to put off ; to defer. My lord delayeth his coming. — Matt. xxiv. 2, To retard ; to stop, detain, or hinder for a time ; to restrain motion, or render it slow ; as, the mail is delayed by bad roads. Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delayed The huddling brook to hear his madrigal. Milton. 3. To allay. [ot in use, nor proper.| Spenser. DE-LAY’, v.i. ‘To linger; to move slow ; or to stop for a time. There are certain bounds to the quickness and slowness of the succession of ideas, beyond which they can neither delay nor hasten. Locke. DE-LAY’,n. A lingering; stay ; stop 2. A putting off or deferring ; procrastination ; as, the delay of trial is not to be imputed to the plaintiff. 3. Hinderance for a time. DE-LAY’ED, (de-lade’,) pp. Deferred; detained ; hin- dered for a time ; retarded. DE-LAY’ER, m. One who defers; one who lingers. DE-LAY/ING, ppr. Putting off; deferring ; procrasti- nating ; retarding ; detaining. DE-LAY’MENT, nm. Hinderance. Gower. DEL CRED'ER-E, n. [it.] A guaranty given by fac- tors, binding them to warrant the solvency of the pur- chasers of goods which they sell on credit. This is done for a premium. A del credere commission is one under which an agent, on selling goods, in consideration of an ad- ditional premium, insures to his principal not only the ultimate solvency of the debtor, but the punctual discharge of the debt. ouvier. DE/LE, v. t. [L. imperative of deleo.] Blot out; erase. DEL’E-BLE, a. [L. delebuilis.] That can be blotted out, DE-LE€/TA-BLE, a. [L. delectabilis, from delector, to delight. See De.icnr.] Delightful ; highly pleasing ; that gives great joy or pleasure ; as, a delectable garden. Milton. DE-LE€/TA-BLE-NESS, n. Delightfulness. Barret. DE-LE€’TA-BLY, adv. Delightfully. DE-LE€-TA/TION, n. Great pleasure ; delight. More. DEL/E-GA-CY, n. A number of persons delegated. [We now use DELEGATION. Laud. DEL/E-GATE, v. t. [l. delego; de and lego, to send. See iene 1. To send away ; appropriately, to send on an embassy ; to send with power to transact business, as a representative. The president delegated three commissioners to the court of St. Cloud. 2. To intrust ; to commit; to deliver to another’s care and exercise ; as, to delegate authority or power to an envoy, representative, or judge. DEL/E-GATE, n. A person appointed and sent by another with powers to transact business as his representative ; a deputy ; a commissioner ; a vicar. In the United States, a person elected or appointed to represent a state or a district, in the congress, or in a@ convention for forming or altering a constitution. 2. In Great Britain, a commissioner appointed by the king, under the great seal, to hear and determine appeals from the ecclesiastical court. Hence the Court of Delegates, is the great court of appeal in all ecclesiastical causes, It is used a!so for the court of appeals from that of the Admiraity. Blackstone. 3. A layman appointed to attend an ecclesiastical council. More. DEL DEL/E-GATE, a. Deputed; sent to act for or repre- sent another; as, a delegate judge. Taylor. DEL’E-GA-TED, pp. or a. Deputed; sent with a trust or commission to act for another ; appointed a judge ; committed, as authority. DEL/E-GA-TING, ppr. Deputing; sending with a commission to act for another; appointing ; com- mitting ; intrusting. DEL-E-GA/TION, n. A sending away; the act of putting in commission, or investing with authority to act for another; the appointment of a delegate. The duties of religion can not be performed by delegation. S'. Miller. 2, The person deputed to act for another, or for others. Thus, the representatives of Massachusetts in congress are called the delegation, or whole delega- ton. 3. In the civil law, the assignment of a debt to an- other, as when a debtor transfers to another person the obligation to pay, or a creditor makes over to a third person the right to receive payment. DE-LEN'DA EST CAR-THA'GO. eal must be annihilated — our rival must be ¢ DEL-E-NIF’I€-AL, a. assuage pain. DE-LETE’, v.t. [L. deleo. To blot out. [JWVot used. Fuller. DEL-E-TE/RI-OUS, a. [L. deleterius, from deleo, to blot out or destroy ; W. diléaw, diléu. Qu. Ir. dal- laim, to bind: 1. Having the quality of destroying, or extinguish- ing life; destructive; poisonous; as a deleterious plant or quality. 2. Injurious ; pernicious. DEL’E-TER-Y, a. Destructive ; poisonous. Hudibras. DE-LE/TION, z. [es deletio, from deleo, to blot out. ] 1. The act of blotting out or erasing. 2. Destruction. [ Little used.] DEL/E-TO-RY, 7. ‘That which blots out. DELF,n. ([Sax. delfan, to delve, to dig.] 1. Amine; a quarry; a pit dug. [Rarely used.] 9. Earthen ware, covered with enamel or white glazing, in imitation of China ware or porcelain, made at Delft, in Holland ; properly, Delft-ware. DE/LI-A€, n. [from Delos.) In the arts, a kind of sculptured vase ; also, beautiful bronze and silver. Elimes. DEL/I-BATE, v. t. [L. delibo; de and libo, to taste.] To taste ; totakeasip. [Little wsed.] DEL-I-Ba/TION, xn. A taste; an essay. [Little used.] erkeley. DE-LIB/ER-ATE, v. t. [L. delibero; de and libro, to Weigh ; It. librare. See Liprare.} To weigh in the mind; to consider and examine the reasons for and against a measure ; to estimate the weight or force of arguments, or the probable consequences of a measure, in order to a choice or decision ; to pause and consider. A wise prince will deliberate before he wages war. Carthage estroyed. Having the virtue to ease or Hale. Taylor. The woman that deliberates is lost. Addison. DE-LIB/ER-ATE, v. t. To balance in the mind; to Weigh ; to consider. Laud. DE-LIB/ER-ATE, a. Weighing facts and arguments With a view to a choice or decision ; carefully con- sidering the probable consequences of a step; cir- cumspect ; slow in determining ; applied to persons ; as, a deliberate judge or counselor. 2. Formed with deliberation ; well advised or con- sidered ; not sudden or rash}; as, a deliberate opinion ; a deliberate measure, or result. 3. Slow ; as, a deliberate death or echo. [Hardly legitimate. | Bacon. DE-LIB/ER-A-TED, pp. Balanced in the mind; con- sidered. DE-LIB/ER-ATE-LY, adv. With careful considera- tion, or deliberation; circumspectly ; not hastily or rashly ; slowly. This purpose was deliberately formed. Dryden. Goldsmith. DE-LIB/ER-ATE-NESS, nz. Calm consideration ; cir- cumspection ; due attention to the arguments for and against a measure ; caution. K. Charles. DE-LIB/ER-A-TING, ppr. Balancing in the mind; weighing ; considering. DE-LIB-ER-A/TION, n. [L. deliberatio.] 1. The act of deliberating; the act of weighing and examining the reasons for and against a choice Or measure; consideration. We say, @ measure has been taken with deliberation, 2. Mutual discussion and examination of the rea- sons for and against a measure; as, the deliberations of a legislative body or council. DE-LIB/ER-A-TIVE, a. Pertaining to delJiberation ; proceeding or acting by deliberation, or by mutual discussion and examination ; as, the legislature is a deliberative body. 2. Having a right or power to deliberate or discuss. In councils, the bishops have a deliberative voice. 3. Apt or disposed to consider. Bp. Barlow. DE-LIB'ER-A-TIVE, n. A discourse in which a question is discussed, or weighed and examined. A Encye. kind of rhetoric employed in proving a thing and DEL convincing others of its truth, in order to persuade them to adopt it. Encye. DE-LIB/ER-A-TIVE-LY, adv. By deliberation. urke. DEL'I-€A-CY, xn. [Fr. delicatesse; Sp. delicadeza ; It. delicatezza; but more directly from delicate, which see. | In a general sense, that which delights ar pleases. Hence, J. Fineness of texture ; smoothness ; softness ; tenderness ; as, the delicacy of the skin ; and nearly in the same sense, applicable to food ; as, the delicucy of flesh, meat, or vegetables. Hence, 2, Daintiness ; pleasantness to the taste. 3. Elegant or feminine beauty ; as, delicacy of form. 4, Nicety ; minute accuracy; as, the delicacy of coloring in painting. 5. Neatness in dress ; elegance, proceeding from a nice selection and adjustment of the several parts of dress, Spectator. 6. Softness of manners ; civility or politeness, pro- ceeding from a nice observance of propriety, and a desire to please ; as, delicacy of behavior. 7. Indulgence; gentle treatment; as, delicacy of education. 8. Tenderness ; scrupulousness ; the quality man- ifested in nice attention to right, and care to avoid wrong, or offense. Bp. Taylor. 9. Acute or nice perception of what is pleasing to the sense of tasting. Hence, figuratively, a nice such nice perception. Delicacy of taste tends to invigorate the social affections, and moderate those that are selfish. Lames. 10. That which delights the senses, particularly the taste, applied to eatables ; as, the peach is a great deli- cacy. 11. Tenderness of constitution; weakness; that quality or state of the animal body which renders it very impressible to injury ; as, delicacy of constitution or frame. 12. Smallness ; fineness ; sJenderness ; tenuity ; as, the delicacy of a thread or fiber. 13. Tenderness ; nice susceptibility of impression ; as, delicacy of feeling. DEL/I-€ATE, a. [Fr. delicat; Sp. delicado ; It. delica- to; L. delicatus, connected with delicig, delight, de- lecto, to delight ; probably a ¢ ‘mpound of de with the root of like. See Dericur and Like.) 1. Ofafine texture ; fine; soft; smooth ; clear, or fair ; as, a delicate skin. 2. Nice; pleasing to the taste; of an agreeable fla- vor; as, delicate food ; a delicate dish. 3. Nice in perception of what is agreeable ; dainty ; as, a delicate taste; and, figuratively, nice and dis- criminating in beauty and deformity. 4, Nice; accurate ; fine ; soft to the eye ; as, a del- icate color. 5. Nice in forms ; regulated by minute observance of propriety, or by condescension and attention to the wishes and feelings of others ; as, delicate behavior or manners ; a delicate address. 6. Pleasing to the senses ; as, a delicate flavor. 7. Fine; slender ; minute; as, a delicate thread. 8. That can not be handled without injury or dan- ger; that must be touched with care; as, a delicate point or topic ; a delicate question. 9. Composed of fine threads, or nicely interwoven ; as, delicate texture ; hence, soft and smooth to the touch ; as, delicate silk. 10. Tender; effeminate; not able to endure hard- ship ; very impressible to injury ; as, a delicate frame or constitution. ll. Feeble ; not sound orrobust ; as, delicate health. DEL'L-€ATE, x. Any thing nice; a nicety. [Obs.] Jer. li. 34. Dryden. DEL/I-€ATE-LY, adv. In a delicate manner; with nice regard to propriety and the feelings of others. 2. Daintily ; luxuriously. They that live delicately are in kings’ courts, — Luke vii. 3. With soft elegance; as, an expression delicately tured. 4, Tenderly ; with indulgence in ease, elegance, and luxury. Prov. xxix. DEL'I-CATE-NESS, n. The state of being delicate ; tenderness ; softness; effeminacy. Deut. xXviil. DE-LI’/CIOUS, (de-lish’/us,) a [Fr. delicieux; L, deli- catus, delicie ; Sp. delicioso; It. delizioso.] 1. Highly pleasing to the taste; most sweet or grateful to the senses; affording exquisite pleasure ; as, a delicious viand ; delicious fruit or wine. 2. Most pleasing to the mind; very grateful ; yield- ing exquisite delight ; as, this poem affords a delicious entertainment. DE-LI//CIOUS-LY, adv. Ina delicious manner; in 2 manner to please the taste or gratify the mind ; sweet- ly ; pleasantly ; delightfully ; as, to feed deliciously ; to be deliciously entertained. DE-LI//CIOUS-NESS, n.° The quality of being de- licious, or very grateful to the taste or mind; as, the deliciousness of a repast. 2. Delight; great pleasure. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ol4 perception of beauty and deformity, or the faculty of“DE-LIN’E-A-MENT, mn. [Infra.] Representation by seld DEL DEL DEL DEL-LGA/TION, n. to bind. ] In surgery, a binding up; a bandaging. DE-LIGHT’, (de-lite’,) n. [Fr. delice; Sp. delicia; It. delizia ; L. delicie, connected with delector ; probably allied to Eng. like.] 1. A high’ degree of pleasure or satisfaction of mind ; joy. His delight is in the law of the Lord. — Ps. i. Q. That which gives great pleasure ; that which affords delight. Titus was the delight of human kind. I was daily his delight. — Prov. viii. Delight is a more permanent pleasure than joy, and .nt dependent on sudden excitement. DE-LIGHT’, (de-lite’,) v. t [Sp. deleytar ; Port. delettar ; L. delector; Fr. delecter. See DeLicHT and tae 1. To affect with great pleasure ; to please highly ; to give or afford high satisfaction or joy ; as, a beau- tiful landscape delights the eye: harmony delights the ear; the good conduct of children, and especially their piety, delights their parents, I will delight myself in thy statutes. — Ps. cxix. 2. To receive great pleasure in. I delight to do thy will. — Ps. xl. DE-LIGHT’, v. i. To have or take great pleasure ; to be greatly pleased or rejoiced; followed by zn. I delight in the law of God after the inward man. — Rom. vii. DE-LIGHT’ED, pp. Greatly pleased; rejoiced; fol- lowed by with. That ye may be delighted with the abundance of her glory. —Is. XVil. 2. a. Full of delight. Shak. DE-LIGHT’ER, xz. One who takes delight. Barroz. DE-LIGHT/FUL, (de-lite/ful,) a. Highly pleasing ; af- fording great pleasure and satisfaction ; as, a delight- ful thought; a delightful prospect. DE-LIGHT’FUL-LY, adv. In a manner to receive great pleasure ; very agreeably ; as, we were delight- fully employed or entertained. 9. In a delightful manner : charmingly ; in a man- ner to afford great pleasure; as, the lady sings and plays delightfully. DE-LIGHT’FUL-NESS, n. The quality of being de- lightful, or of affording great pleasure ; as, the delight- fulness of a prospect, or of scenery. 2. Great pleasure; delight. [Less proper.] DE-LIGHT/ING, ppr. Giving great pleasure ; rejoic- [L. deligatio, deligo; de and ligo, Dryden. ing. DE-LIGHT’LESS, a. Affording no pleasure or delight. Thomson. Very pleasing ; Grew. Very pleasantly; in a DE-LIGHT/SOMB, (de-lit/sum,) a, delightful. DE-LIGHT/SOME-LY, adv. delightful manner. DE-LIGHT’SOME-NESS, x. Delightfulness ; pleasant- ness in a high degree. Selden. [delineo ; de and lineo, from lin- delineation. DE-LIN’E-ATE, v. t. ed, a line. 1. To draw the lines which exhibit the form of a thing; to mark out with lines; to make a draught; to sketch or design ; as, to delineate the form of the earth, or a diagram. 2. 'T'o paint ; to represent in a picture ; to draw a likeness of; as, to delineate Nestor like Adonis, or Time with Absalom’s head. Brown. 3. Figuratively, to describe; to represent to the mind or understanding; to exhibit a lkeness in words ; as, to delineate the character of Newton, or the virtue of Aristides. DE-LIN/E-A-TED, pp. Drawn; marked with lines exhibiting the form or figure; sketched; designed ; painted ; described. DE-LIN/E-A-TING, ppr. Drawing the form; sketch- ing; painting ; describing. DE-LIN-E-A’/TION, n. [L. delineatio.} 1. First draught of a thing; outline; representa- tion of a form or figure by lines; sketch; design. 2, Representation in words; description; as, the delineation of a character. DE-LIN’/E-A-TOR, n. One who delineates. DE-LIN/E-A-TO-RY, a. Describing ; drawing the out- line. Scolt’s Essays. DE-LIN/E-A-TURE, n. Delineation. [JVot in use.]} DE-LIN/I-MENT, xn. [L. Sera Mitigation. [Wot used.] DE-LIN’/QUEN-CY, (de-link’wen-sy,) n. [L. delin- quo, to fail or omit duty ; de and linquo, to leave. | Faihire or omission of duty ; a fault; a misdeed ; and positively, an offense; acrime. Itis particular- ly, but not exclusively, applied to neglect of duty in officers of public trust. DE-LIN'/QUENT, (de-link/went,) a. Failing in duty ; offending by neglect of duty. DB-LIN/QUENT, x. One who fails to perform his duty, particularly a public officer who neglects his duty; an offender; one who commits a fault or crime. A delinquent ought to be cited in the DE-LIN’/QUENT-LY, adv. So as to fail in duty. DEL/I-QUATE, v. ft. ort. [L. deliqueo, to melt.] To melt or be dissolved. [See Detrquescr and DELIQUIATE. | DEL/I-QUA-TED, pp. Melted; dissolved. DEL-IL-QUA/TION, n. A melting. [See DevieuEs- CENCE and DELIQUIATION. DEL-I-QUESCE’, (del-e-kwes’,) v. i. |L. deliquesco, to melt; de and liquesco, from liqueo, to melt or be- come soft. See Liqurp.] To melt gradually and become liquid by attracting and absorbing moisture from the air, as certain salts, acids, and alkalies. DEL-I-QUES/CENCE, (del-e-kwes’sens,)n. Sponta- neous liquefaction in the air; a gradual melting or becoming liquid by absorption of water from the at- mosphere. Fourcroy. DEL-I-QUES/CENT, az. Liquefying in the air; capa- ble of attracting moisture from the atmosphere and becoming liquid ; as, deliqguescent salts. Fourcroy. DE-LIQ/UI-ATE, (de-lik/we-ate,) v. i. [See Dexi- quate.] ‘To melt and become liquid by imbibing water from the air. [See DeLiqursceE.] Fourcroy. DE-LIQ-ULA/TION, xn. A melting by attracting wa- ter from the air. DE-LIQ/UL-UM, (de-lik’/we-um,) n. [L.] In chemis- try, a melting or dissolution in the air, or in a moist place. Encye. 2. A liquid state ; as, a salt falls into a deliquium. Fourcroy. 3. In medicine, a swooning or fainting; called also syncope. Encyc. Coze. DE-LI/RA-CY, 7. Delirium. Sancroft. DE-LIR/A-MENT, n. A wandering of the mind ; foolish fancy. [Little used. | DE-LI/RATE, v. 2 (ts deliro. | To rave, as a madman. [Not mm use. | DEL-I-RA’TION, n. [L. deliratio.] A wandering of mind ; delirium. Ed, Rev. DE-LIR/I-OUS, a. [L. delirus. See Devirium. Roving in mind; light-headed; disordered in in- tellect; having ideas that are wild, irregular, and unconnected. DE-LIR/I-OUS-LY, adv. Ina delirious manner. DE-LIR/I-OUS-NESS, n. The state of being delirious ; delirium. Jolinson. DE-LIR/I-UM, n. [L., from deliro, to wander in mind, to rave ; de and liro, to make balks in plowing, that is, to err, Wander, miss. ] A state in which the ideas of a person are wild, irregular, and unconnected, or do not correspond with the truth or with external objects ; a roving or wandering of the mind; disorder of the intellect. Fevers often produce delirium. An alienation of mind connected with fever. Cyc. Symptomatic derangement, or that which is de- pendent on some other disease, in distinction from idiopathic derangement, or mania. DE-LIR'I-UM TRE! MENS, 7. A disease of the brain, induced by the excessive and prolonged use of intox- icating liquors. DEL-I-TES'/CENCE, 2. lateo. Retirement ; obscurity. DE-LIT’I-GATE, v.i. [L. delitigo.] To chide, or contend in words. DE-LIT-LGA/TION, 2. A chiding; in uses] DE-LIV’ER, v. t. pes delivrer; de and livrer, to de- liver; Sp. librar; Port. livrar; L. liber, free, disen- gaged ; delibro, to free, to peel; Arm. delivra, See Laiserav, Lrsrary, Liprate.] 1. To free; to release, as from restraint ; to set at liberty ; as, to deliver one from captivity. 2. 'T'o rescue, or save. Deliver me, O my God, from the hand of the wicked. — Ps. Lexi. 3. To give or transfer; to put into another’s hand or power ; to commit; to pass from one to another. Thou shalt deliver Pharaoh’s cup into his hand. — Gen. x1. So we say, to deliver goods to a cartier ; to deliver'a letter ; to deliver possession of an estate, 4. To surrender ; to yield ; to give up; to resign ; as, to deliver a fortress to an enemy. It is often fol- lowed by up; as, to deliver up the city ; to deliver up stolen goods, [L. delitescentia ; de and Johnson. [Not in use. ] a brawl. [WVot Th’ exalted mind All sense of woe delivers to the wind. 5. To disburden of a child. 6. To utter ; to pronounce ; to speak ; to send forth in words; as, to deliver a Sermon, an address, or an oration. 7. To give forth in action; as, the ship delivered a broadside ; the troops delivered their fire ; to deliver a blow. Alison. To deliver to the wind ; to cast away ; to reject. To deliver over; to transfer; to give or pass from one to another ; as, to deliver over goods to another. 9, To surrender or resign; to put into another’s power ; to commit to the discretion of ; toabandon to. Deliver me not over to the will of my enemies. -~ Ps. xxvii. To deliver up ; to give up ; to surrender. DE-LIV’/ER, a. [L. liber. Pope, Chaucer. DE-LIV/ER-A-BLE, a. DE-LI V/ER-ANCE, nz. : That may be, or is to be, de- livered. A bill of lading may state thatthe goods are deliverable to a particular person therein named. [Mercantile usage.] Amer, Review. [Fr. delivrance. 1. Release from captivity, slavery, oppression, or any restraint. He hath serit me to heal the broken-hearted, to preach deliver- ance to the captives. — Luke iy, 2. Rescue from danger or any evil. God sent me to save your lives by a great deltoerance. — Gen. XLV. 3. The act of bringing forth children. Bacon. 4. The act of giving or transferring from one to another. 5. The act of speaking or pronouncing ; utterance. In the three last senses, DeLtiyery is now used.] 6. Acquittal of a prisoner by the verdict of a jury. God send you a good deliverance. DE-LIV/ER-ED, pp. Freed ; released ; transferred or transmitted ; passed from one to another; commit- ted; yielded ; surrendered; rescued; uttered; pro- nounced. DE-LIV’ER-ER, n. One who delivers ; one who re- leases or rescues ; a preserver. The Lord raised up a deliverer to Israel. — Judges iii. 2. One who relates or communicates. Boyle. DE-LIV’/ER-ING, ppr. Releasing ; setting free; res- cuing ; saving ; surrendering ; giving over ; yielding ; resigning. DE-LIV/ER-NESS, n. Nimbleness ; agility. DE-LIV/ER-Y, x. The act of delivering. 2. Release ; rescue, as from slavery, restraint, op- pression, or danger. 3. Surrender; a giving up. 4. A giving or passing from one to another ; as, the delivery of goods, or of a deed. 5. Utterance, pronunciation, or manner of speak- ing. He has a good deliwery. Iwas charmed with his graceful delivery. 6. Childbirth. Js. xxvi. 7. Free motion or use of the limbs. fobs Sidney. otton. DELL, n. [Qu. dale, or W. dell, a cleft or rift; or is it contracted from Sax. degle?] A hollow place; a small, narrow valley between two hills. Gilbert. DELPH. See De tr, No. 2. DEL/PHI-AN,) a. [from Delphi, a town of Phocis, DEL/PHIE, in Greece.] Relating to Delphi, and to the celebrated oracle of that place. DEL/PHIN, a. Pertaining to the dauphin of France ; applied particularly to an edition of the Latin classics, prepared under Louis XIV., in uswm Delphint, for the dauphin’s use. Brande. DEL/PHINE, a. [L. delphinus.] Pertaining to the dolphin, a genus of fishes. DEL-PHIN’I-A, } x. A vegetable alkaloid discovered DEL-PHI'NA, in the Delphinium staphysagria. DEL/PHI-A, Its taste is bitterand acrid. When DEL/PHINE, heated it melts, but on cooling becomes hard and brittle Jike resin. Ure. Brande. DEL/PHIN-ITE, n. A mineral, called also pistacite Ure and epidote. < DEL SEGN'O, (del san/yo.) [It.] In music, a direc- tion to repeat from the sign. DEL’TA, x. The Greek letter A. A tract of alluvial land in the form of that letter, or triangular. It is particularly applied to such a tract of land in Egypt, formed by two main branches of the Nile, and the Mediterranean Sea; but the word is applied to any tract of land of a similar figure and formation. DEL'TOID, a. [Gr. deAra, the letter A, and exdos, form. 1. Resembling the Greek A, (delta;) triangular ; an epithet applied to a muscle of the shoulder; which moves the arm forward, upward, and backward. 0xe. 2. In botany, shaped somewhat like a delta or rhomb, having four angles, of which the lateral ones are less distant from the base than the others; as, a deltoid leaf. Linneus. Martyn. T’rowel-shaped, having three angles, of which the terminal one is much further from the base than the lateral ones. Smith. DE-LUD/A-BLE, a [See Derupr.] Thatmay be de- luded or ieceived ; liable to be imposed on. Brown. DE-LODE, v. t. [L. deludo; de and luda, to play, to mock; Ch. and Heb. py. Class Ls, No. 3, 5, 30, 46.] : 1. To deceive; to impose on; to lead from truth or into error; to mislead the mind or judgment; to beguile. Cheat is generally applied to deception in bargains ; delude, to deception in opinion. An artful man deludes his followers. We are often deluded by false Supearane : st . To frustrate or disappoint. : ; DELUDED, pp- OY a. Deceived ; misled ; led into error. One who deceives; a deceiver; an Abe t . DE-LUD’ER, n ho holds out false pretenses. r | place or jurisdiction where the delinquency was committed, Ayliffe. TONE, BYLL, UNITE. — Free; nimble. [ Obs. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH"as in THIS. impostor ; one W =e ele nee Os ae es: - ere ~Fnl G aa er er a » owi fl iM: 4 f ' @ 4 = i ; if i ¢ | ee bi ; bie gd % #s eel et a } e ' ; ! | ; | 4 ma e zy J 5 ut ¥ a t% he. ' q F 4 g | rat i oa Ho! \ ‘ I Has ‘ : eh. af i DEM DE-LUD'ING, ppr. Deceiving; leading astray; mis- leading the opinion or judgment. DE-LUD/ING, n. The act of deceiving; falsehood. Prideauz. [Ir. deluge; Arm. diluich ; Sp. diluvio ; It. id.; L. diluvies, diluvium, from diluo, diluvio; di and luo, lavo, to wash. If deluge and di- luvium are the same word, of which there can be little doubt, the fact proves that /uo, lavo, is con- tracted or changed from lugo, and that the primitive word was lugo; and it is certain that the radix of fluo is flugo. See Fiow. ; 1. Any overflowing of water; an inundation ; a flood ; a swell of water over the natural banks of a river or shore of the ocean, spreading over the adja- cent land. But appropriately, the great flood or overflowing of the earth by water, in the days of Noah ; according to the common chronology, Anno Mundi 1656. Gen. vi. 2. A sweeping or overwhelming calamity. _ DEL/UGE, v. t. To overflow with water; to iun- date; todrown. The waters deluged the earth, and destroyed the old world. 2. To overwhelm ; to cover with any flowing or moving, spreading body. The northern nations del- uged the Roman empire with their armies, 3. To overwhelm; to cause to sink under the weight of a general or spreading calamity ; as, the Jand is deluged with corruption. DEL’/UG-ED, pp. Overflowed ; whelmed. DEL/UGE, (del/lije,) x. inundated ; over- DEL/UG-ING, ppr. Overflowing; inundating; over- whelming. DE-LU/SION, (de-li/zhun,) n. [L. delusio. See De- LUDE.| 1. The act of deluding; deception ; a misleading of the mind. We are all liable to the delusions of artifice. 2. False representation ; illusion ; error or mistake proceeding from false views. And fondly mourned the dear delusion gone. Prior. DE-LU/SIVE, a. Apt to deceive; tending to mislead the mind ;*deceptive; beguiling; as, delusive arts; delusive appearances. DE-LU/SIVE-LY, adv. In a delusive manner. DE-LU/SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of being sive ; tendency to deceive. DE-LU'SO-RY, a. Apt to deceive; deceptive. Glanville. DELVE, (delv,) v. t ([Sax. delfan; D. delven; Russ. dolblyu; to dig. Qu. Arm. toulla, to dig or make a hole, W. twill, a hole, and L. talpa, a mole, perhaps the delver.] J. To dig; to open the ground with a spade. delu- Delve of convenient depth your thrashing-floor. Dryden. 2. To fathom ; to sound; to penetrate. I can not delve him to the root, Shak. DELVE, (delv,) n. A place dug; a pit; a pitfall; a ditch; aden; acave. [JVot now used.] Spenser. Delve of coals; a quantity of fossil coals dug, [JVot used, or local. | DELV’ED, pp. Dug; fathomed. DELV‘ER, 7. One who digs, as with a DELV/ING, ppr. Digging. DE-MAG-NET-I-ZA'TION, n. The act or process of depriving one of magnetic influence. DE-MAG/NET-IZE, v. t. To deprive of magnetic in- fluence ; to restore from a sleep-waking state. DEM/A-GOG-ISM,n7. The practices of a demagogue. DEM’A-GOGUE, (dem/a-gog,)n. [Gr. dguaywyos, from dnjmos, the populace, and ayw, to feat 1. A leader of the people; an orator who pleases the populace, and influences them to adhere to him. 2, Any leader of the populace; any factious man who has great influence with the great body of peo- ple in a city or community. DE-MALN! : : DE-MESN#E/,(de-méne,) nm. [Norm. demainer. This might be from L. dominium, Fr. domaine. In old law books, it is written demesne, as if derived from meisan, maison, house. In JVorman, it is written also de- maygne, demeigne, as well as demeine.] 1. A manor-house and the land adjacent or near, which a lord keeps in his own hands or immediate occupation, for the use of his family, as distinguished from his tenemental lands, distributed among his tenants, called book-land, or charter-land, and folk- land, or estates held in villenage, from which sprung copyhold estates. Blackstone. 2. Estate in lands. Shak. DE-MAND!, v. t. [Fr. demander; Sp. and Port. de- mandar ; \t. domandare or dimandare; Atm. mennat; de and L. mando, to command. The L. mando sig- nifies to send; hence, to commit or intrust. To ask is to press or urge. Sw. mana; Dan. maner; to put in mind, to urge, press, dun ; to admonish, L. monco. It appears that mando, moneo, and mens, mind, are all of one family; as also Ir. muinim, to teach; W. mynu, to will, to seek or procure, to insist, to obtain or have ; Sax. manian; G. malnen. See Class Mn, No. 7, 9. Spade. 1. ‘To ask or call for, as one who has a claim or DEM right to receive what is sought; to claim or seek as due by right. The creditor demands principal and interest of his debt. Here the claim is derived from Jaw or justice. 9. To ask by authority; to require; to seek or claim an answer by virtue of a right or supposed right in the interrogator, derived from his office, sta- tion, power, or authority. The officers of the children of Isracl—were beaten, and de- manded, Wherefore have ye not fulfilled your task in making brick ? — Ex. v. 3. To require as necessary or useful; as, the exe- cution of this work demands great industry and care. 4, To ask; to question; to inquire. [Little used.] The soldiers also demanded of him, saying, What shall we do? — Luke iii. 5. To ask or require, as a seller of goods; as, what price do you demand 2? 6. To sue for; to seek to obtain by legal process ; as, the plaintiff, in his action, demands unreasonable damages. In French, demander generally signifies simply to ask, request, or petition, when the answer or thing asked for is a matter of grace or courtesy. But in English, demand is now seldom used in that sense ; and rarely indeed can the French demander be ren- dered correctly in English by demand, except in the case of the seller of goods, who demands {asks, re- quires] a certain price for his wares. ‘The common expression, ‘‘a king sent to demand another king’s daughter in marriage,”? is Improper. DE-MAND’,n. An asking for or claim made by virtue of a right or supposed right to the thing sought; an asking with authority ; a challenging as due; as, the demand of the creditor was reasonable ; the note is payable on demand. He that has confidence to turn his wishes into demands, will be but a little way from thinking he ought to obtain them. ocke. 2. The asking or requiring of a price for goods offered for sale ; as, I can not agree to his demand. 3. That which is or may be claimed as due; debt; as, What are your demands on the estate ? 4. The calling for in order to purchase ; desire to possess ; as, the demand for the Bible has been great and extensive ; copies are in great demand. 5. A desire or a seeking to obtain. We say, the company of a gentleman is in great demand; the lady is in great demand or request. 6. In law, the asking or seeking for what is due or claimed as due, either expressly by words, or by implication, as by seizure of goods or entry into lands. DE-MAND/A-BLE, a. That may be demanded, claimed, asked for, or required ; as, payment is de- mandable at the expiration of the credit. DE-MAND/ANT, n. One who demands ; the plaintiff in a real action ; any plaintiff. DE-MAND/ED, pp. Called for; claimed; chalienged as due; requested ; required ; interrogated. DE-MAND/ER,n. One who demands; one who re- quires with authority ; one who claims as due; one who asks ; one who seeks to obtain. DE-MAND/ING, ppr. Claiming or calling for as due, or by authority ; requiring; asking ; pursuing a claim by legal process ; interrogating. DE-MAND/RESS, x. A female demandant. DE-MAR€-A/TION. See DemMarxkaTION. DE-MARCH!, n. [Fr. demarche.] March ; walk; gait. [Ods.] DE-MARK-A/TION, n. [Sp. demarcacion. from demar- car; de and marcar, to mark; marca, a mark ; Port. demarcar. See Marx.) 1. The act of marking, or of ascertaining and set- ting a limit. 2. A limit or bound ascertained and fixed ; line of separation marked or determined. The speculative line of demarkation, where obedience ought to end and resistance begin, is faint, obscure, and not easily definable. Burke. DE-MEAN’, v. t. [Fr. demener; Norm. demesner, de- mener, to lead, to manage, to govern, to stir; It. me- nare ; Sp. menear.| 1. To behave; to carry ; to conduct ; zith the re- ciprocal pronoun; aS, it is our duty to demean our- selves with humility. 2. To treat. Spenser. DE-MEAN’, v, t. [de and mean.] To debase ; to un- dervalue. [Wot used.] hale. DE-MEAN’,n. Behavior; carriage ; demeanor. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. Mien, [Obs.] Spenser. DE-MEAN’ED, pp. Behaved well; in a good sense. Lessened ; debased ; in a bad sense. ANG: ppr. Behaving; also, debasing one’s self. DE-MEAN’OR, n. Behavior; carriage; deportment ; as, decent demeanor ; sad demeanor. Milton. DE-MEAN-URE, n. Behavior. ([JVot in use.] DE ME-DI-E-TA'TE, [L.] A jury de medietate is one composed of half natives and half foreigners— used in actions in which a foreigner is a party, or half of common jurors and half of men of the class to which one of the parties belongs. Blackstone. 316 DEM DE/MEN-€Y, 2. [L. dementia.] Madness. fae in USE, | Skelton. DE-MEN/TATE, a. Mad; infatuated. Hammond. DE-MEN’TATE, v. t [L. demento; de and mens.] To make mad. Burton. DE-MEN/TA-TED, pp. DE-MEN-TA/TION, n. Rendered mad. The act of making frantic. W hitlock. DE-MENT’ED, a. Crazy; infatuated. Quart. Rev. DE-MEPH-I-TI-ZA/TION, n. [See DemMernitize.] The act of purifying from mephitic or foul air. Med. Repository. DE-MEPH’I-TIZE, v. t, [de and mephitis, foul air, or iJ] smell. ] To purify from foul, unwholesome air. DE-MEPH'I-TIZ-ED, pp. Purified ; freed fromr foul air. DE-MEPH/I-TIZ-ING, ppr. Purifying from foul air. DE-MER/IT, . [Fr. demerite; de and merite, merit, L. meritum, from merco, to earn or deserve. The Latin demereo is used in a good sense. See Menrir.] 1. That which deserves punishment, the opposite of merit ; an ill-deserving ; that which is blamable or punishable in moral conduct ; vice or crime. Mine is the merit, the demerit thine. Dryden. 2. Anciently, merit; desert ; in a good sense. Shak. DE-MER/IT, v. t. To deserve blame or punishment. I believe not in use. DE-MERS’ED, (de-merst’,) a. [IL. demersus.} Plunged ; situated or growing under water. DE-MER/SION, (de-mer/shun,) n. [L. demersio, from demergo, to plunge or drown. ] 1. A plunging into a fluid; a drowning. Trans. of Pausanias. 2. The state of being overwhelmed in water or earth. Ray. 3. The putting of a medicine in a dissolving liquor. Dict. DE-MES’MER-IZE, v. t. [from Mesmer.] To excite or relieve from mesmeric influence. {See Mrsmer- IZE. | DE-MESNE’, (de-meen’.) See Demain. DE-MESN’I-AL, (de-mé/ni-al,) a. Pertaining to a de- mesne. JMaunder. DEM/I, a prefix, [Fr. demi, from the L. dimidium,] signi- fies half. It is used only in composition. [See also Dremy.j DEM/I-BATH, ) 7. A bath in which only the lower DEM/‘I-BAIN, $ half of the body is immersed. DEM/I-BRI-GADE!,n. Ahalf brigade. [ Gilbert. DEM’I-€A/DENCE, xn. In music, an imperfect ca- dence, or one that falls on any other than the key- note. Busby. DEM/I-CAN/NON, zx. The obsolete name of a kind of ordnance carrying a ball of from 30 to 35 pounds in weight. DEM’I-CUL/VER-IN, n. The obsolete name of a kind of ordnance carrying a ball of 9 or 10 pounds in weight. Johnson. Encye. DEM-L-DB®/I-FY, v.t. To deify in part. Cowper. DEM/I-DEV-IL, (-dev/l,) n. Half a devil. Shak. DEM/I-DIS/TANCE, x. In fortification, the distance between the outward polygons and the flank, DEM’I-D?/TONE, x. In music, a minor third. Busby. DEM/I-GOD, x. Half a god; one partaking of the di- vine nature ; a fabulous hero, produced by the cohab- itation of a deity with a mortal. Milton. Pope. DEM/I-GOD/DESS, n. A female demi-god. Campbell. DEMI-GORGE, n. In fortification, that part of the polygon which remains after the flank is raised, and goes from the curtain to the angle of the polygon. It is half of the vacant space or entrance into a bastion. Encyc. DEM’I-GROAT, (grawt,) x. dahima, daima, to fall sud- denly, to rush, to overwhelm, to obscure, to blacken ; whence misfortune, black, blackness, evil, a mon- Or is it a compound of dea, dia, deus, and mon, ster, In a humble manner. [L. demitto. ] Yo let fall , to depress ; to submit. [Gr. dnpcovpyos; dnptos, a public servant, aud epyov, work.] In the mythology of Eastern philosophers, a subordi- nate deity or econ, employed im the creation of the world ; a subordinate workman. Pertaining to a demiurge. DEM half vill, consisting of five free- Spelman. Blackstone. Shak. [L. demigro.] Emigration, which see. [See Denmise.] That may be Interally, The demise of the Thus, when Edward LV. Blackstone. the death of any distinguished demise of Mr. Pitt. Trotter. or transfer of an estate, by lease Encye. Swift. A lowering; degra- I’ Estrange. [Little wsed, ] Shenstone. [Not used. ] Humble. [Not used. | Encyc. Trans. of Pausanias. [Gr. dypoxparia ; dnos, people, Such was the ) a Popular; pertaining to democracy, or government In a democratical Sidney. The same as Democrat. Democracy. [Gr. daipev, divinity, and Brande. [Fr. demolir, demolissant; Sp. de- down; to raze; to destroy, as a Pulled One who pulls or throws down ; Pulling or throwing down ; Ruin; overthrow. Beaum. The act of The origin and - _ DEM a word signifying evil, from the Persian? little confidence in these conjectures. ] A spirit, or immaterial being, holding a middle place between men and the celestial deities of the pagans. ‘The ancients believed that there were good and evil demons, which had influence over the minds of men, and that these beings carried on an intercourse between men and gods, conveying the addresses of men to the gods, and divine benefits to men. Hence demons became the objects of worship. It was supposed, also, that human spirits, after their departure from the body, became demons, and that the souls of virtuous men, if highly purified, were exalted from demons into gods. In the Scriptures, the Greek datuwy is rendered devil, and sometimes, at least, improperly ; for nothing is more certain than that different beings are intended by dcuGodvs and datuwy. The demons of the New Testament were supposed to be spiritual beings which vexed and tor- mented men. And, in general, the word, in modern use, signifies an evil spirit or genius, which influ- ences the conduct or directs the fortunes of mankind. [See Campbell’s Dissert.] I place DrE/MON-ESS, n. A female demon. Mede. BONE eat ba Pertaining to demons or evil DE-MO’NLAN, ) “Pints: From thy demoniac holds. Milton. 2. Influenced by demons ; produced by demons or evil spirits. Demoniac phrensy. Milton. DE-MO/NI-A€, x. A human being possessed by a demon; one whose volition and other mental facul- ties are overpowered, restrained, or disturbed, in their regular operation, by an evil spirit, or by a cre- ated spiritual being of superior power. Encyc. DEM-O-Ni/AC-AL-LY, adv. In a demoniacal man- ner. DE-MO-Ni’/A-CISM, n. The state of being demoniac ; or the practice of demoniacs. Milman. DE-MO’NIL-A€S, n. pl. In church history, a branch of the Anabaptists, whose distinguishing tenet was, that, at the end of the world, the devil will be saved. Encyc. The state of being possessed Warburton. The belief in demons or false gods. Jefferson. Di/MON-IZE, v. t. To convert Into a demon ; to in- fuse the principles or fury of a demon, DE-MON-O€/RA-CY, n. [Gr. dacuwy, demon, and Kkparew, to hold.] The power or government of demons. DE-MON-OL/A-TRY, 2. [Gr. datuwy, demon, and Naroeta, worship. | The worship of demons, or of evil spirits. Campbell. DE-MON-O-LOG‘I€, a. Pertaining to demonol- DE-MON-O-LOG/I€-AL, ogy DE-MON-OL/O-GIST, nz. One who writes on demon- oJogy. DE-MON-OL/0-GY, 2. Noyos, discourse. ] A discourse on demons; a treatise on evil spirits. So King James entitled his book concerning witches. DE-MON/O-MIST, x. [Gr. datjwy, demon, and vopos, DE-MO/NI-AN-ISM, n. by a demon. DE/ MON-ISM, x. [Gr. datyuwv, demon, and law. eae that lives in subjection to the devil, or to evil spirits. Herbert. DE-MON/O-MY, n. [Supra.] The dominion of de- mons, or evil spirits. Herbert. Demoniacal influence. Miss J, Baillie. DE/MON-SHIP, n. Thestateofademon. MHede. DE-MON/STRA-BLE, a. [See Demonstrare.] That may be demonstrated ; that may be proved beyond doubt or contradiction; capable of being shown by certain evidence, or by evidence that admits of no doubt; as, the principles of geometry are demonstrable. DE-MON/STRA-BLE-NESS, 2. The quality of being demonstrable. DE-MON'STRA-BLY, adv. In a manner to preclude doubt ; beyond the possibility of contradiction, DE-MON’/STRATE or DEM/ON-STRATE, v t. [L. demonstro; de and monstro, to show ; Er. demontrer ; Sp. and Port. demostrar ; It. dimostrare. See Mus nen. | 1. To show or prove to be certain; to prove beyon the possibility of doubt ; to prove in such a manner as to reduce the contrary position to evident absurd- ity. proposition in ethics, by showing that the contrary is absurd or impossible. 2, In anatomy, to exhibit the parts when dissected. DE-MON/STRA-TED or DEM/ON-STRA-TED, pp. DE/MON-RY, 2. certain to the mind. ity of doubt. DEM-ON-STRA/TION, n. tions of joy. Mitford. Proved beyond the possibility of doubt; rendered DE-MON/STRA-TING or DEM/ON-STRA-TING, ppr. Proving to be certain ; evincing beyond the possibil- Literally, a showing forth or exhibition, commonly in the plural ; as, demonstra- 9. The act of demonstrating, or of exhibiting cer- DEM 3. The highest degree of evidence ; certain proof exhibited, or such proof as establishes a fact or prop- osition beyond a possibility of “oubt, or as shows the contrary position to be absurd or impossible. 4, Indubitable evidence of the senses, or of reason ; evidence which satisfies the mind of the certainty of a fact or propositién. Thus, we hold that the works of nature exhibit demonstration of the existence of a God. 5. In logic, a series of syllogisms, all whose prem- ises are either definitions, self-evident truths, or prop- ositions already established. Encyc. 6. In anatomy, the exhibition of parts dissected 7. In military affairs, a movement of troops toward a given point, as if to make an attack. Hence, 8. Any movement against or attempt upon; as, Napoleon made his first demonstration on Holland. Alisow’s Europe. DE-MON’STRA-TIVE, a. Showingor proving by cer- tain evidence; having the power of demonstration ; invincibly conclusive ; as, a demonstrative argument, or demonstrative reasoning. 2. Having the power of showing with clearness and certainty ; as, a demonstrative figure in painting. Dryden. 3. Among the Latin rhetoricians, that lays open or explains with clearness, force, and beauty; as, de- monstratine eloquence. Blair. DE-MON/STRA-TIVE-LY, adv. With certain evi- dence ; with proof which can not be questioned ; certainly ; clearly ; convincingly. DE-MON/STRA-TIVE-NESS, 2. demonstrative. DEM/ON-STRA-TOR,z. One who demonstrates ; one who proves any thing with certainty, or with indu- bitable evidence. 2. In anatomy, one who exhibits the parts when Quality of being dissected. DE-MON/STRA-TO-RY, a. Tending to demonstrate ; having a tendency to prove beyond a possibility of doubt. DE-MOR-AL-LZA/TION, x. [See Demorarize.] The act of subverting or corrupting morals ; destruc- tion of moral principles. DE-MOR/AL-IZB, v. t. [de and moralize or moral.] To corrupt or undermine the morals of ; to destroy or lessen the effect of moral principles on; to render corrupt in morals. The efect would be to demoralize mankind. Grattan, on Catholic Petition. The native vigor of the soul must wholly disappear, under the steady influence and the demoralizing example of profligate power and prosperous crime. Walsh, Letters on France. DE-MOR/AL-IZ-ED, pp. Corrupted in morals. DE-MOR/AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Corrupting or destroying morals or moral principles. 2. a. Tending to destroy morals or moral principles. DEM-OS-THEN’LI€, a. Pertaining to Demosthenes, the Grecian orator. DE-MOT’I€, a. [Gr. dnporxos, from dyyos, people.) Popular ; common ; pertaining to the people. Russell. Demotic characters, among the ancient Egyptians, were a conversion of hieroglyphics into a kind of current hand, for popular use, approaching very nearly to alphabetical writing. Brande. DE-MULCE’, (de-muls’,) v. t. [L. demulceo.] To soothe ; to soften or pacity. [JVot used.] DE-MUL/CENT, a. [L. demulcens, demulceo; de and mulceo, to stroke, to soften ; allied, perhaps, to mollis, mellow. | Softening; mollifying; lenient; as, oil is demul- cent. DE-MUL/CENT, n. Any medicine which lessens the effects of irritation on the solids; that which softens or mollifies; as gums, roots of marsh-mallows, and other mucilaginous. substances. DE-MUR/, v. 7. [Er demeurer; Sp. demorar ; Port. demorar; It. dimorare; L. demoror; de and moror, to stay or delay, mora, delay ; Arm. miret, to hold ; Sax. merran, myrran, to hinder; allied to L. miror, and Eng. to moor, Sp. amarrar.] 1. To stop; to pause; to hesitate; to suspend pro- ceeding ; to delay determination. or conclusion. On receiving this information, the minister demurred, till he could obtain further instructions, 2. In law, to stop at any point in the pleadings, and rest or abide on that point in law fora decision of the cause. Thus the defendant may demur to the plaintiffs declaration, alleging jt to be insufficient in We demonstrate a problem in geometry, or a ‘ law ; the plaintiff may demur to the defendant's plea for a like reason. ee DE-MUR’, v. t. To doubt of. [Wot log demats) Milton. Stop; pause; hesitation as to the pro- DE-MUR’, n. t suspense of proceeding oF de- priety of proceeding ; cision. All my demura. but double his attacks. DE-MURE!,a. [Perhaps from demur, that 1s, stayed, silent. ] Sober; grave; modest; downcast; 4s, a demure countenance ; a demure abasing of the eye. Bacon. DE-MURE’, v. i. To look with a grave coun ee Pope. set, fixed, tain proof. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; [Not used.] : Co $H as in THIS. Sr aa ST aaE eee perenne Ee erent Tay ens - aah ¥ DEN DE-MURE/LY, adv. With a grave, solemn counte- nance; with a fixed look; with a solemn gravity. Esop’s damsel sat demurely at the board’s end. Bacon. DE-MURE’NESS, n. Gravity of countenance ; sober- ness; a modest look. vdney. DE-MUR/RAGE, x. [See Demur.] An ailowance made to the owner of a trading vessel, for delay or detention in port beyond the appointed time of departure. This expense is paid by the merchant who causes the detention. ; DE-MUR/RED, (de-murd’,) pp. Stopped ; objected to. DE-MUR/RER, n. One who demurs. ; 2. In law, a stop at some point In the pleadings, and a resting of the decision of the cause on that point ; an issue on matter of law. A demurrer con- fesses the fact or facts to be true, but denies the suf- ficiency of the facts in point of law to support the claim or defense. A demurrer may be tendered to the declaration, to the plea, to the replication, to the rejoinder, &c. ; _ Blackstone. DE-MUR/RING, ppr. Stopping ; pausing ; suspending proceedings or decision ; resting or abiding on a point in law. DE-MY/,n. [Fr. demi, half.] 1. A particular size of paper; a kind of paper of small size. 2. A half fellow at Magdalen College, Oxford. DEN, n. Ses den, dene, denn, a valley ; It, tana; Fr. taniere; Ir. tuinnedhe. 1. A cave or hollow place in the earth ; usually ap- plied to a cave, pit, or subterraneous recess, used for concealment, shelter, protection, or security ; as, a lion’s den; a den of robbers or thieves. The beasts go into dens. — Job xxxvii. The children of Israel made themselves dens. — Judges vi. 2. As a termination, in names of places, it denotes the place to be in a valley or near a wood. DEN, v.i. To dwell as ina den. DE-NAR/€OT-IZE, v. t. [de and narcotic.) To de- prive of narcotine; as, to denarcotize opium. ourn. of Science. DE-NA’/RI-US, n.; pl. Denar. ([L., from deni, ten.] A Roman coin of the value of about sixteen or seventeen cents ; so called from the letter X upon it. In law-books, it is used for an English penny. DEN/A-RY, a. [L. denarius.] Containing ten. DEN/A-RY,7. The number ten. Digby. DE-NA’TION-AL-IZE, (-na/shun- or -nash/un-,) v. t. [de and nation.| To divest of national character or rights, by transference to the service of another nation. A ship built and registered in the United States, is denationalized by being employed in the service of another nation and bearing its flag. French Decrees. Dec. of the Prince Regent. ’ DE-NA/TION-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Deprived of national rights. DE-NA/TION-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Depriving of national rights, DE-NAT/UR-AL-IZH, v. t. [de and naturalize.] To render unnatural ; to alienate from nature. DE-NAT’UR-AL-IZ-ED, pp Made unnatural. Ed, Rev. 2. Deprived of naturalizarion or acquired citizen- ship in a foreign country. DE-NAT/UR-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making unnatural. 2. Depriving of acquired citizenship in a foreign country. DE-NAY’,n. Denial; refusal. [ Obds.] Shak. DE-NAY’, v. t. Spenser. To deny. aoe DEN/DRA-€HATE, xn. ([Gr. devdpov, a tree, and axatns, agate.] Arborescent agate ; agate containing the figures of shrubs or parts of plants, Encyc. DEN/DRI-FORM, a. Having the appearance of a Gilbert. tree, DEN’DRITE, n. [Gr. devdpov, a tree, and ArBos, a stone, a contraction of dendrolite. A stone or mineral, on or in which are the figures of shrubs or trees ; an arborescent mineral. Fourcroy. DEN-DRIT'I€, a, Contaiming the figures of DEN-DRIT’I€-AL, shrubs or trees, as stones, &c. DEN/DROID,a. [Gr. devdpov, a tree, and exdos, form.] Resembling a shrub. DEN’DROIT, x. A fossil which has some resem- blance in form to the branch of a tree. Dict. of Nat. Hist. DEN’DRO-LITE, z. [Gr. devdpov, a tree, and \.Oos, a stone. ] A petrified or fossil shrub, plant, or part of a plant. Dict. of Nat. Hist. DEN-DROL’O-GY, nx. [Gr. devdpov,a tree, and Aoyos, a discourse. ] A discourse or treatise on trees; the natural his- tory of trees. Dict. DEN-DROM/E-TER, n. [Gr. devdpov, a tree, and DEN West India islands, was called the dandy fever, from the stiffuess and constraint which it gave to the limbs and body. ‘The Spaniards of the neighboring islands mistook the term for their word dengue, denoting prudery, which might also well express stiffness, and hence the term dengue became, at last, the name of the disease. Tully. } DE-NI/A-BLE, a. [See Deny.] That may be denied or contradicted. Brown. DE-NY/AL, n. [See Deny.} An affirmation to the contrary ; an assertion that a declaration or fact stated is not true; negation ; contradiction. It is often expressed by no or noc, simply. 2. Refusal to grant; the negation of a request or petition ; the contrary to grant, allowance, or conces- sion; as, his request or application met with a direct denial. 3. A rejection, or refusing to acknowledge; a dis- owning ; as,a denial of God; or a refusing to receive or embrace ; as, a denial of the faith or the truth. 4. A denial of one’s self, is a declining of some gratification ; restraint of one’s appetites or pro- pensities. DE-NI/ER, m. One who denies or contradicts; one who refuses or rejects; a disowner ; one who does not own, avow, or acknowledge; as, a denier of a fact, or of the faith, or of Christ. It would be better written Denyer.] DE-NYER’, (de-neer’,) x. Ler, from L. denarius ; It. danaio, danaro; Sp. dinero. A small denomination of French money, the twelfth part of a sol ; a small copper coin. DEN’I-GRATE, v.t. [L. denigro; de and nigro, from niger, black.] To blacken ; to make black. DEN-I-GRA/TION, 2. blacking, DEN-L-TRA/TION, n. A disengaging of nitric acid. Boyle. The act of making black; a Obs. EN-LYAITION, nm. [See Denizen.] The act of making one a denizen, subject, or citizen. This, in England, is done by the king’s letters patent. DEN’I-ZEN, (den/e-zn,) n. [In W. dinaswr is a citi- zen, from dinas, din, a fortress or fortified town, a city. But in denizen, the last syllable seems to be the same as in citzzen. | 1. In England, an alien who is made a subject by the King’s letters patent, holding a middle state be- tween an alien and a natural born subject. He may take land by purchase or devise, which an alien can not; but he can not take by inheritance. Encyc. 2. A stranger admitted to residence in a foreign country. Ye gods, Natives, or denizens, of blest abodes, Dryden. 3. A dweller; as, the denizens of air. Pope. DEN'I-ZEN, v. t. To mae a denizen; to admit to residence With certain rights and privileges; to in- franchise. DEN’I-ZEN-ED, (den/e-znd,) pp. Infranchised. DEN'I-ZEN-SHIP, n. State of being a denizen. DEN/MARK SAT'’IN, n. A kind of lasting; a stout worsted stuff, woven with a satin twill, used for ladies’ shoes. DE-NOM/’IN-A-BLE, a. [See Denomrnate.] may be denominated or named. DE-NOM’IN-ATE, v. t. toname. See Name.] To name ; to give a nanie or epithet to; as, a race of intelligent beings denominated man. Actions are denominated virtuous or vicious, according to their character. DE-NOM/IN-A-TED, pp. DE-NOM’IN-A-TING, ppr. Naming. DE-NOM-IN-A/TION, x. The act of naming. 2. Aname orappellation ; a vocal sound, customarily used to express a thing or 2 quality, in discourse ; as, all men fall under the denomination of sinners ; ac- tions fall under the denomination of good or bad. 3. A society or collection of individuals, called by the same name; a sect; as, a denomination of Christians. DE-NOM-IN-A/TION-AL, a. Pertaining to a de- nomination, or a number of individuals called by the same name. DE-NOM-IN-A’TION-AL-LY, adv. By denomination or sect. DE-NOM/IN-A-TIVE, a. That gives a name; that confers a distinct appellation. DE-NOM/IN-A-TIVE-LY, adv. That Brown. [L. denomino ; de and nomino, Named; called. By denomination. axter. DE-NOM/IN-A-TOR, n. He that gives a name. _2. In arithmetic, that number placed below the line in vulgar fractions, which shows into how [This disease, when it first appeared in the British | DE-NOT’A-TIVE, a. DEN Having power to denote. DE-NOTE’, v.t. [L. denoto ; de and noto, to note or mark; Fr. denoter; Sp. denotar; It. denotare.]} 1. To mark; to signify by a visible sign; to indi- cate; to express. The character denotes multipli- cation. Day's Algebra, 2. To show ; to betoken ; to indicate; as, a quick pulse denotes fever. DE-NOT’ED, pp. Marked ; signified ; indicated. DE-NOTE/MENT, x. Sign ; indication. Shak. DE-NOT’ING, ppr. Marking ; expressing; indicating. DE-NOUE! MENT, (de-noo'ming,)n. [Fr., from de- nouer, to untie ; de and nouer, to tie, L. nodo. The unravelling or discovery of a plot. Warton. DE-NOUNCB’, (de-nouns/,) v. t. [Fr. denoncer ; Sp. denunciar ; It. denunziare ; L. denuncio ; de and nuncio, to tell, or declare, from nomen, or its root.] 1. To declare solemnly ; to proclaim in a threaten- ing manner; to announce or declare, asa threat. 1 denounce to you, this day, that ye shall surely perish. — Deut. xxx. So we say, to denounce yar}; to denounce wrath. 2. To threaten by some outward sign or expres- sion. Milton. 3. To inform against; to accuse; as, to denounce one for neglect of duty. DE-NOUNC’ED, (de-nounst’,) pp. Threatened by open declaration ; as, punishment is denounced against the ungodly. 2. Accused ; proclaimed; as, he was denounced as an enemy. DE-NOUNCE/MENT, n. The declaration of a men- ace, or of evil; denunciation. 37 010N. DE-NOUNC’ER, zn. One who denounces, or declares a Menace. Here comes the sad denouncer of my fate. DE-NOUNC'ING, ppr. ening ; “accusing. DE NO'VO, [L.} DENSE, (dens,) a. [L. densus; Fr. dense; Sp. and It. denso. Qu. Gr. dacvs, n being casual.] 1. Close; compact; having its constituent parts closely united; applied to solids or fluids; as, a dense body ; dense air. 2. Thick; as, a dense cloud or fog. DENSE’LY, adv. Ina close, compact manner. Lever, DENSE!NESS, (dens’ness,) n. The same as Density. DENS/L-TY, 7. [L. densitas.] 1. Closeness of constituent parts ; compactness. Density is opposed to rarity; and, in philosophy, tne density of a body indicates the quantity of matter con- tained in it under a given bulk. If a body of equal bulk with another is of double the density, 1t contains double the quantity of matter. 2. Thickness ; as, the density of fog. DENT, mn. [Arm. danta, to gap or notch. It seems to be from dant, a tooth; Fr. dent; L. dens; Gr. udovs ; W. dant; It. dente; Sp. diente, whence dentar, enden- His look denounced revenge. Dryden, Declaring, as a threat ; threat- Anew ; again. tar, to tooth; Port. dente; Pers. ONS dandan ; Gipsy and Hindoo, dant, danda. Hence Fr. denteler, to dent or indent, to jag or notch.] 1. Literally, a tooth or projecting point. But it is used to express a gap or notch, or rather a depression or small hollow in a solid body ; a hollow made by the pressure of a harder body on a softer; indenta- tion. In this sense, it is in customary use in the United States. Spenser. DENT, v. t. To make a dent or small hollow. [See INDENT, DENT’AL, a. [L. dentalis.] Pertaining to the teeth; as, dental surgery. In grammar, formed or pronounced by the teeth, with the aid of the tongue ; as, d and t are dental letters. DENT’AL, z. An articulation or letter formed by placing the end of the tongue against the upper teeth, or against the gum that covers the root of the upper teeth; as d, t, and th. 2. A genus of shell-fish, Dentalium, of several spe- cies. The shell consists of one tubulous straight valve, open at both ends. Encic. ES SEN n. A fossil shell of the genus Denta- ium. DENT/ATE, DENT’4-TED, | ™ Toothed ; having sharp teeth, with concave edges. Lindley. A dentated root, is a fleshy, branched root, haying tooth-like prolongations. D. C. Willd. DENT/ATE-SIN’U-ATE, a. A term denoting a form intermediate between dentate and sinuate. DENT’ED, a. Indented; impressed with little hol- [.. dentatus, from dens.] : aiaeees ata. lows. uerpew, to measure. many parts the integer is divided. Thus, in $,518| pRN-TRL/LI. (-tel’le 1 Tox SeaiDen pan instrument to measure the hight and diameter the denominator, showing that the integer is divided Modillion2, ee aa acme of trees, Encyc. into five parts; and the numerator, 3, shows how | DENT/IL-€LE dent’e-kl,) n L. denticulus ; DEN Oa it [L. denego.] many parts are taken, that is, three fifths. A small toate or saeecte ake a Lee. WR ° Ee Re eta Tok tance DE-NOT’A-BLE, a, That may be denoted or marked. | DEN-TI€/U-LATR, a. [L, denticulatus, from dens, EN-E-GA 5 Ms a ) : i ‘ Brown. DEN-TI€/U-LA-TED a tooth.] DENGUE, (deng/ga,) n. A peculiar sort of fugitive DEN-O-TA/TION, n. [L. denotatio. See Denote. Having small teeth; as, a denticulate leaf, calyx, or and erratic epidemic rheumatism. The act of denoting. Hammond. seed. awe "Botany FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 318DEO DEP DEP DEN-TI€/U-LAT#-LY, adv. In a denticulate man- ner. DEN-TI€-U-LA/1{iON, n. The state of being set with small teeth. Grew. DENT’I-FORM, a. [L. dens, a tooth, and forma, form.] Having the form of a tootb. Kirwan. DENT’I-FRICE, (-fris,). [IF r., from L. dens, a tooth, and frico, to rub.] A powder or other substance to be used in cleaning the teeth. Burnt shells and charcoal pulverized make an excellent dentifrice. DENT'IL, 2. [L. dens, a tooth.] In architecture, au ornament in cornices bearing some resemblance to teeth; used particularly in the Tonic, Corinthian, and Composite order. DENT!ING. See INDENTING. DEN-TI-ROS/TRAL, a. [L. dens, a tooth, and 7os- trum, a beak.] Having a toothed bill; applied to a group of inses- sorial birds, having the bill conspicuously notched, and feeding chiefly on insects, as the shrikes and thrushes. Swainson. DENT’IST, n. One whose occupation is to clean and extract teeth, or repair them when diseased. DENT‘IST-RY, x. The art or practice of a dentist. DEN-TI’TION, (-tish’un,) x. [L. dentitio, from dentio, to breed teeth, from dens. 1. The breeding or cutting of teeth in infancy. 2. The time of breeding teeth. DENT’IZE, v. t. ori. [L. dens, a tooth.] To renew the teeth, or have them renewed. Bacon. DENT’IZ-ED, pp. Having the teeth renewed. DENT/IZ-ING, ppv. Renewing the teeth. DE-NUD/ATE, ) v. t. [L. denudo; de and nudo, to make DE-NUDE’, bare; nwdus, naked. } To strip; to divest of all covering; to make bare or naked. Ray. Sharp. DE-NU-DA’TION, n. The act of stripping off cover- ing; a making bare. 2. In geology, the laying bare of rocks by the ac- tion of running water, removing earth, &c., from above ; strata exposed. Buckland, DE-NUD’/ED, pp. Stripped; divested of covering ; laid bare. DE-NUD/ING, ppr. Stripping of covering; making DE-NUN’CIATE, (-shate,) v. t. [L. denuncio.] [bare. To denounce ; which see. DE-NUN-CI-A’TION, n. [L. denunciatio, from denun- cio. See Dewounce. Solemn or formal] declaration, accompanied with a menace ; or the declaration of intended evil; procla- mation of a threat; a public menace; as, a denuncia- tion of war or of wrath. DE-NUN'‘CI-A-TOR, n. He that denounces; one who publishes or proclaims, especially intended evil; one who threatens, 2, An accuser; one who informs against another. Ayliffe. DE-NUN!CI-A-TO-RY, a. Containing a public threat ; minatory. Johnson. DE-NY/, v.t. [Fr. denier; L. denego; de and nego, to deny, Sw.neka, W.nacu, Hence, nay, Dan. ng. The sense is, to thrust from.] 1. To contradict; to gainsay; to declare a state- ment or position not to be true. We deny what an- other says, or we deny a proposition. We deny the truth of an assertion, or the assertion itself. The sense of this verb is often expressed hy no or nay. 9. To refuse to grant; as, we asked for bread, and the man denied us. 3. Not to afford ; to withhold. Who finds not Providence all good and wise, Alike in what he gives, and what denies 2 Pope. 4. To disown; to refuse or neglect to acknowl- edge ; not to confess. He that denieth me before men shall be denied before the angels of God. — Luke xu. : 5. To reject; to disown; not to receive or em- brace. He hath denied the faith, and is worse than an infidel. —1 Im. V. Denying unzodliness and world)y lusts. — Tit. ii. 6. Not to afford or yield. Kinoan. To deny one’s self, is to decline the gratification of appetites or desires ; to refrain from ; to abstain. The temperate man denies himself the free use of spiritu- ous liquors. I denied myself the pleasure of your com- pany. ‘God can not deny nimself.”” He can not act in contradiction to his character and promises. He can not be unfaithful. 2 Tim. i. DE-NY'ING, ppr. Contradicting ; gainsaying ; dis- owning ; refusing. DE-OB-STRU€TY’, w. t. and struvo, to pile. ] Tio remove obstructions or impediments to a pas- sage ; to clear from any thing that hinders the pas- sage of fluids in the proper ducts of the body ; as, to deobstruct the pores or lacteals. DE-OB-STRU€T’ED, pp. Cleared of obstructions ; opened. DE-OB-STRU€T/ING, ppr. Removing impediments to a passage. [L. de and obstruo, to stop ; 0b ing power to clear or open the natural ducts of the fluids and secretions of the body , resolving viscidi- ties ; aperient. Coxe. Encyc. DE-OB/STRU-ENT,n. Any medicine which removes obstructions and opens the natural passages of the fluids of the body, as the pores and lacteal vessels ; an aperient. C.alomel is a powerful deobstruent. D&/O-DAND, x. _L. Deo dandus, to be given to God.] 1. In England, a personal chattel which is the im- mediate occasion of the death of a rational creature, and for that reason, given to God ; that is, forfeited to the king, to be applied to pious uses, and distributed in alms by his high almoner. Thus, if a cart runs over a man and kills him, the cart is forfeited as a de- odand. Blackstone. Eng. Law. 2. In popular usage, a fine imposed by way of com- mutation for the thing thus forfeited. England. DE-ON/ER-ATE, v.t. [L. deonero ; de and onus.) Tounload. [Not used.] DE-ON-TOL/O-GY, n. (Gr. deov and Aoyos.] The science of duty. T. Chalmers. DE-OP/PI-LATE, v. t.. [L. de and oppilo.] To free from obstructions ; toclearapassage. [Lit- tle wsed pe Ge OLLAITION, m. The removal of obstruc- tions. {Little used. ] Town. DE-OP/PI-LA-TIVE, a. Deobstruent; aperient. Harvey. DE-OR-DI-NA/TION, a. [L. de and ordinatio.} Disorder. [vet in fa Rawley. DE-OS'/€U-LATE, v.t. [L. deosculor.] To kiss. [Vot in use. DE-OS-€U-LA/TION, n. A kissing. [Vot in use.] Stillingfleet. DE-OX/Y-DATE, v. t. [de and orydate, from Gr. ofvs, acid. ] To deprive of oxygen, or reduce from the state of an oxyd. Chemistry. DE-OX/Y-DA-TED, pp. Reduced from the state of an oxyd. DE-OX/Y-DA-TING, ppr. or a. Reducing from the state of an oxyd. DE-OX-Y-DA-TION, n. The act or process of reduc- ing from the state of an oxyd. DE-OX-Y-DI-ZA/TION, zn. Deoxydation. DE-OX/Y-DIZE, v. t. To deoxydate. DE-OX!Y-DIZ-ED, pp. Deoxydated. DE-OX!/Y-DIZ-ING, ppr. Deoxydating. Note. — Deorydate and deorydize are Synonymous ; but the former is preferable, on account of the length of the word deoriydization. DE-OX/Y-GEN-ATE, v. t. deprive of oxygen. DE-OX!Y-GEN-A-TED, pp. DE-OX/Y-GEN-A-TING, ppr. DE-OX-Y-GEN-A/TION, zn. depriving of oxygen. DE-PAINT’, v. t. [Fr. depeindre, depeint ; de and pein- dre, L. pingo, to paint. ] 1. To paint; to picture ; to represent in colors, as {de and ozxygenate.| To Davy. Med. Rep. Deprived of oxygen. Depriving of oxygen. The act or operation of by painting the resemblance of. Spenser. 2. To describe in words. Gay. DE-PAINT’ED, pp. described. DE-PAINT/ER, x. A painter. Douglas. DE-PAINT’ING, ppr. Painting; representing in col- ors; describing. DE-PART’, v. i. [Fr. departir ; de and partir, to sepa- rate; Sp. departir. See Part.] 1. To go or move from. Painted ; represented in colors; Depart from me, ye cursed, into everlasting fire. — Matt. xxv. It is followed by from, or from isimplied before the place left. ‘‘ I will departto my own land ;” that is, I will depart from this place tomy own Jand, um. x. 9. To go from ; to leave ; to desist, as from a prac- tice. Jehu departed not from the sins of Jeroboam. Jehoshaphat departed not from the way of Asa his father. 3. Toleave; to deviate from ; to forsake; not to ad- here to or follow ; as, we can not depart from our rules. I have not departed from thy judgments. — Ps. cxix. 4, To desist ; to leave ; toabandon; as, he would not depart from his purpose, resolution, or demand. 5. To be lost; to perish; to vanish ; as, his glory has departed. 6. To die ; to decease ; to leave this world. Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, uccording to thy word, — Luke ii. To depart this life, is elliptical, from being under- stood. 7. To leave ; to forsake ; to abandon ; as, to depart 8. To cease. [from evil. The prey devarteth not. —Nah,. iii. 9. To deviate ; to vary from. If the plan of the convention be found to depart from republican principles. aaison. 10. To vary; to deviate from the title or defense in pleading. Blackstone. 11. To part with. [JVot in use.] Shak. To depart from God, is to forsake his service and live in sin; to apostatize; to revolt; to desert his DE-OB/STRU-ENT, a. Removing obstructions; havy- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; DE-PART’, v. t. DE-PART’, x. DE-PART’ED, pp. or a. DE-PART’ER, n. God departs from men, when he abandons them to their own sinful inclinations, or ceases to bestow on them his favor. Hosea ix. To divide or separate; to part. Not used. ]} Shak. Spenser. The act of going away ; death. [JVot Shak used. % 2»; Divisions separation. [Not uscd.] Bacon. Gone from; vanished; dead. One who refines metals by separa- tion. [JVot used.] DE-PART/ING, ppr. ora. Going from; leaving; de- sisting; forsaking ; vanishing ; dying. DE-PART/ING, n. A going away; separation. Shak. DE-PART/MENT, 7x. [Fr. departement; Sp. depar- | timiento. ] 1. Literally, a separation or division; hence, a sep- arate part, or portion ; a division of territory ; as, the departments of France. 2, A separate allotment or part of business; a dis- tinct province, in which a class of duties are allotted toa particular person ; as, the department of state, as- signed to the secretary of state ; the treasury depart- ment ; the department of war. 3. A separate station; as, the admirals had their respective depuriments. Nearly in this sense, during war, were used, in America, the terms Northern and Southern departments. 4. In France, the largest territorial division, of which there are 86 in the kingdom. DE-PART-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to a department or division. . DE-PART’URE, (de-part/yur,) m. The act of going away; a moving from or leaving a place; as, a de- parture from London. 2. Death ; decease ; removal from the present life. The time of my departure is at hand. —2 Tim. iy. . A forsaking; abandonment; as, a departure from evil. . A desisting; as, a departure from a purpose. . Ruin; destruction. Ezek. xxvi. . Adeviation from the title or defense in pleading. wo oC “IDO In navigation, the distance a ship has gone to the east or west of the meridian from which he de- parted. rane. DE-PAS'CENT, a. [lL depascens, depascor; de and pascor, to feed.] Feeding. DE-PAS’TURE, (de-pist’yur,) v. t. To eat up; to consunie. DE-PAS’TURE, v.27. To feed; to graze. Ifa man takes in a horse, or other cattle, to graze and cepa ee in his grounds, which the law calls agistment. Blackstone. [L. depascor.] Spenser. DE-PAS/TUR-ED, pp. Eaten up; consumed by gra- zing upon. DE-PAS’/TUR-ING, ppr ing up. DE-PAU’PER-ATE, v. t. [L. depaupero; de and paupero, to beggar, from pauper, poor ; Sp. empo- brecer. | To make poor; to impoverish ; to deprive of fer- tility or richness ; as, to depauperate the soil or the blood. Mortimer. Arbuthnot. DE-PAU/PER-A-TED, pp. Impoverished ; made poor. DE-PAU/PER-A-TING, ppr. Lnpoverishing ; mal ing Feeding; grazing; eat- DE-PE€/TI-BLE, a. [L. depecto, to comb.] [poor. Tough; thick. (Vot used.] DE-PE€-U-LA/TION, n. [L. depeculatio.] A rob- bing of the commonwealth. Cockeram. DE-PEIN€T’, (de-pante’,)v.t. [L. depingo. | To paint. {NVot,ased.] Spenser. DE-PEND’, v. i. [L. dependeo ; de and pendeo, to hang } Sp. depender; It. dtpendere; Fr. dependre; Arm. de- panta. | Poa 1. T'o hang; to be sustained by being fastened or attached to something above ; followed by from. Fy-om the frozen beard Long icicles depend. 2. To be connected with any thing, as the cause of its existence or of its operation and effects; to rely on; to have such connection with any thing as a cause, that, without it, the effect would not be pro- duced ; followed by on or upon. We depend on God for existence; we depend on air for respiration ; vege- tation depends on heat and moisture; the infant de- pends on its parents for support; the peace of society depends on good laws and a faithful administration. 3. To adhere; to hold to; to be retained. [See DEPENDENT. | . Shak. 4. To be in suspense ; to be undetermined ; as, the cause still depends. But the verb is seldom used in this sense. We use the participle; as, the suit 1s still depending in court. [See PENDING. ] 5. To rely ; to rest with confidence ;_ tc ; confide; to have full confidence or belief. Ww e de- pend on the word or assurance of our friends. WwW e depend on the Bea) of une meee the usaal hour. Depend on it, the knave will deceive Us. : To depend on, or upon; to rely ; t0 trust in with confidence. DE-PEND!A-BLBE, 4. Dryden. to trust ; to That may be depended on ; as, rier j fot in use Pope. nendable friendships. e ot in uses] DEPEND'ENCE, A state of hanging down government and laws. Tl. DE-PEND/EN-CY, from a supporter. TH as in THIS. ee 319 "ll eee ca Wigs OE, ~ La ee RST Tee a od asod a eae eae Sm oe met at DEP 9. Any thing hanging down; a series of things hanging to another And made along dependence from the bough. 3. Concatenation ; connection by which one thing fs sustained by another in, its place, operations, or effects, or is affected by it. 3ut of this frame the bearings and the tics, The strong connections, nice dependencies. 4, A state of being at the disposal of another; a state of being subject to the will of an intelligent cause, or to the power and operation of any other cause ; inability to sustain itself without the aid of. We ought to feel our dependence on God for life and support. The child should be sensible of his de- pendence on his parents. In the natural and moral world, we observe the dependence of one thing on another. 5, Reliance; confidence ; trust; a resting on; as, we may havea firm dependence on the promises of God. 6. Accident ; that of which the existence presup- poses the existence of something else; that which pertains to something else ; as, modes which are con- sidered as dependencies or affections of substances. Locke. 7. That which is attached to, but subordinate to something else ; as, this earth and its dependencies. Burnet. 8. A dependency ; aterritory remote from the king- dom or state to which it belongs, but subject to its dominion, as distant isles or countries. Great Brit- ain has its dependencies in Asia, Africa, and America. DE-PEND/ENT, a. Hanging down ; as, a dependent leaf. Peacham. Dryden. Pope. The furs in the tails were dependent. 9. Subject to the power of; at the disposal of ; not able to exist or sustain itself without the will or power of. Thus, we are dependent on God and his providence ; an effect may be dependent on some un- known cause. 3. Relying on for support or favor; unable to sub- sist or to perform any thing, without the aid of. Children are dependent on their parents for food and clothing. The pupil is dependent on his preceptor for instruction. DE-PEND/ENT, n. One who is at the disposal of another; one who is sustained by another, or who relies on another for support or favor; a retainer; as, the prince was followed by a numerous train of de- pendents. DE-PEND/ENT-LY, adv. In a dependent manner. DE-PEND/ER, n. One who depends; a dependent. ° Shak. DE-PEND/ING, ppr. Hanging down; relying. 2. a. Pending; undecided ; as a suit or question. DE-PER/DIT, a. [te deperditus. | That which is lost or destroyed. Paley. DEP-ER-DI//TION, (-dish’un,) x. Loss; destruction. See PERDITION. Brown. DE-PHLEG/MATE, v.t. from ¢Aeyw, to burn.] To deprive of superabundant water, as by evapo- ration or distillation, used of spirits and acids; to clear spirit or acids of aqueous matter ; to rectify. [de and Gr. ¢Aeypa, phlegm, DePpHLEGM is used by Boyle [ Core. Encye. DE-PHLEG/MA-TED, pp. ora. Freed from mixture ; concentrated. surke. DE-PHLEG-MA/TION, zn. The operation of separa- ting water from spirits and acids, by evaporation or repeated distillation ; called also concentration, par- ticularly when acids are the subject. Encyc. DE-PHLEGM/ED-NESS, (de-flem/ed-ness,) 2. A State of being freed from water. [JVot used.] Boyle. DE-PHLO-GIS/TI-CATE, v. t. [de and Gr. ¢Aoytoros, burnt, inflammable, from ¢doytGw, to burn. Sce PHLOGISTON. | To deprive of phlogiston, or the supposed principle of inflammability. Priestley. DE-PHLO-GIS/TI-€A-TED, pp. or a. Deprived of pliogiston. Dephlogisticated air, is an elastic fluid capable of supporting animal life and flame much longer than common air. It is now called oxyven, oxygen gas, or vital air. Oxygen was first called by Priestley dephlogisticated air. DE-PHLO-GIS'/TL€4A-TING, ppr. phlogiston. DE-PICT’, v. f. to paint. } 1. To paint; to portray ; to form a likeness in colors ; as, to depict a lion on a shiejd. Taylor. 2. To describe ; to represent in words; as, the poet depicts the virtues of his hero in glowing lan- guage. DE-PICT/ED, pp. Painted; represented in colors; described. ; DE-PIET/ING, ppr. or in words. : *DE-PIC/TION, n. A painting or depicting. DE-PI€/TURE, ».t. [de and picture.) To paint; to picture ; to represent in colors. [See Dericr.] Depriving of [L. depingo, depictum ; de and pingo, Painting ; representing in colors, ‘ Weever. Painted ; represented in colors. [L. depilo; de and pilus, hair.] DE-PI€/TUR-ED, pp. DEP/IL-ATE, v. t. To strip of hair DEP/I{L-A-TED, pp. Deprived of hair. DEP DEP Depriving of hair. The act of pulling off the hair. Dryden. DE-PIL’/A-TO-RY, a. Having the quality or power to take off hair and make bald. DE-PIL/A-TO-RY, x. Any application which is used to take off the hair of an animal body; such as lime and orpiment. Encie. DEP/IL-OUS, a. Without hair. Brown. DE-PLANT-A/TION, n. [L. deplanto.] The act of taking up plants from beds. DE-PLE/TION, 2. [L. depleo; de and pleo, to fill. ] The act of emptying; particularly, in the medical art, the act of diminishing the quantity of blood in the vessels by venesection; bloodletting. DE-PLE/TO-RY, a. Calculated to obviate fullness of habit. DEP-LI-€A’TION, n. [L. de and plico, to fold.] An unfolding, untwisting, or unplaiting. Montaruc. DE-PLOR/A-BLE, a. [See Derrore.] That may be deplored or lamented ; lamentable ; that demands or causes lamentation ; hence,sad ; calamitous ; griev- ous; miserable; wretched ; as, the evils of life are deplorable; the pagan world is in a deplorable condi- [DercLoraTeE, in a like sense, Is not used.] _[tion. ®. In popular use, low ; contemptible ; pitiable ; as, deplorable stupidity. DE-PLOR’A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being de- plorable ; misery ; wretchedness; a miserable state. DE-PLOR/A-BLY, adv. In a manner to be deplored; DEP/IL-A-TING, ppr- DEP-IL-A’/TION, n. lamentably ; miserably ; as, Manners are deplorably | corrupt. DEP-LO-RA/TION, n. The act of lamenting. In music, a dirge or mournful strain. DE-PLORE’, v. t. [L. deploro; de and ploro, to howl, to wail; Fr. deplorer; It. deplorare; Sp. deplorar, llorar. | To lament; to bewail; to mourn; to feel or ex- press deep and poignant grief for. We deplored the death of Washington. DE-PLOR/ED, pp. Lamented; bewailed ; regretted. DE-PLOR’ED-LY, adv. Lamentably deeply [Wot used. ] Taylor. DE-PLOR/ER, n. One who deplores, or deeply la- ments ; a deep mourner DE-PLOR/ING, ppr. Bewailing; deeply lamenting. DE-PLOR/ING, n. Act of deploring. DE-PLOR/ING-LY, adv. In a deplormg manner. DE-PLOY’, v.t. [Fr. deployer ; de and ployer, or plier, to fold; L. plico; Gr. tXexw ; Arm. plega; gar; It. piegare; W. plygu. Hence, 5p. desplegar, to display; It. spiegare. Deploy is only a different orthography of deplier, Sp. desplegar, to display.| To display ; to open; to extend 5 a military term. DE-PLOY’, v. 7. To open; to extend. Thus a col- umn is said to deploy when the front spreads out on each side, as is commonly done in making an attack. DE-PLOY’ED, pp. Opened; displayed ; extended. DE-PLOY/ING, ppr. Opening ; extending ; displaying. DEP-LU-MA’TION, n. [See Dertume.] ‘The strip- ping or falling off of plumes or feathers. 2. A tumor of the eyelids with loss of hair. Coze. DE-PLUME’, v. t. [L. deplumo; de and pluma, a feather ; Sp. desplumar ; It. spiumare.] To strip or pluck off feathers; to deprive of plu- mage. Hayward. DE/PLUM’/ED, pp. Stripped of feathers or plumes. DE-PLUM/ING, ppr. Stripping off plumes or feathers. DE-P6-LAR-I-ZA/TION, n. The act of depriving of polarity, as the rays of light. Francis. DE-PO'LAR-IZE, v. t. To deprive of polarity. [ Povarity. | Ure. DE-PONE!, v. t. [L. depono.] 1. To lay down as a pledge; to wage. [JVot m Use. | Hudibras. 9. To testify under oath. State trials. In Scotland, the word is used in this sense. Dxrose is used in England. Rich. Dict. DE-PO/NENT, a. [L. deponens, depono: de and pono, to lay. | 1. Laying down 2. A deponent verb, in the Latin grammar, is a verb which has a passive termination, with an active signification, and wants one of the passive partici- ples ; as, loguor, to speak. ‘DE-PO/NENT, 7. One who deposes, or gives a depo- sition under oath ; one who gives written testimony to be used as evidence in a court of justice. With us in New England, this word is never used, I be- lieve, for a witness who gives oral testimony in court. In England, a deponent is one who gives an- swers under oath to interrogatories exhibited in 2, A deponent verb. [ chancery. DE-POP/U-LATH, v. t. [L. depopulor ; de and popu- lor, to ravage or lay waste, from populus, people ; Sp. despoblar ; It. spopolare; Fr. depeupler.] _ To dispeople; to unpeople ; to deprive of inhab- itants, whether by death, or by expulsion. It is not synonymous with laying waste or destroying, being limited to the loss of inhabitants; as, an army or a famine may depopulateacountry. It rarely expresses an entire loss of inhabitants, but often a great dim- Sp. ple- See | DE-POP/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. inution of their numbers. ulated the earth. DE-POP’U-LATH, v. 1. The deluge nearly depop- To become dispeopled. Dispeopled ; deprived of inhabitants. DE-POP/U-LA-TING, pp7. inhabitants. DE-POP-U-LA’/TION, n. The act of dispeopling ; destruction or expulsion of inhabitants. DE-POP/U-LA-TOR, n. One who depopulates; one who destroys or expels the inhabitants of a city, town, or country ; a dispeopler. DE-PORT’, v. t. [I r. deporter; Sp. deportar ; L. de- porto , de and porto, to carry.] 1. With the reciprocal pronoun, to carry ; todemean ; to behave. Let an embassador deport himself in the most graceful manner belore a prince. Pope. 9. To transport ; to carry away, or from one coun- try to another. Dispeopling ; depriving of He told us, he had been deported to Spain, with a hundred others like himself. Walsh. DE-PORT’, x. Behavior; carriage; demeanor; de- portinent ; as, goddess-like deport. [A poetic word. } DEP-OR-TA/TION, n. A carrying away; a removal from one country to another, or toa distant place ; exile; banishment. In France,a punishment corre- sponding to transportation in England. Ayliffe. DE-PORT’ED, pp. Carried away; transported; ban- ished. DE-PORT/ING, ppr. Carrying away ; removing toa distant place or country ; transporting ; banishing. DE-PORT’MENT, 2. [Fr. deportement.] Carriage ; manner of acting in relation to the du- ties of life; behavior; demeanor; conduct; mian- | agement. Swift. | DE-POS/A-BLE, a. That may be deposed or deprived | of office. owell. DE-POS’AL, n. The act of deposing, or dives ing of office. (oz. DE-POSE’, (de-pdze’,)v.t. [Fr. deposer ; L. depieno, de- positum ; de and pono, to lay or put ; Sp. deponer; It. a eporre. | 1. To lay down; to throw ; to let fall; [obs., De- posit being now used ;] as, the flood deposed fine par- ticles of earth on the bank of the river. _ In thissense, we now use Deposit. Woodward. 2. To reduce from a throne or other high station ; to dethrone; to degrade; to divest of office ; as, to depose a king or a pope. 3. To put under oath, as an evidence. [Obs.] Shak. 4, To lay aside. Burrow. 5. To takeaway ; tostrip; to divest. [WVotin use| Shak. 6. To examine on oath. [JVot in use.] Shak, DE-POSE’, v.i. To bear witness. Sidney. DE-POS’ED, pp.or a. Dethroned ; degraded ; testified. DE-P6S’/ER, n. One who deposes or degrades from office. DE-POS/ING, ppr. witness. DE-POS/ING, n. The act of dethroning. Selden. DE-POS/IT, v.t. [L. depositum, from depono.] 1. To lay down; to lay; to throw down. A croc- odile deposits her eggs inthe sand. A bird deposits eggs ina nest. An inundation deposits particles of earth on a meadow. 2. To lay up; to lay in a place for preservation. We deposit the produce of the earth in barns, cellars, or storehouses. We deposit goods in a warehouse, and books in a library. 3, To lodge in the hands of a person for safe-keep- ing or other purpose; to commit to the care of; to intrust ; to commit to one as a pledge. We say, the bond is deposited in the hands of an attorney ; money is deposited as a pledge, or security. 4. To lay aside. [Little used.] DE-POS/IT, n. That which is laid or thrown down ; any matter laid or thrown down, or lodged. The deposit already formed affording to the succeeding portions of the charged fluid a basis. Liriwan. 9. Any thing intrusted to the care of another; a pledge ; apawn; a thing givenas security, or for pres- ervation ; as, these papers are committed to you as a sacred deposit; he has a deposit of money in his hands. 3. A place where things are deposited ; a deposi- tory. 4, A city or town where goods are lodged for safe- keeping or for reshipment, Le depot. | In deposit, in a state of pledge, or for safe-keeping. DE-POS/IT-A-RY, n. [Fr. depositaire ; Low L. depos- itarius. | 1. A person with whom any thing is left or lodged in trust; one to whom a thing is committed for safe- keeping, or to be used for the benefit of the owner; a trustee; a guardian. The Jews were the deposita- ries of the sacred writings. 2. In law, one to whom goods are bailed, to be Kept for the bailor without a recompense. Kent. DE-POS/IT-ED, pp. or a. Laid down; putaway ; in- trusted, DE-POS/IT-ING, ppr. positing. Dethroning; degrading; bearing Laying down; pledging; re- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | a 320DEP DEP DEP-O-SI'/TION, (dep-o-zish/un,) n. [1L. depositio.} 1. The act of laying or throwing down; as, soil is formed by the. deposition of fine particles, during a flocd. 2. That which is thrown down; that which is lodged ; as, banks are sometimes depositions of allu- vial matter, 3. The act of giving written testimony under oath. 4. The attested written testimony of a witness ; an affidavit. 5. The act of dethroning a king, or the degrading of a person from an office or station ; a divesting of sovereignty, or of office and dignity ; a depriving of clerical orders. A deposition differs from abdication ; an abdication being voluntary, and a deposition com- pilsory. DE-POS/IT-OR, n. One who makes a deposit. DE-POS/IT-O-RY, n. A place where any thing is lodged for safe-keeping. A warehouse is a depository for goods ; a clerk’s office for records. DE-POS/IT-UM, n. A deposit. [Not English, nor im use. | DE-POT’, (de-po’/,) 2. {Fr.] A place of deposit. Hence, in military affairs, a place where stores and provisions are kept, and where_recruits are trained. 2. A building for the occupation of passengers, &c., at the termination, or at a way station of a railroad. DEP-RA-VA’/TION, n. ([l. depravatio. See DeE- PRAVE, | 1. The act of making bad or worse; the act of corrupting. 2, The state of being made bad or worse ; degen- eracy ; astate in which good qualities are lost or im- paired. We speak of the depravation of morals, manners, or government ; of the heart, or mind; of nature, taste, &c. 3. Censure; defamation. [JVot used.] Shak. DE-PRAVE’, v. t. [L. depravo ; deand pravus, crooked, perverse, wicked] 1. To make bad or worse; to impair good quali- ties ; to make bad qualities worse; to vitiate; to corrupt ; as, todeprave manners, morals, government, laws; to deprave the heart, mind, will, understand- ing, taste, principles, &c. 2. To defame; to vilify. [WVot now used.) Shak. Spenser. DE-PRAV’ED, pp. Made bad or worse; vitiated ; tainted ; corrupted. 2. a. Corrupt; wicked; destitute of holiness or good principles. DE-PRAV’ED-LY, adv. In a corrupt manner. DE-PRAV’ED-NESS, n. Corruption ; taint; a vitia- ted state. Hammond. DE-PRAVIYMENT, xz. A vitiated state. Brown. DE-PRAV’ER, n. A corrupter; he who vitiates; a vilifier. DE-PRAV/ING, ppr. Making bad ; corrupting. DE-PRAV‘ING, rn. A corrupting or traducing. [Obs.] DE-PRAV'ING-LY, adv. In a depraving manner DE-PRAV'L-TY, n. Corruption ; a vitiated state ; as, the depravity of manners and morals. Burke. 2. A vitiated state of the heart; wickedness; cor- ruption of moral principles; destitution of holiness or good principles. DEP’/RE-CA-BLE, a. That is to be deprecated. DEP/RE-€ATE, v.t. [L. deprecor; de and precor, to pray. See Pray and Preacn.] 1. To pray against; to pray or entreat that a pres- ent evil may be removed, or an expected one averted. We should all deprecate the return of war. The judgments we would deprecate are not removed. Smallridge. 2. More generally, to regret ; to have or to express deep sorrow ata present evil, orat one that may occur. This word is seldom used to express actual prayer ; but if expresses deep regret that an evil exists or may exist, which implies a strong desire that it may be removed or averted. 3. To implore mercy of. [Jmproper.] Prior. DEP/RE-€A-TED, pp. Prayed against; deeply re- rretted, DEP/RE-€A-TING, ppr. Praying against; regretting. DEP/RE-€A-TING-LY, adv. By deprecation. Marryatt. DEP-RE-€A/TION, x. A praying against ; a praying * that an evil may be removed, or prevented. Milton. 2, Entreaty ; petitioning; an excusing; a begging pardon for. -dolinson. DEP/RE-C€A-TOR, m. One who deprecates. DEP/RE-€A-TO-RY, ) a. That serves to deprecate ; DEP/RE-€A-TIVE, tending to remove or avert evil by prayer ; as, deprecatory letters. Bacon. 2, Having the form of prayer. DE-PRE/CIATE, v. t. [Low L. depretio; de and pre- tium, price ; Fr. depriser. See Price.) 1. To lessen the price of a thing; to cry down the price or value. 2. To undervalue ; to represent as of little value or merit, or of less value than is commonly supposed ; as, one author is apt to depreciate the works of anoth- er, or to depreciate their worth. 3. To lower value. The issue of a superabundance of notes depreciates them, or depreciates their value. DE-PRE'CIATE, v. 2. To fall in value; to become of TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. emigre ee ee less worth. - ee. DE-SI€/€A-TED, pp. Dried. tionally ; opposed to accidentally, ignorantly, or inad- Aad rite its ee on ms ecnteinhts Gray. DE-SI€/€A- TING , ppr. Drying ; exhausting moisture. vertently. " i > 1 DBES-l€-€2 ATION, 7s UNE ack of; making dry ; the | DE-SIGN’ER, (de-sin’er or de-zin/er,) n. One who DES/ERT, x. [L. desertum. J q mionaiitsiiat state of being dried. acon. designs, marks out, or plans; one who frames a An uninhabited ae On a) li eee on asin _ | DE-SI€/€A- TIVE, 2. ‘An application which tends to scheme or project; a contriver. ural state; a wilderness; a so 'f xe ye a ME Yr ¢ dry up secretions. 2. One who plots; one who lays a scheme; in an vast sandy plain, as a CEES: $ 3 ra a aa DE-SI€/EA-TIVE, a. Drying; tending to dry ; that corte But the word i ety led to a is has the power to dry. DESIGNIBUIG NESS: n. Abundance of design. [JVot | country Covered Wl 4 | DE SID/ER. aR 4 ’ B Sk SR-ATE, v. t. [from the L.] To want; ed. | arrow. | DE-SERT’, v. t. ee ue see omni Le ein pud miss. ; Brou ae. DE- “SIGN/ING, (de-sin/ing or de-zin’ing,) ppr. Form- this from the L. deser. US, deSero, iy oa bs don: to | DE-SID/ER-A-TIVE, a. Denoting desire ; as, desid- ing a design ; planning; delineating the outline: | 1. To forsake ; to leave utterly; to a paigon ; Oo aay aeons ? drawing figures on a plane. | quit with a Mey cee Tan 105 as, to. desor : DE-SID-ER-A' TUM, n.; pl. Destperata. [L. desid- 2. a. In anill sense, artful; insidious; intriguing ; eG gat Besert ay ne ; Saisie A eau banil eratus, -um, from desidero, to desire. ]} contriving schemes of mischief ; hence, deceitful. | To leave, a Rae re enlisted’: to for sake ; the That which is desired; that which is not pos- Designing men are always liable to suspicion. Cuaestip, am Y re Bais gaged, in violation of duty. : sessed, but which is desirable ; ; any perfection or im- | DE-SIGN/ING, n. The art of delineating objects. pene im Ne : eee ene ah os (colorse - to He prove ment which is wanted. The longitude is a Berkeley. aie mae . = z desideratum in navigation. A tribunal to settle na- | DE-SIG N’LESS, a. Without design or intention; in- sért as . ° 5 ‘4 = . : ‘ . : . ynz S SW yar 1s % sat desideratum. advertent. 7 oRRTY r wav : it a service with- tional disputes without war is a grea verte: - ul a : i DE oe ae m TOpeN pies Rea arniv Se DE-SID’LOSE, a. Idle; lazy. DE-SIGN’LESS-LY, adv. Without design ; inadver- We ae (from de ores] ‘ A eseecine that | DE-SIGN’, (de-sine’ or de-zine’,) v. t. [L. designo; de tently ; ignorantly. u- : . * i Vol a4 « ’ ‘ . = pe aac eT hits ee rai eniandss pe eehicl and signo, to seal or stamp, that is, to set or throw; | DE-SIGN/MENT, n.- Design ; sketch; delineation. which gives a night to reward or demands, or which as Reet Ee eee TE Wesrnnte disernaresnk e? Deen renders liable to punishment 5 merit or demerit ; that ee ? } ? ? 5 es ee Sa 4 g which entitles to a recompense of equal value, or de- desis BIEL dessincr, : 2. Design ; purpose; aim; intent; scheme. ia aipiinishment equal Potnirotionse:seopilicon 1. To delineate a form or figure by drawing the [ This word is now little used.) [ Glanville. Shak. ands < s ¢ B Se; g o 5 : “ : ~ty r an ferred, or evil done, which merits an equivalent re- of art. to sketch; asin painting and other work De eee n. [L, desino.] Been m. A wise legislature will reward or punish men of ar = Se . ; EO a ees eee ee Tro plan; to form an outline or representation | DES/I-NENT,a. Ending; extreme ; lowermost. acc ng REM CES . : : ‘_OQypp/ 1 DIES 2ST ss That which is deserved ; reward or punishment of ny thing. pres A ais, es cee nes! PLENT po cil desipiens, desipio, to dote ; de merited. In a future life, every man will receive . To project; to form a a, as as : id sapvo, to be wise.) | ierieseen Hence, [rifling ; foolish ; playful. = ryy se . ot et an td oF N-ST / -BLE See AT el DE-SER' TYED, pp. or a. Wholly forsaken ; abandon- . To purpose or intend ; as, a man designs to | DE-SIR/A BLE, a. [See Desrre.] Worthy of de | ed: left write an essay, or to study Jaw. sire; thatis to be wished for with sincerity or earn- E my ox ; nranieaa, tikte To mark out by tokens. [WVot used. Locke. estness. An easy address is a desirable accomplish- DE-SERT’ER, n. A person who forsakes his cause, OD ae : STR Eos sat ee i p his post, or his party or friend ; particularly, a soldier Io intend to apply or appropriate; with for; ment; real virtue is still more desirable. as, we design this ground for a garden, and that for The word design may include an adapting or planning a thing for a purpose, or mere intention or scheme of the mind, which implies a plan. The father designs his son for the profession of the law, It was forme ncommon, DE-SIGN’, (de-sine’ or de-zine’,) n. ia pl: in or represe ntation of a thing by an out- first idea represented , as in painting or architecture. 2. A scheme or plan in the mind. distinguished by the judiciousness of his designs. 3. Purpose ; intention ; alm; implying a It is my design to aaente my 4. The idea or scheme intended to be expressed by signs of medals. manufactories, s the figures ufls, copied invention and conduct of the sub- the disposition of every part, and the general DE-SIGN/A-BLE, (de-stn/a-bl or de-zin/a-bl,) a. signed or marked out. [L. designo, designatum.] so as to make terminate ; the limits are signate the spot Where a star appears in the designate the place where our ancestors to distinguish, from others by in- to be able to designate every individual n a riot. to select or distinguish for a partic- With for ; as, to desimnate an a station ; DES'IG-NATE, a. Appointed; marked out. [Little 1. To wish for the possession and enjoyment of, ie ed.] with a greater or less degree of earnestness ; to DES'IG-NA-TED, pp. Marked out; indicated ; shown;| Covet. It expresses less strength of affection than pointed nite ; appointed. longing. DES'IG-NA-TING, ppr. Marking out; indicating ; Neither shall any man desire thy land. —Ex. xxxiv. pointing ont ; appointing. Follow after charity, and destre spiritual gifis. —1 Cor, xiv. ‘The act of pointing or marking signs or obie cts; as, the designation of an es- a showing or pointing; a distin- Appointment ; ; direction; as,a claim to a throne ed: ae on the designation of a predecessor. 4. Appointment; a selecting and appointing; as- signment ; as, the desionation “of an officer to a par- 5. Import ; distinet application. [ticwWar command, Finite and infinite are primarily attributed in their Bing desi her have parts, Serving to designate or indi- A Roman officer who assigned 2. Pleasing ; agreeable. All of them desirable young men. — Ezek. xxiji. DE-STR/ A-BLE-NESS, n. able. DE-STR!/A-BLY, adv. In a desirable manner. DE-SIRE/, x. (Fr. desir ; ue desio; Sp. deseo; Port. desejo; Arm. desir. Qu. W. dais. An emotion or ena of the mind, directed to the attainment or possession of an object from which pleasure, sensual, intellectual, or spiritual, is expected ; a passion exc ited by the love of an object, or uneasiness at the want of it, and directed to its attainment or possession, Desire is a2 wish to Possess some gratification or source of happiness which is supposed to be obtainable. Aish may exist for some- thing that is or is not obtainable. Desire, when di- rected solely to sensual enjoyment, differs little from appetite. In other languages , desire is expressed by longing or reaching tow ard, (Gr. opey@, L. appeto,| and when it is ardent or intense, it approaches to longing; but the word in English usually expresses less than longing. The quality of being desir- Goodman. rly followed by to, [Fr. dessein. A wise man is scheme Addison. with which work- from painting or Encyc. yore We endeavored —to see your face with great desire. —1 Thess il. . Ca- Thou satisfiest the desires of every living thing. — Ps. cxlv. Desire is that internal act, which, by influencing the will, makea Digby. us proceed to action. Bl. of Criticism. A prayer or request to obtain. He will fulfill the desire of them that fear him. — Ps. cxlv. . The object of desire ; that which is desired. The desire of all nations shall come. — Hag. ii. 4. Love; affection. His desire is toward me, — Cant. yi. Appetite ; lust. Fulfilling the desires of the flesh. — Eph. ii. DE-SIRE!, v. t. [Fr. desirer; Arm. desira; It. desiare, or aie Sp. desear; Port. desejar; supposed to be contracted from L. desidero, from desido, to sink or settle, to want. The latter seems to be the primary sense. known ; to , to desionate the Seared on the or With to ; as, 2. To express a wish to obtain; to ask; to re- quest ; to petition. Then she said, Did I desire a son of my Lorl? —2 Kings iy. 3. To require. [NVotinuse.] DE-SIR/ED, pp. or a. entreated. DE-SIRE/L ESS, a. DE-SIR’/ER, n. wishes. DE-SIR'ING, ppr. expressing a Wish ; cke. | DE-SIR/OUS, a. Spenser, Wished for; coveted ; request- Free from desire. Donne. §5 One who desires or asks ; one who Wishing for; coveting ; soliciting. Wishing for; wishing to obtain; coveting ; solic itous to possess and enjoy. Be not desirous of his dainties. — Prov. xxiii. Jesus knew they were desirous to ask him. —John xvi. asking ; Pritchard. REY.— PINE, MARINE ; BIRD.— NOTE, DOV eS ONE WOLF, BOOK, —DES DE-SIR/OUS-LY, adv. With desire; with earnest wishes. DBE-SIR/OUS-NESS, n. ing desirous. DE-SIST’, v. i. [L. desisto ; de and sisto, to stand. ] To stop ; to cease to act or proceed ; to forbear ; with from ; as, he desisted from his purpose ; let us desist. DE-SIST/ANCE, x. A ceasing to act or proceed; a stopping. Boyle, DE-SIST/ING, ppr. Ceasing to act or proceed. DE-SI//TION, (de-sish’un,) z. [L. desitus,] End. DES’/LTIVE : DE-SIST’IVE, a. [lL desitus.] Final; conclusive. [ Obs. Watts. DESK, n. [D. disch, a table, a dish; Sax. disc; G, tisch; Dan. and Sw. disk; Russ, doska; LL. discus i Gr. dicxos. See DisH. 1, An inclining table for the use of writers and readers ; usually made with a box or drawer under- neath, and sometimes with a book-case above. Pope. 2. The pulpit in a church, and figuratively, the clerical profession. The man appears well in the desk. He intends one son for the bar, and another for the desk. DESK, v. t. Toshut up ina desk; to treasure. J. Hall. DESK/ED, (deskt,) pp. Shut upin a desk. DESK/ING, ppr. Shutting up in a desk. DES'/MINE, x. A mineral that crystallizes in little silken tufts, which accompany spinellane in the Java of extinct volcanoes on the banks of the Rhine. DES/O-LATE, a. [L. desolatus. See the verb] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants; desert ; uninhabited ; denoting either stripped of inhabitants or never having been inhabited ; as, a desolate isle; a desolate wilderness. I will make the cities of Judah desolate, without an inhabitant. — Jer, 1 The state or affection of be- 9. Laid waste ; in a ruinous condition ; neglected ; destroyed ; as, desolate altars ; desolate towers. Ezek, Zeph. 3. Solitary ; without a companion ; afflicted. Tamar remained desolate in Absalom’s house. — 2 Sam. xiii. Haye mercy on me, for I am desolate. — Ps. xxv. 4. Deserted by God ; deprived of comfort. My heart within me is desolate. — Pa. cxliii. DES/O-LATE, v.t. [lL. desolo, desolatus; de and solo, to lay waste, solus, alone; Sp. desolar; Fr. desoler ; It. desolare. | 1. To deprive of inhabitants ; to make desert. The earth was nearly desolated by the flood. 2. To lay waste; to ruin; to ravage; to destroy improvements or works of art. An inundation deso- lates fields. Whole countries have been desolated by armies. DES/O-LA-TED, pp. or 4. wasted ; ruined. DES/O-LATE-LY, adv. Ina desolate manner. DES/O-LATE-NESS, n. A state of being desolate. DES/O-LA-TER, 2. One who lays waste or desolates ; that which desolates. DES/O-LA-TING, ppr. or a. Depriving of inhabitants ; wasting ; ravaging. DES-O-LA’TION, n. Theact of desolating ; destruc- tion or expulsion of inhabitants; destruction ; ruin ; waste. Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation. — Matt, xii. 2, A place deprived of inhabitants, or otherwise wasted, ravaged, and ruined. How is Babylon become a desolation among the nations { —Jer. i. 3. A desolate state ; gloominess ; sadness ; destitu- tion. Shak. Thomson. The abomination of desolation ; Roman armies which ravaged and destroyed Jerusalem. Matt. xxiv. DES/O-LA-TO-RY, a. Causing desolation. DE-SPAIR’, n. [Fr. desespoir. See the verb.] 1. Hopelessness; a hopeless state ; a destitution of hope or expectation. ~ We are perplexed, but not in despair. — 2 Cor. iy. All safety in despair of safety placed. Denham. 2, That which causes despair ; that of which there is no hope. The mere despair of surgery he cures. Shak. 3. Loss of hope in the mercy of God. Sprat. DE-SPAIR’, v.i. [Fr. desesperer ; des and esperer, to hope; It. disperare; Sp. desesperar; Arm. disespert; from L. despero; de and spero, to hope. ] To be without hope ; to give up all hope or expec- tation ; followed by of- We despaired even of life. —2 Cor. i. Never despair of God’s blessings here, or of his reward here- after. Wake. Deprived of inhabitants ; DE-SPAIR/ER, nm. One without hope. Dryden. DE-SPAIR/FUL, a. Hopeless. Sidney. DE-SPAIR/ING, ppr. ora. Giving upall hope or expec- tation. DE-SPAIR/ING-LY, adv. In a despairing manner; in a manner indicating hopelessness ; as, he speaks de- spairingly of the sick man’s recovery. DE-SPAIR/ING-NESS, n. State of being despairing. DES DE-SPE@’TION, zn. [L. despectio.] A looking down; a despising. [Little used.] DES-PE-RA/DO, n. [from desperate.} A desperate fellow ; a furious man; a madman; a person urged by furious passions; one fearless or regardless of safety. DES/PE BATE, a. spait | 1. Without hope. I am desperate of obtaining her. Shak. 2. Without regard to danger or safety ; as, a despe- rate effort. Hence, 3. Abandoned to despair ; furious; as, he has be- come desperate. 4, Hopeless; despaired of ; lost beyond hope of re- covery; jrretrievable; irrecoverable; forlorn. We speak of a desperate case of disease, desperate fortunes, a desperate situation or condition. 5. Ina popular sense, great in the extreme; as, a desperate sot or fool. Pope. DES’/PE-RATE-LY, adv. In a desperate manner, as in despair; hence, furiously; with rage; madly ; without regard to danger or safety ; as, the troops fought desperately. 2. In a popular sense, greatly ; extremely ; violently. She fell desperately in love with him. Addison. DES/PE-RATE-NESS, n. Madness ; fury ; rash pre- cipitance. DES-PE-RA/TION, n. A despairing; a giving up of hope; as, desperation of success. Hammond. 2. Hopelessness ; despair; as, the men were in a state of desperation. Hence, 3. Fury ; rage; disregard of safety or danger; as, the men fought with desperation; they were urged to desperation. DES’/PL€A-BLE, a. [Low L. despicabilis, from des- picio, to look down, to despise; de and specio, to look. ] That may be or deserves to be despised ; contempt- ible ; mean ; vile ; worthless: applicable equally to per- sons and things; as, a despicable man ; despicable com- pany ; a despicable gift. DES/PI-CA-BLE-NESS, n. The quality or state of being despicable ; meanness; vileness; worthless- [L. desperatus, from despero, to de- ness, DES/PI-CA-BLY, adv. bly ; as, despicably poor. DES-PI//CIEN-CY, (des-pish/en-se,) n. [L. despicio.] A looking down; a despising. [Little used.) ede. DE-SPI$'A-BLE, a. Despicable ; contemptible. DE-SPIS/AL, nz. Contempt. [ Obs. DE-SPISE/, (de-spize’,) v. t. [I doubt whether this word is formed from the L. despicio. In Sp. and Port. pisar is to tread down, and to despise. It ap- pears to be of different origin from despite, and to be formed on the root of the Spanish word. We proba- bly see its affinities in Sp. pison, a rammer, and the L. piso, to stamp, whence pistillum, Eng. pestle, piston, &c. ‘The primary sense, then, is, to thrust, drive, and hence to cast off or tread down, to despise. ] 1. To contemn ; to scorn; to disdain; to have the lowest opinion of. Fools despise wisdom and instruction. — Proy. L. 2. To abhor. DE-SPIS/ED, pp. or a. horred, DE-SPTS/ED-NESS, n. The state of being despised. DE-SPIS/ER, n. A contemner ; a scorner, DE-SPIS/ING, ppr. Contemning ; scorning; disdain- DE-SPIS/ING, x. Contempt. [ing. DE-SPTS/ING-LY, adv. With contempt. DE-SPITE’, x. [Fr. depit ; Norm. despite ; Arm. desped ; It. despetto, spite, malice. Qu, from L. despectus, de- spicia. See SPITE. 1. Extreme malice; violent hatred ; malignity ; malice irritated or enraged ; active malignity ; angry hatred. With all thy ceppite BeNont the Iand of Israel. — Ezek. xxv. Thou wretch! deapite o’erwhelm thee. Shak, 9. Defiance with contémpt, or triumph over oppo- sition. He will rise to fame in despite of his enemies. See Spits. ] 3. Anact of malice or contempt; as, a despite to the Most High. JWilton. DE-SPITH’, v. t. To vex; to offend; to tease, Ralegh. DE-SPIT’ED, pp. Vexed; offended. DE-SPITE/FUL, a. nant ; as, a despiteful enemy. King Charles. Haters of God, despiteful, proud, boasters. — Rom. i. Meanly ; vilely; contempti- Shak. Contemned ; disdained ; ab- contemptuously. Pray for them that despitefully use you, — Matt. y. DE-SPITE/FUL-NESS, 2. malignity. DES-PIT’E-OUS, a. Malicious. ae DES-PIT’E-OUS-LY, adv. Furiously. DE-SPIT/ING, ppr. Offending ; teasing. Milton. See Spoin. DES-PATCH!’. See Dispatcu. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — Full of spite ; malicious; malig- DE-SPITE/FUL-LY, ado. With despite ; maliciously ; Malice ; extreme hatred; Obs.| Spenser. DE-SPOIL/, v. t. [L. despolio; de and spolio, to spoil; Fr. depouiller ; It. spogliare; Sp. despojar ; Port. 7d. DES | prive ; followed by of; as, to despoil one of arms; to despoul of honors; to despoil of innocence. 2. To strip or divest by any means. Woodward. DE-SPOIL’ED, pp. Stripped; robbed ; bereaved; de- prived. DE m. One who strips by force; a plun- erer. DE-SPO[L/ING, ppr. Depriving ; stripping; robbing. DE-SPOLL/MEN'T, n. Act of despoiling ; a plunder- ing. DE-SPO-LLA/TION, nz. The act of despoiling ; a strip- ping. DE-SPOND’, v. i. [lL. despondeo; de and spondeo, to promise : literally, to throw to or forward. ] J. To be cast down; to be depressed or dejected in mind ; to fail in spirits. I should despair, or at least despond. Scott’s Letters, 2. To lose all courage, spirit, or resolution ; to sink by loss of hope. Others depress their own minds, and despond at the first diffi- culty. Locke. Note. —The distinction between despair and de- spond is well marked in the foregoing passage from Scott. But although despair implies a total loss of hope, which despond does not, at least in every case, yet despondency is followed by the abandonment of effort, or cessation of action, and despair sometimes impels to violent action, even to rage. DE-SPOND’, n. Despondency ; as in the phrase, the Slough of Despond. Buniyan. DE-SPOND/EN-CY, n. A sinking or dejection of spirits at the loss of hope; loss of courage at the failure of hope, or in deep affliction, or at the pros- pect of insurmountable difficulties. DE-SPOND/ENT, a. Losing courage, at the loss of hope; sinking into dejection ; depressed and inac- tive in despair. Bentley, Thomson. DE-SPOND/ENT-LY, adv. Without hope. Barrow. DE-SPOND/ER, xn. One destitute of hope. DE-SPOND/ING, ppr. or a. Losing courage to act, in consequence of loss of hope, or of deep calamity, or of difficulties deemed insurmountable ; sinking into dejection ; depressed in spirit. DE-SPOND/ING-LY, adv. In a desponding manner ; with dejection of spirits; despairingly. DE-SPON/SATE, v. t. [L. desponso.] To betroth. [Not in use.) DES-PON-SA/TION, n. A betrothing. [Vot tn use. | DES/POT, n. [Gr. decrorns, a master or lord ; It. despoto ; Fr. despote; Sp. despoto.] An emperor, king, or prince, invested with abso- lute power, or ruling without any control from men, constitution, or laws. Hence, in a general sense, 2 tyrant. Burke. DES-POT'TE, a. Absolute in power; inde- DES-POT’T€-AL, pendent of control from men, constitution, or laws; arbitrary in the exercise of power ; as, a despotic prince. 2. Unlimited or unrestrained by constitution, laws, or men; absolute ; arbitrary ; as, despotic authority or power. Addison. Swift. 3. Tyrannical. DES-POT/I€-AL-LY, adv. With unlimited power ; arbitrarily ; in a despotic manner. Blackstone. DES-POT/I€-AL-NESS, n. Absolute or arbitrary au- thority. DES’POT-ISM, x. [Sp. despotismo; Fr. despotisme. } 1. Absolute power; authority unlimited and un- controlled by men, constitution, or laws, and depend- ing alone on the will of the prince ; as, the despotism of a Turkish sultan. 9, An arbitrary government, as that of Turkey and Persia. DES/PU-MATE, v. 2. froth or scum.) To foam ; to froth ; to form froth or scum. DES-PU-MA/TION, n. The act of throwing off ex- crementitious matter and forming a froth or scum on the surface of liquor ; clarification ; scumming. oxe. DES-QUA-MA/TION, n. [L. desquamo ; de and squama, a scale. ] A scaling or exfoliation of bone ; the separation of the cuticle in small scales. xe. DESS, for Desx. [Not in use.] Chaucer. Spenser. DES-SERT’, (dez-zert’,) n. (Fr. dessert, from. desser- vir, to clear the table ; de and servtr, to serve. | A service of fruits and sweetmeats, at the close of an entertainment ; the last course at the table, after the meat is removed. Dryden. =! ; +N ! 2 uy mJ BST BEIOS n. [Fr. detrempe-] In painting, a sort of painting with opaque colors, [L. despumo ; de and spuma, sround and diluted with water, glue, eggs, &C- Elmes- DES’TI-NATE, v. t. [L. destino, gaxtiiees To design or appoint. [Seldom used.) [See Des- TINE. : SAUDE a. Appointed ; destined 5 determined. 2 Morton. DES!TLNA-TING, ppr._Designing ;_appointing. DES-TI-NA/TION, n. [L: destinatio- | 1. The uct of destining or appointing. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; 1, To strip; to take from by force ; to rob; to de- 2. The purpose for which any thing is intended or OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 329 satel peat — ieges's Sata ones —— reDES DET DET appointe >d ; end or ultimate design is fitted for its destination. 3. The place to which a thing is appointed, as, the ship left for her destination ; but it is more usu: al to say, for the place of her destination. pES'TI NE, 2. t stand. OniiG graphy, different from L. sto, which we [L. destino; probably de Every animal and stino, There seems to have been a root of this find in obstinate, obstino, prestino, a aud in Russ. stanovlyu is to set or place, stan is stature, and we Sax. stan, perhaps from the and stone, 2 have stanchion, same root. The words beginning with st, as stable, steady, stage, stand, signify to set, but the differe nce ‘of final artic- ulation stab, stad, stag, st seems to "indicate a difference an. | of roots, Ts To set, ordain, or appoint to a use, purpose, state, or place. We destine a son to the ministerial office ; a house for a place of worship; a ship for the rane don trade, or ta Lisbon; and we are all destined to a future sti tte of happiness or misery. 2. To fix unalterably, as by a divine decree ; as, the destined hour ¢ of death. 3. To doom; to devote ; to appoint unalterably. DES'TIN- ED, pp. or a. vious determination ; devoted ; DES! TIN- ING; ppr- DES/TIN-IST, DES/TLNY, 7. [Fr destin ; Ordaining ; appointing. A believer in destiny. It. destino ; Sp. i TUT. Ordained ; appointed by pre- fixed unalterably. I. State ‘or condition appointed or predete eee men are solicitous to know the ir future destiny, which is, however, happily concealed ultimate fate ; as, from them. 2. Invincible necessity ; fate ; things established by a divine decree, order of a necessity or fixed or by an indissoluble connection of causes and effects. But who can turn the stream of destiny ? Spenser. Destinies; the fates, or supposed powers which preside over human life, spin it out, and determine it ; called by the Latiz DES/TI-TUTE, a. statuo, to set. is Parca. [L. destitutus, destituo ; Iiterally, set from or aw ay.] ; de and 1. Not having or possessing ; wanting ; as, destt- tute of virtue, or of piety ; destitute of food and cloth- ing. It diffe rs from depriv ed, as it does rily imply previous possession. Needy ; abjec not necessa- t; comfortless ; friendless. He will regard the prayer of the destitute. — Ps. cii. DES'TI-TUTE, 7. comfort. DES'TLTUTE, v. t. To deprive. DES. TLIO ION, One who To forsake. is without friends or [Wot wsed.] Fotherby. [Not used. ] nm. Want; absence of Bacon. a thing; a state in which something is wanted, or not pos- sessed ; poverty. DE-STROY’, z to build ; destruir. Hooker. L. destruo ; the union of which is de and struo, to pile Pr. detruire; It. distruggere; Sp. and Port. See STRUCTURE. 1. To demolish; to pull down; parts of an edifice, Taylor. ? to separate the necessary to constitute the thing ; as, to destroy a house or tem- ple; to destroy a fi 2. To ruin ; 3. To ruin; to b ment ; Go up against tt 5. To kill; other animals, Ye shall destroy all this All the wicke yrtification. to destroy a city. ring to naught ; to make desolate. iis land, to ; as, pain destroys happiness That the body of sin micht be sats USL. — Rom. vi. 7. To kill; destroy insects, to eat ; to devour ; to annihilate ; ¢ to destroy a theory or scheme ; to destroy a govern- to destroy influence. 4. To lay waste ; to consume. Haw Ks destroy chicke ns. to annihilate a thing by demolishing or by burning ; as, S; and destroy it. —Is. xxxvi. to slay , to extirpate ; applied to men or ‘ people. — Num, xxxii. d will he destroy. — Ps. cxlv. 6. Totake away ; to cause to cease ; to put an end Birds In general, to put an end to; to annihilate a thing, or the form in which it exists. destroyed by slaughter, forest, by the ax, dation, &e. capture or by fire; towns, by fire An army is oS Ol) 1s Spersion ; a 5 OF iInun- In chemistry, to resolve a body into its parts or elemen ts. DE-STROY/A-BLE, a. Plants scarcely d [Litile used.] DE-STROY/ED, pp. ruined ; DE-STROY/ER, n. DE- STROY/ING, ppr. or a, annihilated ; devoured ; estroyable by the weather, Demolished ; pulled swept away, That may be destroyed. Derham, down ; &c. One who destroy 8, or lays waste ; one who kills ‘a man, or an animal, ‘or who ruins a country, cities, &c. Demolishing ; laying waste ; . killing; annihilating ; putting an end to. DE- STROW/ING, n DE-STRUET’, for Destroy, DE-STRUET- I- BIL/L-TY, hs . Destruction. is not used, The quality capable of destruction. Milton. of being DE-STRU€ET’1-BLE, [L. destruo, destructum. ] Liable to necmae none ; capable of being destroyed. DE-STRUCT/I-BLE-NESS, x. The state of being de- structible. DE-STRU€/TION, n. [1 destructio. See Destroy.] 1. The act of destroying; demolition; a pulling down ; subversion; ruin, by whatever means; as, the destruction of buildings , or of towns. Destruc- tion consists in the annihilation of the form of any thing, that form of parts which constitutes it what it is ; as, the destruction of grass or herbage by eating; of a fore st, by cutting down the trees ; or it denotes a total annihilation ; ; as, the destruction of a particu- lar government; the destruction of happiness. 2. Death ; murder; slaughter; massacre. There was a deadly destruction throughout all the city, —I1 Sam. Y. 3. Ruin. Destruction and misery are in their ways. — Rom. iii. 4. Eternal death. Broad is the way that leadeth to destruction. — Matt. vii. o. Cause of destruction; a consuming plague; a destroyer. The destruction that wasteth at noonday. — Ps. xci. DE-STRU€/TION-IST, n. One in favor of destroy- ing. DE-STRU€T/IVE, a. Causing destruction; having the quality of destroying ; ruinous ; mischievous ; pemicious; with of or to; as, a destructive fire or famine. Intemperance is destructive of health; evil exuimples are destructive to the morals of youth. Destructive distillation. See DisT1LLaTIoN, DE-STRU€T/IVE-LY, adv. With destruction ; ruin- ously ; mischievously ; with power to destroy ; as, destructively lew d or intemperate. DE-STRU€T’IVE-NESS, x. The quality of destroy- ing or ruining. DE-STRU€T/OR, n. [L.] A destroyer; [L. a consumer. [ Obs. DES-U-DA'TION, n. sweat. | A sweating ; a profuse or morbid sweating, suc- ceeded by an eruption of pustules, called heat- -pimples. ore. Encyc. DES/UE-TUDE, (des! we-tude,) n. [LL. desuctudo, from desuesco; de and suesco, to accustom one’s seJf. j The cessation of use ; disuse ; discontinuance of practice, custom, or fashion. Habit is contracted by practice, and lost by desuetude; words in every lan- guage are lost by desuetude. DE-SUL/PHU-RATE, v. phur. | To de -prive of sulphur. Chemistry. DE-SUL/PHU-RA-TED, pp. Deprived of sulphur. DE-SUL/PHU-RA-TING, ppr. Depriving of sulphur, DE-SUL-PH U-Ra/TION, nm. The act or operation of depriving of sulphur. DES/UL-TO-RI-LY, adv. [See Desuttory.] desultory mi anner ; without method ; loosely. DES/UL-TO-RI-NESS, n. A desultory manner; un- connectedness ; a passing from one thing to another without order or method. DES-UL-TO/RLOUS, a. DES’/UL-TO-RY, a and salio, to leap. ] Te aping ; passing from one thing or subject to desudo; de and sudo, to [de and sulphurate, or sul- Ina Desultory. Barrow. [L. desultorius, from desilio; de another, without order or natural connection ; un- connected ; immethodical ; as, a desultory conver- sation. 2. Coming suddenly ; started at the moment; not proceeding from natural order or connection with what prec “dee 3 as, a desultory thought. DE-SUME’, v. t. [L. desumo.] To take from ; to borrow. [Votinuse.] Hale. DE-TACH/, v. t. [Fr. detacher; Arm. distaga; Sp. and Port. destacar; It. staccare; de and the root of Eng: tack, See Arracn.] To separate or disunite; to disengage ; to part and as, to detach the coats of a bulbous root from each other ; to detach a man from the interest of the meee r, or from a party. To separate men from their companies or regi- eatin to draw from companies or regiments, as a party of men, and send them on a particular service. 3. To select ships from a fleet, and send them on separate service. DE-TACH’ED, (de-tacht’,) pp. from ; disunited ; service. 2. a. Separate; as, detached parcels or portions. DE-T ACH/ING, ppr. Se parating ; parting from ; draw- ing and sending on a separate employment. DE-TAC H/MENT, n. The act of detaching or sep- arating. 2. A body of troops, selected or taken from the main army, and employ ed on some special service or expedition. 3. A number of ships, taken from a fleet, and sent on a separate service. DE-TAIL!, v. t. [Fr. detailler, to cut in pieces ; de and ea to cut, Sp. tallar, It. tagliare. fe Separated ; parted drawn and sent on a separate To relate, report, ‘or narrate, in particulars; to recite the particulars of; to particularize; to relate minutely and distinctly ; "as, he detailed all the facts in due order. 2. To select, as an officer or soldier from a divis- ion, brigade, regiment, or battalion. Law of Massachusetts. DE-TAIL/,n. [Fr.] Literally, a cutting off into parts or portions, and hence the parts or portions them- selves; as, the details of a scheme; the details of a work in the fine arts, as distinguished from the whole mass. 2. In military affairs, a selecting of certain individ- uals or bodies of men for a particular service. 3. A minute and particular narration, dwelling on the distinct parts of a subject. DE-TAIL’ED, pp. or a. Related in particulars , minute- ly recited ; selected. DE-TAIL/ ER, mn. One who details. DE-TAIL/ING, ppr. Relating minutely ; telling the Oe Selecting soldiers for some service. [particulars. DE-TAIN’, v, t. [L. detineo: de and teneo, to hold; Fr. detenir; Sp. detener. See TENAnT.] 1. To keep back or from; to withhold; to keep what belongs to another. Detain not the wages of the hireling. Taylor. 2. To keep or restrain from proceeding, either going or “coming ; to stay or stop. We were detained by the rain. Let us detain thee, till we have made ready a kid. — Judges xiii. 3. To hold in custody Blackstone. DE-TAIN’'DER, n. A writ. [See DeTinve.] DE-TAIN’ED, pp. Withheld; kept back; prevented from going or coming; held; restrained. DE-TAIN’ER, x. One who withholds what belongs to another; one who detains, stops, or prevents from going. 2. In law, a holding or keeping possession of what belongs to another; detention of what is another’s, though the original taking may be lawful. Blackstone, H-TAIN/ING, ppr. Withholding what belongs to another; holding back ; restraining from going or coming ; holding in custody. DE-TAIN’MENT, n. The act of detaining; deten- tion. lackstone. DE-TE€T’, v [L. detego, detectus; de and tego, to cover, W. toi, Eng. to deck, which see. } Interally, to uncover; hence, to discover; to find out; to bring to light; as, to detect the ramifications and inosculations of the fine vessels. But this w ord is especially applied to the discovery of secret ‘crimes and artifices ; we detect a thief, or the crime of ste at ing; we detect the artifices of the man; or the man himself; we detect what is concealed, especially what is concealed by design. DE-TE€T’ED, pp. or a. Discovered ; open; brought to light. DE-TE€T’ER, n. A discoverer; one who finds out what another attempts to conceal. DE-TE€T’ING, ppr. Discovering; finding out. DE-TE@’T ION, n. The act of detecting : discovery of a person or thing attempted to be concealed ; as, the detection of a thief or burglarian ; the detection of fraud or forgery ; the detection of artifice, device, or a plot. 2. Discovery of any thing before hidden or un- known. found out; laid The sea and rivers are instrumental fo the detection of amber and other fossils, by washing away the carth that con- cealed them, Woodward. DE-TEN/E-BRATE, v. t. [L, de and tenedre.] To remove Seen bot Tm Use. | Brown. DE-TENT’, x. [L. detentus; Fr. detente. ] A stop in a clock, which, by being lifted up or let down, locks and unlocks the clock in striking, Encyc. DE-TEN’TION, x. [See Detarin.] The act of de- taining; a Withholding from another his right; a keeping what belongs to another, and ought to be re- stored. Blackstone. 2. Confinement ; restraint 5 as, detention in custody. 3. Delay from necessity ; a detaining ; as, the de- tention of the mail by bad roads. DE-TER’,v.t. [L. deterreo; deand terreo, to frighten. ] 1. To discourage and stop by fear; to stop or pre- vent from acting or proceeding, by di unger, difficulty, or other consideration, which disheartens or counter- vails the motive for an act. We are often deterred from our duty by trivial difficulties ; the state of the road or a cloudy sky may deter a man from undertak- ing a journey. A million of frustrated hopes will not deter us corny Ja experi- ments, J, M. Mason. nen [L. detergo; de and tergo, To prevent by praniiion or danger. DE- TE RGE/, (de-terj’,) v. to wipe or scour. ] To cleanse ; to purge away foul or offending mat- ter from the body, or from an ulcer. Wiseman. DE-TERG'‘ED, PP. Cleansed ; purged. DE-TERG/EN' Tt C eee purging. DE-TERG/ ENT, A medicine that has the power of cleansing ie Vv peels or skin from offending matter. DE-TERG/ING, ppr. Cleansing ; carrying off obstruc- tions or foul matter. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MBI TE, 326 2. a. Having the quality of cleansing. PREY. -— PINE E, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOV E, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 2DET DE-TH/RI-O-RATH, v. 7. (Fr. deteriorer; It. deterto- rare ; Sp. deteriorar, from deterior, worse, L. deterior. | To grow worse ; to be impaired in quality ; to de- generate ; opposed to meliorate. DE-TE/RL-O-RATE, v. t. To make worse; to reduce in quality ; as, to deteriorate a trace of men, or their condition. Hayley. Paley. DE-TE/RI-O-RA-TED, pp. Made worse; impaired in quatity. DE-TE/RL-O-RA-TING, ppr. ferior in quality DE-TE-RI-O-RA/TION, x. worse; the state of growing worse. DE-TE-RLOR/LTY, z. deteriority of diet. DE-TER/MENT, zn. ring; the cause of deterring; that which deters. DE-TERM’IN-A-BLE, a. 1. That may be decided with certainty. 2. That may end or be determined. DE-TERMWIN-ATE, a. [L. determinatus.] 1. Limited; fixed ; quantity of matter. Ray. Boyle. 2. Established ; settled ; positive ; as, a determinate rule or order. The determinate counsel of God. — Acts ii. 3. Decisive; conclusive; as, a determinate resolu- tion or judgment. A. Resolved on. Shak. 5. Fixed; resolute. Sidney. DE-TERM/IN-ATE, v. t. To limit. DETERMINE. | DE-TERM/IN-ATE-LY, adv. With certainty. The principles of religion are determinately true or false. Tulotson. 2, Resolutely ; with fixed resolve. Sidney. DE-TERM/IN-ATE-NESS, 2. terminate, certain, or precise. DE-TERM-IN-A/TION, n. deciding. 9. Decision of a question in the mind; firm reso- lution ; settled purpose ; as, they have acquainted me with their determination. 3. Judicial decision, the ending of a controversy. 4, Strong direction to a given point; as, a determ- mation of blood to the head. 5. Absolute direction to a certain end. Remissness can by no means consist with a constant determina- tion of the will to the greatest apparent good. ocke. 6. An ending ; a putting an end to; as, the deter- mination of a will. Blackstone. 7. In physical science, the referring of minerals, plants, &c., to the species to which they belong; as, I am indebted to a friend for the determination of the greater part of these shells. Lyell. DE-TERM/IN-A-TIVE, a. rects to a certain end. The determinative power of a just cause. Bramhall. 9, Limiting; that limits or bounds; as, a word may be determinative, and limit the subject. Watts. 3. That is employed in determining; as, determin- j. €., tables ar- ranged for determining the specific character of min- ative tables in the natural sciences, 1. erals, plants, &c., and assigning them their names. Dana. DE-TERM/’IN-A-TOR, x. One who determines. DE-TERM’INE, v. ¢. borderor limit; Gr. rspuu, Tsppwv. See Term.] 1. To end; particularly, to end by the decision or conclusion of a cause, or of a doubtful or contro- verted point; applicable to the decisions of the mind, i We say, I had determined this question in my own mind; the court has deter- or to judicial decisions. mined the cause. 2. To end and fix; to settle ultimately; as, this event determined his fate. 3. mine the proper season for planting seeds. God — hath determined the times before appointed. — Acts xvii, 4. To end; to limit; to bound; to confine. der hill determines our view. by the sight. acon. 5. To give a direction to ; to influence the choice ; that is, to limit to a particular purpose or direction as, this circumstance determined him to the study of , Also, to give a direction to material bodies in their course; as, impulse may determime a moving law. body to this or that point. 6. To resolve; that is, to end or settle a point in the mind, as in definition first. I determined this with myself. —2 Cor. ii. Paul had determined to sail by Ephesus, — Acts xx, 7. To destroy. p Nee used. | Shak. 8. To put an end to; as, to determine a will. ; Blackstone. 9 To settle or ascertain, as something uncertain. The character of the soul is delermined by the character of its God. J, Edwards, Becoming worse or in- A growing or making Worse state or quality; as, [See Deter.] The act of deter- [See Derernmine.] [Boyle. definite; as, a determinate [Wot used.] [See The state of being de- The act of determining or That uncontrollably di- [L. determino; de and termino, to bound ; terminus, a boundary or limit; W. tervyn, an extremity or limit; te-v, outward, extreme; ter- vynu, to fix a bound, to limit, to determine ; term, a term, extreme point; termiazm, to limit; Ir. teora,a To fix on; to settle or establish ; as, to deter- Yon- Knowledge is determined DET DE-TERM/INE, v. 7%. To resolve; to conclude; to come to a decision. He shall pay as the judges determine. — Ex. xxi. It is inditierent how the learned shall determine concerning this matter, on. 2. Tocome toan end; to terminate. The danger determined by the death of the conspirators. Revo- lutions often determine in setting up tyranny at home, or in conquest from abroad. Some estates nay determine on future contingencies. Blackstone. DE-TERM/IN-ED, pp. Ended; concluded ; decided ; limited ; fixed ; settled ; resolved ; directed. 2. a. Having a firm or fixed purpose, as a deter- mined man; or manifesting a firm resolution, as a de- termined countenance. DE-TERM/IN-ED-LY, adv. In a determined manner. DE-TERM/IN-ER, n. One who decides or determ- ines. DE-TERM/IN-ING, ppr. Ending; deciding; fixing ; settling ; resolving; limiting; directing. DE-TER-RA/TION, n. [L. de and terra, earth.] The uncovering of any thing which is buried or covered with earth; a taking from out of the earth. Woodward. DE-TER/RED, pp. [See Derer.] Discouraged or prevented from proceeding or acting, by fear, diffi- culty, or danger. DE-TER/RING, ppr. Discouraging or influencing not to proceed or act, by fear, difficulty, danger, or pros- pect of evil. 2. a. Discouraging ; frightening. Ash. DE-TER/SION, (-shun,) n. [ L. detersus, detergo. See DETERGE. | The act of cleansing, as a sore. Wiseman. DE-TER/SIVE, a. [It. detersivo; Fr. detersif. See DETERGE. | Cleansing ; having power to cleanse from offend- | DEU DET’O-NIZE, v.i. To explode; to burn with a sud- den report. This precipitate — detonizes with a considerable noise. Fourcroy. DET’O-NIZ-ED, pp. Exploded, as a combustible body. DET/O-NIZ-ING, ppr. Exploding with a sudden report. DE-TORT’, v. t. [L. detortus, of detorqueo; de and torqueo, to twist. To twist ; to wrest; to pervert; to turn from the original or plain meaning. Dryden. DE-TOR1T’ED, pp. Twisted; wrested ; perverted. DE-TORT/ING, ppr. Wresting; perverting. DE-TOR/TION, nm. A turning or wresting ; per- version. DE-T OUR’, (da-toor’,) n. cultous Way. DE-TRACT’, v. t. [L. detractum ; detrecto ; detraho ; de and traho, to draw ; Sp. detractar; It. detrarre; Fr. detracter. See Draw and Draa.] 1. Literally, to draw from. Hence, to take away || from reputation or merit, through envy, malice, or other motive ; hence, to detract from, is to lessen or depreciate reputation or worth; to derogate from. Never circulate reports that detract from the reputation or honor of your neighbor, without obvious necessity to jastfy the act. 2. To take away; to withdrawn a literal sense. Wotton. Bovyle. Taking away; dero- [Fr.] A turning; a cir- DE-TRA€T/ING, ppr. or a. gating. DE-TRA€T’ING-LY, adv. Ina detracting manner. DE-TRA€/TION, n. [L. detractio. The act of taking something from the reputation or worth of another, with the view to lessen him in estimation ; censure ; a lessening of worth ; the act of depreciating another, from envy or malice. De- traction may consist in representing merit as less’ than ing matter. DE-TER/SIVE, zn. A medicine which has the power of cleansing ulcers, or carrying off foul matter. DE-TEST’, v. t. [L. detestor ; de and testor, to affirm or bear witness; It. detestare; Sp. detestar; Fr. detester. The primary sense of testor is to set, throw, orthrust. To detest is to thrust away.] To abhor; to abominate; to hate extremely ; as, to detest crimes or meanness. DE-TEST/A-BLE, a. Extremely hateful; abomina- ble ; very odious ; deserving abhorrence. hon liast defiled my sanctuary with all thy detestable things. — UZoK, DE-TEST/A-BLE-NESS, n. Extreme hatefulness. DE-TEST/A-BLY, adv. Very hatefully ; abominably. DET-ES-TA/TION, 7. Extreme hatred ; abhorrence ; with of. The good man entertains uniformly a det- estation of sin. DE-TEST’ED, pp. or a. Hated extremely ; abhorred. DE-TEST’ER, 2. One who abhors. DE-TEST/ING, ppr. Hating extremely; abhorring ; abominating. DE-THRONPE’, v. t. [Fr. detréner; Sp. destronar; It. stronare; de and throne, L. thronus.] 1. To remove or drive from a throne ; to depose ; to divest of royal authority and dignity. 9, To divest of rule or power, or of supreme power. The Protector was dethroned. Hume. DE-THRON’/ED, pp. or a. Removed from a throne ; deposed. DE-THRONE/MENT, zn. ‘Removal from a throne; deposition of a king, emperor, or prince. DE-THRON’ER, x. One who dethrones. DE-THRON/ING, ppr. Driving from a priving of regal power. DE-THRON/IZE, v. t. To unthrone. Cotgrave. DET’I-NUB,n. [Fr. detenu, detained ; detenir, to detain. ] Literally, a person or thing detained. In law, a writ of detinue is one that lies against him who wrongfully detains goods or chattels deliv- ered to him, or in his possession. This writ lies for a thing certain and valuable, as for a horse, cow, sheep, plate, cloth, &c., to recover the thing itself, or damages for the detainer. Blackstone. DET/O-NATE, v.t. [L. detono; de and tono, to thun- der. a chemistry, to cause to explode; to burn or in- flame with a sudden report. DET/O-NATE, v. i. To explode; to burn with a sud- den report. Niter detonates with sulphur, DET/O-NA-TED, pp. Exploded; burnt with explo- throne; de- sion. DET/O-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Exploding; inflaming with a sudden report. DET-O-NA’TION, n. An explosion or sudden report made by the inflammation of certain combustible bodies, as fulminating gold. Detonation is not de- crepitation. DET-O-NI-ZA’TION, n. The act of exploding, as certain combustible bodies. DET’O-NIZE, v. t. [See Deronare.] To cause to explode ; to burn with an explosion ; to calcine with detonation. it really is; or in the imputation of faults, vices, or crimes, which impair reputation ; and if such impu- tation is false, it is slander, or defamation. DE-TRA€/TIOUS, (-shus,) a. Containing detraction ; Jessening reputation. [Vote in use.] DE-TRAC€T/IVE, a. Having the quality or tendency to lessen the worth or estimation. DE-TRA€T/OR, nr. One who takes away or impairs the reputation of another injuriously ; one who at- tempts to lessen the worth or honor of another. DE-TRA€T/O-RY, a. Derogatory ; defamatory by | denial of desert; with from. Johnson. Boyle. DE-TRA€T’RESS, zn. A female detractor; a censo- DE-TREET’, v. t. [L. detrecto.] {rious woman. To refuse. [JWVot in use. Fotherby. DET/RI-MENT,zx. [L. detrumentum. Qu. deter, worse, or detero, detritum, worn off. | Loss ; damage; injury; mischief; harm; diminu- tion. We speak of detriment to interest, property, religion, morals, reputation, and to land or buildings. Itis a word of very general application. DET-RIL-MENT’AL, a. Injurious; hurtful; causing loss or damage. A spirit of speculation may be detrimental to regular conimeneh DET’RI-MENT-ED, a. Injured; made worse. DE-TRI/TAL, a. Pertaining to or consisting of de- tritus. DE-TRI' TION, (de-trish’un,) 7. A wearing off. tevens. DE-TRI/TUS, n. [L. detritus, worn ; detero, to wear.] In geology, a mass of substances worn off from solid bodies by attrition, and reduced to small por- tions ; as, diluvial detritus. When the portions are large, the word debris is used. Buckland. DE-TRUDE’, v. t ([L. detrudo; de and tirudo, to thrust. ] 1'o thrust down ; to push down with force. Locke. Thomson DE-TRUD/ED, pp. Thrust or forced down. DE-TRUD/ING, ppr. Thrusting or forcing down. DE-TRUN€/ATE, 0. t. [Li detrunco; de and trunco, to cut shorter; truncus, cut short; Fr trancher; Arm. troucha, or traincha. See TRENCH.) To cut off; to lop ; to shorten by cutting. DE-TRUN€'A-TED, pp. Cut off; shortened. DE-TRUN6€/A4-TING, ppr. Cutting or lopping off. DET-RUN-€A/TION, nx. The act of cutting off. DE-TRU/SION, (de-tri/zhun,) x. [See DrETRuDE. ] The/act of thrusting or driving down. DE-TUR/PATE, v. t. [L. deturpo.] To defile. [Little used.] DEUCE, (diise,) x. [Fr. deux, two.] Two; a card with two spots; spots; a term used in gaming. i a DEUCE, ) n. [Dusius, the name of a kind of evil DEUSE, spirits. See Dusz.] a [L. detero.] Ss Taylor. a die with two An evil spirit ; a demon. [Pulgar] DEUO-TER-OG/A-MIST, 2. [Infra.] One who mar- Goldsmith. ries the second time. [Gr. devrepos, second, and DEU-TER-OG A-MY, x. aj.os, marriage. A : is second marriage after the death of the first hus- band or wife. Goldsmuth. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; 8 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. aa 5 at TO eee palin og ae — ee" is TT ts ee 327ee it Mie th aia ee = aT: | || DEG-TOX’YD, 7 | { { | Moses ; the name given to the fifth book of the Pen- DEV DEV DEV DEU-T! (Gr. deurepvs, second, and vopeos The second law, or second giving of the law by ER-ON/O-MY, n. , jaw. | tateuch. DEU-TER-O-PA‘THI-A,? n. [Gr. devrepos, second, DEU-TER-OP/A-THY, and zafos. A syinpathetic affection of any part of the body, as é headache from an ove rlgadee stomach. DEU-TER-OS/€0-PY, oxo7eu), to see.] The second intention ; ; the meaning beyond the literal sense. : | DEOT-HY-DROG/U-RET, nm. In chemistry, a | DEU-TO-HY-DROG/U -RET, compound of two | equivalents of hydrogen with one of some other element. (Gr. devrepos, second, and [Gr. devrepos, second, and oxyd; | strictly, OeGeenoen. ] A compound of two equivalents of oxygen with one of a base. | DE-VAP-O-RA'TION, n. [deand L. vaporatio.] The change of vapor into water, as in the genera- tion of rain. Darwin. DE-VAST’,v. t. [lL devasto.] To lay waste ; to plunder. [JVot in use.] Sandys. DEV/AS-TATE, v. t. [D. devasto; de and vaste, to waste; Fr. devaster; Sp. devastar; It. devastare. See WasTE.] To lay waste ; to waste; to destroy improvements. DEV/AS-TA-TED, pp. Laid waste ; ravaged. DEV’/AS-TA-TING, ppr. Laying waste; desolating. DEV-AS-TA/TION, n. [L. devastatio.] 1. Waste ; ravage; desolation; destruction of works of art and natural productions which are necessary or useful to man; havock; as by armies, fire, flood, &c. 2. In law, waste of the goods of the deceased by an executor or administrator. Blackstone. DE-VEL/OP, v. t [Fr. developper; It. sviluppare, to unfold, to display ; viluppo, a packet or bundle, in- tricacy.] 1. To uncover; to unfold, to lay open ; to dis- close or make known something concealed or with- held from notice. The general began to develop the plan of his operations. These serve to develop its tenets. 2. To unravel ; develop a plot. DE-VEL‘OP-ED, (de-vel/opt,) pp. open ; uneyeled- DE-VEL/OP-ER, One who develops or unfolds. DE-VEL/OP- ING, ppr. Unfolding ; disclosing; un- raveling, DE-VEL/OP-MENT, n. An unfolding ; the discover- ing of something secret or withheld from the knowl- edge of others; disclosure ; full exhibition. . The unraveling of a plot. DEV -E-NUS/TATE, Det ats [L. beauty. ] To di :prive of beauty or grace. DE-VERG’EN-CY. See Divercence. DE-VEST’, v. t. [Fr. devétir; de and vétir, to clothe, L. vestio, id., vestis,a vest, a garment. Generally written Dives. 1. To strip ; to deprive of clothing or arms; to take off. Denham. 2. To deprive ; to take away ; as, to devest a man or uation of rights. [See Divest.] 3. To free from; to disengage. 4. In law, to alienate, as title or right. DE-VEST’, v.72. In law, to be lost or alienated, asa title or an estate. [This word is generally written Divesr, except in the latter and legal sense. ] DE-VEST’ED, pp. Stripped of clothes; deprived; freed from ; alienated or lost, as title. DE-VEST’ING, ppr. Stripping of clothes; depriv- ing; fre ee from ; alienating. DE-VEX [L. deverus. ] Be ae down. [JVot in use.] to ravage ; to desolate ; Milner. to unfold what is intricate ; as, to Unfolded ; laid de and venustas, DE-VEX'I-TY, n. [L. deveritas, from de and veho, to carry. | A bending downward ; a sloping; incurvation downward. Davies. DE/VI-ATE, v. i. [It. deviare; Sp. desviarse; L. de- vius; de, from, and via, way. 1. To turn aside or wander from the common or right way, course, or line, either in a literal or fig- urative sense ; as, to deviate from the common track or path, or from a true course. There nature deviates, and here wanders will. Pope. 2, To stray from the path of duty ; to wander, ina moral sense; to err; to sin. DE-VI- a/TION, n. A wandering or turning aside from the right way, course, or line. 2. Variation from a common or established rule, or fom analogy. A wandering from the path of duty; want of Corio to the rules prescribed by God; error ; sin; ol quity of conduct. without necessity, from the regular and usual course of the spec ific yoyage insured. This discharges the ciples, or new arrangement of parts; to excogitate ; underwriters from their responsibility. Park. to strike out by thought ; to plan ; to scheme ; to pro- DE-VICE’, n. [Fr. devis, devise; It. divisa; from L. ject; as, to devise an engine or machine; to ‘devise a divisus, divido. scheme; artificial contrivance ; as artifices are usually employed for bad purposes. In a good sense: His device is against Babylon, to destroy it, —Jer. li. In a bad sense: He disappointeth the devices of the crafty. — Job vy. They imagined a mischievous device. — Ps. xxi. 2. An emblem intended to represent a family, per- son, action, or quality, with a suitable motto; used in painting, sculpture, and heraldry. It consists ina ing and represented, as the senting agriculture. shields Addison. 3. Invention; genius; faculty of devising; as, a man of noble device. Shak. 4. A spectacle or show. [ Obs.] Beaum. & Fl. DE-ViICE/FUL, a. Full of devices; inventive. Spenser. In a manner curiously con- Donne. vl,) n. [Sax. diafol; D. duivel ; G. teufel; Sw. diefvul ; Dan. diavel ; diavol ; Vartar, diof ; L. diabolus ; Gr. 61a, said to be from diaBadrro, to calumniate; Fr. diable; Sp. diablo; Port. diabo; It. diavolo. The Armoric is diaul ; W. diawl, which Ow- en supposes to be compounded of di, a negative, and awl, light —one without light, (prince of “di irkness.) The Irish is diabhail, which, according to O’Brien, is composed of dia, deity, and bhal, air, (god of the air.) If these Celtic words are justly aoe they are not connected with diabolus, or the latter is errone- ously deduced. } 1. In the Christian theology, an evil spirit or being ; a fallen angel, expelled from heaven for rebellion against God; the chief of the apostate angels; the implacable enemy and tempter of the human race. In the New Testament, the word is frequently and cHLOneOUshy used for demon. . Avery wicked person, and in ludicrous language, any great evil. In profane language, it is an exple- tive expressing wonder, vexation, ‘&e. 3. An idol, or false god. Lev. XVii. 2 Chron. xi. 4. A machine for c utting up rags and old cloth for manufacturing purposes OAs Prey S errand- boy. DEV/(L, v. ci ied a aebil DE-VICE/FUL-LY, trived. DEVIL, (dev! adv. > . Luss, [ Low. ] To cut up cloth or rags in an instrument To pepper excessively. Smart. DEVIIL- ING, x. A young devil. [JNVot in use.] Beaum. DEV'IL-ISH, (dev’vl-ish,) a Partaking of the qual- ities of the devil; diabolical ; very evil and mischiev- ous; malicious ; as, a devilish scheme ; devilish wick- edness Sidney. Having communication with the devil ; pertain- ing to the devil Shak. 3. Excessive; enormous ; in a vulgar and ludicrous sense ; as, a devilish cheat. Addison. DEV/TL-ISH-LY, adv. In a manner suiting the devil; diabolically ; wickedly. South. 2. Greatly ; excessively ; DEV!/7L-JSH-NESS, x. DEV’'IL-ISM, x. in a vulgar sense. The qualities of the devil. The state of devils. [JVot used. ] Ee: Halt. DEV/IL-IZE, v. t. To place among devils. [.Vot used.] Bp. Hail. DEV/IL-KIN, (dev’vl-kin,) 7. A little devil. Clarissa. DEV'IL-SHIP, n. The character of a devil. DEV'IL-TRY, n fern DE! VL-OUS, a. Diabolical conduct. [L. devius ; de and via, way. 1. Out of the common way or track; as, a devious course. Wandering ; roving ; rambling. To bless the wildly devious morning walk. 3. Erring ; going 53d 5d vine prece pts. Thomson. astray from rectitude or the di- One devious step at first may lead into a course of zante vice. Anon, D&E/VI-OUS-LY, adv. In a devious manner. - Reynolds. Di/VI-OUS-NESS, zn. Departure from a regular course ; wandering. DE-VIR/GIN-ATE ,(-vur’gin-) v.t. [Low L, devirgino.] To deflour. Sandys. DE-VIR/GIN-A-TED, PP Deprived of virginity. DE-VIS/A-BL r , (de- vizia-bl ,) a See the verb. I, That may be bequeathed or given by will. Blackstone. 2. That can be invented or contrived. Sadler. DE-VISE’, v. t. [Fr. deviser, to talk or interchange thoughts ; It. divisare, to think, divide, or share ; from L. ae isus, divido. | . In commerce, the voluntary departure of a ship, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOV 328 To invent ; to contrive ; to form in the mind by 1. That which is formed by design, or invented ; stratagem ; project ; sometimes in a good sense ; more generally in a bad sense, metaphorical similitude between the things represent- figure of a plow repre- Knights-errant used to distinguish themselves by devices on their to devise arguments. To devise curious works in gold and silver. —Ex. xxxv. In a bad sense: Devise not evil against thy neighbor. — Prov. iii. 2. To give or bequeath by will, real estate. lackstone. DE-VISE’, v. 7% To consider; to contrive; plan ; to form a scheme. Devise how you will use him when he comes. Shak. Formerly followed by of; as, let us devise of ease. Spenser. DE-VISE/,n. Primarily, a dividing or division ; tator. The term is also sometimes improperly, to bequest of personal estate. Blackstone. Bowvier. 2. A will or testament. 3. A share of estate bequeathed. DE-VISE’, n. Contrivance ; scheme invented. [Obs.] Hooker. DE-VIS/ED, pp. trived. DEV-I-SEE’, n. made ; one to whom real estate is bequeathed. DE-VI$/ER, triver ; an inventor. DE-VIS/ING, ppr. a scheme or plan. 2. Giving by will; bequeathing. DE-VIS/OR, n. One who gives by will; queaths lands or tenements. DEV'I-TA-BLE, a. Avoidable. [Wot in use.] DEV-I-TA’/TION, n. An escaping. [JWVot in use. DE-VIT-RI-FL-€A/TION, n. The act of depriving Given by will; Tew, Blackstone. gray, opaque oe ince. Ure. DEV-0-64/TION L. devocatio.] A calling away . seduction. [JVot in use.] Hallywell, DE-VOID', a. [de and void, Fr. vuide, vide. See Voiv.} 1S av oid ; empty ; vac ant ; applied to place. Spenser. 2. Destitute ; not possessing; as, devoid of under- standing. 3. Free from; as, devoid of fear or shame. DE-V OIR', (dev-wor') n. (Fr. devoir ; It. dovere ; from L. debeo, to owe. Primarily, service, or duty. Hence, an act of ci- vility or respect; respectful notice due to another ; as, We paid our devoirs to the queen, or to the ladies, DEV-O-LU’TION, n. [L. devalutio.] ‘Bigelow. earth into a valley. Woodward. 2. Removal from one person to another ; a passing or falling upon a successor. ale. DE-VOLVE’, (de-volv’,) v. t. [L. devolvo ; de and vol- vo, to roll, Eng. to wallow.) 1. To roll dow n; to pour or flow with windings. Through splendid kingdoms he devolves his maze. Thomson. 2. To move from one person to another ; to deliver over, or from one possessor to a successor. The king devolved the care and disposition of affairs on the duke of Ormond. Temple. Gibbon. DE-VOLVE’, (de-volv’,) v. 7. Literally, to roll down ; hence, to pass from one to another ; to fall by suc- cession from one possessor to his successor. In the absence of the commander-in-chief, the command devolved on the next officer in rank. On the death of the prince, the crown devolved on his eldest son. DE-VOLV’‘ED, pp. Rolled down; passed over to an- other. DE eur NG Ppre ces DE-V FOLV EY MENT, x. DEV-O-RA/TION, n DE-VO'TA-RY, x Rolling down ; falling to a suc- The act of devolving. The act of devouring. A votary. [Vot in use.] Gregory. DE-VOTE’, v. t. [L. devoveo, devotus ; de and voveo, to vow ; Fr. devouer.] . To appropriate by vow ; to set apart or dedicate by a solemn act; to consecrate. No devoted.thing that a man shall devote to the Lord, sold or re dee med, Lord. — Ley. xxvii. 2. To give up wholly ; to addict ; to direct the at- tention wholly or chiefly; to attach; as, to devote one’s self to science ; to devote ourselves to our friends, or to their interest or pleasure. 3. To give up; to resign; as, aliens were devoted to rapine ; the city was devoted to the flames. To dobm ; to consign over; as, to devote one to destruction shall be Every devoted thing is most holy to’ the 5. To execrate; to doom to evil. Rove. DE-VOTE’, a. Devoted. Milton. DE-VOTE’, x. A devotee, Sands. DE-VOT’ED, pp. Appropriated by vow; solemnly set apart or dedicated ; ; consecrated ; addicted ; given up; doomed ; consigned. 9. . a. Ardent; zealous; strongly attached. E, WOLF, BOOK.— new combinations of ideas, new applications of prin- new mode of w riting ; to devise a plan of defense ; as land or other to laya ; hence, the act of giving or distributing real estate by a tes- applied, though bequeathed ;, con- The person to whom a devise is n. One who contrives or invents; a con- Contriving ; inventing; forming one who be- glass of its tr insparency, and converting it into a 1. The act of rolling down; as, the devolution ofDEV DEX DIA DE-VOT/ED-NESS, zn. The state of being devoted or given ; addictedness ; as, devotedness to religion. DEV-O-TEB!, xn. ([Fr. devot.] [ Grew. Milner. One who is wholly devoted; particularly, one given wholly to religion; one who is superstitiously given to religious duties and ceremonies ; a bigot. DE-VOTE/MENT, x. Devotedness ; devotion. Mem. of Buchanan. 2. Vowed dedication. Mason. DE-VOT’ER, n. One that devotes ; also, a worshiper. DE-VOT'ING, ppr. Giving or appropriating by vow ; solemnly setting apart or dedicating ; consecrating ; giving wholly ; addicting; dooming ; consigning. DE-VO’TION, n. The state of being dedicated, con- secrated, or solemnly set apart for a particular pur- pose. 2. A solemn attention to the Supreme Being in worship; a yielding of the heart and affections to God, with reverence, faith, and piety, in religious duties, particularly in prayer and meditation; de- voutness. 3. External worship; acts of religion; perform- ance of religious duties. As I passed by and beheld your devotions. — Acts xvii. 4. Prayer to the Supreme Being. A Christian will be regular in his morning and evening devotions. 5. An act of reverence, respect, or ceremony. Shak. 6. Ardent love or affection; attachment mani- fested by constant attention; as, the duke was dis- tinguished by his devotion to the king, and to the interest of the nation. Clarendon. 7. Earnestness ; ardor; eagerness. He seeks their hate with greater devotion than they can_render it him. Shak. 8. Disposal ; power of disposing of; state of de- pendence. Arundel Castle would keep that rich corner of the country at his majesty’s devotion. Clarendon. DE-VO’TION-AL, a. Pertaining to devotion ; used in devotion ; as, a devotional posture; devotional ex- ercises. 9. Suited to devotion; as, a devotional frame of mind. DE-VO/TION-AL-IST, ). A person given to devo- DE-VO'TION-IST, tion ; or one superstitious- ly or formally devout. Spectator. DE-VO/TION-AL-LY, adv. In a devout manner. DE-VO'TO, n. [It.] A devotee. [Vot m use.] Spenser. DE-VO/TOR, zn. One who reverences or worships. [ Obs. Beaum. & Fl. DE-VOUR’, v. t. [L. devoro; de and voro, to eat; It. worare, divorare; Sp. devorar; Fr. devorer; Arm. de- vori; W. pori, to feed; Gr. Bona, pasture; Heb. Ch. ya, to consume. Class Br, No. 6.) 1. To eat up; to eat with greediness ; to eat rav- enously, as a beast of prey, or as a hungry man. Weill say, Some evil beast hath devoured him. — Gen. xxxvii. In the morning he shall devour the prey. — Gen. xlix. 2, To destroy ; to consume with rapidity and vio- lence. 2 I will send a fire into the house of Hazael, which shall devour the palaces of Ben-haded. — Amos i. Famine and pestilence shall devour him. — Ez. vii. 3. To enter upon and pursue with great eagerness. He seemed in swiftness to devour the way. Shak, 4, To waste ; toconsume; to spend in dissipation and riot. As soon as this thy son had come, who hath devoured thy living with harlots, — Luke xy. 5. To consume wealth and substance by fraud, oppression, or illegal exactions. Ye devour widows’ houses. — Matt. xxiii. 6. To destroy spiritually ; to ruin the soul. Your adversary, the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour. —1 Pet. v. 7. To slay. The sword shall devour the young lions. — Nah. il. 8. To enjoy with avidity. Longing they look, and gaping at the sight, Devour her o’er and o’er with vast delight. Dryden. DE-VOUR’ED, pp. Eaten; swallowed with greedi- ness; consumed ; destroyed ; wasted ; slain. DE-VOUR/ER, n. One who devours; he or that which eats, consumes, or destroys ; he that preys on. DE-VOUR/ING, ppr. or a Hating greedily; con- suming ; wasting; destroying ; annihilating. DE-VOUR/ING-LY, adv. Ina devouring manner. DE-VOUT"’, a. [It. devoto; Fr. devot; L. devotus. See Devore. ] 1. Yielding a solemn and reverential attention to God 1n religious exercises, particularly in prayer. We must be constant and devout in the worship of God. Rogers. 2. Pious; devoted to religion ; religious. Simeon was a just man and devout, — Luke ii. Devout men carried Stephen to his burial. — Acts viii. 3. Expressing devotion or piety; as, with eyes devout. Milton. 4. Expressing a lively interest; sincere ; solemn ; earnest 3 as, you have my devout wishes for your safety. DE-VOUT'’, n. A devotee. [JVot used.] DE-VOUT’LESS, a. Destitute of devotion. DE-VOUT'LESS-LY, adv. Without devotion. DE-VOUT’LESS-NESS, x. Want of devotion. Bp. of Chichester. DE-VOUT’LY, adv. With solemn attention and rev- erence to God ; with ardent devotion. He was devoutly engaged in prayer. 2. Piously ; religiously ; with pious thoughts; as, he viewed the cross devoutly. 3. Sincerely ; solemnly ; earnestly ; as, a consum- mation devoutly to be wished. DE-VOUT’NESS, zn. The quality or state of being devout. lanvule. DE-VOW’,v.t. To give up. ice in use.] B. Jonson. DEW, (di,) . [Sax. deaw; D. dauw; G. thau; Sw. dagg; Dan. dugg. See Class Dg, No. 24, 60, 62, 63. It is probably from the same primary root as thaw ; G. thau, dew, thauen, to thaw.] Moisture precipitated from the atmosphere on the surfaces of bodies. It is thus distinguished from fog, which is moisture precipitated within the atmos- Sheldon. Anon. phere. D. Olmsted. DEW, v. t. To wet with dew; to moisten. Dryden. DEW’-BENT, a. Bent by the dew. Thomson. DEW/-BER-RY, x. The fruit of a species of brier or bramble ; the low-vined blackberry, that creeps along the ground, of the genus Rubus. DEW-BE-SPAN//GLED, (di-be-spang/gld,) a. Spang- led with dew-drops. Gray. DEW-BE-SPRENT’, a. Sprinkled with dew. [ Obs.] Milton. DEW-BE-SPRINK’LED, (di-be-sprink/Id,) a. Sprink- led with dew. Shenstone. DEW’-DRENCH-ED, (dii/drensht,) a. Drenched with dew. DEW/-DROP, n. A drop of dew, which sparkles at sunrise ; a spangle of dew. Milton. DEW/-DROP-PING, a. Wetting as with dew. Thomsen. DEW/ED, (dade,) pp. Moistened with dew. DEW-IM-PEARL/ED, a. [See Pxart.] with dew-drops, like pearls. DEW'I-NESS, 7. State of being dewy. DEW/ING, ppr. Wetting or moistening with dew. DEW!’-LAP, ». [dew and lap, to lick.] The flesh that hangs from the throat of oxen, which laps or licks the dew in grazing. Addison. 2. In Shakspeare, a lip flaccid with age. DEW/-LAPT, a. Furnished with a dew-lap. DEW’LESS, a. Having no dew. DEW’-POINT, rn. The temperature or point of the thermometer, at which dew begins to form. It va- ries according to the humidity of the atmosphere. Brande. DEW/-WORM, (du/wurm,) 2. A worm, called other- wise earth-worm, a species of Lumbricus, which lives just under the surface of the ground. DEW’Y, (di/e,) a. Partaking of dew; like dew; as, dewy mist. 2. Moist with dew ; as, dewy fields. His dewy locks distilled Annbrosia. Milton. DEX’TER, a. |L. dexter; Gr. deXcos; Ir deas.] Right, as opposed to left ; a term used in heraldry, to denote the right side of a shield or coat of arins; as, bend-dexter ; dexter-point. Encyc. DEX-TER/I-TY, x. [L. dexteritas, from dexter, right, fit, prompt. ] 1. Readiness of limbs; adroitness; activity; ex- pertness ; skill; that readiness in performing an action, which proceeds from experience or practice, united with activity or quick motion. We say, a man handles an instrument, or eludes a thrust, with dexterity. 9. Readiness of mind or mental faculties, as in contrivance, or inventing means to accomplish a purpose ; promptness in devising expedients ; quick- ness and skill in managing or conducting a scheme of operations. We say, a negotiation is conducted with dexterity. Fibbon. DEX’TRAL, a. Right, as opposed to left. Brown. DEX-TRAL/LTY, x. The state of being on the right side. DEX/TRINE, nm. A substance of a gummy appear- ance, into which the interior molecules of starch are converted by diastase or acids; used in cookery. It is named from its turning the plane of polarization to the right hand. Ure. DEX-TROR/SAL, a. [dexter and vorsus, versus, from verto, to turn. ] Rising from right to left, as a spiral line or helix, enry. DEX!/TROUS, a. Ready and expert in the use of DEX/TER-OUS, the hody and limbs; skillful and active in manual employment; adroit; as, a dez- trous hand ; a dextrous workman. 2, Ready in the use of the mental faculties ; prompt in contrivance and management; expert; quick at inventing expedients ; as, a dextrous manager, Covere Drayton. 3. Skillful; artful; done with dexterity; as, dez- trous management. DEX’TROUS-LY, adv. VWith dexterity ; expertly ; DEX!’TER-OUS-LY, skillfully ; artfully ; adroitly ; promptly. si rs TL -NESS . : De ERROUS ESS, m. Dexterity ; adroitness. DEY, (da,) x. A Turkish title of dignity given to the governor of Algiers before the French conquest. DI, a prefix, [a contraction of dis,] denotes from, sepa- ration, or negation, OF two. DI/A, [Greek,] a prefix, denotes through. DY’ A-BASE, n. Another name of greenstone. DI-AB-A-TE/RI-AL, a. [Gr. dcaBatvo.] Border-passing. Mitford. DI-A-BE/TES, n. [Gr. diaByrns, from dtaBaiva, to pass through; dca and Gacy, to go or pass.] An excessive and morbid discharge of saccharine urine. DY-A-BET’TE, a. DI-AB/LE-RY, x. , Deviltry. DI-A-BOL/T€ . : DLABOLICAL, a. [L. diabolus, the devil.] Devilish ; pertaining to the devil; hence, extreme- ly malicious; impious; atrocious; nefarious; out- rageously wicked ; partaking of any quality ascribed to the devil; as, a diabolical temper; a diabolical scheme or action. DY-A-BOL/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a diabolical manner ; very wickedly ; nefariously. DI-A-BOL /I-F¥, v. t. To ascribe diabolical qualities Pertaining to diabetes. [Fr. diablerie.] to. DI-A-BOL/I€-AL-NESS, n. The qualities of the devil. DI-AB/O-LISM, x. The actions of the devil. 2. Possession by the devil. Warburton. DYI-A-CAUS/TIE€, a. [Gr. dtakacw, to burn or m- flame. Bee to curves formed by refraction. Bailey DiI-A€H!/Y-LUM DE AGHIY-LON? n. [Gr. dca and xvAos-] A plaster, originally composed of the juices of sev- eral plants, (whence its name,) but now made of an oxyd of lead and oil. Brande. D1I-A-€0/DI-UM, n. The sirup of poppies. DI-A€/O-NAL, a. ie diaconus. | Pertaining to a deacon. DI-AG’/O-NATE, n. The office of a deacon. DI-A-G€OUS!TIE, a. [Gr. dtaxovw, to hear; dca and axovw, to hear.] Pertaining to the science or doctrine of refracted sounds. Di-A-€OUS/TIES, nz. That branch of natural philos- ophy which treats of the properties of sound refract- ed by passing through different mediums ; called also diaphonics. Di-A-ERIT/IE-AL, ) a. DI-A-ERITTE, separate. ] That separates or distinguishes; distinctive; as, a diacritical point or mark. The short vowel is never signified by any diaeritical mark. DI-A-DELPH'1-A, x. [Gr. dts, dt, twice, and adeddos, a brother. ] In botany, a class of plants whose stamens are united into two bodies or bundles by their filaments. Linneus. DEADELPIVOUS, | a, Having stamens united in [Gr. dtaxptrixos; dtaxpiva, to separate ; dca and xpiva, to DI-A-DELPH/OUS, two bodies by their filaments. DYA-DEM, n. [Gr. d:adnua, from diadew, to gird ; dia and dew, to bind; L. diadema.] 1. Anciently, a head-band or fillet worn by Kings as a badge of royalty. It was made of silk, linen, or wool, and tied round the temples and forehead, the ends being tied behind and let fall on the neck. It was usually white and plain ; sometimes embroidered with gold, or set with pearls and precious stones. 2. In modern usage, the mark or badge of royalty, worn on the head; a crown; and, fguratively,em- pire ; supreme power. Gibbon. 3. A distinguished or principal ornament. A diadem of beauty. —Is, xxviii. DY/A-DEM-ED, a. Adorned with a diadem ; crowned; ornamented. Pope. DI/A-DROM, n. [Gr. dradponn, a running about ; dia- dpopew; dia and rpexa, to run.] A course or passing; a vibration; the time in which the vibration of a pendulum is performed. } Obs.] Locke. -AiR/E-SIS Pee SS. n. [Gr. dratpnots.] The dissolving of a diphthong; the mark *’, de- noting that the vowels are to be pronounced as dis- tinct letters. DLAG-NO/SIS, n. [Gr. dtayyvwots.] The distinctive or discriminating knowledge of any thing, but especially of a disease. DY-AG-NOS/TI€, a. [Gr. dtayvoartKos ; DcaylLYWK® ; dta and yitvwoxw, toknow.] | .. Distinguishing ; characteristic ; indicating the na- ture of a disease. DY-AG-NOS/TI€, 7. The sign or symptom by which Pope. Dertrous the craving, fawning crowd to quit. a disease is known or distinguished from others. .Di- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH: FH as in THIS. 42 329 oa ae ga~earene renee a LNs - en eS os tal oe we Noewe A ee rer ort Be ak aed A ed Oe Ne Oe RS oe DIA es eee agnostus are of two kinds ; the adjunct, or such as are common to several diseases, and the pathoyno- monic, Which always attend the disease, and distin- uish it from all others. Encic. DYI_AG/O-NAL, a. [Gr. draywrvcos ; dta and ywrtd,a corner. } : 1. In geometry, extending from one angle to an- other of a quadrilateral or multilateral figure, and di- viding it into two parts. 9, Being in an angular direction. Di-AG/O-NAL, n. A right line drawn from angle to angle ofa quadrilateral or multilateral figure, and di- viding it into two parts. It is sometimes called the diameter, and sometimes the diametral. Barlow DLAG/O-NAL-LY, adv. Ina diagonal direction. DI-AG/O-NOUS, a. In botany, having four corners. DI/A-GRAM, n. [Gr. dtaypappa; ora and ypapw.]) In geometry, a figure, draught, or scheme, delinea- ted for the purpose of demonstrating the properties of any figure, as a square, triangle, circle, &c. Anciently, a musical scale. DI/A-GRAPH, n. (Gr. dia and ypapw.] : A recently-invented instrument used in perspective. pY-A-GRAPH'I€, )a. [Gr. dia and ypaga, to de- DT GRAPHIE.AL, | scribe. | Descriptive. é DLA-GRYD/I-ATES, n. pl. Strong purgatives made with diagrydium; a preparation of scammony and quince juice. DIAL, x. [Ir. diail; probably from day, dies. | An instrument for measuring time by the shadow of the sun. It is a surface, on which lines are drawn in such a manner that the shadow of a wire, or of the upper edge of a plane, erected perpendicularly on that surface, may show the true time of the day. The wire, or edge of the plane, which shows the time, is called the style or gnomon; and this must be parallel to the axis of the earth. The line on which this style or gnomon is erected is called the substyle ; and the angle included between the substyle and style is called the elevation or hight of the style. DY/AL-PLATE, n. The plate of a dial, and also of a clock or watch, on which the lines are drawn to show the hour or time of the day. Gilbert. DI/A-LECT, 7. [Gr. deadexros; dia and Aeyw, to speak ; It. dialetto ; Fr. dialecte; Sp. dialecto. | ‘ 1. The form or idiom of a language peculiar to a province, or to a kingdom or state, consisting chiefly in differences of orthography or pronunciation. The Greek language is remarkable for four dialects ; the Attic, Ionic, Doric, and Eolic. A dialect is the branch of a parent language, with such local altera- tions as time, accident, and revolutions may have introduced among descendants of the same stock or family, living in separate or remote situations. But, in regard to a large portion of words, many lan- guages, which are considered as distinct, are really dialects of one common language. 2. Language ; speech, or manner of speaking or expression. South. DLA-LE€T'IE, ) a. Pertaining to a dialect or di- DI-A-LE€T/I€-AL,§ alects ; not radical. 9. Pertaining to logic ; logical; argumental. Boyle. DL-A-LE€T’I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner ofa dialect. Di-A-LEC€-TI//CIAN, n._ A logician ; a reasoner. Di-A-LEGT/I€S, n. That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning. Encyc. Di-A-LE€T’OR, n. One learned in dialectics, Di/AL-ING, x. The science which unfolds the prin- ciples of measuring time by dials; or the art of con- structing dials. D. Olmsted. DI/AL-IST, x. A constructer of dials; one skilled in dialing. DI-AL/LA-GE, n. [Gr. d:addayn, difference. ] A rhetorical figure by which arguments are placed in various points of view, and then turmed to one point. Smart. DI/AL-LAGE, mn [Gr. dta\Aayn, difference, alluding to the difference of luster between its natural joints. } A dark green or bronze-colored Jaminate mineral, considered a variety of hornblende or augite. Dana. DI-AL/O-GISM, n. A feigned speech between two or more. Fulke. Di-AL/O-GIST, n. [See Diatocue.] A speaker in a dialogue ; also, a writer of dialogues. Johnson. DI-AL-O-GIST/I€, a. Having the form of a dialogue. DI-AL-O-GIST/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of dialogue. Di-AL/O-GIZE, v. % in dialogue. Fotherby. Di/A-LOGUE, (di/a-log,) n. [Fr. dialogue; It. dialo- go; Sp. id.; from Gr. dtadoyos, from dtadeyopar, to dispute ; dca and Acyw, to speak. ] 1. A conversation or conference between two or more persons ; particularly, a formal conversation in theatrical performances ; also, an exercise in colleges and schools, in which two or more persons carry on a discourse. 2, A written conversation, or a composition in which two or more persons are represented as con- versing on some topic ; as, the Dialogues of Cicero de Oratore, and de Natura Deorum. Di/A-LOGUE, v.27. To discourse together ; to confer. [Mot used. ] Shak. [See Diaroaux.] To discourse DIA DY A-LOGUE-WRIT’ER, x. or feigned conversations. DI-AL/Y-SIS, 2. [ess dtadvais; dtadvw, to dissolve ; dca and Avw, to dissolve. ] 1. A mark in writing or printing, consisting of two points placed over one of two vowels, to dissolve a diphthong, or to show that the two vowels are to be separated in pronunciation ; as, aér, mosaic. 2. In medicine, debility ; also, a solution of conti- A writer of dialogues nuity. DI-A-MAG-NET‘I€, n. or a. across, and payyns, a magnet A term applied to a class of substances which, un- der the influence of magnetism, take a position, when freely suspended, at vight angles to the mag- netic meridian, that is, point east and west. DI-A-MAN’TINE, for Apamantine. [JVot in use.] DI-AM/E-TER, n. ([Gr. dtaperpos ; dca and perpor, measure through.] 1. A right line passing through the center of a cir- cle, or other curvilinear figure, terminated by the curve, and dividing the figure symmetrically into two equal parts. 2. A right line passing through the center of a piece of timber, a rock, or other object, from one side to the other; as, the diameter of a tree, or of a stone. DI-AM’/E-TRAL, a. Diametrical, which see. DI-AM/E-TRAL-LY, adv. Diametrically. DI-A-MET’RI€-AL, a. Describing a diameter. 2. Observing the direction of a diameter; direct ; as, diametrical opposition. DI-A-MET’RI€-AL-LY, adv Ina diametrical direc- tion; directly ; as, diametrically opposite Di/A-MOND, (di/a-mond or di/mond,) n. [Fr. dia- mant; It. and Sp. diamante; G. and D. diamant; L. adamas; Gr. adapas, adapavros, Whence adamant, from the Celtic; W. ehedvaen, moving stone; eled, to fly or move, and maen, stone; a name first given to the lode-stone. See ADAMANT. ] 1. A mineral, gem, or precious stone, of the most valuable kind, remarkable for its hardness, as it scratches all other minerals. When pure, the dia- mond is usually clear and transparent, but it is some- aa dta, through or times colored. Im its rough state, it is commonly in the form of 2 roundish pebble, or of octahedral crys- tals. It consists of pure carbon, and when heated to 14° Wedgwood, and exposed to a current of air, it is gradually, but completely, combustible. Diamonds are said to be of the first water, when very trans- parent; and of the second or third water, as the transparency decreases. Encyc. Kirwan. Cleaveland. 2. A very small printing letter, the smallest used in English printing. 3. A figure, otherwise called a rhombus. DI/A-MOND, a. Resembling a diamond; as, a dia- mond color; or consisting of diamonds; as, a dia- mond chain. Di/A-MOND-ED, ).a. DI/A-MOND-SHAP-ED, } gram, or rhombus, DI/A-MOND-HILT-ED, a. monds. Di/A-MOND-MINE, n. A mine in which diamonds are found. DI-AN/DRI-A, n. male. ] In botany, a class of plants having two stamens. DI-AN/DRI-AN, Hovinc carnitine DLAN’DROUS, a. Having two stamens. DI/A-PASM, xn. (Gr. dcataccw, to sprinkle.] A powder or perfume. [ Obs.] B Jonson. \? A _DIIGON DIA PASE, n. [Gr. dtu racwy, through all.] 1. In music, the octave or interval which includes all the tones. 9. Among musical instrument-makers, a rule or scale, by which they adjust the pipes of organs, the holes of flutes, &c., in due proportion for expressing the several tones and semitones. Busby. Diapason-diapente; a compound consonance in a triple ratio, as 3 to 9, consisting of 9 tones and a semitone, or 19 semitones; a twelfth. Encyc. Busby. Diapason-diatessaron ; a compound concord, found- ed on the proportion of 8 to 3, consisting of eight tones and a semitone. Diapason-ditone ; acompound concord, whose terms are as 10 to 4, or 5 to 2. Diapason-semiditone ; a compound concord, whose terms are in the proportion of 12 to 5. NCYCe DY-A-PEN’TE, n. (Gr. dia and revre, five.] 1. In music, an ancient term denoting a fifth; an interval making the second of the concords, and, with the diatessaron, an octave. Encic. _ 2. In medicine, a composition of five ingredients. Di/A-PER, n. (Fr. diapré, diapered ; said to be from Ypres, in the Netherlands. Anderson.] Figured linen cloth; a cloth wove in flowers or fig- ures, much used for towels or napkins. Hence, a towel or napkin. DI/A-PER, v. t. To variegate or diversify, as cloth, with figures ; to flower. Spenser. Howel. De ee v. t To draw flowers or figures, as upon cloth. Having the figure of an oblique-angled parallelo- Fuller. Having a hilt with dia- [Gr. dis, dt, twice, and ayyp, a If you diaper on folds, Peacham. DIA DY A-PER-ED, pp. Flowered. DY’ A-PHAN-ED, (di/a-fand,) a. used. | DI-A-PHA-NE/I-TY, 2. [Gr dtapaveta; diadatva, to shine through ; dca and gaia, to shine.] The power of transmitting light; transparency pellucidness. Ray. DY-A-PHAN’I€, a. [Gr. dtadayns. Having power to transmit light; transparent. Ralegh. DI-APH’A-NOUS, a. [See supra.] Having power to transmit rays of light, as glass; pellucid; transpa- rent; clear. DI-A-PHON‘IES, n. [Gr. dca and ¢wyy, sound.] The doctrine of refracted sound. rande. DY-A-PHO-RE’SIS, n. LGr. dtagopnats; dtagopew, to carry through; dca and dopew, to carry.] Augmented perspiration or sweat; or an elimina- tion of the humors of the body through the pores of the skin. Coxe. Encyc. DI-A-PHO-RET'’I€, a. [Supra.] Having the power to increase perspiration ; sudorific ; sweating. DI-A-PHO-RET'I€, n. A medicine which promotes perspiration ; a sudorific. Coxe. Encyce. Diaphoretics differ from sudorifics ; the former only increase the insensible perspiration, the latter excite the sensible discharge called sweat. Parr. DI/A-PHRAGM, (di/a-fram,) n. [Gr. dtagdpaypa; dra and @paccw, to break off, to defend.] 1. In anatomy, the midriff, a muscle separating the chest or thorax from the abdomen or lower belly. Coxe. Encyc. 2. A partition or dividing substance, commonly With an opening through it. Woodward. 3. In astronomy, a circular ring, used, in optical in- struments, to cut off marginal portions of a beam of Transparent. [Little light. D. Olmsted. DI-A-PHRAG-MAT’I€, a. Pertaining to the dia- phragm. DI-A-PO-RE'SIS, zn. [Gr. dtatopnots; dtatopew, to doubt. ] In rhetoric, doubt; hesitation. Bailey. DI-A/RJ-AN,a [See Diary.] Pertaining to a diary; daily. Di/A-RIST, n. One who keeps a diary. DI-AR-RHE/A, (di-ar-ré/a,) n. [Gr. dtappoia; drap- pew, to flow through; dra and few, to flow. ] A morbidly frequent evacuation of the intestines ; a lax. DI-AR-RHET’I€, a. Producing diarrhea or lax. DI-AR-THRO'SIS, n. [Gr.] The movable connection of bones. DI’A-RY, x. [L. diarium, from dies, a day. An account of daily events or transactions ; a jour- nal; a register of daily occurrences or observations ; as, a diary of the weather. A diary fever, is a fever of one day. DI-A-S€HIS/MA, (-skiz’/ma,) n. ([Gr. dtacxicpa, a piece cut off; dtacxiGw; dia and cxf w, to cut off. In music, the difference between the comma an enharmonic diesis, commonly called the lesser com- ma. Encyc. DI/AS-PORE, n. (Gr. dtaczeipw, to disperse. ] A rare mineral, occurring in lamellar masses, and in oblique prisms, with a brilliant cleavage, having a grayish, greenish, or brownish color, and character- ized by decrepitating with violence (as the name im- plies) before the blowpipe. It consists of alumina and water. Dana. DI-AS-TAL/TIE€, a. [Gr. dtasadrixos, dilating.] Dilated ; noble; bold; an epithet given by the Greeks to certain intervals in music, as the major third, major sixth, and major seventh. Busby. DI/AS-TASE, zn. [Gr. dia and tornpt.] A peculiar substance generated during the germi- nation of grain for the brewery, tending to accelerate the formation of sugar during the fermentation of worts Ure. DI/AS-TEM, x. [Gr. drasnpa.] In music, a simple interval. DY-AS/TO-LE, n. [Gr. dcasvdn, drasedA@ ; dca and oTe\Aw, to set, or send from.] 1. Among physicians, a dilatation of the heart, au- ricles, and arteries ; opposed to systole or contraction. Encyc. 2. In grammar, the extension of a syllable; or a figure by which a syllable naturally short is made DY/A-STYLE, z. hen dca and orvA0s.] [long. An edifice in which three diameters of the columns are allowed for intercolumniations. Harris. DI-A-TES/SA-RON, n. [Gr. dca and recoapa, four.) 1. Among musicians, a concord or harmonic inter- val, composed of a greater tone, a lesser tone, and one greater semitone. Its proportion is as 4 to 3, and it is called a perfect fourth. Harris. 2. In Biblical literature, a harmony of the four Gospels. Di-A-THER/MAL, a. heat. DI-A-THER/MA-NOUS, a. Bepupawvw, to heat. Possessing free permeability to heat. DI-ATH/E-SIS, n. [Gr.] Particular disposition or Possessing free permeability to [Gr. dea, through, and habit of body, good or bad. Core. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | 330 aDIC DLAT/OM-OUS, a. (Gr. dia, through, and 7épzya, to cleave.] In mineralogy, aterm applied to crystals with one distinct, diagonal cleavage. Mohs. Pee aan? a. (Gr. dcu, by or through, and rovos, sound. In music, a term applied to the natural scale, which, proceeding by degrees, includes both tones and seml- tones. Brande. DI-A-TON/I€-AL-LY, adv. Ina diatonic manner. DI/A-TRIBE, x. [Gr. diarptOn. A continued discourse or disputation. Bailey. DLAT’RIB-IST, rn. One who prolongs his discourse or discussion. Hammond. DI-A-ZEU/TIE, a. [Gr. dcafevyvvpt, to disjoin.] A diazeutic tone, in ancient Greek music, disjoined two fourths, one on each side of it, and which, being joined to either, made a fifth. This is, in our music, from F to G. Edin. Encyc. Brande. DIB/BLE, n. [Probably from the root of top, tip, a point, and denoting a little sharp point; or allied to dip, to thrust in.] A pointed instrument, used in gardening and ag- riculture, to make holes for planting seeds, &c. DIB/BLE, v. t. To plant with a dibble; or to make holes for planting seeds, &c. DIB/BLE, v. i. To dibble or dip; @ term in angling. DIB/BLER, 7. One who makes holes in the ground to receive seed. DIB/STGONE, x. A little stone which children throw at another stone. ocke. DI-€A/CIOUS, (de-ka/shus,) a. Talkative. Maunder. DI-€AC'LTY, (de-kas/e-te,)m (LL. aan Pertness. [Little used.} ITAVCS. DI/EAST, zn. Ge dikasns, from dccavw, to judge, from dtxn, justice. ] In ancient Greece, an officer answering nearly to our juryman. Mitford. DICE, n; pl. of Dir; also, a game with dice DICE, v. i. To play with dice. Shak. DICE/-BOX, x. A box from which dice are thrown in gaming. Addison. DICE/-MAK-ER, n. A maker of dice. DI-CEPH/A-LOUS, a. (Gr. dts, and xegadn, head.] Having two heads on one body. Lindley. DIC’ER, x. A player at dice. DICH; a corruption for do it; as, ‘‘much good dich thy heart.” Shak. DLEHAST’A-SIS, n. [See Dicuastic.] Spontane- ous subdivision. Dana. DI-CHAST/IC, a. [Gr. deyafw, to subdivide sponta- neously.] Capable of subdividing spontaneously. and. DI-GHLAM-YD/E-OUS, a. [Gr. dis, and xAapus, a garment. | In botany, having two coverings, a calyx and a corol. Lindley. DIL-€HOT!O-MIZE, (di-kot/o-mize,) v. t. [See the next word.] To cut into two parts; to divide into pars. DI-E€HOT/O-MOUS, a. [Gr. dexa, doubly, by pairs, and répvw, to cut.] In botany, regularly dividing by pairs, from top to bottom; as, a dichotomous stem. Martyn. DI-CHOT/O-MOUS-€OR/YMB-ED, (di-kot/o-mus- kor/imd,) a. Composed of corymbs, in which the pedicles divide and subdivide by pairs. Martyn. DI-CHOT’/O-MOUS-LY, adv. Ina dichotomous man- ner. DI-CHOT’O-MY, (di-kot/o-me,) x. [Gr. dixoropta, a division into two parts; diya and répya, to Cut. 1. Division or distribution of things by pairs. [Zit- tle used. | Watts. 9. In astronomy, that phase of the moon in which it appears bisected, or shows only half its disk, as at the quadratures. Encyc. DIEHRO-ISM, n. [Gr. dis, twice, and xpoa, color. } The property observed in some crystals of present- ing different colors when viewed in two different directions. Dana. DI/EHRO-ITE. See loxite. DI-CHRO-MATI€, a. [Gr. dis and xpwpa.] Having or producing two colors. Gilbert. DIC/ING, n. The practice of playing at dice. Rich. Dict. DIC/ING-HOUSE, zn. A house where dice is played ; a gaming-house. [Little wsed.] DICK/ENS ; a vulgar exclamation in old writers for the devil. Shak. DICK/ER, 2. [Probably from Gr. dexa, ten, W. deg, L. decem.] In old authors, the number or quantity of ten, par- ticularly ten hides or skins; but applied to other things, as a dicker of gloves, &c. [I believe not used in America, | DICK’Y,n. Aseat behinda carriage, for servants, &c. 2, A sham bosom of a sbirt. TOS. DI€/LI-NATE, a. [Gr. dis, twofold, and xAiwa, to incline. ] {In mineralogy, an epithet applied to crystals, in which two of the axes are obliquely inclined, as in sule. DI-€0-TYL-E/DON, n. [Gr. dts, twice, and xorvAjdwy, DID T'wo-grained ; consisting of two cohering grains or cells, with one seed in each; as, a dicoccous cap- Martyn. a cavity. | A plant whose seeds divide into two lobes in ger- minating. Martyn. DI-€0-TYL-i/DON-OUS, a. Having two lobes. A dicotyledonous plant is one whose seeds have two lobes, and consequently rise with two seminal leaves. DI€/RO-TOS, n. [Gr. drs and kporos.] [ Milne. A double or rebounding pulse. - DI€/TATEH, v. t. ([L. dicto, from dico, to speak; Sp. dictar; It. dettare: Fr. dicter; Ir. deachtaim. Class g. 1. To tell with authority; to deliver, as an order, command, or direction ; as, what God has dictated, it is our duty to believe. 2. To order or instruct what is to be said or wnit- ten; as, a general dictates orders to his troops. 3. To suggest; to admonish; to direct by impulse onthe mind. We say, the Spirit of God dictated the messages of the prophets to Israel ; conscience often dictates to men the rules by which they are to govern their conduct, DI€/TATE, x. An order delivered; a command. 2. A rule, maxim, or precept, delivered with au- thority. » I credit what the Grecian dictates say. 3. Suggestion ; rule or direction suggested to the mind ; as, the dictates of reason or conscience. DI€/TA-TED, pp. Delivered with authority ; ordered ; directed ; suggested. DI€/TA-TING ppr. Uttering or delivering with au- thority ; instructing what to say or write ; ordering ; suggesting to the mind. DI€-TA/TION, n. The act of dictating; the act or practice of prescribing. It affords security against the dictation of laws. Paley. DI€-TA/TOR, n. [L.] One who dictates; one who prescribes rules and maxims for the direction of others. 2. One invested with absolute authority. In an- cient Rome, a magistrate, created in times of exigence and distress, and invested with unlimited power. He remained in office six months. DI€-TA-TO/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a dictator; ab- solute; unlimited ; uncontrollable. 2. Imperious ; dogmatical ; overbearing; as, the officer assumed a dictatorial tone. DI€-TA-TO/RI-AL-LY, adv. In an imperious, dog- matical manner. DI€-TA’/TOR-SHIP, n. The office of a dictator; the term of a dictator’s office. 2. Authority ; imperiousness ; dogmatism. Dryden. DI€/TA-TO-RY,a. Overbearing ; dogmatical. JWuton. DI€-TA/TRIX, nr. [L.] A female who dictates or Prior. commands. DI€’/TA-TURE, 2. The office of a dictator; dicta- torship. 9. Absolute authority ; the power that dictates. Tooke. DI€’TION, (dik/shun,) n. [lL. dictio, from dico, to speak. Class De-| Expression of ideas by words; style; manner of expression. Dryden. DI€/TION-A-RY, x. [Fr. dictionnaire ; It. dizionario ; Sp. diccionario ; from L. dictio, a word, ora speaking. | A book containing the words of a language, ar- ranged in alphabetical order, with explanations of their meanings ; a lexicon. Johnson. DIC'TUM, n.; pl. Diora. [L.] An authoritative saying or assertion. DID, pret. of Do, contracted from doed. I did, thou didst, he did; we did, you or ye did, they did. Have ye not read what David did when he was hungry i— Matt. xii. The proper signification is, made, executed, per- formed ; but it is used, also, to express the state of health. And Mondecai walked every day before the court of the women’s house, to know how Esther did. —Esth. ii. Did is used as the sign of the past tense of verbs, particularly in interrogative and negative sentences ; as, did he command you to go? He did not command me. Itis also used to express emphasis; as, I did love him beyond measure. DI-DA€’TIE, a, [Gr. didaxrixos, from didackw, DI-DA€/TI€-AL, to teach. ] Adapted to teach; preceptive ; containing doc- trines, precepts, principles, or rules; intended to instruct ; as, 2 didactic poem or essay. DLDA€/TIE-AL-LY, adv. In a didactic manner; in a form to teach. DL-DA€/TYL, nz. An animal having two toes. DI-DA€’TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. dt, dis, and duxrvdos-] Having two toes. DI/DAP-PER, 2. the water, a species of grebe, Podceps minor. DI-DAS-€AL TE, a. DID/DER, v. 2. DID‘DLE, v. t. To cheat or overreach. DID'DLE, v. 2. DI-DE€-A-HE/DRAL, «a. DI-DEL/PHYE€, a. DI-DO-DE€-A-HE/DRAL, a. DI-DRA€H’MA, (di-drak’ma,) n. DIDST. DI-DU€E'TION, n. DI-DYM/I-UM, zx. [from dip.] A bird that dives into [Gr. dcdackadcxos, from didackw, DIE [Teut. diddern ; qu. titter, totter.] [Not used. | Sherwood. Halloway. To totter, as a child in walking. [dt and decahedral.| In crystallography, having the form of a decahedral prism, with pentahedral summits. Cleaveland. Relating to animals of the genus Didelphys, to which the opossum belongs. T'o shiver with cold. ——————————— DI-DEL/PHYS, n. [Gr. dis, twice, and deApus, uterus.] A genus of marsupial animals including the opossum. [di and dodecahedral.| In crystallography, having the form of a dodecahe- dral prism with hexahedral summits. _ Cleaveland. [Gr.] A piece of money, the fourth of an ounce of silver. The second person of the preterit of do. [L. diductio ; di and duco, to draw. ] Separation by withdrawing one part from the other. Boyle. A metal recently discovered by M. Mosander, in the ores of Cerium. Ure. Dr. Bridges. DID/Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. didvpos.] P. Cyc. In botany, growing in pairs or twins. DID-Y-NA/ML-A, n. [Gr. dt, dts, and duvapts, power.] In botany, the name of a class of plants of four sta- mens, disposed in two pairs, one being shorter than the other. DID-Y-NA/MI-AN, ) a. Containing four stamens, dis- DI-DYN/A-MOUS, § posed in pairs, one shorter than the other. DIE,v i. [Sw. dé; Dan. déer. This appears to bea contracted word, and the radical Jetter lost is not ob- vious. The word dye, to tinge, is contracted from Dg, and the Arabic root signifies not only to linge, but to perish ; which circumstance would lead one to infer that they are radically one word, and that the primary sense is, to plunge, fall, or sink. The Saxon deadian is evidently a derivative of the participle dead. See Dre.] 1. To be deprived of respiration, of the circulation of blood, and other bodily functions, and rendered incapable of resuscitation, as animals, either by nat- ural decay, by disease, or by violence ; to cease to live ; to expire; to decease; to perish; and, with respect to man, to depart from this world. All the first-born in the land of Egypt shall dite. — Ex. xi. The fish that is in the river shall die. — Ex. vil. This word is followed by of or by. Men die of dis- ease; of a fever; of sickness; of a fall; of grief. They die by the sword ; by famine ; by pestilence ; by violence ; by sickness; by disease. In some Cases, custom has established the use of the one, to the ex- clusion of the other; but, in many cases, either by or of may be used at the pleasure of the writer or speak- er. The use of for, he died for thirst, is not elegant nor common. 2. To be punished with death ; to lose life for a crime, or for the sake of another. I will relieve my master, if I die for it. Christ died for the ungodly. — Rom. v. Christ died for our sins. — 1 Cor. xy. 3. To come to an end; to cease to be lost ; to per- ish or come to nothing; as, let the secret die in your own breast. 4, To sink ; to faint. His heart died within him, and he became as.a stone, —1 Sam. xXV. 5. To languish with pleasure or tenderness ; fol- lowed by azoay. To sounds of heavenly harp she dies aray, 6. To languish with affection. The young men acknowledged that they died for Rebecca. Tatler. 7. To recede, as sound, and become less distinct ; to become less and less; or to vanish from the sight, or disappear gradually. Sound or color dies away. 8. To lose vegetable life; to wither; to perish ; as plants or seeds. Plants dte for want of water; some plants die annually. 9, To become vapid or spiritless, as liquors 5 mostly used in the participle ; as, the cider or beer is dead. 10. In theology, to perish everlastingly ; to suffer divine wrath and punishment in the future world. 11. To become indifferent to, or to cease to be un- der the power of; as, to die to sin. 12. To endure great danger and distress. I die daily. —1 Cor, xv. To die away; to decrease gradually ; to cease to blow ; as, the wind dies away. ‘ DIE, x.; pl. Dice. [Fr. dé; It. dado ; Sp. and Port. zd. ; Arm. digz; Ir. disle.] ; 1. A small cube, marked on its faces with numbers from one to six, used in gaming, by being thrown from a box. : He ventured his all on the cast of a die. 9, Any cubic body ; a flat tablet.) ~ Watts. 3. In architecture, the cubical part ot the pedestal, between its base and cornice Pope. ibe oblique rectangular prism. Dana. to teach. ] DI-CO€/COUS, a. [Gr. dis and koxkos, L. coccus, a Didactic ; preceptive; giving precepts. [Little 4, Hazard; chance. grain.] used.] Prior. Such is the die of war. Sen TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. EST ooo ae ae} — eo — poet ‘ a f ; i 4 3 ei i'n é kL 4 ae! re a eg 3 M | ' i } r le i. pa be nat edae Reet re ea A tae Sod ae eo pene ce ee GEE EIT LENNIE ae Ss mene NAOT ET ee a AT TOE OLN OOP E BCL OI Dh DIF DIF founderies, &c.- | DI-E/CIAN and DI-E/CIOUS. Dieciovs. DIJER. See Dyer. DLER/E-SIS, n. See Dizresis. DI/E-SIS, n. [Gr. dreccs, a division.] semitone. ie Encyc. Di'ES NON, [L. dies non juridicus.] A day on which courts are not held, as the Sabbath, &c. Wood’s Inst. DIET, n. [L. dicta; Gr. diat7a, manner of living, mode of life prescribed by a physician, food, a room, parlor, or bedroom ; Sp. dicta; Fr. diéte ; It. dieta. In the middle ages, this word was used to denote the one day. Spelman. Hence it seems to be from dies, day, or its root ; and hence the word may have come to signify a meal or supper, and the room occupied for eating.] Me 3 1. Food or victuals ; as, milk is a wholesome diet; flesh is a nourishing diet. 9, Food regulated by a physician, or by medical rules ; food prescribed for the prevention or cure of disease, and limited in kind or quantity. I restrained myself to a regular diet of flesh once a day. 3. Allowance of provision. For his diet there was a continual diet given him by the king. — er, lii. 4, Board, or boarding ; as, to pay a certain sum for diet, washing, and lodging. ‘ DIET, n. [D. ryksdag; G. reichstag; Sw. riksdag ; Dan. rigsdag; empire’s day, imperial diet. These words prove that diet is from dies, day. So in Scots law, diet of appearance. ] f An assembly of the states or circles of the empire of Germany and of Poland ; a convention of princes, electors, ecclesiastical dignitaries, and representatives of free cities, to deliberate on the affairs of the em- pire. There are also diets of states and cantons. Encyc. DIET, v. t. To feed; to board; to furnish provisions for ; as, the master diets his apprentice. 2, To take food by rules prescribed; as, an invalid should carefully diet himself. 3. To feed; to furnish aliment; as, to diet re- venge. Shalt. ‘ DIET, v.i. To eat according to rules prescribed. 2. To eat sparingly. hak. 3. To eat; to feed; as, the students diet in com- mons. DIVET-A-RY, 2. Rule of diet ; allowance of food, es- pecially for the poor in alms-houses and prisons. Brande. DYET-A-RY, a. Pertaining to diet or the rules of diet. Di/ET-DRINK, n. Medicated liquors; drink prepared with medicinal ingredients. DUET-ED, pp. Fed; boarded ; fed by prescribed rules. DIU/ET-ER, x. One who diets; one who prescribes rules for eating ; one who prepares food by rules. DI-E-TET'IE, DILE-TET/I€-AL, a. [Gr. dtatrnrikny.] Pertaining to diet, or to the rules for regulating the kind and quantity of food to be eaten. DL-E-TET/I€S, n. That part of medicine which re lates to diet or food. DIVVET-INE, n. A subordinate or local diet ; a cantonal convention. DI/ET-ING, ppr. Taking food; prescribing rules for eating ; taking food according to prescribed rules. DIEU ET MON DROIT, (de-a'a-mon-drwi,) [Fr.] God and my right. DIF-FAR-RE-A’TION, n. [lL dis and farreatio.] The parting of a cake ; a ceremony among the Ro- mans, at the divorce of man and wife. Encyc. DIF/FER, v1. [L. differo, dis and fero, to bear or move apart ; It. differire; Fr. differer. See Brar. 1. Interally, to be separate. Hence, to be unlike, dissimilar, distinct, or various, in nature, condition, form, or qualities.; followed by from. Men differ from brutes ; a statue differs from a picture ; wisdom differs from folly. One star differeth from another star in glory. —1 Cor. xv. 2. To disagree ; not to accord; to be of a contrary opinion. We are all free to differ in opinion, and sometimes our sentiments differ less than we at first suppose. 3. To contend ; to be at variance ; to strive or de- bate in words; to dispute; to quarrel. We'll never differ with a crowded pit. Rowe. DIF/FER, v.t. To cause to be different or various. A different dialect and pronunciation differs persons of divers countries. Derham. [ This transitive use of the verb is not common, nor to be commended. DIF’/FER-ED, pp. Made different; disagreed. DIF/FER-ENCEH, 7. The state of being unlike or dis- tinct; distinction ; disagreement; want of sameness ; variation ; dissimilarity. Difference may be total or partial, and exist in the nature and essence of things, in the form, the qualities, or degrees. There is a di- DIE, x.; pl. Dies. A stamp used in coining money, in See Dic@cian and In music, the division of a tone, less than a semi- tone ; or an interval consisting of a less or imperfect provision or food for one day, and for a journey of ference in nature between animals and plants ; a dif- ference in form between the genera and species of animals ; a difference of quality in paper; and a dif- ference in degrees of heat, or of light. 2. The quality which distinguishes one thing from another. 3. Dispute ; debate; contention; quarrel; contro- versy. What was the difference? It wos acontentionin public. Shak. - The point in dispute ; ground of controversy. 4 5. A logical distinction. Shak 6. Evidences or marks of distinction. The marks and differences of sovereignty. Davies. 7. Distinction. There is no difference between the Jew and the Greek. — Om, X. 8. In mathematics, the remainder of a sum or quan- tity, after a lesser sum or-quantity is subtracted. 9. In logic, an essential attribute, belonging to some species, and not found in the genus ; being the idea that defines the species. Encyc. 10. In heraldry, a certain figure added to a coat of arms, serving to distinguish one family from another, or to show how distant a younger branch is from the elder or principal branch. DIF/FER-ENCE, v.t. To cause a difference or dis- tinction. A regular administration of justice accord- ing to fixed laws, differences a civilized from a sayage # state. DIF/FER-ENC-ED, (dif'fer-enst,) pp. Caused to dif- fer ; separated. DIF’ FER-ENC-ING, ppr. ing different. DIF’/FER-ENT, a. Distinct ; separate ; not the same ; as, we belong to different churches or nations. 2. Various or contrary ; of various or contrary na- tures, forms, or qualities; unlike; dissimilar; as, different kinds of food or drink ; different states of health; different shapes; different degrees of excel- lence. DIF-FER-EN’TIAL, (dif-fer-en’shal,) a. 1. In commerce, creating a difference ; as, differential duties. Encland. 2. In mathematics, an epithet used in fluxions, or the doctrine of infinitesimals; as, the differentiul cal- culus, (see CarcuLus,) a differential quantity, (see the noun DiFFERENTIAL.) DIF-FER-EN’/TIAL, x. In the differential and integral calculus, if two or more quantities are dependent on each other, and subject to variations of value, their differentials are any other quantities whose ratios to each other are the limits to which the ratios of the variations approximate, as these variations are re- duced nearer and nearer to zero. A. D. Stanley. DIF-FER-EN’TIAL THER-MOM/E-TER, x. A ther- mometer for measuring very small differences of Causing a difference ; mak- temperature. Brande. DIF’FER-ENT-LY, adv. In a different manner; va- riously. Men are differently affected with the same eloquence. DIF’/FER-ING, ppr. Being unlike or distinct; disa- sreeing ; contending. DIF’/FER-ING-LY, adv. In a different manner. DIF’ FI-CILE, (dif’fe-sil,) a. [L. difficilis.] Difficult ; hard ; scrupulous. [JVot used.] Bacon. IF’/FI-CILE-NESS, n. Difficulty to be persuaded. [Not used.] Bacon. DIF’FI-CULT, a. [L. diffcilis; dis and facilis, easy to be made or done, from facio, to make or do; Sp. dificultoso ; It. difficoltoso. | 1. Hard to be made, done, or performed ; not easy ; attended with labor and pains ; as, our task is dificult. It is dificult to persuade men to abandon vice. It is dificult to ascend a steep hill, or travel a bad road 2. Hard to be pleased ; not easily wrought upon; not readily yielding ; not compliant ; unaccommo- dating ; rigid; austere ; not easily managed or per- suaded ; as, a difficult man; a person of a difficult temper. 3. Hard to be ascended, asa hill; traveled, as a road ; or crossed, asa river, &c. We say, a difficult ascent ; a dificult road ; a difficult river to cross, &c. DIF’FI-CULT-LY, ad. With difficulty. DIF’/FI-CUL-TY, n. [Fr. difficulté; It. dificoltd ; Sp. dificultad ; L. difficultas.] 1. Hardness to be done or accomplished ; the state of any thing which renders its performance Jabori- ous or perplexing ; opposed to easiness or facility ; as, the difficulty of a task or enterprise ; a work of labor and difficulty. That which is hard to be performed or sur- mounted. We often mistake difficulties for impossi- bilities. To overcome difficulties, is an evidence of a great mind. 3. Perplexity ; embarrassment of affairs ; trouble ; whatever renders progress or execution of designs laborious. We lie under many difficulties, by reason of bad markets, or a low state of trade. 4. Objection ; obstacle to belief ; that which can not be easily understood, explained, or believed. Men often raise difficulties concerning miracles and myste- _5 In @ popular sense, bodily complaints ; indispo- sition. DIE/EIDE, v.i. [L. difido; dis and fido, to trust. ] To distrust ; to have no confidence in. [Rare] DIF/FI-DENCE, n. [It. diffidanza; Sp. difidencia; from L. diffidens, diffido ; dis and fido, to trust. See FaitH.] 1. Distrust ; want of confidence ; any doubt of the power, ability, or disposition of others. It is said there was a general difidence of the strength and re- sources of the nation, and of the sincerity of the ing. 2. More generally, distrust of one’s se]f; want of confidence in our own power, competency, correct- ness, or wisdom ; a doubt respecting some personal qualification We speak or write with difidence, when we doubt our ability to speak or write cor- rectly, or to the satisfaction of others. The effect of diffidence is some degree of reserve, modesty, timid- ity, or bashfulness. Hence, 3. Modest reserve ; a moderate degree of timidity or bashfulness ; as, he addressed the audience or the prince with diffidence. DIF/FI-DENT, a. Distrustful; wanting confidence ; doubting another’s power, disposition, sincerity, or intention. Be not diffident of wisdom. Milton. 2. Distrustful of one’s self; not confident ; doubt- ful of one’s own power or competency Distress makes the humble heart diffident. Clarissa. 3. Reserved; modest ; timid; as, a difident youth. DIF’FI-DENT-LY, adv. With distrust ; in a distrust- ing manner ; modestly. DIF-FIND! v. t. [L. diffindo.] To split. DIF-FIN/I-TIVE, a. Determinate ; difinitive. DIF-FLA/TION, n. The act of scattering by a gust of wind. DIF/FLU-ENCE, ) : DIF/FLU-EN-CY, {7% [1u- diffitco.] A flowing or falling-away on all sides. DIF/FLU-ENT, a. fixed. DIF/FORM, a. [L. dis and forma. But it appears to have been adopted from the French or Italian dif forme, which we write deform. ] 1. Irregular in form; not uniform; anomalous ; as, a difform flower or corol, the parts of which do not correspond in size or proportion ; so, difform leaves. 2. Unlike ; dissimilar. { Martyn. Brown. Flowing away on all sides; not The unequal refractions of difform rays. Newton. DIF-FORM/L-TY, x. Irregularity of form; want of uniformity. Town. DIF-FRA€T’, v. t. [lL diffractum, diffringo.] To break or separate into parts, as light. DIF-FRA€T’ED, pp. Broken or separated into parts DIF-FRA€/TION, n. [from L. diffringo, diffractum, to break in pieces. ] In optics, a change which light undergoes, when, by passing very near the borders of an opaque body, it forms parallel bands or fringes. D. Olmsted. DIF-FRAN/CHISE, See D i DIF-FRAN/CHISE-MENT, CR EEN CRISEs which is the word in use, DIF-FUSE’, (dif-fuze’,) v. t [L. diffusus; diffundo; dis and fundo, to pour, to spread. If m is casual, as it probably is, the root belongs to Class Bd or Bs. | 1. To pour out and spread, as a fluid ; to cause to flow and spread. The river rose and diffused its waters over the adjacent plain. 2. To spread ; to send out or extend in all direc- tions. Flowers diffuse their odors. The fame of Washington is diffused over Europe. ‘The knowl- edge of the true God will be diffused over the earth. DIF-FUSE/, a. Widely spread ; dispersed. 2. Copious; projix; using many words; giving full descriptions ; as, Livy is a diffuse writer. 3. Copious ; verbose ; containing full or particular accounts ; not concise ; as, a diffuse style. DIF-FUS/ED, (dif-fuzd’,) pp. Spread ; dispersed. 2. Loose ; flowing; wild. Shak. DIF-FUS/ED-LY, (dif-faz/ed-ly,) adv. Ina diffused manner ; with wide dispersion. ? DIF-FUS’ED-NESS, (dif-faz’ed-ness,) n. The state of being widely spread. Sherwood. DIF-FUSE/LY, adv. Widely ; extensively. 2. Copiously ; with many words; fully. DIF-FUS/ER, n. One who diffuses. DIF-FU-SLBIL’LTY, (dif-fa-zebil/i-tty,) x. The qual- ity of being diffusible, or capable of being spread ; as, the diffusibility of clay in water. Kirwan, DIF-FU/SI-BLE, (dif fu’ze-ble,) a. That may flow or be spread in all directions ; that may be dispersed ; as, diffusible stimuli. Brown. DIF-FU/SI-BLE-NESS, n. Diffusibility. DIF-FUS/ING, ppr. Spreading ; extending. DIF-F'O’/SION, (dif-fa/zhun,) n. A spreading or flow- ing of a liquid substance or fluid, in a lateral as well as a lineal direction; as, the diffusion of water ; the diffusion of air or light. 2. A spreading or scattering; dispersion; as, a diffusion of dust or of seeds. 3. A spreading ; extension; propagation; as, the ries in religion, which candid research will remove. diffusion of Knowledge, or of good principles. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | 382DIG DIG 4, Copiousness, exuberance, as of style. [Little used. | DIF-FU/SIVE, a. Having the quality of diffusing, or spreading by flowing, as liquid substances or fluids ; or of dispersing, as-minute particles. Water, air, and light, dust, smoke, and odors, are diffusive sub- stances. 2. Extended ; spread widely ; extending in all di- Recline; extensive ; as, diffusive charity or benevo- ence. DIF-FU/SIVE-LY, adv Widely; extensively ; every Way. DIF-FU/SIVE-NESS, x. The power of diffusing, or state of being diffused ; dispersion. 2. Extension, or extensiveness ; as, the diffusive- ness of benevolence. 3. The quality or state of being diffuse, as, an au- thor or his style ; verboseness ; copiousness of words or expression. Addison. DIG, v. t. pret. Diccep or Dua; pp. Diccep or Duc, (Sw. dika ; Dan. diger, to dig, to ditch ; Sw. dike, a ditch, Dan. dige; D. dyk, a dyke; G. deich, Sax. dic, id.; Sax. dician, to ditch; Eth. LDP dachi. Class Dg, No. 14. The Irish tochlaim, tachlaim, to dig, may be from the same root.] 1. To open and break, or turn up the earth, with a spade or other sharp instrument. Be first to dig the ground, Dryden. 2. To excavate; to form an opening in the earth by digging and removing the loose earth ; as, to diga well, a pit, or a mine. 3. To pierce or open with a snout or by other means, as swine or moles. 4. To pierce with a pointed instrument ; to thrust in. Still for the growing liver digged his breast. Dryden. To dig down, is to undermine and cause to fall by digging ; as, to dig down a wall. To dig out, or to dig from, is to obtain by digging ; as, to dig coals from a mine; to dig out fossils. But the preposition is often omitted, and it is said, the men are digging coals, or digging iron ore. Insuch phrases, some word is understood: They are digging out ore, or digging for coals, or digging ore from the earth. To dig up, is to obtain something from the earth by opening it, or uncovering the thing with a spade or other instrument, or to force out from the earth by a bar; as, to dig up a stone. DIG, v.i. ‘To work with a spade or other piercing in- strument; to do servile work. I can not dig ; I am ashamed to beg. — Luke xvi. 2 To work in search of; to search. They dig for it more than for hid treasures. — Job iii. To dig in, is topierce with a spade or other pointed instrument. Son of man, dig now in the wall. — Ezek. viii. To dig through ; to open a passage through; to make an opening from one side to the other. DI-GAM/MA, n. [Gr. dts and yaypa, double gamma.] The name of a letter in the early language of Greece, which gradually fell into disuse, except among the Eolics. It has very nearly the sound of the English f, and was called digamma from its resemblance to two gammas, one placed above the other. DIG'A-MY, . Second marriage. [JVot in use.] Herbert. DI-GAS/TRIE€, a. [Gr. des and yasnp, belly.] Having a double belly; an epithet given to a mus- cle of the lower jaw. Bailey. DIG/ER-ENT, a. (LL. digerens.] - Digesting. [JVot in use. ] DIGEST, n. [L. digestus, put in order.] 1. A collection or body of Roman laws, digested or arranged under proper titles by order of the emperor Justinian. . t. 9. Not clean; not pure; turbid; as, dirty water. 3. Cloudy ; dark ; dusky ; as, a dirty white. 4. Mean; base; low; despicable ; groveling ; as, a dirty fellow ; a dirty employment. DIRT/Y, (durt'y,) v. t. To foul; to make filthy ; to soil ; as, to dirty the clothes or hands. 2. To tarnish; to sully ; to scandalize ; applied to reputation. DIRT/Y-ING, ppr. Making filthy ; soiling. DLRUP/TION, n. [L. diruptio; dirumpo, to burst. ] A bursting orrending asunder. [See Disru PTION.] DIS; a prefix or inseparable preposition, fromthe Latin, whence Fr. des, Sp. dis, and de, may in some in- stances be the same word contracted. Dis denotes separation, a parting from ; hence it has the force of a privative and negative, as in disarm, disoblige, dis- asree. In some cases, it still signifies separation, as in distribute, disconnect. DIS-A-BIL/I-TY, n. [from disable.] Want of compe- tent natural or bodily power, strength, or ability ; weakness ; impotence ; as, disability arising from in- firmity or broken limbs. 2. Want of competent intellectual power, or strength of mind; incapacity; as, the disability of a deranged person to reason or to make contracts. 3. Want of competent means or instruments. [In this sense, [NaBivrty Is generally used. ] 4. Want of legal qualifications ; incapacity ; as, a disability to inherit an estate, when the ancestor has been attainted. [Jn this sense, it has a plural.) Blackstone. Disability differs from inability, in denoting depriva- tion of ability; whereas inadility denotes destitution of ability, either by deprivation or otherwise. DIS-A/BLE, v. t. [dis and abdle.} To render unable ; to deprive of competent natural strength or power. A man is disabled to walk, by a broken or paralytic leg, by sickness, &c. 9. To deprive of mental power, as by destroying or weakening the understanding. 3. To deprive of adequate means, instruments, or resources. A nation may be disabled to Carry on war by want of money. The loss of a ship may disable a man to prosecute commerce, or to pay his debts. 4. To destroy the strength ; or to weaken and impair so as to render incapable of action, service, or resistance. A fleet is disabled by a storm, or by a battle. A ship is disabled by the loss of her masts or spars. 5, To destroy or impair and weaken the means which render any thing active, efficacious, or useful ; to destroy or diminish any competent means, 6. ‘To deprive of legal qualifications, or competent power ; to incapacitate ; to render incapable. An attainder of the ancestor corrupts the blood, and disables his children to inherit. Eng. 10, DIS-A/BLED, pp. ora. Deprived of competent power, corporeal or intellectual ; rendered incapable; de- rived of means. DIS-4/BLE-MENT, n. Weakness; disability ; legal impediment. Bacon, DIS-A/BLING, ppv. Rendering unable or incapable ; depriving of adequate power or capacity, or of legal qualifications. DIS-A/BLING, a. That disables or disqualifies ; de- priving of moral power or right; as, a disabling statute. DIS-A-BUSBE’, (dis-a-buze’,) v. t. DIS-A-BUS'/ED, (dis-a-buzd’,) pp. Undeceived. DIS-A-BUS/ING, (dis-a-buz/ing,) ppr. DIS-A€-€OM’MO-DATE, v. t. DIS-A6-GOM/MO-DA-TED, pp. Put to DIS-A€-COMMO-DA-TING, ppr. venience. DIS-A€-E€OM-MO-DA/TION, n. [dis and accommoda- tion. | A state of being unaccommodated ; a state of being unprepared, Hale. DIS-AG-CORD!, v. i. DIS-AG-CUS/TOM, *. t. DIS-A€-E€US’TOM-ED, pp. DIS-A€-E€US'/TOM-ING, ppr- {Pr. desabuser. See ABUSE. ] To free from mistake ; to undecelve ; to dis- engage from fallacy or deception ; toset ght. Itis our duty to disabuse ourselves of false notions and prejudices. Jf men are now sufficiently enlightened to disabuse themselves of artifice, hypocrisy, and superstition, they will consider this event as an era In their history. . Adams, ————— Undeceiving. [dis and accommodate. To put to inconvenience. 5 inconve- nience. Putting to incon- ———— a To refuse Spenser. {dis and accustom.] To neglect familiar or customary practice 5 to destroy the force of habit by disuse. (dis and accord. | _——— — assent. (Wot used. | Disused ; having neg- lected practice or familiar use. Tooke. Disusing ; neglecting familiar or customary practice. [dis and acknowledge. | South. Denied ; disowned. To deny; to disown, See Acquaint.] To dis- solve acquaintance. [Little used.] DIS-A€-QUAINT/ANCE, n. Neglect or disuse of fa- miliarity, or familiar knowledge of. South. DIS-A-DORN’, v. t. Todeprive of ornaments. Congreve. DIS-A-DORN/ED, pp. Deprived of ornaments. DIS-A-DORN'ING, ppr. Depriving of ornaments. DIS-AD-VANCE’, v. t.ori. ‘To check; to hale. [Not in use. | Spenser. DIS-AD-VAN'TAGE,n. [Fr. desavantage.] 1. That which prevents success, or renders :t dif- | ficult; a state not favorable to successful oper ition. | The army commenced an attack on the enemy, not- withstanding the disadvantage of its position. 9. Any unfavorable state; a state in which some | loss or injury may be sustained. Hence, | 3. Loss; injury ; prejudice to interest, fame, credit, | profit, or other good; as, to sell goods to disadvan- tae. DIS-AD-VAN’TAGE, v. t. To injure an interest; to prejudice. DIS-AD-VAN/TAGE-A-BLE, a. [Mot in use. ] Bacon. DIS-AD-VAN/TA-GED, pp. Injured in interest. DIS-AD-VAN-T'Aa/GEOUS, a. Unfavorable to suc- cess or -prosperity ; Inconvenient; not adapted to promote interest, reputation, or other good ; as, the sit- uation of an army is disadvantageous for attack or de- fense. Not advantageous. We are apt to view characters In the most disadvantageous lights. DIS-AD-VAN-TA/GEOUS-LY, adv. In a manner not favorable to success, or to interest, profit, or reputa- tion ; with loss or inconvenience. DIS-AD-VAN-TA’/GEOUS-NESS, n. Unfavorableness to success; inconvenience ; loss. DIS-AD-VEN’TURE, n. Misfortune. [JVot used.] Ralegh. DIS-AD-VEN’/TUR-OUS, a. Unprosperous. [Vot used. | penser. DIS-AF-FE€T’, v. t. [dis and affect.] To alienate af- fection; to make less friendly to; to make less faith- ful toa person, ,arty, or cause, or less zealous to supportit; to make discontented or unfriendly ; as, an attempt was made to disajfect the army. 2. To disdain, or dislike. 3. To throw into disorder, DIS-AF-FE€T’ED, pp. or a. Rall. Hammond. Having the affections ly ; followed by with or to; as, these men are disaf- fected with the government, or disaffected to the king, or to the administration. DIS-AF-FEC€T’/ED-LY, adv. In a disaffected man ner. DIS-AF-FE€T/ED-NESS, x. The quality of being disaffected. DIS-AF-FEET/ING, ppr. making less friendly. DIS-AF-FE€/TION, xn. Alienation of affection, at- tachment, or good will ; want of affection; or, more generally, positive enmity, dislike, or unfriendliness ; disloyalty. It generally signifies more than indiffer- ence ; as, the disaffection of people to their prince or government ; the disaffection of allies; disajechion to religion. : 9, Disorder; bad constitution ; wm @ physical sense. [ Little used. | j Wiseman. DIS-AF-FE€’TION-ATE, «@ Not well disposed ; net friendly. Blount. Alienating the affections ; TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH ass H; FH as in THIS. alienated ; indisposed to favor or support; unfriend- , 43 337 srt ett RMIT A TOO Oe SET eee “| eo at ee lta aig AN a =e _ Pores. a —— re ee BS ic alpnieliencieginiie DIS DIS-AF-FIRM/, (dis-af-urm’,) v. t. [dis and afirm.] To deny ; to contradict. avies. 9. 'I’o overthrow or annul, as a judicial decision, by a contrary judgment of asuperior tribunal. _ DIS-AF-FIRM/ANCE, x. Denial; negation; dis- proof; confutation. _ Hale. 9. Overthrow or annulment, by the decision of a superior tribunal ; as, disaffirmance of judgment. DIS-AF-FIRM’ED, pp. Denied; contradicted; over- thrown. s tee DIS-AF-FIRM/ING, ppr. Denying; contradicting ; annulling. DIS-AF-FOR/EST, v. t. [disand afforest.] Toreduce from the privileges of a forest to the state of common ground ; to strip of forest laws and their oppressive privileges. By charter 9 Hen. III. many forests were sine ore DIS-AF-FOR/EST-ED, pp. Stripped of forest privi- leges. ee DIS-AE-FOR/EST-ING, ppr. Depriving of forest privileges. DIS-AG/GRE-GATE, v.t. [dis and aggregate.| To separate an aggregate mass into its component parts. DIS-AG’/GRE-GA-TED, pp. Separated, as an aggre- ate mass. DIS-AG/GRE-GA-TING, ppr. of an aggregate body. : DIS-AG-GRE-GA’/TION, nm. The act or operation of separating an aggregate body into its component parts. DIS-A-GREB’, v. 7. [dis and agree.] To differ; to be not accordant or coincident; to be not the same ; to be not exactly similar. Two ideas disagree, when they are not the same, or when they are not exactly alike. The histories of the same fact often disagree. 2. To differ, as in opinion; as, the best judges sometimes disagree. Who shall decide when doctors disagree ? 3. To be unsuitable. Medicine sometimes disa- frees with the patient; food often disagrees with the stomach or the taste. 4, To differ; to be in opposition. Ven often reject the plainest sense of Scripture, because it dis- a@greés with their reason or preconceived opinions. Anon, jtis usually followed by with. But we say, I disa- g7ee toyourproposal. The use of from after disagree is not common. DIS-A-GREE/A-BLE, a. Contrary; unsuitable; not conformable ; not congruous. [ Little used. | This conduct was disagreeable to her natural sincerity. Broome. 2. Unpleasing; offensive to the mind, or to the senses; but expressing less than disgusting and odious. Behavior may be disagreeable to our minds; food mnay be disagreeable to the taste; many things are disagreeable to the sight; sounds may be disagree- able to the ear, and odors to the smell. Whatever is disagreeable gives some pain or uneasiness, DIS-A-GREE!A-BLE-NESS, n. Unsuitableness ; con- trariety. Separating, as the parts Pope. DIS DIS-AL-LOW/ING, pyr. Not permitting ; not admit- ting; disapproving ; rejecting. ; DIS-AL-LY’, v. t. [dis and ally.] To form an im- proper alliance. Milton. DIS-AL-LY/ING, ppr. Forming a disadvantageous alliance. DIS-AN€H/OR, ». t. [dis and anchor.] To force from jts anchors, as a ship. DIS-AN€H'OR-ED, pp. Forced from its anchors. DIS-AN€H’/OR-ING, ppr. Forcing a ship from its anchors. DIS-AN-GEL/I€-AL, a. Not angelical. [JVot used.] Coventry. DIS-AN/I-MATE, v. t, [dis and animate.) ‘To deprive of life. [Jot used.] 2. To deprive of spirit or courage ; to discourage ; to dishearten ; to deject. oyle. DIS-AN‘I-MA-TED, pp. Discouraged ; dispirited. DIS-AN/I-MA-TING, ppr. Discouraging; disheart- ening. DIS-AN-I-MA’TION, x. depression of spirits. 2. Privation of life. [Vot used.] Brown. DIS-AN-NEX’, v.t. To disunite ; to separate that which has been annexed. DIS-AN-NUL!. Animproper word. [See ANNUL.] DIS-AN-NUL/MENT. See ANNULMENT. DIS-A-NOINT"’, v. t. To render consecration invalid. Milton. DIS-AP-PAR/EL, v. t. To disrobe; to strip of raiment, Junius. DIS-AP-PAR’EL-ED, pp. Disrobed; stripped of gar- ments. DIS-AP-PAR/EL-ING, ppr. Disrobing. DIS-AP-PEAR’, v. t% [dis and appcear.] To vanish from the sight ; to recede from the view; to become invisible by vanishing or departing, or by being en- veloped in any thing that conceals, or by the interpo- sition of an object. Darkness disappears at the ac- cess of light, and light disappears at the approach of darkness. A ship disappears by departure to a dis- tance ; the sun disappears in a fog, or behind a cloud, or in setting. 2. To cease ; as, the epidemic has disappeared. 3. To withdraw from observation; the debtor dis- appears When he absconds. DIS-AP-PEAR/ANCE, n. a removal from sight. DIS-AP-PEAR/ED, pp. Removed from sight; van- ished ; become invisible. DIS-AP-PEAR/ING, ppr. Vanishing; receding from the sight; becoming invisible. DIS-AP-PEAR/ING, mn. A vanishing or removal from sight. DIS-AP-POINT’, ». t. unfix or unsettle. 1. To defeat of expectation, wish, hope, desire, or intention ; to frustrate ; to balk; to hinder from the possession or enjoyment of that which was intend- ed, desired, hoped, or expected. We say, a man is The act of discouraging ; Cessation of appearance ; {dis and appoint; properly, to 2. Unpleasantness ; offensiveness to the mind, or to the senses; as, the disugrzeableness of another’s manners ; the disagreeablencss of a taste, sound, or smell. DIS-A-GREE/A-BLY, adv. antly ; offensively. DIS-A-GREED’, pret. and pp. of Disacrer. DIS-A-GREE/ING, ppr. iffering ; not according coinciding, DIS-A-GREE/MENT, x. Difference, either in form or essence; dissimilitude ; diversity; as, the disagree- ment of two ideas, of two pictures, of two stories or narrations, 2. Difference of opinion or sentiments. 3. Unsuitableness. DIS-AL-LI/ ED, (-al-lide’,) pp. Improperly allied. 2. a. Separated from alliance. DIS-AL-LIEGH’, v.t. ‘To alienate from allegiance. Not in use. | Milton. DIS-AL-LOW’, v. t. [dis and allow.] To refuse per- mission, or not to permit ; not to grant; not tomake or suppose lawful; not to authorize; to disprove. God disallows that Christians should conform to the immoral practices of the world. A good man disal- lows every kind of profaneness. 2. To testify dislike or disapprobation ; to refuse assent. But if her father shall disallow her in the day that he heareth, not any of her vows or her bonds.. . . shall stand. — Num. Unsuitably; unpleas- Or Hooker. 3. Not to approve ; not to receive ; to reject. To whom coming, as to a living stone, disallowed indeed by men, but chosen by God, and precious, —1 Pet. ii. 4. Not to allow or admit as just; to reject ; < S, to disallow an account or charge. DIS-AL-LOW’, v.i. To refuse permission; not to grant. DIS-AL-LOW/A-BLE, a. Not allowable; not to be suffered. DIS-AL-LOW/ANCE, z. Disapprobation; refusal to admit or permit; prohibition; rejection. DIS-AL-LOW/ED, pp. Not granted, permitted, or disappointed of his hopes or expectations, or his hopes, desires, intentions, or expectations, are disappointed. A bad season disappoints the farmer of his crops; a defeat disappoints an enemy of his spoil. The man promised ine a Visit, but he disappointed me. Without counsel purposes are dizappointed. — Prov. xy. 2. To frustrate ; to prevent an effect intended. The retiring foe Shrinks from the wound, and disappoints the blow. DIS-AP-POINT’ED, pp. or a. Defeated of expecta- tion, hope, desire, or design ; frustrated. Disappointed is used by Shakspeare, in Hamlet, act i. scene 5, for unprepared, corresponding to well-ap- pointed, which means well-furnished or prepared. DIS-AP-POINT/ING, ppr. Defeating of expectation, hope, desire, or purpose ; frustrating. DIS-AP-POINT’/MENT, zn. Defeat or failure of expec- tation, hope, wish, desire, or intention; miscarriage of design or plan. Addison, We are apt to complain of the disappointment of our hopes and schemes; but disappointments often prove blessings, and save us from calamity or ruin. non, DIS-AP-PRE/CIATE, ». t. undervalue ; not to esteem. DIS-AP-PRE/CIA-TED, pp. DIS-AP-PRE/CIA-TING, ppr. Undervaluing. DIS-AP-PRO-BA/TION, n. [dis and approbation.) A disapproving; dislike ; the act of the mind which condemns what is supposed to be wrong, whether the act 1s expressed or not. We often disapprove when we do not express disapprobation. DIS-AP/PRO-BA-TO-RY, a. Containing disapproba- tion ; tending to disapprove. DIS-AP-PRO/PRI-ATE, a. [dis and appropriate.| Not appropriated, or not having appropriated church prop- erty ; a disappropriate church is one from which the puprapuated parsonage, glebe, and tithes, are sey- ered. [dis and appreciate.] To Undervalued. The appropriation may be severed and the church become dis- appropriate, two ways. Blackstone, admitted ; disapproved ; rejected. 3838 DIS as an appropriation ; to withdraw from an appropri- ate use. The appropriations of the several parsonages would have been, by the rules of the common law, disappropriated. Blackstone. 2. To deprive of appropriated property, asa church. DIS-AP-PROV‘AL, x. MDisapprobation; dislike. DIS-AP-PROVE’, (-ap-proov’,) v. t. [Fr. desapprouver ; dis and approve. ; 1. To dislike ; to condemn in opinion or judgment ; to censure as wrong. We often disapprove the con- duct of others, or public méasures, whether we ex- press an opinion or not. It is often followed by of; as, to disapprove of behavior. But modern usaye in- clines to omit of. 2. To manifest dislike or disapprobation ; to reject, as disliked, what is proposed for sanction. The sen- tence of the court-martial was disapproved by the commander-in-chief. DIS-AP-PROV/ED, pp. jected. DIS-AP-PROV/ING, ppr. Disliking ; condemning; re- jecting from dislike. DIS-AP-PROV‘/ING-LY, adv. By disapprobation. DIS/ARD,n. [Sax. dysig, foolish.] A prattler ; a boasting talker. [ Obs.] DIS-ARM/, (diz-irm’,) v.t. [Fr. desarmer; Sp. and Port. desarmar ; dis and arm.] 1. To deprive of arms; to take the arms or weap- ons from, usually by force or authority; as, he dis- armed his foes ; the prince gave orders to disarm his subjects. With of before the thing taken away ; as, to disarm one of his weapons. 2. To deprive of means of attack or defense ; as, to disarm a Venomous serpent. 3. To deprive of force, strength, or means of an- noyance ; to render harmless ; to quell; as, to disarm rage or passion. 4. To strip; to divest of any thing injurious or threatening ; as, piety disarms death of its terrors. DIS-ARM/A-MENT, 7. Act of disarming. DIS-ARM/ED, pp. or a. Deprived of arms; stripped of the means of defense or annoyance; rendered harm- less ; subdued. DIS-ARM/ING, ppr. Stripping of arms or weapons ; subduing ; rendering harmless. 2. ”. The act of depriving of arms. DIS-AR-RANGE’, v. t. [dis and arrange.| To put out of order ; to unsettle or disturb the order or due arrangement of parts. Warton. See Derance, which is more generally used. ] DIS-AR-RANG/ED, pp. Put out of order; disturbing. DIS-AR-RANGE’MENT, x. The act of disturbing or- der or method ; disorder. Baxter. DIS-AR-RANG’ING, ppr. Putting out of order; dis- turbing the arrangement of. DIS-AR-RAY’, (-ar-ra’,) v. t. [dis and array.) To un- Disliked ; condemned; re- dress ; to divest of clothes. Spenser. 2. To throw into disorder ; to rout; as troops. Milton. DIS-AR-RAY’,n. Disorder; confusion ; loss or want of array or regular order. Driyden. 2. Undress. Spenser. DIS-AR-RAY’ED, (-ar-rade/,) pp. or array ; disordered. DIS-AR-RAY’ING, ppr. ing into disorder. DIS-AS-SI-DU/LTY, nx. [Mot used.] DIS-AS-SO/CIATE, ». t. things associated. DIS-AS-SO’/CIA-TED, pp. Disunited. DIS-AS-SO'CIA-TING, ppr. Disuniting. DIS-AS’/TER, (diz-as’ter,) n. [Fr. desastre; Sp. and Port. id. ; It. disastro ; dis and astre, Gr. aornp, a star; a word of astrological origin. 1, A blast or stroke of an unfavorable planet. [ Ons Shak. 2. Misfortune ; mishap ; calamity ; any unfortunate event, especially a sudden misfortune; as, we met with many disasters on the road. DIS-AS/TER, v. t. To blast by the stroke of an un- lucky planet ; also, to injure ; to afflict. Shak. Thomson. DI$-AS’TER-ED, pp. Blasted; injured ; afflicted. DIS-AS’/TROUS, a. Unlucky ; unfortunate ; calami- tous ; occasioning loss or injury ; as, the day was disastrous ; the battle proved disastrous; their fate was disastrous. Divested of clothes Divesting of clothes; throw- Want of assiduity or care. Wotton. To disunite ; to disconnect Fly the pursuit of my disastrous love. Dryden. 2. Gloomy ; dismal; threatening disaster. : j : The moon, In dim eclipse, disastrous twilight sheds, Milton. DIS-AS’/TROUS-LY, adv. Unfortunately ; in a dismal manner. DI$S-AS’/TROUS-NESS, n. itousness, DIS-AU/THOR-IZE, v. t. [dis and authorize.| To de- prive of credit or authority. [Jittle wsed.] Wotton. DIS-A-VOUCH’, v. t. [dis and avouch. See Vow.] To retract profession ; to deny ; to disown. [ Little used, Davres. Unfortunateness ; calam- DIS-AP-PRO’PRI-ATE, v. t. To sever or separate, DIS-A-VOW/’, v. t. [dis and avow. See Vow.] To FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 5 Re a ee 5. IT PR———————————— Dis DIS DIS deny ; to disown; to deny to be true, as a fact or charge respecting one’s self; as, he was charged with embezzlement, but he disavows the fact. A man may disavow his name or signature ; he may disavow a knowledge of a fact, or his concern in a transaction. Opposed to own or acknowledge. 2, To deny ; to disown ; to reject. 3. To dissent from; not to admit as true or justifi- able ; not to vindicate. The envoy disavowed some parts of the president’s proclamation. DIS-A-VOW’AL, x. Dpnial; a disowning. A disavowal of fear often proceeds from fear. 2. Rejection ; a declining to vindicate. DIS-A-VOW’ED, pp. Denied; disowned. DIS-A-VOW/ING, ppr. Denying; disowning; re- jecting as something not to be maintained or vindi- Clarissa, cated. DIS-A-VOW!MENT, n. Denial ; a disowning. Wotton. DIS-BAND’, v.t. [dis and band; Fr. debander. | 1. To dismiss from military service ; to break upa band, or body of men enlisted ; as, to disband an army or a regiment; to disband troops. 2. To scatter ; to disperse. Woodward. DIS-BAND’, v.i. To retire from military service ; to separate ; to break up; as, the army, at the close of the war, disbands. 2, To separate ; to dissolve connection. Human society may disband. [Improper.] Tulotson. 3. To be dissolved. [JVot used.] When both rocks and all things shall disband. Herbert. DIS-BAND/ED, pp. or a. Dismissed from military service ; separated. DIS-BAND/ING, ppr. Dismissing from military ser- vice ; separating; dissolving connection. DIS-BARK’, v. t [Fr. debarquer, or dis and bark; a word not well formed, and little used. We now use Desark and DiseMBark.] To land from a ship; to put on shore. Pope. DIS-BE-LIEF’, x. [dis and belief.] Refusal of credit or faith; denial of belief. Our belief or disbelief of 2 thing does not alter the nature of the thing. Tillotson. DIS-BE-LIEVE’, v. t. [dis and believe.] Not to be- lieve ; to hold not to be true or not to exist ; to refuse to credit. Some men disbelieve the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the immortality of the soul. DIS-BE-LIEV'ED, pp. Not believed ; discredited. DIS-BE-LIEV/ER, x. One who refuses belief ; one who denies a thing to be true or real. Watts. DIS-BE-LIEV/ING, ppr. crediting. DIS-BENCH’, v t. [dis and bench.) To drive froma Shak bench or seat. : DIS-BLAME’, v.t. To clearfrom blame. [Vot used. | Chaucer. DIS-BOD'I-ED, (-bod/id,) a. Disembodied, which ts the word now Use DIS-BOW/EL, v. t. [dis and bowel.] To take out the intestines. Spenser. DIS-BOW/EL-ED, pp. Eviscerated ; deprived of in- testines. DIS-BOW’/EL-ING, ppr. Taking out the intestines. DIS-BRANCH/, v.t. separate, as the branch of a tree. 9. To deprive of branches. DIS-BUD’, v. t. To deprive of buds [ Little used. | or shoots. Gardeners. DIS-BUR/DEN, (-bur/dn,) v. t. [dis and burden. Burpen.| ‘To remove a to discharge. 29. To throw off a burden; clear of any thing weighty, troublesome, or Milton. to disencumber ; disburden of superfluous ornaments. DIS-BUR/DEN, »v. % lieved. Milton. DIS-BUR'DEN-ED, (-bur'dnd,) pp. Eased of a den; unloaded ; disencumbered. DIS-BUR/DEN-ING, ppr. throwing off a burden; disencumbering. DIS-BURSE!, (dis-burs!,) v. t. [Fr. debourser de, or dis, and bourse, a purse. | To pay out, as money ; to spend or lay out ; prima- rily, to pay money from a public chest or treasury, but applicable to a private purse. DIS-BURSI!ED, (dis-burst!,) pp. DIS-BURSE'MENT, (dis-burs'ment,) 2. (Fr. boursement. | 1. The act of paying out, as money from a public or private chest. 2, The money bursements exceed the income. DIS-BURS'/ER, 2. money. DIS-BURS'ING, ppr. or a. projection of a celestial body. DIS-CAL'CE-ATH, v. t, [L. discalceatus ; dis and cal- ceus, a shoe. | To pull off the shoes or sandals. DIS-€AL'CE-A-TED, pp. Stripped of shoes, TONE, BULL, QNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Withholding belief; dis- {dis and branch.| To cut off or [Little wsed.] Evelyn. See burden from; to unload ; to cumber- some ; as, to disburden one’s self of grief or care; to To ease the mind; to be re- bur- Unloading; discharging ; Paid out ; expended. ‘r. de-~ or sum paid out ; as, the annual dis- One who pays out or disburses : Paying out or expending. DIS€, n. [L.discus. See Disx.] The face or visible DIS-GAL-CE-A’/TION, n. The act of pulling off the B shoes or sandals. TOWN. DIS-GAN/DY, v.i. [dis and candy.] To melt; todis- solve. Shak. DIS-EARD’, v. t. (Sp. descartar; Port. d.; dis and Caran} 1. To throw out of the hand such cards as are useless. 9. To dismiss from service or employment, or from society ; to cast off; as, to discard spies and inform- ers ; to discard an old servant ; to discard an asso. clate. Aes To thrust away ; to reject; as, to discard preju- ices. DIS-CARD/ED, pp. or 4. from service ; rejected. : DIS-CARD/ING, ppr. Throwing out; dismissing from employment ; rejecting. Thrown out; dismissed DIS-GAR/NATE, a. [dis and L. caro, flesh.] Stripped of flesh. Glanville. DIS-€ASH’, v. t. [dis and case.] To take off a cov- ering from; to strip ; toundress. Shak. DIS-CBEP-TA/TION, n. Controversy. DIS-CEP-TA/TOR, nm. [L.] One who arbitrates or decides. [Vot used. | DIS-CERN’, (diz-zern’,) v. t [L. discerno; dis and cerno, to separate, or distinguish, Gr. xety@ ; It. dis- cernere; Sp. discernir; Fr. discerner ; Eng. screen. The sense is, to separate. ] 1. To separate by the eye, or by the understand- ing. Hence, 9, To distinguish; to see the difference between two or more things; to discriminate; as, to discern the blossom-buds from the leaf-buds of plants. Boyle. 5 Discern thou what is thine. —Gen. xxxi. 3. To make the difference. [ Obs.) For nothing else discerns the virtue or the vice. 4. To discover ; to see; to distinguish by the eye. I discerned among the youths a young man void of under- standing. — Prov. vil. 5, To discover by the intellect; to distinguish ; hence, to have knowledge of; to judge. So is my lord the king to discern good and bad. — 2 Sam. xiv. A wise man’z heart discerneth time and judgment. — Eccles. viii. DIS-CERN’, (diz-zern’,) v. t To see or understand the difference; to make distinction ; as, to discern between good and evil, truth and falsehood. 9. To have judicial cognizance. [Obs.} Bacon. DIS-CERN/ED, (diz-zernd’,) pp. Distinguished ; seen 5 discovered. DIS-CERN’ER, (diz-zern/er,) n. One who sees, dis- covers, or distinguishes; an observer. 9. One who knows and judges ; one who has the power of distinguishing. He was a great observer and discerner of men’s humors. 3, That which distinguishes ; or that which causes to understand. The word of God’is quick and powerful—oa discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. — Heb. iv. DIS-CERN’LBLE, (diz-zern’e-bl,) a. That may be seen distinctly ; discoverable by the eye or the un- derstanding; distinguishable. A star is discernible by the eye; the identity or difference of ideas is dis- cernible by the understanding. DIS-CERN’I-BLE-NESS, n. Visibleness. DIS-CERN/I-BLY, adv. In a manner to be discerned, seen, or discovered ; visibly. Hammond. B. Jonson. natures and carendon. seeing ; discovering ; knowing ; judging. ing, discriminating, knowing, and judging ; mind. DIS-CERN’ING, 7. Spectator. with judgment; skillfully. arth. DIS-CERN/MENT, x. the power or faculty of the mind, by power of perceiving and their relations and tendencies. youth often proceed from the want of discernment. DIS-CERP’, v.t. [L. discerpo. | To tear in pieces ; to Separate. DIS-CERP-I-BIL’'I-TY, 7. be torn asunder or disunited. DIS-CERP’I-BLE, a. seize, to tear. In some [Wot used. ] is rarely or never used. ] being disunited by violence. ing to pieces, or of separating the parts. ng DIS-CBS/SION, (-sesh/un,)”. [L. discessio. | Departure. [Vot used. ] Hall. DIS-CHARGH, v. t. rts —————————————— DIS-CHARGEY, v. 1. DIS-CERN/ING, (diz-zern/ing,) ppr. Distinguishing ; 9, a. Having power to discern ; capable of see- sharp- sighted ; penetrating; acute; as, a discerning Man or The act of discerning ; discern- ment. DIS-CERN/ING-LY, adv. With discernment 5 eM The act of discerning; also, which it dis- tinguishes one thing from another, as truth from falsehood, virtue from vice ; acuteness of judgment ; differences of things or ideas, The errors of Capability or liableness to [L. discerpo ; dis and carpo, to dictionaries it is written dis- cerptible, on the authority of Glanville and More; an error indeed, but of little consequence, as the word That may be torn asunder ; separable; capable of DIS-CERP’TION, (dis-serp‘shun )n. Theact of pull- It. scaricare ; dis and charge, or cargo, from car, a cart or vehicle. ] 1. To unload, as a ship; to take out, as a cargo; applied both to the ship and the loading. We say, to discharge a ship; but more generally, to discharge a cargo or the Jading of the ship. 9. To free from any load or burden; to throw off or exonerate ; as, discharged of business. Dryden. 3. To throw off a load or charge; to let fly; to shoot ; applied to fire-arms; a8, to discharge a pistol or a cannon; or to discharge a ball or grape-shot. 4, To pay ; aS, to discharge a debt, a bond, a note, 5. To send away, asa ereditor by payment of what is due to him. He discharged his creditors. 6. To free from claim or demand ; to give an ac- quittance to, or a receipt in full,as toadebtor. The creditor discharged his debtor. 7. To free from an obligation; as, to discharge a man from further duty or service; to discharge a surety. 8. To clear from an accusation or crime; to ac- quit; to absolve; to set free; with of; as, to dis- charge a man of all blame. Hooker. 9. To throw off or out; to let fly; to give vent to; as, to discharge a horrible oath; to discharge fury or vengeance. Shak. Pope. 10. 'I'o perform or execute, as a duty or office con- sidered as a charge. One man discharges the office of a sheriff; another that of a priest. We are all pound to discharge the duties of piety, of benevo- lence, and charity. 11. To divest of an office or employment, to diis- miss from service; as, to discharge a steward or a servant; to discharge a soldier or seaman; to dis- charge a jury. 12. To dismiss; to release; to send away from any business or appointment. Discharge your powers to their several counties. Sliak. 13. To emit or send out; as, an ulcer discharges pus; a pipe discharges water. 14. To release ; to liberate from confinement ; as, to discharge a prisoner. 15. To put away; to remove; to clear from; to destroy. In general, to throw off any load or encum- brance ; to free or clear. To break up. The cloud, if it were oily or fatty, would not discharge. Bacon. DIS-CHARGE’, x. An unloading, as of a ship; as, the discharge of a cargo. 9. A throwing out; vent; emission; applied to a fluid, a flowing or issuing out, or a throwing out; as, the discharge of water from a spring, or from a spout ; applied to fire-arms, an explosion ; as, a dis- charge of cannon. 3, That which is thrown out ; matter emitted ; as, a thin, serous discharge; @ purulent discharge. 4. Dismission from office or service ; or the writing which evidences the dismission. The general, the soldier, obtains a discharge. 5. Release from obligation, debt, or penalty ; or the writing which is evidence of it; an acquittance ; as, the debtor has a discharge. 6. Absolution from a crime or accusation ; acquit- tance. South. 7. Ransom; liberation; price paid for deliverance. Milton. 8. Performance ; execution ; applied to an office, trust, or duty. A good man is faithful in the discharge of his duties, public and private. 9. Liberation; release from imprisonment or other confinement. 10. Exemption ; escape. There is no discharge in that war. — Eccles. viii. 11. Payment, as of a debt. 12. In architecture, to relieve or distribute a weight to be borne. Thus, discharging arches are placed in a wall over a lintel, to discharge the lintel of too great a pressure from above. Brande. DIS-CHARG/ED, pp. or a. Unloaded ; left off ; shot; thrown out; dismissed from service ; paid ; re- Jeased ; acquitted ; freed from debt or penalty ; lib- erated ; performed ; executed. DIS-CHARG/ER, n. He that discharges in any man- ner. . One who fires a gun. In electricity, an instrument for discharging a Leyden phial, jar, &c., by opening a communication between the two surfaces. Cyc. DIS-CHARG/ING, ppr. Unlading ; letting fly ; shoot- ing ; throwing out; emitting ; dismissing from ser- vice; paying; releasing from debt, obligation, oF claim ; acquitting ; liberating ; performing ; e©Xe- cuting. DIS-CHARG/ING ARCH, n. An arch over & door, window, &c., to distribute or relieve the pressure. Brande. DIS-CHARG/ING ROD,7. In electricity, a hent Wire, armed at both ends with knobs, and insulated by a glass handle. It is employed far discharging a Ley - den jar or an electrical battery. D. Olmsted. DIS-CHURCH’, v. t To deprive of the rank of a church. Hall. co [Fr. decharger; Sp. descargar ; GasJ; $ as Z; CH as SH; 'H as in THIS. Rp ee —— ee Co SS a 339 aay a x Ce a ieee pil W ig 4 No — — oy SEA ~The aieie DIS | DIS | DIS-CHURCH’ED, (dis-churcht’,) pp. the rank of a church. DIS-CIDE’, v. t. To divide ; to cut in pieces. used: ] : DIS/CI-FORM, a. [1 discus, a disk, and forma.] Having the form of a disk, or circular plate. DIS-CIN€T’, az. Ungirded. DIS-CIND’, v. t. To cut in two. 4 DIS-CY/PLE, n. [L. discipulus, from disco, to learn.] disciples of Plato. other. are called his disciples, as they profess to learn and receive his doctrines and precepts. : DIS-CI/PLE, v. t. To teach; to train, or bring up. Shak, 9. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or principles. } This authority he employed in sending cee all nations. to disciple D. Griffin. [Vot in use. } Spenser. Taught ; trained ; brought up; | 3. To punish ; to discipline. DIS-CI/PLED, pp. made a disciple. DIS-Ci/PLE-LIKE, a. Becoming a disciple. Milton. DIS-Ci/PLE-SHIP, n. The state of a disciple or fol- lower in doctrines and precepts. Hammond, DIS/CI-PLIN-A-BLE, a. [See Discirrrne.] 1, Capable of instruction, and improvement learning. 2. That may be subjected to discipline; as, a disci- plinable offense, in church government. 3. Subject or liable to discipline, as the member of a church. DIS/CI-PLIN-A-BLE-NESS, nz. instruction by education: 2. The state of being subject to discipline. DIS/CI-PLIN-ANT, x. One of a religious order, so called from their practice of scourging themselves, or other rigid discipline. Smollett. DIS-CI-PLIN-A’/RI-AN, a Pertaining to discipline. Glanville. DIS-CI-PLIN-A/RI-AN, x. One who disciplines; one versed im rules, principles, and practice, and who teaches them with precision; particularly, one who instructs in military and naval tactics and manceu- vers. It is chiefly used in the latter sense, and es- in Capacity of receiving Hale. pecially for one who is well versed in, or teaches with exactness, military exercises and evolutions. 2. A Puritan or Presbyterian ; so called from his rigid adherence to religious discipline. Sanderson, {J believe not now used. DIS/CI-PLIN-A-RY, a. Pertaining to discipline ; in- tended for discipline or government; promoting dis- cipline ; as, certain canons of the church are disci- plinary. 2. Relating to a regular course of education ; in- tended for instruction. Milton. The evils of life, pain, sickness, losses, sorrows, dangers, and disappointments, are disciplinary and remedial. Buckminster. DIS/CI-PLINE, n. [L. disciplina, from disco, to learn.] 1. Education ; instruction ; cultivation and im- provement, comprehending instruction in arts, sci- ences, correct sentiments, inorals, and manners, and due subordination to authority. 2. Instruction and government, comprehending the communication of knowledge and the regulation of practice ; as, military discipline, which includes instruction in manual exercise, evolutions, and sub- ordination. 3. Rule of government; method of regulating principles and practice ; as, the discipline prescribed for the church. 4. Subjection to Jaws, miles, order, precepts, or regulations ; as, the troops are under excellent disci- pline; the passions should be kept under strict dis- cipline. 5. Correction ; chastisement ; punishment intend- ed to correct crimes or errors ; as, the discipline of the strap. Addison. 6. In ecclesiastical affhirs, the execution of the laws by which the church is governed, and infliction of the penalties enjoined against offenders, who profess the religion of Jesus Christ. Encye. 7, Chastisement or bodily punishment inflicted on a delinquent in the Roman Catholic church ; or that chastisement or external mortification which a reli- gious person inflicts on himself. Valor: Encye. DIS'CI-PLINE, v. t. To instruct or educate ; to in- form the mind ; to prepare by instructing in correct principles and habits; as, to discipline youth for a profession, or for future usefulness. 2. To instruct and govern; to teach rules and practice, aud accustom to order and subordination : as, to discipline troops or an army. ; 3. To correct ; to chastise ; to punish. 4. To execute the laws of the church on offenders, With a view to bring them to repentance and reforma- tion of life. ©. To advance and prepare by instruction. Milton. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—N “) ry Wad Deprived of} DIS/CI-PLIN-ED, pp. or a. I subjected to rules and regulations ; corrected ; chas- [Vot [Wot used.] Boyle. 1. A learner ; a scholar ; one who receives, or pro- fesses to receive, instruction from another; as, the 9, A follower ; an adherent to the doctrines of an- Hence, the constant attendants of Christ were called his disciples; and hence all Christians DIS Instructed ; educated tised ; punished ; admonished. DIS/CI-PLIN-ER, n. DIS/CLPLIN-ING, ppr. tising ; admonishing ; punishing, DIS-E€LAIM’, v. t. [dis and clatm.] belonging to one’s self. terfere in the affairs of his neighbor; he disclaims all pretension to military skill. challenge. thority of the pope. 3. To deny all claim. hold of his lord. DIS-€LAIM/, v. . usual, | Eng. Law. To disavow all part or share. { Un- Nature disclaims in thee. DIS-€LAIM’ED, pp. ed ; denied. DIS-€LAIM/ER, n. A person who disclaims, disowns, or renounces, 2. In law, an express or implied denial or renunci- ation of certain things in question. Hence, 3. A public disavowal, as of pretensions, &c. DIS-E€LAIM/ING, ppr. Disowning ; disavowing ; de- nying ; renouncing. DIS-€LA-MA/TION, 7x. disavowing. [JWVot used.] DIS-E€LOSE’, (dis-kloze’,) v. t. [dis and close; Fr. de- clorre, declos; L. discludo. See CLose. 1. To uncover; to open; to remove a cover from, and lay open to the view. Shak, Disowned ; disavowed ; reject- The act of disclaiming; a Scott. a The shells being broken, the stone included in them is discl pec : oodiward, 2. To cause to appear ; to lay open to the view ; to bring to light. Events have disclosed the designs of the ministry. 3. To reveal by words; to tell; to utter; as, to disclose the secret thoughts of the heart. 4. To make known; to show in any manner. blush may disclose a secret passion in the breast. o. To open; to hatch. [Wot used.] The ostrich layeth her eggs under sand, where the heat of the sun discloseth them. DIS-€LOSE!, 7. An uncovering. Young. DIS-E€LOS’ ED, pp. Uncovered ; opened to view ; made known ; revealed ; told; uttered. DIS-€LOS’/ER, x. One who discloses or reveals. DIS-€LOS'/ING, ppr. Uncovering ; opening to view ; revealing ; making known; telling. DIS-€LOS/URE, (dis-klo/zhur,) n. The act of dis- closing ; an uncovering and opening to view. Bacon. 2. The act of revealing; utterance of what was secret ; a telling. 3. The act of making known what was concealed. 4. That which is disclosed or made known. DIS-6LU'SION, (dis-klu/zhun,) n. [L. disclusus, dis- cludo ; dis and claudo.] An emission ; a throwing out. [Zittle used.] More. DIS-COAST’, v,z. To depart from ; to quit the coast. [Not ere DIS-€O0-HER/ENT, a. Incoherent. [The latter is gen- erally used. | DIS‘€OID, n. [L. discus, and Gr. pigeor|| Something in form of a discus or disk, DIS’€OID, a. Having the form of a disk. The DIS-€0ID/AL, term discoid is particularly applied to those univalve shells which have the air-whorls disposed vertically on the same plane, so as to form a disk, as the pearly nautilus. Discoid, or discous, flowers are compound flowers, not radiated, but the florets all tubular, as the tansy, southernwood, &c. Cyc. Smith, DIS-€OL/OR, (dis-kul/lur,) v. t. [L. discoloro; dis and coloro, from color. ] 1. To alter the natural hue or color of; to stain ; to tinge. A drop of wine will discolor a glass of wa- ter; silver is discolored by sea-water. 2. T’o change any color, natural or artificial ; to al- ter a color partially. It differs from color and dye, in denoting a partial alteration, rather than an entire change, of color. 3. Figuratively, to alter the complexion ; to change the appearance; as, to discolor ideas. Watts. DIS-€COL-OR-A/TION, n. The act of altering the col- or; a Staining, 2. Alteration of color; stain; as, spots and discol- orations of the skin. 3. Alteration of complexion or appearance. re, SSM ON ELON (-kul/lurd,) pp. Altered in color; stained. A acon, 2. a. Variegated; being of divers colors. Spenser. DIS-COL‘OR-ING, ppr. Altering the color or hue ; Staining ; changing the complexion. DIS-C€6L/OR-ING, (-kul/lur-) x. The act of altering color for the worse. One who disciplines or teaches. Instructing ; educating ; sub- jecting to order and subordination ; correcting ; chas- To disown; to disavow ; to deny the possession of; to reject as not A man disclaims all Knowl- edge of a particular transaction ; he disclaims every pretension to eloquence ; he disclaims any right to in- It is opposed to claim or 2. To renounce; to reject; as, to disclaim the au- A tenant may disclaim to 9 DIS-CON-CERT’ED, pp. DIS-CON-CERT/ING, ppr. ; confit ; It. sconfiggere, sconfitta; from dis and the L. configo, to fasten, to nail; con and jfigo, to fix.] flee ; to vanquish. sword, — Ex. xvii. He, fugitive, declined superior strength, Discomfited, pursued, DIS-€OM/FIT, 2. throw Philips. Rout ; dispersion; defeat ; over thrown. DIS-€OM/FIT-ING, ppr. Routing ; defeating. DIS-€0M/FIT-URE, (dis-kum/fit-yur,) n. feat in battle ; dispersion; overthrow. Eyery man’s sword was against his fellow, and there was a very great discomfiture. — 1 Sam. xiv. 2. Defeat; frustration; disappointment. DIS-€OM’r ORT, (dis-kum/furt,) n. [dis and comfort.] Uneasiness ; disturbance of peace; pain; grief; in- quietude. Shak. South. DIS-COM’/FORT, v. t. To disturb peace or happiness ; to make uneasy ; to pain; to grieve; to sadden ; to deject. Sidney. DIS-€0M/FORT-A-BLE, a. €ausing uneasiness ; un- pleasant ; giving pain; making sad. [Little uwsed.] Sidney. 2. Uneasy ; melancholy ; refusing comfort. [WVot used. Shak. [Instead of this word, UncomrortaB-e is used.] DIS-€OM’/FORT-ED, pp. Made uneasy ; disturbed ; pained ; grieved. DIS-COM/FORT-ING, ppv. Disturbing peace and hap- piness ; making uneasy ; grieving. DIS-COM-MEND’, v.t. [dis and commend.| To blame; to censure; to mention with disapprobation. I do not discommend the lofty style in tragedy. Driden, DIS-COM-MEND/A-BLE, a, Blamable; censurable ; deserving disapprobation. Ayliffe. DIS-€OM-MEND/A-BLE-NESS, n. Blamableness ; the quality of being worthy of disapprobation. DIS-6€0 M-M END-A’TION, n. Blame; censure; re- proach. Ayliffe. DIS-€OM-MEND/ER, n. One who discommends; a dispraiser. Johnson. DIS-COM-MEND/ING, ppr. DIS-C€OM/MO-DATE, v. t. used. | DIS-€OM-MODE’, pv. t. [dis and commode, Fr.] To put to inconyenience ; to incommode; to mo- lest ; to trouble. DIS-€OM-MOD’ED, pp. lested ; incommoded. DIS-COM-MOD/ING, ppr. giving trouble to. DIS-COM-MO'DI-OUS, a. Inconvenient ; trouble- some. Spenser. DIS-COM-MO’DI-OUS-LY, adv. In a discommodiovs manner. DIS-COM-MOD’LTY, x. hurt; disadvantage. Bacon. DIS-COM/MON, v.t. [dis and common.] To appro- priate common Jand; to separate and inclose com- mon. Cowel. 2. To deprive of the privileges of a place. Warton. Appropriated, as land. Appropriating ; separating Blaming; censuring. To incommode. {.Vot Put to inconvenience ; mo- Putting to inconvenience ; Inconvenience ; trouble; DIS-€O0M’/MON-ED, pp. DIS-€0M!/MON-ING, ppr. or inclosing common land. DIS-€OM-PLEX/ION, (-kom-plex/yun,) »v t To change the complexion or color. [JVot used.] Beaum. DIS-€OM-POSE’, (dis-kom-pdze’,) ». t. [dis and com- DIS-COM-POS'ING, ppr. Unsettling; putting ont of order; ruffling ; agitating ; disturbing tranquillity. DIS-COM-PO-SI//TION, (-po-zish/un,) n. Inconsist- ency. [Wot used. To rout; to defeat; to scatter in fight ; to cause to Joshua discomfiled Amalek and his people with the edgo of. the DIS-€OM/FIT-ED, pp. or a. Routed ; defeated ; over- Rout; de- pose. 1, To unsettle ; to disorder ; to disturb ; applied to things. 2. To disturb peace and quietness; to agitate; to | ruffle ; applied to the temper or mind; expressing less | agitation than fret and vez, or expressing vexation with decorum. Sroift, 3. To displace ; to discard. [Wot in use.) Bacon. DIS-COM-POS’/ED, pp. or a. Unsettled ; dee ruffled ; agitated ; disturbed. | DIS COMPOS'URE, (dis-kKom-po/zhur,) n. Disorder; agitation ; disturbance ; perturbation ; as, discompos- ure of mind. Clarendon. DIS-C€ON-CERT’, v. t. [dis and concert.| ‘To break or interrupt any order, plan, or harmonious scheme 5 to defeat ; to frustrate. ‘The emperor disconcerted the plans of his enemy. Their schemes were discon- certed. 2. To unsettle the mind: to discompose ; to dis- turb ; to confuse. An unexpectea queshon may dis- concert the ablest advocate in his argument. Broken ; interrupted; dis- rresne defeated ; unsettled ; discomposed; con- used. DIS-€6M/FIT, (dis-kum/fit,) v. t. [Fr. deconfire, de- 1ETE, PREY.— PINE, 5 Disordering ; defeating ; discomposing ; disturbing, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — ——— a Pee oe sy) | ROLY PDC INEDIS-CON-NE€T’ED, pp. or a. Separated ; disunited. DFS-CON-NE€T/ING, ppr. Separating ; disuniting. DIS-CON-NE@!TION, n. The act of separating, or DIS-GON-SENT’, v. i. [dis and consent.] To differ ; DIS-CON/SO-LANCE, nm. .Disconsolateness. DIS-CON'SO-LATE, a. [dis and L. consolatus. See DIS-CON-TENT’, ». t. DIS-CON-TENT’ED, pp. or a. DIS-CON-TENT/ED-NESS, x. DIS-C€ON-TIN’'U-A-BLE, a. DIS DIS-GCON-CER/TION, n. The act of disconcerting. Federalist, Hamilton. DIS-GON-FORM/L-TY, n. [dis and conformity.) Want of agreement or conformity ; inconsistency. Hakewill. DIS-GON-GRO/I-TY, n. [dis and congruity.| Want of congruity ; incongruity ; disagreement; 1ncon- sistency. Hale. DIS-CON-NE€T’, v. t. [dis and connect.] To sepa- rate ; to disunite ; to dissolve connection. The commonwealth would, in a few generations, crumble away, be disconnected into the dust and powder of individuality. Burke. This restriction disconnects bank paper and the precious metals. Walsh. This word is not synonymous with unconnected, though often confounded with it. Disconnected 1m- plies a previous connection ; unconnected does not necessarily imply any previous union. state of being disunited ; separation ; want of union. Nothing was therefore to be left in all the subordinate members, but weakness, disconnection, and confusion. Burke. to disagree ; not to consent, Milton. DIS DIS-CON-TIN'U-ED, pp. Left off; interrupted ; DIS-COUNT’A-BLE, a. That may be discounted. broken off. DIS-GON-TIN/U-ER, n. One who discontinues a rule or practice. DIS-GON-TIN/U-ING, ppr. Ceasing; interrupting ; | D breaking off. DIS-CON-TI-NO/LTY, x. Disunion of parts; want D of cohesion. JVewton. DIS-GON-TIN/U-OUS, a. Broken off ; interrupted. 2. Separated ; wide; gaping. Milton. DIS-CON-VEN/IENCE, (-vén’yens,) 2. [dis and convenience.] Incongruity ; disagreement. { Litile used, Bramhall. D DIS-CON-VEN’IENT, a. Incongruous. Reynolds. DIS/CORD, xn. Ce discordia; Fr. discorde; from L. _discors ; dis and cor.] 1, Disagreement among persons or things. Be- tween persons, difference of opinions; variance ; opposition ; contention ; strife; any disagreement which produces angry passions, contests, disputes, litigation, or war. Discord may exist between fam- 3. In music, disagreement of sounds ; dissonance ; a union of sounds which is inharmonious, grating, ConsoLeE. 1. Destitute of comfort or consolation ; sorrowful ; hopeless, or not expecting comfort ; sad; dejected ; melancholy ; as,a parent, bereaved of an only child, and disconsolate. 2. Not affording comfort ; cheerless; as, the dis- consolate darkness of a winter’s night. Ray. - f DIS-CON/SO-LATE-LY, adv. Ina disconsolate man- ner ; without comfort. DIS-GON/SO-LATE-NESS, n. The state of being disconsolate or comfortless. DIS-CON-SO-LA/TION, n. Want of comfort. Jackson. DIS-CON-TENT’, 7. [dis and content.] Want of content ; uneasiness or inquietude of mind; dissat- isfaction at any present state of things. DIS-E€ON-TENT’, a. Uneasy ; dissatisfied. Hayward. To make uneasy at the pres- ent state ; to dissatisfy. satisfied; unquiet; as, discontented citizens make bad subjects. DIS-CON-TENT’ED-LY, adv. Ina discontented manner or mood. inquietude ; dissatisfaction. Addison. DIS-GON-TENT/FUL, a. Full of discontent. DIS-CON-TENT'ING, a. Giving uneasiness. DIS-GON-TENT/ MENT, zn. easy in mind; uneasiness ; inquietude ; discontent. Hooker. Bacon. ued. DIS-CON-TIN’U-ANCE, 2. [See DisconTINUvE. | Want of continuance ; cessation ; intermission ; in- Seno jeiuction from! aisum. due terruption of continuance; as, a AisconinancenOl.|| ae ee ance or deduction from a@sum eue, or from a credit; a certain rate per cent. deducted conversation or intercourse. Atterbury. 2. Want of continued connection oF cohesion of - prompt payment; or any deduction from the cus- Uneasy in mind ; dis- Uneasiness of mind ; The state of being un- : Spenser. That may be discontin- : : : y or digont. (See Count.) Literally, a counting back extremes do not coalesce. Thus the second and the DIS | it Gertain forms are necessary to render notes dis- || countable at a bank. A bill may be discountable for || more than sixty days. IS'COUNT-DAY, n. The day of the week on which a bank discounts notes and bills. IS'COUNT-ED, pp. Deducted from a principal sum; | paid back ; refunded cr allowed ; as, the sum of five | per cent. was discounted. | 2, Having the amount lent on discount oF deduc- tion of a sum in advance ; as, the bill was discounted for sixty days. | IS-COUN/TE-NANCE, vw. t [dis and countenance.] | To abash ; to ruffle or discompose the countenance ; to put to shame; to put out of countenance. ([Vot used, | How would one look from his majestic brow Discountenance her despised t Milton. 2. To discourage ; to check ; to restrain by frowns, censure, arguments, opposition, or cold treatment. The good citizen will discountenance vice by every lawful means. ilies, parties, and nations. j 2. Disagreement; want of order; a clashing. DIS-COUN/TE-NANCE, zn. Cold treatment ; unfa- All discord, harmony not understood. Pope. vorable aspect 5 unfriendly regard ; disapprobation ; whatever tends to check or discourage. He thought a little discountenance on those persons would suppress that spirit, Clarendon. z isagreeable the ear; : interv< thos o ae . and disagreeable tothe ear; or an interval whose DIS-COUN/TE-NANG-ED, (-nanst,). pp. Abashea ; discouraged ; checked; frowned on. seventh, when sounded together make a discord. aera a S 5 : y fen DIS-COUN'TE-NAN-CER, n- One who discourages The term discord is applied to each of the two sounds which form the dissonance, and to the inter- val; but more properly to the mixed sound of dis- by cold treatment, frowns, censure, OF expression 0 disapprobation ; one who checks or depresses by un- friendly regards. sonant tones. It is opposed to concord and harmony. DIS-COUN/TE-NAN-CING, ppr Abashing ; discour mr + ra 4 “YY 3 « ds 5) SU! = DIS-CORD’, v. i. To disagree; to jar; to clash ; not aging ; checking by disapprobation or unfriendly re- to suit; not to be coincident. [JVot in use.| Bacon. eae DIS-CORD/ANCE, 1 PiSeraais BOS ae re 0 : ; DIS-CORD/AN-CY, n. [L. discordans.] DIS COUNT-ER, 2 ne who advances money on discounts. Burke. Disagreement; opposition; inconsistency; as, a oo sate E m4 ne ? ¥> 8), 2) HIS/SOUNT-ING, ppr. Deducting asum for prompt discordance of opinions, or of sounds. DIS-GCORD/ANT, a. [L. discordans.] or advanced payment. 9. Lending on discount. 1. Disagreeing; incongruous ; contradictory ; be- Pa evi? ryt : 2 ~ a 6 2 2 DIS/COUNT-ING, n. The act or practice of lending ing at variance ; as, discordant opinions ; discordant rules or principles. 2. Opposite; contrarious ; not coincident; as, the discordant attractions of comets, or of different plan- ets. Cheyne. 3. Dissonant; not in unison; not harmonious 5 not accordant; harsh; jarring; as, discordant notes or sounds. DIS-GORD/ANT-LY, adv. Dissonantly ; in a dis- cordant manner; inconsistently; in a manner to jar or clash; in disagreement with another, or with itself. DIS-CORD/FUL, a. Quarrelsome ; contentious. Spenser. DIS-COUN’SEL, v.t. To dissuade. [Jot in use. | DIS‘GOUNT, n. [Fr. deconte or decompte ; de, or dis, and compte; It. sconto; Sp. descuento ; Arm. discount or from. ] 1. A sum deducted for prompt or advanced pay- from the credit price of goods sold, on account of yarts ; want of union; disruption. Bacon. : I 3 Trclaioial breakine off aa interruption of posses- tomary price, or from a sum due, or to be due, at a te ? 5 . “a ti > 1} ~ > . wes red) sion, as where a tenant in tail makes a feoffment in se snes Ce we err ae ee fee-simple, or for the life of the feoffee, or in Geile! CN eee as Wi CEdUCTIAKCe Ea CAS Deine which he has not power to do; in this case, the for payment in hand, and the holder of a note or a ; Se eR >. Belen bill of exchange will deduct a certain rate per cent. euliy.o ihusteoieers lawful during :the picomihe of the amount of the note or bill for advanced pay- feoffor ; but if he retains possession after the death ; Bee 4 ment, which deduction ts called a discount. of the feoffor, it is an injury which is termed a dis- 2, Among bankers, the deduction of a sum for ad- continuance, the legal estate of the heir in tail being : H Be ; : 7 vanced payment ; particularly, the deduction of the discontinued, till a recovery can be had in Jaw. Blackstone. interest on a sum lent, at the time of lending. The discounts at banking institutions are usually the 4. Discontinuance of a suit, is when a laintiff - : y f ; P amount of legal interest paid by the borrower, and leaves a chasm in the proceedings in his cause, as by z not continuing the process regularly from day to day ; deduce g er ie oa Borrow 20s at eae in which case the defendant is not bound to at- OC CEC acca a sata Ba eo deel ee tend. Formerly, the demise of the king caused a 3. ae sum deaucte or refunded ; as, the discount . s ic Saar : s five per cent. discontinuance of all suits; but this is remedied by Wasi ee j ‘ ; % J 4, The act of discounting. A note 1s lodged in statute 1 Edw. VI. Blackstone. DIS-CON-TIN-U-A/TION, n. Breach or interrup- the bank for discount, The banks have suspended discounts. tion of continuity ; disruption of parts; separation | nya GQuNT or DIS-COUNT’, v. t (Sp. descontar ; of parts which form a connected series. _JVezoton. DIS-CON-TIN/’UB, v. t. [dis and continue.) To leave Port. id.; Fr. decompter; Arm. discounta, digontein ; It. scontare. In British books, the accent 1s Jaid on T. to cause to cease, aS a practice or habit ; : . : pane 5 7 : ynaD tito the last syllable. But in America, the accent is stop ; to put an end to; as, to discontinue the intem- usually, or always, on the first. ] yerate use of spirits. Inveterate customs are not : : : H en 1. T'o deduct a certain sum or rate per cent, from discontinued without inconvenience. the principal sum. Merchants discount five or six per The depredations on our commerce were not to a discontinued. cent. for prompt or for advanced payment. ", Pickering. 9, To break off; to interrupt. 3. To cease to take or receive; as, to discontinue daily paper. DIS-GON-TIN/UB, v.i. To cease; to leave the pos- session, or lose an established or long-enjoyed right, Thyself shalt discontinue from thine heritage. — Jer. xvii. 9. To lose the cohesion of parts; to suffer disrup-} ing money, deductit tion or separation of substance. [Little used.] Bacon. 9. To lend or advance the amount of, deducting a the interest or other rate per cent. from the principal, at the time of the loan or advance. The banks dis- count notes and bills of exchange, on good security. The first rule— to discount only unexceptionable paper. Walsh. DIS‘EOUNT, ». i. To lend or make a practice of lend- ig the interest at the time of the Joan. The banks discount for sixty or ninety days, sometimes for longer terms. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J, © as Z; 4 money on discounts, he profitable business of a bank consists in discounting. Hamilton. DIS-COUR/AGE, (dis-kur/aje,) v. t. [dis and courage; Fr. decourager; Arm. digouragt ; It. scoraggiare. The Italian is from ex and coraggio. See CouracE.] 1. To extinguish the courage of; to dishearten ; to depress the spirits ; to deject; to deprive of con- fidence, Fathers, provoke not your children, lest they be discouraged. — Col. 1. 9. To deter from any thing; with from. Why discourage ye the hearts of the children of Israel from going over into the land which the Lord bath given them ? Yum, xxxil. 3. To attempt to repress or prevent; to dissuade from ; as, to discourage an effort, DIS-COUR/AG-ED, (dis-kur/ajd,) pp. or a, Disheart- ened ; deprived of courage OF confidence ; depressed in spirits; dejected ; checked. DIS-COUR/AGE-MENT, (dis-kur/aje-ment,) 7. The act of disheartening, or depriving of courage ; the act of deterring or dissuading fromm an undertaking 5 the act of depressing confidence. 9. That which destroys or abates courage ; that which depresses confidence or hope ;_ that which deters, or tends to deter, from an undertaking, or from the prosecution of any thing. Evil examples are great discouragements to virtue. The reyolution was commenced under every possible discowrage- ment. DIS-COUR/AG-ER, (dis-kur'aj-er,) 7. One who dis- courages; one who disheartens, OF depresses the courage ; one who impresses difiidence or fear of success; one who dissuades from an undertaking. DIS-COUR/AG-ING, (dis-kur/aj-ing,) ppr- Disheart- ening; depressing courage. 2. a. Tending to dishearten, or to depress the cour- age; as, discouraging prospects. DIS-COUR/AG-ING-LY, adv. In a manner tending to discourage. DIS-COURSE’, (dis-kors’,) n. [Fr. discours j L. discur- sus, from discurro, to ramble; dis and curro, to run; It. discorso. | 1. The act of the understanding by which it goes forth into the field of thought; the act which con- nects propositions, and deduces conclusions from them. Johnson. Sure he that made us with such large discourse, Looking before and after, gave us not That capability and godlike reason To rust In us unused. This sense is now obsolete. | : ). Literally, a running over a subject in speech ; hence, a communication of thoughts by words, Cl- ther to individuals, to companies, or to public as- semblies. Discourse to an individual, or to a small company, is called conversation, or talk ; mutual In- terchange of thoughts; mutual intercourse of lan- guage. It is applied to the familiar communication of thoughts by an individual, or to the mutual com- J to, Une SAE soueaaal Shak. GH as SH; FH as in THIS. 341 ~ —-— oe — a es en Ce ieee eg a ae q ae ne Sapam Ee taee cae ais Ss Sa a a ndseems hr ne Me RAST DIS DIS DIS ! mitmication of two or more. with his discourse, and he heard our discourse. The vanquished party with the victors Joined, 5 | Nor wanted sweet discourse, the banquet of the mind. | Dryden, 3 Effusion of language ; speech. Locke. | 4. A written treatise; a formal dissertation ; as, the discourse of Plutarch on garrulity ; of Cicero on old age. : 5. A sermon, uttered or written. temporaneous discourse, or a written discourse. DIS-EOURSE’, v. 2. ; presses rather more formality than talk. He We discoursed together on our mutual concerns. preacher discoursed on the nature and effect of | faith. : 3. To reason; to pass from premises to conse- quences. Davies. DIS-COURSE’, v.t. To treat of; to talk over. [JVot used, | Let us discourse our fortunes. Shak, music DIS-E€OURS’ED, (dis-kérst’,) pp. Discussed at length ; treated of. DIS-E€OURS’ER, n. a harangucr. 2. The writer of a treatise or dissertation. Swift. DIS-COURS'ING, ppr. Talking ; conversing ; preach- ing ; discussing ; treating at some length, or in a for- mal manner. DIS-COURS/IVE, a. Reasoning; passing from prem- jses to consequences. Milton, 2. Containing dialogue or conversation ; interlocu- tory. The epic is interlaced with dialogue or discoursive scencs. Dryden, One who discourses ; a speaker ; DIS-COURT’E-OUS, (-kurt/e-us,) a. [dis and court- eous.] Uncivil; rude; uncomplaisant; wanting in geod manners ; as, discourteous knight. DIS-COURT’/E-OUS-LY, adv. In a rude or uncivil manner; with incivility- DIS-COURT’E-SY. (-kurt/e-sy,) n. [dis and courtesy.] Incivility ; rudeness of behavior or language ; ill manners ; act of disrespect. Pe calm in arguing; for fierceness makes Error a fault, and truth discourlesy. DIS-COURT’SHIP, n. Herbert. Want of respect. [ Obs.] . Jonson. DIS€/OUS, a. [from L. discus.] Broad; flat; wide ; used of the middle, plain, and flat part of some flow- ers. Quincy. DIS-€OV/E-NANT, v.t. To dissolve covenant with. DIS-COV'ER, (dis-kuv/er,) v. t, [Fr. decouvrir; de, for des, or dis, and couvrir, to cover ; Sp. descubrir ; Port. descobrir ; It. scoprire. See Co VER. ] 1. Literally, to uncover ; to remove a covering. Is. xvii, 2. To lay open to view; to disclose ; to show; to make visible ; to expose to view something before un- seen or concealed. Go, draw aside the curtains, and discover The several caskets to this noble prince. Shak. He discovereth deep things out of darkness. —Job xii. Lay can discover sin, but not remove, Milton. [In these passages, the word should be Uncover.] 3. To reveal #to make known. We will discover ourselves to them. —1 Sam. xiv. Discover not a secret to another. — Prov. xxv. 4. To espy ; to have the first sight of; as, a man at mast-head discoverea -and. When we had discoverea S-prus, we left it on the left hand. — 5. To find out; to obtain the first knowledge of ; to come to the knowledge of something sought or be- fore unknown. Columbus discovered the variation of the magnetic needle. We often discover our mistakes, when too late to prevent their evil ef- fects. 6. To detect; as, we discovered the artifice ; the thief, finding himself discovered, attempted to escape. Discover differs from invent. We discover what before existed, though to us unknown; we invent what did not before exist. DIS-€OV’/ER-A-BLE, a. That may be discovered ; that may be brought to light, or exposed to view. 2. That may be seen ; as, many minute animals are discoverable only by the help of the microscope. 3. That may be found out, or made known ; as, the Scriptures reveal many things not discoverable by the light of reason. 4. Apparent; visible; exposed to view Nothing discoverable in the lunar surface is ever covered, Bentley. DIS-COV'ER-ED, (-kuv/erd,) pp. Uncovered; dis- closed to view ; laid open ; revealed ; espied or first seen ; found out; detected. We say, I was pleased We say, an ex- To talk ; to converse; but it ex- dis- coursed With us an hour on the events of the war. 2, To communicate thoughts or ideas in a formal manner; to treat upon in a solemn, set manner; as, to discourse on the properties of the circle ; the 2. To utter or give forth ; as, to discourse excellent first sees or espies ; one who finds out, or first comes to the knowledge of something. 2. A scout; an explorer. Shak. DIS-COV’ER-ING, ppr. Uncovering ; disclosing to view ; laying open; revealing ; making known; es- pying ; finding out; detecting. DIS-COV/ERT-URE, n. [Fr. decouvert, uncovered.] A state of being released from coverture; freedom of a woman from the coverture of a husband. DIS-€OV’/ER-Y, x. The action of disclosing to view, or bringing to light; as, by the discovery of a plot, the public peace is preserved. 2. Disclosure ; a making known ; as,a bankrupt is bound to make a full discovery of his estate and effects. 3. The action of finding something hidden ; as, the discovery of lead or silver in the earth. 4. The act of finding out, or coming to the knowl- edge of; as, the discovery of truth; the discovery of magnetism. o. The act of espying ; first sight of ; as, the dis- covery of America by Columbus, or of the continent by Cabot. 6. That which is discovered, found out, or revealed ; that which is first brought to light, seen, or known. The properties of the magnet were an important dis- covery. Redemption from sin was a discovery beyond the power of human philosophy. 7. In dramatic poetry, the unraveling of a plot, or the manner of unfolding the plot or fable of a comedy or tragedy. DIS-E€RED/'IT, n. [Fr. discredit; Sp. discredito; It. scredito. See the verb.] 1, Want of credit or good reputation ; some degree of disgrace or reproach ; disesteem ; applied to per- sons or things. Frauds in manufactures bring them into discredit. It is the duty of every Christian to be concerned for the reputation or discredit his life may bring on his profession. Rogers. 2. Want of belief, trust, or confidence; disbelief; as, later accounts have brought the story into dis- credit, DIS-E€REDIT, v. t. credit. | 1. To disbelieve ; to give no credit to; not to credit or believe ; as, the report is discredited. 2. Todeprive of credit or good reputation ; tomake less reputable or honorable ; to bring into disesteem ; to bring into some degree of disgrace, or into dis- repute. [Fr. decrediter ; de, des, dis, and He least discredits his travels, who returns the same man he went. olfon. Our virtues will be often discredited with the appearunce of evil, ogers. 3. To deprive of credibility. Shak. S DIS-€RED'IT-A-BLE, a. Tending to injure credit; injurious to reputation; disgraceful; disreputable. Blair. DIS-€RED/IT-A-BLY, adv. In a discreditable man- ner. DIS-€RED/IT-ED, pp. Disbelieved ; brought into dis- repute ; disgraced. DIS-C€RED/'IT-ING, ppr. Disbelieving; not trusting to ; depriving of credit; disgracing. DIS-€REET’, a. [Fr. discret ; Sp. discreto ; It. id.; L. discretus, the participle assigned to discerno, dis and cerno, but probably from the root of riddle, W. rhidyll, from rhidiaw, to secrete, as screen is from the root of Ssecerno, Or excerno, Gr. koivw, L. cerno; Gr. dlaxpicts. Class Rd. It is sometimes written discrete; the dis- tinction between discreet and discrete is arbitrary, but perhaps not entirely useless. The literal sense is, Separate, reserved, wary ; hence, discerning. ] Prudent ; wise in avoiding errors or evil, and in selecting the best meas to accomplish a purpose ; circumspect ; cautious; weary; not rash. It is the discreet man, pot the witty, nor the learmed, nor the brave, who guides the converssion, and gives measures to society. Addison. Let Pharaoh Icok out a man discreet and wise. —Gen. xii. DIS-CREET’LY, adv. Prudently ; circumspectly ; cau- tiously ; with nice judgment of what is best to be done or omitted. DIS-CREET’/NESS, n. The quality of being discreet ; discretion. DIS-CREPR’ANCE, ) n. [L. discrepantia, discrepans, DIS-E€REP/AN-CY, from discrepo, to give a differ- ent sound, to vary, to jar; dis and crepo, to creak. See CrepiTare. Difference 5 disagreement ; contrariety ; applicable to facts or opinions. There is no real discrepancy between these two genealogies. Fiber, DIS-CREP/ANT,a. Different ; disagreeing ; contrary. DIS-CRETE!, a. [L. discretus. See Discreet. ] 1. Separate; distinct ; disjunct. In phonology, 2 discrete movement, is a leap of the voice from one line of pitch to another, as distinguished from a concrete movement, or slide, in which the voice passes through all the intermediate parts of the musical scale. Rush. Discrete proportion, is when the ratio of two or more pairs of numbers or quantities is the same, but there DIS-€OV’ER-ER, n. One who discovers ; one who I 342 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METS, PREY.— PINE as, 3: 6:: 8: 16, 3 bearing the same proportion to 6 as 8does to 16. But3is notto6as6to8, It isthus opposed to continued or continual proportion ; as, SiO es 2 242 ; Barlow. 2. Disjunctive; as, I resign my life, but not my honor, is a discrete proposition. Johnson. DIS-CRETE’, v. t. To separate; to discontinue. Not ee Brown. DIS-ERE’TION, (dis-Kresh’un,) x. ee discretion ; It. discrezione; Sp. discrecion; from the L. discrétio, a separating ; discretus, discerno. See Eee 1. Prudence, or knowledge and prudence; that discernment which enables a person to judge crit- ically of what is correct and proper, united with caution ; nice discernment and judgment, directed by circumspection, and primarily regarding one’s own conduct. A good man —will ruide his affairs with discretion, — Ps. cxii. My son, keep sound wisdom and discretion. — Prov. iil. 2. Liberty or power of acting without other con- trol than one’s own judgment ; as, the management of affairs was left to the discretion of the prince ; he is left to his own dtseretion. Hence, To surrender at discretion, is to surrender without stipulation or terms, and commit one’s self entirely to the power of the conqueror. 3. Disjunction; separation. [JVot much used.] Mede. DIS-€RETION-A-RY, ) (dis-kresh’un-,) a. Left to DIS-E€RE’/TLION-AL, discretion ; unrestrained except by discretion or judgment; that is to be di- rected or managed by discretion only. ‘Thus, the president of the United States is, in certain cases, invested with discretionary powers, to act according to circumstances. DIS-€RE/’TION-A-RI-LY, ) ado. DIS-ERE'’'TION-AL-LY, § cording to discretion. DIS-€RE/TIVE, a. [See Discreet and Discrerte.] Disjunctive; noting separation or opvosition. In logic, a discretive proposition expresses some distinc- tion, opposition, or variety, by means of out, though, yet, &c.; as, travelers change their climate, but not their temper; Job was patient, though his grief was great. 2. In grammar, discretive distinctions are such as imply opposition or difference ; as, not a man, but a beast. Johnson. 2. Separate ; distinct. DIS-E€RE’/TIVE-LY, adv. DIS-€RIM/IN-A-BLE, a. That may be discriminated. DIS-E€RIM/IN-ATE, v. t. [L. discrimino, from disert- men, difference, distinction; dis and crimen, differ- ently applied; coinciding with the sense of Gr. (axpwv@, Kotva, L. cerno.| 1. To distinguish ; to observe the difference be- tween ; as, we may usually discriminate true from false modesty. 2. To separate ; to select from others; to make a distinction between ; as, in the last judgment, the righteous will be discriminated from the wicked. 3. T’omark with notes of difference ; to distinguish by some note or mark. We discriminate animals by names, as nature has discriminated them by different shapes and habits. DIS-ERIM/IN-ATE, v. 7. To make a difference or distinction ; as, in the application of law, and the punishment of crimes, the judge should discriminate between degrees of guilt. 2. To observe or note a difference; to distinguish ; as, in judging of evidence, we should be careful to discriminate between probability and slight presump- At discretion ; ac- In a discretive manner. tion. DIS-E€RIM'IN-ATE, a. Distinguished; having the difference marked. Bacon. DIS-E€RIM/IN-A-TED, pp. Separated; distinguished. DIS-E€RIM/IN-ATE-LY, adv. Distinctly ; with minute distinction ; particularly. Johnson. DIS-€RIM/IN-ATE-NESS, x. Distinctness; marked difference. Dict. DIS-€RiM’/IN-A-TING, ppr. Separating; distinguish- ing; marking with notes of difference. 2. a. Distinguishing; peculiar; characterized by peculiar differences ; as, the discriminating doctrines of the gospel. 3. a That discriminates; able to make nice dis- tinctions ; as, a discriminating mind. Journ. of Science. DIS-€RIM-IN-A/TION, n. The act of distinguishing ; the act of making or observing a difference , distinc- tion ; as, the discrimination between right and wrong. 2. The state of being distinguished. Stillingfleet. 3. Mark of distinction. KK. Charles. DIS-ERIM/IN-A-TIVE, a. That makes the mark of distinction ; that constitutes the mark of difference ; characteristic ; as, the discriminative features of men. 2. That observes distinction; as, discrimmative providence. More. DIS-CRIM/IN-A-TIVE-LY, adv. With discrimination or distinction. ‘oster. DIS-€RIM/IN-A-TOR, n. One who discriminates. DIS-€RIM/IN-OUS, a, Hazardous. [.Vot used.] is not the same proportion between all the numbers ; » MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — < Harvey. DIS-EROWN’, v. t. To deprive of a crown. -_—~—- | snl ee Ry >} Me SameDIS Deprived of a crown. Depriving of a crown. i Campbell. DIS-€U/BI-TO-RY, a. [L. discubitorwus ; discumbo ; dis and cubo, to lie down or Jean. ] Leaning ; inclining ; or fitted to a leaning posture. 5 Town. DIS-€UL'PATE, vw. t. [Fr. disculper; Sp. disculpar ; dis and L. culpa, a fault. } To free from blame or fault; to exculpate; to excuse. DIS-CROWN’ED, pp. DIS-CROW N’ING, ppr. Neither does this effect of the independence of nations disculpate the author of an unjust war. Trans. of Vattel. DS eu Ea DED pp. Cleared from blame; excul- pated. DIS-E€UL/PA-TING, ppr. Freeing from blame; ex- cusing. DIS-€UL-PA’/TION, 2. Exculpation. DIS-CUL/PA-TO-RY, a. ‘Tending to exculpate. DIS-CUM/BEN-CY,n. [L. discumbens. See Discusi- TORY. | The act of leaning at meat, according to the man- ner of the ancients. TOWN. DIS-C€UM/BER, v. t. [dis and cumber.] To unbur- den ; to throw off any thing cumbersome; to disen- gage from any troublesome weight, or impediment 5 to disencumber. [ The latter is generally used.] Pope. DIS-€URE’, v.t. To discover; toreveal. [JVot used.] Spenser. DIS-CUR/RENT, a. Notcurrent. [Wotused.] Sandys. DIS-C€UR/SION, n. [L. discurro; dis and curro, to run. | A running or rambling about. Bailey. DIS-CUR/SIST, n. [See Discoursz.] A disputer. Not in use. I. Addison. DIS-CUR/SIVE, a. [Sp. discursivo, from L. discurro, eupre 1. Moving or roving about; desultory. Bacon. 2. Argumentative ; reasoning ; proceeding regularly from premises to consequences; sometimes written DiscourstvE. Whether brutes have a kind of dis- cursive faculty. Hale. DIS-GUR/SIVE-LY, adv. In a discursive manner ; argumentatively. Hale. DIS-CUR/SIVE-NESS, n. The state or quality of Barrow. being discursive. DIS-EUR/SO-RY, a. Argumental; rational. Johnson. DISE/US, n. [L. See Eng. Disn and Disx.] 1. A quoit; a piece of iron, copper, or stone, to be thrown in play ; used by the ancients. 9. In botany, the middle, plain part of a radiated compound flower, generally consisting of small florets, with a hollow, regular petal, as in the mari- gold and daisy. Bailey. Encyc. 3. The face or surface of the sun or moon. [See Disk. DIS-GUSS!, v. t. [L. discutio, discussum; dis and quatio; Er. discuter; Sp. discutir. Quatio may be allied to quasso, and to cudo and c@do, to strike. See Class Gs, No. 17, 28, 68, 79, and Class Gd, No. 38, 40, 76.] Literally, to drive; to beat or to shake in pieces ; to separate into parts. 1. To disperse; to scatter; to dissolve; to repel ; as, to discuss a tumor; @ medical use of the word. 2. To debate ; to agitate by argument; to clear of objections and difficulties, with a view to find or illustrate truth ; to sift; to examine by disputation ; to ventilate ; to reason on, for the purpose of sepa- rating truth from falsehood. We discuss a subject, a point, a problem, a question, the propriety, expedi- ence, or justice, of a measure, &c. 3. To break in pieces. Brown. 4, To shake off. [Wot in use. ] Spenser. 5. The primary sense of the word is heard in the colloquial phrases, to discuss a fcwl, to discuss a bottle of wine. DIS-CUSS’/ED, (dis-kust!,) pp. Dispersed ; dissipated 5 debated ; agitated ; argued. DIS-€USS/ER, n. One who discusses ; one who sifts or examines. DIS-€USS/ING, ppr. ing; debating; agitating; examining by argument. DIS-GUSS/ING, n. Discussion ; examination. DIS-€US/SION, (dis-kush/un,) 7. matter. Core. Wiseman. separate truth from falsehood. solve, or disperse, tumors or coagulated matter. DIS-CUSS/IVE, n. cutient, DIS-€0/ TIENT, (dis-ku/shent.) a [L. discutiens. | Discussing ; dispersing morbid matter. DJS8-€0/TIENT, zn. body ; sometimes it is equivalent to carminative. oxe DIS-DAIN’, v. t, [Fr. dedaigner; Sp. desdenar ; DIS-DAIN’, x. Dispersing ; resolving ; scatter- é : : In surgery, reso- lution ; the dispersion of a tumor or any coagulated 2. Debate ; disquisition ; the agitation of a point or subject with a view to elicit truth; the treating of a subject by argument, to clear it of difficulties, and DIS-CUSS/IVE, a. Having the power to discuss, re- A medicine that discusses ; a dis- A medicine or application which disperses a tumor or any coagulated fluid in the Tt. DIS dignor, to think worthy ; dignus, worthy. See Dic NITY. ] To think unworthy ; to deem worthless; to con- sider to be unworthy of notice, care, regard, esteem, or unworthy of one’s character; to scorn; to con- temn. The man of elevated mind disdains a mean action; he disdains the society of profligate, worth-| D less men; he disdains to corrupt the innocent, or in- sult the weak ; Goliath disdained David. D Whose fathers I would have disdained to set with the dogs of my flock. — Job xxx. Contempt ; scorn; a passion excited in noble minds by the hatred or detestation of what is mean and dishonorable, and implying a conscious- ness of superiority of mind, or a supposed superlor- ity. In ignoble minds, disdain may spring from un- warrantable pride or haughtiness, and be directed toward objects of worth. It implies hatred, and sometimes anger. How my soul is moved with just disdain! DIS-DAIN/ED, pp. Despised; contemned ; scorned. DIS-DAIN/FUL, a. Full of disdain; as, disdainful soul. 2. Expressing disdain ; as, a disdainful look. 3. Contemptuous; scornful; haughty ; indignant. Hooker. Dryden. DI¢-DAIN/FUL-LY, adv. Contemptuously ; with scom; in a haughty manner. South. DIS-DAIN/FUL-NESS, n. Contempt; contemptuous- ness ; haughty scorn. Sidney. DIS-DAIN/ING, ppr. Contemning; scorning. DIS-DAIN/ING, n. Contempt; scorn. DIS-DI-A-PA/SON, ) x. [See Drapason.] In music, BIS-DI-A-PA’/SON,{$ a scale of two octaves, or a fifteenth. Brande. DIS-EASE’, (diz-éze’,) n. [dis and ease.] In its pri- mary sense, pain, uneasiness, distress, and so used by Spenser; but in this sense, obsolete. 2. Any deviation from health in function or struc- ture ; the cause of pain or uneasiness ; distemper ; malady; sickness; disorder; any state of a living body in which the natural functions of the organs are interrupted or disturbed, either by defective or preternatural action, without a disrupture of parts by violence, which is called a wound. The first effect of disease is uneasiness or pain, and the ultimate effect is death. A disease may affect the whole body, or a particular limb or part of the body. We say, a diseased limb; a disease in the head or stomach ; and such partial affection of the body is called a local or topical disease. The word is also applied to the disorders of other animals, as well as to those of man; and to any derangement of the vegetative functions of plants. The shafts of disease shoot across our path in such a variety of courses, that the atmosphere of human life is darkened by their number, and the escape of an individual becomes almost miraculous. Buckminster. 3. A disordered state of the mind or intellect, by which the reason is impaired. 4. In society, vice ; corrupt state of morals, Wices are called moral diseases. A wise man converses with the wicked, as a physician with the sick, not to catch the disease, but to cure it. : Mazim of Antisthenes. D Pope. 5. Political or civil disorder, or vices in a state; any practice which tends to disturb the peace of so- ciety, or impede or prevent the regular administration of government. The instability, injustice, and confusion introduced into the public councils have, in truth, been the mortal diseases under which popular governments have every where perished. Federalist, Madison. DI$-EASE’, (diz-éze’) v. t. To interrupt or impair any or all the natural and regular functions of the several organs of a living body ; to afflict with pain or sick- ness ; to make morbid ; used chiefly in the passive participle ; as, a diseased body, a diseased stomach 5 put diseased may here be considered as an adjective. 9, To interrupt or render imperfect the regular functions of the brain, or of the intellect; to disor- der ; to derange. [ gion. 3. To infect ; to commuuicate disease to by conta- Locke. 4, To pain; to make uneasy. DIS-EAS/ED, (diz-ézd’,) pp. or a Disordered ; dis- tempered ; sick. DIS-EAS’ED-NESS, (diz-éz’ed-ness,) 2. The state of being diseased; a morbid state; sickness. Burnet. DIS-EASE/FUL, (diz-éze/ful,) a. Abounding with dis- ease ; producing diseases 5 as, a diseaseful climate. 9. Occasioning uneasiness. DIS-EASE/MENT, (diz-éze’ment,) n. inconvenience. DI$-HAS/ING, ppr. Disordering ; infecting. DIS-EDG/ED, a. [dis and edge.] Blunted ; made dull. Shak Uneasiness ; Bacon. wer. | To land ; to debark ; general disembarked the troops at sunrise. sdernare; Port. desdenhar ; Li. dedignor; de, dis, and DIS-EM-BARK’, ». 7. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z 5 DIS-EM-BAR/RASS-ING, ppr. DIS-EM-BAY’, v. t. DIS-EM-BAY’ED, pp. Cleared froma bay. DIS-EM-BAY/’ING, ppr. Clearing from a bay. DIS-EM-BEL/LISH, v. t. i ment. DIS-EM-BEL’LISH-ED, (-em-bel’lisht,) pp. Deprived DIS-EM-BIT’TER, v. t. [dis and embitter.] To free DIS-EM-BIT’TER-ED, pp. DIS-EM-BOD’L-ED, (-em-bod‘id,) a. DIS-EM-BOD'Y-ING, ppr. DIS-EM-BOGUE’, (dis-em-bog’,) v. t. [dis and the root DIS-EM-BARK’, v. t. [dis and embark; Fr. desembar- to remove from on board a ship to the land ; to put on shore ; applied particularly to the landing of troops and military apparatus ; as, the To land ; to debark ; to quit a DIS ship for residence or action on shore; as, the light infantry and cavalry disembarked, and marched to | meet the enemy. | DIS-EM-BARK-A/TION, zn. The act of disembarking. DIS-EM-BARK/ED, (-em-birkt’,) pp. Landed; put on shore. IS-EM-BARK/ING, ppr. on board a ship to land. IS-EM-BAR/RASS, v. t. [dis and embarrass.) To free from embarrassment or perplexity ; to clear; to extricate. Mason. [S-EM-BAR/RASS-ED, (dis-em-bar/rast,) pp. Freed from embarrassment ; extricated from difficulty. | | Landing; removing from | | ! 1 Freeing from embar- yassment or perplexity ; extricating. DIS-EM-BAR’/RASS-MENT, n. The act of extricating from perplexity. To clear from a bay. Sherburne. To deprive of embellish- of embellishment. from bitterness ; to clear from acrimony; to render sweet or pleasant. Addison. Freed from bitterness. [dis and embod- ied.| Divested of the body; as, disembodied spirits or souls. ; 2, Separated ; discharged from keeping in a body. Militia Act, Geo. III. DIS-EM-BOD’Y, v. t. To divest of body ; to free from flesh. 2. To discharge from military array. Divesting of body. of Fr. bouche, mouth. The French has emboucher and debouquer. Sp. boca, mouth, Port. 2d., It. bocca. See Voice.) To pour out or discharge at the mouth, as a stream ; to vent ; to discharge into the ocean or a lake. Rolling down, the steep Timavus mveés, And through nine channels disembogues his waves. Addison. DIS-EM-BOGUE’, v. i. To flow out at the mouth, as | a river ; to discharge waters into the ocean or into a lake. innumerable rivers disembogue into the ocean. | 2. To pass out of a gulf or bay, DIS-EM-BOGU'ED, (-em-bogd’,) pp. Discharged at the mouth of a river. DIS-EM-BOGUE/MENT, x. Discharge of waters into the ocean or a lake. Mease. DIS-EM-BO'SOM, v. t. To separate from the bosom. Young. DIS-EM-BO/SOM-ED, pp. Separated from the bosom. DIS-EM-BOW’EL, v.t. [dis and embowel.} To take out the bowels ; to take or draw from the bowels, as the web of a spider. DIS-EM-BOW/EL-ED, the bowels. Disemboweled web. DIS-EM-BOW/EL-ING, ppr. Taking or drawing from the bowels. DIS-EM-BOW/ER-ED, a. deprived of a bower. DIS-EM-BRAN!/GLE, (-em-brang’gl,) v. t. from litigation. [Vot used. ] DIS-EM-BROIL’, v, t. [dis and embroil.] To disen- tangle; to free from perplexity ; to extricate from confusion. Dryden. Addison. DIS-EM-BROIL/ED, pp. Disentangled ; cleared from perplexity or confusion. DIS-EM-BROIL/ING, ppr-. from confusion. DIS-EM-PLOY/ED, a. ‘Thrown out of employment. DIS-EN-A/BLE, v. t. [dis and enable.} To deprive of power, natural or moral; to disable ; to deprive of ability or means. A man may be disenabled to walk by lameness ; and by poverty he is disenabled to sup- port his family. e DIS-EN-A/BLED, pp. Deprived of power, ability, or means. DIS-EN-A’/BLING, ppr. or means ; DIS-EN-CHANT’, v. t. [ds and enchant.| ‘To free from enchantment; to deliver from the power of charms or spells. Haste to thy work; a noble stroke or two Ends all the charms, and disenchants the grove. Dryden. DIS-EN-CHANT’ED, pp. Delivered from enchant ment or the power of charms. E DIS-EN-CHANT’ER, n. He or that which chants. DIS-EN-CHANT’ING, ppr. Freeing from enchant ment or the influence of charms. : : DIS-EN-CHANT/MENT, 2. Act of disenchanting. DIS-EN-€UM’BER, »v. t. [dis and encumber.] ‘To free from encumbrance ; to deliver from clogs and imped- iments ; to disburden ; as, to disencumber roans of their baggage ; to disencumber the soul of its body ia clay ; to disencumber the mind of its cares and griets. 9, To free from any obstruction ; to free from any Oe p. or a. Taken or drawn from Philips. Removed from a bower, or Bryant. To free Disentangling ; freeing Depriving of power, ability, disen OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ee 343 | 5 — Soe ngs et eee ee TT alSRE TELLIN A rp eee: 2. The act of separating or detaching. DIS . ro RS IN thing heavy or unnecessary ; as, a disencumbered | DiS-ES-POUS/ING, ppr. i} building Addison. brance. bo 5 DIS-EN-CUM’/BER-ING, ppr. Freeing from encum-| DIS-ES-TEEM’, x. brance from encumbrance, or any thing burdensome or troub- | DIS-ES-TEEM’, »v. t. lesome. Spectator. DIS-EN-GAGE’, v. t. [dis and engage.] To separate, as a substance from any thing with which it is in union; to free; to loose; to liberate; as, to disen- gage a metal from extraneous substances, Caloric and light must be disengaged during the process. _ Lavoisier. 2. To separate from that to which one adheres, or is attached ; as, to disengage a man from a party. 3. To disentangle ; to extricate ; to clear from im- | pediments, difficulties, or perplexities; as, to disen- gage one from broils or controversies. : 4. To detach ; to withdraw ; to wean; as, to disen- gage the heart or affections from earthly pursuits. 5. To free from any thing that commands the mind or employs the attention ; as, to disengage the mind from study ; to disengage one’s self from business. 6. To release or liberate from a promise or obli- | gation ; to set free by dissolving an engagement; as, the men who were enlisted are now disengared ; the | lady who had promised to give her hand in marriage is disengaged, Let it be observed, that disengaged properly implies previous engagement, and is not to be confounded with unengaged, which does not always imply prior | engagement. ly overlooked. DIS-EN-GAG'/ED, pp. Separated ; detached ; set free ; | released ; disjoined ; disentangled. | | | | This distinction is sometimes careless- 2.a. Vacant; being at leisure; not particularly occupied ; not having the attention confined to a par- ticular object. [This word is thus used by mistake for JNENGAGED, not engaged. DIS-EN-GAG'ED-NESS, n. The quality or state of being disengaged ; freedom from connection ; dis- 2. Vacuity of attention. [ junction. DIS-EN-GaGE/MENT, n. Asetting free ; separation ; extrication. It is easy to render this disengagement of caloric and light evident to the senses. voisier. 3. Liberation or release from obligation. 4. Freedom from attention ; vacancy ; leisure. DIS-EN-GAG'ING, ppr. Separating ; loosing ; setting free; detaching; liberating ; releasing from obliga- Disengaging machinery. See ENGAGING. tion. DIS-EN-CUM’BER-ED, pp- ord. Freed from encum- | DIS-EN-6UM/BRANCE, nm. Freedom or deliverance { { | DIS ment. teem; slight dislike; disregard. than hatred or contempt. Locke. gree ; to consider with disregard, disapprobation, dislike, or slight contempt ; to slight. But if this sacred gift you disesteem. DIS-ES-TEEM/ED, pp. Disliked ; slighted. DIS-ES-TEEM/ING, ppr. Disliking ; slighting. DIS-ES-TI-MA’/TION, n. Disesteem ;- bad repute. DIS-EX’ER-CISE, v. t. To deprive of exercise. [4 bad word. Milton. DIS-FAN’CY, vz. t. [Wot used.]} Hammond. DIS-FA'VOR, zn. [dis and favor.]. Dislike; slight displeasure; discountenance; unfavorable regard ; disesteem; as, the conduct of the minister incurred the disfavor of his sovereign. 2. A state of unacceptableness ; a state in which one is not esteemed or favored, or not patronized, promoted, or befriended; as, to be in disfavor at court, 3. An ill or disobliging act ; as, no generous man will do a disfavor to the meanest of his species. DIS-FA/VOR, v. t. To discountenance ; to withdraw or withhold from one, kindness, friendship, or sup- port; to check or oppose by disapprobation; as, let the man be countenanced or disfavored, according to his merits. DIS-FA’VOR-ED, pp. vored. DIS-FA/VOR-ER, n. One who discountenances, DIS-FA’/VOR-ING, ppr. Discountenancing. [ Bacon. DIS-FIEA’TURE, (-feet/yur,) v. t. To deprive of fea- tures ; to disfigure. DIS-FIG-U-RA'TION, n. [See Disricure.] The act of disfiguring, or marring external form. 2. The state of being disfigured ; some degree of deformity. DIS-FIG/URE, (-fig/yur,) v. t. [dis and figure.] To change to a worse form; to mar external figure ; to impair shape or form, and render it less perfect and beautiful; as, the loss of a limb disfirures the body. 2. To mar; to impair ; toinjure beauty, symmetry, or excellence. DIS-FIG’UR-ED, (dis-fig’yurd,) pp. or a. Changed to a worse form ; impaired in form or appearance. DIS-FIG/URE-MENT, n. Change of external form to the worse ; defacement of beauty. Milton, Suckling. Denham. To dislike. Discountenanced; not fa- | DIS-EN-NO’/BLE, @.t. ‘To deprive of title, or of that | which ennobles. uardian. DIS-EN-NO’BLED, pp. Deprived of title, or of that which ennobles. DIS-EN-ROLL’, v.i. To erase from a roll or list. DIS-EN-ROLL/ED, pp. Erased from a roll. [ Donne. | DIS-EN-ROLL/ING, ppr. Erasing from a roll or list. DIS-EN-SLAVE’, v. t. To free from bondage. South. DIS-EN-TAN"'GLE, (-en-tang’gl,) v. t. [dis and entan- gle.] To unravel; to unfold ; to untwist ; to loose, Separate, or disconnect things which are interwoven, or united without order; as, to disentangle network ; to disentangle a skein of yarn. 2. To free; to extricate from perplexity ; to disen- gage from complicated concerns ; to set free from im- pediments or difficulties ; as, to disentangle one’s self from business, from political affairs, or from the cares and temptations of life. 3. To disengage ; to separate. DIS-EN-TAN//GLED, (-en-tang’/gld,) pp. Freed from entanglement ; extricated. DIS-EN-TAN//GLE-MENT, mn ‘The act of disentan- cling. Warton, DIS-EN-TAN'//GLING, ppr. Freeing from entangle- ment ; extricating. DIS-EN-TER’. See Distnrer. DIS-EN-THRALL!. See DisinrHRau. DIS-EN-THRONP,, ». t. throne ; to depose from sovereign authority ; as, to disenthrone a king. Milton. DIS-EN-THRON’/ED, pp. Deposed ; deprived of soy- ereign power. DIS-EN-THRON’ING, ppr. royal authority. DIS-EN-TI/TLE, v. t. To deprive of title. DIS-EN-TI/TLED, pp. Deprived of title. DIS-EN-TRANCE’, v. t. [dis and entrance.| To Deposing ; depriving of South. from a revery. Hudibras. DIS-GAR’/RI-SON-ING, ppr. Deprived of a garrison. from a trance, sleep, or revery. DIS-GAV/EL, ». t. [See GavELKIND. To take DIS-EN- TRANC’ED, (-en-transt’,) pp. Awakened away the tenure of gavelkind, lackstone. DIS-EN-TRANC/ING, ppr. Arousing from a trance, sleep, or revery. DIS-ERT’, a, [L. disertus.] Eloquent. > 2 DIS-ES-POU$S oe eats fase and espouse] To sep- arate after espousal or plighted faith ; to divorce. Milton. DIS-ES-PO US'ED, pp. Separated after espousal ; re- leased from obligation to marry. [dts and enthrone.] To de- DIS-FUR’NISH-ING, ppr. DIS-GAL/LANT, v. t. ] DIS-GAR’NISH, v. t. DIS-GAR/RI-SON, v. t. awaken froma trance, or from deep sleep; toarouse | DIS-GAR/RI-S DIS-GAV/EL-ED, pp. DIS-GAV/EL-ING, ppr. DIS-GLO/RLFY, ». t. DIS-FIG/UR-ER, (-fig/yur-er,) n. ures, DIS-FIG/UR-ING, ppr. Injuring the form or shape ; impairing the beauty of form. One who disfig- Separating after plighted faith. DIS-ES-TAB/LISH, v. t. To remove from establish- [dts and esteem.] Want of es- It expresses less To dislike in a moderate de- DIS DIS-GORGE’, (dis-gorj’,) v. t. and gorge, the throat. } 1. To eject or discharge from the stomach, throat, or mouth; to vomit. 2. To throw out with violence; to discharge vio- lently or in great quantities from a confined place. Thus, volcanoes are said to disyorge streams of burn- ing lava, ashes, and stones. Milton’s infernal rivers disgorge their streams into a burning lake. 3. Fig. To yield up or give back what had been seized upon as one’s own; as, to disgorge his ill- gotten gains. DIS-GORG’ED, pp. Ejected; discharged from the stomach or mouth; thrown out with violence and in great quantities. DIS-GORGE/MENT, (dis-gorj/ment,) n. The act of disgorging ; a vomiting. fall DIS-GORG/ING, ppr. Discharging from the throat or mouth ; vomiting; ejecting with violence and in great quantities. DIS-GOS’PEL, v.%. [dis and gospel.| To differ from the precepts of the gospel. [Not used.] Milton. DIS-GRACE’, n. [dis and grace.] A state of being out of favor ; disfavor; disesteem ; as, the minister retired from court in disgrace. 2. State of ignominy ; dishonor, shame, 3. Cause of shame; as, to turn the back to the enemy is a foul disgrace ; every vice is a disgrace to a rational being. 4, Act of unkindness. DIS-GRACE’, v. t. ister was disgraced, 2. To bring a reproach on; to dishonor; as an agent. Men are apt to take pleasure in disgracing an enemy and his performances. 3. To bring to shame ; to dishonor ; to sink in es- timation ; as a cause; as, men often boast of actions which disgrace them. DIS-GRAC’ED, (dis-grast’,) pp. ora. Put outof favor ; brought under reproach ; dishonored. DIS-GRACE’/FUL, a. Shameful; reproachful; dis- honorable; procuring shame; sinking reputation. Cowardice is disgraceful to a soJdier. Intemperance and profaneness are disgraceful toa man, but more disgraceful to a Woman. DIS-GRACE/FUL-LY, adv. The senate have cast you forth disgracefully. [Fr. degorger; de, dis, | [Not used.] Sidney. To put out of favor; as, the min- With disgrace. B. Jonson. 2. Shamefully ; reproachfully ; ignominiously ; in a disgraceful manner; as, the troops fled disgrace- Fully. DIS-GRACE/FUL-NESS, 7n. ness. DIS-GRA/CER, n. One who disgraces; one who ex- poses to disgrace; one who brings into disgrace, shame, or contempt. DIS-GRA/CING, ppr. oring. DIS-GRA/CIOUS, a. [dis and gracious.] Ungracious ; Ignominy ; shameful- Bringing reproach on; dishon- DIS-FOR/EST. See Disarroresr. DIS-FRAN’CHISE, (-chiz,) v. t. [dis and Sranchise.] To deprive of the rights and privileges of a free citi- zen ; to deprive of chartered rights and immunities ; to deprive of any franchise, as of the right of voting in elections, &c. Blackstone. DIS-FRAN/CHIS-ED, (dis-fran/chizd,) pp. ora. De- prived of the rights and privileges of a free citizen, or of some particular franchise. DIS-FRAN/CHISE-MENT, (dis-fran/chiz-ment,) n. The act of disfranchising, or depriving of the privi- leges of a free citizen, or of some particular immu- nity. DIS-FRAN’CHIS-ING, ppr. Depriving of the privi- leges of a free citizen, or of some particular immu- nity. DIS-FRI/AR, v.t. [dis and friar.] To deprive of the State of a friar. [JVot used.] Sandys. DIS-FUR‘NISH, v. t. [dis and furnish.| To deprive of furniture; to strip of apparatus, habiliments, or equipage. Shak. Knolles. DIS-FUR/NISH-ED, (-fur/nisht,) pp. Deprived of furniture ; stripped of apparatus. Depriving of furniture or apparatus, To deprive of gallantry. [Wot B. Jonson. To divest used. [dis and garnish.] of garniture or omaments. 2. To deprive of a garrison, guns, and military ap- | DIS-GUIS/ED, (dis-gizd’,) pp. or a. paratus ; to degarnish. To deprive of a garrison. Hewyt. ON-ED, pp. Deprived of a garrison. Deprived of the tenure by gavelkind. Taking away tenure by gavelkind. lackstone. [dis and glorify. ] of glory; to treat with indignity. The participle dis- ie ie is used by Milton; but the word is little used. DIS-GUISE’/MEN‘ vou ee DIS-GUIS'ER, (dis-giz/er,) n. DIS-GUIS/ING, ppr. Concealin DIS-GUIS/ING, n. To deprive | DIS-GUST’, n unpleasing. Shak. DIS-GRADE’, v. t. Our old word for DecrapE. DIS'GRE-GATE, v. t. To separate ; to disperse. { Lit- tle used. More. DIS-GUISE’, (dis-gize’,) v.t. [Fr. deguiser ; de, dis, and guise, manner. ] I. To conceal by an unusual! habit or mask. Men Sometimes disguise themsclves for the purpose of committing crimes without danger of detection. They disguise their faces in a masquerade. 2. To hide by a counterfeit appearance ; to cloak by a false show, by false language, or an artificial manner ; as, to disguise anger, sentiments, or in- tentions. 3. To disfigure; to alter the form, and exhibit an unusual appearance. They saw the faces, which too well they knew, Though then disguised in death, Dryden. 4. To disfigure or deform by liquor; to intoxicate. DIS-GUISE’, n. . . on itance. DIS-IN-HER/IT-ING, ppr. tary estate or right. DIS-IN-HUME’, v. t. To disinter. DIS-IN/TE-GRA-BLE, a. [dis and integer.) That may be separated into integrant parts ; capable of disintegration. Argillo-calcite is readily disintegrable by exposure to the atmos- phere. Kirwan. DIS-IN’/TE-GRATE, v. t. [dis and integer.] ‘To sep- arate the integrant parts of. Mazrlites are not disintegrated by exposure to the atmosphere, at least in six years. firiwan. DIS-IN'TE-GRA-TED, pp. Separated into integrant parts without chemical action. DIS-IN/TE-GRA-TING, ppr. grant parts. DIS-IN-TE-GRA/TION, n. The act of separating integrant parts of a substance, as distinguished from decomposition, or the separation of constituent parts. Kirwan. DIS-IN-TER/, v. t. [dis and inter.] To take out of a grave, or out of the earth; as, to disinter a dead body that is buried. 9. To take out, as from a grave; to bring from ob- > curity into view. The philosopher—may be concealed in a plebeian, which a Depriving of an heredi- Separating into inte- proper education might have disinterred. [Unusual.] Addison. S-IN’/TER-ESS-ED SN TER-ESS-MENT, See DistnTERESTED, &C. DIS-IN/TER-EST, n. [dis and interest.] What is contrary to the interest or advantage ; disadvantage 5 injury. [Little used, or not at all. | Glanville. 9. Indifference :o profit; want of regard to private advantage. Johnson. DIS-IN’/TER-EST, v. t. To disengage from private interest or personal advantage. [Little used. | Feltham. DIS-IN’TER-EST-ED, a. Uninterested ; indifferent ; free from selfinterest; having no separate personal interest or private advantage in a question or affair. It is important that a judge should be perfectly disin- terested. 9. Not influenced or dictated by private advan- tage ; as, a disinterested decision. [This word is more generally used than UNINTER- ESTED. pis INTER-EST-ED-LY, ady In a disinterested manner. : DIS-IN’TER-EST-ED-NESS, n. The state or quality of having no separate personal interest or priyate advantage in a question or event ; freedom from bias or prejudice, on account of private interest ; indiffer- ence. Brown. DIS-IN’TER-EST-ING, a. Uninteresting. . The latter is the word now used. ] me 4 DIS-IN-TER/MENT, n. The act of disinterring, of taking out of the earth. DIS-IN-TER/RED, (dis-in-turd’,) Pp- Taken out of the earth or grave. TH as in THIS. e 345 | me ae i oe So - AN 3 a a pond ape. a eke veterans caePLAY ROO A eee DIS DIS DIS DIS-IN-TER/RING, ppr. [ out of a grave. : DIS-IN-THRALL/, (dis-in-thrawl’,) v. t. [dis and in- thrall,] To liberate from slavery, bondage, or servi- tude; to free or rescue from oppression. South. DIS-IN-THRALL/ED, pp. Set free from bondage. DIS-IN-THRALL/ING, ppr. Delivering from slavery or servitude. DIS-IN-THRALL’/MENT, 7. Liberation from bon- dage ; emancipation from slavery. EE. Nott. DIS-IN-URE’, v. t. [dis and inure.] To deprive of familiarity or custom. E Milton. DIS-IN-UR/ED, pp. Deprived of familiar custom. DIS-IN-VAL-ID/I-TY, x. Want of validity. DIS-IN-VITE’, v. t. To recall an invitation. Finett. DIS-IN-VIT/ING, ppr. Retracting an invitation. : DIS-IN-VOLVE’, (dis-in-volv’,) v. 4 [dis and in- volve.| Touncover; to unfold or unroll; to disen- tangle. More. DIS-IN-VOLV’/ED, pp. Unfolded; disentangled. DIS-IN-VOLV/ING. ppr. Freeing from entanglement. DIS-JE€/TION, n. Act of overthrowing or dissipating. DIS-JOIN’, v. t. [dis and join.} To part; to disunite ; to separate ; to sunder. DIS-JOLN’ED, pp. or a. Disunited; separated. DIS-JOIN’ING, ppr. Disuniting ; severing. DIS-JOINT’, v. t [dis and joimt.] To separate a joint ; to separate parts united by joints; as, to dis- joint the limbs ; to disjoint bones; to disjoint a fowl in carving. 2. To put out of joint; to force out of its socket ; to dislocate. 3. To separate at junctures; to break at the part where things are united by cement; as, disjointed columns. 4. To break in pieces; to separate united parts ; as, to disjoint an edifice; the disjointed parts of a ship. ss To break the natural order and relations of a thing; to make incoherent; as, a disjointed speech. DIS-JOINT’, v.i. To fall in pieces. Shak. DIS-JOINT’, a. Disjointed. Shak. DIS-JOINT/ED, pp. or a. Separated at the joints; parted limb from limb; carved; put out of joiut; not coherent. DIS-JOINT’ED-NESS, n. State of being disjointed. DIS-JOINITING, ppr. Separating joints; disjoining limb from limb; breaking at the seams or junctures ; rendering incoherent. DIS-JOINT’/LY, adv. Ina divided state. Sandys. DIS-JU-DL-€A/TION, n. [L. dijudicatio.] Judgment; determination. [JVot uscd.] Bove. DIS-JUN€T’, a. jungo, to join.] Disjoined ; separated. DIS-JUN€/TION, nn. [L. disjunctio.] The act of disjoining; disunion; separation; a parting ; as, the disjunction of soul and body. [L. disjunctus, disjungo; dis and Taking out of the earth, or which we deem wrong; we dislie persons of evil habits ; we dislike whatever gives us pain. 2. To disrelish ; to regard with some disgust; as, to dislike particular kinds of food. DIS-LIK/ED, (dis-likt’,) pp. Disapproved ; disrelished. DIS-LIKE/FUL, a. Disliking; disaffected. [Vot used. { Spenser. DIS-LIK’EN, (dis-lik’n,) v.t. To make unlike. Shak. DIS-LIK/EN-ED, pp. Made unlike. DIS-LIKE’/NESS, n. [dis and likeness.] Unlikeness ; want of resemblance; dissimilitude. Locke. DIS-LIK’ER, m. One who disapproves or disrelishes. DIS-LIK/ING, ppr. Disapproving; disrelishing. DIS-LIMB’, (dis-lim’,) vt. To tear the limbs from. Dict. DIS-LIMB/ED, (-limd’,) pp. Torn limb from limb. DIS-LIMN’, (dis-lim/,) v.t. To strike out of a picture. [ot in use. Shak. DIS’LO-€ATE, a. Dislocated. Montgomery. DIS'LO-€ATE, v. t. [dis and locate, L. locus, place ; Fr. disloquer ; It. dislocare.] To displace ; to put out of its proper place ; partic- ularly, to put out of joint; to disjoint; to move a bone from its socket, cavity, or place of articulation. DIS’/LO-€A-TED, pp. or a. Removed from its proper place ; put out of joint. DIS/LO-€a-TING, ppr. place, or out of joint. DIS-LO-€A/TION, n. The act of moving from its proper place; particularly, the act of removing or forcing a bone from its socket; luxation. Encyc. 2. The state of being displaced. Burnet. 3, A joint displaced. 4, In geology, the displacement of parts of rocks, or portions of strata, from the situations which they originally occupied. YC. DIS-LODGE’, (dis-lodj’,) v. t. [dis and lodge.] To remove or drive from a lodge or place of rest; to drive from the place where a thing naturally rests or inhabits. Shells, resting in the sea at a considerable depth, are not dislodged by storms. 2. T’o drive from a place of retirement or retreat ; as, to dislodge a cony or a deer. 3. To drive from any place of rest or habitation, or from any station; as, to dislodge the enemy from their quarters, from a hill or wall. 4. To remove an army to other quarters. Shak, DIS-LODGE’, v.i. To go from a place of rest. Milton. DIS-LODG/ED, pp. Driven from a lodge or place of rest; removed froma place of habitation, or from any Station. DIS-LODG/ING, ppr. Driving from a lodge, from a place of rest or retreat, or from any station. DIS-LOY’AL, a. [dis and loyal; Fr. deloyal; Sp. des- leal. 1 Not true to allegiance; false to a sovereign ; faithless ; as, a disloyal subject. 2. False; perfidious; treacherous; as, a disloyal Putting out of its proper DIS-JUNE€T/IVE, a. Separating ; disjoining. 2. Incapable of union. [ Unusual.] Grew. 3. In grammar, a disjunctive conjunction or con- nective is a word which unites sentences or the parts of discourse in construction, but disjoins the sense, noting an alternative or opposition; as, I love him, cr I fear him; I neither love him, nor fear him. 4. In logic, a disjunctive proposition, is one in which the parts are opposed to each other, by means of dis- junctives; as, tt zs either day or night. A disjunctive syllogism, is when the major proposi- tion is disjunctive; as, the earth moves in a circle, or an ellipsis ; but it does not move in a circle, therefore it moves in an ellipsis. Watts. DIS-JUNET/IVE, n. A word that disjoins; as or, nor, neither. DISJUN€T/IVE-LY, adv. Ina disjunctive manner; separately. DISK, 7. [L. discus. See Disn ai d Desx.] 1. The face or visible projectiot. of a celestial body, usually predicated of the sun, moon, or planets; but the stars have also apparent disks. D. Olmsted. 2. A quoit; a piece of stone, iron, or copper, in- clining to an oval figure, which the ancients hurled by the help of a leathern thong tied round the per- son’s hand, and put through a hole in the middle. Some whirl the disk and some the javelin dart. Pope. 3. In botany, the whole surface of a leaf; the cen- tral part of a radiate compound flower. Martyn. A term applied to certain bodies or projections sit- uated between the base of the stamens and the base of the ovary, but forming part with neither. Lindley. DIS-KIND/NESS, n. [dis and kindness.] Want of kindness ; unkindness ; want of affection. 2. Ill turn; injury; detriment. Woodward. DIS-LIKE’, n._ [dis and like.] Disapprobation ; dis- inclination ; displeasure ; aversion; a moderate de- gree of hatred. A man shows his dislike to measures which he disapproves, to a proposal which he is dis- inclined to accept, and to food which he does not relish. All wise and good men manifest their dislike to folly. 2. Discord ; disagreement. [JVot in use.| Fairfax. DIS-LIKE!, v. t. Todisapprove; to regard with some aversion or displeasure. We dislike proceedings knave. Shak. 3. Not true to the marriage bed. Shak. 4. False in love; not constant. Johnson, DIS-LOY’AL-LY, adv. In a disloyal manner; with violation of faith or duty to a sovereign ; faithlessly ; perfidiously. DIS-LOY’AL-TY, n. Want of fidelity to a sovereign ; violation of allegiance or duty to a prince or sover- eign authority. 2. Want of fidelity in love. Shak. DIS/MAL, a. [Iam not satisfied with the etymologies of this word which I have econ) 1. Dark; gloomy ; as, a dismal shade 2. Sorrowful; dire; horrid; melancholy ; calami- tous; unfortunate; as, a dismal accident; dismal effects. Milton. 3. Frightful; horrible ; as, a dismal scream. DIS’MAL-LY, adv. Gloomily ; horribly ; sorrowfully ; uncomfortably. DIS/MAL-NESS, 2. Gloominess; horror. DIS-MAN/TLE, v. t. [dis and mantle; Fr. demanteler. | 1. To deprive of dress; to strip; to divest. South. 2. To loose; to throw open. Shak. 3. More generally, to deprive or strip of apparatus, or furniture ; to unrig ; as, to dismantle a ship. 4. ‘To deprive or strip of military furniture; as, to dismantle a fortress. 0. To deprive of outworks or forts; as, to disman- tle a town. 6. To break down; as, his nose dismantled. Dryden. DIS-MAN/TLED, pp. or a. Divested; stripped of furniture ; unrigged. DIS-MAN’/TLING, ppr. Stripping of dress; depriving of apparatus or furniture. DIS-MASK’, v. t. [dis and mask; Fr. demasquer. | To strip off a mask; to uncover; to remove that which conceals, Shak. Wotton. DIS-MASK/ED, (dis-miskt’!,) pp. Divested of a mask ; stripped of covering or disguise ; uncovered. DIS-MASK’ING, ppr. Stripping of a mask or cover- ing. DIS-MAST’, vy. t. [dis and mast; Fr. demater. | To deprive of a mast or masts; to break and carry away the masts from ; as, a storm dismasted the ship. DIS-MAST/ED, pp. Deprived of a mast or masts. DIS-MAST’MENT, mn. The act of dismasting ; the state of being dismasted. Marshall, DIS-MAY’, v.t. [Sp. desmayar; Port. desmaiar; prob- ably formed by des and the Teutonic magan, to be strong or able. ‘The sense, then, is, to deprive of strength. Sp. desmayarse, to faint; It. smagarsi, to despond. } To deprive of that strength or firmness of mind which constitutes courage; to discourage; to dis- hearten ; to sink or depress the spirits or resolution ; hence, to afiright or terrify. Be strong, and of good courage ; be not afraid, neither be thou dismayed. — Josh. i. DIS-MAY’, n. [Sp. desmayo; Port. desmaio, a swoon or fainting fit. Fall or loss of courage ; asinking of the spirits; de- pression ; dejection ; a yielding to fear; that loss of firmness which is effected by fear or terror ; fear im- pressed ; terror felt. And each In other’s countenance read his own dismay. DIS-MAY/ED, (dis-made’,) pp. or a. deprived of courage. DIS-MAY’ED-NESS, n. A state of being dismayed ; dejection of courage; dispiritedness. [.A useless word, and not uses) Sidney. DIS-MAY’/FUL, a. Fullof dismay. [Obs.] Spenser. DIS-MAY/ING, ppr. Depriving of courage. DISME,) (deem) n. [Fr.] A tenth part; a tithe. DIME, $ Ayliffe. DIS-MEM’BER, v. t. [dis and member.] To divide limb from limb ; to separate a member from the body ; to tear or cut in pieces; to dilacerate; to mutilate. Fowls obscene dismembered his remains, Milton. Disheartened ; Pope. 2. To separate a part from the main body; to di- vide; to sever; as, to dismember an empire, king- dom, or republic. Poland was dismembered by the neighboring powers. DIS-MEM’/BER-ED, pp. or a. Divided member from member; torn or cut in pieces ; divided by the sepa- ration of a part from the main body. DIS-MEM/BER-ING, ppr. Separating a limb or limbs from the body ; dividing by taking a part or parts from the body. DIS-MEM/BER-ING, n. Mutilation. Blackstone. DIS-MEM/BER-MENT, n. ‘The act of severing a limb or limbs from the body; the act of tearing or cutting in pieces; mutilation ; the act of severing a part from the main body ; division ; separation. He pointed out the danger of a dismemberment of the republic. Hist. of Poland. Encye. Destitute of fire or spirit. |JVot much used. Llewellyn. DIS-MISS’, v. t. [L. dismissus, dimitto; di, dis, and mitto, to send; Fr. demettre.] 1. To send away ; properly, to give leave of de- parture ; to permit to depart ; implying authority in a person to retain or keep. The town clerk dismissed the assembly. Acts xix. 2. To discard ; to remove from office, service, or employment. The king dismisses his ministers; the master dismisses his servant ; and the employer his workmen. Officers are dismissed from service, and students from college. 3. To send; to dispatch. He dismissed embassadors from Pekin to Tooshoo Loomboo. [Improper.]} Encyc. 4. To send or remove from a docket; to discon- tinue ; as, to dismiss a bill in chancery. DIS MISS’, x. Discharge ; dismission. DIS-MISS/AL, x. Dismission. DIS-MISS’ED, (dis-mist’,) pp. ora. Sent away; per- mitted to depart; removed from office or employ- ment, DIS-MISS/ING, ppr. Sending away ; giving leave to depart ; removing from office or service. DIS-MIS/SION, (-mish’un,) x. [L. dimissio.] 1. The act of sending away ; leave to depart; as, the dismission of the grand jury. 2. Removal from office or employment ; discharge, either with honor or disgrace. 3. An act requiring departure. 4, Removal of a suit in equity. DIS-MISS/IVE, a. Giving dismission. DIS-MET’TLED, a. [Not used.] [Wot usual.) Shak. DIS-MORT’GAGE, (dis-mor’/gaje,) v. t To redeem from mortgage. Howell. DIS-MORT’GAG-ED, pp. : tedeemed from mortgage. DIS-MORT/GAG-ING, ppr. Redeeming from mort- gage. DIS-MOUNTY’, ». i. [dis and mount; Fr. demonter; Sp. desmontar ; It. smontare. | 1. To alight from a horse; to descend or get off, as a rider from a beast; as, the officer ordered his troops to dismount. 2. T'o descend from an elevation. Spenser. DIS-MOUNT’, v. t To throw or remove from a horse ; to unhorse; as, the soldier dismounted his adversary. 2. To throw or bring down from any elevation. Sackville. 3. To throw or remove cannon or other artillery DIS-MAS'I’ING, ppr. Stripping of masts. from their carriages; or to break the carriages or Wheels, and render guns useless. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 346DiS DIS-MOUNT’ED, ppeor a. Thrown from a horse, or from an elevation; unhborsed, or removed from horses by order; as, dismounted troops. Applied to horses, it s.gnifies unfit for service. 2. Thrown or removed from carriages. DIS-MOUNT'ING, ppr. Throwing from a horse ; unhorsing ; removing from an elevation ; throwing or removing from carriages. DIS-NAT/U-RAL-IZE, v. t. To make alien; to de- prive of the privileges of birth. DIS-NAT’U-RAL-IZ-ED, pp. Deprived of the privi- leges of birth. : DIS-NA/TUR-ED, a. Deprived or destitute of natural feelings ; unnatural. Shak. DIS-O-BE/DI-ENCE, n. [dis and obedience.] Neg- lect or refusal to obey ; violation of a command or prohibition; the omission of that which is com- manded to be done, or the doing of that which is forbid ; breach of duty prescribed by authority. By one man’s disobedience many were made sinners. — Rom. v. 2. Non-compliance. This disobedience of the moon. DIS-O-BE’DI-ENT, a. Neglecting or refusing to obey ; omitting to do what is commanded, or doing what is prohibited; refractory; not observant of duty or rules prescribed by authority ; as, children disobedient to parents ; citizens disobedient to the laws. I was not disobedient to the heavenly vision. — Acts xxvi. 2. Not yielding to exciting force or power. Medicines used unnecessarily contribute to shorten life, by sooner rendering peculiar parts of the system disobedient to stimuli. ariwin. DIS-O-BE/DI-ENT-LY, adv. In a disobedient manner. DIS-O-BB#Y', (dis-o-ba’,) v. t. [dis and obey.] To neg- lect or refuse to obey ; to omit or refuse to do what is commanded, or to do what is forbid ; to transgress or violate an order or injunction. Refractory chil- dren disobey their parents ; men disobey their Maker and the Jaws; and we all disobey the precepts of the gospel. [The word is applicable both to the command and to the person commanding. | DIS-O-BEY’ED, (-bade,) pp. Not obeyed; neglected ; transgresséd. DIS-O-BEY/ING, ppr- Omitting or refusing to obey ; violating ; transgressing, as authority or law. DIS-OB-LL-GA’TION, n. [dis and obligation.) The act of disobliging ; an offense ; cause of disgust. Clarendon. DIS-OB’LI-GA-TO-RY, a. Releasing obligation. K. Charles. DIS-O-BLIGE’, v. t. [dis and oblige.] To do an act which contravenes the will or desires of another; to offend by an act of unkindness or incivility ; to in- jure in a slight degree ; a term by which offense is ten- derly expressed. My plan has given offense to some gentlemen, whom it would not be very sate to disoblige. Addison. 2. To release from obligation. Blackmore. [Vot used. ] Bp. Hall. DIS-O-BLIG'ED, pp. Offended ; slightly injured. DIS-O-BLIGE/MENT, n. The act of disobliging. DIS-O-BLIG/ER, n. One who disobliges. [.Multon. DIS-O-BLIG/ING, ppr. Offending ; contravening the wishes of ; injuring slightly. 2. a. Not obliging ; not disposed to gratify the wishes of another ; not disposed to please ; unkind ; offensive ; unpleasing; unaccommodating; as, a disobliging coachman. DIS-O-BLIG/ING-LY, adv. Ina disobliging manner ; offensively. DIS-O-BLIG/ING-NESS, n. Offensiveness , disposi- tion to displease, or want of readiness to please. DIS-O-PIN/ION, (-o-pin/yun,) . Difference of opin- ion. [Abad word, and not used.| Bp. Reynolds. DIS-ORB/ED, a. [dis and orb.) Thrown out of the roper orbit ; as, a star disorbed. Shak. DIS-OR/DER, x. ae and order; Fr. desordre; Sp. desorden; It. disordine.] 1. Want of order or regular disposition ; irregu- larity ; immethodical distribution; confusion; 4 word of general application; as, the troops were thrown into disorder ; the papers are in disorder. 9, Tumult; disturbance of the peace of society ; as, the city is sometimes troubled with the disorders of its citizens. 3. Neglect of rule; irregularity. From vulgar bounds with brave disorder part, And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art, Pope. institutions. temper ; sickness. disease. sions. rangement of the intellect or reason. 4. Breach of laws; violation of standing rules, or | DIS-OX/Y-GEN-ATE, v. t. [dis and exygenate.] To 5. Irreguiarity, disturbance or interruption of the DIS-OX!Y-GEN-A-TED, pp. Freed from oxygen. functions of the animal economy ; disease; dis- DIS-OX/Y-GEN-A-TING, ppr. Freeing from oxygen. [See Dispase.] Disorder, how- DIS-OX-Y-GEN-A/TION, z. The act or process of ever, is more frequently used *to express a slight 6. Discomposure of the mind ; turbulence of pas- 7. lrregularity in the functions of the brain ; de- DIS-OR/DER, v. t. To break order; to derange; to DIS-PAIR/ING, ppr. Parting a couple or pair. disturb any regular disposition or arrangement of | DIS-PAND’, ». t. [L. dispando.] DIS of order. of the animal economy; to produce sickness or in- disposition ; as, to disorder the head or stomach. 3. To discompose or disturb the mind ; to ruffle. 4. To disturb the regular operations of reason ; to derange ; as, the man’s reason 1s disordered. 5. To depose from holy orders. [Unusual.] DIS-OR/DER-ED, pp. Put out of order; deranged ; disturbed; discomposed ; confused; sick; indis- posed. DIS-OR/DER-ED, a. Disorderly ; irregular; vicious ; loose ; unrestrained in behavior. Shak. DIS-OR/DER-ED-NESS, n. A state of disorder or irregularity ; confusion. DIS-OR/DER-ING, ppr. Putting out of order; dis- turbing the arrangement of ; discomposing. DIS-OR/DER-LI-NESS, n. State of being disorderly. DIS-OR/DER-LY, a. Confused; immethodical; ir- regular ; being without proper order or disposition ; as, the books and papers are in a disorderly state. 2, Tumultuous; irregular; as, the disorderly mo- tions of the spirits. 3. Lawless ; contrary to law; violating or dis- posed to violate law and good order; as, disorderly people ; disorderly assemblies, 4. Inclined to break loose from restraint ; unruly ; as, disorderly cattle. DIS-OR/DER-LY, adv. Without order, rule, or method ; irregularly ; confusedly ; in a disorderly manner. Savages fighting disorderly with stones. Ralegh. 2. In amanner violating law and good order; in a manner contrary to rules or established institutions. Thess. ill. DIS-OR/DI-NATE-LY, adv. Inordinately ; irregular- ly 5 viciously. DIS-OR-GAN-I-ZA/TION, nx. The act of disorganizing; the act of destroying destroying order. 9. The state of being disorganized. We speak of the disorganization of the body, or of government, or of society, or of an army. DIS-OR/GAN-IZE, v. t Orcan.] To break or destroy organic structure or connected system; to dissolve regular system or union of parts ; as, to disorganize a government or society ; to disor- ganize an army. Every account of the settlement of Plymouth mentions the con- duct of Lyford, who attempted to disorganize the church. Eliot's Biog. Dict. DIS-OR/GAN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Reduced to disorder ; being in a confused state. DIS-OR/GAN-IZ-ER, n. One who disorganizes ; one who destroys or attempts to interrupt regular order or system ; one who introduces disorder and con- fusion. DIS-OR/GAN-IZ-ING, ppr. Destroying regular and connected system ; throwing into confusion. 9. a. Disposed or tending to disorganize; as, a disorganizing spirit. DIS-6/RI-ENT-A-TED, a. Turned from the east; turned from the right direction. DIS-OWN’, v. t. [dis and own.] To deny; not to own; to refuse to acknowledge as belonging to one’s self. A parent can hardly disown his child. An author will sometimes disown his writings. 2. To deny ; not to allow. T'o disown a brother’s better claim. DIS-OWN/ED, pp. or a. Not owned; not acknowl- edged as one’s own ; denied ; disallowed. DIS-OWN/ING, ppr. Not owning; denying; dis- DIS-OWN/MENT, x. Act of disowning. (allowing. DIS-OX/Y-DATE, v. t. [dis and orydate.] To reduce from oxydation ; to reduce from the state of an oxyd, by disengaging oxygen from a substance ; as, to dis- oxydate iron or copper. DIS-OX/Y-DA-TED, pp. Reduced from the state of an oxyd. DIS-OX/Y-DA-TING, ppr. Reducing from the state of an oxyd. DIS-OX-Y-DA’/TION, n. The act or process of freeing from oxygen and reducing from the state of an oxyd. Med. Repos. This word seems to be preferable to DroxyDATE,] [dis and organize. See Dryden. deprive of oxygen. separating oxygen from any substance containing it. DIS-PACE’, v.%. [dis and spatior, L.] To range about. [ Obs. Spenser. DIS-PAIR’, v. t. [dis and pair.] To separate a pair or couple. Beawn. & Fl, DIS-PAIR/ED, pp. Parted; separated. DIS-PAR/AG-ED, pp. Married to one beneath his or DIS-PAR/AGE-MENT, n. Withdraw from every brother that walketh disorderly. —2 DIS-PAR/AG-ER, m. One who disparages or dishon- DIS-OR'DI-NATE, a. Disorderly ; living irregularly. | DIS-PAR/AG-ING, ppr.ora. Marrying one to another [See Disorcanize.] | DIS-PAR/AG-ING-LY, adv. Inamanner to disparage organic structure, or connected system ; the act of | DIS/PAR-ATE, a. DIS sion; to confuse ; applicable to every thing susceptible DIS-PAN/SION, (-shun,) zm. The act of spreading or displaying. [JVot in use.} 2. To disturb or interrupt the natural functions DIS-PAR/A-DIS-ED, (-par’a-dist,) a. [dis and para- dise.] Removed from paradise. DIS-PAR/AGE, v. t. [Norm. desperager; des, dis, and parage, from peer, par, equal. ] 1. To marry one to another of inferior condition or rank ; to dishonor by an unequal match or marriage, against the rules of decency. 2. To match unequally ; to injure or dishonor by union with something of inferior excellence. Johnson. 3. To injure or dishonor by a comparison with something of less value or excellence. 4. To treat with contempt; to undervalue; to lower in rank or estimation; to vilify ; to bring re- proach on; to reproach,; to debase by words or ac- tions ; to dishonor. Thou durst not thus disparage glorious arms. Milton. her condition ; unequally matched; dishonored or injured by comparison with something inferior ; un- dervalued ; vilified ; debased ; reproached. The matching of a man or woman to one of inferior rank or condition, and against the rules of decency. Encyc. Covel. 2. Injury by union or comparison with something of inferior excellence. Johnson. 3. Diminution of value or excellence; reproach ; disgrace ; indignity ; dishonor ; followed by to. It ought to be no disparagement to a star that it is not the sun. ‘outh. To be a humble Christian is no disparagement to a prince, ora nobleman. Anon. ors; one who vilifies or disgraces. of inferior condition; depreciating in the estimation of others ; vilifying ; dishonoring. or dishonor. [L. disparata, things unlike ; dis- par ; dis and par, equal.) Unequal ; unlike; dissimilar. Robinson. DIS'PAR-ATES, n- pl. Things so unequal or unlike that they can not be compared with each other. Johnson. DIS-PAR/LTY, xn. [Fr. disparité ; Sp. disparidad ; It. disparita; from L, dispar, unequal; dis and par, equal. 1. Irregularity ; difference in degree, in age, rank, condition, or excellence ; as, a disparity of years or of age; disparity of condition or circum- stances ; followed by of or in. We say, disparity in or of years. 2. Dissimilitude ; unlikeness. DIS-PARK’, v.t. [dis and park.] To throw open a park ; to lay open, Shak. 9, To set at large; to release from inclosure or confinement. Waller. DIS-PARK/ED, (dis-parkt’,) pp. Disinclosed ; set at large. DIS-PARK/ING, n. Att of throwing open a park. DIS-PART’, v. t. [dis and part ; Fr. departir ; L. dis- partior. (See Part.) Dis and part both imply sep- aration: | : To part asunder ; to divide ; toseparate ; to sever; to burst ; to rend; to rive or split; as, disparted air ; disparted towers ; disparted chaos. [An elegant poetic word, Milton. DIS-PART’, v. i. To separate ; to open ; to cleave. DIS-PART’, n. In gunnery the difference between the thickness of the metal cf a piece of ordnance at the mouth and at the breech. Bauley. DIS-PART’, v. t. In gunnery, to set a mark on the muzzle-ring of a piece of ordnance, so that a sight- line from the top of the base-ring to the mark on or near the muzzle, may be parallel to the axis of the bore or hollow cylinder. Encyce. DIS-PART’ED, pp. or a. Divided; separated ; parted ; rent asunder. i DIS-PART/ING, ppr. Severing; dividing ; bursting ; cleaving. : DIS-PAS/SION, (-pash’un,) nx. __ [dis and passion. ] Freedom from passion ; an undisturbed state of the mind ; apathy. _ Temple. DIS-PAS/SION-ATE, a. Free from passion ; calm ; composed ; impartial; moderate ; temperate ; un- moved by feelings; applied to persons ; as, dispasston- ate men or judges. ‘ 2, Not dictated by passion ; not proceeding from temper or bias ; impartial ; applied to things; as, dis- passionate proceedings. DIS-PAS/SION-ATE-LY, adv. calmly ; coolly. DIS-PAS‘SION-ED, (dis-pash’und,) 2 passion. DIS-PATCH’, v. t. ([Fr. depécher; Sp. despachar ; Port. id.; It. dispacciare ; Arm. dibech, disbachat. Tn It. spacciare signifies to sell, put off, speed, Gispately spaccio, Sale, vent, dispatch, expedition. This wor belongs to Class Bg, and the primary sense is to Without passion ; Free from things ; to put out of method; to throw into confu- To display. [Vot in use.] Dict. ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z5 CH as SH; FU as in THIS. send, throw, thrust, drive, and this 1s the sense of ——_—————— TONE, BULL, UNITE.— 347 {) { a a oe Mee a a fi > ee SrnaSa en eal a = Sore: DIS DIS DIS pack of, and to budge. ‘The same word occurs in 77, peach. the sending of messengers, agents, and letters 0 special business, and often implying haste. Th king dispatched an envoy to the court of Madrid. H dispatched a messenger to his envoy in France, H dispatched orders or letters to the commander of th forces In Spain. t disp envoy to the court of St. James in 1794. 9, To send out of the world; to put to death. with their swords. — Ezek. xxii. 3. To perform; to execute speedily ; to finish ; as the business was dispatched in due time, — ; DIS-PATCH’, v z% To conclude an affair with an other; to transact and finish. ([JVot now used. They have dispatched with Pompey. DIS-PATCH!’,n 5 | ne transaction of business with due diligence. Siiak. dispatch, 3. Conduct; management. [JVotwused.] Shak. 4, A letter sent, or to be sent, with expedition, bya messenger express ; or a letteron some affair of state, or of public concern; or a packet of letters, sent by some public officer, on public business. It is often used in the plural. A vessel or a messenger has ar- A rived with dispatches for the American minister. dispatch was immediately sent to the admiral. secretary was preparing his dispatches. d DIS-PATCH/2£D, (dis-patcht/,) pp. Sent with haste, or by a courier express; sent out of the world; put to death ; performed ; finished. DIS-PATCH’ER, n. One that dispatches; one that 2. One that sends on a special errand. [ kills. DIS-PATCH/FUL, a. Bent on haste; indicating haste; intent on speedy execution of business; as, dispatchful looks. Milton. DIS-PATCH'ING, ppr. Sending away in haste; put- ting to death; executing ; finishing. DIS/PA-THY, nm. [Gr. dis and raGos.] Want of passion. DIS-PA U’PER, », t. the claim of a pauper to public support, or of the ca- pacity of suing in forma pauperis; to reduce back from the state of a pauper. A man is dispaupered, when he has lands fallen to him or property given him. The a neyc. DIS-PAU/PER-ED, pret. and pp. Brought from the state of a pauper. DIS-PAU/PER-ING, ppr. tion of a pauper. DiS-PEL’, v.t. [L. dispello; dis and pello, to drive ; Gr.Ba\Aw. See Aprrav, Prat, Purse, and Bawt.] To scatter by driving or force; to disperse ; to dis- sipate ; to banish ; as, to dispel vapors; to dispel dark- Bringing from the condi- ness or gloom; to dispel fears; to dispel cares or sorrows ; to dispel doubts. DIS-PEL/LED, pp. Driven away; scattered; dissi- pated. DIS-PEL/LING, ppr. scattering. DIS-PEND’, v. t. [. dispendo; dis and pendo, to weigh. | To spend; to lay out; to consume. [See Exrenp, which is generally used.] DIS-PEND/ER, x. One that distributes. DIS-PENS/A-BLE, a. That may be dispensed with. Driving away; dispersing ; Spenser. More. DIS-PENS/A-BLE-NESS, n. The capability of being dispensed with. Hammond. DIS-PENS/A-RY, n. A house, place, or shop, in which medicines are dispensed to the poor, and mned- ical advice given, gratis. DIS-PEN-SA/TION, zn. See Drs- PENSE. 1. Distribution ; the act of dealing out to different persons or places; as, the dispensation of water indif- ferently to all parts of the earth. Woodward. 2. The dealing of God to his creatures ; the dis- tribution of good and evil, natural or moral, in the divine government. Neither are God’s methods or intentions different in his sdtions to each private man. [L. dispensatio. dispen- ogers. 3. The granting of a license, or the license itself, to do what is forbidden by laws or canons, or to omit something which is commanded ; that is, the dis- pensing with a law or canon, or the exemption of a particular person from the obligation to comply with its injunctions. The pope has power to dispense with the canons of the church, but has no right to grant dispensations to the injury of a third person. A dispensation was obtained to enable Dr. Barrow to marry. Ward, 4. That which is dispensed or bestowed ; a system of principles and rites enjoined; as, the Mosaic dis- pensation; the gospel dispensation ; including, the former, the Levitical law and rites; the latter, the pack, L. pango, pactus. Hence our vulgar phrases, to DIS-PENS/A-TIVE, a. J. T’o send, or send away ; particularly applied to The president dispatched a special] The company shall stone them with stones, and dispatch them Speedy performance; execution or Bacon. 2. Speed; haste; expedition; due diligence; as, the business was done with dispatch; go, but make [dis and pauper.] To deprive of Granting dispensation. DIS-PENS/A-TIVE-LY, adv. By dispensation. Wotton. DIS-PEN-SA/TOR, a. [&.] One whose employment n is to deal out or distribute; a distributor; a dis- e penser; the latter word is generally used. e | DIS-PENS’A-TO-RY, n. Having power to grant dis- e pensations. e | DIS-PENS/A-TO-RY, 7x. 1- A book containing the method of preparing the various kinds of medicines used in pharmacy, or containing directions for the composition of medicines, with the proportions of the ingredients, and the methods of preparing them. DIS-PENSE’, (dis-pens/,) v. t. r. dispenser ; Sp. dis- pensar; It. dispensare; from IL. dispenso; dis and penso, from pendo, to weigh, primarily to move; and . perhaps the original idea of expending, was to weigh off, or to distribute by weight. ] 1. To deal or divide out in parts or portions; to distribute. The steward dispenses provisjons to every man, according to his directions. The society dis- penses medicines to the poor gratuitously, or at first cost. God dispenses his favors according to his good pleasure. 2. To administer; to apply, as laws to particular cases ; to distribute justice. While you dispense the laws and guide the state. 3 Dryden. To dispense with; to permit not to take effect; to neglect or pass by ; to suspend the operation or appli- cation of something required, established, or custom- ary ; as, to dispense with the law, in favor of a friend ; I can not dispense with the conditions of the covenant. So we say, to dispense with oaths; to dispense with forms and ceremonies. 2, To excuse from; to give leave not to do or ob- serve what is required or commanded. The court will dispense with your attendance, or with your com- pliance. 3. To permit the want of a thing which is useful or convenient; or, in the vulgar phrase, to do with- out. I can dispense with your services. I can dis- pense with my cloak. In this application, the phrase has an allusion to the requisitions of law or neces- sity; the thing dispensed with being supposed, in some degree, necessary or required. I could not dispense with myself from making a voyage to Caprea. [Not to be imitated.]} Addison. Canst thou dispense with Heaven for such an oath? [Not ieehnagen hak. DIS-PENSE’, (dis-pens’,) m, Dispensation. [JVot used. } Milton. 2. Expense; profusion. [JVot in use.] Spenser. DIS-PENS/ED, (dis-penst’,) pp. Distributed; admin- istered. DIS-PENS/ER, n. One who dispenses; one who dis- tributes ; one who administers ; as, a dispenser of fa- vors, or of the laws, DIS-PENS'ING, ppr. Distributing ; administering. 2. a. That may dispense with ; granting dispensa- tion ; that may grant license to omit what is required by law, or to do what the law forbids; as, a dispens- mg power. DIS-PEO/PLE, (dis-pee’pl,) v. t. [dis and people.] To depopulate ; to empty of inhabitants, as by destruc- tion, expulsion, or other means, Milton. Pope. DIS-PEO’PLED, (dis-pee’pld,) pp. Depopulated-; de- prived of inhabitants. DIS-PEO'/PLER,n. One who depopulates; a depop- ulator; that which deprives of inhabitants. DIS-PEO’/PLING, (dis-pee'pling,) ppr. Depopulating. DIS-PERGE’, (dis-perj’,) v. t. (L. dispergo.| To sprinkle. [Jot in use.] DI-SPERM/OUS, a. Gr dt, des, and orepya, seed.] In botany, two-seeded ; containing two seeds only ; as, umbellate and stellate plants are dispermous. DIS-PERSE’, (dis-pers’,) v. t, [L. dispersus, from dis- pergo; di, dis, and spargo, to scatter; Fr. disperser.] 1. To scatter ; to drive asunder; to cause to sepa- rate into different parts; as, the Jews are dispersed among all nations, 2. To diffuse ; to spread. The lips of the wise disperse knowledge. — Prov, xv. [It should be Dirruser. ] 3. To dissipate ; as, the fog or the cloud is dis- persed, 4. To distribute. Bacon. DIS-PERSE’, (dis-pers’,) v. 7. To be scattered; to Separate ; to go or move into different parts; as, the company dispersed at ten o’clock. 2. To be scattered ; to vanish; as fog or vapors. DIS-PERS/ED, (Cissnetetes) pp. OF a. Scattered ; driven apart ; diffused ; dissipated. DIS-PERS/ED-LY, adv. Ina dispersed manner ; sep- arately, Hooker. DIS-PERS/ED-NESS, n. The state of being dis- persed or scattered. DIS-PERSE/NESS, (dis-pers/ness,) 7. Thinness ; a Scattered state. [Little used.] Brerewood. DIS-PERS/ER, n. One who disperses; as, the dis- perser of libels. Spectator. DIS-PERS/ING, ppr. Scattering ; dissipating. Scheme of redemption by Christ. 348 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MET DIS-PER/SION, (-shun,) nm. The act of scattering. DIS-PLAY’, v. i. remote parts ; as, the Jews, in their dispersion, retain their rites and ceremonies. © 3. By way of eminence, the scattering or separation of the human family, at the building of Babel. 4, In optics, the separation of light into its differ- ent colored rays. ‘This arises from their different refrangibilities. 5. In medicine and surgery, the removing of in- flammation from a part, and restoring it to its natu- ral state. DIS-PERS'IVE, a. Tending to scatter or dissipate. : Green. DIS-PIR/IT, v. t. [dis and spirit.] To depress the Spirits; to deprive of courage; to discourage; to dishearten ; to deject; to cast down. We may be dispirited by afflictions, by obstacles to success, by poverty, and by fear. When fear is the cause, dis- pirit is nearly equivalent to intimidate or terrify. 2. To exhaust the spirits or vigor of the body. [Mot usual, | Collier. DIS-PIR/IT-ED, pp. ora. Discouraged ; depressed in spirits ; dejected ; intimidated. DIS PIR/IT-ED-LY, adv. Dejectedly. DIS-PIR/IT-ED-NESS, n. Want of courage; depres- sion of spirits. DIS-PIR/IT-ING, ppr. or a. Discouraging ; ening ; dejecting ; intimidating. DIS-PIT’E-OUS, a. Having no pity; cruel; furious. [ Not used. | Spenser. DIS-PLACE’, v. t. [dis and place; Fr. deplacer ; Arm. diblagza. 1, To put out of the usual or proper place; to re- move from its place; as, the books in the library are all displaced. 2. To remove from any state, condition, office, or dignity ; as, to displace an officer of the revenue. 3. To disorder. disheart- You have displaced the mirth. Shak, DIS-RLAC’ED, (-plast’,) pp. Removed from the proper place ; deranged ; disordered ; removed from an of- fice or state. DIS-PLACE/MENT, n. [Fr. deplacement.] The act of displacing; the act of removing from the usual or proper place, or from a state, condition, or office. The displacement of the centers of the circles. Asiat. Researches, y. 165. Unnecessary displacement of funds. Hamilton's Rep. u. DIS-PLA’CEN-CY, n. [L. displicentia, from displiceo, to displease ; dis and placeo, to please. | Incivility ; that which displeases or disobliges, Decay of Piety. DIS-PLAC/ING, ppr. Putting out of the usual or proper place ; removing from an office, state, or con- dition. DIS-PLANT", 2. t. to remove a plant. 2. To drive away, or remove from the usual place of residence ; as, to displant the people of a country. Bacon. 3. To strip of inhabitants ; as, to displant a coun- try. Spenser. DIS-PLANT-A’TION, x. ): [dis and plant.] To pluck up, or The removal of a plant. The removal of inhabitants or resident people. Ralerh. DIS-PLANT’ED, pp. Removed from the place where it grew, as a plant. 2. Removed from the place of residence ; applied to persons. 3. Deprived of inhabitants ; applied to a country. DIS-PLANT’ING, ppr. Removing, as a plant. DIS-PLANT/ING, nm. Removal from a fixed place, DIS-PLAT’, v. t [dis and plat.] To untwist; to un- curl. Hakewill, DIS-PLAY’, v.t. [Fr. deployer, and deploy is the same word. It is a different orthography of deplier, to un- fold; Arm. displega ; Sp. desplegar; It. spiegare ; dis and Fr, plier, Sp. plegar, It. piegare, to fold; L. plico, W. plygu, Gr. tXexw; and aroos, atow, to unfold, may be from the same root.] 1. Literally, to unfold: hence, to open; to spread Wide ; to expand. The northern wind his wings did broad display, Spenser. 2. To spread before the view ; to show ; to exhibit to the eyes, or to the mind; to make manifest. The works of nature display the power and wisdom of the Supreme Being. Christian charity displays the effects of true piety. A dress, simple and elegant, displays female taste and beauty to advantage. 3. To carve ; to dissect and open. He carves, displays, and cuts up te a wonder. Spectator. 4. To set to view ostentatiously. Shak, 5. To discover. [Not in use.] Spenser. 6. To open; to unlock. [ot used.] B. Jonson. To talk without restraint ; to make a great show of words. Shak. DIS-PLAY’, n. An opening or unfolding ; an exhibi- tion of any thing to the view, 2. Show ; exhibition; as, they make a great dis- play of troops ; a great display of magnificence. 2. The state of being scattered, or separated into DIS-PLAY/ED, (eisnlades) pp. Unfolded ; opened; } spread ; expanded ; exhibited to view ; manifested. B, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WOLF, BOOK. —DIS DIS-PLAY’/ER, n. He or that which displays. DIS-PLAY/ING, ppr.. Unfolding; spreading; exhib- iting ; manifesting. DIS-PLEA$/ANCE, (dis-p.ez/ans,) n. [Fr. deplaisance-] Anger; discontent. [JVot used.] Spenser. DIS-PLEAS/ANT, (dis-plez/ant,) a [See Dispiease.] Unpleasing ; offensive ; unpleasant. word is generally used. | DIS-PLEASP’, (dis-pleeze’,) v. t. [dis and please.] 1. To offend; to make angry, sometimes in a slight degree. It usually expresses less than to anger, vex, irritate, and provdke. Applied to the Almighty, in Scripture, it may be considered as equivalent to anger. God was displeased with this thing ; therefore he smote Israel. — 1 Chron. xxi. 9. To disgust ; to excite aversion in ; as, acrid and rancid substances displease the taste. 3. To offend; to be disagreeable to. A distorted figure displeases the eye. DIS-PLEASE’, v. i. To disgust; to raise aversion. DIS-PLEAS/ED, pp. Offended ; disgusted. DIS-PLEAS/ED-NESS, n. Displeasure ; uneasiness. DIS-PLEAS/ING, ppr. Giving offense. [Montague. DIS-PLEAS/ING, a. Offensive to the eye, to the mind, to the smell, or to the taste ; disgusting ; disa- ereeable. DIS-PLEAS/ING-NESS, n. Offensiveness ; the qual- ity of giving some degree of disgust. DIS-PLEAS/URE, (dis-plezh’ur,) n. Some irritation or uneasiness of the mind, occasioned by any thing that counteracts desire or command, or which op- poses justice and a sense of propriety. A man incurs the displeasure of another by thwarting his views or schemes ; a servant incurs the displeasure of his mas- ter by neglect or disobedience; we experience dis- pleasure at any violation of right or decorum. Dis- pleasure is anger, but it may be slight anger. It implies disapprobation or hatred, and usually ex- presses less than vexation and indignation. ‘Thus, slighter offenses give displeasure, although they may not excite a violent passion. 2. Offense ; cause of irritation. Now shall I be more blameless than the Philistines, though I do them a displeasure, —Judges xv. 3. State of disgrace or disfavor. He went into Poland, being in displeasure with the pope for overmuch familiarity. Peacham. DIS-PLEAS/URE, v. t. To displease. [An unnecessa- ry word, and not used] Bacon. DIS/PLI-CENCE, n. [L. displicentia.] Dislike. [Vot in use. ] Mountaru. DIS-PLODE’, v. t. [. displodo; dis and plaudo, to break forth] To vent, discharge, or burst with a violent sound, In posture to displode their second tire Of thunder. DIS-PLODE’, v.i ‘To burst with a loud report; to explode ; as, a meteor disploded with a tremendous sound. DIS-PLOD/ED, pp. DIS-PLOD/ING, ppr. loud report. DIS-PLO/SION, (-zhun,) n. The act of disploding ; a sudden bursting with a Joud report ; an explosion. DIS-PLO/SIVE, a. Noting displosion. DIS-PLUME’, v. t. [dis and plume.] To strip or de- prive of plumes or feathers; to strip of badges of honor. urke, DIS-PLUM/ED, pp. Stripped of plumes. DIS-PLUM/ING, ppr. Depriving of plumes. DLSPON/DEE, n. In Greek and Latin poetry, a double spondee, consisting of four long syllables. Encyc. DIS-PORT’, n. [dis and sport.] Play; sport; pas- time ; diversion ; amusement ; merriment. Milton. Hayward. DIS-PORT’, v.i. To play ; to wanton; to move light- ly and without restraint; to move in. gayety ; as, lambs disporting on the mead. Where light disports in ever-mingling dyes. Pope. DIS-PORT’, v. t. To divert or amuse ; as, he disports himself. Shak. DIS-PORT’, v. t. To remove from a port. Chalmers. DIS-PORT’ED, pp. Played; moved lightly and with- out restraint. DIS-PORT’ING, ppr. Playing; wantoning. DIS-PORT’MENT, n. Act of disporting ; play. Sore. DIS-P5$!/A-BLE, (-poz/a-bl,) a. [See Disrose.] Sub- ject to disposal ; not previously engaged or employed ; {ree to be used or employed as occasion may require. The whole disposable force consisted in a regiment of jight infantry and a troop of cavalry. || DIS-POS/AL, (dis-poz/al,)n. [See Disrose.] The act | of disposing ; a setting or arranging. Milton. Discharged with a loud report. Discharging or bursting with a 0 This object was effected by the disposal of the troops in two Jines. 2. Regulation, order, or arrangement of things, in the moral government of God; dispensation. Tax not divine disposal, Milton. 3. Power of ordering, arranging, or distributing; [The latter | DIS-POSE!, (dis-poz!,) v. t. DIS in my hands are entirely at my disposal. 4. Power or right of bestowing. Certain offices are at the disposal of the president. The father has the disposal of his daughter in marriage. 5. The passing into a new state or into new hands. Fr. disposer; dis an poser, to place; Arm. disposi; L. dispositus, dispono.} 1. To set; to place or distribute ; to arrange ; used with reference to order. The ships were disposed in the form of a crescent. g i troops in three lines. The trees are disposed m the form of a quincunx. 9. To regulate ; to adjust ; to set in right order. Job XXxiV. and XXXvVil. The knightly forms of combat to dispose, Dryden. 3. To apply to a particular purpose ; to give ; to place; to bestow; as, you have disposed much in works of public piety. In this sense, to dispose of is more generally used. 4. To set, place, or turn, to a particular end or con- sequence. Endure and conquer; Jove will soon dispose To future good our past and present woes. 5. To adapt; to form for any purpose. Then must thou thee dispose another way. Hubbard's Tale. 6. To set the mind in a particular frame; to in- cline. Avarice disposes men to fraud and oppression. Suspicions dispose kings to tyranny, husbands to jealousy, and wise men to irresolution and melancholy. Bacon. Ee was disposed to pass into Achaia. — Acts xviii, 1 Cor, x. 27. To dispose of; to part with; to sell; to alienate ; as, the man has disposed of his house, and removed. 2. To part with to another; to put into another’s hand or power; to bestow ; as, the father has disposed of his daughter to a man of great worth. To give away or transfer by authority. Dryden. A rural judge disposed of beauty’s prize. Waller. 4. To direct the course of a thing. Prov. xvi. 5. To place in any condition ; as, how will you dis- pose of your son? 6. To direct what to do, or what course to pursue ; as, they know not how to dispose of themselves. 7. To use or employ ; as, they know not how to dispose of their time. 8. To put away; the stream supplies more water than can be disposed of. DIS-POSE’, v. i. To bargain; to make terms. [ Obs.] hak. DIS-POSE’, n. Disposal ; power of disposing ; man- agement. [ Obs.] Shak. 2. Dispensation ; act of government. [ Obs. I ; . Milton. 3. Disposition ; cast of behavior, [Obs.] Shak. 4. Disposition ; cast of mind ; inclination. DIS-POS/ED, pp. Set in order; arranged ; placed ; ad- justed ; applied ; bestowed ; inclined. DIS-POS’ER, n. One who disposes ; a distributor ; a bestower ; as, a disposer of gifts. 9. A director; a regulator. The Supreme Being is the rightful disposer of all events and of all crea- tures. 3. That which disposes. Prior. DIS-POS/ING, ppr. Setting in order ; arranging ; dis- tributing ; bestowing ; regulating ; adjusting ; gov- erning. DIS-POS/ING, ». The act of arranging ; regulation 5 direction. Prov. xvi. 33. DIS-PO-SI//TION, (-po-zish/un,)”. [L. dispositio. | 1. The act of disposing, or state of being dis- posed. distribution ; arrangement. discourse, or of the figures in painting. 3, Natural fitness or tendency. tion upward; a disposition in bodies to putrefaction. 4. Temper or natural constitution of the mind ; as an amiable or an irritable disposition. 5, Inclination; propensity ; the temper or frame o mind, as directed to particular objects. We speak o disposition friendly to any design. . by the judicious disposition of his property. DIS-PO-SI/'TION-AL, a. Pertaining to disposition. DIS-POS/I-TIVE, a. That implies disposal, eee Ayliffe. DIS-POS/I-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina dispositive manner distributively. [JVot used.] Brown. DIS-POS/I-TOR, n. A disposer; in astrology, th is. [Wot used.] ed, and every thing is left to his disposal. The effects } DIS-POS-SESS’, >. t. The general disposed his DIS-POS-SESS/ING, DIS-POS-SES’/SION, (-pos-sesh/un,) 7- DIS-POS/URB, (dis-po/zhur,) n. 9. Manner in which things, or the parts of a com- plex body, are placed or arranged ; order ; method ; p We speak of the dispo- sition of the infantry and cavalry of an army ; the disposition of the trees in an orchard ; the disposttion of the several parts of an edifice, of the parts of a The refrangibility of the rays of light is their disposition to be refracted. So we say, a disposition in plants to grow in a direc- the disposition of a person to undertake a particular work ; the dispositions otf men toward each other; a 6. Disposal; alienation; distribution; a giving away, or giving over to another; as, he has made disposition of his effects ; he has satisfied his friends [Not | DIS-PRO-PO R/TION-AL-LY, adv. planet which is lord of the sign where another planet —————_— DIS : [dis and possess.] To put out of possession by any means ; to deprive of the actual occupancy of a thing, particularly of land or real es- tate ; to disseize. | Ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell |} therein. — Num. xxxiii. Usually followed by of, before the thing taken away ; a3, to dispossess a king of his crown. DIS-POS-SESS/ED, (-pos-sest’,) pp. Deprived of pos- | session or occupancy. | wr. Depriving of possession; }} disseizing. j : The act of | putting out of possession. Hall. [See Disposx.] Dis- posal; the power of disposing ; management ; direc- tion. Sandys. [The use of this word is superseded by that of Disro- SAL. 2. State; posture; disposition. [JVot used. | Wotton. DIS-PRAISE’, (dis-praz’,) n. [dis and praise.) Blame 5 censure. Be cautious not to speak in dispraise of a 2. Reproach; dishonor. [campetitor. The general has seen Moors with as bad fases; no dispraise Dryden. to Bertran’s. DIS-PRAISE’, v. t. To blame; to censure; to men- tion with disapprobation, or some degree of reproach. I dispraised him before the wicked, Shak. DIS-PRAIS/ED, pp. Blamed ; censured. DIS-PRAIS/ER, rn. One who blames or dispraises. DIS-PRAIS/ING, ppr. Blaming ; censuring. DIS-PRAIS/ING-LY; adv. By way of dispraise ; with blame or some degree of reproach. DIS-PREAD!, (dis-pred’,) v. t. [dis and spread. See SPREAD.] To spread in different ways; to extend or flow in different directions. Spenser. Pope. DIS-PREAD’, v.i. To expand or be extended. Thomson. DIS-PREAD/ER,x. A publisher ; a divulger. Wilton. DIS-PRIS/ ON, (-priz/n,) v. t. To let loose from prison ; to set at liberty. Bulwer. DIS-PRIV’I-LEGE, v. t. To deprive of a privilege. DIS-PRIZE’, v.t. To undervalue. Cotton. DIS-PRO-FESS/, v. i. To renounce the profession of. DIS-PROFIT, n. [dis and profit.] Loss; detriment; damage. [Little used.] DIS-PROOF’, n. [dis and proof-] Confutation ; ref- utation; a proving to be false or erroneous ; as, to offer evidence in disproof of a fact, argument, prin- ciple, or vlegation. DIS-PROP/ER-TY, v.t. To deprive of property; to dispossess. [Noe used. Shak. DIS-PRO-POR’TION, n. [dis and proportion. | 1. Want of proportion of one thing to another, or between the parts of a thing; Want of symmetry. We speak of the disproportion of a man’s arms to his body ; of the disproportion of the length of an edifice to its hight. 2. Want of proper quantity, according to rues pre- scribed; as, the disproportion of the ingredients m a compound. 3 Want of suitableness or adequacy; disparity ; inequality ; unsuitableness ; as, the dispreportion of strength or means to an object. DIS-PRO-POR’TION, v. t. To make unsuitable In form, size, length, or quantity ; to violate symmetry in; tomismatch; to join unfitly. To shape my legs of an unequal size, To disproportion me in every part. Shak. DIS-PRO-POR/TION-A-BLE, a. Disproportional ; not in proportion ; unsuitable in form, size, or quantity, to something else ; inadequate. Note. —The sense in which this word is used is generally anomalous. In its true sense, that may be made disproportional, it is rarely or never used. The regular word, which ought to be used, is DispRororR- TIONAL, as used by Locke. DIS-PRO-POR/TION-A-BLE-NESS, n. Want of pro- portion or symmetry ; unsuitableness to something else. DIS-PRO-POR!TION-A-BLY, adv. With want of proportion or symmetry ; unsuitably to something else. Tillotson. f | DIS-PRO-POR’TION-AL, a. Not having due propor- f| tion to something else ; not having proportion or sym- metry of parts ; unsuitable in form or quantity ; une- qual; inadequate. A disproportional limb constitutes deformity in the body. ‘The studies of youth should not be disproportional to their capacities. [This is the word which ought to be used for Drs- PROPORTIONABLE. | 4 DIS-PRO-POR-TION-AL'L-TY, x. The state of being disproportional. : : Unsuitably with lue ; inadequately ; ? respect to form, quantity, or va 5 unequally. : ; DIS-PRO-POR/TION-ATE, @. Not proportioned ; un- e symmetrical ; unsuitable to something else, in bulk, form, or value ; inadequate. In a perfect form of the body, none of the limbs are disproportionate. It is | government; management; as, an agent is appoint- | TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; — H; FH as in THIS. oe SE ———————————————— 349 GH as S$ OOOO ee et pi coal Roa RES en! om | | ~ Ne - Sa nos aire Bs —— nail 4 3 vain OS Ral ett i fds. y oA j t f rs ase + A fe er fe 4 By A we oi i ' a. at E { } a een ORES DIS DIS DIS wisdom not to undertake a work with disproportion- ate means. DIS-PRO-POR/TION-ATE-LY, adv. tionate degree ; unsuitably ; nadequately. in form, bulk, or value; inadequacy. : DIS-PRO-POR’/TION- ED, pp.or a. Not proportioned out of proportion ; disproportionate. ue DIS-PRO/PRLATE, v. t. To destroy appropriation to withdraw from an appropriate use. Anderson. formed, and more generally used. ] DIS-PROV/A-BLE, (-proov’a-bl,) a. ing disproved or refuted. DIS-PROVE!, (-proove,) v. t r [ prove to be false or erroneous ; toconfute ; as, to dis Boyle. 3. To disallow or disapprove. [JVot in use.] DIS-PROV’ED, pp. Proved to be false or erroneous refuted. DIS-PROV/ER,z. One that disproves or confutes. DIS-PROV/ING, ppr. ous; confuting ; refuting. DIS-PUNGE’, v. t. formed, and little used. | Wotton. Shak. out penal restraint ; not punishable. Swift. DIS-PURSE’, for Dissurse. [Vt in use.] Shak, DIS-PUR-VEY’, (-va,)v.t. To unprovide. [WVotin use. ] DIS-PUR-VEY’/ANCE, n. Want of provisions. im Se. Spenser. DIS/PU-TA-BLE, a. See Disrute.] That may be disputed; liable to be called in question, contro- verted, or contested; controvertible; of doubtful certainty. tions, &c. DIS-PU-TAC/I-TY, n. Proneness to dispute. DIS/PU-TANT, n. One who disputes; one who argues in opposition to another; a controvertist; a reasoner in opposition. DIS/PU-TANT, a. Disputing ; engaged in controversy. DIS-PU-TA/TION, n. [L. disputatio.) [ Milton. 1. The act of disputing; a reasoning or argumen- tation in opposition to something, or on opposite sides ; controversy in words ; verbal contest, respect- ing the truth of some fact, opinion, proposition, or argument. 2. An exercise in colleges, in which parties reason In opposition to each other, on some question pro- osed. DIS-PU-TA/TIOUS, (-ta’shus,) a. Inclined to dis- pute; apt to cavil or controvert; as, a disputatious person or temper. The Chnistian doctrine of a future life was no recommendation of the new religion to the wits and philosophers of that disputatious veriod. Buckminster. DIS-PU-TA’/TIOUS-NESS, n. Inclination to dispute. DIS-PU/TA-TIVE, a. Disposed to dispute; inclined to cavil or to reason in opposition ; as, a disputative temper. Watts. DIS-PUTE’, v.i1. [L.disputo; dis and puto. The pri- mary sense of puto is to throw, cast, strike, or drive, as we see by imputo, to impute, to throw on, to charge, to ascribe. Amputo, to prune, is to strike off, to throw off from all sides; computo, to compute, is to throw together, to cast. Dispute, then, is radically very similar to debate and discuss, both of which are from beating, driving, agitation. ] 1. To contend in argument ; to reason or argue in opposition ; to debate; to altercate; and to dispute violently is to wrangle. Paul disputed with the Jews in the synagogue. The disciples of Christ disputed among themselves who should be the greatest. Men often dispute about trifles. 2. To strive or contend in opposition to a competi- tor ; as, we disputed for the prize. DIS-POTE!’, v. t. To attempt to disprove by argu- ments or statements ; to attempt to prove to be false, unfounded, or erroneous; to controvert; to attempt to overthrow by reasoning. We dispute assertions, opinions, arguments, or statements, when we en- deavor to prove them false or unfounded. We dis- pute the validity of a title or claim. Hence, to dispute a cause or case with another, is to endeavor to main- tain one’s own opinions or claims, and to overthrow those of his opponent. 2, To strive or contend for, either by words or ac- tions ; as, to dispute the honor of the day ; to dispute a prize. But this phrase is elliptical, being used for dispute for, and primarily the verb is intransitive. [See the intransitive verb, No. 2.] 3. To call in question the propriety of; to oppose by reasoning. An officer is never to dispute the or- ders of his superior. 4, To strive to maintain ; as, to dispute every inch of ground. DIS-PUTE’, n. Strife or contest in words, or by argu- ments; an attempt to prove and maintain one’s own In a dispropor- DIS-PRO-POR/TION-ATE-NESS, x. Unsuitableness [See DisaprropriaTe, which is more regularly Capable of be- [dis and prove.] To prove an assertion, a statement, an argument, a proposition. : ‘ 2, To convict of the practice of error. [.Vot in Use. Hooker. Proving to be false or errone- [dis and spunge.| To expunge; to erase; also, to discharge as froma sponge. [JU DIS-PUN/ISH-A-BLE, a. [dis and punishable.] With- { Mot We speak of disputable opinions, state- ments, propositions, arguments, points, cases, ques- another; controversy in words. ‘They had a disput would think, could admit of no dispute. Dispute is usually applied to verbal contest ; con troversy may be in words or writing. Dispute is be ble to public bodies. the phrase, this is a fact, beyond all dispute. DIS-PUT’ED, pp. or a. or arguments ; litigated. DIS-PUTE’LESS, a. Admitting no dispute ; incon trovertible DIS-PUT’ER, x. - to disputes ; a controvertist. Where is the disputer of this world ? —1 Cor. i. DIS-POT/ING, ppr. ments ; controverting. DIS-PUT/ING, n. or arguments ; controversy ; altercation Do all things without murmurings or disputings. — Phil. ii. DIS-QUAL-I-FL€a/TION, x. d as, sickness is a disqualification for labor or study. ty; that which renders incapable ; pacitates in law ; disability. is a disqualification for office. 3. Want of qualification. though improperly. JIn_ strictness, implies a previous qualification ; use it for the want of qualification, where no previ- ous qualification is supposed. Thus, I must still retain the consciousness of those disqualyications, which you have been pleased to overlook. Sir Jolin Shore, Asiat. Res 4, 175. DIS-QUAL'I-FI-ED, (-kwol/e-fide,) pp. ora. Deprived of qualifications ; rendered unfit. DIS-QUAL/LFY, v. t. [dis and qualify.] To make unfit ; to deprive of natural power, or the qualities or properties necessary for any purpose ; with for. Indisposition disqualifies the body for labor, and the mind for study. Piety does not disyualify a person for any lawful employment. 2. To deprive of legal capacity, power, or right ; to disable. A conviction of perjury disqualifies a man fora witness. A direct interest in a suit dis- qualifies a person to be a juror in the cause. DIS-QUAL/LFY-ING, pyr. or a. Rendering unfit ; disabling. DIS-QUAN’TLTY, ». t. disqualification To diminish. [JVot in use.] Shak. DIS-QUI/ET, a. [dis and quiet.] Unquict; restless ; uneasy. pene used. } Shak. DIS-QUI'ET, nx. Want of quiet; uneasiness ; rest- lessness ; Want of tranquillity in body or mind ; dis- turbance ; anxiety. Swift. Tillotson. DIS-QUI/ET, v. t. To disturb; to deprive of peace, rest, or tranquillity ; to make uneasy or restless ; to harass the body ; to fret or vex the mind. That he may disguiet the inhabitants of Babylon. —Jer. 1. Why hast thou disquicted me? —1 Sam. xxviii. O my soul, why art thou disquieted within me? — Ps. xlii. DIS-QUYET-ED, pp. or a. disturbed ; harassed. DIS-QUY/ET-ER, n. One who disquiets ; he or that which makes uneasy. DIS-QUVET-FUL, a. Producing inquietude. Barrow. DIS-QUI’/ET-ING, ppr. Disturbing ; making uneasy ; depriving of rest or peace. 2. a. Tending to disturb the mind ; as, disquieting apprehensions. DIS-QUI/ET-IVE, a. DIS-QUI/ET-LY, adv. uneasy state; uneasil disquietly that night. Made uneasy or restless ; Tending to disquiet. Without quiet or rest; in an ; anxiously; as, he rested 1 Unusual. | Wiseman. DIS-QUI/ET-MENT, x. Act of disquieting. DIS-QUI/ET-NESS, n. Uneasiness ;_ restlessness ; disturbance of peace in body or mind. Hooker. DIS-QUI/ET-OUS, a. Causing uneasiness. [JVot used. Milton. DIS-QUI/E-TUDE, n. Want of peace or tranquillity ; uneasiness ; disturbance ; agitation ; anxiety. It is, I believe, most frequently used of the mind. Re- ligion is our best security from the disquietudes that imbitter life. DIS-QUI-S$I/TION, (dis-kwe-zish’un,) 2. quisitio ; disquiro; dis and quero, to seek.] A formal or systematic inquiry into any subject, by arguments, or discussion of the facts and circum- stances that may elucidate truth ; as, a disquisition on government or morals; a disquisition concerning the antediluvian earth. Woodward. [Ut is usually applied to a written treatise.] DIS-QUI-SI//TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to disquisi- [L. dis- tion. DIS-RANK’, v.t. ‘To degrade from rank. [Wot used.] 2 ABD) throw out of rank or into confusion. Decker, DIS-RE-GARD’, n. [dis and pemgrds) Neglect ; omis- opinions or claims, by arguments or statements, in sion of notice ; slight ; implying indifference or some opposition to the opinions, arguments, or claims of on the lawfulness of slavery ; a subject which, one ; tween individuals ; debate and dissussion is applica- ; 2. The possibility of being controverted; as in Contested ; opposed by words One who disputes, or who is given Contending by words or argu- The act of contending by words [See Disqua.iry.] The act of disqualifying ; or that which disqualifies ; that which renders unfit, unsuitable, or inadequate ; 2. The act of depriving of legal power or capaci- that which inca- Conviction of a crime It is used in this sense, but careless writers or notice. DIS-RE-GARD/ER, x. less: DIS-RE-GARD/FUL-LY, lessly. omitting to notice. DIS-REL’‘ISH, z. ally have a disrelish for t ciled to it by custom. 3. Distaste or dislike, DIS-REL/ISH, v.t. To 2. To make nauseous a bad taste. 3. To dislike ; to feel relish vulgar jests. liked ; made nauseous. DIS-REL/‘ISH-ING, ppr. DIS-RE-MEM/BER, v. t DIS-RE-PAIR’, n. tion. DIS-REP/U-TA-BLE, a. reputable; not in 2. Dishonorable ; disg ing to impair the good esteem. It is disreputabl the mean, the lewd, anc DIS-REP/U-TA-BLY, adv DIS-REP-U-TA’TION, n. or want of reputation DIS-RE-PUTE’, n. alchemist and his books DIS-RE-PUTE’, v.t. To DIS-RE-PUT’/ED, pp. DIS-RE-PUT/ING, ppr. of contempt. 2. As an act, incivility 1) DIS-RE-SPE€T’ED, pp. DIS-RE-SPE€1’FUL, a. DIS-RE-SPE€T’FUL-LY, manner; irreverently ; u DIS-RE-SPE€ET/ING, ppr. DIS-ROBE!, v. ¢. robe ; to divest of garme 2. To strip of covering ing appendage. Autum dure. covering. DIS-ROB’/ER, z. DIS-ROB/ING, ppr. Div ping of any kind of cove DIS-ROOT’, wv. t. [dis a roots, or by the roots. 2. To tear from a founc mine. A piece of ground disrooted inundations, DIS-ROOT’ED, pp. mined. DIS-ROOT'ING, ppr. dermining, DIS-RUPTY, a. breaking. DIS-RUPT’ED, a. DIS-RUP’TION, n. ing and separating. DIS-SAT-IS-FA€/TION, degree of contempt; as, to pass one with disregard. The state of being dissati FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — Studious of good, man disregarded fame. _| DIS-RE-GARD/ING, ppr. [dis and relish.] of the palate; some degree of disgust. 2. Bad taste ; nauseousness. DIS-REL/ISH-ED, (-rel/isht,) pp. {dis and repair. ] not in repair or good condition, and wanting repara- esteem 5 mean ; as, disreputable company. disesteem ; dishonor; disgrace; discredit. III cess often brings an enterprising man, as well as his project, into disreputation. [dis and repute.] Loss or want of reputation ; disesteem ; discredit; dishonor. The Brought into disreputation. DIS-RE-SPE€T’, n. [dis and respect or reverence ; disesteem. leads a man to treat another with neglect or a degree DIS-RE-SPE€T’, v. t. To show disrespect to. disrespectful thought or opinion. 2. Manifesting disesteem or want of respect; un- civil ; as, disrespectful behavior. [dis and robe.] To divest of a These two peers were disrobed of their glory. DIS-ROB/ED, pp. Divested of clothing; stripped of One that strips of robes or clothing. Torn up by the roots; under- Tearing up by the roots; un- [L. disruptus ; dis and rumpo, to burst.] Rent from; torn asunder; severed by rending or Rent asunder. UI L. disruptio, from disrumpo. } 1. The act of rending asunder; the act of burst- 2. Breach; rent; dilaceration; as, the disruption of rocks in an earthquake; the disruption of a stratum of earth; disruption of the flesh. DIS-RE-GARD’, v. t To omit to take notice of; to e neglect to observe ; to slight as unworthy of regard We are never to disregard the wants of the poor, nor the admonitions of conscience. Blackmore. DIS-RE-GARD/ED, pp. Neglected; slighted; unno- One who neglects. DIS-RE-GARD/FUL, a. Neglectful ; negligent ; heed- [ticed. adv. Negligently; heed- Neglecting , overlooking ; Distaste ; dislike g Men gener- obacco, till the taste is recon- JMfilton. in a figurative sense; dislike of the mind, or of the faculty by which beauty and excellence are perceived. dislike the taste of; as, to disrelish a particular Kind of food. or disgusting ; toinfect with Milton. [In this sense, I believe, the word is little used. ] some disgust at; as, to dis- Not relished ; dis- Disliking the taste of; ex- periencing disgust at ; rendering nauseous. To forget. [ Unauthorized.] A state of being Chalmers. [dis and reputable.] Not not honorable; low ; racing the reputation; tend- name, and bring into dis- e to associate familiarly with 1 the profane. - Ina disreputable manner, [dis and reputation.] Loss or good name; disrepute ; suc- have sunk into disrepute. bring into disreputation. 3ringing into disreputation. respect.| Want of Disrespect often ; lrreverence ; rudeness. Treated with disrespect. Wanting in respect; as, a adv. ncivilly. Showing disrespect to. In a disrespectful nts ; to undress. ; to divest of any surround- n disrobes the fields of ver- Wotton. esting of garments; strip- ring. nd root.] To tear up the lation ; to loosen or under- from its situation by subterraneous Goldsmith. Dr. Thompson. n. [dis and satisfaction.] sfied ; discontent ; uneasi- 300 Ae) neyDIS ness proceeding from the want of gratification, or from disappointed wishes and expectations. The ambitious man is subject to uneasiness and dissatisfaction, Addison. DIS-SAT-IS-FA€’/TO-RI-NESS, n. Inability to sat- isfy or give content ; a failing to give content. DIS-SAT-IS-FA€/TO-RY, a. Unable to give content. Rather, giving discontent; displeasing. To have reduced the different qualifications in the different States to one uniform rule, would probably have been as dissatis- Jactory to some of the States, as difficult for the convention. Hamilton. Mitford. DIS-SAT/IS-FI-ED, (-sat'is-fide,) pp. Made discon- tented ; displeased. 2. a. Discontented ; not satisfied ; not pleased ; offended. Locke. DIS-SAT/IS-FY,v.t. To render discontented ; to dis- please ; to excite uneasiness by frustrating wishes or expectations. DIS-SAT-IS/FY-ING, ppr. Exciting uneasiness or discontent. DIS-SEAT’, v. t. To remove from a seat. Shak. DIS-SE€T’, v. t. [IL. disseco, dissectus; dis and seco, to cut; Fr. dissequer.] 1. To cut in pieces; to divide an animal body, with a cutting instrument, by separating the joints ; as, to dissect a fowl. Hence, appropriately, 2. To cut in pieces, as an animal or vegetable, for the purpose of examining the structure and use of its several parts; to anatomize. Also, to open any part of a body to observe its morbid appearances, or to ascertain the cause of death or the seat of a disease. 3. To divide into its constituent parts, for the pur- pose of examination ; as, dissect your mind ; dissect a paragraph. Roscommon. Pope. DIS-SEET’ED, pp. or a. Cut in pieces; separated by parting the joints; divided into its constituent parts ; opened and examined. DIS-SECT/ING, ppr. Cuttingin pieces; dividing the parts ; separating constituent parts for minute exam- ination. 9, a. Used in dissection ; as, a dissecting knife. DIS-SE€’TION, (-sek’/shun,) x. [LL dissectio.] 1. The act of cutting in pieces an animal or vege- table, for the purpose of examining the structure and uses of its parts; anatomy. Dissection was held sacrilege till the time of Francis I. Encyc. ©. The act of separating into constituent parts, for the purpose of critical examination. DIS-SE€T/OR, x. One who dissects ; an anatomist. DIS-SEIZE’, (dis-seeze’,) v. t. [dis and seize; Fr. dessaisir. | In law, to dispossess wrongfully ; to deprive of actual seizin or possession ; followed by of; as, to disseize a tenant of his freehold. A man may suppose himself disseized, when he is not so. Blackstone. DIS-SEIZ/ED, (dis-seezd’,) pp. Put out of posses- sion wrongfully or by force ; deprived of actual ossession. DIS-SEI-ZEP’, (dis-see-zee’,) n. A person put out of possession of an estate unJawfully. DIS-SEIZ/IN, x. The act of disseizing ; an unlawful dispossessing of a person of his lands, tenements, or incorporeal hereditaments ; a deprivation of actual seizin. Blackstone. DIS-SEIZ/ING, ppr. Depriving of actual seizin or yossession ; putting out of possession, DIS-SEIZ/OR, n. One who puts another out of pos- session wrongfully ; he that dispossesses another. Blackstone. DIS-SEM/BLANCE, x. [dis and semblance.| Want of resemblance. [Little used.] Osborne. DIS-SEM/BLE, v. t [L. disstmulo ; dis and simulo, from similis, like ; Fr. dissimuler; It. dissimulare ; Sp. disimular ; Arm. di ezuUmUla. | 1. To hide under a false appearance ; to conceal ; to disguise ; to pretend that not to be which really is ; as, I will not dissemble the truth; I can not dis- semble my real sentiments. [Zvis is the proper sense of this word. | 2. To pretend that to be which is not; to make a false appearance of, This is the sense of simulate. Your son Lucentio Doth love my daughter, and she loveth him, Or both dissemble deeply their affections. Shak. DIS-SEM/BLBE, v. i. To be hypocritical; to assume a false appearance; to conceal the real fact, motives, intention, or sentiments, under some pretense. Ye have stolen, and dissembled also. — Josh. vil. He that hateth, dissembleth with his lips. — Prov. xxvi. DIS-SEM’/BLED, pp. Concealed under a false appear- ance; disguised. DIS-SEM/BLER, ». One who dissembles; a hypo- crite ; one who conceals his opinions or dispositions under a false appearance, DIS-SEM/BLING, ppr. or a. Hiding under a false appearance ; acting the hypocrite. DIS-SEM/BLING-LY, adv. With dissimulation ; hypo- critically ; falsely. nolles. DIS or never used in its literal sense. But, hence, 2. To scatter for growth and propagation, like seed ; to spread. Thus, principles, opinions, and errors are disseminated, when they are spread and propagated. To disseminate truth, or the gospel, is highly laudable. 3. To spread ; to diffuse. A uniform heat disseminated through the kody of the earth. Woodward. 4. To spread ; to disperse. The Jews are disseminated through all the trading parts of the world. Addison. or taking root. The fourth is hardly vindicable. ] DIS-SEM/IN-A-TED, pp. Scattered, as seed; prop- agated ; spread. 2. In mineralogy, occurring in portions less than a hazel-nut ; being scattered. DIS-SEM/IN-A-TING, pp. ting ; spreading. DIS-SEM-IN-A/TION, n. The act of scattering and propagating, like seed; the act of spreading for growth and permanence. We trust the world is to be reformed by the dissemination of evangelical doctrines. DIS-SEM/IN-A-TOR, n. One who disseminates ; one who spreads and propagates. DIS-SEN/SION, (shun,) x. a dissensio ; dis and sen- tio, to think ; Fr. dissension. Disagreement in opinion, usually a disagreement which is violent, producing warm debates or angry words ; contention in words ; strife ; discord ; quar- rel ; breach of friendship and union. Scattering and propagd- Debates, dissensions, uproars are thy joy. Dryden. Paul and Barnabas had no small dissension with them. — Acts Xv. We see dissensions in church and state, in towns, parishes, and families ; and the word is sometimes ap- plied to differences which produce war; as, the dis- sensions between the houses of York and Lancaster in England. DIS-SEN/SIOUS, (dis-sen/shus,) a. Disposed to dis- cord; quarrelsome ; contentious ; factious. [Little used. | jak. Ascham. DIS-SENT’, v. i. [L. dissensio; dis and sentio, to think. 1. To disagree in opinion ; to differ; to think in a different or contrary manner; withfrom. ‘There are many opinions in which men dissent from us, as they dissent from each other. 9. To differ from an established church, in regard to doctrines, rites, or government. 3. To differ; to be of a contrary nature. [Less roper. | Hooker. DIS-SENT’, n. Difference of opinion ; disagreement. 9, Declaration of disagreement in opinion ; as, they entered their dissent on the journals of the house. 3. Separation from an established church, espe- cially that of England. 4, Contrariety of nature; opposite quality. [ Rare. ] DIS-SENT-A/NE-OUS, a. Disagreeable ; contrary- DIS/SENT-A-NY, a. Dissentaneous ; inconsistent. Not used. | Milton. DIS-SENT-A/TION, n. Act of dissenting. DIS-SENT’ER, n. One who dissents; one who dif- fers in opinion, or one who declares his disagree- ment. 2. One who separates from the service and wor- ship of any established church. The word is in Eng- land particularly applied to those who separate from, or who do not unite with, the Church of England. DIS-SEN/TIENT, a. Disagreeing ; declaring dissent. DIS-SEN’TIENT, (dis-sen/shent,) n. One who dis- agrees and declares his dissent. DIS-SENT/ING, ppr. or 4a. Disagreeing in opinion ; separating from the communion of an established church. It is used as an adjective ; as, a dissenting minister or congregation, DIS-SEN/TIOUS, (dis-sen/shus,) a. Disposed to dis- agreement or discord. DIS-SEP/L-MENT, x. [L. dissepimentum ; dissepio, to separate ; dis and sepia, to inclose or guard. } In botany, a term applied to the partitions that are formed in ovaries, by the united sides of cohering carpels, and which separate the inside into cells. Lindley. DIS-SERT’, v.i. [L. dissero, diserto. | To discourse or dispute. ee in use. | DIS/SER-TATE, v. % To deal in dissertation ; to write dissertations. J. Foster. DIS-SERT-A'TION, n. [L. dissertatio, from disserto, to discourse, from dissero, id. ; dis and sero, to sow, that is, to throw. Dissero is to throw out, to cast abroad. ] 1. A discourse, or rather a formal discourse, in- tended to illustrate a subject. 9, A written essay, treatise, or disquisition ; as, Plutarch’s dissertation on the poets; Newton’s dis- sertations on the prophecies. ; : : DIS/SERT-A-TOR,n. One who writes a dissertation ; DIS-SEM/IN-ATHE, v. t. ie dissemino ; dis and semino, to sow, from semen, seed.] : [The second is the most proper application of the DIS-SET/TLF, v. t. word, as it should always include the idea of growth DIS-SEV/ER, v. t DIS-SEV'ER-ANCE, 7x. The act of dissevering 5 sep- DIS-SEV-ER-A/TION, n. Act of dissevering. DIS-SEV’ER-ED, pp. or a. DIS-SEV/ER-ING, ppr. DIS-SEV’/ER-ING, n. DIS/SI-DENCE, n. DIS/SLDENT, a. DIS/SI-DENT, x. DIS-SIL’LENCE, nz. DIS-SIL/LENT, a. DIS-SI-LI’’/TION, (dis-se-lish’/un,) 1. DIS 1, Literally, to sow; to scatter seed; but seldom DIS-SERVE’, (dis-serv’,) v.t. [dis and serve.] To in- jure ; to hurt; to harm; to do injury or mischief to. He took the first opportunity to disserve him. Clarendon. Too much zeal often disserves a good cause. Anon. 1 DIS-SERV/ED, (dis-servd’,) pp. Injured. DIS-SERV/ICE, n. Injury; harm; mischief; as, vi- olent remedies often do a disservice. } DIS-SER V/ICE-A-BLE, a. Injurious ; hurtful. DIS-SERV/ICE-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing injurious ; tendency to harm. Norris. DIS-SER V/ICE-A-BLY, adv. So as to be injurious. DIS-SERV/ING, ppr. _Injuring. To unsettle. [Not used.) More. [dis and sever. In this word, dis, as in dispart, can have nu effect, unless to augment the signification, as dis and sever both denote sepa- ration. | To dispart ; to part in two, to divide asunder; to separate; to disunite, either by violence or not. When with force, itis equivalent to rend and burst. It may denote either to cut or to tear asunder. In beheading, the head is dissevered from the body ; the lightning may dissever a branch from the stem of a tree. Jealousy dissevers the bonds of friendship. The reformation dissevered the catholic church; it dissevercd Protestants from Roman Catholics. aration. Disparted ; disjoimed ; separated. Dividing asunder; separat- ing ; tearing or cutting asunder. The act of separating; sep- Infra.] Discord. aration. [L. dissideo, to disagree ; dis and Not agreeing. A dissenter; one who separates from the established religion; a word applied to the members of the Lutheran, Calvinistic, and Greek churches in Poland. Encyc. [L. dissilio; dis and salio, to sedeos to Sit. leap. ] The act of leaping or starting asunder. Starting asunder; bursting and opening with an elastic force, as the dry pod or cap- sule of a plant; as, a dissilient pericarp. _ Martyn. he act of bursting open; the act of starting or springing dif- ferent ways. Boyle. DIS-SIM/I-LAR, a. [dis and similar.] Unlike, either in nature, properties, or external form; not similar ; not having the resemblance of; heterogeneous. Newton denominates dissimilar the rays of light of different refrangibility. The tempers of men are as dissimilar as their features. DIS-SIM-I-LAR/LTY, n. Unlikeness; want of re- semblance; dissimilitude; as, the dissunilarity of human faces and forms. DIS-SIM/I-LE, (dis-sim/i-ly,) n. Comparison or illus- tration by contraries. [Jittle wsed.] DIS-SI-MIL/I-TUDE, n. [L. disstmilitudo.] Unlikeness ; want of resemblance ; as, a dissimili- tude of form or character. DIS-SIM-U-LA/TION, x. [L. dissimaaho ; dis and simulatio, from simulo, to make like, similis, like.] The act of dissembling ; a hiding under a false appearance ; a feigning ; false pretension ; hypoc- risy. Dissimulation may be simply concealment of the opinions, sentiments, or purpose ; but it includes, also, the assuming of a false or counterfeit appear- ance, which conceals the real opinions or purpose, Dissimulation, among statesmen, is sometimes re- garded as a necessary vice, or as No vice at all. Let love be without dissimulation. — Rom. xii. DIS-SIM/ULB, v. t. To dissemble. [Vot in Use. | DIS/SI-PA-BLE, a. [See Sas Liable to be dissipated ; that may be scattered or dispersed, The heat of those plants is very dissipable. Bacon. DIS/SI-PATE, v. t. [L. dissipatus, dissipo; dis and an obsolete verb, sipo, to throw. We perhaps see its derivatives in siphon, prosapia, and sept; and scpio, to inclose, may be primarily to repel, and thus to guard. L To scatter; to disperse; to drive asunder. Wind dissipates fog; the heat of the sun dissipates vapor ; mirth dissipates care and anxiety ; the cares of life tend to dissipate serious reflections. Scatter, disperse, and dissipate, are in many cases synonymous ; but dissipate js used appropriately to denote the dispersion of things that vanish, or are not afterward collected; as, to dissipate fog, vapor, or clouds. We say, an army is scattered or dispersed, but not dissipated. ‘Trees are scattered or dispersed over a field, but not dissipated. : 9. To expend ; to squander ; to scatter property i wasteful extravagance ; to waste ; to consume; as, a man has dissipated his fortune in the pursuit of 3. To scatter the attention. pleasure. DIS/SLPATH, v. i. To scatter; to disperse; to sep- arate into parts and disappear 5 to waste away ; to vanish. A fog or cloud gradually disstpates, before one who debates. Boyle. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN’/GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; $H as in THIS. p sol i ee. Sa ad - aee 2 REE DIS the rays or heat of the sun. dissipates ; the fluids dtssipate. DIS/SI-PA-TED, pp. consumed ; squandered. vice; as, a dissipated man; a dissipated life. DIS/SI-PA-TING, ppr. ispe ing; consuining; squandering; vanishing. DIS-SL-PA’TION, 2. of vapor or heat. means the body is diminished or consumed. calls off the mind from any subject. Swift. 4. A dissolute, irregular course © orbitant expenditures of money, and indulgence in vices, Which impair or ruin both health and fortune. What! is it proposed, then, to reclaim the spendthrift from his dissipation and extravagance, by filling his pockets with money ? P. Henry, Wirt’s Sketches. DIS-SO-CIA-BIL’I-TY, n. Want of sociability. DIS-S0/CIA-BLE, (-so/sha-bl,) a. [See Dissocrare.] Not well associated, united, or assorted. They came in two and two, though matched in the most disso- ciable manner. Spectator, No. 4. 2, Incongruous ; not reconcilable with. Warburton. DIS-SO/CIAL, (-so/shal,) a. [dis and social.) Unfriendly to society ; contracted ; selfish ; as, a dissoczal passion. DIS-SO/CIATE, v.t. [L. dissociatus, dissocio; dis and socio, to unite, sociws, a companion. } To separate ; to disunite ; to part; as, to dissociate the particles of a concrete substance. Boyle. DIS-SO/CIA-TED, pp. Separated; disunited. DIS-SO/CIA-TING, ppr. Separating; disuniting. DIS-SO-CL-A/TION, nz. The act of disuniting ; a state of separation; disunion. It will add to the etssociation, distraction, and confusion of these confederate republics. urke. DIS-SO-LU-BIL'I-TY, n. Capacity of being dissolved by heat or moisture, and converted into a fluid. DIS'SO-LU-BLE, a. [L. dissolubilis. See Dissouve.] 1. Capable of being dissolved; that may be melt- ed; having its parts separable by heat or moisture ; convertible into a fluid. FWroodward. 2. That may be disunited. DIS'/SO-LUTE, a. [L. dissolutus, from dissolwvo.] 1. Loose in behavior and morals; given to vice and dissipation; wanton; lewd; luxurious; de- bauched ; not under the restraints of law; as, a dis- solute man ; dissolute company. 2. Vicious; wanton ; devoted to pleasure and dis- Sipation ; as, a dissolute life. DIS‘SO-LUTE-LY, adv. Loosely ; wantonly ; in dis- sipation or debauchery ; without restraint ; as, to live dissolutely. DIS/SO-LUTE-NESS, n. Looseness of manners and morals ; vicious indulgences in pleasure, as in intem- perance and debauchery ; dissipation ; as, dissolute- ness of life or manners. DIS-SO-LU/TION, n. [L. dissolutio, from dissolvo.] In a general sense, the separation of the parts of a body which, in the natural structure, are united ; or the reduction of concrete bodies into their smallest parts, without regard to solidity or fluidity. Thus we speak of the dissolution of salts in water, of met- als in nitro-muriatic acid, and of ice or butter by heat; in which cases, the dissolution is effected by a menstruim or particular agent. We speak, also, of the dissolution of flesh or animal bodies, when the parts separate by putrefaction. Dissolution then is, 1. The act of liquefying or changing from a solid to a fluid state by heat; a melting ; a thawing; as, the dissolution of snow and ice, which converts them into water. 2. The reduction of a body into its smallest parts, or into very minute parts, by a dissolvent or menstru- um, as of a metal by nitro-muriatic acid, or of salts in water. 3, The separation of the parts of a body by putre- faction, or the analysis of the natural structure of mixed bodies, as of animal or vegetable substances ; decomposition. 4. The substance formed by dissolving a body ina menstruum. [This is now called a solution.] Bacon. 3. Death ; the separation of the soul and body. Milton. 6. Destruction ; the separation of the parts which compose a connected system, or body ; as, the disso- lution of the world, or of nature; the dissolution of government. 7. The breaking up of an assembly, or the putting an end to its existence. Dissolution is the civil dezth of parliament. Blackstone, 8. Looseness of manners; dissipation. ; Taylor. South. {In this latter sense the word is obsolete, Disso- The heat of a body Scattered ; dispersed; wasted ; 9. a. Loose; irregular; given to extravagance in the expenditure of property ; devoted to pleasure and Scattering ; dispersing; wast- The act of scattering ; disper- sion; the state of being dispersed ; as, the dissipation 2. In physics, the insensible loss or waste of the minute parts of a body, which fly off, by which 3. Scattered attention; or that which diverts and f life ; a wander- ing from object to object in pursuit of pleasure ; a course of life usually attended with careless and ex- DIS of the blood, in which it does not readily coagulate on its cooling out of the body, as in malignant fevers Cyc DIS-SOLV’A-BLE, (diz-zolv’a-bl,) a. are dissolvable bodies. DI$-SOLV/A-BLE-NESS, nz. able. solvo, to loose, to free. } ture. ble. tion. parts which may be sustained in that fluid. water dissolves salt and sugar. 2. To disunite ; to break ; to separate. godliness ? — 2 Pet. iii. 3. To loose ; to disunite. Down fell the duke, his joints dissolved. Fair far. ’ d ment ; to dissolve a corporation. 5. To loose ; to break ; as, to dissolve a league ; to dissolve the bonds of friendship. 6. To break up; to cause to separate; to put an end to; as, to dissolve the parliament ; to dissolve an assembly. 7. To clear; to solve; to remove; to dissipate, or to explain ; as, to dissolve doubts. We usually say, to solve doubts and difficulties. 8. To break; to destroy ; as, to dissolve a charm, spell, or enchantment. JMilton. 9. To loosen or relax; to make languid; as, dis- solved in pleasure. 10. To waste away ; to consume; to cause to van- ish or perish Thou dissoloest my substance. — Job xxx. 11. To annul ; to rescind ; as, to dissolve an injunc- tion. Johnson’s Rep. DIS-SOLVE’, (diz-zolv’,) v. %. Tobe melted ; io be converted from a solid to a fluid state; as, sugar dis- solves in water. 2. To sink away ; to lose strength and firmness. Shak. 3. To melt away in pleasure; to become soft or languid. 4. To fall asunder; to crumble; to be broken. A government may dissolve by its own weight or ex- tent. 5. To waste away; to perish; to be decomposed. Flesh dissolves by putrefaction, 6. To come to an end by a separation of parts. DIS-SOLV’ED, pp. or a. Melted; liquefied; disunit- ed; parted ; loosed ; relaxed ; wasted away; ended. Dissolved blood, is that which does not readily co- agulate. DIS-SOLV’/ENT, a. Having power to melt or dis- Solve ; as, the dissolvent juices of the stomach. Ray. DIS-SOLV/ENT, n. Any thing which has the power or quality of melting, or converting a solid substance into a fluid, or of separating the parts of a fixed body so that they mix with a liquid ; as, water is a dis- solvent of salts and earths. It is otherwise called a menstruum. 2. In medicine, a remedy supposed capable of dis- solving concretions in the body, such as calculi, tu- bercles, &c. Parr. DI$-SOLV’/ER; n. That which dissolves, or has the power of dissolving. Heat is the most powerful dis- solver of substances. DIS-SOLV/ING, ppr. liquid. DIS/SO-NANCE, n. [Fr. dissonance, from L. disso- nans, dissono, to be discordant; dis and sono, to sound. I. Discord ; a mixture or union of harsh, unhar- monious sounds, which are grating or unpleasing to the ear; as, the dissonance of notes, sounds, or 2. Disagreement. {numbers. DIS/SO-NANT, a. Discordant; harsh; jarring; un- harmonious ; unpleasant to the ear; as, dissonant notes or intervals. 2. Disagreeing ; incongruous; usually with from; as, he advanced propositions very dissonant from truth. DIS-SUADBE’, v. t. [L. dissuadeo ; dis and suadeo, to ad- vise or incite to any thing.] 1, To advise or exhort against ; to attempt to draw or divert from a measure, by reason or offering mo- tives to; as, the minister dissuaded the prince from adopting the measure; he dissuaded him from his Melting; making or becoming LUTENESs being substituted. ] es Bo2 purpose, 9. Dissolution of the blood; in medicine, that state See Dissorve.] That may be dissolved ; capable of being melted ; that may be converted intoa fluid. Sugar and ice State of being dissolv- DIS-SOLVE!, (diz-zolv’,) v. & [L. dissolvo; dis and 1. To melt ; to liquefy ; to convert from a solid or fixed state to a fluid state, by means of heat or mois- T'o dissolve by heat, is to loosen the parts of a solid body and render them fluid or easily mova- Thus, ice is converted into water by dissolu- To dissc've in a liquid, is to separate the parts ofa solid substance, and cause them to mix with the fluid ; or to reduce a solid substance into minute Thus, Seeing, then, that all these things shall be dissolved, what man- ner of persons ought ye to be in all holy conversation aud 4. To loose the ties or bonds of any thing; to de- stroy any connected system ; as, to dissolve a govern- DIS 2. To represent as unfit, improper, or dangerous. ; War therefore, open or concealed, alike . My voice dissuades. Milton. This phraseology is probably elliptical, and mereiy poetical ; from being understood. DIS-SUAD’ED, pp. Advised against; counseled or induced by advice not to do something; diverted from a purpose. DIS-SUAD/ER, n. He that dissuades; a dehorter. DIS-SUAD/ING, ppr. Exhorting against; attempting, by advice, to divert from a purpose. DIS-SUA/SION, (dis-swa/zhun,) x. Advice or exhorta- tion in opposition to something ; the act of attempt- ing, by reason or motives offered, to divert from a purpose or measure ; dehortation. Boyle, DIS-SUA/SIVE, a, Tending to dissuade, or divert from a measure or purpose; dehortatory. DIS-SUA/SIVE, n. Reason, argument, or counsel, employed to deter one from a measure or purpose ; that which is used or which tends to divert the mind from any purpose or pursuit. The consequences of intemperance are powerful dissuasives from indulging in that vice. DIS-SUA/SIVE-LY, adv. DIS-SUN’DER, v. ¢. to rend. DIS-SUN’/DER-ED, pp. Separated ; rent. DIS-SUN’/DER-ING, ppr. Separating; rending. DIS -‘SWEET’EN, (-sweet/n,) v. t To deprive of sweetness. [ Not used. By. Richardson. DIS-SYL-LAB/TI€, a. Consisting of two syllables on- ly ; as, a dissyllabic foot in poetry. DIS-SYL’/LA-BLE or DIS/SYL-LA-BLE, n. _ [Gr dtocvdA\abos; dis, two or twice, and cuddAaBos, a syllable. ] A word consisting of two syllables only ; as, paper, whiteness, virtue. DIS/TAIF, n. [The English books refer this word to the Saxon distef; but I have not found the word in the Saxon Dictionary. } 1. The staff of a spinning-wheel, to which a bunch of flax or tow is tied, and from which the thread is drawn. She layeth her hands distaff. — Prov. x In a dissuasive manner. {dis and sunder.] ‘To separate ; Chapman. to the spindle,and her hands hold the XXi. 2. Figuratively, a woman, or the female sex. His crown usurped, a distaff on the throne. Dryden. DIS/TAFF-THIS/TLE, (-this/l,) n. The popular name of certain species of Atractylis and Cartha- mus. DIS-TAIN’, v. t. [dis and stain. This seems to be from the French deteindre, from the L. tingo; but see STAIN. 1. To stain; to tinge with any different color from the natural or proper one ; to discolor. We speak of a sword distained with blood; a garment distained with gore. It has precisely the signification of stain, but is used chiefly or appropriately in poetry and the higher kinds of prose. 2. To blot; to sully ; to defile; to tarnish. She distained her honorable blood, Spenser. The worthiness of praise distains his worth. Shak DIS-TAIN’ED, (dis-tand’,) pp. Stained; tinged ; dis- colored ; blotted ; sullied. DIS-TAIN/ING, ppr. Staining ; discoloring ; blotting ; tarnishing. DIS/TANCE, n._ [Fr. distance; Sp. distancia ; It. dis- tanza ; L. distantia, from disto, to stand apart; dis and sto, to stand. ] 1, An interval or space between two objects; the length of the shortest line which intervenes between two things that are separate; as, a great or small distance. Distance may be a line, an inch, a mile, or any indefinite Jength; as, the distance between the sun and Saturn. 2. Preceded by at, remoteness of place. He waits at distance till he hears from Cato. Addison. 3. Preceded by thy, his, your, her, their, a suitable Space, or such remoteness as is common or becom- ing; as, let him keep his distance; keep your distance. [See No. 8.] 4, A space marked on the course where horses mun. This horse ran the whole field out of distance. L’ Estrange. d. Space of time; any indefinite length of time, past or future, intervening between two periods or events ; as, the distance of an hour, of a year, of an 6. Ideal space or separation. [age. Qualities that affect our senses are, in the things themselves, so united and blended, that there is no distance between them. Locke. 7. Contrariety ; opposition. Banquo was your enemy; So is he mine, and in such bloody distance. Shak. 8. The remoteness which respect requires ; hence, respect. I hope your modesty Will know what distance to the crown is due. Dryden. *Tis by respect and distance that authority is upheld. Atterbury. See No. 3. . Reserve ; coldness; alienation of heart. On the part of Heaven, Ti : . . Now alienated, distance and distaste. Milton. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— LS > SREP as| He distanced the most skillful of his cotemporaries. Milner. DIS'TANC-ED, (dis'tanst,) pp. Left far behind; cast out of the race. DIS’/TANC-ING, ppr. Leaving far behind. DIS/TANT, a. [L. distans, standing apart.] 1. Separate ; having an intervening space of any indefinite extent. One point may be Jess than a line or ahair’s breadth distant from another. Saturn is supposed to be nearly nine hundred million miles dis- tant from the sun. 2. Remote in place ; as, a distant object appears un- der a smut! angle. 3. Remote in time, past or future ; as, a distant age or period of the world. 4. Remote in the line of succession or descent, in- definitely ; as, a distant descendant; a distant ances- tor; distant posterity. 5. Remote in natural connection or consanguinity 5 as, a distant relation ; distarit kindred ; a distant col- lateral line. 6. Remote in nature ; not allied ; not agreeing with or in conformity to; as, practice very distant from principles or profession. 7. Remote in view ; slight; faint ; not very likely to be realized ; as, we have a distant hope or prospect of seeing better times. 8. Remote in connection; slight; faint ; indirect ; not easily seen or understood ; as, a distant hint or allusion to a person or subject. So, also, we say, a distant idea; a distant-thought ; a distant resein- blance. 9, Reserved; shy; implying haughtiness, coldness of affection, indifference, or disrespect; as, the man- ners of a person are distant. DIS’/TANT-LY, adv. Remotely ; ata distance; with reserve. DIS-TASTE’, n. [dis and taste.] Aversion of the taste; dislike of food or drink; disrelish; disgust, or a slight degree of it. Distaste for a particular kind of food may be constitutional, or the effect of a dis- 2. Dislike ; uneasiness. [eased stomach. Prosperity is not without many fears and distastes, and adversity is not without comfort and hopes. Bacon. 3. Dislike ; displeasure ; alienation of affection. Milton. Pope. DIS-TASTE’, v. t. To disrelish ; to dislike ; to loathe ; as, to distaste drugs or poisons. 2. To offend ; to disgust. He thought it no policy to distaste the English or Irizo, bu souglit to please them. Davi 3. To vex; to displease ; to sour. The two latter sugnifications are rare. | DIS-TAST’ED, pp. Disrelished; disliked; offended ; displeased. DIS-TASTE/FUL, a. gusting to the taste. 9. Offensive; displeasing ; as, a distasteful truth. Dryden. Shak. Pope. 3. Malevolent; as, distasteful looks. DIS-TAST E!'FUL-LY, adv. sive manner. DIS-TASTE/FUL-NESS, n. like, W hitlock. DIS-TAST’ING, ppr. ing ; displeasing, DIS-TAST/IVE, zn. aversion. W hitlock. DIS-TEM/PER, 7. [dis and temper.] Literally, an un- due or unnatural temper, or disproportionate mixture of parts. Hence, 9, Disease; malady; indisposition ; any morbid state of an animal body, or of any part of it; a state in which the animal economy is deranged, or imper- [See Disease.] It is used of the In general, it is synonymous with disease, and is particularly ap- fectly carried on. slighter diseases, but not exclusively. plied to the diseases of brutes. 3. Want of due temperature, applied to climate ; the literal sense of the word, but not now used. Countries under the tropic of a distemper uninhabitable. Ralegh. 4, Bad constitution of the mind; undue predomi- nance of a passion or appetite. Shak. 5. Want of due balance of parts or opposite quali- ties and principles; as, the temper and distemper of an empire consist of contraries. [JVot now used.] Bacon. 6. IJ humor of mind; depravity of inclination. [Mot used. ] King Charles. 7. Political disorder ; tumult. Waller. §. Uneasiness ; ill humor, or bad temper There is a sickness, Which puts some of us in distemper. Shak. 9. In painting, the mixing of colors with some- DIS-TEM/PER-ANCE, n. DIS-TEM’/PER-ATE, a. DIS-TEM’/PER-A-TURE, zn. DIS-TEM’PER-ING, ppr- DIS-TEM/PER-ING, x. DIS-TEND’, ». t. DIS-TEND/ED, pp. or a. Nauseous; unpleasant or dis- | DIS-T'END'ING, ppr. DIS-TEN-SI-BIL’LTY, zn. In a displeasing or offen- Disagreeableness ; dis- Disrelishing ; disliking ; offend- DIS-TEN/TION, (dis-ten/shun,) 7. That which gives disrelish or DIS-TER’, v. t. DIS-TERM/IN-ATE, a. DIS'TICH, (dis/tik,) 7. Shak, This verb is seldom used, except in the participles. | Distemperature. Immoderate. [Little used.] Ralech. Bad temperature; in- temperateness ; excess of heat or cold, or of other qualities; a noxious state ; as, the distemperature of the air or clunate. 2. Violent tumultuousness ; outrageousness, Johnson. 3. Perturbation of mind. Shak. 4. Confusion ; commixture of contrarieties ; luss of regularity ; disorder. Shak. 5. Slight illness ; indisposition. Brewer. DIS-TEM/PER-ED, pp. or a. Diseased in body, or dis- ordered in mind. We speak of a distempered body, a distempered limb, a distempered head or brain. 2. Disturbed ; ruffled ; as, distempered passions. 3. Deprived of temper or moderation ; iImumoder- ate ; as, distempered zeal. Dryden. 4. Disordered; biased ; prejudiced ; perverted ; as, minds distempered by interest or passion. | The imagination, when completely distempered, is the most incurable of all disordered faculties. Buckminster. 5. Disaffected ; nade malevolent. Distempered lords. Shak. Affecting with disease or depriving of moderation. The painting of walls in dis- disorder ; disturbing ; temper. [L. distendo ; dis and tendo, to tend, to stretch, from the root of teneo, to hold, Gr. recvw, to stretch. Class Dn.] 1. To stretch or spread in all directions; to dilate ; to enlarge; to expand; to swell; as, to distend a bladder ; to distend the bowels ; to distend the lungs. [This is the appropriate sense of the word.) 2. To spread apart ; to divaricate ; as, to distend the legs. We seldom say, to distend a plate of metal, and never, I believe, to distend a line; extend being used in both cases. We use distend chiefly to denote the stretching, spreading, or expansion, of any thing, by means of a substance inclosed within it, or by the elastic force of something inclosed. In this case, the body distended swells or spreads in all directions, and usually in a spherical form. A bladder is dis- tended by inflation, or by the expansion of rarefied air within it. The skin is distended in boils and ab- scesses by matter generated within then. This ap- propriation of the word has not always been ob- served. Spread ; expanded ; dilated by an inclosed substance or force. Stretching in all directions ; di- lating ; expanding. The quality or capacity of being distensible. DIS-TEN/SI-BLE, a. Capable of being distended or dilated. DIS-TEN'SION, (dis-ten/shun,) . The act of stretch- ing. [See Disrenrion.] DIS-TENT’, a. Spread. [Vet wm use. Spenser. DIS-TENT’, x. Breadth. [Vot used. Wotton. [L. distentio.] 1. The act of distending ; the act of stretching in breadth or in all directions; the state of being dis- tended ; as, the distention of the lungs or bowels. 2. Breadth ; extent or space occupied by the thing distended. 3. An opening, spreading, or divarication ; as, the distention of the legs. [L. dis and terra.] To banish from a country. [JVot used.] [L. disterminatus. | Separated by bounds. [ Obs.] Hale. DIS-TERM-IN-A/TION, n. Separation. [ Obs.] tammond. DIS/THENE, xz. [Gr. des, twice, and ofevos, force. ] A mineral, so called by Hatiy, because its crystals have the property of being electrified both positively and negatively. It is the sappare of Saussure, and the kyanite of Werner. Tunier. Cleaveland. DIS-THRON/’IZE, v.t. To dethrone. [Wvt used. | Spenser. [L. distichon; Gr. dis and OTLXOS, & Verse. ] A couplet; a couple of verses, or poetic lines, making complete sense ; an epigram of two verses. Johnson. Encye. DIS’/TI€H-OUS, ) a. Having two rows, or disposed in DIS/TICH, two rows. ee. A distichous spike has all the flowers pointing two ways. Martyn. DIS-TILUL’, ». t. DIS-TILL-A'TION, n. DIS-TILL/A-TO-RY, a. DIS-TILL/ED, pp. or a. | z ae y iI DIS DIS DIS \ Re | i y y “a ~ . - . q ‘ ~ xy : ~ mp * ara . : +} ‘19. Remoteness in succession or relation ; as, the thing besides oi! and water. When culors are mixed DIS-TILL’, v.i. [L. distillo; dis and stillo, to drop; |t distance between a descendant and his ancestor, with size, whites of egys, or other unctuous or glu- stilla, a drop ; Fr. distiller ; It. distulure; Sp. destilar , \\ 11. In music, the interval between two notes ; as, tinous matter, and not with oil, it is said to be done Gr. ctaXar.] the distance of a fourth or seventh. in distemper. 1. To drop; to fall in drops. ay - TAT ; rT a a. fo a —~ Fry) ay / rr la a = ‘ rs = DIS’/TANCE, v. t. To place remote ; to throw off from | DIS-TEM’PER, v. t. To disease ; to disorder ; to de- Soft showers distilled, and suns grew warmin vain. Pope the view. tes ryden. range the functions of the body or mind. hak. 9. To fl tl ai Pu sielh isi | 2. To leave behind im a race ; to win the race by a 2. To-disturb ; to ruffle. Dryden. TONY Ben! y2 or ao Seo teat SUBEHOF Ye 3. To deprive of temper or moderation. Dryden. The Euphrates distilleth out of the mountains of Armenia i | 3. To leave at a great distance behind. 4. To make disaffected, ill- ignant. 5 : ee aa preie © ‘ saffected, ill-humored, or malignant 3. To usea still; to practice distillation. Shak. To let fall in drops ; to throw down in drops. The clouds distill*water on the earth. The dew which on the tender grass The evening had distilled. 2. I'o extract by heat; to separate spirit or essen- tial oils from liquor by heat or evaporation, and con- vert that vapor into a liquid by condensation in a re- frigeratory ; to separate the volatiJe parts of a sub- stance by heat; to rectify ; as, to distill brandy from wine, or spirit from molasses. . 3. To extract spirit from, by evaporation and con- densation ; as, to distill cider or molasses; to distill wine. 4. To extract the pure part of a fluid; as, to distil water. 5. To dissolve or melt. [Unusual.] Swords by the lightning’s subtle force distilled. Drayton. Addison. DIS-TILL/A-BLE, a. That may be distilled ; fit for Sherwood. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring or throwing down in drops. 9. The vaporization and subsequent condensation of a liquid by means of an alembic, or still) and re- frigeratory, or of a retort and receiver ; the operation of extracting spirit from a substance by evaporation and condensation ; rectification. 3. The substance extracted by distilling. Shak. 4. That which falis in drops. Johnson. Dry distillation, is a term applied to the distillation of substances per se, or Without the addition of wa- ter. Destructive distillation, is the distillation of sub- stances at very high temperatures, so that the ultimate elements are separated or evolved in new combina- tions. distillation. Belonging to distillation ; used for distilling ; as, distillatory vessels. Looper. Let fall or thrown down in drops; subjected to the process of distillation ; x- tracted by evaporation. DIS-TILL’ER, xn. One who distills ; one whose occn- pation is to extract spirit by evaporation and conden- sation. DIS-TILL/ER-Y, n. The building and works where distilling is carried on. DIS-TILL/ING, ppr. Dropping; letting fall in drops ; extracting by distillation. DIS-TILL/ING, x. The act or practice of extracting spirit by distillation. DIS-TILL/MENT, x. That which distills or drops. shal. DIS-TINET’, a. [L. distinctus, from distinguo. See DistTinGuisH,] 1. Literally, having the difference marked ; separa- ted by a visible sign, or by a note or mark ; as, a place distinct by name. Milton. 9. Different ; separate; not the same in number or kind; as, he holds two distinct offices ; he is known by distinct titles. 3. Separate in place; not conjunct; as, the two regiments marched together, but had destinct encamp- ments. 4. So separated as not to be confounded with any other thing ; clear; not confused. ‘To reason correct- ly we must have distinct ideas. We have a distinct or indistinct view of a prospect. 5. Spotted ; variegated. Tempestuous fell His arrows from the fourfold-visaged four, Distinct with eyes. Milton. DIS-TINET’, v. t. To distinguish. [Wot in_use.] Chaucer. DIS-TINE€’ TION, n. [L. distinctio.] 1. The act of separating or distinguishing. 9. A note or mark of difference. [Seldom used.] 3. Difference made ; a separation or disagreement in kind or qualities, by which one thing is known from another. matter and spirit; and sophistry. 4, Difference regarded ; separation ; preference ; as in the phrase without distinction, which denotes, pro- miscuously, all together, alike. Maids, women, Wives, wi{hout distinction, fall. 5. Separation ; division ; as, the distinction of trage- dy into acts. Dryden. [In this sense, Divis1on would be preferable, } 6. Notation of difference ; discrimination ; as, a distinction between real and apparent good. it is necessary tO MaKe ACCU Anon, Dryden. In classing the qualities of actions, rate distinctions. 7, Eminence ; superiority ; elevation of rank in so- TONE, BULL, UNITE —AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ———— ne We observe a distinction between a distinction between the animal and vegetable kingdoms ; a distinction between good and evil, right and wrong ; between sound reasoning Ce ee —= 45 303 ee ep raee te a i al mit' “ he DIS DIS pis | “ re i} nm ciety, or elevation of character ; honorable estima- DIS-TIN//GUISH-ING-LY, adv. With distinction ; DIS-TRAIN‘ED, pp. Seized for debt, or to compe! the 1 tion. Men who hold a high rank by birth or office, with some mark of preference, y : Pope. performance of duty. erie? 1] and men who are eminent for their talents, services, DIS-TIN’GUISH-MEN T, (dis-ting’guish-ment,) 7. DIS-TRALN/ING, ppr. Seizing for debt, or forneglect | or worth, are called men of distinction, as being raised Distinction ; observation of difference. Graunt. of suit and service. ; above others by positive institutions, or by reputa- DIS-TI/TLE, v. t. To deprive of right. B. Jonson. DIS-TRALN’OR, n. He whoseizes goods for debt or tion. So we say, a man of note. DIS-TYTLED, pp. Deprived of right. Services, : _ Blackstone. 8. That which confers eminence or superiority, of- DIS-Ti/TLING, ppr. _Depriving of right, ; DIS-TRAU GH1T /, (dis-trawt/.) [ Obs. See DistrRact oe fice, rank, or public favor. DIS-TORT', v. t [L. distortus, distorqueo; dis and | DIS-TREAM’,v.i. [dis and stream. To spread or a 9. Discernment ; judgment. Johnson. torqueo, to twist, Fr. tordre, Sp. torcer.] flow over. i ae DIS-TIN€T/IVE, a. That marks distinction or differ- i. To twist out of natural or regular shape; as, to Yet o’er that virtuous blush distreams a tear. Shenstona. < : Fee ence ; as, distinctive names or titles. — : distort the neck, the limbs, or the body ; to distort the | prs-TRESS’, n. [Fr. detresse; Norm. id.; from the ae 9, Having the power to distinguish and discern. features. Celtic, W. trais, violence, treisiaw, to strain or force. ae ere proper. ] at Brute _2. To force or put out of the true posture or diree-} See Srress.] ‘ Ni DIS-TINET'IVE-LY, adv. With distinction ; plainly. tion. 1. The act of distraining; the taking of any per- 3 ~ ‘ ; DIS-TINET/IVE-NESS, nz. State of being distinct- Wrath and malice, envy and revenge, distort the understanding. sonal chattel froma wrong-doer, to answer a demand, : ie ive. : fla Tillotson. or procure satisfaction for a wrong committed. 4 ) DIS-TINED’LY, adv. Separately ; with distinctness ; 3. To wrest from the true meaning; to pervert; p ; Blackstone. | i not confusedly ; without the blending of one part or as, to distort passages of Scripture, or their meaning. 2. The thing taken by distraining; that which is | im thing with another; as, a proposition distinctly UN-| DIS-TORT’, a. Distorted. Spenser. seized to procure satisfaction. | ‘ derstood ; a figure distinctly defined. Hence, : DIS-TORT’ED, pp. or a. Twisted out of natural or A distress of household goods shall be impounded under cover+ i a 2. Clearly 3 plainly ; as, to view an object distinctly. regular shape ; wrested ; perverted. If the lessor does not find sufficient distress on the premisess iy; ' DIS-TINET'N ESS, n. 1 he quality or state of being | DIS-TORT’ING, ppr. ‘Twisting out of shape; wrest- &c. Blackstone. P . distinct ; a separation or difference that prevents con- ing; perverting. 3. Extreme pain; anguish of body or mind ; as, to iy fusion of parts or things; as, the distinctness of two | DIS-TOR/TION, n._ [L. distortio.] suffer great distress from the gout, or from the loss of 4 ideas, or of distant objects. 1. The act of distorting or wresting; a twisting 4. Affliction ; calamity ; misery. [near friends. 4 Oe Nice discrimination; whence, cleamess 5 ae out of regular shape ; a twisting or writhing motion ; On tarth distressiof uatlonise bake sais i cision; as, he stated his arguments with great dis- as, the distortions of the face or body. FRAC gti + ani wepenage eran iin aietree eal eae tinctness. ee : = 2. The state of being twisted out of shape ; devia- se ope Of dangers’ a5;\a/S0ip Mn aestr ess) from ) DIS-TIN’/GUISH, (dis-ting/gwish,) v. t. [L.distinguo;| tion from natural shape or position; crookedness ; leaking, loss of spars, or want Of provisions “or wa- : dis and stingo, or stinguo, n not radical, This seems grimace. ter, SC. oe : ; ‘ : ie & to be Gr. ort{w, orto, for the second future is ortyw, 3. A perversion of the true meaning of words. DIS-TRESS’, v. t, To pain; to afflict with ‘pain or et and the derivatives prove the primary elements to be | DIS-TRA€T’, v. t. [L. distractus, distraho; dis and anguish ; applied to the body or the mind. Literally, to bi stg, as in ortyevs, ortypa, orixtos. Hence also L.| traho, to draw. (See Draw and Drag.) The old par- De cre neh : ; ; stigo, whence instigo, to instigate. The primary sense ticiple, distraught, is obsolete. | 2 To afflict greatly ; to harass ; to oppress with ca- 5 is, to prick, to pierce with a sharp point, to thrust In 1. Literally, to draw apart; to pull in different di- lamity ; to make miserable. or on; and we retain the precise word in the verb to stick; whichsee. The practice of making marks by puncturing, or sticking, gave rise to the applications of this word, as such marks were used to note and ascertain different things, to distinguish them. See Exrtincuisn, and Class Dg, No, 31.] j 1. To ascertain and indicate difference by some ex- ternal mark. The farmer distinguishes his sheep by marking their ears. The manufacturer distinguishes pieces of cloth by some mark or impression. Distress not the Moabites. — Deut. il. We are troubled on every side, but not distressed, —2 Cor, iy. 3. To compel by pain or suffering. rections, and separate. Hence, to divide; to sepa- rate; and hence, to throw into confusion. Some- times ina literal sense. Contradictory or mistaken orders may distract an army. 9. To turn or draw from any object; to divert from any point, toward another point, or toward various other objects; as, to distract the eye or the attention. There are men who can neither be distressed nor won into a sacrifice of duty. Federalist, Hamulion. DIS-TRESS/ED, (dis-trest’,) pp. or a. Suffering great pain or torture ; severely afflicted; harassed; op- pressed with calamity or misfortune, DIS-TRESS’/ED-NESS, nz. A state of being greatly If he can not avoid the eye of the observer, he hopes to distract it by a multiplicity of the object. youth. , . 3. Tio draw toward different objects; to fill with pained. Scott. 2 separate e ig i ) y some APS . . fe 5 ourthly, by taste ; as, to distinguish a plum from a DIS TRACT", a. Mad. [Wot in use.] ee He DIS-TRESS/ING, ppr. pear. DIS-TRA€T’ED, pp. Drawn apart ; drawn in differ- a with agliclion Fifthly, by hearing ; as, to distinguish the sound of ent directions; diverted from its object; perplexed ; 3. a. Very afflicting ; affecting with severe pain ; a drum from that of a violin. harassed ; confounded. SRNL IES EPCR SE RIC ICHESS a: ; ree Sizthly, by the und rstanding ; as, to distinguish _2. a. Deranged ; disordered in intellect ; raving; fu- | pis’ TRESS/ING-_LY, adv. With extreme pain. i vice from virtue, truth from falsehood. rious ; mad}; frantic. Locke. DIS-TRIB/U-TA-BLE, a. [See Distrisute.] 3. To separate or divide by any mark or quality | DIS-TRA€T’/ED-LY, adv. Madly ; furiously ; wildly. Th: pum etat eee it ae . re ak iins serosa Sie eee eee J om ane iat may be distributed ; that may be assigned in which constitutes difference. We distinguish sounds Shak, portions amsay into high and low, soft and harsh, lively and grave. A state of being mad; < mp TRITIT aes . Won tas page 5. : z ae ee : : > IS-TRIB/UTEH, v.t. [L. distr ; dis ; We distinguish causes into direct and indirect, im- Bp. Hall. : wivaton acide | ab UD tes a ce mediate and mediate. DIS-TRA€T’ER, x. One who distracts. More, "1. To divide among two or more ; to deal; to give 4, To discern critically ; to judge. DIS-TRA€T’ING, ppr. or a. Drawing apart; separat- oo asta uetii fasts ae nOrions ee Ns eabaeoH ing ; diverting from an object ; perplexing ; harassing ; lands to the tribes of Israel. Christ distributed the disordering the intellect. loaves to his disciples STD AGITTC Re he aves s dis 28. DIS-TRAC/TION, n. [L. distractio.] 2, To dispense; to administer; as, to distribute distract me with your clamor. 2. Indicating distress; proceeding from pain or anguish ; as, distressful cries. Pope. 3. Calamitous ; as, a distressful event. Watts. 4. Attended with poverty ; as, distressful bread. Shak. In a painful manner. Giving severe pain ; oppress- While I suffer thy terrors, I am distracted. — Ps. Ixxxviii. 4. To disorder the reason; to derange the regular operations of intellect; to render raving or furious; DIS-TRESS/FUL-LY, adv. DIS-TRA€T’/ED-NESS, 72. madness. Nor miore can you distinguish of a many, Than of his outward show, Shak. 5. To separate from others by some mark of honor or preference. Homer and Virgil are distinguished as poets ; Demosthenes and Cicero as orators. distinction ; to find or show the difference. It is the province of a judge to distinguish between cases ap- parently similar, but differing in principle. DIS-TIN’GUISH-A-BLE, a. Capable of being dis- tinguished ; that may be separated, known, or made known, by notes of diversity, or by any difference. A tree at a distance is distinguishable from a shrub. simple idea is not distinguishable into different ideas. 1. The act of distracting ; a drawing apart; sepa- ration. 2. Confusion from multiplicity of objects crowding n 3 : E : : inds, or species. ; 6. To make eminent or known. Johnson. on the mind and calling the attention different ways ; SS nite ‘cb charity DIS-TIN’/GUISH, (dis-ting/gwish,) v.z7 To make a perturbation of mind; perplexity ; as, the family was ? maa ree in a state of distraction. [See 1 Cor. vil. 3. Confusion of affairs; tumult; disorder; as, po- litical distractions. Never was known a night of such distraction. Dryden. 4, Madness ; a state of disordered reason ; frantic- ness ; furiousness. [ We usually apply this word to a state of derangement which produces raving and violence in the patient. | DIS-TRIB/U-TED, pp. DIS-TRIB/U-TER, n. DIS-TRIB/U-TING, ppr. justice. 3. To divide or separate, as into classes, orders, Distributing to the necessities of the saints. — Rom. xii, 5. In printing, to separate types, and place them in their proper cells in the cases. Divided among a number; dealt out ; assigned in portions ; separated ; bestowed. One who divides or deals out in parts ; one who bestows in portions ; a dispenser. Dividing among a number ; Ee pens be : : ne aes Cre dealing out ; dispensing. t 2. Worthy of note or special regard. Swift. 5. Folly in the extreme, or amounting to Ansanity. DIS-TRIBU/TI ON, Ne Tie distributio. | i ‘ DIS-TIN’GUISH-ED, (dis-ting’gwisht,) pp. Separated On the supposition of the truth of the birth, death, and resurrec- 1. The act of dividing among a number; a dealing ; or known by a mark of difference, or by different Mon of Jesus Christ, irreligion is nothing ea pela Ng in parts or portions; as, the distribution of an estate qualities. : : among heirs or children. 2, a. Separated from others by superior or extraor- | DIS-TRA€T’IVE, a. Causing perplexity ; as, distract- 2. The act of giving in charity; a bestowing in dinary qualities; whence, eminent; extraordinary ; ive Cares, Dryden. parts. Bacon. Atterbury. transcendent; noted; famous; celebrated. Thus, | DIS-TRAIN’, v. t. [L. distringo ; dis and stringo. See 3. Dispensation ; administration to numbers; a (, we admire distinguished men, distinguished talents or| Strain. Blackstone writes distrein. rendering to individuals; as, the distribution of virtues, and distingwished services. 1, To seize for debt; to take a personal chattel justice. s : ; ’ DIS-TIN’GUISH-ER, n. He or that which distin-| from the possession of a wrong-doer into the posses- 4. The act of separating into distinct parts or guishes, or that separates one thing from another by sion of the injured party, to satisfy a demand, or classes ; as, the distribution of plants into genera and marks of diversity. Brown. compel the performance of a duty; as, to distrain species. ; ' 2. One who discerns accurately the difference of goods for rent, or for an amercement. 5. In architecture, the dividing and disposing of things; a nice or judicious observer. Dryden. 2. Torend; totear. [ Obs.] Spenser. the several parts of the building, according to some DIS-TIN//GUISH-ING, ppr. Separating from others by | DIS-TRAIN’, v t. To make seizure of goods. plan, or to the rules of the art. ve E a note of diversity; ascertaining difference by a On whom 1 can not distrain for debt. Camden. 6. In vietoric, a division and enumeration of the 4 mark. he : a ‘ For neglecting to do suit to the Jord’s court, or other personal several qualities of a subject. a 9. Ascertaining, knowing, or perceiving a differ- Poe the lord may distrain of common right. Blackstone. 7. In general, the division and disposition of the ence. Lee ; Ege es {Im this phrase, however, some word seems to be parts of any thing. 3 a, Constituting difference, or distinction from understood ; as, to distrain goods. 8. In printing, the taking a form apart; the sepa- é every thing else; peculiar; as, the distinguishing | DIS-TRAIN/A- That is li 3 ing > types, and placi ah ini is | ; g pe; pe 3 as, 2 g A BLE, a, That is liable tobe taken for} rating of the types, and placing each letter in its doctrines of Christianity. distress. Blackstone. proper cell in the cases. % 5 | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — é ondDIS DIS-TRIB/U-TIVE, a. That distributes; that divides and assigns in portions ; that deals to each his proper share ; as, distributive justice. 2. That assigns the various species of a general term. _ 3. That separates or divides ; as, a distributive ad- » jective. DIS-TRIB/U-TIVE, z. In grammar, a word that divides or distributes, as each and every, which rep- resent the individuals of a collective number as separate. DIS-TRIB/U-TIVE-LY, adv. By distribution ; singly ; not collectively. Hooker. Watts. DIS-TRIB/U-TIVE-NESS, n. Desire of distributing. f Little used. } Fell. DIS'/TRIET, n. [L. distrietus, from distringo, to press hard, to bind; It. distretto. See Distra1N-] 1. Properly, a limited extent of country ; a circuit within which power, right, or authority, may be ex- ercised, and to which it is restrained; a word ap- plicable to any portion of land or country, or to any part of a city or town, which is defined by law or agreement. A governor, a prefect, or a judge, may have his district. Some of the states are divided into districts for the choice of senators, representatives, or electors. Cities and towns are divided into districts for various purposes, as for schools, &c. The United States are divided into districts for the collection of the revenue. ®, Aregion; a territory within given lines; as, the district of the earth which lies between the tropics, or that which is north of a polar circle. 3. Aregion; acountry ; a portion of territory with- out very definite limits; as, the districts of Russia covered by forest. DIS'/TRI€T, v. t. To divide into districts or limited portions of territory. Legislatures district states for the choice of senators. In ew England, towns are districted for the purpose of establishing and manag- ing schools. DIS/TRIET-COURT, zn. A court which has cogni- zance of certain causes within a district defined by law. ‘The district-courts of the United States are courts of subordinate jurisdiction. DIS/TRICT-JUDGE, n. The judge of a district-court. United States. DIS’/TRIET-SEHOOL, x. A school within a certain district of a town. New England, &c. DIS’LRIET-ED, pp.- Divided into districts or definite portions. DIS’/TRIET [NG, ppr. Dividing into limited or def- Inite portions. DIS-TRIC’TION, xn. [ Unusual. ] Collier. DIS-TRIN’ GAS, n. In law, a writ commanding the sheriff to distrain a person for debt, or for his appear- ance at a certain day. DIS-TRUST’, v. t. (dis and trust. The Danes have mistrdster; the Swedes, misstrdsta. See MrstRust.] 1. To doubt or suspect the truth, fidelity, firmness, or sincerity of; not to confide in or rely on. We distrust a man, when we question his veracity, &c. ; we may often distrust our own firmness. 2. To doubt ; to suspect not to be real, true, sin- cere, or firm. We distrust a man’s courage, friend- ship, veracity, declarations, intentions, or promises, when we question their reality or sincerity ; we can not distrust the declarations of God; we often have reason to distrust our own resolutions. DIS-TRUST’, n. Doubt or suspicion of reality or sin- cerity ; want of confidence, faith, or reliance Syc- ophants should be heard with distrust ; distrust mars the pleasures of friendship and social intercourse. 2. Discredit ; loss of confidence. Milton. DIS-TRUST’ED, pp. Doubted ; suspected. DIS-TRUST’ER, x. A person who distrusts. DIS-TRUST’FUL, a. Apt to distrust ; suspicious. Boyle. 2. Not confident; diffident; as, distrustful of our- selves. 3. Diffident ; modest. Pope. DIS-TRUST’FUL-LY, adv. In a distrustful manner ; with doubt or suspicion. Milton. DIS-TRUST/FUL-NESS, n. The state of being dis- trustful ; want of confidence. DIS-TRUST/ING, ppr. Doubting the reality or sin- cerity of ; suspecting ; not relying on or confiding in. DIS-TRUST/ING-LY, adv. Suspiciously; with distrust. DIS-TRUST’LESS, a. Free from distrust or suspi- Sudden display. clon. | Shenstone. DIS-TUNE’, v. t. To put out of tune. [JVot used.] otton. DIS-TURB’, v. t. [Sp. disturbar; It, disturbare; L. disturbo; dis and turbo, to trouble, disorder, discom- pose ; turba, a crowd, a tumult; Gr. TopBy or cupBn, a tumult; Sopvfos, id. The primary sense seems to be, to stir, or to turn or whirl round. The word trouble is probably from the L. turbo, by transposition. If tr are the primary elements, as I suppose, the word coincides in origin with tour and turn. If tis a prefix, the word belongs to Class Rb, coinciding with the Swedish rubba, to remove, to trouble. See Class Rb, No. 3, 4, 34, and Class Dr, No. 3, 25, 27.] 1. To stir; to move; to discompose; to excite from a state of rest or tranquillity. We say, the man DIS do not move the liquor, you will disturb the sediment ; disturb not the public peace. 2. To move or agitate; to disquiet; to excite un- easiness or a slight degree of anger in the mind; to move the passions; to ruffle. The mind may be disturbed by an offense given by misfortune, surprise, contention, discord, jealousy, envy, &c. 3. To move from any regular course or operation ; to interrupt regular order; to make irregular. It has been supposed that the approach of a comet may dis- turb the motions of the planets in their orbits; an unexpected cause may disturb a chemical operation, or the operation of medicine. 4. To interrupt; to hinder; to incommode. Care disturbs study ; let no person disturb my franchise. 5. To turn off from any direction ; with from. [ Unusual. | And disturb His inmost counsels from their destined aim. Milton. DIS-TURB/, n. Confusion; disorder. [Vot used. | Milton. DIS-TURB/ANCE, zn. A stirring or excitement; any disquiet or interruption of peace; as, to enter the church without making disturbance. 2. Interruption of a settled state of things ; disor- der; tumult. We have read much, at times, of dis- turbances in Spain, England, and Ireland. 3. Emotion of the mind; agitation; excitement of passion ; perturbation. The merchant received the news of his losses without apparent disturbance. 4, Disorder of thoughts ; confusion. They can survey a variety of complicated ideas, without fatigue or disturbance. Waits. 5. In law, the hindering or disquieting of a person in the lawful and peaceable enjoyment of his right; the interruption of a right; as, the disturbance of a franchise, of common, of ways, of tenure, of atronage. Blackstone. DIS-TURB’/ED, pp. or a. Stirred; moved; excited ; discomposed ; disquieted ; agitated ; uneasy. In geology, thrown out by violence from some original place or position ; as, disturbed strata. Lyell. DIS-TURB/ER, n. One who disturbs or disquiets ; a violater of peace; one who causes tumults or disorders. 9, He or that which excites passion or agitation ; he or that which causes perturbation. Shak. 3. In law, one that interrupts or incommodes an- other in the peaceable enjoyment of his right, DIS-TURB/ING, ppr. or a. Moving ; exciting ; ren- dering uneasy ; making a tumult ; interrupting peace ; incommoding the quiet enjoyment of. DIS-TURN’, v. t. [dis and turn.] To tum aside. Not in use. | Daniel. DLSUL!PHU-RET, n. [Gr. dts, twice, and sulphuret. | In chemistry, a sulphuret containmg two equiva- lents of sulphur to one of the base. Silliman. DIS-U/NI-FORM, (dis-yu/ne-form,) 4. Not uniform. Not in use.) Coventry. DIS-UN’ION, (dis-yin’/yun,) ». [dis and union.| Sep- aration; disjunction ; or a state of not being united. It sometimes denotes a breach of concord, and its effect, contention. DIS-UN'ION-IST, x. An advocate of disunion. DIS-U-NITP’, (dis-yu-nite',) v. t. [dts and unite.| To separate ; to disjoin; to part; as, to disunite two al- lied countries ; to disunite particles of matter ; to dis- unite friends. DIS-U-NITE’, v.i. To part; to fall asunder; to be- come separate. Particles of matter may spontane- ously disunite. DIS-U-NIT’ED, pp. or a. Separated ; disjoined. DIS-U-NIT’ER, n. He or that which disjoins. DIS-U-NIT/ING, ppr. Separating ; parting. DIS-U/NL-TY, (dis-yu’ne-ty,) m. A state of separation. More. DIS-U/SAGE, (dis-ya/zaje,)n. [dis and usage.] Grad- ual cessation of use or custom ; neglect of use, exer- cise, or practice. We lose words by disusage. DIS-USE’, (dis-yuse’,) n. [dis and use.| Cessation of use, practice, or exercise ; as, the limbs lose their strength and pliability by disuse ; language is altered by the disuse of words. 9, Cessation of custom ; desuetude. DIS-USE’, (dis-yuize’,) v.t. [dis and use.] To cease to use; to neglect or omit to practice. 9, To disaccustom ; with from, im, or to; as, dis- used to toils ; disused from pain. DIS-US‘ED, (dis-yuzd’,) pp. OF a. obsolete, as words, &c. Priam in arms disused. 2. Disaccustomed. DIS-US/ING, (dis-ya/zing,) ppr- accustoming. DIS-VAL-U-A/TION, 2. teem ; disreputation. DIS-VAL’UB, (dis-val’yu,) v. t undervalue ; to disesteem. DIS-VAL/UE, n. Disesteem ; disregard. B. Jonson. DIS-VEL/OP, v. t. To develop. [Wot used.] DIS-VOUCH/, v. t. [dis and vouck.] To discredit 5 to contradict. Shak. DIS-WARN’, v. t. [dis and warn.| ‘To dissuade from No longer used ; Dryden. Ceasing to use 5 dis- Dises- [See DisvaLue-] [dis and value.] To Shak. is asleep, do not disturb him ; let the vessel stand, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— DIS-WIT’/TED, a. DITCH, n. DITCH, v. i. DITCH, v. t. DIN'CGH-DE-LIV’ER-ED, a. Brought forth in a ditch. DIT'CH’/ER, n. S DITCH/ING, ppr. DLTET-RA-HE/DRAL, a. DiI/THE-ISM, zn. DIU | | il Deprived of wits or understand- | rayton. \| ing. Dis ON ays Cunt) vy. t. [dis and wont.] ‘Towean ; to deprive of wonted usage. Bp. Hall. DIS-WOR/SHIP, (-wur-ship,) x. [dis and worship.) Cause of disgrace. Barret: DIT, z. Aditty. [Wot used.] Spenser. DIT, v.t. [Sax. dyttan. ] To close up. [ot used.] DL-TA’TION, x. [L. ditatus. The act of making rich. | vot used.| Bp. Hall. [Sax. dic, a ditch; D. dyk, a dike ; G. deich, a dike; deicher, a ditcher; D. dige, a ditch, a dike ; Sw. dike; Fr. digue ; Eth. LAP dachi, to dig. Class Dg, No. 14. The primary sense is a digging or place dug. After the practice of embanking commenced, | the word was used for the bank made by digging, | the dike.] 1. A trench in the earth made by digging, particu- | larly a trench for draining wet land, or for making a | fence to guard inclosures, or for preventing an enemy from approaching a town or fortress. In the latter sense, it is called also a fosse or moat, and is dug round the rampart or wall between the scarp and counterscarp. Encycs | 9, Any long, hollow receptacle of water. To dig or make a ditch or ditches. } 1 | | 1 | | | | Jore. | | | | To dig a ditch or ditches in; to drain by a ditch ; as, to ditch moist land. 9. To surround with a ditch. Barret. One who digs ditches. Shak. ; Digging ditches ; also, draining by a ditch or ditches ; as, ditching a swamp. [des and tetrahedral.) In crystallography, having the form of a tetrahedral | prism with dihedral summits. Cleavelaxd, The doctrine of those who maintain | Rich. Dict. | a. Pertaining to ditheism. Rich. Dict. — | tt, [Gre dSupapBos, a title of DTLLY RAMBUS, | Bacchus, the signification of which is not settled. See Heder. Lex. and Bochart De Phen. Col. lib. 1, ca. 18.] In ancient poetry, a hymn in honor of Bacchus, full of transport and poetical rage. Of this species of writing we have no remains. © Tincyc. DITH-Y_RAM/BI€, x. A song in honor of Bacchus, in which the wildness of intoxication is imitated. Johison. 9, Any poem written in wild, enthusiastic strains. Walsh. DITH-Y-RAM'BI€, a. Wild; enthusiastic. Cowley. DITION, (dish/un,) x. [L. ditio.] Rule; power; government ; dominion. Evelyn. DI/TONE, n. [Gr. dts and rovos, tone.] In music, an interval comprehending two tones. The proportion of the sounds that form the ditone is 4:5, and that of the semitone, 9: 6. Encyc. DI-TRIG/LYPH, n. (Gr. dts, rpers, and yAvdw.)] An arrangement of intercolumniations, in the Doric order, by which two triglyphs are obtained in the frieze between the triglyphs that stand over the col- umns,. Guilt. DLTRO‘EHEE, n. In prosody, a double trochee ; a foot made up of two trochees. DIT-TAN’DER, 7. Pepper-wort, the popular name of a species of Lepidium. The common dittander has a hot, biting taste, and is sometimes used in lieu of the existence of two gods. DI-THE-IST’TE, DI-THE-IST/I€-AL, DITH/Y-RAMB, —————————— pepper. DIT/TA-NY, n. [L. dictamnus ; Gr. dixrapyos, or OiKTapov. | The white and the red dittany, are plants of the genus Dictamnus. Their leaves are covered with a white down; in smell, they resemble lemon-thyme, but are more aromatic. When fresh, they yield an essential oil. The dittany of Crete isa species of Origanum, and the bastard dittany is a species of Marrubium. Encyc. Fam. of Plants. DIT’TI-ED, (dit/tid,) a. [See Dirry.] Sung; adapt- ed to music. He, with his soft pipe, and smooth, dittted song. Muon. DIT’TO, contracted into Do. in books of accounts, is the Italian detto, from L. dictum, dictus, said. It de notes said, aforesaid, or the same thing ; an abbrevl- ation used to save repetition. 2 DIT’TY, z. [Supposed to be from the D. dicht, a poem, Sax. diht, dihtan. If so, it coincides 1m origin with the L. dico, dictum. ] A song; asonnet; ora little poem to be sung: And to the warbling lute soft ditties sing. Yandya. DIT’TY, v. i. Tosing; to warble alittle tune. DL-U-RE'SIS, n. [Gr.] Excretion of ure. [ Herbert. DI-U-RET'I€, a. [Gr. SlLOVONTLKOS, fone ota, and ovpew, urinam reddo, ovpor, urine. : Having the power to provoke urine ; tending to Ps . a i S e Cove. produce discharges oi urine. 3 20%, DI-Y-RE T TE, me A medicine that provokes urine, or increases its discharges. by previous warning. ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; & as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FI as in THIS. a DLURN/AL, a. ([L. diurnus, daily ; W. diwrnod, a ——————— 35 cr ——— ee Ls a _ Rec Bs’DI-U-TURN’I-TY, x. of long continuance, from diu, dies.] Length of time; long duration. DI-VA-GaA’TION, uz. DI-VAR’L€ATE, v. t. DI-VAR’I-GATH, a. ee nw Dee (tail ent ORS BES oot noe pa eee “ re DI-VEL/LENT, a. to pull.) Di-VEL’LI-CATE, vz. t. DIV'ER, x. One who dives ; first into water ; in the pearl fishery. One who goes deep into a subject, or enters deep into study. 3. The common name of certain swimming birds, as the loon, closely allied to the grebus ; so called from their diving. Di/VERB, 2. A proverb. [Wot in Use. | DI-VERB-ER-A/TION, n. through.} a DI-VERGL’, (de-verj’,) v. i. verso, to iicline. ] To tend from one point and recede from each oth- er ; to shoot, extend, or proceed from a point in dif- ferent directions, or not in parallel lines. light proceed from the sun It is opposed to converge. DI-VERGE/MENT, n. DI-VERG/ENCE, 7. A receding from each other ; a going farther apart ; as, the divergence of lines, or the angle of divergence. en DIV day. The word is a compound of diz, dies, day, and | DI-VERG/ENT, a. Departing or receding from each a word which I do not understand.) 1. Relating to a day ; pertaining to the daytime; opposed to convergent. as, diurnal heat; diurnal hours. day ; as, a diurnal task. 3. Performed in 24 hours; as, the diurnal revolu-| DI’/VERS, a. [Fr. divers; L. diversus, from diverto ; tion of the earth. 4. In medicine, an epithet of diseases whose exac- erbations are in the daytime ; as, a diurnal fever. DI-URN’AL, n. NAL, Which is mostly used.] DI-URN/AL-IST, 2. A journalist. Daily ; every day. ] Lasting ; being of long continu- DI-URN/AL-LY, adv. DI-U-TURN’AL, a. ance, A going astray. [JVot used.] = DI-VAN’, n. [Ar. Pers. eae diwan. ‘The Arabic a st a verb els dauna, is rendered, to be low, mean, vile, contemptible, (qu. dozwn,) and also, to write on a DI-VERSE’, (de-vers’,) v. i. white table. Hence, divan is a register or table of names or accounts, and hence it came to signify a} DI’ VERSE-LY, adv. court or council assembled, as we use board and ez- chequer.] 1. Among the Turks and other Orientals, a council the great council of the Turkish empire. 2, An audience chamber; a saloon for receiving coinpany, and especially a raised seat against the | DI-VERS-I-FI-€a’TION, n. [See Diversiry.] The “e act of changing forms or qualities, or of making of state ; walls, furnished with cushions. various, Boyle. 3. Piguratively, any council assembled for delib- 2. Variation ; variegation. eration. 3. Variety of forms. Hale. Di-VAR'LEATE, v.%. [L. divaricatus, divarico; di, | 4, Change ; alteration. dis, and varico, to straddle. ] ‘fo open; to fork; to part into two branches. Turning off so as to form an obtuse angle above, and an acute angle below. VAR'L- = > separation into two branches. print, impress. is, to thrust or drive,] 1. To descend or plunge into water, as an animal, head first; to thrust the body into water or other liquor, or, 1f already in water, to plunge deeper. the pearl fishery, men are employed to dive for shells. 2. To go deep into any subject; as, to dive into the nature of things, into arts or science. 3. To plunge into any business or condition, so as to be thoroughly engaged in it, 4. To sink ; to penetrate. Dive, thoughts, down into my soul, DIVE, v. t. To explore by diving. The Curtii bravely dived the zulf of fame. [L. divellens, divello; dis and vello, Drawing asunder; separating. 9 A sounding through. A day-book ; ajournal. [See Jour- [L. diuturnitas, from diuturnus, [L. divagor.] e, in Europe, the term divan has been applied to a sofa. To divide into two branches. In boteny, turning off from any | DI-VERS/I-FORM, a. thing irregularly, and almost at a right angle. 1 lED, pp. Parted into two branclies. ! AR ING, ppr. Parting intotwo branches. DI-VAR-I-Ca’TION, n. A parting; a mountains, plains, trees, and lakes, ») 2, A crossing or intersection of fibers at different angles. € DIVE, v. % [Sax. dyfan, ge-dufion; Gr. durrw; tuffire; coinciding with dip, Heb. Ch. yo». Same word in Syr. and Ar. signifies to stamp, strike, Class Db, No. 28. The sense, then, | To pull in pieces. one who plunges head one who sinks by effort ; as, a diver Jardine. [L. diverbero, to beat [L. divergo ; di, dis, and and continually diverge. Act of diverging. DIV DI-VERG/ING-LY, adv. Ina diverging manner. > B-ng di, dis, and verto, to turn.] ]. Different ; various. Thou shalt not sow thy fields with divers seeds. — Deut. xxii. Nor let thy cattle gender with divers kinds. — Lev. xix. [This is now generally written Diverse. ] ) course, and is much used in law proceedings. } ous colors. Shak. Di/VERSE, a. [L. diversus.] 1. Different ; differing. used.] Spenser. Scripture diversely interpreted or understood. 2. In different directions ; to different points. On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail. Pope. DI-VERS/I-FI-ED, (de-ver'se-fide,) pp. Made vari- ous in form or qualities ; variegated ; altered. 2. a. Distinguished by various forms, or bya variety of objects ; as, diversified scenery ; a diversi- fied landscape. [L. diversus and forma.] Of a different form ; of various forins. Dict. DI-VERS'I-FY, v. t. es diversifier ; Sp. diversijicar ; L. diversus and facto. | 1. To make different or various in form or quali- ties ; to give variety to ; to variegate ; as, to diversify the colors of a robe ; to diversify a landscape with To give diversity to; to distinguish by different things; as, a council diversified by diiferent charac- ters. 3. In oratory, to vary a subject, by enlarging on what has been briefly stated, by brief recapitulation, by adding new ideas, by transposing words or pezi- ods, &c. DI-VERS/T-FY-ING, ppr. Making various in form or qualities ; giving variety to ; variegating. DI-VERS-IL'O-QUENT, a. [L. diversus aud eloquor.] Speaking in different ways. DI-VER’SION, xn. ([Fr.; from L. diverto, to divert.] I, The act of turning aside from any course, as the diversion of a stream from its usual channel ; the diversion of a purpose to another object; the di- version of the mind from business, or study. 2. That which diverts ; that which turns or draws the mind from care, business, or study, and thus re- Jaxes and amuses; sport, play ; pastime ; whatever unbends the mind; as, the diversions of youth. Works of wit and humor furnish an agreeable di- version to the studious. 3. In war, the act of drawing the attention and force of an enemy from the point where the princi pal attack is to be made, as by an attack or alarm on one wing of an army, when the other wing or center is intended for the principal attack. The en- emy, if deceived, is thus induced to withdraw a part of his force from the part where his foe intends to make the main impression. DI-VERS/L-TY, n. [L. diversitas; Fr. diversité; from L. diversus, diverto. 1. Difference; dissimilitude; unlikeness. There may be diversity without contrariety. There isa great diversity in human constitutions. 2. Variety; as, a diversity of ceremonies in churches. 3. Distinct being, as opposed to identity. Locke. 4. Variegation. Blushing in bright diversities of day. Pope. D1-VERT’, v. t. [L. diverto; di, dis, and verto, to turn ; Fr. divertir; Sp. id. ; It. divertire.] 1, To turn off from any course, direction, or in- tended application; to turn aside; as, to divert a river from its usual channel; to divert commerce other, as lines which proceed from the same point ; arate. Children are diverted with sports; men are DI-VERG/ING, ppr. or a. Receding from each other, are diverted with buffoonery in stage-playing. 2. Daily ; happening every day; performed in a as they proceed. TER WVT_ ; -werytle. ' Sdanibyte 3, Several; sundry; more than one, but not a| DI-VERTYL€LE, (de-vertie Kl,) 2 tH diverticulum. | great number. We have divers examples of this : 2 DI-VERT/ING or. ‘Turning off from any course: kind. a PRES a y [This word is not obsolete even in common dis- pleasing ; entertaining. DI/VER$-€06L/OR-ED, (-kul/lurd,) a. Having vari-|_ 7e7ting scene or sport, Four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another. — Dan. vii DI-VERT’/ISE-M ENT, ml. Diversion. [ Little used. | ~ ee ee ‘ : 2. A short ballet or other entertainment between 2. Different from itself; various ; multiform the acts of longer pieces. (pro. de-vert/iz-mang.) Eloquence is a diverse thing. B. Jonson. Smart. 3. In different directions. DI-VERT/IVE, a. Tending to divert ; amusing. And with tendrils creep diverse. Philips. Rogers. To turn aside. [Not DI-VEST’, v.t. [Fr. devétir; de and vétir, to clothe, - : : latter 1s appropriately used as a technical terin in {from diverse.]} In different e SPPEOR y E ways; differently ; variously; as, a passage of DI-ViD'ER,n. He or that which divides ; that which from its usual course ; to divert appropriated money | DI-VID/ERS, n. pl. to other objects ; to divert a man from his purpose. DI-VID/ING, ppr. hence, to please; to amuse ; to entertain ; to exhil- diverted with works of wit and humor; low minds 3. To draw the forces of an enemy to a different point. Davies. 4. To subvert. [Jot in use.] Shak. DI-VERT’ED, pp. Turned aside ; turned or drawn from any course, or from the usual or intended direc- tion ; pleased ; amused ; entertained. DI-VERT’ER, x. He or that which diverts, turns off, or pleases, A turning ; a by-way. [JVot use Hale. 2. a. Pleasing ; amusing ; entertaining; as, a di DI-VERT/ING-LY, adv. In an amusing or entertain- ing manner. DI-VERTYISE v. t. [Fr. divertir, divertissant.] To divert ; to please. [JVot used.] Dryden. L. vestio, It is the same word as devest, but the law.1 1. To strip of clothes, arms, or equipage ; opposed to invest. 2. To deprive; as, to divest one of his rights or privileges ; to divest one of title or property. 3. To deprive or strip of any thing that covers, surrounds, or attends; as, to divest one of his glory ; to divest a subject of deceptive appearances, or false omaments. DI-VEST’‘ED, pp. Stripped ; undressed ; deprived. DI-VEST’I-BLE, a. That can be divested. Boyle. DI-VEST’ING, ppr. Stripping ; putting off; depriving. D{-VEST'I-TURE,) x. The act of stripping, putting DI-VEST’URE, § off, ordepriving. Boyle. Encyc. DI-VID/ A-BLE, a. [See Divipe.] That may be divided. 2. Separate ; parted. [Vot used, nor proper.| Shak. DI-VID‘ANT, a. Different; separate. Shak. DI-VIDE’, v. t. [L. divido; di, or dis, and iduo, that is, viduo, to part. The Greek cdios, wdimpa, tdr@rns are from the same root, as is the L. individuus, viduus, vidua, Eng. widow, and wide and void. See the latter words. } 1. ‘To part or separate an entire thing; to parta thing into two or more pieces. > Divide the living child in two. —1 Kings iii. 2. To cause to be separate; to keep apart by a partition, or by an imaginary line or limit. A wall divides two houses. The equator divides the earth into two hemispheres. Let the firmament divide the waters from the waters. — Gen. i. 3, ‘To make partition of, among a number. Ye shall divide the land by lot. — Num. xxxiii. 4. To open; to cleave. Thou didst divide the sea. — Neh. ix. 5. To disunite in opinion or interest ; to make dis- cordant. There shall be five in one house divided, three against two. — Luke xii, 6. To distribute ; to separate and bestow in parts or shares. And he divided to them his living. — Luke xy. 7. To make dividends; to apportion the interest or profits of stock among proprietors; as, the bank divides SIX per cent. 8. To separate into two parts, for ascertaining opinions for and against a measure; as, to dividea legislative house in voting, DI-VIDE’, v.27. To part; to open; to cleave. 2. ‘lo break friendship ; as, brothers divide. Shak. _ 3. To vote by the division of a Jegislative house Into two parts. The emperors sat, voted, and divided with their equals. Gibbon. DI-VID'ED, pp. or a. Parted; disunited; distributed. DI-VID/ED-LY, adv. Separately. Knatchbull. DIV'I-DEND, x. A part or share ; particularly, the share of the interest or profit of stock in trade or other employment, which belongs to each proprietor according to his proportion of the stock or capital. 2. In arithmetic, the number to be divided into equal parts. separates into parts. 2. A distributor; one who deals out to each his share. Who made me a judge or divider over you? — Luke xii. 3. He or that which disunites. Swift. A kind of compasses. Parting ; separating ; distributing ; 2. To turn the mind from business or study ; FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — disuniting ; apportioning to each his share. 306 eit), RTRRECLD Se eeDIV 9. a. That indicates separation or difference; as, a dividing \ine. DI-VID/ING, n. Separation. DI-VID/ING-LY, adv. By division. DI-VID/U-AL, a. [L. dividuus, from divido.] Divided, shared, or participated in common with others. [Little used.] Milton. DI-V1ID'U-AL-LY, adv. By dividing. DIV-IN-A/TION, n. [L. divinatio, from divino, to foretell, from divinus. See Divine.) 1. The act of divining; a foretelling future events, or discovering things secret or obscure, by the aid of superior beings, or by other than human means. The ancient heathen philosophers divided divia- tion into two kinds, natural and artificial. Natural divination was supposed to be effected by a kind o inspiration or ‘divine afflatus ; artificial divination was effected by certain rites, experiments, or obser- vations, as by sacrifices, cakes, flour, wine, observa- tion of entrails, flight of birds, lots, verses, omens, position of the stars, &c. Encyce 2. Conjectural presage ; prediction. Shak. DIV/IN-A-TOR, rn. One who pretends to divination. DI-VIN’/A-TO-RY, a. Professing divination. DI-VINE’, a. [L. divinus, from divus, a god, coin- ciding in origin with dews, Jeos.) 1. Pertaining to the true God; as, the divine na- ture ; divine perfections. 9. Pertaining to a heathen deity, or to false gods. 3. Partaking of the nature of God. Half human, half divine. 4, Proceeding from God ; as, divine judgments. 5. Godlike ; heavenly , excellent in the highest degree ; extraordinary ; apparently above what is human. In this application, the word admits of comparison ; as, a divine invention ; a divine genius ; Dryden. the divinest mind. Davies. A divine sentence is in the lips of the king, — Prov. xvi. 6. Presageful ; foreboding; prescient. [Vot used. | Milton. 7. Appropriated to God, or celebrating his praise ; as, divine service ; divine songs; dtvine worship. DIVINE’, 2. A minister of the gospel; a priest; a clergyman. Swift. The first divines of New England were surpassed by none in extensive erudition, personal sanctity, and diligence in the pastonu office. J. Woodbridge. 2, Aman skilled in divinity ; a theologian; as,a great divine. DI-VINE’, v.t. [L. divino.] 1. To foreknow ; to foretell; to presage. Dar’at thou divine his downfall? Shak. 2. To deify. (J fot in use.] Spenser. DI-VINB!, v.i. To use or practice divination. 2, To utter presages or prognostications. The prophets thereof divine for money. — Micah iil. 3. To have presages or forebodings. Suggest but truth to my divining thoughts. Shak. 4, To guess or conjecture. Could you divine what lovers bear. Granville. DI-VINE’/LY, adv. In a divine or godlike manner ; in a manner resembling Deity. 2. By the agency or influence of God; as, a prophet divinely inspired ; divinely taught. 3. Excellently ; in the supreme degree; as, divinely fair; divinely brave. DI-VINE/NESS, 2. { Little used. | 9. Excellence in the supreme degree. Shak. DL-VIN’ER, ». One who professes divination ; one who pretends to predict events, or to reveal occult things, by the aid of superior beings, or of supernat- ural ineans. These nations hearkened to diviners. — Deut. xviii. 2. One who guesses; a conjecturer. Locke. DI-VIN’BR-ESS, n. A female diviner ; a woman pro- fessing divination. ryden. DIV/ING, ppr. ora. into water or other liquid ; applied to animals only. 9. Going deep into a subject. DIV/ING-BELL, n. closed air ceases to be respirable. DIV/ING-STONE, n. A species of jasper. DI-VIN/ING-ROD, 7. discover water or metals under ground. DI-VIN/L-TY, n. [L. divinitas ; Fr. divinité ; It. divi- nita; Sp. divinidad; from divinus, divus.] 1. The state of being divine; Deity ; Godhead ; the nature or essence of God. Christians ascribe di- vinity to one Supreme Being only. 2, God ; the Deity ; the Supreme Being. "Vis the Divinity that stirs within us. Addison, 3. A false god; a pretended deity of pagans. Beastly divinities, and droves of gods. Prior, inferior divinities. unfolds the character of God, his laws, and moral vation ; theology ; as, the study of divinity ; a system of divinity. DI-VIS-L-BIL/LTY, n. [Fr. divisibilité; from L. divi- sibilis. See Divive.] DI-VIS/L-BLE, a. [L. divisibilis, from divido. See Dr- DI-VI//SION-AL, DI-VI/SION-A-RY, § DI-VI//SION-ER, (de-vizh’/un-er,) n. One who di- DI-VYUSIVE, a. Forming division or distribution. DI-VI/SOR, n. In arithmetic, the number by which DI-VORCE’, x. [Fr. divorce; Sp. divorcio ; It. divorzio ; Divinity ; participation of the divine nature; as, the divineness of the Scriptures. [See Dive.] Plunging or sinking A hollow vessel in form of a truncated cone or pyramid, with the smaller base close, and the larger one open, in which a person may descend into deep water, and remain till the in- \ A rod, commonly of hazel, with forked branches, used by those wht pretend to 4. A celestial being, inferior to the Supreme God, DIV 5. Something supernatural. They say there is divinity in odd numbers, 6. The science of divine things ; the seience which government, the duties of man, and the way of sal- The quality of being divisible ; the property of bod- ies by which their parts, or component particles, are capable of separation. Locke. IDE. ] Capable of division ; that may be separated or dis- united ; separable. Matter is divisible indefinitely. ing separated, DI-VI'/SION, (de-vizh’un,) n. [L. divisio, from divido, DILVUL'SION, (shun,) n. [L. divulsio, from divellor ; s : “ ; divisi. See Divipe. 1. The act of dividing or separating into parts any 2. The state of being divided. [entire body. 3. That which divides or separates ; that which keeps apart ; partition. 4. The part separated from the rest by a partition or line, real or imaginary ; as, the divisions of a field. 5. A separate body of men; as, communities and divisions of men. Addison. 6. A part or distinct portion ; as, the divisions of a discourse. 7. A part of an army or militia; a body consisting of a certain number of brigades, usually two, and commanded by a major-general. But the term is often applied to other bodies or portions of an army, as to a brigade, a squadron, or platoon. 8. A part of a fleet, or a select number of ships un- der a commander, and distinguished by a particular flag or pendant. 9, Disunion ; discord ; variance; difference. There was a division among the people. — John vii. 10. Space between the notes of rousic, or the di- viding of the tones. Johnson. Bailey. 11. Distinction. I will put a division between my people and thy people.— xX. Vill. 12. The separation of voters ina legislative house. 13. In arithmetic, the dividing of a number or quan- tity into any parts assigned ; or the rule by which is found how many times one number or quantity Is contained in another. ) a. Pertaining to division ; noting or making division ; as, a dt- visional line. vides. [Not used.]} Sheldon. Mede. 2. Creating division or discord. Burnet. the d vidend is divided. L. divortium, from divorto, a different orthography of diverto, to turn away. See Rive sen 1. A legal dissolution of the bonds of matrimony, or the separation of husband and wife by a judicial sentence. This is properly a divorce, and called, technically, divorce a vinculo matrimonii, from. the bands of matrimony. 2. The separation of a mattied women from the bed and board of her husband, a mensa et toro, from board and bed. Q 3. Separation ; disunion of things closely united, 4. The sentence or writing by which marriage is 5. The cause of any penal separation. [ dissolved. The long divorce of steel falls on me. Shak. DI-VORCE’, v. t. To dissolve the marriage contract, and thus to separate husband and wife. 9. To separate, as a married woman from the bed and board of her husband. 3. To separate or disunite things closely connect- ed ; to force asunder. Tooker. Shak. 4. To take away ; to put away. Blackmore. DI-VORCE’A-BLE, a. ‘That can be divorced. DI-VORC’ED, (di-vorst’,) pp. or 4, bed and board; parted; forced asunder. DLVORCE'LESS, a. Destitute of divorce ; that can not be divorced. DI-VORCE/MENT, 2. marriage tie. Let bim write her a bill of divorcement. — Deut, xxiv. DI-VORC’ER, n. The person or cause that produces divorce. Drummond. 9. One of a sect called divorcers, said to have sprung from Milton, DI-VORC/ING, ppr. Dissolving the marriage contract separating from bed and board ; disuniting. DLVORC/IVE, a. Having power to divorce. JMilton. DLVO'TO, {It.] in music, directs to sing in a devou Separated by a dissolution of the marriage contract ; separated from Divorce; dissolution of the DO but superior to man. Many nations believe in these {DI-VUL’/GATE, a. Published. [Little used.] } DI-VUL-GA’TION, n. The act of divulging or pub- lishing. Shak. | DI-VULGE’, (de-vulj’,)v.t. [LL. divulgo ; di, or dis, and vulgo, to make public, from vulgus, the common peo- ple, as publish, public, from L. populus, people. } 1. To make public : to tell or make known some- thing before private or secret ; to reveal ; to disclose ; as, to divulge the secret sentiments of a friend ; to dz- vulge the proceedings of the cabinet. Divulge is more generally applied to verbal disclosures, and pub- lish to printed accounts. But they may be used sy- nonymously. We may publish by words, and divulge | by the press. 2. To declare by a public act; to proclaim [Unu- Ik Milton. | | | | sud De VULGIED, pp. Made public; revealed ; disclosed ; published. | = Rie lg (ep SienNe es . DI-VULG’BR, z. One who divulges or reveals. -VIS'I-BLE-NESS, n. ris 73 capi - - = ’ : + ys DI-VIS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Divisibility ; capacity ofshe DL-V ULG/ING, ppr. Disclosing ; publishing ; reveal- di, dis, and vello, to pull.]} The act of pulling or plucking away; a rending asunder, And dire divulsions shook the changing world. J. Barlow. DI-VUL/SIVE, a. That pulls asunder; that rends. irwan. DIZ/EN, (diz’n,) v. t. To dress gayly ; to deck. Swift. [This word is not esteemed elegant, and is nearly obsolete. Its compound, Bepizen, 1s used in bur- lesque. | DIZZ, v.t. [See Dizi To astonish ; to puzzle; to make dizzy. [JVot used.] Gayton. DIZ'ZARD, n. [See Dizzy.] A blockhead. [Vot used. DIZ/ZI-ED, (diz'zid,) pp. Whirled round ; made dizzy. DIZ*ZI-NESS, n. [See Dizzy.] Giddiness ; a whirl- ing in the head ; vertigo. DIZ/ZY, a. [Sax. dysi or dysig, foolish; dysignesse, folly ; dysian, to be foolish ; gedisigan, to err; G. du- sel, dizziness; duselig, dizzy ; D. deurig, stupid ; dy- zig, misty, hazy; Dan. taasse, a foolish person; qu, doser, to make sleepy. } 1. Giddy ; having a sensation of whirling in the head, with instability, or proneness to fall ; vertigi- nous, 2. Causing giddiness ; as, a dizzy hight. 3. Giddy ; thoughtless ; heedless; as, the dizz multitude. Milton. DIZ'ZY, v.t. To whirl round; to make giddy; to confuse. Shak, DIZ!Z.Y-ING, ppr. or a. Whirling round ; confusing ; making dizzy. DJER/RiD, xn. A blunt, Turkish javelin. Maunder. DO, x. In modern solfeggio, the name of the first of the musical sylables. DO, v. t. or auziliary; pret. Did; pp. Done, (dun.) This verb, when transitive, is formed in the indica- tive, present tense ; thus, I do, thou doest, he does or doth; when auxiliary, the second person Is, thou dost. [Sax. don; D. doen; G. thun ; Goth. tawyan; Russ. deyu or dayu. This is probably a contracted word, for in Saxon dohte signifies made or did, as if the pret. of this verb. If the elements are dg, it coincides in elements with Sax. dugan, to be able, and with tea- gan, to taw, as leather.) I. To perform ; to execute; to carry into effect ; to exert labor or power for bringing any thing to the state desired, or to completion ; or to bring any thing to pass. We say, this man does his work well; he does more in one day than some men will do in two days. In six days thou shalt do all thy work. — Ex, xx. J will teach you what ye shall do, — Ex. iv. I the Lord do all these things: — Is. xlv. 2. To practice ; to perform ; as, to do good or evil. 3. To perform for the benefit or injury of another ; in either case. Till I know what God will do for me. —1 Sam. xxii. Do to him neither good nor evil. But to is more generally omitted. Do him neither good nor hann. 4, To execute; to discharge; to convey; as, do a message to the king. 5, To perform ; to practice ; to observe. We lie and do not the truth. —1 John i. 6. To exert. Do thy diligence to come shortly to me. — 2 Tim. ly. 7. To transact ; as, to do business with another. 8. To finish ; to execute or transact and bring toa conclusion. The sense of completion is often implied in this verb ; as, we Will do the business, and adjourn ; we did the business, and dined. 9. To perform in an exigency ; to have recourse to, as a consequential or last effort ; to take a step ‘ or measure; as, in this crisis we know not what : to do. ep What will ye do in the day of visitation ? —Is. x, t 10. To make or cause. to respire. [Obs.] Spenser. manner, Nothing but death can do me TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 357 with for or to; for, when the thing is beneficial ; to, OOO St se oe leat ‘ae " , = ncaa am ee aei creenaion Thy DOC DOC DOD rm 11. To put. [Obs.] or bank of a river, in which ships are built or re- DO€’TRIN-AL-LY, adv In the form of doctrine or Who should do the duke to death? Shak. paired. A dry dock has flood-gates to admit the tide, instruction ; by way of teaching or positive direction. : : and to prevent the influx, as occasion may require. Ray 12. To answer the purpose. Wet docks have no flood-gates, but ships may be re-| DO€/TRINE, n. [L. doctrina, from doceo, to teach. ] I'll tnake the songs of Durfey do. paired in them during the recess of the tide. Wet 1. In a general sense, whatever is taught. Hence, To have to do; to have concern with. docks are also constructed with gates to keep the a principle or position in any science ; whatever is What have I to do with you? —2 Sam. xvi. water in at ebb tide, so that vessels may lie constantly laid down as true by an instructor or master. The What have I to do any more with idols? — Hos, xiv. afloat in them. Mar. Dict. Cijc. doctrines of the gospel are the principles or truths To do with; to dispose of ; to make use of ; to em- In America, the spaces between wharves are called taught by Christ and his apostles. The doctrines of ploy. Commerce is dull; we know not what to do docks. : oa : Plato are the principles which he taught. Hence a with our ships. Idle men know not what to do with 2. The place where a criminal stands in court. doctrine may be true or false ; it may be a mere tenet their time or with themselves. DOCK/-MAS-TER, nz. One who has the superintend- or opinion. : Also, to gain; to effect by influence. ence of docks. 9, The act of teaching. A jest with a sad brow will do with a fellow who never had the DOCK <¥ ARD, as A yard or magazmme near a harbor, He tanght them many things by parables, and said to them fn ache in his shoulders. aloe ie DOCKED, (des al eye pi naval Be ang BED his doctrine. — Mark iv. I can do nothing with this obstinate fellow. . 2D, (dockt,) pp. Clipped; cut off, as the e ens : knowledo Also, to have concern with; to have business ; to of a thing. : 3, Learning ; knowledge. : - deal. [See No. 12.] DOCK/ET, n. [W. tociaw, to cut off, to clip, to dock ; Whom shall he make to understand doctrine ? — Is. xxviii, To do away; to remdve; to destroy; as, to do} hence docket is a piece.] : 4, The truths of the gospel in general. \ away imperfections ; to do away prejudices. : 1. A small piece of paper or parchment, contain- ea ey 5, v.t To act or behave, in any manner, well or ing the heads of a writing. Also, a subscription ae mney, may adorn the doctrine of God our Sayiorin all : ill; to conduct one’s self. at the foot of letters patent, by the clerk of the ee i ee es They fear not the Lord, neither do they after the law and dockets. Bailey. Os Instruction and confirmation in the truths of Py oe oe ‘commandment. — 2 Kings xvii. 2. A bill tied to goods, containing some direction, the gospel. | . Tim. il. ; 9. To fare ; to be in a state with regard to sickness| aS the name of the owner, or the place to which they | DO€/U-MENT, n. [L. documentum, from doceo, to : or health. Weasked him how he did. How do you are tobe sent. [See Ticket.] _ Bailey. teach. | : eh ; : ! He do, or how do you? 3. An alphabetical list of cases in a court, or a cat- 1. Precept ; instruction ; direction. eat How Aoetdioi? Shak. alogue of the names of the parties who have suits _ Bacon. Watts. a ea he depending in a court. In some of the States, this is 2. Dogmatical precept ; authoritative dogma. ah 3. To succeed ; to accomplish a purpose. Vi e shall the principal or only use of the word. 3. More generally, in present usage, written instruc in. do without him, Will this plan do ? Addison. To strike a docket, in England, is said of a creditor| tion, evidence, or proof; any official or authoritative ie Also, to fit; tobe adapted; to answer the design 3 who gives a bond to the lord chancellor, engaging paper containing instructions or proof, for information ba with for; as, this piece of timber will do for the} 1 prove his debtor to be a bankrupt, whereupon a| and the establishment of facts. Thus, the president a corner post ; this teuon will do for the mortise; the} ¢ mmission of bankruptcy is out against the debtor.| laid before congress the report of the secretary, ac- ar road is repaired, and will do for the present, hes Snark companied with all the documents. ae To have to do with; to have concern or business | nocK/ET, v. t. To make an abstract or summary of | DO€/U-MENT, v. t. To furnish with documents ; to with; to deal with. Have little to do with jealous| the heads of a writing or writings; to abstract and furnish with instructions and proofs, or with papers men. ‘ enter in a book; as, judgments regularly docketed. necessary to establish facts. A ship should be docu- Also, to have carnal commerce with. _ ‘ Blackstone. mented according to the directions of law. Do is used for a verb to save the repetition of it. I 9, To enter in a docket; to mark the contents of 2. To teach; to instruct; to direct. Draden. shall probably come, but if I do not, you must not papers on the back of them. DO€-U-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to instruction or to ; wait ; that is, if I do not come, if 1 come not. 3. To mark with a docket. Chesterfield. documents ; consisting in or derived from docu- Do is also used in the imperative, to express an | nOCK’ET-ED, pp. Abstracted and entered in abook.| ments; as, documental testimony. urgent request or command ; as, do come ; help me, Seni Docker Court Martial on Gen. Wilkinson. . do; make haste, do. In this case, do is uttered with | nOCK/ING, ppr. Clipping ; cutting off the end ;| DO€-U-MENT’A-RY, a. Pertaining to written evi- emphasis. ee oe Rae : sitet placing in a dock. dence; consisting in documents. | OR RRNA °° ee See ee Coe oe DOCK/ING, n. The act of drawing, as a ship, intoa| DO€!/U-MENT-ED, pp. Furnished With papers and 3 WATS vined to express pranhasis She isveo: dock. Mar. Dict. documents necessary to establish facts. . quetish RSA aE eine: oe DOG/TOR, n. [L., from doceo, to teach.] DOD/DER, x. [G. dotter.) ; : igie com etirhes 5 pene Bantctive J. A teacher. _ Aplant of the genus Cuscuta, one species of which ame aS P a There stood up one in the council, a Pharisee, named Gamaliel, is called hell-oeed. It is almost destitute of leaves, Se ealongen Muir Tesulo ale do tolnce paces Dea a doctor of the law.— Acts Y. parasitical, creeping, and fixing itself to some other etives the e . pe ant, as te S, flax, < articularly > nettle. [The latter use of do is nearly obsolete. ee rine woes passed Lae Oc ene ara aculeys ee athena a De nened “by.thenntant Do is sometimes used by way of opposition ; as, I aut 1 denne d Prec uices ang teach a a @) that supports it, by means of little vesicles or papille, did love him, but he has lost my affections. octor in divinity, in physic, in law ; or, according to which attach themselves to the stalk. Hull. Encye. DOAT. See Dore. modern usage, a person who has received the highest DOD'DER-ED, a. Overgrown with dodder; covered DOC-LBIL'I-TY, , Teachableness ; docility ; degree ina faculty. The degree of doctor is conferred cyith supercrescent plants. Tetncos Dryden. DO/CI-BLE-NESS, readiness to learn. Walton, ° by universities and colleges, as an honorary mark of DO-DE€/A-GON ay [Gr. dwdexa, twelve, and ywyrea DO/CI-BLE, (dé/se-bl or dos'se-bl,) a. [See Docix.] literary gerineHons Hos also conferred on phy-}~ 3 angle. ] ae Z ; 2 aa che . Trae « Baal dane an.| Siclans as a professional degree. Ss aye peta . ee docile ; tractable; easily pAREDE OF an 3. Alearned man ; a man skilled in a profession; Su ee gon consisting eae DO‘CILE, (dd’/sil or dos/sil,) a. [L. docilis,from doceo, a ak on erudiuion. ones Dryden. Digby. DO-DE€-A-GYN/LA, n. [Gr. dwdexa, twelve, and pers Doceo and teach are the same word. See decaehe Veta SONS, Wy Dee OC ap aon 18 10 CULe li, punsia) females] EACH. Peres fae : : ; ) > » ¢ avi Teachable ; easily instructed; ready to learn; oe wag. Hele OTs given to ceran ates of patna name of an order of Plantsghayiny tractable; easily managed. Some children are fa he church whose opinions are received as authori- “DECLALAYVNIT_AN : ae more docile fea pinerele Dogs are more docile ier ties, and in the Greek church, it is given to a partic- DNC iaAL atin o Tne Rayan Wee many other animals. ular officer who interprets the Scriptures. Encyc. DO-DE€-A-H&/DR A me ef (Infra ] Pertaining to a DO-CIL’LTY,n. Teachableness ; readiness to learn ; Doctors’ Commons; the college of civilians in Lon-|"" 4qecahedron ; consisting of twelve equal “ides aptness to be taught. The docility of elephants is| 400: It is here that wills are proved, and adminis-| no ppREe_a-HE/DRON, n : [Gr. d icxa, twelve, and remarkable. tration is taken out, under the direction of the as a er Gee Pee es 8 GOUAR Ss 7 on DOC'I-MA-CY, n. [Gr. doxtuacra. See the next word.] TRE Opal pO OL OLB: HR regular solid contained under twelve equal and The art or practice of assaying ores or metals;| DO©’TOR, v.t. To apply medicines for the cure of} |, ular pentagons, or having twelve equal bases : metallurgy. Med. Repos. Oeot [A Rope use oI pe word, vor eae g agons, a Z j Pane DOGC-ILMAS/TI€, a. [Gr. doxtuaortxos, from doxt- ag0erts O practice physic. ([JVot elegant. AN/ / i relve. se a Bake 10 try, essay, pier oe io eos proved, DO€/TOR-AL, a. Relating to the degree ora doctor. aera DRI-A, n. [Gr. dwdexa, twelve, and ayo, om doxew, to prove. Ch. pit. Class Dg, No. 9. ONS OTN. ane ass < Properly, essaying, rove by experiments, or Ve DO€'TOR-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a doctor. eas EDS nee ay oes of plants Devine ; lating to the assaying of ores or metals. The doci- Hakewill. that have ane cuit be of er e a fr =e men mastic art is otherwise called metallurgy. It is the DO€/TOR-ATE, n. The degree of a doctor. Encyc. sant alah ss Se StS ODE: ATOM TV CAN aaas ie fa - : yp | ry é : nineteen inclusive. Linneus art of assaying metals, or the art of separating them DOC'TOR-ATE, v. t. To make a doctor by con- DO-DE-€AN’/DRLAN, } Pertaini he plan Bi a from foreign matters, and determining the nature | _ ferring a degree. Warton. | Ho pDR-CAN’DROUS. ¢ hs ECAR Lo Lhe plants : and quantity of metallic substances contained in | DO€/TOR-ED, pp. Administered to by a physician ; t any ene : F ) a uae Cae eae ; ° any ore or mineral. Waisaisien: cured. ne Ne ere rom tw elve to nineteen. Lee, DOCK, n. [Sax. docce; L. daucus ; Gr. davkos; from | VOC’TOR-ING, ppr. Applying medicines ; curing. . et ee Ett rea The [Gr., composed of da- Ar. Syr. Class Dg, No. 9.] DO€’TOR-LY, a. Like alearnedman. Bp. Hall. Beg a as ae Lote part. | The popular name of certain large-leafed species of | DO€/TOR-SHIP, n. The degree or rank of a doctor. | no DE of TEM eee eee ot gg nee Rumex. {Docrorate is now generally used.] [ Clarendon. ce aS M'O-RY, n. A denomination some- DOCK, v.#, [W. tociaw, and twciaw, to eHeatorcit DO€'TRESS, ) sa pal aera times given to each of the twelve signs of the zodiac. off; whence docket and ticket. Class Dg, No. 19,| VO€’TOR-ESS, } sey pcan DODGE. (doj.) v. ; __ Burton. Fl 47. ’ | DO€’TRIN-AIRE’, n. A cant term, in the politics of | ~ 5 ak Q})) Ost [From some XOOr SIEDMYANE sto R I. To cut off, as the end of a thing; to curtail; to France, denoting one who is desirous of giving to 5 00% art, oF Start, and not improbably from the . cut short; to clip ; as, to dock the tail of a horse. the king more power than is admitted by the ultra- Seti as dog, as d is not radical. 2. To cut off a part; to shorten; to deduct from; liberals, and less than is demanded by the ultra- de a olan suddenly aside ; to shift place by a sud- as, to dock an account. ?| royalists. on aie ee : Milton. 3. To cut off, destroy, or defeat ; to bar ; as, to dock DO€’TRIN-AL, a. [See Doctrine.] Pertaining to 2. aE play tricks ; to be evasive ; to use tergiversa- an entail. doctrine ; containing a doctrine or something taught ; tion ; to play fast and loose ; to raise expectations é 4. To bring, draw, or place a ship in a dock. as, a doctrinal observation ; a doctrinal proposition. pasa ee PROLREEREI 3 toquibble. Hale. Addison. | DOCK, 7». The tail of a beast cut short or clipped; 2. Pertaining to the act or means of teaching. cea ne eo esas aby a sudden shift of place ; to the stump of a tail; the solid part of the tail. The word. of God serveth no otherwise than in the nature of a to eas a aToHa pails as, to dodge a blow aimed ; 2. A case of leather to cover a horse’s dock. clrinal instrument. Hooker [ This Seon cominnn nnn 5 d useful aH oA a i Z 3 : Sts @ common word, very expressive and useful, i ie DOCK ns Abroad, decparonen onthe cide ofa eee Dee eIN AL, n Something that is a Dare oF Woe: Hea admissible in solemn discourse or elegant compo- ee see Seatsls FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ‘ Lae ‘ f 303DOG DODG/ED, pp. Evaded by a sudden shift of place. D DODG/ER, x. One who dodges or evades. D DODG/ING, ppr. Starting aside ; evading. DOD/KIN, n. (doit, D. duit, and kin.] A little doit; asmall coin. DOD/MAN, x. A fish that casts its shell like the lob- ster and crab; also called hodmandod. Bacon. DODO, n. The Didus, a genus of large birds, gener- ally supposed to be extinct. They are said to have inhabited Madagascar and some other parts of the East, but their very existence has been doubted. P. Cyc. Partington. DOB, (d6,) n. [Sax. da; Dan. daa.] A she-deer ; the female of the fallow-deer. The male is called a buck. DOE, (doo,) n. A feat. [Wot used.] Hudibras. DOE'SKIN, n. The skin of a doe. 2. A compact twilled cloth, for pantaloons. DO/ER, ». [from do.] One who does; one who per- forms or executes ; an actor; an agent. 9. One who performs what is required ; one who observes, keeps, or obeys, in practice. The doers ofthe law shall be juStified. —Rom. ii. DOES, (duz.) The third person of the verb do, indic- ative mode, present tense ; contracted from doeth. DOFF, v. t. (Qu. do-off. Rather D. doffen, to push, to thrust. Class Db, No. 17, 18.] 1. To put off, as dress. And made us doff our easy robes of peace. 2. To strip or divest ; as, he dofs himself. Crashaw. 3. To put or thrust away ; to get rid of. To doff their dire distresses. Shak, 4. To put off; to shift off; with a view to delay. Every day thou doff’st me with some device. Shak, [ This word is, I believe, entirely obsolete in discourse, at least in the United States, but 1s retained in poetry. | DOFF’ED, (doft,) pp. Put off; stripped ; thrust away. DOF’FER, n. A revolving cylinder, ina carding ma- chine, which dogs, or strips off, the cotton from the cards. Tre. DOG, n. [Fr. dogue, a bull-dog or mastiff; se doguer, to butt; Arm. dog or dogues ; D. dog ; probably, the runner or starter. 1. A species of quadrupeds, belonging to the genus Canis, of many varieties, as the mastiff, the hound, the spaniel, the shepherd’s dog, the terrier, the har- rier, the bloodhound, &c. 2. It is used for male, when applied to several other animals; as, a dog-fox; adog-otter ; dog-ape. Dryden. It is prefixed to other words, denoting what is mean, degenerate, or worthless; as, dog-rose. Johnson. 3. An andiron, so named from the figure of a dog s head on the top. [Russ. tagan.] 4. A term of reproach or contempt, given*to a man. 5. A constellation called Sirius or Canicula. [See Docpay.] 6. An iron hook or bar with a sharp fang, which can be driven into a stick of timber to draw it in water by a rope. Mar. Dict. 7, An iron used by sawyers to fasten a log of tim- ber in a saw-pit. 8 A gay young man; a buck. Shak. [Wot in use. ] Johnson. To give or throw to the dogs, is to throw away, as useless. To go to the dogs, is to be ruined. DOG, v. t. To hunt; to follow insidiously or indefat- igably ; to follow close; to urge ; to worry with im- portunity. I have been pursued, dogged, and waylaid. DO'GAL, a. [See Docz.] Belonging to or pertaining to a doge. Lady Bulwer. DO'GATSH, n. [See Docr.] The office or dignity of a doge. Encyc. DOG/BANE, 7. DOG/BER-RY, n. cies of Cornus. DOG’/BER-RY-TREE, n. Cornus. DOG’BRI-ER, n. Rosa canina. DOG/-C€AB-BAGE, zn. Pope. A plant. The berry of the dogwood, a spe- The dogwood, a species of The brier that bears the hip; the A plant growing in the south of Europe, a species of Theligonum. Encyc. DOG/-CHEAP, (-cheep,) a. Cheap as dog’s meat, or Johnson. offal ; very cheap. DOG/DAY, n. One of the days when Sirius or the dogstar rises and sets with the sun. The dogdays commence the latter part of July, and end the begin- ning of September. : DOG/DRAW, n. A manifest deprehension of an of- fender against the venison in the forest, when he is found drawing after the deer by the scent of a hound led by the hand. Eng. Law. Covel. DOGE, n. [It.; L. dux; Eng. duke; from L, duco, to lead ; Sax. tora, teoche.| The chief magistrate of Venice and Genoa. DOG/ELY, 2. DOG/GED, DOG/GED, a. DOG/GED-LY, adv. DOG/GED-NESS, n. DOG/GER, zn. DOG/GER-EL, a. An epithet given to a kind of loose, DOG/GER-EL, 7. A loose, irregular kind of poetry ; DOG/GER-MAN, zn. DOG/GERS, n. DOG/GING, ppr. [from dog.] Hunting ; pursuing in- DOG/GISH, a. Like a dog ; churlish ; growling ; snap- DOG’/GISH-NESS, 7. DOG/-GRASS, n. DOG/-HEART-ED, a. DOG/-HOLE, x. A place fit only for dogs; a vile, DOG/-HOUSE, n. DOG OG!'-FIGHT, (-fite,) x. OG'FISH, n. A name given to several species of shark, as the spotted shark or greater dogfish, the piked dogfish, &c. Encyc. Cyc. A voracious, biting fly. Chapman. (deed) pp. Pursued closely ; urged fre- importunately. Sullen ; sour; morose ; surly ; severe. Shak. Hudibras. Sullenly ; gloomily ; sourly ; mo- rosely ; severely ; with obstinate resolution. Sullenness ; moroseness. A Dutch fishing-vessel, used in the German Ocean, particularly in the herring fishery. It is equipped with two masts, a main-mast and a mizzen-mast, somewhat resembling a ketch. Encye. D quently an irrezular measure in burlesque poetry, like that of | D Hudibras ; as, doggerel verse or rhyme. Dryden. Addison. Dryden. Swift. D A sailor belonging to a dogger. D In English alwm-works, a sort of stone, found in the mines with the true alum-rock, contain- ing some alum. Enciye. used in burlesque. cessantly or importunately. pish; brutal. The quality of being doggish. Couch-grass. Loudon. Cruel; pitiless ; malicious. Shak. Dryden. Pope. A kennel for dogs. Overbury. A kennel or hut for dogs. DOG/-LAT’IN, n. Barbarous Latin. {[ Dryden. DOG/-LEACH, 7. A dog-doctor. Beaum. & Fi. DOG/-LOUSE, z. An insect that is found on dogs. DOG'LY, a. Like adog. [ot im use.] DOG/MA, xn. [Gr. doypa, from doxew, to think ; L. dogma. | A settled opinion ; a principle, maxim, or tenet; a doctrinal notion, particularly in matters of faith and philosophy ; as, the dogmas of the church ; the dog- mas of Plato. Compliment my dogma, and I will compliment yours. J. M. Mason. mean habitation. DOG/-KEN-NEL, . DOG/-MAD, a. Mad as a dog. DOG-MAT‘'I€, a. Pertaining to DOG-MAT’I€-AL, settled opinion. 2. Positive; magisterial ; asserting or disposed to assert with authority or with overbearing and arro- gance ; applied to persons; as, a dogmatic schoolman or philosopher. Boyle. 3. Positive ; asserted with authority ; authoritative ; as, a dogmatical opinion. 4, Arrogant; overbearing in asserting and main- taining opinions. DOG-MAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. rial manner}; arrogantly. DOG-MAT’/I€-AL-NESS, n. dogmatical ; positiveness. DOG-MAT’IES, n. Doctrinal theology ; a term used by German writers. Murdock. DOG/MA-TISM, 2. Positive assertion; arrogance ; positiveness in opinion. DOG/MA-TIST, x. A positive assertor; a magisterial teacher ; a bold or arrogant advancer of principles. Watts. DOG'MA-TIZE, v.i. To assert positively ; to teach with bold and undue confidence; to advance with arrogance. a dogma, or to Positively ; in a magiste- The quality of being Men often dogmatize most, when they are least supported by reason, Anor DOG!/MA-TIZ-ER, n. One who dogmatizes; a bold assertor ; a magisterial teacher, Hammond. DOG'/MA-TIZ-ING, ppr. Asserting with excess of confidence. DOG/ROSE, a. The flower of the hip; the Rosa ca- nina. DOG’S'-BANE, n. [Gr. aroxvvov.] The popular name of certain species of Apocynum, and also of Asclepias. DOG’S/-EAR, n. The corer of a leaf, in a book, turned down like the ear of a dog. Gray. Sick as a dog. DOG!-SICK, a. g DOG/SKIN, a. Made of the skin of a dog. Tatler. DOG/-SLEEP, n. Pretended sleep. Addison. Refuse ; offal ; meat for dogs. Dryden. DOG’S/-RUE, n. A plant, a species of Scrophularia. DOG/STAR, zn. Sirius, a star of the first magnitude, whose rising and setting with the sun gives name to the dogdays. DOG/STONES, 2. Orchis. DOG/-TOOTH, 2.; pl. Doc-rertH. A sharp-pointed human tooth, growing between the fore teeth and grinders, and resembling a dog’s tooth. It is called DOG’S/-MEAT, 2. A plant, fool-stones, a species of A battle between two dogs. | DOG/-TOOTH-VY/O-LET, 2. Erythronium. DOG/-TRICK, nz. DOG/-TROT, n. A gentle trot, like that of a dog. DOG/VANE, 2. DOG/-WATCH, (-wotch,) 2. DOG/-WEA-RY, «. DOG/WOOD, n. DOIT, x. dite. DO-LAB/RLFORM, a. [L. dolabra, an ax, and forma, DOL' CE, (dol/cha,) DOL-CE.MEN’ TE, (dol-cha-men’ta,) DOLE, ®. t. DOL A plant, a species of | A currish trick 5 brutal treatment. Dryden. Among seamen, a smal] vane com- posed of thread, cork, and feathers, fastened to a half-pike, and placed on the weather gunwale, to assist in steering a ship on the wind. Mar. Dict. Among seamen, a watch of two hours. ‘The dog-watches are two reliefs be- tween 4 and 8 o’clock, P. M. Quite tired ; much fatigued. A common name of different species of the Cornus or cornelian cherry. OG/WOOD-LREE, x. The Piscidia erythrina, a tree growing in Jamaica. NCYC. OVLY, n. Formerly, a species of woolen stuff, said to be so called from the first maker. Congreve. 2, A small napkin, generally colored, used with frujt and wine. Smart. O!ING, ppr- [See Do.] Performing; executing. OMINGS, n. pl. Things done; transactions ; feats; actions, good or bad. 9. Behavior; conduct. 3. Stir; bustle. [D. duit ; G. deut, a point; L. digitus.] 1. Asmall Dutch coin, worth about half a farthing ; also, a similar small coin once used in Scotland. Pope. 29. A trifle. Hence our vulgar phrase, I care not a doit. It is used adverbially, and commonly pronounced Qu. Fr. doigt, a finger, form.] Having the form of an ax or hatchet. Martyn. [It.] In music, a direction to sing with a soft sound. DOLE, 7. [Sax. dal; Russ. dolia, a part or portion ; Ir. dail; from the root of deal. See Deat. 1. The act of dealing or distributing ; as, the pow- er of dole and donative. [Vot in use. ] Bacon. 9, That which is dealt or distributed ; a part, share, or portion. Shak. 3. That which is given in charity; gratuity. Dryden. 4. Blows dealt out. Milton, 5. Boundary. [Vot in use.] 6. A void space left in tillage. [Zocal.] DOLE, n. [L. dolor, pain, grief.] Milton. Grief; sorrow. [ Obs. To deal; to distribute. [Wot used.] DOLE/FUL, a. [dole and full.) Sorrowful ; express- ing grief; as, a doleful whine ; a doleful cry. 9. Melancholy ; sad; afflicted; as, a doleful sire. Sidney. 3. Dismal; impressing sorrow ; gloomy ; as, dole- Ful shades. Milton. DOLE/FUL-LY, adv. Ina doleful manner; sorrow- fully ; dismally ; sadly. DOLE/FUL-NESS, 2. Sorrow; melancholy ; queru- lousness; gloominess ; dismalness. DO/LENT, a. [L. dolens.] Sorrowful. rot in use. | DOL/E-RITE, n. A variety of trap-rock, composed of augite and labradorite. DOLE/SOMB, (-sum,) a. Gloomy ; dismal ; sorrowful ; doleful. The dolesome passage to the infernal sky. DOLE’SOME-NESS, n. Gloom; dismatness. DOLL, 7. [W. delw, form, image, resemblance, an idol, a false god; dull, form, figure ; Arm. dailh, or tailh, which seems to be the L. talis. Also Ir, dealbh, an image. But qu. Gr. edwAov, an tdol, from e.dw, to see.] 2 f A puppet or baby for a child ; a small image in the human form, for the amusement of little girls. DOL/LAR, n. [G. thaler; D. daalder ; Dan. and Sw. daler; Sp. dalera; Russ. taler. Said to be from Dale, the town where it was first coined. | A silver coin of Spain and of the United States, of the value of one hundred cents, or about four shillings and fourpence sterling. The dollar seems to have been originally a German coin ; and, in different parts of Germany, the name is given to coins of different values. DOLL! MAN, z. DOL/O-MITE, 7. of lime, often forming extensive beds. common white marble is dolomite. from the French geologist Dolomieu. : Ye. DOL-O-MIT’I€, a. Pertaining to dolomite; of the nature of dolomite. en aon O! in; g ; lamentation. DO/LOR, x. [L.] Pain; grief; 1a Sea Siie DOL-OR-IF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. dolor, pain, and fero, to Pope. A long cassock worn by the Turks. A granular magnesian carbonate Much of the It is so called C produce. } wee Producing pain. : Whitaker. DOL-OR-IF/I€, a. [L. dolorificts; dolor and facio.] ef. 1. That causes pain or sed DOG!/-FAN/CLER, n. One who has a taste for dogs, and who keeps them for sale. also an eye-tooth. 9. Expressing pain or grie TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 309 ; t ms ee one = ie sc Sa a a A ee ame 4-4 A ot Na ney "TRE a# | | word coincides with Demain, Demesne. S/enstone. DO/MAL, a. [L. domus.) Pertaining to house, in astrology. Addison. DOME, x. [Fr. dime; Arm. dom; Li. domus ; Gr. dojos ; DOMES DLOMES/MAN, DO-ME S/TIE, a DO-MES'TIE€, 2. DOM DOM DON DOL-O-R9O'SO, ad In music, pathetic. DOL/OR-OUS L. dolor, pain, grief.] lL. Sorrowful ; doleful ; dismal ; impressing Sorrow or grief; as, a dolorous object; a dolorous region. Hooker. Milton. 2. Painful; giving pain. aaa osraicals aac and less dolorous than the pee the or 3; Bea cesdine pain or grief; as, dolorous sighs, DOL/OR-OUS-LY, adv. Sorrowfully ; ; In a Manner to express pi ain DOL’PHIN, nr, [L. delphin, or delphinus ; Gr. CEerddiv; Ir. deilf; Fr. dauphin; Sp. delfin; It. delfino; Arm. daofin, dolfin ; W. dolfyn, from dolf, a curve or wind- ing. A popular name given to two widely different in- hi abi uits of the deep. The real dolphin, is a cetaceous mammal, about ten fi 2et in length. It is the dolphin of the ancients, so celebrated in the story of Arion. 9. The dolphin of poets and navigators, the Coryphe- na hippuris, is celebrated for its surprising c langes of color, when expiring in death. It is a fish of about five feet in length. Encyc. Amer. 3. In ancient Greece, a machine suspended over the sea, to be dropped on any vessel passing under it. Mitford. DOL/PHIN-ET, x. A female dolphin. Spenser. DOLT, n. [G. tlpel; Sax. dol; W. dol. Qu. dull, The Gothic has dwala, foolish, stupid ; Sax. dwolian, to wander. The Sw. has dvala, to sleep or be drow- sy ; Dan. dvale, sound sleep; D. doolen, and dwaalen, to wander. ] A heavy, stupid fellow ; skull. Dons a blockhead; a thick- Sidney. Swift. v.i. To waste time foolishly ; to behave fool- DOL MISH, a. Dull in intellect; as, a dolti sh clown. DOLT’ISH- LY, ado. In a doltish manner. DOLT’ISH- NES S,n. Stupidity. DOM, used as a termination, denotes jurisdiction, or property and jurisdiction; primarily, doom, judg- ment; as in kingdom, earldom. Hence it is used to denote state, condition, or quality, as in wisdom, Freedom. DOM/A-BLE, a. That may be tamed. DO-MAIN’, n. [Fr. domaine; Arm. domany. This would seem to be from L. dominium. Qu. Is it the same word as Demain, which is from the Old French demesne? The latter can not be regularly deduced from domintum, domino. The Norman French has demesner, to rule, to demean; and the phrase, “ de son demainer,” in his demain, would seem to be from a different source. Jainor, in Norman, is ten- ancy or occupation, from main, the hand. Domain seems to be the L. dominiwm, and to have been con- founded with demain, demesne. | 1. Dominion ; empire ; territory governed, or under the government of a sovereign; as, the vast domains of the Russian emperor; the domains of the British king. Possession ; estate ; as, the portion of the king’s domains. Dryden. 3. The land about the mansion-house of a lord, and in his immediate occupancy. In this sense, the stupid; blockish ; Sidney. Ir. dom; Russ. dom; supposed to be from dépw, to build. The Greek has also dwya,a house, a plain root Qu. Sax. timbrian, Goth. timbryan, to build.] J. A building ; a house ; a a fabric ; used in poetry. Pope. 2. A cathedral. Burnet. 3. In architecture, a spherical roof, raised over the middle of a a building ; a cupola, INCYC. 4. In chemistry, the upper part of a furnace, resem- bling a hollow hemisphere or small dome. This form serves to reflect or reverberate a part of the flame; hence these furnaces are called reverberating fur- naces, Encyc. DOM’ ED, (domd,) a. Furnished with a dome. s/ DAY , (doomz/ da.) See Doomspay. DO MB/-SHAP- ED, (-shapt, ) a. Shaped like a dome. doomz! man,) z [See Doom.] yJ ffom ban, Ch. Ar. Syr. Eth to in- terpret. ] An interpreter ; a term in general use in the Le- vant and other parts of the East. [L. draco; Gr. dpaxwv ; It. dragone; draak ; G. drache; Ir. draic or draig ; W. draig; Sw. drake; Dan. drage. The origin of this word is not obvious. In Ir. drag is fire; in W. dragon is a leader, chief, or sovereign, from dragiaw, todraw. In Scotch, the word signifies a paper kite, as also in Danish ; probably from the notion of fly- ing or shooting along, like a fiery meteor. In Welsh, draig is rendered by Owen a procreator or generating principle, a fiery serpent, a dragon, and the Supreme ; and the plural, dreigiau, silent lightnings, dreiriaw, to lighten silently. Hence, I infer that the word origi- nally signified a shooting meteor in the atmosphere, a fiery meteor, and hence a fiery or flying serpent, from a root which signified to shoot or draw oneal 1. A kind of winged serpent, much celebratec in the romances of the middle ages. Jolinson. 2, A fiery, shooting meteor, or imaginary serpent. Fr. dragon; D. Swift, swift, ye dragons of the night! that dawning May bear the raven’s eye. 3. A fierce, violent person, male or female; as, this man or woman is a dragon. 4. A constellation of the northern hemisphere. [See Draco.] In Scripture, dragon seems sometimes to signify a Jarge marine fish or serpent, Is. XXvii., Where the leviathan is also mentioned ; also Ps. Ixxiv. Sometimes it seems to signify a venomous land serpent. Ps. xci. The dragon shalt thou trample under foot. It is often used for the devil, who is called the old serpent. Rev. xx. 2. DRAG/ON, n. The popular name of a genus of sau- rian reptiles, found only in the East Indies. DRAG/O-NET, x. A little dragon, Spenser. 2, The popular name of the species of a genus of fishes called by Linneus Callionymus. DRAG/ON-FISH, n. The dragonet; a popular name of fishes of the genus Callionymus. DRAG/ON-FLY, nz. The popular name of a genus of insects called libellula by Linnezus. DRAG/ON-ISH, a. Dragonlike. Shak. DRAG-ON-NADE',n. The name of certain severe persecutions of French Protestants by an armed force, under Louis XIV. DRAG/ON-LIKE, a. Like a dragon ; fiery ; furious. Shak. DRAG/ONS, n. The popular name of certain plants which are species of the Linnzan genus Dracon- tium. DRAG/ON’S-BLOOD, (-blud,) n. [Sax. dracan-blod.] The vague popular name of the inspissated juice of various plants, as Calamus Draco, Dracena Draco, Pterocarpus Draco, &c. Obtained from such various sources, it has various properties, an is of diverse composition. It is of a red color, and is used for tinging spirit and turpentine varnishes, for tooth tinctures and powders, for staining marble, &c. DRAG/ON?S-HEAD, (-hed,) x. A proposed popular name of certain plants of the genus Dracocephalum, of which term it is a translation. Dragon’s Head and Tail, in astronomy, are the nodes of the planets, or the two points in which the orbits of the planets intersect the ecliptic. Encyc. DRAG/ON-SHELL, n. Said to be the popular name of a species of Patella or Limpet. DRAG/ON’S-WA-TER, n. Said to bea popular name of a plant belonging to the genus Calla. DRAG/ON’S-WORT, n. Said to be a popular name of a plant belonging to the genus Artemisia. DRAG/ON-TREB, n. Said to be the popular name of some plant belonging to the order of Palms. DRA-GOON’,n. [Fr. dragon; Sp. id.; Port. dragam, a dragon and dragoon ; It. dragone; G. dragoner; D. dragonder ; Dan. dragon; Sw. id.; L. draconarius, an ensign-bearer, from draco, dragon ; an appellation given to horsemen, perhaps for their rapidity or fierceness. | A soldier or musketeer who serves on horseback or on foot, as occasion may require. Their arms are hak. a sword, a musket, and a bayonet. Encye. DRA-GOON’, v. t. To persecute by abandoning a Johnson. place to the rage of soldiers. 9. To enslave or reduce to subjection by soldiers. 3. Tio harass; to persecute ; to compel to submit by violent measures ; to force. [The usual sense.] The colonies may be imfluenced to any thing, but they can be dragooned to nothing. Price. DRAG-OON-ADE’,n The abandoning of a place to the rage of soldiers. Burnet. DRA-GOON’ED, pp. Abandoned to the violence of soldiers ; persecuted ; harassed. DRA-GOON’ER, zn. An old term for a dragoon. DRA-GOON/ING, ppr. Abandoning to the rage of soldiers ; persecuting ; harassing ; vexing. DRAIL, »v. 2. DRAIN, v. t. DRAIN, v. i. DRAIN, n. DRAIN/A-BLE, a. DRAIN/AGE, 2. DRAIN’ED, pp. or a. DRAIN’ER, n. DRAIN/ING, ppr. DRAKE, xn. [G. To draggle. [Not in use.] South. [Sax. drehnigean, to drain, to strain. This may be a derivative from the root of draw. Qu. Sax. drygan, to dry.] 1. To filter ; to cause to pass through some porous substance. Salt water, drained through twenty vessels of earth, hath become fresh. Bacon. D 2. To empty or clear of liquor, by causing the liquor to drop or run off slowly ; as, to drain a vessel or its contents. 3. To make dry; to exhaust of water or other Ii- quor, by causing it to flow off in channels, or through porous substances ; as, to drain land; to dram a swamp or marsh. 4, To empty ; to exhaust; to draw off gradually ; as, a foreign war drains a country of specie. To flow off gradually ; as, let the water of low ground drain off. 2. To be emptied of liquor by flowing or dropping ; as, let the vessel stand and drain; let the cloth hang and drain. A channel through which water or other liquid flows off; particularly, a trench or ditch to convey water from wet land ; a water-course ; a sewer; a sink. Capable of being drained. Sherwood. A draining; a gradual flowing off of any liquid. . 2, The mode in which the waters of a country ass off by its streams and rivers. Emptied of water or other li- quor by a gradual discharge, flowing, or dropping ; exhausted ; drawn off. A utensil on which articles are placed to drain. Emptying of water or other liquor by filtration, or flowing in smalJ] channels. enteric ; Dan. andrik; Sw. andrak. It is compounded of ente, and, Sax. ened, L. anas, a duck, and a word which I do not understand. } 1. The male of the duck kind. 9, [L. draco, dragon.] A small piece of artillery. 3. The drake-fly. { Clarendon. DRAM, x. {Contracted from drachma, which see.] 1. Among druggists and physicians, a Weight of the eighth part ur an ounce, Or sixty grains. In av- oirdupois weight, the sixteenth part ofan ounce, 9. A small quantity ; as, no dram of judgment. Dryden. 3. As much spirituous liquor as is drank at once ; as, a dram of brandy. Drams are the slow poison of life. Swift. 4, Spirit; distilled liquor. “Pope. DRAM, v.i. To drink drams; to indulge im the use of ardent spirit. [4 low word, expressing 4 low prac- tice. ph Ai/_DRINK-ER, nm. One who habitually drinks spirits. DRA/MA or DRA/MA, 7x. [Gr. dpapa, from dpaa, to make. ] A poem or composition representing a picture of human life, and accommodated to action. The prin- cipal species of the drama are tragedy and comedy ; inferior species are tragi-comedy, opera, &C. Encye. DRA-MAT‘IE, a. Pertaining to the drama ; rep- DRA-MAT‘I€-AL, resented by action ; theatri- cal; not narrative. Bentley. DRA-MAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. By representation ; in the manner of the drama. Dryden. DRAM A-TIS PER-SO'N7, [L.] Actors repre- senting the characters in a play. DRAM/A-TIST, xn. The author of a dramatic compo- sition ; a writer of plays. Jurnet. DRAM/A-TIZE, v. t. To compose in the form of the drama ; or to give to a composition the form of a play. At Riga, in 1204, was acted a prophetic play, that is, a drama- tized extract from the history of the Old and New ‘Testa- ments. ‘ooke’s Russia. DRAM/A-TIZ-ED, pp. Composea in the form of a play. ~ . : : DRAM/A-TIZ-ING, ppr. Composing in the form of a play. DRAM/A-TUR-GY, n. [Gr. dpapa and spyor.] The art of dramatic poetry and representa- tion. [ Germany. ] DRANK, pret. and pp. of Drink. DRANK, x. A term for wild oats. Encyc. DRAP, (dra,) n. [Fr.] Cloth; as, drap-d@’ été, (-da-ta’,) a cloth for summer Wear, DRAPE, v.t. [Fr. draper.] To make cloth; also, to banter. Obs.] DRAP’ED, (drapt,) a. Adorned with drapery. Sedgwick. DRA/PER, n. [Fr. drapier ; draper, to make cloth; from drap, cloth.]} One who sells cloths ; a dealing linen-draper or woolen-draper. DRA/PER-Y, n. [Fr. draperie; It. drapperia ; from drap, drappo; Sp. ropage, from ropa, cloth. ]. Clothwork ; the trade of making cloth. Bacon. in cloths; as, a DRAIL, v.t. To trail. [Wot im use.] More. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; 6. Cloth; stuffs of wool. Arbuthnot. DRA/PET, x. DRAS/TIE€, a. (Gr. dpacrixos, from dpa, to make.] DRAUGHT, (draft,) n. DRAUGHT, ». t. DRA UGHT_BOARD, Ne yed. DRAUGHT/-HOOKS, n. pl. Large hooks of iron fixed -DRAVBE, the old participle of Drive. 1} DRA | 3. Hangings, curtains, tapestry, &c. 4. In sculpture and painting, the representation of the clothing or dress of human fig es, &c. Excyc. Cloth ; coverlet. [JVvt in use.] Powerful ; acting with strength or violence; efii- cacious ; as, a drastic cathartic. RAUGH. See Drarr. [from draw, drag.] 1. The act of drawing; as, a horse or ox fit for draught. 9. The quality of being drawn ; as, a cart or plow of easy draught. 3. The drawing of liquor into the mouth and throat ; the act of drinking. 4, The quantity of liquor drank at once. 5. The act of delineating, or that which is deline- ated ; a representation by lines, as the figure of a house, a machine, a fort, &c., described on paper. | (Qu. Ir. dreach, W. dryc. | Encyc. | 6. Representation by picture ; figure painted, or drawn by the pencil. Dryden. 7. The act of drawing anet; a sweeping for fish. 8. That which is taken by sweeping with a net; as, a draught of fishes. Luke v. 9. The drawing or bending of a bow; the act of shooting with a bow and arrow. Camden. 10. The act of drawing men from a military band, army, or post; also, the forces drawn; 2 detach- ment. [See Drarr, which is more generally used. ] 11. A sink or drain. Matt. xv. 12, An order for the payment of money; a bill of exchange. [See Drart.] 13. The depth of water necessary to float a ship, or the depth a ship sinks in water, especially when laden ; as, a ship of twelve feet draught. 14. In England, a small allowance on weighable goods, made by the king to the importer, or by the seller to the buyer, to insure full weight. Encyc. 15. A sudden attack or drawing on an enemy. [Query.] Spenser. 16. A writing composed. 17. Draughts; a sinapism ; a mild vesicatory. To draw out; to call forth. [See Addison. A board on which draughts DraFt. are pla on the cheeks of a cannon carriage, two on each side, one near the trunnion hole, and the other at the train: used in drawing the gun backward and for- ward by means of draught ropes. Encye. DRAUGHT’-HORSE, x. A horse used in drawing a plow, cart, or other carnage, as distinguished from a saddle-horse. DRAUGHT/-HOUSE, (draft-) n. ception of filth or waste matter. DRAUGHTS, n- pl. A game played ona checkered board, called checkers in Amenica. Smart. 2. A sinapism; a mild vesicatory. DRAUGHTS/MAN, x. A man who draws writings or designs, or one who is skilled in such drawings. 9, One who drinks drams; a tippler. Tatler. We now use A house for the re- Drove. DRAW, v. t.; pret. Drew ; pp- Drawn. [Sax. dragan; L. traho. It is only a dialectical spelling of drag, which see. | 1. To pull along; to haul; to cause to move for- ward by force applied in advance of the thing moved, or at the fore-end, as by a rope or chain. It differs from drag only in this, that drag is more generally applied to things moved along the ground by sliding, or moved with greater toil or difficulty, and dra 1s applied to all bodies moved by force in advance, whatever may be the degree of force. Draw is the more general or generic term, and drag more specific. We say, the horses draw a coach or wagon, but they drag it througn mire; yet draw is properly used in both cases. 9, To pull out, as to draw a sword or dagger from its sheath; to unsheath. Hence, to draw the sword, is to wage war. 3. To bring by compulsion ; to cause to come. Do not rich men oppress you, and drazo you before the judgment- seat? — James li. 4, To pull up or out; to raise from any depth ; as, to draw water from a well. 5. To suck; as, to draw the breasts. 6. To attract; to cause to move or tend toward itself, as a magnet or other attracting body is said to dravo it. 7. To attract ; to cause to turn toward itself ; to engage ; aS. a beauty ora popular speaker dratos the eyes of an assembly, or draws their attention. 8. T'o inhale ; to take air into the lungs 5 as, there I first drew air ; I draw the sultry air. Milton. Addison. 9, To pull or take from a spit, as a plece of meat? Driden. sk or vat; to cause or to suf o draw wine or cider. he body; to let out; as, |} 10. To take from a ca fer a liquid to run out ; as, t 11. To take a liquid from t $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS to draw blood or watet- celeron RTE pepe a EN TE ON nn ee Ee Nae epee ene ak pe ee RE ae do iN ” Se < ee Le a = : Tg cn eee See aA ot — ea Oo - - Heb. and Ar., to drop. The Persic has * ‘dal By ae tirabidan, to exude. See Class Rb, No. 11, 35 c To fall in drops ; as, water drips from eaves To have any liquid falling from it in drops ; as, aw wet sarment drips. DRIP, v. t. To let fall in drops. The t So we say, roasting flesh drips fat. n. A falling in drops, or that which falls in In building, avoid the drip of your neighbor’s thatch drips fast a shower of rain. Swift. DRIP drops. house. . The edge of a roof; member of the cornice. Bailey. DRIP/PED, (dript,) pp. Let fail in drops. DRIP’ PING, ppr. Falling, or letting fall, in drops. DRIPPING, n. The fat which falls from meat in roasting ; that which falls in drops. DRIP/PING-PAN, zn. A pan for receiving the fat which drips from meat in roasting. DRIP/PLE, a. Weak orrare. [JVot in use.] DRIP/-STONE, n. A projecting tablet, or molding, over the head of door-w ays, or windows, «c., to throw off rain. DRIVE, flat Chambers. the eaves; a large, v. t.; pret. Drove, (formerly Drave;) pp. Driv EN. [Sax. drifan; Goth. dreiban ; D. dryven; G. treiben ; Sw. drifva; Dan. driver ; also Sax. dryfan, to Vex; brian to drive. From the German we have thrive. See Ar. yb tarafa, to drive. Class Rb, No. 29, and Heb. Syr. Ar. 1), id. No. 4.] 1. To impel or urge forw: ard by force ; to force ; to move by physical force. We drive a nail into wood with a hammer; the wind or a current drives a ship on the ocean. 2. To compel or urge forward by other means than absolute physical force, or by means that compel the will; as, to drive cattle to market; a smoke drives company from the room; a man may be driven, by the necessities of the times, to abandon his country. Drive thy business; let not thy business drive thee, 3. To chase; to hunt. To drive the deer with hound and born. Franklin, Chevy Chase. 4. To impel a team of horses or oxen to move for- ward, and to direct their course; hence, to guide or regulate the course of the carriage driven by them. We say, to drive a team, or to drive a Carriage drawn by a team. 5. To take on a drive or in a carriage ; as, to drive a person to his door. 6. To impel to greater speed. _ 7. To clear any place by forcing away what is in it. To drive the country, force the swains away. 8. To force ; to compel ; in a general sense. 9. To hurry ‘on inconsiderately ; often with on. this sense, it is more generally intransitive. 10. To distress ; to straiten ; as, desperate men far driven, : Spenser. 11. To impel by the influence of passion. Anger and, lust often drive men into gross crimes. To urge ; to press; as, to drive an argument. 13 To impel by moral influence ; to compel ; ; as, Dryden. In medicinal purposes, as water, wine, beer, cider, de- That may be drank ; fit or suita- One who drinks, particularly one who practices aenkine spirituous liquors to excess; 4 Swallowing liquor; sucking in; liquors, or of 14. To carry on; to prosecute; to keep in motion ; as, to drive a trade ; to drive business. 15. To drive feathers or dow n, is to place them in a machine which, by a current of air, drives. off the lightest to one end, and collects them by them: selves. His thrice driven bed of down. Shak, To drive away; to force to remove to a distance ; to orDe ; to dispel; to scatter. ) drive off; to compel to remove from a place; to expel ; to drive to a distance. To drive out; to expel. DRIVE, v.i. To be forced along; to be impelled ; to be moved by any physical force or agent; as, a ship drives before the wind. 2. To rush and press with violence; as, a storm drives against the house. Fierce Bore: Dryden. 3. To pass in a ci irriage ; as, he drove to London. This phrase is elliptical. He nae his horses or car- riage to London. 4. To aim at or tend to; to urge toward a point; to make an effort to reach or obtain; as, we know the end the author is driving at. 5. To aim a blow; to strike at with force. Four rogues in buckram let drive at me. Drive, in all its senses, implies forcible or violent action. It is opposed to lead. To drive a body, is to move it by applying a force behind; to lead, is to cause to move by applying the force before, or for- ward of the body. DRIVE,z. An excursion in a carriage, for exercise or ple aaa In England, 1 distinguished from a ride, which is amen on Hare »back. DRIV’EL, (driv/l,) v. 7. [from the root of drip.] 1s -Lo ‘slaver ; to ite rt spittle drop or flow from the mouth, like ac hild, idiot, or dotard. Sidney. Grew. 2. To be weak or foolish ; ; to dote ; as, a driveling hero ; driveling love. Shak. Dryden. DRIV/EL, n Slaver; saliva flowing from the mouth. Dryden. A driveler ; a fool; an idiot. [JVot used.] Sidney. DRIV’/EL-ER, (driv’l-er,)n. A slaverer ; a slabberer ; is drove against his flying sails. Shak. is an idiot; a fool. Swift. DRIV/EL-ING, ppr. or a. Slavering ; foolish. DRIV’EL-ING, (driv/l-ing,) 7. A course of weak, contemptible action or conduct. DRIV/EN, (driv’n,) pp. [from drive.) Urged for- ward by force ; impelled to move; constrained by necessity. DRIV’/ER, n. One who drives; the person or thing ae urge s or compels any thing else to move. The person who drives beasts. . The person who drives a carriage ; aie ts a team. oe A large sail occasionally set on the mizzen-yard gaff, the foot being extended over the stern by a BCH Mar. Dict. 5. In machinery, that which communicates motion to something else, as a wheel; used, also, in compo- sition, as in screw-driver. 6. A substance interposed between the driving instrument and the thing driven. A cooper drives hoops by stiking upon the driver. DRIV/ING, ppr. “Urging forward by force ; taking a drive. DRIV/ING, a. Having great force of impulse; as, a driving wind or storm. DEIVIING, The act of impelling. Te dency. DRIZ! ZLE,v.i. [G. rieseln, The to sprinkle, or to scatter. Qu. L. one who ; Impelling ; sense is probably ros, dew, and Fr. arroser. See Heb. Ch. DD, Ar. (Uw 74884. Class Rs, No. 16, 28.] ‘To rain in small drops; to fall, as water from the clouds, in very fine particles. We say, it drizzles ; drizzling drops ; drizzling rain; drizzling tears. Addison. DRIZ’/ZLE, v. t. To shed in small drops or particles. The air doth drizzle dew. Shak, Winter’s drizzled snow. Shak. DRIZ/ZLED, (driz'ld,) pp. smaJl drops or partic les. DRIZ'ZLING, ppr. or a. Falling in fine drops or par- ticles; shedding in small drops or particles. DRIZ/ZLING, n. The falling of rain or snow small drops. DRIZ/ZLY, a. of snow. The winter’s Shed or thrown down in in Shedding small rain, or small particles drizzly reigo. DROCK, n. Part of a plow. [Zocal. DROG/MAN and DROG/O-MAN. See Dracoman. DROIL, v.27. [D. druilen, to mope. To work sluggishly or slowly ; to plod. used. DROIL, n. A mope; horr, used. DROIT, nx. Dryden. [Mot much Spenser. a drone; a sluggard; a drudge. hee] Right; the law ; title; fee; privi- the reasoning of his opponent drove him to acknowl- lege. Als Sena Sia piers 5 = e. 0, 1 : taken into the stomach, for quenching thirst, or for| edge his error. E Bl a ea aaa anal , custom FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. 368 METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —DRO DRO Tt LD RO [Fr. dréle; G. drollig; D. id.; Sw. troll, a DROLL, a. satyr; trolla, to use magie arts, to enchant. Qu. its alliance to roll, troll.) Odd; merry; facetious; comical; as, a droll fellow. DROLL, 2. One whose occupation or practice is to raise mirth by odd tricks; a jester; a buffoon. Prior. 9. A farce; something exhibited to raise mirth or sport. Swift. DROLL, v. i. To jest; to play the buffoon. South. DROLL, v. t. To cheat. L’ Estrange. DROLL/ER, xn. A jester; a buffoon. Glanville. DROLL’ER-Y, n. Sportive tricks ; buffoonery ; com- ical stories; gestures, manners, or tales, adapted to raise mirth. 2. A puppet-show. Shak. DROLL/ING, xn. Low wit; buffoonery. DROLL/ING-LY, adv. In a jesting manner. DROLL/ISH, a. Somewhat droll. DROM/E-DA-RY, (drum/e-der-ry,) . [Fr. dromadaire ; DRONE, x. Sp. dromedario; Port. and It. zd.; Ir. droman; Gr. doonas; from swiftness, running, Gr. doopos, edpapov, doezw. This explanation supposes the word to be of Greek origin. | 1. A species of camel, called, also, the Arabian camel, with one bunch or protuberance on the back, in distinction from the Bactrian camel, which has 2. Any quick traveling camel. [two bunches. [Sax. drane, dren ; G. drohkne, whence See Ar, Nos. D drdlinen, to tinkle, to shake, to tingle. 4 and 7, Class Rn.] 1. The male of the honey-bee. It is smaller than the queen-bee, but larger than the working-bee. The drones make no honey, but, after living a few weeks, they are killed or driven from the hive. Encyc. Hence, 2. An idler; a sluggard; one who earns nothing by industry. Addison. 3. A humming or low sound, or the instrument of humming. Milton. 4, The largest tube of the bagpipe, which emits a continued deep note. DRONE, v.i. To live in idleness; as, a droning king. Dryden. 2. To give a low, heavy, dull sound; as; the cym- bal’s droning sound. Dryden. DRONE/-FLY, n. A two-winged insect, resembling the drone-bee. DRON'ING, ppr. Living in idleness; giving a dull sound. DRON‘ING, n. Dull, driveling utterance. Swift. DRON’ISH,a. Idle; sluggish; lazy ; indolent; inac- tive; slow. Rowe. DRON/ISH-LY, adv. In a dronish manner. DRON/ISH-NESS, x. State of being dronish. DROOL, v. t. To drivel or drop saliva. The word which, according to Holloway, is provincial in Eng- land, is a familiar nursery word in America; as, the child drools. DROOP, v. i. [Sax. drepan; Ice. driupa. This word is probably from the root of the L. torpeo, the letters being transposed ; or from the root of drop, D. drui- pen, to drip, drop, or droop. Indeed, all may be of one family. | i. To sink or hang down; to lean downward, as a body that is weak or languishing. Plants droop for want of moisture ; the human body droops in old age or infirmity. 2. Tolaneuish from grief or other cause. Sandys. 3. To fail or sink; to decline ; as, the courage or the spirits droop. 4, Yo faint; to grow weak ; the soldiers droop from fatigue. DROOP’ED, (droopt,) pp. Languished; grown weak. DROOPI/ING, ppr. ora. Sinking; hanging or leaning downward ; declining ; languishing ; failing. DROOP/ING-LY, adv. In a languishing manner. DROP, n. [Sax. dropa, a drop; dropian, to drop ; G. tropfen; D. drop; Sw. droppe; Dan. draabe. Heb. ed to be dispirited ; as, hyn, Ar. XS) raafa, and Syd dharafa, to drop. Class Rb, No. 11. Heb. 7 7y, id.] 1. A small portion of any fluid in a spherical form, which falls at once from any body, ora globule of any fluid which is pendent, as if about to fall; a small portion of water falling in rain; as, a drop of water; a drop of blood ; a drop of Jaudanum. 9, A diamond hanging from the ear; an ear-ring ; something hanging in the form of a drop. 3. A very small quantity of liquor; as, he had not drank a drop. ~ 4, The part of a gallows which sustains the crim- inal before he is executed, and which is suddenly dropped. DROP, v.t. [Sax. dropian; D. druipen; G. tratifen or tropfen ; Sw. drypa; Dan. drypper; Russ. krapayu. | 1. To pour or let fall in small portions or globules, as a fluid ; to distil. The heavens shall drop down dew. —Deut. xxxiii. 2. To let fall, as any substance; as, to drop the an- DROPS, n. pl. DROP/-SCENB, n. leave ; to permit to subside; as, to drop an affair ; to drop a controversy ; to drop a pursuit. 4. To utter slightly, briefly, or casually ; as, to drop a word in favor of a friend. 5. Io insert indirectly, incidentally, or by way of digression ; as, to drop a word of justruction In a letter. 6. To lay aside; to dismiss from possession ; as, to drop these frail bodies. 7. To leave; as, to drop a letter at the post-office. 8. To set down and leave; as, the coach dropped a passenger at the inn. 9. To quit; to suffer to cease; as, to drop an ac- quaintance. 10. To let go; to dismiss from association ; as, to drop a companion. 11. To suffer to end or come to nothing; as, to drop a fashion. 12. To bedrop; to speckle ; to variegate, as if by sprinkling with drops ; as, a coat dropped with gold. Milton. 13. To lower ; as, to drop the muzzle of a gun. ROP, v.i. To distill; to fall in small portions, glob- ules, or drops, as a liquid. Water drops from the clouds or from the eaves. 2. To let drops fall ; to discharge itself in drops. The heavens dropped at the presence of God. — Ps. Ixviil. 3. To fall; to descend suddenly or abruptly. 4, To fall spontaneously ; as, ripe fruit drops from a tree. 5. To die, or to die suddenly. after another dropping round us. grave. 6. To come to an end; to cease; to be neglected and come to nothing ; as, the affair dropped. 7. To come unexpectedly ; with im or into; as, my old friend dropped in, a moment. 8. To fall short of a mark [Vot usual.] Often it drops or overshoots. Collier. 9, To fall lower; as, the point of the spear dropped 10. To be deep in extent. [a little. Her main topsail drops seventeen yards, Mar. Dict. D D D We see one friend They drop into the To drop astern, in seamen’s language, is to pass or move toward the stern ; to move back ; or to slacken the velocity of a vessel, to let another pass beyond her. To drop down, in seamen’s language, is to sail, row, or move down a river, or toward the sea. In medicine, a liquid remedy, the dose of which is regulated by a certain number of drops. Encyc. In a theater, a curtain suspended by pulleys, which descends or drops in front of the stage. DROP/-SE-RENE’, zn. the eye; amaurosis, [gutta serena.) A disease of or blindness from a diseased retinz. Milton. Coxe. DROP/-STONE, x. Spar in the shape of drops. Woodward. DROP/-WORT, (-wurt,) n. The name of a plant, the Spirea filipendula. The hemlock drop-wort, and the water drop-wort, are species of Ginanthe. DROP'LET, 7. A little drop. Shak. DROP/PED, (dropt,) pp. Let fall ; distilled ; laid aside ; dismissed ; let go ; suffered to subside ; sprin- kled or variegated. DROTCH’EL, z. DROUGHT, (drout,) ~. [Contracted from Sax. DROUGHT’LNESS, 2. DROUGHT’Y, a. DROUM'Y, a DROUTH, nz, An instrument for measuring the quantity of dew on the surface of a body in the open air. DROSS, 2. [Sax. dros; D. droes; G. druse, strangles, glanders ; D. droessem, G. drusen, dregs; perhaps from rejecting or throwing off.] 1. The recrement or despumation of metals; the scum or extraneous matter of metals, thrown off in the process of melting. 2. Rust; crust of metals; an incrustation formed on metals by oxydation. Addison. 3. Waste matter; refuse ; any worthJess matter separated from the better part ; impure matter. The world’s glory is but dross unclean. Spenser. ROSS’/LNESS, n. Foulness ; rust ; impurity ; state of being dross\. oyle. ROSS/LESS, a. Free from dross. Stevens. ROSS/Y, a. Like dross; pertaining to dross. 2. Full of dross ; abounding with scorious or rec- rementitious matter; as, drossy gold 3. Worthless ; foul; impure. An idle wench; a sluggard. Donne [Wot im use. dru- othe, D. droogte, from drigan or drygan, to dry. (See Dry.) The spelling drought is after the Belgie dia- lect ; but the regular word, drouth, or drowth, as writ- ten in the time of Bacon, is still considerably used. ] 1. Dryness; want of rain or of water; particu- larly, dryness of the weather, which affects the earth, and prevents the growth of plants; aridness ; aridity. Temple. Bacon. 9, Dryness of the throat and mouth ; thirst ; want of drink. Milton. A state of dryness of the weather ; want of rain. Dry, as the weather; arid ; want- [ing rain. Same as Scottish Bacon. 9. Thirsty ; dry ; wanting drink. Troubled ; muddy. Drum_y. [Obs.] Chaucer has Drovy. Dry weather. 9. Thirst. [This was the original word, and is still used in Scotland, and, to a considerable extent, in America, DRO STLN SSS, 2. Dryness ; thirst. DROUTH’Y, a. Dry; thirsty; as, “* When drouthy neebors neebors meet.” UTNS. DROVE, pret. of Drive. DROV, n. [Sax. draf; from drive.] 1. A collection of cattle driven ; a number of ani- mals, as oxen, sheep, or swine, driven in a body. We speak of a herd of cattle, and a flock of sheep, when a number is collected ; but properly, a drove is a herd or flock driven. It is applicable to any species of brutes. Hence, 2. Any collection of irrational animals, moving or driving forward; as, a finny drove. JMilton. 3. A crowd of people in motion. Where droves,"s at acity gate, may pass. Dryden. 4, A road for driving cattle. [English.] DROV'ER, x. One who drives cattle or sheep to mar- ket. Usually, aman who makes it his business to purchase fat cattle, and drive them to market. 2. A boat driven by the tide. Spenser. DROWN, v. t. (Dan. drugner; Sw. dranckia ; Sax. adrencan, to drown, tou drench ; trom the root of drench and drink. | 1. Literally, to overwhelm in water ; and appropri- DROP/PING, ppr- ora. Falling in globules ; distilling ; falling; laying aside; dismissing ; quitting ; suffer- ing to rest or subside ; variegating with ornaments like drops. A dropping fire, in military affairs, is a constant, ivresular discharge of small arms. DROP’PING, rn. The act of dropping ; a distilling; a 2. That which drops. [falling. DROP/PING-LY, adv. In drops. DROP’SLEAL, a. [See Drorsy.] Diseased with dropsy ; hydropical ; inclined to the dropsy ; applied to persons. 9. Partaking of the nature of the dropsy ; applied to disease DROP’SI-ED, (drop’sid,) a. Diseased with dropsy. Shak. DROP/SY, ». [L. hydrops; Gr. tdpww, from idwp, water, and wy, the face. Formerly written hydrop- isy; whence, by contraction, dropsy-] In medicine, an unnatural collection of water, m any part of the body, proceeding from a greater effu- sion of serum by the exhalent sorbents take up. sons of lax habits, or in bodies debilitated by disease. The dropsy takes , hydrocephalus, watery swelling over the whole body, &c. DROS/KY, vn. cle, without a top, row bench, on which the Enciyc. Encyc. of Dom, Econ. chor; to drop a stone. 3. To let go; to dismiss; to lay aside; to quit; to A7 TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; measure. ] arteries, than the ab- It occurs most frequently in per- different names, according to the part affected ; as ascites, or dropsy of the abdomen ; or water in the head; anasarca, or a In Russia, a low, four-wheeled vehi- consisting of a kind of long, nar- passengers ride as on a saddle, with their feet reaching nearly to the ground. DRO-SOM/E-TER, n. [Gr. dpocos, dew, and petpuv, ately, to extinguish life by immersion in water or other fluid ; applied to animals ; also, to suspend ani- mation by submersion. 9. To averwhelm in water; as, to drown weeds. 3. To overflow; to deluge; to inundate; as, to drown land. 4. To immerse ; to plunge and lose ; to overwhelm ; as, to drown one’s self In sensual pleasure, 5. To overwhelm ; to overpower. My private voice is drowned amid the senate. Addison. DROWN, v. i. To be suffocated in water or other fluid ; to perish in water. Methoueht what pain it was to drown. Shak. DROWN’/ED, pp. or a. Deprived of life by iminer- sion in a fluid; overflowed ; inundated 5 over- whe ued. DROWN’/ER, zx. He or that which drowns. DROWN'ING, opr. Destroying life by submersion in a liquid; overflowing ; overwhelming. DROWNI‘ING, a. Perishing in water; as, a drowning DROWSE, (drowz,) v. i. [Old Belgic, droosen.] [man. 1. To sleep imperfectly or unsoundly ; to slumber 5 to be heavy with sleepiness. Aiton. 9. To look heavy ; to be heavy or dull. DROWSE, v.t. To make heavy with sleep; dull or stupid. ‘ DROWS'/LHED, zn. Sleepiness. (Obs. DROWS/LLY, adv. Sleepily ; heavily ; i to make Aiton. Spenser. a dull, sleepy manner. Dryden. 9, Sluagishly ; idly ; slothfully ; lazily. Ralegh. DROWS/LNESS, zx. Sleepiness ; heaviness with sleep; disposition to sleep. Milton. Locke. 2. Sluggishness ; sloth ; idleness ; Inactivity. Bacon. Gas J; $6 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 369 oo Class Reg, ] eprive of moisture by evaporation or ex- the sun dries a cloth; wind dries the prive of moisture by exposure to the sun r. We dry cloth in the sun. hay or plants. with up. orable men are famished, and their multitude dried up g; to drain; to The road dries fast ina sufficiently in two to he exhaled ; sometimes the stream dries or dries up. Te: dryades, pl., from Gr. dovs, a tree.) deity or nymph of the woods; a Having dry bones, or without [See DriEp.] He or that which dries ; that which ex- -ide,) a. Not having tears in the eyes. Adapted to exhaust moisture; as, a The act or process of depriving of moist- A term applied to linseed oil and “4 0.DUB other oils, which have been heated with oxyd of lead, and thus prepared to harden. rande. DRY‘LY, adv. Without moisture. 2. Coldly ; frigid!y ; without affection. Bacon. 3. Severely ; sarcastically. 4, Barrenly ; without embellishment; without any thing to enliven, enrich, or entertain. Pope. DRYNESS, vn. Destitution of moisture; want of water or other fluid ; siccity ; aridity ; aridness ; as, the dryness of a soil; dryness of the road. 2. Want of rain; as, dryness of weather. 3. Want of juice or succulence ; as, dryness of the bones or fibers. Arbuthnot. 4, Want of succulence or greenness; as, the dry- ness of hay or corn. 5. Barrenness ; jejuneness; want of ornament or pathos; want of that which enlivens and entertains ; as, the dryness of style or expression ; the dryness of a subject. 6. Want of feeling or sensibility in devotion ; want of ardor; as, dryness of spirit. Taylor. DRY/-NURSE, n. A nurse who attends and feeds a child without the breast. 2. One who attends another in sickness. DRY/-NURSE, v. t. To feed, attend, and bring up, without the breast. Hudibras: DRY'-ROT, x. A rapid decay of timber, by which its substance is converted into a dry powder, which is- sues from minute tubular cavities, resembling the borings of worms. Hebert. DRY/-RUB, v.t, Toruband cleanse without wetting. Dodsley’s Poems. DRY!/-RUB-BED, pp. Cleaned without wetting. DRY/-RUB-BING, ppr. Cleaning without wetting. DRY-SALT’ER, n. A dealer in salted or dry meats, pickles, sauces, &c. Fordyce. DRY-SALT/ER-Y, n. The articles kept by a dry- salter; the business of a dry-salter. DRY/SHOD, a. Without wetting the feet. Js. xi. lo. DRY/-STOVE, n. A stove or structure for containing the plants of dry, arid climates. DRY/VAT, xn. A basket or other vessel not holding DU/AD, n. Union of two. [ water. DU/AL, a. [L. dualis, from duo, two.] Expressing the number two ; as, the dual number in Greek. DvU/AL-ISM, n. [Supra.] The doctrine of two Gods, a good and an evil one ; manicheism. Murdock. DU/AL-IST, . One who holds the doctrine of dual- ism. DU-AL-IST/I€, a. Consisting of two. The dualistic system of Anaxagoras and Plato taught that there are two principles in nature, one active, the othe passive. onjield, DU-AL'/LTY, n. That which expresses two in num- ber. ales. 9. Division ; separation. Davies. 3. The state or quality of being two. Hayley. DU/AR-€HY, x. [Gr. dvv and apxn.] Government by two persons. DUB, vt. [Sax. dubban; coinciding with Gr. rutra, and Eng. tap. Class Db.]} Literally, to strike. Hence, 1. To strike a blow with a sword, and make a knight. Se cyng —dubbade his sunu Henric to ridere. The king dubbed his son Henry a knight, Sax. Chron. An. 1085. 2. To confer any dignity or new character. A man of wealth is dubbed a man of worth. 8. To cut down or reduce with an adze; as, to dub a stick of timber. Totten. To dub out; among plasterers, to bring out an even surface to a level plane, by pieces of wood, &c. DUB, v. i. To make a quick noise Beaum. DUB,z. A blow. Leu used. | Hudibras. 2. In Irish, a puddle. DUB/BED, (dubd,) pp. Struck; made a knight. DUB/BER, 7. A leathern vessel or bottle, used in India, to hold ghee, oil, &c. MM Culloch. DUB’/BING, ppr. Striking; making a knight. DUB/BING-OUT, n. Among plasterers, the act of bringing out an uneven surface to a level plane, by Pope. pieces of wood, &c. DU-Bi/E-TY, . [See Dousr.] Doubtfulness. [Zit- tle used. | Richardson. DU-BLOS/I-TY, 7. A thing doubtful. Brown. DO/BLOUS, a. [L. dubius. See Dover. The pri- mary sense is probably to turn or to waver. 1. Doubtful ; wavering or fluctuating in opinion ; not settled ; not determined ; as, the mindis in a du- bious state. 2. Uncertain; that of which the truth is not as- certained or known ; as, a dubious question. 3. Not clear; not plain; as, dubious light. Milton. 4, Of uncertain event or Issue. In dubious battle. Milton. DU/BLOUS-LY, adv. Doubtfully ; uncertainly ; with- out any determination. Swift. DU/BLOUS-NESS, z. Doubtfulness ; a state of wa- vering and indecision of mind; as, he speaks with dubiousness. DU/BLTA-BLE, a. DU/BI-TA-BLY, adv. DO/BI-TAN-CY, 2. used. | DU-BI-TA’TION, n. ([L. dubitatio, from dubito, to DU/BI-TA-TIVE, a. DU/EAL, a. DUC/AT, x. [from duke.] DU€E-A-TOON’, n. DUC [L. dubito. See Doupr.] Doubtful ; uncertain. ([Zittle used.] But the de- rivative indubitable is often used. In a dubitable manner. Doubt; uncertainty. [Little doubt. The act of doubting ; doubt. [Little used.] TOWN. Tending to doubt. [Fr. Sp. and Port., from duke.] Pertaining to a duke ; as, a ducal coronet. Johnson. A coin of several countries Tew. in Europe, struck in the dominions of a duke. of silver or gold. The silver ducat is generally of the value of four shillings and sixpence sterling, about equal to an American dollar, or to a French crown, and the gold ducat of twice the value Encyc- : Fr. ducaton ; Sp. id.; from ducat.] A silver coin. That of Venice is worth about four shillings and eight pence sterling, or 108 cents ; that of Holland, about five shillings six pence sterling, or 128 cents. Encyc. DUCH/ESS, n. [Fr. duchesse, from duc, duke.] The consort or widow of a duke. Also, a lady who has the sovereignty of a duchy. DUCHY, nx. [Fr. duché.] The territory or dominions of a duke ; a dukedom ; as, the duchy of Lancaster. Blackstone. DUCH/Y-€56URT, n. The court of the duchy of Lan- caster, in England. DUCK, x. [Sw, duk, a cloth; Dan. duug; G. tuch ; cover, or texo, to weave. | A species of coarse cloth or light canvas, used for small sails, sacking of beds, &c. DUCK, x. [from the verb to duck.] A water fowl, so called from its plunging. There are many spe- cies or varieties of the duck, some wild, others tame. 9. An inclination of the head, resembling the mo- tion of a duck in water. Milton. 3. To make ducks and drakes; to throw a flat stone, tile, &c., obliquely, so as to make it rebound repeat- edly from the surface of water, raising a succession of jets; hence, to play at ducks and drakes, with prop- erty, is to squander it foolishly and unprofitably. Lame duck. See Lame. : [ Smart. DUCK, x. [Dan. dukke, a baby or puppet.] A word of endearment or fondness. Shak. DUCK, v.t. [G. ducken, and tauchen ; D. duiken, pret. dook, to stoop, dive, plunge. Qu. Sax. theachan, to wash, and its alliance to tingo and dye, Class Dg.] 1. To dip or plunge in water and suddenly with- draw ; as, to duck a seaman. It differs from dive, which signifies to plunge one’s self, without imme- diately emerging. 2. To plunge the head in water and immediately withdraw it; as, duck the boy. 3. To bow, stoop, or nod. DUCK, v.i. To plunge into water and immediately withdraw ; to dip; to plunge the head in water or other liquid. In Tiber ducking thrice by break of day. 2. To drop the head suddenly ; to bow ; to cringe. Duck with French nods. Shek, DUCK/-BILL, n. An animal of New Holland, the Ornithorynchus, which see. DUCK/-BILL-ED, a. Having a bill like a duck, an epithet of the animal called Ornithorynchus. DUCK/ED, (dukt,) pp. Plunged; dipped in water. DUCK’ER, x. A plunger; a diver; a cringer. DUCK/ING, ppr: Plunging; thrusting suddenly into water and withdrawing; dipping. DUCK/ING, n. The act of plunging or putting in wa- ter and withdrawing. Ducking is a punishment of offenders in France ; and among English seamen, it is a penalty to which sailors are subject on passing, for the first time, the equator or tropic. DUCK/ING-STOOL, n. A stool or chair in which common scolds were formerly tied and plunged into Dryden, water. Blackstone. DUCK!-LEG-GED, (duk’legd,) a. Having short legs, like a duck. Dryden. DUCK/LING, n. A young duck. Ray. DUCK/-MEAT, n. The popular name of several DUCK’S/-MEAT, species of Lemna, plants grow- ing in ditches and shallow water, and serving for food for ducks and geese. The starry duck’s-meat is a species of Callitriche. DUCK-OY’. See Decoy. [ Fam. of Plants. DUCK’S!-FOOT, x. The popular name of a plant, the Podophyllum ; called also May-apple. Fam of Plants. DUCK’-WEED, n. The same as Duck-Mear. DUOT, x. [L. ductus, from duco, tolead. See Duxs.] 1. Any tube or canal by which a fluid or other sub- stance is conducted or conveyed. It is particularly used to denote the vessels of an animal body, by which the blood, chyle, lymph, &c., are carried from one part to another, and the vessels of plants in which the sap is conveyed. 9, Uncertainty ; as, the dubiousness of the question. DU€E’TILE, (-til,) a. DU€!TILE-LY, adv. DU€/TILE-NESS, 7. It is| D DUC/TURE, zn. DUD/DER, v. t. DUDG/EON, (dud/jau,) 2. DUDG/EON, (dud’jun,) zn. DUDS,7. [Scot.dud,arag; duds, clothes, or old worn D. dock; allied perhaps to L. toga, and to tego, to Es ee z A : : DUE, (di,) a. [Fr. d&, pp. of devoir, L. debco, Sp. deber ; DUE [L. ductilis, from duco, to lead.) 1. That may be led; easy to be led or drawn ; trac- table; complying; obsequious ; yielding to motives, persuasion, or instruction; as, the ductile minds of youth ; a ductile people. Philips. Addison. 2, Flexible ; pliable. The ductile rind, and leaves of radiant gold. Dryden, 3, That may be drawn out into wire or threads. | Gold is the most ductile of the metals. 4, That may be extended by beating. In a ductile manner. The quality of suffering exten- sion by drawing or percussion 5 ductility. Donne. U€-TIL/L-TY, n. The property of solid bodies, par- ticularly metals, which renders them capable of be- ing extended by drawing without breaking ; as, the ductility of gold, iron, or brass. 2, Flexibility ; obsequiousness; @ disposition of mind that easily yields to motives or influence ; ready compliance. Roscoe. [L. duco.] [Not wn use. ] South. ‘To deafen with noise ; to render the Jennings. Guidance. head confused. [G. degen. | [W. dygen.] Anger; resentment; malice ; ill-will; discord. L’Estrange. Hudibras. Hudibras. A smal] dagger. clothes; D. tod, a rag, qu. tozzt; It. t ZZt, SCYAps. - Grose. Old clothes; tattered garments. [.4 vulgar word.] It. dovere. Qu. Gr. dew, to bind. Class Db. It has no connection with oe. | 1. Owed; that ought to be paid or done to anothers That is due from me to another, which contract, jus- tice, or propriety, requires me to pay, and which he may justly claim as his right. Reverence is due to the Creator; civility is due from one man to another. Money is due at the expiration of the credit given, Or at the period ‘promised. 2. Proper; fit; appropriate; suitable ; becaming 5 required by the circumstances; as, the event was celebrated with due solemnities. Menseldom havea due sense of their depravity. 3. Seasonable; as, he will come in due time. 4. Exact; proper; as, the musicians keep due time. 5. Owing to; occasioned by. ae used.| Bovle. 6. That ought to have arrived, or to be present, before the time specified ; as, two mails are now due. DUE, adv. Directly; exactly ; as, a due east course. DUE, xn. That which is owed ; that which one con- tracts to pay, do, or perform to another; that which law or justice requires to be paid or done. The money that I contract to pay to another, is his due; the service which I covenant to perform to another, is his due; reverence to the Creator, is his due. 9, That which office, rank, station, social relations, or established rules of right or decorum, require to be given, paid, ordone. Respect and obedience to parents and magistrates are their due. 3. That which law or-custom requires; as, toll, x tribute, fees of office, or other legal perquisites. 4, Right; just title. [ Addison. The key of this infernal pit by due — I keep, Milton. Shak. DUE,»v.t. Topay as due. [Vor used. | DUE/FUL, a. Fit; becoming. [Little used. | DWEL, xn. ([L. duellum; Fr. duel; It. duello; Port. td. ; Sp. duelo. In Armoric, the word is dufell, or duvell, and Gregoire supposes the word to be compounded of dou, two, and bell, bellum, war, combat. So in Dutch, tweegevegt, two-fight; in G. zwetkampf, 1d. ] 1. Single combat; a premeditated combat between two persons, for the purpose of deciding some pri- vate difference or quarrel. A sudden fight, not pre- meditated, is called a rencounter. A duel is fought with deadly weapons, and with a purpose to take life. 2. Any contention or contest, DUEL, v.i. To fight in single combat. DU/EL, v. t. To attack or fight singly. DU/EL-ER, n. A combatant in single fight. DU/EL-ING, ppr- Fighting in single combat. a. Pertaining to, or employed in dueling, DU/EL-ING, n. The act or practice of fighting in single combat. DU/EL-IST, x. One who fights in single combat. The duelist values his honor above the life of his antagonist, bis own life, and the happiness of his family. Anon, JWilton. South. Jilton. 9. One who maintains the propriety of dueling. DU-EL/LO, x. Duel; or rule of dueling. [Vet used. | DOE’NESS, (di/ness,) 2. [See Dur.] Fitness; pro- riety ; due quality. mT ed DU-EN’NA,z. [Sp. duena, fem. of ducho ; the same as doa, the feminine of done Ir. duine, man, a person. See Don.} An old woman who is kept to guard a younger; a Arbuiinot. Fr. duegne; Qu, Wi dyn, 2. Guidance ; direction. [Wittle used.] Hammond. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FU as in THIS. governess. a CS a anes 3 aoe a aa 5 : ‘3 i AEE con ol L ee — Ae — eeeDUL DUI DUN Ou BrrO, n. ([It. duetto, from duo, two.) whether vocal or instrumental. DUF’FEL, n. [D.]} having a thick nap or frieze. DUG, x. [Ice,. deggia. signifying a shoot or point. The pap or nipple of a cow or other beast ; | applied only to cows tempt. From tender dug of common nurse. Spenser, ditch was dug’ ] DU-GONG’, crescent-siit iped fin. The f have been founded on the dugong. DUKE, zx. Arm, dug, or doug; 5 Gilbert. 1 In Great. Britain, princes ; as, the duke of Bedford, or of ou all. ish; of dull intellects. See Du LL-BRAINED. ] Shak. DUL/CET, a. [L. dulcis, sweet.] 1. Sweet to the taste : luscious. She tempers dulcet creams, 2. Sweet to the ear ; melodious ; dulcet sounds ; dulcet Sy pOneS. DUL-CLFL€a/TION, {See Dutcrry.] Milton. JMilton. eral acids with alcohol, corrosive qualities are diminished. DUL!CI-FI-ED, (dul/se-fide,) pp. Dulerfied Sweetened. niter. DUL-CIF/LU-OUS, a. Flowing sweetly. DUL‘CLFY, v. t. and facio, to make. ] To sweeten ; to free from acidity, [L. dulcis and fluo.] wires, which are played upon with Daniel iii. DUL'CLN ESS [L. dulcis.] Softness ; easiness of temper. DUL/CLTUDE, n, [L. dulcitudo.] Sweetness. DUL/€O-RATE, v. t. [L. dulco, to sweeten. | 1. To sweeten. 2. To make less acrimonious. DUL-€0-RA/TION, rn. The act of sweetening. DU/LI-A, n. [Gr. dovAeca, service. ] [ Bacon. An. inferior kind of worship or adoration. an English word. | DULL, a [W. dol, dwl; also dull, foolish, stupid ; little Jolinson. dulcis, sweet ; Bacon. Johnson. Stillingfleet. Sax. dol, D. dol, mad ; Dan. dveler, to loiter; Sw. dvdlias, id., trance. } 1. Stupid ; doltish ; Ing 5 as, a lad of dull genius. Heavy; sluggish; without life or spirit; ee leaves a man very dull. 3. Slow of motion ; sluggish ; as, a dull stream. dull of seeing. ward ; as, a dull scholar. 6. Sleepy ; ; drowsy. 7. Sad ; melancholy. 8. Gross; cloggy ; insensible ; as, the dull earth. 9. Not aieeines or delightful ; cheerless; as, to make dictionaries is dull work. Johnson. 10. Not bright or clear; clouded ; the mirror is dull. ll. Not bright; fre - Dim; obscure ; not vivid; as, a dull light. a Blunt ; obtuse ; dull knife or fix. 372 A piece of music composed for two performers, A kind of coarse woolen cloth, : DULL, v. t. This word corresponds with the root of L. digitus, Eng, toe, Norm. doy, a finger, now or other beasts, unless in con- DUG, pret. and PP: of vie as, they dug a ditch; a A herbiv orous, cetaceous animal of the Indian Oren with a tapering body ending in a fabled mermaid seems to Brande. [Fr. duc; ae and Port. duque; It. duca; ax, teoche, and, in composition, toga, toge, aS in heretoga, an army- -leader ; a gener- DULL, vw. 7. DULL/—-BRAIN-ED, a. DULL’/-BROW’/ED, a. DULL/- DIS-P OS’ ED, a. al ; D. hertor; G. herzog ; Dan. hertug; Sw. hertig ; Venetian, doge; L. dux, from duco, to lead, as in Saxon, tiogan, teon, to draw, to tug; Gr. Tayos; Thessalian, tagus. Class Dg, ‘No. 5 5, 14. ness. DULL!/-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. ~| DULL!= one of the highest order of DULI nobility ; a title of honor or nobility next below the DULL!-SIGHT-ED. a JELLIES iD, a. blind. 2. In eOIie countries on the Continent, sovereign DULL!_WIT-TED a Having a dull intellect; prince, without the title of king; as, the duke of heavy. ey = 7 Hols stein, of Savoy, of aeetthe A eee DU fe L/ ARD, a. Doltish: stupid. Hall. Sn bigr ee e gs 2 ae aria oat Se etry ae 1ead ; a dunce. hak. ike te retro Be Shak. | DULL'ED, (duld,) pp. Made dull; blunted. oy . eer : cs : JULL*SE . That which makes dull. DUL'BRAIN-ED, a. [dull and brain.] Stupid; dolt-| POLLING pr. Making dull. DULL/IN(, ppr. DULLIN] harmonious ; as, The act of sweetening ; Rarieiioriee the combining of min- | by which their caustic or | spirit ; a term applied to a compound of alcohol with mineral acids; as, dulcified spirits of DUL/LY, adv. DU-LO€’RA-CY, {G DU’LY, adv. [Fr. dulcifier, from Li dulcis, sweet, saltness, or ac- DUMB, (dum,) a. rimony. Wiseman. DUL/CI-FY-ING, ppr. Sweetening; purifying from acidity. DUL/CI-MER, n, [It. dolcimello, from dolce, sweet. Skinner. | An instrument of music having about 50 brass sticks. [JVot used.] Bacon. Low L. Wiseman. { Not a wandering ; G. toll, and tolpel, a dolt ; Sax. dwolian, to wander, torave. Qu. or dvala,a DUMB, w. t. DUMB/- DUMB/LY, (dum 'ly,) adv. blockish ; slow of understand- DUMB/NESS, (dum/ness,) 2. as, a 4, Slow of hearing or seeing; as, dull of hearing ; DUMB/-SHOW, n. 9. Slow to learn or comprehend ; unready ; awk- DUMB-WAIT’ER, n. not exhilarating ; DUM/FOUND, DUM- FOUND/ER, tarnished ; as, |; DUM/MER-ER, n. not briskly burning; as, a dull One who feigns dumbness. [Vot in Use, DU’MOUS DO/MOSE’ a, [L. duwmosus. from dumus, a bush.] having a thick edge; as, a| DUM’MY, n. DUMP, n. 14. Cloudy; overcast ; as, dull weather. 15. With seamen, being without wind ; as has a dull time. 16. Not lively or animated ; as, a dull eye. To make dull; to stupefy; as, to dull the senses. Shak. 2. To blunt ; as, to dull a sword or an ax. 3. To make sad or melancholy. 4. To hebetate ; to make insensible or slow to per- ceive; as, to dull the ears; to dull the wits. not clear; not enlivening ; , a ship Spenser. Ascham. 5. To damp; to render lifeless ; as, to dull the attention. Hooker. 3. To make heavy or slow of motion ; as, to dull industry. Bacon. 7. To sully ; to tarnish or cloud ; dulls a mirror. To become dull or blunt; to become | stupid. Stupid ; of dull intellect. Having a gloomy look. Quarles. Inclined to dullness or sad- Jonson. Having a downcast look. A person of dull understand- a blockhead. Having imperfect sight; pur- HEAD, (-hed,) z. ing; a dolt; aSS,-n. Stupidity ; slowness of comprehen- sion; weakness of intellect; indocility; as, the dullne ss Ge a student. South. 2. Want of quick perception or eager desire. 3. Heaviness ; drowsiness ; inclination to sleep. 4. Heaviness: disinclination to motion. 5. Sluggishness ; slowness. 6. Dimness; want of clearness or luster. 7. Bluntness ; want of edge. 8. Want of brightness or vividness; as, dullness of color. Stupidly ; slowly ; sluggishly ; with- out life or Spe r. duvAos, and xparew.] Predominance of slaves. [from due.] Properly ; fitly ; in a suita- ble or becoming manner; as, let the subject be duly considered. 2. Regularly ; at the proper time; as,a man duly attended church with his family. [Sax. dumb; Goth. dumbs, dumba; G. dumm; D. dom; Sw. dumm or dumnbe; Dan. dum; - -— Heb. Ch. 01, to be silent; Ar. old dauma, to con- tinue or be permanent, to appease, to quiet. Class Dm, No. 3. In this word, bis im prope rly added.] thy Mute ; silent ; not speaking. I was dumb with silence; I held my peace. — Ps. xxxix. . Destitute of the power of speech; unable to utter articulate sounds ; as, the dumb brutes. The Asylum at Hartford. in Connecticut, was the first in- stitution in America for teaching the deaf and dumb to read and write. 3. Mute; not using or accompanied with speech; as, a dumb show ; dumb signs. To strike dumb, is to confound der silent by astonishment ; of the power of speech. To silence, BELLS, (dum’belz,) n. pl. in the hands for exercise. ; to astonish ; to ren- or it may be, to deprive Shak. Weights swung Mutely ; silently ; without words or speech, Muteness ; silence, or holding the peace; omission of speech. This is vol- untary dumbness. 2. Incapacity to speak ; Inability to articulate sounds. This is tnvoluntary dumbness. Gesture without words; panto- mime, A framework with shelves, placed between a kitchen and lining-room, for con- veying food, &c. When the kitchen is in the base- ment, the dumb- Waiter is made to rise and fall by means of pulleys and weights. ».t. To strike dumb; to confuse. [A low word.| Spectator. Swift. Abounding with bushes and briers. One whois dumb, [ Vulgar. | DUMP/ISH, a. | DUMP/ISH-NESS, n. | DUMP’LING, n as, the breath | DUN, DUN, DUN!-BIRD, (-burd,) x. DUNCE, (duns,) 2. DUN/CER- eo DUN’CLFY, oh DUN/CISH, a. DUN’DER, 7 DUN'DER-PA TRE, 7. DUNE, n DUN’- DUNG, n. DUNG, v. t. DUNG, v. 2. DUNG!ED, (dungd,) pp. DUN’GEON, (dun’jun,) rn, [Fr. [from the root of dumb; D. dom; d. dumm. ] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE 1, A dull, gloomy state of the mind ; sadness ; mel- ancholy ; sorrow ; heaviness of heart. In doleful dumps. Gay. 2, Absence of mind ; revery. Locke. 3. A melancholy tune or air, Shak. [This is not an elegant word, and in America, I believe, is always used in the plural; as, the woman is in the dumps. ] Dull ; stupid; sad; melancholy; de- pressed in spirits ; as, he lives a dumpish life. DUMP/ISH-LY, adv. In a moping manner, A state of being dull, heavy, and moping. . [from dump.] A kind of pudding or mass of paste, in cookery ; usually, a cover of paste inc SINE an apple and boiled, called apple-dumpling. DUMPS, elle Melancholy ; gloom. | DUM py, Short and thick. Smart. DUN, a. a(S dunn; W. eS Ir. donn; qu. tan, tary. See Class Dn, No. 3, 24, 28, 35.] . Ofa dark color; of a color partaking of a brown and black ; of a dull-brown color; swarthy. . Dark ; gloomy. In the dun air sublime. Milton. DUN, v.t. To cure, as fish, in a manner to give them a dun olor [See Dunnine.] Sax. dynan, to clamor, to din, Qu. Gr. dov W. 1. Literally, to clamor for payment of a debt. Hence, | to urge for payment ; to demand a debt in a pressing manner ; to urge for payment with importunity. But, in common usage, dun is often used in a milder sense, and signifies to call for, or ask for payment. 2. To urge importunately >in a general sense; but not an ees cant word, An importunate creditor who urges for pay- me ae Philips. Arbuthnot. 2, An urgent request or demand of payment in writing ; as, he sent his debtor a dun. 3 An eminence or mound. [See Down (See Din. | and Town. ] A North American species of duc : called the ruddy duck. Peabody’s Mass. Rep. Ole (G. duns. Qu. Pers. NDA, a stu- pid man.] A person of weak intellects ; a dullard; a dolt; a thickskull. I never knew this town without dunces of figure. [‘* Dunce is said by Johnson to be a word of un- known etymology. Staniburst explains it. The term Duns, from Scotus, ‘so famous for his subtil] quiddi- ties,’ he says, ‘is so trivial and common in all schools, the it whoso surpasse th others either in cavilling sophis- trie, or subtill philosophie, is forthwith nicknamed a Duns.’ This, he tells us in the margin, is the reason ‘why schoolme n are called Dunses.’? (Description of Ireland, p.2.) ‘The word easily passed into 2 term of scorn, just as a blockhead is called Solomon, a bully Hector, and as Moses is the vulgar name of sony snipt for a Jew.” Dr. Southey’s Omniana, vol. i. p. 5. E. H. B.} I have litte confidence in this explanation. JV. W. Dullness ; stupidity. Smith. To make stupid in intellect. [Vo Warburton. Swift, used. | Like a dunce ; sottish. [Sp. redundar, to overflow ; L. redundo.] Lees ; dregs; a word used in Jamaica. a oe use of dunder in the making of ram answers the purpose of vast in the fermentation of four, Edwards’s West Indies. A dunce ; a dull head. A term applied to low hills of movable sand, on the coast of England, France, and other countries. Lyell. FISH, x. Codfish cured in a particular manner. See Dunnina.] [Sax. dung, or dineg, or dinig; dinger; Dan. dynd; Sw. dynga.] The excrement of animals. To manure with dung. To void excrement. Manured with dung, dongeon, or donjon, a tower or platform in the midst of a castle, a turret or closet on the top of a house. In one Armoric dialect it is domjou, and Gregoire suggests that it is com- pounded of dom, lord or chief, and jou, Jupiter, Jove, an elevated or "chief tower consecrated to Jupiter : but qu. In Scottish it is written doungeon, and de- notes the keep or strongest tower of a fortress, or an inner tower surrounded by a ditch. Jamieson. It was used for confining prisoners, and hence its applica- tion to prisons of eminent strength. The dungeon was in the bottom of a castle, under ground, “and without light. Henry, Brit.) 1. A close prison - or a deep, dark place of confine- ment. And in a dungeon deep. Spenser. They brought Joseph hastily out of the dungeon, —Gen. xii. 2. A subterraneous place of close confinement. Jeromiah. a G. dung ; Bacon. Dryden. , WOLF, BOOK. —DUP To confine ina dungeon. Hail. DUN/GEON, v. t. 7 Confined in a dun- DUN’/GEON-ED, (dun/jund,) pp. geon. DUNG/FORK, ». A fork used to throw dung from a stable or into a cart, or to spread it over land. DUNG/HILL, 7. A heap of dung. 2, A mean or vile abode. 3. Any mean situation or condition. Dryden. He lifteth the begrar from the dunghill. —1 Sam. ii, 4. Aterm of reproach fora man meanly born. [JVot DUNG/YARD, n. A yard or inclosure where dung is collected. Mortimer. DUNK/ERS, n. pl. The name of a Christian sect, They practice abstinence and mortification, and it is said they deny the eternity of future punishment. DUN’LIN, nz. A bird, a species of sandpiper. Pennant. DUN/NAGE, n. Fagots, boughs, or loose materials of any kind, laid on the bottom of a ship to raise heavy goods above the bottom. Mar. Dict. DUN‘NED, (dund,) pp. [from dun.] Importuned to pay a debt; urged. DUN'NER, x. [from dun.] One employed in solicit- ing the payment of debts. Spectator. DUN/‘NING, ppr. [ftom dun.) Urging for payment of a debt, or for the grant of some favor, or for the obtaining any request ; importuning. DUN’NING, n. [from dun, a color.] The operation of curing codfish, in such a manner as to give it a peculiar color and quality. Fish for dunning are caught early in spring, and often in February. At the Isles of Shoals, off Portsmouth, in New Hamp- shire, the cod are taken in deep water, split, and slack-salted; then laid in a pile for two or three months, in a dark store, covered, for the greatest part of the time, with salt hay or eel-grass, and pressed with some weight. In April or May, they are opened, and piled again as close as possible in the same dark store, till July or August, when they are fit for use. : J. Haven. DUN/NISH, a. Inclined to a dun color; somewhat dun. ay. DUN/NY, a. Deaf; dull of apprehension. Local. | DU/O,n. [L. two.} Grose. A song in two parts. DU-O-DE€-A-HE/DRAL, ) See DoprecaHeEpRAL, Do- DU-O-DE€-A-HE/DRON, | DECAHEDRON. DU-O-DEC’L-MAL, a. Proceeding in computation by twelves. DU-O-DEC/I-MALS, zn. In arithmetic, a kind of mul- tiplication in which the denominations proceed by twelves. DU-O-DEC/IM-FID, a. do, to cleave. ] Divided into twelve parts. DU-O-DEC/I-MO, a. [L. duodecim, twelve.] Having or consisting of twelve leaves to a sheet ; as, a book of duodecimo form or size. DU-O-DEC’IL-MO, n. A book in which a sheet is fold- ed into twelve leaves. DU-O-DE€'U-PLE, «a. tenfold. ] Consisting of twelves. Arbuthnot. DU-O-DE/NUM, n. [L.] The first of the small in- testines ; the twelve-inch intestine. DU-O-LIT’/ER-AL, a. [L. duo, two, and litera, a let- ter. Consisting of two letters only ; [L. duodecim, twelve, and jfin- [L. duo, two, and decuplus, biliteral. Stuart. DUP, v.t. [to do up.] To open; as, to dup the door. [ot in us DUPE, n. [Fr. dupe. See the verb.] A person who is deceived ; or one easily led astray by his credulity ; as, the dupe of a party. DUPE, v.t. [Fr. duper; Sw. tubba. Qu. Sp. and Port. estafar. | To deceive ; to trick; to mislead by imposing on one’s credulity ; as, to be duped by flattery. DUP/A-BLE, (dap’a-bl,) a. That can be duped. DUP/ED, (dupt,) pp. Deceived ; tricked. DUP/ER-Y, n. ‘he act or practice of duping. DUP/ING, ppr. Tricking; cheating. DU/PLON, n. A double cocoon, formed by two or more silk-worms. Encic. DU/PLE, a. [L. duplus.] Double. Duple ratio is that in which the antece- dent term is dover the consequent ; as of 2 to 1, 8 to 4, &c. Sub-duple ratio is the reverse, or as 1 to 2, 4 to 8, &c. DU/PLLEATE, a. [L. duplicatus, from duplico, to double, from duplex, double, twofold ; duo, two, and plico, to fold. See Dousrx. Double ; twofold. Duplicate proportion, or ratio, is the proportion or ratio of squares. Thus, in geometrical proportion, the first term to the third is said to be in a duplicate ratio of the first to the second, 01 as its square is to the square of the second. Thus in 2, 4, 8, 16, the ratio of 2 to 8 is a duplicate of that of 2 to 4, or as the DU/PLLGATE, zn. Another corresponding to the first ; DU’/PLI-CATE, >. t. DU/PLL-€A-TED, pp. DO/PLLEA-TING, ppr. DU-PLI-€a/TION, n. used. | Shak. 2. A folding; a doubling; also, a fold ; as, the du- DUNG/HILL, a. Sprung from the dunghill; mean; plication of a membrane. low ; base; vile. hak. DU/PLL-C€A-TURE, nxn. A doubling; a fold. In anat- DUNG’Y, a. Full of dung; filthy; vile. Shak. omy, the fold of a membrane or vessel. Encyc. DU-PLIC/LTY, x. DUP’/PER, zn. DU-RA-BIL'I-TY, x. [See Durasve.] ited. DU’/RA-BLE, a. [L. durabilis, from duro, to last, du- DU/RA-BLE-NESS, 7. DU'RA-BLY, adv. DURA MA'TER, [L.] The outer membrane of the DUS or a second thing of the same kind. 2, A copy; a transcript. Thus, a second letter or pill of exchange, exactly like the first, is called a du- plicate. [L. duplico.] To double; to fold. Made double. Making double ; folding. The act of doubling ; the mul- tiplication of a number by 2. D (Fr. duplicité; Sp. duplcidad; It. duplicita ; from L. duplex, double. } 1. Doubleness ; the number two, Watts. 2. Doubleness of lieart or speech; the act or prac- tice of exhibiting a different or contrary conduct, or uttering different or contrary sentiments, at different times, in relation to the same thing; or the act of dissembling one’s real opinions for the purpose of con- cealing them and misleading persons in the conver- sation and intercourse of life ; double-dealing ; dis- simulation ; deceit. 3. In law, duplicity is the pleading of two or more distinct matters or single pleas. Blackstone. The same as DusBer, which see. The power of lasting or continuing in any given state without per- ishing ; as, the durability of cedar or oak timber ; the durability of animal and vegetable life is very lim- D rus, hard; W. dur, steel; durazo, to harden. } Having the quality of lasting, or continuing long in being, without perishing or wearing out; as, dura- ble timber ; durable cloth ; durable happiness. as, the durableness of honest fame. In a lasting manner; with long continuance. brain. ze. DU-RA’MEN, n. [L.] The central layers or heart- wood, of a tree. Brande. DU/RANCE, n. [from Fr. dur, durer, L. duro. | 1. Imprisonment ; restraint of the person ; custody of the jailer. Shak. 2. Continuance; duration. [See EnpuraNcE.] Dryden. DU-RANT’,n. A glazed woolen stuff; called by some everlasting. DU-RAN'TE,[L.] During; as, duran'te vi/ta, during life; duran'te be!ne plac'ito, during pleasure. DU-RA/TION, n. Continuance in time ; length or ex- tension of existence indefinitely ; as, the duration of life; the duration of a partnership; the duration of any given period of time ; everlasting duration. This holding on or continuance of time is divided by us, arbitrarily, into certain portions, as minutes, hours, and days ; orit is measured by a succession of events, as by the diurnal and annual revolutions of the earth, or any other succession ; and the interval between two events is called a part of duration. This inter- val may be of any indefinite length, a minute or a century. 2. Power of continuance. DUR’BAR, x. An audience-room, in India. DURE, v.i. [L. duro; Fr. durer ; Sp. durar ; It. durare. See Durance. | To last; to hold on in time or being ; to continue ; to endure. [ This word ts obsolete ; INDURE being substituted. DURE/FUL, a. Lasting. { Obs.) Spenser. DURE/LESS, a. Not lasting ; fading. Ralegh. DU-RESS’, n. [Norm. duresse, durette, from dur, hard, grievous ; L. durities, durus. See DuraB_e.] 1. Literally, hardship ; hence, constraint. Technt- cay; duress, in law, is of two kinds; duress of vm- priseument, Which is imprisonment, or restraint of personal liberty ; and duress by menaces or threats, [per minas,] when a person is threatened with loss of life orlimb. Fear of battery is no duress. Duress, then, is imprisonment or threats intended to compel a per- son to do a legal act, as to execute a deed ; or to commit an offense ; in which cases the act is voida- ble or excusable. Blackstone, 9, Imprisonment ; restraint of liberty. DUR/ING, ppr. of Dure. Continuing ; lasting ; hold- ing on ; as, during life, that is, life continuing 5 during our earthly pilgrimage ; during the space of a year; during this or that. ‘These phrases are the case ab- solute, or independent clauses ; durante vita, duran- te hoc. DU/RLTY, n. [Fr. dureté, from dur, L. durus, duro. | 1. Hardness ; firmness. 9. Hardness of mind; harshness. [Little used, | DO/ROUS, a. Hard. [Not used. Smith, DUR/RA, x. A kind of millet, cu tivated in N. Africa. DURST, pret. of Dare. [D. dorst.] Rogers. DUSK, a. DUSK, v. 2. DUSK'I-LY, adv. DUSK’LNESS, DUSK/ISH, a. DUSK/ISH-LY, adv. DUSK’/ISH-NESS DUSK’Y, a. Power of lasting; durability;| pusT. n Sie a. DUT (August. De Civ. Dei, 15, 23.) What the duse is the matter? The duseisinyou. [Vulzar-] More com- monly spelt Deuce, or Deuser, though Duse is ety- mologically most correct. D. duister ; G. ditster ; Russ. task, tarnish ; tusknu, to tarnish, to become dull or obscure. Qu. Gr. dacus. 1, Tending to darkness, or moderately dark. 9. Tending to a dark or black color; moderately black. Milton. USK, n. A tending to darkness; incipient or imper- fect obscurity ; a middle degree between light and darkness ; twilight; as, the dusk of the evening. 2. Tendency to a black color; darkness of color. Whose dusk set off the whiteness of the skin. Dryden. USK, v. i. To make dusky. [Little used.} To begin to lose light or whiteness ; to [ Little used.) With partial darkness ; with a ten- dency to blackness or darkness. Sherwood. n, Incipient or partial darkness; a slight or moderate degree of darkness or blackness. Moderately dusky ; partially obscure ; slightly dark or black ; as, duskish smoke. Spenser. Duskish tincture. Wotton. Cloudily ; darkly. Bacon. Duskiness; approach to dark- More. Partially dark or obscure ; not luminous ; as, a dusky valley. ryder, A dusky torch. Shak. 9. Tending to blackness in color; partially black ; dark-colored ; not bright ; as, a dusky brown. Bacon. srow dark. Tle ness. Dusky clouds. Dryden. 3. Gloomy ; sad. This dusky scene of horror. Beriley. 4. Intellectually clouded ; as, a dusky sprite. Pope. [Sax. dust, dyst; Scot. dust; Teut. doest, duyst, dust, fine flour.] 1. Fine, dry particles of earth, or other matter, so attenuated that it may be raised and wafted_ by the wind ; powder; as, clouds of dust and seas of blood. 2. Fine, dry particles of earth; fine earth. The peacock warmeth her eggs in the dust. — Job xxulx. 3. Earth ; unorganized earthy matter. Dust thou art, and to dust shalt thou return, —Gen. ill. 4. The grave. For now shall I sleep in the dust. — Job vil. 5. A Jow condition. God raiseth the poor out of the dust. —1 Sam. ii. DUST, v.t. To free from dust; to brush, wipe, or sweep away dust; as, to dust a table or a floor. 2. To sprinkle with dust. 3. To levigate. Sprat. DUST’. BRUSH, z. A brush for cleaning rooms and DUST’ED, pp. Freed from dust. [furniture, DUST’ER, n. A utensil to clear from dust; also, a sieve, DUST’I-NESS, n. The state of being dusty. DUSTING, ppr. Brushing; freeing from dust. 2. n. The act of removing dust. DUST/-MAN, nr. One whose employment is to carry away dirt and filth. . al. DUST’-PAN, n. A utensil to convey dust brushed from the floor, &c. . DUST’Y, a. Filled, covered, or sprinkled with dust ; clouded with dust. Dryden. 2. Like dust; of the color of dust; as, a dusty white; a dusty red. : DUTCH, n. The people of Holland; also, their lan- suage. Hate DUTCH, a. Pertaining to Holland, or to its inhab- itants. DUTCH’GOLD, 2. bronze leaf, used largely in Holland In commerce, copper, brass, and to ornament toys. McCulloch. DU/TE-OUS, a. [from duty.] Performing that which is due, or that which law, justice, or propriety re- quires ; obedient ; respectful to those who have nat- ural or legal authority to require service or duty 5 as, a duteous child or subject. 2. Obedient; obsequious ; i @ good or bad sense. Shak, ne to hak Duteous to the vices of thy mistress. 3. Enjoined by duty, or by the relation of 0 another ; as, duteous ties. [Little used.] S/ DU/TE-OUS-LY, adv. In a duteous manner. DO/TE-OUS-NESS, zn. Quality of being obedient or respectful. Du/TI-A-BLE, a. [See D sition of duty or customs ; 4s, uTy.] Subject to the impo dutiable goods. Supreme Court, U. S. DU/TLED, (du‘tid,) a. Subjected to duties or CUS oE TLCS. es or obligations ce, or propriety 5 obedient ; sub- legal superiors ; respectful; as, utiful ward or servant; DU/TLFUL, a. Performing the duti required by law, justi missive to natural or a dutiful son or daughter; a d a dutiful subject. DUSE, m [L. Dusius.| A demon or evil spirit. square of 2 is to the square of 4. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — & Quosdam demones quos dusios Galli nuncupant.” 9. Expressive of respect or a sense of duty ; re- ee ANGER, VI//CIOUS. —€as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 373 | ~ Se en see =. a ea a sta A ae. a aie , y on ts oe od renee aa a en teers geDW E yi E {| DYI DES reverence ; dutiful attentions. DO/TI-FUL-LY, adv. Swift. ly ; respectfully. a i Obedience ; submission to just DU’TI-FUL-NESS, n. ; mess to parents. Driden. 92. Reverence; respect. __ Laylor. DUTY, n. [from due, Fr. d&.] That which a person owes to another ; that which a person is bound, by i. i any natural, moral, or legal obligation, to pay, do, or perform. Obedience to princes, magistrates, and the { laws, is the duty of every citizen and subject ; obe- dience, respect, and kindness to parents, are duties of children ; fidelity to friends is a duty ; reverence, obe- EGS. dience, and prayer to God, are indispensable duties ; me the government and religious instruction of children are duties of parents which they can not neglect with- out guilt. : : 9. Forbearance of that which is forbidden by moral- ity, law, justice, or propriety. It is our duty to refrain from lewdness, intemperance, profaneness, and in- Ue | 3. Obedience ; submission. [justice. | 4. Act of reverence or respect. ta They both did duty to their lady. Spenser. | 5, The business of a soldier or marine on guard ; . as, the company is on duty. It is applied, also, to other services or labor. ae 6. The business of war; military service ; as, the regiment did duty in Flanders. 7. Tax, toll, impost, or customs ; excise; any sum of money required by government to be paid on the h importation, exportation, or consumption of goods. An impost on land or other real estate, and on the stock of farmers, is not called a duty, but a direct tax. United States. 8. In enginery, the amount of weight which is lifted by a steam-engine, by a certain quantity of coal. 1) : DU-UM'VIR, nj; pl. Duumyirnr [L. duo, two, and vir, man. | One of two Roman officers or magistrates united in the same public functions. DU-UM’VLRAL, a. Pertaining to the duumvirs or duiimvirate of Rome. DU-UM’VI-RATE, n. The union of two men in the same office ; or the office, dignity, or government of two men thus associated, as in ancient Rome. DWALE, xn. In heraldry, a sable or black color. 2. The deadly nightshade, Atropa lethalis, a plant ; or a sleepy potion. Chaucer. DWARF, n. [Sax. dwerg, dweorg ; D. dwerg ; Sw. id. ; Dan. dverg.) ]. A general name for an animal or plant which is much below the ordinary size of the species or kind. A man that never grows beyond two or three feet in hight, is » 7arf. This word, when used alone, usually refers to the human species, but sometimes to other animals. When it is applied to plants, itis more generally used in composition ; as, a dwarf-tree ; dwarf-elder. 2, An attendant on a lady or knight m romances. Z Spenser. || DWARF, v. t. To hinder from growing to the natural size ; to lessen; to make or keep small. Addison. DWARFED, (dworft,) pp. Hindered from growing to the natural size. DWARF’ISH, a. Like a dwarf; below the common stature or size ; very small; low ; petty ; despicable ; as, a dwarfish animal; a droarfish shrub. Dryden. DWARE’ISH-LY, adv. Like a dwarf. DW ARE’ISH-NESS, n. Smallness of stature ; little- ness of size. DWAUL,v.i. [Sax. dwelian, dwolian, to wander. ] To be delirious. [ Obs. Junius. DWELL, »v. 7. ; pret. DwkLLED, usually contracted in- to Dwext. [Dan. dveler, to stay, wait, loiter, delay ; Sw. dvala, a trance ; dvdlias, to delay, abide, remain, or linger. Teut. dualla; Ice. duelia ; Scot. duel, divell. ; Qu. W. attal, dal, to hold, stop, stay, and Ir. tuilim, to : sleep. This word coincides nearly with dally in its : primitive signitication, and may be of the same fam- ily. Its radicai sense is probably to draw out in time ; hence, to hold, rest, remain. We see like senses united in many words, as in tenco, retva), continue. See Datry, and Class DJ, No. 3, 5, 6, 21.] ‘ 1. To abide as a permanent resident, or to inhabit for a time; to live in a place; to have a habitation for some time or permanence, God shall enlarge penne and be shall dwell in the tents of spectful ; reverential ; required by duty; as, dutiful In a dutiful manner; with a regard to duty ; obediently ; submissively ; reverent- authority ; habitual performance of duty ; as, dutiful- Dwell imports a residence of some continuance. We use abide for the resting of a night or an hour; but we never say, he dwelt in a place a day ora night. Dwell may signify a residence for life or for a much shorter period, but not for a day. In Scripture, it de- notes a residence of seven days, during the feast of tabernacles. Ye shall dwell in booths seven days. — Ley. xxiii. The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us. — John i. 9. To be in any state or condition ; to continue. To dwell in doubtful joy. Shak. 3. To continue ; to be fixed in attention; to hang upon with fondness. The attentive queen 2 Dvwelt on his accents. Smith. They stand at a distance, dwelling on his looks and language, fixed in amazement. Buckminster. 4. To continue long; as, to dwell on a subject, in speaking, debate, or writing ; to dwell on a note in music. Dwell, as a verb transitive, is not used. ** We who dwell this wild,” in Milton, is not a legitimate phrase. DWELL/ED, (dweld,) pp. Inhabited. DWELL’ER, 2. An inhabitant; a resident of some continuance in a place. Dryden. DWELL/ING, ppr. Inhabiting ; residing ; sojourning ; continuing with fixed attention. DWELL/ING, n. Habitation; place of residence; abode. Hazor shall be a dwelling for dragons. — Jer. xlix. 9. Continuance; residence ; state of life. Thy dwelling shall be with the beasts of the ficld. —Dan. iv. DWELL/ING-HOUSE, 2. lives. DWELL/ING-PLACE, x. DWELT, pp. of Dwext. tinued. DWIN’DLE, »v. 2. [Sax. dwinan, to pine, to vanish ; Sw. tvina; G. schwinden. I suppose founded on the root of wane, or vain, vanish. ] 1. To diminish ; to become less; to shrink; to waste or consume away. The body dwindles by pin- ing or consumption; an estate dwindles by waste, by want of industry or economy ; an object dwindles in size as it recedes from view; an army dwindles by death or desertion. The house in which one The place of residence. Resided ; sojourned ; con- Our drooping days are dwindled down to naught. Thomson. 2. To degenerate ; to sink; to fall away. Religious societies may dwindle into factious clubs, DWIN’DLE, v. t. Swift. To make less; to bring low. Thomson. 2. To break ; to disperse. Clarendon. DWIN/DLED, pp. ora. Shrunk; diminished in size, DWIN/DLING, ppr. Falling away; becoming less; pining ; consuming ; moldering away. DYE, v. t. [Sax. deagan; L. tingo, for tigo; Gr. tey- yo; Fr. teindre, whence tint, taint, attaint ; Sp tenir; i ut Port. tingir; It. tignere; Ar. cio taicha, to dye and to die. Class Dg, No. 40. The primary sense is, to throw down, to dip, to plunge. ] To stain; to color; to give a new and permanent color to; applied particularly to cloth or the materials of cloth, as wool, cotton, silk, and linen ; also, to hats, leather, &c. It usually expresses more or a deeper color than tinge. DYE, x. A coloring liquor; color; stain; tinge. DY/ED, (dide,) pp. Stained; colored. DYE/-HOUSE,x. A building in which dyeing is car- ried on. DYE/ING, ppr. nent color. DYE/ING, x. The art or practice of giving new and permanent colors ; the art of coloring cloth, hats, &c. DY/ER, nm. One whose occupation is to dye cloth and the like. DY/ER’S$-WEED, zn. A plant from which is nv& med a yellow dye. The name is given to the AHeseda luteola, and to the Genista tinctoria. Loudon. Dewey. DYING, ppr. [from die.] Losing life ; perishing ; expiring ; fading away ; languishing. 2. a. Mortal; destined to death ; as, dying bodies. 3. Given, uttered, or manifested just before death ; as, dying words; a dying request ; dying love. 4, Supporting a dying person ; as, a dying bed. 5. Pertaining to death; as, a dying hour. Staining ; giving a new and perma- DYKE. See DiKs. DY-NAM/E-TER, 72. peTpew, to measure. An instrument for determining the magnifying ower of telescopes. Ramsden. DYN-A-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to a dynameter. T T ace SIGUA a. [Gr. duvapts, power.] Pertaining to strength or power, or to dynamics. DY-NAM'IES, n. [Gr. duvapyts, power. ] That branch of mechanical philosophy which treats of bodies in motion ; opposed to statics. DYN-A-MOM/E-TER,n. [See Dynameter.] An in- strument for measuring force, especially the relative strength of men and other animals. ([See, also, DyNAMOMETER. | Ed. Encyc. DY’NAST,n. [See Dynasty.] A ruler; a governor; a prince; a government. DY-NAST’I€, a. Relating to a dynasty or line of kings. DY-NAS/TI-DAN, n. [Gr. dvvacrns, powerful. ] The dynastidans are a tribe of beetles, of a gigantic size. DY/NAS-TY, n. [Gr. dvvacreca, power, sovereignty, from duvacrys, a lord or chief, from duvapar, to be able or strong, to prevail; Ir. tanaiste. The W. dyn, man, is probably from the same root. Class Dn. Government; sovereignty ; or rather a race or succession of kings of the same line or family, who govern a particular country ; as, the dynasties of Egypt or Persia. Enciyc. [Gr. duvapis, strength, and The obligation of treaties and contracts is allowed to survive the change of dynasties, E. Everett. DYS/E€RA-SY, 2. Knacis, habit. ] In medicine, an ill habit or state of the humors; distemperature of the juices. Coxe. Encyc. DYS-EN-TER/I€, a. Pertaining to dysentery ; ac- companied with dysentery ; proceeding from dys- entery. 2, Afflicted with dysentery ; as, a dysenteric patient. DYS’/EN-TER-Y, xn. [L. dysenteria ; Gr. ducevrépta; dus, bad, and evreoor, intestines. ] A flux in which the stools consist chiefly of blood and mucus or other morbid matter, accompanied With griping of the bowels, and followed by tenesmus, Encyc. (Gr. duvoxpacia; dus, evil, and DYS/NO-MY, n. [Gr. dus and voyos.] Bad legislation ; the enactment of bad laws. DYS/O-DILE, n. A species of coal of a greenish or yellowish-gray color, in masses composed of thin Jayers. When burning, it emits a very fetid odor, Haiiy. Cleaveland. DYS-OP/SY, n. [Gr. dvs and wy] Dimness of sight. DYS/O-REX-Y, 2. petite. ] A bad or depraved appetite ; a want of appetite. Coxe. DYS-PEP’SY, mn. [Gr. dvoreyia; dvs, bad, and DYS-PEP/SIL-A, rerT@, to concoct. ] Bad digestion ; indigestion, or difficulty of diges- tion. Encyc. Core. DYS-PEP’TI€, a. Afflicted with bad digestion; as, a dyspeptic person. 2, Pertaining to or consisting in dyspepsy ; as, a dyspeptic complaint. DYS-PEP’/TI€, n. A person afflicted with bad di- gestion. DIS/PHA-GY, (dis/fa-je,) n. Difficulty of digestion. DYS'/PHO-NY, 7. [Gr. duodwvia; dus, bad, hard, and Q~wWyn, VOICE. A difficulty of speaking, occasioned by an ill dispo- sition of the organs of speech. Dict. DYS-PHO/RL-A, n. [Gr. dus and gopew.] Impatience under affliction. DYSP-Nds’A, (disp-né/a,)n. [Gr. dvomvoca.] A difficulty of breathing. Coxe. DYS-THET’I€, a. Relating to a non-febrile morbid state of the blood-vessels, or to a bad habit of the body, dependent mainly upon the state of the circu- lating system. DYS/TOME, ) a. [Gr. dus, with difficulty, and DYS’TO-MOUS, § répvw, to cleave. In mineralogy, cleaving with difficulty, Shepard. DYS-U]/RI€, n. Pertaining to dysury. DYS/U-RY, (dis'yu-re,) m. [Gr. ducovpta; dus and ovpoyv, urine. | Difficulty in discharging the urine, attended with [Gr. dus, bad, and ooegts, ap- [Gr. dus and gayw.] we hem. — Gen. DY/ING-LY, adv. Ina dying manner. pain and a sensation of heat. Encyc. ' fi é Bei eg FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BYOK. — i ‘i meee On” —----—- —— = ett —— IT TEE LO OCEIOT TS SarasaEq the second vowel and the fifth letter of the Eng- 9 lish alphabet, seems to be the ancient Phenician and Hebrew q inverted, corresponding nearly with the Chaldaic and later Hebrew 7. Its long and nat- ural sound in English coincides with the sound of 1 in the Italian and French languages, and is formed by a narrower opening of the glottis than that of a. It has a long sound, as in here, mere, me; a short sound, as in met, men; and the sound of a open or long, in there, prey, vein. AS a final letter, it is gen- erally quiescent ; but it serves to lengthen the sound of the preceding vowel, or at least to indicate that the preceding vowel is to have its long sound, as in mane, cane, plume, Which, without the final e, would be pronounced man, can, plum. After cand g, the final e serves to indicate that c is to be pronounced as s,and g as 7. Thus, without the final e in mace, [mase,] this word would be pronounced mac, [mak, | and rage [raj] would be pronouncedrvag. Inanumer- ous class of words, — indeed in almost every word, except a few from the Greek, —the final e is silent, serving no purpose whatever, unless to show from what language we have received the words; and in many cases, it does not answer this purpose. In words ending in ive, as active; in ile, as futile; in ine, as in sanguine, examine; in ite, as in definite ; e is, for the most part, silent. In some of these words, the use of e is horrowed from the French ; in most or all cases, it is not authorized by the Latin originals; it is worse than useless, as it leads to a wrong pronunciation ; and the retaining of it in such words is beyond measure absurd. When two of this vowel occur together, the sound is the same as that of the single e long, as in deem, esteem, need; and it occurs often with a andi, as in mean, hear, siege, deceive, im which cases, when one vowel only has a sound, the combination I call a digraph, [double written.] In these combinations, the sound is usually that of e long, but sometimes the short sound of e, as in /éad, a metal, réad, pret. of réad, and sometimes the sound of a long, as in reign, feign, pronounced rane, fane. Irregularities of this kind are not reducible to rules. Asa numeral, E stands for250. In the calendar, it is the fifth of the dominical letters. As an abbrevi- ation, it stands for East, asin charts; E. N. E., east- north-east; E. S. E., east-south-east; E. by 8., east by south. EACH, (éch,) a. [Scot. eik, This word is eithera contraction of the Sax. elc, elc, D. elk, or the Ir. ceach, or gach, Basque gucia, Fr. chaque, with the loss of the first articulation. With the Celtic corre- sponds the Russ. kajdei, each. Iam inclined to be- lieve both the English and Scottish words to be con- tractions of the Celtic ceach.] Every one of any number separately considered or treated. The emperor distributed to each soldier in his army a liberal donative. To all of them he gave each man changes of raiment. —Gen. xlv. And the princes of Israel, being twelve men, each one was for the house of his fathers. — Num. i. Simeon and Levi took each man his sword. — Gen, xxxiv. To each corresponds other. Let each esteem other better than himself. It is our duty to assist each other; that is, it is our duty to assist, each to assist the other. EACH’WHERE, adv. Every where. [Obs.] EAD, ED, in names, is a Saxon word, signifying happy, fortunate; as in Edioard, happy preserver; Edgar, happy power; Edwin, happy conqueror; Ladulph, happy assistance ; like Macarius and Eupolemus in Greek, and Fausta, Fortunatus, Felicianus, in Latin. Gibson. EA/GER, (é/ger,) a. [Fr. aigre; Arm. egr; W. egyr}; It. agro; Sp. agrio; 1. acer, fierce, brisk, sharp, sour. If 7 is radical, this word belongs to Class Gr, Ir. gear, geire, sharp; Ger. gier. Otherwise, it coin- cides with L. acus, Eng. edge, Sax. ecg.] 1. Excited by ardent desire in the pursuit of any object ; ardent to pursue, perform, or obtain ; inflamed by desire ; ardently wishing or longing. ‘The soldiers were cager to engage the enemy. Men are eager in the pursuit of wealth. ‘The lover is eager to possess the object of his affections. 2, Ardent; vehement; impetuous; as, spirits ; eager zeal ; eager clamors. 3. Sharp; sour; acid; as, eager droppings into milk. [Littie wsed.] Shak. 4, Sharp; keen; biting; severe; as, eager air; eager cold. [Little used.] Shak. Bacon. 5. Brittle ; inflexible; not ductile; as, the gold is too earer. {| Local Locke. eager i. dently ; earnestly ; warmly ; with prompt zeal; as, he eagerly flew to the assistance of his friend. 2. Hastily ; impetuously. 3. Keenly ; sharply. EA’GER-NESS, 2. Ardent desire to do, pursue, or ob- tain any thing; animated zeal; vehement longing; ardor of inclination. Men pursue honor with eager- mess. Detraction. is often received with eagerness. With eagerness the soldier rushes to battle. The lover’s eagerness often disappoints his hopes. 2. Tartness ; sourness. [ Obs. EA/GLE, (é/gl,) n. [Fr. aigle; Sp. aguila; It. aquila ; L. aquila. Qu. from his beak, Ch. Heb 5py, to be Oo crooked, (see Bucztorf,) or Pers. JSS4 ~ 1. A rapacious bird of the genus Falco. The. beak is crooked, and furnished with a cere at the base, and the tongue is cloven or bifid. There are several spe- cies, as the bald or white-headed eagle, the sea ea- gle or ossifrage, the golden eagle, &c. The eagle is one of the largest species of birds, has a keen sight, and preys on small animals, fish, &c. Helives to a great age ; and it is said that one died at Vienna, after a confinement of a hundred and four years. On account of the elevation and rapidity of his flight, and of his great strength, he is called the king of birds. Hence the figure of an eagle was made the standard of the Romans, and a spread eagle is a principal figure in the arms of the United States of America. Hence, also, in heraldry, it is one of the most noble bearings in armory. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value of ten dollars, or about forty-three shillings sterling. 3. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, hay- ing its right wing contiguous to the equinoctial. It contains Altair, a star of the first magnitude. Encyc. EA’/GLE-EY-ED, (é/gl-ide,) a. Sharpsighted as an eagle ; having an acute sight. Driden. 2, Discerning; having acute intellectual vision. EA/GLE-FLIGHT-ED, (é/gl-flit-ed,) a. Flying like an eagle ; mounting high. EA/GLE-SIGHT’ED, (é/gl-sit-ed,) a. Having acute sight. Shak. EA’/GLE-SPEED,n. Swiftness like that of an eagle. EA/GLESS, n. A female or hen eagle. { Pope. EA/GLE-STONE,n, A®tites,a variety of argillaceous oxyd of iron, occurring in masses varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man’s head. Their form is spherical, oval, or nearly reniform, or sometimes like a parallelopiped with rounded edges and angles. They have a rough surface, and are essentially com- posed of concentric layers. These nodules often embrace at the center a kernel or nucleus, sometimes movable, and always differing from the exterior in color, density, and fracture. To these hollow nodules the ancients gave the name of eagle-stones, from an opinion that the eagle transported them to her nest to facilitate the laying of her eggs. Cleaveland. EA/GLET, n. A young eagle, or a diminutive eagle. EA/GLE-WING-ED, a. Having the wings of an ea- le ; swift as an eagle. Milton. f&A/GLE-WOOD, n. A fragrant wood, used by the Asiatics for burning as incense. Brande. EA/GRE, x. A tide swelling above another tide, as in the Severn. ryden. EAL/DER-MAN. See ALDERMAN. EAME,x. [Sax. eam.] Uncle. [ Obs. Spenser. Toyean. [See YEAN.] EAN/LING, x A lamb just brought forth. [Vot used. | EAR, n. [Sax. ear, care; D. oor; Sw. Gra; Dan. Gre; G. ohr, or Ghr; L. auris, whence auricula, Fr. oreille, Sp. oreja, Port. orelha, It. orecchio. The sense is probably a shoot or limb. It may be connected with hear, as the L. audio is with the Gr. ous, wros.) J. The organ of hearing; the organ by which sound is perceived; and, in general, both the exter- nal and internal part is understood by the term. The external ear is a cartilaginous funnel, attached, by ligaments and muscles, to the temporal bone. Encyc. 2, The sense of hearing, or rather the power of distincuishing sounds and judging of harmony; the power of nice perception of the differences of sound, or of consonances and dissonances. She has a deli- cate ear for music, or a good ear. 3. In the plural, the head or person. It is better to pass oyer an affront frgm one scoundrel, than to draw oa herd about one’s ears. DL’ Estrange. 4. The top, or highest part. -] BHA/GER-LY, adv. With great ardor of desire ; ar- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as _ 5, A favorable hearing; attention; heed ; regard. Give no earto flattery. He could not gain the prince’s ear. I cried to God —and he gave ear to me. — Ps. lxxvii. 6. Disposition to like or dislike what is heard ; opinion; judgment ; taste. He laid his sense closer —according to the style and ear of those times. enham. 7. Any part of a thing resembling an ear; a pro- jecting part from the side of any thing; as, the ears of a vessel used as handles, 8. The spike of corn; that part of certain plants which contains the flowers and seeds; as, an ear of wheat or maize. LTA ALOE ee fight or scuffle; to To fall together by the ears, quarrel To go together by the ears, To set by the ears; to make strife; to cause to quarrel. An ear for music; an ear that relishes music, or that readily distinguishes tones or intervals. EAR, v.z%. To shoot as an ear; to form ears, as corn. EAR, v.t. [L. aro. _ Yoplow or tul. [Obs. EAR/A-BLE, a. Used to be tilled. [Obs.] Barret. EAR/ACHE, (-ake,)n. [See Acue.] Pain in the ear. EAR/AL, a. Receiving by the ear. [JVot used. ] bs Hewyt. EAR/-BOR-ED,a. Having the ear perforated. Hall. EAR/-EAP, x. A cover forthe ears against cold. EAR’-DEAF-EN-ING, (-dé/fn- or -def’n-,) a. | Stun- ning the ear with noise. Shak. EAR/ED, pp. or a. Having ears ; having spikes formed, > 2x Blowed= [.Obsi] fas corn. EAR’-E-RE€T/ING, a. Setting up the ears. Cowper. EAR/ING, xn. In seamen’s language, a rope attached to the cringle of a sail, by which it is bent or reefed. R. H. Dana, Jr. EAR/ING, x A plowingofland. Gen. xliv. iAR/LAP, n. The tip of the ear. EAR’/LOCK, n. [Sax. ear-loca.] A Jock or curl of hair, near the ear. EAR/MARK, n. A mark on theear, by whicha sheep is known. EAR/MARK, vw. t slitting the ear, EAR/MARK-ED, (-miarkt,) pp. EAR/MARK-ING, ppr. Marking on the ear. EAR/PICK, x. An instrument for cleansing the ear. EAR/-PIER-CING, a. Piercing the ear, as a shrill or sharp sound. Shak. EAR/RING, n. A pendant; an ornament, sometimes set with diamonds, pearls, or other jewels, worn at the ear, by means of a ring passing through the lobe. EAR/SHOT, n. Reach of the ear; the distance at which words may be heard. Dryden. EAR/-TRUMP-ET, x. A tube applied to the ear to aid in hearing. EAR/WAX, x. The cerumen; a thick viscous sub- stance, secreted by the glands of the ear into the outer passage. Encyc. EAR/WIG, n. [Sax. ear-vigga, ear-rwicga; ear and worm or grub. } 1. An insect, with large transparent wings, which eats fruit and flower leaves, and has been errone- ously supposed to creep into the human brain through the ear. In New England, this name is vulgarly given to a centiped. 2. Ficuratively, one who gains the ear of another by stealth, and whispers insinuations. EAR/WIG, v. t. To gain the ear by stealth, and whis- per insinuations. [ Colloquial in England. | EAR!/-WIT-NESS, nm. One who is able to give testi- mony to a fact from his own hearing. Watts. EARL, (erl,) n._ (Sax. eorl; Ir. tarla, an earl; ear- lamh, noble. This word is said to have been received from the Danes, although not now used in Denmark. Formerly, this title among the Danes was equivalent to the English alderman. Spelman.) : A British title of nobility, or a nobleman, the third in rank, being next below amarquis, and nextahove a viscount. The title answers to count [compte] in France, and sraaf in Germany. The earl formerly had the government of a shire, and was called shire- man. After the conquest, earls were called counts, and from them shires have taken the name of coun- ties. Earl is now amere title, unconnected with ter- ritorial jurisdiction. Spelman. Encyc. EARL/DOM, (erl/dum,) n. The seignory, jurisdic- tion, or dignity of an earl. d oi EARL-MAR’SHAL, n. An officer in Great Britain, To mark, as sheep, by cropping or Marked on the ear. The cavalier was up to the ears in love. [Low.] L’Estrange. who has the superintendence of military solemnities, SH; FH as in THIS. NN ——. 70 « ta a eet = ea —e a oarEAR | He is the eighth great officer of stute. ‘The office } now hereditary in the family of the Howards, E£nciyc. EARLES’-PEN-NY, (erlz-) n. Money given in part payment. [Qu. L. arrha,| [Not in use.) i EAR’'LESS, a. Destitute of ears ; disinclined to hear { or listen. EAR/LI-ER, (er'li-er,) a. comp. More forward or early. | BAR/LLEST, (er'li-est,) a. superl. Most early ; first. | EBAR’LLNESS, (er’li-ness, ) 2. {See Earry and Bre. |] | A state of advance or forwardness ; a State o | being before any thing, or at the beginning; as, the \| earliness of rising in the morning is a rising at the 1] dawn of the morning, or before the usual time of { rising. So we speak of the earliness of spring, or the 1} earliness of plants, to express a state somewhat In | aavance of the usual time of spring, or growth of 1 plants. : EAR'LY, (er'ly,) a. [from Sax. er, er, before in time, Eng. ere, which indicates the root of the word | to signify, to advance, to pass along, or shoot up. Z It is probably connected with the D. eer, G. ere, Sw. ahra, Dan. ere, honor, denoting the highest point. J 1. In advance of something else; prior In lime ; forward ; as, early fruit, that is, fruit that comes to maturity before other fruit; early growth ; early manhood; early old age or decrepitude, that 1s, | premature old age. So an early spring ; an early ti harvest. i 9. First; being at the beginning; as, early dawn. 3. Being in good season; as, the court met at an early hour. EAR’LY, (er'ly,) adv. Soon; in good season ; be- times; as, rise early: come early; begin early to | jnstil into children principles of piety. ee was originally conferred by grant of the king, but is | KAR EAS 4. In a wider sense, a pledge or assurance of more to come hereafter ; as, to give earnest of success. | EARN/EST-LY, (ern/est-ly,) adv. Warmly ; zeal- ously ; importunately ; eagerly ; with real desire. Being in an agony, he prayed more éarnestly. — Luke xxii. That ye should earnestly contend for the faith once delivered to the saints. — Jude < 2. With fixed attention ; with eagerness. A certain maid looked earnestly upon him. — Luke xxii. EARN’/EST-MON-EY, (-mun-ny,) . Money paid as a pledge or security. EARN/EST-NESS, (ern/est-ness,) n. Ardor gr zeal in the pursuit of any thing ; eagerness ; animated de- sire ; as, to seek or ask with earnestness ; to engage in a work with earnestness. 9, Anxious care; solicitude ; intenseness of de- sire Dryden. 3. Fixed desire or attention ; seriousness ; as, the charge was maintained with a show of gravity and earnestness. EARN/FUL, (ern/ful,) a. Full of anxiety. [Not used. ] EARN‘ING, (ern/ing,) ppr. Meriting by services ; gaining by labor or performance. EARN/ING, (ern/ing,) 7.; pl. Earnines. That which is earned ; that which is gained or merited by labor, services, or performances; wages; reward. The folly of young men is to spend their earnings in dis- sipation or extravagance. It is wise for the poor to invest their earnings in a productive fund. BARSH, (ersh,) n. [See Ear, to plow.] A plowed field. [Jot in use.] May. EARTH, (erth,) n. {Sax. eard, eorth, yrth; D. aarde; G. erde; Sw. iord, jord; Dan. iord; Scot. erd, yerd, yerth; Turk. jerda; Tartaric, yirda. It coincides with = - =-S 4 Those that seek me early shall find me. — Prov. vii. | . . . '| EARN, (erm,) v. t. [Sax. earnian, erman, gearnan, to earn, to merit. It is connected in origin with Ear- nest and Yearx, which see. The primary sense | is to strive or urge, implying an effort to advance or i| stretch forward. } 1 1. To merit or deserve by labor, or by any per- formance ; to do that which entitles to a reward, Whether the reward is received or not. Men often earn money or honor which they never receive. Barn money before you spend it, and spend less than you earit. It is ulle to. hope, by our short-sighted contrivances, to insure to a people happiness which their own character has not earned. Channing. 2. To gain by labor, service, or performance ; to deserve ind receive as compensation ; as, to carn a dollar a day ; to earn a good living ; to carn honors or | laurels. EARN, (ern,) v. & [Sax. gyrnan.] feel anxiety. See Yrarn. EARN, v.i. To curdle. EARN’ED, (ernd,) pp. ance; gained. EARNEST, (ern‘est,) a. [Sax. eornest or geornest, from georn, desirous, studious, diligent, assiduous, Whence geornan, gyrnan, Lo desire, to yearn ; Dan. gierne, willingly, freely, gladly, cheerfully ; slerniung, a deed, act, exploit; Ger. ernst; D. ernst; W. ern, earnest-money. The radica) sense is, to strive to ad- vance, to reach forward, to urge, to strain. | l. Ardent in the pursuit of an object ; eager to obtain ; haying a longing desire ; warmly engaged or incited. To long for; to Spenser. North of Engzland. Merited by labor or perform- They are never more earnest to disturb us, than when they see us most earnest in this duty. Duppa. importunate ; US, éurnest in love ; earnest in prayer. 3. Intent ; fixed. On that prospect strange Their earnest eyes were fixed. Milton. 4, Serious ; important; that is, really intent or en- gaged ; whence the phrase m earnest. To be in earn- est, is to be really urging or stretching toward an object ; intent on a pursuit. Hence, from fixed atten- tion, comes the sense of seriousness in the pursuit, as opposed to trifling or jest. Are you in earnest or in jest 2 ' BARN/EST, (ern/est,) n. Seriousness; a reality; a real event ; as opposed to jesting or feigned appear- ——— es ance. Take heed that this jest do not one day turn to earnest. Sidney. And give in earnest what ] begged in jest. Shak. 9. First fruits ; that which is in advance, and gives promise of something to come. Early fruit may be an earnest of fruit to follow. The Christian’s peace of mind, in this life, is an earnest of future peace and happiness. The earnest of the Spirit is given to the God’s favor and presence. 3. A part paid or delivered beforehand, as money or goods, under a contract, as a pledge and security first payment or deposit, giving promise or assurance to the terms of the agreement. McCulloch. bargain. << —_———————— — 376 the Heb. prX. The Ar. ey) aradh, from which _ the Arabic and Hebrew words corresponding to the Teutonic above, are derived, signifies to eat, gnaw, or corrode as a worm, or the teredo. It is obvious, then, that the primary sense of earth is fine particles, like mold. The verb may be from 7%, to break or bruise. The Ch. and Syr. Ny xX, earth, may be con- tracted from the same word. See Corrove. 1. Earth, in its primary sense, signifies the particles which compose the mass of the globe, but more partic- ularly, the particles which form the fine mold on the surface of the globe ; or it denotes any indefinite mass or portion of that matter. We throw up earth witha spade or plow ; we fill a pit or ditch with earth ; we form a rampart with earth. This substance being considered, by ancient philosophers, as simple, was called an element; and, in popular language, we still hear of the four elements, fire, air, earth, and water. 2, In chemistry, the term earth was, till lately, em- ployed to denote a supposed simple elementary body or substance, defined to be tasteless, inodorous, un- inflammable, and infusible. But it has also been applied to substances which have a very sensible al- kaline taste, as lime. ‘The primitive earths have been reckoned ten in number; of which five are considered earths proper, namely, alumina, glucina, yttria, zirconia, and thorina; four possess decided al- kaline properties, namely, baryta, strontia, lime or calcia, and magnesia; and one, silica, is regarded as an acid, and often called silicic acid. Recent experi- ments prove that all of them, except silica, are com- pounds of oxygen with metallic bases. 9. Ardent; warm; eager; zealous; animated ; | saints, as the assurance of their future enjoyment of for the whole. Thus, earnest, or earnest-money, is a of full payment, and serving also to bind the seller Hence the practice of giving an earnest to ratify a FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— Davy. Silliman. Phillips. Ure. 3. The terraqueous globe which we inhabit. The earth is nearly spherical, but a little flatted at the poles, and hence its figure is called an oblate spheroid, It is one of the primary planets, revolving round the sun in an orbit which is between those of Venus and Mars. It is nearly eight thousand miles in diameter, and twenty-five thousand miles in circumference. Its mean distance from the sun is about nimety-five millions of miles, and its annual revolution consti- tutes the year of 365 days, 5 hours, and nearly 49 minutes. 4. The world, as opposed to other scenes of exist- ence Shal. 5. The inhabitants of the globe. The whole earth was of one language. —Gen. xi. 6. Dry land, opposed to the sea. God called the dry land earth. — Gen. i. 7. Country ; region ; a distinct part of the globe. Dryden. In this sense, land or soil is more generally used. In Scripture, earth is used for a part of the world. Ezra i. 2. 8. The ground ; the surface of the earth. He fell to the earth. The ark was lifted above the earth. In the second month — was the earth dried. — Gen. Viii. 9. In Scripture, things on the carth are carnal, sen- sual, temporary things; opposed to heavenly, spirit- ual, or divine things , 10. Figuratively, alow condition. Rev. xii. 11. [from ear, Sax. erian, L. aro,to plow.] The act of turning up the ground in tillage [JVot used. | Tusser | EARTH/-BRED, a. EARTH, (erth,) v. t. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth. Dryden, 2, To cover with earth or mold. Evelyn. EARTH, v. i. To retire under ground; to burrow. Here foxes earthed. EARTH’-BAG, xn. A bag filled with earth, used for de- fense in war. EARTH/-BANK, n. A bank or mound of earth. EARTH/-BOARD, (erth’bord,) m. The board of a plow that turns over the earth ; the mold-board. EARTH/BORN, a. Born of the earth; terrigenous; springing originally from the earth; as, the fabled 2, Earthly ; terrestrial. [earth-born giants. All earti-born cares are wrong. Goldsmith. EARTH/-BOUND, a. Fastened by the pressure of the earth. Shak. Low ; abject; groveling. EARTH’-ERE-AT’ED, a. Formed of earth. EARTH’ED, (erthd,) pp. Hid in the earth. EARTHI/EN, (erth/n,) a. Made of earth; made of clay ; as, an earthen vessel; carthen ware. EARTH/EN-WARE, zn. Ware made of earth; crock- ery. It is less hard than stone-ware. EARTH/-FED, a. Low; abject. B. Jonson. EARTH/-FLAX, n. Amianth; a fibrous, flexile, elas- tic mineral substance, consisting of short interwoven, or long parallel filaments. Enciye. EARTH’I-NESS, n. The quality of being earthy, or of containing earth; grossness. Johnson. EARTH/ING, (erth/ing,) ppr. Hiding in the earth. EARTH’/LLNESS, x. [from earthly.] The quality of being earthly ; grossness. 9. Worldliness; strong attachment to worldly things. EARTH’LING, n. An inhabitant of the earth; a mortal; a frail creature. Drummond. EARTHLY, a. Pertaining to the earth, or to this world. Our eartily house of this tabernacle. —2 Cor. v- The fox is earthed, 7. a Young. 2. Not heavenly ; vile; mean. This earthly load Of death called lire. Milton. 3. Belonging to our present state; as, earthly ob- jects; earthly residence. 4. Belonging to the earth or world ; carnal; vile; as opposed to spiritual or heavenly. Whose glory is in their shame, who mind earthly things. — hil. iii. 5. Corporeal; not mental. 6. Any thing on earth. What earthly benefit can be the result? Pope. EARTH/LY-MIND’ED, a. Having a mind devoted to earthly things. EARTH’LY-MIND'ED-NESS, mn. Grossness; sen- suality ; extreme devotedness to earthly objects. Gregory. EARTH’-NUT, n. The popular name of a spherical knob, the size of a cherry, which is black without and white within, and isa part of the root of the Carum Bulbocastanum. eCand. 2. The seed-vessel and seed of the Arachis hy- pogea, a leguminous plant, called also pea-nut. It lies upon, or is buried in the earth, where it ripens. EARTH/QUAKE, x. A shaking, trembling, or con- cussion of the earth; sometimes a slight tremor; at other times a violent shaking or convulsion; at oth- er times a rocking or heaving of the earth. Earth- quakes are usually preceded by a rattling sound in the air, or by a subterraneous rumbling noise. Hence the name earthdin, formerly given to an earthquake, EARTH’-SHAK-ING, a. Shaking the earth; having power to shake the earth. Milton. EARTH-WAN/DER-ING, a. Roving over the earth. EARTH’-WORK, (erth’wurk,) 7. In engineering, a term applied to cuttings, embankments, &c. EARTH’-WORM, (erth/wurm,) x. The dew worm, a species of lumbricus; a worm that lives under ground. Enciye. 2. A mean, sordid wretch. EARTH’Y, a. Consisting of earth ; as, earthy matter. 2. Resembling earth ; as, an earthy taste or smell. 3. Partaking of earth; terrene. JWilton. 4. Inhabiting the earth; terrestrial; as, earthy Spenser. spirits. ryden. 5. Relating to earth; as, an earthy sign. Dryden. 6. Gross; not refined; as, an earthy conceit. Shak. 7. Earthy fracture, in mineralogy, 1s when the fracture of a mineral is rough, with minute eleva- tions and depressions. Cileaveland. EASE, (éze,) n. [HF r. aise; Arm. aez; W. hawz; Corn. hedh; Sax. eth or eath, easy ; L. otium; It. agio; Ir. eas gaidh. | 1. Rest; an undisturbed state. Applied to the body, freedom from pain, disturbance, excitement, or an- noyance. Hesits athis ease. He takes his ease. 2 Applied to the mind, a quiet state; tranquillity ; freedom from pain, concern, anxiety, solicitude, or any thing that frets or ruffles the mind. His soul shall dwell at ease. — Ps. xxv. Woe to them that are at ease in Zion. — Amos Vi. 3. Rest from labor. METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eal ae| BASE, v. t. xt ™ + ~ E A Ne) i A ae 4. Facility ; freedom from difficulty or great labor. | EAS/TER, 1. [Sax. easter; G. ostern; supposed to be | One man will perform this service with case, This} trom Eostre, the goddess of love, or Venus of the | author writes with ease. 5. Freedom from stiffness, harshness, forced ex- pressions, or unnatural arrangement ; as, the ease of style. 6. Freedom from constraint or formality ; fectedness ; as, ease of behavior At ease; in an undisturbed state; free from pain or anxiety. unaf- To free from pain, or any disquiet or an- noyance, as the body ; to relieve; to give rest to; as, the medicine has eased the patient. 2. To free from anxiety, care, or disturbance, as the mind ; as, the late news has eased my mind. 3. To remove a burden from, either of body or mind; to relieve; with of. Ease me of this load; ease them of their burdens. 4. To mitigate ; to alleviate; to assuage; to abate or remove in part any burden, pain, grief, anxiety, or disturbance. Ease thou somewhat the grievous servitude of thy father. —2 Chron. x 5. To quiet; to allay ; to destroy ; as, to ease pain. To ease off, or ease away, in seamen’s language, is to slacken a rope gradually. To ease a ship, is to put the helm hard a-lee, or reg- ulate the sail, to prevent her pitching, when close- _ hauled. Totten. AS/ED, (ézd,) pp. Freed from pain ; alleviated. — Es EAS’TER-LY, a.

a . 4 Ns ee temas «ss . ean. ta hire eae Sa ta aasree me RR RE ery, epatenG EEE EY EJ i ELA bearing a smooth fruit, shaped like an egg, \ used in cookery. Itis the Solanum Esculentum of Linnzus. EGG/ER, | n. One who excites. EGG/ING, n. Incitement. ; EGG/-SHELL, 7. The shell or outside covering of E-GI- LOP/I6-AL, a. Affected withegilops. [anegg. i/GI-LOPS, 7. (Gr. atyiAay Goat’s eye ; an abscess in ihe inner canthus of the eye ; fistula lachrymalis. Coxe. E/GIS, n. A shield; defensive armor. [See Avars.] E -GLé AND! U-LOUS, a. [e neg. and glandulous. ] Destitute of glands. EG/LAN-TINE, 7 -tine or -tin,) n. eae | ; A species of rose; the sweet brier ; a plant bear- ing an odoriferous flower. Milton applies this term improperly to the honey- suckle. Brande. E-GLOM'ER-ATE, v. t. [See GromeraTE.] To un- wind, asa a ad from a ball. B/GO-ISM, [L. ego.] Le, he avinion of one who thinks every thing un- cera except his own existence. Bacter. A passionate love of self, leading a man to con- sick every thing as connected with his own person, and to prefer himself to every thing in the world. This word seems to be more comprehens ive than selfishness. Jefferson. £/GO-IST, n. [from L. ego, I.] A name given to certain followers of Des Cartes , Who held the opin- ion that they were uncertain of every thing except their own existence, and the operations and “ideas of their own minds. Reid. B-GO/LTY, n. Personality. [Vot authorized.| Swift. E/GO-TISM, n. [Fr. egoisme; Sp. egoismo; from L. ego, I.} [Fr. eglantier; D. EIGHT’ LETH, EIGHT/SCORE, (ate 'skore ») a or 7. Primarily, the practice of too frequently using the | word J. Hence, a speaking or writing much of one’s self; self-praise ; self-commendation ; the act or practice of magnifying one’s self, or making one’s self of importance. Spectator. A deplorable egotism of character. Dwight on Dueling. This word has sometimes been used in a still stronger sense, to denote a passionate love of self, like the w ort eoism, which see, E/GO-TIST, One who repeats the word I very often in eAne rear or writing; one who speaks much of himself, or magnifies his own achieve ments ; one who makes himself the hero of every tale. E-GO-TISTI€, } E-GO-TIST/I€-AL, § * 2. Containing egotism. E/GO- TIZE, v. 2: To talk or write much of one’s self; to make pretensions to self-importance. E-GRE/GIOUS , (e-gré/jus,) a. [L. egregius, supposed to be from e, or ex, grege, from, or out of, or beyond, the herd, select, choice. } 1. Eminent ; remarkable; extraordinary; distin- guished ; as, egregious exploits ; an egregious prince. But, in this sense, it is seldom applie d to persons. 2) In a bad sense, great; extraordinary ; remarka- ble; enormous ; as, an egregious mistake ; egregious contempt. In this sense, it is often applied to per- are as, an egregious rascal; an egregious mur- dere E-GRE/GIOUS-LY, adv, Greatly; enormously ; shame- fully ; wsually in a bad sense; as, he is egregiously mistaken ; they were egre giously che ated. E-GRE/GIOUS S-NESS, 2. ‘The state of being great or extraordinary. E/GRESS, n. [L. egressus, from egredior; e and gra- dior, to step, Sw. resa, Dan. rejser.| The act of going or issuing out, or the power of departing from any inclosed or confined place. Addicted to egotism. Gates of burning adamant, Barred over us, prohibit all egress. E-GRES/SION, (e-gresh’un,) x. [L. egressto.] The act of going out from any inclosure or place of confinement, Pope. E-GRESS/OR, n. One who goes out. zm GRET, n, ([Fr. aigrette.] . The lesser white heron, a bird of the genus Ariens an elegant fowl, with a white body, and a crest on the head. NCYC. 2. In botany, the flying, feathery, or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of the thistle. E-GRETTE!, x7. A tuft of feathers, diamonds, &c. an ornament of ribbons. [See Aicrerre.] E/GRLOT, n. (Fr. aigre, sour.] - A kind of sour cherry. Bacon. E-GYP/TIAN, (e-jip'shan,) a. [from Egypt, Gr. Atyvnrus ; supposed to be so called from the name Coptos, a2 principal town, from gupta, guarded, forti- fied. Asiat. Res. iil. 304, 335. So Mes?, Heb. 13D, whence Misraim, signifies a 4%, to bind or inclose. } Pe rtaining to Egypt, in Africa. E-GYP’/TIAN, n. A native of Egypt; also, a gipsy. E-GYPT/O- €AU: €A/SIAN, nm. An ancient Bgyptian, so called because considered of the Caucasian fam- Gliddon. Milton. ; Maz Z0r, a fortress, from EIGHT’Y, (a’ty,) a. EIGNE, (ane) a. E-JA€/U-LATE, v. t. E-JA€/U-LA-TED, pp. E-Ji A€/U-La-TING, PPTs E-JA€-U-LA/TION, n. E-JA€/U-LA-TO-RY, a E-JE€T’, v. t. ly. EH, ezxclam. Denoting inquiry or slight surprise. 332 EI/DER, (i Ge w. eider.] BYDER-DUC {m. [G. ands A species of sea duck, producing uncommonly fine down, found in the ’ Shetland Isles, the Ork- neys, &c. EI/DER-DOWN, Ne eider- duck. EI-DOU-RA’? heaven. A representation of the heavens. EIGH, (a,) ezclam. An expression of sudden delight. EIGHT, (ate,) a. [Sax. wita, eahta, or elita; G. acht; D. agt; Sw. otta; Dan. otte ; Goth. ahtau; L. octo; Gr. ox7w; It. otto; Sp. ocho; Port. oito; Fr. huit; Arm. eih or eiz; Ir. ocht; W. wyth or wyth; Corn. eath ; Gipsy, ochto; Hinéoo, aute.) Twice four; expressing the number twice four. Four and four make eight. EIGHT’EEN, (a’/teen,) a. Eight and ten united. EIGHT-EEN’MO, n A compound of the English eighteen and the last syllable of the Latin decimo, more properly octodecimo ; denoting the size of a book in which a sheet is doubled into eighte en leaves. EIGHT’/EENTH, (a/teenth,) a. The next in order after the seventeenth. EIGHT/FOLD, (ate/fold,) a. or quantity. EIGHTH, ‘atth,) a. Noting the number eight; the number 1. >xt after seven ; the ordinal of eight. EIGHTH, n. In music, an interval composed of five tones and two semitones. Encyc. EIGHT H/LY, Gin ly,) adv. In the eighth place. (a'ti- th, )a. [from eighty.| The next in order to fhe? seve nty ‘ninth ; the eighth tenth. (eight and score; Eight times twenty ; Down or soft feathers of the NI-ON, 2. [Gr. e:dos, form, and ovpaytov, Eight times the number score is a notch noting tw enty. ] a hundred and sixty. Eight times ten ; fourscore. [ Norm. aisne. 1. Eldest; an epithet used in law to denote the eldest son; as, bastard eigne. Blackstone. 2. Unalienable; entailed; belonging to the eldest son. [JWVot used. Bacon. EI/SEL, x. sand Vinegar. [Votin use.] More. EI/SEN-RAHM, zn. [G., iron-cream.] The red and brown eisenrahm, the scaly red and brown hema- tite. Cleaveland. EIS-TEDD/FOD, n. [W eistedd, to sit.] An assem- bly of Welsh bards. PR. Cyc. El’/FHER, (é/ther or i/ther. The former is the pro- nunciz tion given in nearly all the English dictiona- ries, and is still the prevailing one in America ; the latter has, of late, become genera) in England) a. or pron. [S aX, e@gther, egther; D. yder; jeder; Ir. ceachtar. This w ord seems to be aac cat and the first syllable to be the same as each. So Sax. @ghwar, each where, every Where. Sax. Chron. An. 1114, 1118.] 1. One or another of any number. Here are ten or- anges; take either orange of the whole number, or take either of them. In the last phrase, either stands as a pronoun or substitute. 2. One of two. ‘This sense is included in the fore- going. Lepidus flatters both, Of both is flattered ; but he neither loves, Nor either cares for him. Shak. 3. Each; every one separately considered. On either sile of the nver. — Rev. xxii. 4. This word, when applied to sentences or propo- Sitions, is called a distributive or a conjunction. It precedes the first of two or more alternatives, and is answered by or before the second or succeeding alter- natives. Exther he is talking, o7 he is pursuing, or he is on a journey, or perhaps he sleepeth. —1 Kings xviii. In this sense, ether refers to each of the succeed- ing clauses of the sentence. (L. ejaculor, from jaculor, to throw or dart , jaculum, a dart, from jacio, to HIKO We al To throw out ; to cast; to shoot ; to dart; as, rays of light ejaculated. Bia tnniore It is now seldom used, except to express the utter- ance of a short prayer; as, he ejaculated a few words. Short ; thrown out; uttered. Throwing ; darting ; shoot- ing. The act of throwing or dart- ing out with a sudden force and rapid flight; as, the ejaculation of light. Bacon. [Tikts sense is nearly obsolete. | The uttering of a short prayer; or a short occa- sional prayer uttered. Taylor. Suddenly darted out; ut- tered in short sentences; as, an ejaculatory prayer or petition. 2. Sudden ; hasty ; as, ejaculatory repentance, 3. Casting ; throwing out. DL’ Estrange. [L. ejicio, ejectum ; e and jacio, to throw, BH eter, ie jacto, | To throw out; to cast forth; to thrust out, as from a place inclosed or confined. Sandys. South. To discharge through the natural passages or 3. To throw out or expel from an office ; to dismiss from an office ; to turn out; as, to ejecta ‘clergy man. 4, To dispossess of land or estate, 5. To drive away; to expel; to dismiss with ha- tred. : Shak. 6. To cast away; to reject; to banish; as, to eject words from a language. Swift. E-JEET/ED, pp. T hrown out ; thrust out ; ; discharged ; eva uated ; expelled ; dismissed ; ; dispossessed ; ; re- jec : : E-JE CT/ING, ppr. Casting out; discharging ; evacu- ating; expe ling ; dispossessing ; rejecting. BE eee n. [L. ejectio.] . The act of casting out ; 2. Dismission from office. 3. Dispossession; a turning out from possession by Ore e or authority. The discharge of any excrementitious matter ieee the pores or other emunctories ; evacuation ; vomiting ; discharge by stool. EJECET/MENT, 7. Literally, a session. 2. In law, a,writ or action which lies for the recoy- ery of possession of land from which the owner has been ejected, and for trial of title. Ejectment may be brought by the lessor against the lessee for rent in arrear, or for holding over his term; also by the les- see for years, who has been ejected before the expira- ; expulsion. casting out; a dispos- tion of his te rm. Encyc. E-JE€ET’/OR,n. One who ejects or dispossesses anoth- er of his land. Blackstone. EJ-U-LA’TION, ». [L. ejulatio, from ejulo, to cry, to yell, to wail. Perhaps 7 represents g, and this w ord may be radically one with yell, Sax. giellan, gyllan. | Outcry ; a wailing; a loud ery expressive of grief or pain; mourning ; lamentation. Philips. EKE, v. t. [Sax. eacan; Sw oka; Dan. Oger. The primary sense is to add, or to stretch, extend, i- crease. Qu. L. augeo. ‘The latter seems to be the Eng. to wax. ] 1. To increase ; to enlarge; as provisions. 2. To add to; to supply what is wanted; to en- large by addition ; sometimes with out; as, to eke or eke out a piece of cloth; to eke outa performance. - Pope. ; to prolong; as, to eke out the time. Shak. EKE, adv. [Sax. eac; D. ook; G. auch; Sw. och; Dan. og; W.ac; L. ac, and, also. This seems to be the same word as the verb, and to denote add, join, or addition; Ch. Mn, to join.] Also; likewise ; in addition. , to eke a store of Spenser. 3. To lengthen Twill be prodig cious hard to prove That this is eke the throne of love. Prior. [This word is nearly obsolete, being used only in poetry of the familiar and ludicrous kind. ] EK/ED, (€kd,) pp. Increased ; lengthened. EK/ING, ppr. Increasing ; augmenting ; lengthening. EK/ING, zn. Increase or addition, E-LAB/O-RATE, v.t. [L. elaboro, from laboro, labor. See Laszor.] 1. To produce with labor. They in full joy elaborate a sigh. Young. 2. To improve orrefine by successive operations. The heat of the sun elaborates the juices of plants, and renders the fruit more perfect. E-LAB/O-RATE, a. [L. elahoratus.] Wrought with labor ; finished with great diligence ; studied ; executed with exactness; as, an elaborate discourse ; an elaborate performance. Drawn to the life in each elaborate page. E-LAB!/O-RA-TED, pp. or a. study; improved. E-LAB/O-RATE-LY, adv. With great labor or study ; with nice regard to exactness. E-LAB/O-RATE-NESS, n. The quality of being elab- orate or wrought w ith’ great labor. Johnson. E-LAB/O-RA-TING, ppr. Produced with labor; im- proving ; refining by successive operations. E-LAB-O-RA/TION, nz. Improvement or refinement by successive operations. Ray. E-LAB/O-RA-TOR,x. One who elaborates. E-LAB/O-RA-TO-RY, a. Elaborating. E-LA-ID'I€ AC'ID, xn. A peculiar acid obtained by the saponification of elaidin. P. Cyc. © E-LA/I-DIN, n. A fatty substance produced hy the ac- lion of nitric acid upon certain oils, especially castor vil. Brande. E- as ‘IN, n. [Gr. édatvos.] The liquid principle of oils and fats. Chevreul. Smart and Ure give three syllables to this word.] E-LA Re a. ieee Lampe.] Shining. [Jot in use.] E-LANCE’, st (Fr. elancer, lancer, from lance, or its root. To throw or shoot; Waller. Produced with labor or to hurl; to dart. While thy unerring hand elanced — a dart, E-LANC’ED, (e-lanst’,) pp. Hurled; darted. E-LANC ING, pp. Hurling ; shooting. E/LAND, x. "A species of heavy, clumsy antelope in Africa. arrow. Prior. seats ; to evacuate. Encic. E-LA/O-LITE, n. [Gr. cara, an olive.] FATE, FAR, FALL. WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE. MARINE. BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — aeELD ELE ELE A variety of nepleline, presenting a greasy luster, and gray, grayish green, bluish and reddish shades of color. Dana. E-LAP-I-DA’/TION, n. [L. elapido, from lapis, a stone. ] A clearing away of stones. E-LAPSB’, (e-laps’,) v. i. [IL. elapsus, from elabor, la- bor, to slide.] To slide, slip, or glide away; to pass away silently, as time; applied chiefly or wholly to time. Instead of Evarsg, the noun, we use Larse.] E-LAPS/ED, (e-lapst’,) pp. Slid or passed away, as time. E-LAPS/ING, ppr. Sliding away ; gliding or passing away silently, as time. E-LAQ/UE-ATE, (e-lak/we ate,) v. t. To disentangle. E-LAQ/UE-A-TED, pp. Disentangled. E-LAQ/UE-A4-TING, ppr. Disentangling. E-LAS/TI€, a. [from the Gr, eAaspew, to impel, E-LAS’TI€-AL, § or é\aw, or eXavyw, to drive; Fr. elastigue; It. and Sp. elastico.] Springing back ; having the power of returning to the form from which it is bent, extended, pressed, or distorted ; having the inherent property of recover- ing its former figure, after any external pressure, which has altered that figure, is removed ; rebound- ing; flying back. Thus, a bow is elastic, and when the force which bends it is removed, it instantly re- turns to its former shape. The air is elastic; vapors are elastic; and whenthe force compressing them is removed, they instantly expand or dilate, and recover their former state. E-LAS’TI€-AL-LY, adv. In an elastic manner; by an elastic power ; with a spring. Lee. E-LAS-TIC/L-TY, nx. The inherent property in bodies by which they recover their former figure or state, after external pressure, tension, or distortion. Thus, elastic gum, extended, will contract to its natural di- mensions, when the force is removed. Air, when compressed, will, on the removal of the compressing force, instantly dilate, and fill its former space. E-LATH!,a. ([L. elatus.] Raised; elevated in mind; flushed, as with suc- cess. Whence, lofty; haughty; as, elate with vic- tory. [te is used chiefly in poetry. | E-LATE!, v. t. “To raise or swell, as the mind or spir- its ; to elevate with success; to puff up; to make proud. 2. To raise; toexalt. [Unusual.] Thomson. E-LAT’ED, pp. or a. Elevated in mind or spirits ; puffed wp ; as, with honor, success, or prosperity. We say, elated with success ; elated with pride. [Tus ts used in prose. E-LAT/ED-LY, adv. With elation. E-LAT’ER-IN, xn. The active principle of the elateri- um, from which the latter is supposed to derive its cathartic power. Brande. P. Cyc. EL-A-TE/RI-UM, n. A substance deposited from the very acrid juice of the Momordica elaterium, wild cucumber. It is in thin cakes, of a greenish color, and bitter taste, and is a powerful cathartic. Brande. EL/A-TE-RY, 7. [Gr. eAaretpa.] Acting force or elasticity ; as, the elatery of the air. [ Unusual. | Ray. E-LAT/ING, ppr. Elevating in mind or spirits. E-LA'TION, n. An inflation or elevation of mind proceeding from self-approbation ; self-esteem, vanity, or pride, resulting from success. Hence, haughti- ness; pride of prosperity. Atterbury. E-LAT/OR, n. One who or that which elates. EL’BOW, n. [Sax. elnboga, or elneboga; ulna, the arm, the ell, and boga, bow ; contracted into elbo.ra, elbow ; G. elbogen; D. elleboog ; Scot. elbock, elbuck. | J. The outer angle made by the bend of the arm. Encyc. [L. laqueus.] The wines that waft our riches out of sight Grow on the gamester’s elbows. Cowper, 2. Any flexure or angle ; the obtuse angle of a wall, building, or road. Encye- 3. A term applied tothe upright sides which flank any paneled work, as in windows below the shut- ters, &c. Sroift. To be at the elbow, is to be very near ; to be by the side; to be at hand. EL/BOW, v.t. To push with theelbow. Dryden. 2. To push or drive to a distance ; to encroach on. He’ll elbow out his neighbors. EL/BOW, v. i. Dryden, To jut into an angle; to project; to bend. EL/BOW-CHAIR, n. A chair with arms to support the elbows ; an arm-chair, Gay. EL/BOW-ROOM, n.. Room to extend the elbows on each side; hence, in its usual acceptation, freedom from confinement ; room for motion or action. Shak. EL’ BOW-ED, (el/bode,) pp. Pushed with the elbows. EL/BOW-ING, ppr. Pushing with the elbows ; driv- ing to a distance. ELD, n. [Sax. eld, or eld, oldage. See Oxp.|] 1. Old age; decrepitude. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. Old people. Chapman. 3. Old times ; former age. [This word is entirely obsolete. But its derivative, ELD/ER, a. [Sax. eldor, the comparative degree of sld, now written old. See Ovp. J. Older; senior; having lived a longer time; born, produced, or formed before something else ; opposed to younger. The elder shall serve the younger. —Gen. xxv. His elder son was in the field, — Luke xv. 9. Prior in origin; preceding in the date of a com- mission; as, an elder officer or magistrate. In this sense, we generally use senior. ELD’BR, 7. One who is older than another or others. 2.° An ancestor. Carry your head as your elders have done before you. LD Estrange. 3. A person advanced in life, and who, on account of his age, experience, and wisdom, is selected for oftice. Among rude nations, elderly men are rulers. judges, magistrates, or counselors. Among the Jews, the seventy men associated with Moses in the gov- ernment of the people, were elders. In the first Christian churches, elders were persons who enjoyed offices or ecclesiastical functions, and the word in- cludes apostles, pastors, teachers, presbyters, bishops, or overseers. Peter and John called themselves eld- ers. The first councils of Christians were called presbyteria, councils of elders. In the modern Presbyterian churches, elders are offi- cers, who, with the pastors or ministers, compose the church sessions, with authority to inspect and regu- late matters of religion and discipline. In the first churches of New England, the pastors or ministers were called elders, or teaching elders; and this is still their title in the Baptist churches. ELD/ER, n. [Sax. ellarn; Sw. hyll, or hylletra ; Dan. hyld, ox hylde-tre ; G. holder, or hohlunder. It seems to be named from hollowness. } The popular name of a genus of plants called by naturalists Sambucus. ELD/ER-LY, a. Somewhat old; advanced beyond middle age; bordering on old age ; as, elderly people. ELD/ER-SHIP,7. Seniority ; the state of being older. Dryden. 2. The office of an elder. Eliot. 3. Presbytery ; order of elders, Hooker. ELD/EST, a. [Sax. ealdest, superlative of eld, old.] Oldest; most advanced in age ; that was born be- fore others ; as, the eldest son or daughter. Itséems to be always applied to persons, or at least to animals, and not to things. If ever applied to things, it must signify, that was first formed or produced, that has existed the longest time. But applied to things, we use oldest. ELD/ING, n. [Sax. elan, to burn.] Fuel. [Zocal.] Grose. EL DO-RA’DO, x. [Sp., the golden region.] A fab- ulous region in the interior of South America, sup- posed to surpass all others in the richness of its pro- ductions, especially gold, gems, &c. EL/DRITCH, a. Hideous; ghastly; wild ; demoni- acal; as,an eldriich shriek ; an eldritch laugh. [Scot- tish. | urns. E-LE-AT’I€, a. An epithet given to a certain sect of philosophers, so called from Elea, or Velia, a town 6n the western coast of Lower Italy ; as, the Eleatic sect of philosophy. P. Cyc. EL-E-C€AM-PANE!, n. [D. alant; G. alant or alant- 2ourzel; L. helenium, from Gr. eAsviov, which signi- fies this plant and a feast in honor of Helen, Pliny informs us that this plant was so called because it was said to have sprung from the tears of Helen. The Jast part of the word is from the Latin campana ; as the means; usually with a plural signification | the elect. : | E-LEOT/ANT, 7. E-LE€T/ED, pp. Chosen; preferred; designated to | E-LE€T’LCISM,n. The system of selecting doctrines E-LE€T/ING, ppr. E-LE€/TION, n. E-LE€-TION-EER’, v. t. E-LE€-TION-EER/ER, x. E-LE€-TION-EER/ING, ppr. E-LE€-TION-EEBR/ING, zn. E-LE€T/IVE, a. Dependent on choice; as, an elective E-LE€T/IVE-LY, adv. E-LE€T/OR, n. Inula campana. ] The popular name of a plant, the Inula Helenium of Linneus, of a pungent taste, and formerly of much repute as a stomachic. E-LE€T’, v. t. [L. electus, from eligo; e, or ex, and lego, Gr. ey, to choose ; Fr. elire, from cligere; It. eleggere; Sp. elegir; Port eleger. | I. Properly, to pick out; to select from among two or more, that which is preferred. Hence, 9. To select or take for an office or employment ; to choose from among a number ; to select or manifest preference by vote or designation ; as, to elect a rep- resentative by ballot or viva voce; to elect a president or governor. 3. In theology, to designate, choose, or select as an object of mercy or favor. 4, To choose; to prefer; to determine in favor of. E-LE€T’, a. Chosen; taken by preference from among two or more. Hence, 2. In theolory, chosen as the object of mercy ; chosen, selected or designated to eternal life; pre- destinated in the divine counsels. 3. Chosen, but not inaugurated, consecrated, or in- vested with office ; as, bishop elect; emperor elect ; governor or mayor elect, But in the Scriptures, and in theology, this word is generally used as a noun. E-LE€T’, n. One chosen or set apart ; applied to Christ. Behold my servant, whom I uphold; my elect, in whom my soul delighteth. — Is. xli. 9, Chosen or designated by God to salvation ; pre- ELDER, is in use.] destinated to glory as the end, and to sanctification Shall not God avenge his own elect? — Luke xviii. If it were possible, they shall deceive the very elect. — Matt. He shall send his angels —and they shall gather his elect from the four winds. — Matt. xxiv. ] 3. Chosen ; selected ; set apart as a peculiar church and people ; applied to the Israelites. Is. x\v. That has the power of choosing. office by some act of the constituents, as by vote; || chosen or predestinated to eternal life. and opinions from other systems. Emerson. | Choosing ; selecting from a num- ber; preferring; designating to office by choice or preference ; designating or predestinating to eternal [L. electio.} [salvation. 1. The act of choosing ; choice; the act of select- ing one or more from others. Hence appropriately, 9. The act of choosing a person to fill an office or | employment, by any manifestation of preference, as | by ballot, uplifted hands, or viva voce; as, the election of a king, of a president, or a mayor. Corruption in elections is the great enerny of freedom. J. Adams. 3. Choice ; voluntary preference ; free will ; lib- erty to actor not. It is at his election to accept or refuse. 4, Power of choosing or selecting. Davies. 5. Discernment ; discrimination ; distinction. To use men with much difference and election is good. Bacon. 6. In theology, divine choice ; predetermination of God, by which persons are distinguished as objects of mercy, become subjects of grace, are sanctified and prepared for heaven. There is a remnant according to the election of grace, — Rom. xi. Co 7. The public choice of officers. 8. The day of a public choice of officers 9, Those who are elected. The election hath obtained it. — Rom. xi, To make interest for a can- didate at an election; to use arts for securing the election of a candidate. One who electioneers. Using influence to pro- Se cure the election of a person. The arts or practices used for securing the choice of one to office. monarchy, in which the king is raised to the throne by election ; opposed to hereditury. 2. Bestowed or passing by election; as, an office is elective. 3. Pertaining to or consisting in choice or right of choosing ; as, elective franchise. 4, Exerting the power of choice; as, an elective act. 5. Selecting for combination ; as, an elective attrac- tion, which is a tendency in bodies to unite with certain kinds of matter in preference to others. By choice; with preference of one to another. One who elects, or one who has the right of choice; a person who has, by law or consti- tution, the right of voting for an_ officer. In free governments, the people, or such of them as possess certain qualifications of age, character, and property, are the electors of their representatives, &c., in par- liament, assembly, or other legislative body. In the United States, certain persons are appointed or cho- sen to be elcctors of the president or chief magistrate. In Germany, certain princes were formerly electors of the emperor, and elector was one of their titles, as the elector of Saxony. E-LE€T/OR-AL, a. Pertaining to election or electors. The electoral college in Germany consisted of all the electors of the empire, being nine in number, six sectl- lar princes and three archbishops. E-LECT-OR-AL’L-TY, for Evecrorats, is not used. E-LE€T/OR-ATE, n. The dignity of an elector in the German empire. 9. The territory of an elector in the German em- B-LE€/TRE, (e-lek’ter,) n. [L. electrum.] [ pire. Amber. [See Evectrum, 5 [Bacon used this word for a compound or mixed metal. But the word is not now used.] : E-LE€T/RESS, xn. The wife or widow of an elector in the German empire. Chesterfield. E-LE€’TRIE, a. [Fr. electrique; It. elettrico; E-LE@€’TRI€-AL, Sp. electrico; from L. electrum, Gr. n\exrpov, amber. ] ee 1. Containing electricity, or capable of exhibiting it when excited by friction ; as, an electric body, such as amber and glass; an electric substance, ‘ 2. In general, pertaining to electricity ; aS, cence power or virtue ; electric attraction or repulsion ; electric fluid. she ae ee from or produced by electricity 5 as, electrical effects ; electric Vapor ; electric shock. 4. Communicating a shock like electricity ; as, the electric eel or fish. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN’GER, VI//CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; Cll as SH; FI as in THIS: —————$$= _ Se 2 AS ao — ~ Ns os si Be . Scnauyhrrpecste Sy oe Sea ae‘ae one | ‘ . | - = x ; } ig 1? Wr ii | , Be et F a4 a ie i { - i } ! oe oy Beast ) et i i | ‘ i } i ' | f r . asl } . i ‘ 4 fp at a 1] i ee Se a | ELE ELE ELE E-LE€/TRI€, zz. A non-conductor of electricity em- ployed to excite or accumulate the electric fluid. Such are amber, glass, resin, wax, guni-lac, sul- phur, &c. E-LE€/TRIE€-EEL, 7. A fish or eel of the genus gymnotus, from two to five feet in length, capable of siving an electric shock of such violence as some- times to knock down a man. Partington. E-LE€’TRIG-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of elec- tricity, or by means of it. E-LE€-TRI/CIAN, (e-lek-trish’un,) 7. A person who studies electricity, and investigates its properties by observation and experiments; one versed in the science of electricity. E-LE€-TRIC/LTY, n. [from Gr. exrpov, amber. ] 1. The subtile agent called the electric fluid, usually excited by the friction of glass. It was called elec- tricity from the Greek word for amber, because it was in the friction of this substance that it was first ob- served. It is convenient to denominate it the electric fluid, although we know very little of its nature, be- cause it has a greater resemblance to an elastic fluid of extreme rarity than to any thing else with which we are acquainted. Some bodies permit the electric fluid to pass freely through them, and are hence called conductors; others hardly permit it to pass through them at all, and are therefore called non-conductors. Metals are the best conductors; next, water and all moist substances ; and next, the bodies of animals. Glass, resinous substances, (as amber, varnish, and sealing-wax,) air, silk, wool, cotton, hair, and feath- ers. are non-conductors. The phenomena of electricity are such as attraction and repulsion, heat and light, shocks of the animal system, and mechanical vio- lence. Olmsted. 2 The science which unfolds the phenomena and laws of the electric fluid. Olmsted. E-LE@/TRI-FI-A-BLE, a. [from electrify.) Capable of receiving electricity, or of being charged with it ; that may become electric. Fourcroy. E-LE@€-TRI-FI-€A’TION, n. The act of electrifying, or state of being charged with electricity. Encyc. art. Bell. E-LE€’TRI-FI-ED, pp. or a. Charged with electricity. Encyc. E-LE€’TRI-FY, v. t. To communicate electricity to ; to charge with electricity. Encyc. Cavallo 2. To cause electricity to pass through ; to affect by electricity ; to give an electric shock to. 3. To excite suddenly; to give a sudden shock ; as, the whole assembly was electrified. E-LEO/TRLEY, v. 7. To become electric. E-LE€/TRI-FY-ING, ppr. ora. Charging with elec- tricity ; affecting with electricity ; giving a sudden shock. E-LE€’TRINE, (-trin,) a. [lL. electrum.] Belonging to amber. B-LEG-TRI-ZA/TION, ». The act of electrizing. Ure. E-LEG/PTRIZE, v.t. | Fr. electriser.] To electrify 5 @ word in popular use. Ure. E-LE€/VRIZ-ED, pp. or a. Charged with electricity. = Ure. (PP; Gye. E-LE€/TRIZ-ING, ppr. Electrifying. E-LU€/TRO-CHEM'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to electro- chemistry. Ure. B-LE€/TRO-CHEM/IS-TRY, x. That science which treats of the agency of electricity and galvanisin in effecting chemical changes. E-LEC/TRODE, n. [Gr. nAcxrpev, (for electricity,) and 6d s, a way.] A name applied to what is called the pole of the voltaic cizcle. The electrodes are the surfaces of air, water, metal, &c., which serve to convey an electric | current into and from the liquid to be decomposed. Faraday. Turner. B-LE€’TRO-DY-NAM/IES, x. The phenomena of electricity in motion. Brande. P. Cyc. E-LE€-TROL/Y-SIS, n. [Gr. 7Xexrpoy and dvo, to dissolve. ] The act of decomposing a compound substance by the action of electricity or galvanjsm. Faraday. E-LE€’TRO-LYTE, n. ([Gr. nAexrpoy and vw, to dissolve. ] A compound which may be directly decomposed by an electric current, Faraday. E-LE€-TRO-LYT’I€, a. Pertaining to electrolysis. Faraday. E-LE€'TRO-LYZE, v.t. [Gr. nAexrpov and vw, to dissolve. | To decompose a compound substance by the direct action of electricity or galvanism, ' Faraday. E-LE¢’TRO-MAG-NET’I€, «a. Designating what pertains to magnetism, as connected with electrici- ty, or affected by it. Electro-magnetic phenomena. Leiry. E-LE€’/TRO-MAG-NET’I€-TEL’/E-GRAPH, x. We instrument or apparatus, which, by means of iron Wires, condueting the electric fluid, conveys intelli- gence to any given distance with the velocity of light- ning. S. F. B. Morse. E-LE€/TRO-MAG/NET-ISM, n. That science which treats of the agency of electricity and galvanism in communicating magnetic properties. E-LE6/TRO-ME1’ AL-LUR-GY, n. The art of depos- ~~ 2. | iting metals, held in solution, as silver, gold, &c., on prepared surfaces, through the agency of voltaic elec- tricity or galvanism. It thus answers the purposes of plating, and also of giving exact impressions of coins, medals, &c. Ore. E-LE€-TROM/E-TER, n. [L. electrum, Gr. Aexrpov, amber, and p&rpew, to Measure. ] An instrument for measuring the quantity or in- tensity of electricity. The term is also applied to in- struments which indicate the presence of electricity, or electroscopes. P. Cyc. Brande. E-LE€-TRO-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to an elec- trometer ; made by an electrometer; as, an electro- metrical experiment. E-LE€’/TRO-MO/TION, n. The motion of electricity or galvanism, or the passing of it from one metal to another, by the attraction or influence of one metal plate in contact with another. Volta. E-LE€/TRO-MO'TIVE, a. Producing electro-motion ; as, electro-motive power. Henry. E-LE€-TRO-MO'TOR, n. [L. electrum and motor. | A mover of the electric fluid , a piece of apparatus for generating a current of electricity. Olmsted. E-LE€/TRON, n. [Gr. nAexrpor. Amber; also, a mixture of oni with a fifth part of silver. Coze. E-LE€’TRO-NEG/A-TIVE, a. A term denoting the natural state of a body, or a particle of matter, which makes it tend to the positive pole of a voltaic battery. Olmsted. Henry. E-LE€-TROPH’O-RUS, n. [L. electrum and Gr. go- péw, to bear. ] An instrument for exciting electricity in small quantities. It consists of a flat, smooth cake of resin, acted upon by a circular plate of brass with a glass handle. Brande. E-LE€-TRO-PGO/LAR, a. . t. M-PLAS/TER-ED, pp. M-PLAS/TER-ING, ppr. [Gr. eumAacriKos. Puasric. ] Viscous; glutinous ; adhesive ; fit to be applied as a plaster; as, emplastic applications. Arbuthnot. [em and plead.) To charge witha crime; to accuse. But tt is now written IMPpLEean, which see. [Gr. eumAnktoy.] In ancient architecture, a method of constructing walls with wrought stones in front, and with rough stones in the interior. Elmes. Brande. v.t. [Fr. employer ; Arm. impligea or tm- pligein; Sp. emplear; Port, empregar ; It. impiegare ; em, or en, and ployer, plier; W.plyugu; L. plico; Gr. m\exw ; D. pleegen. See Appry, Dispvay, DrEpLoy.] 1. To occupy the time, attention, and labor of; to keep busy, or at work; to use. We employ our hands in labor ; we employ our heads or faculties in study or thought ; the attention is employed, when the mind is fixed or occupied upon an object; we employ time, when we devote it to an object. A portion of time should be daily employed in reading the Scriptures, meditation, and prayer; a great portion of life is em- ployed to little profit or to very bad purposes, 9, To use as an instrument or means. We empioy pens in writing, and arithmetic in keeping accounts. We employ medicines in curing diseases. 3. To use as materials in forming any thing. We employ timber, stones, or bricks, in building ; we em- ploy wool, linen, and cotton, in making cloth. 4, To engage in one’s service ; to use as an agent or substitute in transacting business; to commission and intrust with the management of one’s affairs. The president employed an envoy to negotiate a trea- ty. Kings and states employ embassadors at foreign courts. 5. To occupy ; to use; to apply or devote to an ob- ject ; to pass in business ; as, to employ time ; to em- ploy an hour, a day, or a week ; to employ one’s life. To employ one’s self, is to apply or devote one’s time | and attention ; to busy one’s self. | EM-PLOY’, x. That which engages the mind, or oc- cupies the time and labor of a person; business ; ob- ject of study or industry ; employment. Gabe ee —————— ee Present to grasp, and future still to find, The whole employ of body and of mind. Pope. 2, Occupation; as art, mystery, trade, profession. 3. Public office ; agency ; service for another, EM-PLOY/A-BLE, a. That may be employed; capa- ble of being used; fit or proper for use. Bole. EM-PLOY-E’, (em-ploy-a’,) n. [Fr.] One who is employed. EM-PLOY’ED, pp. Occupied ; fixed or engaged; ap- plied in business ; used in agency. | EM-PLOY’ER,n. One who employs; one who uses ; one who engages or keeps in service. EM-PLOY/ING, ppr. Occupying; using; keeping busy. EM-PLOY/MENT, n. The act of employing or using. 9. Occupation ; business; that which engages the head or hands ; as, agricultural employments; me- chanical employments. Men, whose employment is to make sport and amusement for others, are always despised. 3. Office ; public business or trust; agency or ser- vice for another or for the public. The secretary of the treasury has a laborious and responsible employ- ment. He is in the employment of government. EM-PLUNGE’. See PLunce. EM-POIS’ ON, (poiz/n,) v. t. Poison. | 1. To poison; to administer poison to; to destroy or endanger life by giving or causing to be taken into the stomach any noxious drug or preparation. Sidney. Bacon. [In this sense, Poison ts generally used ; but Expots- on may be used, especially wm poetry. | 9, To taint with poison or venom; to render nox- jous or deleterious by an admixture of poisonous sub- stance. This may be used, especially in poetry. } . To imbitter; to deprive of sweetness; as, to empoison the joys and pleasures of life. | EM-POIS/ ON-ED, (-poiz/nd,) pp. or a. Poisoned ; taint- ed with venom ; imbittered. EM-POIS/ON-ER, n. One who poisons; one W administers a deleterious drug; he or that which un- bitters. EM-POIS/ON-ING, ppr. EM-POIS/ON-MENT, n. poison or causing it to bet life by a deleterious drug. EM-PO-RET'I€, a. Used in market. F EM-PO/RL-UM, n. [L., from the Gr. europton, rom [Fr. empotsonner. See one who Poisoning ; imbittering. | The act of administermg aken ; the act of destroying PR Aa ca EpTropevopat, to buy ; ev and mopevopel, to pass Or 205 Sax. faran.] i : 1. A place of merchandise ; a town or city of trade ; particularly, a city or town of extensive commerce, Puaster, Which is now used. ] TONE. BULL, UNITE. — AN'GER, VI//CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. or in which the commerce of an extensive country ool ee ONE el fe Sate ‘ nce cePee ee Lee sr a ge SRA RS eee, SNE ee EMP a centers, or to which sellers and buyers resort from different countries. Such are London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. New York will be an emporium. 2. In medicine, the common sensory in the brain. EM-POV’ER-ISH. See ImpoverisuH. [ Coxe. EMPOW’/ER, v. t. [from en, or in, and power.) J. To give legal or moral power or authority to; to authorize, either by law, commission, letter of attor- ney, natural right, or by verbal license. The Supreme Court is empowered to try and decide all cases, civil or criminal. The attorney is empowered to sigr an acquittance, and discharge the debtor. 2. To give physical power or force ; to enable. In this sense, not frequently uscd, and perhaps not used at all.) EM-POW/ER-ED, pp- moral right. EM-POW’/ER-ING, ppr. h EM/PRESS, x. [Contracted from emperess. PEROR. | 1. The consort or spouse of an emperor. 9. A female who governs an empire; a female in- vested with imperial power or sovereignty. EM-PRISE’, n. [Norm.; em, en, and prise, from pren- dre, to take; the same as ENTERPRISE. | An undertaking ; an enterprise. Spenser. [Now rarely or never used, except in poetry. | EMP’TI-ED, pp. Poured out; exhausted of its con- tents. EMP’TI-ER, 2. One that empties or exhausts. EMP’TI-NESS, n. [from empty.] A state of being empty ; a State of containing nothing except air; des- titution ; absence of matter; as, the emptiness of a vessel. 2. Void space; vacuity ; vacuum. Dryden. 8, Want of solidity or substance ; as, the emptiness of light and shade. Dryden. 4, Unsatisfactoriness ; inability to satisfy desire ; as, the emptiness of earthly things. 5. Vacuity of head ; want of intellect or knowl- Pope. Authorized; having legal or Authorizing; giving power. See Em- Pope. edge. EMP/TION,7. [li emptio, from ema, to buy. | The act of buying; a purchasing. [Vot much used, | Arbuthnot. EMP/TY, a. [Sax. emtig or emti, from @emtian, to be idle, to be vacant, to evacuate, @mta, ease, Jeisure, quiet. | 1. Containing nothing, or nothing but air; as, an empty chest ; empty space ; an empty purse is a serious evil. 2, Evacuated ; not filled ; as, empty shackles. Spenser. 3. Unfurnished ; as, an empty room. A. Void ; devoid. In civility, thou seemest so empty. Shak. 5. Void; destitute of solid matter ; as, empty air. 6. Destitute of force or effect ; as, empty words. 7, Unsubstantial ; unsatisfactory; not able to fill the mind or the desires. The pleasures of life are empty and unsatisfying. Pleased with emply praise. 8. Not supplied ; having nothing to carry. They beat him, and sent him away empty. — Mark xii. 9. Hungry. My falcon now is sharp and passing empty. Shak. 10. Unfurnished with intellect or knowledge ; va- cant of head ; ignorant ; as, an empty coxcomb. 11. Unfruitful ; producing nothing. Israel is an empty vine. — Hosea x. Seven empty enrs blasted with the east wind. —Gen. xli. 12. Wanting substance ; wanting solidity; as, empty dreams. 13. Destitute ; waste; desolate. Nah. ii. Pope. Nineveh is empty. 14. Without effect. The sword of Saul returned not empty. —2 Sam. i. 15. Without a cargo; in ballast; as, the ship re- turned empty. EMP/TY, v. t. To exhaust; to make void or desti- tute; to deprive of the contents; as, to empty a vessel ; to empty a well or a cistern. 2. To pour out the contents ; as, rivers empty them- selves into the ocean. The clouds empty themselves on the earth. — Eccles. xi. 3. To waste; to make desolate. Jer. Il. EMP/TY, v.27. To pour out or discharge its contents. The Connecticut empties into the Sound. 2. To become empty. EMP’/TY—-HEAD’/ED, (-hed-) a. EMP/TY-HEART’ED, a. Having few ideas. Destitute of feeling and attachment. Shak. EMP/TY-ING, ppr. Pouring out the contents ; mak- ing void. EMP’TY-ING, n. The act of making empty. Shak. Emptyings, pl. ; the lees of beer, cider, &c. 5 yeast. America. EM-PURB/PLE, v.t. [from rule | To tinge or dye of a purple color ; to discolor with purple. | The deep empurpled ran. Philips. \ EM-PUR/PLED, pp. ora. Stained with a purple color. { 35)'2 SS EMU ENA EM-PUR!/PLING, ppr. color. EM-PUSE’,x. ([Gr. eproved.| A phantom or specter. [Votused.] Bp. Taylor. EM-PUZ'ZLE. See Puzzxe. EM-PY-E/MA, 7. [Gr.] A collection of purulent mat- ter in the cavity of the pleura. EM-PYR/B-AL, a. [Fr. empyrée; Sp. It. empireo; L. empyreus ; from Gr. ewrupos; ev and rvp, fire. ] 1. Formed of pure fire or light; refined beyond aerial substance ; pertaining to the highest and purest region of heaven. Go, soar with Plato to the empyrea) sphere. T'inging or dyeing of a purple Pope. 2. Pure ; vital; dephlogisticated ; an epithet given to oxygen gas. EM-PY-R&E/AN, a. Ennpyreal. Akenside. EM-PY-RE/AN, ». [See Empyreav. The highest heaven, where the pure element of fire has been supposed to subsist. The empyréan rung With hallelujahs. EM-PY-REU/MA,n. [Gr., from ev and vp, fire. ] In chemistry, burnt smell; the odor of animal or vegetable substances when slightly burnt in close vessels. Ure. EM-PY-REU-MAT‘I€, a. A term denoting the EM-PY-REU-MAT’I€-AL, } taste or smell of shight- ly burnt animal or vegetable substances. EM-PYR/I€-AL,a. Containing the combustible prin- cipie of coal. Kirwan. EM-PY-RO'SIS, nz. [Gr. cumvpow, to burn.] A general fire ; a conflagration. [Little used.] EM/RODS. See Emerops. [ Hale. E/MU, x. This name properly belongs to the New Holland cassowary, which is allied to the ostrich and cassowary, but has been erroneously applied by the 3razilians to the rhea, or South American ostrich. See Emev. | Cuvier. EM/U-LATE, L. @emulor ; Sp. emular ; It. emulare. Milton. (em/yu-late,) v. ¢. tions ; to imitate, with a view to equal or excel; to vie with; to rival. Learn early to emulate the good and the great. Emulate the virtues and shun the vices of distinguished men. 2, To be equal to. Thy eye would emulate the diamond. Slick. 3. To imitate; to resemble. [Unusual.] Convulsion emulating the motion of laughter. EM’U-LATE, a. Ambitious. [Little used, | EM/U-LA-TED, pp. Rivaled ; imitated. EM/U-LA-TING, ppr. or excel; imitating ; resembling. EM-U-LA/TION, n. The act of attempting to equal Arbuthnot. Shak. superiority, attended with effort to attain it ; gener- ally in a good sense; or an attempt to equal or excel others in that which is praiseworthy, without the desire of depressing Others. Rom. xi. In a bad sense, a striving to equal or do more than others to obtain carnal favors or honors. Gal. v. 9. An ardor kindled by the praiseworthy examples of others, inciting to imitate them, or to equal or excel them. A noble emulation heats your breast. Dryden. 3. Contest; contention; strife; competition ; ri- valry accompanied with a desire of depressing another. Such factious emulations shall arise. Shak. EM/U-LA-TIVE, a. Inclined to emulation; rivaling ; disposed to competition. EM/U-LA-TOR, n. One who emulates; a rival; a competitor. EM/U-LA-TRESS, n. A female who emulates another. EM’ULE, v.t. To emulate. [Votased.] E-MULGE’, v.t. To milk out. [Vot used. | E-MULG/ENT, a. [L. emulgeo; e and mulgeo, to milk out.] Milking or draining out. In anatomy, the emulgent or renal arteries are those which supply the kidneys with blood, being sometimes single, sometimes double. The emulgent veins return the blood, after the urine is secreted. This the ancients considered as a milking or straining of the serum, whence the name. Encyc. Harris. Quincy. Parr. E-MULG/ENT, n. An emulgent vessel. EM/U-LOUS, (em/yu-lus,) a. [L. emulus.] 1. Desirous or eager to imitate, equal, or excel another; desirous of like excellence with another ; with of; as, emulous of another’s example or virtues. 2. Rivaling ; engaged in competition; as, emulous Carthage. B. Jonson. 3. Factious; contentious. Shak. EM/U-LOUS-LY, adv. With desire of equaling or excelling another. Granville. E-MUL’SION, n, milk out. A soft liquid remedy of a color and consistence resembling milk ; any milk-like mixture prepared by uniting oil and water, by means of another sub- stance, saccharine or mucilaginous. Encyc. Ure. [Fr., from L. emulsus, emulgeo, to Qu. Gr. apcAXa, strife, contest. ] | 1. To strive to equal or excel in qualities or ac- | Rivaling ; attempting to equal | or excel in qualities or actions; rivalry; desire of EN-A€T’IVE, a. EN-A€T/MENT, n. EN-A€T/OR, n. EN-A€T/URE, n. E-NAL/LA-GE, EN-AM/BUSH, v. t. EN-AM’BUSH-ING, ppr. EN-AM/EL,n. [en and Fr. email, Sp. esmalte, It. smal- EN-AM/EL, ». t. E-MUL/SIVE, a. Softening; milk-like. 2, Producing or yielding a milk-like substance ; as, emulsive acids. Fourcroy. E-MUN€/TO-RY, 2. [L. emunctorium, from emunctus, emungo, to wipe, to cleanse.] In anatomy, any part of the body which serves to carry off excrementitious matter; an excretory duct. Encyc. Coze. The kidneys and skin are called the common emunctories- Cyc. EM-US-€A/TION, n. [L. emuscor.] A freeing from moss. [Not much used.] Evelyn. EN; aprefix to many English words, chiefly borrowed from the French. It coincides with the Latin im, Gr. ey, and some English words are written indiffer- ently with en orin. For the ease of pronunciation, it is changed to em, particularly before a labial, as in employ, empower. En was formerly a plural termination of nouns and of verbs, as in housen, escapen. It is retained in ozen and children. It is also still used as the termi- nation of some verbs, as in%eark-en, from the Saxon infinitive. EN-A’BLE, v. t. [Norm. enhabler. See eee 1. To make able; to supply with power, physical or moral ; to furnish with sufficient power or ability. By strength a man is enabled to work. Learning and industry enable men to investigate the laws of na- ture. Fortitude enables us to bear pain without mur- muring. 2. To supply with means. Wealth enables men to be charitable, or to live in luxury. 3. To furnish with legal ability or competency ; to authorize. ‘he law enables us to dispose of our prop- erty by will. 4. T'o furnish with competent knowledge or skill, and, in general, with adequate means. EN-A/BLED, pp. Supplied with sufficient power, phys- ical, moral, or legal. EN-A’BLE-MENT, n. The act of enabling; ability Bacon. EN-A/BLING, ppr. Giving power to; supplying with sufficient power, ability, or means ; authorizing. EN-A€T’, v. t. [en and act.} To make, asa law; to pass, as a bill, into a law ; to perform a last act of a legislature to a bill, giving it validity as a law; to give legislative sanction to a bill. Shall this bill pass to be enacted ? T. Bigelow. 9. To decree; to establish as the will of the su- preme power. 3. To act; to perform ; to effect. 4, To represent in action. EN-A€T’, 7. Purpose; determination. EN-A€T’ED, pp. Passed into a law ; sanctioned as a law by legislative authority. EN-A€T/ING, ppr- Passing into a law ; giving legis- lative sanction to a bill, and establishing it as a law. 9. a. Giving legislative forms and sanction; as, the enacting clause of a bill. Having power to enact or establish Bramhall. The passing of a bill into a law ; the act of voting, decreeing, and giving validity toa law. Goldsmith. Christ. Observer. Walsh. One who enacts or passes a law; one who decrees or establishes as a law. Atterbury. 2. One who performs any thing. [JVot used. | Purpose. [JVot in use.] Shak, (e-nal/la-jy,) m. (Gr. evaddayn, change; evad\\arrw, to change; ev and adAarra.] In syntax, a change of words, or a substitution of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another. Andrews and Stoddard. Encyc. [en and ambush.] To hide in Spenser. Shak. as a law. ambush. 2. To ambush. Chapman. EN-AM/BUSH-ED, (-am/busht,) pp. Concealed in am- bush, or with hostile intention ; ambushed. Concealing in ambush. to, G. schmelz, from the root of melt. | 1. In mineralogy, a substance imperfectly vitrified, or matter in which the granular appearance is de- stroyed, and having a vitreous gloss. In the arts, a substance of the nature of glass, dif- fering from it by a greater degree of fusibility or opacity. Ed. Encie. Enamels have for their basis a pure crystal glass or frit, ground with a fine oxyd of lead and tin. These, baked together, are the matter of enamels, and the color is varied by adding other substances. Oxyd of gold gives a red color ; that of copper @ green ; man- ganese a Violet; cobalt a blue; and iron a fine black. Encyc. Nicholson. 9, That which is enameled ; a smooth, glossy sur- face, of various colors, resembiing enamel. 3. In anatomy, the smooth, hard substance which covers the crown or visible part of a tooth. Cyc. To lay enamel on a metal, as on gold, silver, copper, &c. 2. To paint in enamel. HW , * arto 2 Encye . To form a glossy surface like enamel. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—¥YINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —ENC EN-AM/EL, v.7. To practice the art of enameling. EN-AM’EL-AR, a. Consisting of enamel; resembling enamel ; smooth ; glossy. EN-AM/EL-ED, pp. or a. Overlaid with enamel ; adorned with any thing resembling enamel; as, an enameled card, EN-AM’EI-ER, x. One who enamels ; one whose oc- cupation is to lay on enamels, or inlay colors. EN-AM/EL-ING, ppr. Laying on enamel. EN-AMWEL-ING, x. The act or art of laying on en- amels. EN-AM/OR, v. t. [from the Fr. amour, L. amor, love.] To inflame with love; to charm; to captivate ; with of before the person or thing; as, to be enamored of a lady ; to be enamored of books or science. But it is now followed by with.} EN-AM-O-RA‘DO, n. One deeply in love. Herbert. EN-AM/OR-ED, pp. or a. Inflamed with love ; charmed ; delighted. EN-AM/OR-ING, ppr. ing ; captivating. EN-AN-TI-OP’/A-THY, n. [Gr. evayrios, opposite, and 7a0os, passion. | 1. An opposite passion or affection Everest. 9. The same as ALLopatHy ; a term used by the disciples and followers of Hahnemann EN-ARM/ED, a. In heraldry, having arms, that is, horns, hoofs, &c., of a different color from that of the body. EN-AR-RA/TION, n. Recital ; relation ; account ; exposition. used. EN-AR-THRO'SIS, x. [Gr. evapPpwots; ev and ap- Opov, a joint. | In anatomy, a ball and socket joint ; that species of articulation which consists in the insertion of the round end of a bone in the cup-like cavity of an- other, forming a joint movable in every direction. E-NA-TA/TION, n. [L. enato.] [ Quincy. A swimming out ; escape by swimming. E-NATE!,a. [L. enatus.] Growing out. E-NAUN/TER, adv. E-NAV/L-GATE, ». t. To sail out or over. B-NAV/I-GA-TED, pp. Sailed over W-NAV/I-GA-TING, ppr. Sailing over. EN-C€AGE’, v. t. [from cage.] To shut up or confine in a cage ; to coop. Shak. Donne. EN-€AG/ED, pp. Shut up or confined in a cage. EN-€AG/ING, ppr. Cooping; confining in a cage. EN-€AMP’, v. i. [from camp.] To pitch tents or form huts, as an army ; to halt on a march, spread tents, and remain for a night or for a longer time, as an army or company. They encamped in Etham. — Ex. xiii. The Levites shall encamp about the tabernacle. — Num. i. 9. To pitch tents for the purpose of a siege ; to be- siege. Inflaming with love; charm- [L. enarro, narro, to relate.] [ Little Smith. Lest that. [Obs.] Spenser. [L. enavigo.] Encamp aguinst the city and take it. —2 Sam. xiL EN-€AMP’, v. t. To form into a camp; to place a marching army or company in a temporary habita- tion or quarters. EN-GAMP/ED, (en-kampt/,) pp. Settled in tents or huts for lodging or temporary habitation. EN-GAMP/ING, ppr. Pitching tents or forming huts for a temporary lodging or rest. EN-€AMP/MENT, x. ‘The act of pitching tents or forming huts, as an army or traveling company, for temporary lodging or rest. 2. The place where an army or company is en- camped ; a camp; a regular order of tents or huts for the accommodation of an army or troop. EN-CANK’/ER, v. t. To corrode; to canker. EN-€ANK/ER-ED, pp. Corrodec, EN-CANK/ER-ING, ppr. Corroding. EN-€ASE’. See Incase. EN-GASH’MENT, zn. The payment in cash of a note, draft, &c. [Among English bankers. ] EN-€AUS/TIC, a. [Gr. ev and xavortkos, caustic, from xatw, to at Pertaining to the art of painting in heated or burnt wax. Encaustic painting ; among the ancients, a kind of painting in which, by heating or burning in wax, the colors were rendered permanent in all their original splendor. It was different from enameling. P. Cyc. EN-CAUS'TIE, n. The method of painting in heated or burnt wax; encaustic painting. P. Cyc. EN-€AVE’, v. t. [from cave.] To hide in a cave or recess. Shak. EN-CAV/ED, pp. Hid in a cave. BEN-CAV/ING, ppr. Hiding in a cave. EN-CEINTE’, (ing-sant/,) n. [Fr., from enceindre ; en and ceindre, L. cingo, to gird. In fortification, inclosure ; the wall or rampart which surrounds a place, sometimes composed of bastions and curtains. It is sometimes only flanked by round or square towers, which is called a Roman zall. Shelton. Enciye. EN-CEINTE’, (4ng-sant’,) a. In law, pregnant ; with child. Blackstone: EN-CE-PHAL‘IE, a. EN-CEPH!/A-LON, x. EN-CHAFE’, v. t. EN-CHAF’ ED, (en-chaft’,) pp EN-CHAE’ING, ppr. EN-CHAINY, v.t. EN-CHALN’ED, pp. EN-CHAIN/ING, ppr. Making fast with a chain ; bind- EN-CHAIN/MENT, n. EN-CHANT", ENC Festivals anciently kept on the days on which cities were built or churches consecrated ; and, in later times, ceremonies renewed at certain periods, as at Oxford, at the celebration of founders and ben- efactors, took. Belonging to the head or brain. [Gr. ey and KEG ONT: The cerebrum, and sometimes the whole contents of the cranium. E [en and chafe; Fr. chauffer.] To chafe or fret; to provoke; to enrage ; to irri- tate. [See Cuare.] Shak. Chafed ; irritated ; en- raged. Chafing ; fretting ; enraging. [Fr. enchatner.. See Crain.) 1. To fasten with a chain; to bind or hold in chains ; to hold in bondage. 2. To hold fast; to restrain; to confine ; as, to en- chain the attention. 3. To link together ; to connect. Howell. Fastened with a chain ; held in bondage ; held fast ; restrained ; confined. ing; holding in chains; confining. The act of enchaining, orstate of being enchained. Rich. Dict. v.t. [Fr. enchanter; en and chanter, to sing; L. incanto; m and canto, tosing. See CHant and Cant. ] 1. To practice sorcery or witchcraft on any thing ; fascination. And now about the caldron sing, Like elves and fairies in a ring, Enchanting all that you put in. Shak. 9. To subdue by charms or spells. Sidney. 3. To delight in the highest degree; to charm ; to ravish with pleasure; as, the description enchants me; we were enchanted with the music. EN-CHANT’ED, pp. or a. Affected by sorcery ; fas- cinated ; subdued by charms ; delighted beyond meas- ure. 9. Inhabited or possessed by elves, witches, or other imaginary mischievous spirits ; as, an enchanted cas- tle. EN-CHANT/ER, x. One who enchants; a sorcerer or magician ; one who has spirits or demons at his command ; one who practices enchantment, or pre- tends to perform surprising things by the agency of demons. 2. One who charms or delights. Enchanter’s nightshade; the popular name of the Circea Lutetiana, an herb found in damp, shady places, in northern parts of the world. EN-CHANT’ING, ppr. Affecting with sorcery, charms, or spells. 2. Delighting highly ; charming. 3. a. Charming; delighting; ravishing; as, an enchanting voice ; an enchanting face. ravishing with delight; Simplicity in manners has an enchanting effect. Kames. EN-CHANT/ING-LY, adv. With the power of en- chantment ; ina manner to delight or charm; as, the lady sings enchantingly. EN-CHANT/MENT, x. The act of producing certain wonderful effects by the invocation or aid of demons, or the agency of certain supposed spirits 5 the use of magic arts, spells, or charms ; incantation. The magicians of Egypt did so with their enchantments.— Ex. vii. 9, Irresistible influence; overpowering influence of delight. The warmth of fancy — which holds the heart of a reader under the strongest enchantment, Pope EN-CHANT’RESS, n. A sorceress; a woman who pretends to effect wonderful things by the aid of de- mons; one who pretends to practice magic. Tatler. 9, A woman whose beauty or excellences give irresistible influence. From this enchantress all these ills are come. Driden. PEN-CHARG E/,v.t. To give in charge or trust. [Mot in Use. | Bp. Hall, EN-CHARG/ED, pp. Intrusted with ; given in charge to. EN-CHARG/ING, ppr- Intrusting with; giving in charge to. EN-CHASE’, v. t. [Fr. enchasser; Sp. engastar, or encarar, from cara, a box, a chest; Port. encastoar, encaxar ; It. incastonare; Fr. chassis, a frame; Eng. a case. | 1. To infix or inclose in another body, so as to be held fast, but not concealed. Johnson. 2, Technically, to adorn by embossed work; to en- rich or beautify any work in metal, by some design or figure in low relief, as a: watch case. Encye. 3. To adorn by being fixed on it. To drink in bowls which glittering gems enchase. Dryden. 4, To mark by incision. Fairfax. 5. To delineate. Spenser. EN-CHAS'/ED, (en-chast’,) pp. Inclosed as ina frame, EN-CHAS/ING, ppr. EN-CHAS’ING, n. Thesame with Cuasina, aspecies EN-CHEAS/ON, 2. EN-C EN-CHIS/EL-ED, pp. Cut with a chisel. EN-CHIS’EL-ING, ppr-. EN-€HO/RLAL, a. EN-CIN/DER-ED, a. EN-CIR/€LE, (en-sur’kl,) v. t. EN-CIR/€LED, (en-sur/kld,) pp. EN-CIR/€LET, 2. to give efficacy to any thing by songs of sorcery, or EN-CIR/ELING, ppr. or a. EN-€LASP’, EN-€LIT/I€, a EN-€LIT/I€-AL, EN-€LIT'IE, nz. ENC Inclosing adorning with embossed work. in another body; i { of embossing. | [Old Fr.] Cause; occasion. || Hoes Spenser. N-C€HLRID/I-ON, n. [Gr. ev and xero, the hand.] A manual; a book to be carried in the hand. [Wot used. To cut with a chisel. IS'EL, v. t. Cutting with a chisel. [Gr. eyxwptoy,a country.| Popu- lar or common; applied particularly to the most | abridged mode of writing formed from the Egyptian | hieroglyphics, and used by the people; called, also, demotic. Cockeram. [from circle.} To in close or surround with a circle or ring, or with any thing in a circular form. Luminous rings encircle Saturn. 2, To go round and return to the point from which motion commenced; as, the army encircled the city. 3. To come around in a circle or crowd ; as, to en- circle a person about. 4. To embrace; as, to encircle one in the arms. Surrounded with a circle ; encompassed ; environed ; embraced. A circle; a ring. Sulney. Surrounded with a circle or ring ; encompassing ; embracing. ».t. To clasp; to embrace. [Gr. eyxAcrixos, Inclined; ey- kXcvw, to incline.] 1. Leaning ; inclining, or inclined. In grammar, an enclitic particle or word, is one which is so closely united to another as to seem to be a part of it; as, que, ne, and ve, in virumque, nonne, aliusve. 2. Throwing back the accent upon the foregoing syllable. Larris. A word which is joined to the end of another, as que m virwmque, which may vary the Burnt to cinders. accent. 2, A particle or word that throws the accent orem- phasis back upon the former syllable. Harvyis. EN-€LIT/I€-AL-LY, adv. In an enclitic manner; by throwing the accent back. Walker. EN-€LOSE’. See Incrose. EN-€LOUD/ED, a. [from cloud.] clouds. Covered with Spenser. EN-€0ACH/’, v. t. To carry in a coach. Davies, EN-COACH/ED, (en-kocht’,) pp. Conveyed in a EN-COACHIING, ppr. Carried nacoach. [coach. EN-€OF’FIN, v.¢. To put in a cofiin. 3N-€OF/FIN-ED, pp. Inclosed in a coffin. EN-€0M’/BER. See ENCUMBER. EN-€0M’BER-MENT, n. Molestation. Spenser. [Mot used. ] Spenser. EN-€6/MIL-AST, xn. [Gr. eyxapcasns.] One who praises another ; a panegyrist ; one who utters or writes commendations. EN-€0-MLAST'I€, n. A panegyric. EN-€0-MI-AST'T€, a. Bestowing praise ; prais- EN-€0-MLAST’I€-AL, ing; commending; lau- datory ; as, an encomiastic address or discourse. EN-€0-MI-AST/I6-AL-LY, adv. In an encomiastic manner. EN-€0/MI-ON, n. Panegyric. EN-€0'MI-UM, n.; pl. ENcomiums. ey K@[LCOV sl Praise ; panegyric ; commendation. Men are quite as willing to receive as to bestow encomiums. EN-€0M’PASS, (en-kum/pas,) v. t [from compass. ] To encircle ; to surround ; as, a ring encompasses the finger. 2. Toenviron; toinclose; tosurround; to shut in. A besieging army enconpassed the city of Jerusa- lem. 3. To go or sail round ; as, Drake encompassed the globe. EN-€0M/PASS-ED,, (en-kum/past,) pp- surrounded ; inclosed ; shut in. EN-€6M’/PASS-ING, ppr- Encircling; surrouncing ; confining. EN-€0M/PASS-MENT, n. A surrounding. 9. A going round; circumlocution in speaking. Shak. EN-€ORE!; a French word, pronounced nearly éng- kore, and signifying, again, once more ; used by the auditors and spectators. of plays and other sports, when they call for a repetition of a particular part. EN-CORE’, v. t. To call for a repetition of a particu- lar part of an entertainment. EN-€6R/ED, (ang-kord’,) pp- a performance, as a song, &C. ae EN-€OR/ING, ppr. Called upon for a repetition. EN-COUNT’ER, n. [Fr. encontre, en and contre, L. contra, against, or rather rencontre; SP. encuentro ; Port. encontro; It. incontro-] : 1, A meeting, particularly 2 sudden or accidental meeting of two or more persons, To shun the encounter of the vulgar crowd. Fotherby. [L., from Gr. Encircled ; Called upon to repeat Pope. EN-CE/NI-A, n. pl. [Gr. evyxarvia.] TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, V1//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as or in another body ; adorned with embossed work. ou Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. —$<$<<—<—<—<———— 393 aplenty > he eeTy Litas ENC 9. A meeting in contest; a single combat, on a sudden meeting of parties; sometimes, less properly, a duel. 3. A fight; a conflict; askirmish; a battle ; but more generally, a fight between a small number of men, or an accidental meeting and fighting of de- tachments, rather than a set battle or general en- gagement. ‘ . 4, Eager and warm conversation, either in love or anger. Shalt. 5, A sudden or unexpected address or accosting. hak. 6. Occasion; casual incident. [Unusual.] Pope. EN-COUNT’ER, v. t |Sp. and Port. encontrar ; It. incontrare; Fr. rencontrer- | 1. To meet face to face ; particularly, to meet sud- denly or unexpectedly. [éhis sense is now uncommon, but still in use.] ) Tio mect in opposition, or in a hostile manner ; to rush against in conflict ; to engage with in battle ; as, two armies encounter each other 3. To meet and strive te remove or surmount; as, to encounter obstacles, impediments, or difficulties. 4. To meet and oppose; to resist; to attack and attempt to confute ; as, to encounter the arguments of opponents. Acts xvil. 18. 5. To meet as an obstacle. Which ever way the infidel turns, he encounters clear evidence of the di- vine origin of the Scriptures. 6. To oppose ; to oppugn. Hale 7. To meet in mutual kindness. [Little used.] Shak. EN-COUNT’ER, v. i. To meet face to face; to meet unexpectedly. [Little used.] 9. To rush together in combat; to fight; to con- flict. Three armies encountered at Waterloo. When applied to one party, it is sometimes fol- lowed by with; as, the Christian army encountered with the Saracens. 3. To meet in opposition or debate. EN-COUNT’ER-ED, pp. Met face to face; met in opposition or hostility ; opposed. EN-COUNT’ER-ER, n. One who encounters; an opponent ; an antagonist. Atterbury. EN-COUNT’ER-ING, ppr. Meeting; meeting in op- position or in battle ; opposing; resisting. EN-€OUR/AGE, (en-kKur’raje,) v. t. [Fr. encourager ; en and courage, from ceur, the heart; It. zco- ragziare. | To give courage to; to give or increase confidence of success; to inspire with courage, spirit, or strength of mind; to embolden; to animate; to in- cite ; to imspirit. But charge Joshua and encourage him, —Deut. iii. EN-€0UR/A-GED, (en-kur'rajd,) pp. or a, Embca- ened ; inspirited ; animated ; incited. EN-COUR’AGE-MENT, zn. The act of giving cour- age, or confidence of success ; incitement to action or to practice; incentive. We ought never to neg- lect the encouragement of youth in generous deeds. The praise of good men serves as an encouragement to virtue and heroism. 9. That which serves to incite, support, promote, or advance, as favor, countenance, rewards, profit. A young man attempted the practice of law, but found little encowragement. The fine arts find little encour- agement among a rude people. EN-€OUR/A-GER, 7. One who encourages, incites, or stimulates to action ; one who supplies incite- ments, either by counsel, reward, or means of exe- cution. The pope is a master of polite learning and a great encourager of arts, Addison. EN-€OUR/A-GING, ppr. Inspiring with hope and confidence ; exciting courage. 2, a. Furnishing ground to hope for success; as, an encouraging prospect. EN-€6UR/A-GING-LY, adv. courage, or hope of success. EN-€RA/DLE, v. t. [en and cradle.] cradle. Spenser. EN-€RIM/SON, v. t. To cover with a crimson color. EN-€RIM’S ON-ED, (en-krim/znd,) pp. or a. Covered with a crimson color. EN-€RI/NAL, EN-€RYNI6, oi EN-€RIN/IT-AL, EN-€RLNIT'IE, EN’/ERI-NITE, n. [Gr. ev and xpivoy, a lily.] é A fossil belonging to the asteria or star-fish family. It consists of numerous jointed arms, radiating from around a center, in which the mouth is situated ; it is supported on a jointed stem, and in this respect differs from all the recent asterias. and. EN-€RISP/ED, (en-krispt’,) a. [from crisp; Sp. en- crespar | Curled ; formed in curls. Skelton. EN-C€ROACH’, v.% (Fr. acorocher, to catch, to grap- ple, from croc, a2 hook, W. crég, Eng. crook. | Primarily, to catch as with a hook. Hence, In a manner to give To lay in a Relating to encrinites; con- taining encrinites, as certain kinds of limestone. 1. To enter on the rights and possessions of an- other; to intrude; to take possession of what be- longs to another, by gradual advances into his limits END or jurisdiction, and usurping a part of his rights or prerogatives ; with on. The farmer who runs a fence on his neighbor’s land, and incloses a piece with his own, encroaches on his neighbor’s propefty. Men often encroach, in this manner, on the highway. The sea is said to encroach on the land, when it wears it away gradually ; and the land encroaches on the sea, when it is extended into it by alluvion. It is important to prevent one branch of government from encroaching on the jurisdiction of another. 2. To creep on gradually without right. Superstition — a creeping and encroaching evil. Hooker. 3. To pass the proper bounds, and enter on an- other’s rights. Exclude the encroaching cattle from thy ground. EN-€ROACH’ER, n. One who enters on and takes possession of what is not his own, by gradual steps. Swift. 2. One who makes gradual advances beyond his rights. Clarissa. EN-E€ROACH/ING, ppr. Entering on and taking pos- session of what belongs to another. EN-€ROACHI/ING, a. Tending or apt to encroach. The encroaching spirit of power. EN-€ROACH/ING-LY, adv ment. Bailey. EN-GROACH!/MENT, n. The entering gradually on the rights or possessions of another, and taking pos- session ; unlawful intrusion ; advance into the terri- tories or jurisdiction of another, by silent means, or without right. Milton. Atterbury. Addison. 9, That which is taken by encroaching on another. 3. In law, if a tenant owes two shillings rent-ser- vice to the lord, and the lord takes three, it is an en- croachment. Covel. EN-G€RUST". See IncrustT. EN-€UM’BER, v. ¢. ENS encombrer. See IncuMBER. | 1. To load; to clog; to impede motion with a load, burden, or any thing inconvenient to the limbs ; to render motion or operation difficult or laborious. 2. To embarrass ; to perplex ; to obstruct. 3. To load with debts; as, an estate is encumbered with mortgages, or with a widow’s dower. EN-€UM’/BER-ED, pp. or a. Loaded ; impeded in motion or operation, by a burden or difficulties ; loaded with debts. EN-€UM’BER-ING, ppr. Loading; clogging; ren- dering motion or operation difficult ; loading with debts. EN-€UM’/BRANCE, n. A load; any thing that im- pedes action, or renders it difficult and laborious ; clog ; impediment. 2, Useless addition or load. Dryden. Madison. By way of encroach- Strip from the branching Alps their piny load, The huge encumbrance of horrific wood. Thomson, 3. Load or burden on an estate ; a legal claim on an estate, for the discharge of which the estate is liable. EN-€UM’BRANC-ER, zn. One who has an encum- brance or a legal claim on an estate. Kent. EN-CY€’LI€-AL, a. [Gr. eyxuxAtkos; ev and xuxdos, a circle. ] Circular ; sent to many persons or places; in- tended for many, or for a whole order of men; as, the encyclical letter of the pope. Stillingfleet. EN-CY-€LO-PE/DLA, )n. (Gr. ev, in, xvxXos, a cir- EN-CY-€LO-PAs/DI-A,$ cle, and ratdera, instruc- tion; instruction ina circle, or circle of instruc- tion. ] The circle of sciences; a general system of in- struction or knowledge. More particularly, a collec- tion of the principal facts, principles, and discoveries, in all branches of science and the arts, digested under proper titles, and arranged in alphabetical order; as, the French Encyclopedia; the Encyclopedia Britannica. EN-CY-€LO-PE/DI-AN, a Embracing the whole circle of learning. EN-CY-€LO-PED'I€-AL, a. clopedia. Stewart. EN-CY-€LO-PE/DIST, n. The compiler of an ency- clopedia, or one who assists in such compilation. EN-CYST/ED, a. [from cyst.] Inclosed in a bag, bladder, or vesicle ; as, an encystedtumor. Sharp. END, 7. [Sax. end, ende, or ende; G. ende; D. eind; Sw. dnde; Dan. ende; Goth. andei; Basque, ondoa; Pertaining to an ency- Oy 1) > Sans, anda or anta; Per. Coss andan. | 1. The extreme point of a line, or of any thing that has more length than breadth ; as, the end of a house ; the end of a table; the end of a finger; the end of a chain or rope. When bodies or figures have equal dimensions, or equal length and breadth, the extremities are called sides. 2. The extremity or last part, in general ; the close or conclusion, applied to time. At the end of two months, she returned, —Judgea x1, 3 The conclusion or cessation of an action. Of the increase of his government there shall be no end. —Is. ix. END 4. The close or conclusion ; chapter. : 5. Ultimate state or condition; final doom. Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace. — Ps. xxxvii. 6. The point beyond which no progression can be made. They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man, and are at their wit’s end. — Ps. cvii. 7. Final determination ; conclusion of debate or deliberation. as, the end of a My guilt be on my head, and there’s an end! Shak. 8. Close of life ; death ; decease. Unblamed throurh lie, lamented in thy end. Pope. 9. Cessation; period; close of a particular state of things; as, the end of the world. 10. Limit ; termination. ‘There is no end of the store. — Nahum il, 1l. Destruction. Amos Vili The end of all flesh is come. — Gen. vi 12. Cause of death ; a destroyer. And award Fither of you to be the other’s end, Shak. 13. Consequence ; issue ; result ; conclusive event ; conclusion. The end of these things is death. — Rom. vi. 14. A fragment or broken piece. Old odd ends. Shak. 15. The ultimate point or thing at which one aims or directs his views; the object intended to be reached or accomplished by any action or scheme ; purpose intended; scope; aim; drift; as, private ends; public ends. Two things I shall propound to you as ends. Suckling. The end ofthe commandments is charity. —1 Tim. i. Aright to the end, implies a right to the means necessary for attaining it. Law. 16. An end, for on end ; upright; erect ; as, his hair stands an end. 17. The ends of the earth, in Scripture, are the re- motest parts of the earth, or the inhabitants of those parts. END, v.t. To finish; to close; to conclude; to ter- minate ; as, to end a controversy ; to end a war. On the seventh day God ended his work. — Gen. il. 2. To destroy ; to put to death. King Harry, thy sword hath ended him. Shak. END, v. i. To come to the ultimate point; to be fin- ished ; as, a voyage ends by the return of a ship. 2. To terminate; to close; to conclude. The dis- course ends with impressive words. 3. To cease; to come toa close; as, winter ends in March, and summer in September; a good life ends in peace. END/-ALL, n. Final close. [Vot used. Shak. EN-DAM/AGE, v. t. [from damage.] To bring loss or damage to; to harm; to injure; to mischief ; to prejudice. The trial hath endamaged thee no way. Milton. So thou wilt endamage the revenue of the kings. — Ezra iy. EN-DAM/A-GED, pp. Harmed; injured. EN-DAM/AGE-MENT, n. Damage; loss; injury. Shak, EN-DAM/A-GING, ppr. Harming; injuring. EN-DAN/GER, v. t. [from danger.) To put in haz- ard ; to bring into danger or peril ; to expose to loss or injury. We dread any thing that endangers our life, our peace, or our happiness. 9. To incur the hazard of. [Unusual.] Bacon. EN-DAN’GER-ED, pp. Exposed to loss or injury. EN-DAN/GER-ING, ppr. Putting in hazard; ex- posing ‘to loss or injury. EN-DAN/GER-ING, n. Injury; damage. Milton. EN-DAN/GER-MENT, . Wazard; danger. Spenser. EN-DEAR’, v. t. [from dear.} To make dear; to make more beloved. The distress of a friend en- dears him to us, by exciting our sympathy. 2. To raise the price. [Vot in use. ] EN-DEAR/ED, pp. or a. Rendered dear, beloved, or more beloved. EN-DiAR/ED-NESS, 7. EN-DEAR/ING, ppr. or a. loved. EN-DEAR/MENT, n. The cause of love ; that which excites or increases affection, particularly that which excites tenderness of affection. State of being endeared. Making dear or more be- Her first endearments twining round the soul. Thomson. 9. The state of being beloved; tender affection. South. EN-DEAV/OR, (en-dev’ur,) n. [Norm, devoyer, en- deavor; endevera, he ought; endeyvent, they ought. It seems to be from Fr. (endevoir) devoir, to owe OF be indebted, and hence it primarily signifies duty, from the sense of binding, pressure, urgency. Hence, our popular phrase, I will do my endeavor. In Ir. dibhirce is endeavor.) An effort; an essay; an attempt; an exertion of FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 094END IN D physical strength, or the intellectual powers, toward the attainment of an object The bold and sufficient pursue their game with more passion, endeavor, and application, and therefore often succeed. emple. Imitation is the endeavor ofa later poet to write like one who has written before him on the same subject. ryden. Labor is a continued endeavor, or a succession of endeavors. non. EN-DEAV/OR, (en-dev/ur,) v. 7. To exert physical strength or intellectual power, for the accomplish- ment of an object ; to try; to essay ; to attempt. In a race, each man endeavors to outstrip his antagonist. A poet may endeavor to rival Homer, but without success. It is followed by after before a noun; as, the Christian endeavors after more strict conformity to the example of Christ. 2. v. t. To attempt to gain ; to try to effect. It is our duty to endeavor the recovery of these beneficial subjects, Chatham. EN-DEAV/OR-ED, pp. EN-DEAV/OR-ER, 2. attempt. EN-DEAV/OR-ING, ppr. Making an effort or efforts ; striving ; essaylng ; attempting. EN DE€/A-GON, 7. [Gr. ev, dexa, and ywvia.] A plane figure of eleven sides and angles. ENDED: pp. Brought to an end; finished; con- cluded. EN-DEI€’TI€, a. [Gr. evdecxvvpe, to snow Showing; exhibiting. An endeictic dialogue, in the Platonic philosophy, is one which exhibits a specimen of skill. Enfield. NDE BN DEM AC: . [Gr. evdnutos, ev, and dnpos, Essayed ; attempted. One who makes an effort or EN-DEM’J€-AL EN-DE/MLAL, 9 People.] Peculiar toa people or nation. An endemic disease, is one to which the inhabitants of a particular coun- try are peculiarly subject, and which, for that reason, may be supposed to proceed from local causes, as bad air or water. The epithet is also applied to a dis- ease which prevails in a particular season, chiefly or wholly in a particular place. EN-DEM‘I€, 7. A disease of an endemic nature. EN-DEM/I€-AL-LY, adv. In an endemic manner. EN-DEN‘IZE, (-iz,) v.t. [from denizen, or itsroot.] To make free ; to naturalize ; to admit to the privileges of a denizen. [Little used. ] Camden. EN-DEN/I-ZEN, (-den/e-zn,) v. t. [from denizen.] To naturalize. B. Jonson. END/ER, zn. One who ends or finishes. EN-DICT’, EN-DICT’/MENT, END/ING, ppr. [from end.] Terminating ; closing; concluding. END/ING, n. Termination; conclusion. 2. In grammar, the terminating ‘syllable or letter EN-DITE’. See Invite. [of a word. EN/DIVE, n. [Fr. endive; It. endivia; Sp. endibia ; Sea L. intybum; Ar. Ca Xi hindabon.] See Inpict, INDICTMENT. A plant, a species of the genus Cichorium or suc- cory ; used as a salad. END'LESS, a. [See Enp.] Without end; having no end or conclusion; applied to length, and to dura- tion ; as, an endless line ; endless progression ; endless duration ; endless bliss. 2, In a@ less strict sense, perpetually recurring ; seemingly without end; incessant; continual; as, endless praise ; endless clamor. The endless screw consists of a screw combined with a wheel and axle, so that the threads of the screw work into the teeth fixed on the periphery of the wheel. rande. END/LESS-LY, adv. Without end or termination; as, to extend a line endlessly. 2. Incessantly ; perpetually ; continually. END/LESS-NESS, n. Extension without end or 2. Perpetuity ; endless duration. {limit. END/LONG, adv. In a line; with the end forward. Tittle used. | Dryden. END/MOST, a. Furthest; remotest. EN/DO-€ARP, n. (Gr. evdov and xapros. In botany, the inner coat or shell of a fruit. Lindley. To teach; to indoctrinate. Donne. EN-DO€’/TRINE, v. t. [See the latter word.] EN/DO-GEN, 7. An endogenous plant. EN-DOG/E-NOUS, a. [Gr. evdov and yevvaw.] An epithet given to that class of plants whose stems increase by internal growth, without distinc- tion of pith, wood, and bark. Such are the date, palm, sugar-cane, é&c. DeCand. EN-DOPH/YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. evdov, within, and $v)- ov, leaf] Involved in a leaf or sheath. EN-DO-PLED/RA, 7. [Gr. evdov and mAcvpa.] In botany, 2 membrane for the seed of a plant, the innermost when there are three. EN/DO-RHI-Z, n. pl. [Gr. evdov and pa.] In botany, plants whose radicle elongates down- EN/DO-RHI-ZOUS,)a. Pertaining to the endo- EN'DO-RHI-ZAL, rhize. Lindley. EN-DORSE’, « i EN-DORSE/MENT, See InporsE, INDORSEMENT. EN/DOS-MOSE, n. [Gr. evdoy and wopos, impul- sion. ] through membranes or porous substances inward. Brande. EN-DOSS’, v.t. [Fr. endosser.] To engrave or carve. Spenser EN/DOS-TOME, 7. [Gr. evdov and cropa.] The passage through the inner integument of a seed, immediately below the part called the fora- men. EN-DOW’, v. t. [Norm. endower; Fr. dower. Qu. from L. dos, doto, or a different Celtic root, for in Ir, diobhadh is dower. 'The sense is to set or put on.] 1. To furnish with a portion of goods or estate, called dower; to settle a dower on, as on a married woman or widow. ; A wife is by law entitled to be endowed of all lands and tene- ments, of which her husband was seized in fee-simple or fee-tail during the coverture. Blackstone. 2. To settle on, as a permanent provision; to fur- nish with a permanent fund of property ; as, to en- dow a church; to endow a college with a fund to sup- port a professor. 3. To enrich or furnish with any gift, quality, or faculty ; to indue; man is endowed by his Maker with reason. EN-DOW’ED, (en-doud’,) pp. Furnished with a por- tion of estate; having dower settled on; supplied with a permanent fund; indued. EN-DOW’ER, v. t. ‘To endow ; to enrich with a por- tion. Waterkouse. EN-DOW’/ER, zn. One who enriches with a portion. EN-DOW/ING, ppr. Settling a dower on ; furnishing With a permanent fund ; induing. EN-DOW/MENT, 2. The act of settling dower ona woman, or of settling 2 fund or permanent provision for the support of a parson, or vicar, or of a profes- sor, &c. 2. That which is bestowed or settled on ; property, fund, or revenue, permanently appropriated to any object; as, the endowments of a church, of a hospital, or of a college. 3. That which is given or bestowed on the person or mind by the Creator; gift of nature; any quality or faculty bestowed by the Creator. Natural activity of limbs is an endowment of the body ; natural vigor of intellect is an endowment of the mind. Chatham and Burke, in Great Britain, and Jay, Ellsworth, and Hamilton, in America, possessed uncommon endow- ments of mind. EN-DRUDGE’, (en-druj’,) v. t. slave. [Not used. ] EN-DUE’, v.t. [Fr. enduire; L. tnduo.] To indue, which see. EN-DUE’MENT. See InpUEMENT. EN-DUR/A-BLE, a. That can be borne or suffered. EN-DUR!/A-BLY, adv. In an enduring manner. EN-DUR/ANCE, 7. [See Enpure.] Continuance; a state of lasting or duration ; lastingness. Spenser. 9. A bearing or suffering ; a continuing under pain or distress without resistance, or without sinking or yielding to the pressure ; sufferance ; patience. their presence and To make a drudge or Hall. Their fortitude was most admirable in endurance of all eyils, of pain and of death. emiple. 3. Delay ; a waiting for. [JVot used.] Shak. EN-DURE’, v. i. [Fr. endurer; en and durer, to last, from dur, L. durus, duro; Sp. endurar. The primary sense of durus, hard, is, set, fixed. See Durance. ] 1. To last; to continue in the same state without perishing ; to remain; to abide. The Lord shall endure forever. — Ps. ix. He shall hold it [his house] fast, but it shall not endure.— Job viii. 2. To bear ; to brook ; to suffer without resistance, or Without yielding. How can I endure to see the evil that shall come to my peo- ef — Esther viii. ‘ Can thy heart endure, or thy hands be strong ?— Ezek, xxii. EN-DURE’, v. t. To bear; to sustain; to support without breaking or yielding to force or pressure. Metals endure a certain degree of heat without melting. Both were of shining steel, and wrought so pure, As might the strokes of two such arms endure, 2. To bear with patience ; to bear without opposi- tion or sinking under the pressure. Therefore I endure all things for the elect’s sake. = 2 Tim. ii. If ye endure chastening, God dealeth with you as with sons, — Heb. xii. 3. To undergo ; to sustain. I wish to die, yet dare not death endure. Dryden, 4. Tocontinue in. [JVot used. Brown. EN-DUR/ED, pp. Borne; suffered ; sustained. EN-DOR/ER, x. One who bears, suffers, or sustains. 2, He or that which continues long. EN-DGR/ING, n. Act of enduring; a sustaining. Dryden. END/ WISE, adv. The transmission of gaseous matter or vapors | EN/E-€ATH, v. t E-NE/ID, n. E-NE/MA, zn. [Gr.] An injection, usually liquid, but ishing; bearing; sustaining; supporting with pa- tience, or without opposition or yielding. 2. a. Lasting long; permanent. On the end ; erectly; in an upright position. 2. With the end forward. [L. encco.] [Wot in use. [L. Anes. A heroic poem, written by Virgil, in which Aineas is the hero. Harvey. ENF | | | | To kill. | soinetimes gaseous, thrown into the rectum, as a medicine, or to impart nourishment. | EN/E-MY, n. [Fr. ennemi; Sp. enemigo; It. nemico ; Ir. nahma; from L. inimicus ; in, neg. and amecus, friend. ] 1. A foe; an adversary. A private enemy, is one who hates another, and wishes him injury, or at- tempts to do him injury, to gratify his own malice or ill-will. A public enemy or foe, is one who be-~ longs to a nation or party at war with another, I say to you, Love your enemies. — Matt. y. Enemies, in war; i peace, friends. Declaration of Independence. 2. One who hates or dislikes ; as, an enenty to truth or falsehood. 3. In theology, and by way of eminence, the enemy is the devil; the arch fiend. 4. In military affairs, the opposing army or naval force, in war, is called the enemy. EN-ER-GET'TIE€, a. (Gr. evepyntixos, from evep- EN-ER-GET’I€-AL, yns, evepyéw; ev and epyov, work. See ENERGY. 1. Operating with force, vigor, and effect ; forcible ; powerful ; efficacious. We say, the public safety required energetic measures. ‘The vicious inclina- tions of men can be restrained only by energetic laws. [Eneraic is not used.] 2. Moving; working ; active; operative. We must conceive of God as a Being eternally energetic. EN-ER-GET/I€-AL-LY, adv. With force and vigor ; With energy and effect. EN-ER/GIE, a. Having energy or great power in EN-ER/GIG-AL, effect. Collins. EN’/ER-GIZE, v. v. [from energy.] To act with force ; to operate with vigor ; to act in producing an effect. EN/ER-GIZE, v. t To give strength or force to; to give active vigor to. EN'BR-GIZ-ED, pp. Invigorated. EN/ER-GIZ-ER, n. He or that which gives energy ; he or that which acts in producing an effect. EN/ER-GIZ-ING, ppr. Giving energy, force, or vigor ; acting with force. EN-ER/GU-MEN, n. ([Gr. EVEPYOUPEVOS. | In the ancient church, a demoniac; one possessed by the devil. Coleman. EN/ER-GY, 7. ([Gr. evepyeta; ev and epyoy, work.] 1. Internal or inherent power; the power of opera- ting, whether exerted or not; as, men possessing en- ergies sometimes suffer them to lie active. Danger will rouse the dormant energies of our natures into action. 2. Power exerted ; vigorous operation ; force ; vig- or. God, by his almighty energy, called the universe into existence. The administration of the laws re- quires energy in the magistrate. 3. Effectual operation ; efficacy ; strength or force producing the effect. Beg the blessed Jesus to give an energy to your imperfect prayers, by his most powerful intercession. smalrulge. 4. Strength of expression ; force of utterance ; life ; spirit; emphasis. The language of Lord Chat- ham is remarkable for its energy. E-NERV/ATE, a. [Infra.] Weakened ; weak ; with- out strength or force. Johnson. Pope. E-NERV/ATE, v. t. [L. enervo; e and nervus, nerve. ] 1. To deprive of nerve, force, or strength; to weaken; to render feeble. Idleness and voluptu- ous indulgences enervate the body. Vices and lux- ury enervate the strength of states, 2. To cut the nerves ; as, to enervate a horse. E-NERV/A-TED, pp. or a. Weakened; enfeebled ; emasculated. E-NERV/A-TING, ppr. or a. Depriving of strength, force, or vigor; weakening ; enfeebling. EN-ER-VA’TION, n. The act of weakening, or re- ducing strength. 2. The state of being weakened ; effeminacy. E-NERVE’, (e-nerv’,) v.t. ‘To weaken; the same as E\NERVATE- E-NERV’‘ED. See ENERVATED. E-NERV/ING. See ENERVATING. : EN FaA-MILLE!', (ang-fa-meel’,) [Fr.] In a family state; domestically. Sroift. EN-FAM/ISH, v. t. To famish. EN-FEE/BLE, v. t. [from feeble.) To deprive of strength ; to reduce the strength or force of; to weak: en; to debilitate ; to enervate. Intemperance emi €= bles the body, and induces premature infirmity. I a cessive grief and melancholy enfeeble the mind. Long vars enfeeble a state. : EN.FER/BLED, oat or a. Weakened; deprived of [See Famisn.] ward after rupturing the integument of the base. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. EN-DOR/ING, ppr. Lasting ; continuing without per- strength or vigor. 395 ij a] a a. 2 Mi a f a ay i eck ep Se < " ae ae . 4 = RE a ee rl ig a = eS ter Pes aie inan Poe Berea oe oe Sa ie aoe I LETS LETT TT AEN Om ENF EN-FEL’BLE-MENT, x The act of weakening ; enervation. Spectator. EN-FEE'BLING, ppr- or az. Weakening ; debilitating; enervating. EN-FEL! ON-ED, a. |See Feron.] Fierce ; cruel. Spenser. EN-FEOFF’, (en-fef’,) v.t. [Law L. feoffo, feoffare, from fief, which see.] : 1, To give one a feud ; hence, to invest with a fee ; to give to another any corporea] hereditament, 1m tee- simple or fee-tail, by livery of seizin. Blackstone. 9. 'T'o surrender or give up. [JVot used.| Shak. EN-FEOFF’EV, (en-fett’,) pp. Invested with the fee of any corporeal hereditament. EN-FROFF/ING, ppr- Giving to one the fee-simple of any corporeal hereditament. EN-FEOFF/MENT, (en-fef/ment,) 7. The act of giv- ing the fee-simple of an estate. 3. The instrument or deed by which one is invest- ed with the fee of an estate. EN-FET’TER, v. t. To fetter; to bind in fetters. Shak. EN-FET’TER-ED, pp. Bound with fetters. EN-FET/TER-ING, ppr. Binding with fetters. EN-FE’VER, v. t. To excite fever in. Seward. EN-FIERCE’, v. t. Tomake fierce. [JVot in use. | Spenser. EN-FI-LADE’, n. [Fr., a row, from en and fil, a thread, L. jilum, Sp. hilo. ] Aline or straight passage; or the situation of a place which may be seen or scoured with shot all the length of a line, or in the direction of a line. Johnson. Barley. EN-FLLADE’, v.t. [from the noun ; Sp. enjfilar. | To pierce, scour, or rake with shot, in the direc- tion of a line, or through the whole length of a line. Jn conducting approaches at a siege, care should be taken that the trenches be not enjiladed. nyc. In a position to enfilade the works at Fort Isle. Washington. EN-FLLAD/ED, pp. or a. Pierced or raked in a line. EN-FI-LAD/ING, ppr. Piercing or sweeping in a line. EN-FIRE/, v. « ‘To inflame; to set on fire. [JVot used. | Spenser. EN-FORCE!, v. t. [Fr egforcir; en and force. | 1. To give strength tb; to strengthen ; to invigo- rate. [See def. 5. 9, To make or gain by force ; to force; as, to en- force a passage. 3. To put in act by violence ; to drive Stones enforced from the old Assyrian slings. Shak. 4. To instigate ; to urge on; to animate. Shak. 5. To urge with energy ; to give force to; to im- press on the mind; as, to enforce remarks or argu- ments. 6. Tocompel ; to constrain ; to force. Davies. 7. To put in execution ; to cause to take effect ; as, to enforce the laws. 8. To press with a charge Shak. 9. To prove ; to evince. [Little used.] _ Hooker. EN-FORCE/, v. i. To attempt by force. [Not used. ] EN-FORCE’, 2. Force; strength ; power. [JVot used. | Wilton. EN-FORCE/A-BLE, a. That may be enforced. EN-FORC/ED, pp. Strengthened; gained by force ; driven; compelled; urged ; carried into effect. EN-FORC/ED-LY, adv. By violence ; not by choice. Shak. EN-FORCE/MENT, 2. The act of enforcing ; com- [Not used. | EN-FROZ/EN, (en-froz/n,) a. pulsion ; force applied. Ralegh. 9, That which gives force, energy, or effect ; sanc- tion. The penalties of law are enforcements. Locke. 3. Motive of conviction; urgent evidence. Hammond. 4, Pressing exigence; that which urges or con- strains. Shak, 5. Ina general sense, any thing which compels or constrains ; any thing which urges either the body or the mind. ji 6. A putting in execution; as, the enforcement of law. EN-FORC/ER, 2. One who compels, constrains, or urges ; one who effects by violence ; one who carries into effect. EN-FORC/ING, ppr. Giving force or strength ; com- pelling; urging; constraining; putting in execution. IN-FORM’, v. t. To form; to fashion. [See Form.] EN-FOUL/DER-ED, a. [Fr. fowdroyer.] Mixed with lightning. [JVot in use.] Spenser. EN-FRAN/CHISE, (-chiz,) v.t. [from franchise.) To set free; to liberate from slavery. Bacon. 9. To make free of a city, corporation, or state ; to admit to the privileges of a freeman. ‘The English colonies were enfranchised by special charters. avies. Hale. 3, To free or release from custody. Shak, 4, To naturalize ; to denizen ; to receive as deni- zens ; as, to enfranchise foreign words. Watts. EN-FRAN/CHIS-ED, (-chizd,) pp. ora. Set free; re- leased from bondage. 9, Admitted to the rights and privileges of free- men. EN-FRAN/CHISE-MENT, n. Release from slavery or custody, shal. ~ Pe SSSaaee Ee Fe ep en ENG 9. The admission of persons to the freedom of a corporation or state 5 investiture with the privileges of free citizens; the incorporating of a person into any society or body politic. EN-FRAN/CHIS-ER, x. One who enfranchises. EN-FRAN/CHIS-ING, ppr. Setting free from slavery or custody ; admitting to the rights and privileges of denizens or free citizens in a state, or to the privileges of a freeman in a corporation. Cowel. EN-FRO/WARD, v. t. To make froward or perverse. [ Mot wsed. Sandys. Frozen; congealed. [ Vot used. | Spenser. EN-GAGE’, v.t. [Fr. engager; en and gager, to lay, to bet, to hire; Arm. ingagi. See Gace and WAGE. | 1. To make liable for a debt to a creditor ; to bind one’s self as surety. Shak. 9, To pawn ; to stake asa pledge. Hudibras. 3, To enlist; to bring into a party; as, to engage men for service ; to engage friends to aid In a cause. 4. To embark in an affair; as, be not hasty to en- gage yourself in party disputes. ~ 5. To gain ; to win and attach ; to draw to. Good nature engages every one to its possessor. Tn) To every duty he could minds engage. Waller. 6. To unite and bind by contract or promise. Na- tions enzae themselves to each other by treaty. The young often engage themselves to their sorrow. 7. To attract and fix; as, to engage the attention. 8. To occupy ; to employ assiduously. We were engaged in conversation. The nation is engaged in war. 9, To attack in contest ; to encounter. The army encaged the enemy at ten o’clock. The captain en- caged the ship at point blank distance. EN-GAGE!, v. i. To encounter; to begin to fight; to attack in conflict. The armies engaged at Marengo in a general battle. 9. To embark in any business; to take a concern in; to undertake. Be cautious not to engage in con- troversy without indispensable necessity. 3. To promise or pledge one’s word; to bind one’s self; as, a friend has engaged to supply the necessary funds. EN-GAG'ED, pp. ora. Pledged ; promised ; enlisted ; gained and attached ; attracted and fixed ; embarked ; earnestly employed ; zealous. Engaged columns; in architecture, columns sunk partly into the wall to which they are attached ; they always stand out at .east one half of their thickness. Brande. EN-GAG/ED-LY, adv. With earnestness ; with attach- ment. EN-GAG/ED-NESS, n. The state of being seriously and earnestly occupied ; zeal ; animation. Flint?s Masillon. Panoplist. EN-GAGE/MENT, n. The act of pawning, pledging, or making Jiable for debt. 9. Obligation by agreement or contract. Men are often more ready to make engagements than to ful fill them. 3. Adherence to a party or cause; partiality. Swift. 4, Occupation ; employment of the attention. Play, by too long or constant engagement, becomes like an employment or profession. Rogers, 5. Employment in fighting ; the conflict of armies or fleets ; battle; a general action ; appropriately, the conflict of whole armies or fleets, but applied to ac- tions between small squadrons or single ships, rarely to a fight between detachments of land forces. 6. Obligation ; motive ; that which engages. Hammond. EN-GAG/ER, n. One that enters into an engagement or agreement. EN-GAG/ING, ppr. Pawning; making liable for debt ; enlisting ; bringing into a party or cause ; promising ; binding ; winning and attaching ; encountering ; em- barking. 29. a. Winning; attractive ; tending to draw the attention or the affections; pleasing; as, engaging manners or address. ingacing and disengaging machinery, is that in which one part is alternately united to or separated from another part, aS occasion may require. Nicholson. EN-GAG/ING-LY, adv. In a manner to win the af- fections. EN-GAL/LANT, v. t. To make a gallant of. [Not used. B. Jonson. EN-GAOL/, (en-jale’,) v. t. Toimprison. [Vot used. | Shak. EN-GAR/BOIL, v. t. To disorder, [Vot in use. | EN-GAR/LAND,»v. t. To encircle witha garland. Sidney. EN-GAR/RL-SON, v. t. To furnish with a_ garrison ; to defend or protect by a garrison. Bp. Hall. EN-GAS’TREMUTH, n. ([Gr. ev, yaornp, and pv- Gos.) - A ventriloquist. cee im use. | ENG EN/DER, v.t. *r, engendrer ; Arm. enguchenta ; Sp. engendrar ; from the L. gener, genero, geno, frg- no. See GENERATE. | ENG | 1. To beget between the different sexes; to form || in embryo. | 2. To produce; to cause to exist; to cause to bring | forth. Meteors are engendered in the atmosphere ; worms are sometimes engendered in the stomach ; in- temperance engenders fatal maladies; angry words | | } } engender strife. EN-GEN’DER, v.t. To be caused or produced. Thick clouds are spread, and storms engender there. Dryden, EN-GEN/DER-ED, pp. Begotten; caused ; produced. EN-GEN’DER-ER, n. He or that which engenders, EN-GEN’DER-ING, ppr. Begetting; causing to be; | producing. EN-GILD’, v.t. ‘To gild; to brighten. Shak. EN/GINE, (en‘jin,) 2. [Fr. engin ; Sp. wmgento ; Port. engenho; Arm. mgin ; from L. mgenium; so called } from contrivance. | 1. In mechanics, a compound machine, or artificial | instrument, composed of different parts, and intend- ed to produce some effect by the help of the mechan- ical powers ; aS apump, a windlass, a capstan, a fire- | engine, a steam-engine. 2. A military machine, as a battering-ram, &c. } 3. Any instrument; that by which any effect is | produced. An arrow, a sword, a musket, is an en- gine of death. | 4. A machine for throwing water to extinguish fire, | a fire-engine. 5. Means; any thing used to effect a purpose. 6. An agent for another ; usually in an ul sense. EN-GI-NEER!, 7. [Fr. uarizeee de 1. In the military art, a person s ), to be unjust or injurious, to defraud, Ar. Me to de- cline, and Me to fall on or invade suddenly. , 1. Having bad qualities of a natural kind; mis- chievous ; having quastvies which tend to injury, or to produce mischief. Some evil beast hatn devoured him, — Gen. xxxvii. corrupt; perverse; wrong; as, evil thoughts; evil deeds ; evil speaking; an evil generation. Scripture. 3. Unfortunate ; unhappy ; producing sorrow, dis- tress, injury, or calamity ; as, evil tidings; evil ar- _ Tows 5 evil days. Scripture. E/VIL, (é/vl,) n. Evil is natural or moral, Natural evw is any thing which produces pain, distress, loss, or calamity, or which in any way disturbs the peace, impairs the happiness, or destroys the perfection of natural beings. Moral evil is any deviation of a moral agent from the rules of conduct prescribed to him by God, or by legitimate human authority ; or it is any violation of the plain principles of justice and rectitude. There are also evils called civil, which affect inju- riously the peace or prosperity of a city or state ; and political evils, Which injure a nation in its public ca- pacity. All wickedness, all crimes, all violations of law and right, are moral evils. Diseases are natural evils, but they often proceed from moral evils. 2. Misfortune ; mischief; injury. There shall no evil befall thee. — Ps. xci. A prudent man foreseeth the evil, and hideth himself, — Prov. XX. 3. Depravity ; corruption of heart, or disposition to commit wickedness ; malignity. The heart of the sons of men is full of evtd. — Eccles. ix. 4. Malady ; as, the king’s evil or scrofula. E/ VIL, (é/vl,) adv. [Generally contracted to Ix. | 1. Not well ; not with justice or propriety ; unsuit- ably. Evil it beseems thee. Shak, 2. Not virtuously ; not innocently. 3. Not happily ; unfortunately. It went evil with his house, Deut, 4. Injuriously ; not kindly. The Egyptians evil entreated us, and afilicted us. Deut. In composition, Evir, denoting something bad or wrong, is often contracted to IL. E/ VIL-AF-FE€T’ED, a. Not well disposed; unkind ; now ILL-AFFECTED. E/VIL-BOD/ING, a. Presaging evil. I/ VIL-DO/ER, (é/vl-doo/er,) n. [evil and doer, from do.| One who does evil; one who commits sin, crime, or any moral wrong. They speak evil against you as evil-doers.—1 Pet. ii. E/VIL-EVE, (é/vl-i,) n. A supposed power of fasci- nating, of bewitching, or otherwise injuring, by the eyes or looks. The belief in the evil eye has been a prevalent superstition in most ages and countries. Encyc. Am. E/ VIL-EY-ED, (é/vl-ide,) a. [evil and eye.] Look- ing with an evil eye, or with envy, jealousy, or bad design. I/VIL-FA'VOR-ED, a. [evil and favor.] Having a bad countenance or external appearance ; ill-favored. Bacon. E/ VI L-FA!/ VOR-ED-NESS, x. Deformity. Deut. E/VIL-LY, adv. Not well. [Zitile used.] Bp. Taylor. /VIL-MIND’/ED, a. [evil and mind.] Having evil dispositions or intentions; disposed to mischief or sin; malicious; malignant; wicked. Slanderous re- ports are propagated by evil-minded persons. [This word is in common use. | E/VIL-NESS, n. Badness; viciousness; malignity ; as, evilness of heart ; the evilness of sin. E/VIL-O’MEN-ED, a. Attended with unfavorable omens. E/ VIL-ONE, (é/vl-wun,) 2. souls ; Satan. E/ VI L-SPEAK/ING, (é/vl-speek/ing,) nm. [evil and speak.) Slander; defamation ; calumny ; censorious- mess. © 1 Pet. i. E/VIL-WISH/ING, a. [evil and wish.] Wishing harm to; as, an evil-zishing mind. Sidney. E/ VIL-WORK’ER, (é/vl-wurk’er,) 2. [evil and work.] One who does wickedness. Pil. ill. E-VINCE’, (e-vins’,) v. t. [L. evinco, to vanquish, to prove, or show ; e and vinco, to conquer.] 1. To show in a clear manner; to prove heyond any reasonable doubt ; to manifest ; to make evident. Nothing evinces the depravity of man more fully than his unwillingness to believe himself depraved. 2. To conquer. [Vot im use E-VINC’ED, (ewvinst) pp. Made evident ; proved. E-VINCE/MENT, n. Act of evincing. E-VIN/CI-BLE, a. Capable of proof; Geno ns ane: ale. E-VIN/CI-BLY, adv. Ina manner to demonstrate, or force conviction. E-VIN/CIVE, a. Tending to prove ; having the power to demonstrate. B/VI-RATE or EV’/I-RATE, v. t. [L. vir, eviratus.] To emasculate. Ne in use. | Bp. Hall. EV-I-RA’TION, n. Castration. Cockeram. E-VIS/CER-ATH, v. t. [L. eviscero; e and viscera, the bowels.] To embowel or disembowel; to take out the en- trails ; to search the bowels. Johnson. Griffith. E-VIS/CER-A-TED, pp. Deprived of the bowels. The great enemy of EV’I-TA-BLE, a. EV-I-TER’NA [L. evitabilis. See Evirate. That may be shunned ; avoidable. [Little used.] Hooker. EV'LTATE, v. t. [L. evito; e and vito, from the root of void, wide.) To shun ; to avoid; to escape. [Little used.] Shak. EV-L-TAa’/TION, n. An avoiding; ashunning. [Lit- tle used. Bacon. E-VITH/, v.t. [L. evito. To shun. [JVot used. Drayton. yto , a [from L.] Of duration indefi nitely long. EV-I-TER/NLTY, n. Duration indefinitely long EV/O-CATE, v.t. See Evoxe. Neptune is a deity who evocates things into progression. Paus. Trans. A calling or bringing from con- EV-0O-€A/TION, 7. Brown. cealment; a calling forth. 2. A calling froin one tribunal to another. 3. Among the Romans, a calling on the gods of a besieged city to forsake it and come over to the be- siegers ; a religious ceremony of besieging armies. Encic. [L.] One who calls forth. NV. A. Rev. B-VOKE’, v. t. [L. evoco; e and voco, to call.] 1, To call forth. 2. To call from one tribunal to another ; to remove. Hume. EV/O-€4-TOR, n. The cause was evoked to Rome. E-VOK’ED, (e-vokt’,) pp. Called forth. E-VOK/ING, ppr. Calling forth. EV-O-LAT’I€, a. Apt to fly away. EV-O-LA/TION, x. [L. evolo ; e and volo, to fly.] The act of flying away. Bp. Hall. EV/O-LUTE, zn. In geometry, a curve from which an- other curve, called the involute or evolvent, is described by the end of a thread gradually wound upon the former, or unwound from it. Hutton. P. Cyc. EV-O-LU'TION, n. [L. evolutio.] 1. The act of unfolding or unrolling. Boule. 2. A series of things unrolled or unfolded ; as, the evolution of ages. JMoore. 3. In geometry, the unfolding or opening of a curve, and making it describe an evolvent or involute. Eutton. 4, In arithmetic and algebra, evolution is the extrac- tion of roots ; the reverse of Inyotution. Barlow. 5. In military tactics, the doubling of ranks or files, wheeling, countermarching, or other motion by which the disposition of troops is changed, in order to attack or defend with more advantage, or to occupy a differ- ent post. Encyc. EV-O-LU/TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to evolution. E-VOLVE’, (e-volv’,) v. t. [L. evolvo; e and volvo, to roll, Eng. to wallow. ] 1. To unfold ; to open and expand. The animal soul sooner evolves itself to its full orb ond extent than the human soul, Hale. 2. To throw out; to emit. Prior. E-VOLVE’, v.i. ‘To open itself; to disclose itself. rior. E-VOLV/ED, pp. Unfolded ; opened ; expanded ; emit- ted. E-VOLV/ENT, n. In geometry, a term sometimes used to denote the involute or curve resulting from the ev- olution of another curve called the evolute. Hutton. E-VOLV/ING, ppr. Unfolding ; expanding ; emitting. E-VOLVE/MENT, 2. The act of evolving ; the state of being evolved. : : EV-O-MI//TION, (-mish’un,) n. Swift. E-VUL’GATE, v. t. To publish. E-VUL/GA-TED, pp. Published. E-VUL/GA-TING, ppr. Making public. EV-UL-GA/TION, x. A divulging. [Not in use.] E-VUL/SION, n, [L. evulsio, from evello; e and vello, to pluck. ] The act of plucking or pulling out by force. Brown. EWE, (yt,) n. [Sax. eowa, eowe; D. oot; Ir. ai, or 0% ; Sp. obeja. It seems to be the L. ovis.] A female sheep; the female of the ovine race of animals. EW’ER, (yire,)n. [Sax. huer, or hwer.] : A kind of pitcMr with a wide spout, used to bring water for washing the hands. Shak. Pope. EW’RY, (yi/ry,) x. [from ewer.] In England, an of: fice in the king’s household, where they take care of A vomiting. the linen for the king’s table, lay the cloth, and serve up water in ewers after dinner. Dict. EX; a Latin preposition or prefix, Gr. ef or ex, signl- fying owt of, out, proceeding from. Hence, in compo- sition, it signifies sometimes owt of, aS In evhale, ex- clude ; sometimes off, from, or out, a8 in L. exscindo, to cut off or out; sometimes beyond, as In excess, Cr ceed, excel. In some words it 1s merely emphatical ; in others, it has little effect on the signification. Ex, prefixed to names of office, denotes that a person has held that office, but has resigned it, or been left out, 3r dismissed ; as, ex-minister. noe EAGER BATE: y. t. [J exacerbo, to irritate; er and acerbo, from acerbus, Severe, bitter, harsh, sour, G. herbe. See Harvest.) E-VIS/CER-A-TING, ppr Disemboweling. 2, Having bad qualities of a moral kind; wicked ; TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; 1. To irritate; to exasperate ; to inflame ang H as in THIS. 415 Le| | ——— EX-A-CER/BA-TED, pp. Exasperated. EX-A-CER/BA TING, ppr. EX-AC-ER-BA’TION, 7. EX-AC-ER-BES increase of a fever or disease. Darwin. EX-AC_-ER-VA/TION, n. [L. acervus.] The act of Dict. EX-A€T’, (egz-akt’,) a. EX-A€T’, (egz-akt',) v. t EXA passions; to imbitter ; to increase malignant quali- | ties. j : 9. To increase the violence of a disease. Exasperating. The act of exasperating ; the irritation of angry or malignant passions or quali- ties ; increase of Mall pOtyer ee ee ; 9, Among physicians, a periodical increase of vio- lence in a disease. This term is restricted to the periodical increase of remittent and continuous fevers, where there is no absolute cessation of the fever. Cyc. 3. Increased severity; as, violent exacerbations of punishment. [ Unusual. ] Paley. CENCE.” [L. Crane Increase of irritation or violence, particu arly the heaping up. [L. exactus, from ezigo, to drive ; ez and ago, Gr. uyw, to drive, urge, or press.] ]. Closely correct orregular ; nice ; accurate ; con- formed to rule; as, a man eract in his dealings. Pope. This is the We have an All this, exact to rule, were brought about. 9. Precise ; not different in the least. exact Sum or amount, or the ezact time. exact model for imitation 8. Methodical; careful; not negligent; correct; observing strict method, rule, or order. This man is very exact in keeping his accounts. 4. Punctual. Every man should be exact in pay- ing his debts when due ; he should be exact in attend- ance on appointments. 5. Strict. We should be exact in the performance of duties. The eractest vigilance can not maintain a single day of unmin- gled innocence. Rambler. . [L. exigo, exactum; Sp. exi- gir; It. esigere; Fr. exiger. See the adjective. | 1. To force or compel to pay or yield; to demand or require authoritatively ; to extort by means of au- thority or without pity or justice. It is an offense for an officer to exact illegal or unreasonable fees. It is customary for conquerors to exact tribute or contribu- tions from conquered countries. 9. To demand of right. Princes exact obedience of their subjects. The laws of God exact obedience from all men. 3. T'o demand of necessity; to enforce a yield- ing or compliance; or to enjoin with pressing ur- enc : 7 Duty, And justice to my father’s soul, exact This cruel piety. EX-A€T’, v.i. To practice extortion. The enemy shall not ezact upon him. — Ps, Ixxxix, EX-A€T’ED, pp. Demanded or required by authority ; extorted. EX-A€T’ER, nz. One who exacts; an extortioner. EX-A€T/ING, ppr. Demanding and compelling to pay or yield under color of authority; requiring au- thoritatively ; demanding without pity or justice ; extorting ; compelling by necessity. EX-A€/TION, (egz-ak/shun,) n. The act of demand- ing with authority, and compelling to pay or yield ; authoritative demand; a levying or drawing from by force ; a driving to compliance ; as, the exaction of tribute or of obedience. 9. Extortion; a wresting from one unjustly; the taking advantage of one’s necessities, to compel him to pay illegal or exorbitant tribute, fees, or rewards. Take away your exactions from my people. — Ezek. xlv. 3. That which is exacted ; tribute; fees, rewards, or contributions demanded or levied with severity or injustice. Kings may be enriched by exactions, but their power is weakened by the consequent disaffec- tion of their subjects. EX-A€T/I-TUDE, n. Exactness. [Little used.] EX-ACT/LY, adv. Precisely according to rule or measure ; nicely; accurately. A tenon should be exactly fitted to the mortise. 2, Precisely according to fact» The story exactly accords with the fact or event. 3. Precisely according to principle, justice, or right. EX-A€T'NESS, n. Accuracy; nicety; precision; as, to make experiments with exactness. Denham, ct 2. Regularity ; careful conformity to law or rules of propriety ; as, exactness of deportment. 3. Careful observance of method and conformity to truth ; as, exactness in accounts or business, BEX-AOT’OR, (egz-ak’tor,) n. officer who collects tribute, taxes, or customs. I will make thine officers peace, and thine ezactore righteous- lx. ness, — Isa. 2. An extortioner ; mands something without pity or regard to justice. 3. He that demands by authority ; as, an ezactor of oaths. Bacon. 4, One who is unreasonably severe in his injunc- tions or demands. Tillotson. EX-A€T/RESS, 7. in her injunctions. EX-A€/U-ATE, ». ¢. ExX-A€-U-A/TION, zn. EX-AG/GER-ATE, v. t. [L. exaggero; ex and aggero, to heap, from agger, a heap. wt is seldom uscd ; perhaps never. amplify ; to represent as greater than strict truth will warrant, enemy exaggerates his vices or faults. EX-AG'/GER-A-TED, pp. or a. EX-AG/GER-A-TING, ppr. EX-AG-GER-A'TION, n. EX-AG/GER-A-TO-RY, a. EX-AG/I-TATE, ». t. pe Ae PA-TED, pp. Agitated. EX-AG-I-TA’ TION, n. EX-~-ALT’, (egz-awlt',) v. t. EX-ALT-A/TION, n. EX-ALT’ED, pp. or a. EX-ALT/ED-NESS, n. EX-ALT’ER, 2. EX-AULT/ING, ppr. EX-A’/MEN, (egz-a'men,) 2. [L. EX-AM/IN-A-BLE, a. [See Examine.] That may be EX-AM/IN-ANT, 7. EX-AM/IN-ATE, n. EX-AM-IN-A'TION, n. One who exacts; an ) one who compels another to pay more than is legal or reasonable ; one who de- BXA EXA A female who exacts, or is severe | . Jonson. [L. exacuo.] Not in use.] B. Jonson. To whet or sharpen. Whetting or sharpening. 1. To heap on; to a alee In thas literal sense, 2. To highten; to enlarge beyond the truth; to A friend exaggerates a man’s virtues; an 3. In painting, to highten in coloring or design. Enlarged beyond the truth. Enlarging or amplifying beyond the truth. A heaping together ; heap; accumulation. [Little used.] Hale. 2. In rhetoric, amplification; a representation of things beyond the truth; hyperbolical representa- tion, whether of good or evil. 3. In painting, a method of giving a representation of things too strong for the life. Containing exaggeration. [L. ezagito.} To shake ; to agitate ; to reproach. obsolete. [ Little used, or Arbuthnot. Agitation. (Fr. exalter ; Sp. exaltar ; It. esaltare; Low L. ezalto; exand altus, high.) 1. To raise high ; to elevate. 9. To elevate in power, wealth, rank, or dignity ; as, to eralt one to a throne, to the chief magistracy, to a bishopric. 8 To elevate with joy or confidence; as, to be exalted with success or victory. [We now use Evate. | 4. To raise with pride ; to make undue pretensions to power, rank, or estimation ; to elevate too high, or above others. He that eralteth himself shall be absased.—Luke xiv. Matt. XXILL 5. To elevate in estimation and praise ; to magni- fy ; to praise ; to extol. He is my father’s God, and I will exalt him. — Ex. xv. 6. To raise, as the voice; to raise in opposition. 9 Kings Xix 7. To elevate in diction or sentiment; to make sublime ; as, exalted strains. 8. In physics, to elevate ; to purify; to subtilize ; to refine; as, to exalt the juices or the qualities of bodies. The act of raising high. 9. Elevation to power, office, rank, dignity, or ex- cellence. 3. Elevated state ; state of greatness or dignity. I wondered at my flight, and change To this high eraliation. Milton. 4. In pharmacy, the refinement or subtilization of bodies, or their qualities and virtues, or the increase of their strength. 5. In astrology, the dignity of a planet, in which its owers are increased. Johnson. \ Raised to a lofty hight; ele- vated ; honored with office or rank ; extolled ; mag- nified ; refined; dignified; sublime. Time never fails to bring every exalted reputation to a strict scrutiny. Ames. \ The state of being elevated. 2. Conceited dignity or greatness. One who exalts or raises to dignity. Elevating; raising to an eminent extolling; magnifying; refining. examen, the tongue, needle, or beam of a balance. It signifies, also, a swarm of bees. Sp. enzambre,a swarm of bees, a crowd; Port. enzame; It. sciamo; Fr. essaim. From its use ina balance, it came to signify examination. | Examination ; disquisition ; inquiry. [Zitéle used. | Brown. station ; praising ; 5b? proper for judicial examination or in- S. Court, United States. One who is to be examined. Prideaux. The person examined. Bacon. [L. eraminatio. See Exa- examined ; quiry. [Not legitimate. | MEN. 1. The act of examining; a careful search or in- quiry, with a view to discover truth or the real state of things; careful and accurate inspection of a thing and its parts; as, an examination of a house or a ship. _2. Mental inquiry ; disquisition ; careful considera- tion of the circumstances or facts which relate to a subject or question; a view of qualities and rela- tions, and an estimate of their nature and impor- tance, 3. Trial by a rule or law. facts by testimony ; an attempt to ascertain truth by | inquiries and interrogatories ; as, the examination of }{ a Witness, or the merits of a cause. 5. In seminaries of learning, an inquiry into the acquisitions of the students, by questioning them in literature and the sciences, and by hearing their re- citals. | 6. In chemistry and other sciences, a searching for | the nature and qualities of substances, by experi- ments ; the practice or application of the docimastic | Brown. EX-AM/INE, (egz-am/in,) v.f [L. examino, from exa- men. | 1. To inspect carefully, with a view to discover truth or the real state of athing; as, to examine aship to know whether she is seaworthy, or a house to | know whether repairs are wanted. 9. To search or inquire into facts and circum- stances by interrogating ; as, to examine 2 Witness, 3. To look into the state of a subject; to view in | | | art. EX-AM/IN-A-TOR, n An examiner. [Vot used.] allits aspects ; to weigh arguments and compare facts, with a view to form a correct opinion or judgment. Let us examine this proposition ; let us examine this subject in all its relations and bearmgs ; let us ezam- ine into the state of this question. 4. To inquire into the improvements or qualifications of students, by interrogatories, proposing problems, or by hearing their recitals ; as, to examine the classes college ; to examine the candidates for a degree, or for a license to preach or to practice in a profession. 5. To try or assay by experiments; as, to examine 6. To try by a rule or law. [minerals. Examine yourselves whether ye be in the faith. —2 Cor, xil. 7. In general, to search; to scrutinize; to ex- plore, with a view to discover truth ; as, to examme ourselves; to examine the extent of human knowl- edge. EX-AM/IN-ED, (egz-am/ind,) pp. Inquired into ; searched ; inspected ; interrogated ; tried by experi- | ment. EX-AM/IN-ER, 7. | One who examines, tries, or in- one who interrogates a witness or an of- spects 5 fender. 2. In chancery, in Great Britain, the examiners are two officers of that court, who examine, on oath, the witnesses for the parties. Encyc. EX-AM/IN-ING, ppr. or a. Inspecting carefully ; searching or inquiring into ; interrogating ; trying or assaying by experiment. EX-AM/IN-ING, a. Having power to examine ; ap- pointed to examine ; as, an examining committee. EX/AM-PLA-RY, (eks-) a. [from example.| Serving for example or pattern ; proposed for imitation. Hooker. [It is now written EXEMPLARY. | EX-AM/PLE, (egz-am’pl,) 7. ee exemplum; Fr. ex- emple; It. esempio; Sp. exemplo. Qu. from ez and the root of similis, Gr. buaXos.] 1. A pattern ; a copy ; a model ; that which is pro- posed to be imitated. This word, when applied to material things, is now generally written SAMPLE; as, a sample of cloth; but example is sometimes used. Ralegh. 2. A pattern, in morals or manners; a Copy, OT model; that which is proposed or is proper to be imi- tated. I have given you an example, that you should do as I have done to you. —John xiii. Example is our preceptor before we can reason. Kollock. 3. Precedent; a former instance. Bonaparte fur- nished many examples of successful bravery. 4, Precedent or former instance, in a bad sense, intended for caution. Lest any man fall after the same erample of unbelief. — Heb. iv. Sodom and Gomorrah —are set forth for an example, suliering the vengeance of eternal fire. —Jude 5. A person fit to be proposed for a pattern ; one whose conduct is worthy of imitation. Be thou an erample of the believers. —1 Tim. iy. 6. Precedent which disposes to imitation. ple has more effect than precept. 7. Instance serving for illustration of a rule or pre- cept; or a particular case or proposition illustrating a general rule, position, or truth. The principles of trigonometry, and the rules of grammar, are illus- trated by examples. 8. In logic, or rhetoric, the conclusion of one sin- gular point from another; an induction of what may happen from what has happened. If civil war has produced calamities of a particular kind in one in- stance, it is inferred that it will produce like conse- quences in other cases. ‘This is an example. Exam- Bailey. Encie. EX-AM/PLE, v. t. To exemplify; to set an example. Shak. [Not used. EX-AM/PLBH-NESS, a. Having no example. [Vol used. | B. Jonson. EX-AM/PLER, n. A pattern; now SaMPLe or SaM- PLER. EX-AN!'GUIL-OUS, a. See Exsancuious. ] Having no blood. [Vot used.] 4. In judicial proceedings, a careful inquiry into EX-AN//GU-LOUS, a. Having no corners. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQOK.— 416EXC EXC EXC 7 EX-AN’I-MATE, (egz-an‘e-mate,) a. exanimo ; ex and anna, life. Lifeless; spiritless: disheartened ; [L. exanimatus, depressed in spirits. Thomson. EX-AN’I-MATE, v. t. To dishearten; to discourage. EX-AN'I-MA-TED, pp. Disheartened. [ Coles. EX-AN/I-MA-TING, ppr._ Discouraging. EX-AN-I-MaA’TION, zn. Deprivation of life or of spir- its. [Little usec i EX ANTEMO. [L.] Literally, from the mind; sin- cerely ; heartily. EX-AN/I-MOUS, a. [L. exanimis; ex and anima, life.] Lifeless; dead. [Little used, | EX- AN -THE/MA, n. ; pi. EXANTHEM! ATA. [Gr., from efavsew, to blossom ; ef and aySos, a flower. ] Among physicians, eruption; a breaking out; pus- tules, petechie, or vibices ; any efflorescence on the skin, as in measles, small-pox, scarlatina, &c. This term is now limited, by systematic nosolo- gists, tosuch eruptions.as are accompanied with fe- ver. Good. EX-AN-THE-MAT‘I€, ) a. Eruptive ; efflorescent ; EX-AN-THEM/A-TOUS, noting morbid redness of the skin. The measles is an eranthematous disease. Tooke uses EXANTHEMATIC. ] EX-ANT/LATE, v.t. [L. exantlo.] To draw out; to exhaust. [Not wused.] Boyle. EX-ANT-LA’TION, x. The act of drawing out; ex- haustion. [JWVot used. Brown. EX-A-RA'TION,n. [L. exaro; ex and aro.] The act of writing. [Vot used.] Dict. EX/AREH, (eks/irk,) rn. [Gr., from apxos, a chief-] 1. A title borne by the viceroys of the Byzantine em- perors in the provinces of Italy and Africa ; as, the exarch of Ravenna. A title assumed for atime by the bishops of Constantinople, Antioch, Ephesus, and Caesarea, as superiors over the surrounding metropolitans. 3. More recently, a title given to inspectors of the clergy in certain districts, commissioned by the East- ern patriarchs. J, Murdock. EX-AREH/ATE, n. The office, dignity, or adminis- tration of an exarch. Taylor. EX-AR-TI€-U-LA/TION, n. [exand articulation. ) Lux- ation ; the dislocation of a joint. Quincy. EX-AS/PER-AT E, (egz-) v. t. [L. exaspero, to irritate, ex and aspero, from asper, rough, harsh. ] 1. To anger; to irritate to a high degree ; to pro- voke to rage; to enrage; to excite anger, or to in- flame it toan extreme degree. We say, to exasperate a person, or to exasperate the passion of anger or re- sentment. 2. To aggravate; to imbitter; as mity. 3. To augment violence ; to increase malignity ; to exacerbate ; as, to exasperate pain or a part inflamed. Bacon. EX-AS/PER-ATE, a. Provoked; imbittered; in- flamed. Shak. EX-AS/PER-A-TED, pp. or a. Highly angered or irri- tated; provoked; enraged; imbittered; increased in violence. EX-AS/PER-A-TER, x. One who exasperates or in- flames anger, enmity, or violence. EX-AS/PER-A-TING, ppr. or a. Exciting keen re- eenement 5 inflaming anger; irritating; increasing violen EX-AS- PER- A'TION, zx. [ritation ; citing violent anger ; provocation. 2. Extreme degree of anger ; violent passion. 3. Increase of violence or malignity ; exacerbation. EX-AU€’/TOR ATE, ) v. t. [L. exauctoro; ex and EX-AU’/THOR-A TE, auctoro, to hire or bind, from auctor, author] To dismiss from service ; to deprive of a benefice. Ayliffe. EX-AU€-TOR-A/TION, )x. Dismission from ser- EX-AU-THOR- A’TION, vice; deprivation; deg- radation ; the removal of a person from an office or dignity in the church. Ayliffe. EX- AU/THOR- IZE, v.t. To deprive of putoney: Selden. EX-AU!THOR-IZ-ED, pp. Deprived of authority. EX-AU/THOR-IZ- ING ,ppr. Depriving of authority. EX-6AL/CE-A-TED, a. ee excalceo, to pull off the shoes ; ex and calceus, a shoe. ] Deprived of shoes; unshod ; barefooted. EX-€AN-DES/CENCH, n. [L. excandescentia, excan- desco ; ex and candesco, candeo, to glow or be hot, from caneo, to be white, to shine. ] J, A growing hot; or a white heat; glowing heat. 2. Heat of passion ; violent anger; or a growing 5 tO exasperate en- the act of ex- angry. EX- CAN-DE ES/CENT, a. White with heat. EX-€AN-TA/TION, n. [L. excanto, but with an op- posite signification. Disenchantment by a countercharm. [Zittle wsed.] Bailey. EX-€AR/NATE, vz. t. [I. ex and caro, flesh.] To deprive or clear of flesh. Grew. EX-€AR‘NA-TED, pp. Deprived of flesh. EX-C€AR/NA-TING, ppr. Depriving of flesh. EX-€4 R/NI-FLOATE, v.t. ‘To cut off flesh. EX-€AR/NI-FI-€A-TING, ppr. Cutting off flesh. EX-€AR-NI-FI-€aA/TION, n. In pieces, from caro, flesh.] The act of cutting off flesh, or of depriving of flesh. a Johnson. EX CA-THE'DRA, [L.] Literally, from the chair, as of authority or instruction. Hence, with authority or dogmatism. [The Latin will allow of cath/e-dra or ca- the! dra, but the latter is most common in Eng- lish. EX/€A-VATE, v. t. [L. excavo; ex and cava, to hol- low, cavus, hollow. See Cave,} To hollow ; to cut, scoop, dig, or wear out the inner part of any thing, and make it hollow ; as, to excavate a ball; to excavute the earth ; to excavate the trunk of a tree, and form a canoe. EX/€A-VA-TED, pp. or a. Hollowed ; made hollow. EX’'€A-VA-TING, ppv. or a. Making hollow ; mak- ing or capable of making an excavation ; as, an ez- cavating machine. EX-€A-VA’TION, x. The act of making hollow, by cutting, wearing, or scooping out the interior sub- stance or part of a thing. A hollow or a cavity formed by removing the interior substance. Many animals burrow in ezcava- tions of their own forming. EX/€A-VA-TOR, nm. One who excavates. 2a machine for excavating. EX-CE/€ATE, v.t [L. exceco.] To make blind bi ‘ot used. | EX-CE-€A/TION, xn. The act of making blind. Richardson. [Not authorized. ] [L. excedo ; ex and cedo, [L. excarnifico, to cut EX-CE’/DENT, 7. Excess. EX-CEED’, (eks-seed’,) v. t. to pass. ] 1. To pass or go beyond ; to proceed beyond any given or supposed limit, measure, or quantity, or be- yond any thing else; used equally in a physical or moral sense. One piece of cloth exceeds the custom- ary length or breadth ; one man exceeds another in bulk, stature, or weight; one offender exceeds an- other in villainy. 2. To surpass ; to excel. Homer exceeded all men in epic poetry. Demosthenes and Cicero exceeded their cotemporaries in oratory. King Solomon exceeded all the kings of the earth for riches and ‘for wisdorn. — 1 Kink gs x EX-CEED’, v. i To go too far; to pass the proper bounds; to go over any given limit, number, or measure. Forty stripes may he give him, and not exceed. — Deut. xxv. 2. To bear the greater proportion ; to be more or larger. Dryden, [ This verb is intransitive only by ellipsis.] EX-CEED/A-BLE, a. That may surmount or exceed. Lil.) Sherwood. EX-CEED’/ED, pp. Excelled ; surpassed ; outdone. EX-CEED/ER, One who exceeds or passes the bounds of fitness. Mountagu. EX-CEED/ING, ppr. Going beyond ; surpassing ; ex- celling ; outdoing. 2. a. Great in extent, quantity, or duration; very extensive. Cities were built an exceeding space of time before the flood. This sense is unusual. ] Ralegh. 3. adv. Ina very great degree; unusually 5 as, ez- ceeding rich. The Genoese were exceeding powerful by sea. Ralegh. I am thy shield, and thy exceeding great reward, —Gen. xv, EX-CEED/ING, n. Excess; superfluity. Smollett. EX-CEED/ING-LY, adv. ‘To a very great degree ; in a degree beyond what is usual; greatly; very much. Isanc trembled exceedingly. — Gen, xxvii. EX-CEED/ING-NESS, n. Greatness in quantity, ex- tent, or duration. [JVot used.] EX-CEL’, (ek-sel’,) v. t. [L. excello, the root of - =— which, cello, is not in use. In Ar. Ss kaila, sig- nifies to lift, raise, excel ; also, to speak, to strike, to beat. So we use beat in the sense of surpass. See Class Gl, No. 31 and 49.] : Leo "a0 beyond ; to exceed; to surpass in good qualities or laudable deeds; to outdo. Excelling others, these were great ; Thou greater still, must these “excel. Prior. Many daughters have done virtuously, but thou excellest them — Prov. xxxi. 2, na exceed or go beyond in bad qualities or deeds ; as, to excel envy itself in mischief. Spenser. 3. To exceed; to surpass. EX-CEL’, v.i. To have good qualities, or to perform meritorious actions, in an unusual degree; to be em- inent, illustrious, or distinguished. Bless the Lord, ye his angels, that excel in strength. — Ps. ciii. We gay, to excel in mathematics ; to excel in paint- ing; to excel in heroic achievements. EX-CEL’LED, (ek-seld’,) pp. Surpassed ; outdone ; exceeded in rood qualities or laudable achievements. EX/CEL-LENC B, EX/CEL-LEN- CY, n. [Fr., from L. ezcellentia.] i usual or eminent degree; the state of excelling in any thing. 2. Any valuable quali ty; any thing highly lauda- ble, meritorious, or virtuous, in persons, or valuable and esteemed, in things. Purity of heart, upright- ness of mind, sincerity, Virtue, piety, are excellencies of character : symmetry of parts, strength, and beauty are excellencies of body ; an accurate know l- edge of an art is an excellence in the artisan; sound- ness and durability are ezcellencies in timber; fertil- ity, in land ; elegance, in writing. In short, what- ever contributes to exalt man, or to render him esteemed and happy, or to bless society, is in him an excellence. 3. Dignity ; high rank in the scale of beings. An- gels are beings of more excellence than men; men are beings of more excellence than brutes. 4. EA title of honor formerly given to kings and emperors, now given to embassadors, governors, and other persons, below the rank of kings, but elevated above the common classes of men EX’CEL-LENT, (ek’sel-lent,) a. Being of great vir- tue or worth ; eminent or distinguished for what is amiable, valuable, or laudable; as, an excellent man or citizen ; an exce llent judge or magistrate 2. Being of great value or use, applied to things ; remarkable for | good properties : as, excellent timber ; an excellent farm ; ; an excellent horse ; excellent fruit. 3. Distinguished for superior attainments; as, an excellent artist. 4. Consummate ; complete ; in an ill sense. Elizabeth was an excellent hypocrite. Hume. EX’/CEL-LENT-LY, adv. In an excellent manner, well in a high degree ; in an eminent degree; in a manner to please or command esteem, or to be useful. EX-CEL/LING, ppr. beyond. EX-CEL'SI-OR, a. [L.] More lofty ; more elevated ; higher ; the motto of the State of New York. Longfellow. EX-CEN’TRI€. See Eccentric. EX-CEPT’, (ek-sept’,) v. t. [Fr. excepter ; It. eccettare ; from L. excipio ; ex and capio, to take. See Carrion, Capture. | 1. To take or leave out of any number specified ; to exclude; as, of the thirty persons present and conce rned in a riot, we must except two. To take or leave out any particular or particu- ais from a general description. When he saith, All things are put under him, it is manifest that he is ez reepled who did put all things under him,—1 Cor, XV. EX-CEPT’, v.z. To object; to make an objection or objections ; usually followed by to; sometimes by against. I except to a witness, or to bis testimony, on account of his interest or. partiality. EX-CEPT’, pp. [Contracted from excepted.) Taken out ; not included. All were involved in this affair, except one ; that is, one excepted. the case absolute or independent clause. Ezcept ye repent, ye shall all likewise perish ; that is, except this fact, that ye re- pent, or this fact being excepted, removed, taken away, ye shall all likewise perish. Or except may be considered as the imperative mode. zcept thou, or ye, this fact, ye shall all likewise perish. Hence, except is equivalent to 2ithout, unless, and denotes EX-CEPT’/ED, pp. See Excerr. [exclusion. EX-CEPT/ING, ppr. Taking or leaying out; ex- cluding. 2. This word is also used in the sense of ezcent, as above explained. The prisoners were all condemned, excepting three. This is an anomalous use of the word, unless, in some cases, it may be referred to a pronoun Excepted would be better; three excepted ; three being excepted. EX-CEP’TION, (ek-sep/shun,) n. The act of except- ing, or excludi ng from a number designated, or from a description ; exclusion. All the representatives voted for the bill, with the ezception of five ; all the Jand is in tillage, with an exception of two acres. 2, Exclusion from what is comprehended in a gen- eral rule or proposition. 3. That which is excepted, excluded, or separated, from others in a general description; the person or thing specified as distinct or not included. Almost every general rule has its exceptions. 4, An objection; that which is or may be offered in opposition to a rule, proposition, statement, or allegation ; with to; sometimes with against. He made some exceptions to the argument. 5. Objection, with dislike; offense; slight anger orresentment ; with af, to, or against, and commonly used with take; as, to take exception at a severe re- mark ; to take exception to what was said. Roderigo, thou hast taken againsf me an exception. Shak. But it is more generally followed by at. 6. In law, the denial of what is alleged and con- sidered as valid by the other party, either in point of law or in pleading; or an allegation against the suf- ficiency of an answer. In law, it is a stop or stay Z n, and it is either dilatory or peremptory. to an actio CE Surpassing ; outdoing; going 1. The state of possessing good qualities in an un- TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; & as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 523 DA? a a a SN rare ” el aia Enel * on Tee Lae a |5 reweRR TE TARR PPE pe, ‘ f ; f ; i ¥ : ; ‘ t ty ie? | oe hi i Aes (2 & ; 4 t i i i i i ; ot ay EXC EXC 7, A saving clause in a writing. Bill of exceptions, in law, is a Statement of excep- tions to evidence, filed by the party, and which the judge must sign or seal. EX-CEP/TION-A-BLE, a. is passage I look upon to be the most exce ntionable in the eae nole ‘poem. : z Addison. EX-CEP/TION-AL, a. Liable to objection. Forming or making an excep- tion. Lyell. EX-CEP’TION-ER, . One who objects. Milton. EX-CEP’TLOUS, (ek-sep’shus,) a Peevish ; disposed or apt to cavil, or take exceptions. [Little used.} South. Burke. EX-CEP’TIOUS-NESS, z. Disposition to cavil. Barrow. EX-CEPT’IVE, a. Including an exception; as, an exceptive preposition. ( Watts. 9. Making or being an exception. Milton. EX-CEPT/LESS, a Omitting all exception. [JVotin USE, Shak. Ex GEPT/OR, n. One who objects or makes excep- Burnet. tions. EX-CER/E-BROSE, a. Having no brains. EX-CERN’,v.t. [IL. excerno; exand cerno, Gr. KpLva, to separate. | To separate and emit through the pores, or through small passages of the body; to strain out; to ex- crete; as, fluids are ercerned in perspiration. Bacon. EX-CERN’ED, (ek-sernd’/,) pp. Separated; excreted ; emitted through the capillary vessels of the body. EX-CERN/ING, ppr. Emitting through the small pas- sages; excreting. EX-CERP’,v.t. [L. ereorys| To pick out. [Little used. Hales. _ EX-CERPT’, v. t. [IL. excerpo; ex and carpo, to take.] To select. [Vot used-] Barnard. EX-CERP!TA, n. pl. [L.| Passages extracted. EX-CERP’TION, n. [L. excerptio.] 1. A picking out; a gleaning; selection. [ Little ase 9. That which is selected or gleaned. [Little used.] Ralegh. Barnard. A picker ; a culler. [A bad EX-CERP’TOR, n. Extracts from authors. EX-CERPTS’, n. pl. apord. | EX-CESS!, (ek-ses!,) 2. See ExcreEp.] 1. Literally, that which exceeds any measure or limit, or which exceeds something else, or a going be- yond a just line or point. Hence, superfluity ; that which is beyond necessity or wants ; as, an excess of provisions ; ezcess of light. 9, That which is beyond the common measure, proportion, or due quantity ; as, the excess of a limb ; the excess of bile in the system. 3. Superabundance of any thing. Newton. 4, Any transgression of due limits. Atterbury. 5. In morals, any indulgence of appetite, passion, or exertion, beyond the rules of God’s word, or be- yond any rule of propriety ; intemperance in gratifi- cations ; as, excess in eating or drinking; excess of joy ; excess of grief; excess of love, or of anger ; ez- cess of labor. 6. In arithmetic and geometry, that by which one number or quantity exceeds another; that which remains when the lesser number or quantity is taken from the greater. EX-CESS/IVE, a. Beyond any given degree, meas- ure, or Jimit, or beyond the common measure or pro- portion; as, the excessive bulk of a man; EXCESSIVE labor; excessive Wages. 2. Beyond the established laws of morality and religion, or beyond the bounds of justice, fitness, propriety, expedience, or utility; as, excesswve indul- gence of any kind. [L. ezcessus, from excedo. Excessive bail shull not be required. Bill of Rights. 3. Extravagant ; unreasonable. His expenditures of money were excessive. 4, Veliement ; violent ; as, excessive passion. EX-CESS/IVE-LY, adv. In an extreme degree ; be- yond measure ; exceedingly ; as, excessively impa- tient ; excessively grieved. c Tehe > . 1 r 1 2, Wehemently ; violently ; as, the wind blew ez- cessively. EX-CESS/IVE-NESS, n. The state or quality of being excessive ; excess. EX—-CHAN/CEL-LOR, nz. One who has been chan- cellor, but has left the office. EX-CHANGE’, (cks-chanj’,) v. t. {Fr. echanger ; Arm. eceinch; from changer, ceinch, to change] " 1, In commerce, to give one thing or commodity for another ; to alienate or transfer the property of a thing, and receive, in compensation for it, something EX-CHANGE’, nz. for a cell or a hermitage ; for a life of toil 3. To give and receive reciprocally ; to give and receive in compensation the same thing. Exchange forgiveness with me, noble Hamlet. Shak. B 6 ; pe See ae ma eta . offee is 4. To give and receive the like thing; as, to ¢7-| py CISE!, n. change thoughts; to exchange work; to exchange blows ; to exchange prisoners. It has with before the person receiving the thing given, and for before the equivalent. Will you ez- change horses with me? Will you exchange your horse for mine? In commerce, the act of giving one thing or commodity for another; barter ; traflic by permutation, in which the thihg received is supposed to be equivalent to the thing given. Joseph gave them bread in exchange for horses. — Gen. xlvii. 2, The act of giving up or resigning one thing or cery. EX-CHEQ/UER-ING, ppr. Instituting process against EX-CIP/I-ENT, n. EX-Ci$/A-BLB, a. EX-CISE’, v. t. to exchange a life of case | EX-CHEQ’/UER-ED, pp. Prcceeded against in chan- One whoexcepts. _‘ [in chancery. Liable or subject to excise; as, coffee is an excisable commodity. [L. excisum, cut off, from ezcido; D. accys; G. accise.] An inland duty or impost, laid on articles produced and consumed in a country, and also on licenses to deal in certain commodities. Formerly, in England, the excise embraced some imported articles, as wine, &c.; but these are now transferred to the customs. Many articles are excised at the manufactories, as spirit at the distillery, printed silks and linens at the printer’s, &c. ; Encye. To lay or impose a duty on articles produced and consumed in a country, or on licenses ; to levy an excise on. state for another, without contract. EX CIS’ED, pp. Charged with the duty of excise. 3. The act of giving and receiving reciprocally ; EX-CISE’MAN,z. An officer who inspects commodi- as, an exchange of thoughts; an exchange of civilities. ties and rates the excise duty on them. Johnson. 4. The contract by which one commodity is trans- EX-CIS/ING, ppr. Imposing the duty of excise. ferred to another for an equivalent commodity. EX-CIS/LON, (ek-sizh/un,) n. [L. excisio. | 5. The thing given in retum for something re- 1. In surgery, a cutting out or cutting off any part ceived ; or the thing received in return for what is given. There’s my exchange. Shak. In ordinary business, this is called CHANGE. 6. The form of exchanging one debt or credit for another; or the receiving or paying of money in one place, for an equal sum in another, by order, draft, or bill of exchange. A in London is. creditor to B in New York, and © in London owes D in New York alike sum. Ain London draws a Dill of ex- change on B in New York; C in London purchas the bill, by which A receives his debt due from B in New York. C transmits the bill to D in New York, who receives the amount from B. Bills of exchange, drawn on persons in a foreign country, are called foreign bills of exchange ; the like pills, drawn on persons in different parts or cities of the same country, are called aand bills of exchange. A bill of exchange is a mercantile contract, in which four persons are primarily concerned. 7. In mercantile language, a bill drawn for money is called exchange, instead of a Dill of exchange. 8. The course of exchange, is the current price be- tween tivo places, which is above or below par, or at par. Exchange is at par, when a bill in New York, for the payment of one hundred pounds sterling in London, can be purchased for one hundred pounds. If it can be purchased for less, exchange 1s under par. If the purchaser is obliged to give more, exchange is above pur. 9. In law, a mutual grant of equal interests, the one in consideration of the other. Estates exchanged must be equal in quantity, as fee-simple for fee-sim- ie. Blackstone. 10. The place where the merchants, brokers, and bankers of a city meet to transact business, at Ccer- tain hours; often contracted into CHANGE. EX-CHANGE-A-BIL/LTY, n. The quality or state of being exchangeable. “ Though the law ought not to be contravened by an e article admitting the erchangcability of such persons. Vashington. EX-CHANGE/A-BLE, a. That may be exchanged ; capable of being exchanged ; fit or proper to be ex- changed. The officers captured with Burgoyne were cxchangecble within Dees 9) B he powers of Gen. Howe. Marshall. U r Bank bills exchangeable for gold and silver. Ramsay. EX-CHANG/ED, (eks-chanjd’,) pp. for something else; bartered. EX-CHANG/ER, n. One who exchanges; one who practices exchange. Matt. xxv. EX-CHANG/ING, ppr. -Giving and receiving une com- modity for another ; giving and receiving mutually ; Jaying aside or relinquishing one thing or state for another. SX-CHEQ/UER, (eks-chek’er,) n. [Fr. echiquier, check- er-work, a chess-board. See Cuess and eecee In Enoland, an ancient court of record, intendec principally to collect and superintend the king’s debts and duties or revenues, and so called from scaccharium, or from the same root, denoting a check- ered cloth, which covers the.table. It consists of two divisions; the receipt of the exchequer, (now transferred to the Bank of England,) which manages the royal revenue ; and the judicial part, which is divided into a court of law and a court of equity. The court of equity is held in the exchequer cham- ber, before the lord treasurer, the chancellor of the Given or received of supposed equal value ; to barter; and, in vulgar language, to swap; to truck. It differs from sell only in the kind of compensation. To sell is to alienate for money; to exchange is to alienate one commodity for another; as, to exchange horses; to exchange oxen for corn. 2, T'o lay aside, quit, or resign, one thing, state, or condition, and take another in the place of it; as, to exchange a crown for a cowl; to exchange a throne exchequer, the chief baron, and three inferior barons. The common law court is held before the barons, with- out the treasurer or chancellor. Blackstone. Exchequer bills; in England, bills for money, or promissory bills, issued from the exchequer; a sSpe- cies of paper currency emitted under the authority of the government, and bearing interest. EX-CHEQ/UER,v. ft. To institute a process against a EX-CY-TA-BIL/LTY, n. of the body ; extirpation ; amputation. 9, The cutting off of a person, or nation, as a judg- ment ; extirpation ; destruction. 3. A cutting off from the church ; excommunication. The rabbins reckon three kinds of excision. Encyc. [from excite.] The quality of being capable of excitement. 9, In medicine. (1.) A healthful vital suscepti- bility to the influence of natural, medicinal, and mechanical agents, and the power of responding in a normal manner, by actions merely, in contra- distinction from sensations. (2.) This term is also used with such an extension of its signification, as to comprehend the power of responding to influences, both by actions and sensations. In this acceptation it is exactly equivalent to irritability in the first of its medical senses, which see. Tully. EX CIT/A-BLE, a. Having the quality of being sus- ceptible of excitement, which see. 2. Capable of being excited, or roused into action. EX-CIT/ANT, n. In medicine, an agent, which, by its influence upon the living solid, produces a new condition and action in such solid. This is the widest acceptation, wider indeed than that of medicine. 9. An agent, which produces a quickly diffused and transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and arteries. ‘This is its most limited acceptation ; and in this sense it is exactly equivalent to stimulate. By different authors, this word is used in very various grades of extension and limitation between these two. Tully. EX-CIT/ATE, v.t. Toexcite. [Wot in use.| Bacon. EX-CLTA/TION, nz. The act of exciting or putting in motion ; the act of rousing or awakening. Bacon. Waits. 2, In medicine, the act of producing excitement ; the excitement produced. EX-CIT/A-TIVE, a. Having power to excite, which see. Barrow. EX-CIT’A-TO-RY, a. Tending to excite ; containing excitement. Miller. EX-CITE’, (ek-site’,) v.t. [lL. excito; ex and cito, to cite, to call or provoke. ] 1. To rouse; to call into action; to animate ; to stir up; to cause to act that which is dormant, stupid, or inactive ; as, to excite the spirits or courage. 2, I'o raise; to create; to put in motion; as, to excite a mutiny or insurrection. 3. To rouse ; to inflame ; as, to excite the passions. 4, In medicine. (1.) To produce a new condition or action in the living solid. This is the most extensive signification of this term. (2.) To produce a quick- ly diffused and transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and arteries. This is the most limited acceptation of this term; and in this sense, it is equivalent to stimulate. (3.) To produce a vitiated and abnormal state of the actions, or sensations, or of both in conjunction, either upon an unhealthy state of the vital suscepti- bilities, or by an excessive or otherwise improper use or application of some agent. In this acceptation, it is equivalent to irritate. Tully. EX-CIT’ED, pp. or a. Roused; awakened ; animated ; put in motion ; stimulated ; inflamed. EX-CITE/MENT, n». The act of exciting. 9. The state of being roused into action, or of hav- ing increased action. 3. Agitation ; a state of being roused into action ; as, an excitement of the people. 4. That which excites or rouses; that which moves, stirs, or induces action ; a motive. Shak. 5. In medicine. (1.) Any new condition or action produced by the influence of any natural, medicinal, or mechanical agent, in the living solid. This is the most extensive signification. (2.) A preternatu- ral increase of vital energy and strength of action person in the Court of Exchequer. egge. in the heart and arteries. This is the most limited fran. 418 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ——_——<—$—EXC EK XC EXC sense. In this acceptation, it is equivalent to stimu- lation in one of its senses. (3.) A vitiated and ab- normal state of the actions or sensations, or both in conjunction, produced by natural, medicinal, or me- chanical agents, either upon a he ealthy state of the Vital susceptibilities, or by an excessive, or otherwise improper use or application of natural, medicinal, or mechanical agents. In this sense, it is equivalent to trritation. Tully. EX-CIT’/ER,n. He or that which excites; he that puts in motion, or the cause which awakens and 2. In medicine, a stimulant. [moves. EX-CI1’ING, ppr. ora. Calling or rousing into action ; producing excitement. Exciting causes, in medicine, are those which im- mediately produce disease, or those which excite the action of predisponent causes. Parr. EX-CIT/ING, n. Excitation. Herbert. EX-CIT’ING-LY, adv. So as to excite. EX-CIT/IVE, x. That which excites. EX-CIT/IVE, a. Tending to excite. EX Soe nr. Outcry; clamor. Shak. EX-€LAIM’,v.i. [L. exclamo; ex and clamo, to cry outs See Bane CLAMOR. | To utter the voice with vehemence; to cry out; to cee a loud outcry in words; as, to exclaim against oppression; to exclaim with wonder or as- tonis hment; to exclaim with joy. To declare with loud vociferation. That thus you do erelaim you'll go with him. Shak. EX-€LAIM’ER, 7. One who cries out with vehe- mence ; one w yho speaks with heat, passion, or much noise; as, an erclaimer against tyr: mny. Atterbury. EX-€LAIMING, ppr. Cc rying out; vociferating ; speaking with nee or passion. EX-€LA-MAa/TION, 2. Outcry ; ; noisy talk; clamor ; as, exclametions Seaitict abtlses in government. 2. Vehement vociferation. Shak, 3. Emphatical utterance; a vehement extension or elevation of voice; ecphonesis; as, O dismal night ! 4, A note by which emphatical utterance or outcry is marked ; thus! 3. In grammar, a word expressing outcry; an in- terjection ; a word expressing some passion, as won- der, fear, or griet. EX-CLAMA-T [VE, a. EX-€LAM!’A-TO-RY, a. exclamatory Speaker. 2. Containing or expressing exclamation; as, an exclamatory phrase. EX-€LOUDE’, v. t. (L. excludo ; ex and claudo, to shut; Gr. xAcidow, xAEt@.] Properly, to thrust out or eject ; mons with preclude, To thrust out; to eject ; as, to exclude young aritiate from the w ‘omb or from eggs, 2. To hinder from entering or admission ; to shut out ; as, one body excludes another from occupying the same space. The church ought to exclude im- moral men from the communion. 3. To debar; to binder from participation or en- joyment. European nations, in time of peace, exclude our merchants from the commerce of their colonies. In some of the States, no man who puys taxes is excluded from the privilege of voting for represent- atives. 4. To accept; not to comprehend or include ina privilege, grant, proposition, argument, description, order, species, genus, &c., in a general sense, EX-€LUD/ED, pp. or a. Thrust out; shut out; dered or prohibited from entrance or admission ; barred ; not included or comprehended. EX-€LUD/ING, ppr. Ejecting; hindering from en- tering ; debarring ; not comprehending. EX-€LU/SION, (eks-kl@/zhun,) n. The act of ex- cluding, or of thrusting out; ejection; as, the ez- cusian of a fetus. The act of denying entrance or admission; a aie out. . The act of debarring from participation in a privi lege, benefit, use, or enjoyment. urnet. 4. Rejection ; 5 non- -reception or*admission, in a gen- eral sense. Addison. 5. Exception. Bacon. 6. Ejection ; that which is emitted or thrown out. BEX-€LU/SION-IST, (eks-kla/zhun-ist,) ». One who would preclude anothe r from some privilege. Foz. EX-€LU'SIVE, a. Waving the power of preventing entrance ; as, ” exclusive bars. Milton. Dr Debarring from partic ipation ; possessed and en- joyed to the exclusion of others ; as, an exclusive priv- lege. 3. Not taking into the account; not including or comprehending ; as, the general had five thousand troops, exclusive of artillery and cavalry. He sent me all the numbers from 78 to 94 exclusive ; that is, all the numbers between 78 and 94, but these numbers, the first and last, are excepted, or not included. EX-€LU/SIVE, n. One of a coterie who exclude others. Thus will I drown your erclamations. Containing exclamation. Using exclamation ; as, an but used as synony- hin- de- EX-€LU/SIVE-LY, adv. Without admission of others to participation ; with the exclusion of all others; as, to enjoy a privilege exclusively. 2. Without comprehension in an account or num- ber; not inclusively. EX-€LU/SIVE-N ESS, n. EX-CLU/SIV-ISM, n. EX-€LU/SO-RY, a. State of being exclusive. Act or practice of excluding. Exclusive ; excluding ; able to exclude. [Little used. | alsh. EX-€O€T’, v. t. [L. excoctus.] To boil. [Wot in use. } Bacon. EX-€0G/I-TATE, (eks-koj/e-tate,) v. . [L. excogito; ex and cogito, to think. To inv ent; to strike out by thinking ; to contrive. More. Hale. EX-€0G/I-TA-TED, pp. struck out in thought. EX-COG/LTA-T ING, ppr. EX-€0G-I-TA/T ION, n. Invention ; contrivance ; the act of dev ising in the thoughts. EX-€OM'MIS-SA-RY, 2. [ex and commissary.) A commissary dismissed from office ; one formerly a commissary. EX-€OM-MUNE’, v. t. To exclude. EX-€0M-MU’NI-€A-BLE, a. Liable or deserving to be excommunicated. Hvoker. EX-€OM-MU/NI-€ATE, vot. [L. ex and communico.] To expel-from communion ; to e ject from the com- munion of the church by an ‘eccle siastical sentence, and deprive of spiritual advantages ; as, to excommu- nicate notorious offenders. EX-€OM-MU/NLE€ATE, n. cated. arew. EX-€OM-MU'NI-€A-TED, pp. or a. Expelled or sep- arated from communion w ith a church, and a partici- pation of its ordinances, rights, and privileges. EX-€OM-MU!NI-€A- TING, ppr. Expelling from the communion of a church, and depriving of spiritual advantages, by an ecclesiastical sentence or decree. EX-€OM-MU-NL €A'TION, n. The act of ejecting from a church; expulsion from the communion of a church, and deprivation of its rights, privileges, and advantages ; an ecclesiastical penalty or punishment inflicted on offenders. Excommunication is an eccle- siastical interdict, of two kinds, the lesser and the greater; the lesser excommunication is a separation or suspension of the offender from partaking of the eucharist ; the See iS an absolute separation and exclusion “of the offender from the church and all its rights and advantages. LUCY Ce EX CON-CES'SO, [L.] From that which 5 con- ceded. EX-€0/RI-ATE, ». t. skin, hide.] To flay ; to strip or wear off the skin ; to abrade; to gall; to break and remove the cuticle in any man- ner, as by rubbing, beating, or by the action of acrid substances, EX-€0/RI-A-TED, pp. Flayed; skin or the cuticle ; abrade EX-€0/RI-A-TING, ppr. Flaying; galling ; stripping of the cuticle. EX-€0-RI-A/TION, n. The act of flaying, or the op- eration of wearing off the skin or cuticle; a galling; abrasion; the state of being galled or strippe d of skin. Os eae the act of stripping of possessions. fee used Howell. EX-€OR- TL €A/TION, [L. ex and cortex, bark.] The act of stripping of bark. Coxe. EX’/€RE-A-BLE, a. That may be discharged by spit- ting. [Little used. | EX/€RE-ATE, v. t. spit. To hawk and spit; hawking and spitting, EX/€RE-A-TED, pp. hawking and spitting. EX/€RE-A-TING, ppv. Discharging from the throat by hawking and spitting. EX-€RE-A'TION, nx. A spitting out. EX/€RE-MENT, mn. [L. excrementum, from excerno, excretus ; ex and cerno, to separate, Gr. Kpiva.] Matter excreted and ejected ; that which Is dis- charged from the animal body after digestion ; alvine discharges. EX-€RE-MENT/’AL, a. Excreted or ejected by the natural passages of the body. EX-€RE-MEN-TI’TIAL, (eks-kre-men-tish/al,) a. Pertaining to or consisting in excrement. Fourcroy. EX-€RE-MEN-TI//TIOUS, (eks-kre-men-tish/us,) a. Pertaining to excrement ; containing excrement ; con- sisting in matter evacuated or proper to be evacuated from the animal body. Bacon. Harvey. EX-€RES/CENCE, n. [L. ezerescens, from excresco; ex and cresco, to grow. |] 1. In surgery, a preternatural protuberance grow- ing on any part of the body, as a wart or a tubercle; a Bune rfluous part. Encyc. Any preternatural enlargement of a plant, like a wart or tumor; or something growing out from a pant Bentley. A preternatural production. Tatler. EX- RES" CENT, a. Growing out of something else, Contrived ; Contriving. [ Ob S.] Gayton. [See ExcomMMUNICATE. One who is excommuni- [Low L. excorio; ex and corium, galled; stripped of [L. excreo, exscreo, to hawk and to discharge from the throat by Discharged from the throat by in a preternatural manner; superfluous; as a wart or tumor. Expunge the whole or lop the excrescent parts. EX-€RETE’, v. t. [L.excretus, infra.] To separate and throw oi ; to disc harge ; as, to ez- crete urine. | EX-€RET’ED, pp. ora. Passed from the body by ex- cretion. EX-€RET/ING, ppr. Discharging ; separating by the natural ducts. EX-€RE’TION, zn. rate. 1. The throwing off of effete or no longer useful matter from the animal system. Tully 2. That which is excreted; fluids separated from the body by the glands, and called excrement. Bacon. Quincy. EX/€RE-TIVE, a. Having the power of separating and ejecting fluid matter from the body. Excretiwv EX/ERE-TY-RY, a. [L. excretio, from excerno, to sepa- é faculty. Having the quality of ¢ or UOMO EE Yr exere smentitious mutter by the glands. EX’ORE-TO-RY, n. A little duct or vessel, destined to peceive secreted fluids, and to excrete them ; also, a secretory vessel. The ezcrelories are deriving an appropriated juice from the blood. EX-€RU/CIA-BLE, a. [Infra.] | Little used. | EX-€RU/CIATE, v.t. [L. excrucio; ex and crucio, to torment, from cruz, a cross.]} To torture ; to torment; to inflict mos on; as, to excruciate the heart or the bo da Chapman. EX- ERU'CL AATED, pp. Tortured ; racked; tormented, EX-€RU/CIA-T ING, per. Torturing; tormenting ; pee to most se vere pai n. eG Extre mely painful ; Flarvey. excreting nothing but slender Slips of the arteries, Cheyne. Niable to torment. severe pain distressing ; as, excrucia- ting fear EX-€RU- CL A’/TION, n. Torture ; extreme pain ; vex- ation. Feltham. EX-€U-Ba'TION, x. The act of watching all night. Little used. | Dict. EX-€UL/PA-BLE, a. EX-CUL!PATE, o blame, culpa, fault. ] To clear by words from a charge or imputation of fault or guilt; to excuse. How naturally are we in- clined to exculpate ourselves, and throw the blame on others! Eve endeavored to exculpate herself for eat- ing the forbidden fruit, and throw the blame on the serpent ; Adam attempted to ezculpate himself, and throw the blame on Eve. EX-€UL/PAa-TED, pp. Cleared by words from the im- putation of fault or guilt. EX-€UL!PA-TING, ppr. charge of fault or crime. EX-€UL-PA’/TION, x. The act of vindicating from a charge of fault or crime ; excuse. EX-€UL/PA-TO-RY, a. Able to clear from the charge of fault or guilt; excusing ; containing excuse. Johnson. EX-€UR/RENT, a. In botany, a term used in describ- ing the ramification of a body whose axis remains always in the center, the other parts being regularly disposed round it. Lindley. EX-€UR/SION, (eks-kur/shun,) n. [L. excursio, ex- curso, from cursus, from curro, to run. ] . A rambling ; a deviating from a stated or settled path. She in low numbers short excursions tries, 2. Progression beyond fixed limits ; as, the ezxcur- sions of the seasons into the extremes of heat and cold. Arbuthnot. 3. Digression ; a wandering from a subject or main design. Atterbury. 4. An expedition or journey into a distant part; any rambling from a point or place, and return to the Same point or place. EX-€UR/SIVE, a Rambling; wandering; devi- ating ; as, an excursive fancy or imagination. EX-€ UR/SIVE-LY, adv. Ina wandering manner. Boswell. The act of wandering or That may be exculpated [it. scolpare; L. ex and culpo, to Clearing by words from the Pope. EX-€UR/SLVE-NESS, 2. passing usual limits. : EX-CUR'SUS,n. [L.] Literally, digression. A dis- sertation containing a more full exposition of some important point or topic appended to a work. EX-€0S/A-BLE, (eks-kiiz/a-bl,) a. [See Excusr.] That may be excused ; pardonable ; as, the man is excusable. Admitting of excuse or justification ; as, an ez- cusable action. EX-€0S$/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being ex- cusable ; pardonableness ; the quality of ate of excuse. oyle, EX- oue $’A-BLY, adv. Pardonably. EX-€U-SA/T LON, n. Excuse; apology [Little used. | Bacon. EX-€U-$A/TOR, x. One who makes, or is authorized to mi ike Le xeuse or carry an apology. Hume. BX-€0S/A-TO-RY, a. Making excuse; containing excuse or apolog ay . apologetical; as. am excusatory plea. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; $ as Za OH as SH; THIS. 4)9° FH as in a | | | | | } | { j | | | | | | I? pitti. a ee ets oe me Toe ites ae_————— ce ee Bese ee 24 : E x E aS sot 1X. ry ay ae = x w eS f Ee , (eks-kuize’,) v. & [L. excus EXE ——— 7 1. ee mee Cause. ] : USO eu and cau- 2, In law, th E ; . yar : F; oa ec ri 5 ’ | i paraony to free from the it ati judgment f carrying into effect : 1x or blame; to acquit of gui nputation of fault of court; the last ect a sentence or EX/E 3 in our own minds, wi ieee We excuse a person pleting the process by Te} act of the law in com 1X/EM-PLA-RLNESS mn blame ; , when we acquit hu eer which the possessic ich justice is to be ae, ing a pattern for i saya The state o me i ; or Wwe excus I n of guilt o : J ession of lz e done, | 7 a or imitat r quality of b : itte e him by a declarati J r| costs, is obtained, c and or det : , by | EX-EM-PLAR'I-TY ion. y of be- acquittal. eclaration of that evrriti stained, or by which j lebt, damages or i AR'LTY, n A 9, To pardon, as a fault fi . inflicted. iich judicial punishment EX’ EI > m A pattern worthy of imit i ; aoe ault ; to forgiv : 3. The i : ax! EM-P , a- admit to be littl ; ; to forgive entirely 1e instrum M-PLA-RY, (egz! ; : e censurable ely, or to which ¢ ent, warrant : Servi , (egz’em-pler excuse ; ee able, and to ove es 7 which an officer is ant, or officié Serving for a patter -TY, a. eS ation ; oe which admits of apology nee We| into effect aii aee empowered to ee oe by | of imitation. SS Tant model for _ onmerennle) ‘a8 ae re excuse irregular Ce oa sxtenu-| court, and is cution issues from tl a judgment | __his lif : ie Christian s ation ; worthy 3 ordinary circums gular conduct, when ex rt, and is levi sd by ssues from the cle is life, as well : lan should be } ; a mstances appez sewn se n extra- stab evied by a sheriff, his clerk of a tet 1] as correct in his : exemplary in ; 3. To free fre s appear to justify it able, on the es y a sheriff, his deputy 9. Such as may se Sa 116 doctrines y ; ‘ ee from an obligati : T e estate, goods puty, or a con- as may serve for a warn eS gation OF duty 4, The act of si ae S, Or body of the as may dete . ve tora warning f s V- i sig : ‘d he de : ~ eter from ae ig to otk . . | An iypray, lhe Rake excused. — Luke xiv ment, or giving it She f and sealing a legal Sihetri tice ; exemplary a avenTne OEWACES 5) S55 Tae ; { . To remit ; — a valid act; as . orms require¢ 2 tl 3. Such as mi shment. us- | Beery ir? feiture. ; not to exact; as, to excuse & for. 3. The last ae pe of ae opener. wt uch as may attract notice and imitati ’ ‘ : = Se ast act o a iC nen any duty hi : ation 4 fers ; De . . . . ays c the law i 3 3 has fal a a j To pardon ; to admit an apology Johnson. criminals ; capital te aw in the punishme and exemplar. C len into general negle i wa ks 3 i E pology for. cording to tl punishment; dea th infli ent of y performance is requi § ct, tho most visible i ry f 3 recuse some courtly strains e 6. Eif | 1e forms of law ’ sath inflicted ac- | px : Mlustrating equired. Rogers i ; a eOe baie peeet eee aes ope. 7 ect ; somethi . X-EM-PLLF ae : ‘| : rate hrow off an imputation by apology P ery shot hl pore ning done or accomplished L. a LLFL-€A!TION, n. (if Fuller. {! Ls uink you that we excuse BuraelvesitO¥ : vais: gy: 7. Destrictit cution. shed. Ev- trati 1e act of exemplifyin rom exemplify. | Loe ' 7. To justify ; to ee dicat you? —2 Cor. xii. Tencinsed ae 5 SSD e aR by example. g; a showing or illus- ~ ate. e F : 2. a : at } Their thoughts . © make. after do, to do execution ; vali. ex SCOR aa SS transcript; a i ; ghts accusing or else excusing 8 3 never after emplification of a d - an attested copy ; es { EX-GUSE!, n. A pl sing one another. — Rom. ii f . In the fine arts, the mod EX-EM/PLI-FI ED eed, or of letters itenee as, an ; = * i . rs c 2 - e e vv =k aa c i UE fault or irregular fp in extenuation of a plished and the dexterity oath ear a work EX_EM/PLLFEER, ". flustered by example or co ; een res é snortment ; apology vai : 7a. vhich it is acco lowing : meno ore ne that exemplifi s py- ee cuse to offer f 3 gy. Every man BX-E-€0’/T : s accom- owing a pattern. at exemplifies b fo ae debtor makes r for his neglect of duty; t -€U/TION-ER Brand EX-EM/PLLFY y fol- eH x akes excuses for delay id of duty; the carries I (-Sa ivy Te One who ex ae. -FY, (egz-em’ = t , 9. The act 's Lor ¢ elay of payment J? s s into effect a jud 2 s executes; one wl plar ; Low L 7 gz-em ple-fi dv. t Be. 345 ST act of excusing or apol si . flicts a capit: a judgment of death ; on 1S nar . exemplo; It. ese ee apes {from ezem- i 9 That which excus D apologizing. an apital punishme : z ; one who in- Jicar. ; It. esemplificare; 5S d 2 justifies a wm Penna that which extenuate: W = rant. Itis chiefly u as aa of a legal 1. To show ori p EB erereLss quest NS coe inability to comply AES 9, He that kills; he th: in this sense. eat r illustrate by ex: est, must be his ezcus 2 uply with the g 7 : s; he that ; rsation of Lae example. ‘The li EX-€0S/ED oa CLCUSE J 1e re- 3. The instrument | | murders. Shal and precept of our Savior exemplifi ah e life and ON ee eks-kuzd’ ‘ 1 ~ = ent by which any : Shak. K cepts. emplifie is s fault ; Seen a kazd’,) pp. Acquitted of gui formed. y which any thing is pe Seana conve doctrines EX-CUSE/LE en}; overlooked. guilt or | EX-EC!U-TIVE, (egz-ek/u-ti aisha. aon py ; to transcribe ; totake a X-CUSE/LESS, a. Havin of exec! i, (egz-ek/u-tiv,) a. Havi Se _ 3. To prove or show by 2 ; totake an attested c which no excuse o: aving no excuse ; Deeb Ee Rea eee aving the quality EX_EM/PLLFY-ING yy an attested copy opy- GRCuSIER fu O7 apology can be offered that for| authority; an il ethno: - as, executive UR ee eer Ging oan Bue Tee fe aes Se eae wns me ee ae SoS ve officer. Henc OEE DOW EES a g; taking ~ strating by example ; i} for anc } ne who offers excus ent, executive is US . ence Ne an; ‘ ng an atteste : xample another ers excuses OF yI « ome ive is used ict} : , In govern- an attested c 5 . ested copy ; ° ) ee : eads| and judicial. T in distinction fi Be > ELM! copy: py; proving b 9, One wh p pul icial. The body ction trom lerislativ EX-EM' P a g by jeley pe eXCuses : aws, i ; > DOC { Hj gislant “~ LI I ie EX-C€US/ING Soa or forgives another ‘he y, is Legislative ; aly Oat and aiate example, or Pe oaks (-gra’/she-a,) [L.] F by 7 patie . Acquitt : in e laws eS dy that jt 5 end’ | EX-E 9 sake at aia ane . or i EXEUS overlooking quitting of guilt or fault ; for- person TG particular cases, is diel Ss, or applies EX-EMPT’, (egz-emt’,) 1 of an example. . : ‘x-CUSS! 5 ae oO carries Bam Lal 5 > body . a eve. {i ou SS’, v.t. [L. excussus tends the e carmies the laws into effec the body or entar; It. esentare ; pons [Fr. exempter ; Sp. ex To shake off; als a s.] : enforcement of them, is ect, or superin- emo, to take. } } 1 L. eximo, exemptus; ; rs \ [ Not used. | ; also, to seize and detain by law It is of the nature of war toi 1, is executive. Weeeralla 2 ae ? s; ex and Ty Sats : a aw. P the at v o increase > ; : ae ake O ¢ EX-6€US/SION (ek ie ' of the le gislative Gili Pie a the executive at the exp permit cay be F e out or from; enced | ’ i; ee? , to free, or 3 Not used. | ’ . A SEIZINE by law Y-KE/U-TIVE, : a a ist, Hamilton straint, duty, evi anv charge, bur ’ { E =pI ny B by aw. der < 4y Ts The office . & = : c ) hf evil, or rec wisi Ps 5) urden, re- i 4 -REET/OR, n O z Ayliffe it, or other chief magi cer, Whether king ont subject ; to privilege ; juisition, to which othe ke een? a director ; ne who has been, but is no the execution of the ean who Ranettat aa ficers and eidentaok aM grant Immunity from = Of. IEAT, (L.] Li ters the gov . laws; the person who ac ends | tary duty. N s of colleges a y from. Of- | [L.] Literally, let hi ters the government; € oie n who adminis tary duty. Noma EO Beare exempted fro eal absence as y let hin > : in sove ; executive ‘ nis- mi, an is exempted fi : om mili- | BDSENICE ELVEN Lic student i a depart; leave of BOyecrnmen te power or authority ing. The laws of God ez pted from pain and sufte ates nt in the English universi Men most desir : y gation to obedience yd exempt no man from the bic X/E-ERA-BI saa Te tinea of places in the e : ences e obli- “at : : fe e atified. except the executive gi -e wig 2 Deserving ke [L. Ben See Been ] Bete ee ay support BEL ee exper e thei me »ys claimed to be exempted fi { abominabl 5 cursed ; very hatefu ae RATE. EX_-E€/U e execulive. 1eir bishops. + npted from the jurisdicti , ~. able; as ees 7 < ul: detes x 4 U-TIVE- yi aa nee 2 pe ‘ction ‘of EX/B-€RA-BI Vadis execrable wretch. moe able Serine E-LY, ad. In the way of e Sane EX-EMPT’, a. Free from TER a rm 4 }) ‘ 4 ee ec. ve xec } av 7 - C i 73 = EX/E-CRATE 2 ». Cursedly ; detest: : EX_E¢€/U-TC xecuting, or tax, duty evil Cae any service, charge ; ATE, v.t. [L s ; tably. U-_TOR.n. TT et ) , or requisitio e ce, burden, | Soriniy conse OLIV L. ezecror, from ez eae Fw AG Sebel a . The person appointed ject; not subject ; not ‘re yn, to which others ares Fe Warerall si which is to separate. Se See the fect xecute his will, or to see it G by a testa- military duty at Ke iable to; as, to be exempt su a 5 Ys urse: to de ALC. 2>e SACRED. | ee : carried into e ay wae Y5 om 3 poll fe / upt from imprecate evi 2 enounce evil agains J Execu spin o ef- pain orfear. Peers in G ax; to be ere S hor ; to Ne ts 7 hence; to detest See a ee Biilionie iii ie aa wrong, is one, wh 2 serving on iaqiieete in Great Britain are pe ue EX/E-€R = mn ale. JF Oo ab- = 23 ermec dles w) h Mee 5 Oy, without 2. Free Z SiS. om 5 A-TE person by whic : ith the goods Le : ee by privilege; as precated ED, pp. or a. Cursed; de Eeninre. of exec by which he subjects I Beas s of a deceased tion of a lord privilege ; as, ecempt from the jurisdi EX/E-€RA-TIN ; denounced ; im- »xecutorship, without the p pe to the trouble 3 Free Eien of a court. 1e jurisdic- X/B-CRA-TING Aursi > profits or advantages 3. Free; clear ; not include precating x, ppr- Cursing: der a ‘ EX_E€-U-TO! s antages. 4, Cut off fr , - include is EX_E-€R at : 5) 10unCcInNg 5; 1m- oe ed { I O R I-AL, a Pertai ; Blackstone. EX-EMPT’ om. [JV ot used. | Se aTice ION, n. The act of c < EX ne UEC srtaining to an executor ; duty ; one n. One who is exempted Shak. 3 iced; imprecation of evi ursing ; a curse EX-EC'U- LOR-SHIP = Blacksto >| pX_-EMPT not subject. or freed from expressed, 1 of evil; utter detestation EX-E€/U-TO-RY, a ; ? 5 he office of an exe ats merle {PT/ED, pp. Freed fr } re ‘ Sat erformil ETA te evils, to whic : om charge ; ig a a S, UC hich Sane 1 charge duty, tax Cease, gentle queen, these ezecrati Milton. ral g official duties. subjected. others are subject; erivil ty; tax, or | j EX/E-CRA-TO-R y ese exzecrations, Shak. futu aw, to be executed or carri ; Burke. EX-EMPT/I-BLE ? eged ; not \ EX-E€T’, v. t [L. fe A por of execratic an ie ae rane effect on a or cane into effect in EX-EMP'T’ING. 2 a. Eee privileged [ rot i 1 ole 4 ¢ ¢ . a iN . ING nba BUM ) x To cut - €LECO, LOX CLSE : on. r utory devise or remé . ontingency ; or evil: ‘> PPT reeing fro ot im use. | oft or out; t $ co.| [ZL Addis EX-E€/U mpm se or re mainder t vy 3 as OT € vil: grantin : £ trom char re 1 . ;tocutaway. [Li a “YE |-TRESS sae Blackst >| BX-BMP’T anting immunity t arge, duty, tax ay. ttle used EX-Ee/U moan > ( A female ex cstone. 52 \MP’T ION : y to. ; Xy EX-EC” : See ,6/Y-TRIE : female executor 5 , > ON, (egz-em!s 2x EC/TION, n. A cutti 7 He } cute his wi X, s appointed by a tes ep a woman empting; the >| = ou shun,) 1% Lue < , EX/E-€UTE a i freee off or out L ‘ nhs EX/E DR will. This Watton cord A yy a testator to exe 3) Hreed eer of being exempt act of ex- z Ji: "Y. Eevee 5 rig UL LLe used. AD A or EX-E! >) ord is general p Ge oy edom trom any s ets = ecutar; Li. exequor, f cuter; It. esepuire; S ] porticc : Bo E/DRA, n. [G Pi ai ly used. evil or requisiti any service, charge, burde follow. See eee or exsequor; ex On ; Sp. ez- ‘i 0 or vestibule ; also, a re xr. €¢ and édpa A munity ; pr Tene to which others ar, 2 hi en, tax, ’ i a ; sequor, t Among the anci so, a recess of a buildi ae y; privilege MCE at are subject ; 1 { 1. Literall SLOT sau g the ancients,a s a building chase lege. Many as ; im- } 2 y $,a Sm c S shased 0 ‘ : y cities 7 DeOun tet t6 BS Ur out or through. Her EX-E-GE/SIS ‘ ka Gl conversation No ot aaa exemptions from ouaal een De ' effect; to 3 effect; to carry in nce, to| expl: SSIS, n. [Gr. 6% Hloss. of Arch "| or deatt aim an exempti 2 ee servitude bea y complete ; tc a rry into compl! explain, f , mn. ([Gr. etnynots, f : Arch. yr death. ption from pain, s ° pose, a plan, desi ; to finish. We iplete ain, from eZ and Hye } , from efnyeopat, t EX_-EMP-TY , SOIrOW eslgen, or sc e execute a 1. Expositi s 1yEeopat to lead s I 5 to - ui SVL} US ’ undertaken. that is , or scheme ; we 1 a pur- \xposition ; explanati ? : t re US, (egz-em-tish’us 9 7 en, that is. we pursue 2 e@ ezecute a work pretation a 2 xplanation ; the scie : : hat may be taken fr -tish us, ) a. Separz bl : 2. To perform ; fo nai rsue it to the end < Scripture ; particularly, interpretati nce of inter- EX-EN’TER-ATE om. ot used. | ate le ; i or vengeance. , ict; as, to execute j ! EX/E-G Les. on of the Holy spreovy, entrails , v. t. [L. exentero; e2 More. ‘ 2 e judgm , \X/E-GETE y Pov, entrails ] ero; ex a 3. To carry into effect ; Scripta ent) gesis EB, (eks’e-jéte,) n. On To take out the andi.ce: Rai) 4. To carry into off ap aa execute Jaw si Bee GETIIC 3) Ne e skilled in exe- 1e bowels or entrails ; to emb Ot . sentenc ¢ ect the law W Or justice |) crea -AL os EX-EN-T zs ? owel. 4 par e on a person; to inflic , or the judgment or planatory; te » & Pertaining to e : X-EN-TER-A!TION, n. T Brow n; to put to ded , nflict capital . } = 7) ending tot fi A xegesis; ex bowels IN, 7 The act of : WN. ao 5. To ki eath ; as, to eze pital punishment tory. unfold or illustrate 2 a; RASs > act of taking out a we kill. , to execute a traitor. EX-E-GET/I€-Al a. “a exposi- EX-E-QUA'TUR, n 1 5 the . what is Peauited: as a legal instrument Shale EX-EM'PLA R, eee aa By way of silenatl areneRic in the Miaweoe Ar written recognition of i Fed) Sarai yi quired to giv : ie rent: to perf PLE Ah, (€gz-em’ piar i , ation. agent, issued by acter of consul or co : Les } signing and seali give validity to < ; to perform z:] ime da. seer Ex Rita an yy the gove ; commercial ' ad hota = a sea sie y toa Wr XAM- 1im to exercise hi 5 rnmer . chal eee a BX/E-COTE, v ung as, to execute a een pues as by an : model, original, or patt EX_E/QUL AT. his powers in nenuoe authorizing i «le oO ETT 4 eas ated. 7, atte . A = s Ji-f foie 1 y meee an effect. perform the proper flees to ~ "The id ave Loibe Copies Orin paRaiin tion [etexequctiss) s X/E-CU-TED, pp. D 3 2. The idea or imi EX/E-QUIES. merals. a aE ‘ >: perf mind of < : age of a thi F, : X/E-QUIES, (eks! 3 carried into e a Pp one ; performed < 1 of an artist, by 5 lng, formed in ex , (eks'e-quiz ) Pope ee p - we > . y . . e ‘ - “5 Ns . . ag PeOuTER, m Tne todeath. LEONI the ideal model Hien ioiaues conducts his ite Hane eae. exsequor, to ae ve Ce ae F7E é e on as 3 ‘ ne who ee a tem ts 3 i ; era rites qa 7 Oo y. . o) i : fect. — [See Execur performs or carries i EX/EM-P pts to imitate, procession ; the ceremonies of buri ime EX/E-€0-TING pe) cay into 3M-PLA-RI-LY, ad Bn PX-ER/CEN urial; funeral eg accompli NG, Ppre Doing: ; 3 tation: ina Ww , adv. Ina manner t CYC. X_BR/CENT., a t : +9 < complishing ; 1 flicti g; performing ; finishi > worthy or exc o deserve imi- Using: ate [L. exzercens. Se Yaen. i x a £5 m icting : cz 2 . 2; nis ‘ excelle 1 sing : 3s. Se : ‘ i EX-E-€U/TION ing ; carrying into eff shing ; She is ent manner fessi g; practicing ; followin e Exercise. ] nH : . ° orfor z effec eis er : : 2ssion, . 63 o: aes : ; | pleting or aaa ; the act ae 2. Ina manr aaa loyal. Howell EX/ER pa used. } g§; a8,a calling or pro- : = ~ Sning. « com- s d 1er that ell. & 1 n-CIS-A- L E . q ! i The excell § terror: in 8s . « may walt ON (4 TI J yliffe a “xcallence : . suc : M am ot rey emplove shee lat sors ° ‘ | of Perc ae subject contributed much to tt Ganenite pach io manner that ed Pp a ay of eee es On exerted. at may be exercised, used, \ . . 1 to the happine , an evil; : ay be cau- X/ER-CISE, (eks/er-siz Zi if} \ i ‘ pappiness warn others. 3; or In a manner ear ied a exerceo: e2 FCE SESE) mn, [Le eee £? = ‘ Some | - everci re f e root of G os 3 rom FATE FAR. F ne he punished erem eae : is es Sp. Brenna Yr. Epyor, Eng. Sante FR ? SAT I. WV. plarily in this world sense. any ki « It. eserciz 3 rr, AGL, WHAT-—METE, PREY Saerarn: Hakewill. Hence any kind of work labor izio.] In a general wi i 4 ~ Le € a 5 = [eTE, PREY.— PINE, MARIN 2 DO Or ea eae ii ? RINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOV : $$$ —_—_ > , MOVE . $$$ <$__—_—__—_— ONE: Ww OLF, BOOK — |EXE 1, Use; practice ; the exertions and movements customary in the performance of business; as, the exercise of an art, trade, occupation, or profession. 2. Practice ; performance ; as, the exercise of re- ligion. rg: Use; employment ; exertion ; as, the ezercise of the eyes, ‘or of the senses, or of any pow er of body or mind. 4, Exertion of the body, as conducive to health; action; motion, by labor, walking, riding, or other exertion. The wise for cure on exercise depend. 5. Exertion of the body for amusement, or for in- struction ; the habitual use of the limbs for acquiring an art, dexterity, or grace, as in fencing, dancing, riding; or the exertion of the muscles for invigora- ting the body. 6. Exertion of the body and mind, or faculties for improv ements as in oratory, in painting, or statuary. 7. Use or practice to acquire skill; preparatory parericel Military exercises consist in using arms, in motions, marches, and evolutions. Naval ezercise consists in the use or management of artillery, and in the evolutions of fleets. 8. Exertion of the mind; application of the mental powers. 9. Task ; that which is appointed for one to per- form. Milton. 10. Act of divine worship. Shak. 11. A lesson of example for practice. EX’/ER-CISE, exerceo; Fr. exercer; It. eser- cere Sp. ezercer. See the noun.] - Ina general sense, to move ; to exert ; to cause to ae In any Manner; as, to erercise the body or the hands ; ; to exercise the mind, the powers of the mind, the reason or judgment. 2. To use; to exert; as, to exercise authority or power. 3. To use for improvement and skill; as, to exer cis i arms. . To exert one’s powers or strength ; to practice Htabitually as, to exercise one’s self in speaking or music. 5. To practice ; to perform the duties of; as, to ez- ercise an office. ). ‘To train to use ; to discipline ; to cause to per- form certain acts, as preparatory to service ; as, to Geese troops. - To task; to keep employed ; to use efforts. Herein do I ezercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offense toward God and tow: ud men. — Acts xxiv. 8. To use; to employ. 9. To busy ; to keep busy in action, exertion, or employment. 10. ‘To pain or afflict; to give anxiety to; to make uneasy. EX/ER-CISEH, v. 7. To use action or exertion ; as, to exercise for health or amusement. [ Elliptical. } EX’ER-CIS$-ED, pp. Exerted ; used ; trained ; disci- plined ; accustomed; made skillful by use; em- ployed ; practiced) pained ; afflicted; rendered un- EX/ER-CIS-ER, One who exercises. [easy. EX/ER-CIS- ING, ppr. Exerting ; using; employing; training 5 Deane EX-ER-CL-Ta/T ION, x. ([L. ezercitatio, from exercco, See Exercise. ] Exercise ; practice ; use. Brown. Felton. EX- ERGUE’, (egz-erg',) n. [Gr. ef and epyov, work.] In numismatics, the place on a medal or coin around and without the type or figure, which has generally the date or other particular inscription. Elmes. EX-ERT’, (egz-ert’,) v. t. [L. exero, for exsero; ex and sero, to throw, to thrust, for this is the radical sense Dryden, of sero.] 1. Literally, to thrust forth ; to emit ; to push out. Dryden. Before the gems ezert Their feeble heads. Philips. [an unusual application. } To bring out ; to cause to come forth; to pro- duce. But more gene rally, 3. To put or thrust forth, as strength, force, or ability ; to strain; to put in action; to bring into active operation; as, to erert the strength of the body or limbs; to ezert efforts; to exert powers or theulties ; to exert the mind. , To put forth; to do or perform. When the will has exerted an act of command on any Boy of the soul, uth. To exert one’s self, is to use efforts ; to Calas EX-ERT’ED, pp. Thrust or pushed forth; put in action. EX-ERT’ING, ppr. Putting forth; putting in action. EX-ER/TION, xz. The act of exerting or straining ; ; the act of putting into motion or action; effort ; striving or struggling ; as, an exertion of strength e power ; an ezertion of the limbs, of the mind, or fac- ulties. The ship was saved by ‘ore: At exertions of the crew. No ezertions will suppress a vice which great men countenance. BX-ERT/IVE, a. Exerting ; having power to exert. EX-ERT’MENT, n, Exertion ; act of exerting. EXH EX-E/SION, (egz-é/zhun,) n. [L. exesus, exedo; ex and edo, to eat. The act of eating out or through. [Little used.] Brown. EX-ES’/TU-ATE, v. i. To boil; to be agitated. EX-ES-TU- ATION, nm {[{L. exestuatio ; ex ex and @stuo, to boil.] A boiling; ebullition ; agitation caused by heat; effervescence. Boyle. EX’E-UNT OMNES, [U.] All go out. EX-FO’/LI-ATE, v. 2. tr exfolio; ex and folium, a leaf. } In surgery, to separate and come off in scales, as pieces of carious bone. In mineralogy, to scale off, as the lamine of a mineral. EX-FO/LI-A-TED, pp. Separated in thin scales, asa carious bone. EX-FO/LI-A-TING, ppr. Separating and coming off In scales. EX-FO-LLA’TION, n. The scaling off of abone; the process of separating, as pieces of unsound bone from the sound part; desquamation. Coxe. EX-FO/LI-A-TIVE, a. Having the power of causing exfoliation or the desqu: umation of a bone. EX-FO/LI-A-TIVE, x. That which has the power or quality of procuring exfoliation. Wiseman. EX-HAL'A-BLE, a. [See ExnHate.] That may be exhaled or evaporate d. Boyle. EX-HA/LANT, a. Having the quality of exhaling or evaporating. EX-HA-LA/TION, n. [L. ezhalatio. See ExHace.] 1. The act or process of exhaling, or sending forth fluids in the form of steam or vapor; evaporation. 2. That which is exhaled ; that which is emitted, or which rises in the form of vapor; fume or steam ; effluvia. Ezhalations are visible or invisible. The earth is often dried by evaporation, without visible exhalations. The smell of fragrant plants is caused by invisible ezhalations. EX-HALE’, (egz-hale’,) v. t. [l. exhalo; ex and halo, to breathe, to send forth vapor; Ir. gal, gail, vapor ; gailim, to eV yaporate. | To send out; to emit; as vapor, or minute par- ticles of a fluid or other substance. ‘The rose ezhales a fragrant odor. ‘The earth ezhales vapor. Marshes exhale noxious efiluvia. 2. To draw out; to cause to be emitted in vapor or minute particles ; to evaporate. The sun exhales the moisture of the earth. EX-HAL/ED, pp. Sent out; evaporated. EX-HALE/MENT,x. Matter exhaled; vapor. Brown. EX-HA/LENCE, 7. The act of exhaling ; matter ex- haled. BX. HAL/ING, ppr. Sending or drawing out in vapor or effluvia. EX-HAL/ING, a. Serving to exhale, promoting exha- lation ; as, exhaling vessels ; an exiialing surface. EX-HAUSTY’, (egz-hawst’,) v.t. [L. exhaurio, exhaus- tum ; ex and haurio, to draw, Gr. aovo.] 1. To draw out or drain off the whole of any thing ; to draw out, till nothing of the matter drawn is left. We exhaust the water in a well, by drawing or pumping; the water of a marsh is ezhausted by draining ; the moisture of the earth is exhausted by ev porate To empty by drawing out the contents. sec tion may exaust the veins and arteries. 3. To draw out or to use and expend the whole; to consume. The treasures of the prince were ez- hausted; his means or his resources were exhausted. The strength or fertility of land may be exhausted. 4, To use or expend the whole by exertion ; as, to exhaust the strength or spirits ; to exhaust one’s pa- tience. Hence, this phrase is equivalent to tire weary, fatigue. EX-HA UST’, a. Drained; exhausted. emitted, as vapor; Vene- [Little used. ] Burton. EX-HAUST’ED, pp. or a. Drawn out; drained off; emptied by drawing, draining, or evaporation ; whol- ly used or expended : ; consumed. EX-HAUST’ER, n. He or that which exhausts or draws out. EX-HAUST/I-BLE, a. That may be exhausted or drained off. EX-HAUST/ING, ppr. Drawing out; draining off; empty ing ; using o1 expending the whole ; consum- ing. 3, a. Tending to exhaust ; as, exhausting labor. EX-HAUS/TION, (egz-hawst’ yun ,) m The act of drawing out or draining off; the act of emptying completeiy of the contents. 2. The state of being exhausted or emptied; the state of being deprived of strength or spirits. 3. In mathematics, a method of proving the equal- ity of two magnitudes by a reductio ad absurdum, or showing that “if one is supposed either greater or less than the other, there will arise a contradiction. Barlow. EX-HAUST’IVE, a. That exhausts. EX- HAUST’LESS, a. Not to be exhausted ; not to be wholly drawn ‘off or emptied ; inexhaustible ; as, an exhaustless fund or store. EK XH EX-HAUST’URE, n. Exhaustion. EX/HE-DRA or EX-HE/DR. A. See Exepnra. Quwilt EX-HER’E-DATE, v. t. [Infra.] To disinherit EX-HER- E-DA/TION, n. ([L. exheredatio, exheredo; ex and heres, an heir. In the civil law, a disinheriting ; a father’s exclud- ing a child from inheriting any part of his estate. Encyc. EX-HIB/IT, (egz-hib/it,) v. t [L. erhibeo; ex and habeo, to have or hold, as we say, to hold out or forth.] 1. To offer or present to view ; to present for in- spection ; to show; as, to exhibit paintings or other specimens of art; to exhibit papers or documents in court. 2. To show ; to display ; to manifest publicly ; as, to exhibit a noble example of bravery or generosity. 3. To present ; to offer publicly-or officially ; as, to ore a charge of high treason. To administer, as medicines. EX- HIBITT, Ns Any paper produced or presented toa court or to auditors, referees, or arbitrators, as a voucher, or in proof of facts ; ; a voucher or document produced. In chancery, a deed or writing produced in court, Sworn to by a witness, and a certificate of the oath. indorsed on it by the examiner or com- missioner. Encyc. EX-HIB/IT-ED, pp. Offered to view; presented for inspection ; shown ; displayed. EX-HIB/IT-ER, zn. One who exhibits ; one who pre- sents a petition or charge. Shak. EX-HIB/IT-ING, ppr. Offering to view ; presenting ; showing; displayi ing. EX-HI- BI/'TION, (eks- he-bish’un,) 7. [L. exhibitio.] 1. The act of exhibiting forinspection ; a showing or presenting to view ; display. 2. The offering, producing, or showing of titles, authorities, or papers of any kind, before a tribunal, in proof of facts. 3. Public show ; representation of feats or actions in public ; display of oratory in public; any public eae 4. Allowance of meat and drink; pension; bene- faction settled for the maintenance of scholars in the English universities, not depending on the founda- tion. Swift. Bacon. Encic. 5. Hence, gift or recompense, as to servants. Shak. 6. In medicmne, the act of administering a remedy. EX-HI-BI//TION- "ER, nm. In English universities, one who has a pension or allowance, granted for the en- couragement of learning. EX-HIB/IT-IVE, (egz-) a. Serving for exhibition; zo representative. Norris. EX-HIB/IT-IVE-LY, adv. By representation. Waterland. EX-HIB/IT-O-RY, a. Exhibiting; showing; display- ing. Fe as a. Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. EX-HIL! A-RANT, That which exhilarates. EX-HIL/A-RA TE, (egz- hil/a-rate,) v.t. [lL exhilaro; ex and hilaro, to aie merry, hilaris, merry, jovial, Gr. thapos.] To make cheerful or merry ; to enliven; to make glad or joyous; to gladden; to cheer. Good news exilarates the mind, as good wine ezhilarates the an- imal spirits. EX-HIL/A-RATE, v. i. To become cheerful or joyous. Bacon. EX-HIL!/A-RA-TED, pp. Enlivened ; animated Ce gladdened ; made joyous or jovial. EX-HIL/A-RA-TING, ppr. ora. Enlivening ; giving life and vigor to the spirits; cheering; gladdening. EX-HIL/A-RA-TING-LY, adv. In an exhilarating manner. EX-HIL-A-RA'/TION, n. The act of enlivening the spirits ; the act of making glad or cheerful, 2. The state of being enlivened or cheerful. Ez- hilaration usually expresses less than joy or mirth, but it may be used to express hath: EX-HORT’, (egz-hort’,) v. t. [L. exhortor ; ex and hor- tor, to encourage, to ‘embolden, to cheer, to advise; It. esortare; Fr. exhorter; S Sp. ethortar. ‘The primary sense seems to be, to excite, or to give strength, spir- it, or courage. | 1. To incite by words or advice; to animate or urge by arguments to a good deed or to any laudable conduct or course of action. 1 exhort you to be of good cheer. — Acts xxvii, Young me n also exhort to be soberminded. Ezhort servants to be obedient to their masters. — Tit. ii, 2, To advise ; to warn ; to caution. 3. To incite or stimulate to exertion. Goldsmith EX-HORT’, v. i. To deliver exhortation ; to use words or arguments to incite to good deeds. And with many other words did he testify and exhort. — Acts u. EX-HORT-A'TION, (eks-) n. The act or pracuicge of exhorting ; ; the act of inciting to laudable deeds ; In- citement to that which is good or Sa endatiek 2. The form of words intended to incite and en- Advice ; counsel. [conrage. BX HOR T/A-TIVE, (egz-) a. Containing exhortation. EX-HORT’A-TO- RY, a. Tending to exhort; serving EX-HAUST/MENT, n. Exhaustion; drain. for exhortation. TONE, BOLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z ; CH as SH; Bure as in THIS. 2 are ae 421 ——— | ee ay 4 , bs om a ene Lae Pawo - Ne orn ame ia att — ‘Lg aed eei | EX-HORT’ED, pp. Incited by words to good deeds ; ; | animated to a laudable course of conduct; advised. ey EX-HORT’ER, x. One who exhorts or encourages. ‘ EX-HORT/ING, ppr. Inciting to good deeds by words or arguments ; encouraging ; counseling. EX-HO/MA-TED, a. Disinterred. EX-HU-MA/TION, 2. EXI 7 EXO [Fr., from ezhumer, to dig out is to set, fix, or be fixed, whence the sense of permna- nence, continuance. } 1. To be; to have an essence or real being 5 appli- cable to matter or body, and to spiritual substances. Supreme Being and first cause of all other beings must have existed from eternity, for no being can have created himself. 9. To live; to have life or animation. Men can EX-ON-ER-A/TION, 7. EX-ON/ER-A-TIVE, a. : of the ground; Sp. exhwmar ; L. ez and humus, ground.) : 1. The digging up of a dead body interred; the disinterring of a corpse. : 9. The digging up of any thing buried. Goldsmith. EX-HUME!,v.t [L. et and humus. ]} : To dig out of the earth what has been buried ; to disinter. Mantell. EX-HOM/ED, (ex-hamd’,) pp. . Disinterred. Disinternng. Priming tyr 1 | more directly from Gr. | fix, or caw, L. sto, to stand | 3 d 3 ’ | } nciyrenae Sp. Port. estar, It. stare, G. stehen, D. staan. Russ. stoyu. The primary sense | Larwrnr — FATE, FAR, FALL, “422 not exist in water, nor fishes on land. How long shall national enmities exist? EX-IST/ENCH, n. sence ; as, the existence of body and of soul in union ; the separate existence of the soul; immortal existence; | temporal existence. WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MAR’ 3. To remain; to endure; to continue in being. « The state of being or having es- 5 « 2. Life ; animation. 3 Continued being; duration ; continuation. We i EX-HUM ING, ppr- ti pea bit EX-I€/EATE, EX-I€-€A/TION. — See ExsiccaTe. speak of the existence of troubles, or calamities, or of Bae i EX'I-GENCE, (2. [L. ezigens, from exigo, to exact ; happiness. During the existence of national calami- ae i EX/LGEN-CY,§ ezand ago, to drive.] ties, our pious ancestors always had recourse to ay yh: 1. Demand; urgency ; urgent need or want. We prayer for divine aid. ce Re speak of the exigence of the case ; the exigence of the EX-IST/ENT, a. Being; having being, essence, or ee af times, or of business. existence. i ' 2, Pressing necessity 5. distress; any case which The eyes and mind are fastened on objects which have no real sod demands immediate action, supply, or remedy. being, as if they were truly ezistent. Dryden. { ' ac : ants his eqsres 1a prLOeCnces : e : : : NA \ wise man adapts his measures to his exis choles. In | px-IS-TEN’TIAL, (egz-is-ten’shal,) a. Having exist- i er ea Beene no De is to be lost. _ a ence. [Not used. | a Bp. Barlow. Ed SX/I-GENT, n- ressing business; occasion tnat - TSMTN Le se 4 Fe oa? : = ? = EX-IST/ING, ppr. or a. Having existence being, or fy) calls for immediate help. [Vot used.| [See Exi- life » PI o Z oe ae earoes) Ae Oe ak Oe Preaen ., | EX-IS-TLMA’TION, n. Esteem. [ot used.] ae if perl Lay, aw RWC LA Cree Ce oncan “| EXIT, n. ([L., the third person of ezeo, to go out. ] fi not to be found, or, after a return of non est invents, Literally, he goes out or departs Hence wv rrita oT1 1 , orion tacos e iscses a came “OO seaas ag ; zai 4 ? on former writs, the exigent or exigi Jacias then issues, 1. The departure of a player from the stage, when which requires the sherifi to Cause the defendant £0 he has performed his part. “This is also aterm set in be proclaimed or exacted, 10 hve county courts SUC- a play, to mark the time of an actor’s quitting the cessively, to render himself 5 and if he does not, he erate oer sands ea stage. ei a8 outlays ed. ee Arhaiced RACES OR 9. Any departure ; the act of quitting the stage of oe End 5 extremity. [Not used] | lie hes action or of life ; death ; decease. Swift. } EX/I-GENT, a. Pressing ; requiring ummedjare a OF 3, A way of departure ; passage out of a place. action. UTKE» Woodward . : _ oodward. AYIT_GENT-E sf Com- z EX/-GENT ER, m. AN officer in the Court of Com 4. A going out; departure. Glanbille: | mon Pleas in England, who makes out exigents and EX_I//TIAI (egz ‘shlal,) ? d : ; = »,S AL, (egz-ish’t macys proclamations, in cases Of outlawry. Encye. EX_I/'TIOUS (egz-ish'us 4 a ([l. exitialis. | EX'LGI-BLE, a. (See Exicence.] That may be ex- Destructive to life. 2 Wonles acted SHEENA eS eee EX_LEG/IS-LA-TOR, n. One who has been a legis- ‘ Eo 3 ole | : Gree ase) vecH Role lator, but is not at present. \ SNA NCSS 9" 8 ENGeIDes=: [Latile wu. -] Ye EX-MAY/OR, x. One who has been mayor, but is no ' EX-IG/U-OUS, (egz-lg'yu-us,) 4. [L. eriguus | fan wernt ofice ’ Small ; slender; minute; diminutive. [ Little EX_MIN/IS-TER, n. One who has been minister but SX—-MIN/IS-TER, x. ; as ster, el sks/ile I 3 1: se, is not in office. EX/ILE, (eks1 e,) n [li ezulium, erul; Ki. cuits | EX ME'RO MO'TU, [L.] Of mere good pleasure, a esilio. The word is probably compounded of ez and shrase occurring in uae =a prants: ec 2 Rei ad 2 see tide a asé C charters, ai oa a root in Sl, signifying to depart, or to cut off, to sep- ee VE-CES-SE- TA'TE (Li 1 Of necessity arate, or to thrust away, perhaps L. salio. } EX/ODE, 2. [Gr eat ray Wie neapaeelae We pans a ent ( abe see Aa a aie In the Greek drama, the concluding part of a play, . Drea UNCON T OES os or the part which comprehends all that is said after ity, and forbidden to return, either for a limited time the last interlude Sati hires or for perpetuity. EX/O-DUS, | “a : 9, An abandonment of one’s country, or removal EX/O-DY vt { Te [Gr. eodos ; e§ and 500s, Way.] to a foreign country for residence, throngh fear, dis- i Departure from a place ; particularly, the depart- Busty oF reseueMmelils Or 10F any cous (distinct from ure of the Israelites from Egypt under the conduct business, is called a voluntary exile, as 1S also a sepa- of Moses ; " ae 7 F Ic ——~ oe 7 We rere red j ses. ration from one’s country and friends by distress or 9 The second book of the Old Testament which necessity. a“ se i an sstament, wl ’ é : : gives a history of the departur 9 Israelites 3, The person banished, or expelled from his coun- Heypt istory of the departure of the Israelites trom try by authority ; also, one who abandons his coun- x C NT ITC 7 / cE | ) nue : SX-OF-FI/CIAL, (eks-ofhish’ . ee z i| try and resides in another; or one who is separated E ae Tk a ks-of-fish/al,) a. Proceeding from from his country and friends by necessity. rN 5 Spent aes : 7 See m ae : . X OF-FI'' CI-O, (eks-of-fish!e- te rv EX/fLE, (eks/ile,)v t. To banish, asa person from his ee aa CRU cae eos ] BS fetige oF : g Sy el ora SE Tg Te q é withe special 7 C res Uf stice country Or from a particular jurisdiction, by author- the peace may, ex officio, take Boating of the peace ity, with a prohibition of return ; to drive away, €X- | py/9g GEN je (Gr mrad a rae pel, or transport from one’s country. ~ in aieh ‘a slant whose. en formed by suc ‘ . * ane d < i ose ste 5 2 7 SUC S 9. To drive from one’s country by misfortune, ne- oe mee MR Oe on OFMEG, DY;SUCCES- cessity, or distress E sive additions to the outside of the wood. Lindley. a } Menara kere S VX-OG/EN-OUS, a. Growing by successive a ‘tions To exile one’s self, is to quit one’s country with a EX < laa ete h: sO IME iRy Sue additions ? view not to return to the outside of the wood. Lindley. ets a : ne K/O-GLOSS, n. [Gr. efw % yAWoo me EXILE, (eks'ile,) a. [L. ezilis.] EX/O-GLOSS, 2. [Gr. e{w and yAwooa, tongues] Slender; thin; fine Bacon The popular name of a genus of fishes found in the a . d > = - 102 . = yr 2 ( - 5 +c Si Sea =e sate Sih American seas, whose lower jaw is trilobed, and the t es DEEDS (eks'tld,) pp. or a. Banished ; expelled middle lobe protruded performs the oflice of a i ! from one’s country by authority. aera i EX/{LE-MENT, n. Banishment. EX.O-LETE!, a (I ‘ot top EX/IL-ING, ppr. Banishing; expelling from one’s | ~~~ worn - faded ; Seles. usd) ate country by law, edict, or sentence ; voluntarily de- EX_O-LU'TION ae polele ae eves [Not in parting from one’. country, and residing in another. oe 22] = Sr ae "RB > EX-L-LI//TION, (eks-e-lish‘un,) n. [L. exilio, for ex- ASeit! Se : TOWN. { Rialio No leap Bn ») [ z EX-OLVE’, v.t. Toloose. [ot wn use. | Aaah cies 5 =X-OM! -LOS tyr. ef ¢ d A sudden springing or leaping out. [Little used.] EX x SA acRRES n. [Gr. eg and opparos.] Me | Brown SY ea i i Bet ¥ AY! 7 x » « > re HX-ILILTY, (€gz-il’e-ty,) n. (L. ezilitas.] EX/ON, n. In England, the commander of the royal Slendemess ; fineness ; thinness body-euard ; called ezon of the household. Cull. a a Seu has EX-ON/ER-ATE, (egz-on/er-ate Genie a EX-IM/LOUS, a. [L. eximius.] ase i i ? ie ea ree e;) i 2 | due ErOnLCTOy Excellent. [Little used. ] Bacon. ana See ve oe i nied a load.] EX-IN/A-NITE, v. t. [lL. exinanio. . To unload ; to disburden. : : To make empty ; to weaken. Not used. | The veasels exonerate themselves into 2 common duct. Ray. h ' a : Sy Pearson. 3ut more generally, in a figurative sense, y ; EX-IN-A-NI’/TION, n. [L. exinanttro, from exinanio, 9. To cast off, as a charge, or as blame resting on to empty or evacuate ; ex and inanio, to empty, mantis, one; to clear of something that lies upon the charac- aes empty, void.] aoe ter as an imputation ; as, to exonerate one’s self from ant : An emptying or evacuation ; hence, privation ; blame, or from the charge of avarice. i i loss ; destitution. [ Little used. | 3. To cast off, as an obligation, debt, or duty ; to aye EX-IST’, (egz-ist’,) 0.2% [L.. existo ; ex and sisto, or discharge of responsibility or liability ; as, a Surety ex- isw, isnut, to set, place, or onerates himself by producing a man in court. EX-ON/ER-A-TED, pp. Unloaded ; disburdened ; freed from a charge, imputation, or responsibility. ExX-OP-1'a/TION, n. EX/O-RA-BLE, (eks/o-ra-bl,) a. [L. ezorabilis, from EX/OQ-RATH, v. t. EX-OR'BI-TANCE, (egz-or’be-tans,) EX-OR’/BI-TAN-CY, (egz-or’be-tan-sy,) EX-OR/BI-TANT, a. EX/OR-CISE, (eks/or-size,) 2. t. EX/OR-CIS-ED, pp. EX/OR-CIS-ER, EX/OR-CISM, zn. EXO EX-ON/ER-A-TING, ppr. Unloading ; disburdening 5 freeing from any charge or imputation. The act of disburdening or discharging ; the act of freeing from a charge or im- putation. Freeing from a burden or ob- Jigatiol . ExX-OPH’/YL-LOUS, a, [ Gr. 6k and dudAopv, a leaf. ] Being naked or not sheathed in another leaf. Earnest desire or wish. exoro; ex and oro, to pray. | That may be moved or persuaded by entreaty. To obtain by request. nm. [L. exor- bitans, from ex and orbita, the track of a wheel, orbis, an orb. Literally, a going beyond or without the track or usual limit. Hence, enormity ; extravagance; & de- viation from rule or the ordinary limits of right or propriety; as, the exorbitancies of the tongue, or of deportment. The reverence of my presence may be a curb to your exortilan- cies. Dryden. [L. exorbitans. | l. Literally, departing from an orbit or usual track. Hence, deviating from the usual course ; going be- yond the appointed rules or established limits of right or propriety ; hence, excessive ; extravagant 5; enor- mous. We speak of exorbitant appetites and passions ; exorbitant demands or claims; exorbitant taxes. 9. Anomalous; not comprehended ina settled rule or method. The Jews were inured with causes exorbitant, Hooker. EX-OR’/BI-TANT-LY, adv. Enormously ; excessively. EX-OR/BLTATHE, »v. t. To go beyond the usual track or orbit ; to deviate from the usual limit. Bentley. [Gr. efopxiFw, to ad- jure, from dpx:Gw, to bind by oath, from 6pxos, an oath. | 1. To adjure by some holy name; but chiefly, to expel evil spirits by conjurations, prayers, and cere- monies. ‘To ezorcise a person, is to expel from him the evil spirit supposed to possess him. To exorcise a demon or evil spirit, is to cast him out or drive him from a person by prayers or other ceremonies, Encyc. 9. To purify from unclean spirits by adjurations and ceremonies ; to deliver from the influence of ma- lignant spirits or demons; as, to exorcise a bed ora house. Expelled from a person or place by conjurations and prayers ; freed from demons in like manner. spirits by adjurations and conjuration. EX/OR-CIS-ING, ppr. Expelling evil spirits by prayers and ceremonies. [L. ezorcismus; Gr. elopKtoos.] The expulsion of evil spirits the superstitions of some churches. Encyc. EX/OR-CIST, n. EX-OR/DI-AL, (egz-) a. fonfres) exordium of a discourse ; introt EX-OR/DI-UM, n. ; pl. ExorpDiuMs, or; ex and ordior, to begin. See OrDER. | In oratory, the beginning ; uctory. Brown. and occasion. EX-O-RHI’/Z&, n. pl. In botany, plants whose (Gr. ef and fJa.] EX-O-RHI/ZOUS, a. Pertaining to the exorrhize. EX-OR-NA’TION, n. and orno, to adorn. ] Omument; decoration; embellishment. Hale. Hooker. Rising ; relating to the east. EX/OS-MOSE, x. [Gr. e¥ and wopos, impulsion.] porous media from within. Brande. EX-OS/SA-TED, a. [Infra.] Deprived of bones, EX-OS/SE-OUS, a. [L. ex and ossa, bones. ] animals. Brown. EX/OS-TOME, ». [Gr. ef and cropa.] Beck. plant. [Gr. ef and ooreov, a bone. | EX-OS-TO'SIS, n. an excrescence, or morbid enlargement of a bone. Core. upon or in the wood. EX-O-TERIE€, UF EX-O-TER/I€-AL, { [Gr. efwrepos, exterior. } MOVE. WOLF, BOOK. — n. One who pretends to cast out evil from persons or places by certain adjurations and ceremonies. Exorcism Was common among the Jews, and still makes a part of One who pretends to expel evil spir- its by conjuration, prayers, and ceremonies. Acts Xix. Pertaining to the [L., from - exordi- the introductory part of a discourse, which prepares the audience for the main subject ; the preface or proémial part of a composition. The exordium may be formal and deliberate, or abrupt and vehement, according to the nature of the subject yadicle elongates down- ward, directly from the base of the embryo. Lindley. [L. exornatio, from exorno; ex EX-ORT/IVE, a. [L. ezortivus ; ex and ortus, a rising ] The passage of gases, vapors, Or liquids, through Without bones; destitute of bones; as, exosscous The small aperture or foramen of the ovule of a Any protuberance of a bone which is not natural ; Also, in botany, a disease in which knots are formed External; public ; opposed to esoteric or secret. TheEXP exoteric doctrines of the ancient philosophers were those which were openly professed and taught. The esoteric Were secret, or taught only to a few chosen disciples. Enfield. Encic. EX!/O-TER-Y, n. What is obvious or common. Search, EX-OT‘IE, (egz-o/ik,) a [Gr. efwrixos, from fw, without. | Foreign; introduced from a foreign country ; not native; extraneous; as, an ezotic plant; an exotic term or word. EX-OT'I€, n. A plant, shrub, or tree, not native; a plant introduced from a foreign country. Addison. 2. A word of foreign origin introduced into a lan- guage. E.X-O'T'T-CISM, n. The state of being exotic. EX-PAND’, v. t. [L. expando; ex and pando, to open, or spread ; It. spandere, to pour out; coinciding with Eng. span, D. span, spannen, Sw. spdnna, Dan. spen- der. See Ar. al batna, Class Bn, No. 3. The pri- mary sense is, to strain or stretch; and this seems to be the sense of bend, L. pandus.] I. To open; to spread; as, a flower expands its leaves. 2. To spread ; to enlarge a surface; to diffuse; as, a Stream expands its waters over a plain. 3. To dilate ; to enlarge in bulk ; to distend ; as, to expand the chest by inspiration ; heat expands all bod- les; air is expanded by rarefaction. 4. To enlarge ; to extend ; as, to expand the sphere of benevolence ; to expand the heart or affections. EX-PAND’, v. i. To open; to spread. Flowers expand in spring. 2. To dilate ; to extend mm bulk or surface. Metals expand by heat; a lake expands, when swelled by rains. 3. To enlarge; as, the heart expands with joy. EX-PAND/ED, pp. or a. Opened; spread; extended ; dilated ; enlarged ; diffused. EX-PAND/ING, ppr. or a. Opening; spreading; ex- tending ; dilating; diffusing. EX-PANSL’, (eks-pans’,) x. [L. expansum.] A spreading; extent; a wide extent of space or body ; as, the expanse of heaven. The smooth expanse of crystal lakes. Pope. EX-PANS-LBIL/LTY, zn. tom expansible.] The capacity of being expanded; capacity of extension in surface or bulk ; as, the expansibility of air. EX-PANS/I-BLE, a. [fr., from exzpand.] Capable of being expanded or spread; capable of being extend- ed, dilated, or diffused. Bodies are not erpansible in proportion to their weirht. EX-PANS/I-BLE-NESS, n. EX-PANS/I-BLY, adv. EX-PANS/ILE, a. dilated. EX-PAN/SION, (eks-pan/shun,) n. [L. ezpansio.] 1, The act of expanding or spreading out. 2. The state of being expanded ; the enlargement of surface or bulk; dilatation. We apply expansion to surface, as the expansion of a sheet or of a Jake, and to bulk, as the expansion of fluids or metals by heat ; but not to a line or length without breadth. 3. Extent; space to which any thing is enlarged ; also, pure space or distance between remote bodies. 4, Enlargement; as, the expansion of the heart or affections. oO. In commerce, an increase of issues of bank notes, EX-PAN/SION-€URB, n. A contrivance to counter- act expansion and contraction by heat, as in chro- nometers. EX-PANS/IVE, a [Fr.] Having the power to ex- pand, to spread, or to dilate ; as, the expansive force of heat or fire. Gregory. 2. Having the capacity of being expanded ; as, the expansive quality of air; the expansive atmosphere. Thomson. 3. Widely extended ; as, expansive benevolence. EX-PANS/IVE-NESS, n. The quality of being ex- pansive. EX PAR'TE, [L.] On one part; as, ex parte evi- dence, that which is brought forward by one side only ; an ez parte council, one which assembles at the request of only one of the parties in dispute. EX-PA/TIATE, (eks-pa/shate,) v. 7 [L. expatior; ex and spatior, to wander, to enlarge in discourse, spa- tium, space, probably allied to pateo, to open. Class Bd Grew. Expansibility. In an expansible manner. Capable of expanding, or of being 1. To move at large; to rove without prescribed limits ; to wander in space without restraint. He bids his soul exrpatiate in the skies, Pope. Expatate free o’er all this scene of man. Pope. 2. To enlarge in discourse or writing; to be copi- ous in argument or discussion. On important topics, the orator thinks himself at liberty to expatiate. EX-PA/TIA-TING, ppr Roving at large ; moving in space without certain limits or restraint; enlarging in discourse or writing. EX-PA-TI-A’/TION, n. Act of expatiating. EXP EX-PA/TIA-TOR, x. One who enlarges or amplifies in language. EX-PA’/TIA-TO-RY, a. Expatiating. EX-PA’TRI-ATE or EX-PAT’RI-ATH, v. t. [Fr. ex- patrier ; It. spatriare; from L. ex and patria, country. ] In @ general sense, to banish. L’o expatriate one’s self, is to quit one’s country, re- nouncing citizenship and allegiance in that country, to take residence and become a citizen in another country. The right to expatriate one’s self, is denied in feudal countries, and much controverted in the United States. EX-PA’TRI-A-TED or EX-PAT’RLA-TED, pp. Ban- ished ; removed from one’s native country, with re- nunciation of citizenship and allegiance. EX-PA/TRLA-TING or EX-PAT’RI-A-TING, ppr. Banishing ; abandoning one’s country, with renun- ciation of allegiance. EX-PA-TRI-A’TION or EX-PAT-RLA/TION, n. Ban- ishment. More generally, the forsaking one’s own country, with a renunciation of allegiance, and with the view of becoming a permanent resident and citi- zen in another country. EX-PEC€T’, v. t. (IL. expecto; ex and specto, to look, that is, to reach forward, or to fix the eyes. ] 1. To wait for. The guards, By me encamped on yonder hill, expect Their motion. Milton. [This sense, though often used by Gibbon, seems to be obsolescent. ] 2. To look for; to have a previous apprehension of something future, whether good or evil ; to enter- tain at least a slight belief that an event will happen. We expect a visit that has been promised ; we expect nroney will be paid at the time it is due, though we are often disappointed. Expect, in its legitimate sense, always refers to a future event. [The common phrase, I expect it was, is as vulgar as St is improper. ] 3. To require or demand; as, payment will be ez- pected when the note falls due. Whateley. EX-PEET’, v. i. To wait; to stay. Sandys. EX-PE€T’A-BLE, a. ‘To be expected ; that may be expected. EX-PECT/ANCE, {n. The act or state of expecting ; EX-PE€T/AN-CY,$ expectation. Milton. Shak. 2. Something expected. Shak. 3. Hope ; a looking for with pleasure. Shak. EX-PE€T/AN-CY, 2. Im law, a state of waiting or suspension. An estate in expectancy, is one which is to take effect or commence after the determination of another estate. Estates of this kind are remainders and reversions. A remainder, or estate in remain- der, is one which is limited to take effect and be enjoyed after another estate is determined. ‘Thus, when a grant of land is made to A for twenty years, and, after the determination of that term, to B and his heirs forever, A is tenant for years, remainder to Bin fee. In this case, the estate of B is in ezpec- tancy, that is, Waiting for the determination of the estate for years. A reversion is the residue of an estate left in the grantor, to commence in possession after the determination of a particular estate granted out by him. As, when A leases an estate to B for twenty years, after the determination of that period, the estate reverts to the lessor; but, during the term, the estate of the lessor is in expectancy. Blackstone. EX-PEECT/ANT, a. Waiting; looking for. Svoift. 2. Expectant estate, one which is suspended till the determination of a particular estate. Blackstone. EX-PBEET/ANT, n. One who expects; one who waits in expectation ; one held in dependence by his belief or hope of receiving some good. Those who have the gift of offices are usually surrounded by ez- pectants, EX-PECT-A'TION, n. [L. expectatio.] 1. The act of expecting or looking forward to a future event with at least some reason to believe the event will happen, Expectation differs from hope. fope originates in desire, and may exist with little or no ground of belief that the desired event will arrive. Expectation is founded on some reasons which render the event probable. Hope is directed to some good; expectation is directed to good or evil. The same weakness of mind which indulges absurd expectations, produces petulance in disappointinent, TUNE. 2. The state of expecting, either with hope or fear. 3. Prospect of good to come. My soul, wait thou only on God, for my expectation is from him. — Ps, Ixii. 4. The object of expectation; the expected Mes- siah. Milton. 5. A state or qualities in a person which excite expectations in others of some future excellence ; as, a youth of expectation. Sidney. Otway. We now more generally say, a youth of promise. 6. In chances, the value of any prospect of prize or property depending upon the happening of some un- certain event. A sum of money, to be paid when an event happens, has a determinate value before that event happens. If the chances of receiving or EXP rives, are equal, then, before the arrival of the event the expectation is worth half the money. Barlow. Encuc. Expectation of life; in annuities, a term applied to the mean or average duration of the life of individ- uals, after any specified age. Tee (Chie Ee ee n. That whichis expected. [Not USea, EX-PE€T’ER, n. One who expects; one who waits for something, or for another person. Swift. Shak. EX-PE€T’ING, ppr. Waiting or looking for the ar- rival of. EX-PECT’ING-LY, adv. In a state of expectation. EX-PEC/TO-RANT, a. [See Exrrctrorate.] Havy- ing the quality of promoting discharges from the lungs. EX-PE€/TO-RANT, n. A medicine which promotes discharges from the lungs. ~ EX-PE€/TO-RATE, »v. t. [L. expectoro; Sp. expecto- rar; Fr. expectorer; from I. ex and pectus, the breast. ] To eject from the trachea or lungs; to discharge phlegm or other matter, by coughing, hawking, a id Spitting. Coze. EX-PE€/TO-RA-TED, pp. or a. Discharged from the lungs. EX-PE€/TO-RA-TING, ppr. Throwing from the lungs by hawking and spitting. EX-PEE€-TO-RA’/TION, n. The act of discharging phlegm or mucus from the lungs, by coughing, hawk- ing, and spitting ; also, the matter thus discharged. Encyc. EX-PE€’/TO-RA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of pro- moting expectoration. EX PE'DE HER!CU-LEM, [L.] Fram the remain- ing foot of Hercules’ statue, learn the size of his en- tire person ; froma partial exhibition, learn the full extent of a man’s powers or characteristic excellences. EX-PE/DI-ATE, v. t. To expedite. [Wot tn use. ] EX-PE/DI-ENCE, )n. [See Speen, Expepienr, and EX-PE/DI-EN-CY, EXPEDITE. | I. Fitness or suitableness to effect some good end or the purpose intended ; propriety under the particu- lar circumstances of thé case. The practicability of a measure is often obvious, when the expedience of it is questionable. 2. Expedition; adventure. [JVot now used.] Shak. 3. Expedition ; haste; dispatch. [JVot now used.]} Shak. EX-PE/DI-ENT, (eks-pé/de-ent,) a. [L. expediens; expedio, to hasten; Eng. speed; Gr. crevdw.] 1. Literally, hastening; urging forward. Hence, tending to promote the object proposed ; fit or suita- ble for the purpose ; proper under the circumstances. Many things may be lawful, which are not expedient. 2. Useful; profitable. 3. Quick ; expeditious. [Not used. | Shak. EX-PE/DI-ENT, n. That which serves to promote or advance ; any means which may be employed to ac- complish anend. Let every expedient be employed to effect an important object, nor let exertions cease till all expedients fail of producing the effect. 2. Shift; means devised or employed in an exi- gency. Dryden. EX-PE/DI-ENT-LY, adv. Fitly; suitably ; conven- iently. 2. Hastily ; quickly. [ Obs.] EX-PED'I-TATE, v.t. [L. ex and pes, foot.] In the forest laws of England, to cut out the balls or claws of a dog’s fore feet, for the preservation of the king’s game. EX-PED-[-Ta/TION, n. The act of cutting out the balls or claws of a dog’s fore feet. Encyc. EX’PE-DITE, v.t. [L. expedio; Sp. expedir; Fr. ez- Shak. = © pedier; It. spedire; Ar. dol afado, to hasten, or ADs wafada, to send, to move hastily, to be suitable ; Eng. speed. Expedioiscompound. We see thesame root in impedio, to hinder, to send against, to move in opposition. | 1. To hasten ; to quicken; to accelerate motion or progress. The general sent orders to expedite the march of thearmy. Artificial heat may expedite the growth of plants. 2. To dispatch ; to send from. Such charters are expedited of course. Bacon. 3. To hasten by rendering easy. See No. 1. EX’/PE-DITE, a. [L. expeditus.] 1. Quick; speedy; expeditious; as, expedite exe- cution. [Zitile used.] Sandys. 2. Basy; clear of impediments ; unencumbered ; as, to make a way plain and expedite. [ Unusual. J 3. Active ; nimble ; ready; prompt. [ Hooker. The more expedite will be the soul in its operations. [Unw sual,] Tillotson. 4, Light-armed. EX/PE-DIT-ED, pp. Not used. Bacon. ‘acilitated; freed from impedi- ment. : ; EX’/PE-DITE-LY, adv. Readily; hastily; speedily; yromptly. i : Facilitating ; hastening. not receiving a hundred dollars, when an event ar- EX/PE-DIT-ING, ppr. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. el — te EEA ns See. pee. - a : — >» ieeons aT Phin ore Bec? hee . ete ae i Pe oeSepa LS RAES SRT rome t ay aes Bee , i Sad ie t : i By! f re r tt ; cae V4 ( fe. a { ft fe? | } :' 1) f “ ! i 5 i ies ; { 3 : EXP EX-PE-DI'/TION, (eks-pe dish/un,) 7. ee expeditio. | 1. Haste; speed; quickness ; dispatch. ‘The mail is conveyed with expedition. 9. The march of an army, or the voyage of a fleet, to a distant place, for hostile purposes 3 as, the expe- dition of the French to Egypt; the expedition of Xerxes into Greece. 3. Any enterprise, undertaking, oF attempt by a number of persons; or the collective body which undertakes. Wesay, our government sent an expe- dition to the Pacific; the expedition has arrived. : EX-PBE-DI//TION-A-RY, @. Consisting in an expedi- tion. EX-PE-DI//TIOUS, (eks-pe-dish’us,) a. Quick ; hasty ; speedy ; as, an expeditious march. : 9. Nimble; active; swift; acting with celerity ; as, an expeditious mesfenger or runner. : : EX-PE-DI'/TIOUS-LY, adv. Speedily ; hastily ; with celerity or dispatch. EX-PEDI-TIVE, a. Performing with speed. Bacon. EX-PEL/, v.t. [L. expello; ex and pello, to drive, Gr. Baddw; It. espellare; W. yspeliaw ; and from the L. participle, Fr. expulser. Class Bl.} 1. To drive or force out from any inclosed place ; as, to expel wind from the stomach, or ar from a bel- lows. {The word is applicable to any force, physical or moral. | 9. To drive out ; to force to leave ; as, to expel the inhabitants of a country ; to ezpel wild beasts from a forest. 3. To eject; to throw out. Dryden. 4, To banish; to exile. Pope. 5. To reject; torefuse. [Little used, | And would you not poor fellowship expel 2 Hub. Tale. 6. To exclude; to keep out or off. Shak. 7. In college government, to command to leave; to dissolve the connection of a student; to interdict him from further connection. EX-PEL'LA-BLE, a. That may be expelled or driven out. Acid expellable by heat. Kirwan, EX-PEL’LED, (eks-peld’,) pp. or a. Driven out or away ; forced to leave ; banished ; exiled ; excluded. EX-PEL’LER, n. He or that which drives out or away. EX-PEL/LING, ppr. Driving out; forcing away ; compelling to quit or depart ; banishing ; excluding. EX-PEND’, v. t. [L. expendo; ex and pendo, to weigh; Bp. expender; Fr. depenser, from L. dispendo; It. spendere ; properly, to weigh off; hence, to lay out. ] 1. To lay out; to disburse; to spi nd ; to deliver or distribute, either in payment or in donations. We expend money for food, drink, and clothing. We ez- pend a \ittle in charity, and a great deal in idle amuse- ments. 2. To lay out; to use; to employ ; to consume ; as, to expend time and labor. I hope the time, labor, and money expended on this book will not be wholly misemployed. 3 To use and consume ; as, to expend hay in feed- ing cattle. 4, To consume; to dissipate; to waste; as, the oil of a lamp is expended in burning; water is ex- pended in mechanical operations. EX-PEND’, v.i. To be Jaid out, used, or consumed. EX-PEND/ED, pp. Laid out ; spent; disbursed ; used ; consumed. EX-PEND/ING, ppr. Spending; using; employing ; wasti ng. EX-PEND/L-TURE, 2. The act of expending; a lay- ing out, as of money ; disbursement. A corrupt ad- ministration is known by extravagant expenditures of public money. National income and ezpenditure,. Price. 2. Money expended ; expense The receipts and expenditures of this extensive country. Hamilton, EX-PENS/IVE-NESS, 2. EX-PE/RILENCE, 2, EXP incurring or requiring great expenditures of money. The expensiveness of war is not its greatest evil. 9, Addictedness to expense ; extravagance ; applied to persons. [L. experientia, from experior, to try; ez and ant. perior; Gr. zeipuw, to attempt, whence pirate; G. erfahren, from fahren, to move, to go, to drive, to ferry; D. ervaaren, from vaaren, to go, to move, to sail; Sw. férfara, fara; Dan. forfarer, farer; Sax. faran ; Goth. faran; Eng. to fare. ‘The | L. periculum, Eng. pert, are from the same root. We } see the root of these words is, to go, to fure, to drive, | urge, or press, to strain or stretch forward, See | Class Br, No.3, Ar. No. 4, 19, 23. ] 1. Trial, or a series of trials or experiments ; ac- tive effort or attempt to do or to prove something, or repeated efforts. A man attempts to raise wheat on | moist or clayey ground ; his attempt fails of success ; experience proves that wheat will not flourish on such a soil. He repeats the trial, and his experience proves the same fact. A single trial is usually denominated an experiment ; experience may be a series of trials, or the result of such trials. 9. Observation of a fact, or of the same facts or events happening under like circumstances. 8 Trial from suffering or enjoyment ; suffering itself; the use of the senses; as, the experience Wwe have of pain or sickness. We know the effect of light, of smell, or of taste, by ezperience. We learn the instability of human affairs by observation or by experience. We learn the value of integrity by expe- rience. Hence, 4. Knowledge-derived from trials, use, practice, OF from a series of observations. EX-PE/RLENCE, v.t. To try by use, by suffering, or by enjoyment. Thus we all experience pain, Sorrow, and pleasure ; We experience good and ev il; we often experience a change of sentiments and views. 9. To know by practice or trial; to gain knowl- edge or skill by practice, or by a series of observa- tions. EX-PE/RLEN-CED, (eks-pé/re-enst,) pp. used ; practiced. 9. a. Taught by practice or by repeated observa- tions; skillful or wise by means of trials, use, or ob- servation ; as, an experienced artist ; an eaperienced physician. EX-PE/RI-EN-CER, ». One who makes trials or Tried ; experiments. EX-PE/RI-EN-CING, ppr- enjoying. EX-PER/I-MENT,n. [L. ezperimentum, from experior, as in Experience, which see. ] A trial; an act or operation designed to discover some unknown truth, principle, or effect, or to es- tablish it when discovered. It differs from observa- tion, which is merely the attentive consideration of things, as they exist in nature. Experiments in chem- istry disclose the qualities of natural bodies. Aseries of experiments proves the uniformity of the laws of matter. It is not always safe to trust toa single ez- periment. It is not expedient to try many experiments in legislation. A political experiment can not be maade in a laboratory, nor determined In a few hours. , Adams. EX-PER/L-MENT, v. i. To make trial ; to make an experiment ; to operate ona body in such a manner as to discover some unknown fact, or to establish it when known. Philosophers ezpervment on natural bodies for the discovery of their qualities and combi- Making trial; suffering or EX-PENSP’, (ex-pens’,) n. [L. expensum. 1. A laying out or expending; the disbursing of money, or the employment and consumption, as of time or labor. Great enterprises are accomplished only by a great expense of money, time, and Jabor. 2. Money expended; cost; charge; that which is disbursed in payment or in charity. A prudent man limits his expenses by his income. The expenses of war are rarely or never reimbursed by the acquisi- tion either of goods or territory. 3. That which is used, employed, laid out, or con- sumed ; as, the expense of time or labor. EX-PENSE/FUL, a. Costly ; expensive. [Little used. ] Wotton. EX-PENSE/FUL-LY, adv. Ina costly manner; with great expense. Weever. EX-PENSE/LESS, a. Without cost or expense. Milton. EX-PENS/IVE, a. Costly ; requiring much expense; as, an expensive dress or equipage; an expensive family. Vices are usually more expensive than vir- tues. 2, Given to expense; free in the use of money; extravagant; lavish; applied to persons. Of men, some are frugal and industrious; others, idle and expensive. Temple. nations. 2, To try ; to search by trial. 3. To experience. [JVot used.] Locke. EX-PER/I-MENT, v. t. To try; to know by trial. [ Little wsed. Herbert. EX-PER-LMENT’AL, a. Pertaining to experiment. 2. Known by experiment or trial ; derived from ex- periment. Experimental knowledge is the most valuable, be- cause it is most certain, and most safely to be trusted. 3. Built on experiments ; founded on trial and ob- servations, or on a series of results, the effects of operations ; as, experimental philosophy. 4. Taught by experience ; having personal expe- rience. Admit to the holy communion such only as profess and appear to be regenerated, and experimental Christians. H, Humphreys. 5, Known by experience ; derived from experience 5 as, experimental religion. EX-PER-IL-MENT’AL-IST, x. periments. Burgess. EX-PER-I-MENT/AL-LY, adv. By experiment; by trial ; by operation and observation of results. One who makes ex- EX.PER-J-MEN'TUM CRU'CIS. [1] EX-PERT’, a. EX-PERT’NESS, x. | pX-PET’I-BLE, a. EX’PI-A-BLE, a. EXP are all experimentally acquainted with pain and EX-PER/I-MENT-ING, ppr. Making experiments or trials. : EX-PER/LMENT-IST, n. One who makes experi- | ments. {This is more analogical than Ex PERIMENT- | Good. Experiment most search- ALIST. | of the cross ; a test of the severest an ing nature ; a decisive experiment. [L. ezpertus, from ezperior, to ty. See ExPERIENCE. | or experience ; hence, skillful ; well instructed ; hav- ing familiar knowledge of; as, an expert philosopher. 9. Dextrous; adroit; ready; prompt; having a facility of operation or performance from practice ; 3, Liberal; generous in the distribution of prop- erty. pleasure. cas : ; ar be 1X-PER-I-MENT’A-TIVE, a. Experimental This requires an_active, expensive, indefatigable roodness. EX I E tI Nadas a ee perimental, oe aie pGoae ate ot eke Sprit EX-PER/I-MENT-ED, pp. Tried; searched out by | . SQUIRT re 4 ial EX-PENS/IVE-LY, adv. With great expense; at trial. ss : creat cost or anaes: er P Swift. EX-PER'I-MENT-ER, ll. One who makes experl- Y_PEN ¥ Gostlinesas the quality of || ments, one skilled in experiments. | 1. Properly, experienced ; taught by use, practice, | as, an expert operator in surgery. It is usually fol- lowed by in; as, expert in surgery ; expert in perforin- ance ol a musical instrument. Pope uses expert of arms, but improperly. EX-PERT’, v.t. To experience. Spenser. EX-PERT’, 7. An expert person. Ed. Rev. EX-PERT/LY,adv. Ina skillful or dextrous manner ; adroitly ; with readiness and accuracy. readiness; dexterity; adroitness ; as, erpertness musical performance ; ezpertness In War OF in sea- manship ; ezpertness in reasoning. [L. expetibilis. | That may be wished for; desirable. [Not wsed.] [L. ezpiabilis. See Ex PIATE. | That may be expiated; that may be atoned for and done away; as, an ezpiable offense ; expiable guilt. EX/PI-ATE, v. t. [L. expio; ex and pio, to worship, to atone; pius, pious, mild. The primary sense is probably to appease, to pacify, to allay resentment, which is the usual sensé of atone in most languages which I have examined. Pio is probably contracted from pico, and from the root of paco, the radical sense of which is to lay, set, or fix ; the primary sense of peace, pax. Hence the sense of mild in pius. But this opinion is offered only as probable. } 1. To atone for; to make satisfaction for; to ex- tinguish the guilt of a cnme by subsequent acts of piety or worship, by which the obligation to punish the crime is canceled. ‘To ezpiate guilt or a crime, is to perform some act which is supposed to purify the person guilty ; or some act which is accepted by the offended party as satisfaction for the injury; that is, some act by which his wrath is appeased, and his forgiveness procured. 9. To make reparation for; as, to ezpiate an injury. Clarendon. 3. To avert the threats of prodigies. Johnson. EX’PI-A-TED, pp. Atoned for; done away by satis- faction offered and accepted. EX/PI-A-TING, ppr. Making atonement or satisfac- tion for; destroying or removing guilt, and canceling the obligation to punish. EX-PI-a’TION, n. [L. expiatio.] 1. The act of atoning for a crime ; the act of mak- ing satisfaction for an offense, by which the guilt is done away, and the obligation of the offended per- son to punish the crime is canceled ; atonement ; satisfaction. Among pagans and Jews, expiation Was made chiefly by sacrifices, or washings, and purifi- cation. Among Christians, expiation for the sins of men is usually considered as made only by the obedi- ence and sufferings of Christ. 9. The means by which atonement for crimes is made ; atonement; as_ sacrifices and purification among heathens, and the obedience and death of Christ among Christians. 3. Among ancient heathens, an act by which the threats of prodigies were averted. Hayward. EX’/PI-A-TO-RY, a. Having the power to make atonement or expiation ; as, an expiatory sacrifice. EX-PI-LA/TION, n. [L. expilatio, from ezxpilo, to strip ; exand pilo, to peel. | A stripping ; the act of committing waste on land, to the injury of an heir; waste. [Little used.] Fuller. EX-PIR/A-BLE, a. [from erpire.] That may expire ; that may come to an end. EX-PIR/ANT, 7. One expiring. EX-PLRA/TION, n. [L. ezpiratio, from expiro. See EXxPrre. | 1. The act of breathing out, or forcing the air from the lungs. Respiration consists of expiration and in- sprration. 2. The last emission of breath; death. Rambler. 3. The emission of volatile matter from any sub- stance; evaporation ; exhalation ; as, the expiration of warm air from the earth. 4, Matter expired ; exhalation ; vapor; fume. Bacon. 2. By experience; by suffering or enjoyment. We 5. Cessation; close; end; conclusion ; termina- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY —PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Skill derived from practice ; 424ox Pe tion of a limited time; as, the expiration of a month or year; the expiration of a term of years ; the ez- piration of a lease; the expiration of a contract or agreement. EX-PI/RA-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to the emission or expiration of Breet from the lungs. Hall EX-PIRE!, v.t. [l. ezpiro, for exrspiro; ex and spiro, to breathe. ] 1. To breathe out; to throw out the breath from the lungs ; opposed to inspire. WVe expire air at every breath. 2. To exhale ; to emit in minute particles, as a fluid or volatile matter. The earth expires a damp or Warm vapor ; the body expires fluid matter from the pores ; plants expire odors. - To conclude. [ Obs. EX-PIRE’,v.i. Toemit the last breath, as an animal ; to die ; to breathe the last. - To perish; to end; to fail or be destroyed ; to come to nothing; to be frustrated. With the loss of battle all his hopes of empire expired. 3. To fly out ; tobe thrown out with force. [Rare.] The ponderous ball Dryden. 4. To come to anend; to cease; to terminate; to close or conclude, as a given period. A lease will expire on the first of May. The year ezpires on Monday. The contract will ezpire at Michaelmas, The days had not expire. expires. When forty years had expired. — Acts vii. EX-PIR/ED, pret. and pp. of Expire. EX-PIR'ING, ppr. Breathing out air from the lungs; emitting fluid or volatile matter; exhaling ; breath- ing the Jast bre ath; dying; ending ; terminating. 2. a. Dying; pertaining to or uttered at the time of dying; as, expiring words ; expiring groans. J. Lathrop. A fishing. Chapman. [L. explano; ex and planus, plain, Sp. explanar; It. spianare. See EX-PIS-€a' TION, zn. EX-PLAIN’, v. t. open, smooth ; PLAin. | To make plain, manifest, or intelligible; to clear of obscurity ; to expound ; ‘to illustrate by ‘discourse, or by notes. The first business of a preacher is to explain his text. Notes and comments are intended to explain the Scriptures. EX-PLAIN’, v.i. To give explanations. EX-PLAIN/A-BLE, a. That may be cjeared of ob- scurity ; capable of being made plain to the under- standing; capable of being interpreted. Brown. EX-PL RIN/E D, (eks-pland’,) pp. Made clear or obvi- ous to the understanding ; cleared of doubt, ambi- guilty, or obscurity ; expounded ; illustrated. EX-PLAIN/ER, xn. One who e xplains ; an expositor ; a commentator; an interpreter. Harris. EX-PLAIN'ING, ppr. or a. Expounding ; iiustrating ; interpreting; opening to the understanding; clear- ing of obscurity. EX-PLA-NA/TION, n. [L. ezplanatio.] 1. The act of earn expounding, or inter- preting ; exposition ; illustration ; interpretation ; the act of clearing from obscurity and making intelligi- ble ; as, the explanation of a passage in Scripture, or of a contract or treaty. 2. The sense given by an expounder or interpreter. 3. A mutual exposition of terms, meaning, or mo- tives, with a view to adjust a misunderstanding, and reconcile differences. Hence, reconciliation, agree- ment, or good understanding of parties who have been at variance. The parties have come to an ez- planation. EX-PLAN/A-TO-RLNESS, n. A being explanatory. EX-PLAN/‘A-TO-RY, a. Serving to explain ; contain- ing explanation ; as, explanatory notes. EX-PLE/TION, (eks-plé/shun,) n. [lL expletio. Accomplishment ; fulfillment. [Little used. Killingbeck. EX/PLE-TIVE, a. ([Fr. ezpletif, from L. ezxpleo, to fill. Filling ; added for supply or ornament. EX’/PLE-TIVE, x. In language, a word or syllable not necessary to the sense, but inserted to fill a va- cancy, or for ornament. The Greek language abounds with expletives. EX/PLE-TO-RY, a. Serving to fill. EX/PLI-EA-BLE, a [lL explicabilis. CATE. | I. Explainable ; that may be unfolded to the mind; that may be made intelligible. Many difficulties in old authors are not explicable. 2. That may be accounted for. The conduct and measures of the administration are not explicable by the usual rules of judging. EX/PLI-CATE, v. t. [L. ezplico, to unfold; ez and plico, to fold; Fr. expliquer; Sp. explicar ; It. spie- gare. 1. To unfold; toexpand ; toopen. ‘ They explicate the leaves.”? Blackmore. [In this sense the word is not common, and hardly ad- missile. 2. To unfold the meaning or sense ; to explain; to clear of difficulties or obscurity ; to interpret, The last verse of his last satyr is not yet sufficiently explicated. Dryden. See Exrri- ’ EXP Unfolded ; explained. Unfolding ; explaining; in- EX/PLI-€Aa-TED, pp. EX’/PLI-€4-TING, ppr. terpreting. EX-PLL€a/TION, n. ing. 3. The act of explaining; explanation; tion ; interpretation ; bles of our Savior. 3. The sense given by an expositor or interpreter. Johnson. EX’PLI-€4-TIVE, )a. Serving to unfold or ex- EX’/PLL€A-TO-RY, } plain; tending to lay open to the understanding. Watts. EX/PLI-CA-TOR, x. One who unfolds or explains ; an expounder. EX-PLIC/IT, (eks-plis/it,) a. explico, to unfold. } Literally, unfolded. Hence, plain in language ; open to the understanding ; clear ; not obscure or am_- biguous; express, not merely implied. An explicit proposition or declaration is that in which the words, in their common acceptation, express the true meanin g of the person who utters them, and in which there is no ambiguity or disguise. Plain; open; clear; unreserved; having no aries d meaning or reservation ; applied to persons. He was ezplicit in his terms. EX'PLIC-IT, (eks’ple-sit.) [L.] A word formerly used at the conclusion of books, as jinzs is now used. EX-PLIC/IT-LY, adv. Plainly; expressly; without duplicity ; without disguise or reservation of mean- ing; not by inference or implication. He explicitly avows his intention. EX-PLIC/IT-NESS, 7. Plainness of language or ex- pression; clearness; direct expression of ideas or intention, without reserve or ambiguity. EX-PLODE’, v.i. [L. explodo; ex and plaudo, to ut- ter a burst of sound ; from the root of loud. Properly, to burst ‘forth, as sound ; to utter a report with sudden violence. Hence, to burst and expand with force and a violent report, as an elastic fluid. We say, gunpowder explodes on the application of fire ; avolcano explodes ; a meteor explodes. EX-PLODE’, v. t. To decry or reject with noise; to express aia rObALO of, with noise or marks of contempt ; as, to explode a play on the stage. Hence, 2. To reject with any marks of disapprobation or disdain ; to treat with contempt, and drive from no- tice ; to drive into disrepute ; or, in general, to con- demn; toreject; tocry down. Astrology is now exploded. 3. To drive out with violence and noise. used. | The act of opening or unfold- oo exposi- as, the explication of the para- {L. explicitus, part. of [ Little The kindled powder exploded the ball. Blackmore. EX-PLOD/ED, pp. or a. Burst with violence; driven away by hisses or noise; rejected with disapproba- tion or conte mph; condemned ; cried down. EX-PLOD/ER, One who explodes; a hisser; one who rejects. EX-PLOD/ING, ppr. Bursting and expanding with force and a violent report; rejecting with marks of disapprobation or contempt ; rej: CLINE 5 condemning. EX-PLOIT’, n. [Fr. exploit; Norm. exploit, esploit, dispatch ; * expleiter, to be dispatched, exercised, or employed ; ploit, dispatch; Arm. espled, espledi, ex- plet. 1. A deed or act; more especially, a heroic act; a deed of renown; a great or noble achievement ; as, the exploits of Alexander, of Cesar, of Washington. | [ExpLorturE, in a like sense, is not in use.] 2. Ina suena sense, a great act of wickedness. EX-PLOITY’, v. To achieve. [Not in use.] Camden. EX- PLO/RA TE ear To explore. [JVot used.] [See EXxpLore.} EX-PLO-RA/TION, n. [See Exrrore.] The act of exploring ; close Search ; ; Strict or careful examina- tion. Boyle. EX/PLO-RA-TOR, nm. One who explores; one who searches or examines closely. EX-PLOR/A-TO-RY, a. Serving to explore ; search- ing; examining. EX-PLORE’,v.t. [L. exploro ; ex and ploro, to cry out, to wail, to bawl. The compound appears to con- vey a very different sense from the simple verb ploro ; but the primary sense is, to stretch, strain, drive; ap- plied to the voice, it is to strain or press out sounds or words ; applied to the eyes, it is to stretch or reach, as in prying curiosity. 1. To search for making discovery ; care; to examine closely by the eye. spies to explore the land of Canaan, 2. To search by any means; to try; as the deep bya plummet or lead. 3. To search or pry into; toscrutinize ; to inquire with care; to examine closely with a view to dis- cover truth ; as, to explore the depths of science. to view with Moses sent , to explore EX-PLOR’/ED, pp.ora. Searched; viewed; examined closely. EX-PLORE’MENT,n Search; trial. [Little wsed.] Brown. EX-PLOR/ER, nz. One who explores. EX-PLOR/ING, ppr. ora. Searching; viewing; ex- amining with care. EXP EX-PLO/SION, (eks-plo’zhun,) n. [from explode.) PK: bursting w ith noise ; a bursting or sudden expansion of any elastic fluid, with force and a loud report ; as, fie explosion of powder. The discharge of a piece of ordnance with a loud report. 3. The sudden burst of sound in a volcano, &c. EX-PLO’SIVE, @. Driving or bursting out with Vvi0- lence and noise ; causing explosion ; as, the exploswe force of gunpowder. Woodward. EX-PL,O/SIVE-LY, adv. In an explosive manner. EX-PO- LI- A/TION, n. [lL expoliatio.] A spoiling ; a wasting. [See SporraTron. ] EX-POL/ISH, for PorisH ; a useless word. EX-PO/ NENT, n. [L. exponens; expono, to expose or set forth; ez ‘and pono, to place, ] 1. In algebra, the exponent or index of a power is the number or letter w hich, placed above a quantity at the right hand, denotes how often that quantity is repeate d as a factor, to produce the power, Thus a2 denotes the second power of a: a4 denotes the fourth power of a: a*® denotes the zth power of a, or a repeated asa factorz times. A fractional exponent or index is used to denote the root of a quantity. Thus aj denotes the third or cube root of a. Day’s Algebra. Barlow. 2. Exponent of a ratio; a term or phrase sometimes used to denote the quotient arising when the antece- dent is divided by the consequent. Thus siz is the exponent of the ratio of thirty to five. But some math- ematicians, as Kepler, Halley, &c., consider loga- rithms as the exponents of ratios. Barlow. Brande. 3. Figuratively, one that stands as an index or representative ; as the leader of a party 1s the ezpo- nent of its principles. EX-PO-NEN/TIAL, a. Pertaining to exponents. Exponential quantity ; in algebra, a quantity whose exponent is unknown or variable. TTutton. Exponential equation ; an equation which contains an exponential quantity. Hutton. Exponential curve; a curve whose nature is defined by means of an exponential equation. Hutton. EX-POPE/, n. A pope deposed, or dismissed from office. Mc Gavin. EX-PORT’, v. t. [l. exporto; ex and porto, to carry. Porto seems allied to fero, and Eng. bear. Class Br.] To carry out; but appropriately, and perhaps ez- clusively, to convey or transport, in traflic, produce, and goods from one country to another, or from one state or jurisdiction to another, either by water or Jand. We export wares and merchandise from the United States to Europe. The Northern States ez- port manufactures to South Carolina and Georgia. Goods are exported from Persia to Syria and Egypt on camels. EX/PORT, x. A commodity actually conveyed from one country or state to another in trafiic, or a com- modity which may be exported ; used chiefly in the plural, exports. We apply the word to goods or prod- uce actually carried abroad, or to such as are usu- ally exported in commerce. EX-PORT’/A-BLE, a. That may be exported. EX-POR-T'A/TION, n.- The act of exporting ; the act of conveying Bsade and productions from one coun- try or state ‘to another in the course of commerce. A country is benefited or enriched by the exportation of os surplus productions. The act of carrying out. EX- PORT! ‘ED, pp. or a. .Carried out of a country or state in traffic. EX-PORT’ER, x. The person who exports; the per- son who ships goods, wares, and merchandise of any kind to a foreign country, or who sends them to market in a distant country or state; opposed to im- porter. EX-PORT’ING, ppr. Conveying to a foreign country, or a6 another state, as goods, produce, or manufac- ture EX/PS RT-TRADE, m. The trade which consists in the exportation of commodities. EX-POS/AL, n.. Exposure. [JVot in use.] Swift. EX-POSE’, (eks-poze’,) v. t. ([Fr. exposer; L. expost- twm, from expono ; ex and pono, to place; It. esporre, for exponere. The radical sense of pono is to set or place, or rather to throw or thrust down. To expose is to set or throw open, or to thrust forth.] 1. To lay open ; to set to public view ; to disclose ; to uncover or draw from concealment; as, to expose the secret artifices of a court; to expose a plan or de- sign. 2. To make bare ; to uncover ; to remove from any ————— AN, thing that which guards or protects ; as, to expose the head or the breast to the air. 3. To remove from shelter ; to place in a situation to be affected or acted on; as, to egpose one’s self to violent heat. 4. To lay open to attack, by any means; as, to ez- pose an army or garrison. 5. To make liable; to subject; as, to expose one’s self to pain, grief, or toil ; to expose one’s self to in- sult. REI 6. To put in the power of; as, to expose one's Se to the seas, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; fas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; ‘TH as in THIS. 4 425 Sn ee hme t paar Se aa ana a i as aceasta Eo be ee ee eeSa PR Mitten. eee RG PREY te a ao en Np nena ie Se —vae a EXP 7 To Jay open to censure, ridicule, or contempt. A fool might once himself alone expose. Pope. 8. To lay open, in almost any manner; as, to éz- %5 self to examination or scrutiny. pose one ; 9. To put in danger. The good soldier never shrinks from exposing himself, when duty re- quires it. 10. To cast outt situation unprotected. children. : 11. To lay open; to make public. Be careful not unnecessarily to expose the faults of a neighbor. 12. To offer; to place ina situation to invite pur- chasers ; aS, to expose goods to sale. oe 13. To offer to inspection ; as, to expose paintings in a gallery- EX.PO-SE', (eks-po-za’,)n. [Fr.] formal statement, recital, or exposition; @ useless o chance ; to place abroad, or ina Some nations expose their A laying open; a word. EX-POS/ED, pp. OF 4. Laid open; laid bare; uncov- ered ; unprotected ; made liable to attack; offered for sale; disclosed ; made public ; offered to view. EX-POS/ED-NESS, x. A state of being exposed, open to attack, or unprotected ; as, an exposedness tO sin or temptation. Edwards. EX-POS/ER, n. One who exposes. EX-POS/ING, ppr. Lying or Jaying open; making pare ; putting in danger ; disclosing; placing in any situation without protection; offering to inspection or to sale. EX-PO-$I/'TION, (eks-po-zish’un,) 7. a setting to public view. 9. A situation in which a thing is exposed or laid open, or in which it has an unobstructed view, or in which a free passage to it is open; as, a house has an easterly exposition, an exposition to the south, or to a southern prospect. The exposition gives a free ac- cess to the air or to the sun’s rays. Arbuthnot. 3. Explanation 5 interpretation ; a laying open the sense or meaning of an author, or of any passage in a writing. Dryden. 4. A work containing explanations or ijnterpreta- tions. EX-POS/I-TIVE, a. A Jaying open ; Explanatory ; laying open. Pearson. [L.] One who expounds or ex- South. EX-POS/I-TOR, n. plains ; an interpreter. 9. A book which expounds and explains. EX-POS/I-TO-RY, a. Serving to explain ; tending to illustrate. Johnson. EX POST FAC'TO, [L.] In law, done after an- other thing. An estate granted may be made good by matter ez post facto, which was not good at first. An ez post facto law, in criminal cases, consists in declaring an act penal or criminal, which was inno- cent when done; or in raising the erade of an of- fense, making it greater than it was when com- mitted, or increasing the punishment after the com- mission of the offense; or in altering the rules of evidence, so as to allow differen or Jess evidence to convict the offender, than was required when the offense was committed. Sergeant. An ex post facto law, is one that renders an act pun- ishable in a manner in which it was not punishable at the time it was committed. Cranch, Reports. This definition is distinguished for its comprehen- sive brevity and precision. Kent?s Commentaries. In a free government, no person can be subjected to punishment by an ez post facto law. EX-POS/TU-LATE, v. i. [L. expostulo; ex and pos- tulo, to require, probably from the root of posco.| To reason earnestly with a person, on some impro- priety of his conduct, representing the wrong he has done or intends, and urging him to desist, or to make redress ; followed by with. The emperor’s embassador expostulated with the king, that he had broken the league with the emperor, Hayward. EX-POS’TU-LATH, ». t. Not ee EX-POS'TU-LA-TING, ppr. Reasoning or urging arguments against any improper conduct. EX-POS-fU-LA/TION, n. Reasoning with a person in opposition to his conduct ; the act of pressing on a person reasons or arguments against the impropri- ety of his conduct, and in some cases demanding re- dress or urging reformation. 2. In rivetoric, an address containing expostulation. si Encyc. EX-POS’TU-LA-TOR, n. One who expostulates. EX-POS’/TU-LA-TO-RY, a, Containing expostulation ; as, an expostulatory address or debate. : EX-PO/SURB, (eks-po/zhur,) n. [from expose.] act of exposing or laying open. 9, The statajof being laid open to view, to danger, or to any in@onvenience; as, exposure to observa- tion ; exposure to cold, or to the air; exposure to cen- sure, 3 The situation of a place in regard to points of compass, or to a free access of air or light. We say, a building, or a garden, or a wall, has a northern or a southern exposure. We speak of its exposure or oareaion to a free current of air, or to the access of ight. To discuss; to examine. The EX-POUND’, v. t. [L. expono; er and pono, to set. } EX-POUND’/ED, pp. EX-POUND’/ER, 7. EX-POUND/ING, ppr. EX-PRE/FEOT, n. EX-PRESS’, ». t. EX-PRESS’, a. EX-PRESS’, n A — EX 1. To explain ; to lay open the meaning ; to clear of obscurity ; to interpret; as, to expound a text of Scripture ; to expound a law. 2, To Jay open; to examine; as, to expound the pocket. [Vot used. Hudibras. EB Explained; laid open; inter- E reted. An explainer; one who inter- prets or explains the meaning. Explaining; laying open ; making clear to the understanding ; interpreting. A prefect out of office ; one who has been a prefect, and is So no longer. X-PRES/I-DENT, z. One who has been a presi- dent, but is no longer in the office. Sp. expresar; Port. expressar; expressum, exprimo ; €& and premo, to press. © Press. | 1. To press or squeeze out; to force out by press- ure ; as, to express the juice of grapes or of apples. 9. To utter; to declare in words; to speak. He expressed his ideas or his meaning with precision ; his views were expressed in very intelligible terms. 3. To write or engrave; to represent in written words or language. The covenants in the deed are well expressed. 4, To represent ; to exhibit by copy or resemblance. Dryden. So kids and whelps their sires and dams express. 5. To represent or show by imitation or the imita- tive arts ; to form a likeness; as in painting or sculp- ture. Each akillful artist shall exprees thy form. 6. To show or make known ; to indicate. A down- cast eye or look may express humility, shame, or guilt. 7, To denote ; to designate. Moses and Aaron took these men, who are expressed names. — Num. 1. 8. To extort; to elicit. [Little used.| B. Jonson. Plain; clear; expressed ; direct ; not ambiguous. We are informed in ezpress terms OF words; the terms of the contract are express. 9. Given in direct terms ; not implied or left to in- ference. This is the express covenant or agreement 5 we have his express consent; we have an express law on the subject ; express warranty 5 express malice. 3. Copied ; resembling ; bearing an exact repre- sentation. Smith. by their His face express, Milton. 4, Intended or sent for a particular purpose, or on a particular errand ; as, to gend a messenger express. messenger or vehicle sent on a particular errand or occasion; usually, a courier sent to communicate information of an important event, or to deliver important dispatches. It is ap- plied, also, to boats or vessels sent to convey impor- tant information. Clarendon. Dryden. 2, A message sent. King Charles. 3. A declaration in plain terms. [Vot in Use. | 4. A regular conveyance for packages, &c. EX-PRESS/ED, (eks-prest’,) pp. OF 4. Squeezed or forced out, as juice or liquor ; uttered in words ; set down in writing or letters ; declared ; represented ; shown. EX-PRESS’LBLE, a. That may be expressed ; that may be uttered, declared, shown, or represented. 9. That may be squeezed out. EX-PRESS/ING, ppr. Forcing out by pressure ; utter- ing; declaring; showing ; representing. EX-PRES/SION, (eks-presh’un,) 7. ‘The act of express- ing ; the act of forcing out by pressure, as juices and oils from plants. 2. The act of uttering, declaring, or representing ; utterance; declaration ; representation ; aS, an ez- pression of the public will. EX-PRES-S!/VO, (eks-pres-sé/vo,) [It.] EX-PRESS EX-PRESS - L. | EX-PRESS’/URE, 2. EX/PRO-BRATE, ®. t. EX-PRO-BRA/TION, n. EX PRO-FES'SO, [L.] Professedly ; by profession. EX-PRO/PRI-ATE, v. t. erty. EX-PRO-PRI-A'TION, n. EX-PUGN’, (eks-ptine’,) v. t rent EXQ | oe Do 2, Representing with force; emphatical. These words are very expresswwe. 3. Showing; representing; as, an expressive S1gn. X-PRESS/IVE-LY, adv. Inan expressive manner ; clearly ; fully ; with a clear representation. X-PRESS/IVE-NESS, 2. The quality of being ex- pressive ; the power of expression or representation by words. 2. The power or force of representation ; the qual- ity of presenting a subject strongly to the senses or to the mind; as, the expressiveness of the eye, or of the features, or of sounds. With ex- yression. In direct terms ; plainly. The state of being express. Expression; utterance; repre- sentation ; mark ; impression. [ Zattle used.| Shak. [L. exprobro; ex and probrum, deformity, a shameful act.] To upbraid ; to censure as reproachful; to blame ; Brown. The act of charging or cen- suring reproachfully ; reproachful accusation ; the act of upbraiding. No need such boasts, or exprobrations false Of cowardice. LY, adv. NESS, 2. f INT MU to condemn. Philips. EX-PRO/BRA-TIVE, a. Upbraiding ; expressing re- proach. Sir A. Sherley. [L. ex and proprius, own. | To disengage from appropriation ; to hold no longer as one’s own; to give up a claim to exclusive prop- Boyle. The act of discarding ap- propriation, or declining to hold as one’s own ; the survender of a claim to exclusive property. Walsh. [L. expugno; ex an pugno, to ficht. | To conquer; to take by assault. EX-PUG/NA-BLE, a. That may be forced. EX-PUG-NA/TION, n. Conquest; the act of taking by assault. Sandys- EX_PUGN’ER, (eks-pin/er,)”. One who subdues. Sherwood. EX-PULSE’, (eks-puls’,) v #. [Fr. ezpulser, from L. expulsus, expello ; ex and pello, to drive.) To drive out; to expel. [Rare.] Shak. Bacon. EX-PULS’/ER, 7. An expeller. Cotgzrave. EX-PUL'SION, zn. The act of driving out or expel- ling; a driving away by violence ; as, the expulsion of the thirty tyrants from Athens, or of Adam from paradise. 9. The state of being driven out or away. EX-PUL’SIVE, a. Having the power of driving out or away ; serving to expel- Wiseman. EX-PUN€’TION, x. [See Ex puNGE.] The act of expunging ; the act of blotting out or erasing. JMilton. EX-PUNGE’, (eks-punj’,) v. t. [L. expungo; ex and pungo, to thrust, to prick. } 1. To blot out, as with apen; torub out; to efface, as words; to obliterate. We expunge single words or whole lines or sentences. 2, To efface; to strike out ; to wipe out or destroy 5 to annihilate ; as, to expunge an offense. Sandys. Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts, Pope. EX-PUNG/ED, pp. Blotted out; obliterated ; de- stroyed. EX-PUNG/ING, ppr. or a. Blotting out; erasing ; ef- facing ; destroying. EX-PUNG/ING, 2. stroying. EX-PUR/GATE or EX’/PUR-GATE, ®. t. ex and purgo, to cleanse.] To purge; to cleanse; to purify from any thing noxious, offensive, or erroneous. ‘aber. EX-PUR’GA-TED or EX/PUR-GA-TED, pp. or 4. Johnson. ————— AT The act of blotting out or de- [L. expurgo ; 3. A phrase, or mode of speech; as, an old expres- sion; an odd expression. 4. In rhetoric, elocution ; diction ; the peculiar manner of utterance suited to the subject and sen- timent. No adequate description can be given of the nameless and ever- g shades of expression which real pathos gives to the Porter’s Analysis. voice, 5. In painting and sculpture, a natural and lively representation of the subject; as, the expression of the eye, of the countenance, or of a particular action or passion. 6. In music, the tone, grace, or modulation, of voice or sound suited to any particular subject ; that man- ner which gives life and reality to ideas and senti- ments. 7. Theatrical expression, is a distinct, sonorous, and pleasing pronunciation, accompanied with action suited to the subject. 8. In algebra, the representation of any quantity by its appropriate characters or signs. EX-PRES/SION-LESS, a. Destitute of expression. EX-PRESS/IVE, a. Serving to express 5 serving to utter or represent; followed by of. He sent a letter couched in terms ezpressive of his gratitude. Each verse so swells erpresstve of her woes. Tickel. Purged ; cleansed ; purified. EX-PUR/GA-TING or EX/PUR-GA-TING, ppr. Purg- ing; cleansing ; purifying. EX-PUR-GA'TION, n. The act of purging or cleans- ing; evacuation. Wiseman. 9. A cleansing; purification from any thing nox- ious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous. Brmon. EX’/PUR-GA-TOR, 2. One who expurgates or purifies. EX-PUR-GA-TO’RI-OUS, a. That expurgates or exX- punges. Milton. EX-PUR/GA-TO-RY, a. Cleansing ; purifying ; serv- ing to purify from any thing noxious or erroneous ; as, the expurgatory index of the Roman Catholics, which directs the expunction of passages of authors contrary to their creed or principles. Expurgatory animadversions. Brown. EX-PURGE’, (eks-purj’,) v.t [L. expurgo.| To purge away. [.Vot in use.] Milton. EX-QUIRD’, v.t. ([L. exquiro.] Sandys. To search into or out. [JVot in ase. | EX/QULSITE, Chekwe) a. [L. exquisitus, from exquiro; ex and quero, to seek. ] Literally, sought out or searched for with care; whence, choice ; select. Hence, 1. Nice; exact; very excellent ; complete ; a5, & vase of exquisite workmanship. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BYRD. — NOTE, 426 DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— i ——_—$_ ————_——_——— rrEXT boxe EXT 2. Nice; accurate; capable of nice perception ; as, exquisite sensibility. 3. Nice; accurate ; capable of nice discrimination ; as, exquisite judgment, taste, or discernment. 4. Being In the highest degree ; extreme ; as, to relish pleasure in an exquisite degree. So we say, exquisite pleasure or pain. ‘The most exquisite of human satisfactions flows om an approv- ing conscience. J. M. Mason. o. Very sensibly felt; as, a painful ie exquisite impression on the nerves. Cheyne. EX’/QULSITE, (eks/kwe-zit,) n. One dressed with extreme care : a fo Smart, p- EX’/QULSITE-LY, adv. Nicely; accurately; with great perfection; as, a work exquisitely finished ; ez- quisttely Written. Vith keen sensation or with nice perception. We feel pain more exquisitely when nothing diverts our attention from it. We see more exquisitely with one eye shut. EX’/QUL-SITE-NESS, n. Nicety ; exactness; accura- cy ; completeness ; perfection; as, the exqutsiteness of workmanship. 2. Keenness ; sharpness ; extremity ; as, the ezqui- siteness of pain or grief. EX-QUIS/I-TIVE, a. [ Vot in use. EX-QUIS$/I-TIVE-LY, adv. Ni ue in use. | Sidney. EX-REP-RE-SENT/A-TIVE, One who has been Peace a representativ BS Butt is no longer one. EX-SAN//GUI-OUS, a. [L. exsanguis ; ex and sanguis, Bacon. Curious ; eager to discover. Curiously ; minutely. blood.] Destitute of blood, or rather of red blood, as an animal, Encyc. [Exsaneuinous and ExsanGcurneous are also some- times used. EX-SCIND’, (eks-sind’,) w. t. To cut off. EX-SCIND’/ED, pp. Cut off. EX-SCIND/ING, ppr. Cutting off. EX-SE€RIBE/,v.& [L. ezscrivo.] To copy ; to transcribe. [JVot in use.] B. Jonson. EX-SERIPT’, 7. A copy ; atranscript. [JVot used.] EX-SEC/RE-TA- RAG One who has been secretary, but is no longer in ofc e. EX-SE€/TION, x. ([L. ezsectio.] A cutting off, or a cutting out. Darwin. EX-SEN/’A-TOR, n. One who has been a senator, but is no jonpet one. EX-SER" ja. [L. exsero; ex and sero. EX-SERT/ED, { ERT yee nding out ; projecting beyond something else ; stamens exsert. Eaton. ‘A small portion of the basil edge of the shell erserted. Barnes. EX-SERT/ILE, a. That may be thrust out or protru- ded. leming. EX-SI€/EANT, a. [See Exstccare.] Drying; evap- orating moisture ; having the quality of drying. EX-SI€/EATE or EX/SIE-CA ATE wt. ls. exsicco; ex and sicco, to dry.] To dry ; to exhaust or evaporate moisture. Brown. Mortimer. BS amen, or EX/SI€-€A-TED, pp. ora. Dried. EX-SI€/€A4-TING or EX/SI€-€4-TING, ppr. or a. Drying; evapori HAN moisture. EX-SI€-€A/T ION, The act or operation of drying ; evaporation of anetores dryness. rown. EX-SI€/€A-TIVE, a. Tending to make dry. EX-SPU-I//TION, (eks-pu-ish/un,) n. [L. expuo, for exspuo.| [L. exscindo.] See Ex- A discharge of saliva by spitting. Darwin. EX-STIP/U-LATE, a. ([L. ez and stipula, straw.] In botany, gene no stipules. Martyn. EX-SU€/COUS, a. ([L. exsuccus; ex and succus, juice. } Destitute of iis. Brown. EX-SU€’TION, suo, to suck. | ‘he act of sucking out. EX-SU-DA/TION, n. [L. erudo, for exsudo.] [This orthography would be preferable, but Exupa- TION is most ao 1, A sweating; a discharge of humors or moisture from animal bodies by sweat or extillation through the pores. 2. The discharge of the juices of a plant, moisture from the earth, &c. EX-SUF-FLA/TION, 2 ([L. ex and suflo, to blow.] 1. A blowing or bJast from beneath. [Little used.] Pues exULsz0, exsugo, to suck out; Boyle. 2, A kind of exorcism. Fulke, EX-SUP'PO-LATE, a. Contemptible. [Jot in use.] [ Shak. EX-SUS/CI-TATE, v. t. [L. exsuscito,| To rouse ; to excite. NVot used. EX-SUS-CLT A'TION, n. A stirring up; a rousing. Not used. | Hallywell. EX’/TANCE, n. [L. eztans.] Outward existence. [JWVot used.} Brown. EX'TAN-CY, n. [L. ezstans, extans, standing out, from erst 5 ; ex and sto, to stand. j . The state of rising above others, , Parts rising above the rest; opposed to depres- gion. [Tattle used.) Boyle. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; Sas Z; OH as SH; EX'’TANT, a. [L. erstans, extans, supra.] 1. Standing out or above any surface ; protruded. That part of the teeth which is exlant above the gums. _ Ray. A body partly immersed in a fluid and partly ertant, Bentley. 2. In being; now subsisting ; not suppressed, de- stroyed, or lost. A part only of the history of Livy, and of the writings of Cicero, is now extant. Socra- tes wrote much, but none of his writings are extant. The extant works of orators and philosophers. Mitford. EX!/TA-SY, EX-TAT/I€. See Ecstasy, Ecsratic. EX-TEM/PO-RAL, a, [L. extemporalis; exand tempus, hime: 1. Made or uttered at the moment, without pre- Meditation ; as, an extemporal discourse. Wotton. 2. Speaking without premeditation. #8, Jonson. [Instead of this word, EXTEMPORANEOUSs and ExtTEM- PORARY are now used. EX-TEM/PO-RAL-LY, adv. Without premeditation. Shak, EX-TEM-PO-RA’NE-AN, a. [JVot used.] See Exrem- PORANEOUS, EX-TEM-PO-RA/NE-OUS, «. and tempus, time. Composed, performed, or uttered, at the time the subject occurs, without previous study ; unpremedi- tated; as, an extemporaneous address ; an extempora- neous production ; ; an extemporaneous prescription. EX-TEM-PO-RKA/NE-OUS-LY, adv. Without previous study. EX-TEM-PO-RA/NE-OUS-NESS, n. The being unpremeditated. EX-TEM/PO-RA-RI-LY, adv. Without previous study. EX-TEM/PO-RA-RY, a. [L. ex and temporarius, from tempus, time. ] Composed, performed, or uttered, without previous study or preparation. [See ExtemMPporaNneEous. | EX-TEM'P O-RE, adv. [L. ex, and abl. of tempus, time. ] 1. Without previous study or meditation ; without preparation ; suddenly ; as, to write or speak ezxtem- pore. 2. It is used as an adjective, improperly, .at least Without necessity, for ExtTeEmMPORANEOUS 3 aS, aN ez- tempore dissertation. Addison. EX-TEM/PO-RI-NESS, n. The state of being unpre- [L. extemporaneus ; ex quality of meditated ; the state of being composed, performed, or uttered, ‘without previous study. Johison. EX-TEM/PO-RIZ LE, v. 7% Tospeak extempore ; to speak without previous study or preparation. To ez- temporize Well requires a ready mind, well furnished with knowledge. 2. To discourse without notes or written composi- tion. EX-TEM/PO-RIZ-ER, x. One who speaks without previous study, or w ‘ithout written composition. EX-TEM/PO-RIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Speaking without previous study or preparation by writing. The erlemporizing faculty is never more out of its element than in the pulpit. South. EX-TEND’, v. t. [L. extendo; ex and tendo, from Gr. retv@, L. teneo; Fr. etendre; It. stendere; Sp. exten- der; Arm. astenna; W. estyn, from tynu, to pull, or tyn, a pull, a stretch. ] To stretch in any direction ; to carry forward, or continue in length, as a line ; to spread in breadth ; to expand or dilate in size. The word is particularly applied to length and breadth. We extend lines in surveying ; we extend roads, limits, bounds; we ez- tend metal plates by hammering. To stretch; to reach forth ; as, to extend the arm or hand. 3. To spread; to expand; to enlarge ; to widen ; as, to extend the capacities or intellectual powers ; to extend the sphere of usefulness ; to extend commerce. To continue ; to prolong ; a3, to extend the time of payment; to extend the season of trial. 5. To communicate ; to bestow on ; to use or exer- cise toward. He hath extended mercy to me before the king. — Ezra vii. 6. T'o impart ; to yield or give. I will extend peace to her like a river. — Is, Ixvi, 7. In law, to value lands taken by a writ of extent in satisfaction of a debt; or to levy on lands, as an execution. The execution was delivered to the sheriff, who extended the same on certain real estate. dass. Rep. EX-TEND’, v. To stretch ; to reach ; to be contin- ued in length or breadth. The State of Massachu- setts extends west to the border of the State of New York. Connecticut River extends from Canada to the Sound. How far will your argument or proposition extend? Let our charities eztend to the heathen. EX-TEND/ED, pp. or a. Stretched; spread ; expand- ed; enlarged ; bestowed on; cor mmunicate d; valued under a writ of extent, or extendi facias; levied. EX-TEND/ER, 2. He or that which extends or stretches. EX-TEND’/L-BLE, a. that may be stretched, ene 2d, or expanded. That may be taken by a writ of extent and val- neal Capable of being extended ; extended, enlarged, wid- BX TENS'I- BLE, a. EX-TEND/ING, ppr. Stretching; reaching: contin- uing in length ; spreading; enlarging ; valuing. EX-TEND/LESS-NESS, 2. Unlimited extension. Not used.] Hale. EX-TENS-I-BIL/L-TY, n. [from eztensible.] "The ca- pacity of being extended, or of suffering extension ; a the extensibility of a fiber ; or of a plate of met- | Grew. | | [from L. extensus.] That may be extended ; capable of being stretched in length or breadth ; Holder. EX-TENS'I-BLE-NESS, n. Extensibility, which see. EX-TENS'ILE, a. Capable of being extended. EX-TEN’SION, nm. [L. extensio.] l. The act of extending; a stretching. 2. The state of being extended ; enlargement in breadth, or continuation of length. - In ‘philosaph y, that property of a body by which it occupies a portion of space. 4. In mercantile language, an extension 1S a written engagement on the part of a creditor, allowing a debt- or further time to pay a debt. EX-TEN/SION-AL, a. Having great extent. [Jot used. } Jifore. EX-TENS/IVE, a. Wide; large; having great en- largement or extent ; 3 as, an extensive farm ; an extei- sive field; an eztensive lake; an extensive sphere of operations ; extensive benevolence. 2. That may be extended. [vee used.] Boyle. EX-TENS/IVE-LY, adv. Widely ; largely ; to a great extent ; as, a story is exlensiv ely circ ulated. EX-TENS'IVE- NESS, n. Wideness; largeness; ex- tent; as, the extensiveness of the ocean. 2. Extent; diffusiveness; as, the eztensiveness of a man’s charities or benevolence. 3. Capacity of being extended. [Tittle used.] Ray. EX-TENS/OR, n. [L.] In anatomy, a muscle which serves to extend or straighten any part of the body, as an arm or a finger; opposed to flexor. Coxe. Cye. EX-TENT’, a. Extended. Sponser- EX-TENT’, ». ([L. eztentus. It is frequently accent- ed on the first syllable. ] 1. Space or degree to which a thing is extended ; hence, compass; bulk; size; as, a great extent of country , or of body. . Length ; as, an eztent of line. 3. Communication ; distribution. The extent of equal justice, Shak. 4. In law, a writ of execution, or extendi facias, which is directed to the sheriff against the body, lands, and goods, or the lands only, of a debtor ; also, the act of the sheriff or officer upon the writ itself. pCYCs EX-TEN/U-ATE, v. t. [L. extenuo; ex aa tend, to make thin; Sp. extenwar; It. stenuare. See THN ] 1. To make thin, lean, or slender. Sickness exten- uates the body. ENeyce 2. To lessen ; to diminish, as a crime or guilt. But fortune there ertenuates the crime. Dryden. 3. To lessen in representation ; to palliate ; opposed to aggravate. ‘ 4. ‘To lessen or diminish in honor. [Little used.] JMilton. 5. To make thin or rare ; opposed to condense. [ Zié- tle used, Bacon. EX-TEN’ iy. ATE, a. Thin; slender. [JVot used.] EX-TEN’U-A-TED, pp. Made thin, lean, or slender; made smaller; lessened; diminished ; palliated ; made rare. EX-TEN/U-A-TING, ppr. or a. der; lessening; diminishing ; rare. EX-TEN-U-A’TION, n. The act of making thin ; the process of erow ing thin or lean; the losing of flesh. 2. The act of representing any thing as less wrong, faulty, or criminal, than it is in fact ; palliation ; op- posed to aggravation; as, the eztenwation of faults, Injuries, or crimes. 3. Mitigation ; alleviation; as, the extenuation of punishment. [ Not common. ] Atterbury. EX-TEN/U-A-TOR, nz. One who extenuates. EX-TE/RLOR, a. aie from exterus, foreign ; Fr. ex- terieur; It. este riore. | 1. External; outward; applied to the outside or outer surface of a body, and opposed to intertor. Making thin or slen- palliating ; making susceptible of enlargement. | We speak of the ezterior and interior surfaces of a concay, o-convex lens. . External; on the outside, with reference to a person ; 5 extrinsic. We speak of an object exterior | to a man, as opposed to that which is within, or in | his mind. i 3. Foreign ; relating to foreign nations ; as, the ex- terior re lations of a state or kingdom. EX-T'R/RLOR, n. The outward surface ; is external. 2, Outward or visible deportment ; appearance. EX-TE-RLOR/LTY, n. Surtace ; superficies. EX-TE/RI-OR-LY, adv. Outwardly ; externally. [An that which ill-formed word. | Shak. c EX-TE/RI-ORS, n. pl. The outward parts of a UKs Ulite FH as in THIS. TO I I TT TT Te | ‘ ~ Ban IN Ty ST Sa Ne “aoe Oe ee es leacizanniias ee ~ oe rte es ites aa Ugknee <7 IRE: ee pet ree”} } e 1 1 ' | Vy we 3 ait ms i: 4 & Y ‘7 Ree AO a Samy ee y EXT 9. Outward or external deportment, or forms and ceremonies; Visible acts; as, the eztervors of religion. EX-TERM/IN-ATE, v. t. [L. extermino; ex and ter- minus, limit. ] Literally, to drive from within the limits or borders. Hence, 1. To destroy utterly ; to drive away ; to extirpate ; as, to exterminate a colony, a tribe, or a nation ; to exterminate inhabitants, or a race of men. 9. To eradicate ; to root out; to extirpate ; as, to exterminate error, heresy, infidelity, or atheism ; to exterminate Vice. 3. To root out, as plants; to extirpate ; as, to ez- terminate weeds. 4. In algebra, to take away ; to cause to disappear ; as, to exterminate surds or unknown quantities from an equation. EX-TERM/IN-A-TED, pp. oF 4. Utterly driven away or destroyed ; eradicated ; extirpated ; taken away. EX-TERM/IN-A-TING, ppr. or a. Driving away or totally destroying ; eradicating ; extirpating; taking away. EX-TERM-IN-A/TION, n. The act of exterminating ; total expulsion or destruction ; eradication ; extirpa- tion ; excision; as, the extermination of inhabitants or tribes, of error or vice, or of weeds from a field. 2. In algebra, a taking away; a causing to disap- pear, as of unknown quantities from an equation. EX-TERM/IN-A-TOR, 7. He or that which exterm- ee EX-TIN’GUISH-A-BLE, a. EX-TIN’GUISH-ER, 7x. EX-TIN/GUISH-ING, ppr. Putting out ; quenching ; EX-TIN’/GUISH-MENT, n. The act of putting out or EXT EXT 2. To destroy; to put an end to; as, to ertinguish | EX-TOR/TION-ATE, ) a. love or hatred in the breast; to extinguish desire or hope , to eztin guish a claim or title, 3. To obscure by superior splendor. Shak. 4, To put an end to, by union or consolidation. See ExTINGUISHMENT. | That may be quenched, destroyed, or suppressed. EX-TIN'/GUISH-ED, (eks-ting/gwisht,) pp. or a. Put out; quenched ; stifled ; suppressed ; destroyed. He or that which extin- guishes. 2. A hollow conical utensil to be put on a candle or lamp to extinguish it. suppressing ; destroying. quenching; extinction ; suppression ; destruction ; as, the extinguishment of fire or flame; of discord, enmity, or jealousy ; or of love or affection. 2. Abolition ; nullification. Divine laws of Christian church polity may not be altered by extinguishment. Hooker. 3. Extinction ; a putting an end to, ora coming to an end; termination ; as, the extinguishment of a race or tribe. 4, The putting an end to a right or estate, by con- solidation or union. Oppressive ; containing EX-TOR!/TION-OUS, extortion. EX-TOR/TION-ER, n. One who practices extortion. Extortioners shall not inherit the kingdom of God. — 1 Cor. vi. EX-TOR’TIOUS, a. Oppressive ; violent ; unjust. EX’/TRA; a Latin preposition, denoting beyond or excess. It is sometimes used as an adjective ; as, extra work, extra pay, Work or pay beyond what is EX-TRA€T’, 2. t. usual or agreed on. Sometimes it stands by itself as a noun, through the omission of the word con- nected with it; as, to dispatch an eztra, i, €., an eztra stage-coach. | [L. extractus, from extraho; ex and traho, to draw. (See Draw and Drac.) Sp. extraer ; It. estrarre; Fr. estraire.] 1. To draw out; as, to extract a tooth. 2. To draw out, as the juices or essence of a sub- stance, by distillation, solution, or other means; as, to extract spirit from the juice of the cane ; to extract salts from ashes. 3. To take out; to take from. Woman is her name, of man Extracted. Milton. 4. To take out or select a part; to take a passage or passages from a book or writing. I have extracted from the pamphlet a few notorious falsehoods. Suit. 5. In arithmetic and algebra, to extract the root of a | | i| _ inates. Nea for/life makes lease to: 2s for ue remainder toB | number or quantity, is to find its root. EX-TERM/IN-A-TO-RY, a. Serving or tending to anlexinguistment of my right to Soe re en Baek stohe: 6. Ina general sense, to draw from by any means exterminate. Burke. : ; eas . + or operation. EX-TERM/INE, v.t. To exterminate. [Vot used. | EX-TIRP’, v.t. To extirpate. \° ot used.] Spenser. EX’TRA€T, nz. That which is extracted or drawn EX-TERN’, a. [L. ezternus.] [ Shak. EX-TIREI /A-BLE, ae Phat may ye eradicated. Evelyn. from something. 1. External ; outward ; visible. Shak. EX-TIR/PATE, (eks-tur/pate,) v t ([L. extirpo; ex 2. In literature, a passage taken from a book or 9, Without itself ; not inherent ; not intrinsic, [Zit and stirps, root; [t. estirpare. } writing. Camden. tle used.| Digby. 1. To pull or pluck up by the roots; to root out ; 3. In pharmacy, any thing drawn from a substance, EX-TERN’, n. A pupil in a seminary who lives to eradicate ; to destroy totally ; as, to extirpate weeds as essences, tinctures, &c.; or a solution of the purer without its walls. or noxious plants from a field. parts of a mixed body inspissated, by distillation or EX-TERN/AL, a. [L. externus ; It. esterno ; Sp. externo.] 250 eradicate ; to root out; to destroy wholly ; evaporation, nearly to the consistence of honey. 1. Outward ; exterior; as, the external surface of a as, to exturpate CXror OF heresy ; to extirpate a sect. Encyc. Quincy. body ; opposed to internal. 3. In surgery, to cut out; to cut off; to eat out; to Any substance obtained by digesting vegetable 2; Outward; not intrinsic ; not being within ; as, TEIONE completely ; AS; LOTELC POLE ay Se substances in water or alcohol, and evaporating external objects; external causes or effects. EX-TIR/PA-1 ED, pp. ora. Plucked up by the roots ; them to a solid consistence. Brande. 3. Exterior; visible; apparent; as, ezternal de- rooted out, eradicated ; totally destroyed. 4, An inspissated, expressed, or exuded juice, portment. EX-TiR/PA-T ING, ppr. Pulling up or out by the roots ; 5. In chemistry, a peculiar principle, once erroneons- 4. Foreign ; relating to or connected with foreign eradicating ; totally destroying. : : ly supposed to form the basis of all vegetable ex- nations ; as, external trade or commerce ; the external EX-TIR-PA!’ TION, n. The act of rooting out; eradi- tracts: called also the extractive principle. relations of a state or kingdom. cation ; €Xcision ; total destruction; as, the extirpa- 6. Extraction; descent. [JVot now used.| South. External taxes, are duties or imposts laid on goods tion of weeds from land; the extirpation of evil prin- | RX-TRA€T’ED, pp. or a. Drawn or taken out. imported into a country. Federalist. ciples from the heart; the extirpation ol a race of | BX-TRA€T'/ING, ppr. Drawing or taking out. EX-TER-NAL/L-TY,n. External perception. 4. Smith, | Ten 3, the extirpation of heresy. EX-TRAC’TION, n. [L. eztractio. EX-TERN’AL-LY, adv. Outwardly; on the outside. EX/TIR-PA-TOR, x, One who roots out; a de- 1. The act of drawing out; as, the eztraction of a 2. In appearance ; visibly. Stroyer. ‘ ae : é tooth ; the extraction of a bone or an arrow from the EX-TERN/ALS, n. pl. The outward parts; exterior EX-TI-SPI//CIOUS, (-spish’us,) a, Augurial ;_rela- body ; the eztraction of a fetus or child in midwitlery. form. ane to the inspection of entrails in order ss 2° Descent ; lineage; birth; derivation of persons Gam wasmoiless sons an his external saber ba Seat ACations PT OWT from a stock or family. Hence, the stock or family A Bas as vel Aa aainortal saan ne ee ae as rou’, 0. 1 [L. extollo ; ex and tollo, to raise 5 Ch. from which one has descended.» We say, a man i 2. Outward rites and ceremonies ; visible forms ; zt Ogee Beane Ch: a3. Class) DEAN ele: 28.] | of a noble extraction. as. the externals of religion. 2 ; T'o raise in words or eulogy ; to praise ; to exalt i 3. In pharmacy, the operation of drawing essences, EX-TER-RA'NE-OUS, at [L. exterraneus; ex and comimnendanot to meee We extol virited Devt tinctures, &c., from a substance. _ Encye. terra, a land.) Hero Watcaencidesisa (he) too much dispose _ 4, In arithmetic and algebra, the extraction of roots Foreign ; belonging to or coming from abroad. ne a spise Pooks. is the operation of finding the root of a given num- EX-TER/SION, (eks-fer'shun,) n. {. extersio, from A that rideth upon the heavens by his name Jah. — Ps. ber or quantity ; also, the method or rule by which extergeo; ex and tergeo, to wipe. ] ike ae : the operation AS performed > evolution. The act of wiping or rubbing out. EX-TOL’LED, (creole pp. Exalted in commen- | EX-1 RA€T/IVE, a. That is or may be extracted. EX-TILL’, v.i. [L. eztillo; ex and stillo, to drop.] dation ; praised ; magnified. pte Se c Kirwan. To drop or distill from. EX-TOL'LER, x. One who praises or magnifies ; a EX-TRA€ I/EVE, n. The same as Extract. Parr. EX-TIL-LA’TION, n. The act of distilling from, or praiser or magnifier. i- EX-TRA€T/OR, n. In midwifery, a forceps or instru falling from in drops. EX-TO L’LING, ppr- Praising ; exalting by praise or ment for extracting children. Pe EX-TILL/ED, (eks-tild’,) pp. Distilled. commendation ; magnifying. : EX-TRA-DI€/TION-A-RY ,a. [L. extra and dictio. } EX-TIM/U-LAYTE. [Votin use.] See Stimuxare. EX-TORS'IVE, a. [See Extort.] Serving to ex- Consisting not in words, but in realities. [ Not EX-TIM-U-LA/TION. See SrimuLaTion. tort ; tending to draw from by compulsion. used. | Brown. EX-TINCT’, a. [L. eztinctus. See Exrincuisn.] EX-TORS/IVE-LY, adv. In an extorsive manner ; EX-TRA-DI//TION, (eks-tra-dish’un,) nm. [Fr., from 1. Extinguished ; put out; quenched; as, fire, by extorsion. the L. ez and traditio, trado, to deliver. ] : light, or a lamp, is eztinct. EX-TORT’,v.t. [L. extortus, from extorqueo, to wrest Delivery from one nation to another. It is particu- 9. Being at an end; having no survivor; as, a from; ez and torqueo, to twist; Fr. extorquer. | larly applied to the delivery, by one nation or state to family or race is extinct. 1. To draw from by force or compulsion ; to wrest another, of fugitives from justice, In pursuance of a 3. Being at an end; having ceased. ‘The enmity or wring from by physical force, by menace, duress, treaty. It may be applied, also, to other cases, In. between the families is extinct. violence, authority, or by any illegal means. Con- pursuance of law or constitution. My days are extinct. —Job xvii, querors extort contributions from the vanquished ; EX-TRA/DOS, n. The exterior curve of an arch. : tyrannical princes extort money trom their subjects; | EX-TRA-DO/TAL, a. Not belonging to dower, 4, Being at an end, by abolition or disuse ; having officers often extort illegal fees; confessions of guilt EX-TRA-FO-LLA’CEOUS, (-shus,) a [L. eztra, be- NO, forces as; the law is extinct. are extorted by the rack. A promise extorted by du- yond, and folium, a leaf. ] EX-TINET 12 Vs te To put out; to destroy. [Jmproper. ress is not binding. In botany, away from the leaves, or Inserted in a EX-T IN€ TION, . [L. extinctio. See ExtTinGuisuH. 2. To gain by violence or oppression. Spenser. different place from them ; as, extrafoliaceous prickles, _i. The act of putting out or destroying light or | EX-TORT’, v. i. To practice extortion. Loudon. fire, by quenching, suffocation, or otherwise. Spenser. Davies. EX-TRA-GE&/NE-OUS, a. [L.eztra and genus, kind.] 2. The state of being extinguished, quenched, or EX-TORT’ED, pp. or a. Drawn from by compulsion ; Belonging to another kind. suffocated ; as, the extinction of fire or of a candle. wrested from. EX-TRA-JU-DI'/CIAL, (-ju-dish’al,) a. [eztra, with- _3. Destruction ; excision ; as, the eztinction of na-~| EX-TORT’ER, n. One who extorts, or practices ex-| out, and judicial. ] uons. : : tortion. Camden. Out of the proper court, or the ordinary course of 4. Destruction; suppression ; a putting an end to ; | EX-TORT’ING, ppr. Wresting from by force or un-} __ legal procedure. Encyc. as, the extinction of life, or of a family ; the eztinction| due exercise of power. EX-TRA-JU-DI//CIAL-LY, adv. Ina manner out of ot puds, jealousies, or enmity; the extinction ora claim. | EX-TOR’TION, n. The act of extorting; the act or the ordinary course of legal proceedings. 2ylife. EX-TIN/’GUISH, (eks-ting’gwish,) v.t. (LL. extinguo ; practice of wresting any thingfrom a person by force, | EX-TRA-LIM'IT-A-RY, a. [extra and limit.) ’ Being ex and stingo, stinguo, or the Jatter may be a con- duress, menaces, authority, or by any undue exer- beyond the limit or bounds ; as, extralimitary land. traction ; Gr. ortfw, for o7tyw, to prick, that is, to cise of power; illegal exaction ; illegal compulsion Mitford. | HE eae EIE CIBALtOe from as to dip, to stain ;| to pay money, or to do some other act. Extortion is | EX'/TRA-MIS/SION, (-mish/un,) n [l. extra and ably allied to tango, for tago, to touch. Fr. an offense punishable at common law. mitto, to send. | | eteindres It. estinguere; Sp. extinguir. See Class Dg, _ 2. Force or illegal compulsion by which any thing A sending out ; emission. Brown. No. rei 31, 40 ] is taken from a person. King Charles. EX-TRA-MUN'DANE, a. [L. extra and mundus, the 1| se BO put out 5 to quench 3 to suffocate ; to de-| EX-TOR/TION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to, or implying world. ] igen y 5 as, to extinguish fire or flame. extortion. Beyond the limit of the material world. Glanville. 1 | {i FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 420EXT EXT EXU EX TRA'NE-OUS, a. [L. extraneus.] Foreign ; not belonging to a thing; existing with- out ; not intrinsic; as, to separate gold from eztrane- ous matter. Relation is not contained in the real existence of things, but is xtraneous and superinduced. Lo c Extraneous fossils ; organic remains ; exuvie of org aulted beings, imbedded in the strata of the earth. Cyc. EX-TRA/NE-OUS-LY, adv. In an extraneous man- ner EX-TRA-OF-FI//CL AL, (-of-fish’al,) a. the limits of official duty. EX-TRAOR’DI-NA-RIES, (eks-tror/de-na-riz,) n. pl. Things which exceed the usual order, kind, or method. [Rarely used in the sin guar. EX-TRAOR’DI-NA-RI-LY, (eks-tror’de-na-ri-ly,) adv. [See ExTRAORDINARY. ] In a manner out of the ordinary or usual method ; beyond the common course, limits, or order; in an uncommon degree ; remarkably ; particularly ; emi- nently. Not within The semple of Solomon was extraordinarily magnificent. Wukins, EX-TRAOR!DI-NA-RLNESS, (eks-tror’-) n. Un- commonness ; remarkableness. EX-TRAOR/DI-NA-RY, (eks-tror/de-na-ry,) a. ([L. extraordinarius ; extra and ordinarius, usual, from ordo, order. ] Te Beyond or out of the common order or method ; not in the usual, customary, or regular course; not ordinary. Extraordinary evils require extraordinary remedies. 2. Exceeding the common degree or measure ; hence, remarkable; uncommon; rare; wonderful ; as, the extraordinary talents of Shakspeare ; the ez- traordinary powers of Newton ; an edifice of eztraor- dinary grandeur. 3. Special ; particular; sent for a special purpose, or on a particular occasion; as, an extraordinary courier or Messenger; an embassador extraordinary ; a gazette extraordinary. EX-TRA-PA-RO'/€HL Al, a. Not within the limits of any parish. Blackstone. EX-TRA-PHYS/I€-AL, a. Metaphysical. Lawrence. EX-TRA-PRO-FES/SION-AL, (-fesh/un-al,) a. [ez- tra and professional. | Foreign. to a profession; not within the ordinary limits of professional duty or business. Molina was an ecclesiastic, and these studies were ertra-profes- sional, Med. Repos. EX-TRA-PRO-VIN/CIAL, (-pro-vin/shal,) a. [eztra and provincial.] Not within the same province ; not within the jurisdiction of the same archbishop. Ayliffe. EX-TRA-REG/U-LAR, a. [eztra and regular. | Not comprehended w ithin a Sale or rules. ‘aylor. EX-TRA-TER-RI-TO/RI-AL, a. Being beyond or without the limits of a territory or particular jurisdic- tion Hunter. Wheaton s Rep. EX-TRA-TROP/IE- Al, a. [extra and tropical.] Be- yond the tropics; without the tropics, north or south. Viiewell. EX-TRAUGHT?’; old pp. of Extract. [Obs.] EX-TRAY!A-G: ANCE, jn ([L. extra and vagans; BX-TRAV/A-GAN-CY,{ vagor, to wander. See VaAGuE.] 1. Literally, a wandering beyond a limit; an ex- cursion or sally from the usual way, course, or limit. Hammond. 2. In writing or discourse, a going beyond the limits of strict truth or probability ; as, extravagance of ex- pression or description. 3. Excess of affection, passion, or appetite ; as, ez- travagance of love, anger, hatred, or hunger. 4, Excess in expenditures of property; the ex- pending of money without necessity, or beyond what is reasonable or proper ; dissipation. The income of three dukes was not enough to aun her ez- travagance. buthnot. 5. In general, any excess or wandering from pre- scribed limits ; irregularity ; wildness; as, the ez- travagance of imagination ; extravagance of claims or [extra and parochial. ] demands. EX-TRAV’A-GANT, a. Literally, wandering beyond limits. Shak. 2. Excessive; exceeding due bounds; unreasona- ble. ‘he wishes, demands, desires, and passions of men are often extravagant. 3. Irregular ; wild; not within ordinary limits of truth or probability, or other usual bounds ; as, ez- travagant flights of fancy. There is something nobly wild and extravagant in great geniuses. ddison, 4. Exceeding necessity or propriety; wasteful ; prodigal; as, extravagant expenses ; an extravagant mode of living. 5. Prodigal; profuse in expenses; as, an eztrava- gant man. He that is extravagant will quickly become poor, and poverty will enforce dependence, and inyite corruption, Rambler. EX-TRAV/A-GANT, n. One who is confined to no EX-TRAV‘A-GANT-LY, adv. In an extravagant manner; wildly; not within the limits of truth or probability. Men often write and talk extravagantly. » Unreasonably ; excessively. It is prudent not to praise or censure extravagantly. 3. In a manner to use property without necessity or propriety, or to no good purpose ; expensively, or profusely to an unjustifiable degree ; as, to live, eat, drink, or dress extravagantly. EX-TRAV/A-GANT- NESS,n. Excess ; extravagance. Little used. EX-TRAV/A-GANTS, x. pl. In church history, cer- tain decretal epistles, or constitutions of the popes, which were published after the Clementines, and not at first arranged and digested with the “other papal constitutions. They were afterward inserted in the body of the canon law. Encyc. EX-TRAV-A-GAN’ZA, [it.] A musical composi- Hon, designed to eradnes effect by its wild irregular- ty Smart. EX-TRAV/A- GATE, v. % To wander beyond the limits. [JVot used.] Warburton. EX-TRAV-A-GA/TION, n. Excess; a wandering be- yond limits. Smollett. EX-TRAV/A-SATE, ». t. vessels, as blood. EX-TRAV/A-SA-TED, pp. or a. vessels. ] Forced or let out of its proper vessels ; as, extrava- sated blood. Arbuthnot. EX-TRAV/A-SA-TING, ppr. Escaping from the proper vessels. EX-TRAYV-A-SA/TION, x. The act of forcing or let- ting out of its proper vessels or ducts, asa fluid; the state of being forced or let out of its containing ves- sels ; effusion; as, an eztravasation of blood after a rupture of the vessels. EX-TR A- VAS/€U-LAR, a. vessel To let out of the proper [L. extra and vasa, Being out of the proper Lawrence. EX-TR/ AV/E- NATE, a. [L. extra and vena, vein] Let out of the veins. [JVot in use. | Glanville EX-TRA-VER’SION, n. tn extra and versio, a turn- ing. The act of throwing out ; the state of being turned or thrown out. [Little used. ] Boyle. EX-TREAT’,m. Extraction. Pee Spenser. EX-TREME!, a. [L. extremus, last. 1, Outermost; utmost; furthest; at the utmost point, edge, or border ; as, the extreme verge or point of a thing 2. Greatest ; most violent; utmost; as, eztreme pain, grief, or ’ suffering ; extreme joy or pleasure. 3. Last; beyond which there is none; as, an ez- treme remedy. 4, Utmost; worst or best that can exist or be sup- pose d; as, an extreme case. 5. Most pressing ; as, extreme necessity. Extreme unction, among the Roman Catholics, is the anointing of a sick person with oil, when affected with some mortal disease, and usually just before death. It is applied tothe eyes, ears, nostrils, mouth, hands, feet, and reins of penitents, and is supposed to represent the grace of God poured into the soul. Encyc. Extreme and mean proportion, in geometry, is when a line is so divided, that the whole line is to the greater segment as that segment is to the less; or when a line is so divided, that the rectangle under the whole line and the lesser segment is equal to the square of the greater segment. Buclid. EX-TREME/, n. The utmost point or verge of a thing ; that part which terminates a body ; extremity. 2. Utmost point; furthest degree ; as, the extremes of heat and cold; the extremes of virtue and vice. Avoid extremes. Extremes naturally beget each other. ro} There isa natural progression from the ezireme of anarchy to the extreme of tyranny. Jashington. 3. In lowic, the extremes, or extreme terms of a syl- logism, are the predicate and subject of the conclu- sion. Thus, ‘‘ Man is an animal; Peter is a man, therefore Peter is an animal;”? the word animal is the greater extreme, Peter the less extreme, and man the middle term. Encyc. 4. In mathematics, the extremes are the first and last terms of a proportion; as, when three magni- tudes are proportional, the rectangle contained by the extremes is equal to the square of the mean. Euclid. EX-TREME/LESS, a. Having no extremes or extreni- ities ; infinite. EX-TREME!LY, adv. utmost point. Ten ely painful. In familiar language, very much; greatly EX- TREML XG fils extremitas.] l. The utmost fount or side; the verge; the point In the utmost degree ; to the of @ country. ities of the body, in painting and sculpture, are the head, hands, and feet ; but, in anatomy, the term is applied to the limbs only, rande, . The utmost point; It is extremely hot or cold; it is ex-| py PEereouUS or border that terminates a thing ; as, the extremities EX-UDP, v. t. 2, A term applied to the utmost parts. The extrem- the highest or furthest de- extremity of cruelty. Even charity and forbearance may be ‘carried to extremity. 4. Extreme or utmost distress, straits, or difficul- Hes as, a city besieged and reduced to extremity. The utmost rigor or violence. The Greeks have sited oppression. in its utmost extremity. 6. The most aggravated state. The world is running after farce, the extremity of bad poate ryden. EX’/TRI-€A-BLE, a, [Infra.] That can be extrica- ted. EX’/TRLEATE, v. t. [l. extrico. ‘The primary verb trico is not in ‘the Latin. We probably see its affini- ties in the Greek Opitz, tovxos, hair, or a bush of | hair, from interweaving, entangling. I suspect that Toecs and three are contracted from this root ; three for threg, folded, ora plexus. The same word occurs in intricate and intrigue ; Fr. tricher, to cheat ; tricoter, to weave ; Eng. trick; It. treccia, a lock of hair. Class Rg, No. 95.) it Properly, to disentangle ; hence, to free from difficulties or perplexities ; to disembarrass ; as, to ez- tricate one from complicated business, from trouble- some alliances, or other connections; to extricate one’s self from debt. 2. To send out ; to cause to be emitted or evolved EX’/TRL€A-TED, pp. Disentangled; freed from dif- ficulties and perplexities; disembarrassed ; evolved. EX’TRL€A-TING, pyr. Disentangling; disembar- rassing ; evolving. EX-TRI-€A/TION, The act of disentangling ; a freeing from RETTIG HERE disentanglement. 2, The act of sending out or evolving; as, the ez- trication of heat or moisture from a substance. nn US m= or RIN’SICAL, a. [L. entrinsecus.] External ; outw ard; not contained in or belonging to a body. ‘Mere matter can not move without the impulse of an extrinsic agent. It is opposed to in- trinste, ES TS SI€-AL-LY, adv. From without; exter- EX. THORS AL, a. [L. extrorsum.] In botany, turned from the axis to which it apper- tains, as anthers whose line of dehiscence is toward the petals. EX-TRUCT", v.t. [L. extruo, extructus. To build; to construct. [JVot in use. EX-TRUE€'TION, n. A building. [Wot used.] EX-TRU€T’IVE, a. Forming into a structure. Pulke, EX-TRUCT/OR, n. A builder; a fabricator; a con- triver. [JVot used EX-TRUDE’, v.t. [L. extrudo ; ex and trudo, to thrust.] 1. To thrust out; to urge, force, or press out ; to expel; as, to extrude a fetus. 2. To drive away ; to drive off. Woodward. EX-TRUD/ED, pp. Thrust out; driven out or away; expelled. EX-TRUD/ING, ppr. Thrusting out; expelling. EX-TRU/SION, * (eks- -tra/zhun,) n. The act of thrust- ing or throwing out ; a driving out; expulsion. EX-TU'/BER-ANCE, )z. [L. ertuberans, extubero; EX-TU!'BER-AN-CY, ex and tuber, a puff. 1. In medicine, aswelling or rising of the flesh; a protuberant part. Enciye. 2. A knob or swelling part of a body. Moxon. EX-TU/BER-ANT, a, Swelled ; standing out. EX-TU/BER-ATE, v.% [L. extubero.] To swell. [ot in USE. | HX-TU-MES/CENCE, xn, [L. extwmescens, extumesco ; ex and tumesco, fumed, to swell.] ; A swelling or rising. [ Little used. | EX-U/BER-ANCE , (egz- -yu'ber-ans,) Ke ~ PL exe EX-U!/BER-AN-CY, (egz-ya/ber-an-sy,)} erans, exu- bero; ex and ubero, to fatten ; xber, a pap or breast, that is, a Swelling or mass. ] 1. An abundance ; ; an overflowing quantity ; rich- ness ; as, an exuberance of fertility or fancy. 2, Superfluous abundance ; luxuriance. 3. Overgrowth ; superfluous shoots, as of trees. EX-U/BER-ANT, (egz-ya/‘ber-ant,) a. Abundant; plenteous ; rich ; 3; as, exuberant fertility ; 3 ez uberant goodness. 2, Over-abundant ; superfluous ; luxuriant. 3. Pouring forth abundance ; producing in plenty ; as, exuberant spring. Thomson. EX- U/B ER-ANT-LY, adv. Abundantly; very copi- ously ; in great plenty ; to a superfluous degree. The earth has produced exuberantly. EX-U’/BER-ATE, v.% [L. exubero.] To abound; to be in great abundance. See Exsuccovs. EX-U- DATION, m. [L. exudo.] A sweating; a dis- charge of humors or moisture from animal bodies. . The discharge of the juices of a plant, moist- ure from the earth, &c. (Supra. To discharge the moisture or juices of a living body through the pores 5 also, to discharge the liquid matter of a plant by incisions. greatest abundance, Dwight. S [ Rare. | Our forests erude turpentine in the Exu/pate is not now used.) nxt] IDH/, v.i. To flow from a living body through general rule. I) Estrange. TUNE es as, the extremity of pain or suffering; the , BUL rae pa TE. lemon COS. —€ as Ks Gas J; S as Z; the pores, or by a natural discharge, as juice. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Aah —— A gee, a "7 eae eee i ‘| a we y } is ig a) i Pa | b f gs hk nes cf Zz ya a Sellee Te mien pees oot Sn oe Paes ek ee ond a pn Py (hee ie —e ———————————————————————— E i EX-UD/ED, pp- Emitted, asjuice. EX_UD/ING, ppr- Discharging, as Juice. EX-UL/CER-ATE, 2. ¢. [L. exulcero; ex and ulcero, to ulcerate, wlcus, an ulcer. ] 1. To cause or produce an ulcer or ulcers. Encyc. 9. To afflict ; to corrode ; to fret or anger. Milton. EX-UL'/GER-ATE, v.i. To become an ulcer ws ulcer- a acon. 8. i EX-UL'CER-A TED, pp. Affected with ulcers ; hay- ing become ulcerous. EX-UL/CER «-TING, ppr- ting ; becoming wlcerous. EX-UL-CER-A/TION, n. on a body, or the process 0 beginning erosion which wears awa and forms an ulcer. Encyc. Quincy. 9, A fretting ; exacerbation ; corrosion. Hooker. EX-UL'CER-A-TO-RY, «4. Having a tendency to form ulcers, ; EX-ULT’, (egz-ult’,) v. t lio, to leap ; Ite esultare. | ie . : Properly, to leap for Joy ; hence, to rejoice in tri- umph 3 to rejoice exceedingly at_success OF victory ; to be glad above measure ; to triumph. It is natural to man to ezult at the success of his schemes, and to erult over a fallen adversary. EX-ULT/ANCE, )x. Exultation. EX-ULT’AN-CY, § EX-ULT’ANT, a. Rejoicing triumphantly. More. EX-ULT-A’/TION, rn. The act of exulting; lively joy at success or victory, or at any advantage gained ; great gladness ; rapturous delight ; triumph. Ezult- ation usually springs from the gratification of our de- sire of some good ; particularly, of distinction or su- periority, or of that which confers distinction. It often springs from the gratification of pride or am- bition. But exultation may be a lively joy springing fromm Jaudable causes. EX-ULT'ING, ppr. or a. umph. EX-ULT/ING-LY, adv. Ina triumphant manner. EX-UN/DATE, v.i. To overflow. [Vot used. | EX-UN-DA’TION, n. [L. exundatio, from exundo, to overflow ; ex and undo, to rise in waves, unda, a wave. | An overflowing abundance. [Little used.| Ray. EX-UN/'GU-LATE, v.t. [L. ex and ungula. | To pare off superfluous parts or nails. EX-UN//GU-LA-T'ED, pp. Deprived of nails or su- perfluous parts. EX-U N’'/GU-LA-TING, ppr. EX-U/PER-A-BLE, (-ya’per-a-bl,) a. overcome or surpassed. EX-U’/PER-ANCBH, n. Overbalance, EX-U/PER-ANT, a. Overcoming. EX-U/PER-ATE, v.t. Toexcel; to surmount, [ Obs.] EX-U/PER-A-TED, pp. Conquered; excelled. . EX-U/PER-A-TING, ppr. Excelling. EX-U-PER-a/TION, nz. The act of excelling. EX-UR/GENT, a. [For Exsurcent.] Arising. [JVot used, EX-US'CLTATE, v.t. [L. exuscito.| ‘To rouse. EX-US’TION, (eks-ust/yun,) rn. [L. exustus. | The act or operation of burning up. EX-lJ/VI-A-BLE, a. Capable of being cast or thrown in the form of exuvie. EX-U/VL-&, n. pl. [.] Cast skins, shells, or cover- ings, of animals; any parts of animals which are shed or cast off, as the skins of serpents and cater- pillars, the shells of lobsters, &c. Encyc. 9. In geology, the fossil shells and other remains which animals have left in the strata of the earth. Lyell. EX VO'TO, [L.] In consequence of a vow ; applied to votive offerings, as of a picture for a chapel, &c. ; common in Roman Catholic countries. EY, in old writers, (Sax. ig,] signifies an isle. EY/AS, (i/as,) n. [Fr. niais, silly. A young hawk just taken from the nest, not able to prey for itself. Hanmer. Shak. EY’AS, a. Unfledged. Spenser. Producing ulcers on ; fret- The act of causing ulcers f becoming ulcerous; the ay the substance, [L. exulto; ex and salto, sa- [ot used. | Hammond, Rejoicing greatly or in tri- Paring off, as nails, &c. That may be [Not used. | i the sixth letter of the English alphabet, is a labial 9 articulation, formed by placing the upper teeth on the under lip, and accompanied with an emission of breath. F in English has one uniform sound, as in father, after. Its kindred letter is v, which is chiefly distinguished from f by being more vocal, or accom- panied with more sound, as may be perceived by pronouncing ef, ev. This letter may be derived from the Oriental ) val, OF from 5 pe or phe; most proba- bly the former. ‘The Latins received the letter from the Eolians in Greeve, who wrote it in the form of a double gamma, F; whence it has been called a di- EYE, (i,)7. [Sax. eag, eal; Goth. auga; D. oog; G. EY/AS-MUS-KET, 2. A young unfledged male hawk, of the musket kind, or sparrow hawk. Shak. auge; Sw. 6ga; Dan. dye; Russ. oko; Sans. akshi; L. oculus, a diminutive, whence Fr. ail, Sp. ojo, It. occhio, Port olko. The original word must have been ag, ez, or hag or heg, coinciding with egg. The old English plural was eyen, or ey7e., 1]. The organ of sight or vision ; properly, the globe or ball movable in the orbit. The eye is nearly of a spherical figure, and composed of coats or tunics. But in the term eye we often or usually include the ball and the parts adjacent. 2. Sight; view; oculur knowledge; as, I have a man now in my eye. In this sense, the plural is more generally used. Before whose eyes Jesus Cnrist hath been evidently set forth, crucified among you. — Gal. iil. 3. Look ; countenance. I'll say yon gray is not the morning’s eye. Shak. 4, Front; face. Her shall you hear disproved to your eyes. 5. Direct opposition ; as, to sail in the wind’s eye. 6. Aspect ; regard ; respect; view. Booksellers mention with respect the authors they have printed, and consequently have an eye to their own advantage. Addison. 7. Notice; observation ; vigilance ; watch. After this jealousy, he kept a strict eye upon him. L’Estrange. 8. View of the mind; opinion formed by observa- tion or contemplation. It hath, in their eye, no great affinity with the form of the church thy sae 5 J : OokKeT,. Shak. of Rome. 9. Sight ; view; cither in a literal or figurative sense. 10. Something resembling the eye in form ; as, the eye of a peacock’s feather. Newton. A small hole or aperture ; a perforation ; as, the eye of a needle. 12, Asmall catch for a hook; as we say, hooks and eyes. In nearly the same sense, the word is ap- plied to certain loops or rings which serve as fasten- ings for the rigging of ships. 13. The bud of a plant; a shoot. Encyc. 14. A small shade of color. [Little used.] Red, with an eye of blue, makes a purple. Boyle. 15. The power of perception. The eyes of your understanaing being enlichtened. — Eph. L 16. Oversight ; inspection. The eye of the master will do more work than both his hands. Franklin. The eyes of a ship, 2re tre parts which lie near the hawse-holes, particularly ip. the lower apartments. Mar. Dict. To set the eyes on, is to see; to have a sight of. To find favor in the eyes, is to be graciously received and treated. EVE, x. A brood ; as, an eye of pheasants. EYE, v.t. To fix the eye on; to look on; to view ; to observe ; particularly, tu observe or watch narrowly, or with fixed attention. Eye nature’s walks, shoot folly as it flies. EVE, v. i. To appear; to have an appearance. Shak. EVE/-AT-TRA€T’ING, a. Attracting the eyes. EVE/BALL, x. The ball, globe, or apple of the eye. EVE/-BEAM,n. A glance of the eye. Shak. EVE/-BOLT, zn. In ships, a bar of iron, or bolt, with an eye at one end, formed to be driven into the deck or sides, for the purpose of hooking tackles or fasten- ing ropes to it. Totten. EVE’/BRIGHT, n. The popular name of a species of Euphrasia. It was formerly much used as a remedy for diseases of the eye. EVE/-BRIGHT-EN-ING, n. Pope. A clearing of the sight. Milton. EYE/BROW, 2. The brew or hairy arch above the EYE/-DROP, 2. EYE/-FLAP, n. EVE/-GLANCE, rn. look. PENS ET» EVE/-GLASS, n. A glass to assist the sight; specta- cles. Shak. EVE/-GLUT-TING, n. Spenser. EYE’LASH, n. The line of hair that edges the eyelid. ohknson. EYE’LESS, (i/less,) a. Wanting eyes; destitute of sight. Milton, Addison. EVE/LET, ne EVE/LET-HOLE, EVE/LI-AD, n. EVE/LID, x. EY E/-OF-FEND/ING, a. EVE/-PIECE, 7. EYE/-PLEAS-ING, a. EY/ER, (i/er,) n. EVE/-SALVE, (i/sav,) n. EVE/-SER-VANT, n. EYE/-SER-VICE, n. EVE/-SHOT, n. EVE/SIGHT, n. The sight of the eye; view; obser- EYVE/SORE, n. FAB 2. Having eyes; used in composition; as, a dull-eyed nan ; ox-eyed Juno. A tear. Shak. A blinder on a horse’s bridle. A glance of the eye; a rapid In telescopes, the same as Eyerrece, which see. A feasting of the eyes. [Fr. willet, a little eye, from ail, eye. | A small hole or perforation, to receive a lace or small rope or cord. We usually say, eyelet-hole. [Fr. eillade. | A glance of the eye. Shak. The cover of the eye; that portion of movable skin with which an animal covers the eye- ball, or uncovers it, at pleasure. That hurts the eyes. Shak. In a telescope, the lens, or combi- nation of lenses, with which the image is viewed, by which it is magnified. D. Olmsted. Pleasing the eye. Davies. One who eyes another. Gayton. Ointment for the eye. Revelation. A servant who attends to his duty only when watched, or under the eye of his master or employer, Service performed only under inspection or the eye of an employer. Not with eye-service, as men-pleasers; but in singleness of heart, fearing God. — Col. il. Sight; view ; glance of the eye. Dryden. vation. Ps. XViil. Josephus sets this down from his own eyesight. Wilkins, 9. The sense of seeing. His eyesight fails. Something offensive to the eye or sight. Mordecai was an eyesore to Haman. EVE/-SPLICE, n. In seamen’s language, a sort of eye or circle formed by splicing the end of a rope into It- L’ Estrange. self. Totten. EYE/-SPOT-TED, a. Marked with spots like eyes. Spenser. EVE/-STONE, z. A small, calcareous stone, used for taking substances from between the lid and ball of the eye. EVE/-STRING, n. The tendon by which the eye is moved. Shak. EVE/-TOOTH, n. A tooth under the eye; a pointed tooth in the upper jaw next to the grinders, called also a canine tooth; a fang. Ray. EVE/-WA-TER, 7. A medicated water for the eyes. EVE/-WINK, n. A wink or motion of the eyelid; a hint or token. Shak. EYVE/-WIT-NESS, 2. One who sees a thing done; one who has ocular view of any thing. We were eye-wilnesses of his majesty. — 2 Pet. i. EY/ING, ppr. Viewing; watching ; observing. EY/OT’, (i/ot,) n. A little isle. Blackstone. EYRE, (are,)n. [Old Fr., from L. iter.] 1. Literally, a journey or circuit. In England, the justices in eyre were itinerant judges, who rode the circuit to hold courts in the different counties. 2. A court of itinerant justices. Blackstone. EY’RY, (a’re,) n. The place where birds of prey con- struct their nests and hatch. It is written also Eyrre. [See Arnie. ] The eagle and the stork i Milton. eye. EY/ED, (ide,) pp. Viewed; observed ; watched. F. gamma, It corresponds in power to the Greek ¢, phi, and its proper name is eft As a Latin numeral, it signifies 40, and with a dash over the top, F, forty thousand. In the ciwil law, two of these letters together, Jf, sig- nify the pandects. In English criminal law, this letter is branded on felons, when admitted to the benefit of clergy ; by stat. 4 H. VII. c. 13. In medical prescriptions, F.stands for fiat, let it be made; F.S. A. fiat secundum artem. 45 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METH, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — On cliffs and cedar tops their eyries build. F stands also for fellow; F.R. S. Fellow of the Royal Society. ‘ or fa, in music, is the fourth note rising in this order in the gamut, do, [or wt,] re, mt, fa. It denotes, also, one of the Greek keys in music, destined for the base. FA-BA'CEOUS, (fa-ba/shus,) a. from faba, a bean.] Having the nature of a bean; like a bean. used, | FA’BI-AN, a. Delaying; dilatory; avoiding battle, in imitation of Quintus Fabius Maximus, a Roman [Low L. fabaceus, { LittleFAB FAC general who conducted military operations against Hannibal, by declining to risk a battle in the open field , but harassing the enemy by marches, counter- marches, and ambuscades. FA/BLE, x. [L. fabula; Fr. fable; It. favola; Ir. Jabhal; Sp. fabula, from the Latin, but the native Spanish word is habla, speech. Qu. W. hebu, to speak; Gr. exw. The radical sense is that which is spoken or told.] 1. A feigned story or tale, intended to instruct or amuse; a fictitious narration intended to enforce some useful truth or precept. ble of the trees is the oldest extant, and as beautiful Addison. as, the story is all Jotham’s fal as any made since. 2. Fiction ; i a general sense; a fable. An idle story ; vicious or vulgar fictions. But refuse profane and old wives’ fables. —1 Tim. iv. 4. The plot, or connected series of events, in an epic or dramatic poem. The moral is the first business of the poet ; this being formed, he contrives such a design or fable as may be most suitable to the moral. Dryden, 5. Falsehood ; a softer term foralie. Addison. FA/BLE, v. 2. To feign; to write fiction. Vain now the tales w hich fabling poets tell. Prior. 2. To tell falsehoods ; as, he fables not. Shak. FA’BLE, v. t. To feign; speak of, as true or real. The hell thou /ablest. to invent; to devise and Milton. PFA/BLED, pp. Feigned; invented, as stories. 2. a ‘Jold or celebrated in fables. Hail, fabled grotto. Tickel. FA’/BLER, 7. A writer of fables or fictions ; a dealer in feigned stones. ohnson. FA/BLING, The act of making fables. Story. Fa! BLING, om ora. Feigning ; devising, as stories ; writing or uttering false stories FAB/RI€, n. [L. fabrica, a frame, from faber, a work- man; Fr. fabrique.] 1. The structure of any thing; the manner in which the parts of a thing are united by art and la- bor; workmanship; texture. Thisis cloth of a beau- tiful fabric. 2. The frame or structure of a building ; construc- tion. More generally, the building itself; an edifice ; a house; atemple; achurch,a bridge, &c. The word is usually applied to a large building. 3. Any system composed of connected parts; as, the fabric of the universe. 4. Cloth manufactured. Silks and other fine fabrics of the East. FAB/RI€, v. t To frame; to build; to Ee utle used. FAB/RI€-AaTE, v. bs supra. | To frame; to build; to construct; to form a whole by connecting its parts; as, to fabricate a bridge or a ship. 2. To form by art and labor; to fabricate woolens. 3. ‘To invent and form; to forge ; ly ; as, to fabricate a lie or story. Our books were not fabricated with an accommodation to pre- valling usages. aley. 4. To coin; as, to fabricate money. [ Unusual.] Henry, Hist. FAB/RI€-A-TED, pp. Framed; constructed ; built ; manufactured ; invented ; ; devised f falsely ; forged. FAB/RI€-A-TING, ppr. Framing ; - constructing ; ; man- ufacturing ; devising falsely ; forging. FAB-RI€-A/TION, n. The act “of framing or con- structing ; construction 3; as, the fabrication of a bridge or of a church. . The act of manufacturing. 3. The act of devising falsely ; forgery. 4. That which is fabricated; a falsehood. story 1s doubtless a fabrication. FAB/RI€-A-TOR, n. One that constructs or makes. FAB/‘RILE, (fab/ril,) a. [L. fabrilis.] Pertaining to handcratts. [Not used.] Henry. construct. Philips. [L. fabrico, to frame, from fuber, to manufacture ; as, to devise false- The FAB’/U-LIST,n. [from fable.) The inventor or wri- ter of fables arrick. FAB/U-LIZE, v.t. To invent, compose, or relate fa- bles, Faber, FAB/U-LIZ-ED, pp. Related in fable. FAB/U-LIZ-ING, ppr. Composing or relating in fable. FAB- U- LOS'I-TY,n. Fabulousness ; fullness of fa- bles. [Little used.) Abbot. FAB/U-LOUS, a. Feigned, as a story; devised ; fic- titious ; as, a fabulous story ; a fabulous description. 2. Related in fable ; described or celebrated in fa- bles; invented; not real; as, a fabulous hero; the fabulous exploits of Hercules. 3. The fabulous age of Greece and Rome, was the early age of those countries, the accounts of which are mostly fabulous, or in which the fabulous achieve- ments of their heroes were performed ; called, also, the heroic age. FAB'U- LOUS-LY, adv. In fable or fiction ; in a fabu- lous manner. Brown. FAB/U-LOUS-NESS, x. The quality of being fabu- lous or feigned. FAB/UR-DEN, n. ple counterpoint. FA-CADP’, (fa-sade’,) n. front view or elevation of an edifice. Warton. FACE, x. [Fr. face; It. faccia; Sp. faz or haz; Arm. fagz ; L. facies, from facio, to make. ] - In a general sense, the surface of a thing, or the side which presents itself to the view of a spectator ; ay the face of the earth ; the face of the waters. 2. A surface of a thing ; a term applied to the bounding planes or plane surfaces of a solid. T hus,a cube or die has six fuces; an octahedron has eight faces. 3. Thesurface of the fore part of an animal’s particularly of the human head ; the visage. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. — Gen. iii, Joseph bowed himself with his face to the earth. —Gen. xlviii. 4. Countenance ; cast of features ; look ; air of the face. [Fr. faux bourdon.] In music, sim- [Er] Front; head, We set the best face on it we could, Dryden. 5. The front of athing; the fore part ; the flat sur- face that presents itself first to view; as, the face of ahouse. Ezek. xi. 6. Visible state ; appearance. This would produce a new face of things in Europe. Addison. Appearance ; look. Nor heaven, nor sea, their former face retained. Waller. His dialogue has the face of prebability. Baker. 8. State of confrontation. The witnesses were presented face to face. 9. Confidence ; boldness; He has ee to charge others with false citations. 10. Presence ; sight; as in the phrases, before the Face, in the face, to the face, from the face. 11. The person. 1 had not thought to see thy face. — Gen, xlviii. 12. In Scripture, face is used for anger or favor. Hide us from the face of him that sitteth on the porous. — Rev. vi. Make thy face to shine on thy servant. — Ps. How long wilt thou hide thy /ace from me? — = DE xiii. Hence, to seek the face, that is, to pray to, to seek the favor of. To set the face against, is to oppose. To accept one’s face, is to show him favor or grant his request. So, to entreat the face, is to ask favor ; but these phrases are nearly obs ‘olete. 13. A distorted form of the face; as in the phrase, to make faces, or to make wry faces. Face to face; when both parties are present; as, to have accusers face to face. Acts XxV. 2. Nakedly ; without the interposition of any other body. Now we see through a glass, darkly ; but then face to face, — 1 Cor. xiii. impudence ; a bold front. Tillotson. FACE, v.t. To meet in front; to oppose with firm- ness ; to resist, or to meet for the purpose of stopping or opposing ; as, to face un enemy in the field of battle. Ll face This tempest, and deserve the name of king. Dryden. 2. T'o stand opposite to ; to stand with the face or front toward. ‘Lhe colleges in New Haven face the public square. 3. To cover with additional superficies ; to cover in front; as, a fortification faced with marble; to face a garment with silk. To see down; to oppose boldly, or impudently. FACE, v.i%. To carry a false appearance ; to play the hy ep acieee To lie, to face, to forge. Hubberd’s Tale. 2. To turn the face ; as, to face to the right or left. FACH/-€LOTH, n. [face and cloth.] A cloth laid over the face of a corpse. Brande. FAC/ED, (faste,) pp. Covered in front. 2. a. In composition, denoting the kind of face; as, full faced. Bailey. FACE ‘GUARD, x. A kind of mask to defend the face and eyes an accidents, as in various chemical and mechanical processes. Hebert. FACE’LESS, a. Without a face. FACE/-PAINT-ER, n. A painter of portraits; one who draws the likeness of the face. FACE/-PAINT-ING, x. The act or art of painting portraits. Dryden. FAC/ET, x. [Fr. facette, from face ; Sp. faceta.] A little face a small surface ; as, the facets of a FA- ce TRE [L. facetus. } [diamond. Gay ; ba erful. [Vot in use. ] Burton, FAC/ET- ED, a. Having facets; formed into faccts. FA-C ETE'LY, adv. Sportively ; with good humor. Not wsed. Burton. FA-CETE’NESS, n. Wit; pleasant representation. [Not used. | _ Hales. FA-CE'TI-, (fa-36/she-é,) n. pl. [L.] Witty or hu- morous writings or say ings ; Witticisms. FA-CE/TIOUS, (fa-sé ishus,) a, [Fr. facetieur ; Sp. facecioso ; It. faceto ; L, facetus ; or facetig, pl. Qu. - 1. Merry; sportive; jocular; sprightly with wit and good humor; as, a facetious companion. 2. W itty ; full of pleasantry ; playful; exciting laughter ; as, a facetious story ; a facetious reply. FA-CE’TIOUS-LY, adv. Merrily ; gayly ; wittily ; with pleasantry. BA CE’ TIOUS- NESS, x. Sportive humor ; ; the quality of exciting laughter or good humor. FA/CIAL, (fa/shal,) a. [L. facies, face.] Pertaining to the face ; 3 as, the facial artery, vein, or nerve. Facial angle, in anatomy, is the angle contained by a line drawn horizontally from the middle of the ex- ternal entrance of the ear to the edge of the nostrils, and another from this latter point to the superciliary ridge of the frontal bone, serving to nicasure the elevation of the forehead. d. Encye. FA’CIAL-LY, adv. In a facial manner. FA/CIENT, (-shent,) x A doer; one who does any thing, good or bad. FAC/ILE, (fas‘il,) a. from facio, to make. } [Fr. facile; Sp. facil; L. facilis, 1. Properly, easy to be done or performed ; easy ; not diflicult; performable or attainable with “ita le labor. Order — will render the work facile and delightful. Evelyn. 2, Easy to be surmounted or removed ; easily con- querable. The facile gates of hell too slightly barred, Milton. 3. Easy of access or converse; mild; courteous ; not haughty, austere, or distant. I mean she should be courteous, facile, sweet. 4, Pliant; flexible; easily persuaded to good or bad ; yielding ; ductile to a fault. Since Adam, and his facile consort Eve, Lost Paradise, deceived by me. B. Jonson. Milton. FAC/ILE-LY, adv. Easily. [Zittle used.) Herbert. FAC/ILE-NESS, nz. Easiness to be persuaded. FA-CIL/I-TATE, v.t. ([Fr. faciliter, from jfacilité, L. facilitas, from facilis, easy. +l. To make easy or less difficult ; to free from difhi- culty or impediment, or to diminish it ; to lessen the labor of. Machinery facilitates manual Jabor and op- erations. Pioneers may facilitate the march of an army. FA-CIL/I-TA-TED, pp. FA-CIL/I-TA-TING, ppr. FA-CIL-L-TA/’TION, x. The act of making easy. FA-CIL/I-TIBS, nu. pl. The means by w hich the performance of any thing is rendered easy ; conve- nient OPE or adv antages. FA-CIL/LTY,n. [Fr. facilite ; ie Ffacilitas, from facilis, easy. 1. hactivags to be performed ; freedom from difii- culty; ease. He performed the work or operation with great facility. Though facility and hope of success might invite some other 3acon, Made ensy or easier. Rendering easy or easier. choice. Ease of performance; readiness proceeding from shill or use; dexterity. Practice gives a wonderful facility in executing works of art. 3. Pliancy ; ductility ; easiness to be persuaded ; readiness of complic ince, usually in a bad sense, im- plying a disposition to yield to solicitations to evil. It is a great error to take facility for good nature: tenderness, without discreti on, is no better than a more pardonable folly. I Estrange. 4. Basiness of access ; complaisance ; condescen- sion ; affability. He offers himself to the visits of a friend with facility. South. FA/CING, ppr. [from face.] Fronting; having the face toward ; opposite. 2, Covering the fore part. 3. Turning the face. FA/CING, n. “A cove ring in front for ommament or de- fense 5 as, the facing of a fortification or of a gar- ment. . oe FA/CING-LY, adv. Ina fronting position. FA-CIN/O-ROUS, a. Atrociously wicked. FA-CIN'O-ROUS-NESS wickedness, FA€-SIM/I-LE, n. like. See Srmuxe. ] An exact copy or likeness, as of handwriting. FA€T, 7. (L. factwn, from facio, to make or do; Fr. fait ; Tt. fatto ; Sp. hecho.] 1. Any thing done, or that comes to pass; an act 5 a deed; an eflect produced or achieved ; an event. W itnesses are introduced into court to prove a fact. ‘acts are stubborn things. To deny a fact know- ingly is to lie. ane 2. Reality ; truth; as, in fact. So we says aie FA€/TION, Ne (Fr., from L. factio, from facio, to make or do.] 1. A party, in politic [L. facinus. ] [ Little use. | Shak. n. Extreme or atrocious [L. facio, to make, and similis, al society, combined or acting in union, in opposition to the prince, a or state ; ‘usually applied to a minority, but it a Ne fe applied to a majority. Some times a slate id Wwe ae into factions nearly equal. Rome was a poe * Ma ne disturbed by factions. Republics are proverbial tor Ar. x5 to be merry.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. FAC | | | f | I t | pleasant- | | ol Teen: a ce aa = a leet a seme * _ el Ba ‘OtekRO DIMI PR ey ed | | | ————————— — FAC factions, and factions in monarchies have often effected revolutions. A feeble government produces more factions than an BES ih mes. one. By a faction, 1 understand a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, by to the permanent and aggregate interests Oe Eee laurt 9. Tumult; discord ; dissension. Clarendon. 3. In ancient history, an appellation given to the different troops or companies of combatants in the games of the circus. Brande. FA€’TION-A-RY, x A party man; one of a faction. [Little used. ] : Sah FA€/TION-ER, n. One of a faction. [Not in use. ] Bancroft. FA€/TION-IST, x. One who promotes faction, Mountacu, FA€/TIOUS, (fak’shus,) a. Pee saeieue ; L. factiosu | 1. Given to faction ; addicted to form parties an¢ raise dissensions, in opposition to government ; turbulent ; prone to clamor against public measures ormen. No state is free from factious citizens. 9 Pertaining to faction; proceeding from faction ; as, factious tumults ; factious quarrels. Dryden. FA€/TIOUS-LY, adv. In a factious manner; by means of faction; in a turbulent or disorderly manner. FA€/TIOUS-NESS, x. Inclination to form parties in opposition to the government, or to the public in- terest; disposition to clamor and raise opposition ; clamorousness for a party. FA€-TI'/TIOUS, (fak-tish’us,) a. [L. factitius, from facio. | Made by art, in distinction from what is produced by nature ; artificial ; as, factitious cinnabar ; facti- tious stones ; factitious air FA€-TI//TIOUS-LY, adv. In an artificial manner. FA€’TIVE, a Making; having power to make. [Not used. ] Bacon. FAG'TOR,n. [L. factor; Fr. facteur; It. faitore; from L. facio.} 1. In Commerce, an agent employed by merchants, residing in other places, to buy and sell, and to ne- gotiate bills of exchange, or to transact other busi- ness on their account. 9. An agent; a substitute. Factor, in Scotland, is synonymous with steward in England. Brande. 3. In arithmetic and algebra, a term applied to the multiplier and multiplicand, from the multiplication of which proceeds the product. FA€/TOR-AGE, n. The allowance given to a factor by his employer, as a compensation for his services ; called also a commission. 'Thisis sometimes a certain sum or rate by the cask or package; more generally it is a certain rate per cent. of the value of the goods purchased or sold. FA€-TO’/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a factory ; consist- ing in a factory. Buchanan. FA€/TOR-SHIP, n. A factory, or the business of a factor. Sherwood. FA€/TO-RY, x. A house or place where factors re- side, to transact business for their employers. The English merchants have factories in the East Indies, Turkey, Portugal, Hamburg, &c. 2, The body of factors in any place; as, a chaplain to a British factory. Gutiirie. 3. Contracted from manufactory, a building, or col- lection of buildings, appropriated to the manufacture of goods ; the place where workmen are employed in fabricating goods, wares, or utensils. A€-1O0'TUM, n. [L., do every thing.] A person employed to do all kinds of work. ~ B. Jonson. FA€'TURE, 2. [Fr.] The art or manner of making. ; i 3cON. FAC/UL-TY,n. [Fr. faculté; L. facultas, from facio, to make. } 1, That power of the mind or intellect which ena- bles it to receive, revive, or modify perceptions ; as, the faculty of seeing, of hearing, of imagining, of remembering, &c. ; or, in general, the faculties may be called the powers or capacities of the mind. Fac- alty 1s properly a power belonging to a living or ani- mal body. y rx} " - « aye _ 2. rhe power of doing any thing; ability. There is no faculty or power in creatures, which can rightly perform its functions, without the perpetual aid of the Supreme Being. Hooker © ryt = ° - - - 3, The power of performing any action, natural, vital, or animal. The vital faculty is that by which life is preserved. Quincy. _4. Facility of performance ; the peculiar skill de- rived from practice, or practice aided by nature ; habitual skill or ability; dexterity ;~ adroitness ; knack. One man has a remarkable faculty of telling a story; another, of Inventing excuses for miscon- duct ; a third, of reasoning ; a fourth, of preaching. 5, Personal quality ; disposition or habit, good or ill. 6. Power; authority. [ Shak. This Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek. Shak, [ Hardly legitimate.) FAF FAI | | 7. Mechanical power ; as, the faculty of the wedge. | FAG,v.t. Tobeat; to compel to drudge. [Colloguial.} |' [Not used, nor legitimate. | Wilkins. Smart. 8, Natural virtue; efficacy; as, the faculty of sim-|FAG, 7. A Jaborious drudge; a drudge for another. |, les. Milton. In the English schools, this term is applied to a boy | [Not used, nor legitimate. ] who does menial services for another boy of a higher || §. Privilege ; a right or power granted to a person form or class. [{ Colloquzal.] Grose. Edgeworth. | by favor or indulgence, to do what by law he may FAG, v.i. [Scot. faik. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. 25, to fail, not do; as, the faculty of marrying without the bans to languish. See Class Bg, No. 44, 60, 76.] { being first published, or of ordaining a deacon under To drudge; to labor to weariness; to become age. The archbishop of Canterbury has a court of | weary. Rich. Dict. | faculties, for granting such privileges or dispensations. The Italians began to fag. Mackenzie. Se Sine i Encyc. Colloquial. ; 10. The individuals constituting @ scientific pro- FAC. Ro au or coarse part in cloth. [Wot in use.] eSSIO a branc e, take octively ; - | DAGi_EN r cx . is ; a tne bre not fa taken collectiv say 3 Par | FAG!-END’, n. [fag and end. See Fac, v. i. supra.] tculariy, the medical proression. x mar * 1. The end of a web of cloth, generally of coarser 11. In colleges, the masters and professors of the miaterials: SyiSan several sciences. Johnson. Surin : aa Beyer SRC TA be ise uci ta Oe YSU 2. The refuse or meaner part of any thing. Collier. + aaa Cee EparuMentss of a ees rs 3. Among seamen, the untwisted end of a rope; Bityey Ine mosh Uiversibies, there are Jour faculties; | hence, to be fagged, or fagged out, is to become un- of arts, including humanity and philosophy ; of the- twisted and loose hy Totten ology pes Meee and of law. FEncyc : We observe that the use of this word among sea- n America, the faculty of a college or university men leads to the true sense of the verb, as well as Ser ot fhe Deu PrOnessOre and Oe. the noun. The sense is, to open by receding, or to bl Hevea sche ee a ie ouaat, i i BS Searcy yield and become lax, and hence weak. e€ t € 7ers i er é saAuUses De c AnIC in é . tho Rautis oF vanes Se “i oa ee ore | FAG/GING, n. Labortous drudgery ; the acting as a Ta: OR ie Se see pets } ane va ee I. | drudge for another at an English school. 1elr president 1S styled dean o e faculty. Enciyc. tO? , mc recr nce FA€/U ND 1 [I rn : oe, ee ue be tr the FAG/OT, n. [WwW . fagod; Gr. haxedXAos 5 connected ree fo oe L, i ae Sa supposed to be trom th with W. fag, that which unites or meets; fagiad, ir yo Ss i oie So « ~ ns ~ ? Fk dene o speak ] a gathering round a point; Scot. faik, to fold, to vioguent. rae areca at } i ; A ACAI AITVIIEOTTS : : 5 é grasp; fake, in seamen’s language,.a coil; allied to Nae es ae full of words. Sax. fegan, gefegan, to unite. ” (See Fapce.) The ; “Bloc 5 - ds fin Benet ee sense is, a bundle or collection, like pack.] yy > ce . or es Ss Ss Pr 5 ‘ a « . BULOGUENICe?, Teac ness Of Spee 1. A bundle of sticks, twigs, or small branches of FAD/DLE, v. i. To trifle; to toy; to play. [4 low aT een = 115 RS EL le ? } 2 te ‘ trees, used for fuel, or for raising batteries, filling word. . DALY TERE . = : 7 : ; . ditches, and other purposes in fortification. The PADE, a. ‘r. Veak ; slight; ft Not % 6. ? Sa re Bos FADE, a. [Fr.] Weak; slight; faint. ce ie ] French use fascine, from the L, fascis, a bundle; a serkeley. . ’ : . wo 2 5 Sa hent . term now adopted in English. TADE, v fr. fade, insipid, tasteless. . L. vado é fk aCe Ae FADE, v. i. [Fr. fade, insipid, tasteless Qu. L. vado, 9. A bundle of pieces of iron for ré-manufacture. ir 3. A person hired to appear at musters in a com- or Ar. \&3 nafeeda, to vanish, Syr. to fail, to err. | _Pany not full, and hide the deficiency. —- Encyc. = FAG/OT, v. t. To tie together; to bind ina bundle; See Class Bd. No. 48, 39, 44.] to collect promiscuously. het Dryden. = , STA eS: FAG/OT-ED, pp. Bound together; tied in bundles. 1. To lose color; to tend from a stronger or brighter color to a more faint shade of the same color, or to lose acolorentirely. A green leaf fades, and becomes less green or yellow ; those colors are deemed the best which are least apt to fade. 2, To wither, as a plant; to decay. FAG/OT-ING, ppr. Binding together. FAH’LERZ, n. Gray copper, or gray copper ore, called by Jameson tetrahedral copper pyrites. It con- tains copper, antimony, arsenic, and sulphur. ‘This mineral is easily broken, and its fracture usually un- even, but sometimes a little conchoidal. It is found > shall be as c se leaf fadeth. —Is. 1. * Ye shall be as an oak, whose leaf fadeth. —Is. | amorphous and in regular crystals. 3. To lose strength gradually ; to vanish. FAH/LUN-ITE, n. [from Fahlun, in Sweden. 5 5 3 : ; f é > ata ar When the memory is weak, ideas in the mind quickly fade. A mineral occurring in opaque, brownish-green, Locke. six-sided prisms, transversely foliated. It has nearly 4. To lose luster ; to grow dim, the composition of iolite, except the addition of 13 The stars shall fade away Addison. per cent. of water, and is supposed to proceed from the alteration of iolite. The chlorophyllite is a similar 5. To decay ; to perish gradually : aoe le : 5 2 mineral, containing about 4 per cent. of water. yeas Lede wat aaa oot awes o Pet. i. Dana. 5 > 5 _ | FALENCE’, (fa-yans’,) n. [from Faenza, the original 6. To decay ; to decline ; to become poor and mis-| place of manufacture.] In the fine arts, imitation erable. porcelain ; a kind of fine pottery, embellished with The rich man shall fade away in his ways. — James i. painted designs. Brande. Encijc. Am. 7. To lose strength, health, or vigor; to decline ; FAIL, v.i. ([Fr. faillir; W. faelu, or pallu and aballu ; to grow weaker. South. Scot. fuilye; It. fallire ; Sp. falir, faltar ; Port. falhar ; 8. T'o disappear gradually ; to vanish. L. fallo; Ir. feallam ; Gr. gnAEo, onrow, whence FADE. v.t To cause to wither; to wear away ; to obaXXw ; D. feilen, faalen ; G. fehlen; Sw. fela; Dan. deprive of freshness or vigor. fejler ; Arm. fallaat, fellel, whence fallont, wicked- ness, Eng. felony. It seems to be allied to fall, fal- Ty wi Ps oul is la ols fc de ~y de Thu is ahr ora led ft sd, withered. De low, pale, and many other words. See Class Bl, No. weer gS £ ¢ HR FAD/ED, pp. or a. Become less vivid, as color; with- aie a Ass IS; ol, zoe : nan HRS ; ered: decayed ; vanished. - Lo become deficient ; to be insufficient 5 to FADE/LESS, a “Tee tealiGe Caleraice: cease to be abundant for supply ; or to be entirely FORT tee eT P P wanting. We say, ina dry season, the springs and FADGB, (faj,) v. i. [Sax. fegen, gefegen, to unite, to fit together; G. firgen; D. voegen; Sw. foga; Dan. fuge, a seam or joint; W. fag, a meeting in a point. It coincides with L. pango, pegi, pepisi, Gr. mnyo, TNYVVOs; L. figo. see pl, Class Bg, INO; dora ees also, No. 34, 35. Of this word fay isa contraction, | 1. To suit; to fit; to come close, as the parts of things united. Hence, to have one part consistent streams fail, or are failing, before they are entirely exhausted. We say, also, the springs failed, when they entirely ceased to flow. Crops fail wholly or partially. 9, To decay; to decline; tosink; to be dimin- ished. We say of a sick person, his Strength fails daily. 3. To decline; to decay; to sink; to become with another, Shak. : Sor wit . . weaker; as, the patient fails every hour. 2. To agree ; 7 a 7, [Ludicrous. pa pete eet J , 2 2. Tolagrees;,to Live im arty [ UT 4. To be extinct; to cease; to be entirely want- 3. To succeed ; to hit ne astranee ing ; to be no longer produced. ; succeed ; to : : ge. [ This word is now vulgar, and improper in elegant Help, Lord, for the godly man ceaseth ; for the faithful fai from Bn? = among the children of men. — Ps, xil. writing. FAD/ING, ppr. See Fapr.] Losing color; becom- 5. To be entirely exhausted; to be wanting; to ing less vivid; decaying ; declining ; withering. cease from supply. 9. a. Subject to decay ; liable to lose freshness and Money failed in the land of Egypt. — Gen. xlvil, vigor; liable to perish ; not durable ; transient ; as, 6. To cease ; to perish ; to be lost. a fading flower. : Lest the remembrance of his grief should faw. Addison, FAD/ING,n. Decay ; loss of color, freshness, or vigor. sae As ‘ Sherwood. 7, To die. FAD/ING-LY, adv. Ina fading manner. They shall all fail together. —Is, xxxi. FAD/ING-NESS, n. Decay; liableness to decay. 8. To decay; to decline ; as, the sight fails in old Mountagu. ge. FAD/Y, a. Wearing away ; losing color or strength. 9. To become deficient or wanting; as, the heart Shenstone. or the courage fails. FAECAL, a. See Fecar. 10. To miss; not to produce the effect. The ex- F/CES, n. pl. [L.] Excrement; also, settlings ; periment was made with care, but failed, or faiied to sediment after infusion or distillation. Quincy. produce the effect, or failed of the effect. FA'/ER-Y, a. orn. Fairy, which see. 11. To be deficient in duty; to omit or neglect. FAF/EFEL, v, i. Tostammer. [Wot in use.] Barret. The debtor failed to fulfill his promise. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — —— eee 432FAI 12, To miss; to miscarry ; to be frustrated or dis- appoitited. The enemy attacked the fort, but failed in his design, or fuiled of success. 3. To be neglected ; to fall short ; not to be exe- ite The promises of a man of. probity seldom fai. The soul or the spirit fails, when a person is discouraged. The eyes fail, when the desires and expectations are long delayed, and the person is dis- eppolnte’ To become insolvent or bankrupt. When mer- oli te and traders fail, they are said to become bank- rupt. When other men fail, they are said to become insolvent. FAIL, v. t. To desert; to disappoint; to cease or to neglect or omit to afford aid, supply, or strength. It is ‘said, fortune never fails "the brave. Our friends sometimes fail us, when we most need them. The aged attempt to walk, when their limbs fail them. In bold enterprises, courage should never fail the hero. 2. To omit; not to perform. The inventive God, who never fails his part. 3. To be wanting to. There shall never fail thee a man on the throne. — 1 Kings ii. [In the transitive use of this verb, there is really an ellipsis of from or to, or other w ord. In strictness, the verb is not transitive, and the passive participle is, [ believe, never used. j FalL, n Omission ; non-performance. He will without fail drive out from before you the Canaanites, — osh. ili. 2. Miscarriage ; failure ; deficience ; want; death. In this sense little used. ] FAIL/ANCE,n. Fault; failure. FaIL/£D, pret. and pp. of Fait. ceased. FAIL/ING, ppr. or a. Becoming deficient or insuffi- cient; becoming weaker decayi ing; declining ; omitting ; ; not executing or performing ; miscarry ing; Dryden. [ Obs.] Become deficient ; neglecting ; wanting; becoming bankrupt or insol- vent. FAIL/ING, x. The act of failing ; deficiency ; imper- fection ; lapse; fault. Fuilings, in a moral sense, are minor faults, proceeding rather from weakness of in- tellect, or from carelessness, than from bad motives. But the word is often abusively applied to vices of the grosser kind. 2. The act of failing or becoming insolvent. FAIL/ING-LY, adv. By failing. FAIL/URE, (fail/yur,) x. A failing ; deficience ; ces- sation of supply, or total defect; as, the failure of BpUES or streams ; failure of rain; failure of crops. . Omission ; non- -performance ; as, the fuilure of a promise ; ; a2 man’s failure in the execution of a trust. 3. Decay, or defect from decay ; as, the failure of memory or of § sight. A breaking, or becoming insolvent. At the close of a War, the prices of commodities fall, and innu- merable Failures succeed. A failing ; a slight fault. FAIN, a. [Sax. fagen, fa ginon, to rejoice; Sw. fdgen. 43, 77. Glad ; pleased ; rejoiced. But the appropriate sense of the word is glad, or pleased to do something under some kind of necessity ; that is, giad to evade evil or secure good. ‘Fhus, says Locke, ‘* The learned Cas- talio was fain to make trenches at Basil, to keep him- self from starving.”? ‘This appropriation of the word, which is modern, led Dr. Johnson into a mistake in defining the word. ‘The proper signification is glad, joyful. FAIN, adv. GJadly ; with joy or pleasure. He would fain flee out of his hand. — Job xxvii, He would fain have filled his belly with husks, — Luke xv, FAIN, v. 7. To wish or desire. [JVot used.] FAIN/ING, ppr. ora. Wishing; desiring fondly. [Little used.) fegan, glad; fagnian, Class Bg, Goth. No. 3, In his faining eye. Spenser. FAINT, a. [Ir. faine, a weakening; fann, weak; fanntais, weakness, inclination to faint ; anbhfainc, fainting ; Fr. faineant, idle, sluggish. This word is perhaps allied to ur: faner, to fade, wither, decay, to make hay, foin, L. fenum; and to vain, aL. vanus, _ K9§ fani, to vanish, Eng. to wane, Sax. fynig, musty. Class Bn, No. 25.] 1. Weak ; - languid ; ; inclined to Swoon ; ‘as, to be rendered faint by excessive evacuations. 2. Weak; feeble; languid; exhausted ; with fatigue, hunger, or thirst. 3. Weak, as color; not bright or vivid; not strong ; as, "a Saint color ; a faint red or blue ; a faint light. 4, Feeble; weak, as sound; not loud; as, a faint sound ; a faint voice. oO: Imperfect ; feeble; not striking; as, a faint re- semblance or image, 6. Cowardly ; timorous. A faint heart never wins a fair lady. whence to vanish, Ar. to fail, as, faint BAL 7. Feeble; not vigorous; resistance ; a faint exertion. 8. Dejected ; depressed ; dispirited. My heart is faint. — Lam. i. FAINT, v.i. To lose the animal functions; to lose strength and color, and become senseless and mo- tionless ; to swoon ; sometimes with away. He faint- ed for loss of blood. On hearing the honor intended her, she fainted away. Guardian. to decline or fail in strength not active ; a faint 2. To become feeble ; and vigor; to be weak. If I send them away fasting to their own houses, they will faint »y the way. — Mark viii. 3. To sink into dejection ; to lose courage or spirit. Let not your hearts faint. — Deut. xx. If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is small. — Prov. xxiy. 4. To decay ; to disappear; to vanish. Gilded clouds, while we gaze on them, faint before the eye. Pope. Pe v.t. To deject; to depress; to weaken. [ Un- usual. 7 Shak. FAINT: HEART/ED, a. Cowardly; timorous; de- jected ; easily depressed, ory ielding to fear. Fear not, neither be fainthearted. — Is. vi. a EN HEART’ED-LY, adv In a cowardly man- FAINT- HEART’ED-NESS, n. rousness ; want of courage. FAINT‘ING, ppr. ora. Falling into a swoon; fail- ing ; losing strength or courage ; becoming feeble or timid. FAINT‘ING, n. and respiration ; a Swoon. FAINT/ISH, a. Slightly faint. FAINT/ISH-NESS, n. A slight degree of faintness. Arbuthnot. Timorous; feeble-minded. [Vot used, | Arbuthnot. FAINT’LY, adv. Ina feeble, languid manner ; with- on Vigor or activity ; as, to ‘attac k or defend faintly. . With a feeble flame; as, a torch burns faintly. 3. With a feeble light ; as, the candle burns faintly. 3 With little force ; as, to breathe faintly. . Without force of re pres sentation; imperfectly ; 28, ‘to describe faintly what we have seen. In alow tone ; with a feeble voice ; as, to speak au 7. Without spirit or courage ; timorously. He faintly now declines the fatal strife. FAINT’NESS, n. The state of being faint ; strength, color, and respiration. 2. Feebleness ; languor; want of strength. Hooker. Spenser. Cowardice ; timo- A temporary loss of strength, color, syncope; deliquium ; leipothy my ; Wiseman. FAINT/LING, a. Denham. loss of 3. Inactivity ; want of vigor. 4, Feebleness, as of color or light. 5. Feebleness of representation ; as, faintness of description. Feebleness of mind ; irresolution. I will send a faintness into their hearts. — Ley. FAINTS, xn. pl. The gross fetid oil remaining after distillation, or a weak spirituous liquor that runs from the still in rectifying the low wines after the proof spirit is drawn off; also, the last runnings of all spirits distilled by the alembic. Encyc. Edwards, FAINT’Y, a. Weak; feeble; languid. Dryden, FAIR, a. [Sax. feger; Sw. fager ; ; Dan. faver. If the sense is primarily to open, to clear, to separate, this word may belong to the root of Sw. faja, Dan. Fejer, D. veegen, G. fegen, to sweep, scour, furbish.] 1. Clear; free from spots; free from a dark hue; white ; as, a fuir skin ; a fair complexion. Hence, 2. Beautiful; handsome ; properly, having a hand- some face. Thou art a fair woman to look upon. — Gen, xii. Hence, 3. Pleasing to the eye; general. Thus was he fair in his greatness, in the length of his branches. —Ezk,. xxxi. 4. Clear; pure; free from feculence or extraneous matter ; as, fair water. 5. Clear; not cloudy or overcast ; a fair sky. 6. Favorable; prosperous ; blowing in a direction toward the place of destination ; as, a fair wind at sea. 7. Open ; direct, as a way or passage. You are in a fair way to promotion. Hence, likely to succeed. He stands as fair to succeed as any man. 8. Open to attack or access; unobstructed ; fair mark ; a fair butt ; fay in sight ; a fair view. 9. Open; frank; honest; hence, equal; just; equitable. My friend is a fair man ; his offeris fair; his propositions are fair and honorable. timorousness ; dejection ; xxyl. W. Ind. handsome or beautiful in as, fair weather ; as, a in fair sight ; FAT 10. Not effected by insidious or unlawful methods . not foul. He died a fair and naiural death. Templa 1]. Frank ; candid ; not sophistical or insidious , as, a fair disputant. 12. Honest; honorable ; mild ; ous and compulsory ; fair means. 13. Frank ; civil; pleasing; not harsh. When fair words and good counsel will not prevail on us, we opposed to insidi- as, to accomplish a thing by must be fnghted into our duty. strange. 14. Equitable ; just; merited. His door is fair, That dust I am, and shall to dust return, Milton. 15. Liberal ; not narrow ; as , a fair livelihood. Carew. 16. Plain ; ‘legible ; as, the letter is written in a fair hand. 17. Free from stain or blemish; unspotted ; tarnished ; as, a fair character or fame. 18. In mercantile use, middling; medium; as, a fair demand ; of a fair quality. FAIR, adv. Openly; frankly ; civilly ; complaisantly. un- One of the company spoke him fair. L’ Estrange. 2. Candidly; honestly; equitably. He promised 3. Happily ; succe ssfully ; [ fair Now fair befall thee. Shak. 4. On good terms; as, to keep fair with the world ; to stand fair with one’s companions. To bid fair, is to be likely, or to have a fair pros- Fair and square ; jus st dealing ; honesty. [pect. FAIR, x. Elliptically, a fair woman ; a handso we fe- The fair; the female sex. jmatle. 3 E airness ; applied to things or persons. [ Motin use. ] Falk, [Fr. foire; W. fair; Arm. foar, foer, feur, or pre L. forum, or ferie. The It. fiera, and Sp. Seria, a fair, are the L: ferieg, a holiday, a day exempt from labor; G. feier, whence feiern, to rest from la- bor. If fair is from forum, it may coincide in ori- gin with Gr. zopevw, europevopac, to trade, whence éuToptoyv, emporium, the primary sense of which is to pass. In Norman French we find fair and feire. If fair is from feria, it is so called from being held in places where the wakes or feasts at the dedication of churches were held, or from the feasts them- selves. It is a fact that Sundays were formerly mar- ket days. A stated market ina particular town or city; a stated meeting of buyers and sellers for trade. A fair is annual or more fre quent. The privilege of holding fairs is granted by the king or supreme power. Among the most cele brated fais in Europe are those of Francfort and Leipsic in Germany ; of Novi in the Milanese; of Riga and Archangel in Russia; of Lyons and St. Germain in France. In Great Britain many towns enjoy this privilege. 72 NCYC. In the United States, there are no fairs similar to those in England ; at least I know of none. The ladies sometimes hold fairs for the sale of their work for charitable pe These are called, in Eng- Jand, Fancy-Farrs FAIR/_HAIR-E oe a. Having fair hair. FAIR/-HAND, Having a ‘fair appearance. Shak. FalR/HOOD,n. F airness ; ; beauty. Foz. FAIR/ING, x A present given at a fair. Gay. FAIR'LY, adv. Beautifully; handsomely. [Little used. | 2. Commodiously ; conveniently ; as, atown fairly situated for foreign trade. 3. Frankly ; honestly ; justly ; equitably ; without disguise, fraud, or prevarication. The question was fuirly stated and argued. Let us deal fairly with all men. 4. Openly; ingenuously; plainly. Let us deal fairly with ourselves, or our own hearts. o. Candidly. I interpret fairly your design. Dryden 6. Without perversion or violence; as, an infer- ence may be fairly deduced from the premises, . Without blots; in plaiti letters ; plainly ; legi- By ; as, an instrument or record fairly written. 8. Completely ; without deficience. His antag- onist fought till he was fairly defeated. 9. Softly ; gently. Milton. FAIR’NESS, vn. Clearness; freedom from spots or blemnishes ; whiteness; as; the fuirness of skin or complexion. 2. Clearness ; purity ; as, the fairness of water. 3. Freedom from stain or blemish ; as, the fairness of character or reputation. 4, Beauty ; elegance ; as, the fairness of form. ©. Frankness; candor; hence, honesty ; ingenu- ousness ; as, fairness in trade, 6. Openness; candor; freedom from disguise, in- sidiousness, or prevarication ; as, the fairness of an argument. a Equality of terms; equity ; a contract. 8. Distinctness; freedom from blots or obscurity ; as, the fairness of hand-writing; the fairness of a copy. as, the fairness of — TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. —€as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 438 A % SS ee en a woah «3 in a nm DO ahaa Cro Oe; f f ; ; cS tAgene NSN sellensepne Nsom 4 FAIR -SEEM/ING, a. FAIR’-SPOK’EN, (-spok/n,) a. FAIR/Y,7- | féerie, a farry land ; FAIR’Y, a. FAIR/Y-LAND, n. FalR/Y-LIKE, a. FAIR/Y-STONE, 7. FAITH, 2. ne ee —$—— FAI Appearing fair. Hemans. Using fair speech ; bland ; civil; courteous; plausible. Arius, a fair-spoken man. [G. fee; Fr. fee, whence féer, to enchant, It. fata. The origin of this word is not obvious, and the radical letters are un- certain. The conjectures of Baxter, Jamieson, and others, throw no satisfactory light on the subject.] 1. A fay; an imaginary being or spirit, supposed to assume a human form, dance in_meadows, steal Hooker. infants, and play a variety of pranks. [See Eur and Demon, ] Locke. Pope. Shak. 2, An enchantress. Fairy of the mine; an imaginary being supposed to inhabit mines, wandering about In the drifts and chambers, always employed in cutting ore, turning the windlass, &c., yet effecting nothing. The Ger- mans believe in twospecies ; one fierce and malevo- lent, the other gentle. [See Copatt. Encyc. Belonging to fairies ; as, fairy land. Shak. 9. Given by fairies ; as, fairy money or favors. Dryden. Locke. Fairy ring oY circle; a phenomenon observed in fields, vulgarly supposed to be caused by fairies in their dances. This circle is of two kinds; one about seven yards in diameter, containing a round, bare path, a foot broad, with green grass in the middle ; the other of different size, encompassed with grass greener than that in the middle. Encyc. The imaginary land or abode of fairies. Imitating the manner of fairies. Shak. A stone found in gravel pits. Johnson. The foss‘) echinite, abundant in chalk pits. Cyc. [W. fyz; Arm. feiz; L. fides; It. fede; Port. and Sp. fe; Fr. fou; Gr. mists; L. jfido, to trust; Gr. 76, to persuade, to draw toward any thing, to conciliate ; mecWopat, to believe, to obey. In the Greek Lexicon of Hederic, it is said, the primitive signification of the verb is to bind and draw or lead, as 7e.ca signifies a rope or cable, as does rétopa. But this remark is a little incorrect. The sense of the verb, from which that of rope and binding is de- rived, is to strain, to draw, and thus to bind or make fast. A rope or cable is that which makes fast. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. nwa. Class Bd, No. 16.] 1. Belief; the assent of the mind to the truth of what is declared by another, resting on his authority and veracity, without other evidence; the judgment that what another states or testifies is the truth. I have strong faith, or no faith, in the testimony of a witness, or in what a historian narrates, 9. The assent of the mind to the truth of a propo- sition advanced by another; belief, on probable evi- dence of any kind. 3. In theology, the assent of the mind or under- standing to the truth of what God has revealed. Sim- ple belief of the Scriptures, of the being and perfec- tions of God, and of the existence, character, and doctrines of Christ, founded on the testimony of the sacred writers, is called Aistorical or speculative faith ; a faith little distinguished from the belief of the ex- istence and achievements of Alexander or of Cesar. 4. Evangelical, justifying, or saving faith, is the as- sent of the mind to the truth of divine revelation, on the authority of God’s testimony, accompanied with a cordial assent of the will or approbation of the heart; an entire confidence or trust in God’s character and declarations, and in the character and doctrines of Christ, with an unreserved sur- render of the will to his guidance, and dependence on his merits for salvation. In other words, that firm belief of God’s testimony and of the truth of the gospel, which influences the will, and leads to an entire reliance on Christ for salvation. Being justified by faith. — Rom. v. Without fais it is impossible to please God. — Heb. xi. For we walk by fait, and not by sight. — 2 Cor. v. With the heari man believeth to righteousness. — Rom. x. The faith of the gospel is that emotion of the mind, which is called trust or confidence, exercised toward the moral char- acter of God, and particularly of the Savior. Junght. Faith is an affectionate practical confidence in the testi nony of God. , Lawes. Faith is a firm, cordial belief in the veracity of God, in all the declarations of his word; or a full and affectionate confi- dence in the certainty of those things which God has de- clared, and because he has declared them. L. Woods, 5, The object of belief; a doctrine or system of doctrines believed ; a system of revealed truths re- ceived by Christians. They heard only, that he who persecuted us in times past, now preaeheth the faiti which once he destroyed. — Gal. i. 6. The promises of God, or his truth and faithful- ness. Shall their unbelief make the faidi of God without effect?— Rom. iii. 7. An open profession of gospel truth. Your faith is spoken of throughout the whole world. — Rom. 1, 8. A persuasion or belief of the lawfulness of things indifferent. Hast thou faith? Have it to thyself beforo God. — Rom. xiv. FAITH, ezclam. FAITH/FUL, a. FAITH/FUL-LY, adv. FAITH/FUL-NESS, n. FAITH’LESS, a. Without belief in the revealed truths FAK 9. Faithfulness; fidelity ; a strict adherence to du- ty and fulfillment of promises. Her failing, while her faith to me remains, I would conceal. Children in whom is no faith, — Deut. xxzxii. 10. Word or honor pledged; promise given ; fidel- ity. He violated his plighted faith. : For you alone I broke my faith with injured Palamon, Dryden. 11. Sincerity ; honesty ; veracity ; faithfulness. We ought, in good faith, to fulfill all our engage- ments. 12. Credibility or truth. [Unusual.] The faith of the foregoing narrative. Milton. Mitford. my faith; in truth; verily. Firm in adherence to the truth and to the duties of religion. Be thou faithful to death, and I will give thee a crown of life. — Rev. ii. 9, Firmly adhering to duty ; of true fidelity ; loy- al; true to allegiance; as, a faithful subject. 3. Constant in the performance of duties or ser- vices; exact in attending to commands; as, a faith- ful servant. 4. Observant of compact, treaties, contracts, VOWS, or other engagements ; true to one’s word. A gov- ernment should be faithful to its treaties ; individuals, to their word. 5. True; exact; in conformity to the letter and spirit ; as, a faithful execution of a will. 6. True to the marriage covenant; as, a faithful wife or husband. 7. Conformable to truth; as, a faithful narrative or representation. 8. Constant ; friend. 9. True; not fickle; as, a faithful lover or worthy of belief. 2 Tim. ii. In a faithful manner; with good faith. 2, With strict adherence to allegiance and duty ; applied to subjects. 3. With strict observance of promises, vows, COoVv- enants, or duties; without failure of performance ; honestly ; exactly. The treaty or contract was faith- Sully executed. 4. Sincerely ; with strong assurances. He faithfully promised. 5. Honestly ; truly ; without defect, fraud, trick, or ambiguity. represented. They suppose the nature of things to be faithfully signified by their names, Souk. 6. Confidently ; steadily. Shak. : Fidelity ; loyalty ; firm adhe- rence to allegiance and duty ; as, the faithfulness of a subject. 9. Truth; veracity ; as, the faithfulness of God. 3 Strict adherence to injunctions, and to the du- ties of a station; as, the faithfulness of servants or ministers. 4. Strict performance of promises, vows, or cove- nants; constancy in affection; as, the faithfulness of a husband or wife. The battle was faithfully described or FAL-CADE’, zn. : ; FAL/€ATE, a, A colloquial expression, meaning on FAL’€A-TED, FAL/CI-FORM, a. FAL’€ ON, of religion ; unbelieving. O faithless generation. — Matt, xvii. 9, Not believing ; not giving credit to. 3. Not adhering to allegiance or duty 5 disloyal ; perfidious ; treacherous; as, a faithless subject. 4. Not true toa master or employer; neglectful ; as, a faithless servant, 5. Not true to the marriage covenant ; false; as, a faithless husband or wife. 6. Not observant of promises 7. Deceptive. Yonder faitiless phantom. Goldsmith. FAITH’LESS-LY, adv. In a faithless manner. FAITH’/LESS-NESS, n Unbelief as to revealed re- ligion 2. Perfidy ; treachery ; disloyalty, as in subjects. 3. Violation of promises or covenants; inconstan- cy, as of husband or wife. FAI TOUR, (fa/toor,) n. [Roms from L. factor.] An evil-doer; a scoundrel ; a mean fellow. [ Obs.] Spenser. FAKE, n. [Scot. faik, to fold, a fold, a layer or stra- ka, vickla, to fold or involve. The sense of fold may be to Jay, to fall, or to set or throw together, and this word may belong to Sax. fegan, fegan, to unite, to suit, to fadge, that is, to set tum; perhaps Sw. w or lay together. } One of the circles or windings of a cable or haw- ser, as it lies in a coil; a single tum or coil, Mar. Dict. FA/KIR, (fa/ker,) nN. FA-QUIR’/, (fa-keer’,) Ethiopic, an interpreter. } FAL A Mohammedan monk or hermit in India; the same as dervise in Turkey and Persia. The fakirs subject themselves to severe austerities and mortifi- cations. Some of them condemn themselves to a standing posture all their lives, supported only by a stick or rope under their armpits. Some mangle their bodies with scourges or knives, Others wander about in companies, telling fortunes ; and these are said to be arrant villains. Encyc. [L. falz, a sickle or scythe.] A horse is said to make a falcade, when he throws himself on his haunches two or three times, as in very quick curvets; that is, a falcade is a bending very low. qarris. [L. falcatus, from falz, a sickle, scythe, or reaping-hook. } Hooked; bent like a sickle or scythe; an epithet FAITH’-BREACH, n. Breach of fidelity > disloyalty 5 applied to the new moon. Bailey. perfidy. Shak. FAL-CA/TION, n. Crookedness; a bending in the FAITH’ED, (fatht,) a. Honest ; sincere. [Not used. | form of a sickle. ‘Brolin: Shak. FAL/CHION, (fawl/chun,) n. [Fr. fauchon, from L. falz, a reaping-hook.] A short, crooked sword ; a cimiter. Dryden. [L. falz, a reaping-hook, and form.) In the shape of a sickle; hook. resembling a reaping- (fawk’n or fal/kon,) 2. [Fr. faucon ; It. falcone; L. falco, a hawk ; W. gwal¢, a crested one, a heron, a hawk, that which rises or towers. The falcon is probably so named from its curving beak or talons. ] 1. A hawk; but appropriately, a hawk trained to sport, as in falconry, which see. It is said that this name is, by sportsmen, given to the female alone; for the male is smaller, weaker, and less courageous, and is therefore called tercel, or tersel. Encyc. This term, in ornithology, 1s applied to a division of the genus Falco, with a short, booked beak, and very long wings, the strongest armed and most courageous species, and therefore used in falconry. Cuvier. Ed. Encyc. 9 A sort of cannon, whose diameter at the bore iS five inches and a quarter, and carrying shot of two pounds and a half. Harris. FAL/€ ON-GEN’TIL, 1. A falcon when full feath- ‘ered and completely bred. Booth. FAL’€ ON-ER, (fawk’/n-er or fal/kon-er,) m [Fr. fau- connier. | A person who breeds and trains hawks for taking wild fowls; one who follows the sport of fowling with hawks. Jolinson. FAL/€0-NET, x. [Fr. falconette. | A small cannon or piece of ordnance, whose diam- eter at the bore is four inches and a quarter, and carrying shot of one pound and a quarter. Harris. FAL/€ON-RY, (fawk/n-ry or fal/kon-ry,) m. [Fr. fauconnerie, from L. falco, a hawk.] The art of training hawks to the exercise of hawking. 9, The practice of taking wild fowls by means of hawks. FALD/AGE, (fawld’aj,) 7. [W. fald, a fold ; Goth. faldan; Sax. fealdan, to fold ; Law L. faldagium.] In England, a privilege which anciently several lords reserved to themselves of setting up folds for sheep, in any fields within their manors, the better to manure them. farris. FALD/FEE, n. by tenants for the privilege of faldage. Dict. FALD/ING, n. A kind of coarse cloth. FALD/IS-DO-RY, n, [Sax. fald and stov. Ash. | The throne or seat of a bishop. [JVot in use. | FALD/STOOL, n. [ fald, or fold, and stool. | manner of a camp-stool. FA-LER/NLAN, a. Pertaining to Falernus, in Italy As a noun, the wine made in that territory. Class Bl, No. 18, 28, 43, 49, 52. Fall coincides ex to fall. [This word signifies, in Arabic, a poor man; in pass. As these words are unquestionably the sam in the Shemitic and Japhetic languages, they afford decisive evidence that the 2, or first letter of th Shemitic words, is a prefix. a is to defile, to make foul. (See Four.) The sam -—— verb in Ar. Mas nabala, signifies to shoot, to drive, or throw an arrow, Gr. Badro.] 1. To drop from a higher place; to descend by the power of gravity alone. Rain falls from the clouds a man falls from his horse ; ripe fruits fall from trees ; an ox falls into a pit. I beheld Satan as lightning fall from heaven. — Luke x. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. - —'{ A fee or composition paid anciently { Obs.] Chaucer. A fold- ing-stool, or portable seat, made to fold up in the Formerly, a faldstool was placed in the choir for a bishop, when he officiated in any but his own cathedral church. Gloss. of Architect. FALL, v.i. 5 pret. Frxx; pp. Farven. [Sax. feallan; G. fallen; D. vallen; Sw falla; Dan. falder ; allied prob- ably to L. fallo, to fail, to deceive, Gr. cfadkAw; Sp. hallar, to find, to fall on ; Fr. ajfaler, to lower. See actly with the Shemitic 752, Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. Fail agrees better with the Heb. $a, and ban; but these words may have had one primitive root, the sense of which was to move, to recede, to The Chaldee sense of 8 e e ; A34fell from his lips. Nota word fell from him on the FAL 2. To drop from an erect posture. I fell at his feet to worship him. — Rev. xix. 3. To disembogue ; to pass at the outlet; to flow out of its channel into a pond, lake, or sea, as a river. The Rhone falls into the Mediterranean Sea. The Danube falls into the Buxine. The Mississippi falls into the Gulf of Mexico. 4. To depart from the faith, or from rectitude; to apostatize. Adam fell by eating the forbidden fruit. Labor to enter into that rest, lest any man fall after the same example of unbelief. — Heb. iv. 3. To die, particularly by violence. Ye shall chase your enemies, and they shall fall before you by the sword. — Lev. xxvi. A thousand shall fall at thy side. — Ps. xci, 6. To come to an end suddenly; to vanish; to perish. The greatness of these Irish lords suddenly fell and vanished, aves. 7. To be degraded ; to sink into disrepute or dis- grace ; to be plunged into misery ; as, to fall from an elevated station, or from a prosperous state. 8. To decline in power, wealth, or glory ; to sink into weakness; to be given up, overthrown, or ruimed, This is the renowned Tyre ; but oh, how fallen! Heaven and earth will witness, If Rome must fall, that we are innocent. Addison. 9. To pass into a worse state than the former ; to come ; as, to fall into difficulties; to full under cen- sure or imputation ; to fall into error or absurdity ; to fall into asnare. In these and similar phrases, the sense of suddenness, accident, or ignorance is often implied, but not always. 10. To sink; to be lowered. The mercury in a thermometer rises and falls with the increase and diminution of heat. The water of ariver rises and falls. The tide falls. ll. To decrease; to be diminished in weight or value. ‘The price of goods falls with plenty and rises with scarcity. Pliny tells us, the as fell froma pound to two ounces in the first Punic war. : Arbuthnot. 12, To sink; not to amount to the full. The greatness of finances and revenue doth fall under computa- acon. 13. To be rejected ; to sink into disrepute. This book must stand or fall with thee. Locke. 14. To decline from violence to calmness, from intensity to remission. The wind falls, and a calm succeeds, At length her fury fell. Dryden. 15. To pass into a new state of body or mind ; to become ; as, to fall asleep ; to fall distracted ; to fall sick ; to fall into rage or passion 3 to fall in love ; to Jul into temptation. 16. To sink into an air of dejection, discontent, anger, Sorrow, or shame ; applied to the countenance or look. Cain was very wroth, and his countenance fell. — Gen. iy. I have observed of late thy looks are fallen. Addison. 17. To happen ; to befall ; to come. Since this fortune falls to you. Shak, 18, To light on ; to come by chance, The Romanus fell on this model by chance, Swift. 19. To come ; to rush on; to assail. Fear and dread shall fall on them, — Ex, xy, And fear fel! on them all. — Acts xix. 20. To come; to arrive. The vernal equinox, which at the Nicene counsel fell on the 2lst of March, falls now about ten days sooner, Holder. 21. To come unexpectedly. It happened this evening that we fell into a pleasing walk. Addison. #2. ‘To begin with haste, ardor, or vehemence ; to rush or hurry to. They fell to blows. The mixed multitude fell to lusting. —Num. xi. 23. To pass or be transferred by chance, lot, dis- tribution, inheritance, or otherwise, as possession or property. The estate or the province fell to his brother. The kingdom fell into the hands of his rival. A large estate fell to his heirs. 24. To become the property of; to belong or apper- tain to, If to her share some female errors fall, Look in her face, and you’ll forget them all. 25. To be dropped or uttered carelessly. expressions fell from him. Pope. Some An unguarded expression subject. 26. To sink; to languish; to become feeble or faint. Our hopes and fears rise and fall with good or ill success. 27. To be brought forth. when they first fall. 28. To issue; to terminate. Sit still, my daughter, till thou knowest how the matter will Sall, — Ruth iii. Take care of lambs Mortimer. To fall aboard of; in seamen’s language, to strike FAL against ; applied to one vessel coming into collision with another. To fall astern; in seamen’s language, to move or be driven backward; to recede. A ship falls astern by the force of a current, or when outsailed by another. To fall away; to lose flesh; to become lean or emaciated ; to pine. 2. To renounce or desert allegiance; to revolt or rebel. 3. To renounce or desert the faith; to apostatize ; to sink into wickedness. These for a while believe, and in time of temptation fall away, — Luke viii. 4. To perish ; to be ruined ; to be lost. How can the soul — fall away into nothing? Addison. 5. To decline gradually; to fade ; to languish, or become faint. One color falls away by just degrees, and another rises insensi- bly. Addison, To fall back; to recede ; to give way 2. To fail of performing a promise or purpose ; not to fulfill. To fall calm; to cease to blow ; to become calm. To fall down ; to prostrate one’s self in worship. All nations shall fall down before him. — Ps. lxxii, 2. To sink ; to come to the ground. Down fell the beauteous youth. Dryden. 3. To bend or bow, asa suppliant. Jsaiah xlv. 4. To sail or pass toward the mouth of a river or other outlet. To fall foul; to attack ; to make an assault. To fall from; to recede from; to depart; not to ad- here ; as, to fall from an agreement or engagement. 2. To depart from allegiance or duty ; to revolt. To fallin; to concur; to agree with. The measure falls in with popular opinion. 2. To comply ; to yield to. You will find it difficult to persuade learned men to fall in with your projects. Addison. 3. To come in; to join; to enter. Fall into the ranks ; fall in on the right. To fallin with; to meet, as a ship ; also, to discover or come near, as land. To fall off; to withdraw; to separate; to be broken or detached. Friends fall of in adversity. Love cools, friendship falls off, brothers divide. Shak. 2 To perish; to die away. Words fall of by disuse. 3. Toapostatize ; toforsake; to withdraw from the faith, or from allegiance or duty. Those captive tribes fell off From God to worship calves. Milton, 4. To forsake ; toabandon. His subscribers fell off. 5. To drop. Fruits fall off when ripe. 6. To depreciate ; to depart from former excel- lence ; to become less valuable or interesting. The magazine or the review falls off; it has fallen off. 7. In seamen’s language, to deviate or trend to the leeward of the point to which the head of the ship was before directed ; to fall to leeward. Totten. Lo fall on; to begin suddenly and eagerly. Fall on, and try the appetite to eat. Dryden, 2. To begin an attack ; to assault ; to assail. Fall on, fall on, and hear him not. 3. To drop on; to descend on. Zo fall out ; to quarrel ; to begin to contend. A soul exasperated in ills falls out With every thing, its friend, itself, 2. To happen; to befall ; to chance. There fell out a bloody quarrel betwixt the frogs and the mige. L’ Estrange. To fall over ; to revolt; to desert from one side to another. 2. To fall beyond. To fall short ; to be deficient. We all fall short in duty. To fall to ; to begin hastily and eagerly. Ful! to, with eager joy, on homely food. 2. To apply one’s self to. Dryden, Addison, Shak, The corn falls short. Dryden. He will never after fall to labor. They fell to raising money, under pretense of the relief of Ireland. Jlarendon, To fall under ; to come under, or within the limits of; to be subjected to. They fell under the jurisdic- tion of the emperor. 2. To come under; to become the subject of. This point did not fall under the cognizance or de- liberations of the court. These things do not fall under human sight or observation. 3. To come within; to be ranged or reckoned with. These substances fall under a different class or order. To fall upon; to attack. [See To Fat on.] 2. To attempt. I do not intend to fall upon nice disquisitions, 3. To rush against. Fall primarily denotes descending motion, either in a perpendicular or inclined direction, and in most Holder. FALL, v. t. FALL, n. FAL-LA/CIOUS, a. FAL-LA/CIOUS-LY, adv. FAL-LA/CIOUS-NESS, zn. FAL/LA-CY, Tl. FAL/LAX, 7. FALL/‘EN, (fawl/n,) pp. or a. FAL of its applications, implies, literally or figuratively, velocity, haste, suddenness, or violence. Its use 1s so various, and so much diversified by modifying words, that it is not easy to enumerate its senses in all its applications. \ To let fall; to drop. And fall thy edge- less sword. I am willing to full this areument. [ This application ts obsolete. | [Shak. Dryden. 2. To sink; to depress; as, to raise or fall the voice. 3. To diminish ; to lessen or lower; as, to full the price of commodities. [Little used.] 4. To bring forth ; as, to fall lambs. [Rare.] Shak. 5. To fell; to cut down; as, to fall a tree. [This use is provincial in England, and. occasion- ally occurs in America; fell and fall being probably from a common root. ] The act of dropping or descending from a higher to a lower place by gravity ; descent; as, a fall from a horse or from the yard of a ship. 2. The act of dropping or tumbling from an erect posture. He was walking on ice, and had a fall. 3. Death ; destruction ; overthrow. Our fathers had a great_fall before our enemies. Judith. 4. Ruin; destruction. They conspire thy fall. Denham. 5. Downfall; degradation; loss of greatness or office ; as, the fall of Cardinal Wolsey. Behold thee glorious only in thy fall. Pope. 6. Declension of greatness, power, or dominion ; ruin; as, the fall of the Roman empire. 7. Diminution ; decrease of price or value ; depre- Ciation ; as, the fall of prices; the fall of rents; the fall of interest. 8. Declination of sound; a sinking of tone; ca- dence ; as, the fall of the voice at the close of a sen- tence. ¥. Declivity; the descent of land or a hill; a slope. $aCON- 10. Descent of water; a cascade; a cataract; a rush of water down a steep place ; usually in the plural; sometimes in the singular; as, the fulls of Niagara, or the Mohawk ; the fall of the Housatonic at Canaan. Fall is applied to a perpendicular de- scent, or to one that is very steep. When the de- scent is moderate, we name it rapids. Custom, how- ever, sometimes deviates from this rule, and the raps of rivers are called falls. 11. The outlet or discharge of a river or current of water Into the ocean, or into a lake or pond; as, the fall of the Po into the Gulf of Venice. Addison. 12. Extent of descent ; the distance which any thing falls ; as, the water of a pond has a fall of five feet. 13. The fall of the leaf; the season when leaves fall from trees; autumn. [Hants and Sussex. Still used in America. | 14. That which falls; a falling ; as, a fall of rain or snow. 15. The act of felling or cutting down ; as, the fall of timber. 16. Fall, or the fali; by way of distinction, the apostasy ; the act of our first parents in eating the forbidden fruit ; also, the apostasy of the rebellious angels. 17. Formerly, a kind of vail. B. Jonson. 18. In seamen’s language, that part of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting. R. H. Dana, Jr. 19. In Great Britain, a term applied to several measures, linear, superficial, and solid. Cyc. [Fr. fallacieur; L. fallax, from fallo, to deceive. See Fait.] 1. Deceptive ; deceiving ; deceitful ; wearing a false appearance; misleading ; producing error or mistake ; sophistical ; applied to things only; as, a fallacious argument or proposition ; a fallacious ap- pearance. 2. Deceitful; false; not well founded ; producing disappointment ; mocking expectation; as, a falla- cious hope. In a fallacious manner; deceitfully ; sophistically ; with purpose or in a man- ner to deceive. We have seen how fallaciously the author has stated the cause. Addison. Tendency to deceive or mislead ; inconclusiveness ; as, the fallaciousness of an argument, or of appearances. [L. fallacia. ] 1. Deceptive or false appearance; deceitfulness ; that which misleads the eye or the mind. Detect the fallacy of the argument. 2. Deception ; mistake. all a fallacy. Vll entertain the favored yallacy. 3. In logic, an argument, or apparent argument, which professes to be decisive of the matter at Issue, while in reality it is not. : Brande. [L.] Cavillation. Abp. Cranmer. Dropped ; descended ; This appearance may be Shak. degraded ; decreased ; ruined. fle TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, 435ene ee ew a ene ee ge Se PRO CRANE CT OTN tT Oe a ip FAL FAL ———— FAM FAL'LEN-CY, 7. Mistake. [ Obs.] FALL/ER, 2. One that tals ee FAL-LI-BIL/L-TY, n. [It. fullibilitd. See Favurne.] 1. Liableness to deceive ; the quality of being fal- lible ; uncertainty ; possibility of being erroneous, or of leading to mistake ; as, the fallidility of an argu- ment, of reasoning, or of testimony. : 9, Liableness to err, or to be deceived in one’s own judgment ; as, the fallibility of men. FAL/LLBLE, a. [lt. fallibile; Sp. falible; from L. fullo, to deceive.] “1. Liable to fail or mistake ; that may err or be de- ceived in judgment. All men are fallible. i 9. Liable to error; that may deceive. Our judg- ments, our faculties, our opinions, are fallible; our hopes are fallible. FAL/LLBLY, adv. Ina fallible manner. Yescending; dropping; dis- PALLIING, ppr. or 4. i declining ; decreasing ; emboguing ; apostatizing 7 sinking ; coming. FALLING, [ite ) An indenting or hollow 5 op- FALL/ING IN,$ posed to rising or prominence, ~~ Falling away; apostasy. [Addison. Falling off; departure from the line or course ; declension. FALL/ING-SICK/NESS,\n. The epilepsy ; a disease jn which the patient suddenly loges his senses and falls. FALL/ING-STAR, n. which see. FALL/ING-STONE, zn. The same as SHOOTING-STAR, A stone falling from the at- mosphere ; a meteorite ; an aérolite. Cyc. FAL-LO/PIL-AN, a. [from Fallopius.] A term applied to two ducts, arising from the womb, usually called tubes. FAL/LOW, a. [Sax. falewe, falu, or fealo ; D. vaal; G. falb, fall; Fr. fauve, for falve; L. fulvus; qu. helvous, for feluus. This word may be from the root of fail, fallo; so called from the fading color of autumnal leaves, or from failure, withering. Hence, also, the sense of unoccupied, applied to land, which in Span- ish is palate 1. Pale red, or pale yellow ; as, a fallow deer. 9. Unsowed; not tilled; left to rest after a year or more of tillage ; as, fallow ground; a fallow field. Break up your fallow ground. — Jer. iv. 3. Left unsowed after plowing. The word is ap- plied to the land after plowing. 4, Unplowed; uncultivated. 5. Unoccupied ; neglected. Let the cause lie fallow. FAL’LOW, 7. Land that has Jain a year or more un- tilled or unseeded. It is also called fallow, when plowed without being sowed. The plowing of fallows is a benefit to land, 2, The plowing or tilling of land, without sowing it, fora season. Summer fallow, properly conducted, has ever been found a sure method of destroying weeds. By a complete summer fallow, land is rendered tender and mellow. The fallow gives it a better tilth than can be given by a fallow crop. Sinclair. A green fallow, in England, is that where land is rendered mellow and clean from weeds, by means of some green crop, as turnips, potatoes, &c. TC. FAL'LOW, v.i. To fade; to become yellow. [0Obs.] FAL’LOW, v. t. To plow, harrow, and break lanc without seeding it, for the purpose of destroying weeds and insects, and rendering it mellow. It is found for the interest of the farmer to fallow cold, strong, clayey land. FAL/LOW-€ROP, x. The crop taken from fallowed Tooke. Shak. [Vout in use ] Hudibras. Mortimer. ground, Sinclair. FAL/LOW-DEER,n. [Sax. fulewe, pale yellow.| The Cervus Dama, or Dama vulgaris, a species smaller than the stag, and most common in England, where it is almost domesticated in the parks. Partington. FAL/LOW-ED, (fal/lode,) pp. Plowed and harrowed for a season, without being sown. FAL/LOW-FINCH, x. A small bird, the enanthe or wheat-ear, FAL/LOW-ING, ppr. without sowing it. FAL/LOW-ING, n. The operation of plowing and harrowing land without sowing it. Fuallowing is found to contribute to the destruction of snails and other vermin. Sinclair. PAL/LOW-IST, n. One who favors the practice of fallowing. land. Plowing and harrowing land On this subject « controversy has arisen between two sects, the Jellowists and the anti-fallowists. [Unusual.] Sinclatr. FAL/LOW-NESS, n. A fallow state; barrenness ; exemption from bearing fruit. Donne. FALS/A RY,n. [See Fause.] A falsifier of evidence. | Not in eee Sheldon. FALSE, a. [L. falsus, from fallo, to deceive ; Sp. falso ; It. id,; Fr. faux, fausse; Sax. false; D. valsch; G. falsch; Sw.and Dan. falsk; W. fals; Ir. falsa. See Favyu and Fatu.] 1. Not true; not conformable to fact ; expressing what is contrary to that which exists, is done, said, or thought. A false report communicates what is not done or said; a false accusation imputes to a person what he has not done or said ; a false wit- ness testifies what is not true; a false opinion is not according to truth or fact. The word is applicable to any subject, physical or moral. 2. Not well founded ; as, a false claim. 3. Not true; not according to the lawful standard ; as, a false weight or measure. 4. Substituted for another ; succedaneous ; Suppos- ititious ; as, a false bottom. 5. Counterfeit ; forged; not genuine; as, false coin; a false bill or note. 6. Not solid orsound ; deceiving expectations ; as, a false foundation. False and slippery ground. 7. Not agreeable to rule or propriety ; as, false con- struction in language. 8. Not honest or just; not fair ; as, false play. 9. Not faithful or loyal; treacherous ; perfidious ; Dryden, deceitful. The King’s subjects may prove false to him. So we say, a false heart. 10. Unfaithful; inconstant; as, a false friend; a false lover ; false to promises and vows; the husband and wife proved false to each other. 11. Deceitful: treacherous ; betraying secrets. 12. Counterfeit ; not genuine or real; as, a false diamond. 13. Hypocritical; feigned; made or assumed for the purpose of deception ; as, false tears ; false mod- esty ; the man appears in false colors; the advocate gave the subject a false coloring. False fire; composition of combustibles, used in vessels of war to make signals during the night. Z otten. False imprisonment; the arrest and imprisonment of a person without warrant or cause, OF contrary to law : orthe unlawful detaining of a person in custody. FALSE, adv. Not truly ; not honestly ; falsely. Shak. FALSE, v. t. To violate by failure of veracity ; to deceive. [ Obs.] Spenser. 9. To defeat ; to balk; to evade. [Obs.] Spenser. FALSE/-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Hypocritical. FALSE/-HEART, )a. Hollow; treacherous; de- FALSE/-HEART’ED, § ceitful; perfidious. Bacon. [ The former ts not used. FALSE/-HEART/ED-NESS,n. Perfidiousness ; treach- ery. Stillingfleet. FALSE/HOOD, nz: [ fulse and hood.) 1. Contrariety or inconformity to fact or truth ; as, the falsehood of a report. 2. Want of truth or veracity; a lie; an untrue assertion. 3. Want of honesty; treachery; deceitfulness ; perfidy. Milton. But falsehood is properly applied to things only. [See Favseness. 4, Counterfeit; false appearance ; imposture. JVilton. FALSE/-KEEL, n. The timber used below the main keel, to serve both as a defense and an aid in holding a better wind. Brande. FALSE/LY, adv. In a manner contrary to truth and fact; not truly; as, to speak or swear fulscly ; to tes- tify falsely. 2, Treacherously ; perfidiously. Swear to ine—that thou wilt not deal falsely with me.— Gen. x3 3. Erroneously ; by mistake. Smallridge. FALSE’NESS, n. Want of integrity and veracity, either in principle or in act; as, the falseness of a man’s heart, or his falseness to his word. 2. Duplicity; deceit; double dealing. Hammond. 3. Unfaithfulness ; treachery ; perfidy ; traitorous- ness. The prince isin no danger of being betrayed by the JSalseness, or cheated by the avarice of such a servant. ogers. FALS/ER, 7. A deceiver. Spenser. ° FALSE/-ROOF, n. In architecture, that part between the ceiling of the upper floor and the covering of the roof. Guilt. FAL-SETTE/, n. [It.] Literally, a false or artificial FAL-SET/TO, voice, That part of a person’s voice which lies above its natural compass. FAL'SI CRI’ MEN, [L.] The crime of forgery. FALS/I-FI-A-BLBE, a. Lees falsify.| That may be falsified, counterfeited, or corrupted. Johnson. FALS-I-FL€A/TION, n. [Fr., from falsifier.] 1, The act of making false; a counterfeiting ; the giving to a thing an appearance of something which it is not ; as, the falsification of words. Hooker. 2, Confutation. Broome. FALS/I-FI-€a-TOR, n. Bp. Morton. FALS/I-FI-ED, pp. Counterfeited. FALS/I-FI-ER, 2. One who counterfeits, or ‘gives to a thing a deceptive appearance; or one who makes false coin. oyle. 2. One who invents falsehood ; a liar. L’Estrange. 3. One who proves a thing to be false. FALS/LFY, v. t. [Fr. falsifier, from false. ] 1. To counterfeit; to forge; to make something false, or in imitation of that which is true; as, to falsify coin. A falsifier. The Irish bards use to falsify every thing. Spenser. proof. [JVot in use.] His ample shield is falsified. Dryden. “ALS/LFY, v. i. To tell lies; to violate the truth. It is universally unlawful to lie and falsify. South. FALS/I-FY-ING, ppr. Counterfeiting ; forging ; lying ; FALS/L-TY, 7. FAL/TER, v. i. [Sp. faltar, to be deficient, from falta, FAL’TER, ». t. FAL'TER-ING, ppr. or a. FAL'TER-ING, n. FAL’/TER-ING-LY, adv. FA'LUN, n. FAME, n. FAME, v.t. To make famous. FAM/ED, a. He is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer. Shak. FAME/-GIV-ING, a Bestowing fame. FAME/LESS, a. Without renown. Beaum. FAME/LESS-LY, adv. FA-MIL/IAR, (fa-mil/yar,) a. FA-MIL/IAR, n. 9. To disprove; to prove to be false; as, to falsify a record. 3. To violate; to break by falsehood ; as, to falsify one’s faith or word. Sidney. 4. To show to be unsound, insufficient, or not proving to be false ; violating. [ L. falsitas. ] 1. Contrariety or inconformity to truth; the qual- ity of being false. Probability does not make any alteration, either in the truth or Salsity of things. South. 2. Falsehood; a lie; a false assertion. Glanville. This sense is less proper] fault, defect, failing, from falir, to fail, falla, fault, de- fect; Port. faltar, to want, to miss; from L. fallo, the primary sense of which is to fall short, or to err, to miss, to deviate. 1. To hesitate, fail, or break, in the utterance of words; to speak with a broken or trembling ulter- ance; to stammer. His tongue falters. He speaks with a faltering tongue. He falters at the question. 2. To fail, tremble, or yield in exertion; not to be firm and steady. His legs falter. Wiseman. 3. To fail in the regular exercise of the understand- ing. We observe idiots to falter. Locke. To sift. [Not in use.] Mortimer. Hesitating ; speaking with a feeble, broken, trembling utterance ; failing. Feebleness; deficiency. Killingbeck. \ With hesitation; with a trembling, broken voice; with difficulty or feeble- ness. (Fr.] A French provincial name for cer- tain tertiary strata abounding in shells, corresponding to the Norfolk crag. Lyell. [L. fama; Fr. fame; Sp. and It. fama; Gr I suspect this root see papa, beun, from daw, to speak. to be contracted from @ayw or dakw, Class Bg. No. 48, 62, and Facunp.] 1. Public report or rumor The fame thereof was heard in Pharaoh’s house, saying, Jo- seph’s brethren are come. — Gen. xly. 2. Favorable report; report of good or great ac- tions; report that exalts the character ; celebrity ; re- nown; as, the fame of Howard or of Washington ; the fame of Solomon. And the fame of Jesus went throughout all Syria. — Matt. iv. B. Jonson. 2. To report. Buck. Much talked of; renowned ; celebrated , distinguished and exalted by favorable reports. Aris- tides was famed for learning and wisdom, and Cicero for eloquence. In a fameless manner. [L. familiaris; Fr. fa- milier ; Sp. familiar; from L. familia, family, which see. 1. Pertaining to a family ; domestic. Pope. 9. Accustomed by frequent converse; well ac- quainted with; intimate ; close; as, a familiar friend or companion. ; 3. Affable ; not formal or distant ; easy in conver- sation. Be thou familiar, but by no means vulgar. Shak. 4, Well acquainted with; knowing by frequent use. Be familiar with the Scriptures. 5. Well known; learnt or well understoou by fre- quent use. Let the Scriptures be familiar to us, 6. Unceremonious ; free ; unconstrained ; easy. The emperor conversed with the gentleman in the most familiar manner. 7. Common; frequent and intimate. By familiar intercourse strong attachments are soon formed. 8. Easy ; unconstrained ; not formal. His letters are written in a familiar style. He sports in loose, familiar strains. 9. Intimate in an unlawful degree. A poor man found a priest familiar with his wife. Familiar spirit ; a demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. Addison, Camden. An intimate; a close companion; one long acquainted ; one accustomed to another by free, unreserved converse. All my familiars watched for my halting. — Jer. xx. ©. A demon or evil spirit supposed to attend at a call. But in general we say, a familiar spirit. Shak. 3. In the Court of Inquisition, a person who assists in apprehending and imprisoning the accused, Encyc. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — A36 METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —FAM FAN FAN FA-MIL-IAR/L-TY, (fa-mil-yar/e-te,). Intimate and frequent converse, or association in company. The gentlemen lived in remarkable familiarity. Hence, 2, Easiness of conversation ; affability ; freedom from ceremony. _ 3. Intimacy ; intimate acquaintance ; unconstrained intercourse. FA-MIL/IAR-IZE, v. t. To make familiar or intimate ; to habituate ; to accustom ; to make well known by practice or converse ; as, to familiarize one’s self to scenes of distress. 2. To make easy by practice or customary use, or by intercourse. 3. To bring down from a state of distant superior- ity. The genius smiled on me with a look of compassion and affabil- ity that familiarized him to my imaginauon. Addison. FA-MIL/IAR-IZ-ED, pp. Accustomed ; habituated ; made familiar; made easy by practice, custom, or use. FA-MIL/ILAR-IZ-ING, ppr. Accustoming ; making fa- miliar ; rendering easy by practice, custom, or use. FA-MIL/TAR-LY, adv. In afamiliar manner; uncer- emoniously ; without constraint ; without formality. 2. Commonly; frequently ; with the ease and un- concern that arise from long custom or acquaintance. FAM/I-LISM, x. The tenets of the Familists. FAM/I-LIST, x. [from family.] One belonging to the Family of Love, a short-lived sect in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, much resembling the Quietists in the Ro- man Catholic church. Murdock. FAM-LLIST’I€, a. Pertaining to familists. Baxter. FA-MILLE’, (fa-meel',)n. [Fr. en famille.] In a family state; domestically. Swift. fas word is never used without en before it. FAM/I-LY, n. [L. and Sp. familia; Fr. famille; It. famiglia. his word is said to have originally signi- fied servants, from the Celtic famul; but qu.] 1. The collective body of persons who live in one house, and under one head or manager ; a household, including parents, children, and servants, and, as the case may be, lodgers or boarders. 2. Those who descend from one common progeni- tor; a tribe orrace; kindred; lineage. ‘Thus the Is- raelites were a branch of the family of Abraham.; and the descendants of Reuben, of Manasseh, &c., were called their fumilies. The whole human race are the family of Adam, the human family. 3. Course of descent; genealogy; line of ances- tors. Go and complain thy family is young. Pope. 4. Honorable descent; noble or respectable stock. He is a man of family. 5. A collection or union of nations or states. The states of Europe were, by the prevailing maxims of its policy, closely united in one family. E. Everett. 6. In popular language, an order, class, or genus of animals, or of other natural productions, having something In common, by which they are distin- guished from others; as, quadrupeds constitute a family of animals; and we speak of the family or families of plants. FAM/INE, x. [Fr. famine, from faim; L. fames; It. fame; Sp. fame or hambre; Port. fome.} 1. Scarcity of food ; dearth ; a general want of pro- visions sufficient for the inhabitants of a country or besieged place. amines are less frequent than for- merly. A due attention to agriculture tends to pre- vent famine, and commerce secures a country from its destructive effects. @ There was a famine in the land. — Gen. xxvi. 2. Want; destitution; as, a famine of the word of Jife. ; FAM/ISH, v. t. [Fr. affamer, from faim, hunger, L. fames; It. affamire, affamare ; Sp. hambrear.) 1. To starve; to kill or destroy with hunger. Shak. 2. To exhaust the strength of, by hunger or thirst ; to distress with hunger. The pains of famished Tantalus ho’ll feel. 3. To kill by deprivation or denial of any thing necessary for life. Milton. FAM/ISH, v. i. To die of hunger. More generally, 2. To suffer extreme hunger or thirst; to be ex- hausted in strength, or to come near to perish for want of food or drink. You are all resolved rather to die than to famish. Dryden, Shak, 3. To be distressed with want; to come near to perish by destitution. The Lord will not suffer the righteous to famish. —Proy. x. FAM/ISH-ED, (fam/isht,) pp. or a. Starved ; exhaust- ed by want of sustenance. FAM/ISH-ING, ppr. or a. Starving ; killing; perish- ing by want of food, FAM/ISH-MENT, 7. The pain of extreme hunger or thirst ; extreme want of sustenance. Hakewill. FA-MOS/I-TY, n. Renown. Dict. FA’MOUS, a, [L. famosus; Fr. fameuz. See Fame.] 1. Celebrated in fame or public report ; renowned ; much talked of and praised ; distinguished in story. Two hundred and fifty princes of the assembly, famous in the congregation, —Num, xvi. It is followed by for. One man is famous for eru- dition ; another for eloquence ; and another for mil- itary skill. 2. Sometimes in a bad sense; as, a famous coun- terfeiter ; a fameus pirate. FA’MOUS-ED, a. Renowned. [4n ill-formed word.] Shak. FA/MOUS-LY, adv. With great renown or celebration. Then this land was famously enriched With politic grave counsel, Shak. FA/MOUS-NESS, xn. Renown ; greatfame ; celebrity. FAM/U-LATE, v.% [L. famula.] [ Boyle. To serve. [JVot used.]} FAN, 7. [Sax. fann; Sw. vanna; D. wan; G. wanne ; L. vannus; Fr. van; Sp. and Port. abano. The word, in German and Swedish, signifies a fan and a tub, as if from opening or spreading ; if so, it seems to be allied to pane, pannel. Class Bn.] 1. An instrument used by ladies to agitate the air and cool the face in warm weather. It is made of feathers, or of thin skin, paper, or taffeta, mounted on sticks, &c. 2. Something in the form of a woman’s fan when spread, as a peacock’s tail, a window, &c. 3. An instrument for winnowing grain, by moving which the grain is thrown up and agitated, and the chaff is separated and blown away. 4. A small vane or sail, used to keep the large sails of a smock windmill always in the direction of the wind. Hebert. 5. Something by which the air is moved; a wing. Dryden. 6. An instrument to raise the fire or flame; as, a fan to inflame love. Hooker. FAN, v. t. To cool and refresh, by moving the air with a fan ; to blow the air on the face with a fan. 2. To ventilate ; to blow on; to affect by air put in motion. The fanning wind upon her bosorn blows; To meet the fanning wind the bosom rose. Dryden. Calm as the breath which fans our eastern groves. Dryden. 3. To move as with a fan The air — fanned with plumes. Milton, 4. To winnow; to ventilate; to separate chaff from grain and drive it away by a current of air; as, to fan Wheat. FA-NAT‘TIE€, da. FA-NAT'’I€-AL, § ly, seeing visions. | Wild and extravagant in opinions, particularly in religious opinions ; excessively enthusiastic; pos- sessed by a kind of frenzy. Hence we say, fanatic zeal ; fanatic notions or opinions. FA-NAT’I€, n. A person affected by excessive en- thusiasm, particularly on religious subjects; one who indulges wild and extravagant notions of reli- gion, and sometimes exhibits strange motions and postures, and vehement vociferation in religious worship. Fanatics sometimes affect to be inspired, or to have intercourse with superior beings. [L. fanaticus, phanaticus, from Gr. ~atvopat, to appear ; literal- Fanatics are governed rather by imagination than by judgment. Stowe FA-NAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. With wild enthusiasm. FA-NAT’I€-AL-NESS, zn. Fanaticism. FA-NAT’LCISM, n. Excessive enthusiasm; wild and extravagant notions of religion ; religious frenzy. FA-NAT’I-CIZE, v. t. To make fanatic. [Rogers. FA-NAT’I-CIZ-ED, pp. Rendered fanatic. FA-NAT’LCIZ-ING, ppr. Rendering fanatic. FAN/CI-ED, (fan/sid,) pp. or a. [See Fancy.] Im- agined ; conceived ; liked. Stephens. FAN/CLER, zn. One who fancies. This word often occurs in composition, as bird-fancier, dog-fancier, rose-fancier, &c., denoting one who has a taste for the things specified, and who keeps them for sale. FAN/CI-FUL, a. [See Fancy.] Guided by the im- agination, rather than by reason and experience ; subject to the influence of fancy ; whimsical; ap- plied to persons. A fanciful man forms visionary projects. 2. Dictated by the imagination; full of wild im- ages; chimerical; whimsical; ideal; visionary ; applied to things; as, a fanciful scheme ; a fanciful theory. FAN/CI-FUL-LY, adv. In a fanciful manner; wild- ly ; whimsically. 2. According to fancy. FAN/CILFUL-NESS, n. The quality of being fanci- ful, or influenced by the imagination, rather than by reason and experience; the habit of following fancy ; applied to persons. 2. The quality of being dictated by imagination ; applied to things. FAN/CY,n. [Contracted from fantasy. L. phantasia, Gr. dayracra, from gayravw, to cause to appear, to seem, to imagine, from darvw, to show, to appear, to shine. The primary sense seems to be, to open, or to es shoot forth. Ar. ae baina, to open, to appear; or “<< 1. The faculty by which the mind forms images or representations of things at pleasure. It is often used as synonymous With imagination ; but imagina- tion is rather the power of combining and modifying our conceptions. Stewart 2. An opinion or notion. 1 have always had a JONG that learning might be made a play and recreation to children. Locke. 3. Taste ; conception. The little chapel called the Salutation is very neat, and built with a pretty fancy. Addison, 4 Image; conception ; thought. How now, my lord! why do you keep alone, Ofsorniest fancies your companions making ? Shak. 5. Inclination; liking. Take that which suits your fancy. How does this strike your fancy? His fancy lay to traveling. L’Estrange. 6. Love. Tell me where is fancy bred. Shak. 7. Caprice; humor; whim; as, an odd or strange fancy. True worth shall gain me, that it may be said, Desert, not fancy, once a woman led. Dryden. 8. False notion. Bacon. 9. Something that pleases or entertains without real use or value. London-pride is a pretty fancy for borders. FAN/CY,v. 7. To imagine; to figure to one’s self; to believe or suppose without proof. AIIl may not be our enemies whom we /ancy to be so. 1f our search has reached no farther than simile and metaphor, we rather fancy than know. Locke. FAN/CY, v. t. To form a conception of; to portray in the mind; to imagine. He whom I fancy, but can ne’er express. 2. To like; to be pleased with, particularly on ac- count of external appearance or manners. We fancy a person for beauty and accomplishment. We some- times fancy a lady at first sight, whom, on acquaint- ance, We cannot esteem. Fancy-stocks ; among brokers, stocks which, having no determinate value from any fixed probable income, fluctuate in price according to the fancy of specula- tors. The fancy; a cant name for sporting characters. FAN/CY-BALL, zn. A ball in which persons appear in fancy dresses, imitations of antique costumes, &c. FAN/CY-FRAM-ED, a. Created by the fancy. Mortimer. Dryden. Crashaw. FAN CY-FREE, a. Free from the power of love. Shak. FAN/CY-ING, ppr. Imagining; conceiving; liking. FAN/CY-MON’'GER, n. One who deals in tricks of imagination. Shak. FAN/CY-SICK, a. One whose imagination is un- sound, or whose distemper is in his own mind. LD? Estrange. FAND, old pret. of Finp. [Obs.] Spenser. FAN-DAN’GO, 7. [Sp.] It seems to be connected with D. vatten, G. fassen, Sw. fatta, Dan. fatter, to hold. Qu. Gr. 78os.] A large tub, cistern, or vessel, used for various pur- poses, as by brewers to run their wort in, by tanners for holding their bark and hides, &c. It is alsoa wooden vessel containing a quarter or eight bushels of grain, and a pan for containing water in salt- works, a vessel for wine, &c. The fats shal] overflow with wine and oil. — Joel ii. FAT, n. A measure of capacity, differing in different commodities. ebert. FA'TAL, a. [L. fatalis. See Fare.] 1. Proceeding from fate or destiny ; necessary 5 in- evitable. These things are fatal and necessary. 9. Appointed by fate or destiny. It was fatal to the king to fight for his money. [In the foregoing senses the word is nov little used. | 5. Causing death or destruction; deadly ; mortal ; as, a fatal wound ; a fatal disease. 4. Destructive; calamitous; as, a fatal day ; a fa- tal event. FA/TAL-ISM, n. The doctrine that all things are sub ject to fate, or that they take place by inevitable ne Tillotson. Bacon. cessity. ush. FA'/TAL-IST, n. One who maintains that all things | happen by inevitable necessity. Watts { FA-TAL/‘LTY, x. (Fr. fatahté, from fate. | 1. A fixed, unalterable course of things, independ ent of God or any controlling cause; an invincible necessity existing in things themselves; a doctrine of the Stoics. South. 9. Decree of fate. King Charles. 3. Tendency to danger, or to some great or hazard- ous event. Brown. 4. Mortality. Med. Repos. FA’TAL-LY, adv. By a decree of fate or destiny ; by inevitable necessity or determination. Bentley. 2. Mortally ; destructively ; in death or ruin. This encounter ended fatally. ‘The prince was fatally de- FA/TAL-NESS, n. - Invincible necessity. [celved. FA'TA MOR-GA'NA, n. [It.] A remarkable phe- nomenon, at Reggio, on the Straits of Messina, in Italy, in which, by an extraordinary atmospheric re- fraction, multiplied images of the objects on the sur- rounding coasts appear in the air over the surface of the sea. Brande. FAT’-BRAIN-ED, a. Dull of apprehension. Shak. FATE, n. [L. fatum, from for, fari, to speak, whence fatus. | 1. Primarily,a decree or word pronounced by God, ora fixed sentence by which the order of things is prescribed. Hence, inevitable necessity ; destiny depending on a superior cause, and uncontrollable. According to the Stoics, every event is determined by fate. Necessity or chance Approach not me; and what I will is fale. Milton. 2. Event predetermined ; lot ; destiny. It is our fate to meet With disappointments. It is the fate of mortals. Tell me what fates attend the duke of Suffolk. Shak. 3. Final event; death; destruction. Yet still he chose the longest way to fate. The whizzing arrow sings, And bears thy fate, Antinous, on its wings. Pope. 4. Cause of death. Dryden calls an arrow a feath- ered fate. Divine fate; the order or determination of God ; providence. _Encyc. FAT/’ED, a. Decreed by fate ; doomed ; destined. He was fated to rule over a factious people. 2. Modeled or regulated by fate. Her awkward love indeed was oddly fated. Prior. 3. Endued with any quality by fate. Dryden. 4. Invested with the power of fatal determination. The fatal sky Gives us free scope. [ he two last senses are hardlu legitimate ] FATE/FUL, a. Bearing fatal power; producing fatal Yiu, 8 ) events. Dryden. Shak. The fateful steel. J. Barlow. FATE/FUL-LY, adv. In a fateful manner. as in tallow, lard, and oil. It has been recently as- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY.— PINE, MARNE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— FATE’/FUL-NESS, n. State of being fateful. 440FAT PAT FAU YATES, n. pl. In mythology, the Destinies, or Parce ; goddesses supposed to preside over the birth and life of men. They were three in number, Clotho, Lach- esis, and Atropos. Lempriere. FA/PHER, n. [Sax. feder, feder; G. vater; D. vader ; Ice. Sw. and Dan. fader; Gr. tatno; L. pater; Sp. padre; It. padre; Port. pai, or pay; Fr. peére, by con- O “— traction ; Pers. ,s padar; Russ. batia; Sans. and Bali, pita; Zend. fedre; Syr. [, AD batara. This word signifies the begetter, from the verb, Sw. fdéda, Dan. fodder, to beget, to feed; Goth. fodyan; Sax. fe- dan; D. voeden, to feed; whence fodder, G. futter, futtern. The primary sense is obvious. See Class Bd, No. 54,55. The Goth. atta, Ir. aithir, or athair, Basque aita, may be from the same root by loss of the first letter. ] I. He who begets a child ; in L. genitor, or genera- tor. The father ofa fool hath no joy. — Prov. xvii. A wise son maketh a glad father. — Prov. x. The first ancestor; the progenitor of a race or eeay. Adam was the father of the human race, Abraham was the father of the Israelites. 3. The appellation of an old man, and a term of respect. The king of Israel said to Elisha, My father, shall I smite them ?— 2 Kings vi. The servants of Naaman call him father. 2 Elderly men are called fathers town or city. In the church, learning, and piety, are fathers. 4. The grandfather, or moreremote ancestor. Neb- uchadnezzar is called the father of Belshazzar, though he was his grandfather. Dan. v. 5. One who feeds and supports, or exercises pater- nal care over another. God is called the Father of the fatherless. Ps. xviii. 6. He who creates, invents, makes, or composes, any thing; the author, former, or contriver ; a found- er, director, or instructor. God, as creator, is the Fa- ther of all men. John vill. Jabal was the father of such as dwell in tents ; and Jubal of musicians. Gen. iv. God is the Fatker of spirits and of lights. Ho- mer is considered as the fatier of epic poetry. Wash- ington, as a defender and an affectionate and wise counselor, is called the father of his country. And see 1 Chron, il. 51; iv. 14; ix. 35. Satan is called the father of lies ; he introduced sin, and instigates men to sin. Join viii. Abraham is called the father of believers ; he was an early believer, and a pattern of faith and obedience. om. iv. . A father-in-law. So Heli is called the father of Joseph. Lule iii. 8. The appellation of the first person in the ble Trinity. Go yg, therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, — Matt. xxviii. 9. The title given to dignitaries of the church, su- periors of convents, and to confessors in the Roman Catholic church 10. Fathers, in the plural ; ancestors. Dayid slept with his fathers. — 1 Kings ii. Kings Vv. ; as, the fathers ‘of a men venerable for age, called Jathers, or reverend adora- 11. The appellation of the ecclesiastical writers of the first centuries, as Polycarp, Jerome, &c. 12. The title of the senators in ancient Rome ; as, conscript fathers. Adoptive father ; he who adopts the children of an- other, and acknowledges them as his own. Natural father; the father of illegitimate children. Putative father; one who is only reputed to be the father ; the supposed father. FA/PHER-IN-LAW, zn. The father of one’s husband or wife; and aman who marries a woman who has children by a former husband is called the father-in- law, or step-father of those children. FA’FHER, v. t. To adopt ; to take the child of anoth- er as one’s own. Shak. 2. To adopt any thing as one’s own; to profess to be the author. Men of wit Often fathered what he writ. Swift. 3. To ascribe or charge to one as his offspring or production ; with on. My name was made use of by several persons, one of whom was pleased to father on me a new set of productions, Swift. FA!PHER-ED, pp. Adopted; taken as one’s own; ascribed to one as the author. 2. Having had a father of particular qualities. I am no stronger than my sex, Being so fathered and so husbanded. [Unusual.] Shak. FX’FHER-HOQD, xn. The state of being a father, or the character or authority of a father. We might have had an entire notion of this fatherhood, or fatherly authority, Locke, FA!FHER-ING, ppr. Adopting; taking or acknowl- edging as one’s own; ascribing to the father or au- thor. PA/PHER-LAND, n. The native land of one’s fathers or ancestors. E ngland is the father-land of the peo- ple of New England, and Persia the father-land of the Teutonic nations. FA’FHER-LASH-ER, nm. A_ salt-water fish, bubalis, allied to the river bull-head. The head is large, and its spines formidable. It is found on the rocky coasts of Britain, and near Newfoundland and Greenland. In the latter country it is a great article of food. Pennant. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. FA’FHER-LESS, a. Destitute of a living father ; as, a futherless child. 2. Without a known author. FA’FHER-LESS-NESS, n. The state of being with- out a father. FA’PHER-LLNESS, x. ities of a Cottus [See FarHerty.] The qual- father ; parental kindness, care, and ten- derness. FA’FHER-LY, a. [father and like.] Like a father in affection and care; tender; paternal; protecting ; careful ; as, fatherly care or affection. whe staining to a father. FA/PHER-LY, adv. In the manner of a father. Thus Adam, (fatherly displeased. Milton. FA/FHER-SHIP, x. The state of being a father. FAFH’OM, n. [Sax. fethem; Ir. fead; G. faden; D. wadem. Qu. Dan. favn. The German word signifies a thread, a fathom, and probably thread or line is the real signification. | 1. A measure of length, containing six feet, the space to which a man may extend his arms ; used chiefly at sea for measuring cables, cordage, and the depth of the sea in sounding by a line and lead. 2. Reach ; penetration ; depth of thought or con- trivance. Lak. FAFH/OM, v. t To encompass with the arms extend- ed or encircling. 2. To reach ; to master; to comprehend. [Nol proper.] Leave to fathom such high points as these. Dryden. 3. To reach in depth; to sound; to try the depth. Our depths who fathoms. Pope. 4. To penetrate ; to find the bottom or extent. I can not fathom his design. FAFH'OM-A-BLE, a. Capable of being fathomed., Rich. Dict. FAFH/OM-ED, pp. Encompassed with the arms ; reached ; comprehended. FAPH'OM-ER, n. One who fathoms. FAFH’OM-ING, ppr. Encompassing with the arms; reac hing ; comprehending ; sounding ; penetrating. FAFH/OM-LESS, a. That of which no bottom can be found ; bottomless. 2. That can not be embraced or encompassed with the arms. Shak. 3. Not to be penetrated or comprehended. FA-TID/I€-AL, a. [L. fatidieus; fatwm and dico.] Having power to foretell future events ; prophet- Ice towell, FA-TIF’ER-OUS, a. FL. fatifer; fatum and fero.] Deadly ; mortal ; destructive. Dict. FAT’I-GA-BLE, a. [See Fariaur.] wearied 3 e: asily tired. FAT/I-GATE, v. t. [. fatigo.] To weary ; totire. [Little wsed.j That may be FAT’LGATE, a. Wearied; tired. [Zittle used.] Elijot. FAT-I-GA’TION, zn. Weariness. W. Mouwntaru. FA-TIGUE’, (fa-teeg’,) n. [Fr. td.; Arm. faticq; It. fatica; Sp. fatiga; from L. fatigo. It seems to be al- lied to L. fatisco ; if so, the sense is, a yielding or re- laxing. 1. Weariness with bodily labor or mental exertion ; lassitude or exhaustion of strength. We suffer fa. ious of the mind as well as of the body. . The cause of weariness ; labor; toil; as, the /a- tig? ues of war. “3. The labors of milit: iry men, distinct from the use of arms ; as, a party of men on fatigue. FA-TIGUE’, (fa-teeg’,) v. t. [L. fatigo; It. faticare; Sp. fatigar.] 1. To tire; to weary with labor or any bodily or mental exertion ; to harass with toil; to exhaust the strength by severe or long-continued exertion. To weary by importunity ; to harass, FA- TYGU/ED, (fa-teegd’,) pp. or a. Wearied ; harassed. FA-TYGU/ING, (fa-teeg'ing,) ppr. Tiring ; wearying ; harassing, 2. a. Inducing weariness or lassitude ; as, jfa- tiguing services or labors FA-TIL/O-QUIST, 2. [L. fatum and loquor.] A fortune- teller. FA-TIS/CENCH, x. [l. fatisco, to open, to gape.] A gaping or opening ; a state of being chinky. Dict. Kirwan. FAT’-KID-NEY-ED, a. [fat and kidney.] Fat; gross; a word used in contempt. Shak. FAT’LING, n. [from fat.] A lamb, kid, or other young animal, fattened for slaughter; a fat animal ; applied to quadrupeds whose flesh 1s used for food. David sacrificed oxen and fatlinge, —2 Sam. vi. tired ; FAT/LY, adv. Grossly; greasily. FAT/NER, xn. That which fattens; fatness or richness and fertility. Arbuthnot. FAT’NESS, n. [from fat.] The quality of being fat, plump, or "full fed ; corpulency ; fullness of flesh. Their eyes stand out with fatness. — Ps. Lxxiii, 2. Unctuous or greasy matter. Bacon. 3. Unctuousness ; sliminess ; applied to earth ; hence, richness ; fertility ; fruitfulness. God give thee of the dew ofheaven, and the fainess of the earth, and plenty of corn and wine. —-Gen. XXvii. 4, That which gives fertility Thy paths drop fainess. — Ps, Ixy. The clouds drop fatnesa, that which gives Philips. 5. The privileges and pleasures of religion ; abun- dant blessings. Let your soul delight itself in fainess. —Is. lv. FAT’TED, pp. or a. Made fat. FAT’TEN, (fat/n,) v. t. To make fat; to feed for slaughter ; to make fleshy or plump with fat. 2. To make fertile and fruitful; to enrich; as, to fatten land ; to fatten fields with blood. Dryden. 3. To feed grossly 5 to fill. Dryden. FAT’TEN, (fat/n,) v.1. To grow fat or corpulent; to grow plump, thick, or fleshy ; to be pampered. And villains fatien with the brave man’sdabor, Otway. Tigers and wolves shall in the ocean breed, The whale and dolphin fatten on the mead, Glanville. FAT’TEN-ED, (fat/nd,) pp. ora. Made fat, plump, or FAT/TEN-ER, n. See Farner. [ fleshy. FAT! TEN ING, (fat‘n-ing,) ppr. Making fat; grow- ing fat; making or growing rich and fruitful, FAT’TLNESS, Te (from fatty.) The state of being fat; grossness ; greasiness. Sherwood. FAT’TING, ppr. Making fat. FAT‘TISH, a. Somewhat fat. Sherwood. FAT’TY, a. Having the qualities of fat; greasy; as, a fatty BS aes, Arbuthnot. FA-TU'LTY, n. [Pr. fatwité ; L. fatuitas.] W ereneaee or imbecility of mind ; feebleness of in- tellect ; foolishness. Arbuthnot FAT’U-OUS, a. [L. fatuus. Class Bd, No. 2, 6, 63.] 1. Feeble in mind ; weak; silly ; stupid ; foolish. Glanville. 2. Impotent; without force or fire ; illusory ; allud- ing to the ionis Satuus. Thence fatuous fires and meteors take their birth. Denham. FAT’-WIT-TED, a. [fat and wit.] Heavy; dull; stupid. Siak. FAU'BOURG, (fo'boorg,) m. A suburb in French cit- ies; the name is also given to districts now within the city, but which were formerly suburbs without it, when the walls were less extensive. Dict. de VAcad. FAU'CES, n. pl. [L.] The posterior part of the mouth, termin: eds by the pharynx and larynz. Brande. FAU‘CET, n. [Fr. fausset, probably contracted from falset. A pipe to be inserted in a cask for drawing liquor, and stopped with a peg or spigot. These are called tap and faucet. FA DICHION, See FarcnHion. FAU/FEL, [Said to be Sanscrit.] The fruit of-a species of ane palm-tree. FAUGH, (faw.) Exclamation of contempt or abhor- rence. FAULT,x. ([Fr. faute, for faulte; Sp. falta; Port. 2d. ; It. fallo; from fail. See Fat. 1, Properly, an erring or missing ; a failing ; hence, an error or mistake ; a blunder; a defect; a blemish ; whatever impairs excellence ; applied to things. 2. In morals or deportment, any error or defect; an imperfection ; any deviation from propriety ; a slight offense ; a neglect of duty or propriety, resulting from inattention or want of prudence, rather than from design to injure or offend, but liable to censure or ob- jection. I do remember my faults this day. —Gen. xli. Ifa man be overtaken in a fault, ye, who are spiritual, restore such a one in the spirit of meekness. —Gal. vi. Fault implies wrong, and often some degree of criminality. 3. Defect ; want; absence. DEFAULT. ] I could tell to thee, as to one it pleases me, for fault of a better, to call my frie nd. Shak, [Mot now used.] [See 4. Puzzle ; difficulty. Among sportsmen, when dogs lose the scent, they are said to be at fault. Hence the phrase, the inquirer is g Fault. . In mining, a disturbance of the strata which in- “oaaye the miner S operations, and puts him at fault to discover where the vein of ore, or bed of coal, has been thrown by the convulsions of nature. Ure. To find fault; to express blame ; to complain. Thou wilt say then, Why doth he yet find fault? — Rom. ix. To find fault with; to blame; to censure ; i, as, to find fault with the times, or with a neighbor’s con- duct. FAULT, v.i. To fail; tobe wrong. [Vot used.] fe : Spenser. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH — Sanaa nein _——— ; FH as in THIS. ag an qi t 3 i — ad _—s — — ~ 7Y 1 ; FAV FAV FEA ie : FAULT, v.t. To charge with a fault; to accuse. law, is the challenge of a juror on account of some FA-VOSE!, a. Honey-combed ; like the section of a * For tat 1 will not fault thee Old Song. supposed partiality, by reason of favor, or malice,| _ honeycomb. Lindley. 23 ey ; a We es interest, or connection. FAV/O-SITE, x. [L. favus,ahoney-comb.] . FAULT’ED, pp. Charged with a fault ; accused. FA/VOR, v.t. ‘To regard with kindness ; to suppott ; A name given to certain fossil corals, having a ‘ FAULT’ER An offender; one who commits a wane Bares : ; NppOMs eBLEe ; 8 ; 3 Ey spare SOREN Cer) Fairfi to aid, or have the disposition to aid, or to wish suc- minute prismatic structure. Dana. 4 1h e fault. a ; Chey owe. | cessto; to be propitious to; to countenance ; to be-| FAWN, zn. [Fr. faon, fawn. Qu. W. fynu, to pro- { FAULT!-FIND/ER, 2. One w ho censures or onjects friend ; to encourage. ‘To favor the cause of a party duce. 4 ULT/FUL, a. Full of faults or sins Shak ; : party, FAULT/EQL, a. Full of faults or sins. chive may be merely to wish success to it, or it may signify A young deer; a buck or doe of the first year. FAULT’LLY, ad fr ‘aulty.] Defectively ; er- Vanes Mere, » OF y signify young j y £3 A eee g oP eon Ee See to give it aid by counsel, or by active exertions. Bacon. Pope. roneously ; imperfectly ; Improperly 5 oy° Sometimes men professedly favor one party, and se-| FAWN, v.% _ [Fr. faonner. Vise ay Weopese. tis OMe p Ss me 5 ; AWN, »v. « fac FAULT’L-NESS, as [from Faulty.) ae state of be- cretly favor another. To bring forth a fawn. 2 gore oe Seed: : ition as, the The lords favor thee not. —1 Sam. xxix FAWN, v. 2% [Sax. fegenian, see Fain. ] : . ag « S “cs AY s Ss s eC . Ham, > . “* vi Ou. A 3 2. Badne SS ; WATIOUSBERS SEV CISpOSOn aa) Thou shalt arise, and haye mercy on Zion; for the time to fuvor als {'o court favor, or show attachment to, by frisk- 4 fas Jfaultiness of a person. : her, yea, the set time, is come. — Ps. cil. ing about one ; as, a dog fawns on his master. ft 3. Delinquency ; actual offenses. Hooker. O happy youth | and favored of the skies. Pope. 9. To soothe; to flatter meanly ; to blandish ; to q . ay PCS 7. “1: . . = . ee FAULT ANG, ppr- Pau cha Itz not defective. o 9. To afford advantages for success; to facilitate.| court servilely ; to cringe and bow to gain favor ; as, FAULT'LESS, a. Ay Deere ft aoe panne: A weak place in the fort favored the entrance of the a fawning favorite or minion. imperfect ; free from Posse ? eet yok enemy; the darkness of the night favored his ap- My love, forbear to fazn upon their frowns. Shak. a. | See a ee oe fect nt aE A jpnilipeg|) Wei wind! favors a voyage. : It is followed by on or upon : 2, Free from vice or imperfection; as,a J 3. To resemble in features. The child favors his FAWN Narn : ae nagaee Aatte fee et a ere Pier cay AES f servile Cree OF ow ; mean attery. | i TT.TTGL.ES Vi j i x ‘ : AWN’ER, n. One w awns; one who cringes Bee e FAULT’LESS-LY, adv. Without being guilty of a 4, To ease; tospare. A man in walking favors f a bs On 10 ; e Oo ge i vt Salt: Bee eyes 7 ON rs meanly. G ‘ ‘tel A 4 : FAULT’LESS-NESS, n. Freedom from faults or de-| pz, TOR_ACRLE : Toe FR sorable 7 | EW NENG) ppre OF ds ourting servilely ; flattering i fects. ne Y ae aE bie bs at eer by cringing and meanness ; bringing forth a fawn. mee re FAULT’Y, a. Containing faults, blemishes, or de- E Rann eanitioncitriendlve eae FAWN/ING, n._ Gross flattery. _ Shak. ie fects; defective; imperfect; as, a faulty composi- ee 5 °F a? Ja ee FAWN/ING-LY, adv. In a cringing, servile way ; fi : . ‘ 57 ii a send favorable ear to our request, oak. Vv} mez 2 TV, 4 tion or book; a faulty plan or design; a faulty pic Lord, thou hast been favorable to thy land. — Ps. Ixxxv. V ith mean fl uttery ae : fed ture. ais by ee FAX/ED, (faxt,) a. (Sax. feaz, hair. ] eo 9, Guilty of afault, or of faults; hence, blamable ; 2. Palliative ; tender; averse to censure. _ Hairy. (JVot in use. Camden. fe worthy of censure. None can have the favorable thought FAY, 7. (ir. Sée.| ae The king doth speak this thing as one who is faulty, —2 Sam. That to obey a tyrant’s will they fought, Dryden. A fairy ; an elf. Milton. Pope. Hi xiv. 3. Conducive to; contributing to ; tending to pro-| FAY, x. Faith; as, by my fay. Shak. E: 3. Wrong ; erroneous; as, a faulty polity. Hooker. mote. A salubrious climate and plenty of food are Bays v. t. [Sax. fegan; Sw. foga; D. voegen. See 4. Defective; imperfect; bad; as, a faulty hel- favorable to population, e 4 i ADGE.] ig tai met. Bacon. 4. Convenient ; advantageous ; affording means to To fit ; to suit; to unite closely with. | FAUN,7. [L. faunus.] facilitate, or affording facilities. The low price of la- [This is a contraction of the Teutonic word, and Among the Romans,a kind of demigod, or rural bor and provisions is favorable to the success of man- the same as Fapee, which see. It is not an elegant | deity, called also syloan, and differing little from ufactures. The army was drawn up on favorable word. ] i | satyr. ‘The fauns are represented as half goat and ground. ‘The ship took a station favorable for at- FAZ-Z0-LET", (fat-so-let’,) n. [It.] A handkerchief. i half man. * Encyc. tack. ie a Percival. ; FAUNA, . [from the L. fauni, or rural deities The place was favorable for making levies of men. Clarendon. REAGUE, (fee a = Saree ‘a ans "he various animals belong- : af N, (feeg,) v. t. x» fegen. Ree One ae ate ite fauna oe Pree Oe Beautiful ; well-favored. [ Obs. ] Spenser. To beat or whip. [.Vot in uses] Buckingham. ] < y Cons ~ ° AU Eeits AI Aw wNESS , ; mags = = Cues ‘ 2 FAUN/IST, n. One who attends to rural disquisi- ree OR-A BUIENESS) mn. Kindness; kind dispo FE/AL, a. Faithful. [Infra.] | tions ; a naturalist. White. BN eee en as eh ,.., | FE/AL-TY, n. (Fr. feal, trusty, contracted from L. | FAU/SEN, n. _A large eel. Chapman. ea Meee eet t a state ‘Ww hich fidelis ; It. fedeltd ; Fr. fidelité ; Sp. fe, faith, contracted FAUSSE!-BRAYE, (fos'bra,) n. [Fr.] A small mound nffords advantages for success ; conduciveness ; as,| ‘from jides ; hence, jicl, faithful ; ficldad, fidelity.] | ? ? the favorableness of a season for crops; the favora- Nidelityv - faithful adherence of ate t ' of earth thrown up about a rampart. bl f the ti fi We Iti a epithe iecl Fidelity to a lord ; faithful adherence of a tenan FAU-TEUIL’, (fo-teul’,) n. [Fr.] An arm chair; an ae of the times for the cultivation of the sci- oF ae is Be Steeor ohyner he holds his lands ; easy chair. Ee 2 : ve : a a oyalty. nder the feudal system of tenures, every FAU/’TOR, 7. [L. See Favor.] A favorer; a _pat- Fay OR-A-BLY, adv. Kindly; w ith friendly dispo-} vyassal or tenant was bound to be true and faithful to Yon; one who gives countenance or support. [Little sitions ; with regard or affection; with an inclina-| his Jord, and to defend him against all his enemies. ased. B. Jonson. tion to favor; as, to judge or think favorably of a This obligation was called his fidelity, or fealty, and FAU/TRESS, z. A female favorer ; a patroness. ORE a think favorably of those we love. _ an oath of fralty was required to be taken by all ten- o ; Chapman. Poe 7 ae PP. Soe e Cen eupnoree 3 aided ; ants to their landlords. The tenant was called a i FAUX PAS, (fo'pa’,) [Fr.] A false step; a mistake, Sepia ee NN aie ag erage ek liege man; the land, a liege fee; and the superior, . or wrong measure. ; 2. a. Regarded with kindness; as, a favored) {ieve lord. [See LizcE ‘ : : . friend =A rane se sigs “3 -VIL'LOUS, a. 1, favilla, ashes, ees : , . FEAR, n. [See the verb. A painful emotion or ||, FA-\ {L LOUS, a {1 far a, ashe ‘J 3. With well or ill prefixed, featured. en a aL sd bv. z De apis He | he ap- 1. Consisting of or pertaining to ashes. Brown. Well- favored is welliooki a aineeood passion excite by an expectation of evil, or the ap 92, Resembling ashes. UE: Javored 18 wel eon ne eae i racaen chan prehension of impending danger. Fear expresses FAVOR, 7. [L. favor; Fr. faveur; Arm. faver ; Sp. es Peat te aioGtG ats DE ae some. less apprehension than dread, and dread dess than ~ i oo _ j J S - c € AV ¢ riv ¢ > i x a8 rly a . = Une favor; It. favore; from L. faveo; Ir. fabhar ; favor ; el JG0e7 ed I ULAOO MIDE | VAD en ey Spee terror and fright. ‘The force of this passion, begin- Fabhraim, to favor.] , ence shea Bee hae ae &c. Lite ning with the most moderate degree, may be thus 1. Kind regard; kindness; countenance ; propi- Sai favoredly ; with a good appearance, [Little expressed —fear, dread, terror, fright. Fear 1s ac- tious aspect ; friendly disposition. user] een ilhad : Tails eed companied with a desire to avoid or ward off the Tra rendiltimer cada lovely mint! bag ea) POT RE Yin ON appearance. [Little used.]| expected evil. Fear is an uneasiness of mind, upon RE ete THE Se of oink Wall FA/VOR-ED-NESS, n. Appearance. Deut. the thought of future evil likely to befall us. Watts Fe ETE ser Fane Sana _ Waller. | FAIVOR-ER, n. One who favors; one who regards ae 2 ee os ; a b he dupie-yavon is;ag dew onithe gris. — Prov. Xix, with kindness or friendship; a well-wisher; one Fear is the passion of our nature which excites us to provide for God gave Joseph favor and wisdom in the sight of Pharaoh. — J = EDOSMID 5: ; ened our security, on the approach of evil. Ogers. ACWB Vil. who assists or promotes success or prosperity. . ee Favor is deceitful, and beauty is vain. — Proy. xxxi. Hooker. Shak. 2. Anxiety ; solicitude. 2. Support; defense; vindication ; or disposition FA!VOR-ESS, n. A female who favors or gives coun- The principal fear was for the holy temple. Maccabees. to aid, befriend, support, promote, or justify. To be aa Be : : , : 3. The cause of fear. in favor of ameasiire, is to have a disposition or in- Fa/VOR-ING, ppr. ora. _ Recarding with rienely dis- Thy angel becomes a fear, Shak, clination to support it or carry it into effect. To be positions; countenancing; wishing we to; con- : wee ain favor of a party, is to be disposed or inclined to _iributing to elCeee2 facilitating. 4. The object oh feet support it, to justify its proceedings, and to promote BA VOR-ING-LY 2 Ud. By favoring. . : econ Spe ot Ap andthe fear of-ieaacy Hanae its interests. FA/VOR-ITE, (-it,) x. [Fr. favori, favorite ; It. favorito.] a a a : 3. A kind act or office ; kindness done or granted ; A person or thing regarded with peculiar favor, 5. Something set or hung up to terrify wild ani- Y j benevolence shown by word or deed; any actofgrace| Preference, and affection ; one greatly beloved.| mals, by its color or noise. Is, xxiv. Jer, xlviii. : or good will, as distinguished from acts of justice or Select favorites from among the discreet and virtu- 6. In Scripture, fear is used to express a filial or a ie remuneration. ‘To pardon the guilty is a favor; to ous ; princes are often misled, and sometimes ru- slavish passion. In good men, the fear of God is a i punish them is an act of justice. ined, by favorites; Gaveston and the Spensers, the holy awe or reverence of God and his laws, which 4, Lenity ; mildness or mitigation of punishment. Japonites of Edward II., fell a sacrifice to public in- apENE om a dust ie and rea ee the Sumne I could not discover the lenity and favor of this sentence. Swi/t. x ignation. : 4 character, Jeaeing the subjects of it to hate anc shun { ‘a 5, Leave; good will; a yielding : ete Jl) BAY OR-ITE, a. Regarded with particular kindness, every thing that can offend such a holy being, and cyatione pardon 3 a yielding or concession to| affection, esteem, or preference ; as, a favorite walk ; inclining them to aim at perfect obedience. This is eA % ; a favorite author ; a favorite child. filial fear. ve a But, with your favor, I will treat it here. Dryden. | FA'VOR-IT-ISM, 7. The act or practice of favoring will put m thei hearineenls " 3 ResrHalchiect of kind a a e I g5 I will put my fear in their hearts, —Jer. xxxil. h € object 0 ind regard ; the person or thing or giving a preference to one over another. bay : : , g teats dace a 5 yish fear is the efte sequence g : a favored. _ 2. fhe disposition to favor, aid, and promote, the} ;, SS ee the effect: of Consequence eae All these his wondrous works, but chiefly man, interest of a favorite, or of one person or family, or Ron vin, Se eae Pp . | His chief delight and favor. Milton. of one class of men, to the neglect of others having ; _ 4e r i . - equal claims. The love of God casteth out fear.——1 John iv. 7. A gift or present; something bestowed as an 4 ' ‘ 7. The worship of God evidence of good will; a token of love; a knot of s bas pee ayers De the proceeds of the OEY me = - +e Worship Ox x00. B 5 E ere calculate re g > ry ri f 7 a fe i i ribbons ; something worn as a token of affection. A Fee aie ofc es Datei aoe eT a 2 I will teach you the fear of the Lord. — Ps. xxiv. marriage favor, is a bunchor Knot of white ribbons or Which consideration imposes such a necessity on the crown, as 8. The law and word of God. . white flowers worn at weddings. hath, in a great measure, subdued ‘he influence of favorit The fear of the Lord is clean, enduring forever. — Ps. xix Bacon, Spectator. Shak. pee pa 9. Reverence; res sect due regard a ; 8. A feature ; countenance, [Not used.| Shak. 3. Exercise of power by favorites. Pet. » Re eee S} ; gard. " i vet Advantage ; convenience afforded for success.| FA’VOR-LESS, a. Unfavored ; not regarded with Render to all their dues; fear to whom fear. — Rom, xill | ne eben ebpraaches Be ee pane of the night. _ ABYON:5 having no patronage or countenance. FEAR, v.t. [Sax. feran, aferan, to impress fear. to ; . » Partiality ; bias. challenge to the favor, in 2. Not favoring ; unpropitious. Spenser. terrify ; D. vaaren, to put in fear, to disorder, to de- i . ‘ AY =r - t - FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY,— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 4 442 a —scaenneietFEA FEA PEB range; L.vereor. In Sax. and Dutch, the verb coin- cides In elements with fare, to go or depart, and the sense seems to be, to scare or drive away. Qu. Syr. and Ar. y83 nafara, to flee or be fearful. See Class Br, No. 46, 33.] 1 To feel a painful apprehension of some impend- ing evil; to be afraid of; to consider or expect with emotions of alarm or solicitude. We fear the ap- proach of an enemy or of a storm; we have reason to fear the punishment of our sins. I will fear no eyil, for thou art with me. — Ps. xxiii. 2. To reverence; to have a reverential awe; to venerate. This do, and Jive, for I fear God. — Gen. xlii. 3. To affright ; to terrify ; to drive away or prevent approach by fear, or by a scarecrow. [This seems to be the primary meaning, but now obsolete. | We must not make a scarecrow of the law Setting it up to fear the birds of prey. Shak. FEAR, v. i. To be in apprehension cf evil; to be afraid ; to feel anxiety on account of some expected evil. But I fear, lest by ony means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtilty, so your mind; should be corrupted from the simplicity that is in Christ.- -2 Cor. xi. Fear not, Abram: I am thy shield aud thy excecding great reward, — Gen. xy. FEAR, 7. [Sax. fera, gefera.] A companion. [Vot in use.] [See Prer.] Spenser. FEAR/ED, pp. Apprehended /r expected with painful solicitude ; reverenced. FEAR/FUL, a. Affected by fear; feeling pain in ex- pectation of evil ; apprehensive with solicitude ; afraid. I am fearful of the consequences of rash conduct. Hence, 2. Timid ; timorous; wanting courage. What man is there that is fearful and faint-hearted ? — Deut. xx. 3. Terrible; impressing fear ; frightful; dreadful. It isa fearful thing to fall into the hands of the living God. — 4. Awful; to be reverenced. O Lord, pO} is like thee, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises? — » XV That thou ‘mayest fear this zlorious and fearful name, Jehovah, thy God. — Deut. xxviii. FEAR/FUL-LY, adv. Timorously ; in fear. In such a night Did Thisbe fearfully o’ertrip the dew. Shak. 2. Terribly ; dreadfully ; in a manner to impress terror. There is a cliff, whose high and bending head Looks fearfully on the confined deep. Shak. 3. In a manner to impress admiration and aston- ishment. Tam fearfully and wonderfully made. — Ps. cxxxix. FEAR/FUL-NESS, 7. Timorousness; timidity. 2. State of being afraid; awe; dread. A third thing that makes a government despised, is fearfulness of, and mean compliances with, bold popular offenders. x Sout 3. Terror; alarm; apprelension of evil. Fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites. —Is. x xxiii. FEAR/LESS,a. Freefrom fear; as, fearless of death ; fearless of consequences. Bold; courageous ; intrepid; undaunted; as, a eis hero ; a fearless foe. FEAR/LESS- LY, adv. Without fear; in a bold or courageous manner ; ; intrepidly. Brave men fear- lessly expose themselves to the most formidable dangers. FEAR/LESS-NESS, x. Freedom from fear ; courage ; boldness ; intrepidity. He gave instances ofan invincible courage and fearlessness in danger. Clarendon. FEAR/NAUGHT, (feer/nawt,) n. A woolen cloth of great thickness; dreadnaught. FEAS-I-BIL‘L-TY, n. [See Feasrece.] The quality of being capable of execution; practicability. Be- fore we adopt a plan, lets us consider its feasibility. FEAS/I-BLE, (feez'e-bl,) a. [Fr. faisable, from faire, to make ; L. facere; It. fattiblle; Sp. factible. | 1. That may be done, performed, executed, or ef- fected; practicable. We say athing is feasible, when it can be effected by human means or agency. A thing may be possible, but not feasible. 2, That may be used or tilled, as land. B. Trumbull. FEAS/I-BLE, x. That which is practicable ; that which can be performed by human means. FEAS/L-BLE-NESS, 2. Feasibility; practicability. FEAS'I-BLY, adv. Practicably. [Bp. Hall. FEAST, 7. [L. festum; Fr. féte; Sp. fiesta; It. festa; Ir. feasda; D. feest; G. fest.] J. A sumptiious repast or entertainment, of which a number of guests partake; particularly, a rich or splendid public entertainment. On pharacn birthday, he made a feast to all his servants. — en, X 2. A rich or delicious repast or meal ; something delicious to the palate. 3. A ceremony of feasting ; joy and thanksgiving on stated days, in commemoration of some great event, or in honor of some distinguished personage ; an anniversary, periodical, or stated celebration of some event; a festival; as on occasion of the games in Greece, and the feast of the passover, the feast of Pentecost, and the feast of tabernacles among the Jews. 4. Something delicious and entertaining to the mind or soul; as, the dispensation of the gospel is called a feast of fat things. Js. xxv 5. That which delights and entertains. He that is of a merry heart hath a continual feast. — Prov. xy. In the English Church, feasts are immovable or mova- ble ; immovable, when they always occur on the same day of the year, as Christmas day, &c.; and movable, When they are not confined to the same day of the year, as Easter, which regulates many others FEAST, v.27. To eat sumptuously ; to dine or sup on rich provisions ; particularly in large companies, and on public festivals. And his sons went and feasted in their houses. — Job i. Py ANG be highly gratified or delighted. FEAST, t. To entertain with sumptuous provis- ions ; te treat at the table magnificently ; as, he was sien by the king. Hayward. 2. To delight ; to pamper; to gratify luxuriously ; : as, to feast the soul. Whose taste or smell can bless the feasted sense. Dryden, FEAST’ED, pp. ora. Entertained sumptuously ; de- lighted. FEASTVER, n. One who fares deliciously. Taylor. One Ww ho entertains magnificently. Jolnson. FE, ‘STEUL, a. Festive ; joyful; as, a feastful day or friend. Milton. 2. Sumptuous ; luxurious; as, feastful rites. Pope. FEAST/FUL-LY, adv. Festively ; luxuriously. FEASTING, ppr. Eating luxuriously ; faring sump- 2. Delighting ; gratifying. [tuously. 3. Entertaining with a sumptuous table. FEAST/ING, n. The act of eating luxuriously ; an entertainment. FEAST’-RITE, nv. Custom observed in entertain- ments. Philips. FEAT, n perform. ] 1. An act, a deed; an exploit; as, a bold feat; a noble feat ; feats of prowess. 2. In a subordinate sense, any extraordinary act of strength, skill, or cunning ; a s, feats of horseman- ship, or of dexterity ; a trick. FEAT, a. Ready ; skillful; ingenious. Never master had a page —so feat. [Obz.] Shak. FEAT, v. ft. To form ; to fashion. [ Obs.] Shak. FEAT’E-OUS, a. Neat; dextrous. FEs \T/E. OUSLY, adv. Neatly ; dextrously. [ Obs.] Spenser. FEAFH/ER, (feth/er,) n. [Sax. fether ; G. feder; D. veder; Dan. fier; Sw. jfieder; allied probably to mrépov, and meradev, from reraw, to open or ex- pand. FrrHeEr, according to the etymology, would be the better spelling. ] 1. A plume; a general name of the covering of birds. The smaller feathers are used for the filling of beds; the larger ones, called quizlls, are used for ornaments of the head, for writing pens, &c. The feather consists of a shaft or stem, corneous, round, strong, and hollow at the lower part, and at the upper part filled with pith. On each side of the shaft are the vanes, broad on one side, and nar- row on the other, consisting of thin lamine. The feathers which cover the body are called the plumage ; the feathers of the wings are adapted to flight. 2. Kind; nature; species; from the proverbial phrase, “‘ Birds of a feather,” that is, of the same species. [ Unusual. ] I am not of that feather to shake off My friend, when he most needs me. Shak, [Fr. fait; It. fatto; L. factum, from facie, to 3. An ornament ; an empty title. 4. On a horse, a sort of natural frizzling of the hair, which, in some places, rises above the lying hair, and there makes a figure resembling the tip of an ear of wheat. ‘ar. Dict. A feather in the cap, is an honor, or mark of dis- tinction. To bein hich feather ; to appear in high spirits and health, like birds when their plumage is full, after molting. To show the white feather ; to give indications of cowardice ; a phrase borrowed from the cockpit, where a white feather in the tail of a cock is con- sidered a token that he is not of the true game- breed. Grose. FEAFH’ER, v. t. To dress in feathers; to fit with feathers, or to cover with feathers. 2: Figuratively, to cover with foliage in a feathery 3. To tread, as a cock. 4. To enrich; to adorn; to exalt. The Ue wred not to plume his nobility and people, to ocala 1m se. To feather one’s nest; to collect wealth, ana from emoluments derived from agencies for others; a proverb taken from birds which collect feathers for their nests. FEAFH/ER-BED, x. A bed filled with feathers, a soft bed. FEATH’ER-BOARD-ING, n. A covering of -boards in which the edge of one board overlaps another, hke the feathers of .a bird. Loudon. FEAFTH/ER-DRIV-ER, n. One who beats and other- wise prepares feathers to make them light or loose. FEAFH’ER-ED, (feth’erd,) pp. Covered with feath- ers ; enriched. 2. a. Clothed or covered with feathers. A fowl or bird is a feathered animal. Rise from the ground like feathered Mercury. Shak. 3. Fitted or furnished with feathers; as, a feath- ered arrow. Dryden. es Smoothed, like down or feathers. Scott. . Covered Ww ith things growing from the sub- wane as, land (altar With trees. Coxe. FEAFH’ER-EDGE, n. An edge like a feather. A board that has one eles thinner than the other, is called feath- er-edge stuff. Moron, FEATH’ER-EDG-ED, a. Having one edge thinner than the other. Gwilt. FEATH’ER-FEW, 7. . i. about his farm; an insufficient fence is evidence of Ring-fence; a fence which encircles a whole es- ¢ To inclose with a hedge, wall, or any thing that prevents the escape or entrance of FEO posts and rails, or with stone walls, In England, lands are usually fenced with hedges and ditches. He hath fenced my way, that I can not pass. — Job xix. 2. To guard; to fortify. So much of adder’s wisdom I have learnt, To fence my ear against thy sorceries, Milton. To practice the art of fencing; to usea sword or foil, for the purpose of learning the art of attack and defense. To fence weil, is deemed a use- ful accomplishment for military gentlemen. 2. To fight and defend by giving and avoiding blows or thrusts. They fence and push, and, pushing, loudly roar; Their dewlaps and their sides are bathed in gore. Dryden. 3. To raise a fence; to guard. It is difficult to fence against unruly cattle. FENC/ED, (fenst,) pp. or a. guarded ; fortified. FENCE/FUL, (fens’ful,) a. Inclosed with a fence ; Affording defense. Congreve. FENCE’LESS, (fens/less,) a, Without a fence; un- inclosed ; unguarded. 2. Open ; not inclosed ; as, the fenceless ocean. Rowe. FENCE/-MONTH, (-munth,) n. The month in which hunting in any forest is prohibited. Bullokar. FENC/ER, n. One who fences; one who teaches or practices the art of fencing with sword or foil. Digby. FEN/CLBLE, a. Capable of defense. Spenser. Addison. FEN/CLBLES, (-blz,) n. pl. Soldiers enlisted for the defence of the country, and not liable to be sent abroad. FENCI/ING, ppr. fortifying. FENC/ING, n. The art of using skillfully a sword or foil in attack or defense ; an art taught in schools. 9. The materials of fences for farms. New England. FENC/ING-MAS-TER, n. One who teaches the art of attack and defense with sword or foil. FENC/ING-SE€HOOL, n. A school in which the art of fencing istaught. FEND, v. t [The root of defend and offend. The pri- mary sense Js, to fall on, or to strike, to repel. } To keep off; to prevent from entering; to ward off; to shut out. With fern beneath to fend the bitter cold. Dryden. It is usually followed by off; as, to fend off blows. To fend off a boat or vessel, is to prevent its running against another, or against a wharf, &c., with too much violence. FEND, v.i. ‘To act in opposition ; to resist; to parry 5 to shift off. Locke. FEND/ED, pp. Kept off; warded off; shut out. FEND/ER. n. That which defends; a utensil em- ployed to hinder coals of fire from rolling forward to the floor. 2. A piece of timber, old rope made up into a mass, or other thing hung over the side of a vessel to pre- vent it from striking or rubbing against a wharf ; also, to preserve a small vessel from being injured by a large one. FEND/ING, ppr. Keeping or warding off. FEN’ER-ATE, v.2%. [L. fenero.] To put to use; to lend on interest. [Vot used. ] FEN-ER-A’TION, x. The act of lending on use; or the interest or gain of that which is lent. FE-NES/TRAL, a. ([L. fenestralis, from fenestra, a window. ] Pertaining to a window. Nicholson. FE-NES/TRATE, a. An epithet applied to transpa- rent spots on the wings of some insects. FEN/NEL, n. (Sax. fenol; G. fenchel; D. venkel; Sw. fenkal; Dan. fennikel; W. fenigyl; Fr. fenowil; Sp. hinojo; It. finocchio; Ir. feneul; L. feniculum, from fenum, hay.} A plant of the genus Ieniculum, cultivated in gardens, for the agreeable aromatic flavor of its seeds and finely divided leaves. FEN/NEL-FLOW-ER, z. gella. FEN'NY, a. Inclosing with fence; guarding ; A plant of the genus Ni- [from fen.] Boggy ; marshy; moorish. JMozon. 2. Growing in fens; as, fenny brake. Prior. 3. Inhabiting marshy ground; as, a fenny snake. FEN/NY-STONES,n. A plant. Shak. FEN/OW-ED. a. Corrupted; decayed. [JVot in uso.] FEN/U-GREEK, n. [L. fenum grecum.] A plant of the genus Trigonella, allied to clover, and sometimes cultivated for its seeds, which are used by farriers in cataplasms and fomentations. Loudon. FEOD, (fade,)n. Afeud. So written by Blackstone and other authors; but more generally Feup, which FEO’DAL, (fi/dal,) a. Feudal, which see. [see. FEO-DAL'I-TY, (fu-dal/e-ty,) n. Feudal tenures ; the feudal system. Burke. FEO/DA-RY, (fa/da-ry,) n. One who holds lands of a superior, on condition of suit and service. Little farmers, for the most part, fence their lands with used.| [See Fruparory.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METH, PREY. — PINE, AARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. 446FER FEO/DA-TO-RY. See Freuparory. FEOFE, (feff,) v. t. ENocm: feffre; Fr. fieffer, from Jief. ‘The first syllable is the It. fede, Sp. fe, con- tracted from fides, faith; the last syllable Iam not able to trace. ] To invest with a fee or feud; to give or grant to one any corporeal hereditament. The compound in- JSeoff is more generally used. FROFE, x. A fief. [See Frer.] FEOP-P ER’, (fef-fee’,) n. Aperson who is infeoffed ; that is, invested with a fee or corporeal heredita- ment. ; FEOF FOR, ) (feft-,) One who infeoffs or grants FEOLERER, § a fee. FEOFE’MENT, (feff/ment,) n. [Law L. feoffamen- tum. The gift or grant of a fee or corporeal heredita- ment, as land, castles, honors, or other immovable thing; a grant in fee-simple to a man and his heirs forever. When in writing, it is called a deed of feoff- ment. The primary sense is, the grant of a feud or an estate in trust. [See Frup. FE-RA’/CIOUS, (fe-ra/shus,) a. [L. ferax, from fero, to bear. Fruitful; producing abundantly. Thomson. FE-RAC’LTY, (fe-ras'e-ty,)n. [L. feracitas.] Fruitfulness. | Little used Fi! RJE NA-TU'RZE, [L.] Wild; not tamed, or not FE/RAL, a. [L. feralis. [tamable. Funereal ; pertaining to funerals; mournful. Burton. FERE,n». [Sax. fera, or gefera, witha pene) A mate or companion; sometimes, a husband or wife. [ Obs.] Chaucer. FER’E-TO-RY, 7. [L. feretrum, a bier.] A place in a church for a bier. FER/GU-SON-ITE, n. An ore, of a brownish-black color, consisting of columbic acid and yttria, with some oxyd of cerium and zirconia. It was brought from Cape Farewell, Greenland. Dana. FE/RI-AL, a. [L. ferialis.] Pertaining to holidays. Gregory. Rich. Dict. FE-RI-A/TION, n. [L. feriatio, from ferieg, vacant days, holidays ; G. feier, whence feiern, to rest from Jabor, to keep holiday, D. vieren.] The act of keeping holiday ; cessation from work. FE/RIE, (f@/re,) m. A holiday. [Obs.] [ Brown. FE/RINE, a. [(L. ferinus, from ferus, wild, probably from the root of Sax. faran, to go, to wander, or a verb of the same family.] Wild; untamed; savage. Lions, tigers, wolves, and bears, are ferine beasts. Hale. FRE/RINE-LY, adv. In the manner of wild beasts.. PE/RINE-NESS, x. Wildness; savageness. Hale. FER/I-TY, 2. (LL. feritas, from ferus, wild.] Wildness ; savageness ; cruelty. Woodward. PERM, , A farm or rent; a lodging-house. [ Obs.] [See Farm. FER/MENT, n. [L. fermentum, from ferveo, to boil. See Fervent. |] 1. A gentle boiling; or the internal motion of the constituent parts of a fluid. [ In-this sense it is rarely used. See FERMENTATION. J 2. Intestme motion ; heat; tumult; agitation ; as, to put the passions in a ferment ; the state or people are in a ferment. Subdue and cool the ferment of desire. Rogers. 3. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or fermenting beer. FER-MENT’, v. t. [L. fermento; Fr. fermenter; Sp. Sermentar ; It. fermentare. } To set in motion; to excite internal emotion; to heat ; to raise by intestine motion. While youth ferments the blood. Pope. FER-MENT’, v. 7. To work; to effervesce; to be in motion, or to be excited into sensible internal motion, as the constituent particles of an animal or vegetable fluid, ‘T’o the vinous fermentation we apply the term work. We say that new cider, beer, or wine, fer- ments, Or works. But work is not applied to the other kinds of fermentation. PER-MENT-A-BIL/I-TY, x. Capability of being fer- mented. FER-MENT’A-BLE, a. Capable of fermentation ; thus, cider, beer of al) kinds, wine, and other vegetable liquors, are fermentable. FER-MENT/AL, a. Having power to cause fermenta- tion. Town. PER-MENT-A/TION, n. [L. fermentatio.] ‘The sensible intemal motion of the constituent par- ticles of animal and vegetable substances, occasioned by a certain degree of heat and moisture, and accom- panied by an extrication of gas and heat. Fermenta- tion is followed by a change of properties in the sub- stances fermented, arising from new combinations of their principles. It may be defined, in its most gen- eral sense, any spontaneous change which takes place in animal or vegetable substances after life has ceased. {t is of three principal kinds ; vinous, acetous, and pu- trefactive. ‘The term is also applied to other processes, as the panary fermentation, or the raising of bread ; but it is limited by some authors to the vinous and acetous fermentations, which terminate in the pro- FER duction of alcohol or vinegar. Fermentation differs from effervescence. The former is confined to ani- mal and vegetable substances ; the latter is applicable to mineral substances. The former is spontaneous; the latter produced by the mixture of bodies. Encyc. Parr. Thomson. FER-MENT’A-TIVE, a, Causing, or having power to cause, fermentation ; as, fermentative heat. 2. Consisting in fermentation ; as, fermentative pro- cess. FER-MENT’A-TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being fermentative. FER-MENT’ED, pp. or a. Worked; having under- gone the process of fermentation. FER-MENT'ING, ppr. or a. Working; effervescing. FER!’MIL-LET, mn. A buckle or clasp. FERN, 7. (Sax. fearn; G. farn-kraut ; D. vaaren.] The popular name of the order of plants called Fil- ices, Which have their fructification on the back of the fronds or leaves. The ferns constitute the first order of the class cryptogamia, in the sexual system. They delight in a humid soil, and often grow para- sitically on trees. Loudon. Partington. FERN’/-OWL, n. The European goatsucker, or night- jar, a bird of the genus Caprimulgus. Be Cye: FERN'TI-€LES, (-klz,) n. pl. Freckles on the skin, resembling the seeds of fern. [JVot much used.] FERN/Y, a. Abounding or overgrown with fern. arret. FE-RO/CIOUS, (fe-rd/shus,) a. [Fr. feroce; Sp. feroz; It. feroce; L. ferox ; allied to ferus, wild, fera, a wild animal. ] I. Fierce ; savage ; wild ; indicating cruelty ; as, a Jerocious look, countenance, or features. 2. Ravenous; rapacious; as, a ferocious lion. 3. Fierce ; barbarous ; cruel; as, ferocious savages. FE-RO/CIOUS-LY, adv. Fiercely ; with savage cru- elty. FE-RO'CIOUS-NESS, n. Savage fierceness ; cruelty; FE-ROC/'I-TY, n. [lL ferocitas.] [ ferocity. 1. Savage wildness or fierceness; fury ; cruelty ; as, the ferocity of barbarians. 2. Fierceness indicating a savage heart ; as, feroci- ty of countenance. FER/RE-OUS, a. [L. ferreus, from ferrum, iron, Fr. Fer, Sp. hierro, from the Celtic; W. fer, solid; feru, to concrete. ] Partaking of iron ; pertaining to iron; like iron; made of iron. Brown. FER/RET, x. [D. vret; Fr. furet; G. frett, or frettchen, or frettwiesel ; W. fured; ir. firead; Sp. huron; It. fu- retto. Fur in W. is subtile, penetrating, cone 1, An animal of the Weasel kind, about 14 inches in length, of a pale yellow color, with red eyes. It is a native of Africa, but has been introduced into Europe. It can not, however, bear cold, and can not subsist even in France, except in a partially domesti- cated state. Ferrets are used in catching rabbits, to drive them out of their holes. Encyc. Partington. 2. A kind of narrow tape, made of woolen, some- times of cotton or silk. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 3. Among glass-malkers, the iron used to try the melted matter, to see if it is fit to work, and to make the rings at the mouths of bottles. Enciye. FER'RET, v. t. To drive out of a lurking-place, asa ferret does the cony. Johnson. Heylin. FER/RET-ED, pp. Driver from a burrow or lurking- place. FER/RET-ER, n. One that hunts another in his pri- vate retreat. FER/RET-ING, ppr. Driving from a lurking-place. FER-RET’TO, n. Copper calcined with brimstone or White vitriol, used to color glass. Hebert. FER/RI-AGE, n. [See Ferry.] The price or fare to be paid at a ferry ; the compensation established or paid for conveyance over a river or lake in a boat. FER/RI€, a. Pertaining to or extracted from iron. Lavoisier. FER-RI-€AL/CITE, n. [L. ferrum, iron, and calz, lime. ] A species of calcareous earth or limestone combined with a large portion of iron, from 7 to 14 per cent. Kirwan. FER/RI-ED, (fer’rid,) pp. Carried over in a boat. FER-RIEP/ER-OUS, a. [L. ferrwm and fero.] Producing or yielding iron. Phillips. FER/RI-LITE, x. [L. ferrum, iron, and Gr. iiGus, a stone. } Rowley ragg ; a variety of trap, containing iron in the state of oxyd. irwan, FER-RO-CY/AN-ATE, n. A compound of the ferro- cyanic acid with a base. FER-RO-CY-AN’IE€, a. which see. ] Ferro-cyanic acid; proto-cyanid of iron. FER-RO-CY/AN-ID, n. A compound of the proto- cyanid of iron with some other cyanid. Ure. FER-RU/GI-NA-TED, a. [Infra.] Having the color or properties of Lhe rust of iron. FER-RUO/GI-NOUS, a. [L. ferrugo, rust of iron, from JSerrum, iron.) 1. Partaking of iron; containing particles of iron. 2, Of the color of the rust or oxyd of iron. [Fernucineous is less used.]} [L. ferrum, iron, and cyanic, FER FER/RULE, (fer’ril or fer/rule,) x. [Sp. birola, a ring or cap fora cancel A ring of metal put round a cane or other thing to strengthen it. FER-RU-MIN-A/TION, nxn. [L.] uniting of metals. FER/RY, v. t. ([Sax. feran, ferian; G. frihren; Gr. gepw; L. fero ; allied to bear, and more nearly to Sax. Jaran, to pass. See Bear and Fars, and Class Br, No. 33, 35.] To carry or transport over a river, strait, or other water, in a boat. We ferry men, horses, carriages, over rivers, for a moderate fee or price, culled fare or ferriaze. FER/RY, v. 7. To pass over water in a boat. Milton. FER/RY,n. A boat or small vessel in which passen- gers and goods are conveyed over rivers or other nar- row waters; sometimes called a wherry. [ This eppli- cation of the word is, I believe, entirely obsolete, at least wn America. | 2. The place or passage where boats pass over water to convey passengers. 3. The right of transporting passengers over a lake or stream. A B owns the ferry at Windsor. [In New England, this word is used in the two latter senses. FER/RY-BOAT, x. See, also, No. 7.| 1. Literally, to come to; to meet; hence, to dis- cover by the eye ; to gain first sight or knowledge of something lost ; to recover either by searching for it or by accident. Doth she not light a candleyand sweep the house, and seek diligently, till she jind it? and when she hath found it. — Luke xy. 2. To meet ; to discover something not before seen or known. He saith to him, We have found the Messiah. — John i. 3. To obtain by seeking. Ask, and it shall be given you; seek, and ye shall find. — Matt. vil. 4. To meet with. In woods and forests thou art found. Cowley. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, 452 » BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —La FIN FIN FIN | 5. To discover or know by experience. The torrid zone is now found habitable. 6. To reach ; to attain to; to arrive at. Strait is the a. and narrow is the way, which leadeth to life, and few there be that find it. — Matt. vii. To discover by study, experiment, or trial. Air and water are found to be compound substances. Alchemists long attempted to find the philosopher’s stone, but it is not yet found. To gain; to have; as, to find leisure for a visit. 9. To perceive ; to observe ; tolearn. I found his opinions to accord with my own. 10. To catch ; to detect. When first Sound in a lie, talk to him of itas a strange, mon- Btrous thing, OCKE. In this sense, jind is usually followed by out. 11. To meet. In ills their business and their glory find. 12. To have; to experience ; to enjoy. Behold, in the day of your fast ye find pleasure. — Is. lviii. 13. To select; to choose ; to designate. I have found David my servant. — Ps. Ixxxix, 14. To discover and declare the truth of disputed facts ; to come to a conclusion, and decide between parties, as a jury ‘The jury finda verdict for the plaintiff or defendant ; they find the accused to be guilty. 15. To determine and declare by verdict. The jury have found a large sum in damages for the plain- tiff. 16. To establish or pronounce charges alleged to be true. The grand jury have found a bill against the accused, or they jind a true bill. Le Lo supply ; ; 6 furnish. Who will ind the money or provisions for this expedition? We will Jind ourselves with provisions and clothing. Hence, 18. To supply with provisions. He pays the la- borer a dollar a day, and finds him. 19. To discover or gain knowledge of by touching or by sounding. We first sounded, and fownd bot- tom at the depth of ninety-five fathoms on the Sole bank. NV. WW. ‘0 find one’s self; to be; to fare in regard to ease or pain, health or sickness. Pray, sir, how do you Jind yourself this morning ? To find in; to supply ; to furnish ; to provide. He finds his nephew iz money, victuals, and clothes. To find out ; to invent; to discover something be- fore unknown. A man of Tyre, skillful to work in gold— and to Jind out every device. — 2 Chron. ii. Cowley. Cowley. 2 To unriddle ; to solve; as, to jind out the mean- ing of a parable or an enigma. 3. To discover; to obtain knowledge of what is hidden ; as, to find owt a secret. 4. To understand ; to comprehend. Canst thou by searching find out God? — Job xi. 5. To detect ; to discover ; to bring to light ; as, to Jind out a thief or a the ft ; to find outa trick. To find fault with ; to blame ; ; to censure. FIND/ER, xz. One who meets or falls on any thing ; one that discovers what is lost or is unknown ; one who discovers by searching, or by accident. In astronomy, a smaller telescope, attached to a larger telescope, for the purpose of finding an object more readily. FIND/-FAULT, x. A censurer; acaviler. Shak. FIND-FAULT/ING, a. Apt to censure ; captious. Whutlock. FIND/ING, ppr. Discovering. FIND/ING, x. Discovery ; the act of discovering. 2. In law, the return ‘of a jury to a bill ; a verdict. FIND/INGS, xn. pl. The tools, together with thread and wax, which a journeyman shoemaker is to fur- nish in his employment. Smith. FIN/DY, a. [Sax. findig, heavy ; gefindig, capacious ; Dan. fyndig, strong, emphatical, nervous, weighty, from fynd, “force, energy, emphasis, streneth ; ; prob- ably from crow ding, tension, stretching, from ind. ] Full; heavy; or firm, solid, substantial. [ Obs. } A cold May and a windy, Makes the barn fat and jindy, Old Prov. Junius. VINE, a. [Fr. fin, whence finesse ; Sp. and Port. jino, whence fineza ; It. fino. whence finezza; Dan. jiin ; Sw. jin; G. fein; D. fyn; hence to refine. The Ir. has fion ; and the W. fain, feined, signify rising to a - i point, aS a cone. Ar. os) afana, to diminish. Class Bn, No. 29.] 1. Small ; thin; slender; minute; of very small diameter; as, a fine thread; fine silk; a fine hair. We say, also, fine sand, /ine particles. 2. Subtile; thin; tenuous; as, jfine spirits evapo- rate; a finer medium opposed to a grosser. Bacon. Thin; keen; smoothly*sharp ; as, the fine edge of a razor. 4. Made of fine threads ; not coarse ; as, fine linen or cambric. 5. Clear; pure; free from feculence or foreign Ne FINE, nx. eee as, fine gold or silver ; wine is not good till fine. 6. Refined. Those things were too fine to be fortunate, and succeed in all parts. Bacon. 7. Nice; delicate ; perceiving or discerning minute beauties or deformities ; as, a jine taste; a jine sense. 8. Subtle; artful; dextrous. [See Finezssz.] Bacon. 9, Subtle; sly ; fraudulent. Hubberd’s Tale, 10. Elegant ; beautiful in thought. To call the trumpet by the name of the metal was fine. Dryden, ll. Very handsome; beautiful with dignity. The lady has a jine person, or a jine face. 12, Accomplished ; elegant in manners. one of the jinest gentlemen of his age. 13. Accomplished in learning; excellent; as, a Jine scholar. 14, Excellent; superior; brilliant or acute; as, a man of jine genius. 15. Amiable ; ; noble ; ingenuous ; excellent ; man of a jine mind. 16. Showy; splendid ; elegant; as, a range of fine buildings ; a fine house or garden ; a fine view. Neelr ronically, worthy of contemptuous notice ; eminent for bad qualities. That same knave, Ford, her husband, has the jinest mad devil of jealousy in ‘him, Maste r Brook, that ever governed frenzy. Shak, He was as, a Fine arts, or polite arts, are the arts which depend chiefly on the labors of the mind or imagination, and whose object is pleasure ; as poetry, music, painting, and sculpture. The uses of this word are so numerous and indef- inite, as to preclude a particular definition of each. In general, jine, in popular language, expresses What- ever is excellent, showy, or magnificent. [This word is the basis of finance, but I have not found it, in its simple form, in any modern language, except the English. Junius says that jfin, in Gimbric, is a mulct, and finio, to fine. The word seems to be the L. ints, and the application of it to pecuniary compensation seems to have proceeded from its feudal use, in the transfer of lands, in which a jinal agreement or concord was made between the lord and his vassal. See 25 fanah. Class Bn, No. i In a feudal sense, a final agreement between per- sons concerning lands or rents, or between the lord and his vassal, prescribing the conditions on which the latter should hold his lands. Spelman. 2, A sum of money paid to the Jord by his tenant, for permission to alienate or transfer his lands to another. This, in England, was exacted only from the king’s tenants m capite. Blackstone. 3. A sum of money paid by way of penalty for an offense ; a mulct; a pecuniary punishment. Fines are usually prescribed by statute, for the several vio- lations of law; or the limit is prescribed, beyond which the judge cannot impose a jive fora particular offense. In fine. [Fr. enfin; L. in and finis.] In the end or conclusion ; to conclude ; to sum up all. FINE, v. t. [See Finx, the adjective.] To clarify ; to refine ; to purify ; to defecate ; to free from fecu- lence or foreign matter; as, to fine wine. [Eas is the most general 1se of this word.] To purify, as a metal; as, to jine gold or silver. In| this sense, we now gener ally use refine; but sine is proper. Job XXViil. Prov. XVil. 3. To make less coarse; as, to fine grass. [Not > 2 used. Mortimer. 4. zo decorate; toadorn. [WVotinwuse.] Shak. FINE, i [see Pine, the noun.] To impose on one a Recinian penalty, for an offense or breach of law ; to seta fine on by judgment of a court ; to pun- ish by fine. The trespassers were fined ten dollars, and imprisoned a month. 2. v.t. To pay a fine. [WVot used.] FIN/ED, (find,) pp. Refined; purified ; 2. Subjecte ze to a pe cuniary pens uty. FINE/DRAW, v. t. [Jine and draw.) Tosew up a rent with so paaeh nicety that it is not perceived. FINE/DRAW-ER, nr. One who finedraws. [Johnson. FINE/DRAW-ING, n. Rentering; a dextrous or nice sewing up the rents of cloth or stuffs. Encyc. FINE’FI N'/GER- ED,a. Nice in workmanship; dex- trous at fine work. Johnson FINE/-GRAIN-ED, a. Having a fine grain. FINE’LESS, a. Endless ; boundless. [Wot used. ] Sia. as, a substance Oldham. defecated. FINE/LY, adv. In minute parts ; jinely pulverized. 2, To a thin or sharp edge; as, an instrument finely sharpened. 3. Gayly ; handsomely ; beautifully ; with elegance and taste. ‘She was finely attired, 4, With elegance or beauty. Plutarch says, very Jinely, that a man should not allow himself to hate even his enemies ; for if you indulge this passion on some occasions, it will rise of itself in others. Addison. 5. With advantage ; very favorably ; as, a house 6. Nicely ; delicately , as, a stuff finely wrought. 7. Purely ; completely. Clarendon. 8. By way of irony, wretchedly ; in a manner de- serving of contemptuous notice. He is finely caught in his own snare. FINE/’NESS, n. [Fr. finesse; It. finezza.] 1. Thinness ; smalJness ; slenderness ; as, the jfine- ness of a thread or silk. Hence, 2. Consisting of fine threads; as, fine linen. 3. Smaliness ; minuteness; as, the Jineness of sand or particles ; the fineness of soil or mold. 4, Clearness; purity ; freedom from foreign mat- ter; as, the fineness of wine or other liquor ; the fine- mess of ‘wold. 2D. Niceness ; delicacy ; as, the jineness of taste. 6. Keenness; sharpness ; thinness ; as, the jineness of an edge. 7. Elegance; beauty; as, fineness of person. 8. Capacity for delicate or refined conceptions ; as, the fineness of genius. 9. Show ; splendor ; ; gayety of appearance; ele- gances ; as , the Jineness of clothes or dress. 10. Clearness ; ; as, the fineness of complexion. ll. Subtilty ; artfulness ; Ingenuity ; as, the jine- ness of wit. 12, Smoothness. Draajton. FIN/ER, x2. Onewho refines or purifies. Prov. xxv. 4, 2. a. Comparative of Fine. FIN/ER- Y, x. Show; splendor; gayety of colors or appearance ; as, the finery of a dress, 2. Showy articles of dress; gay clothes, jewels, trinkets, &c. 3. In iron works, a furnace where cast iron is con- verted into malleable iron. Buchanan. FINE/-SPOK’EN, (-spok/n,) a. Using fine phrases. Chesterfield. FINE/SPUN, a. Drawn to a fine thread; minute; subtile. FI-NESSE’, (fe-ness’,) n. [Fr. finesse; It finezza; Sp. ‘fineza; properly, fineness. | Artifice ; stratagem; subtilty of contrivance to gain a point. FI-NESSE’, v.z. To use artifice or stratagem. FI-NESS’ ING, ppr- Practicing artifice to accomplish a purpose. FI-NESS/ING The practice of artifice. FINE’ STILL, vy. t. To distill spirit from molasses, treacle, or some preparation of saccharine matter. Encyc. FINE’STILL-ER, 7. One who distills spirit from treacle or molasses. NCYC. FINE/STILL-ING, n. The operation of distilling spirit from molasses or treacle. Encyc. FIN/-FISH, x. A species of slender whale. FIN’- FOOT -ED, a. Having palmated feet, or feet with toes connected by a membrane. Brown. FINGER, (fing/gur,) . [Sax. finger, from fengan, to take or seize; G. Sw. and Dan. jinger; D. vinger. But z is not radical, for the Goth. is sggre} 1. One of the extreme parts of the hand, a small member shooting to a point. The fingers have joints which peculiarly fit them to be instruments of catch- ing, seizing, and holding. When we speak of the fingers generally, we include the thumb; as, the jive fingers. But we often make a distinction. "The jin- gers and thumb consist of fifteen bones; three to each. The word is applied to some other aninals as Well as to man, 2, A certain measure. We say, a jinger?s breadth, or the breadth of the four fingers, or of the three Jingers. 3. The hand. Waller. Who teacheth my fingere to fight. — Ps. cxliy. 4. The finger or fingers of God, in Scripture, sig- nify his power, strength, or operation. The magicians said to Pharaoh, This is the finger of God. — Exod. vill. 5. In music, instrument. FIN/'GER, v. t. lightly ; to toy. ger money. To touch or take thievishly ; to pilfer. South. 3. To touch an instrument of music; to play on an instrument. Shak. 4. To perform work with the fingers; to execute delicate work. 5. To handle without violence. Bp. Hall. FINGER, v. i. To dispose the fingers aptly in play- ing on an instrument. Busby. FIN’/GER-BOARD, n. The board at the neck of a violin, guitar, or the like, where the fingers act on the strings. Vood. FEN/GER- ED, (fing/gurd,) pp. Played on ; handled ; touched. 2. a. Having fingers. leaflets like fingers. FIN//GER-FERN, x. A plant, asplenium. Johnson. FIN’GER-GLASS, n. A glass containing water for dipping the fingers in at the dinner-table. : FIN’GBR-ING, ppr. Handling ; touching lightly. PIN//GER-ING, n. The act of touching lightly or ability ; skill in playing on a keyed She has a good finger. Bushy. To handle with the fingers ; to touch The covetous man delights to jfin- In botany, digitate ; having or garden jinely situated. BULL, 5 INE ITE. — AN’/GER, CLO Saeae as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as 5 Grew. handling. THIS. 1; £H as in ae ra ~ wae a et tts ee aadMeee eet aa eee! : ee eae a Ritttnieei yt _ ecient: mecancteete se i ad PN ty easing. So | FIN FIR FIR 9. The manner of touching an instrument of mu- SIC. Shak. 3. Delicate work made with the fingers. Spenser. FIN//GER-POST, n. A post with a finger pointing, for directing passengers to the road. FIN//GER-SHELL, n. A marine shell resembling a finger. Dict. of Nat. Hist. FIN/'GER-STONE, nz. A fossil resembling an arrow. Johnson FIN’ GLE-FAN'GLE, x. A trifle. [ Vulgar.) Hudibras. A plant of the genus Pisonia. ‘The FIN’GRI-GO, n. A Lee. Ed. Encyc. fruit is a kind of berry or plum. FIN/I-AL, x. [L. finio, to finish.] The knot or bunch of foliage, or flower, that forms the upper extremities of pinnacles in Gothic archi- tecture ; sometimes, the pinnacle itself. Elmes. FIN/LEAL, a. [from fine.) Nice; spruce ; foppish ; pretending to great nicety or superfluous elegance ; as, a finical fellow. ®, Affectedly nice or showy ; as, a _jinical dress. FIN/L-@AL-LY, adv. With great nicety or spruce- ness ; foppishly. FIN/IL-GAL-NESS, n. Extreme nicety in dress or manners ; foppishness. Warburton. FIN/I-KIN, a. Precise in trifles ; idly busy. Smart. FIN/ING, ppr. [See Fine, the verb.] Clarifying; refining; purifying; defecating; separating from extraneous matter. 9. [See Fine, the noun.] Imposing a fine or pe- cuniary penalty, FIN/ING, n. The process of refining or purifying ; applied especially to the clarifying of wines, malt liquors, &c. 2, Finings; a solution of gelatin, used for clari- fying. FIN/ING-POT, n. A vessel in which metals are re- fined, FI/NIS, n. [L.] An end; conclusion. FIN/ISH, v. t. Pin finigza; Er. finir; L. finio, from finis, an end, Ir. fuin, W. fin. Class Bn, No. 23.] 1. To arrive at the end of, in performance; to complete ; as, to finish a house ; to finish a journey. Thus the heavens and the earth were jinished, —Gen. ii. 2. To make perfect Episodes, taken separateiy, finish nothing, Broome, 3. To bring to an end; to end; to put an end to. Seventy weeks are determined on thy people, and on thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and make an end of sins. — Dan. ix. 4, To perfect; to accomplish ; to polish to the de- gree of excellence intended. In this sense it is fre- quently used in the participle of the perfect tense as an adjective. It is a finished performance; he is a Jinished scholar. FIN'ISH, z. The completion of a work of art; that which gives it perfection. 92. The last hard, smooth coat of plaster on a wall. FIN/ISH-ED, (fin/isht,) pp. Completed; ended ; done ; perfected. 2, a, Complete; perfect; polished to the highest degree of excellence ; as, a jintshed poem ; a Jjinished education FIN/ISH-ER, n. pletely performs. 2. One who puts an end to. 3. One who completes or perfects. Jesus, the author and jinisher of our faith. — Heb, xii, FIN‘ISH-ING, ppr. or a. bringing to an end. FIN/ISH-ING, n. Completion; completeness ; fection ; last polish ; ‘finish. FINITE, a. Jfinis, limit.] Having a limit ; limited ; bounded ; opposed to in- Jinite; as, finite number ; finite existence ; applied to this life, we Say, a finite being, finite duration. FI/NITE-LY, adv. Within limits ; to a certain degree only. Stillingfleet. FYNITE-NESS, n. Limitation ; confinement within certain boundaries; as, the fiziteness of our natural powers. FIN/I-TUDE, zn. FIN/LESS, a. One who finishes ; one who com- Shak. Hooker. Completing ; perfecting ; per- Warburton. [L. jinitus, from finio, to finish, from Limitation. ([JVot used. | Cheyne. {from jin.] Destitute of fins; as, fin- less fish. Shak. FIN/-LIKE, a. Resembling a fin ; as, a jfin-like oar. Dryden. FINN, n. A native of Finland, in Europe. FIN’NED, a. Having broad edges on either side; ap- plied to a plow. JMortimer. FIN’NL-KIN, n. A sort of pigeon, with a crest some- what resembling the mane of a horse. Dict. of Nat. Hist. FIN/’NY, a. Furnished with fins; as, finny fish ; jin- ny tribes ; finny prey. Dryden. Pope. FI-NO/CHLO, n._ [It. finocchio.] A variety of fennel. Fi’/NOS, (fé/noz,) n. [Sp.] Second best wool from Merino sheep. ardner. FIN/S€ALE, 7, A river-fish, called the rudd. Chambers. FIN’-TO-ED, a. [fin and toe.] Palmiped ; palmated ; having toes connected by a membrane, as aquatic fowls. FY-ORD/, n. [Sw.] An inlet from the sea; a bay. Dr. Baird. FI/O-RIN, n. A species of creeping bent-grass, once supposed to be of great value for green winter-fod- der. Partington. FIP’/PLE, (fip’pl,) n- [L. fibula.) A stopper, as in a wind-instrument of music. [Vot im Use. Bacon. FIR, (fur,) 7. [W. pyr, what shoots toa point, a fir-tree ; Sax. furh-wudu, fir-wood ;-G. fohre; Sw. furu-tra ; Dan. fyrre-tree. The Dutch call it sparre-boom, spar- tree. | The name of several species of the genus Abies, allied to the pines, and valued for their timber, as the Scotch fir, the silver fir, spruce fir, hemlock fir, FIR/-TREE. See Fir. [and Oriental fir. FIRE, n. [Sax. fyr; G. fewer; D. vuur; Dan. and Sw. fyr; Gr. zup. Qu. Coptic, pira, the sun ; New Guinea, for. The radical sense of fire is usually, to rush, to rage, to be violently agitated ; and if this is the sense of fire, it coincides with L. furo. It may be from shining or consuming. See Class Br, No. 2, 6, 9, 30.] 1. Heat and light emanating visibly, perceptibly, and simultaneously, from any body ; caloric; the un- known cause of tlie sensation of heat, and of the re- trocession of the homogeneous particles of bodies from one another, producing expansion, and thus enlarging all their dimensions ; one of the causes of magnetism, as evinced by Dr. Hare’s calorimotor. Silliman. In the popular acceptation of the word, fire is the ef- fect of combustion. The combustible body ignited, or heated to redness, we call fire; and when ascend- ing in a stream or body, We call it flame. A piece of charcoal, in combustion, is of a red color, and very hot. In this state it is said to be on fire, or to con- tain fire. When combustion ceases, it loses its red- ness and extreme heat, and we say, the fire is ex- tinct. 2. The burning of fuel on a hearth, or in any oth- er place. We kindle a fire in the morning, and at night we rake up the jire. Anthracite will maintain Jire during the night. 3. The burning of a house or town; a conflagra- tion. Newburyport and Savannah have suffered im- mense losses by fire. The great fire in Boston, in 1711, consumed a large part of the town. 4. Light ; luster; splendor. Stars, hide your fires ! Shak. 5. Torture by burning. Prior. 6. The instrument of punishment, or the punish- ment of the impenitent in another state. Who among vs shall dwell with the devouring fire ?— Is. xxxiil. 7, That which inflames or irritates the passions. What jire is in my ears? Shak. 8. Ardor of temper; violence of passion. He hed jire in his temper. Atterbury, 9. Liveliness of imagination; vigor of fancy ; in- tellectual activity ; animation ; force of sentiment or expression. And warm the critic with a poet’s fire. Pope. 10. The passion of love; ardent affection. The god of love retires ; Dim are his torches, and extinct his fres. Pope. 11. Ardor; heat; as, the fire of zeal or of love. 12. Combustion ; tumult; rage; contention. 13. Trouble ; affliction. When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burnt. — 8. xiili, To set on fire; to kindle; to inflame; to excite vi- olent action. St. Anthonys fire; a disease, marked by an erup- tion on the skin, or a diffused inflammation, with fe- ver; the erysipelas. Wild fire; an artificial or factitious fire, which burns even under water. It is made by a composi- tion of sulphur, naphtha, pitch, gum, and bitumen. It is called also Greek fire. Encye. FIRE, v. t. To set on fire; to kindle; as, to jirea house or chimney ; to fire a pile. Dryden. 2. To inflame ; to irritate the passions ; as, to fire with anger or revenge. 3. To animate ; to give life or spirit ; as, to fire the genius. 4. To drive by fire. [Little used. ] Shak. 5. To cause to explode ; to discharge; as, to firea musket or cannon. __ 6. To cauterize ; a term in farriery. FIRE, v.i. To take fire ; to be kindled. 2. To be irritated or inflamed with passion. 3. To discharge artillery or fire-arms. They fired on the town. FIRE/-ARMS, n. pl. their charge by the muskets, &c. FIRE/-AR-ROW, n. A small iron dart, furnished with Arms or weapons which expel combustion of powder, as pistols, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PRE FIRE/-BALL, x. A grenade ; a ball filled with powder or other combustibles, intended to be thrown among enemies, and to injure by explosion. 9. A meteor which passes rapidly through the air and displodes. FIRE/-BARE, n. In 9ld writers, a beacon. Cyc. FIRE/-BAR-REL, zn. A hollow cylinder, filled with ‘various kinds of combustibles, used in fire-ships, to convey the fire to the shrouds. Encye. FIRE/-BAV-IN, rn. A bundle of brush-wood, used in fireships. Encyc. FIRE/-BLAST, n. A disease of plants and trees, in which they appear as if burnt by fire. Cyc. FIRE’/-BOARD, n. A chimney-board, used to close a fireplace in summer. FIRE/-BOTE, n. An allowance of fuel, to which a tenant is entitled. England. FIRE’/BRAND, n. A piece of wood kindled or on fire. ®. An incendiary ; one who inflames factions, or causes contention and mischief. Bacon. FIRE/-BRICK, n. A brick that will sustain intense heat without fusion. FIRE/-BRUSH, 2. A brush used to sweep the hearth, Swift. FIRE’-BUCK-ET, n. A bucket to convey water to engines for extinguishing fire. FIRE/-E€LAD, a. Clad with fire. Wordsworth. FIRE/-€LAY, x. A kind of clay that will sustain in- tense heat, used in making fire-bricks. Cyc. FIRE/-€OCK, n. A cock or spout to let out water for extinguishing fire. FIRE/-€OM/PA-NY, (-kum/pa-ny,) x. A company of men for managing an engine to extinguish fires. FIRE/-€ROSS, n. Something used in Scotland as a signal to take arms; the ends being burnt black, and in some parts smeared with blood. Johnson. FIR/ED, pp. Set on fire; inflamed ; kindled ; anima- ted ; irritated. FIRE/-DAMP, x. The explosive carbureted hydrogen of coal-mines. [See Damp.] Ure. FIRE’-DRAKE, n. A fiery serpent. 2. An ignis fatuus. FIRE/-EAT’ER, n. Hence, 9. A cant term for a fighting character, or duelist. FIRE/-EN/GINE, n. An engine for throwing water to extinguish fire and save buildings. FIRE/-ES-€APE/, n. A machine for escaping from the upper part of a building when on fire. Cyc. FIRE/-EY-ED, (-Ide,) a. Having a fiery eye. FIRE/-FLAIR, n. A species of ray-fish or Raia. FIRE/-FLY, n. A name commonly given to winged, luminous insects ; particularly to the Elater noctilu- cus, of South America, which emits a brilliant light from a round, glossy, yellow spot on each side of the thorax, and from other parts of the body. Partington. FIRE'-GUARD, n. A framework of iron wire, to be placed in front of a fireplace. FIRE/-HOOK, zn. A large hook for pulling down buildings in conflagrations. FIRE/-1/R ONS, (-i/urnz,) n. pl. The irons belonging to a fireplace, as the shovel, tongs, poker, &c. FIRE/LOCK, n. A musket, or other gun, with a lock, which is discharged by striking fire with flint and steel. FIRE/MAN, 7. A man whose business is to extinguish fires in towns, &c. 2. A man who tends the fires of asteam-engine, &c. FIRE/-MAS’/TER, n. An officer of artillery, who su- perintends the composition of fireworks. FIRE/-NEW, (-ni,) a. Fresh from the forge ; bright. Addison. FIRE/-OF’FICE, (-of’fis,) x. An office for making in- surance against fire. FIRE/-OR/DE-AL. See Orpeat. FIRE/-PAN, n. A pan for holding or conveying fire. Exod. XXVii. FIRE/PLACE, x. The part of a chimney appropriated to the fire ; a hearth. FIRE/-PLUG, n. A plug for drawing water froma pipe to extinguish fire. FIRE/-POT, n. A small earthen pot filled with com- bustibles, used in military operations. FIRE/-PROOP, a. Proof against fire ; incombustible. FIRE/-QUENCH-ING, a. Extinguishing fire. Kirby. FIR/ER, x. One who sets fire to any thing ; an incen- diary. FIRE/-SHIP, n. A vessel filled with combustibles, and furnished with grappling-irons, to hook and set fire to an enemy’s ships. Encye. FIRE/-SHOV!EL, (-shuv/l,) n. A shovel or instru- ment for taking up or removing coals of fire. FIRE/SIDE, n. A place near the fire or hearth; home ; domestic life or retirement, FIRE/SIDE, a. Belonging to the fireside or domestic circle. Cowper. FIRE/-STICK, n. A lighted stick or brand. Digby. FIRE/-STONE, x. Iron pyrites. { Obs.] 2. A kind of freestone which bears a high degree of heat. Cyc. FIRE’/WARD, n. An officer who has authority FIRE’ WARD/EN, to direct others in the extin- guishing of fires. Beaum. One who pretends to eat fire. a match impregnated with powder and sulphur, used to fire the sails of ships. Encyc. Y.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLI, BOOK. — FIRE’/-WEED, n. An American plant, Senecto hieract- a ae a i al iFIR folius, often four or five feet high, very troublesome in and around spots where brushwood has been burned. Farm. Encyce. FIRE'-WING-ED, a. Having fiery wings. Carlisle. FIRE! -WoOQD, ne Wood sok fuel. FIRE!’-\ WORK, (-wurk,) ». Usually in the plural, FIREe-works. Preparations of gunpowder, sulphur, and other in- flammable materials, used for making explosions in the air, on occasions of public rejoicing ; pyrotechni- cal exhibitions. This word is applied also to various combustible preparations used in war. FIRE’/-WORK-ER, n. An officer of artillery subordi- nate to the fire-master. FIRE/-WOR-SHIP, n. The worship of fire, which prevailed chiefly in Persia, among those called Ghe- bers, or Guebers. Encyc. Am. FIRE/- WOR-SHIP-ER, m. One who worships fire. FIR/ING, ppr. Setting fire to; kindling; animating exciting ; inflaming ; “discharging fire-arms. rly ,n. The act of discharging fire-arms. 2. Ty he application of fire, or of a cautery. Fuel ; fire “wood or CO: il. Mortimer. FIR’ NG V/RON , (-i/urn,) x.» An instrument used in farriery to discuss swellings and Knots. Encye. FIRK, (furk,) v. t. To beat ; to whip; to chastise. Not used. Hudibras. FIR/KIN, ( ur/kin,) x. [The first syllable is probably the Dan. Jire, D. vier, four, and the latter as in Ki1- DERKIN. ] A measure of capacity, being the fourth part of a barrel. It is nine gallons of beer, or eight gallons of ale, soap, or herrings. In America, the. firkin is rare- ly used , except for butter or lard, and signifies a small vessel or cask, of indeterminate size, or of different sizes, regulated by the statutes of the different States. FIR/LOT, x. A dry measure used in Scotland. The Tanlitheovy wheat firlot is to the imperial bushel as 998 to 1000 ; the Linlithgow barley firlot is to the im- perial bushel as 1456 to 1000. McCulloch. FIRM, (furm,) a. [L. firmus; Fr. ferme; Sp. firme; It. fermo; W. fyrv. ‘This Welsh word may be from the Latin. The root of the word is probably Celtic; W. fer, hard, solid ; fyr, a solid ; feru, to concrete or con- geal, to fix, to freeze. This is the root of L. ferrum, nour} 1, Probably, fixed ; hence, applied to the matter of bodies, it signifies closely compressed ; compact ; hard ; solid ; as, jirm flesh ; firm muscles; some spe- cies of wood are more firm than others; a cloth of Jirm texture. 2. Fixed; steady ; constant; stable; unshaken; not easily moved ; as, a firm believer; a firm friend; a firm adherent or supporter ; a firm man, or a man of firm resolution. 3. Solid; not giving way; opposed to fluid; as, Jirm land. FIRM, (furm,). A partnership or house ; or the name or title under which a company transact business ; as, the firm of Hope & Co. FIRM, (ftum,) v. ¢. [L. firmo.] To fix ; to settle; to confirm; to establish. And Jove has firmed it with an awful nod, Dryden. [ This word is rarely used, except in poetry. In prose we use CONFIRM. FIRM/A-MENT, (furm/a-ment,) 7. from firmus, jirmo.]} The region of the air; the sky or heavens. In Scripture, the word denotes an expanse, a wide ex- tent; for such is the signification of the Hebrew word, coinciding with regio, region, and reach. The original, therefore, does not convey the sense of so- lidity, but of stretching, extension ; the great arch or expanse over our heads, in which are placed the at- mosphere and the clouds, and in which the stars ap- pear to be placed, and are really seen. And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. — Gen. [L. jirmamentum, i. 6. And God said, Let there be lights in the firmament. — Gen. i. 14. FYRM-A-MENT/AL, a. Pertaining to the firmament ; celestial ; being of the upper regions. Iryden. FIR/MAN, n. An Asiatic word, denoting a decree or grant of privileges. A firman given to a traveler is a kind of passport insuring to him protection and as- sistance. P. Cyc. Often pronounced fir-maun’.] FIRM’ED, (furmd,) pp. Established ; confirmed. PIRM/- FOOT-ED) a. Having firm feet ; standing mly. FIRMING, (furm/ing,) ppr. and stable. FIRM/I-TUDE, (furm/i-tude,) n. Strength; solidity. Not in nee Bp. Hall. FIRM/I-TY, (furm/i-ty,) n. Strength; firmness. [JVot used, Chillingworth. FIRMLESS, (furm’less,) a. Detached from substance. Does passion still the jirmless mind control? A Pope. FIRM/LI-ER, adv. More firmly. Milton. PIRM/LY, (furm/ly,) adv. Solidly ; compactly ; close- ly , as, particles of matter firmly cohering. 2. Steadily ; 3 With constancy or fixedness; immov- Settling; making firm PS ably ; steadfastly. He firmly believes in the divme origin cf the Scriptures. His resolution is firmly fixed. He. Jirmly adheres to his party. FIRM/NESS, (furm/ness,) n. Closeness or denseness of texture or structure ; compactness; hardness ; so- lidity ; as, the firmness of wood, stone, cloth, or other substance. 2. Stability ; strength; as, the firmness of a union, or of a confederacy. 3. Steadfastness ; constancy; fixedness; as, the Jjirmness of a purpose or resolution ; the firmness of a man, or of his courage ; firmness of mind or soul. 4. Certainty ; soundness; as, the jirmness of no- tions or opinions. FIRST, (furst,) a. [Sax. first, or fyrst, Sw. fdrste, Dan. forste, first; G. fiirst, D. vorst, Dan. fyrste, a prince, that is, fizst man. It is the superlative of fore, fyr, before, advanced, that is, forest, fyrest, from Sax. faran, to go, or a root of the same family. See Fare and Tor. } . Advanced before or further than any other in ea ; foremost in place ; as, the first man in a marching company or troop is the man that precedes all the rest. Hence, 2. Preceding all others in the order of time. Adam was the first man. Cain was the jirst murderer. Monday was the first day of January. Se Preceding all others In numbers or a progressive series ; the ordinal of one; as, lis the jirst number. 4. Prece ding all others in rank, dignity, or excel- lence. Demosthenes was the first orator of Greece. Burke was one of the first geniuses of his age. Give God the first place in your affections. FIRST, (furst,) adv. Before any thing else in the order of time. Adam was jfirst formed, then Eve. —1 Tim. ii. 2. Before all others in place or progression. Let the officers enter the gate jirst. 3. Before any thing else in order of proceeding or consideration. First, let us attend to the examina- tion of the witnesses. 4. Before all others in rank. jirst in public estimation. At first; at the first; at the beginning or origin. First or last; at one time or another ; at the begin- ning or end. He stands or ranks And all are fools and lovers jirst or last. Dryden. FIRST-BE-GOT"’, a. First produced ; the eld- FIRST-BE-GOT’TEN, est of children, J{ilton. FIRST/-BORN, a. First brought forth; first in the order of nativity ; eldest ; as, the first-born son. 2. Most excellent; most distinguished or exalted. Christ is called the jirst-born of every creature. Col.1. FIRST/-BORN, nx. The eldest child ; the first in the order of birth. The first-born of the poor Is. Xiv. The first-born of death is the most terrible death. Job xviii. FIRST-€RE-AT’ED, a. Created before any other. FIRST’/-FLOOR, xn. In England, the floor or tier of apartments next above the ground-floor, called, in America, the second story. FIRST/-FRUIT, x. s. The fruit or produce first FIRST/-FRUITS, zn. pl. matured and collected in any season. Of these the Jews made an oblation to God, as an acknowledgment of his sovereign do- minion. 2. The first profits of any thing, In the church of England, the profits of every spiritual benefice for the first year. Encyc. 3. The first or earliest effect of any thing, in a good or bad sense; as, the jirst-fruits of grace in the heart, or the first-fruits of vice. FIR ST’ LING, a. First produced ; FYIRST/LING, Bee to aes sas . The thing first thought or done, The very firstlings of my heart shall be The firstdings of my hand. Shak. FIRST-LY, adv. Improperly used instead of Jirst. FIRST-MOV ‘ER, xz. The original propelling power, whether natural or artificial. FIRST/-RATE, Of the highest excellence; pre- eminent; as, a “arst- rate scholar or painter. 2, Being of the largest size ; as, a first-rate ship. FIR TH, (furth,) x. A narrow passage of the sea. (See. Priv. ] FISE, : [L. fiscus ; Fr. fisc; Sp. fisco; It. id. Fiscus, Brett a signifies a basket or hanaper, probably from the twigs which composed the first baskets, Eng. whisk. ‘The word coincides in elements with basket, and L. fascia, twigs being the primitive bands, ] The treasury of | a prince or state; hence, to conjis- cate is to take the goods ofa criminal and appropriate them to the public treasury. FIS€/AL, a. Pertaining to the public treasury or rev- enue. The fiscal arrangements of government. FIS6/AL, n. Revenue; the income of a prince or state. 9, A treasurer. Swinburne. are the most wretched. as, jirstling males. eut. XV. The first produce or offSpring ; ap- , the jirstlings of cattle. [Wot used. | Hamilton. FIS 3. In Spain and Portugal, the king’s solicitor; an- swering to an attorney-general. 4. In Spain, an informer. FISH, 7. [Sax jisc; D. visch; G. fisch; Dan. and Sw. fisk ; Sp. pez; It. pesce, Fr. poisson ; verb, pécher, pes- cher; Arm. pesk; W. pysg; L. piscis; Ir.iasg. This anima] may be named from its rapid motion. In W Sysg 1s hasty, impetuous. } 1. Ananimal that lives in water. Fish isa general name fora class of animals subsisting in water, which were distributed by Linnzus into six orders. They breathe by means of gills, swim by the aid of their tail and caudal fins, and are oviparous. Some of them have the skeleton bony, and others cartilaginous. Most of the former have the opening of the gills clased by a peculiar covering, called the gill-lid ; many of the latter have no gill-lid, and are hence said to breathe through apertures. Cetaceous animals, as the whale and dolphin, are, in popular language, called fishes, and have been so classed by some naturalists; but they breathe by lungs, and are viviparous, like quad- rupeds. Theterm fish has been also extended to other aquatic animals, suchas shell-jish, lobsters,&c. We use jish, in the singular, for fishes in general, or the whole race. 2. The flesh of fish, used as food. But we usually apply flesh to land animals. 3. A counter, used In various games. FISH, v.z ‘To attempt to catch fish; to be employed in taking fish, by any means, as by angling or draw- ing nets. 3. To attempt or seek to obtain by artifice, directly to seek to draw forth ; ments. FISH, v.t. To search by raking or sweeping; as, to I the jakes for papers. Swot ift. In seamanship, to strengthen, as a mast or yard, soit a piece of timber. Mar. Dict. To catch; to draw out or up; as, to fish upa human body when sunk ; to fish an anchor. FISH, vz. In skips, a machine to hoist and draw up the flukes of an anchor, upon the gunwale. Toten. A long piece of timber, which bellies out in the form of a fish, and is used to strengthen a lower mast or a yard when sprung or damaged. Hence, the terms jish-beam, fish-back, fish-bellied rail, are applied to a beam or rail which bellies out on the under side. Francis. FISH’-BASK-ET, zn. A basket for carrying fish. FISH’ER, n. One who is employed in catching fish. 2. A carnivorous quadruped of the weasel family ; the pekan. Encyc. Am. aan ER-BOAT, nm. A boat employed in catching or in- as, to jis for compli- FISHER. MAN, n. fish One whose occupation is to catch A ship or vessel employed in the business of ene fish, as in the cod and whale fishery. FISH’ ER-TOW N, x. A town inhabited by fishermen. Carew. FISH’ER-Y, x. The business of catching fish. ddison. 2. A place for catching fish with nets or hooks, a the banks of Newfoundland, the coast of Engl and or Scotland, or on the banks of rivers. FISH’F WL, a. Abounding with fish; as, a jishful pond. Carew. FISH/GIG, )n. An instrument used for striking fish FIZ'GIG, at sea, consisting of a staff with barbed prongs, and a line fastened just above the prongs. Jar. Dict. FISH’-GLUE, zn. A name sometimes given to isin- slass. Booth. FISH/HOOK, nm. A hook for catching fish. FISH/I-FY, v. t. To change to fish. [Zow.] Shak. FISH/ING, ppr. Attempting to catch fish; searching; seeking to draw forth by artifice or indirectly ; add- ing a piece of timber to a mast or spar to strength- en it. 2. a. Used or employed in fishery, or by fisher- men; as, fishing boat; jishing tackle; fishing vil- lage. a ING, xn. The art or practice of catching fish. A fishery. Spenser, FISH’ NG-FROG, n. na ee a 7 7% mare Ea ee ee eame ot Veto 4 | | fae te \ eee s ! 3 a 12 Oy? § FLA FLAM-MA-BIL/L-TY, n. The quality of admitting to be set on fire, or enkindled into a flame or blaze ; in- flammability. _ Brown. FLAM’MA-BLE, a. Capable of being enkindled into flame. FLAM-MA’TION, n. The act of setting on flame. Brown. [The three last words are little used. Instead of them are used the compounds INFLAMMABLE, In- FLAMMABILITY, INFLAMMATION. ] : FLAM/ME-OUS, a. Consisting of flame ; like flame. Brown. FLAM-MIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. flamma and fero, to bring. ] Producing flame. FLAM-MIV/O-MOUS, «4. vomit. | Vomiting flames, as a volcano. _ P FLAM/Y, a. [from flame.) Blazing ; burning aS. flamy breath. Sidney. 9. Having the nature of flame; as, flamy matter. Bacon. 3. Having the color of flame. Herbert. FLANCH, xn. In mechanism, the part of a plece screwed to something else. FLANGE, x. [Qu. flank, or Fr. frange, fringe, or Gr. gadayé.] A raised or projecting edge or rib on the rim of a wheel, and also on the rails of a certain kind of rail- way ; used in machinery, to keep the band from slip- ping off, and to prevent cars from running off the rails. FLANK, 2. [Fr. flanc; Sp. and Port. flanco ; It. fianco ; G. flanke ; Sw. and Dan. flank ; Gr. Naywy ; probably connected with lank, W. lac, Eng. flag, Gr. Aayapos, and so called from its laxity, or from breadth. ] 1. The fleshy or muscular part of the side of an animal, between the ribs and the hip. Hence, 9. The side of an army, or of any division of an army, as of a brigade, regiment, or battalion ; the extreme right or left. To attack an enemy i flank, is to attack them on the side. 3. In fortification, that part of a bastion which reaches from the curtain to the face, and defends the opposite face, the flank, and the curtain ; or it is a line drawn from the extremity of the face toward the inside of the work. Brande. 4. In architecture, the side of any building. Brande. FLANK, v.t. [Fr. flanquer; Sp. flanquear. | 1. To attack the side or flank of an army or body of troops ; or to place troops so as to command or at- tack the flank. 2. To post so as to overlook or command on the side ; as, to flank a passage. Dryden. 3. To secure or guard on the side ; as, flanked with rocks. Dryden. 4, To turn the flank; to pass round the side. FLANK, v.i. To border; to touch. Butler. 2, To be posted on the side. FLANK’ED, (flankt,) pp. Attacked on the side ; cov- ered or commanded on the flank. FLANK/ER, ». A fortification projecting so as to command the side of an assailing body. Knolles. Fairfax. FLANK/ER, v. t. To defend by lateral fortifications. Herbert. 2. To attack sideways. Evelyn. FLANK/ER-ED, pp. Attacked on the side; defended by lateral svorks. FLANK’ER-ING, ppr. Defending by lateral works ; attacking sideways. FLANK/ING, ppr. Turning the flank; attacking on the side, or commanding on the flank. FLANNEL, zn. [Fr. flanelle; D. and Dan, flanel; G. flanell ; W. guwlanen, from gwlan, wool, L., lana, Fr. laine, Ir. olann, Arm. gloan.| A soft, nappy, woolen cloth, of loose texture. FLAN/NEL-ED, a. Covered or wrapped in flannel. FLAP, n. ([G. lappen and klappe; D. lap or klap; Sw. klapp or lapp; Dan. klap or lap; Sax. leppa, a lap; W. llab, a stroke, a whipping ; llabiaw, to slap; L. [L. jlamma and vomo, to broad, or from a noun denoting something flat and slap, flabby, lap, &c.] is easily moved. A cartilaginous flap on the opening of the larynx. Brown. the flap of a hat. stroke with it. downward. ° 4, The flaps; a disease in the lips of horses. FLAP, v.t. Tobeat witha flap. [Farrier’s Dict. Yet let me flap this bug with gilded wings. Pope. wings. seems to indicate a connection with lap. or loose. in Lb, which spring from striking with something broad. It seems difficult to separate flap from clap, J. Any thing broad and limber that hangs loose, or We say, the flap of a garment, the flap of the ear, 2, The motion of any thing broad and loose, or a 3. That part of the coat behind from the hips 2. To moye something broad; as, to flap the gg 3. To let fall, as the brim of a hat. Foe sense FLAP, v. i. To move as wings, or as something broad FLA FLA 9, To fall, as the brim of a hat, or other broad thing. FLAP/DRAG-ON, n. A play in which they catch rai- sins out of burning brandy, and, extinguishing them by closing the mouth, eat them. 2, The thing thus caught and eaten. Johnson. FLAP/DRAG-ON, v. t. To swallow or devour. Shak. FLAP/EAR-ED, a. Having broad, loose ears. Shak. FLAP/JACK, n. Asort of broad pancake. Also, an apple-puff. Shak. Smart. FLAP’/MOUFH-ED, a. Having loose, hanging lips. Shak. FLAP’PED, (flapt,) pp. or a. Struck with something broad ; let down ; having the brim fallen, as a flapped FLAP/PER, 2. He or that which flaps. { hat. FLAP/PING, ppr. or a. Striking; beating; moving something broad ; as, flapping wings ; the ducks run flapping and fluttering. DL’ Estrange. FLARE, v. 1. We this word is not contracted, it may be allied to clear, glare, glory, L. floreo, Eng. floor, the primary sense of which is to open, to spread, from parting, departing, or driving apart. But in Norm. flair is to blow, and possibly it may be from L. flo, or it may be contracted from G. flackern. | 1. To waver ; to flutter; to burn with an unsteady light ; as, the candle flares, that is, the light wanders from its natural course. 2. To flutter with splendid show ; to be loose and waving, as a showy thing. With ribbons pendant flaring ’bout her head. Shak. 3. To glitter with transient luster. But speech alone : Doth vanish like a faring thing. Herbert. 4. To glitter with painful splendor. When the sun begins to fling Milton. His flaring beams. . To be exposed to too much light, I can not stay Faring in sunshine all the day. [Qu.] Prior. 6. To open or spread outward. FLARE, x. An unsteady, broad, offensive light. Smart. FLAR/ING, ppr. ora. Burning with a wavering light; fluttering ; glittering ; showy. 2. Opening ; widening outward; as, a flaring fireplace. FLAR/ING-LY, adv. Flutteringly ; showily. FLASH, 2. [lIr. lasair, lasrach, a flame, a flash ; lasadh, lasaim, to burn, to kindle ; leos, light ; leosam, to give light ; also, loisgim, losgadh, to burn; lois, flame ; Dan. lys, light; lyser, to shine, to glisten or glister ; Sw. lius, lysa, id. Qu. G. blitz, a glance; blitzen, to lighten, to flash ; Russ. blesk, bleschu, id. There is a numerous class of words in Ls, with different pre- fixes, that denote to shine, to throw light, as glossy glass, glisten, blush, flush, flash, luster, &c. ; but per- haps they are not all of one family. The Welsh has llathru, to make smooth and glossy, to polish, to glitter ; lWethrid, a gleam, a flash. See Class Ld, No. 5, and Ls, No. 25, and see Fiusn.] 1. A sudden burst of light; a flood of light instan- taneously appearing and disappearing; as, a flash of lightning. 2. A sudden burst of flame and light; an instan- taneous blaze; as, the flash of a gun. 3. A sudden burst, as of wit or merriment; as, a flash of wit; a flash of joy or mirth. His companions recollect no instance of premature wit, no striking sentiment, no flash of fancy. Wat. 4, A short, transient state. The Persians and Macedonians had it for a flash. 5. A body of water driven by violence. [Zocal.] Pegre. Bacon. 6. A little pool. Qu. plash. ([Local.] FLASH, 7. The slang language of thieves, robbers, &c. Grose. FLASH/-HOUSE, x. A place where thieves and robbers, &c., resort and deposit their plunder. Grose. alapa,aslap. ‘There is a numerous family of words| FLASH, v. i. To break forth, as a sudden flood of light; to burst or open instantly on the sight, as splendor. It differs from glitter, glisten, and gleam, of appearance and disappearance. accompanied with a loud report. 3. To burst out into any kind of violence. Every hour He flashes into one gross crime or other. Shak. 4. To break out, as a sudden expression of wit merriment, or bright thought. Felton. surface. Carew. He rudely flashed the waves. Spenser. FLASH’ER, n. A man of more appearance of wit FLASH’LLY, adv. With empty show; with a sud- FLASH/ING, ppr. or a. Bursting forth as a flood of FLASH/ING, x. [Probably from Fr. plague or flague. | FLASH’Y, a. Showy, but empty; dazzling for a mo- FLASK, 2. FLASK/ET, n. A vessel in which viands are served FLAT, a. in denoting a flood or wide extent of light. The latter words may express the issuing of light from a small object, or from a pencil of rays. A diamond may glitter or glisten, but it does not flash. Flash differs from other words, also, in denoting suddenness 2. To burst or break forth with a flood of flame and light; as, the powder flashed in the pan. Flash- ing differs from exploding or disploding, in not being FLASH, v.t. To strike up a body of water from the FLAT/-BOT-TOM-ED. a f c = N=, a. [In this sense I believe this word is not used in 9, To strike or to throw like a burst of light; as, to flash conviction on the mind. than reality. f icf 9, A rower. [Vot in use.] den glare ; without solidity of wit or thought. light, or of flame and light, or as wit, mirth, or joy. In architecture, a term applied to pieces of lead, or other metal, let into the joints of a wall, so as to lap over the gutters and prevent the plashing of rain on the interior works. Goilt. ment, but not solid; as, flashy wit. 9, Showy; gay; as, a flashy dress. 3. Insipid; vapid ; without taste or spinit ; as, food or drink. 4. Washy; plashy. [See Prasx.] [G. flasche; Sw. flaska; Dan. flaske; D. fles, flesch; Sax. flaca ; Sp. and Port. frasco; It. flasco, or fiasco; W. flasg, a basket. ] 1. A kind of bottle ; as, a flask of wine or oil. 2, A vessel for powder. 3. A bed in a gun-carriage. Bailey. up. Pope. Ray. 9. A long, shallow basket. Spenser. [D. plat; G. platt; Dan. flad; Sw. flat ; Fr. plat ; Arm. blad, or pladt ; It. piatto; from extend- ing or laying. Allied, probably, to W.-lez, lléd, yd; L. latus, broad ; Gr. rAarvs; Eng. blade. | 1. Having an even surface, without risings or in- dentures, hills or valleys; as, flat land. 9. Horizontal; level without inclination ; as, a flat roof; or with a moderate inclination or slope ; for we often apply the word to the roof of a house that is not steep, though inclined. 3. Prostrate; lying the whole length on the ground. He fell or lay flat on the ground. 4, Not elevated or erect; fallen. Cease to admire, and beauty’s plumes Fall flat. Milton. 5. Level with the ground; totally fallen. What ruins kingdoms, and lays cities flat? Milton. 6. In painting, wanting relief or prominence of the figures. 7. Tasteless ; stale; vapid; imsipid; dead; as, fruit flat to the taste. Philips. 8. Dull; unanimated; frigid; without point or spirit ; applied to discourses and compositions. The sermon was very flat. 9. Depressed ; spiritless; dejected. I feel — my hopes all jict. Milton. 10. Unpleasing; not affording gratification. How flat and insipid are all the pleasures of this life! 11. Peremptory ; absolute; positive ; downright. He gave the petitioner a flat denial. Thus repulsed, our final hope Js flat despair. Milton. 12. Not sharp or shrill; not acute; as, a flat sound. Bacon. 13. Low, as the prices of goods; or dull, as sales. FLAT, 7. A level or extended plain. In America, it is applied particularly to low ground or meadow that is level ; but it denotes any land of even surface and of some extent. 2. A level ground lying at a smal] depth under the surface of water; a shoal; a shallow; a strand; a sand bank under water. 3. The broad side-of a blade. Dryden. 4, Depression of thought or language. Dryden. 5. A surface without relief or prominences. Bentley. 6. In music, a mark of depression in sound; thus, [b-] A flat denotes a fall or depression of half a tone. 7. A boat, broad and flat-bottomed. A flat-bottomed boat is constructed for conveying passengers or troops, horses, carriages, and baggage. 8. A hat made of straw braid, with a low crown and broad brim. 9. A story or loft in a building. [Scottish.] is sharp. [Vulgar.] Rich. Dict. FLAT, v.t. [Fr. flatir, applatir.] make broad and smooth ; to flatten. Bacon. 2. To make vapid or tasteless. Bacon. 3. To make dull or unanimated. FLAT, v.i To grow flat; to fall to an even surface. Temple. 2. To become insipid, or dull and unanimated. King Charles. Jess sharp. boat, or a moat in fortification. FLAT’-FISEH, x. America, | 10. One who is easily duped; opposed to one who 1. Tolevel ; to depress; to lay smooth or even ; to g 3. In music, to depress the voice ; to render a sound Having a flat bottom, asa A name sometimes applied in com- mon to those fishes which have the body of a flattened form, swim on the side, and have both eyes on one FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 455 a a a sah ad——_ —— FLA side, embracing such as the flounder, turbot, hali- but, and sole. It is particularly applied, in and near New York, to a small, salt-water fish of the flounder kind, the Platessa plana of Mitchell, which is es- teemed excellent food. Partington. FLAT’-I-RON, (-i-urn,) x. cloth. FLA/TIVE, a. [L. flatus, from flo, to blow.] Producing wind; flatulent. [ot in use.] Storer’s Mass. Rep. An iron for smoothing : Brewer. FLAT’LONG, adv. With the flat side downward ; not edgewise. Shak. FLAT’LY, adv. Horizontally ; without inclination. 2. Evenly ; without elevations and depressions. 3. Without spirit ; dully ; frigidly. 4. Peremptorily ; positively ; downright. He flatly refused his aid. Sidney. FLATNESS, n. Evenness of surface; levelness ; equality of surface. 2. Want of relief or prominence; as, the flatness of a figure in sculpture. Addison. 3. Deadness; vapidness; insipidity ; as, the flat- ness of cider or beer. Mortimer. 4, Dejection of fortune ; low state. The flatness of my misery. Shak. d. Dejection of mind; a low state of the spirits ; depression ; want of life. Collier. 6. Dullness ; want of point ; insipidity ; frigidity. Some of Homer’s translators have swelled into fustian, and others sunk into flatness. Pope. 7. Gravity of sound, as opposed to sharpness, acuteness, or shrillness. Flatness of sound —joined with a harshness, FLAT’-NOS-ED, (-nozd,) a. Bacon, Having a flat nose. Burton. FLAT!-ROOF-ED, (-rooft,) a. Having a flat roof. FLAT’TED, pp. Made flat; rendered even on the surface ; also, rendered vapid or insipid. FLATTEN, (ilat‘n,) v. 4 [Fr. flatir, from flat.] J. To make flat ; to reduce to an equal or even sur- face ; to level. 2. To beat down to the ground ; to lay flat. Mortimer. 3. To make vapid or insipid; to render stale. . To depress ; to deject, as the spirits ; to dispirit. - In music, to depress, as the voice; to render less acute or sharp. To flatten a sail, in marine language, to extend a sail lengthwise of the vessel, so that its effect is only lateral Brande. FLAT'TEN, (flat/n,) v. 7. To grow or become even on the surface. . To become dead, stale, vapid, or tasteless. - To become dull or spiritless. - In music, to depress the voice ; to render a sound Jess sharp. FLAT/TEN-ED, (flat/‘nd,) pp ora, FLAT’TEN-ING, ppr- Making flat. FLAT’TER, x. ‘The person or thing by which any thing is flattened. FLAT’TER, v. ¢ [Fr. flatter; D-. vleijen; Teut. Jletsen; Ice. fladra; Dan. flatterer. In Ir. bladaire, is a flatterer; bleid, a wheedling; blaith is plain, smooth ; and dlath is praise. Flatter may be from the root of flat, that is, to make smooth, to appease, to soothe ; but the Ir. blath would seem to be connected with L. plaudo. Perhaps flat and plaudo are from one root, the radical sense of which must be, to ex- tend, strain, stretch. ] 1. To soothe by praise; to gratify self-love by praise or obsequiousness; to please a person by ap- plause or favorable notice, by respectful attention, or by*any thing that exalts him in his own estimation, or confirms his good opinion of himself. We flatter a Woman when we praise her children. A man that flattereth his neighbor spreadeth a net for his feet. — Proy. xxix. 2. To please ; to gratify ; as, to flatter one’s vanity or pride. 3. To praise falsely ; to encourage by favorable notice ; as, to flatter vices or crimes. 4. 'l’o encourage by favorable representations or in- dications ; as, to flatter hopes. Weare flattered with the prospect of peace. .. Yo raise false hopes by representations not well founded; as, to flatter one with a prospect of suc- cess; to flatter a patient with the expectation of re- covery, when his case is desperate. 6. To please ; to soothe. A concert of voices — makes a harmony that flatters the ears. Dryden, 7. To wheedle; to coax; to attempt to win by blandishments, praise, or enticements. How many young and credulous persons are flattered out of their innocence and their property, by seducing arts ! ILAT’TER-ED, pp. Soothed by praise; pleased by commendation ; gratified with hopes, false or well founded; wheedled. FLAT’TER-ER, n. One who flatters; a fawner;a wheedler; one who praises another with a view to Or pe C9 09 Made flat. FLA please him, to gain his favor, or toaccomplish some purpose. When I tell him he hates flatterere, He says he does; being then most flattered. . The most abject flatlerers degenerate into the greatest tyrants. Addison. FLAT’TER-ING, ppr. Gratifying with praise ; pleas- ing by applause ; wheedling ; coaxing. 2. a. Pleasing to pride or vanity; gratifying to self-love; as, a flattering eulogy. The minister gives a flattering account of his recention at court. 3. Pleasing; favorable; encouraging hope. We have a flattering prospect of an abundant harvest. The symptoms of the disease are flattering. 4. Practicing adulation ; uttering false praise ; as, a flattering tongue. FLAT’TER-ING-LY, adv. in a manner to flatter. 2. In a manner to favor; with partiality. Cumberland. FLAT’TER-Y, 2. [Fr. flatterie.] J. False praise; commendation bestowed for the purpose of gaining favor and influence, or to accom- plish some purpose. Direct flattery consists in prais- ing a person himself; indirect flattery consists in praising a person through his works or his connec- tions. In a flattering manner; Simple pride for flattery makes demands. Pope. Just praise is only a debt, but flatlery is a present. Rambler. 2, Adulation ; obsequiousness ; wheedling. Rowe. 3. Just commendation which gratifies self-love. FLAT’TING, n. A mode of painting, in which the paint, being mixed with turpentine, leaves the work flat, or without gloss. Branie. 2. A method of preserving gilding unburnished, by touching it with size. Knovles. FLAT’TISH, a. [from flat.] Somewhat flat; ap- proaching to flatness. Woodward. FLAT’U-LENCE, {n. [See Fratvurenr.] Windi- FLAT’U-LEN-CY, ness in the stomach; air gen- erated ina weak stomach and intestines by imperfect digestion, occasioning distention, uneasiness, pain, and often belchings. Encyce. 2. Airness; emptiness ; vanity. Glanville. FLAT’U-LENT, a. {[L. flatulentus, flatus, from flo, to blow.] 1. Windy; affected with air generated in the stomach and intestines. 2. Turgid with air; windy; as, a flatulent tumor. Quincy. 3. Generating, or apt to generate wind in the stom- ach. Peas are a flatulent vegetable. Arbuthnot. 4, Empty ; vain; big without substance or reality ; puffy ; as, a flatulent writer; flatulent vanity. Dryden. Glanville. FLAT’U-LENT-LY, adv. Ina windy manner ; emp- tily. FLAT-U-OS/L-TY, n. Windiness; fullness of air; flatulence. [JVot used.] Bacon. FLAT/’Y-OUS, a ([L. flatuosus.] Windy; generating wind. [WVotused.] Bacon. FLA’TUS, x. ([L., from flo, to blow.] 1. A breath; a puff of wind. Clarke. 2. Wind generated in the stomach or other cavi- ties of the body ; flatulence. Quincy. FLAT/WISE, a. or adv. [from flat.] With the flat side downward, or next to another object ; not edge- wise. Woodward. FLAUNT, v. t% [I know not whence we have this word. It is doubtless of Celtic origin, from the root Ln, bearing the sense of throwing out, or spreading. Qu. Scot. flanter,to waver. See Fiounce.] 1. To throw or spread out; to flutter; to display ostentatiously ; as, a flaunting show. You flaunt about the streets in your new gilt chariot. Arbuthnot. gs, Pope. [This correctly expresses the author’s meaning, which is, that the proud often attempt to make a show and parade of their importance, even in pover- ty. Johnson’s remark on the use of the word seems, therefore, to be unfounded. ] 2. To carry a pert or saucy appearance. Boyle. FLAUNT, nn. Any thing displayed for show. Shak. FLAUNTYING, ppr. or a. Making an ostentatious display. FLAUNT/ING-LY, adv. FLA-VI€/O-MOUS, a. Having yellow hair. FLA/VOR, nx. [Qu. Fr. flairer, tosmell ; W. fletriaz.] The quality of a substance which affects the taste or smell in any manner. We say, the wine has a fine flavor, or a disagreeable flavor; the fruit has a bad flavor; a rose has a sweet flavor. ‘The word, then, signifies the quality which is tasted or smelt; taste, odor, fragrance, or smell. FLA/VOR, v.t. To communicate some quality to a thing, that may affect the taste or smell. FLA/VOR-ED, pp. or a. Having a quality that affects the sense of tasting or smelling ; as, Aigh-flavored wine, having the quality in a high degree. FLA/VOR-ING, ppr. Giving a flavor to. FLA/VOR-LESS, a. Without flavor; tasteless; hav- ing no smell or taste. Encyc. One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade. In a flaunting way. [L. flavus and coma.] FLE Pleasant to the taste or smell. Dryden. [Wot used. | FLA/VOR-OUS, a. FLA!VOUS, a. Smith, FLAW, 7. [W. flaw, a piece rent, a splinter, a ray, a dart, a flaw ; flaw, a spreading out, a radiation; fla,a parting from; also flogen,a splinter; flog, a flying about; flogi, to dart suddenly ; flygiarw, to break out abruptly. The Gr. ¢6A\aw seems to be contracted from gradw or dAaIw.] 1. A breach; a crack; a defect made by breaking or splitting ; a gap or fissure; as, a flaw in a scythe, knife, or razor; a flaw in a china dish, or in a glass; a flaw in a wall. 2. A defect ; a fault ; any defect made by violence, or occasioned by neglect ; as, a flaw in reputation a flaw in a will, or ina deed, or in a statute. 3. A sudden burst of wind; a.sudden gust or blast of short duration ; a word of common use among seamen. [This proves the primary sense to be, to burst, or rush. 4, A-sudden burst of noise and disorder ; a tumult ; uproar. And deluges of armies from the town Came pouring in; I heard the mighty flaw. Dryden, [In this sense, not used in the United States.] o. A sudden commotion of mind. [JVot used.] S ak. {L. flavus.] Yellow. —$<—<—$——— FLAW, v. t. To break ; to crack. The brazen caldrons with the frosts are flawed. Dryden. 2. To break; to violate ; as, to flaw a league. [Little used. | Shak. FLAWED, (flawd,) pp. Broken; cracked. FLAW/ING, ppr. Breaking; cracking. FLAW’LESS, a. Without cracks; without defect. Boyle. FLAWN,n. [Sax. flena; Fr. flan.] A sort of flat custard or pie. [ Ods.] Tusser. FLAW/TER,v.t. To scrape or pare a skin. [JVot used. | Ainsworth, FLAW/Y, a. Full of flaws or cracks; broken; de- fective ; faulty. 2. Subject to sudden gusts of wind. FLAX, n. [Sax. fleax, flec; G. flachs; D. vias. elements are the same as in flaccid.] 1. A plant of the genus Linum, consisting of a single slender stalk, the skin or harl of which is used for making thread and cloth, called linen, cambric, lawn, lace, &c. The skin consists of fine fibers, which may be so separated as to be spun into threads as fine as silk. 2. The skin or fibrous part of the plant, when broken and cleaned by hatcheling or combing. FLAX/-€OMB, (-kom,)z. An instrument with teeth, through which flax is drawn for separating from it the tow or coarser part and the shives. In America, we call it a hatchel. FLAX’/-DRESS-ER, 2. One who breaks and swingles flax. FLAX!/—DRESS-ING, zn. swingling flax. FLAX/-PLANT, x. The Phormium, a plant in New Zealand that serves the inhabitants for flax. FLAX/-RAIS-ER, x. One who raises flax. FLAX’-SEED, n. The seed of flax. FLAX’-WEED, x. A plant. FLAX/EN, (-flaks/n,) a Made of flax; as, flazen thread. se 2. Resembling flax ; of the color of flax; fair, long, and flowing ; as, flazen hair. FLA X/EN-HAIR-ED, ) a. Having hair of flaxen col- FLAX! EN-HEAD/ED, or. Irving. FLAX/Y,a. Like flax; being of a light color; fair. Sandys. FLAY, v.t. [Sax. flean; Dan. flaaer ; Sw. fla; G. fidhen ; Gr. dAotw, GAotG~m, Whence @gAotos, bark, rind; probably a contracted word.] 1. To skin; to strip off the skin of an animal; as, to flay an ox. 2. To take [WVot used. ] : FLAY’ED, pp. Skinned; stripped of the skin. FLAY’ER, 7. One who strips off the skin. FLAY/ING, ppr. Stripping off the skin. FLEA, 7. (Sax. flea; G. floh; D. vloo; Scot. flech; Ice. floc; from Sax. fleogan, to fly. See Furr and Fy. ] The The process of breaking and off the skin or surface of any thing. Swift. An insect of the genus Pulex. It has two eyes and six feet; the feelers are like threads; the ros- trum is inflected, setaceous, and armed with a sting. The flea is remarkable for its agility, leaping to a surprising distance, and its bite is very troublesome. FLEA/BANE, x. A name given to various plants, from their supposed efficacy in driving away leas. They belong to the genera Conyza, Erigeron, and Pulicaria. Loudon. FLEA’BITEH, jn. ‘The bite of a flea, or the red FLEA/BIT-ING, | spot caused by the bite. 9, A trifling wound or pain, like that of the bite of a flea. ° Harvey. FLEA/-BIT-TEN, a. Bitten or stung by a flea. 2, Mean; worthless; of low birth or station. Cleaveland. TONE, BULL. UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. in ~~ Pend —— ~ Rats rae ead oe adSi A RE the a a Ne et I ot ah cate tes FLE FLEA’WORT, (flé/wurt,) 2. An herb of the plan- tain kind, bearing nauseous mucilaginous seeds. forsyth. FLEAK, x. Alock. [See FLAKE. ] FLEAM, 2. [D. vlym; W. flaim; Arm. flemm or flem, the sting of a bee, a sharp point. In Welsh, Uem and lym signify sharp, penetrating. ] “In farriery, a sharp instrument, used for opening veins for letting blood. FLECK, v.t. [G. fleck, a spot; flecken, to spot ; FLECK/ER, D. vlek, vlak, vlakken; Sw. flack, flicka; Dan. flek, flekker.] ; To spot; to streak or stripe ; to variegate ; to dapple. Both flecked with white, the true Arcadian strain. These words are obsolete, or used only in poetty. | FLECK’ED, (flekt,) pp. or a. Spotted; variegatec with divers colors. Shak. FLE€/TION, x. [L. flectio.] The act of bending, or state of being bent. INFLECTION. FLE6’TOR, 7. A flexor, which see. FLED, pret. and pp. of Fixx; as, truth has fied. FLEDGE, (flej,) a. [G. fligge; D. vlug, fledged, quick, nimble; connected with G, fliegen, D. vliegen, Sax. fleogan, to fly.]} Feathered ; furnished with feathers or wings; able to fly. Dryden. [See His locks behind, Illustrious on his shoulders, fledge with wings, Lay waving round, FLEDGE, v.t. To furnish with feathers; to supply with the feathers necessary for flight. Milton. The birds were not yet fledged enough to shift for themselves. L’ Estrange. FLEDG/ED, (flejd,) pp. Furnished with feathers for flight; covered with feathers. FLEDGE’LING, n. A young bird just fledged. FLEDG/ING, ppr. Furnishing with feathers for flight. FLEDG/ING, n. A covering of feathers. PLES, v.i.; pret. Furp. (Sax. flean, fleon, fleogan; G. Jlichen. | 1. To min with 1apidity, as from danger; to at- tempt to escape ; to hasten from danger or expected evil. The enemy fied at the first fire. Arise, ae the young child and his mother, and flee into Egypt. t. il. 2. To depart; to leave; to hasten away. Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. — James iv. 3. To avoid; to keep at a distance from. fornication ; flee from idolatry. 1 Cor. vi. 10. To flee the question, or from the question, in legisla- tion, is said of a legislator who, when a question is to be put to the house, leaves his seat, to avoid the dilemma of voting against his conscience, or giving an unpopular vote. In the phrases in which this verb appears to be transitive, there is really an ellipsis. FLEECE, n. [Sax. fleos, flys, flese; D. vlies ; G. fliess ; most probably from shearing or stripping, as in Dutch the word signifies a film or membrane, as well as a fleece. The verb to fleece seems to favor the sense of stripping. See Class Ls, No. 25, 28, 30. But Qu. L. vellus, from vello, to pluck or tear off. Varro. See Class Bl. In Russ., volos is hair or wool, writ- ten, also, vlas. It was probably the practice to pluck off wool, before it was the practice to shear it.] The coat of wool shorn from a sheep at one time. FLEECE, v.t. To shear off a covering or growth of wool, 2. To strip of money or property ; to take from, by severe exactions, under color of law or justice, or pretext of necessity, or by virtue of authority, Ar- bitrary princes fleece their subjects; and clients com- plain that they are sometimes fleeced by their law- Jers. This word is rarely or never used for plundering in war by a licentious soldiery, but is properly used to express a stripping by contributions levied on a conquered people. 3. To spread over as with wool; to make white. Thomson. FLEE’CED, (fleest,) pp. Stripped by severe exac- tions. FLEE/CED, a. Furnished with fleeces ; a8, a sheep is well fleeced. FLEECE/’LESS, a. Having no fleece. FLEE/CER, n. One who strips or takes by severe exactions. FLEER/CING, ppr. Stripping of money or property by severe demands of fees, taxes, or contributions. EFLEE/CY, a. Covered with wool; woolly; as, a Sicecy flock. Prior. 2. Resembling wool or a fleece ; soft; complicated ; as, fleecy snow ; fleecy locks ; fleecy hosiery. FLEER, v.2 [Scot. flyre, or fleyr, to make wry faces, to leer, to look surly ; Ice. flyra. In D., gluuren sig- nifies to leer, to peep; Sw. plira; Dan. plirende, ogling, leering. ‘Chis word seems to be leer, with a prefix, and leer presents, probably, the primary sense, 1. To deride; tosneer; tomock ; to gibe; to make Flee a fleece or with FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. AGO FLE a wry face in contempt, or to grin in scorn; as, to fleer and flout. Covered with an antic face, To fleer and scorn at our solemnity. Shak. 2. To leer; to grin with an air of civility. Burton. FLEER, v. t. To mock; to flout at. Beaum. FLEER, 7. Derision or mockery, expressed by words or looks. And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns, Shak. 2. A grin of civility. A treacherous leer on the face of deceivers. South. FLEER/ER, 2. A mocker; a fawner. FLEER/ING, ppr. or a. Deriding; mocking; coun- terfeiting an air of civility. FLEER/ING-LY, adv. Ina fleering manner. FLEET, in English names, (Sax. fleot,] denotes a flood, a creek or inlet, a bay or estuary, or a river; as in Fleet Street, NVorth-flete, Fleet prison. FLEET, n. [Sax. flota, flict; G. flotte ; D. vloot; Sw. floite; D. flode; Fr. flotte. Fleet and float seem to be allied ; but whether they are formed from the root of flow, or whether the last consonant is radical, is not obvious. See Frioar. A navy or squadron of ships; a number of ships in company, whether ships of war or of commerce. It more generally signifies ships of war. FLEET, a. [Ice. fliotr ; Ir. luath, swift; Russ. letayu, to fly; Eng. to flit. If the last consonant is radical, this word seems to be allied to D. vlieden, to flee, to fly, and possibly to the Shemitic ©>5 ; but from the Ethiopic it would appear that the Jatter word is our split, the sense being to divide or separate. } 1. Swift of pace; moving or able to move with rapidity ; nimble; light and quick in motion, or moving with lightness and celerity ; as, a fleet horse or dog. 2. Moving with velocity ; as, fleet winds. 3. Light; superficially fruitful; or thin; not pene- trating deep; as soil. Mortimer. 4, Skimming the surface. Mortimer. FLEET, v.i. To fly swiftly ; to hasten; to flitasa light substance. ‘To fleet away, is to vanish. Shak. How all the other passions fleet to air! 2. To be in a transient state. 3. To float. FLEET, v. t To skim the surface; to pass over rapidly ; as, a ship that fleets the gulf. Spenser. 2. 'T'o pass lightly, or in mirth and joy; as, to fleet away time. [.Vot used.] Shak. 3. Toskim milk. [Local in England.] The verb in the transitive form is rarely or never used in America, : FLEET’-FOOT, a. run with rapidity. FLEET/ING, ppr. locity. 9, a. Transient; not durable; as, the fleeting hours or moments. FLEET/ING-DISH, x. FLEET/ING-LY, adv. FLEET/LY, adv. Rapidly ; swiftly. FLEET/NESS, n. Swiftness; rapidity; velocity ; celerity ; speed ; as, the fleetness of a horse or deer. FLEMING, zn. A native of Flanders, or the Low Countries in Europe. FLEM/ISH, a. Pertaining to Flanders. FLENSE, v. t. To cut up a whale and obtain the blub- Swift of foot ; running or able to Shak. Passing rapidly, flying with ve- A skimming bowl. In a fleeting manner, lightly and nimbly ; [ Local. ] ber. FLENS/ING, n. The act of cutting up a whale and obtaining its blubber. FLESH, n. [Sax. flec, flec, or flesc; G. fleisch ; D. wleesch; Dan. flesk. In Danish, the word signifies the flesh of swine. I know not the primary sense ; it may be soft.] 1. A compound substance forming a large part of an animal, consisting of the softer solids, as distin- guished from the bones and the fluids. Under the general appellation of flesh, we include the muscles, fat, glands, &c., which invest the bones and are covered with the skin. It is sometimes restricted to the muscles. 2, Animal food, in distinction from vegetable. Flesh without being qualified with acids, is too alkalescent a diet. Arbutinot. 3. The body of beasts and birds used as food, dis- tinct from fish. In Zent, the Roman Catholics ab- stain from flesh, but eat fish. 4 The body, as distinguished from the soul. As if this fesh, which walls about our life, Were brass impregnable. 5. Animal nature; animals of all kinds. The end of all flesh is come before me. —Gen. vi. 6. Men in general ; mankind, Pr: shall not always strive with man, for that he also is Shak. esh.—Gen, vi, 7. Human nature, The Word was made flesh, and dwelt among us. — John i. 8. Tenderness; human feeling; as, there is no flesh in man’s obdurate heart. Owper. Exzck. XXXVi. 26. FLE 9. Carnality ; corporeal appetites. Fasting serves to mortify the flesh. The flesh lusteth against the spint. — Gal. v. 10. A carnal state; a state of unrenewed nature. They that are in the flesh can not please God, —Rom. viii. 11. The corruptible body of man, or corrupt nature. Flesh and blood can not inherit the kingdom of God. —1 Cor. xV. Smalndge. 12. The present life; the state of existence in this world. To abide in the flesh is more needful for you. — Phil. i. 13. Legal righteousness, and ceremonial services. What shall we then say that Abraham, our father as pertaining to the flesh, hath found? — Rom. ivy, Gal, ili. 14. Kindred ; stock ; family. He is our brother, and our flesh. —Gen. xxxvii. 15. In botany, the soft, pulpy substance of fruit ; also, that part of a root, fruit, &c., which is fit to be eaten. One flesh, denotes intimate relation. flesh, is to be closely united, as in marriage. i, Ephv. After the flesh; according to outward appearances. John Viil. : — Or according to the common powers of nature. Gul. iv.: — Or according to sinful lusts and inclinations. Rom. Vili. An arm of flesh; human strength or aid. FLESH, v. t. To initiate; a sportman’s use of the word, from the practice of training hawks and dogs by feeding them with the first game they take, or other flesh. 2. To harden; to accustom ; to establish in any practice, as dogs by often feeding on any thing. Men fleshed in cruelty ; women fleshed in malice. 3. To glut ; to satiate. [ Sidney. The wild dog Shall flesh his tooth on every innocent, Shak, FLESH’-BROTH, n. - Broth made by boiling flesh in Water. FLESH’-BRUSH, 2. A brush for exciting action in the skin by friction. FLESH/-€LOG-GED, a. Encumbered with flesh. FLESH/-€6L-OR, (-kul-lur,) x. The color of flesh; carnation. FLESH’-€0L-OR-ED, a. Being of the color of flesh. FLESH/-DI-ET, n. Food consisting of flesh. FLESH’ED, pp.ora. Initiated ; accustomed; glutted. 2, a, Fat; fleshy. FLESH/-FLY, x. A fly that feeds on flesh, and de- posits her eggs in it. Ray. FLESH/-HOOK, n. A hook to draw flesh from a pot or caldron. 1 Sam. il. FLESH’I-NESS, zn. [from fleshy.] Abundance of flesh or fat in animals ; plumpness ; corpulence ; prossness. FLESH’ING, glutting. FLESH/LESS, a. Destitute of flesh ; lean. FLESH/LI-NESS, n. Carnal passions and appetites. Spenser. FLESH/LING, 7. A person devoted to carnal things. FLESH’LY, a. Pertaining to the flesh ; corporeal. To be one Gen. ppr- Initiating; making familiar ; : Denham. 2. Carnal ; worldly ; lascivious. Abstain from fleshly lusts. — 1 Pet. ii. 3. Animal ; not vegetable. Dryden. 4, Human ; not celestial ; not spiritual or divine. Vain of fleshly arm. Milton. Fleshly wisdom. — 2 Cor. 1. FLESH/-MEAT, n. Animal food ; the flesh of ani- mals prepared or used for food. Swift. FLESH/MENT, 2x. Tagerness gained by a successful initiation. Shak. FLESH/—MON’/GER, (-mung’ger,)n. One who deals Shak. in flesh ; a procurer; a pimp. Lele used. | FLESH’-POT, 2. A vessel in which flesh is cooked ; hence, plenty of provisions. Ezod. xvi. FLESH’QUAKE, 2. A trembling of the flesh. [Wot used, B. Jonson. FLESH/Y, a. Full of flesh; plump; musculous. The sole of his foot is fleshy. Ray. 2. Fat; gross; corpulent; as, a fleshy man. 3. Corporeal. Eccles. 4. Full of pulp; pulpous ; plump ; as fruit. Bacon. FLET, pp. of Furer. Skimmed. [Vet used.) Mortimer. FLETCH, v. t. [Fr. fleche.] To feather an arrow. Warburton. FLETCH’ED, (fletcht,) pp. Feathered, as an arrow. FLETCH/ER,n. [Fr. fleche, It. freccia, an arrow. ]} An arrow-maker ; a manufacturer of bows and arrows. Hence the name of FLETCHER. But the use of the word as an appellative has ceased with the practice of archery. FLETCH/ING, ppr. Feathering. FLE-TIT/ER-OUS, a. [L. fletus and fero.] PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE. MOVE. WOLF, BOOK. — Producing tears.ee FLI FLI FLI FLETZ, a. [G. jidtz, a layer.) FLIER, n. [See Fry. It ought to be Fryer.] 3. Tosend forth ; to emit; to scatter. In geology, a term applied to the secondary strata, 1. One that flies or flees. Every beam new transient colors flings. Pope because they generally occur in flat or horizontal beds. Brande. FLEUR DE LIS, (flur/de-lé’,) [Fr., flower of the lily ; corrupted, in English, to flower de luce.] 1. A bearing in heraldry,-representing a lily, em- 2. In botany, the iris. [blematic of royalty. FLEW, (flii,) pret. of Fry. The people flew upon the spoil. —1 Sam. xiy. FLEW,z2. The large chaps of a deep-mouthed hound. anmer, FLEW'ED, a. Chapped; mouthed; deep-mouthed. FLEX, v.t. [L. flecto, flerus.] [S2ak. To bend ; as, a muscle flexes the arm. FLEX-AN/I-MOUS, a. [from L.] Having power to change the mind. [JVot used.] Howell, FLEX’/ED, (flekst,) pp. or a. Bent; as, alimb ina flexed position. Hosack. FLEX-J-BIL‘-TY, n. [See Frexisre.] The quality of admitting to be bent; pliancy ; flexibleness; as, the flexibility of rays of light. Newton. 2. Easiness to be persuaded ; the quality of yield- ing to arguments, persuasion, or circumstances ; duc- tility of mind, readiness to comply; facility ; as, flexibility of temper. FLEX’I-BLE, a. [L. fleribilis, from flecto, flexi, to bend, Fr. flechir, coinciding with G. flechten, to braid ; D. vlegten. These words have the same elements as L.. plico.] 1. That may be bent; capable of being turned or forced from a straight line or form without breaking ; pliant ; yielding to pressure ; not stiff; as, a flexible rod ; a flexible plant. 2. Capable of yielding to entreaties, arguments, or other moral force ; that may be persuaded to compli- ance ; not invincibly rigid or obstinate ; not inexo- rable. Phocion was a man of great severity, and no ways /lerible to the will of the people. Bacon. It often denotes, easy, or too easy to yield or com- ply ; wavering ; inconstant; not firm. 3. Ductile; manageable ; tractable ; as, the tender and flexible minds of youth, Flexible years, or time of life ; the time when the mind is tractable. 4, That may be turned or accommodated. This was a principle more flerible to their purpose. Rogers. FLEX'I-BLE-NESS, n. Possibility to be bent or turned from a straight line or form without breaking; easi- ness to be bent; pliantness; pliancy; flexibility. Boyle. 2. Facility of mind ; readiness to comply or yield 5 obsequiousness ; as, the flexibleness of a courtier. 3. Ductility ; manageableness ; tractableness ; as, the flexibleness of youth. FLEX/I-BLY, adv. Ina flexible manner. FLEX/ILE, (fleks/il,) a. [L. flezilis.] Pliant; pliable ; easily bent ; yielding to power, im- pulse, or moral force. Thomson. FLEX/ING, ppr. Bending. FLEX/ION, (fleks/yun,) x. [L. flezio.] 1. The act of bending. 2, A bending ; a part bent; a fold. Bacon. 3. A turn ; a cast; as, a flexion of the eye. [See INFLECTION. | Bacon. FLEX/OR, x. In anatomy, a muscle whose office is to bend the part to which it belongs, in opposition to the extensors. FLEX/U-OUS, (flek’shu-us,) FLEX’U-OSE, (flek/shu-ose,) 1. Winding ; having turns or windings ; as, a flez- uous rivulet. Digby. 2. Bending ; winding; wavering; not steady ; as, a flexuous flame. Bacon. 3. In botany, bending or bent ; changing its direc- tion in a curve, from joint to joint, from bud to bud, or from flower to flower. Martyn. I'LEX/URB, (fleks/yur,) ». [L. flerura.] 1. A winding or bending; the form of bending; incurvation ; as, the flecure of a joint. 2. The act of bending. Shale 3. The part bent; a joint. Sandys. 4, The bending of the body ; obsequious or servile cringe. Shak. I‘LICK/ER, v. % [Sax. fliccerian ; Scot. flecker, to quiver ; D. flikkeren, to twinkle ; probably a diminu- tive from the root of fly. | 1. To flutter ; to flap the wings without flying ; to strike rapidly with the wings. And flickering on her nest made short essays to sing. Dryden. 2. To waver, fluctuate, or twinkle; as, the light flickers at a distance. urton. FLICK’ER-ING, ppr. Fluttering; flapping the wings without flight. 2. a. Wavering; fluctuating; having a fluttering motion ; with amorous motions of the eye. The fair Lavina — looks a little flickering afler Turnus. Dryden, A fluttering ; short, irregular a, [L. flexuosus.] FLICK/ER-ING, 7. movements. FLICK/ER-ING-LY, adv. Ina flickering manner. FELICK/ER-MOUSE, n. The bat. B. Jonson. 2, A runaway ; a fugitive. Shak. 3. A part of a machine which, by moving rapidly, equalizes and regulates the motion of the whole; as, the flier of a jack. FLIGHT, (flite,) m. [Sax. flit; G. flur, flucht; D. vlugt; Dan. flugt; Sw. flycht. See Fry.] 1. The act of fleeing ; the act of running away, to escape danger or expected evil; hasty departure. Pray ye that your fight be not in the winter. — Matt. xxiy. To put to fight, to turn to flight, is to compel to run away ; to force to escape. 2. The act of flying ; a passing through the air by the help of wings; volitation ; as, the flight of birds and insects. 3. The manner of flying. Every fowl has its par- ticular flight ; the flizht of the eagle is high ; the fzght of the swallow is rapid, with sudden turns. 4. Removal from place to place by flying. 5. A flock of birds flying in company ; as, a flight of pigeons or wild geese. 6. A number of beings flying or moving through the air together; as, a flight of angels. Milton. 7. A number of things passing through the air to- gether; a volley ; as, a flight of arrows. 8. A periodical flying of birds in flocks; as, the spring flight, or autumnal flight, of ducks or pigeons. 9. In England, the birds produced in the saine season. 10. The space passed by flying. 1]. A mounting; a soaring; lofty elevation and excursion; as, a flight of imagination or fancy; a flight of ambition. 12. Excursion ; wandering ; extravagant sally ; as, a flight of folly. Tillotson. 13. The power of flying. Shak. 14. In certain lead works, a substance that flies off in smoke. Encyc. 15. Flights are the husk or glume of oats. Flight of stairs; the series of stairs from the floor, or from one platform to another. FLIGHT’ED, a. Taking flight; flying. FLIGHT’I-LY, adv. Ina wild or imaginative manner. FLIGHT’LNESS, (flit/e-ness,) n. The state of being flighty ; wildness ; slight delirium. FLIGHT’-SHOT, n. The distance which an arrow FLIGHT’Y, (flit/e,) a. Fleeting; swift. [ flies. The jlighty purpose never is o’ertook. Shak. 9. Wild ; indulging the sallies of imagination. 3. Disordered in mind; somewhat delirious. FLIM/FLAM, x. [ices Slim. ] A freak ; a trick. FLIM’SI-LY, adv. In a flimsy manner. FLIM/SI-NESS, n. State or quality of being flimsy ; thin, weak texture; weakness; want of substance or solidity. FLIM’SY, a. [W. llymsi, having a fickle motion ; llymu, to make sharp, quick, pungent. Owen. But Lluyd renders llymsi vain, weak. ‘The word is re- tained by the common people in New England in limsy, weak, limber, easily bending. See Class Lm, No. 2, 5, 6. 1. Weak; feeble , slight ; vain; without strength or solid substance; as, a flumsy pretext; a flimsy ex- cuse ; flimsy objections. Milner. 2, Without strength or force ; spiritless, Proud of a vast extent of flimsy lines. Pope. 3. Thin; of loose texture ; as, flimsy cloth or stuff. [ Little used. | FLINCH, v. 7. [I have not found this word in any other language; but the sense of it occurs in blench ; and not improbably it is from the same root, with a different prefix. ] 1. To shrink; to withdraw from any suffering or undertaking, from pain or danger ; to fail of proceed- ing, or of performing any thing. Never flinch from duty. One of the parties flinched from the combat. A child, by a constant course of kindness, may be accustomed to “ar Very rough usage without flinching or complaining. Locke. 2. To fail. Shak. FLINCH/ER,n One who flinches or fails. FLINCHI/ING, ppr. Failing to undertake, perform, or proceed ; shrinking; withdrawing. : FLINCH/ING, n. A shrinking or drawing under pain or difficulty. FLINCH/ING-LY, adv. Ina flinching manner. FLIN/DERS, x. pl. [D. flenter, a splinter, a tatter.] _ Small pieces or splinters; fragments. [Local im England; sometimes used in America. } This seems to be SPLINTER, without the prefix. | FLING, v. t.; pret. and pp. Fiune. [Ir lingim, to fling, to dart, to fly off, to skip. If nis not radical, as I suppose, this may be the W. Wuciaz, to fling, to throw, to dart, and L. lego, lear.) 1. To cast, send, or throw from the hand ; to hurl; as, to fling a stone at a bird, Tis fate that flings the dice ; and as she flings, Ofkings makes peasants, and of peasants, kings. Dryden, 2. To dart; to cast with violence ; to send forth. Dryden. Beaum. He — like Jove, his lightning flung. 4. 'l'o throw ; to drive by violence. 5. To throw to the ground; to prostrate. The wrestler flung his antagonist. _ 6. To baffle; to defeat ; as, to fling a party in lit- igation. To fling away ; to reject; to discard. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition. Shak. To fling down ; to demolish; to ruin. 2. 'To throw to the ground. To fling off; to baffle in the chase; to defeat of prey. Addison. To fling out; to utter; to speak, as, to fling out hard words against another. To fling in; to throw in ; to make an allowance or deduction, cr not to charge in an account. In set- tling accounts, one party flings in a small sum, ora few days’ work. To fling open; to throw open; to open suddenly or with violence ; as, to fling open a door. To fling up ; to relinquish ; to abandon; as, to fling up a design. FLING, v.71. To flounce; to wince ; to fly into vio- lent and irregular motions. The horse began to kick and fling. 2. To cast in the teeth; to utter harsh language ; to sneer; to upbraid. The scold began to flout and jling. To fling out; to grow unruly or outrageous. Shak. FLING, n. A throw; a flounce; a cast from the hand. 2. A gibe ; a sneer; a sarcasm; a severe or con- temptuous remark. I, who love to have a fling Both at senate house and king. Swift. FLING/ER, 7. One who flings; one who jeers. FLING/ING, ppr. Throwing; casting; jeering. FLINT, n. (Sax. flint; Sw. flinta. In Dan. flintisa light gun, and flint is called flintsteep, filnt-stone. So, also, in German. The Dutch and Germans call it also jirestone. It may be from the root of splendor. } 1. In natural history, a sub-species of quartz, of a yellowish or bluish gray, or grayish-black color. It is amorphous, interspersed in other stones, or in nod- ules or rounded lumps. Its surface is generally un= even, and covered with a rind or crust, either calca- reous or argillaceous. It is very. hard, strikes fire with steel, and is an ingredient in glass. Kirwan. Enciyec. 2. A piece of the above-described stone used in firearms to strike fire. 3. Any thing proverbially hard ; as, a heart of flint. Spenser. FLINT/-GLASS, zn. The purest and most beautiful kind of glass, distinguished by its containing oxyd of lead, to which it owes some of its most valuable qualities. It was originally made of pulverized flints, whence the name. Brande. FLINT/-HEART, a. Having a hard, unfeeling ILINT/-HEART-ED, heart. FLINT’Y, a. Consisting of flint; as, a flinty rock. 2. Like flint; very hard; not impressible; as, a flinty heart. 3. Cruel; unmerciful; inexorable. Shak. 4, Full of flint-stones ; as, flinty ground. Bacon. FLINT/Y-SLATE, nz. A rock, of two kinds, the com- mon and the Lydian stone. The former has a some- what slaty structure, and contains about 75 per cent. of silica. The latter is less hard, and is sometimes used as a touchstone for gold and silver. P. Gye. Ure. FLIP, n. A mixed liquor consisting of beer and spirit sweetened, and also warmed by a hot iron. FLIP/-DOG, n. An iron used, when heated, to warm flip. FPLIP/-FLAP, adv. or a. Noting the repeated stroke and noise of something broad and loose. Ash. FLIP/PAN-CY, x. [See Fiterant.] Smoothness and rapidity of speech ; volubility of tongue; fluency of speech, ‘ FLIP/PANT, a. [W. lipanu, to make smooth or glib, from Jlib, llipa, flaccid, soft, limber ; allied to flabby, and to glib, and probably to L. labor, to slide or slip, and to liber, free. Class Lb.] a 1. Of smooth, fluent, and rapid speech ; speaking with ease and rapidity; having a voluble tongue; 2, Pert; petulant; waggish. [talkative Away with flippant epilozues, Thomson. FLIP/PANT-LY, adv. Fluently ; with ease and vol ubility of speech, e FLIP/PANT-NESS, z. Fluency of speech ; volubility of tongue ; flippancy. ; [This is not a low, vulgar word, but well author- ized and peculiarly expressive. } FLIP/PER, x. The paddle of a sea-turtle ; the broad fin of a fish. : 3 FLIRT, (flurt,) v.t. [This word evidently belongs to the root of L. floreo, or ploro, signifying to throw, and coinciding with blurt Qu. Sax. fleardian, to trifle. } TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CLO US.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; EH as in THIS. Pe ee — estes SSS et ASEM eg aa ge a aE ne c ota ae wieeeete a. ae ee bs ‘ — pommel < * — See SS eeFLOAT, v. i. ern ——, | 3. To remove ; to migrate ; to pass rapidly, as a FLO 1. To throw with a jerk or sudden effort or exer- tion. ‘The boys flirt water in each other’s faces. He jlirted a glove, or a handkerchief. : 2. To toss or throw ; to move suddenly ; as, to flirt a fan. ELIRT, v.i. To jeer or gibe; to throw bantering or Sarcastic words; to utter contemptuous language, with an air of disdain. 2. Torun and dart about; to act with giddiness, or from a desire to attract notice; to play at court- ship ; to coquet ; to be unsteady or fluttering. The girls flirt about the room or the street. PLIRT, n. A sudden jerk; a quick throw or cast; a darting motion. Jn unfurling the fan are several little flirts and vibrations. Addison, 2. A young girl who acts with giddiness, or plays at courtship; a pert girl; a coquette. Se Several young flirts about town had a design to cast us out of the fashionable world, Addison. | BULB TD, a. = Pert; wanton. | ; _ _ Shak. | FPLIRT-A'TION, n. A flirting ; a quick, spnghtly mo- tion. 2. Playing at courtship ; coquetry. | FLIRT/ED, pp. Thrown with a sudden jerk. FPLIRTI-GIG, n. A wanton, pert girl. Grose. FLIRT/ING, ppr. or a. Throwing; Jerking ; tossing ; darting about; giddy ; coquettish. FLIRT/ING-LY, adv. In a flirting manner. FLIT, v.i. [D. vlieden, to fly or fice ; Dan. flyder, Sw. | | flyta, to flow, to glide away; Dan. Slytter, Sw. flyttia, | , to remove; Ice. fliutur, swift. This word coincides in elements with Heb. Ch. Syr. w5D. Class Ld, No. 43. It is undoubtedly from the same root as Jleet, Which see.] 1. To fly away with a rapid motion ; to dart along; to move with celerity through the air. Addison. We say, a bird flits away, or flits in air ; a cloud Jlits along. 2. To flutter; to rove on the wing. Dryden. a light substance, from one place to another. It became a received opinion, that the souls of men, departin = this life, did flit out of on€® body into some other. Hooker. 4. In Scotland, to remove from one habitation to another. 3. To be unstable; to be easily or often moved. And the free soul to flitting air resigned. Dryden. FLIT, a. Nimble; quick > Swift. [Obs.] [See FLEET. EFLITCH; 72. Pear eee Fr. fleche, an arrow, acoach- beam, a flitch of bacon.} ‘The side of a hog salted and cured. Dryden. Swift. PLITE, v.7. [Sax. Suitan. ] To scold; to quarrel. [Zocal.] PLIT/TED, pp. Removed; PLIT/TER, v.27. To flutter, which see. Chaucer. "LIT’TER, n. A rag; a tatter. [See Fritten.] PLIT’/TER-MOUSE, xn. [flit, flitter, and mouse; G. Jledermaus. | A bat; an animal that has the fur of a mouse, and membranes which answer the purpose of wings, and enable the animal to sustain itself in| pF a fluttering flight, FLIT’TI-NESS, n. [from flit.] Unsteadiness ; levity ; lightness. Bp. Hopkins. FLIT’/TING, ppr. or a, Flying rapidly ; fluttering ; moving by starts. FLIT’TING, n A flying with lightness and celerity ; a fluttering. 2, A removal from one habitation to another. [ Scot- tish. FLIT’TING-LY, adv. Grose. flown swiftly ; migrated. In a flitting manner. GUIRY. as Unstable ; fluttering, More. FLIX, n. [Qu. from flaz.] Down; fur. [vot used. | Dryden. FLIX’WEED, n. The Sisymbrium sophia. a species of Water cresses, growing on walls and waste grounds. FLO, n. An arrow. [Not in use.] Chaucer. FLOAT, (flote,) n. [Sax. flota; G. floss; D. vlot, vloot; Dan. flode; Sw. flotte; Fr. Jlotte ; Sp. flota; It. flotta; Russ. plot.] 1. That which swims or is borne on Ww float of weeds and rushes. But particularly, a body or collection of timber, boards, or planks, fastened to- gether and conveyed down a stream ; a raft. [ The latter word is more generally used in the United States. | 2. The cork or quill used on an angling line, to support it, and discover the bite of a fish. ater; as,a : Encyc. Walton. 3. The act of flowing ; flux ; flood ; the primary sense, but obsolete. Hooker, 4. The float-board of a w >. A quantity of earth, one deep. 6. [Fr. flot; L. Jluctus.| A wave - A broad, wooden instrument, shaped like a trow- e], with which masons float over and smooth the plas- tering on walls. Buchanan. [Sax. fleotan, floten; G. Jiéssen; D. vlooten, vlotten; Fr. jlotter; Dan. Sléder. ither r rom ane noun, or from the root of the L. fluo, to} c ow. heel, which see. eighteen feet square and Mortimer. \ ~ size Or varnish. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY ee 462 : FLOAT’ING-ISL/AND, (tlo/ting-i/land,) n. A sort of FLOAT/ING-LIGHT, 7. FLOAT’ING-LY, adv. FLOAT’-STONE, n, FLOAT’Y, a. FLO€'€U-LENT, a. FLOCK, n. and, when applied to birds on the wing a flock of wild geese ; blackbirds. pigeons sometimes darken the air, Gr. Noxos, a troap.] cut up very fine. FLOCK, v. i. plied to men They flock to the play house. FLOCK’-BED, Ns FLOCK/ING, ppr. FLOCK’LY, adv. FLOCK’Y, a, Abounding With s | S, : : FLOCK!-Pa/p vith flocks or locks FLOP, ». t. FLO 1. To be borne or sustained on the surface of a fluid ; to swim; to be buoyed up; not to sink; to be aground. ship will not float. 2. To move or be conveyed on Water; to swim The raft floats down the river. Three blustering nights, borne by the southern blast, I floated, no Dryden. 3. To be buoyed up and moved or conveyed ina fluid, as in air. They stretch their plumes and float upon the wind. Pope. 4. To move with a light, irregular course. Qu. Locke, FLOAT, v. t. To cause to pass by swimming ; to The tide floated cause to be conveyed on water. the ship into the harbor. ‘ With water. Proud Pactolus floats the fruitful lands. Dryden. 3. In plastering, to pass over and level the surface of a wall with a float dipped frequently in water. FLOAT’AGE, rn. Any thing that floats on the water. Encye. FLOAT’-BOARD, n. A board on the rim of an un- dershot water-wheel, which receives the impulse of the stream by which the wheel is driven. FLOAT’ED, pp. or a. Flooded ; overflowed ; leveled 2. Borne on water. [with a float. FLOAT’ER, x. One that floats or swims. Eusden. FLOATING, ppr. or a. Swimming: conveying on water ; overflowing; leveling with a float. 2. Lying flat on the surface of the Water; as, a floating leaf. Martyn. 3. Circulating ; passing ; not fixed ; as, a floating capital, FLOAT/ING-BRIDGE, n. A bridge consisting of logs or timber with a floor of plank, supported wholly by the water. 2. In war, a kind of double bridge, the upper one projecting beyond the lower one, and capable of be- ing moved forward by pulleys, used for carrying troops Over narrow moats in attacking the outworks of a fort. 3. A large steam ferry-boat. [Eng] Francis. food made of milk, white wine, sugar, and eggs, with raspberry or strawberry niarmalade, jam, &c. A substitute for a light- house, being the hull of a ship moored on sunken We say, the water is so shallow, the | FLOG, v. t. 2. To flood ; to inundate ; to overflow ; to cover FLO Among seamen, a large mass of floating ice See Frerz. [in the ocean. ; [L. fligo, to stnike, that is, to lay on aa. flagrum, flagellum; Eng. flail ; Goth. bliggwan, to ; Strike ; Gr. tAayw, Any 7, Li. plaga, a stroke, Eng. plague. We have lick, which is probably of the same family ; as is D. slag, G. schlag, Eng. slay.] To beat or strike with a rod or whip ; to whip ; to lash; to chastise with repeated blows ; a colloquial word, applied to whipping or beating Sor punishment ; as, to flog a schoolboy or a sailor. FLOG/GED, (flogd,) pp. Whipped or Scourged for punishment; chastised. FLOG/GING, ppr. Whipping for punishment; chas- tising. FLOG’GING, n. A whipping for punishment. FLOOD, (flud,) x. [Sax. flod; G. fluth; D. vloed; Sw. Jjlod; Dan. fiod; from flow. | 1. A great flow of water; a body of moving wa- ter; particularly, a body of water, rising, swelling and overflowing land not usually covered with wa- ter. Thus there is a flood, every spring, in the Con- necticut, which inundates the adjacent meadows. There is an annual flood in the Nile and in the Mis- Sissippi. 2. The flood, by way of eminence ; the deluge; the great body of water which inundated the earth in the days of Noah. Before the flood, men lived to a great age, 3. A river; a sense chiefly poetical. 4. The flowing of the tide ; the semi-diurnal swell or rise of water in the ocean ; Opposed to Ess. The ship entered the harbor on the Jiood. Hence flood- tide; young flood ; high flood. 5. A great quantity ; an inundation ; an overflow- ing; abundance; superabundance ; aS, a flood of bank notes ; a flood of paper cllrrency. 6. A great body or stream of any fluid substance ; as, a flood of light; a flood of lava. Hence, figura- tively, a flood of vice. FLOE, n. t| FL@TZ. 7. Menstrual discharge. Harvey. FLOOD, (flud,) v.t. To overflow ; to inundate; to deluge ; as, to flood a meadow. Mortimer. FLOOD’ED, (flud/ed,) pp. Overflowed; inundated. FLOOD/GATE, n. A gate to be opened for letting wa- os ter flow through, or to be shut to prevent it. 2. AN opening or passage ; an avenue fora flood or great body. FLOOD'ING, ppr. Overflowing ; inundating. FLOOD/ING, 7. rocks, shoals, &c., with a light displayed aloft, tc warn mariners of their danger. sy floating. Spongiform quartz, a mineral of a spongy texture, of a whitish-gray color, often with a tinge of yellow. It frequently contains a nu- cleus of common flint. Cleaveland. Buoyant ; swimming on the surface ; light. Ralerh, FLO€-CIL-LA/TION, n. A picking of bed-clothes by a sick person—an al eases, LO€/€U-LENCE, n. [L. flocculus The state of bei! small flakes. arming symptom in acute dis- Brande. ,Jloccus. See Fiocx, 1g n locks or flocks ; adhesion in Higgins, Med. Rep. Coalescing and adhering in locks or flakes. I say the liquor is broken te Jlocculence, when the particles of herbaceous matter, seized by those of the lime, and coales- cing, appear large and focculent. Higgins, Med. Rep. [Sax. floce; Li. floccus ; G. flocke ; D. vlok; Dan. flok; Sw. flock, a crowd; ulle-lock, wool-lock ; Gr. mAoKn, wA0Kus ; Russ. klok. It is the same radi- cally as flake, and, applied to wool or hair, we write it lock. See Fuaxr. 1. A company or collection ; applied to sheep and other small animals. A Jlock of sheep answers to a herd of larger cattle. But the word may sometimes, perhaps, be applied to larger beasts ; and, in the plu- ral, flocks may include all kinds of domesticated ani- mals, 2. A company or collection of b irds of any kind, , a flight ; as, a flock of ducks; a Jlock of In the United States, flocks of wild 3. A body or crowd of people. [Little used.] [Qu. EF 4, A lock of wool or hair. Also, pieces of cloth To gather in companies or crow ds ; ap- or other annnals. People flock together, Friends daily flock. Dryden, _A bed filled with locks of coarse vool, or pieces of cloth cut up fine. Collecting or running together in} FI In a body or flocks, [a crowd. ) J ER, n A kind of Wall-paper having aised figures resembling cloth, made of flock, or loth cut up very fine, and attached to the paper by | FI es a FLOOR, v. ¢. FLOOR/ED, pp. Covered with bo FLOOR’ING, ppr. FLOOR/ING, n. FLOOR/LESS, a. floor is laid. dess of flowers. -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MG Any preternatural discharge of blood from che uterus, Cyc. FLOOD/-MARK, n. The mark or line to Which the tide rises ; high-water-mark. FLOOK, n. The arm of an anchor. usual orthography. } FLOOK/ING, x. In mining, an interruption or shift- ing of a lode of ore by a cross vein or fissure, FLOOK’Y, a. Furnished with flooks or flukes, FLOOR, (flore,) x. [Sax. flor, flore; D. vloer; W, Wawr, and clawr, the earth or ground an area, or ground-plot, a floor; Ir. lar, and urlar; Basque or Cantabrian, lurra; Arm. leur, flat land, or floor; G. flur a field, level ground or floor. In early ages, the inhabitants of Europe had no floor in their huts but [See F.uxg, the Lencyc. the ground. The sense of the word is, probably, that which is laid or spread.’ I. That part of a building or room on which we walk ; the bottom or lower part, consisting, in mod- ern houses, of boards, planks, or pavement ; as, the Jloor of a house, room, barn, stable, or outhouse. 2. A platform of boards or planks laid on as ina bridge; any Similar platform, 3. A story in a building; as, the firs in England, is the one next above th called in America the second story. 4. A floor, or earthen floor, is still Kinds of business, made of loam, or of lime, sand, and iron dust, as in malting. Encyc. o. The bottom of a vessel on each side of the keel- son. Totten, to cover timbers with a Or; as, to floor a house umbers, t floor; which, € ground-floor, used in some To lay a floor; floor; to furnish with a flo With pine boards, 2. To strike down, or lay level with the floor to floor an antagonist. 5 as, Grose. - Figuratively, to put to silence by some decisive argument, retort, &c. Coleridze. LOOR’-€LOTH, n. Oil-cloth, or painted cloth, for covering ftoors. ards, plank, or pave- struck down. Laying a floor; furnishing with a striking down. A platform ; the bottom of a room or building; pavement. 2. Materials for floors. O Having no floor. ,OOR'-TIM-BERS, n. pl. The timbers on which a ment; furnished with a floor ; floor ; [A different spelling of Fuap.] 1. To clap or strike the wings. 2. To let down the brim of a hat. 1O/RA,n. [L. See Fiorar.] In antiquity, the god- VE, WOLF, BOOK. —FLO FLO FLO 2, In modern usage, a catalogue or account of flow- ers or plants. 3. The trees and plants, or botany, of a particular country. ame a. [L. floralis, from jflos, a flower ; which see. 1. Containing the flower; as, a floral bud ; imme- diately attending the flower; as, a floral leaf. Martyn. 9. Pertaining to Flora, or to flowers; as, floral games ; floral play. Prior. FLOR’EN, n. An ancient gold coin, of Edward FE LOR/ENCE, Ill., of six shillings sterling value. FLOR/ENCE, xn. A kind of cloth. { Camden. 2. A kind of wine from Florence, in Italy. FLOR/EN-TINE, a. A native of Florence. 9. A kind of silk cloth, so called. FLO-RES'CENCE, n. [L. florescens, floresco. See FLOWER. | In botany, the season when plants expand their flowers. Martyn. FLO/RET, n. [Fr. fleurette; It. fioretto.| A little flower; the partial or separate little flower of an aggregate flower. Martyn. FLO/RLAGE, n. [Fr. flori.] Bloom ; blossom. I. Scott. FLOR/ID, a. [L. floridus, from floreo, to flower. ] 1. Literally, flowery ; covered or abounding with flowers ; but in this sense little used. 2. Bright in color; flushed with red; of a lively red color ; as, a florid countenance; a florid cheek. 3, Embellished with flowers of rhetoric ; enriched to excess with figures ; splendid ; brilliant; as, a florid style ; florid eloquence. FLO-RID/I-TY, z. Freshness or brightness of color ; floridness, Foyer. FLO-TIL/LA, 2. FLOT’SAM, )n. [from jleat.] FLOT’/SON, FLOT’/TEN, pp. Skimmed. 7 [Not in use. | FLOUNCE, (tlouns,) v. i. [D. plonssen. See Fioun- FLOUNCE, v. t. FLOUNCE, zn. 2. A narrow piece of cloth sewed to a petticoat, FLOUR/ISH-ING-LY, (flur/ish-ingly,) adv. With D> FLOUN/CED, (flounst,) pp. Decked with a flounce. FLOUN’/GING, ppr. Decking with a flounce. FLOUN’DER, zn. FLOUN/DER-ING, ppr. FLOUR, zn. FLOR/ID-LY, adv. Ina florid manner. FLOR/ID-NESS, z. Brightness or freshness of color or complexion. 9, Vigor; spirit. [Unusual.] Feltham. 3. Embellishment ; brilliant ornaments ; ambitious elegance ; applied to style. Boyle. FLO_RIE’ER-OUS, a. [L. florifer, from flos, a flower, and fero, to bear. ] Producing flowers. FLOR-LFL€A’TION, x. The act, process, or time of flowering. Williams. Journ. of Science. FLO/RI-FORM, a. In the form of a flower. FLOR/IN, n [Fr. florin; It. fiorino. | A coin, originally made at Florence. The name is siven to different coins of gold or silver, and of different values in different countries, the silver flor- ins varying from ls. to 2s. 4d. sterling, or from 23 to 54 cents; and the gold florin of Hanover being val- ued at 6s. lld. sterling. It is also used as a money of account, Kelly. FLO/RIST, x. [Fr. fleuriste.] 1. A cultivator of flowers ; one skilled in flowers. Thomson. 9. One who writes a flora, or an account of plants. Encyc. FLOR/U-LENT, a. Flowery; blossoming. [Vot in USE. | EF LOS/€U-LAR, FLOS‘€U-LOUS, the term used by Tournefort. used tubulous. FLOS/EULE, n. [L. flosculus.] Milne. Martyn. In botany, a partial or lesser floret of an aggregate flower. Milne. FLOS FER'RI,n. (L., flower of iron.] A mineral, a variety of arragonite, called by Jameson, after Haty, coralloidal arragonite. It occurs in little cylinders, sometimes diverging and ending in a point, and {ts structure is fi- brous, and the surface, which is smooth, or garnished \yith little crystalline points, is often very white, with a silken Juster. It takes this name from its being often found in cavities in veins of sparry iron. sometimes branched, like coral. FLOSS, 2. ([L. flos [ Cleaveland. 1. A downy or silken substance in the husks of cer- tain: plants. Tooke. 9. A fluid glass floating on iron in the furnace, produced by the vitrification of oxyds and earths. Te. 3. Untwisted filaments of the finest silk, used in embroidering on satin, &c. FLOS-SLFI-€A/TION, n. of flowers. [JVovel. Med. Repos. FLOSS/-SILK, n. The name given to the portions of raveled silk broken off in the filature of cocoons. It is carded and spun like cotton or wool. Ure. FLO/TA, x. (Sp. See Freer.] A fleet; but appro- priately, a fleet of Spanish ships which formerly sailed every year from Cadiz to Vera Cruz, in Mex- ico, to transport to Spain the productions of Spanish America. FLOT/AGE, n. [Fr. flottage.] That which floats on the sea, or on rivers. used.) Chambers. FLO-TA/TION, 7. The act of floating. FLOTE, v.t. Toskim. [Jot used or local. | FLOUR, v. t. a. |Infra.] In botany, a floscu- lous flower is a compound flow- er, composed entirely of florets with funnel-shaped petals, as in burdock, thistle, and artichoke. This is For this Linneus A flowering ; expansion [ Little [dim. of flota.] A little fleet, or fleet of small vessels. Goods lost by ship- wreck, and floating on the sea. When such goods are cast on shore or found, the owner being unknown, they belong to the king. English Law. Blackstone. p ae 1. ‘To throw the limbs and body one way and the other ; to spring, turn, or twist with sudden effort or violence ; to struggle as a horse in mire. You neither fume, nor fret, nor flounce. Swift. 2. To move with jerks or agitation. To deck with a flounce; as, to flounce a petticoat or frock. Pope. A sudden jerking motion of the body. frock, or gown, with the lower border loose and spreading. [Sw. flundra; G. fltinder. A flat fish of the genus Platessa, allied to the hali- but, and generally found in rivers near the sea. Partington. FLOUN’DER, v.i. This seems to be allied to flaunt and flouncs. To fling the limbs and body, as in making efforts | FLOUT,n. A mock; an insult. to move ; to struggle as 2 horse in the mire ; to roll, ; FLOUT’ED, pp. Mocked; treated with contempt. g 3 ; FLOUT’ER, n. One who flouts and flings; a mocker. Making irregular motions ; | FLOUT/ING, ppr. Mocking ; insulting ; fleering. BY) FLOUT/ING-LY, adv. Witn flouting ; insultingly. [originally, flower; Fr. fleur ; Sp. flor ; | FLOW, (fld,) v. 2 % : toss, and tumble. Pope. struggling with violence. It. fiore; L, flos, floris, from floreo, to flourish. ] The edible part of ground corn or grain; meal. Johnson. In the United States,the modern practice is to make a distinction between flour and meal; the word flour being more usually applied to the finer part of meal, separated from the bran, as wheat flour, rye flour. This is a just and useful distinction. ESD: florear.] 1. To grind and bolt; to convert into flour. Wheat used formerly to he sent to market; but now great quantities of it are floured in the interior coun- 9. To sprinkle with flour. [try. FLOUR/ED, pp. Converted into flour; sprinkled with flour. FLOUR/ING, ppr. Converting into flour ; sprinkling with flour. FLOUR/ING, n. The business of converting grain into flour. FLOURISH, (flur'ish,) v. z [L. floresco, from floreo ; Fr. fleurir, fleurissant ; So. florear ; It. fiorire. The primary sense is, to open, expand, enlarge, or to shoot out, as in glory, L. ploro, or in other words in Lr.] 1. To thrive; to grow luxuriantly ; to increase and enlarge, as a healthy growing plant. The beech and the maple flourish best in a deep, rich, and moist loam. -2. To be prosperous; to increase in wealth or honor. Bad men as frequently prosper and flourish, and that by the means of their Ssekedneaet Nelson. When all the workers of iniquity do flourish. — Ps. xcil. 3. To grow in grace and in good works ; to abound in the consolations of religion. The righteous shall flourish like the palm-tree. — Ps. xcil. 4. To be in a prosperous state; to grow or be aug- mented. We say agriculture flourishes ; commerce flourishes ; manufactures flourish. 5. To use florid language; to make a display of figures and lofty expressions ; to be copious and flowery. They dilate and flourish long on litle incidents. Watts. 6. To make bold strokes in writing ; to make large and irregular lines ; as, to flourish with the pen. 7. To move or play in bold and irregular figures. Impetuous spread The stream, and smoking, flourished o’er his head. Pope. 8. In music, to play with bold and irregular notes, or without settled form ; as, to flourish on an organ 9. To boast ; to vaunt ; to brag. _ {or violin. FLOUR/ISH, (flur/ish,) v. ¢. To adorn with flowers or beautiful figures, either natural or artificial ; to ornament with any thing showy. 2. To spread out ; to enlarge into figures. Bacon. 3. To move in bold or irregular figures ; to move in circles or vibrations by way of show or triumph ; to brandish; as, to flourish a sword. 4. To embellish with the flowers of diction; to adorn with rhetorical figures ; to grace with ostenta- tious eloquence ; to set off with a parade of words. Collier. 5. To adorn; to embellish. Shak. 6. To mark with a flourish or irregular stroke. The day book and inventory book shall be flourished. French Com. Code. Walsh. FLOURISH, (flur/ish,) m. Beauty ; showy splendor. Tusser. The flourish of his sober youth, Crashavw. FLOUR/ISH-ED, FLOUT, v. t. [Scot. flyte, to scold or brawl; Sax. FLOUT, v.i. To practice mocking ; to sneer ; to be- 2. Ostentatious embellishment ; ambitious copious- ness, or amplification ; parade of words and figures show ; as, a flourish of rhetoric; a flourish of wit He Jards with jiourzshes his Jong harangue. Dryden 3. Figures formed by bold, irregular lines, or fan ciful strokes of the pen or graver; as, the flowrishes about a great letter. More. 4. A brandishing; the waving of a weapon or other thing ; as, the flowrish of a sword- (flur/isht,) pp. Embellished ; |} adorned with bold and irregular figures or lines; || brandished. | FLOUR/ISH-ER, (flur/ish-er,) n. One who flourishes ; one who thrives or prospers. 2. One who brandishes. 3. One who adorns With fanciful figures. FLOUR/ISH-ING, (flur/ish-ing,) ppr ora. Thriving ; rosperous ; increasing ; making a show. flourishes ; ostentatiously. jlitan.] To mock or insult; to treat with contempt. Phillida flouts me. Walton. He flouted us downright, Shak, have with contempt. Fleer and gibe, and laugh and flout. Shak. Sax. flowan; D. vloeijen. If the last radical was originally a dental, this word coin- cides with the D. vlieten, G. fliessen, Sw. jlyta, Dan. flyder, to flow. If g was the last radical, jlow coin- cides with the L. fluc, contracted from flugo, for it forms fluzi, fluctum. In one case, the word would agree with the root of blow, L. flo; in the other, with the root of fly.] 1. To move along an inclined plane, or on descend- ing ground, by the operation of gravity, and with a continual change of place among the particles or parts, as a fluid. A solid body descends or moves in quid substances, and others consisting of very fine particles, there is a constant change of the relative position of some parts of the substance, as is the case with a stream of water, of quicksilver, and of sand. Particles at the bottom and sides of the stream, being somewhat checked by friction, move slower than those in the middle and near the surface of the current. Rivers flow from springs and lakes; tears flow from the eyes. 9. To melt; to become liquid. That the mountains might flow down at thy presence. — Is. Lxiv. 3. To proceed; to issue. Evils flow from different sources. Wealth flows from industry and economy. All our blessings low from divine bounty. 4, To abound ; to have in abundance. In that day the mountains shall drop down new wine, and the hills shall flow with milk. —Joel ui. 5. To be full; to be copious ; as, flowing cups or goblets, 6. To glide along smoothly, without harshness or asperity ; as, a flowing period ; flowing numbers. 7. To be smooth, as composition or utterance The orator has a flowing tongue. Virgil is sweet and flowing in his hexameters. 8. To hang loose and waving ; as, a flowing man- tle ; flowing locks. "be imperial purple flowing in his train, Federalist, Hamilton. 9. To rise, as the tide; opposed to cbb. The tide flows twice in twenty-four hours. 10. To move in the arteries and veins of the body ; to circulate, as blood. 11. To issue, as rays or beams of light. Light flows from the sun. 12. To move in a stream, as alr. FLOW, v. t. To cover with water; to overflow ; to inundate. The low grounds along the river are an- nually flowed. FLOW, 7. A stream of water or other fluid; a cur- rent; as, a flow of water; a flow of blood. 2. A current of water with a swell or rise ; as, the flow and ebb of tides. 3. A stream of any thing; as, a flow of wealth into the country. ‘ 4. Abundance; copiousness with action ; as, a flow of spirits. 5. A stream of diction, denoting abundance of words at command and facility of speaking ; volu: bility. 6. Free expression or feelings and sentiments. The feast of reason, and the /low of soul, FLOW’ED, (fisde,) pp- Overflowed ; inundated. FLOW’ER, C [F'r. fleur ; Sp. flor ; It. fore ; Basque, mass, as a ball or a wheel; but in the flowing of li- |} } } Dryden. communication of generous TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as 2; C Se H as SH; FH as in THIS. = 6b UR Na 5 lap tiie re saa pan ce ERT SSD tee a es . ae te Se 3 enemy bihdeg eg Lert ——— = . Saher tee TET ne Se aS aeeer| FLO FLU FLU lora ; W. flur, bloom; fluraw, to bloom, to be brigh L. flos, floris, a flower; floreo, to blossom. FiLourisH.] 1. In botany, that part of a plant which contains the organs of fructification, with their coverings. flower, when complete, consists of a calyx, corol, stamen, and pistil; but the essential parts are the stamen and pistil, which are sufficient to constitute a flower, either together in hermaphrodite flowers, or separate in male and female flowers. Martun. Milne. 2. Adorned with artificial flowers, or the figures of 2. In popular language, a blossom or flower is the blossoms. : ' flower-bud of a plant, when the petals are expand- 3. Highly embellished with figurative language ed; open petals being considered as the principal But in botany, the petals are now considered as a finer sort of cover- thing in constituting a flower. ing, and not at all necessary to constitute a flower. Milne. 3. The early part of life, or rather of manhood the prime; youthful vigor; youth; as, the flower o age or of life. 4. The best or finest part of a thing ; the most val- uable part. The most active and vigorous part of an army are called the flower of the troops. Young nation. Addison. o. The finest part ; the essence. briefly contain. ooker. thing valuable. We say, the youth are the jlower of the country. 7. The finest part of grain pulverized. In this sense, it is now always written flour; which see. Flowers, pl. ; in old chemistry, fine particles of bod- ies, especially when raised by fire in sublimation, and adhering to the heads of vessels in the form of a powder or mealy substance; a term equivalent to sublimate ; as, the flowers of sulphur. Ure. A substance, somewhat similar, formed spontane- ously, is called efflorescence, 2. In rhetoric, figures and ornaments of discourse or composition. 3. Menstrual discharges. FLOW’ER, v.i. [from the noun. The correspond- ing word in L. is floreo, Fr. jleurir, It. fiorire, Sp. and Port. florecer, W. Sluraw.) 1. ‘To blossom ; to bloom ; to expand the petals, as a plant. In New England, peach-trees usually flower in April, and apple-trees in May. 2. To be in the prime and spring of life; to flour- ish ; to be youthful, fresh, and vigorous. When flowered my youthful spring. 3. To froth; beer. Spenser. to ferment gently ; to mantle, as new The beer did flower a little. Bacon, 4. To come as cream from the surface. FLOW’/ER, v. t. To embellish with ers; to adorn with imitated flowers. FLOW’/ER-AGE, n. State of flowers ; flowers in gen- eral. FLOW’/ER-BEAR/ING, a. FLOW’ER-BUD, n. The flower. FLOW’/ER-CROWN’/ED, a. | FLOW’/ER-DE-LUGCE, n. the lily.] In botany, the Iris, a genus of herbaceous peren- nial plants; called, also, flag-flower, and sometimes written flower-de-lis. The Species are numerous. FLOW/ER-ED, pp. Orda. Expanded into flowers ; em- bellished with figures of flowers. FLOW’ER-ET, n. [Fr. Jleurette. | A small flower; a floret. Shak. Milton. {In botany Froret is solely used. FLOW/ER-FENCE, n. The name The flower-fence of Barbadoes is of the genus Poin= ciana. It isa tropical leguminous bush, with prickly branches, and showy yellow or red flowers, and is considered one of the most beautiful of plants. Its name is derived from its having been sometimes used for hedges in the West Indies. P. Cyc. The bastard flower-fence is the Adenanthera, Fam. of Plants. Milton. figures of flow- Producing flowers. bud which produces a Crowned with flowers. [Fr. fleur de lis, flower of Dryden. of certain plants. FLOW’ER-FUL, a. Abounding with flowers. FLOW’/ER-GAR/DEN, n. A garden in which flow- ers are chiefly cultivated. FLOW’/ER-GEN’TLE, n. A plant, the amaranth. FLOW’ER-I-NESS, n. {from Jlowery.] The state of being flowery, or of abounding with flowers, 2. Floridness of speech ; abundance of figures. FLOW’/ER-ING, ppr. or a. Blossoming ; expanding the petals, as plants. 2. Adorning with artificial flow blooming ; ers, or figures of See ,| FLOWK, ) 2. vigorous, and brave men are called the Slower of a The choice and flower of all things profitable the Psalms do more 6. He or that which is most distinguished for any FLUENT, a. t; | FLOW’/ER-LESS, a. Having no flowers. Chaucer. fication. : FLOW’/ER-LESS-NESS, Ne A without flowers. FLOW’ER-STALK, (-stawk,) n. Lindley. State or quality of beir or fructification. FLOW’ER-Y, a. Full of flowers: abounding wit blossoms ; as, a flowery field. Milton. florid ; as, a flowery style. FLOW’ING, ppr. ceeding ; abounding; 2. a. Fluent ; smooth, FLOWING, n. 5 fluid ; an issuing; an overflowing ; rise of water. f| FLOW’ING-LY, adv. With volubility ; with abun dance. FLOW’/ING-NESS, n. of diction. as style. Smoothness of diction ; strean Nichols. [Sax. jloc.] FLUKE, § common flounder. Carew, FLOWN, (had fled,) in the following phrases, is not good English. Was reason flown, Sons of Belial, flown with msolence and wine. In the former passage, flown is used as ple of fly or flee, phrase should have been, had reason flown or fled. In the latter passage, flown is used for blown, inflated, but most improperly. Flown is the participle of the perfect or past tense of fly, but can not regularly be used in a passive sense FLU/ATE, x. [from fluor, which see.] In chemistry, a Salt once supposed to be formed by the fluorice acid combined soda. These are properly fluorids, which see. FLU€/TU-ANT, a. [L. fluctuans. See FLuctuaTeE. ] Moving like a wave ; Wavering ; unsteady. I’ Estrance. [L. fluctuo, from fluctus, a wave, Prior. Milton. FLU€’TU-ATE, v. i. from fluo, to flow.] 1. To move as a wave ; to roll hither and thither ; to Wave ; as, a fluctuating field of air. 2. To float backward and forward, 3. To move now in one direction and now in another ; to be wavering or unsteady. Public opin- ion often fluctuates ; men often fluctuate between different parties and opinions. Hence, 4. To be irresolute or undetermined. 0. To rise and fall; to be in an unsettled state; to experience sudden vicissitudes. The funds or the prices of stocks fluctuate with the events of the day. FLU€’/TU-4-TING, ppr. Wavering; rolling as a wave ; moving in this and that direction ; rising and falling. 2. a. Unsteady ; wavering: changeable. We have little confidence in fluctuating opinions. FLUE€-TU-A/TION, n. [L. fluctuatio.} * 1. A motion like that of waves; @ moving in this and that direction ; as, the fluctuations of the sea. 2. A wavering; unsteadiness ; as, fluctuations of opinion. 3. A rising and falling suddenly ; as of prices or of the funds. FLUD/ER, (x. An aquatic fowl of the diver kind, FLUD/DER,§ nearly as large as a goose. Dict. of Nat. Hist. eae y contracted from flume, L. flumen, Blackmore. as On Waves, » fluctuations FLUE, n. from fluo. A passage for smoke in a chimney, leading from the fireplace to the top of the chimney, or into anoth- er passage ; as, a chimney with four flues. FLUE, 2. [G. flaum; L. pluma. | Light down, such as rises from beds, cotton, &c. ; soft down ; fur or hair. FLU-EL/LEN, x. The speedwell, a plant. FLU’/ENCE, for Fiuency, is not used, FLU/EN-CY, n. [L. fluens, from fluo, to flow.] 1. The quality of flowing, applied to speech or lan- guage; smoothness ; freedom from harshness ; as, Jluency of numbers. 2. Readiness of utterance ;_ facility volubility ; as, Jluency of speech ; markable fluency. 3. Affluence ; abundance. Tooke. of words; a speaker of re- [ Obs.] Sandys. [See Fiuency.] Liquid ; flowing. 2 Flowing ; passing. Bacon. Motion being a fluent thing, Ray. 3. Ready in the use of Words; voluble ; copious; 2. In botany, having no flowers or organs of fructi- \ In botany, the pe- duncle of a plant, or the stem that supports the flower Moving as a fluid ; issuing; pro- smooth, as style; inundating. The act of running or moving as a A flat fish, much like the impress the partici- both intransitive verbs, and the With a base; as, fluate of alumina or of FLU-O-SIL'T€ATE, n. [fluor and silez or silica.] | FLU-O-SI-LIC/I€ AC'ID, n. FLUR/RI-ED, (flur’rid,) pp. FLUR/RY, n. FLU’/ENT-LY, adv. With ready flow ; volubly ; with- out hesitation or obstruction > aS, to speak fluently. FLU/GEL-MAN, (fla’gl-man,) n. (G., from flugel, a 1g wing.] In German, the leader of a fi who stands in front of a body 0 motions in the manual e ously follow. h| FLOID, a. [L. fluidus, from fluo, to flow.] Having particles which easily move and change their relative position without a Separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure ; that may ‘ flow ; liquid or gaseous. Water, spirit, air, are Fluid substances ; all bodies may be rendered Jluid by heat or caloric. . ELUIDS 2m A body whose particles move easily among themselves, and yield to the least force im- pressed, and which, when that force recovers its previous state, - comprehending liquids and steam, are fluids. 1} FLU-ID/L-TY, n. flowing ; 5b) le; but, with us, one Of soldiers, and whose xercise they all simultane- is removed, Fluid is a generic term, gases. Water, wind, and Olmsted. The quality of being capable of that quality of bodies which renders them sible to the slightest force, and by which the particles easily move or change their relative position without a separation of the mass; a liquid or gaseous state ; opposed to solidity. Fluidity is the effect of heat. FLU’ID-NESS, n. The state of being fluid ; fluidity, which see. LUKE, n. [Supposed to be D, ploeg, G. pflug, a plow. The part of an anchor which fastens in the ground. FLUKE, )n. A species of flat-fish, FLOWK,}$ Platessa, much like the common floun- der. Partington. FLUKE/-WORM, 7. A small, flat worm, often found in the intestines of sheep ; called, also, from its resemblance to the FLUME, n. JSluo, to flow. Literally, a flowing ; hence, the passage or channel for the water that drives a mill-wheel. FLUM’/MER-Y, n. (W. llymry, from Uymyr, harsh, raw, crude, from lym, sharp, severe. In Welsh, a kind of food made of oatmeal steeped in water, until it has turned sour. See Luwser.] 1. A sort of jelly made of flour or méal 3 pap. gourd-worm, seed of a gourd. Farm. Encue. Sax. flum, a Stream ; Li. flumen, from Milk and flunzmery are very fit for children. Locke. 2. In vulgar use, any thing insipid or nothing to the purpose ; flattery. FLUNG, pret. and pp. of Fina. Several statues the Romans themselves flung into the river. Addison. FLUNK’Y, n. A term of contempt for one who is mean and base-spirited ; perhaps from the Scottish Slunkie, a livery servant. [Eng.] From this, the term flunkyism has been formed. FLU-O-BO/RATE, n. A compound of fluoboric acid with a base, FLU-O-BO’RI€, a. The fluoboric acid or gas is a compound of fluorine and boron; also called fluorid of boron. Davy. FLO/OR, n. [Low L., from fluo, to flow.] | | | of the genus 1. A fluid state, JVewton, 2. Menstrual flux. [Little used in either sense, | 3. In mineralogy, fluorid of calcium, usually called jluor-spar. It commonly occurs massive, but crystal- into cubes. It is a mineral of beautiful colors, and much used for ornamental vessels. This is the mate- rial of which the original myrrhine vessels of the an- cients were made. Dana. FLU -OR/IC, a. fluor. FLU/OR-ID, n A compound of fluorine with a metallic or combustible FLU/OR-INE, n. ish-brown gas sugar ; ciples, Pertaining to fluor; obtained from base. An element in the form of a yellow- , With the odor of chlorine and burnt one of the acidifying and basifying prin- | | lizes in octahedrons, which are frequently changed | In chemistry, a compound of fluosilicic acid with some base, An acid composed of silicon and fluorine ; also called Sluorid of silicon. Put in agitation. A sudden blast or gust, or a light, tem- porary breeze; as, a flurry of wind. us, applied to a storm of duration. 2. A sudden shower of short duration ; as, a flurry | It is never, with of snow. Aan having words at command, and uttering them with 3. Violent agitation ; commotion; bustle; hurry. ossoms, acility and smoothness ; as, a fluent speaker, FLUR/RY, »v. t. To put in agitation; to excite or FLOW’/ER-ING, n. The season when plants blos- a Flowing ; voluble ; smooth ; as, fluent speech. alarm. ” d Swinburne. som. : UU/ENT, n. ‘A stream: a Current of water. [Zit-| FLUR/RY-ING r. Putting i itati 2. The act of adorning with flowers, tle used.] : Philip FLUSH vine G.) DeLee FLOW-ER-IN-WOV/EN, a. Adorned with flowers, 2. In analysis ; Milton, Dressed with FLOW/ER-KIR/TLED, (-kurt/Id,) a. garlands of flowers. Milton. : } , & variable quantity, considered as Increasing or diminishing. The term denotes the same thing as integral, which is now used in its Stead, the differentia land integral calculus having su- perseded the methods of Sluxions and fluents. Brande. INE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DO G. fliessen, imperf. floss, to flow ; D. vlieten, in a different dialect. It coincides in ele- ments with blush, blaze, and Jlash.] 1. To flow and Spread suddenly ; to rush; as, blood flushes into the face. 2. To come in haste 3 to start. B, Jonson. VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —FLU 3. To appear suddenly, as redness or a blush. A blush rose on their cheeks, Flushing and fading like the changeful play Of colors on a dolphin. 4. To become suddenly red; to glow; as, the cheeks flush. 5. To be gay, splendid, or beautiful. At once, arrayed In all the colors of the flushing year, The garden glows. FLUSH, v.t. ‘To redden suddenly ; to cause the blood to rush suddenly into the face. Nor flush with shame the passing virgin’s cheek. Gay. 2. To elate; to elevate; to excite-the spirits ; to animate with joy; as, to flush with victory. FLUSH, a. Fresh; full of vigor; glowing ; bright. Flush as May. Shak. 2. Affluent ; abounding; well furnished. Lord Strut was not very flush in ready. Arbuthnot. 3. Free to spend; liberal; prodigal. He is very flush with his money. [Zits is a popular use of the word in America. | 4, In architecture, even or level in respect to sur- face. Gwilt. A flush deck, in seamen’s language, is a deck with a continued floor unbroken from stem to stern. (Qu. Russ. ploskei, flat. The sense of spreading naturally results from that of flowing. ] FLUSH, 7. A sudden flow of blood to the face ; or, more generally, the redness of face which proceeds from such an afilux of blood. Hectic constitutions are often known by a frequent flush in the cheeks. 2. Sudden impulse or excitement; sudden glow ; as, a flush of joy- 3. Bloom ; growth ; abundance. Goldsmith. 4, {Fr. and Sp. fluz.] A run of cards of the same suit. 5. A term for a number of ducks. Spenser. FLUSH/ED, (flusht,) pp. ora. Overspread or tinged with a red color, from the flowing of blood to the face. We say, the skin, face, or cheek is flushed. Q. Elated ; excited ; animated ; as, flushed with joy or success. Heated or excited with strong drink. Sir W. Temple. FLUSH/ER, x. The lesser butcher-bird. Chambers. FLUSHING, ppr. Overspreading with red ; glowing. FLUSHI/ING, n. A glow of red in the face. FLUSH/ING-LY, adv. Ina flushing manner. FLUSH'NESS, 2. Freshness. Gauden. FLUS/TER, v. t. To make hot and rosy, as with drinking; to heat ; to hurry; to agitate ; to confuse. FLUS’TER, v. i. To be in a heat or bustle ; to be agi- tated. FLUS’/TER, 2x. disorder. FLUS/TER-ED, pp. confused. FLUTE, x. (Fr. fltte; Arm. fleut; D. fluit; G. flote ; Dan. fléjte; Sp. flauta; Port. frauta; It. flauto; L. flo, flutus, to blow, or L. fluta, a lamprey, with the same number of holes.] 1. A small wind-instrument; a pipe with lateral holes and keys, played by blowing with the mouth, and by stopping and opening the holes with the fin- gers. 9. A channel in a column or pillar; a perpendicu- lar furrow or cavity, cut along the shaft of a column or pilaster ; so called from its resemblance to a flute. It is used chiefly in the Ionic order; sometimes in the Composite and Corinthian ; rarely in the Doric and Tuscan. Itis called also a reed. Encyc. 3 Asimilar channel in the muslin of a lady’s ruffle is called a flute. 4, A long vessel or boat, with flat ribs or floor tim- bers, round behind, and swelled in the middle. [4 diferent orthography of Fioat, FLota. Encye. Armed en flute; an armed ship, with her guns in part taken out, as when used as a transport, is said Percival. Thomson. Heat ; glow ; agitation ; confusion ; Heated with liquor; agitated ; to be armed en flute. Tuner. FLUTE, v.i. To play on a flute. Chaucer. FLUTE, v. t, To form flutes or channels in a column ; to form corresponding channels in the muslin of a lady’s ruffle. FLUT’ED, pp. or a. umn, 9. In music, thin; fine ; flutelike; as, fluted notes. Busby. FLOUT-ER, x. One who plays on the flute. FLUTE/-STOP, n. organ, designed to imitate the flute. FLOUT/ING, ppr. in a column. P. Cie. in the muslin of a lady’s ruffle ; fluted work. FLOUT/IST, x. A performer on the flute. Busby. tern. Qu. Fr. flotter, to waver, from jlot, a wave. is possible that the word is contracted. ] ing, or with short flights ; to hover. Ax an eagle stirreth up her neat, fluttereth over her young Channeled ; furrowed ; as a col- A range of wooden pipes in an Channeling ; forming furrows ; as FLUT/ING, x. A channel or furrow in a column, or FLUT’TER, v. i. [Sax. floteran; D. flodderen ; G. flat- L 3 : It 1. To move through air by the aid of wings, as 1. To move or flap the wings rapidly, without fly- 2, To move about briskly, regularly, or with great bustle and show, without consequence. No rag, no scrap of all the beau or wit, That once so fluttered, and that once 80 writ. Pope. 3. To move with quick vibrations or undulations ; as, a fluttering fan; a fluttering sail. Pope. 4. To be in agitation ; to move irregularly ; to fluc- tuate ; to be in uncertainty. How long we fluttered on the wings of doubtful success. Howel. His thoughts are very flutlering and wandering. Watts. FLUT’TER, v. t. To drive in disorder. [Little used.] 2. To hurry the mind ; to agitate. { Shak. 3. To disorder ; to throw into confusion. FLUT’TER, n. Quick and irregular motion; vibra- tion ; undulation ; as, the flutter of a fan. Addison. 2, Hurry ; tumult; agitation of the mind. 3. Confusion ; disorder ; irregularity in position. FLUT’TER-ED, pp. Agitated ; confused ; disordered. FLUT/TER-ING, ppr. ora. Flapping the wings with- out flight, or with short flights; hovering; fluctua- ting ; agitating ; throwing into confusion. FLUT’TER-ING, n. The act of hovering, or flapping the wings without flight ; a wavering; agitation. FLUT/TER-ING-LY, adv. Ina fluttering manner. FLUT’/Y, a. Soft and clear in tone, like a flute. FLU’ VI-AL-IST, zn. One who explains phenomena by existing streams. Am. Quart. FLU-VLAT‘I€, (a. [L. fluviaticus, from fluvius, a FLU/VI-AL, } river; fluo, to flow.] Belonging to rivers ; growing or living in streams or ponds; as, a fluviatic plant. FLU/VI-A-TILE, a. [L. fluviatilis] Belonging to rivers; existing in rivers ; as, fluvia- tile strata. Lyell. FLUX, 7. [L. flurus; Sp. fluzo; Fr. flux; It. flusso ; from L. fluo, fluzi.] 1. The act of flowing ; the motion or passing of a fluid. 9. The moving or passing of any thing in contin- ued succession. Things in this life are in a contin- ual fluc. 3. Any flow or issue of matter. In medicine, an extraordinary issue or evacuation from the bowels or other part ; as, the bloody flur or dysentery, hepatic flux, &ce. 4. In hydrography, the flow of the tide. The ebb is called reflux 5. In chemistry and metallurgy, any substance or mixture used to promote the fusion of metals or min- erals, as alkalies, borax, tartar, and other saline mat- ter; or, in large operations, limestone or fluor. Al- kaline fluxes are either the crude, the white, or the black luz. Nicholson. 6. Fusion; a liquid state from the operation of heat. Encyc. 7. That which flows or is discharged. 8. Concourse; confluence. [Little used.] Shak. FLUX, a. Flowing ; moving ; maintained by a con- stant succession of parts ; inconstant ; variable. [Wot well authorized. | FLUX, v. t. To melt; to fuse; to make fluid. One part of mineral alkali will flur two of silicious earth with etfervescence. Kirwan, 2. To salivate. [Little used.] South. FLUX-A’TION, n. A flowing or passing away, and giving place to others. Leslie. FLUX/ED, (flukst,) pp. Melted; fused ; reduced toa flowing state. The quality of admitting fu- FLY | © 1 . . . - | 3. Jo rise in air, as light substances, by means ofa | current of air, or by having Jess specific gravity than | air, as smoke. | Man is born to trouble, as the sparks fy upward. — Job v. | | | 4. To move or pass with velocity or celerity, either on lIand or water. He flew to the relief of his dis- tressed friend. ‘The ship flies upon the main. | 5. To move rapidly, in any manner ; as, a top jiies l} about. | 6. To pass away ; to depart ; with the idea of haste, | The bird has flown. \| | { { | swiftness, or escape. Swift jly the fleeting 7. To pass rapidly, as time. hours. _ §. To part suddenly, or with violence ; to burst, as | a bottle. sii. | 9. To spring by an elastic force. | 10. To pass swiftly, as rumor or report. 11. To flee ; to run away ; to attempt to escape ; to escape. V’ll fly from shepherds, flocks, and flowery plains. 12. To flutter ; to vibrate or play; asa flag in the wind. To fly at; to spring toward ; to rush on; to fall on suddenly. A hen flies at a dog or cat ; a dog flies at 4 man. To fly in the face; to insult. 2. To assail; to resist; to set at defiance; to op- pose with violence ; to act in direct opposition. To fly off; to separate, or depart suddenly. 2. To revolt. To fly open; to open suddenly, or with violence ; as, the doors flew open. To fly out; to rush out; also, to burst into a pas- sion. 2. To break out into license. 3. To start or issue with violence from any direc- tion. To let fly; to discharge; to throw or drive with violence ; as, to let fly a shower of darts. 2. In seamanship, to let go suddenly and entirely. Let fly the sheets. Totten. FLY, v. t. [This is used for flee, and from is under- stoodafter y, so that it can hardly be called a trans- itive very.) 1. To shun; to avoid; to decline; as, to flythe sight of one we hate; that is, primarily, to flee from. Pope. | Sleep flies the wretch. Dryden. 2, To quit by flight. 3. To attack by a bird of prey. [JVot used.] Bacon. 4, To cause to float in the air. FLY, n. [Sax. fleoge; Sw. fluga; Dan. flue; G. flere; D. vlieg ; from the verb fleogan, to fly.] 1. In zodlogy, a winged insect of various species, whose distinguishing characteristic is that the wings are transparent. By this, flies are distinguished from beetles, butterflies, grasshoppers, &c. Of flies, some have two wings, and others four. Encyc. In common language, fly is the house-fly, of the ge- nus Musca. 2. In mechanics, a cross with leaden weights at the ends, or a heavy wheel at right angles with the axis of a windlass, jack, or other machine, The use of this is, to regulate and equalize the motion in all parts of the revolution of the machine, and some- times to collect force in order to produce a very great instantaneous impression, as in a coining press. Brande. FLUX-LBIL'I-TY, 2. sion, FLUX’‘L-BLE, a. [from Low L.] Capable of being melted or fused, as a mineral. FLUX-IL/LTY, n. [Low L. fluzilis.] The quality of admitting fusion 5 possibility of be- ing fused Or liquefied. Boyle. FLUX/ION, (fluk/shun,) n. [L. fluxio, from fluo, to flow. 1. The act of flowing. 2. The matter that flows. Wiseman. 3. In mathematics, an infinitely small quantity ; an increment ; the infinitely small increase of the fluent or flowing quantity ; the same as DIFFERENTIAL. Bailey. Brande. 4, Fluzions; a department of analysis. It is the same with the DirrereNntTiaL and INTEGRAL CaLcu- tus. [See Carcuuvs.] FLUX/ION-AL, (4. FLUX/ION-A-RY, } _ fluxions. FLUX/ION-IST, x. One skilled in fluxions. Berkeley. FLUX/IVE, a. Flowing; wanting solidity. [JVot used, ‘ B. Jonson. FLUX/URE, (fluks’yur,) 7. A flowing or fluid matter. Dravton. Pertaining to mathematical tye used. | FLY, v. i.; pret. Frew ; part. FLown. G. fliegen; D. vliegen; Sw. flyga; Dan. flyver. In German, different words are used.] fowls. [Sax. fleogan ; Saxon, the same verb signifies to fly and to flee; in 9, To pass or move in air by the force of wind or other impulse ; as, clouds and vapors fly before the wind. A ball flies from @ cannon ; an arrow from a 3. That part of a vane which points and shows which way the wind blows. 4. The extent of an ensign, flag, or pendant from the staff to the end that flutters loose in the wind. Mar. Dict. 5. A light carriage formed for rapid motion. 6. In printing, one who takes the sheets from the press in cases demanding expedition, FLY/BANE, x. A herbaceous plant called Catch-fly, of the genus Silene. FLY/-BIT-TEN, a. Marked by the bite of fice : Shak. FLY/BLOW, v.t. To deposit an egg in any thing, as a fly ; to taint with the eggs which produce mag- gots. - Like a fly-blown cake of tallow. Swift. FLY’/BLOW,z. The egg of a fly. FLY/BLOWN, pp. ora. Tainted with maggots. FLY/BOAT, x. A light, swift kind of boat, used on canals. Buchanan. 9, A large, flat-bottomed Dutch vessel. Enciyc. FLY/EATCH-ER, n. One that hunts flies. 9. In zodlogy, a name common to very numerous species of birds, forming the Linnean genus Musci- capa, and having a bill flatted at the base, almost tri- angular, notched or hooked at the upper mandible, and beset with bristles. These birds are so named because they feed entirely on flies and other winged insects, which they catch as they fly. ne Yen FLY/ER, n. One that flies or flees; usually written Jlier. 4 2, One that uses wings. 3. The fly of a jack. : 4, In Ca ae rar es a term applied to the steps In @ spreadeth abroad her wings. — Deut. Xxxil. bow. | TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. eS 465 ay eS ao RT eee pe mat p> Seeeatlog Tralee pee= eee, FOA These are the ordinary stairs, as distinguished fron winding stairs. f : parallel behind the first, the third behind the second and so are said to jly off from one another. /Mozon. vuted post. wheel, which, with a rapid motion, spins the thread. FLY’-FISH, v.7. To angle with flies for bait. FLY/-FISH-ING, xn. ract angling for fish with flies, natural or artificial, for bait. Walton. FLY/-FLAP, x. Something to drive away flies. Congreve. FLY/-HON’EY-SUCK-LE, (-hun’ne-suk-l,) 7. A plant, the Lonicera. The African fly-honeysuckle is the Halleria. Fam. of Plants. FLY/-SPECK, n. A name given to the excrementi- tious stains of insects, chiefly of the common fly, FLY/ING, ppr. Moving in air by means of wings ; passing rapidly ; springing; bursting ; avoiding. 2. a. Floating; waving ; as, flying colors. ; 3. a. Moving; light, and suited for prompt motion ; as, a flying camp. Flying colors ; a phrase expressing triumph. FLY/ING, n. The act of moving in the air with Wings; flight. ‘ : FLY/ING-AR-TIL’/LE-RY, x. Artillery trained to | very rapid evolutions. In passing from one part of the fieid to another, the men Spring on to the guns, which are drawn by horses at full gallop. FLY/ING-BRIDGE, n. A means used by armies for crossing rivers in rapid movements. It is sometimes a bridge supported by pontoons or light boats, and | sometimes a large, flat-bottomed boat, anchored up | stream, which is made to pass like a ferry-boat from one sids of a river to the other, by the force of the - ee current. FLY/ING-BUT’TRESS, n. Acontrivance for strength- ening the nave or central part of a Gothic building, when it rises considerably above the side aisles or wings It consists of a kind of brace, in a curved form, or half arch, thrown across from the tops of the side aisle buttresses to the wall of the nave, prop- ping it up, and preventing it from Spreading out- ward under the pressure of the roof. From its thus passing through the air, over the roof of the side aisles, it has its name of flying-buttress. Ps Cyc. FLY/ING-€AMP,n. A camp or body of troops formed for rapid motion from one place to another. FLY/ING-FISH, n. A name common to those fishes which have the power of sustaining themselves in the air, for a certain length of time, by means of | their long, pectoral fins, FLY/ING-PAR/TY, x. In muitary affiirs, a detach- ment of men employed to hover about an enemy. FLY/ING-PIN/ION, n. The part of a clock having a fly or fan, by which it gathers air, and checks the rapidity of the clock’s motion, when the weight de- scends in the striking part. 4 FLY’ING-SQUIR/REL, n. A species of squirrel hav- ing an expansive skin on each Side, reaching from the fore to the hind legs, by which it is borne up in leaping. FLY/-LEAF, n. end of a book. FLY'-POW-DER, n. An imperfect oxyd of arsenic, which, mixed with sugar and water, is used to kill ies, Brande. PLY’/-RAIL, x. That part of a table which turns out to support the leaf. FLY’-SHOOT-ER, 7. One that shoots flies. FLY’-TRAP, n. In botany, a species of sensitive plant, called Venus?s Fly-trap, the Dionea Muscipula ; a plant that has the power of Seizing insects, that light on it. Partington. FLY’-WHEEL, 2, A wheel in machinery that equal- izes its movements, or accumulates power for a very great instantaneous impression, FOAL,n. [Sax. fola, fole; G. fuilen; D. veulen; Dan. Sél; Sw. fala; Pr. poulain; Arm. poull, pull, or heu- beul; W. ebawl ; Corn. ebol; L. pullus; Gr. TWAOS ; “-—-- Ch. xd5.D; Ar. Jab tafala, to rise or to set as the sun, Encyc. A blank leaf at the beginning or re eens weeerenmeeees ee ae to bear young, and jal tofilon, pullus. The pri- mary sense of the verb is, to shoot, to cast or throw, to fall. The same verb, in Heb. and Ch., signifies to unite, to fasten; in Syr., to foul, to defile; both Senses from that of putting or throwing on. The verb belongs, probably, to the root of Eng. fall and Foul, that is, 963 with a different prefix. Foul is lit. erally a shoot, issue, or that which is cast, or which falls. The young of the equine genus of and of either sex; a colt or filly. FOAL, v. t. To bring forth a colt or filly ; to bring forth young, as a mare or a she-ass. quadrupeds, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METRE, PREY. 466 flight of stairs which are parallel to each other. So The second of these fliers stands 5. A performer in Mexico, who flies round an ele- 6. Flyers; that part of a spinning-machine, or Angling ; the art or practice of FODDER. n. FOD/DER-ED, FOD/DER-ER, n, FOD/DER-ING, ppr. FO/DLENT, a. FOE, (fo,) rn. [ FOR, v. POR FOAL, Oi ts tain other beasts. FOAL/BIT, x. A plant. FOAL’ED, pp. Disburdened of a foal, as a mare. FOAL/FOOT, x. The colt’s-foot, Tussilago. FOALIING, pyr. Bringing forth a colt. FOAL/ING, 2. The act of bringing forth a colt. FOAM, n. to smoke, to foam. ] Froth ; spume ; the substance which is formed on the surface of liquors by fermentation or Violent agitation, consisting of bubbles. FOAM. v.i. To froth; to gather foam. The billows foam. a horse foams at the mouth when violently heated. 2. ‘To be in a rage; to be violently agitated. He foameth and gnasheth with his teeth. — Mark ix. FOAM, v. t. To throw out with rage or violence ; with out. 1 2 Foaming out their own shame. — Jude 13. FOAM’-€REST-ED, a. Crested with foam. FOAM’ED, pp. ‘Thrown out with rage or violence. FOAM/ING, ppr. or a. Frothing ; fuming. FOAM/ING-LY, adv. Frothily. FOAM/LESS, a. Having no foam. FOAM'Y, a. Covered with foam ; frothy. Behold how high the foamy billows ride. Dryden. FOB,n. [Qu. G. fuppe. I have not found the word.] A little pocket for a watch. FOB, v. t. [G. foppen.] To cheat ; to trick; to impose on. To fob of; to shift off by an artifice ; to put aside ; to delude with a trick. [4 low word. FOB/BED, (fobd,) pp. Cheated ; imposed on. FOB/BING, ppr. Cheating; Imposing on. FO/€AL, a. [from L. focus. ] selonging to a focus ; as, a focal point. Focal distance ; in optics, the distance between the center of a convex lens or concave mirror and its focus, or the point into which the rays of light are collected. Brande. FO’/CILE, n. [Fr. focile.] The greater focile is the ulna or tibia, the greater bone of the fore arm or leg. The lesser focile is the Shak. To bring forth young, as a mare and cer- [Sax. fem, fam; G. faum, foam; L. fumo, FOI FOE/-HOOQD, x. _Enmity. ¢ [Wot sn use. ] Bedell. FOER/-LIKE, a. Like an enemy. Sandie. FOER/-MAN, 2. An enemy in war. Obs.] Spenser. FQT’'1-CIDE, (fet/e-side,) n. @tus and cedo, to [L. kill. ] In medical jurisprudence, the act by w abortion is produced. [ Recent. } FQ2’/TUS. See Ferus. FOG,n. [In Sp. waho, is steam ; In Italian, sfogo is exhalation ; In Scot. fog is moss. In Italian, affogare is to sutto- cate, Sp. ahocar. The sense probably is thick, or that which is exhaled.] 1. A dense watery vapor, exhaled from the earth, or from rivers, lakes, and other collections of Water, or generated in the atmosphere near the earth, It differs from mist, which is rain in very small drops. 2. A cloud of dust or smoke. FOG, {nm [W. fwg, long dry grass. Johnson ; quotes a forest law of Scotland, which mentions fogagium. It may be allied to Scot. fog, moss. ] After-grass ; a second growth of grass ; nifies also long grass that remains in pastures till winter. Farm. Encyc. Dead grass, remaining on land during winter, is called, in Vew England, the old tore. FOG, v. t. To overcast ; to darken. FOG, v.i. [Fr. vogue.] To have power. Milton. FOG’~BANK,z. Atsea, an appearance in hazy weath- er sometimes resembling land ata distance, but which vanishes as it is approached. Mar. Dict, FOG’GAGE, n. Rank or coarse grass not mowed or eaten down in summer or autumn. Farm. Encyc. FOG'GLLY, adv. With fog; darkly. FOG’/GLNESS, n. [from Soggy.) The state of being foggy ; astate of the air filled with watery exhalations, FOG’GY, a. [from fog.] Filled or abounding with fog or watery exhalations 3 aS,a foggy atmosphere ; a foggy morning. 2. Cloudy ; misty ; damp with humid vapors. 3. Producing frequent fogs ; as, a foggy climate. 4. Dull; stupid; clouded in understanding, hich criminal eck. vahar, to exhale. sfograre, to exhale, but it sig- radius or fibula, the lesser bone of the fore arm or leg. Coxe. Wiseman. FOC-IL-LA’TION, n. [L. focillo.] Comfort ; support. FO’€US, n.; pl. Focuses or Foc. the hearth; Sp. fuego; Jeu; Arm. fo.) In optics, a point in which any number of rays of light meet, after being reflected or refracted : as, the focus of a lens. Barlow. Newton. 2. In geometry and conic sections, a term applied to certain points in the parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola, Where rays reflected from all parts of these curves concur or meet; i. €,, rays issuing from a luminous point in the one focus, and falling upon all points of the curves, are reflected into the other focus, or into the line directed to the other focus, viz., into the other focus in the ellipse and parabola, and directly from it in the hyperbola. Hutton. A central point; point of concentration. : Sax. foddor, or fother; G. futter; D. voeder ; Dan. foeder ; Sw. foder ; from the root of feed, the sense of which is, to thrust in, to stuff. Hence, in German, futter is a lining, as well as Sodder.| Food or dry food for cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, straw, and other kinds of vegetables. The word is never applied to pasture. 2. In mining, a Weight by which lead and some other metals are sold. It is of various [L. focus, a fire, Port. Jogo; It. fuoco; Fr: . magnitudes, | FOIL, nz. [W. foyl, a driving, impulsion, a stroke, a but commonly about 2400 Ibs. It is also written Foil. | : EF OTHER. : Brande. Ure. A blunt sword, or one that has a button at the end | FOD DER, v. t. To feed with dry food, or cut grass, covered with leather; used in fencing. &c.; to furnish with hay, straw, oats, &c, Farmers 3 fodder their cattle twice or thrice in a day. pp. Fed with dry food, or cut grass, Straw, &c. He who fodders cattle, Feeding with dry food, &c. [L. fodio, to dig.] throwing up with a spade. Digging ; [ Little used. } ) 2 Sax. fah, from fean, feon, figan, to hate ; the participle is used in the other Teutonic dialects. See Frenp.] i. An enemy; one who entertains personal en- mity, hatred, grudge, or malice, against another, A man’s foes shall be they of his own household, — Matt. Xs 2. An enemy in War; another, whether he ent opposing nation or not; Fither three years? famine, or three months to be destroyed before thy foes. —1 Chron, xxi, : 3. Foe, like enemy, in the singular, is used to de- note an Opposing army, or nation at war, 4, An opponent; an enemy; one who Opposes any thing in principle ; an ill-wisher ; as, a,foe to re- ligion ; a foe to virtue; a foe to the measures of the administration. t ‘To treat as an enemy. [Obs.] Spenser. one of a nation at war with ertains enmity against the an adversary. FOIL, n. Defeat; frustration ; FOIL, Tl. FOIL’ A-BLR, a, FOIL/ED, (foild,) FOIL/ER, zn. FOIL/ING, ppr. FOI L/ING, n. FOIN, v. ¢. The sense — PINE, MARYNE, BYRD. — NOTE, DOVE FOH, an exclamation of abhorrence or contempt, the same as poh and fy. FOI/BLE, a. Weak. [Not used.] Herbert. FOIBLE, n. [Fr. foible, weak. See FEes_e. A particular moral weakness ; a failing. When Wwe speak of a man’s foible, in the singular, which is also called his weak side, We refer to a predominant failing. We use also the plural, foibles, to denote moral failings or defects. -It is wise in every man to know his own foibles. FOIL, v. t. [In Norm. afolee is rendered crippled ; and afoula, damaged, wasted. If the primary or true literal sense is to blunt, this word may be from the Same root as fool; if to render vain, it would natu- rally be allied to fail.] 1. To frustrate ; to defeat tory, as an effort or attempt. pass the river, but was foiled. 3; to render vain or nuga- The enemy attempted to He foiled his adversaries, And by a mortal man at length am foiled, Dryden. 2. To blunt ; to dull. When light-winged toys Of feathered Cupid foil. Shak. 3. To defeat; to interrupt, or to render impercepti- ble ; as, to foil the scent in a chase. Addison. the failure of success when on the point of being secured ; miscarriage. Death never won a stake with greater toil, Nor e’er was fate 50 near a Jou. Dryden. Isocrates contended with a Jou against Demosthenes with a sword, i Mitford. [Fr. feuille; It. foglia; Port. folha; Sp. hoja; L. folium; Gr. dvAXov. 1. A leaf or thin plate of metal ; as, tin foil, &c. 2. Among jewelers, a thin leaf of metal placed un- der precious stones, to increase their brilliancy, or to give them a particular color, as the stone appears to be of the color of the foil. Hence, 3. Any thing of another color, or of different quali- ties, which serves to adorn, or set off another thing to advantage. Hector has a foil to set him off, 4. A thin coat of t back of a looking-g); 5. The track or tr; Broome. in, with quicksilver, laid on the \SS, to Cause reflection. Encye. 1il of game when pursued. That may be foiled. Cotrrave. pp. Frustrated ; defeated. One who frustrates another, and gains an advantage himself, Defeating; frustrating ; disappoint- ing of success. Among hunters, the slight mark of a passing deer on the grass, Chalmers. (Fr. potndre, to sting, to dawn; L. pungo. is, to push, thrust, shoot,] , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —FOL 1. To thrust with a sword or spear. 2. To prick; to sting. [Vot in use. FOIN, x. A push; a thrust with a sword or spear. Robinson. Spenser. FOIN/ING, ppr. Pushing; thrusting. FOIN/ING-LY, adv. In a pushing manner. FOIS! ON, (foiz/n,) n [L. fusio.] _ Plenty ; abundance. [Vot used. | Tusser. FOIST, v.t. [Usually supposed to be from Fr. fausser, to violate, literally, to falsify ; Norm. fauser. This is doubtful. ] To insert surreptitiously, wrongfully, or without warrant. Lest negligence or partiality might admit or foist in abuses and corruption. Carew. FOIST, 7. A light and fast-sailing ship. [ Obs.] FOIST’ED, pp. Inserted wrongfully. | Beaum. FOIST’ER, n. One who inserts without authority. FOIST'I-ED, (foist/id,) a. Musty. [See Fusry.] FOIST/I-NESS, 2. Fustiness, which see. FOIST/ING, ppr. Inserting surreptitiously or without FOIST’Y, a. Fusty, which see. [authority. FOLD, 2. [Sax. fald, falde; W. fald ; Ir. fal, a fold, a wall or hedge; Dan. fold. See the verb to Foxp.] 1. A pen or inclosure for sheep ; a place where a flock of sheep is kept, whether in the field or under shelter. 2. A flock of sheep. Hence, in a scriptural sense, the church, the flock of the Shepherd of Israel. Other sheep I have, which are not of this fold. —John x. 3. Alimit. [Jot in use. ] 5 FOLD, n. ([Sax. feald; Sw. fall; G. falte; Russ. plalda ; but the same word as the preceding. } 1. The doubling of any flexible substance, as cloth ; complication ; a plait; one part turned or bent and laid on another ; as, a fold of linen. 2. In composition, the same quantity added ; as, too fold, four fold, ten fold, that is, twice as much, four times as much, ten times as much. FOLD, v. t. [Sax. sealdan; Goth. faldan ; G. falten; Dan, folder; Sw. falla ; Qu. Heb. 755, Ch. Sap, to double. Class Bl, No. 47,51. See also No. 22. The primary sense is, to fall, or to lay, to set, throw, or press together. ] 1. ‘T'o double ; piece of cloth. 9, To double and insert one part in another ; as, to fold a letter. 3. I'o double or lay together, as the arms. He folds his arms in despair. 4. To confine sheep in a fold. FOLD, v. i. To close over another of the same kind ; as, the leaves of the door fold. FOLD/AGE, x. The right of folding sheep. FOLD/ED, pp. Doubled ; laid in plaits ; complicated ; kept in a fold. FOLD/ER, x. An instrument used in folding paper. 2. One that folds. FOLD/ING, ppr. Doubling; laying in plaits ; Keep- ing in a fold. 9, a. Doubling; that may close over another, or that consists of leaves which may close one over another ; as, a folding door. FOLD/ING, n. A fold; a doubling. 2. Among farmers, the keeping of sheep in inclo- sures on arable land, &c. FOLD/ING-DOORS, (-dérz,) n. pl. Two doors which meet in the middle, and either slide back or turn back on hinges, leaving a communication between the two apartments, &c. FOLD/LESS, a. Having no fold. Milman. FO-LLA/CEOUS, a [l. foliaceus, from folium, a leaf. See Foix.] 1. Leafy ; having leaves intermixed with flowers ; as, a foliaceous spike. Foliaceous glands are those situated on leaves. 9. Consisting of leaves or thin lamine ; having the form of a leaf or plate ; as, foliaceous spar. Woodward. FO/LI-AGE,n. ([Fr. feuillage, from fewlle, L. foliwn, a leaf; It. fogliame; Sp. follage. See For. J. Leaves in general; as, a tree of beautiful foli- age. : 9. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches; particularly, the representation of leaves, flowers, and branches, in architecture, intended to ornament and enrich capitals, friezes, pediments, &c. FO'LLAGE, v. t. To work or to form into the repre- sentation of leaves. Drummond. FO'LLA-GED, a. Furnished with foliage. Shenstone. FO'LI-ATE, v. t. [L. foliatus, from folium, a leaf, Gr. @vdAov.] 1. To beat into a leaf, or thin plate or lamina. acon. 9, To spread over with a thin coat of tin and quicksilver, &c. ; as, to foliate a looking-glass. FO/LLATE, a. In botany, _ leafy ; furnished with leaves ; aS, a foliate stalk. Martyn. Lee. FO/LI-ATE, n. In geometry, the name given to a curve of the third order, defined by the equation gs + 43 = ary. Brande. to lap or lay in plaits; as, to folda FO/LLA-TED, pp. or a. Spread»or covered with a FO/LI-A-TING, ppr. FO-LL-A/TION, n. FO/LLA-TURE, n. FO'LI-ER, x. FO-LIEF/ER-OUS, a. FO'LI-O, (fo/le-o or fol’yo,) n FOL 2. In mineralogy, consisting of plates or thin lay- ers ; resembling or In the form of a plate ; lamellar ; as, a foliated fracture. Minerals that consist of grains, and are ot the same time foliated, Kiri are called granularly Soliated, wan. Covering with a leaf or foil. [L. foliatio.] In botany, the leaf- ing of plants; vernation ; the disposition of the nascent Jeaves within the bud. Marty?. 9. The act of beating a metal into a thin plate, leaf, or foil. 3. The act or operation of spreading foil over the back side of a mirror or looking-glass. The state of being beaten into Goldsmith’s foil. foil. [L. folium, leaf, and fero, to bear. ] Producing leaves. TL [L. foliwm, a leaf, in folio. | 1. A book of the largest size, formed by once doubling a sheet of paper. 9, Among merchants, a page, or rather both the right and left hand pages of an account-book, ex- pressed by the same figure. ENCY Ce FO/LLO, a. Pertaining to paper folded but once, or to a volume of the largest size. FO/LLOLE, x. [from L. folium, a leaf.] A leaflet ; one of the single leaves, which together constitute a compound leaf. Lee. FO'LLO-MORT, a. [L. folium mortuum.] Of a dark yellow color, or that of a faded leaf; fillemot. Woodward. FO'/LI-OUS, a. Leafy; thin; unsubstantial. Brown. 2, In botany, having leaves intermixed with the flowers. FOLK, (foke,) z. (Sar. folc; D. volk; G. volk; Sw. folck; Dan. folk; L. vulgus. The sense is a crowd, from collecting or pressing, not from following, but from the same root, as to follow is to press toward. It may be allied to Sax. fela, G. viel, D. veel, Gr. muAvs and zoAAot. Originally and properly it had no plural, being a collective noun; but in modern use, in America, it has lost its singular number, and we hear it only in the plural. It is a colloquial word, not admissible into elegant style.] 1. People in general, or any part of them without distinction. What do folks say respecting the war? Men love to talk about the affairs of other folks. 9, Certain people, discriminated from others; as; old folks and young folks. Children sometimes call their parents the old folks. So we say, sick folis ; poor folks; proud folks. 3. In Scripture, the singular number is used ; as,a few sick folk; impotent folk. Mark vi. Jolin V. [Old version. | FOLK/LAND, (foke/land,) 7. [Sax. folcland. | In English law, copyhold land; land held by the common people, at the will of the lord. Blackstone. FOLK/MOTE, (foke’mote,) n. [Sax. folcmote, folk- meeting. ] An assembly of the people, or of bishops, thanes, aldermen, and freemen, to consult respecting public affairs; an annual convention of the people, an- swering, in some measure, toa modem parliament ; a word used in England before the Norman con- quest, after which the national council was called a parliament. Somner. Spelnan. But some authors allege that the follemote was an inferior meeting or court. Spenser uses the word for a mere assemblage of people. FOL’LL-€LE, (fol/le-kl,)”. [L. folliculus, from follis, a bag or bellows.] 1. In dotany, an univalvular pericarp ; a seed-ves- sel] opening on one side longitudinally, and having the seeds loose in it. Martyn. A carpel dehiscing by the ventral suture, and Lindley. having no dorsal suture. 9, Anair bag; a vessel the root in Utricularia, distended with air; as at and on the leaves in Al- drovanda. Martyn. 3. A little bag in animal bodies; a gland ; a fold- i Coxe. ing ; a cavity. FOL-LI€/U-LA-TED, a. vessels, FOL-LI€/U-LOUS, a. Having or producing follicles. FOL/LLFUL, a. Full of folly. [Wot used.] Shenstone. FOL/LOW, v. t. [Sax. folgian, filian, fylgan; D. volgen; G. folgen; Dan. folger; Sw. folja; Ir. foil- canum. The sense is, to urge forward, drive, press. Class Bl, No. 14, 46.] 1. To go after or behind ; behind, but in the same direction. usually follow a brave officer. 9, To pursue ; to chase; as an enemy, Or as game. 3. To accompany ; to attend in a journey. And Rebekah arose, and her damsels, nnd they rode on the camels, and followed the man, — Gen. xxiv. Having follicular seed- to walk, ride, or move Soldiers will attend for any purpose. Luke v. 5. To succeed in order of time 5 as, a storm is followed by a calm. thin plate or foil. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — Signs following signs lead on the mighty year. ANGER, VI//CLOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ FOL/LOW, ». i. 4. To accompany ; to be of the same company ; to to come after ; 6. To be consequential ; to result from, as effect from a cause. Intemperance is often followed by disease or poverty, or by both. 7. To result from, as an inference or deduction. It follows from these facts that the accused is guilty. 8. To pursue with the eye; to keep the eyes fixed onamoving body. He followed, or his eyes followed, the ship, till it was beyond sight. | He followed with his eyes the fleeting shade. Dryden. | 9. To imitate ; to copy ; as, to follow a pattern or model ; to follaw fashion. 10. To embrace ; to adopt and maintain ; to have or entertain like opinions; to think or believe like | another; as, to follow the opinions and tenets of a philosophic sect; to follow Plato. | | | 11. To obey ;_to observe; to practice; to act in conformity to. It is our duty to follow the commands of Christ. Good soldiers follow the orders of their general ; good servants follow the directions of their master. 12. To pursue as an object of desire ; to endeavor \| to obtain. } Follow peace with all men. — Heb, xii. | | 13. To use ; to practice ; to make the chief busi- |, ness ; as, to follow the trade of a carpenter; to fol- low the profession of law. Forby. 14. To adhere to; to side with. The house of Judah followed David. —2 Sam. ii. 15. To adhere to; to honor; to worship ; to serve. Ifthe Lord be God, follow him. — 1 Kings xviil. 16. To be led or guided by. Woe to the foolish prophets, who follow their own spirit, and have seen nothing. — Ezek. xii 17. To move on in the same course or direction ; to be guided by ; as, to follow a track or course. | To come after another. The famine — shall follow close aftewyou. — Jer. xiii. 2. To attend ; to accompany. Shalt. 3. To be posterior in time ; as, following ages. 4. To be consequential, as effect to cause. From such measures great mischiefs must follow. 5. To result, as an inference. The facts may be admitted, but the inference drawn from them does not follow. To follow on; to continue pursuit or endeavor ; to persevere. Then shall we know, if we follow on to know the Lord, — Hosea. vi. FOL/LOW-ED, (fol/lode,) pp. accompanied ; attended ; imitated ; served ; practiced ; adhered to. FOL’/LOW-ER, x. One who comes, goes, Or moves after another, in the same course. 9. One that takes another as his guide in doctrines, opinions, or example; one who receives the opinions, and imitates the example, of another; an adherent; an initator. That ye be not slothful, but followers of them who, through faith and patience, inherit the promises. — Heb. vi. 3. One who obeys, worships, and honors. Be ye followers of God, as dear children. — Eph. v. 4, An adherent; a disciple ; one who embraces the same system ; as, a follower of Plato. 5. An attendant; a companion; an associate or a distributed the plunder Pursued ; succeeded ; obeyed ; ob- dependent. The warrior among his followers. No follower, but a friend. Pope. 6. One under the command of another. Spenser. Dryden. 7. One of the same faction or party. FOL'LOW-ING, ppr- Coming or going after or be- hind; pursuing; attending ; imitating ; succeeding in time; resulting from as an effect or an inference ; adhering to; obeying, observing ; using, practicing 5 proceeding in the same course. FOL/LOW-ING, a. Being next after 5 succeeding.” FOL/LY, x. [Fr. folie, from fol, fou ; Arm. follez ; It. follia. See Foot. 1. Weakness of intellect ; imbecility of mind ; want of understanding. A fool layeth open his folly. — Prov. xiii. 9. A weak or absurd act not highly criminal ; an act which is inconsistent with the dictates of reason, or with the ordinary rules of prudence. In this sense it may be used in the singular, but is generally in the plural. Hence we speak of the follies of youth. Whom folly pleases, or whose follies please. Pope. 3. An absurd act which is highly sinful ; any conduct contrary to the laws of God or man; sin; scandalous crimes; that which violates moral pre- cepts and dishonors the offender. Shechem wrought folly in Israel. Achan wrought folly in [srael. 62. xxxivy. Josh. Vil. : 4. Criminal weakness ; depravity of mind. Johnson. FO'MAL-HAUT, n. A star of the first magnitude, in the constellation Piscis Australis, or Southern Fish. It is much used in astronomical measurements. Olmsted. ON OH as SH; "PYT as in THIS. 6e" —_ ear ree ne Lew ANNES Hee 8 ewan ees ee ta SANE SRT ll A - = cord ee Cet rae Ss “TR aFON FOO FOO FO-MENT’, v. t. [L. fomento, from foveo, to warm Fr. fomenter ; Sp. fomentar ; It. fomentare.]} 1. To apply warm lotions to; to bathe with warm medicated liquors, or with flannel dipped in warm water. ‘ : 2. To cherish with heat; to encourage growth [JVot used. ] Milton. 3, To encourage ; to abet; to cherish and promote by excitements; in a bad sense; as, to foment ill humors. Locke. So we say, to foment troubles or disturbances ; to foment intestine broils. FO-MENT-A/TION, x. The act of applying warm liquors to a part of the body, by means of flannels dipped in hot water or medicated decoctions, for the purpose of easing pain, by relaxing the skin, or of discussing tumors. Encyc. Quincy. scussing i ae 2. The lotion applied, or to be applied, to a diseased part Arbuthnot. 3. Excitation ; instigation ; encouragement. FO-MENT’ED, pp. Bathed with warm lotions; en- couraged. FO-MENT/‘ER, 7 One who foments ; one who en- courages or instigates ; as, a fomenter of sedition. FO-MENT/ING, ppr. Applying warm lotions. 2. Encouraging ; abetting ; promoting. FON, 7. (Chaucer, fonne, a fool ; Ice. faane.} A fool; an idiot. [Os] Spenser. FOND, a. [Chaucer, fonne, a fool ; Scot. fon, to play the fool; fone, to fondle, to toy; Ir. fonn, delight, de- - tr Qu. Ar. 5; to diminish, to impair mental powers, to make fool- sire, a longing. 3} afana, which signifies - ish, to be destitute of reason ; and (st? fani, is to -- —- fail. These are the most probable affinities I have been able to find.] : 1. Foolish ; silly ; weak ; indiscreet ; imprudent. Grant I may never prove so fond To trust man on his oath or bond. Shak. Fond thoughts may fall into some idl Davies. 2. Foolishly tender and loving ; doting; weakly indulgent ; as, a fond mother or wife. Addison. 3. Much pleased ; loving ardently ; delighted with. A child is fond of play; a gentleman is fond of his sports, or of his country-seat. In present usage, fond does not always imply weakness or folly. 4. Relishing highly. The epicure is fond of high- seasoned food. Multitudes of men aré too fond of strong drink, 9. Trifling ; valued by folly. [Little used.] Shak. FOND, v. t. To treat with great indulgence or tender- ness; to caress; to cocker, The Tyrian hugs and fonds thee on her breast. Fond is thus used by the poets only. é brain. Dryden. We now use fondle, FOND, v. i. To be fond of; to be in love with; to doteon. [Little used.] Shak, FOND’LE, (ford’l,) v. ¢. To treat with tenderness ; to caress ; as, a nurse fondles a child. FOND/LED, pp. Treated with affection ; caressed. FOND/LER, n. One who fondles. FOND’LING, ppr. Caressing ; treating with tender- ness, FOND/LING,7. A person or thing fondled ore FOND'LY, adv. Foolishly ; with indiscreet affection. Fondly we think we merit honor then, When we but praise ourselves in other men, 2. With great or extreme affection. embrace those who are dear to us, FOND’NESS, n. Foolishness 3 weakness; want of aressed. LD’ Estrange. weakly ; imprudently ; Pope. We fondly Sense or judgment. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. Foolish tenderness, 3. Tender passion ; warm affection. Her fondness for a certain earl Began when I was buta girl. Swift. 4. Strong inclination or propensity ; as, a fondness for vice or sin. Hammond. 5. Strong appetite or relish ; as, fondness for ardent Spirit, or for a particular kind of food. [Jt zs now used chiefly in the three latter senses. FON'DUS, (fon'du,) n. [Fr.] A name given by the French to a particular style of printing calico, paper- hangings, &c., in which’ the colors, like those of the ' rainbow, are melted or graduated into each other. F Ure, FONE... Pl. of For. Spenser. FONT, xn. [Fr. fonte; Sp. Suente ; It. fonte; L. fons ; W. funnon, a fountain, and Fyniaw, to produce, to abound ; allied to L. fundo, to pour out. | A large basin or stone vessel in Which water is contained for baptizing children or other persons in the church. FONT, x. (Fr. fonte, from Sondre, to melt or cast ; L. undo, to pour out; Sp. fundir ; It. Sondere ; properly, a casting. | A complete assortment of printing ty F pes of one FATEH, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— Miz [a i ti a FOOL, n. ; size, including a due proportion of all the letters In | FOOL!-BEG-GED, a. E Idiotical ; absurd. Shak. the alphabet, large and small, points, accents, and FOOL!-BOLD, a. Foolishly bold. Bale, whatever else is necessary for printing with that | FOOL/-BORN, a. Foolish from the birth. Shak. Jetter. FOOL’ED, (foold,) pp. Disappointed ; defeated ; de- FONT’AL, a. Pertaining toa fount, fountain, source, ceived ; imposed on. : or origin, rans. of Pausanias. FONT’A-NEL, n. discharge of humors from the body. Hall. parietal and occipital, at the two extremities of th Sagittal suture. Cyc. Parr. FON-TANGE’, (fon-tanj’,) n. the first wearer. } head-dress. Addison. Soeder ; Sw. féda, from feeding. See Frep.] 1. In @ general sense, whatever is eaten by animals out judgment; madly rash and adventurous ; fool- for nourishment, and whatever Supplies nutriment to ishly bold. stages ; ee) Howell. plants. FOOL/ING, ppr. Defeating ; disappointing ; deceiving. 2. Meat; aliment; flesh or vegetables eaten for _ Rs Ge Acting like a fool. sustaining human life : victuals ; provisions; what- FOOLISH, a. _ Void of understanding or sound judg- €ver is or may be eaten for nourishment. ment ; weak in intellect ; applied to general character. Feed me with food convenient for me. — Prov. xxx. 3. Whatever supplies nourishment and growth to Manuring plants, as water, carbonic acid gas, &c. substances furnish plants with food. 4. Something that sustains, nourishes, and aug- ments. Flattery is the food of vanity. FOOD, v. t. To feed. [Wot in use] Barret. FOOD/FUL, a. Supplying food ; full of food. Dryden. FOOD/LESS, a. Without food; destitute of provis- ions; barren. Sandys. FOOD’Y, a. Eatable ; fit for food. [Not used, | Chapman. FOOL, n. [Fr. fol, fou; It. folle, mad, foolish ; Ice. fol; Arm. foll; W. fol, round, blunt, fuolish, vain ; Jul, a fool, a blunt one, a stupid one; Russ. phalia. It would seem, from the Welsh, that the primary Sense of the adjective is, thick, blunt, lumpish. Heb. 7D. | 1. One who is destitute of reason, or the common powers of understanding; an idiot. Some persons are born fools, and are called natural fools ; others may become fools by some injury done to the brain. 2. In common language, a person who is somewhat deficient in intellect, but not an idiot; or, a person who acts absurdly ; one who does not exercise his reason; one who pursues a course contrary to the dictates of wisdom. Experience keeps a dear school, but fools will learn in no other. ‘Tranklin, 3. In Scripture, fool is often used for a wicked or depraved person; one who acts contrary to sound wisdom in his moral deportment; one who follows [from the Fr.] An issue for the 2. A vacancy in the infant cranium, between the frontal and _ parietal bones, and also between the {Fr., from the name of A knot of ribbons on the top of a FOOD,n. [Sax. fod, foda; G. futter ; D.voedzel; Dan. FOOL’/ER-Y, 7. The practice of folly ; habitual folly ; attention to trifles. Shak. 2. An act of folly or weakness, Watts. 3. Object of folly. Ralegh. FOOL!-HAP’PY, a. Lucky without judgment or con- e trivance. Spenser FOOL/-HARD’LLY, adv. With fool-hardiness, FOOL/-HARD/LNESS, n, Courage without sense or judgment ; mad rashness, Dryden. FOOL/-HARD/ISE, n. Fool-hardiness. [ot in use.] Spenser. FOOL/HARD-Y, a. [fool and hardy.| Daring with- 2. Unwise ; imprudent; acting without judgment or discretion in particular things 3. Proceeding from folly, or marked with folly ; silly ; vain; trifling. But foolish questions avoid, — 2 Tim, ii, 4. Ridiculous ; despicable. A foolish figure he must make, 5. In Scripture, wicked 3 sinful ; regard to the divine law and eternal happiness, Prior. acting without glory, or to one’s own O foolish Galatians. — Gal. iii, 6. Proceeding from depravity ; sinful; as, foolish lusts. 1 Tim. vi. FOOL/ISH-LY, adv. Weakly ; without understand- ing or judgment ; unwWisely ; indiscreetly. 2, Wickedly ; sinfully. I have done very Soolishly. —2 Sam. xxiv. FOOL/ISH-NESS, n. Folly; want of understanding. 2, Foolish practice ; want of wisdom or good judg- ment. 3. In a scriptural sense, absurdity ; folly. EE eS of the cross is to them that pemsh foolishness, — iT. 1 FOOLS/€AP, n. shape.] A kind of paper, of small size, usually about 17 inches by 14. FOOL’S'-ER/RAND, nN. [Qu. full and L. scapus, or folio and The pursuit of what can not be found. Booth. FOOL’S'-PARS’/LEY,n. A poisonous, umbelliferous plant, somewhat resembling parsley, but having a his own inclinations, who prefers trifling and tem- porary pleasures to the service of God and eternal happiness, The fool hath said in his heart, There is no God. — Ps, xiy, 4. A weak Christian; a godly person who has much remaining sin and unbelief. O fools, and slow of heart to belie t ve all the prophets have writ- én. — Luke xxiy. Also, one who is accounted or called a fool by un- godly men. 1 Cor. iv. 10. o. A term of indignity and reproach. To be thought knowing » you must first put the fool upon all mankind, rydi yden. 6. A buffoon; one formerly other persons of rank, as a jester and butt of ridi- cule. He was dressed fantastically with a cap hav- ing a red stripe on the top, called a coxcomb ; and car- ried a bazble, eras) which was a short stick with a head carved on the end, sometimes surmounted with a small bladder filled partly with pease, gravel, &c., which he used as a weapon of offensive sport. Encyc. Am. although their drudge, to be their fool or jester, Milton, To play the fool; to act the buffoon ; to jest; t make sport. 2. To act like one void of understanding, To put the fool on; to impose on ; to delude. To make a fool of ; to frustrate ; to defeat ; to dis- appoint, OOL, v.72. To trifle ; ness, sport, or mirth. Kept by kings, and I scorn, 0 to toy ; to spend time in idle- Js this a time for ooling ? OOL, v.t. To treat with contempt ; to dis to defeat; to frustrate ; to deceiv When I consider life, Por, fooled with ho Dryden. appoint ; € ; to impose on. tis alla cheat ; pe, men fayor the deceit. 2. To infatuate ; to make foolish. Shak. 3. To cheat ; as, to fool one out of his money. To fool away ; to spend in trifles, idleness, folly, or without advantage 3 4S, to fool away time. 2. Tospend for things of no value or use ; to ex- pend improvidently > as, to fool away money A compound of fooseberries scalded and crushed, (foulés,) with cream ; commonly called fooseberry-fool. Goldsmith. Dryden, TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE SS = RSs tree 3, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, 8B disagreeable, nauseous smell. It is the JEthusa cy- napium of botanists. PaiGrc. FOOL/STONES, n. A plant, a species of Orchis. FOOL/TRAP, n. A trap to catch fools, as a fly-trap. Dryden. FOOT, n.; pl. Freer. (Sax. fot, fet; D. voet; G. fuss ; Sw. fot; Dan. fod; Gr. Tous, mud0c; Li, pes, pedis; Sans, pad; Siam. bat; Fr. pied, pie; Sp. pie; Port. pe; It. piede, pie; Copt. bat, fat. Probably this word is allied to the Gr, maréw, to Walk, to tread ; as the W. troed, foot, is to the Eng. verb to tread. | 1. In animal bodies, the lower extremity of the leg ; the part of the leg which treads the earth in standing or walking, and by which the animal is sustained and enabled to step, 2. That which bears some resemblance to an ani- mal’s foot in shape or office: the lower end of an thing that supports a body ; as, the foot of a table. 3. The lower part ; the base 3 as, the foot of a col- umn, or of a mountain. 4. The lower part; the bottom ; as, the foot of an account ; the foot of a sail. 9°. Foundation; condition ; State. Weare not on the same foot with our fellow-citizens. In this sense, it is more common, in America, to use Jooting ; and in this sense the plural is not used. 6. Plan of establishment; fundamental principles. Our constitution may hereafter be placed on a better foot. [In this sense the plural is not used. 7. In military language, soldiers who march and fight on foot ; infantry, as distinguished from cavalry. [Jn this sense the plural is not used. 8. A measure consisting of twelve inches; sup- | posed to be taken from the length of a man’s foot. A square foot contains 144 square inches; a cubic foot contains 1728 cubic inches, | 9. In poetry, a certain number of syllables, consti- | tuting part of a verse, as the ijambus, the dactyl, and | the spondee, eee 10. Step; pace. DP’ Estranze, Il. Level; par. [ Obs.) Bacon. 12. The p art of a stocking or boot which receives the foot, By foot, or rather, on foot, by walking ; as, to go or Pass on foot; or by fording ; as, to pass a stream on foot. [See the next definition. } To set on foot; to originate ; to begin; to put in mouion ; as, to set on foot a Subscription. Hence, to Ee ee J OOK. —— ——— FOO be on foot, is to be in motion, action, or process of execution. FOQT, v. i. to skip. 2. To walk; opposed to ride or fly- the word is commonly followed by 7. If you are for a merry jaunt, [ll try, for once, who can foot it To dance; to tread to measure or music 5 Dryden. In this sense, farthest. ryden. FOOQT, v.t. To kick; to strike with the foot ; to spurn. Shak. 2. To settle; to begin to fix. [Little used.] Shak. Tickell. . To tread ; as, to foot the green. To add the numbers ina column, and set the sum at the foot; as, to foot an account. 5. To seize and hold with the foot. ap co [Not used. ] Herbert. 6. To add or make a foot ; as, to foot a stocking or boot. FOOT/BALL, x. A ball consisting of an inflated bladder, cased in leather, to be driven by the foot. Waller. 2, The sport or practice of kicking the football. Arbuthnot. FOOT’-BAND, n. A band of infantry. FOQT!/-BOY,2. A menial ; an attendant in livery. Swift. FOQOT/-BREADTH, (-bredth,) x. The breadth of the foot. Deut. il. FOOT’-BRIDGE, n. A narrow bridge for foot passen- gers. Sidney. FOQT!-€LOTH, x. A sumpter cloth, or housings of a horse, used by the gentry, which usually covered his whole body and reached down to his heels. Shak. FOOT’-€USH-ION, n. A cushion for the feet. FOOT’ED, pp. Kicked ; trod ; summed up ; furnished with a foot, as a stocking. FOOT’ED, a. Shaped in the foot ; as, footed like a d Grew. goat. FOOT/FALL, 2. A footstep. 9. A trip or stumble. FOOT’-FIGHT, (-fite,) 2. A conflict by persons on foot, in opposition to a fight on horseback. Sidney. FOOT’/GUARDS, (-gardz,) 2. pl. Guards of infantry. FOOT/HALT, (-hawlt,) n. A disease incident to sheep, and said to proceed from a Worm which enters be- tween the claws. Encyc. FOOT/HOLD, x. That which sustains the feet firmly, and prevents them from slipping or moving; that on which one may tread or rest securely. L’ Estrange. FOOT/HOT, adv. Immediately ; a word borrowed from hunting. Gower. FOQT/ING, ppr. Dancing; treading ; settling ; add- Ing a new foot. FOQT’ING, n. Shak. G Ground for the foot ; that which sus- tains ; firm foundation to stand on. In ascents, every step gained is a footing and help to the next. Holder. 2. Support ; root. Dryden. 3. Basis; foundation. Locke. Driden. 4. Place; stable position. 5, Permanent settlement. footing. Let not these evils gain 6. Tread; step; walk. Milton. 7. Dance; tread to measure. Shak. 8. Steps; road; track. [Little used. | Bacon. 9, State ; condition ; settlement. Place both par- ties on an equal footing. 10. A plain, cotton lace, without figures. 11. In architecture, a term applied to the broad foundations of a wall. Brande. FOOT’LESS, a. Having no feet. FOOT/-LICK-ER, n. A mean flatterer; a sycophant ; a fawner. Shak. FOQT’MAN, x. A soldier who marches and fights on foot. The art or faculty of a runner. Hayward. FOOT/-MAN-TLE, x. A garment to keep the gown clean, in riding. FOQT’-MARK, n. ery. FOOT/MAN-SHIP, Ne A track ; mark of a foot. Coleridge. FOOT/-MUFF, n. A receptacle for the feet, lined with fur, &c., for keeping them warm in winter. FOOT’-PACE, nx, A slow step, as in walking. Jolson. 9. In a flight of stairs, a stair broader than the rest. wilt. FOOT’PAD,n. A highwayman or robber on foot. FOOT!-PAS-SEN GER, 2. One who passes on foot, as over a bridge, &c. FOOT!-PATH, n. A narrow path or way for foot-pas- sengers only. a oe Bae ROUCEE nm. Akind of swing-plow. FOOT!-POST, n. A post or messenger that travels on Carew. The impression of the foot. W. Irving. Moore. The rope stretching along a yard, foot. FOOTPRINT, 2. FOOT’-ROPE, 7. FOOT/ROT, n. FOOT’-RULE, n. long. FOOT’-SHACK-LES, (-lz,) n. pl. Shackles for the feet. FOOT/-SOL-DIER, (-sél-jer,) n. A soldier that serves FOOT’STALK, (-stawk,) 1 cus. Martyn. FOOT’STALL, (-stawl,) 2. A woman’s stirrup. Johnson. FOOT/STEP, n. A track; the mark or impression of Locke. FOOT’STOOL, 7. FOOT! WA-LING, n. 9. A menial servant; a runner; a servant in liv- FOR merly called a horse. Also, that part of the bolt-rope to which the lower edge of a sail is sewed. R. H. Dana, Jr. Totten. An ulcer in the feet of sheep. A rule or measure twelve inches on foot. [foot and stalk.) In botany, a petiole ; a partial stem supporting the leaf, or connecting it with the stem or branch. Some- times, but rarely, the same footstalk supports both the leaf and fructification, as in Turnera and Hibis- the foot. 9. Token; mark; visible sign of a course pursued ; as, the footsteps of divine Wisdom, Bentley. Footsteps, pl. ; example ; as, follow the footsteps of good men. 2. Way; course. Ps. lxxyii. A stool for the feet; that which supports the feet of one when sitting. To make enemies a footstool, is to reduce them to entire subjection. Ps. cx. The inside planks or Jining of a vessel, over the floor-timbers. Totter. FOOT’/-WARM-ER, x. A box containing a tin vessel, into which hot water is put for warming the feet. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. [Sp. and Port. guapo, spruce, gay, affected, affectedly nice ; also in Sp., stout, bold, from the root of vapor, vapid ; Sp. guapear, to brag. The Latin vappa, a senseless fellow, is evidently from the same root, with the sense of emptiness or lightness. | A vain man, of weak understanding and much os- tentation ; one whose ambition is to gain admiration by showy dress and pertness ; a gay, trifling man; a coxcomb. FOP/DOO-DLE, zn. and not used. | FOP/LING, x. A petty fop. Tickell, FOP/PER-Y, n. Affectation of show or importance ; showy folly; as, the foppery of dress or of manners. 2, Folly ; impertinence. Let not the sound of shallow foppery enter My sober house. Shak. 3. Foolery ; vain or idle practice ; idle affectation. Swift. FOP/RISH, a. Vain of dress ; making an ostentatious display of gay clothing; dressing in the extreme of fashion. 9. Vain; trifling ; affected in manners. FOP’PISH-LY, adv. With vain ostentation of dress ; in a trifling or affected manner. : FOP’PISH-NESS, nx. Vanity and extravagance in dress ; showy vanity. FOR, prep. ([Sax. for or fore; D. voor, for, and be- . fore; G. fur and vor; Sw. for; Dan. for, for; Ir. far; Fr. pour ; Sp. and Port. por, para ; It. per, which unites for and L. per, and, if this is the same word, so is the Fr. par. Indeed, far seems to be radically the same word; for the Germans and Dutch use ver, far, in composition, in the same manner, and in the FOP, x. foppish, An insignificant fellow. [Vulgar, Hudibras. FOR i mand before, that is, against; and in forgive, to give back or away, to remit, to send back or to send away. |] 1. Against; in the place of; as a substitute or equivalent, noting equal value, or satisfactory com- pensation, either in barter and sale, in contract, or in punishment. ‘‘ And Joseph gave them bread in exchange for horses, and for flocks, and for the cat- tle of the herds ;” that is, according to the original, he gave them bread against horses, like the Gr. av7t, and Fr. contre. Gen. xlvii. 17. Buy us and our land for bread. — Gen. xlvii. 19. And if any mischief follow, then thou shalt give life for life, eye or eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot. — Exed, xxi. As the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to vive his life a ransom for many.— Matt, xx. See also Mark viii. 37. Matt. xvi. 26. 9, In the place of ; instead of ; noting substitution of persons, or agency of one in the place of another, with equivalent authority. An_ attorney is empow- ered to act for his principal. Will you take a jetter, and deliver it for me at the post-office? that is, in my place, or for my benefit. 3. In exchange of ; noting one thing taken | FORE-SEEN’, pp. Seen beforehand. FORE-SEER!, 2. One who foresees or foreknows. FORE-SBIZE’, v. t=. To seize beforehand. FORE-SEIZ'ED, pp. Seized beforehand. FORE-SEIZ/ING, ppr. Seizing beforehand. | FORE-SHAD/OW, v. t To shadow or typify before- hand. Dryden. FORE-SHAD/OW-ED, pp. Typified before. : FORE-SHAD/OW-ING, ppr. Shadowing beforehand. FORE-SHAD/OW-ING, n. The act of shadowing beforehand ; anticipation. FORE-SHAME’, v.t. To shame; to bring reproach on. Shak. FORE-SHAM/ED, pp. Shamed before. FORE-SHAM/ING, ppr. Shaming before. FORE-SHEW’, (-sho.) See Foresnow. FORE'SHIP, x. The fore part of a ship. Acts xxvii. FORE-SHORT’EN, v. t. In painting, to represent figures as they appear to the eye when seen obliquely. Thus, a carriage-wheel, when viewed obliquely, ap- pears like an ellipse. Human figures painted on a ceiling are sometimes so Joreshortened, that the toes appear almost to touch the chin. So, also, in stand- ing near a lofty building, the parts above are Sore- shortened, or appear shorter to the eye than they really are, because seen obliquely from below. Encyc. Am. Seeing before the event. FORE-SHORT’EN-ING, n. The representation or appearance of objects when viewed obliquely. [See FORESHORTEN, Dryden. FORE-SHOW’, v. t. To show beforehand ; to prog- nosticate. Next, like Aurora, Spenser rose, Whose purple blush the day foreshows. 2. To predict ; to foretell. 3. ‘To represent beforehand, or before it comes. FORE-SHOW’ER, 7. One who predicts. { Hooker. FORE-SHOW/ING, ppr. Showing before ; predicting. FORE-SHOWN/, pp. Shown beforehand ; predicted. FORE/-SHROUDS, n. pl. The shrouds of a ship at- tached to the foremast. FORE'SIDE, n. The front side; also, a specious outside. Spenser. FORE/SIGHT, n. Prescience; foreknowledge ; prog- nostication ; the act of foresceing. Milton. 2. Provident care of futurity; foreknowledge ac- companied with prudence in guarding against evil. Spenser. FORE-SIGHT’ED, a. Prudent in guarding against evil; provident for the future. FORE-SIGHT’FUL, a. Prescient ; provident. [ Lit tle used. Sidney. FORE-SIG/NI-FY, v. t. To signify beforehand; to betoken previously ; to foreshow ; to typify. Hooker. FORE/SKIN, x. The skin that covers the glans penis ; the prepuce. FORE/SKIRT, xn. The loose and pendulous part of a coat before. Shak. FORE-SLACK’, v. t. To neglect by idleness. [ Not used. Spenser. FORE-SLOW’,». t. To delay; to hinder; to impede ; to obstruct. [/Vot used.] No stream, no wood, no mountain could foreslow Denham. Their hasty pace. Fuirfaz. 2. To neglect ; to omit. [Wot used.] Bacon. FORE-SLOW’, v.i. Tobe dilatory ; to loiter. [Jot used. Shak. FORE-SPEAK’, v. t. foretell or predict. 2. To forbid. [Not used. ] 3. To bewitch. [ot used) FORE-SPEA K/ING,n. A prec Not used. To foresay ; to foreshow ; to Camden. Sal. Drayton. iction ; also, a preface. | | | it i| | | | j | FORE/SPEECH, n. A preface. FORE-SPENT’, a, hausted. 2. Past; as, life forespent. FORE-SPOK’EN, a. FORE-SPUR’/RER, n. | Mot used.] Sherwood. Wasted in strength; tired; ex- Shak. Spenser. [Little used.] Previously spoken. One that rides before. [JVot used, | Shak. FOR/EST, xn. [It: foresta; Fr. forét; Arm. forest; G. forst; Ir. foraois, foraighis; Norm. fores; from the same root as L. foris, Fr. hors, and the Sax, faran, to go, to depart. Hence, the It. forestiere, Sp. forastero, signifies strange, foreign ; It. foresto, wild, | Savage; Port. forasteiro, a stranger. This enables us to understand the radical meaning of other words which signify strange, wild, barbarous, &c. They all express distance from cities and civilization, and are from roots expressing departure or wandering. } 2. An extensive wood, or a large tract of land cov- ered with trees. In America, the word is usually ap- plied to a wood of native growth, or a tract of wood- PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —FOR FOR FOR land which has never been cultivated. It differs from wood or woods chiefly in extent. We read of the Hercynian forest, in Germany, and the forest of Andennes, in France or Gaul. 2. In law, in Great Britain, a certain territory of woody grounds and pastures, privileged for wild beasts and fowls of forest, chase, and warren, to rest and abide in, under the protection of the king, for his pleasure. [Jn this sense, the word has no appli- cation in America. } Forest laws; laws for governing and regulating forests, and preserving game. England. FOR/EST, v. t. To cover with trees or wood. FORE/STAFF, vn. An instrument formerly used at sea, for taking the altitudes of heavenly bodies. It is now superseded by the sextant. Brande. FOR/EST-AGE, n. An ancient service paid by forest- ers to the king; also, the mght of foresters. ot : England. FORE-STALL!, v. t. To anticipate ; to take beforehand. Why need a msn forestall his date of grief, And run to meet what he would most avoid? Milton. 2. To hinder by preoccupation or prevention. Pope, [See Srart.] I will not forestall your judgment of the rest. 3. In law, to buy or bargain for corn, or provisions of any kind, before they arrive at the market or fair, with intent to sell them at higher prices, This is a penal offense. Encyc. 4. To deprive by something prior [JVot in use.] Sak. FORE-STALL/ED, pp. Anticipated ; hindered ; pur- chased before arrival in market. FORE-STALL/ER, n. One who forestalls ; a person who purchases provisions before they come to the fair or market, with a view to raise the price. Locke. FORE-STALL/ING, ppr. Anticipating; hindering ; buying provisions before they arrive in market, with intent to sell them at higher prices. FORE-STALLIING, x. Anticipation ; prevention ; the act of buying provisions before they are offered in market, with intent to sell them at higher prices. FORB’STAY,2. In a ship’s rigging, a large, strong rope, reaching from the foremast head toward the bowsprit end, to support the mast. Mar. Dict. FORE/-STICK, x. ‘The front stick of a wood fire. FOR/EST-BORN, a. Born in a forest or wilderness. Shak. FOR/EST-ED, pp. Covered with trees; wooded. Tooke. 2. a. Overspread witha forest. S. LE. Dwight. FOR/EST-ER, nx. In Zngland, an officer appointed to watch a forest, preserve the gume, and institute suits for trespasses. Encyce 9. An inhabitant of a forest. Shak. 3. A forest-tree. Evelyn. FOR/EST-ING, ppr. FORE/SWART,) a. [See Sweat.] Exhausted by FORE/SWAT, heat. [ Obs. Sidney. FORE/-TACK-LE, n. The tackle on the foremast. FORE’/TASTE, n. A taste beforehand ; anticipation. The pleasures of piety are a foretaste of heaven. FORE-TASTE’, v. t. To taste before possession; to have previous enjoyment or experience of some- thing ; to anticipate. 2. To taste before another. FORE-TAST/ED, pp. Tasted beforehand, or before another. Milton. FORE-TAST’ER, nz. One that tastes beforehand, or before another. FORE-TAST/ING, ppr. Tasting before. FORE-TAUGHT’, (-tawt/,) pp. Taught beforehand. FORE-TEACH/, v. t To teach beforehand. Spenser. FORE-TELL/, v. t.; pret. and pp. Forerouip. To pre- dict ; to tell before an event happens ; to prophesy. Milton. Pope. 2. To foretoken ; to foreshow. Warton. FORE-TELL’, v.z. To utter prediction or prophecy, All the prophets from Samuel, and those that follow after, as many a8 have spoken, have likewise foretold of these days, — Acts iil. FORE-TELL/ER, n. One who predicts or prophesies ; a foreshower. Boyle, FORE-TELL/ING, ppr. Predicting. FORE-TELL/ING, z. Prediction. FORE-THINK’, v. t. To think beforehand ; to antici- pate in the mind. Covering with trees. The soul of every man Perpetually does forethink thy fall. Shak. 2. To contrive beforehand. Bp. Hall. FORE-THINK’, v. 7. ‘I’o contrive beforehand. Smith, FORE-THOUGHT’, (fore-thawt’,) pret. of ForrTHINK. FORE!/THOUGHT, (fore/thawt,) n. A thinking be- forehand ; anticipation ; prescience ; premeditation. 2, Provident care. Blackstone. FORE/-THOUGHT’FUL, a. Having forethought. FORE-TO/KEN, v.t. ‘To foreshow ; to presignify ; to prognosticate. Whilst strange prodigious signs foretoken blood, Daniel. FORE-TO/KEN, n. Prognostic; previous sign. FORE-TO/KEN-ED, pp. Foreshown. [ Sidney. FORE-TO/KEN-ING, ppr Presignifying. FORE'-TOOTH, n.; pl. Fore-TretH. One of the teeth in the fore part of the mouth; an incisor. FORE/TOP,n. The hair on the fore part of the head. 2. That part of a woman’s head-dress that is for- ward, or the top of a periwig. 3. In ships, the platform erected at the head of the foremast. [Jn this sense, the accent on the two syllables 1s nearly equal. | FORE-TOP/MAST, n. The mast erected at the head of the foremast, and at the head of which stands the foretop-gallant-mast. FOR-EV’ER, adv. At all times. 2. To eternity ; through endless ages. FORE-VOUCH/ED, (-voucht’,) pp. Affirmed before ; formerly told. Shak. FORE’/WARD, n. The van; the front. 1 Maccabees. FORE-W ARN’, (fore-waurn’,) v. t ‘To admonish be- forehand. I will forewarn you whom ye shall fear. — Luke xii. 2. To inform previously ; to give previous notice, Milton. 3. To caution beforehand. Dryden. FORE-WARN’/ED, pp. Admonished, cautioned, or informed beforehand. FORE-W ARN/ING, ppr. informing. FORE-WARN/ING, x. Previous admonition, caution, or notice. FORE-WEND’, v. t. To go before. [Obs.] Spenser. FORE/WIND, x. . Jonson. Hammering; beating into shape; eH as in THIS, AT 60 eee Ee UR Sea ee ede ak) eee, Sree: eel — at a aEee re es oe ee eT ae 4 FOR FOR FOR son offending. Forgive us our debts. Lords Prayer. also forgive you. — Matt. vi. jury. ~ Chipman. forgive or pardon the man, but we do not remit him. 2. To remit, as a debt, fine, or penalty. FOR-GIV’/EN, pp. Pardoned ; remitted. FOR-GIVE’NESS, (for-giv’/ness,) 7. giving ; the pard ness of enemies is a Christian duty. ; 2. The pardon or remission of an offense or crime ; as, the forgiveness of sin or of injuries. : 3. Disposition to pardon ; willingness to forgive And mild forgiveness intercede To stop the coming blow. 4, Remission of a debt, fine, or penalty. FOR-GIV’ER, n. One who pardons or remits. FOR-GIV/ING, ppr. Pardoning; remitting. 2, a. Disposed to forgive ; inclined to overlook of- fenses; mild; merciful ; compassionate ; as, a for giving temper. FOR-GOT! - FOR GOTTEN, pp. or a. from eon FOXR-HAIL’, v.t To draw or distress. FO-RIN/SE-€AL, a, [L. forinsecus.] Foreign; alien. [ Little pore FO-RIS-FA-MIL'TATE, v.i% [L. foris, without, and familia, family.] To renounce a legal title to a further share of pa- ternal inheritance. Jiterally, to put one’s self out of the family. El. of Criticism. FO-RIS-FA-MIL-I-A'/TION, n. When a child has re- ceived a portion of his father’s estate, and renounces all title to a further share, his act is called forisfamil- iation, and he is said to be forisfamiliated. Encyc. FORK,2. [Sax forc; D. vork; W. forc; Fr. fourche; Arm. fork; Sp. horca; Port. and It. forca; L. fur- ca. i An instrument consisting of a handle, and a blade of metal, divided into two or more points or prongs, used for lifting or pitching any thing; as, a tablefork for feeding; a pitchfork; a dungfork, &c. Forks are also made of ivory, wood, or other ma- terial. 2. A point; as, a thunderbolt with three forks. Shakspeare uses it for the point of an arrow. 3. Forks; in the plural, the point where a road parts into two; and the point where a river di- vides, or rather, where two rivers meet and unite in one stream. Each branch is called a fork. FORK, v.i. To shoot into blades, as corn. Mortimer. 2. To divide into two; as, a road forks. FORK, v.t. To raise or pitch with a fork, as hay. 2. To dig and break ground with a fork, 3. To make sharp ; to point. FORK‘ED, (forkt,) pp. Raised, pitched, or dug, with a fork. 2, a. Opening into two or more parts, points, or shoots ; as, a forked tongue; the forked lightning. 3. Having two or more meanings. [Jot in use. ] B. Jonson. FORK’ED-LY, adv. FORK/ED-NESS, zn. or more parts. FORK/HEAD, n. The point of an arrow. FORK’LESS, a. Having no fork. iene m. A salmon in his fourth year’s growth. Local. FORK’Y, a. Forked; fureated; opening into two or more parts, shoots, or points; as, a forky tongue. ope. FOR-LAY’, v. t. To lie in wait “or; to EMbUSHe as, Dryden. [Vot used.] Spenser. In a forked form. The quality of opening into two Spenser. a thief forlays a traveler. Dryden. OR-LIE’, v. 7. ; pret. Foruay. To lie before or in front of. [Notgsed.]} Spenser. FOR-LORB’, a. Se orion [Wot in use.]} FOR-LORN’, a. [Sax. forloren, from Sorleoran, to send away, to relinquish, to desert, to lose ; leoran, to pass, to migrate; D. verlooren; Dan. forloren, from forlo- rer, Sw. fOrlora, to lose. Class Lr. 1, Deserted ; destitute ; stripped or deprived ; for- Saken. Hence, lost ; helpless ; wretched ; solitary. Of fortune and of hope at once forlorn. Hubberd. To live aguin in these wild woods Jorlorn, Milton. For here forlorn und Jost I tread, Goldsmith, 2. Taken away. [Obds.] When as night hath us of light forlorn. Spenser. 3. Small; despicable ; in a ludicrous sense. Shak. FOR-LORN’, x. A lost, forsaken, solitary person. Shak. FOR-LORN/-HOPE, n. Literally, a desperate case ; hence, in military affairs, a detachment of men ap- pointed to lead in an assault, to storm a counterscarp, enter a breach, or perform other service attended with transition, we also use the phrase, to forgive the per- If ye forgive men their trespasses, your heavenly Father will As savages never forget a fayor, so they mere Oreos an in- It is to be noted that pardon, like forgive, may be followed by the name or person, and by the offense ; but remit can be followed by the offense only. We The act of for- on of an offender, by which he is considered and treated as not guilty. The forgive- FOR-LORN/LY, adv. Ina forlorn manner. Pollok. FOR-LORN'NESS, n. Destitution; misery ; a forsak- en or wretched condition. Boyle, FOR-LYE/. See Forure. FORM, n. [|L. sorma; Fr. forme; Sp. forma, horma; It. forma; Ir. foirm; D. vorm; G. form; Sw. and Dan. form. The root of this word is not certainly known. The primary sense is probably to set, to fix, to fit. The D. vormen is rendered, to form, to shape, to mold, to confirm; and form may be allied to jirm.] 1. The shape or external appearance of a body; the figure, as defined by lines and angles ; that man- ner of being peculiar to each body, which exhibits it to the eye as distinct from every other body. Thus we speak of the form of a circle, the form of a square or triangle, a circular form, the form of the head, or of the human body, a handsome form, an ugly form, a frightful form. Matter is the basis or substratum of bodies ; form is the particular disposition of matter in each body, which distinguishes its appearance from that of every other body. The form of his visage was changed. — Dan. iil. Alter that he appeared in another form to two of them, as they walked. — Mark xvi. 2, Manner of arranging particulars ; disposition of particular things ; as, a form of words or expressions. 3. Model; draught; pattern. Hold fast the form of sound words, which thou bast heard of me. — 2 Tim. i. 4, Beauty; elegance; splendor; dignity. He hath no form nor comeliness, — ls. liil. D. Regularity ; method; order This is a rough draught to be reduced to form. 6. External appearance without the essential qual- ities; empty show. Having the form of godliness, but denying the power thereof. — 2 Tim. ii. 7. Stated method; established practice; ritual or prescribed mode; as, the forms of public worship ; the forms of judicial proceeding ; forms of civility. 8. Ceremony ; as, it is a mere matter of form. 9. Determinate shape. The earth was without form, and void. — Gen. i. 10. Likeness; image. Who, being in the form of God. — Phil. ii. He took on him the form of a servant. — Phil. ii. 11. Manner; system; as, a form of government; & monarchical or republican form. 12, Manner of arrangement; disposition of compo- nent parts ; as, the interior form or structure of the flesh or bones, or of other bodies. 13. A long seat; a bench without a back. Watts. [In this and the two following senses, the English pronunciation is form. 14. In schools, a class; a rank of students. Dryden. 15, The seat or bed of a hare. Prior. 16. A mold ; something to give shape, or on which things are fashioned. Encyc. 17. In printing, an assemblage of types, composed and arranged in order, disposed into pages or col- umns, and inclosed and locked in a chase, to re- ceive an impression. The outer form always con- tains the first and last pages, the inner form contains the second page. 18. Essential form, is that mode of existence which constitutes a thing what it is, and without which it could not exist. Thus water and light have each its 12. To constitute ; to make. Duplicity forms no part of his character. These facts form a safe foun- dation for our conclusions. The senate and house of representatives form the legislative body. 13. In grammar, to make by derivation, or by affixes or prefixes. lL. do, in the preterit, forms dedi. 14. To enact ; to make ; to ordain ; as, to form a law or an edict. FORM, v.z% Totake a form. FORM‘AL, a. According to form ; agreeable to es- tablished mode ; regular; methodical. 2. Strictly ceremonious ; precise; exact to affecta. tion ; as, a man formal in his dress, his gait, or de- portment. 3. Done in due form, or with solemnity ; express ; according to regular method ; not incidental, sud- den, or irregular, He gave his formal consent to the treaty. 4. Regular ; methodical ; as, the formal stars. Waller. 5. Having the form or appearance without the sub- stance or essence ; external; as, formal duty ; formal worship. 6. Depending on customary forms. Still in constraint your suffering sex remains, Or bound in formad or in real chains. Pope. 7. Having the power of making a thing what it is; constituent ; essential. Of letters the material part is breath and voice; the formal is constituted by the motions and figure of the organs of speech. Holder. 8. Retaining its proper and essential characteristic ; regular; proper. To make of him a formal man again. FORM’AL-ISM, x. of religion. FORM/AL-IST, x. One who observes formas, or prac- tices external ceremonies. More generally, 2. One who rests in external religious forms, or observes the forms of worship, without possessing the life and spirit of religion. A grave face and the regular practice of ceremonies have often gained to a formalist the reputation of piety. FOR-MAL/L-TY, xn. The practice or observance of forms. Shak. A resting in mere external forms Formalities of extraordinary zeal and’ piety are never more studied and elaborate than in desperate designs, EK. Charles. 2 Ceremony ; mere conformity to customary modes. Nor was his attendance on divine offices a matter of JSormality and custom, but of conscience. Allerbury. 3. Established order; rule of proceeding; mode ; method ; as, the formalities of judicial process ; for- malities of law. 4. Order ; decorum to be observed ; customary mode of behavior. *Estrange. 5. Customary mode of dress ; habit ; robe. Swift. 6. External appearance. Glanville. 7. Essence; the quality which constitutes a thing what it is. The formality of the vow lies in the promise made to God. Stillingfleet, 8. In the schools, the manner in which a thing is conceived ; or a manner in an object, importing a relation to the understanding, by which it may be distinguished from another object. Thus animality particular form of existence, and the parts of water being decomposed, it ceases to be water. Accidental form is not necessary to the existence of a body. Earth is earth still, whatever may be its color. FORM, vt. [L. formo.] I, To make or cause to exist ina particular man- ner, And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, — Gen. ll. 2. To shape; to mold or fashion into a particular shape or state; as, to form an image of stone or clay. 3. To plan ; to scheme; to modify. Dryden. 4. To arrange ; to combine in a particular manner ; as, to form a line or square of troops. d. To adjust; to settle. Our differences with the Romanists are thus formed into an in- terest. Decay of Piety. 6. To contrive; to invent; as, to forma design or scheme. 7. To make up; to frame; to settle by deductions of reason ; as, to form an opinion or judgment ; to form an estimate, 8. Tomold ; to model by instruction and discipline ; as, to form the mind to virtuous habits by education. 9. To combine ; to unite individuals into a col- lective body ; as, to forma society for missions, 10. To make; to establish. The subscribers are formed by law into a corporation. They have formed regulations for their government. 11. To compile; as, to form a body of laws or uncommon peril. FATE, FAR, and rationality are formalities. Encye. FORM’AL-IZE, v.t. To model. [Wot used.] Hooker. FORM/AL-IZE, v. i To affect formality. [Zittic used. Hales. FORM AL-IZ-ED, pp. Modeled. FORM/AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Modeling, FORM/AL-LY, adv. According to established form. rule, order, rite, or ceremony. A treaty was cou- cluded and formally ratified by both parties. 2. Ceremoniously ; stiffly ; precisely ; as, to be stitt and formally reserved, 3. In open appearance ; in a visible and apparent state. You and your followers do stand formally divided agalnd the authorized guides of the church, and the rest of the »eople. 00cer, 4. Essentially ; characteristically. That which formally makes this (charity) a Christian grace, ts the spring from which it flows. Smalridge, FOR'’MA PAU'PER-IS, [L.] To sue in forma pau- peris, is to sue as a poor man, which relieves from costs. OUVLET. FOR’MATE, 7. [A more correct term than ForMIATE ; but both are used.] A salt composed of formic acid combined with any base. FOR-MA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. Sormatio.] 1. The act of forming or making ; the act of cre- ating or causing to exist ; or, more generally, the op- eration of bringing things together, or of shaping and giving form ; as, the formation of the earth; the formation of a state or constitution. « _,2- Generation; production ; as, the formation of ideas. 3. The manner in which a thing is formed. Ex- customs ; to form a digest. PALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOV 474 a eae Sr Sa I SII aces amine the peculiar formation of the heart. E, WQLF, BOOK, —FOR 4. In grammar, the act or manner of forming one word from another, as controler from control. 5. In geology, formation may signify a single mass of one kind of rock, more or less extensive, or a col- agent, under the same or similar circumstances ; or it may convey the idea, that certain masses or col- lections of minerals were formed not only by the same agent, but also during the same geological epoch. In this latter sense the term is almost al- ways employed. Cleaveland. Formation is that collection or assemblage of beds or layers, strata, or portions of earth, or minerals, which seem to have been formed at the same epoch, sition and lodgment. Dict. Nat. Hist. FORM/A-TIVE, a. Giving form; having the power of giving form ; plastic; as, the formative arts, The meanest plant can not be raised without seeds, by any form- Glive power residing in the soil. Bentley. radical ; as, a termination merely formative. FORM/A-TIVE, z. merely to give form, and is no part of the radical. FORM/ED, pp. arranged ; combined; enacted ; constituted. FOR/ME-DON, n. [forma doni.] t writ of right for a tenant in tail. This writ has now been abolished. Pe Cyc. FORMER,x. He that forms; a maker; an author. FOR/MER, a. comp. [Sax. form, forma, but it is ren- dered primus, first. The Saxon word seems to be composed of fore and ma, more ; but of this I am not confident. } 1. Before in time; preceding another or something else in order of time ; opposed to latter. Her former husband, who sent her away, may not take her acain to be his wile, after that she is defiled, —Dew. xxiv. The former and the latter rain. —Jer. v. 2. Past, and frequently ancient, long past. For inquire, I pray thee, of the former uge. — Job vin. 3. Near the beginning ; preceding ; as, the former part of a discourse or argument. 4. Mentioned before another. A bad author deserves better usage than a bad critic; a man may be the former merely through the misfortune of want of judgment; but he can not be the latter without both that and an ill tesnper. Pope. FOR!/MBER-LY, adv. In time past, either in time im- mediately preceding, or-at any indefinite distance ; of old; heretofore. We formerly imported slaves from Africa. Nations formerly made slaves of pris- oners taken In war. FORM/FUL, a. Ready to form; creative ; imagina- tive. Thomson. FOR/MLATE, xn. [from L. formica, an ant. A salt composed of the formic acid an [See Formate. ] FOR/MI€, a. [.L. formica, an ant. Pertaining to ants; as, the formic acid, an acid obtained originally from red ants, but now formed by artificial distillation. FOR-MI-€A/TION, x. [L. formicatio, from formico, or formica, an ant.] A-sensation of the body resembling that made by the creeping of ants on the skin. FOR!MI-DA-BLE, a. [L. formidabilis, from formido, fear. | Exciting fear or apprehension ; impressing dread ; adapted to excite fear and deter from approach, en- counter, or undertaking. It expresses less than ter- rible, terrific, tremendous, horrible, and frightful. They seemed to fear the formidable sight. Dryden. J swell my preface into a yolume, and make it formidable, when you see so many pages behind. Dryden. FOR/MLDA-BLE-NESS, nz. The quality of being for- midable, or adapted to excite dread. FOR/MI-DA-BLY, adv. Ina manner to impress fear. FOR/MILL, v.t. To order. [Craven dialect. ] FORM/LESS, a. [from form.] Shapeless ;' without a determinate form; wanting regularity of shape. a base. Shak. FORM’U-LA, n. [L.] A prescribed form ; a rule or 2. In medicine, a prescription. [model]. 3. In church affairs, a confession of faith. Encyc. 4. In mathematics, a general expression for resolv- ing certain cases or problems. Cyc. 5. In chemistry, a term applied to the symbols rep- resenting the different substances. Ure. FORM/U-LA-RY,n. [Fr. formulaire, from L. formula. | 1. A book containing stated and prescribed forms, as of oaths, declarations, prayers, and the like; a book of precedents. Eencyc. 9, Prescribed form ; formula. FORM’U-LA-RY, a. Stated; prescribed ; ritual. FORM/ULE, n. [Fr.] A set or preseribed model ; formula. Johnson. FORN/LEATE, a. [lu fornicatus, from fornix, an FORN’I-€4-TED, arch. ] Arched ; vaulted like an oven orfurnace. Encye. FORN’ICATE, v. % [L. fornicor, from fornix, a brothel. ] lection of mineral substances, formed by the same | frORN-I-€A/TION, zn. and to have the same general characters of compo- | FORN/I-€A-TOR, n. 2. In grammar, serving to form ; derivative ; not FORN/L€A-TRESS, n An unmarried female guilty In grammar, that which serves | FOR-PASS’, v. t. Made; shaped; molded; planned; rORPENEY, D. 1 In English law, a| FOR-RAY’, v. ¢. FOR-RAY’, n. FOR-SAKE’, v. t.; pret. Forsook; pp. Forsaken, FOR woman. 1fa Brahmin fornicate with a Nayr woman, he shall not thereby lose his caste. As. Researches. [L. fornicatio. | 1. The incontinence or lewdness of unmarried persons, male or female; also, the criminal con- versation of a married man with an unmarried woman. Laws of Connecticut. 2. Adultery Watt. v. 3. Incest. 1 Cor. v. 4, Idolatry ; a forsaking of the true God, and wor- shiping of idols. 2 Chron. xxi. Rev, xix. 5. An arching ; the forming of a vault. An unmarried person, male or female, who has criminal conversation with the other sex ; also, a married man who has sexual com- merce with an unmarried woman. [See ApuLTeERy.] 2. A lewd person. 3. An idolater. Shak, To go by; to pass unnoticed. enser. To pine or waste away. { Obs.] Spenser. [Obs.] [Qu. forage.] Spenser. [See Foray.] of Jewdness. To ravage. The act of ravaging. [Sax. forsacan, forsecan ; for, a negative, and secan, to seek. (See Serx.) Sw. férsaka, Dan. forsager, See Seek and Say.] don; to depart from. us in adversity. Forsake the foolish, and live. — Prov. ix. 2. To abandon ; to renounce; to reject. If his children forsake my law, and walk not in my judgments. — Ps. Ixxxix. Cease from anger, and forsake wrath. — Ps. XXXVii. 3. Toleave; to withdraw from; to fail. In anger, the color forsakes the cheeks. In severe trials, let not fortitude forsake you. 4. In Scripture, God forsakes his people, when he withdraws his aid, or the light of his countenance. Brown. s One that forsakes or deserts. FOR-SAK/EN, pp. or a. Deserted ; left ; abandoned. FOR-SAK/ING, ppr. Leaving or deserting. FOR-SAK/ING, n. The act of deserting ; dereliction. FOR-SAY’, v. t. [ Obs.] Spenser. To delay. [Obs.] Spenser. Sax. forsothe; for and soth, To forbid ; to renounce. FOR-SLACK,, v. ¢. FOR-SOOTH’, adv. true. ] In truth; in fact; certainly ; very well. A fit man, forsooth, to govern a realm ! [It is generally used in an ironical or contemptuous Sense. FORS’/TER, 2. A forester. [ Obs.] Chaucer. FOR-SWEAR,, v. t.; pret. Forswore; pp. Forsworn. [Sax. forswerian ; Dan. forsverer ; Sw. forsvara; G. verschworen, abschwiren; D. afzweeren. See Swear and ANsWeER.] Hayward. . To reject or renounce upon oath. Shak. 2. To deny upon oath. Like innocence, and as serenely bold As truth, how loudly he forswears thy gold! Dryden. To forswear one’s self, is to swear falsely ; to per- jure one’s self. Thou shalt not forswear thyself. — Matt. v. FOR-SWEAR’,v. i. To swear falsely ; to commit per- jury. Shak. FOR-SWEAR/ER, n. One who rejects on oath ; one who is perjured ; one that swears a false oath. FOR-SWEARI/ING, ppr. Denying on oath ; swearing falsely. FOR-SWONK/, a. _[Sax, swincan, to Jabor.] Overlabored. [Obs FOR SWORE’, pret. of ‘orswEAR. FOR SWORN’, pp. of ForswEar. Renounced on oath ; perjured. FOR-SWORN'NESS, 7. Spenser. The state of being forsworn. Manning. FORT, 2. [Fr. fort; It. and Port. forte; Sp. fuerte; fuerza; L. fortis, strong. | 1. A fortified place; usually, asmall fortified place ; a place surrounded with a ditch, rampart, and para- pet, or with palisades, stockades, or other means of defense ; also, any building or place fortified for se- curity against an enemy ; a castle. 9, A strong side; opposed to weak side or foible. FORT’AL-ICH, n. Asmall outwork of a fortification. The same as ForTELAGE. FOR'TE, (for/ta,) adv. [It.] A direetion to sing or play with loudness or force. FORTH, 7. [Fr.] The strong point; that art or de- partment in which one excels. FORT’ED, a, Furnished with forts; guarded by forts. To commit lewdness, as an unmarried man or woman, or as a married man with an unmarried FORTH, adv. FORTH, prep. Out of. FORTH, n. FORTH’€OM'ING, a. FORTH’/GO'ING, n. A going forth, or utterance; a FORTH/GO'ING, a. FOR-THINK’, v. t. Torepent of. [JWVot in use.] FORTH-IS/SU-ING, (-ish’shu-ing,) a. x aera . : : s z covert. G. versagen, D. verzaaken, to deny, to renounce. | pORTH-RIGHT’, adv. [See Ricur.] 1. To quit or leave entirely; to desert; to aban-| porpH RIGHT des ’ TPC iat Reet ORTH-RIGHT’, x. Friends and flatterers forsake FORTH’ WARD, adv. FORTH-WITH’, adv. [forth and with.] Immediate- FOR’THY, adv. FOR!TL-ETH, «. FOR [Sax. forth; G. fort; D. voort; from fore, for, faran, to go, to advance.] 1. Forward; onward in time; in advance: as, from that day forth; from that time forth. 9. Forward in place or order ; as, one, two, three, and so forth. 3. Out; abroad; noting progression or advance from a state of confinement; as, the plants in spring put forth leaves. When winter past, and summer scarce begun, Invites them forth to labor in the sun. 4, Out ; away ; beyond the boundary of a place ; as, send him forth of France. [Little used. | 5. Out into public view, or public character. Your country calls you forth into its service. 6. Thoroughly ; from beginning to end. Stak 7. On to the end. [Ods.] Shak. Dryden. Suk. From forth the streets of Pomfret. Donne. Some forth their cabins peep, Su. Goth. fort.] A way. [See Comer.] Ready to ap- pear; makingappearance. Let the prisoner be forth- coming. proceeding from. Chalmers. Going forth. Spense7. {See IssuE.] as from a ope. Straight for- ward ; ina straight direction. [Obs-] Sidney. A straight path. [Obs.] Shak. Forward. Bp. Fisher. Issuing , coming out; coming forwar ly ; without delay ; directly. Immediately there fell from his eyes as it had been scales; and he received his sight forthwith. — Acts ix, [Sax. forth. ] [Wot used.) Spenser. [See Forry.] The fourth tenth, noting the number next after the thirty-ninth. FOR/TI-FI-A-BLE, a. That may be fortified. [Zit- tle used. | FOR-TI-FL€A/TION, n. of fortifying. 2, The art or science of fortifying places to defend them against an enemy, by means of moats, ramparts, parapets, and other bulwarks. Fmceyc. 3. The works erected to defend a place against at- tack. 4. A fortified place ; a fort; a castle. 5. Additional strength. FOR’TI-FI-ED, pp.ora. Mede strong against attacks. FOR/TI-FI-ER,n. One who erects works for defense. 2, One who strengthens, supports, and upholds ; that which strengthens. Sidney. FOR/TLFY, v. t. [Fr fortifier ; Sp. fortificar; It. Sor- tificare. | 1. Ina general sense, to add to the strength of; as to fortify wine by the addition of brandy. [Recent.| 9 To surround with a wall, ditch, palisades, or other works, with a view to defend against the at- tacks of an enemy; to strengthen and secure by forts, batteries, and other works of art; as, to fortify a city, town. or harbor. 3. To strengthen against any attack ; as, to fortify the mind against any sudden calamity. 4. To confirm ; to add strength and firmness to; as, to fortify an opinion or resolution ; to fortyfy hope or desire. 5, To furnish with strength or means of resisting force, violence, or assault. FOR'TLEY, v.i. To raise strong places. Milton. FOR/TI-FY-ING, ppr. Making strong against attacks. Therefore. [See Forrrry.] The act FOR/TI-LAGE, x. A little fort; a blockhouse. [.Vot used ) Spenser. FORT/IN, n [I'r.] A little fort; a field Ort a Shak. sconce, FOR-TIS'SI MO, [It.] In music, a direction to sing with the utmost strength or loudness. FOR/TLTER IN RE, [{U.] Firmly in action or exe- cution. FOR/TLTUDE, n. [L. fortitudo, from fortis, strong. ] That strength or firmness of mind or soul which enables a person to encounter danger with coolness and courage, or to bear pain or adversity without murmuring, depression, or despondency- Fortitude is the basis or source of genuine courage or intrepid- ity in danger, of patience in suffering, of forbearance under injuries, and of magnanimity in all conditions of life. We sometimes confound the effect with the cause, and use fortitude as synonymous with COWES or patience ; but courae is an active virtue or VIC, and patience is the effect of fortitude. Fortitude is the guard and support of the other virtues. ( ‘LET, n. A little fort. See Mayatarene ntracted from. fowr- Locke. FORTNIGHT, (fort/nite,) ”. [Cor t J teen nights, our ancestors reckoning time by nights Shak. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; ee oa and winters; So, also, sevennights, sennight, a week. eh a ie ti| | FOR | lant. TZacitus. The space of fourteen days; two weeks. | FORT’NIGHT-LY, adv. | tervals of a fortnight. England. Sorte, strong. hold; a place of defense or security. that rock is a fortress. : 2. Defense ; safety ; security. The Lord is my rock and my fortress. —Ps. xviii. FOR/TRESS, v. t guard ; to fortify. — FOR/TRESS-ED, (for’trest,) a. tress ; protected ; secured. FOR-TU/I-TOUS, a. Shak. Spenser. See Fare. of a controlling agent. fact fortuitous. [See AccipEenTAL and CASUAL.] FOR-TU'L-TOUS-LY, adv. by chance. FOR-TU/I-TOUS-NESS, n. cidental ; accident ; chance. FOR-TU/L-TY, n. Accident. FOR!/TU-NATE, (foftt/yu-nate,) a. [L. fortunatus. See ForTUNE.] I. Coming by good luck or favorable chance ; bring- ing some unexpected guod; as, a fortunate event; a fortunate concurrence of circumstances ; a fortunate ticket in a lottery. 2. Lucky ; successful ; receiving some unforeseen or unexpected good, or some good which was not de- pendent on one’s own skill or efforts ; as, a fortunate adventurer in a lottery. I was most fortunate thus unexpectedly to meet my friend. 3. Successful ; happy ; prosperous ; receiving or en- joying some good in consequence of efforts, but where the event was uncertain, and not absolutely in one’s power. The brave man is usually fortunate. We say, a fortunate competitor for a fair lady, or for a crown. FOR'/TU-NATE-LY, adv. Luckily ; successfully ; hap- pily ; by good fortune, or favorable chance or issue. FOR/TU-NATE-NESS, n. Good luck ; success ; hap- piness. Sidney. FOR’TUNE, (fort/yun,) z. [Fr., from L. fortuna; Sp. and It. fortuna; Arm. fortun; from the root of Sax. faran, to go, or L. fero or porto. So in D. gcbeuren to happen, to fall, from the root of bear ; Zebeurtenis, an event. We find the same word in opportunus, (0b-portunus,) seasonable. The primary sense is an event, that which comes or befalls. So Fr. heureuz, from eure, hour, that is, time, season, and L. tem- pestivus. (See Hoor and Time.) The Russ. pora, time, season, is of this family, and fortune is Closely allied to it.] 1. Properly, chance ; accident ; luck; the arrival of something in a sudden or unexpected manner. Hence the heathens deified chance, and consecrated temples and altars to the goddess. Hence the mod- ern use of the word, for a power supposed to distrib- ute the lots of life according to her own humor. Though forlune’s malice overthrow my state, Shak, 2. The good or ill that befalls man. In you the fortune of Great Britain lies, Dryden, 3. Success, good or bad; event. Our equal crimes shall equal fortune give, Dryden. 4. The chance of life; means of living; wealth, His father dying, he was driven to London to seek his fortune, Swift. 5. Estate ; possessions ; as, a gentleman of small fortune, 6. A Jarge estate ; great wealth. This is often the Sense of the word standing alone or unqualified GSE a gentleman or lady of fortune. To the ladies we say, Beware of fortune-hunters. 7. The portion of aman or woman: 3 generally, of a woman. 8. Futurity ; future state or events ; destiny. The young are anxious to have their fortunes told. You, who men’s fortunes in their faces read, Cowley. FOR/TUNE, v. t. To make fortunate. [Wot used. ] i Chaucer. 2. To dispose, fortunately or not ; also, to presage, Obs. Dryden. FOR/TUNE, v. i. To befall ; to fall out; to happen ; to Come casually to pass. It fortuned the same night that a C the camp, secretly gave the wate FOR/TUNE-BOOK, 2. discover future events, hristian, serving a Turk In hmen warning. Knollea, A book to be consulted to Crashaw. : om ry T_T Non dierum numerum, ut nos, sed noctium compu-} FOR/TUN-ED, a. Once in a fortnight ; at in- FOR!TRESS, 2. [Fr. forteresse ; It. fortezza, from fort, I. Any fortified place; a fort; a castle; a strong- The English have a strong fortress on the rock of Gibraltar, or To furnish with fortresses; to Defended by a for- L. fortuitus, from the root of fors, forte, fortuna; I'r. fortuit; It. and Sp. fortuito. The primary sense is, to come, to fall, to happen. Accidental ; casual ; happening by chance ; coming or occurring unexpectedly, or without any known cause. We speak of fortuitous events, when they occur without our foreseeing or expecting them ; and of a fortuitous concourse of atoms, when we suppose the concourse not to result from the design and power But an event can not be in Accidentally ; casually ; The quality of being ac- FOR-WASTE’, v.t. To waste 3 to desolate. [Wot in non in Spenser. FOR-WEA/RY, v. t. To dispirit. [ot in use.] EF FOR Supplied by fortune. Shak. FOR/TUNE-HUNT'ER, 2x. enrich himself. FPOR/TUNE-HUNT'ING, n tune by marriage. FOR/TUNE-LESS, a, fortune or portion. FOR/TUNE-TELL, v. t. To tell, or pretend to tell, the future events of one’s life; to reveal futurity. Slak. FOR’TUNE-TELL/ER, n. One who tells, or pretends to foretell, the events of one’s life ; an impostor who deceives people, by pretending to a knowledge of fu- ture events. FOR!TUNE-TELL/ING, ppr. events of one’s life. FOR/TUNE-TELL/ING, n. The act or practice of foretelling the future fortune or events of one’s life, which is a punishable crime. FOR/TUN-IZE, v. t. To regulate the fortune of. [ Vot um use. | Spenser. FOR/TY, a. [Sax. Seowertig ; feower, four, and tig, ten. See Four.] 1. Four times ten. 2. An indefinite number ; and C, and forty more. FO'RUM, x. See pare) In Rome, a public place, where causes were juc icially tried, and ora- tions delivered to the people ; also, a market-place. Hence, 2. A tribunal; a court; any assembly empowered to hear and decide causes ; also, jurisdiction. FOR-WAN’DER, v. % To wander away; to rove wildly. [Not used.] Spenser. FOR/WARD, adv. [Sax. forweard ; for, fere, and weard, turned, L. versus ; directed to the fore part. ] Toward a part or place before or in frout ; onward ; progressively ; opposed to Backwarp. Go Sorward ; move forward. He ran backward and forward. In a ship, forward denotes toward the fore part. FOR’WARD, a. Near or at the fore part ; in advance of something else; as, the forward gun in a ship, or the forward ship in a fleet; the Jorward horse in a team. 2, Ready ; prompt ; strongly inclined. Only they would that we should rememt ber the poor; the same which 1 also was forward to do. —Gal. ii. Addison. Telling the future a colloquial use. A,B Swift. 3 3. Ardent; eager; earnest ; violent. Or lead the forward youth to noble war. Prior. 4. Bold ; confident; less reserved or modest than is proper; in an ill sense; as, the boy is too forward A man who seeks to marry a \woman with a large portion, with a view to - The seeking of a for- Luckless ; also, destitute of a FOS FOR/WORD, (wurd,) nz. [fore and word.| A promise. [Wot in use. | Spenser. FOR-ZAN'DO, (fort-san/do,) [It.] in music, directs that notes are to be boldly struck and continued, FOSSE, n. [Fr. fosse; Sp. fosa; L. and It. fossa; from Jossus, fodio, to dig. Class Bd.] ]. A ditch or moat; a word used in Sortification. 2. In anatomy, a kind of cavity in a bone, with a large aperture. Encyc. FOS'‘SIL, a. [Fr. fossile; Sp. fosil; It. fossile; L. fos- suis; from fodio, fossus, to dig.] Dug out of the earth; as, fossil coal 3 fossil salt. The term fossil is now appropriated to those organic substances which have become penctrated by earthy or metallic particles, and are found in rocks or the earth. ‘Thus we say, fossil shells, fossil bones, fossil wood. Cleaveland. FOS/SIL, 2. A substance dug from the earth. Fossil, among mineralogists and Zeologists, is now used to designate the petrified forms of plants and animals, which occur in the strata composing the surface of our globe. It is also sometimes used to denote simple and compound mineral bodies, such as earths, salts, bitumens, and metals. Pe Cyc. FOS’SIL-€0'PAL, n. Highgate resin 3; a resinous substance found in perforating the bed of blue clay at Highgate, near London. It appears to be a true vegetable gum or resin, partly changed by remaining in the earth. Cyc. Aikin. FOS-SIL-[F/ER-OUS, a. [L. fossilis and fero.] Containing fossil or organic remains 3 aS, fossilifer- ous rocks. FOS’SIL-IST, n. One who studies the nature and properties of fossils ; one who is versed in the sci- ence of fossils. Black, FOS-SIL-I-ZA/TION, n. The act or process of con- verting into a fossil or petrifaction. Journ. of Sci, FOS’/SIL-IZE, v. t. To convert into a fossil or petri- faction ; as, to fossilize bones or wood. Journ. of Sci. FOS/SIL-IZE, v. i. To become or be changed into a fossil or petrifaction. FOS/SIL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. petrifaction. FOS/SIL-IZ-ING, ppr. erifaction. FOS-SIL‘0O-GY, n. [fossil, and Gr. doyos, discourse. ] A discourse or treatise on fossils ; also, the science of fossils. FOS-SO’'RES, n. pl. [L., diggers.] In zodlogy,a group of insects which are organized for excavating cells in earth or wood, where they deposit their eggs, with the bodies of other insects, for the Support of the young when hatched. Converted into a fossil or Changing into a fossil or pet- for his years. ©. Advanced beyond the usual degree ; advanced for the season. ‘The grass or the grain is forward, or forward for the season; we have a Jorward spring. 6. Quick; hasty; too ready. Be not forward to Speak in public. Prudence directs that we be not too forward to believe current reports. 7. Anterior ; fore. Let us take the instant by the forward top. Shak, 8. Advanced ; not behindhand. Shak. FOR’/WARD, v. t. To advance ; to help onward ; to promote ; as, to forward a good design. 2. T’o accelerate; to quicken ; to hasten; as, to forward the growth of a plant ; to forward one in 1mprovement. 3. To send forward ; destination dispatches, FOR/WARD-ED, pp. Advanced ; promoted; aided in progress ; quickened ; sent onward ; transmitted. FOR’/WARD-ER, x. He that promotes, or advances in progress. 2. One who sends forw forwarding merchant, FOR’WARD-ING, ppr. or a. Advancing ; promoting ; aiding “u progress ; accelerating in growth; sending onward ; transmitting. FOR/WARD-ING, x. The act or employment of trans- mitting or sending forward merchandise and other property for others. FOR/WARD-LY, adv. Eagerly ; hastily ; quickly. ; Atterbury. FOR/WARD-NESS, n. Cheerful readiness ; prompt- ness. It expresses more than willingness. We ad- mire the forwardness of Christians in propagating the | 5 gospel. 2. Eagerness; ardor. It is sometimes difficult to restrain the forwardness of youth. to send toward the place of ; to transmit; as, to forward a letter or ard or transmits goods; a America. reserve or modesty. In France it is usual to bring children into company, and cher ish in them, from their infancy, a kind of forwardness and assurance. Addison. the forwardness of Spring or of corn. FATE a 476 FOR-WEEP,, ». i. » PAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE To weep much. Chaucer. ee FOS'TER, v. i. FOS/TER, n. FOS’TER-AGE, n. FOS’TER-BROFH/’E FOS’/TER-CHILD, n. FOS’/TER-DAM, n. FOS'TER-ED, pp. We Sry GY cs 7 3. Boldness ; confidence ; assurance ; want of due Ea EB ER FOS’TER-FA’FHER, n, FOS’/TER-ING, ppre 4. A state of advance beyond the usual degree ; as, | FOS/TRR-IN I, a FOS/TER-ING, n Spenser. FOS/TER-M ENT, zn. FOS’/TER-MOFH’ER, (-muth’er,) n, , MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WO FOS-SO’/RI-AL, a. Digging. FOS-SO’/RI-AL, x. An animal which digs into the earth for a retreat or lodge, and whose locomotive extremities are adapted for that purpose. FOSS/ROAD, ) n. A Roman military way in Bngland, FOSS’/WAY, § leading from Totnes, through Exe- ter, to Barton on the Humber; so called from the ditches on each side. Encyc. FOS’/SU-LATE, a. [l. fossa.) Having trenches, or depressions like trenches. FOS/TER, v. t. [Sax. fostrian, from foster, a nurse, or food ; Sw. and Dan. foster, a child, one fed; Dan. fostrer, to nurse. I suspect this word to be from food, quasi foodster, for this is the D. word voedster, a nurse, from voeden, to feed ; D. voedsterheer, a foster- father. 1. To feed ; to nourish; to support ; to bring up. Some say that ravens foster forlorn children. Shak. 2. To cherish; to forward; to promote growth. The genial warmth of spring fosters the plants. 3. ‘To cherish ; to encourage; to sustain and pro- mote ; as, to foster passion.or genius. i: To be nourished or trained up to- Spenser. A forester. Spenser, The charge of nursing. Ralegh. UR, (-bruth/er,) n. A male nursed at the same breast, or fed by the same nurse, but not the offspring of the same parents, gether. A child nursed by a woman not the mother, or bred by a man not the father. Addison. A nurse; one that performs the u \ nurse ; p office of a mother by giving food to a child. C p Dryden. "OS/TER-EARTH, (-erth,)z. Earth by which a plant 1S nourished, though not its native soil. Philips. Nourished ; cherished ; promoted. A nurse ; one that feeds and nour- ishes in the place of parents. Davies. One who takes the place of g and educating a child. Bacon. Nursing ; cherishing ; bringin a father in feedin r 5 up. That cherishes and encourages, IN The act of nursing, nourishing, and cherishing. 2. Nourishment. Chaucer. OS’/TER-LING, Ns B. Jonson. [Mot used. | A nurse. A foster-child, Food ; nourishment. % LF, BOOK. — I SY ee a ETO ——FOU FOS’TER-NURSE, n. Anuwse. [Tautological.] FOS’/TER-SIS’TER, nz. A female nursed by the same person. Swift. FOS/TER-SON, (-sun,) n. One fed and educated like a son, though not a son by birth. ryden. A female who feeds and cherishes ; a nurse. B. Jonson. FOERWER, n. [G. fuder, a tun or load; D. voeder; Sax. fother, food, fodder, and a mass of lead, from the sense of stuffing, crowding. See Foop.] A fodder ; a weight for lead, &c., of various mag- nitudes, but usually about 2400 lbs. [See Fopper.] FOFH/ER, v. t. [From stufling. See the preceding word. ] To endeavor to stop a leak in the bottom of a ship, while afloat, by letting down a sail under her bottom by its corners, and putting chopped yarn, oakum, wool, cotton, &c., between it and the ship’s sides. These substances are sometimes sucked into the cracks, and the leak stopped. Totten. FOFH/ER-ED, pp. Stopped, as a leak in the bottom of a ship. FOFH’/ER-ING, ppr. FOFH/ER-ING, xn. in a ship, as above. FOU-GADE!’,)n. [Fr. fougade; Sp. fogada; from L. FOU-GASS’, focus. | In the art of war, a little mine, charged with pow- der, and covered with stones or earth ; sometimes dug outside of the works, to defend them, and sometimes beneath, to destroy them by explosion. P. Cyc. FOUGHT, (fawt,) pret. and pp. of Fiaur. [See Frou. ] FOUGHT’EN, (fawt'n.) For Foueut. [Obs.] FOUL, a. [Sax. ful, faul; D. vuil; G. faul; Dan. fel. In Ch. with a prefix, >) nabail, to defile. The Syr. with a different prefix, \Q_) tafel, to defile. It co- incides in elements with full, and probably the pri- mary sense of both is, to put or throw on, or to stuff, to crowd. See the signification of the word in sea- men’s language. ] 1. Covered with or containing extraneous matter which is injurious, noxious, or offensive ; filthy ; dirty ; not clean; as, a foul cloth; foul hands; a foul chimney. FOS/TRESS, nz. Stopping leaks, as above. The operation of stopping leaks My face is foul with weeping. —Job xvi. 2, Turbid ; thick ; muddy; as, foul water; a foul stream. 3. Impure; polluted ; as, a foul mouth. Shak. 4. Impure ; scurrilous ; obscene or profane ; as, foul words ; foul language. 5. Cloudy and stormy ; rainy or tempestuous ; as, foul weather. 6. Impure ; defiling ; as, a foul disease. 7. Wicked ; detestable; abominable; as, a foul deed ; a foul spirit. Babylon — the hold of every foul spirit. — Rev. xviii. 8. Unfair; not honest; not lawful or according to established rules or customs ; as, foul play. 9. Hateful; ugly ; loathsome. Hast thou forgot The foul witch Sycorax? Shak. 10. Disgraceful; shameful; as, a foul defeat. Who first seduced them to that foul revolt? Milton. 11. Coarse; gross. They are all for rank and foul feeding. Felton. 12. Full of gross humors or impurities. You perceive the body of our kingdom, i Shak. How fowl it is. 13. Full of weeds; as, the garden is very foul. 14. Among seamen, entangled ; hindered from mo- tion ; opposed to clear; as, a rope is fowl. 15. Covered with weeds or barnacles ; as, the ship has a foul bottom. 16. Not fair; contrary; as, a foul wind. 17. Not favorable or safe for anchorage; danger- ous; as, a fowl road or bay. To fall foul, is to rush on with haste, rough force, and unseasonable violence. 9, To run against; as, the ship fell foul of her consort. [These latter phrases show that this word is allied to the Fr. fowler, Eng. full, the sense of which is to press. FOUL, v. t. [Sax. fulian, gefylan.] To make filthy; to defile; to daub; to dirty; to bemire ; to soil; as, to foul the clothes; to foul the face or hands. Ezek. xxxiv. 18. FOUL/DER, v. i. To emit great heat. [JVot used.] Spenser. FOUL/ED, (fowld,) pp. Defiled ; dirtied. FOUL/FAC-ED, (-faste,) a, Having an ugly or hate- ful visage. Shak. FOUL-FEED/ING, a. Gross; feeding grossly. Hall. FOUL/ING, ppr. Making foul; defiling. FOUL/LY, adv. Filthily; nastily; hatefully; scan- dalously ; disgracefully ; shamefully. FOUL/MOUFTH-ED, a. FOUL/NESS, n. FOU ( Using language scurmilous, opprobrious, obscene, or profane; uttering abuse, or profane or obscene words; accustomed to use bad language. So foulmouthed a witness never appeared in any cause. Addison, 4 The quality of being foul or filthy ; filthiness ; defilement. 2. The quality or state of containing or being cov- ered with any thing extraneous, which is noxious or offensive ; as, the foulness of a cellar, or of a well; F the foulness of a musket; the foulness of a ship’s bottom. 3. Pollution ; impurity. There is not so chaste a nation as this, nor so free from all pol- lution or foulness. Bacon 1o 4. Hatefulness ; atrociousness ; as, the foulness of a deed. 5. Ugliness ; deformity. The foulness of the infernal form to hide. Dryden, * 6. Unfairness ; dishonesty ; want of candor. Piety is opposed to hypocrisy and insincerity, and all falseness or Joulness of intentions. Hammond, FOUL/-SPOK/EN, a. Slanderous. Shak. 9. Using profane, scurrilous, or obscene language. FOU'MART, x. [Scot. foumarte. Qu. foulmartin. | The polecat. FOUND, pret. and pp. of Finp. Iam found by them that sought me not. —Is. Ixy. 2. Supplied with food or board, in addition to wages ; as, a laborer is hired at so much a day, and is found. FOUND, v. t. [L. fundo, fundare; Fr. fonder ; It. fon- dare; Sp. fundar; Ir. bun, stump, bottom, stock, ori- gin; bunadhu, bunait, foundation. If x is radical in -=- found, as I suppose, it seems to be the Ar. lis bana, Class Bn, No. 7.] 1. To lay the basis of any thing; to set, or place, as on something solid for support. It fell not, for it was founded on a rock. — Matt. vii. 9. To begin and build ; to lay the foundation, and raise a superstructure ; as, to found a city. 3. To set or place; to establish, as on something solid or durable ; as, to found a government on prin- ciples of liberty. 4. To begin to form or Jay the basis; as, to found a college ora library. Sometimes, to endow is equiv- alent to found. | 5. To give birth to; to originate; as, to found an art or a family. 6. Toset; to place; to establish on a basis. Chris- tianity is founded on the rock of ages; dominion is sometimes founded on conquest, sometimes on choice or voluntary consent. Power, founded on contract, can descend only to him who bas right by that contract. ocke, 7. To fix firmly. I had else been perfect, Whole as the marble, founded as the rock, Shak, FOUND, v.t. [L. fundo, fudi, fusum; Fr. fondre; Sp. fundir, or hundir; It. fondere. The elements are probably Fd; n. being adventitious. | To cast; to form by melting a metal, and pouring it into a mold. Milton. [This verb is seldom used, but the derivative foundery is in common use. For found we use cast. ] FOUN-DA/TION, x. [L. fundatio; Fr. fondation; from L. fundo. } 1. The basis of an edifice ; that part of a building or structure which rests on the ground; usually a wall of stone which supports the edifice. 2. The act of fixing the basis. Tickel. 3. The basis or groundwork of any thing; that on which any thing stands, and by which it is sup- ported. A free government has its foundation in the choice and consent of the people to be governed ; Christ is the foundation of the church. Behold, I lay, in Zion, fora foundation, a stone —a precious cor nerstone. — Is, xxviii. Other foundation can no man lay than that which is Jaid, which is Jesus Christ. —1 Cor. iii. 4. Original; rise ; as, the foundation of the world. 5. Endowment; a donation or legacy appropriated to support an institution, and constituting a perma-~ nent fund, usually for a charitable purpose. 6. Establishment ; settlement. FOUN-DA/TION-ER, n. One who derives support from the funds or foundation of a college or great school. Jackson. [Eng] FOUN-DA'TION-LESS, a. Having no foundation. ammond. FOUND’ED, pp. Set; fixed; established on a basis ; begun and built. FOUND/ER, n. One that founds, establishes, and FOUND’/ER-ED, pp. or a. FOUND/ER-OUS, a. FOUND’ER-Y, x. FOUNDI/ING, 2x. FOUND’LING, zn. FOUND/RESS, n. FOUND/RY, x. : : SOUNT Heb. Ch. 732 to build, that is, to set, found, erect. SOUNRIAIN > FOU any thing originates; as, the founder of a sect of philosophers ; the founder of a family or race. 3. One who endows; one who furnishes a perma- nent fund for the support of an institution; as, the founder of a college or hospital. 4, [Fr. fondeur.| A caster; one who casts metals in various forms; as, a founder of cannon, bells, hardware, printing-types, é&c. 5. Alameness occasioned by inflammation within the hoof of a horse. Buchanan. OUND’ER, v.i. [Fr. fondre, to melt, to fall.] 1. In seamen’s language, to fill or be filled with | water, and sink, as a ship. | 2. To fail; to miscarry. Shak. 3. To trip ; to fall. Chaucer. OUND/ER, v. t. ‘To cause internal inflammation and great soreness in the feet of a horse, so as to dis- able or Jame him. Encyc. Made Jame in the feet by inflammation and extreme tenderness, as a horse. 2, Sunk in the sea, as a ship. Failing ; liable to sink from be- Burke. neath ; ruinous; as, a founderous road. (Fr. fonderie. } 1. The art of casting metals into various forms for use ; the casting of statues. 2, The house and works occupied in casting met- als; as, a foundery of bells, of hollow ware, of can- non, of types, &c. The art of casting or forming of melted metal any article, according to a given design or pattern. [from found, find.] A deserted or exposed infant; a child found without a parent or owner. A hospital for such children is called a foundling hospital. A female founder; a woman who founds or establishes, or who endows with a fund. A building occupied for casting met- als. [See FounpDERY.] n. [L. fons; Fr. fontaine ; Sp. fuente; It. fonte, fontana; W. fynnon, a fountain or source ; fyniaw, fynu, to produce, to gen- erate, to abound ; fn, a source, breath, puff; fndt, produce. | 1, A spring, or source of water ; properly, a spring or issuing of water from the earth. This word ac- | cords in sense With well, in our mother tongue; but | we now distinguish them, applying fountain to a natural spring of water, and well to an artificial pit | of water, issuing from the interior of the earth. 2, A small basin of springing water. Taylor. 3. A jet; a spouting of water; an artificial spring. 4, The head or source of a river. Dryden. 5. Original ; first principle or cause ; the source of any thing. Almighty God, the fountain of all goodness. Common Prayer. Fount of types. See Fonrt. FOUNT’AIN-HEAD, (fount/in-hed,) n. Primary source ; original ; first principle. Young. FOUNT’ALN-LESS, a. Having no fountain; wanting a spring. A barren desert, fountainless and dry. FOUNT’AIN-TREB, n. In the Canary Isles, a tree which distils water from its leaves in sufficient abun- dance for the inhabitants near it. Encyc. FOUNT/FUL, a. Full of springs; as, fountful Ida. FOUR, a. [Sax. feower; G. vier; D. vier; Sw. fura; Dan. fire. I suspect this word to be contracted from Goth. jfidwor, W. pedgoar, Arm. pevar, peder, or petor, peoar, from which L, petoritum, petorritum, a carnage | with four wheels, petorrota.] Twice two; denoting the sum of two and two, FOURBE, (foorb,) . [Fr.] A tricking fellow; a | | Milton. cheat. [JVot En Ea Denham. FOUR!/-EDG-ED, a. Having four edges. Smith. FOUR/EFOLD, a. Four double; quadruple; four times told ; as, a fourfold division. He shall restore the lamb fourfold. —2 Sam. xii. FOUR/FOLD, n. Four times as much. FOUR/FOLD, ». t. To assess in a fourfold ratio. [Voe | authorized. | FOUR/FOLD-ING, n. Making four double; quad- rupling. Dwight. FOUR/FOOT-ED, a. Quadruped ; having four feet ; as the horse and the ox. FOUR/I-ER-ISM, n. The system of Charles Fourier, a Frenchman, who recommends the reorganization of society into small communities, living in com- mon. FOUR’/LER-ITE, n. One who-favors Fourierism. FOUR/RIER, x. [Fr.] A harbinger. [Vot Pret UuCK. FOUR/SEORE, a. [See Score.] Fourtimes twenty ; eighty. It is used elliptically for fourscore years ; as, a man of fourscore. : Temple. FOUR/SQUARE, a. Having four sides and four angles equal ; quadrangular. Ralegh. FOUR/TEEN, a. [four and ten; Sax. feowertyn. | Four and ten ; twice seven. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — I foully wronged him; do, forgive me, do. Gay. erects; one that lays a foundation; as, the founder 2. Unfeirly ; not honestly. of a temple or City. se FOUR/TEENTH, a. The ordinal of fourteen; the Thou play’dst most foully for it. Shak. 2. One who begins; an author; one from whom fourth after the tenth. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; ‘CH as in THIS. | se oe ee Tilew Se pa a ea ee a ae Sa aed | a ee . nn meee 5 ig ger ee Oe{ { logically, a young fowl or chicken, and may well be |} applied to the smaller species of fowls. { FOY FRA FRA FOUR/TEENTH, 2x. th. FOURTH, a. The ordinal of four; the next after the third. ; : : FOURTH, 2. In music, an interval composed of two tones and a semitone. This is called the perfect fourth. ‘Two whole tones and a semitone compose ‘the diminished fourth. ‘Three full tones compose a triton, or fourth redundant. P. Cyc. FOURTH'LY, adv. In the fourth place. _ FOUR/WHEEL-ED, a. Having or running on four sheels. FOU'TER, (foo'ter,) n. A despicable fellow. Brocket. FOU'TRA, nn. [Fr. Sine! A fig; a scoff. [Obs.] FOU'TY, n. pets fmtu. Jespicable. [ Shak. FO! VE-O-LA-TED, a. [Low L. foveola.] | Having little ieee or pits. | FO-VIL’LA, xn. [L. foveo. iH Ee \ caer imperceptible to the naked eye, emitted from the pollen of flowers. Martyn. || FOWL, x. [Sax. fugel, fugl; G. and D. vogel; Dan. fugl; Sw. fogel; from the root of the L. fugio, fugo, Gr. devya, and signifying the flying animal. | | | | | | t | { } { Smith, In music, the octave of the) FOY/SON. See Forson. FRA'CAS, n. [Fr.] An uproar; a noisy quarrel; a disturbance. FRA€T, v. t. Tobreak. [JVot used.} Shak. FRA€/TION, n. [L. fractio; Fr. faction? from L. Jrango, fractus, to break. [See Breax.] I. The act of breaking or state of being broken, especially by violence. urnet. 2. In arithmetic and algebra, a broken part of an integral or integer; any division of a whole number or unit, as 2, two fifths, } one fourth, which are called vulrar fractions. In these, the figure above the line is called the numerator, and the figure below the line the denominator. In decimal fractions, the denom- inator is a unit, or 1, with as many ciphers annexed as the numerator has places. They are commonly expressed by writing the numerator only with a point before it, by which it is separated from whole num- bers; thus .5, which denotes five tenths, zy or half of a unit ; .25, that is, -2.5., or a fourth part of a unit. FRA€/TION-AL, a. Belonging toa broken number: | | A flying or winged animal ; the generic name of certain animals that move through the air by the aid of wings. Fowls have two feet, are covered with feathers, and haye wings for flight. Bird is, etymo- But it has usurped the place of fowl, and is now colnmonly used as the generic term, though this is not in ac- cordance with its etymology. Fowl is used as a collective noun. fish and fovol. Let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the Jowl of the air. —Gen. i. We dined on But this use in America is not frequent. We gen- erally use the plural, fowls. The word is colloquially used for poultry, or rather, in a more limited sense, for barndoor fowls. FOWL, v.%. To catch or kill wild fowls for game or food, as by means of bird-lime, decoys, nets, and Snares, or by pursuing them with hawks, or by shooting. : FOWL'ER, nm. A sportsman who pursues wild fowls, or takes or kills them for food. FOWL/ING, ppr. Pursuing or taking wild fowls. POWLI!ING, n. The art or practice of catching or shooting fowls or birds; also, falconry. FOWLI'ING-PIECE, x. A light gun for shooting fowls or birds. FOX,n. [Sax. fox; G. fuchs; D. vos.] 1. An animal of the genus Vulpis, (Canis of Lin- heus,) with a straight tail, yellowish or straw-col- ored hair, and erect ears. This animal burrows in the earth, is remarkable for his cunning, and preys on lambs, geese, hens, or other small animals, A sly, cunning fellow. 3. In seamen’s language, a small strand of rope, made by twisting several rope-yarns together; used for seizings or mats. Totten. 4, Formerly, a cant expression for a sword. Shak. FOX,v.t To intoxicate ; to stupefy. [Vot used. ] oule. 2. To cover the feet of boots with new leather and new soles. America. FOX, v. i, To tur sour; applied to beer when it sours in fermenting, Smart. FOX’€ASE, x. The skin of a fox, [Wot used.] LI? Estrange. FOX/-CHASE, n. The pursuitef a fox with hounds. FOX/ED, (foxt,) pp. or a. Turned sour in fermenting, as beer. Booth. FOX'ER-Y,n. Behavior like that of a fox. [Wot in use, FOXE-VIL, m. A kind of disease in which the hair falls off. Dict. FOX’-GLOVE, 7, A handsome biennial plant, Digitalis Purpurea, whose leavesare used asa powerful medi- cine, both as a sedative and diuretic. FOX'HOUND, 7. A hound for chasing foxes. FOX’-HUNT, n. The chase or hunting of a fox. FOX'-HUNT-ER, 7. One who hunts or pursues foxes with hounds. SN -ING, n. The employment of hunting oxes, FOX’/-HUNT-ING, a. Pertaining to or engaged in the hunting of foxes. Hill, FOX/ISH, ) a. Resembling a fox in qualities; cun- POX'LIKE, ning. LOX’SHIP, 7. The character or qualities of a fox ; cunning. Shak. FOX’/TAIL, x. A species of grass, the Alopecurus. ae nm A trap, or a gin or suare, to catch Oxes. FOX/Y, a. Pertaining to foxes; wily. Laie used.) 2. An epithet applied to paintings, when the shad- reddish-brown color. Jocelyn. FOY, 7. [Fr. foi.] Faith. Not used. Spenser. OY, 2. eut. foey.] A feast given by one who is about to leave a place, Englands Jests. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METRE 478 Sa eee eS FRA€’TURE, ». t. FRA€/TUR-ED, (frakt/yurd,) pp. or a. FRA€’/TUR-ING, ppr. FRAG/ILE, (fraj/il,) a. FRAG/ILE-LY, adv. FRA-GIL/LTY, n. FRAG/MENT, xn. FRAG/MENT-A-RY, a. FRAG’MENT-ED, a. Chaucer. F f FRA/GRANCE, Dunglison. F Vailed in a cloud of fragrance. Milton, The goblet, crowned, Breathed aromatic Jragrances sround, Pope. FRA'GRANT, a. Sweet of smell ; odorous. Fragrant the fertile earth After soft showers, Milton. FRA'GRANT-LY, adv. ows and lower tones have too much of a yellowish, | F comprising a part or the parts of a unit ; as, fractional nunibers. FRA€’TIOUS, (frak/shus,) a. Apt to break out into a passion ; apt to quarrel; cross; snappish; as, a ractious man. FRA€’TIOUS-LY, ado. Passionately ; snappishly. FRA€/TIOUS-NESS, n. A cross or snappish temper. FRA€/TURE, (trakt/yur,) n. [L. fractura. See Break. ] I. A breach in any body, especially a breack caused by violence; a rupture of a solid body. 2. In surgery, the rupture or disruption of a bone. A fracture is simple or compound; stmple, When the bone only is divided ; compound, when the bone is broken, with a laceration of the integuments, 3. In mineralogy, the manner in which a mineral breaks, and by which its texture is displayed ; as, a compact fracture; a fibrous Fracture ; foliated, striated, or conchoidal fracture, &c. Ur AN To break; to burst asunder ; to crack ; to separate continuous parts ; as, to fracture a bone; to fracture the skull. iseman. Broken ; cracked. Breaking ; bursting asunder ; cracking. [L. fragilis, from frango, to break. ] 1. Brittle ; easily broken. The stalk of ivy is tough, and not fragile, 2. Weak; liable to fail ; fragile arms, Bacon, easily destroyed ; as, Milton. So as to be easily broken. Brittleness ; easiness to be broken. 2. Weak in mind or resolution ; liable to error or deception. Man is frail and prone to evil. Taylor. 3. Weak; easily broken or overset; as, a frail FRAIL, x. [Norm. Srale.| { bark. 1. A basket made of rushes, used chiefly for con- taining figs and raisins. 2. A rush for weaving baskets. Johnson, 3. A certain quantity of raisins, about 75 pounds. FRAIL/LY, adv, Weakly ; infirmly, [Encye. FRAIL/NESS, n. Weakness ; infirmity ; as, the frail- ness of the body. FRAIL/TY, n. Weakness of resolution ; infirmity ; Jiableness to be deceived or seduced God knows our frailty, and pities our wealmess. 2. Frailness ; infirmity of body. 3. Fault proceeding from weakness ; foible ; sin of infirmity. [In this sense, it has a plural, | FRAIS! CHEUR, (fra/shur,) n. [I'r-] Freshness ; cool- ness. [JVot English.] Dryden. FRAISE, n. [Fr., from It. fregio, omament, frieze. ] 1. In fortification, a defense consisting of pointed stakes driven into the ramparts, in a horrzontal or jn- clined position. enc. 2. A pancake with bacon in it, [Obs.] Johnson. FRAIS/ED, a. Fortified with fraise. FRAM/A-BLE, a, That may be framed. FRAME, v. t. [Sax. fremman, to frame, to effect or perform; Arm. framma, to join; D. raam, a frame, G. rahm, a frame and cream; Dan. rame; Sw. ram ; Russ. rama, Qu. Class Rm, No. 6. In Russ. rama is a frame, and ramo, the shoulder, L. armus, Eng, arm. } 1. To fit or prepare and unite several parts ina regular structure or entire thing ; to fabricate by or- derly construction and union of various parts ; as, to Srame,a house or other building. 2. To fit one thing to another ; toadjust ; to make suitable. Abbot. 3. To make ; to compose ; as, to frame a law. For thou art framed of the firm truth of valor, Shak, 4. To regulate ; to adjust; to shape ; to conform ; as, to frame our lives according to the rules of the gospel. o. To form and digest by thought; as, to frame ideas in the mind. Locke. How many excellent reasonings are Sramed in the mind of a man of wisdom and study in a length of years! Watts. 6. To contrive ; to plan; to devise ; as, to frame a project or design. 7. To invent ; to fabricate ; in a bad Sense; as, to frame a story or lie, : FRAME, v.27. Tocontrive. Judges xii. 6. FRAME, The timbers of an edifice fitted and joined in the form proposed, for the purpose of sup- porting the covering ; as, the frame of a house, barn, Bacon. 2. Weakness ; liableness to fail. Knolles. 3. Frailty ; liableness to fault. Wotton. [L. fragmentum, from JSrango, to break. ] 1. A part broken off; a piece separated from any thing by breaking. Gather up the fragments that remain, that nothing be lost. — John vi. 2. A part separated from the rest; an imperfect part; as, fragments of ancient writin gS. 3. A small, detached portion ; as, fragments of time. Franklin. Composed of fragments. Donne. Broken into fragments. RA/GOR,n. [L. See Breax.] A loud and sudden sound; the report of any thing bursting; a loud, harsh sound ; a crash. 2. A strong or sweet scent. [ Obs. m ([L. fragrantia, from Sfragro, to _- RA/GRAN-CY, Z smell strong, Ar, zo) ariga, to emit or diffuse odor. The Arabic is without a prefix, and the word belongs probably to the great family of reach, stretch. | Sweetness of smell; that quality of bodies which affects the olfactory nerves with an agreeable sensa- tion; pleasing sceut ; grateful odor. Eye separate he sples, With sweet scent. Mortimer. RAIL, a. [Supposed to be from Fr. Sréle, It. frale. u. L. fragilis, or from a different root. } 1. Weak; infirm ; liable to fail and decay ; subject to casualties ; easily destroyed 3 perishable ; not firm or durable. FRAM’ED, pp. or a. FRAM’ER, n FRAMBE/-WORK, (-wurk,) n. The same as Fr FRAM/ING, ppr. FRAM/ING, n. FRAM/POLD, a. FRANE, n. bridge, or ship. 2. Any fabric or structure composed of parts uni- ted ; as, the frame of an ox or horse. So we say, the Jrame of the heavenly arch; the frame of the world. Hooker. Tillotson. 3. Any kind of case or structure made for admit- ting, inclosing, or supporting things; as, the frame of a window, door, picture, or looking-glass. 4. Among printers, a stand to support the cases in which the types are distributed, ©. Among founders, a kind of ledge, inclosing a board, which, being filled with wet Sand, serves as a mold for castings. L t Encye. 6. A sort of loom on which linen, silk, &c., is stretched, for quilting and embroidering, Encye. 7. Order; regularity ; adjusted series or composi- tion of parts. We say, a person is out of frame; the mind is not in a good frame. Your steady soul preserves her frame. Swift. 8. Form; Scheme 3 Structure ; constitution ; sys- tem; as, a frame of government, 9. Contrivance ; projection. John the bastard, Whose spirits toil in frame of vill uinies, Shak, 10. Particular state, as of the mind. Il, Shape ; form; proportion. Hudibras. Lace-frame ; a frame or machine for making lace Stocking-frame; a loom or machine for making stockings, with silk, Woolen, or cotton thread. Fitted and united in due form ; made; composed ; devised ; adjusted. - One who frames; a maker ; a con- . triver. AME ; that which supports or incloses any thing else. Fitting and joining in due construc- tion ; making ; fabricating ; composing ; adjusting ; inventing ; contriving. The act of constructing a frame ; the frame thus constructed. Peevish ; cross ; vexatious. [ Low, hak. A silver coin, of France, of the value of and not in use. | That I may know how frail I am. — Ps. xxxix, » PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, - eee eighteen cents and six mills, as established by a law of Congress in 1846,FRE FRAUD/FUL-LY, aav. Deceitfully; with intention i to deceive and gain an undue advantage ; trickishly ; li Fae treacherously ; by stratagem. 2 eae FRAUD/LESS, a. Free from fraud. FRAUD/LESS-LY, adv. Ina fraudless manner. FRAUD/LESS-NESS, n. State of being fraudless. FRAUD/U-LENCE, }n. Deceitfulness; trickishness FRAUD/U-LEN-CY, in making bargains, or in so- cial concerns. Hooker. FRAUD/U-LENT, a. Deceitful in making contracts ; trickisa ; applied to persons. FRA FRANK/-HEART’ED-NESS, n. The state of haying a frank heart. FRANK-IN’/CENSE or FRANK/IN-CENSE, n. [frank and incense.] A dry, resinous substance, in pieces or drops, of a pale yellowish white color, of a bitterish, acrid taste, and very inflammable, used as a perfume. Hill. Encyc. FRANK/ING, ppr. ora. Exempting from postage. FRANK/ING, n. The act of exempting from postage. FRANI/ISH, a. Relating tothe Franks. Verstegan. FRANK!-LAW, n. Free, or common law, or the ben- FRA FRAN/CHISE, (fran/chiz,) n. [Fr., from frane, free ; It. franchezza ; Sp. and Port. franqueza, See Franx.] Properly, liberty ; freedom. Hence, 1. A particudar privilege or right granted by a prince or sovereign to an individual, or to a number of per- sons; as, the right to be a body corporate with per- petual succession ; the right to hold a court leet, or other court; to have waifs, wrecks, treasure-trove, or forfeitures. So the right to vote for governors, senators, and representatives, is a franchise belong- ing to citizens, and not enjoyed by aliens. The right to establish a bank is a franchise. ‘ efit a person has by it. Encyc. 2. Containing fraud ; founded on fraud ; proceed- 2, Exemption from a burden or duty to which FRANK/LIN, n. An English freeholder. [Obs.] ing from fraud ; as, a fraudulent bargain. Spenser. 3. Deceitful ; treacherous; obtained or performed others are subject. 3. The district or jurisdiction to which a particular privilege extends; the limits of an immunity. Spenser 4. An asylum or sanctuary, where persons are se- cure from arrest. Churches and monasteries in Spain are franchises for criminals. Encyc. To make free; but ENFRANCHISE Shak. by artifice. Milton. FRAUD/U-LENT-LY, adv. By fraud; by deceit; by artifice or imposition. FRAUGHT, (frawt,) a. frast ; Sw. fracht. FREIGHT, which see.] 1. Laden; loaded; charged; as, a vessel richly fraught with goods from India. [ This sense is used in poetry; but im common business PREIGHTED only is used. 9, Filled; stored; full; as, a scheme fraught with FRANK’LIN-ITE, 2. A mineral compound of iron, zinc, and manganese, found in New Jersey, and named from Dr, Franklin. Cleaveland. FRANK’LY, adv. Openly ; freely ; ingenuously ; with- out reserve, constraint, or disguise; as, to confess one’s faults frankly. 9. Liberally ; freely; readily. Zwuke vii. FRANK’-MAR/RIAGE, n. A tenure in tail special ; or an estate of inheritance given to a person, together with a wife, and descendible to the heirs of their two Blackstone. [D. vragt; G. fracht ; Dan. A different orthography of FRAN/CHISE, v. t. is more generally used, *RAN/CHIS-ED, (fran/chizd,) pp. Made-free. FRAN/CHISE-MENT, (fran/chiz-ment,) . Release | _,Podies begotten. 2. F a from burden or Depa 2 eedbni’ >) Spenser. FRANK’/NESS, 7. Plainness of speech; candor; free-| mischief; the Scriptures are fraught with excellent ; oa FRAN/CHIS-ING, ppr Wialcinertres dom in communication ; openness ; iIngenuousness. precepts. Hooker. 2 4 ANASAN i L > ca € £ . x os =e . = 1 i ; S s g i ' : ERAN/CIE, a. Pertaining to the Franks or French Bewe nen UR A aa Ee ik FRAUGHT, x. A freight ; a cargo. [Not Se Pati “RAN-CIS/EAN, a. Belonging to the order 0 ; a ey 3 as, so : : Francis. : re y ness of dealing. FRAUGHT, v.t. To load; to fill; tocrowd. [Obs.] 8 FRAN-CIS’GAN, x. A monk of the order of St. Fran- 3. Liberality ; bounteousness. [ Little used. | d Shak. 1 ae) | att, Orne ; FRANK/PLEDGE, (-plej,) ». A pledge or surety for| FRAUGHT/AGE, n. Loading; cargo. [Wot used. ] “if Shak. cis, founded in 1209. They are called also Gray Firi- ars and Friars Minor. FRAN/€0-LIN, zn. A species of partridge, European and Asiatic ; the Perdix francolinus. FRAN-GLBIL/L-TY, n. The state or quality of being frangible. FRAN’GI-BLE, a. [from L. frango, to break.] That may be broken ; brittle ; fragile; easily bro- ken Boyle. the good behavior of freemen. Anciently, in England, a number of neighbors who were bound for each other’s good behavior. Encyc. FRANK!-TEN/E-MENT, n. An estate of freehold ; the possession of the soil by a freeman. Blackstone. FRAN/TI€, a. [L. phreneticus; Gr. ppevnrixos, from doevirts, delirium or raving, from ¢p7v, mind, the radical sense of which is, to rush, to drive forward. So animus signifies mind, soul, courage, spirit; and FRAY, x. [Fr. fracas, It. fracasso, a great crash, havoc, ruin ; Fr. fracasser, It. fracassare, to break ; colnci- ding with L. fractura, from frango. Under AFFRAY, this is referred to Fr. effraver, to fright, but incorrect- ly, Unless Fricur is from the same root. In the sense of rubbing, fretting, this is from the L. frico, Sp. fregar. But break, fright, and frico, all have the same radicals. ] FRAN GEPANE, n. [Fr.] A species of pastry, con- taining cream and almonds; also, a perfume. Smart. FRAN/ION, (fran’/yun,) x. A paramour, or a boon may be from the same root or family; for free in Saxon is frigan, coinciding in elements with break, and the nasal sound of g would give frank. The French franchir gives the sense of breaking owt or over limits. 1, Open; ingenuous ; candid ; free in uttering real sentiments ; not reserved ; using no disguise. Young persons are usually frank; old persons are more re- served, 2, Open; ingenuous; as, a frank disposition or heart. 3. Liberal ; generous; not niggardly. [ This sense is now rare. | 4. Free ; without conditions or compensation ; as, a frank gift. 5. Licentious; unrestrained. [Wot used. | Spenser. FRANK, n. An ancient coin of France. The value of the gold franc was something more than that of the gold crown. The silver franc was in value a third of the gold one. ‘The gold coin is no longer in circulation. The present frank (commonly written franc) is a silver coin of the value nearly of nineteen cents, or ten pence sterling. 9, A letter which is exempted from postage ; or the writing which renders it free. 3. A sty for swine. [.Vot used. Shak. FRANK, x. A name given by the Turks, Greeks, and Arabs, to any of the inhabitants of the western parts of Europe, English, French, Italians, &c. 2, An individual belonging to a powerful German tribe, called the Franks, who conquered France. FRANK, v. t. To exempt, as a letter from the charge of postage. 2. To shut up in a sty or frank. [Wot used.] Shak. 3. To feed high; to cram; to fatten. [Vot used.] FRANK-AL-MOIGNE’, (frank-al-moin’,) n. [ frank, and Norm. almoignes, alms. ] Free alms; in English law, a tenure by which a religious corporation holds lands to them and their successors forever, on condition of praying for the soul of the donor. Blackstone. Bacon. are prohibited to cut down any wood, &c., out of the view of the forester, Covel. Free-chase, is the liberty of keeping beasts of chase or royal game therein, protected even from the owner of the land himself, with a power of hunting them thereon. Blackstone. FRANK/ED, (frankt,) pp. or a. Exempted from post- age. FRANK/-FEB, n. Freehold ; a holding of lands in fee- j Encyc. anima signifies soul, wind, breath. ] 1. Mad; raving; furious; outrageous ; wild and disorderly ; distracted ; as, a frantic person ; frantic FRAN/TI€E-NESS, n. traction. FRAP, v. t. In seamen’s language, to draw together, by ropes crossing each other, With a view to secure and strengthen ; as, to frap a tackle or vessel. Totten. FRAP/PED, (frapt,) pp. Crossed and drawn together. FRAP/PING, ppr. Crossing and drawing together. FRA-TER/NAL, a. [Fr. fraternel; L. fraternus, from frater, brother. } Brotherly ; pertaining to brethren ; becoming broth- ers; as, fraternal love or affection; a fraternal em- brace. FRA-TER!NAL-LY, adv. In a brotherly manner. FRA-TER/NI-TY, x. [L. fraternitas.] 1, The state or quality of a brother ; brotherhood. 9. A body of men associated for their common in- terest, business, or pleasure ; a company ; a brother- hood; a society ; as, the fraternity of monks. 3, Men of the same class, profession, occupation, or character. With what terms of respect knaves and sots will speak of their own fraternity. South. FRAT-ER-NI-ZA/TION, n. The act of associating and holding fellowship as brethren. urke. FRA-TER/NIZE, v. i. To associate or hold fellowship as brothers, or as men of like occupation or charac- ter. FRAT/ER-NIZ-ER, 7. FRAT/RIL-CI-DAL, a. FRAT/RI-CIDE, x. and cedo, to kill.) 1. The crime of murdering a brother. 9. One who murders or kills a brother. Z. Addison. FRAUD, n. [L. fraus; Fr. Sp. It. and Port. fraude. This agrees in elements with Sax. bred, bred, fraud, which is contracted from bregden, fraud, guile, dis- guise ; and breg coincides with brigue. But I know not that these words are connected with the Latin fraus.] Deceit ; Madness; fury of passion ; dis- One who fraternizes. Burke. Pertaining to fratricide. [L. fratricidium ; frater, brother, deception ; trick; artifice by which the tempt to gain, or the obtaining of, an advantage over another by imposition or immoral means, particularly deception in contracts, or bargain and sale, either by stating falsehoods or suppressing truth. If success ajlover’s toil attends, Who asks if force or fraud obtained his ends ? FRAUD/FUL, a. Deceitful in making bargains ; trick- ish; treacherous; applied to persons. Shak. Pope. 1. A broil, quarrel, or violent riot, that puts men in fear. [This ts the vulgar sense seems to refer the word to Fr. effrayer.] word for Arrray, and the ———— companion. [Vor used. Spenser. Rehnaa ares . ‘ ; x : J ec rief. 2, A combat; a battle; also, a single combat or FRANK, a. a anc; It. and Sp. franco; G. frank;| ™ ith fear or gric f : : ae Dal; atthe 5 also, 8 ‘ Zs er , andepe 3 4 dean 9, Characterized by violence, fury, and disorder ; duel. : Pope. rr. noisy ; mad ; wild ; irregular; as, the frantic rites of 3. A contest ; contention. Milton. , 4, Arub; a fret or chafe in cloth; a place injured FRAY, v.t. [Fr. frayer, L. frico, to rub.] 1.°To rub ; to fret, as cloth by: wearing. 9, To rub; as, a deer frays his head. Frightened ; rubbed; worn. Frightening ; terrifying ; rubbing. Peel of a deer’s horn. FRAY/ED, pp. FRAY’‘ING, ppr. FRAY/ING, zn. FREAK, x. [Ice. freka. petulant ; Dan. frek, id. English word does not accord perfectly with the Ger. Dan. and Scot. But it break, denoting a sudden start. } 1. Literally, a sudden Hence, 2. Asudden causeless a whim or fancy ; a capricious prank. She is restless and peevish, swntly change her habit FREAK, v.t. [from the to break; W. bryc, Ir. breac, speckled, parti-colored ; like pard, from the Heb. 145, to divide. } To variegate ; to chec Freaked with many & FREAK’ED, (freekt,) pp. FREAK/ISH, a. whimsical ; capricious. FREAK/ISH-LY, adv. FREAK/ISH-NESS, 2. ness. FRECK’LE, (frek’l,) n. W. bryc, freckle ; from breaking, it has been corrupted face or neck. FRECK/LED-NESS, 7. full of freckles. FRECK’LY, «. 2. Containing fraud or deceit ; applied to things. simple. Y FRANK/-HEART’ED, a. Having a frink disposition. TONE, BUI L, UNITE. — Dryden. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as spots. J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. change of mind, without cause. Ir. breac, spotted, freckled ; W. brycu, to Sw. flack, Dan. flek, a spot ; which is not probable. } 1. A spot, of a yellowish color, in the skin, partic- ularly on the face, neck, and hands. be natural, or produced by the action of the sun on the skin, or from the jaundice. FRECK/LED, (frek’Id,) a. a ema yellowish spots on the skin or surface 5 as, a freckled 2. Spotted; as, a freckled cowslip- FRECK/LE-FAC’ED, (frek/I-faste Full of freckles ; sprinkled with D. vrank. Qu. Ar. Ey faraga, to free. Class Br,}| Bacchus. FRAN’TI€-LY, ) adv. Madly; distractedly ; out-| _ by rubbing. atler. No. 36, or Class Brg, No. 5, 6,7, 8. Free and frank FRAN/TI€-AL-LY, § _rageously. FRAY, v.t. To fright; to terrify. [ Obs.] Spenser. Bacon B. Jonson. Qu. G. frech, bold, saucy, ; Scot. frack, active. The is probably from the root of starting or change of place. change or turn of the mind; and sometimes in a freak will in- ation. Spectator. same root as the preceding, ker. mingled hue. Thomson. Variegated ; checkered. Apt to change the mind suddenly ; It may be a question, whether the wife or the woman was the more freakish of the two. L *Estrange. Capriciously; with sudden Capriciousness ; whimsical- [from the same root as Freak ; unless by a change of letters from G. fleck, D. vlak, or vlek, Freckles may Spotted; having small, Shak. The state of being freckled. ,) a. Having 8 face Beaum. oe 479 nore er ee r ANK/_GHASE j <} a a . . +s FRANK CHASE,z. A liberty of free chase, whereby | yisht or interest of another is injured ; a stratagem o : sidecloratl Evelyn persons having lands within the compass of the same intended to obtain some undue advantage; an at- 9. Any small spot or discoloration, == vey Seen ¢ a a | FRECK’LE, v. t. or v. 7. To give or acquire feces: ; mart. f St eee eeseis = “Ekg FRE FRED; Sax. frith, Dan_ fred, Sw. frid, G. friede, D rich in peace; Winfred, victorious peace. cestors called a sanctuary fredstole, a seat of peace. FREE, a. --—=— Ch. p 5, Syr. Oj}2, Sam. PQA, Ar. 5 Saraka, to break, to separate, to divide, to free, to redeem, &c. See Frank. : 1. Being at liberty; not being under necessity or restraint, phy.sical or moral; a word of general ap- plication to the body, the will or mind, and to corpo- ratios. 2. In government, not enslaved; not in a state of vassalage or dependence ; Subject only to fixed laws, made by consent, and to a regular administration of such laws ; not subject to the arbitrary will of a sov- ereign or lord; as, a free state, nation, or people. 3. Instituted by a free people, or by consent or choice of those who are to be subjects, and secur- ing private rights and privileges by fixed laws and principles; not arbitrary or despotic ; as, a free con- stitution or government. There can be no free government without a democratical branch in the constitution, J. Adams. 4. Not imprisoned, confined, or under arrest ; as, the prisoner is set free. 5. Unconstrained ; unrestrained ; not under com- pulsion or control. A man is free to pursue his own choice ; he enjoys free will. 6. Not chemically combined with any other body ; at liberty to escape; as, free carbonic acid gas. 7. Permitted ; allowed ; open; not appropriated ; as, places of honor and confidence are free to all; Wwe seldom hear of a commerce perfectly free. 8. Not obstructed ; as, the water has a Sree pas- sage or channel ; the house is open toa free current of air. 9. Licentious ; unrestrained. The reviewer is very free in his censures. 10. Open ; candid ; frank ; ingenuous > unreserved ; as, we had a free conversation together. Will you be free and candid to your friend ? Otway. 11, Liberal in expenses ; not parsimonious ; as, a free purse ; a man is free to give to aJJ useful institu- tions. 12. Gratuitous; not gained by importunity or pur- chase. He made him a free offer of his Services. It is a free gift. The salvation of men is of Sree grace. 13. Clear of crime or offense ; guiltless; innocent. . | FREE-CHAP/EL, 7. vreede, peace ; as in Frederic, dominion of peace, or Our an- (Sax. frig, freoh, free; frigan, freoan, to FR EE CID" Y, free; G. frei; D. wry; Dan. fri; Sw. fri; all con- | FREEB/-TOWN, tracted from frig, which corresponds with Heb. and FRE ordinary. ject to found such a chapel. Cowel. duced to four, viz., Frankfort, Hamburgh, Lubeck, and Bremen ; to which was also added Cracow in Poland. Encyc. Am. FREE/-€OST, n. Without expense; freedom from charges. South. FREED, pp. or a. Set at liberty ; loosed ; delivered rom restraint; cleared of hinderance or obstruc- tion. FREE-DEN’I-ZEN, 7. A citizen. Jackson. FREE-DEN’I-ZEN, (-den‘i-zn,) v. t. To make free. Bp. Hall. FREED’MAN, 7. Aman who has been a slave and is mManumitted. FREE’DOM, nxn. A state of exemption from the power ~ or control of another ; liberty ; exemption from slav- ery, servitude, or confinement. F¥reedom is personal, civil, political, and religious. [See Liserry. |] 2. Particular privileges ; franchise ; immunity ; as, the freedom of a city. 3. Power of enjoying franchises. Swift. 4. Exemption from fate, necessity, or any constraint in consequence of predetermination or otherwise ; as, the freedom of the will. o. Any exemption from constraint or control. 6. Ease or facility of doing any thing. He speaks or acts with freedom. 7. Frankness; boldness. ence with freedom. 8. License ; improper familiarity ; violation of the rules of decorum ; with a plural. Beware of what are called innocent freedoms. FREE-FISH/ER-Y,n. A royal franchise or exclusive privilege of fishing in a public river. L FREE’-FOOT-ED, a. Not restrained in marching. [Not used. Shak, FREE/-HEART/ED, (-hirt/ed,) a. [See Heart.] Open; frank ; unreserved. 2. Liberal; charitable; generous. FREE/-HEART’/ED-LY, ado. Unreservedly; liber- He addressed his audi- Encyc. ally. FREE/-HEART/ED-NESS, n. Frankness ; openness of heart; liberality. Burnet. FREE/HOLD, x. That land or tenement which is held in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for term of life. It is of two kinds; In deed, and in law. 'Bhe first is the real possession of such land or tenement ; the last is My hands are guilty, but my heart is free. Dryden, 14. Not having feeling or suffering ; clear ; exempt; with from; as, free from pain or disease ; free from remorse. 15. Not encumbered with 3 as, free from a burden, 16. Open to all, without restriction or without ex. pense; as, a free school. 17. Invested with franchises ; enjoying certain immunities ; with of; as, a man free of the city of London. 18. Possessing without vassalage or slavish condi- tions ; as, free of his farm. Driden. 19. Liberated from the government or control of parents, or of a guardian or master. A son, or an apprentice, when of age, is free. 20. Ready ; eager; not dull ; acting without spur- ring or whipping ; as, a free horse. 21. Genteel ; charming. [WVvt in use.| Chaucer. FREE, v. t To remove from a thing any encum- brance or obstruction; to disengage from; to rid ; to strip; to clear; as, to free the body from clothes ; to free the feet from fetters ; to free a channel from sand, 2. 'To set at liberty ; to rescue or release from slay- ery, Captivity, or confinement ; to loose ; the prisoner is freed from arrest. 3. To disentangle ; to disengage. 4, To exempt. He that is dead is freed from sin. — Rom. vi. 5. To manumit; to rélease from bondage ; as, to Sree a slave. 6. To clear from water, as a ship, by pumping. 7. To release from obligation or duty, To free from, or free of, is to rid of, by removing in any manner. FREE-A/GEN-CY, n. The state of acting Without necessity or constraint of the will. FREE-BENCH’, 7. A widow’s dower in a copyhold Blackstone. oe n. [D. vrybuiter ; G. freibeuter, See ooTy. One who wanders about for plunder; a robber; a lager ; a plunderer. Bacon, FREE/BOOT-ING, n. Robbery ; plunder; a pillaging. penser. FREE/BORN, a. freely, or LEE’B Born free ; not in vassalage ; inher- iting liberty. 4&0 FREE/HOLD-ER, n. FREE/ING, ppr. FREE/LY, FREE/-LIV-ER FREE/-LIV-I FREE/MAN, n. FREE/-M& R-TIN, rn W FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METER, PREY.— PINE the right a man has to such land or tenement, before In England, a chapel founded | by the king, and not subject to the jurisdiction of the } The king may also grant license to a sub- n. A name given to certain cities, principally of Germany, which were really small republics, directly connected with the German empire ; and hence often called imperial cities. They were once numerous, but are now re- FRE male, the latter is most generally (but not invariably) barren ; and, on dissection, will be found to have some of the organs of each sex, but neither perfect. Such an animal is called, by the English, a free~mar- tin, and was called, by the Greeks and Romans, Tavoed, taura. FREE!MA-SON, n. One of an ancient and secret as- sociation or fraternity, said to have been at first com- posed of masons or builders in stone, but now con- sisting of persons who are united for social enjoy- ment and mutual assistance. FREE/MA-SON-RY, (-ma-sn-ry,) ». That which be- longs to the fraternity of freemasons. FREE/-MIND-ED, a. Not perplexed ; free from care. Bacon. FREE/NESS, n. The state or quality of being free, unconstrained, unconfined, unincumbered, or unob- structed. 2. Openness ; unreservedness ; frankness ; ingen- uousness ; candor; as, the freeness of a confession. 3. Liberality ; generosity ; as, freeness in giving. Spratt. 4. Gratuitousness ; as, the freeness of divine grace. FREE/-PORT, n. A name given to certain ports on the continent of Europe, as Genoa, Leghorn, &c., where ships of all nations may load and unload free of duty ; but if the articles imported are car- ried into the adjoining country, they pay the ordinary duties at the gates or barriers, Dict. de VAcad. In the West Indies, a Sree-port is one where goods of all kinds may be landed from foreign ships, on payment of the ordinary duties. FREE/-S€HOOL, n. A school supported by funds, &c., in which pupils are taught without paying for tuition. 2. A school open to admit pupils without restric- tion. FREE/-SPOK-EN, a. Accustomed to speak without reserve. acon. FREE/-STATES, n. pl. Those states of the Union in which slavery has been abolished by law. FREE/STONE, n. Any species of stone composed of sand or grit, so called because it is easily cut or wrought. FREE’THINK-ER, x. A softer name for a deist ; an unbeliever ; one who discards revelation. FREE'THINK-ING, n. Undue boldness of specula- tion ; unbelief. Berkeley. FREE/THINK-ING, a. Noting undue boldness of speculation ; skeptical. FREE!-TONGUED, (-tungd,) a. Speaking without reserve. Bp. Hall, FREE-WAR/REN, 7. A royal franchise or exclusive right of killing beasts and fowls of warren withm certain limits. Encye. FREE-WILL’, n. The power of directing our own his entry or seizure. Freehold is also extend holds in fee or for life. to villenage. Eng. Law. ed to such offices as a man It is also taken in opposition Encye. In the United States, a freehold is an estate which a man holds in his own right, subject to no superior, nor to conditions. One who owns an estate in fee- simple, fee-tail, or for life ; the possessor of a free- hold. Delivering from restraint ; releasing from confinement ; removing encumbrances or hin- derances from any thing ; Clearing. adv. At liberty ; without vassalage, slay- ery, or dependence. 2. Without restraint, constraint, or compulsion ; voluntarily. To render a moral agent accountable, he must act Freely. 3. Plentifully ; in abundance ; as, to eat or drink Freely. 4. Without scruple or reserve 3 4S, tocensure freely o. Without impediment or hinderance. Of every tree of the garden thou mayest Jreely eat. — 6. Without necessit predetermination. Gen. ii. Y, or compulsion from divine Freely they stood who stood, and fell who fell. Milton. 7. Without obstruction ; largely ; copiously. The patient bled freely. 8. Spontaneously ; sion. 9. Liberally ; generously ; as, to give freely to the Without constraint or persua- poor. r 10. Gratuitously ; of free will or grace, without purchase or consideration. Freely ye have received, freely give, —Matt. x » m One who eats and drinks abun- dantly. ve NG, n. Full gratification of the appe- ite. [free and man.] One who enjoys liberty, or who is not subject to the will of another ; | F one not a slave or vassal. Ir 2. One who enjoys or is entitled to a franchise or peculiar privilece } aS, the freemen of a city or state. hen a cow produces twins, and the other apparently a fe- one of them a male, FREEZE, in architecture. FREEZING » MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — —————————— actions Without restraint by necessity or fate. 2. Voluntariness ; spontaneousness. FREE/-WILL, a. Spontaneous ; as, a free-will offer- ing. FREE! WILL-BAP’TIST, n. One, belonging to a branch of the Baptist denomination, who holds to the freedom of the will in opposition to necessity. FREE/-W6M-AN, nr. A woman not a slave. FREEZE, v. i.; pret. Froze : pp. Frozen or Frozr. poeus Srysan; D. vriezen; Dan. Sryser; Sw. frysa. t coincides in elements with D. vreezen, to fear, that is, to shrink, contract, tremble, shiver, Fr. friser, to curl, whence frissoner, to shiver, Sp. fri- sar. These are of one family, unless there has been a change of letters. ‘The Italian has Sregio, for frieze, and the Gr. @ptcow, had for its radical letters @org. These may be of a different family. To freeze is to contract. See Class Rd, Rs, No. 14, 19, 25. Qu. Russ. mroz, frost. 1. To be congealed by cold ; to be changed froma liquid to a solid state by the abstraction of heat; to be hardened into ice or a like solid body. Water Jreezes at the temperature of 32° above zero by Fahr- enheit’s thermometer. Mercury freezes at 40° below Zero. 2. To be of that degree of cold at which water congeals. Shak, 3. To chill; to stagnate, or to retire from the ex- treme vessels ; as, the blood freezes in the veins. 4. To be chilled ; to shiver with cold. 5. To die by means of cold. We Say a man freezes to death. Locke. REEZE, 2. t. change from a tion of heat. To congeal; to harden into ice ; to fluid to a solid form by cold or abstrac- This weather will freeze the rivers and lakes. 2. To kill by cold; but we often add the words to death. This air will freeze you, or freeze you to death, 3. To chill; to give tlie sensation of cold and shiv- ering. This horrid tale freezes my blood. See Frieze. » ppr. Congealing ; hardening into ice. REEZ/ING, n. The process or state of congelation. REEZ'ING-MIX/TURE, (-mikst/yur,) n. A mixture of two or more substances, as of*salt and snow, but usually of a solid and a fluid, which, in melting, ab- sorb heat from contiguous bodies, and thus produce Intense cold. ————$—$——— eeFRE FREEZ/ING-POINT, xn. That point of a thermome- ter at which fluids begin to freeze; applied particu- larly to water, whose freezing-point is at 32° of Fahr- éuheit’s thermometer. FREIGHT, (frate,) x [D. vragt; G. fracht; Sw. fracht; Dan. fragt; Fr. fret; Port. frete; Sp. jlete ; Arm. fret. (See Fraucut.) Qu. from the root of L. fero; formed, like bright, from the Ethiopic ba- rah. | J. The cargo, or any part of the cargo, of a ship 3 lading ; that which jis carried by water. The freight of a ship consists of cotton ; the ship has not a full freight; the owners have advertised for freight ; freight will be paid for by the ton. 9. Transportation of goods. We paid four dollars a ton for the freight from London to Barcelona. 3. The hire of a ship, or money charged or paid for the transportation of goods. After paying freight and charges, the profit is trifling. FReIGHTAGE is now but little used. FREIGHT, (irate,) v. t. To load with goods, as a ship FRE FRE’QUENT-LY, adv. Often ; many times; at short intervals; commonly. FRE/QUENT-NESS, nx. The quality of being frequent or often repeated. FRERE, (frare,) n. ({Fr.]_ A brother. FRES/€ADES, nz. pl. Cool walks ; shady places. FRES’€0, n. [It. fresco, fresh.] 1. Coolness; shade; a cool, refreshing state of the air; duskiness. rior. 9. A picture not drawn in glaring light, but in dusk. Pope. 3. A method of painting on walls, performed with water-colors on fresh plaster, or on a wall laid with mortar not yet dry. The colors, incorporating with the mortar, and drying with it, become very durable. It is called fresco, either because it is done on fresh plaster, or because it is used on walls and buildings in the open air. Encyc. 4. A cool refreshing liquor. FRESH, a. [Sax. fersc; D. wersch; G. frisch; Dan. fersk and frisk ; Sw frisk; It. fresco ; Sp. and Port. id.; Fr. frais, fratche; Arm. fresg; W. fres, fresq- FRESH/-NEW, a. Unpracticed. [ot used.] Shak. FRESH’-WA-TER, a. FRE 2. Yigor ; liveliness ; the contrary to a faded state ; as, thé fresiness of plants or of green fields. a T y een ~ = 3. Newness of strength ; renewed vigor; opposed to weariness or fatigue. he Scots had the advantage both for number and freshness of men. ayward. 4. Coolness ; invigorating quality or state. And breathe the freshness of the open air. 5. Color of youth and health ; ruddiness. Her cheeks their freshness lose and wonted grace. 6. Freedom from saltness; as, the freshness of water or flesh. 7. A new or recent state or quality ; rawness. 8. Briskness, as of wind. Dryden. | Granville. Accustomed to sail on fresh- water only, or in the coasting trade ; as, a fresh-water sailor. 2, Raw ; unskilled. Knolles. FRESH/-WA-TER-ED, a. Newly watered ; supplied with fresh water. or vessel of any kind, for transporting them from one place to another. We freighted the ship for Amsterdam ; the ship was freighted with flour for Havanna. 2. To load as the burden. Shak. FREIGHT’ED, pp. Loaded, asa ship or vessel. FREIGHT’ER, (frat/er,) m. One who loads a ship, or one who charters and loads a ship. Z FREIGHT/ING, ppr. or a. Loading or carrying, as a ship or vessel. FREIGHT’LESS, a. Destitute of freight. FREIS/LE-BEN, n. A mineral, of a blue or bluish- cray color, brittle, and soft to the touch. Cleaveland. FREN,n». Astranger. [Vot used.] Spenser. FRENCH, a. Pertaining to France or its inhabitants. FRENCH, x. The language spoken by the people of France. FRENCH-BER/RY, 7. The same as Ayianon-Berry. Ure. FRENCH-CHALK, (-chawk,) n. Scaly talc, a variety of indurated talc, in masses composed of small scales; its color is pearly-white or grayish. It is much used for drawing lines on cloth, &c. Cleaveland. FRENCH-HORN’, x. A wind-instrument of music, made of metal. FRENCH'LFI-ED, (-fide,) pp. ora. Made like the French. Burke. FRENCH’'LFY, v. t. To make French ; to infect with the manner of the French. Camden. FRENCH/-LIKE, a. Resembling the French. By. Hall. FRENCH’MAN, z. A man of the French nation. FRE-NET/I€. See Frantic and PHRENETIC, FREN/ZLEAL, a. Partaking of frenzy. FREN/ZIED, part. a. Affected with madness FREN/ZI-ED-LY, adv. Madly; distractedly. FREN/ZY, 7. [Fr. frenesie ; It. frenesia 5 from L. phre- nitis, Gr. poevitts, from dpny, mind, which is from moving, rushing. See Franric.] Mudness; distraction ; rage; or any violent agita- tion of the mind, approaching to distraction. All else is towering frenzy and distraction. Addison. FRE/QUENCE, 7x. [Fr., from L. frequentia. | A crowd; a throng; a concourse; an assembly. vas used. | Shak. Milton. FRE/QUEN-CY, n. A return or occurrence of a thing often repeated at short intervals. The frequency of crimes abates our horror at the commission ; the fre- quency of capital punishments tends to destroy their proper effect. 9, Acrowd; athrong. [Wot wsed.] B. Jonson. FRE/QUENT, a. [Fr., from L. frequens.] 1. Often seen or done; often happening at short * intervals; often repeated or occurring. We made frequent visits to the hospital. 9. Used often to practice any thing. He was fre- quent and loud in his declamations against the revo- lution. 3. Full; crowded; thronged. [JVot used.] Milton. FRE-QUENT’, v.t. [L. frequento; Fr. frequenter. | To visit often; to resort to often or habitually. The man who frequents a dram-shop, an ale-house, or a gaming-table, 1s in the road to poverty, disgrace, and ruin. He frequented the court of Augustus. Dryden. FRE-QUENT’A-BLE, a. Accessible. [Wot used. | Sidney. FRE-QUENT/AGE, n. The practice of frequenting. Southey. FRE-QUENT-A/TION, x. The act of frequenting. 9. The habit of visiting often. { Chesterfield. FRE-QUENT’A-TIVE, a. [It. frequentativo ; Fr. fre- quentatif. | In grammar, denoting the frequent repetition of an action ; as, a frequentative verb. FRE-QUENT/A-TIVE, 7. A verb which denotes the frequent occurrence or repetition of an action. FRE-QUENT’ED, pp. ora. Often visited. FRE-QUENT’ER, nx. One who often visits or resorts to customarily. FRE-QUENT/ING, ppr Often visiting or resort- This is radically the same word as frisk, and it coin- cides also in elements with brisk, W. brysg, which is from rhys, a rushing, extreme ardency, Eng. rush, which gives the radical sense, though it may not be the same word. ] 1. Moving with celerity; brisk; strong; some- what vehement ; as, a fresh breeze ; fresh wind ; the primary sense. 9. Having the color and appearance of young, thrifty plants ; lively ; not impaired or faded; as when we say, the fields look fresh and green. 3 Having the appearance of a healthy youth ; florid ; ruddy ; as, a fresh-colored young man. 4. New ; recently grown; as, fresh vegetables. 5. New; recently made or obtained. We havea fresh supply of goods from the manufactory, or from India ; fresh tea; fresh raisins. 6. Not impaired by time ; not forgotten or oblit- erated. The story is fresh in my mind; the ideas are fresh in my recollection. 7. Not salt ; as, fresh water ; fresh meat. 8. Recently from the well or spring; pure and cool; not warm or vapid. Bring a glass of fresh water. 9. In a state like that of recent growth or recent- ness ; as, to preserve flowers and fruit fresh. Fresh as April, sweet as May. Carew. 10. Repaired from loss or diminution ; having new vigor. He rose fresh for the combat. 11. New ; that has lately come or arrived ; as, fresh news ; fresh, dispatches. 12, Sweet; in a good state ; not stale. 13. Unpracticed ; unused ; not before employed ; as, a fresh hand on board of a ship. Fresh way; the increased velocity of a vessel. Totten. FRESH, n. A freshet. Beverly, Hist. Virginia. FRESH/BLOWN, a. Newly blown. FRESHW/EN, (fresh/n,) v. ‘To make fresh; to dulci- fy ; to separate, as water from saline particles ; to take saltness from any thing; as, to freshen water, fish, or flesh. 9. To refresh; to revive. [Not used.] Spenser. 3. In seamen’s lanwuage, to apply new service toa cable; as, to freshen hawse. FRESH/EN, v. i. To grow fresh; to Jose salt or saltness. 9. 'T'o arow brisk or strong ; as, the wind freshens. FRESH’! EN-ED, pp. Deprived of saltness ; sweetened. FRESH/EN-ING, ppr. or a. Making or growing fresh ; depriving of saltness ; sweetening. FRESHW/ES, n. pl. The mingling of fresh water with salt water in rivers or bays, or tlie increased current of an ebb tide by means of a flood of fresh water flowing toward or into the sea, and discoloring the water. ~ Beverly. Encye. 9. A flood; an overflowing; an inundation; @ freshet. FRESH/ET, x. means of heavy rains, or melted sn tion. New England. 9, A stream of fresh water. Browne. FRESH’FORCE, x. In law, force done “ ithin forty FRESH! LOOKING, a. Appearing fresa. [ days. FRESH/LY, adv. Newly ; in the former state renewed ; in a new or fresh state. 9, With a healthy look ; ruddily. Shak. 3. Briskly ; strongly. 4. Coolly. FRESH’MAN, n.; pl. FRESHMEN. the rudiments of Knowledge. 9. In England, a student during his first year’s resi- dence at the university. In America, one who be- longs to the youngest of the four classes in college, called the freshman class. FRESH’MAN, a. Pertaining to a freshman, or to the class called fresmen. FRESH/MAN-SHIP, n. The state of a freshman. FRESH/NESS, 2. Newness; vigor ; spirit; the con- trary to vapidness; as, the freshness of liquors or odors. A flood or overflowing of a river, by ow; an inunda- A novice ; one in ing to. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— hI} FRET, v. t. fretan and Sax. fretan, to eat, to gnaw, G. fressen, D. FRET, ». i. [Sw. frata, to fret, to corrode; Fr. frotter, to rub; Arm. frota. This seems to be allied to Goth. vreeten, Which may be formed from the root of L. rodo, rosi, Sp. rozar, or of L. rado, to scrape. To fret or gnaw gives the sense of unevenness, roughness, in substances ; the like appearance 1s given to fluids by agitation. ] 1. To rub; to wear away a substance by friction ; as, to fret cloth; to fret a piece of gold or other metal. Newton. 2. To corrode; tognaw ; to eat away; as, a worm frets the planks of a ship. 3. Toimpair; to wear away. By starts, His fretted fortunes give him )ope and fear. Shak, 4, To form into raised work. Multon. 5. To variegate ; to diversify. Yon gray lines, That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shak. 6. To agitate violently. Shak. 7. Toagitate ; to disturb; tomake rough; to cause to ripple ; as, to fret the surface of water. 8. To tease ; to irritate; to vex ; to make angry Fret not thyself because of evil-doers, — Ps, xxxvii. 9. To wear away; to chafe; to gall. Let not a saddle or harness fret the skin of your horse. T'o be worn away ; to be corroded. Any substance will in time fret away by friction. 9. To eat or wear in; to make way by attrition or corrosion. Many wheals arose, and fretted one into another with great excoriation. Wiseman. 3. To be agitated ; to be in violent commotion; as, the rancor that frets in the malignant breast. 4. To be vexed ; to be chafed or irritated ; to be angry ; to utter peevish expressions. He frets, he fumes, he stares, he stamps the grounds, Dryden. FRET, 2. The agitation of the surface of a fluid by fermentation or other cause; a rippling on the sur- face of water; small undulations continually re- peated. Addison. 2. Agitation of mind ; commotion of temper ; lri- tation ; as, he keeps his mind in a continual fret. Pope. Yet then did Dennis rave in furious fret. 3. A short-piece of wire fixed on the fin ger-board of a guitar, &c., which, being pressed against the strings, varies the tone. Busby. 4. In architecture, an ornament consisting of small fillets intersecting each other at right angles. Gloss. of Arch. 5. In heraldry, a bearing composed of bars crossed and interlaced. ° FRET, v. t. To furnish with frets, as an instrument of music. As. Res. FRET, x. [L. fretum.] A frith, which see. FRET’PFUL, a. Disposed to fret ; ill-humored ; peevish ; angry ; in a state of vexation ; as, a fretful temper. FRET/FUL-LY, adv. Peevishly ; angrily. FRET/FUL-NESS, n. Peevishness ; il-humor ; dis- position to fret and complain. FRETT, 2. With miners, the worn side of the bank of a river. Enciyc. FRET’TED, pp. or a. Eaten; corroded ; rubbed or worn away; agitated; vexed ; made rough on the surface ; variegated ; ornamented with fretwork ; furnished with frets. FRET’TEN, a. Rubbed ; markéd ; as, pock-fretten, marked with the small-pox. FRET/TER, n. That which frets. : FRETTING, ppr. or a. Corroding 5 wearing away ; agitating ; vexing; making rough on the surface ; variegating. FRET’TING, x. peevishness. A state of chafing ; vexation ; Adorned with fretwork. ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; FRET’TY, a. ? FRE/TUM,7x. [L.] A strait, or arm of the sea. Ray. FRET/WORK, (-wurk,) 2. Work adorned with frets. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. —_— ) Seer ee ee 43l a: * . malistaer — p< . ae ee Ph a eed oe mgr ac C.again. PRI FRI 'RY/A-BLE-NESS De rablent and reduced to powder. Locke. word. Ch. 775 or Ch. Heb. 5, to break.] powder. friable, frater. See BrotuHer.] Friars or Carmelites. Sathers. received the ink. in the world. Knolles. of life. Bacon. FRiI/AR’S-COWL, rn. A plant, a species of Arum, with a flower resembling a cowl. Johnson. Fam. of Plants. FRi’AR’S-LAN!/TERN, n. Theignisfatuus. Milton. FRI/AR-Y, 7. A monastery ; a convent of friars. Dusdale. FRi/AR-Y, a. Like a friar; pertaining to friars. FRI-A/TION, n._ The act of crumoling. [ Camden. FRIB/BLE, a. [L. Srivolus, Fr. frivole, from rubbing : from rub, if 6 1s radical, or from frico, if the b repre- sents a palatal letter. If 5 is radical, the word ac- cords with Dan. rips, trifles, frivolousness. ] Frivolous ; trifling ; silly. Brit. Crit. FRIB/BLE, x. A frivolous, trifling, contemptible fellow. FRIB/BLE, v.7, To trifle; also, to totter. Tatler. FRIB/BLER, n. A trifler. Spectator. FRI/BORG, ) n._ [freeand burg.] The same as FRID/BURGH,$ FRANK-PLEDGE. Cowel. FRI€/ACE, n. [See Fricasser.] Meat sliced and dressed with strong sauce ; also, an unguent pre- pared by frying things together. [ Obs.] B. Jonson. FRIC'AN-DEAUD, (frik’an-do,) n. [Fr.] A ragout or fricassee of veal. The term is sometimes improperly applied to stewed beef highly seasoned. Cooley. FRI€-AS-SEE’, n. [Fr.; It. frigasea; Sp. fricasea ; Port. fracassé; from Fr. fricasser, to fry, It. friggere, Port. frigir, Sp. freir, L. frigo.] A stew or dish of food madé by cutting chickens, rabbits, or other small animals, into pieces, and dress- ing them in a frying-pan, or a like utensil. King. FRI€-AS-SEB’, v. t. ‘Po dress in fricassee, FRI€-AS-SEED’, pp. or a. Dressed in fricassee, FRI€-AS-SEE/ING, ppr. Dressing in fricassee, FRI-€A’TION, n. [L. fricatio, from frico, to rub.] The act of rubbing ; friction. [Little used.] Bacon. FRI€/TION,n. [L. frictio; Fr. Jriction ; from L. frico, to rub, It. fregare, Sp Sricar. | 1. The act of rubbing the surface of one body against that of another ; attrition. Many bodies by Jriction emit light, and Jriction generates or evolves heat. 2. In mechanics, the effect of rubbing, or the re- sistance which a moving body meets with from the surface on which it moves. Encyc. 3. In medicine, the rubbing of the body with the hand, or with a brush, flannel, &c.; or the rubbing of a diseased part with oil, unguent, or other medica- ment. Encyc. FRI€’TION-LESS, a. Having no friction. FRI€'/TION-W HEELS, mn. pl. In mechanics, wheels So arranged as to diminish the friction of machinery. FRIDAY, 7. [Sax. Srig-deg ; G. freitag ; D. vrydag ; from Frigga, the Venus of the north 3 D. vroww, G. Srau, Ir. frag, a woman. ] The sixth day of the week, formerly consecrated FRIDGE, v.t. [Sax. frician.] [to Prigga. To move hastily. eae mM Use. | Hallywell. FRID/-STOLE. See F rep, FRIED, (fride,) pp. or a. heated ; agitated. FRIEND, (frend,) n. [Sax. freond, the participle of Jreon, to free, to love, contracted from Srigan, to free ; G. freund; D. wriend ; Dan. frende; Sw. friinde. We see the radical sense is to free; hence, to be ready, willing, or cheerful, joyous, and allied perhaps to Srolic. I. One who is attached to another by affection ; one who entertains for another sentiments of esteem, respect, and affection, which lead him to desire his company, and to seek to promote his happiness and prosperity ; opposed to fve or enemy. A friend loveth at all times. ~ Proy. xvii. There isa friend that sticketh closer than a brother, Dressed in a frying-pan ; “3 — Prov. XV, 2. One not hostile ; opposed to an enemy in war, Shak. 3. One reconciled after enmity. Let us be friends -A-BIL/I-TY, n, [See FrraBve.] _'Bhe qual- ae i ity of being easily brokén, FRi/A-BLE, a. [Fr. friable; L. friabilis, from frio, to break or crumble. Frio is probably a contracted Easily crumbled or pulverized ; easily reduced to Pumice and calcined stones are very FRI/AR,n. [Fr. frére,a brother, contracted from L. 1. A brother or member of any religious order, but especially of one of the four mendicant orders, viz. (1.) Minors, Gray Friars, or Franciscans ; (2.) Augus- tines; (3.) Dominicans, or Black Friars; (4.) White 2, In a restricted sense, a2 monk who is not a priest ; those friars who are in orders being called 3. In printing, any part of the page which has not FRI/AR-LIKE, a. Like a friar; monastic; unskilled FRI/AR-LY, a. Like a friar; untaught in the affairs FRIEZE, ) (freez,) n. FRiIZE, FRIEZ/ED, a. Napped ; FRIEZE/LIKE, a. Resembling frieze. FRIG/ATE, n. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MB&TE, PREY. — pr 482 4. An attendant ; a companion. Dryden, ble institutions. 6, A favorite. Hushal was David’s friend. 7. A term of salutation ; a familiar compe)lation. Friend, how camest thou in hither? — Matt, xxii. So Christ calls Judas his friend, though a traitor. Matt. xxvi. 8. Formerly a paramour. 9. One of the religious sect frequently called uakers 10. A friend at court; one who has sufficient in- terest to serve another. Chaucer. F RIEND, (frend,) v. t. To favor; to countenance; to befriend ; to support or aid. [But we now use BEFRIEND. ] Shak. FRIEND/ED, (frend/ed,) pp. Favored ; befriended. 2. a. Inclined to love ; well-disposed. Shak, FRIEND'‘ING, (frend/ing,) ppr. Favoring. FRIEND’/LESS, (frend/less,) a. Destitute of friends ; wanting countenance or support ; forlorn. Pope. FRIEND’LIKE, (frend/like,) a. Having the disposi- tions of a friend. FRIEND/LI-NESS, (frend/le-ness,) n. A disposition to friendship ; friendly dispositions. Sidney. 2, Exertion of benevolence or kindness. Taylor. FRIEND/LY, (frend'ly,) a. Having the temper and disposition of a friend; kind ; favorable ; disposed to promote the good of another. Thou to mankind Be good and friendly still, and oft return. Milton. 2. Disposed to peace. Pope. 3. Amicable. We are on friendly terms. - Not hostile ; as, a friendly power or state. Favorable ; propitious ; salutary 3 promoting the good of; as, a friendly breeze or gale. Excessive rains are not friendly to the ripening fruits. 'Temper- ance is friendly to longevity. FRIEND/LY, (frend/ly,) adv. In the manner of friends ; amicably. [WVot much used. } Shak, FRIEND‘SHIP, (frend’ship,) x. An attachment to a person, proceeding from intimate acquaintance, and a reciprocation of kind offices, or from a favorable opinion of the amiable and respectable qualities of his mind. Friendship differs from benevolence, which is good-will to mankind in general, and from that love which springs from animal appetite. True friend- ship is a noble and virtuous attachment, springing from a pure source, a respect for worth or amiable qualities. False friendship may subsist between bad men, as between thievesand pirates. This is a tem- porary attachment, springing from inferest, and may change in a moment to enmity and rancor. There can be no friendship without confidence, and no confi- dence without integrity, Rambler. OT There is little friendship in the world, Bacon. The first law of friendship is sincerity. Anon. 2. Mutual attachment ; intimacy. If not in friendship, live at least in peace. Dryden, 3. Favor ; personal kindness, His friendships, still to few confined, Were always of the middling kind. Swift. 4. Friendly aid; help; assistance. - Shak. o. Conformity ; affinity ; correspondence 3 aptness to unite. We know those colors which have a JSriendship for each other. Dryden. [Wot common, and hardly legitimate.] (Sp. frisa, freeze; frisar, to Talse a nap on cloth, to frizzle; Fr. frise Ts to curl or crisp, to shiver, to ruffle 3 Port. frisar; Arm. Jrisa. Qu. Sp. rizar, to crisp or curl, to frizzle ; Gr. ~ptacw, to shiver or tremble with fear, whose ele- ments are Frg or Frk, as appears by poréw, ppixros, dp. If frieze, in architecture, is the same word, which seems to be the fact, we have evidence that the elements are F'rg, for in (talian, frieze is fregio. The primary sense is, probably, to draw or contract. ] 1. Properly, the nap on woolen cloth ; hence, a kind of coarse woolen cloth or stuff, with a nap on one side. 2. In architecture, that part of the entablature of a column \vhich is between the architrave and cornice. It is a flat member or face, often enriched with figures of animals, or other ornaments of sculpture, whence its name. Cornice or frieze with bossy Sculptures graven. Milton. shaggy with nap or frieze, Addison. Port. fragata ; Turkish, forgata ; perhaps Gr. agoax- 70s, L. aphractum, an open ship or vessel, for in Portuguese it signifies a boat as well as a frigate. The Greek word appaxros signifies not fortified ; a and gpaccu. decks, used by the Rhodians. The frigate w nally a kind of vessel used in the and propelled both by sails and by oars. Lunier.) 1. A ship of war, of a size larger than a corvette or sloop of war, and less than a ship of the line ; as origi- 5. A favorer; one who is propitious; as, a Sriend to commerce ; a friend to poetry ; a friend to charita- usually it has batteries on two decks, viz., the spar deck, and the one below it, or main deck, on which is the principal force. It rates usually from twenty- eight guns up to forty-four. 2. Any small vessel on the water. [ot used.] Spenser. FRIG/ATE-BIRD, n. A large and rapacious tropica) sea-fow], with very long Wings, allied to the pelican Its general color is black, but the belly of the female is white. It belongs to the genus Tachypetes of Vi- eillot. Ee FRIG/ATE-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built like a frig having a spar-deck over the gun-deck. FRIG-A-TOON’, x. A Venetian vessel, with a square stern, without a foremast, having only a mainmast and mizzenmast. EnCYC. FRIG-E-FA€/TION, n. [L. frigus, cold, and facio, to make. } The act of making cold. [Little used. } Dict. FRIGHT, (frite,) 7. [Dan. Srygt; Sw. fruchtan; Sax. Syrhto, fyrhtu, fyrhtnis, fright, and Jirhted, frighted, Srihtan, to frighten ; G. furcht, Sirchten; D. vrugten, to fear; Fr. effrayer. Qu. Gr. ptacw, Prita, to fear, that is, to shrink or shiver. But fright, or the Sax. Syrhto, is precisely the Ethiopic participle GOUT JFerht, from OL feran, to fear, which seems to be allied to L. vereor. Class Br, No. 33: Sudden and violent fear ; terror; a passion excited by the sudden appearance of danger. It expresses more than fear, and is distinguished from fear and dread by its sudden invasion and temporary exist- ence; fright being usually of short duration, whereas fear and dread may be long continued. FRIGHT, jv. t To terrify; to scare ; to alarm FRIGHT’EN,§ suddenly with danger; to shock sud- denly with the approach of evil; to daunt; to dis- may. Cyc. ate, In Nor exile or danger can fright a brave spirit. Dryden. 5 & I 4 FRIGHT’ED, pp. or a. Terrified; suddenly FRIGHT’EN-ED, alarmed with danger. FRIGHT’ EN-ING, (frite/n-ing,) ppr. Terrifying , sud- denly alarming with danger, FRIGHT’FUL, a. Terrible ; dreadful ; exciting alarm ; impressing terror; as, a Jrightful chasm or precipice ; a frightful tempest. FRIGHT’FUL-LY, adv. Terribly ; dreadfully ; in a manner to impress terror and alarm ; horribly. FRIG/ID ZONE; that part of the earth which lies FRI-GID/L-TY, n. Coldness; want of warmth. But FRIG/ID-LY, adv. FRIG/ID-NESs, re FRIG-O-RIF/I€, a. [Fr. FRILL, n. [Infra.] An edging of fine lin (Fr. fregate; It. Jregata; Sp. and FRILL, 2. 2. It was originally a vessel without FRIM, a. Mediterranean, FRINGE, (frinj,) 1 Sranje; Dan. frynse. It seems to be from L. frango, 2. Very disagreeably ; shockingly. She looks fright- fully to-day. FRIGHT’FUL-NESS, n. The quality of impre terror. FRIGHT’LESS, a. Free from fright. FRIG/ID, (frij/id,) a. [L. frigidus, from Srigeo, to be or to grow cold; rigeo, to be stiff or frozen; Gr. pi- yew. If the radical sense is, to be stiff, the root coin- cides nearly with that of right, rectus, or with that of reach, region, which is, to stretch, that is, to draw or contract. 1, Cold; wanting heat or warmth ; as, a frigid climate, 2. Wanting warmth of affection > unfeeling ; as, a frigid temper or constitution, 3. Wanting natural heat or vigor sufficient to ex- cite the generative power ; impotent. 4. Dull; jejune; unanimated : wanting the fire of genius or fancy ; as, a frigid style; frigid rhymes. 0. Stiff; formal ; forbidding; as, a Jrigid look or manner. 6. Wanting zeal; dull; formal ; lifeless ; as, frigid services. ssing between the polar circle and the pole. It extends about 23° 28! from each pole. not applied to the air or weather. 2. Want of natural heat, life, and vigor of body ; Impotency ; imbecility ; as, the frigidity of old age. 3. Coldness of affection. 4. Dullness; want of animation or intellectual fire ; as, the frigidity of sentiments or style. Coldly ; dully ; without affection. Coldness ; dullness ; want of heat or vigor; want of affection. [See Fricrpiry.] Srigorifique; L. Srigorificus ; Jrigus, cold, and facto, to make. } Causing cold; producing or generating cold. Encyc. Quincy. én on the bosom of a shirt or other similar thing ; a ruffle. Mason. Pa frileux, chilly. We have the word In trill, D, trillen, to shake, G. trillern ; all with a dif ferent prefix. Class RI1.] To shake ; to quake ; to shiver as with cold; as, the hawk frills. ncyc. [Sax. freom.] E Flourishing. [Not in use. | Drayton. . [Fr. frange ; It. frangia ; Sp. and ort. franja; Arm. Jruinch, or flainch; G. franse; D. NE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — —_—_._ to break, Sp. Srangir.]FRI FRO 1. An ornamental appendage to the borders of gar- ments or furniture, consisting of loose threads. The golden fringe e’en set the ground on flame. Dryden. 2. Something resembling fringe ; an open, broken border. Mountagu. FRINGE, v. t. To adorn or border with fringe or a Joose edging. FRING!ED, (frinjd,) pp. ora. Bordered with fringe. FRINGE/LESS, a. Having no fringe. FRINGE/-LIKE, a. Resembling fringe. FRINGE!/-MAK-ER, xn. One who makes fringe. FRINGE/-TREE, n. A small tree, Chionanthus Vir- ginica, growing in the Southern United States, and having snow-white flowers, which hang down like fringe. Farm, Encyc. FRIN-GIL-LA/CEOUS, a. [L. fringilla.] Pertaining to the finches, or fringsillade, FRING/ING, ppr. Bordering with fringe. FRING/Y, a. Adorned with fringes. Shak. FRIP/PBER, )n. [See Frirrery.] One who deals FRIP/PER-ER,§ in old clothes. FRIP/PER-Y, x. [Fr. friperie, from friper, to fumble, to ruffle, to wear out, to waste; Arm. fripa or flippa ; Sp. roperia, ropavejeria, from repa, cloth, stuff, appar- el, which seems to be the Eng. robe; Port. roupa, clothes, furniture ; farrapo, a rag ; perhaps from the root of ‘Eng. rub, that is, to wear, to use, as We Say, wearing apparel, for to wear is to rub. See Rose.) 1. Old clothes; cast dresses ; clothes thrown aside, after wearing. Hence, waste matter ; useless things ; trifles ; as, the frippery of wit. B. Jonson. 2, The place where old clothes are sold. Shak. 3. The trade or traffic in old clothes. Encye. FRIP/PER-Y, a. Trifling ; contemptible. Gray. HRI-SEUR’, (fre-zir’,) n. [Fr., from friser, to curl.] A hair-dresser. Warton. FRISK, v. i. ([Dan. frisk, fresh, new, green, Drisk, lively, gay, vigorous ; frisker, to freshen, to renew ; friskhed, coolness, freshness, briskness ; Sw. frisk ; G. frisch, fresh, brisk. This is the same word as fresh, but from the Gothic. If it is radically the same as brisk, it is W. brysg, speedy, nimble, from rhys, a rushing. But this is doubtful. In some languages, fresh is written fersc, versch, as if from the root Br. But I think it can not be the Ch. D545, to be moved, to trembles] 1. To leap; to skip; to spring suddenly one way and the other. The fish fell a frisking in the net. L’ Estrange. @ To dance, skip, and gambol, in frolic and gay- The frisking satyrs on the summits danced. Addison. In vain to frisk or climb he tries. Swift. FRISK, a. Lively; brisk; blithe. Hall. FRISK, 2. A frolic ; a fit of wanton gayety. Johnson. FRISK’/AL, x. A leap orcaper. [JVot in use.] B. Jonson. FRISK’ER, z. One who leaps or dances in gayety ; a wanton ; an inconstant or unsettled person. Camden. FRISK/ET, nx. [Fr. frisquette. So named from the velocity or frequency of its motion. See Frisx.] In printing, the light frame in which a sheet of paper is confined, to be laid on the form for impres- SJOon. FRISK’FUL, a. Brisk ; lively. FRISK/I-LY, adv. Gayly; briskly. FRISK’/LNESS, zn. Briskness and frequency of mo- tion; gayety; liveliness; a dancing or leaping in frolic. FRISK/ING, ppr. Leaping; skipping; dancing about ; moving with life and gayety RIB a. Jumping with gayety ; frolicsome ; gay ; ively. FRI1, n. (Fr. fritte; Sp. frita; lt. fritto, fried, from L. frictus, frigo, Eng. to fry. ] In the manufacture of glass, the matter of which glass is made, after it has been calcined or baked in a furnace, but before fusion. i Thomson. gredients. FRITH, 2. passed. | 1. A narrow passage of the sea; a strait. It is used for the opening of a river into the sea; as, the frith of Forth, or of Clyde. 9, A kind of weir for catching fish. Carew. FRITH, n. [W. frith, or friz.] 1. A forest; a woody place. Drayton. 2. A small field taken out of a common. Wynne. I ot used in America. FRITH/Y, a. Woody. [Not in use.] FRIT/IL-LA-RY, n. [fritillus, a dice-box. | Skelton. The popular name of the Crown Imperial, a bul- bous flowering plant, called in the Spanish Diction- ary checkered lily. De Theis. FRITI-NAN-CY, n. [L. fritinnio.] A chirping, or creaking, as of a cricket. [JVot used.] Brown. FRIT’TER, ». FRIT/TER, v. t. piece of meat fried. 2, A fragment; a shred; a small piece And cut whole giants into fritiers. Hudibras, To cut meat into small pieces, to be fried. 2. To break into small pieces or fragments. Break all their nerves, and fritter all their sense, Pope. 1. Asmall pancake of fried batter: also, a small ; FROL/I€, nN. i FROL/ICK, FRO 1 A wild prank ; a flight of levity, cr | gayety and mirth. He would be at his frolic once again. Roscommean. 2. A scene of gayety and mirth, as in dancing or play. [This is a popular use of the word in America.) FROL'‘TE, v.t. To play wild pranks ; to play tricks FROL/ICK, of levity, mirth, and gayety. The buzzing insects frolic in the air. Anon. FRIT’ TER-ED, pp. Cut or broken to pieces. To fritter away, is to diminish ; to pare off; to re- FROL/I€-FUL, a duce to nothing by taking away a little at a time. TD. (Gf Frolicsome. FROL/1CK-ED, (frol/ikt,) pret. of Frottc. FROL/ICK-ING, ppr. or a. Playing pranks; frolic- | It is a composition of silex and metallic alkali, occasionally with other in- [L. fretum ; Gr. rop@pos, from zetpw, to pass Over, OF mopevm@, Topevopat, LO Pass ; properly, a passage, a narrow channel that is passable or It. frittella; Sp. fritillas, plural; from FRIT/TER-ING, ppr. Cutting or breaking into small pieces. FRI-VOL/I-TY, n. Acts or habits of trifling. [See FRIYOLOUSNESS. | FRIV/O-LOUS, a. [L. frivolus, from the root of frio, to break into small pieces, to crumble; Ir. frivole ; Sp. and It. frivolo. We observe the same radical letters, Rb, Rv, in trivial, trifle, L. tero, trivi, to rub or wear out. Class Rb.] Slight ; trifling; trivial ; of little weight, worth, or importance ; not worth notice: as, a frivolous argi- ment; a frivolous objection or pretext. Swift. FRIV/O-LOUS-LY, adv. In a trifling manner. FRIV/O-LOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being tri- fling, or of very little worth or importance ; want of consequence. FRIZ}v.t. [Sp. frisar; Fr. friser. See FRIEZE. | 1. To curl; to crisp; to form into small curls with a crisping-pin. : 9. To form the nap of cloth into little hard burs, prominences, or knobs. FRIZ'ZED, pp. ora. Curled; formed into little burs on cloth. FRIZ/ZING, ppr. on cloth. FRIZ/ZLE, v. t. To curl; to crisp, as hair. Gay. FRIZ'ZLED, (friz'zld,) pp. or a. Curled; crisped. FRIZ/ZLER, n. One who makes short curls. Curling ; forming little hard burs FROL/I€-LY, adv FROL/I€-SOME, a. FROL/I€-SOME-LY, adv. FROL/I€-S6 ME-NESS, zn. FROM, prep. FRIZ'ZLING, ppr. Curling ; crisping. FROG, adv. [Sax. fra; Scot. fra, frae; Dan. ran it denotes departure and distance, like from, of which it may be acontraction. In some languages, it is a prefix, having the force of a negative. Thus in Da- nish frabringer, to bring from, is to avert, to dispel ; frakalder, to recall. In Goth. bugyan is to buy ; fra- bugyan is to sell, that is, in literal English, frombuy.] From ; away ; back or backward; as in the phrase, to and fro, that is, to and from, forward or toward and backward, hither and thither. FROCK, zn. [Fr. froc; Arm. frocq; G. frack ; Scot. frog] An upper coat, or an outer garment. The word is now used for a loose garment or shirt worn by men over their other clothes, and for a kind of gown, open behind, worn by females. The frock was formerly a garment worn by monks. Ingulphus. Spelman. FROCK/-€60AT, n. A kind of straight-bodied coat, having the same length before and behind, like a surtout, but shorter. FROCK’ED, (frokt,) a. Clothed ina frock. FROCK/LESS, a. Destitute of a frock. FROG, n. [Sax. froga, frogga; Dan. froe. Qu. from the root of break, as L. rana, from the root of rend, from its broken shape, or from leaping, or its fragor, or hoarse voice. } 1. An amphibious animal of the genus Rana, with four feet, a naked body, and without a tail. It is re- markable for swimming with rapidity, and for taking large leaps on land. Frogs lie torpid during winter. Encyc. 2. In farriery, a sort of tender horn that grows in the middle of the sole of a horse, at some distance from the toe, dividing into two branches, and run- ning toward the heel in the form of a fork. Farrier’s Dict. 3. A cloak-button, swelled in the middle. FROG/BIT, n. A plant, the Hydrocharis. FROG/-FISH, n. The fishing-frog, which see. FROG/-GRASS, n. A plant. FROG/GY, a. Having frogs. Sherwood. FROG/-HOP-PER, zn. A sinall insect, living on plants, and remarkable for its powers of leaping. Its larve are found on leaves, inclosed in a frothy liquid, and hence called cuckoo-spittle, or frog-spittle. The frog- hopper belongs to the Linnwan genus Cicada, P. Cyc. FROISEH, x. [Fr. froisser, to bruise. ] A kind of food made by frying bacon inclosed in a halmers. pancake. FROL'TE, a. [G. frohlich; froh, glad, and lich, FROL/ICK, like; D. trelyk; Dan. fro, glad; Sw. fro gdelig, from fro gd, joy, fro gda, to exhilarate ; Ar. --—-_ y faracha, to be glad, to rejoice. Class Brg, No. 6. Probably allied to free. } frisking about; full of pranks. The frolic wind that breathes the spring. The gay, the frolic, and the loud. Milton. Waller. L. frictus, fried ; Dan. fritte.} TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Gay ; merry ; full of levity ; dancing, playing, or a noun and a verb, its use ts common. [ This adjective is seldom used, aa in poetry. As Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. some. With mirth and gayety. [0Obs.] Beaum. & Fl. Full of gayety and mirth; given to pranks. With wild gayety. Gayety ; wild pranks. Sax. fram, from; Goth. fram. In Swe- dish, it signifies before or forward, but its sense is, past or gone, for frdmling is a stranger, and framea is, to go out, to. depart. Dan. frem, whence fremmer, to forward, to promote, fremmed, strange, fremkommer, vo come forth or out; G. fremd, strange, foreign; D. vreemd, id. If m is radical, this word is probably from the root of roam, ramble, primarily to pass, to 0.] e The sense of from may be expressed by the noun distance, or by the adjective distant, or by the partici- ples, departing, removing to a distance. Thus, it is one hundred miles frem Boston to Hartford. He took his sword from his side. Light proceeds from the sun. Water issues from the earth in springs. Sepa- rate the coarse wool from the fine. Men have all sprung from Adam. Men often go from good to bad, and from bad to worse. The merit of an action de- pends on the principle from which it proceeds. Men judge of facts from personal knowledge, or from tes- timony. We should aim to judge from undeniable premises. The sense of from is literal or figurative; but it is uniformly the same. In certain phrases, generally or always elliptical, from is followed by certain adverbs, denoting place, region, or position, indefinitely, no precise point being expressed ; as, From above; from the upper regions From afar; from a distance. From beneath ; from a place or region below From below ; from a lower place. From behind ; from a place or position in the rear. From far; from a distant place. ‘rom high; from on high; from a high place, from an upper region, or from heaven. Froin hence; from this place. But from is super- fluous before hence ; the phrase, however, is common. From thence ; from that place ; from being super- fluous. From whence; from which place ; frem being super- fluous. From where; from which place. From within; from the interior or inside. From without; from the outside ; from abroad. From precedes another preposition, followed by its proper object or case. From amidst; as, from amidst the waves. From among: as, from among the trees Fyom beneath; as, from beneath my head. From beyond ; as, from beyond the river. From forth; as, from forth his bridal bower. But this is an inverted order of the words; forth from his bower. ‘ From off; as, from off the mercy-seat, that is, from the top or surface. From out; as, from out a window, that is, through an opening, or from the inside. From out of, is an ill combination of words, and not to be used. From under; as, from under the bed, from under the ashes, that is, from beneath or the lower side. From within; as, from within the house, that is, from the inner part or interior. FROM/WARD, adv. (Sax. fram and weard.] Away from; the contrary of TowarbD. FROND, n. [L.frons, frondis. The sense is, a shoot, or shooting forward, as in frons, frontis.] In botany, a term which Linneus applies to the stem of certain plants, as the ferns, whose stalk and leaves are so intimately connected, that it is difficult to say where the one ends and the other begins. i Milne. FRON-DA/TION, n. A lopping of trees. Evelyn. FRON-DESCBE’, (fron-dess’,) v. % To unfold leaves, as plants. Staughton. FRON-DES/CENCE, z. [L. frondesco, from fronrs-] In botany, the precise time of the year and month in which each species of plants unfolds its leaves. Milne. Martyn. FRON-DIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. frozs and fero, to bear.] roducing fronds. : eae FRONDIOUS, a. A frondous flower 18 one whichis leafy, one which produces branches charged wit —_—— hea es ee ee ae 483 : a Peg a ania ares te aFRO FRO FRU both leaves and flowers. ance sometimes occur in the rose and anemone. Milne. FRONT, (frunt,) 2. shoot forward, to project, as in Gr. fry, the nose, W. trwyn and rhdn, a pike. Class Rn. | 1. Properly, the forehead, or part of the face above the eyes ; hence, the whole face. His front yet threatens, and his frowns command. Prior. 9. The forehead or face, as expressive of the tem- per or disposition ; as, a bold front, equivalent to So a hardened front is | i | | boldness or impudence. | shamelessness. 3. The fore part of any thing; as, the front of a house, the principal face or side. 4. The fore part or van of an army or a body of } | | troop FROST’ED C anerit} on to rebuke. Frown the impudent fellow into silence. roe p : ‘ROST’ED, pp. or a. Covered with a compositio FROWN, 2. A wrinkled look, particularly expressing | 5. The part or place before the face, or opposed to)” jike white-frost : covered with any thing resembling | “ “qistike; a sour, Severe, or etern look me roe f i o the fore part of a thing. He stood in front of Ae erate eocnage wee sHiKe; a sour, ’5 s <, expressive 0 it, or to ule Jore p SS ener oS eas Siete : hoar-frost in color or form. displeasure his troops. The road passes In front of his house. FROSIU LW aio avvilhitrost orexcessive cold: oA , 6. The most conspicuous part or particular. 2. Without warmthitotatection ; coldly. His front yet eae and his Jeorene command. Prior. oi) Lnpudences)as;,menlot STOR Tatler. FROST/I-NESS, ». The state or quality of being 2. Any expression of displeasure ; as, the frowns FRONT, (frunt,) v.t To oppose face to face; to op- pose directly. I shall front thee, like some staring ghost, With all my wrongs about me. Dryden. 2. To stand opposed or opposite, or over against any thing; as, his house fronts the church. FRONT, (frunt,) v. i To stand foremost. Shak. 2. To have the face or front toward any point of compass. FRONT’AGE, 2. FRONT‘/AL, a. FRONT’AL, 2. frons.]} l. In medicine, a medicament or preparation to be applied to the forehead. uincy. 2. In architecture, a little pediment or frontpiece, over a small door or window. Encye. 3. In Jewish ceremonies, a frontlet or browband, consisting of four pieces of vellum, laid on Jeather, and tied round the forehead in the synagogue; each piece containing some text of Scripture. Encyc. FRONT’A-TED, a. Growing broader and broader, as a leaf. FRONT’-BOX, (frunt’boks,) 2. The front part of an edifice, or lot. Belonging to the forehead. [L. frontale; Fr. frontal; from L. The box in a play- house before the rest. Pope. FRONT’ED, (frunt/ed,) a. Formed with a front. JWilton. FRONT-IER/, (front-eer’,) n. tiera; Sp. frontera.] The marches ; the border, confine, or extreme part of a country, bordering on another country ; that is, the part furthest advanced, or the part that fronts an enemy, or which an invading enemy meets in front, or which fronts another country. FRONT-IER’, a. Lying on the exterior part ; border- ing: conterminous ; as, a frontier town. [Fr. frontiere ; It. fron- FRONT-IER/ED, a. Guarded on the frontiers, FRONT’ING, ppr. Opposing face to face. [ Spenser. 2. a, Standing with the front toward, front to front, or opposite. FRONT’ING-LY, adv. Ingly. FRON-TIN-IA€’, } (-tin-yak’,)n. A species of French FRON-TIG-NA€/,§ wine, named from Frontignac, the place in Languedoc where it is produced. FRONT/IS-PIECE, x. [L. frontispicium; frons and specio, tO view. 1. In architecture, the principal face of a building ; the face that directly presents itself to the eye. 2. An ornamental figure or engraving fronting the first page of a book, or at the beginning. FRONT’LESS, (frunt/less,) a. Wanting shame or modesty ; not diffident ; as, frontless vice; frontless flattery. Dryden. Pope. FRONT’LET, n. [from front.] A frontal or brow- band ; a fillet or band worm on the forehead. Deut. yi. Hence, Shakspeare uses it to denote a frowning brow. = 2. In ornithology, the margin of the head, behind ine bill, of birds, generally clothed with rigid bris- tles In a facing position ; oppos- Ss; rande, FRONT!/-ROOM, n. A room or apartment in the fore part of a house. Moxon. FROP/PISH, a. Peevish; froward. [Wot in use. ] - Clarendon. FRORE, a. [G. fror, gefroren; D. vroor, bevrooren. | Frozen; frosty. [Vot in use. | Milton. FRORNE, a. Frozen. Spenser. FRO/RY, a. Frozen. Spenser. _ 2. Covered witha froth resembling hoar-frost. [Wot WL USE. | Fairfax. FROST, (frost or fraust,) n. [Sax. frost; G. Sw. and Dan. frost ; D. vorst; from j reeze, froze. Qu. Slav. Mraz, Mroz, id. I, Frozen dew ; also called Hoanr-Frrost, or Wuite- FROST. He scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes. — Ps, cxlvii. 2. Tlie act of freezing ; applied chiefly to the con- gelation of water ; congelation of fluids, The third day comes Jrost, a killing frost, Shak, Instances of this luxuri- [L. frons, frontis; Fr. fron; Sp. | frente, fronte; It. frunte; from a root signifying, to FPRO'/WARD-LY, adv. Perversely ; in a peevish man- casions freezing or the congelation of water. crystals. Pope. vegetables than white frost, occurs when the tem perature of the air itself is below that of the vege upon them. Strictly speaking, no frost is then formed Olmsted. FROST, (frost or fraust,) v. t. hoar-frost ; as, to frost cake. 2. ‘To cover with any thing resembling hoar-frost. FROST’-BIT-TEN, (-tn,) a. fected by frost. FROST/-BOUND, a. Bound or confined by frost. frosty ; freezing cold. FROST/ING, ppr. bling hoar-frost. FROST/’ING, 2. frost, used to cover cake, &c. FROST’LESS, a. Free from frost; as, a frostless win- ter. Swift. FROST’-NAIL, n. A nail driven into a horse-shoe, to prevent the horse from slipping on ice. In some of the United States, the ends of the shoe are point- ed for this purpose, and these points are called CaLks, FROST’—-NIP-PED, (-nipt,) a. Nipped by frost. FROST’/NUMB-ED, a. Made numb by frost. FROST’-WORK, (-wurk,) n. Work resembling hoar- frost on shrubs. Blackmore. FROST’Y, a. Producing frost ; having power to con- geal water; as, a frosty night; frosty weather. 2. Containing frost ; as, the grass is frosty. 3. Chill in affection ; without warmth of affection or courage. Johnson. 4. Resembling hoar-frost ; white ; gray-haired ; as, a frosty head. Shak. FROTH, (froth or frauth,) n. [Gr. agpos; Sw. frad- ga. It is allied perhaps to G. brausen, to roar, fret, froth ; Ir. bruithim, to boil; W. brydiaw, to heat. ] 1, Spume ; foam ; the bubbles caused in liquors by fermentation or agitation. Bacon. Milton. 2. Any empty, senseless show of wit or eloquence. Johnson. 3. Light, unsubstantial matter. Tusser. FROTH, v. t. ‘To cause to foam. Beaum. & Fl. FROTH, v.%. To foam; to throw up spume; to throw out foam or bubbles. Beer froths in fermentation. The sea froths when violently agitated. A horse froths at the mouth when heated. FROTH’I-LY, adv. With foam or spume. 2. In an empty, trifling manner. FROTH/I-NESS, x. The state of being frothy ; emp- tiness ; senseless matter. FROTH/ING, ppr. Foaming. FROTH’LESS, a. Free from froth. FROTH!’-SPIT, n. A kind of white froth on the leaves of plants ; cuckoo-spit. FROTH’Y, a. Full of foam or froth, or consisting of froth or light bubbles. 2. Soft ; not firm or solid. Bacon. 3. Vain; light ; empty ; unsubstantial ; as, a vain, frothy speaker ; a frothy harangue. FROUNCE, n. poor. ohnson, 2. A prudent and sparing use or appropriation of any thing; as, frugality of praise. Dryden. F FRU/GAL-LY, adv. With economy ; with good man- agement ; in a saving manner. He seldom lives fru- gally that lives by chance. FRUG/GIN, n. [Fr. fourgon.] An oven fork ; the pole with which the ashes in the oven are stirred. FRU-GIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. frugifer ; fruges, com, and fero, to bear.] Producing fruit or corn. FRU-GIV/O-ROUS, a. [L. fruges, corn, and voro, to eat. | Feeding on fruits, seeds, or corn, as birds and oth- er animals. Nat. Hist. FRUIT, (frite,) n. [Fr. fruit; It. frutto ; Sp. fruto; from L. fructus; Arm. frouczen, or froehen ; D. vrught; G. frucht; Dan. frugt; Sw. frucht. The Latin word is the participle of fruor, contracted from frugor, or frucor, to use, to take the profit of ; allied, perhaps, to Sax. brucan, brucean, G. brauchen, to use, to enjoy. Class Brg, No. 6, 7.-] 1. In a general sense, whatever the earth produces for the nourishment of animals, or for clothing or profit. Among the fruits of the earth are included not only corn of all kinds, but grass, cotton, flax, grapes, and all cultivated plants. In this compre- hensive sense, the word is generally used in the plural. 9. In a more limited sense, the produce of a tree, or other plant; the Jast_ production for the propagation or multiplication of its kind; the seed of plants, or the part that contains the seeds, as wheat, rye, oats, apples, quinces, pears, cherries, acorns, melons, &c. 3. In botany, the seed of a plant, or the seed with the pericarp. 4, Production ; that which is produced. The fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness, and righteousness, and truth. —Eph. v. 5. The produce of animals; offspring ; young ; as, the fruit of the womb, of the loins, of the body. Scripture. 6. Effect or consequence. They shall eat the fruit of their doings. — Is, iti. 7. Advantage ; profit; good derived. What fruit had ye then in those things whereof ye are now ashamed ? — Rom. Vi. 8, Production, effect, or consequence ; in an ill sense; as, the fruits of sin; the fruits of intemper- ance. FRUIT, (frite,) v. 2. FRUIT’AGE, (frat/aje,) n. various fruits. FRUIT’-BEAR-ER, 7. To produce fruit. Chesterfield. [Fr.] Fruit collectively ; Milton. That which produces fruit. FRUIT’-BEAR-ING, a. Producing fruit; having the quality of bearing fruit. Mortimer. FRUIT/-BUD, n. The bud that produces fruit. FRUIT/ER/ER, n. One who deals in fruit; a seller of fruits, FRUIT/ER-Y, n. [Fr. fruiterie.] 1. Fruit collectively taken. Philips. 9. A fruit-loft; a repository for fruit. Johnson. FRUIT/FUL, a. Very productive ; producing fruit in abundance ; as, fruitful soil; a fruitful tree ; a fruit- ful season. _9. Prolific ; bearing children ; not barren. Be fruitful, and multiply. —Gen. i. 3. Plenteous ; abounding in any thing. Pope. 4. Productive of any thing; fertile; as, frutiful in expedients. 5, Producing in abundance ; generating ; as, fruit- ful in crimes. FRUIT!/FUL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to be pro- lific. Roscommon. 2, Plenteously ; abundantly. Shak. FRU/I-TIVE, a. FRUIT’LESS, a. of fruit; as, a fruitless plant. 2. Productive of no advantage or good effect ; vain 5 FROUIT/LESS-NESS, n. FRUIT/-LOFT, 2. it. FRUIT’-TIME, nz. FROUIT/-TREE, z. tree whose principal value consists in the fruit it pro- duces, as the cherry-tree, apple-tree, pear-tree. oak and beech produce valuable fruit, but the fruit is FROIT’Y, a. FRU-MEN-TA/CEOUS, ent. FRU! MEN-TY, n. tellectual ; enjoyment - use or possession. If the affliction is on his body capacity of fruition destroyed, oger. Not bear idle ; useless; unprvfitabl a fruitless controversy. 3. Having no offspring. RUIT/LESS-LY, adv. any valuable effect; idly; vainly ; unprofitably. unprofitable. fru The ti not their principal value. Resembling frumentaceus. | 1. Made of wheat, or] 2. Resembling wheat, fruit, and the like. FRU-MEN-TA/RI-OUS, «a. frumentum, com. ] Pertaining to wheat or grain. FRU-MEN-TA’TION, zn. [L. frumentatio.] Fossil sea-weed. Among the Romans, a largess of grain bestowed | FO’€OID, a. on the people, to quiet them when uneasy or turbu- A joke, jeer, fashioned female, FRUMP, v.t. To insult. FRUMP’ER, x. the pleasure derived from | FRY, v. t. Enjoying. The quality of being vain or A place for the preservation of A tree cultivated for its fruit, ora | FRY/ING, ppr. [L. frumentum, wheat or grain. | Food made of wheat boiled in milk. FRUMP, x. A mocker. FUG [L. frigo; Gr. dopvy; Sp. freir; it. frig- | gere; Port. frigir; Fr. frire; Ir. friochtalaim. The | sense is nearly the same as in boil, or broil, to agitate, | to fret. ] , his appetites are weakened, and R Ss. : : c ~ To dress with fat by heating or roasting In a pan \ Boyle. over a fire; to cook and prepare for eating in a fry- ing fruit ; barren ; destitute ing-pan; as, to fry meat or vege.ables. | Ji Ralegh. ERY, v.i. To be heated and agitated, as meat in a || frying-pan ; to suffer the action of fire or extreme | | e; as, a fruitless attempt;| heat. \| 2. To ferment, as in the stomach. Bacan. } Shak. 3. To be agitated ; to boil. Dryden. [from fruitless.] _ Without | FRY, zn. [Fr. frai, from the verb.] | 1. A swarm or crowd of little fish; so called from | Dryden. their crowding, tumbling, and agitation. So Sp. | hervir, to swarm or be crowded, from L. ferveo, and | vulgarly, boiling is used for a crowd. Milton. |! 9. A dish of any thing fried. || 3. A kind of sieve. [Not used in America. ] < me for gathering fruit. Mortimer. Dressing in a fryingspan ; heating ; agitating. The | FRY/ING-PAN, n. A pan with a long handle, used | for frying meat and vegetables. | ; FUB, x. A plump young person. [Vot in use.] fruit. Dickens. Smart. (fru-men-ta/shus,) a [L.| FUB,v.¢ To put off; todelay; tocheat. [See Fos.] Shak. Nichols. FUB/BY, a. Plump; chubby. ‘Ty! TE ERED: a. ([L. fucatus, from fuco, to stain. Painted ; disguised with paint; also, disguised with false show. Johnson. FU/EOID, n. [See Fuovs.] ike grain. in respect to leaves, ears, Encye. [L. frumentarius, from Hitchcock. Resembling sea-weed. Pertaining to or resembling fucoids. A paint; a dye; also, . Jonson. Sandis. In botany, a genus of Alg@, or sea- Encyc. FU-COID/AL, a. FU/EUS, x. [L. See Feicen.] false show. 2. pl. Fuci. weeds ; the sea-wrack, &c. Encye. or flout. [JVot used.] Bp. Hall. FUD/DER of lead. See Foruer and Fopper. 9. In modern colloquial usage, a cross-tempered, old- FUD/DLBE, v. t. To make drunk ; to intoxicate. Smart. Thomson. (Not in use.] Beaum. § Fl. | FUD'DLE, v. i. Todrinktoexcess. L’Estrange. [Not used. ] FUD'DLED, pp. Drunk ; intoxicated. [ Collo- | FUD’DLER,n. A drunkard. Baxter. FRUMP’/ISH, a. quial. FRUSH, v.t. [Fr. frotss To bruise; to crush. FRUSH, 2. [G. frosch, a In farriery, a sort of tender horn that grows in the middle of the sole of a the toe, dividing into toward the heel in the frog. FRUS/TRA-BLE, «@. be frustrated or defeate FRUS-TRA/NE-OUS, a. useless ; unprofitable. FRUS/TRATE, v. t. frustrar; allied, probab brousta, freuza, to break. 1. Literally, to break or interrupt; hence, to defeat ; to disappoint ; to balk frustrate a plan, design, or attempt ; to frustrate the will or purpose. fect ; as, to frustrate a FRUS/TRATE, part. a. FRUS/TRA-TED, pp. dered -vain or null. FRUS-TRA/TION, a. tempt or design. FRUS/TRA-TIVE, a. FRUS/TRA-TO-RY, a. cates or renders null ; FRUS/TUM, zn. [L.] next the base, formed || ERUIT/FUL-NESS, n. The quality of producing fruit | in abundance ; productiveness ; fertility ; as, the fruitfulness of land. 9. Fecundity ; the quality of being prolific, or pro- ducing many young; applied to animals. 3. Productiveness of the intellect; as, the fruitful- ness of the brain. 4, Bxuberant abundance. B. Jonson. FRUIT’-GROVE, 2. frivit-trees. FRUIT/ING, ppr. or a. fruit. FRUITING, x. PRU-I//TION, (fru-ish’un,) 7. or enjoy.] The bearing of fruit. Use, accompanied with pleasure, corporeal or in- A grove or close plantation of Bearing fruit; pertaining to [from L. fruor, to use TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. part of any solid, as of to each other. FRU-TES/CENT, «a. a frutescent stem. FRU/TEX, zn. [1] ing a woody, ¢ urable FRO/TI-COSE, FRO/TLEOUS, cous stem. FRU-TI€/U-LOSE, a. Old-fashioned ; ill-natured. 9. A discharge of a fetid or ichorous matter from the frog of a horse’s foot ; also called thrush. [See Frustrate.] That may [L. frustro ; 2. To disappoint ; applied to persons, 8 To make null; to nullify; to render of no ef- | FU-GA/CLOUS, (fu-ga’shus,) a. unprofitable ; null; void; of no effect. FRUS'TRA-TING, ppr-. making vain or of no effect. pointment; defeat; as, the frustration of one’s at- two planes, which may be either parallel or inclined [L. frutex, a shrub.] In botany, from herbaceous becoming shrubby ; as, In botany, a shrub ; a plant hav- FRO/TLEANT, a. Full of shoots. a, [lL fruticosus.] Shrub-like; branching like a shrub; as, a fruti- —€ as K; GasJ; Sas Z; CHas SH; Smart. FUD/DLING, ppr. Intoxicating; drinking to excess, ers] FUDGE, x. A made-up story; stuff; nonsense; an Obs. ] Shak. exclamation of contempt. Goldsmith. frog. | FO/EL, x. [from Fr. feu, fire, contracted from Sp. fuego, It. fuoco, L. focus. | 1. Any matter which serves as aliment to fire ; that which feeds fire ; combustible matter, as wood, coal, peat, &c. ; 9, Any thing that serves to feed or increase flame, heat, or excitement. FOU/EL, v. t. To feed with combustible matter. Never, alas! the dreadful name, That fuels the infernal flame. Cowley. 2. To store with fuel or firing. Wotton. FU/EL-ED, (fa’eld,) pp. Fed with combustible mat- ter; stored with firing. horse, at some distance from two branches, and running form of a fork; the same as Farrier’s Dict. Smart. d. See FrustraTe.] Vain; [ Little used More. South. ‘r. frustrer; Sp. FU/EL-ER, x. He or that which supplies fuel. Donne. FO’/EL-ING, ppr. Feeding with fuel; supplying with FU/E-RO, n. [Sp., from the root of force.] [fuel. 1. A statute ; jurisdiction. 2. A charter of privileges. FUFF, v.i. To puff. { Local.) FUF/FY, a. Light; puffy. [ Local. ] [L. fugaz, from fugo, ly, to Fr. froisser, briser, Arm. Class Rd or Rs.] to bring to nothing; as, to 5) Brockett. to chase, or fugio, to flee. | Flying or fleeing away ; volatile. FU-GA'CIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of flying away ; Hooker. Dryden. volatility. Defeated; disappointed ; ren-| PU_GAC/T-TY, (fu-gas’e-te,) ™ L. fugaz, supra.] 1. Volatility ; the quality of fying away ; as, the conveyance or deed. Vain ; ineffectual ; useless ; Defeating; disappointing ;| fugacity of spirits. Boyle. 9. Uncertainty ; instability. Johnson. FUGH or FOH, an exclamation expressing abhor- C rence. Dryden. 5 , South. FU/GLTIVE, a. [Fr. fugitif; L. fugitivus, from fugio, Tending to defeat; fallacious. to flee, Gr. pevyo- _ i Dict. 1. Volatile; apt to flee away; readily wafted by That makes void; that va- the wind. as, a frustratory epecr ligfe The more tender and fugitive parts. Ayliffe. 4 : Tete ° 9 J < . > ta aq» ng In geometry, the part of a solid 2. Not tenable; not to be held or detained ; re adily ; escaping ; as, a fugiteve idea. Locke. The act of frustrating ; disap- Woodward. by cutting off the top; or, the : es a cone, pyramid, &c., between 3. Unstable; unsteady; fleeting ; not fixed or durable. Jolinson. Brande. 4, Fleeing ; running from danger or pursuit. Milton. 5. Fleeing from duty ; eloping ; escaping. ana fugitive daughter enjoy herself while her parents are in feet . m : Clarissa. 6. Wandering ; vagabond ; as, a fugitive ph Martyn. ysician. stem, but less than a tree. Milne Votton. Evelyn. 7. In literature, fugitive compositions are such as are short and occasional, written Jn haste or at in- i to be fleeting and temporary. ho flees from his station or ho flees from danger. Bacon. tervals, and considere¢ FOU/GLTIVE, n. One w uty ; a deserter; one W } onRt ; : Milton. Branching like a small shrub. TH as in THIS = eee re mead > x a ee TTT: ae eee ee ee~ PTR ve nice mea a ishment. : Dryden. 3. One Lard to be caught or detained. Or catch that airy fugitive, called wit. Harte. FO/GI-TIVE-LY, adv. * FU/GI-TIVE-NESS, 2. ness to fly away. 2. Instability ; unsteadiness, FU/GLE-MAN, n FLU/GEL-MAN, from fliigel, a wing.] In a fugitive manner oyle. Johnson. One who takes his place in front of a military band, as a guide to the soldiers in the movements of the dnl. : FOGUE, (fag,)n. [Fr. fugue; L. Sp. and It. fuga.] In music, a composition in which the different parts } follow each other, each repeating the subject at a cer- (| tain interval above or below the preceding part. } Brande. 1 FU/GUIST, (fa/gist,) n. A musician who composes fugues, or performs them extemporaneously. Busby. || FUL/CL-BLE, n. [L. fulcidilis.] propped up. [Wot in use. : , FUL'CI-MENT, xn. [L. fulcimentum, from fulcio, to prop.] A prop; a fulcrum; that on which a balance or lever rests, [Little used.] Wilkins. FUL‘ERATE, a. [from L. fulcrum, a prop. ] 1. In botany, a fulcrate stem is one whose branches descend to the earth, as in Ficus. Lee. 2. Furnished with fulerums. FUL/€RUM, n. ; pl. Furcra or Fuxicrums. prop or support. d 2. In mechanics, that by which a lever isjsustained or the point about which it moves. 3. In botany, a term applied, in the plural, to all the appendages of the axis of a plant, except the leaves and flowers; as the stipules, bracts, tendrils, &c. [| Disused. FUL-FILL’, >. ¢. and ill.) 1. To accomplish ; to perform; to complete ; to an- sWer, in execution or event, what has been foretold or promised ; as, to fulfill a prophecy or prediction ; to fulfill a promise. 2. To accomplish what was intended ; to answer a design by execution. Which may be | [L.] A ? [A tautological compound of full 2. One whio has fled or deserted, and taken refuge | FU-LIG'I-NOUS, under another power, or one who has fled fro pun- Volatility ; fugacity ; an apt- [G. fliigelmann, a file-leader, Here Nature seems fulfilled in all her ends. Milton. 3. To accomplish or perform what was desired ; to answer any desire by compliance or gratification. He wil] fulfill the desire of them that fear him. — Ps. cxlv. 4. To perform what is required ; to answer a law by obedience. If ye fulfill the royal law according to the Scripture, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself, ye do well. — James ii. 5. To complete in time. Fulfill her week. — Gen. xxix. 6. In general, to accomplish : carry into effect. FUL-FILL/ED, pp. pleted ; executed. FUL-FILL/ER, x. One that fulfills or accomplishes, FUL-FILL/ING, ppr- Accomplishing ; performing : completing. FUL-FILL/MENT, ) n. FUL-FILL/ING, {| prophecy. 2. Execution ; performance ; as, the fulfillment of a promise. FUL/FRAUGHT, (frawt,) a. [full and Srauy}t,] Full-stored. [See Futi-rravent. Siiak FUL'GEN-CY, n. [L. fulgens, from fulgeo, to shine. See EF Futcence. Brightness ; splendor; glitter. Dict. FUL'GENT, a. Shining; dazzling ; exquisitely bright. Milton, FUL‘GENT-LY, adv. Dazzlingly ; glitteringly. FUL/GID, a. i fulgidus, from fulseo, to shine. ] Shining ; glittering ; dazzling. [Not in use. | to complete; to Accomplished ; performed ; com- Accomplishment comple- tion ; as, the fulfiiment of FUL-GID'I-TY, n. Splendor. FUL/GOR, n. [L.] Splendor; dazzling brightness Little used. Brown. [Not used. ] To flash as lightning. [JVot Chambers. [L. fulguratio, from Sulcur, More. FUL/GU-RANT, a. Lightening. FUL/GU-RATE, v. i. used. | FUL-GU-RA/TION, n. lightning. } 1. Lightning; or not at all.) 2, The sudden brightening of a fused globule ot gold or silver, when the last film of the oxyd of lead or copper leaves its surface. Brande. FUL/GU-RITER, n. [L. fulgura.] A name given to Vitrified sand-tubes, which are supposed to have been produced by the striking of lightning on sand. the act of lightening. [Litde used, P. Cyc. FUL/GU-RY, n. Lightning. [ Obs.] Cockeram. FUL/HAM,n. A cant word for false dice, Shak. FU-LIG-I-NOS/L-TY, n. from the root of foul. Sootiness ; matter €positea by smoke. Kirwan, Geol. [L. fuligo, soot, probably PATE, FAR, FALL. WHAT.— METD, PREY. Sn ee 486 to the always does when in opposition to the sun. FULL, adv. abatement or diminution €n or strengtnen their signification ; to express utmost extent or degree. FULL, ». t. Fr. fouler ; to tread, to press, to full It. folla, and folta, a crowd; folto Eng. felt, Jilter, It. feltro, from being throng. family. As the French fouler signifies to tread and to full cloth, so zwalker, a filler, is from the root of walk. } sense; but, in practice, to full is to mill; to make compact ; FULL/-A/€ORN-ED, a. FUL/LAM, n. from Fulham, where FULL’-BLOOM/ED, a. (fu-lij/in-us,) a. fuliginosus, from fuligo, soot. I. Pertaining to soot; sooty; dark ; dusky. 2. Pertaining to smoke ; resembling smoke ; dusky. Shenstone. FU-LIG/I-NOUS-LY, adv. Ing Sooty. FU’/LI-MART. FULL, ad, Sulds; Dan. fuld ; W. gwala, fullness. in composition. See Foumanrr. See Fixx and to Fux.) 1. Replete ; having within its limits all that it can contain ; as, a vessel full of liquor. 2, Abounding with ; of cares and perplexities, 3. Supplied; not vacant. Had the throne been full, their meeting would not have been regular, 4. Plump; fat; as, a full body. 9. Saturated ; sated Blackstone. Iam full of the burnt-offerings of ams, — Is, i. 6. Crowded, with regard to the imagination or memory. Every one is full of the miracles dune by cold baths on decayed and weak constitutions. 7. Large ; entire ; not partial ; meal. 8. Complete ; entire; not defective or partial ; the full accomplishment of a prophecy. 9. Complete ; entire; without abatement. OCKE,. It came to pass, at the end of two Jull years, that Pharaoh dreamed. — Gen. xli 10. Containing the whole matter ; Whole; as, a full narration or description. ll. Strong ; distinct ; as, a full voice or sound. 12. Mature; perfect; as, a person of full age. 13. Entire ; a sentence; as, a full stop or point. 14. Spread to view in all dimensions ; as, a head drawn with a full face. Addison. 15. Exhibiting the whole disk or surface illumi- nated ; as, the full moon. 16. Abundant; plenteous; sufficient. full supply of provisions for tne year. 17. Adequate ; reward for labor. 18. Well fed. 19. Well supplied or furnished ; 20. Copious; ample. was full upon that point. Mitford, A full band, in music, is when all the voices and Instruments are employed. abounding. Complete measure ; utmost extent. This ins*rtument answers to the Full. «- The highest state or degree. The swan’s dowr feather, That stands upon the swell at full of tide. Shak. 3. The whole; the total; in the phrase at full, Shak, s. The state of satiety ; as, fed to the full. The full of the moon, is the time when it presents spectator its whole face illuminated, as it Quite; to the same degree ; without The pawn I proffer shall be full as good, Dryden. 2. With the whole effect. The diapason closing full in man, Dryden. 3. Exactly. Full in the center of the sacred wood, Addison. 4. Directly ; as, he looked him full in the face. It is placed before adjectives and adverbs to hight- as, full sad. Milton. Full well ye reject the commanari 1ent of God, that ye may keep your own (tradition. — Mark vii, In a smoky state; by be- [Sax. full; Sw. full: G. voll; D. vol; Goth. Qu. It. vole, having a large quantity or abundance ; as, a house full of furniture ; life is full [L. fuligineus, | FULL’/-BLOWN, a. Fully expanded, as a blossom, j Denham. 2. Fully distended with wind. Dryden. FULL/-BOT/TOM, n._ A wig with a large bottom, FULL'-BOT’TOM-ED, a. Having a large bottom, as a Wig. FULU/-BUTT’, adv. lence. [ Vulgar.) FULL/-CHARG/ED, a. FULL/-CERAM/MED, a. Meeting directly and with viv- Estrance. Charged to fullness. Shak. Crammed to fullness, /Varston. FULL/-DRESS/ED, (-drest,) a. Dressed in form or costume. FULL/-DRIVE’, a. Driving with full speed. Chaucer. FULL/-EAR/ED, a, Having the ears or heads full of prain. Denham. FULL/-EY’/ED, (-ide,) a, Having large, prominent eyes. FULL/-FAC’ED, (-faste,) a. Having a broad face. FULL/-FED’, a. Fed to fullness ; plump with fat. FULL/-FLESH/ED, (-lesht,) a. Having full flesh ; corpulent. Lamb. FULL/-FORM/ED, a. Having full form. Coleride. FULL/-FRAUGHT’, (-frawt,) a. Laden or stored to fullness. that fills; as, a full| FULL/-GROWN’, a. as, expressing the not faint or attenuated ; loud; clear ; complete ; denoting the completion of We have a equal ; as, a full compensation or The speaker or the writer FULL/ER’S-EARTH, (-erth,) n. A full organ, is when all cr most of the stops are out. FULL, 7. FULL/ER’S-THIS'/TLE, lS) iz. FULL/ER’S$-WEED, j FULL/ER-Y, n. FULL/ING, ppr. FULLIING, 7. FULL/ING-MILL, n. A FULL/NESS, n. [from full, } Full is prefixed to other words, chiefly participles, [Sax. fullian ; L. fullo ; D. vollen, vullen ; 3 Joule, a crowd ; » dense ; allied to g thick or fulled. that is, a crowd, a probably of the same ax. feala, many, Gr. ToL, Foul and defile are To thicken cloth in a mill, This is the primary or to scour, cleanse, and thicken, in a mill. Fed to the full with acorns. Shak. An old cant word for false dice, named they were made, Smart. Having perfect bloom. Crashao. ————$$ $ FUL/LY, adv. trial, in distinction from b for examination. FUL/MAR, n. Ase Linneus, which, Singular faculty of spouting from its billa quantity of pure oil against its adversary. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, Shak. FULL/-GORG/ED, a. Over fed; a term of hawking. Shak. Grown to full size. Milton, FULL!-HEART’ED, (-hiart/ed,) a. Full of courage or confidence. Shak. FULL’-HOT’, a, Heated to the utmost. Shak. 2. Quite as hot as it ought to be. FULL!-LA’DEN, a. Laden to the full. FULL/-MAN/NED, a. Completely fwmished with men. FULL/-MOUFH’ED, a. Having a full or strong voice. FULL/-ORB/ED, a. Having the orb complete or fully illuminated, as the moon; like the full moon. Addison. Mason. FULL’-SPREAD’, (-spred,) a. Extended to the ut- most, Dryden. FULL’/-STCM!/ASH-ED, (-stum/akt,) a. stomach crammed. FULL/-STUFF’ED, (-Stuft,) a. Filled to the utmost extent, Having the Traylon. FULL/-SUM/MED, a. Complete in all its parts. Howell, FULL/-WING/ED, a. Having complete Wings, or large, strong wings. Shak. 2. Ready for flight ; eager. FULL/AGE, xn. Money paid for fulling cloth. FULL/ED, pp. or a. Cleansed; thickened ; made dense and firm in a mill. FULL/ER, x. One whose occupation is to full cloth. A variety of clay, compact, but friable, unctuous to the touch, and of various colors, usually with a shade of green, Its useful in scouring and cleansing cloth, as it imbibes the grease and oil used in preparing wool. Cleaveland. Beaum. Encye, Teasel, a plant of the genus Dipsacus, The burs are used in dressing cloth. The place or the works where the fulling of cloth is carried on. Thickening cloth in a mill ; making The art or practice of thickening cloth and making it compact and firm in a mill, at the same time the cloth is cleansed of oily matter. mill for fulling cloth by means of pestles or stampers, which beat and press it to a close or compact state and cleanse it. The state of being filled, so as to leave no part vacant. 2. The state of abounding or being in great plenty ; abundance, 3. Completeness; the state of a thing in which nothing is wanted ; perfection, In thy presence is fullness of Joy. — Ps. xvi. compact. 4. Repletion ; satiety ; as from intemperance, ‘ Taylor. o. Repletion of vessels : as, fullness of blood. 6. Plenty ; Wealth ; affluence. Shak. - Struggling perturbation 3 Swelling; as, the full- 8. Largeness ; extent. (ness of the heart. a plot, and variety of characters, to Dryden, 9. Loudness ; force of sound, such as fills the e ~ There wanted the fullness of form it as it ought, ar. Pope. without lack Satisfaction ; to the | Sully persuaded of the truth Completely ; entirely ; or defect; in a manner to give extent desired ; as, to be of a proposition. _ 2. Completely ; perfectly. Things partially known in this life will be hereafter Sully disclosed, Fully committed ; in law, committed to prison for eing previously detained a fowl, the Procellaria Glacialis of like the other petrels, possesses the It is an inhabitant MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eeie FUM FUN FUN ot northern, especially polar regions, and feeds on the flesh and blubber of dead whales and seals, or other offal. It is valued for its down, feathers, and oil. P. Cyc. Partington. 2. The foulemart or fulimart. [See Foumakrr.] FUL/MLNANT, a. [Fr., from L. fulminans.] Thundering. FUL/MIL-NATE, v. i. [L. fulmino, from fulmen, thun- der, from a root in Bl, which signifies to throw or to burst forth. ] I. To thunder. Davies. 2, To make a loud, sudden noise, or a sudden, sharp crack ; to detonate ; as, fulminating gold. Boyle. 3. To issue forth ecclesiastical censures, as if with the force of a thunderbolt. Herbert. FUL/MI-NATE, v. t. To utter or send out, as a de- nunciation or censure; to send out, as a menace or censure by ecclesiastical authority. Warburton. 2. To cause to explode. Sprat. FUL/MI-NATE, n. A compound of fulminic acid With a base; as, fulminate of mercury ; fulminate of silver ; often called fulminating mercury and silver. These compounds detonate or explode by percussion, friction, or heat. Fulminate of mercury is much used in percussion caps. FUL/MI-NA-TING, ppr. or a. ling; exploding; detonating. 2. Hurling papal denunciations, menaces, or cen- sures. Fulminating powder ; a detonating compound of sul- phur, carbonate of potash, and niter. [See the noun FULMINATE. ] FUL-MLN&A/TION, x. A thundering. 2. Denunciation of censure or threats, as by papal authority. The fulminations from the Vatican were turned into ridicule. Ayliffe. 2. The explosion of certain chemical preparations ; Thundering; crack- detonation. Encyc. FUL/MI-NA-TO-RY, a. Thundering ; striking terror. FUL/MINE, v.i. To thunder. Spenser. Milton. FUL/MINE, v. t. To shoot ; to dart like lightning. FUL-MIN/I€, a. Fulminic acid, in chemistry, is an explosive acid composed of cyanogen and oxygen. See FuLMINATE, 7. ] L/SOME, a. [Sax. ful, foul, or full.” Rank; gross; disgusting; nauseous. Formerly, the word was applied to things which disgust the senses; as, a fulsome coffin, a fulsome smell, and hence to things lustful or obscene ; as, fulsome ewes, a fulsome epigram. In present usage, the term is usual- ly confined to that which disgusts by excess or gross- ness; as, fulsome flattery, a fulsome compliment, a fulsome artifice. Cowper. It seems, then, that full and foul are radically the same word, the primary sense of which is stuffed, crowded, from the sense of putting on, or in. In present usage, the compound fulsome takes its signifi- cation from full, in the sense of cloying or satiating ; and in former usage, fulsome takes its predominant sense from foulness. FUL S0OME-LY, adv. FUL/SOME-NESS, n. Rankly ; nauseously. Nauseousness ; offensive gross- ness. England. FUL/VID, a. See Furvovs, which is generally used. FUL/VOUS, a. [L. fulvus. Tawny; dull yellow, with a mixture of gray and brown. Lindley. FU-MA’/DO, n. [L. fumus, smoke.~ A smoked fish. Carew. FO/MAGE, n. [L. fumus.] Hearth-money. Dict. FU/MA-TO-RY, 2. [L. fumaria herba; Fr. fumeterre; from fumus, smoke. ] [rory. A plant of the genus fumaria; also written Fumr- FUM/BLE, v. i [D. fommelen; Dan. famler; Sw. famla, properly, to stop, stammer, falter, hesitate, to feel along, to grope. | 1. To feel or grope about; to attempt awkwardly. Cudworth. 2. To grope about in perplexity ; to seek awkward- ly ; as, to fumble for an excuse. Dryden. 3. To handle much; to play childishly; to turn over and over. I saw him fumble with the sheets, and play with flowers, Shak, FUM’BLE, v.t. To manage awkwardly ; to crowd or tumble together. Shak. FUM/BLER, 2. One who gropes or manages awk- wardly. FUM/BLING, ppr. or a. wardly. EFUM’BLING-LY, adv. In an awkward manner, FOME, 7. [L. fumus, Fr. fumée, smoke. } 1. Smoke; vapor from combustion, as from burn- ing wood or tobacco. Bacon. 2, Vapor; volatile matter ascending in a dense body. Woodward. 3. Exhalation from the stomach; as, the fumes of wine. Dryden. 4. Rage; heat; as, the fumes of passion. South. 5, Any thing unsubstantial or fleeting. Shak. 6. Idle conceit ; vain imagination. Bacon. FUME, v. i. [L. fumo, Fr. fumer, Sp. fumar, It. fu- Groping ; managing awk- 1. To smoke ; to throw off vapor, as in combus- tion. Where the golden altar fumed. Milton. 2. Lo yield vapor or visible exhalations. Silenus lay, Whose constant cups lay fuming to his brain. Roscommon, 3. To pass off in vapors. Their parts are kept from fuming away by their fixity. Cheyne. 4. To be in a rage: to be hot with anger. He frets, h¢ fumes, he stares, he stamps the ground. Dryden. FUME, v.t. To smoke; todry in smoke Carew. 2. To perfume. She fumed .the temple with an odorous flame. Dryden, 3. To disperse or drive away in vapors. The heat will fume away most of the scent. Mortimer. FUM/ED, pp. Smoked ; dried in smoke. FUME/LESS, a. Free from fumes. FU/MET,n. The dung of deer. B. Jonson. FU-METTE’, x. [{Fr.] The stench of tainted meat. FU/MID, a. [L. fumidus.] [ Swift. Smoky ; vaporous. Brown. FU-MID/LTY, m. Smokiness. FU-MIF’ER-OUS, a. Producing smoke. FU-MIF’U-GIST, n. [{L. fumus and fugo.] He or that which drives away smoke or fumes. FU/MI-GANT, a. Fuming. FO MIL-GATE, v.t. [L. fumigo; Fr. fumiger; from fumus, smoke. } 1. To smoke; to perfume. Dryden. 2. To apply smoke to; to expose to smoke or gas ; as, in chemistry, or in medicine, by mhaling it, or in cleansing infected apartments, clothing, &c. FO! MI-GA-TED, pp. Smoked; exposed to smoke. FU/MI-GA-TING, ppr. Smoking; applying smoke to. FU-MI-GA/TION, x [L. fumigatio. | 1. The act of smoking or applying smoke or gas, as in chemistry for suftening a metal, or in the heal- ing art by inhaling the smoke of certain substances. Expectoration is often assisted, and sometimes ulcers of the lungs healed, by fwnigation. Fumigation is also used in cleansing infected rooms, clothing, &c. 2, Vapors; scent raised by fire. FU'MI-GA-TO-RY, a. Having the quality of cleans- FUM/I-LY, adv. Smokily. [ing by smoke. FUM/ING, ppr. or a. Smoking; emitting vapors; raging; fretting. FUM/ING-LY, adv. Angrily; in a rage. Hooker. FOM/ISH, a. Smoky; hot; choleric. [Zittle used.] FO/MI-TER, xn A plant. [See Fumrrory.] FU/MLTO-RY, x. A genus of plants, Fumaria. The eaves of the Fremaria officinalis, or common fumito- ry, are of a bitter taste, and are sometimes used in disorders of the skin. Forsyth. TT M/ <3) roMy, a. Producing fume; full of vapor. From dice and wine the youth retired to rest, And putfed the fumy god from out his breast. Dryden. FUN, 2. [G. wonne.] Sport; vulgar merviment. 4 low word. [Qu. Eth. M42 coani, to play.] FU-NAM/'BU-LATE, v. t. To walk on a rope. FU-NAM’'BU-LA-TING, ppr. Walking on a rope. FU-NAM/BU-LA-TO-RY, a. Performing like a rope- dancer ; narrow, like the walk of a rope-dancer. Brown. Chambers. FU-NAM/BU-LIST, 72. [L. funis, rope, and ambulo, to walk. } FUNC’! tions. FUN€’TION-A-RY, 2. FUNC'TUS OF-FI'' CIO, (-of-fish’e-o,) [L.] fice. FUND, xn. [Fr. fond; Sp fondo, funda; L. fundus, A rope-walker or dancer. FU-NAM/BU-LO, )7z. [L. funambulus] A rope- FU-NAM/BU-LUS, } _ dancer. acon. FUN€'TION, n. [L. functio, from fungor, to perform. ] 1. In a general sense, the doing, executing, or per- forming of any thing; discharge ; performance ; as, the function of a calling or office. More generally, 9. Office or employment, or any duty or business belonging to a particular station or character, or re- quired of a person in that station or character. Thus we speak of the functions of a chancellor, judge, or bishop ; the functions of a parent or guardian. 3. Trade; occupation. [Less proper.] 4. The office of any particular part of animal bod- ies ; the peculiar or appropriate action of a member or part of the body, by which the animal economy is carried on. Thus we speak of the functions of the brain and nerves, of the heart, of the liver, of the muscles, &c. 5. Power; faculty, animal or intellectual. Pope. As the mind opens, and its funckons spread. 6. The animal or vegetable functions are, the motions, operations, or acts, which the organs, or system of organs, are fitted by nature to perform; the proper action of the mechanism. Dict. of Nat. Hist. 7, In mathematics, the function of a variable quan- tity, is any algebraic expression into which that quan- tity enters. A quantity is said to be a function of two or more variable quantities, when its value depends on them, and on other quantities having invariable alues. Cyc. Barlow. mare, to smoke. ] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as Vv FUN€’TION-AL, a. Pertaining to functions; per- formed by the functions ; as, a functional irregulari ty. [See Funcrion.] T'TON-AL-LY, adv. By means of the func- Lawrence, Lect. One who holds an office or trust; as,a public functionary ; secular functionaries. Walsh. Wav- ing gone through with an office or duty; out of of ground, bottom, foundation ; connected with L. fun- do, to found, the sense of which is to throw down, to set, to lay; Ir. bon, or bun, bottom; Heb. Ch. Syr. -=— moa, Ar. Lis bana, to build. Class Bn, No.7. The L. funda, a sling, a casting-net or purse, It. fonda, is from the same source. ] 1. A stock o: capital; a sum of money appropria- ted as the foundation of some commercial or other operation, undertaken with a view to profit, and by means of which expenses and credit are supported. Thus the capital stock of a banking institution is called its fund; the joint stock of a commercial or manufacturing house constitutes its fund or funds ; and hence the word is applied to the money which an individual may possess, or the means he can em- ploy for carrying on any enterprise or operation. No prudent man undertakes an expensive business Without fwrds. 2. Money lent to government, constituting a na- tional debt; or the stock of a national debt. Thus we say, a man js interested in the funds, or public funds, when he owns the stock, or the evidences of the public debt; and the funds are said to rise or fall, when a given amount of that debt sells for more or less in the market. 3. Money or income destined to the payment of the interest of a debt. 4. A sinking fund is a sum of money appropriated to the purchase of the public stocks, or the payment of the public debt. 5. Money whose income is set apart for the support of some permanent object. 6. A stock or capital to afford supplies of any kind; as, a fund of wisdom or good sense; a fund of wit. Hence, 7. Abundance ; ample stock or store. FUND, v. t. To provide and appropriate a fund or permanent revenue for the payment of the interest of ; to make permanent provision of resources for discharging the annual interest of; as, to fund ex- chequer bills or government notes; to fund a na- tional debt. Bolingbroke. Hamilton. 9. To place money in a fund. ° FUND/-HOLD-ER, n. One who has property in the funds. FUN/DA-MENT, x. [L. fundamentum, from fundo, to set. 1. The seat ; the lower part of the body, or of the intestinum rectum. Flume. 2. Foundation. [JVot in use.] Chaucer. FUN-DA-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to the foundation or basis; serving for the foundation. Hence, es- sential; Important; as, a fundamental trath or prin~ ciple ; a fundamental law; a fundamental sound or chord in music. Fundamental base; that part, in musical harmony, which sustains the chord ; in the natura’ position of the chord, the lowest part. FUN-DA MENT’AL, n. A leading or primary princi- ple, rule, law, or article, which serves as the ground- work of a system; essential part; as, the ‘undamen= tals of the Christian faith. FUN-DA-MENT’AL-LY, adv. Primarily ; originally ; essentially ; at the foundation. All power is funda- mentally in the citizens of a state. FUND/ED, pp. ora. Furnished with funds for regu- lar payment of the interest of; as, funded debt. i FUND/ING, ppr. Providing funds for the payment of the interest of. Funding system; a scheme of finance or revenue by which provision is made for paying annual inter- est on a public debt. FUND/LESS, a. Destitute of funds. FU-N&/BRI-AL i FU-NE/BRLOUS, a. [L. funebris.] Pertaining to funerals. _ Brown. FU/NER-AL, zn. [It. funerale; Fr. funerailles 5 from L. funus, from funale, a cord, a torch, from funis, a rope or chord, as torches were made of cords, and were used in burials among the Romane 1. Burial ; the ceremony of burying a ead human body ; the solemnization of interment ; obsequies. the burial 9. The procession of persons attending of the dead. 3. Burial; interment. : . FO’NBR-AL, a. Pertaining to burial ; used at the in- terment of the dead; as, funeral rites, honors, or ceremonies; a funeral torch ; funeral feast or games 5 funeral oration. : Encyc. Dryden. FU-NER-A/TION, n. Solemnization of a funeral. [Wot used. } SH; FH as in THIS. —— 487 a a ee) 5 ce eeFUR FU-NE/RE-AL, a, Suiting a funeral; pertaining to | FUR/BE-LOW, v. t. f burial. Shak. 2. Dark; dismal; mournful. Taylor. FU-NB/RE-AL-LY, adv. Dismally ; mournfully. | FU-NEST’, a. Lamentable. [JVot used.] FUN’GATE, 7x. fingic acid and a base. Coze. [L. fungus.] A blockhead; a dolt; fool. urton. FUN/GI-A, n. A genus of corals. coral have much resemblance in form to a mushroom. They are circular or elliptical, and some of them ejzhteen inches in diameter. Dana. | FUNGE, 2. | FUN'GIE, a. Pertaining to or obtained from mush- rooms; as, fungic acid. ; FUN/GLFORM, a [fungus and form.] In mineralo- | } } | oy, having a termination similar to the head of a | | fungus. Philips. FUN/GIN, n. The fleshy part of mushrooms, now Coze. from fungus.] A kind of fossil coral. [L. fungus and voro.| Kirby. Having the appearance of a mush- | considered as a peculiar vegetable principle. | FUN/GITE, x. FUN-GIV/OR-OUS, a. Feeding on mushrooms. UN’/GOID, «a. room. UN’GOS/I-TY, 72. | Soft excrescence. | FUN'’GOUS, a. [See Funcus.] Like fungus or a ' yyy | j i ( | mushroom; excrescent ; spongy ; soft. | 2, Growing suddenly ; but not substantial or dura- ble. darris. FUN/’'GUS, n. ; pl. Fun’or or Fun!’/cus-es. [L.] A term applied by botanists to a large natural order of plants of a peculiar organization and manner of growth, comprehending mushrooms, toadstools, the micro- scopic plants which form mold, mildew, smut, &c. The Fungi constitute one division of the Linnean | class Cryptogamia. The word is also applied to ex- crescences on plants. P. Cyc. Encyc. 2. A spongy excrescence in animal bodies, as proud flesh formed in wounds. Core. The term is particularly applied to any morbid ex- crescence, Whether In wounds or arising spontane- ously. Cyc. Cooper. FU/NI-€LE, n. [L. funiculus, dim. of funis, a cord.] A small cord ; a small ligature ; a fiber. Johnson. FU-NI€/U-LAR, a. Consisting of a small cord or fiber. FUNK, n. matter. ] An offensive smell. FUNK, ». t. [Qu. Arm. fancg, Fr. fange, mud, mire, [Vulgar.] To envelop with an offensive smell. King, FUNK, v.% To stink through fear. [Vulgar.] Epigram on J. Burton. FUN'NEL, x. [W. fynel, an air-hole, funnel, or chim- ney, from fwn, breath, source, connected with fount, which see. 1. A passage or avenue for a fluid or flowing sub- stance, particularly the shaft or hollow channel of a | chimney, thrcugh which smoke ascends. 2. A vessel for conveying fluids into close vessels ; [from fungus.) A compound of a | FUR/BISH-A-BLE, a. The species of } FUR/BISH-ED, (fur’bisht,) pp. Scoured to brightness ; nish with an ornamental appendage of dress. Prior. FUR’/BE-LOW-ED, pp. Furnished with a furbelow. FUR/BE-LOW-ING, ppr. Adorning witha furbelow. FUR’BISH, v.t. [It. forbire; Fr. fourbir.] To rub or scour to brightness ; to polish; to bur- nish ; as, to furbish a sword or spear ; to furbish arms. That may be furbished. Sherwood. I polished ; burnished, FUR’BISH-ER, nm. One who polishes or makes bright by rubbing ; one who cleans. FUR’BISH-ING, ppr. Rubbing to brightness ; polish- MTTRIC ATE spec FUR/ER-TED, { a [L. furca, a fork.] [ing. Forked ; branching like the prongs of a fork. Lee, Botany. FUR-€A'TION, n. A forking; a branching like the tines of a fork. Brown. FUR’DLE, v. t. [Fr. fardeau, a bundle.] To drawup into a bundle. [JVot used.] Brown. FUR/FUR,n. [L.] Dandruff; scurf; scales like bran. FUR-FU-RA/CEOUS, a. [L. furfuraceus.] Scaly: branny ; scurfy; like bran. FU’/RLOUS, a. [L. furiosus; It. furioso ; Fr. furieuz. See Fury. 1. Rushing with impetuosity ; moving with vio- lence ; as, a furious stream ; a furious wind or storm. 2. Raging; violent ; transported with passion ; as, a furious animal. 3. Mad; phrenetic ; frantic. FU/RI-OUS-LY, adv. With impetuous motion or agitation; violently; vehemently ; as, to run furi- ously ; to attack one furiously. FU’RI-OUS-NESS,n. Impetuous motion or rushing ; 2. Madness ; phrensy ; rage. [violent agitation. FURL, v.t. [IF r. ferler; Arm. farlea; Sp. aferrar, to grapple, to seize, to furl; Port. ferrar.] To draw up; to wrap or roll a sail close to the yard, stay, or mast, and fasten it by a gasket or cord. Mar. Dict. FURLI/ED, pp. or a. Wrapped and fastened to a yard, &c. FURL/ING, ppr. Wrapping or rolling and fastening to a yard, &c. FUR’LONG, n. [Sax. furlang; far or fur, and long, or furh, a furrow, the length of a furrow.] A measure of length; the eighth part of a mile; forty rods, poles, or perches. FUR’/LOUGH, (fur/lé,) x. [D.verlof; G. urlaub; Dan. Dan. forlov or orlov ; Sw. orlof; compounded of the root of fare, to go, and leave, permission. (See Fare and Leave.) The common orthography, furlough, is corrupt, as the last syllable exbibits false radical con- sonants. ‘The true orthography would be furlow.] Leave of absence ; a word used only in military affairs. Leave or license given by a commanding officer to an officer or soldier to be absent from ser- vice for a certain time. FUR/LOUGH, v. t. To furnish with a furlough; to | akind of inverted hollow cone with a pipe; a tun- nel. FUN/NEL-FORM, ay. a. Having the form of a fun- FUN/NEL-SHAP-ED, { nel, or inverted hollow cone. Fam. of Plants. [from fun.] Droll; comical. FUN'NY, 7. A light boat. FUR, x. [Fr. fourrure, from fourrer, to put on, to | thrust in, to stuff; Sp. gforrar; Arm. feura. The | Sense seems to be, to stuff, to make thick, or to put on and thus make thick. In Welsh, fer is | dense, solid.] | 1. The short, fine, soft hair of certain animals, growing thick on the skin, and distinguished from the hair, which is longer and coarser. Furis one of the most perfect non-conductors of heat, and serves to keep animals warm in cold climates. 2. The skins of certain wild animals with the fur : peltry ; as, a cargo of furs. : _3. Strips of skins with fur, used on garments for lining or for ornament. Garments are lined or faced with fur. 4. Hair in general ; a loose application of the word. ©. A coat of morbid matter collected on the tongue in persons affected with fever. 3 6. A coat or crust formed on the interior of ve by matter deposited by hard water. FUNNY, a. ssels FUR, a. Pertaining to or made of fur. BOE, v.t. To line, face, or cover with fur > as, a furred robe. 2. To cover with morbid matter, as the tongue, _ 3. In architecture, to nail small strips of board on Joists, rafters, &c., in order to make a level surface for lathing, boarding, &c. Guilt. FUR’/-WROUGHT, (fur/rawt,) a. Made of fur. Gay. FU-RA/CIOUS, a. [L. furaz, from furor, to steal. ] caver to theft; inclined to steal ; thievish. [ Little used, FU-RAC‘I-TY, x, Thievishness. [Little used] FUR’BE-LOW, n._ [Fr. It. and Sp. falbala. | A piece of stuff plaited and puckered, on a gown or petticoat; a flounce; the plaited border of a petti- grant leave of absence to an officer or soldier. FUR’/LOUGH-ED, pp. Having a furlough. FUR/MEN-TY. See Frumenry. FUR/NACE, n. [I'r. fournaise, fourneau ; It. fornace; Sp. horno; from L.. fornaz, furnus, either from burn- ing, or the sense is an arch.] 1. A place where a vehement fire and heat may be made and maintained, for melting ores or metals, &c. A furnace for casting cannon and other large operations is inclosed with walls, through which a current of air is blown from a large bellows. 2. A smaller apparatus, in which fuel is burned for culinary purposes. 3. In Scripture, a place of cruel bondage and afflic- tion. Deut. iv. 4. Grievous afflictions by which men are tried. Exck. xxii. 5. A place of temporal torment. Dan. iii. 6. Hell; the place of endless torment. FUR/NACE, v. t. ‘To throw out sparks as a furnace. FUR'NI-MENT, n._ [Fr. fourniment.] [ Shak. Furniture. [JVot in use.] Spenser. FUR/NISH, v. t. [Fr. fournir; Arm. fournigza; It. fornire. ‘There is a close affinity, in sense and ele- ments, between furnish, garnish, and the L. orno, Which may have been forno or horno. We see in furlough, above, the f is lost in three of the languages, and it may be so in orno. The primary sense is, to put on, or to set on. 1. To supply with any thing wanted or necessary ; as, to furnish a family with provisions; to furnish arms for defense; to furnish a table; to furnish a library ; to furnish one with money or implements. 2. ‘To supply; to store; as, to furnish the mind With ideas; to furnish one with knowledge or principles. 3. To fit up; to supply with the proper goods, vessels, or ornamental appendages; as, to furnish a house or a room. 4. To equip ; to fit for an expedition ; to supply. FUR’NISH-ED, (furnisht,) pp. or a Supplied; gar- nished ; fitted with necessaries. Matt. xiii. | coat or gown, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —1} To put a furbelow on; to fur- FUR/NISH-ING, ppr. Supplying; fitting; garnishing. FUR/NISH-MENT,x. Avssupply of furniture or things necessary. FUR/NLTURE, zx. Arm. fournimand, | 1. Goods, vessels, utensils, and other appendages necessary or convenient for house-keeping ; what- ever is added to the interior of & house or apartment, for use or convenience ; chattels ; movables; effects, 2. The necessary appendages in various employ- ments or arts; as, the furniture of a printing press, &c. 3. Appendages ; thal which is added for use or or- nament; as, the earth with all its furniture. 4, Equipage; ornaments; decorations; in a very general sense. 5. In music, an organ with mixed notes, some- times called mixture. FO/ROR, x [L.] Fury ; rage. FUR/RED, pp.or a. [See Fur.] Lined or ornamented with fur; thickened by the addition of strips of board ; covered with fur. FUR/RI-ER, n. A dealer in furs ; one who makes or sell. muffs, tippets, &c. FUR/RI-ER-Y, 7. Furs in general. Tooke. FUR/RING, ppr. Lining or ornamenting with fur ; nailing on thin strips of board to prepare for Jath- ing, &c. FUR’‘RING, n. The nailing of thin strips of board in order to level a surface for lathing, boarding, &c. ; the strips thus laid on. FUR/ROW,n. [Sax. fur or furh; G. furche; Dan. furre; Sw. fora. Qu. Gr. dapow, to plow.] 1. A trench in the earth made by a plow. 2. A long, narrow trench or channel in wood or metal ; a groove. 3. A hollow made by wrinkles in the face. FUR’/ROW, »v. t.” (Sax. Syrian. 1. To cut a furrow ; to make furrows in ; to plow. 2. To make long, narrow channels or grooves in. 3. To cut; to make channels in; to plow; as, to Surrow the deep. 4. To make hollows in by wrinkles. rows the brow. FUR/ROW-ED, (fur’rode,) pp. furrows. FUR’/ROW-FAC-ED, (fur’ro-faste,) a. wrinkled or furrowed face. FUR/ROW-ING, ppr. or a. FUR/ROW-WEED,~. [Fr. fourniture ; It. fornimento ; Sorrow fur- or a. Marked with Having a . Jonson. Marking with furrows. A weed growing on plowed land. Shuk. FUR/RY, a. [from fur.] Covered with fur; dressed in fur. 2. Consisting of fur or skins; as, furry spoils. Dryden. FUR’/FHER, a. [Sax. further, comparative of forth, from feor, far; furan, to go, to advance.] 1. More or most distant; as, the further end of the field. 2. Additional. opinion. We have a further reason for this We have nothing further to suggest. What furtier need have we of witnesses ? — Matt. xxvi, FUR’FHER, adv. To a greater distance. He went further. FUR’fHER, v. t. [Sax. fyrthrian; G. fordern; D. vorderen ; Sw. befordra; Dan. befordrer.] Tc help forward ; to promote ; to advance onward ; to forward ; hence, to help or assist. This binds thee then to further my design. FUR’FHER-ANCE, n. tion ; advancement. I know that I shall abide and continue with you all, for your JSurtherance and joy of faith. — Phil. i. FUR!FHER-ED, pp. FUR’FHER-ER, nx. promoter. FUR'FHER-ING, ppr. Promoting ; advancing. FUR’FHER-MORE, adv. Moreover; besides ; in ad- dition to what has been said. FUR’FHER-MOST, a. Most remote. FUR'FHEST, a. sup. Most distant, either in time or place. FUR/FHEST, adv. At the greatest distance. FUR'TIVE, a, (LL. furtivus ; Fr. furtif; from Sur, a thief, furor, to steal. ] Stolen ; obtained by theft. FUR’/TIVE-LY, adv. Stealthily. Lover. FUO/RUN-€LE, (fa/runk-l,) 7. [Li. furunculus ; Fr. Suroncle; Sp. hura; from L furia, Suro.) A superficial, inflammatory. tumor, deep red, hard, circumscribed, acutely-tender to the touch, suppura- ting with a central core, commonly called a boil. FO/RY, 7. [|L. furor, furia; Fr. fureur, furie; Sp. furia; from L. furo, to rage ; W. froyraw, to drive. Class Br.] I. A violent rushing ; impetuous motion; as, the fury of the winds. 2. Rage; a storm of anger ; madness ; turbulence. I do oppose my patience to his fury, Shak, 3. Enthusiasm ; heat of the mind. Dryden. 4. In mythology, a deity, a goddess of vengeance ; hence, a stormy, turbulent, violent woman. Addison. Dryden. A helping forward; promo- Promoted ; advanced. One who helps to advance ; a Prior. FUR’NISH-ER, mn. One who supplies or fits out. 485 ce eae ETE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — FU/RY-LIKE, a. Raging; furious ; violent. ThomsonG GAB GAB FURZE, n. [Sax. fyrs; probably W. ferz, thick.] Gorse ; whin; a thorny evergreen shrub with beautiful yellow flowers. It is a common inhabit- ant of the plains and hills of Great Britain. It is the Ulex Europeus of botanists. P. Cyc. FURZ/Y, a. Overgrown with furze ; full of gorse. ay. FO SA-ROLE, n. [It.] In architecture, a molding generally placed under the echinus or quarter-round of colurans in the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders. FUS-€A'/TION, zn. A darkening; obscunty. FUS/CITE, x. A mineral of a grayish or greenish- black color, found in Norway Philips. FUS/€0OUS, a. [L. fuscus.] Brown ; of a dark color. Ray. FUSE, (fuze,) v.t [L. fundo, fusum, to pour out. } To melt; to liquefy by heat ; to render fluid ; to dissolve. Chemistry. FUSE, v.i. To be melted; to be reduced from a solid to a fluid state by heat. FUSE, (faze,) 7. A tube filled with combustible mat- ter used in blasting, or in discharging a shell, &c. FUS/ED, (fazd,) pp. or a. Melted ; liquefied. FU-SEE’, (fu-zee’,)n. (Fr. fusée, fuseau; It. fuso + Sp. huso; Port. fuso; from L. fusus, a spindle, from fundo, fudi, fusum. | The cone or conical part of a watch or clock, round which is’ wound the chain or cord. Encyc. Johnson. FU-SEE!,». [Fr., asquib.] A small, neat musket or firelock. But we now use FusiL. 2. Fusee, or fuse, of a bomb or granade ; asmall pipe filled with combustible matter by which fire is com- municated to the powder in the bomb ; but as the matter burns slowly, time is given, before the charge takes fire, for the bomb to reach its destination. A similar fuse is used in blasting rocks, &c. 3. The track of a buck. FU-SI-BIL/I-TY, n. [See Fusisie.] The quality of being fusible, or of being convertible from a solid to a fluid state by heat. FU/SLBLE, a. ([Fr., from L. fusus, from undo. That may be melted or liquefied. The earths are found to be fusible. Fusible metal; an alloy of eight parts of bismuth, five of lead, and three of tin, which melts at the heat of boiling water. Ure. FO/SL-FORM, a. [L. fusus, a spindle, and form. } Shaped like a spindle ; thick, tapering at each end. Lindley. FO/SIL, a. [Fr. fusile; L. fusilis, from fusus, fundo.] 1. Gapable of being melted or rendered fluid by heat. 2. Running ; flowing, as a liquid. Milton. FO/SIL, n. [Fr., from L. fusus, fundo.] 1. A light musket or firelock. 9. A bearing in heraldry of a rhomboidal figure, named from its shape, which resembles that of a spindle. Encyc. Philips. FUS/ING, ppr. or a. FO’/SION, (fa/zhun,) n. FO/SOME, a. FUSS, n. FUS’SOCK, n. FUSS’Y, a. FUST, 7. FU-SIL-EER/, n. [from fusil.] Properly, a soldier the seventh letter, and the fifth articulation, of the English alphabet, is derived to us, through the Vatin and Greek, from the Assyrian languages; it being found in the Chaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samar- itan, Phenician, Ethiopic, and Arabic. In the latter language, it is called iim or jim; but in the others, gimel, gomal, or gamal, that is, camel, from its shape, which resembles the neck of that animal, at least in t¥e Chaldee and Hebrew. It is the third letter in the Cnaldee, Syriac, Hebrew, Samaritan, and Greek ; the fifth in the Arabic, and the twentieth in the Ethiop- ic. The Greek T, gamma, is the Chaldaic 2 inverted. The early Latins used C for the Greek gamma, and hence C came to hold the third place in the order of the alphabet ; the place which gimel holds in the Ori- ental languages. ‘The two letters are primarily pala- tals, and so nearly allied in sound that they are easily convertible ; and they have been reciprocally used, the one for the other. But in the Assyrian languages, gimel had two sounds; one close, as we pronounce the letter in gave, good; the other compound, as the English j, or as ch in chase. Inthe Arabic, this letter has the sound of the English 7 or dzh, and this sound it has in many English words, as in gentus, gem, ginger. It retains its close sound in all cases before a,o, and w; but before e, 7, and y, its sound is close or compound, as custom has dictated, and its differ- ent sounds are not reducible to rules. It is silent in some words before n, as in benign, condign, malign, campaign: but it resumes its sound in benignity and malignity. G is mute before n in gnash, gnaw ; it is armed with a fusil; but in modern times, a soldier armed like others of the infantry, and: distinguished by wearing a cap like a grenadier, but somewhat Melting. shorter. [L. fusio; Fr. fusion; from L. fundo, fusum. | 1. The act or operation of melting or rendering fluid by heat, without the aid of a solvent; as, the Fusion of ice or of metals. 2. The state of being melted or dissolved by heat ; a state of fluidity or flowing in consequence of heat ; as metals in fusion. Watery fusion; the melting of certain crystals by heat in their own water of crystallization. Chemistry. Handsome; neat; notable. [Zocal.] TOS. [Allied, perhaps, to Gr. ¢vcaw, to blow or puff. A tumult; a bustle ; but the word is colloquial. A large, gross woman. ([Lacal.] Grose. Making a fuss. [ Colloquial.] [Fr. fait; It. fusta ; L. fustis, a staff] The shaft of a column, or trunk of a pilaster. FUST, 7. [Fr. fat.] Guilt. A strong, musty smell. FUST, v. i. To become moldy; to smell ill. Shak. FUST’/ED, a. Moldy ; ill smélling. FUS'/TET, n. (Fr. ; Sp. and Port. fustete. ] The wood of the Rhus cotinus or Venice sumach, a shrub of Southern Europe, which yields a fine orange color, but not durable without a mordant. P. Cyc. FUS/TIAN, (fust/yan,) x. [Fr. futaine ; Arm. fustenn ; Sp. fustan, the name of a place.] 1. A kind of coarse twilled cotton stuff. Besides the common sort, called pillow, it embraces corduroy, velveteen, &c. Ure. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. 9. An inflated style of writing; a kind of writing in which high-soundiag words are used, above the dignity of the thoughts or subject ; a swelling style ; bombast. Fustian is thoughts and words ill sorted. Dryden. FUS'TIAN, (fust/yan,) a. Made of fustian. 2. In style, swelling above the dignity of the thoughts or subject ; too pompous ; ridiculously tumid ; bombastic. Dryden. FUS'TIAN-IST, x. One who writes bombast. Milton. FUS'TI€, n. [Sp. fuste, wood, timber; L. fustis.] The wood of the Maclura tinctoria of Don, or Morus tinctoria, a tree growing in the West Indies, and used in dyeing yellow. This is the old fustic of the English dyers; their young fustic is fustet, which see. P. Cyc. FUS-TI-GA’TION, n. [L. fustigatio, from fustigo, to beat with a cudgel, from fustis, a stick or club. } Among the ancient Romans, a punishment by beat- ing with a stick or club, inflicted on freemen. Encye. FUST-I-LA/RI-AN, x. A low fellow; astinkard; a scoundrel Shak. FUST’/LLUG, ) 2. FUST’/L-LUGS, FUST’I-NESS, n. FUST’Y, a. FU/TILE-LY, adv. FU-TIL/LTY, n. FO/TLIL-OUS, a. FUT’TOCK, n. A gross, fat, unwieldy person. Junius. A fusty state or quality; an ill smell from moldiness, or moldiness itself. [See Fusr ] Moldy; musty ; ill-smell- ing; rank; rancid. Shak. FU/SURE, (-zhur,) x. Asmelting. [See Fuse.] FUTILE, a. [Fr.; L. futilis, from futio, to pour out ; effutio, to prate or babble ; Heb. and Ch. NO2, to utter rashly or foolishly. Class Bd, No. 2, 6, 15.] 1, Talkative , loquacious ; tattling. [Obs.] Bacon. 2, Trifling ; of no weight or importance ; answer- ing no valuable purpose ; worthless. 3. Of no effect. In a futile manner. Talkativeness ; loquaciousness ; loquacity. [In this sense, not now used.] 2. Triflingness; unimportance; want of weight or effect ; as, to expose the jutiity of arguments. 3. The quality of producing no valuable effect, or of coming to nothing ; as, the futility of measures or schemes. Worthless; trifling. [ot used.] [Qu. foot-hook. It is more probably corrupted from foot-lock.] In‘a ship, the futtocks are the middle timhers, be- tween the floor and the upper timbers, or the timbers raised over the keel, which form the breadth of the ship. FU/TURE, (fat’yur,) a. [L. futurus ; Fr. futur. ] l. That is to be or come hereafter; that will exist at any time after the present, indefinitely. ‘The next moment is future to the present. 2. The future tense, in grammar, is the modifica- tion of a verb which expresses a future act or event, FU/TURE, n. Time to came; atime subsequent to the present; as, the future shall be as the present ; in future; for the future. In such phrases, time or sea- son is implied. EG/TURE-LY, adv. In time tocome. [Vot used.]} PU-TU-RI'’TION, (fit-yu-rish’un,) x. The state of be- ing to come or exist hereafter. South. Stiles. FU-TU’RI-T'Y, n. Future time ; time to come. 2. Event to come. All fulurities are naked before the all-seeing eye. South. 3. The state of being yet to come, or to come here- after. FUZE, ». A tube, filled with combustible matter, for discharging a shell, &c. [See Fuse.] FUZZ, v.i. To fly off in minute particles. FUZZ, n. Fine, light particles; loose, volatile matter. FUZZ'BALL, n. which is to be forfeited by non-performance. movable, There I throw my gage. Shak. 9 gauntlet, or the like, cast on the ground by the chal lenger, and taken up by the accepter of the chal- lenge. Encyc. 3. A measure, or rule of measuring; a standard. [See Gauce. Young. 4. The number of feet which a ship sinks in the water. o. Among leiter-founders, a piece of hard wood, fariously notched, used to adjust the dimensions, slopes, &c., of the various sorts of letters. Encie. 6. An instrument in joinery made to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board. Encye. 7. The position of one vessel with respect to an- other. The weather-gage denotes a position to the windward ; and the lee-vage a position to the lee- ward. Totten. A sliding-gage; a tool used by mathematical in- strument makers, for measuring and setting off dis- tances, Encye. Rain-gage ; an instrument for measuring the quan- tity of water which falls from the clouds at a given place. Brande. Sea-gage; an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. Encye. Tide-gage ; an instrument for determining the hight of the tides. Encyc. Wind-gage; an instrument for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface. INCY Ce To pledge; to pawn; to give or deposit as a pledge or security for some other act; to wage or wager. [ Obs. Shak. 2. To bind by pledge, caution, or security ; to en- gage. Shak. 3. To measure ; to take or ascertain the contents of a vessel, cask, or ship; written also Gauce. Pledged ; measured. One that gags. (gag’gl,) v. i, [D. gaggelen; G. gackern ; coinciding with cackle.] To make a noise like a goose. The noise of geese. Pledging ; measuring the contents. Bacon. See Gayery. {identical. gal-yard’,) 7. A sprightly Brande. [from gay, and better written GaAyYLy.] 1. Splendidly ; with finery or showiness. 2. Joyfully ; merrily. [Fr.] Italian dance. Sax. gynan; Sp. ganar; Port. ganhar; Heb. Ch. and == es Syr. mp, Ar. Lis kana, to gain, to possess. Class Gn, No. 49, 50, 51. The radical sense is, to take, or rather to extend to, to reach.] 1, To obtain by industry or the employment of capital ; to get, as profit or advantage; to acquire. Any industrious person may gain a good living in America; but it is less difficult to gain property than it is to use it with prudence. Money at interest may gain five, six, or seven per cent. What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world, and Jose his own soul ?— Matt. xvi, 2. To win ; to obtain by superiority or success; as, to gain a battle or a victory ; to gain a prize ; to gain a Cause In law. 3. To obtain ; to acquire ; to procure; to receive ; as, to gain favor; to gain reputation. For fame with toil we gain, but lose with ease. time. [In Welsh, gag is an opening or cleft; gagenu, to open, chap, or Something thrust into the mouth and throat [F'r. gage, a pledge, whence gager, to pledge ; engager, to engage; G. wagen, to wage, to hazard or risk ; wage, a balance; D. waagen, to ven- °o ture, Sw. vaga, Eng. to wage. It seems to be allied The primary sense is, to throw, to If the elements are Bg, Wg, the GAIN, v. i. 2. A challenge to combat; that is,a glove, acap, a GAIN, x. GAIN, 2. GAIN, a. GAIN/A-BLE, a. GAIN/AGE, n. GAIN’ED, pp. Obtained, as profit or advantage ; won; GAIN/ER, n. est, or advantage. GAIN/FUL, a. able ; advantageous ; advancing interest or happi- ness. wealth or estate. GAIN’/FUL-LY, adv. itably ; advantageously. GALN’FUL-NESS, zn. GAIN/GIV-ING, n. and give. used. GAIN/ING, ppr. reaching ; GAIN/‘INGS, n. pl. cessful enterprise. GALN/LESS, a. not bringing advantage, GAIN’/LESS-NESS, zn. vantage. GAIN’LY, adv. GAIN-SAY’ or GAIN/SAY, v. t gean, and say; Eng. against; Sw. igen; Dan. gien, ugien. declare not to be true what another says; to contro- vert; to dispute; applied to persons, or to proposi- tions, declarations, or facts. GAIN-SAY’ED, pp. GAIN-SAY’/ER, 2. What is alleged ; an opposer. GAIN-SAY/ING, ppr. or a. opposing. GAIN-SAY/ING, n. Contradiction ; opposition. ’GAINST, (genst.) See Acatnsrt. GAIN’/STAND, ». ¢. to gain harm and loss. Pope. To withstand ; to oppose ; to resist. [ Obs.] 4. To obtain an increase of any thing ; as, to gain Szdney. GAIN’STRIVE, v.i. [Sax. ean, and sane | 5. To obtuin or receive any thing, good or bad; as, To make resistance. [ Obs. penser. Acts xxvii. GAIN’/STRIVE, v. t. To withstand. [Obs.] hacia 490 Bee et eee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MBTB, PREY. 6. To draw into any interest or party; to win to one’s side; to conciliate. Y’o gratify the queen and gain the court, Dryden, If he shall hear thee, thou hast gained thy brother. — Matt. xviii. 7. To obtain, as a suitor. Milto 7. 8. To reach ; to attain to; to arrive at; as, to gain the top of a mountain ; to gain a good harbor. To gain into; to draw or persuade to join in. He gained Lepidus into his measures. Middleton, To gain over; to draw to another purty or interest ; to win over. To gain ground; to advance in any undertaking ; to prevail ; to acquire strength ur extent; to in- crease. To gain the wind, in sea language, is to arrive on the windward side of another ship. To have advantage or profit; to grow rich ; to advance in interest or happiness. Thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbors by extortion. — ek. lie 2. To encroach ; to advance on; to come forwaré by degrees ; with on; as, the ocean or river gains on the land. 3. To advance nearer; to gain ground on; with on; as, a fleet horse gains on his competitor. 4. To get ground ; to prevail against, or have the advantage. The English have not only gained upon the Venetians in the Levant, but have their cloth in Venice itself. Addison. 5. To obtain influence with. My good behavior had so far gained on the emperor, thatI began to conceive hopes of liberty. Swift. [Fr. gain.] 1. Profit; interest ; something obtained as an ad- vantage. But what things were gain to me, those I counted loss for Christ. — Phil. iii. 2. Unlawful advantage. 2 Cor. xii. 3. Overplus in computation ; any thing opposed to loss. [W. gan, a mortise ; ganu, to contain. ] In architecture, a beveling shoulder; a lapping of timbers, or the cut that is made for receiving a tim- ber. Encyc. Handy ; dextrous. [ Obs. That may be obtained or reached. Sherwood. In old laws, the same as WaInAceE, that is, suainage; the horses, oxen, and furniture, of the wain, or the instruments for carrying on tillage, which, when a villain was amerced, were left free, that cultivation might not be interrupted. The word signifies also the land itself, or the profit made by cultivation. Encyc. drawn over to a party ; reached. : : One that gains or obtains profit, inter- Producing profit or advantage ; profit- 2. Lucrative ; productive of money; adding t¢ Axe With increase of wealth , ; seven slaves. Mar. Dict. 5, An oblong, reverberatory furnace, with a row of retorts whose necks protrude through lateral open- ings. a Nicholson. GAL/LEY,)2. In printing, a frame which receives GAL/LY, { the types from the comporing suck. GAL/LEY-FOIST, z. | the gaping fool; the gaping crowd. 7. To utter sound with open throat. Roscommon. 8. To open the mouth with hope or expectation. Hudibras. 9. To open the mouth with a desire to injure or devour. They have gaped upon me with their mouth. — Job xvi. > A gaping. Addison. 2, In zodlogy, the width of the mouth when opened, as of birds, fishes, &c. S The gapes; a disease of young poultry, attended with much gaping. GAP/ER, n. One who gapes ; a yawner. 2, One who opens his mouth for wonder and stares foolishly. 3. One who longs or craves. Carew. 4. A fish with six or seven bands and tail undivid- Pennant. sleepiness, dullness, wonder, or admiration ; yawn- ing ; opening in fissures ; craving. mr a GAP/-TOOTH-ED, (-tootht,) a. Having interstices between the teeth. _ Dryden. GAR, in Saxon, a dart, a weapon; as in Edgar, or d Eadgar, a happy weapon; Ethelgar, noble yh oat LU . d This may be the Ch. X12 or NV, an arrow, a dart ; Sam. an arrow. |} : 2. Several kinds of fish are known by this name. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ——$——— 493 re a ae ay ns — _ os IST —— Te aeGAR GAR GAR XR, v. t. To cause;to make. ' Spenser. GAWA.GEY, Te A rapacious bird of Mex eO, OF the size of the Kite. ict, GAR/AN-CINE, x. An extract of madder by means} GARE, nz. of sulphuric acid, prepared in France. Ur GARB, 7. carbo ; Norm. garbs, clothes, dress; Russ, gerb, arms ; from the root of gear) : 1. Dress; clothes ; habit ; as, the garb of a clergy- man or judge. ! 2: Fashion, or mode of dress. Denham. 3, Exterior appearance ; looks. Shak, 4, In heraldry, a sheaf of grain. [Fr. gerbe; Sp. sarba. | GAR/BAGE, 7. [I know not the component parts of this word. 5 The ow als of an animal ; refuse parts of flesh ; offal. Shak. Dryden. GAR/BAG-ED, a. GARB/ED, a. Dressed ; habited. 5 | GAR/BEL, n. The plank next the keel of a ship. [See GARBOARD-STREAK. Stripped of the bowels. Sherwood. - . | GAR/BLE, v.t (Sp. garbillar; It. cribrare, crivellare ; = 0s Fr. cribler ; L. cribo, cribello. Qu. Ar. Joys garba- la, or Ch. 9233, to sift, to bolt. Class Rb, No. 30, 34, 46.] 1. Properly, to sift or bolt ; to separate the fine or valuable parts of a substance from the coarse and useless parts, or from dross or dirt ; as, to garble spices. ’ 2. In present usage, to pick out or separate such parts from a whole as may serve a purpose ; as, to garble a quotation. Dryden. Locke. GAR/BLED, pp. or a. Sifted ; bolted; separated ; culled out, to serve a purpose ; as, a garbled quotation. GAR/BLER, nx. One who garbles, sifts, or separates. A garbler of spices is an officer of great antiquity in London. 2, One who picks out, culls, or selects, to serve a purpose, as in making quotations. GAR’/BLES, (-blz,) n. pl. The dust, soil, or filth, sev- ered from good spices, drugs, &c. Cyc. GAR’BLING, ppr. Sifting ; separating ; sorting; cull- ing. 5S GAR’BOARD, n. The garboard plank, in a ship, is the first plank fastened on the keel on the outside. Bailey. Garboard-streak, in a ship, is the first ran ge or streak of planks laid on a ship’s bottom next the keel. ‘otten. GAR/BOIL, n. [Old Fr. garbouil; It. garbuglio.] Tumult; uproar. [JVot used.] Shak. GARD. See Guarp and Warp. GAR'DEN, n. [G. garten; W. garth; It. giardino; Sp. jardin; Er. id.; Port. jardim; Arm. jarda, jardin, or gardd. The first syllable is the Sax. weard, Goth. gards, Eng. yard, an inclosed place. The Saxon is ortgeard, Dan. urtegaard, Sw. Srtegard, Wwortyard, an inclosure for herbs, The Irish is gairdin, or garrdha ; ee (Fr. garbe, looks, countenance; It. and Sp. | GAR/FI8H,)n. A marine fish. GAR/DEN-WARE, n. The produce of gardens. [Wot in use. Mortimer. GAR/DON, n. A fish of the roach kind. Dict. GAR, of several fishes with long, pointed, bony snouts, belonging to the genera Lepisosteus and Belone. Haldeman. GAR/GA-RISM, n. [L. gargarismus; Gr. yapyapifa, to wash the mouth; allied probably to gorge, the throat. ] A gargle ; any liquid preparation used to wash the mouth and throat, to cure inflammations or ulcers, &c, Encyc. GAR/GA-RIZE, v. t. [Fr. gargariser; L. Largarizo ; I. yapyaotlw. To wash or rinse the mouth with any medicated liquor. Bacon. GAR’GET, n. A disease in the udders of cows; also in hogs. Farm. Encyce. GAR/GIL, n. A distemper in geese, which stops the head, and often proves fatal. Encyc. GAR/GLE, v. t. [I'r. gargouiller, to.paddle or dabble ; It. gargagliare, to murmur ; Eng. to gurgle; D. gor- gelen; G. gurgeln; allied to gorge, rurges. 1. To wash the throat and mouth with a liquid preparation, which is kept from descending into the stomach by a gentle expiration of air. 2. ‘To warble; to play in the throat. [ Unusual. ] Waller. GAR/GLE, n. Any liquid preparation for washing the mouth and throat. Wiseman. GAR/GLED, pp. Washed, as the throat. GAR/GLING, ppr. Washing, as the throat. GAR/GLING, n. The act of washing the throat with a gargle or liquid preparation. GAR/GOL, n. A distemper in swine. GAR/GOYLE, n. [Fr. gargouille.] The spout of a gutter, in ancient buildings, frequent- ly representing part of the human figure, or some an- imal, with the water issuing from the mouth. [ Obs.] It is also spelt Garcie, GarGyLe, GURGOYLE. GAR/ISH. See Garris. [ Gloss. of Arch. GAR/LAND, n. [Fr. guirlande ; It. ghirlanda ; Sp. guirnalda ; Port. grinalda; Ann. garlantez. This word has been referred to the L. gurus, and it may be from the same root. It seems to denote something round or twisted, for in Spanish it is used for a wreath of cordage or puddening. ] 1. A wreath or chaplet made of branches, flowers, feathers, and sometimes of precious stones, to be worn on the head like a crown. Pope. Encyc. 2. An ornament of flowers, fruits, and leaves, in- termixed, anciently used at the gates of temples, where feasts and solemn rejoicings were held. Mortimer. Coarse wool growing on the legs of sheep. In America, the name varieties. It consists of silica, alumina, and lime, with more or less oxyd of iron or manganese. When transparent, it is called precious garnet, and is used as a gem. Other varieties are, melanite, grossular, allochrott, colophonite. The last-mentioned has an emerald-green color. Garnet is a very common min- eral in gneiss and mica-slate. It is the carbuncle of the ancients. Dana. 2. In ships, a sort of tackle fixed to the main-stay, and used to hoist in and out the cargo. Totten. GAR/NISH, v. & [Fr garnir; Arm. goarniga; Sp. guarnecer; It. guarnire, guernire; Norm. garner, garnisher, to warn, to Summon, ‘The latter sense is still used in law language; and it would seem that warn and garnish are from the same root, for warn, written in the Celtic manner, would be guarn.] 1. To adorn ; to decorate with appendages ; to set off. All within with flowers was garnished. Spenser. 2. In cookery, to embellish with something laid round a dish. Smart. 3. To fit with fetters ; a cant term. 4. To furnish ; to supply ; as, a fort garnished with troops. 5. In law, to warn; to give notice. NISHEE. ] GAR/NISH, 7. Ornament; something added for em- bellishment ; decoration. [See Gar- Matter and figure they produce ; Por garnish this, and that for use. Prior. 2. In cookery, something round a dish as an embel- lishment. ° Smart. 3. In jails, fetters ; a cant term. 4. Pensiuncula carceraria; an entrance-fee demand- ed by the old prisoners of one just committed to jau. Grose. GAR/NISH-ED, (gir/nisht,) pp. Adorned; decora- ted ; embellished. 2. Furnished. 3. Warned ; notified. GAR-NISH-EE’, n. In law, one in whose hands the property of an absconding or absent debtor is at- tached, who is warned or notified of the demand or suit, and who may appear and defend in the suit, in the place of the principal. Bouvier. Stat. of Conn. GAR’NISH-ING, n. That which garnishes; orna- ment. GAR/NISH-ING, ppr. Adoming; decorating ; warn ing. GAR/NISH-MENT, 2. Omament; embellishment. Wotton. 2. Warning; legal notice to the agent or attorney of an absconding debtor, to appear and give infor- mation to the court. 3. A fee. GAR/NI-TURE, n. Ornamental appendages ; embel- lishment ; furniture ; dress. Addison. Beattie. Gray. GA/ROUS, a. [L. garum, pickle.] Guilt. 3. The top; the principal thing, or thing most prized. Shak. 4. A collection of little printed pieces. Percy. o. In ships, a sort of bag, of network, having the Hungarian, korth; L. hortus. In Slavonic, gard, Russ. gorod, signifies a town or city, and the derivative verb forgju, to inclose with a hedge. Hence Stuttgard, Novogrod, or Novogardia. The primary sense of gar- den is an inclosed place, and inclosures were origi- nally made with hedges, stakes, or palisades. It is probable that, in the East, and in the pastoral state, men had little or no inclosed land, except such as was fenced for the protection of herbs and fruits, and for villages. See Coxe’s Russ. b. 4,] 1. A piece of ground appropriated to the cultiva- tion of herbs or plants, fruits and flowers, usually near a mansion-house. Land appropriated to the raising of culinary herbs and roots for domestic use, is called a kitchen-carden; that appropriated to flowers and shrubsis called a flower-carden; and that to fruits is called a Jruit-garden. But these uses are sometimes blended. 2. A rich, well-cultivated spot or tract of country ; a delightful spot. The intervals on the River Con- necticut are all a garden. Lombardy is the garden of Italy. GAR'/DEN, a. Pertaining to or produced in a garden. GAR'DEN, v.z. To lay out or to cultivate a garden ; to prepare ground, to plant and till it, for the purpose of producing plants, shrubs, flowers, and fruits. GAR’/DEN-ED, pp. Dressed and cultivated as a gar- en. GAR/DEN-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make, tend, and dress a garden. GAR/DEN-ING, ppr. Cultivating or tilling a garden, GAR’/DEN-ING, n. The act of laying out and culti- vating gardens ; horticulture. Encyc. GAR/DEN-LESS, a. Destitute of a garden. Shelley, GAR'DEN-MOLD, x. Mold, or rich, mellow earth, suitable for a garden. Mortimer. GAR’/DEN-PLOT, x. The plot or plantation of a gar- en, GAR/DEN-STUFF, n. vegetables for the table. GAR’/DEN-TIL/LAGE, 7. Plants growing in a garden ; [A word in popular use.) The tillage or cultivation of a garden. GARNER, n. GAR/NER, wv. t. GAR/NER-ED, pp. Deposited in a gamer. GAR/NER-ING, ppr. GAR/NET, x. mouth extended by a hoop, used by sailors to keep provisions in. Totten. GAR'LAND, v. t. To deck with a garland. B. Jonson. GAR/LAND-ED, pp. Adorned with a garland. GAR/LAND-ING, ppr. Decking with a garland. Destitute of a garland. GAR/LAND-LESS, a. GAR/LIE, n. [Sax. garlec, or garleac; gar, a dart or Jance, in Welsh a shank, and leac, a leek ; Ir. gairli- ogi W. garlleg. The Germans call it knoblauch, knobleek ; D. knoflook ; Gr. cxopudov. A plant, of the genus Allium, having a bulbous root, a very strong smell, and an acrid, pungent taste. Each root is composed of several lesser bulbs, called cloves of garlic, inclosed in a common membranous coat, and easily separable. GAR’LI€-EAT’ER, n. A Jow fellow. GAR/LICK-Y, a. Like or containing garlic. GAR/LI€-PEAR-TREE, nr. A tree in Jamaica, the Crateva, bearing a fruit which has a Strong scent of garlic. Miller. GAR/MENT, n. [Norm. garnament; Old Fr. guarni- ment; It. guarnimento, furniture, ornament ; from the root of garnish, and denoting what is put on or fur- nished. Any article of clothing, as a coat, a gown, &c. Carn gs, in the plural, denotes clothing in general ; ress. Encye. Shak. No man putteth a piece of new cloth to an old garment, — Matt. ix. I [Fr. grenier; Ir. geirneal; Norm. guer- mer, garmer. See, Grain. A granary ; a building or place where grain is stored for preservation. To store in a granary. Storing in a garner. [It. granato; Fr. grenat; Sp. granate ; L. granatus, from granum, oY granatum, the pome- granate. | 1. A mineral, usually occurring in symmetrical, Shak. GAR’/RI-SON, v. t. GAR/RI-S ON-ED, pp. Pertaining to garum; resembling pickle made of fish. Brown. GAR’RAN,)n. [Ir. garran; Scot. garron; G. gur- GAR/RON,$ re. A small horse ; a highland horse; a hack; a jade; a galloway. [Vot used in America.] Temple. GAR/RET, x2. [Scot. garret, a watch-tower, the top of a hill; garritour, a watchman on the battlements of a castle; Fr. guerite, a sentinel-box; Sp. guardil- la; Arm. garid; from the root of ward, guard, which see. 1. That part of a house which is on the upper floor, immediately under the roof. 2. Rotten wood. [ot in use.] Bacon, GAR’RET-ED, a. Protected by turrets. Carew. GAR-RET-EER/, n. An inhabitant of a garret ; a poor author. GAR/RISON, n. [Fr. garnison; Arm. goarnison; Sp. guarnicon, a garrison, a flounce, furbelow, or trim- ming, the setting of any thing in gold or Silver, the guard of a sword, garniture, ornament ; It. fuernig- one; Port. guarmcam; D. waarison. The French, English, Armoric, Spanish, and Italian words are from garnish ; the Dutch is from waaren, to keep, to guard, Eng. warren, and from this root we have war- rant and guaranty, as well as guard and regard, all from one source. See Warren. 1, A body of troops stationed in a fort or fortified town, to defend it against an enemy, or to keep the inhabitants in subjection. 2. A fort, castle, or fortified town, furnished with troops to defend it. Waller. 3. The state of being placed in a fortification for its defense ; as, troops laid in garrison. Spenser. 4. It is sometimes synonymous with winter quar- ters. Brande. To place troops in a fortress for its defense ; to furnish with soldiers ; as, to garrison a fort or town. . 2. To secure or defend by fortresses manned with troops ; as, to garrison a conquered territory. Furnished with troops in a fort for defense. FATE, FAR, FALL, W 404 - i twelve-sided crystals, (dodecahedrons,) of a deep-red color. There are also green, yellow, brown, and black HAT.— METRE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DO GAR/RLSON-ING, ppr. Furnishing with troops in a fortress for defense, i ene 8 VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eeeGAS GAR-ROTE!, n. [Sp.] A mode of punishment in Spain, by strangulation, the victim being placed on a stool with a post behind, to which is affixed an iron collar with a screw ; this collar is made to clasp the neck of the criminal, and drawn tighter by means of the screw, until life becomes extinct. Borrow. GAR-RU'/LLTY, n. [L. garrulitas, from garrio, to prate; Gr. yapvw, ynpvw; Ir. gairim; W. gair, a word. Class Gr, No. 2,9, 15, 49.] Talkativeness ; loquacity ; the practice or habit of talking much ; a babbling or tattling. Ray. GAR/RU-LOUS, a. Talkative; prating; as, garrulous old age. Thomson. GAR/RU-LOUS-LY, adv. In a talkative manner. GAR/TER, n. [Fr. jarretiere, from W. gar, Arm. garr, the leg, bam, or shank.] 1. A string or band used to tie a stocking to the eg. _ 2. The badge of the highest order of knighthood, in Great Britain, called the order of the garter, insti- tuted by Edward IIL. This order is a college or cor- poration. Hence, also, the order itself. 3. The principal king at arms. Johnson. 4. A term in heraldry, signifying the half of a bend, Encyce. GAR/TER, v. t. To bind with a garter. 2. To invest with the order of the garter. Warton. GAR!/TER-ED, pp. Bound witha garter. GAR/TER-FISH, x. A fish having a long, depressed body, like the blade of a sword ; the Lepidopus. Dict. of Nat. Hist. GAR/TER-ING, ppr. Tying with a garter. GAR/TER-SNAKE, zn. The striped snake, a common American serpent, the Coluber Sirtalis, not poisonous. Encyc. Am. GARTH, n. [W. garz. See GarvEn,] 1. A dam or wear for catching fish. 9. A close; a little backside; a yard; a croft; a garden. [JVot used. ] GA/RUM, n. A sauce, much prized by the ancients, made of the pickled gills, or other preparations, of ishes. GAS, n. [Sax. gast,G. geist, D. geest, spirit, ghost. The primary sense of air, wind, spirit, is, to flow, to rush. Hence, this word may be allied to Ir. gaisim, to flow; gasaim, to shoot forth, to gush; gast, a blast of wind. It may also be allied to yeast, which aFe: | In chemistry, a permanently elastic, aériform fluid, ora substance reduced to the state of an aériform fluid by its permanent combination with caloric. Gases are invisible except when colored, which happens in a few instances. GAS'€ON, n. A native of Gascony, in France. GAS-GON-ADE’, xn. [Fr., from Gascon, an inhabitant of Gascony, the people of which are noted for boast- ing. ] A boast or boasting; a vaunt; a bravado; a brag- ging. Swift. GAS-GON-ADE/, v.i. To boast; to brag; to vaunt ; to bluster. GAS-CON-AD/ER, x. A great boaster. CPUS a. in the form of gas or an aériform uid. GASH, n. [I know not through what channel we have received this word. It may be allied to chisel. See Class Gs, No. 5, 6, 12, 28.] A deep and long cut; an incision of considerable length, particularly in flesh. Milton. GASH, v.t. To make a gash, or long, deep Incision 5 _ applied chiefly to incisions in flesh. GASH’ED, (gasht,) pp. Cut with a long, deep incision. GASH'FUL, a. Full of gashes ; hideous. GASH/ING, ppr. Cutting long, deep incisions. GAS'-HOLD-ER, n. A vessel for containing and pre- Serving gas; a gasometer. Ure. GAS-LFLEA/TION, n. [See Gasiry.] The act or process of converting into gas. GAS/L-FI-ED, pp. Converted into an aériform fluid. GAS'/LFY, v.t. [gas and L. facio, to make. ‘| To convert into gas or an aériform fluid, by combi- ation with caloric. GAS/LFY-ING, ppr. Converting into gas. GAS/KET, 7. [Sp. cazeta. See Case.] A flat, plaited cord fastened to the sail-yard of a ship, and used to furl or tie the sail to the yard ; also, the platted hemp used for packing the piston of the steam-engine and its pumps. Brande. GAS/KINS, n. pl. Galligaskins ; wide, open hose. [See GALLIGASKINS.] Shak. GAS/-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. Light produced by the com- bustion of carbureted-hydrogen gas. Gas-lights are now substituted for oil-lights, in illuminating streets and apartments in houses. GAS'ME-TER, n. [gas and meter.] A machine at- tached to gas-works and to gas-pipes, to show the ex- act quantity used. Haldeman. GAS$-OM/E-TER, zn. [gas and Gr. perpov.] In chemistry, an instrument or apparatus, intended to measure, collect, preserve, or mix, different gases. Coxe. An instrument for measuring the quantity of gas employed in an experiment; also, the place where GAT GAS-OM/E-TRY, 2x. measuring gases. It teaches, also, the nature and properties of these ejastic fluids. Coze. GASP, * i. (Sw. gispa, Dan. gisper, to gape, to yawn. 1. To open the mouth wide in catching the breath, or in Jaborious respiration, particularly in dying. Addison. 2. To long for. [Not in use.] GASP, v. t. To emit breath by opening wide the mouth. And with short sobs he gasps away his breath. Dryden. GASP, x. The act of opening the mouth to catch the breath. 2. The short catch of the breath in the agonies of death. ddison. GASP’ED, (gaspt,) pp. of Gasp. GASP/ING, ppr. or a Opening the mouth wide for catching the breath. GASP/ING, n. The opening of the mouth to catch breath. 2. Figuratively, strong aspiration or desire. GAS/SY, a. Full of gas ; hence, inflated ; exhilarated. [ Colloquial. GAST, ». t. To make aghast ; to frighten. [JVot GAST’ER, used. | Shak. GAST/NESS, n. Amazement; fright. [JVot used.) Shak. GAS/TRI€, a. [from Gr. yasnp, the belly or stom- ach. Belonging to the belly, or rather to the stomach. The gastric juice, or liquor, is a thin, pellucid fluid, produced by a pecuiiar set of secretories in the mu- cous membrane of the stomach. It is one of the agents in digestion. Tully. GAS-TRIL/O-QUIST, n. [Gr. yasnp, belly, and L. loquor, to speak. ] Literally, one who speaks from his belly or stom- ach; hence, one who so modifies his voice that it seems to come from another person or place. Reid, GAS-TRIL/O-QUY, n. Aspeaking that appears to proceed from the belly. GAS-TRI/TIS, x. Chronic inflammation of the stom- ach. GAS’TRO-CELE, 2. [Gr. yasnp, the stomach, and Kn\n, a tumor. | A hernia of the stomach. GAS-TROL/O-GY, n. A treatise on the stomach. GAS’TRO-MAN-CY, 2. [Gr- yasnp, belly, and pav- TEL, diineuOD 1. A kind of divination, among the ancients, by means of words seeming to be uttered from the belly. Brande. 9, Also, a species of divination by means of glasses or other round, transparent vessels, in the center of which figures appear by magic art. Brande. GAS/TRO-NOME, }72. One who loves good living ; GAS-TRON/O-MER, { an epicure. GAS-TRO-NOM/I€, a. Pertaining to gastronomy. GAS-TRON/O-MIST, nz. One who likes good living. GAS-TRON/O-MY, 2. [Gr. yaspor.] The art or science of good eating. GAS’TRO-POD, n. {Gr. yasnp, the stomach, and oda, feet. ] An animal which moves by a fleshy apparatus un- der the belly, or that has the belly and foot joined, as in the slugs Limax or naked snails. Bell. GAS-TROP/OD-OUS, a. Having the belly and foot joined. GAS-TROR/A-PHY, n. [Gr. yasnp, belly, and padta, The science, art, or practice, of | GAT’ED, a. GATE’LESS, a. GATE/-VEIN, (-vane,) x. GAFH/ER, v. t. a sewing or suture. ] The operation of sewing up wounds of the abdo- men. ULNCY. GAS-TROT/O-MY, n. [Gr. yasnp, belly, and repvw, to cut. } The operation of cutting into or opening the abdo- men. Encyc. GAS/-WORKS, n. pl. A place where gas is generated GAT, pret. of Grr. [for lighting cities. GATE, xn. [Sax. gate, geat; Ir. geata; Scot. gait. The Goth. gatwo, Dan. zade, Sw. gata, G. gasse, Sans. gaut, is a way or Street. In D. gat is a gap or channel, If the radical: letters are Gd, or Gt, it may be connected with gad, to go, as it signifies a passage. } : 1. A large door which gives entrance into a walled city, a castle, a temple, palace, or other large edifice. It differs from door chiefly in being larger. Gate sig- nifies both the opening or passage, and the frame of boards, planks, or timber, which closes the passage. 9. A frame of timber, iron, &c., which opens or closes a passage into any court, garden, or other in- closed ground ; also, the passage. 3. The frame which shuts or stops the passage of water through a dam, lock, &c. 4, An avenue; an opening ; a way. Knolles. In Scripture, figuratively, power, dominion. ‘* Thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies ;” that 1s, towns and fortresses. Gen. Xxil. The gates of hell, are the power and dominion of the devil and his instruments. Matt. Xvi. The gates of death, are the brink of the grave. Ps. 1x. gas is prepared for lighting streets. R. S. Jameson. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN’’GER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; GAU Having gates. Having no gate. ; The vena porte, a large vein which conveys the blood from the abdominal Young | viscera into the liver. Bacon. Hooper. GATE’/WAY, x. A way through the gate of some in- closure. Mortimer. 2. A structure to be passed at the entrance of the | area before a mansion. Chalmers. | [Sax. gaderian, or gatherian; D. ga- | deren. I know not whether the first syllable is a | prefix or not. The Ch. 472 signifies, to inclose, and | to gather dates. If the elements are primarily Gd, | the word coincides with G. gatiern, Ch. Tx, to gather, to bind.] 1. To bring together ; to collect a number of sepa- rate things into one place or into one aggregate body. Gather stones; and they took stones, and made a heap, — Gen. XXxi. 2. To get in harvest; to reap or cut and bring into barns or stores. Levit. xxv. 20. 3. To pick up; to glean; to get in small parcels and bring together. Gather out the stones. — Is. Lxii. He must gather up money by degrees. Locke. 4. To pluck; to collect by cropping, picking, or plucking. Do men gather grapes from thorns, or fics from thistles ? — Matt. i. 5. To assemble; to congregate ; to bring persons into one place. Ezek, xxil. 19. 6. To collect in abundance; to accumulate; to amass. I gathered me also silver and gold, and the peculiar treasure of kings. — Eccles. ii. 7. To select and take; to separate from others and bring together. Save us, O Lord our God, and gather us from among the heathen. — Ps. cyt. 8. To sweep together. The kingdom of heayen is like a net: that was cast into the sea, and gathered of every kind. — Matt. xiii. 9. To bring into one body or interest. Yet will I gather others to him. —Is. lvi. 10. To draw together from a state of expansion or diffusion ; to contract. Gathering his flowing robe, he seemed to stand In act to speak, and graceful stretched his hand. Pope. 11. To gain. He gathers ground upon her in the chase, Dryden. 12. To pucker ; to plait. 13. To deduce by inference; to collect or learn by reasoning. From what I hearI gather that he was present. Afier he had seen the vision, immediately we endeavored to Zo into Macedonia, assuredly gathering that the Lord had called us to preach the gospel to them. — Acts Xvi. 14. To coil, as a serpent. To cather breath ; to have respite. [Obs.] Spenser. GAFH’ER, v. i. To collect; to unite; to Increase ; to be condensed. The clouds gather in the west. 9. To increase ; to grow larger by accretion of like matter. Their snow-ball did not gather as it went. 3. To assemble. The people gather fast. 4. To generate pus or matter. [See GatHErtnc.] GATFH/ER, n. A plait or fold in cloth, made by draw- Bacon. ing. GA'EH/ER-A-BLE, a. That may be collected; that may be deduced. [Unusual.] Godwin. GAFH'ER-ED, pp. ora. Collected ; assembled ; con- tracted , plaited ; drawn by inference. GATFH/ER ER, nz. One who gathers or collects; one who gets Im a crop. GA'FH'ER-ING, ppr. or a. Collecting ; assembling ; drawing together ; plaiting ; wrinkling. GAFH/ER-ING, n. The act of collecting or assem- bling. 9, Collection; a crowd ; an assembly. 3. Charitable contribution. 1 Cor. xvi. 4, A tumor suppurated or maturated ; a collection of pus; an abscess. GAT/TER-TREE, 2. lian cherry. GAT/-TOOTH-ED, (-tootht,) a. A species of Cornus or Corne- Fam. of Plants. Goat-toothed ; hav- ing a lickerish tooth ; lustful. _[ Obs.] Chaucer. GAUD, 2.7. [L. gaudeo, to rejoice. ] eee tak. To exult; to rejuice. — [ Obs. GAUD, 2. [L. gaudium.] : An ornament; something worn for adorning the person ; a fine thing. { Obs.] Shak. GAUD’ED, a. Adorned with migkee colored. [ Obs ] Raucer- Shak. IER-Y.n. Finery; fine things ; ornaments. GAOL ee tans eye Bae Dryden. GAUD/FUL, a. Joyful; showy: ; GAUDI/L-LY, adv. Showily 5 with ostentation of fine dress. ; Guthrie. GAUD/‘LNESS, x. Showiness ; tinsel appearance ; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ostentatious finery. Whitlock. 495 oem MOAT a a ad - Fe a er Sie aoe pe renege G8 rican Sapa ic tgaed Wn a GAV GAZ GEL GAUD/LESS, a. Destitute of ornament. a AUD/Y, a. Showy ; splendid; gay. A goldfinch there | saw, with gaudy pride Of painted plumes. of nature or good taste. GAUD’Y, n. sity of Oxford. GAUF’FER-ING, 2. GAUGE, (gaje,) v.t. a rod. It is suppose But qu. GAUG/ING, ppr. GAUG/ING, n. GAUL, xn. A name of ancient France ; also, an inhabitant of GAUL/ISH, a. GAULT, xn. GAUNT, (gant,) a. Sax. gewanian, wanian, to wane. GAUNT'LET, 7. GAUNT’LET-ED GAUNT’LY, (gant/ly,) adv. GAUZE, xn. GAUZ’'Y, a. GAVE, pret. of Grvr. GAV/EL, zn. BEL. | GAV’EL, n. GAV’EL-KIND, n. rel, tierce, or keg. Dryden. 2. Ostentatiously fine ; gay beyond the simplicity Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not expressed in fancy; rich, not gaudy. Shak. A feast or festival ; a word in the univer- Cheyne. A mode of plaiting or fluting frills, &c., in which the plaits are wider than usual. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. [Fr. jauger, to gage; jauge,a GAV’E-LOCK, n. measuring-rod ; Arm. jauja, or jauchi, to gage ; jauch, GA/VLA ‘s t by J. Thomson, that this is 2 contracted from jaulge, from gaule,a rod or pole. 1. To measure or to ascertain the contents of a cask or vessel, as a pipe, puncheon, hogshead, bar- 2. 'To measure in respect to proportion. The veins nicely gauged on each side. GAUGE, (gaje,) 2. ure. 2. Measure; dimensions. 3. The number of feet which a ship sinks in the water. 4, Among letter-founders, a piece of hard wood va- riously notched, used to adjust the dimensions, slopes, Derham, A measure ; a standard of meas- Moxon. Burke. &c., of the various sorts of letters. o. An instrument, in joinery, made to strike a line parallel to the straight side of a board. Rain-gauge ; an instrument any given place. Sea-gauge; an instrument for finding the depth of the sea. Sliding-gauge ; a tool used by mathematical instru- ment makers, for measuring and setting off distances, Tide-gauge; an instrument for determining the hight of the tides. Wind-gauge ; an instrument for measuring the quantity of water which falls from the clouds at for measuring the force of the wind on any given surface. See also Gace. calle E’A-BLE, a, That may be gauged or measured. Measured. One who gauges; an officer whose GAUGED, (gajd,) pp. GAUG/ER, n. business is to ascertain the contents of casks) Measuring a cask ; ascertaining di- mensions or proportions of quantity. The art of measuring the contents or capacities of vessels of any form. GAUG/ING-ROD, 2. Ed, Encyc. An instrument to be used in measuring the contents of casks or vessels. [L. Gallia.) Gaul. Pertaining to ancient France or Gaul. A provincial name, in the east of Eng- land, for a series of beds of clay and marl, the geo- logical position of which is between the upper and lower green-sand. weak, poor.] Vacant ; hollow; empty,.as an Lyell [The origin is uncertain. Qu. In W. guwan is animal after long fasting ; hence, lean; meager; thin ; Slender. Shak. [Fr. gantelet, from gant, a glove; It. guanto ; D, want; Dan. and Sw. vante, a glove. Cy A large, iron glove, with fingers covered with small plates, formerly worn by cavaliers, armed at all points. To throw the gauntlet, is to challenge; and To take up the gauntlet, is to accept the challenge. [Sp. gasa; Fr. gaze; L. gausape, or gossipium.] , a Wearing a gauntlet. Leanly ; meagerly. Arm. gazen. Qu. A very thin,. slight, transparent stuff, of silk or linen. GAUZE/-LO ) Encyc. f OM, x. A loom in which gauze is wove. gavael, a hold or grasp.) Like gauze ; thin as gauze, In law, tribute ; toll; custom. [See Ga- [Fr. javelle; Port. gavela, a sheaf; W. i. A small parcel of Wheat, rye, or other grain, laid together by reapers, consisting of two, three, or more handfuls. New England, 2. In England, a provincial word for ground, GAV/EL, for Gaur, or Gapie-Enp. GAV’EL-ET, n. An ancient and Eng. Dict. [See Gasre.] Special cessavit, in Kent, in England, where the custom of gavelkind continues, by which the tenant, if he withdraws his rent and services due to his lord, and tenements. forfeits his lands Encyc. 2. In London, a writ used in the hustings, given to lords of rents in the city. Encyc. [This word gavel is British. In W. gavael signifies a hold, a grasp, tenure ; gavacl- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, cenedyl, the hold or tenure of a family, (not the kind of tenure ;) yavaelu, to hold, grasp, arrest. Ir. gab- hail, gabham, to take ; gabhailcine, gavelkind. In Ir. gabhal is a fork, (G. zabel,) and the groin, and it ex- presses the collateral branches of a family ; but the Welsh application 1s most probably the true one. ] A tenure, in England, by which land descended from the father to all his sons in equal portions, and the land of a brother, dying without issue, descend- ed equally to his brothers. This species of tenure prevailed in England before the Norman conquest, in many parts of the kingdom, perhaps in the whole realm ; but particularly in Kent, where it still exists. Selden. Cowel. Blackstone. Cyc. {[Sax.] An iron crow. A species of crocodile, having a long, slender muzzle. Mantell. GAV/I-LAN, n. A species of hawk in the Philippine Isles ; the back and wings yellow ; the belly white. GAV/OT,n. [Fr. gavotte; It. gavotta.] A kind of dance, or tune, the air of which has two brisk and lively strains in common time, each of which is played twice over. The first has usually four or eight bars, and the second contains eight, twelve, or more. Encyc. GAW’BY,n. Adunce. [Wot in use.] GAWK, xn. [Sax. g@c, geac, a cuckoo; G. gauch, a cuckoo, and a fool, an unfledged fop, a chough ; Scot. gaukie, gauky, a fool; D. gek; Sw. giéck, a fool, a buffoon ; Dan. gick, a jest, ajoke. It seems that this word is radically one with joke, juggle, which see.] l. A cuckoo. : 2. A fool; a simpleton. tained in Scotland. ] GAWK’Y, a. Foolish; awkward ; clumsy; clown- ish. [In this sense it is retained in vulgar use in America. } [Is not this allied to the Fr. gauche, left, untoward, unhandy, Eng. awk, awkward; gauchir, to shrink back or turn aside, to use shifts, to double, to dodge? This verb well expresses the actions of a jester or buffoon.] GAWK’Y,n. A tall, awkward, ungainly, or stupid fellow. GAWN. [Corrupted for gallon.] A small tub or lading vessel. GAWN’/TREE, x. casks are set. GAY, a. [Fr. gai; Arm. gae; It. gaio, gay. In Sp. gaya is a stripe of different colors on stuffs; gaytero Is gaudy; and gayo is a jay. The W. has ZwYC, gay, gaudy, brave. This is a contracted word, but whether from the root of gaudy, or not, is not ob- vious. In some of its applications, it seems allied to joy. ] 1. Merry ; airy ; jovial ; sportive ; frolicsome. It denotes more life and animation than cheerful. [In both senses, it is re- A wooden frame on which beer- A small, swift, elegantly-formed species of ante- lope, celebrated for the luster and soft expression of its eyes. srande GAZE'MENT, n. View. [Wotin use.] Spenser. GAZ/ER, n. One who gazes; one who looks steadily and intently, from delight, admiration, or study. Pope. GA-ZET’, n. [It. gazzetta.}] A Venetian halfpenny. Massinger. GA-ZETTE’, (ga-zet’,) n. [It. gazzetta; Fr. gazette. Gazzetta is said to have been a Venetian coin, which was the price of the first newspaper; and hence the name. | A newspaper; a sheet or half sheet of paper pub- lished periodically, and containing an account of transactions and events of public or private concern, which are deemed important and interesting. The first gazette in England was published at Oxford, in 1665. On the removal of the court to London, the title was changed to the London Gazette. It is now the official newspaper, and published on Tuesdays and Saturdays. Encyc. GA-ZETTE’, (ga-zet’,) v. t. To insert in a gazette ; to announce or publish in a gazette. GA-ZETT'ED, pp. Published in a gazette. GAZ-ET-TEER’, n. A writer of news, or an officer appointed to publish news by authority. Johnson. 2. The title of a newspaper. 3. A book containing a brief description of empires, Kingdoms, also of cities, towns, and rivers, in a country, or in the whole world, alphabetically ar- ranged ; a book of topographical descriptions. GAZ'ING, ppr. or a. [See Gazx.] Looking with fixed attention. GAZ'ING-STOCK, n. A person gazed at with scorn or abhorrence ; an object of curiosity or contempt. Bp. Hall, GA-ZON’, (ga-zoon’,) n._[Fr., turf.] In fortification, pieces of turf used to line parapets and the faces of works raised of earth. Brande. GE. [Sax.] A particle often prefixed to Saxon verbs, GEAL, v.21 [Fr. geler; L. gelo.] [&c. To congeal. [ Obs.] GEAR, n. (Sax. gearwian, gyrian, to prepare ; gearw, prepared, prompt ; gearzwa, habit, clothing, apparatus ; G. gar, D. gaar, dressed, done, ready ; perhaps Sw. garfva, to tan.] Apparatus ; whatever is prepared ; hence, habit ; dress ; ornaments. Array thyself in her most gorgeous gear. Spenser. 2. The harness or furniture of beasts of draught; tackle. 3. The same as Gearina, which see. 4. In Scotland, warlike accouterments ; also, goods, riches, Jamieson. 5. Business ; matters. [ Obs.] Spenser. Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. Pope. 2. Fine; showy ; as, a gay dress. 3. Inflamed or merry with liquors intoxicated ; a vulcar use of the word in America. GAY, x. Anornament. [.Vot used.] LD’ Estrange. GAY/E-TY,n. [Fr. gaieté; Fr. gaiezza.] 1. Merriment ; mirth ; airiness ; as,a company full of gaycty. 2. Act of juvenile pleasure ; the gayeties of youth. 3. Finery ; show ; as, the gayety of dress. GAY’/LY, adv. Merrily ; with mirth and frolic. 2. Finely ; splendidly ; pompously ; as, ladies gay- ly dressed ; a flower gayly blooming. Pope. GAY’LY-GILD/ED, 2. Gilded with showy finery. GAY'NESS, x. Gayety ; finery. Gray. GAY'SOME, a. Full of gayety. [Little say GAZE, v.%. [Qu. Gr. ayagopat, to be astonished, and Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. 1m chazah, to see or look ; that is, to fix the eye or to reach with the eye.]} To fix the eyes and look steadily and earnestly ; to look with eagerness or curiosity ; as in admiration, astonishment, or in study. A lover’s eyes will gaze an eagle blind. Shak. Ye men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up into heaven? — Acts i, GAZE, v. t. To view with fixed attention. And gazed awhile the ample sky. [It is little used as a transitive verb.] GAZE, n. A fixed look ; a look of eagerness, wonder, or admiration ; a continued look of attention. With secret gaze, Or open admiration, him behold. Milton, 2. The object gazed on; that which causes one to gaze. S Milton. Made of my enemies the scorn and gaze. Milton, GAZE/FUL, a. Looking with a gaze; looking in- tently. Spenser. GAZE'HOUND,n. A hound that pursues by the sight rather than by the scent. Encyc. Johnson. GA-ZEL! n > [Fr. gazelle; Sp. gazela; Port. GA-ZELLE’, gazella; from the Arabic. The verb ——- . « . ® . under which this word is placed, St gazala, is GE/IN, n. GEL/‘A-BLE, a. GEL/A-TIN, n. 6. By seamen pronounced jears, which see. GEAR, v. t. To dress; to put on gear; to harness GEAR’ED, pp. Dressed; harnessed. GEAR/ING, ppr. Dressing ; harnessing. GEAR/ING, n. Harness. 2. A train of toothed wheels for transmitting mo- tion in machinery. Hebert. GIA/SON, (gé/zn,) n. Rare; uncommon ; wonder- ful. [ Obs. } Spenser. GEAT,n. [D. gat See Gare.] The hole through which metal runs into a mold in castings. Moron. GECK,n. [G. geck; Sw. gack ; Dan. giek.] A dupe. pore Shak. GECK, v.t. To cheat, trick, or gull. [Obs.] GECK’O,n. A name common to a family of saurian reptiles ; a nocturnal lizard. j Partington. EE,) A word used by teamsters, directing their JEE, { teams to pass further to the right, or, from the driver, when on the near side; opposed to hoi or GE ESE, Ne 5 pl. of Goosr. haw. GEEST, n. Alluvial matter on the surface of land, not of recent origin. Jameson. GE-HEN/NA, zn. (Gr. yeevva, from the Heb. se-hin- nom, the valley of Hinnom, in which was Tophet, where the Israelites sacrificed their children to Mo- Joch, and which was afterward regarded asa place of abomination. 2 Kings xxiii. 10. This word has been used by the Jews as equiva- Jent to hell, place of fire or torment after death, and the Greek word is rendered by our translators by hell and hell-jire. Mat. xviii. 9; xxiii. 15. GEN'LEN-ITE, (gé/len-ite,) n. [from @ehlen, the chemist. ] A mineral of a grayish color and resinous luster, found chiefly at Mt. Monzoni. Its primary form is a right square prism. (Gr. yn, earth.] In chemistry, the same as Hummus, which see. [from L. gelu, frost, or gelo, to con- geal. ] That may or can be congealed ; capable of being converted into jelly. (it. and Sp. gelatina, from L. gelo, to congeal, to freeze. ] A concrete animal substance, transparent, and rendered to remove, withdraw, retire, or be separate. ] 496 MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — soluble slowly in cold water, but rapidly In warmGEM GEN GHN water. is thrown down from a solution of gelatin, which forms an elastic, adhesive mass, not unlike vegeta- ble gluten, and is a compound of tannin and gelatin. | G GBL/A-TIN. See Gerarinous. Parv. GE-LAT‘I-NATE, v. i. To be converted into gelatin, or into a substance like jelly. Lapis lazuli, if calcined, does not effervesce, but gelatinates with the mineral acids. Kirwan. GE-LAT/I-NATE, v. t. To convert into gelatin, or _ into a substance resembiing jelly. GE-LAT-INA’TION, 2. 'The act or process of con- verting or being turned into gelatin, or into a sub- stance like jelly. Airwan. GE-LAT’/ENI-FCRM, a Having the form of gelatin. Med. and Surg. Journ. The same as GELATINATE. GE-LAT/IN-IZEs ». 2. ps Fleming. GE-LAT-I-NO/SA, n. pl. An order of gelatinous ani- mals. Cuvier. GE-LAT‘'I-NOUS, a. Of the nature and consistence of gelatin ; i stiff and cohesive. GELD,n. [Sax. gid; Sw. gald; Dan. gield; G. and D. geld.) Money ; tribute; compensation. ) This word is obsolete in EBuelish, but it occurs in old laws and law books in composition ; as in Danegeld, or Dane- gelt, a tax imposed by the Danes ; Weregeld, com- pensation for the life of a man, &c. GELD, v. t.; pret. GeLpED or Gevr; pp. GELDED OF Gert. [G. geilen, gelten; Sw. gulla; Dan. gilder, to geld, and to cut off the giuls of herrings; I. caillim, to geld, to lose, to destroy. Qu. W. colli, to lose, or Eth. ‘LAP gali, to cut off.) 1. To castrate ; to emasculate. 9. To deprive of any essential part. Shak. 3. To deprive of any thing immodest or exception- able. Dryden. GELD/ED, } GELT, GELD/ER, n. One who castrates. GELD/ER-ROSEH, n. [Qu. from Guelderland.| A plant, a species of Viburnum, bearing jarge, white balls of flowers; also called the snowball-tree. GELD/ING, ppr. Castrating. [P. Cyc. GELD/ING, x. The act of castrating. 2. A castrated animal, but chiefly a horse. GEL/ID, a. [L. gelidus, from gelo, to freeze, Fr. geler. See Coor, Covp. Cold ; very cold. GE-LID/I-LY, n. Extreme cold. GEL/ID-LY, adv. Coldly. GEL/ID-NESS, z. Coldness. GEL/LY, xn. [Fr. gelée; Port. gelea; Sp. jalea; L. gelo, gelatus.° It is now more generally written JELLY. | 1. The inspissated juice of fruit boiled with sugar. 9. A viscous or glutinous substance ; a gluey sub- stance, soft, but cohesive [See Je.ry | GELT, pp. of GELb. pp. Castrated ; emasculated. Thomson. GELT, nx. A castrated animal; a gelding. [ot used. | GELT, for Girr. Tinsel, or gilt surface. [Vot used. | GEM, n. [L. gemma; It. id.; Sp. yema; Port. gomo ; Ir. zeam; G. keim; D. kiem. ‘The sense is probably a shoot. See Class Gm, No. 5, Ar.] 1. A bud. In botany, the bud or compendium of a plant, covered with scales to protect the rudiments from the cold of winter and other injuries; called the hySernacle or winter quarters of aplant. Encyc. 2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, topaz, emerald, &c. GEM, v.t To adorn with gems, jewels, or precious stones. 2, Vo bespangle ; p as, foliage gemmed with dew- 3. To embellish with detached beauties. [ drops. England is studded and gemmed with castlea and palaces. : rving. GEM, v. 7. To bud; to germinate. Milton. GE-MA/RA, n. [Ch. 1), to finish.] The second part of the Talmud, or the commen- tary on the Mishna. GE-MAR/I€, a. Pertaining to the Gemara. Encyc, GEM/-BOSS-ED, a. Bossed with gems. Atherstone. GEMWEL,n. ([(L. Beueltuss| A pair ; a term in heraldry. GEM-EL-LIP/A-ROUS, a. [L. gemellus and pario.] Producing twins. Dict. GEM/EL-RING, n. A term applied to rings with two or more links, now gimbal, which see. GEM/LNATE, v. t. [L. gemino.] To double. [Lattle used. | GEM-LNA/TION,n. A doubling; duplication; repe- tition. oyle. GEM/I-NI, n. pl. [L.] Twins. In astronomy, a con- stellation or sign of the zodiac, containing the two Drayton, With tannin, a yellowish-white precipitate | GEM/MA-RY, a. GEM/MATE, a. Having buds; reproducing by buds. petioles, or scales. GEM'MED, pp. G GEM-MIEF’ER-OUS, a. GEM/MI-NESS, zn. GEM/MING, ppr. GEM-MIP/A-ROUS, a jewel. SEM/MULE, n. GEM-MU-LIF/ER-OUS, a. GEM/MY, a. resembling jelly ; viscous ; moderately | ¢ GE-MOTE’, 7. GEN-DARMB’, (zhain-darm’,) x. GEN-DAR/MER-Y, 7. GEN’DER, x. [from gem.] Pertaining to gems or jewels. EM-MA’TION, 2. fe. gemmatio, from gemma. } {. In botany, budding ; the state, form, or construc- tion of the bud of plants, of the leaves, stipules, Martyn. 2. The process of reproduction by buds. Adorned with jewels or buds. EM/ME-OUS, a [L. gemmeus.] Pertaining to gems; of the nature of gems; re- sembling gems. Producing buds. Spruceness ; smartness. Adorning with jewels or buds. [L. gemma, a bud, and pario, to bear. } Producing buds ; reproducing by buds on the body which mature and fall off into independent animals, as some polyps. Dana, GEM-MOS'LTY, n. The quality of being a gem or | A little bud or gem. Eaton. 3earing gemmules. Bright ; glittering; full of gems. 2. Neat; spruce; smart. { Obs.] Sax-] A meeting. [See Meer. ] GEMS/BOK, n. The name given to a species of the J. Barrow. In France, one of the gensd?armes, a select body of troops, destined to Watch over the interior public safety. i [Supra.] The body of gen- Hume. Fr. genre; Sp. genero; It. genere; from L. genus, from geno, TINO, Gr. yevvaw, yt vopal, to beget, or to be born ; Ir. geinim; W. gent, to be born; gan, a birth; cenaw, offspring; Gr. yevos, yovos; Eng. kind. From the same root, Gr. yuvn, a woman, a wife; Sans. gena, a wife, jam, a woman, and genaga, a father. We have begin from the same antelope. darmes. root. See Begin and Can.] 1. Properly, kind ; sort. [Obs.] Shak. 2. A sex, male or feinale. Hence, 3. In grammar, a difference in words to express distinction of sex; usually, a difference of termina- tion in nouns, adjectives, and participles, to express the distinction of male and female. But althougn this was the original design of different terminations, yet, in the progress of language, other words, having no relation to one sex or the other, came to have genders assigned them by custom. Words express- ing males are said to be of the masculine gender ; those expressing females, of the feminine gender ; and in some languages, words expressing things having no sex are of the neuter or neither gender. GEN/DER, v. t. To beget. But Encrnper is more generally used. GEN/DER, v. i. Tocopulate; to breed. Lev. Xix. GEN-E-A-LOG/I€-AL, a. [from genealogy.] 1. Pertaining to the descent of persons or families ; exhibiting the succession of families from a pro- genitor ; as, a genealogical table. 9, According to the descent of a person or family from an ancestor; as, gencalogical order. GEN-B-A-LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv. By genealogy. GEN-E-AL'O-GIST, x. He who traces descents of persons or families. GEN/ER-AL, 2. o. Common to many or the greatest number ; as, a general opinion ; a general custom. 6. Not directed to a single object. If the same thing be peculiarly evil, that general aversion will be turned into a particular batred against it. Spratt. 7. Having a relation to all; common to the whole. Adam, our general sire. Milton. 8. In law, to plead the general issue, is to deny at once the whole indictment or declaration, without offering any special matter to evade it. Bouvier. | 9. Extensive, though not universal; common ; usual. i This word is prefixed or annexed to words to ex- | press the extent of their application. ‘Thus a gaeneral } assembly is an assembly of a whole body, in fact or by representation. In Scotland, it is the whole church | convened by its representatives. In America, a legis- lature is sometimes called a general assembly or gen- eral court. In logic, a general term is a term which is the sign of a general idea. An attorney-general, and a solicitor-general, 1S an officer who conducts suits and prosecutions for the king, or for a nation or state, and whose authority is general in the state or kingdom. A vicar-general has authority as vicar or substitute over a whole territory or jurisdiction. An adjutant-general assists the general of an army, distributes orders, receive returns, &c. The word general, thus annexed toa name of office, denotes chief or superior ; as, a commissary-general, quia rtermaster-general, In the line, a general officer is one who commands an army, a division, or a brigade. ~ The whole ; the total; that which comprehends all or the chief part ; opposed to par- ticular. In particulars our knowledge begins, and so spreads itself by de- grees to generals. che. A history painter paints man in general. Reynolds. 2. In general; in the main ; for the most part ; not always or universally. I have shown that he excels, in general, under each of these heads. Addison. 3. The chief commander of an army. But, to dis- tinguish this officer from other generals, he is often called weneral-in-chicf. The officer second in rank is called liewtenant-general. 4. The commander of a division of an army or militia, usually called a major-general, 5, The commander of a brigade, called a brigadier general. 6. A particular beat of drum or march, being that which, in the morning, gives notice for the infantry to be in readiness to march. Encyc. 7, The chief of an order of monks, or of all the houses or congregations established under the same rule. Encyc. 8. The public ; the interest of the whole ; the vul- gar. [JVot in use.] Shak. GEN-ER-AL-IS/SI-MO, n. ie The chief command- er of an army or military force. 2. The supreme commander ; sometimes a title of honor; as, Alexander, generalissimo of Greece. Brown. GEN-ER-AL/LTY, n. [Fr. generalité; It. generalitd.] 1. The state of being general; the quality of in- cluding species or particulars. Hooker. To relate the history of de- scents. Trans. of Pausanias. GEN-E-AL/O-GY,n. [L. genealogia; Gr. yeveadoyta; evos, race, and Avyos, discourse ; Sax. cyn, grecynd ; eae kind. } 1. An account or history of the descent of a per- son or family from an ancestor ; enumeration of ancestors and their children in the natural order of succession. 9, Pedigree; lineage; regular descent of a person or family from a progenitor. GEN/E-RA. See Genus. GEN/ER-A-BLE, a. That may be engendered, be- gotten, or produced. entley. GEN/ER-AL, a. [Fr., from L. generalis, from genus, a kind.] 1. Properly, relating to a whole genus or kind ; and hence, relating to a whole class or order. Thus we speak of a general law of the animal or vegeta- ble economy. This word, though from genus, kind, js used to express Whatever is common to an order, class, kind, sort, or species, or to any company or association of individuals. 29. Comprehending many species or individuals ; not special or particular; as, it is not logical to draw GEN-E-AL/O-GIZE, v. 7. fact. general expression. safety of a nation. bright stars Castor and Pollux. Encyc, GEM/‘L-NOUS, a [L. geminus.] Double ; in pairs. Brown. GEM/LNY, 2. [Supra.] Twins; a pair; a couple. Shak. To all general purposes, we have uniformly been one eople. e Pew Federalist, Jt. a general inference or conclusion from a particular 3. Lax in signification; not restrained or limited to a particular import ; not specific ; as, a loose and 4. Public; common; relating to or comprehending the whole community ; as, the general interest or 9. The main body; the bulk; the greatest part; wens — ~~ <2 << as, the generality of a nation, or of mankind. — Addison. GEN-ER-AL-L-ZA/TION, n. The act of making gen- eral ; the act of reducing particulars to generals or to their genera. GEN/ER-AL-1Z5, v. t. To extend from particulars or species to genera, or to whole kinds or classes; to make general, or common to a number; as, to gezer- alize a remark. 2. To reduce particulars to generals, or to their ge- nus. Reid. Copernicus generalized the celestial motions, by merely referrine them to the moor’s motion. Newton generalized them still more, by referring this lust to the motion of a stone through the air. Nicholson. GEN/ER-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Extended to generals; re- duced to a genus. GEN/ER-AL-IZ-ING, ppr- reducing to genera. GEN/ER-AL-LY, adv. In general; commonly ; ex- tensively, though not riniversally ; most frequently, but not without exceptions A hot summer generally follows a cold winter. Men are generally more dis- posed ta censure tan to praise, as they generally suppose it easier to depress excellence in others than to equal or surpass it by elevating themselves. 9. In the main; without detail; in the whole tak- en together. Generally speaking, they live very quietly. GEN/ER-AL-NESS, n. Wide extent, though short of tiulversality ; frequency ; commonness. Sidney. GEN/ER-AL-SHIP, 2. The skill and conduct of a general officer; military skill in a commander, ex- 2 eee Extending to generals; Addison. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as 2; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 63 497 wn eee 7 eae ee ao 1 a eee i rocuagr ae meee Sdsa Na 3 a a pasa 2 ms is GEN GEN GEN the operations of war. GEN/ER-AL-TY, 7. GEN ER-ANT, x. [L. generans.] : 1. The power that generates ; the power or prince ple that produces. Glanville. Rai. arlow. See Genper.] line, or surface GEN/ER-ATE, v.t. [L. genero. 1. To beget; to procreate ; to propagate; to pro- | Every animal duce a being similar to the parent. generates his own species. : . 2. To produce ; to cause to be; to bring into life as, great whales which the waters generated. Milton. 3. To cause ; to produce; to form. Sounds are generated where there isnoairatall. Bacon. Whatever generates a quantity of good chyle must likewise gen erate rnilk. Arbuthnot. In music, any given sound generates with itself its octave and two other sounds extremely sharp, viz., GE-NET, jts twelfth above or the octave of its fifth, and the | GE-NETTE’, § seventeenth above GEN/ER-A-TED, pp. created ; produced ; formed. GEN’ER-A-TING, ppr. or a. producing; forming. GEN-ER-A/TION, x. tion, as of animals. Encyc. sounds, or of curves or equations, 3, A single succession in natural descent, as the children of the same parents; hence, an age. Thus We say, the third, the fourth, or the tenth generation. Gen. xv. 16. 4, The people of the same period, or living at the same time. O faithless and perverse generation | — Luke ix. 5. Genealogy ; a series of children or descendants from the same stock. This is the book of the generations of Adam. — Gen. vy. 6. A family ; a race. Shak. 7. Progeny ; offspring. Shak. GEN’ER-A-TIVE, a. Having the power of generating or propagating its own species. Ralerh. 2. Having the power of producing. Bentley. 3. Prolific. Bentley. GEN’ER-A-TOR, n. Heor that which begets, causes, or produces. 2. In music, the principal sound or sounds by which others are produced. Thus the lowest C for the treble of the harpsichord, besides its octave, will strike an attentive ear with its twelfth above, or G in alt., and with its seventeenth above, or Ein alt. Hence C is called their generator, the G and E its products or harmonics. Encyc 3. A vessel in which steam is generated. Perkins. GE-NER’/I€, ja. [It. and Sp. generico; Fr. gene- GE-NER’I€-AL, rique; from L. genus.) Pertaining to a genus or kind ; comprehending the genus, as distinct from species, or from another ge- nus. A generic description is a description of a ge- nus; a generic difference is a difference in genus; a eneric name is the denomination which compre- hends all the species, as of animals, plants, or fos- sils, which have q rtain essential and peculiar char- acters Incommon. Thus Canis is the generic natne of animals of the: log kind; Felis, of the cat kind ; Cervus, of the deer kind GE-NER/T€-AL-LY, adv. With regard to genus; as, an animal generica ly distinct from another, or two animals generically 4 \lied. Woodward. GE-NER/I€-AL-NES{!, n. The quality of being ge- neric. GEN-ER-OS/L-TY, n. [Fr. generosité; L. generositas, from genus, race, kin |, with reference to birth, blood, family. ] 1, The quality of being generous ; liberality in principle ; a dispositim to give liberally or to be- stow favors ; a quality of the heart or mind opposed to meanness or parsimony. 2. Liberality in act ; bounty. 3. Nobleness of soul ; magnanimity. primary sense, but is now little used GEN/ER-OUS, a. [L. generosus ; Vr. genereux, from genus, birth, extraction, family. See GENDER. | 1. Primarily, being of honorable birth or origin ; hence, noble ; honorable ; magnanimous ; applied to Persons ; AS, a generous foe; a generous critic, 2. Noble; honorable ; applied to things ; as, a gen- érous Virtue; generous boldness. It is used, also, to denote like qualities in irrational animals; as,a en- erous pack of hounds. Addison. 3. Liberal; bountiful ; munificent; free to give; as, 4 generous friend ; a generous father. Strong ; full of spirit ; as, generous wine. : Boyle. Swift, 9. Full; overflowing ; abundant ; as, a generous cup; a generous table. 6. Sprightly ; courageous; as, a generous steed. GENMER-OUS-LY, adv. Honorably ; not meanly. 2. Nobly , magnanimously. Dryden. 3. Liberally ; munificently, : [This is the ACs The whole; the totality. Hale. 2. In geometry, a line, surface, or solid, generated, 2, The first book of the sacred Scriptures of the or supposed to be generated, by the motion of a point, Old Testament, containing the history of the crea- Begotten , engendered ; pro-| GE-NETH’LI-A€, n. Begetting ; procreating ; The act of begetting ; procrea- 2. Production; formation; as, the generation of | GE-NETH’ PATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. —PINE a TO we , ie : en IN/LTIVE. a. hibited in the judicious arrangements of troops, or | GEN/ER-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being gener GEN’I-TIVE, a. or 7. ous ; Magnanimity ; nobleness of mind. 2. Liberality ; munificence ; generosity GEN'E-SIS, x. [Gr. yevecis, from yevyaw, ywvopat. i- See GENDER. 1. The act of producing. tion, of the apostasy of man, of the deluge, and of the first patriarchs, to the death of Joseph. In the original Hebrew, this book has no title; the present title was prefixed to it by those who translated it in- to Greek. ; 3. In geometry, the formation of a line, plane, or solid, by the motion of a point, line, or surface. Barlow. GEN/ET, 7. [Fr.] A small-sized, well-proportioned, - Spanish horse. ohnson. 2. An animal allied to the civet, and resembling the polecat in appearance. GE-NET’, {z. A name given to cat-skins, when made into muffs and tippets, as if they were skins of the genet. Booth. A birthday poem. Brande. GEN-ETH-LI/A€-AL, ) a. [Gr. yeveOdXtaxos, from GE-NETH/LI-A€, ytvopat, to be born.] Pertaining to nativities, as calculated by astrologers ; showing the positions of the stars at the birth of any person. ae used. } Howell. -A€S, n. The science of calculating nativities, or predicting the future events of life from the stars which preside at the birth of per- sons. [Little wsed.] Johnson. GE-NETH-LL-AT/I€, x. He who calculates nativi- ties. [ Little used.] Drummond. GE-NB'T"I€, a. (Gr. yeveots.] Pertaining to the origin of a thing, or its mode of production. TI’. D. Woolsey. GE-NE‘/VA, n. [Fr. genevre, or genievre, a juniper- berry; It. ginepra; Arm. genevra. The Spanish Word is nebrina, and the tree is called enebro, Port. zimbro. | A spirit distilled from grain or malt, with the ad- dition of juniper-berries.. But instead of these ber- ries, the spirit is often flavored with the oil of turpen- tine. The word is usually contracted, and pronounced gin. Encye. GE-NE/VA BI/BLE, n. A copy of the Bible in Eng- lish, printed at Geneva, first in 1560. his copy was in common use in England till the version made by order of King James was introduced, and it was laid aside by the Calvinists with reluctance. GE-NE/VAN, a. Pertaining to Geneva. 2. 2. An inhabitant of Geneva. | GE-NE/VAN-ISM, n. [from Geneva, where Calvin resided. } Calvinism, Mountacu. GEN-E-VESE/, n. sing. and pl. People of Geneva. GEN-E-VOIS’, (zhen-e-vwa’,) n. pl. People of Gene- va. Addison. GE/NI-AL, a. [L. genialis, from geno, gigno, Gr. yev- vad, yivopat. 1. Contributing to propagation or production ; that causes to produce. Creator, Venus, genial power of love. Dryden. 2. Gay ; merry. Warton. 3. Enlivening ; contributing to life and cheerful- ness ; supporting life. So much I feel my genial spirits droop. 4. Native; natural. [ot usual.] Brown. The genial gods, in pagan antiquity, were supposed to preside over generation, as earth, air, fire, and water. GE-NI-AL/LTY, n. GE/NI-AL-LY, adv. [Little used. ] 2. Gayly ; cheerfully. GE/NI-AL-NESS, n. GE-NI€/U-LATE, ». t. Milton. Gayety ; cheerfulness. By genius or nature ; naturally. Glanville. Johnson. The quality of being genial. To form joints or knots. Cockeram, GE-NI€'U-LATE, a. [UL. geniculatus, from genic- GE-NI€/U-LA-TED, the root of wenu, the knee. See Kner. a little bent; as, a geniculated stem or peduncle. Martyn. GE-NI€/U-LA-TING, ppr. Knotting; jointing. GE-NI€-U-LA/TION, 7. Knottiness; the state of having knots or joints like a knee. Jolinson. GE/NIE, (jé/ne,) n. {Old Fr.] Disposition ; inclina- tion ; turn of mind. porsoteves| GE/NI-TI, n. pl. [L.] A sort of imaginary, intermedi- ate beings between men and angels ; some good and some bad. some | Encyc. GE/NI-O, n. [It., from L. fenius.| A man of a particular turn of mind. Tatler. GEN/I-TAL, a. [L. genitalis, from the root of gigno, Gr. yevvaw, to beget.] Pertaining to generation or the act of begetting. GEN/L-TALS, n. pl. The parts of an animal which are the immediate instruments of generation. GEN’L-TING, n. [Fr. janeton.] ulum, a knot or joint, from | GEN-TIAN-EL’LA, n. GEN'TIL, n. Kneed ; knee-jointed ; having joints like the knee GEN’TILE, n. GEN’TILE, a. GEN-TLLESSE’, x. Complaisance. [Wot in.use.] GEN’TIL-ISH, a. GEN’TIL-ISM, n. [L. genitivus, from the root of gender. ] In grammar, a term applied to a case in the declen- sion of nouns, expressing primarily the thing from which something else proceeds; as, filius patris, the son of a father; aqua fontis, the water of a fountain. But, by custom, this case expresses other relations, particularly possession or ownership ; as, animi mag- nitudo, greatness of mind, greatness possessed by or inherent in the mind. This case often expresses, also, that which proceeds from something else; pater septem filiorum, the father of seven sons. GEN'I-TOR, n. One who procreates; a sire ; a father. Sheldon. GEN/I-TURE, . Generation; procreation; birth. Burton. [L., from the root of as, GEN’IUS, 2.; pl. Genruses. gigno, Gr. yevvaw, to beget. ] 1, The peculiar structure of mind which is given by nature to an individual, or that disposition or bent of mind which is peculiar to every man, and which qualifies him for a particular employment ; a partic- ular natural talent or aptitude of mind for a particu- lar study or course of life; as,a genius for history, for poetry, or painting. 2. Strength of mind ; uncommon powers of intel- lect ; particularly, the power of invention. In this sense we say, Homer was a man of genius. Hence, 3. Aman endowed with uncommon vigor of mind ; a man of superior intellectual faculties. Shakspeare was a rare venius, Addison. Mental powers or faculties. [See No. 2.] 3. Nature; disposition ; peculiar character ; as, the genius of the times. GE'NI-US, n.; pl.Genu [L.] Among the ancients, a good or evil spirit, or demon, supposed to preside over 4 man’s destiny in life; that is, to direct his birth and actions, and be his guard and guide; a tu- telary deity ; the ruling and protecting power of men, places, or things. This seems to be merely a person- ification or deification of the particular structure or bent of mind which a man receives from nature, Which is the primary signification of the word. GE'NI-US LO'CI, [L.] The presiding divinity ofa place ; and hence, the pervading spirit of a place or institution, as of a college, &c. GEN-O-ESE’, n. An inhabitant, or the people of Ge- noa, in Italy. GENT, a. Elegant; pretty; gentle. [ot in use. | Spexser. GEN-TEEL’, a. [Fr. gentil; It. gentile; Sp. gentil ; L. gentilis, from gens, race, stock, family, and with the sense of noble or at least respectable birth, as we use birth and family.]} 1. Polite ; well-bred; easy and graceful in man- ners or behavior; having the manners of well-bred people ; as, genteel company ; genteel guests. 2. Polite ; easy and graceful ; becoming well-bred persons ; as, genteel manners or behavior; a genteel address. 3. Graceful in mien or form ; elegant ; as, the lady has a genteel person. 4. Elegantly dressed. Law. 0. Decorous ; refined; free from any thing low or vulgar; as, genteel comedy. Addison. GEN-TEEL/LY, adv. Politely ; gracefully ; elegant- ly ; in the manner of well-bred people. EN-TEEL‘NESS, n. Gracefulness of manners or person; elegance; politeness. We speak of the genteelness of a person, or of his deportment. 2. Qualities befitting a person of rank. Johnson. GEN’TIAN, (jen/shan,) n. [L. gentiana ; Fr. gentiane ; -VU = Ar. Uni kanta] The popular name of a genus of plants, of many Species. The officinal gentian is a native of the mountainous parts of Germany. The root, the on- ly part used, has a yellowish-brown color, and a very bitter taste, and is used as an ingredient in stomachic bitters. It is sometimes called Fe_wort. nS Encyc. A kind of blue color. A species of falcon or huwk. [L. gentilis; Fr. gentil; Sp. gentil ; from L. gens, nation, race; applied to pagans. | In the Scriptures, a pagan; a worshiper of false gods; any person not a Jew ora Christian ; a hea- then. The Hebrews included in the term foim, Or na- tions, all the tribes of men who had not received the true faith, and were not circumcised. The Christians translated gotm by the L. gentes, and imitated the Jews in giving the name gentiles to all nations who were not Jews or Christians. In civil affairs, the de- nomination was given to all nations who were not Romans. Encye. Pertaining to pagans or heathens. 2. In grammar, denoting one’s race or country ; as, a gentile noun, Hudibras. Heathenish ; pagan. Milton. Heathenism ; paganism ; the wor- A species of apple that ripens very early, » MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE WOLF, BOOK. — ship of false gods. Stillingfleet. )GEN GEN-TI-LV'TIAL, (jen-te-lish/al,) a GEN-T'LLI//TIOUS, (jen-te-lish’us,) ens. 1. Peculiar to a people ; national. Brown. 2. Hereditary ; entailed ona family. Arbuthnot. GEN-TIL’L-TY, 2. [Fr. gentilité, heathenism. So in Sp. and It., from the Latin ; but we take the sense from genteel.] 1. Politeness of manners; easy, graceful behavior ; the manners of well-bred people ; genteelness. a a ener littus, from 2. Good extraction; dignity of birth, Edward. 3. Gracefulness of mien. Shalt. 4. Gentry. [JVot in use.] Davies. 5. Paganism ; heathenism. [JVot in use.] Hooker. GEN/TIL-IZE, v. i. To live like a heathen. Muton. GEN/TLE, a, [See Genrret.] Well-born; of a good family or respectable birth, though not noble ; as, the studies of noble and gentle youth ; gentle blood. { Obs-] Milton. Pope. 2. Mild; meek; soft; bland; not rough, harsh, or severe 5 as, a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice. 1 Thess. ii. 2 Tim. il. 3. Tame ; peaceable ; not wild, turbulent, or refrac- tory ; as, a wentle horse or beast. 4. Soothing ; pacific. 5. Treating with mildness; not violent. A gentle hand may lead the elephant with a hair, ersian Rosary. GEN'TLE, x. A gentleman. [0Obs.] Shak. 9, A name sometimes given to the maggots or Jarve of the flesh-fly, and of some other flies. Brande. GEN/TLE, v. t. To make genteel; to raise from the vilgar. pes: Shak. GEN/’TLE-FOLK, (-tl-foke,) n. [gentle and folk.] Per- sons of good breeding and family. It is now used only in the plural, gentlefolks, and this use is vulgar. GEN’TLE-HEART’ED, a. Having a kind or gentle disposition. GEN'TL&-MAN, n. [gentle, that is, genteel, and man. Davies. GEO derness. My mistress gently chides the fault I made. Dryden. 2. Without violence, roughness, or asperity. Shak. GEN-TOO’, x. [Port. gentio, a gentile. ] A native of India or Hindoostan ; one who follows the religion of the Bramins. [JVot used in India.} Encyc. Birth ; condition ; rank by birth. Shak. 2. People of education and good breeding. In Great Britain, the classes of people between the nobility and the vulgar. 3 A term of civility ; civility ; complaisance. Obs. ch NULPLEE'TION, Ns ficctio, a bending. ] The act of bending the knee, particularly in wor- G Stillingfleet. [L. genuinus, from genus, or its root. GEN/TRY, zn. [L. genu, the knee, and ship. GEN/U-INE, a. See GenpeER.] Native ; belonging to the original stock ; hence, real; natural; true; pure; not spurious, false, or adulterated. The Gaels are supposed to be genuine descendants of the Celts. Vices and crimes are the genuine efiects of depravity, as virtue and piety are the genuine fruits of holiness. It is supposed we have the genuine text of Homer. GEN/U-INE-LY, adv. Without adulteration or foreign admixture ; yiaturally. oyle. GEN/U-INE-NESS, n. The state of being native, or of the true original; hence, freedom from adultera- tion or foreign admixture ; freedom from any thing false or counterfeit ; purity ; reality; as, the genu- ineness of Livy’s History ; the genuineness of faith or repentance. [Bishop Watson, in his Apology for the Bible, con- siders authenticity and genuineness to be quite dis- tinct, the former referring to the correctness of the facts$ detailed, and the latter to the authorship of the book containing them; while, on the other hand, they are used by Bishop Marsh as synonymous. EB. H. B.] So in Fr. wentilhonme, It. gentiluomo, Sp. gentilhombre. See GENTEEL.] 1. In its most extensive sense, in Great Britain, every man above the rank of yeoman, comprehend- ing noblemen. In a more limited sense, @ man who, without a title, bears a coat of arms, or whose ances- tors have been freemen. Im this sense, gentlemen hold a middle rank between the nobility and yeo- manry. 9. In the United States, where titles and distinc- tions of rank do not exist,the term is applied to men of education and of good breeding, of every occupa- tion. Indeed, this is also the popular practice in Great Britain. Hence, 3. A man of good breeding, politeness, and civil manners, as distinguished from the vulgar and clownish. A plowman on his legs is higher than a gentleman on his knees. ranklin. 4. A term of complaisance. assemblies, whatever may be their character. who attends his person. tleman server, one Who serves up the feast. Camden. GEN’TLE-MAN-€OM/MON-ER, 2. The class of commoners at Oxford University. GEN’TLE-MAN-PEN/SION-ERS, n. pl. In England the king to and from the royal chapel. Buchanan. GEN/TLE-MAN-LIKE, ) a. Pertaining to or becom GEN/TLE-MAN-LY, of good family and breeding ; polite ; complaisant as, gentlemanly manners. gentlemanly ofiicer. GEN’TLE-MAN-LLNESS, n. man. Sherwood. GEN/TLE-MAN-SHIP, n. Quality of a gentleman. GEN/TLE-NESS,x. [See Gentre.] Dignity of birtl [ Little used. | 2. Genteel behavior. [ Obs.] 3. Softness of manners; mildness of temper sweetness of disposition ; meekness. The fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, long-suffering, gentl ness, goodness, faith. — Gal. y. 4. Kindness; benevolence. [ Obs.] 5. Tenderness; mild treatment. GEN/TLE-SHIP, n. ee GEN/TLE-W6M-AN, 2. woman of good family or of good breeding ; woman above the vulgar. 2. A woman who waits about the person of one high rank. Shak. Ascham. cal. Dryden. GEN/TLE-WOM-AN-LIKE, a. Becoming a gentl woman, In the plural, the ap- pellation by which men are addressed in popular condition or 5, In Great Britain, the servant of a man of rank, Also, a prefix to his official title ; as, gentleman usher, one who walks before his master and introduces strangers into his presence; gen- highest a band of forty gentlemen, whose office it is to attend inga gentleman, or aman 9. Tike a man of birth and good breeding; as, a Behavior of a well-bred The deportment of a gentleman. [gentle and woman.| A 3. A term of civility to a female, sometimes ironi- ee TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, vicilous.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z 3 GE/NUS, 2.; pl. Genfers. (It would be desirable to anelicize the plural into genuses.) [L. genus, Gr. yevos, lr. gein, offspring, race, or family, Sans. jana ; hence, kind, sort. See GENDER. | 1. In logic, that which has several species under it: a class of a greater extent than species ; a uni- versal which is predicable of several things of dif- ferent species. Cyc. 9. In natural history, an assemblage of species pos- sessing certain characters In common, by which they are distinguished from all others. It is subordinate to class and order, and in some arrangements, to tribe and family. A single species, possessing cer- tain peculiar characters, which belong to no other species, may also constitute a genus; as the camel- opard and the flamingo. 3. In botany, a genus consists of such a group or assemblage of species as agree both structurally and physiologically, as respects the organs of fructification, reproduction, or perpetuation, and at the same time have a general resemblance in habit. GE-O-CEN/TRIE€, a. [Gr. yn, earth, and xey- GE-O-CEN’TRI€-AL, Tpov, center. | A term denoting the position of a celestial object as seen from the earth, in contradistinction to heliocen- tric, as seen from the sun. Olmsted. GE-O€/RO-NITE, n. [Gr. yn, earth, and Kpovos, Saturn, the alechemistic name of lead. A lead-gray ore of antimony and lead. Dana. GE/ODE, n. [Gr. yarwdns, earthy, from yata or yn, 2 earth. Plin. geodes, lib. 36, 19. In mmeralogy, a rounded nodule of stone, contain- ing asmall cavity, usually lined with crystals, though = sometimes With other matter. The cavity is also called a geode. Gcodes frequently consist of agate, ; chalcedony, and various zeolites. Dana. }-O-DES/I€ : : GE-O-DESTIC, a. Geodetic. Sedawick. GE-O-DES/I€-AL, }§ GE-OD/E-SY, n. [Gr. yewdacota; yn, the earth, and ducw, to divide. ] ; : That part of practical geometry which has for its object the determination of the magnitude and figure as either of the whole earth or of any given portion of its surface. Brande. GE-O-DET'I€, a. Pertaining to geodesy or its 3) GB-O-DET’I€-AL, measurements. GE-O-DIF/ER-OUS, a. [geode and L. fero.] Produc- e- ing geodes. : GE/OG-NOST, 7. [See Grocnosy.] One versed in geognosy ; a geologist. eh GE-OG-NOST’I€, a. Pertaining to a knowl- GE-OG-NOST/I€-AL, edge of the structure of the earth; geological. GE-OG/NO-SY, 7. a knowledye. | ; : That part of natural history which treats of the of | structure of the earth. stances which compose structure, position, relative [Gr. yn, the earth, and yywots, Cleaveland. e- ogists, and is synonymous with GreoLoay.] piles RS ere GEN’TLY, adv. Softly ; meekly ; mildly; with ten- GBE-O-GON'IE, a. mation of the earth. GE-OG/O-NY, 2. eration. ! GE-OG/RA-PHER, n. GH-O GRAPHITE, a. GE-O-GRAPH'I€-AL, a description of the terra- GE-O-GRAPH’I€-AL-LY, adv. GE-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. GE-OL/O-GIST, ) 2. GE-O-LO/G1-AN, GE-OL'O-GIZE, v. i. GE-OL/0-GY, x. [Gr. yn, the earth, and Aoyos, dis- GE/O-MAN-CER, 7. It is the science of the sub- the earth or its erust, their situation, and properties. This word originated among the German mineral- ‘ GEO > } Pb ini = y Pertaining to geogony, or the for- | Humboldt. | [Gr. yn, the earth, and yovn, gen- | The doctrine of the formation of the earth. : [See Geocrarny.] One who describes that part of this globe or earth, which is exhibited upon the surface, as the continents, isles, oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, mountains, countries, &c. One who is versed in geography, or one who com- piles a treatise*on the subject. Relating to or containing queous globe; pertaining to geography. In a geographica! manner; according to the usual practice of describ- ing the surface of the earth. E-OG/RA-PHY, rn. [Gr. yn, the earth, and ypa¢gn, description. ] ° 1. Properly, a description of the earth or terrestrial globe, particularly of the divisions of its surface, natural and artificial, and of the position of the sey- eral countries, kingdoms, states, cities, &c. AS a science, geography includes the doctrine or knowl- edge of the astronomical circles or divisions of the sphere, by which the relative position of places on the globe may be ascertained; and usually treatises of geography contain some account of the inhabitants of the earth, of their government, manners, &c., and an account of the principal animals, plants, and minerals. 9. A book containing a description of the earth. [See Gzotoay.] Pertaining to geology ; relating to the science of the earth or terraqueous globe. One versed in the science of geology. i. To study geology ; to make ge- ological investigations. course. | The science which treats of the structure and mineral constitution of the globe, and the causes of its physical features. Dana. The science of the compound minerals or aggre- gate substances which compose the earth, the re- lations which the several constituent masses bear to each other, their formation, structure, position, and direction. Cleaveland. [See Gromancy.] One who foretells or divines, by means of lines, figures, or points, on the ground or on paper. Enciyc. Gi/O-MAN-CY, x. [Gr. yn, the earth, and payrsia, divination. ] A kind of divination by means of figures or lines, formed by little dots or points, originally on the earth, and afterwards on paper. Encyc. GE-O-MAN’TIE€, a. Pertaining to geomancy. GE-OM/E-TER, n. [Gr. yewperpns. See GEOMETRY. ] One skilled in geometry. [See GEOMETRICIAN, which is generally used.] Watts. GE-OM’E-TRAL, a. Pertaining to geometry. AT_O-MET’R GR OMETRIELAL, | * [Gt yeouererxos:] 1. Pertaining to geometry. 9, According to the rules or principles of geometry ; done by geometry. 3. Disposed according to geometry. ’ Geometrical ratio, is that relation between quanti- ties which is expressed by the quotient of the one divided by the other. Geometrical proportion, is an equality of geometri- cal ratios. Quantities are in geometrical progression, when they increase by a common multiplier, or decrease by a common divisor. . Day. GE_O-MET’RI€-AL-LY, adv. According to the rules or laws of geometry. GE-OM-E-TRI//CIAN, (-trish’an,) n. One skilled in geometry ; a geometer,. Watts. GE-OM/E-TRIZE, v. t. To act according to the laws of geometry ; to perform geometrically. Bowle. GE-OM/E-TRY, n. [Gr yeoperpia; yn, the earth, and petpov. measare.] Originally and properly, the art of measuring the earth, or any distances or dimensions on it, But geometry now denotes the science of magnitude in general, the mensuration of lines, surfaces, solids, with their various relations, Bailey. Encijc. GE-O-PON'IE€, a. (Gr. yn, the earth, and rovos, GE-O-PON/I€-AL, labor. | Pertaining to tillage of the earth, or agriculture. GE-O-PON/IES, zn. The art or science of cultivating the earth. Evelyn. GE-O-RA’MA, n. [Gr. yn, the earth, and dpaua, view. a An instrument or machine which exhibits a very complete view of the earth, invented in Paris. It ig a hollow sphere of forty teet diameter, formed by thirty-six bars of iron representing, the parallels and meridians, and covered wit) a bluish cloth, intended torepresent seas and Jakes. rivers, are painted on paper The land, mountains, and and pasted on this cover. Journ. of Science. . ‘TH as in THIS. Sa ee ee Pee eer pee aie a oa os ie Snr ———— = Le ees ae eS~ ae es eigen eae Cera ear er fer" Mee > Bide fod pe ie nt Wa GES GEORGE, (jorje,) n. bi ae k, worn by knights of the garter. "A brown Joaf. GEORGE_NO'BLE, 1. Henry VIII., of the Shak. Driden. value of 6s. 8d. sterling. GEOR/GI€, n. [Gr. yewpytxos, rustic ; yy and epyor, labor. ] A rural poem ; a poetical composition on the sub- lands, in a poetical dress; as, the G@eorgics of Virgil. }} ject of husbandry, containing rules for cultivatin | GEOR/GIE, a. || GEOR/GI€-AL, | _ culture and rural affairs. GEOR/GI-UM SI/DUS, [L.] Olmsted. v1 and cKo7Tew. GE-OS/€0-PY, n. [Gr. Knowledge of the earth, eround, or soil, obtained | | by inspection. hambers. | GE-OT'I6, a. [Gr. yn, earth.] | Belonging to earth ; terr estrial: | GE/RAH; the twentieth part of a shekel, three cents. | 3E-RA/NI-UM,x. [L., from Gr. yepavtov, from yepa- yos, a branes) Crane’s-bill, a genus of plants, of numerous spe- cies, some of which are cultivated for their fragrance | or the beauty of their flowers. || GE/RENT, a. [L. gerens.] B earing ; BSS in VICEGERENT. GER/FAL-€ ON. (jer/faw-kn.) See Gyrratcon. GERM, 2. [L. ez eae 1. In botany, the ovary or seed-bud of a plant, the part of the pistil, which in the progress of vegetation swells and becomes the seed-vessel. Martyn. Milne. 2. Origin ; first principle; that from which any thing springs ; prosperity. GER/MAN,a. [lL. germanus, a brother ; J. Cousins german are brothers or sisters ; first cousins. } | | rudiment of fruit yetin embryo. j Fr. germain. | 2. Related. [ Obs.] Shak. GER'’MAN, a. Belonging to Germany. GER’/MAN, n. A native of Germany ; and by ellip- sis, the ¢ ‘erman Janguage. GER! MAN-SIL/VER, n. An alloy or mixture of 100 parts of copper, 60 of zinc, and 40 of nickel. Graham. GER-MAN'DER, n. The popular name of several plants, as the rock germander, of the genus Veronica, and the common and water germander, of the genus Teucrium. GER-MAN'I€, a. Pertaining to Germany; as, the Germanic body or confederacy. || | GER/MAN- ISM, n. An idiom of the German laneuage, Chesterfield. ERM/’EN, n.; pl. Germens. Now contracted to Geum, whichsee. [The spelling Germins is less ac- curate. ] GERM'IN-AL, a. [from germen. taining to a germ or seed-bud. GER ; Dan. forgylder ; Sw. fGr- milla: from gold, or its root, Dan. guul, Sw. gul, Sax. Boies ae 1 with Ir. geal, W. gola realew, yellow, connected with Ir. geal, WV. golau, light, bright. Class Gl, No. 6, 7. : at To overlay with gold, either in leaf or powder, rin amalgam with quicksilver ; to overspread with _GILD!/ED, pp. or a. 0 — ae g = “y ren are . a thin covering of gold; as, the gut frame of aur ror. ‘ Ce Her joy in gtided chanots when alive, And love of ombre, alter death survive. Pope. 9. To cover with any yellow matter. Shak. 3 To adorn with luster ; to render bright. No more the rising sun shall gi/d the morn. Pope. 4 To illuminate ; to brighten. South. Let oft good humor, mild and gay, Gild the calm evening of your day. Trumbull. 5. To give a fair and agreeable external appear- ance ; torecommend to favor and reception by super- ficial decoration ; as, to gild flattery or falsehood. Overlaid with gold leaf, or a thin coating of gold; illuminated. : GILD‘ER, x. One who gilds; one whose occupation is to overlay things with gold. 9. A Dutch coin, of the value of twenty stivers, about 38 cents, or one shilling and ninepence Ster- ling. It is usually written GuILDER. GILD/ING, ppr. Overlaying with gold; giving a fair external appearance. GILD/ING, n. The art or practice of overlaying things with gold leaf, or a thin coating of gold. 2. That which is laid on in overlaying with gold. GILL, n. [Sw. gel; Sp. agalla, a gland in the throat ; a gall-nut, a wind-gall on a horse, the beak of a shut- tle, and the gill of a fish; Port. guelra, or guerra. Hence it would seem that gill is a shoot or promi- nence, the fringe-like substance, not the aperture. In Danish, gilder signifies to geld, and to cut off the gills of herrings, and in Scot. gil or gul is a crack or fissure. 1. The organ of respiration in fishes, consisting of a cartilaginous or bony arch, attached to the bones of the head, and furnished on the exterior convex side with a multitude of fleshy leaves, or fringed vascu- Jar fibrils, resembling plumes, and of a red color ina healthy state. ‘he water is admitted by the gill-open- ing, and acts upon the blood as it circulates in the fibrils. Other animals also breathe by gills, as frogs in their tadpole state, Jobsters, &c. Ed. Encyc. Fishes perform respiration under water by the gills. Ray, 2. The flap that hangs below the beak of a fowl or ird. Bacon. 3. The flesh on the lower part of the cheeks, or under the chin. acon. Swift. 4. In England, a pair of wheels and a frame on which timber is conveyed. [LZocal.] 5. A woody glen; a place between steep banks, and a rivulet flowing through it; a brook. [ Local. | GILL/-FLAP, n. A membrane attached to the poste- rior edge of the gill-lid, immediately closing the gill- opening. GILL/-FLIRT, n. A sportive or wanton girl; thesame as Jivt-F ret. GILL!-LID, x. The covering of the gills. GILL!--O-PEN-ING, n. The aperture of a fish, or other animal, by which water is admitted to the gills. Ed, Encye. GILL, n. [Low L. gilla, gillo, or gello, a drinking- glass, a gill. This word has the same elementary letters as Gr. yavAos, a pail or bucket, and Eng. gal- lon, probably from one of the roots in Gl, which sig- nify to hold or contain.} A measure of capacity containing the fourth part of a pint. Encyce. GILL, n. A plant, ground-ivy, of the genus Glechoma. 2. Malt liquor medicated with ground-ivy. GILL, n. [In Sw. gilja signifies to woo.] In lidicrous language, a female ; a sportive or wan- ton girl, from Gillian, a woman’s name. Grose. Each Jack with his Gill. B. Jonson. GILL/-BEAR-ING, a. Producing gills. GILL/-HOUSE, n. A place where the liquor gill is sold. Pope. GIL/LI-AN, n. A girl. [ Ods.] Beaum. & Fl. GIL/LIE, n. A boy ; a page or menial. W. Scott. GIL/LY-FLOW-ER, n. [Fr. giroflée, giroflier. The corresponding word in Armorican is genofles or geno- Slen. The name of certain plants. The clove gillyflower is of the genus Dianthus, or carnation-pink ; the stock gillyflower is of the genus Mathiola; the queen?s gilli flower is the Hesperis. Fam. of Plants, Sete FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PIN i, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVD, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — GILSE,7. A young salmon. GILT, pp. ora. [from gild.} Overlaid with gold leaf or a thin coating of gold ; Wluminated ; adorned. GILT, 7. Gold laid on the surface of a thing ; gilding. Shak. 2. In England, a young female pig. Cyc. GILT’-EDG-ED, a. Waving the edge covered with gold leaf. GILT’-HEAD, n. [gilt and head.] In ichthyology, a spinous-finned fish, of the genus Chrysophris, allied to the sea-bream ; so named from a golden-yellow space over the eyes. Partington. 2. A bird. Hakewill. GILT’-TAIL, n. A worm so called from its yellow tail. Jolinson. GIM, a. [Contracted from gemmy.] Neat; spruce ; well dressed. GIM’/BAL, n. A name given to the two brass rings by which a sea-compass is suspended in its box, and by means of which the card is kept in a horizontal posi- tion, notwithstanding the rolling of the ship. Hebert. GIM/€RACK, n. A trivial mechanism; a device; a toy ; a pretty thing. rior. Arbuthnot. GIM/LET, n. [Fr. gibelet; Arm. guymeled. Gimlet seems to be the Same word as wimble, with the Celtic pronunciation, guimble ; and if mis casual, and the primary word is gibelet, or guibelet, the elements of the word coincide with wabble, quibble, and with the W. guwid, a serpentine motion, gwibiaw, to wander, to move in a circular direction, gziber, a serpent, a viper, and the primary sense is, to turn. | A borer; a small instrument with a pointed screw at the end, for boring holes in wood by turning. It is applied only to small instruments; a large instru- ment of the like kind is called an auger. GIM’LET, v. t. In seamen’s language, to turn round an anchor by the stock ; a motion resembling that of the turning of a gimlct. Mar. Dict. GIM/LET-ING, ppr. Turning as an anchor round the stock. GIM’LET-ING, n. by the stock. GIM/MAL, n [L. gemellus.] Joined work whose parts move within each other, as a bridle bit or interlocked rings; a quaint piece of Act of turning an anchor round machinery. Toone. GIM’MAL, a. [l. gemellus, twins.] Consisting of links. Shak. GIM’MER,z. Movement or machinery. [Obs.] More. GIMP, n. [Fr. guiper, to cover or whip about with silk ; Eng. to whip. A kind of silk twist or edging. GIMP, a. [W. gwymp.] Smart; spruce; trim ; nice. [Vot tn use.] GIN, x. A contraction of Geneva, a distilled spirit fla- vored with oil of juniper, or oil of turpentine. [See GENEVA. GIN, n. [A contraction of engine.] A machine or in- strument by which the mechanical powers are em- ployed in aid of human strength. The word is applied to various engines, as a machine for driving piles, another for raising weights, &c.; and a ma- chine for separating the seeds from cotton, invented by E. Whitney, is called a cotton-gin. It is also the name given to an engine of torture, and to a pump moved by rotary sails. 2. A trap; a snare. Milton. Shak. GIN, v. t. To clear cottonvof its seeds by a machine which separates them with expedition. Trans. of Society of Arts. 2. To catch in a trap. GIN, v.i. [Sax. gynnan.] To begin. GIN’-HOUSE, z._ A building where cotton is ginned. GIN’/-SHOP, x. A house for the retail of gin. GING, 7. The same as Gana, or body of persons act- ing together. [ Obs.] There is a knot, a ging, a pack, a conspiracy against me. Shak. GIN/GER, n. [It. gengiovo; Sp. gengibre; Port. gen- givre; Fr. gingembre; G. ingber; D. gember; Sw. ingefdra; Dan. ingefer; L. zinziber ; Gr. Gry yiBepts ; Arm. zindibel, or singehel; Ar. Pers. and Turk. zingi- bil or zinjibl; Syr. and Ch. nearly the same.] A plant, or the root of Zingiber officinale, a native of Gingi in China. The roots are jointed, and the stalks rise two or three feet, with narrow leaves. The flower stems arise by the side of these, imme- diately from the root, naked, and ending in an ob- long, scaly spike. The dried roots are used for various purposes, in the kitchen and in medicine. Encyc. GIN'GER-BEER,)n. Beer impregnated with gin- GIN’GER-POP, er. GIN/GER-BREAD, n. [ginger and bread.) A kind of cake, composed of flour, with an admixture of but- ter, pearlash, and ginger, sweetened. GIN’/GER-BREAD-WORK, n. Work cut or carved in various fanciful shapes, as an ornament to buildings, EC. z Grose. GIN’G ER-WINE, n. Wine impregnated with ginger. GIN’/GER-LY, adv. Nicely ; cautiously. [Wot used. ] Skelton. GIN/GER-NESS, n. Niceness ; tenderness. [Not used. ] | GING/TIAM, mn. A kind of striped cotton cloth. GIN’GING, n. In snining, the lining of a mine-shaft witb stones or bricks for its support, called steining, or staining, which I suppose is from Sax, stan, stone. GIN/GLVAL, a. [L. gingiva, the gum.] [ Cyc. Pertaining to the gums. Holder. GIN''GLE, / v. 7 [In Pers, zangl is a little bell. In JIN/’GLE, § Ch. and Syr. Nj is the same. Qu. its alliance to chink and jangle.]} 1. ‘To make a sharp, clattering sound ; to ring, as a little bell, or as small pieces of sonorous metal; as, gingling halfpence. Gay. 2. To utter affected or chiming sounds in periods or cadence. ohnson. GIN’GLE, v. t. To shake so as to make clattering sounds in quick succession ; to ring, as a little bell, or as syuall coins. The bells she gingled, and the whistle blew. GIN’’GLE, zn. A shrill, clattering sound, or a succes- sion of sharp sounds, as those made by a little bell or by small coins. 2. Affectation in the sounds of periods, in reading or speaking, or rather chiming sounds. GIN’/GLED, pp. Shaken so as to ring or make a clat- tering sound. GIN’GLING, n. Act of gingling, as bells. GIN’GLING, ppr. or a. Shaking so as to make a clattering sound. GIN 'GLY-MOID, a. [Gr. ytyyAvpos, a hinge, and er- dvs, form. ] Pertaining to or resembling a ginglymus, GIN’//GLY-MOS, n. (Gr. ytyyAujtos.] In anatomy, a species of articulation resembling a hinge. ‘That species of articulation in which each bone partly receives, and is partly received by, the other, so as to admit only of flexion and extension, is called ginglymus. oe Parr. GIN’NED, pp. Caught in a trap; cleared of its seeds, as cotton. GIN’NET, 7. Anag. [See Jenner.] GIN'NING, ppr. Catching in a trap; clearing cotton of its seeds. GIN/NING, n. The act by which cotton is separated from its seeds. Ure. GIN'SENG, n. [This word is probably Chinese, and it is said by Grosier to signify the resemblance of a man, or man’s thigh. He observes, also, that the root, in the language of the Iroquois, is called garen- toquen, Which signifies legs and thighs separated. Gro- sier’s China, i. 534. ] A plant, of the genus Panax, the root of which is in great demand among the Chinese. It is found in the northern parts of Asia and America, and is an article of export from America to China. It has a jointed, fleshy, taper root, as Jarge as a man’s finger, Which, when dry, is of a yellowish-white color, with a mucilaginous sweetness in the taste, somewhat re- sembling that of licorice, accompanied with a slight bitterness. Encyc. GIP, v. t. To take out the entrails of herrings. Bailey. GIP/SIRE, n. A kind of pouch formerly worn at the girdle. Bulwer. GIP/SY, n. The Gipsies are a race of vagabonds which infest Europe, Africa, and Asia, strolling about, and subsisting mostly by theft, robbery, and fortune-telling. The name is supposed to be cor- rupted from Egyptian, as they were thought to have come from Egypt. But their language indicates that they originated in Hindoostan. Grellman. 2. A reproachful name for a dark complexion. Shak. 3. A name of slight reproach to a woman, some- times implying artifice or cunning. Pope. A slave I am to Clara’s eyes: The gipsy knows her power and flies, 4, The language of the gipsies. GIP’SY, a. Pertaining to or resembling the gipsies. GIP/SY-ISM, n. The arts and practices of gipsies ; de- ception ; cheating ; flattery. Grellnan. 2. The state of a gipsy. os Prior. GLRAFFE!, n. [Sp. girafa; It. giraffa; Ar. x5}, so called from leaping, or the extreme length of its --—* neck, from (9 ,% zarafa, to leap on, to hasten. ] a) The camelopard, an African quadruped, whose fore legs are much longer than the hinder ones. It is the tallest of animals, being sometimes twenty feet from the hoofs to the top of the head. [See Cametorarp. } Partington. GIR/AN-DOLE, n. [It. girandola, from giro, a turn, and andare, to go.] ppechandoney, a large kind of branched candle- StICK, GIR/A-SOLE,) 7. [Fr. and Sp.; It. girasole; giro, GIR/A-SOL, L. gyrus, a turn, It. girare, to turn, and sole, L. sol, the sun.] _1. The turnsole, a plant of the genus Heliotro- pium. 2. A mineral, usually milk-white, bluish-white, or sky-blue, but when turned toward the sun, or any 2 tala 1GIR bright light, it constantly reflects a reddish color: hence its name. It sometimes strongly resembles a translucid jelly. Cleaveland. GIRD, (gurd,) x. |Sax. geard, or syrd, or gyrda,a twig, branch, rod, pole, Eng. a yard; G. gurt, a girth, a girdle; Dan. gierde, a hedge, a rail. ‘This word signifies, primarily, a twig, shoot, or branch ; hence, a pole or stick used in measuring. In measuring have been a certain measure like our rod, perch, or pole, all of which signify the same thing, a branch or shoot, a little pole. We now apply the word yard to a measure of three feet in length. In rude ages, gyrds, shoots of trees, were used for binding things together, whence the verb to gird. (See WiTHE.) Gyrds were also used for driving, or for punishment, as Wwe now use whips; and our common people use gird for a severe stroke of a stick or whip. See Lyx, under Gyrp and WeEAL-sTYLLING. | 1. A twitch or pang; a sudden spasm which re- sembles the stroke of a rod, or the pressure of a band. 2. In popular language, a severe stroke of a stick or Whip. GIRD, (gurd,) v. t.; pret. and pp. GirpEp or Girt. [Sax. gyrdan; G. gtirten; D. gorden; Sw. giorda, to gird or surround; Dan. gierder, to hedge, to inclose. (See the noun.) It is probable that garden, Ir. gort, is from the same root; originally, an inclosed field, a piece of ground surrounded with poles, stakes, and branches ot trees. If the noun is the primary word, the sense of the root is to shoot, as a branch ; if the verb is the root, the sense is to surround, or rather, to bind or make fast. The former is the most proba- ble. 1. To bind by surrounding with any flexible sub- stance, as with a twig, a cord, bandage, or cloth ; as, to gird the loins with sackcloth. 9. To make fast by binding; to put on; usually With on; as, to gird on a harness; to gird ona 3. To invest; to surround. [sword. The Son appeared, Girt with omnipotence. Milton. 4. To clothe; todress; to habit. I girded thee about with fine linen. — Ezek. xvi. 5. To furnish; to equip. Girded with snaky wiles. Milton. 6. To surround; to encircle; to inclose; to en- compass. The Nyseian isle, Girt with the River Triton. Milton, 7. To gibe; to reproach severely ; to lash. Shak. GIRD, v.i. To gibe; to sneer; to break a scornful jest; to utter severe sarcasms. Men of all sorts take a pride to gird at me. Shak. GIRD/ED, pp. Bound; surrounded ; invested ; put on. GIRD/ER, xn. In architecture, the principal piece of timber in a floor. Its end is usually fastened into the summers or breast summers, and the joists are framed into it at one end. In buildings entirely of timber, the giraer is fastened by tenons into the posts. 2. A satirist Lilly. GIRD/ING, ppr. Binding; surrounding ; investing. GIRD/ING, n. Acovering. Js. iil. GIRD/LE, (gurd/l,)n. [Sax. gyrdle, gyrdl; Sw. gor- del; G. giirtel; D. gordel.} 1. A band or belt ; something drawn round the waist of a person, and tied or buckled ; as, a girdle of fine linen ; a leathern girdle. 2. Inclosure ; circumference. Within the girdle of these walls. Shak. 3. The zodiac. Bacon. 4. A round iron plate for baking. [Qu. griddle.] Pegse. 5. Among jewelers, the line which encompasses the stone, parallel to the horizon. Cyc. GIRD/LE, v. t. To bind with a belt or sash; to gird. Shak. 2. To inclose; to environ; to shut in. Shak. 3. In America, to make a circular incision, like a belt, through the bark and alburnum of a tree, to kill it. New England. Belknap. Dwight. GIRD/LE-BELT, x. A belt that encircles the waist. ryden. GIRD/LED, pp. Bound with a belt or sash. GIRD/LER, n. One who girdles; a maker of girdles. eaum. GIRD/LE-STEAD, (-sted,) n. The part of the body where the girdle is worn. Mason. GIRD/LING, ppr. Binding with a belt; surrounding. GIRE, 2. [L. gyrus.) A circle, or circular motion. [See Gyre.] GIRL, (gurl,) n. [The origin of this word is not ob- vious. It is most probably the Low L. gerula, a young woman employed to tend children; a word left in England by the Romans. It is said that the word was formerly used for both sexes; be it so; gerulus was also used for a chairman. ] 1. A female child, or young woman. In familiar language, any young, unmarried woman. Dryden. GIRL/HOOD, n. The state of a girl. [Little wsed.] GIRL/ISH, a. GIRL/ISH-LY, adv. GIRL/ISH-NESS, zn. L o GIRN, vw. 1. Jand, among our Saxon ancestors, the gyrd seems to | GI-ROND/IST, 2. GIR/ROCK, n. GIRT, (gurt,) pret. and pp. of Grrp. GIRT, v. t. GIRT, 27. GIRTH, GIRT’ED, pp. Girded ; surrounded. GIRTH, w. t. GIRT/ING, ppr. GISE, (jize,) v. t. GIS/LE, (jiz/l,) x. GIST, (jist or jit; Smart and Knowles give jist, Jame- GITH, n. GIT’/TER GIV Miss Seward. Like a young woman or child; befit- ting a girl. 9, Pertaining to the youth of a female. In the manner of a girl. Levity ; the manners of a girl. A corruption of Grin. South. One of a celebrated political party during the French revolution. A species of gar-fish, the lacertus. Cyc. Carew. To gird; to surround. Thomson. Tooke. [This verb, if derived from the noun girt, may be proper. | The band or strap by which a saddle or any burden on 2 horse’s back is made fast, by passing under his belly. 2. A circular bandage. Wiseman. 3. The compass measured by a girth or inclosing bandage. He’s a lusty, jolly fellow, that lives well, at least three yards in the girth. Addison, To bind with a girth. Girding. To feed or pasture. [See Aarsr.] A pledge. [JVot in use.] son jit.) n. [Fr. wesir, to lie; gite, a lodging-place. ] In law, the main point of a question ; the point on which an action rests. Guinea pepper iY, 2. [L. cithara.] A guitar. [See Guirar.] GIT/TERN, v. i. To play on a gittern. Milton. GIUS'TO, (jus'to,) [It.] In music, in just, equal, or steady time. GIVE, (giv,) v.t.; pret. Gave; pp. Given. [Sax. gifan, Zyfan 5 Goth. giban; G. geben; D. ceeven; Sw. gifoa; Dan. giver. Hence, Sax. gif, Goth. tagat or yabat, now contracted into £ Chaucer wrote yeve, yave. Qu. Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. 37), to give. See Class Gb, No. 3, 26, 43. The sense of give is generally to pass, or to transfer, that is, to send or throw.] 1. ‘To bestow ; to confer; to pass or transfer the title or property of a thing to another person, without an equivalent or compensation. For generous lords had rather give than pay. 9, To transmit from himself to another by hand, speech, or writing ; to deliver. The woman whom thou gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. — Gen. ill. 3. To impart; to bestow Give us of your oil, for our lamps are gone out. — Matt. xxv. 4. To communicate; as, to give an opinion; to give counsel or advice ; to give notice 5. To pass or deliver the property of a thing to another for an equivalent; to pay. “We give the full value of all we purchase. A dollar is gwen for a day’s labor. . What shall a man give in exchange for his soul? — Matt. xvi. 6. Tio yield; to lend; in the phrase to give ear, which signifies to listen ; to hear. 7. To quit; in the phrase to give place, which sig- nifies to withdraw, or retire to make room for 8. To confer; to grant. {another. What wilt thou give me, seeing I go childless ? —Gen. xy. 9, T’o expose ; to yield to the power of. Give to the wanton winds their flowing hair. 10. To grant; to allow; to permit. It is given me once again to behold my friend. 11. To afford ; to supply ; to furnish. Thou must give us also sacrifices and burnt-offerings. — Ex. x. r Young. Dryden. Rowe. 12. To empower; to license ; to commission. Then give thy friend to shed the sacred wine. Pope. sut this and similar phrases are probably elliptical ; give, for give power or license. So in the phrases give me to understand, give me to-know, give the flowers to blow ; that is, to give power, -to enable. 13. To pay or render; as, to give praise, applause, or approbation. : 14. To render; to pronounce ; as, to give sentence or judgment ; to give the word of command. 15. To utter; to vent; as, to give a shout. 16. To produce ; to show; to exhibit as a product or result; as, the number of men divided by the number of ships, gives four hundred to each ship. 17. To cause to exist ; to excite In another; as, to give offense or uinbrage ; to give pleasure. — 18. To send forth; to emit; as, a stone gives sparks with steel. 19. To addict ; to apply; to devote one’s self, fol- lowed by the reciprocal pronoun. The soldiers give themselves to plunder. ‘The passive participle is much used in this sense ; as, the people are given to luxury and pleasure ; the youth is given to study. GIZ | | | 20. To resign; to yield up; often followed by up. Who say, I care not, those 1 give for lost. Hertert. | 21. To pledge; as, I give my word that the debt || shall be paid. 22. To present for taking or acceptance ; as, I give | you my hand. 23. To allow or admit by way of supposition. To give away; to alienate the fitle or property of a thing ; to make over to another; to transfer. | Whatsoever we employ in charitable uses during our lives, is | given away from ourselves. Atterbury. To give back; toreturn; torestore. Atterbury. To give chase ; to pursue. Totten. To give forth; to publish ; to tell; to report pub licly. Hayward. To give the hand; to yield preéminence, as being subordinate or inferior. ooker. To give in; to allow by way of abatement or de- duction from a claim ; to yield what may be justly demanded. To give over; to leave; to quit ; tocease; to aban- don ; as, to give over a pursuit. 2. To addict; to attach to; to abandon. When the Babylonians had given themselves over to all manner of vice, rrew. 3. To despair of recovery ; to believe to be lost or past recovery. The physician had given over the patient, or given the patient over Addison. 4. To abandon. Milton. To give out; to utter publicly; to report; to pro- claim ; to publish. It was given out that parliament would assemble in November. 2. To issue; to send forth ; to publish. The night was distinguished by the orders which he gave out to his army. d son. 3. To show; to exhibit in false appearance. Shak. 4. To send out; to emit; as, a substance gives out steam or odors. To give up; to resign; to quit; to yield as hope- less; as, to give up a cause; to give up the argument. 2. To surrender; as, to give up a fortress to an enemy. 3. To relinquish ; to cede. In this treaty, the Spaniards gave up Louisiana. 4. To abandon; as, to give up all hope; they are given up to believe a lie. 5. To deliver. And Joab gave up the sum of the number of the people to the king. —2 Sam, xxiv. To give one’s selfup ; to despair of one’s recovery ; to conclude to be lost. 2. To resign or devote. Let us give ourselves wholly up to Christ in heart and desire. aylor. 3. To addict; toabandon, He gave himself up to intemperance To give way; to yield ; to withdraw to make room for. Inferiors should give way to superiors. 9. To fail ; to yield to force ; to break or fall. The ice gave way, and the horses were drowned ; the scaffolding gave way; the wheels or axletree gave way. 3. To recede; to make room for. 4. In seamen’s language, give way is an order to a boat’s crew to row after ceasing, or to increase their exertions. Totten. GIVE, (giv,) v. 2 To yield to pressure. The earth gives under the feet. 29. To begin to melt; to thaw; to grow soft, so as to yield to pressure. Bacon. 3. To move; to recede. Now back he gives, then rushes on amain. Daniel’s Civil War. To give in; to go back ; to give way. [Not in use. ] To sive in to; to yield assent; to adopt. This consideration may induce a translator to give in to those general phrases. Pope. To give off; to cease; to forbear. [Little ased. | z; Locke. To zive on; to rush; to fallon. [Joti use. | To give out; to publish ; to proclaim. 9. To éease from exertion; to yield; applied to persons. He labored hard, but gave out at last. To give over; to cease ; to act no more ; to desert. It would be well for all authors, if they knew when to give over, and to desist from any further pursuits after fame. Addison. GIV'EN, (giv/n,).pp. or 4. Bestowed ; granted ; con- ferred ; imparted ; admitted or supposed, GIV'ER, n. One who gives; a donor; a bestower 5 a grantor; one who imparts or distributes. sses the heart of the -) i ceiver, and not the gift, that engro It is the giver, an t gift, £ nee: Christian. : GIVES, n. pl. [Ir. geibhion, from geibhim, to get or hold. ] Fetters or shackles for the feet. |: GIV/ING, ppr. Bestowing ; conferring ; granting; delivering. a, GIV/ING, n. The act of conferring. 2, An alleging of what 1s not real. [See GyveEs.] imparting ; Pope. Shak 2 Among sportsmen, a roebuck of two years old. Give thyself wholly to them, —1 Tim. iv. GIZ'ZARD, n. (Fr. gresier-| TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/‘CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; tes FH as in THIS eee age ES H03 ae ae eee ae ea Lene ‘ — ee a i i pee a rs a eeny GLA GLA GLA The strong, musculous stomach of a fowl. Ray. Dryden. or to be vexed. Hudibras. GLA/BRI-ATE, v. ¢. To make smooth. GLAB/RI-TY, x. Smoothness. [L. glabro.] [Vot used. Not used. Lb, No. 10, 24, 27, 34, 37. unevenness. —_—— from glacies, ice. } Icy; consisting of ice; frozen. pany glaciers. GLA/CIATS, v.i. To turn to ice. GLA-CL-A'TION, (gla-she-a/shun,) Ns act of freezing ; ice formed. GLA‘CIER, (gla'seer,) n._ from glace, It. ghiaccio, Ice. Brown. See GLAcIaL. other mountains. Coze. by the heat of summer. ed and accumulated. GLA/CIOUS, (gla’shus,) a. | GLa/GIS: nn, [Fr] easy, insensible slope. geology. Like ice; icy. Brown. Encyc. paign or field. GLAD, a. Encyc. Ores cals moderately happy. A wise son maketh a glad father. — Proy. x. portunity to oblige my friend. It is sometimes followed by at, He that is glad at calamities shall not be unpunished. — Prov. xvii. It is sometimes followed by with. The Trojan, glad with sight of hostile blood. Dryden. With, after glad, is unusual, and, in this passage, at would have been preferable. 2. Cheerful ; joyous. They blessed the king, and went to their tents, joyful and glad of heart, —I Kiugs viii. 3. Cheerful; wearing the appearance of joy; as, a glad countenance. 4, Wearing a gay appearance; showy ; bright. The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them. — 5. XXXYV. Glad evening and glad morn crowned the fourth day. Milton. 0. Pleasing ; exhilarating. Her conversation More glad to me than to a miser money is. Sidney, 6. Expressing gladness or joy ; exciting joy. Hark! a glad voice the lonely desert cheers. Pope. GLAD, v.t. [The pret. and pp. GLappep is not used. See GLApDDEN.] To make giad ; to affect with pleasure ; to cheer; to gladden ; to exhilarate. Each drinks the juice that glads the heart of man. GLAD'DEN, (glad/n,) wv. t. der ; Sw. gladia.]} To make glad; to cheer; to please; to exhilarate. The news of peace gladdens our hearts. Churches will every where gladden his eye, and hymns of praise vibrate upon his ear. wight. GLAD’DEN, (glad’n,) v. i To become glad; to re- joice. So shall your country ever gladden at the sound of your voice. Adams’s Inaugural Oration, Pope. (Sax. gladian; Dan. gle- GLAD'DEN-ED, pp. Made glad ; cheered. GLAD/DEN-ING, ppr. or a. Cheering ; exhilarating. GLAD/DER, 7. One that makes glad, or gives joy. Dryden. GLAD’DING, ppr. Making glad; cheering ; giving joy. GLADE, n. [Ice. hlad. Qu.] I. An opening or passage made through a wood by lopping off the branches of the trees. Locally, in the aes States, a natural opening or open place in a orest. There interspersed in Jawna and opening glades. Pope. 2. In New England, an opening in the ice of rivers or Jakes, or a place left unfrozen, GLADE,n ([D. glad, G. glatt, smooth. ] Smooth ice. New England. To fret the gizzard; to harass; to vex one’s self, GLA’BROUS, a. [L. glaber, allied to Eng. “ib Class Smooth; having a surface without hairs or any GLA/CIAL, (gla/shal,) a [Fr. glacial; L. glacialts, Glacial phenomena; the phenomena which accom- Dict. [Supra.] The [Fr. glacierc, an ice-house, A field or immense mass of ice, ronda in deep but elevated valleys, or on the sides of the Alps or These masses of ice extend many miles in length and breadth, and remain undissolved Glacier theory; the theory that the frigid and tem- perate zones were covered with ice during the ice pe- riod, and that, by the agency of this ice, during its formation and dissolution, the loose materials on the earth’s surface, (Known as duuvium,) were transport- In building, or gardening, an This, also, is the sense in 2. In fortification, a sloping bank; that mass of earth which serves as a parapet to the covered way, having an easy slope or declivity toward the cham- [Sax. gled or glad; Sw. glad; Dan. glad ; pecs L. letus, without a prefix. See Class Ld, 1. Pleased ; affected with pleasure or moderate Joy ; It is usually followed by of. I am glad of an op- GLA/DEN, GLA’/DER, 8 Sword-grass ; the general name of plants that rise n. [L. gladius, a sword.] with a broad blade, like sedge. Junius. GLAD/FUL, a. Fullof gladness, [Obs.] Spenser. GLAD/FUL-NESS, n. Joy; gladness. [ Obs.} - Spenser GLAD’LATE, a. [L. gladius, a sword.] Sword-shaped ; resembling the form of a sword ; as the legume of a plant. Martyn. GLAD'I-4-TOR, n. [L., from gladius, a sword.]} A sword-player ; a prize-fighter. The gladiators, in Rome, were men who fought in the arena, for the entertainment of the people. GLAD-I-A-TO/RI-AL, ja. Pertaining to gladiators, GLAD-I-A-TO’/RI-AN,§ or to combats for the enter- tainment of the Roman people. Bp. Reynolds. GLAD'I-A-TO-RY, a Relating to gladiators. Bp. Porteus. GLAD/I-A-TURE, n. Sword-play; fencing. [JVot in use, | Gayton. GLAD/I-OLE, n. [L. gladiolus, a dagger. A plant, the sword-lily, of the genus Gladiolus. The water gladiole is of the genus Butomus, or flow- ering rush, and also of the genus Lobelia, or cardinal flower. Cyc. Fam. of Plants. GLAD!LY, adv. [See Giav.] With pleasure ; joyful ly ; cheerfully. The common people heard him gladly. — Mark xii. GLAD/NESS, 7. [See Grap.] Joy, or a moderate de- gree of joy and exhilaration ; pleasure of mind ; cheer- fulness. They did eat their meat with gladness and singleness of heart. — Acts ii. [ Gladness is rarely or neyer equivalent to mirth, merriment, gayety, and triumph, and it usually ex- presses less than delight. It sometimes expresses great joy. Esther viii. ix.] GLAD/SHIP, n, State of gladness. [JVot used.] Gower. Pleased ; joyful; cheerful. openser, 2. Causing joy, pleasure, or cheerfulness ; having the appearance of gayety ; pleasing. GLAD/SOME, (-sum,) a. Of opening heaven they sung, and gladsome day. Prior. GLAD/SOME-LY, adv mind. GLAD/SOME-NESS, 2. Joy, or moderate joy ; pleas- ure of mind. 2. Showiness, GLAD/WIN, n. With joy ; with pleasure of Johnson. A plant of the genus Iris. Fam. of Plants. GLAIR, n. [Fr. glaire. In Sax. glere is amber, or any thing transparent. This coincides with W. eg- lur, Eng. clear, L. clarus, and with Eng. glare, and L. gloria; perhaps with L. glarea, gravel, or pieces of quartz. | 1. The white of an egg. It is used as a varnish for preserving paintings. Encyc. 2. Any viscous, transparent substance, resembling the white of an egg. 3. A kind of halberd. GLAIR, v. t. varnish. GLAIR’ED, pp. GLAIR/Y, a. Dict. To smear with the white of an egg; to Smeared with the white of an egg. Like glair, or partaking of its qualities. Fleming. GLAIVE. See Grave. GLA’MOUR, n. Witchery, or a charm on the eyes, making them see things differently from what they really are. [Scottish.] It had much of glamour might To make a lady seem a knight. Scott's Lay of the Last Minstrel. GLANCE, n. [G. glanz, a ray, a beam, or shoot, of light, splendor; D. glans; Dan. glands; Sw. glans. The primary sense is, to shoot, to throw, to dart. ] 1. A sudden shoot of light or splendor. Milton. 2. A shoot or darting of sight ; a rapid or moment- ary view or cast; a snatch of sight; as, a sudden glance; a glance of the eye. Dryden. Watts. SNE: v.t. ‘To shoot or dart a ray of light or splen- or. When through the gloom the glancing lightnings fly. Rove. 2. To fly off in an oblique direction ; to dart aside. The arrow struck the shield and glanced. So we say, a glancing ball or shot. 3. To look with a sudden, rapid cast of the eye; to snatch a momentary or hasty view. Then sit again, and sigh and glance, Suckling, 4. To hint; to cast a word or reflection; as, to glance at a different subject. 5. To censure by oblique hints. Shak. GLANCE, v.t. To shoot or dart suddenly or oblique- ly ; to cast for a moment ; as, to glance the eye. Shak. GLANCE, n. A name given to the darker-colored, me- tallie sulphurets. Dana. GLANCE!-€OAL, n. Anthracite ; a mineral composed chiefly of carbon. [See ANTHRACITE. | Cyc. GLAN/‘CING, ppr. Shooting; darting; casting sud- denly ; flying off obliquely. GLAN’‘CING-LY, adv. By glancing ; in a glancing manner; transiently. Hakewill. — GLAND, n. [(L. glans, a nut; glandula, a gland ; Fr. glande, Qu. Gr. Budavos, with a different prefix. ] 1. In anatomy, a soft, fleshy organ, in some cases extremely minute, and in others large like the liver. There are two classes of glands, one for the modifi- cation of the fluids which pass through them, as the mesenteric and lymphatic glands; and the other for the secretion of fluids which are either useful in the animal economy, or require to be rejected from the body. Tully. 2. In botany, a gland, or glandule, is an excretory or secretory duct or vessel in a plant. Glands are found on the leaves, petioles, peduncles, and stipules. Martyn. GLAND/ER-ED, a. Affected with glanders. Berkeley. GLAND/ERS, n. [from gland.] In farriery, a conta- gious and very destructive disease of the mucous membrane in horses, characterized by a constant discharge of sticky matter from the nose, and an enlargement and induration of the glands beneath and within the lower jaw. Gardner. GLAN-DIF/ER-OUS, a. [L, glandifer ; glans, an acorn, and fero, to bear. ] Bearing acorns, or other nuts; producing nuts or mast. The beech and the oak are glandiferous trees, GLAND/I-FORM, a. [L. glans and forma, form.] In the shape of a gland, or nut; resembling a gland. GLAND/U-LAR, a. Containing glands; consisting of glands ; pertaining to glands. 2. In botany, covered with hairs bearing glands on their tips. Lindley. GLAND-U-LA’TION, n. In botany, the situation and structure of the secretory vessels in plants. Martyn, Glandulation respects the secretory vessels, which are either elandules, follicles or utricles. ec. GLAND/ULE, n. [L. glandula. } A small gland or secreting vessel. GLAND-U-LIF’/ER-OUS, a [L. glandula and fero, to bear. ] searing glands. Lee. GLAND-U-LOS/I-TY, n. A collection of glands. { Zi- tle u a Brown. GLAND/U-LOUS, a. [L. glandulosus.] Containing glands; consisting of glands; pertain- ing to glands ; resembling glands. GLANS,n. [See Granp.] The nut of the penis; an acorn ; a pessary; a strumrous swelling. Coxe. GLARE, n. [Dan. glar, Ice. gler, glass. It coincides with clear, glory, glair, which see.] 1. A bright, dazzling light; clear, brilliant luster or splendor, that dazzles the eyes. The frame of burnished steel that cast a glare, Dryden. 2. A fierce, piercing look. About them round, A lion now he stalks with fiery glare. Milton. 3. A viscous, transparent substance. [See Grarr.] GLARE, v.i. To shine with a clear, bright, dazzling light ; as, glaring light. The cavern glares with new admitted light. Dryden. 2. To look with fierce, piercing eyes. They glared, like angry lions. Dryden. 3. To shine with excessive luster; to be ostenta- tiously splendid ; as, a glaring dress. Wilton. She glares in balls, front boxes, and the ring. Pope. GLARE, v. t. To shoot a dazzling light. GLAR’ED, pp. Shot with a fierce or dazzling light. GLAR/E-OUS, a. [Fr. glaireux. See Grair.] Resembling the white of an egg; viscous and transparent or white. GLAR’I-NESS, n. A dazzling luster or brillian- GLAR/ING-NESS, Cy. GLAR/ING, ppr. ora. Emitting aclear and brilliant light; shining with dazzling luster. 2, a. Clear ; notorious ; open and bold ; barefaced ; as, a glaring crime. GLAR/ING-LY, adv. GLAR/Y, a. Of a brilliant, dazzling luster. GLASS, n. [Sax. gles; Sw. Dan. G. and D. glas; so named from its color ; W. glas, from las, blue, azure, green, fresh, pale; glasu, to make blue, to become green or verdant, to grow pale, to dawn; glaslys, woad, L. glustum; glesid, blueness. Tacitus, de Mor. Ger. 45, mentions glesum, amber collected in the Baltic, probably the same word, and so named from its clearness. Greenness is usually named from vegetation or growing, as L. viridis, from vi- | reo. | 1. A hard, brittle, transparent, factitious substance, formed by fusing sand with fixed alkalies. Encyc. A definite compound of silicic acid and potassa or soda. The pure silicates of potassa and soda are soluble in water; but by the conjunction of a silicate of lime, magnesia, alumina, or any other earth, it becomes insoluble in water. Openly; clearly ; notoriously. GLAN'‘CED, (glanst,) pp. Shot or darted suddenly. In chemistry, a substance or mixture, earthy, saline, a Gd PATE, FAR, PALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—GLA GLE GLI : or metallic, brought by fusion to the state of a hard, brittle, transparent mass, whose fracture is conchoid- al. Akin. 2. A small drinking-vessel of glass. 3. A mirror ; a looking-glass. _4. A vessel to be filled with sand for measuring time ; as, an hour-glass. 5. The destined time of man’s life. His glass is run. : 6. The quantity of liquor that a glass vessel con- tains. Drink a glass of wine with me. 7. A vessel that shows the weight of the air. ; Tatler. 8. A lens or optical instrument through which an object is viewed ; as, an optic-glass. Milton. 9. The time which a glass runs, or in which it is exhausted of sand. The seamen’s watch-glass is half an hour. We say, a ship fought three glasses. 10. Glasses, in the plural ; spectacles. GLASS, a Made of glass; vitreous; as, a glass bot- tle. GLASS, 9. ¢. To see, as ina glass. [JVot used.] Sidney. 2. To case in glass. [Little used. ] Shak. 3. To cover with glass ; to glaze. Boyle. In the latter sense, GLaze is generally used. GLASS’-BLOW-ER, n. One whose business 1s to blow and fashion glass. GLASS/-€O0ACH, n. In England, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for the day, or any short pe- riod, as a private carriage, so called because original- ly private carriages alone had glass windows. Smart. GLASS/-FAC-ED, (-fast,) a. By a glass-faced flatterer, in Shakspeare, is meant, one who gives back, in his looks, the looks of his patron. Johnson. GLASS/FUL, n. As much as a glass holds. GLASS'-FUR-NACE, n. A furnace in which the ma- terials of glass are melted. Cyc. GLASS/-GAZ-ING, a. Addicted to viewing one’s self in a glass or mirror; finical. Shak. GLASS/-GRIND-ER, nm. One whose occupation is to grind and polish glass. oyle. GLASS’-HOUSE, n. A house where glass is made. Addison. GLASS‘I-LY, adv. So as to resemble glass. GLASS/LNESS, n. The quality of being smooth ; a vitreous appearance. GLASS/-LIKE, a. Resembling glass. glassy or GLASS/-MAN, nm. One who sells glass. Swift. GLASS/-MET-AL, (-met-l,) x. Glass in fusion. Boyle. GLASS!-POT, n. A vessel used for melting glass in manufactories. Cyc. GLASS/-WORK, (-wurk,) n. Manufacture of glass. GLASS’-WORKS, x. pl. The place or buildings where glass is made. GLASS'/WORT, nz. A plant, the popular name of some species of Salicornia, yielding a Jarge quantity of soda, which is used in the manufacture of glass. The jointed glasswort, Salicornia herbacea, is often eaten as a Salad, or pickle, under the name of marsh- samphire. . Cyc. GLASS/Y, a. Made of glass; vitreous; as,a glassy substance. acon. 9, Resembling glass in its properties, as in smooth- ness, brittleness, or transparency ; as, a glassy stream; a glassy surface; the glassy deep. GLAU-€0!/MA-TOUS, a. coma. rs GLAU/€ON-ITE, zn. An argillaceous marl, sometimes GLAU/€OUS, a. GLAVE, n. change in the crystalline lens ; for it is more deeply seated ; it occupies the fundus of the eye, and you can only see it by looking at it when you are stand- ing directly before the patient, not by looking at the eye sideways. This is called glaucoma simply ; and it appears to me to be a chronic form of the same af- fection as that to which the term acute glaucoma is given. This chronic form of glaucoma is important to be observed ; for it is liable to be confounded with cataract.”? Lawrence, Lectures on Surgery. Having the nature of glau- P. Cyc. containing a mixture of green sand. Mantell. ; {L. glaucus.] 1. Of a sea-green color; of a dull-green passing into grayish-blue. Lindley. 2. In botany, covered with a fine bloom of the color of a cabbage-leaf. Lindley. (Fr. glaive; W. glaiv, a billhook, a crook- ed sword, a cimeter; Arm. glaif-] A broadsword ; a falchion, [Vet used.] Fairfax. Hudibras. GLAV’/ER, v. i [W. glavru, to flatter; glav, some- thing smooth or shining; L. glaber, levis, or lubri- cus; Eng. glib.) To flatter; to wheedle. [Little used and vulgar.} L Estrange. GLAV’ER-ER, n. A flatterer. [Supra.] GLAY’/MORE,». [Gael. claidhamh and more. ] A large, two-handed sword, formerly used by the Highlanders. Johnson. GLAZE, v. t. [from glass.] To furnish with windows of glass ; as, to glaze a house. 2. To incrust with a vitreous substance, the basis of which is lead, but combined with silex, pearlashes, and common salt ; as, to glaze earthenware. 3. To cover with any thing smooth and sbining; or to render the exterior of a thing smooth, bright, and showy. ; Though with other ornaments he may glaze and brandish the Wweapous. Ire. 4, To give a smooth or glassy surface; as, to glaze gunpowder ; to make glossy ; as, to glaze cloth. GLAZE, n. The vitreous coating or glazing of pot- ter’s ware. Ure. GLAZ'ED, pp. ora. Furnished with glass windows ; incrusted with a substance resembling glass; ren- dered smooth and shining. GLA‘/ZEN, a. Resembling glass. GLA!ZEN-ED, pp. or a. Glazed. GLA’ZIER, (gla/ziaur,) n. [from glaze or glass.] One whose business is to set window-glass, or to fix panes of glass to the sashes of windows, to pictures, &c. Moxon. GLAZ/ING, ppr. Furnishing with window-glass. 2. Crusting With a vitreous substance, as potter’s ware. 3. Giving a smooth, glossy, shining surface, as to cloth. GLAZ'ING, n. The act or art of setting glass; the art of crusting with a vitreous substance. 2. The vitreous substance with which potter’s ware is incrusted. 3. Any factitious, shining exterior. 4, In painting, transparent, or semi-transparent, colors passed thinly over other colors, to modify the effect. Jocelyn. Wiclif. Shak. Dryden. GLAS’T ON-BU-RY-THORN, (glas/n-ber-ry-) 2. variety of the common hawthorn. Loudon. GLAUB/ER-ITE, n. A slightly soluble mineral con- sisting of sulphate of soda and sulphate of lime. It occurs in flattened, oblique crystals, somewhat glassy in appearance, and of a yellowish or grayish color. This mineral has been met with only in salt-mines. and. GLAUB/ER/S-SALT, n. [from Glauber, a German chemist, who discovered it.] Sulphate of soda, a well-known cathartic. GLAU-€O'MA, 2. (Gx) A disease in the eye, in which the crystalline humor becomes of a bluish or greenish color, and its transparency is dimin- ished. Eencyc. An opacity of the vitreous humor. Hooper. According to Sharp, the glaucoma of the Greeks is the same as the cataract; and according to St. Yves and others, it is a cataract with amaurosis. »Parr. Dimness or abolition of sight from opacity of the humors. J. M. Good. <¢ Glaucoma consists in a change of structure in the vitreous humor.”? the eye (an inflammation commencing in parts most essential to the function of vision, in the retina, in the vitreous humor, and probably involving the cho- roid coat) has sometimes been called acute glaucoma, this term being derived from the greenish appearance of the eye. It has been called glaucoma from another symptom, which takes place where, without any en- largement of the vessels, without any very severe pain or absolute extinction of vision in the first place, TONE, BULL, UNITE. — <¢ Arthritic inflammation of the internal tunics of the pupil exhibits the same greenish discoloration, a discoloration which obviously does not depend ona GLEAN’ED, pp. GLEAN/ER, x. GLEAN/ING, ppr. GLEAN’ING, zn. GLEBE, n. — is found in detached parcels , as, to glean a few pas- sages from an author. They gleaned of them in the highways five thousand men. — udges xx. GLEAN, v.72. To gather stalks or ears of grain left by reapers. And she went, and came and gleaned in the field afier the reapers. — Ruth il. GLEAN, z. A collection made by gleaning, or by gathering here and there a little. The gleans of yellow thyme distend his thighs. Dryden. Gathered after reapers; collected from small, detached parcels ; as, grain gleaned from the field. 2. Cleared of what is left; as, the field is gleaned. 3. Having suffered a gleaning. The public prints have been gleaned. One who gathers after reapers. 2. One who collects detached parts or numbers, or who gathers slowly with labor. ocke. Gathering what reapers leave; collecting in small, detached parcels. The act of gathering after reapers. 2. That which is collected by gleaning. [L. gleba, a clod or lump of earth; Fr. glebe, land, ground ; probably from collecting, as in globe, club.] 1. Turf; soil; ground. Till the glad summons of a genial ray Unbinds the glebe. Garth. 2. The land belonging to a parish church or eccle- siastical benefice. Spelman. Enciyc. 3. A crystal. [ Obs.] Arbuthnot. 4. Among miners, a piece of earth in which is con- tained some mineral ore. Encyc. GLEBE/LESS, a. Without a glebe. GLEB'OUS, a. Gleby ; turfy. Dict. GLEB’Y, a. GLEDB, n. glada. | 1. A bird of the rapacious kind, the kite, a species of Falco. The word is used in Deut, xiv. 13; but Turfy ; cloddy. [Sax. glida, from glidan, to glide; Sw. the same Hebrew word, Lev. xi. 14, is rendered a vulture. 2. A glowing coal. [Obs.] Toone. GLEE, n. [Sax. glie, from ghg, gligg, sport, music.] 1. Joy ; merriment ; mirth; gayety ; particularly, the mirth enjoyed at a feast. Spenser. 2. In music, a composition for voices in three or more parts. Brande. 3. Anciently, music or minstrelsy generally. [ Obs.] GLEED, n. [Sax. gled.] [ Toone. A glowing coal. [ Obs.] Chaucer. GLEB/FUL, a Merry; gay; joyous. Shak. GLEEK, n. [See Grer.] Music, or a musician. [ Obs. ] Shak. 2. A scoff; a game at cards. [ Obs.] To make sport of; to gibe; to sneer; to [ Obs. } Shak. GLEE/MAN, n. Among the Saxons, an itinerant min- strel or musician. [ Obs.] Brande. GLEEN, v. i. [W. glan, clean, pure, holy, bright; gleiniaw, to purify, to brighten ; Ir. glan. | GLEEK, v. 2. spend time idly. To shine; to glisten. [JVot used.] Prior. GLEE/SOME, (glee/sum,) a. Merry ; joyous. { Obs.] GLEET, . {From Sax. glidan, to glide, or hlyttrian, to melt; Ice. glat.] : The flux of athin humor from the urethra ; a thin GLEAM, n. [Sax. gleam, or glem, properly a shoot of light, coinciding with glimmer, glimpse, Ir. laom, (per- haps L. flamma.) The radical sense is, to throw, to shoot, or dart ; and it may be of the same family as clamo, clamor, a shoot of the voice, and W. llam, Ir. leam, a leap, Ar. Ea; Class Lim, No. 8.] 1. A shoot of light ; a beam ; a ray ; a small stream of light. A gleam of dawning light ; metaphorically, a gleam of hope. 2. Brightness ; splendor. In the clear azure gleam the flocks are seen. GLEAM, v. i. To shoot, or dart, as rays of light At the dawn, light gleams in the east. 2, To shine ; to cast light. 3. To flash; to spread a flood of light. mon. 4, Among falconers, to disgorge filth, as a hawk. Encie. GLEAM/ING, ppr. Shooting, as rays of light; shin- GLEAM/ING, n. A shoot or shooting of light. [ing. GLEAM’Y, a. Darting beams of light; casting light in rays. In brazen arms, that cast a gleamy ray, Swift through the town the warrior bends his way. Pope. Thomson. [ Less com- Pope. GLEAN, v.t. [Fr. glaner, to glean ; glane, a handful or cluster. In W. glan is clean. | reapers leave behind them, Let me now go to the field, and glean exrs of corn. —Ruth ii. ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; 1. To gather the stalks and ears of grain which 9. To collect things thinly scattered ; to gather what is left in small parcels or numbers, or what ichor running from a sore. Encyc. Wiseman. | GLEBT, v. i. To flow in a thin, limpid humor; to ooze. Wiseman. 2. To flow slowly, as water. Cheyne. GLEET’Y, a. Ichorous; thin; limpid. GLEN, xn. [W. glyn, a valley in which a river flows, as if from llyn, liquor, water ; Sax. glen; Ir. glean. | A valley ; a dale; a depression or space between GLE/NE,n. (Gr. yAnvy.] [hills. In anatomy, the cavity or socket of the eye, and the pupil ; any slight depression or cavity recelving a bone in articulation. arr. Cyc. GLE/NOID, a. A term applied to some articulate cay- ities of bones. Forsyth. GLEW. See Give. GLY A-DINE, (gli/a-din,) . [Gr yAta, glue.] A peculiar substance obtained from gluten, a slight- ly transparent, brittle substance, of a straw-yellow color, having a Slight smell similar to that ot honey- comb. Ure. -Berzelius has decided that gliadine is nothing but pure gluten. : GLIB, a. [D. glibberen, glppen, to slide; gslibberiz, glib, slippery ; W. Uipyr; L. glaber, smooth ; labor, to slide. This word contains the elements of slip. Qu. L. glubo, Gr. yAXv@w. Class Lb, No. 27, 37-] | 1, Smooth; slippery ; admitting a body to slide easily on the surface ; ag, ice is glib. : 9, Smooth ; voluble; easily moving; Ss; a glib tongue. bs pi ate a GLIB, x. A thick, curled bush of hair, hanging lown over the eyes. [Vot in use. ] Spenser GLIB, v. t. To castrate. | Qu. to make BOON aa 0, yrAvpe.) 9, To make smooth. Bp. Hall. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ee ag }I C4 Nt ~ ~-B05 sy 2 eae sa ae mae — se Par ad Se eeGLl GLO GLO GLIB/LY, adv. * ly; to speak glibly. GLIB/NESS, 7. 5 ished, ice-like glidness. 2. Volubility of the tongue. GLICKES, x. pl. Ogling or leering looks. GLIDE, v. 7. fs : Tei : glider. Qu. Fr. glisser, in a different dialect, the elements of slide, as glib has of slip.] Chapman. Gov. of the Tongue. lence; as a river. By east, among the dusty valleys glide The silver streams of. Jordan’s crystal flood. Fuirfaz. ing through the air. ease ; as, a Ship glides through the water. tion. swiftly, and without labor or obstruction. Shak. GLID/ER, n. He or that which glides. Spenser. GLID/ING, ppr. moving rapidly, or with ease. ner. GLIFF, x. 2. A sudden fright. GLIKE, n. [Sax. glig. A sneer; a scoff; a flont. Shak. GLIM, 2. [glimmer.] A light or candle. Thompson. [Still used among sailors ; as, douse the glims, 7. e., put out the lights. ] GLIM/MER, v. 7. A transient glance. { Scottish. ] 5 Ir. laom, flame. } the glimmering dawn ; a glimmering lamp. Pope. When rosy morning glimmered o’er the dales. yi Shak. The west yet glimmers with some streaks of day. 2. To shine faintly ; to give a feeble light. Mild evening glimmered on the Jawn. Trumbull, GLIM’MER, 7x. of light. 2. See Mica. GLIM/MER-ING, ppr. or a. feeble, scattered rays of light. GLIM’MER-ING, 7. A faint beaming of light. 2. A faint view. GLIMPSE, (glims,) x. [D. glimp, from glimmen.] 1. A weak, faint light. Such vast room in nature, : Only to shine, yet scarce to contribute Each orb a glimpse of light. Milton. 2. A flash of light ; as, the lightning’s glimpse. Milton. 3. Transient luster. One glimpse of glory to my issue give. Dryden. 4, A short, transitory view. the design of the enemy. 5. Short, fleeting enjoyment ; as, a glimpse of de- light. Prior. 6. Exhibition of a faint resemblance. Shak. GLIMPSE, v.i. To appear by glimpses. Drayton. GLIS’SA, n. A fish of the tunny kind, without scales, Dict. Nat. Hist. GLIST, n. [from glisten.] Glimmer; mica. [See Giim- MER. GLIS/TEN, (glis’n,) v. 7 [Sax. glisnian; G. gleissen. This word and glitter are probably dialectical forms of the same word. ln Irish, lasadh, lasaim, is to burn, to light; Dan. lyser, Sw. lysa, to shine ; Russ. oblistayu. In W. Uathru is to make smooth and glos- sy, to polish, to glitter. Qu. Heb. wa, to shine, L. glisco, Eng. gloss. To shine ; to sparkle with light ; as, the glistening stars. The ladies’ eyes glistened with pleasure. GLIS’TEN-ED, pp. Shone; sparkled. GLIS’/TEN-ING, ppr. ora. Shining ; sparkling ; emit- ting rays of light. GLIS’/TER, v. 2. [See Guisten.] To shine; to be bright ; to sparkle ; to be brilliant. All that glisters is not gold. GLIS’/TER, zn. Glitter ; luster. 2. See Ciyster. GLIS/TER-ING, ppr. or a. Shining ; sparkling with light. GLIS'/TER-ING-LY, adv. With shining luster, GLIT/TER, v. i [Sax. glitenan; Sw. glittra. GLISTEN. I. To shine; to sparkle with light; to gleam ; to be splendid ; as, a glittering sword. The field yet glitters with the pomp of war. Dryden, 2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attractive ; as, the glittering scenes of a court. GLIT’TER, x. Brightness ; brilliancy ; splendor ; lus- He saw at a glimpse Richardson. Shak, , See Smoothly ; volubly ; as, to slide glib- Smoothness ; slipperiness ; as, a pol- B. Jonson. Sax. glidan ; G. gleiten ; D. glyden; Dan. It has 1. To flow gently; to move without noise or vio- 9. To move silently and smoothly; to pass along without apparent effort ; as, a hawk or an eagle glid- 3. To move or pass rapidly, and with apparent 4. In a general sense, to move or slip along with ease, as on a smooth surface; or to pass along rap- idly, without apparent effort, and without obstruc- GLIDE, x». The act or manner of moving smoothly, Passing along gently and smoothly ; GLID/ING-LY, adv. In a smooth, flowing, rapid man- [G. glimmen, glimmern, to gleam, to glimmer; D. slimmen; Sw. glimma; Dan. glimrer ; 1. To shoot feeble or scattered rays of light; as, A faint light; feeble, scattered rays Shining faintly ; shooting £ o 3 5 ter; as, the glitter of arms; the glitter of royal equi- page ; the glitter of dress. GLIT’TER-AND, ppr. ora. Sparkling. [JVot in use ] haucer. GLIT’TER-ING, ppr. ora. Shining; splendid; bril- liant. GLIT’TER-ING-LY, adv. With sparkling luster. GLOAM, v.% Tobesullen. [See Gium.] GLOAM/ING, xn. Twilight. ete 2, Sullenness; melancholy. [ Obs. GLOAR, v.7, [D. gluuren, to leer.) To squint; tostare. [ Obs.] GLOAT, v.i. [Sw. glutta, to peep.] To look steadfastly ; to gaze earnestly, or with ea- gemess. Rowe. GLOAT’ED, pret. and pp. of Groat. GLOAT'’ING, ppr. or a. Gazing with earnestness ; looking steadfastly. GLO/BARD, x. A glow-worm. AT AIRATR i GLO/BA-TRD, a, [L. globatus.] Having the form of a globe; spherical ; spheroidal. GLOBE, 2. [L. globus; Fr. globe; Sp. and It. globo; Sax. cleow, cliwe, or cliaw; Eng. clew. (See Ciew.) Russ. klub, a ball.) 1. A round or spherical solid body; a ball; a sphere ; a body whose surface is in every part equi- distant from the center. 2. The earth; the terraqueous ball; so called, though not perfectly spherical. Locke. 3. An artificial sphere of metal, paper, or other matter, on whose convex surface is drawn a map, or representation of the earth or of the heavens. That on which the several oceans, seas, continents, isles, and countries of the earth, are represented, is called a terrestrial globe, That which exhibits a delineation of the constellations in the heavens, is called a celes- tial clobe. 4. A body of soldiers formed into a circle. Milton. GLOBE, v. t. To gather round or into a circle. Milton. GLOBE’-AM/A-RANTH, zn. A plant of the genus Gomphrena, bearing beautiful heads of red flowers. GLOBE/-AN/I-MAL, nx. A species of animalcule, of a globular form. Encyce. GLOBE/-DAI-SY,n. WwW elossaries = PN TT Ns P GLC OG/RA-PHY, n. The writing of glossaries, or GLU/EOSE, 7. The scorching fire that in their entrails glows. Addison. 3. To feel great heat of body; to be hot. Did not his temples glow : In the same sultry winds and scorching heats ¢ Addison. 4. 'T’o exhibit a strong, bright color; to be red. Clad in a gown that glows with Tyrian rays. Dryden. Fair ideas flow, Strike in the sketch, or in the picture glow. Pope. 5. To be bright or red with heat or animation, or with blushes ; as, glowing cheeks. 6. To feel the heat of passion ; to be ardent; to be animated, as by intense love, zeal, anger, &c. We say, the heart glows with love or zeal ; the glowing breast. When real virtue fires the glowing bard. Lewis. If you have never glowed with gratitude to the Author of the Christian revelation, you know nothing of Christianity. Buckminster. 7. To burn with intense heat; to rage, as pas- sion. With pride it mounts, and with revenge it glows. Dryden. GLOW, v. t To make hot so as to shine. ([Vot used. hak. GLOW, n. Shining heat, or white heat. 9. Brightness of color; redness; as, the glow of health in the cheeks. A waving glow his bloomy beds display, Blushing in bight diversities of day. Pope. 3. Vehemence of passion. GLOW/ING, ppr. or a. Shining with intense heat, white with heat. "yrwhitt. 9. Burning with vehement heat. 3. Exhibiting a bright color; red; as, a glowing color; glowing cheeks. ; 4, Ardent; vehement; animated; as, glowing zeal. A 5. Inflamed ; as, a glowing breast. ardent heat or passion. Lampyris noctiluca, an insect of the order of Coleop- tera. It is without wings, and resembles a caterpil- lar. It emits a shining green light from the extrem- ity of the abdomen. The male is winged, and flies about in the evening, when it is attracted by the light of the female. Encyc. [Sax. glesan. See Gross.] To flatter; to wheedle; to fawn; that is, to smooth, or to talk smoothly. So glozed the tempter, and his proem tuned. Milton. A false, glozing parasite. South. | ——=_—_————— Shak. 2. Specious show ; gloss. [Wot used.] [See Gross.] Sidney. Gifford. Flattering ; wheedling. (Gr. yAuxvs, sweet.] A sugar ob- tained from grapes, honey, and most acid fruits, which is less sweet than that of the sugar-cane. raham. GLU CYNA, n. [Gr. yAvkvs.] More properly Guy- CYNA,. The only oxyd of the metal glucinum. It is a white powder, withont taste or odor, and insoluble in water. The salts of glucina have a sweet taste, | and hence its name. | GLU-CY'NUM, n. (Gr. yAvuxus.] More properly Gry- CYNUM. The name of a metal, which appears in the form of a grayish black powder, and acquires a dark metallic luster by burnishing. It may be exposed to air and moisture, or be boiled in water without oxy dation. GLUE, (gli,)n. [Fr. glu; W. glyd; Arm. glud; Ir. glydh, gliu, gleten; L. gluten; Gr. yAca; Russ. klet. See Class Ld, No. 8, 9, 10.] A tenacious, viscid matter, which serves as a cem- ent to unite other substances. It is extracted from the skins, parings, &c., of animals, as of oxen, calves, or sheep, by boiling them to a jelly. GLUE, v.t. [Fr. gluer.] [Encyc. Parr. 1. To join with glue or a viscous substance. Cab- inet-makers glue together some parts of furniture. 2. To unite; to hold together. Newton, [This word is now seldom used in @ figurative sense. The phrases, to glve friends together, vices glue us to low pursuits or pleasures, found In writers of the last century, are mot now used, or are deemed inelegant. ] GLUE/-BOIL-ER, n. [glue and boil.] occupation is to make glue, GLUED, (glade,) pp. United or cemented with glue. GLU/ER, n. One who cements with glue. GLU/BY, a. Viscous; glutinous. GLU/EY-NESS, x. The quality of being gluey. GLU/ING, ppr. Cementing with glue. GLU/ISH, a. Having the nature of glue. Sherwood. GLUM, a. [Scot. gloum, a frown. ] Frowning; sullen. [ Colloquzal.] GLUM, n. Swilenness; and, as a verb, to look sullen. [Not tn use. ] GLUM, v. i. [from gloom.] To look sourly; to be sour of countenance. [{ Obs.] GLU-Ma/CEOUS, a. Having glumes ; consisting of elumes. Barton. GLUMBE, zn. [L. gluma, from glubo, to bark or peel, or Gr. yAvda.) In botany, the calyx or corol of grain and grasses, formed of valves, ermbracing the seed, often termi- nated by the arista or beard, the husk or chaff of grain. Milne. Martyn. GLUM/MY, a. Dark; gloomy ; dismal. GLO/MOUS, a. A glumous flower is a kind of ag- gregate flower, having a filiform receptacle, with a common glume at the base. Martyn. GLUT, v.i. [L. glutio; Fr. engloutir ; Russ. glotayu, to swallow ; W. glwth, a glutton; glythu, to gorman- dize; from lhoth, a swallow, ereediness ; It. ghiotto, Low L. gluto, a glutton; Heb. Ch. Oy?. (See Ar, One whose “a= he.) Class Ld, No. 17. The sense is to crowd, to stuff. } a 1. To swallow, or to swallow greedily ; to gorse. Milton. 2. To cloy ; to fill beyond sufficiency ; to sate; to disgust ; as, to glut the appetites. Denham. 3. To feast or delight even to satiety. His faithful heart, a bloody sacrifice, pert Torn from his breast, to glut the tyrant's eyes. ryden. 4. To fill or furnish beyond sufficiency ; as, to glut the market. 5. To saturates Boyle, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. a a AST Se) as POR nee pil W ‘ Lens Nae re aR Ett erent Pati OeGLY GLUT, 2. That which is swallowed. 2. Plenty even to loathing. He shall find himself miserable, even in the ed) Beh of his de- lights. *Estrange. A glut of study and retirement. Pope. 3. More than enough ; superabundance. B. Jonson. 4, Any thing that fills or obstructs the passage. Woodward. 5. Alarge wooden wedge. New England. GLU'TE-AL, a. [ Gr. yrovros, nates. ] 5 The gluteal artery, is a branch of the hypogastric or internal iliac artery, wiiich supplies the gluteal muscles. Coze. Hooper. The gluteal muscles, are three large muscles on each side, which make up the fleshy part of the but- tocks. Parr. GLU/TEN, 2. [L. See Grur.] A tough, elastic sub- stance, of a grayish color, which becomes brown and brittle by drying ; found in the flour of wheat and other grain. It contributes much to the nutritive quality of flour, and gives tenacity to its paste. . similar substance is found in-the juices of certain Milton. plants. Brande. GLU’TE-US, 2. The large, thick muscle on which we sit. GLU/TIN-ATE, v. t. To unite with glue; to cement. Bailey. United with glue. Uniting with glue. The act of uniting with glue. Bailey. Having the quality of cement- GLU’/TIN-A-TED, pp. GLO/TIN-A-TING, ppr GLU-TIN-A/TION, n. GLU/TIN-A-TIVE, a. Ing ; tenacious. GLU-TIN-OS/I-TY, n. Ous ; Viscousness. GLU/TIN-OUS, a. [L. glutinosus.] 1. Viscous; viscid ; tenacious; having the quality of glue; resembling glue. Starch is glutinous. 2. In botany, besmeared with a slippery moisture ; The quality of being glutin as, a glutinous Jeaf. Martyn. GLU’TIN-OUS-NESS, n. Viscosity; viscidity ; the quality of glue; tenacity. Cheyne. GLUT’TED, pp. Cloyed ; filled beyond sufficiency. GLUT’TON, (glut/n,) x [Low L. gluto; Fr. glouton. See Giur.] 1. One who indulges to excess in eating. 2. One eager of any thing to excess. Gluttons in murder, wanton to destroy. Granville. 3. In zodlogy, the Gulo vulgaris, found in the north of Europe and Siberia. It grows to the length of three feet, but has short legs and moves slowly. It iS a Carnivorous animal, and, in order to catch its prey, it climbs a tree, and from that darts down upon a deer or other animal. It is named from its vora- cious appetite. Dict. Nat. Hist. Its voracity has been ridiculously exaggerated. uvver. GLUT’T ON-IZE, v. i. To eat to excess ; to eat vora- ciously ; to indulge the appetite to excess ; to he lux- urions, Trans. of Grellman. GLU1/TON-LIKE, a, Like a glutton; greedy. GLUT’TON-OUS,} a. Given to excessive eating; GLUT’TON-ISH, § indulging the appetite for food to excess ; as, a sluttonous age. Ralegh. 2. Consisting in excessive eating ; as, s luttonous celight. Milton. GILUT’TON-OUS-LY, adv. With the voracity of a glutton ; with excessive eating. GLUT’TON-Y,n. Excess in eating; extravagant in- dulgence of the appetite for food. 2. Luxury of the table. Their sumptuous glutionies and gorgeous feasts. 3. Voracity of appetite. GLYC/E-RIN, n. [Gr. y\uxus, sweet. A sweet substance that forms the basis of fatty matter; a transparent liquid, without color or smell, of a sirlipy consistence. Ure. GLY-€0'NI-AN, GLY-€ON'IE, e Denoting a kind of verse in Greek and Latin poetry, consisting of three feet, a spondee, a cho- riamb, and a pyrrhic ; as, slyconic measure. Jolinson. GLY-CYR/RHI-ZIN, n. [Gr. yAveus, sweet, and Jr2, aroot.] A peculiar saccharine matter obtained from the root of the Glycyrrhiza glabra, or common liquorice. Brande. GLYN. See Gruen. GLYPH, (glif,) n. [Gr. yAudn, from yAudo, to carve, ] In sculpture and architecture, a notch, canal, chan- nel, or cavity, intended as an ornament, and usually perpendicular. Chambers. GLYPH'I€,n. A picture or figure by which a word Is implied. [See Hrerocrypuic.] GLY P’TI€, a. In mineralogy, figured. Milton. Encyc. [Low L. glyconium.] GLYP’/TI€S, n. [supra.] “The art of engraving ures on precious stones. GLYP’/TO-DON, 2. ado US; tooth. } An extinct quadruped of the Armadillo family, of the size of an ox, covered with scales, and having fluted teeth. fig- (Gr. yAumrros, engraved, and GNO GLYP-TO-GRAPH/I€, a. [Gr. yAvwros and ypapo.) Describing the metheds of engraving on precious stones. GLYP-TOG/RA-PHY, nm. [Supra.] A description of the art of engraving on precious stones. British Critic. GLYP-TO-THE/€A, n [Gr. yAudw and Oyx7.] A building or room for the preservation of works of sculpture. Brande. GNAR, (nar,) v.t. (Sax. enyrran, gnornian; Dan. GNARL, (narl,) knurrer ; Sw.knarra; D. gnorren, knorren; G. gnurren, knarren.] To growl; to murmur ; to snarl. And wolves are gnarling which shall gnaw thee first. Shak. [GN«R Is nearly obsolete. ] GNARL/ED, (nirld,) a. Knotty; full of knots; as, the gnarled oak. Shak. GNAKL/Y, a. Knotty; full of knots ; as, the gnarly oak, Rich. Dict. GNASH, (nash,) v. t. [Dan. znasker ; Sw. gnissla and knastra. Qu. D. knarzen, G. knirrschen, to gnash, | and It. anascia, the jaw.] 5 To strike the teeth together, as in anger or pain; as, to gnash the teeth in rage. Dryden. GNASH, (nash,) v.i. To grind the teeth. He shall gnash with his tecth and melt away. — Ps. cxii. 2. To rage even to collision with the teeth; to growl. They gnashed on me with their teeth. — Ps. xxxv. GNASH/ING, (nash‘ing,) ppr. Striking the teeth to- gether, as in anger, rage, or pain. GNASH/ING, (nash/ing,) n. A grinding or striking of the teeth in rage or anguish. There shall be weeping and gnashing of teeth. — Matt. viii. GNASH/ING-LY, adv. With gnashing. GNAT, (nat,)n. [Sax. gnet. Qu. Gr. kovad.] 1. A name applied to several insects, of the genus Culex. . Their mouth is formed by a flexible sheath, inclosing bristles pointed like stings. The sting is a tube containing five or six spicule of exquisite fine- ness, dentated or edged. The most troublesome of this genus is the musqueto. Encyc. Cye. 2. Any thing proverbially small. Ye blind guides, who strain at a gnat, and swallow a camel. — Matt. xxiii. GNAT/-FLOW-ER, 2. FLoweEn. GNA-THON’TE, (na-) ) a. GNA-THON/I€-AL, (na-)} er Flattering ; deceitful. [JVot in use.] GNAT’-SNAP-PER, x. A bird that catches gnats. Hakewill. GNAT’-WORM, (nat/wurm,) n. A small water insect, produced by a gnat, and which, after its several A flower, called also Brr- Johnson. [L. gnatho, a flatter- Mantell. Brande. changes, is transformed into a gnat; the larva of a gnat, Cyc. GNAW, (naw,) v. t. [Sax. gnagan; G. nagen; D. knaagen; Sw. gnaga; W.cnoi; Gr. xvaw, to scrape ; Ir. cnagh, cnaoi, consumption; cnuigh, a maggot ; cnaoidium, to gnaw, to consume.] l. To bite off by little and little; to bite or scrape off with the fore teeth ; to wear away by biting. The rats gnaw a board or plank ; a worm gnaws the wood of a tree or the plank of a ship. 2. To eat by biting off small portions of food with 3. To bite in agony or rage. {the fore teeth. They gnawed their tongues for pain. — Rev. xvi. 4, To waste ; to fret; to corrode. o. To pick with the teeth. . His bones clean picked; his very bones they gnaw. GNAW, (naw,) v.i To use the teeth in biting. I might well, like the spaniel, gnaw upon the chain that ties me. 2 ‘ Sidney. GNAW/’/ED, (nawd,) pp. or a. GNAW/’/ER, (naw’er,) n. corrodes. GNAWING, (naw/ing,) ppr. or a. 5S Dryden. 3it ; corroded. He or that which gnaws or Biting off by little and little ; corroding ; eating by slow degrees, GNEISS, (nice,)n. [Qu. Dan. gnister, Sw. gnistas, to sparkle. ] In mineralogy, a species of aggregated rock, com- posed of quartz, feldspar, and mica, of a structure more or less distinctly slaty. The layers, whether Straight or curved, are frequently thick, but often vary considerably in the same specimen. It passes on one side into granite, from which it differs in its Slaty structure, and on the other into mica-slate. It is rich in metallic ores. Kirwan. Cleaveland. Gneiss often contains hornblende. The only dif- ference between this and granite consists in the stratified and slaty disposition of gneiss. Hitchcock. GNEIS’SOID, a. Having some of the characteris- lcs of gneiss ; applied to rocks of an intermediate character between granite and gneiss, or mica-slate and gneiss. GNEIS/SOSE, a. Having the general structure of gneiss. Lyell. GNOFF, (nof,) nm. Armiser. [JWVot in use.] Chaucer. GNOME, (nome,) n. (Gr. } von.) 1. An imaginary being, supposed by the cabalists GO to inhabit the inner parts of the earth, and to be the guardian of mines, quarries, &c. Encyc. 2. A brief reflection or maxim. [JVot used.] GNOM‘TIE€, (nom/ik,) G : GNOM’I€-AL, (nom/ik-al,) a. [Gr yropn.] Sententious ; uttering or containing Maxims, or striking detached thoughts ; as, gnomic poetry, like the book Or Ee. [ Little used. } NO-MO-LOG’‘T€ bcs CR OtiOr N€-AL, a. Pertaining to gnomology. GNO-MOL/O-GY, (no-mol/o-jy,) nm [Gr. yvwypyn, a maxim or sentence, and doyos, discourse. ] A cojlection of maxims, grave sentences, or reflec- tions. [Little used.] Milton. GNO/MON, (nd/mon,) n. [Gr. yywpwy, an index, from the root of yiwwoxw, to know.] 1. In dialing, the style or pin, which by its shadow shows the hour of the day. The line whose shadow shows the time is parallel to the axis of the earth. Brande. 2. In astronomy, a style or column erected perpen- dicular to the horizon, for making astronomical ob- servations. Its principal use was to find the alti- tude of the sun by measuring the length of its shadow. srande. 3. The gnomon of a globe, is the index of the hour- circle. Encyc. 4. In geometry, the part of a parallelogram which remains when one of the parallelograms about its diagonal is removed. Brande. GNO-MON’‘IE€, ja. Pertaining to the art of dial- GNO-MON/‘I€-AL, } ing. Chambers. Gnomonic projection. See Prosection. GNO-MON‘I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the ples of the gnomonic projection. Be Cyc. GNO-MON‘I€S, n. The art or science of dialing, or of constructing dials to show the hour of the day by the shadow of a gnomon. GNO-MON-OL’O-GY, 2. A treatise on dialing. GNOS/TIE€, (nos/tik,) x. [L. gnosticus; Gr. yuwstxos, from ytvwoKw, to know. |} The Gnostics were a sect of philosophers that arose in the first ages of Christianity, who pretended they were the only men who had a true knowledge of the Christian religion. They formed for them- selves a system of theology, agreeable to the philos- ophy of Pythagoras and Plato, to which they ac- commodated their interpretations of Scripture. They held that all natures, intelligible, intellectual, and material, are derived by successive emanations from the infinite fountain of Deity. These emanations they called @ons, atwves. These doctrines were de- rived from the Oriental philosophy. Encye. Enfield. GNOS/TI€, (nos/tik,) a. Pertaining to the Gnostics or their doctrines. GNOS’/TI-CISM, (nos‘te-sizm,) n. The doctrines, principles, or system of philosophy taught by the Gnostics. Enfield. GNU,(na,)n. The Catoblepas Gnu, a ruminant mam- mal of the tribe Bovide, inhabiting Southern Africa, whose form partakes of that of the horse, the ox, and the deer. 2. The draft iron attached to the end of a plow beam, (clevis, clevy.) [ Local.] O, v. t.; pret. WENT; pp. Gone. Went belongs to the root Sax. wendan, a different word. [Sax. gan; princi- G. gehen; Dan. gaaer; Sw. ga; D. gaan; Basque, gan. This is probably a contracted word, but the original is obscure. In Goth. gagcan, to go, seems to be the Eng. gang ; and gad may belong to a differ- ent family. The primary sense is to pass, and either to go or come. Sax. ga forth, go forth; ga hither, come hither ; her geth, he comes. ]} 1. In a general sense, to move ; to pass; to proceed from one place, state, or station, to another ; opposed to resting. A mill goes by water or by steam; a ship goes at the rate of five knots an hour; a clock goes fast or slow; a horse goes lame; a fowl) or a ball goes With velocity through the air. The moumers go about the streets. — Eccles. xii, 2. To walk; to move on the feet, or step by step. The child begins to yo alone at a year old. You know that love Will creep in service where it cannot go. 3. To walk leisurely ; not to run. Shak. Thou must run to him; for thou hast staid so long that going will scarce serve the turn. Sliak, 4. To travel; to journey by land or water. I must go to Boston ; he has gone to Philadelphia; the min- ister 1S going to France. 5. To depart; to move from a place; opposed to come. The mail goes and comes every day, or twice a week. I will let you go, that ye may sacrifice. — Ex, viii. 6. To proceed; to pass. And so the jest goes round. Dryden, 7. 'To move ; to pass in any manner or to any end ; as, to vo to bed ; to go to dinner; to go to war. 1, Sane 8. ‘To move or pass customarily from place to place, denoting custom or practice. The child goes to school; a ship goes regularly to London; we go to church, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —GO 9. To proceed from one state or opinion to another ; to change. He goes from one opinion to another; his estate is going to ruin. 10. To proceed in mental operations ; to advance ; to penetrate. We can go but a very little way in developing the causes of things. 11. To proceed or advance in aecomplishing an end. This sum will not go far toward full payment of the debt. 12. To apply; to be applicable. The argument goes to this point only ; it goes to prove too much, 13. To apply one’s self. Seeing himself confronted by so many, like a resolute orator, he went not to denial, but to justify his cruel falsehood. Sidney. 14. To have recourse to; as, to go to law. 15. To be about to do; as, I was going to say ; I am going to begin harvest. [This use is chiefly con- fined to the participle. ] 16. To pass; to be accounted in value. All this goes for nothing ; this coin goes for a crown. 17. To circulate; to pass in report. ‘The story goes 18. To pass; to be received ; to be accounted or understood to be. And the man went among men for an old man in the days of Saul. — 1 Sam, xvii. 19. To move, or be in motion,as a machine. [See 20. To move, as a fluid ; to flow. The god J am, whose yellow water flows Around these fields, and fattens as it goes, Tiber my name. Dryden. 21. To have a tendency. Against right reason all your counsels go. Dryden, 22, To be in compact or partnership. They were to go equal shares in the booty. L’ Estrange. 93. To be guided or regulated; to proceed by some principle or rule. We are to vo by the rules of law, or according to the precepts of Scripture. We are to go by another measure. Sprat. 94. To be pregnant. The females of different ani- mals go some a longer, some a shorter time. 95. To pass; to be alienated in payment or ex- change. If our exports are of less value than our imports, our money must go to pay the balance. 96. To be loosed or released ; to be freed from re- straint. Let me go; let go the hand. 97. To be expended. His estate goes or has gone for spirituous liquors. [See No. 24.] 98. To extend; toreach. The line goes from one end to the other. His land goes to the bank of the Hudson. 99. To extend orlead in any direction. This road goes to Albany. 30. To proceed; to extend. This argument goes far toward proving the point; it goes a great way toward establishing the innocence of the accused. 3]. To have effect ; to extend in effect; to avail ; to be of force or value. Money goes further now than it did during the war. 32, To extend in meaning or purport. His amorous expressions go no further than virtue may allow. Dryden. [In the three last examples, the sense of go depends on far, farther, further.) 33. ‘To have a currency or use, as custom, opinion, or manners. I think, as the world goes, he was a good sort of man enough. Arbuthnot. 34, 'fo contribute; to conduce; to concur; to be an ingredient; with to or into. The substances which go into this composition ; many qualifications go to make up the well-bred man. 35. To proceed ; to be carried on. The business goes on well. 36. Tio proceed to final issue; to terminate; to succeed. Whether the cause goes for me or against me, you must pay me the reward, Watts. 37. To proceed in a train, or in consequences. How goes the night, boy? Shak. 38. To fare; to be in a good or ill state. How goes it, comrade ? 39, T'o have a tendency or effect; to operate. These cases go to show that the court will vary the construction of instruments. Mass. Reports. To go about ; to set one’s self to a business ; to at- tempt ; to endeavor. They never go about to hide or palliate their vices. Swift. 2, In seamen’s language, to tack ; to turn the head of a ship. To go abroad ; to walk out of a house. 9, To be uttered, disclosed, or published. To wo against; to invade; to march to attack. 9. To be in opposition ; to be disagreeable. To co aside; to withdraw ; to retire into a private situation. 2. To err; to deviate from the right way. GOA sure ; also, to leave the right course; to depart from law or rule; to sin ; to transgress. To go away; to depart ; to go to a distance. To go between; to interpose; to mediate; to at- tempt to reconcile or to adjust differences. To go by; to pass near and beyond. G 2. To pass away unnoticed ; to omit. G 3. To find or get in the conclusion. In argument with men, a woman ever G Goes by the worse, whatever be her cause. Milton. [A phrase now little used.] To go down; to descend in any manner. 2. To fail ; to come to nothing. 3. To be swallowed or received, not rejected. The doctrine of the divine right of kings will not go down in this period of the world. To go for nothing ; to have no meaning or efficacy. To zo forth; to issue or depart out of a place. To go forward; to advance. To go hard with ; to be in danger of a fatal issue ; to have difficulty to escape. To goin; to enter. To go in to; to have sexual commerce with. Scripture. To go in-and out ; to do the business of life. 2. To go freely; to be at liberty. John x. To go off; to depart to a distance ; to leave a place or station. 2. To die; to decease. : 3. To be discharged, as fire-arms ; to explode. To go on; to proceed ; to advance forward. go on. To so out; to issue forth ; to depart from. 2. To go on an expedition. Shak. 4. To become public. This story goes out to the world. To wo over; to read; to peruse ; to study. 9. To examine ; to view or review ; as, to go over an account. If we go over the laws of Christianity. Tillotson. 3. To think over; to proceed or pass in mental operation. 4. To change sides; to pass from one party to another. 5. To revolt. 6. To pass from one side to the other, as of a river. To go through; to pass in a substance ; as, to go through water. 2, To execute; to accomplish ; to perform thor- oughly ; to finish; as, to go through an operation. 3. To suffer; to bear; to undergo; to sustain to the end; as, to go through a long sickness ; to go through an operation. To go through with; to execute effectually. To go under ; to be talked of or Known, as by a title or name ; as, to go under the name of reformers. To ro up ; to ascend ; to rise. To go upon; to proceed as on a foundation ; to take as a principle supposed or settled; as, to go upon a supposition. Té go with; to accompany ; to pass with others. 2. '’o side with ; to be in party or design with. To go ill with; to have ill fortune ; not to prosper. To go well with; to have good fortune ; to prosper. To go without; to be or remain destitute. Go to; come, move, begin ; @ phrase of exhortation ; GOAT/-CHAF’ER, n. An insect, a kind of beetle. GOAT’FISH, z. A fish of the Mediterranean, Bualistes GOAT/HERD, n. One whose occupation is to tend GOD 2. Any starting post. Milton. 3. The end or final purpose ; the end to which a | design tends, or which a person aims to reach or ac- || complish. | Each individual seeks a several goal, | OAR, x. More usually Gore, which see. | | OAR‘ISH, a. Patched; mean. [Obs.] Beaum. & Fil. | OAT, n. [Sax. get; D. geit; G. geiss; Sw. get; Dan. gedebuk, a he-goat ; Russ. koza.] An animal or quadruped of the genus Capra. The horns are hollow, turned upward, erect, and scabrous. Goats are nearly of the size of sheep, but stronger, | Jess timid, and more agile. They delight to frequent rocks and mountains, and subsist on scanty, coarse || food. The milk of the goat is sweet, nourishing, | and medicinal, and the flesh furnishes provisions to the inhabitants of countries where they abound. Bailey. capriscus. ~ goats, Spenser. GOAT'ISH, a. Resembling a goat in any quality ; of a rauk smell. /Vore. 2. Lustful. Shak. GOAT/ISH-LY, adv. In the manner of a goat ; lust- fully. | Booth. | | GOAT’ISH-NESS, n. The quality of being goatish ; lustfulness. 2. To be put on, asa garment. The coat will not | GGAT-MAR/JO-RAM, n. Goat-beard. GOAT’-MILK-ER, n. A kind of bird, so called from being supposed to suck goats ; the gon sucker : ailey. 3. To become extinct, as light or life; to expire. | GGAT’S/BEARD, n. In botany, a plant of the genus A candle goes out; fire goes out. Tragopogon. And life itself goes out at thy displeasure. Addison. | GOAT/SKIN, x. The skin of a goat. Pope. GOAT’S!/-ROUE, n. A plant of the genus Galega. GOAT?’S'/-STONES, n. The greater goat?s-stones is the Satyrium ; the lesser, the Orchis. GOAT’S/-THORN, nv. A plant of the genus Astrag- alus. GOAT!-SUCK-ER, zn. In ornithology, a bird of the genus Caprimulgus, so called from the opinion that it would suck goats. It is called, also, the fern-owl. In Bailey, it is called a goat-milker. GOB, n. [Fr. gobe; W. gob,a heap. Qu. Heb. 53, a hill, a boss ; Ch. N2a geba, to raise. | A little mass or collection; a mouthful. [4 low word. : LL? Estrange GOB/BET, x. [Fr. gobe, supra-] A small piece ; a mouthful; a lump. Shak. Addison. GOB/BET, v. t. To swallow in masses or mouthfuls [A low word.| ~ TD Estrangze. GOB/BET-LY, adv. In pieces, Huloet. GOB/BING, n. In mining, the refuse thrown back into the excavations remaining after the removal of the coal. Brande. GOB/BLE, v.t. [Fr. gober, to swallow.] To swallow in large pieces; to swallow hastily. Prior. Swift. GOB'BLE, v.i. To make a noise in the throat, as turkey. Prior. GOB/BLED, pp. Swallowed hastily. GOB/BLER, x. One who swallows in haste ; a greedy eater ; a gormandizer. 9. A name sometimes given to the turkey-cock. GOB/BLING, ppr. Swallowing hastily. 9. Making a noise like a turkey. =) also a phrase of scornful exhortation. GO/-BE-TWEEN, n. [go and between.) An inter- poser; one who transacts business between parties. Shak. GO'/-BY, n. [go and by.] Evasion ; escape by arti- Collier. fice. 2. A passing without notice; a thrusting away; a shifting off; as, to give a proposal the go-by. GO'-EART, ». [go and cart.) A machine with wheels, in which children learn to walk without danger of falling. i GOAD,n. ([Sax. gad, a goad ; Sw. gadd, a sting ; Scot. gad, a goad, a rod, the point of a spear; Ir. gatl, goth,a goad; W. goth, a push. ‘The sense is, a shoot, a point. | A pointed instrument used to stimulate a beast to move faster. GOAD, v. t. To prick; to drive with a goad. 9. To incite; to stimulate; to instigate; to urge forward, or to rouse by any thing pungent, severe, irritating, or inflaming. He was goaded by sarcastic remarks or by abuse; goaded by desire or other passion. ; GOAD/ED, pp. Pricked ; pushed on by a goad ; insti- ated. GOAD/ING, ppr. Pricking; driving witha goad; in- citing; urging on; rousing. GOAL, n. [Fr. gaule, a long pole; W. geyal, Arm. goalenn, a staff. } they run; the mark. Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal Milton. To go ustray ; to wander ; to break from an inclo- So TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; == SS With rapid wheels. S$ as Z; 1. The point set to bound a race, and to which GOB/E-LIN, a. A term applied to a species of rich tapestry in France. The term is derived from Gilles Gobelins, a celebrated dyer in the reign of Francis I. Dict. de PAcad. GOB/LET, n. [Fr. gobelet; Arm. gob or gobeled ; Heb. p72. A kind of cup or drinking vessel without a handle. We love not loaded boards and goblets crowned. Denham. GOB/LIN, n. [Fr. gobelin; G. kobold, a goblin 5 D. kabouter, a boy, an elf; kabouter-mannetje, a goblin ; Arm. gobylin; W. coblyn, a knocker, a thumper, a pecker, a fiend ; cobiaw, to knock ; from ceb, a top, a thump. ] 1. An evil spirit; a walking spirit; a frightful phantom. ‘Jo whom the goblin, full of wrath, replied. Milton. 2, A fairy; an elf. Shak. GO'BY, 7. A name given to certain spinous-finned fishes, allied to the blenny, and forming the genus Gobius. They are mostly small sea-fishes, and can live for some time out of the water. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. GOD, n. [Sax. god; G. gott; D. god; Sw. and Dan. a? gud; Goth. goth or guth ; Pers. |= oda or choda ; As this word and good are written exactly alike in Saxon, it has been inferred that God was named from his goodness. But the corresponding words in most of the other languages are not the same, and I belicve no instance can be Hindoo, khoda, codam. CH as SH; FU as in THIS. ot ee ee RINT Ts: —— a at osGOD GOI GOL t R se th ch on in 9 “ 9 GOD GOD 2 cha GOD! GOD! 2. 2 pr ‘ acte ‘i pers 3. life. ie All fe Ba. the attribute of goodness. t i remote from the rude conceptions of men in early ages. ‘ name of the Supreme Being to be usually taken from his supremacy or power, and to be equivalent to lord or ruler, from some root signifying to press or exert force. goda is rendered dominus derivative of the same word. Q31.] tafinite Spirit, the Creator, and the Sovereign of the Universe. ruler of thy people. tion, or deified and honored as the chief good. GOD, ». t. | GOD'CHILD, 2. ; person becomes sponsor at baptism, and promises to GOD/DAUGH-TER, (-daw-ter,) x. ter. | baptism. GOD'DESS, n. 2. In the language of love, a woman of superior GOD’/DESS-LIKE, a. 3 GOD'FA-FHER, n. [Sax. god and feder. The A man who becomes sponsor fora child at baptism, makes himself a surety for the child, that he will “* forsake the devil and all his works, and constantly believe God’s holy word, and obediently keep his commandments.”’ {Bingham maintains that, during the four first cen- turies, there was but one sponsor for a child, and that one the parent, or some person who had the charge of it. was increased, and the parents excluded from the office. Murdock. | GOD'FA-THER, v. t. To act as godfather; to take under one’s fostering care. Burke. GOD/HEAD, (god/hed,) n. [god and Sax. hade, Aer 1. Godship; deity ; divinity; divine nature or es- sence ; applied to the true God, and to heathen deities. GOD’‘LESS, a. Having no reverence for God; impi- ous ; ungodly ; irreligious; wicked. Hooker. of God. GOD'LESS-LY, adv. GOD/LESS-NESS, z. religious, GOD/LIKE, a. 2. Resembling a deity, or heathen divinity. 3. Of superior excellence; as, godlike virtue; a godlike prince. GOD/LLNESS, x. God, and reverence for his character and laws. laws of God, and performance of reli proceeding from love and reverence for the divine 3. Without controversy, great is the m a puny godling. his character and laws. GOD’/LY, adv. found of a name given to the Supreme Being from It is probably an idea too Except the word Jehovah, { have found the Now, in the present case, we have evidence hat this is the sense of this word; for, in Persic, » possessor, princeps, AS 1S a See Cast Lez. col. 1. The Supreme Being ; Jehovah ; the eternal and God is a spirit; and they that worship him must worship him in spirit and in truth. —John iv. A false god; a heathen deity ; Fear not the gods of the Amorites. 3. A prince; a ruler; a magistrate or judge; an ngel. Thou shalt not revile the gods, nor curse the a Exod. xxii. Ps. xcevii. { Gods liere is a bad translation. ] 4, Any person or thing exalted too much in estima- an idol. — Judges vi. 9 Whose god is their belly. — Phil. ii. To deify. [JVot used. [god and child. Shalt. One for whom a e educated as a Christian. {god and daugh- A female for whom one becomes sponsor at [See GopraTHER. ] A female deity; a heathen deity of e female sex. When the daughter of Jupiter presented herself among a crowd of goddesses, she was distinguished by her graceful stature and superior beauty. Addison. arms or excellence. Resembling a goddess. pes Sax- s used, also, godsibb, good relation.] the English and Roman Catholic churches; who Afterward, the number of sponsors Muton. Prior. A deity in person ; a god or goddess. Dryden, Atheistical ; having no belief in the existence JAilton. Irreverently ; atheistically. The state of being impious or Bp. Hall. Resembling God; divine. 'LIKE-NESS, n. The state of being godlike. ‘LI-LY, adv Piously; righteously. H, Wharton. [from godly.] Piety; belief in - A religious life; a careful observance of the gious duties, racter and commands ; Christian obedience. Godliness is profitable unto all things. —1 Tim. iy. Revelation ; the system of Christianity. ystery of godliness; God ii, was manifest in the flesh. —1 ‘Tim: iij LING, n. A little deity; a diminutive god ; as, ryden. LY,a. [godlike.] Pious; reverencing God, and Living in obedience to God’s commands, from inciple of love to him and reverence of his char- r and precepts ; religious; righteous ; as, a godly on. Pious; conformed to God’s law ; as, a godly Piously ; righteously. GOFF, x. GOFF’ISH, GOG, n. GOG/GLE, (gog'l,) v. GOG/GLE, a. GOG/GLE, x. GOG/GLED, a. Prominent; staring, as the eye. GOG/GLE-EYE, n. GOG’GLE-EY-ED, (gog'J-ide,) a, GOG’GLES, (gog/glz,) n. pl. G GO/ING, n. GOITER GOD/LY-HEAD, (-hed,) x. head. ] Goodness. [ Obs Spenser. GOD/MOFH-ER, (-n - 1uth/er,) 7. {See GopFATHER. GO-DOWN’, x. Malay word godong, a warehouse. GO-DROON’, n. Smart. [F'r. godron, a rufile or puff. ] ing for ornament. Elmes. ed acquisition or piece of good fortune. GOD/SHIP, zx. of a god. O’er hills and dales their godships came. Prior. GOD’/SMITH, n. A maker of idols. Dryden. GOD/SON, (-sun,) n. [Sax. godsunu.] font. GOD/SPEED, n. John 10. GOD’S'-PEN-NY, z. Good speed, that is, success. > An earnest-penny. Beaum. & Fl. GOD!WARD, adv. Toward God. [An ill-formed word.] GOD/WIT, x [Ice. god and veide.} A name common to a genus of birds, the Limosa, having long legs and long, flexible bills. The Black- tailed Godwit, in its summer plumage, has the feath- ers on the head, neck, and back, of a light reddish- brown, those on the belly white, and the tail is regularly barred with black and white. This bird frequents fens and the banks of rivers, and its flesh is esteemed a great delicacy, artington. GOD/YELD, |} adv. [Supposed to be contracted from GOD/YIELD,§ good, or god, and shield. ] A term of thanks. [ Obs.] Shak. GO'EL, a. [Sax. ealew.] Yellow. [ Ods.] Tusser. GO’EN, part. pret. of Go, formerly so written. GO/ER, x. [from go.] One that goes; a runner or walker; one that has a gait, good or bad. Wotton. 2. One that transacts business between parties ; in an ill sense, Shak. 3. A foot. Chapman. 4. Aterm applied to a horse; as,a good goer; a safe goer. [Unusual in the United States. } GO/E-TY, n. [Gr. yonreca. [Beaum. & Fl. Invocation of evil spirits. [Vot in use.] Hallowell. [Qu. W. gofol, contracted, a word com- posed of go and f0l, foolish ; or Fr. goffe; or a con- traction of D. kolf, a club.] A foolish clown; also, a game. Gotr.] c é [Obs.] [See a. Foolish; stupid Obs.] Chaucer. [W. gog, activity, rapidity ; probably allied to gig. See Acoc. Haste ; ardent desire to go. Beaum. & Fl. i. [W. gogelu, to shun; go, a prefix, and gelu, from cél, a shelter, coinciding with L. celo; or from gog.] To strain or roll the eyes. And wink and goggle like an owl. Hudtbras, Having full eyes; staring. B. Jonson. A strained or affected rolling of the eye. Herbert. A rolling or staring eye. B. Jonson. Having prominent, Ascham. [W. gogelu, to shelter. distorted, or rolling eyes. See Goccte, the verb.] 1. In surgery, instruments used to cure squinting, or the distortion of the eyes which occasions it. Encye. 2. Cylindrical tubes, in which are fixed glasses for defending the eyes from cold, dust, &c., and some- times with colored glasses, to abate the intensity of light. 3. Blinds for horses that are a O/ING, ppr. [from go.) ing ; turning; rolling; pt to take fright. Moving ; walking; travel- flying ; sailing, &c. The act of moving in any manner. 2. The act of walking. Shak, 3. Departure. Milton. 4. Pregnancy. 5. Procedure ; way; course of life; portment ; used chiefly in the plural. His eyes are on the ways of man, and he secth Job xxxiv. Gre behavior ; de- all his goings. — 6. Procedure; course of providential agency or government. They have seen thy goings, O God; even the goings of my God, my King, in the sanctuary. — Ps, | xviii. Going out, in Scripture, utmost extremity or Goings out, limit; the point where an extend- ed body terminates. Num. xxxiv. 5, 9. 2. Departure or journeying. Num. xxxiii. that will live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution, — 2 Tim. iii, GOI/TRE, n. [Fr. gottre.] Sax. god, good, and godand mother.| A woman who becomes sponsor for a child in baptism. In the East Indies, a corruption of the In architecture, a kind of inverted fluting or bead- GOD/SEND, n. Something sent by God ; an unexpect- Deity ; divinity , the rank or character One for whom another has been sponsor at the 2) ~~ The bronehocele ; a cellulose or cystose tumor, the cells oval, currant-sized, or grape-sized, containing a serous fluid ; sometimes their contents are caseous. It is seated in the thyroid gland, and appears on the anterior part of the neck. The same disease affects the testes and the female breasts, but in these situa- tions is not called bronchocele. Cellular sarcoma is a name applicable to the disease in all locations. The inhabitants of this part of the Valais are subject to goilere. A Coze, Switz. GOUTRED, Affected with goiter. GOITROUS, a [Fr. gottreuz.] l. Pertaining to the goiter; partaking of the na- ture of bronchocele. 3. Affected with bronchocele. Journ. of Science. Let me not be understood as insinuating that the inhabitants in general are either goitrous or idiots, Core, Switz, GO/LA,n. [It.; L. gula.] In architecture, the same as Cymatium or Crma. GOLD, 7. [Sax. gold; G. gold; D. goud, a contracted word ; Sw. and Dan. guld, from pul, guul, yellow. Hence the original pronunciation goold, still retained by some people. The Dan. guul is in Sax. gealen, whence our yellow, that is, primarily, bright, from the Celtic, W. gawl, galau, gole, light, splendor ; -—-— Gaelic geal, bright; Ar. Nes cgala, to be clear or bright. Class Gl, No. 7.] A precious metal of a bright yellow color, and the most ductile and malleable of all the metals. It is the heaviest metal except platinum, and, being a very dense, fixed substance, and not liable to be in- Jured by air, it is well fitted to be used as coin, or a representative of commodities in commerce. Its ductility and malleability render it the most suitable metal tor gilding. It is often found native in solid masses, as in Hungary and Peru; though generally in combination with silver, copper, or iron. Encyc. 2. Money. a, For me the gold of France did not seduce. Shak. 3. Something pleasing or valuable ; as, a heart of gold. Shak. 4. A bright yellow color; as,a flower edged with gold, 5. Riches; wealth. Gold of pleasure; a plant of the genus Camelina, bearing yellow flowers, sometimes cultivated for the oil of its seeds. GOLD, a. Made of gold; consisting of gold; as, a gold chain. GOLD/BEAT-EN, (-bét/n,) a. Gilded. [Little used.] GOLD/BEAT-ER, 7. One whose occupation is to beat or foliate gold for gilding. Boyle. Goldbeater’s skin; the intestines of an ox, which goldbeaters lay between the leaves of the metal while they beat it, whereby the membrane is reduced very thin, and made fit to be applied to cuts and fresh wounds. Quincy. GOLD/BEAT-ING, n. The art or process of reducing gold to extremely thin leaves, by beating with a hammer. re. GOLD/BOUND, a. Encompassed with gold. Shak. GQLD €OAST, xn. In geography, the coast of Africa Where gold is found; being a part of the coast of Guinea. GOLD/-DUST, m. Gold in very fine particles. GOLD/EN, (gold’/n,) a. Made of gold; consisting of rold. e 2. Bright; shinin plendid ; as, the golden sun. Reclining soft on many a golden cloud. Rowe. 3. Yellow; of a gold color; as, a golden harvest ; golden fruit. 4, Excellent; most valuable ; as, the golden rule. Watts, 5. Happy; pure; as, the golden age, the fabulous age of primeval simplicity and purity of manners in rural employments. 6. Preéminently favorable or auspicious ; as, golden opinions. Shak, Hamilton, Golden number ; in chronology, a number showing the year of the moon’s cycle. Golden rule; in arithmetic, the rule of three, or rule of proportion. GOLD’ EN-€LUB, n, low flowers, GOLD’EN-€UPRS, n. culus. GOLD/EN-EYE, (gold’n-i,) x. A species of duck. GOLD/EN FLEECE, x. In mythology, the fleece of gold taken from the ram that bore Phryxus through the air to Colchis, and in quest of which Jason un- dertook the Argonautic expedition. Ed, Encyc. GOLD’/EN-LOOK-ING, a. Appearing like gold. GOLD/EN-LUNG’WORT, n. A plant of the genus Hieracium. GOLD'EN-LY, adv. Splendidly ; delightfully. [Not used. Shak, GOLD/EN-MAID/EN-HAIR, n. A plant of the genus c* = 53 5 Let not slip the golden opportunity. An aquatic plant, bearing yel- A plant of the genus Ranun- Polytrichum. FATE, FAR, FALL, \ “S10” VHAT.—MiETE, , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eTGON GOO GOO GOLD/EN-MOUSE/EAR, n. A plant of the genus Hieracium. genus Solidago. Partington. GOLD/EN-ROD/-TREE, n. A shrub of the Canary Isles, of the genus Bosea. Loudon. GOLD/EN-SAM/PHIRE, n. A p.ant, the Inula crith- mifolia. Ce. GOLD/EN-SAX/I-FRAGE, x. A plant, the Chrysos- plenium. G5LD/EN-THIS'TLE, (gold/n-this/l,) n. A plant of the genus Scolymus, bearing yellow flowers. GOLD!/EN-TRESS-ED, a. Having tresses like gold. GOLD/EN-WING-ED, a. Having wings like gold. GOLD/FINCH, n. [Sax. goldfinc. | The Fringilla carduelis, a beautiful singing-bird,.so named from the color of its wings. GOLD/-FIND-ER, n. One who finds gold; one who empties jakes. ‘ Swift. GOLD/-FISH, n. A fish of the genus Cyprinus, GOLD! EN-FISH, of the size of a pilchard, so named from its bright color. These fishes are bred by the Chinese, in small ponds, in basins or porcelain vessels, and kept for ornament. GOLD’/HAM-MER, zn. A kind of bird. Dict. GOLD/-HILT-ED, a. Having a golden hilt. GOLD/ING, x. cgod. In Russ. godnei, fit, suitable, seems to be the same word. The primary sense is strong, from extending, advancing, whence free, large, abundant, fit, and particularly, strong, firm, valid, (like valid, from valeo ; worth, virtue, from vireo ; Sax. duguth, virtue, from dugan, to be strong.) In the phrase a good deal, we observe the sense of ex- tending ; in the phrases a good title, a medicine good for a disease, we observe the sense of strong, eflica- ee cious. Ar. NES gauda, to be liberal or copious, to overflow, to be good, to become better or more firm. a See also J X= gada, to be useful, profitable, or con- venient. This word good has not the comparative and superlative degrees of comparison ; but instead of them, better and est, from another root, are used. Class Gd, No. 3, 8.] 1. Valid; legally firm; not weak or defective ; having strength adequate to its support; as, a good SArORE | GOLT’SHUT, n. A small ingot of gold; in Japan, of silver, serving for money. Smart. GOM,n. [Sax. gum; Goth. guma.] Aman. [0Obs.] GOM/AN,%. [Probably from good man.| A husband ; a master of a family. [ Obs. GOM-PHY’A-SIS, n. [Gr. youdos, a nail.] A disease of the teeth, when they loosen and fall out of their sockets. ; Brande. GOM-PHO'SIS, x. [Gr.] The immovable articula- tion of the teeth with the jaw-bone, like a nail ina board. GO-MU’TI, n. A fibrous substance, resembling horse- hair, obtained from a kind of palm-tree, (Borassus gomutus,) of the Indian islands, and used for making cordage. JW? Culloch. GON/'DO-LA, n. [It. id.; Fr. gondole ; Arm. gondo- lenn. | 1. A flat-bottomed pleasure-boat, very long and narrow, used at Venice, in Italy, on the canals. It is painted black, and has a small cabin furnished with black curtains. A gondola of middle size is about thirty feet long and four broad, terminating at each end in a sharp point or peak rising to the hight of a man, It is usually rowed by two men, called gondoliers, who propel the boat by pushing the oars. ‘Che gondola is also used in other parts of Ita- ly for a passage boat, Encyc. title ; a wood deed; a good claim. 2. Valid; sound; not weak, false, or fallacious ; as, a good argument. 3. Complete, or sufficiently perfect, in its kind; having the physical qualities best adapted to its de- sign and use; opposed to bad, imperfect, corrupted, impaired. We say, good timber, good cloth, a good soil, a good color. And God saw every thing that he had made, and behold, it was very good. —Gen. i. 4, Having moral qualities best adapted to its design and use, or the qualities which God’s law requires ; virtuous; pious; religious; applied to persons, and opposed to bad, vicious, wicked, evil. Yet perndyenture for a good man some would eyen dare to die. — Rom. v. 5. Conformable to the moral law; virtuous; ap- plied to actions. In all things showing thyself « pattern of good works. — Tit. ii. 6. Proper; fit; convenient ; seasonable ; well adapted to the end. It was a good time to com- mence operations. He arrived in good time. 7. Convenient ; useful; expedient ; conducive to happiness. It is not good thst the man should be alone. — Gen. ii. 8. Sound; perfect; uncorrupted ; undamaged. This fruit will keep good the whole year TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as ——— 9. Suitable to the taste or to health ; wholesome ; salubrious ; palatable; not disagreeable or noxious ; as, fruit good to eat; a tree good for food. Gen. ij. 10. Suited to produce a salutary effect; adapted to abate or cure; medicinal; salutary ; beneficial; as, fresh vegetables are good for scorbutic diseases 11. Suited to strengthen or assist the healthful functions ; as, a little wine is good for a weak stomach. 12. Pleasant to the taste; as, a good apple. My son, eat thou honey, because it is good, and the honey-comb, which is sweet to thy taste. — Prov. xxiv. 13. Full ; complete. The Protestant subjects of the abbey make up a good third of its people. Addison. 14. Useful; valuable; having qualities of a ten- dency to produce a good effect. All quality, that is good for any thing, is orginally founded on merit. Collier. 15. Equal; adequate; competent. His security is good for the amount of the debt; applied to persons able to fulfill contracts. Antonio is a good man. Shak. 16. Favorable; convenient for any purpose; as, a good stand for business ; a good station for a camp. 17. Convenient; suitable; safe; as, a good harbor for ships. 18. Well qualified ; able ; skillful; or performing duties with skill and fidelity; as, a good prince; a good commander ; a good officer; a good physician. 19. Ready ; dextrous. Those are generally good at flattering who are good for nothing else. youth. 20. Kind; benevolent; affectionate; as, a good father ; good will. 91, Kind ; affectionate ; faithful; as, a good friend. 22, Promotive of happiness; pleasant ; agreeable ; cheering ;_ gratifying. Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity. — Ps. cxxxiil. 23, Pleasant or prosperous 3 as, good morrow, Si good morning. 24. Honorable ; fair; unblemished ; unimpeached ; as, aman of good fame or report. A good name is better than precious ointment. — Eccles, vii. 95. Cheerful; favorable to happiness. Be of good comfort. 96. Great or considerable ; not small nor very great ; as, a good while ago; he is a good way off, or ata good distance ; he has a good deal of leisure ; IT hada good share of the trouble. Here we sce the primary sense of extending, advancing. 97. Elegant; polite; as, good breeding. 28. Real; serious ; not feigned. Love not in good earnest. Shak, 99. Kind; favorable ; benevolent; humane. The men were very good to us. —1 Sam. xxy. 30. Benevolent; merciful; gracious. Truly God is good to Israel, even to such as are of a clean heart. 3. Lxxili. 31. Seasonable ; commendable ; proper. Why trouble ye the woman, for she hath wrought a good work on me. — Matt. xxvi. 32, Pleasant; cheerful; festive. We come in a good day. —1 Sam. xxy. 33. Companionable ; social; merry. It is well known that Sir Roger had been a good fellow in his youth. Arbuthnot. 34. Brave ; in familiar language. You are a good fellow. 35. In the phrases, the good man, applied to the master of the house, and wood woman, applied to the mistress, good sometimes expresses a@ moderate degree of respect, and sometimes slight contempt. Among the first settlers of New England, it was used as a title instead of Mr.; as, Goodman Jones; Goodman Wells. 36. The phrase good will is equivalent to benevo- lence ; but it signifies also an earnest desire, a hearty wish, entire willingness or fervent zeal ; as, we en- tered into the service with a good will; he laid on stripes with a good will. 37. Comely ; handsome; well-formed; as, a good person or shape. 38, Mild; pleasant; expressing benignity or other estimable qualities ; as, a good countenance. 39, Mild; calm; not irritable or fractious; as, a good temper. 40. Kind; friendly ; humane ; as, a good heart or disposition. Good advice ; wise and prudent counsel. Good heed ; great care ; due caution. In good sooth ; in good truth ; in reality. [Obs.] To make good; to perform; to fulfill ; as, to make good one’s word or promise ; that is, to make it en- tire or unbroken. ; 9, To confirm or establish; to prove; to verify ; as, to make good a charge or accusation. 3, To supply deficiency ; to make up a defect or loss. I will make good what is wanting. SH; £H as in THIS. ol] ae Soe ay ee ai tae TS one ——* eae a Sree Sle PS "angeAno GO . oi O ages inder 5 Boy If nnify : 5 oy you s y; to gi S 0 sae uffe £1Vve & good a aan x loss, Iv son equi y To s treat ; to cz Vill a vale) ero stand go are EE it ot for dan icp 1] : 3 oC am- To thi sands £0 to be fir BAect nal to. aia GQQD/LY GOO fied Po ecaiih od. m or s, to mak vrace uu, ds Bei ; to thir od, tos valid ke|| I eful; as eing nk see or : Si 10uUSses ; aS,a 7 of ahi It y foun cee aon; is t is word 2. Pl ,a goodly pe handsc As ye think pedier o be pl or Pleas: person ; ye fe Ww s good t good, gi it. pleased ant ; good yin: | Ve say as; equi » give me or Sati 3 > agrees b Z ly ral , yeautif A oe y, one isa lally ; no my price IS- . Bulky able ; desi ment ; as ul ; i G ean good as S$ as £6 ; yette - — Zech. xi ; swelli irable 3 good ron ben Ganpeae ose eo a fee on ; the - COO DINEH cRUlei aan le; as, goo ae i G end Pra like th or : sed 5 Os ote Te. 3 Ene se -HEZ ect goodly di x00S at en > ae ; perf : juali : eb. X ame AD edly y days OSE’ JOO! eck move That yrming ng mn fi X1e as GOOD! > 7 y turgi Shale. . SE/-QU n,y +k of > pai hi g ; . JX . id _ Shak or : UI , yard ag ane pain which con to the ulfill se MAN Good gid. [O te or quill of is , &c £00s refit: ¢ , or to i contri e exte ment w someti AN ness: bs, Goos’ of i 5 (goos ; se, an ae tee to ae what comes meen A famil ; grace. [WV mane GOO ERY, goose ; oe eal ) d fitted on ae a wil ave 5 ap - lI ttle rs ( « ‘ I ., . r ~ a Je TT > Nn. 2 I n — t 4 leart good a ue gs Ose Denar: ane or re 2 ie et a ironically. appellati seas use.] | G ne TONGUE, place er made The lar Totten pe meat s see < C ro PIL ~ o = - one. i Jy. s - ep ze f oe G . “ . arge vite 4 sa are ma ee you Ie eee eee or Ee Pea S Dobson rustic a boy, if y lon of ivili OSE WINE ? (acon tinenre With it ge feather > ny a - ar. : Ws =i € . m you ility : a sal NG o . * 4 Welf y that s PPy m. It ¢ The BA of please y ail s 3, (g g,) n | or hz elfar : say, Who wil 7° t does 1€ eS famili compli ASE. ? te set on < , (goos!wi eA mis 1 Happiness.’ present 10. will Bhow us ae eoanin pO TOUIRE appel Pea eS Shak met appiiedit boom vs ing,)n. I plant of th fan "he goc rare e lz y; ad Ss any £ : ies YNE a fan on ellati S; old es ain-sa 2d to tl 1 the 7 ines e ge Le i} S ‘ood of the abored vance “ good? — icnl NESS lily. P 10n of good ail or fo c 1e clew lee-sid seamen? a ie anci ti whole 2d for tl -ement of Ps. iv al quali S, 2. 7, ea a hus oodman GO! ore-sai ws or] side of ns la a} g the go 2» communi 1e go of i . perfe alities Restate vil isbar Swift /PHE ail, wl owe a sbi neu eat | 3 good of e munity . s od of nteres ection : s whic > state . aM 1d: als ij le tw YR 1en tl or co ship; % ge { oo . Spiri each of tl in be the s est of a soi n: as ich c > of bei att. XXi 3 also, t Wos Sia Ab 1e mi mers 6 ; also > |i y | good Spiritual fergie, > State a soil. 7 S, the onstit eing goot IV. , the aaa pecies he Fr iddl s of a ship a || ' of s al adv embers c oted o : Ory i good ute vz g good ; juadru 3s of Di rencl Ex e part i sbip’s | be Aare souls antage S comp only by exc hem LoodnKness < alue : the the Mi peds fc Jipl gare 1 pop ] LILCYC. is fu Ss | - daarnes i ge or i Federalia: it. ae xcellence oral : ss of timber excellen phys- Missouri ound 1 stom War nan Mar. rled. | The good = ; not jest ane Aree Jay a eee re aalities oe iber en pe thee, ahOncal ie Nees is Sipe CGnuTan Sore es Sy : e fruit of al Vv } > goodne sightee 2 es oe aerate : es t TI Ee and all. never died 3 as, the 3 moe e ae Spirit Aft 3 nich constit OanESs Seat en ah arth, cae ee een Pare rei of pas} 1e au. ied afte Ji Ki , Zoodness is ne , gior > ute G ate ield : enes hi owl sal s c ev ¢ dent a clos phras er thi I Kind ess, fil ve, joy 1. 2 Christi 30'PHE san leh: ng vu juirrel Bay and se the se for his, till ueaaere? ness ecu istian {ER d garden They ip hillock T'} on Pehl bh whole good she ca ma more Ze S ;_ bene Gal. v. ace, long-suffi cons Bhs fardens. ey arev locks rey b | ir ee ore ole business all, sig TE tp Wietfor any generally, ee volence: | g-sufferin g: e cy SeeCeaal zt pes A i oy eks twelve or : nity iS: ¢ ss; [0 signifi strange > witl ; ‘ised, » acts of ‘e: beni &, gentle- XOP/ SS, pl 1e¢ A speci eck? schiev - OF ; y to ; acti or the ies, fi Be. 1 vrati d, of ki nieni s P/PIS pine ark. i cies ech? s ous j | the tions e last ti » finall 4, Ki gratit I shx kind enity GC ISH > OF x, in N s of Gaze sim De orale whic st time. y; 7 7 in this Leos vi o good. — P precepts In Col Kindness ; bundant i e of nx goodness t eme, ove Wie es el/lid [Not i not set ther he bes man rtue: ri Ps. xxxi pts. npassit ss; fav in rood ature : 0 G A pr er. {In W 5) a. Bic in use tled pS . 7 - Ss avo goodnes , . Yr. Ws Ee 2 en I will t fruits; rick ? ighteousne iv. Taihro ri an or See show less and ot mercy. ORCE ominent bell » for Bigetled: oe x oO give yo ? ~hness 7SSe oe ejoIce’ : 1V« * acts uth. — Ex f 9 Me NY oY. 5 es s mi Yi} ne GOC D, v.t 1 you the good aa? abt I find GOO Isracl. — ee all tt a aces of be Ex. xxxiv ws A pool Norm. F [ot ; z Swvellsdae 2 YD P~ To d of tt inda JY DS x. xvii 1e rood enev . sed. ot wi . r: % fin was ,e ; Sees, adv 9 mie 1¢ ne 5, 7 vill. fooanes ole G ate Ors SE. x- i Had se As anure land ( 9 Pp spl eas subi ence OR!-€C er to k Se] : 8 you n s guod ; 2, [Vor Gen, xl ut - rersoné Movyal ich Jeh« g wi OCK Keep fi uae es ot as roc oe well: in use.] ve ensils ee or m les ; hous 10vah had dc GGR_e a bi -n. Uh fish in: goods | ie TO nd go with with e E 3. War oa ovable sehold fi done to | GC -ERO vird of t € moo 5 4 wea i In Gas EO! goods, the G ith me ? au adv Tall. as by ares; me estate urnitur xORD, n OW, n ne gallir r-cock, red ar. [Wot ; tory eples xothic ‘ TA Tantage s00D/S mercl erchandi 2, as hor e. te, AY he heve 1aceol , red-gr { We5) Ls 5 good signi word. | mericz ge, | GOC SHIP. 7 lants i dise ; orses, Cc e 1 Ins > Carri 1s kind. ouse ) answer O ce voe Semin we d. Had cee OQD'Y IP,n, Fé and trad: commoditi , cattle OR!/DI-AN oD ae aaeaiee nd. Ed Eh red- GOO! of I Food, es I will ol ; right youn or sport a [Qu aVOr 5 saeae ities boug! } Gordiar fies Intri gaming Jones ‘ Q ry 02) ery we e WI 5 - iti ead as - good Sas Ce, gent lar Lan Kh . rics 8; as SO } JIOD!'-B valeo good. § e witl ; it is sati JOD'Y-S , goody - odwif [M it and rness of not ate ss sort of Ne ag REED ‘I to be s . Sow lyout S Satisfz lignite -SHIP dy Dot rife.] A Not in cate oss of G , in anti >», [See of dic Chon Antica ‘ING strong e€ use 7 Lo-M0 ac-| GO idicrous.] me 0 a low L use. | e that sordius iquity, a | the Sees ) ucatl x £- se well, fi TrOWwW OG! US. | The s 3 ter : ed there is. a ki ya k BP next Smart } Gc D’-BY! ation : 5 Me Poli ; fr es ean ING ee e stat m of ci a. AY re we ? kur not j L wo . i JOD ° - f: 3; a . olite om t ; iro NGS ate Ss MY civili this 1 orac as nofi ig of P in t rd.] ; JOD-€ ; fare polit ma he n be ; 2. pl or quali wift ility is k acle o findi Phrysi he le: hav JON-L well. S e edt anners ha ited pl. I quality of Guy feari not shou deck iding ygia eath ing g TI - see B icatio A= for ng the on tl Nn Sséa y of x ay. ‘ aring should ared 2 wher a ee So ve er or g good ON-E By n. med b e rudd 1e ste amen s a £00 ill < o that hi AC be that 1 e€ it be ery intri GOO qualiti 2D : y|GO er; ern-pos s lang Hudil ody. augury is inabil maste 1e wi egan ¢ vg JU D-DA ieS Or fa a. Bel OM ; now post of ouar ibras, moder y, cl : ability ster of 10 sl or eI —-DAY av ing i WA, 7 wrl as ge, Cli Ss odern l it it as yt yf Asikx shoul end- meeti ANE LV OF gin (Ni ane Sz tten G ship, v amps diffi an asl o untie j sla. d unti | GOODE or’ nN. OY inter7 able sym i good st at ae Sax. gum ie Gunanes a Heecon of aie . guage, meee ae it sh Alexa VS Wee | Aas terj, A ptoins. ate ; posed s arene Got! ne ae to difficult and to ¢ Conds) his sw ould pr nder li GO [ This #5 LOW B35 fasawe term S} composition, a3 f married 1. guma Mar Go ty by SOTA the ra on S ord. H ove an | 00D/-FEL/LOF te 5 A we of Ste OOr ae as Hore pur, or who a man ] : Dict. One n ea or an Fordian ie an Sees in Pe ILG\ o be yon ¢ ation < O-I om rid pose is atte Tondtey [sc sual knot, is xtrica | GOOD sot LOW admitt ompz = at 200/ - e700 se of mx attendi ood, ¢ pax meas 5, 1S to able NS D/ - [ Lit a Val 1 ‘ted as anion > 7 Busts I narrie ding hi ] , and re AE se ures rem 7a GOO -FE tle used.) To SiGe : GOOSs - Aspi t has age; use his . Bl Bde gor En ° ove IOD-F SL/LO\ sed. make ompor IOS! spirit as bee 2; used j blo 3lood ; ; Gr. tx e, Mm cyc. bs TRTID A Tory a boc ind S'AN ual gui en d in mAlehatia Katie iXwp; id: W Lemori | vior’ RI/DA V-SH oon ¢ word. ger N-DER guid corr 9 lat < ce o; fr 5 VV nprre GOO 3 sufferii Y Pin compani -] TS MMereG n guide amc ipted | GO 2. Di after eff eneérally om issui. gor ; Te IOD-HO eee TAN fa: Mer panio mer< Grek’ A 10n g ORE tx 1 effusi y, thi ssuing 3 Inc < gS d at ITY : n:|G rT Tans gus, tl mi g the Hi y ; mud sion | Lick g.] ear | mui U/ MOE ; kept ast. ir y socie , SOOSE Ser. » the dt igrat lind 9 The [Ss . [U. Decor orc ’ | GO id. . 2 on tl ae 1 me ely. SE in di = ory Wz Vi, doos A Scot NUs nes i : _clotte OD np Olas Ak 1e Fri ePmory Da » (goos iver or } vater-fi Male St se A we - fore ual. | nspiss ed blo Coc 9-HG! A chee rida y of I. vaas S,) nm; or plung r-fow om. wed j edge-shi 2, OF . ssated ood: 2OD-HO'NOR RD etal ta rasta Sa: gaas; Arm. pl. GEE eae er 2 Bi a the lean sia oe tee Ice. rei Bp Milton j aE ) | MOR uw, @ er peek . goas SE. ~ valled ¢ 9 garment ria o. LET sy < sie . GOC in: -ED . Bei ors Kk. £oas ; Ww [s also 9 Asli tc : nguls =a) Tn YD! a che in aT: eing state ced) 3; W wax, ¢ Asli » tO wid war . - reer i| GOC LI-E eerful x ad gofac of ean, O « Jwyz gos; S 3. 1 p or tri en it 1 piece r.] xOQOD/ aR wa a dv. V a chee » OF gea U yz3 KR 7 SW ° It n her riang tin: of c Goé LLE t,a. I y- Nitl erful te ae geadh; Pe - Ness ian fas ; consis aldriy. < gular pi any par cloth 300D-M nae a lore exc 1 a cheer temper gars, but ? Pers. ° Ls £us ; I , angle SISts of Y, an ab; piece of ] ee culiteness. pene zeetents >rful ke reader jud wheth Jy kan, TH Ir. GORE. in the RSS pada! Jang: Wiaucer OD ss; deco 1S n good or e a spondi are. = er tl a 1e o ,v.t ; ddle ines enoti C , . -MO corun ? - pl = r exce nding ge. Ty) le si C ger. S . rw of t es sting lowwel rium - excelle the a Arabi ie C same - a = See : he fi , meeti fod . G good-n R/ROW : Propriety lent. he sal Arabic ra Ch. 1) ne wort and D. i 57, &c ee Heb gyrit, t € fess eeting 1 a cowa 00D 1orning 7. 0 : y of be Celtic ne wo and §& N or rd or 1S 2 c.] SR 3 LO thr point g in an < rd. of NATUR Y inter} ehavior: 1 © manr rd, the » yriac w NDR. a not, let l. Tos . Glass ist ; Gi . E acute Peo nsPositic {RE, n. N j- A term 3 po- nite A Lene rs] Europe x ords send hee the instrume tab ; to pi ss Gr, No. xt ae Pee ON » ING 3 of sé thie dd -K ane ren ay sorre= 9” ont, as yierc NO. « oro, aus GOO. Ba PUR-ED Natural mild f salutation panes saree aquati : Dene E eae he 2. To eres < sehr: ; to pen B05 °36 age OD! sily pra ae Ness ; and on gras stic_ goose ic fow gg in ze e witl aye enetrate wi a9 A —NA! ovoke san NG and kj the ass. TT goose li v1, of 1 the If : 1 the : witl per NA’/TU ed. atur: ind tory quills he sof weanani the g AN Ox > poin 2a poi GOOr JR-ED ally mi ness y« s for p soft feat! chiefly genus Se ek gore t of pointed ¥ D_-NT ED-LY mild i A r pens eathe fly ¢ s Ans oy oO Cl x a mar a ho Dri ( % —NIG ad in ore nse Sf ers: m Ie iser gore it in 1 or ¢ orn. yde n parti SHT! » adv. Wi temr old green go The are US ang. ¢ > GC RUE a tri a wom . GO ing fc y 2s : NV ith d per ; : . fO0sSe i wild ised fi 2 and J 21 BED riansul: 12n.—E . OD/-NO| the ni OF inters mildnes 3 Oo) Atta , in cookery, i goose i p} beds instr , Pp. 0 gular fo 3x, xxi. prise NOW ight. eT je Af ss of t dle tailor’s yf, 1S 0 1S mij 2) a ument : wa: St rm 5 to Di 9 ° ~ Ane orm em- a whicl or’s smoothi ne und gra- G a gore Cut d Stabbed piece : 9 Ane excl of sé 3, ASI 1 rese othing-i der f SORGE. in the ed ; pi wi . PRG Buea amation alutation GOOSE silly ¢ eTAHISS MECH t our montl ae BE, (gorj 1€ form pierced wi wae JD-SENS jamati j SE/BEE rez f 1e - SO Ci iths Torje gor}, ) of ¢ rith < OD! SENSE ition of w in bee BER-R ature neck alled s ja, the J,) 7. a x na i ’ JOD'-SP ISE, 2. S of e onde ere, f BRIG (B06 of from i to ws e throz (Fr gore ; pl pointe : Io s1 SPEED. n So ntrea r or eros: rom ik , (goosé a goos n its arble : oat, < - fore 3 piece ed GOO SUCCESS ,1. G und ji aty. [No D sur-|. T ss 5 I traus, »s/ber- sD OSEs s han- leone Glin and ge; It ‘ed wit GOODIWTEN, n ood Hiudginent. ‘ot used 1 Shai ale ile erossula cusp ; ny) n. [I Rich oD by at § Ge Bune sored, 5, - Bora, : h ZY WI mn SrEED ess: . s hale prossbe ish w ’ I: a | kruist n Ge: . ict 9 ch food 5 the ence « 1irlpo Torgia ; q Oe Taher The ‘] 3 an old = fror TTY, £ ord is srioys, fr shes, fr r. krdus 2. A narr d passe gullet ; gargle; ol; go Re facili n law ,7 Be mistres form 4 G n the grossbe s undou rom rh rom kj usel- 3, Ina row px eS LOY) RY the can L. wur rzear, | panes Sy ne _ Benevolence Ghats of wish- Ross.) Pon eHneeete or fOUPLEQY Mnoys, ae a CAVE! architecture a re Per cena: OF unwes:) 7 Coneee : rade ~apill e, mily ne tani ss of the rseberr orru Xuriant aay 0, whie €, 2CO veen } l. le ne JOD mond sal or b Of ar y. Bi bes ruit ie shrul TY, pted from » In for yhich se oncav ills ck 4 ~ Sale usine 1 establi Lrton S fross of as irub > a Né ror other Sortificati see. ave I Ss orm 4 plied OMA . ness stablisl} . Of = ssulari a shri s. OD/LY as was full y-] Be ] Chauc E/EAP and com o the Th : ill the uthfuls 740 swal- , adv of harm auty of fe Goo » (goos! pounded pound n ce. GORGE ne giant gor throat S or quan - xe 1ony to hi orm: , SE/F s/ka (foulé nade GO 30) Se gorged wi or st = — ellent] o his eye > diur FOOT P;) Ts A si oulés) of ORG!E Aka ls with flest omach: ye _ Si GOO a JOT, (goos! RB silly Gold “ with GORG! oD, (gor o feed as 3; to sa Fa dney SE/G s/foot eaum person smith 5 ED gorjd,) . a- ATE, FA Spens ae anes ne A = § El. ; : t} 2. In h os Hevine Swal Addiso , FAR Ser. genera ium. » (goos! gr: plant, tk Johnso G 1e nec eraldyr ingage allowed n. » FAL GOOS a Pot Als¢ OS' Tass , the Cl SON. OR/G ck. y, beari gorge 3 gli Milt 5L: ALL, W. SE/N entilla. 0, the S,) n 1eno vGEOUS aring a > or thro: itted on. * HAT NECK aand A name of A pla po- glitteri S, (gor!j Crow} oat. . . eG > (go ap Aspe of cer at nt of ng wi gor'jus 1 or tk Shak ETE goos'ne rug tai tI rs ith S, 1e li ak. BK, PRE 1ek ) f £0. n plant 1e ge- With go gay col a Sh like ab EY : te s of Ag i rgeo - JLOTS: OW : ry abdou — PINE In a ship the | GOR/ Seo EONS; tt : Y>3 fine: ene: t > M > a pl GEOUS 2. — In 1@ mark ; splendi AR e s 9U ike 8 id: IN ce splendi JS- e xxiii of E, B oF endidly ; LY naire Of porate ? ? IRD.— No rayed VY 3 fine! adv. Wi on sway. D NOTE ys The i ith sh ryden, , DOV prit owy E nce V magni ~ , MOVE vas o ificen n, WO gorgeousl: ces; LF sly ar : ? BOOK =GOS GOR’/GEOUS-NESS, z. Show of dress or ornament ; splendor of raiment. GOR/GET, (gor‘jet,) x. [Fr. gorgette, from gorge.] 1. A piece of armor for defending the throat or neck ; a kind of breastplate like a halfmoen. Encyc. Chalmers. 2. A pendent metallic ornament, worn by officers when on duty. [Eng. Campbells Mil. Dict. 3. Formerly, a ruff worn by females. 4. In surgery, gorget, or gorgerct, is a cutting in- strument used in lithotomy; also, a concave or can- nulated conductor, called a blunt gorget. : Cyc. Encyc. COR GING EEE: Swallowing ; eating greedily ; glut- ing. GOR/GON, x. [Gr.] A fabled monster, of terrific as- pect, the sight of whicb turned the beholder to stone. The poets represent the Gorgons as three sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa ; but authors are not agreed in the description of them. 2. Any thing very ugly or horrid. Milton. GOR'GON, a. Like a gorgon; very ugly or terrific ; as, a gorgon face. ryden. GOR-GO/NE-AN, ] a. Like a gorgon ; pertaining to GOR-GO'NI-AN, } gorgons. Milton. GOR-GO-NE'LA,n. pl. In architectural sculpture, masks carved in imitation of the gorgon’s or Medusa’s head ; used as Key-stones. Elmes. GOR-GO'NLA, xn. A family of flexible coral-zoophytes, growing in the form of shrubs, twigs, and reticulate fronds. ‘The branches consist of a horny axis, sur- rounded by a semi-calcareous crust. The polyps, ag- gregated together, constitute the crust, and by secre- tions from their bases, which are directed inward, they form the axis. The species are often bright-col- ored, and among thei is the sea-fan of the West In- dies. Dana. GOR/-HEN, x. GORING, ppr. The female of the gor-cock. [from gore.] Stabbing ; piercing. GOR/ING, n. A pricking; puncture. Dryden. GOR'MAND, )n. [Fr. gourmand, from W. gor- GOR'MAND-ER, § mant, plenitude, exuberance ; gor, extreme ; gormoz, excess. ] A greedy or ravenous eater ; a glutton. GOR/MAND, a. Gluttonous ; voracious. GOR’/MAND-ISM, n. Gluttonry. GOR!/MAND-IZE, v. i. To eat greedily; to swallow yoraciously. Shak. GOR’MAND-IZ-ER, n. A greedy, voracious eater. Cleaveland. GOR/MAND-1IZ-ING, ppr. ora. Eating greedily and vcraciously. GOR!’MAND-1IZ-ING, 7. ereedily and voraciously. GORSE, } (gors,) n. [Sax. gorst. Qu. coarse, L. cras- GORSS, \ °° 2 sus, or G. kratzen, to scratch. ] Furze, or whin, a thick, prickly shrub, of the genus Ulex, bearing yellow flowers in winter. Johnson. GOR'Y, a. [from gore.) Covered with congealed or The act or habit of eating clotted blood ; as, gory locks. Shak. 2. Bloody ; murderous. Shak. GOS/HAWK, n. [Sax. goshafoc, goosehawk. ] A voracious bird of the hawk kind, larger than the common buzzard, but of a more slender shape. The general color of the plumage is a deep brown; the breast and belly white. Dict. Nat. Hist. GOS'/LING, n. [Sax. gos, goose, and ling] 1. A young goose; a goose not full grown. 2. A catkin on nut-trees and pines. Bailey. Johnson. GOS/PEL, n. [Sax. godspell; god, good, and spell, his- tory, relation, narration, word, speech, that which is uttered, announced, sent, or communicated ; answer- ing to the Gr. evayyeAwwy, L. evangelium, a good or joyful message. ] 1. A revelation of the grace of God to fallen man through a mediator, including the whole scheme of salvation, as revealed by Christ and his apostles. This gospel is said to have been preached to Abra- ham by the promise, “In thee shall all nations be blessed.”?. Gal. ill. 8. [t is called the gospel of God. Rom. i. 1. It is called the gospel of Christ. Rom. i. 16. It is called the gospel of salvation. Eph. i. 13. 9. A history or narrative of the birth, life, actions, death, resurrection, ascension, and doctrines, of Je- sus Christ ; as, the gospel according to the evangelist Matthew. 3. Divinity ; theology. Milton. 4. Any general doctrine. Burke. GOS/PEL, a. Accordant with the gospel; as, gospel righteousness. Varburton. GOS/PEL, v. t. To instruct in the gospel; or to fill with sentiments of rfigion. Shak GOS/PEL-ED, pp. Evangelized ; instructed in the gospel, . Wiclif, the first Englishman who attempted a refor- mation of religion. [JVot much used.] Rowe. 9, He who reads the gospel at the altar. GOS’/PEL-GOS/SIP, n. One who is over-zealous, in running about among his neighbors to lecture on re- ligious subjects. dison. GOS’PEL-IZE, v. t. grospelize the savages. [ Obs.] Boyle. GOSS, 2. A kind of low furze or gorse. Shak. GOS/SA-MER, n. GOS/SA-MER-Y, a. GOS’SIB, ». i. GOS/SIP-ING, ppr. or a. GOS/SIP-ING, n. GOS/SIP-LIKE, a. GOS/SIP-RED, 7. GOT, pret. of Get. I GOS/PEL-ER, 7. An evangelist; also, a follower of GOU To form according to the gospel. bs. be : Milton. 2. l’o instruct in the gospel; to evangelize ; as, to {L. gossipium, cotton.] A fine, filmy substance, like cobwebs, floating in the air, in calin, clear weather, especially in autumn. It is seen in stubble-fields, and on furze or low bush- es, and is probably formed by a species of spider. stantial. o Pursuits of Literature. GOS/SIP,n. [Sax. godsibb; god, good, and sib, or sibb, |G peace, adoption, and relation; a Saxon name of a|G sponsor at baptism. ] _i. A-sponsor ; one who answers for a child in bap- | G tism. [ Obs.) Shak. Davies. G 2. A tippling companion. G And sometimes lurk I in a gossip’s bowl. Shak, 3. One who runs from house to house, tattling and To prate; to chat; to talk much. Shak. 2. To be a pot-companion. Shak. 3. Torun about and tattle; to tell idle tales. Prating ; chatting ; running from place to place and tattling ; containing gossip. A prating ; a running about to col- lect tales and tattle. < Resembling a gossip. Compaternity ; spiritual affinity, for which a juror might be challenged. [Vot used. ] GOS-SOON’, n. [Fr. gargon, corrupted.] [Davies. A boy; aservant. [JVot ir use.] GOS/TING, n. An herb. Ainsworth. The old preterit Gat, (pronounced got,) is nearly obsolete. GOT and GOT’TEN, pp. of Ger. GOTE, 2. A water passage; achannel for water. Grose. GOTH, zx. One of an ancient and distinguished tribe or nation which inhabited Scandinavia, now Sweden and Norway, whose language is now retained in those countries, and a large portion of it is found in English. 2, One rude or uncivilized ; a barbarian. Addison. 3. A rude, ignorant person. Chesterfield. GO'/THAM-IST, ». A wiseacre ; a person deficient in wisdom ; so called from Gotham, in Nottinghamshire, noted for some pleasant blunders. Bp. Morton. GO/THAM-ITE, x. A term sportively applied to the inhabitants of New York. GOTH/I€,a. Pertaining to the Goths; as, Gothic cus- toms; Gothic barbarity. 2. Denoting a style of architecture with high and sharply-pointed arches, clustered columns, &c. 3. Rude; ancient. 4. Barbarous. GOTH/I€, x. The language of the Goths. GOTH/L-CISM, x. Rudeness of manners ; barbarous- 2. A Gothic idiom. ness. 3. Conformity to the Gothic style of building. GOTH/I-CIZE, v. t. To make Gothic; to bring back to barbarism. Strutt. GOTH/I-CIZ-ED, pp. Made Gothic; brought back to barbarism. GO TO, (gd too.) A phrase of exhortation; come ; GOUD, x. Woad. [Vot used.] [come on. GOUGE, (gowj; in most English autlorities, £00) 3) nN. (Fr. gouge; Arm. gouich.] A semicircular chisel, used to cut holes, channels, or grooves, in wood or stone. Moxon. GOUGE, (gowj,) v. t. To scoop out with a gouge. 2. To force out the eye of a person with the thumb or finger ; a barbarous practice. America. GOUG'ED, pp. Scooped out, as with a gouge. GOUG/ING, n. The act of scooping out with a gouge, or forcing out the eye with the thumb and finger. See GouGE. GOU/SEERS, x. The venereal disease. Shak. GOU’/LAND, n._ A plant or flower. B. Jonson. GOU-LARD’S! EX’TRA€T, x. [So called from the inventor.] A saturated solution of the trisacetate of lead, used asa remedy for inflammation. Ure. GOURD, x. [Fr. courge; D. kauwoerde. Qu. the root of cherkin.] A plant and its fruit, of the genus Legenaria. The shell is sometimes used for a piggin or for a bottle. GOURD'I-NESS, x. A swelling on a horse’s leg after a journey. Far. Dict. GOURD'TREE, n. A tree, the Crescentia, or Cala- bash, found in the West Indies. Fam. of Plants. GOURD/Y, a. Swelled in the legs. GOUR'MAND, (goor'mand,) n. [Fr.] A greedy or ravenous eater; a glutton. [See GonrMAND. | GOUR'NET, n. A fish. See Gurnet. GOU'L, n. [Fr. goutte, a drop, the gout, the disease being considered as a defluxion ; It. gotta; Sp. gota; OF. Ir. guta; L. gutta. Qu. Berse, Gas so) kot, hot, in- Like gossamer ; flimsy ; unsub- | GOUT, (goo,) x. telling news; an idle tattler. Dryden, Blackmore [ hts ts the sense in which the word is now used. | 3. Swelled: bogey: as, gouty land. [Wot Sn use-] 4. A friend or neighbor. [ Obs.] GOVE,n. A mow. [Local See [ Spenser. 5. Mere tattle ; idle talk. GOV/ERN, (guv/ern,) vt. [Fr. gouverner; Sp. gober- GOVERN, v. 7. GOV a 1. In medicine, a chronic disease, occurring by par- oxysms ; the paroxysms exacerbating and remitting. It consists essentially in a perfectly specific and pe- culiar topical inflammation, having its regular seat in the largest joint of the great toe; and an equally specific and peculiar constitutional febrile affection, The irregular forms of this disease are too numerous and too various for specification in this place. Tully. 2. A clot or coagulation ; as, ‘‘on the blade of the dudgeon gouts of blood.” [Not used.] Shak. [I'r., from L. ustus, taste. ] Taste ; relish. OUT’T-LY, adv. OUT’I-NESS, 7. gout ; gouty affections. OUT!’-SWELL-ED, a. Swelled with the gout. OUT/WORT, n. A plant, the ASgopodium. > OUT’Y, a. Diseased with the gout, or subject to the gout ; as, a gouty person ; a gouty joint ; a gouty con- siitution. 2. Pertaining to the gout; as, gouty matter. In a gouty manner. The state of being subject to the ) nar; It. governare; L. guberno. The L. guberno seems to be a compound. } 1. To direct and control, as the a tions or con- duct of men, either by established laws »r by arbitra- ry will; to regulate by authority ; to kee, within the limits prescribed by law or sovereign will. Thus, in free states, men are governed by the constit: 'tion and laws ; in despotic states, men are governea by the edicts or commands of a monarch. Every man should govern well bis own family. 2. T'o regulate ; to influence ; to direct. This Is the chief point by which he is to govern all his cvun- sels and actions. _3. To control ; to restrain ; to keep in due subjec- tion ; as, to govern the passions or temper. 4. To direct; to steer; to regulate the course or motion of aship. The helm or the helmsman gov- erns the ship. 5. In grammar, to require to be in a particular case ; as, a verb transitive governs a word in the accusative case; or to require a particular case ; as, a verb woverns the accusative case. To exercise authority ; to administer the laws. The chief magistrate should govern with impartiality. 2. To maintain the superiority ; to have the con- trol. Dryden. GOV/ERN-A-BLE, (guv/ern-a-bl,) a. That may be governed, or subjected to authority ; controllable ; manageable ; obedient ; submissive to law or rule. Locke. GOV’ERN-ANCE, zn. Government; exercise of au- thority ; direction ; control; management, either of a public officer or of a private guardian or tutor. Maccabees. Shak. GOV/ERN-ANTE, nx. [Fr. gowvernante.] A lady who has the care and management of young females ; a governess. GOV’/ERN-ED, pp. Directed; regulated by authority ; controlled ; managed ; influenced ; restrained. GOV’/ERN-ESS, x. A female invested with authority to control and direct ; a tutoress ; an instructress; a woman who has the care of instructing and directing young ladies. GOV/ERN-ING, ppr. lating by laws or edicts ; restraining. 9, a. Holding the superiority; prevalent; as, a governing Wind; a governing party in a state. Federalist, Jay. 3, Directing ; controlling; as, a governing mutive. GOV'ERN-MENT, zn. Direction ; regulation. These precepts will serve for the government of our conduct. 2. Control; restraint. Men are apt to neglect the government of their temper and passions. 8 The exercise of authority ; direction and re- straint exercised over the actions of men in commu- nities, societies, or states ; the administration of pub- lic affairs, according to established constitution, laws, and usages, or by arbitrary edicts. Prussia rose to importance under the government of Frederic IL. 4. The exercise of authority by a parent or house- hold. Children are often ruined by a neglect of government in parents. Directing ; controlling; regu- managing ; influencing ; Let family government be like that of our heavenly Father, mild, gentle, and affectionate. Kollock, 5. The system of polity in a state; that form, of fundamental rules and principles by which a nation or state is governed, or by which individual mem- bers of a body politic are to regulate their social Be tions ; a constitution, either written or unwritten, by 2 . “4: ~~ which the rights and duties of citizens and public ¢ ; as, amonarchical officers are prescribed and defined government, OF a republican government. i ; : tural authority of Thirteen governments, thus founded on the natur the ane alone, without the pretense of miracle or mys- +; rained in favor of the rights of mun tery, are a great point gained in Is kind, 5. Adams. GOS/PEL-ING, ppr- Instructing in the gospel. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — firm in the feet.] ANGER, VI//CLOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 65 613 aoe “eee ee a ee lla Ne * Bs _ een nal ov Sg Weed —— es grsgmae sh“ES GRA 6. An empire, kingdom, or state ; any territory over which the right of sovereignty is extended. 7. The right of governing or administering the laws. The king on euglend yeted the government > i e lord lieutenant. Ce che aaeens or council which administer the laws of a kingdom or state ; executive power. 9. Manageableness ; compliance ; obsequiousness. Shak. 10. Regularity of behavior. [JVotin use.] Shak. | 11. Management of the limbs or body. [Jot in use. | : Spenser. 12. In grammar, the influence of a word in regard to construction, as when established usage requires that one word should cause another to be in a partic- ular case or mode. i GOV-ERN-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to government; made by government. Hamilton. GOV’/ERN-OR, (guv/ern-ur,) n. He that governs, ruJes, or directs; one invested with supreme au- thority. The Creator is the rightful governor of all his creatures. 2. One who is invested with supreme authority to administer or enforce the laws; the Supreme execu- tive magistrate of a state, community, corporation, or post. Thus, in America, each state has its gov- ernor. Canada has its governor. 3. A tutor; one who has the care of a young man; one who instructs him and forms his manners. 4, A pilot; one who steers a ship. James iil. 5. One possessing delegated authority. Joseph was governor over the land of Egypt. Obadiah was gov- ernor over Ahab’s house. Damascus had a governor under Aretas the king. 6. In mechanics, a pair of heavy balls connected with machinery, designed to equalize speed. GOV/ERN-OR-SHIP, n. The office of a governor. GOW/AN, x. 4. A division of any space into small regular inter- vals ; as, the graduation of a barometer or thermom- 5, The process of bringing a liquid to a certain con- An instrument for dividing any GRA/DUS, x. [L.] A dictionary of prosody. GRAFF,x. [See Grave.] -A ditch or moat. GRAFF, for Grart. [Obds.] [ Clarendon. GRAEF’FER, n. In law, a notary or scrivener. Bouvier. GRAFT, nz. Fr. greffe; Arm. id.; Ir. grafchur; D. crifel; from the root of grave, engrave, Gr. ypadw, . scribo, the sense of which is to scrape or to dig. In Scot. graif signifies to bury, to inter. ‘The sense of graft \s that which is inserted. See Grave.] A small shoot or cion of a tree inserted in another tree, as the stock which is to support and nourish it. These unite and become one tree, but the graft de- termines the kind of fruit. GRAFT, v.t. [Fr. greffer.] 1. To insert a cion or shoot, or a small cutting of it, into another tree. Dryden. 2. To propagate by insertion or inoculation. Dryden. 3. To insert in a body to which it did not originally belong. Rom. xi. 17. 4, To impregnate with a foreign branch. Shak. 5. To join one thing to another so as to receive support from it. And graft my love immortal on thy fame. GRAFT, v. i. To practice the insertion of foreign cions on a stock, GRAFT’ED, pp. ora. Inserted on a foreign stock. GRAFT’ER, n. One who inserts cions on foreign stocks, or propagates fruit by ingrafting. GRAFT’ING, ppr. Inserting cions on different stocks. Note. — The true original orthography of this word is Grarr ; but Grart has superseded the original word, as it has in the compound [NnGRraFt. GRAFIVING, n. The act of inserting grafts or cions. GRAIL, n [L. graduale.] A book of offices in the Roman Catholic church; a Wartone vax } Pope. GRAIN, wv. t. wood. 2. To form into grains, as powder. To paint in imitation of the grain of GRAIN/ED, a. Rough; made less smooth. _ Shak. 2, Dyed in grain ; ingrained. Brown. GRAIN’ED, (grand,) pp. or a. Painted in imitation of the grain or fibers of wood; formed into grains ; roughened. GRAIN/ER, n. Alixivium obtained by infusing pigeon’s dung in water, used by tamners to give flexibility to skins. re. 2. One who paints in imitation of the grain of wood. GRAIN‘ING, n. Indentation. Leake. 2. A fish of the dace kind. Dict. Nat. Hist. GRAIN/ING, ppr. Painting in imitation of the grain of wood ; forming into grains. GRAIN/ING, zn. A kind of painting in imitation of the grain or fibers of wood. GRAIN’-MOTH, zn. An insect whose larves, or grubs, devour grain in the storehouse. GRAINS, xn. pl. The husks or remains of malt after brewing, or of any grain after distillation. Grains of paradise; a very pungent Indian spice, the seeds of a species of Amomum. GRAIN/-STAFF, n. A quarter-staff. GRAIN/Y, a. Full of graims or corn ; full of Kernels. Johnson. GRAITH, »v. t. To prepare. [See GreitH and Reapy.] GRAL‘L4S, n. pl. [L.] Wading-birds. [See Grat- LIC. | GRAL’LA-TO-RY, GRAL-LA-TO’/RLAL, A term denoting birds which are waders, having Jong, naked legs. GRAL/LI€, a. [L. gralle, stilts, crutches, Stilted ; an epithet given to an order of birds hay- a. [L. grallatorius.] gradual. GRAIL, x. [Fr gréle, hail.) Small particles of any kind. Spenser. GRAIN, n [Fr..grain; L. granum; Sp. and It. gra- no; G. gran; .D. graan; Ir. gran, corn; W. graun, graen, gronyn, a little pebble or gravel-stone, Ir. grean, Arm. gruan, which seems to be the Eng. cround ; Russ. gran, grain, and a corner, a boundary. n, Scot. grain is the branch of a tree, the stem or stalk of a plant, the branch of a river, the prong of a fork. In Sw. gryn is grain; grann, fine; gren, a branch ; and grans, boundary. Dan. gran, a grain, a pine-tree; grand, a grain, an atom ; green, a branch, a sprig; grendse, a boundary; G. gran, D. graan, grain; G. grdnze, D. grens, a border. } 1. Any small, hard mass; as, a grain of sand or gravel. Hence, 9. A single seed or hard seed of a plant, particu- larly of those kinds whose seeds are used for food of man or beast. This is usually inclosed in a proper shell, or covered with a husk, and contains the em- bryo of a new plant, Hence, 3. Grain, without a definitive, signifies corn in general, or the fruit of certain plants which consti- tutes the chief food of man and beast, as wheat, rye, barley, oats, and maize. 4. A minute particle. 5. A small weight, or the smallest weight ordina- rily used, being the twentieth part of a scruple, in apothecaries’ weight, and the twenty-fourth of a pen- nyweight troy. 6. A component part of stones and metals. 7, The veins or fibers of wood, or other fibrous substance ; the direction of the fibers ; whence, cross- grained, and against the grain, used figuratively to denote, against the natural temper or feelings. [See No. 13.] 8. The body or substance of wood as modified by the fibers. Hard box, and linden of a softer grain. Dryden. skin of animals. constituent particles ; as, stones of a fine oT ath. Woodward. The tooth of a sea-horse contains a curdled grain. Brown. sense. Neglect not to make use of any grain of grace. Hammond, 12. Dye or tincture. Allin a robe of darkest grain. Milton. in grain. Haipoard, fine grain. 15. A tine, prong, or spike. Ray, above or below just weight. Watts. wool or silk before it is manufactured. GRAIN, v.i. To yield fruit. [ Obs.) Gower. Journ. of Science. TONE, BULL, UNITE,—AN/GER, VI//CLOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; GRALN or GRANE, for Groan. [JVot in use.] Pees ae 9, A rough or fibrous texture on the outside of the 10. The body or substance of a thing, considered with respect to the size, form, or direction, of the 11. Any thing proverbially small; a very small particle or portion ; as, a grain of wit or of common 13. The heart or temper; as, brothers not united 14. The form of the surface of any thing, with re- spect to smoothness or roughness ; state of the grit of any body composed of grains; as, sandstone of a A grain of allowance; a small allowance or indul- gence; a small portion to be remitted ; something To dye in grain, is to dye in the raw material, as ing long legs, naked above the knees, which fit them for wading in water. GRAM, a. [Sax. gram; Sw. gram, angry ; Dan. gram, envious, grudging. ] Angry. [Obds. GRAM, )n. [Fr. gramme, from Gr. ypappa, whence GRAMME, ypappapctov, the twenty-fourth part of an ounce. | In the new system of French weights, the unity of weights. It is the weight of a quantity of distilled water equal to a cubic centimetre, or 18 grains French, or du poids de marc, equal to 15.434 841 TO000 : Lunier. grains troy, or ooo dram avoirdupois. [It would be desirable to have this word GRAM angli- cized. GRAM/A-RYE, n. The art of necromancy. Walter Scott. GRA-MER/CY, [for Fr. grand-merci, great thanks.] An interjection formerly used to express thanktful- ness, with surprise. Spenser. GRA-MIN/E-AL, ja. [L. gramineus, from gramen, GRA-MIN‘B-OUS, § grass.] Grassy ; like or pertaining to grass. Gramineous plants are those which have simple leaves, a jointed stem, a husky calyx, termed glume, and a single seed. This description, however, includes several sorts of corn, as well as grass. Milne. GRAM-IN-I-FO/LL-OUS, a. Bearing leaves like grass. GRAM-IN-IV/O-ROUS, a. [L. gramen, grass, and voro, to eat. | Feeding or subsisting on grass. The ox and all the bovine genus of quadrupeds are gramunivorous animals; so also the horse or equine genus. GRAMMAR, 2. [Fr. grammaire; L. grammatica ; Gr. yeapuarixn, from yoaupa, a letter, from ypeada, to write. See Grave. 1. In practice, the art of speaking or writing a lan- guage with propriety or correctness, according to es- tablished usage. As a science, grammar treats of the natural connec- tion between ideas and words, and develops the pnn- ciples which are common to all languages. 2. A system of general principles and of particular rules for speaking or writing a language; or a digest- ed compilation of customary forms of speech in a nation ; also, a book containing such principles and rules. 3. Propriety of speech. To write grammar, We must write according to the practice of good writers and speakers. [‘‘ Grammar is a term borrowed from the Greek, and used with little variation by the Latins, French, English, &c.; but the Welsh are under no necessity of borrowing from others, while they have so signif- cant a term of their own as Uythyreg.” The Rev. John Walters’s Diss. on the Welsh Lan- guage, Cowbridge, 1771, 8vo. p- 32, — BE. H. B.] GRAM’M AR, v. i, To discourse according to the rules of grammar. [ Obs. : : GRAMMAR, a Ba aethe to or contained in gram- mar; as, a grammar rule. GRAM'/MAR-LESS, a. Destitute of grammar, | GRAM’MAR-SEHOOL, nr. A school in which the learned Janguages are taught. By learned languages we usually mean the Latin and Greek ; but others may be included. J Co ee es CH as SH; FH as in THIS. a ee rtm gi NEE . es I i ee aE . SaaS i ‘ end eet bank er pee a oe| | | GRAMME. GRA GRA ———————— "ee GRA GRAM-MA/RI-AN, x. din gr construction of languages ; a philologist. 2. One who teaches grammar. ee GRAM-MAT’I€-AL, 2, According to the rules of grammar. crammatical, : GRAM-MAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the prin- ciples and rules of grammar; as, to write or speak srammatically. : ; | GRAM-MAT’I€-AL-NESS, x. Quality of being gram- matical, or according to the rules of grammar. GRAM-MAT’I€-AS-TER, n. [L.] A low gramma- rian; a pretender to a knowledge of grammar; a é Petty. yedant. geet GRAM_MAT’L-CIZE, v.t. To render grammatical. Johnson. r é || GRAM-MAT'I-CIZ-ED, pp. Rendered grammatical. | GRAM/MA-TIST, x. A pretender to a knowledge of frammar. H. Tooke. GRAM/MA-TITE. See Tremovite. See GraM. A crab-fish. [Fr. grampoise; grandpotsson, con- | GRAM/PLE, x. | GRAM/PUS, zn. tracted. Spelman.] A fish of the cetaceous order, and genus Delphinus. This fish grows to the length of twenty-five feet, and is remarkably thick in proportion to its length. The nose is flat, and turns up at the end. It has thirty teeth in each jaw. ‘The spout-hole is on the top of the neck. The color of the back is black ; the belly is of a snowy whiteness ; and on each shoulder is a Jarge white spot. ‘This fish is remarkably vora- cious. GRA-NADE’, GRA-NA/DO. See Grenanpe. GRAN-A-DIL’LA, n. [Sp.] A plant; the fruit of the Passiflora quadrangularis, which is sometimes as large as a child’s head, and is much esteemed in tropical countries as a pleasant dessert fruit. P. Cyc. GRAN/A-RY, 2. [L. granarium, from granum, grain ; Fr. grenter. | A storehouse or repository of grain after it is thrashed ; a corn-house. GRAN'ATE, n. Usually written Garnet, which see. GRAN/A-TITE. Sce Grenartite. GRAND, a. [I r. grand; Sp. and It. grande; L. gran- dis; Norm. grant. If n is casual, this word coincides With great. But most probably it belongs to the class Rn. The sense is, to extend, to advance ; hence it signifies, old, advanced in age, as well as great. } I. Great; but mostly in a figurative sense; illustri- ous ; high in power or dignity ; as, a grand lord. Ralech. 2. Great; splendid; magnificent; as,a grand de- sign; a grand parade; a grand view or prospect. 3. Great; principal; chief; as, “ Satan, our grand foe:22 Milton. 4. Noble; sublime; lofty ; conceived or expressed with great dignity ; as, a grand conception. In general, we apply the epithet grand to that Which is great and elevated, or which elevates and expands our ideas. The ocean, the sky, a lofty tow- er, are grand objects. But to constitute a thing grand, it seems necessary that it should be distinguished by some degree of beauty. Elem. of Criticisin, o. Old; more advanced ; as in grandfuther, erand- mother, that is, old-father ; and to correspond with this relation we use grandson, granddaughter, grand- child, GRAN/DAM, 7. [grand and dame.] Grandmother. Shak, 2. An old woman. Dryden. GRAND/CHILD, n. A son’s or daughter’s child; a child in the second degree of descent. GRAND/DAUGH-TER, (-daw-ter,) n. The daughter of a son or daughter. GRAN-UDEER!,n. [Sp. grande.} A nobleman ; a man of elevated rank or station. In Spain, a nobleman of the first rank, who has the King’s leave to be covered in his presence. GRAN-DEE/SHIP, n. dee. GRAND/EST, a. Most grand. GRAND/EUR, (grand’yur,) n. [Fr., from grand.] J. In @ general sense, greatness ; that quality, or combination of qualities, in an object, which elevates or expands the mind, and excites pleasurable emo- ties in him who views or contemplates it. Thus the extent and uniformity of surface in the ocean constitute grandeur ; as do the extent, the eJevation, and the concave appearance or vault of the sky. So We speak of the grandeur of a large and well-propor- tioned edifice, of an extensive range of lofty moun- tains, of a large cataract, of a pyramid, &c. 2. Splendor of appearance ; state ; magnificence ; as, the grandeur of a court, of a procession, &c. 3. Elevation of thought, sentiment, or expression. We speak of the grandeur of conceptions, and of style, or diction. oe 4. Elevation of mien, or air and deportment. GR AN-DEV/L-TY, x. Great age. [Vot used. } GRAN NE/VOUS, a. Of great age. [Not used.] Encye. The rank or estate of a gran- Swinburne. he (tt GRAND ©4-FHER, n. A father’s or mother’s father ; One versed in grammar, or the GRAM-MAT‘I€, a. [Fr.] Belonging to gram-| G mar; aS, a grammatical rule. . We say, a | GRAN-DIL/O-QUENT, a. sentence is not grammatical; the construction is not ascent. GRAN-DIF’I€, a. Making great. RAN-DIL/O-QUENCE, 2x. expressions. More. [L. grandiloquens.] Pompous; bombastic. GRAN-DIL‘O-QUOUS, a. and loquor, to speak. | Speaking in a lofty style. GRAN/DI-NOUS, a. [L. grando.| used. Camden. GRAND-JU’/ROR, n. One of a grand jury. In necticut, an informing officer. GRAND-JO/RY, x. [grand and jury.| A jury whose duty is to examine into the grounds of accusation against offenders, and, if they see just cause, then to find bills of indictment against them, to be presented to the court. GRAND'LY, adv. sublimely. GRAND/MOFH-ER, (-muth-er,) 7. . one’s father or mother. GRAND-NEPH/EW, n. The grandson of a brother or In a lofty manner; splendidly ; sister. GRAND/NESS, n. Grandéur; greatness with beauty ; magnificence. Wollaston. GRAND/NIECE, (-nees,) n. The granddaughter of a brother or sister. GRAND-SEIGN/IOR, (-seen/yur,) 2. or sultan of Turkey. GRAND/SIRE, n. A grandfather. 2. In poetry and rhetoric, any ancestor. Dryden. Pope. GRAND’SON, (-sun,) n. The son of a son or daugh- er. The sovereign GRAND-VIZ'TER, (-vizh’yer,) n. The chief minister of the Turkish empire; the same as Vizier. GRANGE, (granje,) n. [Fr. grange,a barn ; grangier, a farmer; Sp. grangear, to cultivate; srangero, a farmer; Ir. grainseach, a grange; Scot. srance, the buildings belonging to a corn-farm, originally a place where the rents and tithes, paid in grain to religious houses, were deposited ; from granum, grain.] A farm, with the buildings, stables, &c. Milton. Shak. GRA-NIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. granum, grain, and Sero, to bear. ] Bearing seeds like grains. TIumble. GRAN/‘I-FORM, a. Forined like grains of corn. Loudon. GRAN'I-LITE, n. [See Granite.] Indeterminate granite; granite that contains more than three con- Stituent parts. [ Obs.] Kirwan. GRAN’ITE, (gran/it,) n. [Fr. granit; It. granito, grained. ] In geology, an aggregate rock, composed of the minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica, or at least of two of these minerals, confusedly crystallized together. The texture is more or less finely granular. The grains vary in size from that of a pin’s head to a mass of two or three feet; but usually the largest size is that of a nut. The color of granite is greatly diversified by the different colors and proportions of the component parts, and in general these stones are very hard. The most common colors are gray, gray- isb-white, and flesh-red. Dict. Nat. Hist. Kirwan. GRAN’LTEL, n. [dim. of granite.| A binary aggre- gate of minerals; a granitic compound containing two constituent parts, as quartz and feldspar, or quartz and shorl or hornblend. [Obs.] Kirwan. Italian workinen give this name toa variety of gray granite consisting of small grains. Dict, Nat. Hist. GRA-NIT'I€, a. Pertaining to granite; like granite : having the nature of granite ; as, granitic texture. 2. Consisting of granite ; as, granitic mountains, GRA-NIT-J-FI-€A/TION, n. The art or process of be- ing formed into granite. Humble, GRA-NIT'I-FORM, a. Resembling granite in struct- ure or shape. Humble, GRAN’I-TIN, n. -An aggregate of three Species of minerals, some of which differ from the Species which compose granite, as quartz, feldspar, and jude or shorl. [Obs.] Kirwan. GRAN‘I-TOID, a. Resembling granite. GRA-NIV/O-ROUS, a [L. granum, grain, and voro, to eat.] Eating grain; feeding or subsisting on seeds; as, gsranivorous birds. the next degree above the father or mother in lineal Lofty speaking ; lofty [L. grandiloguus ; grandis Con- The mother of pensation, particularly in answer to prayer or re- quest. Thou hast granted me Jife and favor. — Job x, God granted him that which he requested. —1 Chron. iv. 3. To transfer the title of a thing to another, for a good or valuable consideration ; to convey by deed or writing. The legislature have granted all the new Jand. Grant me the place of this threshing-floor. — 1 Chron. xxi. GRANT,7. The act of granting ; a bestowing or con- Consisting of hail. Dict. ferring. : GRAND/I-TY, n. Greatness 3; magnificence. ([.Vot 2. The thing granted or bestowed ; a gift; a boon. 3. In law, a conveyance, in writing, of such things as cain not pass or be transferred by word only, as land, rents, reversions, tithes, &c A grant is an executed contract, Z. Swift 4, Concession; admission of something as true Dryden 5. The thing conveyed by deed or patent. GRANT’A-BLE, a. That may be granted or con- veyed. GRANT’ED, pp. Admitted as true; conceded ; yield- ed; bestowed ; conveyed. GRANT-EE’, x. The person to whom a conveyance is made, GRANT’ER, 2. In a general sense, one who grants. GRANT’ING, ppr. or a. Admitting; conceding; be- stowing; conveying. GRANT’OR, n. In law, the person who grants; one who conveys land, rents, &c. GRAN/U-LAR, ) GRAN’U-LA-RY, | ~ 1. Consisting of grains ; 9 [from L. granum, grain.] as, a granular substance. Resembling grains; as, a stone of granular ap- pearance. GRAN’U-LAR-LY, adv. G2 AN’U-LATE, vv. 2. num. | 1. ‘To form into grains or small masses ; as, to gran- ulate powder or sugar. 2. To raise in small In a granular form. [Fr. granwer, from L. gra- asperities ; to make rough on the surface. Ray. GRAN/U-LATE, v. 7. To collect or be formed into grains ; as, cane-juice pranulates into sugar; melted metals granulate when poured into water. GRAN/U-LATE, a. Having numerous small eleva- tions, like shagreen. Brande. 2. Consisting of or resembling grains. GRAN/U-LA-TED, pp. Formed into grains. 2. a. Consisting of grains; having the form of grains. GRAN/’U-LA-TING, ppr. Forming into grains. GRAN-U-LA/TION, x. The act of forming into grains ; as, the granulation of powder and sugar. Vhe gran- ulation of metallic substances is performed by pour- ing the melted substances slowly into water, usually through a colander perforated with holes. Ure. 2. In physiology, granulations are small, grain-like protuberances, which form on the surface of ulcers and in suppurating sores, and which serve to fill up the cavity and unite the sides. The process of doing this is called granulation. Tully. GRAN/ULE, xn. [Sp. granillo, from L. granum.]} A little grain ; a small particle. GRAN/U-LOUS, a. Full of grains; abounding with granular substances. GRAPE, n. [This word is from the root of grab, gripe, and signifies primarily a cluster or bunch; Fr. grappe de raisin, a bunch of grapes; W. grab, a cluster, a grape; grabin, a clasping; It. grappa, a grappling; grappo, a cluster, a bunch of grapes.] 1. Properly, a cluster of the fruit of the vine; but with us, a single berry of the vine; the fruit from which wine is made by expression and fermentation. 2. In the manege, grapes signifies mangy tumors on the legs of a horse. GRAPE!-HY/A-CINTH, x. A plant or flower, a spe- cies of Hyacinthus or Muscari. GRAPE’LESS, a. Wanting the strength and flavor of the grape. Jenyns. GRAP’ER-Y, n. A building or inclosure used for the rearing of grapes. GRAPE!/-SHOT, 2. A cluster of sinall shot, confined in a canvas bag, forming a kind of cy linder, whose diameter is equal to that of the ball adapted to the cannon. Brande. GRAPE/-STONE, n. The stone or seed of the grape. GRAPE/-VINE, n. The vine which yields the grape, Brown. [For Granpam.] A grandmother. [ Vulgar. | B. Jonson. [Norm. granter, to grant, to promise, or agree. I have not found this word in any other lan- guage. Perhaps v is not radical, for in some ancient charters it is written grat. “* Gratamus et concedi- mus.”? Spelman.] 1. To admit as true what is not proved ; to allow; to yield ; to concede. We take that for granted which iS Supposed to be true. GRAN’/NAM, } 2. GRANNY, § GRANT, v. t. Grant that the fates have firmed by their decree. Dryden. GRAPH’TE Ja. [L. graphicus ; Gr. ypaibixos, from 3 GRAPH’I€-AL,$ }pahw, to write.] 1. Pertaining to the art of Writing or delineating. 2. Well delineated. Bacon. 3. Describing with accuracy. Graphic granite ; a variety of granite, composed of feldspar and quartz so arranged as to bear a remote resemblance to oriental characters. Dana, GRAPH’/I€-AL-LY, adv. With good delineation ; in a pictliresque manner, Brown. GRAPHITE, xn. [Gr. ypadw, to write.) Carburet of iron, a substance used for pencils, commonly called Buack-LEap, or PLUMBAGO. 2. To give; to bestow or confer on without com- FATE, FAR; FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, M o * 516 Cleaveland. OVE, WOLF, BOOK = |GRA GRAPH’O-LITE, n. [Supra.] proper for writing on. GRAPH-OM’‘E-TER, n. peTpov, measure. | A mathematical instrument, called also a semicircle, whose use is to observe any angle whose vertex is at the center of the instrument in any plane, and to find how many degrees it contains. NCYC GRAPH-O-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to or ascer- tained by a graphometer. GRAP'NEL, F : GRAP/LINE, {| [Et g7appm. A small anchor, fitted with four or five flukes or claws, used to hold boats or small vessels. Totten. GRAP’PLE, (grap’pl,) v.t. [Goth. greipan, to gripe; G. greifen; D. grypen; Dan. griber; Sw. grabba, gripa; It. grappare; W. crapeaw. See GRare and GRIPE. ] 1. To seize; to lay fast hold on, either with the hands or with hooks. We say, aman grapples his antagonist, or a ship grapples another ship. A species of slate; [Gr. ypadw, to describe, and See Grape. ] 2, ‘Lo fasten ; to fix, as the mind of heart. [JVot in use. | Shak. GRAP’PLE, v.i. Toseize; to contend in close fight, as wrestlers. Milton. Addison. To grapple with; to contend with; to struggle against with boldness. Shak. GRAP/PLE, nx. A seizing; close hug in contest ; the wrestler’s hold. Milton. 2. Close fight. Shak. 3. A hook or iron instrument by which one ship fastens on another. ryden. GRAP/PLED, pp. Seized; laid fast hold on. GRAP’/PLE-MENT, zn. A grappling; close fight or embrace. GRAP/PLING, ppr. Laying fast hold on. GRAP/PLING-I/RONS, x. pl. Lrons used as instru- ments of grappling and holding fast a vessel or some other object. GRAP/TO-LITE, n. [Gr. ypazros and ArBos.] A fossil zodphyte, having the appearance of writ- ing or sculpture, found in the silurian shales. Brande. GRAP’Y, a. Like grapes; full of clusters of grapes. Addison. 2. Made of grapes. Gay. GRASP, v.t. [It. graspare.] 1. To seize and hold by clasping or embracing with the fingers or arms. We say, to grasp with the hand, or with the arms. 2. To catch; to seize ; to lay hold of ; to take pos- session of. Kings often grasp more than they can hold. GRASP, v.i. To catch or seize ; to gripe. Dryden. 9. To struggle; to strive. [JVot in use.] 3. To encroach. ry dene. To grasp at; to catch at ; to try to seize, Alexan- der grasped at universal empire. GRASP, n. The gripe or seizure of the hand. This seems to be its proper sense ; but it denotes also a seizure by embrace, or infolding in the arms. 2, Possession ; hold. 3. Reach of the arms; and figuratively, the power of seizing. Bonaparte seemed to think he had the Russian empire within his grasp- ASP/A-BLE, a. That can be grasped. GRASP/ED, (graspt,) pp. Seized with the hands or arms; embraced ; held ; possessed. GRASP/ER, n. One who grasps or seizes ; one who catches at; one who holds. GRASP/ING, ppr. or a. Seizing ; embracing ; catch- ing ; holding. GRASP/ING-LY, adv. In an eager, grasping manner. GRASS, n. [Sax. res, gers, or gred; Goth. gras ; G. and D. gras; Sw. gras; Dan. gres. In G. rasen is turf, sod, and verrasen, to overgrow with grass ; ‘hence, g may be a prefix. Grass may be allied to Gr. aypwarts, Kpaoris, yoaoTts.] 1. In common usage, herbage; the plants which constitute the food of cattle and other beasts. 2. Iu botany, a plant having simple leaves, a stem generally jointed and tubular, a husky calyx, called glume, and the seed single. ‘This definition includes Wheat, rye, oats, barley, &c., and excludes clover and some other plants which are commonly called by the name of grass. The grasses form a numerous family of plants. Encyc. Grass of Parnassus ; a plant growing in wet ground, of the genus Parnassia. GRASS, v. t. To cover with grass or with turf. GRASS, v. % To breed grass ; to be covered with grass. Tusser. GRAS-SA/TION, n. [L. grassatio.] A wandering about. [Little used. | GRASS/-BLADE, n. A blade of grass. GRASS/-GREEN, a. Green with grass, Shenstone. 2. Dark-green, like the color of grass. GRASS/-GROWN, a. Overgrown with grass. Thomson. GRASS'/HOP-PER, n. [grass and hop.] An insect that lives among grass, a species of Gryllus. GRASS/IL-NESS, n. [from grassy.] The state of abounding with grass; a grassy state. GRASS/-PLOT, n. grass. GRATE, v. t. with cross-bars, GRATE, v. t. by opp bodies GRATE Agre GRATE Daal mind sil w small GRA-T to sm GRAT- taste light. 2. 2 GRAT GRAT GRASS/LESS, a. Destitute of grass. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS ing to the feelings ; eeable. GRAT’ED, pp. or a. rubbing. 2, Furnished with a grate; as, grated windows. See Grace. | 1. Having a due sense of benefits ; kindly disposed toward one from whom a favor has been received ; willing to acknowledge and repay benefits; as, a grateful heart. 2. Agreeable ; GRATE’FUL-LY, adv. return for favors. GRAT’ER, n. off in 2 GRA grass. GRASS/POL-Y, n. A plant, a species of Lythrum or willow-wort. GRASS’/VETCH, n. GRASS’WRACK, (-rak,) n. GRASS/Y, a. A plant, 2, Resembling grass; green. GRATE, n. [It. grata, L. crates, a grate, a hurdle. Qu.| G its alliance to the verb, to grate. ] 1. A work or frame, composed of parallel or cross bars, with interstices ; a kind of lJattice-work, such as is used in the windows of prisons and cloisters. 2. An instrument or frame of iron bars for holding coals, used as fuel, in houses, stores, shops, &c. To furnish with grates; to make fast See the Shemitic ression or importunity. This grated harder upon the hearts of men. 92. To make a harsh sound by the friction of rough aye [L. gratus.] [| Vot in use. | ‘FUL, a. [from L. gratus. n a pleasing manner. Stud nishes something new, Which may strike the imagi- nation gratefully. GRATE’/FUL-NESS, x. ful; gratitude. 2. The quality of being agreeable or pleasant to the or to the taste. ith a rough, I€-U-LA'’TION, 2. aller dimensions, I-FLEA/TION, n ([L. grat ficor; gratus and facio, to make.) 1. The act of pleasing, either the mind, the taste, or the appetite. We speak of the A plat or level spot covered with [Fr. gratter, It. grattare, to scratch ; Dan. grytter, to grate, to break ; Sp. gvieta, a scratch, a crevice; W. rhathu, to rub off, to strip, to clear ; rhathell, a rasp. and 17p. Class Rd, No. 38, 58, 62, 81. prefix, this word coincides with L. rado. 1. To rub, as a body with a rough surface against another body ; to rub one thing against another, so as to produce 1 harsh sound ; as to grate the teeth. 2. To wear away in small particles, by rubbing with any thing rough or indented; as, to grate a nutmeg. 3. To offend ; to fret; to vex; to lrritate ; to mor- tify ; as, harsh words grate the heart ; they are grat- ; harsh sounds grate the ear. 4. To make a harsh sound by rubbing or the fric- tion of rough bodies. GRATE, v.i. To rub hard, so as to offend ; to offend Rubbed harshly ; worn off by Z pleasing; acceptable; gratifying ; as, a grateful present; a grateful offering. 3, Pleasing to the taste ; delicious ; affording pleas- ure; as, food or drink grateful to the appetite. Now golden fruits on loaded branches shine, And grateful clusters swell with floods of wine, With a due sense of benefits or favors ; in a manner that disposes to kindness, in The gift was gratefully received. The quality of being grate- [See Grate.] An instrument or uten- indented surface, for rubbing off particles of a body ; as, a grater for nutmegs. The division of a design or draft into squares, for the purpose of reducing it A plant of the genus Lathyrus. | G the Zostera. Covered with grass; abounding with| G Spenser. 3, MAN, nn, If g isa See Cry.] Milton. South. Hooker. Pope. y continually fur- Guwilt. ificatio, from grati- gratification of the or the palate, of the appetites, of the senses, of the desires, of the mind, soul, or heart. 9. That which affords pleasure; satisfaction; de- It is not easy to renounce gratifications to which we are accustomed. 3. Reward ; recompense. GRAT’I-FI-ED; (-fide,) pp. or a. according to desire. GRAT'I-FI-ER, nz. GRAT’LFY, wv. ¢t and facio, to make.] 1. To please ; to give ple to ratify the taste, the appetite, the senses, the de- sires, the mind, &c. [L. gratyicor ; Morton. Pleased ; indulged One who gratifies or pleases, gratus, agreeable, asure to; to indulge; as, To delight ; to please; to humor; to soothe ; to satisfy ; to indulge to satisfaction. For who would die to gratify a foe? 3. To requite ; to recompense. GRAT’I-FY-ING, ppr. Pleasing ; faction. _a. Giving pleasure; affordi ING, ppr. [See Grate ] particles, a. Fretting ; ING, n. [See Grate.] A harsh sound or rub- bing. Drydon. indulging to satis- ng satisfaction. Rubbing ; wearing irritating ; harsh; as, grating sounds, or a grating reflection. GRA-TO’/LTOUS, a. [L. gratuitus, from gratus; Fr. GRA-TU/I-TOUS-LY, GRA-TU'L-TY, n. GRA 2, A partition of bars, or Jattice-work of wood or iron; as, the grating of a prison or convent. 3. An open cover for the hatches of a ship, resem- bling lattice-work ; commonly used in the plural. RAT/ING-LY, adv. Harshly ; offensively ; in a man- ner to irritate. RA/TIS, adv. [L.] For nothing; freely; without recompense ; as, to give a thing gratis; to perform service gratis. RAT'I-TUDE, n. [L. gratitudo, from gratus, pleas- ing. See Gus An emotion of the heart, excited by a favor or ben- efit received ; a sentiment of kindness or good-will toward a benefactor; thankfulness. Gratitude is an agreeable emotion, consisting im, or accompanied with, good-will to a benefactor, and a disposition to make a suitable return of benefits or services, or, When no return can be made, with a desire to see the benefactor prosperous and happy. Grati- tude is a virtue of the highest excellence, as it im- plies a feeling and generous heart, and a proper sense of duty. The love of God is the sublimest gratitude. | Paley. gratuit; It. gratuito. See Grace.] 1. Free ; voluntary ; not required by justice ; grant- ed without claim or merit. We mistake the gratuitous blessings of Heaven for the fruits of our own industry. L’ Estrange. 9. Asserted or taken without proof; as, a gratut- tous argument or affirmation. T. adv. Freely; voluntarily ; without claim or merit; without an equivalent or compensation ; as, labor or services gratuitously be- stowed. 2, Without proof; as, a principle gratuitously as- sumed. [Fr. gratuité, from gratuit, from gratus. | l. A free gift; a present; a donation; that which is given without a compensation or equivalent. 9. Something given in return for a favor; an ac- knowledgment. GRAT’U-LATS, v. t. [L. gratulor, from gratus, pleas- ing, grateful; Russ., with the prefix na, nagrada, recompense ; nagrajdayu, to gratify, to reward. See GRACE. 1. To express joy or pleasure toa person, on ac- count of his success, or the reception of some good ; to salute with declarations of joy ; to congratulate. [ The latter word is more generally used, | To gratulate the gentle princes there, Shak. 9, To wish or express Joy to. Shak. 3, To declare joy for; to mention with joy. B. Jonson. GRAT!/U-LA-TED, pp. Addressed with expressions of joy. GRAT’U-LA-TING, ppr. Addressing With expressions of joy, on account of some good received GRAT-U-LA'TION, n. [L. gratulatio.) An address or expression of joy to a person, on ac- count of some good received by him ; congratulation. South. J shall turn my wishes into gratulations. GRAT/U-LA-TO-RY, x. [L. gratulatio.} An address or expression of joy to a person, on account of some «ood received by him ; congratulation. : GRAT/U-LA-TO-RY, a. Expressing gratulation ; con- gratulatory. GRA-VA'MEN, x. [L.] In lav, the grievance com- plained of ; the substantial cause of the action. Bouvier. GRAVE, a final syllable, is a grove, Sax. gref; or itis an officer, G. graf. GRAVE, ». t.; pret. GRAVED; pp. GRAVEN OF GRAYED. Fr. graver; Sp. grabar; Sax. grafan, G. graben; D. graaven; Dan. graver ; Sw. grafva; Arm. engraffi, engravi; Ir. grafadh, grafaim ; W. criviaw, from rhiv ; Gr. ypapw, to write ; originally all writing was grav- ing; Eng. to scrape; Ch. and Syr. 273, to plow. See Class Rb, No. 30.] 1. To carve or cut letters or figures on stone or other hard substance, with a chisel or edged tool ; to engrave. [The latter word is now more generally used. } Thou shalt take two onyx-stones, and grave on them the names of the children of Israel, —Ex. xxvul. 9. To carve; to form or shape by cutting With a chisel ; as, to grave an image. Thou shalt not make to thee any graven image. — Ex. xx. 3. To clean a ship’s bottom by burning off filth, grass, or other foreign matter, and paying it over with pitch, 4. Toentomb. [Unusual.] ‘ Shak. GRAVE, v.%. To carve; to write or delineate on hard substances ; to practice engraving. : GRAVE, 7. [Sax. gref; G. grab; D. and Sw. graf; Dan. grav; Russ. grob, a ditch, a trench, a grave L. scrobs. See the verb.] 1. The ditch, pit, or excavate : dead human body is deposited ; a place for the corpse 2. A tomb. [of a Mee bole ES AR rhe the dead are reposite 5c Sie Any pee eS Flanders was d place, in which a place of great slaughter or mortality. as SH; FH as in THIS. Paes ag SaaS NS Gt SS ina Tt a eh aaa. ieee ek] ane al — Teese “sme Sae we el| L. gravis, heavy, whence L. gravo, and aggravo, to | ee aggravate, Hence grief, which see. Ar. a GRA GRA GRE men and of British soldiers. ‘ 4, In a figurative sense, death or destruction. 5. Graves; in the plural, sediment of melted tallow. Brande. GRAVE/-€LOD, x. Clod of a grave. GRAVE/-€LOFHES, n. pl. The clothes or dress in which the dead are interred, ; GRAVE’-DIG-GER, x. One whose occupation is to dig graves. ‘ GRA VE/-LOOK-ING, a. Appearing grave. GRAVE/-MAK-ER, n. A grave-digger. Shak. GRA VE/-ROB-BER, 7m. One who robs a grave. GRAVE/-ROB-BING, n. A robbing of the grave. GRAVE/STONE, nm. A stone laid over a grave, or erected near it, as a monument to preserve the mem- ory of the dead. GRAVB/YARD, x. ment of the dead. GRAVI,a. [Fr.Sp.and It. grave; Arm. grevus; from | A yard or inclosure for the inter- karaba, to overload, to press, to grieve. Class Rb, No, 30.] Properly, pressing, heavy. Hence, 1, in music, low ; depressed ; solemn; opposed to sharp, acute, or high; as, a grave tone or sound. Sometimes grave denotes slow. 2. Solemn ; sober; serious; opposed to gay, light, or jovial ; as, a man of a grave deportment; a grave character. Youth on silent wings is flown ; Graver years come rolling on. Prior. 3. Plain; not gay; not showy or tawdry; as, a grave suit of clothes. 4. Being of weight; of a serious character; as, a grave writer. 5. Important; momentous; having a serious and interesting import. Lord Eldon. Kent. GRAV’'ED, pp. [See the verb.] Carved; engraved ; cleaned, as a ship. GRAV’EL, x. [Fr. gravelle, gravier; Arm. grevell, or maen-gravell, stone-gravel; G. grober sand, coarse sand; D. graveel. Probably from rubbing, grating. See Grave, the verb.] 1. Small stones, or fragments of stone, or very small pebbles, larger than the particles of sand, but often intermixed with them. 2. In medicine, a disease produced by small, calcu- lous concretions in the kidneys and bladder. Cye. GRAV'EL, v.t. To cover with gravel; as, to gravel a walk. 2. 'To stick in the sand. Camden. 3. To puzzle ; to stop; to embarrass. Prior. 4. To hurt the foot of a horse, by gravel lodged under the shoe. GRAV'EL-ED, pp. or a. Covered with stopped ; embarrassed ; injured by gravel. GRAVE’LESS, a. [from grave.] Without a grave or tomb ; unburied. Shak. GRAV/EL-ING, ppr. Covering with gravel; embar~ rassing ; hurting the feet, as of a horse. GRAV/EL-ING, n. The act of covering with gravel. GRAV/EL-LY, a. [from gravel.) Abounding with crayels consisting of gravel; as, a gravelly soil or and. GRAV/EL-WALK, (-wawk,) n. A walk or alley covered with gravel, which makes a hard and dry bottom ; wsed in gardens and malls. GRAVELY, adv. [from grave.] Ina grave, solemn manner; soberly ; seriously. The queen of learning gravely smiles, gravel ; Swift. 2. Without gaudiness or show; as, to be dressed gravely. GRA-VE-MEN’TE, [te] In music, with a depressed tone; solemnly. [See Grave.] : GRAVE/NESS, n. Seriousness ; solemnity ; sobriety of behavior; gravity of manners or discourse. Denham. GRA/VE-O-LENCE, n. [L. cravis and oleo. | A strong and offensive smell. GRA’/VE-O-LENT, a. Having a strong odor. GRAV’/ER,x. [See Grave.] One who carves or en- graves; one whose profession is to cut letters or figures in stone, &c.; a sculptor. 2, An engraving tool; an instrument for graving on hard substances. GRAV’ER, a. comp. More grave. GRAV’/EST, a. superl. Most grave. GRAVID, a. [L. gravidus, from gravis, heavy.] Pregnant; being with child. Herbert. GRAV'ID-A-TED, a. Made pregnant; big. [NVot in Use, arrow. GRAV-1D-A/TION, n. Pregnancy. [Wot in use.] Pearson. GRA-VID'I-TY, n. Pregnancy. [Wot in use. | Arbuthnot. GRA-VIM/E-TER, n. [L. gravis, and Gr. weroov.] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity formerly the grave of English armies; Russia proved to be the grave of the French army under Bonaparte ; the tropical climates are the grave of American sea- GRAY MARE. GRAY’NESS, n. The quality of being gray. GRAY’/STONE, n. A grayish or greenish compact GRAY'WACKE, (-wak,) n. GRAV/‘ING, ppr. Engraving; carving; cutting figures on stone, copper, or other lhard Substance. GRAV’ING, n. The act of cutting figures in hard substances. 2. Carved work. 3. The act of cleaning a ship’s bottom. 4. Figuratively, impression, as on the heart. GRAV'I-TATE, v. % [Sp. gravitar; Fr. graviter; from L. gravitas, from gravis, heavy.] To be attracted according to the law of gravitation. A body is said to gravitate, when it tends toward another body in accordance with the law of gray- itation. GRAV'I-TA-TING, ppr. or a. Being attracted, or tending toward another body according to the law of gravitation. GRAV-I-TA/TION, n. The act of tending to the cen- ter, or of being drawn toward something. 2. In natural philosophy, the tendency of all matter in the universe toward al] other matter. Every body or portion of matter attracts and is attracted directly as its quantity of matter, and inversely as the square of its distance from the attracting body. Olmsted. GRAV/LTY, 2. [Fr. gravité; Sp. gravidad; L. grav- itas, from gravis, heavy. See Grave.] 1. Weight; heaviness. 2. In natural philosophy, the tendency of a mass of matter toward its central body ; particularly, the ten- dency of a body toward the center of the earth ; ter- restrial gravitation. Weightis the measure of gravity. Olmsted. The force of gravity in a body is in direct proportion to its quan- tity of matter. Anon. 3. Specific gravity ; the weight of a body compared with another of the same bulk, taken as a standard. Water is the standard for solids and liquids, common air for gases. Thus the exact weight of a cubic inch of gold, compared with that of a cubic inch of water, is called its specific gravity. Olmsted. 4, Seriousness ; sobriety of manners ; solemnity of deportment or character Great Cato there, for gramty renowned. 3. Weight; enormity ; atrociousness; as, the grav- ity of an injury. [Vot used.] Hooker. 6. In music, lowness of sound. GRA/VY, n. The fat and other liqnid matter that drips from flesh in roasting, or when roasted or baked, or a mixture of that juice with flour. GRAY, a. [Sax. grig, prez; G. grau; D. graauw; Dan. graae; Sw. gra; It. gricio; Ir. ore. This is probably Tpatxos, Grecus, Greek, Graii, the name given to the Greeks, on account of their fair com- plexion compared with the Asiatics and Africans. (See Europe.) Dryden. Popxut dO’ av Knrw Ipatas rexe kad\trapnovs, Ex yeverns rodtas* ras dn Tpacas Kadsovow. Hesiod. Theog. 270. ** Keto bore to Phorcus the Graie with fair cheeks, white from their birth, and hence they were called Graie@.” The Greek word ypaca is rendered an old woman, and, in this passage of Hesiod, is supposed to mean certain deities. The probability is, that it is applied to an old woman, because she is gray. But the fable of Hesiod is easily explained by sup- posing the author to have had in his mind some im- perfect account of the origin of the Greeks.] 1. White, with a mixture of black. These gray and dun colors may be also produced by mixing whites and blacks. Newton. 2. White; hoary; as, gray hair. We apply the word to hair that is partially or wholly white. 3. Dark; of a mixed color; of the color of ashes ; as, gray eyes; the gray-eyed morn. Gay. Shak. A. Old ; mature ; as, gray experience. Annes. GRAY,z7. A gray color. Parnell. 2. An animal of a gray color, asa horse, a badger, and a kind of salmon. Smart. GRAY’-BEARD, n. An old man. Shak. GRAY'-EY-ED, (gra/ide,) a. Having gray eyes. GRAY/FLY, 2. The trumpet-fly. Milton. GRAY!/-HAIR-ED, a. Having gray hair. GRAY’-HEAD-ED, (gra’hed-ed,) a. Having a gray head or gray hair. GRAY/HOUND, n. ([Sax. grighund. See Gnrey- HOUND. ] GRAY/ISH, a. Somewhat gray; gray in a moderate degree. GRAY/LING, n. A fish of the genus Salmo, called, also, umber, a voracious fish, about sixteen or eigh— teen inches in length, of a more elegant figure than the trout; the back and sides are of a silvery-gray color. It is found in clear, rapid streams in the north of Europe, and is excellent food. Dict. Nat. Hist. “‘ The gray mare is the better horse,” — said of a woman who rules her husband. Grose. Sherwood. rock. composed of feldspar and augite, and allied to asalt. [G. grauwacke.] of bodies, solid or liquid. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT —M ee F of rounded pebbles and sand firmly united together. The name is applied only to certain rocks below the coral series, and deposits of shale are sometimes in- cluded under this designation, along with the con- glomerate. Dana. GRAZE, v. t, [Sax. grasian; G. grasen; D. graazen; from grass, or from the root of L. rado, rasi, or rodo, rost; Sp. rozar, Port, rogar, to rub against, to graze. In Russ., grizu, or grezu, signifies to bite, to gnaw. |] 1. To rub or touch lightly in passing; to brush lightly the surface of a thing in passing ; as, the bul- let gruzed the wall or the earth. 2. To feed or supply cattle with grass; to furnish pasture for; as, the farmer grazes large herds of cattle, 3. ‘To feed on; to eat from the ground, as growing herbage. The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead. Pope. 4. To tend grazing cattle; as, Jacob grazed La- ban’s sheep. Shak. GRAZE, v.1.. To eat grass; to feed on growing herb- age ; as cattle graze on the meadows. 2. To supply grass ; as, the ground will not graze well. Bacon. 3. To move on devouring. Bacon. GRAZ’ED, pp. Touched lightly by a passing body ; brushed. 2, Fed by growing grass; as, cattle are grazed. 3. Eaten, as growing herbage; as, the fields were rrazed, GRAZ/ER, xn. One that grazes or feeds on growing herbage. Philips. GRA/ZIER, (gra’zhur,) n. One who pastures cattle, and rears them for market. Bacon. GRAZ/ING, ppr. Touching lightly, as a moving body. 2. Feeding on growing herbage; as, grazing cattle. 3. a. Supplying pasture ; as, a grazing farm. GRAZ/ING, n. A pasture. GRA-ZI-O'SO, (grat-se-6/so,) [It.] ful, smooth, and elegant. GREASE, nz. [Fr. graisse; It. grasso; Sp. grasa, grease; Port. grara, grease for wheels, and a dis- temper in a horse when his fat is melted by exces- Sive action. Port. Dict.] 1. Animal fat in a soft state; oily or unctuous mat- ter of any kind, as tallow, lard; but particularly the fatty matter of land ~animals, as distinguished from the oily matter of marine animals. 2. An inflammation of the heels of a horse, which suspends the ordinary greasy secretion of the part, and which produces dryness and scurfiness, followed by cracks, ulceration, and fungous excrescences. GREASE, (greez,) v. t. To smear, anoint, or daub, with grease or fat. 2. To bribe; to corrupt with presents. gant, | dry den. GREAS/ED, pp. Smeared with oily matter ; bribed. GREAS/I-LY, adv. With grease or an appearance of it; grossly. GREAS'I-NESS, n. The state of being greasy ; oili- unctuousness. oyle. GREAS'ING, ppr. Smearing with fat or oily matter; bribing. GREAS’Y, (greez'y,) a. Oily; fat; unctuous. 2. Smeared or defiled with gréase. 3. Like grease or oil; smooth ; as, a fossil that has greasy feel. 4. Fat of body; bulky. [Little used.] 5. Gross; indelicate ; indecent, Marston. GREAT, a. [Sax. great; D. groot; G. gross ; Norm. gres; It. grosso; Sp. grueso; Port. grossa; Fr. gros; Arm. grogz; and probably Ll. crassus. Great and gross are the same word dialectically varied in or- thography. See Class Rd, No. 59, 22, 79.] 1. Large in bulk or dimensions; a term of com- parison, denoting more magnitude or extension than something else, or beyond what is usual; as, a great body ; a great house ; a great farm. 2. Being of extended length or breadth; as, a great distance ; a great lake. 3. Large in number; as, a great many; a great multitude. 4, Expressing a large, extensive, or unusual, de- gree of any thing; as, wreat fear; reat love ; great strength; great wealth; great power; great influ- ence; great folly. 5. Long continued ; as, a great while. 6. Important ; weighty; as, a great argument; a great truth; a great event; a thing of no great con- Sequence ; 1t 1s no great matter. 7. Chief; principal ; as, the great seal of England. _ 8. Chief; of vast power and excellence ; supreme ; illustrious ; as, the great God; the great Creator. - Vast; extensive; wonderful ; admirable. Great are thy works, Jehovah. Milton. 10. Possessing large or strong powers of mind; as, a great genius. 11. Having made extensive or unusual acquisitions of science or knowledge ; as, a great philosopher or botanist ; a great scholar. 12. Distinguished by rank, office, or power; ele- vated ; eminent; as, a great lord ; the great men of In music, grace- [NVot ele- Ness ; so) Shak. In geology, a conglomerate or grit-rock, consisting ETE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTR, DOVE, MOVE, W the nation ; the great Mogul; Alexander the Great, OLF, BOOK. — SSS EETGRE GRE GRE 13. Dignified in aspect, mien, or manner. Amidst the crowd she walks serenely great. Dryden. 14, Magnanimous; generous; of elevated senti- ments ; high-minded. He has a great soul. 15. Rich; sumptuous; magnificent. He disdained not to appear at great tables; a great feast or enter- tainment. 16. Vast; sublime; as, a great conception or idea. 17. Dignified ; noble. Nothing can be great which is not right. Rambler. 18. Swelling; proud; as, he was not disheartened by great looks. 19. Chief; principal; much traveled; as, a great road. The ocean is called the great highway of nations. 20. Pregnant ; teeming ; as, great with young. 21. Hard; difficult. It is no great matter to live in peace with meek people. 22. Familiar; intimate [Vulgar.] 23. Distinguished by extraordinary events, or unu- sual importance. Jude 6. 24. Denoting consanguinity one degree more re- mote, in the ascending or descending line; as great grandfather, the father of a grandfather; great great grandfather, the father of a great grandfather, and so on indefinitely ; and great grandson, great great grandson, &c. 25. Superior; preéminent ; as, great chamberlain ; great marshal. The sense of great is to be understood by the things it is intended to qualify. Great pain or wrath is vio lent pain or wrath ; great love is ardent love; great peace is entire peace; a great name is extensive re- nown; a great evil or sin is a sin of deep malig- nity, &c. GREAT,n. Thewhole; the gross; the lump or mass ; as, a carpenter contracts to build a ship by the great. 2. People of rank or distinction. ‘The poor envy the reat, and the great despise the poor. GREAT’-BEL-LI-ED, a. Pregnant; teeming. Shak. GREAT’-€OAT, x. An overcoat. GREAT!-COAT-ED, a. Wearing a great coat. GREAT’/EN, v. t. Toenlarge. [Obs.] Ralech. GREAT/EN, v. i. To increase; to become large. Obs. Gk Bem, a. larger; more extensive or wonderful. GREAT/EST, a. Largest; most extensive or important. GREAT!-HEART’ED,a. High-spirited ; undejected ; noble. lurendon. GREAT’LY, adv. Ina great degree ; much. I will greatly multiply thy sorrow. — Gen. iil. 2. Nobly ; illustriously. By a hich fate, thou greatly didst expire, Dryden, 3. Magnanimously ; generously; bravely. He greatly scorned to turn his back on his foe. He greatly spurned the offered boon. GREAT/NESS, ». Largeness of bulk, dimensions, number, or quantity ; as, the greatness of a mountain, of an edifice, of a multitude, or of a sum of money. With reference to solid bodies, however, we more generally use bulk, size, extent, or magnitude, than greatness ; as, the bulk or size of the body ; the extent of the ocean ; the magnitude of the sun or of the earth. 2. Large amount; extent; as, the greatness of a reward. 3. High degree ; as, the greatness of virtue or vice. 4. High rank or place ; elevation ; dignity ; dis- tinction ; eminence; power; command. Farewell, a long farewell, to all my greatnesa. 5. Swelling pride ; affected state. lt is not of pride or greatness that he cometh not aboard your ships. Bacon. 6. Magnanimity, elevation of sentiment; noble- ness ; as, greatness of mind. Virtue is the only solid basis of greainess. Rambler. 7. Strength or extent of intellectual faculties ; as, the sreatness of genius. 8. Large €xtent or variety; as, the greatness of a man’s acquisitions. 9, Grandeur; pomp; magnificence. Greatness with Timon dwells in such a draught, As brings all Brodignag before your thought. 10. Force ; intensity ; as, the greatness of sound, of passion, heat, &c. GREAT SEAL,x. The principal seal of a kingdom, state, &c. GREAVBE, for Grove and Groove. Groove. ] GREAVES, (greevz,) n. pl. In Fr. greve is the calf of the leg. Shak. Pope. Spenser. 1. Armor for the legs ; a sortof boots. 1 Sam. xvii. 2. Greaves, or graves; the sediment of melted tal- low. Brande. GREBE, x. at diving. Latham, or part of the Linnean genus Colymbus. Partington. P. Cyc. GRE/CIAN, (gré/shan,) a. Pertaining to Greece. GRin/CIAN, x. [See Grove and [Port. and Sp. grevas. A name common to numerous species of web-footed birds with short wings, ane Yery expert They constitute the genus ruuiceps of A native of Greece. Also, a Jew who 2. One well versed in the Greek language. GRE’/CIAN-FIRE. See Greex-Fire. GRE/CISM,n. [L. grecismus.] An idiom of the Greek language. GRE/CIZE, v.t. To render Grecian. 2, To translate into Greek. GRE/CIZE, vw. i. To speak the Greek lan- GRE/CIAN-IZE, guage. GRE/CIZ-ED, (grés'1zd,) np. Rendered Greek. GRE/CIZ-ING, ppr. Rendering Greek. GREE, 2. [Fr. gré. See Acrer.] Addison. J. Good-will. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. Step or stair; rank; degree. [See Drcree.] [ Obs.]} Spenser. GREE, v.7. Toagree. [Obs.] [See Acree.] GREECE, n. [W. graz; L. gressus. It is the plural of Grex, a step, and is sometimes written Gricr, or Grise. | A flight of steps. [Obs.] Bacon. GREED, x. Greediness. [Obs.] Graham. GREED/I-LY, adv. [See Grerepy.] With a keen appetite for food or drink; voraciously; ravenous- ly; as, to eat or swallow greedily. 9, With keen or ardent desire; eagerly. Jude 11. GREED/I-NESS, n. Keenness of appetite for food or drink ; ravenousness ; voracity. Fox in stealth, wolf in greediness. 2. Ardent desire. GREED/Y, a. [Sax. gredig; D. greetig; Goth. gre- dags, from gredon, to hunger. It agrees in elements with L. gradior, and probably signifies reaching for- ward. ] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; rav- enous ; voracious; very hungry; followed by of; Shak. GREEN’/BROOM, } GREEN’WEED, GREEN’€LOTH, n. nm. A plantof the genus Genista. A board or court of justice held in the counting-house of the British King’s house- hold, composed of the lord steward and the officers under him. ‘This court has the charge and cogni- zance of ali matters of justice in the king’s house- hold, with power to correct oflenders and keep the peace of the verge, or jurisdiction of the court-reyal, which extends every way two hundred yards from the gate of the palace. Johnson. Encyc. GREEN/-€6OL-OR-ED, (-kul-urd,) a. Pale; sickly. GREEN/-€ROP, n. A crop of green vegetables, such as artificial grasses, turnips, &c , consumed on a farm in their unripe state. Farm. Encyc. GREEN/-EARTH, x. sreens are 3. Fresh Jeaves or branches of trees or other plants ; claim, to cry out, to bid farewell, to approach, to touch; G. griissen; D. groeten, to greet ; Sax. gre@- dan, to cry ; Goth. greitan, Sw. grata, Dan. grader, to weep; It. gridare; Sp. and Port. gritar 5 W. gru- dian, grydiaw, to shout, to scream, Or shriek, to wail, to make a vehement, rough noise; perhaps L. rudo, to bray, to roar. See Class Rd, No. 7, 19, 43, 70, 79.] 1. Tio address with expressions of kind wishes ; to salute in kindness and respect. My lord, the mayor of London comes to greet yOu. To address at meeting ; to address in a Sh ak. ner. . To congratulate. ‘ ia . To pay compliments at a distance ; to send kinc - wishes to. Col.iv. 2 Tim. lv. 5. To meet and address with kindness ; or to ex. press kind wishes accompanied with an embrace. I Thess. V- 6. To meet. it Co Shak. Cie ee CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 519 SPOR TSI A a | | | | | | | a er Fe ? \ ett caval we S be Cg CEG Sarees —GRI GRI GRI GREET, v. i. To meet and salute. There greet in silence as the dead are wont, or And sleep in peace. $ 9. To weep; written by Spenser Greir. [ Obs.] GREET’ED, pp. Addressed with kind wishes ; com- GREET’ER, x. One who greets. — _ [plimented. GREET/LNG, ppr. Addressing with kind wishes. or expressions of joy ; complimenting ; congratulating ; saluting. : : : GREET’ING, n. Expression of kindness or joy ; sal- utation at meeting ; oa addressed from gue REBZE, n. [L. gressus. _[absent. 3 A step, or tick of steps. [Obs.] [See Grerce.] GREF’FL-ER,n. [Fr.] [SeeGrarr.] A registrar, or | recorder. IL Bp. Hall. GRE’'GAL, a. . ITED. | Pertaining to a flock. Dict. GRE-GA/RI-AN, a. [See Grecarious.] Belonging to the herd or common. sort. Howell. [L. gregarius, from grez, a GRE-GA’RLOUS, 4. Ning the habit of assembling or living in a flock or herd; not habitually solitary or living alone. Cattle and sheep are gregarious animals. Many species of birds are gregarious. Rapacious animals are generally not gregarious. GRE-GA’/RI-OUS-LY, adv. In a flock or herd; in a company. GRE-GA’/RI-OUS-NESS, 7. living in flocks or herds. GREG/GOE, 7. A short jacket. GRE-GO/RI-AN, a. Denoting what belongs to Greg- ory. The Gregorian calendar is the regulation of the year according to the reformation introduced by Pope Gregory XIII., in 1582. The Gregorian year is the year as now reckoned according to the Grevo- rian calendar. Thus, every year which is divisible by 4, except those divisible by 100 and not by 400, has 366 days; aJl other years have 365 days. Gregorian chant, is choral music, according to the eight celebrated church modes, as arranged by Pope Gregory [. Porter. Gregorian telescope ; a form of the reflecting teles- cope, so named from its inventor, Prof. James Greg- ory, of the University of Edinburgh. Im this telescope the light, proceeding from a heavenly body, is collected by a large concave mirror, and forms an image in the focus of a small reflector, which transmits the light back through an opening in the center of the large mirror, where it forms a second image, which The state or quality of is magnified by the eye-glass. Olmsted. GREIT, v. i. [Goth. greitan.] To lament. [ Obs.] Spenser. GREITH, v. t. hrede, ready.] To make ready. [ Obs.] GREITH, x. Goods; furniture. GRE/MI-AL, a. [L. sremiw.) Belonging to the lap or bosom. Dict. GRE-NADL’, n. [Sp. granada, It. granata, Fr. gre- nade, 2 poinegranate, or grained apple.] In the art of war, a hollow ball or shell of iron or other metal, about two inches and a half in diameter, to be filled with powder, which is to be fired by means of a fusee, and thrown by hand among en- emies. This, bursting into many pieces, does great injury, and is particularly useful in annoying an en- emy in trenches and other lodsments. Encye. GREN-A-DIER’, n. [from Fr. grenade, Sp. granada, a pomegranate-tree ; so called, it is said, from the cap worn, which resembled the flowers of that tree ; or, as others allege, so called from carrying and throwing hand grenades. The latter is the opinion of Lunier.] 1. A foot-soldier, wearing a high cap. Grenadiers are usually tall, active soldiers, distinguished from others chiefly by their dress and arms; a company of them is usually attached to each battalion. Sax. geredian, to prepare; ge and & ’ If Chaucer. Chaucer. [ Obs.] 2. A fowl found in Angola, in Africa. [ Encye. GRE-NAT'I-FORM, a. Being in the form of grena- tite. Tibbs. GREN/’A-TITE, n. Staurotide or stauroi’te, a mineral of a dark, reddish brown. It occurs imbedded in mica slate, and in talc, and is infusible by the blowpipe. It is also called prismatic garnet. Cyc. GRES-SO/RI-AL, a. Inornithology, having three toes of the feet forward, two of them connected, and one behind. GREW, pret. of Grow. GREY. See Gray. GREY’/HOUND, n. [Sax. grighund.) A tall, fleet dog, kept for the chase. GRICE, 7. A little pig. 2, A flight of steps. GRID'DLE, x. singe, scorch. } A pan, broad and shallow, for baking cakes. GRIDE, v. t. [It. gridare; Sp. gritar; Port. id. ; Fr. crier; Eng. to cry; Sax. gredan; Dan. greder ; Sw. grata. See Greet.] To grate, or to cut with a grating sound ; to cut; [See Grerece.] B. Jonson. [W. greidell, from grediaw, to heat, GRID/E-LIN, zn. [Fr. gris de lin, flax gray.] A color mixed of white and red, or a gray violet. Dryden. GRID/'ING, ppr. Grating; cutting with a grating sound. GRID'T-RON, (-i-urn,) n. [W. grediaw; Ir. preadam, to heat, scorch, roast, and tron. See Grippie.] A grated utensil for broiling flesh and fish over coals. GRID/T-R ON-PEND!U-LUM, n. See Penputum. GRIEF, (gréf,) x. [D. grief, hurt; Fr. grief, and gre- ver, to oppress ; Sp. agravio ; Norm. grief, gref, greve; L. gravis. See Grave and Accravate. The sense is, pressure or oppression. 1. The pain of mind produced by loss, misfortune, injury, or evils of any kind; sorrow; regret. We experience gricf when we lose a friend, when we incur loss, when we consider ourselves injured, and by sympathy, we feel grief at the misfortunes of oth- ers. 2. The pain of mind occasioned by our own mis- conduct ; sorrow or regret that we have done wrong; pain accompanying repentance. We feel grief when we have offended or injured a friend, and the con- sciousness of having offended the Supreme Being, fills the penitent heart with the most poignant grief. 3. Cause of sorrow ; that which afflicts. Which were a grief of mind unto Isaac and to Rebekah. — Gen. A foolish son is a grief to his father. — Prov. xvii. [xxvi. GRIEEF’FUL, a. Full of grief or sorrow. Sackville, GRIEF’-IM-BIT’/TER-ED, a. Imbittered by grief. GRIEF’LESS, a Without grief. Huloet. GRIEE’/-SHOT, a. Pierced with grief. Shak. GRIEV'A-BLE, a. Lamentable. [ Obs.] Gower. GRIEV/ANCE,’n. [from grief] That which causes grief or uneasiness; that which burdens, oppresses, or injures, implying a sense of wrong done, or a con- tinued injury, and therefore applied only to the effects of human conduct ; never to providential evils. The oppressed subject has the right to petition for a re- dress of srievances. GRIEVE, v. t. [D. grieven; Fr. grever, to oppress ; Sp. agraviar, agravar; It. gravare; L. gravo, from gravis. See GRave. 1. To give pain of mind to; to afflict; to wound the feelings. Nothing grieves a parent like the con- duct of a profligate child. 2. To aiflict ; to inflict pain on. For he doth not afflict willingly, nor grieve the children of men. — Lam. iil. 3. To make sorrowful ; to excite regret in. 4. To offend ; to displease ; to provoke. Grieve not the Holy Spirit of God. — Eph. iy. GRIEVE, v. i To feel pain of mind or heart; to be in pain on account of an evil; to sorrow; to mourn. We grieve at the loss of friends or property. We grieve at the misfortunes of others. We grieve for our own misfortunes, follies, and vices, as well as for those of our children. It is followed by at or Sor. GRIEV/ED, pp. or a. SOrrow. GRIEV’ER, 7. He or that which grieves, GRIEV/ING, ppr. ora. Giving pain; afflicting. 2. Sorrowing ; exercised with grief; mourning. GRIEV’'ING-LY, adv. In sorrow; sorrowfully. Shak. GRIEV’OUS, a. [from grieve, or grief.] Heavy ; op- pressive ; burdensome ; as, a grievous load of taxes. 2. Afflictive ; painful; hard to be borne. Correction is grievous to him that forsaketh the way.— Prov. XV. Pained; afflicted; suffering 3. Causing grief or sorrow. The thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight, because of his son. —Gen. xxi. 4. Distressing. The famine was very grievous in the land. —Gen. xii. 5. Great ; atrocious. Because their sin is very grievous. — Gen. xviii. 6. Expressing great uneasiness ; as, a grievous com- plaint. 7. Provoking ; offensive; tending to irritate ; as, grievous words. Prov. xv. 8. Hurtful; destructive; causing mischief; as, grievous wolves. Acts xx. GRIEV’/OUS-LY, adv. With pain; painfully; with great pain or distress ; as, to be grievously afflicted. 2. With discontent, ill-will, or grief, nolles. 3. Calamitously; miserably; greatly ; with great uneasiness, distress, or grief. 4. Atrociously ; as, to sin or offend grievously. GRIEV’/OUS-NESS, n. Oppressiveness ; weight that gives pain or distress ; as, the grievousness of a bur- den. : 2. Pain; affliction ; calamity; distress ; as, the grievousness of sickness, war, or famine. 3. Greatness, enormity ; atrociousness ; as, the grievousness Of sin or offenses. GRIF’FIN, )n. [Fr. griffon; Sp. wrifo; It. riffo, grif- GRIF’FON, fone; G. greif; Dan. grif; b. grifficen ; L. gryps, gryphus; Gr. ypu; W. gruf, fierce, bold, to penetrate or pierce harshly ; as, the griding sword. Milton. That through his thigh the mortal steel did gride, Spenser. In the natural history of the ancients, an imaginary animal, said to be generated between the lion and the eagle. It is represented with four legs, wings, and a beak, the upper part resembling an eagle, and the lower part a lion. This animal was supposed to Watch over mines of gold and hidden treasures. and was consecrated tothe sun. The figure of the grif- fin is seen on ancient medals, and is still borne in coat-armor. It is also an ornament of Greek archi- tecture. Encyc. GRIF’FIN-LIKE, a, Resembling a griffin. GRIG,n. A-small eel; the sand-eel, 2. A merry creature, from lively motions, like those of the eel. Stoift. 3. Health. [ Obs.) GRILL, v.t. [Fr. griller.] 1. To broil. 2. To torment, as if by broiling. GRILL, a, Causing terror or shaking with cold. [ Obs.] haucer. [Fr.} Broiled meat, or something GRIL-LADE’, x. broiled. GRIL’LAGE, n. A name given to the sleepers and cross-beams on which some erections are carried up, as piers on marshy soils, &c. Buchanan. GRILL‘ED, pp. ora. Broiled ; tormented. GRILL'ING, ppr. Broiling ; tormenting. GRIL/LY, v. t. To harass. [WVotin use.] Hudibras. GRIM, a. (Sax. grim, fierce, rough, ferocious ; gram, raging, fury ; gremian, to provoke; D. gram, angry; grimmen, to growl; grimmig, grim; grommen, to grumble ; G. srimm, furious, grim; grimmen, to rage ; gram, grief, sorrow ; Dan. grim, stern, grim, peevish ; gram, grudging, hating, peevish; W. gremiaw, to gnash, to snarl, from rhem, whence vhemial, to mut- ter. Hence Fr. grimace. ‘These words belong prob- ably to the root of L. fremo, which has a different prefix, Gr. bpenw, Eng. grumble, rumble, Ir. grim, war. See Class Rm, No. 11, 13.] 1, Fierce ; ferocious ; impressing terror; frightful; horrible ; as, a grim look; a grim face; grim war. Jilton. Addison. 2. Ugly ; ill-looking. Shak. 3. Sour; crabbed ; peevish; surly. GRIM’-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a stern counte- nance. GRIM/-GRIN-NING, a. tenance. GRIM/-VIS-AG-ED, (-viz-ajd,) a. GRI-MACE’, nx. Mazo. | 1, A distortion of the countenance, from habit, af- fectation, or insolence. Spectator. 2. An air of affectation. Granville. {‘‘ Half the French words used affectedly by Me- Jantha, in Dryden’s Marriage d-la-Mode, as innova- tions in our language, are now in common use: cha- grin, double-entendre, eclaircissement, embarras, equi- vogue, foible, grimace, naivelé, ridicule. All these words, which she learns by heart to use occasion- ally, are now in common use.”’ D Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, Second Series, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 395. — E. H. B. GRI-MAC’ED, (gre-mast’,) a. Distorted; having a crabbed look. GRI-MAL/KIN, x [Qu. Fr. gris, gray, and malkin.]} The name of an old cat. Philips. GRIME, n. [Ice. gryma, Sax. hrum, soot; Rabbinic, D5, soot. Class Rm, No, 21.] Foul matter; dirt; sullying blackness, deeply in- sinuated. Shak. Woodward. GRIME, v. t. To sully or soil deeply ; to dirt. Shak. GRIM’/LY, a. Having a hideous or stern look. Beaum. & Fl. Fiercely ; ferociously ; with a look of Addison. Shak. Fierceness of look; sternness ; crab- Grinning with a fierce coun- Shak. Grim-faced. [Fr., from run, or its root; Sp. gri- GRIM/LY, adv. fury or ferocity. 2. Sourly; sullenly. GRIM’/NESS, zn. bedness. GRIMY, a. Full of grime; foul. GRIN, v.2% [Sax. grinnian; G. greinen, grinsen; D. grynen, grinzen; Sw. grina; Dan. griner. In W. ysgyrnwg is a grin or snarl, and ysgorn, scorn. ] 1. To set the teeth together and open the lips, or to open the mouth and withdraw the lips from the teeth, so as to show them, as in laughter or scorn. Fools grin on fools. 2. To fix the teeth, as in anguish. GRIN, x. The act of closing the teeth and showing them, or of withdrawing the lips and showing the teeth. Addison. Watts. GRIN, x. Asnare or trap. [JWVot in use.] Chaucer. GRIN, v. t. To express by grinning. grinned hornbly a ghastly smile. Milton, GRIN’:, ». t.; pret. and pp. Grounp. [Sax. grindan. This verd, if m is radical, may be allied to rend; if not, it coincides with grate. See Class Rn, No. 9, to make smooth, as mollis in L. allied to molo.] 1. To break and reduce to fine particles or powder by friction ; to comminute by attrition ; to triturate. Take the millstones and grind meal. — Is. xlvii. We say, to grind meal; but this is an elliptical Young. a griffin. ] phrase. The true phrase is, to grind corn lo meal. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 520GRI GRO GRO 2. To break and reduce to small pieces by the teeth. Dryden. 3. To sharpen by rubbing or friction; to wear off the substance of a metallic instrument, and reduce it to a sharp edge by the friction of a stone; as, to ae an ax or scythe. To make smooth; to polish by friction; as, to oe glass. 5. To rub one against another. Harsh sounds, and the grinding of one stone against another, miuke a shivering or horror in the body and set the teeth on edge. Bacon. 6. To oppress by severe exactions ; to afflict cruel- ly; to harass; as, to grind the faces of the poor. Is. . ili. To crush in pieces; to ruin. Jatt. xxi. 8. To grate ; as, grinding pains. Dryden. GRIND, v. i. To perform the operation of grinding ; to move a mill. Milton. 2. To be moved or rubbed together, as in the op- er avon of grinding’; as, the grinding jaws. Rowe. | . To be ground or pulverized by friction. Corn will not grind well before it is dry. 4. 'o be polished and made smooth by friction. GJass rrinds smooth. 5. To be sharpened by grinding. fine edge. CRN ER 2 nm. One that grinds, or moves a mill. The instrument of grinding. Philips. 3, A tooth that erinds or chews food ; a double- | tooth ; a jaw-tooth. The teeth in general. Steel grinds to a Dryden. GRIND/ING, ppr. or a. Reducing to powder by fric- tion ; triturating ; levigating; chewing. making smooth or polishing by friction. 3. Oppressing. GRIND/‘ING, n. The act of reducing to powder; al- o, of sharpening or polishing. GRIND/STONE, n. A flat, circular stone used for erinding or sharpening tools. Grindlestone, used by old waiters, is obsolete. | GRIN/NER [See Grin.] One that grins. Addison. | ° | 2. Making sharp ; | ' 4ivs GRIN/NIN G. ppr. ora. Closing the teeth and show- a showing of the teeth. ing them, as in laughter GRIN/’NING-LY, adv. With a grinning laugh. GRIP, n. The griffin. [JVot in use.] Shak. GRIP, n. A grasp ; GRIP, xn. [D. groep; A small ditch or furrow. RIP, v. t. Te trench ; to drain. RIPE, v, f (Sax. g or ipan; Goth. greipan ; D. grypen ; G. creifen; Sw. gripa; Dan. griber; Fr. gripper; Arm. scraba, scraper; W. grab, a cluster, a grape; grabin, a Same grabiniano, to grapple, to scram- ble, Qu. Sans. grepipan. These words may be al- lied in origin to L. rapio.] 1. To seize; to grasp}; to catch with the hand, and to ean close ly with the fingers. To hold fast; to hold with the fingers closely one Shoah closely. 4, To (Dan. greb ; G. griff. See Grire.] a poiene fast. { Obsolete or vulgar.] Sax. grep.]| [ Vot used in America, ] [Mot used. | QQ | ie | seize and hold fast in the arms ; to embrace — °o close the fingers ; to clutch. Pope. 5. To pinch; to press ; to compress. 6. To give pain to the bowels, as if by pressure or contraction. 7. To pinch; poverty. GRIPE, v.i. To seize or catch by pinching; to get money by hard bargains or mean exactions; as, a griping mise Te 2. To feel the colic. Locke. 3. To bring her head too close to the wind, asa ship. . H. Dana, Jr. GRIPE, n. Grasp; seizure; fast hold with the hand or paw, or with the arms. Shak. Dryden. Squeeze ; pressure. Dryden. Oppressioa >; cruel exactions. Shak. Affliction; pinching distress; as, the gripe of poverty. 5. In seamen’s language, the fore-foot, or piece of timber which terminates the keel at the fore end. Totten. 6. Gripes; in the plural, pain in the intestines of the character of that which accompanies a lax. This sort of pain in the intestines is technically called tor- mind. 7. Gripes ; in seamen’s language, an assemblage of ropes, dead-eyes, and hooks, fastened to ring-bolts in the deck, to secure the boats. Totten. GRIPE’/FUL, a. Disposed to gripe. GRIP/ER, n, One who gripes ; an oppressor ; an ex- tortioner. GRIP/ING, ppr. or a. Grasping; seizing; holding fast; pinching ; oppressing ; distressing the bowels. GRIP/ING, n. A pinching or grasp; a peculiar pain of the intestines, as in a lax or colic. %. In seamen’s language, the inclination of a ship to run to the windward of her course. Mar. Dict. GRIP’ING-LY, adv. With a peculiar pain in the in- to straiten ; to distress; as, griping - ae GRESETTE’, (gre-zet’,) n. A tradesman’s wife or daughter. [Not used. Sterne. GRIS/KIN, x. [See Grise.] The spine ofa hog. [JVot Fr-] GRIS/LY, (griz‘ly,) a. lich, and graus ; W. ecrys (Sax. grislic; G. grass, grdss- , dire , shocking, that causes to start, from rhys, a rushing ; Sax. agrisan, to shud- der. Frightful; horrible; te rrible 5 as, grisly locks; a grisly countenance ; a grisly face; a grisly specter. Shak. Milton. Dryden. Grisly bear. GRIZZLY. GRI/SON, n. A South American animal, of the glut- ton kind, a little larger than a weasel. Partington, GRI/SONS, (gré/zunz,) n. pl. Inhabitants of the east- ern Swiss Alps. See GRIST, n. [Sax. grist; Eth. NZA charats, to grind, coinciding with Heb. and Ch. pan. Class Rd, No. 60, 58, &c.] ]. Properly, that which is ground; hence, corn ground; but in common usage, it signifies, corn for grinding, or that which is eround at one time; as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. Get grist to the mill to have plenty in store. Tusser. 2. Supply ; provision. _ Swift. 3. Profit ; gain; [as in Latin emolumentum, from molo, to grind ;] in the phrase, it brings grist to the mill. GRIS/TLE, (gris/l,) n. [Sax. gristle; perhaps the L. cartil, in cartilasro ; cartil for cratil. Qu, Gr. kapre- pos, kparenos, Strong, or Ir. crislion, sinews.] A cartilage ; a smooth, solid, elastic substance, in animal bodies, chiefly in those parts where a sini all, easy motion is required, as in the nose, ears, larynx, trachea, and sternum. It covers the ends of all bones which are united by movable articulations. UINCY- like gristle ; car- GRIST/LY, a. Consisting of gristle ; tilaginous ; as, the gristly rays of fins connected by membranes. Ray. GRIST/-MILL, n. A mill for grinding grain. xRIT, n. griutze, groats ; (Sax. greot, or gryt, grytta; G. gries, grit ; D. grut, orutte, and gruis; Dan. grus, or gréd; Sw. grus, probably allied to grate; Dan. grylter, to bruise or grate; W. grut, grud, the latter from rhud, a cast, or driving forward. ] 1. The coarse part of meal. 2. Oats hulled, or coarsely ground; written also Groats. 3. Sand or gravel; rough, hard particles. 4. A hard sandstone ; stone composed of particles of sand agglutinated. GRITH, 7. Agreement. [Jot in use.] Chaucer. GRIT/ROC K, oe GRIT'ST ONE. See Grit, No. 4. GRIT’/TLNESS, n. The quality of containing grit, or consisting of grit, sand, or small, hard, rough parti- cles of stone. GRIT/TY, a. Containing sand or grit; consisting of GRIP'PLE, a. [from gripe.] Griping; greedy ; cove-| GROAN/ING, n. The act of groaning; lamentation ; tous; unfeeling. [ Obs. Spenser. complaint; a deep sound uttered in puin or sorrow. o Grasping fast ; : tenacious. [ Obs.] Spenser. 1 have heard the groaning of the children of Isracl. — Ex. vi. GRIP/PLE-NESS, n. Covetousness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. 2. In hunting, the cry or noise of the buck GRIS) (rez), Fx. grt, gray-] Ty Chamb. || A Kind of tur. Chaucer. GROAT, (grawt,) . [D. groot, G. crot, that is, great, 1 ~~ Lp > — ave | CS ees used, by Milton, for Amsercris. a sreat es De coins 80 called Hees before this | es iece was coine¢ Y haware 1e LNGlISN ha | GRISE, 7. A step, or scale of steps. [L. ETessus, Sw. Bear coin larger sa a penny. ] Sig FF ese See Greece.] [Obs.] Shak. 1. An English money of account, equal to four ,| 2. A swine. [Obs.] OA proverbial name fora smi ui sum. [ pence. l) GROATS, (grawts,) rn. pl. [See G GROATS/-WORTH, wm a : : : : of a groat. Sherwood. GRITS LI-NESS, x. Quality of being grisly, or horri- | GRO! CER, n. [This is usually considered as formed le. Sidney. from gross, but in other languages, the corresponding RIT.] Oats that have hulls taken off. | (grawts/wurth,) The value the word is from the name of plants, herbs, or spices ; | D. kruidenier, from kruid, an herb, Ww ort, spice S 5 wiz krdmer,a dealer in w orts, herbs, or spices ; Sw. krydd- kramare. The French, Spanish, and Portuguese, use words formed from the name of spice, a and the Ital- ian is from the same word as drug. It would seem, then, that a grocer, whatever may “be the origin of the name, was originally a seller of spices and other veg- etables.] A trader who deals in tea, sugar, spices, coffee, liquors, fruits, &c. GRO/CER-Y, x. The commodities sold by grocers. It is used in the singular in England, in the plural in ae United States. 2. A grocer’s store. United States. GROG, zn. A mixture of spirit and water not sweet- ened. GROG/-BLOS-SOM, n. A rum-bud ; a redness on the nose or face of men who drink ardent spirits to ex- cess ; a deformity that marks the beastly vice of in- temperance. America. GROG/-DRINK-ER, n. One addicted to drinking is one that bears Cyc. grog. GROG/GY, a. A groggy horse, wholly on his heels in trotting. 2, In vulgar language, tipsy ; “intoxicated. GROG/RAM, GROG!Ré AN, A kind of stuff made of silk and mohair. GROG/SHOP, n. In America, a shop where grog and other spirituous liquors are retailed. GroGcGrry has acme been used of Jate. ROIN, [Ice. and Goth. grein. do not find this in Lye. . The depressed part of the human body between ie ‘belly and the thigh. 9. Among builders, the angular curve made intersection of two semi- cylinders or arches. Encyc. [Fr. groin; Gr. pcv-] The snout or nose of a swine. Chaitcer. GROIN, v.%. To groan. [O0bs.] Chaucer. GROI NipD, a. Having an angular curve made by the intersection of two semi-cylinders or arches; as, a groined arch; a groined ceiling. GROMET,, n {Arm. gromm, a curb, Fr. gour- GROM'ME mette. | Macnee seamen, a ring formed of a strand of rope laid round, used for various purposes. Totten. GROM’WELL, n. A plant of the genus Lithosper- GROM/‘IL, mum. The German Gromwell is GROOM, x. [Pers. Loss garma, a keeper of horses. n. [It. grossegrana, gross grain. ] Chaim But I ere? CWS. by the the Stellera. 50.5 Fam. of Plants. Qu. Flemish or old D. grom, a boy.] 1. A boy or young man; 2 Waiter; a Servant. 9, A man or boy who has the charge of horses ; one who takes care of horses or the stable. grit ; full of hard particles ; sandy. GRIZ/E-LIN. See GrivDEvin. GRIZ/ZLE, n. [Fr. Sp. and Port. gris, gray.] Gray ; a gray color; a mixture ‘of white and black. Shak. GRIZ'ZLED, a. Gray; ofa mixed color. Gen. xxxi. GRIZ’/ZLY, a. Somew hat gray. Bacon. Grizzly bear ; a large and ferocious bear of Western Noe America, the Ursus ferox of Lewis and Clark. GROAN, v. i. [Sax. granian, grunan; W. gronan; L, grunnio; Fr. gronder; Sp. grunir: It. grugmre 5 we OD ranna, Heb. and Ch. }34, to cry out, to groan 5 L. rana, afrog. Class Rn, No. 4.] I. To breathe with a deep, 1 murmuring sound ; to utter a mournful voice, as in pain or sorrow. For we, tha it are in this tabernacle, do groan, being burdened. — 2 Cor 2. To seh ; to be oppressed or afflicted ; or to com- plain of oppression. A nation groans “under the weight of taxes. GROAN, n. A deep, mournful sound, uttered in pain, sorrow, or anguish. 2 Any low, rumbling sound ; roaring wind. GROAN/FUL, a. GROAN/ING, ppr. or a. Ar. as, the groans of Shak Sad ; inducing groans. Spenser. Uttering a low, mournful . testines L 6C sound. ES TMs UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; 3. In England, a title of several officers of the royal household, chiefly in the lord chamberlain’s department ; as, ‘the groom of the chamber ; groom of the stole or robe Ss prande. GROOM, x. [Sax. and Goth. guia, a man.] A man recently married, or one who is attending his pro- posed spouse In order to be mi irried ; used in compo- sition, as in bridegroom, which see. [This is a pal- pable mistake for coon. ] GROOM, To take care of horses. GROO WING, n The care and feeding of horses. GROOM’-PO RITE R,n. An officer in the household of the king of England, who succeeded the master of revels, and gave direction as to sports. Foshroke. GROOVE, ‘(groov,) n. {[Ice. sroof; Sw. grop; but it is merely a variation of grave. See Grave and Sam 4 furrow, channel, or long hollow cut by a tool. Anne joiners, a channel in the edge of a molding, style, or rail. 2. ‘Among miners, a shaft or pit su earth. GROOVE, v.t. [Sw. gripa. : To cut a channel with an edged tools to furrow . GROOV’ED, pp. Channeled; cut with grooves. GROOWER, n. A miner. [Locah| Holloway. GROOV/ING, ppr. Cutting in channels. GROPE, v. aca. gropian, grapian 5 G. grabbeln, greifen; D. grypen, grabbelen ; Dan. grivers to gripe, nk into the oe as in THIS. haere ST TT he aes a al S eee KSAT I} — — Pa ee SS aw]a Pes bs a as ¥. GRO GRO GRO to grope; Sw. grubla, Dan. grubler, to search. ‘The sense is, to feel or to catch with the hand.]} : 1. To feel along; to search or attempt to find in the dark, or as a blind person, by feeling. all like the blind. —Is. lix. See ee lekved me rennin children of mortality to grope a little longer among the miseries and sensualities of a worldly life. Buckminster. 9. To seek blindly in intellectual darkness, with- out a certain guide or means of knowledge. : GROPE, v. t. To search by feeling in the dark. We groped our way at midnight. But Strephon, cautious, never meant The bottom of the pan to grope. GROP’ED, (gropt,) pp. Felt in the dark. : GROP’ER, zn. One who gropes; one who feels his way in the dark, or searches by feeling. GROP/ING, ppr. Feeling for something in darkness ; searching by feeling. : GROP/ING-LY, adv. In a groping manner. GROS, (gro,) [Fr.] Thick; strong; a word used in many compound words for .silk goods; as, gros & de Nap or Naples, gros de Tours, &c., all strong fab- Swift. rics. Encyc. Am. GROS’BEAK,z2. A bird. See Grosspeax. GROSS, a. _[Fr. gros; It. and Port. grosso ; Sp. grueso, grosero; L. crassus; a dialectical variation of great. | 1. Thick; bulky ; particularly applied to animals ; fat; corpulent ; as, a gross man ; a gross body. 2. Coarse; rude; rough; not delicate; as, gross sculpture. Wotton. 3. Coarse, m a figurative sense; rough; mean; particularly, vulgar; obscene; indelicate ; as, gross language; gross jests. 4. Thick; large; opposed to fine; as, wood or stone of a gross grain. 5. Impure ; unrefined ; as, gross sensuality. : 6. Great ; palpable ; as, a gross mistake; gross in- justice. 7. Coarse ; large; not delicate; as, gross features. 8. Thick ; dense; not attenuated; not refined or pure ; as, a gross medium of sight; gross air; gross elements. Sacon. Pope. 9. Unseemly; enormous; shameful; great; as, gross corruptions ; gross Vices. 10. Stupid; dull. Tell her of things that no gross ear can hear. Milton. ll. Whole; entire; as, the gross sum, or gross amount, as opposed to a sum consisting of separate or specified parts. GROSS, x. The main body; the chief part; the bulk ; the mass; as, the gross of the people. [We now use Box. ] Addison. 2, The number of twelve dozen; twelve times twelve; as, a gross of bottles. It never has the plural form. We say, five gross or ten gross. In the gross, in gross, in the bulk, or the whole un- divided ; all parts taken together. By the gross, in a like sense. Gross weight, is the weight of merchandise or goods, with the dust and dross, the bag, cask, chest, é&c., in which they are contained, fof which an al- lowance is to be made of tare and tret. This being deducted, the remainder, or real weight, is denomi- nated neatornet weiglit. Gross weight was abolished in Connecticut by statute, May, 1827. In English law, a villain in gross, was one who did not belong to the land, but immediately to the per- son of the lord, and was transferrable by deed, like chattels, from one owner to another. Blackstone. Advowson in gross; an advowson separated from the property of a manor, and annexed to the person of its owner. Blackstone. Common in gross, is common annexed toa man’s person, and not appurtenant to land. Blackstone. GROSS/BEAK, 2. A singing bird of several species, allied to the finches and linnets. The bill is convex above, and very thick at the base, from which cir- cumstance it takes its name. Pe Cyc. GROSS/EST, a. Coarsest ; rudest ; most indelicate. GROSS/-HEAD-ED, a. Having a thick skull; stupid. Milton. GROSS/LY, adv. In bulky or large parts; coarsely. This matter is grossly pulverized. 2. Greatly ; palpably ; enormously; as, this affair has been grossly misrepresented. 3. Greatly ; shamefully ; as, grossly criminal. 4. Coarsely; without refinement or delicacy ; as, 3. Without art or skill. [language grossly vulgar. GROSS/NESS, n. Thickness; bulkiness; corpulence ; fatness ; applied to animal bodies. 2. Thickness ; spissitude ; density; as, the gross- ness of Vapors. 3. Coarseness ; rudeness; want of refinement or delicacy ; vulgarity ; as, the grossness of language ; the grossness of wit. Abhor the swinish grossnesa that delichta to wound the ear of delicacy. wight. 4. Greatness; enormity ; as, the grossness of vice. GROSS’/U/LAR, a. Pertaining to or resembling a gooseberry ; 03, grossular garnet, GROSS’U-LAR, x. Aspecies of garnet of a green color. [Supra.-] GROT, { n, [Fr. grotte; It. grotta; Sp. and Port. GROT’TO,) gruta; G. and Dan. grotte; D. grot: Sax. grut. Gotta is not used.] 1. A large cave; a subterraneous cavern; and, primarily, a natural cave or rent in the earth, or such as is formed by acurrent of water, or an earthquake. Prior. Driden. 2. An artificial, ornamented cave for coolness and refreshment. Pope. GRO-TESQUE’, (gro-tesk’,) a. [Fr. grotesque; Sp. and Port. grutesco ; It. grottesca; from grotto.] Wildly formed; whimsical; extravagant; of ir- regular forms and proportions; ludicrous; antic. The term is derived from the figures found in the subterraneous apartments (grottocs) in the ancient ru- ins at Rome, and is hence applied to pieces of sculp- ture and painting, and to natural scenery ; as, gro- tesque painting ; grotesque design. Dryden. GRO-TESQUBE’, (gro-tesk’,) n. Whimsical figures or scenery. 2. Artificial grotto-work. GRO-TESQUE'LY, adv. GRO-TESQUE/NESS, z. State of being grotesque. GROUND, n. [Sax. grund; G. Dan. and Sw. grund; D. grond; Russ. grunt. This word may be the Ir. grian, ground, bottom of a river or Jake, from grean, V. graean, gravel. [See Grain.] It seems, primari- ly, to denote the gravelly bottom of a river or lake, or of the sea, which shows the appropriate sense of the verb to ground, as used by seamen. ] The surface of land or upper part of the earth, without reference to the materials which compose it. We apply ground to soil, sand, or gravel, indifferent- ly, but never apply it to the whole mass of the earth or globe, nor to any portion of it When removed. We never say a shovel full or a load of ground. We say under ground, but not under earth; and we speak of the globe as divided into land and water, not into ground and water. Yet ground, earth, and land, are often used synonymously. We say, the produce or fruits of the ground, of the earth, or of land. The water overflows the low ground, or the low land. Brande. In a fantastical manner. There was not a man to till the sround. — Gen. ii. The ground shall give its increase, — Zech. viii, The fire ran along on the ground. — Exod. ix. 2. Region ; territory ; as, Egyptian ground; Brit- ish ground; heavenly ground. Milton. 3. Land ; estate; possession Thy next design is on thy neighbor’s grounds. Dryden. 4. The surface of the earth, or a floor or pavement. Dagon had fallen on his face to the ground. —1 Sam. v. 5. Foundation; that which supports any thing. This argument stands on defensible ground. Hence, 6. Fundamental cause ; primary reason, or origi- nal principle. He stated the grounds of his complaint. Making happiness the ground of his unhappiness. Sidney. 7. First principles ; as, the grounds of religion. Milton. 8. In painting, that which is first put on; the sur- face on which a figure or object is represented ; that surface or substance which retains the original color, and to which the other colors are applied to make the representation ; as, crimson on a white ground. Encyc. 9. In manufactures, the principal color, to which others are considered as ornamental. Hakewill. 10. Grounds ; plural, the bottom of liquors ; dregs; lees; feces; as, coffee grounds; the grounds of strong beer, The term grounds is also used in architecture, to de- note pieces of wood, flush with the plastering, to which moldings, &c., are attached. rande. 11. The plain song; the tune on which descants are raised. On that ground Y’ll build a holy descant. Shak. 12. In etching, a gummous composition spread over the surface of the metal to be etched, to prevent the nitric acid from eating, except where the ground is opened with the point of a needle. Encyc. 13. Field or place of action. He fought with fury, and would not quit the ground. 14. In music, the name given to a composition in which the base, consisting of a few bars of independ- ent notes, is continually repeated to a continually varying melody. Bushy. 15. The foil to set a thing off. [Obs.] Shak. 16, Formerly, the pit of a playhouse. B. Jonson. To gain ground; to advance ; to proceed forward in conflict; as, an army in battle gains ground. Hence, to obtain an advantage; to have some suc- cess; as, the army gains ground on the enemy. Hence, 2. To gain credit; to prevail; to become more gen- eral or extensive ; as, the opinion gains ground. To lose ground ; to retire; to retreat ; to withdraw from the position taken. Hence, to lose advantage. Hence, 2. To lose credit; to decline; to become less in force or extent. To give ground ; to recede ; to yield advantage. To get ground, and to gather ground, are seldom used. GROUND, v. t. To lay or set on the ground. 2. To found; to fix or set, as on a foundation, cause, reason, or principle ; as, arguments grounded on reason ; faith grounded on scriptural evidence, 3. To settle in first principles ; to fix firmly. Being rooted and grounded in love. — Eph. iii. GROUND, »v.7. Torun aground; to strike the bottom and remain fixed ; as, the ship grounded in two fath- oms of water. GROUND, pret. and pp. or a. from Grinp. GROUND/AGE, n. A tax paid by a ship for the ground or space it occupies while in port. Bouvier. GROUND/-AN’/GLING, n. Fishing without a float, with a weight placed a few inches from the hook, GROUND’-ASH,». A sapling of ash; a young shoot from the stump of an ash, Mortimer. GROUND/-BAIT, n._ Bait consisting of balls of hoiled barley, &c., dropped to the bottom of the water to collect together the fish. Zalton. GROUND-CHER/RY, n. An American weed (physea- lis viscosa) having an inflated c#lyx, or seed-pod. xROUND/ED, pp. Laid in the ground ; run aground. GROUND/ED-LY, adv. Upon firm principles. GROUND!/-FLOOR, n. The first or lower floor of a house. But the English call the second floor from the ground the first floor. GROUND/-FORM, n. In grammar, the basis of a word, to which the other parts are added in declen- sion or conjugation. It is sometimes, but not always, the same as the root. Gibbs. GROUND/-HOG, n. [ground and hog.] The popular name of the American Arctomys, or miarmot, usually called, in New England, zwoodchuck. GROUND/-i-VY, n. A well-known plant, the Gle- choma hederacea; called, also, alehoof and sill. GROUND’LESS, a. Wanting ground or foundation ; wanting cause or reason for support; as, groundless fear. 2. Not authorized ; false; as, a groundless report or assertion. GROUND’/LESS-LY, adv. Without reason or cause ; Without authority for support. Boyle. GROUND’LESS-NESS, n. Want of just cause, rea- son, or authority for support. Tillotson. GROUND/LING. x. A fish that keeps at the bottom of the water. Shak. 2. Anciently, one who stood in the pit of the thea- ter, which was literally on the ground, having neither floor nor benches. Toone. GROUND’LY, adv. Upon principles; solidly. Ascham. [4 bad word, and not used.] GROUND/-NEST, x. A nest on the ground, GROUND/-NUT, n. The fruit of the Arachis hypogea, called also pea-nut, a native of South America. [See als, HartH-Novrt.] 2. A leguminous, twining plant, Apios tuberosa, producing clusters of dark-purple flowers, and having a root tuberous and pleasant to the taste, Dewey’s Mass. Rep. GROUND'-OAK, z. A sapling of oak. Mortimer. GROUND/-PINE, n. A plant, a species of Teucrium or germander, said to be so called from its resinous smell. Encyc. Hill, GROUND/-PLATE, n. In architecture, the ground- plates are the outermost pieces of timber lying on or near the ground, framed into one another with mor- tises and tenons. darris. GROUND/-PLOT, 7. The ground on which a build- ing is placed. 2. The ichnography of a building. Johnson. GROUND!-RENT, n. Féent paid for the ‘privilege of building on another man’s land. Johnson. GROUND -ROOM, zn. Aroomon the ground ; a low- er room. atler. GROUND/SEL, n. several species. GROUND/SEL, i A plant of the genus Senecio, of [ground and Sax. syll, basis, GROUND’/SILL, allied probably to L. sella, that Which is set. See Sixt. The timber of a building which lies next to the ground, commonly called a sill. GROUND/-SWELL, n. A swell and heaving of the Sea, with great power from beneath, while the sur- face is not agitated by any existing tempest. GROUND’-TACK-LE, (-tak-l,) 2. In ships, a general term for every thing necessary to secure a vessel at anchor. Totten. GROUND’-WORK, zn. The work which forms the foundation or support of any thing; the basis; the fundamentals. 2. The ground ; that to which the rest are addition- al. be Dryden. 3. First principle ; original reason. Dryden. GROUP, n. [It. groppo,a Knot, a bunch; Fr. groupe ; Sp. grupo. It is radically the same word as croup, crupper, rump ; W. grab, a cluster, a grape.) 1. A cluster, crowd, or throng; an assemblaze, either of persons or things; a number collected with: out any regular form or arrangement 3 as, a group of men or of trees; a group of isles. 2. In painting and sculpture, an assemblage of two or more figures of men, beasts, or other things, which FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE have some relation to each otner. , WOLF, BOOK. —GRO GRU GRU GROUP. v. t. [Fr. grouper.) To form a group; to bring or place together in a cluster or knot; to form an assemblage. The difficulty lies in drawing and disposing, or, as the painters term it, In grouping such a multitude of different oes Tor. GROUP’/ED, (groopt,) pp. or a. Formed or placed in a crowd. GROUP/ING, ppr. Bringing together in a cluster or assemblage. GROUP/ING, n. The art of composing or combining the objects of a picture or piece of sculpture. Cyc. OG; 5515 GROUSE, (grous,) z. [Pers. U5 >> kheros, gros, a cock.] A heath-cock, or cock of the wood, a bird of the genus Tetrao. The name is given to several species, highly prized for food, such as the black game, the red game, the ptarmigan, the ruffed grouse, &c, GROUSE, v. z To seek or shoot grouse. GROUS/ING, ppr. Shooting grouse. GROUT, n. [Sax. grut. See Groat.] 1. Coarse meal ; pollard. 2. A kind of wild apple. Johnson. 3. A thin, coarse mortar, used for pouring into the joints of masonry and brick-work. The term is also applied to a finer material, used in finishing the best ceilings. Gwilt. Brande. 4. Lees; that which purges off. Warner. 5. Wort of the last running. Holloway. GROUT/ING, n. The process of filling in or finishing with grout. Guilt. 2. The grout thus filled in. GROUT/NOL. See GrowTHEAp,. GROVE, n. [Sax. gref, graf, a grave, a cave, a grove; Goth. groba; from cutting an avenue, or from the re- semblance of an avenue to a channel.] 1. In gardening, a small wood or cluster of trees with a shaded avenue, or a wood impervious to the rays of the sun. A grove is either open or close ; open when consisting of large trees whose branches sbade the ground below ; close when consisting of trees and underwood, which defend the avenues from the rays of the sun and from violent winds. Encyc. 9. A wood of small extent. In America, the word is applied to a wood of natural growth in the field, as well as to planted trees in a garden; but only to a wood of small extent, and not to a forest. 3. Something resembling a wood, or trees in a wood, Tall groves of masts arose in beauteous pride. Trumbull. GROV’EL, (grov'l,) v. 7. [Ice. gruva; Chaucer, croff, flat on the ground or face; Scot. on groufe; allied to grope, Which see. } 1. To creep on the earth, or with the face to the ground ; to lie prone, or move with the body pros- trate on the earth ; to act in a prostrate posture. Gaze on and grovel on thy face. Shak. J'o creep and grovel on the ground. Milton. 2. To be low or mean ; as, groveling sense ; grovel- ing thoughts. Dryden. Addison. GROV’EL-ER, n. One who grovels; an abject wretch. GROV/EL-ING, ppr. Creeping ; moving on the ground. 2. a. Mean; without dignity or elevation. GROV'Y, a. Pertaining to a grove ; frequenting groves. GROW, v. i.; pret. Grew; pp-Grown. [Sax. growan; GROW, v. t. GROW’/ER, x, GROW/ING, ppr. or a. GROWL, v. 2. SE ypvAdAn, a grunting ; Flemish, grol- GROWL, v. t. GROWL, n. GROW L/ER, x. GROWL/ING; ppr. or a. GROW L/ING, nz. GROWL'ING-LY, adv. GROWN, pp. or a. from Grow. GROWSB, v. i. GROWTH, n. D. zroeyen; Dan. groer; Sw. gro, a contracted word ; W. crotiaw, crythu, to grow, to swell. This is prob- ably the same word as L. cresco, Russ. rastu, rostu, a dialectical variation of crodh or grodk. The French croitre, and Eng. increase, retain the final conso- nant. 1. to enlarge in bulk or stature, by a natural, im- perceptible addition of matter, through ducts and se- creting organs, as animal and vegetable bodies ; to vegetate as plants, or to be augmented by natural process, as animals. Thus, a plant grows from a seed to a shrub or tree, and a human being grows from a fetus tou man. He causeth the grass to grow for cattle. — Ps. civ. 2. To be produced by vegetation ; as, wheat grows in most parts of the world ; rice grows only in warm climates. 3. To increase , to be augmented ; to wax; as,a body grows larger by inflation or distention ; intem- perance is a growing evil. 4. To advance; to improve ; to make progress ; as, to grow in grace, in knowledge, in piety. The young man is growing in reputahion. 5. To advance; to extend. His reputation is prow- mg. 6. To come by degrees ; to become; to reach any state; 18, he grows more skillful, or more prudent. Let not vice grow to a habit, or into a habit. 7. To come forward ; to advance. [JVot much ased.] Winter began to grou fast on. Knolles. 8. To be changed from one state to another; to PECOMme'5 as, to grow pale; to grow poor; to grow rich. 9. To proceed, as from a cause or reason. Lax GRUB, >». t. GRUB, n. GRUB/-AX, n. GRUB/BER, n. GRUB'BING, ppr. GRUB'BING, n. GRUB/BING-HOE, n. GRUB'BLE, v. i. GRUB/STREET, n. or a. morals may grow from errors in opinion. MONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH os SH; FH as in THIS. 10. To accrue ; to come, Why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings ? — Ezra iv. 11. To swell; to increase ; as, the wind grew toa tempest. To grow out of; to issue from, as plants from the soil, or as a branch from the main stem. These wars have grown out of commercial considerations, ederalist, Hamilton. To grow up; to arrive at manhood, or to advance to full stature or maturity. To grow up; to close and adhere ; to become To grow together ; united by growth, as flesh or the bark of a tree severed. Grow signifies, properly, to shoot out, to enlarge ; but it is often used to denote a passing from one state to another, and from greater to less. Marriages grow less frequent. [To grow less, is an abuse of this word ; the phrase should be, to become less.] To cause to grow ; to produce; to raise ; as, a farmer grows large quantities of wheat. [This is a modern, agricultural use of grow, but prevalent in Great Britain, and the British use begins to be imitated in America. Until within a few years, we never heard grow used as a transitive verb in New England, and the ear revolts at the practice. ] One who grows; that which in- Paley. creases. 2. In English use, one who raises or produces. Increasing ; advancing in size or extent; becoming ; accruing; swelling; thriving. len. Junius. D. krollen, to caterwaul. ] To murmur or snarl, as a dog; to utter an angry, grumbling sound. Gay. To express by growling. TJ'homsoz. The murmur of a cross dog. A snarling cur; a grumbler. GRUDGE, v. t. GRUDGE, v. 2. GRUDGE, x. Sullen malice, or malevolence ; ill-will ; GRUDG/EONS, (grudj/unz,) n. pl. Coarse meal. [JVot GRUDG’ER, n. GRUDG/ING, ppr. or a. Grumbling ; snarling. The act of grumbling or snarling. In a grumbling manner. Advanced ; increased in growth. 2. Having arrived at full size or stature; as, a grown woman. Locke. Grown over ; covered by the growth of any thing ; [Sax. agrisan. overgrown. To shiver; to have chills. [WVotwused.| . Ray. The gradual increase of animal and vegetable bodies; the process of springing from a germ, seed, or root, and proceeding to full size, by the addition of matter, through ducts and secretory vessels. In plants, vegetation. We speak of slow growth, and rapid growth; of early growth, late growth, and full growth. 9. Product ; produce ; that which has grown; as, a fine growth of wood. English growth. Dryden. 4, Increase in number, bulk, or frequency. Johnson. 5. Increase in extent or prevalence; as, the growth of trade; the growth of vice. 6. Advancement; progress; improvement; as, growth in grace or piety. GROWT’HEAD,)n. [Probably gross, or great-head.] GROWT/NOL, A kind of fish. Ainsworth. 2. A lazy person ; alubber. [Obs.] Tusser. GRUB, v.i. [Goth. graban. See Grave. The prima- ry sense is probably to rub, to rake, scrape, or scratch, as wild animals dig by scratching. Russ. grebu, to GRUDGI/ING, x. GRUDG/ING-LY, adv. 3. Production ; any thing produced ; as, a poem of > > > d rake, to row; greven, a comb; grob, a grave; grob- lia, a ditch. ] To dig; to be occupied in digging. To dig; mostly followed by up. To grub up, is to dig up by the roots with an instrument; to root out by digging, or throwing out the soil; as, to grub up trees, rushes, or sedge. [from the verb.] A name given to any fleshy, dingy-colored larva, whether proceeding from the eggs of a beetle, moth, or other insect. It has sometimes been confined to the larve of beetles and weevils. Partington. 2. A short, thick man; a dwarf, in contempt. Carew. A tool used in grubbing up roots, &c. One who grubs. 2, An instrument for digging up the roots of trees, &c. Digging up by the roots. Operation of digging up shruhs, &c., by the roots. An instrument for digging up trees, shrubs, &c., by the roots; a mattock; called also a grub-ar. [G. griibeln. See Grover and GRABBLE. | To feel in the dark; to grovel. [Rare.] Dryden. Originally, the name of a street near Moorfields, in London, much inhabited by mean writers ; hence applied to mean writings ; as, a Grubstreet poem. Johnson. [The street is now called Milton street. Smart. | {WW . gre, a broken, rumbling noise ; grogag, a murmur, and, as a verb, to murmur; grogacgu, to grumble; from the root of rhwciaw, to grunt, or grumble; riwg, a grunt, what is rough; L. rugio; Scot. gruch, to grudge, to repine; Gr. ypuvw. We see the primary sense is, tc grumble, and this from the root of rough.] 1. To be discontented at another’s enjoyments or advantages ; to envy one the possession or happiness which we desire for ourselves. Tis not in thee To grudge my pleasures, to cut off my train. Shak. I have often heard the Presbyterians sdy, they did not grudge us our employments. Swift. It is followed by two objects, but probably by el- lipsis ; as, grudge us, for grudge to us. 2. To give or take unwillingly. Nor grudge my cold embraces in the grave, Dryden. They have grudged those contributions, which have set our country at the head of all the governments of arenes A on. To murmur; torepine ; to complain ; Hooker. as, to grudge or complain of injustice. Grudge not to 2. To be unwilling or reluctant. serve your country. 3. To be envious. Grudge not one against another. —James v. 4. To wish in secret. [JVot used, nor proper.] 5. To feel compunction; to grieve. [JVot in use.] secret enmity; hatred; as, an old grudge. B. Jonson. 2. Unwillingness to benefit. 3. Remorse of conscience. [ Obs.] Beaum. & Fl. One that grudges ; a murmurer. Envying; being uneasy at another’s possession of something which we have a desire to possess. in use. Uneasiness at the possession of something by another. 2. Reluctance ; also, a secret wish or desire. Dryden. He had a grudging still to bea knave, [Obs.] Dryden, 3. A symptom of disease. [JVot in use.] Jackson. Unwillingly ; withreluctance or discontent ; as, to give grudgingly. GRU/EL, xn. [Fr. gruau; W. grual.| A kind of light food made by boiling meal in wa- ter. It is usually made of the meal of oats or maize. GRUFF, a. [D. grof; G. grob; Dan. gov; Sw. grof; W.. gruf, a griffin, one fierce and 'bold. | Of a rough or sterm manner, voice, or counte- nance ; sour; surly; severe; rugged; harsh. Addison. GRUFF’LY, adv. sternly; ruggedly ; harshly. And gruffly looked the god. GRUFF’NESS, 2. manner, or voice ; sternness. GRUM,«. [Dan. grum, cruel, fierce, peevish; Sw. grym, id.; Dan. gremmer, to mourn; W. grim, growling, surly ; grymian, to grumble. | 1. Morose; severe of countenance ; sour; surly Arbutiinot. 9, Low ; deep in the throat; guttural; rumbling as, a srwm Voice. GRUM/BLE, vy. t% [D. grommelen, grommen; Sax. grymetan; Dan. gremmer ; Fr. grommeler ; W. grymi- al, to grumble; Russ. grom,a loud noise, thunder 5 gremlyu, to make a loud noise, to thunder ; Arm. grommellat ; Ir. cruim, thunder; probably from the root of rumble; Heb. Ch. Syr. DY 4, to roar, murmur, thunder; Sax. reomian, rhemman, to scream. Class Rm, No. 11, 13. 1. To murmur with discontent; to utter a low voice by way of complaint. L’Avare, not using half his store, Still grumbles that he has no more. 2. To growl; to snarl; as, a lion grumbling over his prey. 3. To rumble ; to roar; to make a harsh and heavy souna ; as, grumbling thunder; a grumbling storm. In this sense, RumBLE is generally used.] GRUM/BLER, x. One who grumbles or murmurs; one who complains; a discontented man. _Svov/t. GRUM/BLING, ppr. ora. Murmuring through discon- tent ; rumbling ; growling. GRUM’/BLING, x. A murmuring through discontent ; a rumbling. GRUM/BLING-LY, adv. With grumbling, or com- plaint. GRUME, 2. grumo. | ; A thick, viscid consistence of a fluid ; a clot, as of blood, &c. GRUM'LY, adv. nance. GRU/MOUS, a. mous blood. : 2, In botany, in the form of little clustered grains. Lindley. Roughly ; Dryden. Prior. [Fr. grumeau; L. grumus; It. and Sp. Morosely; with a sullen counte- Thick; concreted ; clotted ; as, gru- Roughness of countenance, of §23 See eet 4 st a) 4 ; eis Stan aE ARS A . ec—s ES. edd eo A a as GUAR/AN-TIED GUAR/AN-TY i GUA GUA GUE GRU/MOUS-NESS, 7 A concreted. Wiseman. GRUMP’Y, a. Surly; dissatisfied. [Zocal in Eng- land. Forby. GRUND/SEL. See GrounvsEL. Milton. GRUNT, v.i. [Dan. grynter; G. grunzen; Nan ; Fr. ITOZNET § Arm. grondal; L. grinnio; grunir ; It. grugnire. oe Oo ranna, to cry out, tomurmur. Class Rn, deep, oe sound. Swift. Shak. GRUNT, A deep, guttural sound, as of a hog. GRU NIVER, n. One that grunts. peculic ir noise which it makes Dict. Nat. Hist. GRUNT/ING, ppr. or a. cuttural sound of swine or other GRUNT'ING, 2. r animals. other animals. GRU N TING-LY, adv. With grunting or murmurs. GRUNT’LE, »v. i. To grunt. [Not much used. ] GRU N T/LING, n. A yonng hog. GRUTCH, for Gruper, is now vulgar, and not to be GRY, 7. (Gr. j ypv.] fused. u A measure containing one tenth of a line. Locke. [ Rare. } Any thing very small, or of little value. GRY PH ITE, n. [L. gry phit s; Gr. ypuros, hooked. Crowstone, an oblong fossil shell, narrow head, and wider toward the extremity, where in a circular limb; the head or beak is very ho oked. GUA-€HA'/RO-BIRD, n. A nocturnal bird of South America, of the genus Steatornis. It feeds on hard os and is valued for its fat. Humboldt. one A-CUM, (gwa’ya-kum,) n. The name of a genus of pl: ao and also of the resin of the species G. Ofici: nale, popularly called Lignum vite, or pox wood; atree produced in the warm climates of America. The wood is very hard, ponderous, and resinous. The resin of this tree, sometimes called greenish cast, and much used in medicine. GUAJNA, n parts of America. GUA-NA’/€0,n. The Auchenia Huanaca, a Encyc. species of the genus of ruminant mammals to which the Ja- It inhabits the Andes, and is domesti- ma be longs. cated. I[t is allied to the camel. GUA-NIF’ER-OUS, a. Yielding guano. Ure. GUA/’NO, 7. A substance found on some parts of the South American and African coasts, Which are fre- quented by sea-fowls, and composed chiefly of their excrement; used as a manure. Ure. GUA/RA, n. A bird of Brazil, the Tantalus ruber, about the size of a spoonbill. When first hatched, it js black ; it afterward changes to gray, and then to vivid red. Dict. of Nat. Hist. GUAR-AN-TEE!, (gar-an-tee’,) n. [I'r. warant; Sp. garantia; Arm. gourand; Ir. barranta; W. giwarant.) 1. An undertaking or engagenient, by a third per- son or party, that the stipulations of a treaty shall be observed by the contracting parties or by one of them; an undertaking that the engage pene or proniise of another shall be performed. We say, a clause of guarantee in a treaty. ” Hamilton. 2, One who binds himself to see the stipulations of another performed. [Guarantee is becoming the prevalent spelling. ] GUAR-AN-TEE’, (gar-an-tee’,) v. t. [Fr. garantir; It. guarentire; Arm. gearanti; W. gwarantu, from gwar, secure, smooth, or rather from gwara, to fend, to fence, the root of guard, that is, to drive off, to hold off, to stop; D. waaren, to preserve, to indem- nify ; Sax. werian, to defend; Eng. to ward; allied to warren, &c. See Wanrrant.] to make sure; l. To warrant ; to undertake or en- gace that another person shall perform what he has } self to see that another’s | stipulated ; to oblige one’s enga 1gements are performed ; to secure the perform- ance € of ; as, to guarantee the execution of a treaty. Madison. Hamilton. 2. To undertake to secure to another, at all events, as claims, rights, or possessions. [TI hus, in the treaty of 1778, Trance suaranteed to the United States their libe rty, sovereignty, and independe nce, and their possessions ; and the United States guar- antced to France its possessions in America. Lhe United States zhall guarantee to every republican form of government. 3. To indemnify ; tos ANTY. GUAR-AN-TEED/, ) shee: GUAR-AN-TEE/ING, ppr. Warranting. GUAR/AN-TOR, (gar/an-tor,) n. A w arrantor; one who engages to see that the stipulations of another are performe -d; also, one who engages to secure another in any right or possession. > (gar/an- ty,)v. t. [Fr. garantir.] To Warrant ; to make sure; toundertake or engage that ery person shall perform what he has stipul: ited. State in the Union a Const. of United States. save harmless. [See Guar- Warranted. 3, To indemnify ; to save harmless. state of being clotted or Sax. gru- Sp. See Heb. Ch. Sam. Jon; are No. 4.] To murmur like a hog ; toutter a short groan, or a [ Dryden. 9, A fish of the gurnard and, so called from the Utiering the murmuring or The guttural sound of swine and at the itends fuldc, is of a A species of lizard, found in the warmer GUARD, v. 7. GUARD, n. GUARD!/-BOAT, n. that their officers keep a good look-out. GUARD/-CHAM-BER,n. A guard-room. GUARD/-ROOM, z. of guards, GUARD/-SHIP, n. GUARD/A-BL EB, a. GUARD/AGE, GUARD! ANT, a. spe ctator. GUARD/ANT, n. To undertake to secure to another, at all events. 524 GUAR/AN-TY, rantia. | person or party, that the stipwations of shall be observed by the of them. (gar’an-ty,) 7. 2. One who binds himself to see the stipulations of another performed. [Written also GUARANTEE. ] GUARD, (gard,)v.t. [Fr. garder; Sp. and Port. gsuar- dar; It. cuardare , to keep, preserve, defend ; also, to look, to behold ; Basque, gordt; Ww. gioara, to fend or guard, to fence, to play. or stop; hence, to keep or defend, assault or danger. secondary, as by re The sense of seeing, from the sense of guarding, ing the eye, or from turning the head. English to ward. cid, that is, set, fixed, held. G. wahr, true, L. verus; hold out; bewahkren, to verify, to confirm ; D. waar, true ; preserve, indemnify ; waarande, antee ; waarison, a lant, It seems to be waliren, waaren, to keep, garrison ; Dan. watching ; Ene. ware, aware ; guard, defend, maintain ; vare, wares, merchandise ; varer, to keep, last, Sw. vara, to watch, and to be, to exist; Dan. to be; Sax. warian, werian, to guard, wary. continuance. tecarD and Rewarp.] 1. To secure against injury, loss, or attack ; tect ; to defend ; to keep in safety. by walls and forts; a harbor is booms, or batteries ; prudence and piety ; guard us against temptations to vice. vaer, Wi ry, Dan. , a guard, VEerer, See We guard a city guarded by To secure against objections or the attacks of malevolence. Broome. Homer has guarded every circumstance with caution. To accompany and protect ; protection ; as, to guard a general on guard the baggage of an army. To adorn with lists, laces, or ornaments. [ Obds.] Shak. to fasten by binding. B. Jonson. To watch by way of caution or defense ; to be eadninney ; to be in a state of defense or safety. Guard against mistakes, or against temptations. [Fr. garde; Sp. guarda; It. guardia; Eng. To era ; ward. 1. Defense; preservation or security against in- jury, loss, or attack. That which secures against attack or injury; that which defends. cence, 3. A man or body of men occupied in preserving a person or place from attack or injury; he or they whose business is to defend, or to prevent attack or surprise. Kings have their muards to secure their persons. Joseph was sold to Potiphar, a captain of Pharaoh’s suard. 4. A state of cantion or vigilance; observing what passes, in order to prevent surprise or attack; care; attention; watch; heed. Be on your guard; temerity puts a man off his guard. 5. That which secures against objections or cen- sure ; caution of expression. Modesty is the guard of inno- or the act of They have expressed themselves with as few guards and re strictions as I. Alterbury. 6. Part of the hilt of a sword, which projects the 7. In fencing, a posture of de fense. {hand. 8. An ornamental lace, hem, or border. [ Obs.] Advanced cuard; } in military affairs, a body of Van guard ; § troops, either horse or foot, that march before an army or division, to prevent surprise, or give notice of danger. Rear guard; a body of troops that march in the rear of an army or division, for its protection. Life guard; a body of select troops, whose duty is to defend the person of a prince or other officer. The cuards of a steamboat are a widening of the deck by a framework of strong timbers, which curve out on each side to the water-wheel, and protect it and the shaft against collision with wharfs and other boats. A boat appointed to row the rounds among ships of war in a harbor, to observe Mar. Dict. 1 Kings xiv. A room for the accommodation A yessel of war appointed to su- perintend the marine affairs in a harbor or river, and also, in the English service, to receive impressed se amen. That may be protected. % Wardship. [Obs.] Shak, Acting as guardian. [Obs.] - In heraldry, having the face tumed toward the [Pr. garant; Sp. ga-; GUARD! ED, pp» An undertaking or engagement by a th sird covenant € contracting parties or by one ORO Eas SS, 7. The primary sense is, to strike, strike back, repel, beat down, or to turn back pelling looking, is and we re- tain a similar application of the root of this word in beware; or itis from the sense of reaching, or cast- | This is the In W., gwar is secure, mild, pla- allied to to keep, to last, to to keep or preserve; bewdlren, a warren, and guar- Vigi- verger, to or watch, endure ; to defend, to be The sense of existing implies extension or to pro- ships, innocence should be guarded by let observation and experience to accompany for a journey ; to GUEL/DER-ROSE, GUELF, GU ELPH, GUER/DON, (ger/don,) GUER GUER/DON-ED, pp. GUER’/DON-LESS, a. GUER-RIL/LA, Defended; protected ; accompanied by a guard ; provided with means of defense. 2. a. Cautious ; circumspect. He was guarded in his expressions. 3. Framed or uttered with caution ; as, his expres- sions were guarded. GUARD/ED-LY, a With circumspection. Caution ; circumspection. One that guards. Wary ; cautious. [from guard ; GUARD/ER, GUARD/FU ie b GUARD/I- AN, Ne guardian. } 1. A warden; one who guards, preserves, or se- cures; one to whom any thing is committed for preservation from injury. 2. In law, one who is chosen or appointed to take charge of the estate and education of an orphan who is a minor, or of any person who is not of sufficient discretion to manage his own concerns. ‘The person committed to the care of a guardian is called his ward. Guardian of the spiritualities ; the person to whom the spiritual jurisdiction of a diocese is intrusted, during the vacancy of the see, GUARD'I-AN, a. Protecting; performing the office of a protector; as, a fuardian angel ; guardian care. Gy ARD’/LAN-ESS, x. A female guardian. [ot in Beaum. & Fl. The office of a guardian; Fr. gardien; Sp. GU SRD! 'T-AN-SHIP, n. protection ; care; watch. GUARD/ING, ppr. Defending; attending for protection. GUARD/LESS, a. Without a guard or defense. GUARD/SHIP, n. Care; protection. [Little used.] GUA‘RISH, (ga’/rish,) v.t, [Fr. guerir.] { Swift. To heal. [ Obs. Spenser. protecting ; securing ; GUA/VA, (gwii!/va,) n. An American ‘tree, and its fruit, of ihe genus Psidium. ‘T'wo species are well known, the P. pyriferum, or witite guava, and P. pomiferum, or red guava. he fruit or berry is large and oval-shaped, like a pomegranate, which it resembles in its astrin- gent quality. The pulp is of an agreeable flavor, and of this trae iS made a delicious jelly. Encyc. GU'BER-NATE, [L. guberno.] To govern. [aot used, | GU-BER-NA s/ TION, ie gubernatio. See Govern. ] Governinent ; malee djrection. [Rare.] Watts. GU/BER-NA-TIVE, a. Governing. Chaucer. GU-BER-NA-TO/RL-AL, a. [L. gubernator. ] Pertaining to government, or to a governor. [ Sometimes used in America. | GUD'GEON, (gud’jun,) n. [Fr. goujon.] 1. A small, fresh-water fish, of the genus Cypri- nus, a fish easily caught; and hence, 2. A person easily cheated or insnared. Swift. 3. A bait; allurement ; something to be caught to a man’s disadvantage. Sliak, 4. An iron pi on Which a wheel or shaft of a ma- chine turns. In a ship, a clamp on which the rudder tums. Hebert. Totten. Sea- gaegens ; the black goby or rock-fish. GUE/BE GUE ‘BRE’ { n. The name given by the Mohammedans to the Per- sian fire-worshipers. The G@uebers inhabit the south- ern parts of Persia, are poor, and miserably oppressed by their Mohammedan lords. In India, they are called ParsEeEs. Murdock. (gel’der-) n. See Gerprer-Rose. ) (gwelf, ) n. The Guelfs,so called from the name of a family, composed a faction forme rly in Italy, opposed to the Ghibelines. J. Adams. n. ([Fr., from the same root as 7é ward, ‘Norm. rearde. | A reward ; requital; recompense ; in a good or bad SENSE, Obs. Spenser. Milton. ‘DON, v.t. Toreward. [Obs.] B. Jonson: UER/DON-A-BLE, a. Worthy of reward. Buck. tewarded. Pauscompensed: [ Obs. ] (gwer-ril/la,) n. or a. [Sp., little war.] A term applied to an irre a ir mode of carrying on War, by the constant attacks of independent bands. It was adopted in the north of Spain during the Pen- insular war. The term is, for the most part, used adjectively. SUESS, (ges,) v. & [D. gissen; Sw. gissa; Tr. gea- sam; Dan. gietter. It coincides with cast, dike the L. conjicio ; for in Danish, gietter is to guess, and giet- huus, 1s a casting-house or foundery, gyde r, to pour out. Hence we that this is the G, «essen, to S > pour, cast, or found, Eng. to gush. In Russ. gadayu [giaour, infidel. ] see “——- is to guess, and kidayu, to cast. Ar. _* => chazai, to Cc» Z divine or guess. Class Gs, No. 31. See also Class Gd. The sense is, to cast, that is, to throw together Ee umstances, or to cast forward in mind. | To conjecture ; to form an opinion without oe ai principles or means of knowledge ; to judge a random, either of a present unknown fact, or of : future fact. First, if thou canst, the harder reason guess. Pope. A guardian, Shak. To judge or form an opinion from some reasons BATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— canes aiaeaESeNe {SSUNSNNISaaasieeamaieaaeeaeenapameNGUI that render a thing probable, but fall short of suf ficient evidence. From slight circumstances or oc- casional expressions, we guess an author’s meaning. 3. To hit upon by accident. Locke. 4, To suppose ; to think ; to be inclined to believe. Your own people have informed you, I guess, by this time. Middleton. GUESS, v. i. To conjecture; to judge at random. We do not know which road to take, but we must guess at it. GUESS, n. Conjecture; judgment without any cer- tain evidence or grounds. A poet must confess His art’s like physic, but a happy guess. GUESS’ED, (gest,) pp. Conjectured ; divined. GUESS/ER, n. One who guesses ; a conjecturer; one who judges or gives an opinion without certain means of knowing. Pope. GUESS‘ING, ppr. Conjecturing ; judging without certain evidence or grounds of opinion. GUBSS/ING, n. The forming of conjectures. GUESS/ING-LY, adv. By way of conjecture. Shak. GUESS’/-ROPE. See Guest-Roee. GUESS/-WORK, xn. Work performed at hazard or by mere conjecture. GUEST, (gest,) n. [Sax. gest; G. and D. gast; Dan. giest; Sw. gdst; W. gwést, a going out, a visit, an inn, a lodging ; also, to visit, to be a guest; guwes, a going; Russ. gost, a guest. This is the Latin visito, Eng. visit, with the Celtic prefix. See Owen’s Welsh Dictionary. | ]. A stranger; one who comes from a distance, and takes lodgings at a place, either for a night or for a longer time. Sidney. 9. A visitor; a stranger or friend entertained in the house or at the table of another, whether by in- vitation or otherwise. The wedding was furnished with guests. — Matt. xxii. GUEST!-CHAM-BER, n. An apartment appropriated to the entertainment of guests. Mark xiv. GUEST’-RITE, x. Office due to a guest. Chapman. GUEST’-ROPE, ) x. A rope to tow with, or to make GUESS/-ROPE, § _ fast a boat. Mar. Dict. GUEST’ WISB, adv. In the manner of a guest. GUG'GLE. See GurGLe. GUHR, (gur,) . A loose, earthy deposit from water, found in the cavities or clefts of rocks, mostly white, but sometimes red or yellow, from a mixture of clay Dryden. or ocher. Nicholson. Cleaveland. GUID/A-BLE, a. That may be guided or governed by counsel. Sprat. GUID/AGE, n. [See Gurve.] The reward given toa gilide for services. [Little used.] GUID/ANCE, n. [See Guipe.] direction; government; a leading. cuidance of age and wisdom. GUIDE, (gide,) v. t. [Fr. guider; It. guidare ; Sp. guiar, to guide; guia, a guide, and, in seamen’s language, a guy; Port. id. See Class Gd, No 17, 53. i To lead or direct in a way; to conduct in a course or path; as, to guide an enemy or a traveler, who is not acquainted with the road or course. The meek will he guide in judgment. — Ps. xxy. 2, To direct ; to order. He will guide his affairs with discretion. — Ps. cxii. 3. To influence; to give direction to. Men are guided by their interest, or supposed interest. 4. To instruct and direct. Let parents guide their children to virtue, dignity, and happiness. 5. To direct; to regulate and manage ; to superin- tend, {will that the younger women marry, bear children, and guide the house. —1 Tim. v. GUIDE, n. [Fr. guide; It. guida; Sp. guia.] 1. A person who leads or directs another in his way or course; a conductor. The army followed the guide. The traveler may be deceived by his guide, 2, One who directs another in his conduct or course of life. He will be our guide, even unto death. — Ps. xlviil. The act of guiding ; Submit to the 3. A director; a regulator; that which leads or conducts. Experience is one of our best guides. GUID/ED, pp. Led; conducted ; directed in the way ; instructed and directed. GUIDE/LESS, a. Destitute of a guide; wanting a director. ryden. GUIDE/-POST, n. A post at the forks of a road, for directing travelers the way, GUID’ER, n. A guide ; one who guides or directs. South. GUID/ING, ppr. Leading; cor«lucting; directing ; superintending. GUI/DON, (gi/don,) 2 [Fr.] The silk standard of a regiment of dragoons, or light dragoons. It is broad at one extreme, and almost pointed at the other. Campbell’s Mil. Dict. GUILD/A-BLE, a. GUILD/ER. GUILD/-HALL, (gild’hawl,) x. GUILE, (gile,) n. [Qu. Old French guille, or gille. It GUILE, v. t. GUILE/FUL, a. GUILE/FUL-LY, adv. erously. Milton. -GUILE/FUL-NESS, n. Deceit; secret treachery. Sherwood. GUI to pay something toward the charge and support of the company. ] In England, a society, fraternity, or company, as- sociated for some purpose, particularly for carrying on commerce. The mercbant-cuilds of our ancestors answer to our modern corporations. They were li- censed by the king, and governed by laws and orders of their own. Cowel. Encic. Liable to a tax. Spelman. See GILpeEr. The hall where a guild or corporation usually assemble; the great court of judicature in London. may be the Celtic form of Eng. wile. See Ethiopic, Cast. col. 533.] Craft ; cunning; artifice ; duplicity ; deceit; wsu- ally in a bad sense. We may, with more successful hope, resolve To wage by force or guile eternal war, Milton. Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile. —John i. To disguise craftily. [Obs.] Spenser. I Cunning ; crafty ; artful; wily ; de- ceitful ; insidious ; as, a guileful person. 2. Treacherous ; deceitful. 3. Intended to deceive ; as, guileful words. Artfully ; insidiously ; treach- Shale. GUILE’LESS, a. Free from guile or deceit ; artless; frank ; sincere; honest. GUILE’LESS-LY, adv. GUILE’LESS-NESS, 2. guile. GUIL/ER, n. One who betrays into danger by insid- ious arts. [JVot used.] Spenser. GUIL/LE-MOT, (gil/le-mot,) 7. [from the Welsh gwilawg, whirling about.] A water-fowl, of the genus Uria, allied to the Pen- euins, Auks, and Divers. It is found in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America. P. Cye. GUIL'LE-VAT, n. vw, a vulture, A cant term for a servant at Cambridge, England, as scout is used at Oxford. Smart. GYP/SE-OUS, «. [See Gyrsum.] Of the nature of gypsum ; partaking of the qualities of gypsum ; re- sembling gypsum ; containing gypsum. GYP/SY, { See Gipsy. GYP/SEY, | GYP-SIF’/ER-OUS, a. Containing gypsum. GYP/SUM, x. [L., from Gr., yuos ; Ch. 0>B)2 and D5), 5 Oo to overspread with plaster; Ar. Cs gibst- mon. Gate of lime, containing 21 per cent. of water. It often occurs in transparent crystals, or crystalline masses, easily splitting into plates, and is then called Selenite. There are compact and earthy varieties of various colors. When white, fine-grained, and trans- Jucent, it constitutes alabaster. Gypsum burnt to | drive off the water, and ground up, forms Plaster of Paris. and. GY/RAL,a. [See Gyre.] Whirling; moving ina clr- cular form. GY'/RATE, a. In botany, winding or going round, as in a circle. Lindley. GY/RATE, v. 7. To revolve round a central point, as a tornado. Redfield. GY-RA/TION, x. *[L. gyratio. See Gyrre.] A turning or whirling round; a circular motion. GY/RA-TO-RY, a. Moving in a circle. [Vewton. GYRE, [L. gyrus; Gr. yvpos. Class Gr.) A circular motion, or a circle described by a mov- ing body ; a turn. Quick and more quick he spins in giddy gyres. Dryden. GYRE, v. t. To turn round. Bishop Hall. GYR/ED, a. Falling in rings. Shak. This GYR/FAL-€0N, (jer/faw-kn,) 2. [Fr. gerfault. is said to be in Latin hierofalco, from Gr. tae, sa- cred, and falco, and so named from the veneration of | the Egyptians for hawks. Cuvier] A species of Falco, or hawk. GY-ROG/ON-ITE, n. The fossil seed of the chara, a plant found in ponds and ditches; once supposed to be shells. Lyell. GYR-O/MA,n. [Gr] A turning round. Smith, GYR/O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. yupos, a circuit, and pav- réta, divination. } ; A kind of divination performed by walking round In a circle or ring. Cye. GY/RON, n. In heraldry, an ordinary consisting of two lines from several parts of the escutcheon, meet- ing in the fesse point. sh. GY/ROSE, a. Turned round likeacrook. Lounder. GYVE, (jive,) n. [W. gevyn: Ir. geibheal, or geibion; from holding or making fast. See Gavet. Gyves are fetters or shackles for the legs. Gyves and the mill had tamed thee. GYVE, v.t. To fetter; to shackle; to chain. GYV/ED, (jivd,) pp. Fettered. GYV/ING, ppr. Putting on gyves. Milton. in Latin, H denotes 200, and with a dash over it, H, 200,000. : As an abbreviation, in Latin, H. stands for homo, heres, hora, &c. ; oe ‘of HA ; an exclamation, denoting surprise, Joy, or grief. With the first or long sound of a, it is used as a ques: tion, and is equivalent to “What do you say + When repeated, ha, ha, it is an OED real ee aug 1 ‘ Sepdageg Ae Bon lit is so. ter, or sometimes it 1s equiy alent oe reninwaoreds HAAF,n. The term used to denote of t, ling, and tusk, in the Shetland eet Jar AK. (hake,) n. A fish, the hake. | sh. : RAG? ae nN. Capillary pyrites in eon delice aci rande. acicular crystals. TONE. BULL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CI { as SH; FH as in THIS. anit meaner, ae es Te — eT or{ fa 4 th Bei ow p.: Ped 1 ie Fi re i J ey t 4 ' {| Encyc. || HABILE, a. Fit; proper. [Notin use.} Spenser. (| HA-BIL/-MENT, n. [Fr. habillement, from habiller, | tociothe, from L. habeo, to have. ] | A garment; clothing ; usually m the plural, habili- {| ments, denoting garments, clothing, or dress in gen- |} HA-BIL/I-TATE, v, t. [Fr. habiliter.] [eral. | Te qualify. [JVot used.] Bacon. || HA-BIL/-TATE, a. Qualified or entitled. Bacon. | HA-BIL-I-TA’TION, n. Qualification. [ot in use. | Bacon. | HA-BIL/LTY. See Asrurr. | HABIT, n. [Fr. habit; Sp. habito; It. abito; L. {| | | L} || HAB HAC HAG 1 j > TC! y a e « enlcoa ac } HA'BE-AS COR'PUS, [L., have the body.] A writ I. Formed or acquired by habit, frequent use, or ae # TN a. [from hack.] Rough; broken, as if | for delivering a person from false imprisonment, or custom. IH GAT ERIOo having fine, short. and s} ints : ; ‘S Fi e } ‘ ar, & i er! : ledge i ° C LY, Do 2, SHO nd sharp points > “ a person from one court to another, &c. Art is properly an habitual knowledge of certain rules and > 2 SHOIT, for removing a pe - Geren risen © South. on the surface; as, a hackly fracture. Cleaveland. HA-BEN’ DUM, 7. [l.] The second part of a deed or conveyance, (from its commencing with this word,) the first being the premises. | HAB/ER-DASH-ER, ». [Perhaps from G. habe, D. have, goods, and G. tauschen, to barter, to truck. If not, I can give no account of its origin.] A seller of small wares; confined, at present, to ribbons, tapes, pins, needles, and thread. — Smart. | [A word little used, or not at all, in the United States. ] HAB/ER-DASH-ER-Y, n. by a haberdasher. | HAB/ER-DINE, (hab/er-deen,) n. The goods and wares sold | } A dried salt cod. | Ainsworth. || HA-BER/GE-ON, 2. [Fr. haubergeon; Norn. hauberi- I] om; Arm. hobregon. It has been written, also, ha- | berge, hauberk, &c., G. halshberge ; hals, the neck, and | bergen, to save or defend ; It. usbergo.] A coat of mail or armor to defend the neck and | breast. It is formed of little iron rings united, and | descending from the neck to the middle of the body. 2. Customary ; according to habit; as, the habitual practice of sin; the habitual exercise of holy affec- tions. It is the distinguishing mark of habitual piety to be grateful for the most common blessings. Buckminster. 3. Formed by repeated impressions ; rendered per- manent by continued causes; as, an Aabitual color of the skin. S. S. Smith. HA-BIT’U-AL-LY, adv. By habit; customarily ; by frequent practice or use; as, habitually profane ; ha- bitwally kind and benevolent. HA-BIT’/Y-AL-NESS, n. Quality of being habitual. HA-BIT’U-ATE, v. t. [Fr. habituer, from habit. | 1. To accustom ; to make familiar by frequent use or practice. Men may dabituate themselves to the taste of oil or tobacco; they habituate themselves to vice ; let us habituate ourselves and our children to the exercise of charity. 2. To settle as an inhabitant in a place. HA-BIT’U-ATE, a. Inveterate by custom. Hammond. Temple. Accustomed ; made familiar Temple. 2. Formed by habit. HA-BIT/U-A-TED, pp. by use. habitus, from habeo, to have, to hold. See Have.] I. Garb ; dress; clothes or garments in general. The scenes are old, the habits are the same We wore last year. Dryden. There are, among the statues, several of Venus, in diflerent habits, Addison, 2. A coat worn by ladies over other garments. 3. State of any thing, implying some continuance or permanence ; temperament, or particular state of a body, formed by nature or induced by extraneous circumstances; as, a costive or lax habit of body ; a sanguine /abit. 4. A disposition or condition of the mind or body, a tendency or aptitude for the performance of certain actions, acquired by custom, or a frequent repetition of the same act. Hadit is that which is held or re- tained, the effect of custom or frequent repetition. Hence we speak of good habits and bad habits. Fre- quent drinking of spirits leads to a habit of intem- perance. We should endeavor to correct evil habits by a change of practice. A great point in the educa- tion of children, is to prevent the formation of bad habits. Habit of plants; the general form or appearance, or the conformity of plants of the same kind in struc- ture and growth. Martyn. HAB‘IT, v. t. To dress; to clothe ; to array. They habtted themselves like rural deities, HAB/IT, v. t. To dwell; to inhabit. HAB-IT-A BIW/I-VY, n. HAB/IT-A-BLE, a. habito, to dwell.] Jhat may be inhabited or dwelt jn; capable of sus- taining human beings; as, the haditadle world ; soine climates are scarcely habitable. HAB’IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. Capacity of being inhab- Dryden, [ Obs.) Chaucer. Habitableness. Buckland. [Fr., from L. haditabilis, from ited, More. Ray. HAB/IT-A-BLY, adv. In such a manner as to be hab- itable, Forsyth. HAB'IT-A-€LE, n. A dwelling; also, a niche for a statue. [Not used. HAB/‘IT-ANCE, n. Dwelling; abode 3 residence, Not now used. Spenser. E HAB/IT-AN-CY, 7. Legal settlement or inhabitancy. [See InuasitTancy. Belknap. HAB/IT-ANT, ». |F'r., from L. habitans. | An inhabitant; a dweller; a resident; one who | E has a permanent abode in a place. Milton. HABIT-AT, n. [L. Habitation ; the natural abode or locality of an animal, plant, &c. Smart. HAB-IT-A'TION, n. [L. habitatio, from habito, to dwell, from habeo, to hold, or, as we say in English, to keep. ] 1. Act of inhabiting ; state of dwelling, Denham. 2. Place of abode ; a settled dwelling ; a mansion ; a house or other place in which man or any animal dwells. The stars may be the habitations of numer- ous races of beings. The Lord blésseth the habitation of the just. — Prov, iii. HAB/IT-A-TOR, n. [ Mot used. | HAB/IT-ED, pp. or a, habited like a shepherd. [L.] A dweller; an inhabitant, Brown, Clothed; dressed. He was Johnson. Walton. lamprey. 2. Accustomed. [Vot usual. : 3. A fly for angling, dressed with feathers or silk. [I'r. habituel, from habit.] Chalmers. HA-BIT’U-AL, a. HACK, vn. HACK, 2x. HACK, a. HACK, ». i. Pope. | HACK/E-RY, n. oxen. HACKING, ppr. HACK/LE, HACK’LR, (hak’l,) n. HA-BIT’U-A-TING, ppr. and familiar by practice. HA-BIT-U-A/TION, n. ated. HAB/I-TUDE,n. [Fr., from L. habitudo, from habitus. ] I. Relation; respect; state with regard to some- thing else. [Little used.] Hale. South. 2. Frequent intercourse ; familiarity. [ot wsual.] To write well, one must have frequent habitudes with the best company. Dryden. 3. Customary manner or mode of life; repetition > of the same acts; as, the habitudes of fowls or in- Accustoming ; g; making easy The state of being habitu- HACK/’/MA-TACK, n. and much prized for timber. Brownes Syl, Am. hacanea, a nag somewhat larger than a pony ; ambling nag; It. chinea.] 1. A pad ; a nag; a pony. Chaucer. a lady’s pony. 3. A coach or other carriage kept for hire, and often exposed in the streets of cities. I times contracted to hack. 4. Any thing much used or used in common; a hireling ; a prostitute. HACK/NEY, a. Let out for hire ; devoted to common use ; as, a hackney-coach. 2. Prostitute ; vicious for hire. Roscommon. 3. Much used; common ; trite; as, a hackney au- thor or remark. HACK’NEY, v. t. To use much; to practice in one thing ; to make trite. 2. To carry in a hackney coach. Cowper. HACK’NEY-€0ACH, n. A coach for hire in cities, commonly at stands in the street. HACK’NEY-€0ACH/MAN, n. A man who drives a hackney--coach. HACK’NEY-ED, (hak/nid,) pp. ora. Used much or in common ; worn out. 2. Practiced ; accustomed. He is long hackneyed in the ways of men. HACK’/NEY-ING, ppv. HACK’NEY-MAN, zn. carriages for hire. HACK’STER, n. Obs.) Shak, Using much ; accustoming. A man who lets horses and Barret. A bully; a ruffian or assassin. sects. Goldsmith. 4. Custom ; habit. Dryden. Prior. HA/BLE, a. [L. habilis.] Fit; proper. [See ABLE. ] Spenser. HAB/NAB, adv. [hap ne hap, let it happen or not. ] At random; by chance ; without order or rule. Hudibras. HAB’RO-NEME, a. [Gr. &@pos, delicate, and vnua, a thread.] In mineralogy, having the form of fine threads. HAC-I-EN'DA,n. [Sp.] An isolated farm or farm- house. Stephens. HACK, ». ¢. [Sax. haccan; D. hakken; G. hacken; Dan. hakker; Sw. hacka; Fr. hacher, from which we have hash and hatchet, and, from the same root, ] Bp. Hall. HAC/QUE-TON, n._ [Fr. hoqueton.] A stutfed jacket formerly worn under armor, some- times made of leather. [JVot used. | Spenser. HAD, pret. and pp. of Have; contracted from Sax. hefd, that is, haved; as, I had; I have had. In the phrase, ‘*I had’better go,” it is supposed that had is used for would; ‘‘I?d better go.?? The sense of the phrase is, *‘ it would be better for me to go.”? HAD-I-WIST’, a proverbial expression — O that I had known ! Todd. HAD’DER, n. [G. heide.] Heath. [Jot in use.] [See Hearu.] HAD’/DOCK, n. [Ir. codog. The first syllable seems to be cod or gadus, and the last, the termination, as in bullock. | hatchel; Arin. haicha; W. haciaw, to hack; hag, a gash ; and huggle is of the same family, as are hew and hoe. Class Cg.] 1. To cut irregularly and into small pieces; to notch; to mangle by repeated strokes of a cutting instrument, 2. To speak with stops or catches; to speak with hesitation. Shak. A sea-fish of the genus Gadus or cod. It has a Jong body, the upper part of a dusky brown color, and the belly of a silvery hue; the lateral line is black. This fish breeds in immense numbers in the northern seas, and constitutes a considerable article of food. Partinzton. HADE, n. Among miners, the steep descent of a shaft; also, the descent of a hill. Drayton. A notch; a cut. Shak. A horse kept for hire; a horse much used ip draught, or in hard service; a worn-out horse ; any thing exposed to hire, or used in common. 2. A coach or other carriage kept for hire. [From hackney; used in America. 3. Hesitating or faltering speech. More. 4. A writer employed in the drudgery and details of book-making. o. A rack for feeding cattle. [LZocal.] Hired; much used or worn, like a hired Wakefield. To be exposed or offered to common use for hire ; to turn prostitute. Hanmer. 2. To cough; to make an effort to raise phlegm. See Hawk. LACK’BER-RY,n. An American tree, Celtis crassifo- lia, with a tall, straight trunk, and grayish, unbroken back, covered with asperities unequally distributed over the surface. Farm. Encyc. Encyc. Am. TACK/ED, (hakt,) pp. Chopped ; mangled ; coughed. A street cart in Bengal, drawn by Malcom. Chopping into small pieces ; man- gling; mauling; coughing in a broken manner. 2. a. Short and interrupted ; as, a hacking cough. (hak/l,) v. t. [G. hecheln; D. hekelen. This is a dialectical variation of hatchel, hetchel. | 1. To separate the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine, by drawing it through the teeth of a hackle or hatchel. 2. ‘To tear asunder. horse. Burke. An instrument with teeth for Separating the coarse part of flax or hemp from the fine ; a hatchel. [Zhe latter word is used in the United States. | 2. Raw silk ; any flimsy substance unspun. HAD J, n. HEC-CE/LTY, n. HAF’FLE, v. i. HAPT, n. HAFT, v. t. HAFT’ER, n. HAG, n. 2. In mining, the inclination or deviation from the vertical of any mineral vein. Ure. HA'DES, n. [Gr. adns, qu. a negative, and étda), to see. | The region of the dead ; the invisible world, or the grave. [Ar.] The pilgrimage to Mecca and Medi- na, performed by Mohammedans. {from L. hac, this.] A word used by the schoolmen to denote the es- sence of individuality. Smart. To speak unintelligibly ; to prevari- cate. [Sax. heft, a haft, and heftan, to seize; G. heft; D. heft; Dat. hefte; from the root of have, or of L. capio, W. hafiaw, to snatch. A handle; that part of an instrument or vessel Which is taken into the hand, and by which it is held and used. It is used chiefly for the part of a knife, sword, or dagger, by which it is held; the hilt. To set in a haft; to furnish with a han- [W. hafiaw, to catch.] [dle. A caviler; a wrangler. [Wot in use.] Barret. [In Sax. hegesse is a witch, fury, or goblin, answering to the Hecate of mythology. In W. hagyr, ugly, is from hag, a gash, from the root of hack. In Russ. ega is a foolish old woman, a sorceress. See Haccarp.] 1, An ugly old woman; as, an old hag of three- score. Dryden, 2. A witch; a sorceress; an enchantress. Shak. . A fury ; a she-monster. Crashav. - A cartilaginous fish, the Gastrobranchus, (Myxi- ne glutinosa of Linneus,) which enters other fishes and devours them. It is about five or six inches Jong, and resembles a small eel. It is allied to the Cyc. ©. Appearances of light and fire on horses? manes, i GO or men’s hair, were formerly called hags. Blount. ee Seo 223 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DO VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— Seneeeyeneet The popular name of the American larch, Lariz Americana, a very large tree, HACK’NEY, n. [Fr. haquenée, a pacing horse ; Sp. haca, a pony ; Port. hacanea or acanea, a choice pad, or 2. A horse kept for hire ; a horse much used; also, The word is some- Sa |HAL HAT HAL HAG, ».t. To harass; to torment. Butler. 2. Lo tire; to weary with vexation. HAG/-BORN, a. Born of a hag or witch. Shak HAG’GARD, a. [G. hager, lean; W. hag, a gash; hacciaw, to hack. See Hack. 1. Literally, having a ragged look, as if hacked or gashed. Hence, lean; meager; rough; having eyes sunk in their orbits ; ugly. 2. Wild or intractable; disposed to break away from duty, like a haggard or refractory hawk. If 1 do prove her haggard, Though that her jesses were my dear heartstrings, Vd whistle her off, and let her down the wind, To prey at fortune. Shak. HAG/GARD,n. [See Hac. This and the other de- rivatives of hag ought to be written with a single g.] J. An untrained or refractory hawk, which often broke away or flew off. Partington. Hence, 2. Figuratively, any thing wild and intractable. Shak. 3. A hag. Garth. HAG/GARD, nx. yard. | HAG’/GARD-LY, adv. with deformity. A stack-yard. Howell. HAG/GED, a. Lean; ugly; like a hag. Gray. HAG/GESS,) x. [from Aack.] A pudding containing HAG/GISS, § the entrails of a sheep or lamb, chopped with fine herbs and suet, highly seasoned with leeks and spices, and boiled in the maw. Perry. HAG/GISH, a. Of the nature of a hag; deformed ; [Sax. haga, a little field, and geard,a In a haggard or ugly manner ; Dryden. ugly ; horrid. Shak. HAG‘GISH-LY, adv. In the manner of a hag. HAG/‘GLE, v. t [W.hag,a gash orcut. It is a di- minutive from the root of hack.} To cut into small pieces ; to notch or cut in an un- skillful manner; to make rough by cutting ; to man- gle ;.as, a boy haggles a stick of wood.] Suffolk first died, and York, all haggled o’er, Comes to him where in gore he lay insteeped. Shak. HAG/GLE, v.2. To be difficult in bargaining; to hes- itate and cavil. [See Hiceve.] HAG/GLED, pp. Cut irregularly into notches ; made rough hy cutting; mangled. HAG/GLER, n. One who haggles. 2. One who cavils, hesitates, and makes difficulty in bargaining. HAG/GLING, ppr. or a. Hacking; mangling ; cavil- ing and hesitating in bargaining. HAG/GLING, ». The act of hesitating and making difficulty in bargaining. HA’/GI-AR-€HY, n. [Gr. aytos and apx7.] The sacred government ; government of holy or- ders of men, Southey. HA-GI-OG/RA-PHA, n. pl. [L., from Gr. aycos, holy, and yoapn, a writing. } Literally, sacred writings; the last of the three Jewish divisions of the Old Testament. The Jews divide the books of the Scriptures into three parts: the law, which is contained in the first five books of the Old Testament; the Prophets, or Nevim; and the Cetuvim, or writings, by way of eminence. The latter class is called by the Greeks Hagiographa, com- prehending the books of Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Dan- jel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Ruth, Esther, Chronicles, Can- ticles, Lamentations, and Ecclesiastes. 9. In the Roman Catholic church, the lives of the saints. Brande. HA-GI-OG'/RA-PHAL, a. Pertaining to the hagiogra- pha, which see. HA-GIOG/RA-PHER, n. hagiographa. HA-GI-OG’RA-PHY, n. Ha-GI-OL/O-GIST, zn. the sacred writings. HA-GI-OL/O-GY, n. sacred writings. HAG/-RID-DEN, a. One of the writers of the See HaGrioGRAPHA. One who writes or treats of The history or description of the uart. Rev. Afflicted with the nightmare. Cheyne. The descendant of ahag. Shak. The state or title of a hag or witch. Middleton. HAGUE/BUT, (hag’but.) See ArquesBuse. HAH ; an exclamation expressing surprise or effort. HA-HA!, x. A fence or bank sunk between slopes, or a ditch not seen till close upon it. Walpole derives it from an expression of surprise at finding a sudden check to progress in a walk—ha! ha! HAIK, n. A large piece of woolen or cotton cloth worn by Arabs over the tunic, but under the bur- noose. [Spelt also Hyxe.] HAIL, n. (Sax. hegel, or hagel; G. D. Dan. and Sw. hagel; so called from its rough, broken form, from the root of hack, hagzle.| Moisture precipitated from the atmosphere in the form of ice. The concretions of ice are usually more or less spherical, constituting hailstones, but some- times consist of plates or lamin, or of agglomerated masses. Olmsted. HAIL, v.i. To pour down masses ofice or frozen vapors. HAIL, v. t To pour down in the manner of hail. HAG!/-SEED, x. HAG/SHIP, n. HAIL, a. [Sax. hal, whole, sound; kel, health; G. heil, D. and Dan. heel, Sw. hel, Gr. ovdos, whole. See Heat.] Sound ; whole ; healthy ; not impaired by disease ; as, a jail body; hail corn. [In this sense tt ts usually written HAaLe.] HAIL, an exclamation, or rather a verb in the impera- tive mode, being the adjective hail used as a verb. Hail, be well; be in health; health to you; a term of salutation equivalent to L. salve, salvete. p Hail, hail, brave friend. Shak. HAIL, xn. A wish of health; a salutation. This word is sometimes used as a noun; as, ‘* the angel hail be- stowed.”’ Milton. HAIL, v. t. [from the same root as call, L. calo, Gr. kadew. See Carri and HeEav.] To call ; to call to a person at a distance, to arrest his attention. It is properly used in any case where the person accosted is distant, but is appropriately used by seamen. Hoo, or hoi, the ship ahoay, is the usual manner of hailing a ship ; to which the answer is, holloa, or hollo. Then follow the usual questions, Whence came ye? Where are you bound? &c. HAIL/ED, pp. Called to from a distance ; accosted. HAIL/-FEL-LOW, 7. An intimate companion. HAIL/ING, ppr. Saluting; calling to from a distance. 2. Powing down hail. HAIL/SHOT, n. Small shot which scatter like hail- stones. [JVot used. ] Hayward, HAIL/STONE, n. A single mass of ice falling from a cloud. ryden. HAIL/Y, a. Consisting of hail; as, haily showers. Pope. HAIR, n. haar. | 1. Asmall filament issuing from the skin of an an- imal, and from a bulbous root. Each filament con- tains a tube or hollow within, occupied by a pulp or pith, which is intended for its nutrition, and extends only to that part which is in a state of growth. Cyc. When hair means a single filament, it has a plural, hairs. 2. The collection or mass of filaments growing from the Skin of an animal, and forming an integu- ment or covering; as, the hair of the head. Hair is the common covering of many beasts. When the filaments are very fine and short, the collection of them is called fur. Wool, also, is a kind of hair. When /air signifies a collection of these animal fil- aments, it has no plural. 3. Any thing very small or fine; or a very small distance ; the breadth of a hair. He judges toa hair, that is, very-exactly. Dryden. 4. A trifling value. It is not worth a hair. 5. Course ; order; grain; the hair falling in a cer- tain direction. [NVot used.] You go against the hair of your profession. 6. Long, straight, and distinct filaments on the surface of plants; a species of down or pubescence. [Sax. her; G. haar ; D. hair ; Sw. har; Dan. Shak, Martyn. HAIR/BELL, n. A plant, a species of hyacinth ; the harebell. Smart. HAIR/-BRAIN-ED. See Hare-BRAINED. HAIR/-BREADTH, (-bredth,) n. [See BREADTH. ] The diameter or breadth of a hair; a very small dis- tance; sometimes, definitely, the 48th part of an inch. Seven hundred chosen men left-handed: every one could sling stones to a hair-breadth. — Judges xx. It is used as an adjective ; as, a hair-breadth escape. But, in New England, it is generally hatr’s breadth. HAIR/-BRUSH, n. A brush for smoothing the hair. HAIR'ELOTH, n. Stuff or cloth made of hair, or in part with hair. In military affairs, pieces of this cloth are used for covering the powder in wagons, or on batteries, or for covering charged bombs, &c. HAIR’ED, a. Having hair. [ Encyc. HAIR/-HUNG, a. Hanging by a hair. Young. HAIR/L-NESS, n. [from hairy.] The state of abound- ing or being covered with hair. Johnson. HAIR’/LACE, x. A fillet for tying up the hair of the head. Swift. HAIR/LESS, a. Destitute of hair; bald; as, hairless scalps. Shak. HAIR/-LINE, n. A line made of hair. HAIR/-NEE-DLE,)x. A pin used in dressing the HAIR/-PIN, hair. HAIR/-PEN-CIL, x. A brush or pencil made of very fine hair for painting. ré. HAIR/-POW-DER, n. A fine powder of flour for sprinkling the hair of the head. HAIR/-SALT, n. [haar-salz, Wemen A variety of native Epsom salt. Also, a compound of the sulphates of magnesia and iron. Dana. HAIR/-SPLIT-TING, a. Making very minute dis- Robinson. tinctions in reasoning. HAIR/-SPLIT-TING, z. The act or practice of mak- ing minute distinctions in reasoning. HAIR/-WORM, n. A genus of worms, (vermes,) called Gordius, resembling a long hair; a filiform animal found in fresh water or in the earth. ‘There are sev- HAIR’Y, a. {from haiz.] Overgrown with hair; coy- ered with hair; abounding with hair. Esau, my brother, is a hairy man. — Gen. xxvii. 2. Consisting of hair; as, hay honors. Dryden. 3. Resembling hair; of the nature of hair. HAKE, 7. A kind of sea-fish of the cod family, the Merluccius vulgaris, in shape somexvhat resembling the pike. It is often salted and dried, but is not very much esteemed as food. Jardine’s Wat. Lib. HAKE, v.i. To sneak; to go about idly. Grose. HAK/OT, x. A fish. Ainsworth. HAL, in some names, signifies hall. - HAL/BERD, nz. [Fr. hallebarde ; G. hellebarde: D. hel- lebaard; It. alabarda or labardo; Sp. Port. alabarda ; Russ. berdish, a halberd or battle-ax, a pole-ax. ‘The etymology is not settled. It seems anciently to have been a battle-ax fixed to a long pole, and in Gothic, hilde is battle.] A military weapon, consisting of a pole or shaft of wood, with a head armed with a steel point, with a cross piece of steel, flat and pointed at both ends, or With a cutting edge at one end, and a bent point at the other. It is carried by sergeants of foot and dra- goons. m Encyc. HAL-BERD-IER/, (hol-berd-eer’,) m. One who is armed with a halberd, Bacon. HAL’/BERD-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a. Having the shape of a halberd. HAL/CY-ON, (hal’se-on,) n. [L. halcyon, Gr. ayxvay, a king-fisher, from ads, the sea, and xva, to con- ceive, from breeding among reeds by the sea. Morin.] The name anciently given to the king-fisher, oth- erwise called alcedo ; a bird that was said to lay her eggs in nests, on rocks near the sea, during the calm weather about the winter solstice. Hence, HAL/CY-ON, a. Calm; quiet; peaceful ; undisturbed ; happy. Halcyon days were seven days before and as many after the winter solstice, when the weather was calm. Hence, by halcyon days are now under- stood days of peace and tranquility. HAL-CY-O/NI-AN, a. Halcyon; calm. Sheldon. HALE, a. [Sax. hal, sound, whole. See Hart and HeEAL.] Sound; entire; healthy; robust; not impaired ; as, a hale body. HALE, n. Welfare. [Wot in use. Spenser HALE or HALE, v. t. (Sw. hala; Fr. haler.] To pull or draw with force ; to drag. This is now more generally written and pronounced haul, which see. HALF, (haf,) n.; pl. Harves, (havz.) [Sax. halfor healf; Goth. halbs ; D. half; Sw. half; Dan. halv; G. halb.| One part of a thing which is divided into two equal parts, either in fact or in contemplation ; a moi- ety; as, half a pound; half a tract of land ; half an orange’; julf the miseries or pleasures of life. It is applied to quantity, number, length, and every thing susceptible of division. Im practice, of is often or usually omitted after half. We say, haifa pound; half a mile ; half the number. Half the misery of life. HALF, (baf,) v. t To divide into halves. Haye. ] HALF, adv. In part, or in an equal part or degree. Half loth and half consenting, Dryden, In composition, half denotes an equal part; or, 1l- definitely, a part, and hence, imperfect. HALE/-BLOOD, (haf’blud,) n. Relation between per- sons born of the same father or of the same mother, but not of both; as, a brother or sister of the half blood. ‘The word is sometimes used as an adjective. HALF/-BLOOD/ED, a. Mean; degenerate. [Little used. } Shak. 9. Proceeding from a male and female, each of full blood, but of different breeds; as, a half-blooded HALF’-BRED, a. Haif-blooded. [sheep. HALEF’-BREED, a. Half-blooded. HALF-~BROFH'/ER, (haf-,) n. A brother by one pa- rent, but not by both. HALF/-€AP, x. A cap not wholly put off, or faintly moved. Shak. HALF/-€ASTE, ». In India, one born of a Hindoo parent on the one side, and of a European on the other. i HALF/-€OCK, n. When the cock of a gun Is re- tained by the first notch, the gun is said to erat half ool. Addison. [See cock. HALF/-DEAD, (-ded,) a. Almost dead; nearly ex- hausted. HALF/EN, a. Wanting half its due qualities. [Not used. | Spenser. HALEF/EN-DEAL, adv. [Teut. halfdeel.] Nearly half. Spenser- HALF’ER, n. One that possesses half only. 29. A male fallow deer gelded. HALF!-FAC/ED, (-faste,) a. Showing only pat of Liss Imperfectly ‘ay. perfectly heard; not the face. HALEF/-HATCH-ED, (-hatcht,) 4 ha ched ; as, half-hatched eggs. HA L#-UEARD, (-herd,) a. Im heard to the end. Pope. Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as S 67 eral species. Encyc. And leave hal/-heard tho melanchcly tale. HW; FH as in THIS. ee —————$—$— ME a29 ———$—$—$$$ ee as | RI eae on ae ~ Mae se oeies HAL HALF’-HOL’L-DAY, zn. A half of a day given to children in schools for recreation. VIA LF/-LEARN-ED, (-lernd,) a. Imperfectly learned. OUL/L. Nearly last. Milton. HALF’-MARK, x. Acoin; a noble, or 6s. 8d. sterling. HALF’/-MOON, z. The moon atthe quarters, when half its disk appears illuminated. 2, Any thing in the shape of a half-moon. In for- tification, an outwork composed of two faces, forming a salient angle, whose gorge is in the form of a cres- cent or half-moon. ee _ Encye. HALF’-NOTE, n. In music, a minim, being half a semibreve. HALF/-PART, nz. HALF’-PAY, 2. HALF’-LOST, a. An equal part. Shak. Half the amount of wages or salary ; as, an officer retires on half-pay. [It is reduced, but seldom literally half the amount. Smart.) HALF’-PAY, a. Receiving or entitled to half-pay ; as, a half-pay officer. HALF/-PEN-NY, (hap/pen-ny or ha’/pen-ny,) n. A copper coin of the value of half a penny; also, the value of half a penny. It is used in the plural. He cheats for half-pence, Dryden, This coin is not current in pauterica.} HALF’-PEN-NY, a. Of the price or value of half a penny; as, a half-penny loaf. Shak. HALF/-PEN-NY-WORTH, n. The value of a half- enny. HALF’-PIKE, nm. A short pike carried by officers. Tatler. 2 A short pike used in boarding ships. Mar. Dict. HALF’-PINT, n. The half of a pint or fourth of a quart. Pope. HALF’-READ, (-red,) a. Superficially informed by reading. Dryden. HALF/-ROUND, 2. A semicircular molding. Guilt. HALF/-S€HOL AR, xn. One imperfectly learned. Watts. HALF’-SEAS-O/VER ; a low expression, denoting half-drunk. HALF’-SHIFT, x. In playing the violin, a move of the hand a little way upward on the neck of the in- strument, to reach a high note. HALF -SIGHT’ED, (haf’sit’/ed,) a. Seeing imperfect- ly ; having weak discernment. gacon. HALF’-SIS’TER, n. A sister by one parent, but not by both. HALF-SPHERE, n. Hemisphere. HALEF’-STARV-ED, a. Almost starved. HALF’-STRAIN-ED, a. Half-bred ; imperfect. B. Jonson. Dryden. HALF/-SWORD, (hif’sdrd,) x. Within half the length of a sword; close fight. Shak. HALF/-WAY, adv. In the middle; at half the dis- tance. Granville. HALF’-WAY, a. Equally distant from the extremes ; as, a halfway house. HALF’-WIT, 2. A foolish person; a dolt; a block- head. Dryden. HALF’-WIT-TED, a. Weak in intellect; silly ; fool- ish. Swift. HALF/-YEAR-LY, a. HA LIF/-YEAR-LY, adv. nually. HAL/LBUT, n. A fish of the genus Hippoglossus, and family Pleuronectide. ‘This fish hasa compressed body, one side resembling the back, the other the belly, and both eyes on the same side of the head. It grows to a great size ; some to the weight of 300 or 400 pounds. It forms an article of food, and some parts of the body are fat, tender, and delicious. This fish, like other flat fish, swims on its side, and hence the name of the family. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. HAL/I-DOM, n. [Sax. haligdome; holy and dom. ] Adjuration by what is holy. [ Obs.] Spenser. HAL/L-MASS, zn. [Sax halig, holy, and mass.] The feast of All Souls; Hallowmas. HAL/ING or HAL/ING. See Havuuine. HA-LIT/U-OUS, a. [L. halitus, breath. ] Like breath; vaporous. [ Obs. Boyle. HALL, n. [Sax. heal; D. hal or zaal; G saal; Sw. and Dan. sal; Fr. salle; It. and Sp. sala; L. aula; Gr. avAn; Sans. aala; Copt. auli; Turk. awlhi; Qu. —— ic Heb. aN, a tent, Ar. \as to marry, and to begin housekeeping, or Heb. Ch. and Syr. bon, a palace. Qu. are these all of one family? See Sart. ] 1. In architecture, a large yoom at the entrance of a house or palace. In the houses of ministers of State, magistrates, &c., it is the place where they give audience and dispatch business. Encyc. 2. An edifice in which courts of justice are held : as. Westminster Hall, which was originally a royal palace; the kings of England formerly holding their varliaments and courts of Judicature in their own dwellings, as is still the practice in Spain. Encyc. 3. A manor-house, so called because in them courts were former.y held. Addison. _4. A college, or large edifice, belonging to a colle- glate institution, Two in a year; semi-annual. Twice in a year; semi-an- 530 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MA HAL 5. Aroom fora corporation or public assembly ; as, a town-/iall; Faneuil Hail, in Boston, &c, 6. A collegiate body in the universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Prideaur. HAL-LE-LU/IAH, ) (hal-le-la’/ya,) n. Wey: my 1557, HAL-LE-LU/JAH, praise ye Jah or Jehoyah, from bn, to praise, that is, to throw, or raise the voice, w= to utter aloud sound. Ar. ae) halla or ealla, to ap- pear; to begin to shine, as the new moon; to ex- claim; to exult; to sing; to rejoice; to praise or worship God. Gr. eAeAcv, a Shout in battle. It co- incides in elements with hozol, L. ululo.] Praise ye Jehovah; give praise to God; a word used in songs of praise, or a term of rejoicing in solemn ascriptions of thanksgiving to God. It is used as a noun, or as an exclamation. {This word is improperly written with 7, in con- formity with the German and other continental lan- guages, in which 7 has the sound of y. But to pro- nounce the word with the English sound of 7 destroys its beauty. The like mistake of the sound of 7 in Je- hovah, Jordan, Joseph, has perverted the true pronun- ciation, which was Yehovah, Yordan, Yoseph. This perversion must now be submitted to, but in Hallelu- iah it ought not to be tolerated. HAL!LIARD, ) (hal/yard,) n. [from hale, haul.] A HAL/YARD, } term applied to ropes or tackles for hoisting or lowering yards or sails. Brande. Totten. HAL/LI-ER, x. A particular kind of net for catching birds. ENCYC. HAL-LOO’, v.z. [This seems to belong to the family of call; Fr. lens To cry out; to exclaim with a loud voice; to call to by name, or by the word halloo. Country folks hallooed and hooted after me. Sidney. HAL-LOO’, v. t. To encourage with shouts. Old John hallooes his hounds again. Prior. 2. To chase with shouts. Shak. 3. To call or shout to. Shak. [This verb is regular, and pronounced with the ac- cent on the first syllable. } HAL-LOO’; an exclamation, used as a call to invite attention. HAL-LOO/ING, ppr. HAL-LOO/ING, n. A loud outcry. Smart. HAL/LOW, v.t. [Sax. haligan or halgian, to conse- crate, to sanctify, from halig¢ or halg, holy, from hal, sound, safe, whole; G. heiligen, from heiliz, holy, hel, whole; heilen, to heal; D. heiligen, from heilig, holy, heil, safety, happiness; Dan. helliger, froin hellig, holy; heel, whole, entire; Sw. helga, from helig, holy. (See Hoy.) It coincides in origin with hold, and L. calleo, to be able. ] 1. ‘To make holy ; to consecrate ; to set apart for holy or religious use. Ex. xxviii. xxix. 1 Kings viii. 2. To devote to holy or religious exercises ; to treat as sacred. Hallow the Sabbath day, to do no work therein. — Jer. xvii. 3. To reverence ; to honor as sacred. Crying out. Hallowed tbe thy name. HAL’LOW-ED, pp. or a. Consecrated to a sacred use, or to religious exercises; treated as sacred; reverenced. HAL/LOW-EEN, n. The evening Hallows or All Saints’ day. HAL’/LOW-ING, ppr. or a. purposes ; consecrating ; devoting to religious exer- Ccises 5; reve rencing. HAL/LOW-MAS, x. [See Mass.] The feast of All Souls, Shak HAL-LU/CIN-ATE, >. 7. To stumble or blunder. HAL-LU-CIN-A’/TION, n. lucinor, to blunder. } 1. Error; delusion ; mistake. Lord's Prayer. é preceding All [ Scottish.] Setting apart for sacred * [L. haliucinor.] [L. hallucinatio, from hal- [Little used.] Addison. 2. In medicine, faulty sense (dysesthesia) or errone- ous imagination. Hallucinations of the senses arise from some defect in the organs of sense, or from some unusual circumstances attending the object, as when it is seen by moonlight ; and they are some- times symptoms of general disease, as in fevers. Maniacal hallucinations arise from some imaginary or mistaken idea. Similar hallucinations occur in revery. Darwin. Parr. HAL-LU/CIN-A-TO-RY, a. Partaking of hallucina- tion. HALM, (hawm,)n. [Sax. healm; L. culmus. | Straw. [See Haum.] a a HA/LO, n. [Ar. \\& hawon. The verb signifies to frighten, and to adorn with necklaces. name given to the circular or elliptical appear- ances surrounding the sun, moon, or other celestial body. Halos occur sometimes singly, sometimes in concentric or intersecting curves, which are usually more or Jess diversified in color. Olmsted. G HAM HAL/O-GEN, n. [Gr. dds, salt, and yevvaw, to gen- erate. ] A substance which, by combination with a metal, forms a haloid salt. Dana. HA-LOG’/EN-OUS, a, Having the nature of halogen. HA/LOID, a. [Gr. dds, salt, and ecdus, form.] Resembling a salt. In chemistry, the term jaloid salt is applied to binary compounds containing chlorine, iodine, and the allied elements, Common salt, which is a chlorid of sodium, is a haloid salt. HALSE, (hawls,) x. [Sax. hals. | [Berzelius. The neck or throat. [ Obs. Spenser. HALSE, v. 7. To embrace about the neck ; to adjure ; to greet. Obs. HAL/SEN-ING, a. Sounding harshly in the throat or tongue. [ Obs. Carew. HALS’/ER, (haws/er,) . [Sax. hals, G. D. Dan. and Sw. /als, the neck; and qu. Sax. sal, a rope or strap. ] A Jarge rope of a size between the cable and the tow-line. [See Hawser.] HALT, v.72. [Sax. healt, halt, lame; healtian, to limp; G. halt, a hold, stop, halt; halten, to hold; Sw. halt, halta; Dan. halt, halter ; fron. the root of hold,] 1. To stopin walking; tohold. In military affairs, the true sense is retained, to stopina march. The army /alted at noon. 2. To limp ; that is, to stop with lameness. 3. To hesitate ; to stand in doubt whether to pro- ceed, or what to do. How long halt ye between two opinions ? —1 Kings xviii. 4. To fail; to falter ; as, a halting sonnet. Shak. HALT, v. t. To stop; to cause to cease marching ; a military term, ‘The general halted his troops for re- freshment. Washington. HALT, a. ([Sax. teal} Lame; that is, holding or stopping in walking. Bring hither the poor, the ma‘med, the dalt, and the blind, — uke xiv. HALT, 2. A stopping; a stop in marching. troops made a halt at the bridge. 2. The act of limping. HALT’ED, pp. Stopped. HALT/ER, x. One who halts or limps. HALT’ER, n. [G. halter, a holder. See Hart.] 1. A rope or strap and head-stall for leading or -pnfining a horse. 2. A rope for hanging malefactors. 3. A strong cord or string. HALT’ER, v. t. To put a halter on; as, to halter a horse. 2. To catch and hold, or to bind with a rope or.cord. HALT’ER-ED, pp. Caught or bound with a rope. HALT’ER-ING, ppr. Putting a halter on; catching; binding. HALT’ING, x. The act of stopping or faltering. HALT’ING, ppr. ora. Stopping ; limping. HALT/ING-LY, adv. With limping; sJowly. HALVE, (hav,) v.t. [from half.] To divide into two equal parts ; as, to halve an apple. HALV/ED, (havd,) a. In botany, hemispherical ; covering one side; placed on one side. HALV/ING, ppr. Dividing into two equal parts. HALVES, (hivz,) n.; pl. of Hauer. Two equal parts of a thing. To cry halves, is to claim an equal share, To go halves, is to have an equal share. HALV/ING, (hav/ing,) ppr. Dividing into two equal HAL/YARD. See Harutarp. [ parts. HAM, [Sax. ham,] a house, is our modern word home,G. herm. It is used in hamlet, and in the names of places, as in Waltham, wood-house, walt, a wood, and ham, a house, [not Wal-tham, as itis often pronounced, ] Bucking-ham, Notting-ham, Wrent-ham, Dur-ham, &c, HAM, 7. (Sax. ham.] 1. The inner or hind part of the knee ; the inner an- gle of the joint which unites the thigh and the leg of an animal. Hence, 2. The thigh of a beast, particularly of a hog, whether salted and cured or not. But the word is more generally understood to mean the thigh of a hog salted and dried in smoke. Picco aeaeits n [Gr. dua, together, and dpvs, a tree. A wood-nymph, feigned to live and die with the The tree to which it was attached. Spectator. HA’MATE, a. [L. hamatus.] Hooked ; entangled. Berkeley. HA’MA-TED, a. [L. hamatus, from hama, a hook; Celtic and Pers. cam, crooked. | Hooked or set with hooks, Swift. HAM/BLE, v. t. [Sax. hamelan.] To hamstring. [Not used.] HAMES, zn. pl. [(G. kummet; Russ. chomut, a collar; but it seems to be the Scot. haims, In Sw. hdmma is to stop, or restrain.] A kind of collar for a draught horse, consisting of two bending pieces of wood or bows, and these placed on curving pads or stuffed leather, made to conform to the shape of the neck. HAME/SUCK-EN, n. In Scottish law, the violent seeking and invasion of a person in his own house. Bouvier. RINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE; MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —— HAM HAN HAN HA’MITE, x. The fossil remains of a curved shell; an extinct species of cephalopods. Mantell. HAM’LET, xn. [Sax. ham,a house; Fr. kameau; Arm. hameli, orkamm. See Home.] A small village; a little cluster of houses in the country. This word seems originally to have signified the seat of a freeholder, comprehending the mansion- house and adjacent buildings. It now denotes a small collection of houses in the country, in distinc- tion from a city, a large town, or township. The country wasted and the hamlets burned. Dryden. HAM’LET-ED, a. Accustomed to a hamlet, or to a country life. Feltham. HAM’MER, n. [Sax.hamer; D. hamer; G. and Dan. hammer ; Sw. hammare ; probably, the beater. ] 1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, andthelike. Itconsists of an iron head, fixed cross- wise toa handle. Hammers are of various sizes; a large hammer used by smiths is called a sledge. 2. A piece of steel covering the pan of a musket lock. Campbell’s Mu. Dict. HAM’MER, v. t. To beat with a hammer; as, to ham- mer iron or steel. 2. To form or forge with a hammer; to shape by beating. 3. To work in the mind; to contrive by intellectu- al labor; usually with out; as, to hammer outa scheme. HAM/MER, >. 2. contrivance, 2. To be working, or in agitation. HAM’/MER-A-BLE, a. That may be shaped by a hammer, Sherwood. HAM/MER-BEAM, 7. In Gothic architecture, a beam acting as a tie at the feet of a pair of principal raf- ters, but not extending so as to connect the opposite sides. Gwilt. HAM/MER-€LOTH, x. The cloth which covers a coach-box, so called from the old practice of carrying a hammer, nails, &c.,in a little pocket hid by this cloth. egre. HAM/MER-ED, pp. ora. Beaten with a hammer. HAM’/MER-ER, xz. One who works with a hammer. HAM’MER-HARD,n. Iron orsteel hardened by ham- mering. Moxon. HAM!/MER-ING, ppr. Beating with a hammer ; work- ing; contriving. HAM’MER-ING, n. The act of beating with a ham- To work ; tobe busy; to labor in mer. HAM/MER-MAN, 2. One who beats or works witha hammer. HAM’MER-WORT, m. An herb. Chalmers. HAM’MO€K, zn. [Sp. hamaca; Port. maca. A word of Indian origin; for Columbus, in the Narrative of his first Voyage, says, ‘A great many Indians in canoes came to the ship to-day for the purpose of bartering their cotton, and /amacas, or nets, in which they sleep.’?] A kind of hanging bed, suspended between trees or posts, or by hooks. It consists of a piece of hemp- en cloth about six feet long and three feet wide, gath- ered at the ends, and suspended by cords. It forms abed, or a receptacle for a bed, on board of ships. Encyc. Mar. Dict. HAM-MO-€HRY'SOS, xn. [Gr. avpos and xpvaos.] A stone with spangles of gold color. HA’MOUS, a. [L. hamus, a hook; Celtic, cam, cook eet Hooked ; having the end hooked or curved ; aterm of botany. Lee. Martyn. HAM/PER, n. [Contracted from hanaper, or from hand pannier. | 1. A large basket for conveying things to mar- ket, &c. 2. Fetters, or some instrument that shackles, : W. Browne. Fans signification, and that of the verb following, indicate that this word is from janaper, and that the latter is from thé sense of interweaving twigs. } HAM/PER, v.t. [See the noun.] To shackle; toen- tangle ; hence, toimpede in motion or progress, or to render progress difficult. A lion hampered in a net. DL Estrange. They hamper and entangle our souls, and hinder their flight upward, Tillotson. 9. To insnare ; to inveigle; to catch with allure- ments. Shak. 3. To tangle ; to render complicated. Blackmore. 4, To perplex; to embarrass, Hanvpered by the laws. Buller, HAM/PER-ED, pp. Shackled; entangled ; insnared ; perplexed. HAM/PER-ING, ppr. lexing: HAM/STER, x. [G. hamster; Russ. chomiak.] A species of rat, the Mus cricetus of Linneus, or German marmot. This rat is of the size of the wa- ter rat, but is of a browner color, and its belly and legs of a dirty yellow. It is remarkable for two bags, like those of a baboon, on each side of the jaw, un- der the skin, in which it conveys grain, peas, and Shackling; entangling; per- HAMSTRING, x. The tendons of the ham. Wiseman. HAMSTRING, v. £3 pret. and pp. Hamsrruna, or HamsTRINGED. To cut the tendons of the ham,and thus to Jame or disable. Dryden. HAM/STRING-ING, ppr. Cutting the tendons of the ham, and thus disabling. HAM’/STRUNG, pp. Disabled by having the tendons of the ham cut. HAN, for Have, in the plural. Spenser. HAN/A-PER, 7. [Norm. hanap, a cup, a hamper; Sax. inep, G. napf, D. nap, Fr. hanap, Arm. hanaff, It. nappo, a bowl or cup. These seem to be all the same word, yet [see not how a cup anda basket should have the same name, unless the vessel was originally made of bark, and so tight as to hold liquors. ] The hanaper was used in early days, by the kings of England, for holding and carrying with them their money, as they journeyed from place to place. It was a kind of basket, like the fiscus, and hence came to be considered as the King’s treasury. Hence, the clerk or warden of the hanaper, is an oficer who re- ceive the fees due to the king for seals of charters, patents, commissions, and writs. There is also an oflicer who is controller of the hanaper. This word, therefore, answered to the modern exchequer. Spelman. HANCE, HAUNCE, for Enuance. [Obs.] See En- HANCE, HAN’CES, x. pl. [L. ansa.] 1. In architecture, the ends of elliptical arches, which are the arches of smaller circles than the scheme or middle part of the arch. Harris. 2. In a ship, falls of the fife-rails placed on balus- ters on the poop and quarter-deck down to the gang- Way. Larris. HAND, n. ([Sux. hand, hond; G. and D. hand; Dan. haand; Sw.hand. This word may be connected in origin with Sax. hentan, to follow, to take, or seize, Gr. xavdava@, L. hendo, in prehendo ; but from its de- rivatives, handy, handsome, it would appear to pro- ceed from a root signifying to bestrong, right, straight, which would give the sense of fitness and of beauty. Chaucer has hende, hendy, civil, courteous. | the palm and fingers, connected with the arm at the wrist ; the part with which we hold and use any in- strument. 2. In falconry, the foot of a hawk; and in the ma- nege, the fore foot of a horse. 3. A measure of four inches; a palm; applied chiefly to horses; as, a horse 14 hands high. 4. Side ; part ; right or left; as, on the .one hand or the other. This is admitted on all hands, that is, on allsides, or by all parties. So, to be on the mend- ing hand, is to be on the side of recovery from ill- ness. 5. Act; deed; performance; external action ; that is, the effect for the cause, the hand being the instru- ment of action. Thou sawest the contradiction between my heart and hand, ing Charles, 6. Power of performance ; skill. A friend of mine has a very fine hand on the violin. He had a mind to try his hand at a Spectator. 7. Power of making or producing. Addison. Addison, tion. Cheyne, his hand. Dryden. see the hand of God in this event. 10. Conveyance ; agency in transmitting. of the owner. The papers are in my hands. 12. The cards held at a game; hence, a game. a clock; the hour-hand, and the minute-hand. cy or service. The mason employs twenty hands, good hand; a bad hand; a fine hand. acon. hand.” {[ Obs.] pose and executive power. Acts lv. 19. The providential bounty of God. Ps. civ. XXX XVili. 992. The favor of God, or his support. Take i. not far distant. Your husband is at hand; [ hear his trumpet. 2. Near in time ; not distant. The day of Christ is at hand, — 2 Thess. ii. Shak, 1. In man, the extremity of the arm, consisting of An intelligent being coming out of the hands of infinite perfec- 8. Manner of acting or performance ; as, he changed 9. Agency ; part in performing or executing. Pun- ish every man who had a and in the mischief. We 11. Possession ; power. The estate is in the hands 13. An index, or that which performs the office of the hand, or of a finger, in pointing ; as, the hand of 14. A person ; an agent ; a man employed in agen- 15. Form of writing; style of penmanship; as, a 16. Agency ; service; ministry. Ex.ivy Lev. viii, 17 Rate ; price; conditions; as, ‘* bought at a dear 18. In Scripture, the hand of God, is his eternal pur- 90. The power of God exerted in Judgments or mercies, in punishing or defending. Judges. Ps. ll. 91. The Spirit of God; divine influence. 1 Kings Neh. ii. At hand ; near ; either present and within reach, or instrumentality of tools, engines, or animals; as, to weed a garden by hand; to lift, draw, or carry by hand. In hand; present payment; in respect to the re- ceiver. Receiving in hand one year’s tribute. Knolles. 2. In the state of execution. I have a great work in hand. At my hand, at his hand, &c., denote from the per- son or being. : Shall we receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not re- ceive evil? —Job il. On hand ; in present possession ; as, he has a sup- ply of goods on hand. 2. Under one’s care or management. Jupiter had a farm on his hands. D’Estrange. Of hand; without delay, hesitation, or difficulty ; immediately ; dextrously ; without previous prepara- tion. Out of hand; ready payment, with regard to the payer. Let not the wages of any man tarry with thee; but give it him out of hand. Tobu. 2. At once; directly. To his hand, to my hand, &c. ; in readiness ; already prepared ; ready to be received. The work is made to his hands. Locke. Under his hand, under her hand, &c.; with the prop- er Writing or signature of the name. ‘This deed is executed under the hand and seal of the owner. Hand over head; negligently ; rashly ; without see- ing what one does. [Little used.) acon. Hand over hand; by passing the hands alternately one before or above another; as, to climb hand over hand ; also, rapidly; as, to come up with a chase hand over hand; used by seamen. Mar. Dict. Hand to hand; in close union ; close fight. Dryden. But from hand to hand, is, from one person to an- other. Hand in hand ; in union ; conjointly ; unitedly. Swift. To join hand in hand, is, to unite efforts and act in concert. Hand in hand ; fit; pat; suitable. Shak. Hand to mouth. To live from hand to mouth, is to obtain food and other necessaries, as want requires, without making previous provision, or having an abundant previous supply. To bear in hand; to keep in expectation ; to elude. [Not used. ] Shak. To bear a hand; to hasten; a seaman’s phrase. Totten. To lend a hand ; to give assistance. R. H. Dana, Jr. To be hand and glove; to be intimate and familiar, as friends or associates. To set the hand to; to engage in; to undertake. That the Lord thy God may bless thee, in all thou seflest thine hand to. — Deut. xxiii. To take in hand; to attempt ; to undertake. Luke i. Also, to seize and deal with. To have a hand in; to be concerned in; to havea part or concern in doing; to have an agency in. South. To put the last hand, or jinishing hand, to; to com- plete; to perfect; to make the last corrections, or give the final polish. To change hands; to change sides; to shift; to change owners. Butler. Hand, in the sense of rate, price, terms, conditions, as used by Bacon, Taylor, &c., is obsolete; as, “to buy at a dear hand; ‘‘accept the mystery, but at no hand wrest it by pride or ignorance.” Soin the sense of advantage, gain, superiority, as used by Hayward; and in that of competition, content, as used by Shakspeare. To get hand, to gain influence, is obsolete. A heavy hand ; severity or oppression. A light hand; gentleness ; moderation. A strict and; severe discipline ; rigorous govern- ment. Hands off; a vulgar phrase for keep off, forbear. To pour water on the hands, in the phraseology of the Scriptures, is to serve or minister to. 2 Kings iil. To wash the hands; to profess Innocence. ait. XXVii. : To kiss the hand, imports adoration. Job xxx. To lean on the hand, imports familiarity. 2 Kings v. To strike hands; to make a contract, or to become surety for another’s debt or good behavior. Prov. Xvil. Putting the hand under the thigh, was an ancient ceremony used in swearing. : To give the hand, is to make a covenant with one, or to unite with him in design. 2 Kings x. AS The stretching out of the hand, denotes an exertion of power. But, , The stretching out of the hand to God, imports earn- est prayer or solemn dedication of one’s self to him. Ps. \xviii. and cxiiil. 3 The lifting of the hand, was used in affirmation and swearing, and in prayer imported a solemn wishing acorns to its winter residence. Encyc. Goldsmith. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANV’GER, VI/'CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SU; FH as in THIS. By hand; with the hands, in distinction from the of blessings from God. Gen. xiv. Lev. X1X. ees ee Gill oe mie = hE os arta te =" » FS aa “srk —— ns a Snel oeSoe left hand is less honorable. Jatt. xx. Gods standing at the riglit hand of men, imports his | regard for the m, and his readiness to defend and as- sist them. Ps. XV1. | Satan’s standing at the right hand of men, imports his readiness to accuse them, or to hinder or torment them. Zech. ill. | | “HAN —nt “To lift the hand against a superior ; to rebel. 2 Sam. XX To put forth the hand against one; to kill him. 1 Sam. XXiv- To put one’s hand to a neighbors goods; to steal them. Ex. Xxil. To lay hands on in anger; to assault, or seize, or to smite. Ex. xxiv. Js. Xi. To lay the hand on the mouth, imports silence. Job xl. The laying on of hands, was also a ceremony used in consecrating one to office. Num. xxvii. 1 Tim. 1V. It was also used in blessing persons. Mark x. Hiding the hand in the bosom, denotes idleness ; in- activity ; sluggishness. Prov. XIX. me The clapping of hands, denotes joy and rejoicing. But, in some instances , contempt or derision, or joy at the calamities of othe rs. Ps, xlvil. Ezek. xxv. A station at the right hand is honorable, and de- notes favor, approbation, or honor. A station on the denotes innocence and a blameless XXIV. Clean hands, and holy life. Ps. A slack hand, denotes idleness ; carelessness ; sloth. Prov. x. The right hand, denotes power; strength. Ez. xv. HAND, v. io give or transmit with the hand. Hand mea book. 2. To lead, guide, and lift with the hand; to con- duct. Locke. To manage ; as, I hand my oar. Prior. . To seize ; to lay hands on. [JVot wsed.] Shale. 5. In seamanship, to furl ; to wrap or roll a sail close to the yard, stay, or mast, and fasten it with gaskets. Mar. Dict. To hand down; to transmit in succession, as from father to son, or from predecessor to successor. Fa- bles are handed down from age to age. HAND, v. z. To go hand in hand; to codperate. [ Obs.] JWassinger. HAND!- An ancient game with a ball, Brande. HAND’-BAR-ROW, mn. A barrow or vehicle borne by the hands of men, and without a wheel. JMortimer. A small or portable basket. Mortimer. A small bell rung by the hand; a Bacon. n, [hand and blow.) A blow or stroke BALL, n. HAND/-BASK-ET, n. HAND!-BELL, 7x. table-bell. HAND/-BLOW, with the hand. HAND'-BOOK, zn. A book for the hand ; a manual; applied fre quently to a guide-book for trave lers. HAND’-BOW, A bow managed by the hand. HAND'BREADTH, -bredth,) x. A space equal to the breadth of the hand; a palm. Ez. xxv. Nei, nm. A handkerchief. HAND/€RAFT, n. [Sax. handcraft.) J. Manual centston ; work performed by the hand. Addison. Harmer. 2. A man who obtains his living by manual labor ; one skilled in some mechanical art. ryden. [This word is usually spelt HanpicraFt; but the preferable spelling would be Hanvcrart, in accord- ance with the Saxon.) HAND/€RAFTS-MAN, n. Aman skilled oremployed m manuz - Loceupation ; ; a manufacturer. Swit. HAND/€0 nm. [Sax. handcopse. | A name cae to manacles, consisting of iron rings for uP e wrists, and a connecting chain to confine the 1an HAND/€UFF, >». t. with handcuffs. HAND/€UFF-ED, (-kuft,) pp. Manacled ; by handcuffs. HAND/ED, pp. Given or transmitted by the hands; conducted ; furled. HAND’/ED, a. With hands joined. Milton. 2. In composition ; as, right-handed, most dextrous or strong with the right hand ; having the right hand most able and ready. Left-handed ; having the left hand most strong and convenient for principal use. HAND/ER, n. One who hands or transmits ; a con- veyer in succession. Dryden. HAND! PAST, 7. Hold ; custody ; power of confining or keeping. [ Obs.] Shak. HAND/FAST, a. Fast by contract ; betrothed by join- ing hands, [See the verb. ] HAND/FAST, v.t. [Sax. handfestan.] To pledge ; to betroth by joining hands, in order to cohabitation, before the celebration of marriage, Jamieson. HAND/FAST-ING, n. A kind of betrothing by join- ing hands, in order to cohabitation, before marriage. HAND/— FET-TER, n. A fetter for the hand ; a man- acle. Sherwood, HAND/FUL, n. As much as the hand will gras sp or contain. To manacle ; to confine the hands confined 2, As much as the arms will embrace. 3. A palm; fourinches. [ Obs.] Bacon. 4. A small quantity or number. A handful of men. Clarendon. 5. As much as can be done ; full employment. Ralesh. In America, the phrase is, he has his hands full. HAND/-GAL-LOP, n. A slow and easy gallop, in which the hand presses the bridle, to hinder increase of speed. ohnson. HAND’/GLASS, n. In gardening, a glass used for placing over, protecting, and forw arding, various plants in winter. Cyc. HAND/-GRE-NADE!,n. A grenade to be thrown by the hand. HAND/GRIPE, x. [hand and gripe.] A gripe or seiz- ure and pressure with the hand. Hudibras. HAND/-GUN, ». A gun to be used by the hand. Camden. HAND/LERAFT, 2. [Sax. handereft.] 1. Manual occupation ; work performed by the hand. Addison. Harmer. 2. A man who obtains his living by manual labor ; one skilled in some mechanical art. Dryden. [See Hanpcrart. ] HAND/I-ERAFTS-MAN, n. A man éskilled or em- ployed in manual occupation ; a manufacturer. Swyft. [See HanpcrarFr. ] HAND! [-LY, adv. [See Hanpy.] skill; dextrously ; adroitly, 2. With ease or convenience. HAND/I-NESS, n. The ease of performance derived from practice ; dexterity ; adroitness. Ches HAND/ING, ppr. Giving with the band. HAND/I-WORK, x. [A corruption of handwork.] Work done by the hands. HAND/KER-CHIEP, (hank/er-chif,) n. chief. See KERcHIEF. 1. A piece of cloth, usually silk or linen, carried about the person for the purpose of cleaning the face or hands, as occasion requires. poe pie ce of cloth to be worn about the neck, and some nes s ¢ alle d a neckerchief. HAND/-LAN!/GUAGE, (-lang/gwaje,) n. Ee cat by the hands. [s Not in use. J HAND’LE, v. & . [G. handeln, D. handelen, Sw. With dexterity or terfield. ( lbs [hand and ker- The art of handla, Dan. handler, to treat, to trade, to negotiate. But in English it has not the Jatter signification. The word is formed from /iand, as manage from L. ]. To touch ; to feel with the hand ; with the hand. manus. | to use or hold The bodies we daily handle — hinder the approach of the part of our hands that press them. Locke. To manage ; to use ; to wield. That fellow handles a bow like a crow-keepor. Shak. To make familiar by frequent touching. The breeders in Flanders —handle their colts six months every year, L¢ 4. To treat ; to discourse on; to discuss; to use or manage in writing or speaking. The author /andled the subject with address. The speaker jandled the arguments to the best advantage. 0. ‘I’o use ; to deal with ; to practice. They that handle the law knew me not, —Jer, ii. 6. To treat; to use well or ill. nple, How wert thou handled ? Shak. 7. To manage ; to practice on; to transact with. You shal! see how I will /iandle her. Shak. HAND/LE, xn. [Sax. Qu. L. ansa, Norm. hanser.] 1. That part of a vessel or instrument which is held in the hand when used, as the haft of a sword, oe bail of a kettle, &c. . That of which use is made ; the instrument of offs cling a purpose. South. HAND/LE-A-BLE, (hand’l-a-bl,) a. That may be han- od. Sherwood. dle HAND/-LEAD, (-led,) nm. A small lead for sounding. HAND/LED, pp. Touched; treated; managed. HAND’LESS, a. Without a hand. Shak. HAND/LING, ppr. Touching ; feeling ; treating ; man- aging. HAND’L ING, n. A touching or use by the hand; a treating in discussion. HAND/-LOOM, 2. A weaver’s loom worked by the hand, HAND/MAID, Ne HAND/MAID-EN, A maid that waits at hand; a female servant or attendant. Scripture. HAND/MILL, n. A mill worked by the hand. Dryden. HAND/RAIL, x. A rail supported by balusters, &c., as in staircases, Quilt. HAND/SAILS, xn. pl. Sails managed by the hand. Temple. HAND/SAW, n. A saw to be used with the hand. In the proverb, *“not to know a hawk from a hand- saw,’ denoting great enor ance, handsaw is a corrup- tion of heronshaw, i. e., the heron, which see. Todd’s Shak. An engine for raising a jack. HAND'SEREW, (-skru,) 7. heavy ners or we ights ; Addison. WAND/SBEL, HAND/WRIT-ING, n. HANDY; a. [iD HAND/Y-DAN- DY, 2. HAND/Y-GRIPE, n. HAND/Y-STROKE, n. bauesu lan, to deliver into the hand. See Save and Ba oe he first act of using any thing ; the first sale. Elyot. 2. An earnest; money for the first sale. {Little used. | Hooker. HAND’SEL, v. t. To use or do any thing the first time. Dryden. HAND/SEL-ED, pp. Used or done for the first time. HAND/SOME, (hand/sum,) a, [D.handzaam, soft, lim- ber, tractable; hand and zaam, together. Zaarm, or saam, We see in assemble. The sense of docility is taken from hand, as in G. behandeln, D. behandelen, to handle, to manage. The Dutch sense of soft, Jim- ber, is probably from the sense of easily managed or handled. } 1, Properly, For a thief it is so handsome, as it may x vented for him. dextrous ; ready ; convenient. -em it was first in- pense This sense is either from the original meanint: of hand, or from the use of the band, or rather of the right hand. In this sense the word is still used. We say of a well-fought combat and victory, it is a hand- affair, an affair well performed, done with dex- terity or skill. [See Hanpy.] 2. Moderately beautiful, as the person or other thing; well made ; hi LV ing symmetry of parts; well formed. It expresses less than beautiful or elewant ; as, a handsome Woinan or man; she has a handsome person or face. So we say, a handsome house ; a jand- some type. 3. Graceful in manner SOME ; marked with propriety and ease; as, a andsome address, 4. Ample; large; as, a handsome fortune. 5. Neat; correct ; moderately elegant; as, a hand- some style or composition. 6. Liberal; generous ; as, a handsome present. The applications of this word, in popular language, are various and somewhat indefinite. Im gene ral, when applied to things, it imports that the form is agreeable to the eye, or to just taste ; and when ap- plied to manner, it conveys the idea of suitableness, or propriety with grace. HAND/SOME, as a verb, to render neat or beautiful, is not an authorized word. Donne. HAND'‘SOME-LY, adv. cleverly ; with a Spenser. Gracefully ; with propriety and ease. 3. Neatly ; with due symmetry or proportions ; as, thing is handsomely made or finished. With a degree of beauty ; as, a room handsomely furnished or ornamented. 5. Amply ; generously ; ly endowed. HAND/SOME-NESS, n. A moderate degree of beauty or elegance ; as, the handsomeness of the person or of an edifice. 2, Grace ; ner. HAND/SOM-ER, a. comp. HAND/SOM-EST, a. superl. Most handsome. HAND/SPIKE, n. A bar, usually of wood, used with the hand as a lever, for various purposes, as in rais- ing weights, heavens about a windlass, &e. HAND/STAFR, x. ; pl. HanpsTarrs. A javelin. Dextrously ; po liberally. She is handsome- ; gracefulness ; ease and propriety In man- More handsome, Ex. XXXiX. HAND/STROKE, zn. [hand and stroke.] A blow or stroke given by the hand. Beaum. & Fi. HAND’VICE, n Asmail vice used by hand, or for small work. Moxon. HAND/WEAP-ON, (-wep’n,) 7. Any weapon to be wielded by the hand. JVwm. xxxv. HAND/-WING-ED, a. A literal translation into Eng- lish of the technical term cheiropterous, a term in nat- ural history used in application to the fainily of bats. Kirby. [Obs.] The cast or form of writing peculiar to each hand or person. Shak. 2. Any writing. HAND’WORK, x. Work done by the hands. handig, behendig ; Dan. hendig ; from hand.] 1. Performed by the hand. They came to handy blows. {Obs.] Knolles. 2, Dextrous; ready; adroit; skillful; skilled to use the hands with ease in pe rform: mee ; applied to persons. He is handy with the saw or the plane. Each is handy in bis way. Dryden. 3. Ingenious ; performing with skill and readiness. 4. Ready to the hand; near. My books are very handy. 5. Convenient ; suited to the use of the hand. 6. Near; that may be used without difficulty or go- ing to a distance. We havea Spring or pasture that is handy. Holloway. A play among children in which something is shaken between two hands, and then a guess is made in which hand it is re- tained. Todd. Seizure by the hand. Hudibras. A blow inflicted by the hana. (Dan. handsel s Sax. handselen, from HANG, ». t. ; pret. and pp. Hancep or Hune. [Sax FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — Mi TE, ERY. — PINE , MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE Betas . ened - ~ || , MOVE, 1 MOPEDS BOOK, —HAN hangan; Sw. hanga; Dan. henger ; G. and D. han- gen W.hongian, tohang; hong,a hanging, or dang- ling ; honc, a shake, a wagging ; honcarc, to shake, Wag, Stagger, to waver. The latter seems to be the primary sense. ] I. To suspend ; to fasten to some fixed object above, in such a manner as to swing or move; as, to hang a thief. Pharaoh hanged the chief baker. Hence, 2. To put to death by suspending by the neck. Many men would rebel rather than be ruined; but they would rather not rebel than be hanged. Ames. _3 To place without any solid support or founda- tion. He hangeth the earth upon nothing. — Job xxxvi. 4. To fix in such a manner as to be movable; as, to hang a door or grate on hooks or by butts. 5. ‘T'o cover or furnish by any thing suspended or fastened to the walls; as, to hang an apartment with HANG’ER, n. HANG/ER-ON, n. HANG/ING, ppr. HAP That by which a thing is suspended, ®. A short, broad sword, incurvated toward the oint. Smollett. 3. One that hangs, or causes to be hanged. Aubrey. One who besets another impor- tunately in soliciting favors. 2, A dependent ; one who eats and drinks without payment. Swi Suspending to something above. 2. Being suspended ; dangling ; swinging. 3. a. Foreboding death by the halter. What a hanging face ! : 4, Requiring punishment by the halter; as, a hang- Dryden. mg matter. Johnson. HANG/ING, n. A term applied to linings for rooms of arras, tapestry, paper, &c. Gwilt. No purple hangings clothe the palace walls. Dryden. 2. Death by the halter; as, hard words or hanging. curtains or with pictures. Pope. Hung be the heavens with black. Shak, 3. Display ; exhibition. Addison. And hung thy holy roofs with savage spoils. Dryden. HANG/ING-SIDE, x. In mining, the overhanging side of an inclined or hading vein. Cyc To hang out; tosuspend in open view ; to display ; to exhibit to notice ; as, to hang out false colors. 2. To hang abroad ; to suspend in the open alr. To hang down; to let fall below the proper situa- tion; to bend down; to decline ; as, to hang down the head, and elliptically, to hang the head. To hang up; to suspend; to place on something fixed on high. 2. To suspend; te keep or suffer to remain un- decided ; as, to hang up a question in debate. To hang fire; in the military art, is to be slow in communicating, as fire in the pan of a gun to the charge. FLANG, v. i. To be suspended; to be sustained by something above, so as to swing or be movable beléw. 2. To dangle ; to be loose and flowing below. 3. To bend forward or downward ; to lean or in- cline. Addison. His neck obliquely o’er his shoulder hung. Pope. 4, To float; to play. And fall those sayings from that gentle tongue, Where civil speech and soft persuasion hung, Prior. 5. To be supported by something raised above the ground ; as, a hanging garden on the top of a house. 6. To depend; to rest on something for support. This question hangs on a single point. 7. To rest on by embracing; to cling to; as, to hang on the neck of a person. Two infants hanging on her neck, 8. To hover; to impend ; with over. dangers that hang over the country. 9, To be delayed ; to linger. A noble stroke he lifted high, Which hung not. Milton. 10. To incline; to have a steep declivity; as, hanging grounds, Mortimer. 1l. ‘To be executed by the halter. Sir Balaam hangs. To hang on, or upon; to adhere to, often as some- thing troublesome and unwelcome. A cheerful temper dissipates the apprehensions which hang on the timorous. Addison. 9. To be suspended in fixed attention and interest. Though wondering senates hung on ail he spoke, The club must hail him master of the joke. 3. ‘To adhere obstinately ; to be importunate. 4. '’o rest; to reside; to continue, as sleep on the eyelids. Shak. 5. To be dependent on. How wretched Is that poor man that hangs on princes’ favors ! Shak. 6. In seamen’s language, to hold fast without belay- ing ; to pull forcibly. To hang over; to extend or project from above. To hang in doubt ; to be in suspense, or in a state of uncertainty. Thy life shall hang in doubt before thee. — Deut. XXvVili, To hang together ; to be closely united ; to cling. In the common cause we are all of a piece ; we hang together. Dryden. 2. To be just united, so as barely to hold together. Shak. To hang on, or upon; to drag; to be incommo- diously joined. Life hangs upon me, and becomes a burden. To hang to; to adhere closely ; to cling. HANG, 7. A sharp declivity. [ Colloquial. ] HANG/BIRD,z. A name familiarly given in America to the Baltimore oriole, from the peculiar construction of its nest, which is suspended from the limb of a tree. HANG/BY, 7. A dependent, in contempt. Ray. HANG'DOG, n. A term of reproach for one of a base and degraded character, as if fit only to be the hang- man of dogs. HANG/ED, pp. Suspended; put to death by being Peacham. View the Pope. Pope. Addison. HANG/ING-SLEEVES, n. pl. Strips of the same stuff with the gown, hanging down the back from the shoulders. [ Obs.] Halifax. HANG/MAN, n.» One who hangs another ; a public executioner ; also, a term of reproach. HANG/NAIL, n. A small piece or sliver of skin which hangs from the root of a finger-nail. Holloway. HANG/NEST, n. The name of certain species o birds, which build nests suspended from the branches also, the nest so suspended. HANK, z. clasp; Sw. hank, a band. HAP’LY, adv. HAP/PEN, (hap/n,) v. 7. have luck. (See Har.) Sw. h@pna, to be surprised or amazed. } previous expectation ; to fall out. HAP/PEN-ING, ppr. HAP’PL-LY, ado. HAP’PI-NESS, n. A of trees, such as the Baltimore oriole or red-bird; [Dan. hank, a handle, a hook, a tack, a HANK, ». t. HANK’ER, »v. i HANK’ER-ING, ppr. or a. HANK/ER-ING, n. HANK’ER-ING-LY, adv. HANK’LE, (hank'l,) v. & HAN/SARD, 2. HAN-SE-AT’IE€, a. HANSE TOWNS. HAN’T ; suspended by the neck. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as 1. A name given to two or more skeins of thread or silk tied together. Brande. 2. In ships, a name given to rings of wood, &c., fixed on stays, to confine the sails when hoisted. Totten. 3. A rope or withy for fastening a gate. [Zocal.] To form into hanks. : [D. hunkeren. The corresponding word in Danish is higer, and probably n is casual.] 1. To long for with a keen appetite and uneasiness ; in a literal sense; as, to hanker for fruit, or after fruit. 9. To have a vehement desire of something, ac- companied with uneasiness ; as, to hanker after the diversions of the town. Addison. It is usually followed by after. It ts a fan.lar, but not a low word. Longing for with keen appetite or ardent desire. A keen appetite that causes un- easinesstill it is gratified ; vehement desire to possess Longingly. or enjoy. [See Hanx.] To twist. [Not in use.] A merchant of one of the Hanse McCulloch. Pertaining to the Hanse Towns, or to their confederacy. Hanse signifies a society; Goth. hansa, a multitude. The Hunse Towns, in Germany, were certain commercial cities which associated for the protection of commerce as early as the twelfth ‘Towns. century. To this confederacy acceded certain com- mercial cities in Holland, England, France, Spain, and Italy, until they amounted to seventy-two ; and HAP’PY, a. for centuries this confederacy commanded the re- spect and defied the power of kings. It has now ceased to exist, and its remnants, Lubeck, Hamburg, Bremen, and Frankfort, are called Free Cities. Encyc. Am. a vulgar contraction of Havre nor or Has NoT; as, I han’t, he hawt, we han’t. HAP, x. [W. hap, or hab, luck, chance, fortune, that is. that which falls, or a coming suddenly. This ; : seems to be allied to Fr. happer, to snap or catch; D. Norm. happer, to seize; W. hafiaw, to In Sp. haber signifies to have, to happen or befall, to take. These verbs seem to unite in one radix, and all coincide with L. capio. The primary sense is, to fall or to rush ; hence, to rush on and seize. 1. That which comes suddenly or unexpectedly ; happen ; snatch. chance; fortune ; accident ; casual event. [See Cuance and Casuat.] Whether art it was or heedless hap. : Spenser. Cursed be good jiaps, and cursed be they that build Sudney. Their hopes on haps. 2, Misfortune. [But this word is obsolete, or obsolescent, except in compounds and derivatives. } HAP, ». 7. Spenser. Bacon. Ors.) hes HAP-HAZ'ARD, n. [This is tautological. See Haz- ARD. | : Chance ; accident. We take our principles at hap-hazard, on trust. HAP/‘LESS, «a. } unhappy ; as, hapless youth ; hapless maid. Dryden. Locke. To happen ; to befall; to come by chance. Luckless ; unfortunate; unlucky ; HAR By chance; perhaps ; it may be. Lest haply ye be found to fight against God. — Acta v. 2. By accident ; casually. Milton. W. hapiaw, to happen, to 1. To come by chance ; to come without ore’s There shall no evil happen to the just. —Proy. xii. 2. To come; to befall. They talked together of all those things which had happened. — Luke xxiv. 3. To light; to fall or come unexpectedly. I have happened on some other accounts relating to mortalities. Graunt. Coming or falling ; befalling. [See Harry.] By good fortune ; fortunately ; luckily ; with success. Preferred by conquest, happily o’erthrown, Waller. 2. In a happy state; in a state of felicity. He lived happily with his consort. 3. With address or dexterity; gracefully ; in a manner to insure success. Formed by thy converse, happily to steer From graye to gay, from lively to severe. 4. By chance. [See Harry. from ee The agreeable sen- sations which spring from the enjoyment of good ; that state of a being in which his desires are grati- fied by the enjoyment of pleasure without pain; fe- licity ; but happiness usually expresses less than fe- licity, and felicity less than bliss. Happiness is com- parative. To a person distressed with pain, relief from that pain affords happiness ; in other cases, we give the name happiness to positive pleasure or an excitement of agreeable sensations. Happiness there- fore admits of indefinite degrees of increase in en- joyment, or gratification of desires. Perfect happt- ness, or pleasure unalloyed with pain, is not attaima- Pope. ble in this life. 2. Good luck ; good fortune. Jojinson. 3. Fortuitous elegance; unstudied grace. For there’s a happtness, as well as care. [from hap; W. hapus, properly lucky, fortunate, receiving good from something that falls or comes to one unexpectedly, or by an event that is not within control. See Hour.] 1. Lucky ; fortunate ; successful. Chemists have been more happy in finding experiments than the causes of them. oyle. So we say, a happy thought ; a happy expedient. 2. Being in the enjoyment of agreeable sensations from the possession of good ; enjoying pleasure from the gratification of appetites or desires. The pleas- urable sensations derived from the gratification of sensual appetites render a person temporarily happy ; but he only can be esteemed really and permanently happy, Who enjoys peace of mind in the favor of God. To be in any degree happy, we must be free from pain both of body and of mind ; to be very happy, We must be in the enjoyment of lively sensa- tions of pleasure, either of body or mind. Happy am I, for the daughters will call me vlessed. — Gen. xxx. He found- himself happiest in communicating happiness to others. , Wirt. 3. Prosperous ; having secure possession of good. Happy is that people whose God is Jehovah. — Ps. cxliy. 4. That supplies pleasure; that furnishes enjoy ment ; agreeable ; applied to things ; as, a happy con dition. 5. Dextrous ; ready ; able. One gentleman is happy at a reply, another excels in a rejoinder. Swift. Pope. 6. Blessed ; enjoying the presence and favor of God, in a future life. 7. Harmonious ; living in concord; enjoying the pleasures of friendship ; as, a happy family. 8 Propitious ; favorable. Shak. HAP/PY-MAK-ING, a. Making happy. Milton. HA QUE!BUT, (hak/but,) x. An arquebuse or hand- Brande. fun. ¢ HA-RANGUE), (ha-rang’,)». [Fr. harangue; Sp. and Port. arenga; It. aringa; Arm. harencg ; from the root of ring, to sound, Sax. hringan.) J. A speech addressed to an assembly or an army ; a popular oration; a public address. This word seems to imply loudness or declamation, and is therefore appropriated generally to an address made to a popular assembly or to an army, and not to a sermon, or to an argument at the bar of a court, or to a speech in a deliberative council, unless in cOn- tempt. : 9. Declamation; a noisy, pompous, OF irregular address. HA-RANGUB’, (ha-rang/,) 2. % To make un address or speech to a large assembly ; to make a noisy speech. HARANGUP’, (ha-rang’,) v- & To address by ora- tion ; as, the general harangued the troops. HA-RANG/UED, pp. Addressed by oration. SH; FH as in THIS. 533 xe hae ee ee Fost OR, OSC ed | —_—__— Ses | Sl ae ew ot aoe se ae ce Be: a i 3B ee Fi, Lie . f ; ae if ee i | fs & co “Dy raea asi a ——— HAR HA-RANGUE/FUL, a. Full of harangue. HA-RANG!UER, (ha-rang’er,) n. An orator; one who addresses an assembly or army ; a noisy declaimer. HA-RANG/UING, ppr. noisy eloquence. HAR‘ASS, v.t [Fr. harasser. Qu. Ir. creasam.] _ 1. To weary; to fatigue to excess; to tire with bodily labor ; a8, to Aarass an army by a long march. acon. 2. To weary with importunity, care, or perplexity ; to tease ; to perplex. Nature oppressed and harassed out with care. Addison, 3. To waste or desolate. [ Obs.] Hammond. HAR/ASS, n. Waste; disturbance; devastation. Little used, Milton. FIAR!ASS-ED, (har/ast,) pp. Wearied ; tired ; teased. TIAR/ASS-ER, n. One who harasses or teases; a spoiler. Bo a: f HAR/ASS-ING, ppr. ora. Tiring ; fatiguing ; teasing. HAR'BIN-GER,z [See Harsor. Harbinger is prop- erly a person who goes to provide harbor or lodgings for those that follow. ] 1. In England, an officer of the king’s household, who rides a day’s journey before the court when traveling, to provide lodgings and other accommoda- tions, Encyc. 2. A forerunner; a precursor ; that which precedes and gives notice of the expected arrival of something else. HAR'BIN-GER-ED, a, Preceded by a harbinger. HAR’BOR, n. [Sax. here-berga, the station of an army ; D. herberg, an inn; Dan. Sw. and G. her- berge; Fr. auberge; Sp. and Port. albergue; It. al- bergo. The first syllable, in the Teutonic dialects, signifies an army, or a troop, a crowd; the last sylla- ble is berg, burg, a town, or castle, or from bergen, tosave. But in the Celtic dialects, the first syllable, al, is probably different from that of the other dia- lects. 1. A lodging ; a place of entertainment and rest. Por harbor at a thousand doors they knocked. Dryden. 2. A port or haven for ships; a bay or inlet of the sea, in which ships can moor, and be sheltered from the fury of winds and a heavy sea; any navigable water where ships can ride in safety. 3. An asylum; a shelter; a place of safety from storms or danger. HAR/BOR, v. t. To shelter; to secure; to secrete ; as, to harbor a thief. Declaiming ; addressing with HAR bargain ; hard conditions 12. Unreasonable ; unjust. It is hard to punish a man for speculative opinions. It is a hard case. 13. Severe; pinching with cold; rigorous; tem- pestuous; as, a hard winter; lard weather. 14. Powerful ; forcible; urging; pressing close on. D Estrange. Anon, 15. Austere; rough; acid; sour; as liquors. The cider is hard. 16. Harsh ; stiff; forced ; ccnstrained ; unnatural. Others — make the figures harder than the marble itself. Dryden. Dryden, 17. Not plentiful; not prosperous ; pressing; dis- tressing; as, hard times, When markets are bad, and money of course scarce. 18. Avaricious ; difficult in making bargains; close. Matt, xxv. 19. Rough; of coarse features; as, a hard face or countenance. 20. Austere; severe ; rigorous. 21. Rude ; unpolished or unintelligible. A people of hard language. — Ezek. iii. Coarse ; unpalatable or scanty ; as, hard fare. Hard water, is that which contains some mineral substance that decomposes soap, and thus renders it unfit for washing. HARD, adv. Close; near; as in the phrase hard by. In this phrase the word retains its original sense of pressed, or pressing. So in It. presso, Fr. prés, from L. pressus. 2. With pressure ; with urgency ; hence, diligent- ly ; laboriously ; earnestly ; vehemently ; importu- nately ; as, to work hard for a living. And prayed so hard for mercy from the prince. The stag was too hard for the horse. The disputaut was too hard for his antagonist, His diction is hard, his figures too told 39 mm Dryden, 3. With difficulty ; as, the vehicle moves hard. 4. Uneasily ; vexatiously. Shak. 5. Closely ; so as to raise difficulties. The question is hard set. Brown. 6. Fast; nimbly ; rapidly ; vehemently ; as, to run hard, that is, with pressure or urgency. 7. Violently ; with great force ; tempestuously ; as, the wind blows hard, or it blows hard. 8. With violence; with a copious descent of wa- ter ; as, it rains hard. 9. With force ; as, to press hard. 2. To entertain ; to permit to lodge, rest, or reside ; as, to harbor malice or revenge. Harbor nota thought of revenge. HAR/BOR, v.t. To lodge or abide fora time ; to re- celve entertainment. ———.. — This night let’s harbor here in York. Shak. 2. To take shelter. HAR/BOR-AGE, x. Shelter; entertainment. [Wot used. Shak, J HAR’BOR-ED, pp. Entertained ; sheltered. HAR/BOR-ER, vn, One who entertains or shelters an- other. Hard-a-lee; in seamen’s language, an order to put the helin close to the lee-side of the ship, to tack or Keep her head to the wind; a!so, that situation of the helin. Mar. Dict. Hard-a-weather ; an order to put the helm close to the weather or windward side of the ship; also, that position of the helm. flard-a-port; an order to put the helm close to the larboard side of a ship. Hard-a-starboard ; an order to put the helm close to the starboard side of a ship. Mar. Dict. HARD/BEAM, n. A tree of the genus Carpinus, so HAR/BOR-ING, ppr. HAR/BOR-LESS, a. shelter or a lodging. HAR/BOR-MAS’TER, n. An officer who has charge of the mooring of ships, and executes the regulations respecting harbors. New York. HAR’BOR-OUGH, (hiar’bur-r3,) n. A harbor or lodg- ing. HAR/BOR-OUS, a. Hospitable. [ot in USE. | HARD, a. [Sax. heard; Goth. hardu; D. hard; G ° hart; Dan. haard; Sw. hard. pressed. } 1. Firm ; solid ; compact ; not easily penetrated, or separated into parts ; not yielding to pressure 3 applied to material bodies, and opposed to soft; as, hard wood ; hard flesh ; a hard apple. 2. Difficult ; not easy to the intellect. In which are some things hard to be understood. — 2 Pet. iii, The hard causes they brought to Moses. — Ex, xviii. 3. Difficult of accomplishment 3 hot easy to be done or executed. A hard task; a disease hard to cure. Entertaining ; sheltering, Without a harbor; destitute of « The primary sense is, Is any thing too hard for the Lord? — Gen. xviii. 4, Full of difficulties or obstacles ; not easy to be traveled ; as, a hard way. Milton. 5. Painful; difficult; distressing. Rachel traveled, and she had hard labor. — Gen, xxxy, 6. Laborious ; fatiguing; attended with difficulty or pain, or both; as, hard work or labor ; hard duty ; hard service. 7. Oppressive ; rigorous; severe 3 cruel; as, hard bondage; a hard master. Ez.i. Js. xiv. 8. Unfeeling ; insensible ; not easily moved by pity ; not susceptible of kindness, mercy, or other tender affections ; as, a hard heart. 9. Severe ; harsh ; rough ; abusive. Have you given him any hard words of late? Shak, 10. Unfavorable; unkind; implying blame of an- other ; as, hard thoughts, HARD/-DRINK’ING, n. HARD/EN, (bhard/n,)».t, To make hard or more hard ; HARD/EN, (hard/n,) v.i. To become hard or more HARD'EN-ED, pp. or a. called from its compact, horny texture ; hornbeam. HARD/-BE-SET’TING, a. Closely besetting or be- sjeging. Milton. HARD’/BOUND, a. Costive ; fast or tight; as, hard- bound brains. Pope. HARD’-DRINK’ER, n. One who drinks to excess. Drinking to excess. HARD/-EARN-ED, (-ernd,) a. Earned with toil and difficulty. Burke. to make firm or compact; to indurate 3 as, to harden iron or steel ; to-harden clay. 2. To confirm in effrontery ; to make impudent ; as, to harden the face. 3. To make obstinate, unyielding, or refractory ; as, to harden the neck. Jer. xix. 4. To confirm in wickedness, opposition, or enmi- ty ; to make obdurate. Why then noe harden your hearts, as Pharaoh and the Egyp- tians hardened their hearts ?— 1 Sam. yi. So God is said to harden the heart, when he with- draws the influences of his Spirit from men, and Jeaves them to pursue their own corrupt inclinations. 5. To make insensible or unfeeling ; as, to harden one against impressions of pity or tenderness. 6. To make firm ; to endure with constancy. I would harden myself in sorrow. —Job vi. 7. To inure ; to render firm, or less liablé to injury, by exposure or use ; as, to harden to a climate or to labor. hard ; to acquire solidity, or niore compactness. Mor- tar hardens by drying. 2. To become unfeeling. 3. To become inured. 4. To indurate, as flesh. Made hard, or more hard or compact; made unfeeling; made obstinate ; con- firmed in error or vice. 1]. Severe ; rigorous ; oppressive. The enemy was re TT Sorat = FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,—M fs HARD/EN-ER, n. He or that which makes hard, or ETE, PREY,—PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, compelled to submit to hard terms. So we say, a hard HARD/NIB-BED, HAR HARD'‘EN-ING, ppr. or a. Making hard or more com- pact; making obdurate or unfeeling ; confirming ; becoming more hard. HARD’EN-ING, n. The giving a greater degree of hardness to bodies than they had before. Encye. HARD/ER, a. More hard. HARD/EST, a. Most hard. HARD/-FA-VOR-ED, a. Having coarse features ; harsh of counténance. Driden. HARD/-FA-VOR-ED-NESS, n Coarseness of fea- tures. HARD!/~FEAT-UR-ED, a, Having coarse features, Smollett. HARD/-FIST-ED, a. Having hard or strong hands, as a laborer 2. Close-fisted ; covetous, Fall. HARD!-FOUGHT, (-fawt,) a. Vigorously contested ; as, a hard-fought battle, HARD!-GOT-TEN, a. Obtained with difficulty. HARD!/-HAND-ED, a. Having hard hands, as a Ja- borer . Shak, HARD/HEAD, (-hed,) n. Clash or collision of headg in contest. Dryden HARD/-HEART’ED, (-hart/ed,) a. Cruel; pitiless ; merciless ; unfeeling ; inhuman ; inexorable. Shak. Dryden, HARD/-HEART’ED-LY, adv. In a hard-hearted man ner. HARD/-HEART’ED-NESS, n. Want of feeling or ten derness ; cruelty ; inhumanity, South. HARD/‘I-EST, a. Most hardy. Baxter. HARD/I-HOOD, 7. [See Harpy and Hoop.] Bold- ness, united with firmness and constancy of mind ; dauntless bravery ; intrepidity. Milton. It ws the society of numpers wnich gives hardihood to iniquity. Buckminster. Harpineap and Harpiment, in the sense of hard- thood, are obsolete. Spenser. Fairfaz. HARD/I-LY, adv. With great boldness; stoutly Scott. 2. With hardship; not tenderly. Goldsmith. HARD‘I-NESS, n, [Fr. hardiesse. See Harp Yi] 1. Boldness ; firin courage ; intrepidity ; stoutness ; bravery ; applied to the mind, it is synonymous with hardihood. 2. Firmness of body derived from laborious exer cises. 3. Hardship ; fatigue. [ Obs.] Spenser. 4. Excess of confidence ; assurance ; effrontery HARD/-LA’/BOR-ED, a. Wrought with severe labor 5 elaborate ; studied ; as, a hard-labored poem. Swift. HARD’LY, adv. [See Harv.] With difficulty ; with great labor. Recovering hardly what he lost before. 2. Scarcely ; barely ; almost not. Hardly shall you find any one so bad, but he desires the credit of being thought good. y Dryden. oul, 3. Not quite, or wholly. The object is so distant we can hardly see it. The veal is hardly done. The writing is hardly completed. 4. Grudgingly ; as an injury. Shak. o. Severely; unfavorably; as, to think hardly of public measures, 6. Rigorously ; oppressively. hardly used or treated. 7. Unwelcomely ; harshly. The prisoners were Addison. Swift. Such information comes very hardly and harshly to a grown man. Locke, 8. Coarsely ; roughly ; not softly. Heaven was her canopy, bare earth her bed ; So hardly lodged. Dryden, HARD’-MOUFH-ED, a. Not sensible to the bit; not easily governed ; as, a hard-mouthed horse. Dryden. HARD/NESS, n. [See Harp.] Firmness; close union of the component parts ; compactness ; solid- ity ; the quality of bodies which resists impression or the separation of their particles ; opposed to softness and fluidity. 2. Difficulty to be understood. Shak. 3. Difficulty to be executed or accomplished ; as, the hardness of an enterprise. Sidney. 4. Scarcity ; penury ; difficulty of obtaining mon- ey ; as, the hardness of the times, Swift. ©. Obduracy; impenitence; confirmed state of wickedness; as, hardness of heart. 6. Coarseness of features ; harshness of look ; as, hardness of favor. Ray. 7. Severity of cold; rigor; as, the hardness of win- ter. 8. Cruelty of temper ; Sayageness ; harshness, The blame May hang upon your hardness. Shak, 9. Stiffness ; harshness ; roughness ; as, the hard- nesses of sculpture. Dryden. 10. Closeness ; niggardliness ; stinginess. Johnson. 1]. Hardship ; severe labor, trials, or sufferings. Emdlure hardness as 0 good soldier of Jesus Christ. —2 Tim. ii, _ 12. A quality in some kinds of water which unfits it for washing. [See Harp. ] more firm and compact. DO a (-nibd,) a. Having a hard nib or point. VE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—HAR HAR/DOCK, n. Probably hoardock, dock with whitish leaves. Shak. HARD PAN. See Pan, No. 4. HARDS, a. pl. The refuse or coarse part of flax; tow. HARD/SHIP, x. Toil; fatigue; severe labor or want; whatever oppresses the body. 2. Injury ; oppression ; injustice. Swift. WARD/-VIS-AG-ED, a. Having coarse features ; of a harsh countenance. urke. HARD/WARE, n. A general name for all’ wares made of iron or other metal, as pots, kettles, saws, knives, &c. HARD!WARE-MAN, n. A maker or seller of hard- wares. wift. HARD/-WON, a. Won with difficulty. Scott. HARD/-WORK-ING, a. Laboring hard. HARD/Y, a. [Fr. hardi; Norm, hardy; Arm. hardiz, hardih; It. ardire, to dare, and boldness, assurance. The sense is, shooting, or advancing forward.] 1. Bold; brave; stout ; daring ; resolute ; intrepid. Who is hardy enough to encounter contempt? 2, Strong; firm; compact. An unwholesome blast may shake in pieces his hardy fabric. South 3. Confident ; full of assurance ; impudent; stub- born to excess. 4, Inured to fatigue ; rendered firm by exercise, as a veteran soldier. HARD'Y, zx. An iron-smith’s tool. HAR, HARE, HERE, in composition, signify an army, Sax. here, G. heer, D. heir. So Harold is a general of an army ; Herwin, a victorious army. So in Greek, Stratocles, from crparos, and Polemarchus, from TONE LOS. HARE, n. [Sax. hara; Dan. and Sw. hare.] 1. A quadruped of the genus Lepus, with long ears, a short tail, soft hair, and a divided upper lip. It isa timid animal, often hunted for sport, or for its flesh, which is excellent food. It moves swiftly by leaps, and is remarkable for its fecundity. 9. A constellation situated directly under Orion. P. Cyc. HARE, v. t. [Norm. harer, harier, to stir up, or pro- voke. To fright, or to excite, tease, and harass, or worry. [Wot used.] [See Harry. ] ocke. HARE/BELL, x. A plant of the genus Hyacinthus, with campaniform or bell-shaped flowers. Fam. of Plants. HARE/-BRAIN-ED, a. [hare and brain.] Wild ; gid- dy ; volatile ; heedless. 3acon. HARE/FOOT, zn. A bird ; a plant. Ainsworth. HARE/-HEART’ED, (-hart/ed,) a. Timorous; easily frightened. Ainsworth. HARE/-HOUND, x. A hound for hunting hares. Chalmers. HARE/-HUNT-ER, n. One who hunts, or is used to hunting hares. Pope. HARE/-HUNT-ING, n. The hunting of hares. Somerville. HARE/LIP, n. A fissure or perpendicular division o one or both lips, but more commonly the upper one, like that of a hare. Wiseman. HARE/LIP-PED, (-lipt,) a. Having a harelip. HARE/MINT, xn. SERIY ian 1. Armor; the whole accouterments or equipments | HAR/QUE-BUSE. See ArquesuseE. carbonate of ammonia, obtained by the destructive of a knight or horseman ; originally, perhaps, defen- HAR-RA-TEEN/, 2. A kind of stuff or cloth. distillation of hartshorn, or any kind of bone. « 5 Sh pn . { sive armor, but in a more modern and enlarged Shenstone, = : Brande. 4 sense, the furniture of a military man, defensive or} HAR/RI-€O, n. A dish of vegetables, as beans. [See Spirit of hartshorn ; an impure solution of carbonate pal offensive. as a casque, cuirass, helmet, girdle, sword, Hanricor. of ammonia, obtained by the distillation of bones, , buckler &e HAR/RI-DAN, x. [Fr. haridelle, a jade, or worn-out hoofs, horns, or other refuse of the slaughter-house. me a 9. The furniture of a draught horse, whether for horse. See Hane, the verb.] ; : Hebert. es) rag 50 gig, chaise, &c. ; called, in some of A decayed strumpet. : Swift. Hartshorn plantain ; an annual species of plantain. uy a Wagon, coach, gig, chaise, 3 Ca i 2 Ly my ‘ TEA CHIGR Ieee eae a ‘the American States, tackle or tackling, with which, | HAR/RI-ED, (har’rid,) pp. Stripped ; harassed. Plantago coronopus; Called, also, buckshorn. ooth. in its primary sense, it is synonymous. Dryden. HAR/RI-ER, n. A kind of hound for hunting hares, | HARTS TONG UE, (-tung,) n. [See T oncUE.] A Poe): HAR’NESS, v. t. To dress in armor; to equip with having an acute sense of smelling. [The original common British fern, the Scolopendrium officinarum of fae, 0! armor for war, as a horseman. spelling Harrer is disused. Smart. } Sait : alee, a West Indian fern, the polypodium phyl- et : : UROW Sw a Larv z r itidis of Linnus. artington. rede: Harnessed in rugged steel. Rowe. HAR ROW a ats [Sw. harf, Dan. harve, a harrow : D. ale ota 5 ate rele bellitee hoe rt el horse for draucht hark, G. harke, a rake, is probably the same word, al- AR “1 1€ name of certain umbelliferous a | 2. Tomputonithe) furniture of a horse for.draught. lied to Sw. harja, Dan. herger, Sax. hergian, to rav- plants of the genera Seseli, Tordylium, and Bupleu- ' | Harness the horses. — Jer. xlvi. age, or lay waste. ] ; rum. boa a “ay s 3. To defend ; to equip, or furnish for defense. 1 An instrument of agriculture, formed of pieces of HAR/UM S€A R/UM, a. Wild; precipitate ; giddy ; : Macc. iv ? : timber sometimes crossing each other, and set with rash. [ Colloquial. } : mart. :; HAR’NESS-ED, (har’nest,) pp. or a. Equipped with iron or wooden teeth. It is drawn over plowed land | HA-RUS PICE,x. [L. haruspex, from specio, to view] { 4 armor; furnished with the dress for draught; de- to level it.and break the clods, and to cover seed In Roman history, a person W ho pretended to for- 5 fended when sown. tell future events by inspecting the entrails of beasts bo 7 = 1X =! ifrear - ratchy > fITe =f rn OS > i pee HAR/NESS-ER,n. One who puts on the harness of a} HAR/ROW, v. t. [Sw. harfva; Dan. harver.| sacrificed, or watching the circumstances attending horse. : Sherwood. l. To draw a harrow over, for the purpose of their slaughter, or their manner of burning and the HAR/NESS-ING, ppr. Putting on armor or furniture breaking clods and leveling the surface, or for cov- ascent of the smoke. mar ee Encyc. Adam. for draught ering seed sown ; as, to harrow land or ground, HA-RUS/PI-CY, n. Divination by the inspection of - 5 a op iS . ° Ls 1 1 S 2. ‘To break or tear with a harrow. victims, HARNS, xn. pl. Brains. Grose. 2 Lo 1 F < x z nae x7 Nar , re fos . AGAR ati HARP, n. ([Sax. hearpa; G. harfe; D. harp; Sw. Will he harrow the valleys after thee ? — Job xxxix.} Hee V Se si , en Nee Mae ‘, ASE fe; . Sp. ; imn; G. herbst; D. herfst. MS Word signifies | harpa; Dan. harpe; Fr. harpe; It. Sp. and Port. Wigan sea On : l ; st 5 It g oe a7 Res Ber E 3. To tear; to lacerate ; to torment. autumn, and primazily had no reference to the col- | | 1 “An instrument of music of the stringed kind. of | ~ I could E tale unfi uh Whose lightest word Shak lection of the fruits of the earth; but, in German, = = : ‘ u ouk LarTrow thy 8 a/l . . . o « ay 7 z ic : g ' ight, and co ly By cuit Lapratelopithy soul: . herbstzeit is harvest time. It seems to be formed | a triangular figure, held upright, and commonly : Eee Be yee ee ] ey | touched with the fingers. Encyc. Johnson. 4. To pillage ; to strip; to lay waste by violence. from the G. herbe, harsh, keen, tart, acerb, L. acerbus, ; 2. A constellation, Lyra, or the Lyre. P. Cyc. [Wot used.] j Say and primarily it refers to the cold, chilly weather in HARP, v. i. To play on the harp o. To disturb ; to agitate. [Obs.] _ Shak. autumn, in the north of Europe. This being the : i ihe eas ri -pers, harping with their harps. —Rev. | 2AR/ROW, [Old Fr. harau.] An exclamation of sud- time when crops are collected in northern climates, I ae the voice of larpers, harping with their harps. +i den distress ; help; halloo. Spenser. the word came to signify harvest. ] 2 T a rell i Faye -atiously. in speak. | HAR/ROW-ED, pp. or a. Broken or smoothed by a 1. The season of reaping and gathering in corn or eines, wh Eee LECICUS! pee eae SPE harrow, other crops. It especially refers to the time of col- ie. toe Oe Hessen HAR/ROW-ER, n. One who harrows. Jecting corn or grain, which is the chief food of men, Proud and disdainful, harping on what I am— a A hawk. ; : : A as Wheat and rye. In Egy pt and Syria, the W heat Not what he knew I was, Shak. | HAR/ROW-ING, ppr. Breaking or levelling with a harvest is in April and May ; in the south of Europe i 2. a. Tormenting ; lacerating. [ harrow. and of the United States, in June; in the Northern 3. To touch, as a passion ; to affect. Shak. ae = 5) Bie eu je cht s ; Pearse Se = SUSI Paci A saver On the harp : HAR’ROW-ING, n. The act or process of using a States of America, in July; and in the north of Eu- lee eee aaa aria ‘ harrow. rope, in August and September. In the United HARP’ING, ppr. Playing ona harp; dwelling on con- 1X7 . . age . KORE» eae ieinoa ty war : : tty ae Mir Ee . HAR/RY ,v.t. [Sax. hergian, to strip ; hyrwian, to up- States, the harvest of maize is mostly in October. HARP/ING., a. Pertainine to the harp; as, harping braid ; or W. herwa, to rove for plunder, to scout ; 2. The ripe corn or grain collected and secured in | symphonies : a : Tio; C her, a push.] barns or stacks. The harvest this year is abundant. | HARP/ING, n. A continual dwelling on. 1. To strip; to pillage. [See Harrow.] 3. The product of labor; fruit or fruits. ; = 2. To harass; to agitate ; to tease. Shak. Making infinite merriment by harpings upon old themes. = mages ; Let us the harvest of our labor eat. Dryden. Trai HAR/RY, v.i. To make a predatory incursion. [ Obs.] a eareaae x {| : - oly 5} wer es 3 ee tighten it, and to give a greater ie. to Dryden. Also, the end of the world. Matt. xiii. v Yards. eles 4. Austere ; crabbed ; morose; peevish. Civiliza- Also, a seasonable time for instructing in th aoe, = # ‘ hs oe > Ca ; ; Ne. © Also, a seasoné structing men in the HARPING--RON, -i-urn,)n A harpoon, which tion softens the harsh temper or nature of man. gospel. Matt. ix. 3 Bees 0. Rough; rude; abusive; as, harsh words; a| HAR/VEST. vp. t To rea } i Q PAT : gh; Y Sive ; , 5 j SL esi be p or gather ripe corn and HARROGATE: ees ines -p rhe harsh reflection. other fruits for the use of man and beast. Nf rene ria hed be Arpony LOI. arpam, 6. Rigorous ; severe. HAR’VEST-ED, pp. or a. Reaped and collected, as arpeo; It. arpione; G. harpune; D. harpoen; from Fr, rMas : SOFT 2 Sits harper, to grapple ; Sp. arpar, to claw: Gr. dome Though harsh the precept, yet the preacher charmed. Dryden. ripe corn and fruits. oT 5 ¢ 5 ~p. 3 rhe 5 - APTLCW ee XRIVEST NE j an . i z rT from dpzaw, to seize with the claws; probably L. | HA eee adv. ONEDIY. 5 in a harsh manner. a EST-ER,. A reaper; a laborer in gathering . ; NaSiti stters. Class , . Sourly ; austerely. Bn rapio, by transposition of letters. Class Rb. ] 2 : J) ’ , Ch. 89>, to be whole or entire, all. The prima- ry sense of the root Is, to press, strain, extend ; hence, to hold, to shut, inclose, coiiceal, to embrace the whole. To heal 1s to make whole, hale, sound, and to conceal is to hold, or keep close. ] l. To cure of a disease or wound, and restore to soundness, or to that state of body in which the nat- ural functions are regularly performed ; as, to heal the sick. Speak, and my servant shall be healed. — Matt. viii. 2. To cure; to remove or subdue ; as, to heal a dis- ease. 3. To cause to cicatrize ; as, to wound. 4. To restore to soundness ; as, to heal a wounded limb. 5. To restore purity to ; to remove feculence or for- eign matter. heal a sore or Phus saith the Lord, I have healed these waters. —2 Kings ii. 6. To remove, as differences or dissension ; to rec- oncile, as parties at variance; as, to heal a breach or difference. 7. In Scripture, to forgive; to cure moral disease, and restore soundness. I will heal their backsliding. — Hos. xiv. 8. To purify from corruptions, redress grievances, and restore to prosperity. Jer. xiv. 9. To cover, as a roof with tiles, slate, lead, &c. [Sax. helan.] Eneyc. HEAL, v. 7. To grow sound; to return to a sound state ; as, the limb heals, or the wound /eals : some- times with wp or over; it will heal up or over. HEAL/A-BLE, a. That may be healed. Sherwood. HEALDS, n. pl. The harness for guiding the warp- threads in a loom. Ure. HEAL/ED, pp. Restored to a sound state. HEAL/ER, 7. He or that which cures, or restores to soundness. HEAL/ING, ppr. Curing; restoring to a sound state. _ 2. a, Tending to cure; mild; mollifying. HEAL/ING, n. The act or process by which a cure is effected. _ 2. The act of covering. HEAL/ING-LY, adv. So as to cure. HEALTH, (helth,) ». [from heal.] That state of an animal or living body, in which the parts are sound, well organized and disposed, and in which they all perform freely their natural functions. In this state, the animal feels no pain. This word is also adapted to plants. Though health may be enjoyed withont gratitude, it can not be sported with without loss, or regained by courage. Buckminster. 2. Sound state of the mind; natural vigor of fac- ulties. Bacon. 3. Sound state of the mind, in a moral sense ; puri- ty ; goodness, There is no health in us. [ Obs.] Common Prayer. 4, Salvation or divine favor, or grace which cheers 5. Wish of health and happiness; used in drinking. “© Come Jove and /ealth to all; ”? an elliptical phrase, for, I wish health to you. HEALTH’FUL, (helth’ful,) a. Being in a sound state, as a living or organized being ; having the parts or organs entire, and their functions in a free, active, and undisturbed operation; free from disease. We speak of a healthful body, a healthful person, a health- ful plant. 2. Serving to promote health; wholesome; salu- brious; as, a healthful air or climate; a healthful diet. 3. Indicating health or soundness ; as, a healthful condition 4, Salutary ; promoting spiritual health. Common Prayer. 5. Well-disposed ; favorable. [Unusual.] Shak, MWEALTH’FUL-LY, adv. In health ; wholesomely. HEZALTH'FUL-NESS, n. A state of being well; a state in which the parts of a living body are sound, and regularly perform their functions. 2. Wholesomeness ; salubrity; state or qualities that promote health ; as, the healthfulness of the alr, or of climate, or of diet, or of exercises. HEALTH/I-LY, adv. [See Hearty.) Without disease. HEALTH/I-NESS, n. The state of health; sound- ness ; freedom from disease; as, the healthiness of an animal or plant. HEALTH’LESS, (helth-,) a. 2. Not conducive to health. [Little used.) Taylor. HEALTH’LESS-NESS, n. State of being healthless, HEALTH/SOME, (helth’/sum,) a Wholesome. S/ak. HEALTH’Y, a Being in a sound State; enjoying health; hale ; sound; as, a healthy body or consti- tution. 2. Conducive to health ; wholesome ; salubrious ; as, a healtiiy exercise; a healthy climate ; healthy rec- reations. Locke. HEAM, n. after-birth in women. Jolinson. HEAP, n. [Sax. heap, heop; D. hoop; G. haufe; Sw. hop; Dan. hob; Russ. kupa; W. cub, a heap, what is put together, a bundle, a cube. See Class Gh, No. 1 2, 3, 45 5.] 1. A pile or mass; a collection of things laid in a body, so as to form an elevation ; as, a heap of earth or stones, Huge heaps of slain around the body rise, A healiiful ear to hear. Infirm ; sickly. In beasts, the same as > Dryden. 2. A crowd; a throng; a cluster; applied to living persons. {Inelegant, and not in use.] 3. A mass of ruins. Thou hast made of a city a heap. —Is. xxy. HEAP, v.t. [Sax. heapian; Sw. hopa; G. hadufen; D. hoopen. } 1. To throw or lay in a heap; to pile; as, to heap stones; often with up; as, to heap up earth; or with on; as, to heap on wood or coal. 2. ‘l’o amass; to accumulate ; to lay up; to collect in great quantity ; with wp; as, to heap up treasures. Bacon. Dryden. Though the wicked heap up silver as the dust. —Job xxvii. 3. To add something else, in large quantities. Shak. 4. To pile; to add till the mass takes a roundish form, or till it rises above the measure; as, to /eap any thing in measurmg. HEAP’ED, (heept,) pp. Jated. HEAP’ER, n. One who heaps, piles, or amasses. HEAP'ING, ppr. Piling; collecting into a mass. HEAP/Y,a. Lying in heaps ; as, heapy rubbish. Gay. HEAR, v. t.; pret. and pp. Hearp, but more correctly Hearep. [Sax. heoran, hyran; G. héren; D. hooren; Dan. hérer; Sw. hdra. It seems to be from ear, L. auris, or from the same root. So L. audio seems to be connected with Gr. ous. The sense is probably, to lend the ear, to turn or incline the ear, and ear is probably a shoot or extremity. } 1. To perceive by the ear; to feel an impression of sound by the proper organs; as, to ear sound ; to hear a voice ; to hear words. 2. ‘To give audience or allowance to speak. Piled; amassed; accumu- He sent for Paul and heard him concerning the faith in Chnst. — Acts Xxiv. 3. To attend ; to listen ; to obey. To-day, if ye will hear his voice, harden not your heart. — Ps. XCV. 4, To attend favorably ; to regard. They think they shall be heard for their much speaking. — att, vi. eeem 7 5. To grant an answer to prayer. I love the Lord, because he hath heard my voice. — Ps. cxvi. 6. To attend to the facts, evidence, and arguments, in a cause between parties ; to try in a court of law or equity. The cause was heard and determined at the last term ; or, it was heard at the last term, and will be determined at the next. So2 Sam. xv. an executioner. [ Unusual.] Dryden. God’s people. Ps. xliii. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, 540 7. To acknowledge a title; a Latin phrase. Hear’ st thou submissive, but a lowly birth. Prior. MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | | i | | | | |HEA HEA - HEA 3. To be a hearer of ; to sit under the preaching of 5 as, what minister do you hear? [4 colloquial use of the word. | 9. To learn. I speak to the world those things which I have heard of him, — John viii. 10. To approve and embrace. They speak of the world, and the world heareth them.—1 John iv, _ To hear a bird sing ; to receive private communica- tion. Shak. HisAR, v.i. To enjoy the sense or faculty of perceiv- ing sound. He is deaf, he can not hear. 2. To listen; to hearken; to attend. with solicitude. 3. To be told; to receive by report. I hear there are divisions among you, and I partly believe it. — 1 Cor. xi. He hears HEARD, (herd,) pret. and pp. of Hear. Perceived by the ear. HEAR’ER, 2. One who hears; one who attends to what is orally delivered by another; an auc tor; one of an audience. ; HiEAR/ING, ppr. Perceiving by the ear, ass wund. 2. Listening to; attending to ; obeying ; observing what is commanded. : 3. Attending to witnesses or advocates in a judi- cial trial; trying. HEAR/ING, nx. ‘The faculty or sense by which sound 1s perceive . 2. Audience ; attention to what is delivered ; op- portunity to be heard. I waited on the minister, but could not obtain a hearing. 3. Judicial trial; attention to the facts, testimony, and arguments, in a cause between parties, with a view to a just decision. 4. The act of perceiving sound ; sensation or per- ception of sound. I have heard of thee by the hearing of the ear. — Job xlii. And to the others he said in my hearing. — Ezek. ix. 5. Reach of the ear; extent within which sound may be heard. He was not within hearing. BEARK/EN, (hirk’n,) v.% [Sax. heorcnian, hyrcnian ; G. horchen.] 1. To listen ; to lend the ear; to attend to what is uttered, with eagerness or curiosity. The furies hearken, and their snakes uncurl. 2, To attend; to regard; to give heed to what is uttered ; to observe or obey. Hearken, O Israel, to the statutes and the judgments which I teach you. — Deut. iv. 3. To listen ; to attend ; to grant or comply with. Hearken thou to the supplication of thy servant, — 1 Kings viii. HEARK/EN, (bark’n,) v. t. [ Little used.] HEARK!/EN-ED, (hark/nd,) pp. Heard by listening. HEARK/EN-ER, (bark’n-er,) n. A listener; one who hearkens. HEARK!/EN-ING, (hirk’n-ing,) ppr. teuding ; observing. HEAR/SAL, for RenearsaL. [Not in use.] Spenser. HisAR/SAY, n. [hear and say.] Report; rumor; fame; common talk. He affirms without any au- thority except hearsay; the account we have depends on hearsay. It is sometimes used as an adjective ; as, hearsay evidence. HEARSE, (herse,) n. [See Herse.] A temporary monument set over a grave. [ Obs.] Shak. 9. An ornamented car in which the bodies of the great were carried to the cemetery. [Obs.] Hence, 3. A carriage for conveying the dead to the grave. [See Herse. 4, A hind in the second year of her age. Encyc. HEARSKE, (herse,) v. t. To inclose in a hearse ; to Dryden. To hear by listening. Listening ; at- bury. Shak. HEARSE/-€LOTH, (herse/kloth,) x. A pall; a cloth to cover a hearse. Sanderson. HEARSE/-LIKE, (herse/like,) a. Suitable to a funeral. HEART, (hart,)n. [Sax. heort; G. herz; D. hart; Sw. hierta; Dan. hierte; Gr. xapdca; Sans. herda. I know not the primary sense, nor whether it is from the root of xeup, L. cor, cordis, and allied to Eng. core, or named from motion, pulsation. | 1. A muscular viscus, which is the primary organ of the blood’s motion in an animal body, situated in the thorax. From this organ all the arteries arise, and in it all the veins terminate. By its alternate dilatation and contraction, the blood is received from the veins, and returned through the arteries, by which means the circulation is carried on, and life preserved. 2. The inner part of any thing ; the middle part or interior ; as, the heart of a country, kingdom, or em- pire ; the heart of a town; the heart of a tree. 3, That which has the shape or form of a heart. 4. The chief part; the vital part ; the vigorous or efficacious part. Bacon. 5. The seat of the affections and passions, as of love, joy, grief, enmity, courage, pleasure, &c. The heart is deceitful above all things. Every im- agination of the thoughts of the heart is evil contin- ually. We read of an honest and good heart, and an evil heart of unbelief, a willing heart, a heavy /eart, sorrow of heart, a hard heart, a proud heart, a pure HEART/-€ON-SUM/ING, a. Destroying peace of moind. HEART/-€OR-ROD/ING, a. Preying on the heart. heart. The heart faints in adversity, or under dis-| HEART/-DEAR, a. Sincerely beloved. Shak. couragement, that is, courage fails; the heart is de-| HEART’/-DEEP, a. Rooted in the heart. Herbert. ceived, enlarged, reproved, lifted up, fixed, estab- HEART/-DIS-COUR’AG-ING, a. [See Covurace.] lished, moved, &c. Scripture. Depressing the spirits. Suuth, 6. By a metonymy, heart is used for an affection or HBART-EASE, rn. Quiet; tranquillity of mind. passion, and particularly for love. Shak. The king’s heart was toward Absalom. — 2 Sam. xiv. HEAR'L/-EAS-ING, a. Giving quiet to the mind. Milton. 7. The seat of the understanding ; as, an under- standing heart. We read of men wise in heart, and slow of heart. Scripture. 8. The seat of the will; hence, secret purposes, in- tentions, or designs. There are many devices in a man’s heart. The heart of kings is unsearchable. The Lord tries and searches the heart. David had it in his /eart to build a house of rest for the ark. Scripture. Sometimes /eart is used for the will, or determined purpose. The heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil. — Eccles. viil. 9, Person; character; wsed with respect to courage or kindness. Cheerly, my hearts. Shak. 10. Courage; spirit; as, to take heart; to give heart; to recover heart. Spenser. Temple. Milton. 11. Secret thoughts; recesses of the mind. Michal saw king David leaping and dancing before the Lord, and she despised him in her heart, —2 Sam. v1, 12. Disposition of mind. He had a heart to do well. Sidney. 13. Secret meaning ; real intention. And then show you the heart of my message. Shak, 14. Conscience, or sense of good or ill. Every man’s jieart and conscience — doth either like or disal- low it. Tooker. 15. Strength; power of producing; vigor ; fertility. Keep the land in heart. That the spent earth may gather heart again. 16. The utmost degree. This gay charm — hath beguiled me To the very heart of loss. Shak. To get or learn by heart ; to commit to memory ; to learn so perfectly as to be able to repeat without a copy. To tale to heart; to be much affected ; also, to be zealous, ardent, or solicitous, about a thing ; to have concern. To lay to heart, is used nearly in the sense of the foregoing. To set the heart on; to fix the desires on; to be very desirous of obtaining or keeping; to be very fond of. To set the heart at rest ; to make one’s self quiet ; to be tranquil or easy in mind. ; To find in the heart; to be willing or disposed. Sidney. Dryden. I find it in my heart to ask your pardon. For my heart ; for tenderness or affection, I could not for my heart refuse his request. Or this phrase may signify, for my life; if my life was at stake. I could not get him for my heart to do it. Shak. To speak to one’s heart; in Scripture, to speak kind- ly to; to comfort ; to encourage. To have in the heart ; to purpose ; to have design or intention. A hard heart; cruelty ; want of sensibility. HEART, v.i. To encourage. [Wot much used.] Prideaucz. HEART!-A€HE, (hart/ake,) n. mind. HEART/-AF-FEO€T/ING, a. HEART/-AL-LUR/ING, a. tions. Parnell. HEART/-AP-PALL/ING, a. Dismaying the heart. HEART’-BREAK, n. Overwhelming sorrow or erief, Shak. A Jady’s curl; a love-lock. Shak. Affecting the heart. Suited to allure the affec- HEART’-BREAK-ER, 2. HEART’-BREAK-ING, a. owering with grief or sorrow. HEART/-BREAK-ING, zn. Spenser. affliction. Hakewill. HEART/-BRED, a. Bred in the heart. Crashaw. HEXRT’-BROK-EN, a. Deeply afflicted or grieved. HEART/—-BUR-I-ED, (-ber’rid,) a. Young. HEART’-BURN, n. Cardialgy ; a disease or affection of the stomach, attended with a sensation of heat and uneasiness. A HEART/-BURN-ED, a. Having the heart inflamed. Shak. Causing discontent. Sorrow ; anguish of Breaking the heart; over- Overpowering grief; deep Deeply immersed. HEART/-EAT-ING, a. Preying on the heart. Burton. HEART/-EN-LIV’/EN-ING, a. Enlivening the heart. HEART/-BX-PAND/ING, a. Enlarging the heart ; opening the feelings. Thomson. HEART/-FELT, a. Deeply felt; deeply affecting, either aS joy or sorrow. HEART/-GRIEF, zn. Affliction of the heart. HEART’-GRIND-ING, a. Grinding the heart. Mrs. Butler. HEART/-HARD-EN-ED, a. Obdurate; impenitent; unfeeling. Harmer. HEART/-HARD-EN-ING, a. Rendering cruel or ob- durate. Shak. HEART/-HEAV/LNESS, (-hev/e-nes,) z. Depression of spirits. Shak. HEART/-HUM-BLED, a. Humbled in heart. Moore. HEART J-ER, a. More hearty. HEART’I-EST, a. Most hearty. HEART’LET, n._ A little heart. HEART’-OF-FEND/ING, a. Wounding the heart. Shak. HEART’-PAIN-ING, a. Giving pain to the heart. HEART/-PEA, n. A plant, heart-seed, which see. Miller. HEART!-PIERC-ING, a. Piercing the heart. HEART’-PU/RLFY-ING, a. Purifying the heart. HEART/-QUELL-ING, a. Conquering the affection. Spenser. HEART/-REND-ING, a. Breaking the heart; over- powering with anguish ; deeply afilictive. Waller. HEART’-RIS-ING, n. A rising of the heart; oppo- JMilton. sition. HEART/-ROB-BING, a. Depriving of thought; ec- static. Spenser. 2. Stealing the heart; winning. Spenser. HEART’S/-BLOOD, } (ping) }™ The blood of the HEART/-BLOOD, |} (PUG) ) heart ; life ; essence: OLE. HEART?S/-EASBE, n. A plant; a species of Viola or violet ; also, a species of Polygonum. HEART’/-SEARCH-ING, (-serch-ing,) 4. the secret thoughts and purposes. HEART!-SEED, zn. A climbing plant, of the genus Car- diospermium, having round seeds which are marked with a spot like a heart. Loudon. HEART/-SHAP-ED, a. Having the shape of a heart. HBEART!-SICK, a, Sick at heart; pained in mind ; deeply afflicted or depressed. HEART’-SICK/EN-ING, a. Sickening the heart. E. Everett. Merry; cheerful; lively. [Scet- Searching HEART/SOME, a. That which pains the heart. Spenser. HEART!-SORE, a. Deeply wounded. Shak. HBART!/-SOR/ROW-ING, a. Sorrowing deeply m heart. Shak. HEART'-STIR-RING, a. Moving the heart. HEART!-STRIKE, v. t. To affect at heart. B. Jonson. HEART!-STRING, nz. A hypothetical nerve or ten- don, supposed to brace and sustain the heart. Shak. Taylor. Driven to the heart; infixed tish.] HEART!’-SORE, n. HEART/-STRUCK, a. in the mind. 9. Shocked with fear; dismayed. _ Milton. HEART!-SWELL-ING, a. Rankling in the heart. Spenser. HEART’-THRILL-ING, a. Thrilling the heart. HEART/-TOUCH-ING, a. Affecting the heart. HEART’/-WHEEL, n. The name of a well-known mechanical contrivance, (an elliptical wheel for con- verting a circular motion Into an alternating rectilin- ear one,) common in cotton-mills. Brande. HEART!-WHOLE, (-hile,) a. [See Wuore.}] Not affected with love; not in love, or not deeply af- fected. 9. Having unbroken spirits, or good courage. — HEART/-WOOD, n. The hard, central part of the trunk of a tree, differing in color from the outer lay- ers. Brande. — Lindley. HEART!-WOUND-ED, a. Wounded with love or grief; deeply affegted with some passion. Pope. HEART!—-WOUND-ING, a. Piercing with grief. Rowe. HEART’ED, a. Taken to heart. [Not used.] Shak, . 2 Composed of bearts. [Vote used. | Shake 3. Laid up in the heart. oe Shak. This word is chiefly used in composition ; as, hard- HEXART’-BURN-ING, a. Middleton. hearted, faint-hearted, stout-hearted, SEC) ‘ a HEART/-BURN-ING, n. Heart-burn, which see. HEART’EN, (hirt’n,) v. & To encourage ; to ae 3 9. Discontent ; secret enmity. Swift. to incite or stimulate courage. | avai eds Fe Leen HEART!’-CHILL-ED, (hart/child,) a. Having the 9. To restore fertility or strength to; a=, ee heart chilled. Shenstone. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. land. [Little used.] aetna Sree a —————— I od] SS aes eep ————— : ee , ai a Bet +4 if ! . ait a = oe ‘ ep mee a > “Tt nadere tae Ot ae RE ere HEAT, v.t. [Sax. hatan, to call, to order, command, HEART'EN-ER, (hiurt/n-er,) n. gives courage or animation. Town. HEARTH, (harth ; herth is sanctioned by no recent orthoépist 3) ml [Sax. heorth; G. herd; Dan. haard; Sw. jidrd. Qu. its connection with earth, which must have been the primitive /earth.’ 1. A pavement or floor of brick or stone in a chim- ney, on which a fire is made, and from which there is 2 passage for the smoke to ascend. . Figuratively, the house itself, as the abode of ae to its inmates and of hospitality to strangers. Smart. HEARTH!’-MON-EY, )7. A tax on hearths. HEARTH!-PEN-NY, Blackstone. HEARTH!-STONE, n. Stone forming the hearth ; fireside. HEART’I-LY, adv. [from hearty.] From the heart ; With all the heart; with sincerity ; really. I heartily forgive them. 2. With zeal; actively ; vigorously. assisted the prince. 3. With eagerness ; freely; largely; as, to eat heartily. HEART’LNESS, xz. Sincerity; zeal; 2. Eagerness of appetite. HEART/LESS, hearted. Heartless they fought, and quitted soon their ground. Dryden. Shak. He heartily ardor; earn- [estness, a, Without courage ; spiritless ; faint- 2. Without feeling or affection. HEART/LESS-LY, adv. Without courage or spirit ; faintly ; timidly ; feebly. 2. Without feeling or affection. HEART’LESS-NESS, x. Want of courage or spirit ; dejection of mind; feebleness. Bp. Hall. 2. Destitution of feeling or affection. HEART/Y,a. Haying the heart engaged in any thing ; sincere ; warm; zealous; as, to be hearty in support of government. 2. Proceeding from the heart ; sincere; warm; as, a hearty welcome. 3. Being full of health ; sound ; as, a hearty man. 4. Strong; durable; as, hearty timber. m America. } 5. Having a keen appetite; hearty eater. 6. Strong ; nourishing ; as, hearty food. HEART’ Y-HALE, a. Good for the heart, strong; healthy ; [Mot used Wotton. eating much; as, a [ Obs.] Spenser. HEAT, n. [Sax. heat, het; D. hitte; G. hitze; Sw. hetia; D. hede; Li. estus, for hestus, or cestus. See the verb.] 1. Heat, as a cause of sensation, is considered by some to be the result of the vibration of elastic media by others as a subtile fluid, contained in a greater or less degree in all bodies. In modern.chemistry, it 1s called caloric. It expands all bodies in different proportions, and is the cause of fluidity and evapora- tion. A certain degree of it is also essential to ani- mal and vegetable life. Heat is latent, when so combined with other matter as not to be perceptible. It is sensible, when it is evolved and perceptible. Lavoisier. Encic. . Heat, as a sensation, is the effect produced on ne se ntient organs of anim: ils, by the passage of caloric, disengaged from surrounding bodies, to the organs. When we touch or approach a hot bc dy, the caloric or heat passes from that body to our organs of feeling, and gives the sensation of heat. On the contrary, when we touch a cold body, the caloric passes from the hand to that body, and causes a sen- sation of cold. Lavoisier. Note. — This theory of heat seems not to be fully settled. 3. Hot air; hot weather; as, the heat of the trop- ical climates. 4, Any accumulation or concentration of the mat- ter of heat or caloric; as, the heat of the body ; the heat of a furnace; a red heat; a white heat ; a weld- Ing heat. The greatest accumulation of heat, or the time of ene accumul: ition ; as, in the heat of the day. 6. The state of being once heated or hot. Give the iron another /eat. 7. A violent action unintermitted ; a single effort. Many causes are required for refreshrnent between the heats. Dryden. 8. A single effort in running; a course ata race. Hector won at the first heat. 9. Redness of the face ; flush. Addison. 10. Animal excitement ; violent action or agita- tion of the system. ‘The body is all in a heat, 11. Utmost violence ; rage; vehemence ; as, the heat of battle. et Violence ; ardor ; as, the heat of party. . Agitation’ of mind; inflammation or excite- ‘dente exasperation ; as, the heat of passion. 14. ’‘Ardor ; fervency; animation in thought or discourse. With all the strength and heat of eloquence. 15. Fermentation. Addison. FATE, FAR, ere WHAT. — ME He or that which »| eiziaw, to take to, or possess ; the clinging plant. } or promise; gelatan, to call, warm ; letan, “to he: it, to comm: ind, to call : ; gehetan to promise ; hase, orde r, comin: and behetan, to vow ; onletan, to heat, to inflame ; to heat, to be hot, to boil, to hate; het, heat, hat, hot; hate, hatred, hate ; L. odi, osus, to command, to vow or be called, to command ; haat, hate ; haaten, to hi ite ; verhitten, to inflame; Sw. het, hot ; hetta, heat, pas sion ; hetta, to be hot, to glow ; ; named ; hat, hate, hatred ; named; had, hate; hader, to words coincides the L. @stus, Gr. aidw are probably of the hate. for hastus, same family. raise, to agitate, from the stimulating, whence Sw. cite, to set on dogs. See ers. It may be further added, hatred, a castle, from the sense of separating ; to hate ; and if this is of the same family, castle with the fore going words. see the sense of repulsion. ] 1. To make hot; to communicate heat to, hetsa, Dan. To grow warm or hot. heats slowly. HEAT, son, Is still sometimes used, but it is not elegant. HEAT/ED, pp. or a. Made hot; inflamed ; HiAT’ER, n. He or that which heats. fated. 2. A mass of iron which is heated and inclosed in a box or case in order to heat or keep something hot ; as, a coffee-heater. HEATH, xn. [Sax. heth; D. and G. heide; Dan. hede; Sw. hed; Scot. haddyr; W. eiziar, connected with I. A plant of the genus Erica, of many species, bearing beautiful flowers. It is a shrub which is used in Great Britain for brooms, thatch, beds for the poor, and for heating ovens. Its leaves are smajl, and continue green all the year. It is called also Line. Miller. P. Cyc. 2. A place overgrown With heath. Temple. 3. A place overgrown With shrubs of any kind. Bacon. HEATH!-€LAD, a. Clothed or crowned with heath. HEATH’-€OCK, )n. A large bird which frequents HEATH’-GAME,§ heaths, a species of grouse. are. A species of bitter vetch, Orobus. Johnson. HEATH/-POUT, n. A bird, the same as the heath-coch. Ed, Encyc. HEATH’-ROSE, n. A plant, Ainsworth. HEA’FHEN, (bé/thn,) 7 [Sax. hethen; G. heide, heath, and a heathen or pagan; D. heiden; Dan. and Sw. hedning; Gr. e0vus; from heath, that is, one who lives in the coun try or woods, as pagan from pag gus, a Village. A pagan; a Gentile ; one who worships idols, or is unacquainted with the true God. In the Sc rip- tures, the word seems to comprehend all nations ex- cept the Jews or Israelites, as they were all strangers to the true religion, and all addicted to idolatry. The word may now be applied, perhaps, to all nations, except to Christians and Mohammedans. Heathen, without the plural termination, is used plurally or collectively, for Gentiles or heathen na- tions. HEATH’-PEA, n. Ask of me, and I will give thee the heathen for thine inheritance. Ps. ii Heathen, noWereE has a plural, expressing two or more individuals. If men have reason to be heathens in Japan. Locke. ee precepts and examples of the ancient heathens. Addison, A rude, illiterate, barbarous person. HE, Ai PHEN, a. Gentile ; 3 pagan ; as, a eathen author. i Addison. HEA'PHEN-DOM, n. That part of the world where heathenism prev ails. Irving. HEA’FILEN-ISH, a. Belonging to Gentiles or pagans ; as; i heacenusys rites - Rude ; illite rate ; wild ; uncivilized. to promise, to grow behes, ‘a VOW 3 hatian, heat ; for hodi, hosus ; Goth. hatyan, t to hi LLels he uitan, gahaitan, to call, promise ; G. heiss, hot; heta, to be called or hata, to hate ; Dan. heed, hot ; Aede, heat, ardor; heder, to heat, to be called or With these heat, tide, , to burn, and the English haste and hoist The primary and literal sense of all these words is, to stir, to rouse, to action of driving, urging, hedser, to ex- Class "Gd, No. 39, and oth- Gi he that in W. cas is casau, it unites | HE. In these words we or cause The iron or the water 3. sigh or groan, for Ifnatep, used by Shakspeare and Ben Jon- and pronounced het; exasper- HEA/FHEN-I thens. HEA’/FHEN-I then, or like , rance of the heissen, to call ; heitzen, to heat; hitze, heat, ardor, | HE A'PHEN -IZE, v. t. ve hemen nce 5 geheiss, comm: und ; *verheissen, to prom- thenish ise; ass, hate; hassen, to hate; D. heet, hot, eager, | HEA’E HEN-I hasty ; hitte ; heat, heeten, to he at, to name or ci ull, to thénish. ;} HEA’FHEN-IZ-ING, ppr. A'/FHEN-NESS, x (heth/er. tion in Scotland.) n. -| HE HEAFH’ER, HEAFH’ER-B soms of the I HEAFH’ER-Y heather. HEATH’Y, a. HEAT/ING, FOUSINE the pi Wi Beer or h heating medi HE ATIL ESS, HEAVE, to be hot; as, to heat an oven or a furni ce ; to heat Heavep, Hove, formerly Hoven. [Sax. heafan, ron: hefan, heofan; Goth. hafyan; Sw. hdfva; D. heffen; To make feverish ; as, to heat the blood. G. heben; Dan. hever, to heave; Gr. xadbew, to 3, To warm with passion or desire; to excite; to breathe ; aur id. Class Gb.]} rouse into action. 1. To lift; to raise; to move upward. A noble emulation Aeats your breast. Dryden. So stretched out huge in length,the arch fiend lay, oe 2 ce Sa eae . ‘ Chained on the burning lak , hor ever hence 4. To< inital a the blood and spirits with action £0 Ens risen, or heaved his head. Milton. excite animal action. ryden. = ’ ause to swell. HEAT, v.i. To grow warm or hot by fermentation, T'o cause to swel or BS cneabion of latent heat. Green hay heats in a The glittering finny swarms That heave our friths and crowd upon our shores. Tomson. mow, and green corn in a bin. To raise or expansion 4. To raise 5. To puff; Bun Age, and ar To raise 8. To turn levers. To heave a means, when To heave ast To heave do to careen. To heave ou or unfurl a sa the other tack. the anchor. To heave a rope becomes and stop her n To heave uz to heave up a ¢ HEAVE, (heey a horse heaves 2. To pant; To keck ; To rise ; of frost. To heave in We observe ralsing or risil throwing and derived its app heads, heaven. HEAV E, (heev effort upward. None could gu 2. Arising s HEAV’ED, pp. 3. Barbarous ; s Savage ; cruel ; ; rapacious, Spenser, “TK, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE , DOVE, M6VE vomit. HEA‘’FHEN-ISM, x. of religion of a pagan nation. 2. Rudeness; barbarism ; ignorance. ing with heath ; as, /eathy land. Ppr- \T’ING-LY » adv. (heevy,) v. t.; pret. HEAvED, or Hove; pp. 6. Tothrow ; This is a common use of Loe) word in popular lan- ee as, to eave up the anchor. Hene To heave in ’stays ; in tacking To heave short; to draw so much of a cable into the ship, as that she is almost perpendicwlarly above unusual exertion. To heave taught; to turn a capstan, &c., To heave to; to bring the ship’s head to the wind, heav es for breath. 4. To rise in billow S, as the sea; - >. 6. To rise or sWell, as the earth at the breaking up pearance ; as, a ship at sea, or as a distant object approaching or being 5) Ne would se side or swallow them. These profound heaves. 3. An effort to vomit. 4. An effort to rise. , WOLF, BOOK. — HEA SH-LY, adv. After the manner of hea- SH-NESS, x. The state of being hea- heathens. Gentilism ; paganism ; igno- idolatry ; * the rites or system Hammond. true God ; To render heathen or hea- Firmin. IZ-ED, pp. Rendered heathen or hea- Rendering heathenish. State of being heathens. This is the only pronuncia- Heath. ELLS, (heth/er-belz,) n. pl. 1eather. (heth-,) a. The blos- Burns. Heathy; abounding in Mrs. Hemans. [from heath.] Full of heath ; abound- Mortimer. Making warm or hot; inflaming ; 1SSIONS 3 exaspe rating nding to impart heat to; promoting eat ; exciting action ; stimulating; as, cines or applications. So as to impart heat to. a. Destitute of heat; cold. Beaum. & Fl. or force from the breast ; as, to heave a which is accompanied with a swelling of the thorax. ; to elevate; with high. One heaved on high. to elate. to cast ; Shak. Hayward. tosend 3 as, to heave a stone. nong seamen ; as, to heave the lead. forcibly, by tuning a Windlass ; with Hence, a Windlass or capstan with bars or e the order, to heave away. head; to force a vessel ahead by any not under sail. Totten. ern; to cause to recede ; to draw back. wi; to throw or lay down on one side ; t; tothrow out. With seamen, to loose il, particularly the stay-sails. , to put a vessel on Totten. strain; to work at the windlass with till the strained. [See Taucur and Ticur. ] 1otion. 9; to relinquish ; [So to throw up;] as, lesign. [V. ular. | ,) vt Tosw ell, istend, or dilate ; as, in panting. Hence, to breathe with labor or pain ; as, he Dryden. to make an effort to vomit. to swell. to be lifted ; as, a ship heaves. sight; to appear; to make its first ap- approached. that this verb has often the sense of 1g in an arch or circular form, as in in distention, and from this sense is lication to the apparent arch over our Arising or swell; an exertion or ess whether the next heave of the earthquake ryden, well, or distention, as of the breast. Shak, Hudibras. Lifted; swelled ; panted; tried to dae eR dlHEA HEA HEC HEAV/EN, (hev/n,) n. [Sax. heafen, hefen, heofen, from heafan, to heave, and signifying elevated or arched. ] 1. The region or expanse which surrounds the earth, and which appears above and around us, like an immense arch or vault, in which are seen the sun, moon, and stars. 29. Among Christians, the part of space in which the omnipresent Jehovah is supposed to afford more sensible manifestations of his glory. Hence, this is called the habitation of God, and is represented as the residence of angels and blessed spirits. Deut, XXV1. The sanctified heart loves heaven for its purity, and God for his goodness. Buckminster. 3. Among pagans, the residence of the celestial gods. 4. The sky or air; the region of the atmosphere ; or an elevated place ; in a very indefinite sense. Thus we speak of a mountain reaching to heaven ; the fowls of heaven; the clouds of heaven; hail or rain from jeaven. Jer. ix. Job XXXxVv. Their cities are walled to heaven. — Deut. i. 5. The Hebrews acknowledged three heavens; the air or aérial heavens; the firmament in which the stars are supposed to be placed; and the heaven of heavens, or third heaven, the residence of Jehovah. Brown. 6. Modem philosophers divide the expanse above and around the earth into two parts, the atmosphere or aérial heaven, and the ethereal heaven beyond the recion of the air, in which there is supposed to be a thin, unresisting medium, called ether. Encyc. 7. The Supreme Power ; the Sovereign of heaven ; God; as, prophets sent by Heaven. I have sinned against Heaven, — Luke xv. Shun the impious profaneness which scofis at the institutions of deaven. Dwight. 8. The pagan deities; celestials. And show the heavens more just. Shak, 9. Elevation ; sublimity. O for a muse of fire, that would ascend ; Shak. The brightest heaven of invention, 10. Supreme felicity ; great happiness. 11. The angels. Job xv. 15. 12. Distinguished glory. Is. xiv. 12. HEA V/EN-AS-PIR/ING, a. Aspiring to heaven. kenside. HEAV/EN-BAN/ISH-ED, (-ban/isht,) a. Banished from heaven. Milton. HEAV/EN-BE-GOT’, a. Begot by a celestial being. Dryden. HEAV/EN-BORN, a. Born from heaven; native of heaven, or of the celestial regions; as, heaven-born sisters. Pope. HEAV/EN-BRED, a. Produced or cultivated in heaven ; as, eaven-bred poesy. Shak. HEA V/EN-BRIGHT, a. Bright as heaven. HEAV/EN-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built by the agency or favor of the gods; as, a heaven-built wall. Pope. WEAV’/EN-DAR-ING,a. Offering defiance to Heaven, or to the divine will and commands. HEAV/EN-DI-RE€T’/ED, a. Pointing to the sky; as, a heaven-directed spire. Pope. 2, Taught or directed by the celestial powers ; as, heaven-directed hands. Pope. WEA V!/EN-EX-ALT’ED, a. Exalted to heaven. HEAV’EN-FALL/2EN, a. Fallen from heaven ; hav- jug revolted from God. Milton. HEA V’/EN-GIFT-ED, a. Bestowed by Heaven. Milton. HEAV’EN-GIV-EN, a. Given by Heaven. Verplanck. HEAV/EN-GUID-ED, a. Divinely guided. Milton. HEAV/EN-IN-SPIR/ED, a. Inspired by Heaven. Jfilton. Taught by Heaven. rashaw. To render like Bp. Hall. HEAV/EN-IN-STRUET’ED, a. HEAV/EN-IZE, .Chev’'n-ize,) v. t- Heaven. Oa ee HEAV’EN-LY, a. Pertaining to heaven; celestial ; as, heavenly regions ; heavenly bliss. 2. Resembling heaven; supremely excellent; as, a heavenly lyre; a heavenly temper. The love of heaven makes one heavenly. 3. Inhabiting heaven ; as, a heavenly race ; the heavenly throng. HEA V!/ EN-LY, adv. heaven. Sidney. Where heavenly, pensive Contemplation dwells. Pope. 2, By the influence or agency of Heaven. Oar heavenly guided soul shall climb. Milton, HEAV/EN-LY-MIND’/ED, a. In a manner resembling that of Having the affections HEAV/EN-LY-MIND/ED-NESS, n. The state of having the affections placed on heavenly things and spiritual objects. Lilner. HEA V’/EN-PRO-TE€T’ED, a. Protected by divine power. HBAV/EN-SA-LUT’ING, a. Touching the sky. Crashaw. HEAV!/EN-WARD, adv. Toward heaven. Prior. HEAV!/EN-WAR/RING, a. Warring against Heaven. Mitton. HEAVE!-OF-FER-ING, 2. Among the Jews, an of- fering or oblation made to God ; so called because it was to be heaved or elevated. Num. xy. and Xviil. The same as wave-offering. HEAV’ER, x. One who heaves or lifts. men, a Staff for a lever. HEAVES, (heevz,) n. A disease of horses, character- ized by difficult and laborious respiration. HEA V’I-ER, (hev’e-er,) a. More heavy. HEAV’I-EST, (hev’/e-est,) a Most heavy. HEAV/I-LY, (hev/e-ly,) adv. [from heavy.] With great weight; as, to bear heavily on a thing; to be heavily loaded. 9. With great weight of grief; grievously ; afflict- ively. When calamities fall heavily on the Christian, he finds consolation in Christ. 3. Sorrowfully ; with grief. Among sea- 5. With weight; oppressively. bear heavily on the people. 6. Slowly and laboriously ; with difficulty ; as, to move /ieavily. So they drove them heavily. — Ex. xiv. HEA V/LNESS, (hev/e-ness,) n. Weight; ponderous- Ness 5 gravity ; the quality of being heavy ; as, the heaviness of a body. 2, Sadness ; sorrow ; dejection of mind ; depression of spirits. Heaviness in the heart of man maketh it stoop. — Proy. xii. Ye greatly rejoice, though now for a season ye are in heaviness, throuch manifold temptations. — 1 Pet. 1. 3. Sluggishness ; torpidness ; dullness of spirit ; languidness ; languor ; lassitude. What means this heaviness that hangs upon me? Addison. 4. Weight; burden ; oppression ; as, the heaviness of taxes. 5. That which it requires great strength to move or overcome ; that which creates labor and difficulty ; as, the heaviness of a draught. 6. Thickness ; moistness; deepness ; as, the heav- iness of ground or soil. 7. Thickness ; moistness; as of air. HEAV/ING, ppr. or a. Lifting; swelling; throwing; panting ; making an effort to vomit. HEAV/ING, n. A rising or swell; a panting. Addison. Shak. HEAV/LSOME, (hev/e-sum,) a. Dull; dark ; drowsy. Local. . HEAVY, (hev’y,) a. [Sax. heafig, hefig, that is, lift- like, lifted with labor, from heafan, to heave. ] 1. Weighty ; ponderous; having great weight ; tending strongly to the center of attraction ; contrary to light ; applied to material bodies ; as, a heavy stone ; a heavy Joad. 2. Sad; sorrowful ; dejected ; depressed in mind. A light wife makes a heavy husband. Shak. So is he that siugeth songs to a heavy heart. — Prov. xxv. 3. Grievous; afflictive ; depressing to the spirits ; as, heavy NEWS; 2 heavy calamity. 4. Burdensome ; oppressive ; as, heavy taxes. Make thy father’s heavy yoke —lighter. —1 Kings xii, 5. Wanting life and animation; dull. My heavy cyes, you say, confess A heart to love and grief inclined. Prior. 6. Drowsy ; dull. HEA V/EN-KISS'ING, a. Touching, as it were, the sky. Shak. Their eyes were heavy. — Matt. xxvi. Luke ix. BES Ne n. [from heavenly. | pupreme 7, Wanting spirit or animation ; destitute of life or excellence. aves. iditv Poca ] A - - 9S + mriter : rapidity of sentiment; dull; as, a heavy writer; a HEAV/EN-LOV-ED, (-luvd,) a. Beloved by Heaven. | jeuny style. erg ‘ 3 Milton. 8. Wanting activity or vivacity ; indolent. But of a heavy, dull, degenerate mind. Dryden. 9. Slow; sluggish. He walks with a heavy gait. 10. Burdensome ; tedious; a3, heavy hours. Time lies heavy on him who has no employment. 11. Loaded; encumbered ; burdened. He found his men heavy, and laden with booty. Bacon. 12, Lying with weight on the stomach ; not easily digested ; as, oily food ts heavy to the stomach. 13. Moist; deep; soft; miry; as, heavy land; a heavy soil. We apply heavy to soft, loamy, or clayey land, which makes the draught of a plow or wagon difficult and laborious. So we say, a heavy road. 14. Difficult ; laborious ; as, a heavy draught. 15. Weary ; supported with pain or difficulty. placed on heaven, and on spiritual things Milner. And the hands of Moses were heavy. —Ex. xvii. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN'GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; I came hither to transport the tidings, HEAV’Y, (hev’y,) adv. With great weight; used im Which I have heavily borne. Shak. composition. 4, With an air of sorrow or dejection. eee (hev'y,) v. t To make Le m r are Bee ny Maree ls USE. ickliffe. Why looks your grace so heavily to-day ? Shak, HEAV/Y-BROW-ED, a. Having heavy brows. Taxes sometimes | HEAV’Y HAND-ED, a. HEA’ZY, a. 16. Inflicting severe evils, punishments, or judg ments. The hand of the Lord was heavy on them of Ashdod. — 1 Som. y, 17. Burdensome ; occasioning great care. This thing is too heavy for thee. — Ex. xviii. 18. Dull; not hearing ; inattentive. Neither his ear heavy, that he can not hear. —Ts, lix. 19. Large, as billows; swelling and rolling with great force ; as, a heavy sea. 20. Large in amount; as, a heavy expense ; a heavy debt. 21. Thick; dense; blavk ; as, a heavy cloud. 22. Violent; tempestuous ; as, a heavy wind or gale. 23. Large ; abundant; as, a heavy fall of snow or rain. 24. Great; violent; forcible; as, a heavy fire of cannon or small arms. 25. Not raised by leaven or fermentation ; not light ; clammy ; as, heavy bread. 26. Requiring much labor or much expense 5 as, a heavy undertaking. 27. Loud ; as, heavy thunder. Heavy metal, in military affuirs, signifies large guns, carrying balis of a large size, or it is applied to large balls themselves. Clumsy ; not active or dex- trous. HEAV'Y-HEAD-ED, a. Having a heavy or dull head. HEA V/Y-LAD/EN, a. HEAV/Y-SPAR, n. . [See Ba RYTA. | Laden witn a heavy burden. A heavy, sparry mineral, but little harder than calc-spar and sulphu- ric acid. [Ice. hoese.] Hoarse ; wheezing. [Local.] HEB/DO-MAD, n. (Gr. é@dopas, seven days, from ixra, seven; L. hebdomada.] A week ; a period of seven days. [JVot used.] Brown. a. Weekly ; consisting of sev- en days, or occurring every seven days. Brown. HEB-DOM/AD-A-RY, n. A member of a chapter or convent, whose week it is to officiate in the choir, rehearse the anthems and prayers, and perform other services, which, on extraordinary occasions, are per- formed by the superiors. HEB-DO-MAT’I€-AL, a. HEB/EN, x. Ebony. HEB/E-TaTE, v. t. Hewy:) To dull; to blunt; to stupefy ; as, to hebetate the intellectual faculties. Arbuthnot. HEB/E-TA-TED, pp. Made blunt, dull, or stupid. HEB/E-TA-TING, ppr. Rendering blunt, dull, or stu- HEB-DOM/AD-AL, HEB-DOM/AD-A-RY, Bp. Morton. Spenser. [L. hebeto, from hebes, dull, blunt, Weekly. pid. HEB-E-TA’TION, n. The act of making blunt, dull, or stupid. 2. The state of being dulled. HEB/ETE, a. Dull; stupid. [Obs.] HEB/E-TUDE, n. [L. hebetudo.] Dullness ; stupidity. Harvey. HE-BRA/I€, a. [from Hebrew.] Pertaining to the Hebrews; designating the language of the Hebrews. HB-BRA/I€-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of the Hebrew language; from right to left. Suwift. HE/BRA-ISM, n. A Hebrew idiom; a peculiar ex- pression or manner of speaking in the Hebrew lan- guage. HE/BRA-IST, nz. One versed in the Hebrew language and learning. HE-BRA-IST/I€, a. Pertaining to or resembling He- brew. HiE/BRA-IZ5, v. t. To convert into the Hebrew id- jiom ; to make Hebrew. J. P. Smith. HE/BRA-IZE, v. i. To speak Hebrew, or to conform to the Hebrews. Hi/BRA-1Z-ED, pp. Converted into the Hebrew id- iom. HiE/BREW, (hé'bru,) 2. Reet ay Eber, either a proper name, or a name denoting passage, pilgrim- age, or coming from beyond the Euphrates. | 1. One of the descendants of Eber, or Heber ; but particularly, a descendant of Jacob, who was a de- scendant of Eber; an Israelite ; a Jew. 2. The Hebrew language. Hk&/BREW, a. Pertaining to the Hebrews; 49, the Hebrew language or rites. Hi/BREW-ESS, xn. An Israelitish woman. |. HE-BRU’/CIAN, (he-brish/an,) x. One skilled in the Hebrew language. [ess proper.| [See Hesraist | HE-BRID/I-AN, a. Pertaining to the isles called Heb- rides, west of Scotland. Johnson. HEG€/A-TOMB, (hek/a-toom,) 7%. L. hecatombe ; Gr. §xaropbn; éxaroy, a hundred, an Bous, an ox.] In antiquity, a sacrifice of a hundred oxen Or beasts of the same kind, and, itis said, ata hundred altars, and by a hundred priests. Eneye CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ————————— ad3 1 j | t rh, ef i t « x | ack Parks “ ty ey ea oo ae ae eae 4 e ener Ne t . — o omnia: ~< SS oy te antl—_ ee ae Hence, sometimes indefinitely, any sacrifice of a large ne r of victims. Brande. HECK. [See Harcu.] An engine or instrument for entchit ng fish ; as, a salmon heck. Chambers. 9, A rack for holding fodder for cattle. [Zocal.] Ray. 3. Abendinastream. [G. ecke, acorner. ] 4. A hatch or Jatch of a door. [Zocal.] Grose. HECK’/LB, (hek’l,) v. t. A different orthography of Hacxve, or HatcHeEL. HEC'TARE, n. (Gr. area. A French measure containing a hundred ares, or ten thousand eae metres, or nearly two and a half English acres Laurer. HEE’TIE, [Gr. ixrikos, from 2%c¢, habit of HE€/TICE-AL, body, from exw, to have.] 1. Habitual; pertaining to hectic. 9. Affected with hectic fevers; tient. No hectic student scares the gentle maid. HE€’TIE, xn. An ex acerbating and remitting fever, with éxaroyv, a hundred, and L. a as, a hectic pa- Taylor. fee stages of chilliness, heat, and sweat, variously inte r- mixed ; exacerbation, chiefly in the evening; the sweats mostly in the night; pulse weak; urine with a natant, furfuraceous cloud. Tully. HE€/TI€-AL-LY, adv. Constitutionally. Johnson. HE€/TO-GRAM, ) 7. ALG: éxarov,ahundred, and HEC! T0-GRAMME, Nappa, a gram. ]} In the French system Ise Weights and measures, a weight containing a hundred grammes, or about 35 ounces avoirdupois. Lunier. HE€-TOL'I-TER, (2. [Gr. txarov, a hundred, and HEC'T0-LI- TRE, } AtTpa, a pound. ] A French measure of capacity for liquids, contain- ing a hundred litres; equal to a tenth of a cubic metre, nearly 263 gallons of wine measure, or 22 im- perial gallons. AS a dry measure, it is ci alled a setier, and contains 10 decalitres, or about 22 Winches- Tunier. McCulloch. HE€-TOM/E-TER, [Gr. ékarov, a hundred, and HEC! T O0-ME- TRE, peTpuv, measure. | A French measure equal to a hundred metres; the metre being the unit of lineal measure. It is equiva- lent nearly to 328 English feet. Lunier. HE€’/TOR, n. [from Hector, the son of Priam, a DEEN Trojan warrior. | 1. A bully ; a blustering, turbulent, noisy fellow. 9, One who teases or vexes. HEC€’TOR, v. t. To threaten; to bully; to treat with insolence. Dryden. 2. To tease; tovex; to torment by words. HE€/TOR, v. i. To play the bully ; to bluster; to be turbulent, or insolent. Swift. HE€/TOR-ED, pp. Bullied ; teased. HEC/TOR-ING, ppr. Bullying; blustering; vexing. [The epithet of a hectoring fellow is a more fa- miliar instance of a participle similarly formed, though strangely distorted in its use to express a meaning almost the opposite of its original. The Hector of Homer unites, we know, ter bushels. Ne. ‘The mildest manners with the bravest mind.’ The sole bulwark of Troy, he reveres the opinion of her citizens ; armed, and hastening to the battle, he stops to caress his infant, and to soothe the afflic- tions of its mother; to his brother’s faults he is in- dulgent ; and Helen herself witnesses, over his grave, that she had never heard from him one accent of un- kindness, or ceased to be protected from the re- proach of others by his mild speech and kindly dis- | positions : Xi 7’ ayavoppoovyn, kat cots ayvaots érfecct.” Nuge Metrice, an unpublished work by Lord Grenville, 1824, p. 86. — E. E HEC€’TOR-ISM, xn. hector; a bullying. HE€’/TOR-LY, a. Blustering ; HED/DLES, (hed’dlz, ) n. pl. the warp threads in a loom. HED/EN-BERG-ITE, xz. analyzed it. } A dark, or nearly black, cleavable variety of au- gite, semiu-metallic in appearance, containing a 1 irge proportion of oxyd of iron. and. HED-E-RA‘CEOUS, (-a/shus,) a. [L. hederaceus, from hedera, ivy ; W. eizaw, ivy, from holding, clinging ; eiziawo, to possess. See Heatu.] Ie Pertaining to ivy. 2. Producing ivy. HED‘E-RAL, a. Composed of ivy ; belonging to ivy. : Bailey. HED-E-RIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. hedera, ivy, and fero, to bear. } Producing ivy. HEDGE, (hej,) n. ([Sax. hege, heag, heg, hergze; G. heck ; D. heg, haag; Dan. hekke, or hek ; Sw. hagn, hedge, protection ; Fr. haie; W. cae, Hence Eng. Ss cl> haugon, The disposition or practice of a Ch. Relig. Appeal. insolent. Barrow. The harness for gniding Buchanan. [from Hedenberg, who first haw, and Hague in Holland. Ar. HEE Properly, a thicket of thorn-bushes, or other shrubs, orsmall trees ; but appropriately, such a thicket plant- ed round a field to fence it, or in rows, to separate the parts of a garden. Hed ge, prefixed to another word, or in composi- tion, denotes something mean, as, ‘a hedge-priest, a hedire- press, a hedge-vicar, that is, born in or be longing to the hedges or woods, low, outlandish. [Vol used in America. | HEDGE, (hej,) v. ¢. fence with a thicket of shrubs or small trees; as irate by a hedge ; as, to hedge a field or garden. To obstruct with a hedge, or to obstruct in any manner. 1 will hedge up thy way with thorns. — Hos. ii. To inclose with a hedge; to to 3. To surround for defense ; to fortify. England hedged in with the main. Shak. 4. To inclose for preventing escape. That is a law to hedge in the cuckow. Locke, Dryden, Swift, and Shakspeare, have written epee for Epce, to edge in, but improperly. To guard, or protec bias; to hedge one’s bets, that 1S, anier having bet on one 'side, to bet also on the other side, thus guarding one 3 self against great loss, whatever may be the result. Smart. HEDGE, (hej,) v.i. To hide, as in a hedge ; to hide ; to skulk. Shak. . To bet on both sides [Se e No. 5, above. | HEDGE!-BILL, )n. x cutting hook used in dress- HEDG/ING-BILL, $ ing he dges. HEDGE/-BORN, a. Of low birth, in the woods ; outlandish ; obscure. Shak. HEDGE’-BOTE, n. Wood for repairing hedges. Blackstone. HEDGE/-€REEP-ER, n. One who skulks under hedges for bad purposes. HEDGE-FU/MI-TO-RY, n. A plant. Ainsworth. HEDGEHOG, n. A quadruped of the genus Erina- ceus. The common hedgehog has round ears, and crested nostrils; his body is about nine inches long, and the upper part is covered with prickles, or spines, and the under part with hair. When attacked, this animal erects his prickles, and rolls himself into a round form, which presents the points of the pric- kles, on all sides, to an assailant. Edin. Encyc. as if born Partington. 2. A term of reproach. Shak. 3. A plant of ‘ite senus Medicago, or snail-trefoil. The pods are shi iped~ like a snail, dow ny, and armed w ie a few short spines. Loudon. The globe-fish. Ash. This fish belongs to the genus Diodon. It is cov- ered with long spines, and has the power of inflating its body, whence the name globe-~jish. [Fr. orbe.] Cuvier, The sea-hedochog is the echinus, a genus of zoophytes, generally of a nearly sphe roidal or oval form, and covered with movable spines. [See Ecui- Cuvier. Cyc. (-this/l,) ». A plant, the : Fam. of Plants. A bitter herb of the genus NUS. | HEDGE/HOG-THIS/TLE, Cactus. HEDGE/-HYS Gratiola. HEDGE’LESS, a. Having no hedge. HEDGE/—-MUS- TARD, n. A plant of the genus Erysi- mum. HEDGE/-NET-TLE, n. An herb, or undershrub, of the genus Stachys, whose flowers grow in spikes. The shrubby hede-nettle is of the genus Prasium. HEDGE/-NOTE, n. A term of contempt for low writ- ing. Dryden. HEDGE’PIG, n. A young hedgehog. Shak. HEDGE!'-ROW, xn. A row or series of shrubs, or trees, planted for inclosure, or separation of fields. Milton. HEDGE/-SPAR-ROW, mn. A European bird of the Linnean genus Motacill i, frequenting hedges ; distin- guished from the sparrow that builds in thatch. Encyc. Johnson. A stake to support a hedge, -SOP, n. HEDGE!-STAKE, Ne HEDGE/-WRIT-ER, n. A Grub-street writer, or low author. "Swift. HEDG’ER,n. One who makes hedges. HEDG/ING, ppr. Inclosing with a hedge; obstruct- ing; confining ; betting on both sides. HEDG/ING-BILL, x. A bill or hook like a sickle, for pruning hedges. HE-DON’IE, a. [ Gr. Hdovn, pleasure. ] Pertaining to pleasure. The Hedonic sect, in an- tiquity, was one that placed the highest happiness in pleasure. This was called the Cyrenaic sect. HE/DY-PHANE, n. [Gr. ijdus, sweet, and ¢aivw, to appear. ] A white or grayish mineral, of an adamantine lus- ter, consisting of oxyd of lead, and lime, combined with the arsenic and phosphoric acids, and. some chlo- rine. Dana. HEED, v. t. [Sax. hedan; G. hiiten; D. hoedan; Gr. RHGEO Sp. and Port. cuidar. To mind; to regard with care; to take notice of ; to attend to ; to observe. a Species of thorny plant.) FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, HEEL HEEL! ED, pp. HEEL/ER, n HEEL/ING, ppr. HEEL/-PIECE, n. HEEL/— HEEL!— HEFT, n. HEFT’ED, a, HE-GE-MON’TE€, HE-GE- MON’I€- AL, HEG HEED, x. Care; attention. With wanton heed and giddy cunning. Milton. 2. Caution ; care; watch for danger; notice; cir- cumspection; usually preceded by take. Take heed of evil company ; take heed to your ways. Amasa Or no heed to the sword that wasin Joab’s hand. —2 Sam. 3. Notice : ; - observation $ regard ; preceded by give. The preacher gave good heed. — Eccles. xii. Neither give heed to fables. —1 Tim. i. Therefore we ought to give the more earnest heed, — Heb. ii, 4, Seriousness ; a steady look. A heed Was in his countenance. [Unusual.] HEED, v.z. To mind}; to consider. Warton. HEED/ED, pp. Noticed; observed; regarded. HEED/FUL, a. Attentive; observing; giving heed ; as, heedful of advice. Pope. 2. Watchful ; cautious ; circumspect; wary. attention ; often Shak. HEED/FUL-LY, adv. Attentively; carefully; cau- tiously. Listen heedfully to good advice. 2. Watchfully. HEED/FUL-NESS, n. Attention; caution; vigi- lance ; circumspection ; care to guard against dan- ger, or to perform duty. HEED/I-LY, adv. Cautiously; vigilantly. HEED/‘I-NESS, 2. Attention 3 caution. HEED/LESS, a. Inattentive; careless; negligent of the means of safety; thoughtless; regardless; un- observing. We say, heedless children; heedless of danger or surprise. The heedles Dict. s lover does not know W hose eyes they are that wound him so, Waller. HEED/LESS-LY, adv. Carelessly; negligently; in- attentively ; w ithout care or circumspe ction. Brown. HEED/LESS-NESS, 2. Inattention; carelessness ; “thouphtlessness + eciivencel Locke. HEEL, n. [Sax. hel, hela; D. hiel; Sw. hal; Dan. hal; L. calz. Qu. its alliance to Gr. xnAn, a tumor. } 1. The hind part of the foot, particularly of man ; but it is applied, also, to the corres sponding part of the feet of quadrupe ds. 2. The whole foot. The stag recalls his strength, his speed His Wingt d heels. ie = : Denham. 3. The hind part of a shoe, either for man or beast. 4. The part of a stocking intended fer the heel. To be out at the heels, is to have on stockings that are worn out; hence, figuratively, to be in bad con- dition. 5. Something shaped like the human heel; a pro- tuberance or knob. Mortimer. 3. The latter part ; as, a bill was introduced into the legislature at the heel of the session. 7. A spur. This horse understands the heel well. Encyc. 8. The after end of a ship’s keel; the lower end of the stem post to which it is connected ; also, the lower end of a mast. To be at the heels; to pursue closely; to follow hard ; also, to attend closely. Hungry want is at my /icels. Otway. To show the heels ; to flee ; to run from. To take to the heels; to flee; to betake to flight. To lay by the heels ; to fetter; to shackle; to con- ine. Addison. To have the heels of; to outrun. Neck and heels ; the whole length of the body. HEEL, v.% To dance. Shak. HEEL, v. t. To arma cock. Johnson. 2. 7 o add a heel to; as, to deel a shoe. -t ([Sax. hyldan, to lean or incline; D. hel- len ; Dace helder ; Sw. halla, to tilt.] To incline; to lean, as a ship ; a-port, or a-starboard. Supplied with a heel. A cock that strikes well with his heels. Supplying with a heel. Armor for the heels. Chesterfield. A piece of leather on the heel of a shoe, TAP, n. [heel and tap.] A small piece of leather for the heel of a shoe. TAP, v.t. To add a piece of leather to the heel of a shoe. (Sax. hefe, from hefan, to heave, to hft.] 1. Heaving ; effort. He cracks his gorge, his sides, With violent hefts. [Not used.] Shak, 2. Weight; ponderousness. [This use is common in popular language in America. And we sometimes hear it used as a “verb as , to heft, to lift for the pur- pose of feeling or judging of the weight. Provincial in England. See Halloway. 3. [D. heft.] A handle; a haft. as, the ship heels Encyc. 9 [Wot used. ] Waller. Heaved ; expressing agitation. Shak. a. [Gr. jyepovtKos.] With pleasure Argus the musician heeds. Dryden, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE Principal; ruling ; predominant. Fotherby. , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — addHEI HEL —— -_ - -” HE-GY/RA, n. [Ar., from y==\h hajara, to remove, to desert. ] In chronology, an epoch among the Mohammedans, from which they compute time. The event which gave rise to it was the flight of Mohammed from Mecca; from which the magistrates, fearing his im- postures might raise a sedition, expelled him, July 16, A. D. 622, under the reign of the emperor Herac- Jius, Harris. Encyc. HEIF’ER, (hefver,) x. [Sax. heafre, heahkfore, heafore. Qu. Heb. 752.) A young cow. Pope. HEIGH’-HO, (hi‘hd;) an exclamation expressing some degree of languor or uneasiness. Dryden has used it for the voice of exultation. HEIGHT, hite.) § [Sax. heahtho, heatho, hehthe, HIGHT, '{ (DIC) } " peotho, hethe, hihth, hyhthe, con- tracted or changed from heagthe, or higeth, or high- the; G. héhe, hoheit; D. hoogte, Sw. héghet, hogd; Dan. Adjde, héjhed. This word is formed from “heah, hoh, hog, now high; and, as the orthography is un- settled, [ should prefer to form it regularly from the present English word high, and write it hight, as was formerly done by distinguished writers. } 1. Elevation above the ground ; any indefinite dis- tance above the earth. The eagle flies at a great hight, or hiskth. 2. The altitude of an object; the distance which any thing rises above its foot, basis, or foundation ; as, the hight or highth of a tower or steeple. 3. Elevation of a star, or other celestial luminary, above the horizon. 4. Degree of latitude either north or south. In this application, the distance from the equator is consid- ered as elevation. Latitudes are higher as they ap- preach the pole. Johnson. Guinea lieth to the north sea, in the same Aight as Peru to the south. Abbot. 5. Distance of one thing above another. 6. An eminence ; a summit; an elevated part of any thing. 7. A hill or mountain; any elevated ground | as, the hights of Dorchester. 8. Elevation of rank; station of dignity or office. By him that raised me to this careful hight. Shak. 9. Blevation in excellence of any kind, as in pow- er, learning, arts. 10. Elevation in fame or reputation. 1]. Utmost degree in extent or violence ; as, the highth or hight of a fever, of passion, of madness, of folly, of happiness, of good-breeding. So we say, the hight of a tempest. 12. Utmost exertion. I shall now put you to the hight of your breeding. Shak. 13. Advance; degree; progress toward perfection or elevation ; speaking comparatively. Social duties are carried to a greater hight —by the principles of our religion. Addison, HETGHT!EN,} (nstrm.y {% & To raise higher; but HIGHT’EN, § ( ? not often used in this literal Seise. 2. To advance in progress toward a better state ; to improve ; to meliorate ; to increase in excellence or good qualities ; as, to lighten virtue ; to highten the beauties of description, or of poetry. 3. To aggravate ; to advance toward a worse state ; to augment in violence, - Foreign states have endeavored to highten our confusion. Addison. 4, To increase ; as, to highten our relish for intel- lectual pleasure. 5. In painting, to make prominent by touches of light or brilliant colors, as contrasted with the shad- ows. Brande. HEPGHT/EN-ED, “nuit/nd,) pp. or a. Raised higher ; HIGHT’/EN-ED, }“ 7) elevated ; exalted ; ad- vanced ; improved; aggravated ; increased, HEIGHT’ EN-ER, HIGHT’ EN-ER, ‘ ae HEIGHT! EN-ING, ) 7.4), ; ppr. ora. Raising ; HIGHT/EN-ING, § (Ditn ing;) P ievanneevexat: ing; improving ; increasing; aggravating. HEIGHT’ EN-ING, ae n. The act of ele- HIGHT’ EN-ING, (hit/n ing;) vating ; increase of excellence ; improvement. Dryden. 2. Aggravation ; augmentation. HEIN’OUS, (ha/nus,) a. ([Fr. haineux, from haine, hatred. Qu. Gr, aivus. The spelling Harnous would accord better with the etymology of this word.] Properly, hateful; odious. Hence, great; enor- mous; aggravated ; as, a heinous sin or crime. Mitford. Hatefully ; abominably ; enor- One that heightens. HEIN/OUS-LY, adv. mously. HEIN/OUS-NESS, n. Odiousness; enormity ; as, the heinousness of theft, or robbery, or of any crime. Johnson. HEIR, (are,) nm. [Norm. hier, here, Arm hear, haer; —-—<—— inherit. The primary sense is, to seize, or to rush on and take, or to expel and dispossess others, and take their property, according to the practice of rude na- tions. We observe, in the Hebrew and Ethiopic, the last consonant is a sibilant, as in the Latin nomina- tive; but the oblique cases in the Latin correspond with the Arabic word, whose final consonant is a dental. This word may be connected with the Gr. aioew, totake. See Cl Rd, No. 51, 52, 68.] 1. The man who succeeds, or is to succeed, an- other in the possession of lands, tenements, and hereditaments, by descent ; the man on whom the law casts an estate of inheritance by the death of the ancestor or former possessor; or the man in whoin the title to an estate of inheritance is vested by the operation of law, on the death of a former owner. We give the title to a person who is to inherit after the death of an ancestor, and during his life, as well as to the person who has actually come into possession. A man’s children are his heirs. I most monarchies, the king’s eldest son is heir to the throne; and a nobleman’s eldest son is /eir to his title. Lo, one born in my house is my heir, — Gen. xv. 2. One who inherits or takes from an ancestor. The son is often /eiz to the disease or to the miseries of the father. 3. One who succeeds to the estate of a former pos- sessor. Jer. xlix. Mic. 1. 4. One who is entitled to possess. In Scripture, saints are called heirs of the promise, heirs of right- eousness, heirs of salvation, &c., by virtue of the death of Christ, or of God’s gracious promises. Rom. Viii. HEIR, (are,) v.é. To inherit; to take possession of an estate of inheritance, after the death of the an- cestor. Dryden. HEIR-AP-PAR/ENT, x. The man who, during the life of his ancestor, is entitled to succeed to his es- tate or crown. HEIR/DOM, (are/dum,) n. Succession by inheritance. Burke. HEIR/ESS, (ar’ess,) n. A female heir; a female that inherits, or is entitled to inherit, an estate; an in- heritrix. HEIR’LESS, areiless,) n. Destitute of an heir. HEIR/-LOOM, (are/loom,) x. [heir and Sax. loma, gelomd, andioman, utensils, vessels. ] Any furniture, movable, or personal chattel, which by law descends to the heir with the house or free- hold, as tables, cupboards, bedsteads, &c. Eng. Law. HEIR/-PRE-SUMP’TIVE, x. One who, if the an- cestor should die immediately, would be heir, but whose right of inheritance may be defeated by any contingency, as by the birth of a nearer relative. Encyc. BEIR’SHIP, (are/ship,) x. The state, character, or privileges of an heir; right of inheriting. Johnson. Q. Heirship movables ; in Scotland, the best of cer- tain kinds of movables which the heir is entitled to take, besides the heritable estate. Encye. HELD, pret. and pp. of Horp. A court was /eld in Westminster Hall. At a council held on the first of January. HELE, v.t. [L.celo.] Tohide. [Obs.] Gower. [This is the masonic heil or hail, to conceal, which is ignorantly supposed to be hail, to salute. ] HE’LLA€, a. ([L. heliacus; Fr. heliaque; from HE-Li/A€-AL, Gr. }Acos, the sun; W. haul.] Emerging from the light of the sun, or passing into it. The heliacal rising of a star, is when, after being in conjunction with it and invisible, it emerges from the light so as to be visible in the morning be- fore sun-rising. On the contrary, the heliacal setting of a star, is when the sun approaches so near as to render it invisible by its superior splendor. Encyc. HE-LY/A€-AL-LY, adv. A star rises heliacally, when jt emerges from the sun’s light, so as to be visible. See the preceding word.] HBL/L-€AL, a. [Gr. Ack, a scroll, or spiral body.] Spiral; winding; coiled in a spiral form. Wilkins. HEL/LCITE, rn. [See Hexix.] Fossil remains of the helix, a shell, HEL/L€OID, a. [Gr. édcy, a winding, and etdos, form. } In geometry, an epithet of a curve which arises from the supposition that the axis of the common parab- ola is bent round into the periphery of a circle, and is a line then passing through the extremities of the ordinates, which now converge toward the center of the said circle. This curve is also called the para- bolic spiral. Brande. HEL/I-€0ON, n. A mountain in Beotia, in Greece, from which flowed a fountain. The Greeks placed Heb. wn), Ar. 59 warata, to become an heir, to HE-LL-O-CEN’TRIE€, HE-LLO-CEN/TRI€-AL, § HEL-IL-€0/NIJ-AN, a. Pertaining to Helicon. L. heres, heredis, from the verb, Eth. O21 waras, | HE/LING, n. (from hele, obs. ; L. eB: HEL | | | The covering of the roof of a building: written \| also Hitiuinc. [JVot used in the United States, | } )a. [Fr. heliocentrique; Gr. || HAtos, the sun, and xey- || Tnov, center. ] Heliocentric place; the position of a heavenly body, as seen from the sun. | Heliocentric longitude ; the distance of a heuvenly |} body from the vernal equinox, as seen from the sun, || and measured on the eciiptic. Heliocentric latitude; the distance of a heayenly | body from the ecliptic, as seen from the sun, dnd _| measured on a secondary to the ecliptic. Olmsted || | | HE-LI-O-GRAPH'T€, a. Pertaming to heliography. HE-LIOG’/RA-PHY, nm. [Gr. Atos and yoais7.| The art of fixing images of objects by the camera || obscura. 1 [This name is preferable to that of DacurrreEo- TYPE, Which see. ] HE-LLOL/A-TER, n. [Gr. }Acos, the sun, and Ac- Tpevw, to worship. ] A worshiper of the sun. Drummond. HE-LI-OL/A-TRY, n. ([Gr. tos, the sun, and Aaroeta, Service, worship.] The worship of the sun, a branch of Sabianism. HE-LI-OM’/E-TER, n. [Gr. Actos, the sun, and peTosw, to measure. ] A kind of micrometer for measuring with exact- ness the apparent diameter of the sun ; used also to measure any small celestial space, as the diameter of the moon, planets, &c. rande. HkE’/LI-O-SEOPE, x. [Gr. }Acros, the sun, and cxorew, to view. ] A sort of telescope fitted for viewing the sun with- out pain or injury to the eyes, as when made with colored glasses, or glasses blackened with smoke. Encye. HE’LLQ-STAT, x. [Gr. §\cos, the sun, and sazos. An instrument by which a sunbeam may be intro- duced into a dark room, and, by means of clock- work, kept steadily in. rande. H&E/LI-O-TROPE, n. [Gr. }Acos, the sun, and rpexo, to turn; tpo77, a tuming.] 1. Among the ancients, an instrument or machine for showing when the sun arrived at the tropics and the equinoctial line. Encyc. 2. The popular name of certain species of plants belonging to the genus heliotropium. 3. A mineral, a subspecies of rhombcidal quartz, of a deep-green color, peculiarly pleasant to the eye. It is usually variegated with blood-red or yellowish dots, and is more or less translucent. Before the blowpipe, it loses its color. It is generally supposed to be chalcedony, colored by green earth or chilorite. : Cleaveland. Ure. a. [helix and sphere. ] HEL-L-SPHER'TE, HEL-L-SPHER/T€-AL, Spiral. The /elispherical line is the rhomb line in navigation, so called because, on the globe, it winds round the pole spirally, coming nearer and nearer to it, but never terminating in it. Barlow. HELIX, 2.; pl. Hev/i-ces. [Gr. é\c%, a winding.] 1. A spiral line, as of wire in a coil; a circumvo- lution ; a winding, or something that is spiral; as,a winding staircase in architecture, or a caulicule or little volute under the flowers of the Corinthian cap- ital. In anatomy, the whole circuit or extent of the auricle, or external border of the ear. Brande. 2, In zodlocy, the snail-shell. HELL, n. [Sax. hell, helle; G. hélle; D. hel, helle; Sw. helvete; Dan. helvede. Qu. hole, a deep place, or from Sax. helan, to cover. ]} 1. The place or state of punishment for the wicked after death. Matt. x. Luke xii. Sin is hell begun, as religion is heaven anticipated, J. Lathrop. 9. The place of the dead, or of souls after death ; the lower regions, or the grave; called in Hebrew sheol, and by the Greeks hades. Ps. xvi. Jon. ii. 3. The pains of hell; temporal death, or agonies that dying persons feel, or which bring to the brink of the grave. Ps. Xvill. 4. The gates of hell; thé power and policy of Satan and his instruments. Matt. xvi. 5. The infernal powers. While Saul and hell crossed his strong fate in vain. Cowley. 6. The place at a running play to which are car- ried those who are caught. Sidney. 7. A place into which a tailor throws his shreds, or a printer his broken type. Hudibras. 8. A dungeon or prison. [ Obs.] 9. A gambling-house. HELL/-BEND-ER, n. A name given to the large North American salamander. HELL/-BLACK, a. Black as hell. Stak. HELL/-BORN, a. Born in hell. HELE/-BRED, a. Produced in hell. Spenser. HELL/-BREW-ED, (-brude,) a. Prepared in hell. HELL/-BROTH, 7. A composition for intere Puts here the residence of the Muses. Sw. heredero; Port. herdeiro; Fr. heritier; It. erede; TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as = TT AT ak. oses, HELL-CAT, n. A Witch; a hag. Jiddleton. in THIS a 69 on . eed Tee pitas =a RPE mmc arm IAT OT aoe it HEL Beaum. & Fi. Wilton. HELL’-GOV-ERN-ED, a. Directed by hell. Shak. HELL!-HAG, 7. A hag of hell. HELL/-HAT-ED, a. Abhorred as hell. Shak. HELL/-HAUNT-ED, a. Haunted by the devil. Dryden. SLL/-HOUND, ». A dog of hell; an agent of hell. nee : E Dryden. Milton. HELL’-KITE, 7. A kite of an infernal breeds iLO. HEL-LAN-OD/I€, n. [Gr. é\Anv and Otkn.] : In ancient Grecce, a judge of the games, exercises, or combats, who decided to which of the candidates he prizes belonged. HEL/LE-BORE, ne ct. helleborus ; Gr. thdeBopos.] The name of several plants of different genera, the most important of which are the black hellebore, Christmas rose, or Christmas flower, of the genus Helleborus, and the white hellebore, of the genus Ver- atrum. Both are acrid and poisonous, and are used in medicine as evacuants and alteratives. Cyc. HEL/LE-BO-RISM, x. A medicinal preparation of hellebore. Farrand. BL-LE/NI-AN : oy : AE SENIIC! ata. [Gr. édAnvickos, tAAnvi0s.] Pertaining to the Hellenes, or inhabitants of Greece so called from Hellas, in Greece, or from Hellen. HEL’LEN-ISM, 2. [Gr. EAAnviopos.] A phrase in the idiom, genius, or construction of the Greek language. Addison. HEL/LEN-IST, n. [Gr. éAnvisns.] 1. A Grecian Jew; a Jew who used the Greek language. Campbell. Encyc. 2. One skilled in the Greek language. HEL-LEN-IST/I€, a. Pertaining to the Hellenists. The Hellenistic language was the Greek spoken or used by the Jews who lived in Egypt and other countries, where the Greek language prevailed. Campbell. HEL-LEN-IST/I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the Hellenistic dialect. Gregory. HEL/LEN-IZE, v.i1. To use the Greek language. Hammond. HEL’LES-PONT, ». A narrow strait between Eu- rope and Asia, now called the Dardanelles; a part of the passage between the Euxine and the Egean Sea. HEL-LES-PONT/INE, a. Pertaining to the Helles- pont. Mitford. HEL/LI-ER, nr. A tiler, or slater. [See Heve.] Not in use. | HELL/ISH, a. Pertaining to hell. Sidney. 2, Like hejl in qualities; infernal; malignant; wicked ; detestable. South. HELL/ISH-LY, adv. Infernally; with extreme ma- lignity ; wickedly ; dctestably. ‘p- Barlow. HELL'ISH-NESS, n. The qualities of hell, or of its in- habitants; extreme wickedness, malignity, or im- piety. HELL/WARD, adv. Toward hell. Pope. HELL/Y, a. Having the qualities of hell. Anderson. HELM, a termination, denotes defense ; as in Sighelm, victorious defense. [See Hetmer.] . HELM,n. [Sax. helma; G. helm, a helm, and a helve; D. and Dan. helm; Sw. hielm; called, in some dia- lects, helmstock, which must be the tiller only ; prob- ably from the root of fie) 1. The instrument by which a ship is steered, con- sisting of a rudder, a tiller, and, in large vessels, a wheel. [See RuppeEr.] Mar. Dict. 2 Station of government; the place of direction Or Management ; as, to be at the helm in the admin- istration. HELM, v.t. To steer; to guide; to direct. [ Little used. | ak. 2. ‘Io cover with a hemlet. Milton. HELMET, m. [Sax. helm. See Hevm.] 1. Defensive armor for the head; a head-piece ; a morion. ‘The helmet is worn by horsemen to defend the head against the broadsword. 2. The part of a coat of arms that bears the crest. Johnson. 3. The upper part of a retort. Boyle. 4. In botany, the hooded upper-lip of some flow- ers. P. Cyc. HELM/AGE, x. Guidance. HELMED, HELM/ET-ED, a. Furnished with a helmet. HEL-MIN’THI€, a. [Gr. éAptys, a worm. | Relating to worms ; expelling worms, HEL-MIN’THI€, n. A medicine for expelling worms, Coze. HEL-MIN-THO-LOG‘I€, a. [See HetmintHo- HEL-MIN-THO-LOG/I€-AL, ocy.] Pertaining to worms or vermes, or to their history. HEL-MIN-THOL/O-GIST, n. One who is versed in the natural history of vermes or worms. HEL-MIN-THOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. é\ycvs, a worm, and Aoyos, discourse. | HELL/-€ON-FOUND/ING, a. Defeating the infernal powers. HELL’/-DOOM-ED, a. Doomed or consigned to hell. +. HEL The science or knowledge of vermes or worms; the description and natural history of vermes or worms. Ed. Encyc. HELM/LESS, a. Destitute of a hemlet. Barlow. 2. Without a helm. HELMS’MAN, x. The man at the helm. HELM/WIND, x. A wind in the mountainous parts of England, so called. Burn. HE/LOT, x. A slave in ancient Sparta. HE'LOT-ISM, n. Slavery; the condition of the He- lots, slaves in Sparta. Stephens. HE/LOT-RY, x. The collective body of the Helots. T. B. Macauley. HELP, v. t.; a regular verb; the old past tense and participle, holp and holpen, being obsolete. {W. helpu; Sax. helpan, hylpan; G. helfen; D. helpen; Sw. hielpa; Dan. hielper ; Goth. hilpan.] 1. To aid; to assist; to lend strength or means toward effecting a purpose; as, to help a man in his work ; to help another in raising a building ; to help one to pay his debts ; to help the memory, or the un- derstanding. 2. To assist; to succor; to lend means of deliver- ance ; as, to help one in distress ; to help one out of prison. 3. To relieve; to cure, or to mitigate pain or dis- ease, Help and ease them, but by no means bemoan them. Locke. The true calamus helps a couch. Gerard. Sometimes with of; as, to help one of blindness. Shak. 4. To remedy ; to change for the better. Cease to lament for what thou canst not help. Shak. 9°. To prevent ; to hinder. and who can help it ? 6. To forbear ; to avoid. The evil approaches, Ican not help remarking the resemblance between him and our author, Pope. 0 help forward ; to advance by assistance. To help on ; to forward ; to promote by aid. To help out : to aid in delivering from difficulty, or to aid in completing a design. The god of learning and of light Would want a god himself to help him out. Swift. To help over ; to enable to surmount; as, to help one over a difficulty. To help off ; to remove by help; as, to help off time. [ Unusual. ] Locke. To help to; to supply with ; to furnish with. Whom they would help to a kingdom. —1 Maccabees. Also, to present to at table; as, to help one toa glass of wine. HELP, v. 7. To lend aid; to contribute strength or means. A generous present helps to persuade, as well as an agrecable person. Garth. 'o help out; to lend aid ; to bring a supply. HELP, x. [W. help.] 1. Aid ; assistance ; strength or means furnished toward promoting an object, or deliverance from dif- ficulty or distress. Give us help from trouble ; for vain is the help of man. — Pa. Ix. 2. That which gives assistance ; he or that which contributes to advance a purpose. Virtue is a friend and a help to nature. South, God is a very present /elp in time of trouble. — Ps. xlvi. 3. Remedy ; relief. The evil is done; there is no help for it. There is no help for the man; his disease is incurable. 4. Ahired man or woman; a servant. United States. HELP’ED, (helpt,) pp. Aided; assisted ; relieved. HELP/ER,n. One that helps, aids, or assists; an as- sistant; an auxiliary. 2. One that furnishes or administers a remedy. More. 3. One that supplies with any thing wanted; with to. Compassion — is oftentimes a helper of evils. A helper to a husband. Shak. 4. A supernumerary servant. Swift. HELP/FUL, a. That gives aid or assistance; that furnishes means of promoting an object; useful. 2. Wholesome; salutary ; as, helpful medicines. Ralegh. HELP/FUL-NESS, n. Assistance; usefulness. Milton. HELP!ING, ppr. or a. Assisting; aiding ; support- ing. HELP’/LESS, a. Without help in one’s self; desti- tute of the power or means to succor or relieve one’s Self. A person is rendered helpless by weakness, or want of means, An infant is helpless. 2. Destitute of support or assistance. How shall I then your helpless fame defend? Pope. 3. Admitting no help; irremediable. [Wot used. | 4. Unsupplied ; destitute. [ Spenser. Helpless of all that human wants require. [Not used.] Dryden. HELP/LESS-LY, adv. Without succor. Kid. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MiTE, PREY HEM inability ; want of means in one’s self to obtain relief in trouble, or to accomplish one’s purposes or desires. It is the tendency of sickness to reduce our extravagant self estimation, by exhibiting our solitary helplessness. Buckminster. HELP/MATE,) n. An assistant; a helper; a com- HELP/MEET, panion. HEL/TER-SKEL/TER; cant words denoting hurry and confusion. [Vulgar.] Qu. L. hilariter and celeriter, or Ch. ¥5n, Ar. bh ~ to mix. HELVE, (helv,)n. [Sax. helf; G. helm, a helve and a helm; probably from the root of hold.] The handle of an ax or hatchet. Johnson. HELVE, (helv,) v. t To furnish with a helve, as HELV/ED, pp. Fitted with a helve. [an ax. HEL-VET'TE€, a. [Saxe Hefelden, the Helvetil. Qu. hill-men, or high hill-men. Pertaining to the Helvetii, the inhabitants of the Alps, now Switzerland, or to the modern states and inhabitants of the Alpine regions; as, the Helvetic confederacy ; Helvetic states. HEL/VIN, x. [from Gr #Acos, the sun ] A mineral, of a yellowish color, occurring in regu- lar tetrahedrons, with truncated angles. Cleaveland. HELV/ING, ppr. Furnishing with a helve, as an ax. HEM ; an exclamation whose utterance is a sort of voluntary half cough, loud or subdued, as the emo- tion may suggest. Smart, HEM,n. [Sax. hem; W. hem; Russ. kaima.] J. The border of a garment, doubled and sewed to strengthen it and prevent the raveling of the threads. 2. Edge; border. Matt. ix. 3. A particular sound of the human voice, ex- pressed by the word hem. HEM, v. t. To form ahem or border; to fold and sew down the edge of cloth to strengthen it. 2. To border; to edge. All the skirt about Was hemmed with golden fringe. Spenser. To hem in; to inclose and confine; to surround ; to environ. The troops were hemmed in by the ene- my. Sometimes, perhaps, to hem about or round may be used in a like sense. HEM, v.72. [D. hemmen.] To make the sound expressed by the word hem. HEM/A-€HATE, n ([Gr. aipa, blood, aud axarns, agate. | A species of agate, of a blood color. HEM-A-DYN-A-MOM’E-TER, n. and dynamometer, which see. | A contrivance for ascertaining the pressure of the blood in the arteries. HEM-E-STAT/I€-AL, a. OTATtKOS.] Relating to the weight of the blood. HEM/A-TIN, x. [Gr. aiva, blood.) The coloring principle of logwood, of a red color and bitterish taste. hevreul. HEM/A-TITE, xn. [Gr. alparizys, from aipa, blood.) Red hematite 13 a variety of the specular ore of iron. Brown hematite, the hydrated oxyd of iron. The name hematite is now mostly restricted to the Jatter ore. The word alludes to the red or brownish- red color of the mineral when rubbed or powdered. Both of these ores are used extensively in the man- ufacture of iron. Dana. HEM-A-TIT’I€, a. Pertaining to hematite, or resem- bling it; composed of or containing hematite. HEM/A-TO-CELE, n. [Gr. aiva, blood, and «nd7,a tumor. } A tumor filled with blood. HEM-A TO/’SIN, n. One of the proximate principles of the blood, containing its red coloring-matter. HEM-A-TO/SIS, n. A morbid quantity of blood. HEM-E-RO-BAP’TIST, n. [Gr. jjyepa, day, and Bazrw, to wash.] ° One of a sect among the Jews, who bathed every day. Fulke. HEM/I, in composition, from the Gr. Sputovs, signifies half, like demi and semi. HEM/I-ORA-NY, n. [Gr. jucovs, half, and xpaviov, the skull. ] A pain that affects only one side of the head. HEM/I-CY-€LE, (-si-kl,) x. [Gr. jpucxv«dus.] A half circle ; more generally called a semicircle. HEM-I-DI/TONE, n. In Greek music, the lesser third. See Demi-DiToneE. ] Busby. HEM-I-HE/DRAL, «a. ([Gr. fyicv, half, and {dpa, face. ] In mineralogy, a term applied to a crystal with half of the similar edges or angles similarly replaced. and. HEM/I-NA, x. [L.] In Roman antiquity, a measure containing half a sextary, and according to Arbuth- not, about half a pint English wine-measure. Encyc. 2. In medicine, a measure equal to about ten ounces, Quincy. HEM-L-PLE/GLA,) n. [Gr. fyctovs, half,and sAnyn, HEM/I-PLE-GY, a stroke, from mdAzjccw, to Encyc. [Gr. aia, blood, (Gr. aia, blood, and HELP’/LESS-NESS, n. Want of strength or ability ; 046 strike. ] -—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —HEN HEP HER ' A palsy that affects one half of the body ; a par- alytic affection on one side of the human frame. Encyc. HEM-I-PRIS-MAT'I€, a. Half prismatic. HE-MIP’/TER, n. [Gr. pcous, half, and HE-MIP/TER-A, n. pl.§ mz7epov, a wing.] Terms applied to insects with the upper wings, or wing-covers, usually half coriaceous and half mem- pranaceous, and incumbent on each other; as the timex. HE-MIP/TER-AL, a. Having the upper wings HE-MIP’/TER-OUS, half coriaceous and half mem- branaceous. HEM/LSPHERE, x. [Gr. jutodarptor.] 1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided by a plane passing through its center. Particularly, one half the mundane sphere. The equator divides the sphere into two equal parts. That on the north is called the northern hemisphere ; the other, the southern. So the horizon divides the sphere into the upper and lower hemispheres. Hemi- sphere is also used for a map or projection of half the terrestrial or celestial sphere, and is then often called planisphere. 2. A map or projection of half the terrestrial globe. HEM-I-SPHER/I€, a. Containing half a sphere HEM-I-SPHER/T€-AL, or globe ; as, a hemispheric figure or form ; a hemispherical body. HEM-I-SPHER/ULE, 7. A half spherule. HEM /IS-TI€H, (hem/e-stik,) n. [Gr. jpcorexcov.] Half a poetic verse, or a verse not completed. Dryden. Encye. HE-MIS/TI€H-AL, (he-mis‘tik-al,) a. Pertaining to a hemistich; denoting a division of the verse. HEM‘'I-TONE, n. [Gr. jpcrovtor.| [ Warton. A half tone in music; now called a Semirone. HEM/I-TROPE, a. [Gr. Apcovs, half, and rpory, a turning. ] Half turned ; a hemitrope crystal is one in which one segment is turned through half the circumference of a circle. The word is used also as a noun. Hatiy. HEM/LOCK, n. ([Sax. hemleac; the latter syllable is the same as leek. Qu. is it nota border-plant, a plant growing in hedges? ] 1. A plant of the genus Conium, whose leaves and root are poisonous. [See, also, Watrer-Hemvock.] 2, A North American tree, of the genus Abies or Fir, an evergreen. 3. A poison, an infusion or decoction of the poi- sonous plant. [See Crcura.] Popular liberty mizht then have escaped the indelible reproach of decreeing to the same citizens the hemlock on one day, and statues on the next. Federalist, Madison. HEM/MED, pp. or a. Bordered ; edged; folded and sewed down at the edge. HEM’MEL, x. [Dan. hemmelig, close. A shed or hove] for cattle. Locat HEM’MING, ppr. Bordering; folding and sewing down at the edge of the cloth. HE-MOP’TY-SIS,) n. [Gr. afua, blood, and zrvocs, HE-MOP’TO-E, a spitting. | A spitting of blood. HEM’/OR-RHAGE, n. and pnyvvw, to burst.] Any discharge of blood from vessels destined to contain it. The ancients confined the word to a discharge of blood from the nose; but in modern use, it 1s applied to a flux from the nose, lungs, in- testines, &c. Encyc. HEM-OR-RHAG/IE€, (-raj/ik,) a. Pertaining to a flux of blood ; consisting in hemorrhage. HEM-OR-RHOID/AL, a. Pertaining to the hemor- rhoids ; as, the hemorrhoidal vessels. 2. Consisting in a flux of blood from the vessels of the anus. HEM/OR-RHOIDS, nx. and vos, a flowing. } - A discharge of blood from the vessels of the anus ; the piles; in Scripture, emerods The term is also applied to tumors formed by a morbid dilatation Ui the hemorrhoidal veins. When they do not discharge blood, they are called blind piles ; when they occasionally emit blood, bleeding or open piles. Cyc. Parr. HEMP,x7. [Sax. henep; G. hanf; D. hennep or kennip ; Sw. hampa; Dan. hamp; Fr. chanvre; Arm. canab ; Ir. cannaib, cnaib; lL. cannabis; Gr. kavvaBis; Sp. caramo; It. canapa; Russ.konopel. It isfound in the Arabic. See Class Nb, No. 20, 26.] 1. A fibrous plant, of the genus Cannabis, whose skin or bark is used for cloth and cordage, Hence, canvas, the coarse, strong cloth used for sails. 2. The skin or rindof the plant, prepared for spin- ning. Large quantities of emp are exported from Russia. HEMP-AG/RI-MO-NY, nz. patorium. HEMP/EN, (hemp/n,) a. Made of hemp; as, a hempen [Gr. aiuoppayia; aipna, blood, [Gr. aipopfors; ata, blood, A plant, a species of Bu- cord HEMP’/-NET-TLE, x. An annual plant of the genus Galeopsis, whose flower has a grotesque figure. Loudon. HEMP’Y, ua. Like hemp. [Unusual.] Howell. héna; Dan. héne. In Goth. hana, Sax. han, hana, is a cock; G. hahn; D. haan. In Sw. and Dan. hanes a cock, the male of a fowl, and han is he, the per- sonal pronoun.] The female of any kind of fowl; but it is particu- larly applied to the female of the domestic fowl of the gallinaceous Kind, or, as sometimes called, the barn-door fow.. HEN/BANE, 7. [hen and bane.] A plant of the ge- nus Hyoscyamus, of several species. The roots, leaves, and seeds, are poisonous. Encyc. HEN’BIT, nz. A name common to several plants; also called DEap-NETTLE, or SPEEDWELL, Which see. HEN/’-€OOP, 2. A coop or cage for fowls. HEN’-DRIV’/ER, n. A kind of hawk. alton. HEN’-HARM, nm. A species of buzzard, Falco HEN/-HAR-RI-ER, ganeus of Linneus. It de- rives its English name from its persecutions in the poultry yard. Edin. Encyce. HEN/-HEART-ED, a. Cowardly: timid; dastardly. HEN/’-HOUSE, x. A house or shelter for fowls. HEN’-PECK-ED, (-pekt,) a. Governed by the wife. HEN/-ROOST, n. A place where poultry rest at night. Addison. HENS/FEET, 7. A plant, hedge fumitory. Jo/nson. HENCE, (hens,) adv. [Sax. heona; Scot. hyne; G. hin.) 1, From this place. Arise, let us go hence. — John xiv. I will send thee far hence to the Gentiles. — Acts xxi. 2. From this time; in the future; as, a week hence ; a year hence. 3. From this cause or reason, noting a consequence, inference, or deduction from something just before stated. Hence, perhaps, it is, that Solomon calls the fear of the Lord the beginning of wisdom. Tulotson. It sometimes denotes an inference, or consequence, resulting from something that follows. Whence come wars and fightings among you? hence, even from your lusts? — James iv. 4, From this source, or original. All other faces borrowed hence. Suckling. Hence signifies from this, and from, before hence, is not strictly correct. But from hence is so well estab- lished by custom, that it may not be practicable to correct the use of the phrase. Hence is used elliptically and imperatively, for go hence ; depart hence; away; begone. Hence with your little ones. Shak. Hence, as a verb, to send off, as used by Sidney, is improper. HENCE-FORTH’, (hens-forth’,)adv. forward. I never from thy side henceforth will stray. Milton. HENCE-FOR'’WARD, (hens-for’ward), adv. From this time forward; henceforth. Shak. Dryden. HENCH’/MAN )n. [Sax. hinc, a servant. ] HENCH’BOY, A page; a servant. [ Obs.] Shak, Dryden Come they not From this time HEND, ) v. t. [Sax. hentan.] HENT, To seize; to lay hold on ; tooccupy. | Shak The preterit of Henp is also Hent. Shak. HEND, or HEND/Y,a. Gentle. [Obs.] Chaucer. HEN-DE€/A-GON, n. ([Gr. évdexa, eleven, and ywvia, an angle. ] In geometry, a plane figure of eleven sides and as many angles. Encyc. HEN-DE€-A:SYL-LAB/I€, a. Pertaining to a line of eleven syllables. HEN-DE€-A-SYL/LA-BLE, n. ([Gr. évdexa and cvA\Aaf7-] A metrical line of eleven syllables, Warton. HEN-D?'A-DYS, x. by two.] In grammar, a figure in which the same idea is presented by two words or plirases. HEN/NA, 2. [Arabic.] A deciduous, tropical tree, or shrub, of the genus Lawsonia. Also, a paste made of its pounded leaves, and much used by the Egyp- tians and Asiatics for dyeing their nails, &c., of an orange hue. It is also used by the men for dyeing their beards, the orange color being after- ward changed to a deep black, by the application of [L., from Gr. éy dia dvoty, one indigo. Loudon. Partington. P. Cye. HEP, x. The fruit of the wild dog-rose. [See Hrr.] HE/PAR, zn. [L. hepar, the liver; Gr. hay | A combination of sulphur with an alkali, or rather with the metallic base of an alkali, was formerly called by chemists hepar sulphuris, liver of sulphur, from its brown-red color. ‘The term has been applied to all combinations of alkali, or earth, with sulphur, or phosphorus. Nicholson. The hepars are, by modern chemists, called sulphu- rets. Fourcroy. HE-PAT'TIE, a. [L. hepaticus; Gr ijmarckos, HE-PAT/I€-AL, from {7ap, the liver.] Pertaining to the liver; as, hepatic gall; hepatic pain ; hepatic artery ; hepatic flux. Quincy. Arbuthnot. Hepatic air, or gas, is a fetid vapor, or elastic fluid, emitted from combinations of sulphur with alkalies, HEP’A-TITE, 7x. HEP-A-TI-Za/TION, zx. er. HEP!’ A-TIZE, v. t. This species of air is now called sulphureted Iry- drogen gas. ourcroy. Hepatic mercurial ore, or hepatic cinnabar. See CINNABAR. A gem, or mineral, that takes its name from the liver. Plin. J. 37, 11. Hepatite is aname given to the fetid sulphate of baryta. It sometimes occurs in globular masses, and is either compact, or of a foliated structure. By friction, or the application of heat, it exhales a fet- id odor, like that of sulphureted hydrogen. Cleaveland. The act of impregnating with sulphureted hydrogen gas. 2. Conversion into a substance resembling the liv- Dunglison. To impregnate with sulphureted ee een hydrogen gas. 2. To fill with blood oy plastic matter. Dunglison. HEP! A-TIZ-ED, pp. or a. Impregnated or combined with sulphureted hydrogen gas; gorged with blood, or plastic matter. On the right of the river were two wells of hepatized water. Barrow. HEP-A-TOS/€0-PY, n. [Gr. zap, the liver, and cKo7ew, to view. |] The art or practice of divination by inspecting the liver of animals. Encyc. HEP’PEN, a. [Sax. heplic.] Neat; fit; comfortable. Grose. HEP/TA €HORD, (-kord,)n. [Gr. émra, seven, and xoo0dn, chord. | A system of seven sounds. In ancient poetry, verses sung or played on seven chords or different notes. In this sense the word was applied to the lyre, when it had but seven strings. One of the in- tervals is also called a heptachord, as containing the same number of degrees between the extremes. Encyc. HEP’TADE, x. The sum or number of seven. HEP’/TA-GLOT, n. [Gr. Exra, seven, and yAwrra, language. ] A book of seven languages. HEP’/TA-GON, n. [Gr. txra, seven, and ywyta, an angle. } In geometry, a pjane figure consisting of seven sides and as many angles. In fortification, a place that has seven bastions for defense. Encyc. HEP-TAG/ON-AL, a. Having seven angles or sides. Heptagonal numbers ; in arithmetic, a sort of polygonal numbers, wherein the difference of the terms of the corresponding arithmetical progression is 5. One of the properties of these numbers is, that if they are multiplied by 40, and 9 is added to the product, the sum will be a square number. Brande. HEP-TA-GYN/I-A, 2. [Gr. ézra, seven, and yuvy, a female. ] In botany, an order of plants having seven styles. Linneits. HEP-TA-GYN’LAN, ) a. In botany, having seven HEP-TAG/YN-OUS, § _ styles. HEP-TA-HB&/DRON, z. A solid figure with seven sides. HEP-TA-HEX-A-HE’DRAL, a. ([Gr. éxra, seven, and hexahedral. ] Presenting seven ranges of faces one above an- other, each range containing six faces. Cleaveland. HEP-TAM/E-REDE, n. [Gr. éxra, seven, and pepis, part. Tint which divides into seven parts. 4. Smith. HEP-TAN’DRLA, x. [Gr. éxra, seven, and ayyp,a male. ] ; In botany, a class of plants having seven stamens. Linneus. THP_TAWN/ 3) : SEER OR GTICG a. Having seven stamens. HEP-TAN/'GU-LAR, a, [Gr. tra, seven, and angu- lar. | f Having seven angles. HEP-TAPH'YL-LOUS, a. @vAAov, a leaf.) Having seven leaves. HEP-TAREHI€, a. Denoting a sevenfold govern- [Gr. érra, seven, and ment. Warton. HEP/TAREH-IST, ) x. A ruler of one division of a HEP/TAREH, heptarchy. Warton. HEP’TAREH-Y, x. [Gr. érra, seven, and ap xn, rule.] A government by seven persons, or the country governed by seven persons. But the word is usually seven kings, or divided into seven kingdoms ; as, the Saxon heptarchy, which comprehended the whole otf Sngland, when subject to seven independent princes. These-petty kingdoms were those of Kent, the South Saxons, [Sussex,] West Saxons, East Saxons, [ Bs- sex,] the East Angles, Mercia, and Northumberland. Hist. of England. HEP/TA-TEUEH, (-tiike,) ». [Gr. era, seven, and TEvxos, book. } : : The first seven books of the Old Testament. — HEP/-TREB, n. The wild dog-rose, a species of Ro- sa, the Rosa canina. HIEN, n. [Sax. hen, henne; G. henne; D. hen; Sw. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VICIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; earths, and metals. Nicholson, Encyc. HER, (hur ;) an adjective, ot pronominal adjective, FH as in THIS 547 applied to England, when under the government of | wise ———— \ - age ye a . oe : taniheresees Seaegis SRST ee es HER HER | HER | of the third person. possessive case of ke, heo ; but more properly, an ad jective, like the L. suzs.] { 1. Belonging to a female ; as, her face; her head. | H ER-BA/REUM, n. 5 pl. Herrariums. A collection of 9, It is used before neuter nouns in personifica- plants carefully dried and preserved. Med. Repos. tion 2. A book or other contrivance for thus preserving ae SRB/A-RIZE. See Hervorize. [plants, | r , ays of pleasantness, and all Aer paths are | HERB’ A-RIZE, ae p eee eso eae : 3 HERB/A-RY, n. A garden of plants. Warton. } : : aR a vg s1): ; Her ig also used as a pronoun, or substitute for a} HERB/E-LET, ». A small herb. Shake female. in the objective case, after a verb or prepo- HERB’ER, x. Formerly, an arbor. [See Hersary.] See erate on HERB-ES/CENT, a, [L. herbescens. Hers is primarily the objective or genitive case, de- noting something that belongs toa female. But it stands as a substitute in the nominative or objective sition. : She gave also to her husband with her, and he did eat. — Gen. | ill. Dryden. Here hers stands for her fortune ; but it must be con- I will take Here /iers is sidered as the nominative to could mend. back my own book, and give you hers. the object after give. HER/ALD, x. [Fr. heraut, for herault; Arm. herald, or harod; Sp. heraldo; Port. arauto; It. araldo; G. he- rola; W. herodyr, embassador and herald, from he- | rawd, a defiance or challenge, heriaw, to brandish, to threaten, from hér,a push, a motion of defiance, a challenge. The primary sense is, to send, thrust, or drive. ] ’ 1. An officer whose business was to denounce or | proclaiin war, to challenge to battle, to proclaim case. | And what his fortune wanted, hers could mend. | i peace, and to bear messages from the commander of an army. Hence, 2. A proclaimer ; a publisher; as, the herald of an- other’s fame. 3. A forerunner ; a precursor ; 2 harbinger. It was the lark, the herald of the morn. Shak, | | 4, An officer in Great Britain, whose business is to marshal, order, and conduct, royal cavalcades, cer- emonies at coronations, royal marriages, installations, | creations of dukes and other nobles, embassies, fu- i | neral processions, declarations of war, proclamations | of peace, &c.; also, to record and blazon the arms | of the nobility and gentry, and to regulate abuses j therein. Encyc. 3. Formerly applied, by the French, to a minstrel. | HER’ALD, v. t. To introduce, as by a herald. Shak. | HER/ALD-ED, pp. Introduced, as by a herald. | HER-AL/DI€, a, Pertaining to heralds or heraldry ; |} as, heraldic delineations. HER-AI/DI€-AL-LY, ado. HER/ALD-ING, ppr. HER’/ALD-RY, nz. Warton. In a heraldic manner. Introducing, as by a herald. The art or office of a herald. Her- || aldry is the art, practice, or science, of recording gen- } ealogies, and blazoning arms or ensigns armorial. It also teaches whatever relates to the marshaling of cavalcades, processions, and other public ceremonies. Encyc. HER’ALD-SHIP, n. The office of a herald. Selden. HERB, (erb,) n. [l. herba; Fr. herbe; It. erba; Sp. yerba; Port. erva. Qu. Ir. forba, glebe, that is, food, pasture, subsistence ; Gr. dicpBw.] 1. A plant or vegetable with a soft or succulent stalk or stem, which dies to the root every year, and is thus distinguished from a tree and a shrub, which have ligneous, or hard, woody stems. Mune. Martyn. 2. In thé Linnean hotany, that part of a vegetable which springs from the root and is terminated by the fructification, including the stem or stalk, the leaves, the fulera or props, and the hibernacle. Milne. Martyn. The word herb comprehends all the grasses, and numerous plants used for culinary purposes. HERB-CHRIST’O-PHER, 7. An herb, Actea spicata, whose root is used in nervous diseases. Purtington. HERB-ROB‘/ERT, n. A plant, a species of Gera- nium. HER-BA’/CEOUS, (her-ba/shus,) a. [L. herbaceus.] Pertaining to herbs; having the nature of an herb. Herbaceous plants are such as perish annually down to the root; soft, succulent vegetables. So, a herba- ceous stem is one which is soft, not woody. Herba- ceous, applied to animals by ‘Derham, is not author- ized. [See Herpivorors. ] HERB/AGE, (erb’aj or herb/aj,) n. [F'r., from herbe.] 1. Herbs collectively ; grass; pasture; green food for beasts. The influence of true religion is mild, soft, and noiseless, and constant as the descent of the evening dew on the tender rbage. Buckminster. 2. In law, theibetty or right of pasture in the for- est or grounds of another man. Encye. HERB/AG-ED, a. Covered with grass. Thorason. HERB/AL, (herb/al,) n. A book that contains the names and descriptions of plants, or the classes, gen- era, species, and qualities of vegetables. Bacon. 2. A hortus siccus, or dry-garden; a collection of specimens of plants, dried and preserved. © Encye. HERB/AL, a. Pertaining to herbs. HERB’AL-IST, n. A person skilled in plants; one [Sax. /ure, sing., ieoru, pl., the HERB/AR, rn. Anherb. [ Obs.] -| HERB/AR-IST, m A herbalist. Spenser. [Little used. | Derham. Boyle. Growing into herbs. HERB'ID, a ([L. heresies Covered with herbs. _[ Little used.] HERB-I[F’ER-OUS, a. Bearing herbs. | HERB/IST, n. One skilled in herbs. HERB-[V’/O-RA, xn. pl. In science, animals subsisting on herbs or vegetables. HERB-IV/O-ROUS, a. [L. herba and voro, to eat.] Eating herbs ; subsisting on herbaceous plants ; feeding on vegetables. The ox and the horse are herbivorous animals. HERB/LESS, (erb-) a. Destitute of herbs. HERB’O-RIST. See Herparist. Ray. HERB-O-RI-ZA'/TION, (herb-) x. [from herborize.] The act of seeking plants in the field; botanical re- search. 2. The figure of plants in mineral substances. [See ARBORIZATION. Dict. Nat. Hist. HERB/O-RIZE, v.t. Tosearch for plants, or to seek new species of plants, with a view to ascertain their characters, and to class them. Warton. He herborized as he traveled, and enriched the Flora Succica : Tool with new discoveries. ooke, HERB/O-RIZE, v. t. To figure; to form the figures of plants in minerals. [See Arsonize.] Fourcroy. HERB'O-RIZ-ED, pp. ora. Figured; containing the figure of a plant ; as a mineral body. Daubenton has shown that herbortzed stones contain very fine mosses. *OUTCTOY,. HERB/O-RIZ-ING, ppr. Searching for plants. 2. Forming the figures of plants in minerals. HER’/BOR-OUGH, (her'bur-ro,) 2. [Ger. herberg.] Place of temporary residence, especially for troops. B, Jonson. HERB/OUS, a. [L. herbosus.] Abounding with herbs. HERB/-WOM-AN, x. A woman that sells herbs. HERB/Y, a. Having the nature of herbs, [Little used.] Bacon. HER-€0/LE-AN, a. See CLus oF HERCULES. | 1. Very great, difficult, or dangerous; such as it would require the strength or courage of Hercules to encounter or accomplish; as, Herculean labor or task, 2. Having extraordinary strength and size ; as, Her- culean limbs. 3. Of extraordinary strength, force, or power. HER/€U-LES, x. A hero of antiquity, celebrated for his strength. 2. A constellation in the northern hemisphere, near Lyra. aCe, HER-CYN’I-AN, a. [from Hercynia; G. horz, resin.] Denoting an extensive forest in Germany, the re- mains of which are now in Swabia. HERD, 2. [Sax. herd, heord; G. herde; Sw. and Dan. hiord; Basque, ardi. Words of this kind have for their primary sense, coection, assemblage. So in Saxon, here is an army. It may be from driving, W. gyr, or hér.] 1, A collection or assemblage; applied to beasts when feeding or driven together. We say, a herd of horses, oxen, cattle, camels, elephants, bucks, harts, and, in Scripture, a herd of swine. But we say, a flock of sheep, goats, or birds A number of cattle going to market is called a drove. 2. A company of men or people, in contempt or detestation ; a crowd; arabble; as, a vulgar herd, HERD, xn. [Sax. hyrd; G. hirt; Sw. herde; Dan. hyrde, or hyre; from the same root as the preceding, that is, the holder or keeper. A keeper of cattle ; used by Spenser, and still used in Scotland, but in English now seldom or never used, except in composition ; as, a shepherd, a goatherd, a swincherd, HERD, v.i. To unite or associate, as beasts; to feed or run in collections. Most kinds of beasts manifest a disposition to herd. 2. Jo associate; to unite in companies customa- rily. 3. To associate ; to become one of a number or party. Walsh. WERD, v.t. To form or put into a herd. B. Jonson. HERD'ER, x. A herdsman. HER'DER-ITE, n. [from Herder, who discovered it.] A mineral which occurs in Saxony, in crystals im- [from Hercules. bedded in fluor. rande, HERD’/ESS, ». A shepherdess. [Obs. | Chaucer. HERD'GROOM, x. A keeper of a herd. [Obs.] Spenser. HERD/ING, ppr. Associating in companies. who makes collections of plants. Pee. 548 HER/E-MIT, n. HER-E-MIT’I€-AL, a. HER/E-SI-AR€H or HE-RE/SI-ARE€H, n. HER/E-SI-AR€H-Y, n. HER-E-S1-OG/RA-PHER, n. [Gr. aipects and ypago.} which are highly esteemed for hay, particularly Tim- othy, (Phleum pratense,) Fox Tail, (Alopecurus pra- tensts,) and Red Top, (Agrostis vulcaris.) HERDS'MAN, n. A keeper of herds ; one employed in tending herds of cattle. 2. Formerly, the owner of a herd. [ Formerly spelt HeRDMAN.] Sidney. HERE, adv. [Goth. her; Sax, her; G. and D. hier ; Sw. har; Dan, her. It denotes, this place. ] 1. In this place ; in the place where the speaker is present ; opposed to there. Behold, heream I. Lodge here this night. Build here seven altars, Scripture. 2. In the present life or state. Thus shall you be happy here, and more happy hereafter. acon, 3. It is used in making an offer or attempt. Then here’s for earnest. Dryden. 4. In drinking health. Here’s to thee, Dick. Cowley. Itis neither here nor there; it is neither in this place nor in that; neither in one place nor in another, Here and there ; 1n one place and another; in a dis- persed manner or condition ; thinly ; or irregularly. H@RE/A-BOUT, ) [comp., kere and about.) About HERE/A-BOUTS, } _ this place. Addison. HERE-AFT’ER, [comp. kere and after.] In time to come ; in some future time. 2. In a future state. HERE-AF'T’ER, nm. A future state. "Tis Heayen itself that points outa hereafter. Addison, HERE-AT’, [comp. here and at.] At this. He was offended hercat, that is, at this saying, this fact, &c. HERE-BY’, [comp. here and by.] By this. Hereby we became acquainted with the nature of things. Watts. HERE-IN’, [comp. here and in.] In this. Herein is my Father glorified, that ye bear much fruit.— John XV. HERE-IN/TO, [comp. here and into.] Into this. Hooker. HERE-OF’, (heer-oft’,) [comp. here and of.] Of this; from this. Hereof comes it that Prince Harry is valiant. Shak. HERE-ON’, [comp. here and on.] On this. Brown. HERE-OUT’, [comp. here and out.] Out of this place. s Spenser. HERE-TO’ ) [comp. here and unto or to.] ‘To this. HERE-UN-TO’,' Hooker. HERE-TO-FORE’, [comp. here and tofore.] In times before the present; formerly. Sidney. HERE-UP-ON’, [comp. here and upon.] On this. HERE-WITH’, (comp. here and with.) With this. Most of the compounds, of here and a preposition, are obsolete or obsolescent, or at least are deemed inelegant. But hercafter and heretofore are in elegant use. Herein and jiereby are frequently used in the present version of the Scriptures, and ought not, per- haps, to be discarded. Indeed, some of these words seem to be almost indispensable in technical law language. HE-RED'IT-A-BLE, a. [from the root of heir; L. he- reiitas. | That may be inherited. [JVot much used.) [See In- HERITABLE. | Locke. HE-RED'iT-A-BLY, adv. By inheritance ; by right of descent. The one-house-owners belong hereditably to no private persons, Tooke, Russ. Enciye. HER-E-DIT/A-MENT, n. [L. heres, heredium. See Herr. ] Any species of property that may be inherited ; lands, tenements, any thing corporeal or incorporeal, real, personal, or mixed, that may descend to an heir. Blackstone. A corporeal hereditament is visible and tangible; an icorporeal hereditament is an ideal right, existing in contemplation of law, issuing out of substantial corporeal property. HE-RED/IT-A-RLLY, adv. scent from an ancestor. HE-RED/IT-A-RY, a. See Herr. ] 1. That has descended from an ancestor. possession of a large hereditary estate. 2. That may descend from an ancestor to an heir; | descendible to an heir at law. The crown of Great | Britain is hereditary. 3. That is or may be transmitted from a parent to a child ; as, hereditary pride ; hereditary bravery ; he- reditary disease. By inheritance; by de- Pope. [F'r. hereditaire ; It. ereditario He is in A hermit. [ Obds.] Bp. Hall. [See Hermit. It should rather be written Hermiticau.] Solitary; secluded | from society. Pope. [Gr. aipe- ais, heresy, and apxos, chief.] A leader in heresy ; the chief of a sect of heretics. Stillingfleet. Chief heresy. HERDS/-GRASS, n. A name given to various grasses FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— One who writes on heresies. —_—-~ — sh ee le a ItHER HER HER HER-E-SLOG/RA-PHY, 7. A treatise on heresy. HER/E-SY, n. [Gr. atocors, from aipew, to take, to hold ; L. heresis; Fr. heresve.] 1. A fundamental error in religion, or an error of opinion respecting some fundamental doctrine of re- ligion. But in countries where there is an established church, an opinion is deemed heresy when it differs from that of the church. The Scriptures being the standard of faith, any opinion that is repugnant to its doctrines is heresy ; but as men differ in the inter- pretation of Scripture, an opinion deemed heretical by one body of Christians may be deemed orthodox by another. In Scripture and primitive usage, heresy meant merely sect, party, or the doctrines of a Sect, as we now use denomination or persuasion, implying no reproach. 2. Heresy, in law, is an offense against Christiani- ty, consisting in a denial of some of its essential doctrines, publicly avowed, and obstinately main- tained. lackstone. 3. An untenable or unsound opinion or doctrine in politics. Swift. HER’E-TI€, n. [Gr. alperixos; It. eretico; Fr. here tique. | : 1. A person under any religion, but particularly the Christian, who holds and teaches opinions repug- nant to the established faith, or that which is made the standard of orthodoxy. In strictness, among Christians, a person who holds and avows religious opinions contrary to the doctrines of Scripture, the only rule of faith and practice. 2. Any one who maintains erroneous opinions. Shak. HE-RET/I€-AL, a. Containing heresy ; contrary to the established faith, or to the true faith. HE-RET/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a heretical with heresy. HE-RET/I€-aTE, v. t. To decide to be heresy. HER/E-TOG, n. (Sax. herctoga, here, an army, and HER/E-TO€H, teoche, a leader, from teogan, teon, to lead, L. duco, dux, Eng. to tug.) Among our Saxon ancestors, the leader or com- mander of an army, or the commander of the militia in a county or district. This officer was elected by the people in folkmote. HBER/LOT, n. [Sax. heregeat; here, army, and geat, tribute, supply, from geotan, to flow, to render. ] In English law, a tribute or fine payable to the lord of the fee on the decease of the owner, landholder, or vassal. Originally, this tribute consisted of military furniture, or of horses and arms, as appears by the laws of Canute, C. 69. But as defined by modern writers, a heriot is a customary tribute of goods and chattels, payable to the lord of the fee on the decease of the owner of the land, or a render of the best beast, or other movables, to the lord, on the death of the tenant. Heriots were of two sorts; heriot ser- vice, which was due by reservation in a grant or lease of lands ; and heriot custom, which depended solely on immemorial usage. Wilkins. Spelman. Blackstone. HER'i-OT-A-BLE, a. Subject to the payment of a heriot. uTN. HER/IS-SON, n. [Fr., a hedgehog, from herisser, to bristle, to stand out as hair. ] In fortification, a beam or bar armed with iron spikes pointed outward, and turning ona pivot, used to block up a passage. Encyc. HER/I'T-A-BLE, a. [from the root of heir, L. heres.] 1. Capable of inheriting or taking by descent. manner ; By the canon law this son shall be legitimate and heritable. Hale. 9. That may be inherited. [This is the true sense.] 3. Annexed to estates of inheritance. In Scots law, heritable rights are all rights that affect lands or other immovables. Encyc. Blackstone. HER/IT-AGE, n. [Fr., from the root of heir.] Totten. HER-MAPH-RO-DIT’TE€, a. Partaking of both HER-MAPH-RO-DIT’T€-AL, gexes. Brown. HER-ME-NEUD’ TIE, ) a. HER-ME-NEU/TIE-AL, $ Among sailors, a hermaphrodite brig, 1s one that is square-rigged forward, and schooner-rigged aft. HER-MAPH-RO-DIT/I€-AL-LY, adv. After the man- ner of hermaphrodites. [Gr. Eppnvevrixos, from éppnvevs, an interpreter, from ‘Bopns, Mercury.) Interpreting ; explaining ; xnfolding the significa- tion ; as, hermeneutic theology, the art of expounding the Scriptures. Bloomfield. Encye. HER-ME-NEU/TI€-AL-LY,-adv. According to the true art of interpreting words. M. Stuart. HER-ME-NEU'TI€S, n. The science of interpreta- tion, or of finding the meaning of an author’s words and phrases, and of explaining it to others; par- ticularly applied to the interpretation of the Scrip- tures. HER/MES, n. [Gr. ‘Eppns, Mercury.) In archeology, a name given to rough, quadrangu- lar stones or pillars, having a head sculptured on the top, without arms or body. Such stones were placed by the Greeks in front of buildings, and used by the Romans as boundaries or landmarks. As they origi- nally bore the head of Hermes or Mercury, they have been called by his name, even when surmounted by the heads of other deities, &c. Smith’s Dict. HER-MET’T€, a, [Fr. hermetique ; Sp. hermetico ; HER-MET‘T€-AL, from Gr. ‘Epuns, Mercury, the fabled inventor of chemistry. ] 1. Designating chemistry ; chemical ; as, the her- metic art. 2. Designating that species of philosophy which pretends to solve and explain all the phenomena of nature from the three chemical principles, salt, sul- phur, and mercury ; as, the hermetic philosophy. 3. Designating the system which explains the causes of diseases and the operations of medicine, on the principles of the hermetical philosophy, and particularly on the system of an alkali and acid ; as, hermetical physic or medicine. Encyc. 4, Perfectly close, so that no air, gas, or spirit, can escape; as, a hermetic seal. The hermetic seal is formed by heating the neck of a vessel tll it is soft, and then twisting it, till the aperture or passage is accurately closed. Encyc. Hermetic books ; books of the Egyptians, which treat of astrology. Sryant. Books which treat of universal principles, of the nature and orders of celestial beings, of medicine, and other topics. Enfield. HER-MET/I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the hermet- ic art; chemically ; closely ; accurately ; as, a vessel hermetically sealed or closed. HER/MIT, n. [Fr. hermite, ermite; Sp. ermitano ; It. eremita; Gr. epnuctns, from epnguos, Solitary, desti- tute. Perhaps from the Shemitic DN, to cut off from society, to expel, or to be separated. Class Rm. See Harem. ] 1. A person who retires from society and lives in solitude ; a recluse ; an anchoret. The word is usu- ally applied to a person who lives in solitude, disen- gaged from the cares and interruptions of society, for the purpose of religious contemplation and devo: tion. 2, A beadsman ; one bound to pray for another. Shak. HER/MIT-AGE, 2. The habitation of a hermit; a house or hut with its appendages, in a solitary place, where a hermit dwells. Milton. 9. A cell in a recluse place, but annexed to an ab- bey. Encyc, 3. A kind of wine. HER/MIT-A-RY, x. to some abbey. A cell for the hermits annexed Howell, A female hermit. Drummond. 1. Inheritance ; an estate that passes from an an- cestor to an heir by descent or course of law ; that which is inherited. In Scots law, it sometimes signi- fies immovable estate, in distinction from movable. 2. In Scripture, the saints or people of God are called his heritage, as being claimed by him, and the objects of his special care. 1 Pet. v. HER/IT-OR, n. In Scotland, a proprietor or landhold- er in a parish. Jamieson. HER-MAPH-RO-D&/I-TY, n. Hermaphrodism. . Jonson. HER-MAPH’/RO-DISM, n. [Infra.] The union HER-MAPH/RO-DIT-ISM, of the two sexes In the same individual. Dict. Nat. Hist. HER-MAPH/RO-DITE, (-maf/ro-dite,) n. [Fr., from Gr. topappodtros; ‘Epyns, Mercury, and Adpodtrn, Venus. | 1. An animal or human being having the parts of generation both of male and female. Encic. 2. In botany, a flower that contains both the sta- men and the pistil, or the male and female organs of generation, within the same calyx, or on the same receptacle. Martyn. Encyc. 3, A plant that has only hermaphrodite flowers. Martyn. HER-MAPH’/RO-DITE, a Designating both sexes in the same animal, flower, or plant. HER/MIT-ESS, x. HER-MI1T’16-AL, a. tired life. 9. Suited to a hermit. Coventry. HER-MO-DA€/TYL, n. [Gr. ‘Epuns, Mercury, and daxrvXos, a finger; Mercury’s finger. } In the materia medica, a root brought from Turkey. It is in the shape of a heart flattened, of a white col- or, compact, but easy to be cut or pulverized, of a viscous, sweetish taste, with a slight degree of acri- mony. Some suppose it to be the root of the Colchi- cum variegatum ; others, the root of the Iris tubero- sa. It was anciently in great repute as a cathartic ; but .that which is now furnished has httle or no ca- thartic quality. Encye. HER-MO-GE/NI-ANS, n. pl. A sect of ancient here- tics, so cilled from their leader, Hermogenes, who lived near the close of the second century. He held matter to be the fountain of all evil, and that souls are formed of corrupt matter. Encyc. HERN, 7. A heron, which see. HERN/HILL, x. A plant. : : HER/NI-A, x. (Gr. épvca, from epvos,a shooting forth, a branch. ] In surgery, & protrusion of some organ of the ab- domen through an interstice in its parietes ; pro- ducing a soft and slightly elastic tumor. Pertaining to a hermit, or to re- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; on HER/NI-AL, a. HERN/SHAW, 7. A heronshaw orheron. [ Obs.] HE/RO, 2. HE-RO/DI ANS, x. pl. HE-RO'IE, a. Pertaining to, or connected with hernia. Spenser. [L. heros, Gr. j}p@s, a demigod. It com- cides in elements with Ir. earr, noble, grand, a ee and with the G. herr, D. heer, lord, mas ter. 1. A man of distinguished valor, intrepidity, or enterprise in danger; as, a heroin arms. Cowley. 2. A great, illustriaus, or extraordinary person ; as, a hero in learning. [Little used.] 3. In a poem, or romance, the principal personage, or the person who has the prineipal share in the transactions related ; as Achilles in the Iliad, Ulys- ses in the Odyssey, and Ajneas in the Aineid. 4. In pagan mythology, a hero was an illustrious person, mortal indeed, but supposed by the populace to partake of immortality, and after his death to be placed among the gods. Encyc. A sect among the Jews, which took this name from Hered; but authors are not agreed as to their peculiar notions. Pertaining to a hero or heroes ; as, he- roic Valor. 2. Becoming a hero; bold; daring ; illustrious ; as, erotic action ; heroic enterprises. 3. Brave; intrepid; magnanimous; enterprising ; illustrious for valor; as, Hector, the heroic son of Priam 3; 2 heroic race. 4, Productive of heroes ; as, a heroic line in pedi- gree. 5. Reciting the achievements of heroes; as, a he- row poem. 6. Used in heroic poetry or hexameter ; as, heroic verse ; a heroic foot. Heroic age; the age when the heroes, or those called the children of the gods, are supposed to have lived. HE-RO/I€-AL, a. The same as Heroic. [Little used.] HE-RO'I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a hero; with valor; bravely ; courageously ; intrepidly. The wall was heroically defended. HE-RO-I-COM/I€, a. [See Hero and Comic.} Con- sisting of the heroic and the ludicrous; denoting the high burlesque ; as, a herot-comic poem. HER/O-INE, (her/o-in,) n. (Fr. heroine, from hero. | A female hero ; a woman of a brave spirit. [HrEro- Ess is not in use. ] Dryden. HER/O-ISM, xn. [Fr. herotsme.] The qualities of a hero ; bravery ; courage ; intre- pidity ; particularly in war. Broome. HER/ON, n. [Fr.] -A water fowl of the genus Ar- dea, with long legs, wings, and neck, a great de- vourer of fish. HER/ON-RY, 2. A place where herons breed. Derham. HER/ON-SHAW, x. A heron. Pennant. HE-RO-OL/O-GIST, n. One who creats of heroes. HE/RO-SHIP, xn. The character of a hero. Cowper. HER’PES, n. [Gr. é67ns, from tora, to creep. | Tetters ; an eruption of the skin; erysipelas ; ringworm, &c. This disease takes various names, according to its form or the part affected. Coxe. Encyc. A term applied to several cutaneous eruptions, from their tendency to spread or creep from one part of the skin to another. Cyc. An eruption of vesicles in small distinct clusters, accompanied with itching or tingling ; including the shingles, ringworm, &c. ood. HER-PET/I€, a. Pertaining to the herpes or cutane- ous eruptions; resembling the herpes, or partaking of its nature ; as, herpetic eruptions. Darwin. HER-PET-O-LOG‘IE€, a. Pertaining to herpe- HER-PET-O-LOG/I€-AL, tology. HER-PE-TOL'O-GIST, n. A person versed in her- petology, or the natural history of reptiles. HER-PE-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. épreros, a reptile, do- yos, discourse. } : A description of reptiles; the natural history of reptiles, including oviparous quadrupeds, as the croc- odile, frog, and tortoise, and serpents. The history of the latter is called ophiology. HER/RING, n. ([Sax. hearing; Fr. hareng; Arm. harincg; G. hering ; D. haring ; It. aringa; Sp. arenque; Port. id.) A fish of the genus Clupea. Herrings, when they migrate, move in vast shoals, and it is said that the name-is formed from the Teutonic here, heer, an army or multitude. They come from high northern latitudes in the spring, and visit the shores of Europe and America, where they are taken and salted in great quantities. HER/RING-FISH/ER-Y, x. The fishing for her- rings, Which constitutes an important branch of busi- ness with the English, Dutch, and Americans, HERRN‘HUT-ER, n. [Ger] One of a_sect estab- lished by Nicholas Lewis, count of Zinzendortf ; called also Moravians. HERS, (hurz,) pron. fem. po is hers, that is, this is the house of her. it would be more corre nside tute for the noun and adjective, int ssessive; as, this house But perhaps ct to consider hers as a substi- he nominative OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 549 _——— ee re ® a aon} eee a E eet Leo yi _ et RCT I} i —— ce ers aeHET | HET case. Of the two houses, hers is the best; that is, HER/SAL, x. Rehearsal. [ Obs. _ Spenser. HER’SCHEL, (her'shel,) rn. A planet discovered by Dr. Herschel, in 1781, first called Georgium Sidus, and now, Uranus. HERSE, (hers,) ». [Fr. herse, a harrow, a portcullis, probably from cross-work ; radically the same word as Harrow, Which see.] _ a 1. In fortyication, a lattice or portcullis in the form of a harrow, set with iron spikes. It is hung by a rope fastened to a moulinet, and when a gate is broken, it is let down to obstruct the passage. It is called also a sarrasin oY cataract, and when it con- sists of straight stakes without cross-pleces, it Is c g IT TUES. : Ve is also a harrow, used for a chevaux-de-frise, and Jaid in the way or in breaches, with the points up, to obstruct or incommode the march of an en- emy. s Enciye. 2. A carriage for bearing corpses to the grave; now spelt Hearse. It is a frame only, or a box, borne on wheels, 3. A temporary monument set over a grave. [ Ob- solete. | Weever. _ 4, A rehearsal; ‘the holy herse,?? rehearsal of prayers. [ Obs.] : Spenser. HERSE, (hers,) v. 4 ‘To put on or in a herse. 2. To carry to the grave. [Shak. Chapman. HER-SELF’, pron. {her and self.) This denotes a female, the subject of discourse before mentioned, and is either in the nominative or objective case. In the nominative, it usually follows she, and is added for the sake of emphasis, or emphatical distinction ; as, she herself will bear the blame. The daughter of Pharaoh came down to wash herself. — Exod, ii. 2. Having the command of herself; mistress of her rational powers, judgment, or temper. The wo- man was deranged, but she is now herself again. She has come to herself. 3. In her true character; as, the woman acts like herself. HERSE’LIKE, (hers‘like,) a. Funereal; suitable to funerals. acon. HERS‘IL-LON, n. [Fr., from herse.] In the military art, a plank or beam, whose sides are set with spikes or nails, to incommode and retard the march of an \ | her house is the best. { enemy ; 2 herse, Brande. HER/Y, v. t. [Sax. herian.] To regard as holy. [ Obs.} Spenser. HES/I-TAN-CY, n. [See Hesiratre.] A doubting; literally, a stopping of the mind; a pausing to con- sider ; dubiousness ; suspense. Tke reason of my hesitancy about the air is— HES'I-TANT, a. ubility of speech. HES'I-TANT-LY, adv. With hesitancy or doubt. HES/I-TATE, v.27. [L. hesito; Fr. hesiter; from hesi, pret. of L. hereo, to hang. ] 1. To stop or pause respecting decision or action; to be doubtful as to fact, principle, or determination ; to be in suspense or uncertainty ; as, he hesitated whether to accept the offer or not. We often hesitate what judgment to form. It is never transitive, unless by poetic license. Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. 2. To stammer ; to stop in speaking. HES'I-TA-TED, pp. Stopped; paused ; doubted. HESI-TA-TING, ppr. or a. Doubting ; pausing ; stam- mering. HES'I-TA-TING-LY, adv. With hesitation or doubt. HES-I-TA'TION, n. A pausing or delay in forming an opinion or commencing action; doubt; suspen- sion of opinion or decision, from uncertainty what is proper to be decided. When evidence is clear, we may decide without hesitation. 2. A stopping in speech ; intermission between words ; stainmering. Swift. HES-PE/RLAN, a. [L. hesperius, western, from hes- perus, vesper, the evening star, Venus, Gr. EomrEpos. | Western ; situated at the west. HES-PE/RI-AN, n. An inhabitant of a western coun- try. J. Barlow. HES/SIAN, (hesh’an,) a. Relating to Hesse, in Ger- many. HES’SIAN-FLY, x. [So called from the opinion that it was brought into America by the Hessian troops, during the revolution. ] A small, two-winged fly or midge, nearly black, very destructive to young wheat. It is the Cecido- myia destructor of Say. E, C. Herrick. HEST,n. [Sax. hese; G. geheiss, a command; heis- sen, to call, to bid ; D. heeten. See Heat. ] Command ; precept ; injunction; order. Shak. (Now obsolete, but it is retained in the compound, behest, HES-TERN/AL, a. Pertaining to yesterday. Smart. HES’/Y-CHAST, x. [Gr. jovxos.] A quietist. HET’E-RAR-€HY, n. rule.] The government of an alien. Boyle. Hesitating ; pausing; wanting vol- Pope. Bib. Repository. . (Gr. érepos, another, and apxn, HET E-RO-CIR/€AL, a [Gr. érepos, and x:pxos.] An epithet applied to fishes which have the upper fork of the tail longer than the lower. Agassiz. HET’/E-RO-€LITE, x. [Gr. érepoxdXtroy; trépus, an- other, or different, and xAcros, from xAcvw, to in- cline, to lean. ] 1. In grammar, a word which is irregular or anom- alous either in declension or conjugation, or which deviates from ordinary forms of inflection in words of a like kind. It is particularly applied to nouns irregular in declension. 2. Any thing or person deviating from common forms. ohnson. HET’E-RO-€LITE, a. Irregular; anomalous ; HET-E-RO-€LITI€, deviating from ordinary HET-E-RO-€LITIE-AL, forms orrules. Brown. HET-E-RO€/LI-TOUS, a. Heteroclitic. [Mot inuse.] HET’E-RO-DOX, a. [Gr. érepos, another, different, and dvfa, opinion. ] 1. In theology, heretical; contrary to the faith and doctrines of the true church ; or, more precisely, con- trary to the real doctrines of the Scriptures; as, a heterodox opinion ; opposed to OrtHopox. 2. Repugnant to the doctrines or tenets of any es- tablished church. 3. Holding opinions repugnant to the doctrines of the Scriptures; as, a heterodox divine; or holding opinions contrary to those of an established church. HET’E-RO-DOX-LY, adv. In a heterodox manner. HIET/E-RO-DOX-NESS, n. State of being heterodox. HET’/E-RO-DOX-Y, n. Heresy; an opinion or doc- trine contrary to the doctrines of the Scriptures, or contrary to those of an established church. HET-E-ROG/A-MOUS, a. [Gr. érepos, different, and ydpuos, Marriage. | In botany, having different essential parts of fruc- tification. HET/E-RO-GENE, a. [Obs.] HET-E-RO-GE/NE-AL, ja. [Gr. érepos, other, and HET-E-RO-GE/NE-OUS, yevos, kind. Of a different kind or nature ; unlike or dissimilar in kind; opposed to Homoceneous. [See the next word.] The light whose rays are all alike refrangible, I call simple, homogeneal, and similar; and that whose rays are some more refrangible than others, I call compound, helerogeneal, and dissimilar, Newton. Heterogeneous nouns, are such as are of different genders in the singular and plural numbers ; as, hic locus, of the masculine gender in the singular, and hi loci and hec loca, both masculine and neuter in the plural. Hoc celum, neuter in the singular; hi celi, masculine in the plural. elerogencous quantities, in mathematics, are such as are incapable of being compared together in re- spect to magnitude. Brande. Heterogencous surds, are such as have different radical signs. Barlow. HET-E-RO-GE-NE'I-TY, n. Opposition of nature; contrariety or dissimilitude of qualities. [JU formed.] 2. Dissimilar part ; something of a different kind. Boyle. Difference of na- or contrariety in HET-E-RO-GE/NE-OUS-NESS, n. ture and quality; dissimilitude kind, nature, or qualities. HET-E-RO-PATH/L€, a. The same as ALLopartHic. HET-E-ROPH'’YL-LOUS, a. ([Gr. érepos, diverse, and gvAdAov, leaf.] Having leaves different from the regular form. A heterophyllous violet is one which has leaves not analogous to the Jeaves of other violets. HET’E-RO-POD, x. One of an order of molluscous animals, whose foot is compressed into a vertical, muscular lamina, serving for a fin. HET-E-ROP’TIE€S, n. [See Orrics.] False optics. Spectator. HET-E-ROS/CIAN, n. [Gr. érepos, other, and oKla, shadow. | Those inhabitants of the earth are called heteros- cians, Whose shadows fall one way only. Such ape those who live between the tropics and the polar cir- cles. The shadows of those who live north of the tropic of Cancer fall northward ; those of the inhab- itants south of the tropic of Capricorn fall south- ward; whereas the shadows of those who dwell be- tween the tropics fall sometimes to the north and sometimes to the south. HET-E-ROS/CIAN, a. Having the shadow fall one way only. Gregory. HET’E-RO-SITE, n. A mineral, of a greenish-gray or bluish color, becoming violet on exposure, and consisting of phosphoric acid, and the oxyds of iron and manganese. and. HET-E-ROT’/O-MOUS, a. [Gr. éreépos, another, and TE1va), to cleave.] Having a different cleavage ; applied to a species of the feldspar family, because the cleavage differs from that of common feldspar. Dana. HET E-ROT/RO-PAL, HET-E-ROT/RO-POUS, | % [Gt- érepos and rperw.] In botany, when the micropyle is at neither end of the seed, the embryo will be neither erect nor in- verted, but will be in a more or less oblique direction with respect to the seed, and is then said to be hete- HEX HET/MAN, 2. A Cossack commander-in-chief. HEU/LAND-ITE, n. {from M. Heuland.] A mineral of the zeolite family, occurring in amygdaloid, in pearly, foliated masses, and also crystallized in rhomboidal prisms, with the basal plane pearly. It consists of silica, alumina, and lime, with about 15 per cent. of water, Dana. HEW, (hu,) v. t.; pret. Hewep; pp. Hewep or Hewn. [Sax. heawian; G. hauen; D. houwen; Sw. hugga; Dan. hugger. In Sw., hugg is a cut, a slash ; Dan. hug, a beating, a striking; so that the primary sense is to strike, to drive with the hand. See Hoe. 1. To cut with an ax, or other like instrument, for the purpose of making an even surface or side; as, to hew timber. 2. To chop; to cut; to hack; as, to hew in pieces. 3. To cut with a chisel; to make smooth; as, to hew stone. 4. To form or shape with an edged instrument ; With out; as, to hew out a sepulcher. Js. xxii. 5. To form laboriously. I now pass my days, not studious nor idle, rather polishing old works than hewing out new ones, [Unusual.] Pope. To hew down ; to cut down ; to fell by cutting. To hew off; to cut off; to separate by a cutting in- strument. HEW,7. Destruction by cutting down. 2. Color. [See Hve.] HEW’ED, pp. or a. Cut and made smooth or even; chopped ; hacked; shaped by cutting or by a chisel. HEW’/ER, x. One who hews wood or stone. HEW’ING, ppr. Cutting and making smooth or even; chopping ; hacking ; forming by the chisel. HEWN, (hune,) pp. ora. The same as Hewep. HEX'A-CHORD, n. [Gr. é%, six, and yopdy, a chord. ] In ancient music, an imperfect chord called a sizth. Also, an instrument of six chords or strings, and a scale or system of six sounds. Rousseau. HEX-A-DA€/TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. 2 and duxrv)us.] Having six fingers or toes. HEX/ADE, n. [Gr. é%, six.] A series of six numbers. Med. Repos. HEX/A-GON, n. ([Gr. &{, six, and ywyra, an angle.] In geometry, a plane figure of six sides and six angles. Ifthe sides and angles are equal, it is a reg- ular hexagon. The cells of honey-comb are hexa- gons, and it is remarkable that bees instinctively form their cells of this figure, which fills any given space without any interstice or loss of room. HEX-AG/ON-AL, a. Having six sides and six angles. HEX-AG’ON-Y, for Hexacon, is not used. HEX-A-GYN'I-A, n. [Gr. é%, six, and yvvn, a female.] In botany, an order of plants having six styles. Linneus. Spenser, ay. TNS AN EAC OOS: a. In botany, having six styles. HEX-A-HE/DRAL, a. Of the figure of a hexahedron; having six equal sides. HEX-A-HE/DRON, n. or seat. | A regular, solid body of six sides ; a cube. HEX-A-HE/ME-RON, n. [Gr. é%, six, and épepa, day.] 1. The term of six days. Good. 2. The history of the six days’ work of creation, as contained in the first chapter of Genesis. Many of the learned fathers wrote commentaries on this history, giving their views of the created universe. Murdock. HEX-AM/E-TER, 7. [Gr. éf, six, and perpov, meas- ure. In ancient poetry, a verse of six feet, the first four of which may be either dactyls or spondees the fifth must regularly be a dactyl, and the sixth always a spondee. In this species of verse are composed the Iliad of Homer and the Aineid of Virgil. Diva so | lo fir | 08 ocu | los a | versa len | ebat, HEX-AM/E-TER, a. Having six metrical feet. HEX-A-MET’RI€, a. Consisting of six metrical HEX-A-MET’RI€-AL, feet. Varton. HEX-AN/DRI-A, n. (Gr. 2%, six, and aynp, male.] In botany, a class of plants having six stamens. Linneus. (Gr. éf, six, and édpa, a base Virgil. HEX-AN/DRI-AN, } HEX-AN’DROUS, } % HEX-AN'/GU-LAR, a. [Gr. é%, six, and angular.] Having six angles or corners. HEX-A-PET/AL-OUS, a. [Gr. 2%, six, and zeranov, a leaf, a petal.) Having six petals or flower-leaves. EE LOUS; a ([Gr. é%, six, an@ @vAAov, a eaf. Moving six leaves. HEX’A-PLA,n. [Gr. ¢¥and ar\ow.] A collection of the Holy Scriptures in six languages, applied partic- ularly to the collection published by Origen, in the third century. Encyc. Am. HEX’/A-PLAR, a, [Gr. é%, six, and drow, to unfold.] Sextuple; containing six columns; from hezapla. HEX’A-POD, a. [Gr. 2%, six, and rovs, redos, L. pes, pedis, the foot. Having six feet. Having six stamens. Bp. Hall. rotropous, or heterotropal. Lindley. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE 550 HEX'A-POD, n. [Gr. é¥ and zovs.] , PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —HID 1. An insect having six feet. 2. A fathom. [JWVot in use.] HEX/A-STI€H, (-stik,) m. [Gr. é%, six, and sixos, a verse. ] A poem consisting of six verses. Johnson. Weever. HEX/A-STYLE, n. [Gr. é%, six, and svAos, a Col- umn. } A building with six columns in front. Encyc. HEX-O€-TA-H®/DRON, n. [Gr. é%, six, oxrw, eight, and édpa, face. ] A solid contained under forty-eight equal, triangu- lar. faces. Dana. HEY, (ha;) an exclamation of joy or mutual exhorta- tion, the contrary to the L. het. rior. HEYDAY, (ha/da,) exclam. [Qu. high-day] An ex- pression of frolic and exultation, and sometimes of wonder. Shak. HEY’DAY, 7. A frolic ; wildness. Shak. HEY/DE-GUY, n. [Perhaps from heyday and guise. A kind of dance; a country dance or round. [ Obs. Spenser. Hi-a/TION, 2 [L. hio, to gape.] The act of gaping. [JVot used.] HI-A/TUS, n. [L., from hio, to open or gape, Gr. X20.) 1, An opening ; an aperture; a gap; a chasm. 2, In grammar, the concurrence of two vowels in two successive syllables or words, occasioning a hardness in the pronunciation. Pope. 3. A defect ; a chasm ina manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced. Encyc. HI-BER/NA-€LE, n. [L. hibernacula, winter-quar- ters. 1. In botany, the winter-quarters of a plant; that is, a bulb or a bud, in which the embryo of a future plant is inclosed by a scaly covering, and protected from injuries during winter. Barton. Martyn. 2. The winter-lodge of a wild animal. HY-BER/NAL, a. [L. hibernus.] Belonging or relating to winter. Brown. Hi/BER-NATE, v.i. [L. hiberno ; It. vernare.] T’o winter; to pass the season of winter in close quarters or in seclusion, as birds or beasts. Darwin. HI/BER-NA-TING, ppr. ora. Passing the winter in close quarters. HI-BER-NA/TION, n. The passing of winter in a close lodge, as beasts and fowls that retire in cold weather. Darwin. Hi-BER/NLAN, a. Pertaining to Hibernia, now Ire- HI-BER/NI-AN, x. A native of Ireland. {land,. Hi-BER/NI-CISM, n. An idiom or mode of speech HI-BER/NI-AN-ISM, peculiar to the Irish. Todd. HI-BER/NO-CEL/TI€, n. The native language of the Irish ; the Gaelic. HI€/CIUS DOE/TIUS. [Qu. L. hic est doctus.] A cant word for a juggler. Hudibras. HI€/GOUGH, (hik/up,) n. [Dan. hik or hikken; Sw. hicka; D. hik, hikken; Fr. hoquet; W. ig, igian ; Arm. hicqg. The English is a compound of hic and cough; and hic may be allied to hitch, to catch.] Convulsive catch of the respiratory muscles, with sonorous inspiration ; repeated at short intervals. Good. HI€/EOUGH, (hik/up,) v. i.» To have convulsive catch of some of the respiratory muscles. HIG JA! CET, (L.] Here lies. HICK/O-RY, n. Several American trees of the genus Carya are so called. They are sometimes called walnut, but not very @errectly. Its nut is called hickory-nut. HICK/UP ; a spelling sometimes given to HiccouGn. . VICIYAT PORIWaY.” n. [Qu. hitchwall.] A small species of woodpecker. HID, pp. of Hips. Concealed; placed in se- HID/DEN, crecy. Q. a. Secret; not seen or known. 3. Mysterious ; difficult to be known. HID/AGE, n. [from hide, a quantity of lands] An extraordinary tax formerly paid to the kings of Eng- land for every hide of land. HE-DAL'GO,n. [Sp.] In Sp@in, a nobleman of the lowest class. Brande. HID/DEN-LY, adv. Ina hidden or secret manner. HIDE, v. t.; pret. Hin; pp. Hiv, Hippen. [Sax. hy- dan; W. cuziaw; Arm. cuza, or cuddyo, or kytho; Corn. kitha; Russ. kutayu; Gr. xevdw. In Sw., Iydda, Dan. hytte, is a hut; and the Sw. hyda, forhy- da, Dan. forhuer, to sheathe a ship, seem to be the same word. Hood,as well as hut, may belong to this root. See Class Gd, No. 26, 31, 43, 55. 1. To conceal ; to withhold or withdraw from sight ; to place in any state or position in which the view is intercepted from the object. The interven- tion of the moon between the earth and the sun hides the latter from our sight. The people in Tur- key hide their grain in the earth. No human being can hide his crimes or his neglect of duty from his Maker. . 2. To conceal from knowledge; to keep secret. Depart to the mountains ; hide yourselves there three days. — osh, Ul. Tell me now what thou hast done —Aide it not from me. — 3. In Scripture, not to confess or disclose ; or to ex- cuse and extenuate. J acknowledge my sin to thee, and my iniquity have I not hid. — B, XXX 4. To protect; to keep in safety, In the time of trouble he shall hide me in his pavilion. — Ps. To hide the face from; to overlook ; to pardon. Hide thy face from my sins.— Ps. li. To hide the face; to withdraw spiritual presence, support, and consolation. Thou didst hide thy face, and I was troubled. — Ps. xxx. To hide one’s self; to put one’s self in a condition to be safe ; to secure protection. The prudent man foreseeth the evil and Aideth himself. — Prov. HIDE, v.i. To lie concealed; to keep one’s self out of view ; to be withdrawn from sight. Bred to disguise, in public ’tis you hide. Hide-and-seek ; a play of children, in which some hide themselves, and another seeks them. Gulliver. HIDE, n. [According to Lye, Sax. Dict., under weal- stylling, this word signified originally a station, cov- ered place, or place of refuge for besiegers against the attacks of the besieged. Qu.] In the ancient laws of England, a certain portion of land, the quantity of which, however, is not well ascertained. Some authors consider it as the quan- tity that could be tilled with one plow; others, as much as would maintain a family. Some suppose it to be 60, some 80, and others 100 acres. Spelman. Encyc. HIDE, n. [Sax. hyd, hyde; G. haut; D. huid; Sw. and Dan. hud; L. cutis; Gr. ews, xwdiov; either a peel, from stripping, separating, or a cover. ] 1. The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed ; more generally applied to the undressed skins of the larger domestic animals, as oxen, horses, &c. 2. The human skin, in contempt. Dryden. HIDE/BOUND, a. An animal is hidebound, when his skin sticks so closely to his ribs and back as not to be easily loosened or raised. Fur. Dict. Trees are said to be hidebound, when the bark is so close or firm that it impedes the growth. Bacon. 2. Harsh; untractable. [JVot used.] _ Hudibras. 3. Niggardly ; penurious. [Jot used.] Ainsworth. HID/B-OUS, a. [Fr. hideux ; Norm. hidous, from hide, fright, dread. ] 1. Frightful to the sight ; dreadful ; shocking to the eye ; applied to deformity: as, a hideous monster; a hideous spectacle ; hideous looks. Shak. Dryden. 9. Shocking to the ear; exciting terror; as, a hd- eous noise, Woodward. 3. Detestable. Spenser. HID/E-OUS-LY, adv. In a manner to frighten ; dread- fully ; shockingly. Shak, HID/E-OUS-NESS, 2. Frightfulness to the eye; dread- fulness ; horribleness. HID/ER, x. [from hide.] One who hides or conceals. HID/ING, ppr. Concealing ; covering or withdrawing from view ; keeping close or secret. HID'ING, n. Concealment. Hab, iil. 9, Withdrawment; a withholding ; as, the hidings of God’s face. Milner. 3. A beating. [Vulgar.] Smart, HiID/ING-PLACE, x. A place of concealment. HIE, v.i. [Sax. higan, higian, to hasten, to urge for- ward, to press, to endeavor ; also, vegan and liggan, Pope. HLE-RO€/RA-CY, z. HI/B-RO-GLYPH, Hi-E-RO-GLYPH'I€, HI-E-RO-GLYPH'IE, HiI-E-RO-GLYPH'I€-AL, Hi-E-RO-GLYPH/I€-AL-LY, adv. ally. HI-E-RO-GLYPH'IST, Te 1cs. Hi/E-RO-GRAM, zn, HI-E-RO-GRAM-MAT‘I€, a. [Gr. tepos, sacred, and Hi-E-RO-GRAM/MA-TIST, 2. HI-E-RO-GRAPH ‘TE, a. HI-E-RO-GRAPH'I€-AL, writing. HI-E-ROG/RA-PHY, x. to be urgent, to strive. ] 1. To hasten; to move or run with haste ; to go in haste ; a word chiefly used in poetry. The youth, returning to his mistress, hies. Dryden. 9. With the reciprocal pronoun ; as, die thee home. HIE, n. Haste; diligence. [ Obs. Chaucer. HVE-RAREH,n. [Gr. feoaoxns, gq. d. 6 rar lepwv ap- xa, a ruler in sacred things. ] One who rules or has authority in sacred things. Suicer. Pertaining to a hierarch. Milton. Pertaining to a hierarchy. After the manner of HI/E-RARE€H-AL, a. HI-B-RAR€H/IE-AL, a. Hi/B-RAREH-I€-AL-LY, adv. a hierarchy. Hi/E-RARE€H-ISM, n. Principles of a hierarchy. Hi/E-RAR€H-Y, n. ([Gr. tspapxia.] 1. Dominion or authority in sacred things. Suwicer. 9, The persons who have the exclusive direction of things sacred ; used especially of a body of clergy of different ranks or orders ; but applicable to all who claim to be a holy order of men, with an exclusive right to minister in holy things. Murdock. 3 The celestial hierarchy, in the writings of pseudo- Dionysius, embraced Christ as its head, and the va- rious orders of angels as his ministering spirits. Murdock HE-E-RAT/I€, a. [Gr. leparixos, sacerdotal, from ispos, sacred. ] 1. Consecrated to sacred uses ; sacerdotal ; pertain- ing to priests, _ _ Russell. 9, A term applied to a mode of ancient Egyptian osh, Vil. writing, chiefly used in papyrt, considered as a rapid mode of writing hieroglyphics, and being the sacer- dotal character, as the demotic was that of the people P. Cyc. [Gr. tepos and xparew.] Government by ecclesiastics. Jefferson. n. [Gr. iepos, sacred, and yAv- gw, to carve.]} 1. Literally, a sacred character; applied to a spe- cies of writing first practiced by the ancient Egyptian priests, often called picture-writing, which expressed a series of ideas by representations of visible objects. According to Champollion, the Egyptian hieroglyph- ics consist of three different species of characters : 1. The hieroglyphic, properly so called, in which the object is represented by a picture, either entire or in an abridged form. 2 Symbolical, in which an idea is expressed by some visible object which represents jt ; as adoration by a censer containing incense. 3. Phonetic characters, in which the sign represents not a visible object, but a sound. Brande. ) a. Emblematic ; express- ive of some meaning by characters, pictures, or figures ; as, hieroglyphic wri- ting ; a hieroglyphic obelisk. be _— poe | Q2 SSS —————— Emblematically ; by characters or pictures expressive of facts or moral qualities. The Mexicans wrote history heroglyphic- One versed in hieroglyph- : Gliddon. [Gr. tepos, sacred, and ypappa, letter. ] A species of sacred writing. yeappa, letter. ] Denoting a kind of writing in sacred or sacerdotal characters, used only by the priests in Egypt. Warburton. Literally, a sacred writer; an Egyvtian priest whose duty was to deci- pher hieroglyphics, and preside over the religious ser- vices. Brande. Pertaining to sacred (Gr. iepos, holy, and ypapo, to write ; ypadn, a writing. ] . Sacred writing. [WZittle wsed.] Hi-E-RO-LOG/I€, a. Pertaining to hierology. Hi-E-RO-LOG/I€-AL, Gliddon. HI-E-ROL'O-GIST, n. One versed in hierology. Hi-E-ROL/0-GY, n. [Gr. iepos and doyos.] Literally, a. discourse on sacred things ; particularly, the science which treats of the ancient writings and inscriptions of the Egyptians, or a treatise on that science. Hi/E-RO-MAN-CY, 2. réta, divination. ] Divination by observing the various things offered in sacrifice. Encyc. HI-E-ROM-NE/MON, nz. [Gr. lepos, sacred, and pyn- por, preserving memory. In ancient Greece, the most honorable of the two classes of representatives which composed the Am- phictyonic council. The word sometimes occurs, also, as applied to priests or magistrates, In some of the Grecian states. Smiti’s Dict. Hi/E-RO-PHANT or HY-ER/O-PHANT, n. [Gr. ispo- gavrns; tepos, sacred, and gdaww, to show. A priest ; one who teaches the mysteries and du- ties of religion. Hale. HI-E-RO-PHANT’I€, a. Relating to hierophants ; sacred. HIG/GLE, v. i. [In Dan. hykler signifies to flatter, fawn, disguise, or play the hypocrite ; Sw. hyckla, id. In Welsh, hiciaw is to snap, to catch suddenly, to trick, as if allied to hitch. This word may be from the same root as L. cocio. See HucxsTeEn.] 1. To carry provisions about and offer them for sale. 9. To chaffer ; to be tedious and nice in making a bargain. It argues an ignorant mind, where we have wronged, to higgle and dodge in the amends. Hale. HIG’/GLE-DY-PIG/GLE-DY, adv. In confusion; 4 low word. HIG’GLER, n. sale. 2. One who is tedious and nice in bargaining. HIG/GLING, n. The employment of a higgler; the act of being tedious and nice in bargaining, HIGH, (hi,) a. [Sax. heah, hig, heh, or hit; G. hach ; D. hoor; Sw. hog; Dan. oj; San. uchchah, The W. uc, ucel, may be the same word, with the loss of the first letter. } 1. Extending to a great distance above the surface of the earth ; elevated; lofty ; of great altitude ; as, a high mountain ; a high tower. 9. Rising, or having risen, or being, far above the earth; elevated; lofty; as, a high flight ; the clouds are high in the atmosphere. cars 3. Elevated above the horizon ; as, how high is the sun? It is an hour high. 4, Raised above any object. (Gr. fepos, sacred, and pav- One who carries about provisions for High o’er their heads a moldering rock is placed. § Dryden. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. S51 —————— TO ~r. ~ oy SRE ee die a — a i© a 7 Ne kg arena — Do esa} ie Ei i % - > } 4 e i iy “A f { ‘ ——— se ebane rn HIG HIG HIG 5, Exalted in nature or dignity. The Aighest faculty of the soul. Barter. SS Sr of hizh and low ; of a high office ; high rank ; station ; a high court. 10. Boastful ; ostentatious. His forces, after all the high discourses, eighteen hundred foot, 11. Arrogant ; proud ; Clarendon. ST RLS geomeenrainmonnbaeoonns lofty ; loud. language Yarendon. 12. Loud ; poisterous threatening or angry. parties had very jigh w ords. 13. Violent ; severe ; oppressive. Bacon. 14. Public; powerful ; | cution, &c. under divine protection. triumphant ; UX. XIV. 15. Noble; illustrious; honorable; as, a man of 16. Expressive of pride and haughtiness; as, high 17. Powerful; mighty. [{looks, ae X. | | { high birth. i | Strong is thy hand, high is thy right hand. — Ps. Ixxxix. cellence. Thou, Lord, art high above all the earth. — Ps. xcvii, 19. Great; important; tion. For that Sabbath day was a high day. —John xix. | 20. Violent; rushing with velocity ; tempestuous ; as, a high wind. | 21. T'umultuous; turbulent . as. hizh passions. 22. Full; complete. It is high time to retire. It is high time to awake from sleep. — Rom. xiii. 23. Raised ; accompanied by, or proceeding from, || great excitement of the feelings ; as, high pleasure of | body or mind. 24. Rich; luxurious; well-seasoned ; as, high fare ; | high living ; high sauces. Milton. Bacon. 29: Strong ; Vivid ; deep; as, a high color. 26. Dear; of a great price, or greater price than inflamed ; usual; as, to purchase at a high rate; goods are high. 27. Remote from the equator north or south; as, a high \atitude. 28. Remote in past time ; high antiquity. 20. Extreme ; intense ; as, oN Loud; as, a high sound. But more generally, - In music, acute ; sharp; as,a high note; a high ores opposed to low or grave. 32. Meh raised ; as, lish relief. early in former time; as, a lich heat. , [alto relievo.] 33. Far advanced in art or science ; as, high at- tainments. 34. Great; capital; committed against the King, sovereign, or state ; as, high treason, distinguished from petty treason, which is committed against a master or other superior, 35. Great; exalted; as, a high opinion of one’s integrity. High and dry; applied to the situation of a vessel when aground above water mark. Totten. High “church and low church; in Great Britain, a distinction introduced after the revolution. T he high church were supposed to favor the papists, or at least to support the high claims to prerogative which were maintained by the Stuarts. The low church enter- tained more moderate notions, manifested great en- mity to popery, and were inclined to circumscribe the royal prerogatives. This distinction is now less marked, but not wholly obliterated. High day, high noon; the time when the sun is in the meridian. Hish Dutch, is the German language, as distin- guished from Low Dutch or Belgic, or the cultivated German, as opposed to the vulgar dialects, HIGH, ado. Aloft; to a great altitude ; as, towering 2. ’Eminently ; ‘greatly. (high. Heaven and earth Shall high extol thy praises, Milton. 3. With deep thought ; profoundly. He reasoned high. Milton. 4. Powerfully. Milton. HIGH, 7. An elevated place ; superior region ; 3 as, on —_—_ _ high; from on high. On high; alou [ Obs.] Spenser. 6. Elevated in rank, condition, or office. We speak high 7. Possessing or governed by honorable pride ; no- ble; exalted ; magnanimous; dignified; as, a man 8, Exalted in excellence or extent. [of high mind. Solomon lived at ease, nor aimed beyond Higher design than to enjoy his state. Milton. 9. Difficult ; abstruse. They meet to hear, and answer such high things. Shak. amounted really but to The covernor made himself merry with his high and threatening The HIGH/-ARCH-ED, (-archt,) a. Having elevated arches May. HIGH’— AS- PIR/ING, a. Having elevated views; aiming at elevated objects. Bp. Hall, HIGH’-BLEST, a. Supremely happy. Milton. HiGH’-BLOWN, a. Swelled much with wind ; in- flated, as with pride or conceit. Shak. HIGH’/-BORN, a. Being of noble birth or extraction. Rowe. HIGH’-BRED, a.. Bred in high life. Byron. HiGH’-BROW-ED, a. Having high brows. Moore. EGU IGE (hi’bilt,) a. Of lofty structure. Milton. . Covered with lofty buildings. The high-built elephant his castle rears. Creech. HIGH’'-CHURCH, a. An epithet applied to those in the episcopal church, who attach the highest impor- tance to episcopacy, so as to question or deny the validity of rites and ordinances, performed by those who have not been cpiscopally ord: uned. HIGH'-CHURCH/ISM, n. The principles of the high- chureh party. HIGH’/-CHURCH/MAN, n. One holds who high i| When there appeareth on either side a high hand, violent perse- glorious ; or The children of Israel went out of Egypt with a high hand. — 18. Possessed of supreme power, dominion, or ex- solemn; held in venera- violent ; church principles. HIGH’-€LIMB-ING, (hi/klim-ing,) a. great hight. 2. Difficult to be ascended Milton. HIiGH!/-€6L-OR-ED, (hi/kul-lurd,) a. Havingastrong, deep, or glaring color. Flloyer. 2. Vivid; strong or forcible in representation ; as, a high-colored description. HIGH’-€ON'/STA-BLE, n. cities. HIGH’-€URL-ING, a & Climbing toa A police officer in some Bouvier. Rising high in curls. M. Bruce. HIGH’-DAY, a. Fine; befitting a holiday. © Stak, HIGH’-DE-SIGN’ING, a. Forming great schemes. Dryden. HIGH’-EM-BOW’ED, a. Having lofty arches. Milton. HIGH’-EN-GEN’DER-ED, a. Engendered aloft, or in the air. Shak. HIGH’-FED, a. Pampered; fed luxuriously. Milton. HIGH’-FIN/ISH-ED, (-fin/isht,) a. Finished com- pletely. HIGH’-FLAM-ING, a. Throwing flame to a great hight. Pope. HIGH/-FLA-VOR-ED, Having a high flavor. HIGH’-FLI-ER, x. extravagance. HIGH’-FLOWN, a. feet saa hopes. Turgid ; swelled ; hy Shale HIGH’/-FLUSH-ED, (hi/flusht,) a. One that carries his opinions to Surf. proud ; De ati 3 extravagant; as, a high-flown I? Estrange. Much elated. Young. HIGH’/-FLY-ING, a. Extravagant in claims or opin- ions; as, digh- fiyin g, arbitrary kings. Dryden. HIGH/-GAZ- ING, a. Looking upward. More. HIGH’-GO-ING, a. Moving rapidly. Massinger. HIGH’-GROWN, a. Having the crop considerably Elevated; swelled ; grown. HIGH’-HAND-ED, a. Overbearing ; oppressive ; vio- lent. HIGH’-HEAP-ED, (hi’/heept,) a. Covered with high piles ; as, a high- heaped table. Pope. 2. Raised in high piles. Pope. HIGH’-HEART-ED, a. Full of conrage. Beaum. HiGH/-HEEL-ED, a. Having higi: heels. Swift. HIGH'-HUNG, a. Hung aloft; elevated. Dryden. HIiGH/-LIV-ED, a. Pertaining to high life. Goldsmith. HIGH’-MASS, n. Among Roman Catholics, that mass which is read before the high altar on Sundays, feast-days, and great occasions. Eneyc. Am. HIGH’-MET-TLED, a. Having high spirit ; ardent ; full of fire; as,a high- mettled steed. HIGH’—-MIND- ED,a. Proud; arrogant. Be not high-minded, but fear. — Rom. xi. 2. Having honorable pride; posed to mean. HIGH’/-MIND ED NESS, nx. minded. HIGH’-PLACE, n. In Scripture, an eminence or mound on which sacrifices were offered. Before the temple was built in Jerusalem, sacrifices were offered to Jehovah by his worshipers, on high places; but afterward such mounds were devoted to idolatrous sacrifices. HIGH/-PLAC-ED, (-plast,) a. magnanimous; op- State of being high- Elevated in situation or rank, Shak. HIGH’-PRESS/URE, a. See Sream-Enaine. HIGH’-PRIEST, n. A chief priest. Scripture. HIGH’-PRIE ST’/SHIP, Ne HIGH’—-PRIN/-CI- PLED, a. of politics. HiGH’-PROOF, a. Highly rectified ; alcoholic; as, high-proof spirits. HIGH/-RaIs- ED, a, Wlevated; raised aloft. Dryden. 2. Raised with great expectations or conceptions. Office of a high-priest. Extravagant in notions Swift. very strongly HIGH’/-REAR-ED, a. Raised high; of lofty struc- ture. Shak. GH ee a. Waving a strong red color; deeply oyle, HIGH! RE-PENT’ED, a. Deeply repented. {[Jil.] S/iak. HIGH’-RE-SOLV’ED, a. Very resolute. os i Tit. Andron. HIGH’-ROAD, zn. A highway; a much frequented road. HIGH’-ROPES, n. pl. A person is said to be on his high ropes when he is greatly elevated or excited, es- pecially by passion. Grose. HIGH’-ROOF-ED, (hi/rooft,) a. Having a lofty or sharp roof. Milton. HIGH’-SEA/SON-ED, a. other seasoning. HiGH’/-SEAT-ED, a. elevated place. HIGH’-SIGHT-ED, a. Enriched with spices or Fixed on high; seated in an Milton. Always looking upward. Shak. HIGH’-SOUL-ED, a. Having a high spirit. Everett. HIGH’-SOUND-ING, a. Pompous; noisy; ostenta- tious ; as, high-sounding words or titles. HIGH/-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Full of spirit or natural fire ; easily irritated ; irascible. 2. Full of spirit ; bold ; HIGH/-STOM/A€GH- ED, (-stum/akd,) a. lofty spirit ; proud ; obstinate. HIGH’-SWELL-ED, a. HIGH’-S W ELL- ING, a boastful. HIGH’-SWOLN, a HIGH/-TA-PER, n. daring. Having a Shak. Swelled to a great hight. Swelling greatly ; inflated ; Greatly swelled. Shak. A plant of the genus Verbascum. Fam. of Plants. HIGH’~TAST-ED, a. Having a strong relish ; piquant. Denhane HiGH’-TIME, n. Quite time ; full time for the occa- sion, or the time when any thing is to be done. HIGH'-T ON-ED, High in sound. HIGH'—TOW_ER-ED, a. Having lofty towers. Milton. HIGH’-VIC-ED, (-vist,) a. Enormously wicked. Shak. HIGH’-W A’TER, 2. The utmost flow or greatest ele- vation of the tide ; also, the time of such elevation. HIGH’/-W A’/TER-MARK, n. The line made on the shore by the tide at its utmost hight. Mar. Dict. HIGH’-WROUGHT, (rawt,) a. Wrought with ex- quisite art or skill ; accurately finished. Pope. 2. Inflamed to a high degree; as, high-wrought passion. HIGH’ER, a. comp. HIGH’EST, a. superl. Most bigh. HIGH’/GATE RES/IN. See Fossrz Copa. HIGH’LAND, n. Elevated land; a mountainous re- gion. Highlands of Scotland ; mountainous regions inhab- ited by the descendants of the ancient Celts, who retain their primitive language. Highlands on the Hudson, sixty miles from New York. These afford most sublime and romantic scenery, and here is West Point, a fortified post during the revolution, and now the seat of one of the best military schools of the age. HIGH’/LAND-ER, mn. An inhabitant of the moun- tains; as, the Highlanders of Scotland. HiGH’/LAND-ISH, a. Denoting high cr mountainous land. Drummond. HIGH/LY, (hi/ly,) adv. With elevation in place. More high. 2. Ina great degree. We are highly favored. Ex- ercise is highly requisite to health. 3. Proudly ; arrogantly ; ambitiously. Shak. 4. With elevation of mind or opinion ; with great estimation; as, to think highly of one’s perform- ances. HIGH! MOST, a. HIGH’NESS, (hi/ness,) 2. face ; loftiness ; altitude ; 2. Dignity ; Highest. [JVot used. Shak. Elevation above thessur- hight. 2 ; elevation in rank, character, or power. 3. Excellence Br value. Howell. 4. Violence; as, the highness of wind. 5. Great aaa ; as, the highness of price. 6. Acuteness ; as, the highness of a note or voice. 7. Intenseness, as of heat. 8. A title of honor given to princes or other men of rank. HIGHT, (hite,) x. tude ; loftiness. [It is very desirable that this noun should be thus regularly formed from the adjective high, as was for- merly done by distinguished writers. Hight, named, called, promised, commanded, &c., (sometimes written Hore,) is a corruption from Sax. hatan. It is obsolete. [See Heat.] Chaucer. Spenser, HIGHT’/EN-ER, n. One that hightens. HIGH’WAY, n. A public road; a way open to all passengers f so called, either because itis a great or public road, or be cause the earth was raised to form a dry path. Highways open a communication from one city or town to another. [See Hercut.] Elevation ; alti- Milton. 2. Course ; road; train of action ~ Child. 2, Aloft. HIGH'- REACH-ING, a. Reaching toa en - Al : . x, a. great hight. | HIGH/WAY-MAN, n. One who robs on the public eae a. Having grand or lofty designs. 2. Reaching upward. 7 Milton. road, or lurks in the highway for the ipod of Crashaw. 3. Ambitious ; aspiring. Shak, robbing. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE , DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ~ eo) 52HIN HIN HIR HIL’A-RATE is notin use. See Exurvanarte. HI-LA/RI-OUS, a. Mirthful; merry. HY¥-LAR/I-TY, 2. [L. hilaritas; Gr. thapos, joyful, merry. If x is radical, this cannot be from i\aw, to be propitious. } A pleasurable excitement of the animal spirits ; mirth; merriment; gayety. Hilarity differs from joy; the latter, excited by good news or prosperity, is an affection of the mind; the former, by social pleasure, drinking, &c., which rouse the animal spirits. HIL/A-RY-TERM, nm. The term of courts, &c., which begins about the time of the festival of St. Hilary, or near the middle of January. England. HILD, [G. and D. held, Dan. heldt, a hero,] is retained in names; as, Hildebert, a bright hero; Mathild, Ma- tilda, a heroic lady. HILD/ING, n. [Qu. Sax. hyldan, to decline, or hylde- leas, destitute of affection. ] A mean, sorry, paltry man or woman. [ Obs.] HILE. See Hitum. [ Shak. HILL, nz. [Sax. hill or hyl; L. collis; perhaps Gr. knAn. It cannot be the G. hiigel, D. heuvel, unless contracted. } 1. A natural elevation of land, or a mass of earth rising above the common level of the surrounding land; an eminence. A hill is less than a mountain, but of no definite magnitude, and is sometimes ap- plied to a mountain. Jerusalem is seated on two hills. Rome stood on seven hills. 2, A cluster of plants, and the earth raised about them ; as, a hill of maize or potatoes. United States. HILL, v. t. To raise earth about plants; to raise a little mass of earth. Farmers in New England jill their maize in July. Hilling is generally the third hoeing. 2. Tocover. [Obs.] [Sax. helan; L. celo.] HILL/ED, pp. or a. Raised into hills ; having hills. HILL/I-NESS, zn. The state of being hilly. Rich. Dict. HILL/ING, ppr. Raising into hills. HILL/ING, rn. Acovering. [Obs.] 9. The act of raising the earth around plants. HILL/OCK, x A small hill. Milton. Dryden. HILL/-SIDE, n. The side or declivity of a hill. HILL/-TOP, xn. The top of a hill. J, Barlow. HILL/Y, a Abounding with as, a hilly country. HILT, n. (Sax. hilt, the hold, from healdan, to hold,] The handle of any thing ; but chiefly applied to the handle of a sword. HILT’/ED, a. Having a hilt. Hi/LUM, n. e ; W. hil, a particle, issue. | The eye of a bean or other seed ; the mark or scar of the umbilical cord, by which the seed adheres to the placenta. Martyn. HIM, pron. The objective case of he, L. eum, an- ciently em or um. Him that is weak in the faith receive. — Rom. xiv. Him and his were formerly used for nouns of the neuter gender, but the practice is obsolete. HIM-SELF’, pron. [him and self.] In the nomina- tive or objective case. 1. He; but himself is more emphatical, or more expressive of distinct personality than he. With shame remembers, while himself was one Of the same herd, himself the same had done. Denham, 9. When /imself is added to he, or to a noun, it expresses discrimination of person with particular emphasis. But he himself returned from the quarries. — Judges iii. But God himself is with us for our captain. —2 Chron, xiii. 3. When used as the reciprocal pronoun, it is not usually emphatical. David hid himselfin the field. —1 Sam, xx. 4, It was formerly used as a substitute for neuter nouns; as, high as heaven himself. [This use ts now improper. | 5 It is sometimes separated from he; as he could not go himself, for hextimself could not go. 6. Himself is used to express the proper character or natural temper and disposition of a person, after or in opposition to wandering of mind, irregularity, or devious conduct, from derangement, passion, or extraneous influence. We say, aman has come to himself, after delirious or extravagant behavior. Let the man alone ; let him act himself. By himself; alone ; unaccompanied ; sequestered. He sits or studies by himself. Ahab went one way by himself, and Obadiah went another way by himself. —1 Kings xviii. HIN, n. [Heb. j7.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, said by Josephus to be double the Greek xoos, and therefore about six quarts English measure. Gesenius. HIND, n. [Sax. hinde; G. and D. hinde; Sw. and Dan. hind; allied perhaps to han, hen. See Hun.] The female of the red deer or stag. HIND, 7. [Sax. hine; Scot. hyne.] 1. A domestic; a servant. [Obs] Shak. 2. A peasant; a rustic; a countryman; a swain ; hills ; HIND, a. [Sax. hyndan, hindan; G. hintan; D. hinder. Deriv. comp. HinveEr, superl. HinpMoszt. } _ Backward; pertaining to the part which follows; in opposition to the fore part; as, the hind legs of a quadruped ; the hind toes ; the hind shoes of a horse; the ind part of an animal. HIND/BER-RY, nz. The wild fruit of a species of Rubus, allied to the raspberry. Booth. HIND/ER, a.; comp. of Hinp. That is in a position contrary to that of the head or fore part; designating the part which follows; as, the hinder part of a wagon ; the hinder part of a ship,.or the stern. Acts XXVii. HIN’DER, v. t. [Sax, henan, hynan, Jundrian; G. hindern; D. hinderen; Sw. htndra; Dan. hindrer; from hind, hyn. The Saxon verbs henan, hynan, sig- nify to oppress, as Well as to hinder, and hean is low, humble, poor. Qu. L. cunctor, or Gr. oxvew for oxe- vew. See Class Gn, No. 4, 14, 41.] 1. To stop; to interrupt; to obstruct ; to impede or prevent from moving forward by any means. It is applicable to any subject, physical, moral, or intel- lectual. Them that were entering in, ye hindered. — Luke xi. 2. To retard ; to check in progression or motion ; to obstruct for a time, or to render slow in motion. Cold weather hinders the growth of plants, or hinders them from coming to maturity in due season. Let no obstacle hinder daily improvement. 3. To prevent, in a general sense ; as, what hinders our having that right? What hinders younger brothers, being fathers of families, from having the same right? Locke. HIN’/DER, v. i. To interpose obstacles or impedi- ments. This objection hinders not but that the heroic action of some com- mander may be written. Dryden. HIN/DER-ANCE,)n. The act of impeding or re- HIN/DRANCE, straining motion. 2. Impediment ; that which stops progression or advance ; obstruction. He must remove all these hinderances out of the way. Atlerbury. HIN’/DER-ED, pp. Stopped; :mpeded; obstructed ; retarded. HIN/DER-ER, 2. which hinders. HIN/DER-ING, ppr. ing ; retarding. HIND/ER-LING, xn. animal. . HIND/ER-MOST, a. That whichis behind all others ; the last. [But we now use HinpMost.] HIND/MOST, a. The last; that is in the rear of all One who stops or retards; that Stopping ; impeding; obstruct- A paltry, worthless, degenerate others. He met thee in the way, and smote tho hindmost of thee. — Deut. xxv. HIN/DOO,)n. An aboriginal of Hindoostan, or Hin- HIN/DU, § dostan. The language of the Hindoosis called Hindoostanee. HIN’/DOO-ISM, )z. The doctrines and rites of the HIN/DU-ISM, § Hindoos; the system of religious principles among the Hindoos, HIN-DOO-STAN’EE, a. orn. Hindoos or their language. HINGE, (hinj,) x. [This word appears to be connected with hang, and with angle, the verb; G. angel, a hook, or hinge; D. hengzel, a hinge, a handle. ] 1. The hook or joint on which a door, gate, &c., turns. A term applied to the The gate self-opened wide, On golden hinges turning. Milton. 2. That on which any thing depends or turns; a governing principle, rule, or point. This argument was the hinge on which the question turned. 3. A cardinal point, as east, west, north, or south. [Little used. ] Creech. To be off the hinges, is to be in a state of disorder or irregularity. Tillotson. HINGE, v. t. To furnish with hinges. 9. To bend like ahinge. [Little used.] Shak. HINGE, v. i To stand, depend, or turn, as on hinge. The question hinges on this single point. HING/ED, (hinjd,) pp. Placed onahinge. _ HING/ING, (hinj’ing,) ppr- Depending; turning. HIN'NI-ATE, ) v.i. [L. hinnio.] To neigh. HIN/NY, B. Jonson. HIN'NY, 2. The produce of a stallion and a she-ass. Booth. HINT, v. t. [It. cenno, a nod, or hint ; accennare, to nod, or beckon. } ; ; To bring to mind by a slight mention or remote allusion ; to allude to; to suggest by a slight intima- tion. 2 Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike. Pope. HINT, v.i. To hint at, is to allude to; to mention slightly. i ; ae HINT,z. Adistant allusion ; slight mention ; intima- tion ; insinuation; a word or two intended to give notice, or remind one of something, without a full 3. Occasion; as, our /lint of Woe is common; it was my hint tospeak. [Obs.1 [May not this word be from kent, (hentan,) to seize, or lay hold of, and thus denote that which is to be laid hold of, as an oc- casion, an intimation, &c.? Ed. HINT’ED, pp. Alluded to; mentioned slightly. HINT/ING, ppr. Alluding to; mentioning slightly HINT’ING-LY, adv. In a hinting manner; suggest ingly. HIP, n. [Sax. hipe, hype, hypp ; G. hifte; D. heup; Sw. hoft; Dan. hofte. It coincides with heap, Sax. hype, and probably signifies a mass, or Le) The projecting part of an animal formed by the haunch bone; the haunch, or the flesh that covers the bone and the adjacent parts; the joint of the thigh. To have on the hip; to have the advantage over one; a low phrase, borrowed probably from wrest- lers. To smite hip and thigh; completely to overthrow or defeat. Judges xv. HIP, v. t. To sprain or dislocate the hip. HIP, HOP n. The fruit of the dog-rose, or wild brier. 3 HIP, HIP/PED, HIP/PISH See Hyrr. HIP/HALT, a. [hip and Aalt.] Lame; limping. [ Obs.] Gower. HIP/PED-ROOF, (hipt’roof,) n. A roof whose ends slant back at the same angle with the adjacent sides; also called Hip-roor. Gwilt. HIP/PO-€AMP, zn. [Gr. inwoxapzos; immos,a horse, and xau7rw, to bend.} A name given to the sea-horse Browne. HIP-PO-CEN/TAUR, x. [Gr. inmokevravpos; tnmus, a horse, xevrew, to spur, and ravpos, a bull.) In ancient fable, a supposed monster, half man and half horse. The hippocentaur differed from the cen- taur in this, that the latter rode on an ox, and the former on a horse, as the name imports. Encyc. HIP/PO-€RAS, n. [Fr., quasi wine of Hippocrates.] A medicinal drink, composed of wine with an in- fusion of spices and other ingredients; used as a cordial. That directed by the late London Dispensa- tory, is to be made of cloves, ginger, cinnainon, and nutmegs, heat and infused in canary with sugar; to the infusion, milk, a lemon, and some slips of rase- mary are to be added, and the whole strained through flannel. NCY Cs HIP-PO€’/RA-TES’? SLEEVE, n. A kind of bag, made by uniting the opposite angles of a square piece of flannel, used for straining sirups and de- coctions. Quincy. HIP-PO-GERAT/IE FACE, x. [U. facies hippocratica.] Pale, sunken, and contracted features, considered as a fatal symptom in diseases. Parr. HIP-PO€/RA-TISM, n. The philosophy of Hippoc- rates, as it regards medicine. hambers. HIP/PO-DAMB, 7. A sea-horse. Spenser. HIP/PO-DROME, x. [Gr. immodpopos ; irros, a horse, and doojos, a course, from dpeuo), to run. Anciently, a circus, or place in which horse-races and chariot-races were performed, and horses exer- cised. The term is still in use. Brande. HIP/PO-GRIFF, n. [Fr. hippogriffe, from Gr. ices, a horse, and ypvw, a grifiin. A fabulous animal or monster, half horse and half griffin; a winged horse. Johnson. Miiion. HIP-PO-PA-THOL’O-GY, n. The science of veteri- nary medicine; the pathology of the horse. HIP-POPH’A-GOUS, a. Feeding on horses, as the Tartars. HIP-POPH’A-GY, n. to eat.] The act or practice of feeding on horses. Quart. Rev: [Gr. immos, a horse, and [Gr. imzos, a horse, and gaya, HIP-PO-POT’A-MUS, 2. qoTapos, a river.| A pachydermatous mammal allied to the elephant, having a thick and square head, a very large muzzle, small eyes and ears, thick and heavy body, short legs terminated by four toes, a short tail, two ventral dugs, skin without hair, except at the extremity of the tail. It inhabits nearly the whole of Africa. There are supposed to be two species. He has been found of the length of seventeen feet. He delights in the water, but feeds on herbage on land. HIP-PO/RIE ACID, xn. [Gr. inzos, horse, and ovpor, urine.] An acid allied to benzoic acid, obtained from the urine of horses, &c. Brande. HIP/PU-RITE, x. An extinct bivalve mollusk of the genus Hippurites, occurring in the chalk formation. Brande. HIP/ROOF, x. [hip and roof,] The same with Hirrep- Roor, which see. oe HIP/SHOT, a. [hip and skot.] Having the hip dis- located. L) Estrange. HIP/WORT, x. A plant. : HIR, pron. In old English, Her ; sometimes used for the plural THEIR. HIR/CIE ACID, xn. fication of hircin. HIR/CIN, n. [Lz hircus, a goat.] q ter, obtained from mutton suet, and gi An acid produced by the sa oni- re A liquid, Satty mat- ving it a pecu- Brande, a boor; or a husbandman’s servant. [English.] declaration or explanation. é Encyc. 2. Suggestion. liar rank smell. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 70 ——— a3 ETE : —¥ \ a YSarh oe eenmeliinend ~, via = rtee - nee i EE OLE IES SELLA COLE ere ee HIS HIRE, v.t [Sax. hyran; D. huuren ; Sw. hyra; Dan. ad hyrer; W. huriaw; Ch, Syr. Sam. “2N, Ar. >>} agar, to hire, Class Gr, No. 10.) 1. To procure from another person, and for tempo- rary use, at a certain price, or for a stipulated or rea- sonable equivalent ; as, to jurea farm for a year; to hire a horse for a day ; to hive money at legal interest. 9. To engage in service for a stipulated reward ; to contract with for a compensation ; as, to hire a servant for a year; to hire laborers by the day or. month. <7 : : 3. 'To bribe; to engage in immoral or illegal service for a reward. To hire out one’s self; to let; to engage one’s ser- vice to another for a reward. They have hired out themselves for bread. —1 Sam. il. To hire, or to hire out; to let; to lease; to grant the temporary use of a thing for a compensation. He has hired out his house or his farm. HIRE, 7. [Sax. hyre. Qu. can the Gr. xepdos be of this family ? 1. The price, reward, or compensation paid or contracted to be given for the temporary use of any thing. 2. Wages ; the reward or recompense paid for per- sonal service. The laborer is worthy of his hire. — Luke x. 3. Reward for base or illegal service ; a bribe. HIR’/ED, pp. or a. Procured or taken for use, at a stip- ulated or reasonable price; as, a hired farm. 2. Employed in service for a compensation ; as, a hired man ; a hired servant. HIRE/LESS, a. Without hire. HIRE/LING, 2. One who is hired, or who serves for wages. s 2. A mercenary ; a prostitute. Pope. HIRE/’LING, a. Serving for wages; venal; merce- nary ; employed for money or other compensation. A tedious crew Of hireling mourners. Dryden. HY/REN, 7. Astrumpet. [Obs.] Todds Shakspeare. HIR’ER, n. One that hires; one that procures the use of any thing for a compensation ; one who em- ploys persons for wages, or contracts with persons for service. HIR/ING, ppr. Procuring the use of for a compensa- HIR-SUTE!’, a. [L. hirsutus. Qu. hair.] [tion. 1. Hairy; rough with hair; shaggy; set with bristles. 2. In botany, it is nearly synonymous with hispid, but it denotes having more hairs or bristles, and less stiff. Martyn. HIR-SUTE/NESS, z. MHairiness. Burton. HIS, (hiz,) pron. possessive of He. [Sax. gen. hys, and hse, male. 1. Of him. Thus in Alfred’s Orosius, ‘* Suwme for his ege ne dorstan.”? Some for fear of him durst not ; literally, for his awe, for awe of him. Lib. 3,8. In this instance, zs does not express what belongs to the antecedent of Ais, (Philip,) but the fear which others entertained of him. 2. The present use of iis is as a pronominal ad- jective, in any case indifferently, corresponding to the L. suus. Thus, tell John jis papers are ready. I will deliver his papers to his messenger. He may take his son’s books. When the noun is omitted, his stands as its substitute, either in the nominative or objective case. Te)l John this book ishis. He may take mine, and I will take hs. 3. His was formerly used for its, but improperly, and the use has ceased. 4, It was formerly used as a sign of the posses- sive. The man /is ground, for the man’s ground. This use has also ceased. 5. His is still used “as a substitute for a noun, pre- ceded by of; as, all ye saints of his ; ye ministers of 1S. Scripture. Hissexr is no longer used. HIS/IN-GER-ITE, x. A soft, black, iron ore, nearly earthy, consisting of silica and iron, with 20 per cent. of water. Dana. HISK, v.z. To breathe with difficulty. HIS’PID, a. [L. hispidus.] [Worth of England. J. Rough with bristles or minute spines ; bristly. 2. In botany, having strong hairs or bristles ; beset with stiff bristles. Martyn. HISS, v.z% [Sax. hysian, hiscan, hispan, hyspan. 1. To make a sound by driving the breath between the tongue and the upper teeth; to give a strong as- piration, resembling the noise made bya serpent and some other animals, or that of water thrown on hot iron. Hissing is an expression of contempt. The merchants among the people shall hise at thee.— Ezek. xXVi. _ 2. To express contempt or disapprobation by hiss- ing. 2 3. To whiz, as an arrow or other thing in rapid ight. HISS, v. t. To condemn by hissing; to explode. The spectators /iissed him off the stage. HIS 2. To procure hisses or disgrace. That of an hour’s age doth /iiss the speaker. Shak. HISS, . The sound made by propelling the breath between the tongue and upper teeth; the noise of a serpent, a goose, &c, He hiss for hiss returned. Milton. 2. An expression of contempt or disapprobation, used in places of public exhibition. : HISS’ED, (hist,) pp. Expressed contempt by hissing. HISS'/ING, ppr. or a. Making or resembling the noise of serpents. HISS/ING, n. A hissing sound; an expression of scorn or contempt. 2. The occasion of contempt; the object of scorn and derision. I will make this city desolate, and a hissing. — Jer. xix. HISS/ING-LY, adv. With a whistling sound. Sherwood. HIST, ezclam. [Dan. hyst. In Welsh, hust is a low, buzzing sound. ] A word commanding silence; equivalent to hush, be silent. HIS-TO'RI-AL, a. Historical. [ Obds.] Chaucer. HIS-TO/RI-AN, n. [Fr. historien; L. historicus; It. istorico. See History. A writer or compiler of history ; one who collects and relates facts and events in writing, particularly respecting nations. Hume is called an elegant /is- torian. ~ ms ' HIS TORTECAL: a. [L. historicus ; Fr. historique.] 1. Containing history, or the relation of facts; as, a historical poem; the historic page; historic brass. Pope. 2, Pertaining to history ; as, historic care or fidelity. 3. Contained in history; deduced from history ; as, historical evidence. 4, Representing history ; as, a historical chart. Historical painting ; that highest branch of the art which can embody a story in one picture, and invest it with the warmth of poetry. Smart. Historical sense, is that meaning of a passage which is deduced from the circumstances of time, place, &c., under which it was written ; the primary sense, as opposed to any secondary or remoter one. HIS-TOR/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of history ; according to history; by way of narration. The Gospels declare historically something which our Lord Jesus Christ did, spoke, or sutlered. Hooker. HIS’TO-RI-ED, (his‘to-rid,) a. Recording in history. HIS-TO'RI-ER, n. A historian. [ Obs.] HIS-TOR/LFY, v. t. Torelate; to record in history. Not used. | Sidney. HIS-TO-RI-OG/RA-PHER, n. [Gr. icropta, history, and ypadw, to write.] A historian ; a writer of history; particularly, a professed historian , an officer employed to write the history of a prince or state; as, the historiographer of his Britannic majesty. HIS-TO-RI-OG/RA-PHY, x2. The art or employment of a historian. HIS-TO-RLOL/O-GY, n. A discourse on history, or the knowledge of history. [JVot in use. HIS'/TO-RY,n. [Gr.icropca ; L. Sp. and Port. historia ; It. tstoria; Fr. histoire; Ir. sdair, stair; Sax. stair, ster, probably from the Latin; W. ysdori, history, matter of record, what is of concern or in mind, from ysdawr, an object of care or concern, from dawr, to care, to be concerned, to regard. The Greek ictwo signifies knowing, learned, and foropew is rendered to inquire, to explore, to learn by inspec- tion or inquiry. This would seem to be connected with W. ystyriaw, to consider, to regard or take no- tice. Hrisrory and Story are the same word dif- ferently written. ] 1. An account of facts, particularly of facts re- specting nations or states; a narration of events in the order in which they happened, with their causes and effects. History differs from annals. Annals re- late simply the facts and events of each year, in strict chronological order, without any observations of the annalist. History regards less strictly the ar- rangement of events under each year, and admits the observations of the writer. ‘This distinction, however, is not always regarded with strictness. History is of different kinds, or treats of different subjects ; as, a history of government, or political history ; history of the Christian church, or ecclesias- tical history ; history of war and conquests, or mili- tary jistory; history of law; lustory of commerce ; history of the crusades, &c. In these and similar examples, history is 2ritten narrative or relation. What is the history of nations, but a narrative of the follies, crimes, and miseries of man? 2. Narration; verbal relation of facts or events; story. We listen with pleasure to the soldier or the seaman, giving a jistory of his adventures. What histories of toil could I declare ! Pope. 3. Knowledge of facts and events. History — is necessary to divines, Watts, 4. Description; an account of things that exist; Ent as, natural history, which comprehends a description of the works of nature, particularly of animals, plants, and minerals; a history of animals, or zodlo gy ; a history of plants, 5. An account of the origin, life, and actions of an individual person. We say, we have a concise /is- tory of the prisoner in the testimony offered to the court. A formal written account of an individuals life, is called BrooRarny. HIS’/TO-RY-—PIECE, n. A representation of any real event in painting, which exhibits the actors, their actions, and the attending events to the eye, by fig- ures drawn to the life. HIS/TRI-ON, n. A player. [JVot in use.] Pope. HIS-TRLON/TE, a. HIS-TRI-ON/I€-AL, [L. histrionicus, from /is- trio, a buffoon, an actor, or stage-player. ] Pertaining to a stage-player; belonging to stage- playing ; befitting atheater ; theatrical; pantomimic. Johnson. HIS-TRI-ON’I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a stage-player ; theatrically. HIS’TRI-O-NISM, n. The acts or practice of buf- foons or pantomimes ; stage-playing. Southey. HIT, v. t.; pret. and pp. Hit. [Sw. hitta, Dan. hitter, to find, to meet, that is, to come to, to come or fall on. This word illustrates the signification of Frnp.] 1. To strike or touch, either with or without force. We hit a thing with the finger, or with the head; a cannon ball jits a mast, or a wall. 2. To strike or touch a mark with any thing di- rected to that object ; not to miss. The archers Ait him. — 1 Sam. xxxi. 3. To reach ; to attain to. Birds learning tunes, and their endeavors to Ait the notes richt. OCKE, 4. To suit; to be conformable. Melancholy, Whose saintly visage is too bright To fzt the sense of human sight. Milton. 5. To strike ; to touch properly ; to offer the right bait. There you hit him — that argument never fails with him. ryden, To hit off; to strike out; to determine luckily. 2. To represent or describe exactly. [ Temple. To hit owt ; to perform by good luck. [Little used.]} Spenser. HIT, v.% To strike ; to meet or come in contact; to clash ; followed by against or on. If bodies be mere extension, how can they move and hit one against another. Locke. Corpuscles, meeting with or hitting on those bodies, become conjointed with them. Woodward. 2. To meet or fall on by good luck; to succeed by accident ; not to miss. And oft it hits Where hope is coldest, and despair most fits, Shak. 3. To strike or reach the intended point; to suc- ceed. ; And millions miss for one that hits. Sutft. To hit on, or upon; to light on ; to come to or fall on by chance; to meet or find, as by accident. None of them Ait upon the art. Addison. HIT, x. A striking against; the collision of one body against another; the stroke or blow that touches any thing. So he the famed Cilician fencer praised, And at each hit with wonder seems amazed, Dryden, 2. A chance; a casual event; as, a lucky hit, 3. A lucky chance; afortunate event. Dryden. 4. Aterm in backgammon. Three hits are equal to a gammon. 5. A striking expression or turn of thought, which seems to be peculiarly applicable, or to hit the point. - HITCH, v.2 [Ar. eyes harika, to hitch along; W. hecian, to halt, hop, or limp, or hictaw, to snap, to catch suddenly. Both may be of one family.] 1. To move by jerks, or with stops; as, in collo- quial language, to hitch along. Whoe’er offends, at some unlucky time Slides in a verse, or hitches in arhyme, Pope. 2. To become entangled ; to be caught or hooked. South. 3. To hit the legs together in going, as horses. [ot used in the United States.] 4. To hop; to spring on one leg. | Zocal.] Grose. 3. T’o move or walk. Grose. HITCH, v. t To hook; to catch by a hook; as, to hitch a bridle. 2. To fasten by hitching ; as, to hitch a horse by a bridle, or to hitch him to a post. New England. HITCH,7n. A catch; any thing that holds, asa hook ; an impediment. 2. The act of catching, as on a hook, &c. 3. In seamen’s language, a knot or noose in a rope for fastening it to a ring or other object ; as, a clove hitch, a timber hitch, &c. Mar. Dict 4. A stop or sudden halt in walking or moving. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METH, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 554HOA HOB HOD HITCH’ED, (hitcht,) pp. Caught; hooked; fastened. | HOARD, v. % To collect and form a hoard, to lay BYTE, 2 t. To hatchel. [Not used.] [See} up store. ATCHEL. : S HITCH’/ING, ppr. Hooking; fastening. Nor cared to hoard for those whom he did breed. Spenser. HITCH’ING, n. A fastening, as with a string or strap to a ring, hook, or other fixture. HIFHE, n. [Sax. hyth.] A port or small haven; as in Queenhithe and Lambhithe, now Lambeth. [English.] HIFH’ER, adv. [Sax. hither or lider; Goth. hidre; Dan. hid; Sw. hit.] 1. To this place ; used with verbs signifying mo- tion ; as, to come hither ; to proceed hither ; to bring hither. 2. Hither and thither; to this place and that. 3. To this point; to this argument or topic ; to this end. [Little used, and not to be encouraged. | Hither we refer whatever belongs to the highest perfection of Hooker. HIFH/ER, a. Nearest ; as, on the hither side of a hill ; building. HIFH/ER-MOST, a. Nearest on this side. Hale. HIFH/ER-TO, (comp hither and to.] To this time; yet. toward the person speaking ; the hither end of the The Lord hath blessed me hitherto. — Josh. xvii. 2. In any time, or every time till now ; in time preceding the present. More ample spirit than hitherto was wont. 3. To this place ; to a prescribed limit. Hitherto shalt thou come, but no further. — Job xxxviii. Spenser. HIFH'ER-WARD, [comp. hither and ward.] This way ; toward this place. A puissant and mighty power — Ta marching hitherward in proud array. Shak. HIT’TING, ppr. Striking. HIVE, x. [Sax. hyfe; Eth. P© hafo. Class Gb, No. 88. In W. cuf is the stem or stock of a tree, and cufgwenyn is a bee-hive. So in G. bienenstock, Sw. ae bee-stock. The hive of wild bees is a hollow tree 1. A box, chest, or kind of basket for the reception and habitation of a swarm of honey-bees. It is made of boards, straw, or other materials. 2. A swarm of bees; or the bees inhabiting a hive. «@ Shak. 3. A company or society together, or closely con- nected. usual a} Swift. HIVE, v. To collect into a hive; to cause to enter a hive ; ; ee to hive bees. Dryden. Mortimer. 9. To contain ; to receive, as a habitation, or place of deposit. Where all delicious sweets are Aived. Cleaveland, HIVE, v.z. To take shelter or lodgings together; to reside in a collective body. Pope. HIV’ED, pp. Lodged in a hive or shelter. HIV/ER, n. One that collects bees into a hive. VUNG ppr. Collecting into a hive. [Mortimer. HIVES, n. ([Scot. Qu. heave.] ie disease the croup, or cynanche trachealis ; rat- tles 2 A popular name of an eruptive disease, allied to the chicken-pox. uchanan. HIZZ, v.7. To hiss. Shak. HIZZ'ING, n. A hissing or hiss. May. HO, exclam. A word used by teamsters, to stop their teams. It has been used asa noun, for stop, moder- ation, bounds. There is no ho with them. Dekker. Green. a word is pronounced also whd, or hd.) noA. [L. eho.] A call to excite attention, or to give notice of ap- proach. exclam. Shak. Shak. What noise there, ho? Hoa! who’s within? HOAR, a. (Sax. har; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ar. +n, white. 1. White ; as, hoar frost; hoar cliffs. Thomson. 2. Gray; white with age; hoary; as, a matron grave and hoar. Spenser. 3. Musty; moldy. [ Obsolete.] Spenser. HOAR, x. Hoariness ; antiquity. Burke. HO o. % To become moldy or musty. used. HOAK/_FROST, nm. The white particles formed by the congelation of dew. HOARD, n. [Sax. hord, from gathering, hiding, or depositing. ] A store, stock, or large quantity of any thing ac- cumulated or Jaid up; a hidden stock ; a treasure ; as, a hoard of provisions for winter; a hoard of money Shak. Woodward. 4. i fence inclosing a house and materials while builders are at work. [Eng.] Smart. HOARD, v.t. To collect and lay up a large quantity of any thing; to amass and deposit in “secret ; SLO: store secretly ; as, to hoard grain or provisions ; to hoard silver and gold. Dryden. It is sometimes followed by up, but without use; [Little HOARD!ED, pp. or a. Collected and Jaid up in store. HOARD’/ER, x. One who lays up in store ; one who accumulates and keeps in secret. HOARD/ING, ppr. Laying up in store. 2s) Gs Instinctively collecting and laying up pro- visions for winter; as, the squirrel is a hoarding animal. HOARD/ING, x. A laying up in store. HOAR/ED, a. Moldy; musty. [Vot in use.] HOAR/HOUND, n. The name of several plants of different genera. The common hoarhound is the Marrubium vulgare. It has a bitter taste, and is used as a tonic. Encyc. HOAR/LNESS, z. [from hoary.] The state of being white, whitis h, or gray ; as, the hoariness of the hair or head of old men. HOARSE, (hors,) a. [Syr. Din hars, to be rough or hoarse. | 1. Having a harsh, rough, grating voice, as when affected with a cold. . Rough; grating; discordant ; as the voice, or as any sound. We say, the hoarse raven; the hoarse resounding shore. Dryden. HOARSE/-SOUND-ING, a. Making a rough, grating sound. Allen. HOARSE’LY, adv. With a rough, harsh, grating voice or sound. Driden. HOARSE/NESS, n. Harshhess or roughness of voice or sound; preternatural asperity of voice. Arbuthnot. HOAR/STONE, nx. Arm. harz, a bound or limit. ‘¢In many parts of Great Britain are to be seen cer- tain upright, rude pillars, or massive blocks of stone, which in England are called hoarstones, or by a name of nearly the same sound, with all the gradations of dialectical variety. Their appellation in Scotland is the hare-stane. A landmark ; a stone desig estate. HOAR’Y, a. hoary Ww ‘lows. 2, White or gray with age; hoary head. gnating the bounds of an [See Hoan.] White or whitish; as, the Addison. as, hoary hairs; a Reverence the hoary head. Dwight. 3. Moldy ; mossy. Knowles. 4, In botany, grayish-white, caused by very short, dense bale covering the surface. Lindley. HOAX, [Sax hucse, or hucz, contempt, irony, de- rision ; or W. hoced, cheat, deceit, juggle, trick.] Something = done for deception or mockery ; a trick played off in sport. OAX, v. t. To deceive; to play a trick upon for sport, or without malice. [4 colloquial word, but not elegant.) HOAX’ED, (hokst,) pp. Deceived; played a trick upon for sport. HO ae ER, x. One who hoaxes or deceives. [ Collo- quial. a mart. HO: AX/ING, ppr. Deceiving; tricking, without mal- ice. HOB, ) 2. [Dan. hob, a heap; or W. hob, that which HUB, swells. The nave of a wheel; a solid piece of timber in wine the spokes are inserted. Washington. HOB, The flat part of a grate at the side, where chines are placed to be kept warm Smart. HOB, 7. A clown; a fairy. HOB OR NOB. See Hosnosr. HOB/BISM, zn. The principles of the skeptical Thomas Hobbes. Skelton. HOB/BIST, x. A follower of Hobbes, the skeptic. HOB/BLE, (hob/bl,) v0 i. [W. hobelu, to hop, to hobble. See Hop. ] limp; to walk with a hitch or “hop, or With crutches. The friar was Aodbling the same way too. Dr: cumbered with a clog, or with fetters. 3. To move roughly or irregularly, as verse. While you Pindaric truths rehearse, HOBIBLE: DE-HOY, zx. for a boy between fourtee n and twenty-one. Swyft. HOB‘BLER, xn. One that hobbles, HOB’BLER, 2. Encyc. “Davies. HOB/BLING, ppr. or a. Walking with a halting o interrupted step. HOB/BLING-LY, adv. Witha as, to hoard up provisions. TUNE, BULL, Ne AN'GER, VICIOUS: ae as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. step. 1. To walk lamely, bearing chiefly on one leg ; to 2. To walk awkwardly, as when the feet are en- She hobbies in alternate verse. Prior. HOB/BLE, v. t. To perplex. [JVot in use.] HOB'BLE, An unequal, halting gait; an encum- bered, aoe step. - He has a frobble in his gait. Swift. Difficulty ; perplexity. Rich, Dict. A stripling; a cant phrase [from hobby.] One who by his tenure was to maintain a hobby for military service ; or one who served as a soldier on a hobby with light armor. limping or interrupted HOB'BY, x. [W. hobel, what stops or starts suddenly ; Arm. hoberell; Fr. hobereau. A species of falcon, Falco subbutes. It is extremely active, and was formerly trained for hawking. Jardine. HOB/BY, 7. {Norm. Fr. hobyn, and allied to the pre- ceding. j 1. A strong, active horse, of a middle size, said to have been orginally from treland ; a nag; a pacing- horse ; a garran. Johnson. Encyc. 2. A stick, or figure of a horse, on which boys ride. 3. Any favorite object; that which a person pur- sues with zeal or delight. 4. A stupid fellow. HOB/BY-HORSE, zx. A hobby ; a wooden horse on which boysride. [Tautological.] 2. A character in the old May-games. 7 A stupid or foolish person. The favorite object of pursuit. HOB: ‘BY-HORS I€- AL, a Pertaining to or having a hobby-horse ; eccentric. Sterne. HOB BY-HORS/I€-AL-LY, adv. Whimsically. Sterne. HOB-GOB-LIN, n. [Probably W. ob, hop, and gob- lin A fairy ; a frightful apparition. HOB’T- LER, ‘A feudal tenant bound to serve as 2 light orem or bowman; the same as Hopsrnr. Brande. Douce. Shak. HO'BIT, n. [Sp. hobus; G. haubitze.] A Sali mortar, or short gun for throwing bombs. [See Howitzer, the common orthography. ] HOB/LikE, a. Clownish ; boorish. Cotgrave. HOB/‘N mats [G. hufnagel, hoof-nail.] 1. Anail with a thick, strong head, such as is used for shoeing horses. Shak. 2. A clownish person, in contempt. Milton. HOB/NAIL-ED, a. Set with hobnails 3 rough. “Dryden. HOB/NOB, adv. [Qu. Sax. habban, nebban, have, not have Take or not take ; a familiar invitation to recipro- cal drinking. Shak. HOB-O-MOK'KO, n. Among American Indians, an HO/BOY. See Haursoy. [evil spirit. HOB/SON’S CHOICE; a vulgar proverbial expression denoting a choice without an alternative ; the thing offered or nothing. It is said to have had its origin in the name of a person at Cambridge, England, named Hobson, who let horses, and obliged every customer to take in his turn that horse which stood next ihe stable-door. Encyc. Am. ee [Sax. hoh. See Hovex.] The joint of an animal between the the fetlock, A part of vue thigh. knee and Jolinson. HOC aK. To hamstring ; to hough ; to disable HOC KLE, Oty cutting the te ndons of the ham. ] HOCK, n. [from Hochheim, in Germany. d A highly- esteemed sort of Rhenish wine, of a light- yellow ish color. Mortimer. HOCK’A- MORE, zn. [See Hocx.] HOCK/DAY, High day ; Hudibras. n a day of feasting and HOKE’DAY, >| mirth, formerly held in England the second Tue sday after Easter, to commemorate the destruction of the Danes in the time of Ethelred. Encijc. ; disabled by cut- A Rhenish wine. HOCK/ED, (hokt,) pp. Hamstrung ting the tendons of the ham. HOCK/EY, n. [G. hoch, Sax. heah, high. Qu.] 1. Harvest-home. [ot used. | 2. A game at ball played with a club curved at the bottom. Itseems to be the same with Hawkey, as described by Holloway. HOCK’HERB, (-erb,) n. A plant, the mallows. Ainsworth. HOCK!LE, (hok!l,) v. t To hamstring. Hanmer. 2. To mow. Mason. HO/€US-PO/EUS, n. [W. hoced, a cheat or trick, and perhaps bw or pica, a hobgoblin. ] A juggler ; a juggler’s trick ; a cheat used by con- jurers. Hudibras. HO’€ Us Lone D. te I Estrange. HOD, ee r, hotte. J A ein of tray for carrying mortar and brick, used in bricklaying. It is fitted with a handle, and borne on the shoulder. HOD/DEN-GRAY, zm. Cloth made of wool in its nat- ural state, athent eine dyed. [Scottish.] HOD/DY- DOD/DY, n. An awkward or foolish person. [ Obs al] . Jonson. HODGE-PODGE, In. [Qu. Fr. hocher, to shake, or HOTCH!’-POT CH, hachis, minced meat. } A mixed mass ; a medley ‘of ingredients. [Vulgar. ] [See Horcuror.] HO-DI-ERN/AL, a this day.] Of this day; belonging to the present day. HOD/MAN, n. Aman who carries a hod ; a mason’s To cheat. [L. hodiernus, from hodie, hoe die, r tender. : HOD/MAN-DOD, n. A shell-fish, otherwise called dodman. Bacon. 9, A shell-snail. pele ee eee mee A 559 o- a immer td a Se ee een ee ae Sanne \ et Nee a erase a et ran Ps Le eaeeal ee HOI ee eh HOS, (ho,) 7. NG: haue; Sw. hacka, and this is the L Dan. hakke, G. hacke, a mattock ; Fr. houe. It seems this is from the root ‘of hack and hew ; Sax. heawian; D. houwen; G. hacken, Sw. hacka, Dan. hakker, to chop, to hack, to hew ; Fr. houer. A farmer’s "instrument for cutting up weeds and loosening the earth in fields and gardens. It is in shape something like an adz, being a plate of iron, with an eye for a handle, which is set at an acute angle with the plate. HOE, v.t. To cut, dig, scrape, or clean with a hoe ; as, pe hoe the earth in "a garden ; to hoe the beds. To clear from W eeds ; as, to hoe mi ae : to hoe HOE,» y.i. Touse a hoe. [ci rere HOED, (hode,) pp. Cleared from weeds, or oosened by the hoe. : ‘ oe ‘. HOEMING, ppr Cutting, scraping, or digging with a Clearing of wee 2s with a hoe. [hoe. HOEIING, n. The act of scraping or digging with a hoe. HO/FUL, a. [Sax. hohfull, hogfull; hoga, care, and ill. | | Careful. [ Obs.] || HOG, n. [W. hwg, a hog, a push or thrust; Arm. hoch ; probably so named from his snout, or from rooting ; Sp. hocico, the snout of a beast ; hocicar, to rot oF ] | ‘A swine ; a general name of that species of an- | } | it Ul. 2. In England, a castrated sheep of a year old. Ashe 3. A bullock of a year old. Ash. A brutal fellow ; one who is mean and filthy. . Among seamen, a sort of scrubbing-broom for Sci raping a ship’s bottom under water. Totten. HOG, v. t. To scrape a ship’s bottom under water. 2. [G. hocken.] To carry on the back. [Zocal.] j r tS on Grose. 3. To cut the hair short ; as, to hog the mane of a horse. Smart. HOG, v. To bend, so as to resemble in some degree a hog’s one Ee 3 as, a ship hogs in Jaunching. HOG'€OTE, [hog and cote.| A shed or house for | swine: a oe Mortimer. | HOG/GED, (hogd,) pp. Scraped under water. De Curving; having the ends lower than the mid- dle. Eton. HOG’/GER-EL, rn. A sheep of the second year. Ash. HOG/GET, x. [Norm. hoget.j 1. A sheep two years old. Skinner. A colt of a year old, called also hog-colt. [Lo- cal.| Grose. 3. A young boar of the second year. Cyc. HOG!GING, ppr. Scraping under water. HOG/GISH, a. Having ae eg ialities of a hog; brutish ; gluttonous ; filthy ; mean ; selfish. HOG/GISH-LY, adv. ih ‘a brutish, filthy manner. HOG/GiSH-NESS, n. it ness in eating; beastly filthiness ; ness. HOGH, (ho,) 7. [See Hieu.} Ahill; acliff. [Obds.] | Spenser. HOG/HERD, 7. [hog and herd.] A keeper of swine. Browne. High flavor ; gluttonous, or Brutishness ; voracious greedi- mean _ selfish- HO/GO, x. [Corrupted from haut gout.] strong scent. [See Haur Gout. HOG’/PEN, n. [hog and pen.| A hogsty. HOG/-PLUM, n. A tropical tree of the genus Spon- dias, with fruit somewhat resembling “plums, but chiefly eaten by hogs. Booth. Loudon. HOG/-RING-ER, nr. One whose business is to put rYings in the snouts of swine. HOG’S/-BEAN, z. [A mere translation of the Gr. ‘Yooxvapos. ] Aplant, Hycscyamus niger, and other species of the genus Hyoscyamus ; henbane. Ainsworth. HOG’S'/-FEN-NEL, n. A plant of the genus Peuced- anum. HOG’S’-MUSH-ROOMS, A plant. Ainsworth. HOGS'HEAD, (hogz'hed Mi n. ([D. oxhoofd; G. oxhoft; Dan. oxehoved ; Sw. othufoud ; that is, oxhead. The English orthography is grossly corrupt. ] l. A measure of capacity, containing 63 wine gal- lons, or about 524 imperial gallons. The old ale hogs- head contained 54 ale gallons, or nearly 55 imperial gallons. McCulloch. 2. In America, this name is often given to a butt, a cask containing from 110 to 120 wine gallons; as, a Boneh cae of spirit or molasses. A large cask of indefinite contents. HOGi- -SKIN, zn. swine. HOG/STEER, z. Not in use.) HOG/STY, n. hogs. HOG/WASH, n. [hog and wash.| Swill; the refuse matters of 2 kitchen or brewery, or like matter for swine. Arbuthnot. HOHL/SPATH, nm. [G.] The mineral otherwise called macle, and chiastolite. | HO! Has nm. [W. hoeden, a flirt, a wanton, a co- que Bacon. Tanned leather made of the skins of A wild boar of three years old. [hog and sty.] A pen or inclosure for I 556 HOIST, x HOIST’/ED, pp. HOIST/ING 9 Ppr- HOIT, v. i HOLLY TOIALY ; HOL’/€AD, x. HOLD, z Hou 1. A rude, bold girl; a romp. oT AN rude, bold man. ([JVot used in the United States. | Milton. HOUDEN, a. Rude; bold; inelegant; rustic. Young. HOIDEN, v To romp rudely or indecently. Sioit. HOI/DEN-HOOD, n. State of being a hoiden. HOIDEN-ISH, a, Having the manners of a hoiden. HOIST, vw. t. [ Originally hoise; but coxupred perhaps beyond remedy. G. hissen; D. hyssen; Sw. hissa; Dan. hiscer; Fr. isser; Arm. igza; Sp. eae Port. igar. This appears by the German to be radically the same word as heat; which see. ] 1. To raise ; to lift. We'll quickly Get Duke Humphrey from his seat. Shak. In popular language, it is a word of general appli- cation. But the word has two appropriate uses, one by. seamen, and the other by milkmaids, viz. To raise, to lift or bear upward by means of rebics and to draw up or raise, as a sail along the mast or stays, or as a flag, though by a single block only. Hoist the main-sail. Hoist the flag. Mar. Dict. 3. To lift and move the Jeg backward ; a word of command used by milkmaids to cows, when they wish them to lift and set back the right leg. In marine language, the perpendicular hight of a flag or sail, as opposed to the fly, or breadth from the Bt iff to the outer edge. Encyc. Raised ; lifted ; drawn up. Raising ; lifting. ’fIcel. hauta.] To leap; to caper. Beaum. & Fl. an exclamation denoting surprise or disapprobation with some degree of contempt. Hoity toity ! what have I to do with dreams? Congreve. [Qu. Ice. hauty, to leap.] (Gr. bAxadt v»| In ancient Greece, a large ship of burden. Mitford. t.; pret. HELD ; pp. Herp. Hotpen is obsolete in elegant writing. [Sax. healdan; G.halten; D. houden, 1 suppressed; Sw. halla; Dan. holder ; Gr. xw\vw, to hold, or restrain; Heb. 59>, to hold or con- tain ; Ch. and Syr. to measure, that is, to limit ; N55, to confine, restrain, or shut Up ; Ch. Syr. wd; Ar. MS to keep, guard, or preserve; Ch. bon, to take, also, to eat, toroar, tothunder. [See Cari.] The pri- mary sense is, to press, to strain. Class Gl, No. 18, 32, 36, 40.] . To stop; to confine: to restrain from escape ; to keep fast; to retain. It rarely or never signifies the first act of seizing or falling on, but the act of re- taining a thing when seized or confined. ‘To grasp, is to seize, or to keep fast in the hand; hold coin- cides with grasp in the latter sense, but not in the former. We hold a horse by meansof a bridle. An eue hor holds a ship in her station. To embrace and confine, with bearing or lift- ane We hold an orange in the hand, or a child in the arms. 3. To connect ; The loops held one curtain to another. — Exod. xxxvi. He holds the doc- to keep from separation. 4. To maintain, as an opinion. trine of justification by free era 5. To consider; to regard; that is, to have in the mind. I hold him a a fool. Shak. The Lord will not hold him guiltless, that taketh his name in vain. — Exed aheke 6. To contain, or to have capacity to receive and contain. Here is an empty busket that holds two bushels. This empty cask holds thirty gallons. The church holds two thousand people. 7. To retain within itself; to keep from running or flowing out. A vessel with holes in its bottom will not fold fluids. They have hewed them out broken cisterns, that can hold no water. —Jer. ii. 8.°To defend; to keep possession ; to maintain. With what arms We mean to hold what anciently we claim Of empire. Milton. 9. To have ; as, to hold a place, office, or title. 10. To have or possess by title; as, he held his lands of the king. The estate is ” held by copy of court-roll. . To refrain ; to stop; to restrain ; Hold your laughter. Hold your tongue. Death ! what do’st? O, hold thy blow. o think; to judge, to withhold. Crashaw. 12. To keep; as, hold your peace. 13. To fix; to confine ; to compel to observe or fulfil ; as, to hold one to his promise. 14, To ‘confine ; to restrain from motion. The Most High — held still the flood till they had passed. — 2 sdiras 15. To confine ; tobind ; in a legal or moral sense. He is held to perform his covenants. 16. To maintain ; to retain ; to continue. But still he held his purpose to depart. Dryden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.—-PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— HOLD, 7. To keep in continuance or practice. And Night and Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold Eternal anarchy. 18. To continue ; ry on. Seed-time and harvest, heat and hoary frost, Shall Aold their course. Milton, to keep; to prosecute or car- Milton. 19. 'To have in session; as, to hold a court or par- liament ; to hold a council. 20. To celebrate; to solemnize; as, to hold a feast. 21. To maintain ; to sustain ; to have in use or ex- ercise ; as, to Aold an argument or debate, 22. To sustain; to support. Thy right hand shall hold me, — Ps. cxxxix. 23. To carry ; to wield. They all hold swords, being expert in war, — Cant. iil, 24. To maintain ; to observe in practice. Ye hold the traditions of men. — Mark vii. 25. To last; to endure. The provisions will hold us, till we arrive in port. So we say, the provisions will last us ; but the phrase is elliptical for will hold or last for us, the verb being intransitive. To hold forth ; to offer ; to exhibit; to propose. Observe the connection of ideas in the propositions which books hold forth and pretend to teach. Locke. 2. To reach forth ; to put forward to view Cheyne. To hold in; to restrain ; to curb; to govern by the bridle. Swift. 2. To restrain in general ; to check; to repress, Hooker. To hold off; to keep at a distance. Pope. To hold on ; to continue or proceed in; as, to hold on a course. To hold out; to extend ; The king held out to Esther the to stretch forth. golden scepter. — Esther v. 2. To propose ; to offer. Fortune holds out these to you as rewards. B, Jonson, 3. To continue to do or suffer. He can not long hold out these pangs. [Not used.] Shak. To hold over ; to remain in after one’s term has ex- pired. To hold up; to raise ; as, hold up your head. . To sustain ; to support. He holds himself up in virtue. sf To retain ; to withhold. . To offer; to exhibit. nrceben of gain. 5. To sustain ; to keep from falling. To hold one’s own; to keep good one’s present con- dition ; not to fall off, or to lose ground. In seamen’s language, a ship holds her own, when she sails as fast as another ship, or keeps her course, To hold, is used by the Irish, for to lay, as a bet, to wager, I hold a crow n, or a dolJar; but this is a vulgar use of the word v. i. To be true; not to fail; to stand, asa fact or truth. This is a sound argume nt in many cases, but does not hold in the case under consider- ation. The rule Aolds in lands as well as in other things. Locke, In this application, we often say, to hold true, to hold good. The argument holds good in both cases. This holds true in most cases 2. To continue unbroken or unsubdued. [Lutle used.) Shak. Bacon. Sidney. He held up to view the Our force by land hath nobly held. 3. To last ; to endure. We now say, to hold out. 4. To continue. While our obedience holds. Milton. 5. To be fast; to be firm ; not to give way, or part. The rope is strong; I believe it will hold. ‘The an- chor holds well. 6. To refrain. His dauntless heart would fain have held From weeping. Dryden. . To stick or adhere. The plaster will not hold. To hold forth; to speak in public ; to harangue ; to preach ; to proclaim. I? Estrange. To hold in; to restrain one’s self. He was tempted to laugh; he could hardly hold in. 2. To continue in good luck. [Unusual.] Szoift. To hold off; to Keep at a distance ; to avoid con- nection. To hold of; to be dependent on; to derive title from. My crown is absolute, and holds of none. Dryden, To hold on; to continue ; not to be interrupted. The trade hei on many years. Sictft, 2. To Keep fast hold ; to cling to. 3. To proceed in a course. Job xvii. To hold out; to last; to endure; tocontinue. A consumptive constitution may hold out a few years. He will accomplish the work if his strength holds out. . Not to yield ; not to surrender; not to be sub- dued. The garrison still held out.HOL HOL 77 HOL. | To hold to; to cling or cleave to; to adhere. Else he will hold to the one, and despise the other. — Matt. vi. To hold under, or from; to have title from; as, pet- ty barons holding under the greater barons. To hold with ; to adhere to ; to side with; to stand up for. _ To hold plow ; to direct or steer a plow by the hand In tiliage. To hold together ; to be joined ; not to separate; to remain in union. Dryden. ~ Locke. To hold up; to support one’s self; as, to hold up under misfortunes. 2. To cease raining ; to cease, as falling weather ; used impersonally. It holds up ; it will hold up. 3. To continue the same speed ; to run or move as fast. Collier. But we now say, to keep up. To hold a wager; to lay, to stake, or to hazard, a wager. Swit. Hold, used imperatively, signifies stop; cease; for- bear; be still. IIOLD, 2. your hold ; never quit your hold. It is much used ‘after the verbs to take, and to lay; It is used ina literal sense; as, to take hold with the hands, with the arms, or with the teeth ; or in a figurative sense. Sorrow shall take hold on the inhabitants of Palestina, — Ex. xv. to take hold, or to lay hold, is to seize. Take fast hold of instruction. — Proy. iv. My soul took hold on thee. Addison. 2. Something which may be seized for support; that which supports. Ifa man be upon a high place, without a good hold, he is ready Bacon. to fal 3. Power of keeping. On your vigor now My hold of this new kingdom all depends. Milton. 4, Power of seizing. The Jaw hath yet another hold on you. Shak. 5, A prison ; a place of confinement. They Jaid hands on them, and put them in hold till the next day. — Acts lv. 6. Custody ; safe keeping. King Richard, he is in the mighty hold Of Bolingbroke. Shak. 7. Power or influence operating on the mind ; ad- vantage that may be employed in directing or per- suading another, or in governing his conduct. Fear —by which God and his laws take the surest hold of us. Tillotson. Gives fortune no more hold of him than is necessary. Dryden. 8. Lurking-place ; a place of security ; as, the hold of a wild beast. 9. A fortified place; a fort; a castle; often called a strong hold. Jer. li. 10. The whole interior cavity of a ship, between In a vessel of one deck, the whole interior space from the keel or floor That part of the hold which lies abaft the main-mast, is called the after-hold; that part im- mediately before the main-mast, the main-hold ; that part about the fore-hatchway, the fore-hold. Mar. Dict. 11. In music, a mark directing the performer to rest It is called also the floor and the lower deck. to the deck. on the note over which it is placed. a pause. HOLD’/BACK, n. Check; hinderance; restraint. Hammond. 9. The iron in the thill of a wheel carriage, to which a part of the harness is attached, in order to enable tbe animal to hold back the carriage. HOLD’ER, zn. or embraces with his arms. 2, A tenant; one who holds land under another. Carew. 3. Something by which a thing is held. 4, One who owns or possesses ; as, a holder of stock or shares in a joim* concern. 5. In ships, one who is employed in the hold. Mar. Dict. HOLD/ER-FORTH!, . A haranguer; a preacher. Hudibras. HOLD/FAST, n. as a long, flat-headed nail, a catch, a hook, &c. Hebert. HOLD/ING, ppr. keeping ; retaining ; adhering; maintaining, &c. HOLD/ING, n. Carew. 2, The burden or chorus of a song. Shak. 3. Hold ; influence ; power over. Burke. HOLE, 2. - = Heb. 5n, or Ar. S\= khale any shape or dimensions, natural or artificial. differ from a rent or fissure in being wider. HOLE, v. i. HOLE, v. t. HOL/LBUT. HOL/I-DAM, x. A grasp with the hand ; an embrace with HOL’/LDAY, n. the arms ; any act or exertion of the strength or limbs which keeps a thing fast and prevents escape. Keep HOL'LDAY, a. HO/LI-LY, adv. [from holy.] HO/LLNESS, xn. [from holy.] HOL'ING-AX, n. HOL-LOA/!,) exclam. HOL-LO’, HOL'LO, } (hol/lo or hol-lo’,) », %. HOL/LA, § HOL/LAND, 7. HOL’LAND-ER, n. HOL/LAND-ISH, a. HOL/LANDS, n. HOL/LEN. HOL/LOW, «a. One who holds or grasps in his hand, A general name of various contri- vances for securing and holding things in their place, Stopping; confining; restraining ; A tenure; a farm held of a superior. [Sax. hol; G. hdhle; D. hol; Dan. hul, hule ; Sw. hal; Basque, chiloa; Gr. xothas, kotAos. Qu. Class G1, No. 20, 23.] 1. A hollow place or cavity in any solid body, of It may A cell; a den; a cave or cavern in the earth; an excavation TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Gas Z in a rock or tree; a pit, &c. Js. xi. Ezek. vili. JVah. li. Jatt. viii. 2. A perforation ; an aperture; an opening in or through a solid body, left in the work or made by an instrument, Jehoida took a chest, and bored a hole in the lid of it. —2 Kings xii. 3. A mean habitation ; a narrow or dark lodging. ryden. 4, An opening or means of escape; a subterfuge ; in the vulgar phrase, he has a hole to creep out at. Arm-hole ; the arm-pit ; the cavity under the shoul- der of a person. Bacon. 2. An opening in a garment for the arm. To go into a hole. B. Jonson. To cut, dig, or make a hole or holes in; as, to hole a post for the insertion of rails or bars. 2. To drive into a bag, as in billiards. See Harinur. [holy and dame.|] Blessed lady, an Hanmer. A day set apart for commemorating sone important event in history ; a festival. 2, A day of joy and gayety. 3. A day of exemption from labor; a day of amuse- ment. [See Horypay. Pertaining to a festival; gay. Piously ; with sanctity. 2, Sacredly ; inviolably ; without breach. [Little used. Shak. Sidney. The state of being ho- ly ; purity or integrity of moral character; freedom from sin; sanctity. Applied to the Supreme Being, holiness denotes perfect purity or integrity of moral character, one of his essential attributes. ancient oath. Who is like thee, glorious in holiness ?— Exod. xv. 2. Applied to human beings, holiness is purity of heart or dispositions ; sanctified affections; piety; moral goodness, but not perfect. We see piety and holiness ridiculed as morose singularities. Rogers. 3. Sacredness; the state of any thing hallowed, or consecrated to God or to his worship; apphed to churches or temples. 4, That which is separated to the service of God. Israel was holiness unto the Lord. — Jer. ii. 5. Atitle of the pope, and formerly of the Greek emperors. DNCYC. A narrow ax for cutting holes in posts. A word used in calling. Among seamen, it is the answer to one that hails, equivaJent to, ‘‘ I hear, and am ready.” It is also written Hotva. Sax. ahlowan.| To call out or exclaim. See Ha.vtoo. Fine linen first manufactured in Holland. A native of Holland. Like Holland. Gin made in Holland. See Hotty. [Sax. hol; G. hohl; D. hol; Sw. halig ; Dan. huled; Arm. goullo, or houllu, emptied. See Hote. 1. Containing an empty space, natural or artificial, within a solid substance; not solid; as, a hollow tree; a hollow rock ; a hollow sphere. Hollow with boards shalt thou make it. — Exod. xxvii. HOL/LOW-LY, adv. HOL/LOW-NESS, zn. HOL/LOW-ROOT, n. HOL/LOW-SQUARE, 7. HOLLY, n. HOL/LY-HOCK, zn. HOL'LY-ROSE, n. HOLM, n. HOLMITE, n. HOL/O-€AUST, 2. HOL/O-GRAPH, n. 2. Sunk deep in the orbit; as, a hollow eye. 3. Deep; low ; resembling sound reverberated from a cavity, or designating such a sound ; as, a hollow roar. Dryden. 4. Not sincere or faithful; false; deceitful; not sound; as, a hollow heart ; a hollow friend. Milton. Shak. HOL/LOW, zn. A cavity, natural or artificial; any depression of surface in a body; concavity ; as, the hollow of the hand. 9. A place excavated ; as, the hollow of a tree. 3. A cave or cavern; a den; ahole; a broad, open space in any thing. Shak. Prior. 4. A pit Addison. 5. Open space of any thing; @ groove; a channel ; Addison. a canal. HOL/LOW, v. t. [Sax. holian.] To make hollow, as by digging, cutting, or en- graving ; to excavate. Trees rudely hollowed did the waves sustain. HOL/LOW or HOL-LOW’, v. i, To shout. [See Hora and Ho.to. Dryden. Addison. Smart. HOL’/LOW, adv. He carried it hollow, or he beat all hollow; that is, he beat all his competitors without difficulty. [ Colloquial.] Grose. HOL’/LOW-ED, pp. or a. Made hollow ; excavated. HOL'LOW-BEY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having sunken eyes. HOL’/LOW-HEART-ED, a. Insincere; dec-itful ; not sound and true; of practice or sentiment differ- ent from profession. Butler. HOL/LOW-ING, ppr. Making hollow ; excavating. Dryden. Insincerely ; deceitfully. Shak The state of being hollow, cavity; depression of surface ; excavation. Bacon. 2, Insincerity ; deceitfulness ; treachery. South. i ! A plant, tuberous moschatel, or inglorious, constituting the genus Adoxa; a low plant, whose leaves and flowers smell like musk ; hence it is sometimes called musk-croifoot. Encuc, HOL’/LOW-SPAR, n. The mineral called, also, chias- tolite. A body of foot soldiers drawn up to receive the charge of cavalry, having an empty space in the middle to receive the officers, artillery-men, &c., and protected on all sides by a line of bayonets. [Sax. holegn; D. hulst; perhaps L. dex, for hilexr. In-Welsh, the corresponding word is celyn, from the root of celu, to conceal, L. celo. The dex, in Sw., is called iron oak.] The holm-tree, of the genus Ilex, of several spe- cies. The common holly grows from 20 to 30 feet high; the stem, by age, becomes large, and is cov- ered with a grayish, smooth bark, and set with branches which form a sort of cone. The leaves are oblong oval, of a lucid green on the upper surface, but pale on the under surface ; the edges are indent- ed and waved, with sharp thorns terminating each of the points. The flowers grow in clusters, and are succeeded by roundish berries, which turn to a beau- tiful red about Michaelmas. ‘This tree is a heautiful evergreen. Encyc. 2. The holm oak, Quercus ilex, an evergreen oak ; often called holly-oak. P. Cyc. Brande. Knee-holly; a plant, the butcher’s broom, of the genus Ruscus. Sea-holly; a plant of the genus Eryngium. [Sax. holihoc. | A plant of the genus Althea, bearing flowers of various colors. It is called, also, rose-mallow. A scentless plant. Smart. The evergreen oak ; the ilex. 2. An islet, or river isle. ‘ 3. A low, flat tract of rich land on the banks of a river. Cyc. A variety of carbonate of lime; so called fron Mr. Holme, who analyzed it. [ Obsolete.] Cleaveland. J (Gi. dAos, Whole, and xavotos, burnt, from xatw, to burn.) A burnt sacrifice or offering, the whole of which was consumed by fire ; a species of sacrifice in use among the Jews and some pagan nations. Ray. Encyc. [Gr. 60s, whole, and ypapa, to write. A “ded or testament written wholly by the grantor’s or testator’s own hand. Encic. HOL-O-GRAPH/I€, a. Written wholly by the grantor or testator himself. HOL-O-HE/DRAL, a. [Gr. 6dos, whole, and édpa, face. ] In mineralogy, a term applied to a crystal with all the similar edges or angles similarly replaced. ana. HO-LOM’E-TER, n. [Gr. ddgs, all, and perpew, to measure. An instrument for taking all kinds of measures, both on the earth and in the heavens; @ pantometer, Hebert. HOLP, HOLP/EN, the antiquated pret. and pp. of HELP. HOL/STER, n. [Sax. heolster, a hiding-place or re- cess; Port. coldre; from holding, or concealing, L. celo, Sax. helan. } A leathern case for a pistol, carried by a horseman at the fore part of his saddle. HOL/STER-ED, a. Bearing holsters; as, a holstered steed. Byron. HOLT, x. [Sax. holt, Ir. coillte, W. cellt, a wood, from the root of Sax. helan, L. celo, W. celu, to hide, to keep close; a word retained in names.] A wood or woodland ; obsolete, except in poetry. Drayton. Browne. HO/LY, a. [Sax. halig; G. and D. heilig ; Sw. helig; Dan. hellig ; from the root of heal, hold, whole, and all; Sax. hal, G. heil, D. heel, Sw. hel, Dan. heel, whole. See Heat and Houtp, and Class Gl, No. 31, 35, 42. The sense is whole, entire, complete, sound, unimpaired. ] 1. Properly, whole, entire, or perfect, in a moral sense. Hence, pure in heart, temper, or dispositions ; free from sin and sinful affections. Applied to the Supreme Being, holy signifies perfectly pure, immac- ulate, and complete, in moral character ; and man Is more or less holy, as his heart is more or less sancti- fied, or purified from evil dispositions. — We call a man holy, when his heart is conformed in some de- gree to the image of God, and his life 1s regulated by the divine precepts. Tence, holy is used as nearly synonymous with good, pious, godly. Be ye holy ; for I am holy. — 1 Pet. i. 2, Hallowed ; consecrated or set apart to a sacred ; CH as SH; FH as use, or to the service or worship of God; a sense : sx EEE EO ETE AS eee 057 aees CORieeer art HOM HOM HOM frequent in Scripture; as, the holy Sabbath ; holy oil; holy vessels; a holy nation ; the holy temple; a holy priesthood. : a : 3. Proceeding from pious principles, or directed to pious purposes ; as, holy zeal. 4. Perfectly just and good ; God. ; 5. Sacred; as, a holy witness. ; Shak. Holy of holies ; in Scripture, the innermost apart- ment of the Jewish tabernacle or temple, where the ark was kept, and where no person entered, except the high priest once a year. ie ae Holy Ghost, or Holy Spirit ; the: divine Spirit ; the third person in the Trinity ; the Sanctifier of souls. Holy war; a war undertaken to rescue the Holy Land, the ancient Judea, from the infidels ; a cru- sade; an expedition carried on by Christians against the Saracens, in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries; a war carried on in a most unholy manner. HO/LY-€ROSS DAY,x. The fourteenth of Septem- ‘ber, observed as a festival, in memory of the exalta- as, the holy law of tion of our Savior’s cross. Brande. HO/LY-€RU-EL, a. Cruel from excess of holiness. Shak. HO/LY-DAY, n. A religious festival; sometimes ap- plied to a festival of any kind, for which Hoxipay is the more appropriate term. HO/LY-OF'FICE, n. A name for the Inquisition. HO’LY-ONE, (-wun,) 7. An appellation of the Su- preme Being, by way of emphasis, 2. An appellation of Christ. Js. xliil. 3. One separated to the service of God. Deut. XXX1ll. HO’/LY-ROOD, 7. The cross or crucifix, particularly one placed in Roman Catholic churches, over the en- trance of the chancel. [As applied to the palace in Edinburgh, the word is pronounced hol/y-rood. Smart.| HO/LY-ROOD DAY,n. A festival observed on the fourteenth of September, in memory of the exalta- tion of our Savior’s cross. Branile, HO/LY-STONE, n. A stone used by seamen for cleaning the decks of ships; so called in derision, it is said, from the dislike of seamen to use it. Totten. HO/LY-STONE, v. t. To scrub the deck of a vessel With a stone used by seamen for this purpose. HO’LY-THIS-TLE, (-this/l,) n. A plant of the ge- nus Centaurea. The blessed thistle, Centaurea benedicta. Cyc. HO/LY-THURS!/DAY, n. The day on which the as- cension of our Savior is commemorated, ten days be- fore Whitsuntide. Jolinson. HO'’LY-WA-TER,n. Inthe Greck and Roman Catholic churches, water which has been consecrated by the priest to sprinkle the faithful, and things used for holy purposes. HO/LY-WEEK, n. The week before Easter, in which the passion of our Savior is commemorated. Johnson. HO'LY-WRIT, (-rit,) n. The sacred Scriptures. HOM/AGE, 2. [Fr. hommage ; Sp. homenage ; It. omag- gio; from L., homo, man. | 1. In feudal law, the submission, loyalty, and ser- vice which a tenant promised to his lord or superior, when first admitted to the land which he held of him in fee; or rather the act of the tenant in making this submission, or being invested with the fee. The ceremony of doing homage was thus performed. The tenant, being ungirt and uncovered, kneeled and held up both his hands between those of the lord, who sat before him, and there professed that ‘‘ he did become his man, from that day forth, of life, and limb, and earthly honor,”? and then received a kiss from his lord. Blackstone. 2. Obeisance ; respect paid by external action. Go, go, with homage yon proud victors meet. Dryden. 3. Reverence directed to the Supreme Being ; rev- erential worship; devout affection. HOM/AGE, v.t. To pay respect to by external action ; to give reverence to; to profess fealty. HOM’AGE-A-BLE, a. Subjectto homage. Howell. HOM/A-GER, n. One who does homage, or holds Jand of another by homage. Bacon. HOM’/BERG’S PY-ROPH/O-RUS. An inflammable composition whose essential ingredient is sulphuret of potassium in a state of minute division. T'urner. HOME, n. [Sax. ham; G. and D. heim; Sw. hem; Dan. hiem; Gr. kwpn; properly, a house, a close place, or place of rest. Hence hamlet, Fr. hameau, Arm. hamell. ‘The primary sense is probably to in- close, to cover, or to make fast. Derivatives in G. D. Sw. and Dan. signify secret, close; and we say, to bring home arguments, that is, press them close ; to drive home a nail, &c. If the radical sense is close, it may be from the same root as Ar. Sad kamai, to cover. See Cuemistry,and Class Gm, No. 7, 9, 20, 1. A dwelling-house ; the house or place in which one resides. He was not at home. Then the disciples went away again to their own jiome.— John xX 9, One’s own country. Let affairs at home be well managed by the administration, 3. The place of constant residence; the seat. Flandria, by plenty, made the home of war. Prior. 4, The grave; death ; or a future state. Man goeth to his long home.— Eccles, xil. 5. The present state of existence. Whilst we are at home in the body, we are absent from the Lord. At home; at one’s own house, or lodgings. To beat home; to be conversant with what is fa- miliar. HOME, a. Pertaining to one’s dwelling or country ; domestic ; as, home manufactures. 2. Close ; severe; poignant; as, a home thrust. HOME, adv. [This is merely elliptical, to being omit- ted. ] 1. To one’s own habitation ; as in the phrases, go home, come home, bring home, carry home. 2. To one’s own country. Home is opposed to abroad, or in a foreign country. My brother will re- turn /iome in the first ship from India. 3. Close ; closely ; to the point; as, this consider- ation comes home to our interest, that is, it nearly af- fects it. Drive the nail home, that is, drive it close. To haul home the top-sail sheets, in scamen’s lan- guage, is to draw the bottom of the top-sail close to the yard-arm by means of the sheets. *An anchor is said to come home, when it loosens from the ground by the violence of the wind or cur- rent, &c, HOME!-BORN, a. Native; natural. 2. Domestic ; not foreign. HOME’-BOUND, a. See Homewarp-Bounp. HOME’-BRED, a. Native ; natural ; as, home-bred lusts. Hammond. 2. Domestic; originating at home; not foreign; as, home-bred evil. Spenser. 3. Plain; rude ; artless ; uncultivated ; not polished by travel. Donne. Pope, Only to me two home-bred youths belong. Dryden. HOME/-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built in our own country. Jefferson. HOME!-DRIV’EN, a. driven closely. HOME/-DWELL/ING, a Dwelling at home. HOME/-FELT, a. Felt in one’s own breast; inward ; private; as, jome-felt joys or delight. Driven home, as a blow; Milton. Pope. HOME/-KEEP-ING, a. Staying at home; not gad- ding. Shak. HOME’LESS, a. Destitute of a home. HOME/LI-ER, a. comp. More homely. HOME’LI-EST, a. superl. Most homely. HOME/LI-LY, adv. Rudely ; inelegantly. HOME/LI-NESS,n. [from homely.] Plainness of fea- tures ; want of beauty. It expresses less than Uc- LINESS. 2. Rudeness ; coarseness; as, dress, or of sentiments. Addison. HOME!-LOT, x. An inclosure on or near which the mansion-house stands. [America.] HOME’LY, a. [from home.] Originally, belonging to home; domestic; hence, of plain features; not handsome ; as, a homely face. It expresses less than Uc ty. Let time, which makes you homely, make you wise. 2. Plain ; like that which is made for common do- mestic use; rude; coarse ; not fine, or elegant; as, a homely garment ; a homely house ; homely fare. Now: Strephon daily entertains His Chloe in the homeliest strains. the homeliness of Pope. HOME!’LY, adv. Plainly ; rudely ; coarsely ; as, home- ly dressed. [Little used.] HOME/LYN, 7. A species of fish. HOME/-MADE, a. Made at home; being of domestic manufacture ; made either in private families, or in one’s own country. Locke. HO-ME-O-PATH/I€, a. Pertaining or belonging to homeopathy. HO-ME-O-PATH/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the method of homeopathy. HO-ME-OP/A-THIST, n. A beiiever in homeopathy. HO-ME-OP/A-THY, 7. Gr. dpotorabera; bporos, like, and rados, adectiony The doctrine or theory of curing diseases with very minute doses of medicine, by producing in the patient affections similar to those of the disease. Med. and Surg. Journ. HO/MER, n. A Hebrew measure containing, as a €HO/MER, liquid measure, ten baths, and as a dry measure, ten ephahs. esenius. HO-MER/I€, a. Pertaining to Homer, the great poet of Greece, or to his poetry; resembling Homer’s verse. HOME/SICK, a. Depressed in spirits, or grieved at a Separation from home, HOME'SICK-NESS, n. In meaicine, nostalgia, grief, or depression of spirits, occasioned by a separation from one’s home or country. HOME/-SPIEAK-ING, n. Forcible and efficacious Home is the sacred refuge of our life. Dryden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. HOME/’SPUN, a. Spun or Wrought at home; of do- mestic manufacture. Swift. 2. Not made in foreign countries. Addison. 3. Plain; coarse; rude; homely ; notelegant ; as, a homespun English proverb ; a homespun author. Dryden. Addison. HOME’SPUN, n. Cloth made at home; as, he was dressed in homespun. 2. A coarse, unpolished, rustic person. Shak. HOME/STALL, } n. The place of a mansion-house ; HOME’STEAD, the inclosure or ground immedi- ately connected with the mansion, ryden 2. Native seat; original station, or place of resi- dence. We can trace them back to a homestead on the Rivers Volga and ral. voke. [In the United States, Homestesp isthe word used.] HOME/’WARD, adv. [Sax.hamand weard.] Toward home ; toward one’s habitation, or toward one’s native country. Sidney. Milton. HOME’/WARD-BOUND, a. Bound or directing the course homeward, or to one’s native Jand; as, the homeward-bound fleet. We spoke a brig homeward- bound, HOM’I-CI-DAL, a. [from homicide.] homicide ; murderous ; bloody. HOM’I-CIDE, n. [Fr., from L. homicidium ; homo, man, and cedo, to strike, to kill.] 1. The killing of one man or human being by an- other. Homicide is of three kinds —justifiable, ez- cusable, and felonious; justifiable, when it proceeds from unavoidable necessity, without an intention to kill, and without negligence ; excusable, when it hap- pens from misadventure, or in self-defense ; felonious, when it proceeds from malice, or is done in the pros- ecution of some unlawful act, or ina sudden pas- sion. Homicide committed with premeditated mal- ice, is murder. Suicide, also, or self-murder, is felonious homicide. Homicide comprehends murder and manslaughter. Blackstone. 2. A person who kills another ; a manslayer. Driden. HOM-I-LET'I€, ja. [Gr. butAnrixos, from buirew. HOM I-LET’I€-AL,} to converse in company ] 1. Pertaining to familiar intercaurse ; social; con- versable ; companionable. [Rare.] Atterbury. 2. Pertaining to homiletics. HOM-I-LET’I€S, n. The science which teaches the principles of adapting the discourses of the pulpit to the spiritual benefit of the hearers. It is a part of practical theology. E. T. Fitch. HOM’I-LIST, nm. One that preaches to a congregation, Beaum. & Fl. HOM/’I-LY, n. [Fr. homelie; Sp. homilia; It. omelia; Gr. dutAca, from bytAew, to converse in company, dutAos, a company or assembly. } A discourse or sermon read or pronounced to an audience. The Book of Homilies, in the English church, is a col- lection of plain sermons, which was prepared at the time of the Reformation, to be preached by those of the inferior clergy who were not qualified to compose discourses themselves. HOM’I-NY,x. [{Indian.] Im America, maize hulled and broken, but cuarse, prepared for food by being mixed with water and boiled. Adair. HOM’MOCK, n. [I suppose this to be an Indian word, } A hillock, or small eminence of a conical form, sometimes covered with trees. Bartram. Encye. HOM-O-CEN’TRIE€, a. [Gr. d405 and xevrpov.] Having the same center. HO-MOG/A-MOUS, a. [Gr. 5yuos, the same, and ya-" pos, Marriage. ] In botany, having the same essential parts of fruc- tification. HO-MO-GE/NE-AL, HO-MO-GE/NE-OUS, yéevos, kind.]} Of the same kind or nature ; consisting of similar’ parts, or of elements of the like nature. Thus we say, homogeneous particles, elements, or principles ; homogeneous bodies. HO-MO-GE/NE-AL-NESS, HO-MO-GE-NE/I-TY ; HO-MO-GE/NE-OUS-NESS, n. nature, HOM/0O-GE-NY, n. Joint nature. Bacon. HOM-OL-OP’TO-TON, n. [Gr. byotos, like, and rrw- Tos, falling. ] A figure in rhetoric, in which the several parts of a Sentence end with the same case, or a tense of like sound. HO-MOLOU’'SLAN, n. or a. similar, and ovcra, being. ] In church history, a term applied, in the fourth cen- tury, to those Arians, who held that the Son was like the Father in essence, but not the same. Brande. HO-MOL/O-GATE, v. t. [It. omologare; Fr. homolo- guer; Gr. buodvyew; buos, the same, and Aeya, to speak. } To approve ; to allow. W heaton’s Rep. vol. iy. Pertaining to a. |Fr. homogene; Gr. bpoye- vis; Sos, the same, and words not to be encour- aged, equivalent to Sameness of kind or (Gr. 5pocrovctos ; botos, speaking. Milton. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— HO-MO-LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to homology ; hav- Ing a structural affinity. nN.HON HON HON W1O-MOL/O-GOUS, a. [Gr. duos, the same, and \o-| HON-ES-TA/TION,7. Adornment; grace. [Vol used.|| HON’OR, (on/ur,) n. [L. honor, honos; Fr. honneur: ef yos, proportion. ] Mountagu. Sp. Aonor; Port. honra; It. onore ; Am. enor; It i __ Having the same ratio or proportion. In geometry, HON/EST-LY, (on/est-ly,) adv. Uprightly; justly ;] “ondir.] : ey it is applied to those sides of similar figures which, with integrity and fairness; as, a contract honestly. I. ‘ke esteem due or paid to worth ; high estima 1% being opposite to equal and corresponding angles, are made. tion. S oe proportional to each other. ; Brande. 2. With frank sincerity ; without fraud or disguise ; A prophet is not without honor, except in his own country. — i q neue ceneeg ous terms of a proportion are either accoreing to truth; as, to confess jonestly one’s real Matt, xiii, q the two antecedents or the two consequents. J. Day. esign. = ; wat HO-MOL/O-GY, xn. In physical science, atlinity aenend: 3. By upright means; with upright conduct ; as, to a a aah eh osteo b oe er eit of a ing on structure, and not merely on similarity of form live honestly. = game BOE Oe Ceres ma OI OYA Laer Ene aes SNS ? a Bonaciola | witt saaal lovalte Vee the honors of war ; military honors ; funeral honors ; 7 e. . Chastely ; with conjugal loyalty and fidelity. civil honors : HOM/O-NY, n. See Hominy. HON/ES-TY, (on/es-ty,) n. [Fr. honnéteté; L. hones- 3. Di nity : exalted rank or place; distinction i HOM/O-NYM, n. [Gr. dys and ovopa.] tas.] ee ears Dees : a A term applied to words which are the same in 1. In principle, an upright disposition ; moral recti- I havelgiyen thee ane Ee ree ome pav ae i sound, but differ in signification; as the noun bear tude of heart; a disposition to conform to justice and In dolinte aed thing, there is both hoe and pleasure. ; and the verb to bear. Brande. correct moral principles, in all social transactions. aces ra Franklin. } HO-MON/Y-MOUS, a. [Gr. buwvvpos; duos, the same, In fact, upright conduct ; an actual conformity to jus- 4. Reverence; veneration; or any act by which ; and ovopa, name. tice and moral rectitude. reverence and submission rE expressed, as worship { Equivocal ; ambiguous; that has different signifi- Honesty is chiefly applicable to social transactions, paid to the Supreme Being. : cations, or may be applied to different things. Watts. or mutual dealings in the exchange of property. 5. Reputation ; good name ; as, his honor is unsul- fi HO-MON’/Y-MOUS-LY, adv. In an equivocal manner. 2. Fairness; candor; truth; as, the honesty of a lied. Harris. narrative. Wardlaw. : p ind: mag smnitue) GiOnie HO-MON/Y-MY, n. |Gr. duwvvupta. See supra. ] 3. Frank sincerity. Shak. a Fe ene eter MTeoR aoe Ambiguity ; equivocation. Sameness between 4. A flowering herb of the genus Lunaria. principle, or moral rectitude; a i chanrie ie aE ATR words which differ in signification ; ambiguity. HON/EY, (hun/y,) . [Sax. hunig; G. honig; D. ho- the character of good men. 8 8 HO-MO-OU/SLAN, m. or a [Gr. 5, Johnson. nig, honing ; Sw. haning ; Dan. honning.] 7. An assumed appearance of nobleness ; scorn of J-1 SLAN, n. . . buooveros ; dpos, the 1. Asweet juice collected by bees from the flowers meanness, springing from the fear of reproach, with- same, and ovora, being. ] he ts of plants, and deposited in cells of the comb in hives.| out regard to principle ; as, shall I violate my trust? ea In church history, a term applied, in the fourth cen-| Honey, when pure, is of a moderate consistence, of a| Forbid it, honor. al puny Lugse Ww no Meee se ae Son lad me whitish color, tinged with yellow, sweet to the taste, _ 8. Any particular virtue much valued, as bravery un ‘4 ee nee 3 ODBOS Beas Vaal Of an Betceahile sme soluble in water, ae becom Nea chasthy ee eae Shak. INS ee ‘ , ing vinous by fermentation. In medicine, it is usefu . Dignity on 5 ze . i BOM See ee ee oie aound ah as 2 detergent and. apenent It consists chiefly of Godlike erect, with native honor clad. Milton. TORT OES : Gliddon. Sua mr eee Psciolanese Encyc. Ure. 10. That which honors; he or that which confers HO-MOPH/O-NOUS, a. [Gr. 60s, the same, and ; 8 a Se dignity ; as, the chancellor is an honor to his protes- ~wvn,; tone.] : _ The king hath found, sion. A : ; Being of the same pitch; in unison; expressing Ce ee eae ara Shak 11. Privileges of rank or birth ; in the plural. the same sound or letter. eee oe Restore me to my honors. Shak. HO-MOPH/O-NY, 7. ([Gr. duos, the same, and ¢wyn, 3. A word of tenderness ; sweetness; sweet one. 12. Civilities paid. sound. ] ryden. Then here a slave, or, if you will, a lord Sameness of sound. Among the Greeks, a kind of This word is sometimes used adjectively ; as, the To do the honors, nnd to give the word, Pope. music performed in unison, in opposition to ANtTiPH-| music of his honey vows. shich < : : wide ; ee oe ace HON/EY, v.i. To talk fondly. [Little used.] Shak. ee net eoee eo aa eee gee HO-MOT’O-NOUS, a. (Gr. bus, the same, and ToVvos, HON’EY, ». t. To swecten. 1e sire then pace the ee of his head. : ryden. tone. } HON/EY-BAG, zn. The receptacle for honey in a hon- 14. A noble kind of seignory or lordship, held of Equable ; of the same tenor; applied to diseases ey-bee. _ an Grew. the king zn capite. : Encyc. which have a uniform tenor of rise, state, or declension. HON/EY-€OMB, (hun/y-kome,) n. A substance of a Honors ; 1n games, the four highest cards, the ace, } Quincy. firm, close texture, formed by bees into hexagonal king, queen, and jack. 3 i HO-MOT’RO-PAL, a. [Gr. 50s, the same, and rporn,| cells for repositories of honey, aud for the eggs which Honors of war ; distinctions granted to a vanquished a turning. ] produce their young. : enemy, as of marching out from a camp or intrench- In botany, a term used in describing the direction 2, A casting of iron or other metal which has cells ments with all the Insignia of military CHIQUettes of bodies, to denote any one having the same direc-| __like a honeycomb. ee Also, the compliments paid to great personages when tion as the body to which it belongs, but not being HON/EY-C€OMB-ED, (-komd,) a. Having little flaws they appear before an armed body of men ; likewise, straight. Beanie. or cells. Wiseman. such as are paid to the remains of a deceased officer. HONE, n. (Sw. hen, a hone; Sax. henan, to stone. HON/EY-DEW, (-di,) . A sweet, saccharine sub- Encyc, Am. The word is found in the Greek axovn; and in two stance, found on the leaves of trees and other plants On or upon my honor ; words accompanying a dec- dialects of the Burman empire, hin, heen, signifies a in small drops, like dew. Two substances have been laration which pledge one’s honor or reputation for stone. Asiat. Researches, Be 228, We find the word called by this name: one secreted from the plants, the truth of it. The members of the house of lords, : : i and the other deposited by a small insect, called the} 1n Great Britain, are not under oath, but give their also in the Syriac lr0| akana, a hone, coticula, La- aphis, or Vine-fretter. Bees and ants are said to be opinions on their honor. : pes pis Lydius, Cast. Hept. 213.] fond of honey-dew. Encyce. Laws a Paners Aaettt ner sonst OF Ee ae A stone of a fine grit, used for sharpening instru- HON’EY-ED, (hun/nid,) a. Covered with honey. Milton See aE att i ao we ne aa nich a Sta eaT Bare ments that require a fine edge, and particularly for 2: mee as) haneyee wy OL Gs ultone | SROk Wa OTe eee pee a wane ‘ious tt ae setting razors. HON/EY-FLOW-ER, n. An evergreen shrub, of the tation These laws edu a A on a aie [We never, I believe, cal) a hone a whetstone. The genus Melianthus, a native of the Cape of Good| [0 cecommaD external Sas ee oy: ate : y latter is a stone of coarse grit. See the word.] Hopes an. : _Loudon. cou yolaigns.o% ete f ehiv Iry : a court of vi 4 HONE, v.t. To rub and sharpen on a hone; as, to HON'EY-GNAT, (-nat,)n. An insect. Ainsworth, Cera NO eH A eae P a Sec pene ear: HON’/EY-GUIDE, n. A species of Cuckoo, of the ge- and criminal jurisd ee ave power So ae Less HONE, v. i. [Qu. W. hawn, eager.] nus Indicator, found in Africa, which, by its motions SS of hones ane © aes pleas respec ae Make To pine; to long. [ Obs. and cries, conducts persons to hives of wild honey. ee arms and deeds 0 : ate ote. ue ; HON/ED, pp. Sharpened on a hone. P. Cyc. HON/OR, (on/ur,) v. t. [L. honoro; Wr. honorer; Sp. HONE/WORT, zn. An umbelliferous plant of the ge- HON/EY-HAR-VEST, n. Honey collected. Dryden. honrar + Xt. Leeerasie se - to treat with defere a nus Sison. HON/EY-LESS, a. Destitute of honey. Shak. 1. i 0 Fevere 5 to eee to pees Mi p ae erence i 7 4 HON/EST, (on/est,) a. (Fr. honnéte, for honeste; Sp. HON/EY-LO-€UST + fine dk North-American tree, the and submission, anc perform relative duties to. { 4 and Port. honesto; It. onesto; from L. honestus, from Gleditschia triacantlus, armed with thorns, and having Honor thy father and thy mother. —Ex. xx. mee gi honos, honor. ] wood resembling that of the locust. It pas) some- 2. To reverence; to manifest the highest venera- ; 4 1. Upright; just ; fair in dealing with others; free} Ue though erroneously, been called the three-| tion for, in words and actions ; to entertain the most f x * from trickishness and fraud; acting and having the thorned Beare ae ete TRU Am. exalted thoughts of ; to worship ; to adore. ; i | disposition to act ae~all times according to justice or BO OO. Re J be first month eee That all men should honor the Son, even as they honor the {| 4 correct moral principles ; applied to persons. HON EY-MONTH, eee LAE Case ; poets Clee Father. —John v. | by a 2 HON/EY-MOUFH-ED, a. Soft or smooth in speech. ae Bact ae lie ses as aude sot i An honest man’s the noblest work of God. Pope. Shak. 3. To dignify ; to raise to distinetion or notice; to x y AO eet Poaceae Patients When he can empl. | HON'EY-STALK, (hun/y-stawk,) n. Clover-flower- elevate. in rankson Sta LON 3310 Ex Olb TE ee eo 9 . HON/EY-STONE. Sce Merrric [Mason. une flonanes with titles and offices Which they do ; 0 e . 2. Fair; just; equitable ; free from fraud ; as, an honest transaction ; an onest transfer of property. 3. Frank ; sincere ; unreserved ; according to truth ; as, an honest confession. 4. Sincere ; proceeding from pure or just princi- HON/EY-SUCK-LE, n. The popular name of some species of a genus of plants, the Lonicera or Capri- folium, one of which is called wooddine. They are celebrated for the beauty and fragrance of their flow- ‘Thus shall it be done to the man whom tho king delighteth to honor. — Esther vi. 4. To glorify ; to render illustrious. I will be honored upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host. — Ex. xiv. ee ennanl See Marriage is honorable in all. — Heb. xiii. 6. Performed or accompanied with marks of hon- or, or with testimonies of esteem; as, an honorable burial. : 7. Proceeding from an upright and laudable cause, or directed toa just and proper end; not base; not reproachful ; as, an honorable motive. Nothing can be honorable which is immoral. 8. Not to be disgraced. Let her descend; my chambers are honorable, Shak. 9. Honest; without hypocrisy or deceit; fair. His intentions appear to be honorable, 10. An epithet of respect or distinction; as, the honorable senate ; the honorable gentleman. 1]. Becoming men of rank and character, or suited to support men in a station of dignity ; as, an honor able salary. Constitution of Massachusetts. HON'OR-A-BLE-NESS, (on/ur-a-bl-ness,) x. The state of being honorable ; eminence; distinction. 2. Conformity to the principles of honor, probity, or moral rectitude ; fairness ; applied to disposition or to conduct. HON/OR-A-BLY, adv. With tokens of honor or re- spect. The man was honorably received at court. 9. Magnanimously ; generously ; with a noble spirit or purpose. The prince onorably interposed to pre- vent a rupture between the nations. 3. Reputably ; without reproach. Why did I not more honorably starve? HON-OR-A/RI-UM, ) zn. A term applied, in Europe, to HON/OR-A-RY, the recompense offered to pro- fessors in universities, and to medical or other pro- fessional gentlemen for their services. It is nearly equivalent to Fre, with the additional idea of being given honoris causa, as a token of respect. Brande. HON’OR-A-RY, a. Conferring honor, or intended merely to confer honor; as, an honorary degree; an honorary crown. 2. Possessing a title or place without performing Services or receiving a reward ; as, an honorary mem- ber of a society. HON’OR-ED, (on'urd,) pp. or a. Respected; revered ; reverenced ; elevated to rank or office; dignified ; exalted ; glorified; accepted and paid, as a bill of exchange. HON’OR-ER, n. One that honors ; one that reveres, reverences, or regards with respect. 2. One who exalts, or who confers honors. HON’OR-ING, x. The act of giving honor. HON’/OR-ING, ppr. Respecting highly ; reverencing ; exalting; dignifying; conferring marks of esteem; accepting and paying, as a bill. HON’OR-LESS, (on/ur-less,) a Destitute of honor; not honored. Warburton. HOOD, in composition, [Sax. had, hade, G. heit, D. heid, Sw. het, Dan. hed, as in manhood, childhood,| denotes state or fixedness, hence quality or character, from some root signifying to set, Sax. hadian, to ordain. It is equivalent to the termination ness in English, and tas in Latin; as goodness, G. gutheit ; brotherhood, L. Jraternitas. HOOD, n. (Sax. hod; W. hod. Qu. from the root of hut or hide.} 1. A covering for the head, used by females, and deeper than a bonnet. 2. A covering for the head and shoulders, used by monks; a cowl. 3. A covering for a hawk’s head or eyes, used in falconry. 4. Any thing to be drawn over the head to cover it. 5. An ornamental fold that hangs down the back of a graduate to mark his degree Johnson. 6. A low, wooden porch over the ladder which leads to the steerage of a ship; the upper part of a galley-chimney ; the cover of apump. Mar. Dict. ae v.t. To dress in a hood or cowl; to put on a ood. Dryden, The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned. Pope. 2. To cover ; to blind. I’ll hood my eyes, Shak. 3. To cover. And hood the flames. Dryden. HOOD’ED, pp. or a. Covered with a hood ; blinded. HOOD/ING, ppr. Covering with a hood. Be D/LESS, a. Having no hood. HOQD/MAN-BLIND, z. A play in which a person blinded is to catch another, and tell his name; blind- man’s-buff. Shak. HOOD’WINK, v. t. [hood and wink.] To blind by covering the eyes. 2. To cover; to hide. For the prize I'll bring thee to, Shall hoodwink this mischasice. Shak, 3. To deceive by external appearances or disguise ; to impose on. Sidney. HOOD’/WINK-ED, (-winkt,) pp. Blinded ; deceived. HOOD/WINK-ING, ppr. Blinding the eyes; cover- ing; hiding ; deceiving. HOOF, nx. [Sax. hof; G. huf; D. hoef; Dan. hov; Sw. hof, a hoof, and a measure. Class Gb, No. 31.] 1, The horny substance that covers or terminates the feet of certain animals, as horses, oxen, sheep, goats, deer, &c. 2, An animal; a beast. He had not a single hoof of any kind to slaughter. Washington. HOOP, v. 2. { Little used. } William Scott. HOOF’-BOUND, a. A horse is said to be hoof-bound when he has a pain in the fore feet, occasioned by the dryness and contraction of the horn of the quar- ters, Which straitens the quarters of the heels, an often makes him lame. Far. Dict. HOOF’ED, (hooft,) a. Furnished with hoofs. Of all the Aoofed quadrupeds the horse is the most beautiful. Tew, HOOF’LESS, a. Destitute of hoofs. HOOF’-TREAD, n. The tread of a hoof; a track. HOOK, x, [Sax. hoc; D. haak; G. haken; Sw. hake; Dan. hage; W. hwg; Heb.n5n; Ch. .5n. Class Cg, No, 22, 23, 24.] 1. A piece of iron, or other metal, bent into acurve for catching, holding, and sustaining any thing ; a jiook for catching fish; a tenter-hook ; a chimney- hook; a pot-hook, &c. 2. A snare ; a trap. Shak. 3. [W. hoc, ascythe.] A curving instrument for cutting grass or grain; asickle; an instrument for cutting or lopping. Mortimer. Pope. 4. That part of a hinge which is fixed or inserted in a post; whence the phrase, to he off the hooks, to be unhinged, to be disturbed or disordered. Svift. 5. A forked timber in a ship, placed on the keel. 6. A catch; an advantage. [ Vulgar.] 7. In husbandry, a field sown two years running. [ Zocal.] Ainsworth, By hook and by crook; one way or other; by any means, direct or indirect. Dryden. HOOK, v. t. To catch with a hook ; as, to hook a fish. 9 To walk as cattle. a9 as, 2. To seize and draw, as with a hook Shak. 3. To fasten with a hook. 4. To entrap ; to insnare. 5. To draw by force or artifice. Norris. To hook on; to apply a hook. HOOK, v.z. To bend; to be curving. HOOK/AH, xz. A Turkish pipe, in which the smoke of tobacco is made to pass through water for the sake of cooling it. HOOK’ED, (hook’ed or hogkt,) a. Bent into the form of a hook; curvated. The claws of a beast are hooked. 2. Bent; curvated ; aquiline; as, a hooked nose. Brown. HOOK’ED, (hookt,) pp. Caught with a hook ; fastened with a hook. HOQK/ED-NESS, 7. hook. HOOK/ING, ppr. with a hook. HOOK’-NOS-ED, a. nose. HOOK’Y, a. Full of hooks; pertaining to hooks, HOOP, zn. [D. hoep, hoepel.] 1. A band of wood or metal used to confine the staves of casks, tubs, &c., or for other similar pur- poses. Wooden hoops are usually made by splitting an oak or hickory sapling into two parts; but some- times they are made of thin splints, and of other spe- cies of wood. 2. A piece of whalebone, in the form of a circle or ellipsis, used formerly by females to extend their pet- ticoats ; a farthingale. Swift. 3. Something resembling a hoop; a ring; any thing circular. Addison. HOOP, v.t. To bind or fasten with hoops ; as, to hoop a barrel or puncheon. 2. To clasp; to encircle ; to surround. Shak. Grew. HOOP, v.i. [Sax. heafian, heofian, to howl, to lament, to weep; also, hweopan, to whip, to weep, to howl, to whoop ; the latter is written also weopan, wepan, to weep; Goth. wopyan, to whoop. The Sax. heafian seems to be connected with heave, and the sense is probably to raise or throw the voice. Whether heofi- an and hweopan are radically the same word, is not certain ; most probably they are, and whoop and weep are evidently the same. Weeping, in rude ages, is by howling, or loud outcries. See Woop, the same word differently written. ]} Toshout ; to utter a loud cry, or a particular sound by way of call or pursuit. HOOP, v. t. To drive with a shout or outcry. Shak. = A state of being bent like a Catching with a hook; fastening Having acurvated or aquiline Shak. We willblind and hoodwink him. Shak. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, 560 2. To call by a shout or hoop. HOOP, x. to a peck. 2. The hoopoe. HOOP’/ED, (hogpt,) pp. Fastened with hoops. HOQP’ER, n. One who hoops casks or tubs; a cooper. HOOQP/ING, ppr. Fastening with hoops. 2. Crying out; shouting, HOOP/ING-€OUGH, zn. A cough in which the pa- tient hoops, or whoops, with a deep inspiration of breath. HOOP’OE, } 2. HOOP/OO, eTrow, A bird of the genus Upupa, whose head is adorned with a beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. Encic. HOOQOP/-POLE, n. A small young tree cut for making hoops. HOO’SIER, (hoo!zher,) n. zens of the state of Indiana. United States. HOOT, v.t. [W. hod, or hoot, a taking off, off, away ; hwtiaw, to take off, to push away, to hoot ; and udaw, to how! or yell; Fr. wer, a contracted word ; hence, hue, in hue and cry.] 1. To cry out or shout in contempt. A shout ; also, [Sw. hof,] a measure, equal [Fr. huppe, the hoopoe, and a tuft; huppé, tufted; or L. upupa, epops; Gr. A term applied to the citi- Matrons and girls shall Aoot at thee no more. Dryden, 2. To cry as an owl. The c]amorous owl, that nightly Aoovs. Driden. HOOT, v. t. contempt. Partridge and his clan may hoot me for a cheat, Suit. HOOT, 7. Accry or shout in contempt. Glanville. HOOT’ED, pp. Driven with shouts of contempt. HOOT’ING, ppr. Shouting in contempt. HOOT’ING, n. A shouting in contempt. 2. The cry of an owl. HOOVE, )z. A disease in cattle consisting in the HOOV’EN,}$ excessive inflation of the stomach by gas, ordinarily caused by eating too much green food. Gardner. HOP, v.i. [Sax. hoppan; G. hiipfen; D. huppelen; Sw. hoppa; Dan. hopper; W. hobelu, to hop, to hobble. It has the elements of caper. ] 1. To leap, or spring on one leg; applied to persons. 2. Toleap; to spring forward by leaps ; to skip, as birds. To drive with cries or shouts uttered in Hopping from spray to spray. Dryden. 3. To walk lame ; to limp; to halt. We generally use Hops_e. | 4, ‘To move by leaps or starts, as the blood in the véins. [Wot used.] Spenser. 5. To spring; to leap ; to frisk about. 6. To dance. Chaucer. HOP, n. spring. 2. A dance. [ Colloquial. ] HOP-O?-MY-THUMB, a. A very diminutive person. [ Vulga el Grose. HOP, n. [D. hop; G. hopfen; probably hoop, from wind- ing. A plant constituting the genus Humulus. The stalk or vine, which grows to a great length, is weak, and requires to be supported. In growing, it climbs or winds round a pole or other support. ‘This plant is of great importance in brewing, as it tends to pre- serve malt liquors, and renders them more salubri- ous. Encyc. HOP, v. t. To impregnate with hops. Mortimer. HOP/-BIND, nm. ‘The stalk or vine on which hops grow. Blackstone. HOP/OAST, n. In Kent, a kiln for drying hops. HOP’-PICK-ER, n. One that picks hops. HOP’-POLE, z. A pole used to support hops. HOP/-VINE, n. The stalk of hops. HOP/-YARD, n. A field or inclosure where hops HOP!-GAR-DEN, are raised. HOPE, 2. [Sax. hopa; D. hoop; Sw. hopp; Dan. haab; G. hoffung. Qu. L. cupio. Class Gb. The primary sense is, to extend, to reach forward. ] 1, A desiré of some good, accompanied with at least a slight expectation of obtaining it, or a belief that itis obtainable. Hope differs from zish and de- sire in this, that it implies some expectation of ob- taining the good desired, or the possibility of possess- ing it. Hope, therefore, always gives pleasure or joy ; whereas wish and desire may produce, or be ac- companied with, pain and anxiety. The hypocrite’s hope shall perish. — Job viii. A leap on one leg; a leap; a jump; a Tusser. He wished, but not with hope. Miton. Sweet hope J kind cheat! Crashdio. He that lives upon hope will die fasting. Franklin, 2. Confidence in a future event; the highest de- gree of well-founded expectation of good; as, a hope founded on God’s gracious promises; a@ scriptural sense. A well-founded scriptural hope is, in our re- ligion, the source of ineffable happiness. 3. That which gives hope; he or that which fur- nishes ground of expectation, or promises desired good. ‘The hope of Israel is the Messiah. The Lord will be the hope of hia people. — Joel iii. 4. An opinion or belief not amounting to certainty, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —HOR HOR HOR but grounded on substantial evidence. The Chris- tian indulges a hope that his sins are pardoned. HOPE, v. i. (Sax. hopian; G. haffen; D. hoopen, to hope, and to heap; Dan. haaber ; Sw. hoppas.) 1. To cherish a desire of good, with some expecta- tion of obtaining it, or a belief that it is obtainable. Hope for good success. Taylor Be sober and hope to the end. —1 Pet. i. Hope \iwinbly then, with trembling pinions soar. Pope. 2. To place confidence in; to trust in with confi- dent expectation of good. Why art thou cast down, O my soul, and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope thou in God. — Ps. xlii. HOPE, v. t. To desire with expectation of good, ora belief that it may be obtained. But as a transitive verb, it is seldom used, and the phrases in which it is so used are elliptical, for being understood. So stands the Thracian herdsman with his spear, Full in the gap, and hopes the hunted bear. HOPE, n. A sloping plain between ridges of moun- tains. [Not in wse.] Ainsworth. HOP’ ED, (hopt,) pp. Desired with expectation. HOPE/-DE-SERT’ED, a. Deserted by hope; hopeless. HOPE!FUL, a. Having qualities which excite hope ; promising or giving ground tu expect good or success ; as, a hopeful youth ; a hopeful prospect. 2. Full of bope or desire, with expectation. Dryden. 1 was hopeful the success of your first attempts would encourage you to the trial of more nice and diilicult experiments. Boyle. In a manner to raise hope; in HOPE/FUL-LY, adv. He prosecutes his scheme a Way promising good. hopefully. 2. In a manner to produce a favorable opinion respecting some good at the present time. The young man is hopefully pious. 3, With hope; with ground to expect. HOPE/FUL-NESS, n. Promise of good; ground to expect what is desirable. Wotton. HOPE/LESS, a. Destitute of hope; having no expec- tation of that which is desirable ; despairing. ] am a woman, friendless, hopeless. Shak. 9. Giving no ground of hope or expectation of good ; promising nothing desirable ; desperate ; as, a hopeless condition. HOPE!LESS-LY, adv. HOPE’LESS-NESS, n. affording no hope. HOP’ER, x. One that hopes. Shak. HOPING, ppr. Having hope; indulging desire of good, with the expectation of obtaining it, or a be- 2, Confiding in. {lief that it is obtainable. HOP/ING-LY, adv. With hope or desire of good, and Without hope. Beaum. & Fl. A state of being desperate, or expectation of obtaining it. Hammond. HOP’LITS, 2. (Gr. 6xAcrns, from drAov, a weapon. | In ancient Greece, a heavy-armed soldier. Mitford. HOP!PED, (hopt,) pp. Leaped on one leg ; danced. 2, Impregnated with hops. HOP’PER, x. [See Hor.] One who hops, or leaps on one leg, 2. Properly, a wooden trough or shoe through which grain passes into a mill; so named from its moving or shaking. But we give the name to a box or frame of boards, which receives the grain before it passes into the trough; also, toa similar box which receives apples for conducting them into a mill, and to one which supplies fuel to a furnace, &c. 3. A vessel in which seed-corn is carried for sow- ing. INCYC» HOP/PER-BOY, 7. In mills, a rake moving in a circle to draw the meal over an opening in the floor, through which it falls. HOP/PERS, n. A play in which persons hop or leap on one leg ; hopscotch, which see. Johnson. HOP/PING, ppr. Leaping on one leg; springing ; 2. [impregnating with hops. [frisking ; dancing. HOP’PING, n. A leaping on one leg; a springing, frisking, or dancing, 2. A gathering of hops. Smart. HOP’PLE, v. t. To tie the feet near together, to pre- vent leaping ; as, to opple an unruly horse. Holloway. HOP’PLES, (-plz,) n. pl. Fetters for horses or other animals when turned out to graze. Brande. HOP/PO, n. In China, a colleetor; an overseer of commerce. Malcom. HOP/SCEOTCH, n. A play among boys. The word scotch refers to lines which are scotched or traced on the ground, over which the player can pass only by hopping. sf Toone. HO/RAL, a. [lL hora, an hour. See Hour.] Relating to an hour, or to hours. Prior. HO/RAL-LY, adv, Hourly. [JVot in use.] HO/RA-RY, a. [L. horarius; Fr. horaire; from L. hora, hour.) 1. Pertaining to an hour; noting the hours; as, the horary circle. Encyc. 2, Continuing an hour. Brown. HORDE, n. [D. horde, a clan, and a hurdle; G. horde, a clan, and a pen or fold. This seems to be the Sax. heord, a herd. | A company of wandering people, dwelling in tents sake of pasturage, plunder, &c. Such are some tribes of the Tartars in the north of Asia. A horde usually consists of fifty or sixty tents. Encyc. Mitford. HOR/DE-IN, x. found in barley. HORE/HOUND, n. [Sax. hara-hune, white hune.] See HoaRHOUND. | HO-RI/ZON, n. [Gr. boc%wy, from bp:Fw, to bound, bpos, a limit; Fr. horizon; Sp. horizonte; It. orizonte. This word was formerly pronounced sor!izon, like orlison, Which is in accordance with the regular analogy of English words. ] 1. A circle touching the earth at the place of the spectator, and bounded by the line in which the earth and skies seem to meet. This is called the sensible horizon. 9. The great circle which divides the earth into upper and lower hemispheres, and separates the vis- ible heavens from the invisible. This is called the rational horizon. The sensible horizon is parallel to the rational, but is distant from it by the semi-diameter of the earth, or nearly 4000 miles. Olmsted. HOR-I-ZON’TAL, a. Pertaining to the horizon, or relating to it. 2. Parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a hori- zontal line or surface. 3. Near the horizon; as, horizontal, misty air. Milton. HOR-LZON/TAL-LY, adv. Ina direction parallel to the horizon; on a level; as, a ball carried horizon- tally. HOR-I-ZON-TAL/LTY, nx. zontal. Kirwan. HORN, x. ([Sax. horn; G. Sw. and Dan. horn ; Goth. haurn; D. hoorn; Sw. horn, a corner; W: corn, a horn, cornel, a corner; L. cornu; Sp. cuerno ; It. and Port. corno; Fr. corne; Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. Ar. } 1p. The sense is, ashoot, a projection. Class Rn, No. 15.] 1. A hard substance growing on the heads of cer- tain animals, and particularly on cloven-footed quad- rupeds ; usually projecting to some length, and ter- minating in a point. Horns are generally bent or curving, and those of some animals are_ spiral. They serve for weapons of offense and defense. The substance of horns is gelatinous, and in Papin’s digester it may be converted into jelly. Encyc. Horn is an animal substance, chiefly membranous, consisting of coagulated albumen, with a little gelatin and phosphate of lime. Ure. The horns of deer possess exactly the properties of bone, and are composed of the same constituents, only the proportion of cartilage is greater. Thomson. 2, A wind instrument of music, made of horn; a trumpet. Such were used by the Israelites. 3, In modern times, a Wind instrument of music, made of metal. 4. An extremity of the moon, when it is waxing or waning, and forming a crescent. Dryden. 5. The feeler or antenna of an insect. 6. The feeler of a snail, which may be withdrawn ; hence, to pull or draw in the horns, is to repress one’s ardor, or to restrain pride. Johnson. 7. A drinking cup; horns being used anciently for cups. Hence, in vulgar language, to take a horn, to drink. 8. A winding stream. Dryden. 9, Horns, in the plural, is used to characterize a cuckold. He wears the hovis. i 10. In Scripture, horn is a symbol of strength or power. A substance analogous to starch, The state of being hori- The horn of Moab is cut off. —Jer. xlviii. Horn is also an emblem of glory, honor, dignity. My horn is exalted in the Lord. —1 Sam, il. In Daniel, orn represents a kingdom or state. HORN, v. i. To cuckold. B. Jonson. HORN’BEAK, n. A fish. [See HornrtsH.] HORN’/BEAM, 2. [See Beam.] The popular name of one or two species of a genus of trees, the Car- pinus, having wood of a horny toughness and hard- ness, used for various implements of husbandry. Farm. Encye. HORN’/BILL, n. A large, voracious bird, of the genus Buceros, which has a flat, bony forehead, with two horns: a native of the East Indies. There are many species in India and Africa, distinguished in general by a large bill with one or two horns. HORN/BLENDE, x. [G. horn and blende.] A com- mon mineral, occurring massive or in prismatic crys- tals, and of various colors, from white, through green shades, to black. The crystals are sometimes Short, but generally very long and slender, blade-like or mere fibers. The black variety is called Hornblende ; the green, Actinolite ; the white, Tremolite, or White hornblende ; the fibrous, Asbestus. with magnesia, lime, or iron. HORN/BLENDE-SCHIST, (-shist,) 7. A hornblende rock of schistose structure. ana, HORN-BLEND/I€, a. Composed chiefly of horn- blende. Percival’s Geol. HORN/BLOW-ER,z. One that blows a horn. This mineral consists essentially of silica combined: in which they learn called from its cover ny color. HORN/-DIS-LEM’PER, n. fecting the internal substance of the horn. HORN/ED, a. tle. 2. Shaped likeac HORN/ED HORSE, zx. HORN/ED-NESS, zn. HORN’ER, x. One who works or deals in horn. Grew. 2. One who winds or blows the horn. HORN’ET, 2. [Sax. horzel. An insect of the crabro. wasp, and its sting their letters and rudiments; so of horn. [Vow little used.) ke. Inc HORN/-BUG, x. A kind of beetle of a dark, mahoga- Farm. Encyc. A disease of cattle, af Encyc. Furnished with horns ; as, horned cat- rescent, or the new moon. Milton. The Gnu, which see. The appearance of homs. Sherwood. hyrnet, hyrnete; G. horniss; D. genus Vespa or wasp, the Vespa It is much larger and stronger than the gives severe pain. This insect constructs a nest of leaves, or other substances, which resemble bro wn paper of alight color. This is attached to the branches of trees, and often of the size of a half peck 1 HORN’FISH, zn. genus Esox. HORN/FOOT, a. HORN’LEY, v. t. or vulgar. | HORN/ING, 7. creasing, or in the fe neasure. The gar-fish or sea-needle, of the old Encyc. Having a hoof; hoofed. Hakewill. To bestow horns upon. [JVot used, Beaum. & Fl. Appearance of the moon when in- yrm of a crescent. Grezory. 2. In Scottish law, letters of horning are a process against a debtor req uiring the debt to be paid with- in a limited time, in default of which the debtor in- curs a charge of reb HORN‘ISH, a. HORN’LTO, nx. An oven. HORN/-LEAD, (-led,) 7- Having no horns. Journ. of Science. Mad from cuckoldom. 5 HORN/LESS, a. HORN/-MAD, a. HORN/-MAK-ER, n. HORN’/-MER/€U-RY, #. A species of owl, so called from two HORN/OWL, n. tufts of feathers on HORN’PIPE, n. Ar performer. [W. pz 3. A characterist the horns of deer. HORN’SLATE, z. HORN’SPOON, n. HORN/STONE, 2. quartz. HORN‘WORK, n. posed of two demi See CoRALLOID. HORN’Y, a. HO-ROG/RA-PHY, to write, pad, a HOR/O-LOGE, n. @puduyloy; wpa, An instrument t to horology. or dials. art of dialing. HO-ROL/O-GY, zn. Ney, to indicate. principles and co uring and indica watches, &c. HO-ROM/E-TRY, measure. | The art or pract HOR/O-SE€OPE, 7x. hour, and cxo7ew, or wagons, and migrating from place to place, for the HORN/BOOK, x. The first book of children, or that ]. In astrole oy, TONE, BULL, UNITE. —AN/'GER, VICIOUS. 71 ——————s —_€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as ir Somewhat like horn ; hard. [L. fornare, Sp. horno.] HORN/-SHAV-INGS, x. pl. HORN’-SIL-VER, nz. conchoidal, and wood-stone. In /vrtification, an outwork com- HORN/WRACK, (-rak,) 2. HOR-O-LO-GI-OG/RA-PHER, zn. HOR-O-LW-GI-O-GRAPH'I€, a. HOR-O-LO-GI-OG’RA-PHY discourse, and ypagn, description. } An account of instruments that show the the day ; also, of the art of constructing dial That branch of mathematics which treats HOR-O-MET’RI€-AL, a. ‘hati longing to horometry, or to the measurement 0 ime by hours and subordinate divisions. subordinate divisions. : r [Fr., from Gr. wpooKxoros; wpa, Brande. Sandys. ellion. W. Scott. Chlorid of lead. Shak. Shak. A maker of cuckolds. Chlorid of mercury. its head, like horns. Aimsworth 1 instrument of music in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe with horns at the ends, one to collect the wind blown from the mouth, the other to carry off the sounds as modulated by the b-corn. | Enciye. 9. A lively air or tune of triple time, with six crotchets ina bar; four to the descending beat, and two to the ascending. Encyc. ic British dance. Smart. > B. Jonson. Chlorid of silver. A gray, silicious stone. A spoon made of horn. Kirwan. A silicious stone, a subspecies of It is divided by Jameson imto splintery, [See CuHenrt. -bastions joined by a curtain. Brande. Consisting of horn, or horns. Wilton. 2. Resembling horn. 3. Hard; callous. n. ([Gr. Opa, hour, and ypapa, Dryden. description. ] 1, An account of hours. 9. The art of constructing dials. Cyc. Scrapings or raspings of A species of coralline. (Fr. horloge; L. horologium ; Gr. hour, and Aeya, to tell. hat indicates the hour of the day. But CHRoNoMETER is now generally used. HOR-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. Chambers. [Gr. coporoyew; pa, hor See HoroLoce. nstruction of machines fo Pertaining to the horologe, or A maker of clocks Pertaining to the 7, n. [Gr. pa, hour, Aoyos, our of « Digt. ting portions of time, as clocky, Edin. Eftcyc- [from horometry-] By Asiat. Res mn. [Gr. wpa, hour, ice of measuring time by ho to view, or consider.] and peéeTpgv, a scheme or figure of the twelve 1 THIS. ee —— a re ae ———_———— eee 46? = ee a ee ee Ay = Ss. | remained eS eet Ser CgHOR HOS le HOR r i he zodiac, in which is ouses, or twelve signs of t h marred the disposition of the heavens at a given time, and by which astrologers formerly told the for- tunes of persons, according to the position of the stars at the time of their birth. Encyc. 9. [The degree or point of the heavens arising above the eastern point of the horizon at any given time when a prediction is to be made of a future NCYC. event. : cye. HO-ROS/€0-PY, n. The art or practice of predicting future events by the disposition of the stars and Janets, HOR/RENT, a. [L.horrens. See Horror.] _ Bristled ; standing erect as bristles ; pointing out- ward. “ With bricht emblazonry and horrent arms. Milton. HOR/RI-BLE, a. [L. horribilis. See Hornor.] Exciting, or tending to excite, horror ; dreadful ; terrible ; shocking ; hideous; as, a horrible figure or sight; a horrible story. A dungeon horrible on al} sides round. Milton. HOR/RI-BLE-NESS, n. The state or qualities that may excite horror; dreadfulness ; terribleness ; hid- eousness. HOR/RI-BLY, adv. dreadfully ; terribly ; afraid. : HOR/RID, a. [L. horridus. See Horror.] 1. That does or may excite horror; dreadful ; bid- eous; shocking; as, a horrid spectacle or sight ; hor- rid sympathy. ’ Milton. 2. Rough; rugged. [ This is the literal and primary sense. | Horrid with fern, and intricate with thorn. In a manner to excite horror; as, horribly loud; horribly Dryden. 3. Shocking; very offensive; a colloquial sense. ope. HOR’RID-LY, adv. In a manner to excite horror; dreadfully ; shockingly. a HOR/RID-NESS, nz. The qualities that do or may ex- cite horror ; hideousness ; enormity. Hammond. HOR-RIFYIE, a. [L. horrificus.] Causing horror. Thomson. HOR/RI-FI-ED, (hor’re-fide,) pp. ora. struck with horror. HOR’RI-FY, v. t. [L. horror and facio.] To make horrible ; to strike with horror. E. Irving. HOR-RIP-I-LA/TION, n. A bristling of the hair of the head or body, resulting from disease or terror. HOR-RIS’O-NOUS, a [L. horrisonus; horreo, to shake, and sonas, sound. } Sounding dreadfully ; uttering a terrible sound. HOR/ROR, 7. [L., from horreo, to shake, or shiver, or to set up the bristles, to be rough. ] 1. A shaking, shivering, or shuddering, as in the cold fit which precedes a fever. This ague is usually accompanied with a contraction of the skin into small wrinkles, giving it a kind of roughness. 2. An excessive degree of fear, or a painful emo- tion which makes a person tremble; terror; a shud- Made horrible ; from the middle of a yard to its extremity, to sup- port the sailors while they loose, reef, or furl the sails; also, a thick rope extended near the mast for hoisting a yard or extending a sail on it. Totten. To take horse; to set out to ride on horseback. 2. To be covered, as a mare. { Addison. HORSE, v. t. To mount on a horse. 2. To take or carry on the back. The keeper, horsing a deer. Buuer. 3. To ride or sit on any thing astride ; as, ridges horsed. Shak. 4. ‘To cover a mare, as the male. Mortimer. HORSE, v.%. To get on horseback. Shelton. HORSE/BACK, (hors'bak,) n. The state of being on a horse; the posture of riding on a horse. Shak. A small bean usually given to horses. Mortimer. HORSE/-BLOCK, zx. A block or stage that assists persons in mounting and distnounting from a horse. HORSE/-BOAT, n. A boat used in conveying horses over a river or other water. 2. A boat moved by horses; a species of ferry- boat. HORSE’-BOY, 2. A boy employed in dressing and tending horses; a stable-boy. Knolles. HORSE/-BREAK-ER, 2. One whose employment is to break horses, or to teach them to draw or carry. Yreech, HORSE/’-CHEST’NUT, nm. A Jarge nut, the fruit of a species of Ausculus; or the tree that produces it. The tree is much cultivated for shade. HORSE!-€LOTH, x. A cloth to cover a horse. HORSE’-€OURS/ER, xn. One that runs horses, or keeps horses for the race. Johnson. 2. A dealer in horses. Wiseman. HORSE/-€RAB, x. A crustaceous fish. Ainsworth. HORSE’-€0’/€UM-BER, n. A large green cucumber. Mortimer. and sells I saw them salute on horseback. HORSE’/-BEAN, x. HORSE’-DEAL-ER, 7x. horses. HORSE/-DRENCH, n. A dose of physic for a horse. HORSE!’-DUNG, n. The dung of horses. { Shak. HORSE!’-EM-MET, n. A species of large ant. HORSE’-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a long, coarse face. HORSE/-FLESH, 7. The flesh of a horse. Bacon. HORSE!-FLY, x. A large fly that stings horses, HORSE/-FOOT, 2. A plant, called also Cotrsroor. Ainsworth. A body of cavalry for One who buys HORSE’-GUARDS, x. pl. guards, HORSE/-HAIR, n. HORSE/-HOBE, n. of horses. HORSE’-JOCK-EY, n. sale of horses. HORSE/-KEEP-ER, n. of horses. HORSE’/-KNAVE, (-nave,) n. The hair of horses. A hoe for cleaning a field by means A dealer in the purchase and One who keeps or takes care A groom. [Obs.] dering with fear; but appropriately, terror, or a sen- sation approaching it, accompanied with hatred or detestation. Horror is often a passion compounded of fear and hatred or disgust. The recital of a bloody deed fills us with horror. A horror of great darkness fell on Abram. — Gen. xv, Horror hath taken hold on me, because of the wicked that forsake thy law. — Ps. cxix. . 3, That which may excite horror or dread ; gloom; dreariness. And breathes a browner horror on the woods. 4. Dreadful thoughts. d. Distressing scenes; as, the horrors of war or famine. The horrors; a result of habits of inebriation; a state of extreme bodily and mental agitation, occa- sioned by a withdrawment of the customary stim- ulus. ; HOR/ROR-STRICK’EN, a. Struck with horror. HORS DE COMBAT’, (hor-de-kom-bi/,) (Fr.] Out of the combat; disabled to fisht. HORSE, xn. [Sax. hors; G. ross; D.ros; Fr. rosse; It. r0zz0.] é I. A species of quadrupeds of the genus Equus having six erect and parallel fore-teeth in the upper Jaw, and six somewhat prominent in the under Jaw ; the dog-teeth are solitary, and the feet consist of an undivided hoof. The horse is Pope. ne _———-— a beautiful animal ,andgof great use for draught, or conveyance on his back. Horse, in English, is of common gender, and may comprehend the male and female. ; 2. A constellation. Greech. = 3. Cavalry ; a body of troops serving on horse- baek. In this sense, it has no plural termination. We say, a thousand horse; a regiment of horse. 4. A machine by which something is supported ; ally, a wooden frame with legs. Various ma. chines used in the arts are thus called. Encyc. 5."A wooden machine on which soldiers ride by Way of punishment ; sometimes called a timber-mare. Chaucer. Heads of knop- ATOSE. A loud, boisterous laugh. Pope. [See Leecn.] HORSE’-KNOPS, (hors/nops,) n. pl. weed. HORSE/-LA UGH, (-laf,) n. HORSE/-LEECH, n. 2. A farrier. Ainsworth. HORSE’-LIT-TER, n. A carriage hung on poles which are borne by and between two horses. Milton. A large leech. HORSE/-LGOAD, n. HORSE'LY, a. A load for a horse. Applied to a horse, as manly is toa man. HORSE/MAN,n. Arideron horseback. Addison. 2. A man skilled in riding. Dryden, 3. A soldier who serves on horseback. Hayward. HORSE’MAN-SHIP, n. The act of riding, and of training and managing horses. Pope. HORSE/-MAR-TEN, n. . t. tainment. HOST, v. t. leased. Bacon. Atterbury. HOS/TEL : HOS/TEL-RY, nm An inn. [Obs.] Chaucer. HOS’TEL-ER, nm. An innkeeper. Booth. HOST’ESS, n. A female host; a woman who enter- tains guests at her house, Dryden. 2, A woman who keeps an inn. Temple. HOST’ESS-SHIP, x. ‘The character or business of a hostess. Shak, HOS’TIE, (hos’te,) m. [. hostia.] The consecrated urnet. Vater. HOS/TILE, (hos'til,) a. [L. hosttlis, from hosts, an 1. Belonging to a public enemy ; designating en- mnity, particularly public enmity, or a state of war; inimical ; as, a hostile band or army ; a hostile force ; hostile intentions. 2. Possessed by a public enemy ; as, a hostile coun- try. ent. 3. Pertaining to or expressing private enmity or opposition ; as, hostile to sudden change. HOS/TILE-LY, adv. In a hostile manner. HOS-TIL'I-TY, n. [Fr. hostilité; L. hostiitas, from hostis, an enemy 1. The state of war between nations or states; the actions of an open enemy ; aggression ; attacks of anenemy. These secret enmities broke out in hostilities. Hostility being thus suspended with France. Hayward, We have carried on even our hostilities with humanity. Atterbury. 2. Private enmity ; @ sense less proper. HOS'TIL-IZE, v. t. To make an enemy. [Little used.] HOST’ING, n. [from host,an army.] An encounter ; a battle. [Jittle used.] Milton. 2. A muster or review. [Obs.] Spenser. HOS/TLER, (hos’ler or os/ler,) n. [from Fr. hdtelier, an innkeeper. See Hore .] The person who has the care of horses at an inn. HOST’LESS, a. Inhospitable. {JVot in use.) HOST'‘RY, 7. A stable for horses. Dryden. 2. A lodging-house. Howell. HOT, a. (Sax. hat; G. heiss; D. heet; Sw. het ; Dan. heed. See Hear. 1. Having sens! stove or fire ; a ot cloth ; hot liquors. more than warm. 2. Ardent in temper; easily excited or exasper- ated ; vehement. Achilles is impatient, hot, and revengeful. 3. Violent ; furious; as, a hot engagement or as- sault. Dryden. 4. Eager; animated ; brisk; keen; as, a hot pur- suit, or a person Aot in a pursuit. 5. Lustful; lewd. Shak. 6. Acrid; biting; stimulating; pungent; as, hot as mustard or pepper. HOT, HOTE,HO/TEN, pp. Called; named. [0ds.] Gower. HOT’BED, n. In gardening, a bed of earth and horsedung, or tanner’s bark, covered with glass to defend it from the cold air, intended for raising early plants, or for nourishing exotic plants of warm cli- mates, which wil! not thrive in cool or temperate air. Farm. Encye. 9, A place which favors rapid growth or develop- ment; as, a hotbed of sedition. HOT’-BLOOD-ED, a. Having hot blood ; high spirit- ed ; irritable. HOT’-BRAIN-ED, a. Ardent in temper; violent; rash ; precipitate ; as, hot-brained youth. Driden. HOTCH/POT, x. [Fr. hochepot, from hocher, to shake, and probably pot, a pot or dish. ] 1. Properly, a mingled mass; a mixture of ingre- cients. Bacon. Camden. 2. In law, a mixing of Jands. Thus lands given in frank-marriage to one daughter, shall, after the death of the ancestor, be blended with the lands de- scending to her and to her sisters from the same an- cestor, and then be divided in equal portions to all the daughters. Blackstone. HOTCH’/POTCH. See Honcepopnce and Horcurot, 7 bie heat ; opposed to cold; as, a hot Hot expresses Dryden. No. 1. HOT!’-€OCK-LES, (-kok/Iz,) n. pl. [Qu. Fr. hautes coquilles, bigh shells. ] A play in which one covers his eyes, and guesses who striker him, or his hand placed behind him. Gay. HO-TEL!,n. [Fr. h6tel, for hostel, a palace or dwell- ing-house of a prince or Jord.] 1. A house for entertaining strangers or travelers. It was formerly a house for genteel strangers or lodgers, but the name is now given to any inp. 2. In France, a palace or dwelling of persons of rank or wealth. HO-TEL' DIEU’, eaeae [Fr.] A hospital. HOT!/-FLUE, nz. An apartment heated by stoves or steam-pipes, in which padded and printed calicoes are dried. Te. HOT/-HEAD-ED, a. Of ardent passions ; vehement ; violent ; rash. Arbuthnot. HOT/HOUSE, x. A house kept warin to shelter ten- der plants and shrubs from the cold air; a place in which the plants of warmer climates may be reared, and fruits ripened. 9. A bagnio, or place to sweat and cup in. Shale. 3. A brothel. B. Jonson. HOT'LY, adv. [from hot.] With heat. 9. Ardently; vehemently ; violently; as, a stag hotly pursued. 3. Lustfilly. Dryden. HOT’/-MOUFH-ED, a. Headstrong ; ungovernable. That hot-mouthed beast that bears against the curb. Dryden. HOT’NESS, x. Sensible heat beyond a moderate de- HOT/—PRESS-ED, (-prest,) a. HOT’TEN-TOT, 2. Dies HOT’TEN-TOT-CHER’RY, x. RY | HOT’TEST, a. Most hot. HOT’/-WALL, x. Pressed while heat is applied, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glossy surface. HOT’/-PRESS-ING, n. The application of heat in con- junction with mechanical pressure, for the purpose of giving a smooth and glossy surface, as to paper, lmen, & ZC. HOT’-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Waving a fiery spirit. Irving. HOT/SPUR, n. [hot and spur.] Aman violent, pas- sionate, heady, rash, or precipitate. Shalt. 2. A kind of pea of early growth. HOT’SPUR, a. Violent ; impetuous. Spenser. HOT’SPUR-RED, (hot/spurd,) a, Vehement; rash ; heady ; headstrong. Peacham. One belonging to a South Afri- can tribe, formerly esteemed the most degraded of the human race. savage, brutal man. ¢ A plant. [See Cuer- Lambers. In gardening, a wall constructed with flues for the conducting of beat, for securing or hastening the growth of fruit-trees. Braue. HOU’/DAH, x. A seat to be fixed on a camel’s back. HOUGH, (hok,) 2. [Sax. hoh, the heel or the hough ; G. hacke, D. hak, a heel, a hoe.) 1. The lower part of the thigh; the ham; the joint of the hind leg of a beast that connects the thigh with the leg. Enciyc. 2, Anadz;ahoe. [JVot in use.] Stillingfleet. HOUGH, (hok,) v. & ‘To hamstring; to disable by cutting the sinews of the ham. 2. To cut witha hoe. [Obs] HOUGHI/ED, (hokt,) pp. Hamstrung; disabled by cutting the sinews of the ham. HOU/LET, x. An-owl. [See Howzer.] HOULT. See Hott. HOUND, n. (Sax. hund; G. Sw. Dan. and Scot. hund; D. hond; L. canis; Gr. kuwy, kovos; Ir. chzen ; It. care. A generic name of the dog; but in English it is confined to a particular breed or variety, used in the chase. It has long, smooth, pendulous ears. HOUND, v. t. To set on the chase. Bramhall. 2. To hunt; to chase. LD? Estrange. HOUND/FISH, n. A name of certain fishes of the shark family. The smooth houndfish, or smooth shark, is the Mustelus levis, which grows to the length of three or four feet, and is esteemed delicate food among the Hebrides. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. HOUNDS, nz. pl. In seamen’s language, the projecting parts of the head of a mast, serving as shoulders for the top or trestle+trees to rest on. Totien. HOUND’S/-TONGUE, (-tung,) m» A plant of the ge- nus Cynoglossum, so called from the shape of its leaves, Partington. HOUND/-TREE, n. Ainsworth. HOUP. See Hooroo. HOUR, (our,). ([L. and Sp. hora; Gr. @oa; It. ora; Fr. heure; Arm. heur; W. awr; Ir. uair; G. uhr 5 D. uur. The primary sense is, time or season, occasion, from a root which signifies to come, to happen, to fall, to rush or drive. Hence the Fr. heur signifies luck, good fortune, and heureuz, lucky, fortunate, happy, that is, seasonable. So in L. tempestivus, from tempus. (See Time.) But hour, hora, afterward came to signify a certain portion or division of the day. i different in different nations. } os A kind of tree. This has been 1. A space of time equal to one twenty-fourth part of the natural day. An hour answers to fifteen de- grees of the equator. It consists of sixty minutes, each minute of sixty seconds, &c. 2. Time ; a particular time ; as, the hour of death. Jesus saith, Woman, my hour is not yet come. — John it. 3. The time marked or indicated by a chronome- ter, clock, or watch; the particular time of the day. What is the hour? At what hour shall we meet? I will be with you at an early hour. " Good hour, signifies early or seasonably. You have arrived at a good hour. To keep good hours; to be at home in good season ; not to be abroad late, or at the usual hours of retiring to rest. Hours; in the plural, certain praye Catholic church, to be repeated at stated times of the day, as matins and vespers. Encye. In mythology, the Hours, (Hore,) were divinities, regarded either as the goddesses of the seasons or of the hours of the day. Brande. HOUR’-CIR-€LE, (our’sur-kl,)n. In astronomy, a te- ridian ; so called because the ares of the equator, i0- tercepted between the meridians, are used as meas- ures of time. Olmsted. HOUR/-GLASS, (our’gliiss,) 2. A chronometer that measures intervals of time by the running of sand from one glass vessel to another, through a small ap erture. The quantity of sand may be so propor- tioned as to measure an hour, 2 half hour, or 2 rs In the Roman ENS mang |. ba rr quarter. : moi 2. Space of time. Bacon. HOUR/-HAND, nr. The hand or pointed pin which gree of warmth, enemy, that is, a foreigner. ] 2, Violence , vehemence ; fury. shows the hour on a chronometer. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CLOUS.— € as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS | L sr OS EE PORTE OT TE AUT CE ETT Te ——————————— el . ~ oe eee SPT Tee: yee ee yaks SamperHOU HOU Among the Mohammedans, a nymph of paradise. : olnson. HOUR/LY, (our/ly,) a. Happening or done every hour; occurring hour by hour; frequent; often re- peated. Observe the waning moon with hourly view. 2, Continual. We must live in hourly expectation of having the troops recalled. Swift. Every hour; frequently ; HOUR'I, (bour’e,) 7. Dryde Tl. HOUR!LY, (our'ly,) adv. continually. Great was their strife, which hourly was renewed. HOUR!-PLATE, (our’plate,) n. The plate of a clock or other timepiece on which the hours are marked ; the dial. Locke. HOUS/AGE, 7. [from house.]_ A fee for keeping goods ina house. {[{JVot in use. | Chambers. Dryden. | | | HOUSE, (hous,) ”. [Sax. hus ; Goth. Sw. and Scot. hus: G. haus; D. huis; Dan. huus; L. casa; It. Sp. and Port. casa; W. hws, a covering or housing. If the primary sense is a covering, this word may be - — referred to Heb. Ch. Syr. D>, Ar. kasa, to put on, to cover. Class Gs, No. 57. sponds to cot, in a different dialect.] In a general sense, a building or shed intended or used as a habitation or shelter for animals of any kind ; but appropriately, a building or edifice for the habitation of man; a dwelling-place, mansion, or abode for any of the human species. It may be of any size, and composed of any materials whatever — wood, stone, brick, &c. 2. An edifice or building appropriated to the wor- ship of God; a temple; a church; as, the house of God. 3. A monastery ; a college; as, a religious house. 4. The manner of living; the table. He keeps a good jiouse, or a miserable house. 5. In astrology, the station of a planet in the heav- ens, or the twelfth part of the heavens. Johnson. Encyc. 6. A family of ancestors; descendants and kin- dred; a race of persons from the same stock; a tribe. It particularly denotes a noble family or an illustrious race; as, the owse of Austria; the house of Hanover. So, in Scripture, the house of Israel, or of Judah. Two of a house few ages can afford. It corre- Dryden. 7. One of the estates of 2 kingdom assembled in parliament or legislature; a body of men united in their legislative capacity, and holding their place by right or by election. Thus we say, the house of Jords or peers of Great Britain; the house of com- mons; the house of representatives. In most of the United States, the legislatures consist of two houses, the senate, and the house of representatives or dele- gates, 8. The quorum of a Jegislative body; the number of representatives assembled who are constitution- HOUSE/BOTL, (hous/bote,) x. supply. ] ; In law, a sufficient allowance of wood to repair the house and supply fuel. HOUSE!’-BREAK-ER, (hous/brak-er,) n. One who breaks, opens, and enters a house by day with a fe- lonious intent, or one who breaks or opens a house, and steals therefrom by daylight. Blackstone. HOUSE/-BREAI-ING, (hous’brak-ing,) x. The breaking, or opening and entering of a house by daylight, with the intent to commit a felony, or to steal or rob. The same crime committed at night is burglary. slackstone. HOUSE/-DOG,n. One who erects a house. Wotton. HOUSE/-ROOM, x. Room or place in a house. Dryden. HOUSE!-SNAIL, n. . t. HUM, n. HUM, exclam. A sheer-ludk is an old ship fitted with an ap- : Encyc. Mar Dict. $ 2. Any thing bulky orunwieldy. [JVot used] Shak | The lulls }in England, old or dismasted ships, for- merly used as prisons. HULK, v. t. To take out the entrails; as, to hulk a [ Little used. ] Ainsworth. Bulky ; unwieldy. [JVot used.] [Sax. hul, the cover of a nut; G. hitlse; D hulse; W.hul, a cover; huliaw, to cover, to deck, G. | hitlen. See Huvx.] 1. The outer covering of any thing, particularly of a \\ nut or of grain. Johnson says, the*/ull of a nut coy- |} ers the shell. | 2, The frame or body of a vessel, exclusive of her | hare. masts, yards, sails, and rigging. Totten. To lie a hull, in seamen’s language, is to lieas a ship without any sail upon her, and her helm Jashed a-lce. Encie To strike a hull, in a storm, is to take in the sails, and lash the helm on the lee-side of a ship. Enciyc. Hull down, expresses that the hull of the ship is concealed by the convexity of the sea. as, to hull grain. 2. To pierce the hull of a ship with a cannon ball. To float or drive on the water, like the hull of a ship, without sails. Milton. Stripped off, as the hulis of seed. Hulled corn or grain; corn or grain boiled in a weak lye, so that the hull or coat Separates, or is easily separated, from the kernel. Stripping off the hull. siliquous. Having husks or pods; HUL’VER, n. Holly, an evergreen shrub, or tree, [D. hulst. | Tusser. HUM, v. i. [G. hummen; D. hommelen.) 1. To utter the sound of bees; to buzz. 2. To make an inarticulate, buzzing sound. The cloudy messenger turns me his back, And hums. , Shak. 3. To pause in speaking, and make an audible noise, like the humming of bees. He hummed and hawed. 4. To make a dull, heavy noise like a drone. Still humming on their drowsy course they took. Pope. 5. To applaud. [ Obs.] To sing in a low voice; as, to hum a tune. [ Vulgar.) Hudibras. 2. To cause to hum ; to impose on. The noise of bees or insects. 9. A low, confused noise, as of crowds ; as, the busy wm of men. Milton. 3. Any low, dull noise. Pope. 4, A low, inarticulate sound, uttered by a speaker in a pause ; as, hwms and haws. Shak. Dryden. 5, An expression of applause. Spectator. 6. An imposition in jest. [Vulgar.] Smart. A sound with a pause implying doubt and deliberation. Pope. HU’MAN, a. [L. humanus; Fr. humain; Sp. humano ; It. wnano. Iam not certain which are the radical letters of this word, but am inclined to believe them to be Mn; that the first syllable is a prefix; that ho- mo in Latin is contracted, the n being dropped in the nominative, and restored in the oblique cases ; hence homo, and the Gothic and Sax. guma, a man, may be the same word; but this is doubtful. If Mn are the elements, this word is from the root of man, or rath- er is formed on the Teutonic word, Heb. }) form, species. The corresponding word in G. is menschlich, (manlike,) D. menschelyk. See Man.] Le 1. Belonging to man or mankind; pertaming 0x relating to the race of man; as, a human voice ; hu man shape ; human nature ; human knowledge ; hw man life. 2, Having the qualities of a man. Swift 3. Profane ; not sacred or divine ; as, & human au thor. [JVot in use Brown. HU/MAN-ATE, a. Endued with humanity. [ Obs.) Cranmer. HU-MANE’, a. [Supra.] Having the feelings and dispositions proper to man; having tenderness, com- passion, and a disposition to treat others with kind- ness ; particularly in relieving them when ip distress, or in captivity, when they are helpless or defense- less ; kind ; benevolent. : 9. Inclined to treat the lower orders of animals with tenderness. HU-MANE!’LY, adv. compassion; as, the pr With kindness, tenderness, or isoners were treated humanely. 2, In a humane manner; with kind feelings: HU-MANE/NESS, n. Tenderness. Scott. HU/MAN-IST, n. One who pursues the study of the humanities, (litere humaniores,) or polite literature ; in various European universities, es- aterm use ae pecially the Scottish. rande. 2. One versed in the knowledge of human nature. Shaftesbury. kind ; but the word is applied only to the body of an HOE’LESS, a. Destitute of color. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; $ as old ship or vessel which is laid by as unfit for ser- Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. HU-MAN-I-TA/RI-AN, 2. [L. Aumanus, humanitas. | po 565 pg NE SET Sn Pa EI TT Le ST . “ ay aa BRS a te me . note ao as es eee rank\ | | One who denies the divinity of C — Pee ae are BRUM LUM HUM Shrist, and believes him to be a mere man. HU-MAN-I-TA/RI-AN-ISM, x. humanitarians. HU-MAN/LTY, 2. [L. humanitas ; Fr. humanité.] i he peculiar nature of man, by which he is dis- tinguished from other beings. Thus Christ, by his incarnation, was invested with humanity. ey: Mankind collectively ; the human race. If he is able to untie those knots, he is able to teach all hu naely. tanvill It is a debt we owe to humanity. S. SS Sinith. 3. The kind feelings, dispositions, and sympathies of man, by which he is distinguished from the low- er orders of animals ; kindness; benevolence; es- peci uly, a disposition to relieve persons in distress and to treat with tenderness those who are he Iles and defenseless ; opposed to CRUELTY. 4, A disposition to treat the lower orders of animals with te nae rness, or at least to give them no unneces- | Bay pain. Tle exercise of kindness ; acts of tenderness, 6. Philology ; grammatical studies. Johnson. Humanities, in the plural, signifies grammar, Theto- ric, the Latin and Greek languages, and poetry ; ; for teaching which there are professors in the universities o* Scotland. Encyc. HU-MAN EATON: n. The act of humanizing. Ht! MAN-IZE, t. To soften; to render humane ; te subdue dis ereitions to cruelty , and render suscepti- ble of kind feelings. Was it the business of magic to humanize our natures ? Addison. Witherspoon, HU’/MAN-IZ-ED, pp. Softened in feeling; rendered humane. HU/MAN-1IZ-ING, ppr. or a. cruel dis spositions. Hu/MAN-KIND, x. Softening ; g; subduing The race of man; mankind ; the human species. Pope. HU/MAN-LY, adv. After the manner of men; ac- cording to the opinions or knowledge of men. The present prospects, humanly speaking, promise a hap- py issue. 2. Kindly ; humanely. [ Obs. HU-Ma’TION, x. Interment. [Wot used. HUM’/BYRD, nm A very small bird of the ge- HUM’ MING-BIRD, nus Trochilus, so calied from the sound of its wings in flight. The rostrum is subulate, filiform, and longer than the head; the tongue is filiform and tubulous, It never lights to take food, but feeds while on the wing. HUM/BLE, a. [Fr. humble; L. humilis; supposed to be from humus, the earth, or its root. } 1. Low ; opposed to Hreu or Lorry. Thy humble nest built on me ground. 2. Low ; opposed to Lorry or Great ; magnificent ; as, a jumble cottage, A humble roof, and an obscure retreat. 3. Lowly ; modest ; meek ; submissive ; opposed to Proup, Haueutry, ArroGant, or AssuMING. In an ev anvelical Sense, hz iving a low opinion of one’s self, and a deep sense of unworthiness in the sight of God. God resisteth the proud, but giveth grace to the humble. — James iv. Without a humble npilation of the divine Author of our blessed religion, we can never hope to be a happy nation. Washington’ 8 Ch cilan Address or “Let iter, June 18, 1783. HUM'BLE, v.t. To bring down; to reduce to a low state. This victory humbled the pride of Rome. The power of Rome was /umbled, but not subdued. 2. To crush ; to break ; to subdue. The battle of W. Bree humbled the power of Bonaparte. To mortify, or make ashamed ; as, one may be iunble Ww ithout having true humility. To make humble or lowly in mind ; to abase the anit of; to reduce arrogance and self-de pendence; to give alow opinion of one’s moral worth ; tomake meek and submissive to the divine will; ’ the evan- gelical sense. Pope. Cowley. mean; not Anon. eauinaie: Yoursely es anes x the mighty hand of God, that he m: ay t you. — 1 Pe et, Hezekiah humbled himse if for the pride of his heart. — 2 Chron. xxxii. o. To make to condescend. He humbdles himself to speak to them. 6. To bring down; to lower; to reduce. The highest mountains may be humbled into valleys. Hakewill. 7. To deprive of chastity. Deut. xxi. To humble one’s self ; to repent; to afflict one’s self for sin ; to make contrite, HUM/BLE-BEE nm. ([G.hummel; D. hommel; Dan. hummel; Sw. humla ; from hum. It is often called bumblebee, L. bombus, a buzzing.] A bee of a large species, that draws its food chiefly from clover flowers. HUM/BLED, pp. ora. Made low; abased ; rendered meek and submissive ; penitent. HUM/BLE-MOUFH-ED, a. Mild; meek ; modest. Shak. HUM’BLE-NESS, 7. The state of being humble or The doctrine of the HUM’/BLER, zn. He or that which humbles; he that reduces pr ide or mortifies. 1UM/BLES 7 . OM BLES. >> n. pl. Entrails of a deer. Johnson. HUM’/BLESS, n. [Old Fr. humblesse.] Humbleness ; humility. Spenser, HUM’BLING, ppr. Abasing; crushing ; subduing. 2. a. Adapted to abase pride and self-dependence. HUM’BLING, x. Uumiliation ; abatement of pride. HUM/BLY, adv. In a humble manner ; with modest submissiveness ; with humility. Hope humblythen ; with trembling pinions soar; Wait the great te acher, death, and God adore. 2. In a low state or condition ; HUM’/BOLDT-INE, x. oxalate of iron. HUM/BOLDT-ITE, zx. [from Humboldt.] mineral, a variety of datholite. HUM/BU G, 2. An imposition under fair pretenses ; a person ate thus imposes, [.4 low word.] HUM’BUG, v. t. To deceive; to impose on. word. | HU M/BUG-GED, pp. HUM’/BUG-GER-Y, n Pope. without elevation. [from Humboldt.] A native A rare [4 low Imposed on; deceived. The practice of imposition. HUM/DRUM, a. [Qu. hum and drone, or W. trom, heavy. ] Dull; stupid. Addison. Hudibras. HUM’ DRUM, n. A Stupid fellow ; a drone. HU-ME€T", v.t. [L. humecto, from humeo, to HU-ME€T’ ATE, be moist ; Fr. humecter. To moisten ; to w et; to water. [Little used. } Brown. Howell. HU-ME€T-A/TION, n. The act of moistening, wet- Bacon. ting, or watering. pawe used. | HU-ME€T’IVE, Javing the power to moisten. HU/MER-AL, a. (F r., from L. humerus, the shoulder.] Belonging to the shoulder; as, the humeral artery. HUM’HUM, 7. A kind of plain, coarse India cloth, made of cotton. HU/MI€ AC/ID,n. An acid formed from humus by the action of an alkali. Cooley. HU-MI-€U-BA'/TION, x [L. humus, the ground, and cubo, to lie. A lyi ing on the ground. HO/MID, a. Fr. hui nide,] 1. Moist; damp; containing sensible moisture ; as, a humid air or atmosphere. 2. Somewhat wet or watery ; as, humid earth. HU-MID‘L-TY, Moisture ; ; “dampne SS; a moderate degree of EOTESE! which is perceptible to the eye or touch, occasioned by the absorption of a fiuid, or its adherence to the surface of a body. When a cloth has imbibed any fluid to such a degree that it can be felt, we call it humid; but when no humidity is per- ceptible, we say it is dry. Quicksilver communi- cates no /iumidity to our hands or clothes, for it does not adhere to them ; but it wiil adhere to gold, tin, and lead, and render them humid and soft to the touch. 2. Moisture in the ceptible in the air. HU/MID-NESS, x. HU-MIL'I-ATE, z [L. humilio; Fr. humilier.] To humble; to lower in condition; to depress; as, humiliated slaves. Eaton. HU-MIL‘I-A-TED, pp. Humbled; depressed; de- graded. HU-MIL'I-A-TING, ppr. 2, a. Abating pride ; mortifying. HU-MIL-I-A’/TION, n. state of being humbled. 2. Descent from an elevated state or rank to one that is low or humble. The former was a humiliation of deity; the latter, a humiliation of manhood. ooker. 3. The act of abasing pride; or the state of being reduced to lowliness of mind, meekness, penitence, and submission. The doctrine he preached was humiliation and Repentance: wt [Little used.] Bramhall. [L. humidus, from humeo, to be moist ; form of visible vapar, or per- > Humidity. Humbling ; depressing. reducing self-confidence ; Boswell. The act of humbling; the 4, Abasement of pride ; mortification. HU-MIL/I-TY,n. ([L. humilitas; Fr. humilité. HumMBLE. | 1. In ethics, See freedom from pride and arrogance ; humbleness of mind; a modest estimate of one’s own worth. In theology, humility consists in lowli- ness of mind, a deep sense of one’s own unworthi- ness in the sight of God, self-abasement, penitence for sin, and submission to the divine wil. Before honor is humility. — Prov. xv. Serving the Lord with all humility of mind, — Acts xx. 2. Act of submission. With these humilifies they satisfied the young king. HO'MIN, 2. See Humus. HU’MITE, n. A red Vesuvian mineral, occurring in minute poral crystals. It was named from Sir David Hume. Dana. HUMMER, x. [from hum.| One that hums; an ap-~ plauder. Ainsworth. HUM/MING, ppr. or a. Making a low buzzing or Davies. low ; humility ; ’meekness. Bacon. Sidney. HUM/BLE-PLANT, nm. A species of sensitive plant. Mortimer. murmuring. HUM/MING, n. ing sound. HUM/MING-ALE, n. HUM’MING-BIRD, in genus Trochilus. (See Humsirp. | HUM’/MOCK, n. A solid mass of turf considerably elevated above the surrounding earth. [See Hom- The sound of bees; a low, murmur- Sprightly ale. Dryden. The smallest of Hier of the HOM MUMS, n. pl. sweating. HU’/MOR, zn. [L., from humeo, to be moist ; Sans. ama, moist. The pronunciation yuwmor is odiously vul- aT 1 Mofsture ; but the word is chiefly used to ex- press the moisture or fluids of animal bodies; as, the humors of the eye. But more generally the word is used to express a fluid in its morbid or vitiated state. Hence, in popular speech, we often hear it said, the blood is full of humors. But the expression is not technical, nor correct. Aqueous humor of the eye; a transparent fluid, oc- cupying the space between th crystalline lens and the cornea, both before and beh nd the pupil. Crystalline humor or lens ; a small, transparent, solid body, of a softish consistence, occupying a middle position in the eye, between the aqueous and vitre- ous humors, and directly behind the pupil. It is of a lenticular form, or with double convex surfaces, and is the principz al instrument in refracting the rays of light, so as to form an image on the retina. V itr eous humor of the eye; a fluid contained in the minute cells of a transparent membrane, occupying the greater part of the cavity of the eye, and all the space between the crystalline and the retina. Wistar. 2. A disease of the skin ; cutaneous eruptions. Fielding. 3. Turn of mind; temper; disposition, or rather a peculiarity of disposition often temporary ; so called because the temper of mind has been supposed to depend on the fluids of the body. Hence we say, good humor; melancholy humor ; peevish humor. Such humors, when temporary, we call freaks, whims, caprice. ‘Thus a person characterized by good nature may have a fit of ill humor; and an ill- natured person may have a fit of good humor. So we say, it was the humor of the man at the time; it was the humor of the multitude. 4. That quality of the imagination which gives to ideas a wild or fantastic turn, and tends to excite laughter or mirth by ludicrous images or representa- tions. Humor is less poignant and brilliant than wit ; . hence it is always agreeable. Wit, directed against folly, often offends by its severity ; humor makes a man ashamed of his follies, without exciting his re- sentment. Humor may be employed solely to raise mirth and render conversation pleasant, or it may contain a delicate kind of satire. 5. Petulance ; peevishness ; better expressed by ill humor. {Persian.] Baths or places for Is my friend all perfection? has he not humors to be endured ? South. 6. A trick; a practice or habit. I like not the Aumor of lying. Shak, HU/MOR, v. t. To gratify by yielding to particular in- clination, humor, wish, or desire ; to indulge by com- pliance. We sometimes humor children to their in- jury or ruin. ‘he sick, the infirm, and the aged often require to be humored. 2. To suit; to indulge; to favor by imposing no restraint, and rather contributing to promote by oc- casional aids. We say, an actor “humors his part, or the piece. It is my part to invent, and that of the musicians to humor that invention. Dryden. HO/MOR-AL, a. Pertaining to, or proceeding from, the humors ; as, a hwmoral fever. Harvey. Humoral pathology ; that pathology, or doctrine of the nature of diseases, which attributes all morbid phenomena to the disordered condition of the fluids or humors. Cyc, HU/MOR-AL-ISM, n. State of being humoral. Caldwell, The doctrine that diseases have their seat in the humors. HU’MOR-AL-IST, xn, pathology. HU/MOR-ED, pp. Indulged ; favored. HU/MOR-ING, ppr Indulging a particular wish or propensity ; fav oring ; contributing to aid by falling into a design or course. HU/MOR-ISM, n. The state of the humors. HU/MOR-IST, One who conducts himself by his own inc inarone or bent of mind ; one who gratifies his own humor. One who favors the humoral The humorist is one that is greatly pleased or greatly displeased with little things; his aciona seldom directed by the reason and nature of things. Watts. 2. One that indulges humor in speaking or wri- ting ; one who has a playful fancy or genius. [See Humor, No. 4. 3. One who has odd conceits; also,a wag; a FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE 566 droll. Hall. Bodley. , BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —HUN TUN HUR HU/MOR-LESS, a. Destitute of humor. HU/MOR-OUS, a Containing humor; full of wild or fanciful im: ages ; adapted to excite laughter ; jocu- lar; as,a humorous essay 5 a wmorous story. 2. Having the power to speak or write in the style of humor ; fanciful ; playful; exciting laughter; as, a humorous man or author. 3. Subject to be governed by humor or caprice ; irregular; capricious ; whimsical. I am known to be a humorous patrician. Shak. Rough as a storm, and humorous as the wind, Dryden. 4. Moist; humid. [ot in use.] Drayton. HU/MOR-OUS-LY, adv. With a wild or grotesque combination of ideas; in a manner to excite laugh- ler or mirth; pleasantly; jocosely. Addison de- scribes humorously the manual exercise of ladies’ fans. 2. Capriciously ; one’s humor. We resolve by halves, rashly and humorously. Calamy. HU’MOR-OUS-NESS, zn. The state or quality of be- ing humorous; oddness of conceit ; jocularity. 2. Fickleness ; capriciousness. 3. Peevishness ; petulance. Goodman. HU/MOR-SOME, (-sum,) a. Peevish ; petulant; in- fluenced by the humor of the moment. The commons do not abet humorsome, factious arms. Burke. 2. Odd ; humorous ; adapted to excite laughter. “Swift. HU/MOR-SOME-LY, adv. Peevishly; petulantly. 2. Oddly ; humorously. [ Johnson. HUMP, 2. [L. wnbo.] The protuberance formed by a crooked back; as, a camel with one hump, or two humps. HUMP’/BACK, n. A crooked back ; high shoulders. 2. A humpbacked person. Tatler. HUMP/BACK-ED, (-bakt,)a. Having a crooked back. HU/MUS, x. [L., ground.] A pulverulent brown substance formed by the action of air on solid ani- mal or vegetable matter. It is a valuable constituent of soils. Graham. HUNCH, 7. [See the verb.] A hump; a protuber- ance; as, the hunch of a camel. 2. A lump; a thick piece; as, a hunch of bread ; a word in common vulgar use in New England. 3. A push or jerk with the fist or elbow. HUNCH, v.t. To push with the elbow; to push or thrust with a sudden jerk. 2. To push out in a protuberance ; back. HUNCH’BACK, n. whimsically ; in conformity with to crook the Dryden. A humpback. HUNCH/BACK-ED, (-bakt,) a. Having a crooked back, L’Estrange. Dryden. HUNCH’ED, (huncht,) pp. Pushed or thrust with the fist or elbow. HUNCII/ING, pp. Pushing with the fist or elbow. HUND/RED, a. [Sax. hund or hundred; Goth. hund ; De londerd., G. hundert; Sw. hundra; Dan. hundre, hundred; L. centum ; W. cant, a circle, the hoop ofa wheel, the rim of any thing, a complete circle or series, a hundred ; Corn. canz; Arm. cant; Iy. ceantr. Lye, in his Saxon and Gothic Dictionary, suggests that this word hund is a mere termination of the Gothic word for ten; tathun-taihund, ten times ten. But this can not be true, for the word is found in the Celtic as well as Gothic dialects, and in the Arabic SO XD hand, Class Gn, No. 63; at least, this is proba- bly the same word. The Welsh language exhibits the true sense of the word, which is a c ircle, a com- plete series. Hence W. "cantrev, a division of a county, or circuit, a canton, a hundred. (See Can- ton.) The word signifies a circuit, and the sense of hundred is secondary. The centuria of the Romans, and the hundred, a division of a county in England, might have been merely a division, and not an exact hundred in number. | Denoting the product of ten multiplied by ten, or the number of ten times ten ; as, a hundred men. HUND/RED, xn. Acollection, body, or sum, consisting of ten times ten individuals or units ; the number 100. 2, A division or part of a county in England, sup- aed to have originally contained a hundred families, or a hundred warriors, or a hundred manors. {But as the word denotes primarily a circuit or division, it is not certain that Alfred’s divisions had any reference to that number. ] HUND/RED-€OURT, xn. In England, a court held for all the inhabitants ‘of a hundred. Blackstone. HUND/RED-ER, 2. In England, a man who may be of a jury in any controversy respecting land within the hundred to which he belongs. 2. One having the jurisdiction of a hundred. HUND/REDTH, a. The ordinal of a hundred. HUNG, pret. and pp. of Hane. HUNG!/-BEEF, n. The fleshy part of beef slightly salted and hung up to dry; dried beef. HUN’/GA-RY-WA/’TER, x. A distilled water pre- pared from the tops ‘of flowers of rosemary ; so called from a queen of Hungary, for whose use it HUN’GER,n. (Sax. hunger, G. Dan. and Sw. hun- ger, D. honger, Goth. huhrus, hunger; Sax. hungrian, hingrian, Goth. huggryan, to hunger. It appears from the Gothic that n is not radical; the root, then, is He.] 1. An uneasy sensation occasioned by the want of food ; a craving of food by the stomach ; craving appetite. Hunger is not merely want of food, for per- sons when sick may abstain long from eating with- out hunger or an appetite for food. Hunger, there- fore, is the pain or uneasiness of the stomach of a bealthy, person, when too long destitute of food. 2. Any strong or eager desire. For hunger of my gold I die Dryden. HUNGER, v. 7. To feel the pain or uneasiness which is occasioned by long abstinence from food ; to crave food. 2. To desire with great eagerness ; to long for. Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness. — Matt. v. HUNGER, >. t. HUN’GER-BIT HUN//GER-BIT- TEN, HUN//GER-ED, pp. or ‘a. hungry. HUN’'GER-ING, ppr. Feeling the uneasiness of want of food ; desiring eagerly ; longing for; craving. HUN’GER-LY, a Hungry; wanting food or nour- Tofamish. [WVot in use.] a. Pained, pinched, or weak- ened by hunger. Milton. Pinched by want of food ; ishment. Shak. HUN’'GER-LY, adv With keen appetite. | Little used. | Shak. HUN’/GER-STARV-ED, n. Starved with hunger ; pinched by want of food. Shak. Dryden. HUN'GER-STUNG, a. Stung by hunger. Drake. HUN'’GRED, a. Hungry; pinched by want of food. [ Obs. ] acon. HUN/’GRI-LY, adv. [from hungry.] With keen ap- petite ; voraciously. When on harsh acorns hungrily they fed. HUN’/GRY, a. or uneasiness from want of food. you are hungry. 2. Having an eager desire. 3. Lean; emaciated, as if reduced by hunger. Driden. feeling pain only when Having a keen appetite ; Eat Gass has a lean and hungry look. Shak. 4, Not rich or fertile; poor; barren; requiring substances to enrich itself; as, a Aungry soil; a hungry gravel. Mortimer. HUNKS, n. A covetous, sordid man; a miser; a niggards Dryden. HUNS, n. pl. [L. Hunni.] The Sey thians, who conquered Pannonia, and gave it its present ni une, Hungary. HUNTS2. f [iSax. ‘huntian. This word does not ap- pear a the cognate languages. See Class Gn, No. 67.] 1. To chase wild animals, particularly quadrupeds, for the purpose of catching them for food, or for the diversion of sportsmen ; to pursue with hounds for AS ing, as game ; as, to hunt a stag or a hare. . To go in searc h of, for the purpose of shooting ; as, to hunt wolves, be: irs, squirrels, or partridges. This is the common use of the word in America. It includes fowling by shooting. 3. To pursue ; to follow closely. Evil shall Aunt the violent man to overthrow him. — Ps. cx]. 4. To use, direct, or manage hounds in the chase. He hunts a pack of dogs. Addison. to search out. To hunt out, up, or after ; to seek ; Locke. HUNT’ING, ppr. Chasing for seizure ; seeking ; searching. HUN TING, n. The act or practice of pursuing wild animals, for catching or killing them. Auntine was originally practiced “by men for the purpose of pro- curing food, as it still is by uncivilized nations. But, among civilized men, it is practiced mostly for exer cise or diversion, or "for the destruction of noxious animals, as in America. 2. A pursuit ; a seeking. HUNT/ING-HORN, n. A bugle; a horn used to cheer the hounds in pursuit of | game, HUNT’ING-HORSE, / 2. A horse used in hunting. pursuing ; HUNT/ING-NAG, utler. HUNT!ING-SE, AT, nm. A temporary residence for the purpose of hunting. Gray. HUNT’RESS, x. A female that hunts, or follows the chase Diana is called the huntress. HUNTS/MAN, 2. One who hunts, or who practices hunting. Waller. 2. The servant whose office it is to manage the chase. ? Estrange. HUNTS/MAN-SHIP, x. The art or practice of hunt- ing, or the qualifications of a hunter. onne. HUR/DEN, a. [Made of hurds, hards, or coarse flax.] A coarse kind of linen. [Local or obs.] Shenstone. HUR/DLE, n. [Sax. hyrdel; G. hitrde, a hurdle, a fold or pen; D. horde, a hurdle,a horde. The ele- ments of this word are the same as of the L. crates, Hrd, Crd. It coincides, also, with herd, denoting closeness, pressure, holding.) 1. A texture of tw igs, osiers, or sticks; a crate of various forms, according to its destination. 2. In England, a sled or crate on which criminals were drawn to the place of execution. In this sense, it is not used in America. Bacon. 3. In fortification, a collection of twigs or sticks interwoven closely, and sustained by long stakes. It is made in the figure of a long square, five or six feet by three and a half. Hurdles serve to render works firm, or to cover traverses and lodgments for the defense of workmen against fireworks or stones. Encye. 4. In husbandry, a movable frame of split timber or sticks wattled together, serving for gates, inclosures, &c. Itis sometimes made of iron. Farm. Encyc. HUR’‘DLE, v. t. To make up, hedge, cover, or clase, with hurdles. ‘Seward. HURDS, n. The coarse part of flax or hemp. [See Harps. ] HUR!/DY-GUR/DY, ». A stringed instrument of mu- sic, Whose sounds are produced by the {friction of a Ww heel , and regulated by the fingers. Porter. HURL, v. t. [Arm. hariua. This may be a different spelling of zohirl.] 1. To throw with violence; to drive with great force ; as, to hurl a stone. And hurl them headlong to their fleet and main. Pope. 2. To utter with vehemence ; as, to hurl out vows. [WVot in use. ] Spenser. 3. To play at a kind of game. Carew. HURL, v.i To move rapidly ; to whirl. [Rare.] Thomson. HURL, 72. The act of throwing with violence. 2. Tumult; riot; commotion. Knolles. HURL/BAT,2. A whirl-bat; an old kind of weapon. Ainsworth. HURL/BONE, 2. In a horse, a bone near the middle of the buttock. Encic. HURL’ ED, pp. Thrown with violence. HURL/ER, nm. One who hurls, or who plays ing. at hurl- arew,. To hunt from ; to pursue and drive out or away. To hunt down; to depress; to bear down by perse- cution or violence. HUN T,v.t. To follow the chase. Gen. xxvil. To seek wild animals for game, or for killing sine by shooting when noxious ; with for; as to hunt for bears or wolves; to hunt for quails, or ” for ducks. 3. To seek by close pursuit ; to search; with for. The adulteress will hunt for the precious life. — Prov. vi. To hunt counter; to trace the scent backward in hunting; to go back on one’s steps. [Obs.] Shak. To run counter is still use HUNT, n. A chase of wild animals for catching them. 2. A huntsman. [Vot in use.] Chaucer. 3. A pack of hounds. Dryden. 4. Pursuit ; chase. Shak. Oy A seeking of wild animals of any kind for game as, 2 hunt for squirrels. _ An association of huntsmen ; as, the Caledonian A dog that runs back on the scent, and hence is worthless. hak. HUNT’ED, pp. ora, Chased; pursued ; sought. HUNT’ER, x. One who pursues wild animals witha yey to take them, either for sport or for food. . A dog that scents game, or is employed in the anal PGR €OUNT’ER, n. HURL/ING, ppr. hurling. HURL/WIND, n. Throwing with force; playing at A whirlwind, which see. Sandys. HUR/LY, m. {Russ. "burlyu, to be noisy or HUR LY-BUR/L Nes turbulent; Dan. jul om burl, topsy-turvy ; Fr. hurlu-burli, inconsiderately. } Tumult ; bustle ; confusion. Shak. HUR- RA,! exclam. -[Sw. hurra. The Welsh has HUR- RAH’, cwara, play, sport; but the Swedish appears to be the English word. | A shout of joy or exultation. HUR/RLEANE, x. [Sp. huracan, for furacan, from the L. furto, furo, to rage; Port. furagam ; It. oraga- no; Fr. ouragan; D. orkaan ; ; G. Dan. “and Sw. orcan. I know not the origin nor the signification of the last syllable. ] A violent storm, distinguished by the vehemence of the wind and its sudden changes. A hurricane on the water is called a gale; on the land, a tornado. Olmsted. Hurricane deck; a name given to the upper deck of steamboats, which, from its hight, is liable to be in- jured by sudden and violent winds. HUR/RI-ED, (hur’rid,) pp. or a. sUftoan hurry.] Hast- ened ; urged or impelled to rapid motion or vigorous action. HUR/RI-ED-LY, adv. In a hurried manner. Bowring. HUR/RI-ED-NESS, n. State of being hurried. Scott. HUR’/RI-ER, zn. One who hurries, urges, or impels. 3. A horse used jn the chase. Was first made. Encyc. a TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K: Gas J; Sas Zy Cas SH; FH as in THIS. HUR/RY, v.t. [This word is evidently from the root 5o7 ge NTE REIT A LIENS eerie neo ecoas | ee eee ooo ee ees R anand as Lenn 5 since Semen ner mh, ee Sa ~men a HUS HUZ Fr. courir; Sw.kdra; W. gyru, to drive, of L. curro; SEamAr impel, thrust, run, ride, press forward. CS p> jarai and ) LS kaura, to go round, to hast- ye ara en. Class Gr, se 7, 32, 36.] : 1. To hasten ; to impel to greater speed ; to drive or press forwa rd with more rapidity ; to urge to act or proceed with more celerity ; as, to hurry the work- men or the work. Our business hurries us. The weather is hot and the load heavy ; we can not safe- ly hurry the horses. 9, To drive or impel with violence. Impetuous lust hurries him on to satisfy the cravings ph ai Sou 3. To urge or drive with precipitation and confu- sion ; for confusion is often caused by hurry. And wild amazement hurries up and down The lite number of your doubtful friends, Shak. To hurry away; to drive or carry away in haste. HUR/RY, v.i. To move or act with haste ; to proceed with celerity or precipitation. The business is ur- gent; let us hurry. HUR’RY, x. A driving or pressing forward in motion or business. 2. Pressure ; urgency to haste. long; we are ina “hurry. 3. Precipitation that occasions disorder or confu- sion. It is necessary sometimes to be in haste, but never in a / Hes Anon, We can not wait 4, Tumult; bustle ; commotion. Ambition raises a tumult in the soul, and puts it sO a violent hurry of thought. ison. HUR/RY-ING, ppr. Driving or urging to Pars speed ; precipitating. HUR/‘RY-ING, n. pidity of motion. HUR/RY-ING-LY, adv. In a hurrying manner. HUR/RY-SKUR/RY, adv. Confusedly ; in a bustle. vee in Use. | Gray. HURST, x. (Sax. hurst er hyrst.] A wood or grove ; a word found in many names, as in Hazlehurst. HURT, v. t.; pret. and pp. Hurt. [Sax. hyrt, wound- ed ; it. urtare, Fr. heurter, to strike or dash against ; W. hyrziaw, to push, thrust, or drive, to assault; to butt ; Arm. heurda.] . To bruise; to give pain by a contusion, pres- sure, or any violence to the body. We hurt the body by a severe blow, or by tight clothes, and the feet by fétters. Ps. cv. 2. To wound; to injure or impair the sound state of the body, as by incision or fracture. 3. To harm; to damage; to injure by occasioning loss. We hurt a man by destroying his property. 4. To injure by diminution; to impair. A man hurts his estate by extr: wagance. De eo injure by reducing in quality ; strength, purity, or beauty of. Hurt not the wine and the oil. — Rev. vi. e To harm; to injure ; to damage, in general. To w ound ; to injure; to give pain to; as, to Biire the feelings. HURT,z7. A wound; a bruise; any thing that gives pain to the body. The pains of sickness and hurts. The urging to greater speed; ra- to impair the Locke. 2. In a general sense, whatever injures or harms. I have slain a man to my wounding, and a young man to my hurt. —Gen. iv. 3. Injury ; loss. Why should damage grow to the hurt of the kings ? — Ezra iv. HURT’ER, 2. One who hurts or does harm. HURT’ERS, n. pl. Pieces of wood at the lower end of a pli tform, to prevent the wheels of gun-carriages from injuring g the parapet. HURT’FUL, a. Injurious; mischievous; occasion- ing loss or destruction ; tending to impair or destroy. Negligence is hurtful to property ; intemperance is hurtful to health. HURT’FOUL-LY, adv. Injuriously; mischievously. HURT’F UL-N ESS, nm. Injuriousness ; tendency to occasion loss or des struction ; mischievs ousness. HUR/TLE, (hur’tl,) v. i. [from hurt.] To clash or run against ; to jostle; toskirmish; to meet in shock and encounter; to wheel suddenly. [Vot now used. ] Spenser. Shak. HUR/TLE, v.t To move with violence or impetuos- ay Obs.) Spenser. 2. To push forcibly ; to whirl. HUR/TLE-BER-RY, n, A whortleberry, which see. HUR’/TLES, ) 7. pl. A name of horses among the HUR/TELS, Highlanders in Scotland. HURT’LESS, a. Harmless ; Innocent ; doing no in- a farmer or cultivator, or an inhabitant, from byan, to inhabit or till, contracted from bugian; Dan. huus- bonde; Sw. husbonde; Sw. byggia, Dan. bygver, to build; D. bowwen, G. bauen, to build, to till, to plow, or cultivate; G. bauer, a builder, a countryman, a clown, a rustic, a boor; D. buur, the last component part of neighbor. Band, bond, in this word, is the par- ticiple of buan, byan, that is, buend, occupying, tilling, and husband is the farmer or inhabitant of the house ; in Scottish, a farmer; thence the sense of husbandry. It had no relation, prim: irily, to marriage ; but among the common people, a woman calls her consort my man, and the man calls his wife my woman, as in Hebrew ; and in this instance the farmer or occupier of the houSt, or the builder, was called my farmer ; or by some other means, husband came to denote the consort of the female head of the family.] 1. Aman contracted or joined to a woman by mar- riage. A man to whom a woman is betrothed, as well as one actually united by marriage, is called a husband. Lev. xix. Deut. xxii. 2. In seamen’s language, the owner of a ship who manages its concerns in person. Mar. Dict. 3. The male of animals of a lower order. Dryden. 4. An economist; a good manager; a man who knows and practices the methods of frugality and profit. In this sense, the word is modified by an ep- ithet; as, a good husband; a bad husband. Davies. Collier. [ But in Amervca, this application of the word is little or not at all used. | 5. A farmer; a cultivator; a tiller of the ground. Bacon. Dryden. [In this sense it is not used in America; we always use HUSBANDMAN. HUS’BAND, v. t. To direct and manage with frugal- ity, in expending any thing; to use or employ in the manner best suited to produce the greatest effect ; to use With economy. We say, a man dusbands his es- tate, his means, or his tune He is conscious how ill he has husbanded the Creator. 2. To till; great deposit of his rambler. to cultivate with good management. Bacon. [ Little used.] Shak. Manageable with economy. Sherwood. Te * « r} . ye Jsed or managed with economy ; To supply with a husband. HU S/BA AND-A-BLE; a. (Til. ] HUS’ By A ND-ED, pp. well manage d. HUS'/BAND-ING, 2% ality. HUS 'BAND- ING, fruga il manage me ut HUS/BAND-L von a. HUS’/BAND-LY, a. ppr. Using or managing with fru- The laying up or economizing ; Shak. [ Little used. ] Tusser. A farmer; a cultivator or tiller Vestitute of a husband. Frugal ; thrifty. HUS/BAND-MAN, n of the ground ; one who labors in tillage. In Amer- ica, Where men generally own the land on which they labor, the proprietor of a farm is aJso a laborer or husbandman ; but the word includes the and the owner. 2. The master of a family. lessee [Not tn use in Ameri- ca. | Chaucer. HUS'/BAND-RY, m. The business of a farmer, com- prehending agriculture or tillage of the ground, the raising, managing, and fattening of cattle and other domestic animals, the management of the duiry, and whatever the land produces. 2. Frugality ; domestic economy ; good manage- ment ; thrift. But in this sense, we generally prefix good; as, good husbandry. Swift. 3. Care of domestic affairs, usually with good. Shak. HUSH, a. [G. husch; Dan. hys, hyst. In W. héz is peace ; hézu, to make peace ; cws is re st, sleep; and hust is a low, buzzing sound ; Heb. awn, to be silent. Class Gs, No. 46. ] Silent; still; quiet; as, they are hush as death. This adjective never precedes the noun which it qualifies, except in the compound hush-~money. HUSH, v. tL Lo still; to silence; to calm; to make quiet ; to repress noise ; 3 as, to hush the noisy crowd ; the winds were hushed. My tongue shall hush again this storm of war. 2. To appease ; to allay ; agitation, Shak. to calm, as commotion or Wilt thou, then, Flush my cares? To be still ; to be silent. Spenser. HUSH; imperative of the verb, used as an exclama- tion ; be still; be silent or quiet ; make no noise. To hush up; to suppress; to keep concealed. This matter is hushed up. TUSH/ED, (husht,) pp. Stilled ; Otway. HUSH, w. 2. Pope. silenced ; calmed. plants. chiefly to the covering of HUS SK, v. t. maize, HUSK ED: (huskt,) pp. a. HUSKIL LY, adv. HUSK/I-NE Ss, Nl. like a husk. of voice, HUSK/ING, ppr. HUSK/ING, n. New England, the their neighbors to maize, husking. HUSK’Y, a. husks, . Rough, as sound ; found to exceed twelve an HUS-SAR’, (huz-zar’,) n. Sans. usw, a horse. ry. and Croatia. low boots. pistols. English covey HUSSITE, A follower HUS’/SY, n. [Contracted fi hussy, go. HUS’/TINGS, nOlee of trials. ] A court held in jovd mayor and alderme1 court or council of the cit 9. parliament is held. HUS/TLE, (hus’J,) v. t. hutla, to shuffle. | To shake HUS/TLED, (hus'ld,) pp. HUS'TLING, ppr. HUS/WIFE, (huz/zif,) n. manager. [See Hussy.] 2. A female economis S HUS/WIFE, (huz/zif,) v. and frugality. management, good or bad HUT, n. cot; W. cut. A small house, hovel, dwelling ; a cottage. It is LUA Os be winter quarters. HUT, »v. 2. HUTCH, (Fr. huche; S rae 2. A rat-trap. HUTCH, v. t HUTCH/E D, (hutcht, ) pp. HUTCH/ING > Ppre HUTCH-IN-S0/NI- AN, HUT’TED, pp. HUT’TING, ppr. which is never denominated chaff. used in England for the rind, skin, to weigh more than twelve hundred pounds. finest isinglass is made from its natalory bladder. It inhabits the Danube and the sturgeon belongs to the same genus, 1. A bad or worthless woman. It dicrously in slight disapprobation or contempt. 2. An economist; a thrifty woman. n. pl. [Sax. composed of hus, house, and thing, together in confusion ; [G. hiitte; D. hut; Dan. hytte; Fr. hutte ; he ips a dialectical orthography of S The troops hutted for the winter. Sp. hucha; $ 1, A ones: or boX; acorn chest or bin ; To hoard, as in a chest. The external covering of certain fruits or seeds of It is the calyx of the flower or glume of corn and grasses, formed of valves embracing the seed. ‘The husks of the smal] grains, when separated, are called chaff; but in America we apply the word the ears or seeds of maize, It is sometimes or hull of seeds. To strip off the external integument or covering of the fruits or seeds of plants ; as, to husk Stripped of its husks. Covered with a husk. Dryly ; roughly. The state of being dry and rough, 2. Figuratively, roughness of sound; as, huskiness Stripping off husks, The act of stripping off husks. In practice of farmers is to Invite assist them in in autumnal evenings, and this is called a stripping their Abounding with husks; consisting of Dryden. 2, Resembling husks; dry; rough. 3 harsh ; Hv’ 30. n. A chondropte ry gious fish with free branchie, be longing to the genus Acipenser. whizzing. It is freque sntly d fifteen feet in length, and The The rivers of Russia. {[Tartar, uswar, cavalry ; Thomson. | A mounted soldier or horseman in German caval- The hussars are the national cavalry of Hungary Their regime with a feather, a doublet, a pair of breeches to which the stockings are fastened, and a pair of red or yel- Their arms are a saber, a carbine, ntals are a fur cap adorned and Hussars now form a part of the French and Enciye. of John Huss, the Bohe- mian atanine r, who was burnt alive in 1415 rom huswife, house wife. ] is used also lu- Go, Tusser. hustinge; supposed to be cause, Suit; the Guildhall, in London, before the 1 of the city ; the supreme y. In this court are elect- ed the aldermen and the four members of parliament. The place where an election of a member of Burke. [D. hutselen, to shake; Sw. to push or crowd. Shaken together. Shaking together. A worthless woman ; a bad Shak, a thrifty woman. Shak. To manage with economy Dryden. HUS/WIF E-RY, (huz/zif-ry,) n. The business of man- aging the concerns of a family by a female; fi smale UuSSET. per- 3ax. hus, house, and or cabin; a mean lodge or particularly applied to log- houses erected for troops in winter. To place in huts, as troops encamped in Marshall. Sntollett. To take lodgings in huts. Pickering. Sax. hioecca. | a case for Mortiner: Milton. Deposited in a chest. Penosting In a hutch, A follower of the opinions of John Hutchinson, of Yorkshire, England. Lodged in huts. Placing in huts ; Mitford. taking lodgings in LUSH/ING, CPEs Silencing ; calming. huts. MD atone | UBL ME ST CUM Te hn SPU 2 [HU 9 pte ih Soke an igs at HURT/LESS- LY, adv. Without harm. eerie ite ot fee a . Siolf. nt, . i. oe gba ae in use. } Enos Bee ae Freedom from any harmful Pre oee ioe vigils or a husks o ay ees ie Saran SHER eae ET ala HUS/BAND, n. [Sax. husbonda; hus, house, and buend, eeliy are Ne Benne ae ae coca Be eee veveaeey oud Lae PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 562+ HYD HYD HYD shouts of joy. Addison HUZ-ZA'ED, (huz-zad’,) pp Uttered in shouts of joy. 2. Received with shouts of joy. HUZ-ZA/ING, ppr. Shouting with joy ; receiving with shouts of joy. HUZ-ZA'ING, n. A shouting with joy ; a receiving with shouts of joy. HYtA-CINTH, n. [L. hyacinthus; Gr. daxwvSos.) 1. In botany, the popular name of some species of a genus of plants. The Oriental hyacinth has a large, purplish, bulbous root, from which spring sev- eral narrow, erect leaves ; the flower stalk is upright and succulent, and adorned with many bell-shaped flowers, united ina large pyramidical spike, of dif ferent colors in the varieties. NCYC. 2. In mineralogy, a red variety of zircon, some- times used asa gem. [See Zircon] Dana. HY-A-CINTH/INE, a. Made of hyacinth ; consisting of hyacinth ; resembling hyacinth. JMuton. Hz! A-DES, ( n. pl. [Gr. bades, from iw, to rain; vEros, {LY’/ADS, rain. | In astronomy, a cluster of five stars in the Bull’s face, supposed by the ancients to bring rain. Brande. HY/A-LINE, a. [Gr. tadcvos, from tados, glass.] Glassy ; resembling glass; consisting of glass. HY/A-LITE, n. (Gr. judvs.]} [ Milton. A pellucid variety of opal, looking like colorless zum or resin. It is also called Miiller’s glass. Dana. HY/A-LOID, a. [Gr. dudos and ecdos.) A term applied to transparent membranes, es- pecially that which invests the vitreous humor of the eye. HY-BER’NA-€LE, HY’/BER-NATE, HY-BER-NA/TION. HY’BRID, or HYB/RID, zn. rape; L. hybrida.] A mongrel; an animal or plant produced from the mixture of two species. ee. Martyn. HY’BRID, Ja. Mongrel; produced from the HYB‘/RID-OUS, § mixture of two species. HY’/BRID-ISM, )z. State of being the offspring of HY-BRID/I-TY, two species. HY/DAGE, n. In law, a tax on lands, at a certain rate by the hide. Blackstone. HYD/A-TID, nz. An intestinal worm of the genus Hydatis, which see. HYD/A-TIS, n. [Gr, Sdarts, from tdwp, water.] In natural history, the name of a genus of Entozoa, or intestinal worms, found in various textures and cavities of the human body; indeed in all, (as is said,) except the cavity of the alimentary canal. HYDRA, x. [L. hydra; Gr. idpa, from tdwp, water-] 1. A waterserpent. In fabulous history, a serpent or monster in the lake or marsh of Lerna, in Pel- oponnesus, represented as having many heads, one of which, being cut off, was immediately succeeded by another, unless the wound was cauterized. Her- cules killed this monster by applying firebrands to the wounds, as he cut off the heads. Hence we give the name toa multitude of evils, or to a cause of multifarious evils. 2. The name of a genus of minute fresh-water poly ps. and. 3. A southern constellation of great length. P. Cyc. [Gr. idwp, water, and HUZ-ZA!, v. t. To receive or attend with See Hisernnacte, HIBERNATE, HIBERNATION. [Gr. »Bpcs, injury, force, HY-DRAC’ID, (-dras’sid,) n. acid. } An acid whose base is hydrogen. HY/DRA-GOGUE, (by/dra-gog,)n. [idpaywyos ; tdwp, water, and aywyn, a leading or drawing, from aya, to lead or drive.] A medicine that occasions a discharge of watery humors. In general, the stronger cathartics are hydragogues. Quincy. Encyc. HY-DRAN/GE-A, rn. [Gr. ddwp, water, and ayyevov, a vessels] 1. A plant which grows in the water, and bears a beautiful flower. Its capsule has been compared to a cup. De Theis, Gloss. Botan. 2. The name of a genus of plants. HYDRANT, x. [Gr. idpacvw, to irrigate, from tdup, water. ] A pipe or machine with suitable valves and a spout by which water is raised and discharged from the main conduit of an aqueduct. HY-DRAR/GIL-LITE, n. [Gr. tdwp, water, and apyt\dos, clay. A mineral, called also Wavellite. HY-DRAR/GO-€HLO/RID, n. A compound bichlorid of mercury (corrosive sublimate) with another chlorid. Brande. HY-DRAR/GY-RUM, n. [Gr.idwp and apyvptov.]} Quicksilver. HY/DRATE, n. [Gr. ddwp, water.] In chemistry, a compound, in definite proportions, of a metallic oxyd with water. Ure. A hydrate is a substance which has formed so in- timate a union with water as to solidify it, and ren- der it a component part. Slaked lime is a hydrate of HY/DRA-TED, a. HY-DRAUL/‘IE, a. HY-DRAUL‘I€-AL, HY-DRAUL‘I€ PRESS. See Hyprostatic Press. HY-DREN-TER/O-CELE, 12. Formed into a hydrate. [Fr. ydrouligue ; Li. hydrau- licus ; Gr. VépavAcs, an instru- ment of music played by water; idwp, water, and avXos, a pipe. | Pertaining to hydraulics, or to fluids in motion. Hydraulic lime; a species of lime which, when formed into mortar, hardens in water; used for ce- menting under water. Journ. of Science. HY-DRAUL/I€ RAM. HY-DRAUL'IE-ON, n. See Ram. An ancient musical instru- That branch of the science of hydrodynamics which treats of fluids considered as in motion. Ed. Encye. [Gr. tdwp, water, eyTepov, intestine, and xnAn, a tumor.} A hernial tumor, whose contents are Intestine, with the addition of water. HY/DRI-AD, x. In mythology, the name of a kind of water nymphs. HY D/RL-O-DATE, z. hydriodic acid with a base. A supposed salt formed by the More correctly, lopony- DRATE. De Claubry. HYD-RI-OD/I€, a. [hydrogen and tiodine.} A term denoting a peculiar acid, produced by the combina- tion of hydrogen and iodine. Better, loponypric. HY-DRO-BRO/MI€, a. Composed of hydrogen and bromine. More correctly BroMouypric. HY-DRO-€AR/BON, n. A term applied by chemists to compounds of hydrogen and carbon. Brande. H¥-DRO-€AR/BON-ATE, n. [Gr. idwo, water, or rather hydrogen, and L. carbo, a coal.) Carbureted hydrogen gas, or heavy inflammable air. Akin. HY-DRO-€AR/BU-RET, nz. Carbureted hydrogen. Henry. HY/DRO-CELE, zn. KnAn, a peers A dropsy of the vaginal tunic of the spermatic cord. HY-DRO-CEPH’A-LUS, xz. Kedudn, the head. ] Dropsy of the head. HY-DRO-€HLO’/RATE, xn. A supposed compound of hydrochloric acid anda base; formerly called a muriate. More correctly, CHLoroHypRaATE. The hy- drochlorates are really chlorids. Journ. of Science. HY-DRO-€HLO'RIE, a. [hydrogen and chlorie.} Hydrochloric acid is muriatic acid, a compound of chlorin and hydrogen gas. More correctly, CHLoRo- HYDRIC. Brande. HY-DRO-CY/A-NATE, n. A supposed compound of hydrocyanic acid with a base. More correctly, Cyan- OHYDRATE. HY-DRO-CY-AN‘I€, a. [Gr. tdwp, water, or rather hydrogen, and xvavos, blue. A term applied to an acid whose base is hydrogen, and its acidifying principle cyanogen ; more correct- ly, Cyanonypric. This acid is one of four or five different compounds that have been called prussic [Gr. idpoxnAn; tdwp, water, and [Gr. ddwp, water, and acid. HY-DRO-DY-NAM'I€,a. [‘tdwp, water, and duvapis, power, force. ] Pertaining to the force or pressure of water. HY-DRO-DY-NAM/IES, n. That branch of natural philosophy which treats of the properties and rela- tions of water and other fluids, whether in motion or at rest. It comprehends both hydrostatics and hy- draulics. Ed, Encyc. HY-DRO-FLU/ATE, n. A supposed compound of hy- drofluoric acid anda base. Better, FLUOHYDRATE. HY-DRO-FLU-OR/I€, a. ([Gr. dbwp, water, and fluor.) HY-DRO-GRAPH’TE, a. HY-DRO-GRAPH’I€-AL, ing a description of the HY'DRO-LITE, n. HY-DRO-LOG'I€-AL, a. HY-DROL/O-GY, 72. with the adjacent shores ; one who describes the sea or other waters. > Boyle. Relating to or contain- sea, sea-coast, isles, shoals, depth of water, &c., or of a lake. HY-DROG/RA-PHY, nz. [Gr. idwo, water, and ypaga, to describe; yoad7, description. The art of measuring and describing the sea, lakes, rivers, and other waters ; or the art of forming charts, exhibiting a representation of the sea-coast, gulfs, bays, isles, promontories, channels, soundings, &c. ment acted upon by water; a water organ. HY-DROG/U-RET, zn, A compound of hydrogen with HY-DRAUL‘IES, z. a base ; a hydruret. [Little used. (Gr. idwo, water, and A:fos, a stone. ] A mineral whose crystals are described as six-sided prisms, terminated by low, six-sided pyramids, with truncated summits. Cleaveland. Pertaining to hydrology. [Gr. tdwp, water, and doyos, discourse. ] The science of water, its properties, phenomena, and laws. HY/DRO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. tdwp, water, and payreca, divination. } A method of divination or prediction of events by water, invented, according to Varro, by the Persians, and practiced by the Romans. Encyc. HY-DRO-MAN/TI€, a. Pertaining to divination by water. HY/DRO-MEL, x. perc, honey. ] A liquor consisting of honey diluted in water. Be- fore fermentation, it is called simple hydromel ; after fermentation, it is called vinous hydromel, or mead. H¥-DROM/E-TER, n. [See Hypromertry.] An in- strument for determining the specific gravities of liquids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors, these being inversely as their specific gravities. Brande. HY-DRO-MET’RIE, a. Pertaining to a hydrom- HY-DRO-MET’RI€-AL, eter, or to the determina- tion of the specific gravity of fluids. [Fr., from Gr. idwp, water, and 2. Made by a hydrometer. HY-DROM/E-TRY, xz. ([Gr. idwp, water, and perpov, measure. | The art of determining the specific gravity of li- quids, and thence the strength of spirituous liquors. HY-DRO-PATH'I€, a. Pertaining to hydropathy. HY-DROP/A-THIST, n. One who practices hydropa- thy. HY-DROP/A-THY, n. [Gr. idwp and rafos.] The water-cure, a mode of treating diseases, by the copious and frequent use of pure water, both inter- nally and externally. HY/DRO-PHANE, 2. to show.] In mineralogy, a variety of opal made transparent Ki [Gr. idwp, water, and gatvo, by immersion in water. urwan. HY-DROPH/A-NOUS, a. Made transparent by im- mersion In water. IWAN. HY-DROPH’/LDES, n. pl. [Gr. idwo and ogics.] A term applied to that sectivn of the Ophidians which includes the water-snake. Brande. HY-DRO-PHO/BLA, ) x. [Gr. tdwe, water, and ¢o- HY’/DRO-PHO-BY, Beopat, to fear. ] A preternatural dread of water; a symptom of ca- nine madness, or the disease itself, which 1s thus denominated. This dread of water sometimes takes place in violent inflammations of the stomach, and in hysteric fits. Encyc- HY-DRO-PHOB/I€, a. Pertaining to a dread of water, or canine madness, Med. Repos. HY/DRO-PHYTE, x. [Gr. ddwp, water, and purov, a Consisting of fluorin and hydrogen. The hy dro- fluoric acid is obtained by distilling a mixture of one part of the purest fluor spar in fine powder, with two of sulphuric acid. More correctly, FLUOHYDRIC. Brande. HY/DRO-GEN, n. [Gr. idwp, water, and yevyaw, to generate ; so called as being considered the generator of water.] In chemistry, a gas which constitutes one of the el- ements of water, of which it constitutes one ninth part, and oxygen eight ninths. Hydrogen gas is an aériform fluid, the lightest body known, and, though extremely inflammable itself, it extinguishes burning bodies, and is fatal to animal life. Its specific gravi- ty is 0.0694, that of air being 1.00. In consequence of its extreme lightness, it is employed for filling air- balloons. Lavoisier. Brande. H¥Y’/DRO-GEN-ATE, v. . To combine hydrogen with any thing. eg ‘ HY/DRO-GEN-A-TED, pp. or a. In combination with hydrogen. HY'DRO-GEN-IZE, v. t. gen. HY'DRO-GEN-IZ-ED, pp. HY/DRO-GEN-IZ-ING, ppr- To combine with hydro- Combined with hydrogen. en. He_DROG/E-NOUS, a. Pertaining to hydrogen. lime. Parke. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; GasJ; Sas Z; — ding Combining with hydro- HY-DROG/RA-PHER, n. [See Hyprocrapuy.] One who draws maps of the sea, lakes, or other waters, plant. ] An aquatic plant. : Bell. HY-DROP’IE€, a. [L. hydrops; Gr. tdpwwp, drop- HY-DROP’I€-AL, sy, bdwp, water. 1. Dropsical; diseased with extravasated water. 2, Containing water; caused by extravasated wa- ter; as, a hydropic swelling. 3. Resembling dropsy. Every lust is a kind of hydropic distemper, and the more we drink the more we shall thirst. Tillotson, HY-DRO-PNEU-MAT’I€, (-nu-mat/ik,) a. [Gr. vdwp, water, and mvevparixos, inflated, from mvevpa, breath, spirit. | An epithet lect gases in chemical experiments. HY/DROP-SY. See Droprsy. HY/DRO-SALT, n. A salt supposed to be formed by a hydracid and a base. HY/DRO-SEOPE, n. [Gr. idwp, water, and cKxorew, to views) : A kind of water-clock, or instrument used ancient- ly for measuring time, consisting of a cylindrical Lube; conical at the bottom, perforated at the vertex, an the whole tube graduated. ; Encyc. 4 HY-DRO-STAT'I€, a. [Gr. tdwp, water, an HY_-DRO-STATYIELAL, } orarixos, static, standing, or settling. oe : a the science of weighing fluids, or hy- drostatics CH as SH; FH as in THIS given to a vessel of water used to col- Suliman. | 569 gn 0ST TST pan IE i lS ae aia pe ae "ager at; or Soe ae fat eroeetiaaeeoe, Ht. Beye FYE EOYAE Hydrostatic balance ; a balance for weighing sub- stances in water, for the purpose of ascertaining their specific gravities. __ Brande. Hydrostatic press ; @ mMaca_ne for obtaining an enor- mous pressure through the medium of water. Z Brande. IlY-DRO-STAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. According to hydro- statics, or to hydrostatic principles. _ Bentley. II¥-DRO-STAT’IES, n. Hydrostatics is that branch of the science of hydrodynamics which treats of the properties of fluids at rest. Ed. Encic. HVY-DRO-SUL/PHATE, n. The same as Hyprosut- HYD RO-SUL/PHU-RET, n. [hydrogenand sulphuret. } A combination of sulphureted hydrogen with an earth, alkali, or metallic oxyd. ; ; HV-DRO-SUL/PHU-RET-ED, a, Combined with sul- phureted hydrogen. whe ; HY-DRO-SUL-PHU/RIE acid is called also hydrothion- ic acid, or sulphureted hydrogen. HY-DRO-THO’RAX, n. [Gr. idwo, water, and @w- poke] Dropsy in the chest. HY-DROT'I€, a. [Gr. ido, water.] Causing a discharge of water. HY-DROT’I€, x A medicine that purges off water or phlegm Arbuthnot. [Gr. tdwp, water, and Coxe. HY-DROX-AN’THATE, 72. tavBos, yellow.] : Inchemistry, a compound of hydroxanthic acid with abase. [Scarcely used. ] HY-DROX-AN/THI€, a. Ge phy. I-DE/A-LESS, a. [idea and less.] Destitute of ideas. Alla LDE/AL-ISM, n. I-DE/AL-IST, n. IDE thought. Reid. According to modern writers on mental philosophy, an idea is the object of thought, or the notice which the mind takes of its perceptions. Darwin uses idea for a notion of external things which our organs bring us acquainted with originally ; and he defines it, a contraction, motion, or configura- tion of the fibers which constitute the immediate or- gan of sense ; synonymous with which he sometimes uses sensual motion, in contradistinction to muscular motion. Zvon. » 2. In popular use, idea signifies notion, conception, thought, opinion, and even purpose or intention. Burke. 3. Image in the mind. Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts, Fairfar. I [A bad use of the word.) ; 4. Anopinion; a proposition. These decisions are incompatible with the idea, that the principles are de- rived from the civil law. Existing in idea; intellectual; mental ; There will always be a wide interval between practical and ideal excellence. Rambler. 9, Visionary ; existing in fancy or imagination on- ly ; as, ideal good. 3. That considers ideas as images, phantasms, or forms in the mind; as, the ideal theory or philoso- Ns The system or theory that makes every thing to consist in ideas, and denies the exist- ence of material bodies. Walsh. One who holds the doctrine of ide- alism. I-DE-AL’LTY, zn. A lively imagination, united toa love of the beautiful, forming, in its higher exercises, one of the chief constituents of creative genius in poetry and the fine arts. Combe. LDE-AL-I-ZA'TION, n. The act of forming in idea. L_D&r/AL-IZB, v.i. To form ideas. 1_-DE/AL-LY, adv. Intellectually ; mentally ; in idea. TOW. I-DE/ATE, v.t. To form in idea; to fancy. [Votin Donne. user DEM, [L.] The same. T-DEN/TI€, a. Identical, which see. [Rarely used. | LDEN/TI€-AL, a. [Fr. identique; Sp. tdentico; from L. idem, the come The same ; not different ; as, the identical person ; the identical proposition. We found on the thief the identical goods that were lost. J-DEN/TI€-AL-LY, adv. With sameness. J-DEN’TI€-AL-NESS, x. Sameness. LDEN-TI-FI-€A/TION, n. The act of making or proving to be the same. LDEN/’TLFI-ED, pp. Ascertained or made to be the same. T-DEN/TLFY, v. t. [L. idem, the same, and facto, to make. | 1. To ascertain or prove to be thesame. The own- er of the goods found them in the possession of the thief, and identijied them. 9. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one interest, purpose, or intention; to treat as having the same use ; to consider as the same in effect. Paul has identified the two ordinances, circumcision and baptism, and thus, by demonstrating that they have one and the same vise and meaning, he has exhibited to our view the very same seal of God’s covenant. J. M. Mason. That treaty in fact identified Spain with the republican govern- ment of France, by a virtual acknowledgment of unqualified vassalage, and by specific stipulations of uncondivonal de- fense. British Declaration, Jan. 1805. Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people, and of the rulers. Ramsay. L_DEN’TI-FY, v. i. To become the same ; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, &c. An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public. urke. {-DEN’TLFY-ING, ppr- be the same. ! 2. Making the same in interest, purpose, use, efti- cacy, &c. ° LDEN’TI-TY, 2. [Fr. identité. | ae: Sameness, as distinguished from similitude and diversity. We speak of the identity of goods found, the identity of persons, or of personal identity. ocke. South. -E-O-G IT 2 1D EO GRAPHICAL, a, [idea and Gr. ypagoo.] Representing ideas independently of sounds, as Ascertaining or proving to nine, and to a Frenchman neuf. Brande. ID-E-O0-LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to ideology. ID-E-OL/O-GIST, n. One who treats of ideas. ID-E-OL/O-GY, n. [idea and Gr. Aoyos.] we call thought or conception, but some object of | IDES, x. pl. ID EST, ([L. ID-LO€’RA-SY, n. [Gr. cdcos, proper, peculiar to one’s ID/L-OM, x. [Fr. idiome; L. tdioma, from Gr. idioma, the digit 9, which to an Englishman represents 1. A treatise on ideas, or the doctrine of ideas, or IDI , [L. tidus. Qu. the Hetrurian iduo, to di- vide, the root of wide, divide, individual. The ety- mology is not ascertained.) in the ancient Roman calendar, the fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months. Eight days in each month often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives it, the others being called the day before the ides, the third from the zdes, and so on, backward, to the eighth from the zdes. Encyc. Brande. That is. self, and xpacis, mixture, temperament, from xepuw, Kepavvupl, to m1x.] Peculiarity of constitution ; that temperament, or state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person. D-LO-€RATIE, : “enti D-I-O-CRAT/I€-AL, a, Peculiar in constitution D'I-O-CY, 7. [Gr. cdtwreca. See Ipror.] A defect of understanding ; properly, a natural de fect. Idiocy and lunacy excuse from the guilt of crime. [er (d.os, separate from others, peculiar to one’s self, and electric. ] Electric per se, or containing electricity in its natu- ral state. Gregory. Encyc. ry from cdtos, proper, or peculiar to one’s self. he root of «dios is that of divide, Hetrurian iduo, Eng we wiaow, wide, Ar. Qh.» badda, to separate. Class Bd, No. 1.] 1. A mode of expression peculiar to a language ; peculiarity of expression or phraseology. In this sense it is used in the plural to denote forms of speech or phraseology peculiar to a nation or lan- guage. And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech. Prior. 2. The genius or peculiar cast of a language. He followed the Latin language, but did not comply with the idiom of durs. Dryden. 3. Dialect. ID-I-O-MAT'I€, a. Peculiarto a language ; per- ID-I-O-MAT’I€-AL, taining to the particular gen- jus or modes of expression which belong toa lan- guage ; as, an tdtomatic phrase. ID-I-O-MAT/I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the idiom of a language. ID-L-O-PATH/I€, a. [See InioratHy.] _ Pertaining to or indicating a disease not preceded and occasioned by any other disease ; opposed to SyMPTOMATIC. ID-1-O-PATH/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an idiopathic disease ; not symptomatically. ID-LOP/A-THY, n. [Gr. «dios, proper, peculiar, and sa0os, suffering, disease, from tacx, to suffer, | 1. A morbid state or condition not preceded and occasioned by any other disease. 2, Peculiar affection. More. ID-I_O-KE-PUL’SIVE, a. Repulsive by itself; as, the idiorepulsive power of heat. ID-LO-SYN/ERA-SY, n. [Gr. cdcos, proper, cvv, with, and xpacis, temperament. } A peculiarity of constitution and susceptibility oc- casioning certain peculiarities of effect from the im- press of extraneous influences or agencies. Synon- ymous with Iprocrasy, ID-L-O-SYN-€RAT/IE, a. Of peculiar temper or dis- position. ID'L-OT, n. [lL. idiota; Gr. tdtwrns, private, vulgar, unskilled, from dios, peculiar, that is, separate, Sim- ple ; Sp. and It. idiota ; Fr. wdtot. See [prom. 1. A natural fool, or fool from his birth; a human being in form, but destitute of reason, or the ordina- ry intellectual powers of man. A person who has understanding enough to measure a yard of cloth, number twenty correctly, teil the days of the week, &c., is not an idiot in the eye of the law. Encyce. 2, A foolish person; one unwise. [‘* A collection of picturesque words, found among our ancient writers, would constitute a precious sup- plement to the history of our language. Far more expressive than our term of executioner is their sol- emn one of the deathsman ; — than our varabond their scatterling ; —than our tdiot or lunatic their moonling ; a word which, Mr. Gifford observes, should not have been suffered to grow obsolete.” E D'Israeli, Curiosities of Literature, Od series, Qd edit. vol. i. p. 407. —E. H. B. See Innocent. ] 6 ID/LOT-CY, n. State of being an idiot. ID-LOT'TE€, a. Like an idiot; ID-LOT’I€-AL, tish. ID-I-OT/I€-AL-LY, adv. foolish ; sot- After the manner of an A dictionary of a particu- idiot. is G aya IT. . xT. ’ . ID-I-OT’L-€ON, n. [Gr.] ds and phrases ee to lar dialect, or of the wor one part of a country. é randé, [D/LOT-ISH, a. Like an idiot ; partaking of idiocy ; foolish. Paley. Stewart. use, it does not signify that act of the mind which 9, The science of mind. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; S as Z; the operations of the understanding. Jefferson, iv. 297. ID'LOT-ISM, n. [Fr. tdiotisme 5 It. and Sp. tdtotrsmo ; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. FO EEE See tae eee at ‘ RS i SC ren Cet rr _. LeIT tie se. Ra A Teeter esc aon IDO Gr. (dtwrtcpos, a form of speech taken from the vul- gar, from pict . An idiom ; a peculiarity of expression ; a mode of expression peculiar to a language; a peculiarity in the structure of words and phrases. Scholars sometimes give terminations and idiotisms, suitable to their native language, to words newly invented. Hale. 2. Idiocy. Beddoes, Hygeia. But it would be well to restrain this word to its proper signification, and keep idiocy and idiotism dis- tinct. ‘ ID/LOT-IZE, v i. Tobecome stupid. Pers. Letters. IDLE, (i/dl ) a. [Sax. idel, ydel, vain, empty ; G. eitel, mere, pure, idle, frivolous ; D. ydel, vain, empty, idle ; Dan. and Sw. wel, mere, pure, unmixed. See Appte. Class Di, No. 6, 16, 25, 29. 1. Not employed ; unoccupied with business ; in- active ; doing nothing. yi ye here all the day idle? — Matt. xx. Dove on a rie vicious. y Rambler. a] 9. Slothful; given to rest and ease; averse to la- bor or employment; lazy; as, an idle man; an idle fellow. ; 3. Affording leisure; vacant; idle time ; idle hours. 4. Remaining unused ; unemployed ; things ; as, my sword or spear is idle. o- Useless ; vain ; ineffectual; as, idle rage. Down their idle weapons dropped. Milton. 6. Unfruitful ; barren ; not productive of good. Of antres vast and idle deserts, Shak, Idle weeds. [Obs.] Shak, 7. Trifling; vain; of no importance; as, an idle story ; an idle reason; idle arguments. - Hooker. Dryden. Swift. 8, Unprofitable ; not tending to edification. Every tdle word that men shall speak, they shall give an account thereof in the day of judgment. — Matt, xii. not occupied ; as, applied to Idle ditfers from lazy ; the latter implying constitu- tional or habitual aversion or indisposition to labor or action, sluggishness ; whereas zdle, in its proper sense, denotes merely unemploy ed. An industrious man may be zdle, but he can not be lazy. DLE, »v. i. "To lose or spend time in inaction, or without being employed in business. To idle away; in a transitive sense, to spend in idleness 5 as, to idle away time. /DLE-HEAD-ED, (i/dl-hed-ed,) a. Foolish ; unreason: ible. 2. Delirious ; infatuated. [idle and head.] Carew. [Little used.] DL Estrange. I/DLE-NESS, n. Abstinence from labor or employ- ment; the state of a person who is unemployed in Jabor, or unoccupied in business; the state of doing nothing. Jdleness is the parent of vice. Through the tdleness of the hands the house droppeth through. — Eccle 2. Aversion to labor; reluctance to be employed, or to exertion either of body or mind; laziness; sloth ; sluggishness, This is properly laziness; but idleness is often the effect of laziness, and sometimes this word may be used for it. 3. Unimportance ; trivialness. Apes of idleness. 4. Inefficacy ; uselessness. [Little used.] 5. Barrenness ; wortblessness, [ Little used.] 6. Emptiness; foolishness; infatuation ; as, idle- ness of brain. [Little used.]} acon. cE Ee TED, a. Idle-headed ; Overbury. Shak, stupid. I'DLER, n. One who does nothing ; one who spends his Hite in inaction, or without being engaged in business. 2. Alazy person ; a sluggard, Ralech. I/DLES-BY, (i'dlz-be,) m. An idle or lazy person. Not used.) Whitlock. UV DLING, ppr. Spending in idJeness or inaction. I/DLY, adv. In an idle manner; without employ- ment. . 2. Lazily ; sluggishly. 3. Foolishly ; uselessly ; in a trifling way. A shilling spent idly by a fool, may be saved by a wiser person. Franklin. 4. Carelessly ; without attention. Prior. 5. Vainly ; ineffectually ; as, to reason idly against truth. ID/O-€RASE, n. (Gr. idea, form, and xpacts, mix- ture ; a mixed figure. ] A mineral, occurring either in massive or in modi- fied square prisms, presenting a handsome brown or brownish-yellow color. It consists essentially of sil- ica, alumina, and lime. It is the Vesuvian of Wer- ner. Cyprine is the name of a rose-red variety. Dana. IDOL, m. [Fr. idole; It. and Sp. idolo; L. idolum; Gr. e1dw@Qor, from ecdos, form, or erdw, to see.] 1. An image, form, or representation, usually of a man or other animal, consecrated as an object of Worship; a pagan deity. Idols are usually statues or images, carved out of wood or stone, or formed of metals, particularly silver or gold. The gods of the nations are idols. —Ps. xcvi. Le 2. An image. Nor ever idol seemed s0 much alive, Dryden. 3. A person loved and honored to adoration. ‘The prince was the idol of the people. 4. Any thing on which we set our affections ; that to which we indulge an excessive and sinful attach- ment. Little children, keep yourselves from tdol#. —1 John v. An idol is any thing which usurps the place of God in the hearts of his rational creatures. S. Miller. [Mot in use. ] Spenser. I-DOL/A-TER, n. [Fr. idolatre; L. idololatra; Gr. éEtdwAoAaTons. See Ipovatry. 1. A worshiper of idols; one who pays divine honors to images, statues, or representations of any thing made by hands; one who worships as a de- ity that which is not God ; a pagan. 2. An adorer ; a great admirer. I-DOL'A-TRESS, n. I-DO-LAT’RI€-AL, a. I-DOL/A-TRIZE, v. t. I-DOL/A-TRIZE, oc. t. 5. A representation. Hurd. A female worshiper of idols. Tending to idolatry. To worship idols. To adore ; to worship. Ainsworth. I-DOL/A-TRIZ-EDgpp. Worshiped ; adored. I-DOL/A-TRIZ-ING, ppr. Adoring ; worshiping. I-DOL'A-TROUS, a. Pertaining to idolatry ; partak- ing of the nature of idolatry, or of the worship of false gods; consisting in the worship of idols; as, idolatrous Worship. 2. Consisting in or partaking of an excessive at- tachment or reverence ; as, an idolatrous veneration for antiquity. I-DOL/A-TROUS-LY, adv. with excessive reverence. Tooker. I-DOL/A-TRY, xn. [Fr. idolatrie; L. idololatria; Gr. ELdwWAOX arpeta; €1d0Awv, idol, and Aarpevw, to Wor- ship or serve. ] . The worship of idols, images, made by hands, or which is not God. Idolatry is of two kinds; the worship of images, statues, pictures, &c., made by hands; and the wor- ship of the heavenly bodies, the sun, moon, and stars, or of demons, angels, men, and animals. Encyc. 2. Excessive attachment or veneration for any thing, or that which borders on adoration. In an idolatrous manner ; or any thing Y/DOL-ISH, a. Idolatrous. Milton. Y/DOL-ISM, 2. ‘The worship of idols. [Little used.] Milton. I/DOL-IST, n. A worshiper of images; a poetical word, Milton. I/DOL-IZE, v. t. To love to excess; to love or reve- rence to adoration; as, to idolize gold or wealth; to idolize children ; to idolize a Virtuous magistrate or a hero. I/DOL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Loved or reverenced to ado- ration. I/DOL-IZ-ER, z. One who idolizes or loves to rever- ence. I/DOL-IZ-ING, ppr. Loving or revering to an excess bordering on adoration. I‘DOL-OUS, a. Idolatrous. I-DO'’NE-OUS, a. [L. idoneus; probably from the root of Gr. duvajat, to be strong, able, or sufficient. ] Fit; suitable; proper; convenient; adequate. [ Little used. } oyle. ID/RI-A-LIN, n. A bituminous substance obtained from the quicksilver mines of Idria. Brande. VWDYL, xn. [L. idyllium; Gr. etdvAXcov; supposed to be from écdus, form,] A short poem ; properly, a skort pastoral poem ; as, the idyls of 'T heocritus. I. E. stands for L. id est, that is. IE/LAND, or rather I/LAND, n. [G. and D. eiland ; Sax. ealond, 1egland ; composed of ie, ea, water, Fr. eau, contracted from L, aqua, and land. This is the genuine English word, always used in discourse, though in spelling it has been changed into island, an absurd compound of Fr. isle and land, which s sig- nifies land-in-water land, or rather ieland- land. Mit- ford wnites this word iland ; and in the Bishops’ Bi- ble it was always written iland or yland; but it is probably too late to hope for any general return to the true spelling. 1. A portion of land surrounded by water, as Bermuda, Barbadoes, Cuba, Great Britain, Borneo. Oak large mass of ‘floating ice. IF, v. t. Imperative, contracted from Sax. gif, from gifan, Goth. giban, to give, It introduces a condi- tional sentence, It is a verb, without a specified hominative. In like manner we use grant, admit, suppose. Regularly. if should be followed, as it was formerly, by the substitute or pronoun that, referring to the succeeding sentence or proposition. If that John shall arrive tn season, I will send him with a message. But that is now ‘omitted, and the subse- quent sentence, proposition, or affirmation, may be considered as the object of the verb. Give John shall arrive; grant, suppose, admit that he shal) ar- rive, I will send him with a message. ‘The sense of tf, or give, in this use, is grant, admit, cause to be, Jet the fact be, let the thing take place. if, then, is SY ae IGN thou canst make me whole,” that is, thou canst make me whole, give the fact, that thou wilt. ay pon art the Son of God, command that these stones be made read, — Matt, xiv, 2s wee or not. Uncertain if by augury or chance. Dryden. So in French, soit que, let it be that. VE AtrH adv [Abbreviation of tn faith.] ladeed; tru tak. IG- ASorrte AQC'ID, n. An acid found enierned with strychnine in nux vomica and St. Ignuatius’s ean. Brande. IG-NA/RO, n. [It.] A term formerly used for blockhead. IG'NE-OUS, a. [L. tgneus, from ignis, fire, Sans. aghni or agnis, or agnih. Bengal. aag, ogin, Slav. oyn. “1. Pertaining to or consisting of fire; Pe s emitted from burning wood. . Containing fire ; having “the nature of fire. z Resembling fire ; as, an igneous appearance. 4, In geology, proceeding from the action of fire ; as, lavas and basalt are igneous rocks. Dana. IG-NES'/CEN T,a. ([L. tgnescens, ignesco, from ignis, fire. ttn sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating ; a Lonescent stones. Fourcroy. IG-NES/CENT, A stone or mineral that gives out sparks when trite k with steel or iron. as, igneous Many other stones, besides this class of igriercents, preg a real scintillation when struck against steel. ‘ourcroy,. IG-NIF’ER-OUS, n. Producing fire. IG’NI-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. Formed into fire. IG-NIE’LU-OUS, a. [L. ignifluus.] Flowing with fire. Cockeram. IG/NI-FY,v.t. [L. ignis and facio.] To form into fire. Stukely. IG/NI-F Y-ING, ppr. IG-NIG'E-NOUS, a. [L. ignis and Gr. yevvaw.] Produced by fire. It is supposed a part of the crust of the earth is ignigenous IG-NIP’O-TENT, a. [L. ignis, fire, and potens, pow- erful.] Presiding over fire. Forming into fire. Vulcan is called the power ignipotent, Pope. IG/NIS FAT-U-US, n.; pl. Ienes Fatur. [L.] meteor or light that appears in the night, over marshy grounds, supposed to be occasioned by the decompo- sition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some inflammable gas; vulgarly called Will-sith-the-wisp, and ele te a-lantern. Ed. Encyc. IG-NITE’, v.t. [L. ignis, fire.] 15° Lo ‘cindle or set on fire. 2. More generally, to communicate fire to, or to render luminous or red by heat; as, to ignite char- coal or iron. Anthracite is ignited with more diffi- culty than bituminous coal, IG-NITE’, v. i. To take fire ; to become red with heat. IG-NIT’/ED, pp. or a. Set on fire. 2. Rendered red or luminous by heat or fire. IG-NIT/I-BLE, a. Capable of being ignited. IG-NIT/ING, ppr. Setting on fire; becoming red te heat. Communicating fire to ; IG- NUT ION, (ig-nish/un,) Ne or setting o n fire. 2, The act or operation of communicating fire or heat, till the substance becomes red or luminous. 3. The state of being kindled ; more generally, the state of being heated to redness or luminousness. 4, Calcination. IG-NIV’O-MOUS, a. vomo, to vomit. ] Vomiting fire ; as, an ignivomous mountain, a vol- cano Derham. IG-NO-BIL'L- TY,z7. Ignobleness. [JVot in use.] B heating to redness. The act of kindling, [L. ignivomus, ignis, fire, and all. IG-NO/BLE, a. [Fr., from L. ignobilis ; in and nobilis See Noxve.] 1. Of low birth or family ; not noble; not illus- trious. 2. Mean; worthless; as, an ignobdle plant. 3. Base; not honorable, elevated, or generous ; applied to feeling gs and actions ; as, an ignoble motive, IG-NO/BLE- NESS, rn Want of dignity ; ; Meanness. Ainsworth. IG-NO/BLY, adv. Of low family or birth; as, igno- bly born. 2. Meanly ; dishonorably ; reproachfully ; disgrace- fully ; basely. The troops ignobly fly. IG-NO-MIN’I- OUS, a. [L. ignominiosus. See Iano- MINY.] 1, Incurring disgrace ; cowardly; of mean char- acter. Then with pale fear surprised, Fled ignominious. 2. Very shameful; reproachful ; Milton. dishonorable ; in- famous. To be hanged for a crime is ignomintous. Whipping, cropping, “and branding are tgnomintous punishments, 3. Despicable ; minious projector. IG-NO-MIN/I-OUS-LY, adv. worthy of contempt; as, an igno- Swift Meanly ; disgracefully ; equivalent to grant, allow, admt. ‘If thou wilt, shamefully. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. Te MARINE , BIRD. aoe OE MOVE, RUE BOOK, —. ILL ILL ILL IG/NO-MIN-Y, 7 [L. ignominia; tr and nomen, against name or reputation ; Fr. ignominie.| Public disgrace under the imputation of dishonora- ble motives or conduct; shame; reproach; dishon- or; infamy. Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat ; yours with ignominy after conquest, Addison. Vice begins in mistake, and ends in ignominy. Rambler. IG/NO-MY, 2. An abbreviation of ignominy. Shak. IG-NO-RA’MUS, n. [L., we are ignorant; from ig- nore, 1. The indorsement which a grand jury make on a bill presented to them for inquiry, when there is not evidence to support the charges, on which all pro- ceedings are stopped, and the accused person is dis- charged. 2. An ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowl- edge. South. IG/NO-RANCE, n. [Fr., from L. tgnorantia; ignoro, not to know; ignarus, ignorant; im and gnarus, knowing. ] 1, Want, absence, or destitution of knowledge; the negative state of the mind which has not been instructed in arts, literature, or science, or has not been informed of facts. Ignorance may be general, or it may be limited to particular subjects. Jgno- rance of the law does not excuse a man for violating it. Ignorance of facts is often venial. Ignorance is preferable to error, Jefferson, 2. Ignorances, in the plural, is used sometimes for omissions or mistakes; but the use is uncommon, and not to be encouraged. IG/NO-RANT, a. [L. ignorans.] Destitute of knowl- edge ; uninstructed or uninformed ; untaught; un- enlightened. Aman may be ignorant of the law, or of any art or science. He may be ignorant of his own rights, or of the rights of others. 2. Unknown; undiscovered; a poetical use; as, ignorant concealment, Shak. 3. Unacquainted with. Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame. Dryden. 4, Unskillfwlly made or done. [WVot legitimate.] Poor ignorant baubles. Shak, IG/NO-RANT, 7x. A personuntaught or uninformed ; one unlettered or unskilled. Did I for this take pains to teach Our zealous ignorants to preach? IG/NO-RANT-LY, adv. Without knowledge, instruc- tion, or information. Whom therefore ye ignorantly worship, him declare I to you, — Acts xvii. 9, Unskillfully ; inexpertly. A man may mistake blunders for beauties, and ignorantly admire them. IG-NORE’, v. t. To be ignorant of. [Vot in use.] Boyle. 2. In law, the grand jury are said to ignore a bill, when they do not find the evidence such as to in- duce them to make a presentment. rande. IG-NOS/CI-BLE, a. [L. ignoscibilis.] Pardonable. Not used. IG-NOTE’, a. [L. ignotus.| Unknown. [Wot used.] 1G-UA‘NA, (-wa'na,) n. A genus of saurian reptiles. 2. The Iguana tuberculata, the common Iguana of South America, whose flesh is eaten and esteemed delicious. IG-UA'NO-DON, n. An extinct saurian reptile. The fossil remains of this animal found in Tilgate forest, and at Maidstone in England, indicate the animal to be sixty, seventy, or more feet inlength. Mantell. ILE; so written by Pope for aile, a walk or alley in a church or public building. [JVotinuse.] : 2. An ear of corn. [JVot used.] Ainsworth. IL/E-US,n. [Gr. «Aevs ] The technical specific name of common colic, both in anciengé and modern times, 2. Intestinal intussusception, from the hypothesis that this state always exists in common colic. YLEX, zn. [L.] In botany, the generic name of the Holly tree. Iso, the Quercus ilex, or great scarlet Denham. oak. IL/I-A€, a- [L. iliacus, from ilia, the flank, or small intestines ; Gr. e:Aew, to wind.] Pertaining to the lower bowels, or to the ileum. The iliac passion is a bad form of ileus or common colic, in which there is inversion of the peristaltic action of the upper part of the small intestines. IL/I-AD, n. [from Ilium, Ilion, Troy.) An epic po- em, composed by Homer, in twenty-four books. The subject of this poem is the wrath of Achilles; in describing which, the poet exhibits the miserable ef- fects of disunion and public dissensions. Hence the phrase Ilias malorum, an Iliad of woes or calamities, a world of disasters. Cicero. ILK, a. [Sax. elc,each.] The same; each. Spenser. In Scottish, the phrase of that wk denotes that a per- son’s surname and title are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, i. e., Grant of Grant. Jamieson. ILL, a. {Supposed to be contracted from evil, Sax. fel; but this is doubtful. It isin Swedish zla, and Dan. ilde.]} physical or moral ; applied to things; evil; wicked ; wrong ; iniquitous ; as, his ways are il; he sets an ill example. 2. Producing evil or misfortune}; as, an wl star or planet. 3. Bad; evil; unfortunate; as, an zl end; an ill ate. 4, Unhealthy ; insalubrious; as, an il air or cli- mate. 5. Cross; crabbed; surly ; peevish ; as, zl nature ; 6. Diseased ; disordered ; sick or indisposed ; ap- plied to persons ; as, the man is ul; he has been wl a 7. Diseased ; impaired ; as, an ill state of health. 8. Discordant; harsh; disagreeable; as, an 7 sound. this affair bears an ill look or aspect. ners. 12. Not proper; not regular or legitimate; as, an ul expression in grammar. ILL, x. Wickedness ; depravity ; evil. Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still, Exerts itself, and then throws off the WZ: Dryden. 2. Misfortune; calamity; evil; disease; pain; whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success, Who can all sense of others’ lle escape Is but a brute at best in human shape. Tate. ILL, adv. Not well; not rightly or perfectly. He is ull at ease. 2. Not easily ; with pain or difficulty. He is ill able to sustain the burden. Til bears the sex the youthful lovers’ fate, When just approaching to the nuptial state. Dryden. Illy is sometimes but erroneously used for wl. ILL, prefixed to participles of the present tense, and denoting evil or wrong, may be considered as a noun governed by the participle, or as making a part of a compound word ; as, an il-meaning man, an il-de- signing man, an ill-boding hour; that is, a man meaning ill, an hour boding ill. It is more conso- nant, however, to the genius of our language, to treat these and similar words as compounds. In some cases, as before the participles of intransitive verbs, ill must be considered as a part of the com- pound, as in ill-looking. When used before the per- fect participle, ill is to be considered as an adverb, or modifying word, or to be treated as a part of the compound; as in ill-bred, ill-governed, il-fated, ill- favored, ill-formed, ill-ninded. In these, and all simi- lar connections, it might be well to unite the two words inacompound by ahyphen. As ill may be prefixed to almost any participle, it is needless to at- tempt to collect a list of such words for insertion. Il, prefixed to words begirining with l, stands for in, as used in the Latin language, and usually de- notes a negation of the sense of the simple word ; as, illegal, not legal; or it denotes to or on, and merely augments or enforces the sense, as in dluminate. IL-LAB/ILE, a. [See Lasire.] Not liable to fall or err; infallible. vot used. | Cheyne. IL-LA-BIL/L-TY, x. The quality of not being liable to err, fall, or apostatize. [Not used. } Cheyne. IL-LAC/ER-A-BLE, 2. [See Lacerate.] That can not be torn or rent. IL-LAUD/A-BLY, adv. ILL’-BAL!/ANC-ED, (-bal/anst,) a. Not well balanced. ILL/-BLOOD, n. ILL/-BRED, a. ILL!-BREED/ING, n. ILL/-CON-CERT’ED, I ul temper. ILL-€ON-DI/'TION-ED, (-kon-dish’und,) a. ILL/-€ON-DU€T’ED, a. long time; he is ill of a fever. ILL/-€ON-SID/ER-ED, a. [LL/-DE-FIN’/ED, a. ILL’-DE-SERV/ED, a. ILL/—-DE-Vi$/ED, a. 9. Homely ; ugly; as, zl looks, or an zl counte- ILL’/-DLRE€T’ED, a. Not well directed. nance. ILL/—DIS-POS/ED, a. 10. Unfavorable; suspicious; as when we say, | IL-LE/CE-BROUS, a. 11. Rude; unpolished ; as, ili breeding ; iJ man- | IL-LE’GAL, a. IL-LE-GAL’'L-TY, nx. In a manner unworthy of Without deserving praise. ToOTRe. praise ; Resentment ; enmity. Quart. Rev. Not well bred : unpolite. Want of good breeding; un politeness, LL’-€ON-TRIV/ED, a. Not well contrived. {See i Being in bad order or state. | Badly conducted. Not well considered. Not well defined. Not well deserved Not well devised. CoNDITION. Not well disposed. [L. wWlecebrosus.] Alluring ; full of allurement. Elyot. [See Lecar.] Not legal; unlawful; contrary to law; illicit; as, an wdlegal act; ilegal trade. Contrariety to law; unlawful- ness ; as, the illegality of trespass, or of false impris- onment. IL-LE/GAL-IZE, v. t. To render unlawful. IL-LE/GAL-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered unlawful. IL-LE/GAL-LY, adv. In amanner contrary to law ; unlawfully ; as, a man ilegally imprisoned. Blackstone. IL-LE’GAL-NESS, n. IL-LEG-I-BIL'L-TY, zx. Illegulity. The quality of being illegi- ble. IL-LEG/I-BLE, a. [See Lecrsve.] That can not be read; obscure or defaced so that the words can not be known. It is a disgrace to a gentleman to wnite an illegible hand. ‘The manuscripts found in the ru ins of Herculaneum are mostly illegible. IL-LEG/LBLE-NESS, 7. State of being illegible. IL-LEG/I-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be read; as, a letter written illegibly. IL-LE-GIT’I-MA-CY, n. [See Lecitimats.] The state of being born out of wedlock ; the state of bas- tardy. Blackstone. 2. The state of being not genuine, or of legiti- mate origin. IL-LE-GIT/I-MATE, a. [See Lecrtmate.}] Unlaw- fully begotten; born out of wedlock; spurious; as, an illegitimate son or daughter. 2. Unlawful ; contrary to law. 3. Not legitimately deduced ; illogical ; as, an ile- gitimate inference. 4. Not authorized by good usage; as, an ilegiti- mate word. IL-LE-GIT/I-MATE, v. t. To render illegitimate ; to prove to be born out of wedlock; to bastardize. Wotton. IL-LE-GIT/I-MA-TED, pp. Rendered illegitimate ; proved to have been born out of wedlock. IL-LBE-GIT/I-MATE-LY, adv. Not inwedlock ; with- out authority. IL-LE-GIT-I-Ma/TION, n. in wedlock. 2. Want of genuineness. Martin. ILL/-E-QUIP’PED, (-kwipt/,) a. Not well equipped. IL-LEV’I-A-BLE, a. [in, not, and Fr. lever, to raise or levy-] The state of one not born Bacon. IL-LA€’/RY-MA-BLE, a. pable of weeping. IL-LAPSE’, (il-laps’,) 7. (See Lapsx.] A sliding in ; an immission or entrance of one thing into another. Norris. 2. A falling on; a sudden attack. Thomson. IL-LAQ/UE-ATE, (il-lak/we-ate,) v. t. [L. wlaqueo; in and laqueo, to Insnare ; laqueus, a snare. } To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch. [Little used. | More. IL-LAQ/UE-A-TED, pp. Insnared. [L-LAQ-UE-A/TION, zn. The act of insnaring; a catching or entrapping. [Little used.] Brown. 2, A snare. ILL/-AR-RANG/ED, a. Not well arranged. ILL/-AS-SORT’ED, a. Not well assorted. IL-LA/TION, n. [L.illatio; in and latio, a bearing ; latus, from fero.] An inference from premises; a conclusion ; de- duction. [Little used.] Locke. IL/LA-TIVH, a. [See Ivvation.] Relating to illa- tion; that may be inferred; as, an wlative conse- quence. 9, That denotes an inference; as, an illative word or particle, as then and therefore. Watts. IL’/LA-TIVE, n. That which denotes illation or in- Bp. Hall. [L. ulacrymabilis.} Inca- ference. IL/LA-TIVE-LY, adv. By inference. Bp. Richardson. IL-LAUD/A-BLE, a. [See Laupasve.] Not lauda- ble; not worthy of approbation or commendation ; as, an illaudable metive or act. 1. Bad or evil, in a general sense; contrary to good, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 9, Worthy of censure or dispraise. That can not be levied or collected. Hale. ILL/-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having an ugly face. all. ILL/-FA-TED, a. Unfortunate. ILL/-FA/VOR-ED, a. [ill and favored.] Ugly; ul looking; wanting beauty ; deformed. Il-favored and lean-fleshed. —Gen, xli. ILL/-FA!’VOR-ED-LY, adv. With deformity, 2. Roughly ; rudely. Howell. ILL/-FA/VOR-ED-NESS, n. Ugliness ; deformity. ILL!-FIT-TED, a. Not well fitted. ILL/-FORM-ED, a. Not well formed. ILL/-FRAM-ED, a. Not well framed. ILL/-FUR’NISH-ED, (-fur/nisht,) a. Not well fur- nished. ILL/-HAB/IT-ED, a. Not well habited IL-LIB/ER-AL, a. [See Liserau.] Not liberal ; not free or generous. 2. Not noble; not ingenuous; not catholic ; of a contracted mind. Cold in charity ; in religion, wlib- eral. K. Charles. 3. Not candid; uncharitable in judging. : 4. Not generous; not munificent ; sparing of gifts. oodward, 5. Not becoming a well-bred man. Harris. 6. Not pure; not well authorized or elegant; as, illiberal words in Latin. [Unusual.] Chesterfield. IL-LIB-ER-AL/I-TY, n. Narrowness of mind; con- tractedness ; meanness ; want of catholic opinions. 9. Parsimony ; want of munificence. Bacon. /BR- Z, _t To make illiberal. IL-LIB/ER-AL-IZB, v. t. Tc itera Made illiberal. IBR-AL-IZ-ED, pp- i : Oe -Making illiberal. 1L-LIB/ER-AL-IZ-ING, ppr 675 pe SR OS peewee z tai oa ars * eine neabiaedl in ay eee eee rr i ‘er ee . am ame SMart eee oe ene ooSee as rd ~~ y | NR Se a ara ERE 0h | | SS ILL Sa Le ae —————————————— ILL uncharitably ; disingenuously. De Parsimoniously. IL-LIC'(T, (ildis‘sit, ja. [L. ilicttus; in and licitus, from liceo, to permit.] Not permitted or allowed ; prohibited ; unlawful ; as, an ilicit trade ; zlicit intercourse or connection. itable void. Thomson. IL-LIMIT-A-BLY, ing bounded. 9, Without limits. adv. 1 LIMIT-ED, a. limit. ‘] ‘ Unbounded ; not limited ; interminable. Bp. Hall. IL-LIM/IT: -ED-NESS, nN. being without limits or restriction, The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was much spoken Clarendon, ILLI-IN-FORMED, a. Not well informed. IL-LL-NI'TION, (il-le-nish/un,) n. (LL. 2initus, illinio, to anoint; in and lino, to besmear. A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed on minerals. lt is sometimes disguised by a thin crust or ilintton of black manganese. irwan, 2. A-rubbing in of an ointment or liniment. IL-LIT/ER-A-CY, x. [from wliterate.] being wntaught or unlearned; want of a knowledge of letters; ignorance. Encyc. IL-LIT/ER-AL, a. Not literal. {L-LIT/ER-ATE, a. [L. uliteratus ; in and literatus ; from litera, a letter. } Unlettered ; ignorant of letters or books; un- taught ; unlearned ; uninstructed in science; as, an illiterate man, nation, or tribe. 7otton. IL-LIT/ER-ATE-NESS, n. Want of learning ; igno- rance of letters, books, or science. oyle, IL-LIT/ER-A-TURE, n. Want of learning. (Little used. | Ayliffe. ILL!/-JODG-ED, a. Not well judged. ILL/-LIV-ED, a. Leading a wicked life. [Little used. Bp. Hail. ILL/-LOOK-ING, a. ILL/-MANN- ED, a. ILL/—-MEA AN/ING, a. [LL/-MOD/EL-ED, a. Badly modeled. ILL/-Na’/TURE, n. [il and nature.] Crossness ; crabbedness ; habitual bad temper, or want of kind- Having a bad look. Not well furnished with men Meaning ill or evil. ness ; fractiousness. South. ILL’/-NA’/TUR-ED, a. Cross; crabbed; surly; in- tractable; of habitual bad temper; peevish; frac- tious. An ill-natured person may disturb the harmo- ny of a whole parish. 2, That indicates ul-nature, The tll-natured task refuse. Addison. 3. Intractable; not yielding to culture; as, ill- natured land. [Not legitimate. | Philips. ILL/—-NA’TUR-ED-LY, adv. manner ; crossly ; unkindly. ILL/-NA’TUR-ED-NESS, 2. kind disposition. [LL’NESS, xn. [from il.] Badness; unfavorableness ; as, the illness of the weather. [Not used.] Locke. 2, Disease ; indisposition; malady; disorder of health ; sickness. He has recovered from his ill- MESS. 3. Wickedness ; iniquity ; wrong moral conduct. Shak. IL-LOG/I€-AL, a. [See Loarcax.] Ignorant or neg- ligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning ; as, an wlogical disputant. 2. Contrary to the rules of logic or sound reason- ing ; as, an illogical inference. In a manner contrary to the In a peevish or froward Crossness; want of a IL-LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv. rules of correct re ‘asoning. i poe Sa ENESS: ne ‘Contrariety to sound reason- Hammond. [LL MEN- ED, a. Having unlucky omens. JVeele. ILL’/—PIEC-ED, (- peest,) a. ‘Not well pieced. Burke. ILL/-PRO-POR’TION- ED,a. Not wel) proportioned. ILL/—-PRO-VID/ED, a. Not well provided. ILL'-RE-QUIT’ED, a. Not well requited. ILL/-SORT’ED, a. Not well sorted. ILL! -SORT/ING, a. Not well sorting. ILL/-STAR- RED, a. [ill and star.] Fated to be unfor- tunate. eddoes. {LL/-STOR-ED, a. Not well stored. ILL’-SUP-PRESS/ED, (-prest/,) a. pressed. ILL/-TEM/PER-ED, a. Not fwlly sup- Of bad temper; morose; IL-LIB/ER-AL-LY, adv. Ungenerously ; uncandidly ; IL-LIC/IT-LY, adv. Unlawfully. IL-LUDE’, v. t. [L. wludo; in and ludo, to play. [See [L-LIC/IT- NESS, n, Unlawfulness. Lupicrovs.] 3 2 IL-LIC/IT-OUS, a. Unlawful. To play upon by artifice ; to deceive ; tomock; to IL-LIGHT’EN, v. t. [See Licurt, rea reN:) To excite hope and disappoint it. enlighten. [Jot m mse} Ralegh. IL-LUD/ED, pp. Deceived; mocked. SS ILL!-IM-AG/IN-ED, a. Not well imagined. IL-LUD/'ING, ppr. Playing on by artifice; deceiving. IL-LIM/IT-A-BLE, a. [in, not, and limit, or L. IL-LUME’, vt. [Fr. illuminer; L. ulumino; im limes.] IL-LU/ MINE, and lwmino, to enlighten, from lumen, That can not be limited or bounded ; as, the tllim- Without possibility of be- HDI IV-A/TION, x. The state of being illimit- [Fr. idlimité; im and L. limes, a Boundlessness ; the state of The state of ILL/-TIME’, time. ILL/-TIM-ED, a. Done or said at an unsuitable time. LLL/-TRAIN-ED, a. Not well trained or disciplined. Mitford. ILL/-TURN, 2. An unkind or injurious act. 2. A slight attack of illness. eee America. v. t. To do or attempt at an unsuitable ght. See Luminous, ] To illuminate ; to enlighten ; hight on ; to make light or bright. [ These words are used chiefly in poetry. | 2. To enlighten, as the mind ; to cause to under- stand. 3. To brighten ; to adorn. The mou..tain’s brow, to throw or spread Milton. ITllumed with fluid gold. Thomson. IL-LU/MIN-ANT, n. That which illuminates or af- fords light. oyle. IL-LU’MIN- ATE, v.t. [See Ixtume.] To enlighten ; to throw light on; to supply with light. [7/us word ts used in poetry or prose. | 2, To adorn with festal lamps or bonfires. 3. To enlighten intellectually with knowledge or grace. Heb. xX. 4. To adorn with ornamented letters, or with pic- tures, portraits, and other paintings; as, to wluminate manuscripts or books, according to ancient prac- tice. UNCY Ce 5. To illustrate ; to throw light on, as on obscure subjects. Watts. IL-LU/MIN-ATE, a. Enlightened. Bp. Hall. IL-LU/MIN-ATE, n. One of a sect of heretics, pre- tending to possess extraordinary light and knowl- edge. IL-LU/MIN-A-TED, pp. or a. Enlightened ; rendered light or luminous ; illustrated ; adorned with orna- mented letters and pictures, as books. IL-LU-MIN-A/TTI, x. pl.) A church term, anciently IL-LU-MIN-EE’, n applied to persons who had received baptism ; in which ceremony they re- ceived a lighted taper, as a symbol of the faith and grace they ‘had received by that sacrament. Encyc. 2. The name of a sect of heretics, who sprung up in Spain about the year 1575, and w ho afterward ap- peared in France. Their principal doctrine was, that, by means of a sublime manner of prayer, they had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need of ordinances, sacraments, and good works. Encye. 3. The name given to certain associations of men in modern Europe, who were said to have combined to overthrow the existing religious institutions, and substitute reason, by which they expected to raise men and society to perfection. It has been denied, however, that this was their object. Robison. IL-LU/MIN-A-TING, ppr. Enlightening; rendering Juminous or bright ; illustrating ; adorning with or- namented letters and pictures. IL-LU/MIN-A-TING, n. The act, practice, or art, of adorning manuscripts and books with ornamented letters and paintings. IL-LU-MIN-A’/TION, n. The act of illuminating or rendering luminous ; the act of supplying with light. 2. The act of rendering a house or a town light, by placing lights at the windows, or in elevated sit- uations, as a manifestation of joy; or the state of being thus rendered light. 3. That which gives light. The sun — is an tllumination created. 4. Brightness ; splendor. 5. Infusion of intellectual light; an enlightening of the understanding by knowledge, or the mind by spiritual light, . The act, art, or practice, of adorning manu- scripts and books with ornamented letters ‘and pic- Ralegh. tures. Encyc. 7. A manuscript or book thus adorned. Fosbroke. 8. Inspiration ; the special communication of knowledge to the mind by the Supreme Being. Hymns and psalms—are framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical tllumination are inspired. Hooker. IL-LO’/MIN-A-TIVE, a. [Fr. illuminatif.] Having the power of giving light. Digby. IL-LU/MIN-A-TOR, n. or gives light. 2. One whose occupation is to decorate manu- Scripts and books with ornamented letters, or with pictures, portraits, and drawings of any kind. This practice began among the Romans, and was contin- ued during the middle ages. The manuscripts con- taining portraits, pictures, and emblematic figures, form a valuable part of the riches preserved in the He or that which iJluminates crabbed ; sour; peevish ; fretful. principal libraries in Europe, Hebert. Encic. IMA I}luminated ; made light. Rendering light ; ; illuminating. IL-LU/MIN-ISM, x. The principles of the Uluminati. IL-LU/MIN-IZE, v. t. To initiate into the doctrines or principles of the Illuminati. Am. Review. IL-LU/MIN-IZ-ED, pp. Initiated into the doctrines, &c., of the [uminati. 1 LU/MIN- IZING, ppr. Initiating into the doctrines, &c., of the I]luminati. IL-LU/SION, (il-la’zhun,) n. from illudo, to illude. | Deceptive appearance; false show, by which a person is or may be deceived, or his expectations dis- appointed ; mockery. Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise | IL-LU/SION-IST, n. One given to illusion. IL-LU'SIVE, a. Deceiving by false show ; false. [L-LU/MIN-ED, pp. IL-LU/MIN-ING, ppr. [Fr. wlusion ; L. illusio ; Pope. deceitful ; While the fond soul, Wrapt in gay v isions of unreal bliss, Suill paints th’ tlusive form. IL-LU’/SIVE-LY, adv. IL-LU/SIVE-NESS, n. IL-LU/SO-RY, a. uludo. | Deceiving or intending to deceive by false appear- ances; fallacious. His offers were illusory. IL-LUS'’TRATE, v. t. [Fr. illustrer; L. illustro ; in and lustro, to illuminate. See Lusrer.] 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous. 2. To brighten with honor; to make distinguished. Matter to me of glory |! whom their hate Illustrates. Milton. 3. To brighten ; to make glorious, or to display the glory of ; as, to illustrate the perfections of God. 4. To explain or elucidate ; to make clear, intelli- gible, or obvious, what is dark or obscure; as, to ulustrate a passage of Scripture by comments, or of a profane author by a gloss. 5. To explain and adorn by means of pictures, drawings, &c. IL- LUS'TRA- TED, pp. rious. 2 Explained; elucidated ; made clear to the un- derstanding. 3. Explained by pictures, &c. IL-LUS/TRA-TING, ppr. Making bright or glorious ; re nde rine eee. elucidating ; explaining by Thomson. By means of a false show. Deception ; false show. Ash. [Fr. illusoire, from L. illusus, or a. Made bright or glo- pic IL- LUS: - Ra z 'TION, Te or glorious. 9. Explanation ; elucidation ; a rendering clear what is obscure or abstruse. Locke. 3. An engraving or picture designed to illustrate. IL-LUS’TRA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of eluci- dating and making clear what is obscure; as, an argument or simile illustrative of the subject. Brown. 2, Having the quality of rendering glorious, or of displaying glory. IL-LUS/TRA-TIVE-LY, adv: or elucidation. IL’/LUS-TRA-TOR, 2. clear. IL-LUS’/TRA-TO-RY, a. Serving to illustrate. IL-LUS’TRI-OUS, a. [Fr. illustre; L. illustris.] 1. Conspicuous ; distinguished by the reputation of greatness or renown; eminent; as, an tlustrious general or magistrate ; an wlustriows prince. 2. Conspicuous ; renowned; conferring honor ; as, illustrious actions. 3. Glorious ; as, an illustrious display of the divine perfections. 4. A title of honor. IL-LUS’/TRI-OUS-LY, adv. Conspicuously ; nobly; eminently ; with dignity or distinction. 2. Gloriously ; in a way to manifest glory. The redemption of man displays illustriously the justice as well as the benevolence of God. IL-LUS/TRI-OUS-NESS, n. Eminence of character ; greatness ; grande ur; clory. IL-LUX-U/RI-OUS Not luxurious. ILL/-WILL/, n. Rae malevolence. ILL/-WILL/ER, n. One who wishes ill to another. ILL/-WORN, a Not well worn. IL/LY, adv. A word sometimes used, though improp- erly, for ILu. IL/MEN-IT E,n. A black, metallic mineral, consisting of titanic acid and oxyd ‘of iron. ana. I’M, contracted from J am. IM, ‘in composition, is usually the representative of the Latin in; n being changed to m, for the sake of easy utterance, before a labial, as in imbibe, immense, im- partial. Weuse the same prefix in compounds not of Latin origin, as in imbank, imbitter. For im, the French write em, which we also use in words bor- rowed from their’ language. IW AGE, n. [Fr. image; L. imago; Sp. imagen; It. image, ‘immagine ; Ir. tomaigh. | 1. A representation or similitude of any person or thing formed of a material substance ; as, an image wrought out of stone, wood, or wax. The act of rendering bright By way of illustration Brown. One who illustrates or makes Drury. From this word, by contraction, is formed Limner. W hose is this image and superscription ?— Matt, xxii. FATE. FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 076IMA 2. A statue. 3. An idol; the representation of any person or thing that is an object of worship. The second com- mandment forbids the worship of images. 4. The likeness of any thing on canvas; a pic- ture ; a resemblance painted. I 5. Any copy, representation, or likeness. The child is the image of its mother. 6. Semblance ; show ; appearance. The face of things a frightful tmage bears. 7. An idea; a representation of any thing to the Dryden. mind ; a conception ; a picture drawn by fancy. IM_AG/IN-A-TIVE-NESS IVWi~Z IN -1i— / FU-IN to > Can we conceive Image of aught delightful, soft, or great? 8. In rhetoric, a lively description of any thing in discourse, which presents a kind of picture to the mind. Encyc. 9. In optics, the figure of any object, made by rays of light proceeding from the several points of it. Thus a mirror reflects the mage of a person standing before it, as does water in a vessel or stream, when undisturbed. IM'AGE, v. tf. To represent or form an image of ; as, mountains imaged in the peaceful lake. Prior. 2: To form a likeness in the mind by the fancy or | IM-AG'INE, ov. t. recollection. And image charms he must behold no more. IM/AGE-A-BLE, a. IM‘AG-ED, pp. imagination. IM/AGE-LESS, a. IM/AGE-RY, (im/aj-ry,) 7. pictures, statues. Pope. That may be imaged. Having no image. Shelley. Sensible representations, Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery. Dryden. = 2. Show ; appearance. What cau thy imagery and sorrow mean? Prior. 3. Forms of the fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms. The imagery of a melancholic fancy. Atterbury. 4. Representations in writing or speaking ; lively descriptions, which impress the images of things on the mind ; figures in discourse. I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery. ryden. 5, Form; make. IM/AGE-WOR’SHIP, n. The worship of images ; idolatry. IM-AG/IN-A-BLE, a. es See Imacrne.] That may or can be imagined or conceived. This point is roved with all imaginable clearness. IM-AG/IN-A-BLY, adv. In an imaginable manner. IM-AG/IN-ANT, a. Imagining; conceiving. [JVot sed. acon. IM-AG’IN-A-RY, a. Existing only in imagination or fancy ; visionary ; fancied ; not real. Imaginary ills and fancied tortures. Addison, Imaginary quantity; a name given to certain ex- pressions that arise in various algebraical and trigo- nometrical operations, to which no value, either ra- tional or irrational, can be assigned. Barlow. IM-AG-IN-A/TION, n. [L. imaginatio; Fr. imagina- tron. VE Jone power or faculty of the mind by which it conceives and forms ideas of things communicated to it by the organs of sense. Encyc. Imazination { understand to be the representation of an individual thought. acon. Our simple apprehension of corporeal objects, if present, is sense ; if absent, is imagination, [concep- tion.] Glanville. Imagination, in its proper sense, signifies a lively conception of objects of sight. It is distinguished from conception as a part from a whole. Reid. The business of conception is to present us with an exact transcript of what we have felt or perceived. But we have also a. power of modifying our concep- tions, by combining the parts of different ones so as to form new wholes of our own creation. I shall employ the word imagination to express this power. I apprehend this to be the proper sense of the word, if imagination be the power which gives birth to the productions of the poet and the painter. Stewart. We would define imagination to be the will work- ing on the materials of memory ; not satisfied with following the order prescribed by nature, or suggest- _ed by accident, it selects the parts of different con- ‘ceptions, or objects of memory, to form a whole, more pleasing, more terrible, or more awful, than has ever been presented in the ordinary course of na- ture. Ed. Encyc. The two latter definitions give the true sense of the word, as now understood. 2. Conception ; image in the mind ; idea. Sometimes Despair darkens all her imaginations, Stdney. His imaginations were often as just us they were bold and strong. ennis. 3. Contrivance; scheme formed in the mind ; de- vice. IM-AG/INE, v. t. [Fr. imaginer; Sp. imaginar; L. IM-AG/IN-ED, pp. or a Formed into an image ; copied by the | [M-AG/IN-ER, n. IMB 4. Conceit ; an unsolid or fanciful opinion. We are apt to think that space, in itself, is actually boundless ; to which imagination the idea of space of itself leads us, L ocke. 5. First motion or purpose of the mind. Gen. vi. M-AG/IN-A-TIVE, a. [Fr. imaginatif.] 1. That forms imaginations. Taylor. 2. Full of imaginations ; fantastic. Bacon. <¢ Milton had a highly inaginative, Cowley a very fanciful mind.” E. H. B.] See IMAGINATION. ] ative imaginor, from imago, image. ] 1. To form a notion or idea in the mind ; to fancy. We can imagine the figure of a horse’s head united to a human body. [In this sense, Fancy is the more proper word. | 9. To form ideas or representations in the mind, by modifying and combining our conceptions. Stezart. 3. To contrive in purpose ; to scheme; to devise. How long will ye imagine mischief against a man? — Ps. xii. To conceive ; to have a notion or |] idea. I can not imagine how this should have hap- ened. cied ; contrived. contrives. Bacon. IM/AG-ING, n. The forming of an image. Carlisle. IM’AG-ING, ppr. Forming into an image ; depicting by the imagination. IM-AG/IN-ING,z. The act of forming images or ideas. Channing. IM-AG/IN-ING, ppr. Forming ideas in the mind ; de- vising. I-MAM’, n. A minister or priest who performs the I-MA uw, regular service of the mosque among the I/MAN, Mohammedans, 9. A Mohammedan prince who unites in his person supreme spiritual and temporal power ; as, the maum of Muscat. IM-BALM’, IM-BAR/GO, IM-BARK’, IM-BASE!. See EmBaLM, Emparco, EMBARK, EMBASE. IM-BAN’, v. t. [in and ban.] To excommunicate, ina civil sense ; to cut off from the rights of man, or ex- clude from the common privileges of humanity. [JVot well authorized. | J. Barlow. IM-BAND/, v. t. [in and band.] To form into a band or bands. Beneath full sails imbanded nations rise. J. Barlow. IM-BAND/ED, pp. or a. Formed into a band or bands. IM-BANK/, v. t. [in and bank.] To inclose with a bank ; to defend by banks, mounds, or dikes. IM-BANK/ED, (im-bankt’,) pp. Inclosed or defended with a bank. IM-BANK/ING, ppr. Inclosing or surrounding with a bank. IM-BANK/MENT, 2. The act of surrounding or de- fending with a bank. 2, Inclosure by a bank ; the banks or mounds of earth that are raised to defend a place, especially against floods. IM-BAN/NER-ED, a. IM-BARN’, v. t. To deposit in a barn. Furnished with banners, [Not used.] Herbert, IM-BAS'TARD-IZE, v. t. To render degenerate. [{ Obs.] JVilton. IM-BAFHE’, v. t. [in and bathe.] To bathe all over. And gave her to her daughters to tnbathe In nectared lavers strowed with asphodel. Milton, Comus, v. 837. [‘* The word IMBaTHE occurs in our author’s Refor- mation: —‘ Methinks a sovereign and reviving joy must needs rush into the bosom of him that reads or hears; and the sweet odor of the returning gospel imbathe his soul with the fragrance of heaven.’ (Prose Works, vol. i. p. 2.) What was enthusiasm in most of the puritanical writers was poetry in Milton.?? Z. Warton, Minor Poems of Milton, p. 230.— BE. H. B.] IM-BAFH/ED, pp. Bathed all over. IM-BEAD’, v. t. [in and bead.] To fasten with a bead. The strong, bright bayonet imbeaded fast. IM-BEAD'ED, pp. Fastened with a bead. IM-BEADI/ING, ppr. Fastening with a bead. IM/BE-CILE, (im/be-sil or im-be-seel’,) a. [L. ¢mbecil- lis; Fr.imbecile. This seems to be a compound word, of which the primitive, bec, is not now to be found or recognized. } Weak ; feeble ; destitute of strength, either of body or of mind ; impotent. Barrow. IM’BE-CILB, (im!be-sil or im-be-seel’,) 7. One desti- tute of strength, either of body or mind. IM’/BE-CILE, v.t. To weaken. [Obs.] Bp. Taylor. IM-BE-CIL/I-TATE, v. t. To weaken; to render fee- ble. A. Wilson, IM-BE-CIL'I-TY, 7. [L. imbecillitas; Fr. imbecillité, | 1. Want of strength ; weakness ; feebleness of J. Barlow. S. T. Coleridge, Biog. Lit. i. 88.— | 1M-BED'DED, pp. or a. IM-BED/DING, ppr. State of being imagin- | IM-BEL'LIE, a. : ; IM-BIB/ER, n. Formed in the mind ; fan- IM.BIB/ING, ppr One who forms ideas; one who | [)-BI-BI//TION, (-bish’un,) The act of imbibing. IM-BIT’TER, ». t. IMB | , 7 the vigor that usually belongs to men, and which is necessary to a due performance of its functions. \| This may be natural, or induced by violence or dis- \ ease. 1 2. Impotence of males ; imability to procreate chil- \ dren. IM-BED’,v t. [i and bed.| To sink or lay in a bed ; to place in a mass of earth, sand, or other substance, so as to be partly inclosed. Laid or inclosed, as in a bed | or mass of surrounding matter. 1} Laying, as in a bed. \} [L. in and bellicus.] | Not warlike or martial. ae used. Junius. IM-BENCH/ING, n. [in and bench.] raised work like a bench. Parkhurst. IM-BIBE’, v. t. [L. imbibo; in and bibo, to drink; Fr. imbither. | 1. To drink in; to absorb ; as, a dry or porous body imbibes a fluid ; a sponge imbibes moisture. 2. To receive or admit into the mind and retain ; as, to imbibe principles ; to tmbibe errors. Imbibing in the mind, always implies retention, at least for a time. 3. To imbue, as used by Newton; but he has not been followed. M-BiB/ED, pp. Drank in, as a fluid ; absorbed ; re- ceived into the mind and retained. He or that which imbibes, Drinking in; absorbing ; receiving and retaining. Bacon. [in and bitter.] To make bitter. 9. To make unhappy or grievous ; to render dis- tressing. The sins of youth often imbitter old age. Grief imbitters our enjoyments. 3. To exasperate ; tu make more severe, poignant, or painful. The sorrows of true penitence are imbit- tered by a sense of our ingratitude to our Almighty Benefactor. , 4. To exasperate ; to render more violent or malig- nant; as, to tmbitter enmity, anger, rage, passion, &c. IM-BIT’TER-ED, pp. or a. Made unhappy or painful ; exasperated. IM-BIT’/TER-ER, z. That which makes bitter. Johnson. IM-BIT’/TER-ING, ppr. Rendering unhappy or dis- tressing ; exasperating. IM-BOD’I-ED, pp. or a. [See Empopy.] Formed into IM-BOD'Y. See Enpovy. a body. IM-BOIL!, v.2. To effervesce ; to rage. Spenser. IM-BOLD/EN. See EmpoLpeEn. IM-BOR/DER, v. t. [in and border.) To furnish or inclose with a border ; to adorn with a border. 2. To terminate ; to bound. Milton. IM-BOR/DER-ED, pp. Furnished, inclosed, or adorned with a border; bounded. IM-BOR/DER-ING, ppr. Furnishing, inclosing, or adorning with a border; bounding. IM-BOSK’, v. t. [It. imboscare. See BusH,.] To conceal, as in bushes; to hide. IM-BOSK’, v. 7. To lie concealed. JAhilton. IM-BO/SOM, v. t. [in and bosom.] To hold in the bosom ; to cover fondly with the folds of one’s gar- ment. 2. To hold in nearness or intimacy. The Fatner infinite, By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son. Milton. . To admit to the heart or affection ; to caress. But glad desire, his late timbosomed guest. Sidney. 4. To inclose in the midst ; to surround. Villages imbosomed soft in trees. 5, To inclose in the midst; to cover; as, pearls imbosomed in the deep. IM-BO/SOM-ED, pp. ora. Held in the bosom or to the breast; caressed ; surrounded in the midst ; in- closed; covered. IM-BO/SOM-ING, ppr. Holding in the bosom ; caress- ing; holding to the breast; inclosing or covering in the midst. IM-BOUND’, v. t. [in and bound.] To inclose in lim- JVfilton. eo Thomson. its; toshutin. [Little used.] Shak. IM-BOW’, v. t. [tr and bow.] To arch; to vault ; Milton. as, an imbowed root. >, To make of a circular form ; as, imbowed win- dows. Bacon. IM-BOW’ED, pp. or a. Arched; vaulted ; made of a circular form. IM-BOW’ER. See Empower. ‘ IM-BOW/ING, ppr- Arching; vaulting ; making of a circular form. IM-BOW/MENT, n. An arch; a vault IM-BOX’, v. t, ‘To inclose in a box. ; IM-BOX!/ED, (im-bokst’,) pp. Inclosed in a box. IM-BOX/ING, ppr. Inclosing in a box. f IM-BRAN'GLE, v. t, To eulanel Hudibras. IM-BRED!, pp. Generated within. _ IM-BREED/, 0. t. To generate within ; to inbreed. IM-BREED/ING, ppr. Generating within. IM'BRL€ATE, a, [L. imbricatus, imbrico, from IM’BRI-€4-TED, imbrez, a tile.] Bacon. body or of mind. We speak of the wnbecility of the Thou hast ecen all their vengeance, and all their imaginations against me. — Lam, iii, TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI//CIOUS,—€ as K;,G as J; 9 as Z; OH as SH; 73 body or of the intellect, when either does not possess 1. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile. TH as in THIS. 577 he ais : a ieee aes a RS La “ ; eens eg ies ot Se a aeoe ae - a acorns; overlapping each other parallelly at pile mar I ijthout any involution, as leaves in the bud. eared . 3 Lindley. IM-BRI-€A/TION, n. A concave indenture, like that of tiles; tiling, Derham. IM-BROGL/IO, (im-brdl’yo,) 7. [It.] In the drama, an intricate, complicated plot. IM-BROWN’,».t. [in and brown.] Tomake brown ; to darken; to obscure. : 2. To darken the color of; to make dirty. The foot grows black that was with dirt imbrowned, Gay. 3. To tan; to darken the complexion. IM-BROWN’/ED, pp. Made brown ; darkened ; tanned. IM-BROWN'ING, ppr- Rendering brown ; darken- ing ; tanning. : IM-BROE’, (im-bria/,) v. t. [Gr. euBoexw, to moisten ; ev and Bpsxw. Hence it is allied to embrocate, and Sp. embriagar, to intoxicate. See Esrrery, Broox, and Rarn. | : ; 1. To wet or moisten; to soak; to drench in a fluid, chiefly in blood. Whose arrows in my blood their wings imbrue. Sandys. Lucius pities the offenders, That would imbrue their hands in Cato’s blood. Addison. 2. To pour out or distil. [ Obs. Spenser. IM-BRU/ED, pp. Wet; moistened ; drenched. IM-BRU/ING, ppr. Wetting; moistening; drenching. IM-BRU/MENT, x. The act of imbruing. IM-BROUTE’, v.t. [im and brute.] To-degrade to the state of a brute; to reduce to brutality. And mix with bestial slime This essence to incarnate and tnbrute. Milton. IM-BRUTE’, v. i. To sink to the state of a brute. The soul grows clotted by contagion, Imbodies and tmbrutes, till she quite lose The divine property of her first being. Milton’s Comus, v. 466. Thus, also, Satan speaks of the debasement and corruption of his original divine essence. Mixed with bestial slime, This essence to incarnate and tmbrute, That to the hight of deity aspired. Parad, Lost, 9, 165. IM-BROUT/ED, pp. Degraded to brutism. IM-BRUT/‘ING, ppr. Reducing to brutishness. IM-BUE’, (im-bi’,) v. t. ‘L. imbuo; in and the root of Eng, buck; to buck cloth, that is, to dip, drench, or steep, in water.] 1. To tinge deeply ; to dye; as, to imbue cloth. oyle. 2 To tincture deeply ; to cause to imbibe ; oh to imbue the minds of youth with good principles. IM-BUD/ED, (im-bide’,) pp. Tinged; dyed ; tinctured. IM-BU/ING, ppr. Tinging; dyeing ; tincturing deeply. IM-BU/MENT, 7. A deep tincture. IM-BURSE’, (im-burs’,)». t. [See Burse.] To supply money, or to stock with money. [JVot wsed.] IM-BURSE/MENT, x. The act of supplying money. 2. Money laid up in stock. IM-BU/TION, x. Act of imbuing. Lee. IM-I-TA-BILI-TY, n. [See Imirasre, Imirare.] The quality of being imitable. Norris. IM/I-TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. zmitabilis. See Imi- TATE. I. That may be imitated or copied. Let us follow our Saviorin all his zmitable conduct and traits of character. There are some works of the ancients that are hardly imitable. The dignified style of Johnson is scarcely zmitable. 2. Worthy of imitation. IM/LTATE, v. t. [Fr., imiter; Sp. and Port. imitar ; It. imitare ; L. imitor; allied, perhaps, to Gr. 6by0s, similar, equal. ] 1. To follow in manners; to copy in form, color, or quality. We imitate another in dress or manners; We imitate a statue, a painting, a sound, an action, when we make or do that which resembles it. We should seek the best models to imitate; and, in mor- als and piety, it is our duty to imitate the example of our Savior. But, as we can not always make an ex- act similitude of the original, hence, 2. To attempt or endeavor to copy or resemble ; as, to zmitate the colors of the rainbow, or any of the beauties of nature. Cicero appears to have imitated the Greek orators. 3. To counterfeit This hand appeared « shining sword to wield, And that sustained an tmilated shield. Dryden. 4, To pursue the course of a composition, so as to use like images and examples. Johnson. Gay. IM’/I-TA-TED, pp. or a. Followed ; copied. IM/I-TA-TING, ppr. Following in manner; copying. eee n, {Fr., from L. imitatio ; imitor, to im- itate. 1. The act of following in manner, or of copying in form; the act of making the similitude of any thing, or of attempting a resemblance. By the zmita- tion of bad men or of evil examples, we are apt to contract vicious habits. In the imitation of natural forms and colors, we are often unsuccessful. Imita- tion in music, says Rousseau, is a reiteration of the or any interval whatever. Imitation in oratory, 1s an endeavor to resemble a speaker or writer in the qual- ities which we propose to ourselves as patterns. Encyc. 2. That which is made or produced as a copy; likeness ; resemblance. We say, a thing is a true unitation of nature. 3. A method of translating, in which modern ex- amples and illustrations are used for ancient, or do- mestic for foreign, or in which the translator not only varies the words and sense, but forsakes them as he sees occasion. Johnson, Dryden, IM’I-TA-TIVE, a. Inclined to follow in manner; as, man is an wnitative being. 2. Aiming at resemblance; that is used in the business of forming resemblances. Painting is an imitative art. 3. Formed after a model, pattern, or original. This temple, Jess in form, with equal grace, Was imitative of the first in Thrace. Dryden. Imitative music, is that which is intended to resem- ble some natural operation, the passions and the like. Busby. IM/I-TA-TIVE-LY, adv. In an imitative manner. IM/I-TA-TOR,m. One that follows in manners or de- portment, 2. One that copies, or attempts to make the resem- blance of any thing. IM/I-TA-TOR-SHIP, x. tator. IM-MA€/U-LATE, a. ula, a spot. | 1, Spotless ; pure; unstained ; undefiled ; without blemish ; as, immaculate reputation; immaculate thoughts. Our Savior has set us an example of an wmmaculate life and conversation. 2. Pure; limpid; not tinged with impure matter ; as, an immaculate fountain. Shak Immaculate conception. The doctrine of the immac- ulate conception, as held in the Roman Catholic church, is the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was born without original sin. Hook. IM-MA€/U-LATE-LY, adv. With spotless purity. IM-MA€’U-LATE-NESS, x. Spotless purity. IM-MAIL/ED, a. Wearing mail or armor. Brozone. IM-MAL/LE-A-BLE, a. [inand malleable.] Not mal- leable ; that can not be extended by hammering. Med, Repos. IM-MAN/A-€LE, v. t. [in and manacle.] To put manacles on; to fetter or confine; to restrain from The office or state of an imi- Tarston. [L. tmmaculatus ; in and mac- free action. Milton. IM-MAN/A-€LED, pp. Fettered ; confined. IM-MAN’A-€LING, ppr. Fettering ; confining. IM-MA-NA/TION, n. A flowing or entering in. IM-MANE’, a. [L. immanis.] [ Good. Vast; huge; very great. [Little used.] IM-MANE/LY, adv. Monstrously ; cruelly. Milton. IM’/MA-NEN-CY, 2. [Internal dwelling. Pearson. IM/MA-NENT, a. in and manens, maneo, to abide. ] Inherent ; intrinsic ; internal. South. IM-MAN/L-TY, nn, [L. immanitas.] Barbarity ; savageness. Shak. IM-MAN/‘U-EL, n. [Heb.] God with us; a name given to the Savior. Watt. i. 23. IM-MAR-CES/SI-BLE, = [L. in and marcesco, to fade. ] Unfading. Dict. IM-MAR/TIAL, (im-miar’shal,) a. [in and martial.] Not martial ; not warlike. Chapman. IM-MASK’, ». t. [in and mask.] To cover, as with a mask ; to disguise. Shak. IM-MASK!ED, (im-miskt’/,) pp. Covered; masked. IM-MASK’ING, ppr. Covering ; disguising. IM-MATCH/A-BLE, a That can not be matched ; peerless. Ee So a a. [Fr. immateriel; in and mate- rial, 1. Incorporeal ; not material ; not consisting of matter; as, immaterial spirits. The mind or soul is immaterial, 2. Unimportant ; without weight; not material; of no essential consequence. Melmoth. Akin. Hayley. Ruffhead. IM-MA-TE/RI-AL-ISM, n. The doctrine of the ex- istence or state of immaterial substances or spiritual beings. IM-MA-TE/RLAL-IST, 2. One who professes imma- teriality. Swift. IM-MA-TE-RI-AL/L-TY, n. The quality of being im- material, or not consisting of matter ; destitution of matter ; as, the immateriality of the soul. IM-MA-T'H/RI-AL-IZ-ED, a. Rendered or made im- material. lanville, IM-MA-TE/RI-AL-LY, adv. In & manner not de- pending on matter. 2. In a manner unimportant. IM-MA-TE/RI-AL-NESS, n. The state of being im- material; immateriality. IM-MA-TE/RI-ATE, a. Not consisting of matter ; Same air, or of one which is similar, in several parts, IMI IMM IMM 5 : er each other in regular order. where it is repeated by one after the other, either in IM=MA-TORE’, a. ([L. immaturus ; in and ma- as SI BCG athe sale on the cup of some| unison or at the distance of a fourth, a fifth, a third, | IM-MA-TUR/ED, turus.] 1 Not mature or ripe; unripe ; that has not ar- rived to a perfect state ; applied to fruit. 2. Not perfect; not brought to a complete state; as, immature plans or counsels 3. Hasty ; too early ; that comes before the natural time. Taylor. [In this sense, Premature is generally used. | IM-MA-TURE/LY, adv. Too soon; before ripeness or completion ; before the natural time. IM-MA-TURE’NESS,) 7. Unripeness; incomplete- IM-MA-TO/RL-TY, ness; the state of a thing which has not arrived to perfection. IM-ME-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [L. in and meo, to pass.] Want of power to pass. Arbuthnot. The proper sense is, the quality of not being per- meable, or not affording a passage through the pores. [ae used, | IM-MEAS’UR-A-BLE, (im-mezh/ur-a-bl,) a. measure. | That can not be measured ; immense ; indefinitely extensive ; as, an tmmeasurable distance or space ; an immeasurable abyss. Milton. Addison. IM-MEAS$‘'UR-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being incapable of measure or measurement. IM-MEAS!UR-A-BLY, adv. To an extent not to be measured ; immensely ; beyond all measure. Milton. IM-MEAS’UR-ED, a. Exceeding common measure. IM-ME-€HAN/TE-AL, a. [in and mechanical.] Not consonant to the laws of mechanics. [ Obs.] Cheyne. IM-ME-C€HAN/IE-AL-LY, adv. Inconsistently with the laws of mechanics. IM-ME/DI-A-CY, ». [from zmmediate.] acting without dependence. ® Shak. IM-ME/DI-ATE, a. [Fr. immediat; It. immediato; L in and medius, middle. } J. Proximate; acting without a medium, or with- out the intervention of another cause or means ; pro- ducing its effect by its own direct agency. An im- mediate cause is that which is exerted directly in producing its effect, in opposition to a mediate cause, or one more remote. 2. Not acting by second causes ; as, the immediate will of God. Abbot. 3. Instant; present; without the intervention of [in and —_ Power of time. We must have an immediate supply of bread ; immediate duty. Immediate are my needs. Shak. Death — inflicted — by an tmmediate stroke. Mulion. IM-ME/DI-ATE-LY, adv. Without the intervention of any other cause or event ; opposed to Mreprarety. The transfer, whether accepted immediately by himself, or medt- ately by his agent, vests in him the property. Anon. 2. Instantly; at the present time; without delay, or the intervention of time. And Jesus put forth his hand, and touched him, saying, Iwill; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed. — Matt. viii. IM-ME/DI-ATE-NESS, 2. time. 2. Exemption from second or intervening causes. IM-MED/I-C€A-BLE, a. [L. immedicabilis; in and medicabilis, from medico, to heal.] Not to be healed ; incurable. Milton. IM-ME-LO/DI-OUS, a. Not melodious. Drummond. IM-MEM/O-RA-BLE, a. [L. immemorabilis ; in and memorabilis. See Memory.] Not to be remembered ; not worth remembering. Jolinson. {Fr., from L. in and memor, Presence with regard to IM-ME-MO’RI-AL, a. memoria. | Beyond memory ; an epithet given to tiine or du- ration, &c., whose beginning is not remembered, or can not be traced and ascertained ; as, when it is said a man has possessed an estate in fee from time immemorial, or time out of mind. Such possession constitutes prescription, or prescriplive right. So we speak of immemorial use, custom, or practice. In England, a thing is said to be immemorial, when it commenced before the reign of Edward IT. IM-ME-MO/RI-AL-LY, adv. Beyond memory. Bentley. IM-MENSE!. a. [Fr., from L. immensus ; an and men- sus, metior, to measure. | 1. Unlimited ; unbounded ; infinite. O goodness infinite! goodness immense! Milton. 2, Vast in extent; very great ; as, an immense dis- tance. 3. Huge in bulk ; very large ; as, fhe tmmense body of Jupiter, IM-MENSE’LY, adv. Infinitely; without limits or 2. Vastly ; very greatly. [measure. IM-MENSE/NESS, x. Unbounded extent or great- ness, IM-MENS'I-TY, x. Unlimited extension; an extent not to be measured ; infinity. By the power we find in ourselves of repeating, as often as we will, any idea of space, we get the idea of Seer ocke. incorporeal ; immaterial. [Little used.] Bacon. 2. Vastness in extent or bulk; greatness. IM-MEN-SU-RA-BIL‘I-TY, n. [from immensurable.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 578IMM IMM IMM The quality of not being capable of measure ; im- possibility to be measured. IM-MEN/SU-RA-BLE, a. [L. in and mensurabilis, from mensura, measure ; mensus, metior.] Not to be measured; immeasurable. The law of nature —a term ofimmensurable extent. Ward. IM-MEN’SU-RATE, a, Unmeasured. W.Mountasu. IM-MERGE’, (im-merj’,) v. t. [L. immergo; in and mer zo, to plunge. | 1. To plunge into or under a fluid. [See In- MERSE, which is generally used. ] 2. v.i. To disappear by entering into any medium, as into the light of the sun, or the shadow of the earth. IM-MERG/ED, (im-merjd’,) pp. Plunged into. IM-MERGI/ING, ppr. Entering or plunging into, IM-MER/IT, x. Want of worth. [JVot used. IM-MER/IT-ED, a. Unmerited. [JVot ae IM-MER/IT-OUS, a. Undeserving, [JVot used.] Milton. IM-MERSBE’, (im-mers’,) v. t. [L. immersus, from un- mergo; in and mergo, to plunge.] 1. To put under water or other fluid; to plunge; to dip. 2. To sink or cover deep; to cover wholly ; as, to be immersed in a wood. Dryden. 3. To plunge; to overwhelm; to involve; to en- gage deeply; as, to immerse in business or cares. It is impossible for a man to haye a lively hope in another life, and yet be deeply tmmersed in the enjoyment of this. Atterbury. IM-MERSE/, a. Buried; covered ; sunk deep. IM-MERS/ED, (im-merst’,) pp. Put into a fluid; plunged; deeply engaged; concealed by entering into any medium, as into the light of the sun, or the shadow of the earth. IM-MERS ING, ppr. Plunging into a fluid; dipping ; overwhelming ; deeply engaging. IM-MER/SION, z. The act of putting into a fluid be- low the surface; the act of plunging into a fluid till covered. 2. The state of sinking into a fluid. 3. The state of being overwhelmed or deeply engaged ; as, an zmmersion in the affairs of life. Atterbury. 4. In astronomy, the disappearance of a celestial body by entering into any medium, as into the light of the sun, or the shadow of the earth, op- posed to EMERSION. Olmsted. IM-MESH/’, v. ¢. [in and mesh.] To entangle in the meshes of a net, or in a web. Observe whether the fly is completely immeshed. The spider used his efforts to izmmesh the scorpion, Goldsmith. IM-MESH/ED, (im-mesht’,) pp. Entangled in meshes or webs. IM-MESH/ING, ppr. Entangling in meshes or webs. IM-ME-THOD/I€-AL, a. [in and methodical. See Meruop.] Having no method; without systematic arrange- ment ; without order or regularity ; confused. Addison. IM-ME-THOD/I€-AL-LY, adv. Without order or regularity ; irregularly. IM-ME-THOD/‘I€-AL-NESS, n. Want of method ; confusion. IMMIGRANT, n. A person that removes into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. IM’ MI-GRATE, v. i. [L. immipzro; in and migro, to migrate.] To remove into a country for the purpose of per- manent residence. [See EmrcraTe.] Belknap. IM-MI-GRA’TION, x. The passing or removing into a country for the purpose of permanent residence. IM/MI-NENCE, xn. [. imminentia, immineo, to hang over. | Properly, a hanging over, but used by Shakspeare for impending evil or danger. [Little used.] IM/MI-NENT, a. ([L. imminens, from immineo, to hang over; in and minor, ts'threaten. See Menace.] Literally, shooting over; hence, hanging over ; impending ; threatening ; near; appearing as if about to fall on; used of evils; as, imminent dan- ger; imminent judgments, evils, or death. Hooker. Milton. Impendingly ; threateningly. } To mingle; to Thomson. IM/MI-NENT-LY, adv. IM-MIN’GLE, v.t. [in and mingle. mix; to unite with numbers. IM-MIN’GLED, pp. Mixed; mingled. IM-MIN'/GLING, ppr. Mixing; mingling. IM-MI-NU/TION, xn. [L. imminutio, imminuo ; in and minwo, to lessens] A lessening; diminution ; decrease. Ray. IM-MIS-CI-BIL'I-TY,z. [L. immisceo; inand misceo, to mix.] Incapacity of being mixed. IM-MIS/CLBLE, a. {zn and miscible.] Not capable of being mixed. Med, Repos. IM-MIS/SION, (im-mish/un,) 2. [l. tmmissio, im- mitto ; in and mitto, to send. The act of sending or thrusting in; injection ; contrary to Emission. IM-MIT’I-GA-BLE, a. IM-MIT'1-GA-BLY, adv. IM-MIT’TED, pp. IM-MIT’TING, ppr. G. [tx and mitigate.] That can not be mitigated or appeased. Harris. In an immitigable manner. Sent in; injected. Sending in ; injecting. IM-MLIX/, v. t. [zn and miz.] To mix; to mingle. IM-MIX/A-BLE, a. Not capable of being mixed. IM-MIX/ED oe [M_MIXT’, >$ a. Unmixed. Herbert. IM-MIX/ING, ppr. Mingling. IM-MO-BIL/I-LTY, rn. [Fr. immobilité; L. immobilitas, from immobilis ; in and mobilis, from moveo, to move. ] _Unmoyableness ; fixedness in place or state; re- sistance to motion. Arbuthnot. IM-MOD/ER-A-CY, 2. Excess. Brown. IM-MOD/ER-ATE, a. [L. immoderatus; in and mod- eradtus. See Moperare.] Exceeding just or usual bounds; not confined to suitable limits ; excessive; extravagant; unreasona- ble; as, zmmoderate demands ; immoderate passions, cares, or grief. IM-MOD/ER-ATE-LY, adv. Excessively ; to an un- due degree ; unreasonably ; as; to weep wnmoder- ately. IM-MOD/ER-ATE-NESS, n. Excess; extravagance. Shelford. IM-MOD-ER-A/TION, n. Excess; want of modera- tion. Hammond. IM-MOD/EST, a. [Fr. immodeste; L. wmmodestus ; wn and modestus, modest. See the latter.] 1. Literally, not limited to due bounds. Hence, in a general sense, immoderate ; exorbitant ; unrea- sonable; arrogant. 2. Appropriately, wanting in the reserve or restraint which decency requires; wanting in decency and delicacy. It is immodest to treat superiors with the 3. Perpetual ; having unlimited existence. A cor- poration is called an immortal being. 4, Destined to live in all ages of this world; im- perishable ; as, wmmortal fame. So Homer is called the immortal bard. IM-MOR/TAL, x. One who is exempt from death. IM-MOR-TAL/‘I-TY, n. The quality of never ceas- ing to live or exist ; exemption from death and anni- hilation ; life destined to endure without end ; as, the immortality of the human soul. Jesus Christ, who hath abolished death, and hath brought life and immortality to light through the gospel. — 2 Tim. i. 2. Exemption from oblivion. 3. Perpetuity ; existence not limited ; as, the a- mortality of a corporation. J. Marshall. IM-MOR-TAL-LZA'TION, n. The act of immor- talizing. IM-MOR’TAL-IZE, v. t. [Fr. immortalizer; Sp. wm- mortalizar. | 1. To render immortal; to make perpetual; to cause to live or exist while the world shall endure. The Iliad has immortalized the name of Homer. Alexander had no Homer to immortalize his guilty name. T. Dawes. 2, To exempt from oblivion; to make perpetual. IM-MOR’TAL-IZE, v.i. To become immortal. [(JVot m use. | Pope. IM-MOR/TAL-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered immortal or per- petual. IM-MOR’TAL-1Z-ING, ppr. Making immortal or per- petual. IM-MOR/TAL-LY, adv. With endless existence ; with exemption from death. IM-MOR-TI-FL-€A/TION, zn. [im and mortification. ] Want of subjection of the passions. Bp. Taylor. IM-MOV-A-BIL‘I-TY, n. Steadfastness that can not be moved or shaken. familiarity that is customary among equals. 3. Wanting in chastity; unchaste; lewd; as, an immodest female. 4. Impure; indelicate ; as, an immodest thought. 5. Obscene; as, an immodest word. { Dryden. IM-MOD/EST-LY, adv. Without due reserve ; inde- cently ; unchastely; obscenely. IM-MOD/ES-TY, 2. [L. immedestia.] 1. Want of modesty ; indecency ; unchastity. 2. Want of delicacy or decent reserve. IM/MO-LATE, v.t. [Fr. immoler; L. immolo, to sac- rifice ; in and mola, meal sprinkled with salt, which was thrown on the head of the victim. } 1. To sacrifice ; to kill, as a victim offered in sac- nifice. Boyle. 2. To offer in sacrifice. New immolate the tongues and mix the wine. Pope. IM’MO-LA-TED, pp. or a. Sacrificed; offered in sac- rifice. From the same altar on which the small states shall be zmmola- ted, will rise the smoke of sacrificed liberty, and despotism must be the dreadful successor. U. Tracy. IM’MO-LA-TING, ppr. Sacrificing; offering, as a victim. IM-MO-LA/TION, n. The act of sacrificing. Brown. 2. A sacrifice offered. IM’MO-LA-TOR, n. One who offers in sacrifice. IM-MOLD’, v. t. To mold into shape; to form. Fletcher. Molded into shape. IM-MOLD’ED, pp. Molding into shape. IM-MOLD/ING, ppr. IM-MO/MENT, a. Trifling. [Wot English.] Shak. IM-MO-MENT’OUS, a. Unimportant. Seward. IM-MOR/AL, a. [in and moral. | each other. est; as, an immoral man. violates the laws. IM-MO-RAL/I-TY, x. Injustice, dishonesty, fraud, slander, profaneness more than wnmorality. IM-MOR/AL-LY, adv. Jation of law or duty. IM-MO-RIG/ER-OUS, a. Rude ; uncivil. IM-MO-RIG/ER-OUS-NESS, 7. [Low L. immoriger.] Stackhouse. Rudeness ; dience, Bp. Taylor. IM-MOR/TAL, a. [L. immortalis. See Morrat.] 1. Having no principle of alteration or corruption never end ; as, an immortal soul. be honor and glory forever. —1 Tim. i. 9. Connected with, or terminating in immortality never to cease ; as, immortal hopes, desires, &c. I have IM-MIT’, v. t. [L. immitto; m and mitto, to send, To send in; to inject. Greenhill. == Immortal longings in me. Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/‘CLOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as ] Inconsistent with moral rectitude ; contrary to the moral or divine law ; wicked ; unjust ; dishonest ; vicious. Every action is immoral which contravenes any divine precept, or which is contrary to the duties which men owe to 2, Wicked or unjust in practice ; vicious; dishon- Every man who violates a divine law or a social duty is immoral; but we par- ticularly apply the term to a person who habitually Any act or practice which contravenes the divine commands or the social duties. . —.* ? gaming, intemperance, lewdness, are immoralities. All crimes are immoralities; but crime expresses Wickedly ; viciously ; in vio- disobe- exempt from death ; having life or being that shal Unto the King eternal, tmmorial, fnvisible, the only wise God, IM-MOV‘A-BLE, a. [in and movable.] That can not be moved from.its place ; as, an immovable foundation. 2. Not to be moved from a purpose; steadfast ; fixed ; that can not be induced to change or alter ; as, a man who remains immovable. 3. That can not be altered or shaken ; unalterable ; unchangeable ; as, an immovable purpose or resolution. 4. That can not be affected or moved ; not impres- sible ; not susceptible of compassion or tender feel- ings; unfeeling. Dryden. 5. Fixed ; not liable to be removed ; permanent in place ; as, wnmovable estate. Blackstone, Ayliffe. 6. Not to be shaken or agitated. IM-MOV/A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being im- movable. IM-MOV/A-BLES, (-blz,) 7. pl. In law, the opposite of Moyvasves; things which can not be legally taken away, in leaving a house, farm, &c. Bouvrer, IM-MOV'A-BLY, adv. Ina manner not to be moved from its place or purpose; or in a manner not to be shaken ; unalterably ; unchangeably. Immovably firm to their duty ; immovably fixed or established. IM-MUND’, a. [L. immundus.] Unclean. Burton. IM-MUN-DIC’I-TY, n. Uncleanness. Wouwntagu. IM-MU’NLTY, n. [Fr. immunité; L. immunitas, from immunis, free, exempt; in and munus, charge, office, duty. ]} 1, Freedom or exemption from obligation, To be exempted from observing the rites or duties of the church, is an immunity. 9. Exemption from any charge, duty, office, tax, or imposition ; a particular privilege ; as, the immuwri- ties of the free cities of Germany ; the wmmunities of the clergy. 3. Freedom ; as, an immunity from error. Driden. IM-MOURE’, v. t. [Norm. emmurrer, to wall in; Sw. inmura, L. in and murus, a wall.) 1. To inclose within walls; to shut up; to confine ; as, to immure nuns in cloisters. The student wmures himself voluntarily. 9. To wall; te surround with walls. Lysimachue immured it with a wall. [Not usual.] Sundys. 3. To imprison. __ Denkam. IM-MUORE’, n. A wall; aninclosure. [JVot used.| IM-MUR/ED, pp. Confined within walls. [ Shak. IM-MOR'ING, ppr. Confining within walls. : IM-MO/SIE-AL, a. [in and musical.] Not musical ; inharmonious ; not accordant; harsh. Bacon. Brown. IM-MU-TA-BIL/LTY, n. [Fr. immhutacilité ; L. unmu- tabilitas ; in and mutabilis, mutable, from muto, to charrge. | Unchangeableness ; the quality that renders change or alteration impossible ; invarlableness. Immutabu- ity is an attribute of God. : i IM-MO’TA-BLE, a. [L. wnmutabilis 5 m and mutabilis. | Unchangeable ; invariable ; unalterable ; not capa- ble or susceptible of change. That by two immutable things, in which it was im God to lie, we might have strong consolation. — IM-MU’TA-BLE-NESS, 2. Unchangeableness ; 1- mutability. IM-MO/TA-BLY, adv. invariably ; in a manner } yssible for Teb. vi. ; Unchangeably ; unalterably ; that admits of no change. oyle. SH; £H as in THIS. B79) ee pe TE TI TT EA ET OS ~ See eae era ee on as ne sca- IM-MO/TATE, a. IMP [L. immutatus.] Unchanged. : Lee. IM-MU-TA’/TION, 7. [L. immutatio.] Change; alteration. More. IM-MUTE’, v. t. To change or alter. Salkeld. IMP, zn. ne imp, a shoot or cion; Sw. ymp, Dan. id ympe, 1 : l. Ason; offspring; progeny. [ Obs.] Vhe tender imp was weaned, Fuirfoz. A Jad of life, an imp of fame. Shak, 9, A subaltern or puny devil. Hooker. Milton. [<< Iarp, an addition to a bee- hive ; also, one length of hair twisted, as forming part of a fishing- line.” J. T. Brockett, Glossary of North Country Words, 2d edit. p. 164. — FE. H. B. IMP, v. t. [W. impiav, G. impfen, Sw. ympa, Sax. im- pan, Dan. ymper, to ingraft ; D. ent, a graft ; enten, to at . To graft. Chaucer. 5 To lengthen ; to extend or enlarge by something inserted or added ; a term originally use d by falcon- ers, who repair a hawk’s wing by adding feathers. Imp out our SN country’s broken wings. Shak. The false north displays é Her broken league to tmp her serpent wings. Milton. This verb is, I believe, used only in poetri.] In falconry, ‘to imp a feather in a hawk’s wing, is to add a new piece to a mutilated stump, from the Sax. ampan., to ingraft. Spenser. ] IM-PA'€A-BLE, a. [L. mand paco, to appease. ] Not to be appeased or quieted. Spenser. IM-PA’€A-BLY, adv. In a manner not admitting of being appeased. IM-PACT’, v. t. pango, to drive.] To drive close; to press or drive firmly together. Woodward. IM/PAET, n. Touch; impression. Darwin. 2. In mechanics, the single instantaneous blow or stroke communicated from one body in motion to another either in motion or at rest. Barlow. IM-PA€T/ED, pp. Driven hard; made close by driy- ing. Woodward. IM-PA€T/ING, zzr. Driving or pressing close. IM-PAINT’, v. 1” To paint; to adorn with colors. Shak. IM-PAINT/’ED, pp. Ornamented with colors. IM PAINT/ING, ppr. Adorning with colors. IM-PAIR!, v. t. (Fr. empirer ; Sp. empeorar ; Port. em- pewrar, from peior, worse, Sp. peor, Fr. pire, from L. pejor.| 1. 'o make worse ; to diminish in quantity, or excellence. [L. impactus, from impingo ; in and value, An estate is impaired by extravagance or neglect. The profligate zmpairs his estate and his reputation. Inmprudence wnpairs a man’s usefulness. 2. To lessen in power; to weaken ; to enfeeble. The constitution is ¢mpaired by intemperance, by in- firmity, and by age. ‘The force of evidence may be impaired by the suspicion of interest in the witness. IM- PAIR, 0.1% To be lessened or worn out. [Little used. | Spenser. IM/ PAIR, a, {, wpar, unequal.] 1. Unsuitable. { Obs.) Shak. 2. In crystallography, a term applied, by Haiiy, to crystals whose sides and summits have not the same number of faces. [ Disused.] IM-PAIR’, m. Diminution ; decrease ; injury. IM-PAIR/MENT, [Not used.] Town. IM-PAIR'ED, pp. ora. Diminished ; injured; weak- ened. IM-PAIR’ER,x He or that which impairs. Warburton. IM-PAIR’ING, ppr. Making worse; lessening ; injur- ing; enfeebling. Tae) 2 BLE, a. Unpalatable. [Little wsed.] IM- FAM Bl, 0. te (L: in and palus, a pole, a stake.] To ix on a stake ; to put to death by fixing on = upright, sharp stake. -[See Empace,] 2. To inclose with stakes, posts, or palisades. 3. In heraldry, to join two coats of arms pale-wise. Encyc. IM-PALE/MENT,n. The act of inclosing or surround- ng with stakes. [ Rare. } Milton. 2. A punishment formerly used by the Turks and other nations, which consisted in thrusting a stake through the fundament into the body, and thus leay- ing the victim to a lingering death. Brande. 3. In heraldry, the division of a shield pale-wise, IM-PAL/LID, v. t. To make pallid or pale. [ot in use. | Feltham. IM-PALM!, (im-pam’,) v. t. [L. in and palma, the hand.} To grasp; to take inthe hand. J, Barlow. IM-PAL-PA-BIL/I-TY, n. ‘The quality of not being palpable or perceptible by the touch. Jortin. IM-PAL/PA-BLE, a. ee from L. in and palpo, to feel. See Parpare. 1. Not to be felt; that can not be perceived by the touch; as, an impalpable powder, whose parts are so minute that they can not be distinguished by the senses, particularly by feeling. Encyc. Not coarse or gross, Warton. By IM-PAL’PA-BLY, adv. Ina manner not to be felt. IMP IM-PAL’SLED, (- pol’zid, ) pp. IM-PAL'SY, (- “pol! ze,) v.t. [in and palsy.] To strike with palsy ; to paraly ze; to deaden. IM-PAL'SY- ING, ppr. Affecting with palsy. IM’/PA-NATE, a. [L.in and pants, bread.] Embodied in bread. IM’/PA-NATE, v. t. Struck with palsy. Cranmer. To embody with bread. Waterland. IM/PA-NA-TED, pp. Embodied in bread. IM!/PA-NA-T ING , ppr- Embodying in bread. IM-PA-N A/TION, n. The supposed real presence and union of Christ’ 5 material body and blood with the substance of bread, in the euchiarist. Rupert of Duytz, in the twelfth century, proposed this modi- fication of the doctrine of transubstantiation. He supposed the Messiah assumes the bread in the eu- charist, just as he assumed buman nature at his in- carnation, i. e., by a union of the two natures, with- out any change of either. Luther’s doctrine of con- substantiation was understood, by both Papists and the Reformed, to be the same with umpanation. Murdock. IM-PAN’NEL, v. t. [in and panel.] ‘To write or enter the names of a jury in a list, or on a piece of parch- ment, called a panel; to form, complete, or enroll a list of jurors in a court of justice. IM-PAN/NEL-ED, pp. Having the names a panel ; formed, as a jury. IM-PAN’/NEL-ING, ppr. Writing the names on a pan- el; forming, as a jury. IM-PAR/A-DISE, v.t. [It. mmparadisare; in and para- dise. te put in a place of supreme felicity ; to make per- fectly happy. IM-PAR‘A-DIS-ED, pp. Placed ina condition resem- bling that of paradise ; made perfectly happy. IM-PAR!A-DIS-ING, ppr. Making perfectly happy. IM-PAR/AL-LEL-ED, a.. Unparalleled. [ot used.] Burnet. IM-PAR-A-SYL-LAB/I€, a. [L. in, par, and syillaba.] Not consisting of an equal number of syllables, An imparasyllabic noun is one which has not the same number of syllables in all the cases; as, lapis, lapidis ; mens, mentis. Bryant. IM-PAR/DON-A-BLE, a Unpardonable, South. IM-PAR/I-TY,n. [inand parity; L. par, equal.] 1. Inequality ; disproportion. Bacon. 2. Oddness ; indivisibility into equal parts. Brown. 3. Difference of degree, rank, or excellence. Saner oft. entered in IM-PARK’, {in and park.] To inclose for a park ; to make 2 epark by inclosure ; to sever from a com- mon. Johnson. IM-PARK’ED, (im-parkt’,) pp. IM-PARK/ING, ppr. IM-PARL/, v. 2. to speak. | To hold mutual discourse ; appropriately, in law, to have license to settle a lawsuit amicably ; to have de- lay for mutual adjustment. Blackstone. IM-PARL‘ANCE, 2. Properly, leave for mutual dis- course ; appropriately, in law, the license or privilege of a defendant, granted on motion, to have delay of trial, to see if he can settle the matter amicably by talking with the plaintiff, and thus to determine what answer he shall make to the plaintiff's action. Hence, 2. The continuance of a cause till another day, or from day to day. Blackstone. IM-PAR-SON-EBE!, a. A parson imparsonee, is © parson presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession. Blackstone. IM-PART’, v. t. [L. tmpertior; in and partio, to di- vide ; from pars, a part.] 1. To give, grant, or communicate; to bestow on another ashare or portion of some thing; ; as, to impart a portion of provisions to the poor. 2. In a wider sense, simply to bestow on another to grant; to give; to confer; as, to impart honor or favor. 3. To communicate the knowledge of something ; to make known ; to show by words or tokens. Confined in a park. Inclosing in a park. [ Norm. emperler; in and Fr. parler, Gentle 1: uy, When first I did impart my love to you. Shak. IM-PART/ANCE, n. Sommuncatign of ashare ; grant. IM-PART-A/TION, The act of imparting or con- ferring. [Not mee used. ] Chauncey. IM- PART/ED, pp. or a. Communicated; granted ; conferred, IM-PART/ER, m. One that imparts. IM-PAR/TIAL, (im-par/shal,) a. [in and partial, from part, L. pars.) . Not partial; not» biased in favor of one party more than another; indifferent ; unprejudiced ; dis- interested ; as, an impartial judge or arbitrator. 2. Not favoring one party more than another ; equi- table; just; as, an impartial judgment or decision ; an impartial opinion, IM: pA ale IST’, nx. One who is impartial. [Little oyle. IM PA Ek. TIAL/I-TY, (im-par-shal/e-ty,) n. Indiffer- ence of opinion or judgment ; freedom from bias in favor of one side or party more than another ; disin- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 580 IMP terestedness. Impartiality is indispensable to an up- right judge. 2, Equitableness ; justice ; as, the impartiality of a decision. IM-PAR/TIAL-LY, adv. Without bias of judgment ; without prejudice ; ; without inclination to favor one party or side more than another; equitably ; justly. IM-PART-I-BIL’/LTY, n. The quality of not being subject to partition. 2. The quality of being capable of being commu- nicated. IM-PART’I-BLE, a. [Sp. impartible; mand partible.] I. Not partible or subject to partition ; as, an im- partible estate. lackstone. (from umpart.| That may be imparted, con- ferred, bestowed, or communicated. Digby. IM-PART’ING, ppr. Communicating ; granting; be- stowing. IM-PART’MENT, 7x. The act of imparting ; the com- munication of knowledge ; disclosure. Shak. IM-PASS A-BLE, a. [in ‘and passable. See Pass.] That can not be passed ; not adinitting a passage ; as, an. impassable road, mountain, or gulf, Milton. Temple. IM-PASS/A-BLE-NESS, zn. The state of being im- passable, IM-PASS/A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree that prevents passing, or the power of passing. IM-PAS-SLBIL'I-TY, )n. [from tmpassible.} Ex- IM-PAS/SI-BLE-NESS, § emption from pain or suf- fering ; insusceptibility of injury from external things. ryden. IM-PAS/SI-BLE, a. [Fr. ampassible; Sp. impasible; L. impassibilis, from passus, patior, to suifer. ] Incapable of pain, passion, or suffering ; ot be affected with pain or uneasiness, is destitute of sensation is impassible. that can Whatever Though naked and impassible, depart. Dryden. IM-PAS/SION, (im-pash/un,) v. t. [in and passion.] To move or affect strongly with passion. IM-PAS'SION-A-BLE, a. Easily excited to anger ; susceptible of strong emotion. IM-PAS/SION-ATE, v. t. To affect powerfully. More. IM-PAS/SION-ATE, a. Strongly affected. 2. Without passion or feeling. IM-PAS’SION-ED, (-pash/und,) a. Burton. Actuated or agi- tated by passion. The tempter, all impassioned, thus began. Milton. 2. Animated; excited; having the feelings warmed ; as, an impassioned orator. 3. Animated ; expressive of passion or ardor; as, an impassioned discourse. IM-PAS’SIVE, a. [L. i and passus, patior, to suffer. ] Not suse eptible of pain or suffering; as, the m- passive air ; impassive ice. Dryden. Pope. IM-PAS’/SIVE- LY, adv. or suffering. IM-PAS/SIVE-NESS, n. The state of being insuscep- tiblé of pain. Mountaru. IM-PAS- SIV/L TY,n. The quality of being insuscep- tible of feeling, pain, or suffering. Pausanias. Trans. IM-PAS-T A/T ION, % [in and paste.} A union or mixture of different substances by means of cements which are capable of resisting the action of fire or air. Brande, IM-PASTE’, v. t. [Fr. empater; in and pate, paste. ] 1, To knead; to make into paste. 2. In painting, to lay on colors thick and bold. IM-PAST’ED, pp. or a. Concreted, as into paste. Shak. or with thick Without sensibility to pain 2. Pasted over paint. IM-PAST’ING, ppr. Making into paste. IM-PAT/I-BLE, a. [L. wnpatibilis, | Intolerable ; that can not be borne. IM-PA’TIENCE, n. [Fr.; L. impatientia, from impa- tiens; in and patior, to suffer.]} Uneasiness under pain or suffering; the not en- during pain with composure ; restlessness occasioned by suffering positive evil, or the absence of expected good. Impatience is not rage, nor absolute inability to bear pain ; but it implies want of fortitude, or of its exercise. It usually springs from irritability of tem- IM-PA‘TIENT,a_ [L. impatiens.} { per. J. Uneasy or fretful under suffering ; not bearing pain with composure ; not enduring evil without fret- fulness, uneasiness, and a desiré’ or effort to get rid of the evil. Young men are impatient of restraint. We are all apt to be impatient under wrongs ; but it is a Christian duty not to be dpatient in sickness, or under rany afflictive dispensation of Providence. 2. Not suffering quietly ; not enduring. Fame, impatient of extremes, decays Not more by envy than excess of praise. ; covered with paste, Pope. 3. Hasty ; eager; not enduring delay. The iinpa- tient man will not wail for information ; he often acts with precipitance. Be not impatient for the re- turn of spring. 4. Not to be borne; as; impatient smart. Spenser. This word is followed by of, at, for, or under. We are impatient of restraint, or of wrongs ; wnpatient at the delay of expected good ; ; impatient for the return of a friend, or for the arrival of the mail ; inpatientIMP IMP IMP under evils of any kind. The proper use of these particles can be learnt only by practice or observa- tion. IM-PA/TIENT, nx. One who is restless under suffer- ing. [ Unusual. IM-Pa!’TIENT-LY, adv. With uneasiness or restless- ness ; as, to bear disappointment impatiently. 2. With eager desire causing uneasiness; as, to Wait impatiently for the arrival of one’s friend. 3. Passionately ; ardently. Clarendon. IM-PAT-RON-I-ZA/TION, n. Absolute seignory or possession. Cotgrave. IM-PAT/RON-IZE, v. t. [Fr. impatroniser.] To gain to one’s self the power of any seignory. Bacon. IM-PAWN’, v. t. [in and pawn.] To pawn; to pledge; to deposit as security. Shak. IM-PAWN/ED, pp. Pledged. IM-PAWN'ING, ppr. Pledging. IM-P&ACH!, v. t. [Fr. empécher; Arm. ampeich, am- pechein; Port. and Sp. empachar; It. impacciare; to hinder, to stop. It signifies also, in Portuguese, to surfeit, to overload, to glut. It belongs to the family of pack; L. pango, pactus ; Ar. SG bakka, to press or compress. Class Bg, No. 18, 20,61. The literal sense of impeach is, to thrust, or send against ; hence, to hinder, to stop. J. To hinder; to impede. our early writers. These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land. Davies. A defluxion on my throat impeached my itterance. Howell, { This application of the word is cbsolete. } 2. To accuse; to charge with a crime or misde- meanor; but appropriately, to exhibit charges of mal- administration against a public officer before a compe- tent tribunal, that is, to send or puton, toload. The word is now restricted fo accusations made by au- thority ; as, to wnpeach a judge. [See Impracu- MENT. | 3. To charge with impropriety ; to call in question ; as, to impeach one’s motives or conduct. 4. To call to account; to charge as answerable. IM-PEACH’, n. Hinderance. [ Obs.] Shak. IM-PEACH/’A-BLE, a. Liable to accusation ; charge- able with a crime ; accusable ; censurable. 2. Liable to be called in question ; accountable. Owners of lands in fee-simple are not impeachable for waste. Z. Sui This sense is found in IM-PEACH/ED, (im-peecht’,) pp. Hindered. [Obs.] 2. Accused; charged with a crime, misdemeanor, or wrong; censured. The first donee in tail may commit waste without being im- peached. Z. Swift. IM-PEACH’ER, m. An accuser by authority; one who calls in question. IM-PEACH/ING, ppr. Hindering. [Obs.] 2, Accusing by authority ; calling in question the purity or rectitude of conduct or motives. IM-PEACH/MENT, n. Hinderance; impediment ; stop; obstruction. [ Obs.] Spenser. Shak. 2, An accusation or charge brought against a pub- lic officer for maladministration in his office. In Great Britain, it is the privilege or right of the house of commons to impeach, and the right of the house of lords to try and determine impeachments. In the United States, it is the right of the house of repre- sentatives to impeach, and of the senate to try and determine impeachments. In Great Britain, the house of peers, and in the United States, the sen- ate of the United States, and the senates in the sevy- eyal states, are the high courts of impeachment. 3. The act of impeaching. 4. Censure; accusation; a calling in question the purity of motives or the rectitude of conduct, &c. This declaration is me impeachment of his motives or of his judgment, 5. The act of calling to account, as for waste. 6. The state of being liable to account, as for waste. IM-PEARL/, (im-perl’,) v.t. [im and pearl.] To form in the resemblance of pearls. Dew-drops which the sun Impearls on every leaf, and every flower. Milton. 2. To decorate with pearls, or with things resem- bling pearls. ‘Phe dews of the morning impearl every thorn. Dighy. IM-PEARL/ED, pp. Formed in the resemblance of pearls. IM-PEARL/ING, pp. Forming in the resemblance of pearls ; decorating with pearls. IM-PE€-€A-BIL/LTY, ) 7. [See Impeccasve.] The IM-PE€/€AN-CY, quality of not being liable to sin ; exemption from sin, error, or offense. Pope. IM-PE€/€A-BLE, a. [Sp. impecable; Fr. impeccable ; in mn Sp. pecable, Fr. peccable, from L. pecco, to err, to sin. Not liable to sin; not subject to sin; exempt from the possibility of sinning. No mere man is impecca- IM-PEDE’, v. t. IM-PED/ED, pp. (Sp. impedir; It. impedire; lL. impe- dio; supposed to be compounded of iz and pedes, feet, to catch or entangle the feet. ] To hinder ; to stop in progress; to obstruct ; as, to impede the progress of troops. Hindered ; stopped ; obstructed. IM-PE’DLI-BLE, a. That may be impeded. IM-PED/I-MENT, n, [L. zmpedimentum. 1. That which hinders progress or motion; hin- derance ; obstruction; obstacle; applicable to every subject, physical or moral, Bad roads are impediments in marching and traveling. Idleness and dissipation are impediments to improvement. The cares of life are impediments to the progress of vital religion. 2. That which prevents distinct articulation ; as, an impediment in speech. IM-PED/I-MENT, v.t. To impede. [Vot in use.] p. Reynolds, Windering ; obstructing. Mountagu. IM-PED/ING, ppr. Hindering ; stopping ; obstructing. IM/PE-DITE, a. Hindered. Taylor. IM/PE-DITE, v. t. Toimpede. [Jot in use.] IM-PE-DI//TION, (-pe-dish’/un,) n. A hindering, Baxter. IM-PED/I-TIVE, a. Causing hinderance. Sanderson. IM-PEL!, v. t. [Sp. impeler ; It. impellere; Li. tmpello ; in and pello, to drive. ] To drive or urge forward ; to press on; to excite to action, or to move forward, by the application of physical force, or moral suasion, or necessity. ball is impelled by the force of powder ; a ship is 7m- pelled by wind; a man may bewmpelled by hunger or a regard to his safety ; motives of policy or of safety impel nations to confederate. IM-PBED-L-MENT'AL, a. Pope. The surge impelled me on a craggy coast. Pope. And several men impel to several ends. IM-PEL'LED, (im-peld’,) pp. Driven forward ; urged on ; moved by any force or power, physical or moral. IM-PEL/LENT, a. Having the quality of impelling. IM-PEL’/LENT, x. A power or force that drives for- ward ; motive or impulsive power, Glanville. IM-PEL/LER, z. He or that which impels. IM-PEL‘LING, ppr, or a. Driving forward; urging; pressing. IM-PEN’, v. t. [in and pen.] To pen; to shut or in- close in a narrow place. reltham. IM-PEND’/, v. i [L. anpendeo; in and pendeo, to hang. | 1. T'o hang over ; to be suspended above ; to threat- en. A dark cloud impends over the land. Destruction sure o’er all your heads impends, 9. To be near; to be approaching and ready to fall on. It expresses our deep sense of God’s impending wrath, Smatridge. Pope. Pope. Nor bear advices of impending foes. IM-PEND’/ENCE, )n. The state of hanging over; IM-PEND/EN-CY, near approach ; a menacing at- titude. Hammond. IM-PEND/ENT, a. Hanging over ; imminent ; threat- ening ; pressing closely ; as, an impendent evil. Hale. IM-PEND/ING, ppr. ora. Hanging over; approach- ing near ; threatening. IM-PEN-E-TRA-BIL/L-TY, n. [from impenetrable.) The quality of being impenetrable. 2, In natural philosophy, that quality of matter by which it excludes all other matter from the space it occupies. Olmsted. 3. Insusceptibility of intellectual impression. Johnson. IM-PEN’I-TENT-LY, adv. IM-PEN/NATE, a. or 2. IM-PEN/NED, pp. IM-PEN/NING, ppr-. IM-PEN’NOUS, a. [inand pennous. IM-PEO/’PLE, (im-pee’pl,) 2. t. IM-PEO'’PLED, pp. IM-PEO/PLING, ppr. IM/PE-RANT, a. IM-PEN/I-TENT, n. One who does not repent; a hardened sinner. Without repentance or contrition for sin; obdurately. {[Li. tm and penna.] A term applied to swimming birds, as penguins, character- | ized by short wings covered with feathers resem- bling scales. Brande. Inclosed in a narrow place. Inclosing in a narrow place. Having no wings. o form into a com- See PEopve.|} Beaum. & Fl. Formed into a community. Forming into a community. [L. impero.] munity. Commanding. Baxter. IM/PE-RATE, a. [L. imperatus, impero, to command.) Done by impulse or direction of the mind. fiver used. | South. Hale. IM-PER/A-TIVE, a: [Fr. imperatif; L. wmperativus, from impero, to command. See Emrrre.] I. Commanding ; authoritative ; expressive of command ; containing positive command, as distin- guished from Apvisory, or Discretionary. The or- ders are imperative. 2. In grammar, the imperative mode of a verb is that which expresses command, entreaty, advice, or exhortation; as, 70, write, attend. IM-PER/A-TIVE-LY, adv. With command; author- itatively. IM-PER-A-TO/RI-AL, a. Commanding. [ot in use.] IM-PER-CEIV/A-BLE, a. Imperceptible. [Vorris. IM-PER-CEIV/A-BLE-NESS, 7. Imperceptibleness. IM-PER-CEP/TI-BLE, a. [Fr.; in and perceptible.] 1. Not to be perceived ; not to be known or discov- ered by the senses. We say a thing is imperceptible to the touch, to the eye or sight, to the ear, to the taste, or smell. Hence, 2. Very small; fine; minute in dimensions; or very slow in motion or progress ; as, the growth ofa plant or animal is imperceptible; it is too slow to be perceived by the eye. IM-PER-CEP’TI-BLE, n. That which can not be perceived by the senses on account of its smallness. ane used, Tatler. IM-PER-CEP’TIBLE-NESS, } 2. The quality of bemg IM-PER-CEP-TEBIL/I-TY, $ imperceptible, Hale. IM-PER-CEP’TI-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be perceived. Addison. IM-PER-CIP'I-ENT, a. Not perceiving or not having Baxter. power to perceive. IM-PER-DI-BIL/LTY, n. ing imperdible. IM-PER/DI-BLE, a. mate word. | IM-PER/FECT, a. [L. imperfectus; in and perfectus, finished, perfect ; perficio, to perfect ; per and facto, to make. ]} : 1. Not finished ; not complete. The work or design is imperfect. 9. Defective ; not entire, sound, or whole; want- ing a part; impaired. ‘The writings of Livy are um- perfect. 3. Not perfect in intellect ; liable to err; as, men are imperfect ; our minds and understandings are tm- perfect. : 4, Not perfect in a moral view ; not according to the laws of God, or the rules of right. Our services and obedience are unperfect. 5. In grammar, the imperfect tense denotes an ac- tion in time past, then present, but not finished, The state or quality of be- Not destructible. [Vot a legiti- IM-PEN’E-TRA-BLE, a. [L. impenetrabilis; in and penetrabilis, from penetra, to penetrate. ] 1. That can not be penetrated or pierced ; not ad- mitting the passage of other bodies; as, an impene- trable shield. 2. Not to be affected or moved ; not admitting im- pressions on the mind. The hardened sinner re- mains impenetrable to the admonitions of the gospel. 3. Not to be entered by the sight; as impenetrable darkness. Hence, 4, Not to be entered and viewed by the eye of the intellect ; as, impenetrable obscurity or abstruseness. IM-PEN’/E-TRA-BLE-NESS, 2. Impenetrability, which see. IM-PEN’/E-CRA-BLY, adv. With solidity that admits not of being penetrated. as, impenetrably dull. ope. IM-PEN'I-TENCE, | 2 IM-PEN/I-TEN-CY, and penitens, from peniteo, to repent, pana, pain. } heart. itable punishment, He will advance from one degree of impenitence to another. Ogers. IM-PEN/I-TENT, a. [Fr.; in and penitent, supra. obdurate ; of a hard heart. 2, With hardness that admits not of impression ; P [F'r. impenitence ; Sp. umpen- itencia; It. tmpenitenza; Li. ir Want of penitence or repentance ; absence of con- trition or sorrow for sin; obduracy ; hardness of Final impenitence dooms the sinner to iney- Not penitent ; not repenting of sin; not contrite; 6. In music, incomplete : not having all the acces- sary sounds ; as, an imperfect chord. An imperfect interval, is one which does not contain its complement of simple sounds. Busby. 7. In botany, wanting either stamens or pistils, as a flower. Imperfect number ; one which is not equal to the sum of its aliquot parts or divisors, [See Perrect.] IM-PER-FE€’TION, n. [Fr., from L. imperfectio, SU- ra. r i | petact': fault; the want of a part or of some- thing necessary to complete a thing ; equally applica- ble to physical or moral subjects. When fruit fails to come to maturity, and after it begins to decay, we denominate the defect an imperfection. Laws some- times fail of the intended effect, either from their im- perfection, or from the imperfection of the administra- tion. Men are all chargeable with imperfections, both in character and in conduct. 2. In book-binding, a sheet or signature wanting to complete a book. : IM-PER/FE€T-LY, adv. In an imperfect manner or degree ; not fully ; not entirely ; not completely ; not in the best manner; not without fault or failure. _ IM-PER'/FE€T-NESS, n. The state of being imperfect. IM-PER/FO-RA-BLE, a. [Infra.] That can not be perforated or bored through. : f IM-PER/FO-RATE, a. [L. in and Bei i oro. | p jerced ; havin 2 . Not perforated or pierced; h g ae ed. Brown. T0-RA- Not perforat IM-PER/FO-RA-TED, @. ot p Sa Jt Barks They died Milton. ble. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Impenitent. 2, Having no pores. Q — — i=] a — ies | = ta i. =| 5 | 3 ye ._ — TM ae Oe i : t } d f — iy aa eae ee vit aenmemelt ae| LMP ——————"———"——:,~—— z IM-PER-FO-RA/TION, x. The state of being not per- torated, or Without any aperture, a ’ IM-PE/RLAL, a. [Fr., from L. imperzalis, from zwnpe- ro, to command. See Emrrror.) 1. Pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as, an imperial government; an imperial diadem ; wnpe- rial authority or edict; imperial power or sway. 2, Royal; belonging to a monarch ; as, an imperial palace ; imperial arts. : Dryden. 3. Pertaining to royalty ; denoting sovereignty. 4. Commanding ; maintaining supremacy ; as, the imperial democracy of Athens. _ Mitford. Imperial chamber ; the sovereign court of the Ger- man empire. ae _ Encye. Imperial city ; a city Mm Germany having no head but the emperor. Taerial diet ; an assembly of all the states of the German empire. ; Encyc. IM-PE/RI-AL, n. In architecture, a kind of dome, which, viewed in profile, 1s pointed toward the top, and wadens as it descends, as in Moorish buildings. Elimes. 9. A tuft of hair on a man’s lower lip. IM-P&/RI-AL-IST, n. One who belongs to an empe- ror; a subject or soldier of an emperor. The denom- ination imperialists is often given to the troops or armies of the emperor of Germany. [ti-PE-RI-AL/I-TY, x. Imperial power. 2, The right of an emperor to a share of the prod- uce of mines, &c. The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished her imperialities on the private mines, viz. the tenths of the copper, iron, silyer, and gold. Tooke. IM-PE/RI-AL-IZ-ED, a. Made imperial or belonging Fidler. to an emperor. IM-P&/RI-AL-LY, adv. In an imperial manner. IM-Pi/RLAL-TY, 2. Imperial power. Sheldon. IM-PER/IL, v.t. [inand peril.] To bring into dan- ger. Spenser. IM-PER/IL-ED, pp. Brought into danger. IM-PER/IL-ING, ppr. Bringing into danger. IM-PE/RL-OUS, a. [L. imperiosus; It. and Sp. tmpert- oso; Fr. impericux. See IMPERtAL. | 1. Commanding ; dictatorial; haughty ; arrogant; overbearing ; domineering ; as, an impertous tyrant; an imperious dictator ; an imperious man ; an imperi- ous temper. More. Shak. 2, Commanding ; indicating an imperious temper ; authoritative ; as, imperious words. Locke. 3. Powerful ; overbearing ; not to be opposed by obstacles ; as, a man of a vast and imperious mind. Tillotson. 4. Commanding ; urgent ; pressing; as, imperious love ; imperious circumstances ; imperious appetite. Dryden. S, S. Smith. 5. Authoritative; commanding with rightful au- thority. The commandment high and impertous in its claims. D. A. Clarke. IM-P/RI-OUS-LY, adv. With arrogance of command; With a haughty air of authority ; in a domineering manner. South. 2. With urgency or force not to be opposed, IM-PE/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Authority ; air of command. South. 2. Arrogance of command ; haughtiness. Imperiousness and severity is an ill way of treating men who ave reason to guide them. ocke. PERSE ELE, a, [Fr. imperissable; in and per- is/t, Not subject to decay ; not liable to perish; inde- structible ; enduring permanently ; as, an imperisha- ble monument ; wnperishable renown. Elegant dis- courses on virtue—will not supply the consolations of imperishable hope. {M-PER/ISH-A-BLE-NESS, n. imperishable. IM-PER/ISH-A-BLY, adv. decay. IM-PE'R-EOM IN IM-PE'RI-O, [L.] Government Within a government. IM-PER’MA-NE@NCE, n. Want of permanence or continued duration. W, Mountagu. IM-PER/MA-NENT, a. [in and permanent.) Not per- manent ; not enduring. Gregory. IM-PER-ME-A-BIL'J-TY, n. The quality in bodies of not permitting a fluid to pass through them. Cavallo. Asiat. Res. IM-PER/ME-A-BLE, a. [L. in and permeo; pea meo, to pass.]} A term applied to bodies which do not permit fluids to pass through them. India-rubber is impermeable to water ; bladder is impermeable to air. Olmsted. IM-PER!ME-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being imper- meable. IM-PER!ME-A-BLY, adv. In an impermeable man- ner. IM-PER-SERUD'TA-BLE, a. That can not be searched out. IM-PER-SERU/TA-BLE-NESS, n. State of not being capable of scrutiny. zs IM-PER/SON-AL, a. [Fr. impersonnel ; 1. impersona- lis; i and personalis, from persona, See PEerson.]} The quality of being So as not to be liable to FATE, FAR, FALL, IMP In grammar, an impersonal verb is one which js not employed with the first and second persons, 7 and thou or you, we and ye, for nominatives, and which has no Variation of ending to express them, but is used only with the termination of the third person singular, with it for a nominative in English, and without a nominative in Latin; as, it rains; it be- comes us to be modest; L. tedet ; libet; pugnatur. IM-PER-SON-AL/I-TY, x. Want or indistinctness of personality. Draper. IM-PER/SON-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an im- personal verb. IM-PER/SON-ATE, v. t. To invest with personality or the bodily substance of a living being. 2. To ascribe the qualities of a person; to person- ify. Warton. IM-PER/SON-A-TED, pp. or a. Made persons of. See PeRSONATED. Warton. it PERSONA TION , m. Embodiment, or state of being invested with personality. 2. The act of personifying, or representing things without life as persons. West. Rev. IM-PER-SPIL€0/I-TY, n. Want of perspicuity or clearness to the mind, IM-PER-SPI€/U-OUS, a. [in and perspicuous.] Not perspicuous ; not clear ; obscure. Bailey. IM-PER-SUA‘SI-BLE, a. [L. in and persuasibilis. See Persuave.] Not to be moved by persuasion; not yielding to arguments, Decay of Piety. IM-PER’/TI-NENCE, )} x. [Fr. wmpertinence, from L. IM-PER/TI-NEN-CY, impertinens ; i and perti- nens, pertineo, to pertain ; per and teneo, to hold.} J. That which is not pertinent; that which does not belong to the subject in hand; that which is of no weight. Bacon. 2. The state of not being pertinent. 3. Folly ; rambling thought. [Zittle used.] Shak. 4. Rudeness ; improper intrusion ; interference by word or conduct which is not consistent with the age or station of the person. [ This ts the most usual sense.] We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of Estar Swift. 5. A trifle; a thing of little or no value. There are many subtile impertinences learnt in schools, IM-PER/TLI-NENT, a. [L. impertinens, supra. ] 1. Not pertaining to the matter in hand; of no weight ; having no bearing on the subject; as, an impertinent remark. Tooker. Tullotson. 2. Rude; intrusive; meddling with that which does not belong to the person; as, an wmpertinent coxcomb. 3. Trifling ; foolish ; negligent of the present pur- pose. Pope. IM-PER’/TI-NENT, 7. An intruder; a meddler; one who interferes in what does not belong to him. > Estrange. Without relation to the Watts. IM-PER/TI-NENT-LY, ado. matter in hand. 2, Officiously ; intrusively ; rudely. Addison. IM-PER-TRAN-SI-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of not being capable of being passed through. Hale. IM-PER-TRAN’/SI-BLE, a. [L. in and pertranseo; per and transeo, to pass over or through; trans and eo, to go.] Not to be passed through. [Little used.] IM-PER-TURB/A-BLE, a. [L. in and perturbo, to disturb ; per and turbo.] That can not be disturbed oragitated ; permanently uiet. Encyc. IM-PER-TUR-BA/TION, n. Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness. W. Mountagu. IM-PER-TURB/ED, a. Undisturbed. [Volt in use.] Bailey. IM-PER/VI-A-BLE, a. Impervious. IM-PER!/VI-A-BLE-NESS, ) x. Imperviousness. IM-PER-VI-A-BIL/L-TY, Ed. Rev. IM-PER/VI-OUS, a. [L. impervius ; % and pervius, passable ; per and via, way. 1: Not to be penetrated or passed through ; impen- etrable ; as, an impervious gulf ; an impervious forest. 2. Not penetrable ; not to be pierced by a pointed instrument ; as, an impervious shield. 3. Not penetrable by light ; not permeable to fluids. Glass is pervious to light, but impervious to water. Paper is impervious to light. In the lattersense only, impervious is synonymous with wnpermeable, IM-PER/VI-OUS-LY, adv. Im a manner to prevent passage or penetration. IM-PER/VI-OUS-NESS, 7. ting a passage. IM-PES/TER, v. t. To vex; totease. [Wot used.] IM-PE-TIG/IN-OUS, a. [L. impetigo, a ringworm.] Of the nature of impetigo. IM-PE-Ti’/GO, n. [L.] A cutaneous eruption con- sisting of clustering pustules which are yellow and itching, and terminate in a yellow, scaly crust, inter- sected with cracks, Good. IM/PE-TRA-BLE, a. [See Imrerrare.] That may be obtained by petition. IM/PE-TRATE, v. t. [L. impetro.] The state of not admit- To obtain by request or entreaty. Usher. IMP IM-PE-TRA/TION,z. The act of obtaining by prayer or petition. Herbert 2. In law, the pre-obtaining of benefices from the church of Kome, which belonged to the disposal of the king and other lay patrons of the realm. Encyc. IM’/PE-TRA-TIVE, a, Obtaining ; tending to obtain by entreaty. Bp. Hall. IM/PE-TRA-TO-RY, a. Beseeching ; containing en- treaty. Taylor. IM-PET-U-OS/I-TY, n. [See Imrsetuovus.] A rush- ing with violence and great force; fury ; violence. 2. Vehemence ; furiousness of temper. IM-PET’U-OUS, a. [Fr. impetueux; L. impetuosus, from impetus, wmpeto; in and peto, to urge, to rush. See Bip. 1. Rushing with great force and violence; moving rapidly; furious; forcible; fierce; raging; as, an impetuous Wind ; an impetuous torrent. 2. Vehement of mind ; fierce ; hasty ; passionate ; violent ; as, a man of impetuous temper. IM-PET/U-OUS-LY, adv. Violently ; fiercely ; forci- bly ; with haste and force. Addison, IM-PET’/U-OUS-NESS, 2. A driving or rushing with baste and violence ; furjousness ; fury; violence. 2. Vehemence of temper ; violence. IM’PE-TUS, zm. [L. supra.] Force of motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled. 2. The force with which one body in motion strikes anotber. 3. In sunnery, the altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece. Brande. IM-PI€’/TUR-ED, a. Painted; impressed. Spenser. IM/PIER. See Umpire. IM-PIERCE’, v. t. To pierce through ; to penetrate. Drayton. IM-P[ERCE/A-BLE, (im-peers/a-bl,) a. [in and pierce. ] Not to be pierced or penetrated. Spenser. IM-PIERC’ED, (im-peerst’,) pp. Pierced through. IM-PIERC/ING, ppr. Piercing through. IM-PV/E-TY, x. [Fr. impicté; L. impietas; in and pietas, prus. | 1. Ungodliness ; irreverence toward the Supreme Being ; contempt of the divine character and author- ity ; neglect of the divine precepts. ‘These con- stitute different degrees of wnpiely. 2. Any act of wickedness, as blasphemy and scoff- ing at the Supreme Being, or at his authority ; pro- faneness. Any expression of contempt for God or his laws, constitutes an impiety of the highest degree of criminality. Disobedience to the divine com- mands, or neglect of duty, implies contempt for his authority, and is therefore impiety. Impiety, when jt expresses the temper or disposition, has no plural ; but it is otherwise when it expresses an act of wick- edness, for all such acts are impteties. IM-PIG/NO-RATE, v.t. To pledge or pawn. [Wot im Use. IM Pig. NO-RA/TION, n. The act of pawning. [Vot mM Use. IM-PINGE’, (im-pinj’,) v. % [L. impingo; mm and pango, to strike. See Pacx.] To fall against; to strike; to dash against; to clash upon. The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies. Yewton. IM-PINGE/MENT, 7. Act of impinging. D. Clinton. IM-PING/ING, ppr. Striking against. IM-PIN’GUATE, (-ping/gwate,) v. t pinguis, fat.] To fatten ; to make fat. [WVotinuse.] Bacon. IM/PI-OUS, a. [L. impius; in and pius, pious.] 1. Irreverent toward the Supreme Being ; wanting in veneration for God and his authority ; irreligious ; profane. The scoffer at God and his authority is impious. The profane swearer is impious. When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. 2. Irreverent toward God; proceeding from or manifesting a contempt for the Supreme Being ; tending to dishonor God or his laws, and bring them into contempt; as, an impious deed; impious lan- guage ; impious writings. IM’PI-OUS-LY, adv. With irreverence for God, or contempt for his authority ; profanely ; wickedly. IM/PI-OUS-NESS, n. Impiety; contempt of God and his laws. IMP/ISH, a. Having the qualities of an imp. IM-PLA-€A-BIL'I-TY, n. [from implacable.] The IM-PLA‘/€A-BLE-NESS, quality of not being ap- peasable; inexorableness ; irreconcilable enmity or anger. IM-PLA/€A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. implacabilis; in and placabilis, from placo, to appease, | 1. Not to be appeased ; that can not be pacified and rendered peaceable; inexorable; stubborn or constant in enmity ; as, an implacable prince. 2. Not to be appeased or subdued; as, implacable anger ; implacable enmity, malice, or revenge. IM-PLA’€A-BLY, adv. With enmity not to be paci- fied or subdued; inexorably ; as, to hate a person implacably. [L. im andIMP IMP IM-PLANT’, v.% [in and plant, L. planto.] To set, plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth; as, to implant the seeds of virtue, or the principles of Knowledge in the minds of youth; to zmplant grace in the heart. [Jt is now seldom or never used in its literal sense for setting plants or seeds in the earth. | IM-PLANT-A/TION, n. The act of setting or infix- ing in the mind or heart, as principles or first rudi- ® ments. Brown. IM-PLANT’ED, pp. or a. Set; infixed in the mind, as principles or rudiments. IM-PLANT’ING, ppr. Setting or infixing in the mind, as principles. IM-PLAU-SI-BIL/I-TY, n. [from implausible.] The quality of not being plausible or specious. IM-PLAU/SI-BLE, a. [in and plausible.] Not spe- cious; not wearing the appearance of truth or cred- ibility, and not likely to be believed; as, an implau- sible harangue. Swift. IM-PLAU/SI-BLE-NESS, nz. State of not being plau- sible. IM-PLAU/SI-BLY, adv. probability. IM-PLEACH’, v. t. [in and pleach.] To interweave. [et in use.) Shak. IM-PLEAD’, v. t. [in and plead.] To institute and prosecute a suit against one in court; to sue at Jaw. The corporation shall have power to plead and be unpleaded, Let them implead one another. — Acts xix. IM-PLEAD/ED, pp. Prosecuted; sued; subject to answer to a suit im court. IM-PLEAD/ER, 7. One who prosecutes another. IM-PLEAD/ING, ppr. Prosecuting a suit. IM-PLEAS/ING, a. Unpleasing. [JVot in use.] IM-PLEDGE’, (im-plej’,) v. t To pawn. [Vet used.] IM-PLEDG/ED, a. Pledged; pawned. IM/PLE-MENT, n. [Low L. implementum, from im- pleo, to fill; in and pleo.| Whatever may supply wants; particularly applied to tools, utensils, vessels, instruments; the tools or instruments of labor; the vessels used in a kitchen, &c.; as, the implements of trade or of husbandry. It is a word of very extensive signification. | IM/PLE-MENT-ING, a. Furnishing with implements. Ed. Rev. IM-PLE/TION, x. [L. impleo, to fill; in and pleo.] The act of filling ; the state of being full. The impletion is either in simple or compound flowers. The impletion of simple flowers is by the increase either of the petals or of the nectary. Lee. IM’/PLEX, a. [L. implexus. See Impricate.] Infolded ; intricate; entangled; complicated. Every poem is simple or implez; it is called simple, when there is no change of fortune in it; impler, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad. Spectator, IM-PLEX/ION, (im-plek/shun,) x. [See Impricare.] The act of infolding or involving ; the state of being involved; involution. [Little used.] Dict. IM/PLI-CATE, v. t. [Fr. impliquer ; It. implicare ; L. implico, implicatus ; in and plico, to fold; Gr. tAexw, W. plycu.) 1. To infold ; to involve ; to entangle. [Seldom used in its literal sense.) 9. To involve; to bring into connection with ; also, to show or prove to be connected or concerned ; as, the evidence does not implicate the accused per- son in this conspiracy. LM/PLL-€A-TED, pp. Infolded; involved. 2, Involved ; connected ; concerned ; proved to be concerned orto have had a part. ‘Twenty persons are implicated in the plot. IM'PLI-CA-LING, ppr. concerned. IM-PLL€A'TION, n. [L. implicatio, supra.] 1, The act of infolding or involving. 2. Involution ; entanglement. Three principal causes of firmness are, the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of the component parts. Boyle. 3. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed ; a tacit inference, or something fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words. The doctors are, by implication, ofa different opinion. Ayliffe. IM/PLI-€A-TIVE, a. Having implication. IM’/PLI-€A-TIVE-LY, adv. By implication. Buck. IM-PLIC'IT, (im-plis/it,) a. [L. implicitus, from in- Bite. 1. Infolded ; entangled ; complicated. In his woolly fleece I cling implicit. [Little used.] Pope. 2. Implied ; tacitly comprised ; fairly to be under- stood, though not expressed in words; as, an implicit contract or agreement. 3. Resting on another; trusting to the word or authority of another, without doubting or reserve, or without examining into the truth of the thing itself. Thus we give implicit credit or confidence to the declarations of a person of Known veracity ; we re- ceive with implicit faith whatever God has clearly Without an appearance of Boyle. Involving ; proving to be IM-PLIC/IT-LY, adv. By inference deducible, but not expressed in words; virtually; in reality, but not in name. He that denies the providence of God implicitly denies his existence. Bentley. 2. By connection with something else; depend- ently ; With unreserved confidence ; without doubt- Ing, or without examining evidence. We are dis- posed to believe implicitly what a man of veracity testifies Lear not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adoke them. Atterbury. IM-PLIC/IT-NESS, n. The state of being implicit ; the state of trusting without reserve. IM-PLI/ED, pp. or a. [See Imprry.] Involved ; con- tained virtually, though not expressed ; as, an implied promise. IM-PLI/ED-LY, adv. IM-PLO-RA’TION, x, By implication. Earnest supplication. Bp. Hall. IM’/PLO-RA-TOR, n. One who implores. Shak. IM-PLORE’, v. t. [Fr. implorer ; Sp. tmplorar; It. im- plorare; L. imploro; in and ploro, to cry out.]} 1. To call upon or for, in supplication ; to beseech ; to pray-earnestly ; to petition with urgency ; to en- treat ; as, to implore the forgiveness of sins; to im- plore mercy. ; Imploring all the gods that reign above, 2. To ask earnestly ; to beg. IM-PLORE’, v.27. To entreat; to beg. IM-PLORE’, x. Earnest supplication. Pope. [Not used. ] Spenser. IM-PLOR/ED, pp. Earnestly supplicated ; besought. IM-PLOR/ER, x. One who prays earnestly. IM PLOR/ING, ppr. or a. Beseeching; entreating ; praying earnestly. IM-PLOR‘ING-LY, adv. Inthe manner of entreaty. IM-PLUM/ED, )a. Waving no plumes or feathers. IM-PLUM/OUS, } Johnson. IM-PLUNGE’, (im-plunj’,) v. t To plunge; to im- merse. Fuller. IM-PLY’!, v. t. [Fr. impliquer; Sp. implicar; It. im- plicare; LL. implico; in and plico, to fold. Soe Im- PLICATE. | 1. Literally, to infold or involve; to wrap up. [ Obs.] - Spenser. 2. To involve or contain in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, when not expressed in words. Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is tm- plied. Sherlock. When o man employs a laborer to work for him, or an agent to transact business for him, the act of hiring tmplzes an obliga- tion, and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable re- ward for his services. Contracts are expressed or implied ; express contracts are those in which an agreement or prom- ise is expressed by words or in writing ; tmplied contracis are such as arise trom the presumption of law, or the justice and reason of the transaction. Blackstone. IM-PLY/ING, ppr. Involving; containing in sub- stance, or by fair inference, or by construction of law. IM-POCK’ET, v.t. To pocket. [JVot used.] IM-POIS/ON, (im-poiz/n,) v. t% [Fr. empotsonner. See Porson. ] 1. To poison ; to impregnate with poison ; to cor- rupt with poison, 2, To imbitter: to impair; as, grief impoisons the pleasures of life. 3. To kill with poison. [Rare.] Shak. IM-POIS/ON-ED, pp. Poisoned; corrupted; imbit- tered. IM-POIS’ ON-ING, ppr. Poisoning; corrupting ; im- bittering. IM-POIS/ON-MENT, n. The act of poisoning. Pope. IM-P6O’LAR-I-LY, adv. Not according to the direction of the poles. [Wot used.] Brown. IM-POL/I-CY, x. [in and policy: J Inexpedience ; unsuitableness to the end proposed ; bad policy ; de- fect of wisdom ; a word applied to private as well as public affairs. Washington. IM-PO-LITE’, a. [im and polite.] Not of polished manners; wnpolite ; uncivil; rude in manners. IM-PO-LITE/LY, adv. Uncivilly. IM-PO-LITE/NESS, n. Incivility; want of good manners. Chesterfield. IM-POL/I-TI€, a. Not wise; devising and pursuing measures adapted to injure the public interest; as, an impolitic prince or minister. 2. Unwise; adapted to injure the public interest ; as, an impolitic law, measure, or scheme. Not wise in private concerns ; pursuing meas- ures ill suited to promote private welfare ; not pru- dent. 4. Not suited to promote private interest. IM-PO-LIT/I€-AL, for Impoxitie, is obsolete. IM-PO-LIT/I€-AL-LY, adv. Without art or forecast. Not used. Bacon. mero I€-LY, adv. Not wisely; not with due forecast and prudence ; in a manner to injure public or private interest. IM-PON-DER-A-BIL'I-TY,n. Destitution of sensible revealed. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ 1s Z; CH as SH; weight. IMP | IM-PON’/DER-A-BLE, a. [im and pondlerable.] Not | having sensible weight. t! Heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, are called | imponderable substances, Brande. i IM-PON’/DER-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being im- |} ponderable. | | IM-PON’/DER-OUS, a. Not having sensible weight. | rownh, IM-PON’DER-OUS-NESS, n. State of being impon- derous. IM-PONE’, v.t. [L.] Tostake; to wager. [ Obs.] Shak. IM-POOR’, v. t. [tn and poar.] Toimpoverish. [.Vot im ust] Browiie. IM-PO-ROS/LTY,7x. [in and porosity.] Want of po- rosity ; closeness of texture; compactness that ex- cludes pores. Bacon. IM-PO/ROUS, a. Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture ; solid. rown. Ray. IM-PORT’, v. t. (Fr. importer; L. importo; in and porto, to bear. See Brar.] 1. To bring from a foreign country or jurisdiction, or from another state, into one’s own country, juris- diction, or state ; opposed to Exrort. We import teas and silks from China, wines from Spain and France, and dry goods from Great Britain. Great Britain un- ports cotton from America and India. We may say also that Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Maine, im- port flour from the Middle States. 2. To bear or convey, as signification or meaning ; to mean; to signify; to imply. We are to under- stand by a term what it clearly imports. 3. To be of weight to; to be of moment or conse- quence to; to bear on the interest of, or to havea bearing on. Her length of sickness, with what else more serious Importeth thee to know, this bears. If f endure it, what imports it you? IM/PORT, nr. That which is borne or conveyed in words ; meaning; signification; the sense which Shak. Dryden. words are intended to convey to the understanding, or which they bear in sound interpretation. Import differs from ImpLicarion in this, that the meaning of aterm, or number of words, in connection, is less ob- scurely expressed. Import depends Jess on inference, or deduction, than implication, and is also applied more frequently to a single word. In all philosophi- cal discussions, it is useful to ascertain the import of the terms employed. In the construction of laws and treaties, we are to examine carefully the import of words and phrases. 9. That which is imported or brought into a coun- try from another country or state ; generally Jn the plural. Our imports exceed our exports; the balance must be paid in specie; hence the scarcity of coin. 3. Importance ; weight; consequence. [Formerly accented on the second syllable.) Shak. Dryden. IM-PORT/A-BLE, a. That may be imported. 2. Insupportable; not to be endured. [ Obs.] Spenser. IM-PORT/ANCE, zn. [Fr.; Sp. tmportancia; It. im- portanza ; from ay 1. Weight ; consequence ; a bearing on some in- terest ; that quality of any thing by which it may af- fect a measure, interest, or result. The education of youth is of great importance to a free government. A religious education is of infinite importance to every human being. 2. Weight or consequence in the scale of being. Thy own importance know, Nor bound thy narrow views to things below. Pope. 3. ‘Weight or consequence in self-estimation. He believes himself a man of importance. 4. Thing implied ; matter; subject; importunity. [Un these senses, obsolete.) Shak IM-PORT/ANT, a. [Fr.] Literally, bearing on orto. Hence, weighty ; momentous ; of great consequence ; having a bearing on some interest, measure, or re- sult, by which good or ill may be produced. ‘Truth is important to happiness as Well as to knowledge, but none so important as religious truth. The commerce of Great Britain is important to her navy, and her navy is important to her independence. Men often forget the important end for which they were created. 2. Bearing on; forcible; driving. He fiercely at him flew, And with important outrage him assailed. Spenser. {Wot used. Shak. Weightily ; forcibly. Hammond. IM-POR-TA’TION, n. [Fr.; fromimport.) | 1. The act or practice of importing, or of bringing from another country or state ; opposed to Exrorta tion. Nations forbid the importation of commodities which aré produced or manufactured in sufficient abundance at home. ‘ 9. The wares or commodities imported. The tm- portations, this season, exceed those of the last. 8. Conveyance. IM-PORT’ED, pp. or a. try or state. He that imports; the merchant 3. Importunate. IM-PORT’ANT-LY, adv. Brought from another coun- IM-PORT’ER, 7. FH as in THIS. pee EE hTERT - a 583 sage A OS PTE TOOT CACTI SOARS a \ oa neenieeaad vrwesy rat sareadlaane Fay "Riper snake 7— C6 eS eS IMP IMP IMP who, by himself or his agent, brings goods from an- other country or state. IM-PORT/ING, ppr- or a. x £0 one’s own country or state from a foreig state Fe : ; 2. Bearing, asa signification ; meaning. 3. [laving weight or consequence. IM-PORT’LESS, @ Of no weight or Co eee Not used.) ; Shak. IM-PORT!/U-NA-CY, 7. The act of importuning ; importunateness. IM-PORT!U-NATE, @. TUNE-] : cfs : 1. Bearing on ; pressing or urging 1n request or de- mand ; urgent and pertinacious i solicitation ; as, an inportunate suitor or petitioner. 9. Pressing ; urgent; as, an importunate demand. 3. Inciting urgently for gratification ; as, importu- mate passions and appetites. IM-PORT'U-NATE-LY, adv. with pressing solicitation. IM-PORT/U-NATE-NESS, n. solicitation. IM-PORT/U-NA-TOR, 2. Bringing goods, &c., into n or distant [L. importunus. See Imror- With urgent request ; Urgent and pressing Digby. One that importunes. [JVot in use. | : Sandys. IM-POR-TUNE’, v. t. [Fr. importuner ; Sp. importunar ; It. importunare; from L. wmportunus ; in and porto, to bear on.] a To request with urgency; to press with solicita- tion ; to urge with frequent or unceasing application. Their ministers and residents here have perpetually impor tuned the court with unreasonable demands. Surft. IM-POR-TUNE’, a. [L. importunus. cented on the second syllable. ] 1. Pressing in request; urgent; troublesome by frequent demands ; vexatious ; unreasonable. Spenser. Bacon. 2. Unseasonable. Milton. [This word is obsolete; being superseded by Im- PORTUNATE, unless perhaps in poetry. ] IM-POR-TUN’ED, pp. Requested with urgency. IM-POR-TOUNE’LY, adv. With urgent solicitation ; Formerly ac- incessantly ; continually ; troublesomely. [ Obs.] Spenser. 9. Unseasonably ; improperly. [ Obs.] Sanderson. [M-POR-TUN/ER, n. One who urges with earnest- ness. IM-POR-TUN’ING, ppr. IM-POR-TO/NLTY, xn. nitas. | Pressing solicitation ; urgent request ; application for a claim or favor, which is urged with trouble- some frequency or pertinacity. Men are sometimes overcome by the importunity of their wives or children. IM-PORT’U-OUS, a. - [L. importuosus ; inand portus.] Without a port, haven, or harbor. IM-POS’A-BLE, a. That may be imposed or laid on. Hammond. IM-POS/A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being imposable. IM-POSE!, v. t. [Fr. imposer ; Li. impositum, from im- pono; inand pono, to put. Pono, as written, belongs to Class Bn; and posui, positum, to Class Bs or Bd. The latter coincides with Eng. put. But n and smay be convertible. } I. To lay on; to set on; to lay on, as a burden, tax, toll, duty, or penalty. The legislature imposes taxes for the support of government ; toll is tmposed on passengers to maintain roads, and penalties are imposed on those who violate the laws. God im- poses no burdens on men which they are unable to bear. Soliciting with urgency. [I'r. tmportunité ; L. wmportu- On impious realms and barbarous kings impose Thy plagues. Pope. 2, To place over by authority or by force. The Romans often imposed rapacious governors on their colonies and conquered countries. . Vo lay on, as a command ; to enjoin, as a duty. Thou on the deep tmposest nobler laws. Waller. Impose but your commands. Dryden. Pauls used.| Brown. the ceremony of ordina- 4. To fix on; to impute. 5. To lay on, as hands in tion, or of confirmation. 6. To obtrude fallaciously. Our poet thinks not fit To impose upon you what he writes for wit. Dryden. 7. Among printers, to put the pages on the stone and fit on the chase, and thus prepare the form for the press. To impose on ; to deceive ; to mislead by a trick or false pretense; vulgarly, to put upon. We are liable to be imposed on by others, and sometimes we impose on ourselves. IM-POSE/, x. Command; injunction. [JVot used.] Shak. IM-POS/ED, (im-pozd’/,) pp. Laid on, as a tax, bur- den, duty, or penalty ; enjoined. Imposed on; deceived. IM-POS/ING, ppr_ Laying on; enjoining; deceiving. 2. a. Commanding ; adapted to impress forcibly ; as, an imposing air Or Manner. Large and imposing editices, imbosomed in the groves of some rich valley. Bishop Hobart. IM-POS/ING, n. Among printers, the act of putting the pages of a sheet in proper order on the imposing- stone, and preparing them to be printed. Brande, IM-POS/ING-LY, adv, In an imposing manner. IM-POS'ING-STONE, xn. Among printers, the stone on which the pages or columns of types are imposed or made Into forms. IM-PO-SI//TION, (im-po-zisb/un,) n. impositio. See IMpose.] 1. In a general sense, the act of laying on. 2. The act of laying on hands in the ceremony of ordination, when the bishop in the Episcopal church, and the ministers in most other churches, place their hands on the head of the person whoin they are erdaining, while one prays for a blessing on his labors. The same ceremony is used in other cases. 3. The act of setting on or affixing to ; as, the wn- position of names. Boyle. 4, That which is imposed; a tax, toll, duty, or excise, laid by authority. Tyrants oppress their sub- jects with grievous inpositions. 5. Injunction, as of a Jaw or duty. 6. Constraint ; oppression ; burden. [Fr., from L. Milton. Letit not be made, contrary to its own nature, the occasion of strife, a narrow spirit, and unreasonable impositions on the mind and practice. Watts 7. Deception ; imposture. Being acquainted with his hand, I had no reason to suspect an unposilion, Sinollett. 8. A supernumerary exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. England. [‘‘ Every pecuniary mulet whatever on young men in statu pupillari, should be abolished; the proper punishment is employing their minds in some useful imposition.”? Enormous Expense of Education in Cam- bridge. ‘‘V,iterary tasks called wmpositions, or frequent compulsive attendances on tedious and unimproving exercises in a college hall.” 7. Warton, Minor Po- ems of Milton, p. 422.— E. H. B.] IM-POS-SI-BIL/I-TY, n. [from impossible.] That which can not be; the state of being not possible to exist. Thata thing should be and not be at the same time, is an impossibility. 2. Impracticability ; the state or quality of being not feasible or possible to be done. That a man by his own strength should lift a ship of the line, is to him an impossibility, as the means are inadequate to the end. [See ImposstBie.] IM-POS/SI-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. impossibilis; in and possibilis, from possum, to be able. ] 1. That can not be. It is impossible that two and two should make five, or that a circle and a square should be the same thing, or that a thing should be and not be at the same time. 2. Impracticable ; not feasible; that can not be done. With men this is impossible ; but with God all things are possi ble. — Matt. xix. Without faith it is imposstble to please God. — Heb. xi. There are two kinds of impossibilities, physical and moral. That is a physical impossibility, which is con- trary tothe law of nature. A thing is said to be morally impossible, when in itself it is possible, but attended with difficulties or circumstances which give it the appearance of being impossible. [See PossiBLE, PracTicaBLe, and IMpRACTICABLE. | Encyc. Impossible quantity. See Imacrnary. IM’POST, xn. [Sp. and It. imposta; Fr. impét, for im- post; L. impositum, impono.] 1. Any tax or tribute imposed by authority ; partic- ularly, a duty or tax laid by government on goods imported, and paid or secured by the importer at the time of importation. Jmposts are also called cus- toms. 2. In architecture, that part of a pillar in vaults and arches on which the weight of the building rests ; or the capital of a pillar or cornice which crowns the pier and supports the first stone or part of an arch. Ainsworth. Ash. IM-POS'THU-MATE, (im-pos/tu-mate,) v. t. [See ImpostHuME.}] To form an abscess; to gather; to collect pus or purulent matter in any part of an ani- mal body. Arbuthnot. IM-POS/THU-MATE, v.t. To affect with an impos- thume or abscess. Oe ae Ee pp. Affected with an impos- thume, IM-POS/THU-MA/TING, ppr. Forming into an ab- scess, IM-POS-THU-MA/TION, n. The act of forming an abscess ; also, an abscess ; an imposthume, Core. Bacon. IM-POS'/THUME, (im-pos/time,) x. a corruption of apostem, L. apostema, Gr. amngrnpa, from apcornut, to separate, to withdraw, or to stand [This word is An abscess; a collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body. Encyc. [This word and its derivatives, being mere corrup- tions, might well be suffered to pass into oblivion.] IM-POS’THUME, v.%. The same as ImpostTHUMATE. IM-POS’/TOR, xn. [Fr. imposteur; Sp.and Port. impos- tor; It. impostore; from Low L. twnpostor, from im- pono. See Impose.) One who imposes on others; a person who as- deceiver under a false character. It seems to be yet unsettled whether Perkin Warbeck was an impostor. A religious impostor may be one who assumes the character of a preacher without authority ; or one who falsely pretends to an extraordinary commission from Heaven, and terrifies people with denuncia- tions of Judgments. Encye. IM-POS’TUR-AGE, z. [Not in use.] Bp. Taylor. [Fr., from L. wnpostura. See Imposition. IM-POS’/TURE, n. IMPoseE, Deception practiced under a false or assumed character; fraud or imposition practiced by a false pretender. Form new legends, And fill the world with follies and impostures, IM-POS'TUR-ED, a. Having the nature of imposture. Beaum. & Fl. [ot used. ] Beaum. & Fl. IM/PO-TENCE, [L. impotentia ; in and potentia, IM/PO-TEN-CY, from potens, from the root of L. possum, posse, Which consists of the elements Pd or Pt. See Power.] 1. Want of strength or power, animal or intellec- tual; weakness ; feebleness ; inability ; imbecility ; defect of power, natural or adventitious, to perform any thing. Some were poor by the impotency of nature; as young fatherless children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples. Hayward. The impotence of exercising animal motion attends fevers. Arbutinot. 2, Moral inability ; the want of power or inclina- tion to resist or overcome habits and natural propen- sities. 3. Inability to beget. 4, Ungovernable passion; a Latin signification. [ee used. | Milton. IM’PO-TENT, a. [Fr., from L. impotens.] 1. Weak; feeble ; wanting strength or power ; un- able by nature, or disabled by disease or accident, to perform any act. J know thou wast not slow to hear, Nor tpotent to save. Addison. 2, Wanting the power of propagation, as males. 3. Wanting the power of restraint ; not having the command over; as, impotent of tongue. Dryden. IM/PO-TENT, x. One who is feeble, infirm, or lan- guishing under disease. Shak. IM/PO-TENT-LY, adv. Weakly; without power over the passions. a IM-POUND’, v.t. [in and pound. See Pounp.] 1. To put, shut, or confine, in a pound or close pen; as, to impound unruly or stray horses, cat- tle, &c. 2. To confine; to restrain with limits. IM-POUND’/ED, pp. Confined in a pound. IM-POUND’/ER, 7. One who impounds the beasts of another. IM-POUND/ING, ppr. straining. IM-POV’/ER-ISH, v. t [Fr. appauvrir, appauvrissant, from pauvre, poor; It. mpoverire. See Poor.] J. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indi- gence. Idleness and vice are sure to tmpoverish in- dividuals and families. 2. To exhaust strength, richness, or fertility; as, to impoverish land by frequent cropping. IM-PO V/ER-ISH-ED, (im-pov’/er-isht,) pp. or a. duced to poverty ; exhausted. IM-POV/ER-ISH-ER,n. One who makes others poor. 2. That which impairs fertility. IM-POV/ER-ISH-ING, ppr. Making poor; exhausting. IM-POV'ER-ISH-ING, a. Tending or fitted to reduce to poverty, or to exhaust of fertility. White crops are impoverishing to land. IM-POV’ER-ISH-LY, adv. So as to impoverish. IM-POV/ER-ISH-MENT, n. Depauperation; a re- ducing to indigence ; exhaustion ; drain of wealth, richness, or fertility. IM-POW’ER. See Emrowenr. IM-PRA€-TI-€A-BIL'I-TY, [See Impracti- IM-PRA€/TI-€A-BLE-NESS, CABLE. | 1. The state or quality of being beyond human power, or the means proposed ; infeasibility. 2. Untractableness ; stubbornness. Burnet. IM-PRA€/TL€A-BLE, a. [in and practicable; Fr. impracticable. See Pracrice.] 1. That can not be done or performed ; infeasible ; not to be effected by human means, or by the means proposed. It is impracticable for a man to lift a tun by his unassisted strength; but not impracticable for Irene. IM-POS/TUR-OUS, a. Deceitful. Tl. Bacon. Confining in a pound; re- Re- Ne {M-POSE/MENT, x. Imposition. [Bad.] Moore. IM-POS'ER, m. One who lays on; one who enjoins. The imposers of these oaths might repent, Walton. off ; uo and (arnt, to stand.]} aman aided by a mechanica power. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— sumes a character for the purpose of deception ; aj}IMP IMP 9. Untractable; unmanageable; stubborn; as, a fierce, impracticable nature. Rowe. 3. That can not be passed or traveled; as, an im- racticable road ; a colloquial sense. IM-PRA€’TI-€A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree that hinders practice. Morality not impracticably rigid. Johnson. IM’PRE-CATE, v. t. [L. imprecor; in and precor, to pray. See Pray.] To invoke, us an evil on any one; to pray that a curse or calamity may fall on one’s self or on another person. IM'PRE-€A-TED, pp. IM’PRE-€A-TING, ppr. or another. IM-PRE-€A/TION, n. [L. imprecatio.] The act of imprecating, or invoking evil on any one; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on any one ; a curse. IM/PRE-€4-1'0-RY, a. Containing a prayer for evil to befall a person. IM-PRE-CIS/ION, x. [in and precision.] Want of precision or exactness ; defect of accuracy. T'aylor. IM-PREGN’, (im-preen’,) v. t. [It. inpregnare; Fr. impregner; L. in and pregnans. See PREGNANT.] To impregnate; to infuse the seed of young, or other prolific principle. {Used in poetry. See In- PREGNATE. Milton. Thomson. IM-PREG'NA-BLE, a. [Fr. imprenable.]} 1. Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; that can not be reduced by force ; able to resist attack ; as, an impregnable fortress. ©. Not to be moved, impressed, or shaken ; invin- cible. The man’s affection remains wholly unconcerned and impregna- ble. South. IM-PREG/NA-BLY, adv. In a manner to resist pene- tration or assault ; in a manner to defy force; as, a place impregnably fortified. Sandys. [IM-PREG/NATE, v. t. [It. impregnare; Fr. impregner ; Sp. impregnar. See PREGNANT. |] 1. To infuse the principle of conception; to make pregnant, as a female animal. 9. To deposit the fecundating dust of a flower on the pistils of a plant; to render prolific. 3. To infuse particles of one thing into another; to communicate the virtues of one thing to another, as in pharmacy, by mixture, digestion, &c. IM-PREG/NATE, a. Impregnated; rendered prolific or fruitful. IM-PREG/NA-TED, pp. ora Made pregnant or pro- lific ; fecundated; filled with something by mix- ture, &c. IM-PREG'/NA-TING, ppr. Infusing seed or pollen ; rendering pregnant ; fructifying ; fecundating ; niling by infusion or mixture. [M-PREG-NA’/TION, n. [Fr.] The act of fecun- dating and rendering fruitful; applied to animals or plants. 9. The communication of the particles or virtues of one thing to another. 3. That with which any thing is impregnated. Derham. 4. Saturation. Ainsioorth. IM-PRE-JOU'DI-CATE, a. [L. in, pre, and judico.) Not prejudged ; unprejudiced ; not prepossessed ; impartial [Jot used.] Brown. IM-PREP-A-RA/TION, n. [in and preparation. ] Want of preparation; unpreparedness ; unreadi- ness, [Little used.) Hooker. IM-PRE-SERIP-TI-BIL/L-TY, xn. [Fr. imprescriptibi- lité, from imprescriptible. } The state of being independent of prescription ; the state which renders a thing not liable to be lost or impaired by the prescription of another, or by one’s own non-user. Vattel, Trans. IM-PRE-SERIP/TI-BLE, a. [Fr., from prescriptible, from L. prescribo ; pre and scribo, to write. } That can not be lest or impaired by non-user, or by the claims of another founded on prescription. Rights of mere ability which a man a use or not at pleasure, without any person’s having a right to prescribe to me on that subject, are tmprescriptible. Vattel, Trans, The rights of navigation, fishing, and othera that may be exer cised on the sea, belonging to the right of mere ability, ure imprescriptble. Vattel. IM-PRESS’, v. t.. [L. zmpressum, from imprimo ; in and premo, to press.] 1. To imprint; to stamp; to make a mark or fig- ure on any thing by pressure; as, to impress coin with the figure of a man’s head, or with that of an ox or sheep ; to impress a figure on wax or clay. 2. To print, as books. 3. To mark; to indent. 4, To fix deep; as, to impress truth on the mind, or facts on the memory. ence, to convict of sin. 5. Tio compel to enter into public service, as sea- men; to seize and take into service by compulsion, as nurses in sickness. In this sense, we use press or impress indifferently. 6. To seize ; totake for public service ; as, to zm- press provisions. Marshall. IM/PRESS, nm. A mark or indentation, made by Invoked on one, as some evil. Calling for evil on one’s self IM-PRESS’-GANG, x. 2. The figure or image of any thing made by pres- sure ; stamp ; likeness. 3. Mark of distinction ; stamp; character. God leaves us this general impress or character on the works of creation, that they were very good. South. 4. Device; motto. T'o describe emblazoned shields, Impresses quaint. Milton. 5. The act of compelling to enter into public ser- vice. [See Press.] Shak. A party of men with an offi- cer, employed to impress seamen for ships of war. ce Press-Gana. ] IM-PRESS/ED, (im-prest’,) pp. or a. Imprinted ; stamped ; marked hy pressure; compelled to enter public service ; seized for public use ; fixed in the mind; made sensible ; convinced. IM-PRESS-LBIL/L-TY, n. The quality of being im- pressible. IM-PRESS/I-BLE, a. That may be impressed ; that yields to an impression; that may receive lnpres- sions. Solid bodies are not easily unpressible. 2, That may be impressed ; that may have its fig- ure stamped on another body. IM-PRESS’I-BLY, adv. In a manner to make im- pression. IM-PRESS'ING, ppr. Imprinting; stamping ; fixing in the mind ; compelling into service. IM-PRES/SION, (-presh’un,) x. [Fr. ; L. impressio.] 1. The act of impressing, as one body on another ; as, a figure made by impression. 2. Mark ; indentation; stamp made by pressure ; as, a seal makes an impression on Wax. 3. The effect which objects produce on the mind. Thus we say, the truths of the gospel make an im- pression on the mind; they make no impression, or a deep and lasting impression. The heart is impressed with love or gratitude. We lie open to the impres- sions of flattery. 4, Image in the mind ; idea. 5, Sensible effect. The artillery made no impres- sion on the fort. The attack made no impression on the enemy. 6. A single edition of a book ; the books printed at once; as, a copy of the last impression. ‘The whole impression of the work was sold in a month. 7. Slight, indistinct remembrance. I have an im- pression that the fact was stated to me, but I can not clearly recollect it. IM-PRES/SION-A-BLE, a. Susceptible of impression ; that can be impressed. IM-PRESS/IVE, a. Making or tending to make an impression ; having the power of affecting, or of ex- citing attention and feeling ; adapted to touch sensl- bility or the conscience; as, an wnpressive discourse ; an impressive scene. 2. Capable of being impressed ; susceptible. Spenser. IM-FRESS/IVE-LY, adv. Inamanner to touch sen- sibility or to awaken conscience; in a manner to produce a powerful effect on the mind. IM-PRESS/IVE-NESS, n. The quality of being im- pressive. IM-PRESS’MENT, xn. The act of impressing men into public service ; as, the impressment of seamen. 2. The act of compelling into any service ; as, the impressment of nurses to attend the sick. 3. The act of seizing for public use; as, the un- pressment of provisions for the army. Marshall, IM-PRESS/URE, n. The mark made by pressure ; in- dentation ; dent; impression. Shak. IM/PREST, n. [It. imprestare.] A kind of earnest-money ; loan; money ad- vanced. Burke. IM-PREST’, v. t. To advance on loan. IM-PREV/A-LENCE, n. Incapability of preva E IM-PRI-MA’TUR, n. [L., let it be printed.] A li- cense ta print a book, &c. IM-PRIM/ER-Y, n. [Fr. imprimerie.] A print; impression; a printing-house ; printing. [Mot in use.} IM-PRI/MIS, adv. [L. imprimis, for in primis.] In the first place ; first in order. IM’/PRINT, n. The name of the publisher of a book, newspaper, &c., with the place and time of publi- cation, inserted in the first page. IM-PRINT’, v. t. [It. imprimere; Sp. amprimir; Fr. imprimer ; L. imprimo ; in and premo, to press. See Print. | 1. To impress ; to mark by pressure ; as, a charac- ter or device imprinted on wax or cloth, 9. To stamp letters and words on paper by means of types, to print. i 3. To fix on the mind or memory; to impress. Let your father’s admonitions and instructions be imprinted on your mind. IM-PRINT/ED, pp. fixed in the mind or memory. IM-PRINT/ING, ppr. fixing on the mind or memory. art of IM-PRIS’ ON-ED, pp. or a. IM-PRIS/ ON-ING, n. IM-PRIS! ON-ING, ppr. IM-PRIS’ON-MENT, 1. Marked by pressure ; printed ; Marking by pressure ; printing ; [Fr. empresonner; i { IMP | 1. To put into a prison; to confine ina prison or jail, or to arrest and detain in custody in any place. 2. To confine ; to shut up; to restrain from escape ; | to deprive of the liberty to move from place to place ; as, to be imprisoned in a cell. | Spenser. ryden. He imprisoned was in chains remediless, Try to imprison the resistless winds. 1-I - Confined in a prison or jai! ; restrained from escape, or from going at large. IM-PRIS! ON-ER, x. One who imprisons another. Clayton. Act of confining in prison, Shutting up in prison ; con- fining in a place. The act of putting and con- fining in prison; the act of arresting and detaining in custody. 2, Confinement in a place ; restraint of liberty to go from place to place at pleasure. Appropriately, the confinement of a criminal or debtor within the walls of a prison, or in the custody of a sheriff, &c. False imprisonment, is euy confinement of the per- son, or restraint of liberty, without Jegal or sufficient authority. The arrest gr detention of the person by an officer, without warrant, or by an illegal warrant, or by a legal warrant executed at an unlawful tine, is false imprisonment. Blackstone, IM-PROB-A-BIL/I-TY, n. [See Improsasie.] The quality of being improbable, or not likely to be true ; unlikelibood. IM-PROB/A-BLE, a. [Sp. Fr., from L. improbabilis ; iv and probabilis, from probo, to prove.] Not likely to be true; not to be expected under the circumstances of the case. It is always improbable that men will knowingly oppose their own interest ; yet the fact is possible. It is improbable that snow will fall in July, but not incredible. IM-PROB/A-BLY, adv. In a manner not likely to be true. 2. In a manner not to be approved. [Obs.] Boyle. IM/PRO-BATE, v. t. [L. improbo. To disallow ; not to approve. + not used. | Ainsworth. IM-PRO-BA/TION, x. The act of disapproving. [JVot in use. | Ainsworth. IM-PROB/L-TY, n. [L. wmnprobitas; in and probitas, from probo, to approve. ] That which is disapproved or disallowed ; want of integrity or rectitude of principle; dishonesty. A man of known improbity is always suspected, and usually despised. IM-PRO-DUC’ED, (im-pro-dist’,) a. Not produced. Ray. IM-PRO-FI’/CIENCE, (-pro-fish’ens,) n. Want of IM-PRO-FI'/CIEN-CY, (-pro-fish’en-sy,) proficien- cy. Bacon. IM-PROF’IT-A-BLE, a. Unprofitable. [Vot in use.] Elyot. IM-PRO-GRES’SIVE, a. Not progressive. IM-PRO-LIF’I€, a. Not prolific ; unfruitful. [ Obs.] Waterhouse. IM-PRO-LIF’I6-ATE, v t To impregnate; to fe- cundate. al IM-PROMP’TU, adv. or a. [L. in promptu, in readi- ness, from promptus, ready, quick. Off hand ; without previous study; as, a verse ut- tered or written wnpromptu. IM-PROMP’TU, x. A piece made off hand, at the moment, or without previous study ; an extempora- neous composition, IM-PROP/ER, a. [L. improprius; in and proprius, proper. ] J. Not proper ; not suitable ; not adapted to its end ; unfit ; as, an improper medicine for a particular dis- ease ; an improper regulation. 9. Not becoming; not decent; not suited to the character, time, or place; as, improper conduct in church ; improper behavior before superiors ; an im- proper speech. ee 3. Not according to the settled usages or principles of a language ; as, an improper word or phrase. 4, Not suited to a particular place or office ; unqual- ified ; as, he is an improper man for the office. 4 Improper fraction; a fraction whose denominator 1s not greater than its numerator. IM-PROP/ER-LY, adv. Not fitly; in a manner not suited to the end; in a u anner not suited to the com- pany, time, place, and circumstances ; unsuitably ; incongruously. ; 2 In a manner not according with established usages ; inaccurately ; ungrammatically ; as, to speak or write improperly. oo IM-PRO-PI//TIOUS, (-pro-pish’us,) 4. Not propitious ; unpropitious. Wotton. The latter is the word in use.] : IM-PRO-PGR/TION-A-BLE, a. Not proportionable. Little used.] B. Jonson. IM-PRO-POR/TION-ATE, a. Not proportionate ; not adjusted. [Little used.] _ Smith. IM-PRO/PRI-ATE, v. ¢. [L.in and proprius, proper.] 1. To appropriate to private use; to take ee NA self; as, to impropriate thanks to one’s a [Vot IM-PRIS/ON, (im-priz/n,) v. t pressure. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, and prison.] 74 , used. | os SEIS IS IS ee bo =e eee haat fe =e—S IMP a IMP IMP 9. Io place the profits of ecclesiastical property in the hands of a layman. Hook, . t. Confinement in a cage. Shelton. Confining to a cage or to narrow Quality of being be- In a degree beyond cal- [L. incalescens, incalesco ; in and calesco, caleo, to be IN-€A-LES/CENT, a. in heat. IN-€AM-ER-A/TION, 2. or arched roof. ] The act or process of uniting lands, revenues, or other rights, to the pope’s domain. Encyc. IN-€AN-DES/CENCE, n. [L. incandescens, incandes- co; in and candesco; candeo, caneo, to be white, to shine; canus, white.] A white heat ; or the glowing whiteness of a body caused by intense heat. We say, a metal is heated to incandescence. IN-€AN-DES’CENT, a. heat. IN-CANT-A/TION, x. [L. incantatio, incanto; wn and canto, to sing. ] The act of enchanting ; enchantment; the act of using certain formulas of words and ceremonies, for [in and camera, a chamber White or glowing with the purpose of raising spirits, Encyc. Bacon. IN-CANT/A-TO-RY, a. Dealing by enchantment; magical. Brown. IN-GANT/ING, a. IN-CAN/TON, ». t. canton or separate community. Enchanting. [ot used.] {in and canton.] To unite to a Addison. IN-€A-PA-BIL/I-TY, jn. [from incapable.] The IN-€A/PA-BLE-NESS,§ quality of being incapa- ble; natural incapacity or want of power; as, the incapableness of a child to comprehend logical syllo- gisms. 9. Want of legal qualifications or of legal power; as, the incapability of holding an office. IN-€A/PA-BLE, a. [Fr. in and capable.} 1. Wanting capacity sufficient; not having room sufficient to contain or hold; followed by of. We say, a vessel is wcapable of containing or holding a certain quantity of liquor; but I believe we rarely or never say, a vessel is incapable of that quantity. 2, Wanting natural power or capacity to lear, know, understand, or comprehend. _ Man is imcape- ble of comprehending the essence of the diyine Be- ing. An idiot is incapable of learning to read. 3. Not admitting ; not in a state to receive ; not susceptible of ; as, a bridge is incapable of reparation. 4, Wanting power equal to any purpose. Js not your father grown incapable Of reasonable afiairs ? Shak. See No. 2.] . Wanting moral power or disposition. He is incapable of a dishonorable act. 6. Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense ; not having the legal or constitutional qualifications. Arbuthnot. A man not thirty years of age is unqualified, and 08 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eedINC ING ; INC therefore incapable of holding the office of president of the United States , a man convicted on impeach- n:ent is disqualified, and therefore incapable of holding any office of honor or profit under the government. Incapable properly denotes a want of passive power, the power of receiving, and is applicable particularly to the mind ; unable denotes the want of active power, or power of performing, and is appli- cable to the body or mind. [See Incapacity.] IN-€A/PA-BLY, adv. In an incapable manner. IN-€A-PA/CIOUS, (-ka-pa/shus,) a. [im and capa- cious.) Not capacious; not large or spacious ; nar- row ; of small content ; as, an incapacious soul. Burnet. IN-€A-PA'/CIOUS-NESS, n. Narrowness; want of containing space. IN-€A-PAC/IL-TATE, v. t. [in and capacitate.] 1. To deprive of capacity or natural power of Jearn- ing, knowing, understanding, or performing. Old age and infirmity often incapacitate men to exercise the office of a judge. 2. To render or make incapable; as, infancy inca- pacitates a child for learning algebra. 3. To disable; to weaken; to deprive of compe- tent power or ability. This is an improper use of the word. The loss of an arm disables a soldier, but does not incapacitate him. 4. To render unfit; as, infancy incapacitates one for marriage. _5. To disqualify ; to deprive of Jegal or constitu- tional requisites ; as, conviction of a crime incapaci- tates one to be a witness. IN-€A-PAC’I-TA4-TED, pp. Rendered incapable; de- prived of capacity. IN-€A-PAC'I-TA-TING, ppr. rendering incapable. IN-€ A-PAC-I-TA/TION, zx. qualification. urke. IN-€A-PAC'I-TY, mn. [im and capacity.) Want of capacity, intellectual power, or the power of receiv- ing, containing, or understanding ; applied to the mind, and it may be natural or casual. There is a natural incapacity in children to comprehend difficult propositions in logic or metaphysics, and a natural incapacity in men to comprehend the nature of spirit- ual beings. The defect of understanding proceeding from intoxication, or from an injury done to the brain, is a casual incapacity. 2. Want of qualification or legal requisites ; ina- bility ; as, the incapacity of minors to make binding contracts. 3. Disqualification ; disability by deprivation of power; as, the incapacity of a convict to give testi- mony in a court of law. IN-GAR/CER-ATE, v. t. [L. incarcero; im and carcer, a prison, Sp. carcel, Sax. carcern, Goth. karkara, G. and D. kerker, W. carcar. Carcer seems to be allied to W. carc, Eng. cark, care; showing that the pri- mary sense is, to press or strain. } 1. To imprison ; to confine in a jail. 2. To confine ; to shut up or inclose. Harvey. IN-GAR/CER-ATE, a. Imprisoned ; confined. More. IN-€A R/CER-A-TED, pp. Imprisoned. IN-€A R/CER-A-TING, ppr. Imprisoning. IN-€A R-CER-A/TION, n. The act of imprisoning or confining ; imprisonment. IN-CARN’, v. t. [L. incarno; in and caro, carnis, Depriving of capacity ; Want of capacity ; dis- flesh. ] To cover with flesh ; to invest with flesh. Wiseman. IN-€ARN’, v.27. To breed flesh. Wiseman. IN-CARN/A-DINE, a. [Fr. incarnadin; It. imcarna- tino; L. in and caro, flesh.] Flesh-colored ; of a carnation color; pale red. Shak. IN-CARN/A-DINE, v. t. To dye red or flesh color. Little used. IN-CARN/ATE, v. t. [Fr. incarner; Sp. encarnar ; It, incarnare; L. incarno; inand caro, flesh.] To clothe with flesh ; to embody in flesh. Milton. Asiat. Res. IN-€ARN/ATE, a. Invested with flesh ; embodied in flesh ; as, the incarnate Son of God. 2. In Scotland, of a red color; flesh-colored. IN-CARN/A-TED, pp. Clothed with flesh. IN-CARN/A-TING, ppr. Investing with flesh. IN-CARN-A’TION, xn. The act of clothing with flesh. 9. The act of assuming flesh, or of taking a human body and the nature of man; as, the incarnation of the Son of God. 3. In surgery, the process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh. Encyc. IN-GCARN/A-TIVE, a. [Fr incarnatif.] Causing new flesh to grow ; healing. Encyc. IN-€ARN/A-TIVE, x. A medicine that tends to pro- mote the growth of new flesh, and assist nature in the healing of wounds. Encyc. IN-€ASE!, v. t. [tn and case.] To inclose in a case. ® To inclose; to cover or surround with some- thing solid. Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase, Pope. IN-€ASE/MENT, n. An inclosing with a casement. IN-€AS/ING, ppr. Inclosing as in a case. IN-€ASK’, v. t. To put into a cask. Sherwood, IN-€AS’/TEL-LA-TED, a. Confined or inclosed in a castle. IN-€AT-E-NA!/TION, x. The act of linking together. Goldsmith. IN-CAU/TION, x. Want of caution. Rich, Dict. IN-€AU/TIOUS,a. [inand cautious.] Not cautious ; unwary ; not circumspect ; heedless ; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend ; as, incautious youth. IN-C€AU’TIOUS-LY, adv. Unwarily; heedlessly ; without due circumspection. IN-€AU/TIOUS-NESS, n. Want of caution; unwa- riness; want of foresight. IN/€A-VA-TED, a. [L. in and cavo, to make hollow.) Made hollow ; bent round or in. IN-€A-VA/TION, xn. The act of making hollow 2. A hollow made. IN-CEND’, v. t. [L. incendo.] To inflame; to excite. [Little used.] Marston. IN-CEND/L-A-RISM, n. The act or practice.of mali- ciously setting fire to buildings. IN-CEND/I-A-RY, 7. [L. incendiarius. from incendo, to burn ; in and candeo, to shine, or be on fire. ] 1. A person who maliciously sets fire to another man’s dwelling-house, or to any out-house, being parcel of the same, as a barn or stable ; one who is guilty of arson. 2. Any person who sets fire to a building. 3. A person who excites or inflames factions, and promotes quarrels. {L. catena, a chain. Several cities of Greece drove them out as incendiaries. Bentley. Incendiaries of figure and distinction, who are the inventors and publishers of gross falsehoods, can not be regarded but with the utmost detestation. Addison. 4, He or that which excites. IN-CEND/I-A-RY, a. Pertaining to the malicious burning of a dwelling; as, an incendiary purpose. ®. Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel. IN-CEND/I-OUS, a. IN-CEND/I-OUS-LY, adv. promote contention. IN’CENSE, (in/sens,) n. [L. incensum, burnt, from incendo, to burn; It. incenso; Fr. encens.] 1. Perfume exhaled by fire; the odors of spices and gums, burnt in religious rites, or as an offering to some deity. Promoting faction or contention. acon. In a manner tending to A thick cloud of incense went up. — Ezek. viii. 2. The materials burnt for making perfumes. The incense used in the Jewish offerings was a mixture of sweet spices, stacte, onycha, galbanum, and the gum of the frankincense-tree. Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon, — Lev. x. 3. Acceptable prayers and praises. Mal. i. IN/CENSE, (in’sens,) v. t. To perfume with incense. In the Roman Catholic church, it is the deacon’s office to incense the officiating priest or prelate, and the choir. Encye. IN-CENSE’, (in-sens’,) v.t. To enkindle or inflame to violent anger; to excite angry passions ; to pro- voke ; to irritate ; to exasperate ; to heat; to fire, It expresses less than ENRAGE, Dryden. How could my pious son thy power incense ? IN-CENS’ED, (in-senst’,) pp. or a. Inflamed to vio- Jent anger; exasperated. IN-CENSE!'MENT, (in-sens/ment,) x. Violent irnta- tion of the passions; heat; exasperation. It ex- presses less than Race and Fury. Shak. IN-CENS/ING, ppr. Inflaming to anger; irritating ; exasperating. IN-CEN/SION, 2. [L. incensio, from incendo, to burn.) The act of kindling ; the state of being on fire. Bacon. IN-CENS/IVE, a. Tending to excite or provoke. Barrow. IN-CENS'OR, n. [L.] A kindler of anger; an in- flamer of the angry passions. IN-CENS/O-RY, x. The vessel in which incense is burnt and offered. Ainsworth, We generally use Censen.] IN-CEN/SUR-A-BLE, a. Not censurable. Duicht. IN-CEN/TIVE, a. [Low L. mcentivus, from incendo, to burn. ] Inciting ; encouraging or moving. Competency is the most incentive to industry. Decay of Piety. IN-CEN’TIVE, n. [Low L. incentivum.] Jigurative sense only. to good or ill; motive; spur. ancentives to action. IN-CEP’/TIVE, a. 1. That which kindles or inflames ; used now in a 9, That which moves the mind or operates on the passions ; that which incites or has a tendency to in- cite to determination or action; that which prompts The love of money, and the desire of promotion, are two most powerful IN-CEP/TION, n. [L. inceptio, from incipio, to begin ; im and capio, to take.] Beginning. Bacon. 1 hope this society will not be marked with vivacity of inception apathy of progress, and prematureness of decay. Ravle. : [L. inceptivus, from incipio, to begin.] Beginning; noting beginning; as, an inceptive proposition ; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action. A point is inceptive of a line, and a line is inceptive of a surface. IN-CEP’TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner noting begin- ning. IN-CEP/TOR, n. A beginner; one in the rudiments. Walton. IN-CER-A/TION, x. [L. incero, from cera.] The act of covering with wax. IN-CER/A-TIVE; a. Cleaving to like wax. IN-CER/TAIN, a. [in and certain.) Uncertain ; doubtful ; unsteady. Fairfar. IN-CER'TAIN-LY, adv. IN-CER/TAIN-TY, 2. IN CER/TI-TUDE, n. in and certus, certain.) Uncertainty ; doubtfulness ; doubt. IN-CES/SA-BLE, a. Unceasing; continual. [Zittle used. Shelton. IN-CES/SA-BLY, adv. Continually ; unceasingly. IN-CES/SAN-CY,n. [from incessant.] Unintermitted continuance ; unceasingness. Dwisht. IN-CES/SANT, a. [L. im and cessans, from cesso, to cease. posing. unintermitted ; uninterrapted ; contin- ual; as, incessant rains ; incessant clamors. Milton. Pope. Without ceasing ; continu- Spenser. | [Fr. inceste ; L. incestum ; in and castus, | Doubtfully Uncertainty ; doubt, Davies. [L. incertitudo, from incertus ; IN-CES/SANT-LY, adv. ally. IN’CEST, x. chaste. ] The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce be- tween persons related within the degrees whereim marriage is prohibited by the law of a country. Spiritual incest, is a like crime committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. It is also understood of a vicar or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one depending on the collation of the other. Encyc. IN-CEST’U-OUS, a. Guilty of incest; as, an incestu- ous person. 2. Involving the crime of incest ; as, an incestuous connection. IN-CEST/U-OUS-LY, adv. In an incestuous man- ner; in a manner to involve the crime of incest. IN-CEST/U-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being incestuous. Bp. Hall. INCH, n. [Sax. ince; L. uncia, the twelfth part ; Gr. ovyyta, but said to be from the Latin.) 1. A lineal measure in Great Britain and the United States, being the twelfth part of a foot, and equal to the length of three barley-corns. - 9. Proverbially, a small quantity or degree; as, to die by inches; to gain ground by iches. 3. A precise point of time. Beldame, I think we watched you at an inch, [Unusual.] Shak. INCH, v. t. To drive by inches or small degrees. [Little used.] ryden. 2. To deal out by inches ; to give sparingly. [ Lit- tle used.) Ainsworth, INCH, v.i. To advance or retire by small degrees. Johnson, [Little used.] Inched, containing inches, is added to words of number ; as, four-inched. Shak. But in America the common practice is to add only inch ; as, a seven-inch cable. ; IN-CHAM’BER, v. t. [Fr. enchambrer.] To lodge in a chamber. IN-CHAR/I-TA-BLE, a.. Uncharitable. The latter is the word used. | IN-CHAS'TLTY, n. [in and chastity.) Lewdness ; impurity ; unchastity. J. Edwards. IN-CHEST’, v. t. To put into a chest. Sherwood. IN-CHEST’ED, pp. Put into a chest. INCH/-MEAL, n. [inch and meal.} A piece an inch long. By inch-meal ; by small degrees. Shak. IN’€HO-ATE, (in/ko-ate,) v. t. (LL. inchoo. | To begin. t ritele used. | More. IN/EHO-ATE, a. Begun; commenced. It is neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate. Ralegh. IN'€HO-ATE-LY, adv. ‘In an incipient degree. IN-GHO-A/TION, n. The act of beginning; com- mencement ; inception. arts, would be The setting on foot some of those arts in those Rs oy Jooked on as the first inchoation of them. [Little eel IN-C€HO'A-TIVE, a. Noting beginning; inceptive ; as, an inchoative verb, otherwise called INCEPTIVE. INCH’PIN, x. Some part of the inwards of a deer. IN-CIDE’, v. t. [L. incido ; in and cedo, to strike.] - to separate ; as medicines. [ Obs.) mua : Quincy. Arbuthnot. [IN-GAS/ED, (in-kast’,) pp. Inclosed as in a case, sheath, or box. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; IN-CEN/TIVE-LY, adv. Incitingly ; encouragingly. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. — (at, au RP cg it a ~ eS Carlee——————— INC IN/CLDENCE, n. [lL. incidens; incido, to fall on; m and cado, to fall. } , 1. Literally, a falling on; whence, an accident or casualty. F Shak. 2. In natural philosophy, the direction in which a ray of light or heat falls on any surface. In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refrac- tions. Newton. Angle of incidence ; the angle which a ray of light, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface. Olmsted. IN/CI-DENT, a. nee 1. Literally, falling on; as, an incident ray. 9. Falling; casual ; fortuitous; coming or happen- ing occasionally, or not in the usual course of things, or not according to expectation or in connection with the main design. As the ordinary course of common aflairs is disposed of by gen- eral laws, 80 man’s rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered. ooker. A proposition introduced by who, which, whose, whom, &c., is called an incident proposition; as, Julius, whose surname was Cesar, overcame Pompey. Watts. 3. Happening; apt to happen; as, intemperate passions incident to human nature ; diseases incident to a climate ; misfortunes incident to the poor. 4. Appertaining to or following the chief or prin- cipal. A court baron is incident toa manor. Encyc. IN/CIL-DENT, n. That which falls out or takes place ; an event ; casualty. 2. That which happens aside of the main design ; an episode or subordinate action. No person, no incident in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design. Dryden. 3. In law, something necessarily appertaining to and depending on another, which is termed the prin- crpal. Brande. IN-CLDENT/AL, a. Happening as an occasional event, without regularity ; coming without design ; casual ; accidental; as, an incidental conversation ; an incidental occurrence. 2, Not necessary to the chief purpose ; occasional. By some persons, religious duties appear to be regarded as an incidental business. Rogers. IN-CI-DENT/AL, x. An incident. [Little used.] Pope. IN-CLDENT/AL-LY, adv. Casually ; without inten- tion ; accidentally. I was incidentally present when the conversation took place. 2 Beside the main design ; occasionally. I treat either purposely or incidentally of colors. IN/CI-DENT-LY, adv. [NVot used. IN-CIN/ER-ATE, v. t ashes. ] To burn to ashes. IN-CIN/ER-A-TED, pp. IN-CIN/ER-A-TING, ppr. bustion. IN-CIN-ER-A/TION, n. The act of reducing to ashes by combustion. Boyle. Encyc. IN-CIP’I-EN-CY, n. Beginning ; commencement, IN-CIP/I-ENT, a. [. incipiens, incipio ; in and capio, to take.] Beginning ; commencing ; as, the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light or day. [N-CIPI-ENT-LY, adv. In an incipient manner. IN-CIR/ELET, x. A small circle. Sidney. IN-CIR-C€UM-SERIP’/TI-BLE, a. That can not be circumscribed or limited. Cranmer. IN-CIR-CUM-SPE€'TION, n. [znand circwmspection.] Want of circumspection ; heedlessness. Brown. IN-CISE!,v.t [Fr. inciser.] To cut in; to carve ; to engrave. Carew. IN-CiS'ED, pp. or a. [L. incisus, from incido, to cut.) Cut or engraved ; made by cutting; as, an incised wound ; incised lips. iseman. IN-CISE/LY, adv. In the manner of incisions or notches. Eaton. IN-CIS/ING, ppr. Cutting in; carving. IN-CIS/ION, (in-sizh/un,) n. [Fr.; L. icisio, from meido, to cut.] 1. A cutting; the act of cutting into a substance. 2, A cut; a gash; the separation of the surface of any substance made by a sharp instrument. The surgeon with his knife makes an incision in the flesh, and the gardener in a tree; but we do not say, an meiston iS made with a plow or a spade ; at least, such phraseology is unusual, 3. Separation of viscid matter by medicines. [ Obs.] IN-CY/SIVE, a. [Fr-. tneisif.] [ Bacon. Having the quality of cutting or separating the superficial part of any thing. Incisive teeth, in animals, are the fore teeth, the cutters or incisors. IN-CI/SOR, n. [L.] A cutter; a fore tooth, which cuts, bites, or separates. IN-CI/SOR-Y, a. Having the quality of cutting. Boyle. Occasionally ; by the way. Bacon. [L. in and cinis, cineris, Bacon. Burnt to ashes. Reducing to ashes by com- IN-CIS'URE, Gn Seu ne) n. [L. mecisura,] A cut; a place opened by cutting ; an incision. INC {from incite.] That which excites action in an animal body. arin. IN-CLTA’TION, n. [L. incitatio. See Incite. 1. The act of inciting or moving to action ; incite- ment. TOWN. 9. Incitement ; incentive ; motive; that which excites to action ; that which rouses or prompts. Government of the Tongue. IN-CITE’, v. t. [L. incito; in and cite, to call, to stir up. I. To move the mind to action by persuasion or motives presented ; to stir up; to rouse ; to spur on. Antiochus, when he incifed Prussiae to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans. Bacon. IN-Ci/TANT, n. 2. To move to action by impulse or influence. No blown ambition does our arms incite. Shak. 3. ‘To animate ; to encourage. In general, Incite denotes to operate on the mind or will; Excite has the same sense, but it extends also to the passions and to material substances ; as, to excite action in the heart and arteries. IN-CIT’ED, pp. Movedtoaction; stirredup; spurred on. IN-CITE’MENT, n. That which incites the mind or moves to action ; motive; incentive ; impulse. From the long records of a distant age, Derive incitements to renew thy ruge. IN-CiT’ER, x. He or that which incites or moves to action. IN-CIT/ING, ppr. ora. Exciting toaction; stirring up. IN-CIT/ING-LY, adv. So as to excite to action. IN-CIV'IL, a. [in and civil.] Uncivil; rude; un- polite. [But Uncrvix is generally used.] IN-CIV-IL-I-ZA’/TION, n. An uncivilized state. IN-CLVIL/LTY, n. [Fr. incivilité.] 1. Want of courtesy ; rudeness of manners toward others ; impoliteness. Tillotson, 2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding; with a plural. Loud laughter and uncomely jests, in re- spectable company, are incivilities and indecencies. IN-CIV/IL-LY, adv. Uncivilly ; rudely. IN-CIV‘/ISM, n. [im and civism.] Want of civism; want of love to one’s country, or of patriotism ; un- friendliness to the state or government of which one is a citizen. Ames. IN-€LASP!,v.t. To clasp; to hold fast. Cudworth. IN-€LASP/ED, (in-klispt’) pp. Held fast. IN-CLASP/ING, ppr. Holding fast. IN‘/ELA-VA-TED, a. Set; fast fixed. IN/€LE, (ink’!,) See Inxve. IN-€LEM/EN-CY, 7. [Fr. inclemence ; L. inclementia. See CLEMENCY. |] 1. Want of clemency; want of mildness of tem- per; unmercifulness; harshness; severity ; applied to persons. 2. Roughness ; boisterousness ; storminess ; or simply raininess ; severe cold, &c.; applied to the weather, We were detained by the inclemency of the weather. ; IN-C€LEM/ENT, a. Destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe ; harsh. 2. Rough ; stormy ; boisterous ; rainy ; rigorously cold, &c.; as, inclement weather ; inclement sky. Pope. IN-C€LEM'ENT-LY, adv. In an inclement manner. IN-€LIN/A-BLE, a. [L. inclinubilis. See Incuine.] 1, Leaning; tending; as, a tower inclinable to fall. Bentley. 2. Having a propension of will; leaning in dispo- sition; somewhat disposed; as, a mind znclinable to truth. MMulton. IN-€LIN’A-BLE-NESS, x. The state of being in- clinable ; inclination. IN-€LIN-A’TION, x. INCLINE. 1. A leaning; any deviation of a body or line from an upright position, or from a parallel line, toward another body ; as, the inclination of the head in bowing. 2. In geometry, the angle made by two lines or planes, which meet, or which would meet, if pro- duced ; as, the inclination of the axis of the earth to the plane of the ecliptic is 23° 28/. 3. A leaning of the mind or will; propension or propensity ; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to another. The prince has no weclination to peace. The bachelor has manifested no inclination tomarry. Men have anatural inclination to pleasure. Pope. Dict. {Fr., from L. inclinatio. See A mere inclination to a thing is nct properly a willing of that thing. South. 4. Love; affection; regard; desire; with for. Some men have an inclination for music, others for painting. 5. Disposition of mind. Shak. 6. The dip of the magnetic needle, or its tendency to incline toward the earth; also, the angle made by the needle with the horizon. Enfield. 7. The act of decanting liquors by stooping or in- clining the vessel. UINCY. IN-€LIN/A-TO-RLLY, adv. Obliquely ; with incli- B INC Having the quality of lean- ing or inclining. Brown. IN-€LINE/, v.%. [L. inclino ; in and clino, Gr. kA, Sax. jilinian, hleonian, hlynian, Eng. to lean, G. lehnen, D. leunen, Russ. klonyu and nakloniayu, Ir. cleonaim ; Fr. incliner ; Port. and Sp. inclinar ; It. inclinare, wi- chinare, chinare. Class Ln. 1. To lean; to deviate from an erect or parallel line toward any object ; to tend. Converging lines incline toward each other. A road imeclines to the north or south. Connecticut River runs south, 2- clining, in some part of its course, to the west; and, below Middletown, it inclines to the east. 9, To lean; ina moral sense; to have a propension ; to be disposed ; to have some wish or desire. Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech. — Judges ix. IN-€LIN’A-TO-RY, a. 3. To have an appetite ; to be disposed; as, to be inclined to eat. IN-€LINE’, v. t. To cause to deviate from an erect, perpendicular, or parallel] line; to give a leaning to; as, incline the column or post to the east; incline your head to the right. 2, To give a tendency or propension to the will or affections ; to turn ; to dispose Incline our hearts to keep this law. Common Prayer. Incline my heart to thy testimonies, — Ps. cxix. 3. To bend; to cause to stoop or bow; as, to in- cline the head or the body in acts of reverence or civility. IN-€LIN/ED, pp. or a. Having aleaning or tendency ; disposed. Inclined plane, in mechanics, is a plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. It is one of the five simple mechan- ical powers. IN-€LIN/ER, x. An inclined dial. IN-€LIN/ING, ppr. Leaning; causing to lean. IN-€LIN/ING, a. Leaning. IN-€LIP!, v. t. [in and clip.] To grasp; to inclose; to surround. Shak. IN-€LIP’/PED, (in-klipt!,) pp. Grasped; inclosed. IN-€LIP’PING, ppr. Grasping; surrounding. IN-€LOIS’/TER, v. t. [in and cloister.] To shut up or confine in a cloister. [But CioisterR is generally used, IN-€LOSE’, v. t. [Fr. enclos; Sp. It. incluso } L. inclu- sus, includo ; in and claudo, or cludo.] 1. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; as, to inclose a field with a fence ; to mclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls. 2. To separate from common grounds by a fence ; as, to inclose lands. 3. To include; to shut or confine; as, to inclose trinkets in a box. 4. To environ; to encompass. 5. To cover with a wrapper or envelope ; to cover under seal ; as, to inclose a letter or a bank note. IN-€LOS/ED, pp. or a. Surrounded ; encompassed ; confined on all sides; covered and sealed ; fenced. IN-€LOS’/ER, n. He or that which incloses ; one who separates land from common grounds by a fence. IN-CLOS'ING, ppr. Surrounding ; encompassing ; shutting in; covering and confining. IN-€LOS’URE, (in-klo/zhur,) n. The act of in- closing. 2. The separation of land from common ground into distinct possessions by a fence. 3. The appropriation of things common. Taylor. 4. State of being inclosed, shut up, or encom- passed. ay. 5. That which incloses; a barrier or fence. 6. A space inclosed or fenced ; a space compre- hended within certain limits. 7. Ground inclosed or separated from common land. 8. That which is inclosed or contained in an en- velope, as a paper. ashington. IN-€LOUD’, v. t. [in and cloud.] To darken; to obscure. Shak. IN-€LOUD/ED, pp. Involved in obscurity. IN-ELOUD'ING, ppr. Darkening ; obscuring. IN-CLUDE’, v. t. [L. includo; mn and cludo, to shut up; Fr. enclorre. 1. To confine within; to hold; to contain; as, the shell of a nut includes the Kernel; a pearl is in- cluded in a shell, [But in these senses we more com- monly use IncLosE.] 2. To comprise; to comprehend ; to contain. The history of England necessarily includes a portion of that of France. The word duty includes what we owe to God, to our fellow-men, and to ourselves; it includes also a tax payable to the government. IN-€LUD/ED, pp. or a. Contained ; comprehended. IN-€LUD/'ING, ppr. Containing ; comprising. IN-€LU/SION, (in-kla/zhun,) n. [L. inclusto.] The act of including. IN-€LU'SIVE, a. [Fr. inclusif-] 1. Inclosing ; encircling. Shak. 2. Comprehended in the number or sum; as, from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday. erham. nation. TOWN IN-€LU/SIVE-LY, adv. Comprehending the thing t I FATE, FAR, FALL, WUAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — addINC mentioned as, from Monday to Saturday zclu- sively. es ts if IN-6O-ACT’ED, a, Unconstrained. IN-€0-AG'U-LA-BLE, a. [in and coagulable.] That can not be coagulated or concreted. IN-€O-ER'CI-BLE, a. [in and coercible, from coerce.] Not to be coerced or compelled; that can not be forced. Black. IN-€0-EX-IST’/ENCE, x. [in and coezistence.] A not existing together. [Not common. ]} Locke. IN-€0G!, adv. [contracted from incognito.] In con- caeiment in disguise; in a manner not to be nown. IN-€OG/I-TA-BLE, a. Unthought of. Dean King. IN-€OG'I-TANCE, )n. [L. incogitantia; in and cogi- IN-€0G/I-TAN-CY, to, to think. Want of thought, or want of the power of think- ing. Decay of Piety. IN-COG'I-TANT, a. Not thinking; thoughtless. Milton. IN-€0G/I-TANT-LY, adv. Without consideration. Boyle. IN-€OG/I-TA-TIVE, a. [in and cogitative.] 2 Not thinking ; wanting the power of thought ; as, a vege- table is an incogitative being. Locke. IN-€0G'NI-TO, a. or adv. [It] Unknown; in concealment; in a disguise. It is sometimes used as a noun, as also is incognita, in the feminine. IN-€OG/NI-ZA-BLE, (in-kog/ne-za-bl or in-kon/e- Za-bl,) a. [in and cognizable. That can not be recognized, known, or distin- guished. The Lettish race, not a primitive stock of the Slavi, but a distinct branch, now become incognizable. Tooke, IN-€O-HER/ENCE, |}. [in and coherence.] Want IN-€0-HER/EN-CY, of coherence; want of cohe- sion or adherence ; looseness or unconnected state of parts, as of a powder. Boyle. 2. Want of connection ; incongruity ; inconsisten- cy; want of agreement or dependence of one part on another; as, the incoherence of arguments, facts, or principles. 3. Inconsistency ; that which does not agree with other parts of the same thing. IN-€O-HER/ENT, a. [in and coherent.) Wanting cohesion ; loose; unconnected; not fixed to each other ; applied to material substances. Woodward. 2. Wanting coherence or agreement ; incongru- ous; inconsistent ; having no dependence of one part on another; as, the thoughts of a dreaming inan, and the language of a madman, are incoherent. [IN-€O-liER/ENT-LY, adv. Inconsistently ; without coherence of parts; as, to talk incoherently. IN-€0-LN’CI-DENCE, n. [in and corncidence.] Want of coincidence or agreement. IN-€O-IN’/CI-DENT, a. [tn and cotncident.] Not co- incident ; not agreeing in time, place, or principle. IN-€O-LU/MI-TY, n. [L. incolumitas. | Safety ; security. Howell. IN-C€OM-BIN/ING, a. Not combining or uniting; disagreeing; differing. JMilton. IN-GOM-BUST-I-BIL/LTY, xn. [from incombustible.] The quality of being incapable of being burnt or consumed. Ray. IN-€OM-BUST’I-BLE, a. [in and combustible.] Not to be burnt, decomposed, or consumed by fire. As- bestus is an incombustible substance. IN-C€OM-BUST’I-BLE-NESS, n. Incombustibility. IN-C€OM-BUST’I-BLY, adv. So as to resist combus- tion. IN/EOME, (in‘kum,) m. [im and come.] That gain which proceeds from labor, business, or property of any kind; the produce of a farm; the rent of houses ; the proceeds of professional business; the profits of commerce or of occupation ; the interest of money or stock in funds. Income is often used sy- nonymously with Revenwe, but income is more gene- rally applied to the gain of private persons, and rev- enue to that of asovereign or of a state. We speak of the annual zncome of a gentleman, and the an- nual revenue of the state. 2. A coming in; admission; introduction. [Obs.] IN‘COM-ING, (in/kum-ing,) a. Comingin. Burke. IN/€COM-ING, n. [in and come] Income; gain. Many tncomings are subject to great fluctuations, Tooke. IN COM-MEN'DAM, [Law Lat.] In England, to hold a vacant living in commendam, is to hold it by favor of the crown, till a proper pastor is provided. Blackstone. IN-COM-MEN-SU-RA-BIL’L-TY, )7n. [from incom- [N-C€OM-MEN’SU-RA-BLE-NESS, mensurable. | The quality or state of a thing, when it has no common measure with another thing, or when the same thing will not exactly measure both. IN-C€OM-MEN/SU-RA-BLE, a [itn and commensura- ble. Having no common measure. Quantities are in- commensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an BOF part of both. Encie. IN-€0 M-MEN!‘SU-RA-BLY, adv. So as not to admit of mensuration. INC IN-COM-MEN’SU-RATE, a. [in and commensurate.] Not admitting of a common measure. More. 2. Not of equal measure or extent ; not adequate. Our means are incommensurate to our wants. IN-€OM-MEN/SU-RATE-LY, adv. Not in equal or due measure or proportion. Cheyne. IN-€OM-MIS/CI-BLE, a. [ia and commiz.] That can not be commixed or mutually mixed. IN-COM-MIX’TURE, n. A state of being unmixed. IN-COM!/MO-DATE, v, t. Toincommode. [Brown. IN-€OM!/MO-DA-TED, pp. Incommoded. IN-€OM’/MO-DA-TING, ppr. Incommoding. eee MO Da TION; n State of being incommo- dated. IN-COM-MODE’, v. t. [L. incommodo; in and com- modo, con and modus. To give inconvenience to; to give trouble to; to disturb or molest in the quiet enjoyment of some- thing, or in the facility of acquisition. It denotes less than ANNoy, Vex, or Harass. We are incommoded by want of room to sit at ease Visits of strangers, at unseasonable hours, incommode a family. Often we are incommoded by a fashionable dress. IN-C€OM-MOD/ED, pp. Put to inconvenience ; mo- lested. IN-COM-MODE!/MENT, zn. [ Obs.] Cheyne. Subjecting to trouble or in- Inconvenience. IN-€OM-MOD/ING, ppr. convenience. IN-€OM-MO’DI-OUS, a. [L. incommodus.] Inconvenient ; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble without much injury. A seat in church, or the site of a house, may be incom- modious. IN-C€OM-MO/DI-OUS-LY, adv. In a manner to create inconvenience ; inconveniently ; unsuitably. IN-€OM-MO/DI-OUS-NESS, n. Inconvenience; un- suitableness. IN-C€OM-MOD'I-TY, 2x. moditas. | Inconvenience ; trouble. [Fr. incommodité; LL. incom- [Now little wsed.] Bacon. IN-€OM-MU-NI-€A-BIL/L-TY, m. [from icom- IN-€OM-MU/NL€A-BLE-NESS, municable.| The quality of not being communicable, or capable of be- ing imiparted to another. IN-€OM-MU’NI-€A-BLE, a. [in and communicable.] That can not be communicated or imparted to oth- rs. 2. That can not or may not be communicated, told, or revealed to others. South. IN-C€OM-MU/NI-€A-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be imparted or communicated. Hakewil. IN-COM-MU/NI-€4-TED, a. Not imparted. IN-€OM-MU/NI-€a-TING, a. Waving no commun- ion or intercourse with each other; as, an adminis- tration in trcommumneating hands. dale, IN-C€OM-MU/NI-€A-TIVE, a. Not communicative ; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation. 2, Not disposed ta hold communion, fellowship, or intercourse with. The Chinese — an incommunicative nation. Buchanan. IN-€OM-MU'NI-€A-TIVE-LY, adv catively. IN-C€OM-MUT-A-BIU/I-TY, nm. The quality of be- IN-€OM-MUT!/ A-BLE-NESS, ing incommutable. IN-C€OM-MUT’A-BLE, a. [tn and commutable.] Not to be exchanged or commuted with another. IN-COM-MUT’A-BLY, adv. Without reciprocal change. Ch. Relig, Appeal. IN-€0O M-PA€T’, [tr and compact.| Notcom- Not communi- ) a. IN-COM-PA€T’/ED, pact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid. Boyle. IN-€OM’/PA-RA-BLE, a. [in and comparable.} ‘That admits of no comparison with others; usually in a good sense, but it may be properly used in a@ bad sense. When Wwe say, an incomparable man, we mean a man of good qualities, or of some excellence that raises him above comparison or equality with others. So we say, incomparable excellence, virtue, wit, &c. But incomparable baseness or malignity may be used with propriety. IN-C€OM/PA-RA-BLE-NESS, 2x. comparison. IN-€OM’PA-RA-BLY, adv. Beyond comparison ; without competition. Newton was incomparably the greatest philosopher the English nation had produced. IN-€OM-PAR/ED, a. Not matched; peerless. Spenser. IN-€OM-PAS/SION, nx. Want of compassion. [ Obs. IN-€OM-PAS/SION-ATE, a. fe and compassionate. Void of compassion or pity ; destitute of tenderness. Johnson. Without pity or Excellence beyond IN-€OM-PAS/SION-ATE-LY, ado. tenderness. IN-C€OM-PAS/SION-ATE-NESS, n. Want of pity. Granger. IN-COM-PAT-I-BIL/LTY, x. [from incompatible.) In- consistency ; that quality or state of a thing which renders it impossible that it should subsist, or be consistent with, something else. There is a perma- INC 2. Irreconcilable disagreement. During the rev- olution in France, incompatibility of temper was Gomes a sufficient cause for divorcing man and wife. IN-€OM-PAT’I-BLE, a. [Fr., from the L.in and com- peto, to suit, to be proper orconvenient ; con and peto, to press toward, to seek, or press on. It was for- merly incompetible. | 1. Inconsistent ; that can not subsist with some- thing else. Thus, truth and falsehood are essential- ly incompatible, as are virtue and vice. A degree of cold that congeals water is incompatible with vegeta- tion. Dissipation is incompatible with health, reputa- tion, and virtue. 2. Irreconcilably different or disagreeing ; incon- gZruous ; as, incompatible tempers. 3. Legally or constitutionally inconsistent; that cannot be united in the same person, without viola- ting the law or constitution. By our constitution, the offices of a legislatorand of a judge are incompati- ble, as they cannot be held at the same time by the Same person. . 4. In chemistry, a term applied to salts and other substances, which can not exist together in solution without natural decomposition. randeé. IN-C€OM-PAT/I-BLY, adv. Inconsistently; incon- uously. 5 IN-€OM-PENS’A-BLE, a. That can not be recom- ensed. p IN-€OM'PE-TENCE, )z. [Fr. incompetence, from IN-€OM/PE-TEN-CY, incompetent. | I. Inability ; want of sufficient intellectual pow- ers or talents; as, the itncompetency of infants or idiots. 2. Want of natural adequate strength of body or of suitable faculties; as, the incompetency of the eyes to discern the motions of the heavenly bodies. 3. Want of legal or constitutional qualifications ; as, the incompetency of a witness. 4. Want of adequate means. 5. Insufficiency ; inadequacy ; as, the incompetency of testimony. IN-COM!/PE-TENT, a. [Fr., from L. izand competens, competo. See INCOMPATIBLE. | 1. Wanting adequate powers of mind, or suitable faculties; as, an incompetent judge. Infancy, de- rangement, want of learning, or dotage, may render a person incompetent to fill an office or to transact busi- ness. 2. Wanting due strength or suitable faculties ; un- able. 3. Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifica- tions. A person convicted of a crime is an incompe- tent witness in a court of law or equity. 4. Destitute of means; unable. 5. Inadequate; insufficient ; as, twcompetent testi- mony. 6. Unfit; improper; legally unavailable. It is incompetent for the defendant to make this defense. dass. Rep. IN-€OM’!PE-TENT-LY, adv. Insufficiently; inad- equately ; not suitably. IN-COM-PLETE’, a. [in and complete.] Not finished. The building is ircomplete. 2. Imperfect ; defective. 3. In botany, lacking calyx or corolla, or both. IN-GOM-PLETE/LY, adv. Imperfectly. IN-€OM-PLETE/NESS, n. An unfinished state ; im- perfectness ; defectiveness. IN-COM-PLE/TION, xn. Incompleteness. thorized. mart. IN-€OM-PLEX’, a. [in and complex.] Not complex ; uncompounded ; simple. IN-€OM-PLI/A-BLE, a. Not compliable. IN-€OM-PLI/ANCE, n. [in and compliance] De fect of compliance; refusal to comply with solicita- tions, 2. Untractableness ; unyielding temper or consti- tution. Selfconceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humor in things lawful and indifferent. Tuloison. IN-€OM-PLI/ANT, a. [in and compliant.] Unyield- ing to request or solicitation; not disposed to com- [ Unau- ly. IN-COM-PLIANT-LY, adv. Not compliantly. IN-COM-P6S/ED, a. [in and composed.] Disordered ; disturbed, Milton. {But this word is little used. Instead of it we use DiscoMPoseED. IN-€OM-POS/ITE or IN-COM’PO-SITE, a. composite.} Uncompounded; simple. IN-€OM-POS-SLBIL/I-TY, x. [in and compossible. } The quality of not being possible but by the negation or destruction of something; inconsistency with [ix and something. [Little used.] More. IN-COM-POS/SI-_BLE, a. [in, con, and eo Not possible to be or subsist with something else. us and the preceding word are little used, and can hardly be considered as legitimate English words. ] IN-C€OM-PRE-HENS-I-BIL/L-TY, . [See the next word.] The quality of being incomprehensible, or beyond the reach of human intellect ; inconceivadle- nent incompatibility between truth and falsehood. wana Campbell. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 591 ——————— aE aa Sand ieee ea) eS ellategericaian> ruins oencie = 2s: ‘ ——, ie ger » ET ea CaneySS that is beyond the reach of human intellect ; incon- ceivable. The nature of spiritual being is tncompre- hensible to us, or by us. 9, Not to be contained. [N-€0 M-PRE- HENS/I-BLE-NESS, ibility, which see. ‘ [N-COM-PRE-HENS/L-BLY ,adv. Ina manner which the human mind can not comprehend or understand ; Little used.] Hooker. n. Incomprehens- inconceivably. : ; Bere [N-€0 M-PRLE-HEN/SION, 2 Want of comprehen- sion or understanding. z Bacon. {N-€O M-PRE-HENS/IVE, a. Not comprehensive : Warton. not extensive. A IN-€O M-PRESS-LBIL’L-TY, Tl. [See INCOMPRESSI- The quality of resisting compression, OF of BLE. ; 5 juction by force into a smaller being incapable of ret compass. é IN-€OM-PRESS'L-BLE, a. {in and compressible.] Not to be compressed ; not capable of being reduced by force into a smaller compass ; resisting compression. Water is not, as was once supposed, wholly icom- pressible. IN-€0M-PUT’A-BLE, a. That can not be computed. IN-CON-CEAL!A-BLE, a, {in and concealable.| Not concealable; not to be hid or Kept secret. Brown. IN-GON-CEIV/A-BLE, a. [in and conceivable; Fr. inconcevable. | 1. That can not be conceived by the mind ; incom- prehensible. It is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion. 9. That can not be understood. IN-GON-CEIV’A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of be- ing inconceivable ; incomprehensibility. IN-GON-CEIV/A-BLY, adv. In a manner beyond comprehension, or beyond the reach of human intel- South. lect. IN-GON-CEP/TI-BLE, a. Inconceivable. [Little used.] Hale. IN-GON-CIN’NL-TY, n. [L. inconcinnitas.] Unsuitableness ; want of proportion. More. {N-CON-€LU/DENT, a. [L. in and concludens, con- cludo, to conclude. } Not inferring a conclusion or consequence. pale used. | Ayliffe. IN-GON-CLUD/ING, a. Inferring no consequence. Pearson. IN-CON-€LU/SIVE, a. [in and emnclestoes) Not pro- ducing a conclusion ; not closing, concluding, or set- tling a point in debate, or a doubtful question. An argument or evidence is inconclusive, when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to de- bate or doubt. IN-CON-€LU/SIVE-LY, adv. Without such evidence as to determine the understanding in regard to truth or falsehood. IN-CON-€LU/SIVE-NESS, n. Want of such evidence as to satisfy the mind of truth or falsehood, and put an end to debate. IN-CON-€0€T’, a. Inconcocted. IN-CON-€O€ET’ED, a. [in and concoct.] Not fully digested , not matured; unripened. Bacon. IN-CON-€0€/TIJON, n. [in aud concoction.} The state of being indigested ; unripeness ; immaturity. Bacon. IN-CON-CUR/RING, a. [in and concurring, from con- IN-CON'/GRU-ENCE, n. [in and congruence.] Want IN-GCON//GRU-ENT, a. IN-CON-GRUO/L-TY, 2. IN-€ON’/GRU-OUS, a. IN-CON’/GRU-OUS-LY, ado IN-€ON-NE€!/TION, n. IN-€ON-NEX’ED-LY, adv. IN-GON/SCION-A-BLE, (-kon/shun-a-bl,) a. IN-CON’SE-QUENCE, n. IN-GON’/SE-QUENT, a. Not following from the prem- IN-CON-SE-QUEN/TIAL, a. cur.| Not concurring ; not agreeing. TOON. IN-C€ON-CUS'SI-BLE, a. That can not be shaken. Reynolds. IN-C€ON-DENS-A-BIL/LTY, n. [See InconpENsA- BLE.| The quality of being not condensable. IN-CON-DENS/A-BLE, a. [in and condensable.| Not capable of condensation ; that can not be made more dense or compact. Black. 9. Not to be converted from a state of vapor to a fluid. IN-CON’DITE, a. [L. inconditus; in and condo, to build. Rude ; unpolished ; irregular. [Little wsed.] Philips. IN-€ON-DI//TION-AL, (-kon-dish/un-al,) a. [in and Without any condition, exception, or [Not now used.] [See Uncon- DITIONAL. ] rown. IN-CON-DI//TION-ATE, a. [in and condition.} Not limited or restrained by conditions ; absolute. ye now used. Boyle. IN-CON-FIRM’ED, for UNconFirMeED, is not in use. IN-C€ON-FORM’A-BLE, a. Not conformable. IN-CON-FORM/L-TY, n. [in and conformity.] Want of conformity; incompliance with the practice of others, or with the requisitions of law, rule, or cus- tom ; non-conformity. [ The latter word is more com- monly used, especially to express dissent in religion. | IN-€ON-FUS/ED, a. Not confused; distinct. Bacon. IN-CON-FU/SION, (-fa/zhun,)n. Distinctness. Bacon. IN-CON-GEAL/A-BLE, a. ‘Not capable of being tTrozen. IN-CON-GEAL!A-BLE-NESS, 7. of being congealed or frozen. conditional. | limitation ; absolute. The impossibility FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — eee as C [INC INC ! 5 -HENS/LBLE, a. [Fr. See Comrre- IN-CON-Gi/NI-AL, a. [in and congenial.] Not con- IN-CON-SIST/ENT-NESS, nm. Inconsistency. {[Vot eae eames tae Sent genial ; not of a like nature ; unsuitable, in uses] More. ani "7 hat can not be comprebended or understood ; IN-€ON-GE-NI-AL/LTY, n. Unlikeness of nature ; IN-CON-SIST/ING, a. Inconsistent. [Volt used.]} ' ' unsuitableness. Dryden. of congruence, adaptation, or agreement ; unsuitable- ness. [Little used. We now use InconGRuITY.] Boyle. Unsuitable ; inconsistent. Elyot. [in and congruity.] Want of congruity ; impropriety ; inconsistency ; absurdity ; unsuitableness of one thing to another. The levity of youth in a grave divine is deemed an incongruity between manners and profession. 2, Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry. Donne. [L. incongruus.] Not congruous ; unsuitable ; not fitting ; inconsist- ent; improper. The dress of a seaman on a judge would be deemed incongruous with his character and station. Unsuitably ; unfitly ; improperly. [in and connection.] Want of connection; loose, disjointed state. Bp. Hall, Without connection. Having no sense of good and evil ; unconscionable. Spenser. [L. inconsequentia. | Want of just inference ; inconclusiveness. Stillingfleet. without regular inference ; as, an wiconsequent Brown. Not regularly follow- ISes ; deduction or argument. ing from the premises. 5, Not of consequence ; not of importance ; of lit- tle moment. Chesterfield. IN-CON-SE-QUEN-TIAL'LTY, n. State of being of no consequence. IN-GON-SE-QUEN/TIAL-LY, adv. Without regular sequence or deduction. IN-CON-SID/ER-A-BLE, a. [in and considerable.| Not worthy of consideration or notice ; unimportant ; small; trivial. We speak of an inconsiderable dis- tance ; an inconsiderable quality or amount ; inconsid- erable value. No sin is inconsiderable in the sight of a holy God. IN-CON-SID/ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. Small importance. Tillotson. IN-GON-SID/ER-A-BLY, adv. In asmall degree; to a small amount ; very little. IN-GON-SID/ER-A-CY, 7. Thoughtlessness ; want of consideration. [ Unusual.] Chesterfield, IN-GON-SID/ER-ATE, a. [L. inconsideratus. See ConsIDER. | 1. Not considerate ; not attending to the circum- stances which regard safety or propriety; hasty ; rash ; imprudent; careless; thoughtless ; heedless ; inattentive. The young are generally inconsiderate. 9, Proceeding from heedlessness ; rash ; as, incon- siderate conduct. 3. Not duly regarding; with of before the subject ; as, inconsiderate of consequences. IN-€ON-SID/ER-ATE-LY, adv. Without due consid- eration or regard to consequences ; heedlessly ; care- lessly ; rashly ; imprudently. Addison. IN-€ON-SID/ER-ATE-NESS, n. Want of due regard to consequences ; carelessness; thoughtlessness ; in- advertence ; inattention ; imprudence. Tvullotson. IN-G€ON-SID-ER-A’/TION, n. [Fr.; in and considera- tion. Want of due consideration ; want of thought; in- attention to consequences. Taylor. IN-CON-SIST/ENCE, | 7. [in and consistence.] Such IN-€ON-SIST’EN-CY, opposition or disagreement as that one proposition infers the negation of the other; such contrariety between things that both can not subsist together. There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt and that which is of free gift. South. 9. Absurdity in argument or narration ; argument or narrative where one part destroys the other; self- contradiction. Johnson. 3. Incongruity ; want of agreement or uniformity ; as, the inconsistency of a man with himself. 4, Unsteadiness ; changeableness. IN-GON-SIST/ENT, a. Incompatible ; incongruous ; not suitable. Loud laughter in grave company is in- consistent with good breeding. Habitual gloom is in- consistent With health and happiness. 9. Not consistent; contrary, so that one infers the negation or destruction of the other, or so that the truth of one proves the other to be false. Two cov- enants, one that a man shall have an estate in fee, and the other that he shall hold it for years, are z- consistent. 3. Not uniform ; being contrary at different times. Men are sometimes inconsistent with themselves. IN-€ON-SIST/ENT-LY, adv. With absurdity; in- congruously ; with self-contradiction ; without stead- IN-CON-SOL/A-BLE, a. [in and consolable.] Not to be consoled ; grieved beyond susceptibility of com- fort. IN-€ON-SOL’A-BLY, adv. that does not admit of consolation. IN-GON/SO-NANCE, n. discordance. IN-€ON/SO-NAN-CY, n. agreement ; inconsistency. of sounds ; discordance. IN-GON‘SO-NANT, a. Not agreeing ; inconsistent ; IN-C€ON/SO-NANT-LY, adv. Inconsistently ; discord- antly. IN-€ ON-SPIE/U-OUS, a. [in and conspicuous.] Not IN-€ON-SPIE/U-OUS-LY, adv. IN-GON/STAN-CY, n. IN-CON’STANT, a. IN-€ON’/STANT-LY, adv. In an inconstant manner ; IN-CON-SUM/A-BLE, a. IN-CON-SUM/A-BLY, adv. IN-€ON-SUM!/ MATE, a. IN-CON-SUM/MATE-NESS, 2. IN-C€ON-SUMP’TLBLE, a. [L. in and consumptus.] IN-€ON-TAM/IN-ATE, a. IN-€ON-TAM/IN-ATE-NESS, x. IN-CON-TEST/A-BLE, a. IN-€ON-TEST’A-BLY, adv. IN-€ON-TIG/U-OUS, a. IN-€ON-TIG/Y-OUS-LY, adv. Not contiguously ; sep- IN-€ON/TI-NENCE, IN-CON/TI-NEN-CY, IN-€ON’TI-NENT, a. IN-€ON’TI-NENT, n. IN-CON’TI-NENT-LY, adv. 2. Immediately. Pope. Dickens. IN-CON-TRA€T’ED, a. Not contracted ; not short- ened. Blackwall. IN-C€ON-TROL!/LA-BLE, a. [in and controllable.| Not IN-€ON-TROL/LA-BLY, adv. IN-C€ON-TRO-VERT'I-BLE, a. IN-C€ON-TRO-VERT’IL-BLY, adv. IN-CON-VEN/IENCE, IN-CON-VEN/IEN-CY, iness or uniformity. Addison. In a manner or degree Disagreement of sounds; Busby. [im and consonancy.| Dis- In music, disagreement discordant. discernible; not to be perceived by the sight. Boyle. 2. Not conspicuous. So as not to be per- ceived. [L. inconstantia. See Con- STANCY.| 1. Mutability or instability of temper or affection ; unsteadiness ; fickleness. Addison. 2, Want of uniformity ; dissimilitude. Woodward. [L. inconstans ; Fr. mconstant, | 1. Mutable ; subject to change of opinion, inclina- tion, or purpose ; not firm in resolution ; unsteady ; fickle ; wsed of persons ; aS, tnconstant in love or friend- ship. 9. Mutable; changeable ; variable; used of things. not steadily. [in and consumable,| Not to be consumed ; that can not be wasted. Brown. So as not to be consuma- ble. Shelley. Not consummate; not fin- ished ; not complete. State of being in- complete. 1. Not to be spent, wasted, or destroyed by fire. [Not used.] Digby. 2. Not to be destroyed. [Vot used.] Not contaminated. Woore. Uncorrupted state. [Fr.] Not contestable ; not to be disputed ; not admitting debate; too clear to be controverted ; incontrovertible ; as, incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. In a manner to preclude debate ; indisputably ; incontrovertibly ; indubitably. Reid. [in and contiguous.] Not contiguous ; not adjoining; not touching; separate. Boyle. arately. n, [L.incontinentia; Fr. tncon- tinence. See ConTINENCE.] 1. Want of restraint of the passions or appetites ; free or uncontrolled indulgence of the passions or ap- petites, as of anger. Gillies’? Aristotle. 2, Want of restraint of the sexual appetite; free or illegal indulgence of lust ; lewdness ; used of either sex, but appropriately of the male sex. Incontinence in men is the same as unchastity in women. 3. Among physicians, the inability of any of the animal organs to restrain discharges of their con- tents, so that the discharges are involuntary. [L. incontinens. } 1. Not restraining the passions or appetites, partic- ularly the sexual appetite ; indulging lust without re- straint, or in violation of law ; unchaste; lewd. 2. Unable to restrain discharges. In the sense of immediate or immediately, obsolete. One who is unchaste. B. Jonson. Without due restraint of the passions or appetites ; unchastely. to be controlled ; that can not be restrained or gov- erned ; uncontrollable. Walsh. In a manner that ad- mits of no control. [in and controverti- ble.] Indisputable; too clear or certain to admit of dispute. In a manner or to a degree that precludes debate or controversy. n. ([L. inconveniens; in and convenio, conveniens. | 1. Unfitness ; unsuitableness ; inexpedience. They plead against the inconveniences, not the unlawfulness, of popish apparel. Hooker. 2, That which gives trouble or uneasiness; disad- 092Lt INC INC INC vantage ; any thing that disturbs quiet, impedes pros- | IN-COR-P6/RE-AL-LY, adv. Without body, umma-} more in number; to advance in vuiue, perity. or increases (he difficulty of action or success. Rain ana 634 reads are inconveniences to the traveler ; want of utensils !s 5 great inconvenience to a family ; but the great inconvenience of tuman life is the want of money aud the means of obtaining it. IN-C€ON-VEN'IENT, a. [Fr., from the L., supra. | 1. Incommodious ; unsuitable ; disadvantageous ; giving troubie or uneasiness; increasing the difficul- ty of progress or success ; as, an inconvenient dress or garinent ; an inconvenient house ; inconvenient cus- toms; an inconvenient arrangement of business. 2. Unfit; unsuitable. Hooker. IN-CON VEN/IENT-LY, adv. Unsuitably; incom- modlously: 5 in a manner to give trouble; unseason- ably. IN-CON-VERS/A-BLE, a. [in and conversable.] Not inclined to free conversation ; incommunicative ; un- social ; reserved. More. IN-CON'VERS-ANT, a. Not conversant ; not famil- lar; net versed. Shaw’s ZoGl. IN-CON-VERT-L-BIL’L-TY, n. [from wmconvertible.] The quality of not being changeable or convertible into something else; as, the inconvertibility of bank notes or other currency into gold or silver. Walsh. IN-CON-VERT’L-BLE, a. [in and convertible.] Not convertible ; that can not be transmuted or changed into something else. One metal is inconvertible into another. Bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Wals IN-CON-VIET/ED-NESS, n. victed. feed} More. IN-€ON-VIN‘CI-BLE, a. [in and convincible.] Not convincible; that can not be convinced ; not capable of conviction. IN-€ON-VIN/CI-BLY, adv. ting of conviction. IN-€0/NY, a. orn. [Qu. in and con, to know.] Unlearned ; artless; an accomplished person, in contempt. [Jil] Shak. IN-€OR’PO-RAL, a. [in and corporal.| Not consist- ing of matter or body ; immaterial. [IncorroreaL is cenerally used alerh. IN-€OR-PO-RAL'I-TY, n. The quality of not con- sisting of matter ; immateriality. IN-€OR/PO-RAL-LY, adv. Without matter ora body ; immaterially. IN-COR/PO-RATE, a. [in and corporate.] Not con- State of being not con- In a manner not admit- sisting of matter; not having a material body. [Lit- tle used, | 2. Mixed ; united in one body ; associated. Bacon. Shak, IN-€OR’PO-RATE, v. t. [Fr. incorporer; Sp. incorpo- rar; It. incorporare; L. incorporo; in and corpus, a body.] 1. In pharmacy, to mix different ingredients in one mass or body ; to reduce dry substances to the con- sistence of paste by the admixture of a fluid, as in making pills, &e. Encye. 2. To mix and embody one substance in another ; as, to incorporate copper with silver. 3. To unite; to blend ; to work into another mass or body ; as, to incorporate plagiarisms into one’s own composition. 4. To unite ; to associate in another government or empire, The Romans incorporated conquered coun- tries into their government. Addison. 5. To embody ; to give a material form to. The idolaters, who worshiped their images as gods, supposed some spirit to be incorporated therein. Stalling fleet. 6. To form into a legal body, or body politic ; to constitute a body, composed of one or more individ- uals, with the quality of perpetual existence or suc- cession, unless limited by the act of incorporation ; as, to incorporate the inhabitants of a city, town, or parish ; to incorporate the proprietors of a bridge, the stockholders of a bank, of an insurance company, &c, New Haven was incorporated in January, 1784, Hartford in May, 1784. Stat. of Conn. IN-€OR/PO-RATE, v.i. To unite so as to make a part of another body; to be mixed or blended; to grow into, &c. ; usually followed by with. Painters’ colors and ashes do better incorporate with oil. Bacon, IN-€OR/PO-RA-TED, pp. or a. Mixed or united in one body; associated in the same political body ; united in a legal body. {N-COR/PO-RA-TING, ppr. Mixing or uniting in one body or mass ; associating in the same political body ; forming a legal body. % IN-€OR-PO-Ra/TION, n. The act of incorporating. 2, Union of different ingredients in one mass. 3, Association in the same political body; as, the incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman republic. 4. Formation of a legal or political body by the union of individuals, constituting an artificial per- son. Blackstone. IN-COR-PO/RE-AL, a. [Fr. incorporel; L. incorpora- ls, tncorporeus. | Not consisting of matter; not having a material body ; immaterial. Spirits are deemed incorporeal substances. terially Bacun. IN-COR-PO-RE‘L-TY, x, The quality of being not material ; immaterialsty. IN-€ORPSE’, (in-korps’,) vt. To incorporate. [ Bar- barous Ce IN-CUR-RE€T’, a. [in and correct.] Not correct; not exact; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules ; inaccurate ; faulty. The piece, you think, is incorrect. Pope. 2. Not according to truth; inaccurate; as, an in- correct statement, narration, or calculation. 3. Not according to law or morality. 4. In old writers, not duly regulated or subordina- ted It shows a will most incorrect to heaven. Shak, IN-€OR-REE€’TION, n. Want of correction. Arnway. IN-COR-REE€T’LY, adv. Not in accordance with truth or other standard ; inaccurately ; not exactly ; as, a writing incorrectly copied ; testimony incorrectly stated. IN-€OR-RE€ET/NESS, n. Want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy. Jncorrectness may consist in defect or in redundance. IN-€OR-RE-SPOND/ING, a. Not corresponding. oleridge. IN-€OR/RI-GLBLE, a. [Fr.; in and corrigible; L. corrigo ; con and rego. } 1. ‘That can not be corrected or amended ; bad be- yond correction ; as, incorrigible error. 2. Too depraved to be corrected or reformed ; as, an incorrigible sinner ; an incorrigible drunkard. IN-COR’RI-GI-BLE-NESS, )n. The quality of being IN-€OR-RI-GLBIL'I-TY, }§ bad, erroneous, or de- praved beyond correction ; hopeless depravity in per- sons and error in things. Locke. IN-€OR/RI-GLBLY, adv. To a degree of depravity beyond al] means of amendment. Roscommon. IN-€OR-ROD/'I-BLE, a. IN-COR-RUPT’, a. IN-€OR-RUPT’ED, po, to break. ] Not srrupt; not marred, impaired, or spoiled ; not defiled ordepraved ; pure ; sound; untainted ; above the power of bribes ; applicable to persons, principles, or substances, Milton. IN-COR-RUPT-LBIL'LTY, xn. [from incorruptible, } The quality of being incapable of decay or of being corrupted, IN-€OR-RUPT'I-BLE, a. [Fr.; in and corruptible.] 1. That can not corrupt or decay ; not admitting of That can not be corroded. [L. incorruptus ; in and cor- TuMpo, corruptus ; con and rum- corruption, Thus gold, glass, mercury, &c., are zn- corruptible. Spirits are supposed to be incorruptible. Our bodies shall be changed into incorrupuble and immortal substances, Wak 2. ‘That can not be bribed ; inflexibly just and up- right. IN-C€OR-RUPT’I-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being incorruptible, or not liable to decay. Boyle. IN-€OR-RUPT’I-BLY, adv. So as not toadmit of cor- ruption or decay. IN-COR-RUP/TION, n. [in and corruption.] Incapa- bility of being corrupted. It is sown in corruption ; it is raised in incorruption. —1 Cor. Vv. IN-€OR-RUPT’IVE, a. Not liable to corruption or decay. Akenside, IN-€OR-RUPT’NESS, n. Exemption from decay or corruption. : 2. Purity of mind or manners; probity ; integrity ; honesty. Woodward. IN-CRAS/SATE, v. t. [L. incrasso, incrassatus ; in and crassus, thick. 1. To make thick or thicker; to thicken ; the con- trary to ATTENUATE. 2, In pharmacy, to make fluids thicker by the mix- ture of other substances less fluid, or by evaporating the thinner parts. Acids dissolve or attenuate: alkalies precipitate or incrassate. ewlon, To become thick or thicker. In botany, thickened or be- coming thicker. Martyn. IN-€RAS/SATEH, vz. 2. IN-ERAS/SATE, a. IN-€RAS/SA-TED, 2. Fattened. IN-€RAS/SA-TED, pp. Made thick or thicker. IN-€RAS/SA-TING, ppr. Rendering thick or thicker ; growing thicker. IN-ERAS-SA’/TION, n. The act of thickening, or state of becoming thick or thicker. TOW. IN-€RAS/SA-TIVE, a. Having the quality of thick- ening. IN-€RAS/SA-TIVE, xn. That which has the power to thicken. . Harvey. IN-€REAS/A-BLE, a. That may be increased. Sherwood. IN-€REASE’, v. 7% [lL tneresco; im and cresco, to grow, Fr. croitre, Sp. crecer, It. crescere, Arm. cresqi. As the Latin pret. is crevi, this word and the Eng. ow are probably of the same family. Class Rd, 0. 59, 75.] i 1. To become freater in bulk or quantity; to grow; to augment; as plants. Hence, to become d or in any quality, good or bad. Animal and vegetable bodies ucrease by natural growth; wealth increases by in- dustry ; heat mcreases as the sun advances toward the meridian ; a multitude increases by accession of numbers ; knowledge increases with age and study ; passion and enmity increase by irritation, and misery wnereases With vice. The Lord make you to increase and abound in love one toward another. —1 Thess. iii 2. To become more violent; as, the fever increases ; the pain increases ; cold, wind, or a storm, increases, 3. To become more bright or vivid ; as, the light increases. 4. To swell; to rise. The waters increased, and bore up the ark. — Gen. vii. 5. To swell; to become louder, as sound. 6. To become of more esteem and authority. He must increase, but I must decrease, — John iil. 7. To enlarge, as the enlightened part of the moon’s disk. IN-CREASE’, v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, or amount; as, to ierease wealth or treasure ; to increase a stim or value. 2. To advance in quality ; to add to any quality or affection ; as, to imcrease the strength of moral hab- its ; to increase love, zeal, or passion. 3. To extend; to lengthen; as, to increase dis- tance. 4. To extend; to spread; as, to increase fame or renown. 5. To aggravate ; as, to increase guilt or trespass. IN-C€REASE’ or IN/EREASE, x. Augmentation ; a growing larger in size, extent, quantity, &c. Of the increase of his government and peace, there shall be no end. — Is. ix. 2. The result of augmentation ; profit; interest ; that which is added to the original stock. Take thou no interest of him or increase ; but fear thy God, — ev. XXV o. Produce, as of land. Then shall the earth yield her increase. — Ps. xvi. 4. Progeny ; issue ; offSpring. All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age. —1 Sam. i. o. Generation. Shak. 6. The waxing of the moon; the augmentation of the luminous part of the moon, presented to the in- habitants of the earth. Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest, if set or cut in the increase of the moon. AON. 7. Augmentation of strength or violence; as, in- crease of heat, love, or other passion ; increase of force. 8. Augmentation of degree ; as, ineease of happi- ness or misery. IN-€REAS'ED, (in-kreest’,) pp. or a. Augmented ; made or grown larger. IN-€REASE/FUL, a. Abundant in produce, Shak. IN-E€REAS/ER, n. He or that which increases. IN-CREAS/ING, ppr. or a. Growing; becoming larger; advancing in any quality, good or bad. IN-C€REAS'ING-LY, adv. In the way of growing; prowingly. IN-€RE-ATE!, v. t. To create within. Howe. IN/ERE-ATE, a. Uncreated, which see. [The IN/€RE-A-TED, latter is the word mostly used.) IN-C€RED-LBIL/I-TY, 2. [Fr. incredibilité. See In- CREDIBLE. ] : ; The quality of surpassing belief, or of being too extraordinary to admit of belief. den. IN-CRED/I-BLE, a. [L. ineredibilis ; wn and credibilts, credible. ] That can not be believed ; not to be credited ; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief. Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead ?— Acts xxvi, IN-€RED/I-BLE-NESS, x. Incredibility, which see. IN-€RED/L-BLY, adv. Im a manner to preclude be- IN-E€RE-DU/LI-TY, xn. [Fr. incredulité.] [lief. The quality of not believing ; indisposition to be- lieve ; a withholding or refusal of belief. Ralegh. Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is infinitely the most irrational. uckminster. IN-E€RED/U-LOUS, a, lus ; credo, to believe. d Not believing; indisposed to admit the truth of what is related ; refusing or withholding belief. acon. In a manner not dis- [L. incredulus ; in and credu- IN-€RED/U-LOUS-LY, adv. posed to believe. ‘ s IN-ERED/U-LOUS-NESS, zn. Incredulity, which see. IN-EREM/A-BLE, a. [L. in and cremo.] That can not be burnt. [Vot wsed.] Brown. IN/ERE-MENT, n. [L. incrementum, from tneresco. e INCREASE, ¢ me Increase ae growing in bulk, quantity, number, value, or amount ; augmentation. 2. Produce ; production. 3. Matter added ; increase. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 7 593 eS cp A AAA ieee AAA = — anes at \ a eae omg paaeien — Br——$<$<$<—— = LS a ee epee oe INC IND 4. In mathematics, the finite intrease of a variable quantity. : Barlow. IN‘GRE-PATE, v- t [L. increpo.) To chide; torebuke. [/Vot wm useé.] IN-€RE-PA’/TION, 2. [It increpazione. | ; A chiding or rebuking ; rebuke ; reprehension. Hammond. IN-€RES/CENT, 4. [L. inerescens. See INCREASE: ] Increasing ; growing ; augmenting ; swelling. IN-€RIM/IN-ATE, v. & [L. in and crtminor, to ac- cuse. See Crime.) ; ; To accuse; to charge with a crime or fault. _ IN-CRIM/IN-A-TED, pp- Accused ; charged with a crime. ; J “ IN-€RIMIN-A-TING, ppr- Charging with a crime or fault. WAT [Lei zis] IN-€RU-EN a. » meruentus. ; ~ Unbloody 5 not attended with blood. [JVot in use.] IN-GRUST’, 2». t [L. incrusto ; tn and crusto, to crust. ] ‘ To cover with a crust or with a hard coat; to form a crust on the surface of any substance ; as, iron in- crusted with oxyd or rust; 4 vessel incrusted with salt, IN-CRUST/ATE, v. t To incrust. [Less frequently used. | IN-ERUST-A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. incrustatio. } 1. A crust or coat of any thing on the surface of a body. 9° A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, OF other substance, attached by cramp-irons, cem- ent, &c. Brande. IN-ERUST’ED, pp. Covered with a crust. IN-CRUST/ING, ppr. Covering with a crust. IN-ERUST’ MENT, n._Incrustation. Ed, Rev. IN-CRYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE, a. [in and erystallizable. | That will not crystallize ; that can not be formed in- to crystals ; uncrystallizable. IN/€U-BATE, v. % [L. incubo; in and cubo, to lie down. ]} To sit, as on eggs for hatching. IN-€U-BA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. incubatio.] The act of sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatch- ing young. Ray. This word has of late been sometimes applied to the hatching of eggs by artificial heat. Ure. IN-€0/BI-TURE, n. Incubation. [Jot used.] IN/€U-BUS, n. [L., from incuba, to lie on. ] 1. The nightmare; suffocative anhelation, with a sense of external pressure upon the chest, often seem- ing to be that of some hideous monster, and with tremor or violent struggle, transitory ; most common- ly occurring during sleep, though sometimes during wakefulness. 2. A demon; an imaginary being or fairy. Bp. Hall, IN-CUL/€ATE, v. t. [L. inculco, to drive or force on ; in and calco, to tread, calz, the heel.] To impress by frequent admonitions ; to teach and enforce by frequent repetitions ; to urge on the mind. Our Savior inculcates on his followers humility and forgiveness of injuries. IN-€UL/€A-TED, pp. Impressed or enforced by fre- quent admonitions. IN-€UL'€4-TING, ppr. Impressing or enforcing by repeated instruction. IN-CUL-€A/TION, n. The action of impressing by repeated admonitions. IN-€UL/PA-BLB, a. [L. in and culpabilis, from culpa, a fault. ] Without fault; unblamable ; that can not be ac- cused. South. IN-€UL!/PA-BLE-NESS, 2. Unblamableness. Mountazu. IN-€UL/PA-BLY, adv. Unblamably ; without blame. South. IN-CUL/PATE, v.t. [L. inculpo, to excuse.] To blame; to censure; opposed to ExcuLpaTe, sis eee Smart. _ [This sense is directly contrary to that of the Lat- in word, but is established by good authority.] IN-€UL/PA-TED, pp. Blamed; censured. IN-€UL/PA-TING, ppr. Blaming; censuring. IN-CUL-PA/TION, n. [L. in and culpa.] Blame ; censure. Jefferson, IN-€UM/BENT, n. The person who is in present pos- IN-C€UM’/BENT-LY, adv. In an incumbent manner. IN-GUM’BER, »v. t. [Fr. encombrer ; It. ingombrare. | IN-CUM/BRANCE, n. A burdensome and trouble- 1. Lying or resting on. And when to move the incumbent load they try. 2. Supported ; buoyed up. And fly incumbent on the dusky air. Dryden. 3, Leaning on or resting against ; as, incumbent sta- mens or anthers, in botany. Martyn. 4, Lying on, as duty or obligation; imposed and emphatically urging or pressing to performance ; in- dispensable. All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works ee are incumbent on all Christians. pra. Addison. session of a benefice, or of any office [Jt is applied to civil officers as well as to ecclesiastical. | Chalmers. To burden with a load; toembarrass. [See En- cuMBER, and its derivatives. | some load ; any thing that impedes motion or ac- tion, or renders it difficult or laborious ; clog; imped- iment; embarrassment. 9. A legal claim on the estate of another. IN-€UM/BRAN-CER, n. One who has an incum- brance, or some Jegal claim on an estate. Kent. IN-CUM’/BROUS, a. Cumbersome ; troublesome. [ Obs.) Chaucer. IN-GUR!, v. t. [L. incurro, to run against; in and curro, to run; It. incorrere; Sp. incurrir. | 1. Literally, to run against; hence, to become lia- ble to; to become subject to. Thus, a thief incurs the punishment of the law by the act of stealing, be- fore he is convicted, and we have all incurred the penalties of God’s law. 9. To bring on; as, to incur a debt; to incur guilt ; to incur the displeasure of God; to incur blame or censure. 3. To occur; to meet; to press on ; with to or into. [ Obs. ] Bacon. IN-€0R-A-BIL'I-TY, x. (Fr. sLeuran Us ee The state of being incurable ; impossibility of cure ; insusceptibility of cure or remedy. Harvey. IN-€UR/A-BLE, a. [Fr.; in and curable.] That can not be cured; not admitting of cure; beyond the power of skill or medicine ; as, an incurable dis- ease. 92, Not admitting remedy or correction ; irremedia- ble ; remediless ; as, incurable evils. IN-€UR/A-BLE, n. A person diseased beyond the reach of cure. IN-€UR/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of not admitting cure or remedy. IN-€UR/A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree that ren- ders cure impracticable. IN-€U-RIL-OS/I-TY, n. Want of curiosity ; inatten- tiveness ; indifference. Wotton, IN-€U/RI-OUS, a. [in and curious.] Destitute of cu- riosity ; not curious or inquisitive ; inattentive. Swift. IN-€0/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Without inquisitiveness. Bp. Hall. IN-€0/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Want of curiosity or inquis- itiveness. Chesterfield. IN-€UR/RED, (in-kurd’,) pp. Brought on. IN-CUR/RENCE, n. The act of bringing on, or sub- jecting one’s self to; as, the incurrence of guilt. IN-CUR/RING, ppr. Becoming subject or liable to; bringing on. IN-GUR/SION, x. [Fr. incursion; L. incursio, from incurro. See INcuR. 1. Literally, a running into; hence, an entering in- to a territory with hostile tention ; an inroad ; ap- plied to the expeditions of small parties or detach- ments of an enemy’s army, entering a territory for attack, plunder, or destruction of a post or magazine. Hence it differs from invasion, which is the hostile entrance of an army for conquest. During the revo- lution, the British troops made an incursion to Dan- bury, and destroyed the magazines. In opposing this incursion, General Wooster was killed. 2. Attack 3 occurrence ; as, sins of daily iNCUTSUON» pO mee South. IN-GUR/SIVE, a. Hostile; making an attack or in- IN-€UL/PA-TO-RY, a. Imputing blame. IN-CULT’, a. [L. mcultus ; in and culius, from colo.] Untilled ; uncultivated, Thomson. IN-€UL’TI-VA-TED, a. Not cultivated; uncultiva- ted. IN-CUL-TI-VA'TION, n. Neglect or want of culti- vation. Berington. IN-€UL/TURE, n. Want or neglect of cultivation. Feltham. IN-€UM'BEN-CY, n. [from incumbent.) A lying or resting on something. 2, The state of holding or being in possession of a benefice, or of. an office. These fines are to be paid to the bishop only during his incum- ney. Swift. There is no test of the tenure but incumbency on the Ser lie king. E. Everett. IN-CUM/BENT, a. [L. incumbens, incumbo; in and cumbo, to lie down ; Sp. incumbir. | cursion. IN-GURV/ATE, v. t. [L. incurvo ; in and curvus, bent. ] To bend; to crook; to turn from a right line or straight course. IN-CURV/ATE, a. Curved inward or upward. IN-GURV/A-TED, pp. Bent; turned from a rectilinear direction. IN-GURV/A-TING, ppr. Bending ; turning from a right line. IN-CURV-A’TION, n. The act of bending. 2. The state of being bent or turned from a recti- linear course ; curvity ; crookedness. 3. The act of bowing, or bending the body in re- spect or reverence, Stillingfleet. IN-€URVE’, (in-kurv’,) v. t To bend; to make crooked. IN-€URV/ED, pp. ora. Bent; bent or curved inward. A state of being bent or craoked~ crookedness; a bending inward Brown. IN‘DA-GATE, v.t. [1L. wndage.| To seek or search out. [Vol used.] IN-DA-GA’TION, x. The act of searching , search ; inquiry ; examination. [Little use oyle. Brown. IN/DA-GA-TOR, mn. A searcher; one who seeks or inquires with diligence. [Little used.] Boyle. IN-DAM/AGE. See EnNDAMAGE. IN-DART’, v. t. [in and dart.] To dart in; to thrust or strike in. Shak. IN-DART’ED, pp. Darted in. IN-DART/ING, ppr. Darting or thrusting in. IN-DEB-I-TA'TUS AS-SUMP'SIT. See Assump- SIT. IN-DEBT’, fael) a verb, is never used. IN-DEBT’ED, (in-det/ed,) a. [It. indebitato. } 1. Being in debt; having incurreda debt; held or obliged to pay. A is indebted to B; he is indebted in a large sum, or to a large amount. 2. Obliged by something received, for which resti- tution or gratitude is due. We are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy and youth ; we are indebted to God for life; we are indebted to the Christian religion for many of the advantages, and much of the refinement, of modern times; IN-DEBT’/ED-NESS, (in-det/ed-ness,) n. The state of being indebted. Smart. IN-DEBT’MENT, (in-det/ment,) rn, The state of be- ing indebted. [Lutle used. | Hall. IN-DE/CEN-CY, n. [Fr. indecence; It. indecenza; L. indecens, indeceo ; tn and deceo, to become. | That which is unbecoming in language or man- ners; any action or behavior which is deemed a vio- lation of modesty, or an offense to delicacy, as rude or wanton actions, obscene language, and whatever tends to excite a blush in a spectator. Extreme as- surance or impudence may also be deemed indecency of behavior toward superiors. [See InpecoruM.] IN-DE/CENT, a. [Fr. from L. indecens.| Unbecoming ; unfit to be seen or heard ; offensive to modesty and delicacy ; as, indecent language ; in- decent manners ; aN indecent posture or gesture. . Dryden. IN-DE/CENT-LY, adv. Ina manner to offend mod- esty or delicacy. IN-DE-CID/U-OUS, a. [in and deciduous.] Not fall- ing, as the leaves of the trees in autumn ; lasting ; evergreen. IN-DEC/I-MA-BLE, a. Not liable to the payment of tithes. Cowel. IN-DE-CI/PHER-A-BLE, a. That can not be deci- phered. IN-DE-CIS/ION, (-de-sizh’un,) n. [in and decision.] Want of decision; want of settled purpose or of firmness in the determination of the will; a waver- ing of mind ; irresolution. Burke. IN-DE-CI/SIVE, a. [in and decisive.] Not decisive ; not bringing to a final close or ultimate Issue ; as, an indecisive battle or engagement; an argument indect- sive of the question. 2. Unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating ; as, an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive char- acter. IN-DE-CYUSIVE-LY, adv. Without decision. IN-DE-CI/SIVE-NESS, x. The state of being unde- cided ; unsettled state ; state of not being brought to a final issue. IN-DE-€LIN’A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L, indeclinabils ; in and Berleno S| Not declinable; not varied by terminations; as, pondo, in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. IN-DBE-€LIN/A-BLY, adv. Without variation. Mountagu, IN-DE-€OM-P6S'/A-BLE, a. [tn and decomposable, EEE) Not capable of decomposition, or of being resolved into the primary constituent elements. Encyc. IN-DE-€OM-POS/A-BLE-NESS, zn. Incapableness of decomposition. IN-DE-€6/ROUS or IN-DE€/0-ROUS, a. [L. indeco- rus; in and decor, decus, deceo, to become.) Unbecoming; violating good manners; contrary to the established rules of good breeding, or to the forms of respect Which age and station require. It is indecorous in a young person to take the highest place in company, when his superiors are present. Indecorous is Sometimes equivalent to maecent ; but it is less frequently applied to actions which offend modesty and chastity. IN-DE-€6/ROUS-LY or IN-DE€/0O-ROUS-LY, ado. In an unbecoming manner. IN-DE-€6/ROUS-NESS or IN-DE€/0-ROUS-NESS, n. Violation of good manners in words or behavior. IN-DE-€6/RUM, n. [L. in and decorum.] Impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or man- ners which Violates the established rules of civility, or the duties of respect which age or station requires ; an unbecoming action, Itis sometimes synonymous with InpecENcy ; but indecency, more frequently than indecorum, is applied to words or actions which refer to what nature and propriety require to be concealed IN-CURV/I-TY, n. [from L. incurvus.] or suppressed. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 594IND IND IND | IN-DEED’, adv. [inanddeed.] In reality ; in truth; 3. That can not be effaced or lost; as,impressions | neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain | in fact. on the mind may be indelible ; reproach or stain on the name of tdentures. | The carnal mind is enmity against God ; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be. — Rom. viii. Indeed is usually emphatical, but in some cases more so than in others; as, this is true; it is mdeed. I were a beast indeed to do you wrong. Dryden. Some sons, indeed, some very few we sce, Who keep themselves from this infection free. Dryden, There is, indeed, no greater pleasure in visiting these magazines of war, Addison. It is used to denote concession or admission ; as, ships not so large indeed, but better manned. Indeed is used as an expression of surprise, or for the purpose of obtaining confirmation of a fact stated. Indeed! is it possible? is it so in fact 2 IN-DE-FAT’I-GA-BLE, a. [L. indefatigabilis ; in and defatizo, fatigo, to fatigue. ] Unwearied ; not tired; not exhausted by labor ; not yielding to fatigue; as, indefatigable exertions ; indefatigable attendance or perseverance. Upborne with indefatigable wings. Milton. IN-DE-FAT’I-GA-BLE-NESS, n. Unweariedness ; persistency. Parnell. IN-DE-FAT/I-GA-BLY, adv. Without weariness ; without yielding to fatigue. Dryden. Meehe oe nm Unweariedness. [.Vot use, IN-DE-FEAS$-I-BIL/I-TY, n. [from indefeasible.] The quality or state of being not subject to be made void; as, the indefeasibility of a title. IN-DE-FEAS/I-BLE, a. [in and defeasible; Fr. de- faire, defait, to undo, to defeat; de and faire, to make, L. facio.] Not to be defeated ; that can not be made void; as, an indefeasible estate or title. IN-DE-FEAS'/I-BLY, adv. Inamanner not to be de- feated or made void. IN-DE-FE€T-LBIL‘I-TY, n. [from indefectible.] The quality of being subject to no defect or decay. Ch. Observer. IN-DE-FE€T’I-BLH, a. [2 and defect.) Unfailing ; not liable to defect, failure, or decay. IN-DE-FE€T/IVE, a. Not defective ; perfect; com- plete, South. IN-DE-FEI/SI-BLE, a. Indefeasible. [JWVot used.] IN-DE-FENS-I-BIL/LTY, x. [from indefensible.] The quality or state of not being capable of defense or Vindication. Walsh. IN-DE-FENS'I-BLE, a. [in and defensible, from de- Send. 1. That can not be defended or maintained. A military post may be indefensible ; a bad cause is inde- fensible. 2. Not to be vindicated or justified. An improper action or indecent expression is indefensible, IN-DE-FENS/I-BLY, adv. In an indefensible manner. IN-DE-FENS/LVE, a. Having no defense. Herbert. IN-DE-FI//CIEN-CY, (-fish/en-se,) n. The quality of not being deficient, or of suffering no delay. IN-DE-FI//CIENT, a. Not deficient; not failing ; perfect. IN-DE-FIN’A-BLE, a. That can not be defined. Reynolds. IN-DE-FIN’A-BLY, adv. Soas not to be capable of definition. IN-DEF/IN-ITE, a. [l. tndefinitus; in and definitus, definio, to define ; de and finio, to end, jfinis, end.] 1. Not limited or defined; not determinate ; not precise or certain ; as, an indefinite time. An indefi- nite proposition, term, or phrase, is one which has not a precise meaning or limited signification. 2 That has no certain limits, or to which the linuan mind can affix none, as, indefinite space. A space may be indefinite, though not infinite. IN-DEF’IN-ITE-LY, adv. Without any settled limita- tion ; as, space indefinitely extended. 2. Not precisely ; not with certainty or precision ; as, to use a word indefinitely. IN-DEF/IN-ITE-NESS, nz. The quality of being un- defined, unlimited, or not precise and certain. IN-DE-FIN/I-TUDE, n. Quantity not limited by our understanding, though yet finite. [JVot used.] Hale. IN-DE-HIS'CENT, a. [in and dehiscent.| Not open- ing spontaneously at maturity, as the pericarp of the hazel-nut, Lindley. IN-DE-LIB/ER-ATE, a. [in and deliberate; Fr. in- deliberé. | Done or performed without deliberation or consid- eration ; sudden ; unpremeditated ; as, the indeliberate commission of sin. IN-DE-LIB/ER-ATE-LY, adv. Without deliberation or premeditation. IN-DEL-L-BIL'I-TY, n. The quality of being indel- ible. Horsley. IN-DEL/I-BLE, a. [Fr. indelebile; Li. tndelebilis; in and delebilis, from deleo, to blot out.] 1. Not to be blotted out; that can not be effaced or canceled ; as, indelible letters or characters. JIndel- ible ink is such as can not be taken out of paper or cloth, or not by ordinary means. 2, Not to be annulled. They are endued with indelible power from above, to feed and govern this household. |Unusual,] Sprat, reputation may be indelible. IN-DEL/L-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be blotted out or effaced ; too deeply imprinted to be effaced, or to vanish. IN-DEL'T-€A-CY, n. [in and delicacy.] Want of delicacy ; want of decency in language or behavior, regarding what nature and manners require to be concealed. Addison. 2. Want of a nice sense of propriety, or nice re- gard to refinement in manners or in the treatment of others ; rudeness; coarseness of manners or lan- guage; that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind. IN-DEL/I-CATE, a. Wanting delicacy; indecent ; but it expresses less than INDECENT; as, an indelicate word or expression ; indelicate behavior; indelicate customs. 2. Offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind. IN-DEL/I-CATE-LY, adv. Indecently ; in a manner to offend against good manners or purity of mind. IN-DEM-NI-FL-€aA/TION, n. eon indemnify.| The act of indemnifying, saving harmless, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty. 2. Security against loss. 3. Reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty. IN-DEM/NI-FI-ED, (in-dem/ne-fide,) pp. Saved harm- less ; secured against damage, IN-DEM'NI-FY, ov. t. [i and damnify; L. damnificus ; damnum, lose. 1. To save harmless ; to secure against Joss, dam- age, or penalty. 2. To make good; to reimburse to one what he has lost. We indemnify a man by giving sufficient security to make good a future loss, or by actual re- imbursement of loss, after it has occurred, IN-DEM/NI-FY-ING, ppr. Saving harmless; secur- Ing against loss; reimbursing loss. IN-DEM/NI-TY, 7. [Fr. indemnité ; Sp. tndemnidad ; It. indennita ; L. in and damnum, loss. ] 1. Security given to save harmless ; a wniting or pledge by which a person is secured against future 2. Security against punishment. [loss. 3. Indemnification or compensation for Injury sus- tained. They were told to expect, upon the fall of Walpole, a large and lucrative indemnity for pa Wea ee rh Lord Mahon’s History of England. [This is a recent sense of the word, borrowed from the French, and, perhaps, not fully authorized.] IN-DE-MON/STRA-BLE, a. [im and demonstrable.]} That can not be demonstrated. IN-DEN-I-ZA/TION, x. The act of naturalizing, or the patent by which a person is made free. IN-DEN’IZE, v. t. To endenize, which see. IN-DEN’I-ZEN, v. t. To invest with the privileges of a free. citizen. Overbury. IN-DEN/I-ZEN-ED, pp. Invested with the privileges of a free citizen. IN-DEN/I-ZEN-ING, ppr. Investing with the privi- leges of a free citizen. IN-DENT’, v. t. [in and Fr. dent, L. dens, a tooth; Fr. denteler ; Arm. danta.] 1. To notch; to jag; to cut any margin into points or inequalities, like a row of teeth; as, to in- dent the edge of paper. The margins — are indented. Woodward. 2. To bind out by indentures or contract; as, to indent 2 young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant. IN-DENT’, v. % To be cut or notched; hence, to crook or turn, Milton. 2. To contract; to bargain or covenant. [From the practice of using indented writings or counter- parts. Shak. IN-DENT’, x. Incisure ; a cut or notch in the margin of any thing, or a recess like a notch. Shak. 2. A stamp. IN-DENT’, x. A certificate or indented certificate is- sued by the government of the United States at the close of the revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. [Jot used.] Ramsay. Hamilton. IN-DENT-A/TION, n. A notch; acut in the margin of paper or other things. Woodward. 2. A recess or depression in any border. IN-DENT’ED, pp. ora. Cut in the edge into points, like teeth. 2. Bound out by indented writings; as, an indented apprentice or servant. 3. Bound out by writings, or covenants In writing. The practice of indenting writings is, in some places, iscontinued, but the term remains in use.} IN-DENT’/ED-LY, adv. With indentations. IN-DENT/ING, ppr. Cutting into notches, 2, Binding out by covenants in writing. IN-DENT’ING, zn. An impression like that made by a tooth. IN-DENT’MENT, n. Indenture. [ Obsolete. ] Bp. Hall, IN-DENT/ORE, n. A writing containing a contract. Indentures are generally duplicates, laid together and indented, so that the two papers or parchments correspond to each other. But indenting is often TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI’CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; 5 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in TI IN-DENT’URE, v.t To indent;' to bind by indent- IN-DENT’URE, v. ~ Torun in and out; to indent. Heywood. IN-DENT’UR-ED, pp. Bound by indentures; ap- prenticed. IN-DENT/URING, ppr Binding by indentures. IN-DE.PEND/EN.CY, nm. [im and dependence. ] 1. A state of being not dependent; complete ex- emption from control, or the power of others; as, the independence of the Supreme Being. 2. A state in which a person does not rely on oth- ers for subsistence ; ability to support one’s self. 3. A state of mind in which a person acts without bias or influence from others ; exemption from un- due influence; self-direction. Independence of mind is an important qualification In a judge. 4, In ecclesiastical affairs, a system of independency is oné in which each congregation of Christians is a complete church, subject to no superior authority. Declaration of Independence ; the solemn declaration of the congress of the United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally re- nounced their subjection to the government of Great Britain. IN-DE-PEND/ENT, a. [in and dependent.] 1. Not dependent; not subject to the control of others ; not subordinate. God is the only being who is perfectly independent. 2. Not holding or enjoying possessions at the will of another; not relying on others ; not dependent. We all wish to be independent in property ; yet few men are wholly independent, even in property, and none independent for the supply of their wants. 3. Affording the means of independence ; as, an tn- dependent estate. 4. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequi- ous; self-directing; as, a man of an independent mind. 5. Not connected with. It is believed that the soul may exist independent of matter. 6. Free; easy; self-commanding; bold; uncon- strained ; as, an independent air or Manner. 7. Separate from; exclusive. I mean the account of that obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enlorcement. War 8. Pertaining to the Independents. This word is followed by of or on, both of which are well authorized. On is moSt conformable to anal- ogy, for it always follows depend, but of is most com- mon. IN-DE-PEND/ENT, n. One who, in religious affairs, maintains that every congregation of Christians is a complete church, subject to no superior authority, and competent to perform every act of government in ecclesiastical affairs. IN-DE-PEND/ENT-LY, adv. Without depending or relying on others; without control. 2, Without undue. bias or influence ; not obsequi- ously. 3. Without connection with other things. IN-DEP/RE-G€A-BLE, a. That can not be deprecated. IN-DEP-RE-HENS/I-BLE, a. That can not be found out. Bp. Morton. IN-DE-PRIV/A-BLE, a. That can not be deprived. IN-DE-SERIB!/A-BLE, a. That can not be described. IN-DE-SERIP/TIVE, a. Not descriptive or contain- ing just description. IN-DE-SERT’, n. [in and desert.] Want of merit or worth. Adilison. IN-DES/IL-NENT, a. [L. in and desino, to cease ; de and sino.] Not ceasing; perpetual. IN-DES’/I-NENT-LY, adv. Without cessation. Ray. IN-DE-SIR/A-BLE, a. Not desirable. IN-DE-STRU€T-I-BIL/I-TY, n. [from indestructi- ble. The quality of resisting decomposition, or of being incapable of destruction. IN-DE-STRU€T’I-BLE, a. [in and destructible. ] That can not be destroyed ; incapable of decompo- sition; as a material substance. Bole. IN-DE-STRU€T’IL-BLY, adv. In an indestructible manner. IN-DE-TERM/IN-A-BLE, a. [in and determinable. | 1. That can not be determined, ascertained, or fixed, Brow. 2. Not to be determined or ended. | : IN-DE-TERM/IN-A-BLY, adv. In an indeterminable manner. IN-DE-TERM/IN-ATE, a. [in and determinate.] ‘ie 1. Not determinate ; not settled or fixed ; not ‘ € is nite; uncertain; as, an indeterminate number 0 years. 2. Not certain ; not precise. ; i An indeterminate quantity ; 1 mathematics, a au which has no fixed value, but AR be varie in accordance with any proposed condition. Pe vos A. D. Stanley IN-DE-TERM/IN-ATE-LY, adv. Not in any settled IIs. 590 : | ures; as, to indenture an apprentice. | | en a a Cee — =i SSS cage 4 \ a jr vee, eae “ke "2Ho IND manner ; indefinitely ; not with precise limits ; as,a space indeterminately large. ee es. 9. Not with certainty or precision of signification ; as, an idea indeterminately expressed. : IN-DE-TERM/IN-ATE-NESS, 1%. Indefiniteness ; want of certain limits; want of precision. | Paley. IN-DE-TERM-IN-A/TION, 2. [in and determination. | 1. Want of determination ; an unsettled or waver- ing state, as of the mind. oe 9. Want of fixed or stated direction. Bramhall. IN-DE-TERM/IN-ED, a. [in and determined.] Un- determined ; unsettled ; unfixed. IN-DE-VOTE’, a. Not devoied. Bentley. IN-DB-VOT/ED, a. Not devcted. Clarendon. IN-DB-VO'TION, n [Fr., 7” and devotion.| _ Wait of devotion ; absence of aevout affections. Decay of Piety. IN-DE-VOUT’, a. [Fr. indevot. | Undevout ; not having devout affections Decay of Picty. IN-DE-VOUT’LY, adv. Without devotion. IN’DEX, n.; pl. InDExEs, Sometimes INDICES. [L., connected with indico, to show; ™ and dico, Gr. OELKVUO)» “ 1. That which points out; that which shows or manifests. Tastes are the inderes of the different qualities of plants. Arbuthnot. 9. The hand that points to any thing, as the hour of the day, the road to a place, &c. Bentley. 3. A table of the contents of a book. Watts. A table of references in an alphabetical order. 4, In anatomy, the fore-finger, or pointing finger. 5. In arithmetic and algebra, the figure or letter which shows to what power any quantity is in- volved; the exponent. [In this sense, the plural is always LNDICEs. Barlow. 6. The index of a logarithm, is the integral part of the logarithm, and is always one less than the number of integral figures in the given number. It is also called the characteristic. Barlow. 7. The index of a globe, or the gnomon, is a little style fitted on the north pole, which, when the globe is turned, serves to point to certain divisions of the hour-circle. Encyc. 8. Index of refraction ; in optics, the sine of the angle of incidence, the sine of the angle of refrac- tion being taken for unity. ‘Thus the index of refrac- tion for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out of air intosulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of refraction. 9. In music, a direct, which see. [ Olmsted. In the Roman Catholic church, the index prohibitory is a catalogue of books which are forbidden to be read ; the index expurgatory is a catalogue specifying passages in books which are to be expunged, or al- tered. These catalogues are published with addi- tions, from time to time, under the sanction of the ype. Hook. IN/DEX, v. t. To provide with an index or table of references; to reduce to an index; as, to index a book. IN’DEX-ED, (in/dext,) pp. Furnished with or reduced to an index. IN’DEX-ER, n. One who makes an index. IN-DEX/I6-AL, a. Having the form of an index; pertaining to an index. IN-DEX/'I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of an in- dex. Swift. IN/DEX-ING, ppr. Furnishing with a table of refer- IN-DEX-TER/LTY, n. [in and dezterity.] [ences. 1. Want of dexterity or readiness in the use of the hands; clumsiness; awkwardness. 2. Want of skill or readiness in any art or occupa- tion. Harvey. IN’/DIA, (ind/ya,) 2. A country in Asia, so named from the River Indus. IN’DIA MAN, 7x. A large ship employed in the India trade, IN’/DIAN, (ind/yan,) a. [from India, and this from Indus, the name of a river in Asia. Pertaining to either of the Indies, East or West, or to the aborigines of America. IN’DIAN, n. A general name of any native of the indies ; as, an East Indian, or West Indian. It is particularly applied to any native of the American continent. IN/DIAN AR/ROW-ROOT, n. IN'DIAN RUB’BER, IND IND IN/DIAN RED, z. A species of ocher, a very fine, purple earth, of a firm, compact texture, and great weight. Hil IN/DIAN REED, x. A plant of the genus Canna. IN/DIAN TO-BA€/E0, zn. A species of Lobelia, which see. IN’/DIAN TUR/NIP, n. An American plant, Arum triphyllum, with a head of red flowers growing on a stem, a root resembling a small turnip, but having a very acrid juice. Farm. Encyc. IN'DIA RUB/BER, ) 7. The caoutchouc, a substance of extraordinary elasticity, called also Evasric Gum, or Resin. Itis produced by incision from several trees of different genera. IN’DLEANT, a. or n. [L. indicans ; in and dico, to show. ] : : : A term applied to that which points out what is to be done for the cure of disease. Coze. IN'DL€ATE, v. t. [L. indico; in and dic, to show, Gr. detxvvp] 1. To show ; to point out; to discover; to direct the mind to a knowledge of something not seen, or something that will probably occur in future. Thus, fermentation indicates a certain degree of heat in a liquor. A heavy swell of the sea, in calm weath- er, often indicates a storm at a distance. A particular kind of cloud in the west, at evening, indicates the approach of rain. 2. To tell; to disclose. 3. In medicine, to show or manifest by symptoms ; to point to as the proper remedies ; as, great prostration of strength indicates the use of stimulants. IN'DI-€A-TED, pp. Shown; pointed out; directed. IN/DI-€A-TING, ppr. Showing ; pointing out; di- recting. IN-DI-GA'TION, n. The act of pointing out. 2. Mark ; token ; sign ; symptom ; whatever serves to discover what is not before known, or otherwise obvious. The frequent stops they make in the most convenient Pines are plain indications of their weariness. Addison. 3. In medicine, any symptom or occurrence in a dis- ease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies. 4, Discovery made ; intelligence given. Bentley. 5. Explanation ; display. [Little used.] Bacon. IN-DI€/A-TIVE, a. [L. indicativus.] Showing ; giv- ing intimation or knowledge of something not visi- ble or obvious. Reserve is not always indicative of modesty ; it may be indicative of prudence. 2. In grammar, the indicative mode is the form of the verb that indicates, that is, which affirms or de- nies; as, he writes, he is writing; they run; we mis- improve advantages. It also asks questions; as, has the mail arrived? The word is often used asa noun to denote this mood. IN-DI€/A-TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner to show or signify. Grew. IN/DIL-€A4-TOR, n. He or that which shows or points Smith. out. IN'DI-€A-TO-RY, a. make known. IN-DI-CA'VIT, n. [L.] In England, a writ of pro- hibition which lies for the patron of a church whose incumbent is sued in the spiritual court by another clergyman, for tithes amounting to a fourth part of the profits of the advowson. Blackstone. Showing ; serving to show or IN’/DICE. See Inpex. IN/DL€0O-LITE, n. [L. indicum, indigo, and A:8os,a stone. | In mineralogy, a variety of shorl or tourmalin, of an indigo-blue color, sometimes with a tinge of azure or green. Cleaveland. IN-DICT’, (in-dite’,) v. t. [L. indictus, from indico ; in and dico, to speak. ] In law, to accuse or charge with a crime or misde- meanor, in writing, by a grand jury under oath. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to idict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach. It is followed by of; as, indicted of treason or arson. IN-DICT/A-BLE, (in-dit/a-bl,) a. That may be in- dicted ; as, an indictable offender. 2, Subject to be presented by a grand jury; sub- ject to indictment; as, an indictable offense. IN-DICT/ED, (in-dit/ed,) pp. Accused by a grand A plant of the genus Maranta. IN/DIAN B&R/RY, x. Cocculus Indicus, which see. Ure. IN‘/DIAN BREAD, x. A plant of the genus Jatropha. IN/DIAN €ORN, xz. Aplant, the maize, of the genus Zea, a native of America. IN’/DIAN €RESS, n. A plant of the genus Tropexo- Jum. IN’DIAN FIG,x. A plant of the genus Cactus. IN/DIAN INK, ) 7. Asubstance brought chiefly from IN/’DIA INK, China, used for water colors. It is in rolls, or in square cakes, and is said to consist of lampblack and animal glue. rande, IN/DIAN-ITE, n. [from India.] A doubtful miner- al of the feldspar family. Dana, IN/DIAN-LIKE, a. Resembling an Indian. jury. IN-DICT-EE’, n. A person indicted. IN-DICT’ER, (in-dit/er,) n. One who indicts. IN-DICT’/ING, (in-dit/ing,) ppr. Accusing, or making a formal or written charge of a crime by a grand jury. IN-DI€/TION, n. [Fr., from Low L. indictio, indico.] 1. Declaration ; proclamation. acon. 2. In chronology, a cycle of fifteen years, instituted by Constantine the Great ; originally a period of tax- ation. Constantine, having reduced the time which the Romans were obliged to serve in the army to fif- teen years, imposed a tax or tribute at the end of that term, to pay the troops discharged. This practice in- troduced the keeping of accounts by this period. But, as it is said, in honor of the great victory of Constantine over Mezentius, Sept. 24, A. D. 312, by 1, A.D. 313. Johnson. Encyc. IN-DI€/TIVE, a. Proclaimed; declared. Kennet. IN-DICT/MENT, (in-dite’/ment,) n. IN'DIES, (ind/yez,) n. pl. of Inpra. IN-DIF/FER-ENCE, n. the council of Nice ordained that accounts of years should no longer be kept by Olympiads, but that the indiction should be used as the point from which to reckon and date years. This was begun January A written accu- sation or formal charge of a crime or misdemeanor, preferred to a court by a grand jury under oath. Blackstone. 2. The paper or parchment containing the accusa- tion of a grand jury. [Fr., from L. indifferentia ; in and differo, to differ. INpIFFERENCY is little used.] 1. Equipoise, or neutrality of mind between differ- ent persons or things; a state in which the mind is not inclined to one side more than the other; as when we see a contest of parties with indifference. 2, Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepos- session, or bias ; as when we read a book on contro- verted points with indifference. [This ts a different application of the first definition. | 3. Unconcernedness; a state of the mind when it feels no anxiety or interest in what is presented to it. No person of humanity can behold the wretch- edness of the poor with indifference. 4. State in which there is no difference, or in which no moral or physical reason preponderates ; as when we speak of the indifference of things in themselves. Hooker. IN-DIF/FER-ENT, a. [Fr., from L. indifferens. } 1. Neutral; not inclined to one side, party, or thing more than to another. Cato knows neither of them, Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die. Addison. 2. Unconcerned ; feeling no interest, anxiety, or care respecting any thing. It seems to be impossible that a rational being should be indifferent to the means of obtaining endless happiness. It was a remarkable law of Solon, that any person who, in the commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indi ffer- ent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment. Addison, 3. Having no influence or preponderating weight; having no difference that gives a preference. [t is indifferent which road we take. 4. Neutral, as to good or evil. Things in them- selves indifferent may be rendered evil by the prohi- bition of law. 5. Impartial; disinterested; as, an judge, juror, or arbitrator. 6. Passable; of a middling state or quality ; neither good, nor the worst; as indifferent writing or paper. Indifferent, used adverbially, as indifferent honest, is ungranimatical and vulgar. IN-DIF’FER-ENT-ISM, x. indifferent indifference. { Bad. } Carlisie. IN-DIF’FER-ENT-LY, adv. Without distinction or preference ; as, to ofler pardon mdifferently to all. Addison. 2. Equally; impartially ; without favor, prejudice, or bias. They may truly and indifferently minister justice. Common Prayer. State of 3. In a neutral state; without concern ; withovt wish or aversion. Set honor in one eye and death i’ the other, And J will look on death indifferently. Shak. 4. Not well; tolerably ; passably ; as, indifferently well; to be indifferently entertained. IN'‘DLGENCE, ) 2x. [Fr. indigence, from L. indigen- IN/DI-GEN-CY,$ tia, from indigeo ; in, or td, and exeo, to want, to lack.] Want of estate, or means of comfortable subsist- ence; penury; poverty. A large portion of the hnu- man race live in indigence, while others possess more than they can enjoy. IN’/DLGENE, n. [L. indigena; in, or ind, and geno, gigno, to beget or to be born.] One born in a country ; a native animal or plant. Evelyn. Vattel. IN-DIG'EN-OUS, a. [L. indigena, supra.] 1. Native ; born in a country ; applied to persons. Q. Native; produced naturally in a country or chi- mate ; not exotic ; applied to vegetables. IN’DI-GENT, a. [L. indigens ; Fr. indigent.) Destitute of property or means of comfortable sub- sistence ; needy ; poor. Charity consists in relieving the indigent. Addison, IN/DI-GENT-LY, adv. In an indigent, destitute man- ner. IN-DLGEST’, x. A crude mass. [JVot used.] Shak. IN-DLGEST’ED, a. [in and digested ; L. indigestus.] 1. Not digested ; not concocted in the stomach ; not changed or prepared for nourishing the body ; undigested ; crude. 9. Not separated into distinct classes or orders, or into proper form; not regularly disposed and ar- ranged. Chaos is represented as a rude or indigested which Christianity was more effectually established, mass.IND IND IND 3. Not methodized; not reduced to due form ; crude ; as, an indigested scheme. 4. Not prepared by heat. 5. Not brought to suppuration, as the contents of an abscess or boil; as, an indigested wound. Wiseman. IN-DI-GEST’I-BLE, a. [in and digestible.) Not di- gestible ; not easily converted into chyme, or pre- pared in the sto.aach for nourishing the body. Arbuthnot. 2, Not to be received or patiently endured. IN-DL-GEST’L-BLY, adv. Not digestibly. IN-DI-GES/TION, (-jest/yun,) . [in and digestion.] Want of due coction in the stomach; a failure of that change in food which prepares it for nutriment ; crudity. Encyc. As a disease, dyspepsy ; that state of the stomach, in which it is incapable of performing its natural healthy functions. IN-DIG/IT-ATE, v. i. To communicate ideas by the fingers ; to show or compute by the fingers. IN-DIG/IT-ATE, v. t To point out with the finger. Brown. IN-DIG/IT-A-TING, ppr. Showing, directing, or com- puting by the fingers. IN-DIG-IT-A/TION, n. The act of pointing out with the finger. More. IN-DIGN’, (in-dine’,) a [L. tndignus.] Unworthy ; disgraceful. [ Obs.] Shak. IN-DIG'NANCE, zn. Indignation. [Vot in use.] Spenser. IN-DIG/NANT, a. [L. indignans, from indignor, to disdain ; in and dignor, dignus.] Affected at once with anger and disdain; feeling the mingled emotions of wrath and scorn or con- tempt, as when a person is exasperated at one de- spised, or by a mean action, or by the charge of a dis- honorable act. Goliath was indignant at the chal- lenge of David. He strides indignant, and with haughty cries To single fight the fairy prince defies. Tickell. IN-DIG’/NANT-LY, adv. In an indignant manner. IN-DIG-NA’TION, n. [Fr., from L. indignatio.} 1. A strong and elevated disapprobation of what is flagitious in character or conduct ; anger, or extreme anger, mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhor- rence. When Haman saw Mordecai in the king’s gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indtgnation against Mordecai. — Esth. y. 2. The anger of a superior; extreme anger; par- ticularly, the wrath of God against sinful men for their ingratitude and rebellion. 2 Kings iil. 3. The effects of anger; the dreadful effects of God’s wrath; terrible judgments. Js. xxvi. 4, Holy displeasure at one’s self for sin. 2 Cor. Vil. IN-DIG/NI-FY, v. t. To treat disdainfully. [Vot used. | Spenser. IN-DIG/NI-TY, n. [L. indignitas.] Unmerited, contemptuous conduct toward an- other ; any action toward another which manifests contempt for him; contumely ; incivility or injury, accompanied with insult. Contemptuous words re- specting one, or foul language in the presence of persons of character and delicacy, and indecent be- havior, are indignities. Christ on the cross was treated with the foulest indignity. IN-DIGN’LY, (in-dine/ly,) adv. Unworthily. [ Obs.] Hall, IN/DL-GO, n. indigo. | A substance or dye, prepared from the leaves and stalks of the indigo-plant, which are steeped in water till the pulp is extracted, when the liquor is drawn off and churned or agitated, till the dye begins to sranulate. The flakes are then left to settle; the liquor is again drawn off, and the indigo is drained in bags and dried in boxes. It is used for dyeing a deep blue. Edwards, W. Ind. IN-DI-GO'/GEN, zn. White or reduced indigo, pro- duced by the action upon blue indigo of any deoxy- [L. indicum, from India; Fr. It. and Sp. dating body. Graham. IN-DI-GOM/E-TER, nm. An instrument for ascertain- ing the strength of indigo. Ure. IN’DI-GO-PLANT, x. A name common to several species of the genus Indigofera, from which is pre- pared indigo. They are natives of Asia, Africa, and America, and are called by the native Americans anil. The calyx is patent ; the carina of the corol is furnished with a subulate, patulous spur on each side ; the legume is linear. Several species are cul- tivated for making indigo, of which the most impor- tant are the £. tinctoria, or common indigo-plant, the I. anil, a larger species, and the I. disperma, which furnishes the Guatimala indigo. Encyc. Miller. Edin. Encyc. IN-DI-GOT'I€, a. Indigotic acid is obtained by boiling indigo in nitric acid, diluted with an equal weight of water. IN-DIL/A-TO-RY, a. [in and dilatory.] Not dilatory or slow. Cornwallis. IN-DIL/L-GENCE, n. [tn and diligence. IN-DIL'/L-GENT, a. Feltham. IN-DIL/I-GENT-LY, adv. Without diligence. Bp. Hall. IN-DI-MIN’ISH-A-BLE, a. That can not be dimin- ished. Milton. IN-DI-RE€T’, a. [L. indirectus; in and directus, from dirigo. Want of Not diligent ; idle ; slothful. 1. Not straight or rectilinear ; deviating from a di- rect line or course ; circuitous. From New York to England by Bourdeaux, is an indirect course. 2. Not direct, in a moral sense; not tending to a purpose by the shortest or plainest course, or by the obvious, ordinary means, but obliquely or conse- quentially ; by remote means; as, an indirect accu- sation ; an indirect attack on reputation ; an indirect answer or proposal. Hence, 3. Wrong; improper. ‘ Shak. 4. Not fair; not honest; tending to mislead or deceive. Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other. Tillotson. 5. Indirect tax, is a tax or duty on articles of con- sumption, as an excise, customs, &c. IN-DI-RE€’TION, xn. [in and direction. ] course or means. 2. Dishonest practice. IN-DI-RE€T’LY, adv. course; obliquely. 2. Not by direct means. 3. Not in express terms. the subject. 4. Unfairly. Oblique Shak. [ Obs-] Shak. Not in a straight line or He indirectly mentioned Your crown and kingdom indirectly held. Shak. IN-DI-RE€T’NESS, n. Obliquity ; devious course. 2. Unfairness ; dishonesty. Mountagu. IN-DI$-CERN/I-BLE, (-diz-zern/a-bl,) a. [in and dis- cernible.) That can not be discerned ; not visible or perceptible ; not discoverable. Denham. IN-DI$-CERN/I-BLE-NESS, z. Incapability of being discerned. Hammond. IN-DIS-CERN/I-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be seen or perceived. IN-DIS-CERP/I-BLE, a. Indiscerptible. [Obs.] More. IN-DIS-CERP/I-BLE-NESS,n. The state of not being capable of separation of constituent parts. IN-DIS-CERP-TI-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality of being incapable of dissolution, or separation of parts. IN-DIS-CERP’TI-BLE, a. [in and discerptible.] In- capable of being destroyed by dissolution, or separa- tion of parts. Bp. Butler. IN-DIS-CERP/TI-BLY, adv. So as not to be capable of separation into parts. IN-DIS/CI-PLIN-A-BLE, a. [in and disciplinable.] That can not be disciplined or subjected to discipline 5 not capable of being improved by discipline. Hale. IN-DIS/CI-PLINE, x. Want of discipline, or instruc- tion. G. Morris. IN-DIS-€0V/ER-A-BLE, (-kuv’/er-a-bl,) a. [in and discoverable.| That can not be discovered; undis- coverable. IN-DIS-€OV’ER-Y, n. [in and discovery.] Want of discovery. [ Unusual. ] Brown. IN-DIS-E€REET’, a. [in and disercet.] Not discreet ; wanting in discretion ; imprudent; inconsiderate ; injudicious ; as persons. 2, Not according to discretion or sound judgment ; as, indiscreet behavior. IN-DIS-GREET’/LY, adv. Not discreetly ; without prudence ; inconsiderately ; without judgment. IN-DIS-CERETE’, a. Not discrete or separated. IN-DIS-PENS/A-BLY, adv. IN-DIS-PERS’ED, (-dis-perst’,) a. IN-DIS-POS’ED, pp. or a, Necessarily ; in a man- ner or degree that forbids dispensation, omission, or want. Not dispersed. More. IN-DIS-POSE’, v. t. [Fr. indisposer ; in and disposer, to dispose or fit. See Disross.} 1. To disincline ; to alienate the mind and render it averse or unfavorable to any thing. A love of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study and steady attention to business. The pride and selfish- ness of men indispose them fo religious duties. i 2. To reuder unfit; to disqualify for its proper functions ; to disorder; as, the distemperature of in- disposed organs, Glanville. 3. To disorder slightly, as the healthy functions of the body. It made him rather indisposed than sick. Walton. 4. To make unfavorable or disinclined; with toward. The king was sufficiently indisposed toward the persons, or the principles of Calvin’s disciples. Clarendon. | Disinclined ; averse ; up willing; unfavorable. 2. Disordered ; disqualified for its functions ; upfi4. 3. Slightly disordered ; not in perfect health. IN-DIS-POS’ED-NESS, n. Disinclination ; sligl., aver- sion ; unwillingness ; unfavorableness. 2. Unfitness ; disordered state. IN-DIS-POS/ING, ppr. Disinclining ; renderi 4 some- what averse, unwilling, or unfavorable. 2. Disordering ; rendering unfit. IN-DIS-PO-$I'//TION, (-po-zish/un,) n. [Fr , in and disposition.) Disinclination; aversion ; vuwilling- ness ; dislike; as the indisposition of men to submit to severe discipline; an indtsposition tw abandon vicious practices. A general indisposition toward believing. > Atterbury. 2, Slight disorder of the healthy functions of the body ; tendency to disease, Jndisposition is a slight defect of healthy action in bodily functions, rather than settled or marked disease. 3. Want of tendency or natural appetency or affin- ity ; as, the indisposition of two substances to com- bine. IN-DI{S’PU-TA-BLE, a. [Fr.; inand disputable.| Not to be disputed ; incontrovertible ; incontestable ; too evident to admit of dispute. Addison. IN-DIS’/PU-TA-BLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of being indisputable, or too clear to admit of con- troversy. IN-DIS/PU-TA-BLY, adv. Without dispute; in a manner or degree not admitting of controversy ; unquestionably ; without opposition. IN-DIS-PUT’ED, a. Not disputed or controverted ; undisputed. Encyc. IN-DIS-SO-LU-BIL’/LTY, n. [Fr. indissolubilité. See InDISSOLUBLE-] 1. The quality of being indissoluble, or not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied. Locke. 2. The quality of being incapable of a breach; perpetuity of union, obligation, or binding force. Warburton. IN-DIS/SO-LU-BLE, a, [Fr., from L. tndissolubilts ; in and dissolubilis, from dissolvo ; dis and solvo, to loosen.} 1. Not capable of being dissolved, melted, or lique- fied, as by heat or water. Few substances are abso- lutely indissoluble by heat; many are indissoluble in water. 9. That can not be broken or rightfully violated ; Pownal. IN-DIS-ERE//TION, (-dis-kresh’/un,) x. [tn and dis- cretion.] Want of discretion; imprudence. The grossest vices pass under the fashionable narne in- discretions. IN-DIS-CRIM/IN-ATE, a. DiscriMINATE. | 1. Undistinguishing ; not making any distinction ; as, the indiscriminate voraciousness of a glutton. Chesterfield. 2. Not having discrimination ; confused, 3. Undistinguished or undistinguishable. IN-DIS-ERIM/IN-ATE-LY, adv. Without distinction ; in confusion. IN-DIS-ERIM/IN-A-TING, a. Not making any dis- tinction ; as, the victims of an indiscriminating spint Marshall. [L. indiscriminatus. See of rapine. | IN-DIS-ERIM-IN-A/TION, n. Want of discrimina- tion or distinction. Jefferson. IN-DIS-ERIM/IN-A-TIVE, a. Making no distinction. IN-DIS-€USS’ED, (-dis-kust’,) a. Not discussed. Donne. IN-DIS-PENS-A-BIL/I-TY, n. Indispensableness. Little used. Skelton. I Tae SNe ABLE, a. [Fr.; i and dispensable.]} Not to be dispensed with ; that can not be omitted, remitted, or spared ; absolutely necessary or requi- site, Air and water are indispensable to the life of man. Our duties to God and to our fellow-men are of indispensable obligation. IN-DIS-PENS/A-BLE NESS, x. The state or quality diligence ; slothfulness. . Jonson. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOU of being absolutely necessary, $e 8 S.—€ as K; GasJ; $ ay Z; CH as SH; FH as in THis. perpetually binding or obligatory ; as, an indissoluble league or covenant. The marriage covenant is in- dissoluble, except in certain specified cases. 3. Not to be broken; firm; stable; as, indissoluble friendship ; indissoluble bands of love. IN-DIS/SO-LU-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being incapable of dissolution, separation, or breach ; indis- solubility, Hale. IN-DIS/SO-LU-BLY, adv. In a manner resisting sep- aration ; firmly united beyond the power of separa- tion; in a manner not to be dissolved or broken. On they move Indissolubly firm. Milton. IN-DIS-SOLV/A-BLE, (-diz-zolv'-,) a. [in and dis- solvable.] That can not be dissolved ; not capable of being melted or liquefied. 2. Indissoluble ; that can not be broken ; perpetu- ally firm and binding ; as, an indissolvable bond of union. 3. Not capable of separation into parts by natural rocess. IN-DIS-SOLV/A-BLE-NESS, zn. Indissolubleness, IN-DIS’/TAN-CY, n. Want of distance or separation. A bad word, and not used.) Pearson. IN-DIS-TINET’, a. [Fr.; L. indistinctus ; m and dis- tinctus. See Distinct.] : 1. Not distinct or distinguishable ; not separate In such a manner as to be perceptible by itself. The parts of a substance are indistinct, when they are so blended that the eye can not separate them, or per- ceive them as separate. Sounds are indistinct, when the ear can not separate them. Hence, hoe sae a. a : A a ee a nae ‘ a ae TSS aeIND ati ee ine 9, Obscure; not clear; confused, as, indistinct ideas or notions. : 3. Imperfect ; faint ; not presenting clear and well- defined images; as, indistinct vision; an indistinct iew. . 4. Not exactly discerning. [ Unusual.] Shak. IN-DIS-TINET'I-BLE, a, Undistinguishable. [Little use d. eas Warton. IN-DIS-TINE€’TION, 2. Want of distinction ; confu- sion ; uncertainty. The indistinction of many of the same name — hath made some doubt. rotn. 9, Indiscrimination ; want of distinction. Sprat, 3, Equality of condition or rank. _Cazxe, Switz. IN-DIS-TINET’LY, adv. Without distinction or sep- aration ; as When parts of a thing are indistinctly seen. 9. Confusedly ; not clearly ; obscurely ; as when ideas are indistinctly comprehended. : 3. Not definitely ; not with precise limits; as when the border of a thing is indistinctly marked. IN-DIS-TINET’/NESS, 7. Want of distinction or dis- crimination ; confusion ; uncertainty. 92, Obscurity ; faintness; as, the indistinctness of vision. IN-DIS-TIN’'GUISH-A-BLE, (-ting/gwish-a-bl,) a. [in and distinguishable.) That can not be distin- guished or separated ; undistinguishable. Tytler. IN-DIS-TIN’GUISH-ING, a. Making no difference ; as, indistinguishing liberalities. Johnson. IN-DIS-TURB/ANCE, n. [in and disturbance.] Free- dom from disturbance ; calmness ; repose ; tranquil- lity. Temple, IN-DITCH’, v. t. To bury ina ditch. [Little used.] Bp. Hall. IN-DITE’, v. t. speak. ] 1. To compose ; to write; to commit to words in writing. Hear how learned Greece her useful rules indites. Pope. 9. To direct or dictate what is to be uttered or written. The late President Dwight tndited his ser- mons, My heart is inditing a good matter. — Ps. xlv. IN-DITE’, v.i. To compose an account of. Waller. [This is from the same original as Inpicr. The different applications of the word have induced au- thors to express each ina different orthography, but without good reason. | IN-DIT’ED, pp. Composed ; written; dictated. IN-hITE/MENT, n. The act of inditing. IN-DII’ER, n. One who indites. IN-DiT/ING, ppr. Committing to words in writing ; dictating what shall be written. IN-DI-VID/A-BLE, a. Not capable of division. Shak. IN-DI-VID’/ED, a. Undivided. Patrick. IN-DI-VID/U-AL, a. [Fr. individuel; L. individuus ; in and dividuus, from divido, to divide.] 1. Not divided, or not to be divided; single; one ; as, an individual man or City. Under his great vicegerent reign abide United, as one individual soul. Milton. 2. Pertaining to one only ;_ as, individual labor or exertions, IN-DI-VID/U-AL, n. A single person or human be- ing. Thisis the common application of the word ; as, there was not an tndividual present. 2. A single animal or thing of any kind. But this word, as a noun, is applied particularly to hu- man beings. IN-DI-VID/U-AL-ISM, 7. The state of individual in- [L. indico, indictum; in and dico, to terest, or attachment to the interest of individuals, in preference to the common interest of society. IN-DI-VID-U-AL'I-TY, n. Separate or distinct ex- istence ; a state of oneness. Arbuthnot. IN-DI-VID-Q-AL-I-ZA’/TION, n. The act of individ- ualizing ; the state of being individualized. IN-DI-VID’U-AL-IZE, v. t. To distinguish; to se- lect or mark as an individual, or to distinguish the peculiar properties of a person from others. Drake. IN-DI-VID/U-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Distinguished as a par- ticular person or thing. Drake. IN-DI-VID'Y-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Distinguishing as an individual. IN-DI-VID/U-AL-LY, adv. Separately ; by itself; to the exclusion of others, Thirty men will unitedly accomplish what each of them individually can not perform. 2. With separate or distinct existence. How should that subsist solitary by itself, which hath no sub- stance, but individually the very same whereby others subsist with itr Hooker. 3. Inseparably ; incommunicably. Omniscience —an attribute individually proper to the Godhead, E Hakewill. IN-DLVID/U-ATE, a. Undivided. ae IN-DI-VID'U-ATE, v.t. To make single; to distin- guish from others of the species. Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their distinct sense and pleasure. More. IN-DI-VID-U-A'TION, n. The act of making single or the same, to the exclusion of others. Watts. IND 2. The act of separating into individuals by analy- sis. Etymol, Vocabulary. IN-DI-VID-U/L-TY, x. Separate existence. ([Vot used. IN-DI-VIN'I-TY, n. Want of divine power. Brown. IN-DI-VIS-I-BIL/I-TY, n. [See Inpvrvisisrx.] The state or property of being indivisible. Locke. IN-DI-VIS'I-BLE, a. [in and divisible. See Dr- VIDE. That can not be divided, separated, or broken ; not separable into parts. Perhaps the particles of matter, however small, can not he considered as indivisible. The mind or sou] must be indivisible. A mathemati- cal point is indivisible. IN-DI-VIS/I-BLE, n. In geometry, indivisibles are the elements or principles, supposed to be infinitely small, into which a body or figure may be resolved. Barlow. IN-DI-VIS/I-BLE-NESS, 2. Indivisibility, which see. IN-DI-VIS/I-BLY, adv. So as not to be capable of di- ision. IN-DI-VIS/ION, n. A state of being not divided. More. IN'DO-BRIT/ON, 7. A person born in India, one of whose parents is a native of Great Britain. Malcom. IN-DO/CI-BLE or IN-DOC’I-BLE, a. [in and doci- ble ; L. doceo, to teach.] 1. Unteachable; not capable of being taught, or not easily instructed ; dull in intellect. Bp. Hall. 2. Intractable, as a beast. IN-D6/CI-BLE-NESS or IN-DOC/I-BLE-NESS, n. In- docility. Taylor. IN-DO/CILE or IN-DOC‘\LE, a [Fr.; L. indocilis ; in and docilis ; doceo, to teach.] j. Not teachable; not easily instructed ; dull. Bentley. 2, Intractable, as a beast. IN-DO-CIL/1-TY, x. [Fr. indocilité.] 1. Unteachableness ; dullness of intellect. Bp. Hall. 2. Intractableness, as of a beast. IN-DO€/TRIN-ATE, v. t. [Fr. endoctriner ; L. in and doctrina, learning. ] To teach ; to instruct in rudiments or principles. He took much delight in tndoctrinating his young, unexperienced favorite. Clarendon. IN-DO€’TRIN-A-TED, pp. Taught; instructed in the principles of any science. IN-DO€’/TRIN-A-TING, ppr. Teaching; instructing in principles or rudiments. IN-DO€-TRIN-A'/TION, n. Instruction in the rudi- ments and principles of any science ; information. Brown. IN’/DO-LENCE, n. [Fr., from L. indolentia ; in and do- leo, to be pained. ] ]. Literally, freedom from pain. Burnet. 9. Habitual idleness ; indisposition to labor ; lazi- ness; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil. In- dolence, like laziness, implies a constitutional or ha- bitual love of ease ; idleness does not. IN’/DO-LENT, a. [Fr.] Habitually idle or indisposed to labor ; lazy ; listless; sluggish ; indulging in ease ; applied to persons. 2. Inactive; idle; as, an indolent life. 3. Free from pain; as, an indolent tumor. IN-DO-LENT-LY, adv. In habitual idleness and ease ; without action, activity, or exertion ; lazily. Oalm and serene you indolently sit. Addison. IN-DOM/I-TA-BLE, a. [L. in and domo, to tame.] That can not be subdued ; irrepressible ; untamable. Herbert. IN-DOMPT’A-BLE, a. [Fr. in and dompter, L. domo, to tame. ]} Not to hesubdued. [Unusual.] Tuoke. IN-DORS’A-BLE, a. That may be indorsed, assigned, and made payable to order. IN-DORSE’, v. t. [L. i and dorsum, the back.] l. To write on the back of a paper or written in- strument; as, to indorse a note or bill of exchange ; to indorse a receipt or assignment on a bill or note. Hence, 2. To assign by writing an order on the back of a note or bill; to assign or transfer by indorsement. The bill was indorsed to the bank. 3. To give sanction or currency to; as, to indorse a statement or the opinions of another. [Modern.] To indorse in blank ; to write a name only on a note or bill, leaving a blank to be filled by the holder. IN-DORS/ED, (in-dorst’,) pp. ora. Written on the back ; assigned ; sanctioned. IN-DOR-SEE’, n. The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement. IN-DORSE/MENT, z. The act of writing on the back of a note, bill, or other written instrument. 2. That which is written on the back of a note, bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for payment, the return of an officer, or the verdict of a grand jury. 3. Sanction or support given, as the indorsement of a rumor, IN-DORS/ER, x. 'The person who indorses, or writes IND and who, by this act, as the case may be, makes him- self liable to pay the note or bill. IN-DORS/ING, ppr. Writingon the back ; assigning ; sanctioning. IN-DORS/ING, n. The act of making an indorse- ment. IN'DRAUGHT, (in/draft,) 2. fee and draught.| An opening from the sea into the land ; an inlet. Obs. } Ralegh. IN/DRAWN, a. Drawn in. IN-DRENCH/, v. t. {in and drench.] with water; to drown; to drench. IN-DRENCH/ED, (in-drencht’,) pp. with water. IN-DU/BI-OUS, a. [L. indubius; in and dubius, doubt- u To overwhelm Shak. Overwhelmed 1, Not dubious or doubtful; certain. 2. Not doubting ; unsuspecting ; as,indubious con fidence. Harvey. IN-DO/BI-TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from LL. indubitabilis ; in and dubitabilis, from dubito, to doubt.] Not to be doubted ; unquestionable ; evident ; ap- parently certain ; too plain to admit of doubt. Watts. IN-DU/BI-TA-BLE-NESS,7. State of being indubita- ble. Ash. IN-DO’/BI-TA-BLY, adv. Undoubtedly ; unquestion- ably ; in a manner to remove all doubt. Sprat. IN-DU/BI-TATE, a. [L. indubitatus.] Not questioned ; evident; certain. [JVot used.] Bacon. IN-DUCE’, v. t. [L. induco; in and duco, tolead ; Fr. induire ; It. indurre.} 1. To lead, as by persuasion or argument; to pre- vail on; to incite; to influence by motives. The emperor could not be induced to take part in the con- test. 2. To produce by influence. As this belief is absolutely necessary for all mankind, the evi- dence for inducing it must be of that nature as to accommo- date itself to all species of men. Forbes. 3. To produce ; to bring on; to cause; as, a fever induced by extreme fatigue. The revolution in France has induced a change of opinions and of property. 4, To introduce ; to bring into view. The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Niad. ope. 5. To offer by way of induction or inference. [JVot used. | Town. 6. In electricity, to transmit an electric influence through a non-conducting medium without any ap- arent communication of a spark. IN-DUC’ED, (in-dist’,) pp. Persuaded by motives; influenced ; produced; caused, IN-DUCE’MENT, 7. Motive; any thing that leads the mind to will or to act ; any argument, reason, or fact, that tends to persuade or influence the mind. The love of ease is an inducement to idleness, The love of money is an inducement to industry in good men, and to the perpetration of crimes in the bad. 2. In law,a statement of facts introducing other miaterial facts. IN-DUC’ER, 2. or influences. IN-DU/CI-BLE, a. He or that which induces, persuades, That may be induced; that may be offered by induction. TOWN. 2. That may be caused. Barrow. IN-DUC/ING, ppr. Leading or moving by reason or arguments; persuading ; producing; causing; trans- mitting electrical influence through a non-conducting medium. IN-DU€T", v. t. co, to lead 1. Literally, to bring in or introduce. Hence, 2. Appropriately, to introduce, as to a benefice or office ; to put in actual possession of an ecclesiastical living, or of any other office, with the customary forms and ceremonies. Clerks or parsons are i- ducted by a mandate from the bishop to the arch- deacon, who usually issues a precept to other cler- gymen to perform the duty. In the United States, certain civil officers, and presidents of colleges, are inducted into office with appropriate ceremonies. IN-DU€T’ED, pp. Introduced into office with the usual formalities. IN-DU€’TILE, a. [in and ductile.] Not capable of being drawn into threads, as a metal. [See Duc- [L. inductus, from induco ; in and du- TILE. IN DUCTILITY, n. The quality of being induc- tile. IN-DU€T'ING, ppr. Introducing into office with the usual formalities. IN-DU€’TION, xn. [Fr., from L. inductio. See In- DUCT. 1. Literally, a bringing in ; introduction ; entrance. Hence, 2. The bringing forward of particulars or individ- ual cases, with a view to establish some general con- clusion. 3. A kind of argument which infers respecting a whole class what has been ascertained respecting one or more individuals of that class. Whately. his name on the back of a note or bill of exchange ; This is the inductive method of Bacon, and is the FATE, FAR, o98 ALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Ce ee eeIND direct reverse of logical deduction. At ascends from the parts to the who-.e, and forms, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conciusions whicn mave greater or jess degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weak- ened by subsequent experience. [t relates to actual existences, as in physical science, or the concerns of life. Drducnon descends from the whole to some in- cluded part, its inferences are necessary conclusions according to the laws of thought, being merely the mental recognition of some particular, as included or contained in something general. 4. The inference of some general truth from all the particulars embraced under it, as legitimated by the laws of thought, and abstracted from the conditions of any particular matter. This may be called meta- physical induction, and should be carefully distin- guished from the illations of physics, spoken of above. 5. The conclusion or inference drawn from a pro- cess of induction. 6. The introduction of a clergyman into 2 benefice, or giving possession of an ecclesiastical living; or the introduction of a person into an office by the usu- al forms and ceremonies. Jnduction is applied to the introduction of officers, only when certain oaths are to be administered or other formalities are to be ob- served, which are intended to confer authority or give dignity to the transaction. In Great Britain, an- duction is used for giving possession of ecclesiastical offices. In the United States, it is applied to the for- mal introduction of civil officers, and the higher offi- cers of colleges. 7. In electricity, an influence exerted by an electri- fied body through a non-conducting medium, without any apparent communication of a spark. Thus elec- trical attractions and repulsions may be transmitted by induction through glass, although no spark can pass through such a medium. Olmsted, 8. In old plays, an introductory scene, icading to the main action, as the episode of the Duke and the Tinker, in Shakspeare’s Taming of the Shrew. Toone. Pertaining to induction. Maunder. Leading or drawing ; with to. A brutish vice, IN-DU€’TION-AL, a. IN-DU€T’IVE, a. Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. Milton, 2, Tending to induce or cause, They may be inductive of credibility. [Unusual.] Hale. 3. Leading to inferences ; proceeding by induction ; employed in drawing conclusions from premises ; as, inductive reasoning. IN-DU€T'IVE-LY, adv. By induction or inference. IN-DU€T’OR, n. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice. IN-DUEP’, (in-di’,) v.t. [L. induo; Gr. evduw ; Fr. en- duire. This word coincides nearly in signification with endow, that is, to put on, to furnish. Duo is ev- idently a contracted word.] 1 To put on something ; to invest; to clothe; as, to indue matter with forms, or man with intelligence. 2, To furnish; to supply with; to endow. IN-DU/ED, (in-dide’,) pp. Clothed ; invested. IN-DUE/MENT, (in-da/ment,) x. A putting on; en- dowment. Mountagu. IN-DO/ING, ppr. Investing ; putting on. IN-DULGE/, (in-dulj’,) v. t. [L. indulgeo. This word is compound, but the primitive, simple verb is not known, nor the radical sense. If allied to G. and D. dulden, to bear, to tolerate, it is from the root of L. wero: 1. T'o permit to be or to continue ; to sufler; not to restrain or oppose ; as, to indulge sloth; to indulge the passions ; to indulge pride, selfishness, or inclina- tions. 9. To gratify, negatively ; not to check or restrain the will, appetite, or desire; as, to indulge children in amusements. 3. To gratify, positively ; to grant something, not of right, but as a favor; to grant in compliance with wishes or desire. Yet, yet a moment, one dim nuy of light Indulge, dread Chaos and eternal Night! 4. In general, to gratify ; to favor; to humor; to yield to the wishes of; to withhold restraint from. It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of indulgence is a single thing, it has with before it; if it is a habit, it hasin. He indulged himself with a glass of wine ; he indulges himself a sloth or intem- perance. IN-DULGE’, (in-du.j/,) v. % To permit to enjoy or practice ; or to yield to the enjoyment or practice of, without restraint or control; as, to indulge in sin, or in sensual pleasure, This form of expression is ellip- tical, a pronoun being omitted ; as, to indulge myself or juimself. Most men are more willing to indulge in easy vices, than to practice laborious virtues. Johnson. 2. To yield; to comply; to be favorable. [Litile Pope. IND without check or control; as, ilove of pieasure 27- dulged to excess. 2. Gratified ; yielded to ; humored in wishes or de- sires ; as, a child indulged by his parents. 3. Granted. IN-DUL'GENCE, )n. Free permission to the appe- IN-DUL/GEN-CY, tites, humor, desires, passions, or will, to act or operate ; forbearance of restramt or control. How many children are ruined by indul- gence! Indulgence is not kindness or tenderness, but it may be the effect of one or the other, or of negli- 3. Favor granted ; liberality ; gratification. If all these gracious indulgenctes are without effect on us, we must perish in our folly. Rogers. 4. In the Roman Catholic church, remission of the punishment due to sins, granted by the pope or church, and supposed to save the sinner from pur- gatory ; absolution from the censures of the church and from all transgressions. NCYC. IN-DUL’/GENT, a. Yielding to the wishes, desires, humor, or appetites of those under one’s care ; com- pliant; not opposing or restraining; as, au indulgent parent. 2. Mild; favorable ; not severe ; as, the indulgent censure of posterity. Waller. 3. Gratifying ; favoring ; with of. The feeble old, indulgent of their ease. Dryden. IN-DUL-GEN’TIAL, a. Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic church. [JVot wéll authorized. } Brevint. IN-DUL/GENT-LY, adv. With unrestrained enjoy- ment. Hammond. 2. Mildly ; favorably ; not severely. IN-DULG/ER, x. One who indulges. Mountagu. IN-DULG/ING, ppr. Permitting to enjoy or to prac- tice ; gratifying. IN-DULT’, n. [Fr.; It. indulto, a pardon; L. an- IN-DULT’O, dultus, indulged.] 1. A privilege or exemption. Johnson. 9. In the Roman Catholic church, a privilege granted by the pope, to certain persons, of doing or obtaining something contrary to established rule or law. Lunier. 3. In Spain, a duty, tax, or custom, paid to the king for all goods imported from the West Indies in the galleons. Encyc. Brit. IN-DU/PLLEATE, a. [L. in and duplicatus.] In botany, having the margins bent abruptly in- ward, and the external face of these edges applied to each other without any twisting, as in some spe- cies of Clematis. Lindley. IN’DU-RATE, v.i. [L. induro; in and duro, to hard- en. T'o grow hard; to harden or become hard. Clay indurates-by drying, and by extreme heat. IN/DU-RATE, v. t. To make hard. Extreme heat in- durates clay. Some fossils are indurated by exposure to the air. 9. To make unfeeling; to deprive of sensibility ; to render obdurate ; as, to indurate the heart. Goldsmith. Hardened; made obdu- IN/DU-RA-TED, pp. or a. rate. IN’DU-RA-TING, ppr. Hardening; rendering insen- sible. IN-DU-RA/’TION, n. The act of hardening, or process of growing hard. acon. 9. Hardness of heart; obduracy. Decay of Piety. IN-DO/SIAL, (-shal,) a. [L. indusia.] Composed of or containing the petrified cases of the larves of certain insects ; as, trdwsial limestone. IN-DU/SI-UM, (-she-um,) 7. ft] In botany, a col- lection of hairs upon the style of a flower, united into the form of a cup, and inclosing the stigma, as in the Goodeniacee. Lindley. 9, A superincumbent portion of cuticle continuing to cover the sori of ferns when they are mature, Lindley. IN-DUS’/TRI-AL, a. Consisting in industry ; pertain- ing to industry. IN-DUS’/TRI-AL-LY, adv. With reference to indus- try. IN-DUS’TRLOUS, a. [L, industrius, from industria. | 1. Diligent in business or study ; constantly, reg- ularly, or babitually occupied in business ; assiduous ; opposed to SLOTHFUL and IDLE. Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to the estab- fished government. Temple. 9. Diligent in a particular pursuit, or to a particular end ; opposed to Remiss or SLACK; as, industrious to accomplish a journey, or to reconcile contending parties. 3. Given to industry ; as, an industrious life. : ; 4. Careful ; assiduous, as, the industrious applica- tion of knowing men. atts. IN-DUS’TRI-OUS-LY, adv. With habitual diligence ; with steady application of the powers of body or of characterized by diligence ; IN‘DUS-TRY, 7. IN’/DWELL-ING, n. Residence within, or in the IN-E/BRI-ANT, a. [See Inesriate.] Intoxicating. IN-E/BRI-ANT x. Any thing that Intoxicates, as IN-&/BRLATE, v. t. [L. inebrio, inebriatus ; in and INE @ particular purpose. He attempted industrious to make peace. He industriously conceaied “it name. [L. industria; Fr. mdustv. Vhis is a compound word, and the root prunably of the Class Ds. Habitual diligence in any employment, either bodily or mental; steady attention to busjness ; assidully; opposed to Sitotu and IpLeNness. We are directed to take lessons of industry from the bee. Industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will increase them. gence. ; : IN/DWELL-ER, n. An inhabitant. Spenser 2. Gratification ; as, the indulgence of lust or of ap- | IN’ DWELL-ING, a. [in and dwelling.] Dwelling petite. within ; remaining in the heart, even after it is re- newed ; as, indwelling sin. Owen. Macknight. Milner. heart or soul. opium. Eneye ebrio, to intoxicate ; ebrius, soaked, drenched, drunk- en. The Latin ebrius is contracted from ebrigus or ebregus, aS appears from the Spanish embriagar, to intoxicate ; embriago, inebriated ; It. briaco, drunk ; imbriacare, imbriacarsi. The sense is, to wash or drench, and it is evidently from the common root of the Gr. Bpexw, to water or irrigate. See Ban, 1. To make drunk; to intoxicate. Sandis. 2. To disorder the senses; to stupefy, or to make fiirious or frantic ; to produce effects like those of liquor, which are various in different constitutions. IN-E/BRLATE, v.i. To be or become intoxicated. acon. IN-&/BRI-ATE, n. An habitual drunkard. Some inebriates have their paroxysmis of inebriety terminated by much pale urine, profuse sweats, &c. Darwin. IN-i&/BRI-A-TED, pp. Intoxicated. IN-&/BRI-A-TING, ppr. Making drunk ; intoxicating. IN-&/BRI-A-TING, a. Having intoxicating qualities ; tending to intoxicate ; as, inebriating liquors. IN-E-BRI-A/TION, n. Drunkenness ; intoxication. Brown. IN-E-BRI'E-TY, n. Drunkenness ; intoxication. Darwin. IN-ED/IT-ED, a. [in and edited.| Unpublished. ‘arton. IN-EF-FA-BIL/LTY, nz. Unspeakableness. IN-EF/FA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. imefabilis; in and effabilis, from effor, to speak.) Unspeakable ; unutterable; that can not be ex- pressed in words; usually in a good sense; as, the ineffable joys of heaven ; the ineffable glories of the Deity. IN-EF’FA-BLE-NESS, 2. Unspeakableness ; quality of being unutterable, Scott. IN-BF/FA-BLY, adv. Unspeakably ; ina manner not Milton. to be expressed in words. IN-EF-FACE/A-BLE, a. IN-EF-FACE/A-BLY, adv. So as not to be effaceable. IN-EF-FE€T/IVE, a. [in and effective.] Not effect- ive ; not producing any effect, or the effect intended ; inefficient ; useless. The word of God, without the spirit, is a dead and ineffective letter. Taylor. 2. Not able ; not competent to the service intend- ed ; as, ineffective troops ; ineffective force. 3. Producing no effect. IN-EF-FE€T/IVE-LY, adv. ciently. IN-EF-FE€T/U-AL, a. [in and effectual.] Not pro- dicing its proper effect, or not able to produce its effect ; inefficient; weak; as, an ineffectual remedy ; the Spaniards made an meffectual attempt to reduce Gibraltar. tee INEFFICACIOUS. IN-EF-FE€T’U-AL-LY, adv. vain. IN-EF-FE€T/U-AL-NESS, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce it; inefficacy. James speaks of the tneffectualness of some men’s deyotan: -e. That can not be effaced. Without effect ; ineffi- trithout effect; In IN-EF-FER-VES/CENCE, n. [in and effervescence. ] Want of effervescence ; a state of not effervescing. Kirwan. IN-EF-FER-VES/CENT, a. Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence. IN-EF-FER-VES-CLBIL/LTY, n. The quality of not effervescing, or not being susceptible of effervescence. Kirwan. IN-EF-FER-VES/CI-BLE, a. Not capable of effer- vescence. IN-EF:FIL-€A/CIOUS, a. [It. and Fr. ineficax ; in and efficax, efficio, to effect ; to make. } Not efficacious; not having power effect desired, or the proper effect ; power or force. Ineffectual, says ineficace; L. ex and facie, to produce the of inadequate Johnson, rather denotes an actual failure, and inefficactous, an habitual impotence bo any effect. But the distinction is not always ob- served, nor can it be ; for we can not always know mind. used. INDULG/ED, pp. Permitted to be and to operate TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; 2. Diligently ; assiduously ; with care; applied to Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. whether means are ineficacious, till experiment has 599 ee SS a mg nae ee ee ae; ! INE proved them ine vctual; nor even then, for we can { not be certain that the failure of means to produce | an effect is to be attributed to habitual want of pow- er, or to accidental and temporary causes. INEFFI- cacrous is therefore sometinies synonymous with INEFFECTUAL i IN-EF-FI-GA‘CIOUS Li. ir effect. IN-EF_FI-€4/CLOUS-NESS, n. Want of power to produce the effect, or want of effect. : IN-EF/FLEA-CY, n. [in and efficacy, L. efficacia. | 1. Want of power to produce the desired or proper effect ; inefficiency ; aS, the tnefficacy of medicines or of means, : 9. Ineffectualness ; failure of effect. IN-EF-FI//CIEN-CY, 7. [in and efficiency.| Want of power or exertion of power to produce the effect ; | ineflicacy. (| IN EF-FI/CIENT, (-fish’ent,) a. \| Not efficient ; not producing the effect ; inefficacious. i 9. Not active; effecting nothing ; as, an inefficient Chesterfield. Ineffectually ; without Without efficacy or [in and efficient.) force. IN-EF-FI/'CIENT-LY, adv. effect. IN-E-LAB/O-RATE, a. Not elaborate ; not wrought with care. Cockeram. IN-E-LAS/TI6, a. [in and elastic.] Not elastic ; wanting elasticity ; unelastic. IN-E-LAS-TIC/LTY, n. The absence of elasticity ; the want of elastic power. || IN-EL/E-GANCE, }n. [See IneLEGANT.] Want of || IN-EL/E-GAN-CY,{ elegance; want of beauty or polish in Janguage, composition, or manners ; want of symmetry or ornament in building; want of deli- cacy in coloring, &c. IN-EL/E-GANT, a. [L. inelegans; in and elegans, from the root of eligo, to choose. } Not elegant; wanting beauty or polish, as Jan- guage, or refinement, as manners ; wanting symme- try or ornament, as an edifice ; in short, wanting in any thing which correct taste requires. IN-EL’E-GANT-LY, adv. In an inelegant or unbe- coming manner ; coarsely ; roughly. Chesterfield. IN-EL-I-GLBIL/LTY, n. [from ineligible.) Incapaci- ty of being elected to an office. 9. State or quality of not being worthy of choice. IN-EL/LGLBLE, a. [in and eligible.] Not capable of being elected to an office. 2. Not worthy to be chosen or preferred; not expedicnt. IN-EL/1-GL-BLY, adv. In an ineligible manner. IN-EL/O-QUENT, a. [inand eloquent.} Not eloquent ; not speaking with fluency, propriety, grace, and pa- thos ; not persttasive ; used of persons. 9, Not fluent, graceful, or pathetic ; not persuasive ; as language or composition. JVilton. IN-EL‘O-QUENT-LY, adv. Without eloquence. IN-E-LU€T’A-BLE, a. [L. tneluctabilis.] Not to be resisted by struggling ; not to be over- come. [Wot used. Pearson. IN-E-LUD/I-BLE, a. [in and eludible.] That can not be eluded or defeated. Glanville. IN-EM’BRY-ON-ATE, a. Not formed in embryo. IN-E-NAR/RA-BLBE, a. [L. inenarrabilis.] That can not be narrated or told. IN-EPT’, a. [L. ineptus; in and aptus, fit, apt] 1. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable. Woodward. 2. Improper ; unbecoming ; foolish. More. IN-EPT/I-TUDE, n. Unfitness; inaptitude; unsuit- ableness ; aS, an ineptitude to motion. Arbuthnot. ' IN-EPT’LY, adv. Unfitly ; unsuitably ; foolishly. IN-E-QUAL/LTY, x. equal ; Fr. megalité.] 1. Difference or want of equality in degree, quan- tity, length, or quality of any kind ; the state of not having equal measure, degree,dimensions, or amount; ([L. inequalitas ; inand equalis, Glanville. IN-EPT/NESS, n._ Unfitness. More. IN-E/QUAL, a. [im and equal.) Unequal; uneven ; various. [Little used.] Shenstone. motions. 2. Unevenness ; want of levelness; the alternate the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab. 3. Disproportion to any office or purpose ; inade- quacy ; incompetency ; as, the inequality of terrestrial things to the wants of a rational soul. 4, Diversity ; want of uniformity in different times as, an inequality in size or stature ; an tmequality of numbers or of power; inequality of distances or of rising and falling of a surface; as, the inequalities of IN E INE IN-&/QUI-VALVE a. Having unequal IN-E-QUI-VALV'U-LAR, valves, as the shell of an oyster. : IN-E-RAD’1-€A-BLE, a. That can not be eradicated. Channing. IN-E-RAD/I-GA BLY, adv. So as not to be eradica- ble. IN-ER-GET"I - Nee RAUREeLNC, a. Having no energy- IN-ER-GET/I€-AL-LY, adv. Without energy. N-ERM/ IN-ERM/OUS, a [L. inermis ; in and arma, arms. ] Unarmed ; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf; a botanical word. Martyn. IN-ER-RA-BIL/LTY, x. [from inerrable.] Exemp- tion from error, or from the possibility of erring; 1n- fallibility. King Charles. IN-ER/RA-BLE, a. [inand err.) That can not err, exempt from error or mistake ; infallible. Hammond. [N-ER’RA-BLE-NESS, n. Exemption from error; in- errability. Hammond. IN-ER/RA-BLY, adv. With security from error; in- fallibly. IN-ER-RAT'IE, a. [in and erratic.] Not erratic or wandering ; fixed. aus. Trans. IN-ER/RING-LY, adv. Without error, mistake, or deviation. Glanville. IN-ERT’, a. [L. iners; in and ars, art. The English sense is drawn not from art, but from the primary sense, strength or vigorous action. ] 1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion impressed ; as, matter is inert. 2, Dull; sluggish ; very slow to act ; indisposed to move or act. Thomson. IN-ER/TIA, (in-er/sha,) n. [L.] A property of mat- ter by which it tends to preserve a state of rest when still, and of uniform rectilinear motion when mov- ing. Bigelow. 9. Inertness ; indisposition to move. IN-ER/TION, x. Want of activity; want of action or exertion. These vicissitudes of exertion and inertion of the arterial system constitute the paroxysms of remittent fever. Darwin. IN-ERT/I-TUDE, n. The state of being inert, or a tendency to remain quiescent till impelled by exter- nal force to move. Good. IN-ERT’LY, adv. Without activity ; sluggishly. Duneiad. IN-ERT'NESS, nz. The state or quality of being inert, or destitute of the power to move per se. [See INERTIA. ] 9, Want of activity or exertion ; habitual indispo- sition to action or motion ; sluggishness. IN-ES/€ATE, v. t. [L. inesco.] To bait ; to lay a bait for. IN-ES/€A-TED, pp. Baited. IN-ES-€A/TION, n. The act of baiting. Hallywell. IN ES'SE. [(L.] In being; actually existing ; dis- tinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote that a thing is not, but may be. IN-ES-SEN’TIAL, a. Not essential ; unessential. IN-ES’/TI-MA-BLE, a. [L. inestimabilis. See Ests- MATE. | 1. That can not be estimated or computed ; as, an mestimable sum of money. 2. Too valuable or excellent to be rated; being above all price; as, inestimable rights. The privi- leges of American citizens, civil and religious, are inestimable. IN-ES'/TI-MA-BLY, adv. mated or rated. IN-E-V A/SI-BLE, a. In a manner not to be esti- That can not be evaded. Ec. Rev. IN-EV’/I-DENCE, 7. Want of evidence; obscurity. Barrow. IN-EV'I-DENT, a. [in and evident.) Not evident; not clear or obvious ; obscure. Brown. IN-BV-L-TA-BIL/I-TY, n. [from inevitable.] Impos- sibility to be avoided ; certainty to happen. Bramhall. IN-EV/I-TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. inevitabilis; in and evitabilis, from evito, to shun.] Not to be avoided ; that can not be shunned ; una- voidable ; that admits of no escape or evasion. To die is the inevitable lot of man; we are all subjected to many inevitable calamities. IN-EV/I-TA-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being una- voidable. IN-EV/I-TA-BLY, adv. Without possibility of escape admitting of excuse or justification ; enormity be- yond forgiveness or palliation. This inercusablenesa is stated on the supposition that they knew God, but did not glorify him. Seuth. IN-PX-€U/A-BLY, adv. With a degree of guilt or folly beyoud excuse or justification. LN-EX-E-€U't' «a BLE, a That can not be executed or performed. . Morris. IN-EX-E-€0’ TION, n. Neglect of execution; non- performance ; as, the inexecution of a treaty. IN-EX-ER’TION, (z as gz,) n. [tm and erzertion.] Want of exertion ; want of effort; defect of action. Darwin. IN-EX-HAL/A-BLE, (zas gz,) a. [im and erhalable, L. ezhalo.)} Not to be exhaled or evaporated ; not evaporable. ron. IN-EX-HAUST’ED, (2 as gz,)a. [in and exhausted, | Not exhausted ; not emptied ; unexhausted. 2. Not spent; not having lost all strength or re- sources ; unexhausted. IN-EX-HAUST'I-BLE, (z as gz,) a. [in and exhaust- ible.| That can not be exhausted or emptied ; un- failing; aS, an inexhaustible quantity or supply of water. 9. That can not be wasted or spent; as, iexhausti- ble stores of provisions. The IN-EX-HAUST’I-BLE-NESS, (2 as gz,) 7. state of being inexhaustible. IN-EX-HAUST’IL-BLY, (z as gz,) adv. haustible manner or degree. IN-EX-HAUST'IVE, (z as gz,) @. hausted or spent. IN-EX-IST’, (z as gz,)v.%. Nottoexist. Tucker. IN-EX-IST/ENCE; (x as gz,) n. [in and ezistence.] Want of being or existence. Broome. 2. Inherence. IN-EX-IST/ENT, (z as g2,) a. In an inex- Not to be ex- [in and ezistent.| Not having being ; not existing. South. Brown. 2. Existing in something else. Boyle. IN-EX-O-RA-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality of being in- exorable or unyielding to entreaty. Paley. IN-EX/O-RA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. inezorabilis ; in and ezorabilis, from exoro, to entreat; ex and oro, to pray. ] 1. Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer ; too firm and determined in purpose to yield to supplication ; as, an inexorable prince or tyrant; an inexorable judge. ®, Unyielding ; that can not be made to bend. 5?) Inexorable equality of laws. Gibbon. IN-EX/O-RA-BLY, adv. entreaty. IN-EX-PE€T-A’TION, x. tation. Feltham. IN-EX-PE€T’ED, a. Not expected. [Vot im use.] IN-EX-PE/DI-ENCE, )n. [m and expedience.] Want IN-EX-PE/DI-EN-CY,{ of fitness; impropriety ; un- suitableness to the purpose. The inezpedience of a measure is to be determined by the prospect of its advancing the purpose intended or not. IN-EX-PE/DLENT, a. [im and ezpedient.] Not ex- pedient; not tending to promote a purpose ; not tending toa good end; unfit; improper; unsuitable to time and place. Whatever tends to retard or de- feat success in a good cause, is inezpedient. What is expedient at one time, may be tnexpedient at an- other. IN-EX-PE/DLENT-LY, adv. fitly. IN-EX-PENS/IVE, a. Not expensive. Coleride. IN-EX-PE/RI-ENCE, n. [in and experience.) Want of experience or experimental knowledge ; as, the inexperience of youth, or their mezperience of the world. IN-EX-PE/RI-ENC-ED, (-eks-pé/re-enst,) a. ing experience; unskilled. IN-EX-PERT’, a. [in and ezpert.] Not expert; not skilled ; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. So as to be immovable by State of having no expec- Not expediently ; un- Not hav- In letters and in laws Not inexpert. IN-EX-PERT’NESS, n. Want of expertness. IN-EX/PI-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. inexpiabilis. See ExPiaTE.] 1. That admits of no atonement or satisfaction ; as, an inexpiable crime or offense. 2, That can not be mollified or appeased by atone- Prior. or places ; as, the inequality of air or temperature. ote : Set i ate ye Difference of rite sation or EORaiGhe as, my SNES ee ee Cee : ; TRE ECE EEE a degree that Re the inequalities of men in society ; inequalities of rank | __ BO) eee cea La tea endinasigh! South. | yo atonement. " Roscommon. CHDIDUELEY. ee ; eS IN-EX-A€T’, (z as gz,) a, [in and exact.] Not exact; IN-EX-PLAIN/A-BLE, a. That can not be explained ; . In astronomy, an irregularity or deviation in the not precisely correct or true. inexplicable. [ Obs.] non of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean TE AC ABS: (z as gz,) n. Incorrectness ; want | IN-EX-PLE/A-BLY or IN-EX'PLE-A-BLY, adv. In ; : rande. of precision. satiably. [JVot used. Sandys. [N-E-QUI-DIS/TANT, a. Not being equally distant. INES CLT BLE: a. in and eectiatle,) aot sus- | IN-EX-PLI-€A-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality or state of ; : _ Say. ceptible of excitement; dull ; ifeless ; torpid. being inexplicable. | [IN-E-QUI-LAT/ER-AL, a. Having unequal ee IN EX COs ABLE, onal cpceati m and ez- | IN-E} PEL BLE, a. ee from L. inexplicabilis ; 1} : UP cusabilis, excuso. See Excuse. in and ezplico, to unfold. 1 ae a ie an even pOIseh , Not to be excused or justified ; as, wezcusable That can not be explained or interpreted ; not ca- | aes Neaneee tt, G ; ye-ta- ») a [mand equita-|__folhy. ; pable of being rendered plain and intelligible; as, an ' le. equitable; not just. IN-EX-€0$'A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not! «mezplicable mystery. 1 A’ sf 7 v7 fT? ie eh aoe FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — GUOINE IN-EX’PLI-€A-BLE-NESS, n. Without organs. IN-OR'/GAN-IZ-ED, a. Not having organic structure ; void of organs, as earths, metals, or other minerals. [L. in and osculatus, from os- culor, to kiss. ] In anatomy, to unite by apposition or contact ; to unite, as two vessels at their extremities ; as, one vein or artery inosculates with another; a vein inosculates with an artery. IN-OS'/6U-LATE, v. t. To unite, as two vessels in an animal body. IN-OS/6€U-LA-TING, ppr. ties of two vessels. IN-OS-€U-LA/TION, n. The union of two vessels of an animal body at their extremities, or by contact and perforation of their sides, by means of which a com- munication is maintained, and the circulation of fluids is carried on; anastomosis. Ray. IN O'VO, [L.] In the egg; in infancy. IN PER-PET!U-AM RE'I ME-MO'RLAM, [L.] For a perpetual memorial of the affair. IN PER-PET'U-UM, [L.] To perpetuity ; forever. IN PET'TO, [It., in the breast, L. in pectore. | In secret ; In reserve. IN POS'SE, [L.} In possibility of being. IN PRO'PRI-A PER-SO'NA, [L.] In one’s own person. IN/QUEST, n. [Fr. enquéte; L. inquisitio, inquiro ; im and quero, to seek. ] 1. Inquisition ; judicial inquiry ; official examina- tion. An inquest of office is an inquiry made by the king’s officer, his sheriff, coroner, or escheator, con- cerning any matter that entitles the king to the pos- session of lands or tenements, goods or chattels, It is made by a jury of no determinate number. Blackstone In the United States, a similar inquiry, made by the proper officer, under the authority of a State. 2. Ajury; particularly, acoroner’sjury, assembled to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. 3. Inquiry ; search. South. IN-QUI/ET,»v.t. To disturb; totrouble. [Wot used.] IN-QUI-ET-A’TION, n. Disturbance. [Not used. } IN-QUI’ET-UDE, n. [Fr., from L. inquietudo ; in and quis, rest. ] Disturbed state; want of quiet ; restlessness ; un- easiness, either of body or mind; disquietude. Pope. IN’QUI-NATE, v. t. [L. inguino, todefile ; im andGr. xoivow, from xo,yos, common. ] To defile ; topollute ; tocontaminate. [Little used.] Brown. IN-QUI-NA’TION, n. The act of defiling, or state of being defiled; pollution; corruption. [Little used.] Bacon. IN-QUIR’A-BLE, a. [from inquire.| That may be inquired into; subject to inquisition or inquest. Bacon. IN-QUIRE’, v. i. [Fr. enquerir ; Sp. inquirir ; L. in- quiro ; in and quero, to seek; Malayan, charee, to seek. See AcqQuike.] l. To ask a question; to seek for truth or in- formation by asking questions, We will call the damsel and inguire at her mouth. —Gen. xxiv. It has of before the person asked. Inquire of them, or of him. «It has of, concerning, or after, before the subject of inquiry. He sent Hadoram, his son, to King David to ingutre of his welfare. —1 Chron, xyiil. For thou dost not inguire wisely concerning this. — Eccl. vil. When search is to be made for particular knowl- edge or information, it is followed by into. The cor- oner by jury inquires into the cause of a sudden death. When a place or person is sought, or something hid or missing, for is commonly used. Inquire for one Saul of Tarsus. He was inquiring for the bouse to which he was directed. Jnquire for the cloak that is lost. Inquire for the right road. Sometimes it is followed by after. Inquire after the right way. When some general information is sought, this verb is followed by about ; sometimes by concerning. His friends inquired about him ; they inquired concern- ing his welfare. ; 2. To seck for truth by argument or the discussion of questions; or by investigation. To inquire into; to make examination ; to seek for particular information. Inguire into the time, man- ner, and place. Inquire into all the circumstances of the case. IN-QUIRE’, v. t. To ask about; to seek by asking; as, he inquired the way ; but the phrase is elliptical, for inquire for the way. Uniting, as the extremi- IN-QUIR/ENT, a. IN-QUIR/ER, n. IN-QUIR/ING, ppr. INS IN-QUIR/ED, pp. Asked about ; sought by asking. Making inquiry. Shenstone. One who asks a question ; one who interrogates ; one who searches or examines; one who seeks for knowledge or information. Seeking for information by ask- ing questions; asking; questioning; interrogating ; examining. et IN-QUIR/ING, a. Given to inquiry; disposed to in- vestigate causes ; aS, an inquiring mind. IN-QUIR/ING-LY, adv. By way of inquiry. IN-QUI/RY, x (Norm. enguerre, from querer, to in- quire. 1k ge act of inquiring; a seeking for information by asking questions ; interrogation. The men who were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for Simon’s house, and stood before the gate. — Acts x. 2, Search for truth, information, or knowledge; research ; examination into facts or principles by proposing and discussing questions, by solving problems, by experiments or other modes ; as, phys- ical inquiries ; inquiries about philosophical knowl- edge. Locke. The first inquiry of a rational being should be, Who made me? the second, Why was 1 made? who is my Creator, and what is his will ? Anon. IN-QULSI'/TION, (in-kwe-zish’un,) nm. [Fr., from L. inguisitio, inquiro. See InquiRe.] 1. Inquiry ; examination; a searching or search. Ps. 1X. 2. Judicial inquiry ; official examination ; inquest. The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make inguisition concerning them by a jury of the county, Blackstone. 3. Examination ; discussion. Bacon. 4. In some Roman Catholic countries, a court or tri- bunal established for the examination and punish- ment of heretics. ‘This court was established in the twelfth century by Father Dominic, who was charged by Pope Innocent III. with orders to excite Roman Gatholic princes and people to extirpate heretics. Eneyc. IN-QUI-SI'/TION-AL, a, Making inquiry; busy in inquiry. Sterne. IN-QUI-SI/"TION-A-RY, a. Inquisitional. IN-QUIS/L-TIVE, a. Apt to ask questions; addicted to inquiry; inclined to seek information by ques- tions; followed by about or after. He was very im- quisitive about, or after, news. Children are usually inquisitive. 9. Inclined to seek knowledge by discussion, in- vestigation, or observation ; given to research. He possesses an inquisitive mind or disposition. We live In an inguisilive age. IN-QUIS'I-TIVE, n. one curious in research. IN-QUIS'I-TIVE-LY, adv. information ; with scrutiny. IN-QUIS’/LTIVE-NESS, n. The disposition to obtain information by questioning others, or by researches into facts, causes, or principles; curiosity to learn what is not known. The works of nature furnish ample matter for the inquisitiveness of the human A person who is inquisitive; Temple. With curiosity to obtain mind. IN-QUIS/L-TOR, n. [L. See Inqurre.] One who inquires ; particularly, one whose official duty it is to inquire and examine. Dryden. 9. A member of the court of inquisition in Roman Catholic countries. NCYCe IN-QUIS-L-TO/RLAL, a. Pertaining to inquisition ; as, inquisitorial power. 2. Pertaining to the court of inquisition, or resem- bling its practices ; as, inquisitorial tragedy. Encyc. Buchanan. In an inquisitorial Ingutsitorial robes. IN-QUIS-I-TO/RI-AL-LY, adv. manner. IN-QUIS-I-TO/RI-OUS, a. Making strict inquiry. Cbs. | Milton. IN-RAIL’, v.t. [inand rail.] To rail in; to inclose with rails. Hooker. Gay. IN-RAIL’/ED, pp. Inclosed with rails. IN-RAIL/ING, ppr. Inclosing with rails. IN-REG/IS-TER, v. t. [Fr. enregistrer. TER. | To register; to record ; to enterina register. Walsh. IN/ROAD, n. [in and road.] The entrance of an en- emy into a country with purposes of hostility ; a sud- den or desultory incursion or invasion. The confines of England and Scotland were formerly harassed with frequent inroads. The English made inroads into Scotland, and the Scots into England, and the country was sometimes desolated. 2. Attack ; encroachment. IN-SAFE'TY,n. Want of safety. [IU] JVaunton. IN-SA-LU/BRI-OUS, a. [in and salubrious.] Not sa lubrious ; not healthful; unfavorable to health ; un wholesome ; as, an insalubrious air or climate. IN-SA-LO/BRLTY, n. [in and salubrity.] Want of salubrity ; unhealthfulness ; unwholesomeness; as, the insalubrity of air, water, or climate. IN-SAL/U-TA-RY, a. fin and salutary.] Not salu- tary ; not favorable to health or soundness. See Recis- 2. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser. 9. Not tending to safety ; productive of evil. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Pe CeaINS IN-SAN-A-BIL/I-TY, )x. State of being incura- IN-SAN’/A-BLE-NESS, ble. IN-SAN’A-BLE, a. [L, insanabilis; in and sano, to heal. | Incurable ; that can not be healed. IN-SAN/‘A-BLY. adv. So as to be incurable. IN-SANE!, a. [L. imsanus; in and sanus, sound. | 1. Unsound in mind or intellect ; mad; deranged in mind ; delirious ; distracted. Shak. 2. Used by or appropriated to insane persons ; as, an insane hospital. 3. Making mad; causing madness ; as, the znsane root. [ Obs.] Shak. IN-SANE’, n. An insane person; as, a hospital for the insane. IN-SANE/LY, adv. Madly; foolishly ; without rea- son. Montgomery. IN-SANE/NESS, ? x2. The state of being unsound in IN-SAN/I-TY, mind ; derangement of intellect ; madness. Jnsanity is chiefly used, and the word is applicable to any degree of mental derangement, from slight delirium or wandering, to distraction. It is, however, rarely used to express slight, temporary delirium, occasioned by fever or accident. IN-SAP/O-RY, a. [L. in and sapor, taste. ] Tasteless ; wanting flavor. [WVot used.] Herbert. IN-SA/TIA-BLE, (in-sa/sha-bl,) a. [Fr., from L. in- satiabilis ; tm and satio, to satisfy.] Incapable of being satisfied or appeased ; very greedy ; as, an znsatiable appetite or desire ; insatiable thirst. IN-SA'TIA-BLE-NESS, ? x. IN-SA-TIA-BIL/L-TY, that can not be satisfied or appeased, King Charles. IN-SA’TIA-BLY, (in-sa/sha-bly,) adv. With greedi- ness not to be satisfied. South. IN-SA/TIATE, (in-sa/shate,) a. [L. insatiatus.] Not to be satisfied ; insatiable ; as, insatiate thirst. Philips. IN-SA/TIATE-LY, adv. So greedily as not to be sat- isfied. Johnson. Greediness of appetite IN-SA-TI/E-TY, n. Insatiableness. Granger. IN-SAT-IS-FA€/TION, x. Want of satisfaction. Bacon. IN-SAT/U-RA-BLE, a. satur, full. ] Not to be saturated, filled, or glutted. Johnson. IN/SCI-ENCE, n. [in and science.] Ignorance ; want of knowledge. Ch. Relig. Appeal. IN-SERIB/A-BLE, a. That may be inscribed. IN-SERIB/A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being inscriba- [L. insaturabilis; i and ble. IN-S€RIBE!, v. & [L. inscribo; in and scribo, to write, Eng. to scrape. See Scrise. 1. To write on ; to engrave on for perpetuity or duration ; as, to inscribe a line or verse on a monu- ment, on a column or pillar. 2. To imprint on ; as, to inscribe any thing on the mind or memory. 3. To assign or address to; tocommend to bya short address, less formal than a dedication ; as, to inscribe an ode or a book to a prince. 4. To mark with letters, characters, or words ; as, to inscribe a stone with a name. 5. To draw a figure within another, so that all the angles of the figure inscribed touch the sides or bounding planes of the other figure. Johnson. Encyc. IN-SERIB/ED, pp. Written on; engraved ;. marked ; addressed ; drawn within. IN-SERTB/ER, n. One who inscribes. Pownall, IN-SERIB/ING, ppr. Writing on ; engraving; mark- ing ; addressing ; drawing within. IN-SERIP/TION, n. [Fr., from L. INSCRIBE. 1. Something written or engraved to communicate knowledge to after ages; any character, word, line, or sentence written or engraved on a solid substance for duration ; as, inscriptions on monuments, called epitaphs, on pillars, &c. The inscription on a medal is usually in a straight line across it, while the legend is placed in a circle round the rim. We do not call Writings on paper or parchment inscriptions. 2. A title. 3, An address or consignment of a book to a per- son, as a mark of respect, or an invitation of patro- nage. It is less formal than a dedication. {N-SERIP/TIVE, a. Bearing inscription. IN-SEROLL’, v. t, To write on a scroll. IN-SEROLL’ED, pp. Written on a scroll. IN-SEROLL/ING, ppr. Writing on a scroll. IN-SERU-TA-BIL'I-TY, jn. The quality of being IN-SERU/TA-BLE-NESS, inscrutable. IN-SERU/TA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. mscrutabilis ; in and scruto7, to scarce 1, Unsearchable ; that can not be searched into and understood by inquiry or study. The designs of the emperor appear to be iverHeEBTG 2, That can not be penetrated, discovered, or un- derstood by human reason. The ways of Provi- dence are often inscrutable. Mysteries are inscruta- inscriptio. See Shak. ble. IN-SE€RU/TA-BLY, adv, Ina manner or degree not INS ment of an Infinite Being must often be inscrutably dark and mysterious, IN-S€ULP’, v. t [L. insculpo; m and sculpo, to en- grave. | To engrave ; to carve. [Little used.] Shak. IN-SC€ULP/TION, n. Inscription. [Little used.] Vourneur. IN-S€ULP/TURE, n. An engraving; sculpture. See Scutpture, which is generally used.] {Shak. IN-SEULP/TUR-ED, a. Engraved. IN-SEAM’, v. t. [in and seam.] To impress or mark With a seam or cicatrix. [ Poetical. ] Pope. IN-SEAM/ED, pp. Impressed with a seam. IN-SEAM/ING, ppr. Marking with a seam. IN-SEARCH’, (in-serch’,) ». t. To make search. Not used. | Elyot. IN-SE€@’/A-BLE, a. [L. insecabilis; in and seco, to cut. } That can not be divided by a cutting instrument ; indivisible. Encyc. IN‘SE€T, x. [L. insecta, pl., from inseco, to cut in; trand seco, tocut. This name seems to have been originally given to certain small animals, whose bod- ieS appear cut in, or almost divided. So in Greek evTopa.] l. In zodlogy, an articulate animal, having the body composed of three distinct parts, —the head, corslet or thorax, and abdomen ; the legs, six in num- ber, with usually two or four wings, attached to the thorax ; and along the sides of the abdomen, minute punctures, called spiracles, by means of which the respiration takes place. This term was formerly ex- tended to spiders and crustacea, and isso used by Lin- neus ; and in a still looser sense has been applied to worms and other small animals. Dana, 2. Any thing small or contemptible. Thomson. IN/SE€T, a. Small; mean ; contemptible. IN-SE€-TA/TOR, n. [L.] A persecutor. [Little used. IN/SE€T-ED, a. Having the nature of an insect. Howell. IN-SE€T/‘ILE, a. Having the nature of insects. Bacon. IN-SE€T/ILE, x. An insect. [Votused.] Wotton. IN-SE€’TION, n. A cutting in; incisure; incision. IN-SE€-TIV/O-RA, n. pl. [from L.] A family of vertebrate quadrupeds, the species of which live on insects. It includes the shrew and mole. Dana, 2. In Temminck’s system, an order of birds that feed on insects. Brande. IN-SE€-TIV/O-ROUS, a. [insect and L. voro, to eat. Feeding or subsisting on insects. Many-winge animals are insectivorous. Dict. Nat. Hist. IN-SE€-TOL/O-GER, n. [insect and Gr. \oyos.] One who studies insects. [Votinuse.] [See En- TOMOLOGIST. | IN-SE-€URE’, a. [in and secure.] Not secure; not safe ; not confident of safety ; wsed of persons. No man can be quiet when he feels insecure. 2. Not safe; not effectually guarded or protected ; unsafe ; exposed to danger or loss. Goods on the ocean are insecure. Hay and grain unhoused are in- secure. Debts are often insecure. IN-SE-CURE/LY, adv. Without security or safety ; without certainty. Chesterfield. IN-SE-€0/RI-TY, n. [in and security.] Want of safety, or want of confidence in safety. Seamen in a tempest must be conscious of their insecurity. 2. Uncertainty. With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects to unseen causes, 3. Want of safety ; danger; hazard ; exposure to destruction or loss; applied to things; as, the inse- curity of a building exposed to fire; the insecurity of a debt. IN-SE-€0/TION, n. [L. insecutio.] Pursuit. Chapman. IN-SEM/IN-ATE, v. t. [L. insemino.] To sow; to impregnate. [ Little used. : IN-SEM-IN-A/TION, n. The act of sowing or Im- pregnating. [Little used. ] IN-SENS/ATE, a. [Fr. imsensé; L. im and sensus, sense. ] Destitute of sense ; stupid ; foolish; wanting sen- sibility. Milton. Hammond. IN-SENS-LBIL/L-TY, n. [from insensible.] Want of sensibility, or the power of feeling or perceiving. A frozen limb is in a state of msensibiity, as is an animal body after death. 2. Want of the power to be moved or affected ; want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion and passion. Not to be moved at the distresses of others denotes an insensibilityy extremely unnatural, 3. Dullness; stupidity ; torpor. IN-SENS/I-BLE, a. [Fr. and Sp., from L, im and sen- sus, Sense, sentio, to feel.] . 1. Imperceptible ; that can not be felt or perceived. The motion of the earth is insensible to the eye. A plant grows, and the body decays, by insensible de- grees. The humors of the body are evacuated by zn- sensible perspiration. The dense and bright light of the circle will obscure the rare and weak light of these dark colors round about it, and ren- der them almost insensible. ewion. to be found out or understood. The moral govern- INS wanting corporeal sensibility. An injury to the spine often renders the inferior parts of the body in- sensible. 3. Not susceptible of emotion or passion ; void of feeling ; wanting tenderness. To be insensible to the sufferings of our fellow-men, is inhuman. To be insensible of danger, is not always evidence of 4. Dull; stupid ; torpid. {courage. 5. Void of sense or meaning ; as, insensible words. ale. Dw Ponceau IN-SENS’/LBLE-NESS, n. Inability to perceive ; want of sensibility. [See InsEnsipiLity, which is gener- ally used. IN-SENS/L-BLY, adv. Imperceptibly ; in a manner not to be felt or perceived by the senses. The hills rise tnsensibly. 2. By slow degrees; gradually. insensibly into vicious habits. IN-SEN/TIENT, (-sen’shent,) a. [tn and sentient.] Not having perception, or the power of peer on: teu, IN-SEP’/A-RA-BLE, a. [¥Fr., from L. inseparabilis ; in and separabilis, separo, to separate. That can not be separated or disjoined ; not to be parted. There is an inseparable connection between vice and suffering or punishment. IN-SEP’/A-RA-BLE-NESS, ) 7. The quality of being IN-SEP-A-RA-BIL/I-TY, { inseparable, or incapa- ble of disjunction. [ The latter word ts rarely used.] Locke. IN-SEP/A-RA-BLY, adv. Im amanner that prevents separation ; with indissoluble union. Bacon, Temple. IN-SEP/A-RATE, a. Not separate. [Vot used.] IN-SEP’ A-RATE-LY, adv. So as not to be separated. Not used. Cranmer. IN-SERT’, v. t. [Fr. inserer; L.insero, insertum; im and sero, to thrust. ] Iiterally, to thrust in; hence, to set in or amorg; as, to insert a cion in 2@ stock ; to insert a letter, word, OF passage In a composition; to insert an advertise- ment or other writing in 4 paper. IN-SERT’ED, pp. or a. Set in or among. IN-SERT’ING, ppr. Setting in or among IN-SERT‘/ING, zn. A seiting in. 2. Something set in, as lace, &c., into garments. IN-SER/TION, xn. [Fr., from L- insertio.| 1. The act of setting or placing in or among other things; as, the insertion of cions in stocks; the in- sertion of words or passages in writings ; the 1nsertion of notices or essays in 2 public paper. 2. The manner in which one part is Insezted into, or adheres to, another; as, the insertion of stamens into a calyx ; the insertion of muscles, tendons, &c., Addison. Men often slide in parts of the body. Lindley. 3. The thing inserted. Broome. IN-SERVE’, v. i. [L. inservio.] To be of use to an end. IN-SERV/LENT, a. Conducive. IN-SES-SO/RES, n. pl., [.] An order of birds that erch ; perchers. IN-SES-SO/RLAL, a. Perching; an epithet applied to all birds which live habitually among trees. Their feet are formed for grasping or perching. Szainson. IN-SET’, v. t. To infix or implant. Chaucer. IN/SET, zx. In language, a note within a note. Dabney. IN-SEV/ER-A-BLE, a. That can not be severed. IN-SHAD/ED, a. Marked with different shades. Browne. IN-SHELL’, v. t. To hide in a shell. Shak. IN-SHELL/ED, pp. Hid in a shell. IN-SHEL/TER, v.72. To shelter. Shak. IN-SHEL!TER-ED, pp. Sheltered. IN-SHIP’, v. t. To ship; to embark. Shak. IN-SHORE’, adv. Near the Shore. IN-SHRINE!. See Ensunine. IN-SI€-E€A/TION, rn. The act of drying in. IN/SIDE, nz. [in and side.] The interior part of a thing; internal part; opposed to OursipE; as, the wn- side of a church; the inside of a letter. It is also used as an adjective. IN-SID/I-ATE, v. t. fl insidior. | To lie in ambush for, IN-SID/I-A-TED, pp. Laid in ambush. IN-SID/I-A-TING, ppr. Lying in ambush. IN-SID/I-A-TOR, x. One who lies in ambush. Barrow. IN-SID/I-OUS, a. [L. insidiosus, from insideo, to lie in Wait; zn and sedeo, to sit, 1. Properly, lying in wait ; hence, watching an op- portunity to insnare or entrap ; deceitful ; sly ; treach- erous ; used of persons. 2. Intended to entrap ; as, insidious arts. _ IN-SID/I-OUS-LY, adv. With intention to insnare ; deceitfully ; treacherously ; with malicious artifice or stratagem. : acon. IN-SID‘I-GUS-NESS, n. A watching for an opportu- mty to insnare ; deceitfulness ; treachery. Batra IN’/SIGHT, (in/site,) n. [in and sight. Sight or view of the interior of any thing; deep Inspection or view; introspection; thorough knowledge or skill. A garden gives us a great insight into the consivance and 2. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving ; wisdom of Providence. Spectator. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CLOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, 77 609A Tn pape Doe INS Te 5 IN-SIG/NI-A, 7. pl [L.] Badges or distinguishing marks of office or honor: Burke. 9, Marks, signs, or visible Impressions, by which any thing is known or distinguished. Beattie. IN-SIG-NIF/I-EANCE, )n-_ [in and significance. | [N-SIG-NIEF’I-E€AN-CY, Want of- significance or meaning ; as, the insignyicance of words or phrases. 9, Unimportance ; want of igre or effect ; as, the nificance of buman art or of ceremonies, inst gNyleane aiid. 3, Want of weight; meanness. : IN-SIG-NIF/LEANT, a. [in and significant. ] Void of signification ; destitute of meaning ; as, insigny/i- cant words. ‘ : 9. Unimportant; answerlng no purpose ; having no weight or effect ; as, insignyicant rites. 3. Without weight of character; mean ; contempt ible; as, an insignificant being or fellow. = IN-SIG-NIF/I-€ANT, 7. An insignificant, trifling, or worthless thing. Tatler. IN-SIG-NIF’/I-CANT-LY, adv. Without meaning, as words. 9, Without importance or effect ; to no purpose. IN-SIG-NIF/I-€A-TIVE, a. Not expressing by exter- nal signs. IN-SIN-CERB/, a. [L. insmcerus; in and Sincerus, sincere. | 1. Not sincere; not being in tnith what one ap- pears to be; dissembling ; hypocritical ; false ; used of persons ; aS, an insincere heart. : 2. Deceitful ; hypocritical; false ; used of things ; as, msincere declarations or professions. 3. Not sound; not secure, as joys. Dryden. [IN-SIN-CERE/LY, adv. Without sincerity ; hypo- critically. IN-SIN-CER/LTY, n. Dissimulatipn; want of sin- cerity or of being in reality what one appears to be; hypocrisy ; wsed of persons 9. Deceitfulness ; hollowness ; used of things; as, the insincerity of professions. IN-SIN/EW, (in-sin/nu,) v. t. strengthen ; to give vigor to. IN-SIN/EW-ED, pp. Strengthened. IN-SIN’EW-ING, ppr. Giving vigor to. [IN-SIN‘U-ANT, a. [Fr., from L. insinuans. | Insinuating ; having the power to gain favor. [ Little used.) Wotton. IN-SIN/U-ATE, v.t. [Fr. insinuer; L. insinuo ; im and sinus, the bosom, a bay, inlet, or recess. ] 1. To introduce gently, or into a narrow passage 5 to wind in. Water insinuates itself into the crev- ices of rocks. 2. To push or work one’s self into favor ; to intro- duce by slow, gentle, or artful means. He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the duke of Buckingham, Clarendon. 3. To hint ; tosuggest by remote allusion. And all the fictions bards pursue, Do but insinuate what’s true. Swift. 4. To instill; to infuse gently ; to introduce art- fully. All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions, auc thercby mislead the judgment. Locke. IN-SIN’U-ATE, v. 7 To creep in; to wind in; to flow in; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as into crevices. [in and sinew.] To Shak. INS 3, Wanting power to gratify desire; as, insipid leasures. aa i-S]I- Jo Re Cais EN HIDENTES n. (Fr. insipidité.] 1. Want of taste, or the power of exciting sensa- tion in the tongue. 2. Want of life or spirit. Dryden’s lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Ne os ope. IN-SIP/ID-LY, adv. Without taste ; without spirit or life ; without enjoyment. Locke. IN-SIP/I-ENCE, x. [L. insipientia; in and sapio, to be wise. ] Want of wisdom; folly ; foolishness ; want of un- derstanding. IN-SIST’, v. i. [Fr. insister ; L. insisto; in and sisto, to stand.] 1. Literally, to stand orrest on. [Rarely used.] Ray. 2. In geometry, an angle is said to insist upon the arc of the circle intercepted between the two lines which contain the angle. 3. To dwell on in discourse ; a8, to insist on a par- ticular topic. To insist on; to press or urge for any thing with immovable firmness; to persist in demands ; as, to insist on oppressive terms in a treaty ; to insist on 1mM- mediate payment of a debt. IN-SIST’ED, pp. Dwelt on; urged. IN-SIST/ENT, a. Standing or resting on; as, an m- sistent wall. [Little used. ] Wotton. IN-SIST/ING, ppr. Urging; pressing. [See Ins1sT- ] IN-SIST’/URE, x. A dwelling or standing on ; fixed- ness. f Obs. | Shak. IN-SI/'TIEN-CY, n. [L. in and sitio, to ise Freedom from thirst. ew. IN-SI//TION, (in-sish’/un,) 7. tus, insero, to plant.] The insertion of a cion in a stock ; ingraftment. Ray. [L. insitio, from insi- IN SITU, {L.} In its original situation or bed. IN-SNARE’, v.t. [in and snare.] Tocatch in a snare ; to entrap ; to take by artificial means. 9, To inveigle ; to seduce by artifice ; to take by wiles, stratagem, or deceit. The flattering tongue is apt to insnare the artless youth. 3. To entangle; to involve in difficulties or per- plexities. [This word is often written EnsnaRre, but INsNARE is the true orthography.] IN-SNAR/ED, pp. Caught in a snare ; entrapped ; in- veigled ; involved in perplexities. IN-SNAR/ER, mn. One that insnares. IN-SNAR/ING, ppr. or a. Catching in a snare; en- trapping ; seducing ; involving in difficulties. IN-SO-BRI/E-TY, n. [in and sobriety.] Want of so- briety ; intemperance ; drunkenness. Decay of Piety. IN-SO/CIA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. insociabilis ; in and sociabilis, socio, to unite.) 1. Not inclined to unite in social converse; not given to conversation ; unsociable ; aciturn. 9, That can not be joined or connected. Lime and wood are insociable. [Not in use.] IN-S6/CIA-BLY, adv. Unsociably. IN/SO-LATE, »v. t. [L. insolo; in and sol, the sun.] To dry in the sun’s rays; to expose to the heat of the sun ; to ripen or prepare by exposure to the sun. IN'SO-LA-TED, pp. Exposed to the sun; dried or Wotton. 9. To gain on the affections by gentle or artful means, or by imperceptible degrees; as, tnsinuating flattery. 3, To wind along. Milton. IN-SIN/U-4-TED, pp. Introduced or conveyed gently, imperceptibly, or by winding into crev- ices ; hinted. IN-SIN/U-A-TING, ppr. Creeping or winding in; flowing in; gaining on gently ; hinting. 2. a. Tending to enter gently ; insensibly win- ning favor and confidence. IN-SIN/U-A-TING-LY, adv. By insinuation. IN-SIN-U-A/TION, n. [Fr., from L. insinuatio.] 1. The act of insinuating; a creeping or winding in; a flowing into crevices. 9. The act of gaining on favor or affections, by gentle or artful means. 3. The art or power of pleasing and stealing on the affections. ' He had o natural insinuation and address, which made him acceptable in the best company. aremdion. 4. A hint; a suggestion or intimation by distant allusion. Slander may be conveyed by insinuations. IN-SIN’/U-A-TIVE,a. Stealing on the affections. Bacon. IN-SIN/U-4-TOR, n. One who insinuates; one that hints. IN-SIP/ID, a. [Fr. insipide: L. insipidus ; in and sapi- dus, sapio, to taste.! 1. Tasteless; destitute of taste ; wanting the quali- ties which affect the organs of taste , vapid; as, in- sipid liquor. 2. Wanting spirit, life, or animation ; wanting pa- thos, or thu power of exciting emotions; flat; dull ; : peewee as, an insipid address; an insipid composi ion. matured in the sun’s rays. IN'SO-LA-TING, ppr. Exposing to the action of sun- beams. IN-SO-LA’TION, n. The act or process of exposing to the rays of the sun for drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, &c., or for rendering acid, as vinegar. 2. A stroke of the sun; the action of extreme heat on the living system. IN/SO-LENCE, zn. [Fr., from L. insolentia ; in and so- leo, to be accustomed. ] Pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuoes and overbearing treatment of others; petulant con- tempt ; impudence. Johnson. lown with insolence and wine. Milton. IN/SO-LENCE, »v. t. To treat with haughty contempt. Not used. K. Charles. IN’/SO-LENT, a. Proud and haughty, with contempt of others; overbearing ; domineering in power; as, an insolent master. Atterbury. 2, Proceeding from insolence; haughty and con- temptuous ; as, insolent words or behavior. 3. Unaccustomed ; the primary sense. [Not used.] IN’/SO-LENT-LY, adv. With contemptuous pride ; haughtily ; rudely ; saucily. ryden. IN-SO-LID/I-TY, n. [in and solidity.] Want of so- lidity ; weakness. More. IN-SOL-U-BIL/I-TY, n. [from insoluble.] The quali- by Of not being soluble or dissolvable, particularly in a fluid. IN-SOL/U-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. insolubilis; im and solvo, to dissolve. ] _1. That can not be dissolved, particularly by a liquid. We say a substance is insoluble in water, when its parts will not separate and unite with that INSOLV/A-BLE, a. IN-SOLV’/EN-CY, zn. [Infra.] Inability of a person IN-SOLV/ENT, a. [L. in and solvens, solvo, to solve, INS 2, Not to be solved or explained ; not to be re- solved ; as, a doubt or difficulty. [Jot much used. ] [Fr., from L. in and solvo, to loosen or dissolve. ] 1, Not to be cleared of difficulty or uncertainty ; not to be solved or explained ; not admitting solution or explication ; as,an insolvable problem or difficulty. Watts. 2. That can not be paid or discharged. Pope. to pay all his debts; or the state of wanting property sufficient for such payment ; as, a merchanUs wsolv- enc). 9. Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the own- er; as, the insolvency of an estate. Act of insolvency. See infra, INsoLVENT Law. to free, to pay.] 1. Not having money, goods, or estate sufficient to pay all debts ; as, am insolvent debtor. 9. Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner ; as, an insolvent estate. 3, Respecting insolvent debtors ; relieving an in- solvent debtor from imprisonment for debt, or from liability to arrest and imprisonment for debts prevl- ously contracted; as, an insolvent law. Daggett. Sergeant. Insolvent law, or act of insolvency; a Jaw which liberates a debtor from imprisonment, or exempts him from liability to arrest and imprisonment on account of any debt previously contracted. These terms may be considered as generic, comprehending also bank- rupt laws, which protect a man’s future acquisitions from his creditors. But ina limited sense, as the words are now generally used, an insolvent law ex- tends only to protect the person of the debtor from imprisonment on account of debts previously con- tracted. Stat. of Conn. Wheaton’s Rep. IN-SOLV’ENT, zn. 179 Spe Exc TIT : : sien days, but, alas/ they are no more. [See Exciama- | IN-TER-LO€/U-TO-RY, a. [Fr. interlocutoire, supra. } 1. Consisting of dialogue. There are several interlocutory discourses in the Holy Scripture. Fiddes. between TION. ] IN-TERJEC€/TION-AL, a. Thrown in ark. other words or phrases ; aS, an interjectional rem Observer 2, In law, intermediate ; not final definiti : cf Db: : ; ; : ate ; or definitive. IN-TER-JOIN’, . t. [inter and join. ] To join mutu-| An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an ; ally: to intermarry. [Little used.) Shak. intermediate stage of a cause, or on some intermedi- final decision, is called inter- n chancery referring a ques- ent on de- ate question before the locutory ; as a decree 1 tion of fact to a court of law, or a judgin Mutually joined. Joining mutually. al between IN-T'ER-JOIN’ED, pp. IN-TER-JOIN/ING, ppr. IN/TER-JOIST, x. The space or intery aes | _ two joists. wilt. fault in a court of law. Blackstone. IN-TER-JON€/TION, n. A mutual joining. Smart. IN-TER-LOPE’, v. i. [inter and D. loopen, G. aiifen, iN-TBER-KNIT’, (-nit,) v. To knit together. Southey. to run, Eng. toleap. See Lear.) eo IN-TER-LOP’ER, 7. IN-TER-LOP/ING, ppr IN’/TER-LUD-ED, a. IN-TER-MAR/RIAGE, x. [ IN-TER-MAR/RI-ED, pp. Mutuall riage. IN-TER-MAR/RY, v.i. [inter ee TNE arties and intercept without hould gain from the e; to fore- Johnson. ne who runs into business to one who interferes wrolg- try or place to trade between p right the advantage that one s other ; to traffic without a proper licens stall ; to prevent right. O which he has no right ; fully ; one who enters a coun without license. To run Interfering wrongfully. iy 3. A horse is ’ ; St shoe strikes against the fetlock of the opposite leg, The epic way is every where interlaced with dialogue. Dryden. i and breaks the skin or injures the flesh. Far Dict. | [N-TER-LAC/ED, (in-ter-last’,) pp. Intermixed ; in- sib ee neues IN-TER-FER/ED, pp. Interposed 5 meddled. serted between other things, IN-TER-LU'CATE, v. To let in light by cutting 2. Clashed. IN-TER-LACE’MENT, xn. Intermixture or insertion away branches of trees. [ Obs.) 3. Struck one foot against the fetlock of the oppo- within. IN-1I ae or ED, pp- Divested of branches so : : LTE A ving. J i as et in light. site leg. a : IN-TER-LAC/ING, ppr. Intermixing ; Inserting ye (de ees IN-TER-FER’/ENCE, 7- Interposition ; an intermed-| tween. : : IN-1 BEUD Calc ppr. Letting in light by cut- Pi ling; mediation. Burke. | {N-TER-LAM/IN-A4-TED, a. [L. inter and lamina, a|__ting away ranches. Sane Fe | a8} dashing or collision. plate. oe > 8) IN-TER-LU-€A'TION, n. The act of thinning a ot 3. A striking of one foot against the other. 2 Placed between laminz or plates ; inclosed by lam- wood to let in light. Obs.) : Evelyn. 5 4, In optics, a term employed to denote certain ine. Humble. IN-1T ER-LU/CENT, a. |L. interlucens ; inter and luceo, : phenomena which result from the mutual action of [N-TER-LAPSE’, (in-ter-laps’,) n. [inter and lapse.] to shine. ] ; oe | the rays of light on each other. | The lapse or flow of time between two events. _ Shining between : Dict. eet IN-TER-FER'ER, n. One who interferes. Harvey. IN’/TER-LUDE, zn. [L. inter and ludus, play.] | Eien IN-TER-FER’ING, ppr- Interposing ; meddling. IN-TER-LARD’, v. t. [EFr. entrelarder ; entre, among, An entertainment exhibited on the-stage between t 9. Clashing ; coming in collision. and larder, to lard.] the-acts of a play, or between the play and the after- ee | 3. Striking one foot against the fetlock of the op- 1. Primarily, to mix fat with lean ; hence, to inter-} piece, to amuse the spectators, while the actors take i | posite leg. pose ; to insert between. ar ew. breath and shift their dress, or the scenes and deco- EA IN-TER-FER/ING, n. Interference. Bp. Butler. 9. To mix; to diversify by mixture. Hale. rations are changed. In ancient tragedy, the chorus By interferenice. IN-TER-LARD/ED, pp. Interposed ; inserted be- sung the interludes. In modern times, interludes consist of songs, feats of ‘activity, dances, concerts Encye. of music, &c. Inserted or made as an iiter- lude. N’TER-LUD-ER, 2. One that performs in an inter- lude. B, Jonson. N-TER-LO/EN-CY, nn. [L. interluens, interluo, to flow between. ] A flowing between ; water interposed. [Little used, | Hale. N-TER-LU/NAR, la ([L. mter and luna, the N-TER-LU/NA-RY, § moon.) Belonging to the time when its conjunction with the sun, the moon, at or near is invisible. Brown. Milton. inter and marriage.) Mar- es, Where each takes one Johnson. Addison. y connected by mar- riage between two famill and gives another. and marry.) ‘To mar- ry one and give another in marriage, as two fami- lies. 9. To marry some of each order, family, tribe, or nation with the other. middle of the fourth century from the building of , it was declared lawful for nobles and plebelans to InleryMarry. Suift. IN-TER-MAR/RY-ING, pp ceiving in marriage ; mu riage. IN-TER-MAX/IL-LA-RY, 4, cheek bones. IN’TER-MEAN, 2. inter and mean.) Interact ; something done in the mean time. [Vot used.) Todd. ae r. Mutually giving and re- tually connecting by miar- Being between the IN-TER-ME-A'TION, n. _ [1s inter and meo, to flow.] A flowing between. [.Vot i use. | IN-TER-MED/DLE, v. 1 {inter and meat) To meddle in the affairs of others, in which one bas no to meddle officiously ; to interpose or inter- concer 5 fere improperly ; to interm)x. of Spain has been, by war an rmeddle with foreign states, Interposed officiously ; in- d by conditions of The practice Encyc. treaty, to inte IN-TER-MED/DLED, pp- truded. IN-TER- ly ; one who meddles, 0 which he has no right. IN-TER-MED/DLING, ppr- intruding, IN-TER-MED/DLING, n. MED/DLER,n. One that interposes officious- r intrudes into business to Swift. Interposing officlously ; Officious interposition. Hamilton. IN-TER-MEDE', (-made,) An interlude; a IN-TER-MEZ' ZO, (-med!z0,) } short musical dra- matic piece, usually of a burlesque character, IN-TER-M&/DLA-CY, 1. Interposition ; interven- tion. [ Unauthorized. ] IN-TER-ME'DI-AL, a. dle. } Lying between ; Tle [L. inter and medius, mid~ intervening ; intervenient. fe Evelyn. IN-TER-ME/DI-A-RY, a. Lying between; as, an in- intermediate. Wade. termediary project ; Sometimes, though rarely, used as a noun, IN-TER-ME/DI-A-RY, a. In mineralogy, a term’ ap- plied to the secondary planes on crystals, interme- diate in position between the planes on an edge and those on the angle. IN-TER-ME/DI-ATE, a. [Fr. intermediat; and medius, middle. | Lying or being in the midd tween two extremes ; intervening ; an intermediate space between hills or riv mediate colors. Man has an intermediate 0 rank between angels and brutes. L. inter le place or degree be- interposed ; as, ers ; inter- ature and FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTH, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 616INT IN-TER-ME'DL-ATE-LY, adv. By way of interven- tion. IN-TER-ME-DI-A’TION, n. Intervention; common means. _ Cheyne. IN-TER-ME’DI-UM, n. [L.] Intermediate space. Ash. 2. An intervening agent. Cowper. IN-TER-MELL’, o. ¢. ori. [Fr. entreméler.] To intermix or intermeddle [ot in use. Marston. Fisher. [IN-TER/MENT, x. [from inter.] The act of depos- iting a dead body in the earth; burial; sepulture. IN-TER-MEN/TION, v. t. To mention among other things ; to include. [.Vot used.] IN-TER-MI-€A/TION, n. [L. intermico; inter and mico, to shine.] A shining between or among. IN-TER-MI-GRA/TION, n. [L. inter and migro, to migrate. ] Reciprocal migration ; removal from one country to another by men or tribes which take the place each of the other. Hate. IN-TERM'IN-A-BLE, a. [L. in and terminus, end ; termino, to end. | Boundless ; endless; admitting no limit; as, in- terminable space or duration ; interminable sufferings. Milton applies this word to God, as one whom no bound can confine. en aE SBUENESS: n. The state of being endless. IN-TERM’IN-A-BLY, adv. Without end or limit. IN-TERM/‘IN-ATE, a. [1 interminatus, intermino.] Unbounded ; unlimited; endless; as, interminate sleep. Chapman. (N-TERM/IN-ATE, v. t. [L. interminor.] To menace. [Not used.] Bp. Hall. IN-TERM-IN-A'TION, n. [L. interminor, to menace or forbid.} A menace or threat. [JVot used.] Fall. IN-TER-MIN/’/GLE, (-ming’gl,) v.t. [inter and min- gle.| Tomingle or mix together; to put some things with others. Hooker. IN-TER-MIN"’GLE, v. = To be mixed or incorpo- rated. IN-TER-MIN’GLED, pp. or a. Intermixed, There trees and intermingled temples rise. Pope. IN-TER-MIN’GLING, ppr. Mingling or mixing to- gether. IN-TER-MIS/‘SION, (-mish/un,) x. [Fr., from L. in- termissio. See INtTERMIT.] 1. Cessation foratime; pause ; intermediate stop; as, to labor without zntermission ; service or business will begin after an intermission of one hour. 2. Intervenient time. Shak. 3. The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fe- ver ; the space of time between the paroxysms of a disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as dis- tinguished from renitssion, or abatement of fever. 4. The state of being neglected; disuse; as of words. [ Little used.] . Jonson. IN-TER-MIS/SIVE, a. Coming by fits, or after tem- porary cessations ; not continual. Howell. IN-TER-MIT’, v.t [L. intermitto; inter and mitto, to send. | To cause to cease for a time; to interrupt; to sus- pend. Pray to the gods to intermit the plague That needs must light on this ingratitude, Shak. IN-TER-MIT’, v.2. To cease for a time ; to go off at intervals ; as a fever. A tertian fever intermits every other day. The pulse sometimes intermits for a sec- ond of time. IN-TER-MIT/TED, pp. or a. Caused to cease fora time ; suspended. IN-TER-MIT’TENT, a. Ceasing at intervals; as, an _ _ tntermiltent fever. IN-TER-MIT’TENT, zn. A disease which entirely subsides or ceases at certain intervals. The term is particularly applied to the ague and fever. IN-TER-MIT’TING, ppr. or a. Ceasing for a time; 2 Causing to cease. [ pausing. IN-TOR-MIT’/TING-LY, adv. With intermissions; at intervals, IN-TER-MIX!/, v. t, [inter and miz.] gether; to put some things with others; to inter- mingle. In yonder spring of roses, intermixed With myrtle, find what to redress till noon. Milton. IN-TER-MIX’, v.27. To be mixed together; to be in- termingled. IN-TER-MIX/ED, (-mixt,) pp. Mingled together. IN-TER-MIX/ING, ppr. Intermingling. IN-TER-MIX’TURE,n. A mass formed by mixture ; @ mass of ingredients mixed. 2, Admixture; something additional mingled ina mass. In this hight of impiety there wanted not an intermirture of levity and folly. con. IN-TER-MO-DIL’LION, (-mo-dil’/yun,) 2. In archi- tecture, the space between two modillions. Elmes. IN-TER-MONT/ANE, a. [L. inter and montanus, mons, @ mountain. | To mix to-|. Between mountains ; as intermontane soil. Mease. INT IN-TER-MUN/DANE, a. mundus, the world. ] Being between worlds, or between orb and orb ; as, intermundane spaces. Locke. ea a. [L. inter and muralis, murus, a wall. Lying between walls. Ainsworth, IN-TER-MUS/€U-LAR, a. [inter and muscle.} Be- tween the muscles. Beverly. IN-TER-MU-TA/TION, n. [inter and mutation.} In- terchange ; mutual or reciprocal change. Thomson. IN-TER-MU/TU-AL, for Murvat, is an illegitimate word. IN-TERN’, a. Internal. [Vot much used.] Howell. IN-TERN/AL, a. [L. internus.] I. Inward ; interior; being within any limit or surface; not external. We speak of the internal parts of a body, of a bone, of the earth, &c. Jnter- mal excejlence is opposed to external. The internal peace of man is peace of mind or conscience. The internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scrip- tures is the evidence which arises from the excel- lence of its precepts, and their adaptation to the con- dition of man, or from other peculiarities. 2. Pertaining to the heart. [L. inter and mundanus, With our Savior, internal purity is every thing. Paley. 3. Intrinsic ; real ; as, the internal rectitude of ac- tions. 4. Within a country; domestic; opposed to For- EIGN ; as, the internal trade of a state or kingdom ; internal troubles or dissensions ; internal war. Inter- nal taxes are taxes on the lands and other property Within a state or kingdom ; opposed to external taxes. Hamilton. IN-TERN/AL-LY, adv. Inwardly ; within the body ; beneath the surface. 2. Mentally ; intellectually. 3. Spiritually. IN-TER-NA/TION-AL, a. [inter and national.) Ex- isting and regulating the mutual intercourse between different nations ; as, international law. J. Q. Adams. Baring. IN-THR-NE/CINE, a. [L. internecinus, interneco, to kill ; inter and xeco.] Deadly ; destructive. [Little used.] Hudibras. IN-TER-NE/CION, (-né/shun,) x. [L. internecio.] Mutual slaughter or destruction. [Little wsed.} Hale. IN-TER-NE/CIVE, a. Killing; tending to kill. Carlisle, IN-TER-NE€/TION, x. Connection. [ Useless.] W. Mountagu. IN’/TER-NODE, x. [L. internodium; inter and nodus, knot. ] 1. In botany, the space between two joints ofa plant. Jiartyn. 2. Also, the space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves arise. Lindley. IN-TER-NO/DI-AL, a. Intervening between nodes, joints, &c. IN/TER NOS, [L.] Between ourselves. IN-TER-NUN/CIUS, / n. [L. internuncius ; inter and IN-TER-NUN’/CIO, nuncius, a@ messenger. | J]. A messenger between two parties. Johnson. 2. The title of the pope’s representative at repub- lics and small courts, and also of the Austrian em- bassador at Constantinople. Encyc. Am. IN-TER-OS/SE-AL, } IN-TER-OS/SE-OUS, Situated between bones; as, an interosseous liga- ment. IN-TER-PEAL/, v. t. [L. interpello.] To interrupt. [Wot used.] More. IN-TER-PEL’, v. t. Toset forth. [JVot wsed.] . Jonson. Mason. IN-TER-PEL-LA/TION, n. ([L. interpellatio, inter- pello; inter and pello, to drive, or thrust. ] 1. A summons; a citation. Ayliffe. 2. Interruption. More. 3. An earnest address ; intercession. Bp. Taylor. IN-TER-PEN’E-TRATE, v. t. To penetrate between other substances. Shelly. Bulwer. IN-TER-PEN/E-TRA-TED, pp. Penetrated within or between. IN-TER-PET/I-O-LAR, a. Being between petioles. IN-TER-PI-LAS'TER, z. The interval between two pilasters. Elmes. IN-TER-PLEAD’, v. 7. [inter and plead.] In lav, to discuss a point incidentally happening, before the principal cause can be tried. Jameson. IN-TER-PLEAD/ER, n. A bill of tnterpleader, in chancery, is where a person owes a debt or rent to one of the parties in suit, but, till the determination of it, he knows not to which, and he desires that they may interplead or settle their claims between themselves, that he may be safe in the payment. Blackstone. IN-TER-PLEDGE’, (in-ter-plej’,) v. t% ‘To give and take as a mutual pledge. Davenant. IN-TER-PLEDG/ED, pp. Given and taken as a mu- tual pledge. a IN-TER-PLEDG/ING, ppr. Giving and receiving as a mutual pledge. a. [L. inter and os, a bone.] ee INT IN-TER-POINT’, v. t. To point; to distinguish by stops or marks, IN-TER-POINT’ED, pp. Distinguished by stops and marks. IN-TER-POINT'ING, ppr. Distinguishing by stops or marks. IN'/TER-PO-LATE or. IN-TER/PO-LATE, v. t. [Fr. tnterpoler ; lu. interpolo ; inter and polio, to matchet 1. To renew; to begin again; to carry on with intermission ; as, a succession of interpolated motions. [ Obs.] Hale. 2. To foist in; to insert, as a spurious word or passage in a manuscript or book; to add a spurious word or passage to the original. The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him for that purpose. Pope. 3. In algebra and astronomy, to fill up imterme-- diate terins of a series according to the law of the series. IN/TER-PO-LA-TED or IN-TER/PO-LA-TED, pp. or a. Inserted or added to the original. IN’ TER-PO-LA-TING or IN-TER/PO-LA-TING, ppr. Foisting in a spurious word or passage ; filling up or Inserting. IN-TER-PO-LA’TION, x. The act of foisting a word or passage into a manuscript or book. 2. A spurious word or passage inserted in the gen- uine Writings of an author. ~ I have changed the situation of some of the Latin verses, and made some interpolations. Cromwell to Pope. 3. In algebra and astronomy, a method employed for fillmg up the mtermediate terms of a series of numbers or observations, by numbers which follow the same law. Brande. IN’/TER-PO-LA-TOR or IN-TER/PO-LA-TOR, x. {L.] One who foists into a book or manuscript Spurious words or passages ; one who adds some- thing to genuine writings. Swift. IN-TER-POL/ISH, v. t. To polish between. IN-TER-POL/ISH-ED, (-pol’isht,) pp. Polished be- tween. IN-TER-POL/ISH-ING, ppr. Polishing between. IN-TER-PONBY’, v. t. [L. inter and pono.] To set or insert between. [Wot in use.] Ch. Relig. Appeal. IN-TER-POS‘AL, n. [from interpose.| “The act of interposing ; interposition ; interference ; agency Le- tween two persons. South. 2. Intervention ; a coming or being between. Glanville. IN-TER-POSH’, v. t. [Fr. interposer; L interpono, tr- terpositum : tnter and pono, to place.]} 1. To place between; as, to interpose a body be- tween the sun and the earth. 2. To place between or among; to thrust in; to intrude, as an obstruction interruption, -or incon- venience. What watchful cares do tmterpose themselves Betwixt your eyes and night Shak. Human frailty will too often trterpose itself among persons of the holiest function. Swryft. 3. To offer, as said or services, for relief or the adjustment of differences. The emperor iterposed his aid or services to reconcile the contending parties. The common Father of mankind seasonably interposed his hand and rescued miserable man, Woodward. IN-TER-POSE’, v. zt To step in between parties at variance; to mediate. The prince interposed and made peace. : 2. To put in by way of interruption. But, interposes Eleutherius, this objection may be made against aimost any hypothesis. Boyle. IN’/TER-POSE, n. Interposal. [JVotused.] Spenser. IN-TER-POS'/ED, pp. or a. Placed between or among ; thrust in. IN-TER-POS/ER, z. One that interposes or comes between others; a mediator or agent between par- ties. IN-TER-POS/ING, ppr. Placing between; coming between ; offering aid or services. IN-TER-POS/IT, n. A place of deposit between one commercial city or country and another. Ahtford. IN-TER-PO-SI/’/TION, (-po-zish‘/un,)n. [F'r., from L. interpositio. | 1. A being, placing, or coming between ; interven- tion ; as, the interposition of the Baltic Sea between Germany and Sweden. The interposition of the moon between the earth and the sun occasions a solar eclipse. oe 2, Intervenient agency ; as, the interposition of the magistrate in quieting sedition. How many evI- dences we have of divine interposition in favor of zood men! 5 3. Mediation; agency between parties. BY the tnterposition oe common friend, the parties have been reconciled. : 4. Any thing interposed. Beate et ry a J Ce IN-TER-POS/URB, x. Interposal. [ onan IN-TER/PRET, v. t. [Fr. wnterpreters Te euler from incerpres. The word is compoun e TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/ClOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. — 78 G17 — vee ees po mn t SS ET cage oes ‘seaINE but the latter is not found in its simple form, and its origin is uncertain. It coincides in elements with 17D or WD, to part, to spread.] 1. To explain the meaning of words to a person who does not understand them; to expound ; to translate unintelligible words into intelligible ones ; as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Eng- lishman. Immanuel, which, being interpreted, att. 1. 9, To explain or unfo and pres, pretis ; signifies, God with us.— Id the meaning of predic- tions, visions, dreams, Or enigmas ; to expound and lay open what is concealed from the understanding ; as, Joseph interpreted the dreams of Pharaoh. 3. To decipher. 4, To expiain some interpret looks or Signs. . : 5. To define ; to explain words by other words in ; ; . the same language. . IN-TER/PRET-A-BLE, a. mea: or explained. Nata IN-TER-PRET-A/TION, 2. (Fr. Ye 1. The act of interpreting 5 telligible words in language that is intelligible. i terpretation is the design of translation. i 9. The act of expounding or unfolding what 1s not understood or not obvious ; as, the interpretation pie ei of dreams and prophecy. Look how we can, or sad or merrily, i Interpretation will misquote our looks. Shak. 3. The sense given by an interpreter ; exposition. fa |, We sometimes find various interpretations of the ‘ same passage of Scripture and other ancient writings. 4. The power of explaining. Bacon. IN-TER!/PRET-A-TIVE, a, Collected or known by interpretation. Ap interpretative siding with heretics. thing not understood; as, to That may be interpreted Collier. , from L. interpretatio. explanation of unin- In- Hammond, 9. Containing explanation. Barrow. IN-TER/PRET-A-TIVE-LY, adv. As may be col- lected by interpretation. Ray. Explained ; expounded. One that explains or €X- as, an interpreter of the Scrip- IN-TER/PRET-ED, pp. IN-TER/PRET-ER, 7. pounds; an expositor ; tures. 9. A translator; one who renders the words of one language in words of corresponding signification in another. IN-TER/PRET-ING, ppr. translating. IN-TER-PUN€’TION, x. [L. interpunctio, imterpun- go; inter and pungo, to point. ] The making of points between sentences or parts of a sentence. But PuNcTUATION is generally used. IN-TER-RE-CEIVE’, v. % To receive between or within. Carlisle. IN-TER/RED, (in-terd’,) IN-TER-REG/NUM, 7. reign. | The time in which a throne is vacant, between the death or abdication of a king and the accession of his successor. An interregnum, 1D strictness, can happen only in governments where the king is elective; for, in hereditary kingdoms, the reign of the successor commences at the moment of his pred- ecessor’s death or demise. The word, however, is used with more latitude. IN-TER-REIGN’, (in-ter-rane’,) interregnum, Fr, mterregne An interregnum or vacancy of the throne. Explaining ; expounding ; pp. Buried. [L. inter and regnum, rule or nm. A translation of peupre a acon. NU RED n. {from inter.) One that inters or uries. IN’TER-REX, n. [L. inter and rer, king.] _A regent ; a magistrate that governs during an interregnum. IN-TER/RING, ppr. Burying. IN-TER/RO-GATE, v.£. (Fr. mterroger ; L. interro- go; inter and rogo, to ask.] To question ; to examine by asking questions ; as to interrogate a witness. Ae IN-TER/RO-GATE, v.i, To ask questions. Bacon. IN-I EWRO-GA-I ‘ED, pp. Examined by questions. IN-TER/RO-GA-TING, ppr. Asking questions of one ; examining by questions. { IN-TER-RO-Ga/TION, n. examination by questions. 9, A question put; inquiry, Pope. 3. A note that marks a question; as, does Job serve God for nought ? IN-TER-ROG/A-TIVE, a. [Fr. interrogatif. Denoting a question ; expressed in the form of a question ; as, an interrogative phrase or sentence. IN-TER-ROG/A-TIVE, n, A word used in asking uestions ; as, who? what? which? why 3 The act of questioning ; tence. IN TER-R OREM, [L-] IN-TER-RUPT"’, IN-TER-RUPT’, a. IN-TER-RUPT/ED-LY, adv. IN-TER-RUPT’ER, n. IN-TER-RUPT’ING, ppr. upon. IN-TER-RUP’TION, x. [ IN-TER-RUPT’IVE, a. IN-TER-RUPT/IVE-LY, IN-TER-SEAP/U-LAR, a. IN-TER-SCIND’, v. t. [inter and scindo. SS INT as, an interrogatory Sen- Johnson. For a terror or Warning. vp. t ([L. interrumpo, interrupts ; inter and rumpo, to break. ] 1. To stop or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of any thing; to break the cur- rent or motion of; as, a fall of rain interrupted our journey. There was not a tree nor a bush to inter- rupt the charge of the enemy. The speaker was i- terrupted by shouts of acclamation. We apply the word both to the agent and to his progress. We say, an alarm interrupted the speaker, or his argu- ment or discourse. 9, To divide; to separate ; to break continuity or a continued series. The road was on a plain, not interrupted by a single hill, or interrupted here an there by a hill. expressing @ question ; I I I I hasm. Broken; containing 4 ¢ Milton. IN-TER-RUPT’ED, pp. Stopped ; hindered from pro- ceeding. IN-TER-RUPT’ED, a. Broken ; intermitted. 9. In botany, a term used when any symmetrical arrangement is destroyed by local causes, as when smaller leaves are interposed among the larger ones in a pinnate leaf. Lindley. With breaks or inter- ruptions. Bole. One that interrupts. Hindering by breaking in Fr., from L. interrupeio. | L The act of interrupting or breaking in upon progression. 2, Breach of any thi as, an isle separated from the ruption of the sea. 3. Intervention ; interposition. ng extended ; interposition ; Continent by the mter- Hale. Lest the interruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one part. 2 Dryden hinderance ; obstruction caused by break- ing in upon any course, current, progress, or motion. An interruption may be temporary Or durable. The work of the Erie Canal has suffered few interruptions from storms and floods. The lava met with no witer- ruption till it descended to the foot of the mountain. The author has met with many interruptions in the execution of his work. The speaker or the argu- ment proceeds without interruption. 5. Stop; cessation ; intermission. Locke. Tending to interrupt. adv. By interruption. [L. inter and scapula, the 4. Stop; shoulder-blade. } Situated between the shoulder-blades. ] To cut off. Dict. IN-TER-SCIND/ED, pp. Cut off. IN-TER-SCIND/ING, ppr- Cutting off. IN-TER-SERIBE!, v. t. [I. inter and scribo. ] Dict, To write between, IN-TER-SERIB/ED, pp. Written between. IN-TER-SERIB/ING, ppr. Writing between. IN-TER-SE/EANT, a. [L. intersecans; interseco ; inter and seco, to cut.] Dividing into parts; crossing. IN-TBER-SE€T’, v. t. [L. interseco ; inter, and seco, to cut.] To cut or cross mutually ; to divide into parts. Thus two lines or two planes may intersect each other. ‘The ecliptic intersects the equator. IN-TER-SE€T’, v.i. To meet and cross each other ; as, the point where two lines intersect. [Thuis is elliptical. | IN-TER-SE€T’ED, pp. crossed. IN-TER-SE€T/ING, ppr- Dict. between, Cut or divided into parts; Cutting ; crossing ; lines. IN-TER-SE€/TION, x [L. intersectio. | 1. The act or state of intersecting. 2. The point or line in which two lines or two lanes cut each other. IN-TER-SEM/LNATE, v. f. between, and semino, to sow-] To sow between or among. [Little used. | stars. IN’TER-STICE or IN-TER’/STICE, n. [Fr., from L. as [L. interseminatus ; wer, INT Scattering here and there N-TER-SPERS’ING, ppr- among other things. N-TER-SPER/SION, 2. setting here and there among N-TER-STEL’LAR, a, ([L. inter and stella, 3 N-TER-STEL’LA-RY, star. Situated beyond the solar system, The act of scattering or other things. or among the Bacon. interstitium ; inter and sto, to stand. ] 1. A space between things ; but chiefly, a narrow or small space between things closely set, or the parts which compose a body. We speak of the in- terstices between the parts of wood or stone. 9. Time between one act and another. Ayliffe. IN-TER-STINET/IVE, 4. Distinguishing. [Vt used. | allis. IN-TER-STI'TIAL, (in-ter-stish’al,) a. Pertaining to oy containing interstices Encyc. IN-TER-STRAT’I-FI-ED, (in-ter-strat/e-fide,) 4. Stratified among or between other bodies. Encye. IN-TER-TALK’, (in-ter-tawk’,) v. % To exchange conversation. [JVot used.] Carew. IN-TER-TAN//GLE, (-tang’gl,) v- & To intertwist ; to entangle. Beaum. & Fl. IN-TER-TEX/TURE, (-text/yur,) 7. [L. intertertus ; inter and tezo, to weave. | The act of interweavil terwoven. IN/TER-TIE, 7%. IN/TER-DUCE, } in order to tie them together. IN-TER-TIS/SU-ED, (in-ter-tish’/shude,) a. Wrought with joint tissue everest. IN-TER-TRAN-SPI€/U-OUS, a. Transpicuous with- in or between. IN-TER-TROP/I€-AL, a. [inter and tropical.| Situa- ted between the tropics. J. Morse. IN-TER-TWINE’, v. t. [inter and twine.| To unite by twining or twisting one with another. Milton. IN-TER-LWIN’ED, pp. T'wined or twisted one with another. IN-TER-TWIN/ING, ppr. Twining one with another. IN-TER-TWIN/ING-LY, adv. By intertwining or be- ing intertwined. IN-TER-TWIST", ». t. one with another. IN-TER-TWIS1’ED, pp. Twisted one with another. IN-TER-TWIST'ING, ppr. Twisting one with an- ig, or the state of things in- More. In carpentry, a short, horizontal timber framed between two posts, Brande. [inter and twist.] To twist other. IN-TER-TWIST/ING-LY, adv. By intertwisting, or being intertwisted. IN'TER-VAL, n. [Fr. intervalle ; L. intervallum ; inter and vallum, a wall, or vallus, a stake. ] 1. A space between things; a void space interven- ing between any two objects ; as, an interval between two pickets or palisades, between two houses OF walls, or between two mountains or hills. 9, Space of time between any two points or events; as, the interval between the death of Charles I. o England and the accession of Charles II. ; the inter- val between two wars. Hence we say, an interval of peace. 3, The space of time between two paroxysms of disease, pain, or delirium 5 remission ; as, an interval of ease, of peace, of reason. 4. The distance between two given sounds In mu- sic, or the difference in point of gravity or acuteness. Brande. 5. A tract of low or plain ground between hills, or along the banks of rivers, usually alluvial land en- riched by the overflowings of rivers, or by fertilizing deposits of earth from the adjacent hills. Hutchinson. [Dr. Belknap writes this INTERVALE; I think im- properly. | IN-TER-VEIN/ED, (-ter-vand’,) a. [inter and vein.] Intersected as with veins. Fair champaign with less rivers interveined, Milton. IN-TER-VENE/, v. i. [L. intervenio ; inter and venio, to come. 1. To come or be between persons OF things ; to be situated between. Thus the Atlantic tmtervenes between Europe and America; the Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa. 9, To come between points of time or events; as, the period that intervened between the treaty of Rys- IN-TER-SERT’, v. t. [L. mtersero ; inter, between, wick and the treaty of Utrecht. and sero, to throw. ] 3. To happen in a way to disturb, cross, or inter- To set or put in between other things. Brerewood. rupt. Events may intervene to frustrate our purposes IN-TER-SERT’ED, pp. IN-RER-SERT/ING, ppr. things. IN-TER-SER’TION, 2. ed between other things. Hammond. Put in between other things. or wishes. Putting in between other An insertion or thing insert- 4. To interpose or undertake voluntarily for anoth- er. A third party may intervene, and accept a bill of exchange for another. IN-TER-VENE/, n. A coming between; interven- 4 it IN-1 ER-ROG/A-TIVE-LY, adv. In the form of a| IN’/TER-SPACE, 2. {inter and space. | A space be- tion. Not used. | Wotton. TN TERIROLG A-TOR. n. O hi : tween other things. Hacket. IN-TER-VENIENT, a. Coming or being between 5 ‘ : IN-TER-ROG/A-TO-RY, ‘ "TFT so pers ce IN-TER-SPERSE’, (in-ter-spers’,) v. [L. intersper- intercedent ; interposed. [Little used.] Bacon. a AC question or aie, Meare ask ea re) sus ; inter, between, and sparyo, to scatter. ] IN-TER-VEN/ING, ppr. or a. Coming oF being be- rs tidnitotn watnesa; who ss ever ip Gb aa To scatter or set here and there among other tween persons oF things, or between points of time ; : reeanitiee iain be mieia crea see 1G 80° things ; as, an able argument interspersed with flow- as, intervening Space OF time ; intervening events or ators BRR IBNCTE ay pen court or aNorRT rhetoric. Intersperse shrubs among trees. | misfortunes ; intervening peace IN-TER-ROG/A-TO-RY, a. Containi Ba 4 = ER-SPERS’ED, (-sperst’,) pp. Scattered or situ- | IN-TER-V EN/TION, n. [Fr., from L. interventio. | LE aining a question;| ated here and there among other things. 1. A state of coming or being between; interposi- t | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ———— el 61nINT tion. Light is not interrupted by the intervention of a transparent body. 2. Agency of persons between persons ; interposi- tion ; mediation ; any interference that may affect the interests of others. = Let us decide our quarrels at home without the intervention of a TT foreizn power. ‘emple. 3. Agency of means or instruments; as, effects are produced by the intervention of natural causes. 4. Interposition in favor of another; a voluntary undertaking of one party for another. A bill of ex- change may be accepted by the intervention of a third person in behalf of the drawer, or of one of the in- dorsers. French Commercial Code. Walsh. IN-TER-VEN’/TOR, n. [L.] A mediator; a person anciently designated by a church to reconcile par- ties, and unite them in the choice of officers. IN-TER-VEN’UE, nx. [Fr. intervenu.] [ Coleman. Interposition. [JVot used.] Blount. IN-TER-VERT’, v.t. [L. interverto; inter and verto, to turn.] To turn to another course or to another use. [Zit- tle wsed. | otton. IN-TER-VER/TE-BRAL, a. tebre. IN’/TER-VIEW, x. [inter and view; Fr. entrevue.] A mutual sight or view; a meeting; usually, a formal meeting for some conference on an important subject; hence the word implies a conference, or mutual communication of thoughts. The envoy had an interview with the king, or with the secretary of foreign affairs. The parties had an interview, and adjusted their differences. IN-TER-VIS/I-BLE, a. In surveying, an epithet ap- plied to stations which are mutually visible, or can be seen the one from the other. IN-TER-VOLVE’, (in-ter-volv’,) v. t. [L. intervolvo ; inter and volvo, to roll. To involve one within another. IN-TER-VOLV’ED, pp. er; wrapped together. IN-TER-VOLV/ING, ppr. other. IN-TER-WEAVE’, v. t.; pret. INTERWOVE; pp. In- TERWOVEN. [inter and weave. | 1. To weave together ; to intermix or unite in text- ure or construction ; as, threads of silk and cotton interwoven. 2. To intermix; to set among or together; as, a covert of interwoven trees. 3. ‘To intermingle ; to insert together; as, to inter- weave truth with falsehood. IN-TER-WEAV/ING, ppr. Weaving together. IN-TER-WEAV/’ING, n. Intertexture. Milton. IN-TER-WISH’, v. t. Wi and 2ish.] To wish mu- tually to each other. [Little used Donne. IN-TER-WISH/ED, (-wisht,) pp. Wished mutually. IN-TER-WORK/ING, x. The act of working to- Being between the ver- Milton. Involved one within anoth- Involving one within an- gether, IN-TER-WOVE’, pret. of InTERWrEAveE. Milton uses it as a participle for interwoven. IN-TER-WOV’EN, pp. ora. Woven together ; inter- mixed ; intermingling. IN-TER-WREAFH/ED, a. Woven into a wreath. IN-TEST’A-BLE, a. [L. intestabilis ; in and testabilis ; testis, a witness ; testor, to testify. ] Not capable of making a will; legally unqualified or disqualified to make a testament ; as, a person un- qualified for want of discretion, or disqualified by loss of reason, is intestable. Ayliffe. IN-TEST’A-CY, n. [from intestate.] The state of dy- ing without making a will or disposing of one’s ef- fects. Blackstone. IN-TEST/ATE, a. [Fr. intestat; L. intestatus; in and testatus, testor, to make a will.] 1. Dying without having made a will. Whena man dies intestate, his estate is committed for settle- ment to administrators. 2. Not devised ; not disposed of by will; as, an intestate estate. Laws of Mass. and Conn. {N-TEST’ATE, x. A person who dies without mak- ing a will. Blackstone. {N-TES’TIN-AL, a. [from intestine.] Pertaining to the intestines of an animal body ; as, th intestinal tube or canal. Arbuthnot. IN-TES-TIN-Aa/LLA, n. pl. A class of animals which infest the interior of the bodies, and especially the intestinal canal, of other animals. rande. {N-TES/TINE, (-tes’tin,) a. [Fr. intestin; L. intesti- nus, from intus, within. ] 1. Internal; inward ; opposed to ExtTEeRNAt ; ap- plied to the human or other animal body ; as, an intestine disease. 2. Internal with regard to a state or country; do- mestic, not foreign ; as, intestine feuds ; intestine war ; intestine enemies. It is to be remarked that this word is usually or always applied to evils. We never say, mtestine happiness or prosperity ; intestine trade, man- ufactures, or bills; but intestine broils, trouble, disor- ders, calamities, war, &c. We say, internal peace, welfare, prosperity, or internal broils, war, trade, é&c. This restricted use of intestine seems to be entirely arbitrary. TONE, BYLL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH « INT IN-TES/TINE, n. ; usually in the plural, INrEsTINEs. The canal or tube that extends, with convolutions, from the right orifice of the stomach to the anus. IN-TEX’TUR-ED, a. Inwrought; woven in. IN-THIRST’, (in-thurst’,) v. 4 [in and thirst.] To make thirsty. {JVot use| Bp. Hall. IN-THRALL’, v. t. [in and thrall; Sax. threal, a ser- vant ; Ir. traill.] To enslave; to reduce to bondage or servitude ; to shackle. ‘The Greeks have been inthralled by the Turks. She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind. Prior. GL OR ALL ED, pp. ora. Enslaved ; reduced to ser- vitude, IN-THRALLI'ING, ppr. A Enslaving. IN-THRALL’MENT, 7x. Servitude; slavery ; bond- age. Milton. IN-THRONE’, v. t. [in and throne.] To seat on a throne ; to raise to royalty or suprem dominion. [See EnrHRoNe, Which is the more common orthog- raphy. |] 2. To induct or install a bishop into the powers and privileges of a vacant see. IN-THRON-I-ZA‘/TION, xn. The act of enthroning, or state of being enthroned. Warburton. IN-THRON’IZE, v. t. To enthrone. [See IntHrone.] IN/TI-MA-CY, n. [from intimate.] Close familiarity or fellowship ; nearness in friendship. Rogers. IN/TI-MATE, a. [L. intimus, superl. of intus, or inte- rus, Within. 1. Inmost ; inward ; internal; as, intimate im- pulse. Milton. 2. Near; close. He was honored with an intimate and immediate admission. South. 3. Close in friendship or acquaintance ; familiar ; as, an intimate friend ; intimate acquaintance. IN/TI-MATE, n. A familiar friend or associate ; one to whom the thoughts of another are intrusted with- out reserve. IN‘TI-MATE, v.7, To share together. [JVot in use.] Spenser. IN’TI-MATE, v. t. | Fr. intimer; Sp. intimar; It. inti- mare; Low L. intimo, to intimate, to register, to love entirely, to make one intimate, to enter, from inti- Mus. | To hint; to suggest obscurely, indirectly, or not very plainly ; to give slight notice of. He intimated his intention of resigning his office, Tis Heaven itself that points out an hereafter, And intimates eternity to man, Addison, IN'‘TI-MA-TED, pp. Hinted; slightly mentioned or signified. IN’/TLMATE-LY, adv. Closely; with close inter- mixture and union of parts; as, two fluids intimately mixed. 2. Closely ; with nearness of friendship or alliance ; as, two friends intimately united ; two families inti- mately connected. 3. Familiarly ; particularly ; as, to be intimately ac- quainted with facts or with a subject. IN/TI-MA-TING, ppr. Hinting; suggesting. IN-TI-MA/TION, x. [Fr., from intimate.] Hint; an obscure or indirect suggestion or notice ; a declara- tion or remark communicating imperfect information. Our friend left us without giving any previous inti- mation of his design. IN/TIME, (in/tim,) a. [L. intimus.] Inward; internal. [JVot used.] Digby. IN-TIM/LDATE, v. t. [Fr. intimider; mand L. timi- dus, fearful ; timeo, to fear.] T’o make fearful ; to inspire with fear ; to disheart- en ; to abash. Now guilt, once harbored in the conscious breast, Intimidates the brave, degrades the great. Irene. IN-TIMI-DA-TED, pp. Made fearful; abashed. IN-TIM/I-DA-TING, ppr. Making fearful; abashing. IN-TIM-I-DA/TION, n. The act of making fearful ; the sfate of being abashed. IN-TIN€-TIV/L-TY, xn. [L. in and tinctus, dipped, stained. ] hee The want of the quality of coloring or tinging other bodies. Fuller’s earth is distinguished from colorific earths by its intinctivity. Kirwan. IN-TIRE’, IN-TIRE/LY. See Entire and its deriva- IN-TI’TLE. See EntitLE. [tives, IN/TO, prep. [in and uy Noting entrance, or a pass- ing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts. It follows verbs expressing motion. Come info the house ; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another. Water enters into the fine vessels of plants. i 2. Noting penetration beyond the outside or sur- face, or access to it. Look into a letter or book ; look into an apartment. at f 3. Noting insertion. Infuse more spirit or anima- tion into the composition. ; ' 4, Noting mixture. Put other ingredients into the compound, 5. Noting inclusion. words. 6. Noting the passing of a thing from one form or Put these ideas inte other INT ' solved into others which are more simple ; ice is con- | | 1 vertible into water, and water into vapor. Men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance. We reduce many distinct substances into one mass. We are led by evidence into belief of truth. Men are often enticed info the commission of crimes. Chil- dren are sometimes frightened into fits, and we are all liable to be seduced into error and folly. IN-TOL/ER-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. intolerabilis; in and tolerabilis, tolero, to bear.] 1. Not to be borne; that can not be endured ; as, wntolerable pain ; intolerable heat or cold ; an intolera- ble burden. 2. Insufferable ; not to be allowed; as, intolerable laziness. IN-TOL’ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being not tolerable or sufferable. IN-TOL/ER-A-BLY, adv. Toa degree beyond endur- ance ; as, trtolerably cold ; intolerably abusive. IN-TOL/ER-ANCE, n. [from intolerant.] Want of capacity to endure. Brande. 2. Want of toleration ; the not enduring at all, or not suffering to exist without persecution ; as, the w- tolerance of a prince or a church toward a religious sect, Burke. IN-TOL/ER-ANT, a. [Fr., from L. in and tolero, to endure. ] 1. Not enduring ; not able to endure. The powers of the human body being limited and intolerant of excesses, Arbutinot. 2. Not enduring difference of opinion or worship ; refusing to tolerate others in the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, and worship. IN-TOL/ER-ANT, x. One who does not favor tolera- Lowth. Not tolerantly ; not in- tion. IN-TOL/ER-ANT-LY, adv. dulgently. IN-TOL!ER-A-TED, a. Not endured ; not tolerated. Chesterfield. IN-TOL-ER-A'/TION, z. Intolerance ; refusal to tol- erate others in their opinions or worship. Chesterfield. IN-TOMB’, (in-toom’,) v. t. [in and tomb.] To deposit in a tomb ; to bury. Dryden. IN-TOMB’ED, (in-toomd’,) pp. ora. Deposited m a tomb; buried. IN-TOMB’ING, (in-toom/ing,) ppr. tomb ; interring, IN’/TO-NATE, ». 1. to sound or thunder. 1. To sound; to sound the notes of the musical 2. To thunder, [scale. IN-TO-NA/TION, n. In music, the action of sound- Ing the notes of the scale with the voice, or any other given order of musical tones. Brande. 2. The manner of sounding or tuning the notes of a musical scale. 3. In speaking, the modulation of the voice in ex- pression. IN-TONE’, v.72. [1L. mtono, supra.] To utter a sound, or a deep, protracted sound. Ass intones to ass, Pope. IN-TOR/SION, n. [L. tntorqueo, intorswm, to twist.] A winding, bending, or twisting, In any particular direction. In botany, the bending or twining of any part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in any direction from the vertical. Martyn. IN-TORT’, v. t. [L. intortus, from intorqueo, to twist.] To twist; to wreath; to wind; towring. Pope. IN-TORT’ED, pp. Twisted ; made winding. Arbuthnot Pope. IN-LORT'ING, ppr. Winding ; twisting. IN TO'TO, [L.) Wholly ; entirely. : IN-TOX/LEATE, v. t.. [in and L. toxicum, which, Pliny informs us, is from taza, a species of tree, In Greek cptdag. Lib. xvi. 10. Toxicum is from the Greek rofov,a bow or an arrow ; the barbarians used to poison their arrows, and hence tozicum, in Latin, came to signify potson.] is 1. To inebriate ; to make drunk; as with spiritu- ous liquor. As with new wine tntozteated both, They swim in mirth, Iilton. 9. To excite the spirrs to a kind of delirium ; to elate to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness. Success may sometimes intozicate a man of sobriety. An en- thusiast may be intoxicated with zeal. IN-TOX/I-€ATE, a. Inebriated. J. Montgomery. IN-TOX/I-€A-TED, pp. or a. Inebriated ; made drunk ; excited to frenzy. ‘ eee IN-TOX/I-€A-TED-NESS, x. State of intoxication. Depositing in a ue intono, intonatus ; in and tono, IN-TOX’'L-€4-TING, ppr. Inebriating ; elating to ex- cess or frenzy. i. 2. a. Having qualities that produce inebriation ; as, intoxicating liquors. ae ee : IN-TOX-I-GA'/TION, n. Inebriation ; ebriety 5 drun enness ; the act of making drunk. Sous Technically, intoxication is made up of extort nary exhilaration gradually increasing to celaN a with imperfect articulation and inability toireg ua > voluntary motion generat which finally passes intu sonsciousness and coma. ey ec un venienaee a high excitement of mind ; an ela- state to another. Compound substances may be re- tion which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, OF madness, 13 SH; SH as in THIS. 619° 7 (plete emer i. =JS i ee Se —$—$—<$<—<—$—$<—————————— So —<—<———o INT IN-TRACT/A-BLE, a [L. intractabilis; in and trac- tabilis, tracto, to handle, manage, govern ; Fr. ttrat- table; It. intrattabule.] 1. Not to be governed or managed ; violent ; stub- born ; obstinate; refractory ; as, an intractable tem- er. F 9. Not to be taught ; indocile. : IN-TRA€T!A-BLE-NESS, | 2 The quality of being IN-TRACT-A-BIL/I-TY, ungovernable ; obstina- cy ; perverseness. Porteus. 2 Indocility. 3 IN-TRA€T/A-BLY, adv. In a perverse, stubborn nonre sy 2 > Cetin : ree RR a OID INT intricate; the plot of a tragedy may be too intricate to please. IN’/TRI-GATE, v. t. To perplex; to make obscure. [Litde ea Camden. IN'TRI-CATE-LY, adv. With involution or infold- ings ; with perplexity or intricacy. Wotton. IN/TRI-GATE-NESS, n. The state of being involved ; involution ; complication ; perplexity. Sidney. IN-TRL-€A/TION, n. Entanglement. [JVot used.] IN-TRiGUE’, (in-treeg’,) m. [Fr. id. ; It. intrigo : verbs. Fr. intriguer, to perplex, embroil, intrigue ; It. intricare, intrigare, to perplex, to make intricate ; Low L. intrico, intricor, to inwrap; tricor, to trifle, INT the introduction of a foreign minister to a prince or court, and the introduction of company to a levee 3. The act of bringing into a country ; as, the in- troduction of gold or bullion, or of merchandise. 4, The act of bringing something into notice, prac- tice, or use; as, the introduction of new modes of dress or of tillage. 5. The part of a book which precedes the main work ; a preface or preliminary discourse. 6. That part of an oration or discourse in which the speaker gives some general account of his design and subject, and prepares the minds of his audience for a favorable reception of his remarks or argu- manner. pit IN-TRA’DOS, 2. qi. er line or curve of an arch. ments. IN-TRO-DU€/TIVE, a. Serving to introduce ; sery- ing as the means to bring forward something. to show tricks; allied to Gr. Sprz, rotxos, hair or a lock of hair, as we should say, a plexus. In D. In architecture, the interior and low- Brande. IN-TRA-FO-LI-A’CEOUS, a. [L. intra and folium, a bedriegen, G. bitriegen, signify to cheat; D. driegen, | leaf.] to tack, to baste: G. triegen, to deceive; trug, de- Lovwth. ceit, fraud. ‘The primary sense seems to be, to fold, | IN-TRO-DU€/TIVE-LY, adv. In a manner serving In botany, growing on the inside of a leaf ; as, in- , to introduce. lay over, or to draw together. } Aor IN-TRO-DUG’TOR, n. Bet | trafoliaceous stipules. Lee. Murtyn. I ? 1. A plot or scheme of a complicated nature, in- An introducer. ([JVot used.] Bak IN-TRANCE!. See ENTRANCE, A ase ee nay 7 re eee jh! : IN-TRAN-QUIL’LI-TY, n- [in and tranquility.| Un- tended to effect some purpose by secret artifices. — An | IN-1 RO-DU€’TO-RL-LY, adv. By way of introduc- i | quietness ; inquietude ; want of rest. Temple. intrigue may be formed and prosecuted by an indi- tion. ! : ace; IN-TRAN/SIENT, (-shent,) a. Not transient; not vidual, and we often hear of the intrigues of a min-| IN- I RO-DU€’TO-RY ws Serving to introduce some- raya passing suddenly away. Killingbeck. ister or a courtier, but often several projectors are thing else; previous; prefatory ; preliminary ; as, beet IN-TRANS'I-TIVE, a. [L. intransitivus ; inand transeo, concerned in an intrigue. introductory remarks ; an introductory discourse. 9. The plot of a play or romance; a complicated | IN-TRO-FLEX’ ED, (-flekst’,) a. Flexed or bent in- mot to pass over-] In grammar, an intransitive verb is one which ex- presses an action or State that is limited to the agent, 1] or, in other words, an action that does not pass over ward. IN-TRO-GRES/SION, (-gresh'un,) 2. [L. introgressv. | Entrance. [.Vot used.) IN-TROIT’, n. [Fr., from L. introitus.] scheme of designs, actions, and events, intended to awaken interest in an audience or reader, and make them wait with eager curiosity for the solution or na to, or operate upon, an object ; as, L walk; Trun; I development. ( i sleep. 3. A secret understanding or commerce of forbid- In the Roman Catholic service, the entrance or begin- iat IN-TRANS‘I-TIVE-LY, adv. Without an object fol- den love between two persons of diferent sexes. ning of the mass; a passage of Scripture sung or lowing; in the manner of an intransitive verb. : es Smart. chanted when the priest enters within the rails of the ; : Lowth. 4, Intricacy; complication. [JVot in use.| Hale. altar. Wheatley. , IN TRAN'SLTU, [L.] In passing, or on the way IN-TRIGUE’, (in-treeg’,) v. % To form a plot or IN-TRO-MIS/SION, (-misb/un,) n._ [L. intromissus, scheme, usually complicated, and intended to effect intromitto ; intro and mitto, to send. ] l. The action of sending in. Peacham. some purpose by secret artifices, The courtier in- 2. In Scots law, an intermeddling with the effects out. IN-TRANS-MIS/‘SI-BLE, a. That can not be trans- trigues With the minister. mitted. J, P. Smith. IN-TRANS-MU-TA-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality of not 9. To carry on a commerce of forbidden love. of another. Johnson. being transrmutable. Ray. Smart. IN-TRO-MIT’, v. t. [L. intromitto, supra. ] IN-TRIGUE’, (in-treeg’,) v. t. To perplex or render 1. To send in; to let in; to admit. Greenhill. IN-!RANS-MU/TA-BLE, a. [in and transmutable.] That can not be transmuted or changed into anoth- er substance. Ray. pe IN/TRANT, a. [L. intrans.] Entering; penetrating ; making entrance. IN-TREAS/URE, (in-trezh’/ur,) v.t. [imand treasure, | 2. To allow to enter ; to be the medium by whicha thing enters. Glass in the window intromits light without cold into a room. IN-TRO-MIT’, v. i. In Scottish law, to intermeddle with the effects of another. Allowed to enter. intricate. [JVot used. ] L. Addison. IN-TRiGU’ER, (in-treeg’er,) n. One who intrigues ; one who forms plots, or pursues an object by secret artilices. IN-TRIGU/ING, (in-treeg’ing,) ppr. Forming secret To lay up as ina treasury. [Little used. | Shak. plots or schemes. I IN-TRO-MIT/TED, pp. IN-TREAT/FUL, a. Full of entreaty. Spenser. 9. a. Addicted to intrigue; given to secret mach- IN-TRO-MIT’TING, ppr. Admitting. 2. Intermeddling with the effects of another. See inations. 2 IN-TRIiGU/ING-LY, (in-treeg/ing-ly,) adv. With in- | [IN-TRO-RE-CEP/TION, 2. trizue ; with artifice or secret machinations. to or within. IN-TRIN/SE-C€ATE, a. Entangled; perplexed. [Vot IN-TRO-SPE€T’, v. t. in use. cio, to look.] IN-TRIN’SIE€, ) a. To look into or within; to view the inside. IN-TRIN/SI€-AL, }§ IN-TRO-SPE€’/TION, n A view of the inside or in- IN-TRENCH/, v. t. Bene g 1. To dig or cut a trench around a place, as in for- tification ; to fortify with a ditch and parapet. The a“ army intrenched their camp, or they were intrenched. 2. To furrow ; to make hollows in. {in and Fr. trancher, to cut. The act of admitting in- Hammond. [L. introspicio ; tntro and spe- [Fr. intrinseque ; Sp. mtrin- seco; It. intrinsico; L. intrinse- His face i - : Deep scars of thunder had intrenched. Milton. cus; intraand secus. It was formerly written INTRIN- terior. . . : - . SECAL. J was forced to make an introspection into my own mind, To intrench on; literally, to cut into; hence, to in- 1. Inward ; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; Dryden. IN-TRO-SPE€T/IVE, a. Inspecting within. IN-TRO-SUMB’, v. t. [L. intro and sumo.] To sink in. [Mot in use] vade ; to encroach ; to enter on and take possession of that which belongs to another. In the contest for power, the king was charged with intrenching on the essential; inherent; not apparent or accidental; as, the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of | of a person. Prior. IN-TRO-SUS-CEP’TION, ] n. The falling of one intrenching on the prerogatives of the crown. 2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Obs.] Wotton. [N-TUS-SUS-CEP/TION,} part of an intestine in- IN-TRENCH/ANT, a. Not tobe divided or wounded ; indivisible. [JVot used. | Shak. IN-TRENCH’ED, (in-trencht’,) pp. Fortified with a ditch and parapet. IN-TRENCH/ING, ppr. Fortifying with a trench and IN-TRIN/SI€-AL-LY, adv. Internally ; in its nature ; to another, or the passing of one part within another. really ; truly. i Coxe. Hooper. South IN-TRO-VEN/IENT, a. [L. intro and vemens, venv, 7 to come.] Coming in or between; entering. A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsically evil. IN-TRO-CES'SION, (-sesh’un,) n. A depression, or [ Little used. } nara per é sinking of parts inward. Smart. Sr own. IN-TRENCH’MENT, n. Properly, a trench or ditch IN-TRO-DOCE’, v. t. [Ls introduco; intro, within, | IN-TRO-VER/SION, 2. The act of turning inward. only ; but, as the earth thrown out of a trench forms and duco, to lead ; Fr. itroduire; It. introdurre. | Berkeley. a part, and often the most necessary and useful part, 1. To lead or bring in; to conduct or usher into} IN-TRO-VERT’, ov. t. [L. intro and verto.] of a fortification, hence intrenchment is generally un-| a place; as, to introduce a person into a drawing- To turn inward. Cowper. IN-TRO-VERT’ED, pp. Turned inward. IN-TRO-VERT’ING, ppr. Turning inward. IN-TRUDE’, v. i. [L. intrudo ; in and trudo, to thrust. See Turust. | 1. To thrust one’s self in; to come or go in with- out invitation or welcome; to enter, as into compa- ny, against the will of the company or the host; as, to intrude on families at unseasonabje hours. Never | intrude where your company is not desired. 9, To encroach; to enter or force one’s self in without permission; as, to intrude on the lands of another. 3. To enter uncalled or uninvited, or without just Tight. Col. il. IN-TRUDE/, v. t. To thrust one’s self in, or to enter into some place without right or welcome. 2. To force or cast in. Greenhill. IN-TRUD/ED, pp. Thrust in. derstood to signify a ditch and parapet, and some- times it signifies fascines covered with earth, gabions, bags filled with earth or other materials collected to cover men from an enemy’s fire. On our side we have thrown up intrenchments on Winter and : Prospect Hills, Vashingion. 2. Hence, figuratively, any defense or protection. IN-TREP/ID, a. [. intrepidus; in and trepidus, trepi- do, to tremble. } Tnterally, not trembling or shaking with fear ; | hence, fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; as, an intrepid soldier, IN-TRUE-PID'I-TY, n. (Fr. intrepidité.] t fearlessness ; fearless bravery in danger ; undaunt- ed courage or boldness. ‘he troops engaged with imtrepidity, = IN-TREP/ID-LY, adv. YVVithout trembling or shrink- ing from danger ; fearlessly ; daringly ; resolutely. room. 9. To conduct and make known; to bring to be acquainted ; as, to introduce a stranger to a person ; to introduce a foreign minister to a prince, 3. To bring something new into notice or practice ; as, to introduce a new fashion, or a new remedy for a disease ; to introduce an improved mode of tillage. 4. To bring in; to import; as, to introduce foreign goods. 5. To produce; to cause to exist; as, to introduce habits into children. Locke. 6. To begin; to open to notice. He introduced the subject with a long preface. 7. To bring before the public by writing or dis- course ; as, to introduce one’s self to notice or to the public. IN-TRO-DUC'ED, (in-tro-dust’,) pp. Led or conduct- ed in; brought in; made acquainted ; imported. Pope. IN-TRO-DUC’ER, n. One who introduces ; one who 9. a. In geology, intrusive, which see iv a i F 7 Ne . 4 5 . yy . =e ie as LU; Si > see. IN’TRI-CA-BLE, a, Entangling. [Vot in use.) conducts another to a place or person; one who IN-TRUD/ER, 2. One who intrudes ; one who thrusts Shelton. makes strangers known to each other; one who himself in, or enters where he has no right, or is not T/T re Rene : ( IN/TRI-€A-CY, xn. {from intricate. } The state of be- brings any thing into notice or practice, welcome. ? a A ing entangled ; perplexity ; involt : ication ; qe" CIC/IN ‘ i ingi in : : { ae praca? I fu : va. } te ition 3 complication ; IN-TRO-DUC/ING, ppr. Conducting or bringing 1M ; They were but intruders on the possession, during the minority it S, cy O not, and, figwratively, the intri- making known, as one stranger to another; bringing of the heir. Dawes. \ They were all strangers and intruders. Locke. cacy of accounts, the tntricacy of a cause in contro- IN-TRCD/ING, ppr. Entering without invitation, ount any thing into notice or practice. versy, the intricacy of a plot. Addison. IN-TRO-DU€’TION, n. ee from L. introductio.] ba ’ EN aes n pe siodeat a, rm intrico, to fold ; J; The action of conducting or ushering Into a right, or welcome. 4 Butanelede weioad i: apace RICKS Ware Place ; used of Persons ; as, the introduction of a| IN-TRO/SION, (-tra/zhun,) 2. [Fr., from L. intrusto, a | obscure. We passed Grad i intricate Saudined Seinen MIMO NS from: mniruda. | ae me | WeTOUN The nUCOUaTS fae aie ees OA . Phe act of making persons known to each 1. The action of thrusting im, or of entering into a intricate ; the case on trial is| other; as, the introduction of one stranger to another ; place or state without invitation, right, or welcome. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 620INU The company may be disturbed by the intrusion of an unwelcome guest. Many excellent strains which have been jostled off by the intru- stons of poctical fictions. Brown. W hy this intrusion? Were not my orders that I should be private ? Addison, 2. Encroachment; entrance without right on the property or possessions of another, 3. Voluntary entrance on an undertaking unsuita- ble for the person. Votton. 4. In geolory, the penetrating of one rock, while In a melted state, into the cavities of other rocks. Dana. IN-TRO/SIVE, a. Thrusting in or entering without right or welcome ; apt to intrude. Thomson. - In geology, intrusive rocks, are rocks which have been forced, while in a melted state, into the cavities or between the layers of other roc ks. ana. IN-TRU/SIVE-LY, adv. Without welcome or invita- tion. IN-TRU/SIVE-NESS, zn. permission or invitation. IN-TRUST’, v. t. [in and trust.] To deliver in trust ; to confide to the care of ; to commit to another with confidence in his fidelity ; as, torntrust a servant with one’s money or goods, or to intrust money or goods to aservant. We intrust an agent or factor with com- mercial business, or we intrust commercial concerns toan agent. We intrust our friends with secrets, or intrust secrets to them. IN-TRUST’ED, pp. Delivered in trust; committed to the hands or care of another, in ronfidence that he will be faithful in discharging his duty. IN-TRUST/ING, ppr. Delivering in trust ; to the care of. IN-TU-I'"TION, (in-tu-ish’un,) 2. Intuitus, intweor ; in and tueor.] A looking on; a sight or view; but restricted to mental v lew or perception Particularly and appropri- ately, the act by which the mind perceives the agree- ment or disagreement of two ideas, or the truth of things, immediately, or the moment the V are present- ed, without the intervention of other ideas, or with- out reasoning and deduction. We know by intuition, that a part is less than the whole. Encyc. IN-TO/I-TIVE, a. [Sp. and It. intuitino; Fr. intuitif.] 1. Perceived by the mind immediately, without the intervention of argument or testimony; exhibiting truth to the mind on bare inspection; as, intuitive evidence. Received or obtained by intuition or simple in- Spection ; as, itwitive judgment or knowledge. 3. Seeing clearly ; as, an intuitive view ; intuitive vision. Hooker. 4. Having the power of discovering truth without reasoning ; as, the zntuitive powers of celestial be- ings. IN-TO/LTIVE-LY, adv. The act of entering without confiding [Sp. intuicton; L. By immediate perception ; without reasoning ; as, to perceive truth intuitively. IN-TU-MESCE’, (in-tu-mes’,) v. [L. intumesco ; in and tuwmeo, to swell. ] To swell; to enlarge or expand with heat. In a higher heat it tntumesces, and melts into a ye llowish-black mass. cir tea. IN-TU-MES’CENCE, 7. [Supra.] The action of swell- ing. 2. A swell; enlarging ; a tumid state. IN-T'U/MU-LA-TED, a. Unburied. IN-TUR-GES ICENCE, nm. ([L. ir and turgesco, to swell. ] A swelling; the action of swelling or state of be- a swelling with bubbles ; a rising and Woodward. ing swelled. Town. IN’TUSE, n. [L. intusus.] A bruise. [Not in use. Spenser. IN-TUS-SUS-CEP/TION, n. [L. intus and Scena Se} The reception of one part within another; appliec to the reception of a colitracted part into a part not contracted. IN-TWINE’, v. t. [in and troine.] To twine or twist together ; to Ww reath ; as, a wreath of flowers in- tioined. IN-CWIN/‘ED, pp. ‘Twisted together. IN-TWIN/’ING, ppr. Wreathing together. IN-TWIST’, v.t. [in and twist.) ‘To twist together ; to interweave. Parkhurst. IN-TWIST'ED, pp. Twisted together. IN-CWIST’ING, ppr. Twisting together. IN/U-LIN, zn. A peculiar vegetable principle extracted from the InuJa helenium, or elecampane, Ure. IN-UM’/BRATE, 2. t. [L. tnwmbro,| To shade, IN-UM’/BRA-TED, pp. Shaded. IN-UN€’TION, n. [L. inunctus, inungo ; in and ungo, to anoint. The action of anointing; unction. IN-UN€-TU-OS'I-TY, x. unctuous. | The want of unctuosity ; destitution of greasiness or oiliness which is perceptible to the touch; as, the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan. IN-UN’/DANT, a. [L. trundans, infra.] Overflowing. Ray. [L. in and unctus, or Eng. Shenstone. INV IN-UN/DATE, v. t. [L. inundo, inundatus ; in and un- da, a Wave, or its root. 1. To overflow ; to deluge ; to spread over with a fluid. The low lands along the Mississippl are inun- dated almost every spring. 2. To fill with an ov erflowing abundance or super- fluity ; as, the country was once inundated with bills of credit. ‘The presses inundate the country with pa- pers. IN-UN’DA-TED, pp. or a. Overflowed; spread over with a fluid ; copiously supplied. IN-UN’DA-TING, ppr. Overflowing ; spreading over. IN-UN-DA'TION, nxn. [L. inundatio.] 1. An overflow of water or other fluid; a flood ; rising and spreading of water over low grounds. Hol. land has frequently suffered immensely by mnundations of the sea. The Delta in Egypt is annually enriched bys the inundation of the Nile. 2. An overspreading of any kind; an overflowing or superfluous abundance, IN-UN-DER-STAND/ING, a. Void of understanding. A bad word, and not wsed.] Pearson. deluging ; IN-UR-BA NE!, a. Uncivil; uncourteous, unpol- IN-UR-BANE/LY, adv. W ithout urbanity. [ished. IN-UR-BANE/NESS, n. Incivility. IN-UR-BAN/I-TY, n. [in and urbanity.] Incivility ; rude, unpolishe d manners or deportment ; want of courteousness. . Hall. IN-URE’, (in-yire’,) v. t. fen and ure. Ure Rremiee use, practice, in old English and Norman French. In Chaucer, it seems to bear rather the signification of luck or fortune. In Scottish, it is used in both senses. See Une.] To habituate ; to accustom; to apply or expose in use or practice till use gives little or ho pain or incon- venience, or makes little impression. Thus a man inures his body to labor and toil, till he sustains that which would destroy a body unaccustomed to it. So We inure ourselves to cold or heat. Warriors are in- ured to blood, and seamen are inured to hardships and deprivations. IN-URE’, v.27. To passin use; to take or have effect ; to be applied ; to serve to the use or benefit of; as, a gift of lands7nures to the heirs of the grantee, or it imures to their benefit. IN-UR/ED, (in-yurd’,) pp. Accustomed; use. IN-URE/MENT, (in-yure’/ment,) n. Use; practice; habit ; custom; frequency. Johnson. Wotton. IN-UR‘ING, (in-yur/ing,) ppr. Habituating; accus- toming. 9. Passing in use to the benefit of. IN-URN!,v. & [irand urn.] To bury; intomb. hardened by to inter; to The sepulcher Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned, 2. To put in an urn. IN-UkN’ED, pp. Deposited in a tomb. Shak, IN-URN'ING, ppr. Interring ; burying. IN-U-SI-TA’/TION, n. Neglect of use; disuse. [Zit- tle used. Paley. INSU CURLONG (in-ust/yun,) 7. and wro, to burn. ] J. The action of burning. 2. A branding ; the action of marking by burning. IN-U/TILE, a. [Fr., from L. mutilis.] Unprofitable ; useless. [JVot in use.] Bacon, IN-U-TIL/I-TY, n. [Fr. inutilité ; L. inutilitas ; in and utilitas, See Uriiry.] Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable ; unprofitableness ; as, the inutility of vain specula- tions and visionary projects, IN-UT’/TER-A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered. Milton. IN VAC'U-O ee In a vacuum or empty space. IN-VADRE’, v.t. [L. invado; in and vado, to go 1. To enter a country, as an army with hostile in- tentions; to enter as an enemy, with a view to con- quest or plunder; to attack. The French armies in- vaded Holland in 1795. ‘They invaded Russia and perished. 2. To attack ; to assail; to assault. There shall be seditions among men, and invading one another, — 2 Esdras. 3. To attack ; to infringe ; to encroach on ; to vi- olate, The king invaded the rights and privileges of the people, and the people invaded the prerogatives of the king. 4. To go into; a Latinism. 5. To fall on; to attack; invades the system, IN-VAD/ED, pp. or a. Entered by an army with a hostile design ; attacked ; assaulted ; infringed ; vi- olated, IN-VAD‘ER, 7m. One who enters the territory of an- other with a view to war, conquest, or plunder. Bacon. Swift. 2. An assailant. 3. An encroacher ; an intruder; one who infringes the rights of another. Hammond. IN-VAD/ING, ppr. ora. Entering on the possessions of another with a view to war, conquest, or plunder ; [L. inustio, muro; in [Vot used.] Spenser. to seize; as, a disease INV IN-V A-LES/CENCE, n. Strength; health. Di IN-V AL-E-TU/DIN-A-RY, a. Wanting health. IN-VAL/ID, a. [L. invalidus ; vt and validus, strong, from valeo, to be strong, to avail. 1. W eak ; of 110 force, Weight, or cogency. Milton. having no force, effect, or efficacy ; void ; null; as, an invalid contract or agreement. ES A-LID, 7. [Fr. invalide; L. invalidus, supra.) | LeeAs person who is weak and infirm; a person | Sil or indisposed. A person who is infirm, wounded, maimed, or Seas ise disabled for active Service ; ’a soldier or seaman worn out in service. The hospitals for in- valids at Chelsea and Greenwich, in England, are in- stitutions honorable to the English nation. IN/VA-LID, v. t. To enroll on the list of invalids in the military or naval service. IN-VAL'ID-ATE, v. t. [from invalid; Fr. invalider.] 1. To weaken or lessen the force of ; more gener- ally, to destroy the strength or validity of ; to render of no force or effect; as, to invalidate an ‘agreement or a contract. 2. To overthrow ; to prove to be of no force; as to invalidate an argument. IN-VAL/ID-A-TED, pp. force. IN-VAL/ID-A-TING, ppr. Destroying the force and IN-VA-LID‘I-TY, x. [Fr. invalidité.] {effect of. Weakness ; want of cogency ; want of legal force on < TICaCy ; as, the invalidity of an agreement or of a [L. invalesco ] 2. In law, Rendered invalid or of no IN. Ke AL/ID-NESS, Ne of reasoning. IN-VAL/U-A-BLE, a. {in and valuable.] Precious above estimation ; so valuable that its worth can not be estimated ; inestimable. The privileges of Chris tians are invaluable. IN-VAL/U-A-BLY, adv. IN-VA’RI-A-BLE, a, vary. | Constant in the same state ; immutable; unaltera- ble ; unchangeable; that does not vary; always uni- form. The character and the laws of the Supreme Being must necessarily be invariable. IN-V A/RI-A-BLE-NESS,) 7. Constancy of state, IN-VA-RI-A-BIL/L-TY, condition, or quality ; immutability ; unchangez ibleness. IN-VA/RI-A-BLY, adv. Constantly ; uniformly ; with- out alteration or ‘change. We are bound to pursue invariably the path of duty. IN-VA/RI- -EQ, (in-va‘rid,) a. Unvaried ; not changing or altering. Blackwall. IN-Va/SION, [L. irvaszo, from ztnvado. See InvapDE. 1. A hostile entrance into the possessions of anoth- 1; particularly, the entrance of a hostile army into a country for the purpose of conquest or plunder, or the attack of a military force. The north of Eng- Jand and south of Scotland were for centuries subject to invasion, each from the other. The znva- sion of England by William the Norman was in 1066. 2. An attack on the rights of another; ment or violation. 3. Attack of a disease; as, the invasion of the plague, in Egypt. Arbuthnot. IN- VA/SIVE sa. [from invade.] Entering on anoth- er’s possessions with hostile designs ; aggressive, 2. Infringing another’s rights. IN-VE€/TION, xn, Invective, which see. [INVECTION is little used. -| IN-VE€/TIVE, rn. [Fr. invective; Sp. invectiva; It invettiva; from L. inveho. See Inyercu.] A railing speech or expression ; something uttered or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another ; a harsh or reproachful accusa- tion. It differs from reproof, as the latter may come from a friend, and be intended for the good of the person reproved ; but invective proceeds from an en- emy, and is intended to give pain or to injure. Eneye. It is followed by against. He uttered severe invec- tives against the unfortunate general. IN-VE€/TIVE, a. Satirical; abusive ; railing. Dryden. abusively. Shak. IN-VEIGH’, (in-va’,) v.% [L. tnveho, to bear, throw or bring on oragainst ; in and veho, to carry.) To exclaim or rail against ; to utter censorious and bitter language against any one ; to reproach ; with against. The author inveighed sharply against the vices of the clergy in his age. Men inveigh against the follies of fashion. eG (in-va‘er,) 7. Invalidity ; as, the znrvalidness Inestimably. Bp. Hall. [Fr.; in and nariatle from -va/zhun,) 7. infrin ge- IN-VE€/TIVE-LY, adv. Satirically ; One who rails; @ IN- Vv EIGH/ING, (in-va/ing,) ppr- Exclaiming against ; railing at ; uttering bitter words. : IN-VEI‘GL E, (in-vé/gl,) v. t. [Norm, enveogler, to in- veigle, to blind ; Fr. aveugler. Qu. G. aufwiegeln, to stir Uv or rouse; Sw. upricla, the same. The athn- assaulting ; infringing ; attacking. ities of this word are obscure. ] TONE, BYLL, YNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as S ae as in THIS. ne —— = Z ote OLD i8 INV To entice ; to seduce; to wheedle ; to persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery. Yet have they many baits and guileful spells To inveigle and invite th’ unwary sense. IN-VEI/GLED, (in-vé/gld,) pp. Enticed ; wheedled ; seduced from duty. IN-VEI'GLE-MENT, (in-ve'gl-ment,) n. Seduction o evil; enticement. South. « IN-VEI/GLER, x. One who entices or draws into any design by arts and flattery. _ IN-VEUGLING, ppr- or a. Enticing; persuading to any thing bad. : IN-VELL’ED, (in-vald’,) a. Covered as with a veil. Browne. Not vendible or salable. Jefferson. IN-VENT’, v.t. [Fr. inventer; Sp. inventar; It. in- ventare ; L. invento, inventum ; in and venio, to come ; literally, to come to, to fall on, to meet, Eng. to jind.] 1. To find out somethin’ new; to devise some- thing not before known; <0 contrive and produce something that did not before exist; as, to invent a new instrument of music; to invent a machine for spinning ; to invent gunpowder. [See INVENTION. | 9. To forge; to fabricate ; to contrive falsely ; as, to invent falsehoods, 3. To feign ; to frame by the imagination ; as, to invent the machinery of a poem. 4. To light on; to meet with. [This is the literal sense, but not now used.) Spenser. IN-VENT’ED, pp. Found out; devised; contrived; forged ; fabricated. IN-VENT’FUL, ¢. Full of invention. IN-VENT’I-BLE, a. That can be invented. IN-VENT'I-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being inventi- IN-VEN'TION, n. [Fr., from L. inventio.] ble. 1. The action or operation of finding out some- thing new; the contrivance of that which did not before exist ; as, the invention of logarithms ; the in- Milton. wheedling ; IN-VEND’I-BLE, a. Gifford. vention of the art of printing; the invention of the orrery. InveNTION differs from Discovery. Invention is applied to the contrivance and production of some- thing that did not before exist. Discovery brings to light that which existed before, but which was not known. We are indebted to -tnvention for the ther- mometer and barometer. We are indebted to dis- covery for the knowledge of the isles in the Pacific Ocean, and for the knowledge of galvanism, and many species of earth not formerly known. This distinction is important, though not always ob- served. 2. That which is invented. The cotton gin is the invention of Whitney ; the steamboat fs the invention of Fulton. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders are said to be inventions of the Greeks ; the ‘Tuscan and Composite are inventions of the Latins. 3. Forgery ; fiction. Fables are the inventions of ingenious men. 4. In painting, the finding or choice of the objects which are to enter into the composition of the piece. Encyce. 5. In poetry, it is applied to whatever the poet adds to the history of the subject. 6. In rhetoric, the finding and selecting of argu- ments to prove and iJlustrate the point in view. 7. The power of inventing; that skill or inge- nuity’ which is or may be employed in contriving any thing new. Thus we say, a man of invention. Encyc. 8, Discovery ; the finding of things hidden or be- fore unknown. [Less proper. | Ray. Invention of the cross; a festival in the Roman Catholic church, celebrated May 3d, in honor of the finding of our Savior’s cross. Brande. IN-VENT/IVE, a. [Fr. inventif.] Able to invent; quick at contrivance ; ready at expedients ; as, an inventive head or genius. Dryden. IN-VENT’IVE-LY, adv. By the power of invention. IN-VENT/IVE-NESS, n. The faculty of inventing. IN-VEN1’OR,n. One who finds out something new ; one who contrives and produces any thing not be- fore existing; a contriver. The inventors of many of the most useful arts are not known. IN-VEN-TO’RLAL-LY, adv. In the manner of an inventory. Shak. IN’ VEN-TO-RI-ED, (in/ven-to-rid,) pp. Inserted or registered in an inventory. IN/VEN-TO-RY, n. [Sp. and It. inventario; Fr. in- ventarre; from invent. ] J. An account, catalogue, or schedule, of all the goods and chattels of a deceased person. In some of the United States, the inventory must include an account of the real as well as the personal estate of the deceased. 2. A catalogue of movables. 3. A catalogue or account of particular things. [4n indefinite use of the word. IN/VEN-TO-RY,v. t. [Fr. inventorier.] 1. To make an inventory of ; to make a list, cata- logue, or schedule of; as, to inventory the goods and estates of the deceased. Blackstone. 9. To insert or register in an account of goods. IN-VENT/RESS, n, [from invent.] A female that invents. Dryden. INV IN-VERSE’, (in-vers’,) a. [L. mversus, See INVERT. ] Inverted ; reciprocal; opposed to Dinecr. Inverse or reciprocal ratio, is the ratio of the recip- rocals of two quantities. Inverse or reciprocal proportion, is an equality be- tween a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio. Thus, 4:2::4: 4, or 4: 22:3: 6, inversely. J. Day. IN-VERSE'LY, (in-vers/ly,) adv. In an inverted or- der or manner; a term used when one quantity is greater or less according as another is less or greater. IN-VER/SION, xn. [Fr., from L.inversic. See In VERT. | 1. Change of order «: that the last becomes first and the first last; a urning or change of the natural order of things. It ba juet the inversion of an act of parliament; your lordship iret signed it, and then it was passed among the lords and commons. Dryden. 2. Change of places, so that each takes the place of the other. 3. A turning backward ; a contrary method of operation. Problems in geometry and arithmetic are often proved by inversion, as division by multi- plication, and multiplication by divis:on. 4. In geometry, a change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third. 5. In grammar, a change of the natural order of words; as, ‘‘ of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable,” instead of ‘‘ impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices.”’ 6. In music, the change of position either of a sub- ject or of a chord. Busby. IN-VERT’, v. i. [L. inverto; in and verto, to turn. } 1. To turn into a contrary direction ; to turn up- side down ; as, to invert a cone; to mverta hollow vessel. 2, To place ina contrary order or method ; as, to in- vert the rules of justice ; to invert the order of words. Dryden. And winter storms invert the year. 3. In music, to change the order of the notes which form a chord, or the parts which compose harmony. Encic. 4. To divert; to turn into another channel; to embezzle. [JVot in user Knolles. IN-VER/TE-BRAL, a. estitute of a vertebral col- umn, as animals. Ed. Encye. IN-VER/TE-BRATE, 2. An animal having no verte- bral column, or spinal bone. IN-VER’/TE-BRATE a IN-VER/TE-BRA-TED, VERTEBRATED. | IN-VERT’ED, pp. ora. Turned to a contrary direc- tion; turned upside down; changed in order. IN-VERT/ED-LY, adv. In a contrary or reversed order. Derham. IN-VERT’ENT, n. A medicine intended to invert the natural order of the successive irritative motions in the system. arwin. IN-VERT’ING, ppr. Turning in a contrary direction ; changing the order. IN-VEST’, v. t. [Fr. invesfr; L. investio; m and vestio, to clothe. See VEstT.] 1. To clothe; to dress; to put garments on; to array ; usually and most correctly fallowed by 2th, before the thing put on; as, to invest one with a mantle or robe. In this sense, it is used chiefly in poetry and elevated prose, not in colloquial dis- course. 2, To clothe with office or authority ; to place in possession of an office, rank, or dignity ; as, to invest a person with a civil office, or with an eccle- sjastical dignity. 3. To adorn; to grace; as, to invest with honor. Shak, 4. To clothe; to surround ; as, to be invested with light, splendor, or glory. 5. To confer; to give. [Little used.] Bacon. 6. To inclose; to surround; to block up, so as to intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape ; to lay siege to; a3, to invest a town. 7. To lay out money in the purchase of some species of property, usually of a permanent nature ; literally, to clothe money in something ; as, to invest money in funded or bank stock; to invest it in Jands or goods. In this application, it is always followed by in. IN-VEST’ED, pp. Clothed; dressed ; adorned ; in- Destitute of a back-bone or vertebral chain. [See closed. IN-VEST/IENT, (-yent,) a. Covering ; clothing. Woodward. IN-VES'TI-GA-BLE, a. [from investigate.] That may be investigated or searched out; discoverable by rational search or disquisition. The causes or reasons of things are sometimes investigable. IN-VES/TLGATE, v.t. [L. investigo; in and vestizo, to follow a track, to search; vestizium, a track or footstep. | To search into ; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy ; to find out by careful disquisi- tion; as, to investigate the powers and forces of nature ; to investigate the causes of natural phenom- INV to investigate the conduct of an agent or the mofives of a prince. IN-VES/TI-GA-TED, pp. Searched into ; examined with care. IN-VES'TI-GA-TING, ppr. Searching into ; inquiring into with care. IN-VES-TLGA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. investigatio.] The action or process of searching minutely for truth, facts, or principles; a careful inquiry to find out what is unknown, either in the physical or moral world, and either by observation and experiment, or by argument and discussion. Thus we speak of the investigations of the philosopher and the mathema- tician ; the investigations of the judge, the moralist, and the divine. IN-VES/TLGA-TIVE, a. researches. IN-VES/TI-GA-TOR, n. ly into a subject. IN-VEST’ING, ppr. inclosing. IN-VEST’I-TURE, n. [Fr. See Investr.] The ac- tion of giving possession, or livery of seizin. The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony of corpora’ investiture, or open delivery of possession. Curious and deliberate in Pegre. One who searches diligent- Clothing; dressing; adorning ; ‘ Blackstone. Jt was customary for princes to make znvestéture of ecclesias Ical beyefices. Eencyc. 2. The right of giving possession of any manor, office, or benefice. He had refused to yield to the pope the investiture of bishops. alegh. IN-VEST/IVE, a. Clothing ; encircling. : IN-VEST’MENT, nr. The action of investing. 9. Clcthes; dress; garment; habit. Shak. We now use VESTMENT. } . The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieg- ing by an armed force. The capitulation was signed by the commander of the fort, withn six days after ils investment. Marshall. 4. The laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property, usually of a permanent na- ture ; literally, the clothing of money with some- thing. Before the investment could be might render it ineligible. IN-VET’ER-A-CY, zn. ATE. | Long continuance, or the firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired by time ; as, the inveteracy of custom and habit ; usually or al- ways applied in a bad sense; as, the muveteracy of prejudice, of error, or of any evil habit. IN-VET’ER-ATE, a. [L. inveteratus, invetero ; mand vetero, from vetus, old.]} 1. Old ; long established. lt isan inveterate and received opinion. [Obs.] 2. Deep-rooted ; firmly established by long contin- uance; obstinate; used of evils; as, an tnveterate disease ; an inveterate abuse ; an inveterate course of made, a change of the market Hamilton. [L. inveteratio. See INVETER- Bacon. sin. 3. Having fixed habits by long continuance ; used of persons; aS, an inveterate sinner. 4. Violent ; deep-rooted ; obstinate; as, inveterate enmity or malice. IN-VET/ER-ATE, v. t. To fix and settle by long continuance. or little used. | IN-VET/ER-ATE-LY, adv. lently. IN-VET’/ER-ATE-NESS, n. Obstinacy confirmed by time; inveteracy; as, the invetcrateness of a mis- chief. Locke. IN-VET-ER-A/TION, n. The act of hardening or confirming by long continuance. IN-VID/I-OUS, a. [L. invidiosus, from invidco, to en- vy ; in and video, to see. Invideo signifies, proper- ly, to look against. ] 1. Envious ; malignant. Evelyn. 2. Likely to incur ill-will or hatred, or to provoke envy; hateful. [This is the usual sense.] Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the preference to any one of the Grecian heroes. Broome. IN-VID/I-OUS-LY, adv. Enviously ; malignantly. 9. In a manner likely to provoke hatred. IN-VID/I-OUS-NESS, n. ‘The quality of provoking envy or hatred. IN-VIG/I-LANCE, (-vij/e-lans,) . Want of vigilance ; neglect of watching. IN-VIG/OR-ATE, v. t. [It. invigorire; in and vigor.] To give vigor to; to strengthen; to animate ; to give life and energy to. Exercise invigorates the body ; cheerfulness invigorates the mind. Christian graces and yirtues they can not be, unless fed, invigor- ated, and animated by universal charity. Alterbury. MNS Ag ays pp. or a. Strengthened ; ani- mated. IN-VIG/OR-A-TING, ppr. or a. Giving fresh vigor to ; strengthening. IN-VIG-OR-A/TION, n. The action of invigorating, or state of being invigorated. [L. tnvetero, to grow ols [ Obsolete, Bacon. With obstinacy; vio- ena; to investigate the principles of moral duty ; IN-VIL/LAG-ED, a. Turned into a village. Browne. oe eee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 622INV IN-VIN‘CL-BLE, a. [Fr. invincible; L. in and vinco, to conquer | I. Not to be conquered or subdued ; that can not be overcome ; unconquerable ; as, an invincible ar- my. 2. Not to be overcome ; insuperable; as, an invin- cible obstacle, error, habit, or objection. IN-VIN/CI-BLE-NESS, ) x. The quality of being un- IN-VIN-CI-BIL‘I-TY, conquerable ; insuperable- ness. IN-VIN/CI-BLY, adv. Unconquerably ; insuperably. IN-Vi/O-LA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. invioladilis ; inand vialabilis, violo,-to violate, _ 1. Not to be profaned; that ought not to be in- Jured, polluted, or treated with irreverence ; as, a Sa- cred place and sacred things should be considered inviolable. Milton. 2. Not to be broken; as, an inviolable league, cov- enant, agreement, contract, vow, or promise. 3. Not to be injured or tarnished ; as, inviolable chastity or honor. 4. Not susceptible of hurt or wound ; as, inviolable saints. Milton. IN-Vi/O-LA-BLE-NESS, ) x. [from inviolable.] The IN-VI-O-LA-BIL'I-TY, quality or state of being inviolable ; as, the inviolability of crowned heads. Ward. 2. The quality of not being subject to be broken. IN-V¥/O-LA-BLY, adv. Without. profanation ; with- out breach or failure; as, a sanctuary inviolably sa- cred ; to keep a promise inviolably. IN-VI/O-LATE, a. [L. inviolatus.] Unhurt; uninjured; unprofaned; unpolluted ; unbroken. But let inviolate truth be always dear To thee. Denham. IN-VI/O-LA-TED, a. Unprofaned; unbroken; un- violated, Drayton. IN‘VLOUS, a, [L. invius; in and via, way.] Impassable ; untrodden. Hudibras. IN/VI-OUS-NESS, nz. State of being impassable. IN-VI-RIL/I-TY, x. Absence of manhood. ‘ard. Prynne. IN-VIS/€ATE, v. t. [L. im and viscus, glue, bird- lime. 1. To lime ; to daub with plue, 2. To catch with glue or birdlime; to entangle with glutinous matter. [Little used, ] TOWN. IN-VIS'€A-TED, pp. Limed; daubed with glue. IN-VIS'/CBER-ATE, v. t. To breed; to nourish. [A bad word. Mountacu. IN-VIS-I-BIL'I-TY, nm. [Fr. invisibilité, from invi- IN-VIS/L-BLE-NESS, sible. | The state of being invisible; imperceptibleness to the sight. Ray. IN-VIS/I-BLE, a, [Fr., from L. invisibilis; in and visibilis, viso, to see. ] That can not be seen ; imperceptible by the sight. Mnllions of stars, invisible to the naked eye, may be seen by the telescope. He endured, as seeing him who is invisible. —Heb. xi. IN-VIS'I-BLY, adv. In a manner to escape the sight ; imperceptibly to the eye, Denham. IN-VIS'ION, (-vizh/un,) 2. [in and vision.] Want of vision, or the power of seeing. [Little used.) Brown. IN-VI'TA MI-NER'VA, v. a. [1 Minerva, the god- dess of wisdom, being unwilling. ] Without the help of genius, IN-VI-TA’TION, n. [Fr., from L. invitatio. VITE. | The act of inviting ; solicitation ; the calling or re- questing of a person’s company to visit, to dine, or - to accompany him to any place. IN-VI/TA-TO-RY, a. Using or containing invita- tions. Wheatley. IN-VI/TA-TO-RY, nm. A part of the service in the Roman Catholic church ; a psalm or anthem sung in the morning. Antiphonary, a service-book, which contained all the invitatories, responsories, and collects, Encyc. IN-VITE’/, v. t. [L. invito; It. invitare; Fr. inviter. This word is formed by inand the Teutonic did, or its root; inbid. See Bip.] 1, ‘To ask to do some act orto go to some place ; to request the company of a person; as, to invite one to dine or sup; to invite friends to a wedding ; to invite company toan entertainment; to invite one to an ex- cursion Into the country. 2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come ; to induce by. pleasure or hope. Shady groves, that easy sleep invite. See In- Dryden. 3. To present temptations or allurements to. The people should be is a situation not to invite hostilities, &rederalist, Jay). IN-VITE’, v.2. To ask or call to any thing pleasing, Milton. IN-VIT’ED, pp. or a. Solicited ; requested to come or £0 in person; allured. IN-VIT’ER, » One who invites. Pope. IN-VI'TING ppr. Soliciting the company of; asking to attend. 2. a. Alluring; tempting; drawing to; as, an in- viiing amusement or prospect. Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sar casm, rving. Shak. In such a manner as to invite IN-VIT/ING, n. Invitation. IN-VIT‘ING-LY, adv. or allure. IN-VIT/ING-NESS, n. The quality of being inviting. Taylor. IN-VIT’/RI-FY-A-BLE, a, [in and vitrifiable, from vit- rify.| That can not be vitrified or converted into glass, Kirwan. IN’ VO-€ATE, v. ¢. fe imvoco ; in and voco, to call.] To invoke ; to call on in supplication; to implore ; to address in prayer. If Dagon be thy god, Go to his temple, invocate his aid. Milton. Instead of this word, Inyoxe is generally used.] IN/VO-€A-TED, pp. Invoked; called on in prayer. IN/VO-€4-TING, ppr. Invoking. IN-VO-€a/TION, xn. [Fr., from L. invocatio.] 1. The act of addressing in prayer. Hooker. 2. The form or act of calling for the assistance or presence of any being, particularly of some divinity ; as, the znvocation of the muses. The whole mis a prayer to Fortune, and the invocation is divided between the two deities, Addison. 3. A judicial call, demand, or order; as, the invo- cation of papers or evidence into a court. Wheaton’s Rep. IN’/VOICE, n._ [Fr. envoi, a sending, or thing sent, from envoyer, to send, It. inviare; envois, pl., things sent. 1. In commerce, a written account of the particu- lars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, &c., with the value or prices and charges annexed. 2. A written account of ratable estate. Laws of New Hampshire. IN/VOICE, v. t. To make a written account of goods or property with their prices. It is usual to invoice goods in the currency of the country in which the seller resides. Goods, wares, and merchandise imported from Norway, and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway. Madison’s Proclamation. IN/VOIC-ED, (-voist,) pp. Inserted in a list with the price or value annexed. Robinson, Adm. Reports. IN‘VOIC-ING, ppr. Making an account in writing of goods with their prices or values annexed ; inserting in an invoice. IN-VOKB’, ». t. a word.] 1. Literally, to call for or ask, Hence, 2. To address in prayer ; to call on for assistance and protection ; as, toinvoke the Supreme Being. Po- ets invoke the muses for assistance. 3. In a wider sense, to call for with earnestness; as, to invoke the aid of government. [ Recent. ] IN-VOK’ED, pp. Addressed in prayer for aid; called. IN-VOK/ING, ppr. Addressing in prayer for aid ; call- [L. invoco ; in and voco, to call; voz, ing. IN-VOL/U-CEL, n. [dim. of involucre.] The involu- cre of an umbellule or umbellet ; an involucret. IN-VO-LU’CEL-LATE, a. [Supra.] Surrounded with involucels. arton. IN-VO-LU/€RAL, a. Pertaining to an nvolucrum. Smith. TW rr! 5 IN-VO-LO'GRUM, n. [L, involucrum, from involvo.] In botany, a sort of calyx inclosing those aggregates of flowers constituting umbels, but occasionally in- closing flowers not umbellate. It is usually more or less distant from the flowers which it envelops. IN-VO-LU/€RED, a, Waving an involucre, as umbels, &c. Martyn. IN-VO-LU’/ERET, nm. An involucel, which see. IN-VOL/UN-TA-RI-LY, adv. [from involuntary.] Not by choice ; not spontaneously ; against one’s will. Baxter. 2. In a manner independent of the will. IN-VOL/UN-TA-RI-NESS, xn. Want of choice or will. Bp. Hall. 2. Independence on the will. IN-VOL/UN-TA-RY, a. [Fr. involontaire; L. im and voluntarius. See VoLUNTARY. J. Not having will or choice; unwilling. 2. Independent of will or choice. The motion of the heart and arteries is involuntary, but not against the will. 3. Not proceeding from choice; not done willing- ly ; opposed tothe will. A slave and a conquered nation yield an involuntary submission to a master. IN/VO-LUTE, zn. [L. involutus.]} A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it. [See Eyo- LUTE. | IN/VO-LUTE, a. [L. involutus, involvo. IN/ VO-LU-TED, VOLVE.] In botany, rolled spirally inward. IJnvoluted folia- tion, or vernation, is when the leaves within the bud have their edges rolled spirally inward on both sides toward the upper surface. Martyn. See In- IN W _ 2. In conchology,a term used when the exterior lip is turned inward, at the margin, as in the Cyprea. Humble. IN-VO-LU'TION, x. See In- VOLVE. | 1. The action of involving or infolding. 2. The state of being entangled or involved ; com- plication. All things are mixed and causes blended by mutual involutions, Glanville, 3. In grammar, the insertion of one or more clauses or members of a sentence between the agent or sub- ject and the verb, in a way which involves the con- struction, and makes it difficult ; a third intervening member within a second, &c.; as, habitual false- hood, if we may judge from experience, infers absolute depravity. 4. In arithmetic and algebra, the raising of a quan- tity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times. Thus 2x2x2=8. Here 8, the third power of 2, is found by involution, or multiplying the number into itself, and the product by the same number. IN-VOLVE’, (in-volv’,) v.t. [L. involvo; in and vol- vo, to roll, Eng. to wallow.} 1. To envelop; to cover with surrounding matter; as, to znvolve one in smoke or dust. 2. To envelop in any thing which exists on all sides ; as, to involve in darkness or obscurity. 3. To imply; to comprise. ‘To be and not to be at the same time, involves a contradiction. 4. To entwist; to join; to connect; to draw in by Way of connection; to implicate; as, to involve a friend in one’s ruin. [Fr.; L. involutio. He knows his end with mine involved, Milton, 5. To take in; to catch ; to conjoin. The gathering number, as it moves along, Involves a vast involuntary throng. Pope. 6. To entangle. Let not our enemy involve the nation in war, nor our imprudence involve us in difficulty. 7. To plunge; to overwhelm. Extravagance often involves men in debt and distress. 8. To inwrap; to infold ; to complicate or make intricate. Some involved their snaky folds. Milton. Florid, witty, involved discourses, Locke. 9. To blend; to mingle confusedly. Milton. 10. In arithmetic and algebra, to raise a quantity to any assigned power; to multiply a quantity into it- self a given number of times ; as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power. IN-VOLV’ED, pp. or a. Enveloped; implied; in- wrapped ; entangled ; raised to a power. IN-VOLVE/MENT, x. Act of involving; state of be- ing involved. Marshall. IN-VOLV/ING, ppr. Enveloping; implying; com- prising ; entangling ; complicating; raising to a ower, IN-VUL-NER-A-BIL’I-TY, ee [from invulnerable, | IN-VUL’NER-A-BLE-NESS, The quality or state of being invulnerable, or secure from: wounds or in- jury Walsh. IN-VUL’NER-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. invulnerabilis. See VULNERABLE, | That can not be wounded ; incapable of receiving injury. Nor vainly hope To be invulnerable in those bright arms. Milton. IN-WALL’, v. t. [tn and wall.) To inclose or fortify with a wall. DENSE. IN-WALL/ED, pp. Inclosed or fortified with a wall. IN-WALL/ING, ppr. Inclosing with a wall. IN/WARD, a. [Sax. inweard; G. einwarts; in and ward. See Waro.] : 1. Internal ; interior ; placed or being within ; as, the inward structure of the body. 2. Intimate ; domestic; familiar. Spenser. In this sense, also, Shakspeare uses it as a noun.] 3. Seated in the mind or soul. Shak. IN/WARD, adv. Toward the inside. Turn the atten- tion inward. 2. Toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing woard. 3. Into the mind or thoughts. Celestial light shine inward. Milton. IN’ WARD-LY, adv. In the inner parts ; internally. Let Benedick, like covered fire, Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly, Shak. 9. In the heart; privately ; secretly. He tmoardly repines. It is not easy to treat with respect a person whom we inwardly despise. 3. Toward the center. een : IN’WARD-NESS, 2. Intimacy ; femilienity [Wot used. hak. > Teesrual state. [Unusual.] : Meee IN/WARDS, n. pl. The inner parts of an anne ; the bowels; the viscera. Ea. XXIX. Jilton. IN-WEAVE’, v. t.; pret. Inwove; pp. INWOVEN, In- wove. [inand weave.] To weave together ; to in- termix or intertwine by weaving. Down they cast Their crowns inwove with amaranth and gold. Millon, TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 623— A 3 jaw tracted. ] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 632JOU 1 The cheek; used in the phrase that is, with the cheeks together close. Lone head of a fish. Pope. JOLE or JOLL, v. t. To strike the head against. any thing ; to clash with violence. [JVot used.] Shak. JOL-LULFL-€A'TION, n. Noisy festivity and merri- ment. [A low word used sometimes in England and sericgs| JOL'US-LY, adv. [See Jorry.] With noisy mirth ; cheek by jole, Dryden. With a disposition to noisy mirth. rydén. JOL’LLMENT, n. Mirth; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser. JOL'LLNESS, )n. [from jolly.] Noisy mirth; gay- JOL'LETY, ety ; merriment; festivity. All was now turned to jollity and game. 2. Elevation of spirit; gayety. He, with a proud jollity, commanded him to leave that quarrel for him who was only worthy to enter into it. Sydney. (This word, in America, is not now applied to re- spectable company. ] JOL'/LY, a. [Fr. joli, pretty ; It. giulivo, joyful, merry. Qu. Sax _geola, gehol, a feast, the yule, or feast of the nativity. ] I. Merry; gay; lively; full of life and mirth ; jo- vial. It expresses more life and noise than CHEEr- FUL; as, a jolly troop of huntsmen. Shak. [it is seldom applied, in colloquial usage, to re- spectable company. We rarely say of respectable persons, they are jolly. It is applied to the young and the vulgar. ] 2. Expressing mirth or inspiring it. Milton. And with his jolly pipe delichts the groves. Prior. The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions by frequent pota- tions of malt liquors. Irving. 3. Exciting mirth and gayety ; as, jolly May. Dryden. 4. Plump, like one in high health; pretty. South. JOL/LY-BOAT, x. A small boat belonging to a ship. [A sailor’s corruption for yazol-boat. See Sw. julle, a yawl.] JOLT, v.z% To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground. The carriage jolts. JOLT, v. t. To shake with sudden jerks, as in a car- riage on rough ground, or on a high trotting horse ; as, the horse or carriage jolts the rider. JOLT, x. A shock or shake by a sudden jerk, as in a carriage. Swift. JOLT'ED, pp. Shaken with sudden jerks. JOLT’ER, x. He or that which jolts. JOLT/HEAD, (-hed,) z. A great-head; a dunce; a blockhead. Shak, JOLT/ING, ppr. or a. Giving sudden jerks or shakes. JOLT/ING-LY, adv. In a jolting manner. JON’QUIL, n. [Fr. jonquille ; It. giunchiglia, giunco ; L. juncus, a rush, and It. gizlio, a lily. It is some- times called the RusH-Learep Darropi.]} A plant of the genus Narcissus, bearing beautiful flowers of various colors, yellow and white. Encye. A vessel for chamber uses. Swift, JO'RAM,) x. A colloquial name, in many parts of JO/RUM, England, for a large drinking vessel, and also for its contents, viz., nut-brown ale, toast, with sugar and spice. Forby. JO'SEPH,. A woman’s riding dress, formerly much in use. Grose, JO’SO, x. A small fish of the gudgeon kind. JOSS/-STICK, n. A name given to small reeds, coy- ered with the dust of odoriferous woods, which the Chinese burn before their idols. Malcom, JOS'TLE, (jos'l,) v.t. [Fr. jouter, for jouster; It, gios- trare; Sp. justar. Written, also, Justux.] To-run against and shake; to push. JOS/TLED, (jos‘Id,) pp. Run against; pushed. We say, a thing is jostled out of its place. JOR/DEN, n. JOS'TLING, ppr. Running @cainst; pushing. JOS’/TLING, xn. A running against ; a crowding, JOT, x. [Gr. twra, Ch. Heb. yod, Syr. yudh, the name of the letter » or 7.] An iota ; a point; atittle; the least quantity assign- able. Till heaven and earth pass, one fot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law till all shall be fulfilled. — Matt. v. A man may read much, and acquire not a jot of knowledge, or be a jot the wiser. Anon. JOT, v.t. Toset down; to make a memorandum of. Walter Scott, JOT’TING, n. A memorandum, Todd. JOT’TING, ppr. Making a memorandum of. JOUIS-SANCE, (ji/is-sans,) mn. [Fr.] Jollity; mer- riment. [JVot in use.] Spenser. JOUNCE, v. t. To jolt; to shake, as rough riders are apt to do. It is the same as Jauncr, by a common change of diphthongs. [‘‘Spur-galled and tired by jauncing.” Bolingbroke. Shak. Forby.] Used as a noun for jolt or shake, JOUP, v.t. To shake; to dash. Grose, JOUR/NAL, (jur/nal,) n, [Fr. journal; It. giornale, from giorno, a day; Corn. jurna; W. diurnod; L, diurnum. ‘This was originally an adjective, signify- ing daily, as in Spenser and Shakspeare ; but the ad- jective is obsolete, } JOY I. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events ; or the book containing such account. 2. Among merchants, a book in which every par- ticular article or charge is fairly entered from the waste-book or blotter, 3. In navigation, a daily register of the ship’s course and distance, the winds, weather, and other occurrences. 4. A paper published daily, or other newspaper ; also, the title of a book or pamphlet published at stated times, containing an account of inventions, discoveries, and improvements, in arts and sciences ; as, the Journal de Savans; the Journal of Science. JOUR/NAL-AISM, (jiiz/’nal-izm,) x. The keeping of a journal, Carlisle, 2. ‘The management of public journals. JOUR’NAL-IST, (jur/nal-ist,) n. ‘The writer of a journal or diary. 2. The conductor of a public journal. JOUR/NAL-IZE, (jur/nal-ize,) v. t. To enter in a journal an account of daily transactions. JOUR/NAL-IZ-ED, (jur‘nal-izd,) pp. Entered in a journal. JOUR/NAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Entering in a journal. JOUR'NEY, (jur/ny,) n. [Fr. journée, a day or day’s work ; Jt. giornata, a day; Sp. jornada, a journey, or travel of a day; It. giorno, a day, from L. diurnus, dies. | 1. Originally, the travel of a day. [Obs.] Milton. 2. Travel by land to any distance and for any time, indefinitely ; as, a journey from London to Paris, or to Rome; a journey to visit a brother; a week’s jour- ney ; we made two journeys to Philadelphia. 3. Passage from one place to another; as, a long journey from the upper regions. Burnet. 4, It may sometimes include a passing by water. JOUR/NEY, (jur/ny,) v. 7 To travel from place to place ; to pass from home to a distance. Abraham journeyed, going on still toward the south. — Gen, xii. JOUR/NEY-ER, (jur/ny-er,) n. One who journeys. Scott. JOUR'NEY-ING, (jur/ny-ing,) ppr. Traveling; pass- ing from place to place. JOUR/NEY-ING, n. A traveling or passing from one place to another; as, the journeyings of the children of Israel. JOUR/NEY-MAN, n. [journey and man.| Strictly, a man hired to work by the day, but in fact, any me- chanic who is hired to work for another in his em- ployment, whether by the month, year, or other term. It is applied only to mechanics in their own occu- pations. JOUR/NEY-WORK, (jur/ny-wurk,) n. (Work done for hire by a mechanic in his proper occupation. [ This word is never applied to farming. } JOUST. See Jusr. JOVE,n. [L. Jovis, gen. of Jupiter, Gr. Zevs.] I. The name of the Supreme Deity among the Romans. 2. The planet Jupiter. Or ask of yonder argent fields above Why Jove’s satellites are less than Jove. Pope. 3. The air or atmosphere, or the god of the air. And Jove descends in showers of kindly rain. Dryden. 4. In alchemy, tin. B. Silliman, Jr. J6O/VL-AL, a. [from Jove, supra.] Under the influence of Jupiter, the planet. The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets. Brown. 2, In alchemy, a term applied to preparations of tin. JO'VI-AL, a. [Fr. and Sp. id. ; It. wioviale; probably from the root of giovane, young, or from that of joy. If it is from Jove, it must be from the sense of airy, or fresh. ] 1. Gay; merry, airy; joyous; jolly; as, a jovial youth ; a jovial throng. 2. Expressive of mirth and hilarity. His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral, the reat are jovial or bacchanalian. Dryden, JO'VI-AL-IST, n. One who lives a jovial life. Hall. JO’ VL-AL-LY, adv. Merrily ; gayly ; with noisy mirth. JO'VI-AL-NESS, x. Noisy mirth; gayety. JO’ VI-AL-TY, 7. Merriment. JOWL, x. The cheek. [See Jour.] JOWL‘ER, x. The name of a hunting-dog, beagle, or other dog. ryden. JOW’TER, 2. One who carries fish around the coun- try, on horseback, for sale. It probably means Jotr- ER, S. sh. JOY, n. [Fr. joie; It. giota; Arm. goa, contracted ; G. jauchzen, to shout ; D. juichen, to rejoice ; Sp. go- zo; Port. id. This word belongs to the Class Cg, and its radical sense is, probably, to shout, or to leap, or to play or sport, and allied perhaps to joke and juggle. Qu. L. gaudium.]) ie 1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisi- tion or expectation of good; that excitement of pleasurable feelings which is caused by success, good fortune, the gratification of desire or some good possessed, or by a rational prospect of possessing coe | what we love or desire ; gladness; exultation > ex- hilaration of spirits. Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the prea- ent or assured approaching possession of a yood. Tees Cace, Bring heavenly balin to heal my country’s wounds, Joy to my soul, ond transport to my lay. D. Humphrey. 2. Gayety ; mirth; festivity. The roofs with joy resound, Dryden. 3. Happiness ; felicity. Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy. Dryden. 4. A glorious and triumphant state. Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, — Heb. xii. 5. The cause of joy or happiness. For ye are our glory andjoy. —1 Thess. ii. 6. A term of fondness; the cause of joy. JOY, v.17. To rejoice; to be glad; to exult. I will joy in the God of my salvation. — Hab. iii. JOY, v.t. To give joy to; to congratulate; to enter- tain kindly. 2. To gladden; to exhilarate. My soul was joyed in yain. Pope. 3. [Fr. jouiz.] To enjoy; to have or possess with pleasure, or to have pleasure in the possession of. [Little wsed.] [See Ensoy.] Milton. Dryden. JOY'ANCE, 7. fork Fr. jovent.] Gayety; festivity. Obs. Spenser. JOY’ED, pp. Gladdened; enjoyed. JOY/FUL, a. Full of joy; very glad; exulting. My scul shall be joyful in my God. —Is. xli. Rarely, it has of before the cause of joy Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. Pope. JOY’/FUL-LY, adv. With joy; gladly. Never did men more joyfully obey. Dryden, JOY’FUL-NESS, z. Great gladness; joy. Deut XXViil. JOY'ING, ppr. Gladdening ; giving joy to. JOY!-IN-SPIR/ING, a, Inspiring joy. Bowring. JOY’LESS, a. Destitute of joy; wanting joy. With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat. Dijden, Rarely followed by of; as, joyless of the grove. Dryden. 2. Giving no joy or pleasure. A jovless, dismal, black, and sorrowful issue, Shak. JOY’LESS-LY, adv. Milton. JOY'LESS-NESS, 2. State of being joyless. Donne. JOY/OUS, a. [Fr. joyeuzx.] 1. Glad ; gay; merry; joyful. Joyous the birds ; fresh gales and gentle airs Whispered it. 2. Giving Joy. They, all as glad as birds of joyous prime. It has of before the cause of joy. And joyous of our conquest early won. JOY/OUS-LY, adv. Without joy. Milton. Spenser. Dryden. With joy or gladness. JOY/OUS-NESS, n. The state of being joyous. JUB, 7. A bottle or vessel. [ Obs.] Chiauoer. JU/BI-LANT, a. [L. jubilans. See JUBILEE Uttering songs of triumph; rejoicing ; shouting with joy. While the bright pomp ascended jubilant. Milton. JU-BI-LA/TB,n. [{L.] The third Sunday after East- er; so called because the church service, in early times, began, on that day, with the words of the 66th Psalm, ‘* Jubilate Deo,’ &e. Brande. JU-BI-LA’/TION, n. [Fr., from L. jubilatio. See JUBILEE. | The act of declaring triumph. JO/BLLEE, n. [Fr. jubtlé; L. jubtlum, from jubio, toshout for joy; Sp. jubileo; It. giubbileo; Heb, 52» or 52), the blast of a trumpet, coinciding with Eng. bawl, peal, L. pello. | 1. Among the Jews, every fiftieth year, being the year following the revolution of seven weeks of years, at which time all the slaves were liberated, and all lands, which had been alienated during the whole period, reverted to their former owners. This was a time of great rejoicing. Hence, oe 2. Aseason of great public joy and festivity. Wilton. 3. A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, in which the pope grants plenary indulgence to sinners, or to as many as visit the churches of St. Peter and St, Paul at Rome, Encyc. JU-EUND/LTY, n. [L. jucunditas, from jucundus, sweet, pleasant. 5 Pleasantness; agreeableness, [Litile user] Town. JU-DA'TE, See After the Jewish manner. xl a . JU-DA'I€-AL-LY, adv. er Milton. JO/DA-ISM, 2. [Fr. judaisme, from Judah, whence Jew. a. Pertaining to the Jews. Milner. 1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews, as TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G@ as J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. &0 6333 ae ‘ we peat ise RT rhe Gotta hacer * pee sei akag TE ate agicteiin i IES ae JUD enjoined in the Yaws of Moses. porary dispensation. é : 2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies. Judaism was.-a tem- NCYC. JU-DA-L-ZA'TION, zn. A conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. Southey. JU/DA-IZE, v. i. [Fr. judaiser, from Judah.) To conform to the religious doctrines and rites of the Jews. They — prevailed on the Galatinna to judaize so far a serve the rites of Moses in various instances. M: JO/DA-IZ-ER, xn. One who conforms to the religion of the Jews. Macknicht. JU/DA-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. Conforming to the doctrines and rites of the Jews. ; Ja’/DAS-TREE, n. A leguminous flowering tree, of the genus Cercis, common in the East. Onone of these Judas is said to have hung himself. JUD/DOCK, 2. A small snipe, called also Jacx- 5 to ob- ilner. SNIPE. % ow le . JUDGE, n. [Fr. juge; Sp. juez; Port. juiz; It. gi- udice; L. judex, supposed to be compounded of jus, law or right, and dico, to pronounce. “ Hine judez, quod jus dicat accepta potestate.” Varro.) 1. A civil officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine causes, civil or criminal, between parties, according to his commission ; as, the judges of the King’s Bench, or of the Common Pleas ; judges of the Supreme Court, of District Courts, or of a Coun- ty Court. The judge of a Court of Equity is called a chancellor. ‘ 2. The Supreme Being. Shall not the Judge of all the earth do right ?— Gen. xviii. 3. One who presides in a court of judicature. 4, One who has skill to decide on the merits of a question, or on the value of any thing ; one whocan discern truth and propriety. A man who is no judge of law mny be a good judge of Roy or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting. Dryden. 5. In the history of Israel, a chief magistrate, with civil and military powers. The Israelites were goy- erned by judges more than three hundred years, and the history of their transactions is called the Book of Judges. JUDGE, v. i. [Fr. juger; L. judico; It. giudicare ; Sp. juzgar.] 1. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their agreement or disagreement, and thus to distinguish truth from falsehood. Judge not according to the appearance. —John vii. 2. To form an opinion; to bring to issue the rea- soning or deliberations of the mind. If I did not know the originals, I should not be able to judge, by the copies, which was Virgil and which Ovid. Dryden. 3. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to pass sentence. He was present on the bench, but could not judge in the case. The Lord judge between tliee and me. —Gen. xvi. 4. To discern; to distinguish; to consider accu- rately for the purpose of forming an opinion or con- clusion. Judge in yourselves; is it comely that a woman pray to God uncovered ?— 1 Cor. xi. JUDGE, v.t. To hear and determine a case; to ex- amine and decide. Chaos shall judge the strife. Milton, 2. To try ; to examine and pass sentence on. Take ye him and judge him according to your law. — John xvii. God shall judge the righteous and the wicked, — Eccles. il. 3. Rightly to understand and discern. - He that is spiritual judgeth all things. —1 Cor, ii. 4. To censure rashly ; to pass severe sentence. Judge not, that ye be not judged. — Matt. vii. 5. To esteem ; to think ; to reckon. If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord. — Acts xvi. 6. To rule or govern. The Lord shall judge his people. — Heb. x. 7. To doom to punishment ; to punish. I will judge thee according to thy ways. — Ezek. vil. JUDGE-AD/VO-€ATE, n. A person appointed to act ee prosecutor in courts-martial. JUDG/ED, pp. Heard and determined ; tried judicial- ly ; sentenced ; censured ; doomed. BOD Sie t One who judges or passes sentence. JUDGE/SHIP, (juj’ship,) x. The office of a judge. JUDG/ING, ppr. Hearing and determining ; forming an opinion ; dooming. JUDG/MENT,7, [Fr jugement.] 1. The act of judging ; the act or process of the mind in comparing its ideas, to find their agreement or disagreement, and to ascertain truth; or the process of examining facts and arguments, to ascer- tain propriety and justice ; or the process of exam- ining the relations between one proposition and an- other. Locke. Encyc. Johnson. 2. The faculty of the mind by which man is en- abled to compare ideas, and ascertain the relations of terms and propositions; as, a man of clear judg- JUD ment, or sound judgment. The judgment may be bi- ased by prejudice. Judgment supplies the want of certain knowledge. 3. The determination of the mind, formed from comparing the relations of ideas, or the comparison of facts and arguments. In the formation of our judgments, we should be careful to weigh and com- pare all the facts connected with the subject. 4. Inlaw, the sentence or doom pronounced in any cause, civil or criminal, by the judge or court by which it is tried. Judgment may be rendered on de- murrer, on a verdict, on a confession or default, or on anonsuit. Judgment, though pronounced by the judge or court, is properly the determination or sen- tence of the law. A pardon may be pleaded in ar- rest of judgment. 5. The right or power of passing sentence. 6. Determination ; decision. Let reason govern us in the formation of our judgment of things proposed to our inquiry. Anon. Shak. 7 Opinion; notion. She, in my judgment, was as fair as you. Shak, 8. In Scripture, the spirit of wisdom and prudence, enabling a person to discern right and wrong, good and evil. Give the king thy judgments, O God. — Ps. Ixxii. 9. A remarkable punishment; an extraordinary calamity inflicted by God on sinnets, Judgments are prepared for scorners. — Prov. xix. Is, xxvi. 10. The spiritual government of the world. The Father hath committed all judgment to the Son. —John v, 11. The righteous statutes and commandments of God are called his judgments. Ps. cxix. 12. The doctrines of the gospel, or God’s word. Matt. xii. 13. Justice and equity. Zwke xi. Is. i. 14. The decrees and purposes of God concerning nations. Rom. xi. 15. A court or tribunal. Watt. v. 16. Controversies, or decisions of controversies. J Cor. vi. 17. The gospel, or kingdom of grace. Matt. xii. 18. The final trial of the human race, when God will decide the fate of every individual, and award sentence according to justice. For God shall bring every work into judgment, with every secret thing, whether it be good, or whether it be evil. — Eccles. xii. Judgment of God. Formerly, this term was applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arins and single combat, by ordeal, or hot plowshares, &c. ; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. JUDG’/MENT-DAY, n. The last day, or day when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God’s moral government. JUDG’MENT-HALL, 7. The hall where courts are held. JUDG/MENT-SEAT, zx. judges sit in court. 2. A court; a tribunal. We shall all stand before the judgment-seat of Christ. —Rom, XIV. JO/DI-€A-BLE, a. That may be tried and judged. JO/DI-€A-TIVE, a. Having power to judge. Hammond. JU'DI-€A-TO-RY, a. Dispensing justice. JU/DL€A-TO-RY, n. [L. judicatorium.] 1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Atterbury. 2. Distribution of justice. Clarendon. JU/DI-CA-TURE, n. [Fr.] The power of distribu- ting justice by legal trial and determination. . [L. lamel- LA-MEL/LA, la; W.Uavyn. See Lamina.} A thin plate or scale of any thing. LAM/EL-LAR, a. [from lamel.] Composed of thin plates, layers, or scales; disposed in thin plates or scales. LAM/EL-LAR-LY, adv. LAM’EL-LATE, ja. Composed of thin plates or LAM’EL-LA-TED, } scales, or covered with them. LA-MEL’LL€ORN, nn. ([L. lamella and cornu, a horn. A ean insect, having antenne terminating in lamellar joints. LAM-EL-LIF/ER-OUS, a. bear. | Having a structure composed of thin layers; hay ing a foliated structure. Humble. LA-MEL/LI-FORM, a, [L. lamella, a plate, and Sorm.]} Having the form of a plate or scale. Journ. of Science. [L. lamella and ros- In thin plates or scales. [L. lamella and fero, to LAM-EL-LLROS/TRAL, a. trum. | A term applied to a tribe of swimming birds, in which the margin of the beak is furnished with Jamels, or thin, dental plates, as the goose, duck, and swan. rande. LAME!LY, adv. [See Lame.] Like a cripple; with impaired strength ; in a halting manner ; as, to walk lamely. oat. 2 inpercesie: without a complete exhibition of parts; as, afigure lamely drawn ; a scene lamely de- scribed. 3. Weakly ; poorly ; unsteadily ; feebly. LAME/NESS, 2 An impaired state of the body or limbs ; loss of natural soundness and strength by a wound or by a disease; particularly applied to the limbs, and implying a total or partial inability ; as, the lameness of the Jeg or arm. 2. Imperfection; weakness ; an argument, or of a description. as, the lameness of LAKE/LET, z. A little lake. Mrs. Butler. S.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FU as in THIS. LA-MENT’, v. i. [JL Lamentor.] 645 Siig Aaa a gs ye ee is eae ue ee ee a an n ee ¥ Re a eter mt 4? aae - se ACH oo aR, LAM te De — = BEOGRAD LRN TEE LION AR AME TI LAN 1. To mourn; to grieve; to weep or wail; to ex- press sorrow. Jeremiah lamented for Josiah. — 2 Chron. xxxy. 2. To regret deeply ; to feel sorrow. LA-MENT’, v. t. ‘To bewail; to mourn for; to be- moan ; to deplore. One laughed at follies, one lamented crimes. LA-MENT’, n. [L. lamentum.] : : Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries ; lamentation ; a weeping. Torment, and loud /ament, and farious rage. This noun is used chiefly or solely in poetry. | . An elegy or mournful ballad. is. LAM/ENT-A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. lamentabilis.] 1. To be lamented ; deserving sorrow; as, a lam- entable declension of morals. 9, Mournful; adapted to awaken grief ; as, a lam- entable tune. : 3, Expressing Sorrow ; as, lamentable cries. 4. Miserable; pitiful; low; poor; wn a sense rather Dryden. Milton. ludicrous. {Little used. } Stillingfleet. LAM/ENT-A-BLY, adv. Mournfully ; With expres- sions or tokens of sorrow. Sidney. 9, So as to cause Sorrow. Shak. 3. Pitifully ; despicably. LAM-ENT-A/TION, x. [lL lamentatio.] 1. Expression of sorrow ; cries of grief; the act of bewalling. In ane was there & yoice heard, lamentation and weeping. — att. ul. 2. In the plural, a book of Scripture, containing the lamentations of Jeremiah. LA-MENT’ED, pp. or a. Bewailed ; mourned for. LA-MENT’ER, n. One who mourns, or cries out with sorrow. LA-MEN’TIN. See LaMantTIn. LA-MENT’ING, ppr. Bewailing ; mourning ; weep- LA-MENT/ING, 7. A mourning ; lamentation. [ing. LA-MENT/ING-LY, adv. With lamentation. LA! MI-A, nz. [L} A hag; a witch; a demon. LAM/IN-A, n.; pl. Lamina. [L. laninn; W. Uavyn, from extending, W. llav.] 1. A thin plate or scale ; a layer or coat lying over another; applied to the plates of minerals, bones, &c 2. A bone, or part of a bone, resembling a thin plate, such as the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Parr. 3. The lap of the ear. Parr. 4, The border, or the upper, broad, or spreading part of the petal, in a polypetalous corol. Martyn. 5. The part of a leaf which is an expansion of the parenchyma or pith of the petiole; the blade of a leaf. It is traversed by veins. Lindley. LAM/IN-A-BLE, a. Capable of being formed into thin plates. Kirwan. LAM/IN-AR, a. In plates; consisting of thin plates or layers. : LAM/IN-ATE, a. LAM/IN-A-TED, other. LAM-IN-A'TION, n. State of being laminated. LAM/ING, ppr. Crippling. LAM-IN-IF’ER-OUS, a. Plated; consisting of plates, scales, or layers, one over an- [L. lamina and fero, to bear. } Having a structure consisting of lamin@, or layers. Humble. LAM/ISH, a. Somewhat lame, Wood. LAMM, v.t. Tobeat. [Vol in use.] Beaum. § Fl. LAM/MAS, n. [Sax. hlammesse, from Mafmesse, loaf- mass, bread-feast, or feast of first fruits. Lye.] The first day of August. Bacon. LAM/MER-GBHIR, n. The Gypaetos barbatus, the largest bird of prey in Europe, Asia, or Africa, in- habiting chains of high mountains; also called the Bearded Vulture. LAMP,7. [Fr. lampe; L. lampas; Gr. Xapras, from harm, to shine; Heb. Ch. 755. Qu.] vessel used for the combustion of liquid in- flammable bodies, for the purpose of producing arti- ficial light. 2, Ficuratively, a light of any kind. called the lamp of heaven. Thy gentle eyes send forth a quickening spirit, To feed the dying lamp of life within me, The moon is Rowe. Lamp of safety; or safety lamp; a lamp for lighting coal mines, without exposing workmen to the explo- sion of inflammable air. Davy. LAMP’A-DIST, n. One who gained the prize in the lampadrome. LAMP/A-DROME, n. [Gr. N\autas and dpopos.] In Athens, a race by young men, with lamps in their hands. He who reached the goal first, with his Jamp unextinguished, gained the prize. Elmes. LAM’PASS, 2. [Fr.] An accidental swelling of the fleshy lining of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the fore teeth in the horse, which soon sub- sides if left to itself. Sometimes called Lamrens. LAM/PATE, n. A compound salt, composed of lampic acid and a base. : LAMP!-BLACK, zn. [lamp and black ; being originally made by means of a lamp or torch. A fine soot formed by the condensation of the smoke of burning oil, pitch, or resinous substances, in a chimney terminating in a cone of cloth. Fourcrot. LAM/PER-EEL, z. The same asthe Lamrrey. Forby. LAMP/I€, a. The lampic acid is obtained by the combustion of ether by means of a lamp furnished with a coil of platinum wire. Ure. Cooley. LAMP/ING, a. [It. lampante.] Shining ; sparkling. [JVot used.] Spenser LAMP’LIGHT, x. Light from a Jamp. LAM-POON’,n. [Qu. Old Fr. dampers] A personal satire in writing; abuse; censure written to reproach and vex rather than to reform. Johnson. Dryden. Pope. LAM-POON’, v. t. To abuse with personal censure ; to reproach in written satire. LAM-POON/ED, pp. Abused with personal satire. LAM-POON’ER, nz. One who abuses with personal satire ; the writer of a lampoon. The equibs are those who are called libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers, Tatle LAM-POON/ING, ppr. Abusing with personal satire. LAM-POON’RY, n. Abuse. LAM/PREY, n. [Fr. lamproie; Sax. lampreda ; G. lamprete; D. lamprei; Dan. lampret; Sp. and Port. lamprea; It.lampreda; W. lleiprog ; Atm. lamprezenn. In Arm. lampra signifies to slip or glide. In Welsh, lleipiaw is to lick or lap, and Ueiprav, to make flabby. If m is casual, which is probable, the Armoric lampra, for lapra, coincides with L, labor, to slip, and most probably the animal is named from slipping. it however, the sense is taken from licking the rocks, as Camden supposes, it accords with the sense of the technical name of the genus Petromyzon, the rock-sucker. | The popular name of several species of Petromyzon, a genus of anguilliform fishes, resembling the eel, and moving in water by winding, like the serpent on land. This fish has seven spiracles on each side of the neck, and a fistula or aperture on the top of the head, but no pectoral or ventral fins. The marine or sea lamprey is sometimes found so large as to weigh*four or five pounds. Encic. LAM/PREL and LAM’/PRON. See Lamprey. LA/NA-RY, n. A store-place for wool. Smart. LA'NATE, } LA/NA-TED, § Wooly. In botany, covered with a substance like curled hairs; as, a /anated leaf or stem. LANCE, nx. [L. lancea; Fr. lance; Sp. lanza; It. lancia; G. lanze; D. Sw. lans; Dan. laztse; Slav. lanzha; Gr. X\oyxn. This word probably belongs to Class Lg, and is named from shooting, sending. } A spear, an offensive weapon in form of a half pike, used by the ancients and thrown by the hand. It consisted of the shaft or handle, the wings and the dart. Encyc. LANCE, v. t. [Arm. langza, to shoot, to vomit.] 1. To pierce with a lance, or with a sharp, pointed instrument, Seized the due victim, and with fury lanced Her back. Dryden. 2, To pierce or cut; to open with a lancet; as, to lance a Vein or an abscess. a. [L. lanatus, from lana, wool.] 3. To throw in the manner of a lance [See LANCH. Smart, LANC/ED, (lanst,) pp. Pierced with a lancet. LANCE/LY, a. Suitable to a lance. Sidney. LAN/CE-O-LAR, a. end. In botany, tapering toward each As. Res, LAN/CE-O-LATE, a. Oblong and gradually ta- LAN/CE-O-LA-TED, pering toward the outer ex- tremity ; as, a lanceolate leaf. LANCE-PE-SADE’, n. [It. lancia-spezzata, a demi- lance man, a light horseman. ] An officer under the corporal. J. Hall. LANC/ER, 2. One who lances; one who carries a Jance. Anciently, a lancet. LAN/CET, (lan/set,) ». [Fr. lancette, from lance. | 1. A surgical instrument, sharp-pointed, and two- edged, used in venesection, and in opening tumors, abscesses, &c. Encyc. 2. A high and narrow window pointed like a lancet, often called a lancet-window. LANCH, v. t. [from lance, Fr. lancer. ] To throw, as a lance ; to dart ; to let fly. See whose arm can /arich thé surer bolt: Dryden. Lee. LANCH/ED, (lancht,) pp. Caused to dart or fly off. Mar. Dict. LANCHI/ING, pyr. Darting ; letting fly, as an arrow. LAN/CLFORM, a. Having the form of a lance. Mantell. LAN/CI-NATE, v. t. [L. lancino.] To tear; to lacerate. Johnson. LAN-CI-NA/TION, n. A tearing; laceration. LANC/ING, ppr. Opening or piercing with a lancet. LAND, xn. (Sax. land; Goth. G. D. Dan. and Sw. land. suppose this to be the W. llan, a clear place or area, and the sameas Lawn ; Cantabrian, anda, a plain, or field, [t.and Sp. landa. The final d is prob- LAN 1. Earth, or the solid matter which constitutes the fixed part of the surface of the globe, in distinction from the sea or other waters, which constitute the fluid or movable part. Hence we say, the globe is terraqueous, consisting of land and water. The seaman ina long voyage longs to see land. 2. Any portion of the solid, superficial part of the globe, whether a kingdom or country, or a particular region. ‘The United States are denominated the land of freedom. Go, view the /and, even Jericho. — Josh. ii. 3. Any sinall portion of the superficial part of the earth or ground. Wespeak of the quantity of land inamanor. Five hundred acres of land is a large farm, 4. Ground ; soil, or the superficial part of the earth in respect to its nature or quality; as, good land; poor land ; moist or dry land. 5. Real estate. A traitor forfeits all his lands and tenements. 6. The inhabitants of a country or region; a nation or people. These answers, in the silent night received, The king himself divulged; the land believed. Dryden. 7. The ground left unplowed between furrows is by farmers called a land. To make the land, ) in seamen?s language, is to dis- To make land, cover Jand from the sea as the ship approaches it. To shut in the land; to lose sight of the land left, by the intervention of a point or promontory. To set the land; to see by the compass how it bears from the ship. Land o? the leal; place of the faithful or blessed ; heaven. [Scottish.] LAND, v. t. To set on shore; to disembark ; to de- bark ; as, to land troops from aship or boat; to land goods. LAND, v. 7. disembark. LAND/AM-MAN, 2. the Swiss cantons. 2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic. LAN’/DAU, n. A kind of coach or carriage whose top may be opened and thrown back; so called from a town in Germany. LAN-DAU-LETY”, n. To go on shore from a ship or boat; to A chief magistrate in some of A chariot opening at top likea Jandau. Smart. LAND/-BREEZE, n. [land and breeze.) A current of air setting from the land toward the sea. LAND/DAMN, (land/dam,) v.t. To banish fromthe land. Shak. LAND/ED, pp. Disembarked ; set on shore from a ship or boat. 2 a. Having an estate in land; as, a landed gen- tleman. The house of commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men. Addison. 3. Consisting in real estate or land; as, landed security ; landed property. ‘The landed interest of a nation is the interest consisting in land; but the word is used also for the owners of that interest, the proprietors of land. LAND/FALL, x. [land and fall.) A sudden transla- tion of property in land by the death of a rich man. Jolinson. 2. In seamen’s language, the first land discovered after a voyage. Mar. Dict. A cood land fall, is the discovery of the land at the time and place expected. LAND/FLOOD, (-flud,) ». [land and flood.} An overflowing of land by water; an inundation. Properly, a flood from the land from the swelling of rivers; but I am not sure that it is always used in this sense. LAND/-FORCE, n. [land and force.] A military force, army, or body of troops serving on Jand, as distinguished from a naval force. LAND'GRAVE, 7. [G. landgraf; D. landgraaf; graf, or graaf, is an earl or count, Sax. gerefa,a companion or count. It is contracted into reeve, as in sheriff, or shire-reeve. | A title taken by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. ~Three of them were princes of the empire. rande. LAND-GRA‘VI-ATE, n. The territory held by a landgrave, or his office, jurisdiction, or authority. Encyc. LAND/HOLD-ER, n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. LAND'ING, ppr. LAND'ING, n. from a vessel. 2. A place for going or setting on shore. 3. In architecture, the part of a staircase which is level, without steps, connecting one flight with another. Elmes. LAND/ING-NET, n. A small hoop-net used by an- glers to land the fish they have taken. LAND/ING-PLACER, zn. “A ‘place for the landing of Setting on shore ; coming on shore. The act of going or setting on shore ably adventitious. The primary sense is a Jay or spread. Class Ln.] persons or goods from a vessel, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MirTE, PREY.— PIN ~ 646 E, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOOK.—LAN LAN LAN LAND/JOB-BER, zn. A man who makes a business of buying land on speculation, or of buying and selling for the profit of bargains, or who buys and sells for others. LAND/LA-DY, x. [See Lanpiorp.] A woman who has tenants holding from her. Johnson. 2. The mistress of an inn. Swift. LAND/LESS, a. Destitute of land ; having no prop- erty in land. Shak. LAND/LOCK, ov. t. encompass by land. LAND/LOCK-ED, (-lokt,) pp. Encompassed by land, so that no point of the compass is open to the sea. Encyc. LAND’LO-PER, m. [D. landlooper, literally Lanv- LAND/LOUP-ER, RUNNER, from land and loopen, to run or ramble.] A vagabond or vagrant; one who has no settled habitation. [See also Lanpius- [land and lock.] To inclose or BER. | LAND/LORD, n. [Sax. land-hlaford, lord of the land. But in German lehen-herr, D. leen-herr, is lord of the Ioan or fief. Perhaps the Saxon is so written by mis- take, or the word may have been corrupted.] 1. The lord of a manor or of land; the owner of land or houses who has tenants under him. Johnson. 2. The master of an inn or tavern. Addison. LAND/LORD-RY, n. The state of a landlord. [ Obs.] LAND/LUB-BER, n. term of reproach among seamen for one who passes his life on Jand. LAND/MAN, 7. A man who lives or serves on Jand ; opposed to SEAMAN. LAND/MARK, n. [land and mark.] A mark to desig- nate the boundary of land; any mark or fixed ob- ject; as, a marked tree, a stone, a ditch, or a heap of stones, by which the limits of a farm, a town, or other portion of territory may be known and pre- served. Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor’s landmark, — Deut. xix. 9. In navigation, any elevated object on land\that serves as a guide to seamen. LAND/-OF-FICE, n. In the United States, an office in which the sales of new land are registered, and warrants issued for the location of land, and other business respecting unsettled land is transacted. LAND/GWN-ER, x. The proprietor of land. LAND/REEVE, n. A subordinate officer on an exten- sive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward. LAND/S€APE, n. [D. landschap; G. landschaft ; Dan. landskab ; Sw. landskap; land and skape.| 1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including mountains, rivers, lakes, and whatever the land contains. Whilst the Jandscape round it measures, Russet lawns and fallows gray, Where the nibbling flocks do stray. Milton. 2. A picture, exhibiting the form of a district of country, as far as the eye can reach, or a particular extent of Jand and the objects it contains, or its vari- ous scenery. : Addison. Pope. 3. The view or prospect of a district of country. LAND/SE€APE-GAR!/DEN-ING, n. The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, &c., in such a manner as to produce the most pleasing effect. LAND/SLIDE, ) x. A portion of a hill or mountain, LAND/SLIP, which slips or slides down; or the sliding down of a considerable tract of land from a mountain. Zandslips are not unfrequent in Switzer- land. Goldsmith. LANDS/MAN, n. One who lives on the Jand ; op- posed to SEAMAN, 2. In seamen’s language, a sailor on board a ship, who has not before been at sea. LAND/-SPRING, x. A spring of water which comes into action only after heavy rains. Brande. LAND/STREIGHT, (-strate,) ». A narrow slip of land. [Not used. Mountacu. LAND/-VAX, n. tax assessed on land and build- ings. LAND/-TURN, n. A land breeze. Enciye. LAND/-WAIT-ER, n. An officer of the customs, whose duty is to wait or attend on the landing of goods, and to examine, weigh, or measure, and take an account of them. rande. LAND/WARD, adv. Toward the land. Sandys. LAND/WEHR, (-ware,) n. [Ger. languard.] _In Aus- tria and Prussia, the militia. randeé. LAND/-WIND, x. A wind blowing from the land. LAND/-WORK-ER, (-wurk-er,) m. One who tills the ground. Pownall. LANE, 7. [D. laan,alane,awalk. Class Ln.} ]. A narrow way or passage, or a private passage, as distinguished from a public road or highway. A Jane may be open to all passengers, or it may be in- closed and appropriated to a man’s private use. In the United States, the word iS used chiefly in the country, and answers in a degree to an alley ina city. It has sometimes been used for alley. In Lon- don, the word lane is added to the name of some streets ; as, Chancery-lane. A passage between lines of men, or people [Perhaps from landloper.] A | LAN’/GRAGE, (lang/graj,) ). Langrel shot, or lan- LAN'GREL, (lang/grel,) rage, is a particular kind of shot used at sea for tearing sails and rigging, and thus disabling an enemy’s ship. It consists of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened to- gether. Mar, Dict. LANG/SET-TLE, z. Along bench tosit on. [JVorth of England.) LANG-SYNE’, adv. Longago. [Scottish.] LANG-TER-A-LOO’, n. An old game at cards ; often abridged to lanterloo and langtra, Tatler. Smart. LAN/'GUAGE, (lang/gwaje,) n. [Fr. langage; Sp. lengua, lenguage; Port. linguagem; It. linguaggio ; Arm. langaich; from L. lingua, the tongue and speech. It seems to be connected with lingo, to lick ; the n is evidently casual, for licula, in Latin, is a lit- tle tongue, and this signifies also a strap or lace, as if the primary sense were to extend.] 1. Human speech ; the expression of ideas by words or significant articulate sounds, for the com- munication of thoughts. Zanguage consists in the oral utterance of sounds, which usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two or more per- sons customarily annex the same sounds to the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one person communicates his ideas to another. This is the pri- mary sense of language, the use of which is to com- municate the thoughts of one person to another through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are represented by letters, marks, or characters, which form words. Hence language consists also in, 2. Words duly arranged in sentences, written, printed, or engraved, and exhibited to the eye. 3. The speech or expression of ideas peculiar to a particular nation. Men had originally one and the same language; but the tribes or families of men, since their dispersion, have distinct languages. 4, Style ; manner of expression. Others for language all their care express. 5. The inarticulate sounds by which irrational an- imals express their feelings and wants. Each spe- cies of animals has peculiar sounds, which are ut- tered instinctively, and are understood by its own species, and its own species only. 6. Any manner of expressing thoughts. ‘Thus we speak of the language of the eye, a language very expressive and intelligible. 7. A nation, as distinguished by their speech. Dan. iii. LAN'GUAG-ED, (lang/gwajd,) a. Having a lan- guage; skilled in language; as, many-languaged na- tions. Pope. LAN//GUAGE-MAS'TER, n. One whose profession is to teach languages. Spectator. LAN-GUEN'TE, [It.] In musig, in a languishing manner. LAN’ GUET,7x. [Fr. lunguette Any thing in the shape of the tongue. [JVot Enslish 4 Johnson. LAN’GUID, (lang’gwid,) a. [L. langwidus, from lan- gueo, to droop or flag. See LancvisH.] 1. Flagging ; drooping; hence, feeble ; weak; heavy ; dull; indisposed to exertion. The body is languid after excessive action, which exhausts its powers. 2. Slow; as, languid motion. 3. Dull; heartless; without animation. And fire their languid sou) with Cato’s virtue. Addison. LAN/GUID-LY, adv. Weakly ; feebly ; slowly. Boyle. LAN//GULD-NESS, zn. Weakness from exhaustion of strength ; feebleness ; dullness; languor. 2. Slowness. LAN’GUISH, v. i. [Fr. languir, languissant; Arm. languicza; It. languire; L. langueo, lachinisso; Gr. Nayyevw, to flag, to lag. This word is of the family of W. llac, slack, loose ; Waciaw, to slacken, to relax. L. laxo, lacus, flacceo, and Goth. laggs, long, may be of the same family. ] 1. To lose strength or animation; to be or be- come dull, feeble, or spiritless ; to pine ; to be or to grow heavy. We languish under disease or after excessive exertion. She that hath borne seven languisheth. — Jer. xv. 9. To wither; to fade; to lose the vegetating power. Pope. For the fields of Heshbon languish. — Is. xvi. 3. To grow dull; to be no longer active and vigor- ous. The war languished for want of supplies, Commerce, agriculture, manufactures languish, not for want of money, but for want of good markets. 4. To pine or sink under sorrow or any continued passion ; as, a Woman languishes for the loss of her lover. Therefore shall the Jand mourn, and every one that dwelleth therein shall languish. — Hosea iy. 5. To look with softness or tenderness, as with the head reclined and a peculiar cast of the eye. LAN//GUISH, v. t. To cause to droop or pine. tle used. Shak. Dryden. LANGUISH, . Act of pining; also, a soft and ten- der look or appearance, LAN//GUISH-ED, (lang’swisht,) pp. Drooped : pi LAN//GUISH-ER, n. One Seiten a AU LAN’/GUISH-ING, ppr. Becoming or being feeble; losing strength ; pining; withering ; fading. : 2. a. Having a languid appearance ; as, a lan- futshing eye. LAN/‘/GUISH-ING, n. LAN’/GUISH-ING-LY, adv. ly ; slowly. 2, With tender softness. LAN’/GUISH-MENT, nm. The state of pining. 2. Softness of look or mien, with the head re- Feebleness ; pining. Weakly; feebly; dul- clined. Dryden. LAN//GUOR, (lang’gwor,) n. [L. languor; Fr. lan- gueur. 1. Feebleness ; dullness ; heaviness; lassitude of body ; that state of the body which is induced by exhaustion of strength, as by disease, by extraordi- nary exertion, by the relaxing effect of heat, or by weakness from any cause. 2. Dullness of the intellectual faculty ; listlessness. 3. Softness; laxity. [ Watts. To isles of fragrance, lily-silvered vales, Diffusing Janguor in the parting gales. LAN!'GUOR-OUS, a. Dunciad. Tedious ; melancholy. {Obs,] Spenser. [Wot in use. } [ Chaucer. . Spenser. LAN/TARD, (lan/yard.) See Lanyarp. LA/NI-A-RY, zn. Shambles; a place of slaughter. 2. A term applied to the canine or dog teeth. LA/NLA-RY, a. [L. lanius, a butcher.] [ Brande. Lacerating or tearing; as, the laniary teeth, 1. e., the canine teeth. LA/NI-ATE, v. t. [L. lanio.} To tear in pieces. [Little used.] LA-NI-A’TION, n. A tearing in pieces. [Little used.] LA-NIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. lanifer ; lana, wool, and fero, to produce. ] Bearing or producing wool. LA-NIF’‘I€-AL, a. Working in wool. LAN/LFICH, x, (lL. lanifictum ; lana, wool, and facio, to make. } Manufacture of wool. [Little used.] Bacon. LA-NIG/ER-OUS, a. [1 laniger; lana, wool, and ge- ro, to bear, ] Bearing or producing wool. LANK,a. [Sax. hlanca; Gr. Xayagos ; probably allied to flank, and W, lac, slack, lax; Waciaw, to slacken ; G. schlank. ] 1. Loose or lax, and easily yielding to pressure ; not distended ; not stiff or firm by distention ; not plump ; as, a lank bladder or purse. The clergy’s bags Are lank and lean with thy extor#ons. Shak. 2. Thin; slender; meager; not full and firm ; as, a lank body. 3. Languid; drooping. [See LancursH.] filton. LANK, v.72. To become lank. [ Obs.] Shak. LANK’LY, adv. Thinly ; loosely ; laxly. LANK’/NESS, n. Laxity; flabbiness; leanness ; slen- LAN//GURE, v. t. To languish. derness. LANK’/Y,a. Lankand tall. [Vulgar.] Smart. LAN/NER, n. [Fr. lanier; L. laniarius, lanits, LAN/NER-ET, purer | : ; anner is the fe- A European species of hawk. male ; lanneret, the male. LANS/QUE-NET, (lans'ke-net,) x. [/ance and knecht, a boy, a knight. ] 1. A name formerly given to the German infantry, who were armed mostly with pikes, sometimes with muskets. Brande. 2, A game at cards, vulgarly called Lampskinner. Smart S i. LAN/TERN, x. [Fr. lanterne; L. laterna; G. laterne; D. lantaarn; Sp. linterna.) 1. A case or vessel made of tin perforated with many holes, or of some transparent substance, as glass, horn, or oiled paper; used for carrying a can- dle or other light into the open air, or into stables, &e. Locke. A dark lantern is one with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the light. 2. A lighthouse or light to direct the course of ships. Addison. 3. In architecture, a little dome raised over the roof of a building to give light, and to serve as a crown- ing to the fabric. Encyc. 4, A square cage of carpentry placed over the ridge of a corridor or gallery, between two rows of shops, to illuminate them. Encye. Magic lantern ; an optical machine by which paint- ed images are represented so much magnified as t appear like the effect of magic. LAN/TERN, v. t. To put to death at or on the lamp post. 5 LAN/TERN-ED, pp. or a. Put to death ata Jamp-post. G. Morrvs. The English name of Fulgora rous insect of South America, LAN’TERN-FLY, 7. lanternaria, a hemipte } which emits a strong light in the dark. LAN’/TERN-ING, ppr. Putting to death at or on a standing on each side, Gcon. TONE, BULL, UXITE . AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH-as SH; FH as in THIS. And the blue languish of soft Allia’s eye. Popa, lamp-post. Lee 647 ra eae a - “+ - — es = t uh Reel ; | t . : \ ‘ - aeeget int Tt a mo plsl tase sue eee vr LAP LAN’TERN-JAW-ED, a. LAN’/TERN-JAWS, n. pl. a thin visage. LAN-THA/NI-UM, LAN’THA-NUM, A metal, recently discovered, occurring with ce- rium in certain minerals. LAN’THORN ; a wrong spelling of LANTERN. LA-NO/GI-NOSE, )a. [L. lanuginosus, from lanugo, LA-NO/GI-NOUS, down, from lana, wool. ] Downy ; covered with down, or fine, soft hair. LAN/YARD, x. [Fr- laniere, a strap. ] A short piece of rope or line used for fastening something in ships ; as the lanyards of the gun-ports, of the buoy, of the cathook, &c. ; but especially used to extend the shrouds and stays of the masts by their communication with the dead eyes, &c. Mar. Dict. LA-O6/0-ON, n. In fabulous history, the priest of Neptune or Apollo, during the Trojan war. In sculpture, the group of the Zaocodn is this priest with his children, infolded in the coils of two ser- pents, as described by Virgil. LA-OD-LCB/AN, a. Like the Christians of Laodi- cea ; lukewarm in religion. LA-OD-I-C&/AN-ISM, x. Lukewarmness in religion. E. Stiles. LAP, n. [Sax. leppe; G. lappen; D. Dan. lap; Sw. layp. This word seems to be a different orthography of Frar.] 1. The loose part of a coat; the lower part of a garment that plays loosely. Swift. 9. The part of clothes that lies on the knees when a person sits down; hence, the Knees in this posi- tion. Men expect that happiness should drop into their laps. Tulotson. 3. That part of one body which lies on and covers another. Gwilt. LAP, v. t. To fold; to bend and lay over or on; as, to lap a piece of cloth. To lap boards, is to lay one partly over another. 2. To wrap or twist round. Having a thin yisage. Long, thin jaws ; hence, Spectator. n. [Gr. X\avBava, to conceal.) I lapped a slender thread about the paper. Newton. 3. To infold ; to involve. 5 Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds, Driden, LAP, v. i. Tobe spread or laid ; to be turned over. The upper wings are opacious; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent like the wing of a fly. Grew. LAP, v.2. (Sax. lappian; D. labben; Arm. lappa; Fr. laper; Dan. laber ; W. llepiaw, Lleibiaw ; Gr. \arro). If m is casual in L. labo, as it probably is, this is the same word. Class Lb, No. 22. To take up liquor or food with the tongue; to feed or drink by licking. The dozs by the River Nilus’s side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run ajoug the shore. Digby. And the number of them that lapped were three hundred men. — Judges vii. LAP, o. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue ; to lick up; as, a cat Japs milk. hak. LAP/DOG, n. A small dog fondled in the lap. Dryden. LA-PEL’, n. [from lap.] That part of a coat which laps over the facing. LA-PEL’LED, a. Furnished with lapels. LAP/FUL, x. As much as the lap can contain. Kings iv. LAP’/LCIDE, n. Astone-cutter. [WVotused.] Dict. LAP-I-DA/RI-OUS, a. stone. ] Stony ; consisting of stones. LAP/I-DA-RY, zn. [Fr. lapidaire; L. lapidarius, lapis, a stone.] 1, An artificer who cuts, polishes, precious stones. 2, A dealer in precious stones. 2 3. A virtuoso skilled in the nature and kinds of fems or precious stones. LAP/I-DA-RY, a. stones, proper for monumental and other inscriptions. Brande. LAP/I-DATE, v.t. [L. lapido,] To stone. [.Vot used. | LAP-I-DA’/TIO death. LA-PID’/E-OUS, a. Encyc. [L. lamideus. | Stony ; of the nature of stone; as, lapideous mat- ter. {Little used. Ray. LAP-I-DES/CENCE, n. [lu. lapidesco, from lapis, a stone. into a stony substance. 9. A stony concretion. Brown. LAP-L-DES/CENT, a. Growing or turming to stone that has the quality of petrifying bodies. Encye. LAP-LDES/CENT, x. LAP-I-DIF’I€, a. mike, | Forming or converting into stone. LA-PID-I-FI-€A/TION, x. [L. lapidarius, from lapis, a and engraves Pertaining to the art of cutting The lapidary style denotes that which is ,» m. The act of stoning a person to Hall. l. ‘the process of becoming stone; a hardening Any substance which has the quality of petrifying a body, or converting it to stone. [L. lapis, a stone, and facio, to The operation of forming or converting into a stony substance, by means of a LAR liquid charged with earthy particles in solution, which crystallize in the interstices, and end in form- ing free-stone, pudding-stone, &c. Dict. Nat. Hist. LA-PID/I-FI-ED, (la-pid/e-fide,) pp. or a, Turned into stone ; formed into stone. LA-PID/I-FY, v. t [L. lapis, a stone, and facto, to form.] To form into stone. LA-PID/I-FY, v. i To turn into stone; to become stone. LA-PID/I-FY-ING, ppr. Turning into stone. LAP’/I-DIST, n. A dealer in precious stones. PID AEG | LAP-IL-LA’TION, n. The state of being, or act of making stony. Smart. LA-PIL'LI, n. pl. [L.] Volcanic ashes in which glob- ular concretions prevail. Mantell, LA/PIS ; in Latin, a stone. Hence, Lapis Bononien' sis ; the Bolognian stone. Lapis hepat'icus ; liver stone. Lapis inferna'lis ; fused nitrate of silver ; lunar caus- tic. Brande. Lapis lazuli ; azure stone, an aluminous mineral, of arich blue color, resembling the blue carbonate of copper. [See Lazut1.] Lapis Lydius, touchstone; basanite ; silicious slate. LAP’LING, x. [from lap.] One who indulges in ease and sensual delights; a term of contempt. Hewyt. LAP’PED, (lapt,) pp. Turned or folded over. LAP’PER, n. One that laps; one that wraps or folds. 9. One that takes up with his tongue. LAP/PET, x. [dim. of lap.] A part of a garment or [See a variety of dress that hangs loose. Swift. LAP’PING, ppr. Wrapping; folding; laying on. 9. Licking; taking into the mouth with the tongue. LAPS’A-BLE, a. That may fall or relapse. Cudworth. LAPSE, n. [L. lapsus, from labor, to slide, to fall. Class Lb.] 1. A sliding, gliding, or flowing; a smooth course ; as, the lapse of a stream; the lapse of time. 2. A falling or passing. The lapse to indolence is soft and imperceptible, but the return to diligence is difficuk. Rarrbler. 3. Aslip; anerror; a fault; a failing in duty; a slight deviation from truth or rectitude. This Scripture may be usefully applied as a caution to guard against those lapses and failings to which our infirmities daily expose us. togers. So we say, a lapse in style or propriety. 4. In ecclesiastical law, the slip or omission of a patron to presenta clerk to a benefice, within six months after it becomes void. In this case, the ben- efice is said to be*lapsed, or in lapse. Encyc. 5. In theology, the fall or apostasy of Adam. LAPSE, v.i. To glide; to pass slowly, silently, or by degrees. This disposition to shorten our words by retrenching the vowels, is nothing else but a tendency to lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from which we descended. Sioi/t. 9, To slide or slip in moral conduct ; to fail in du- ty ; to deviate from rectitude ; to commit a fault. To lapse in fullness Is sorer than to lie for need, Shak. 3. To slip or commit a fault by inadvertency or mistake. Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has lapsed into the burlesque character. ddison, 4. To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, by the omission or negligence of the patron. If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it lapses to the king. Ayliffe. 5, To fall from a state of innocence, or from truth, faith, or perfection, Once more [ will renew His lapsed powers. Milton. LAPS/ED, (lapst,) pp- or a. Fallen ; passed from one proprietor to another by the negligence of the patron ; as, a lapsed benefice. A lapsed legacy is one which falls to the heirs through the failure of the legatee, as when the legatee dies before the testator. LAP’SID-ED, (lop’sid-ed,) a. [lap and side,| Hav- ing one side heavier than the other, as a ship. Mar. Dict. LAPS/ING, ppr. Gliding; flowing ; failing ; falling to one person through the omission of another. LAP/STONEH, nz. Yee and stone.] A stone on which shoemakers beat leather on the knees. mistake in uttering a wor LAP’ WING, n. the plover family; also called Pewet. genus Vanellus, of Brisson. LAP’WORK, (-wurk,) 7. > Pi Cyc: Japs over another. Grew. LAR, n.; pl. Langs. [L.] A household deity. Lovelace. LAR/BOARD, n. [board, bord, is aside; but I know The Dutch use bakboord, not the meaning of lar. BOARD. LAR'BOARD, a. Pertaining to the left-hand side of a LXR/CE-NY, 2. LARCH, x. [L. lariz; Sp. alerce; It. larice; G. ler- LARD, 7. [Fr. lard; lL. lardum, laridum ; It. and Sp. 9. Bacon ; the flesh of swine. Dryden. LARD, v.t. [Fr. larder; Arm. larda.] 1. To stuff with bacon or pork. The larded thichs on loaded altars laid. Dryden. 2. To fatten; to enrich. Now Falstaff sweats to death, And larde the lean earth. Shak. LAP!SUS LIN" GUZE, ie Aslip of the tongue; a A bird of the Eastern continent of It is of the Work in which one part and the Germans backbord.] LAR | left-band side of a ship, when a person with his face to the head; opposed to Srar- The stands ship ; as, the larboard quarter. [Fr. larcin; Norm. larcim; Arm. laeroncy, or lazroncy, contracted from L. latrocinvum, from the Celtic; W. lladyr, theft; lUadron, thieves ; Sp. ladron; It. ladro, ladrone.} Theft ; the act of taking and carrying away the goods or personal property of another feloniously. Larceny is of two kinds; simple larceny, or theft, not accompanied with any atrocious circumstance ; and mixed or compound larceny, which includes in it the aggravation of taking from one’s house or person, as in burglary or robbery. In England, when the value of the thing stolen is less than twelve pence, and in New York, when it isless than $25, the crime is petty larceny. Blackstone. chenbaum ; D. lorkenboom. | The common name of a division of the Linnean genus Pinus, species of which are natives of Amer- ica, as well as of Europe. lardo ; Arm. lardt, Qu. W. lar, that spreads or drops, soft. . 1. The fat of swine, after being melted and sepa rated from the flesh. 3, To mix with something by way of improve- ment. Let no alien interpose, To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose. Dryden. LARD, v. 7, To grow fat. Drayton. LX R-DA/CEOUS, (lar-da/shus,) a. Of the nature of lard ; consisting of lard. oxe. = LARD/ED, pp. Stuffed with bacon ; fattened ; mixed. LARD/ER, n. A room where meat and other articles of food are kept, before they are cooked. Bacon. LARD/ER-PR, n. One who has charge of the larder. LARD/ING, ppr. Stuffing; fattening; mixing. LARD/-OIL, n. Oil which is obtained from lard. LARD/ON, zn. A bit of bacon. LARD/RY, 7. A larder. [ot used.] LA‘RES, n. pl. [L.] The household gods of the Ro- mans, regarded as the souls of deceased ancestors. LARGE, (larj,) a. [Fr. large; Sp. Port. and It. largo; Arm. larg; L. largus. The primary sense Is to spread, stretch, or distend, to diffuse ; hence, toloosen, to relax; Sp. largar, to loosen, to slacken, as a rope. Class Lr. Itseems to be connected with Gr. \aupos, wide, copious, and perhaps with floor, W. Uawr, and with llawer, much, many. In Basque, larria is gross, and larritu, to grow. 1. Big; of great size; bulky; as, a large body; a large horse or ox; a large mountain ; alarge tree; a large ship. 9. Wide; extensive; as, a large field or plain; a large extent of territory. 3. Extensive or populous ; containing many inhtab- itants ; as, a large city or town. 4, Abundant; plentiful; ample; as, a large sup- ply of provisions. 5. Copious; diffusive. I micht be very large on the importance and advantages of education. Felion. 6. In seamen’s language, the wind is large when it crosses the line of a ship’s course in a favorable di- rection, particularly on the beam or quarter, Encie. 7. Wide; consisting of much water; as, a large river. 8, Liberal; of a great amount; as, a large dona- tion. At large; without restraint or confinement; as, to go at large; to be left at larve. 9. Diffusely ; fully ; in the full extent; as, to dis- course on a subject at large. LARGE, n. Formerly, a musical note equal to four breves, or eight semibreves. Busby. LARGE-HBART/ED-NESS, (-hirt/ed-,) n. Largeness of heart; liberality. [ot used. } Bp. Reynolds. LARGE’-LIMB-ED, a. Having large limbs. Milton. LARGH/LY, adv. Widely ; extensively. 2. Copiously ; diffusely; amply. The subject was largely discussed. 3, Liberally ; bountifully. How he lives and eats; How largely gives Dryden. 4. Abundantly. They their fill of love and love’s disport Milton. Took largely. LARGE’NESS, n. Bigness; bulk; magnitude; as, the larweness of an animal. 2. Greatness ; comprehension ; as, the largeness of mind, or of capacity. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 648LAS LAS LAT 3. Extent; extensiveness, as, largeness of views. 4. Extension ; amplitude ; liberality ; as, the large- ness of an offer; largeness of heart. looker. Waller. 5. Wideness ; extent; as, the largeness of a river. een [Fr. largesse; L. largitio; from largus, arge. A present; a gift or donation ; a bounty bestowed. S Bacon. Dryden. LAR-GHET'TO, (l\ar-get’to,) [I[t.] Somewhat slow- ly, but not so slowly as largo. LAR-GIF’LU-OUS, a. [L. largus and fluo.] Flowing copiously. LARG/ISH, a. Somewhat large. [Unusual.] avallo. LAR-GI'TION, (lar-jish’un,) n. [L. largitio.| The bestowment of a largess or gift. [ Obs.] I.AR'GO, (it.) A musical term, directing to slow movement, Largois one degree quicker than grave, and two degrees quicker than adagzo. TH A quaver in large is equal to a minim in presto. LAR'I-AT, x. Thelasso, a long cord or thoig of leather with a noose, used in catching wild horses, &c. W. Irving. LARK, x. [Sax. laferc, lauerce ; Scot. laverok, lauerok ; G. lerche; D.leewwrik ; Dan. lerke ; Sw. larka ; Icl. lava, loova. As the Latin alavda coincides with laudo, Eng. loud, so the first syllable of lark, laf, lau, lave, may coincide with the Dan. lover, to praise, to sing or cry out. But I know not the sense of the word. _A bird of the genus Alauda, distinguished for its singing. 2. A sport or piece of merriment. | Vulgar.] Smart. LARK, v.%. To catch larks; hence, in wulgur lan- guage, to make sport ; to sport. Smart, LARK’ER, x. A catcher of larks. Dict. LARK’‘LIKE, a. Resembling a lark in manners. LARK’S’-HEEL, x. A flower called INDIAN CREss. LARK’SPUR, z. A plant with showy flowers, of the genus Delphinium. LAR’MI-ER, x. [Fr., from larme, a tear or drop.] The flat, jutting part of a cornice; literally, the dropper; the eave or drip ofa house ; the corona. LAR’RUP, v.t. [Forby derives it from Sax. larrian, to lick. Jenning considers it a corruption of lee- rope, used by sailors in beating the boys.] To beat or flog. [A low word.] Forby. LAR’UM, x. [G. larm, bustle, noise; Dan. 2d.] Alarm; a noise giving notice of danger. ALARM, which is generally used. ] LAR’VA, ) x. [L.larva,a mask; Sw. lavf; Dan. and LARVE, ; G. larve.| An insect in the caterpillar or grub state; the first stage after the egg in the metamorphoses of insects, preceding the pupaor chrysalis and perfect insect. LAR/VAL, a. Belonging to a larva. Linn. LAR’/VA-TED, a. Masked; clothed as with a mask. LA-RYN’GE-AL, oe {See Larnynx.] Pertaining to LA-RYN’GE-AN, the larynx. LAR-YN-GI’TIS, nz. An inflammation ofthe larynx of any sort. AEN -GO TOMY, mn. [larynx and Gr. re“ya, to cu [See _ The operation of cutting into the larynx ; the mak- ing of an incision into the larynx for assisting re- spiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies. Coxe. Quincy. LAR/YNX, xn. [Gr. Xapvyi.] In anatomy, the upper part of the windpipe or tra- chea, a cartilaginous cavity, which modulates the voice in speaking and singing. UINCY. LAS/€AR, n. In the East Indies, a term applied to native sailors, many of whom are employed in Eu- ropean vessels. rande. LAS-CIV/I-EN-CY, LAS-CIV’I-ENT. [Wot used.] See the next words. LAS-CIV'I-OUS, a. [Fr. lascif; It. and Sp. lascivo; from L. lascivus, from lacus, laxo, to relax, to loosen. Class Lg. ] 1. Loose; wanton; lewd; lustful; as, lascivious men ; lascivious desires ; lascivious eyes. Milton. 2. Soft; wanton; luxurious. He capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber, To the lascivious pleasing of a lute, Shak. LAS-CIV’I-OUS-LY, adv. Loosely ; wantonly ; lewdly. LAS-CIV'I-OUS-NESS, n, Looseness; irregular in- dulgence of animal desires; wantonness ; lustful- ness. Who, being past feeling, have given themselves over to lasclvi- ousness. — Eph. iv 2. Tendency to excite lust, and promote irregular indulgences. The reason pretended by umes was, the lasciviousnese of his Elegies and his Art of Love. Dryden. LASH,n. [This may be the same word as leash, Fr. laisse, or 1t may be allied to the G. lasche,a slap, laschen, to lash or slap, and both may be from one root. 1, Ihe thong or braided cord of a whip. I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it. Addison. 2. A leash or string. [ Obs.] 3. A stroke with a whip, or any thing pliant and tough. The culprit received thirty-nine lashes. 4. A stroke of satire ; a sarcasm ; an expression or retort that cuts or gives pain. The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to ourselves which succeeds well. ’ Estrange. LASH,v.t To strike with a lash or any thing pliant ; to whip or scourge. We lash the pupil and defraud the ward. Dryden. 2. To throw up with a sudden jerk. He falls ; and lashing up his heels, his rider throws. Dryden. 3. To beat, as with something loose; to dash against. And big waves lash the frighted shores. 4, To tie or bind with a rope or cord ; to secure or fasten by a string; as, to lash any thing to a mast or to a yard; to lash a trunk on a coach. 5. To satirize; to censure with severity; as, to lash vice. LASH, v.i. To ply the whip; to strike at. To laugh at follies, or to dash at vice. Dryden. To lash out, is to be extravagant or unruly. Feltham. LASH’ED, (lasht,) pp. Struck with alash; whipped; tied ; made fast by a rope. LASH’ER, m. One that whips or lashes. LASH’ER, nm. A piece of rope for binding or mak- LASH’ING, ing fast one thing to another. Mar. Dict. Free from the lash of satire. B. Jonson. LASH’ING, zx. Castigation or chastisement. Smart. 2. Extravagance ; unruliness. South. 3. A rope for making fast. [See LAsHER.] LASS, vn. [Qu. from laddess, as Hickes suggests. ] A young woman; a girl; applied particularly to a country girl. LAssie 1s sometimes used, particu- larly in Scotland. Philips. LAS’Si-TUDE, xz. [Fr. from L. lassitudo, from lassus, and this from laxus, laxo, to relax. | 1. Weakness; dullness; heaviness; weariness; languor of body or mind, proceeding from exhaustion of strength by excessive labor or action, or other means. 2. Among physicians, Jassitude is a morbid sensa- tion of languor which often precedes disease. LASS’LORN, a. Forsaken by his lass or mistress. LAS’SO, n. [Fr. laisse; L. lassus.] ae A rope or cord with a noose, used for catching wild horses, &e. LAST, a. (Contracted from latest ; Sax. last, from latost; G. letzt; D. laatst, from laat, late. Qu. is the Gr. Asicbos from the same root? See Large and Let.] 1. That comes after all the others; the latest; ap- plied to time ; as, the last hour of the day; the last day of the year. 2. That follows all the others ; that is behind all the others in place ; hindmost ; as, this was the last man that entered the church. 3. Beyond which there is no more. Here, last of Britons, let your names be read. Pope. 4. Next before the present ; as, the last week ; the last year. 5. Utmost ; that beyond which there is nothing greater. Their last endeavors bend, To outshine each other. Dryden. They are contending for principles of the last Te obert Hall. Prior. LASH’-FREE, a. 6. Lowest; meanest, Antilochus Takes the last prize. Pope. At last, at the last; at the end; in the conclusion. Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last. — Gen, xlix. To the last; to the end; till the conclusion, And blunder on in business fo Ure last. In the phrases, ‘you are the last man I should consult,”? ‘this is the last place in which I should expect to find you,’? the word last implies improba- bility ; this is the most improbable place, and there- fore I should resort to it last. LAST, adv. The last time; the time before the pres- ent. I saw him last at New York. 2. In conclusion ; finally. Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires, Adores ; and last the thing adored desires, Dryden. LAST, v.z%. ([Sax. lastan, lestan. This verb seems to be from the adjective last, the primary sense of which is continued, drawn out. See Ler.] 1. To continue in time; to endure ; to remain in existence. Our government can not last long unless administered by honest men. %. To continue unimpaired; not to decay or per- ish. Select for winter the best apples to last. This color will last. Pope. 3. To hold out; to continue unconsumed. The captajn knew he had not water on board to last a week. ney LAST, x. ~ [Sax. hleste; G. Sw. D. and Dan. last; Russ. laste; Fr. lest; Arm. lastr; W. lwyth. See Loap.] A load ; hence, a certain weight or measure. [It ingly as to different articles. McCulloch.| A last of codfish, white herrings, meal, and ashes, Is twelve barrels ; a last of corn is ten quarters or eighty bush- els; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels; of red herrings, twenty cades ; of hides, twelve dozen ; of leather, twenty dickers; of pitch and tar, fourteen barrels ; of wool, twelve sacks ; of flax or feathers, 1700 lbs. Encye. 2. The term is sometimes applied to the burden of a ship. Me Culloch. LAST, x. [Sax. laste, leste; G. leisten; D. leest ; Dan. lest ; Sw. ldst.] A mold or form of the human foot, made of wood, on which shoes are formed. The cobbler is not to go beyond his last. LAST’AGE, n. is generally estimated at 4000 lbs., but varies exceed- | | DL’ Estrange. [Fr. lestage. See Last, a load.] 1, A duty paid for freight or transportation. [Vot used in the United States. 2. Ballast. [JVot used. 3. The lading of aship. [Wot used.] LAST’ER-Y, n. Ared color. [Not in use.] Spenser. LAST’ING, ppr. maining. 2. a. Durable; of long continue or endure; as, lasting color. LAST/ING, x. Endurance. 2. A species of smooth woolen stuff used in making shoes, Encyc. of Dom. Econ. LAST’ING-LY, adv. Durably ; with continuance. LAST/ING-NESS, x. Durability ; the quality or state of long continuance. Sidney. LAST’LY, adv. In the last place. 2. In the conclusion ; at last ; finally. LAST!-MEN/TION-ED, a. Mentioned last. LATCH, nx. [Fr. loguet ; Arm. licged or clicged, coin- ciding with L. ligula, from ligo, to tie, and with English lock, Sax. leccan, to catch. The G. klinke, D. klink, coincide with Fr. clenche, which, if n is casual, are the Arm. clicged, Eng. to clinch. The same word in W. is clicied, a latch, and the It. laccio, a snare, L. /aqueus, from which we have lace, may belong to the same root. ‘The primary sense of the root is, to catch, to close, stop, or make fast. ] A small piece of iron or wood used to fasten a door. Gay. LATCH, v. t. To fasten with a latch ; to fasten. ocke. [Er lecher.| Tosmear. [Notused.] Shak. I/-KEY,n. A key used to raise the latch of a Continuing in time ; enduring ; re- continuance; that may a lasting good or evil; a 2s LATC door. LATCH’ES, zx. pl. Small lines, like loops, used in connecting the head and foot of a sail. Smart. LATCH/ET, xn. [from latch, Fr. lacet.] The string that fastens a shoe. Mark 1. LATE, a. [Sax. let, lat; Goth. lata; D. laat; Sw. lat; Dan. lad, idle, lazy ; Goth. latyan, Sax. latian, to de- lay orretard. This word is from the root of /ct, the sense of which is to draw out, extend, or prolong; hence to be slow orlate. (See Let.) This adjective has regular terminations of the comparative and su- perlative degrees, later, latest, but it has also latter, and latest is often contracted into last. ] 1. Coming after the usual time; slow; tardy ; long delayed ; as, a late spring ; a latesummer. The crops or harvest will be /ate. 2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as, a late hour of the day. He began ata late period of his life. 3. Last, or recently in any place, office, or charac- ter; as, the late ministry ; the late administration. 4, Existing not long ago, but now decayed or de- parted ; as, the late bishop of London. 5. Not long past ; happening not long ago; recent; as, the late rains. We have received late intelligence. LATE, adv. After the usual time, or the time ap- pointed ; after delay ; as, he arrived late. 2. After the proper or usual season. the fruits ripen late. 3. Not long ago; lately. And round them throng With leaps and bounds the late imprisoned young. Pope. 4. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as, to Jie a-bed late; to sit up Jate at night. Of late, lately ; in time not long past, or near the present. The practice is of late uncommon. : Too late; after the proper time; not in due time. We arrived too late to see the procession. LAT/ED, a. Belated; being too late. [Vot used. | LA-TEEN’, a. [Fr. latine.] [ Shak. A lateen sail is a triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung about one quarter the dis- tance from the lower end, which is brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle of about 45 degrees; used in xebecs, polacres, and This year settees, in the Mediterranean. Mar. Dict. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. nl | || | | | Oe Ne re anes a . 7 i a Se Sayers: ney et ~ Wyre sac yak 82 G10pA a oe Eoin SS KREG Pinan Ss arti nc RENIE a Seen ea is re. Sa LAT iu BLY, ad if ania pent ». Not lon cif La/TE. ntleman W g ago; rece a ae EN-CY, 7. Tse has lately, pe .{ Welcalled | L LAT a LATE'NESS ae us otate of be ATR Ee 4 = SSS ° state pin ; ra A491 5 1. : S.n T of be o retir L. EE the Lee nee of being tard Bale dormant iat inter’ den, eee e a hiding-pl : LAU tee ae arvest. ; as, the = y, or of cc T r; to ret 7, Or cavi -place.] | LA-’ i Gar oe 2. ‘Tim , the lateness of nCOIns: he tortoise latibuli reat and li ivity, and li A-TRIVA ae iM lat a e far adva ; spring or LAT'I- ulizes in O ie hid. 1e TI AX, Te [L fr i na iene of ue day ee a particular period , SE RGN a [L. me Shaw’s Zool Sune Se cout | 3.7 fe. ght ; lateness in tl 3; aS, A disti Ae avium ; la . the iniferi xd by the Rom: ship, or that pai Wa pncnianegs meat period 8,| 4 auppored to have foe fee _ tie ntoorwovip patios aid to Gon a4 is A'TENT ; as, the lateh ime, or after 1e fo : ave b y Rom coast of 4,7. | ITO! aints. dulia, 0 : ee R tefess ; the re part een ab an sen of Labrad n Latrob Encyc : at} Heb xb a. [L. latens ess of one’s arriv ap- of the tuni road stri ators. It to the f ador, of a pi é.) A mi ONCYC | feb. WN, to cove s, lateo; GY arrival. LA nic, set wi ripe of pt ii » feldspars a pink or ineral from : 1 ie 2 hid. Roman; he Latins AT’/TEN-B 5. FON plate s used for i LANE , ado. Secretly ; cone ae church cals ne Western ne Latin B peo of eu EN ERS Gis ate once with canoes B £ | 2 ez ecysenees whe aly, F ern C anguage are } ay) ckness ; i : i Bi, « (eam. des of We ree | hae te ea chen; the Christian _arentended for some ey ee LAT/ER g. of late.] Posteri LAT! om the Greek guage was 3 ier countrie SR, a. [Ani mes call le uses Es t ; of lyi nid, fi ow - with latti Ii attice- WA E as, a laterifo une on the sid 3 ying conce > rom . attice-w AT-ER-1//TIO ifolious flow e of LAT! aled ; LAT’T work ; . TS ower. a leaf Te L. laus . ic sections LATE" lal time ; te deg. of l oxysms. P IS, f T/T-TUD N, 7. Alvi 7h. B answer o Gr. KAEtG us, laudis ; Ww B Sy the a) W AE ; tardiest ate.) arr. lat E, 7 ying in lackst ; Er 1, KAEOS ermal clod; rande LAT ARD, ado E ongest US» proadi? Fr., fron concealme One. ig. loud, G s. This is ; Ir. cloth ; < fi rr ta [W. in... SO late after 1. LG be a ath 1 MS ne aa to sr eee and the ane the cet Shee 7 3» 2 d j . = . ’ > : > ai 5 “TV a ary c sak! , as ; 1 A By Rs ee pl. : are or Wath Satpiss ; width; extent from aid th ; oe SS SOLE See eae is, to eae o the rafter arrow board e; D.L , a rod ; 7 m ; spa e to sid rable mentior ation ; an €Xx 3 , coveri rafters of a b oard, or slip at. | 3 [Un Me feresomy. W. C. 2. That part = Ms , [ Little eed xtolling in w ng. uiulding t : of wood : 3. In 2 ZONE sens. . otton. praise. ot divine fal ords . oe aes g, to support the prmted from ase : thé: di little used.] Locke. 3 Music worship which c Pope. , LO ‘support tl ow slip of es or 4 ecliptic. istance a Ay sic OF singing i onsists in LA RH v. t. he plastering wood, nailed ] k In geograph a heavenly b forn Lewes, in the R gin honor of any acon. LATH x aD cover ori to the studs and sienify y be from Sax of constructi he words wi onstruction; i at Ing; to celet ords alone oe fe 2 } é NM some pa Ye mee Wap oy Vy; primaril Sax. la- 6. Ex iction. Ss will not b 3 indefinit LAUD! A -lebrate. > or with Ww aes ounty rts of E ENTAK y,a m . |axtent i 3 ear th wae . ite .% 4 -BLE ords and . e 3 Va ; in oland E. | eet- dom of deviati 1is latit 1. Prai Seen Dust! sing- ne agree in Spenser Snelr nd, a part : from rule jation fr ude _1. Praisew . laudabilis Benii AB 4 = the , Spelman, < or divisi es or limi om a tives: orthy ; ¢ is. niley My 3 ) the] elr accol n, and 1VIS1OT Inh imits ; laxi settled . s; laud 3 commend ‘ we 1 aws of E ounts of tk Blackste 1 of a oman acti ; laxity point ; fi 9H dable actions endable ; as Daa 4 counties dward tl 1e lath: b stone do aeseribe ons, there a . 3 1ree- . ealthy: S ons. > as, laudab Eee : 5, answered 1e C see ut. accordi not ibed, but o lat re no degre boc y; salubri able m \ | county any ered to the onfessor Bit according 5 Se , but a latitude is eres ag precise ay ; prious ; as, laudable j * } LAFHE, xz others. e trithing ey ath, in some ; xtent. ilged. cena limits LAT AC GE ell , laudable juices of th ' ty the > = 7 TD! X43 pe wud x 2€8 fi pmeont cou: pels supra, 0 V Opa of a} LAT pee not to treat of them i os Avie itp Py NESS mT eS eI : na machin , or W. lathr ilkins. a7 -TU'DIN m in their fall lat sig ate praiseworthi : he quali ble pus. e metals e by which i 1, to me directi N-AL titude. gns, purpos 1iness 5 as ality of deservi i : als, and ich inst make | LA‘ ction of latitud a. Pertaini Lock: L poses, moti ; as, the L eservi a each other materi nstruments of AT-I-TU atitude ining to lati é. [LaupaBIL , motives, or ac : laudableness of ng LATH! ; round f < erjals, are s of wood, 1 S -DIN-A/ atitude ; I rarely ITY, Ina li actions. ess Of de- 3 tur od, iv Not restrai A/RI-AN ; inthe| L y-] ike sens : LAT ED, (lath orm. med a a EV OLY, Not restral N,a G e | LAUD! ense, has i WER. t,) pp» C nd cut into thinking ned; not ,a. [Fr. latitudt TegOry. LAU A-BLY , has been us Qu Ww SDaiiten (vc overed or li ito ples g or actin confined by idinaire. | f UD!A-NUM ado. Ina sed, but ete Llath Sax. lath r lined wi es OF views g at large; lax i y precise MET ce Pree M, 2. A : manner des . glide; Uli iru, to rian, to ith lath trine WS; as, l ge; lax im re ae limits ; . laudo, to prai [A contracti >serving pral thri , to make s > lather 1S. LA’ 2S. , latitudinari religiou Sense Opi , to praise action of 1 g praise spread.] ithrig, slippe smootl , to anoi Ag T narian opini $ princi Opium : audand ze : ry 1, or Ui oint.} i U-DIN-A pinions ni- | _ Op! prepared i idum, fr ; To fo » or llyth lithr aw in his Pik -A/RLAN or doc-| 1 plum. in spirit , from froth Sate a foam witl ’ soft ; Uyru, * limits RO One oF ae > Te One who i TO D-A!/TION or wine ; tinct , LAFH/ER py matter 1 water and soap es thinking. opinion ; te by as moderate A UD'A-TIVE, a fhe ta ; comm ‘Cae of 1 soa ,v. t To : ap; to be 2. Indi who ind ise settled A panegyric r. [L. laudati endatio Lee poo } LAP spread come 2. In the Ch ulges fre ed | LAUD! gyric ; a eulc udativus n. - i HWE over Wi nied o 2 Church o edom in amie ATO-= ; a eulogy. : -] with HE, n. Foam o ith the foan ney r doubted ch Of Ten anes formert praise. RY, a. Cont Little used. } 4 { oF ater. r froth made b n of 3° pphoush he eee right or 0 Y, one who de LAUD! A-TO RY aining praise ct Pao ; » oam : y soa . 3, In theol admitted 1 rigin ie sage ; tending , horse or froth fi p moiste strict pri ology, On its expedienc: of episc ,m. That whi ng to LAFH rom prof ned principle , one who de diency. sco- | LAUD/E at which contai ER-ED ofuse sw anni duelatiin of orthede parts in opini LA IR, n. O ntains prais soap ’ pp: Ss eat, as of LAT-I-T atitude of oC Oxy ; or on ion from th *s UD/ING ne who r ae AS Ce. LAH! pread over wi a U-DIN-A! thinking me who i e | LAUGH, (Ii ppr. Praisi praises. Milton ; ER-IN er with or laxnes N-A/RI-AN g and inter ndulges ] xH, (laff) Praising ; ¢ | . : of so G, ppr. the fo ss of opini -ISM pretatio achen: ,)v% [Sax 5 ce ebratin ¢ a eS : am pinion DN, Te U n. SDS t ax. hl fg. ee LAT p- preadin of 9 , particul B ndue fi aps 1 achren; 5 tlihan; Gott if H’Y. a. g over Wi 2. Indi arly in reedom , laag. C Bias Sw. le; ; Goth. hl 5 . 1 iffere ( the rag ne Class es Di lahyan ; : : Thin as a lath th the foam LATI-TO'DIN-O| to religi ology. 1. To mak iss Lg, No. 17 in. leer; Heb yan ; G. , ; long LA’TR IN-OUS igion. hh. Ob which e the nois -] »and Ch ; g and slender B ANT, a. [L.1 a. Havin _ W.Jo a species are character ise and exhibi : Chalm LA/TRATE. . latro, to harks latitude; pene shaking Violent aaanee of mirth it the features FATE. FA ers. RS TE, 2,7 il fe arge rar ae of the sides x hter iS) accom m- the human | FAR, FALL, WH A'TION ae bark as ad Bice rn lungs. , and all aceomDEnice with the ‘ AT.—M z A barki og. [Wot cell. | ee n poetry, t ghter expels bre: METE, PREY ing. [Wot used Coe Deo lively o be gay; to ent ees . sly, or brilli ; to appea acon. PINE, MA Then laughs the re rilliant. P r gay, cheerf RINE And. o’e e childish ul , BIRD. —NO er the foaming bot year with flow: ‘ TE, DOVE g bowl, the laugh erets crowned. D , MOVE, W ghing wire. . Dryden, , WOLF, BOOK Pope. 650LAU LAV LAW To laugh at; to ridicule; to treat with some degree of contempt. No fool to laugh at, which he valued more. Pope, LAUGH, v. t. To ridicule or deride; with out; as, to laugh one out of a plan. To laugh to scorn; to deride ; to treat with mock- ery, contempt, and scorn. Veh. ii. LAUGH, (laff,) n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species. But feigns a /augh, to see me search around, And by that laugh the willing fair is found. Pope. LAUGH’A-BLE, (laff/a-bl,) a. That may justly excite laughter ; as, a laughable story ; a laughable scene. LAUGH’A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being laughable. LAUGH’A-BLY, adv. Inamanner to excite laughter. LAUGH/-AND-LAY-DOWN’, x. A game at cards. Skelton. LAUGH’ED, (laft,) pret. and pp. of Lauer. LAUGH’/ER, (laff/er,) n. One who laughs or is fond of merriment. The laughers are a majority. Pope. LAUGHI'ING, (laff/ing,) ppr. or a. Expressing mirth in a particular manner. LAUGHING, (laff/ing,) x. Laughter. LAUGH'ING-LY, (laff/ing-ly,) adv. In a merry way; with laughter. LAUGH'ING-GAS, n. Nitrous oxyd, or protoxyd of nitrogen ; so called from the exhilaration and laugh- ter which it ordinarily produces when inhaled. Brande, LAUGH/ING-STOCK, x. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Spenser. Shak. LAUGH’TER, (laff/ter,) n. Convulsive merriment ; an expression of mirth peculiar to man, consisting in a peculiar noise and configuration of features, with a shaking of the sides, and expulsion of breath. I said of laughter, It is mad. — Eccles, ii. LAUGH'TER-LESS, a. Without laughing. LAUGH’-WOR-FHY, a. Deserving to be laughed at. . Jonson. LAU’MON-ITE, nx. Efflorescent zeolite ; so called rom ZLaumont, its discoverer. It is found in lami- nated masses, in groups of prismatic crystals or pris- matic distinct concretions. Exposed to the air, it disintegrates. Cleaveland. LAUNCE, x. Balance. [Obs.] That Fortune all in equal launce doth sway. Spenser. LAUNCH, v. t. To move or cause to slide from the Jand into the water; as, to launch a ship. LAUNCH, v.72. To go forth, as a ship into the water; as, to launch into the wide world. Hence, 2. To expatiate in language; as, to launch into a wide field of discussion. LAUNCH, n. The sliding or movement of a ship from the land into the water, on ways prepared for the purpose. 2. A kind of boat, longer, lower, and more flat- bottomed than a long-boat. Mar. Dict. LAUNCH’ED, (laéncht,) pp. Moved into the water ; expatiated on. LAUNCH/ING, ppr. Moving mto the water; expa- tiating. LAUND,n. Alawn. [Vot used] Chaucer. LAUN/DER, (lan’der,) x. [from L. lavo, to wash. ] A washerwoman ; also, a long and hollow trough, used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten. Encyc. LAUN’DER, (lan’der,) v. t. To wash; to wet. Shak. LAUN/DER-ER, (lan/der-er,) m» A man who follows the business of washing clothes, Butler. LAUN/DRESS, (ldén/dress,) n. [Fr. lavandiere; Sp. lavandera; It. lavandaia; from L. lavo, Sp. lavar, to wash. ] A washerwoman ; a female whose employment is to wash clothes. LAUN’DRESS, (lan/dress,) v.27 [Supra.] To prac- tice washing. lount. LAUN’DRY, (lin/dry,) x. [Sp. lavadero.] 1. A washing. Bacon. 2. The place or room where clothes are washed. LAU/RE-ATE, a. [L. laureatus, from laurea, a lau- el. ] Decked or invested with laurel; as, /aurcate hearse. Milton. * Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines, Pope. Poet laureate; in Great Britain, an officer of the king’s household, whose business is to compose an ode annually for the King’s birthday, and for the new year. It is said this title was first given him in the time of Edward LV. Encyc. LAU/RE-ATE, »v. t To honor with a degree in the university, and a present of a wreath of laurel. Warton. LAU/RE-A-TED, pp. Honored with a degree and a Jaurel wreath, LAU/RE-ATE-SHIP, x. Office of a Jaureate. LAU/RE-A-TING, ppr. Honoring with a degree and a laurel wreath. LAU-RE-A/TION, n. The act of conferring a degree in the university, together with a wreath of laurel ; TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. —€ an honor bestowed on those who excelled in writing verse. This was an ancient practice at Oxford, from which probably originated the denomination of poet laureate. Warton. LAU/REL, zn. [L. laurus ; It. lauro; Fr. laurter; Sp. laurel; Port. laureiro ; W. Uorwyz, llorwyzen, laurel- wood, from the root of Uawr, a floor, llor, that spreads; Dan. laur-ber-tree; G. lorbeer, the laurel or bayberry. JZaur coincides in elements with flow- er, floreo.] The English of Zaurus, a genus of plants of sev- eral species. The laurel was dedicated to Apollo, and used in making garlands or wreaths for vic- tors, &c. Encyc. LAU’REL-ED, a. Crowned or decorated with laurel, or with a laurel wreath ; laureate. LAU/RES-TINE, n. [L. laurustinus.] A plant, the Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree, of the south of Europe. LAU-RIF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. laurus and fero, to bear.] Producing or bringing laurel. LAU’RIN, x. A fatty, acrid matter contained in the berries of the laurel. Brande. LAUS DE'O, [L.)] Praise to God. LAUS/KRAUT, 2. [G. ldusekraut, louse-plant.] A plant of the genus Delphinium. LAU!/TU, x. A band of cotton, twisted and worn on the head of the Inca of Peru, as'a badge of royalty. J. Barlow. LA/VA, mn. [Probably from flowing, and from the root of L. fluo, or lavo ; It. lawa, a stream, now lava.] 1. A mass or stream of melted mimerals or stony matter which bursts or is thrown from the mouth or sides of a volcano, and is sometimes ejected in such quantities as to overwhelm cities. Catania, at the foot of Etna, has often been destroyed by it, and, in 1783, a vast tract of land in Iceland was overspread by an irruption of lava from Mount Hecla. 2. The same matter when cool and hardened. LA/VA-LIKE, a. Resembling lava. LA-VA!/TION, n. [L. lavatio, from lavo.] A washing or cleansing. Hakewill. LAV/A-TO-RY, n. [See Lavz.] A place for wash- ing. 2. A wash or lotion for a diseased part. 3. A place where gold is obtained by washing. Encyc. LAVE, v. t. [Fr. laver; Sp. lavar ; It. lavare; L. lavo ; Gr. \ovw ; Sans. allava; probably contracted from Ja- go or laugo.] To wash ; to bathe; a word used chiefly in poetry or rhetoric. Milton. Dryden. LAVE,z. ([Sax. lefan, to leave.] The remainder ; others. [Scottish.] LAVE, v.z% To bathe; to wash one’s self. Pope. LAVE, v.t. [Fr. lever.] To throw up or out; to lade out. [Wot in use.] B. Jonson. LAV/ED, pp. Bathed; washed. LAVE’-EAR-ED, a. Having large, pendent ears. Not in use.] Bp. Hall. LA-VEER’, v. t. [Fr. louvoyer, or lowvier ; D. lavee- Ten. | In seamen’s language, to tack; to sail back and forth. Dryden. BE believe this word is not in common use. } LAVE/MENT, 7x. [Fr.] A washing or bathing. 2. A clyster. LAV/EN-DER, zn. [L. lavandula.] An aromatic plant, Lavandula. LAV/EN-DER-WA/TER, x. A liquor composed of spirits of wine, essential oil of lavender, and am- bergris. LA/VER, x. fee lavoir, from laver, to lave.] A vessel for washing; a large basin; in Scripture history, a basin placed in the court of the Jewish tab- ernacle, where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet, and the entrails of victims. Encyc. LA/VER, n. The fronds or leaves of certain marine plants, potted in order to be eaten. Smart. LAV’ER-OCK, n. The lark. [Scottish.] [See Larx.] LAV/ING, ppr. Washing; bathing. LAVISH, a. [I know not from what source we have received this word. It coincides in elements with L. liber, free, liberal, and L. lavo, to wash. } 1. Prodigal; expending or bestowing with profu- sion; profuse. He was lavish of expense ; lavish of praise ; lavish of encomiums ; lavish of censure ; lav- ish of blood and treasure. 2, Wasteful ; expending without necessity ; liberal to a fault. Dryden. 3. Wild; unrestrained. Curbing his lavish spirit. Shak, LAV/ISH, v. t. To expend or bestow with profusion ; as, to lavish praise or encomiums. 2. To waste; to expend without necessity or use ; to squander ; as, to lavish money on vices and amuse- ments, LAV/ISH-ED, (lav/isht,) pp. Expended profusely ; wasted. LAV/ISH-ER, x. A prodigal ; a profuse person. LAV/ISH-ING, ppr. Expending or laying out with profusion ; wasting. as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. LAV/ISH-LY, adv. With profuse expense; prodigal- ly ; wastefully. Dryden. Pope. LAV/ISH-MENT, zx. Prodigality: vrofuse expendi- ture. LAE ee: nm. Profusion ; prodigality. Spenser. LA- ue LA-VOL'TA, { ™ [It. la volta, the turn.] An old dance in whith was much turning and ca- pering. : Shak. It is thus described by Sir John Davies : — A lofty jumping or a leaping round, Where arm in arm two qaneers are entwined, And whirl themselves with strict embracements round, And still their feet an anapest do sound. LAW, 7. [Sax. laga, lage, lag, or lah; Sw. lag; Dan. lov: It. legge; Sp. ley; Fr. lov; L. lex ; from the root of lay, Sax. lecgan, Goth. lagyan. (See Lay.) A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed, like statute, consti- tution, from L. statuwo.} 1. A rule, particularly an established or permanent rule, prescribed by the supreme power of a state to its subjects, for regulating their actions, particularly their social actions. Laws are imperative or manda- tory, commanding what shall be done; prohibitory, restraining from what is to be forborne ; or permis- sive, declaring what may be done without incurring a penalty. The laws which enjoin the duties of pi- ety and morality are prescribed by God and found in the Scriptures. Law is beneficence acting by rule. Burke. 2. Municipal law, is a rule of civil conduct pre- scribed by the supreme power Of a state, command- ing what its subjects are to do, and prohibiting what they are to forbear; a statute. Municipal or civil laws are established by the de- crees, edicts, or ordinances of absolute princes, as emperors and kings, or by the formal acts of the leg- islatures of free states. Law, therefore, is sometimes equivalent to Decrer, Epict, or ORDINANCE. 3. Law of nature, is a rule of conduct arising out of the natural relations of human beings, established by the Creator, and existing prior to any positive pre- cept. Thus it is a law of nature that one man should not injure another, and murder and fraud would be crimes, independent of any prohibition from a su- preme power. 4. Laws of animal nature; the inherent principles by which the economy and functions of animal bod- ies are performed, such as respiration, the circula- tion of the blood, digestion, nutrition, various secre- tions, &c. 5. Laws of vegetation; the principles by which plants are produced, and their growth carried on till they arrive to perfection. 6. Physical laws, or laws of nature; the invariable tendency or determination of any species of matter to a particular form with definite properties, and the determination of a body to certain motions, changes, and relations, which uniformly take place in the same circumstances, is called a physical law. ‘These tendencies or determinations, whether called laws or affections of matter, have been established by the Creator, and are, with a peculiar felicity of expres- sion, denominated, in Scripture, ordinances of Heaven. 7. Laws of nations ; the rules that regulate the mu- tual intercourse of nations or states. These rules depend on natural law, or the principles of justice which spring from the social state ; or they are found- ed on customs, compacts, treaties, leagues, and agreements, between independent communities. By the law of nations, we are to understand that code of public instruction, which defines the rights and Pree the du- ties of nations, in their intercourse with each other. Kent. 8, Moral law ; a law which prescribes to men their religious and social duties, in other words, their du- ties to God and to each other. The moral law is sumniarily contained in the decalogue, or ten com- mandments, written by the finger of God on two tables of stone, and delivered to Moses on Mount Sinai. Ex. xx. 9. Ecclesiastical law ; a rule of action prescribed for the government of a church. 10. Canon law; the body of ecclesiastical Roman law. ll. Written or statute law ; a law or rule of action prescribed or enacted by the legislative power, and promulgated and recorded in writing ; a written stat- ute, ordinance, edict, or decree. : 12. Umeritten or common law; a rule of action which derives its authority from long usage or estab lished custom, which has been immemorially received and recognized by judicial tribunals, As this law can be traced to no positive statutes, its rules or prin ciples are to be found only in the records of courts, and in the reports of judicial decisions. 13. By-law; a law of a city, town, or private Cor oration. [See By. e 14, ee law ; A institutions of Moses, or the code of laws prescribed to the Jews, as distinguished from the gospel. 15. Ceremonial l prescribe the external rites and ¢ azo ; the Mosaic institutions, which eremonies to be ob- —_—_—<——$ cole a ae 7 ee oll —~—seapesies-smeet_<* "el ees a feats be pesSS LA W LAY LAY ‘ a a ee 652 served b isti i cs ; egiby, the Jews, as distinct from the moral pre- | LAW I_MAK/ING, a. Enacting laws cepts, which are of perpetual obligation LAW!_MON'GER He laws: 4, To place in order; to di f 16. A rule of direction ; a director f A 3 d * bE o} ER, A low dealer in law; a petti- building; as, t a Srnee Gisnose wat regularity in nativall conscience. > y 3; as reason an TAME ne (WU "Milton. Sante g; as, to lay bricks or stones, 1n constructing : ; AA ,n. [W. Wan, an open, clear pla “the 4 These, having not the law, are a law to themselves. — Rom. ii. same word as land, with < : P ee Jt ae the 2. To spread on a surface ; 17. That which ti acoici , With an appropriate significa paint ace; as, to lay plaster or areaht vhich governs or has a tendency to rule ; ion, and coincides with plain, planus, Ir. cluain, Sp 6. Tos oe jat which has the power of controlling. Haro] : 7. To spread or set; as, to lay snares. ‘ But Wes another law in my members warring against the law £aN0 en Space between woods ; a Space of ground : alm; to appease; to still; to allay. | Bote ce, pale iene EHDEME in into captivity to the law of sin CONS with grass, generally in front of or around After a tempest, when the winds are laid E Aeanice ‘a: ee embers. — Rom. Vil. a house or mansion 8. To j i : c a ; : sion. . quiet ; to still; to restrai roti a i 18, The word of God; the doctrines and precepts Betwixt them lawns, or level downs, and flock to lay the devil 1; torestrain from walking; as, || fit @ of God, or his revealed will. Grazing the tender herbs, were interspersed. ° Milton 9. To spread. and set in ord Peon 4 a But his delight iz in the law of the Lord, and in his law doth he LAWN, nN. Fr. linon, from li P - P lay a table for di = order ; to prepare 5 as, to ig meditate day and night. — Ps. i As me lin, flax, L. linum.] 7 mt ‘ Hour a 19. TI old T starr =: — AES eee sane linen or cambric. Its use in the 10. ‘To place in the earth for growth onli i : 1e estament. eves 0 bishops explains the following line : — The chief time of laying gilly-flowers is in July : i 1; a Is it not written in your /aw, I said, Ye are gods? — John x. A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn, Pope 11. To play at I ne i ia in July. Mortimer. { i , Be ane oe AV ° : ay at hazard ; y . aye Di 90, The institutions of Moses, as distinct from the LAWN, a. Made of lawn. lay a crown or an ea ne wage ; to stake ; as, to Ph : other parts of the Old Testament; as, the Jaw and LAWN'Y,a. Level, asa jain ; like 7 12. To bring mie aS, wager. p ; a lawn ring forth ; to lud He the prophets. 2. Made of lawn. Bp. Hall 13. To add; toj Entolexcin Ge yeas lay eggs. j 21. A rule or axiom of science or art ; settled prin- LAW’SUIT, n. [See Suir.) A suit in ia fi ; th Woe to th cate a ; ciple; as, the laws of versification or poetry. recovery of a supposed right; a process i | Oe a em that join house to house, that lay ficld to ficld. — r y : : : = = > s Deiesi ss SS aw sti- : : Bry ki eee 29.’ Law martial, or martial law; the rules ordained tuted by a party to compel another to do him jus oe 14. T }) : for the government of an army or eaaitary force LAW/YER, n._ [That is, lawer, contract ae sue nee . To put ; to apply. E ; D9 7) . aye : } 4 one ay = acted from [on - De 10% Ee regulation of navi- wens law-man. | : eee 5 She layeth her hand to the spindle. — Prov. xxxi gi é 7 ercial inte se Sua ne versed i ; ces 5. ssess : . : Barrie cuil Laan rcourse of nations. versed the laws, or a practitioner of law ; 195) Tig assess) EO charge ; to impose; as, to / | a omen al law, law-merchant ; the system of one whose profession is to institute suits in ¢c Me) fax on land ; to lay a duty on salt y Sy ay a | ru es by which trade and commercial intercourse are law, and to prosecute or defend the caus > aS of 16. To charge ; to impuite ; as, to l re UE merchants. This is a general term eS aeeanenaing? ofic ients. to lay want of prudence to bo a ay blame on one ; 95. Judicial process ; prosecuti j i counselors, solici eee: g attorneys 7. To in PCR Se, Cee eee “UD. on of right in courts ea rs, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and aan ue To impose, as evil, burden, or punishment , a . maa zs The Lord hath laid on hi min < : % Fem Taney is a fellow famous for taking the law of every LA W'YER-LIKE, a. Like areal lawyer saintperen vel n him the iniquity of us all. —Is. lit. ; 3 ° uo aren LAW/YER-LY, a. Judicial. a Aue : enjoin as a duty; as, to lay commands on | once the phrase to wo to law, to prosecute; to LAX,a. [L. lazus; Sp. laso; It. lasso; F 1 Ne 19 To 'exhibi 4 Beek redress in a Jegal tribunal. ? lasche.] sul wlassioe Ry slacker /or il lict o exhibit; to present or offer; as, to lay ap ey 26. cere : : : ‘ idictment in a particul: ? J oe DE ; as in the title doctor of laws. 1. Loose; flabby ; soft; not tense, firm, or rigid ; 50. TG Tata sala county. re Ve pence ao0i1s a rule of action prescribed pana flesh; a lax fiber. ’ £1G ; Se oO Slay. > government of rational beings or moral 2. Slack ; not tight or tense; as, a l The leaders first ; agents, to which rule they are bound to vield ae 3. Not firmly united ; of Insel = ae cord. He /aid along. DARA ae . ms J L a : “1 s a Ae ag = } a B ee oe of which they are exposed to aan and the like lazer matter - S Waodk A el 21. To depress and lose sight of, by sailing ne de ; shment; or law is a certain 1 ; oe areal 4. Not rigidly ex es OOGWATG. parting from ; as, t l years 5 12 law is a certain inherent, instinctive z gidly exact ; as, a lax moral dis ; 7 ; as, to lay the land ; a seaman’s phras ‘ ropensl atic Peay : ed eo : ; ’ al discourse. S To stati : z ? IN’S PUTAS E- ‘ Pronens on of irrational animals to particular actions ; 5. Not strict ; as, laz morals. 4 22. To station ; to set; as, to lay an amb eh : or an invariable deter : ? 6. Loose ; : [ Baker. 03; LL 01c 2 ’ uShs ff . mate bodies t mination or tendency of inani-| qj . Loose in the intestines, and having too frequent Fol ontrive ; to scheme ; to plan. | Tanne s to certain motions, combinations, and | 7, eco © a = a cable; to twist or unite the strands. | ae eA a tees os n. A looseness ; diarrhea. 0 lay apart; to put away ; to reject. principle ey Seues of actions, put the cause or ne ie tas: of fish or salmon, [Sax. lex.] [JVot Lay apart all filthiness. — James i : : sh they proceed, and of which ist To lay aside ; alee. Ae Saas n. [L. lazatio.] Let us la ide to put off or away ; not to retain. vu Law rimin S rN . nee ae , et us lay aside every weight, ¢ 2 si : . Bless. ’ al law. See Civiz and Crim- Ce eee reed slackening ; or the state of Benet Gates Heb eaxiiie it, and the sin that doth so easily g loose or slackene Tl. dic | Laws of honor. S S AX'A-TIVE Rae 2. To disconti : as “4 Law eee ; Sa 1 7 aE enn a, [Fr. lazatif, from L. laro.] thing nue ; as, to lay aside the use of any suage; the language used in legal writings uving the power or quality of looseni To” i ar Be a gs ; : i oose a - : Eres and forms, particularly the Norman dialec : ing the intestines, and relie ty sening or open To lay away; to reposit in store; to put aside fi French, which was seed idicial pe la ect op oe LAX/A-TIVE, 1 a o lovin eifrom constipation. preservation. ? p e for the days of Willi Bet ea é oceedings from pasar 's ia medicine that relaxes the intes- To lay before; to exhibit ; | of Edward III lliam the Conqueror to the 36th year eee and relieves from costiveness ; a gentle purga view. ‘The papers eave if ad eee pas : ° : 5 om : aideeaed fore congress. \ Wa : < : v7 + o la . aSerV + a Raciad Crier a species of trial formerly used in Leet ESS, 72. The quality of ere Le y Dy FLO RESET TOKE ead | Fe Bd date deen gave security that J = ee mt. [L. lars] xing- et ereryjons of yan ey by him in store, as God hath prospered ) a certz ay, make his law ; that is . Looseness ; slackness ; the o Si reese we a OW * < els - « c Ss 6. ny sit = . tained nae nae that he owed nothing to the eee TENSION. : ppoaite cba 2. To put away ; to dismiss. . , ana wou jroduce eleve vc ; 2. Looseness of te Let brave spirits aa as compurgators, oe sheild See OO ee akc ant eat orétisi Bentley. HESE spirits not be laid by, as persons unnecessary for the lieved in . ors oa SWwec é rey be- scat xX Ss cision : as, lazity of ex- e : Bacon. eo their consciences that he had sworn the aan oe a ae y 5 3. To put off. oe ae . Looseness; defect of ° LAW/-BREAK : Blackstone. = ; defect of exactness; as And she arose and w ~ : : | AW/-BREAK-ER, n. One who violates the law. poeta 3 as, lazity of xxxviii. went away, and laid by her veil. —Gen. © : 5. Looseness, as of the intesti : AV! Milton. ’ of the intes : : AIS LAW _DAY, n. A day of open court ton Caenmecee: tines ; the opposite of To lay down ; to deposit, as a pledge equivale | 5 RG Ha arichentParc ae urt. Shak. 6. Openness a or satisfaction ; to resign. pledge, nt, \| LAW/EUL ms) FN . inna 2Ss ; not closeness. =e a 4 a. Agree e auy « “uh 5 . . I ; ) S ' law ; allowed aa Lo ayy, sconformable to L RNEES: 3 Loosely ; without exactness. Rees lay down my life for the sheen. — John x. ; y le - legitima Wine <6 AA'NESS, 7 Ss SET a aes ‘ ive . . : Law ching Oe Rag. es Sane i} deemed the eae of Ae cne sens flabbiness ; as, eee fap! resign ; to quit or relinquish ; as, Rc pianiienvareiiot expedi S, any things are S 2s 1uscles. 1 n an office or commission . expe 9. La} o ae mT =a ze . ¢ | 2. Constituted by k pecients 3 L BEY! the opposite of TENsIon. 3, To quit ; to surrender the use of ; as, to lay d owner of lands y law; rightful; as, the lawful A Posen’; as of morals or discipline onersiaring: ce aa ands. . Looseness, as of the intesti : 4. To offe , ; AW'‘EU ~ ¢ le inte F o offer or adv S . : { mi Bene es _ Legally; in accordance with rl Slackness, as of a cord aa tion or principle eget net esc aueoas | Soe eat nolating law. Te m< : A pret. Of F hat : Febee : GatS OTe L walle the laws do not forbid Wie) may lawfully do Hartford Liz. The estate lay in the county of To lay one’s self down ; to commit to repose. ‘ AW'/FUL-NES ae ee ; : I will both la m in pe: ale nu Fe n. The quality of being conform- When Ahab heard these words, he rent his cl h lay me down in peace and sleep. — Ps. iv. | : to law ; legality. The lawfulness of sackcloth upon his head, and { ialclotbes ane Ooh To lay hold of ; to seize ; to cate | does not always prove its propriet s of an action 1 Kings xxi , and fasted and Jay in sackcloth. — sg used in a like sen re; tocatch. To lay hold on, LAW/GIV-ER sty or expedience 5 ea + ceo Lock ae -BR,n. [law z aces “ee LAY, Ut 5 a in; 5 : ocke. | or enacts a law ; a eau al Ones boumakes D ee Le oes He ae [Sax. lecgan, legan ; aie ee in; to store; to treasure ; to provide pre- LAW/GIV-IN a legislator. Swift. ee eine - legen; OW. dgga; Dan. lerver; ee Nm .¢ | Siioas ING,a. Making or enacting laws; We nes Lees whence locus, W. Ue, nisees Eng nt To ay on; to apply with force ; to eee '| LAW/ING Waller. a; W. leau, to lay. Hence Fr. lieu, A : lay on blows. a = , ”. Expeditation ; tl eT. place ; Ir. legadh ~ lieu, Arm. lech, a Tol . ‘ the claws ar rrreterate the act of cutting e 5 Ar. tegaan, Arm. lacqaat, to lay. i ay open; to open; to make bare ; ; | peasant balls of the fore feet of mastiffs pesos sense is, to send or throw Sanence this ee Ateaie 1 B1s0,sLOlSU OWE LO expose 3 to reveal aes i LAW/LESS he Nae after deer. Blackstone lego, legare, differently applied ; Gr. Acyopat to lie the, designs of an enemy. 2 ae f aSS, a. ot subject to law ; ur lestone. . > 0 lay over; z . : mre : ] ‘ arestr: “ y over; to spread over; TAT CTie ani as, a lawless tyrant ; lawless dae strained by down; Eth. NAN laka. to send the surface ; ae to es “ Oo ae to incrust ; to cover | 2. Contrary to Jaw; illegal - unauthori Class Lg, No. 1, 21 I a ORES whence lackey. To lay out : to Aa sat: with pold on suet: | Tamlessiclaiu: gal; unauthorized; as, a S eniia ; . 1, 21. It coincides with lodge rd aaeNer ones expend; as, to lay out money, or He need ire ; n ‘ me . Peni : i no indirect nor lawless course. Ses 1. Literally, to throw down; hence, to put or place ; 2. To display; to discover. | 3. Not subject to the ordinary laws of nz : applied to things broad or long, and in this a He takes occasion to lay out bi ae controlled. nature ; un- differing from Srv. We laya Heat aie t a eteon ce iisicolors:) [Obs .” out bigotry and false cou in all + | : é , is A 3 z > Ue when ‘ tterbur i He, meteor-like, flames lawless througt : we place it on its side; but wes i 7 . ee : gh the void 1 j e set it on the end. W 3. To plan; to dis ; LAW/‘LESS-L gh ; Pope. ay the foundation of c pers ispose in order th . A Ss_ : y | ‘ ah ‘ E ee e several parts | S-LY, adv. Ina manner contrary to law on its foundation Cee or pulang mh pees R.Burcen. : op} een ake se oe . To dress in grave- : 7 | LAW/LESS-NESS, 2. The quality or st Shak. ele He Aue from him. — Jonah iii. posture ; as, to tera cee a place Ina decent I Soa by law ; disorder : er peme AS atone See DOAENT AT te paon: lay forth f ’ a.corpse,, SHBRSPeat rel || Le my R . P IENSET. erragtraks ant ° 5 ye i| DAW/-] ORE, n. Ancient law learning. Ji aoe: Dan. vi. p the mouth of the den, — 5. To exert; as, to la ‘ > : JAW/-MAK/ER g. Jefferson. 9 ; t; as, to ay out all one’s strength. So . Pee es , m. One who enacts or ordains ia To beat down; to prostrate Vaolont winds with the reciprocal pronoun, to lay one’s self a y not be ee aera a lawaiver. Lavw-makers should Wy ee Toe lay corn and grass ; va to exert strength. ; oe ‘ iz i - he -breakers,. A 5 oO. o settle: to fix and k pe ia To lay to; to charge upc . é ¥ 49 a ¢ ] o , ate oO e ES iI dage. er lays the dust. eep from rising. A show- 2. To apply with er are nS Oe ee ‘ FATE, FA . 3. To attac ieee USSEr. I TE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE ck or harass. [ Obs-] Knolles. “ ’ XK —_— I 7 y M ARINE BY = a ? 4d AVE LN IS RD. — Nc TE Ty r ¥ oat > a E, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —LAY LEA LEA 4. To check the motion of a ship, and cause her to be stationary. To lay together; to collect; to bring to one place; also, to bring into one view. To lay to heart; to permit to affect greatly. To lay under; to subject to; as, to lay one under re- straint or obligation. To lay up; to store ; to treasure ; to reposit for fu- ture use, Lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven. — Matt. vi. 2. To confine to the bed or chamber. He is laid up with the gout. 3. To dismantle, and place in a dock or some safe place, as a ship. To lay siege; to besiege; to encompass with an army. To lay wait ; to station for private attack ; to lay in ambush for. To lay the course, in sailing, is to sail toward the port intended without jibing. To lay waste; to destroy ; to desolate ; to deprive of inhabitants, improvements, and productions. To lay the land, in seamen’s language, is to cause the land apparently to sink or appear lower, by sail- ing from it, the distance diminishing the elevation. LAY, v.i. To bring or produce eggs. Hens will greedily eat the herb that will make them Jay the better. Mortimer. 2. To contrive ; to formascheme. [Unzsual.] To lay about ; to strike or throw the arms on all sides ; to act with vigor. Spenser. South. To lay at; to strike or to endeavor to strike. The sword of him that layeth at him can not hold. — Job xii. To lay in for; to make overtures for; to engage or secure the possession of. I have /aid in for these. To lay on; to strike ; to beat; to deal blows inces- santly and with vehemence. 2. To act with vehemence 3 used of expenses. Shak. To lay out ; to purpose ; to intend. He lays out to make a journey. 2. To take measures. I made strict inquiry wherever I came, and Jaid out for intelli- gence of all places. Woodward, To lay upon; to Wager upon. Smart. 2. To importune. [ Obs. ] LAY,z7. That which lies or is laid; a row; a stra- tum; a layer; one rank in a series reckoned up- ward ; as, a lay of wood. A viol should have a lay of wire-strings below. 2. A bet; a wager. [Zittle used.] 3. Station; rank. [Wot wsed.] LAY, 7. [Sex leag, leah, lege; W. lle; Russ. lug; L. locus; Fr. lew. (See Lay, the verb.) The words which signify place, are from verbs which express setting or laying. It is written also Ley, and Lea, but less properly. ] A meadow ; a plain or plat of grass land. A tuft of daisies on a flowery lay. Dryden. The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the ‘ea. Gray. LAY,n. [Sax. legh or ley; Gr. Anxsw, to sound. It might also be deduced from G. lied, a sony; D. id. ; Sax. leoth; Scot. letd, lede, or lwid; Ir. lyidh; Gael. lacidh ; from the root of loud, L. laudo, plaudo, Sax. hlydan.} 1. A song; as, a soft lay ; immortal lays. Milton. 2. A species of narrative poetry among the ancient minstrels ; as, the Lay of the Last Minstrel. W. Scott. LAY, @. [Fr. lai, L. laicus, It. laico, Sp. lego, a lay- man; Gr. \atxos, from Aaos, people ; Sax. leod.] Pertaining to the Jaity or people, as distinct from the clergy; not clerical; as, a lay person; a lay preacher ; a /ay brother. LAY’/-BROFH/ER, (-bruth/er,) n. One received into a convent of monks under the*ihree vows, but not in holy orders. Brande. LAY/-€LERK’, n. A Jayman who leads the responses of the congregation, &c., in the church service. Hook. LAY’/-ELD/ER, n. In the Presbyterian church, the same as E.pger, which see. LAY’/ER, (la‘er,) n. [from lay, the verb.] A stratum ; a bed; a body spread over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand. 2. A course, as of bricks, stones, &c. 3. A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propaga- tion. Encyc. 4. One that lays, as a hen. Mortimer. LAY’/ER-ING, n. ? ’ - = mild; Ar. Ow laina, to be soft, or smooth. Class Ln, No. 4. The primary sense probably is smooth, or to make smooth, and dlandus may be of the same family. ] 1. Softening; mitigating ; assuasive. Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand, Yet tamea not this. Pope. Sometimes with of; as, lenient of grief. Milton. 2. Relaxing; emollient. Oils relax the fibers, are lenient, balsamic. Arbuthnot. That which softens or assuages ; an emollient. Wiseman. LE’/NLENT-LY, adv. Mitigatingly ; assuagingly. LEN’I-FY, v. t. To assuage; to soften; to mitigate. [Little used. Bacon. Dryden. LEN/I-MENT, x. Anassuasive. [Vot used.] LEN/I-TIVE, a. [It. lenitivo; Fr. lenitif; from L. lenio, to soften. ] Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as pain or acrimony ; assuasive ; emollient. Bacon. Arbuthnot. LEN/I-TIVE, x. A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain; that which softens or mitigates, 2 A palliative; that which abates passion. South. LEN/I-TY,n. [L. lenitas, from lenis, mild, soft. ] Mildness of temper ; softness; tenderness; mercy. LE/NI-ENT, x. Young offenders may be treated with lenity. It is opposed to Severity and Ricor. LEN/NOCK, a. Slender; pliable. [Zocal.] LE-NOC’/I-NANT, a. [L. Hast Given to lewdness. More. LENS, n.; pl. Lenses. [L. lens, a lentil.] In optics, a piece of glass or other transparent sub- stance, bounded on both sides by polished spherical surfaces, or on the one side by a spherical, and on the other by a plane, surface. Rays of light passing through it are made to change their direction, and to magnify or diminish objects at a certain distance. Lenses are double-convex, or convex on both sides; double-concave, or concave on both sides ; plano- convex, or plano-concave, that is, with one side plane, and the other convex or concave; or convex on one side, and concave on the other ; the Jatter is called a meniscus, when the concavity is Jess than the convexity ; but a concavo-convex lens, when the con- LEN/TI-FORM, a. LEN-TIG/I-NOUS, a. LEN-TVGO, x [L.] LEN’TIL, 2. LEN’TISK, done without a proces verbal, in which the facts are stated | LEN-TIS/€US, LENT’L-TUDE, n. LENT/NER, n. LEN’TO, LEN-TE-MEN'TE, [It.,] in music, signi- LEN’TOR, n. [L., from lentus, slow, tough, clammy ; LEN’TOUS, a. LEN-V OY’, (lin-vw4’,) 7. [L. lens and forma, form. ] Of the form of a double-convex lens. [L. lentigo, a freckle, from L. lens. | Freckly ; scurfy ; furfuraceous. A freckly eruption on the skin. r. lentille, from L. lens.] A plant of the genus Ervum. It is an annual plant, rising with weak stalks about 18 inches. The seeds, which are contained in a pod, are round, flat, anda little convex in the middle. It is cultivated for fodder, and for its seeds. Encyc. n. [Fr. lentisque; It. lentischio ; Sp. lentisco ; Li. lentiscus.] A tree of the genus Pistacia, the mastich-tree, a native of Arabia, Persia, Syria, and the south of Eu- rope. The wood is of a pale-brown, resinous and fragrant. [See Masticu.] [L. lentus, slow.] [ot used. } A kind of hawk. Dict. Walton. Slowness, fies slow, smooth, and gliding. Fr. lenteur.] 1, Tenucity ; viscousness. Bacon. 2, Slowness; delay ; sluggisbness. Arbuthnot. 3. Siziness; thickness of fluias . viscidity ; a term used in the humoral pathology Coxe. Quincy. (L. lentus, stow, ihick.] Viscid ; viscous ; tenacious. Brown. [Fr.] A term borrowed from old French poetry, and signifying a few de- tached verses at the end of each piece, serving to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a par- ticular person. Toone. LEN’ZIN-ITE, n. [from Lenzius, a German mineral- ogist.] A mineral of two kinds, the opaline and argilla- ceous ; a variety of clay, occurring usually in small masses of the size of a nut. Cleaveland. Phillips. LE/O,n. [L.] The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac. Lis/OD, n. peeron.] People ; a nation. LE/OF, n. Leof denotes love; so leofwin, a winner of love ; leofstan, best beloved. ibson. LiE/O-NINE, a. [L. leoninus, from leo, lion.] Belonging toa lion ; resembling a lion, or partaking of his qualities ; as, leonine fierceness or rapacity. Leonine verses, so named from Leo, the inventor, are those the end of which rhymes with the mid- dle; as, Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum. Johnson, L&/O-NINE-LY, adv. In the manner of a lion. Harris. LEOP/ARD, (lep/ard,) x. [. leo, lion, and pardus, pard, Gr. tapdos, from Heb. 175, to separate, that is, spotted, broken into spor A carnivorous digitigrade mammal, belonging to the genus Felis, i.e. the Cat group. It inhabits Cen- tral Africa. Its fur is yellow, with at least ten ranges of small, black clusters of spots on each flank. LEOP/ARD’S-BANE, n. The English popular name of several different plants, principally species of the genera Arnica and Doronicum. LE/PAS,n. [Gr. \eras.] The Linnean name for the Cirripeda, comprising the Balani or barnacles, and the Anatife, of which there are now several genera. and. LEP’ER, n. [L. lepra, leprosy, Fr. lepre, Ir. lobhar, Gr. Aerpa, from Aeris, a Scale.] A person affected with leprosy LEP’ID, a. [L. lepidus.) Pleasant; jocose. [Little used.] LEP-I-DO-DEN’DRON, n. ([Gr. dems, AEmidos, a scale, and devdpoy, tree.] A fossil tree, so named from the scaly appearance cavity is greater than the convexity. The term lens is sometimes used by itself for double convex lens. LENT, pret. and pp. of Lenp. Ties LENT, 7. ([Sax. lencten, spring, lent, from lene, long; lenegan, to lengthen ; so called from the lengthening of the days.] - The quadragesimal fast, or fast of forty days, ob- served by the Roman Catholic and other churches before Easter, the festival of our Savior’s resurrec- tion. It begins at Ash-Wednesday, and continues till Easter. LENT, a. Slow; mild; as, lenter heats, LENT | Obs.} rit) 3 A « Jonson. ‘ -| In music, directs to a gradual LEN-TAN’ DO, retarding of time. LENT’EN, a, Pertaining to lent; used in lent; spar- ing; as, a lenten entertainment ; a lenten salad. Shak. LEN-TI€’U-LAR, a. [L. lenticularis, from lens, su- pra. I, Resembling a lentil. _2. Having the form of a double-convex lens; len- tiform. LEN-TI€/U-LAR-LY, adv. In the manner of a lens ; with a curve. of the stem, produced by the separation of the leaf stalks. Mantell. LEP/ID-OID, n. [Gr. \erts and et006.] One of a family of extinct fossil fishes, of the oolit- ic formation. Buckland. LEP/I-DO-LITE, n. [Gr. Aerts, a scale, and \xBvs. ] A species of the mica family, presenting a lilac or rose-violet color; it usually occurs in masses consist- ing of small scales. It differs from other micas, in containing the earth lithia. ana. LEP-I-DOP’/TER, n. [Gr. Nets, a scale, and LEP-I-DOP’TE-RA, 7. pl. mrepov, a Wing. ] The Lepidoptera are an order of insects having four membranaceous wings, covered with fine imbricate scales, like powder, as the butterfly. LEP-I-DOP/TER-AL, )a. Belonging to the order of LEP-I-DOP’TER-OUS, Lepidoptera. LEP/O-RINE or LEP/O-RINE, a. [L. leportnus, from lepus,a hare. Qu. the Teutonic leap, to run.] Pertaining to a hare ; having the nature or qualities of the hare. Johnson. LE-PROS/I-TY, n. Squamousness. [Little used. ] Bacon. LEP’RO-SY, 7. [See Lerrr.] A foul cutaneous dis- ease, appearing in dry, white, thin, scurfy scabs, at- LEP/ROUS, a. LEP/ROUS-LY, adv. LEP/ROUS-NESS, x. LEP-TO-DA€/TYL, 2. LEP-TOL/0-GY, n. LERE, 2. LERE, v. t. LERE, a. LER/NE-ANS, 2. pl. Li’ SION, (lé/zhun,) n. LESS, a terminating syllable of many nouns and some the whole body, rarely the face. One species of it is called elephantiasis. Encyc. The term leprosy is loosely and incorrectly applied to two very distinct diseases, the scaly and the tuber- culated, or the proper leprosy and the elephantiasis. The former is characterized by patches of smooth, Jaminated scales, sometimes livid, but usually wiit- ish; in the latter, the skin is thickened, livid, and tuberculated. It is called the black leprosy; but this term is also applied to the livid variety of the scaly leprosy. Good. [Fr. lepreuz.] [See Lerrr.] Infected with leprosy ; covered with white scales. His hand was leprous os snow. — Ex. iv. In Jeprous manner. The state of being leprous,. [Gr. Aeros, slender, and daxTvudos, a toe.) A bird or other animal having slender toes. Hitchcock. [Gr. \erros, small, and Aoyos, discourse. ] A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things. Learning ; lesson ; lore. [Oss] Spenser. To learn; toteach. [Obs.] Chaucer. Empty. [See Lrrr.] A family of parasitic animals, related to the inferior grades of crustacea. They are found attached to fishes, and some species penetrate the skin with their elongated head, and feed on the viscera of the fishes. Dana, [L. lesio, from ledo, to hurt.] hurt; wound ; injury. Rus}. [Not un use. ] A hurting, LESS, for Unvess. adjectives, is the Sax. leas, Goth. laus, belonging to the verb lysan, lausyan, to loose, free, separate. Hence it isa privative word, denoting destitution ; as, a witless man, aman destitute of wit; childless, without children ; fatherless ; faithless; perayless 5 lawless, &C. LESS, a. [Sax. les; perhaps allied to Dan. liser, to abate, to lessen, to relieve, to ease. Less has the sense of the comparative degree of little. ] Smaller; not so large or great; as, a less quantity or number; a horse of less size or value. We are all destined to suffer affliction in a greater or less degree. LESS, adv. Not so much; in a smaller or lower de- gree; as, less bright or loud; less beautiful ; less obliging; less careful. The less a man praises him- self, the more disposed are others to praise him. LESS, n. Not so much. They gathered some more, some less. — Exod. xvi. 2. An inferior. The less is blessed by the better. — Heb. vii. LESS, v. t. To make less. [JVot in use.] Gower. LES-SEE’, n. [from lease.] The person to whom a lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease Blackstone. LESS’EN, (les'n,) v. t. [from less.] To make less; to diminish ; to reduce in bulk, size, quantity, number, or amount; to make smaller; as, to lessen a kingdom or its population. 2, To diminish in degree, state, or quality; as, awkward manners tend to lessen our respect for men of merit. 3. To degrade ; to reduce in dignity. St. Paul chose to magnify his office, when ill men core to lessen it. Allerbury. LESS’EN, (les/n,) v. i. To become less; to shrink ; to contract in bulk, quantity, number, or amount; to be diminished. The apparent magnitude of ob- jects lessens as we recede from them. 2. To become less in degree, quality, or intensity ; to decrease. The strength of the body, and the vi- vacity of the temper, usually lessen aS we advance in age. LESS’EN-ED, pp. Made smaller; diminished. LESS/EN-ING, ppr. Reducing in bulk, amount, or degree ; degrading. LESS/ER, a. [Sax. lessa, lesse, from les. This word is a corruption, but too well established to be dis- carded. ] Less ; smaller. Asia. By the same reason may a man in a state of nature punish the lesser breaches of that law. Locke. God made the lesser light to rule the night. —Gen. i. LES/SES, n. pl. [Fr. laissées.] The leavings or dung of beasts. LES’S ON, (les’n,) n. [This word we probably have received from the Fr. legon, L. lectio, from lego, to read, Fr. lire, lisant; Sp. leccion ; It. lezione; Sw. lera ; and not from the D. leezen, G. lesen, to read. } 1. Any thing read or recited to a teacher by a pu- pil or learner for improvement; or such a portion of a book as a pupil learns and repeats at one time. The instructor is pleased when his pupils recite their lessons with accuracy and promptness. 2. A portion of Scripture read in divine service. Authors always write, the Lesser tended with violent itching. It sometimes covers Thus endeth the first lesson. ] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. — 658LET Lhe LEV 3. A portion of a book or manuscript assigned by a preceptor to a pupil to be learnt, or for an exercise ; something to be learnt. Give him his lesson. 4, Precept; doctrine or notion inculcated. Be not jealous over the wife of thy bosom, and teach her not an evil lesson against thyself. acclus. 5. Severe lecture ; reproof; rebuke. She would give her a lesson for walking so late. Sidney. 6. Tune written for an instrument. Davies. 7. Instruction or truth, taught by experience. The lessons which sickness imparts, she leaves to be prac- ticed when health is established. LES’S ON, (les/n,) v. t. To teach; to instruct. Children should be lessoned into a contempt and detestation of this vice. *Estrange. LES/SON-ED, pp. Taught; instructed. LES/SON-ING, ppr. Teaching. LES’SOR,n. [from lease.] One who leases; the per- son who lets to farm, or gives a lease. Blackstone. LEST, part. [from the Sax. leas, Goth. laus, loose, separate. In Saxon, it was preceded by the, the leas, that less, that not, ne forte. Hence it denotes a loosing or separation, and hence it comes to express prevention. } That not; for fear that. Ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it, lest ye die.— en. ul The phrase may be thus explained: Ye shall not touch it; that separated or dismissed, ye die. That here refers to the preceding command or sentence ; that being removed, or not observed, the fact being not so, ye will die. Sin-no more, lest a worse thing come to thee. — John y. Sin no more; that fact not taking place, a worse thing will happen to thee. T, v. t; pret. and pp. Ler. Lerten is obsolete. max. letan, letan, Goth. letan, to permit, to hinder, to dismiss or send away, to let go, to leave, to admit, to think or suppose, to dissemble, to retard, to be late or slow, to dally or trifle, to lease or let out ; letan aweg, to let away, to throw; W. lluz, hinderance ; lluziaw, to hinder; D. laaten, to permit, to suffer, to give, to leave, to loose, to put, to stow; G. lassen, to let, to permit, grant, allow, suffer; verlassen, to forsake ; unterlassen, to cease, to forbear ; Sw. ldta, to permit ; Dan. lader, to let, permit, allow, grant, suffer, give leave. But in the four latter dialects, there is anoth- er verb, which corresponds with let in some of its significations; D. lyden, G. leiden, Sw. lida, Dan. lider, to suffer, endure, undergo, to permit. With this verb corresponds the English late, D. laat, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, slothful, lazy; and the G. lass, feeble, lazy, coincides with lassen, supra, and this may be the Eng. lazy. To let out, like L. elocare, is to lease, Fr. laisser. Let is the Fr. laisser, in a different dialect. By the German and Welsh, it appears that the last radical may have originally been th, ts, or tz, or other compound. See Class Ld, No. 2, 15, 19, 23; 32, and Class Ls, No. 30.] 1, To permit; to allow ; to suffer; to give leave or power by a positive act, or negatively, to withhold restraint; not to prevent. A leaky ship lets water enter into the hold. et is followed by the infinitive without the sign to. Pharaoh said, I will let you go. — Ex. viii. When the ship was caught, and could not bear up into the wind, we let her drive. — Acts xxvii. - 2. To lease; to grant possession and use for a compensation ; as, to let to farm; to let an estate for a year; to let a room to lodgers; often followed by out, as, to let out a farm; but the use of out is un- necessary. 3. To suffer ; to permit ; with the usual sign of the infinitive. There’s a letter for you, sir, if your name be Horatio, as I am t to know itis. [Not used.] Shak, 4. In the imperative mode, let has the following uses. Followed by the first and third persons, it expresses desire or wish; hence it is used in prayer and en- treaty to superiors, and to those who have us in their power ; as, letp me not wander from thy command- ments. Ps. Cxix. Followed by the first person plural, let expresses exhortation or entreaty ; as, rise, let us go. Followed by the third person, it implies permission or command addressed to an inferior. Let him go, let them remain, are commands addressed to the sec- ond person. Let thou, or let ye, that is, do thou or you permit him to go. ; Sometimes let is used to express a command or in- junction to a third person. When the signal is given to engage, let every man do his duty. When applied to things not rational, it implies al- lowance or concession. O’er golden sands let rich Pactolus flow, Pope. 5. To retard; to hinder; to impede; to interpose obstructions. 2 Thess. ii. Dryden. [This sense is now obsolete, or nearly so. } To let alone; to leave; to suffer to remain without intermeddling ; as, let alone this idle project ; let me alone. To let down ; to permit to sink or fall 5 to lower. She let them down by a cord through the window. — Josh. ii. To let loose; to free from restraint ; to permit to wander at large. To let i or into; to permit or suffer to enter; to admit. Open the door, let in my friend. We are not let into the secrets of the cabinet. 2. Toinsert, asa piece of wood, into a space fommed for the purpose, To let blood; to open a vein and suffer the blood to flow out. To let out ; to suffer to escape, as an animal; to ex- tend or loosen, as a rope or the folds of a garment ; also, to lease or let to hire. To let off; to discharge ; to let fly, as an arrow; or cause to explode, as a gun. To let fly; to send forth or discharge with vio- lence, as an arrow or stone. LET, v.i. To forbear. [ Obs.] Bacon. LET,n. A retarding; hinderance; obstacle ; imped- iment; delay. [Obsolete, unless in some technical phrases. ] LET ; a termination of diminutives ; as, hamlet, a little house ; rivulet, asmall stream. [Sax. lyt, small, less, few. See Litt te. LETCH,n. A leach-tub. [See Leacu.] 2. A long, narrow swamp in which water moves slowly. rockett. LE/THAL, a. [L. lethalis, mortal, from Gr. \n9n, ob- livion. Deadly ; mortal; fatal. Richardson. LE-THAL/I-TY, x. Mortality. Akins. LE-THAR/GIE€, ja. ([L. lethargicus; Fr. lethar- LE-THAR/GI€-AL, § — gique.] Preternaturally inclined to sleep; drowsy ; dull; heavy. Arbuthnot. LE-THAR/GI€-AL-LY, adv. In a morbid sleepi- ness. LE-THAR/GI€-AL-NESS, ) 2. LE-THAR/GI€-NESS, Preternatural or mor- bid sleepiness or drow- siness. More. Herbert. LETH’AR-GI-ED, pp. or a. Laid asleep; entranced, hak. LETH’AR-GY,n. [L. lcthargia ; Gr. \nPaoyta; AnOn, oblivion, and apyos, idle. ] 1. Preternatural sleepiness; morbid drowsiness ; continued or profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked. 2. Dullness ; inaction ; inattention. Europe lay then under a deep lethargy. Atterbury. LETH/AR-GY, v. t. To make lethargic or dull. Churchill. LE/THE, (1é/the,) x. [Gr. An@n, forgetfulness; \79w, L. lateo, to be hid.] 1. In Greek mythology, one of the rivers of the in- fernal regions, whose waters were said to cause for- getfulness of the past. Milton. Hence, 2. Oblivion ; a draught of oblivion. Shak. LE-THE/AN, a. Inducing forgetfulness or oblivion. Lempriere. As. Res. Shakspeare has LeruHeep in this sense, LE-THIF’ER-OUS, a, [L. lethum, death, and fero, to bring. } Deadly ; mortal; bringing death or destruction. Robinson. LET’TER, n. [from let.] One who permits. 2. One who retards or hinders. 3. One who gives vent; as, a blood-letter. LET/TER, n. [Fr. lettre; It. lettera; lL. litera; W. llythyr. ] 1. Amark or character, written, printed, engraved, or painted ; used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech. By sounds, and articulations or closures of the or- gans, are formed syllables and words. Hence a letter is the first element of written Janguage, as a simple sound is the first element of spoken language or speech. As sounds are audible, and communicate ideas to others by the ear, so letters are visible repre- sentatives of sounds, and communicate the thoughts of others by means of the eye. 2. A written or printed message; an epistle; a communication made by visible characters from one person to another at a distance. The style of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural. Walsh. 3. The verbal expression ; the literal meaning. We must observe the letter of the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law and the intentions of the luwgiver. Taylor. 4. Type; a character formed of metal or wood, usually of metal, and used in printing books. 5. Letters ; in the plural, learning ; erudition ; as, a man of letters. Dead letter ; a writing or precept which is without authority or force. The best law may become a dead letter. Letter of attorney ; a writing by which one person authorizes another to act in his stead. Letter of credit; a letter authorizing credit toa cer- tain amount of money to be given to the bearer. Brande. an unfortunate debtor time to pay his debts. Brande. Letter of marque; a commission given to a private ship by a government to make reprisals on the ships ot another state ; hence, the ship thus commissioned. [See Marque. ] Letters patent, or overt, open ; a writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right ; as, let- ters patent under the seal of England. LET’TER, v. t. To impress or form letters on; as, to letter a book ; a book gilt and lettered. LET’TER-BOARD, x. A board on which pages of type are placed, when not immediately wanted, or for distribution. LET!’TER-€ASE, n LET’TER-ED, pp. Stamped with letters. LET/TER-ED, a. Literate; educated ; versed in literature or science. Collier. 2. Belonging to learning ; suiting ‘etters, LET’/TER-FOUND’ER, n. One wi casts letters; a ty pe-founder. LET’TER-ING, ppr. Impressing or forming letters on ; as, lettering a book on the cover. LET/TER-ING, x. The act of impressing letters. 2. The letters impressed. LET’TER-LESS, a. Illiterate ; unlettered ; sot learned. baterland. LET/TER-PRESS, n. [letter and press.} rint ; let- ters and words impressed on paper, or other wateri- al, by types. LET/TER-WRIT’ER, n. One who writes ietters. 2. An instrument for copying letters, cten called the manifold letter-writer. LET’TING, ppr. Permitting; suffering. LET’TING, x. The putting out on farm. 2. The putting out of portions of work to be per- formed by contract, as on a railroad or canal. America. LET’TUCE, (let’tis,) x. [Fr. laitue; It. lattuga; Sr lechuga; Arm. lactuzen; G. lattich; D. lutuw; from L. lactuca, according to Varro, from lac, milk.] The English popular name of several species of Lactuca, some of which are used as salads. LEU/CIN, LEU/CINE, } ™ A peculiar white pulverulent substance obtained from beef-fibers, treated with sulphuric acid, and afterward with alcohol. Braconnot. LEU/CITE, n. (Gr. X\evxos, white. ] A mineral having a dull, glassy appearance, oc- curring in translucent, twenty-four-sided (trapezo- hedral) crystals. It is found in the volcanic rocks of Italy, especially at Vesuvius, disseminated through the lavas. Dana. LEU-CIT’I€, a. A term applied to voleanic rocks containing leucite. and. LEU’€0-E-THI-OP’I€, a. [Gr. Acvxos, white, and aeQvow, black.] White and black; designating a white animal of a black species, or the albino of the negro race. Lawrence. LEU’/€O-PHANE, zn. [Gr. \evxos, white, and gaiva, to appear. | : A mineral, occurring imperfectly crystallized, of a greenish or wine-yellow color, consisting of silica, fluoric acid, glucina, lime, and sodium. LEU-€0-PHLEG!/MA-CY, (lu-ko-fleg’/ma-se,) n. [Gr Aevxos, White, and @Aeypa, phlegm. } A dropsical habit of body, or the commencement of anasarca ; paleness, with viscid juices and cold sweats. Core. Parr. Arbuthnot. LEU-€0-PHLEG-MAT'’I€, a. Having a dropsical habit of body with a white, bloated skin. LEU-€0OS/TINE, n. A variety of trachyte. LEU-€0/THI-OP, x. [See Leuco-Eruioric.] An albino of a black race, LE/VANT, a. _[Fr. levant, rising, from lever, L. levo. | Eastern; denoting the part of the hemisphere where the sun rises. Letter of license ; a paper by which creditors allow A case or book to put letters in. lease, as a [Gr. Xevxos, white. ] Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds. Muton, LE-VANT’, 72. [It. levante, the East, supra. ] Properly, a country to the eastward 3; but appropri- ately, the countries of Turkey, Syria, Asia Minor, Greece, Egypt, &c., which are washed by the east- ern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters. : LE-VANT’ER, x. A strong easterly wind in the Med- iterranean. 2, A cant name for one who bets at a horse-race, and runs away without paying the wager lost; hence, in a wider sense, one who runs away dis- gracefully. [ England. ] LE-VANT’INE or LEV/ANT-INE, a. Le ae to the Levant. : nvitle, 2. Designating a particular kind of silk cloth. LE-VANT/INE or LEV/ANT-INE, x. A particular ind of silk cloth. ; LEVATOR, n. ([L., from levo, to raise.] In ani my, a muscle that serves to raise some part, as the lip or the eyelid. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Neen a _—_—— 659 oe ea nee | anaes ~ en aa pune © eet ee ee ae9, A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed | L ; yart of the skull. Wiseman. f LEVE, for BELIEVE. [ Obs.] Gower. L i LEV/EE, x. [Fr., from lever, to raise, L. levo.] 1. The time of rising. 9, The concourse of persons wh great personage in the morning. Jolinson. 3, A bank or causeway, particularly along a river, to prevent inundation ; as, the levees along the Mis- o visit a prince or sissippl. Levee en masse. [See Levy.] a LEV/EL, a. [Sax. lefel, 2. ; W. llyon, smooth, even, llyvelu, to level, to render uni- guess; llyvnu, to make connected with llyou, to is smooth, even, The L. li- level, sleek, slippery 5 form, to devise, invent, smooth. This seems to be lick. So like, D. welyk, G. gleich, level, equal, coinciding with Eng. sleek. a LEV/EN, 2. LEV’ER, n. EV/EL-NESS, 7. Evenness ; equality of surface. 2, Equality with something else. EV/EN. See LEAVEN. (Sax. hiyfian.] Lightning. [Obs.] Chaucer. (Fr. levier; It. leva; from lever, levare, L. levo, to raise.] In mechanics, stance, turning on a supp a bar of metal, wood, or other sub- rt called the fulcrum or (LEVY, ». t. [Fr. lever; It. levare; Sp. levar ; L. levo ; Bag. to lift] 1. To raise; to collect. To levy troops is to enlist or to order men into public service. To levy an army ct troops and form an army by enrollment, other means. to collect by assessment ; as, to levy ite, or contributions. is to raise or begin war; to take arms Blackstone. is to colle conscription, or 2, To raise ; taxes, toll, tribt To levy war, for attack ; to attack. } prop. Its arms are equal, as in the balance ; or wne- : qual, as in steelyards. It is one of the mechanical To levy a fine; to commence and carry on a suit |} powers, and is of three kinds, viz. 1. When the ful- for assuring the title to lands or tenements. srum is between the weight and the power, as in the oe - : Blackstone. handspike, crowbar, &c. 2. When the weight is be-| LEV’Y, 7. The act of collecting men for military, or other public service, as by enlistment, enrollment, or tween the power and the fulcrum, as in rowing a boat. 3 When the power is between the fulcrum, as in raising a ladder from t weight and the he ground, by lower rounds. 1 Kings ix. - an army raised. - 1 Kings V. y for public use by other means. 2. Troops collected 3. The act of collecting mone i - heh bella, libra, belong to this root ; It. Bee) applying the hands to one of the t o}} ree | 1. Horizontal ; coinciding with the plane of the The bones of animals are levers of the third kind. tax or other imposition. _ | Bl tt 4 horizon. ‘To be perfectly level, is to be exactly hori- Olmsted. 4. War raised. [Not m use] _ Shak. Hee zontal. LEVER, a. The comparative degree of leve, le¢f, or Levy in mass, [Fr. levee en masse 4 a requisition of ; ; | 9, Even; flat; not having one part higher than lief. More agreeable ; more pleasing. { Obs.] all liable to bear arms for service. in Germany, it is é | another; not ascending or descending; as, a level Lie’ VER, adv. Rather, as we now say, 1 had rather. styled landsturm. oe - : || plain or field; level ground; a level floor or pave- [ Obs. } Chaucer. LEV/Y-ING, ppr. Raising ; collecting, aS men Or = ment. In common usage, level is often applied to sur- LEV/ER-AGE, n. Mechanical advantage gained on money. : faces that are not perfectly horizontal, but which the principle of the lever. Olmsted. LEV’Y NE, 2. [from levy.) A mineral, supposed to | LEV/ER-ET, n. [Fr. lievret, from lievre, a hare.] be identical with chabazite. Dana, alities of magnitude. have no inequ f the 3. Even with any thing else; 0 on the same line or plane. 4, Equal in rank or degree ; hav superiority. Be level in preferments, and yor learning. LEV’/EL, v. t. 2. To make even ; ties of surface in any thin walk. To reduce or bring to the same hight with something else. And their proud structu 4. To lay flat; to reduce to an even surface or plane. He levels mountains, and he raises pl Dryden. 5. To reduce to equality of condition, state, or de- gree ; as, to level all ranks and degrees of men. 6. To point, in taking aim ; to elevate or depress so as to direct a missile weapon Co an object ; to aim ; as, to level a cannon OF musket. 7. To aim; to direct; aS, Severe remarks leveled at the vices and follies of the age. 8. To suit; to proportion ; as, to the capacity of children. LEV'EL, v.i. To accord; to used. De mark. 3. To aim at; to direct the view or purpose. 1 of his church ought to be the Hooker. same hight ; « ee ee ing no degree of 1 will soon be as level in your Bentley. To make horizontal. to reduce or remove inequali- g3 as, to level a road or res level with the ground. Sandys. petal aes i ains. to level abservations { Little Shak. oaim at; to point a gun or an arrow to the agree ; to suit. The glory of God and the gooc mark at which we level. 4. To be aimed ; to be in the same direction with the mark. He rnised it till he leveled right. 5. To aim; to make attempts. Ambitious York did level at thy crown. 6. To conjecture ; to attempt to guess. Sina a Se Butler. Shak. [Not used.] Shak. LEV/EL, n. A horizontal line, or a plane ; a surface without inequalities. Hale. 9. Rate; standard; usual elevation ; customary hight ; as, the ordinary level of the world. 3. Equal elevation with something else ; equality. Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level. er sie a state of Spectator. 4. The line of direction in which a missive weapon is aimed. 5, An instrument in mechanics by which to find or draw a horizontal line, as in setting buildings, or in making canals and drains. The instrument com- monly used for this purpose is called the spirit level. 6. Rule; plan; scheme; borrowed from the me- chanic’s level. Be the fair level of thy actions laid. LEV/EL-ED, pp. or a. Prior. Reduced to a plane; made | even. i ) 2, Reduced to an equal state, condition, or rank. oe Reduced to an equality with something else. ‘ i 4. Blevated or depressed to a right line toward ? something ; pointed to an object ; directed to a mark. L 5. Suited ; proportioned. at) LEV/EL-ER, n. One that levels or makes even. ee f | 2. One that destroys, or attempts to destroy, dis- hy? , tinctions, and reduce to equality. a S| ‘LEV/EL-ING, ppr- or a. Making level or even. 2. Reducing to an equality of condition. LEV‘/EL-ING, x. The reduction of uneven surfaces to a level or plane. 2. In surveying, the art or practice of finding a horizontal line, or of ascertaining the different ele- vations of objects on the surface of the earth. Barlow. LEV/ER-OCK, n. LEV’ET, n. LEV’I-A-BLE, a. LE_V?'A-THAN, zn. ear of her age. d; alark. [See Lark. ] (Qu. Fr. lever, to raise. | { Johnson. probably that by which sol- [Not used. ] Hudibras. That may be levied ; , as, sums leviable Bacon. A hare in the first y A bir A blast of a trumpet ; diers are called in the morning. [from levy ] that may be assessed and collected by course of law. aquatic animal, Heb. 109.) l. An described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scripture. In Isaiah, it is called the crooked serpent. It is not agreed what animal is intended by the writers, whether the crocodile, the whale, or a spe- cies of serpent. 9, The whale, or a great whale. LEV’I-ED, (lev’id,) pp- taised ; collected. LEV/L-GATE, v. t. [L. levigo, from levis, smooth, Gr. AELOS. 1. In pharmacy and chemistry, to rub or fine, impalpable powder ; to make fine, smooth. Milton. grind toa soft, and 2. To plane ; to polish. Barrow. LEV'I-GATE, a. Made smooth. LEV’I-GA-TED, pp. Reduced to a fine, impalpable vow der. LEV'I-GA-TING, ppr- Rendering very fine, soft, and smooth, by grinding or rubbing. LEV-LGA/TION, n. The act or operation of grinding or rubbing a solid substance to a fine, impalpable powder. — Encyc. LEV'IN, x. [See Leven.] Spenser. LE-VURATE, a. [L. levir, a husband’s brother. ] The levirate law, among the Jews, was one accord- ing to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was to be married to the husband’s brother. Deut. XXV. 5. LEV-L-TA/TION, zn. [ Lightness ; buoyancy ; act of making light. Li’ VITE, n. [from Levi, one of the sons of Jacob. ] One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; more particularly, an officer in the Jewish church, who was employed in manual service, as in bringing wood and other necessaries for the sacri- fices. ‘The Levites also sung and played on instru- ments of music. They were subordinate to the priests, the descendants of Aaron, who was also of the family of Levi. Encyc. LE-VIT/I€-AL, a. Belonging to the Levites, or de- scendants of Levi; as, the Levitical law, the law riven by Moses, which prescribed the duties and rites of the priests and Levites, and regulated the civil and religious concerns of the Jews. 2. Priestly. LE-VIT/I€-AL-LY, adv. vites. LE-VIT’I€-US, x. [from Levi, Levite.] A canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations which relate to the priests and Levites among the Jews, or the body of the ceremonial law. LEV'L-TY, 7. [L. levitas, from levis, light ; connected perhaps with Eng. lft.) 1. Lightness ; the want of weight in a body, com- pared with another that is heavier. The ascent of a balloon in the air is owing to its levity, as the gas that fills it is lighter than common air. 9, Lightness of temper or conduct ; inconstancy ; changeableness ; unsteadiness ; as, the levity of youth. oolker. 3. Want of due consideration ; vanity ; freak. He never employed his omnipotence out of levity or os- tentation. 4. Gayety of mind; want of seriousness ; dispo- sition to trifle. The spirit of religion and seriousness was succeeded by lovity. Lightning. [Obs-] L. levis, levitas.] Milton. After the manner of the Le- wenn OT OBIE: Y.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, LEW, (li,) a ([D. laauw.] lukewarm ; pale; wan. [ Obs. ] W. Uodig, having a craving ; llodi, - llodineb, lewdness ; lard, that a lad; G. luder, lewdness ; eget, to bring forth; Ar. Tepid ; LEWD, (lude,) a. [ to reach out, to crave shoots out or is growing, Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. 15, to b “-=— No walada, Eth. OAL ia} 1. Given to the unlawful indulgence of lust; ad- dicted to fornication or adultery ; dissolute ; lustful ; libidinous. Ezek. xxiii. 9. Proceeding from tions. 3, Wicked; vile; profligate ; licentious. XV11. LEWD, a. [S contracted word, | unlawful lust; as, lewd ac- Acts ax. lewed, lewd. This seems to be a and either from the root of laical, lay, or from the Sax. leod, G. leute, people, which seems to be from the same root as the foregoing word, like L. gens, from geno. | Lay ; laical; not clerical. [ Obs.] Davies. LEWD'LY, (lide/ly,) adv. With the unlawful indul- gence of just ; lustfully. 9, Wickedly ; wantonly. LEWD'/NESS, 2. The unlaw fornication, or adultery. 2. In Scriptare, it generally denotes idolatry. 3. Licentiousness ; sliamelessness. Spenser. LEWD’/STER, n. One given to tbe criminal indul- gence of lust; a lecher. [Not used. ] Shak. LEX,n. [L.] Law; as, lex talionis, the Jaw of retal- iation ; lex terre, the law of the land. LEX’I-€AL, a. Pertaining toa lexicon, or lexicogra- phy ; settled by lexicography ; as, the lexical meaning Lewis. of a word. LEX-I-€OG/RA-PHER,n. [See LexicocraPHy.] The | ful indulgence of lust; author of a Jexicon or dictionary. Pertaining to the writing or compila- LEX-IL-€0-GRAPH'IE, a. LEX-I-€0-GRAPH'I€-AL, tion of a dictionary. Boswell. LEX-L€0G/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Ackixov, a dictionary, and ypaipn, a writing. | 1. The act of writing a lexicon or dictionary, OF the art of composing dictionaries. 9. The composition or compilation of a dictionary. LEX-L€OL/0-GY, n. (Gr. Actixoy, a dictionary, an Aoyrs, discourse. The science 0 ee se that branch of learning which treats of the proper signification and just application of words. Med, Repos. LEX’/LE€ON, n. [Gr. Aettxov, a dictionary, from Aeéts, | Neyw, to speak.) A dictionary ; 4 V alphabetical arrangement 0 with the definition of each, or an exp meaning. LEX/I-€ON-IST, 2. ocabulary, or book containing an f the words in a language, janation of its A writer of a lexicon. [Little used. | Orient. Col. LEX-LGRAPH/I€, a. Expressing words by distinct characters. LEX-IG/RA-PHY, n. to write. | The art or pr LEY. See Lye. LEY; a different orthography © meadow or field. LEY’/DEN-JAR, [Gr. Acfis, a word, and yoagu, actice of defining words. Med. Repos. f Lay and Lea, a n. A glass jar or bottle used to LEY/DEN-PHI'AL, accumulate electricity. It is coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob for the purpose of charging it with electricity. It is so named from having been invented in Leyden, Hol- against Sov- land. LEZE MAJ'ES-TY ; any crime committed e@ majesta- ereign power, from the Latin “ crimen les tis.” ee DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— : aLIB LIB LHER/ZO-LITE, x. [from Lherz, in the Pyrenees.] A mineral, a variety of pyroxene. When crystal- lized, its crystals are brilliant, translucid, very small, and of an emerald-green. Dict. LI/A-BLE, a. [Fr. lier, to bind, L. ligo; Norm. lige, abond. See Lirce. 1. Bound ; obliged in Jaw or equity ; responsible ; answerable. The surety is liable for the debt of his principal. The parent is not liable for debts con- tracted by a son who is a minor, except for necessa- ries. This use of Liable is now common among lawyers. The phrase is abridged. The surety is liable; that is, bound to pay the debt of his principal. 2. Subject ; obnoxious ; exposed. Proudly secure, yet liable to fall. Milton. Liable, in this sense, is always applied to evils. We never say, a man is liable to happiness or pros- perity, but he is liable to disease, calainities, censure ; he is liable to err, to sin, to fall. Li/A-BLE-NESS,) 7. The state of being bound or Li-A-BIL/LTY, obliged in law or justice ; re- sponsibility. The officer wishes to discharge him- self from his liability. 2. Exposedness ; tendency; a state of being sub- ject; as, the liableness of a man to contract disease in an infected room; a liability to accidents. LIAR, n. [from lie.] A person who knowingly utters falsehood ; one who declares to another as a fact what he knows to be not true, and with an inten- tion to deceive him. ‘The uttering of falsehood by mistake, and without an intention to deceive, does not constitute one a liar. 2. One who denies Christ. LI/ARD, a. Gray. Leese Chaucer. This old English word is still used in Scotland, with the spelling Lrart, or Lyart; as, lyart haffits, gray hairs on the temples. Burns. LI/AS, zn. A species of limestone, occurring in flat, horizontal strata, and supposed to be of recent forma- tion. DICY Ce LI ALSON, (lé'a-zong,) n. [I'r.] A union, or bond of LIB, v. t. [D. ludben.] {union. To castrate. [JVot in use.] Chapman. LI-BA’TION, n. [L. libatio, from libo, to pour out, to taste; Gr. \ecBw.] 1. The act of pouring a liquor, usually wine, either on the ground, or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity. The Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, practiced libation. Vhis was a solemn act and ac- companied with prayer. Encye. 2. The wine or other liquor poured out in honor of 1 John ii. a deity. Stillingfleet. Dryden. LIB/BARD; an obsolete spelling of Leoparp. Spenser. Milton. LIB/BARD’S-BANE, z. A poisonous plant, B. Jonson. LIBEL, n. [L. libellus, a little book, from liber, a book, from the sense of bark, and this from strip- ping, separating. Hence liber, a book, and liber, free, are the same word. Class Lb, No. 24, 27, 30, 31.) 1. A defamatory writing. [L. libellus, famosus.] Hence, the epithet being omitted, libel expresses the same thing. Any book, pamphlet, writing, or pic- ture, containing representations, maliciously made or published, tending to bring a person ‘into con- tempt, or expose him to public hatred and derision. The communication of such defamatory writing toa single person, is considered in law a publication. It is immaterial, with respect to the essence of a libel, Whether the matter of it is true or false, since the provocation, and not the falsity, is the thing to be punished criminally. But in a civil action, a libel must appear to be false, as well as scandalous. Blackstone. In a more extensive sense, any blasphemous, trea- sonable, or immoral writing, or picture, made pubtic, is a libel, and punishable by law. 2. In the civil law, and in courts of admiralty, a declaration or charge in writing exhibited in court, particularly against a ship or goods, for violating the laws of trade or of revenue. LIBEL, v. t. ‘To defame or expose to public hatred and contempt by a writing or picture ; to lampoon. Some wicked wits have libelled all the fair. 2. To exhibit a charge against any thing in court, particularly against a ship or goods, for a violation of the laws of trade or revenue, LI/BEL, v. % ‘To spread defamation, written or printed, with against. He libels against the peers of the realm. [JVot now in wse.] LI/BEL-ANT, x. One who libels; one who brings a libel or institutes a suit in an admiralty court. The counsel for the libelant contended they had a right to read the instructions. Cranch, Rep. Pope. LY’/BEL-ED, pp. made public. 2, Charged or declared against in an admiralty court. Li/BEL-ER, ». One who libels or defames by writing or pictures ; a Jampooner. It is iznorance of ourselves which makes us the libe/ers of others. Defamed by a writing or picture Li/BEL-ING, ppr. or picture. 2. Exhibiting charges against in court. Li/BEL-OUS, a. Defamatory ; containing that which exposes a person to public hatred, contempt, and ridicule; as, a libelous pamphlet or picture. LI/BER, n. [L.] In botany, the inner, newly-formed bark of a plant. LIB/ER-AL, a. See Lisev. 1, Of a free heart; free to give or bestow; not close or contracted ; munificent ; bountiful; gener- ous ; giving largely ; as, a liberal donor; the liberal founders of a college or hospital. It expresses less than Profuse or ExTRAVAGANT. 2. Generous; ample; large ; as,a liberal donation ; a liberal allowance. 3. Not se!fish, narrow, or contracted ; catholic ; enlarged ; embracing other interests than one’s own; as, liberal sentiments or views; a liberal mind; lib- eral policy. 4, General; extensive ; embracing literature and the sciences generally ; as, a liberal education. This phrase is often, but not necessarily, synonymous with CoLLEGIATE ; as, a collegiate education. 5. Free; open; candid; as, a liberal communica- tion of thoughts. 6. Large ; profuse; as, a liberal discharge of matter by secretions or excretions. 7. Free ; not literal or strict ; as, a liberal construc- tion of law. 8. Not mean ; not low in birth or mind. 9. Licentious; free to excess. Shak. Liberal arts, as distinguished from mechanical arts, are such as depend more on the exertion of the mind than on the Jabor of the hands, and regard amusement, curiosity, or intellectual improvement, rather than the necessity of subsistence, or manual skill. Such are grammar, rhetoric, painting, sculp- ture, architecture, music, é&c. Liberal has of before the thing bestowed, and to before the person or object on which any thing is bestowed ; as, to be liberal of praise or censure ; lib- eral to the poor. LIB/ER-AL, n. One who advocates greater freedom from restraint, especially in political institutions. Brande. Having a generous Defaming by a published writing [Fr., from L. liberalis, from liber, free. LIB/ER-AL-HEART’ED, a. heart. LIB/ER-AL-ISM, x. The principles of liberals. J? Gavin. LIB/ER-AL-IST, n. One who is a liberal, or who favors the principles of liberals. LIB-ER-AL/I-TY, n. [L. liberalitas; Fr. liberalité. See Liserat.] 1. Munificence ; bounty. That liberality is but cast away, Which makes us borrow what we can not pay. 2. A particular act of generosity ; a donation; a gratuity. In this sense, it has the plural number. A prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities. 3. Largeness of mind ; catholicism ; that compre- hensiveness of mind which includes other interests besides its own, and duly estimates in its decisions the value or importance of each. It is evidence ofa noble mind to judge of men and things with lhb- erality. Many treat the gospel with indifference under the name of liber- ality. . M. Mason. 4, Candor; impartiality. LIB/ER-AL-IZE, v. t. To render liberal or catholic; to enlarge ; to free from narrow Views or prejudices ; as, to liberalize the mind. Burke. Walsh. LIB/ER-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Freed from narrow views and prejudices ; made liberal. LIB/ER-AL-1IZ-ING, ppr. Rendering liberal; divest- ing of narrow views and prejudices. LIB/ER-AL-LY, adv. Bountifully ; freely; largely; With munificence. If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, who giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not. — James i. Denham. 2, With generous and impartial regard to other interests than ourown; With enlarged views; with- out selfishness or meanness; as, to think or judge liberally of men and their actions. 3. Freely ; not strictly ; not literally. LIB/ER-AL-MIND/ED, a. Having a liberal mind. LIB/BR-AL-SOUL-ED, a. Having a generous soul. LIB/ER-ATE, v. t. [L. libero, from liber, free; Fr. liberer ; It. liberare. | 1. To free ; to release from restraint or bondage ; to set at liberty ; as, to liberate one from duress or imprisonment ; to liberate the mind from the shackles of prejudice. 2, To manumit ; as, to liberate a slave. LIB’ER-A-TED, pp. or a. Freed ; released from con- finement, restraint, or slavery ; manumitted. LIB/ER-A-TING, ppr. Delivering from restraint or slavery. LIB-ER-A/TION, n. [L. liberatio.] The act of delivering from restraint, confinement, or slavery. LIB-ER-TA’RI-AN, a. erty. | Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity. Remove from their mind libertarian prejudice. LIB-ER-TA/RI-AN, x. One who holds to free will. LIB-ER-TA/RI-AN-ISM, nm. ‘The principles or doc- trines of libertarians. LIB/ER-TI-CIDE, n. [liberty, and L. cedo.} Destruction of liberty ; but used as an adjective ; “< Iiberticide yiews.”’ Jefferson. 2, A destroyer of liberty. Wade. LIB/ER-TIN-AGE, n_ Libertinism, which is most [L. liber, free ; libertas, lib- Encyc. used. LIB/ER-TINE, (-tin,) n, [L. libertinus, from liber, free. 1. Among the Romans, a freedman ; a person man- umitted or set free from legal servitude. 2, One unconfined ; one free from restraint. Shak. 3. A man who lives without restraint of the ani- mal passion; one who indulges his lust without restraint ; one who leads a dissolute, licentious life ; arake ; a debauchee. LIB/ER-TINE, a. Licentious ; dissolute ; not under the restraint of law or religion ; as, libertine princi- ples ; a libertine life. LIB/ER-TIN-ISM, n. State of a freedman. [Little used, { ammond. 2. Licentiousness of opinion and practice ; an un- restrained indulgence of lust; debauchery ; lewd- ness, Aiterbury. LIB/ER-TY, x. [L. libertas, from liber, free; Fr. liberté ; It. libertad; Sp. libertad. Class Lb, No. 24, 27, 30, 31. 1, Freedom from restraint, in a general sense, and applicable to the body, or to the willor mind. The body is at liberty when not confined; the will or mind is at liberty when not checked or controlled. A man enjoys liberty when no physical force oper- utes te restrain his actions or volitions. 2. Natural liberty consists in the power of acting as one thinks fit, without any restraint or control, except from the laws of nature. - It is a state of ex- emption from the control of others, and from positive laws, and the institutions of social life. ‘This liberty is abridged by the establishment of government. 3. Civil liberty is the liberty of men in a state of society, or natural liberty, so far only abridged and restrained, as is necessary and expedient for the safety and interest of the society, state, or nation. A restraint of natural liberty, not necessary or ex- pedient for the public, is tyranny or oppression. Civil liberty is an exemption from the arbitrary will of others, which exemption is secured by established laws, which restrain every man from injuring or controlling another. Hence the restraints of law are essential to civil liberty. The liberty of one depends not so much on the removal of all restraint from him, as on the due restraint upon the ltberty of others. Ames. In this sentence, the latter word liberty denotes natural liberty. 4, Political liberty is sometimes used as synonymous With civil liberty. But it more properly designates the liberty of a nation, the freedom of a nation or state from all unjust abridgment of its rights and inde- pendence by another nation. Hence we often speak of the political liberties of Europe, or the nations of Europe. 5. Religious liberty is the free right of adopting and enjoying opinions on religious subjects, and of wor- shiping the Supreme Being according to the dictates }). of conscience, without external control. 6. Liberty, in metaphysics, as opposed to necessity, is the power of an agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, by which either is preferred to the other. Locke. Freedom of the will; exemption from compulsion or restraint in willing or volition. 7. Privilege ; exemption; immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant; with a plural. Thus we speak of the liberties of the commercial cities of Eu- rope. 8 Leave; permission granted. tained liberty to leave the court. : 9. A space in which one is permitted to pass with- out restraint, and beyond which he may not lawfully pass ; with a plural; as, the liberties of a prison, 10. Freedom of action or speech beyond the: ordi nary bounds of civility or decorum, Females should repel all improper liberties. To take the liberty to do or say any thing, to use freedom not specially granted. To set at liberty ; to deliver from confinement; te release from restraint. : To be at liberty ; to be free from restraint. a Liberty of the press, is freedom trom any restrictioL on the power to publish books ; the free power " publishing what one pleases, subject only to punish ment for abusing the privilege, or publishing w hat 1s mischievous to the public or injurious to individuals. Blackstone. The witness ob- uckminster. LIB/ER-A-TOR, z. One who liberates or delivers. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. = Senile ca een Pan a Ly 4 ie ® one a aeSee a the oe — ee cai aed i “hate ete 4 ee oe os eee LI-BETH/EN-ITE,n. A mineral, first found at Libe- then, in Hungary, having an olive-green color, and consisting of phosphoric acid, oxyd of copper, and water. LL-BID/IN-IST, x. One given to lewdness. Junius. LI-BID'IN-OUS, a. [L. libidinosus, from libido, lubido, lust, from libeo, libet, lubet, to please, it pleaseth : G. liebe, love ; lieben, to love; Eng. love, which see. The root is lib or dale) ; Lustful; lewd; having an eager appetite for vene- real pleasure. : Bentley. LL-BID/IN-OUS-LY, adv. Lustfully ; with lewd desire. LL-BID/IN-OUS-NESS, n. ‘The state or quality of be- ing lustful ; inordinate appetite for venereal pleasure. Li’ BRA, 2. | The Balance ; the seventh sign In the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox, in September. Li BRAL, a. [L. libralis.] : Of a pound weight. : : __ Dict. LLBRA’RI-AN, 2. [L. librarius, with a different sig- nification, from liber, bark, a book. 1. The keeper, or one who has the care of, a libra- ry or collection of books. “9 One who transcribes or copies books. [JVot now used. ] Broome. LL-BRA/RI-AN-SHIP, 7. The office of a librarian. LI/BRA-RY, n [L. librartum, libraria, from liber, a book. aS A collection of books belonging to a private per- son, or to a public institution or a company. 9. An edifice or an apartment for holding a collec- tion of books. LUBRATE, v. t. [L. libro, from libra, a balance, a level; allied perhaps to Eng. level. ] To poise ; to balance ; to hold in equipoise. Li/BRATE, v. 7. To move, as a balance ; to be poised. Their parts all librate on too nice a beam. Citfton, LI/BRA-TED, pp. Poised; balanced. Li/BRA-TING, ppr. Moving, as a balance ; poising. LLBRA‘TION, x. The act of balancing, or state of being balanced ; a state of equipoise, with equal weights on both sides of a center. 2. In astronomy, a term applied to changes in the disk of the moon, by which certain parts of it alter- nately appear and disappear. The moon always turns nearly the same face to the earth ; but by the libration in longitude, the parts near the eastern and western borders alternately appear and disappear ; by the li- bration in latitude, the parts about the poles alternate- ly appear and disappear ; by the diurnal libration, more of the upper limb is brought into view at rising and setting. Olmsted. Brande. 3, A balancing or equipoise between extremes. Darwin. LI/BRA-TO-RY, a. Balancing; moving like a bal- ance, as it tends to an equipoise or level. LICE, n. ; pl. of Louse. LICE/-BANE, 7. A plant. LI/CENS-A-BLE, a. That may be licensed or permit- ted by legal grant. Li/CENSE, 7. [Fr., from L. licentia, from liceo, to be permitted, Ir. leizhim, ligim, to allow or permit. ] 1. Leave ; permission ; authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act. A license may be verbal or written ; when written, the paper containing the au- thority is called a license. A man is not permitted to retail spirituous liquors till he has obtained a license. 9. Excess of liberty ; exorbitant freedom ; freedom abused, or used in contempt of iaw or decorum. License they mean, when they cry liberty. Milton. to license a man to keep an inn. 3. ‘T’o authorize to act in a particular character ; as, to license a physician or a lawyer. 4. To dismiss. [JVot in use.] Wotton. thority. licenser of the press. LI/CENS-ING, ppr. Permitting by authority. LY/CENS-ING, n. The act of giving a license. LI/CENS-URE, n. A licensing. LI-CEN/TIATE, n. [from L. licentia.] a'licentiate in medicine or theology, distinguished by this title. Encye. LD’ Estrange. LLCEN-TL-A/TION, ». The act of permitting. LI-CEN’TIOUS, (li-sen’shus,) a. [L. licentiosus.] as, a licentious man. thoughts precede licentious conduct. contempt of Jaw and morality. 662 LIEH, a. [Sax. lic. See Lixe.] LICH, n. [Sax. lic, or lice, a body, the flesh, a dead LY/CENSE, v. t. To permit by grant of authority ; to remove legal restraint by a grant of permission ; as, LY’CENS-ED, (li/senst,) pp. or a. Permitted by au- LI/CENS-ER, 7; One who grants permission ; a per- son authorized to grant permission to others; as, a One who has a license to exercise a profession ; as, 9. In Spain, one who has a degree ; as, a Licentiate in law or divinity. The officers of justice are mostly LI-CEN’TIATE, v. t. To give license or permission. 1. Using license; indulging freedom to excess ; unrestrained by law or morality ; loose ; dissolute ; 2, Exceeding the limits of law or propriety ; wan-| LICK/ED, (likt,) pp. ton ; unrestrained ; as, licentious desires. Licentious ' LL-CEN/TIOUS-LY, adv. With excess of Jiberty; in} LICK’ER-ISH, a. LI-CEN’TIOUS-NESS, nz. Excessive indulgence of | cael ee LIC —<<$<—$<——$_ LIE liberty ; contempt of the just restraints of Jaw, mo- rality, and decorum. ‘The ficentiousness of authors is justly condemned ; the licentiousness of the press is punishable by law. Law is the god of wise men ; licentiousness is the god ae Plat Like ; even; equal. [Obs.] Gower. body, or corpse ; lichama, a living body ; hence lich- wake, watching with the dead ; Lichfield, the field of dead bodies ; Goth. leik, the flesh, a body ; leikan, to please, Sax. licean; Goth. leiks, like ; G. gleich; D. lyk and gelyk, like ; G. leiche, a dead body, D. lyk; DO gO Heb. pon chalak, smooth; Ar. eee chalaka, to --- shave, to make smooth 3 Cxkas khalaka, to measure, to form, to create, to make smooth and equable, to be beautiful; derivatives, creature, man, people. We see the radical sense is, smooth, or rather, to make even, equal, smooth ; hence, like, likeness, and a body. We have here an instance of the radical sense of man and body, almost exactly analogous to that of Adam, from 707, to make equal, to be like.] LI/€HEN, (li/ken or litch’en,). [L., from Gr. AE- nv. Ls in botany, the name for an extensive division of cryptogamous plants, constituting a genus in the or- der of Algw, in the Linnean system, but now form- inga distinct natural order. They appear in the form of thin, flat crusts, covering rocks and the bark of trees, or in foliaceous expansions, or branched like a shrub in miniature, or sometimes only as a gelatinous mass or a powdery substance. They are called rock- moss and tree-moss, and some of the liverworts are of this order. They also include the Iceland moss and the reindeer moss ; but they are entirely distinct from the true mosses, (Musci.) Ed. Encye. 2. In medicine, a papular cutaneous eruption, con- sisting of diffuse red pimples, which are attended with a troublesome sense of tingling and pricking. A common variety of this affection resembles the effect of stinging with nettles, and is called nettle- lichen. LLEHEN/I€ AC/ID, n. The acid peculiar to some species of lichens. It appears to be the malic acid. Brande, LIE€H’/EN-IN, n. A substance closely allied to starch, extracted from Iceland moss. Brande. LI€H-EN-O-GRAPH/I€, )a. Pertaining to lich- LI€H-EN-O-GRAPH/I€-AL, § | enograpby. LI€H-EN-OG/KA-PHIST, xn. One who describes the lichens. LIC H-EN-OG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. Aecxny ‘and ypade, to write. | A description of the vegetables called lichens ; the science which illustrates the natural history of the lichens. Acharius. LICH’/-OWL, n. An owl vulgarly supposed to foretell death. LIC’IT, (lis/it,) a. [IL. licitus.] Lawful. LIC/IT-LY, adv. Lawfully. LIC/IT-NESS, n. Lawfulness. LICK, v. t. [Sax. liccian ; Goth. laigwan; G. lecken, schlecken; D. likken; Dan. likker, slikker ; Sw. slekia, slikia; Fr. lecher; It. leccare; Ir. leagaim, lighim ; Russ. lokayu, liju; L. lingo; Gr. AEixw Sans. lih. Class Lg, No. 12, 18. See Lixe and SLEEK. ] 1. To pass or draw the tongue over the surface ; as, a dog licks a wound. Temple. 2. To lap; to take in by the tongue; as, a dog or cat licks milk. 1 Kings xxi. To lick up; to devour; to consume entirely. Now shall this company lick up all that are rou nd about us, 28 an ox licketh up the grass of the field. — Num, xxii. To lick the dust; to be slain; to perish in battle. His enemies shall lick the dust. — Ps. Ixxi. est lick for salt, at salt springs. LICK, nx. Ar. SS lakka, to strike. Class Lg, No, 14.] 1. Ablow; astroke. [Vulgar.) Dryden. Rich. Dict. 2, A wash; something rubbed on. |[JVot in use.] writing.”’ Rich. Dict. [Not an elegant word ; but probably flog, L. fligo is from the root of this word.] Taken in by the tongue lapped. LICK’ER, n. One that licks. FATEH, FAR, FALL, WUAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — lacka, toleak, for in D. the verb signifies alsoto make sleek or smooth, and in G. to lick, which unites the word with lick, and perhaps with like. In Sax. lic- cera is a glutton, and this is the Italian lecco, a glut- ton, a lecher ; leccardo, greedy ; leccare, tolick. The Arm. has lickez, lickerish. The phrase, the mouth waters for a thing, may throw light on this word, and if the first syllable of delight, delicious, and delicate, is a prefix, these are of the same family, as may be the Gr yAuxkvs, sweet. The senses of watery, smooth, sweet, are allied ; likeness is often connected with smoothness, in radical sense, and sleek is probably from the root of lick, ihe 1. Nice in the choice of food; dainty; as, a lick- erish palate. DL’ Estrange. 2. Eager; greedy to swallow; eager to taste or enjoy ; baving a keen relish. Sidney. Dryden. Locke. 3. Dainty; tempting the appetite; as, lickerish baits. Milton. LICK’ER-ISH-LY, adv. Daintily LICK’ER-ISH-NESS, zn. Niceness of palate ; dainti- ness. LICK/ING, ppr. Lapping; taking in by the tongue. LICK/ING, n. A lapping with the tongue. 9, A flogging, or castigation. [Zow.] Rich. Dict. LICK’SPIT-TLE, n. A flatterer or parasite of the most abject character. [This coarse but expressive term is derived from the practice of certain ancient parasites, who are said to have licked up the spittle of their master, as if delicious to the taste.] Holloway. LI€/O-RICE, (lik/o-ris,) n. [It liquirizia; L. gly- cyrrhiza ; Gr. yAvxuppivas yAvKus, Sweet, and pita, a root. | A plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza. The root of this plant abounds with a sweet juice, much used in demulcent compositions. Encye. LI€/0-ROUS, LI€/O-ROUS-NESS, for LickxerisH, &c. [Not used.] LI€/TOR, n. [L. Qu. lick, to strike. ] An officer among the Romans, who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. The duty of 4 lictor was to attend the chief magistrates when they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause due respect to be paid to them. A dictator was at- tended by twenty-four lictors, a consul by twelve, and a master of the horse by six. It was also the duty of lictors to apprehend and punish criminals. meyc. Johnson. LID, n. [Sax. hlid, a cover ; hlidan, to cover; ge-hlid, a roof; D. Dan. lid; L. clauda, cludo ; Gr. kAEtW, CON- tracted from xAnjtdow; Heb. ond or wr, to cover, Ar. 4S latta. Class Ld, No. 1, 8, 9.) A cover ; that which shuts the opening of a vessel or box; as, the lid of a chest or trunk ; also, the cov- er of the eye, the membrane which is drawn over the eyeball of an animal at pleasure, and which is in- tended for its protection 5 the eyelid. LID/LESS, a. Having no lid. LIE, water impregnated with alkaline salt, is written Lye, to distinguish it from Lie, a falsehood. LIE, n. [Sax. lig, or lyge; Sw. logn; Dan. légn; D. leugen ; G. lug, lige; Russ. loj. ‘The verb is proba- bly the-primary word.) 1. A criminal falsehood ;'a falsehood uttered for LICK, x. In America,a place where beasts of the for- [W. lag, a lick, a slap, a ray, a blade;| LIE, v.% [Sax. Uagiaw, to lick, to shoot out, to throw or lay about, to cudgel. Qu. the root of flog and slay, to strike. See LICK, v. t. Tostrike repeatedly for punishment ; to LIB, v. i. ; pret. Lay; pp. Lan, (LIEN, obs.) [Sax. ligan, flog ; to chastise with blows. ‘To lick, a lick, a lick- : ing, are common words in speech, though not in ( ) [D. Dan. lekker, G. lecker, Sw. lacker, nice, dainty, delicate. ‘This seems to be con- nected with D. lekken, G. lecken, Dan. lekker, Sw. the purpose of deception ; an intentional violation of truth. Fiction, or a false statement or misrepresenta- tion, not intended to deceive, mislead, or injure, as in fables, parables, and the like, is not a lie. It is willful deceit that makes alie. A man may act a lie, ag by pointing his finger in a wrong direction, when a traveler f Paley. Dryden. inquires of him his road. 2. A fiction ; in a ludicrous sense. 3. False doctrine. 1 John il. 4. An idolatrous picture of God, or a false god. Rom. i. 5. That which deceives and disappoints confidence. Micah i. To sive the lie; to charge with falsehood. A man’s actions may give the lie to his words. ligan, leogan; Dan. lyver; Sw. liuge; G. liigen; D. leugenen; Russ. lgu. 1. To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive, or with an immoral design. Thou hast not lied to men, but to God. — Acts v. 9. To exhibit a false representation ; to say or do that which deceives another, when he has a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representation. or licgan; Goth. ligan; Sw. iggia; Dan. ligger; D. lirgen; G. legen; Russ. leju; Gr. Atyopuat. The Gr. word usually signifies to speak, which is to utter or throw out sounds. Hence to lie down is to threw one’s self down, and probably Lre and Lay are of one family, as are jacio and jaceo, in Latin. ] 1. To be in a horizontal position, or nearly so, and to rest on any thing lengthwise, and not on the end. Thus a person lies on a bed, and a fallen tree on the ground. A cask stands on its end, but lies on its side. > 3LIE 2. To rest in an inclining posture ; to lean; as, to le on or against a column, 3. To rest; to press on. 4. To be reposited in the grave. All the kings of the earth, even all of them, lie in glory. —Isa. xiv. o. To rest on a bed or couch; to be prostrate ; as, to lie sick. My little daughter lieth at the point of death. -- Mark v. 6. To be situated. New Haven lies in the forty- second degree of north latitude. Ireland lies west of England. Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal in circumstances. Collier. 7. To be; to rest; to abide; to remain; often fol- lowed by some word denoting a particular condition ; as, to lie waste ; to lie fallow ; to lie open; to lie hid ; to lie pining or grieving ; to lie under one’s displeas- ure ; to lie at the mercy of a creditor, or at the mercy of the waves. 8. To consist. He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labor, forsets the early rising of the huntsman. ockeé. _ 9. To be sustainable in law; to be capable of be- ing maintained. An action lies against the tenant for waste. An appeal Jeg in this case. Ch. J. Parsons. To lie at; to tease or importune. [Little used.] _ To lie at the heart; to be fixed as an object of affec- tion or anxious desire. The Spaniards have but one temptation to quarrel with us, the recovering of Jamaica, for that has ever dain at Uieir hearts. Temple. To lie by; to be reposited, or remaining with He has the manuscript lying by him. 2. ‘To rest; to intermit labor. We lay by during the heat of the day. To lie in the way ; to be an obstacle or impediment. Remove the objections that lie in the way of an aini- cable adjustment. To lie hard or heavy; to press; to oppress ; to bur- en. To lie on hand; to be or remain in possession; to remain unsold or undisposed of. Great quantities of wine lie on hand, or have lain long on hand. To lie on the hands; to remain unoccupied or un- employed ; to be tedious. Men are sometimes at a loss to know now to employ the time that /ies on their hands. To lie on the head; to be imputed. What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on my head. Shak. _ To lie in wait; to wait for in concealment; to lie in ambush ; to watch for an opportunity to attack or seize. To lie in one; to be in the power of; to belong to. As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men. — Rom. xii. To lie down; to lay the body on the ground or other level place ; also, to go to rest, To lie in; to be in childbed ; to bring forth young. To lie under ; to be subject to; to suffer; to be op- pressed by. To lie on or upon; to be a matter of obligation or duty. It lies on the plaintiff to maintain his action. To lie with; to lodge or sleep with; also, to have carnal knowledge of. 2. To belong to. It lies with you to make amends. To lie over; to remain unpaid after the time when payment is due; asa note in bank; also, to be de- ferred to some future occasion; as a resolution in congress. To lie to. A ship is said to lie to, when her progress is checked either by counterbracing the yards or tak- ing in sail, LIEF, a. ([Sax. leof, loved; D. lier; G. lieb. See Love. Dear; beloved. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak. LIEF, ado (Supra. This word coincides with love, L. lubet, libet, and the primary sense is, to be free, prompt, ready. Gladly ; willingly ; freely ; used in familiar speech in the phrase, I had as lef go as not. It has been supposed that had, in this phrase, is a corruption of would. At any rate, it is anomalous, LIE/-FRAUGHT, a. Fraught with lies. Lamb. LIEGE, (leej,) a. [It. ligio; Fr. lige; from L. ligo, to bind ; Gr. Avyow, to bind, to bend; Avyos, a withe.] 1. Bound by a feudal tenure ; obliged to be faithful and loyal to a superior, as a vassal to his lord ; sub- ject; faithful; as,a hege man. By lieve homage, a vassal was bound to serve his lord against all, with- out excepting his sovereign ; or against all excepting a former lord, to whom he owed like service. Encyc. 2. Sovereign; as,aliege lord. [See the noun ] LIEGE, (leej,) n. [{Supra.] A vassal holding a fee by which he is bound to perform certain services and duties to his lord. 2. A lord or superior; a sovereign. Note. — This is a false application of the word, arising probably from transferring the word from the LIF vassal to the lord ; the lord of liege men being called liege lord. Jolnson. LIEGE/—-MAN, n. A vassal; a subject. [Obs.] Spenser. LIEG/ER, x. A resident embassador [ Obs.] LIEN ; the obsolete participle of Lis. See Darn. LIVEN, (lé/en or li’en; Jameson gives lé/en, Knowles and Smart, li‘en;) n. [Supra.] A legal claim ; the right by which the possessor of property holds it against the owner, im satisfaction of a demand. LI-EN-TER/I€, a. [from lientery.] Pertaining to a lientery. Grew. Li/EN-TER-Y, 7. [Fr. lienterie ; L. and It. lienteria ; Gr. Xecov, smooth, and evrevor, an intestine. A lax or diarrhea, in which the aliments are dis- charged undigested, and with little alteration either in color or substance. Encyc. LIVVER, n. [from lie.] One who lies down; one who rests or remains; as, a lier in wait or in ambush. Josh. Vii. LIEU, (li,) x. [Fr., from the root of L. locus, Eng ley, or lea. See Ley.} Place; room;stead. Itis used only within. Let me have gold zn lieu of silver. Jn liew of fashionable honor, let justice be substituted. LIEU-TEN/AN-CY, (lu-ten/an-sy or lef-ten‘an-sy,) n. See LiEUTENANT. l. The office or commission of a lieutenant. Shak. 2. The body of lieutenants. Felton. LIEU-TEN/ANT, (la-ten’ant or lef-ten/ant,) rn. [Fr.; composed of lieu, place, and tenant, L. tenens, hold- ing. } 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence. Officers of this kind are civil, as the lord-lieutenant of a kingdom or county ; or military, as a liewtenant-general, a lieutenant-colonel. 2. In military affairs, the second commissioned of- ficer in a company of infantry, cavalry, or artillery. 3. In ships of war, the officer next in rank to the captain. LIEU-TEN‘'ANT-SH:P. See LizuTENANcy. LIEVE, for Lier, is vulgar. [see Lier. } LIEV/RITE, x. A mineral, called also YenitE, which see. LIFE, 2. ; pl. Lives. ([Sax. lif, uf; Sw. lif; Dan. liv; G. leben; D. leeven. See Live. 1. In a general sense, that state of animals and plants, or of an organized heing, in which its natural functions and motions are performed, or in which its organs are capable of performing their functions. A tree is not destitute of life in winter, when the func- tions of its organs are suspended; nor man during a swoon or syncope; nor strictly birds, quadrupeds, or serpents, during their torpitude in winter. ‘I'hey are not strictly dead till the functions of their organs are incapable of being renewed. 2. In animals, animation; vitality; and in man, that state of being in which the soul and body are united. He entreated me not to take his life. 3. In plants, the state in which they grow, or are capable of growth, by means of the circulation of the sap. ‘The life of an oak may be two, three, or four hundred years. 4. The present state of existence; the time from birth to death. The life of man seldom exceeds sev- enty years. If in this life only we have hope in Christ, we are of all men most miserable. — 1 Cor. xv. Broome. 5. Manner of living ; conduct ; deportment, in re- gard to morals. I will teach my family to lead good lives, Mrs. Barker. 6. Condition; course of living, in regard to happi- ness and misery. We say, a man’s life has been a series of prosperity or misfortune. 7. Blood, the supposed vehicle of animation. And the warm life came issuing through the wound. Pope. 8. Animals in general ; animal being. Full nature swarms with life. 9. System of animal nature. Lives through all life, Pope. 10. Spirit; animation ; briskness ; vivacity ; reso- lution. They have no notion of life and fire in fancy and words. Felton. Thomson, 1]. The living form; real person or state ; in op- position to a copy; as, a picture is taken from the life; a description from the life. 12, Exact resemblance ; with to before life. His portrait is drawn to the life. 13. General state of man, or of social manners ; as, the studies and arts that polish life. 14. Condition ; rank in society; as, high life and low life. 15. Commoneoccurrences ; course of things; hu- man affairs. But to know That which before us lies in daily life, Is the prime wisdom. Milton. 16. A person ; a living being, usually or always a human being. How many lives were sacrificed dur- ing the revolution ! LIFE/-BUGOY. See Buoy. LIFE’/-CON-SUM/ING, a. Wasting life. LIFE/-DE-VOT’ED-NESS, n. The devotedness of LIF 17. Narrative of a past life ; history of the events of life ; biographical narration. Johnson wrote the life of Milton, and the lives of other poets. 18. In Scriptwre, nourishment ; support of life. For the tree of the field is man’s life. — Deut. xx. 19. The stomach or appetite. His life abhorreth bread. — Job xxxiii. 20. The enjoyments or blessings of the present life. Having the promise of the life that now is, and of that which is to come. — 1 Tim. iy. 21. Supreme felicity. To be spiritually minded is life and peace. — Rom, viii. 22, Eternal happiness in heaven. Rom. v. 23. Restoration to life. Rom. v. 24. The author and giver of supreme felicity. lam the way, the truth, and the life. —John xiv. 25. A quickening, animating, and strengthening principle, in @ moral sense. John vi. 26. Life of an execution; the period when an execu- tion is In force, or hefore it expires LIFE/-AN-NU/I-TY, n. A sum of money paid yearly during a person’s life. Brande. LIFE’-AS-SUR/ANCE, (-shir/ans,) n. See Lirs-In- SURANCE, LIFE/-BLOOD, (-blud,) . The blood necessary to life ; vital blood. Dryden. 2. That which constitutes or gives strength and energy. Money, the Hfe-blood of the nation. Swift. LIFE/-BLOOD, a. Necessary as blood to life ; essen- tial. Milton. LIFE/-BOAT, x. A boat constructed for preserving lives in cases of shipwreck, or other destruction ofa [ship or steamer. life. Carlisle. LIFE’/-END-ING, a. Putting an end to life. LIFE/-ES-TATE’,n. An estate that continues during the life of the possessor. LIFE/-EV-ER-LAST/ING, zn. A plant of the genus Gnaphalium, or cudweed kind. LIFE‘-G[V-ING, a. Giving life or spirit; having pow- er to give life ; inspiriting ; invigorating. Spenser. Milton. LIFE/-GUARD, x. A guard of the life or person; a guard that attends the person of a prince or other person. LIF E/-IN-SUR/ ANCE, (-in-shar/ans,) x. A contract for the payment of a certain sum of money on a per- son’s death. Brande. LIFE/-IN’/TER-EST, ». An estate or interest which lasts during one’s life. LIFE/LESS, a. Dead; deprived of life; as, a lifeless body. 2. Destitute of life ; unanimated ; as, lifeless mat- ter. 3. Destitute of power, force, vigor, or spirit; dull; heavy ; inactive. 4. Void of spirit; vapid; as liquor. 5. Torpid. 6. Wanting physical energy. LIFE’LESS-LY, adv. Without vigor; dully ; heavi- ly ; frigidly. LIFE’/LESS-NESS, n. Destitution of life, vigor, and Spirit ; mactivity. LIFE/LIKE, a. Like a Jiving person. Pope. LIFE/-LONG, n. Duration of life. IFE/-MAIN-TAIN/ING : ‘ LIFE/-SUS-TAIN/ING, >¢.4. Supporting life. LIF E/-PRE-SERV’/ER, x. An apparatus, particularly an air-tight belt, for preserving lives of persons in cases of shipwreck, or other destruction of a ship or steamer, LIFE/-PRE-SERV/ING, a. Preserving life. LIFE/-RENT, x. The rent of an estate that contin- ues for life. LIFE/-SPRING, n. The spring or source of life. Everett. LIFE/-STRING, n. A nerve or string that is imagined to be essential to life. LIFE’/TIME, n. The time that life continues; dura- tion of life. Addison. LIFE/-WEA-RY, a. Tired of life; weary of ae: Shak. LIFT, v. t. [Sw. lyfta; Dan. lifter, to lift; Goth. hlifan, to steal; Sax. Alifian, to be high or conspicu- ous; Goth. hliftus, a thief. We retain this sense In shoplifter. 1. levo, elevo, It. levare, to lift; Sp. levar, to carry or transport; Fr. lever, perhaps L. levis, light. te To raise ; to elevate ; as, to lift the foot or the hand ; to lift the head. 2. To raise ; to elevate mentally. To thee, O Lond, do I lift up my soul. — Ps. xxv. 3. To raise in fortune. The eye of the Lord lifted up his head from misery. Eiccleiae, 4, To raise in estimation, dignity, or rank. His fortune has lifted him into notice, or into office. The Roman virtues /i/t up mortal man, Addison. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 663 \ nee ee ree = eo Sree EE ria eeto cause to swell, as with pride. a qualifying word ; often, how- 5. To elate ; Up is often used after luff, as sometimes With effect or emiphusis ; Very ever, it is useless. 6. To bear; to support. 7, To steal, that is, to Hence, we retain the use of verb in this sense is obsolete. 8, In Scripture, to crucify. When ye have lifted up the Son of man. —John viii. To lift up the eyes ; to look ; to fix the eyes on. rie Lot lifted up his eyes and beheld Jordan. — Gen, xiil. a 9. To direct the desires to God in prayer. Ps CXXxi. oe To lift up the head; ta raise from a low condition ; ! 9. To rejoice. Luke xxi. [to exalt Gen. xl. To lift up the hand ; to swear, OF to confirm by oath. Spenser. take and carry awWway- shoplifter, although the hy - Gen. XiV- : is a 9. To raise the hands in prayer. Ps. XXVill. j to assault. 3. To rise in opposition to; to rebel ; 2 Sam. xvii. 4. To injure ar oppress. Job Xxxi. 5. To shake off sloth and engage in duty. Heb. xii. To lift up the face; to look to with confidence, cheerfulness, and comfort. Job xxil. ‘lift up the heel against ; to treat with insolence | and contempt. "o lift up the horn; to behave arrogantly or scorn- fully. Ps. Ixxv. | To lift up the feet; to come speedily to one’s relief. Ps. 1Xxiv. | To lift up the voice; to cry aloud ; to call out, either in grief or joy. Gen. moat An Asante LIFT, v. i. To try to raise; to exert the strength for the purpose of raising or bearing. The body strained by Iyfang ata weight too heavy. 2. To practice theft. [ Obs. LIFT, x. The act of raising ; a lifting ; 4 the feet in walking or running. \ The goat gives the fox a lift. 9. Assistance in lifting, and hence assistance in eneral; as, give us a lift. { Popular Use. | 3. That which is to be raised. 4, A dead lift; a lift at the utmost disadvantage, as of a dead body. Hence, 5. An extreme emergency ; something to be done which tasks all one’s powers, or which exceeds the strength ; as, to help one ata dead lift. Butler. Swift. 6. A rise; a degree of elevation ; as, the lift of a lock in canals. Gallatin. 7. In Scottish, the sky; the atmosphere ; the fir- mament. [Sax. lift, air, Sw. luft. | 8. In seamen’s language, a rope descending from the cap and mast-head to the extremity of a yard. Its use is to support the yard, keep it in equilibrio, and raise the end, when occasion requires. Mar. Dict. A name sometimes given to a canal raises a boat from one level Locke. Spenser. as, the lift of Bacon. L’Estrange. LIFT/-LOCK, n. lock, because it lifts or to another. LIFT/ED, pp. or a. LIFT’ER, n. One that lifts or raises. 2. A thief. LIFT/ING, ppr. LIFT/ING, x. LIG, v.i. To lie. LIG!A-MENT, n. that is, to strain) 1. Any thing that ties or unites one thing or part to another. Internvoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts. Washington. 2, In anatomy, a strong, compact substance, serv- ing to bind one bone to another. It is a white, solid, inelastic, tendinous substance, softer than cartilage, but harder than membrane. Encyc. Quincy. Coze. 4 3. Bond; chain; that which binds or restrains. Addison. LIG-A-MENT/AL, )a. Composing a ligament, of LIG-A-MENT’OUS, the nature of a ligament; binding ; as, a strong ligamentous mem brane. Wiseman. In law, ligan is where goods are sunk in [See FLorssm Blackstone. Raised ; elevated ; swelled with [ pride. Raising ; swelling with pride. The act of lifting ; assistance. See Liz.] [0Obs.] Chaucer. L. ligamentum, from ligo, to bind, A OAT LY/GAN, 2. the sea, but tied to a cork or buoy. and Jersom.] LI-Ga/TION, x. [L. ligatio.] The act of binding or state of being bound. LIG/A-TURE, n. [Fr., from L.ligatura.] (Addison. 1. Any thing that binds; a band or bandage. Ray. 9. The act of binding; as, by a strict ligature of the parts. Arbuthnot. 3. Impotence induced by magic. Coxe. Encyc. 4, In music, a band or line connecting notes. 5. Among printers, a double character, or a type consisting of two letters or characters united ; as, fl, The old editions of Greek authors , { \ jt LIGHT, (lite,) 7. ————— —_ —= ee LIG [Sax. leoht, liht; D. and G. licht ; L. luz, light, and luceo, to shine; Port. and Sp. luz, light; W. Wug, tending to break out or open, or to shoot, to gleam, and as a noun, a breaking out in blotches, a gleam, indistinct light ; log, that is apt to break out, that is bnght,a tumor, an eruption ; Uygu, to make bright, to clear, to break out, to ap- pear in spots; lug, a darting, sudden throw, glance, flash ; Uugiaw, to throw, to fling, to pelt; lluged, a gleam, lightning. This word furnishes a full and distinct explanation of the original sense of light, to throw, dart, shoot, or break forth ; and it accords with Eng. luck, both in elements and radical sense. Class Lg, No. 6, 7, 23, 24.] 1. The agent which produces vision. The phe- nomena of light may be explained, either on the sup- position that light is a material fluid of extreme sub- tility, emanating in particles from a lumimous body, or that it is produced by the undulations of an inde- pendent medium, set in motion by the luminous body. The former supposition is called the tlreory of emanations; the latter, the theory of undula- tions. White light is a compound of seven different colors, viz., red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. ‘The sun is the principal source of light in the solar system; but light is also emitted from bodies ignited, or in combustion, and is reflected from enlightened bodies, as the moon, Light is also emitted from various substances, which are hence said to be phosphorescent. It is usually united with heat, but it exists also independent of it. Olmsted. Nicholson. 2. That flood of luminous rays which flows from the sun and constitutes day. God called the light day, and the darkness he called night. — Gen. i. 3. Day ; the dawn of day. The murderer, rising with the light, killeth the poor and needy. — Job xxiv. 4. Life. O, spring to light, auspicious babe, be born! 5. Any thing that gives light, as a lamp, candle, taper, lighted tower, star, &c. Pope. Then he called for a light, and sprang in. — Acts xvi. I have set thee to be a light to the Gentiles. — Acts xiii. ‘And God made two great lights. — Gen. i. 6. In painting, the manner in which the light strikes upon a picture; as, to place a painting in a good light. Also, the illuminated part of a picture ; the part which lies open to the luminary by which the piece is supposed to be enlightened, and painted in vivid colors; opposed to SHADE. 7. Illumination of mind; instruction ; knowledge. and the very first two lines gave me I opened Ariosto in Italian, Dryden. light to all I could desire. Light, understanding, and wisdom — was found in him, — Dan. v- 8, Means of knowing. By using such lights as we have, we may arrive at probability, if not at cer- tainty. 9, Open view; 4 visible state; a state of being seen by the eye, or perceived, understood, or known. Further researches will doubtless bring to light many isles yet undiscovered ; further experiments will bring to light properties of matter yet unknown. ————————————— SS LIGHT, (lite,) a. LIGHT, (lite,) LIG | To stand in one’s own light; to be the means of pre- venting good, or frustrating one’s own purposes. To come to light ; to be detected; to be discovered or found. Bright ; clear; not dark or obscure ; as, the morning 1s light ; the apartment is light. 3 In colors, white or whitish; as, a light color; a light brown ; a light complexion. a. [Sax. liht, leoht; D. ligt; G. leicht ; f Port. ligeiro; Sp. ligero; Russ. leckei; Sans. leka. The Sw. latt, Dan. let, may be contractions of the same word. The Sla- yonic also has lehek and legok. Qu. L, alacer. This word accords with light, the fluid, in orthography, and may be from the same radix. ] 1. Having little weight; not tending to the center of gravity with force ; not heavy. A feather is light, compared with lead or silver; but a thing is light only comparatively. That which is light to a man may be beavy toachild. A light burden for a camel may be insupportable to a horse. 9. Not burdensome ; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried by physical strength; as, a light burden, weight, or load. 3. Not oppressive ; easy to be suffered or endured ; as, alight affliction. 2 Cor. lV. 4. Easy to be performed ; not difficult ; not requiring great strength or exertion. The task is light ; the work‘is light. 5, Easy to be digested ; not oppressive to the stomach ; as, light food. It may signify, also, con- taining little nutriment. 6. Not heavily armed, or armed with light weap- ons; as, light troops; a troop of ight horse. 7. Active ; swift; nimble. Asahel was as light of foot as a wild roe. —2 Sam. ii. 8. Not encumbered; unembarrassed ; clear of im- pediments. Unmarried men are best masters, but not best subjects ; for are light to run away. Bac Fr. leger; It. leggiero; they on. 9. Not laden; not deeply laden ; not sufficiently pallasted. The ship returned hight. 10. Slight ; trifling; not important; as, a light Boyle. error. 11. Not dense; not gross; as, light vapors ; light fumes. Dryden. 12. Small; inconsiderable ; not copious or vehe- ment; as, x light rain; a light snow. 13. Not strong; not violent ; moderate; as, a light wind. : 14. Easy to admit influence ; inconsiderate ; easily influenced by trifling considerations ; unsteady ; un- settled; volatile; as a light, vain person; a light mind. There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate pec son, than profanely to scoff at religion. Tillotson. 15. Gay; airy ; indulging levity ; wanting dignity or solidity ; trifling. Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light. Shak. We may neither be light in prayer nor wrathful in debate. J, M. Mason. 16. Wanton ; unchaste; as, a woman of light car- riage. A light wife doth make a heavy husband. Shak. 17. Not of legal weight ; clipped ; diminished ; as, 10. Public view or notice. Why am J asked, What next shall see the light ? 11. Explanation ; illustration ; means of under- standing. One part of Scripture throws light on an- other. 12. Point of view ; a use of the word taken from painting. exhibit a subject in a variety of lights. Let every thought be presented in a strong light. In what- ever light we view this event, it must be considered an evil. 13. A window; a place that admits light to enter. 1 Kings vii. 14. A pane-of glass; as, a window with twelve lights. 15. Pope. situation to be seen or viewed ; It is useful to In Scripture, God, the source of knowledge. : God is light. —1 Johni. 16. Christ. That was the true light, that lighteth every man that cometh into the world. —John i. 17. Joy ; comfort ; felicity. Light is sown for the righteous, — Ps. xcvii. 18. Saving knowledge. It is because there is no light in them, —Jsa. viil. 19, Prosperity ; happiness. Then shall thy light break forth as the morning. — Isa. lviii. 20. Support ; comfort ; deliverance. Mic. Vii. Q1. The gospel. Jatt. iv. 29. The understanding or judgment. Matt. vi. light coin. "18. Loose ; sandy; easily pulverized; as, a light soil. To set light by; to undervalue ; to slight ; to treat as of no importance ; to despise. To ake lirht of; to treat as of little consequence ; to slight ; to disregard. LIGHT, (lite,) v. t. To kindle; to inflame ; to set fire to; as, to light a candle or lamp; sometimes with up; as, to hght up an inextinguishable flame. We often hear Lit used for LicHrep; as, he lit a candle ; but this is inelegant. 2. To give light to. Ah, hopeless, lasting flames ! like those that burn To light the dead. 3. To illuminate ; to fill or spread over with light; as, to light a room; to light the streets of a city. 4, T'o lighten; to ease of a burden. [Not in use.] See LicHTen. ] Spenser. LIGHT, (lite,) v. % (Sax. lhtan, alihtan, geliltan, to light or kindle, to lighten or alleviate, and to alight; hlihtan, to alight; D. lichten, to shine ; ligten, to heave or lift: G. lichten, to weigh, to lighten. } 1. To fall on; to come to by chance; to happen to find; with on. A weaker man may sometimes light on notions which had es caped a wiser. Wats Pope. 2. To fall on; to strike. They shall hunger no more, neither thirst any more ; neither shall the sun light on them, nor any heat, — Rey. vii. 3. To descend, as from a horse or carriage; with .in English. abound with ligotures. : 93. The gifts and graces of Christians. Matt. v. down, off, or from. 6. The state of being bound. — Mortimer. 94. A moral instructor, as John the Baptist. He lighted down from his chariot. — 2 Kings v. | 7. In medicine, stiffness of a joint. ore. John Vv. She lighted off the camel. — Gen. xxiv. é 8, In surgery, a cord or string for tying the blood- 95. A true Christian, a person enlightened. Eph. v settle: st : S i ‘ | vessels particularly the arteries, to prevent hemor- 26. A good king the cUinerOniNe i le. S eae t ek eee Se ane Be Ne 5 | hare A ? CO E5 £ S people. sam. XX. yee lights on this flower and that. . | rhage. The light of the countenance; favor; smiles, Ps. lv. | LIGHT, adv. Lightly ; cheaply. Hooker. & i 1 | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 664LIG LIG LIK LIGHT/-ARM-ED, a. LIGHT’-BEAR-ER, n. LIGHT’-BRAIN, x. Armed with light weapons. A torch-bearer. 8B. Jonson. An empty-headed person. Martin. LIGHT’ED, (lit/ed,) pp. or a. Kindled; set on fire; caused to burn. [Lrt, for Liauren, is inelegant, ex- cept in poetry. LIGHT’EN, (lit/n,) v.% [from light, the fluid ; Sax. eee) 1. To flash ; to burst forth or dart, as lightning ; to shine with an instantaneous illumination. This dreadful night, That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roara As doth the lion. 2. To shine like lightning. 3. To fall; to light. [Ods.] LIGHT’EN, (lit’n,) v. t. To dissipate darkness; to fill with light; to spread over with light; to illumi- nate; to enlighten ; as, to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets. A key of fire ran all along the shore, And lightened all the river with a blaze. Shak. Shak. Dryden. 2. To illuminate with knowledge; in a moral sense. A light to lighten the Gentiles. — Luke ii, 3. To free from trouble and fill with joy. They looked to him and were lightened. — Ps. xxxiv. LIGHT’EN, (lit’n,) v. t [from light, not heavy ; Sax. akon} 1. To make lighter; to reduce in weight ; to make less heavy ; as, to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden. 2. To alleviate ; tomake less burdensome or afflict- ive ; as, to lighten the cares of life; to lighten the burden of grief. 3. To cheer ; to exhilarate. He lightens my humor with his merry Jest. Shak. LIGHT’EN-ED, (lit’nd,) pp. Made lighter; filled with light; flashed, as lightning. LIGHT’EN-ING, ppr. Reducing in weight ; illumin- ating ; flashing, as lightning. LIGHT’ER, (lit/er,) n. One that lights; as, a lichter of lainps. 2. A large, open, flat-bottomed boat, used in load- ing and unloading ships. LIGHT’/ER-AGE, n. The price paid for unloading ships by lighters or boats; also, the act of thus un- loading into lighters or boats. LIGHT’ER-MAN, (lit/er-man,) n. ages a lighter; a boatman. LIGHT’-FIN'/GER-ED, (lit/fing’gerd,) a. Dextrous in taking and conveying away; thievish; addicted to petty thefts. LIGHT!’-FOOT, a A man who man- Nimble in running or dan- LIGHT’-FOOT-ED, § cing; active. [Little used.] Spenser. LIGHT/-HEAD-ED, (lit/hed-ed,) a. [See Herap.] Thoughtless ; heedless ; weak ; volatile ; unsteady. Clarendon. 2. Disordered in the head ; dizzy ; delirious. LIGHT’/-HEAD-ED-NESS, n. Disorder of the head ; dizziness; deliriousness. LIGHT’-HEART-ED, (lit/hart-ed,) a. Free from grief or anxiety ; gay; cheerful; merry. LIGHT/-HEART-ED-LY, adv. With a light heart. LIGHT/-HEART-ED-NESS, n. The state of being free from care or grief; cheerfulness. LIGHT’-HEEL-ED, a. Lively in walking or run- ning; brisk. LIGHT’/-HORSE, xz. Light-armed cavalry. LIGHT’-HOUSE, zn. A pharos; a tower or building erected on a rock or point of land, or on an isle in the sea, With a light or number of lamps on the top, intended to direct seamen in navigating ships at night. LIGHT!-IN/FANT-RY, nx. A term applied to bodies of active and strong men, carefully selected for rapid evolutions. Their object is to cover and assist other troops. Campbel?s Mil. Dict. LIGHT’ING, ppr. Kindling ; setting fire to. LIGHT’-LEG-GED, a. Nimble; swift of foot. Sidney. LIGHT’LESS, (lit/less,) a. Destitute of light; dark, LIGHT’LY, (lit/ly,) adv. With little weight; as, to tread lightly ; to press lightly. 2. Without deep impression. The sott ideas of the cheerful note, Lightly received, were easily forgot. Prior. 3. Easily ; readily ; without difficulty ; of course. 4. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight, Flatter not the rich, neither do thou willingly or lightly appear before great personages. Taylor. 5. Without dejection ; cheerfully. Bid that welcome, Which comes to punish us, and we punish it, Seeming to bear it ightly. Shak. 6. Not chastely ; wantonly. Swift, 7 Nimbly; with agility ; not heavily or tardily, He led me lightly over the stream. 8. Gayly; airlly; witb levity; without heed or care, TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/‘CIOUS, —€ as K; Gas J; 9 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. LIGHT’-MIND-ED, a Unsettled; unsteady ; vola- tile ; mot considerate. He that is hasty to give credit is light-minded. Ecclus. LIGHT/NESS, (lit/ness,) n. Want of weight ; levity ; the contrary to Heaviness; as, the lichtness of air compared with water ; lightness of the animal spir- its. 2. Inconstancy ; unsteadiness; the quality of mind which disposes it to be influenced by trifling consid- erations. Such is the lightness of you common men. Shak. 3. Levity ; wantonness ; lewdness ; unchastity. Shak. Sidney. 4. Agility ; nimbleness. 5. In the fine arts, a quality indicating freedom from weight or clumsiness. rande. LIGHT’NING, (lit/ning,) n. [That is, lightening, the participle present of lighten. } 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accom- panied by a vivid flash of ligbt. It is commonly the discharge of electricity from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth, in which latter case jt is peculiarly dangerous. Thunder is the sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere. lmsted. 2. {from lighten, to diminish weight.] Abatement ; alleviation ; mitigation. Spectator. LIGHT/NING-BUG, n. A species of firefly, common in the Northern States of America. LIGHT/NING-GLANCE, n. A glance or darting of lightning. Allen. 2. A glance or flash of the eye, like lightning. LIGHT’/NING-ROD, x. A metallic rod erected to pro- tect buildings or vessels from lightning. LIGHT/-ROOM, n. In a ship of war, a small apart- rent, having double glass windows toward the mag- azine, and containing lights by which the gunner fills cartridges. Mar. Dict. LIGHTS, (lits,) ~ pl. [So called from their Lght- ness. | The lungs; the organs of breathing in brute ani- mals. These organs, in man, we call Lunes; in other animals, Licurts. LIGHT/SOME, (lit/sum,) a. not obscure. Luminous; not dark; White walls make rooms more lightsome than black. [Little se n, The lightsome realms of love. Dryden. we the latter passage, the word is elegant.] 2. Gay; airy ; cheering ; exhilarating. That kghtsome affection of joy. Hooker. LIGHT/SOME-NESS, n. Luminousness; the quality of being light ; opposed to Darkness, or DarksoMeE- NESS. Cheyne. 2. Cheerfulness ; merriment; levity. [ This word is little used. } LIGHT’-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Having a light or cheerful spirit. Irving. LIG-NAL/GES, Mig nell ze ov lin-al/oze,)n. [L. lig- num, wood, and aloes. ] Aloes wood. JVum. xxiv. LIG/NE-OUS, a. Eb. Benes) Wooden; made of wood; consisting of wood; resembling wood. The harder part of a plant is ligneous, LIG-NIF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. lignum, wood, and fero, to produce. | Yielding or producing wood. Humble. LIG-NLFL€A/TION, n. The process of becoming or of converting into wood, or the hard substance of a vegetable. Good, LIG/NI-FI-ED, (lig’ne-fide,) pp. Converted into wood. LiG/NI-FORM, a, [L. lignum, wood, and form.] Like wood ; resembling wood. Kirwan, LIG/NI-FY, v. t. [L. ignum, wood, and facio, to make, To convert into wood. LIG/NI-FY, v. 7. To become wood. LIG/NI-FY-ING, ppr. Converting into wood. LIG/NIN, x. [L. hgnum, wood.] In chemistry, the woody part or fiber cf plants, LIG-NI-PER/DOUS, a. [L. lignum, wood, and perdo, to destroy.] An epithet applied to insects which destroy wood. rande. LIG/NITE, n. [Ee lignum.]} Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and burning with an empyreumatic odor, It is of more recent origin than the anthra¢1ie and bituminous coal of the proper coal series, Dana, LIG-NIT/I€, a. Containing lignite; resembling lig- nite, Humble. LIG’/NOUS, a, Ligneous, pent used. | Evelyn. LIG/NUM-VI'T&, n [L The popular name of Guaiacum officinale, or poxwood. The common lig- num-vite is a native of the warm latitudes of Amer- ica, It becomes a large tree, having a hard, brown- ish, brittle bark, and its wood firm, solid, ponderous, very resinous, of a blackish-yellow color in the mid- die, and of a hot, aromatic taste. It is of considera- ble use in medicine and the mechanical arts. being Wrought into utensils, wheels, cogs, and various ar. ticles of turnery. LIG’/U-LATE, LIG/U-LA-TED, (| ~ Like a bandage or strap; as, a ligulate flower, a species of compound flower, the florets of which have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the end, with the base only tubular. This is the semi- flosculous flower of Tournefort. Botany. LIG/ULE, . LIG/U=LA, $7" 1. In botany, the flat part of the leaf of a grass, in contradistinction from that part which sheathes the stem. 2. A strap-shaped petal of flowers of Syngenesia. LIG/URE, x A kind of precious stone. Ezod. XXViil. 19. LIG/U-RITE, n. [from Liguria.] A mineral occur- ring in oblique rhombic prisms, of an apple-green color, occasionally speckled. Phillips. LIKE, a. [Sax. lic, gelic, Goth. leiks, D. lyk, gelyk, G. gleich, Sw. lik, Dan. lig, lige, like, plain, even, equal, smooth. The sense of like, similar, is even, smooth, equal; but this sense may be from laying, pressing ; Encyc. (L. ligula, a strap.] [L. ligula, a strap.] and hence this word may be allied to the Eth. (\n0 lakeo, to stamp, seal, impress, whence its derivative, an image; or the sense be taken from rubbing or shaving. We observe that like has also the sense of please ; to like is, to be pleased. Now, if p in L. pla- ceo is a prefix, the latter may be formed on the root of like. And if de isa prefix in delight, delecto, de- licious, delicate, these may be of the same family. Inke is evidently from the same root as the Ch. --—-- and Heb. pbn, Ar. cas chalaka, to be or make smooth. Qu. Gr. #AcKos, 7Arkca. See Lick and LickrrisH. 1. Equal in quantity, quality, or degree ; as, a ter- ritory of like extent with another; men of like excel- lence. More clerzymen were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space before. ‘prat. 2. Similar; resembling ; having resemblance. Elijah was a man subject to like passions as we are. —James Vv. Why might not other planets have been created for like usea With the earth, each for its own inhabitants ? Bentley. Like is usually followed by to, but it is often omit- ted. What city is like to this great city ?— Rev. xviii. I saw three unclean spirits like frogs. — Rev. xvi. _ : Among them all was found none like Daniel, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, — Dan. i. 3. Probable ; likely; that is, having the resem- blance or appearance of an event; giving reason to expect or believe. He is like to die of hunger in the place where he is, for there is no more bread. — Jer. xxxviii. Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform them- selves to strict rules. Clarendon. Like figures, in geometry, See under Simrvar. LIKE, xn. [Elliptically, for like thing, like event, like person. | . ; 1. Some person or thing resembling another; an equal. The like may never happen again. He was a man, take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again. Shak, 2. Had like, in the phrase ‘the had like to be de- feated,’? seems to be a corruption; but perhaps like here is used for resemblance or probability, and has the character of anoun. At any rate, as a phrase, it is authorized by good usage. LIKE, adv. In the same manner. Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.— Matt. vi. Luke xii. Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him, — Ps, ciii. 2, In a manner becoming. Be strong, and quit yourselves like men, —1 Sam. iv. 3. Likely ; probably ; as, ike enough it will. Shak. LIKE, v. t. [Sax. licean, lician; Goth. letkan ; proba- bly L. placeo, and delecto, with prefixes. ] 1. To be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve. It expresses less than love and delight, We like a plan or design when we approve of it as correct or beneficial. We like the character or con- duct of a man when it comports with our view of rectitude. We like food that the taste relishes. We like whatever gives us pleasure. He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking ee 2, To please; to be agreeable to. This desire being recommended to her majesty, it Ss es to include the same within one entire lease. [ Obs.] . 8, To liken. [Obds.] Shak. LIKE. v. i. To be picased ; to choose. He may go or tay, as he likes. : Locke. Knolles. 2 ‘ke of ; to be p.eased. [ Obs.] les BILLHOOD, [likely as hood Probability ; LIKELIHOOD, 7. r reality. There verisimilitude ; appearance of truth o 84 665 | ! .s aoa! ner. eee taney. ae SAO Oy armament ("8 = “TSS Somer likmet LIEN FV a ee aes @ Ia BP De ae Se | a co eae a p pete LIL LIM is little likelihood that an habitual drunkard will be- come temperate. ‘There is little likelihood that an old offender will be reformed. Prudence directs us not to undertake a design, when there is little or no like- lihood of success. 2. Appearance ; show ; resemblance. [Obs.] Shak. LIKE'LI-NESS, n. [from likely.] Probability. 2. The qualities that please. ee LIKELY. ] LIKE'LY, a. [that is, life-like. ] robable ; that may be rationally thought or believed to have taken place in time past, or to be true now OF hereafter ; such as is more reasonable than the contrary. A likely story is one which evidence or the circumstances of the case render probable, and therefore credible. ; 2 Such as may be liked; pleasing; as, a likely man or woman. [This use of likely is not obsolete, as Johnson af- firms, nor is it vulgar. But the English and their de- scendants in America differ in the application. The English apply the word to external appearance, and with them likely is equivalent to handsome, well- formed ; as, a likely man, a likely horse. In America, the word is also sometimes applied to the endow- ments of the mind, or to pleasing accomplishments. A likely man is a man of good character and talents, orof good dispositions or accomplishments, that ren- der him pleasing or respectable. } LIKE/LY, adv. Probably. While man was innocent, he was likely ignorant important for him to know. LIKE’-MIND-ED, a. Having a like disposition or purpose. Rom. XV. LIK’/EN, (lik’n,) v.t. [Sw. likna; Dan. ligner. To compare ; to represent as resembling or similar. of nothing lanville. Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will lien him to a wise man, that built his house on a rock. — Matt, vi. LYK! EN-ED, (lik'nd,) pp. Compared. LIKE’NESS, zn. Resemblance in form ; similitude. The picture is a good likeness of the original. 9. Resemblance ; form; external appearance. Guard against an enemy in the likeness of a friend. 3. One that resembles another; a copy ; a counter- part. 1 took you for your likeness, Chloe. Prior. 4. An image, picture, or statue, resembling a per- son or thing. Ezod. xx. LIK’EN-ING, n. The forming of resemblance. LIK’EN-ING, ppr. Comparing ; representing as simi- Jar. LIKEWISE, comp. [like and wise.} In like manner; also ; moreover ; too. For he seeth that wise men die, likewise the fool and the brutish person perish, and leave their wealth to others. — Ps. xlix. LIK/ING, ppr. of Lixr. Approving; being pleased with. 9. a. Plump; full; of a good appearance. Dan. i. LIL/Y-H?'A-CINTH, nz. A species of squill. Ash. LIL/Y-LIV-ER-ED, a. White-livered ; cowardly. Not used. Shak. LI-MA'CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [lL limaz. Belonging to the slug or naked snail, the limax of inneus. LI-MA/TION, n. [L. limo, to file.] [P. Cyc. The act of filing or polishing. LI/MA-TURE, n. [L. lino, to file.) 1. A filing. 9, Filings ; particles rubbed off by filing. Johnson. LIMB, (lim,) ». [Sax. lim; Dan. and Sw. lem; L. limbus, edge or border, extremity ; limes, limit, coin- ciding perhaps with W. llem, lym, sharp, or /lamu, to leap. - The sense of limb is from shooting or ex- tending. ] ]. Edge or border. This is the proper signification of the word; but in this sense it is limited chiefly to technical use, and applied to the sun, moon, or a star, to a leaf, to a quadrant, &c. We say, the sun or moon is eclipsed on its northern limb. But we never say the limb of a board, of a tract of land or water, &c. 2. In anatomy, and in common use, an extremity of the human body ; a member ; a projecting part; as, the arm or leg; that is, a shoot. 3. The branch of a tree; applied only of some size, and not to a small twig. 4, In botany, the border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corol. Martyn. Limb of the law; a member of the legal profession. LIMB, (lim,) v. t. To supply with limbs. Milton. 9. To dismember ; to tear off the limbs. LIM’/BAT, 7. A cooling, periodical wind in the Isle of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight o’clock, A. M. to the middle of the day or later. to a branch Encyc. LIM/BATE, a. Bordered; when one color is sur- rounded by an edging of another. Lindley. LIM/BE€, n. [Contracted from alembic.] A still; a word not now used. LIM’BE€, ov. t. To strain or pass through a still. Sandys. In composition, formed with re- { Obs.] LIMB’/ED, (limd,) @.- large-limbed ; short- gard to limbs; as, well-limbed ; limbed. Pope. LIM’/BER, a. [Perhaps from the W. llib, Uibin; for m and b are convertible, and m before 6 is often casual. ] Easily bent ; ica, it is applied to material things ; a limber joint. LIM’/BER, v.t. Toattach to the limbers; as, to limber the gun. LIM/BER-NESS, n. The quality of veing easily bent ; flexibleness ; pliancy. LIM’BERS, n. pl. Ina ship, holes cut through LIM/BER-HOLES, the floor timbers, as a passage for water to the pump-well. Mar. Dict. LIM’BER, n. sisz.) Two wheels and a shaft, with LIM’/BERS, 2. pl. which cannon are drawn by flexible ; pliant; yielding. In Amer- as, a limber rod; Obs. LIKING, n. A good state of body; healthful appear- ance ; plumpness. Their young ones are in good liking. — Job xxxix. 9. State of trial. [JVot used.] Dryden. to your liking. Spenser. 4, Delight in; pleasure in ; with to. parts. Dryden. LYLA€, x. [Fr. lilas; Sp. lilac.) Persia. ers, which are purple or white. LY/LA-LITE, n. identical. ana. LIL-I-A/CEOUS,a. [L. liliaceus, from lilium, a lily.] Pertaining to lilies; lily-like. Martyn. Embellished with lilies. Milton. coro). LIL'I-ED, (lil/lid,) a. By sandy Ladon’s Itled banks. LIL-LPU’TIAN, n. One belonging to a diminutiv race described in Swift’s kingdom of Liliput. 2. A person of very small size. used as an adjective. LILL, v.t. See Lott. land. Spenser, ness. {Local.] Pegve. 2. To sing or play cheerfully and merrily. : nih LILY, (lil/le,) 2. (L. lilium; Gr. AeEtprov 5 Sp. livio.] lous flowers of great beauty and variety of colors. Encye. Lily of the valley ; the top into six segments, Miller. LIL/Y-DAF’FO-DIL, x. A r.ant and flower. Spenser. 3. Inclination ; pleasure ; as, this is an amusement He who has no liking to the whole ought not to censure the A plant or shrub of the genus Syringa, a native of The common lilac is cultivated for its flow- See Leripoite, with which it is A liliaceous corol is one that has six regular petals, or segments of the 9 e and allied to clammy. It is sometimes 1. But Jill is used in New Eng- LILT, v.i. To do any thing with dexterity or quick- [Scot- The English popular name of a genus of plants of many species, which are all buJbous-rooted, herba- ceous perennials, producing bell-shaped, hexapeta- ’ y; a plant of the genus Convallaria, with a monopetalous, bell-shared corol, divided at LIL/¥Y-HAND-ED, a. Having white, delicate hands, horses. 2. Thills ; LIM’BIL-ITE, 7. chrysolite. shafts of a carriage. Forby. Supposed to be a decomposed Dana, LIMB/LESS, a. Destitute of limbs. Massinger. LIMB’MEAL, a. Piecemeal. Shak. / LIM'BUS, | n. [L. limbus, edge or border.] 1. In scholastic theology, a region bordering on hell. The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men until the coming of our Savior. The limbus infantum was a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. The term Limso has been applied by the poets to other supposed places lying on the outer borders of hell. Shakspeare applies the term to hell itself. Ariosto makes it the place of all lost things ; Milton, the paradise of fools. Encyc. Amer. 2, A place of restraint or confinement. Dryden. LIME, x. [Sax. lim, lime, whence geliman, to glue ; Sw. and Dan. lim, D. lym, G. leim and lehem, loam ; L. limus ; It. and Sp. limo; probably Gr. Anun, yAnpen, On this word is formed slimes) A viscous substance, sometimes laid on twigs for catching birds. Dryden. 9. Calcareous earth, oxyd of calcium, procured from chalk and certain stones and shells, by ex- pelling from them the carbonic acid, by means of a strong heat in a furnace. or cement is obtained from limestone, or carbonate of lime, of which marble is a fine species. Hooper. Nicholson. 3. The linden-tree, or Tilia. LIME, 7. [Fr. lime. fruit, the Citrus medica, smaller than the lemon. LIME, v. t. [Sax. geliman.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance. LL’ Estrange. 2. To entangle ; to insnare. Shak. 3. To manure with lime. Land may be improved by draining, marling, and liming. . Child. 4. To cement, Shak. LIME/-BURN-ER, 1. LIM/ED, (limd,) pp. manured with lime. LIME/HOUND, x. A dog used in hunting the wild boar. LIME/KILN, (lime’/kil,) n. stones or shells are exposed to a strong heat and re- duced to Jime. LIME/-PLANT, x. A name sometimes given to the may apple. LIME/-SINK, zx. ground in limestone countries, LIME’STONE, x. the expulsion of its carbonic acid, or fixed air. called carbonate of lime. Of this there are several species. LIME/-TWIG, n. quantity, to which a variable proaches, and may come nearer to it than by any given difference, LIM/IT, ». t. LIM/IT-A-BLE, a. LIM-I'T-A/NE-OUS, a. LIM-IT-A/RI-AN, a. LIM/IT-A-RY, a. L LIM/IT-ED, pp. Bounded ; 9 LIM/IT-ED-LY, adv. LIM/IT-ED-NESS, 2. LIM/IT-ER, zn. LIM/IT-LESS, a. LIM/MER, n. LIMN, (lim,) ». t. The best lime for mortar See Lemon.] A species of acid LIM One who burns stone to lime. Smeared with lime; entangled ; Spenser. A kiln or furnace in which A rounded hole or depression in the America. Stone of which lime is made by It is A twig smeared with lime. Milton. LIME/-TWIG-GED, a. Smeared with lime. Addison. LIME’-WA-TER, n. LIM/ING, ppr. tangling 5 LIM/ING, n. LIM/IT, x. Water impregnated with lime. Daubing with viscous matter; en- manuring with lime. The act of manuring with lime. [L. limes ; Fr. limites. See Lime. ] 1. Bound; border; utmost extent; the part that terminates a thing; as, the limit of a town, city, or empire ; the limits of human knowledge. 2, The thing which bounds ; restraint. 3. In mathematics, aterm used for some determinate one continually ap- but can never go beyond it. arlow. 4, Limits, pl.; the extent of the liberties of a prison. To bound ; to set bounds to. 9. To confine within certain bounds ; to circum- scribe ; to restrain. The government of England is called a limited monarchy. They tempted God and limited the Holy One of Israel. — Ps. lxxviil. 3. To restrain from a lax or general signification. World sometimes signifies the universe, and some- times its signification is limited to this earth. That may be limited, circum- scribed, bounded, or restrained. Hume. Pertaining to bounds. Dict. That limits or circumscribes. Placed at the limit, as a guard. Proud limitary cherub. Milton. IM-IT-A/TION, n. [L. limitatio.] 1. The act of bounding or circumscribing. 2, Restriction; restraint; circumscription. The king consented to a_ limitation of his prerogatives. Government by the limitation of natural rights se- cures Civil liberty. 3 Restriction; confinement from a Jax indeter- minate import. Words of general import are often to be understood with limitations. 4. A certain precinct within which friars were allowed to beg or exercise their functions. Gilping. 5. In law, the period limited by statute after which the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. Bouvier. circumscribed ; restrained. 9. a. Narrow; circumscribed. Our views of na- ture are very limited. With limitation. State of being limited. Parker. He or that which limits or confines. 9. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, or whose duty was limited to a certain district. Having no limits ; unbounded. Davies. A limehound; a mongrel. Jo/mson. 2. A dog engendered between a hound and mastiff. Bailey. 3. A thill or shaft. |Zocal.] [See Limser.] 4. A thill-horse. [ocal.} [Fr. enluniner ; L. henesoast To draw or paint; or to paint in water colors. Encyc. ° LIM/NED, (limd,) pp. Painted. LIM/NER, 2. [I'r. enlumineur ; L. illuminator, in the middle ages; alluminor.] 1. One that colors or paints on paper or parchment ; one who decorates books with initial pictures. 2. A portrait painter. Encye. LIM/NING, ppr. Drawing; painting; painting in water colors. LIM/NING, n. in water colors. LIM/ON-ITE, x. One of the names of brown iron ore or brown hematite. It occurs in extensive beds, and often presents globular, concentric, and stalactite forms. It is an abundant ore in the United States. ana. The act or art of drawing or painting ddison. LI/MOUS, a. [L. limosus, from limus, slime. ] Muddy ; slimy ; thick. Brown. LIMP, v. i. [Sax. lemp-healt, lame ; gelimpan, to hap- pen, that is, to fall; allied perhaps to lame. } To halt ; to walk lamesy. Bacon FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY,— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — i es 666anand anions ener LIN LIMP, x. A halt ; act of limping. LIMP, a. Wapid; weak. [Wot used.] LIMP’ER, zn. One that limps. LIM’/PET, n. [L. lepas; Gr. peel or strip off bark. A univalve shell of the genus Patella, adhering to rocks. LIM’PID, a. [L. limpidus ; Gr. Naru, to shine.] Pure ; clear; transparent; as, a limpid stream. LIM-PID’I-TY, nm. Clearness ; purity ; transpar- LIM’/PID-NESS, ency. LIMP’ING, ppr. or a. Halting; walking lamely. LIMP/ING-LY, adv. Lamely; in a halting manner. LIM/SY : LIMP/SY, a [W lUymsi.] Weak ; flexible. LIM! a. limy snares. 2. Containing lime; as, a limy soil. 3. Resembling lime ; having the qualities of lime. LIN, v. iz. [Ice. linna.] To yield. [ Obs. Spenser. LIN, x. [Celtic.] A pool or collection of water, par- ticularly the one above or below a fall of water. Rich. Dict. 2. A waterfall, or cataract ; as, Corsa Lin, often spelt lyn. [Scottish.] LINCH, x. A ledge; a right-angled projection. Jennings. LINCH’PIN, n. [Sax. lynis, an axis, D. lens, G. lunse. A pin used to prevent the wheel of a carriage from sliding off the axle-tree. LIN’/€OLN-GREEN, (link’/un-,) 2. A color of cloth formerly made in Lincoln. Spenser. “UINE/TU . : LINGTUS, n. [L. lingo, linctus.] Medicine taking by licking with the tongue. Burton. LIN’DEN, ) n. (Sax. lind; Sw. and Dan. lind; D. linde LIND, or linde-boom ; G. linde, lindenbaum.] The lime-tree, or teil-tree, of the genus Tilia. Dryden. LINE, rn. [L. linea; Fr. ligne, from L. linum; Gr. Atvoy, flax; G. leine; D. lyn; Sw. lina; Dan. line.] 1. In geometry, that which has length, without breadth or thickness. Euclid. 2. A slender string; a small cord or rope. The angler uses a line and hook. The seaman usesa hand line, a hauling line, spilling lines, &c. 3. A thread, string, or cord, extended to direct any operation. We as by line upon the ocean go. Walton. émas, from Aer, to Forby. New England. [See Lime.] Viscous; glutinous ; as, Dryden. 4, Lineament ; a mark in the hand or face. He ponies palmistry, and dines On all her fortune-telling lines. Cleaveland. 5. Delineation ; sketch; as, the lines of a building. Temple. 6. Contour ; outline ; exterior limit of a figure. Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line, Pope. 7. In writing, printing, and engraving, the words and letters which stand on a level in one row, be- tween one margin and another ; as, a page of thirty lines. 8. In poetry, a verse, or the words which form a certain number of feet, according to the measure. 9. A short letter; a note. I receivedl a line from my friend by the last mail. 10. A rank or row of soldiers, or the disposition of an army drawn up with an extended front; or the like disposition of a fleet prepared for engagement. ll. A trench or rampart; an extended work in fortification. Unite thy forces and attack their lines. Dryden, 12. Method ; disposition ; as, line of order. Shak 13. Extension ; limit ; border. Eden stretched her line From Auran eastward to the royal towers Of great Seleucia, Milton. 14. Equator; equinoctial circle. When the sun below the line descends. Creech. 15. A series or succession of progeny or relations, descending from a common progenitor. We speak of the ascending or descending line; the line of de- scent ; the male line; a line of kings. 16. The twelfth part of an inch. 17. A straight, extended mark. 18. A straight or parallel direction. The houses must all stand ina line. Every new building must be set in a line with others on the same street. 19. Occupation ; employment ; department or course of business. We speak of men in the same line of business. Washington. 20. Course; direction. 5 What general line of conduct ought to be pursued. Washington. 21. Lint or flax, [Seldom used.] Spenser. 22. In heraldry, lines are the figures used in armo- ries to divide the shield into different parts, and to compose different figures. Encyc. 23. In Scripture, line signifies a cord for measuring ; LIN 24. In military affairs, the line denotes the regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, &c. A right line; a straight line; the shortest line that can be drawn between two points. Horizontal line; a line drawn parallel to the hori- zon. Equinoctial line; the equator of the earth or heay- ens. [See Equinoctiat. Meridian line ; a meridian, which see. A ship of the line; a ship of war large enough ta have a place in the line of battle; also called line-of- battle ship. All ships having batteries on two or more decks besides the spar-deck, are ships of the line. Smaller ships may sometimes be so called. LINE, v. t. [Supposed to be from L. linwm, flax, whence linen, which is often used for linings. } 1. To cover on the inside; as, a garment lined with linen, fur, or silk ; a box lined with paper or tin. 2. To put in the inside; applied particularly to money ; as, to line one’s purse. Swift. What if I do line one of their hands? Shak. 3. To place along by the side of any thing for guarding ; as, to line a hedge with riflemen ; to line works with soldiers. 4. To strengthen by additional works or men. Line and new repair your towns of war With men of courage. Shak. 5. To cover; to add a covering; as, to line a crutch. Shak, 6. To strengthen with any thing added. Who lined himself with hope. Shak. 7. To impregnate ; applied to irrational animals. Creech. LIN’E-AGE, n. [Fr. lignage, from ligne, line.] Race ; progeny; descendants in a line from a com- mon progenitor. LIN’/E-AL, a. [L. linealis, from linea, line.] 1. Composed of lines; delineated; as, lineal de- signs. Wotton. 2. In a direct line from an ancestor; as, lineal de- scent ; lineal succession. Locke. 3. Hereditary ; derived from ancestors. Shak. 4. Allied by direct descent. For only you are lineal to the throne. Dryden. 5. In the direction of a line ; as, lineal measure. Lineal measure ; the measure of length. LIN-E-AL/I-TY, x. The state of being in the form of a line. Am. Review. LIN/E-AL-LY, adv. Ina direct line ; as, the prince is lineally descended from the conqueror. LIN‘E-A-MENT, x. [Fr., from L. lineamentum.] Feature ; form; make; the outline or exterior of a body or figure, particularly of the face. Man he seems In all his lineaments. Milton. The lineaments of the body. Locke. Lineaments of a churacter. Swift. LIN‘E-AR, a. [L. linearis.] 1. Pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction. 2. In botany, like a line; slender; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as, a linear leaf. Linear numbers ; in mathematics, such as have rela- tion to length only ; such is a number which repre- sents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure is a square, the linear figure is called a root. Barlow. Linear problem ; that which may be solved geomet- rically by the intersection of two right lines. Brande. Tinear perspective. See PERSPECTIVE. LIN’/E-AR-SHAP-ED, (-shapte,) a. Of a linear shape. LIN/E-ATE, a. In botany, marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines ; as, a lineate leaf. LIN-E-A’TION, n. Draught; delineation, which see. Woodward. LIN’ED, pp. [See Line.] Covered on the inside. LIN/EN, xn. [L. linum, flax, Gr. Acvov, W. llin, Ir. lin, Russ, len, G. lein. The sense is probably long, ex- tended, or smooth. In the latter sense, it would ac- cord with L. linio, lenio.} 1. Cloth made of flax or hemp. 2. The under part of dress, as being chiefly of linen. LIN/EN, a. [L. nes] 1. Made of flax or hemp; as, linen cloth; a linen stocking. 2. Resembling linen cloth; white; pale. Shak. LIN/EN-DRA/PER, 2. person who deals in linens. {[Linener and Linen-man, in a like sense, are obsolete. ] LIN/ER, x. A vessel belonging to a regular line of packets. [ Recent usage. | LING, n. [D. leng; Ir. long; probably Sax. leng, long. } A fish of the genus Gadus, or cod kind, which grows to the length of four feet or more, is very slen- der, with a fiat head. This fish abounds on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland, and forms a consid- also, instruction, doctrine. Ps. xix. Js. xxviii. erable article of commerce, Partington. SEE LIN ! LING, n. [Ice. ling, from leng, long.) A species of long grass; heath. Jamieson. Cyc. ING, a Saxon termination, as in darling, firstling, de- notes primarily state, condition, or subject. In some words, it denotes the young of an animal, or a small one. LIN’’GER, v. i. [from the root of long, Sax. leng. I. To delay; to loiter; to remain or wait Jong; to be slow. Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind. Gray Whose judgment now ofa long time lingereth not. —2 Pet. ii. 2. To hesitate; to be slow in deciding; to be in suspense. Perhaps thou lingerest, in deep thought detained. Milton. 3. To remain long in any state. The patient lin- gers on a bed of sickness. LINGER, (ling/ger,) v. t. To protract. Shak. LIN'’'GER-ED, pp. Delayed; loitered. LIN/’GER-ER, x. One who lingers. LIN!/GER-ING, ppr. Delaying; loitering. 2. a. Drawing out in time; remaining long ; pro- tracted ; as, a lingering disease. To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is generally his folly. Rambler. LIN’’GER-ING, (ling’ger-ing,) n. A delaying ; a re- maining long ; tardiness ; protraction. The lingerings of holiday customs. Irving. LIN''GER-ING-LY, adv. With delay; slowly ; tedi- ously. Hale. LIN’GET,, (ling’get,) m. [Fr. lingot, from languette, a tongue.] * A small mass of metal. Camden. LINGLE, (ling’gl,) n. [Fr. ligneul, from ligne. | Shoemaker’s thread. [WVot in use, or local.) Drayton. LIN!’GO, (ling’go,) n. [L. lingua.] Language; speech. [Vulgar.] LIN!'GUA‘CIOUS, (ling-gwa/shus,) a. Talkative ; loquacious. LIN/’/GUA-DENT’AL, a. [L. lingua, tongue, and dens, a tooth. ] Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth; as the letters d and t. Holder. LIN/’GUA-DENT’AL, n. An articulation formed by the tongue and teeth, LINGUAL, (ling’gwal,) a. [L. lingua, the tongue.] Pertaining to the tongue; as, the lingual nerves, the ninth pair, which go to the tongue; the lingual muscle, or muscle of the tongue. LIN’’GUI-FORM, (ling’gwe-form,) a. ee lingua and form.] Having the form or shape of the tongue. Martyn. LINGUIST, (ling’gwist,). [L. lingua, the tongue.] person skilled in languages; usually applied to a person Well versed in the languages tavght in col- leges, Greek, Latin, and Hebrew. Milton. LIN/‘GUIST'I€, a. Relating to linguistics, or to LIN/'’GUIST’I€-AL, the affinities of languages. Gliddon. LIN’ GUIST’I€S, n. The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words. LIN’GU-LATE, a, [L. lingulatus, from lingua, tongue. } Shaped like the tongue orastrap. [But Licunate is more generally used. ] Martyn. LING/WORT, n. An herb. LLIN/GY, (lin/je,) a. Tall; limber; flexible. 2. Active ; strong ; able to bear fatigue. LIN'I-MENT, n. lino, to anoint. ] A species of soft ointment; a composition of a consistence somewhat thinner than an unguent, but thicker than oil. Encyc. LIN/ING, ppr. [See Line.] Covering on the inside, as a garment. LIN/ING, zn. The covering of the inner surface of any thing, as of a garment ora box. The pleura is called the lining of the thorax. 2. That which is within. Shak. LINK, x. [G. gelenk, a joint, a ring, a swivel, a link, and, as an adjective, flexible, limber, from lenien, to bend ; Dan. lenke, a chain.] I. A single ring or division of a chain. ®, Any thing doubled and closed like a link; as, a link of horse-hair. Mortimer. 3. A chain; any thing connecting. And love, the common link, the new creation crowned. Dryden, 4. Any single constituent part of a connected series. This argument is a link in the chain of rea- soning. [Johnson says that Addison has improperly used link for a series or chain, but this does not appear from the passage cited. £d.] : : Links; sausages, so called from being made in a continuous chain. [Sometimes heard in America. ] ° Forin. LINK, nx. [Gr. Avyvos, L. lycknus, & lamp or candle, coinciding in elements with Light, } ‘ A torch made of tosv or hards, &c., and pitch. Shax. Dryden. [L. linguaz.] D Brockett. [Fr., from L. lintmentum, from linio, LINK, v. t. To complicate. Johnson. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN'GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 667 - ge eel <—SSR erate OS ET = we ———- ee ee eee. — | y ie ° 16; I P Z fe a IQ : > 2. To unite . 5 He a or in other Te me by something intervening | LI P-DE-VO'/TION, n. P we .s Link to ; s withot DAN 9 ee eee uttered b 5 ‘ : Da srr ona DY Ne Sr oak. Pane TOD desires of the heart. y the lips 2. To settle ; to adjust; to as ; Ne ‘ TANK ee 9 creature, man to man. Pope. ADDN, Ge Good in profession only precision in amount : scertain or reduce to I ».t Tobe conn ee es : ; cf TK! ected. LIP! Which met! Set ‘ LINK/BOY ie At Burke wIP/-LA-BOR, n. Lab : B. Jonson nethod of liquidating the 3 { : 3 . y0y or man that : a ae abor or action of the lips wi : was usually pert ope A aes amercement to a precise : NK} at carried a concurrenc . the lips witl a wan Ge ormed in the ee precise sum fe LINK’MAN, or torch to light passengers. links: routs e of the mind; words without Sone Hue Serre ne Poors hole Benya Blackstone. ay ae » : Mi IP! Tag : : ificates to the public credit STONY 9 2 aL torches ui fe LINK’ED, (linkt,) PP- United ; en ae Gray. Sarai a. Having no Jips B liquidated, and HIE be Se ioe Wi the wen were { alN J 16s led. sik” Ss a i 1s " i next tax-bi a Tee i L INK’ING, Ppr Uniting ; connectin LIP/O-G ) a A little lip. YTon. The domestic debt may be 3 aes bill. Hrta +s LIN-N ZE'AN,) a Pe Cis E- a 9-GRAM, x. [G Kirby. liquid. ay subdivided into liqui ays rie ee LIN-NE/AN a . Pertaining to Linneus, the pota-| 2 letter] : r. Aeutw, to leave, and ypayuya ei iquidated ad um Soares ie botany in nist of Sweden, or to his system of A writing i shi ; 3. To pay ; tosettle, adjust i oes aia 4 LIN'NET F 0 aaitted g in which a particular letter is W holl , adjust, and satisfy, asa debt. at ae NOt Ne r. linot; W. li : : : y Whe mi 2 % s ’ . llinos, fro ETP-O- Fryburgh wz g eaton. a ; and called also In W. adern liz 2 llén, flax, Y GRAM-MAT'I€ a. [Gr. der : ae has ceded to Zurich by Sigismund, to liqui bat linetwere. SO in Lh ca ya flax-bird ; Sax. Omitting a letter. OF - Azix@ and ypappa.) a) thousand Horns: * yh0 HLA tee EDR at th ; thistle. . carduelis, from carduus, a those in which ‘a Par ichine MEER WOES er Lia’ Tojdiminishiorlesien aes eee Bioe tee , : ar Jetter is wholl r : JID-A-TE egeaa Walpol ake A small European singi ; ted. olly omit- é D. pp. Settled; adjus alpole. ae gilla of Seay singing We Bf the genus Frin- LIP-O-GRAM/MA-TIST ped Gh IGIUTDLE paid. PP ettled ; adjusted ; reduced to ot | LIN/SEED Td amlly. thing. dropping < ope ne who writes any -A-TING coe N’Si : ut i thing, dropping a particu : : y ne r. Adjus a nee i || LINT/SEED, sl i fide; and’ seed; Sax, lin-| 1 WY-MOUS, a. see Lar Addison. | 1 tq) UID-A a JOStg 5 tea heen i Flaxseed. ing; fainting. : e LirotHymy.] Swoon- Q-UID-A/TION, (lik-wid-a’st "2 || LIN/SEED-C€AKE . : LI-POTH’! Y-MY settling and adjusting de aishans) te The act of er | ! ee yy Ne The solid mass z Q ag ee Ne [Gr. XecroOupta 5 NET . amount ate sting debts, or ascertaini a ; || remains when oil 1s expressed fi Bs or cake nich and 9 upos, soul. peas Aero, to fall, | Liaru ntror/balante!due: ng ee ‘ || LIN/SEED-OIL, 2. Oil sed from fla eee oe fainting ; a swoon C. oe iD 4-TOR, (lik’wid-,) n. He } a3 | axsee e€ 25S , o 1 ne Ore. ‘ quidates attles 5 * or tb Thi : flaxseed. y pressure from ED, (lipt,) a. Having lips; having Taylor. LIQ_UID'I or settles. E pe which 4 LIN/SEY, x. [Corrupted fi . Ure. rounded edge resembling the li ; having a raised or te -TY, (lik-wid/e-te,) ps Ree : ens p rom linen.] Linsey-w 9. I 5 / g the lip. J. The quality : >») nm. [Fr. liquidité ae ey ' sey. insey-wool- eee botany, Jabiate. at rns quality of being fluid or liqui q é.] a a LIN/SEY -WOQQL/SEY Bentley LIP’/PED, (lipt,) p, Kiss 2. Thinness. 3 iquid, ee hence, vile 5 ape Y,a. Made of linen and wool ; LIP/PING, ppr. ies pee LIQ/UID-LY, adv. Ina flowi Glanville. 4a # parts 2 7, ean of different and eee etble LIP/PI-TUDE, Sd LIQ/UID-NESS, (lik! id OWADE manner. Smart i =| LIN/SEY-WOOL/SEY Toeon e eyed.] , 7m. ([L. lppitudo, from lippus, blear- ing liquid ; fluency wid-nes,) n. The quality of be- a . wool, mixed. SEY, 7. Stuff made of linen and) yj Soreness of eyes ; blearedness LIQ/UOR, (lik/ur,) n. [Sax. loge; Fr. Bowles i > LIN’/STOCK, 2. {lint and stock.) A poi oe [$-DOM, n. Wisdom in talk witl as ox i ; os ce | with a crotch or fork at one 1 pointed staff ice av Saou words not supported by aoe ee is ¢ quid or fluid substance. [See Liaquip.] i match; used in firing cannc end, to hold a lighted | ;yqr ported by experience. a word of general signification 5 RUIDS Liquor the ground or 7 io oe mn. It may be stuck in UIQ UA-BLE (lik'wa-bl Sidney. er, milk, blood, sap, juice, & , xtending to wa- LINT, n. (Sax. li e deck of a ship. Encyc Li QUATE dANs (L + ,)a. That may be melted. mon application is ap ce, &c.; but its most com- ‘ ee Sax. linet, L. linteum, linteus, from Tae To melt; to li 0 igquo. | tilled or fermented a a fluids, whether dis- 4 Flax; but more I >| used. 3 iquefy ; to be dissolved. [Little tures. , to decoctions, solutions, tinc- beer ge inen s : - z ; . ‘ | substance, and eee eh spied into a soft a ee n. [L. liquatio. See I Aoaaardt. Liquor of flints a solution of silicated Eas 4 } LIN’ TEL 2 (F sitet essing wounds ands ve . The act Sy ae Hee sIQUATE. | ate potash ‘ | fc ca aay tts *r. linteau; Sp. lint S and Sores. 2 act or operation of no ti : : ; ah te ; Sp. lintel or dinte 9. The capacity of r1e]UINg. Brow Liquor of Libavius; bi : Brande. fae head-piece of a door-frame dl cong nhs capacity of being melied ; as,a s os a LIQ/UOR of Malice 3 bichlorid of tin. U rame; the part of the fi ame or window- ngealed beyond liquation ; as, a substance > v-l To moisten ; to dre ; Te. | ieces. Exod- xii tame that hes on the side- 3. In metallurgy the process - Brown. 7: ; ) rench. [ Little used.) i LINT/SEED. ea Viiwex regulated heat, an easily -ehib of separating, by a IQ UOR-ICE. See Licorice Bacon | LION, ». [Fr oe ED. fusible, with which it varus le metal from one less LYQUOR SIL/L€UM RICE. leon W. llew a ign aS leo, leonis, Gr. \ewv, Arm it is combined ; eliquation Liquor.) Mga [Eel aor of flints. [See eure 5, a lion; fle sys eo . SON 1. A quadruped of eae: ih EMO LO devour.] LIQ-UE-FA€/TION, (lik-we-fak/sh Oe LE OR a n. A flower { fierce, and rapacious aaa e cues very strong, nee from liquefacio. | shua,)im.) [sue a je OOP, n. [Fr. liripipion.] The hood of d nine feet in lengt Se ator ine ays eight or . The act or operati Iti : ares : of a grad- Peco with ian be he male has a thick head, the conversion of : atid Cea dissolving ; LIR/O-€ONE, a. [Gr. Accpos, pale d : | The lion is a native Set yellowish color. agency of heat or caloric Paya by the sole aE ee ee ef Ac : 4 “a anc 2 Ww: 1; ws ROY C. sLuudac , : es of Asia. His aspect is noble ue warm climates HEEL» signifies the melting of any aha? im common | de n mineralogy, having the form of a whitish 2 i | his roar tremendous , his gait stately, and yy Some authors it is ap lied y substance ; but oe BAD dee er ACCTo aN Sees F stances which px applied to the melting of sub- LIR/O-€ON-ITE Shepard Nie } | ae sign in the zodiac, Leo ae ace a pass through intermediate ea f| green color yy”. A mineral, of a bright HeIOr es 3. An objec i Be aia softness before they bec : ate states 0 yr, consisti y Ba os of the evs . ofeinterst ane curiosity ; as, the lion rosin ee hey become tle as tallow, wax, acid, and water ing of oxyd of copper, arsenic ; % o > : > of fata aan annese ¢ x pre Se re i : 7 of the term is derived Peru Byes Phis use | 7 1¢ - peta of being melted Te arenes Mes BONG Pine aoe light-colored species of wi ti a_i | See in the Tower of I aon kept as objects Nae EAL a. That may be melted I Is poten ao Lisbon, in Portugal. : a Chess ee pea SSS,n. The female save Sema es hanged trom a solid to a liquid state ed, OF | y wane (ics out; active. [Local. > || LI'ON-HEART-ED SEA yee kind. LIQ! UE-FLED, Ee: Bacon | CISNE, Cine, 2. A ee colo one i} heart or courage , (hart-ed,) a. Having a lion’s oe e:) pps, Melee ye weak 3| Lise Ff ollow. [Mot in use] 7. LY/ON-IZE odes ao Sc 7 1Q/UE-FI-E : . v.t (|G. hs . e Hale. | + | Sea ae ea Te ne objects of eariosityan a | ~ Stance. ER, x. That which melts any solid sub- olips, a Hae eee ieee = ee Sax. vlisp, OF ie | LYVON_LIKE -] [See Lion.] LIQ’/UE-F ie. anpak ewvithi spa, Russ. lepetzu, to lisp : Pin 4 N-LIKE . z J JE-FY Tear etuy : oO speak wit woes : : » to Lisp. $ “ TON-LY, Looe eee wont L. Alfano 1Seel ier t. [Fr. liquefier, from tongue and eet Bees articulation Fhe es a LVON-MET-TLED STIG Camden. Milton. To melt ; to dissolver: aA. ee Lisping 1s particularly aes a pronouncing th. F . spirit ea ; aving the courage and solid form to that of a iiguid pvert from a fixed or as yeth for yes. Itis most comm n uttering th for s, i i LION'S FOOT, 7. A pl Hillhouse. by the sole agency ofihient > an technically, to melt I lisped in numbers, f op in children. ‘ ' che, Picnanthes es plant of the genera Catanan- LIQ/UE-FY, S Ena ie a TE ata Hep ot © mbers, for the numbers came. Pope s f 1| LYONS ey NBL . elted ; to become liquid ed see ae oO pronounce with a lisp; Bs ; : INS / Ne / s id. few Ww S a lisp; as she lis oe | genus Tweontice er tuberous rooted plant of the LIQ/UE-FY-ING ppr. Melti Banaiton LISP Ww ordss sao isped a we | , ing near the Mediterranean Li-QUES'CEN-CY, n. [L. ee becoming liquid. Tan E he act of lisping, as in uttering an aspi +1 LUVON’S TA Bee / see pie u. ligquescent A OT Sy» 5 pl- 4 JVON’S TAIL, 2. A Loudon Aptness to melt d ntia. } LISP/E } ig a | LIP, n. [Sax. lippa li plant of the genus Leonurus. LI-QUES’/CENT a. Melti Johnson. LISP/ER, Gispl,) ppt Uttered wath ails , A Sw. lapp ; L. EP BEP EA lip; G. and Dan. lippe S LI-QUEDR’, (le-kare! aoe becoming fluid. LISP/ING n. One that lisps. sP- , j Fr. 1 ylabruins Tt. labbro; Sp. ladios| pic of distilled spirits, Savana delicnts Bic Done LISP'ING, ~The Uttering with a lisp. Be = : _levre; Ir. clab or liobhar ; Pers. es eee FO ae eaas SS GT TORI at ass LISP'ING.LY oe ack of spennns with a lisp. eee | be connected wi . E Wemay'| LL@LULD; (lus wid) a: Teieouaiueh rc ances. Ure. | LIS/SOM, a gS Ee Holder. ee etig iS a8 ith W. lavaru, Ir. labhraim, to speak melt, Ir. leagham ; SA tare? from liquo, to Limber ; Bu robably from the Sax. lesan, to WhnGe be : pprdex| irust out. The sense is a SBA, ; Cee with Sax. lore, water, L. li pane and coin- | LIST, x [Sax Pees relaxed ; loose. Locals) S = os 1. TI ‘ a dunum, Leyden, L Bie i ikea iz and lug, in Lug- Han - [Sax. list, Sw. list; It. and Sp. lis y 7 . The edge cr borde 1. Flui , Lyons. | e an. liste; D. lyst; G. litz TS Deco Fr. and ti tw a : r of the mouth. rr bree ° luid ; flowing inte . : J 3 a ue » Ltze- If list, < ii a Pa oF muscular parts Sasi ie eee oe fixed or solid De ie enct of flowing ; not ene an list, a border or strip of cloth a Fe coe oy > mouth in man ¢ Mites Sipe 2 exterior I Ele m U 3 not precisely sy y se > root, we find 5 aN a 3! ym the 4 fian, the’ lips ST ind many other animals. In nou ith fluid. Air is fluid, but Ws ines) synony- Arm. lez ands Oe original orthography in the pleasure, pana fe SHAY be opened’ or closed at aie Soft ; clear ; flowing ; smooth i eau cs lice. But in ene ae and perhaps the L. licium, Fr gi ene > covering of the teeth, < Patent ye 5; as, liquid mel- had: some languages the words sas ESO ai essential to eae aa ] 3, Pronounced without any j Crashav. Bushee 7 Fr. liste, a roll, and eee TG aoe 2 lips, by a figure, de atlons. iquid lett jar; smooth; as Span : selvedse the organs of 8 gure, denote the mouth CLLer. z > as, a 1. The oe Be yee : or all Se. : e outer e eAlay Sa ; STAs peech, and sometimes speech enTe ai POA ; not obtainable by law; as, a liquid cloth forming care OF eels eles of cloth; a strip of 5 é mm ° . Se 3% a liq myo © ; or, particularly _ i ‘ 2, The edge of any thing; as, the lip of av ] LIQ'UID, iid wid )n. A fluid or fl Alife. and Sauer to strengthen te arly of broadcloth, ae : a vessel. a substanc Ions 1id or flowing subst: a 4h dine inclosing i : n substance whose 2 g substance ; ; ng or fort : : a 3. In botany, one of the tw : _ Burnet. tion on the whose parts change their relativ ay piece of ground, or field phe the extremity of a | labiate corol. The upper ue See divisions of a| inclined al slightest pressure, and which flow e posi- | plural, (lists,) the ground ‘ coe hence, in the ! i as s calle B é £ ¢ y : 'S oné bee t oO id inclos | the lower the beard. Also Gs ed the helmet, and para plane is water, Wine, milk, &c. nan| orcombat. Hence, to ae lend inclosed for a race a || flowers of the Orchise yan appendage to the paces ene at oT letter which has a s challenge, or engage in co r the lists, 1s to accept | ee ises, considered by Linnwus a ing sound, or which flows smo Fats smorD flow- 3. A riers enaaee in contest. Hence pt a : } LUA ALY P ” US as a as. Ll< . Ss noo , after a 2 — nit or boundary ; ? . 4. In conchology, the outer edg pie onl See r, in bla, bra. M andn ive mos called. li 4. In architecture . higtle & horde ase j We univalve shell. ge of the aperture of | LIQ/UID-ATE, (lik/wi iC ill: Mealedalcotakisrer ome square molding ; a fillet ; ‘ ‘To rake a lip; to drop the under lip i Humble. liquido , (lik/wid-ate,) v. t [Fr. liquider; L _5. A roll or catalogue that is g { oY contempt. er lip in sujlenness jens at < , . list of names; < lis > ’ lat 1S, a TOW or line; a8, 2 t ‘| LIP. v. t. 1'o kiss Shak > ~ Lo clear from all obscurity of ratable ee ist of books 3 a list of articles ; alist q j : SI r Time only can liqui r . asc age eae u ak. > only can liquidate the me: pile 3 6. Astrip of c . { 1 or system. meaning of al) parts of a compound Civil nee A on ; 3 fillet. Swift. ti Nac ATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT Min’ Hamilton. the civil officers yr Ae ritain and the United States : AT.— METE, PREY. — PIN F a government, as judges Recs ers ie - E, MARINE, BIRD NOTE DOV ? > Ys embassa- a ee hs [Soom 4 B ary 7 oes a eee ee ey ONES WOLF, BOOK. — | | | | | S Ww /LIT dors, secretaries, &c. Hence it is used for the rev- enues or appropriations of public money for the sup- port of the civil officers. By a Jate taw, the civil list, in England, embraces only the expenses of the reigning monarch’s house- hold. Brande. LIST, v. t. [from list, a roll.] To enroll; to register in a list or catalogue ; to enlist. The latter is the more elegant word. Hence, 2. To engage in the public service, as soldiers. They in my name are listed. Dryden. 3. To inclose for combat ; as, ta list a field. Dryden. 4. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to make a particolored show, or to form a border. Wotton. 5. To cover with a list, or with strips of cloth; as, to list a door. 6. To hearken; to attend ; a contraction of listen, which see. LIST, v. 7. To engage in public service by enrolling one’s name; to enlist. [The latter is the more el- egant word.] [See ENE] LIST, v.z% [Sax. lystan; G. listen; D.lusten; Sw. lysta; Dan. lyster. (See Lust.) The primary sense seems to be, to lean, incline, advance, or stretch toward. See the noun.] Properly, to lean or incline ; to be propense ; hence, to desire or choose. Let other men think of your devices as they list. The wind bloweth where it isteth. — John iii. 2. To hearken ; to attend ; to listen. LIST, x. In the language of seamen, an inclination to one side. The ship has a list to port. Mar. Dict. LIST’ED, pp. Striped ; particolored in stripes. 2, Covered with list. 3. Inclosed for combat. 4. Engaged in public service ; enrolled. LIST/EL, x. A list in architecture ; a fillet. Encyc. LIST’EN, (lis’n,) v. % ([Sax. lystan, or hlystan; D. luisteren. Qu. G. lauschen; Scot. lith.] 1. To hearken ; to give ear ; to attend closely with a view to hear. On the green bank I sat, and listened long. Whitgift. Dryden, 2. To obey ; to yield to advice ; to follow admoni- tion. LISTEN, (lis’n,) v. t To hear; to attend. LIST’EN-ED, pp. WHearkened ; heard. LIST/EN-ER, 2. One who listens ; a hearkener. LIST’EN-ING, ppr. ora. Hearkening; giving atten- tion. LIST/EN-ING, n. The act of giving attention. LIST‘ER, z. One who makes a list or roll. Shak. LIST’FUL, a. Attentive. [ Ods.] Spenser. LIST/ING, xn. The cutting away the sap-wood from the edges of a board. Brande. LIST/ING, ppr. Jist; enlisting. LIST’LESS, a. Not listening; not attending; indif- ferent to what is passing; heedless; inattentive; thoughtless careless; as, a listless hearer or specta- Inclosing for combat ; covering with tor. LIST’LESS-LY, adv. Without attention; heed- lessly. LIST/LESS-NESS, x. Inattention; heedlessness; indifference to what is passing, and may be inter- esting. LISTS, z. pl. bat, &c. LIT, pret. of Licnt. The bird lit on a tree before me. I it my pipe with the paper. Addison. [This word, though used by some good writers, is very inelegant. | LIT/A-NY, 2. [Fr. litanie ; Gr. Airaveca, supplication, from \travevw, Atropat, Atcoopac, to pray.) A solemn form of supplication, used in public wor- ship. Supplications for the appeasing of God’s wrath were by the Greek church termed lilanies, by the Latin rogations. Hooker. LITE, a. Little. [JWVot in use.] T/ ay Ee n. [Fr. litre, from Gr. Acrpa.] A French measure of capacity, being a cubic de- cimeter, containing, according to Lunier, about a pint and a half old French measure. The liter is equal to 61.028 cubic inches, or about 2 1-9 wine pints. McCulloch. LIT/ER-AL, a. [Fr., from L, litera, a letter.) J. According to the letter; primitive; real; not figurative or metaphorical; as, the literal meaning of a plirase. 2. Following the letter or exact words; not free ; as, a literal translation. 3. Consisting of letters. The literal notation of numbers waa known to Europeans before the ciphers. Joljinson. LIT/ER-AL, n. Literal meaning. [JVot used.] The ground inclosed for a race, com- Brown. LIT/ER-AL-ISM, 2. That which accords with the letter. Tilton. LIT’ER-AL-IST, 2. One who adheres to the letter or exact word. Milton. bie Original or literal meaning. Brown. LIT/ER-AL-LY, adv. According to the primary and natural import of words; not figuratively. A man and his wife can not be literally one flesh. 2, With close adherence to words ; word by word. LIT-ER-AL/L-TY, n. So wild and ungovernable a poet can not be translated literally. “Dryden. LIT/ER-AL-NESS, 7. eral import. LIT’ER-A-RY, a. [L. literarius.] 1. Pertaining to letters or literature; respecting learning or learned men ; as, a literary history ; literary conversation. ; 2. Derived from erudition ; as, literary fame. 3. Furnished with erudition ; versed in letters ; as, a literary man. 4, Consisting in letters, or written or printed com- positions ; as, literary property LIT/ER-ATE, a. [L. literatus.] Learned ; lettered; instructed in learning and sci- The state of being literal ; lit- Quart. Rev. ence. Johnson, LIT-ER-A’TT, n. pl. [L. literatus.] The learned men; men of erudition. Spectator. LIT-ER-A' TIM, [L.] Letter for letter. LIT’/ER-A-TOR, n. [L.] A petty schoolmaster. LIT’/ER-A-TURE, n. [L. literatura.] # Burke. 1, Learning ; acquaintance with letters or books. 2. The collective body of literary productions, em- bracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy preserved in writing. 3. In the more distinctive and usual sense of the term, literature excludes the positive sciences, and embraces history, grammar, rhetoric, logic, criticism, languages, &c. Ina still narrower sense, it is sometimes used as synonymous with the belles-lettres, or polite litera- ture. LITH, x. [Sax.] A joint or limb. [Obs.] Chaucer. LI-THAN’THRAX, nm. [Gr. \:6os, a stone, and ap- Opaz, a coal.] Stone-coal, a black, compact, brittle, inflammable substance, of Jaminated texture, more or less shining. Nicholson. LITH’ARGE, x. [Fr., from L. lithargyros, Gr. \:Oap- yupos, the spume or scum of silver. A semi-vitreous oxyd of lead, produced in refining silver by cupellation with lead. It appears in the form of soft flakes, or semi-transparent, shining plates. Dict. Nat. Hist. Encyc. Nicholson. LITH’/ATE, n. [Gr. \:Oos, a stone. A salt or compound formed by the lithic acid with a base. Zooper. LIFHE, a ([Sax. lith, lithe; W. Ge That may be easily bent ; pliant ; flexible ; limber ; as, the elephant’s lithe proboscis. Milton. LIFHE, v. t. To smooth ; to soften ; to palliate. [ Obs.] Chaucer. 2. To listen. [Obds.] [See Lisren.] LIFHE/NESS, 2. Flexibility ; limberness. LIFA/ER, a. Soft; pliant. [ Obs. Shak. 2. [Sax. lythr.] Bad; corrupt. [Obs.] Woolton. LIFH/ER-LY, adv. Slowly; lazily. [Ods.] Barret. LIFH/ER-NESS, nz. Idleness ; laziness. [Obs.] Barret. LIFHE/SOME, a. Pliant; limber; nimble. Scott. LITH’I-A, n. A new alkali, found in the minerals petalite, spodumene, &c., of which the basis is a metal called lithium. Davy. Silliman. LITH/I€, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to the stone in the bladder. The lithic acid, generally called uric acid, forms the most common variety of urinary calculus. Brande. LITH’I-UM, n. The metallic base of lithia. LITH-O-BIB/LI-ON. See LitHornyt. LITH’O-€ARP, n. [Gr. AcOos, a stone, and xap7os, fruit. Pee fruit; fruit petrified. Dict. Nat. Hist. LITH-O-€OL/LA, x. [Gr. A:@os, a stone, and xo\Aa, glue. } A cement that unites stones. Ash. LITH-O-DEN/DRON, xn. [Gr. A: 80s, stone, and Jdev- dpov, tree.] : Coral; so called from its resembling a petrified branch. Parr. LITH’O-DERM, x. [Gr. AcOos and dépua.| One of a genus of apodal echinoderms,-having an oval body, covered with a layer of calcareous gran- ules forming a hard crust. LITH/O-DOME, nz. [Gr. AcOos, stone, and dopos, LL-THOD/O-MTI, n. pl. house. ] The name given to molluscous animals which form holes in solid rocks, in which they lodge themselves. The holes are not perforated mechanically, but the rock appears to be dissolved. Lyell. LIL-THOD/O-MOUS, a. Relating toa genus of mol- luscan animals which perforate stones, LITH-O-GEN’E-SY, n. [Gr. AvOus, stone, and ysvects, generation. | The doctrine or science of the origin of minerals composing the globe, and of the causes which have produced their form and disposition. Dict. Nat. Hist. LiT LI-THOG/E-NOUS, a. An epithet applied to polyps which form coral. Lyell. LITH’O-GLYPH, n. The art of engraving on precious stones, Elmes. LITH-O-GLYPH'ITE, zn. [Gr. A1Oo0s, stone, and y\v- gw, to engrave.] A fossil that presents the appearance of being en- graved or shaped by art. Lunier. LITH/O-GRAPH, v.t. To trace letters or figures on stone, and transfer them to paper, &c. LITH’O-GRAPH x. A print from a drawing on stone. mart, LITH’/O-GRAPH-ED, (lith’o-graft,) pp. ora. Formed by tracing letters or figures on stone. LI-THOG/RA-PHER, n. [See LirHocraryy.] One who practices lithography. LITB-O GRAPH’TIE, a, Pertaining to lithogra- LITH-O-GRAPH’I€-AL, phy. LITH-O-GRAPH/I€-AL-LY, adv. By the lithographic art. LITA/O-GRAPH-ING, ppr. Forming by letters or fig- ures on stone, LI-THOG'/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. A:Bos, stone, and ypada, to engrave or write. } The art of tracing Jetters, figures, or other designs, on stone, and of transferring them to paper by im- pression ; an art recently invented by Mr. Sennefel- der, of Munich, in Bavaria. Journ. of Science. LITH-OID/AL, a. Like a stone; having a stony struc- ture. Lyeli. LITH-O-LOG'I€, a In mineralogy, pertaining LIT H-O-LOG/I€-AL, to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggrega- tion of its mineral contents. Dana. LITH-O-LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv. Ina lithological man- ner. LI-THOL’O-GIST, 7. A person skilled in the science of stones. LL-THOL!O-GY, n. course. | 1. The science or natural history of stones. Fourcroy. 2, A treatise on stones found in the body. Coze. LITH’O-MAN-CY, 2. [Gr. AcOus, stone, and payrera, divination. ] Divination or prediction of events by means of stones. Brown. LITH/O-MARGE, nx. [Gr. \:8os, stone, and L. marga, marl. A Deane clay of a fine, smooth texture, and very sectile. Dana. LIT H/ON-TRIP-TOR, ) x. An instrument for tritura- LITH’O-TRI-TOR, ting the stone in the blad- der. LITH-ON-TRYP’TIE€, a. [Gr. \.Boc, stone, and [Gr. A:8os, stone, and Aoyos, dis- LITH-ON-THRYP’TI€, } @pur7w, to wear or break. | Having the quality of destroying the stone in the bladder or kidneys. LITH-ON-TRYP’TIE€, n. A medicine which has LITH-ON-THRYP’TIE, | the power of destroying the stone in the bladder or kidneys; a solvent of stone in the human urinary passages. Coxe. LI-THOPH/A-GI. See LirHopomi. LI-THOPH/A-GOUS, a. [Gr. A:Gos, stone, and gaya, to eat. Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the os- trich. LITH’/O-PHOS-PHOR, 7. [Gr. A:€os, stone, and dwe- Op". i A Ble that becomes phosphoric by heat. [ Obs.] Dict. Nat. Hist. LITH-O-PHOS-PHOR'I€, a. Pertaining to lithophos- phor; becoming phosphoric by heat. LITH/O-PHYL, n. [Gr. AcGos, stone, and ¢vAAov, a leaf. B iMiolite, or lithobiblion, fossil leaves, or the fig- ures of leaves on fossils. LITH/O-PHYTE, x. [Gr. ABs, stone, and ¢uTov, a plant ; literally, stone-plant. ] A coral zodphyte ; a name given to those species of polypiers whose substance is stony. The older naturalists classed them with vegetables. Cuvier. Ray. LITH-O-PHYT'I€, a. Pertaining to lithophytes. LI-THOPH’Y-TOUS, a. Pertaining to or consisting of lithopbytes. LITH/O-TOME, nm. [Gr. A:Oos, stone, and repva, to cut. ee so formed naturally as to appear as if cut artificially. Dict. Nat. Hist. LITH-O-TOM/I€, a. Pertaining to or performed by lithotomy. LI-THOT’O-MIST, n. [See Litaotomy.] One who performs the operation of cutting for the stone in the bladder; or one who is skilled in the operation. LL-THOT’O-MY, n. [Gr. AcBos, stone, and repya, to cut. The operation, art, or practice, of cutting for the stone in the bladder. s i LITH/O-TRIP-SY, 2. The operation of triturating the stone in the bladder by means of an instrument called lithotriptor. : 5 : LITH/O-TRIP-TIST, n. One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bjadder. Se TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; & as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. di oe saclaeg oy eS cas bere ee PANIIT Oe ot Pas raat hamperxe eRe a ae ee — a ial ke nla ae we Ce ee ey apie ete cat her ee — LIT LITH/O-TRIP-TOR, x. [Gr. ABs, a stone, and rpr- Bw, to grind.] An instrument for triturating the stone in the blad- der, so that it may be extracted without cutting, re- cently invented by Dr. Civiale. LLTHOT’RLTY, n. [Gr. AcOus, stone, and retpw, to break down. ] : ; The operation of breaking a stone In the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided. Brande. LLTHOX/YLE, nr. [Gr. Aros, stone, and fvAov, yooa. Potted wood. It differs from Licnite, being really changed into stone ; such as silicified woods, which are changed into varieties of silex, &c. [ Obs.] Dict. Nat, Hist. LIFH/Y, a. [See Litne.] Easily bent; pliable. [This is probably the word which, in our popular use, is pronounced lathy. : LIT‘LGANT, a. [See Liticate.] Contending in Jaw; engaged in a lawsuit; as, the parties litigant. | .1T/TLE, n. Ayliffe. LIT/LGANT, n. A person engaged in a lawsuit. I’ Estrange. LIT'I-GATE, v.t. [L. litigo, from lis, litis, a contest = We or debate ; Ar. N ladda, to dispute. Class Ld, No. 9. Lis, litis, coincides with the Sax. flit, contention ; flitan, to contend. ] To contest inlaw ; to prosecute or defend by plead- ings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate ; as, | LIT/TLE, adv. In asmall degree; slightly ; as, he is to litigate a cause or a question. LIT’I-GATE, v.z% To dispute in law ; to carry on a suit by judicial process. LIT’I-GA-TED, pp. or a. Contested judicially. LIT/I-GA-TING, ppr. Contesting in law. t LIT-I-GA'/TION, n. The act or process of carrying LIT’TLE-G6, n. on a suit in a court of law or equity for the recovery of aright or claim; a judicial contest. LI-TIG/IOUS, (le-tid'jus,) a. [Fr. litigteuz; L. litigi- OSUS. | 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the prac- tice of contending in law; quarrelsome; conten- tious ; applied to persons. A litigious man is a bad neighbor and a bad citizen. 2. Disputable ; controvertible; subject to conten- tion ; as, litigious right. Blackstone. No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds, Distinguished acres of litigious grounds. LI-TIG/IOUS-LY, adv. In a contentious manner. LL-TIG/IOUS-NESS, n. A disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits; inclination to judicial con- tests. LIT’MUS, n. A blue pigment, formed from argol, orchal, or archil, alichen, the Roccella tinctoria. [See ArcniL.] It is prepared by bruising the archil, and adding quicklime and putrefied urine, or spirit of urine distilled from lime. The mixture, after cooling, and the evaporation of the fluid, becomes a mass of the consistence of paste, which is laid on a board to dry In square lumps. Encie. LIT/ORN, n. A bird, a species of thrush, in size and shape resembling the hen blackbird. Dict. Nat. Hist. Li/TO-TES, n. (Gr. Acros, slender.] In rhetoric, a diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure, or of expressing more strongly what is intended ; as, ‘‘a citizen of no mean city,” i. €., an illustrious one. LI-TRAM/E-TER, n. An instrument invented by Dr. Hare, for the purpose of ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids. LIT’TER, x. (Fr. litiere, from lit; contracted from L. lectus, from the root of lego, Eng. lay; It. lettica, or lettiga; Sp. litera; Port. liteira; Arm. leter. | 1. A vehicle formed with shafts supporting a bed between them, in which a person may be borne by men or by a horse. If by the Jatter, it is called a Horse-Ltitter. A similar vehicle in India is called a PaLanquin. 2. Straw, hay, or other soft substance, used as a bed for horses and for other purposes. 3. [Ice. lider, generation, from the root of lad, leod.] A brood of young pigs, kittens, puppies, or other quadrupeds. The word is applied only ‘o certain quadrupeds, of the smaller kinds. [Qu. the root of Dryden. 1, 4. A birth of pigs or other small animals. 5. Waste matters, shreds, fragments aud uke like, scattered on a floor or other clean place. LIT’TLE, a.; comp. Less, Lesser; sup. Least. [Sax. LIV lytel, lytle; Scot. lite, lyte, adv. lyt; Goth. leitel ; Sw. liten; Dan. liden; D. luttel; probably from the sense of diminishing. Class Ld, No. 15, 22, 31.] 1. Small in size or extent; not great or Jarge; as, a little body ; a little animal; a little piece of ground ; a little table; alittle book; alittle hill; a little dis- tance 3 a little child. 2. Short in duration ; as, a little time or season; 2 little sleep. 3. Small in quantity or amount; as, a little hay or grass ; a little food ; a little sum; alittle light; a httle alr or water. 4. Of small dignity, power, or importance. When thou wast litle in thy own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes ? — 1 Sam. xy. 5. Of small force or effect ; slight; inconsiderable ; as, little attention or exertions; title effort ; little care or diligence ; little weight. A small quantity or amount. He de- manded much and obtained little. He had little of his 2. A small space. {father’s liberality. Much was in litile writ. Dryden. 3. Any thing small, slight, or of inconsiderable importance. I view with anger and disdain How little gives thee joy and pain. Prior. 4. Not much. These they are fitted for, and little else. Cheyne. little changed. It is a little discolored. 2. Not much; in a smal] quantity or space of time. He sleeps little. 3. In some degree; slightly ; sometimes preceded yy a. The liquor is a little sour or astringent. In the English universities, a cant name fora public examination about the middle of the course, which, being less strict and Jess important in its consequences than the final one, has received this appellation. Tyell, LIT’/TLE-NESS, n. Smallness of size or bulk; as, the littleness of the body, or of an animal. 2. Meanness; want of grandeur; as, littleness of conception. 3. Want of dignity. Contemplations on the majes- ty of God, displayed in his works, may awaken in us a sense of our own littleness. 4. Meanness ; penuriousness. LIT’/TO-RAL, a. [L. littoralis, from littus, shore.] Belonging to a shore, as of the sea, or a great lake. LIT/U-ITE, n. A fossil, chambered shell, straight, ex- cept at its smaller extremity, which is spiral. It is allied to the ammonite. Buckland. LI-TUR/GIE, a, [See Liturcy.] Pertaining LI-TUR’GI€-AL, to a liturgy. LIT/UR-GY, n.~ [Fr. liturgie; Sp. and It. lturgia; Gr. \ecrovpyta; Aetros, public, and epyov, work. |] In a general sense, the established formulas for public worship, or the entire ritual for public wor- ship in those churches which use written forms. But in a restricted sense, among Roman Catholics, the mass; and in the English church, the communion service. Murdock. LIVE, (liv,) 2.7. [Sax. liban, leofan, lifian; Goth. ti- ban; Sw. lefwa; Dan. lever; G. leben; D.lieven. It coincides with leave. The primary sense probably is, to rest, remain, abide. If so, the root may be Ar. 4} labba, to be, to abide. Class Lb, No. 1.] 1. To abide; to dwell; to have settled residence in any place. Where do you live? I live in London. He lives in Philadelphia. He lives ina large house in Second Street. The Swiss live on mountains. The Bedouin Arabs live in the desert. 2. To continue ; to be permanent; not to perish. Men’s evil manners live in brass; their virtues We write ip water. Shak. 3. To be animated ; to have the vital principle ; to have the bodily functions in operation, or in a Ca- pacity to operate, as respiration, circulation of blood, secretions, &c. ; applied to animals. {am Joseph ; doth my father yet live ? —Gen. xlv. 4. To have the principles of vegetable life ; to be in a state in which the organs do or may perform their functions in the circulation of sap and in growth; applied to plants. This tree will not live, LIT/TER, v. t. To bring forth young, as r vine and other small quadrupeds. It is sometimes applied to human beings in contempt. Shak. 2. To scatter over carelessly with shreds, frag- ments, and the like; as, to litter a room or a carpet. Swift. 3. To cover with straw or hay; as, to litter a sta- ble. Dryden. 4. To supply with litter ; as, ‘o litter cattle. LIT/TER-ED, pp. Furnish«d with straw. 2. a. Covered or oversp:ead with litter, pieces, shreds, &c. LIT’TER-ING, ppr. Furrishing with straw. unless watered ; it will not live through the winter. 5. To pass life or time ina particular manner, with regard to habits or condition. Im what manner does your son live? Does he live in ease and affluence? Does he live according to the dictates of reason and the precepts of religion ? If we act by several broken views, we shall Hve and die in misery. Spectator. 6. To continue in life. The way to live long is to be temperate. 7. To live, emphatically; to enjoy life; to be ina state of happiness. What greater curse could envious fortune give LIV 8. To feed ; to subsist; to be nourished and sup- ported in life ; as, horses live on grass or grain , fowls live on seeds or insects; some kinds of fish live on others ; carnivorous animals live on flesh. 9. To subsist ; to be maintained in life ; to be sup- ported. Many of the clergy are obliged to live on small salaries. All men in health may live by indus- try with economy, yet some men live by robbery. 10. To remain undestroyed ; to float; not to sink or founder. It must be a good ship that lives at sea in a hurricane. Nor can our shaken vessels ve at sea. 1l. To exist; to have being. As I live, saith the Lord. — Ezek. xviii. 12. In Scripture,to be exempt from death, temporal or spiritual. Ye shall therefore keep my statutes and judgments, which ifa man do, he shall lzve in them. — Ley. xviii. 13. To recover from sickness; to have life pro- longed. Dryden, Thy son liveth. — John iv. 14. To be inwardly quickened, nourished, and ac- tuated, by divine influence or faith. Gal. ii. 15. To be greatly refreshed, comforted, and ani- mated. For now we live, if ye stand fast in the Lord. —1 Thess. iii. ‘6. To appear as in life or reality ; to be manifest in eal character. And all the writer ivee in every line. Pope. To live with; to dwell or to be a lodger with. 2. To cohabit; to have intercourse, as male and female. Shak. LIVE, (liv,) v. t. To continue in constantly or habit- ually ; as, to live a life of ease. 2. To act habitually in conformity to. It is not enough to say prayers, unless they live them too. Parker. To live down ; to live so as to subdue, or to live till subdued. Burke. LIVE, a. Having life; having respiration and other organic functions in operation, or in a capacity to operate ; not dead ; as, a live ox. 2, Having vegetable life; as, a live plant. 3. Containing fire; ignited; not extinct; as, a live coal. 4, Vivid, as color. LIV’ED, (livd,) pret. and pp. of Live. LIV’/ED,a. Having a life; as, long-lived. LIVE/-FEAFH’ERS, (-feth/erz,) n. pl. Feathers which have been plucked from the living fowl, and are therefore more strong and elastic. LIVE/LESS. [Wot used.] Sec Lire ess. LIVE/LI-ER, a. comp. More lively. LIVE/LI-EST, a. superl. Most lively. LIVE/LI-HOQD, zn. [lively and hood, or lifelode, from lead. I find in Saxon lif-lade, lead or course of life, vite iter. } Means of living; support of life; maintenance. Trade furnishes many people with an honest liveli- hood. Men of enterprise seek a livelihood where they can find it. LIVE’LI-NESS, nx. [from lively.] The quality or state of being lively or animated ; sprightliness ; vi- yacity ; animation; spirit; as, the liveliness of youth, contrasted with the gravity of age. 2. An appearance of life, animation, or spirit ; as, the liveliness of the eye or countenance in a portrait. 3. Briskness ; activity ; effervescence, as of liquors. LIVE/LODE, for Live.iHoop, is not used. Hubberd’s Tale. LIVE/LONG, (liv/Iong,) a. [live and long.] 1. Long in passing. How could she sit the livelong day, Yet never ask us once to play? Swift. 2. Lasting; durable; as, a livelong monument. [Not used. ] Milton. 3. n. A plant of the genus Sedum. LIVE’LY, a. Brisk; vigorous; vivacious; active ; as, a lively youth. 2. Gay ; airy. From grave to gay, from lively to severe. Pope. 3. Representing life ; as, a lively imitation of na- ture. 4, Animated; spirited; as, a lively strain of elo- quence ; a lively description. 5. Strong; energetic; as, a lively faith or hope; a lively persuasion. Lively stones, in Scripture. Saints are called lively stones, as being quickened by the Spirit and active Thomson. in holiness. Brown. LIVE/LY, adv. Briskly; vigorously. ([Uittle used.] Hayward. 2. With strong resemblance of life. That part of poetry must needs be best, which describes most lively our actions and passions, [title used.) Dryden. LIVE/-OAK, n A species of oak, quercus virens, growing in the Southern States, of great durability, and highly esteemed for ship-timber. Encyc. Am. LIV‘/ER, n. One who lives. i OEE PE TORTIE 2. Covering with shreds, pieces, &c. Than just to dic when I began to live? Driden. And try if life be worth the liver’s care. Prhr. PAE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ee aI = Se Se —= = —— — 670LIV LOA It is often used with a word of qualification ; as, a high liver ; a loose liver, &c, LIV/ER, n. [Sax. lifer, lifre; D. leever; G. leber; Sw. lefver ; Dan. lever; Russ. liber. The Saxon word is rendered also libramentum, and this viscus may be named from its weight] An abdominal and glandular viscus of considera- ble size, and of a reddish color, convex on the ante- rior and superior side, and of an unequal surface on the inferior and posterior side. It is situated under the false ribs, in the right hypochondrium. It con- sists of two lobes, and is destined for the secretion of the bile. Encye. LIV’ER-€6L-OR, a. Dark red; of the color of the liver. Woodward. LIV’/ER-ED, a. Having a liver; as, white-livered. Sherwood, LIV’ER-GROWN, a. Having a large liver. Graunt. LIV’ER-I-ED, (liv’er-id,) a. Wearing a livery, as LIV'ER-STONE, nr. (G. leber-stein.] [servants. A stone or species of earth of the barytic genus, of a gray or brown color, which, when rubbed or heated to redness, emits the smell of liver of sulphur, or alkaline sulphuret. Kirwan. LIV’/ER-WORT, n. The name of many species of plants. Several of the lichens are so called. The liverworts (Hepatice) are a natural order of crypto- gamic plants, whose herbage is generally frondose, and resembling the leafy lichens, but whose seeds are contained in a distinct capsule. The noble liver- wort is the Hepatica triloba. Smith. Lee. LIV’ER-Y, 7. [Norm., from Fr, livrer, to deliver.] 1. The act of delivering possession of lands or ten- ements ; a term of English law. Itis usual to say, livery of seizin, which is a feudal investiture, made by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the feoffor to the feoffee. In America, no such ceremony is necessary to a conveyance of real estate, the deliv- ery of a deed being sufficient. 2. Release from wardship; deliverance. King Charles. 3. The writ by which possession is obtained. Johnson. 4. The state of being kept at a certain rate; as, to keep horses at livery. Spenser. o. A form of dress by which noblemen and gen- tlemen distinguish their servants. 6. A particular dress or garb, appropriate or pecu- liar to particular persons or things. Thus, the trad- ers in London have their distinct liveries; the Roman Catholic church has also liveries for confessors, Vir- gins, apastles, martyrs, penitents, &c. Hence, the term is figuratively applied to the seasons, &ec. ; as, the livery of May ; the livery of autumn. Now came still evening on, and twilight gray Had in her sober livery all things clad. Milton. 7. The whole body of liverymen in London. LIV’ER-Y, v. t. To clothe in Jivery. Shak. LIV’ER-Y-MAN, x. One who wears a livery, as a servant. 2. In London, a freeman of the city, who, having paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguish- ing dress or livery of the company to which he be- longs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, V1Z., the right of voting in an election for the lord-mayor, sheriffS, chamberlain, &c. Pe. Cyc. LIV’ER-Y-STA’BLE, x. A stable where horses are kept for hire. LIVES, (livz,) n pl. of Lire. LIVE/STOCK, n. [live and stock.] Horses, cattle, and smaller domestic animals; a term applied in America to such animals as may be exported alive for foreign market. LIV’ID, a. [Fr. livide; It. livido; L. lividus; from liveo, to be black and blue. ] Black and blue; of a lead color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. Upon my livid lips bestow a kiss, LI-VID'I-TY, Ns LIV/ID-NESS, ble word.] LIV/ING, ppr. [from live.] Dwelling; residing ; ex- isting ; subsisting ; having life or the vital functions in operation ; not dead. 2. a. Issuing continually from the earth ; running ; flowing ; as, a living spring or fountain ; opposed to STAGNANT. 3. a. Producing action, animation, and vigor; quickening ; as, a living principle; a living faith. wing rock ; rock in its native or original state or location , 4s, seats cut in the living rock, i. e. solid rock. LIV'ING, n. He or those who are alive; usually with a plural signification ; as, in the land of the living. The Uving will Iny it to his heart, — Eccles, vii. LIV'ING, n. Means of subsistence ; estate. He divided to them his living. — Luke xv She, of her want, did cast in all that she bad, even all her living. — Mark xii. Dryden, A dark color, like that of bruised flesh. [Livipness is the prefera- 2. Power of continuing life. with a scold. There is no living without trusting somebody or other in some There is no living 3. Livelihood. He made a living by his occupa- tion. ‘The woman spins for a living. 4. The benefice of a clergyman. He lost his living by non-conformity. LIV’'ING-LY, adv. Ina living state. Brown. LI-VON'I-CA TER'!RA; a species of fine bole found in Livonia, brought to market in little cakes. LIV-RAI-SON", (liv-ra-zong’,)n. [Fr. ; Eng. delivery, from livrer, to deliver. ] A part of a book or literary composition printed and delivered from time to time, as the work ad- vances Li/ VRE, (li/ver or Jé/vur,) n. [Fr.; L. libra. } A French money of account, equal to 20 sous, 18} cents, or nearly ten pence sterling. LIX-IV’L-AL, LIX-IV/I-OUS, § % 1, Obtained by lixiviation ; impregnated with alka- line salt, extracted from wood-ashes. Lizivial salts are those which. are obtained by passing water through ashes, or by pouring it on them. 2. Containing salt extracted from the ashes of wood. 3. Of the color of lye ; resembling lye. 4. Having the qualities of alkaline salts from wood- ashes. LIX-IV’/LATE, a. Pertaining to lye or lixivium ; LIX-IV’'I-A-TED, of the quality of alkaline salts. 2. Impregnated with salts from wood-ashes. LIX-IV’/LATE, v. t. [L. lizivia, lizivium, lye.] To form lye ; to impregnate with salts from wood- ashes. Water is liziviated by passing through ashes. LIX-{V'I-A-TING, ppr. Extracting alkaline salts by leaching ashes; forming lye. LIX-IV-I-A’/TION, x. The operation or process of extracting alkaline salts from ashes, by pouring wa- ter on them, the water passing through them imbib- ing the salts. LIX-IV’I-UM, x. sive. ] Lye; water impregnated with alkaline salts im- bibed from wood-ashes. It is sometimes applied to other extracts. Boyle. LIZ/ARD, n. [Fr. lezarde; L. lacertus; Sp. lagarto ; It. lucerta, lucertola; Arm. glasard. If lizard is the L. lacerta, there has been a change of c into z or 8, which may be the fact. In Ethiopic, latsekat is liz- ard. Gebelin deduces the word from an Oriental word, leza, to hide. But this is doubtful.) The popular English name of all saurian reptiles generally, as the crocodile, the alligator, the chame- leon, &c.; or of the species of the genus Lacerta only. Lizards, in the widest sense, are covered with scales, and their bodies are supported either by four or two legs. Their hearts have two auricles. LIZ/ARD-TAIL, x. A plant of the genus Saururus, and another of the genus Piper. Fam. of Plants. LL. D. ; letters standing for doctor of laws, the title of an honorary degree. LLOYD’S, A part of the Royal Ex- LLOYD’S’/-ROOMS, change, in London, appropri- ated to the use of underwriters and insurance bro- kers. The name is derived from Lloyd’s Coffce- House, where there were formerly rooms for the same purpose. LO, exclam. [Sax.la. Whether this is a contracted word or not, does not appear. ] Look; see; behold; observe. This word is used to excite particular attention In a hearer to some ob- ject of sight or subject of discourse. - Lo, here is Christ. — Matt. xxiv. o, we turn to the Gentiles. — Acts xiii, LOACH LOCHE, nm. [Fr. loche.] A small fish of the genus Cobitis, inhabiting small, clear streams, and esteemed dainty food. Walton. LOAD, (ldde,) nm. (Sax. hlad or lade; W. lloyth. See Lape. 1. A burden ; that which is laid on or put in any thing for conveyance. Thus we lay a load on a beast or on a man’s shoulders, or on a cart or wag- [L. lizivius, from liz, lye.] [L., from liz, lye, Sp. lezia, Fr. les- on; and we say, a light load, a heavy load. A load, then, is indefinite in quantity or weight. But by usage, in some cases, the word has a more definite Signification, and expresses a certain quantity or weight, or as much as js usually carried, or as can be well sustained. Load is seldom used, except by poets, for the cargo of a ship; this is calléd loading, lading, freight, or cargo. t . 2. Any heavy burden ; a large quantity borne or sustained. A tree may be said to have a load of fruit upon it. 3. That which is borne with pain or difficulty; a grievous Weight ; encumbrance, in a literal sense. Jove lightened of its load The enormous mass, Pope. In a figurative sense, we say, a load of care or grief ; a load of guilt or crimes. 4, Weight or violence of blows. Milton. 5. A quantity of food or drink that oppresses, or as much as can be borne. Dryden. Among miners, the quantity of nine dishes of ore, each dish being about half a hundred weight. L’ Estrange. Encyc. Cyc. ——— LOA LOAD, bv. t. ; pret. and pp. Loapep. [Loaden, formerly used, is obsolete, and laden belongs to lade. Load from the noun, is a regular verb. 1. To lay on a burden ; to put on or in something to be carried, or as much as can be Carried ; as, 10 load a camel or a horse ; to load a cart or Wagon. To load a gun, is to charge, or put in a sufficient quantity of powder, or powder and ball, or shot. 2. To encumber ; to lay on or put in that which is borne with pain or difficulty ; in a literal sense, as, to load the stomach with meat ; or in a figurative sense, as, to load the mind or memory. 3. To make heavy by something added or ap- pended. Thy dreadful vow, loaden with death. So, in a literal sense, to load a whip. 4. To bestow or confer on in great abundance ; as, to load one with honors ; to load with reproaches. LOAD/ED, pp. or a. Charged with a load or cargo ; having a burden ; freighted, as a ship; having a charge of powder, or powder and shot, as a gun. 2. Burdened with any thing oppressive ; as, loaded With cares, with guilt, or shame. LOAD/ER xn. One who puts on a load. LOAD'ING, ppr. Charging with a load ; burdening ; encumbering ; charging, as a gun. LOADI'ING, n. A cargo; a burden; also, any thing that makes part of a load. LOAD'MAN-AGE, Pilotage ; skill of a pilot. [Vot Addison. used. | LOADS'MAN, n. [lead and man.] A pilot. [ Obs.] LOAD'STAR, m, [lead and star.) The star that LODE'STAR, } leads; the polestar; the cy posure. [ Obs.] Shak. LOAD'STONE, n. [from the verb lead and stone.] The old orthography, Lopestone, would be preferable, as this word has no connection with the verb to load. The native magnet, an ore of iron in the lowest state of oxydation, which has the power of attract- ing metallic iron, as iron filings, and of communicat- ing to masses of iron the same property of attraction, forming artificial magnets. [See LopEstTone.] LOAF, (lofe,) n.; pl. Loaves. [Sax. haf or laf: Goth. hlaibs ; G. leib ; Polish, chlieb ; Bohemian, chleb ; Russ. cllib or chleb ; Croatian, lib ; Finnish, leipa or leipam; Lapponic, laibe. The German leib is rendered a loaf, and body, waist, belly ; leiblich, which in English would be loaf-like, signifies corporeal, bodily. Loaf, then, signifies a lump or mass, from some root that signifies to set, or to collect, or to form. 1. A mass of bread when baked. It is larger than a cake. ‘The size and price of a loaf, in large cities, are regulated by law. 2. A mass or lump, as of sugar. 3. Any thick mass. LOAFER, n. (G, laufer, a runner, from laufen, to run.) An idle man; a vagrant who seeks his living by sponging or expedients. LOAFING, a. Pertaining to, or having the character, or doing the part, of a loafer. LOAF'-SUG-AR, (léfe'shug-ar,) n. Sugar refined and formed into a conical mass. LOAM, n. (Sax. lam; D. leem; G. lehm; L. limus; Sw. lin; Dan. lim, lim ; so named probably for smooth ness or softness; W. llim.] A natural mixture of sand and clay with oxyd of iron; aspecies of earth or soil of different colors, whitish, brown, or yellow, readily diffusable in wa- ter. Cleaveland. Encyc. LOAM, v.t To cover with loam. Moxon. LOAMED, pp. Covered with loam. LOAMIING, ppr. Covering with loam. LOAM'Y, a. Consisting of loam; partaking of the na- ture of loam, or resembling it 5 LOAN, nv. [Sax. len, hlen; Sw. lan; Dan. laan; D. leen; G. lehen; Sax. landes len, a fief. See Lenp.] 1. The act of lending ; a lending. 2. That which is lent ; any thing furnished for tem- porary use to a person at his request, on the express or implied condition that the specific thing shall be returned, or its equivalent in kind, but without com- pensation for the use; as, a loan of a book or of bread. 3. Something furnished for temporary use, on the condition that it shall be returned, or its equivalent, but with a compensation for the use. In this sense, loan is generally applied to money. [See Lenp.] 4. A furnishing ; permission to use; grant of the use; as, a loan of credit. Kent. LOAN, v. t. [Sax. lenan; G. lehnen; D. leenen; Sw. lana; Dan. laaner. To lend; to deliver to another for temporary use, on condition that the thing shall be returned, as a book: or to deliver for use, on condition that an equivalent in kind shall be returned, as bread ; or to deliver for temporary use, on condition that an equivalent in kind shall be returned, with a compen- sation for the use, as in the case of money at inter- est. Bills of credit were issued, to be /ouned on In- terest. Ramsay. Kent. Laws of the United States. Stat. of Conn. and of New York. Rare in England. LOAN/-OF-FICE, n° In América, a public office in TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN’/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. SS 671 we maa renee ames Pottiesee LOB which loans of money are negotiated for the public, arin which the accounts of loans are kept, and the interest paid to the lenders. LOAN/-OF-FLCER, n. A public officer empowered to superintend and transact the business of a loan- office. es LOATH, a. Unwilling; backward ; reluctant. [See OTH. LOAFHE, v. t. [Sax. lathian, to hate, to detest, to call, to invite; gelathian, to call ; Goth. lathon, to call; Sw. ledas, to loathe ; G. einladen, to invite, to lade or load, from laden, to lade, to invite, to cite or summon. See rane {In respect to orthography, see Lot. ] 1. To feel disgust at any thing ; properly, to have an extreme aversion of the appetite to food or drink. Our soul loatheth this light bread. — Num. xxi. Loathing the honeyed cakes, I longed for oread. 2. To hate ; to dislike greatly ; to abhor. Ye shall loathe yourselves in your own sight for all your evils. — Cowley. WUE « . Not to reveal the secret which I loathe. She loathes the vital air. Dryden's Virg.” LOAFHE, v.t. Tocreate disgust. [Obs.] Spenser. LOAFH/ED, pp. Hated ; abhorred ; turned from with disgust. LOAFH/ER, xz. One that loathes or abhors. LOAFH’FUL, a. Hating; abhorring. Which he did with loath ful eyes behold. Hubbard. 2. Disgusting ; hated ; exciting abhorrence. Spenser. Waller. Above the reach of loath ful, sinful lust. LOAFH/ING, ppr. Feeling disgust at ; having extreme aversion to; as, loathing food. 2. Hating; abhorring; as, loathing sin. LOAFH'ING, n. Extreme disgust ; abhorrence. Ezek. xvi. LOAFH/ING-LY, adv. With extreme disgust or ab- horrence; in a fastidious manner. LOATHI!LY, adv. Unwillingly ; reluctantly. This shows that you from nature loathly stray. LOATH’NESS, zn, Unwillingness ; reluctance. There grew among them a general silence and loathness to speak. Bacon. LOAFH’'SOME, (-sum,) a. [Sw. ledesam.] i. Causing an extreme aversion of appetite ; excit- ing fastidiousness. JVwm. xi. 2. Exciting extreme disgust ; offensive ; as, a loath- some disease. Ps. XXXVIil. 3. Odious; exciting hatred or abhorrence; detest- able ; as, loathsome sloth. Spenser. LOAFH’/SOME-LY, adv. Offensively ; odiOusly. LOAFH’/SOME-NESS, ». The quality of exciting ex- treme disgust or abhorrence. Addison. LOAVES, (Jovz,) n.; pl. of Loar. LOB, n. [W. Uob, allied to lubber, looby, club, &c. Qu. G. laff] 1. A dull, heavy, sluggish person. 2, Something thick and heavy ; as in lob-worm, LOB, v.t. To let fall heavily or lazily. [ Walton. And their poor jades Lob down their heads. Shak. LO’BATE,) a. [from lobe.] Consistingof lobes. In LOB/ED, botany, divided to the middle into parts distant from each other,with convex margins. Martyn. LOB/BY, n. [Qu. G. lawbe, an arbor or bower.] 1. An opening before a room, or an entrance into a principal apartment, where there is a considerable space between that and the portico or vestibule. Encyce. 2. A small hall or waiting-room. Encye. 3. A small apartment taken from a hall or entry. 4. In a ship, an apartment close before the captain’s cabin. Cyc. 5. In agriculture, a confined place for cattle, formed by hedges, trees, or other fencing, near the farm- yard. Cyc. LOB/BY-MEM-BER, n. A person who frequents the Donne. LOC LOB’LOL-LY-BOY, 7x. shipboard. LOB’LOL-LY-TREE, n. The Varronia alba, a West Indian tree, about 30 feet in hight, whose fruit is sometimes eaten. LOB’SEOUSE, xn. A surgeon’s attendant on Among seamen, a hash of meat with vegetables of various kinds ; an olio. Glynn. LOBS/POUND, 2. A prison. Hudibras. LOB/STER, n. [Sax. loppestre, or lopystre. ‘The first syllable coincides with Sax. lobbe, a spider, and with loppe, a flea; probably all named from their shape or legs. The last syllable coincides with ster, in spin- ster, minster. ] One of the macrourous or long-tailed crustacea, belonging to the genus Astacus. ana. LOB/ULBE, n. [Sp. lobulo.] A small Jobe. LO'GAL, a. [Fr. and Sp. local; It. locale; L. locals ; from locus, place, Sans. log; from the root of lay, L. loco. See Lay. 1. Pertaining to a place, or to a fixed or limited portion of space. We say, the local situation of the house is pleasant. We are often influenced in our opinions by local circumstances, 2. Limited or confined to a spot, place, or definite district ; as, a local custom. The yellow fever is local in its origin, and often continues for a time to be a local disease. 3. In law, local actions are such as must be brought in a particular county, where the cause arises ; ¢ is- tinguished from transitory actions. Blackstone. LO/€AL-ISM, n. The state of being local; affection for a place. LO-€AL’LTY, 7. Existence in a place, or in a cer- tain portion of space. It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity and dimension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser locality. Glanvule, 9. Limitation to a county, district, or place ; as, locality of trial. Blackstone. 3. Position; situation ; place; particularly, geo- graphical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant. LO-€AL-I-ZA’TION, n. The act of localizing. LO/€AL-IZE, v. t. To make local. LO/€AL-LY, adv. With respect to place ; in place ; as, to be locally separated or distant. LO/EATE, v. t. [L. loco, locatus ; It. locare.] 1. To place ; to set in a particular spot or position. Cumberland. 9. To select, survey, and settle the bounds of a particular tract of land; or to designate a portion of land by limits; as, to locate a tract of a hundred acres in a particular township. United States. 3. To designate and determine the place of; as, a committee was appointed to locate a chtirch or a court-house. New England. LO/€A-TED, pp. Placed; situated ; fixed in place. LO/€A-TING, ppr. Placing; designating the place of. LO-€A/TION, x. The act of placing, or of designating the place of. : 2, Situation with respect to place. The location of the city on a large river is favorable for commerce. 3. That which is located; a tract of land desig- nated in place. Gnited States. 4, In the civil law, a leasing on rent. LOE€H, n. [Gaelic.] A lake; a bay or arm of the sea ; used in Scotland. LOE€H, n. Loch, or lohock, is an Arabian name for the forms of medicine called eclegmas, lambatives, linctures, and the like. Quincy. LO-€HA’BER-AX, nx. A formidable weapon of war formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders. LO€H/AGE, Il. [ Gr. Auxayos, AvXOS; a body of sol- diers, and aya, to lead.] - In Greece, an ofticer Who commanded a locbus or cohort, the number of men in which is not certainly known. Mitford. LOCHE. See Loacu. lobby of a house of legislation. LOE ECOCK n. A sluggish, stupid, inactive person ; a lob. LOBE, x. (Fr. lobe; Sp. and Port. lobo; L. lobus; Gr AoBos.] j f I. A part or division of the lungs, liver, &c. 2. The lower, soft part of the ear. 3. A division of a simple leaf. _ 4. The cotyledon or placenta of a seed. LOB/ED, a. Lobate, which see. LO-BEL/IA,n. [from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] An extensive genus of plants. The Lobelia inflata or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North Amer- ica, Whose leaves contain a poisonous, white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. [t has often been used in medicine as an emetic, and expectorant, &c. - Cyc. Dewey?s Mass. Rep. LOB’/LOL-LY, n. A seamen’s name for water-gruel or spoon-meat. Smart. LOB’/LOL-LY-BAY, n. The popular name of Gor- donia Lasyanthus, an elegant, ornamental, evergreen tree, of the maritime parts of the Southern United States. It grows to the hight of 50 or 60 feet. Its bark is useful for tanning, but its wood is of little LO-€HI‘A, (lo-ki/4,) n. [Gr. Aoxera.] A name given to the evacuations which follow childbirth. LO/€HL-AL, a. Pertaining to evacuations from the womb after childbirth. LOCK, n. [Sax. loc or loce, an inclosed place, the fastening of a door, a tuft, or curl of hair. In the latter sense, it is the G. locke, D. lok, L. floccus, Eng. lock; Ir. loc, a stop, hinderance ; W. loc, a mound, an inclosed place; Russ. lokon, a lock of hair; Sax. lucan, Goth. lukan, to lock; Dan. lukke, a hedge, fence, or bar; lukker, to shut, to inclose, to fasten, to lock ; Fr. loquet, a Jatch ; Arm. licqued, or clicged, W. clicied. Lock and flock may be of one family. The primary sense is to shut, toclose, to press, strain, or drive, which may be the radical sense of flock, Gr. m\exw, tAoxos, Li. plico, as well as of lock. But see Class Lg, No. 48, and 13, 14, 16.] 1. Lock, in its primary sense, is any thing that fastens ; but we now appropriate the word to an instrument composed of a spring, wards, and a bolt of iron, or steel, used to fasten doors, chests, and the like. The bolt is moved by a Key. 2. The part of a musket, or fowling-piece, or other fire-arm, by which fire is produced for the discharge 3. The barrier or works which confine the water of a stream or canal, called also Weir or GUARD- LOCK. 4. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another, called also a Lirt-Lock. 5. A grapple in wrestling. Milton. 6. Any inclosure. Dryden. 7. A tuft of hair; a plexus of wool, hay, or other like substance ; a flock; a ringlet of hair. LOC | | | A lock of hair will draw more than a cable rope. Grew. Lock of water, is the measure equal to the contents of the chamber of the locks by which the consump- tion of water on a canal js estimated. LOCK’-JAW, 72. See Locxrep-Jaw, below. LOCK’/-KEEP-ER, n. One who attends the locks of a canal. LOCK’/-PAD-DLE, n. and empty a lock. LOCK/-SILL, n. An angular piece of timber at the bottom of a lock, against which the gates shut. LOUK!UP, x A place where bailiffs temporarily con- fine persons under arrest. LOCK’-WEIR, x. A paddle-weir, in canals, an over- fall behind the upper gates, by which the waste water of the upper pound is let down through the A small sluice that serves to fill paddles-holes into the chamber of the lock. Cyc. 2. A weir having a lock. Buchanan. LOCK, v.t. To fasten with a particular instrument ; as, to lock a door; to lock a trunk. 2. To fasten so as to impede motion; as, to lock a wheel. 3. To shut up or confine, as with a lock ; as, to be locked in a prison. Lock the secret in your breast. 4. To close fast. The frost locks up our rivers. 5. To encircle or inclose; as, to lock arms; to embrace closely; as, to lock one in the arms. 6. To furnish with locks, as a canal. 7. To confine; to restrain. Our shipping was locked up by the embargo. 8. In fencing, to seize the sword arm of an antago- nist, by turning the left arm around it, after closing the parade, shell to shell, in order to disarm him. Ye LOCK, v.i. To become fast. The door locks close. 2. To unite closely by mutual insertion ; as, they lock into each other. Boyle, LOCK/AGE, x. Materials for locks in a canal. Gallatin. 2. Works which form a lock on a canal. Journ. of Science. 3. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal. 4, Elevation or amount of elevation and descent made by the locks of a canal. ‘The entire lockage will be about fifty feet on each side of the summit level.”? Clinton. LOCK’ED, (lokt,) pp. or a. Made fast by a lock; furnished with a lock or locks ; closely embraced. LOCK/ED-JAW,) . A violent contraction of the LOCK’-JAW, { muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended, a variety of tetanus. Forsyth. L@CK’/ER,n. A close place, as a drawer or an apart- ment in a ship, that may be closed with a lock. A shot-locker is a strong frame of plank near the pump-well in the hold, where shot are deposited. Mar. Dict. LOUK’ET, 7». [Fr. loquet.] * J. A small lock ; acatch or spring to fasten a neck- lace or other ornament. Johnson. 2, A little gold case worn as an ornament, often containing a lock of hair. Smart. LOCK/ING, ppr. Making fast by a lock ; embracing closely. LOCKI/IST, 2. pher. An adherent of Locke, the philoso- LOCK’LESS, a. Destitute of a lock. Biron. LOCK’/RAM, n. A sort of coarse linen. Hanmer. LOCK/RON, 7». A sort of Ranunculus. Ash. LOCK’SMITH, n. An artificer whose occupation is to make or mend locks. LOCK’/Y, a. Having locks or tufts. Sherwood. LO-€0-DE-SCRIP’/TIVE, a. Describing a particular place or places. LO/€0-FO'EO, n. [Probably from L. loco foci, instead of a fire.] The American name of a friction match. This term was sportively applied, in 1834, to the extreme portion of the democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, with a view to dissolve the meeting ; when those in favor of extreme measures produced loco-foco matches, re- kindled the lights, continued the meeting, and ac- complished their object. LO-€0-MO/TION, n. [L. locus, place, and motio, mo- tion. : 1. Inne act of moving from place to place. Brown. 2. The power of moving from place to place. Most animals possess locomotion; plants have life, but not locomotion. LO-€0-MO/TIVE, a. Moving from place to place; value, Sylva Americana. of the piece. changing place, or able to change place; as, a loco- | Ne eee eee ne eee ose eee ee eee ee a eee oo ee eee OOO ma z { | | _| — 672LOG motive animal. Most animals are distinguished from plants by their locomotive faculty. LO-€0-MO/TIVE: EN/GINE, n. ployed in land carriage, chiefly on railways. LO-€O-MO'TIVE, x A steam engine placed on wheels, and used in drawing cars on railways. LO-€0-MO/TIVE-NESS, ) n. The power of changing LO-€O-MO-TIV/I-TY, § _ place. Bryant. LO€'Q-LA-MENT, xn. [L. loculamentum, from locus, loculus. | In botany,the cell of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged. A pericarp is u nilocular, bilocular, &c. Martyn. LO€’U-LI-CY/DAL, a. In botany, the dehiscence of a pericarp is loculicidal when it is vertical, the dissepi- ments remain united, and the cells are opened at the base. Lindley. LO€’U-LOSE, a. In botany, divided by internal par- titions into shells. indley. LO'CUM TE'NENS, [L.] A deputy or substitute, contracted in French to lieutenant. LO/CEUS, n. [L., place.] In geometrical analysis, the fine traced by a point which varies its position ac- cording to some determinate law. Brande. LO/€UST, x [L. locusta. | A name common to various insects of several gene- ra. Some of these insects are at times so numerous in Africa and the south of Asia as to devour every green thing ; and when they migrate, they fly in an uumense cloud. In America, there are several spe- cies of the genus Cicada, which are properly called Locusts. LO'€UST, x. A popular name of several plants and trees; as, a species of Melianthus, of Ceratonia, of Robinia, &c. LO/€UST-TREE, n. A tree, the Robinia-pseud-aca- cia; also, Hymenza Courbaril. The Honey-Locust- tree is the Gleditschia triacanthus. LODE, n. [from Sax. ledan, to lead. ] 1. Among miners, a metallic vein, or any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not, but common- ly a metallic vein. Encyc. Cyc. 2. A cut or reach of water. Cyc. LODE/’STONE, n. [This was the original Spelling, from the verb to lead and stone. It is preferable to Loapsrong, since the word has no connection with the verb to load.]} 1. A magnet; an ore of iron; a stone found in jron mines, of a dark or black lead color, and of con- siderable hardness and weight. It attracts iron filings, and communicates to iron the same property of attraction. But its peculiar value consists in its communicating to a needle the property of taking a direction to the north and south, a property of ines- timable utility in navigation and surveying. 2. A name given by Cornish miners to a species of stones, called also Tin-stonrs, a compound of stones and sand, of different kinds and colors. Nicholson. LODG'A-BLE, a. Capable of affording a temporary abode. [Vet used.] LODGE, »v. t. [Fr. loger, to lodge; It. logia, a lodge ; alloggiare, to lodge; Sp. alojar; Arm. logea; Dan. logerer. The sense is, to set or throw down. In Sax. logian is to compose, to deposit or lay up, also to repair ; Russ. loju, to lay, to put. It is proba- bly allied to lay.] 1. To set, lay, or deposit for keeping or preserva- tion, for a longer or shorter time. The men lodgeg their arms in the arsenal. 2. To place ; to plant; to infix. He lodged an arrow in a tender breast. Addison. 3. To fix ; tosettle in the heart, mind, or memory. can give no reason More than a lodged hate. Shak. 4. To furnish with a temporary habitation, or with an accommodation for a night. He lodged the prince a month, a week, or a night. [The word usually denotes a short residence, but for no definite Bee 5. To harbor ; to cover. The deer is lodged, Addison, 6. To afford place to ; to contain for keeping. The memory can lodge a greater store of images than ‘he senses can present at one time. Cheyne. 7. To throw in or on; as, to lodge a ball ora bomb 8. To beat down soas to entangle. [in a fort. Our sighs, and they shall lodge the summer corm. Shak, LODGE, v. i. To reside; to dwell; to rest ina place, And lodge such daring souls in little men. Pope. 2. To rest or dwell for atime, as for a night, a week, a month. We lodged a night at the Golden Ball. We lodged a week at the City Hotel. Soldiers lodge in tents in summer, and in huts in winter. Fowls lode on trees or rocks. 3. To fall down and become entangled, as grain. Wheat and oats, on strong land, are apt to lodge. LODGE, n. Asmall house, or habitation, in a park or forest. Sidney. Shak. 2. A temporary habitation; a hut; as, a lodgeina garden of cucumbers. 3. Asmall house or tenement appended toa larger ; A steam engine em- LOG 5. A meeting of freemasons. LODG’/ED, pp. short time ; thrown or fallen down and entangled. LODG/ER, x. One who lives at board, or ina hired ne that resides in any place for a time. LODG’ING, ppr. I nishing lodgings. 2. Resting for a night; residing for a time. LODG/ING, n. dence for a time ; temporary habitation ; apartment. Pope. Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow. Pope. 2. Place of residence. Fair bosom — the lodging of delight. Spenser, 3. Harbor ; cover; place of rest. Sidney: 4. Convenience for repose at night. Sidney. LODG/MENT, n. (Ee. logement. } 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged ; a being placed or deposited at rest for keeping for a time, or for permanence. ited or remaining at rest. _ 3. In military affuirs, an encampment made by an army. 4. A work cast up by besiegers, during their ap- proaches, in some dangerous post which they have gained, and where it is necessary to secure them- selves against the enemy’s fire. Cyc. LO’/ESS, x. A tertiary deposit on the banks of the Rhine. Mantell. LOFFE, v.i. Tolaugh. [Vot used.] Shak. LOFT, n. [Dan. loft; Sax. lyfte, the air, an arch, vault, or ceiling ; probably allied to lift, Dan. léfter. u. Gr. Aodos.] 1. Properly, an elevation ; hence, in a building, a room or space next under the roof. Gloss. of Archit. 2. The elevation of one story or floor above anoth- er; hence, a floor above another; as, the second loft ; third loft; fourth loft. 3. A gallery or small chamber raised within a larger apartment, or in a church. Gloss. of Archit. LOFT'I-LY, adv. [from lofty.] On high; inan ele- 2. Proudly ; haughtily. {vated place. They are corrupt, and speak wickedly concerning oppression ; they speak lofaly. — Ps. xxiii. 3. With elevation of language, diction, or senti- ment; sublimely. My lowly verse may loftily arise. 4. In an elevated attitude. head loftily. LOFT’I-NESS, n. Hight; elevation in place or po- sition ; altitude ; as, the loftiness of a mountain. 2. Pride ; haughtiness. Augustus and Tiberius had loftiness enough in their tempers. Collier. 3 as, loftiness of Spenser. A horse carries his 3. Elevation of attitude or mien carriage. 4. Sublimity ; elevation of diction or sentiment. Three poets in three distant ages born: The first in loftiness of thought surpassed ; The next in. majesty; in both the last. Dryden. LOFT’Y,a. Elevated in place; high ; as, a lofty tower ; a loftymountain. [ But it expresses more than HIGH, or at least is more emphatical, poetical, and elegant. } ee lofty Lebanon his head advance. 2. Elevated in condition or character. Thus saith the high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity, Whose name is Holy. —Is, lvii. 3. Proud; haughty ; as, lofty looks. Js. ii. 4. Elevated in sentiment or diction ; sublime ; as, lofty strains ; lofty rhyme. Milton. 5. Stately ; dignified ; as, lofty steps. LOG, 7. fits word is probably allied to D. log, logge, heavy, dull, sluggish; a sense retained in water- logged; and to lug, luggage, perhaps to clog. | 1. A bulky piece or stick of wood or timber un- hewed. Pine logs are floated down rivers in Amer- ica, and stopped at saw-mills. A piece of timber, when hewed and squared, is not called a log, un- less perhaps in constructing log-huts. 2. In navigation, a machine for measuring the rate of a ship’s velocity through the water. The com- mon log is a piece of board, forming the quadrant of a circle of about six inches radius, balanced by a small plate of lead nailed on the circular part, so as to swim perpendicular. Mar. Dict. 3. [Heb. 27] A Hebrew measure of liquids, con- taining, according to some authors, three quarters of a pint ; according to others, five sixthsofa pint. Ac- cording to Arbuthnot, it was the seventy-second part of the bath or ephah, and the twelfth part of a hin. Johnson. Encyc, LOG, v.i%. Tomovetoandfro., [NVotused.] Polwhele. 2. To move or rock ; hence, logan, a rocking stone. LOG’-BOARD, zx. In navigation, two boards, shutting like a book, and divided into columns, containing the hours of the day and night, direction of the wind, course of the ship, &c., from which is formed the Pops. as, a porter’s lode. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS,—€ as K; Gas J: $ as Z: OH as SH; log-book. Mar. Dict, 4. Aden; a cave; any place where a wild beast | LOG/-BOOK, n. {dwells. | Placed at rest; deposited ; infixed ; furnished with accommodations for a night or other room, or who hasa bed in another’s house for a night. Placing at rest; depositing ; fur- A place of rest for a night, or of resi- 2. Accumulation or collection of something depos- See ee A book into which are transcribed the contents of the log-board. Mar. Dict. LOG!-€AB/IN, yn. A house or hut Whose walls are LO y HOUSE, f composed of logs laid on each LOG/-HUT, other. EUG Ear n. A pile of logs for burning, in clearing and. LOG!-LINE, x. A line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms in length, fastened to the log by means of two legs. This is wound on a reel, called the loc- reel. Encyc. Mar. Dict. LOG!/-REEL, n. A reel in the gallery of a ship, on which the Jog-line is wound. Encyc. Mar. Dict. LOG’/A-RITHM, n._ [Fr logarithme ; Gr. dvyos, ratio, and agtOno¢, number. ] Logarithms are the exponents of a series of powers and roots. Day. The logarithm of a number is that exponent of some other number, which renders the power of the latter, denoted by the exponent, equal to the former. Cyc. When the logarithms form a series in arithmetical progression, the corresponding natural numbers form a series in geometrical progression. Thus, Logarithms, 0 I 2 3 4 5 Natural numbers, 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 The addition and subtraction of logarithms answer to the multiplication and division of their natural numbers. In like manner, involution is performed by multiplying the logarithm of any number by the number denoting the required power ; and evolution, by dividing the logarithm by the number denoting the required root. Logarithms are the invention of Baron Napier, lord of Marchiston, in Scotland; but the kind now in use were invented by Henry Briggs, professor of geome- try in Gresham College, at Oxford. They are ex- tremely useful in abridging the labor of trigonomet- rical calculations. LOG-A-RITH-MET'I€, a. Pertaining to loga- LOG-A-RITH-MET’I€-AL, rithms; consisting of LOG-A-RITH/MI€, logarithms. LOG-A-RITH/MI€-AL, Encyc. Lavoisier. LOG/GATS, n. The name of a play or game like nine- pins. It was prohibited by Stat. 83 Henry WIT. [Vot in use. Hanmer. LOG/GER-HEAD, (-hed,) n. [log and head.| A block- head ; a dunce; a dolt; a thickskull. Shak. 2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar. Mar. Dict. 3. A species of marine turtle. To fall to loggerheads ; ) to come to blows; to fall To go to loggerheads ; to fighting without weap- ons. ’ Estrange. LOG’GER-HEAD-ED, a. Dull; stupid; doltish. Shak. LOGIE, (lod/jik,) n. [Fr. logique; It. lorica; L. id.? from the Gr. Aoyixn, from doyos, reason, Agyw, to speak. The art of thinking and reasoning justly. Logic is the art of using reason well in our inquiries after truth, and the communication of it to others. Watts. Logic may be considered as the science, and also as the art, of reasoning, It investigates the princi- ples on which argumentation is conducted, and fur- nishes rules to secure the mind from error in its de- ductions. In the former case, it isa science, in the latter, an art. Whately. Correct reasoning implies correct thinking and legitimate inferences from premises, which are prin- ciples assumed or admitted to be just. Logic, then, includes the art of thinking, as well as the art of reasoning. NV. OW. The purpose of logic is to direct the intellectual powers in. the investigation of truth, and in the communication of it to others. Hedge, LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to logic ; used in logic ; as, logical subtilties. Hooker. Q. According to the rules of logic; as, a logical ar- gument or inference. This reasoning is strictly logi- 3. Skilled in logic ; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning ; discriminating; as, a logical head. Spectator. LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the rules of logic; as, to argue logically. LO-GI’CIAN, (lo-jish/an,) 7. logic, or the art of reasoning. A person skilled in Each fierce logician still expelling Locke, Pope. LOG/I€S, n. Equivalent to Loare. Best. LO-GIS/TI€, a, Relating to sexagesimal frac- LOGISTICAL, | tions. Logistic logarithms ; logarithms adapted to sexages- imal fractions, employed in astronomical calculations. Hutton. LOG'MAN, 7. A man who carries logs. Shak. 2. One whose occupation is to cut and convey logs toa mill. [Zocal.) United States. LOG-O-GRAPH ‘TE, mini locorrantit WOGOIGRAPHIC AT, Noe neo geecemaay. LO-GOG/RA-PHY, x. [Gr. Noyos, a word, and ypagn, a writing. | FH as in THIS. 3D 673 OS asali a pea a i es tt an Re a pt hh ee en ae Af er eae SS Speen picaneone 4 : t LOM LON LON LOG/O-GRIPH, (log/o-grif,) 7. [ Obs.] LO-GOM/A-€HIST, (lo-gom'a-kist,) n. One who con- LO-GOM’A-€HY, (lo-gom/a-ke,) n. [Gr. Aoyos, word, LOG-O-MET’RIE€, a. tain chemical equivalents. Wollaston. LOG/O-TYPE, x. A name given to two or more let- ters cast in one piece; as, ff, @, &c. Francis. LOG/-ROLL, ». t. LOG/WOOD, 2. A method of printing in which a type represents a word, instead of forming a letter. Encyc. [Gr. Aoyos, a word, and yprdos, a net. | et A sort of riddle. Ss. B. Jonson. tends about words. E. T. Fitch. and paxn, contest, altercation. j Contention in words merely, or rather a contention about words ; a war of words. Howell. [Gr. Noyos, ratio, and per pew, to measure. ] A logometric scale is intended to measure or ascer- To assist in rolling and collecting logs for burning. Hence log-rolling, in political mat- ters, is, Do you help me, and I will help you, to gain your point. [ America. | atoxylon Campeachianum. A tree and wood, called also Campeachy-wood, from the Bay of Campeachy, in Spanish America. This tree has a crooked, de-| L formed stem, growing to the hight of 20 or 24 feet, with crooked, irregular branches, armed with strong L thorns. The wood is of a firm texture and a red color. It is used much in dyeing. Encyc. | L 6/HOCK, n. [Ar.] A medicine of a middle consist- ence between a Soft electuary and a sirup. [See Boor] Encyc. LOI/MI€, a, [Gr. otuos, plague. ] Pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders. LOIN, n. [Sax. lend; G. D. lende; Sw. land; Dan. lend; W. clun; Arm. lenenn, or loinch ; Ir. luan, or bleun; L. clunis; G. lehne, support, prop, back. This word seems to be allied to lean, incline. ] The loins are the space on each side of the verte- bre, between the lowest of the false ribs and the up- per portion of the ossa ilium, or haunch bones, or the Jateral portions of the lumbar region ; called also the reimms. I LOI/TER, v. i. [D. leuteren; Russ. leitayu, or letayu. Qu. its alliance to late and let.) To linger ; to be slow in moving; to delay ; to be dilatory ; to spend time idly. If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace. LOI/TER-ED, pp. Lingered ; delayed ; moved slowly. LOI/TER-ER, zn. A lingerer; one that delays, or is i Rogers. slow in motion ; an idler; one that is sluggish or dil- ly cell. Dryden. atory. 2. Solitary ; as, the lonely traveler. Ever listless loiterers, that attend 3, Addicted to solitude or seclusion from company. No cause, no trust, no duty, and no friend. Pope. 2 0We. Solitude ; seclusion. Donne. LOI/TER-ING, ppr. or a. ing slowly. LOI/TER-ING, x. A lingering or delay. LOITER-ING-LY, adv. In a loitering manner. LOKE, x. [Qu. Ir. loch, dark; Gr. Avyn, darkness. | 1. In the Scandinavian mythology, the evil deity, the author of al] calamities; answering to the Arimanes a : , J g anes | TONG, a. [Sax. long, lang, and leng ; G. lange; D. and of the Persians. Mallet. Edda. 2. A close, narrow lane. [Local.] LOLL, v. 7 [Eth. ANOAD alolo, to thrust out the tongue. The sense of this word is to throw, to send. Hence it coincides with the Gr. \ad\ew, W. Holiaw, to speak, to prate, Dan. Jaller, G. lallen. It coincides, also, with Jull, to appease, that is, to throw down. ] 1. To recline; to lean; properly, to throw one’s self down; hence, to lie at ease. Void of care, he lolls supine in state. 2. To suffer the tongue to hang extended from the mouth, as an ox or a dog when heated with labor or exertion. The triple porter of the Stygian seat, With lolling tonzue, lay fawning at his feet, LOLL, v. t. To thrust out, as the tongue. Fierce tigers couched around, and lolled their tongues. Dryden. LOL/LARD, 7. (Qu. G, lallen, lollen, to prate or to sing. | A term applied to a sect of early reformers in Ger- mess and also to the followers of Wiclif in Eng- and. LOL’LARD-Y, n. The doctrines of the Lollards. LOL/LER, x. A less usual name for Lotuarp, which Dryden. Dryden. see. LOLL/ING, ppr. Throwing down or out; reclining at ease ; thrusting out the tongue. LOL/LI-POP, n. The vulgar name for a kind of sugar confectionery which dissolves easily in the mouth. Dickens. Smart. To move heavily ; to lounge. [Lovw.] mart. LOM’BARD, 7. A native of Lombardy; a money- lender or banker, which profession was first exer- cised in London by the Lombards, Smart. LOM’/BARD-HOUSE,)7. A public institution for LOL/LOP, z. i. at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and LOM-BARD'I€, a. Pertaining to the Lombards; an epithet applied to one of the ancient alphabets de- rived from the Roman, and relating to the manu- scripts of Italy. LO/MENT, nz. consists, like the legume, of two valves, with the seeds attached to the under suture, but is divided seed. LO-MEN-TA/CEOUS, (-ta’/shus,) a. LOM/O-NITE, 2. The popular English name of Hem- LOMP, (lump,) 7. Ji LON/DON-ER, (lun/dun-er,) n. A native or citizen of LONE, ne LONE'LY, a. Lingering; delaying ; moy- | LONE/NESS, n. LONE/SOME, a. LONE/SOME-LY, adv. LONE/SOME-NESS, z. [L. lomentum.] An elongated pericarp, which never bursts. It transversely into small cells, each containing a single Ed, Encyc. [L. lomentum, bean meal, a color. ] Furnished with a loment. The Zomentacee are a natural order of plants, many of which furnish beau- tiful tinctures or dyes, and whose seeds are con- tained in a loment or a legume. Linneus. A lomentaceous dehiscence of a pericarp is when articulations take place across the legume, and it falls into several pieces. Lindley. A kind of roundish fish. Johnson. London. : ON/DON-ISM, n. A mode of speaking peculiar to London. Pegse. ON/DON-IZE, v. t. To give a manner or character which distinguishes the people of London. Smart. ONE, a. [Dan. lén, a corner, nook, a jurking-place ; secrecy ; lénlig, Sw. lénnlig, private, close, clandes- tine. The radical sense is, probably, to separate, or ather to withdraw or retire, and the word may be allied to Fr. loin. If alone is composed of all-and one, Which the Teutonic dialects indicate, it has no connection with lone.] 1. Solitary ; retired ; unfrequented ; having no com- pany. And leave you in lone woods and empty walls. Pope. I 2. Single ; standing by itself; not having others in the neighborhood ; as, a lone house. Pope. 3. Single ; unmarried, or in widowhood. Shak. A lane. [Jocal.] LONE/LLNESS, zn. Solitude; retirement; seclusion from company. He was weary of the loneliness of his habitation. 2. Love of retirement ; disposition to solitude. The mystery of your loneliness. Shak. Solitary ; retired; sequestered from company or neighbors ; as, a lonely situation ; a lone- Solitary ; secluded from society. How horrid will these lonesome seats appear ! Blackmore. In a lonesome manner. The state of being solitary ; solitude. Dan. lang; Sw. lang; Goth. laggs; L. longus ; It. lingo; Fr. long. ‘The Gothic word seems to connect this word with lag, in the sense of drawing out, whence delaying.] 1. Extended; drawn out in a line, or in the direc- tion of length; opposed to Snort, and contradis- tinguished from Broap or Wipe. Long is a relative term ; for a thing may be long in respect to one thing, and short with respect to another. We apply long to things greatly extended, and to things which exceed the common measure. We say, a long way, a long distance, a long line, and long hair, long arms. By the Jatter terms, we mean hair and arms exceeding the usual length. 2, Drawn out or extended in time ; as,a long time ; a long period of time ; a long while ; a long series of events ; a long sickness or confinement ; a long ses- sion ; a long debate. 3. Extended to any certain measure expressed ; as, a span long; a yard long; a mile long, that iS, €x- tended to the measure of a mile, &c. 4. Dilatory ; continuing for an extended time. Death will not be long in coming. Ecclus. 5. Tedious; continued to a great length. A tale should never be too long. Prior. 6. Continued in a series to a great extent; as,a long succession of princes ; a long line of ancestors. 7. Continued in sound; protracted ; as, a long note ; a long syllable. 8. Continued ; lingering or longing. Praying for him, and casting a long look that way, he galley leave the pursuit. Sidney 9. Extensive ; extending far in prospect or into fu- turity. The perennial existence of bodies corporate, and their fortunes, are thines particularly suited to a man who has long views, urke. saw the rdney. Long home; the grave or death. ecles. xii. LONG, xn. Formerly, a musical note equal to two LONG, adv. extended line. Astle. long at the wine. g ‘ : ; 3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or LONG, adv. [Sax. gelang, cause, or fault. Qu. belong- Laumonite ; or di-prismatic zeolite. < ie aumonite 5 or di-pr Ur LONG, v. i. To belong. [Wot used,| Chaucer. Spenser. LONG,.v. 2 L LON'GA-NIM/LTY, n. [L. longanimitas; longus, LONG/-ARM-ED, a. LONG/-BREATH-ED, (-bretht,) a. LONG/-BUR-I-ED, (-ber-rid,) a. Having been long LONG/-€ON-CEAL’/ED, a. cealed. LONG/-€ON-TIN’U-ED, a. Enduring or continuing ioaee LONG/-DE-LAY’ED, a. Delayed a long time. LONGE, n. LONG/ER, n. LONGER, (long’ger,) a. ; comp. of Lona. More long ; LONGEST, a. Of the greatest extent ; as, the longest To a great extent in space; as, a long~ 2, To a great extent in time; as, they that tarry Prov. Xxiil. When the trumpet soundeth long. — Exod. xix. So, in composition, we say, long-expected, long-for- ot. osterior ; as, not long before; not long after; long before the foundation of Rome; long after the con- quest of Gaul by Julius Cesar. 4. Through the whole extent or duration of. The God who fed me all my life long to this day. —Gen. xlyiii. The birdwof dawning singeth all night long, Spenser, ing to, as the cause.) By means of ; by the fault of; owing to. [ Obs.) Mistress, all this coil is long of you. Shak. [Sax. langian, with after. We now say, to long after, or to long for. The sense is, to reach |, or stretch toward. ] 1. To desire earnestly or eagerly. I long to see you. — Rom. i. I have longed after thy precepts. — Ps. cxix. I have longed for thy salvation. — Ps. cxix. 2. To have a preternatural craving appetite ; as, a longing woman. 3. To have an eager appetite ; as, to long for fruit. long, and animus, mind.] Forbearance ; patience ; disposition to endure long under offenses. Brown. Howell. Furnished with long arms. Scott. ,ONG!-BOAT, n. The largest and strongest boat be- longing to a ship. Mar. Dict. Having the pow- er of retaining the breath for a long time. buried. Having been long con- a long time. Allen. E. Everett. [Fr.] Athrust. [See Lunce.] One who longs for any thing. of greater length; as, a longer course. LON’/GER, adv. For a greater duration. can be endured no longer, This evil line. LON//GEST, (long’gest,) adv. For the greatest con- tinuance of time. They who live longest are most convinced of the vanity of life. LONG-ES-TAB’LISH-ED, (-lisht,) a. established for a long time. LON-GE/VAL, a. [L. longus and evum.] Long-lived. Pope. LON-GEV/I-TY, x. [L. longevitas ; longus, long, and evum, age.] Length or duration of life; more generally, great length of lile. The instances of longevity are chiefly among the abstemious. Arbuthnot, Having been LON-GE/VOUS, a. [L. longevus, supra.] Living a long time ; of great age. LONG/-FANG-ED, (-fang’gd,) a. Having long fangs. Scott. Forgotten a long time. LONG!-FOR-GOT’TEN, a. Having a great ex- LONG/-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. tent of thought. LON/GI-CORN, 2. horn. } A name given toa tribe of insects, on account of the length of their antenne. rane, LON-GIM/A-NOUS, a. [longus, long, and manus, hand. ] Having long hands, LON-GIM/E-TRY, 2. Tpov, measure. } The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths. Barlow. LONG/ING, ppr. or a. Earnestly desiring; having a craving or preternatural appetite. LONG/ING, n. An eager desire ; a craving or preter- natural appetite. LONG/ING-LY, adv. With eager wishes or appetite. LON-GIN/QULTY, n. [L. longinguitas.] Great distance. LON/GI-PALP, n. feeler.] A name given to a tribe of insects or beetles hav- ing long maxillary feelers. Brande. LON-GI-PEN/NATE, a. [L. longus, long, and penna, a quill or wing. ] A name given to a family of swimming birds with [L. longus, long, and cornu, Brown. [L. longus, long, and Gr. pe- Barrow. [L. longus, long, and palpus, a | LOM/BARD, lending money to the poor pledged ; called also Mont de Piété. Encyc. Am. 674 breves or four semibreves. [ Obs.} Brande. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— long wings, as the albatross, &c. Brande.LON LOO trum, beak cluding snipes, &c. LON-GI-ROS/TRAL, a. to certain birds, as the snipe. Partington. LONG/ISH, a Somewhat long ; moderately long. LON’GI-TUDE, n. “1. Properly, length ; as, the longitude of a room ; bu Brande, raph 2. Y The distance of any place on the globe from an west from Greenwich. To be sideratum in navigation. Aries, reckoned on the ecliptic. Olinsted. LON-GI-TU’DIN-AL,, a. length ; as, longitudinal distance. doidal sutures. LON-GI-TO/DIN-AL-LY, adv. length. ailey. others transversely, LONG’'LEG-GED, a. Having long legs. LONG!LIV-ED, a. Having a long life or existence ; living long ; lasting long. LONG’-LOST, a. Lost for a long time. LONG’-LOV-ED, (-luvd,) a. Being loved a long time. LONG!LY, adv. uncyc. With longing desire. [Not used.] Shak. LONG!’-MEAS-URE, (-mezh/ur,)n. Lineal measure; the measure of length. LONG!/-NECK-ED, (-nekt,) a. Buckland. LONG!‘NESS, n. Length. [ Little used.] LONG!-NURS-ED, (-nurst,) a. Nursed a long time. Moore. LONG-PART-ED, a. Having been long separated. LONG-PRIM/ER, x. A printing type of a particular size, between small pica and bourgeois. LONG-PRIM’ER, a. Noting a kind of type between small pica and bourgeois. LONG/-PROM/IS-ED, (-prom/ist,) a. long promised. LONG!'-RUN, n. The whole course of things taken together ; and hence the ultimate result. LONG!-SET-TLED, a, Having been long settled. Peel. LONG!-SHAFT-ED, a. Having a long shaft. Decandolle. LONG!-SHANK-ED, (-shankt,) a, Having long legs, urton, LONG!-SIGHT, n. Long-sightedness. Good. LONG’-SIGHT’ED, a. Able to see at a great dis- tance ; used literally of the eyes, and figuratively of the mind or intellect. LONG!-SIGHT’ED-NESS, n. The faculty of seeing objects at a great distance. 2. In medicine, presbyopy , that defect of sight by which objects near at hand are seen confusedly, but at remoter distances distinctly. looper. LONG/SOME, (long/sum,) a. Extended in length ; tiresome ; tedious ; as, a longsome plain. [ Obs.) Having a long neck. Having been Prior. LONG/SPUN, a. Spun or extended to a great length. Addison. LONG!/-STRETCH-ING, a. Stretching far. More. LONG-SUF/FER-ANCE, n. clemency ; patience. Com. Prayer. LONG-SUI"FER-ING, a. Bearing injuries or provo- cation fora long time ; patient; not easily provoked. The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long-suffering and abundant in goodness, — Ex. xxxiv, LONG-SUF’FER-ING, n. Long endurance; patience of offense. Despisest thou the riches of his goodness, and forbearance, and long-suffering 2? — Rom, ii, LONG'-TAIL, x. An animal, particularly a dog, hav- ing an uncut tail. A long-tail was a gentleman’s dog, or one qualified to hunt; other dogs being required to have their tails cut. Hence, cut and long-tail signified gentlefolks, and others as they might come. Smart. LONG’-TONGU-ED, (-tungd,) a. Rating; babbling. Shak. Forbearance to punish ; LONG’/WAYS$; a mistake for Lonewisr. LONG-WIND’ED, a. Long-breathed ; hence, tedious In speaking, argument, or narration; as, a long- winded advocate, LONG/WISE, adv. In the direction of length ; LON-GI-ROS/TERS, n. pl. [L. longus, long, and ros- | LON/ISH, a. A tribe of wading birds, having very long beaks, which they thrust in the mud in search of food, in- Having a long bill ; applied [L. longitudo, from longus, long.] in this sense not now used. Appropriately, in geog- other place, eastward or westward, measured on the : 3 equator; or the distance of any place froma given where the planks begin to be incurvated, as they ap- meridian, measured on the equator. Boston, in Mas- Sachusetts, is situated in the 71st degree of longitude able to ascertain precisely the longitude of a ship at sea, is a great de- 3. The longitude of a heavenly body, is its dis- tance from the vernal equinox, or the beginning of Pertaining to longitude or 2. Extending in length; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse or across ; as, the lon- gutudinal diameter of a body. The longitudinal suture of the head runs between the coronal and Jamb- In the direction of Some of the fibers of the human body are placed longitudinally, Somewhat solitary. [Wot used, and in- elegant, | LOO, x. a Mien ae eer, oe eo. PR tars. —s ~ re. — a agra, TOME | | | | | | | | LOOP, n. 2. A migratory water-fow! of the genus Colym- pus ; also called the Great NoxrtTHERN Diver. [Ice. lunde. } [Ir. lubam, to bend or fold; lub, luba, a thong, a Joop.] 1. A folding or doubling of a string or a noose, through which a lace or cord may be run for fasten- ing. That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop To hang a doubt on. Shak. 2. A small, narrow opening; a loop-hole. Guilt. 3. In iron works, the part of a row or block of cast iron, melted off for the forge or hammer. LOOP’ED, (loopt,) a. Full of holes. Shak. LOOP’ERS, z. pl. The larves of certain species of moths, (Geometre,) which form a loop when crawl- ing. Partington. LOOP’-HOLE, n. A small opening in the walls of a fortification, or in the buJk-head of a ship, through which small arms or other weapons are discharged at an enemy. 9. A hole or aperture that gives a passage. 3. A passage for escape ; Means of escape. Dryden. LOOP/-HOL-ED, (-hold,) a. Full of holes or open- ings for escape. Hudibras. LOOPING, n. In metallurgy, the running together of the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is only heated for calcination. [D. loopen, to run. | Encyc. LOORD, nz. [D. ler, a clown; Fr. lourd, Sp. lerdo, heavy, dull, Bross A dull, stupid fellow; adrone. [Vot in use. | Spenser. LOOSE, (loos,) v. t. [Sax. lysan, alysan, leosan ; Sw. lésa; D. lossen, loozen; G. lésen; Dan. loser; Goth. lausyan; Gr. Avw, contracted from the same root. The W. Uaesu signifies to relax, but may be from the root of laz. ‘hese words coincide with the Ch. Syr. Ar. and Heb. yon. Class Ls, No. 30.] 1. T'o untie or unbind ; to free from any fastening. Canst thou loose the bands of Orion? — Job XXXViii. Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them, and bring them to me, — Matt. xxi. 2. To relax. The Joints of his loins were loosed. —Dan. Y. 3. To release from imprisonment ; to liberate ; to set at liberty. The captive exile hasteneth that he may be loosed. — Is. li. 4. To free from obligation. Art thou loosed from a wife? seek not a wife. —1 Cor. vii. 5. To free from any thing that binds or shackles ; as, a man loosed from lust and pelf. Dryden. 6. To relieve; to free from any thing burdensome or afflictive. Woman, thou art loosed from thine infirmity. — Luke xiii. 7. To disengage ; to detach ; as, to loose one’s hold. 8. To put off. Loose thy shoe from off thy foot. —Josh. ¥. 9. To open. Who is worthy to open the book, and to loose the seals thereof? Rey. yY. 10. To remit ; to absolve. Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth, shall be loosed in heaven. — Matt. xvi. LOOSE, v. i. To set sail; to leave a port or harbor. Now when Paul and his company loosed from Paphos, they came to Perga, in Pamphylia. — Acts xiii. LOOSE, a. (Goth. laus ; D. los, losse; G. los; Dan. los; Sw. lds. Qu. W. lles, loose, lax.] 1. Unbound ; untied ; unsewed ; not fastened or confined ; as, the loose sheets of a book. 2, Not tight or close ; as, a loose garment. | 3. Not crowded; not close or compact. | With horse and chariots ranked in loose array. Milton. _4. Not dense, close, or compact ; as, a cloth or fos- | gil of loose texture. | 5. Not close ; not concise; Jax; as, a loose and dif- fuse style. 6. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate ; as, a loose way of reasoning. 7. Not strict or rigid; as, a loose observance of rites. 8. Unconnected ; rambling ; as, a loose, indigested play. Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and uncon- nected pages. ‘alls, 9. Of lax bowels. 10. Unengaged ; not attached or enslaved. Their prevailing principle is, to sit as loose from pleasures, and be is moderate in the use of them, as they can. Allerbury. Locke. LOOS’ED, (loost,) pp. LOOSE’LY, (loos‘ly,) adv. LOOS’EN, (loos'n,) v. t. LOP To break loose; to escape from continement 5 gain liberty by violence. Dryden. To let loose; to tree from restraint or confinement ; | L The following use of it—‘*he runs with an un- bounded loose?’ —1is obsolete. Prior. Untied; unbound ; freed from restraint or costiveness. Not fast; not firmly ; that may be easily disengaged ; as, things loosely tied or connected. 2. Without confinement, Her golden locks for haste were loosely shed Deen Spenser. | 1.0-QUA’/CIOUS-LY, adv. In a loquacious manner. 3. Without union or connection. LO-QUA/CIOUS-NESS, (lo-kwa’shus-,)}7. [L. lo- Milton. LO-QUAC/I-TY, (lo-kwas’e-te,) | qguacitas. | Part loosely wing the region. 4, Irregularly ; not with the usual restraints. A bishop, living loosely, was charged that his conversation was not according to the apostles’ lives. Camden. 5. Negligently ; carelessly ; heedlessly ; as, a mind loosely employed. ocke. 6. Meanly ; slightly. A prince should not be so loosely studied, as to reme weak a composition, Shak, 7. Wantonly ; dissolutely ; unchastely. Pope. (from loose, or it is the Sax- mber so on infinitive retained. ] 1. To free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fix- edness; as, to loosen a string when tied, or a knot; to loosen a joint; to loosen a rock in the earth. 9. To render less dense or compact; as, to loosen the earth about the roots of a tree. 3. To free from restraint. It loosens his hands and assists his understanding. 4, To remove costiveness from ; to facilitate or in- crease alvine discharges. Fear looseneth the belly. LOOS/EN, v. i. To become loose ;-to become less tight, firm, or compact. LOOS/EN-ED, pp. or a. Freed fromt ightness or fixed- ness ; rendered loose. LOOSE/NESS, (loos/ness,) 7. The state of being loose or relaxed; a state opposite to that of being tight, fast, fixed, or compact ; as, the looseness of a cord; the looseness of a robe; the looseness of the skin; the looseness of earth, or of the texture of cloth. 9. The state opposite to rigor or rigidness ; laxity ; levity ; as, looseness of morals or of principles. Dryden. Bacon. 3. Lrreguiarity ; habitual deviation from strict rules ; as, looseness of life. Hayward. 4. Habitual lewdness ; unchastity. Spenser. 5. Flux from the bowels; diarrhea. Bacon. LOOS!/EN-ING, ppr. Freeing from tightness, tension, or fixedness ; rendering less compact. LOOSE’STRIFE, n. In botany, the English popular name of several species of pJants, of the genera Lysimachia, Epilobium, Lythrum, and Gaura. Lee. LOOSI/ING, ppr. Setting free from confinement. LOP, v. t. {f know not the affinities of this word, unless it is lob, or the W. llab, a stroke ; labiaw, to slap or strike, or the Eng. flap, or Ir. lwbam, to bend. The primary sense is evidently to fall or fell, or to strike down, and I think it connected with flap. 1. To cut off, as the top or extreme part of any thing; to shorten by cutting off the extremities ; as, to lop a tree or its branches. With branches lopped in wood, or mountain felled. Milton. 9. To cut off, as exuberances; to separate, as su- perfluous parts. Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts. Pope. 3. To cut partly off and bend down; as, to lop the trees or saplings of a hedge. 4. To let fall; to flap; as, a horse lops his ears. LOP,x. That which is cut from trees. Else both body and lop will be of little value, LOP, x. A Mortimer. [Sax. loppe.] A flea. [ Zocal. LOPE, pret. of Lear. [Sw. lépa; D. loopen.} [ Obs.] Spenser. LOPE, n. [Sw. lépa, D. loopen, torun. See Lear. ] A leap; a long step. _ [A word in popular use in America. | LOPE, v.i. To leap; to move or run with a long step, as a dog. Forby. LO-PHI/O-DON, n. [Gr.Aodca, a summit, and od0us,a 11. Disengaged ; free from obligation ; with from or of. Now I stand Loose of my vow ; but who knows Cato’s thonght? [Liule used.) ~ Addison. 12. Wanton ; unrestrained in behavior; dissolute ; unchaste ; as, a loose man or Woman. 13, Containing unchaste Janguage ; us, a loose | epistle. ryden. | FATE, tooth.) A fossil animal, allied to the rhinoceros and tapir : so named from the eminence of its teeth. LOP/ING, ppr. Leaping ; moving or running with a long step. LOP’/PED, (lopt,) pp. Cut off; shortened by cutting off the top or end; bent down. LOP’/PER, n. One that lops. LOP’PER, v.i. To turn sour and coagulate from too to | LOP/PER-ED, pp. or a. LO-QUA‘CIOUS, (lo-kwa/shus,) a. LORD, 2. as, lajrpered milk. , Forby. OP/PING, ppr. Cutting off; shortening by cutting otf the extremity ; letting fall. Turned sour and coagulated ; | to set at liberty. Locke. LOOSE, x. Freedom from restraint ; liberty. LOP/PING, x. A cutting off, as of branches; that Come, give thy soul a loose. Dryden. which is cut off. i \ Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow. Addison. LOP/SID-ED, a. Heavier on one side than the other, }} We use this word only in the phrase give a loose.) 2° a ship. [Commonly spelt LarsipEp, pot Ng 4 FTOSE. nounced lopsided. | [L. loquax, from loquor, to speak ; Eng. to clack.) 1. Talkative ; given to continual talking. Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong. Dryden, 2, Speaking ; noisy. Blind British bards, with volant touch, Traverse loquacious strings. Philips. 3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets. Talkativeness; the habit or practice of talking continually or excessively. Too great loguacity and too great taciturnity by fits. Arbutinot. [Sax. Mlaford. This has been supposed to be compounded of /af, loaf, and ford, afford, to give; and hence a lord is interpreted a bread-giver. But lady. in Saxon, is in like manner written hlefdeg ; and deg can hardly signify a giver. The word oc- curs in none of the Teutonic dialects except the Saxon; and it is not easy to ascertain the original signification of the word. J question the correctness of the common interpretation. ] 1. A master; a person possessing supreme power and authority ; a ruler; a governor. Man over man He made not lord. Milton, But now I was the lord Of this fair mansion. Shak. 2, A tyrant; an oppressive ruler. Dryden. 3. A husband. Aloft in bitterness of soul deplored My absent daughter and’ my dearer lord. Pepe. My lord also being old. —Gen, xviii. 4. A baron; the proprietor of a manor; as, the lord of the manor. 5. A nobleman; a title of honor, in Great Britain, given to those who are noble by birth or creation; a peer of the realm, including dukes, marquises, earls, viscounts, and barons. Archbishops and bishops, also. as members of the house of lords, are lords of parliament. Thus we say, lords temporal and spir- itual. By courtesy, also, the title is given to the sons of dukes and marquises, and to the eldest sons of earls. Encie. 6. An honorary title bestowed on certain official characters ; as, lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, &c. 7. In Scripture, the Supreme Being ; Jehovah. When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in cap- itals, it is the translation of JeHovan, and so might, with more propriety, be rendered. The word is ap- plied to Christ, Ps. cx., Col. iii., and to the Holy Spirit, 2 Thess. iii. As a title of respect, it is applied to kings, Gen. x].,2 Sam. xix. ; to princes and nobles, Gen. Xiii., Dan. iv.; to a husband, Gen. XVill.; to a prophet, 1 Kings xviil., 2 Kings ii.; and to a respect- able person, Gen. xxiv. Christ is called the Lord of glory, 1 Cor. ii., and Lord of lords, Rev. X1X. * 8. (Gr. dopdos.] In ludicrous language, a hump- backed person. Smart. Lord of misrule; one formerly chosen to direct the sports and revels of a family during Christmas holi- days. Strutt. Lord lieutenant of Ireland is the representative of royalty in that country. Lord lieutenant of a county is one deputed by the sovereign to manage its mili- tary concerns. Booth. LORD, v. t. To invest with the dignity and privileges of a lord. Shak. LORD, v.i. To domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; sometimes followed by over, and sometimes by it, in the manner of a transitive verb. Spenser. ‘The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss. I see them lording it in London streets. Shak. ‘Chey lorded over them whom they pow scrve. Milton. LORD/ING, zx. A little lord; a lord in contempt or ridicule. [Little used. | Swift. LORD/‘LIKE, a. Becoming a lord. 2, Haughty ;, proud ; insolent. Dryden. LORD/LI-NESS, n. {from lordly.] Dignity; high station. Shak. 2. Pride; haughtiness, JMore LORD’LING, n. A little or diminutive lord. Svoift. LORD/LY, a. [lord and like.] Becoming a lord ; per- taining to a lord. Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them. South. 2. Proud ; haughty ; imperious ; insolent. Every rich and lordiy swain ¢ With pride wonld drig about her chain. Swift. } LORD/LY, adv. Proudly ; imperiously ; despotically. A fumished lion, issuing from the wood, long standing, as milk. Forby. Tmo Roars lordly fierce. Dryden, 4LOS LORD/SHIP, n. The state or quality of being a lord ; hence, a title of honor given to noblemen, except to dukes, who have the title of grace. Dai ie titulary compellation of judges and certain other persons in authority and office in England. 3. Dominion ; power ; authority. { Johnson. They who are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lord- ship over them. — Mark x. 4. Seignory; domain ; the territory of alord over which he holds jurisdiction ; a manor. What lands and lordships for their owner know My quondam barber, Dryden. LORD’S SUP/PER, n. In the Christian church, the sacrament of the eucharist. LORE, n. [Sax. lar, from the root of leran, to learn ; D. leer; G. lehre; Dan. lere; Sw. lara.] Learning ; doctrine; lesson ; instruction. The law of nations, or the lore of war. Fuirfaz. Lo! Rome herself, proud mistress now no more Of arts, but thundering against heathen lore. Pope. LORE, n. [L. lorum, strap. In ornithology, the space between the bill and the eye. LOR’/EL, n. [Sax. leoran, to wander.] An abandoned scoundrel ; a vagrant. [Obs.] = Chaucer. LORES'’MAN, n. [lore and man.] An instructor. Obs.) Gower. LOR/L-€ATE, v. t. [L. lorico, loricatus, from lorica, a coat of mail.] 1. To plate over; to spread over, as a plate for de- fense. Nature hath loricated the sides of the tympanum in animals with ear-wax, Ray. 2. To cover with a coating or crust, as a chemical vessel, for resisting fire. LOR‘T-€a-TED, pp. Covered or plated over; en- crusted. LOR’I-€A-TING, ppr. Covering over with a coating or crust. LOR-L-€a'TION, n. The act or operation of cover- ing any thing with a coating or crust for defence; as, the lorication of a chemical vessel, to enable it to resist the action of fire, and sustain a high degree of heat. LOR/I-MER, n. [L. lorum, a thong ; Fr. lormier.] A maker of bits, spurs, and metal mountings for bridles and saddles ; hence, a saddler. [JVot used.] Smart. LOR/ING, n. Instructive discourse. [Obs.] Spenser. LO/RI-OT, n.~ [Fr.] A bird called WirwaL_L; the golden oriole, (Oriolus galbula.) P. Cyc. LOR/I-PED, n. A molluscan animal furnished with a short, double tube, and having its foot prolonged into a kind of cylindrical cord. Cuvier. LO/RIS, n. The popular name of several species of Lemur, which inhabit Ceylon and Java. They are quadrumanous mammals, having a near affinity to the monkeys. LORN, a. _ [Sax. forloren, Dan. forloren, lost. See omtonn Lost ; forsaken ; lonely. Spenser. LO’RY,x. A name common to a subordinate genus of birds of the parrot family, usually of a red color. The lories inhabit South-eastern Asia and the islands of the East. Partington. LOS/A-BLE, a. That may be lost. [Little used.] LOS/ANGE. See Lozenee. [ Boyle. LOSE, (looz,) v. t. ; pret. and pp. Lost. [Sax. losian, forlosian, forlysan ; D. verliezen; Goth. liusan. The sense is probably to part, to separate, and from the root of loose.) 1. To mislay ; to part or be separated from a thing, so as to have no knowledge of the place where it is ; as, to lose a book or a paper; to lose a record; to lose a dollar or a ducat. 2. To forfeit by unsuccessful contest; as, to lose money in gaming. 3. Not to gain or win ; as, to lose a battle, that is, to be defeated. 4. To be deprived of ; as, to lose men in battle; to lose an arm ora leg by ashot or by amputation ; to lose one’s life or honor. .. To forfeit, as a penalty. Our first parents lost the favor of God by their apostasy. 6. ‘T’o suffer diminution or waste of. If the salt hath lost its savor, wherewith shall it be salted?— 7. To ruin; to destroy. The woman that deliberates is lost. Addison, 8. To wander from ; to miss, so as not to be able to find ; as, to lose the way. 9. To bewilder, ' Lost in the maze of words, Pope. 10. To possess no longer ; to be deprived of; con- trary to Keer; as, to lose a valuable trade, 11. Not to employ or enjoy; to waste. ‘Titus sighed to lose a day. The unhappy haye but hours, and these they lose. Dryden, 12. To waste; to squander; to throw away ; as, to lose a fortune by gaming, or by dissipation. LOS’ER, (looz’er LOS/ING, (looz/ing,) ppr. LOSS/FUL, a Detrimental. [JVot used.] LOSS/LESS, a. Free from loss. LOST, pp. or a. [from lose.] Mislaid or LOT 13. To suffer to vanish from view or perception. We lost sight of the land at noon. I lost my com- panion in the crowd. Like following life in creatures we dissect, We lose it in the moment we detect. Pope.» 14. To ruin; to destroy by shipwreck, &&. The Albion was lost on the coast of Ireland, April 22, 1822. The admiral lost three ships in a tempest. 15. To cause to perish ; as, to be lost at sea. 16. To employ ineffectually ; to throw away ; to waste. Instruction is often lost on the dull; admo- nition is /ost on the profligate. It is often the fate of projectors to lose their labor. 17. To be freed from. His scaly back the bunch has got~: Which Edwin lost before. 3 18. To fail to obtain. He shall in no wise lose his reward. — Matt. x. To lose one’s self; to bezhewildered ; also, to slum- ber ; to have the memory and reason suspended. Parnell, LOSE, (looz,) v.i. To forfeit any thing in contest ; not to win. é We'll talk with them too, Who loses and whio wins; who’s in, who’s out. Shak. 2. To decline,yto fail. : Wisdom in discourse with her Loses discountenanced, and like folly shows, Milton, LOS’/EL, n= {from the root of loose.| A wasteful fellow ; ome who loses by sloth or neglect ; a worth- Jess person. Obs) Spenser. LOS/EL, a. Wasteful; slothful. Irving. LOS/EN-GER, n. [Sax. leas, false ; leasunge, falsity.] Chaucer. n. One that loses, or that is de- prived of any thing by defeat, forfeiture, or the like; the contrary to Winner or Gainer. A loser by trade may be honest and moral; this can not be said of a loser by gaming. A deceiver. Roe 7 Parting from; missing ; forfeiting ; wasting ; employing to no good purpose. LO6OS’ING, a. That incurs or brings loss ; as, a losing game or business. LOS'ING-LY, adv. Ina manner to incur loss. LOSS, x. Privation; as, the loss of property ; loss of money by gaming; loss of health or reputation. Every loss is not a detriment. We can not regret the loss of bad company or of evil habits. 2. Destruction ; ruin; as, the loss of a ship at sea; the loss of an army. 3. Failure to succeed; defeat; as, the loss of a battle. 4. Waste ; useless application ; as, a loss of time or labor. o. Waste, by leakage or escape; as, a loss of li- quors in transportation. To bear a loss; to make good; also, to sustain a loss Without sinking under it. To be at a loss; to be puzzled ; to be unable to de- termine ; to be in a state of uncertainty. Bp. Hall. Not use Milton. eft in a place unknown or forgotten ; that can not be found ; as, a lost book. 2. Ruined; destroyed; wasted or squandered ; employed to no good purpose ; as, lost inoney ; lost time. 3. Forfeited ; as, a lost estate. 4. Not able to find the right way, or the place in- tended. A stranger is lost in London or Paris. 5. Bewildered ; perplexed ; being in a maze; as, a speaker may be lost in his argument. 6. Alienated ; insensible ; hardened beyond sensi- bility or recovery ; as, a profligate lost to shame ; lost to all sense of honor. 7. Not perceptible to the senses; not visible ; as, an isle Jost in a fog ; a person lost in a crowd. 8. Shipwrecked or foundered ; sunk or destroyed ; as, a Ship lost at’sea, or on the rocks. LOT, n. ([Sax. hlot, hlodd, hlet, hlyt; Goth. hlauts ; D. and Fr. lot; Sw. lott; Dan. and Arm. lod; G. los; It. lotto ; Sp. loteria, a lottery. ‘The primary sense is, that which comes, falls, or happens, or a part, a di- vision, or share. ‘he French, from lot, have lotir, to divide ; Arm. loda, id., whence lodecq, a co-heir.] 1. That which, in human speech, is called chance, hazard, fortune, but, in strictness of language, is the determination of Providence ; as, the land shall be divided by lot. Num. xxvi. 2. That by which the fate or portion of one is de- termined ; that by which an event is committed to chance, that is, to the determination of Providence ; as, to cast lots ; to draw lots. The Jot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. — Proy. xvi. 3. The part, division, or fate, which falls to one by chance, that is, by divine determination. The second lot came forth to Simeon, —Josh, xix. e was but born to try The lot of man, to suffer and to die. Pope. 4, A distinct portion or parcel ; as, a lot of goods ; a lot of boards. | LOU lot. 6. In the United States, a piece or division of lanil perhaps originally assigned by drawing lots, but now any portion, piece, or division. So we say,a man has a lot of land in Broadway, or in the meadow : he has a lot in the plain, or on the mountain ; he has a home-lot, a house-lot, a wood-lot. The defendants leased a house and Jot in the city of New York. Kent. Franklin. Law of Penn. To cast lots, is to use or throw a die, or some other instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of which, an event is, by previous agreement, deter- mined. To draw lots; to determine an event by drawing one thing from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawer, and thus determining an event. LOT, v.t. To allot; to assign; to distribute ; to sort; to catalogue ; to portion. Prior. LOTE, n. [Gr. Awrus; L, lotus, lotos.] 1, The modern popular name of several plants, more especially of the Zizyphus Lotus of Africa, which is three or four inches high, and produces a fruit about the size of a sloe, with a large stone, which grows on every part of the branches. 2. A little muddy fish, like an eel. Cotgrave. LOTH, a. [Sax. lath, Sw. led, Dan. leede, odious, hated. The common orthography is loath, pronounced with o long, but botb the orthography and pronunci- ation originally followed the analogy of cloth, Sax. clath. I have followed Milton, Dryden, Waller, Spenser, and Shakspeare, in the orthography of this word. The verb, also, with the derivatives, wzs originally spelt without the letter a, and this spelling would be preferable. The primary sense is to thrust, to turn or drive away. See the verb, and Class Ld, No. 9, 15.] 1. Literally, hating, detesting ; hence, 2. Unwilling ; disliking ; not inclined ; reluctant. Long doth he stay, as loth to leave the land. Daves. To pardon willing, and to punish loth. Waller. LO’TION, n._ [L. lotio, from lavo, to wash.] 1. A washing ; particularly, a washing of the skin for the purpose of rendering it fair. Encyc, 2. A liquid preparation for washing some part of the body, to cleanse it of foulness or deformity. Encyc. 3. In pharmacy, a preparation of medicines, by washing them in some liquid, to remove foreign sub- stances, impurities, &c. Encyce. LOT’TED, pp. Allotted ; assigned; sorted; por- tioned. LOT/TER-Y, 7. [Fr. loterte; Sp. loteria. See Lor.] 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by chance, or the distribution itself. Lotteries are often authorized by law, but many good men deem them immoral in principle, and almost all men concur in the opinion that their effects are pernicious, 2. Allotment. [JVot used.] LOT’TING, ppr. Assigning ; distributing ; sorting. LO/TUS, n. [Gr. Awros.] The name of a genus of leguminous plants. The ancients applied the name lotus to the Zizyphus Lo- tus of Africa, [see Lorr,] the Nymphea Lotus, an Egyptian water plant, and to the several species of the genus Lotus. LOUD, a. [Sax. hlud, or lud; G. laut; D. liud; Dan. lyd; L. laudo, to praise, and with a prefix, plaudo ; W. clod, praise, formed from llod, which signifies what is forcibly uttered ; Wodi, to reach out ; Uawd, that shoots out, that is productive, also a lad. This is the Ch. Syr. Heb. and Sam. 15), Eth. ONL walad, Ar. No walada, to bring forth. The primary sense is obvious. Qu. its connection with the Ir. blaodh and glaodh, a calling, and Sax. lathian, to call. See Class Ld, No. 8, 29. 1, Having a great sound ; high sounding ; noisy ; striking the ear with great force; as, a loud voice; a loud cry ; loud thunder. : 2. Uttering or making 6 great noise ; as, loud instru- ments, 2 Chron. XXX. 3. Clamorous ; noisy. She is loud and stubborn, — Prov. vil. 4, Emphatical; impressive ; as, a loud call to avoid danger. LOUD, adv. With loudness ; loudly. _ Smart. LOUD/-LAUGH-ING, (-liffing,) a Laughing loudly. LOUD/LY, adv. With great sound or noise ; noisily. Who lone and loudly in the schools declaimed. Denham. 2, Clamorously ; with vehement complaints or im portunity. He loudly complained of intolerance. LOUD'NESS, n. Great sound or noise ; as, the loud ness of a voice or of thunder. 2. Clamor; clamorousness ; turbulence ; uproar. LOUD!-VOIC-ED, (-voist,) a. Having a loud voice. Biron. LOUGH, (lok,) x. [Ir.] A lake, or arm of the sea; a different orthography of the Scottish loch. Fairfax. LOU'IS-D’ OR’, (1oo'e-dore’,) n. [Fr.,a Lewis of gold.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. | ¢9. Proportion or share of taxes ; as, to pay scot ani | TR ere aoe ' 7 ae a Neen pre Stee Shia “Then Se| LOV LOV LOW A gold coin of France, first struck in 1640, in the| the pleasure derived from the company, civilities,) LO’VER and LOO/VER. See I ,| LO’ VER and LO . See Louver. LOVE!/-SE-€RET,n. A secret between lovers. ROS a ' : * r says i eal oF rou Se value twenty shillings sterling, and kindnesses of others, unl to about $4.44. Betwee ortal ‘ : f| ee 3 caiat'a _ Between certain natural relatives, love seems :: OUTS Rao AEs eae a lingerer, from long.] in some cases instinctive. Such is the love Ree LOVE/-SHAFT, n. Cupid’ Dryden. i . > 1aZ . ir e 7 ays sei . Opec ies sae 1a'S arrow. 5 fe i Hee stati abot tS atoll eae aur aeaeal piRnLESetS pelt toward | LOVE/-SICK, a. Sick ee languishing with Ree oe z 3. To recline at ease; to loll < ont al articular qualities in the child amorous desire; as, al Seepiay 3. Lo at ease 5 . are unfolded. This affection is appare 3 a8, a love-sick maid. : LOUNGE, n. An idle gait or stroll. SAREE RPA s affection is apparently as strong Matiheldesewibeosen pee 9. The act of reclining at ease Aone animals as in human beings. 2 my love-sick mind. Dryden. 3. A place for lounging. : b We open of the love of amusement, the love of a Dictated by a languishing lover, or expressive g ooks, the love of money, and the love of whatever of languishing love. Where nightingales their love-sick ditty si ghung ¢ y sing. Dryden. AD. $ : : : UNG EE are idler; one who Joiters away his contributes to our pleasure or supposed profit SeSRTaOlenGe. The love of God is the first duty of SAT TTA te pa Ags ne Sod is the first duty of mz TE! y as ishi pOONG ENG eek a. Passing ape in eres springs from just views of his Luau excel OS eee aaa ee JUR. c eclining at ease. lences of character, which aff rd i light E/S HOUR Se ore er areas neces of character, which afford the highest delight } LOVE/SOME 7 S , Nes F [ > pl. lys; D. luis; G. to the sanctified heart. Esteem and reverence con- LOVE!_SONG, n The ee ae ee SONG, 2. song e2 ssing love. Lak. i hh | |) ee S i ‘aus; Sw. and Dan. lus.] sti < = . ; ee eS stitute ingredients in this affection, < y Sh ; ‘ egal i 5 Si and a fear a TRI_SUIT 1 ae aes pe The popular name of a genus of parasitic insects, faadinie itn isiits inseparable ene of of- | LOVE/-SUIT, zn. Courtship; solicitation of union in termed Pediculus, with a flattened body divided into 2. Courtship; chiefly in ces ta ae ECs Shak Pus ceralve sennients «tor thveet oft which istats ates eSnips ie y in the phrase to make love,| LOVE’-TALE,n. A narrative of love es tached a pair of Jegs, which are short, and terminated riage. ge LCaRyoO ALO SpLCIEgumion An mar Cato ’s a proper pers intra by a stout nail or two opposing hooks. which enable 3 P: pies Mlaoeials wk per person to intrust f these animals to cling with great facility --Tnd fee atriotism 4 the attachment one has to his na- LOVE!_-TAU ; Addison. mouth consists of a small, tubular protuberance, situ- 4 ane neat pove a TY: LOVE!_THOUGH? pec Dy Toye ao aconte ated at_the aatapiovtexteenitvi ok the head) inthe 2 c eons will. = GHT, (luv’thawt,) m. Amorous fancy. orm of a snout, and containing a sucker when < od is love. —1 John tv. 5 Shak UEC g < nen at : TRI_TO-KE : ve rest. Their eggs are termed nits in English. Two 5. The object beloved. LOVE’-TO-KEN, n. A present in token of love. species infest the bodies of men Different anim: q S : : x - animals The lover and the love of human ki AU r : BEE NE fected ith difterentapeties. 2 sy) ener ve of human kind. Pope. LOVE’-TOY, 7m. A small present from a lover. LOUS B, (lowz,) v. t FEB ESAMROai Tice: swift: a of-endearment. LOVE!-TRICK : Arbuthnot. LOUSE’WORT, (lows'wurt,)n. A plant of the genus Trust me, love. Dryden. JK, n. Art or artifice expressive of love. cele: so eis because sheep were supposed th Cupid, the god of love. Other love-tricks than glancing with the eyes. Donne. o become lousy by feeding much on it. The y s yas his form i T : ini ; 5 g a 1e yellow uch was his form as painters, when they show LOV'/ING E *rtz . : $ 2 ot eee O ) Payee , NG, ppr. Entertaining a stron : i lousewort is the genus ca a oa i heir utmost art, on naked Loves bestow. Dryden. having tender regard for. 5 g affection for; bra s Loudon. Fam. of Plants. . Lewdness. 9. a. Fond; affectionate ; . : y By LOUS'I-LY, adv. [from lousy.] In a mean, paltry He is tli 3. Ex Soe 2 SE nen as, a loving friend. > manner; scurvily. [ Vulgar.] ; : e is not loiling on a lewd love-bed, Sak. | LOV'T NG. KIND. NES OF Eindness i.e, Joven gewora3. YON eee Gass Sie Be Althine silks NG-KIND-NESS, x. Tender regard; LOUS/LNESS, n. The state of abounding with li 9. A thin, silk stuff. [Obs.] Boyle favor ; ; t S57 Tender, Tee aay FeLys, i LOUS'Y. (dow aie 1 11CE, Love a sileness aks eae yle. avor; a scriptural word. JUS'Y, (low/ze,) a. [from louse.] Swarming with 7 Me Tess Tt SOO IDE Shak. My loving-kind lice jantesten with lice. Dryden. Free of love; a plant of the genus Cercis. : ee will Foot) miter y fae NO Dae: " ‘ 2. Mean; low; contemptible; as, a lousy knave. se ‘am. of Plants. eee vd a ; [ Yulgar.] Shake LOV E -AP-PLE, (luv/ap-pl,) n. A plant of the genus LOV'ING-LY, adv. With love; with affection ; affec- ; ! LOUT,n. [Qu. Sax. leod, G. leute, people.] ; . Oa Lycopersicum, or its fruit ; the tomato tionately. ‘ B y F . 4 ui — -KE A j : m ; . : ‘ . A mean, awkward fellow ; a bumpkin; a clown. et BBS. seat n. A third person who acts as It is no great matter to live lovingly with meek persons. Taylor. : Shak. Gay. SD= yetween lovers. Shak, TIING_NES eatin airs LOUT,v.i. [Sax. Mutan.] y LOVE/-C€RACK-ED, (-krakt,) a Crazed with love LOV'/ING-NESS, n. Affection ; kind regard. : m SViE E ; 2 Y . ‘he at ; ve : OR To bend; to bow; to stoop. [ Obsolete, or local.] Oey (luvd,) pp ora. Having the affection of any Be ee aa a ee aa f ; Spenser B. Jonson <9 5 idney. i y ~> . «vt >t . y ay ° r T . y y s : et ASH, a, Clownish; rude; awkward. Sidney. LOVE’-DART-ING, a Darting love, as the eyes. non a x ee laag, G. bg, Sw. lag, low ; Sax. loh, a 4 OUT/ISH-LY, adv. Like a clown ; in arude, clum- WHDiv sa Milton. pit or gulf; Russ. log, a low place, a hollow ; Dan. f sy, awkward manner. ‘ LOVE!-DAY, (luv’da,) n. A day formerly appointed ag, a.bed or layer, axow 3trom(the)}root of tay] 7 iT] + MC zi ( - wees a: / ] spur ay ‘ + ~ ieee FE nee n. Clownishness. Todd. | LOVEr Sa adjustinent of differences. Chaucer.| gig ae Beh or. elevated ; depressed below any t% U/VER, (loo/ver,) n. [Fr. Pouvert.] aN )/-FA-VOR,n. Something given to be worn in Ebvo usur ace or place. Low ground or land, is land } An opening in the roofs of ancient buildings for LOV = one eee Bp. Hall. : ie an Boe ee aM SOIe the escape of smoke or for ventilation, often i OVE/-FEAST, n. A religious festival, held quarter- and both are relative terms. That which is low ve fi 2 ; n in the lv by the M sg gent tet eaions ieee. q r with respect tc : . . orm of a turret or small lantern. Gloss ofArchi y by the | ethodists, in imitation of the agape of the respect to one thing, may be igh with respect Archit. arly C SY the} ¢ he P te A louver window, in church steeples, is an opening ony . a lo PE Cane A Ey Te igh fences ve rt crossed by bars of wood, &c., to exclude rain Bae LOVE!-FEAT ,n. The gallant act of alover. Shak. ow flight for an eagle, would be a high flight fora mo. allow the passage of sound from the bells. Francis LOVE RIUEING, a. Kalling atfection. Baxter. pete be: awe : ig LOV/A-BLE, a. Worthy of love; amiable. eee LOVE/-KNOT, (luv/not,) n. A knot so called, used 2. Not rising to the usual hight; as, a man of low ee LOV’AGE, zn. An herb of tl mdee= _ Seriwood~ | __as a token of] love, or representing al stature. : 3 Ks, : rb of the genus Ligusticum, | L@VE/_LA-B + ng mutual affection. 3. Declini i i : sometimes cultivated as a potherb. Bee OV o/-LA-BOR-ED, a. Labored by Jove. Milton. , dee ining near the horizon. The sun is low at % LOVE, (luv,) v. t. (Sax. lufian, luvian; D. lieven -G LOVE'-LASS, n. A sweetheart. : LOU OLCIOG SU ae and at six in summer, { ee Russ. Uioblyu ; L. libeo, lubeo ; Sans. loab, love, Los e Dees a, Void of love; void of tenderness or Siar acne farsibelow/- thes adiacent sire. (See Lirr.) "The sense is probably to be | LgVE/_LET Milton. Shelton. COUR a yan. ete ree Hoe from leaning, advancing, or lett ri f aT TER n. A letter professing love; a The lowest bottom shook of Erebus. Milton. awing forward. otter of courtship. 5. Sunk to tl c a 5 Pox g : 28 1e natural level of the ocean by ‘: ath a general sense, to be pleased with ; to regard mee see BEEN G,n. Aspecies of amaranth, retiring of the tide; as, low water. vie F ' Exe; fection on account of some qualities which LOVE'LL is Conaany. Haring ton. 6. Below the usual rate or amount, or below the p \ ae pleasing sensations, or desire of gratification. Bios ar see? (luvJe-ly,) adv. [from lovely.] Amia- ordinary value ; as, a low price of corn; low wages ety \ e lovea friend on account of some Ali Bie amen ta yy; In a Manner to excite love. O 7 oN his 3 ? BCS. c e qualities which ial LY ; tway. 7. Not high or loud ; as, a low voice at give us pleasure in his society. We love a mz : LOVE’LI-NESS, (luv‘li-ness,) x. [fi lovel =r e ara ER A siety. e love a man who >> ») 2. [from lovely.| Amia- 8. Grave; depressed in the scale of ds; has done us a favor ; in which case grati bleness ; qualities of body or mind tl nay exci l ; i BAY Ch aoaag eae z VOr ; case gratitude enters : > yo ind that may excite ow note. } into the composition of our affection. We love our BOVE: 9. Near or not very distant from the t ‘ 5 i > - : mea? : j 2 os Za) Ste equator; as Eton an our children, on account of their con- rs ne is such a native loveliness in the sex, as to make them a low latitude. We say, the low Bouinentylaticadeds if h us, and on account of many qualities wed the when in the wrong, how resistless their power the high northern latitudes. é 4 which please us. We love to retire to a cool n they are on the side of truth! Spectator. 10. Late in time; modern; as, the/ i shade in summer. We love a wa : : LOVE/-LINK-ED, (luv’link : 1] jecte on MY jess Cue. oer, STDIS: PERG WV ANITR EG. Licar co pai ¥ um oow in win- sean ne ee » (luv/linkt,) a Linked or con- . Dejected ; depressed in vigor ; wanting strength : Raat ar co 2>nt advocate. The 2Cte y love. animati : oars ga a o> b ae Giiehentiones this? Bible. atnre eral e Une TT OVE LOG or animation ; as, low spirits; low in spirits. His ey A ecariaivesnda, plea Bible. an short, we love what- | ~ 4 ; OCK, n. A curl or lock of hair so called courage is low. ad es : easure and delight, whether ani- worn by men of fashi j ions Nae 2 »pressed j ofa ih ma or intellectual; and if our hearts eae and James I SOMBIE ne arcle gouge za velh ie wee pressed in condition ; in a humble state. ra we love God above all things, as the sum of all oe LOVE/-LORN., a [love and lorn.] Forsaken t Lily. ‘ Why but to keep you low and ignorant? Milton. : ‘ cence ma, . >X- a Daca < Le y me . celience, and all the attributes which can communi- love ; as, the love-lorn nightingale eA fak s 13. Humble in rank; in a mean condition; as ie \ cate happiness to intelligent being or Wor LOVE! yf Pees tenet) men of high and low condition ; ralks of St MHAGhRetian J ea it beings. In other words, 1 S‘LY, (luv/ly,) a. Amiable; that may excite life; al | f } Gn Es etlower WEIS Ton fe : Christian loves Go with the love of compl - ove; possessing qualiti rhic A ape Zs NONE CAB SS) ON DORE 1 in his attributes, PR ecr neneenionne pmblacency pee p g qualities which may invite affec- he Mean ; abject; groveling; base; as, a person interests of his kingdom, and peiesfictastt < of low mind a : s g , and the love of gratitude Saul and Jonathan were lovel i i 5 i . c s . Sita - and ple 5 + 4 . : | peer ce ves 'y and pleasant in their lives. —2 ae Dishonorable ; mean ; as, a low trick or strata- ; ou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy hea i a , ord thy God with all thy heart, and w LOVE/LY-FAC- = : 5 ' Thou shat evict on all BD, mind, — Matt, xxii. ee a aie FAC-ED; (luvile-faste,) a. Having love- 1: Not elevated or sublime ; not exalted in thought pe @ y neighbor as thyself. — Matt. xxii eT RT or diction; as, a low cc aris : ‘= ‘. i ; 3 as, omparison ; a low mets : af i i an To have benevolence or good will for. John iii LOV 4 MON/GER, (luv’mung-ger,) n. [love and mon- low language. I 3 1etaphor ; i Be v1. To deli : Bah ei . rer.| One who deals in affairs ; cae : Tove, ‘Rte ty a uene to take pleasure. Synart. & als in affairs of love. [JVot used.] In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of the Heat Bs . n affection of the mind excited by LOVE!-PIN-ED pee : Shak. heathen world are low and dull, mallow an shicet V wor of any kind, or by the qualities of N-ED, (luv’pind,) a. Wasting by love. 17. Vulgar ; common; as, a low education h, 4 A ne _ whic _communicate pleasure, sensual or| LOV/ER Spenser. 18. Submissive ; humble ; reverent , Z BY: a z e ectual. It is opposed to Hatrep. Love between aff ult, Te One who loves; one who has a tender é a ie | ee | ' 8 Berea is a compound affection, consisting of es affection, particularly for a female. With lab specs ay, } fF c j a ; 2 as «hi; subjection. i) ne 3 enevolence, and animal desire. Love is ex- Love is blind, and lovers can not see. Shak But first low reverence done. eon cited by pleasing qualities of any kind, as by kind- 2. A friend; one who regards with ki 19. Weak; ext i ee ere, ness, benevolence, charity, and by the qualities 2 gards with kindness. ends brou exhausted of vital energy. His dis- *, which render social aeeenorae eae tie q i ities Your brother and his lover have embraced. Shak. ease 1as brought him very low. 1a i latter ease ulerainvardene eianienin - ee phe es One who likes or is pleased with any thing; as Bil peeie ’ weak ; witout force ; as, a low pulse. a tachment springing fi SHIP, as g at- a lover of books finnienaee 1g 5 as, 21. Moderate; not inflammatory ; as, a / s rom good will and este x JOOKS OF OF science; a lover of wine ; Sp are : : : Vig AB easgtD fever, i 5 a 5 steem, and lover of religion. 18 165 a Rte not intense; as, a low heat; a low 4 = FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, B ; ne ep rg aS Si ABI GE RS 2 . 4 a3 eat 9 Us Wil L = — NOTE PANT y Vet = = eee ee ee IRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — , 7 = Se 2LOW LOZ rich are often reduced to a low condition. 24. Moderate ; as, a low calculation or estimate. nourishing ; as, a low diet. position ; as, low-browed rocks. S Milton. Pope. He sold his wheat low. 3. Near the ground ; as, the bird flies very low. 4. In a mean condition ; born fellow ; a Jow-born lass. o. In time approaching our own. and herds. Locke, low. vice. 8. In popular astronomy, having a great southern runs low, 2. e., appears far in the south. LOW, ». t. To sink ; to depress. [Vot used, | LOW, v.% [Sax. dleowan; D. leijen. contracted word, coinciding with L. lugeo, to weep, the sense of which is, to cry out.] To bellow, as an ox or cow. Olmsted. Wiclif. The lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea. Gray. LOW,n. Flame; fire. [Obsolete or local.] Smart. LOW, )A termination of names, as in Bed-low. LOWE, [Sax. Alaw, a hill, heap, or barrow, Goth. hlaiw. LOW!-ARCH-ED, (1d/archt,) a. Having a low arch. és 3 [ Scott. LOW’BELL, nx. [Sw. lage, flame ; laa, to flame ; Sax. leg, leg, lig, id.; Scot. lowe; G. loke. } A kind of fowling in the night, in which the birds are wakened by a bell, and blinded by light, so as to be easily taken. Cowel. LOW’BELL, v. t. To scare, as with a lowbell. Hammond. LOW!-BORN, a. Born in low life. LOW’-BRED, a. Bred in a low condition or manner ; vulgar. LOW’/-CHURCH, a. Not asserting exclusive episco- pacy ; opposed to HreH-Cuurcu. LOW’'ER, v. t. [from low.] To cause to descend ; to let down; to take or bring down; as, to lower the main-sail of a sloop. 2. To sufter to sink downward. Woodward. 3. To bring down; to reduce or humble; as, to lower the pride of man. 4. To lessen; to diminish; to reduce, as value or amount; as, to lower the price or value of goods, or the rate of interest. LOW’ER, v.z. To fall; to sink ; to grow less. Shak. LOW’ER, v. i. To appear dark or gloomy; to be clouded ; to threaten a storm. And all the clouds that lowered upon our house. Shak, The lowering spring. Dryden. 2. To frown ; to look sullen. But sullen discontent sat lowering on her face. Dryden. LOW’ER, x. Cloudiness ; gloominess. 2. A frowning ; sullenness. Sidney. LOW/ER, a. [comp. of Low.] Less high or elevated. LOW’ER-€ASE, xn. Among printers, the case which contains the small letters. Hence, as an adjective, it denotes the small letters, in distinction from capitals. LOW’ER-ED, pp. Caused to descend ; let down ; sunk. LOW’ER-ING, ppr. or a. Letting down ; sinking. LOW’ER-ING, ppr. or-a. Appearing dark or threat- ening. LOW’'ER-ING-LY, adv. With cloudiness or threat- ening gloom. LOW’/ER-MOST, a. [trom low.| Lowest. LOW’ER-Y, a. Cloudy ; gloomy. LOW'EST, a. [superl. of Low.] Most low ; deep- est ; most depressed or degraded, &c. LOW/ING, ppr. or a. Bellowing, as an ox. LOW/ING, n. The bellowing or cry of cattle. LOW’/LAND, 7. Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country ; a low or level country. Thus the Belgic states are called Lowlands. The word is sometimes opposed to a mountainous coun- try; as, the Lowlands of Scotland. Sumetimes it denotes a marsh. ryden. LOW'LI-HOOD, xn. A humble state. [Obs.] Chaucer. LOW’LI-LY, adv. Humbly ; without pride ; meauly ; without dignity. LOW/LI-NESS, x. [from lowly.) Freedom from pride ; humility ; humbleness of mind. Milton. W alle — with all lowliness and meekness.— Eph. iv. Phil. ii. 2. Meanness; want of dignity ; abject state. [Jn this sense little used.] Spenser. Dryden. LOW'LY,a. [low and like.] Having a low esteem of one’s own worth ; humble ; meek; free from pride. Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me, forIl am meek and lowly in heart. — Matt. xi. He scorneth the scorners; but he giveth grace unto the lowly, — 23. Impoverished ; in reduced circumstances. The 29. Plain; simple; not rich, high seasoned, or LOW, adv. Not aloft; not on high ; often used in com- 2. Under the usual price; at a moderate price. 3 ™m composition ; as, a low- Shak In the part of the world which was first inhabited, even as low down as Abrabam’s time, they wandered with their flocks 6. With a depressed voice ; not loudly ; as, speak 7. In a state of subjection, poverty, or disgrace ; as, to be brought lew by Oppression, by want, or by declination in the diurnal revolution ; as, the moon It is probably a 2. Mean; low; wanting dignity or rank, One common right the great and lowly claim. Pope. 3. Not lofty or sublime ; humble. These rural poems, and their lowly strain, Dryden, 4. Not high ; not elevated in place. Dryden. LOW’LY, adv. Humbly ; meekly ; modestly. Be lowly wise. Milton. 2. Meanly ; in a low condition ; without grandeur or dignity. I will show myself highly fed, and lowly taught. Shak, LOW/-MIND-ED, a. Having or indicating a low mind or debased feelings ; mean; base. LOW/-MUT-TER-ED, a. Muttered with a low voice. Elton. LOWN, 2. [See Loon.] A low fellow; a scoundrel. Shak. LOW’NESS, zn. The state of being low or depressed ; the state of being less elevated than something else ; as, the lowness of the ground, or of the water after the ebb-tide. 2. Meanness of condition. Men are not to be despised or oppressed on account of the lowness of their birth or condition. 3. Meanness of mind or character; want of dig- nity. Haughtiness usually springs from lowness of mind; real dignity is distinguished by modesty. 4. Want of sublimity in style or sentiment; the contrary to Lorriness. Dryden. 5. Submissiveness ; as, the lowness of obedience. acon. 6. Depression of mind ; want of courage or forti- tude ; dejection ; as, lowness of spirits. 7. Depression in fortune; a state of poverty ; as, the lowness of circumstances. 8. Depression in strength or intensity ; as, the low- ness of heat or temperature ; lowness of zeal. 9. Depression in price or worth; as, the lowness of price or value; the lowness of the funds, or of the markets. 10. Graveness of sound ; as, the lowness of notes. ll. Softness of sound; as, the lowness of the voice. LOW/!-PRIC-ED, (15’prist,) a. Bearing a low price. LOW’-PRESS/URE, a. See Sream-Encine. LOW!-ROOF-ED, (-rooft,) a. Having a low roof. Milton. LOW-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Not having animation and courage ; dejected; depressed ; not lively or spright- ly. Losses of property often render men low-spirited. Excessive severity breaks the mind, and renders the child or pupil low-spirited. LOW-SPIR/IT-ED-NESS, n. Dejection of mind or courage ; a state of low spirits. heyne. LOW!-SUN-DAY, x. A popular name for the Sunday next after Easter. Brande. LOW-THOUGHT’ED, (-thawt’ed,) a Having the thoughts employed on low subjects; not having sublime and elevated thoughts or contemplations ; mean of sentiment; as, low-thoughted care. Milton, Pope. LOW-WA’TER, x. The lowest point of the ebb or receding tide. LOW!-WINES, n. pl. [low and wine.] A weak liquor produced by the first distillation of molasses, or fer- mented liquors ; the first run of the still. Edwards, W. Ind. LOX-O-DROM'I€, a. [Gr. otos, oblique, and dpopos, a course. } Pertaining to oblique sailing by the rhumb; as, loxodromic tables. Loxodromic curve; a line which always makes an equal angle with every meridian ; the rhumb line. LOX-O-DROM/I€S, n. The art of oblique sailing by the rhumb, a line which always makes an equal an- gle with every meridian; that is, when a ship sails neither directly under the equator nor under the same meridian, but obliquely. Harris. Bailey. LOY’AL, a. [Fr. loyal; It. leale; Sp. leal; from L. lex, law.] : Faithful to a prince or superior; true to plighted faith, duty, or love; not treacherous; used of sub- jects to their prince, and of husband, wife, and loy- ers; as, a loyal subject ; a loyal wife. There Laodamin with Evadne moves, Unhappy both! but loyal in their loves, Dryden. LOY‘AL-IST, x. A person who adheres to his soy- ereign ; particularly, one who maintains his allegi- ance to his prince, and defends his cause in times of revolt or revolution. LOY’AL-LY, adv. With fidelity to a prince or sov- ereign, or to a husband or lover. ; LOY’AL-TY, x. Fidelity toa prince or sovereign, or to a husband or lover. He had such loyalty to the king as the law requires. Clarendon. LOZ/ENGE, n. [Fr. losange; Gr. \ofos, oblique, and y@via, a corner. ] : figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb, 2. In heraldry, [it is used exactly as in the first sense.— E. H, Proy, iii. ] LUC liants and rose diamonds. In brilliants, they are formed by the meeting of the skill and the Star fa- cets on the bezil; in the latter, by the meeting of the facets in the horizontal ribs of the crown. 2 Encyc. 4. In confectionery, a small cake of sugar, &c, often medicated, originally in the form of a lozenge or rhomb, but now usually round. 2 LOZ/ENG-ED, a Having the form of a LOZ/ENGE-SHAP-ED, { lozenge or rhomb. [See Lozeneg, No. 1. LOZ'ENG-Y, a. In heraldry, [more usually written lozengee, divided lozenge-wise. — E. H. Barker.| LP; a contraction of Lorpsuip. LU. See Loo. LUB/BARD. [ot used.] See Lusser. LUB’/BER, n. [W. llabi,a tall, lank fellow, a clumsy man, a Stripling, a lubber, a looby; lab, a flag or thin strip, a stripe or stroke ; Uabiaw, to slap ; llob, an un- wieldy Jump, a dull fellow. From the significations of llabi, it appears that the primary sense is tall and Jank, like a stripling who gains his hight before he does his ful] strength, and hence is clumsy. But looby seems rather to be from Uob.] A heavy, clumsy fellow; a Sturdy drone; a clown. And lingering lubbers lose many a penny. Tusser. LUB/BER-LY, a. Properly, tall and lank, without ac- tivity ; hence, bulky and heavy ; clumsy ; lazy ; as, a lubberly fellow or boy. LUB’BER-LY, adv. Clumsily ; awkwardly. Dryden. LU’BRI€, a. [L. lubricus, slippery. ] 1, Having a smooth surface ; slippery 3 as, a lubric throat. rashaw. 2. Wavering; unsteady; as, the lubric waves of State. otton. 3. Lascivious ; wanton ; lewd. This lubric and adulterate age. Dryden. [ This word is now litile used. | LO/BRI-CANT, n. [See Lusricatre.] That which lubricates. LU/BRI-€ATE, ». t. [L. lubrico, from lubricus, slip- pery ; allied to labor, to slip or slide.} To make smooth or slippery. Mucilaginous and Saponaceous medicines lubricate the parts to which they are applied. Lusricrrare is not used. LUO/BRI-€A-TED, pp. or a. Made smooth and slip- pery. LU/BRI-€A-TING, ppr. or a. Rendering smooth and slippery. LU-BRI-€A/TION, n. The act of rendering smooth and slippery. LU’BRI-€A-TOR, n. That which lubricates. LU-BRIC’/LTY, n. [Fr. lubricité.] 1, Smoothness of surface ; slipperiness. 2. Smoothness ; aptness to glide over any thing, or to facilitate the motion of bodies in contact by dimin- ishing friction. Ray. 3. Slipperiness ; instability; as, the lubricity of fortune. I? Estrange. 4. Lasciviousness ; propensity to lewdness ; Jewd- ness ; lechery ; incontinency. ryden. LO’/BRLE€OUS, a. [L. lubricus.] 1. Smooth ; slippery. Woodward. 2. Wavering ; unstable ; as, lubricous opinions. Glanville. LU-BRI-FA€’TION, n. [Infra.] The act of lubri- cating or making smooth. Bacon. LU-BRI-FI-€A/TION, n. make.] The act or operation of making smooth and slip- [L. lubricus and facio, to pery. Ray. LU-€A!/MA, n. A Chilian fruit, in size and flavor re- sembling a peach. Gardner. LUCE, x. A pike full grown. Johnson. Shak. LU/CENT, a. [L. lucens, from luceo, to shine. See Lieut. ] Shining ; bright; resplendent ; as, the sun’s lucent orb Milton. LU/CERN, n. [Qu. W. Iysau, plants; Iysiewyn, a plant ; Corn. lyzuan; or from Lucerne, in Switzer- land. A leguminous plant of the genus Medicago, culti- vated for fodder. LU-CER’NAL-MI/€RO-SEOPE, xn. lamp, and microscope. ] A compound microscope, in which the object is illuminated by means of a lamp. Olmsted. U’/CID, a. [L. lucidus, from luceo, to shine. See Licurt.] 1. Shining ; bright; resplendent ; as, the lucid orbs of heaven. 4 2. Clear ; transparent ; pellucid ; as, a hace sixcom. JHiUtOn,. 3. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not dark- ened or confused by delirium or madness ; marked by the regular operations of reason; as, the ducid in- tervals of a deranged man. : d 4. Clear; distinct ; presenting a clear view ; easily understood ; as, a lucid order or arrangement. LU-CID/I-TY, ». Brightness. [ot used.] {L. lucerna, a 3. Among jeweiers, lozenges ate common to bril- LUb/CID-LY, adv. Clearly; distinctly. TONE, BYLL, YNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 679 tet a ak al . ~ | veyed. - 1686 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, M: MAIN’/PERN-A-BLE, a. I MALN/PERN-OR, n. MAIN/PRIZE, n. MAIN/PRIZE, ov. t MAIN’PRIZ-ED, pp- MAIN/SAJL, x. MAIN/SHEET,n. The sheet that extends and fastens MAIN/SWEAR, v. i. [Sax. manswerian; man, evil, MAIN-TAIN!, v. t. [Fr. maintenir ; main, hand, and upon him. That may be admitted to give surety by mainpernors; that may be main- |} prized. [Old Fr. main, the hand, and prendre, to take ; pernon, pernez, for prenon, prenez. | In law, a surety for a prisoner’s appearance in court at a day. Mainpernors differ from bail, in that a man’s bail may imprison or surrender him before the stipulated day of appearance ; mainpernors can do neither ; they are bound to produce him to answer all charges whatsoever, Blackstone. [Fr. main, hand, and prendre, pris, to take, ] 1. In law, a writ directed to the sheriff, command- ing him to take sureties for the prisoner’s appear ance, and to let him go at large. These sureties are called matnpernors. Blackstone. 9. Deliverance of a prisoner on security for his ap- pearance at a day. To suffer a prisoner to go at large, on his finding sureties, mainpernors, for his appearance at a day. Bailed ; suffered to go at large, upon giving security for appearance. The principal sail in a ship. The mainsail of a ship or brig is extended by a yard at- tached to the mainmast, and that of a sloop, by the boom. the mainsail. and swerian, to swear. To swear falsely ; to perjure one’s self. Blount. tenir, to hold; L. manus and teneo.] 1. To hold, preserve, or keep in any particular state or condition; to support; to sustain; not to suffer to fail or decline ; as, to maintain a certain de- gree of heat in a furnace ; to maintain the digestive rocess or powers of the stomach ; to maintain the fertility of soil; to maintain present character or rep- utation. 2. To hold; to keep; not to lose or surrender ; as, to maintain a place or post. 3. To continue ; not to suffer to cease ; as, to main- tain a conversation. 4. To keep up; to uphold; to support the expense of; as, to maintain state or equipage. What maintains one vice would bring up two children. Franklin. 5. To support with food, clothing, and other con- veniences ; as, to maintain a family by trade or labor. 6. To support by intellectual powers, or by force of reason ; as, to maintain an argument. 7. To support ; to defend ; to vindicate, to justify ; to prove to be just; as, to maintain one’s right or cause. 8, To support by assertion or argument ; to affirm. In tragedy and satire, I mainéain that this age and the last have excelled the ancients. Dryden. MAIN-TAIN’, v. i. To affirm a position ; to assert. MAIN-TAIN’A-BLE, a. That may be maintained, supported, preserved, or sustained. 9. That may be defended or kept by force or re- sistance ; as, a military post is not maintainable, 3. That may be defended by argument or just claim; vindicable; defensible. MAIN-TAIN’ED, pp. Kept in any state ; preserved ; upheld ; supported ; defended ; vindicated. MAIN-TAIN/ER, x. One who supports, preserves, sustains, or vindicates, MAIN-TAIN/‘ING, ppr. Supporting ; preserving ; up- holding; defending; vindicating. MAIN-TAIN/OR, n. One who aids others with money, or maintains a suit in which he has no in- terest. MAIN’/TE-NANCE, n. Sustenance; sustentation ; support by means of supplies of food, clothing, and other conveniences ; as, his labor contributed little to the maintenance of his family. 2. Means of support; that which supplies conve- niences. Those of better fortune not making learning their maintenance. Swift. 3. Support ; protection ; defense ; vindication ; as, the maintenance of right or just claims. 4. Continuance; security from failure or decline. Whateyer is granted to the church for God’s honorand the main- tenance of his service, is granted to God. South. 5. In law, an officious intermeddling in a suit in which the person has no interest, by assisting either party with money or means to prosecute or defend jit. This is a punishable offense. But to assist a poor kinsman, from compassion, is not maintenance. Brande. MAIN’/TOP, x. The top of the mainmast of a ship or brig. MAIN/YARD, n. The yard on which the mainsail is extended, supported by the mainmast. MAIS/TER, for Masrer, is obsolete. Spenser. Chaucer. venison or stealing wood, or in preparing so to do ; ARINE, BIRD.— NOTH, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — MAIS’/TRESS, for Mistress, is obsolete.MAJ MAK MAK MAIZE, n. A plant, Zea mays, the native corn of America, called Inpian Corn, much cultivated for food. {In the Lettish and Livonic languages, in the north In Ir. maise is of Europe, mayse is bread. Tooke. food ; perhaps a different orthography of meat.] MAJ-ES-TAT/’I€, a. Great in MAJ-ES-TAT’I€-AL, having dignity. [Obs.] Pococke. MA-JES/TI€, a. [from majesty. ] dignity of person or appearance ; grand ; princely. The prince was majestic in person and appearance. In his face Sat meekness, hizhtened with majestic grace. 2. Splendid ; grand. Get the start of this majestic world. 3. Elevated ; lofty. The least portions must be of the epic kind ; all must be grave, majestic, and sublime, ryden. 4. Stately ; becoming majesty; as, a majestic air or walk. MA-JES/TI€-AL, a. Majestic. [Little used.] MA-JES’TI€-AL-LY, adv. With dignity ; with gran- deur; with a lofty air or appearance. MA-JES’TI€-AL-NESS, n. State or manner of being majestic. Oldenburg. MAJ’/ES-TY, n. [L. majestas, from the root of majis, major, more, greater. ] _1. Greatness of appearance ; dignity ; grandeur; dignity of aspect or manner; the quality or state of a person or thing which inspires awe or reverence in the beholder ; applied with peculiar propriety to God and his works, Jehovah reigneth; he fs clothed with majesty. — Ps. xciii, The voice of Jehovah is full of majesty. — Ps. xxix. It is applied to the dignity, pomp, and splendor of earthly princes. When he showed the riches of his glorious kingdom — the honor Milton, Shak. S of his excellent majesty many days. — Esth, i, 2. Dignity ; elevation of manner The first in loftiness of thought surpassed, The next in majesty. Dryden. 3. A title of emperors, kings, and queens; as, most royal majesty ; may it please your majesty. In this sense, it admits of the plural ; as, their majesties attended the concert. MA‘JOR, a. [L.] Greater in number, quantity, or extent ; as, the major part of the assembly ; the ma- jor part of the revenue; the major part of the terri- tory. 2. Greater in dignity. My major vow lies here. Shak, 3. In music, an epithet applied to the modes in Which the third is four semitones above the tonic or key-note, and to intervals consisting of four semi- tones. Busby. Major and minor, in music, are applied to concords which differ from each other by a semitone. Major tone; the difference between the fifth and fourth ; and major semitone is the difference be- tween the major fourth and the third. The major tone surpasses the minor by a comma. Encye. The major term of a syllogism is that which forms the predicate of the conclusion. MA/JOR, n. In military affairs, an officer next in rank above a captain and below a Jieutenant-colonel ; the lowest field officer. 2. The mayor of atown. [See Mayvor.] Aid-major; an officer appointed to act as major on certain occasions. Brigade-major. See Bricapve. Drum-major; the first drummer in a regiment, who has authority over the other drummers. Fife-major ; the first or chief fifer. Sergcant-major ; a non-commissioned officer, sub- ordinaté to the adjutant. MA’JOR, x. In law, a person of full age to manage his own concerns. MA’JOR, n. In logic, that premise which contains the major term ; it is the first proposition of a regu- Jar syllogism; as, no unholy person is qualified for happiness in heaven, [the major.] Every man in his natural state is unholy, {minor.] Therefore, no man in his natural state is qualified for happiness in heaven, [conclusion or inference. ] In hypothetical syllogisms, the hypothetical premise is called the major. MA'JOR AT’, (ma&!zho-ra/,) n. [Fr., from major] Among the continental nations of Europe, the right of succession to property according to age. MAJ-OR-A’/TION, n. Increase ; enlargement. [Vot used. Bacon. MA/JOR-DO'MO, x. _ [major and domus, house. } A man who holds the place of master of the house ; a steward; also, a chief minister. Encyc. MA'JOR-GEN’ER-AL, n. A military officer who commands a division or number of regiments; the next in rank below a lieutenant-general. MA-JOR/I-TY, n, [Fr. majorité ; from ea I. The greater number; more than ‘hal 7 aS, ia appearance ; August ; having majority of mankind; a majority of votes in con- gress. A measure may be carried by a large or small majority. 2. Full age; the age at which the laws of a coun- try permit a young person to manage his own affairs. Henry III. had no sooner come to his majority, than the barons raised war against him. 3. The office, rank, or commission of a major. 4. The state of being greater. It is not a plurality of parts, without majority of parts. [Little used] Grew. 9. [L. majores.] Ancestors ; ancestry. [Wot used.] Brown. 6. Chief rank. [Jot used.] Shak, MA-JUS'€U-L, n. pl. In diplomatics, capital letters, as they are found in Latin manuscripts of the sixth century and earlier. MAKE, wv. t.; pret. and pp. Mane. [Sax. macian; G, machen; D. maaken; Dan. mager, to contrive; maser paa, to make, to form, to mold, to contrive, to prac- tice. The primary sense is, to cause to act or do, to press, drive, strain, or compel, as, in the phrases make your servant work, make him go.] 1. To compel ; to constrain. They should be made to rise at an early hour, Locke. 2. To form of materials; to fashion ; to mold jnto shape ; to cause to exist in a different form, or as a distinct thing. He fashioned it with a & raving tool, after he had made it a mol- ten calf. — Ex. xxxii. God not only made, but created ; not only made the work, but the materials. Dwight, Theol. 3. To create; to cause to exist; to form from nothing. God made the materials of the earth and of all worlds. 4. To compose ; to constitute as parts, materials, or ingredients united in a whole. These several sums make the whole amount. The heaven, the air, the earth, and boundless sea, Make but one temple for the Deity. Waller. 5. To form by art. And art, with her contending, doth aspire To excel the natural with made delights. Spenser. 6. To produce or effect, as the agent. Call for Samzon, that he may make us sport. — Judges xvi. 7. To produce, as the cause; to procure; to ob- tain. Good tillage is necessary to make good crops. Wealth maketh many friends. — Prov. xix. 8. To do; to perform ; to execute; as, to make a journey ; to make a long voyage. 9. To cause to have any quality, as by change or alteration, Wealth may make a man proud ; beauty may make a woman vain; a due sense of human weakness should make us humble. 10. To bring into any state or condition; to con- stitute. See, I have made thee a god to Pharaoh. — Ex. vil. Who made thee a prince and a judge over us? — Ex, fi. Il. To contract ; to establish; as, to make friend- ship. owe. 12. To keep; as, to make abode. Dryden. 13. To raise to good fortune; to secure in riches or happiness ; as when it is said, he is made for this world. Who makes or ruins with a smile or frown. 14, To suffer. He accuses Neptune unjustly, who makes auiper second Dryden. time. . Defect or corruption of the heart; depravity ;| MAL-E-F1/CIENCE, (fishens,)n. [3 . maleficientia.] He Sas) au -amate. [Obs] moral disorder or corruption of moral principles. De- The doing of evil, harm, or mischief. re : , soars alk ae pravity of heart is a moral malady. MAL-E-FI//CIENT, a. Doing evil, harm, or mischief. bide Sears Spenser. B. Jonson. 3 Disorder of the understanding or mind. Burke. i; i MAKE/BATE, n.. [make and Sax. bate, contention. } MA'LA FIDE [L.] With bad faith = deceitfully ; MA-LE/IC AC/ID, x. An acid obtained from the } One who excites contentions and quarrels. Sidney- - Reaeherously, ° i d 3 j distillation of malic acid. Gyalitan. , i { MAKE’LESS, i Matchless; without a mate. [ Obs.] MAL/A-GA ne A species of wine imported from Mal- MA-LEN/GINE, 7. [Fr. malengin. | : MAKE!PEACE, ‘a ¥aN peace-maker ; one that recon- careatet Spain. Guile; deceit. [Wot in use. Spenser. eee Giles persons Wel ay yee: Shak. | yy ATUAN_DERS, n. [from mal, ill, and It. andare, to] MAL/ET,n. [Fr, malete. See Matt. ] MAK/ER, 2. The Creator. gO. ! A little bag or budget; aportmanteau. [JVot used.] ry The universal Maker we may praise. Milton. A disease in horses, consisting of ulcerous chaps n : __. Shelton. by 9, One that makes, forms, shapes, or molds; a on the inside of the legs. Buchanan. MALE-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Having the spirit of a man; manufacturer ; a8, a maker of watches, or of jewel-) MAL/A-PERT, a. {mal and pert.] Saucy; quick, high-minded. . Jonson. ry ; a maker of cloth. with impudence ; sprightly ; without respect or de-| MA-LEV’O-LENCE, n ([(L malevolentia ; matum, 3. A poet. a cency ; bold; forward. evil, and volensyvolo, to will.] Mase WEIGH” Geaiey That which Soe Are you growing malapert? Dryden. nwa personel matted ; evi BeOS toward into a scale to make weignt. LULPS- na sTRT . ; er eS Se eR GS another; enmity of heart; inclination to injure o )= MA/KI, 2. An animal of the genus Lemur. The MAL/A-PERT-LY, adv. Saucity ; with Lepper ers. It atses less than Maxioniry. , Shak. ring-tailed maki is of the size of a cat. [See LEMUR. Aes : ; CCUG Tle MA-LEV 0-LENT, a. Having an evil disposition ch : Encyc. MAL!A-PERT-NESS, m. Sauciness 5 impudent pert toward vnath ror others aianine evil to Siok il} { The common name of a subdivision of the Lin- Hey forwardness ; sprightliness of reply without disposed, «1 'i aS, malignancy 2. Unfavorableness ; unpropitiousness ; as, the ma- 3. Virulence ; tendency to mortification or to a fatal issue ; as, the malignancy of an ulcer or of a [Li. malignus, maligno, from ma- 1. Malicious ; having extreme malevolence or en- 3 exerting pernicious influence ; o. Extremely heinous ; as, the maligcnant nature of ‘“MAM-MA-LIF’ER-OUS, a. SS —————————— _—__ MAN [ 1S Having a very evil disposition toward others ; MAL-LE-A/TION, n. The act of beating into a plate | MAM-MAL/0-GY n. harboring violent hatred or enmity ; malicious ; as, or leaf, as a metal; extension by beating. discourse. ] : malign spirits. ' Wilton. MALL‘/ED, pp. Beuten with Something heavy ; 2. Unfavorable ; pernicious ; tending to injure ; as, bruised. or mammalia. a malign aspect of planets. Milton. MAL’‘LET, n. [F'r. maillet ; Russ. molot; Slav. mlat; MAM’/MA-RY, a. 3. Malignant ; pernicious ; as, a malign ulcer. L. malleus. ] Bacon. A wooden hammer or instrument for beating, or MAM-MEBE’, n. MA-LIGN’, (ma-line’,) vt To regard with envy or for driving pins; particularly used in carpentry, for | malice ; to treat with extreme enmity ; to injure ma- driving the chisel. liciously. MALL/ING, (mawl’ing,) ppr. Bruising ; beating with The people inctihieeeki a open ee something heavy. and fragrant scent. | "atin Uy sealing ho goSisund'muserg eee | MALILOW, 1a" [Sax mala, meahoe, maline; Fe I MAL’/LOWS, mauve; L. Sp. and It. maloa; Gr. parayn, from padakos, soft, Eng. mellow ; W. mall. See Marapy.] A plant of the genus Malva; so called from its emollient qualities. Its fruit is a depressed disk, called by the country people a cheese. Brande. Marsh-mallows ; a plant of the genus Althea. MALM/SEY, (mim/ze,) n. (Fr. malvoisie; It. mal- vosio; Sp. marvisia, from Malvasia, in Greece; L. vinum arvisium.] The name of a sort of grape, and also of a strong and sweet wine. MAL-O/DOR, 7. An offensive odor. MAL-PO-SI/'TION, (-zish’un,) n. A wrong position. MAL-PRA€/TICE, n. [mal and practice.] Evil prac- tice ; illegal or immoral conduct; practice contrary to established rules. MALT, n. [Sax. mealt; D. mout; G. malz; Sw. and Dan. malt. Qu. W. mail, soft. ] Barley, or other grain, steeped in water till it ger- minates, and then dried ina kiln, thus evolving the saccharine principle. It is used in brewing. MALT, v.t. To make into malt; as, to malt barley. MALT, v.i. To become malt. To house it green will make it mait worse, MALT’-DRINK, Ne MALT’-LIQ-UOR, beer, ale, porter, &c. MALT’-DUST, 2. The grains or remains of malt. Malt-dust is an enricher of barre MALT’-FLOOR, n. Mortimer. A liquor prepared for drink by an infusion of malt, as n tand, Mortimer. A floor for drying malt. Mortimer. MALT’-HORSE, n. A horse employed in grinding malt ; hence, a dull fellow. S MALT’ING, n. The act of making malt. MALT/MAN, )n. A man whose occupation is to MALT’STER, make malt. Swift. MALT/WORM, x. [malt and worm.] Estrange. MA/NY, (men/ny,) x. A multitude ; a great number of individuals ; the people. O thou fond many. Shak. The vulgur and the many are fit only to be Jed or driven. South, MA’NY, (mien/ny,) x. J [Norm. Fr. meignee.] A retinue of servants ; household, [ Obs.] cer. Chauc MA/’NY-€LEFT, (men/ny-kleft,) a. Multifid; having many fissures. Martyn. MA/NY-€6L/OR-ED, (men/ny-kul/urd,) a. Having many colors or hues. Pope. MA/NY-€0OR’/NER-ED, a. Having many corners, or more than twelve; polygonal. _ Dryden. MA/NY-FLOW’ER-ED, a. Having many flowers, Martyn. MA’NY-HAIR-ED, (men/ny-hard,) a. Having many hairs. MA’NY-HEAD-ED, (men/ny-hed-ed,) a. Having many heads ; as, a many-headed monster ; many-headed tyr- mitto, to send. | anny. ryden, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. MA/NY-LAN//GUAG-ED, Having many languages. MA'NY-LEAV-ED, (men/ny-leevd,) a. having many leaves. LS GED, (men/ny-legd,) a. egs. MA’NY-LET’TER-ED, a. Having many letters, MA/NY-MAS/TER-ED, a. Having many masters. J. Barlow. MA/NY-PART’ED, a. Multipartite ; divided into sey- eral parts, as a corol. Martyn. MA/NY-PEO/PLED, (men/ny-peep/Id,) a. Having a numerous population. Sandys. MA!NY-PET’AL-ED, a. Having many petals. Martyn. ee ee (men/ny-lang’gwajd,) a, Pope. Polyphyllous : Martyn. Having many MA/NY-SID-ED, a. Having many sides. MA’NY-TIMES; an adverbial phrase. quently. MA’‘NY-TON-ED, a. Giving many sounds. Hemans. MA'NY-TRIB-ED, a. Consisting of many tribes. MA’NY-TWINK’LING, a. Variously twinkling or Often ; fre- gleaming, ray. Mos Y¥-VALV-ED, a. Multivalvular ; having many Valves. ves. . Martyn. MA/NY-VEIN-ED, (men/ny-vand,) a. Having many veins. MA/‘N Y-VOIC-ED, (men/ny-voist,) a. Having many voices. MANX, n. A term applied to the old Janguage of the Isle of Man. MAP, x. [Sp. mapa; Port. mappa; It. mappamonda, Qu. L. mappa, a cloth or towel, a Punic word ; Rab- binic ND. Maps may have been originally drawn on cloth. } In geography, a representation of the surface of the earth, or of any part of it, drawn on paper or other miterial, exhibiting the lines of latitude and longi- tude, and the positions of countries, kingdoms, states, mountains, rivers, &c. A map of the earth, or of a large portion of it, comprehends a representation of Jand and water; but a representation of a continent, or any portion of land only, is properly a map; and a representation of the ocean only, or any portion of it, is called a chart. We Say, a map of England, of France, of Europe ; but a chart of the Atlantic, of the Pacific, &c. The term is also applied to delineations of the heavens, and, in geology, to delineations of the stra- ta on the earth’s surface, &c. MAP, v. t. To draw or delineate, as the figure of any portion of land. Shak. MA’PLE, wae lt : ld MA'PLE-TREE, { ™ [Sax. mapultres, or mapu er | A tree of the genus Acer, of several species. Of the sap of the rock-maple sugar is made in America, in great quantities, by evaporation. MA’/PLE-SUG/AR, (ma/pl-shug/ar,) 7. Sugar obtained by evaporation from the juice of the rock-maple. MAP’/PED, (mapt,) pp. Drawn or delineated, as the figure of any portion of land. MAP/PAR-Y, n. [from map.] The art of planning and designing maps. Shak. MAP’PING, ppr. Drawing or delineating on a map. MAP/PING, nx. The act or art of drawing maps. MAR, v. t. [Sax. merran, mirran, myrran, amyrran, to err, to deviate, to hinder, to lose, scatter, or waste, to draw from or mislead, to corrupt or deprave ; Sp. marrar, to deviate from truth and justice; marro, want, defect; Ir. mearaighim; Gr. apaptavw, (qu. Gr. papaivw, L. marceo ;) It. smarrire, to miss, to lose ; smarrimento, a wandering. ] 1. To injure by cutting off a part, or by wounding and making defective ; as, to mar a tree by incision. I pray you mar no more trees by writing songs in their barks. v Neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard, — Lev. xix. 2. To injure ; to hurt; to impair the strength or purity of. When brewers mar their malt with water. Shak. 3. To injure ; to diminish ; to interrupt. But mirth is marred, and the good cheer is lost. Dryden, 4. To injure ; to deform ; to disfigure. Ire, envy, and despair Marred all his borrowed visage. Milton. lis visage was so marred more than any man. —Js. lii. Moral evil alone mars the intellectual works of God. Buckminster. [ This word is not obsolete in America.] MAR,zx. Aninjury. [Obs. 2. Alake. [See Mere. MAR’A-€AN, n._ A species of parrot in Brazil. MAR’A-€OCK, n. A piant of the genus Passiflora. MA-RAI’, x. A sacred inctosure or temple among the islanders of the Pacific Ocean. Bradford. MAR-A-NA‘THA, n. [Syriac.] The Lord comes or has come; a word used by the apostle Paul in ex- pressing a curse. This word was used in anathe- Imatizing persons for great crimes; as much as to say, ‘‘ May the Lord come quickly to take vengeance on thee for thy crime.’? _ Calmet. MAR/A-NON, nxn. The proper name ofa river in South America, the largest mm the world; now more gen- erally called Amazon. Garcilasso. 693 aS 47 al a eee Paps Sean aE ry es ee osBe a ey se ———— h MAR MAR MAR i # MAR-AS-GH1/NO, n. A delicate spirit distilled from| MARCH, n. [Fr. marche; Jt. marzo; D. mark; G. 2. The edge of the leaf or page of a book, left 1 fi! cherries; the best is from Zara, and obtained from marsch. } blank or filled with notes. £| the marasca cherry. 1. The walk or movement of soldiers in order, 3. The edge of a wound. LES ‘| MA-RAS’MUS, n. [Gr- napacpos, from papatya, to whether infantry or cavalry. The troops were fa- 4, In botany, the edge of a leaf. Lee : | cause to pine or waste arava tigued with a long march. Marce is used by Spenser, and Maraent by - 4 | Atrophy ; a wasting of flesh without fever or ap- 2, A grave, deliberate, or solemn walk. Shakspeare- f : , i) parent disease ; a kind of consumption. Coze. Encyc. helene, majestic marc Pope. MAR Gis Ve e mS furnish with a margin; to border BR | RZP oa oventer in the margin. : i MA-RAUDY, v. i. [Fr. maraud, a rascal ; Eth. ; 3. A slow or laborious walk. Addison. MAR/GIN-AL, a. Pertaining to a margin. th marada, to burry, to run. The Heb. 170, to rebel, 4, A signal to move; a particular beat of the 9, Written or printed in the margin ; as, a margin- i may be the same word differently applied. Class drum, Knolles. al note or gloss. ahh Mr, No. 22. The Danish has the word in maroder, a 5. A piece of music designed for soldiers to march MAR/GIN-AL-LY 5 adv, In the margin of a book. | Bien) © robber in war, a corsair. So corsair is from L. cursus, I. ; MAR/GIN-ATE, v. t To make brims or margins. | ‘. curro.] feat : 6. Movenen ; Pine OHs advanve 3 as, , the - [OUsly nna Cockeram. , To rove in quest of plunder; to make an excursion march of reason ; the march of mind. Mi N-ATE, a i i asia rauinilera f ; MARCH/ED, (mircht,) pp- Moved in a military MAI/GINGA-TED, | a. [L akc marginatus. | igs MA-RAUD/ER, 7. A rover In quest of booty or plun- manner. Having a prominent margin. | : tj rd der; a plunderer; usually applied to small parties of 2, Caused to move, as an army. MAR GIN-ED, pp. Furnished with a margin ; entered Peet soldiers. MARGH’ER, n. The lord or officer who defended the in the margin, — : Pi } oy MA-RAUD/ING, ppr. OF 4- Roving in search of plun- marches OF borders of a territory. avies. MA R/GIN-ING, ppr. Furnishing with a margin. jee der. MARCH/ES, zn. pl. (Sax. mearc; Goth, marka 5 Fr. MAR/GODE, n. A bluish-gray stone, resembling clay eh i MA-RAUD/ING, n. A roving for plunder ; a plunder- marches; D. mark; Basque, marra. It is radically in external appearance, but so hard as to cut spars a felt P aed ing by invaders. the same word as mark and march. | and zeolites. ficholson. : a He os MAR-A-VE/DI, 7. A smal] copper coin of Spain, Borders, particularly the confines of England on MAR’/GOT, n. A fish of the perch kind, found in the . + ies li i equal to three mills American money, Jess than a the side of Scotland or Wales; 4s, lord of the waters of Carolina. Pennant. “ } farthing sterling. marches. England. MAR/GRAVE, n. [D- markgraff; G. markgraf; Dan. { MAR/BLE, 7. [Fr. marbre ; Sp. marmol; It. marmo ; MARCHI/ING, ppr. Moving or walking in order or in margraeve § compounded of mark, march, a border, { L. marmor; GY. paopapos, white. ] a stately manner. é ak and graf, graf, OF grave, an earl or count. See REEVE 1. The popular name of any species of calcareous 9. Fitted or accustomed to marching ; pertaining and SHERIFF. ] } stone or mineral, of a compact texture, and of a to a march; as, marching order. Originally, a lord or Keeper of the marches or bor- beautiful appearance, susceptible of a good polish. MARCH/ING, x. Military movement ; passage of| ders; now, a title of nobility in Germany, &c. It is . The varieties are numerous, and greatly diversified troops. é equivalent to the English Marquis, ae in color. Marble is limestone, or a stone which may | MA R/CHION-ESS, (mar/shun-ess,) 7. The wife or| MAR-GRA/VI-ATE, n. The territory or jurisdiction ; : be calcined to lime, a carbonate of lime ; but lime- widow of a marquis; or a female haying the rank of a margrave. : ! stone is a more general name, comprehending the cal- and dignity of a marquis Spelman. MAR/GRA-VINE, 2. The wife of a margrave. careous stones of an inferior texture, as well as those |] MARCH/PANE, n. [ Fr. MASSEPAN § L. panis, bread.] MAR/I-ETS,7 A kind of violet; Viola marina. which admit a fine polish. Marble is much used for A kind of sweet bread or biscuit. [Vot used. | MA-RIG/E-NOUS, a. [L. mare, the sea, and gigno, to : statues, busts, pillars, chimney-pieces, Monuments, Sidney. produce. } : Es &c. MAR/CID, a. [L. marcidus, from marceo, to pine. | Produced in or by the sea. Kirwan. si { 9, A little ball of marble or other hard substance, Pining ; wasted away; lean ; withered. Dryden. | MAR/I-GOLD, 7. [It is called in Welsh gold, which ; t used by children in play- MAR/CION-ITE, n. A follower of Marcion, a Gnos- is said to be from gol, going round or covering. In 3. A stone remarkable for some inscription or tic of the second century, who adopted the Oriental D. it is called goudsbloem, gold-flower ; in G. ringel- | i sculpture. notion of the two conflicting principles, and imag- blume, ring-flower ; in Dan. guldblomst, gold flower. ] | Arundel marbles, marble pieces with a chron- ined that between them there existed a third power, A plant of the genus Calendula, bearing a yellow | : | , Arundelian cee oh icle of the city of Athens neither wholly good nor evil, the Creator of the flower. There are several plants of different genera Yee inscribed on them, presented to the University of world, and the God of the Jewish dispensation. bearing this name; as the African marigold, of the Na F Oxford by Thomas earl of Arundel. Encyc. Brande. genus Tagetes ; corn-marigold, of the genus Chry- Hl , MAR’/BLE, a. Made of marble; as, a marble pillar. MXR/EOR, n. [L.] The state of withering or wast- santhemum ; fig-marigold, of the genus Mesembry- \ eae 9, Variegated in color; stained or veined like mar- ing; leanness; waste of flesh. [Little used.} anthemum; marsh-marigold, of the genus Caltha. te ble ; as, the marble cover of a book. Harvey. MAR-I-K1/NA, n. A small South American monkey, oe 3, Hard; insensible ; as, a marble heart, MARE, x. [sen myra; G. mahre.| with fine, silky hair, of a golden, yellow color, and a MAR/BLE, v. t. To variegate in color ; to cloud ; to 1. The female of the horse, or equine genus of | mane about its neck ; also called the Sitxy TAMARIN. ; stain or vein like marble; as, to marble the cover of} quadrupeds. Jardine. be { a book. 2. [Sax. mara, D. merrie, the name of a spirit imag- MAR/IN-ATE, v. t. [Fr. mariner, from marine. } ‘ MAR/BLED, pp. or a. Diversified in color; veined ined by the nations of the north of Europe to torment To salt or pickle fish, and then preserve them in ; like marble. persons in sleep.] In medicine, sighing, suffocative oil or vinegar. [Little used. | Johnson. , ‘ Ma R/BLE-EDG-ED, a. Having the edges marbled. panting, intercepted utterance, with. a sense of pres- | MA-RIiNE’, (ma-reen’,) a. (Fr., from L. marinus, from \ MAR’BLE-HEART’ED, a. Having a heart like mar- sure across the chest, occurring during sleep; the mare, the sea, W.. mor, G. meer, Celtic muir, Russ. hf ble; hard-hearted ; cruel; insensible ; incapable of incubus. [It is now used only in the compound, more, Sans. mirah. ‘The seven lakes within the Del- ’ . being moved by pity, love, or sympathy. Shak. NicHtmane, which ought to be written NiGHTMaR. | ta Venetum were formerly called septem maria, and | MAR/BLING, ppr- Variegating in colors ; clouding or | MARE’S NEST, 7. A person .s said to find a mares- mare may signify a stand of water, ] veining like marble. nest, when he chuckles over the discovery of some- 1. Pertaining to the sea; as, marine productions or MAR/BLING, x. ‘The art or practice of variegating in thing which is absurdly ridiculous. Grose. bodies ; marine shells. color, in imitation of marble. MARE’S TAIL,n. A name given by seamen to long, 9. Transacted at sea; done on the ocean ; as, a ; 9, An intermixture of fat and lean in meat, giving streaky clouds, spreading out like a horse’s tail, and marine engagement. ‘ it a marbled appearance. indicating rain. 3. Doing duty on the sea ; as, a marine officer ; ma- RP MAR/BLY, adv. In the manner of marble. 2. An aquatic plant of the genus Hippuris. rine forces. MARE, 7. The refuse matter which remains after the Loudon. Marine acid; muriatic acid, or, more properly, hy- pressure of fruit, particularly of grapes. MA-RE/NA, n. A kind of fish somewhat like a pil- drochloric acid. Silliman. Farm. Encyc. chard. MA-RINE’, 7. Asoldier that serves on board of a ship, ; For other senses, see Marx. ] MARE/SCHAL, (mir’shal,) x. [Fr. marechal ; D. and and fights in naval engagements. In the plural, ma- MAR/EA-SITE, n. [It. marcassita ; Fr. marcassite. | G. marschalk ; Dan. marskalk, composed of W. marc, rines, a body of troops trained to do military service A name sometimes given to a variety of iron a horse, and the Teutonic scalk or skalk, schalk, a on board of ships. be pyrites. Ure. servant. This word is now written Marsa, which 2. The whole navy of a kingdom or state. Hamilton. MAR-CA-SIT'IE, a. Pertaining to marcasite ; of the see 3. The whole economy of naval) affairs, compre- nature of marcasite. Encyc. The chief commander of an army. Prior. hending the building, rigging, equipping, navigating, : 1 MAR-€AS/SIN,n. In armorial bearings, a young wild | MAR/GA-RATE, 2. [L. margarita, a pearl, from the and management of ships of war in engagements. at : boar. Greek. ] MAR/IN-ER, n. [Fr. marinier, from L. mare, the sea. ] eeu MAR-CES/CENT, a. [L. marcescens, marcesco.] In chemistry, a compound of margaric acid with a A seaman or sailor; one whose occupation is to oth Withering ; fading; decaying. base. assist in navigating ships. 2 : MAR-CES/SI-BLE, a. That may wither; liable to de- MAR-GAR'I€, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to pearl. The | MAR-IN-O-RA/MA, n. [L. mare, the sea, and Gr. ms i cay. margaric acid is obtained by digesting soap in water upaw, to see. ] Bi ) MARCH, n. [L. Martius, from Mars, the god of war.] with anacid. It appears in the form of pearly scales. A term applied to views of the sea. The third month of the year. Silliman. MAR/L-PUT,n. The zoril, an animal of the skunk tribe. MARCH, »v. i. To border on; to be contiguous to. MAR/GA-RIN, n. A peculiar, pearl-like substance, MAR/ISH, 2. [Ere marais; Sax. mersc; D. moeras; G. { Obs. Gower. MAR/GA-RINE, extracted from hog’s lard. morast; from L. mare, W. mor, the sea.] MARCH, v.i. [Fr. marcher; Sp. and Port. marchar ; Silliman. Low ground, wet or covered with water and coarse ; G. marschiren ; It. marciare, to march, to putrefy, L. MAR/GA-RITE, n. A pearl. Peacham. grass; a fen; a bog; a moor. It is now written \ marceo, Gr. papaww; Basque, mariatu, to rot. The 2. A mineral of a grayish-white color, allied to Marsu, which see. Sandys. Milton. senses of the Italian word unite in that of passing, mica, found in Tyrol. anda. MAR/ISH, a. Moory ; fenny ;. boggy. acon. ; departing. See Mar.] ; MAR-GA-RIT/IE ACID, 2. One of the fatty acids MAR/I-TAL, a. ([Fr., from L. maritus, Fr. mari, 3 $ 1. To move by steps and in order, as soldiers; to which result from the saponification of castor oil. husband. ] j move in a military manner. We say, the army Brande. Pertaining to a husband. Ayliffe. A marched, or the troops marched. MAR/GA-RONE, n A peculiar fatty substance, crys- | MA R/I-TIME, (-tim,) a. [L. maritimus, from mare, the Be wo 2. To walk in a grave, deliberate, or stately man- tallizing in pearly scales, produced by the distillation sea. | aia eer : of a mixture of margaric acid and quicklime. Brande. 1. Relating or pertaining to the sea or ocean ; as, f ’ Bike tices erent sob oh re like thee, MAR-GA-TIF ‘ER-OUS, a. Producing pearls. ; maritime affairs. . Mhowsnarchest down o’er Delos’ bills. Prior. Mee Gay apie as Brazilian animal of the cat kind, 2. Performed on the sea ; naval ; as, maritime serI- : , > Felis Margay. vice. * MARCH, v. t. Tocause to move, as an army. Bona- | MAR’GIN,n. [formerly marge or margent, Fr. marge; 3. Bordering on the sea; as, a maritime coast. i : pare EC an AES auny 10 Moscow, but he Arm. marz; It. margine ; Sp. margen; L. marzo ; 4. Situated near the sea; as, maritime towns. § c te not march them back to France. Dan. marg. It coincides in elements with marches. ] 5. Having a navy and commerce by sea; as, mari- : 9, ‘l'o cause to move in order or regular procession. 1, A border; edge ; brink; verge; as, the margin | time powers. [MartTIMAL ts.not now used. | a Prior. of a river or lake. Note. — We never say, a maritime body, a maritime | i , os FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PIND, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 604MAR MAR shell or production, a maritime officer or engagement, a maritime league. ECS Marine. ] MAR/JO-RAM, n. [Fr. marjolaine; It. margorana; G. marjoran ; D. mariolien; Sp. mejorana; Arm. marjol ; ort. mangerona. A plant of the genus Origanum, of several species The sweet marjoram is peculiarly aromatic and fra- grant, and much used in cookery. The Spanish mar- Joram is of the genus Urtica. Fam. of Plants. MARK, n. (Sax. marc, mearc; D. merk; G. marke ; Dan. merke ; Sw. marke; W. marc ; Fr. marque; Arm. mercqg; Sp. Port. and It. marca; Sans. marcca. The word coincides in elements with march, and with marches, borders, the utmost extent, and with market, and L. mercor, the primary sense of which is to go, to pass, as we see by the Greek ezropevopat, from mopevopat, to pass, Eng. fair, and fare. Thus in Dutch, mark signifies a mark, a boundary, and a march. Class Mr, No. 7, Ar.] 1, A visible line made by drawing one substance on another ; as, a mark made by chalk or charcoal, or a pen. 2. A line, groove, or depression, made by stamping or cutting ; an incision ; a channel or impression ; as, the mark of a chisel, of a stamp, of a rod or whip ; the mark of the finger or foot. 3. Any note or sign of distinction. The Lord set a mark upon Cain. — Gen. iv. 4. Any visible effect of force or agency. There are scarce any marks left of a subterraneous fire. Addison. F o. Any apparent or intelligible effect ; proof ; evi- ence. The confusion of tongues was a mark of separation. Bacon. 6. Notice taken. The laws Stand like the forfeits in a barber’s shop, As much for mock as mark, Shak. 7. Any thing to which a missile weapon may be directed. France was a fairer mark to shoot at than Ireland. Davies. 8. Any object used as a guide, or to which the mind may be directed. The dome of the state house, in Boston, is a good mark for seamen. 9. Any thing visible by which knowledge of some- thing may be obtained ; indication; as, the marks of age ina horse. Civility is a mark of politeness or re- spect. Levity is a mark of weakness. 10. A character made by a person who can not write his name, and intended as a substitute for it. ll. [Fr. marc, Sp. marco.] A weight of certain commodities, but particularly of gold and silver, used in several states of Europe ; in Great Britain, a money of account equal to thirteen shillings and four pence. In some countries it is a coin. 12. A license of reprisals. [See Marque. ] MARK, v. t. [Sax. mearcian; D. merken; G. marken ; Dan. merker; Sw. marka; Fr. marquer; Arm. merc- ga; Port.and Sp. marcar ; It. marcare; W. marciaw. | - To draw or make a visible line or character with any substance ; as, to mark with chalk or with compasses. 2. To stamp; to impress; to make a visible im- pression, figure, or indenture ; as, to mark a sheep with a brand. 3. To make an incision ; to lop off a part ; to make any sign of distinction ; as, to mark sheep or cattle by cuts in their ears. 4. To form a naine, or the initials of a name, for distinction ; as, to mark cloth; to mark a handker- chief. 5. To notice ; to take particular observation of. Mark them who cause divisions and offenses. — Rom. xvi. Mark the perfect man, and behold the upright, for the end of that man is peace. — Ps, xxxvii. 6. To heed ; to regard. Smith. To mark out; to notify as by a mark ; to point out; to designate. The ringleaders were marked out for seizure and punishment. MARK, v.i. To note; to observe critically ; to take particular notice ; to remark. Mark, 1 pray you, and see how this man seeketh mischief. —1 ings xx. MARK’A-BLE, a. Remarkable, [JVot in use.] Sandys. MARK’ED, (markt,) pp. or a. Impressed with any note or figure of distinction; noted; distinguished by some character. MARK’ER, n. One who puts a mark on any thing. 2, One that notes, or takes notice. 3. A counter used in card-playing. MARK/ET, 2. [D. and G. markt; Dan. marked; Fr marché; Arm. marchad; It. mercato; Sp. and Port. mercado ; 1. mercatus, from mercor, to buy , W. marc- nat; Ir. margadh. See Marx.] 1. A public place in a city or town where provis- ions or cattle are exposed to sale; an appointed place for selling and buying at private sale, as distinguished from an auction. 2. A public building in which provisions are ex- posed to sale; a market-house. 3. Sale; the exchange of provisions or goods for seller says he comes toa bad market, when the buyer says he comes to a good market. We say, the mark- ets are low or high; by which we understand the price orrate of purchase. We say that commodities find a quick or ready market ; markets are dull. We are not able to find a market for our goods or pro- visions. 4. Place of sale ; as, the British market ; the Ameri- can market. o. The privilege of keeping a public market. MARK/ET, v. 7. To deal in market: to buy or sell; to make bargains for provisions or goods. MARK’/ET-BASK-ET, » A basket for conveying things from a market. MARK/ET-BELL, n. The bell that gives notice of the time or day of market. TT AWGi oes ROSS,7. A cross set up where a market 1s Nelda, MARK’ET-€RI-ER, n. A crier in market. MARK’ET-DAY, n. The day of a public market. MARK’/ET-FOLKS, (-fokes,) n. pl. People that come to the market. Shak. MARK’/ET-HOUSE, zn. A building for a public market. MARK’/ET-MAID, n. A woman that brings things to market. MARK’ET-MAN, n. A man that brings things to market. MARK/ET-PLACE, n. The place where provisions or goods are exposed to sale. MARK’ET-PRICE, ) x. The current price of com- MARK/ET-RATE, modities at any given time. MARK’ET-TOWN, n. A town that has the privilege of a stated public market. MARK’ET-W6OM-AN, n. A woman that brings things to market, or that attends a market for sell- ing any thing. MARK/ET-A-BLE, a. fit for the market. 2. Current in market ; as, marketable value. ocke. Edwards. MARK’ET-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being mar- ketable. MARK’/ET-ING, ppr. Purchasing in market. MARK’ET-ING, z. Articles in market; supplies. 2. Attendance upon market. MARK’ING-INK, zn. Indelible ink used for marking clothes. MARK/ING-I’/RON, (-i/urn,) x. An iron for mark- That may be sold; salable; ing. MARK/ING-NUT, 2. The cashew-nut, whose juice affords an indelible ink for marking linen. . MARKS/MAN, n. [mark and man.] One that is skillful to hit a mark; he that shoots well. Shak. Dryden. 2. One who, not able to write, makes his mark instead of his name. MARL, x. [W. marl; D. Sw. Dan. and G. mergel; L. Sp. and It. marga; Ir. marla; Arm. marg. It seems to be allied to Sax. merg, mearh ; D. merg, marrow, and to be named from its softness; Eth. ETE clay, gypsum, or mortar. See MARROW | An earth, or clay, containing more or less of car- bonate of lime; and effervescing consequently with an acid. It is much used for manure. [The term marl is sometimes applied, though im- properly, to other earths, used as manures, as the greensand of New Jersey.] MARL, v.t. To overspread or manure with marl. 2. To wind or twist a small line or rope round an- other. R. H. Dana, Jr. MARL-A/CEOUS, (-a’/shus,) a. Resembling marl; partaking of the qualities of marl. p MARL/‘ED, pp. Manured with marl; wound with marline. ‘ MAR’LINE, (mir’lin,) x. [Sp. merlin; Port. merlim.] A small line composed of two strands little twist- ed, and either tarred or white; used for winding round ropes and cables, to prevent their being fret- ted by the blocks, &c. Mar. Dict. MAR’LINE, v. t. To wind marline round a rope. MAR/LINE-SPIKE, n. An iron tool, tapering to a point, used to separate the strand of a rope, in splic- ing. Hebert. MARL/ING, n. The act of manuring with marl. 2. The act of winding a small line about a rope, to prevent its being galled. ! ° MARL/ING, ppr. Overspreading with marl; wind- ing with marline. ; MARL/ITE,n. A variety of marl. _, Kirwan. MARL-IT’I€, a. Partaking of the qualities of mar- lite. MARL/PIT, 7. A pit where marl is dug. Woodward. MARL/Y, a. Consisting or partaking of marl. : 2. Resembling marl. Mortimer. 3. Abounding with marl. MAR/MA-LADE, n. [Fr. marmelade; Sp. mermelada ; Port. marmelada, from marmelo, a quince, L. melo, or Sp. melado, like honey, L. mel.] P : The pulp of quinces boiled into a consistence with sugar, or a confection of plums, apricots, qninces, &c., boiled with sugar. In Scotland, it is made of money ; purchase, or rate of purchase and sale. The Seville oranges and sugar only. Quincy. Encyc. MAR MAR/MA-TITE, x. [from marmato, in New Granada. } _A black mineral, consisting of the sulphurets of zine and iron. Dana MAR’MO-LITE, xn. [Gr. nappatow, to shine. ] A foliated serpentine, of a pearly gray, bluish, or greenish color, cleaving intothin, brittle lamina. Danc. MAR-MO-RA/CEOUS, (-a/shus,) a. Pertaining to or like marble. [See Marmorgan, the more legitimate word. ] MAR/MO-RATE, MXAR/MO-RA-TED, | ~ 1. Variegated like marble. 2. Covered with marble. [Little used.] MAR.MO-RA’TION, n. A covering or incrusting with marble. [Little used.] MAR-MO-RA/TUM, n. [L.] In architecture, a cement formed of pounded marble and lime well beaten and MAR-MO/RE-AN, a, [L. marmoreus.] {mixed. 1. Pertaining to marble. 2. Made of marble MAR/MOSE, x. An animal resembling the’ opossum, but less ; the Didelphis Murina of Cayenne and Surinam. Instead of a bag, this animal has two longitudinal folds near the thighs, which serve to in- close the young. Dict. Nat. Hist. Edin. Encyc. MAR/MO-SET, x. A small monkey. Shak. MAR/MOT, n. [It. marmotta.] A quadruped of the genus Arctomys, allied to the murine tribe. It is about the size of the rabbit, and inhabits the higher region of the Alps and Pyrenees. The name is also given to other species of the genus. The woodchuck of North America is called the Ma- ryland marmot. Ed. Encyc. MAR/ON-ITES, x. pl. A body of nominal Christians, who speak the Arabic language and reside on Mount Lebanon. They take their name from one Maron of the sixth century, and were charged with the heresy of the Monothelites, though, as they claim, errone- ously. They have, for the last six hundred years, belonged to the Roman Catholic church, though Without giving up their ancient peculiarities. Encyc. Am. MA-ROON’,n. A name given to free blacks living on the mountains in the West India Isles. MA-ROON’, v. t. To put a sailor ashore on a desolate isle, under pretense of his having committed some great crime. nCYC. MA-ROON’, a. Brownish crimson ; of a claret color. MA-ROON’‘ED, pp. Put ashore on a desolate isle. MAR/PLOT, nx. One who, by his officious inter- ference, mars or defeats a design or plot. MARQUE, n.. [Fr.] Letters of marque are letters of reprisal ; a license or extraordinary commission grant- ed by a sovereign of one state to his subjects, to make reprisals at sea on the subjects of another, under pre- tense of indemnification for injuries received. Marque is said to be from the same root as marches, limits, frontiers ; and, literally, to denote a license to pass the limits of a jurisdiction on land, for the purpose of obtaining satisfaction for the theft by seizing the prop- erty of the subjects of a foreign nation I can give no better account of the origin of this word. Lunier. 2. The ship commissioned for making reprisals. MAR-QUEE’, (mir-ké’,) n. [Fr.] as, a masculine body. 9 or Sort ; as, masculine features. 3. Bold ; brave ; aS, a masculine spirit or courage. 4. In grammar, the masculine gender of words is ex] ething analogous or it is the gender appropriated to males, that which expresses a male, or som to it; though not always expressing the male sex. MAS’€U-LINE-LY, adv. MAS/€U-LINE-NESS, n. ing manly ; Encyc. Johnson. Like a man. B, Jonson. ness, &c. MASH, n. to chew, Fr. macher, for mascher, Li. mastico. 1. A mixture or mass of ingredients, beaten or blended together in a promiscuous manner. 2. A mixture for the food of domestic animals, 3. In brewing, a mixture of ground malt and warm water. MASH, v. t. To beat into a confused mass. 2. To bruise ; to crush by beating or pressure ; as, to mash apples in a mill. 3. To mix malt and water together in brewing. MASH’ED, (masht,) pp. OY a, bruised ; crushed ; mixed into a mash. MASH'ING, ppr. crushing. MASH/ING, 7. A beating into a mass; a crushing. 2. In brewing, the process of infusing the ground majt in warm water, and extracting the saccharine matter called sweet wort. MASH/ING-TUB, Ne in breweries. MASH’Y, a. Produced by crushing or bruising. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. Thomson. MASK, z. Fr. masque; It. maschera; Sp. and Port. mascara; Arm. masel; D. masker; G, mask. | 1. A cover for the face ; that which conceals the face, especially a cover with apertures for the eyes and mouth; a visor. A mask is designed to conceal the face from beholders, or to preserve the complex- ion from injury by exposure to the weather and the rays of the sun. Encyc. 2. That which disguises; any pretense or subter- fuge. Prior. 3. A festive entertainment of dancing or other di- versions, in which the company all wear masks; a masquerade. Shak. 4. A revel; a bustle; a piece of mummery. This thought might lead through this world’s vain mask, 9°. A dramatic performance written in a tragic style, without attention to rules or probability. Peacham. 6. In architecture, a piece of sculpture representing some grotesque form, to fill and adorn vacant places, as in friezes, panels of doors, keys of arches, &c, Encye. MASK, v.t. To cover the face for concealment or de- fense against injury ; to conceal with a mask or visor, Addison. 2. To disguise ; to cover ; to hide. Masking the business from the common eye. MASK, vw. t. ade. 2. To be disguised in any way. Shak. MASK’ED, (miiskt,) pp. or a. Having the face covered ; concealed ; disguised. Shak. To revel; to play the fool in masquer- It expresses less than | marvi- Strange ; exciting wonder or some 6 doing; it is marvelous in our eyes. — Ps, Pope. » IN Writing, is that which exceeds natural power, or is preternatural 3 Opposed to Pros- Johnson. NDERFULLY, strangely ; Clarendon. S, n. Wonderfulness ; Strange- Shak. Native sulphate icts, so named In heraldry, a lozenge “ (Fr. mascuhn; L. mascu- hnus, from masculus, mas, or the Ir. modh, Polish maz, 2. Resembling man 3 Coarse ; opposed to DeLicates The quality or state of be- resemblance of man in qualities; as in coarseness of features, strength of body, bold- or lower and posterior or u pressed together just beloy the opening into the tube. MASK/ER, n. plays the fool ata masquerade, MASK’ER-Y, nz. Marston. A place for masquerades. Bp. Hall. [ Obs.} MASK’/-HOUSE, nN. MASK/ING, ppr. Cov MAS’LIN, n. of wheat and rye. MASLIN, a. bread, which is compose also Mesurin or Mistry. MA’S ON, (ma/sn,) n. metselaar. In Sp. mazo,a mallet, maza, a club, a mace. from the root of miz or mash mass,and denotes one that \ Mass. ] I. A man whose occu stones, or to construct the w; neys, and the like, 2. A member of the fraternity of freemasans. MA-SON‘IE€, a. of freemasons. MA’SON-RY, n. [Fr. magonnerie ; Sp. mazoneria. ] 1. The art or occupation of a mason. 2. The work or performance when we say, the wall is good masonry. 3. The craft or mysteries of freemasons. MAS/O-RA, n. [ Heb.] the text of the Hebrew Scriptures ering with a mask ; eighth and ninth centuries. Whence the Masorites, tionary readings of the Scriptures. ] accents. MAS'O-RITE, zn. One of the writers of the Masora. MASQUE, n. See Masx. MAS-QUER-ADE’, (mas-ker-ade/,) n, [G. meischen, to mix, to mash ; Sp. mascar, rata. | and amusing themselves and other diversions. In courtly balls and midnight masquerades. Beat into a mass; Beating into a Inass; bruising ; MASS, zn. A tub for containing the mash MASS, n. MAS-QUER-AD/ING, ppr. Assembling in masks for diversion. [Fr. masse, a mass, a heap, a mace, or club ; Port. maga, dough, and a mace; Sp. masa, dough, mortar, a mass; and maza, a club, a mace; mazo, a mallet; It. massa, a heap, and mazza, a maze; G. masse; L. massa, a mass. These words seem to be- Jong to the root of the Greek Lacom, to beat or pound, the root of which is pay ; hence the connection be. tween mass and mace, a club. If any of these words are of a different origin, they may belong to the root of miz.] 1. Alump ; a body of matter concreted, collected, or formed into a lump; applied to any solid body ; as, a mass of iron or lead ; a mass of flesh } & mass of ice ; a mass of dough. 2. A collective body of fluid matter. The ocean is a mass of water. 3. A heap ; as, a mass of earth. 4. A great quantity collected ; as, a mass of o. Bulk ; magnitude. (treasure. This army of such mass and charge. Shak. 6. An assemblage ; a collection of particulars blended, confused, or indistinct ; as, a mass of col- ors. Addison. They lose thelr forms, and make a masg Confused and black, if brought too near, Prior. 7. Gross body of things considered collectively ; the body ; the bulk; as, the mass of people in a na- tion. A small portion of morbid matter may infect the whole mass of fluids in the body Comets have power over the znase of things. Bacon, 8. The quantity of matter in any body. The mass of a body is always proportional to the Weight. Barlow. [Sax. mesa, messe; Fr. messe; It. messa; Sp. misa; D. misse; G. and Dan. messe ; Sw. messa ; Low L. missa, from mitto, to dismiss. In the ancient churches, the public services at which the catechu- mens Were permitted to be present, were called missa 2. a. In botany, personate, or having the anterior catechumenorum, because at the close of them procla- mation was made thus: Ite, missa est, sc. ecclesia. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FU as in THIS. pper side of a labiate coro] v the border, so as to close One that wears a mask ; one that The dress or disguise of a masker. J 3 concealing. A mixture of different sorts of grain, as Composed of different sorts 3 as, maslin d of wheat and rye. Spelt [F'r. magon ; Arm. magzonn ; D mazoneria iS masonry, as if from It is probably » OF more probably of vorks in mortar. See pation is to lay bricks and alls of buildings, chim- which consist of bricks or stones. Pertaining to the craft or mysteries of a mason; as A Jewish critical work on » composed by sev- eral learned Rabbis of the school of Tiberias, in the Murdoch. MAS-O-RET’I€, a (Heb. 0», to deliver, MAS-O-R ET’I€-AL, Whence masora, tradition, the adherents to the tradi- elating to the Masora, or to its authors, who were the inventors of the Hebrew vowel points and [It. masche- 1. A nocturnal assembly of persons wearing masks, with dancing, conversation, Pope. 2. Disguise. I came to visit thee in masquerade, Dryden. 3. A Spanish diversion on horseback. Clarendon. MAS-QUER-ADE’, v. i. To go in disguise. x. lo assemble in masks. Swift. MAS-QUER-ADE’, v. t. To put in disguise. Killingbeck. MAS-QUER-AD/ER, (mas-Ker-ad’er,) x. A person Wearing a mask ; one disguised. LI? Estrange. a MAS Then followed the communion Service, which w called missa fidelium; and which, missa, or the mass, still constitutes the principal part of public worship in the Roman Catholic churches, —$$$_ as under the name of ee ; : : Murdock. The word signifies, primarily, leisure ; cessation from labor, froin the L. missus, remissus, like the |. ferie ; hence, a feast or holiday Laws of Alfred, 9. ‘Be masse dege freolse.” De festivitate diet Jesti. See also Laws of Cnute, Lib. 1, 14, and 2, 42. Hence, Sax. hlafmesse, lemmas, bread-feast, and Mar- tin~mas, Michael-mas, Candlemas, Christmas. The communion Service, or the consecration and oblation of the host,.in the Roman Catholic churches. Murdock. : High mass, is that which is publicly performed with music ; as distinguished from low mass, Which 1S more private, and without music. Encyc. Ain. MASS, v.i, To celebrate mass. [Not used.] Hooker. MASS, v. 4 To fill; to stuff; to Strengthen. [Wot used. ] Hayward. MASS’-BOOK, n. The missal or Roman Catholic service book. MASS/-HOUSE, nx. A name formerly given to a Ro- man Catholic place of worship. MASS‘-MEET-ING, n. A large assembly of the peo- ple to be addressed on some public occasion, usually political. U. States. MASS/-PRIEST, n. A name formerly given to a Ro- man Catholic priest. MAS‘SA-€RE, (mas/sa-Ker,) x. [Fr. massacre; Arm. magzaer ; It. mazzicare, to beat, from mazza,a club, a mace. So smite in English signifies to kill, as well as to beat. ] 1. The murder of an individual, or the slaughter of numbers of human beings, with circumstances of cruelty ; the indiscriminate killing of human beings, Without authority or necessity, and without forms, civil or military. It differs from assassination, which is a private killing. It differs from carnage, which is rather the effect of Slaughter than slaughter itsebf, and is applied to the authorized destruction of men in battle, or other great destruction of lives by vio- lence. JMassacre is sometimes called butchery, from its resemblance to the Killing of cattle. If a soldier kills a man in battle in his own defence, it is a law- ful act; it is killing, and it is slaughter, but it is not a massacre. Whereas, if a soldier kills an enemy after he has Surrendered, it is massacre, a killing without necessity, often without authority, contrary to the usages of nations, and of course with cruelty, The practice of killing prisoners, even when author- ized by the commander, is properly massacre; as the authority given proceeds from cruelty. We have all heard of the massacre of the Protestants in France, in the reign of Charles IX.; and frequent instances of barbarous massacre occur in the war between the Turks and Greeks. 2. Murder. Shal-. MAS’SA-€RE, v. t. To murder human beings with circumstances of cruelty ; to kill men with indis- criminate violence, without authority or necessity, and contrary to the usages of nations ; to butcher human beings. Nymphidicus endeavored to save himself in a tent, but was pur sued and massacred on the spot. Murphy's Tacilus. MAS’SA-€RED, (mas/sa-kurd,) pp. or a. Barbarously or-indiscriminately murdered, MAS/SA-€RER, x. One who massacres. [4 very bad word. | _ Burke. : MAS’SA-€RING, ppr. Barbarously or indiscrimi- nately murdering. MASS'ER, 7. A priest who celebrates mass. MAS/SE-TER, n. [Gr., from pacoaopat, to chew. A muscle which raises the under jaw, and assists MAS’SI-€0T, ) [in chewing. MAS’TI-COT, |™ Protoxyd of lead or yellow oxyd of lead, com- posed of one equivalent of lead and one equivalent of oxygen. Lead exposed to the air while melting is covered with a gray, dusky pellicle. This pellicle, carefully taken off, is reduced, by exposure to the joint action of heat and air, to a greenish-gray powder, in- [Fr. massicot. ] clining to yellow. This oxyd, separated from the grains of lead by sifting, and exposed to a more intense heat, sufficient to make it red hot, assumes a deep yel- low color. In this state it is called massicot. Massicot, slowly heated by a moderate fire, takes a beautiful red color, becomes a salt composed of two equiva- lents of the protoxyd of lead, and one equivalent of the deutoxyd, and obtains the name of minium. Fourcroy. _ Massicot is sometimes used by painters, and it is used as a drier in the composition of ointments and plasters. Encyc. MASS'/I-NESS, n. [See Massy, Masstve.] The MASS/IVE-NESS, state of being massy; great Weight, or weight with bulk ; ponderousness. soc rl RSS VES a, [Fr. massif, from mass.] Heavy 3 Weighty ; ponderous; bulky and heavy ; as, a massy shictd ; a massy rock. The yawning rocks in massy fragments fly. Pope, yS — 097 Wigs ate ea To ae S fa metic =e a eS oe aeen nnn Ane 5 _ = yy: having a mat, for mast; Port. masto or mastro; Sp. mastiles, top-masts ; masto, p || MAST, n. a trunk, a stoc | masts ; masteleros, have been derived from some oO MAS To be master of one’s self; to have the command or ii f MASSIVE, a. In mineralogy, in mass; i crystalline structure, but not a regular form. We| control of one’s own passions. a : l ‘ say, a2 mineral occurs MASSIVE The word master has numerous applications, in all mastful chestnut. ; ; : MASS/IVE-LY, adv. Ina mass. of which it has the sense of director, chief, or super- MAS rie, n, ([Fr. mastic; It. mastice; D. mastil 5 5 [Sax. mest; D. G. Sw. and Dan. mast; Fr. intendent. MAS'TIEH, } | Sp. almaciga; Port. almecega ; Ir.mais- |) As a title of respect given to adult persons, itis| teog; L. mastiche: Gr. paorixy.] {. Aresin exuding from the mastic-tree, a species ronounced mister; a pronunciation which seems to 4 f the northern dia- of MAST’FUL, a. or fruit of oak, lowish-white, semi-transparent tears, from mast.) Abounding with mast, eech, and other forest trees ; as, the ydei. Pistacia, and obtained by incision. It is in yel- | of afaint smell, | / in which any cion is ingrafted. | Ee. i A Jong, round piece of timber, elevated or designed lects. Supra. ] s , A 1, | ae : to be raised perpendicularly, or nearly so, on the MAS'TER, v. t. To conquer; to overpower ; to sub- and is used as an astringent and an aromatic. It is | ‘ee ef keel of a ship or other vessel, to which the yards, due; to bring under control. used also as an ingredient in drying varnishes. ye sails, and rigging are attached, and by which they Obstinacy and willful neglect must be mastered, even though it a a Fourcray: HENCE: a 3 are supported. A mast Is a single stick, formed costs blows. Locke 2, A kind of cement use for plastering walls, &e. || es fi ae from the trunk of a tree, oF it consists of many Evil customs must be mastered by degrees. Calamy. Addison. | : : : ; 5 ITT-EA ‘cate A is pieces of timber united by iron bands. Masts are of 29. To make one’s self master of ; as, to master a MAS'TI €A-BLE, a. That can be masticated. 4 i¢ ; ape several kinds, as the main-mast, fore-mast, mizzen- 3. To execute with skill, [science. era (Sp. ASCE L. mastico, to chew. ] ; a mast, top-mast, top-gallant-mast, &e. I will not offer that which I cannot master. Bacon. Dane Tuas 1e Slavering DI. i is) Chie MAST, 7. (Sax. meste, acorns, food; Goth. mats, 4.7 ae 2, MAS'TL€AT BE, v. t. [L. mastwo. Qu. W. mesigan, My. bapa food, meat ; Ir. mais, meas, an acorn ; maise, food; . Torule ; to govern. from mes, mast, acorns, food.] q Pe sea W. mes, acorns, 4 portion, a meal; mesen, aD acorn, And rather father thee than master thee. [Not used.] Shak, Tio chew ; to grind with the teeth and prepare for i bie rent . mS 3 2 x pete = z ve a= eee Se : co spay aaa: Fe J ie ee This may be the American maize, and s1 Rify food in | MASTER, v. i. To be skillful ; to excel. [ Obs. swallowing and digestion ; as, to masticate food. f "asticating, or pri ; ; 5 MAS'TI-€A-TED shewed ; seneral, from eating, chewing, masticating, or prima- Spenser. N AS". ‘I- A-TED, pp. ora. Chewed. : y MXS!’TER-BUILD-ER, (-bild-er,)n. The chief builder. | MAS/TI-€4-TING, ppr. Chewing ; breaking into nall pieces with the teeth. : 4 i 5 a rily a nut kernel, or acorn, tribes of men. It seems to word as meat) the oak and beech, or other forest : The fruit 0 trees ; nuts; acorns. [It has no plural. | MAST/-HEAD, (-hed,) 2. The top or head of a mast. the food of the primitive be radically the same AG pounded of the root of magis, major, Teutonic ster, Sax. steoran, to steer. The word, then, signifies a chief director. (See STEER.) see In this sense the word is giving place to teacher, instructor, and the United States. f structor. the more appropriate words preceptor ; at least it is so in 10. One uncontrolled. a Let every man be master of his time, fi 11. An appellation of respect. ' Master doctor, you have brought those drugs. Shak. 12. An appellation given to boys or quite young ‘ men. Where there are little masters and misses inahouse. Swift. 13. A man eminently or perfectly skilled in any occupation, art, or science. Wesay, a man is mas- ter of his business; a great master of music, of the a flute or violin ; a master of his subject, &c. 14. A title of dignity : as, master of arts. ¥ 15. The chief of a society ; of Malta, of freemasons, &c. 16. The director of ceremonies on public occasions. 17. The president of a college. Master in chancery; an Shak, England. Encye. chancery, or at the rolls. Master of the horse; British court, having stables, &c. In solemn cavalcades he rides next th sovereign. rande. Master of the rolls; ——— the records of the chancery. Encye. MAS'TER-CHORD, (-kord,) 7 Moore. MAS’/TER-DOM, n. Dominion ; rule. [Vot used. | Shak. MAS’TER-ED, pp. Overpowered ; subdued. MAS’/TER-FUL, «@. i : Per f MXST’ED, a. Furnished witha mast or masts. He 8 MAS'TER, n._ [Fr. maitre, for maister; Russ. master 5 also, imperious ; arbitrary. [ Obs.) Milton. : mice D. meester ; G. meister; Sw. mastares Dan. mester; | MAS/TER-HAND, 7. A person eminently skiliful. { Arm. meastr; It. and Sp. maestro ; L. magister, com- Pope. greater, and the MXS'TER-ING, ppr. Conquering ; overcoming. Principal jest. Hudibras. MAS/TER-JEST, n. MAS/TER-KEY, in colleges and universities ; as, the grand master at public places, or assistant of the lord chan- cellor, chosen from among the barristers to sit in the third great officer in the the management of the royal an officer who has charge of the rolls and patents that pass the great seal, and of SI The chief chord. Having the skill of a master; The key that opens many 3 of which open only one Chee,) Te ral clew to lead out locks, the subordinate key stitution. MAS’/TER-SIN/EW, (-sin’nu,)n. A large sinew that surrounds the hough of a horse, and divides it from the bone by a hollow place, where the wind-galls are usually seated. Far. Dict. MAS/TER-STRING, 2. Principal string. Rowe. MAS’TER-STROKE, n. Capital performance. Blackmore. A principal tooth. Bacon. MAS/TER-TOOTH, ». A touch that speaks MAS'TER-TOUCH, (tuch,) 2. the master ; principal performance. Tatler. MAS’TER-WORK, n. Principal performance. Thomson. MAS'TER-WORT, 2. An umbelliferous herb; in England, Imperatoria Ostruthium ; in Wew England, Heracleum lanatum. MAS’/TER-Y, x. Dominion; power of governing or commanding. If divided by mountains, they will fight for the mastery of the passages of the tops. Ralez 2. Superiority in competition ; preéminence. Every man that striveth for the mastery, is temperate in all things. —1 Cor. ix. 3. Victory in war. It js not the voice of them that shout for mastery. — Ex. xxxii. 4, Eminent skill ; superior dexterity. Hoe could attain to a mastery in all languages. 5. Attainment of eminent skill or power. self, e. The learning and mastery of a tongue, being unpleasant in it should not be cumbered with other difficulties. Lock e€ Tillotson. MAS-TI-€A/TION, 2. ing solid food; breaking it into small pieces, mixing it with saliva, thus prep and more easy digestion in the stomach. MAS'TI-€A-TO-RY, a. form the office of chewing food. MAS/TI-€A-TO-RY, 2. increase the saliva. MAS/TI-€0T, x. Yellow oxyd of lead. [See Massicort. | MAS/TIFF, The spelling MastiF would be preferable. MAT, 2. t. The act or operation of chew- and aring it for deglutition paration of solid aliment, without Mastication is a necessary pre Arbuthnot. which there can be no good digestion. Chewing; adapted to per- Lawrence's Lect. A substance to be chewed to Coze. n. ; pl. MASTIFFS- Mastives is irregular. [Sp. mas- for mastin ; Arm. mastin ; MintsTER.} i 1. A man who rules, governs, OF directs, either each ; hence, figuratively, a gene } men or business. A man who owns slaves is their of many difficulties. Dryden. tin; It. mastino; Fr. matin, wa) 3; i master ; he who has servants is their master, he who MAS'TER-LESS, a. Destitute of a master or owner. Low L. mastivus.] ; has apprentices is their master, as he has the govern- 2, Ungoverned ; unsubdued. : [ Spenser. A large variety of dog, remarkable for strength and ment and direction of them. The man who super- MAS'TER-LI-NESS, 7. Masterly skill. courage. Strabo informs us that the mastigfs of Brit- intends and directs any business, is master, or master | MAS'TER-LODE, n. In mining, the principal vein of | gin were trained for war, and used by the Gauls in ; workman. ore. s __ Encyc. battle. Encyc. t h, O thou my friend, my genius, come along, MAS! TER-LY 5 a Formed or executed with superior MAST’LESS a. Having no mast; asa vessel. Thou master of the poet and the song. Pope. skill; suitable to a master ; most excellent ; skillful ; 9, Bearing no mast; as, a mastless oak or beech. Nations ue want protectors will nere masters. Ames. as, a masterly design 3 a masterly performance ; a| MAST’LIN. "See MEsLLN. : [ Dryden. 2. A director, head, or chief manager; as, the masterly stroke of policy. MAS/TO-DON, n. [Gr. pacros, mamilla, and vdovs, a master of a feast. 2. Imperious. = f tooth.] , 3. The owner; proprietor ; with the idea of gov- MXS’TER LY, adv. With the skill of a master. A genus of mammiferous and pachydermatous ering. The master of a house may besthorowneys Thou dost speak masterly. Shak. animals resembling the elephant, now extinct, an or the occupant, who has a temporary right of gov- “J think it very masterly written,” in Swift, is known only by their fossil remains. erning It : ae improper or unusual. MAS/TOID, a. [Gr. pacTos, the nipple or breast, and : It would be believed that he mtber took the horse for his subject, | MAS/TER-MIND, 2. The chiefmind. Mrs. Butler. é.dos, form.] : . than his master. ryden. MAS'TER-NOTE, n. The chief note. E. Everett. Resembling the nipple or breast; as, the mastoid 4. A lord; a ruler; one who has supreme do- MAS/TER-PIECE, 2. A capital performance; any process. 3 minion. thing done or made with superior or extraordinary MAS-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. pacros, the breast, and Ao- ' Cesar, the world’s great master and his own. Pope. skill. y0S; discou rse. | : : ; ; i ee chief; a principal ; as, the master root of 2 This wondrous masterplece I fain would see. Dryden. : oe See eeckene of animals which suckle their ; ; yO ’ aZ J. piauts erties: 2. Chief excellence or talent. MAS’TRESS, for Mistress, is not used. _ Chaucer. One master passion swallows up the rest. Pope. Dissimulation was his masterpiece. Clarendon. MAS-TUR-BA’TION, n. ([L. manus and stuprum.] Fee rat re. and the power of con- MAS/TER-SHIP, 2. Dominion ; rule ; supreme power. | 1, Saver 5 SE Na Ee iteraeneeeanennl 2 : 2, Superiority ; preéminence. AST'Y, a. [See? ast.] Ful) of mast; abounding When I have made myself master of a hundred thousand Ste i er As with acorns, &c. drachmas. Addison. Ww bere noble youths for mastership should strive. Dryden. MAT, n. lw. mat; Sax. meatta; D. mat; G. matte; 7. The commander of a merchant ship, usually 3. Chief work; masterplece. [Wot used.] L. matta; Sp. mata; Ir. matta ; Russ. mat; W. math, called captain. Dryden. that is spread. The sense 1s, probably, a lay, or 8. In ships of war, an officer who takes rank imme- 4. Superior skill. ar Shak, spread, from falling, throwing, or stretching. Class diately after the lieutenants, and navigates the ship 5. Title of respect ; m trony, Md, No. 6, 8, 9-] } under the direction of the captain. How now, signior Launce, what news with your mastership? J. A texture of sedge, rushes, flags, husks, straw, 9. The director of a school; a teacher; an in- Shak. or other material, to be laid on a floor for cleaning 6. The office of president of a college, or other in-| _ the boots and shoes of those who enter a house, and for other purposes. Carew. 2. A web of rope-yarn used in ships to secure the standing rigging from the friction of the yards, &c. To cover or lay with mats. Evelyn. 9. To twist together ; to interweave like a mat; to entangle. ‘ And o’er his eye-brows hung his matted hair. 3. To press together ; to lay flat ; as, matted grass. MAT! A-CHIN, (mat/a-sheen,) 7 [Sp., a buffoon, a grotesque dance.) An old danee with swords and bucklers. Sidney. MAT/A-DORE, n. [Sp- matador, a murderer, and a card, from matar, to kill. 1. One of the three principal cards in the game of omber and quadrille, which are always two black aces and the deuce in spades and clubs, and the sev- Johnson. Pope. en in hearts and diamonds. 9. One who kills; the killer; the man appointed to kill the bull in bull-fights. MATCH, n. [Fr. meche; It. mecha; Arm. mechenn, mech. | 1. Some very combustible substance used for light- ing a fire, as hemp, flax, cotton, tow dipped in sul- phur, or a species of dry wood, called vulgarly touch- wood. 2. A rope Dryden. miccia; Sp. and Port. or cord made of hempen tow, composed of three strands slightly twisted, and again covered with tow and boiled in the lees of old wine. This, when lighted at one end, retains fire and burns slowly tid consumed. It is used in firing artillery, &c. Enoye. FATE, ethnical ORR. FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE ; fee ee 625 , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ee } SS a“= MAT MAT MAT MATCH, n. [Sax. maca, and gemaca, an equal, fellow, companion, D. makker, Dan. maga, Sw. make. ] 1. A person who is equal to another in strength or other quality ; one able to cope with another. Government — makes an innocent man of the lowest ranks a match for the mightiest of his fellow-subjects. Addison. 2. One that suits or tallies with another; or any thing that equals another. 3. Union by marriage. Love doth seldom suffer itself to be confined by other matches than those of its own making. Boyle. In popular language, it is applied to the engagement of lovers before marriage. 4. One to be married. She inherited a fair fortune of her own —and was looked upon as the richest match in the west. Clarendon. MATCH, x. [Gr. naxn, a battle, a fight; but probably of the same family as the preceding. ] A contest ; competition for victory ; or a union of parties for contest ; as in games or sports. A solemn match was made ; he lost the prize. Dryden. MATCH, v. t& To equal. No settled senses of the world can match The pleasure of that madness, Shak, 2. To show an equal. No history or antiquity can match his policies and his conduct. South. 3. To oppose as equal; to set against as equal in contest. Eternal might ‘To match with their Inventions they presumed So easy, and of his thunder made a scorn. Multon. 4. To suit ; to make equal ; to proportion. Let poets match their subject to their strength. Roscommon. To match patterns and colors. Swift. 5. To marry ; to give in marriage. A senator of Rome, while Rome survived, Would not have matched his daughter with a king. Addison. 6. To purify vessels by burning a match in them. MATCH, v. iz. To be united in marriage. I hold it a sin to match in my kindred, Shak, Let tigers match with hinds, and wolves with sheep. Dryden. 2, To suit; to correspond ; to be of equal size, fig- ure, or quality ; to tally. We say of a piece of cloth, it does not match with another. MATCH!’A-BLE, a. Equal; suitable ; fit to be joined. Spenser. 2. Correspondent. [Little used.] Woodward. MATCH’ED, (matcht,) pp. Equaled; suited; placed in opposition ; married. MATCHI/ING, ppr. Equaling ; suiting ; setting in op- osition ; uniting in marriage. MATCH’LESS, a. Having no equal’; as, matchless impudence ; a matchless queen; matchless love or charms. MATCH’LESS-LY, adv. to be equaled. MATCH/LESS-NESS, x. ing without an equal. MATCH’LOCK, 2. Formerly, the lock of a musket containing a match for firing it; the musket itself. MATCH’—-MAK-ER, 2. One who makes matches for burning. 2. One who contrives or effects a union by mar- In a manner or degree not The state or quality of be- riage. MATCH’-MAK-ING, n. The art of making matches. MATE, 7. [D.maat; Ar. lh. matau, to associate. Class Md, No. 11.] 1. A companion ; an associate ; one who customa- rily associates with another. Young persons, nearly of an age, and frequently associating, are called mates or playmates. 2. A husband or wife. 3. The male or female of animals which associate for propagation and the care of their young. Wilton. 4. One that eats at the same table. 5. One that attends the same school; a school- mate. 6. An officer in a merchant ship or ship of war, whose duty is to assist the master or commander, In a merchant ship, the mate, in the absence of the master, takes command of the ship. Large ships have a first, second, and third mate. In general, mate, in compound words, denotes an as- sistant, and ranks next in subordination to the prin- cipal ; as, master’s mate; surgeon’s mate, &c. 7. (Pron. ma/ta.) Paraguay tee. [See Marre.] MATE, 7. [Sp. and Port. mate; Fr. mat ; from Sp. ma- tar, to kill.| In chess, the state of the king so situated that he can not escape. MATE, v.t. ‘lo match; to marry. Spenser. Shak. 2, To equal ; to be equal to. For thus the mastful chestnut mates the skies, Driden, 3. To oppose ; to equal. I, i’ th’ way of loyalty and truth, Dare mate a sounder man than Surrey can be. Shak. MATE, v.t. [Fr. mater, to mate in chess; Sw. matta, to weaken, to enervate; Sp. matar, to kill.] %’o enervate : to subdue; to crush. Audacity doth almost bind and mate the weaker sort of minds, [Not used.) Bacon. MATE!LESS, a. Having no mate or companion. MA‘’E-LOTE,n. [Fr.] A dish of food composed of many kinds of fish. MA-TE-OL/0O-GY, n. discourse. } A vain discourse or inquiry. MA-TE-O-TECH/NY, n. [Gr. paracos, vain, and TEXYN, Aart. | Any unprofitable science, MA’TER, x. [L. mother.] In anatomy, the two mem- branes that cover the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla- oblongata, and spinal cord, distinguished from each other by the epithets dura and pia. MA-TE/RI-A MED’IL-€A, n. [L.] A general name for every substance used in medicine. Encyc. 2. An auxiliary branch of the science of medi- cine, which treats of the nature and properties of all the substances that are employed for the cure of dis- eases. Ed. Encyc. MA-TE/RL-AL, a. [It. materiale; Fr. materiel; Sp. material ; from L. materia, matter. 1. Consisting of matter ; not spiritual; as, material substance ; material bodies. 2. Important; momentous ; more or less necessa- ry ; having influence or effect. Hold them for Catholics or heretics, it is not a thing very material in this question, Hooker In the account of simple ideas, I shall set down only such as are most material to our present purpose. LIncke. [Gr. paractos, vain, and doyos, So we say, a material point ; a material fault or er- ror ; a material fact or consideration. 3. Not formal; substantial. : 4. Furnishing materials; as, material men. Wheaton, Rep. MA-TE/RI-AL,n. The substance or matter of which any thing is made; as, wool is the material of cloth ; rags are the material of paper. MA-TE/RI-AL-ISM, n. The doctrine of materialists ; the opinion of those who maintain that the soul of man is notaspiritual substance distinct from matter, but that it is the result or effect of the organization of matter in the body. The irregular fears of a future state had been supplanted by the materialism of Epicurus. uckminster. 2. Matter ; material substances in the aggregate. [ Unusual. } Chalmers. MA-TE/RI-AL-IST, 7. One who denies the existence of spiritual substances, and maintains that the soul of man is the result of a particular organization of matter in the body. MA-TE-RI-AL/L-TY,n. Material existence ; corpore- ity ; not spirituality. Dighy. 2. Importance ; as, the materiality of facts. Judge Chase. MA-Tis/RI-AL-IZE, v. t. To reduce toa state of mat- ter; also, to regard as matter. Reid. MA-Tis/RI-AL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Reduced to a state of matter. MA-TB/RI-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to a state of matter. MA-TE/RI-AL-LY, adv. In the state of matter. 2. Not formally ; substantially. [ Boyle. An ill intention may spoil an act materially good. South. 3. In an important manner or degree ; essentially. It materially concerns us to know the real motives of our actions. MA-TE/RI-AL-NESS, 2. al; importance. MA-TE/RLATE, MA-TE/RI-A-TED, Consisting of matter, MA-TE-RI-A/TION, n. T [JVot used. rown. MA-TE!RI-EL, (ma-ta’re-el,) n. [Fr.] That in a complex system which constitutes the materials or instruments employed, as the baggage, munitions, provisions, &c., of an army, in distinction from the personel, or men; or the buildings, libraries, and ap- paratus of a college, in distinction from its officers. MA-TER/NAL, a. [L. maternus, from mater, mother.] Motherly; pertaining to a mother; becoming a mother; as, maternal love ; maternal tenderness. MA-TER/NAL-LY, adv. In a motherly manner. MA-TER/NI-TY, x. [Fr. maternité.] The character or relation of a mother. MAT/FEL-ON, z. [Sp. and Port, matar, Dr. matsen, to kill, and felon. } A plant of the genus Centaurea, knap-weed. MATH, n. (Sax. meth. | A mowing; as, in MATH-E-MAT'IE, ie MATH-E-MAT'‘I€-AL, ) ~ : 1. Pertaining to mathematics; as, mathematical knowledge ; mathematical instruments. : 2. According to the principles of mathematics ; as, mathematical exactness. MATH-E-MAT’I€@-AL-LY, adv. According to the laws or principles of mathematical science. 2, With mathematical certainty ; demonstrably. The state of being materi- a. [L. materiatus.] [ Little used. Bacon. he act of forming matter. ermath. [L. mathematicus. ] MATH-E-MA-TI//CIAN, (-tish/an,) 7. maticien. | One versed in mathematics. MATH-E-MAT'IES, rn. [L. mathematica, from Gr. paOnuarcxn, from pavOave, to learn; the py is proba- bly casual, and the root belongs to Class Md, No. 10.} The scxence of quantity ; the science which treats of magnitude and number, or of whatever can be measured or numbered. This science is divided into pure or speculative, which considers quantity ab- stractly, without relation to matter ; and mixed, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with physical consid- erations. Arithmetic, geometry, algebra, trigonome- try, and conic sections, are branches of mathematics. MATH’/E-MEG, x. A fish of the cod kind, inhabiting [Fr, mathe- Hudson’s Bay. Pennant. MATH’ES, n. An herb. Ainsworth. MA-THE’SIS, n. (Gr. padrots.] Learning ; particularly, mathematics. [Little used.] Pope. MATYIN, a. [Fr. matin, morning ; G. mette, matins; L. matutinus. ] Pertaining to the morning ; used in the morning ; as, a matin trumpet. MAT’IN, x. Morning. [JVot used. Shak. MAT/INS, n. pl. .Morning worship or service ; morn- ing prayers or songs. The vigils are celebrated before them, and the nocturn and mains, for the saints whose the relicsare. Stillingfleet. The winged choristers began To chirp their matins, Cleaveland. 2. Time of morning service; the first canonical hour in the Roman Catholic church, MAT’RASS, xn. [Fr. matras; D. id. In French, the word signifies an arrow; Arm. matara, to throw a dart. This verb coincides with D. mitto. It seems, then, to be so called from its long neck.] A cucurbit; a chemical vessel in the shape of an egg, or With a tapering neck open at the top, serving the purposes of digestion, evaporation, &c. Itis su- perseded, in the modern laboratory, by a flask. Nicholson. Quincy. Brande. MAT’RESS. See Marrress. Alt oy = MaITRIX,” n. [L. matrix, from mater, mother. ] The womb; the cavity in which the fetus of an animal is formed and nourished till its birth. Encyc. MAT’RICE, (mat/ris,) x A mold; the cavity in which any thing is formed, and which gives it shape ; as, the matriz of a type. 2. The place or substance in which any thing is formed or produced; as, the matrix of metals; gang. 3. In dyeing, the five simple colors, black, white, blue, red, and yellow, of which all the rest are com- posed. Encyc. MAT’RI-CI-DAL, a. Pertaining to matricide. MAT’RI-CIDE, n. [L. matricidium; mater, mother, and cedo, to slay.] 1. The killing or murder of a mother. 2. The killer or murderer of his mother. MA-TRI€/U-LATE, v. t. [L. matricula, a roll or reg- ister, from matrix. } To enter or admit to membership in a body or so- ciety, particularly in a college or university, by en- rolling the natne in a register. Wotton. MA-TRI€/U-LATE, z. One enrolled in a register, and thus admitted to membership in a society. Arbuthnot. MA-TRI€/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. Entered or admitted to membership in a society, particularly in a uni- versity. * A: MA-TRI€-U-LA/TION, n. The act of registering a name and admitting to membership. Ayliffe. MAT-RI-MO/NI-AL, a. [It. matrimoniale. See Mat- RIMONY. | ‘ : ]. Pertaining to marriage; connubial; nuptial ; hymeneal; as, matrimonial rights or duties. 2. Derived from marriage. If he relied on that title, he could be but a king at curtesy, and have rather a matrimonial, than a regal power. Bacon. MAT-RI-MO'NI-AL-LY, adv. According to the man- ner or Jaws of marriage. : Ayliffe. MAT-RI-MO!/NI-OUS, a. Matrimonial. [evens] JHuton. [L. matrimonium, from mater, Brown. MAT’RI-MO-NY, 2. mother. ] Marriage ; wedlock ; the union of man and woman for life ; the nuptial state. If any man know cause why this couple should not bejplned in holy matrimony, they are to declare it, Common Prayer. MA’TRIX. See Marnrice. MAT’RON, x. [Fr. matrone ; L. matrona; from mater, mother. } An elderly married woman, or an elderly lady. Johnson. Encyc. MAT!/RON-AGE, n. The state of a matron. Burke. MAT’RON-AL, a. [L. matronalis.] anil Pertaining to a matron ; suitable to an elderly lady or to a married woman ; grave ; motherly. Bacon. MAT’RON-HOOD, n. State of a matron. — MAT’RON-IZE, v. t. To render matronlike. Bentley. Richardson. enn TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN!’GER, VI/CLOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. va: 699 > £ . [L. mel, honey, and fluo, to 3. To assemble; to congregate. The council met choly ; mournful; as, melancholic strains. Wy Ow of! Sw eliitese“orlalsweeien Gath Howe at 10 o’clock. The legislature will meet on the first Just as the melancholic eye are 5 2 Watts Wednesday in the month. Sees fleets and armies in the sky. Prior. cen 4. To come together by being extended ; to come 3. Unhappy ; unfortunate ; causing sorrow; as, MEE a FS ORC SRU SE eee in contact ; to join. Two converging lines will meet accidents and melancholic perplexities. Clarendon. rs i ~ y ce ee in a point. MEL/AN-€HOL-I€, x. One affected with a gloomy To meet with; to light on; to find; to come to ; often with the sense of an unexpected event. luous voice. € Y | MEL-LIF/LU-ENT-LY . state of mind. [Merxvancuo van, in a like sense, is | y EL-LIF/LU-OUS-LY_ | adv. Smoothly ; flowingly. not used. ] ‘ Spenser. MEL-LIG/E-NOUS, a. [Gr. wed, honey, and yevos, We met with many things worthy of observation, Bacon, 2. A gloomy state of mind. Clarendon. kind.] 2. To join; to unite in company. MEL/AN-CHOL-I-LY, adv. With mech oly Having the qualities of honey. Ja letafl ares : ; , Cenc. MEL-LY’GO, 7 J el : é i x a : S ‘ 7 ~~ mn 3 I 4iu : Le 4. MeL, : Falstaff at that oak shall meet with us Shak MEL/AN-€HOL-I-NESS, n. State of being melan- Hoey dew ane cee Tully. a 3. To Aye unexpectedly ; as to meet with a fall ; choly ; disposition to indulge gloominess of mind. MELE. ns In’ farrieaeardry Scablonsthe heel’an a to méet with a loss. : = ese ‘ Aubrey. horse’s fore foot, cured by a mixture of honey and 1) 4. To encounter ; to be subjected to. MEL-AN-€HO/LI-OUS, a. Gloomy. [Not in use.] een | Royal mistress, Gower ‘TTY Tar Oe = ae at ; : . ee : . MEL/LI-TATE, n.. A compound of mellitic acid with j prepare Lo meer wile nore) tani brat Ary, MEL/AN-€HOL-IST, n. One affected with melan-| 4 pase. : a Grane Pe me ae Se ie f oe choly. Glanville, MEL/LITE, x. [L. mel.] Sago OO yIaED SSMS ith [Noticed Bacon. = Narr s N-€HO-LIZE, v. i To become gloomy in Honey-stone ; a mineral of a honey color, found in Ee pcee eaigeiah pone proach ao any eqnal dis: mind. . ; urton. small octahedral crystals. It consists of mellic acid ane eae eas Oe mutual’and | MEL!AN-€HO-LIZE, ». t. To make melancholy. and alumina. It is found with brown coal, and is equal concessions, each party renouncing some pre- This verb is rarely or never used.) [Moore. partly the result of vegetable decomposition. Dana. Ronco T 1 2et or fit fi Ash MEL‘AN-€HOL-Y, x. [Gr. veduv, black, and xoAn, MEL’LI€, a. Terms applied to an acid first dis- FA ST A ee one tOr a. bile ; L.. melancholia. } MEL-LIT/I€, } covered in mellite or honey-stone. MEET’ER, n. One that meets another ; one that ac- = ; 2 7 1. A gloomy state of mind, often a gloomy state MEL’'LON, n. A compound of carbon and nitrogen, that is of some continuance, or habitual ; depression in the form of a yellow powder. Ure of spirits induced by grief; dejection of spirits. MEL/LOW, a. [Sax. melewe; G. mehl, D. Dan. meel, This was formerly supposed to proceed from a! eal: G. mehlig, mehlicht, mellow, meéaly ; Dan. mee- redundance of black bile. Melancholy, when ex- Tato mellow; L. mollis, Fr. mol, molle, soft, Gr. treme and of long continuance, is a disease some- padakos ; W. mall, soft, melting, insipid, evil, and, times accompanied with partial insanity. Cullen as a noun, a malady. The Welsh unites the word defines it, partial insanity without dyspepsy. with L. malus. These words are evidently allied to 2. In nosology, mental alienation restrained to a] jnilg and melt, and meal would seem to be connected Single object or train of ideas, in distinction from] With mill. I am not certain which is the primary costs another. Shak, MEET’ING, ppr. Coming together ; encountering ; joining ; assembling. MEETING, n. A coming together; an interview ; as, a happy meeting of friends. - An assembly ; a congregation ; a collection of people ; a convention. The meeting was numerous ; the meeting was clamorous; the meeting was dis- solved at sunset. 3. A conflux, as of rivers; a joining, as of lines. — ' OT ere 7 li don ge ase woos tae a mania, in which the alienation is general. Good. word. See Class Ml, No. 2, 4, 9, 12. ! on Ene lead; a plate of worship for Meee Moon-struck madness, moping melancholy, Milton, 1. Soft with ripeness ; easily yielding to pressure ; 4 4 ee “nic evadiincanirirae s low peach or apple; mellow fruit. a MEET’ING-HOUSE, x. A place of worship; a] MEL/AN-CHOL-Y,a. Gloomy; depressed in spirits;| 8, me 5 ae : : a church. a P3 dejected ; applied to persons. Overwhelming grief sie Soft to the ear; as, a mellow sound ; a mellow r- MEET’LY, adv. [from meet.] Fitly; suitably; prop-| has made me melancholy. ai aa ea: : : erly. ; ! 3 nea 2. Dismal; gloomy ; habitually dejected ; as, a 3. Soft ; wet prere net indurated or com j MEET’NESS, x. [from meet.] Fitness; suitableness ; melancholy temper. De eRe ae aa STS ne te = as. mellow wine: i s| propriety. Bp. Hall, 3. Calamitous; afflictive; that may or does pro- ae ee ft eaithilionar’ a tone iene peri Wadd as } MEG'A-€OSM, n. [Gr. peyas, great, and KOoLOS, duce great evil and grief; as, a melancholy event. 6 Soft a sa Hats im ) ys i world. ] The melancholy fate of the Albion! The melancholy suo aSy po aere) : nae iN The great world. Bp. Croft. destruction of Scio and of Missolonghi! ‘ ee Oa enoee ereHol TIEN ad eS ce p MEG-A-LE/SIAN GAMES, n. pl. [Gr. peyas.] A | ME-LANGE!, (ma-linzh’,) n ([Fr.] A mixture. rr Mat to bring to maturity; to fj magnificent Roman exhibition in the circus in Not Ensglish. Drummond. | MEL LOW 2 CaO TSE Os une 2 S honor of Cybele. MEL/AN-ITE, ». (Gr. jedav, black.] soften by ripeness or age. ; f H MEG-A-LON’ . © BE ) ack variety of garnet. Dana. On foreign mountains may the sun refine : came | aa ae th ae (Sr Henee, Soe 8 MEL-ANIT'IC. zy Pertaining to melanite. The grape’s soft juice and yellow it to Be Addison. a A large quadruped, now extinct, whose bones have | MEL/A-NURE, nm A small fish of the Mediter- 2. To soften ; to pulverize. Earth is mellowed by " been found in Virginia, allied to the sloth. Cuvier. MEL-A-NO’/RUS, ranean, a species of Sparus or frost. na mee ’ 4 4 MEG-A-LOP/O-LIS,2. [Gr. peya)n, great, and TOAts, gilt-head. . Ash. P. Cyc. 3. To mature ; to bring to perfection, = =— | city. ] MEL/A-PHYRE, n. A variety of black or pyroxenic This episode —mellowed into that reputation which time has 0 A chief city ; a metropolis. [otinuse.] Herbert. porphyry Humble. given it. Dryden. s TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 3 705Trt mer: oe ert Ne es ey > baer, 4 eee! eotaamie t Kote eet io Se Ba peeteens RS > >», a . eet seca AAP aint Aetna J oe ee MEL MEL’LOW, »v.i. To become soft; to be ripened, ma- tured, or brought to perfection. Fruit, when taken from the tree, soon mellows. Wine mellows with age. MEL’LOW-ED, pp. Ripened; brought to maturity. 2, Become soft, as fruit when ripe. MEL/LOW-LY, adv. In a mellow manner. MEL'LOW-NESS, z. Softness; the quality of yield- ing easily to pressure ; ripeness, as of fruit. 9. Maturity ; softness or smoothness from age, as of wine. MEL'LOW-TON-ED, a. Having soft tones. MEL'LOW-Y, a. Soft; unctuous. Drayton. MEL-O-€0-TON’, n. [Sp- melocoton, a peach-tree grafted into a quince-tree, or the fruit of the tree ; It. melocotogno, quince-tree 5 L. malum cotoneum, quince- apple. Cotonewm 1s probably our cotton, and the fruit so named from its pubescence. } A quince. But the name is sometimes given to a large kind of peach. ME-LO'DI-OUS, a. [See Meropy.] Containing mel- ody ; musical ; agreeable to the ear by a sweet suc- cession of sounds; as, a melodious voice ; melodious strains. And music more melodious than the spheres. ME-LO/DI-OUS-LY, adv. In a melodious manner ; musically. ME-LO/DI-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being agreea- ble to the ear by a sweet succession of sounds ; mu- sicalness. MEL/O-DIST, n. A composer and singer of elegant melodies, in contradistinction to Harmonist. MEL/O-DIZE, v.t. To make melodious. MEL!O-DIZ-ED, pp. Rendered harmonious. MEL’'O-DIZ-ING, ppr. Rendering harmonious. MEL-O-DRA-MAT’I€, a, Pertaining to a melodrame, MEL-O-DRAM/A-TIST, . One skilled in melo- drames, or who prepares them. MEL/O-DRAME, n. [Gr. pedos, a Song, and drama. ] A dramatic performance in which songs are inter- mixed. Chalmers. MEL/O-DY, n. [Gr. pedwdia; pedos, a limb, or a song, and wén, an ode ; L. melos.] An agreeable succession of sounds; a succession of sounds so regulated and modulated as to please the ear. To constitute melody, the sounds must be arranged according to the Jaws of rhythmus, meas- ure, or the due proportion of the movements to each other. Melody differs from harmony, as it consists in the agreeable succession and modulation of sounds by a single voice ; whereas harmony consists in the accordance of different voices or sounds. Melody is wocal or instrumental. Hooker. 2. The particular air or tune of a musical piece. Encyc. Am. To make melody in the heart; to praise God with a joyful and thankful disposition, ascribing to him the honor due to his name. Eph. v. MEL‘ON, n. [Fr., from L. melo; Sp. melon ; It. mel- lone, a melon; Gr. yeAov, an_apple; D. meloen; G. melone; Dan. and Sw. melon; Slay. mlun. This word has the elements of mellow, L. mollis, W. mail.] The name of certain plants and their fruit; as the water-melon, the musk-melon. MEL/ON-THIS’/TLE, (-this/l,) 2. genus Cactus. MEL-POWE-NE, n. [Gr., from pedAropat.] The muse who presides over tragedy. MEL/ROSE, 2. [L. mel and rosa. ] Honey of roses. Fordyce. MELT, v,t. [Sax. meltan; Gr. pe\dw@; D. smelten; G. schmelzen; Sw. smalta; Dan. smelter ; whence Eng. smelt, smalt. We have in these words decisive evi- dence that s, in smelten, &c., is a prefix. Melt, in English, is regular, forming melted for its past tense and passive participle. ‘The old participle, molten, is used only as an adjective. This verb belongs to a numerous class of words in MJ, denoting soft, or softness. See Class Ml, No. 10, 18, 19.) 1. To dissolve; to make liquid ; to liquefy ; to re- duce from a solid to a liquid or flowing state by heat ; as, to melt wax, tallow, or lead ; to melt ice or snow. 2. To dissolve; to reduce to first principles. Dryden. A plant of the 3. To soften to love or tenderness. [ Burnet. For pity melts the mind to Jove. Dryden. 4. To waste away ; to dissipate. In general riot melted down thy youth, Shak. 5. To dishearten. Josh. xiv. MELT, v. i. To become liquid; to dissolve; to be changed from a fixed or solid to a flowing state. And whiter snow in minutes melis away. Dryden. 2. To be softened to love, pity, tenderness, or sym- pathy ; to become tender, mild, or gentle. Melting with tenderness and mild compass‘on, Shak. 3. To be dissolved ; to lose substance. And what seemed corporal, Melted as breath into the wind. Shak. 4, To be subdued by affliction ; to sink into weak- ness. My soul melteth for heaviness — strengthen thou me. — Ps. MELT’ING, n. MELT/ING-LY, adv. MELT/ING-NESS, x. The power of melting or soft- MEL'/WEL, n. MEM/BER, n. [Fr. membre; L. membrum.] MEM/BER-ED, a. MEM 5. To faint; to be discouraged or disheartened. As soon as we heard these things, our heart melted. —Josh. ii. pe as : Pca. G MELT’ED, pp. ora. Dissolved; made liquid; soft-| ical memory; any contrivance for aiding the ened ; discouraged. memory. MELT’ER, m. One that melts any thing. Derham. ME-MO’RI-AL, a. [Fr., from L. memorialis See MELT’ING, ppr. Dissolving; liquefying ; softening ; Memory. ] : : COE: : eS 1. Preservative of memory. 2. a. Tending to soften ; softening into tender- There bich in air memorial of my name ness ; as, melting eloquence. Fix the smooth oar, and bid me live to fame. Pope. The act of softening ; the act of ren- South. In a manner to melt or soften. Sidney. dering tender. 2. Like something melting. ening. A kind of codfish. Ash. 1. A limb of animal bodies; as a leg, an arm, an ear, a finger, that is, a subordinate part of the main body. 9. A part of a discourse, or of a period or sentence ; a clause; a part of a verse. Harmony in poetry is produced by a proportion between the members of the same verse, or between the members of different verses, 3. In architecture, a subordinate part of a building, as a frieze or cornice ; sometimes a molding. 4. An individual of a community or society. Ev- ery citizen is a member of the state or body politic. So the individuals of a club, a corporation, or con- federacy, are called its members. Students of an academy or college are its memvers. Professed Chris- tians are called members of the church. 5. The appetites and passions, considered as tempt- ing to sin. Rom. vii. Col. ili. Having limbs, MEM/BER-SHIP, x. The state of being a member. 2. Community ; society. Beaum. & Fl. MEM/BRANE, n. [Fr., from L. membrana; Ir. meam- brum. The Jast component part of this word is found in the Ethiopic and Amharic ; Eth. 10009 bereana, parchment, vellum, from ZU barah, to shine or be clear. (Ludolf, Col. 231, 2.) The substance, then, is named from its clearness or transparency. | In anatomy, a thin, white, flexible skin, formed by fibers interwoven lke net-work, and serving to cover some part of the body. Encyc. The term is applied to the thin, expanded parts, of various texture, both in animals and vegetables. MEM-BRA/NE-OUS, a. Belonging to a mem- MEM/BRA-NOUS, brane; consisting of MEM-BRA-NA/CEOUS, membranes ; a3, a mem- braneous covering. Birds of prey have membranaceous stomachs, not muscular. Arbuthnot. 2. In botany, a membranaceous leaf has no distin- guishable pulp between the two surfaces. In gen- eral, it denotes flatted, or resembling parchment, Martyn. MEM-BRA/NI-FORM, a. Having the form of a mem- brane or of parchment. ME-MEN’TO, x. [L., from memini. See Memory.] A hint, suggestion, notice, or memorial to awaken memory ; that which reminds. He is but a man, and seasonable mementos may be useful. Bacon. ME-MEN'TO MO'RE, [L.|) Be mindful of death. MEM’NON, x. [Ge Mev.) The name of a celebrated Egyptian statue, sup- posed to have the property of emitting a harp-like sound at sunrise. MEM/OIR, (mem/wor,) n. [Fr. memoire, memory-] 1. A species of history written by a person who had some share in the transactions related. Persons often write their own memoirs. 2. A history of transactions in which some person had a principal share, is called his memoirs, though compiled or written by a different hand. 3. The history of a society, or the journals and proceedings of a society; as, memoirs of the Royal Society. 4. A written account; register of facts. Arbuthnot. MEM/OIR-IST, x. A writer of memoirs. Carlisle. MEM-O-RA-BIL‘I-A, x. pl. [L.] Things remarkable and worthy of remembrance. MEM-O-RA-BIL’I-TY, 2. The state of being memo- rable. MEM/O-RA-BLE, a. Memory. ] Worthy to be remembered ; illustrious ; celebrated ; distinguished. By tombs, by books, by memorable deeds. MEM/O-RA-BLY, adv. Ina manner worthy to be re- membered. MEM-O-RAN/’DUM, n.; pl. Memoranpums or Memo- RanpA. [L.] A note to help the memory. Guardian, [Fr., from L. memorabilis. See Davies. I entered a memorandum in my pocket-book. MEM/O-RATE, v. t. To mention for remembrance. MEM’O-RA-TIVE, a. ME-MO!RI-A TECH'NI-CA, n. ME-MO/RLAL, n. MEN Adapted or tending to preserve Hammond. the memory of any thing. [L.] Literally, tech- 2. Contained in memory ; as memorial possession. Watts. That which preserves the mem- ory of something; any thing that serves to keep in memory. A monument is a memorial of a deceased person, or of an event. The Lord’s supper is a me- morial of; the death and sufferings of Christ. Churches have names; some os memorials of peace, some of wisdom, some of the Trinity. Hooker. 2. Any note or hint to assist the memory. hand shall be the ground Memorials written with King Edward’s Hay ward. of this history. 3. A written representation of facts, made to a legislative or other body as the ground of a petition, or a representation of facts accompanied with a peti- tion. 4. In diplomacy, a species of informal state paper, much used in negotiation. Brande. ME-MO’RI-AL-IST, 2. One who writes a memorial. Spectator. 9. One who presents a memorial to a legislative or any other body, or to a person. United States. ME-MO/RI-AL-IZE, v. t. To present a memorial to; to petition by memorial. United States. ME-MO’RI-AL-1Z-ED, pp. Petitioned by memorial. MEM/O-RIST, x. One who causes to be remembered. Not used. Brown. ME-MOR/I-TER, adv. MEM/O-RIZE, v. t. Torecord, ory by writing. They neglect to memorize their conquest of the Indians. Spenser. [L.] By memory. to hand down to mem- 2. To cause to be remembered. They meant to memorize another Golgotha. Shak, MEM/O-RIZ-ED, pp. Recorded; handed down to memory. MEM/O-RY, nz. [L. memoria; Fr. memoire; Sw. minne; Ir. meamhair; or meabhair, meanma. This word is from memini, which is probably corrupted from the Greek uvaopat, to remember, from pevos, mind, or the same root. See Minp,] 1. The faculty of the mind by which it retains the knowledge of past events, or ideas which are past. A distinction is made between memory and recollec- tion. Memory retains past ideas without any, or with little effort ; recollection implies an effort to re- call ideas that are past. Beattie. Reid. Stewart. Memory is the purveyor of reason. Rambler. 9, A retaining of past ideas in the mind ; remem- brance. Events that excite little attention are apt to escape from memory. 3. Exemption from oblivion. That ever living man of memory, Henry the Fitth. Shak, 4. The time witbin which past events can be re- membered or recollected, or the time within which a person may have knowledge of what is past. The rev- olution in England was before my memory; the revo- lution in America was within the author’s memory. 5, Memorial; monumental record; that whiich calls to remembrance. A monument in London was erected in memory of the conflagration in 1666. 6. Reflection ; attention. Shak. MEM/O-RY, v. t. olay up in the mind or memory. [Vot used. | haucer. MEM’PHI-AN, a. [from Memphis, the ancient me- tropolis of Egypt, said to be altered from Menu/, Memf. Ludolf.} Pertaining to Memphis; very dark ; a sense bor- rowed from the darkness of Egypt in the time of Moses. MEN, n. pl. of Man. Two or more males, individu- als of the human race. 2. Males of a brave spirit. We will live in honor, or die like men. 3. Persons; people; mankind; in an indefinite sense. Men are apt to forget the benefactor, while they riot on the benefit. MEN/ACE, »v. t. [Fr. menacer; It. minacciare; Sp. amenazar; L. minor. The primary sense is, to rush, throw, or push forward. The sense is more clearly expressed by emineo and promineo, to jut for- ward, from the same root. See Minp, which is of the same family.] 1. To threaten ; to express or show a disposition or determination to inflict punishment or other evil. The combined powers menaced France with war on every side. 9. To show or manifest the probability of future evil or danger to. The spirit of insubordination menaced Spain with the horrors of civil war. { Ods.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 3. To exhibit the appearance of any catastrophe to 706MEN MEN come ; as, a hanging rock menaces a fall, or menaces the plain or the inhabitants below. MEN/’ACE, xn. A threat or threatening; the declara- tion or show of a disposition or determination to in- flict an evil ; wsed of persons. 2. The show of a probable evil or catastrophe to come, MEN‘A-CED, (men/aste,) pp. Threatened. MEN/A-CER, 7. One that threatens. ME-NAC€H/AN-ITE, n. A black metallic mineral, consisting of titanic acid and oxyd of iron, found near Menachan, in Cornwall, England. It is a va- riety of [Imenite. Dana. MEN-A-€HAN-IT’I€, a. Pertaining to menachanite. MEN/A-CING, ppr. Threatening ; declaring a dispo- sition or determination to inflict evil. 2, a, Exhibiting the danger or probability of an evil or catastrophe to come ; as, a menaciig attitude. MEN/A-CING-LY, adv. Ina threatening manner. MEN-AGE/, (men-azh’,) n. [Fr., a family. Manace.]} A collection of brute animals. Addison. MEN-AG/E-RIE, (men-azh/e-re, ) 7. [F'r. mena- MEN!A-GER-Y, men/a-jer-re,) gerie; It. mena- geria. | A yard or place in which wild animals are kept ; also, a collection of wild animals. MEN/A-GOGUE, (men!a-gog,) zn. strua, and ayw, to drive. } A medicine that promotes the menstrual flux. Quincy. MEND, v. t. [L. emendo; Fr. amender; It. mendare ; from L. menda, a fault, spot, or blemish. Mend is contracted from emendo, amend, for the L. negative e, for ex, is necessary to express the removal of a See [Gr. pnves, men- fale 1. To repair, as a breach; to supply a part broken or defective ; as, to mend a garment, a road, a mill- dam, a fence, &c. 2. To correct ; toset right ; to alter for the better ; as, to mend the life or manners. 3. To repair; to restore to a sound state; as, to mend a feeble or broken constitution. Locke. 4. To help; to advance; to make better. ‘This plausible apology does not mend the matter. Though in some lands the grass is but short, yet it mends garden herbs and fruit. Mortimer. 5. To improve; to hasten. He saw the manster mend his pace. Dryden, MEND, v.7. To grow better; to advance to a better state; to improve. We say,a feeble constitution mends daily ; a sick man mends, or is convalescent. MEND/A-BLE, a. Capable of being mended. MEN-DA/CIOUS, (-da/shus,) a. [L. mendaz.] Lying ; false. MEN-DAC'I-TY, (-das‘e-te,) x. lying. See Class Mn, No. 4.] Falsehood. Brown. [The proper signification of this word would be a disposition to lie, or habitual lying. ] MEND/ED, pp. or a. Repaired; made better ; im- oved. MEND/ER, n. One who mends or repairs. MEND/I-€AN-CY, n. [L. mendicans. ] Beggary ; a state of begging. MEND'I-CANT, a. [L. mendicans, from mendico, to beg, Fr. mendier; allied to L. mando, to command, demand. } 1. Begging; poor to a state of beggary ; duced to a mendicant state. 2. Practicing beggary ; as, a mendicant friar. MEND’/I-CANT, n. A beggar; one that makes it his business to beg alms ; one of the begging fraternity of the Roman Catholic church. MEND'I-€ATE, v. t. To beg, or practice begging. Not used.] MEN-DIC/I-TY, (-dis’e-te,) n. re mendicitas. | The state of begging ; the life of a beggar. MEND'ING, ppr. or a. Repairing. 2. Convalescing; recovering from sickness ; be- coming better in health. MEND/ING,n. The act of repairing ; applied especially to garments, MEND/MENT, for AMenpMEeNr. [JWVot in use. | MENDS, for AMenps. [ot used.] Shak. MEN-HA’/DEN, n._ A salt-water fish, Alosa menhaden of Mitchell, allied to the alewife and shad, and much used for manure, &c. Storer’s Mass. Rep. ME/NI-AL, a [Norm. meignal, meynal, from meignee or meiny, a family. The Norn. has ulso mesnie and mesnee, a family, household, or company, and meinez, many. Qu. the root of maison, messuage, or of many. 1. Pertaining to servants, or domestic servants ; low ; mean. The wornen attendants perform only the most menial offices, Swift. [Johnson observes on this passage, that Swift seems not to have known the meaning of this word. But this is the only sense in which it is now used. | 2. Belonging to the retinue or train of servants. Johnson. [L. mendaz, false, as, re- MER [If this definition of Johnson is correct, it indicates that menial is from metnez, Many, rather than from mesnie, family. But the sense may be house-dogs. | ME/NI-AL, nx. A domestic servant of the lowest order. Hence, 2. Figuratively, a person of a servile character or disposition. MEN’I-LITE, x. A brown, impure opal, occurring in flattened, nodular concretions, at Menil Montant, near Paris. Dana. ME-NIN/GES, n. pl. [Gr.] In anatomy, the two membranes that envelop the brain; the pia mater and dura mater. ME-NIS/€AL, a. Pertaining to a meniscus. ME-NIS’€US, n.; pl. MENISCUSES. (Gr. puvicKos, a little moon. ] lens convex on one side and concave on the other, having the concavity less than the convexity. Olmsted. MEN-I-SPERM/ATE, n. A compound af menisperm- ic acid and a salifiable base. MEN-I-SPERM/I€, a. The menispermic acid is ob- tained from the seeds of the Cocculus Indicus, the Menispermum cocculus of Linneus, the Anamirta paniculata of later botanists. MEN-I-SPER/ML-NA, ) 2. [L. menispermum, from MEN-I-SPER/MINE, Gr. pnvn, the moon, and omeppa, a Seed. An alkaloid obtained from Anamirta paniculata, once called Menispermum. This alkaloid is a white, opaque, crystalline solid, which is tasteless, and me- dicinally inert. MEN’I-VER, x. A small, white animal in Russia, or its fur, which is very fine. Bee Mrinerva.] Chaucer. MEN’NON-ITES, ) n. pl. small denomination of MEN’NON-ISTS, § Christians who reject infant baptism, but do not insist strenuously on immersion ; so called from Simon Menno, their founder in Ger- many. Baird. ME-NOL/0-GY, n. [Gr. wnv, wnvos, month, and MEN-O-LO/GI-UM, Aoyos, discourse. | J. A register of months. Stulingflect. 2. In the Greck church, martyrology, or a brief cal- endar of the lives of the saints, for each day in the year, or a simple remembrance of those whose lives are not written. univer. MEN/OW,n. [Fr. menu, small. Qu.] A small, fresh-water fish, the minnow. Bailey. MEN’-PLEAS-ER, x. One who is solicitous to please men, rather than to please God, by obedience to his commands. MEN'SA ET TO'RO, [L.] A phrase applied to a Kind of divorce which separates husband and wife without dissolving the marriage relation. Bouvier. MEN’SAL, a. [L. mensalis, from mensa, a table.] Belonging to the table; transacted at table. tle used. ]} larissa. MEN’SES, n. pl. [L., months.] The catamenial or menstrual discharges. MEN’STRU-AL, a. [Fr., from L. menstrualis, from mensis, month. ] 1. Monthly; happening once a month; as, the menstrual flux. 2. Lasting a month; as, the menstrual orbit of the [Lit- moon. Bentley. 3. Pertaining to a menstruum. Bacon. MEN’STRU-ANT, a. Subject to monthly flowings. Brown. MEN’STRU-OUS, a. [L. menstruus, from mensis, a month. } 1. Having the monthly flow or discharge, as a female. Sandys. 2. Pertaining to the monthly flow of females. Brown. MEN/STRU-UM, n. ; pl. Mensrruums or Menstrua. {from L. mensis, month. The use of this word is supposed to have orginated in some notion of the old chemists about the influence of the moon in the preparation of dissolvents. Johnson.] A solvent ; any fluid or subtilized substance which dissolves a solid body. All liquors are called menstruums which are used as dissolvents, or to extract the virtues of ingredients by infusion or decoc- tion. uincy,. Inquire what is the proper menstruum to dissolve a metal. Bacon, MEN-SU-RA-BIL/L-TY, x. pability of being measured. MEN’SU-RA-BLE, (men/shu-ra-bl,)~a. measure, ‘The zis probably casual, an the same as MEASURABLE. | Measurable ; capable of being measured. Holder. MEN/SU-RAL, a. Pertaining to measure. MEN’SU-RATE, v. t. [L. mensura, measure.] To measure. [Little used.] MEN-SU-RA/TION, (men-shu-ra/shun,) . The act, process, or art, of measuring, or taking the dimen- sions of any thing. 2. Measure ; the result of measuring. Arbuthnot. MEN/TAL, a, [It. mentale; Fr. mental ; from L. mens, mind. ] Pertaining to the mind; intellectual; as, mental faculties ; mental operations; mental sight; mental [from mensurable.] Ca- L, mensura, the word is Two menial dogs before their master pressed. Dryden. MEN’TAL-LY, adv. Intellectually ; in the mind ; in thought or meditation ; in idea. Bentley. MEN/TION, n. {[Fr., from L. mentio, from Gr. nveva from pvaw, to put in mind; It. menzione ; Sp. men- cion; Port. mengad ; allied, probably, to L. moneo and mind. Mention is a throwing out. A hint; a suggestion; a brief notice or remark expressed in words or writing; used chiefly after Make. Make no mention of other gods. — Josh. xxiii. I will make mention of thy righteousness. — Ps. Ixxi. Miron ceasing: I make mention of you always in my prayers. — Hom, 1, MEN’TION, v. t. [Fr. mentionner ; It. menzionare. | To speak; to name; to utter a brief remark ; to state a particular fact, or to express it in writing. It is applied to something thrown in or added inciden- tally in a discourse or writing, and thus differs from the sense of relate, recite, and narrate. I mentioned to him a fact that fell under my own ob- servation; in the course of conversation, that cir- cumstance was mentioned. I will mention the loving-kindness of the Lord. — Is. Ixiii. MEN'TION-A-BLE, a. That can or may be men- tioned. MEN’TION-ED, pp. Named; stated. MEN'TION-ING, ppr. Naming; uttering. MEN’TOR, 2x. [from Mentor, the counselor of Telem- achus.] A wise and faithful counselor or monitor. Encyc. Am. MEN-TO/RLAL, a. [from Mentor.] Containing ad- vice or admonition. ME-PHI'T’T Pa . MBPHIT/IC.AL, a. ([L. mephitis, an ill smell.] Offensive to the smell; foul; poisonous ; Noxious ; pestilential ; destructive to life. Mephitic acid is usually carbonic acid. ME-PHI’TIS, n. [L. mephitis.] Foul, offensive, MEPH'TT-ISiM, { or noxious exhalations from dis- solving substances, filth, or other source ; usually containing carbonic acid gas. Med. Repos. ME-RA/CIOUS, a. [L. meracus.| Strong; racy. MER/€A-BLE, a. [L. mercor.] That is to be bought or sold. MER-€AN-TAN’TE, xn. [It. mercatante. | A foreign trader. [Jot in use.]} Shak. MER’€AN-TILE, (-til,) a. [It. and Fr., from L. mer- cans, mercor, to buy ; Port. and Sp. mercantil.] 1. Trading ; commercial; carrying on commerce ; as, mercantile nations ; the mercantile class of men. 2. Pertaining or relating to commerce or trade ; as, mercantile business. MER-€AP/TAN, n. [mercury and L. capto, to seize.] A liquid of a strong garlic odor, composed of sul- phur, carbon, and hydrogen ; so named from its en- ergetic action on mercury. Brande. Graham. MER/€AT, x. [L. mercatus.] Market ; trade. Sprat. [WVot in use] MER-€A/TOR’S-CHART, n. [from Mercator, the in- ventor.] A chart constructed on the principle of Mercator’s projection. [See Prosecrion.] MER/CE-NA-RI-LY, adv. In a mercenary manner. Spectator. MER!CE-NA-RI-NESS, n. [from mercenary.) Ve- nality ; regard to hire or reward. Boyle. MER/CE-NA-RY, a. [Fr. mercenaire; L. mercenariits, from merces, reward, wages ; mercor, to buy.] J. Venal; that may be hired; actuated by the hope of reward ; moved by the love of money ; as, a mercenary prince or judge. 2. Hired ; purchased by money ; as, mercenary ser- vices ; mercenary soldiers. 3. Sold for money ; as, mercenary blood. Shak. 4. Greedy of gain ; mean ; selfish; as, a mercenary disposition. : ©. Contracted from motives of gain ; as, a merce- nary Marriage. MER/CE-NA-RY, n. One who is hired; a soldier that is hired into foreign service ; a hircling. MER’/CER, a. [Fr. mercier; It. merciaio; from L. merx, Wares, commodities. ] One who deals in silks and woolen cloths. MER/CER-SHIP, x. The business of a mercer. MER/CER-Y, xn. [Fr. mercerie ; It. merceria.] The commodities or goods in which a mercer Smart. deals ; trade of mercers. Graunt. MER/CHAND, v.z% [Fr. marchander.] To trade. [Not used. Bacon. MER/CHAND-ISE, n. [Fr., from marchand, a mer- chant, or marchander, to cheapen.] 1. The objects of commerce ; wares, goods, com- modities, whatever is usually bought or sold in trade. But provisions daily suld in market, horses, cattle, and fuel, are not usually included in the term, and real estate never. 2. Trade; traffic ; commerce. Shak. MER/CHAND-ISE, v.t To trade; to carry on com- merce. ce MER/CHAND-I$-ING, ppr. or a. Trading. Moore. | MER/CHAND-RY, n. ‘Trade; commerce. [-Vot in Saunderson. use. | 5 * . SS MER/CHANT, zn. [Fr. marchand ; ER gee Nae ep: merchante; Arm. marchadour; from li. mercor, taste Milton. Addison. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'‘CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. buy. ] 707 ae 4 os — 1) a} M } . Sa an a “2 7 . he — fa eats tarda LETTS == - MER MER MER 1. A man who traflics or carries on trade with | 7. A messenger; a news-carrier. [From the office greater ; as When a reversion in fee-simple descends foreign countries, or who exports and imports goods of the god Mercury Rich. Dict. to, or is purchased by, a tenant of the same estate and sells them by wholesale. MER/€U-RY, v. t. To wash with a preparation of for years, the term for years is merged, lost, annibi- 9. In popular usage, any trader, or one who deals mercury. B. Jonson. lated in the inheritance or fee-simple estate. in the purchase and sale of goods. MER’/€U-RY’S FINGER, n. Wild saffron. Blackstone. 3. A ship in trade. [.Vot used. MER/CY,7. [Fr. mercc; Norm. merce, meer, or mers; MERG/ING, ppr. Causing to be swallowed up; im MER/CHANT, v.i. Totrade. ([Vot in use. | supposed to be a contraction of L. misericordia. But mersing ; sinking. MER/CHANT-A-BLE, a. Fit for market; such as 1s Qu. Eu Ph ) See ME-RID/I-AN, x. [Fr. meridien; It. meridiano; L. usually sold in market, or such as will bring the or- A Z mehera, to pity.) meridies. Qu. Ir. mir, a part; Gr. peipw, to divide. dinary price ; as, merchantable wheat or timber. 1. That benevolence, mildness, or tenderness of Varro testifies that this word was originally medidies, MER'CHANT-LIKE, a. Like a merchant. heart which disposes a person to overlook injuries, [midday,] and that he had seen it so written ona MER/CHANT-MAN,2. A ship or vessel employed in or to treat an offender better than he deserves ; the sundial. the transportation of goods, as distinguished from a disposition that tempers justice, and induces an in- 1. In astronomy and geography, a great circle sup- | ship of war. jured person to forgive trespasses and injuries, and posed to be drawn or to pass through the poles of the MER'CHANT TAI/LOR, 7. A tailor who keeps a to furbear punishment, or inflict less than law or earth, and the zenith and nadir of any given place, zt | shop containing articles used in his trade. justice will warrant. In this sense, there Is perhaps intersecting the equator at right angles, and dividing # \| MBR/CI-A-BLE, a. Merciful. [Vot in use.| Gower. no word in our Janguage precisely synonymous with the hemisphere into eastern and western. Every f | MER/CI-FUL, a. [from mercy.) Waving or exer- mercy. That which comes nearest to it is grace. It place on the globe has its meridian, and when the : cising mercy ; compassionate ; tender; disposed to implies benevolence, tenderness, mildness, pity or sun arrives at this circle, it is midday or noon, : Hy pity offenders and to forgive their offences ; unwill- compassion, and clemency, but exercised only to- whence the name. ‘This circle may be considered by ing to punish for injuries ; applied appropriately to the ward offenders. Mercy is a distinguishing attribute to be drawn on the surface of the earth, or it may spe Br? j Supreme-Being. of the Supreme Being. be considered as acircle in the heavens coinciding Pe at he | ‘The Lord passed before him, and proclaimed, The Lord, the The Lord is long-suffering and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity with that on the earth. a: Be fa Lord God, merciful anil gracious, long-suffering and and transgression, aod by no means clearing the guilty. — Ds Midday ; noon : j ; ty if : | abundant in goodness and truth. — Ex. xxxiv. Num. xiv. 3. he highest point ; as, the meridian of life ; the i ee 43! 1 9, Compassionate : tender; unwilling to give pain ; 2. An act or exercise of mercy or favor. It is a meridian of power or of glory. Som i) not cruel. A merciful man will be merciful to his mercy that they escaped. 4, The particular place or state, with regard to lo- a a): : M are FULLY. ad Witt : it I am not worthy of the least of all thy mercies. — Gen. xxxii. cat cusen FTE eae aise eb ft hon ome} ‘| MER/CI- s-L v. Nth compassion or pity ; mpi ig pops al Enea ee fs 2 eset >Ts. Ve say, < S ada : > Mme ve i hy tenderly - mildly. ee soe ee compassion manifested toward a person Frince or Italy ; a measure is adapted to the meridian ey) (| MER/CI-FUL-NESS, n. Tenderness toward offend- rte of London or Washington. \ - ers; willingness to forbear punishment ; readiness And he said, He that showed mercy on bim. — Luke x. First meridian ; the meridian from which lon gitudes 7} to forgive. Hammond. 4. Clemency and bounty. are reckoned. This, in England, is Greenwich; in M ER/CI-FY, 0. t LO pity. {Mot in use. | Spenser. Mercy and truth preserve the king ; and his throne is upheld by France, Paris, &c, ae Brande. | MER/CI-LESS, a. Destitute of mercy ; unfeeling ; mercy. — Proy. xxviii. ‘ Meridian of a globe, or brass meridian ; a graduated i pitiless ; hard-hearted ; cruel; as, a merciless tyrant. 5. Charity, or the duties of charity and benevo- circular ring of brass, in which the artificial globe 1s i | Dryden. lence. : suspended and revolves. pF 9, Not sparing; as, the merciless Waves or tem- J will have mercy, and not sacrifice. — Matt. ix. Magnetic meridian ; a great circle, parallel with the ij i pest. 6. Grace: favor. 1 Cor. vii. Jude 2. direction of the magnetic needle, and passing through } ' M ER’/CJ-LESS-LY, adv. In a manner void of mercy 7. Eternal life, the fruit of mercy. 2 Tim. i. its poles. : a or pity ; cruelly. 8. Pardon. ME-RID/I-AN, a. Being on the meridian, or at mid- MER/CI-LESS-NESS, n. Want of mercy or pity. ; : . : day. MER-€0/RLAL, a. [from Mercury: L. mercurialis. | I cry thee mercy with all my heart. Dryden. The sun sat high in his meridian tower. Milton. ba 1. Formed under the influence of Mercury ; active ; 9. The act of sparing, or the forbearance of a vio- 9. Pertaining to the meridian, or to midday; as, att \ sprightly ; full of fire or vigor; as, a mercurial youth ; lent act expected, The prisoner cried for mercy. the sun’s meridian heat or splendor. a mercurial nation. Bacon. Swift. Tv be, or to lie at the mercy of; to have no means of 3. Pertaining to the highest point; as, the hero en- ‘ 9. Pertaining to Mercury as god of trade; hence, self-defense, but to be dependent for safety on the} joyed his meridian glory. money-making , crafty. mercy or compassion of another, or in the power of 4. Pertaining to the magnetic meridian. iene cited vantitol commerce: ae Annee: that which is irresistible ; as, to be at the mercy of a ME-RID'I-ON-AL, a. [ Fr. ] Pertaining to the merid- foe, or of the waves. jan. | 3. Pertaining to quicksilver; containing quicksil- | MER/CY-SEAT, n. The propitiatory ; the covering 9, Southern. Brown. ver, or consisting of mercury ; as, mercurial prepara- of the ark of the covenant among the Jews. This 3. Southerly ; having a southern aspect. Wotton, tions or medicines. was of gold, and its ends were fixed to two cherubs, Meridional ‘distance, is the distance or departure \ MER-€0/RI-AL-IST, n. One under the influence of whose wings extended forward, and formed a kind from the meridian, or easting or westing. Mercury, or one resembling Mercury in variety of of throne for the majesty of God, who is represented ME-RID-LON-AL'I-TY, n. The state of being in the character. in Scripture as sitting between the cherubs. It was meridian. ‘ MER-€0/RI-AL-IZE, v.i. ‘To be humorous or fantas- from this seat that God gave his oracles to Moses, or 2. Position in the south; aspect toward the south. || . } tic. [JWVot in Use. | to the high priest who consulted him. Calmet. Johnson. | F 2. In medicine, to affect the system with mercury. | MERD, 2. Fr. merde; L. merda.| Ordure ; dung. ME-RID/I-ON-AL-LY, adv. In the direction of the }| : t MER-€0/RI-AL-LY, adv. Ina mercurial manner. MERE, a. [L. merus; It. mero. | [ Burton. meridian. rOIDN. MER/‘CU-RI-ED, (-rid,) pp. Washed with a prepara- This or that only; distinct from any thing else. MER/ILS,n. [Fr. merelles.| A boy’s play, called five tion of MeErCUry._ : From mere success nothing can be concluded in favor of a na- penny morris. [See Morris. | MER-€U-RI-FL-€A/TION, n. In metallurgic chemis- tion. : Atterbury. ME-RY’NO, (me-ré/no,) a. [Sp. merino, moving from try, the process or operation of obtaining the mer- What if the head, the eye, or ear repined pasture to pasture ; so called because this kind of | cury from metallic minerals in its fluid form. To serve mere engines to the ruling mind? are sheep was driven at certain seasons from one part of e ue i aoe Encye. _ 2. Absolute ; entire. Spenser. Spain to another, in large flocks, for pasturage. | { 2. The act of mixing with quicksilver. Boyle. MERE, n. [Sax. mere or mere, a pool, Jake, or the sea ; A term denoting a variety of sheep from Spain, or }) MER-CO/RI-FY, ». t. To obtain inercury from me- D. meir; L. mare. See Moor. ] their wool, which is distinguished for its fineness. \ tallic minerals, which may be done by any appli- A pool or lake. ME-R1'NO, n. A thin, woolen fabric, made of merino |} 4 cation of intense heat that expels the mercury in] MERE, n. [Sax. mera, gem@ra; Gi. petpw, to divide, wool, for ladies’ wear. fumes, which are afterward condensed. Encyc. or Russ. mzryu, to measure. ] MER/IT, n. [L. meritum, from mereo, to earn or de- MER/€U-RY, xn. [L. Mercurius, said to be formed A boundary ; used chiefly in the compound Mere- serve; It. and Sp. merito ; Fr. merite.] v : from merces or mercor.) A z STONE. : Bacon. 1. Desert ; goodness or excellence which. entitles F . 1. In mythology, the messenger and interpreter of] MERE, v. t. To divide, limit, or bound. [ Obs.] one to honor or reward ; worth; any performance or S i 4 the gods, and the god of eloquence and of com-| _ Spenser. worth which claims regard or compensation ; applied y 8 merce, called by the Greeks Hermes. But in an-| MERE/LY, adv. Purely ; only; solely ; thus and no|_ to morals, to excellence in writing, or to valuable ser- a aay 54 ies tiquity, there were several persons or deities of this other way ; for this and no other purpose. vices of any kind. Thus we speak of the inability of foe oc hi MOMs e, : i Prize not your life for other ends men to obtain salvation by their own merits. We ey 4 2. Quicksilver; a metal remarkable for its fusi- Than merely to oblige your friends. Swift. speak of the merits of an author ; the merits of a ‘7 ‘ bility, which is so great that to fix or congeal it, re- a . ee aor soldier, &c. ie e ¥ quires a degree of cold which is marked on Fahren- MER-E-1 RI/CIOUS, (-trish us,) a. [Is meretrictus, 2. Value; excellence; applied to things; as, the he ‘a! heit’s scale at thirty-nine degrees below zero. Its from meretriz, a prostitute. } merits of an essay. Or OemMenEhe seria f Rate et specific gravity is nearly fourteen times that of wate l. Pertaining to prostitutes; such as is practiced sores - See or De ee a ana oe Lal Dndey § heat of 680 di grees, jt rn : in fur ‘d by harlots ; as, meretricious arts ing; the merits of. a heroic-achievement, j 2 0 80 degrees ses In nes, anc vane 39) aan eee Satie ‘ pre saarved ath: ihiah calenimne ae is gradually converted into a red oxyd. Wevetiry 2. Alluring by false show ; worn for disguise ; hav- a Reward deserved ; that which is earned or mer- is used in barometers to ascertain the weight of the ing a gaudy but deceitful appearance ; false ; as, mer- ~ a ie oo : atmosphere, and in thermometers to determine the etricious dress or ornaments. es rag ‘ erie OYE Rte | temperature of the air, for which latter purpose it is MER-E-TRI’CIOUS-LY, adv. In the manner of MERIT, v. t. [Fr. meriter, L. merito.] : ; M4 well adapted by its power of equable contraction and prostitutes ; with deceitful enticements. 1. To deserve; to earn by active service, or by : 4 expansion, and the extensive range between its MER-E-TRI//CIOUS-NESS, n. The arts of a prosti- any valuable performance ; to have a right to claim ae \ freezing and boiling points. Preparations of. this tute ; deceitful enticements, reward in money, regard, honor, or happiness. metal are among the most powerful poisons, and are M ER-GAN/SER, n. ([Sp. mergansar, from L. mergo, to Watts, by his writings, merited the gratitude of the j ; extensively used as medicines. The preparation dive.] whole Christian world. The faithful laborer merits i called calomel is a most efficacious deobstruent. A water fowl of the genus Mergus; called also} his wages. ea 3. Heat of constitutional temperament ; spirit; goosander, A man at best is incapable of meriting any thing from God. Sema) 7 | ; sprightly qualities, Pope. MERG E,v.t. [L. mero. | South, | 4, One of a genus of plants, the Mercurialis, of To immerse ; to cause to be swallowed up. 2. To deserve; to have a just title to. Fidelity 4 Bf several species. : The paint became the purchaser, and merged bis term in the merits and usually obtains confidence. i ; 5 5. One of the planets nearest the sun. It is 3140 ce. Kent. 3. To deserve, in an ill sense; to have a just title i f : mules in Ne ee and revolves round the sun in| MERGE, v.i. To be sunk, swallowed, or lost. to. Every violation of Jaw merits punishment. Ev- { i { about cig Diy eeu aoe Its mean distance from the ae Law Term. ery sin merits God’s displeasure. : a a ; ae SDL ee malt lons of mi eS. e Olmst ee MERGED, pp. Immersed ; swallowed up. MER/IT-A-BLE, a. Deserving of reward. [Vot tm ne | j Gan e name of a newspaper or periodical publica- | MERG/ER, n. [L. mergo, to merge. | : use . Jonson. i 4 * In law, a merging or drowning of a Jess estate ina MER/IT-ED, pp. or a. Earned; deserved ' i FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — SED mae Sieg ee Seer ee ao = eeMES MER’IT-ING, pyr. Earning ; deserving. MER’‘IT-MON’'’GER, n. One who advocates the doctrine of human merit, as entitled to reward, or depends on merit for salvation. Milner. MER-L-TO/RI-OUS, a. [It. meritorio ; Fr. meritoire. | Deserving of reward or of notice, regard, fame, or happiness, or of that which shall be a suitable re- turn for services or excellence of any kind. We ap- plaud the meritorious services of the laborer, the sol- dier, and the seaman. We admire the meritorious labors of a Watts, a Doddridge, a Carey, and a Martyn. We rely for salvation on the meritorious obedience and sufferings of Christ. MER-I-TO/RI-OUS-LY, adv. In such a manner as to deserve reward. Wotton. MER-I-T6/RI-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of deserving a reward or suitable return. MER'I-TO-RY, a. Deserving of reward. [ot used.] Gower. MER'I-TOT,z. A kind of play used by children, in swinging themselves on ropes, or the like, till they are giddy. MERLE, n. [L. merula.] A blackbird. Drayton. MER/LIN, n. [Fr.] A species of hawk of the genus SCO, MER/LON, n. [It. merlo; Fr. merlon.] In fortification, that part of a parapet which lies be- tween two embrasures. Brande. MER/MAID,n. [Fr. mer, L. mare, the sea, and maid.] A supposed murine animal, said to resemble a Woman in the upper parts ef the body, and a fish in the lower part. The male is called the Merman. ME/ROPS, x. [L.] A genus of birds called Bex-eart- ERS. MER/RI-LY, adv. [from merry.) With mirth; with gayety and laughter; jovially. [See Mrrrs and Merry.] Merrily sing, and sport, and play. Glanville. MER/RI-MAKE, n. [merry and make.] A meeting for mirth; a festival ; mirth. Spenser. MER’RI-MAKE, v. i. To be merry or jovial; to feast. Gay. MER/‘RI-MENT, 7. Mirth; gayety with laughter or noise ; noisy sports ; hilarity ; frolic. Milton. MER/RI-NESS, 2. Mirth; gayety with Jaughter. Shak. MER/RY, a. [Sax. mirige, myrig; Ar. cr ma- richa, to be joyful. Class Mr, No. 10.] - 1. Gay and noisy ; jovial; exhilarated to laughter. Man is the merriest species of the creation. Addison, They drank, and were merry with him. —Gen. xliii. 2. Causing laughter or mirth ; as, a merry jest. 3. Brisk; vigorous ; as, a merry gale. ‘‘ Fight ye, my merry men.” [This is the primary sense of the word. | Dryden. 4, Pleasant; agreeable; delightful. Chaucer. To make merry ; to be jovial; to indulge in hilar- ity ; to feast with mirth. Judes ix. MER-RY-AN'DREW, n. A buffoon; a zany ; one whose business is to make sport for others ; particu- larly, one who attends a mountebank or quack doc- tor. [This term is said to have originated from one An- drew Borde, a physician in the time of Henry VIII., who attracted attention and gained patients by face- tious speeches to the multitude, Smart. | MER!/RY-MAK-ING, a. Producing mirth. Mirth, music, merry-making melody Speed the light hours no more at Holyrood. Hillhouse. MER/RY-MAK-ING, )n. A festival; a meeting for MER/RY-MEET-ING, mirth. ‘p. Taylor. MER/RY-THOUGHT, (-thawt,) n. The forked bone of a fowl’s breast, which boys and girls break by pulling each one side, the longest part broken betok- ening priority of marriage. Echard. MER’SION, (mur/shun,) x. [L. mersio, from mergo, to dive or sink. ] The act of sinking or plunging under water. But Immersion is generally used. ME-RU/LI-DANS, n, pl. [L. merula, merulus.] Birds of the thrush family. Brande. MES-A-RA/‘T€, a. [Gr. pecapacov; peoos, middle, and apata, intestines. ] The same as Mesenteric; pertaining to the mes- entery. ME-SEEMS!’, verb impersonal. seems to me. [me and seems.] It It is used also in the past tense, me- seemed. Spenser. MES-EN-TER‘T€, a. [See Mesenrery.] Pertaining to the mesentery ; as, mesenteric glands or arteries. MES/EN-TER-Y, 7. (Gr. pesevrepivv; peoos, middle, and evrepuy, intestine.] A membrane in the cavity of the abdomen, at- tached to the lumbar vertebra posteriorly, and to the intestines anteriorly. It is formed of a duplicature of the peritoneum, and contains adipose matter, lac- teals, mesenteric glands, lymphatics, and mesenteric arteries, veins, and nerves. Its use is to retain the intestines and their appendages in a proper position. MES MESH, 7. [W. masg, net-work, a mesh ; D. maas; G. masche, a mesh or a stitch. ] 1, The opening or space between the threads of a net. 2. The grains or wash of a brewery. MESH, v. t. To catch ina net; to insnare. Drayton, MESH’ED, (mesht,) pp. Caught ina net ; insnared. MESH’ING, ppr. Insnaring. MESH'Y, a. Formed like net-work ; reticulated. ME/SIAL, (-zhal,) a. [Gr. pecos.] Thomson, A mesial line, in anatomy, is a longitudinal line di- viding the body, or any member or organ, into two equal parts. Tully MES/LIN, x. [from Fr. mesler, méler, to mix, or L. miscellaneus, froin misceo, to mix. A_ mixture of different sorts of grain; in America, a mixture of wheat and rye. MES-MER‘TE€, ).a. Pertaining to mesmerism, or MES-MER/I€-AL,} being under its influence. MES/MER-ISM, 2. [from Mesmer, who first wrote on the subject. The art of communicating a species of sleep, which is supposed to affect the body, while the mind or in- tellectual power is active and intelligent. MES’MER-IST, m. One who practices or believes in mesmerism. MES-MER-I-ZA‘TION, n. The act of mesmerizing. MES'MER-IZE, v. t. To affect with a kind of sleep called sleep-waking, a state in which the external senses are closed, while the mind is awake. MESNE, (meen,) a. [Old Fr.] In law, middle ; in- tervening ; as, a mesne lord, that is,a lord who holds land of a superior, but grants a part of it to another person. In this case, he is a tenant to the superior, but lord or superior to the second grantee, and called the mesne lord. Mesne process ; that part of the proceedings in a suit which intervenes between the original process or writ and the final issue, and which issues, pend- ing the suit, on some collateral matter; and some- times it is understood to be the whole process preced- ing the execution. Blackstone. Mesne profits ; the income of land received by one who is wrongfully in possession, and which may be recovered by the rightful owner in an action of tres- pass. Bouvier. MES/0-€06-LON, n. [Gr. «cos, middle, and colon.] In anatomy, that part of the mesentery, which, having reached the extremity of the ileum, contracts, and changes its name, or that part of the mesentery to which the colon is attached. Encyc. Hooper. MES/O-LABE, n. [Gr. peovs, middle, and \upBave, to take. ] An instrument employed by the ancients for find- ing two mean proportionals between two given lines, which were required in the problem of the duplica- tion of the cube. Brande. MES/OLE, n. A zeolitic mineral allied to mesotype. Dana. MES-O-LED/CYS, xn. [Gr. pecos, middle, and dcevxos, white. A ae stone with a streak of white in the middle. [ Obs. Ash. MES’/O-LITE, x. A mineral of the zeolite family. MES-O-LOG/A-RITHM, n. [Gr. pecos, middle, and logarithm. ] A logarithm of the cosines and cotangents. , Obs.: epler. Hutton. ME-SOM/E-LAS, n. [Gr. peoos, middle, and pedas, black. ] , A precious stone with a black vein paring every color in the midst. foes] Ash. MES/O-SPERM, nx. [Gr. peoos and oreppa., In botany, a membrane of a seed synonymous with secundine, the second membrane from the surface. Lindley. MES-O-THO/RAX, n. [Gr. neoos, midule, and 0wpat, breast. ] In entomology, the middle segment of the thorax in insects, Brande. MES’O-TYPE, n. [Gr. peaos, middle, and ruros, form, type. ] A zeolitic mineral, occurring in slender crystals, and delicately-radiated concretions, lately subdivided into the species Natrolite, Scolecite, and Mesole. They consist of silica, alumina, and lime or soda, with 10 to 14 per cent. of water. JVatrolite is a soda Meso- type, and Scolectte a lime Mesotype; sMesole contains both lime and soda. Dana. | MES-PRISE’, n. Contempt; @ French word. [Votin use. | MESS, n. [In Fr. mets is a mess of meat, perhaps meat. In Goth. mes is a dish, Ir. mets. In Sax. mese is a ta- ble, Sp. mesa, L. mensa. But mets, mess, is probably a different word. ] 1. A dish or a quantity of food prepared or set on a table at one time ; as, a mess of pottage; a mess of herbs ; a mess of broth. Milton. Pope. 2. A medley ; a mixed mass ; a quantity. 3. As much provender or grain as is given to a beast at once, 4. Anumber of persons who eat together; among seamen and soldiers. Looper. MESS, 2.1 To eat; to feed. MET | 2. To associate at the same table ; to eat in com- |! pany, as seamen. MESS, v.t. ‘To supply with a mess. MES/SAGE, n. [Fr., from L. missus, mitto, to send ; Sp. mensage. | 1. Any notice, word, or communication, written | or verbal, sent from one person to another. We send a Servant with a verbal or written message. The welcome message made, was soon received. Dryden, 2. An official written communication of facts or opinions sent by a chief magistrate to the two houses of a legislature or other deliberative body. Congress receives a message from the president of the United States at the opening of the session. The governors of some of the States communicate to the legislature by message, others by address. 3. An official verbal communication from one branch of a legislature to the other. MESS’ED, (mest,) pp. Associated at the same table. MES'SEN-GER, (2. [Fr. messager; It. messaggiere ; MES/SA-GER, j Sp. mensagero. The correct or- thography is Messacer.] 1. One who bears a message or an errand; the bearer of a verbal or written communication, notice, or invitation, from one person to another, or to a pub- lic body ; one who conveys dispatches from one prince or court to another. 2. A harbinger; a forerunner; he or that which foreshows,. Yon gray lines, That fret the clouds, are messengers of day. Shak. 3. Messenger ; in naval language, a hawser, or small cable, about sixty fathoms long, wound round the capstern, and having its two ends lashed together. Brande. MES-S1I/AH, x. [Heb. mwn, anointed.] Christ, the anointed ; the Savior of the world. I know that when Messiah cometh, who is called Christ, he will tell us all things, Jesus answered her, 1 that speak to thee am he. — John iv. MES-SI/AH-SHIP, n. The character, state, or office of the Savior. Josephus — whose prejudices were against the Messichehip and religion of Jesus, Buckminster. MES-SI-AN’I€, a. Relating to the Messiah. MES'SIEURS, (mesh'yerz,) n. pl. [Fr.; pl. of monsieur, my lord.] Sirs ; gentlemen ; abbreviated to Messrs. MESS’/MATE, 2. An associate in eating; one who eats ordinarily at the same table. MES/SUAGE, (mes/swaje,) n. [from Old Fr. meson, mesonage, a house, or house-room ; mesuenges, house- hold. The French now write maison. ] In law, a dwelling-house and adjoining land, ap- propriated to the use of the household, including the adjacent buildings. Encyc. MES-T1/ZO, n. [Sp., mixed.] In Spanish America, the child of a Spaniard or creole and a native Indian. Brande. ME-SYM/NI-€UM, n. In ancient poetry, a repetition at the end of a stanza. MET, pret. and pp. of Mert. ME. TAB/A-SIS, xn. [Gr., from pera, beyond, and Buia, to go.] In rhetoric, transition ; a passing from one thing to another. ME-TAB/O-LA,n. [Gr. pera@oAn, from pera, beyond, and fodn, a casting. ] In medicine, a change of air, time, or disease. [ Zit- tle used. | Dict. MET-A-BO'/LLAN, zn. [Gr. peraBodn, a change.) An insect which undergoes a metamorphosis. The metabolians form a sub-class of insects, Brande. MET-A-€AR/PAL, a. [from metacarpus.] Belonging to the metacarpus. MET-A-€AR’/PUS, n. ([Gr. péraxaprioy; péera, be- yond, and xaptos, the Wrist ; In anatomy, the part of the hand between the wrist and the fingers. ME-TA€H/RO-NISM, n. [Gr. pera, beyond, and xpo- vos, time. ] : An error in chronology, by placing an event after its real time. MET’A-CISM, x. A defect in pronouncing the let- er Mm. Mi/TAGE, n. [from mete.] Measurement of coal; price of measuring. MET-A-GRAM/MA-TISM, nz. [Gr. pera, beyond, and ypappa, a letter.) Anagrammatism, or Metagrammatism, is the trans- position of the letters of a name into such a connec- tion as to express some perfect sense applicable to the person named, Camden. METAL, (met’tl,) n. [Fr, from L. metallum; Gr. pe- ra\Aov; Sw. and G. metall; D. metaal; Dan. metal ; Sp. id. ; It. metallo; Ir. miotal; W. mettel.) i 1. Asimple, fixed, shining, opaque body or sub- stance, having a peculiar luster, known as the metal- lic luster, insoluble in water, fusible by heat, ane a good conductor of heat and electricity. Many of the metals are also malleable or extensible by the ham- mer, and some of them extremely ductile. Metals are mostly fossil, sometimes found native or pure, TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. aa be pti eet Sine Sg eet TR Ce ee re. 1} ; | i ea i : . ' : j Lens t i if { * q ‘ ae { i a yi a, ; t# le) M 9 Te , a4 ‘ cig t ey ea oe oS ae ae ae S| = ici a eS tae cos ner Sse ' ee F - é i ccc: MET but more generally combined with other matter. Some metals are more malleable than others ; and this circumstance gave rise to the distinction of met- als and semi-metals —a distinction little regarded at the present day. Recent discoveries have enlarged the list of the metals. Twelve are malleable, viz., platinum, gold, silver, mercury, lead, copper, tin, iron, zinc, palladium, nickel, and cadmium. ‘T’he following sixteen are not sufficiently tenacious to bear extension by beating; viz., arsenic, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, manganese, tellurium, titanium, co- Jumbium, molybden, tungsten, chrome, osmium, irid- ium. rhodium, uranium, and cerium. ‘Encyc. Nicholson. Thomson. Phillips. Ure. To these may be added potassium, sodium, barium, strontium, calcium, lithium, and several others. Henry. 2. Courage ; spirit; so written, by mistake, for Mertve. 3 The broken stone used for covering macadam- ized roads. [Eng.] MET-A-LEP’SIS, . [Gr. perudnwts, participation ; wera, beyond, and Aapz Bavw, to take.) In rhetoric, the continuation of a trope in one word through a succession of significations, or the union of two or more tropes of a different kind in one word, so that several gradations or intervening senses come between the word expressed and the thing intended by it; as, ‘tin one Cesar there are many Mariuses.”? Here Marius, by a synecdoche or antono- masia, is put for any ambitious, turbulent man, and this, by a metonymy of the cause, for the ill effects of such a temper to the public. Bailey. Encyc. MET-A-LEP’TI€, a. Pertaining to a metalepsis or participation ; translative. 9. Transverse ; as, the metaleptic motion of a muscle. Bailey. 3. In natural science, denoting the substitution of one substance for another which is displaced or re- moved. Dana. MET-A-LEP/TI€-AL-LY, adv. By transposition. TAT, ) é SEAT a. [L. metallicus.] Pertaining to a metal or metals; consisting of metal ; partaking of the nature of metals; like a metal ; as, a metallic substance ; metallic ore ; metallic brightness. MET-AL-LIF’ER-OUS, a. fero, to produce. | [L. metallum, metal, and Producing metals ; yielding metals. Kirwan. ME-TAL/LLFORM, a. Having the form of metals; like metal. Kirwan. MET’AL-LINE, a. Pertaining to a metal; consisting of metal. 2, Impregnated with metal ; as, metalline water. Bacon. MET/AL-LIST, x. A worker in metals, or one skilled Moxon. in metals. MET-AL-LI-ZA’TION, n. The act or process of forming into a metal; the operation which gives to a substance its proper metallic properties. Encyc. Dict. MET’AL-LIZE, v. t. To form into metal; to give to a substance its proper metallic properties. Dict. Formed into metal. Forming into metal. (Gr. peraddAov, metal, MET’AL-LIZ-ED, pp. MET’ AL-LIZ-ING, ppr. MET-AL-LOG/RA-PHY, 2. and ypadn, description.] An account of metals, or a treatise on metallic substances. ict. MET!AL-LOID, n. [metal and Gr. ecdus.] A name sometimes applied to the metallic bases of the alkalies and earths. MET-AL-LOID/AL, a. like that of a metal. MET-AL-LUR/GI€,a. [See Merarturcy.] Pertain- ing to metallurgy, or the art of working metals. MET/AL-LUR-GIST, x. Having a form or appearance for use. MET/AL-LUR-GY, 7. epyv, work. The art o [Gr. Gilding is also a branch of metallurgy. tion of separating metals from their ores. Hebert. ing metals from the earth. ict. MET’YAL-MAN, 2. smith or tinman. MET-A-MORPH/I€, a. gone through the influence of heat. Dana. MET-A-MORPH'ISM, x. quality of being metamorphic. MET-A-MORPH’OSE, ». ¢. over, beyond, and popwn, form. To change into a different form ; to transform particularly, to change the form of insects, as fro1 the larva to a winged animal. N. A. Rev: FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. 0) oe One whose occupation is to work metals, or to purify, refine, and prepare metals péTadAov, metal, and working metals, comprehending the whole process of separating them from other matters in the ore, smelting, refining, and parting them. g i But in a more limited and usual sense, metallurzyis the opera- The French include in metallurgy the art of draw- A worker in metals; a copper- E F In geology, pertaining to changes which minerals or rocks may have under- gone since their original deposition; usually applied to changes which sedimentary rocks have under- In geology, the state or [Gr. perapoppow ; pera, The ancients pre- MET tended that Jupiter was metamorphosed into a bull, and Lycaon into a wolf. And earth was melamorphosed into man. Dryden. MET-A-MORPH!/O-SED, pp. Changed intoa different form. MET-A-MORPH!/O-SER, n. changes the shape. MET-A-MORPH/O-SI€, a. Changing the form; trans- forming. MET-A-MORPH/O-SING, ppr. Changing the shape. MET-A-MORPH/O-SIS, n. [Gr.] Change of form or shape ; transformation ; particularly, a change in the form of being; as, the metamorphosis of an in- sect from the aurelia or chrysalis state into a winged animal. 2, Any change of form or shape. MET-A-MOR-PHOS/TI€-AL, a. Pertaining to or effected by metamorphosis. Pope MET’A-PHOR, n. ([Gr. peradopa, from peradepa, to transfer; pera, over, and drow, to carry.) A short similitude ; a similitude reduced to a sin- gle word; or a word expressing similitude without the signs of comparison. Thus, ‘‘ that man is a fox,” is a metaphor; but “that man is like a fox,” is a similitude or comparison. So when [I say, ‘‘ the soldiers were lions in combat,?? I use a metaphor ; but when I say, ‘‘the soldiers fought like lions,”’ I use a similitude. In metaphor, the similitude is contained in the name; a man is a fox, means, a man is as crafty asa fox. So we say,a man bridles his anger, that is, restrains it as a bridle restrains a horse. Beauty awakens love of tender passions ; op- position fires courage. MET-A-PHOR/I€, ) a. Pertaining to metaphor ; MET-A-PHOR/I€-AL, § comprising a metaphor ; not literal ; as, a metaphorical use of words ; a meta- phorical expression ; a metaphoricalsense. MET-A-PHOR/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a metaphorical manner; not literally. MET’ A-PHOR-IST, n. One that transforms or One that makes metaphors. Pope. MET’A-PHRASE, (met/a-fraze,) n. [Gr. perappuccs ; pera, over, according to, or with, and pacts, phrase. ] A verbal translation ; a version or translation of one language into another, word for word ; opposed to PARAPHRASE. Dryden. MET/A-PHRAST, n. A person who translates from one language into another, word for word. Encyc. MET-A-PHRAST'I€, a. Close or literal in translation. MET-A-PHYS/1E, ) a. [See Meraruysics.] Per- MET-A-PHYS/I€-AL, } taining or relating to meta- physics. 2, According to rules or principles of metaphysics ; as, metaphysical reasoning. 3. Preternatural or supernatural. [JVot used.] Shak. In the manner of One MET-A-PHYS/I€-AL-LY, adv. metaphysical science. MET-A-PHY-SI/‘CLAN, (met-a-fe-zish’'an,) 7. who is versed in the science of metaphysics. MET-A-PHYS/IES, n. [Gr. wera, after, and dvorkn, physics. It is said that this name was given to the science by Aristotle or his followers, who considered the science of natural bodies, physics, as the first in the order of studies, and the science of mind, or in- telligence, to be the second. } The science of the principles and causes of all things existing ; hence, the science-of mind or intel- ligence. This science comprehends ontology, or the science which treats of the nature, essence, and qualities, or attributes of being; cosmology, the science of the world, which treats of the nature and laws of matter and of motion; anthroposophy, which treats of the powers of man, and the motions by which life is produced ; psychology, which treats of the intellectual soul ; prewmatology, or the science of spirits or angels, &c. Metaphysical theology, called by Leibnitz and others theodicy, treats of the exist- ence of God, his essence and attributes. These divisions of the science of metaphysics, which pre- vailed in the ancient schools, are now not much re- garded. ‘The natural division of things that exist is into body and mind, things material and immate- rial. The former belong to physics, and the latter to the science of metaphysics. Encyc. MET’A-PLASM, n. [Gr. peramAacpoc, transforma- tion ; era, over, and tAacow, to form.]} In grammar, a change made in a word by the aug- mentation, diminution, or immutation, of a syllable or letter. ME-TAS/TA-SIS, n. [Gr. peracracts, mutation ; pera, over, and igrnpt, to place.) A translation or removal of a disease from one part to another, or such an alteration as is succeeded by a solution. Core. Encyc. MET-A-TAR/SAL, a. [from metatarsus.] Belonging to the metatarsus. MET-A-TAR/SUS, zn. tarsus. The middle of the foot, or part between the ankle ; and the toes. Ze. n| ME-TATH’E-SIS, n.; pl. MeratHeses. [Gr. perady- [Gr. pera, beyond, and rapoos, MET-A-THO/RAX, x. MET’A-TOME, n. ME-TA/YER, n. METE, v. t. METE, n. MET’ED, pp. MB-TEMP/SY-€HOSE, ». t. ME-TEMP-SY-€HO'SIS; nz. MET-EMP-TO’SIS, n. [Gr. pera, after, ev, in, and MET 1. Transposition ; a figure by which the letters or syllables of a word are transposed ; as pistris for pris- tis. - Encyc. 2. In medicine, a change or removal of a morbid cause, without expulsion. Coze. Encyc. [Gr. pera, after, and Qwpuf, breast, ] In entomolosy, the last or posterior segment of the thorax in insects. Brande. [L. metatus, measured. ] In architecture, the space between one dentil, or denticle, and another. Elmes. Br In France and Italy, a farmer holding land on condition of yielding half the prod- uce to the proprietor, from whom he receives stock and tools. Brande. [Sax. metan, ametanr, gemetan; D. mecten ; G. messen; Sw. mata; Sp. medir; L. metior; Gr. pe- Tpew; W. meidraw ; Ch. and Heb. 11D, to measure ; = | Ar. ddvo madda, to extend. See Measure, and Class Md, No. 2.] To measure ; to ascertain quantity, dimensions, or capacity, by any rule or standard. [ Obsolescent. | [Sax. mitta.] Measure; limit; boundary; used chiefly in the plural, in the phrase metes and bounds. Measured. ————— To translate from one body to another, as the soul. (Gr. perepuxwots 5 pe- za, beyond, and Wuxweis, animation, life ; WvxXow, to animate. ] Transmigration ; the passing of the soul of aman after death into some other animal body. Pythagoras and his followers held that after death the souls of men pass into other bodies; and this doctrine still prevails in some parts of Asia, particularly in India and China. Encye. mrinta, to fall.] In chronology, the solar equation necessary to pre- vent the new moon from happening a day too late, or the suppression of the bissextile once in 134 years. The opposite to this is the ProreMpTosis, Or the addi- tion of a day every 330 years, and another every 2400 | years. Brande. ME’TE-OR, n. [Gr. nerewpos, sublime, lofty.) 1. In a general sense, a body that flies or floats in the air, and in this sense it includes clouds, rain, hail, snow, &c. Burke. But in a restricted sense, in which it is commonly understood, 2. A fiery or luminous body or appearance flying or floating in the atmosphere, or in a more elevated region. We give this name to the brilliant globes or masses of matter which are occasionally seen mov- ing rapidly through our atmosphere, and which throw off, with loud explosions, fragments that reach the earth, and are called falling stones. We call by the same name those fire-balls which are usually denom- inated sulling stars or shooting stars; also, the lights which appear over moist grounds and grave-yards, culled ignes fatut. And, meteor-like, flame lawless through the sky. 3. Ficuratively, any thing that transiently dazzles or strikes with wonder. mart. ME-TE-OR/‘I€, a. Pertaining to meteors; consisting of meteors. 9. Proceeding from a meteor ; as, meteoric stones, Meteoric iron; iron in the metallic state, as found in meteors. Meteoric showers ; periodical exhibitions of shooting stars, occurring about the 9th of August and 18th of November, and more rarely in April and December. Olmsted. A solid substance or body falling from the high regions of the atmosphere. Mantell. Mi/TE-OR-IZE, v. i. To ascend in vapors. [WVot used. Evelyn. ME-TE-OR/O-LITE, n. A meteoric stone; a stone or solid compound of earthy and metallic matter, which falls to the earth after the displosion of a luminous meteor or fire-ball ; called also AEROLITE. Cleaveland. ME-TE-OR-O-LOG’TE, )a. Pertaining to the at- ME-TE-OR-O-LOG/I€-AL, § mosphere and its phe- nomena. A meteorological table or register is an ac- count of the state of the air and its temperature, weight, dryness, or moisture, winds, &c., ascer- tained by the barometer, thermometer, hy grometer, anemometer, and other meteorological instruments, MBE-TE-OR-OL/O-GIST, n. A person skilled In me- teorology. ME-TE-OR-OL/O-GY, n. Aoyos, discourse. } The science which treats of the atmosphere and its phenomena, particularly in its relation to heat and moisture. lmsted. ME-TE-OR/O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. perewpov, a meteor, and pavreca, divination. ]} | Pope. Mr/TE-OR-ITH, 7. [Gr. perewpos, lofty, and o1¢j pera, Over, and rine, to set. ] — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, Aspecies of divination by meteors, chiefly by thun- DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —MET mans. magnitude and distances of heavenly bodies. [ Obs. ME-TE-OR-OS/€0-PY, nz. (Gr. perewpos, lofty, an cxorew, to view. ] 2 ailey. ME-TE/OR-OUS, a. Having the nature of a meteor. Milton. ; < I in compounds, as in coal-meter, land-meter. AS ) MrE/TRE, HeTpov, from perpew.] 1, Measure ; verse ; arrangement of poetical feet, or of long and short syllables in verse. Hexameter is a meter of six feet. This word is most improp- erly written Merre. How very absurd to write the simple word in this manner, but in all its numerous compounds Mrrer, as in Diameter, HEXAMETER, THERMOMETER, &c. ! 2. A French measure of length, equal to 39_37 100 English inches, the standard of linear measure, be- ing the ten millionth part of the distance from the equator to the north pole, as ascertained by actual measurement of an are of the meridian. Olmsted. METE/WAND, n. [mete and wand.] A staff or rod of a certain length, used as a measure. oe) METE/YARD, n. [Sax. metgeard. | [Ascham. [ We now use Yarv. strong or able. mented, often enriched with spices. Encyc. antiquated, but is not elegant. and edos, way. ] method is indispensable. disease, and the method of cure. od of Theophrast; the method of Ray ; the Linnean method. In natural arrangements, a distinction is sometimes made between method and system. System is an ar- rangement founded, throughout all its parts, on some one principle. Method is an arrangement less fixed and determinate, and founded on more general rela- tions. Thus we say, the natural method, and the ar- tificial or serual system of Linnaus, though the latter is not a perfect system. Ed. Encyc. ME-THOD’TE, a. Arranged in convenient or- ME-THOD/I€-AL, der ; disposed in a just and nat- ural manner, or in a manner to illustrate a subject, or to facilitate practical observations; as, the method- wal arrangement of the parts of a discourse or of ar- guments ; a methodical treatise ; methodical accounts. ME-THOD/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a methodical manner ; according to natural or convenient order. METH’/OD-ISM, x. The doctrines and worship of the sect of Christians called Methodists. METH/OD-IST, n. One that observes method. 2. One of a sect of Christians founded by John and his brother Charles Wesley, and so called from the ex act regularity of their lives, and the strictness of their principles and rules. The name is also given, in England, to the followers of Whitefield, or Calvin- istic Methodists. 2. A physician who practices by method or theory. oyle. 4, In the cant of irreligious men, a person of strict piety ; one who lives in the exact observance of re- ligious duties. METH-OD-IST’I€, a, Resembling the Methodists ; partaking of the strictness of Methodists. Ch. Obs, METH-OD-IST’TE, a. Relating to method, or METH-OD-IST/I€-AL, the Methodists. METH-OD-JST/I€-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of Methodists. METH’OD-JZE, v. t, To reduce to method; to dis- pose in due order ; to arrange in a convenient manner. One who brings with him any observations he has made in read- ing the poets, will find his own reflections methodized and explained in the works of a good critic. Spectator, MBETH’'OD-IZ-ED, pp. Reduced to method. METH'OD-IZ-ING, ppr. Arranging in due order. ME-THOUGHT"’, (me-thawt’,) pret. of Meruinxs. It seemed to me ; I thought. Milton. Dryden. = SaaS der and lightning, held in high estimation by the Ro- Encye. ME-TE-OR/O-S€OPK, n. An instrument for taking the d That part of astronomy which treats of sublime heavenly bodies, distance of stars, &c, [JVot in use.] Mr/TER, n. [from mete.] One who measures; used Mi&/TER, ) zn. (Sax. meter, Fr. metre; L. metrum; Gr. A yard, staff, or rod, used. as a measure. [ Obs.] ME-THEG/LIN, n. [W. mezyglin, according to Owen, from W. mezyg, a physician, and llyn, Water ; a me- dicinal liquor. But mez is mead, and mezu is to be A liquor aaas of honey and water boiled and fer- ME-THINKS|, verd impersonal ; pp. MetHoucHr. [me and think.| It seems to me; it appears to me; I think. Me is here in the dative. The word is not METH’OD, x. [ L. enethodus ; Gr. peBodos 5 pera, with, I. A suitable and convenient arrangement of things, proceedings, or ideas ; the natural or reeular disposition of separate things or parts ; convenient order for transacting business, or for comprehending any complicated subject. Without method, business of any kind will fall into confusion. To carry on farming to advantage, to keep accounts correctly, 2. Way; manner. Let us know the nature of the 3. Classification ; arrangement of natural bodies ac- cording to their common characteristics ; as, the meth- MET MIC METH/Y-LENE, xn. [Gr. ev and vAn.] A highly volatile and inflammable liquid, procured by destructive distillation of wood. Brande. MET’I€, n. [Gr. HETOLKOS; wera and utKos, house. ] In ancient Greece, a Sojourner; a resident stranger in a Grecian city or place. Mitford. ME-TI€/U-LOUS, a. [L. meticulosus. | Timid. [Wot used. Coles. MET’0O-€HE, n. (Gr. Herex@.] In architecture, the space between two dentils. Brande. ME-TON’I€ CY/ELE,) x». The cycle of the moon, ME-TON’IE YEAR, or period of nineteen years, In which the lunations of the moon return to the same days of the month; so called from its discov- erer Meton, the Athenian. Eneyc. Bailey. MET-O-NYM’I€, ja. [See Metonymy.] Used MET-O-NYM/I€-AL,§ by way of metonymy, by putting one word for another. MET-O-NYM/I€-AL-LY, adv. By putting one word for another. Dwight. MET’O-NYM-Y or ME-TON’Y-MY, n. [Gr. pero- vuulas wera, Over, beyond, and ovona, name. In rhetoric, a trope in which one word is put for another ; a change of names which have some rela- tion to each other; as when we say, “a man keeps a good table,”’ instead of good provisions. ‘ We read Virgil,” that is, his poems or writings. They have Moses and the prophets,” that is, their books or writ- mgs. A man has a clear head, that is, understanding, intellect ; a Warm heart, that is, affections. MET’O-PE, (inet/o-py,) n. (Gr. verorn; pera, with, near, or by, and ozy, an aperture or hollow.} In architecture, the space between the triglyphs of the Doric frieze, which, among the ancients, were often adorned with carved work. Gloss. of Archit. MET-O-POS/€0-PIST, n. [Infra.] One versed in physiognomy. MET-O-POS’/€0-PY, n. (Gr. yerwzoy, the forehead, and cxorew, to view. ] The study of physiognomy ; the art of discovering the character or the dispositions of men by their fea- tures, or the lines of the face. Encyc. Lunier. M&r’TRE. See Merer. MET’RI€-AL, a. . [L. metricus; Fr. metrique. | 1. Pertaining to measure, or due arrangement or combination of long and short syllables. 2. Consisting of verses ; as, metrical compositions. MET’RI€-AL, a. Having the diameter of a French meter; as metrical blocks. MET’RI€-AL-LY, adv. According to poetic measure. M&/TRIST, (nz. A composer of verses. [JVot in ME-TRI’CIAN, § use.] ME-TROL/O-GY, xn. [Gr. uerpoy, measure, and doyos, discourse. ] An account of measures, or the science of weights and measures. J. Q. Adams. MET’RO-NOME, n. [Gr. perpew and youn, division. ] An instrument, which, by a short pendulum, with a sliding weight, and set in motion by clock-work, serves to measure time in music. ME-TRON/O-MY, n. [Gr. peroew, to measure, and voun, division.} The measuring time by an in- strument. ME-TROP/O-LIS, n. [L., from Gr. pnrporodts; pnrno, mother, and roA‘s, city. It has no plural.] Literally, the mother city, that is, the chief city or capital of a kingdom, state, or country, as Paris in France, Madrid in Spain, London in Great Britain. In the United States, Washington, in the District of Columbia, is the metropolis, as being the seat of gov- ernment; but in several of the States, the largest cit- les are not the seats of the respective governments. Yet New York city, in the State of that name, and Philadelphia, in Pennsylvania, are the chief cities, and may be called each the metropolis of the State in which itis situated, though neither of them is the seat of government in the State MET-RO-POL’'L-TAN, a. Belonging to a metropolis, or to the mother church; residing in the chief city. MET-RO-POL/I-TAN, n. The bishop who presides over the other bishops of a province. In the Latin church, the same as archbishop; in the Greek church, one whose see is really a civil metropolis. Hook. ME-TROP’/O-LITE, x. A metropolitan. [ot used.] MET-RO-POL/LTIE, a. Pertaining to a me- MET-RO-PO-LIT/T€-AL, tropolis; chief or prin- cipal of cities; pertaining to a metropolitan, or to iS see. Knolles. Milner. Selden. MET’TLE, (met/l,) 2. [usually supposed to be cor- rupted from metal. But it may be from W. mezwl or methwl, mind, connected with mezu, to be able, and coinciding with the root of the Eng. moody; D. moed, courage, heart, spirit; G. muth, mind, courage ; met- tle ; Sax. mod; Sw. mod; Dan. mod or mood ; Goth. mod, angry. The Sax. modig, L. animus, anmosus, furnish an analogy in point. The radical sense of mind is, to advance, to push forward, whence the sense of briskness, ardor. } Spirit; constitutional ardor; that temperament which is susceptible of high excitement. It is not synonymous with Courace, though it may be ac- companied with it, and is sometimes used for it. The winged courser, like a generous horse, MET’TLED, a. High-spirited ; ardent 3 full of fire. Pope. MET/TLE-SOME, (met’tl-sum,) a. Full of spirit; possessing constitutional ardor; brisk; fiery; as. a mettlesome horse. Tatler, MET’TLE-SOME-LY, adv. high spirit. EE OME-NESS, n. The state of being high- spirited. ME'OM ET TO'UM, [L.] Mine and thine. MEW, (mi,)n. [Sax. mew; Dan. maage; D. meeuw ; G. mewe; Fr. mouette.] A sea-fowl of the genus Larus; a gull. MEW, 7. [Fr. mue; Arm. muz; W. mud, a mew and mute; D. muite. See the verb to mew, to Shed feath- ers. ] A cage for birds; an inclosure ; a place of con- finement. MEW, v. t. [from the noun.] To shut up; to in- close ; to confine, as in a cage or other inclosure. More pity that the eagle should be mewed. Shak, Close mewed in their sedans, for fear of air. Dryden. MEW, v. t. [W. min, a shedding of feathers; It. mu- dare, tomew ; Fr. muer; Arm. muza; G. mausen; D. muiten, to mew or molt, to mutiny ; Sp. muda, change, alteration, a mute letter, time of molting or shedding feathers, roost of a hawk ; Port. mudar, to change, to mew or cast feathers or a slough; muda, a dumb woman, the mewing or molting of birds. The W. mud, a mew, is also removal, a pass or move, a change of residence, and mute; and the verb mudaw is to change, to remove, comprehending the L. muto and mote, We have, then, clear evidence that Mew, cage, mew, to molt, and the L. muto, moto, and mutus, and Eng. mutiny, are all from one root. The primary sense is, to press or drive, whence to move, to change, and to shut up, that is, to press or drive close; and this is the sense of mute. Mutiny is from motion or change.] To shed or cast; to change; to molt. The hawk mewed his feathers. eT. With Sprightliness, or Nine times the moon had mewed her horns. Dryden. MEW, (mi,) v. 7. [W. mewian; G. miauen ; coinciding probably with L. mugio.] To cry as a cat. MEW, v. i. To change; to put on a new appearance. MEW/‘ING, ppr. Casting the feathers or skin ; crying. MEW/ING, (mi/ing,) x. The act of casting the feath- ers or skin. 2. A crying, as of a cat. MEW1H., (mile,) v. i. [Fr. miauler ; It. miagolare; Sp. maullar or mayar; coinciding in elements with L. mugio, tolow; G. mucken; Dan. mukker, to mutter ; Gr. pnxaopat, to bleat; Ir. meigiollam; W. migiaro. | To cry from uneasiness, as a child. Shak. MEWL/ER, x. One that mewls. MEWS, (uz,) x. pl. The royal stables in London, so called because built Where the king’s hawks were once mewed or confined. Booth. ME-ZE/RE-ON, n. A small European shrub, the Daphne Mezereum, whose extremely acrid bark is used in medicine. POC MEZ'ZA-NINE, nx. [It.] A story of small hight introduced between two higher ones. Brande. 2. A low window, less in hight than in breadth. Buchanan, MEZ'ZO, (med/zo,) [It.] in music, denotes middle, mean. MEZ/ZO-RE-LUEV!O, (med/zo-re-lév/o,) n. [It. mez- zorilievo. | A middle point of relief in figures, between high and low relief. MEZ-ZO-TINT/O, (mez-zo- or med-zo-,) n. ee mez zo, middle, half, and tinto, L. tinctus, painted.]} A particular manner of engraving or representation of figures on copper, in imitation of painting in India ink. To perform this, the plate is scratched equally in every direction, so as to remove entirely the polish from the surface ; the design is then drawn on the face, then the dents and furrows are erased from the parts where the lights of the piece are to be; the parts which are to represent shades being Jeft, with more or less of the rough ground, according to the gra- dation of shade. Mezzorinr is alsoused. Hebert. MEZ'ZO VO!'CE, (med!/zo-vo'cha,) [It.] in music, with a medium fullness of sound. Mi,(mé.) The third note in the musical scale between re and fa. MI/ASM, n. The same as Mrasma. Harvey. MI-AS'’MA, n.; pl. Miasmata. [Gr., from prawa, to pollute. } : Infecting substances floating in the air; the efflu- via or fine particles of any putrefying bodies, rising and floating in the atmosphere, and considered to be noxious to health. Mi-AS’MAL, a. Containing miasma. MYI-AS-MAT‘I€, a. Pertaining to miasma; partaking of the qualities of noxious effluvia. __ : MI/€A, rn. [L. mica, a grain or particle; mico, to shine. } \ : A mineral capable of being cleaved into elastic plates of extreme thinness. It is either colorless, or presents some shade of light-brown, gray-smoky- Shows most true metile when you check his course. Pope. brown, black, and occasionally green or violet. It is TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; @ as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. a 711 oe See ae eee i Sea tne = ~ gone Namen, Staaoree ee Oras aeSe ae Be eR yea See ae c ——— neem aeeteme nee a - aay i _ <9 ee a The, unl ~ es Prien Rianne Poo 0 ea Ce gE OP LTO ACO IIT MIC generally more or less transparent, and is used lke are three or four species of mica, differing in compo- sition and crystalline form, called hezagonal mica, MIG-TU-RI/ TION, (-rish/un,) x. [L. micturio.] of man. Southey. oblique or common mica, rhombic mica, lithia mica. The desire of making water, or passing the urine. MID‘MOST, a. Middle; as, the midmost battles. This last is of a lilac color, and is also called lepido- Darwin. Dryden. lite. MID, a. [Sax. midd, midde; Li. medius; W. mid, an MID/NIGHT, (-nite,) n. The middle of the night ; Mica is an essential constituent of granite, gneiss, inclosure. ] twelve o’clock at night. and mica slate. Dana. 1. Middle; at equal distance from extremes ; as, MID/NIGHT, (-nite,) a. Being in the middle of the Mi/€A-SCHIST, ) 2. Aschistose rock consisting of} the mid hour of night. Rowe. night ; as, midnight studies. acon, 2. Dark as midnight; very dark; as, midnight MiI/€A-SLATE, mica and quartz. Dana. Mi-€A/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. Pertaining to or contain- ing mica; resembling mica, or partaking of its prop- erties. MI€/A-REL, nx. A species of argillaceous earth; a mineral of a brownish or blackish-red color, com-| WMID/-AGB, x. The middle of life, or persons of that monly crystallized in rhomboidal prisms, or in prisms of six sides. ict. MICE, n. ; pl. of Mouse. MVEHA-EL-ITE, n. A sub-variety of silicious sin- ter, found in the Isle of St. Michael. J. W. Webster. MI€H’/AEL-MAS, n. The feast of St. Michael, a fes- tival of the Roman Catholic church, celebrated Sep- tember 29th ; hence, 2. In colloquial language, autumn. MICHE, qmich) v.i. [allied, perhaps, to Sw. maka, to withdraw ; Sax. smugan, to creep. MeEcHING oF Meacuince is still used by some of our common peo- ple in the sense of mean, cowardly, retiring. | 1. To lie hid ; to skulk ; to retire or shrink from view. 2. To pilfer. [Obs] Shak. MICH’ER, n. One who skulks, or creeps out of sight ; a thief. fees Chaucer. Sidney. Shak. MICH/ER-Y, n. Theft; cheating. [Obs.] Gower. MICH/ING, ppr. or a. Retiring ; skulking; creeping from sight; mean; cowardly. [Vulgar.] MICK’/LE, a. [Sax. micel, mucel ; Scot. myche, mekyl, muckle ; Sw. mycken; Sp. mucho ; Gr. yé)as, pe) aN)]- See Mucu.] Much; great. [ Obsolete, but retained in the Scottish language.) MY/€0, x. A small South American monkey, with hair shining and entirely white, the tail black, and the face and hands of a deep flesh-color. Jardine. Mi/€RO-€OSM, n. [Gr. pixpos, small, and xocpos, world. ] Literally, the little world ; but used for man, sup- posed to be an epitome of the universe or great world. Swift. Encyc. Microcosmic salt; a triple salt of soda, ammonia, and phosphoric acid, originally obtained from urine. Ure. MI-E€RO-€O0S!MIE-AL, a. Pertaining to the micro- cosm MI-€RO-€OS-MOG/RA-PHY, n. and yyapw-]) The description of man as a little world. MI-€RO-COUS'TIE, n. [Gr. pixpos, small, and axovo, to hear. ] An instrument to augment small sounds, and as- sist in hearing. MI-CROG/RA-PHY, n. gw, to describe. ] The description of objects too small to be dis- cerned without the aid of a microscope. Encyc. Grew. [Gr. pixpos, small, and perpov, we a 4 [Gr. pixpos, Koop0S, (Gr. pexpos, small, and ypa- MI-C€ROM’E-TER, x. measure. } An instrument for measuring small objects or spaces, by the help of which, the apparent magni- tude of objects viewed through the microscope or tel- escope is measured with great exactness. Brande. Mi-CRO-MET/RI€-AL, @. Belonging to the microm- eter; made by the micrometer. = = Humboldt. Mi/€RO-PHONE, x. [Gr. pixpos, small, and dwn, sound. } An instrument to augment small sounds ; a micro- coustic. Bailey. MIU€RO-PYLE, zn. [Gr. pixpos, small, and rvAn, mouth. | In botany, the mouth of the foramen of an ovulum. Lindley. Mi/€RO-SEOPE, xn. [Gr. pixpos, small, and oroxew, to view. ] An optical instrument, consisting of Jenses or mir- rors, Which magnify objects, and thus render visible minute objects, which can not be seen by the naked eye, or enlarge the apparent magnitude of small vis- ibJe bodies. MiI-€RO-SEOP'IE, a. Mi-€RO-SEOP/IE-AL, Made by the aid of a mi- croscope 3 as, microscopic | MI-€ROS’€O-PY, n. glass for lanterns, and for the doorsof stoves. There | Mi/€RO-TINE, (-tin,) a. } MI/DA, n. age. Shak. MID/-COURSE, n. The middle of the course or way. Milton. MID’DAY, a. MID/DAY, n. Donne. MID/DEN, (mid/dn,) 7. A dunghill. MID/DEST, a. superl. of Mrp. Among the middest crowd. [Not used.] Spenser. MID MIF The use of the microscope. (Gr. jtxpos, se Having or consisting of small crystals. Shepard. 2. Intervening. No more the mountain larks, while Daphne sings, Shall, lifting in mid air, suspend their wings. Pope. [Gr. pedis.) A worn, or the bean-fly. Chambers. Being at noon; meridional ; as, the Addison. midday Sun. The middle of the day; noon. MID'DLE, (mid’l,) a. [Sax. middel; D. middel; G. mittel; Dan. middel; perhaps mid and deel; Sans. medhi and madhyam; L. medius; Gr. peoos ; It. mez- 20; Sp. medio; Port. mayo, mediano; Ir. modham, muadh; Fr. midi, moyen, [mitan, obs. ;] Ch. psp. This word has the elements of the Sax. mid, D. mede, Sw. and Dan. mede, G. mit, with Gr. peva, which is from the root of the English mcet, which see. Qu. has not the L. medius, in the phrase medius fidius, the sense of with or by; by or with my faith. In W. mid signifies an inclosure, ahem or list round a place. In Russ. mejdu signifies among. See Class Ms, No. 21, 27. I. Equally distant from the extremes ; as, the mid- dle point of a line or circle; the middle station of life ; the middle path or course is most safe. 2. Intermediate ; intervening. Will, seeking good, finds many middle ends. Davies. Middle aves; the ages or period of time about equally distant from the decline of the Roman em- pire and: the revival of letters in Europe, or from the eighth to the fifteenth century of the Christian era, The middle term of a syllogism is one with which the two extremes are separately compared, and by means of which they are brought together in the conclusion. Brande. MJD/DLE, x. The point or part equally distant from the extremities. See, there come people down by the middle of the lund. — Judges ix. 2, The time that passes, or events that happen, between the beginning and the end. Dryden. Middle and center are not always used synony- mously. Center is most properly applied to circular, globular, or regular bodies ; middle is used with less definiteness. We say, the center of a circle or of the solar system ; the middle of a page, the middle of the night or of the month. MID/DLE-AG-ED, a. Being about the middle of the ordinary age of man. A middle-aged man is so called from the age of thirty-five or forty to forty-five or fifty. MID/DLE-DECK, n. The deck below the middle deck, in three-deckers. Totten. MID/DLE-EARTH, (-erth,) x. [Sax. middan-eard.] The world. eee Shak. MID/DLE-MAN, n. An agent between two parties ; particularly, in Ireland, one who takes land of the proprietors in large tracts, and then rents it out in small portions to the peasantry, at a greatly enhanced price. MID/DLE-MOST, a. Being in the middle, or nearest the middle, of a number of things that are near the middle. Ifa thing is in the middle, it can not be more so, and in this sense the word is improper. 3ut, when two or more things are near the middle, one may be nearer than another. MID/DLING, a. [Sax. midlen.] Of middle rank, state, size, or quality; about equally distant from the extremes ; moderate. Thus we speak of people of the middling class or sort, neither high nor low; of a man of middling capacity or understanding ; a man of middling size; fruit of a observation. Arbuthnot. 2. Assisted by a microscope. Evading even the microscopic eye. 3. Resembling a microscope; capable of seeing small objects. Why has not man a microscopic eye? Rope. 4. Very small; visible only by the aid of a micro- scope ; aS, a microscopic insect. Thomson, Mi-€RO-SEOP/IE-AL-LY, adv. By the microscope ; with minute inspection. Good. Mi/€RO-SEG-PIST, n. One skilled in microscopy. middling quality. MID/DLING-LY, adv. Passably ; indifferently. MID/DLINGS, n. pl. The coarser part of flour. MIDGE, n. [Sax. myge, mygge.] A gnat or fly. MID/-HEAV-EN, (-hev/n,) n. The middle of the sky or heaven. Milton. | MID/LAND, a. Being in the interior country ; distant from the coast or sea-shore ; as, midland towns or MID/LEG, x. MID/LENT, x. MID/LIFE, x. MID/RIB, zn. MID/RIFPF, x. MID/SEA, n. MID‘SHIP, a. MID/SHIP-MAN, n. MID/SHIPS, adv. MIDST, x. Middle of the leg. Bacon. The middle of Lent. The middle of life, or of the usual age gloom. (mid, middle, and rib.] In botany, a con- tinuation of the petiole, extending from the base to the apex of the lamine of a leaf. Lindley. [Sax. midhrife; mid and hrife, the belly. ] In anatomy, the diaphragm ; the respiratory muscle which divides the trunk into two cavities, the thorax and abdomen. Quincy. E The midst of the sea. Dryden. Being or belonging to the middle of a ship ; as, a midship beam. In ships of war, a kind of naval cadet, whose business is to second the orders of the superior officers, and assist in the necessary business of the ship, particularly in managing the sails, that be may be trained to a knowledge of the machinery, discipline, and operations of ships of war, and qual ified for naval service. Mar. Dict. Passed midshipman ; one who has passed examina- tion, and is a candidate for promotion to the rank of lieutenant. Totten. In the middle of a ship; properly, AMIDSHIPS. Contracted from middest, the superlative of mid.} The middle. There is nothing said or done in the midst of the play, which might not have been placed in the beginning. ryden. The phrase in the midst often signifies, involved in, surrounded or overwhelmed by, or in the thickest part, or in the depths of ; as, in the midst of afflictions, troubles, or cares ; in the midst of.our contemplations 5 in the midst of the battle ; in the midst of pagan dark- ness and error; in the midst of gospel light ; im the midst of the ocean ; in the midst of civil dissensions. From the midst; from the middle, or from among. Deut. Xviil. MIDST, adv. In the middle. On earth, join all ye creatures to extol Him first, him last, him midst, and without end, Milton. MID/STREAM, n. The middle of the stream. Dryden. MID/SUM-MER, n. The middle of summer; the summer solstice, about the 2Ist of June. Swift, Gay. MID/WARD, adv. Midst. [ot in use.] MID'/WAY, 7. The middle of the way or distance. Paths indirect, or in the midway faint. Milton. MID/WAY, a. Being in the middle of the way or dis- tance ; as, the midway air. Siak. MID/WAY, adv. In the middle of the way or dis- tance ; half way. She met his glance midway. MID/WIFE, x. [Supposed by Junius and Skinner to be mecdwife, a Woman that has a reward. This is probably a mistake. The word is a compound of mid, with, and wif, a woman; in analogy with the L. obstetriz, from obsto, obstiti, to stand before. ‘The Dutch use vroedvrouw, a wise or skillful woman. The Danish equivalent word is tordemoder, earth-mother ; the Swedish, iord-gumma. The Spanish and Portu- guese word is comadre; co, for L. cum, with, and madre, mother, which is precisely analogous to mid- wife. | A woman that assists other women in childbirth. MID/WIFE, v. i. To perform the office of midwife. MID/WIEE, v. t. To assist in childbirth. MID/WIFE-RY, n. The art or practice of assisting women ip childbirth ; obstetrics. 2, Assistance at childbirth. 3. Help or codperation in production. Stepney. MID/WIN-TER, x. The middle of winter, or the win- ter solstice, December 21. As the severity of winter in North America falls in January and February, the word ordinarily denotes this period, or some weeks after the winter solstice. MID'WOOD, x. The middle of the wood. Thomson, Mi/E-MiTE, x. Granular miemite is a variety of mag- nesian limestone, first found at Jiemo, in Tuscany. It occurs massive, or crystallized in flat, double, three-sided pyramids. Its color is light green or greenish-white. Jameson. Cyc. Dana. MIEN, (meen,) n. [Fr. mine; Dan. and Sw. wd. ; Arm, man; Corn. mein, the face; Ice. mind, image. See Man.] Look; air; manner; external appearance; car- riage ; as, a lofty mien; a majestic mien. Waller. Pope. MIFF,z. A slight degree of resentment. [ Colloquial.] Holloway. MIFF’ED, (mift,) a. Slightly offended. [In Norman Dryden. inhabitants, Howell, Hale. 2. Surrounded by the sea; mediterranean. And on the midland sea the French had awed. Dryden. French, mefet is offense or misdeed, and meffet, miS- aie FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —MIG done; mes and faire; whence meffere, to do mischief. But qu. whether this is the English miff.] MIGH TP, (mite,) pret. of May. Had poWer or liberty. He might go, or might have gone. 2. {t sometimes denotes, was possible, implying ig- norance of the fact in the speaker. Orders might have been given for the purpose. MIGHT, (mite,) 2. [Sax. micht, meht; G. macht; D. Sw. and Dan. magt; from the root of may » Sax. ma- gan, to be able; Sans. mahat, strong. See May. 1. Strength ; force ; power ; primarily and chiefly, bodily strength or physical power; as, to work or strive with all one’s might. There shall be no might in thy hand. — Deut. xxviii, 2. Political power or great achievements. The acts of David — with all his reign and his might. —1 Chron. xxix. 1 Kings xv. 3. National strength ; physical power or military force. We have no might against this great company that cometh against us. —2 Chron. xx. 4, Valor, with bodily strength ; military prowess ; as, men of might. 1 Chron. xii. 5. Ability ; strength or application of means. I have prepared with all my might for the house of my God. — I Chron. xxix, 6. Strength or force of purpose. Like him was no king that turned to the Lord with all his might. —2 Kings xxiii. 7. Strength of affection. Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might. — Deut. vi. 8. Strength of light; splendor ; effulgence. Let them that love him be as the sun when he goeth forth in his might. — Judges v. Shakspeare applies the word toan oath. ‘* An oath of mickle migiit.””_ This application is obsolete. We now use strength or force ; as, the strength or force of an oath or covenant. With might and main; with the utmost strength or bodily exertion ; @ tautological phrase, as both words are from the same root, and mean the same thing. MIGHT’I-LY, ‘mit’e-le,) adv. [from mighty.) With great power, force, or strength; vigorously ; as, to strive mightily. 2. Vehemently ; with great earnestness. Cry mightily to God. — Jonah iii. 3. Powerfully ; with great energy. Whereto I also labor, striving according to his working, which worketh in me mightily. —Col. i. 4, With great strength of argument, He mightily convinced the Jews. — Acts xviil. 5. With great or irresistible force ; greatly ; exten- sively. So mightily grew the word of God and prevailed. — Acts xix. 6. With strong means of defense. Fortify thy power mightily. — Nah, ii. 7. Greatly ; to a great degree ; very much. Iwas mightily pleased with a story applicable to this picce of philosophy. ypectator. [Admissible in colloquial and familiar language. | MIGHT’I-NESS, x. Power; greatness ; hight of dig- nity. How eoon this mightiness meets misery ! Shak, 2. A title of dignity ; as, their high mightinesses. MIGHT’Y, (mit/e,) a. [Sax. mihtig.] 1. Having great bodily strength or physical power ; very strong or vigorous ; as, a mighty arm. 2, Very strong; valiant; bold; as, a mighty man of valor. Judges Vi. 3. Very powerful ; having great command, Cush begat Nimrod ; he began to be a mighty one on the earth. a— (Wen. X. 4, Very strong in numbers; as, a mighty nation. Gen, xviii. 5. Very strong or great in corporeal power; very able. Wo to them that are mighty to drink wine. —Is, v. 6. Violent; very loud; as, mighty thunderings. Er. ix. Ps. |xviii. 7. Vehement; rushing with violence; as, a mighty wind or tempest. Ex. x. ev. Vi. 8. Very great ; vast; as, mighty waters. Veh, ix. 9. Very great or strong; as, mighty power, 2 Chron. Xxvi. 10. Very forcible; efficacious; as, great is truth and mighty. sdras. ll, Very great or eminent in intellect or acquire- ments ; as, the mighty Sealiger and Selden, Echard. 12. Great ; wondeiful ; performed with great pow- er; as, mighty works. Matt. xi. 13, Very severe and distressing ; as, a mighty fam- ine. Luke xv. 14. Very great, large, or populous; as, a mighty city. Rev. XViii. 15. Important ; momentous, I’ll sing of heroes and of kings, MILD/-SPIR/IT-ED, ) a. MILD/-TEM/PER-ED, MILB, n. MIL MIGHT’Y, (mit’e,) adv. mighty wise ; mighty thoughtful. MIGN’TARD, (min‘yard,) a. [Fr. mignard.] Soft ; dainty ; delicate ; pretty. B. Jonson. MIGN-ON-NETTE’, (min-yon-et!,) n. utive of mignon, darling.) plant, having the scent of raspberries ; Reseda odo- rata. /Wason. MIGRATE, v. i. [L. migro.] - To pass or remove from one country or from one state to another, with a view to permanent resi- dence, or residence of some continuance. ‘The first settlers of New England migrated first to Holland, and afterward to America. Some species of birds migrate in autumn to a warmer climate for a tempo- rary residence. To change residence in the same city or State is not to mirrate. 2. To pass or remove from one region or district to another for a temporary residence ; as, the Tartars migrate for the sake of finding pasturage. MI/GRA-TING, ppr. or a. Removing from one state to another for a permanent residence. The people of the Eastern States are continually migrating to the Western States. MI-GRA/TION, n. [L. misratio. } 1. The act of removing from one kingdom or state to another, for the purpose of permanent residenee, or a residence of some continuance. { Collogutal.} Prior. the center of gravity. Woodward. MYI/GRA-TO-RY, a. Removing or accustomed to re- move from one state or country to another for per- manent residence. 2. Roving ; wandering ; occasionally removing for pasturage ; as, the migratory Tartars. 3. Passing from one climate to another, as birds. MILCH, a. {Sax. melce. See Mivx. } 1. Giving milk; as, a milch cow. plied only to beasts. 2. Soft; tender; merciful; as, ‘‘ milch-hearted.”? Shak. MILD, a. [Sax. mild; G. D. Sw. and Dan. id.; Russ. melayu, to pity. The primary sense is soft or smooth, L. mollis, Eng. mellow, W. mall; allied perhaps to melt. Class Ml, No.9, 16, 18.] 1. Soft ; Gently and pleasantly affecting the senses ; not violent ; as, a mild air; a mild sun; a mild tem- perature ; a mid light. The rosy morn resigns her light And mulder glory to the noon. And with a milder gleam refreshed the sight. It is now ap- Waller. Addison, 2. Not acrid, pungent, corrosive, or drastic ; oper- ating gently ; not acrimonious ; demulcent ; mollify- ing ; lenitive; assuasive ; as, a mild liquor; a mild cataplasm ; a mild cathartic or emetic. 3. Tender and gentle in temper or disposition; Kind ; compassionate; merciful; clement; indul- gent ; not severe or cruel. It teaches us to adore him as a mild and merciful Being. Rogers. 4. Not fierce, rough, or angry ; as, mild words. 5. Placid; not fierce; not stern; not frowning ; as, a mild look or aspect. 6. Not sharp, tart, sour, or bitter ; moderately sweet or pleasant to the taste; as, mild fruit. 7. Calm; tranquil. When passion subsides, the temper becomes mild. 8. Moderate ; not violent or intense; as, a mild heat. MYLD/ER, @. More mild. MILD/EST, a. Most mild. MIL/DEW, (mil/du,) ». [Sax. mildeaw; L. melligo, from mel, honey ; G. mehlthau, as if from mehl, meal. ] A thin, whitish coating, with which the leaves of vegetables are sometimes covered, occasioning dis- ease, decay, and death. It is also found on paper, cloth, &c. It consists of innumerable minute fungi. Gardner. Brande. MIL/DEW, z. ¢%. To taint with mildew. Shak. MIL‘/DEW-ED, pp. Tainted or injured by mildew. MIL/DEW-ING, ppr. Tainting with mildew. MILD/LY, adv. Softly ; gently ; tenderly ; not roughly or violently ; moderately ; as, to speak mildly; to burn mildly; to operate mildly, MILD’/NESS, n. Softness; gentleness; as, the mild- ness of words or speech ; mildness of voice. 2. Tenderness ; mercy ; clemency 3 as, mildness of temper. 3. Gentleness of operation ; as, the mildness of a medicine. 4. Softness; the quality that affects the senses pleasantly ; as, the mildness of fruit or of liquors. : 5. Temperateness ; moderate state; as, the mild- mess of weather, Having a mild temper. Arbuthnot. Svott, [L. mille passus, a thousand paces; passus being dropped in common usage, the word became a noun; Sax. mi; Sw. mil; Dan. mil; G. meile; D. myl; Fr. mille; Sp. milla; Port. milha; Ut. miglio,] ‘A measure of length or distance. The English or In mighty uumbers mighty things. Cowley. statute mile contains 8 furlongs, 320 rods, poles, In a great degree ; very ; as, Fr., a dimin- An annual flowering 2. Change of place; removal; as, the migration of MIL or perches, 1760 yards, 5280 feet, or 80 chains. The English geographical mile is 1-60 of a degree of lati- tude, or about 2025 yards. The Roman mile was a thousand paces, equal to 1614 yards Enelish measure. The German short mile is nearly equal to 3 9-10 English miles ; the German Jong mile to 5 34 Eng- lish miles ; the Prussian and Danish miles are each about 4 7-10 English miles ; the Swedish mile is about 6 5-8 English miles. Kelly. MILE’/AGE, n. Fees paid for travel by the mile. MILE/STONE, 7. A stone set to mark the distance or space of a mile. A post used for this purpose is called a mile-post. MIL‘FOIL, n. [L. millefolium, a thousand leaves. ] An herb of the genus Achillea; yarrow. MIL‘IA-RY, (-ya-re,) a. [Fr. miliaire, L. milium, mil- et. ] 1, Resembling millet seeds ; as, a miliary eruption ; miliary glands. The miliary glands are the seba- ceous glands of the skin. 2. Accompanied with an eruption like seeds ; as, a miliary fever. MIL-1CE’, for Mixirra, is not in use. MIL‘I-O-LITE, n. Fossil remains of the Miliola, a genus of microscopic, univalve shells. Ed. Encyc. MIL/I-TAN-CY, n. Warfare. [Little used.] Mountagu. MIL’I-TANT, a. [L. militans, milito, to fight.] 1. Fighting; combating; serving as a soldier. Spenser. 2. The church militant is the Christian church on earth, which is supposed to be engaged in a constant warfare against its enemies; thus distinguished from the church triumphant, or in heaven. Hooker. MIL'I-TA-RI-LY, adv. In a soldierly manner. MIL/I-TA-RY, a. [Fr. militaire; L. militaris, from miles, a soldier; milito, to fight; Gr. aptAAa, con- test. } 1. Pertaining to soldiers or to arms; as, a military parade or appearance ; military discipline. 2. Engaged in the service of soldiers or arms 5 Sh a military man. 3. Warlike; becoming a soldier; as, military Vir- tue 5 military bravery. 4. Derived from the services or exploits of a sol- dier ; as, military renown. ©. Conformablé to the customs or rules of armies or militia. The conduct of the officer was not mili- Ooze. millet tary. 6. Performed or made by soldiers ; as, a military election. Bacon. Military tenure; a tenure of land, on condition of performing military service. MIL/I-TA-RY, x. The whole body of soldiers; sol- diery ; militia; an army. United States. Mitford. MIL/I-TATE, v.27. [L. milito,] To militate against, is to oppose; to be or to act in opposition. Smollett. Paley writes, to militate with; but in America, against is generally used. MI-LI’//TIA, (me-lish’é,) n. [L., from miles, a soldier; Ir. mal or mil; W. milwr; Gr. pwdos, war; peodcw, to fight ; aviAX\a, combat, contention. The primary sense of fighting is, to strive, struggle, drive, or to strike, to beat, Eng. moil, L. molior, Heb. Ch. Syr. Sam. and Ar. 5yy, to labor or toil. So exercitus, from exerceo, to exert, to strive. Class Ml, No. 15.] The body of soldiers in a state enrolled for disci- pline, but not engaged in actual service except in emergencies ; as distinguished from regular troops, Whose sole occupation is war or military service, The militia of a country are the able-bodied men or- ganized into companies, regiments, and brigades, With officers of all grades, and required by law to attend military exercises on certain days only, but at other times left to pursue their usual occupations. In England, the militia consist of 200,000 men, who do service about-28 days in the year. P. Cyc. In the United States, the militia are composed of persons between 18 and 45 years. ; MI-LI//TLA-MAN, n. One who belongs to the mili- tha. MILK, 2. [Sax. melee; G, milch; D. melk; Sw. miélk ; Dan. m@lk; Russ. mleko, or meloko ; Bohemian, mliko ; Ir. meilg, See the verb.] 1. A white fluid or liquor, secreted by certain glands in female animals, and drawn from the breasts for the nourishment of their young. 2. The white juice of certain plants. 3. Emulsion made by bruising seeds; as, the milk of almonds, produced by pounding almonds with sugar and water. MILK, v. t. [Sax. melcan, meolcian ; G. and D. melken ; Sw. mitlka; Dan. malker; Russ. melzyu; L. mulgeo ; Gr. apeAy a] 1. ‘To draw or press milk from the breasts by the hand ; as, to milk a cow. 2. Tosuck. [Not used.] Shak. MILK’ED, (milkt,) pp. Drawn from the breasts by the hand. he hanc¢ [Wot used.] MILK'EN, a. Consisting of milk. Tonge One that milks. MILK’ER, 2. MILK/-FE-VER, n. A fever which sometimes ac- TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS 90 713 —<$—$—<——$— ees Recta Ee aa et 2 gies on ~ ie % \ anes eer ee Seen Ls eae» me . itil los g at . : —_ vee aa ea: eae ’ a eer a ito ti, Pi . Aor és set Fa BE MIL companies the first secretion after childbirth. MILK’-HEDGE, zn. A shrub growing on the Coro- mandel coast, containing a milky juice. MILK’L-LY, adv. Afterthe manner of milk ; lacteally. MILK/‘I-NESS, n. Qualities like those of milk ; soft- ness. Dryden. MILK/ING, pyr. Drawing milk from the breasts of an animal by the hand. MILK/ING, n. The act of drawing milk from the breasts of an animal by the hand. MILK!/-LIV-ER-ED, a Cowardly ; AOTOURS : hak. MILK’MAID, x. A woman that milks or is employed in the dairy; sometimes, a milkwoman. MILK/MAN,z. A man that sells milk or carries milk to market. MILK/-PAIL, 2. drawn from cows. MILK’/-PAN, n. A pan in which milk is set. MILK-POR/RIDGE, ) x. A species of food composed MILK-POT“T AGE, of milk or milk and water, boiled with meal or flour. ocke. MILK’-SE€ORE, n. An account of milk sold or pur- chased in small quantities, scored or marked. Addison. MILK!-SICK-NESS, n. A peculiar and most malig- nant disease, occurring in some localities of the Western United States, and affecting certain kinds of farm-stock, and persons who make use of the meat or dairy products of infected cattle. Its cause is unknown. Farm. Encyc. MILK’/SOP,n. A piece of bread sopped in milk ; more usually, a soft, effeminate, feeble-minded man. Addison. Prior. MILK’/-THIS-TLE, (-this'l,) m. An esculent Europe- an plant of the thistle kind, having the veins of its Jeaves of a milky whiteness— Carduus Marianus. P. Cye. MILK’-TOOTH, n. The fore tooth of a foal, which comes at the age of about three months, and is cast within two or three years. Far. Dict. MILK/-TREE, n. A name common to several trees yielding a milky juice, especially to those in which this juice is fit for food, as the cow-tree of South America. Brande. MILK/-TRE/FOIL, n. A plant, said to be a Cytisus. Johnson. MILK/VETCH, zn. A plant of the genus Astragalus. MILK’WEED, n. An herb abounding in a milky juice, and having its seeds attached to a long, silky down, the Asclepias Syriaca. MILK’-WHITE, a. White as milk. Dryden. MILK/WOM-AN, 2. A woman that sells milk. Arbuthnot. A plant of the genera Polygala, of milk in females A pail which receives the milk MILK/WORT, zx. Euphorbia, &c. MILK’Y, a. Made of milk. 2. Resembling milk; as, milky sap or juice. Pope. 3. Yielding milk ; as, milky mothers. Roscommon. 4. Soft; mild; gentle; timorous ; as, a milky heart. Shak. MILK/Y-WAY, n. The galaxy; a broad, luminous path or circle in the heavens, supposed to be the blended light of innumerable fixed stars, which are vot distinguishable with ordinary telescopes. Harris. MILL, n. [L. mille, a thousand. ] A money of account of the United States, value the tenth of a cent, or the thousandth of a dollar, MILL, n. [Sax. miln; W. melin; Ir, meile or muilean ; Corn. melyn; Arm. mell or melin; Fr. moulin; L. mola, Gr. pudn, podos; G. miihle; D. molen; Sw. mol; Dan. mélle; Sp. molino; It. mulino; Russ. mel- nitsa; Goth. malan, to grind, Ir, meitlim, Fr. moudre, for mouldre, W.malu, Arm. mala or malein, Sp. moler, L. molo, G. mahlen, D. maalen, Sw. mala, Dan. maler ; Port. moér, by contraction, Russ. melyu. It is not certain which is the original word, the noun or the verb, or whether both are from a prior radical sense. We observe that the elements of this word coincide with thase of L. mel, honey, mollis, Eng. melloz, mild, mold, meal, W. mall, &c., all expressive of soft- ness. Grinding is now breaking by friction or pres- sure, but not improbably grain was pulverized by beating or pounding before the use of the quern. If so, mill may coincide in origin with mallet. We ob- serve that this word is in the languages of all the great European families, Celtic, Teutonic, and Sla- vonic. 1. A complicated engine or machine for grinding and reducing to fine particles, grain, fruit, or other substance, or for performing other operations by means of wheels and a circular motion; as, a grist- mill, for grain ; a coffee-mill; a cider-mill ; a bark-mill, The original purovose of mills was to comminute grain for food, but the word mill is now extended to en- gines or machines moved by water, wind, or steam, MIL 2. In coining, to make a raised impression round the edges of a piece of money, to prevent the clip- ping of the coin. 3. T'o pass through a fulling-mill ; to full, as cloth. 4. In cant language, to beat severely with the fists, Troy weight. McCulloch. as if in a fulling-mill. Smart. MIL-LIL/I-TER,) x. [L. mille, a thousand, and To mill chocolate, is to froth it. [See Frotn.] MIL'LI-LI-TRE, § _ liter.) MILL’-€0G,n. The cog of a mill-wheel. Mortimer. A French measure of capacity, containing the MILL’/-DAM, n. A dain or mound to obstruct a watercourse, and raise the water to an altitude suf- ficient to turn a mill-wheel. Mortimer. MIL-LIM’E-T ER, nm. [L. mille, a thou- MILL/-HORSE, n. A horse that turns a mill. MIL! LI-ME-TRE, (-ma’ter,) sand, and metrum, a MILL/-POND, x. A pond or reservoir of water raised for driving a miJ]-wheel. MILL/-RACE, x. The current of water that drives a mill-wheel, or the canal in which it is conveyed. Franklin. MILL/REA,)z. A coin of Portugal, commonly es- MILL/REE, { timated at 5s. sterling, or about 108 cents; though a small gold millrea of 1755 was worth only 3s. 2d. sterling. P. Cyc. MILL/-SIX/PENCE, n. An old English coin, first milled in 1561, being one of the earliest that was milled. G. S. Faber. Douce. MILL/STONE, zn. A stone used for grinding grain. To see into a millstone; to see With acuteness, or to penetrate into abstruse subjects. Quart. Rev. MILL/STONE-GRIT, n. A hard and coarse, gritty sandstone. and. MILL/-TOOTH, 2. ; pl. Mitt-reetH. A grinder, dens molaris Arbuthnot. Se MILL’—-WRIGHT, (-rite,) m. A mechanic whose oc- cupation is to build mills. MILL/ED, (mild,) pp. or a. Passed through a mill; subjected to the operation of milling, as a coin ; fulled; soundly beaten with the fists. MIL-LE-Na/RI-AN, a. [Fr. mellenaire. NIUM. Consisting of a thousand years ; pertaining to the millennium. ONCYC. MIL-LE-NA/RI-AN, 2. A chiliast; one who believes that Christ will personally reign on earth, with his saints, a thousand years before the end of the world. Encyc. The doctrine of millena- See MILien- MIL-LE-NA/RI-AN-ISM, n. rians. MIL'LE-NA-RY, a. [Fr. millenaire.] Consisting of a thousand. Arbuthnot. MIL/LE-NA-RY, 2. The space of a thousand years. MIL-LEN/NI-AL, a. Pertaining to the millennium, or toa thousand years; as, millennial period ; millen- nial happiness. Burnet. MIL-LEN’NI-AL-IST, nm. One who believes that Christ will reign personally on earth a thousand years ; a chiliast, Stowe. MIL’LEN-NIST, n. One who holds to the millennium. Not used, | Johnson. MIL-LEN’NI-UM, n. [L. mille, a thousand, and an- nus, year. } A thousand years; a word used to denote the thousand years mentioned in Revelations xx., during which period Satan will be bound, and holiness be- come triumphant throughout the world. During this period, as some believe, Christ will reign on earth in person with his saints. MIL/LE-PED, n. [L. mille, a thousand, and pes, foot. ] The wood-louse, an insect having many feet, a species of Oniscus. MIL’/LE-PORE, zx. a pore. |} A genus of corals, having the surface smooth, and perforated with very minute punctures or cells. It belongs to the madrepore family. Dana. MIL/LE-PO-RITE, x. Fossil millepores. MILL’/ER, x. [from mill,] One whose occupation is to attend a grist-mill. 2. An insect whose wings appear as if covered with white dust or powder, like a miller’s clothes. MILL’/ERS’-THUMB, zn. A small fish found in small streams in Europe, the river bull-head, Cottus gobio. P. Cyc. [L. millesimus, from mille, a [L. mille, a thousand, and porus, MIL-LES/IM-AL, a. thousand. ] Thousandth ; consisting of a thousand parts; as, millesimal fractions. Watts. MIL/LET, n. [Fr. millet or mil; It. migho ; Sp. mijo ; L. milium ; Sax. mil.] 1. A plant, or the grain of a plant, of the genus Holcus or Sorghum, having a stalk resembling a jointed reed, and classed by botanists among the grasses. Various species are used as food for men and animals, but the Indian millet is the most com- mon. The species are mostly natives of warm cli- mates. Pe Cle; 2, Millet grass, or millet; a hardy grass of the genus Milium, of several species. Farm, Encyc. for carrying on many other operations. We have mills, &c. ery for grinding, &c. MILL, Ds Is fine particles or to small pieces. es FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD,— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 714 oil-mills, saw-mills, slitting-mills, bark-mnills, fulling- 2. The house or building that contains the machin- To grind; to comminute; to reduce to MIL-LI-ARD’/, x. [Fr.] A thousand millions. MIL/LI-A-RY, a. te milliarium, a milestone. | Pertaining to a mile ; denoting a mile; as, a mil liary column. D Anville. MIL/LI-A-RY, 2. Among the Romans, a mile-stone, MIM In the system of French weights and measures, the thousandth part of a gramme, equal to a cubic mil- limeter of water. Lunier. The milligram is equal to .0154 English grains, thousandth part of liter or cubic decimeter, equal to .06103 decimals of a cubic inch. McCulloch. measure. | A French lineal measure, containing the thousandth part of a meter, equal to ‘03937 decimals of an inch. It is the least measure of length. Lunier. McCulloch. MIL/LIN-ER, x. [Johnson supposes this word to be Mrivaner, from Milan, in Italy.) A woman who makes and sells head-dresses, hats, or bonnets, &c., for females. MIL‘LIN-ER-Y, x. The articles made or sold by mil- liners, as head-dresses, hats or bonnets, Jaces, rib- bons, and the like. MILL/ING, ppr. Grinding; reducing to small pieces ; fulling, as cloth; stamping on the edges, as coin ; beating. MILL/ING, x. The act or employment of grinding or passing through a mill. 2. In coining, the act of making raised impressions on the edges of coin, or the impressions thus made. Edin. Encyc. 3. In cant language, a beating with the fists. MILL/ION, (mil/yun,) n. [Fr. million; It. milione ; Sp. millon; Port. milham; probably from L. mille, a thousand. ] 1. The number of ten hundred thousand, or a thousand thousand. It is used as a noun or an ad- jective; as, a million of men, ora million men, As a noun, it has a regular plural, millions. 2, In common usage, a very great number, indefi- nitely. There are millions of truths that men are not concerned to know. ocke. MILL/ION-AIRE, nz. [Fr.] A man worth a million. MILL/ION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to millions ; consést- ing of millions; as, the millionary chronology of the Pundits. Pinkertan. MILL/ION-ED, a. Multiplied by millions. [Vot used. | Shak, MILL’/IONTH, a. The ten hundred thousandth. MILT, 2. [Sax. milt; Dan. and D. milt; G. milz ; Sw. midlte ; It. milza; probably so named from its soft- ness, and allied to mild, mellow, melt. ] 1. In anatomy, the spleen; a viscus situated in the left hypochondrium, under the diaphragin. 9. The soft roe of fishes, or the spermatic part of the males. Encye. MILT, v. t. To impregnate the roe or spawn of the female fish. Johnson. MILT’/ER, 2. A male fish, Walton. MILT/WORT, xn. An herb of the genus Aspleniuim ; spleenwort. MIME, 7. [See Mrmic.] Among the ancients, a kind of farce or dramatic representation in which real char- acters were depicted. 9. An actor in such representations, MIME, v.i. To mimic, or play the buffoon. See Miaic.] MiM/ER, xn. A mimic. MI-ME/SIS, n. [Gr.] In rhetoric, imitation of the voice or gestures of another. Encic. MIM/E-TENE, zn. The mineral arseniate of lead, oc- curring in pale-yellow or brownish hexagonal crys- tals. MI-MET’IE, MI-MET’I€-AL, - Imitative ; as, the mimetic arts ; apt to imitate ; giv- en to aping or mimicry. MIM’I€, ja. [L. mimus, mimicus; Gr. pipos, pt- MIM/I€-AL,§ pikes; pipeopac, to imitate; allied probably to Benass] ]. Imitative ; inclined to imitate or to ape ; having the practice or habit of imitating. Man is of all creatures the most mimical in gestures, speech, &c. Votlon. { Obs.) [ Obs.] [See Mrarc.] [Gr. piunrixos.] 2. Consisting of imitation; as, mimic gestures. Mimic implies often something droll or ludicrous, or Jess dignified than imitative. MIM/I€, jx. One who imitates or mimics ; a buf- MIM/ICK,§ foon who attempts to excite laughtet or derision by acting or speaking in the manner of an other. Prior. 2. A mean or servile imitator. Of France the mimic and of Spain the prey. Anon. MIM/I€, )v.t. To imitate or ape for sport; to at- MIM/ICK,{ tempt to excite laughter or derision by acting or speaking like another ; to ridicule by imi- tation. The walk, the words, the gesture, could supply, The habit mimic, and the mien belie. MIM/I€-AL-LY, adv. Dryden. In an imitative or aping man- MIL/LI-GRAM, n. [L. mille, a thousand, and MIL' LI-GRAMME, Gr. ypappa, a gram.] ner,MIN MIN MIN MIM/ICK-ED, (mim/ikt,) pp. Imitated for sport. MIM/ICK-ER, x. One who mimics. MIM/ICK-ING, ppr. Imitating for sport; ridiculing by imitation. MIM/I€-RY, n. Ludicrous imitation for sport or ridi- cule. Spectator. MI-MOG/RA-PHER, m ([Gr. nipos and ypuda. |] A writer of farces or mimes. Herbert. Ne nm. [Gr. pva; L. mina; Ar. Class Mn, No. 55 A weight or denomination of money. The mina of the Old Testament was valued at fifty shekels. The Greek or Attic mina was valued at a hundred drachmas, more than £3 Sterling, or $14. McCulloch. MI-Na/CIOUS, (me-na/shus,) a. [L. minaz, from mi- nor, to threaten. | Threatening ; menacing. MI-NAC‘I-TY, (me-nas’e-te,) n. [L. minax. | Disposition to threaten. [Little used. | S JWore, “-- MIN/A-RET, x. [Ar. $ Lig manaraton, a lantern; W. mun, a spire. A slender, lofty turret on the mosques of Moham- medan countries, rising by different stages or stories, and surrounded by one or more projecting balconies from which the people are summoned to prayer. Brande. Guwilt. MIN-A-TO/RI-AL-LY, adv. With threats. MIN’A-TO-RY, a. Threatening; menacing. Bacon. MINCE, (mins,) ». t. [Sax. minsian, from the root of L. minuo, to diminish ; W. main, Arm. maon, Fr. me- nu, mince, Ir. min, mion, small, fine ; L. minor, small- er; minwo, to diminish; Gr. ycvvos, small, slender ; kivvGw, to diminish ; L. minutus, minute ; Sw. min- wa - ska, to diminish; Ar. Sia) manna, to weaken, to di- minish. Class Mn, No. 5.] 1. To cut or chop into very small pieces ; as, to mance meat Dryden. 2. To diminish in speaking ; to retrench, cut off, or omit a part for the purpose of suppressing the truth ; to extenuate in representation. I know no way to mince it in love, but to say directly, I love you. Shak Siren, now mince the sin, And mollify damnation with a phrase. Dryden. If, to mince his meaning, I had either omitted some part of what he said, or taken from the strength of his expression, I cer- tainly had wronged him. Dryden. These — were forced to mince the matter. Woodward. 3. To speak with affected softness; to clip words ; not to utter the full sound. Shak. 4. To walk with short or diminished steps. MINCE, v. i. To walk with short steps; to walk with affected nicety ; to affect delicacy in manner I’]l turn two mincing steps Into a mauly stride. Shak. Because the daughters of Zion are haughty — walking and mincing as they go.—Is. iii. 2. ‘To speak softly, or with affected nicety. Dryden. MIN’/CED, (minst,) pp. or a. Cut or chopped into very small pieces. MINCE/-MEA1 MIN/CHD-MBATT, n. Meat chopped very fine. MINCE/-PIE, jn. A pie made with minced MIN’CED-PIE,(minst-,) | meat and other ingredients baked in paste. Spectator. MIN’/CING, ppr. Cutting into small pieces: speaking or walking affectedly. MIN’/CING-LY, adv. In small parts; not fully. Hooker. MIND, xn. [Sax. gemind, gemynde; Ir. mein, mian; W. myn, Or menw, mind or will; govyn, a demand ; Dan. minde, mind, vote, consent; minder, to remind; Sw. minne, memory ; minnas, to remember, to call to mind, as L. reminiscor; L. mens; Gr. pveca, mem- ory, mention ; pyvaopar, to remember; pevos, mind, ardor of mind, vehemence ; wyvis, anger; Sans. man, mana, mind, will, heart, thought ; Zend. meno. Jind signifies properly intention, a reaching or inclining forward to an object, from the primary sense of ex- tending, stretching, or inclining, or advancing eager- ly, pushing or setting forward, whence the Greek sense of the word, in analogy with the Teutonic mod, moed, muth, mind, courage, spirit, mettle. So L. animus, animosus. The Russ. has pominayu, to mention, to remember ; pomin, remembrance, and umenié, Or wmeinie, understanding. Qu. Minos, Menu, Menes, Mentor. Class Mn, No. 1, 9.] J. Intention ; purpose ; design. The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination; how much more, when he bringeth it with a wicked mind ! — Proy. xxi. 2. Inclination ; will; desire ; a sense much used, but expressing less than settled purpose; as in the common phrases, ‘‘I wish to know your mind;”? “Let me Know your mind ;”? “* He had a mind to go;” ‘* He has a partner to his mind.”’ 3. Opinion ; as, to express one’s mind. We are of one mind. 4. Memory ; remembrance ; as, to put one in mind; of mind. From the operations of the intellect in man, this word came to signify, 5. The intellectual or intelligent power in man ; the understanding ; the power that conceives, judges, or reasons, I fear 1 am not in my perfect mind, Shak, So we speak of a sound mind, a disordered mind, a weak mind, a strong mind, with reference to the ac- tive powers of the understanding ; and in a passive sense, it denotes capacity, as when we say, the mind can not comprehend a subject. 6. The heart or seat of affection. Which were a grief of mind to Isaac and Rebekah. —Gen. xxvi. 7. The will and affection; as, readiness of mind. Acts xvii. 8. The implanted principle of grace. Rom. vii. MIND, v.t. To attend to; to fix the thoughts on ; to regard with attention. Cease to request me ; let us mind our way. Mind not high things. — Rom. xii 2. To attend to or regard with submission ; to obey. His father told him to desist, but he would not mind him. 3. To putin mind; toremind. [Obs.] Locke. 4. To intend; to mean. Chapman. MIND, v.i. To be inclined, or disposed to incline. When one of them mindeth to zo into rebellion. [Obs.] Spenser, MIND/ED, a. Disposed ; inclined. If men were minded to live virtuously. Tillotson. Joseph was minded to put her away privily. — Matt. i. Minded is much used in composition ; as, high- minded ; low-minded; feeble-minded ; sober-minded ; double-minded, MIND'ED-NESS, zx. Disposition ; inclination toward any thing ; as, heavenly mindedness. Milner. MIND/-FILL-ING, a. Filling the mind. Mitford. MIND/FUL, a. Attentive ; regarding with care ; bear- ing in mind ; heedful; observant. I promise to be mindful of your admonitions. Hammond. What is man, that thou art mindful of him? — Ps. vii. MIND/FUL-LY, adv. Attentively ; heedfully. MIND’/FUL-NESS, n. Attention; regard; heedful- ness. MIND/ING, ppr._ Regarding; heeding. MIND'ING, n. Regard. MIND’/LESS, a. Inattentive; heedless; forgetful ; negligent ; careless Dryden. Cursed Athens, mindless of thy worth. Shak. 2. Not endued with mind or intellectual powers ; as, mindless bodies. Davies. 3. Stupid; unthinking ; as. a mndless slave. Shak. MYND/-STRICK-EN, a. Moved; affected in mind. { Not used. | Sidney. MINE, a. called sometimes a pronominal adj. [Sax. min; Sw. and Dan. min; Goth. meins; Fr. mon; D. myn; G. mein, contracted from migen; for me, in Gothic, is mik, Dan. mig, G. mich. The L. meus, and Russ. moi, are also contracted. ] My ; belonging to me. It was formerly used be- fore nouns beginning with vowels. ‘I kept myself from mine iniquity.”” Ps. xvili. But this use is no longer retained. We now use my before a vowel as well as before an articulation ; as, my iniquity. In present usage, my always precedes the noun, and mine follows the noun, and usually the verb; as, this is my book; this book is mine; it is called my book ; the book is called mine ; it is acknowledged to be mine. Mine sometimes supplies the place of a noun. Your sword and mine are different in construction. MINE, x. [Fr. mine, amine or ore, whence mineral ; It. mina, miniera: Sp. mina, a mine, a conduit, a subterraneous canal, a spring or source of water; Port. id.; Ir. men, mianach; Dan. and G,. mine; Sw. mina; D. myn; W. mwn, whence mwnai, money ; Arm. min. The radical signification is not obvious. ] 1. A pit or excavation in the earth, from which metallic ores or other mineral! substances are taken by digging. The pits from which stones only are taken are called quarries. 2, In the military art, a subterraneous canal or pas- sage dug under the wall or rampart of a fortification, where a quantity of powder may be lodged for blow- ing up the works. 3. A rich source of wealth or other good. MINE, v.27. To dig a mine or pit in the earth. . Woodward. 9. To form a subterraneous canal or hole by scratching; to form a burrow or lodge in the earth, as animals; as, the mining coney. : Wotton. 3. To practice secret means of injury. _ MINE, v. t. To sap; to undermine; to diga vay, or otherwise remove the substratum or foundation ; hence, to ruin or destroy by slow degrees or secret means, They mined the walls. Fayward, In a metaphorical sense, UNDERMINE is generally to call to mind; the fact is out of my mind; time out used. MINE/-DIG-GER, nm. One that digs mines. MIN’/ER,n. One that digs for metals and other min- erals. 2. One who digs canals or passages under the walls of a fort, &c. Armies have Sappers and muLers. MIN’ER-AL, x. [Fr. and Sp. mineral; Low L. mi- nerd, &@ matrix or vein of metals, whence mineralic ; all from mine. ] Any natural production formed by the action of chemical affinities, and organized, when becomiag solid; by the powers of crystallization. Dana, Minerals were formerly divided into salts, earths, inflammables, and ores; a division which serves for a general distribution: but a more scientific arrange- ment into classes, orders, genera, species, subspecies, and varieties, has been adopted to meet the more pre- cise views of modern mineralogists. MIN’/ER-AL, a. Pertaining to minerals; consisting of minerals ; as, the mineral kingdom. 2. Impregnated with minerals ; as, mineral Waters ; a mineral spring. MIN’/ER-AL-IST, 7x. minerals. MIN-ER-AL-I-ZA’/TION, n. [See Mrnerarize.] 1. The process of forming an ore by combination with another substance; the natural operation of uniting a metallic substance with another. 2. The process of converting into a mineral, as a bone or a plant. 3. The act of impregnating with a mineral, as water. : MIN/ER-AL-IZE, v. t. [from mineral.] In mineral- ogy, to combine with a metal in forming an ore or mineral. Sulphur mineralizes many of the metals. 2. To convert into a mineral. In these caverns, the bones are not mineralized, Buckland. 3. To impregnate with a mineral substance ; as, to mineralize water MIN/ER-AL-IZE, v.7. To go on an excursion for ob- serving and collecting minerals. [ Recent.| Dana MIN’ER-AL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Deprived of its usual properties by being combined with another substance or formed into an ore, as, metallic substances are mineralized 2. Converted into a mineral. 3. Impregnated with a mineral. MIN’/ER-AL-IZ-ER, n. A substance which mineral- izes another or combines with it in an ore, and thus deprives it of its usual and peculiar properties. Sul- phur is one of the most common mineralizers. Nicholson. Combining with a metal One versed or employed in MIN/ER-AL-IZ-ING, ppr and forming an ore. 2. Going on an excursion for minerais. MIN’ER-AL-IZ-ING, a. Adapted to combine with a metal in forming an ore. MIN-ER-AL-OG/I€-AL, a. [See Mrneraocy.] Per- taining to the science of minerals; as. a mineralog- ical table. MIN-ER-AL-OG/I€-AL-LY, adv. In mineralogy. Phillips. MIN-ER-AL/O-GIST, n. One who is versed in the science of minerals, or one who treats or discourses of the properties of mineral bodies. MIN-ER-AL/O-GY, x. [mineral and Gr. oyos, dis- course. ] The science which treats of the properties of min- eral substances, and teaches us to characterize, dis- tinguish, and class them according to their proper- ties. It comprehends the study or science of all in- organic substances in the earth or on its surface. Encyc. Cyc. MIL-NER/VA, n. [L.] In mythology, the goddess of wisdom, of war, and of the liberal arts. MIN/E-VER, x. An animal, said by Forby to be the ermine, or his skin; white fur with specks of black. MIN’'GLE, (ming’gl,)». t. [Sax. mengan or mencgan ; G. and D. mengen. This word seems to be a deriva- tive from G. menge, Sax. menigo, a multitude, or from the same root. Hence, among signifies mingled, or in the crowd. 1. To mix; to blend; to unite in one body; as, to mingle liquors of different kinds, é 2. To mix or blend without order, or promiscu- ously. : There was fire mingled with hail. — Ex. ix. 3. To compound; to unite in a mass, as solid sub- stances ; as, to mingle flour, sugar, and eggs in cook- ery. : : 4. To join in mutual intercourse or in society. The holy seed have mingled themselves with the people of those ands, — Ezra ix. Ps. cvi. 5. To contaminate ; to render impure; to debase by mixture. ; The best of us appear contented with a mingled, perce gers. 6. To confuse. ; There mingle broils. Milton. MINGLE, v. i. To be mixed ; to be united with. She, when she saw her sister nymphs, suppreseed Her rising fears, and mingled with the rest, MINGLE, (ming’gl,) 7. Mixture; medley ; Dene cuous mass. [JVot used.] ryden. Addison. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. see yee ps ioe rs See ina Taha e e g bor eeefone hee ee ooo eerie eo ciate Spee aguaeaee on mittee SR Hats om. a toma Het gree Tot ops Na th ee MINGLED, (ming/gld,) pp. or a romiscuously. MIN’’GLED-LY, adv. Confusedly. Barret. MIN’'GLE-MAN'GLE, n. A medley; a_hotch- Hooker. potch. MIN’'/GLE-MENT, (ming’gl-,) 2. MIN’/GLER, 7. MINGLING, ppr-. MIN’GLING-LY, adv. MiN’IARD, (min‘yard,) a. MIN/ITARD-IZE, v. & MIN/IARD-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered delicate. MIN/I-ATE, v. t. MIN/I-A-TED, pp. MIN/IA-TURE, (imin/e- or min/e-a-) 7. MIN/IA-TURE, (min/e- or min/é-a-) a. MIN’I-KIN, a. MIN/I-KIN, x. MIN’IM, 2. Mixed ; united Act of mingling ; state of being mixed. One that mingles. Mixing ; uniting without order Unitingly. [Fr. mignard.] { Little used.] To render soft, delicate, or Howell. Soft ; dainty. dainty [It. miniare, from minio, L. minium, red lead or vermilion. ] To paint or tinge with red lead or vermilion. Warton. Painted or tinged with minium, red Jead, or vermilion. [It. and Sp. miniatura, from It. miniare, supra ; Fr. minia- ture. As Ne painting in water colors on vellum, ivory, or paper, with points or dots ; sometimes in oil colors. The term is usually applied to portraits painted on a very small scale, and is hence used adjectively, to denote very small. 2. A picture or representation in a smal} compass, or less than the reality. Encye. 3. Red letter ; rubric distinction. Hickes. On a small scale; as, miniature representation. [Qu. W. main, small, and kin.] Small; diminutive ; used in slight contempt. A small sort of pins. 9. A darling ; a favorite. [See Minion.] [W.. main, small, whence L. minimus. See Mince.] Literally, something exceedingly smal). Hence, 1. A little man or being; a dwarf. Milton. 2. One of a certain reformed order of Franciscans or Minimi. Weever. 3. A note in music, equal to half a semibreve or two crotchets. 4. A short poetical encomium. [ Obs.] 5. A small fish; a minnow. [Zocal.] 6. Lhe smallest liquid measure ; a single drop. Brande. MIN/I-MENT, xn. [from muniment.] Proof; testimony. Spenser. MIN’I-MUM, n. [L.] The least quantity assignable in a given case. Encyc. MIN‘I-MUS, 2. [L.] A being of the smallest size. : Sha. MIN/ING, ppr. Digging into the earth, as for fossils and minerals ; sapping. 9, a. Pertaining to, or connected with, the busi- ness of digging mines; as, the miung districts of Spenser. Johnson. Siberia. Sparks. MIN/ING, 2. The act or employment of digging mines. MIN/‘ION, (min’yun,) a. Fine; trim; dainty. [Vot used. } MIN/ION, (min/yun,) n. [Fr. mignon; It. mignone ; a darling ; from W. main, #r. menu, small ; W.mwyn, tender, gentle. ] A favorite; a darling; particularly, the favorite of a prince, on whom he lavishes his favors , one who gains favors by flattery or mean adulation, Edward sent an army into Ireland, not for conquest, but to guard the person of his minion, Piers Gayeston. Davies, The drowsy tyrant by his minions led. Swift. MIN/ION, (min'yun,) n. [W. main, Fr. menu, small ; L. minor. See Mince. A small kind of printing types, in size between brevier and nonpareil. MIN/EON-ING, (min/yun-,) 7. Kind treatment. JMarston. MIN’'TON-LIKE, MIN‘ION-LY, MIN/‘LON-SHIP, n. State of being a minion. MIN‘IOUS, (min/yus,) a. [from L. minium.) Of the color of red lead or vermilion. MIN/ISH, v. t. [L. minuo, to lessen. | To lessen ; to diminish. [Obs.] [See Diminisn.] “_- = adv. Finely ; daintily. Brown. MIN’IS-TER, n, [L.; probably from Ar. mahana, to serve, wait, attend, Class Mn, No. 2, and Sax. stsore, helm, direction ; steoran, to steer.] I. Properly, a chief servant; hence, an agent ap- pointed to transact or manage business under the au- thority of another ; i7 w/ich sense it is aword of very extensive application. Moses rose up, and his minister Joshua. — Exod. xxiv. 2. One to whom a king or prince intrusts the di- rection of affairs of state; as, minister of state; the prime minister. In modern governments, the secreta- ries or heads of the several departments or branches MIN/IS-TER, v. t. MIN/IS-TER, v. i. MIN’IS-TER-ED, pp. MIN-IS-TE’RI-AL, a. of government, are the ministers of the chief magis- MIN 3. A magistrate ; an executive officer. For he is the minister of God to thee for good. — Rom, xiii. 4, A delegate ; an embasyador ; the representative of a sovereign or government at a foreign court ; usu- ally such as isresident at a foreign court, but not re- stricted to such. 5. One who serves ut the altar ; one who performs sacerdotal duties; the pastor of a church duly au- thorized or licensed to preach the gospel and admin- ister the sacraments. Eph. iil. 6. Christ is called a minister of the sanctuary. Heb. viii. 7. An angel; a messenger of God. Who maketh his angels spirits, his ministers a flaming fire. — 78. ClY. [L. ministro.] To give ; to afford; to supply. He that ministereth seed to the sower. —2 Cor, ix. That it may minister grace to the hearers. — Eph. iv. To attend and serve; to perform service in any office, sacred or secular. I will sanctify also both Aaron and his sons, to minister to me in the pricst’s olfice. — Jox. xxix, 9. To afford supplies; to give things needful; to supply the means of relief; to relieve. When saw we thee hungry, or thirsty, or a stranger, or naked, or sick, or in prison, and did not minister to thee ?— Matt. xxXV. 3. To give medicines. Canst thou not mizister to a mind diseased ? In this sense we commonly use ADMINISTER, | Served ; afforded ; supplied. Attending for service; atten- dant ; acting at command. Enlightening spirits ana ministerral flames. 2. Acting under superior authority ; pertaining to a mitiister, For the ministerial offices in court, there must be an eye to them. acon. Shak. Prior. 3. Pertaining to executive offices, as distinct from judicial. The office and acts of a sheriff are mintste- rial, 4. Sacerdotal ; pertaining to ministers of the gos- pel ; as, ministerial garments ; ministerial duties. Genuine ministerial prodence keeps back no important truth, listens to no compromise with sin, connives at uo fashionable H. Humphrey. as, ministerial Burke, In a ministerial manner vice, cringes before no lordly worldling. 5, Pertaining to ministers of state ; circles ; ministerial benches, MIN-IS-TE/RI-AL-LY, ado. or character. Waterland. MIN/IS-TER-ING, ppr. or a, Attending and serving asa subordinate agent ; serving under superior au- thority. Hebd. i. 2. Affording aid or supplies; administering things MIN'IS-TER-Y. See Ministny. (needful. MIN/IS-TRAL, a. Pertaining to a minister. [Little used. | Johnson. MIN/IS-TRANT, a. Performing service as a minis- ter; attendance on service ; acting under command. Princedoms and dominations minisirant. Milton. MIN-IS-TRA/TION, n. . [L. ministratio.] 1. The act of performing service as a subordinate agent; agency ; intervention for aid or service. Because their widows were neglected in the daily ministrations. ; o — Acts Vl. 9, Office of a minister; service; ecclesiastical] function. As soon as the days of his ministration were ended. — Luke i. MIN/IS-TRESS, n. ». t. To judge erroneously ; to misjudge ; to mistake in judging. Spenser. MIS-DEEM’ED, pp. Erroneously judged. MIS-DEEM/ING, ppr. Judging or thinking errone- ously. MIS-DE-MEAN’, x. t. To behave ill. Shak. MIS-DE-MEAN/OR, n. Il] behavior; evil conduct; South. fault ; mismanagement. 2. In law, an offense of a Jess atrocious nature than acrime. It applies to all offenses inferior to felony, and also to all offenses for which the law has not provided a particuJar remedy. Bouvier. Crimes and misdemeanors are mere synonymous terms ; but, in common usage, the word crime is made to denote offenses of a deeper and more atrocious dye, while small fauJts and omissions of less conse- quence are comprised under the gentler name of mis- demeanors. Blackstone. MIS-DE-RIVE’, v. t. To err in deriving. = MIS-DE-SERIB/ED, a. Erroneously described. MIS-DE-SERT’, n. Il desert. Spenser. MIS-DE-VO/TION, n. False devotion; mistaken pie- ty. [Little used.] Donne. MIS-DI/ET, 2. Improper diet or food. [JVot used.] Spenser. MIS-DI-RE€T’, v. t. To give a wrong direction to; as, to misdirect a passenger. 2. To direct to a wrong person or place ; as, to mis- direct a jetter. MIS-DI-RE€T’ED, pp. or a. Directed wrong, or to a misconcetved. Hooker. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT — METE. PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, Wrong person or place, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —MIS MIS-DI-RE€T/ING, ppr. wrong person or place. MIS-DI-RE€/TION, n. The act of directing wrongly 2. In law, an error committed by a judge in charg- Ing the jury, in matters of law or of fact. Bouvier. MIS-DIS-PO-SI//TION, (-po-zish’/un,) m. Disposition to evil. [Not in use. Bp. Hall. MIS-DIS-TIN//GUISH, (-ting’/gwish,) v. t To make wrong distinctions. voker. MIS-DGO/, v. t. or i. [See Do.] To do wrong ; to do Directing wrong, or to a amiss ; to commit a crime or fault. JHilton, MIS-D6/ER, n. One who does wrong; one who com- mits a fault or crime. Spenser. MIS-DG/ING, ppr. or crime MIS-DG6/ING, n. offense. MIS-DOUBT’, ,mis-dout’,) ». t. suspect of deceit or danger. not in use. } Sidney. Shak. Dryden. MIS-DOUBT’, (-dout’,) x. Suspicion of crime or dan- ger. Shak. 2. Irresolution ; hesitation. [ot used.] Shak. MIS-DOUBT’FUL, (-dout!,) a. Misgiving. Spenser. MIS-DREAD’, (-dred’,) n. Dread of evil. Bp. Hall. MISE, (meez,) xn. [Fr. mis, put, laid, pp. of mettre, L, mitto ; Norm. mise. ] 1. In law, an issue to be tried at the grand assize. 2. Expense; cost. 3. A tax or tallage; in Wales, an honorary gift of the people to a new king or prince of Wales ; also, a tribute paid, in the county Palatine of Chester, at the Doing wrong ; committing a fault A wrong done ; a fault or crime ; an D’ Estrange. [See Dousr.] To [An ill-formed word, and change of the owner of the earldoms. Encyc. MIS-ED’/U-€A-TED, a. Educated in a Wrong man- ner, Mrs. Montagu. MIS-EM-PLOY’, v. t. To employ to no purpose, or to a bad purpose ; as, to misemploy time, power, advan- tages, talents, &c. ocke. Addison. MIS-EM-PLOY/ED, pp. or a. Used to no purpose, or to a bad one. MIS-EM-PLOY’ING, ppr. a bad one. MIS-EM-PLOY’MENT, n. I) employment ; applica- tion to no purpose, or to a bad purpose. fale. MIS-EN’TER-ED, pp. Entered wrong, as an account. MIS-EN’TRY, x. An erroneous entry or charge, as of an account. MI/SER, 7. [L., miser, miserable. ] 1. A miserable person ; one wretched or afflicted. [ Obs Spenser. 2, A wretch ; a mean fellow. [Obs.] Shak. 3. An extremely covetous person ; a sordid wretch ; a niggard ; one who in wealth makes himself miser- able by the fear of poverty. [Tis is the only sense in which it is now used. | No allver saints by dying misers given. MIS’/ER-A-BLE, a. erabilis. } 1. Very unhappy from grief, pain, calamity, pover- ty, apprehension of evil, or other cause. It, however, expresses somewhat less than wretched, Using to no purpose, or to Pope. [Fr. miserable, from L. miser, mis- What hopes delude thee, miserable man? Dryden, 2. Very poor; worthless. Miserable comforters are ye all. — Job xvi. 3. Causing unhappiness or misery. What’s more miserable than discontent? Shak, 4, Very poor or mean ; as, a miserable hut ; miser- able clothing. 9. Very poor or barren ; as, a miserable soil. 6. Very low or despicable ; as, a miserable person. MI$/ER-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of misery ; poorness. MI$/ER-A-BLY, adv. Unhappily ; calamitously. The fifth was miserably stabbed to death. South. 2. Very poorly or meanly ; wretchedly. They were miserably entertained. Sidney. 3. In misery or unhappiness. MI3-E-RE'RE,n. (L., have mercy.] In the Roman Catholic church, the psalm usually ap- pointed for penitential acts, being the 5lst psalm, which commences with this word. MY/SER-LY, a. (See Misrr.] Very covetous; sor- did ; niggardly ; parsimonious. MIS/ER-Y, n. .miseria; Fr. misére. 1. Great unhappiness; extreme pain of body or mind. A man suffers misery from the gout, or from great afflictions, distress, calamity, and other evils. Misery expresses somewhat less than wretehedness. Misery is as really the fruit of yice reigning in the heart, as tares are the produce of tares sown in the field. J. Lathrop. 2. Calamity ; misfortune ; natural evils which are the cause of misery. And mourn the misertes of human life. Dryden. 3. Covetousness. [Not used.] Shak. MIS-ES/TI-MATE, v, t. To estimate erroneously. Mitford. MIS-ES/TI-MA-TED, pp, Estimated erroneously. MIS-EX-PLI-€A’TION, n. Wrong explanation. MIS-EX-POUND’, v.t. ‘To expound erroneously. MIS MIS-FALL/, (mis-faw]/,) v. t To befall, as ill luck ; to happen to unluckily, DENS Er. MIS-FALL/‘EN, (-fawl’/n,) pp. Happened calickily: MIS-FARE’, x. Il fare ; misfortune. Spenser. MIS-FARE’, v.i. To be in an ill state. MIS-FASH’ION, v. t. To form wrong. Huakewill. MIS-FEA'SANCE, (-fe/zans,) n. [Fr. mes and fai- sance, from faire, to do.] In /aw, a trespass ; a wrong done. MIS-FEIGN’, (mis-fane/,) v.i. To feign with an ill design. . Spenser. MIS-FORM’, v. t. To make an ill form; to put in an ill shape. Spenser. MIS-FORM-A/TION, n. An irregularity of formation. MIS-FORM/ED, pp. Made of an ill shape. MIS-FOR'TU-NATE, a. Producing misfortune. A. Taylor. MIS-FOR/TUNE, n. Ill fortune ; ill luck ; calamity ; an evil or cross accident, as loss of property at sea or by fire. Consider why the change was wrought, You’ll find it his misfortune, not his fault. MIS-FOR’/TUN-ED, a. Unfortunate. Milton. MIS-GIVE/, (mis-giv’,) v. t. [See Give.) To fill with doubt ; to deprive of confidence ; to fail ; usually ap- plied to the heart. So doth my heart misgive me. His heart misgave him. 2. To give or grant amiss. MIS-GIV/ING, ppr. failing. MIS-GIV’ING, n. A failing of confidence ; doubt ; dis- trust. Doubts, suspicions, and misgivings. MIS-GOT’TEN, a. Unjustly obtained. MIS-GOV’ERN, (-guv/ern,) v. t. To govern ill, to administer unfaithfully. Solyman charged him bitterly that he had misgoverned the state. Knolles. MIS-GOV'ERN-ANCE, (-guv/ern-ans,) n. Ill govern- ment ; disorder ; irregularity. eNSEr. MIS-GOV/ERN-ED, pp. or a. Ill governed; badly ad- Encye. Addison. Shak, Addison. [Mot in use.] Laud. Filling with doubt or distrust ; South. ministered, 2. Rude; unrestrained ; as, rude, misgeverned hands. Shak. MIS-GOV’/ERN-MENT, zn. IJ] administration of pub- lic affairs. Ralegch. 2. Ill management.in private affairs. Taylor. 3. Irregularity ; disorder. Shak. MIS-GRAFF’, v. t. To graft amiss. MIS-GRAFT/ED, pp. Grafted amiss, MIS-GROUND’, v, t. To found erroneously. Hall. MIS-GUID/ANCE, x. Wrong direction ; guidance into error. South. MIS-GUIDE’, v. t. To lead or guide into error; to di- rect ill; as, to mtsguide the understanding or mind. Locke. Pope. MIS-GUID/ED, pp. or a. Led astray by evil counsel or Wrong direction ; as, a misguided prince. Prior. MIS-GUID/ING, ppr. Giving wrong direction to; lead- ing into error. MIS-GUID‘ING, n. The act of misleading. MIS-GUID’ING-LY, adv. In a way to mislead. MIS-HAP’, nx, Ill chance; evil accident; ill luck ; misfortune. Secure from worldly chances and mishaps, MIS-HAP’PEN, v.2 To happen ill. MIS-HEAR’, v. t. To mistake in hearing. MIS-HEARD’, pp. Heard mistakenly or imperfectly. MISH’MASH, nxn. [Teut. misch-masch.] A mingle, or hotchpotch. MISH/NA, x. [Heb. 13W», iterated, from mw, to re- eat. E A Vieetion or digest of Jewish traditions and ex- planations of Scripture, forming the text of the Tal- Shak. Spenser. mud. Murdock. MISH’/NI€, a Pertaining or relating to the Mishna. Enfield, Encyc. MIS-IM-PROVE’, (-proov’,) v. t. To improve to a bad purpose; to abuse; as, to misimprove time, talents, advantages. MIS-IM-PROV’ED, pp. or a. Used to a bad purpose. MIS-IM-PROVE’/MENT, (-proov-,) x. Ill use or em- ployment ; improvement to a bad purpose. MIS-IN-FER’, v.t. To draw a wrong inference. Hooker. MIS-IN-FORM/’, v. t. To give erroneous information to ; to communicate an incorrect statement of facts. MIS-IN-FORM-A/TION, mn. Wrong information ; false account or intelligence received. Bacon. South. MIS-IN-FORM/ED, pp Wrongly informed. | MIS-IN-FORM/ER, x One that gives wrong inform- ation. MIS-IN-FORM’ING, ppr. information to. MIS-IN-STRU€T’, v. t. To instruct amiss. MIS-IN-STRU€T’ED, pp. Instructed amiss. MIS-IN-STRU€/TION, 7. Wrong instruction. More. MIS-IN-TEL/LI-GENCE, x. Wrong information ; dis- agreement. MIS-IN-TER/PRET, v. t. To interpret erroneously ; to understand or to explain in a wrong sense. Communicating erroneous Hooker. Hooker. MIS-EX-PRES/SION, (-presh’un,) n. Erroneous ex- pression. Baxter. Arbuthnot. MIS-O-BE/DI-ENCE, n. _ mp | | ea MIS-IN-TER-PRET-A/TION, x. preting erroneously. MIS-IN-TER/PRET-ED, pp. or a. Erroneously under- stood or explained. MIS-IN-TER/PRET-ER, n. roneously MIS-IN-TER/PRET-ING, ppr. Erroneously interpret- The act of inter- One who interprets er- ing. MIS-JOIN’, v. t. To join unfitly or improperly. Milton. Dryden. MIS-JOIN/DER, m. In law, the joining of several dis- tinct demands in a declaration which can not by law be thus united. Bouvier. MIS-JOIN/ED, pp. Improperly united. MIS-JOIN/ING, ppr. Joining unfitly or improperly. MIS-JUDGE’, (-juj’,) ». t. To mistake in judging of; to judge erroneously. Estrange. MIS-JUDGE’, (-juj/,) v. ~ To err in judgment; to form false opinions or notions. MIS-JUDG/ED, pp. or a. Judged erroneously. MIS-JUDG ING, ppr. Judging erroneously of; form- Ing a Wrong opinion or inference. MIS-JUDG/MENT, n.- A wrong or unjust determina- tion. Hale. MIS’KIN, nz. A little bagpipe. MIS-KIN’/DLE, v. t. To kindle amiss; to inflame to a bad purpose. MIS-LAID’, pp. Laid in a wrong place, or place not recollected ; lost. MIS-LAY’, v. t. To lay in a wrong place. The fault is generally mislaid upon nature. Locke. 2. To lay in a place not recollected ; to lose. If the butler be the tell-tale, mislay a spoon so that he may never nd it. Swift. MIS-LAY’ER, n. One that lays in a wrong place; one that loses. Bacon. MIS-LAY'ING, ppr. Laying in a wrong place, or place not remembered ; losing. MIS’LE, (miz/zl,)v.% [from mist, and properly, Mrs- TLE. To rain in very fine drops, like a thick mist. ay. Derham. MIS-LEAD’, v. t.; pret. and pp. Mistep. [See Leap.] To Jead into a wrong way or path; to lead astray ; to guide into error; to cause to mistake; to deceive. Trust not servants who mislead or misinform you, Bacon, But of the two, less dangerous is the offense, To tire our patience, than mtslead our sense. Pope. MIS-LEAD’/ER, n. One who leads into error. MIS-LEAD/ING, ppr. Leading into error; causing to err; deceiving. MIS-LEAD/ING, n. A misguiding. MIS-LEARN’ED, (-lern’ed or -lernd’,) a. Not really or properly learned. MIS-LED’, pp. of Mrsirap. wrong Way. Led into error; led a — To give due light To the misled and lonely traveller. MIS'LE-TOE, 7. See Mistietoe. MIS-LIKE’, v. ¢. or % To dislike; to disapprove ; to have aversion to; as, to mislike a man or an opinion. Ralegh. Sidney. Milton. For this word DisuiKe is generally used.] MIS-LIKE’, x. Dislike; disapprobation ; aversion. MIS-LIK’ED, (-likt’,) pp. Disliked ; disapproved. MIS-LIK/ER, n. One that dislikes, MIS-LIK/ING, ppr. Disliking; disapproving. MIS’LIN. See MeEs.in. : MIS-LIVE’, (mis-liv’,) v. & To live amiss. [Obs.] MIS-LUCK’, x. [Dlluck; misfortune. MIS/LY, a. [See Misre and Mist.] Raining in very small drops. : be MIS-MAN/AGE, v. t. To manage ill; to administer improperly ; as, to mismanage public affairs. E MIS-MAN/AGE, v.7. To behave ill; to conduct amiss. MIS-MAN!A-GED, pp. Ill managed or conducted. MIS-MAN/AGE-MENT, n. Ill or improper manage- ment; ill conduct ; as, the mismanagement of public or private affairs. ‘ MIS-MAN/A-GER, n. One that manages ill. Burke. MIS-MAN/A-GING, ppr. Managing ill. MIS-MARK’, v. t. To mark with the wrong token ; to mark erroneously. ollier, MIS-MARK/ED, (-miarkt’,) pp. Wrongly marked. MIS-MARK/ING, ppr. Marking erroneously. MIS-MATCH!, v. t. To match unsuitably. Southern. MIS-MATCH/ED, (-macht’,) pp. Unsuitably matched ; i}l joined. MIS-MATCHI/ING, ppr. manner. MIS-MEAS/URE, v. t. To measure incorrectly. MIS-NAME’, v. t. To call by the wrong name. Boyle MIS-NAM/ED, pp. Called by a wrong name. MIS-NAM/ING, ppr. Calling by a wrong name. MIS-NO/MER, n. [Old Fr. mes, wrong, and nommer, to name. ] : In law, the mistaking of the true name of a pe r- son; a misnaming. [Mrsnosmer, as written by Blackstone, must be a corrupt orthography. In no dialect has name, L. nomen, been written with s, un- less by mistake. ] Milton. Matching in an unsuitable Erroneous obedience, or dis- Milton. obedience. [Vot used.] TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 719 et name eT rele eG- . ee rs _—— a ee go Py. I i MIS MIS-OB-SERVBE’, (-zerv’,) v. t. To observe inaccu- rately ; to mistake in observing. Locke. MI-SOG/A-MIST,n. [Gr. picew, to hate, and yapos, marriage. } A hater of marriage. MI-SOG/A-MY, n. Hatred of marriage. MI-SOG‘Y-NIST, (me-soj/e-nist,) n. [Gr. picew, to hate, and y»yv7, woman.] A woman-hater. Borsa] Fuller. MI-SOG/Y-NY, nx. [Supra.] Hatred of the female Sex. MIS-O-PIN/ION, (-yun,) x. Erroneous opinion. Bp. Hall. MIS-OR/DER, v. ft. To order iJl; to inanage erroneous- ly. [ Obs.] Ascham. 9. To manage ill ; to conduct badly. [Obs.] Shak. MIS-OR'DER, n. Irregularity ; disorderly proceedings. [ We now use DisoRDER.] Camden. MiS-OR/DER-LY, a. Irregular; disorderly. Ascham. MIS-OR-DLNA’TION, n. Wrong ordination. More. MIS-PELL’, MIS-PEND’, &c. See Missrexi, Mis- SPEND, MIS-PER-SUADE’, (-swade’,) v. t. To persuade amiss, or to Jead to a wrong notion. Tfooker. MIS-PER-SUA’SION, (-swa'zhun,) m. A false per- suasion ; wrong notion or opinion. Decay of Piety. MIS-PICK’/EL, xn. Arsenical pyrites ; an ore of arsen- ic, containing this metal in combination with iron, sometimes found in cubic crystals, but more often without any regular form. Fourcroy. MIS-PLACE’, v. t. To put in a wrong place ; as, the book is misplaced. 2. To place on an improper object ; as, he misplaced his confidence. South. MIS-PLAC’ED, (-plast’,) pp. or a. Put in a wrong place, or on an iniproper object. MIS-PLACE/MENT, zn. The act of putting in the wrong place. MIS-PLAC/ING, ppr. Putting in a wrong place, or on a wrong object. MIS-PLEAD’, v. i. Toerrin pleading. Blackstone. MIS-PLEAD/ING, ppr. Making a mistake in plead- ing. MIS-PLEAD/ING, n. A mistake in pleading. MIS-POINT’, v. t. To point improperly; to err in punctuation. MIS-POINT’ED, pp. Pointed wrong. MIS-POL/I-CY, nx. Wrong policy ; impolicy. MIS-PRA€/TICE, n. Wrong practice. More. MIS-PRINT’, v.t. To mistake in printing; to print wrong. MIS-PRINT’, n. A mistake in printing; a deviation from the copy. Ch. Obs. MIS-PRINT’ED, pp. or a. Erroneously printed. MIS-PRINT/ING, ppr. Printing wrong. MIS-PRINT’ING, n. The act of printing wrong; a misprint. azter. MIS-PRISE’, v. t. [Fr. meprendre, mepris ; mes, wrong, and prendre, to take. ] To mistake. Shak. MIS-PRIS$/ION, (mis-prizh’un,) n. [Supra.] Neglect ; contempt. 2. In law, any high offense under the degree of capital, but nearly bordering thereon. Misprision is contained in every treason and felony. Misprisions are divided into negative and pusitine ; negative, which consist in the concealment of something which ought to be revealed; and positive, which consist in the commission of something which ought not to be done. Misprision of treason, consists in a bare know!- edge and concealment of treason, without assenting to it. ; Blackstone. Maladministration in offices of high public trust, is a positive misprision. Blackstone. 3. Mistake ; oversight; contempt. [JVot in use.] Shak, MIS-PRIZE!, v.t. [misand prize.] To slight or un- dervalue. O for those vanished hours, so much misprized. Hillhouse, MIS PRO-CEED/ING, n. Wrong or irregular proceed- ing. acon. MIS-PRO-FESS’, v. t. To make a false profession ; to make pretensions to skill which is not possessed. Donne. MIS-PRO-NOUNCE’, (mis-pro-nouns’,) v. t. To pro- nounce erroneously ; as, to mispronounce a word, a name, &c. MIS-PRO-NOUNCE/’, (mis-pro-nouns’,) v. 7. To pro- nounce incorrectly. Milton. MIS-PRO-NOUNC’/ED, (-pro-nounst’,) pp. Pronounced incorrectly. MIS-PRO-NUN-CI-A/TION, n. A wrong or improper pronunciation. Swift. MIS-PRO-POR’/TION, v.t. To err in proportioning one thing to another; to join without due propor- tion. MIS-PRO-POR/TION-ED, pp. Joined without due proportion, MIS-PROUD!, a. Viciously proud. [Vot wsed.] Shak. MIS-QUO-TA/TION, n. An erroneous quotation ; the act of quoting wrong. MIS-QUOTE’, z. t. MIS-QUOT/ED, pp. MIS-QUOT’ING, ppr. MIS-RATH!, v. t. MIS-RB-CITE’, v. t. To recite erroneously. Bramhall. MIS-RE-CIT’ED, pp. MIS-RE-CIT’ING, ppr. p J MIS-RECK’ ON, v. t. To reckon or compute wrong. Swi MIS-RECK’ ON-ED, (-rek’nd,) pp. Reckoned or com- MIS-RECK/ ON-ING, ppr. MIS-RE-LATE’, v. t. To relate falsely or inaccurately. MIS-RE-LAT’ED, pp. MIS-RE-LAT/ING, ppr. ously. MIS-RE-LA’/TION, x. Erroneous relation or narra- To quote erroneously ; to cite in- MIS Incorrectly quoted or cited. Quoting or citing erroneously. To rate erroneously ; to estimate falsely; _ Barrow. MIS-RE-CEIVE’, v. t. To receive erroneously. MIS-RE-CIT’AL, n. An inaccurate recital. h Recited incorrectly. Reciting erroneously. Dift. puted erroneously. Reckoning wrong; and as a noun, an erroneous computation. oyle. Erroneously related or told. Relating or telling errone- Bramhall. MIS-RE-POR'T’ING, ppr. Reporting incorrectly. MIS-REP-RE-SENTY’, v. t. To represent falsely or in- correctly; to give a,false or erroneous representa- 9. A false or incorrect account given, either from mistake, carelessness, or malice. Atterbury, hood, as to convey the idea generally of intentional falsehood. This signification, however, is not neces- sarily implied. MIS-REP-RE-SENT’ED, pp. represented. MIS-REP-RE-SENT’ER, n. erroneous account, MIS-REP-RE-SENT/ING, ppr. roneous representation. MIS-RE-POTE’, v. t. To have in wrong estimation. MIS-RE-POT’ED, pp. ora. Erroneously reputed. Milton. Disorder; confusion; tumult from Falsely or erroneously One who gives a false or Giving a false or er- MIS-RULE’, n. insubordination. Enormous riot and misrule. 2. Unjust domination. Lord of misrule. See Lorop. MIS-RU/LY, a. Unruly ; ungovernable; turbulent. Hall. MISS, n. [Supposed by Bailey to be contracted from mistress. But probably it is from the Armoric mesell, a young lady, or contracted from Fr. demoiselle, Sp. damisola. See DamseEL. ] 1. The title of a young woman or girl; as, little masters and misses. Swift. 2. A kept mistress ; a prostitute retained; a con- cubine. Dryden. {When this title is applied to two or more ladies of the same name, there is a diversity of usage. In con- versation, We say, the Miss Smiths, and this was for- merly the custom in writing, as shown in the prac- tice of Burke, Boswell, and many others. Of late, it has become customary, in writing, to use misses ; as, the Misses Smith ; and although there is still some diversity, this may be considered as the prevailing usage. Such are the statements of the latest English grammarians, Ep.] MISS, v. t. [Sax. missian; D. and G. missen; Sw. mista; Dan. mister; allied perhaps to L. mitto, misi; omitto, omisi. But this is not certain. The Welsh has the word in methu, to fail, to miss, to become abortive, to miscarry, to decay. See Class Md, No. 8, 12, 13, 14, 16. Hence the prefix mis.] 1. To fail in aim; to fail of reaching the object; not to hit; as, to miss the mark; to miss the object intended. 9. To fail of finding the right way; to err in at- tempting to find; as, to miss the way or the road. 3. To fail of obtaining. Orgalus feared nothing but to miss Parthenia. Sidney. 4, To learn or discover that something is wanting, or not where it was supposed to be; as, to miss one’s snuff-box ; I missed the first volume of Livy. Neither missed we any thing. Nothing was missed of all that pertained to him. —1 Sam, xxv. 5. To be without ; as, we can not miss him. [ Obs.] Shak, 6. Tio omit; to pass by; to go without; to fail to have; as, to miss a meal of victuals. She would never miss one day Pope. MISS, n. MIS-SAY/ING, 2. MISS/ED, (mist,) pp. MIS/SEL-BIRD, Notc. — This word is so customarily used for an} } euphemism, or as a softer expression for lie or false-| MIS-SEM/BLANCE, n. MIS 7. To perceive the want of. What by me thou hast lost, thou least shalt mizs. He who has a firm, sincere friend, may want all the missing them. 8. To fail of seeing or finding. A1SS, 2. 2. the true direction: Flying bullets now, To execute his mge, appear too siow 5 They miss, or sweep but common souls away. 2. Not to succeed ; to fail 3. To fail; to miscarry, as by accident. The invention all admired, and each how he To be the inventor missed, 4, To fail to obtain, learn, or find; with On the least reflection, we can not miss of them. 5. To fail; to mistake. Loss; want. There will be no great mise of those which are lost. tion. MIS-RE-MEM/BER, v.t. To mistake in remember- 2. Mistake; error. ing; not to remember correctly. Boyle. He did without any great miss in the hardest points of grammar. MIS-RE-MEM’BER-ED, pp. Inaccurately recollected. [Little used.) Ascham. MIS-RE-MEM/BER-ING, ppr. Remembering inaccu- 3. Harm from mistake. [Obs.] Spenser. rately. _ : MIS-SAID’, (-sed,) pp. Said wrong. MIS-RE-PORT’, v. t. To report erroneously ; tv give | MIS’SAL, n. [It. messale; Fr. missel. See Mass.] an incorrect account of. Locke. The Roman Catholic mass-book. Stillingfleet. MIS-RE-PORT’, x. An erroneous report; a false or| MIS-SAY’, v. t. To say wrong; to slander. [Little Incorrect account given. Denham. South. used. ] Spenser. MIS-RE-PORT'’ED, pp. Incorrectly reported. MIS-SAY’, v. 7. Too speak ill. Spenser. Wrong expression. Milton. the object. tion, either maliciously, ignorantly, or carelessly. MIS-SEEM/, v.i. To make a false appearance. Swift. MIS-REP-RE-SENT-A/TION, n, The act of giving a 2. To misbecome. [ Obs.] false or erroneous representation. Siift. MIS/SEL, n. A singing bird, the viscivorus. MIS/SEL-DINE, 2. The mistletoe. MIS-SEND)’, >. t. MIS-SENT’, pret. and pp. of Missenp. MIS-SERV/ED,, pp. Served unfaithfully. MIS-SHAPE’, v. t. [See SHare.] give an ill form to; to deform. And horribly misshapes with ugly sights. A misshaped figure. Misshapen mountains. MIS-SHAP/ED, (-shapt,) MIS-SHAP/EN, (-shap/n,) § MIS-SHAP/EN-LY, adv. MIS-SHAP/EN-NESS, n. shaped. MIS-SHAP/ING, ppr. MIS-SHEATH’ED, a. ) pp. or a. Sheathed by mista mitto, to send. ] missile Weapons. MIS/SILE, 2. or a bullet. MISS/ING, ppr. or to find; discovering to be wanting. pected to be found; wanting. my pen or my book is missing. For a time caught up to God, as once Moses was in the mount, and missing long. MISS/ING-LY, adv. MIS/SION, (mish’un,) 2. send. | sent on a foreign mission. How to begin, how to accomplish best His eud of being on earth, and mission high. by authority to perform any service ; the heathen. 3. A station of missionaries. use of the word; in English, obsolete. 5. Faction ; party. {Not in use. | MIS/SION-A-RY, n. r. missionaire. | One sent to propagate religion. correctly. 720 A walk so fine, a sight so gay. Prior. aries are called missionaries of the cross. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — To fail to hit; to fly wide ; to deviate from Men observe when things hit, and not when they miss. Bacon. Failed in aim or in reaching the European thrushes, ‘Turdus Edin. Encyc. [ Obs.] Barret. False resemblance. To send amiss or incorrectly. MIS-SERVE’, (inis-serv’,) v. & To serve unfaithfully. Arbuthnot. To shape ill; to Ill-formed ; de- formed ; ugly. In a misshapen way. The state of being badly Giving an ill shape to. MIS‘SILE, (mis'sil,) a. [L. missilis, from missus, sent ; Thrown or sent, or that may be thrown. sile weapon is one that is thrown by the hand, or from an engine in war, in distinction from such as are held or retained in the hand, or fixed. row, a dart, a javelin, a stone, a bullet, a bomb, are A weapon thrown, or intended to be thrown, for doing execution, as a lance, an arrow, [from miss.] Failing to hit, to reach, 2, a. Lost; absent from the place where it was ex- My horse is missing ; At intervals ; occasionally. Shak. [L. missio, from mitto, to 1. A sending or being sent, usually the latter; a being sent or delegated by authority, with certain powers for transacting business; commission; as, 9. Persons sent ; any number of persons appointed the persons sent to propagate religion or evangelize The societies for propagating the gos- pel have missions in almost every country. week a mission sailed for the Sandwich Isles. have domestic missions and foreign missions. 4. Dismission; discharge from service; a Roman Christian mission- Milton. rest without youth. Waller. Milton. of. Atterbury, Spenser. Locke. Spenser. Spenser. largest of Spelman. Spenser. Pope. Bentley. ke. Shak. A mis- An ar- Milton. Milton. particularly, Last We Bacon. Shak.MIs MIS MIS’/SION-A-RY, a. Pertaining to missions; as, a missionary meeting ; a missionary fund. MIS'/SION-ATE, v.%. Toactas a missionary. well FON oui MIS‘SION-ER, for Missronary, is not used. MIS/SIVE, a. [Fr.] Such as is sent ; as, a letter mis- SUvE, 2. Thrown or sent, or such as may be sent; as, a [Not missive Weapon. Dryden. MIS/SIVE, x. A letter sent, or a messenger. Bacon. Shak. MIS-SPEAK’, v. i. [See Speax.] To err or mistake in speaking, Shak. MIS-SPEAK’, v. t. To utter wrong. Donne. MIS-SPELL/, v. t. To spell wrong ; to write or utter with wrong letters. MIS-SPELL’ED, ) pp. Spelled wrong, or with wrong MIS-SPELT’, letters. ‘ MIS-SPELL/ING, ppr. Spelling wrong. MIS-SPELL/ING, x. A wrong spelling; false orthog- raphy. MIS-SPEND’, v. t. To spend amiss; to waste or con- sume to no purpose, or to a bad one; as, to misspend time or money ; to misspend life. Dryden. Rogers. 2. To waste. The genial moisture due To apples otherwise misspends itself. MIS-SPEND/ER, n. improperly. MIS-SPEND/ING, ppr. to a bad one. MIS-SPENSE’, (mis-spens’,) 7. erly ; a wasting. MIS-SPENT’, pp. ora. III spent ; expended or con- sumed to no purpose, or to a bad one 3 aS, misspent time or life. MIS-SPOKE’, MISSPOK/EN, { PP- MIS-STATE’, v. t. To state Wrong; to make an er- roneous representation of facts; as, to misstate a question in debate. Sanderson. MIS-STAT/’ED, pp. Stated erroneously. MIS-STATE/MENT, 7. A wrong statement; an er- roneous representation, verbal or written ; as, a mis- statement of facts in testimony, or of accounts in a report, Hamilton. MIS-STAT/ING, ppr. Stating falsely or erroneously. MIS-STAY’/ED, a. Having missed stays, as a ship. MIS-SUM-MA’TION, n. Wrong summation. Scott. MIST, x. [Sax. mist; D. mist; L. mixtus, mistus, from misceo, to mix. | 1. Water falling in very numerous, but fine and almost imperceptible drops. A mist is a multitude of small but solid globules, which therefore descend. Grew. _ 2. That which dims or darkens, and obscures or Intercepts vision. His passion cast a mist before his sense. Dryden. MIST, v. t. To cloud; to cover with vapor. Shak. MIST, v. ~ To rain in very fine drops as it mists. America. MIST-EN-€UM’/BER-ED, a. Loaded with mist. J. Barlow. MIS-TAK’A-BLE, a. That may be misconceived or mistaken. Brown, MIS-TAKE’, v. t. To take wrong; to conceive or un- derstand erroneously ; to misunderstand or misap- prehend. Tis to mistake them costs the time and pain. 2. To take one thing or person for another. We mistake the eloquence of selfapology for the animation of conscious integrity. Buckminster. A man may mistake the love of virtue for the practice of it. Johnson. MIS-TAKE!, v.z. To err in opinion or judgment. Servants mistake, and sometimes occasion misunderstanding among friends. Swift. MIS-TAKE’, n. misconception. Infallibility is an absolute security of the understanding from all possibility of mistake. wlotson. 2. A slip; a fault; an error. There is a mistake in the account or in the date. MIS-TAK/EN, pp. In the use of this participle, there is a peculiarity which ought to be carefully noticed. When used of persons, it signifies to be in an error, to be wrong ; as, Lam mistaken, you are mistaken, he is mistaken. But when used of things, it signifies mis- understood, misconceived; as, the sense of the pas- sage is mistaken, that is, not rightly understood. 2. Erroneous ; incorrect ; as, a mistaken notion. MIS-TAK’EN-LY, adv. By mistake. MIS-TAK/ER, n. One that mistakes or misunder- stands, MIS-TAK/’ING, ppr. Making a mistake ; erring from the truth ; misconceiving. MIS-TAK/ING, n. An error; a mistake. Hall, MIS-TAK'ING-LY, adv. Erroneously ; falsely. Bozle, MIS-TAUGHT’, (mis-tawt’,) pp. Wrongly taught ; Philips. One that consumes prodigally or orris. Spending to no purpose, or A spending improp- Uttered or spoken amiss. Pope. An error in opinion or judgment; MIS-TEACH/ING, ppr. Instructing erroneously. MIS-TELL/, v. t. [See Ter.] To tell erroneously. MIS-TEM’PER, ». t. To temper ill; to disorder. MIS-TEM’PER-ED, pp. Tempered ill. { Shak. MIS/TER, n. [The pronunciation of this word is prob- ably from the Welsh, German, or Dutch dialect. See Masrer. } The common title of address to gentlemen, and to men of all classes. In writing, it is expressed by the abbreviation Mr. MIS'TER, v. t [Sw. mista.] use. [ Obs.] As for my name, it mtstereth not to tell. MIS-TERM/, v. t. To term or denominate errone- ously. Shak. MIS-TERM'‘ED, pp. Wrongly denominated. MIS-TERM/ING, ppr. Denominating erroneously. MIST/FUL, a. Clouded with mist. MIS-THINK’, v.i. [See Tuinx.] To think wrong. a used. | Shak. M S-THOUGHT’, (-thawt’,) pp. of Misruinx. Thought wrong of. To be needful or of Spenser, Adam misthought of her to thee so dear. Milton. MIST’T-LY, adv. With mist; darkly ; obscurely. Smart. MIS-TIME’, ». t. the time. MIS-TIME’, v. i. To neglect the proper time. MIS-TIM/ED, pp. ora. Ill-timed; done at a wrong time. MIS-TIM/ING, ppr. Ill-timing ; doing unseasonably. MIST’I-NESS, 2. [See Misr.] A state of being misty ; a state of thick rain in very small drops. To time wrong ; not to adapt to Bacon. MIS'/TION, (mis/chun,) n. [L. mistus, miztus. See Mix. ] 1. A state of being mixed. 2. Mixture ; a mingling. Boyle. MIS-TI'TLE, v. t. To call by a wrong title or name. MIS-TI/TLED, pp. Wrongly named. [ Warburton. MIS'TLE, (miz/I,) v. z. [from mist.] o fall in very fine drops, as rain. [See Misre. MIS’/TLE-TOE, i! I-t n. [Sax. mistelta ; Dan. MIS/LE-TOE, { (miz Cs) mistel, the same shrub, and birdlime ; G. id, A plant or shrub that grows on trees. It is of the genus Viscum. The berry contains a glutinous sub- stance, and the shrub is said to be propagated by birds. This plant was held in great veneration by the Druids. Bacon. Miller. Encye. MIST/-LIKE, a. Resembling mist. Shak. MIS-TOLD’, pp. Erroneously told. [See Trxt.] MIS-TOOK’, pret. of MistTaxKe. MIS-TRAIN/, v. t. To train or educate amiss. Spenser. MIS-TRANS-LATE’, v. t. To translate erroneously. Macknight. MIS-TRANS-LAT‘ED, pp. Erroneously rendered in- to another language. MIS-TRANS-LAT/ING, ppr MIS-TRANS-LA/TION, x. or version. MIS-TREATY’, v. t. To treat amiss; to abuse. MIS/TRESS, x. [Fr. mattresse ; It. maestra, maestressa ; Sp. maestra; L. magistra; Ir. maigh is treas. See Masten. ] 1, A woman who governs ; correlative to Servant, Suave, or Supsect. My mistress here lies murdered in her bed. Shak. 2. The female head of a family. - 3. That which governs ; a sovereign. mistress of the world. 4. One that commands, or has possession and sov ereignty. The queen is mistress of the Indies. 5. A female who is well skilled in any thing; as, she is mistress of arithmetic. 6. A woman teacher ; an instructress of a school. Swift. 7. A woman beloved and courted. Clarendon. 8. A woman in keeping for lewd purposes. 9. A term of contemptuous address. Shak, MIS/TRESS, v. t. To wait upon a mistress; to be Translating incorrectly. An erroneous translation Rome was courting. Donne. MIS/TRESS-PIECE, n. A chief performance of a woman. Lord Herbert. MIS’/TRESS-SHIP, n. Female rule or qouunion: aut. MIS-TRY/AL, n. In law, a trial which is erroneous through some defect in the process or the trial. Bouvier. MIS-TRUST’, x. [Dan. mistrést. See Trust. Want of confidence or trust; suspicion. Milton. MIS-TRUST’, v. t. [Dan. mistroer ; Sw. misstro. See Trust. ] ee To suspect; to doubt; to regard with jealousy or suspicion. Fate her own book mistrusted at the sight. Cowley. MIS-TRUST'ED, pp. Suspected. MIS-TRUST’FUL, a. Suspicious; doubting; want- ing confidence in. Waller. MIS-TRUST/FUL-LY, adv. MIS-TRUST/FUL-NESS, zn. With suspicion or doubt. Suspicion ; doubt. as, a mistaught youth. I? Estrange. MIS-TEACH/, v. t. |See Teacn.] To teach wrong; to instruct erroneously. Sanderson. Sidney. MIT MIS-TRUST'ING, Ppr fidence in. MIS-TRUST/ING-LY, adv. With distrust or suspi- Suspecting; having no con- cion. MIS-TRUST’LESS, a. Unsuspecting ; unsuspicious. =e arew, MIS-TUNE’, v. t. To tune wrong or erroneously ; to put out of tune. Skelton MIS-TUN’ED, pp. Put out of tune. MIS-TURN’, v. t. To pervert. [Not used, | MIS-TU/TOR, v. t. To instruct amiss. MIS-TU’/TOR-ED, pp. Instructed amiss, MIST’Y, a. [from mst.] Overspread with mist ; filled with very minute drops of rain; as, misty weather ; a misty atmosphere ; a misty night or day. Spenser. Pope. 2. Dim ; obscure ; clouded ; as, misty sight. MIS-UN-DER-STAND’, v. t. To misconceive 5 tO mistake , to take in a wrong sense. Locke. Addison. MIS-UN-DER-STAND/ING, ppr. Mistaking the mean- ing. MIS-UN-DER-STAND/ING, zn. Misconception ; mis- take of the meaning ; error. Bacon. 2. Disagreement; difference; dissension; some- times a softer name for QUARREL. Swift MIS-UN-DER-STOOQD’, pp. Misconceived ; Mistaken ; understood erroneously. South. MIS-US/AGE, (mis-yuz/aje,) x. Tl usage; abuse. MIS-USE!, (mis-yaize’,) v. t. [Fr. mesuser. See Use.] 1. To treat or use improperly ; to use to a bad pur- pose, Milton. 2. To abuse ; to treat ill. MIS-USE’, (mis-yuse/,) nm. Ill treatment; improper use ; employment to a bad purpose ; as, the misuse of mercies, Addison. 2. Abuse ; ill treatment. Shak. 3. Wrong application ; misapplication ; erroneous use ; as, the misuse of words. Locke. MIS-US/ED, (mis-yazd’,) pp. or a. Improperly used or applied ; misapplied ; misemployed ; abused. MIS-US/ER, n. In law, an unlawful use of a right ; or a neglect of using it in a proper manner. Bouvier. MIS-US/ING, (mis-yiz/ing,) ppr. Using improperly ; abusing : misapplying. MIS-VOUCH’, v. t. To vouch falsely. MIS-WEAR’, v. t. To wear ill. [Obs.] MIS-WED’/, v. t. To wed improperly. MIS-WED/DED, pp. Ill-matched. MIS-WEEN’, v. i. To misjudge ; to distrust. Spenser. MIS-WEND’, v.i. To go wrong. [Obs.] Spenser. MIS-WRITE’, (-rite’,) v. t. [See Wuames oO write incorrectly. p. Cosin. MIS-WROUGHTY’, (mis-rawt/,) a. Badly wrought. acon. MIS-YOKE’, v. ¢. To yoke or join improperly. MIS-YOK’ED, (-yokt’,) pp. Improperly yoked. MIS-YOK/ING, ppr Yoking improperly. MIS-ZEAL/OUS, (mis-zel/us,) a. Actuated by false zeal, Bp. Hall. MITE, x. [Sax. mite; D. myt; Dan. mid; Fr. mite; Heb. and Ch. ¥yn, small. Class Md, No. 17.] 1. A very small insect of the genus Acarus. 2. In Scripture, a smal] piece of money, the quarter of a denarius, or about seven English farthings. Encye. 3. Any thing proverbially very small; a very little particle or quantity. yden. 4. The twentieth part of a grain. Arbuthnot. MI-TEL’LA, zw An herb; the name of a genus of herbs of the saxifrage tribe. Mi/TER,) x. [It. and Sp. mitra; Fr. mitre; Arm. Mi/TRE, mintr, | 1. A crown or pontifical ornament worn on the head by archbishops and bishops, and sometimes by abbots, on solemn occasions. P. Cyc. 2. In architecture, an angle of 45 degrees. Guilt. 3. In Irish history, a sort of base money or coin. Enciyc. 4. Figuratively, the dignity of an archbishop or bishop, sometimes of an abbot. MI/TER, ) ’ MY/TRE,{}"™ 2. To unite at an angle of 45 degrees. Mi/TER-BOX,) x. A frame for cutting off any thing Mi/TRE-BOX,} atan angle of 45 degrees, Buchanan. Bacon. To adorn with a miter. Mi/TER-ED MYDRED, 2 {BP OF a : 2. Honored with the privilege of wearing a miter. 3. Cut or joined at an angle of 45 degrees. MITH/I€. See Myraic. : MITH/RI-DATE, x. In pharmacy, an antidote against poison, or a composition in form of an electuary, Sup- posed to serve either as a remedy or a preservative against poison. It takes its name from Mitiridates, king of Pontus, the supposed inventor. — Encyc. MITH-RI-DAT/1€, a. Pertaining to mithridate, or its inventor, Mithridates. ea MIT/I-GA-BLE, a, That may be mitigated. Barrow. MIT/I-GANT, a, {L. mitigans mitigo, from mitis, mild ; W. mezal, soft. ] Wearing a miter. TONE, BULL, YNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. St 72h i en as ees 4 L Riera —— eel Se aa oere j t ot it fh 4 ‘ i 4 1y ; a s 1 te { } aa & mak 1 ( i Pa ‘ — Pe aor. 1 4 Poe e | ed | = aM Pee Re i i 4 oe: aa meee te) ee nae one TNE Ne = ee Ld ne Van ay ne . | 5 . 4 4 - S a a , = I MIT’I-GATE, v.t. [lL mitigo, from mitis, soft, mild, | MI L MIX/ER, 7. One who mixes or mingles. -—¢ - = 2 ear 2 5 5 MIX/ING, ppr. Uniting or blending in a mass or com- MIX 1. Softening; lenient; lenitive. 9. Diminishing ; easing, as pain. MI ° W. mezal, Ir. maoth, muadh ; Ar. Sn, to be tender or smooth. Class Md, No. I, 6, 25, 28.] 1. To alleviate, as suffering ; to assuage ; to lessen 5 as, to mitigate pain or grief, And counsel mitigates the greatest smart. Spenser. 2. To make less severe; as, to mitigate doom. Milton. 3. To abate; to make less rigorous ; to moderate ; MIXT’LY, adv. With mixture. as, to mitigate cold; to mitigate the severity of the | MIX'T’/URE, (mixt/yur,) x. [L. miztura.] season. 4. To temper; to moderate ; to soften in harshness or severity. We.could wish that the rigor of their opinions were allayed and mitigated, dooker. 5. To calm; to appease ; to moderate ; as, to miti- gate the fierceness of party. Spectator. 6. To diminish; to render more tolerable ; as, to mitigate the evils or calamities of life; to mitigate punishment. 7, To reduce in amount or severity, as a penalty. 8. To soften, or make mild and accessible ; in a literal sense. It was this opinion which mfgated kings into companions. {Unusual,] Burke. MIT’I-GA-TED, pp. or a. Softened ; alleviated ; moderated ; diminished. MIT’I-GA-TING, ppr. Softening; alleviating ; tem- pering; moderating; abating. MIT-I-GA/TION, n. [L. mitigatio.] Alleviation ; abatement or diminution of any thing painful, harsh, severe, afilictive, or calamitous; as, | } the mitigation of pain, grief, rigor, severity, punish- ment, or penalty. N MIT’/I-GA-TIVE, a. Lenitive ; tending to alleviate. MIT/I-GA-TOR, n. He or that which mitigates. MI/TRAL, a. Pertaining to a miter; resembling a miter; as, the mitral valves of the left ventricle of the heart. rorsyth. Mi/TRE. See Mirer. MIT/RI-FORM, a. In Botany, conical, hollow, and open at the top. P. Cyc. MIT’TEN, n. [Fr. mitaine; Ir. mitog; perhaps from math, the hand.] 1. A cover for the hand, worn to defend it from having a separate cover for each finger. 2. A cover for the arm only. ular colloquial phrase. MIT’TENT, a. [L. mittens, from mitto, to send. ] Sending forth; emitting. Live used.| Wiseman. MIT’TI-MUS, n. [L., we send.] In law, a precept or seal, of a justice of the peace or other proper officer, imprison an offender ; a warrant of commitment to 9, A writ for removing records from one court to another. Brande. MITTS, n. pl. Mittens; particularly,a covering for the hand or arm only, and not for the fingers. McCulloch. MY/TU, n. A fowl of the turkey kind, found in Brazil. MY/TY, a. [from mite.] Having or abounding with mites. MIX, v. t.; pret. and pp. Mixepor Mixt. [Sax. miscan ; G. mischen; Sp. mecer; Port. mezer, to stir, shake, mix; L. misceo, miztum; It. mischiare; Ir, measgadh ; W. mysgu; Arm. gemesga; Russ. meshayu. ‘The Gr. ptyvvw forms pigw. ‘These words seem to coin- oO gD gt cide with the Heb. and Ch. 00D, and Ar. avin mashaga, to mix. The Sanscrit misra, to mix, may be the same word. ‘The radical sense is, probably, to stir, shake, or agitate. | 1. To unite or biend promiscuously two or more ingredients into a mass or compound; applied both to solids and liquids; as, to miz flour and salt ; to mix Wines. 2, Tojoin; toassociate; to unite with in company Ephraim, he hath mixed himself among the people. — Hos. vii. 3. To join ; to mingle. You miz your sadness with some fear. Shak, 4. To unite with a crowd or multitude. MIX, v. 7. To become united or blended promiscuously in a mass or compound, Oil and water will not miz without the intervention of a third substance. 2, To be joined or associated ; as, to miz with the multitude, or to mi in society. MIX/A-BLE, a. Capable of being mixed, MIX/ED, (mikst,) pp. United in a promiscuous mass o1 compound ; blended ; joined ; mingled ; associated. 9, a, Promiscuous; consisting of various kinds or as, a miztilincar angle, i. e., an angle contained by a straight line and a curve. MIXT/ION, (mixt/yun,) x. [Fr.; from L. miztus.] MIZ’ZEN-MAST, x. The mast which supports the MIZ/ZLE, v. i. To rain in very fine drops. [See Ne LING. ppr. or a. Falling in very fine drops ; cold or other injury. It differs from a glove in not} MIZ/ZY,n. | MO-SA [€-AL, templations on the works of God expand the mind and tend to produce most sublime views of his power and wisdom. As most is used to express the superlative degree, deen: ses, the leader of the Israelites; 4. Destruction of active qualities ; applied to met- Soe ee ee an ness On ee als. [See Morriry, but I believe not used.] Bacon. Ss A_SA TRI} Pe eet ‘ ; ; MOS-A-SAU/RUS, n. [L. MMosa, the Latin name of oer meee an . _ 9 In Scottish law, a bequest to some literary or re- Mestricht, and Gr. cauooc. a ligaed it 1s used before any adjective ; as, most vile, most ligious institution; nearly synonymous with Morr- T} an Baa ni ete Wicked, most illustrious. 1e name of a saurian reptile, related to the croc- = Or 5 aan gs ; SUNS Brande. odile, whose remains are found in beds of clay, near MOST, n. (Used as a substitute for a noun, when) the MOR’TI-F7-ED, pp. or a. Affected by sphacelus or Miestricht r Germany ay; noun is omitted or understood.] The greatest num- 2. Humbled ; subdued ; abased. (gangrene. | MOSIEHA-TRL, n [from (Gr! ‘noevde Hy MESES ber or part. BOR: I LFI-ED-NESS, nh. Humiliation ; subjection of musk. ] ve ie tae oor? Then he began to upbraid the cities wherein most of his mighty the passions, es : i MOR’ TLFLER S Taylor. A plant of the genus Adoxa, hollow root, or inglo- Citys Te 7 works were done. — Matt, xi. MOR'TLFY, ». ¢ ie or eben Dies. -¢ rious. There is one species only, whose leaves and [This use seems to have resulted from the omis- see - mortyfier ; It. mortificare; Sp.| flowers smell like musk ; and hence it is sometimes os 7 4 sion of part, or some similar word, and most, in this es L. mors, death, and facio, to make, called Musx-crowFroot rene Louden case, signifies greatest, that is, the greatest part. | ° es ’ the org: eX >; rite e n pe . sts PS > a pias 2 troy the org inic texture and vital func MOS/LEM, n. A mussulman ; an orthodox Moham- - The most; the greatest value, amount, or ad ons of some part of a living animal; to change to medan: vantage, or the utmost in extent, degree, or effect. sphacelus or gangrene. Extreme inflammation speed- MOSQUE, A covetous man makes the most of what he has, and can get. ily mortifies flesh. MOSK Estrange. 7’ . - * « - _ 2 To subdue or bring into subjection, as the bod- ? Alt the most; the greatest degree or quantity ; the Uy appetites by abstinence or rigorous severities, utmost extent. Stock brings six per cent. interest at We mortify ourselves with fish. Brown. 5 the most, often less. With fasting mortifed, worn out with tears. Harte. sajada, to bend, bow, adore.] MOS'TIE, n. . [G. mahlerstock, contracted. j ae - S . . e . e © < sir > o SC . ~ y 3. To subdue ; to abase; to humble ; to reduce ; A Mohammedan temple or place of religious wor- A maulstick or painter’s staff or stick on which to restrain ; as inordinate passions, ship. Mosques are square buildings, generally con- | ._ he rests his hand in painting. Ainsworth. : : : 2S Soe OST'LY Bt “he ex s Mortify thy learned lust. Prior. structed of stone. Before the chief gate is a Square | MOST’LY, adv. For the greatest part. The exports Moras therefore, your members which are upon the earth, — Ol. Ile (mosk,)n. [Fr. mosquée ; It. moschea ; Sp. S Os CC st mezquita; Ar. Kas\anwo masjidon, from Nw a court paved with white marble, and surrounded with | Of the United States consist mostly of cotton, rice, a low gallery, whose roof is supported by pillars of kobacca, flour, and lumber. 4. To humble ; to depress; to affect with slight | marble. In this gallery, the worshipers wash them-| MOST/WHAT, adv. For the most part. [ Obs.] vexation. Selves before they enter the mosque. Encyc. : Hammond. How often is the ambitious man mortified with the very praises | MOS-QU1'TO, (mos-ké@’to,) n. See Musqurro, a (Fr.] Literally, a word ; hence, a motto. Bp. Hall, he gece: if they do not rise so high as he ie they |} MOSS, n. [Sax. meos; G. moos; D. mos; Sw. mossa ; 2. A note or brief strain ona bugle. —_W. Scott. oug' Addzon, He is controlled by a nod, mortified by a frown, and transported with a smile. Addison, 5. To destroy active powers or essential qualities. He mortified pearls in vinegar, Hakewill. Quicksilver — mortified with turpentine, Bacon, uh believe this application is not now in useé.] MOR’TI-FY, v.i. To lose Vitality, as flesh ; to gan- grene. 2. To be subdued. W. mwswg, from ms, that shoots up, and of a strong Nee oe ee &c., signifies a meeting. [Sax. scent ; L. muscus ; Gr. pocxos. The two latter sig-| _ Mt, gemot. 2 5 2 ne -c XAT are 4 nify moss and musk, both from shooting out ; hence, Me mn (Sax. mot; Sp. mota; W. ysmot, a patch or It. musco, muschio ; Sp. musco; Port. musgzo; Fr. peas 5 : ‘ mousse. The Greek word signifies, also, a young A small particle ; any thing proverbially small ; a animal, and a shoot or twig. From the French| 5P0t- . : : mousse COMES mousseline, muslin, from its softness or Why beholdest thou the mote in thy brother’s eye ? — Matt. vii. resemblance to moss. Lunier says it is from Mossoul The little motes in the sun do ever stir, though there pine wind. 2S Ss. S > acon. a city of Mesopotamia. ] Johnson. I. The mosses are one of the families or classes | MOTE, for Moucur, Mireur, or Must, obsolete. Spenser. r . eae weet = oak mrmn oF —OT it) on 3. To practice severities and penance from religious | jnto which all vegetables are divided by Linneus, in| MO-TET’,n. [Fr.] A mnusical composition of a sa- motives. the Philosophia Botanica, In Ray’s method, the| Cred character, consisting of from one to eight parts. This makes him give alms of all that he hath, watch, fast, and} mosses form the third class, ani in Tournefort’s, Brande, mortfy. Law. they constitute a single genus. In the sexual system, | MOTH, n. [Sax. mogthe, mohth, moth, or matha ; Goth. MOR/TI-FY-ING, ppr. Changing from soundness to gangrene or sphacelus. 2. Subduing; humbling ; restraining. they are the second order of the class Cryptogamia, which contains all the plants in which the parts of the flower and fruit are wanting or not conspicuous. matha ; D. mot; G. motte.] : 1. An animal of the genus Phalena of Linneus, which breeds in yarn and garments, and often does 3. a. Humiliating; tending to humble or abase. He met with a mortifying repulse. MOR/TI-FY-ING-LY, adv. I{umiliatingly. MOR/TISE, (mor’tis,) n. [Fr. mortaise + Arm. mortez ; Sp. mortaja; Ir. mortis. The Armoric mortez signifies both a mortar and a mortise, and the Spanish mortaja Signifies a mortise and a winding-sheet orshroud. In the latter sense, the Portuguese use mortalha, from mortal. These alliances indicate that these words are all from tlie root of mors, death, which may be from beating or throwing down.] A cut or hollow place made in timber by the auger and chisel, to receive the tenon of another piece of injury by eating the substance and destroying the texture. Jatt. vi. The name is also applied to the whole genus, 2. Figuratively, that which gradually and silently Milne. The mosses, musci, form a natural order of small plants, with leafy stems, and narrow, simple leaves, Their flowers are generally moneecious or dicecious, é : : suse and their seeds ureveontaiied in a capsule covered| ats, consumes, or wastes any thing. Idle persons with a calyptra or hood. Ed. Encye. Brera: moth to the Seana r ' i The term moss is also popularly applied to many | MOTH EAT, vt ; [moth and eat.] To ea an re other small, cryptogamic plants, particularly lichens, Mpon tas a moth eats a een b He a b xiii species of which are called tree-moss, rock-moss, coral- | MO TH/EAT-EN, pp. or a. ae ove Coes Teaike: moss, &c. The fir-moss and club-moss are of the | MOT HEN, a. Pull of mot a [Vo 5 Noe aa ; genus Lycopodium. MOFH ER, (muth er,) Tl, [Sax. Moder ; « moecder, ¢ c mother, and modder, mud; baar-moeder, the womb; 2. (Sw. mase.] A bog; a place where peat is , ; Kat. moer, mother, dam, womb, lees ; moerspul, hysterics 5 timber Moe: 7 it] b 1 th (moer seems to be a contraction of moeder ;) moeder- AT : SS, v. t. 0 cover with moss by natural growth. ueee alced « | and the thick ‘TISE os , 5 stark naked ; G. mutter, mother, and the thic nis "TARE AIRE a aL ub An oak whose boughs were mossed with age Shak ae concretion in vinegar ; diirmutter, the womb or 2. To join timbers by a tenon and mortise ; as, to 8 Be. : y pat > ? mortise a beam into a post, or a joist into a girder, MOR!TIS-ED, (mor’tist,) pp. Having a mortise ; joined by a mortise and tenon. MOSS!-€AP-PED, (-kapt,) a. Capped or covered with moss, Mrs. Butler. MOSS/-€LAD, a. Clad or covered with moss. matrix 5 mutter-fieber, a hysteric fit; mutter-lamm and 7 mutter-schaf, a ewe or female sheep; mutter—flecken . x and mutter-mahl, a mole; mutter-pferd, a mare, the i ree res } i MOR’TIS-ING, ppr. Making a mortise ; uniting by a Littleton. female of the horse kind ; mater Sciede pewaeMna . ; i mortise and tenon. MOSS/ED, (most,) pp. Overgrown with moss. mutter-nackt, stark naked ; moder, mu ee ae { ' MORT’MAIN, x. [Fr. mort, dead, and main, hand.] | MOSS’-GROWN, a. Overgrown with moss; as, moss- Sw. moder, mother ; Pee der ay mone . pate 4 § In law, possession of lands or tenements in dead grown towers. moderfall, prolapsus uteri; moderlif, the womb o hands, or hands that can not alienate. Alienation MOSS’I-NESS, x. [from mossy.] The state of being} matrix. ; MOR’TU-A-RY, n. [Fr. mortuaire, pertaining to the | over which they “trooped,” it being extensively moss BUpICEL Sane OL eeu te RR the hadnosia deadel, or morass Pe madre; MOWMEL, MAalrtx, eed : sneer . - . . . . . : s1WeET : atrix ; materia, mat- 1. A sort of ecclesiastical heriot, a customary gift | MOSS'Y, a. Overgrown with moss; abounding with} river, a anak or Been) madriz, Matrix ; 7m : claimed by and due to the minister of a parish on the moss. ter, purulent, running. : lof death of 2 AaHiotIaten It seems to Kae been orig- Old trees are more mossy than young. Bacon. i Port. madre, a mother, the matrix, the channel of a inally a voluntary bequest or donation, intended to 2. Shaded or covered with moss, or bordered with | iver; materia, matter, pus. make amends for any failure in the payment of tithes mOss ; as, mossy brooks ; mossy fountains. UF) = of which the deceased had been gullty. Blackstone Pope. Cowley. he a : ‘ am : ~ ; arg. oA madar, 2 mother. : 2. A burial-place. Whitlock. MOST, a. ; superl. of More. [Sax, mest, that is, ma Pers ae Le ? ; | TOND, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, ———— ee Gene pe ee ee a onl T31a i ee om ita ce A : 6 ———— ee MOT Sans. mada, madra, meddra, or mata, mother. Russ. mat, mater, mother ; matka, a female, a matrix. Fr. mere, mother, contracted from the Latin. W. madrez, matter, purulent discharge. We observe that in some other Janguages, as well as in English, the same word signifies a female parent, and the thick slime formed in vinegar ; and in all the Janguages of Europe here cited, the orthog- raphy is nearly the same as that of mud and matter. The question then occurs, whether the name of a fe- male parent originated in a word ©» pressing matter, mold; either the soil of the earth, as the producer, or the like substance, when shaped and fitted as a mold for castings; OF whether the name is con- nected with the opinion that the earth is the mother of all productions ; whence the word mother-earth. We are informed by a fraement of Sanchoniathon, that the ancient Phenicians considered mud, pwr, to be the substance from which all things were formed. (See Mup.) The word matter is evidently from the we Ar. dno madda, to secrete, eject, or discharge a purulent substance ; and I think can not have any direct connection with mud. But in the ItaJian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the same word madre sig- nifies mother, and a mold for castings ; and the northern Janguages, particularly the German and Danish, seem to establish the fact that the proper sense of mother is matrix. Hence mother of pearl, the matrix ef pearl. If this word had its origin in the name of the earth used for the forms of castings, it would not be a singular fact; for our word mold, in this sense, I suppose to be so named from mold, fine earth. i The question remains sub juiice. | 1. A female parent; especially, one of the human race ; a woman who has borne a child ; correlative to Son or DAUGHTER. 9. That which has produced any thing. Alas! poor country ! it can not Be called our mother, but our grave. So our native land is called mother country, and a plant from which a slip or cion is taken 1s called the mother plant. In this use, mother may be considered as an adjective. 3. That which has preceded in time ; the oldest or chief of any thing; as, a mother-cburch. 4. Hysterical passion. [Vot used. | Graunt. 5, A familiar term of address or appellation of an old woman or matron. 6. An appellation given to a woman who exer- cises care and tenderness toward another, or gives parental advice ; as, when one says, a ** woman has been a mother to me.” 7. A thick, slimy substance concreted in liquors, particularly in vinegar, very different from scum Or common lees. MOFWER OF PEARL, (-perl,) 2. The hard, silvery, brilliant, internal layer of several kinds of shells, particularly oysters, which is often variegated with changing purple and azure colors. Ure. MOFIVER OF THYME,7. A smal] aromatic plant, also called Witp THymMe; Tbymus serpyllum. Re Shak. uc. MOLHER, (muth/er,) a. Native; natural ; received by birth ; as, mother wit. 9. Native; vernacular; received from parents or ancestors ; aS, mother tongue. MOfH’ER, (muth/er,) v.% To concrete, as the thick natter of liquors. Dryden. MOFH/ER, v. t. To adopt as a son or daughter. Hovell. MOFHW/ER €A/REY’S CHICK’/EN, n. A name given by sailors to the storm-petrel. MOFH/ER-HOOD, n. The state of being a mother. Jonne. To go a mothering, is to visit pa- MOFH’ER-ING, n. This is also called Mip- rents on Midlent Sunday. LENTING. MOPH ER-IN-LAW, n. The mother of a husband or wife. MOFH/ER-LAND, n. The land of one’s mother or parents. & MOFH/ER-LESS, a. Destitute of a mother; having lost a mother ; as, motherless children. MOFH’ER-LY, (muth/er-le,) a. Pertaining to a MOTH'WORT, (moth wurt, ) n. MOTH/Y, a. old mothy saddle. MO-TIEF'I€, a. [L. motus and facio.] MO’TION, 2. of Jocal position ; place to another; change of distance between bod- MO'TION, v. t. E. MOTION, ».i. To make a significant movement or MO/TION-ED, pp. MOT [trom moth.] Full of moths; as, an Shak. Producing motion. Good. [L. motio; Fr. motion. See Move.] }. The act or process of changing place ; change the passing of a body from one jes ; opposed to Rest. Animal motion is that which is performed by ani- mals in consequence of volition, oran act of the will 5 but how the will operates on the body in producing motion, we can not explain. Mechanical motion is effected by the force or power of one body acting on another. Perpetual motion is that which is effected or supplied by itself, without the impulse or interven- tion of any external cause. Hitherto it has been found impossible to invent a machine that has this principle. 2, Animal life and action. Devoid of sense and motion. 3. Manner of moving the body ; port, gait ; air. Blackmore. Milton. Each member move and every motion guide. 4, Change of posture ; action. Watching the motion of her patron’s eye. 5, Military march or movement, 6. Agitation ; as, the motions of the sea. 7. Internal action ; excitement; as, the motions of the breast. Gay. 8. Direction; tendency. In our proper motion we ascend, 9. The effect of impulse ; action proceeding from any cause, external or internal. In the growth of plants and animals, there must be a motion of the component parts, though invisible. Attraction or chemical affinity produces sensible motion of the parts of bodies. Motions of the mind, ascribed to the invisible agency of the Supreme Being, are called good motions. Let a zood man obey every sood motion rising in his heart, knowing that every such motion proceeds from God. South. 10. Proposal made ; proposition offered ; particu- larly, a proposition made in a deliberative assembly. A motion is made for a committee; a motion for in- troducing a bill ; a motion to adjourn. 1]. A puppet-show or puppet. [Not used.] Shak. To propose. [Little used.| [See Dryden, Milton. Milton. Mov gesture, as with the hand; as, to motion to one to take a seat. Walter Scott. 2, To make proposal ; to offer plans. [ Little used. } Milton. Moved ; proposed. A mover. [Not used.] Proposing. One who makes a motion. Wanting motion ; being at rest. MO’TION-ER, n. MO’TION-ING, ppr. MO/TION-IST, 7. MO/TION-LESS, a. I grow a statue, fixed and motionless. MO/TIVE,a. [Seethenoun.] Causing motion ; hav- ing power to move OF tending to move; as, a motive argument ; motive power. Hooker. Bentley. MO’TIVE, n. [It. Sp. and Port. motivo; Fr. motif. See Move.] 1. That which incites to action; that which deter- mines the choice, or moves the will, Thus we speak of good motines and bad motives; strong and weak motives. ‘The motive to continue at rest is ease or satisfaction ; the motive to change is uneasiness, or the prospect of good. 9. That which may or ought to incite to action , reason ; cause. 3. A mover. [.Vot in use.] Shak. MO-TIV/IL-TY, . The power of producing motion. 9. The quality of being influenced by motives. Dr. Dwight. MOT’LEY, a. [W. ysmot, a spot; ysmotiaw, to spot, to dapple ; Sp. motear, id.; Eng. mote. | Variegated in color ; consisting of different col- ors; dappled ; as, a motley coat. Shak. The domestic fool of the great formerly wore a party-colored coat of calfskin Hence, in Shakspeare, Dryden. A plant. t eva, pL vOsopat.] ing to the bearing or to the name of the bearer, or |) expressing some important idea. MOUGHT, (inowt,) the obsolete We now use Mireur. MOULD, } 2. MOLD, MOULD, ) 7. MOLD, $ alk, discourse ; Goth. matilei, id.; Gr. pvdos, p! Primarily, a word ; but more commonly, a sentence or phrase prefixed to an essay OF discourse, contain- ing the subject of it, or added to a device. [| In heraldry, the motto is carried in a scroll, allud- preterite of May. [Sax. mold, molda, myl; VW. mol; D. and | { Dan. mul; Sw. and G. mull; probably al- | lied to mellow; L. mollis. (See Mertiow, Mrar,and || Mitr.) The prevalent spelling is Moutp; but as the || 1 has been omitted in the other words of this class, || as bold, gold, vld, cold, &c., 1 seems desirable to com- |} plete the analogy by dropping it in this word, as was done by Spenser, South, and many others.] 1. Fine, soft earth, or earth easily pulverized, such as constitutes soil; as, black mold. 1] Edwards, Hist. W. Indies. | | } ! Hoole. 9. A substance like down, which forms on bodies | which lie long in warm and damp air. The micro- || scope exhibits this substance as consisting of small | plants. Encyc. 3. Matter of which any thing is formed. Nature formed me of her softest mould, A mortal substance of terrestrial mould, (Sp. molde, a mold or matrix ; moldar, | Port. molde, moldar, id. ; Fr. moule; Arm. moul; Dan. mul, muld; W. mold, whence moldiaw, to mold, work, or knead. This may be radically the same word as mold, fine earth, a name taken from the material of molds. The connection of matriz with mater and materia fortifies this conjecture. For spelling, see Moun, above. 1. The matrix in which any thing is cast and re- Molds are of various kinds. Molds for casting cannon and various vessels are composed of some species of earth, particularly clay. Molds for other purposes consist of a cavity in some species of metal, cut or formed to the shape designed, or are otherwise formed, each for its particular use. 2. Cast; form ; as, a writer of vulgar mold. Waller. Pope. | Addison. | amoldar, to cast ; | ceives its form. Crowned with an architrave of antique mould, 3. The suture or contexture of the skull. Ainsworth. | 4. The body as giving shape to the garments. Shak. | 5. In ship-building, a thin, flexible piece of timber, used as a pattern by which to form the curves of the timbers and compassing pieces. Encyc. 6. Among gold-beaters, a number of pieces of vel- lum, ora like substance, laid over one another, be- tween which the leaves of gold and silver are Jaid for beating. Encye. MOULD, ) v. t. [For spelling, see Moutp, above.] To MOLD, $ cause to contract mold. Knolles. 9. To cover with mold or soil. Edwards. MOULD, )v. i To contract mold ; to become moldy. MOLD, ‘acon. MOULD, /»v. t. To form intoa particular shape; to MOLD, }_ shape; to model. He forgeth and mouldeth metals. Hall. Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay To mould me man? Milton. 2. To knead ; as, to mold dough or bread. Ainsworth. MOULD/A-BLE, ) a. That may be molded or formed. MOLD/A-BLE, acon. MOULD/ED, ) pp. Formed into a particular shape ; MOLD/ED, § kneaded. 9, Covered with mold. ~~ Ty i ay > OIE n. He who molds or forms into shape. MOULD/ER,)v. u [Dan. mulner ; MOLD/ER, $ grow moldy.] J. To turn to dust by natural decay ; to crumble ; to perish ; to waste away by a gradual separation of the component particles, without the presence of wa- ter. In this manner, animal and vegetable substances molder, and so also do stones and shells. Sw. multna, to When statues moulder, and when arches fall. Prior. 9. To be diminished ; to waste away gradually. If he had sat still, the enemy’s army would haye mouldered to Lear says, A worthy fool; motley ’s your only wear. 9. Composed of different or various parts, charac- mother ; us, motherly power or authority. Hooker. 9. Becoming a mother; tender ; parental; as, motherly love or care. Arbuthnot. MOPH’ER-LY, adv. In the manner of a mothér. Donne. MOFH/ER-WA’TER, 7. A_ solution from which crystals have been obtained, and which still contains deliquescent salts and impurities. Ure. MOPHER-WIT,n. Native wit; common sense. MOFH/BR-WORT, (muth/er-wurt,) 2. An the eenus Leonurus, of a bitter taste, used popularly in medicine. MOFH’ER-Y, (muth/er-°,) a. ery substance in liqnors. MOTH’MUL-LEN, 7. A plant. Miller. herb of Concreted ; resembling or partaking of the nature of mother; as, the moth- ters, or kinds; diversified ; as, a motley style. And doubts of motley hue. Dryden, [This word primarily means spotted; but it may signify, also, striped.) MOT/LEY-MIND/ED, a. and feelings. MO/TOR, n. [L. from moveo, to move.] A mover. The metals are called motors of electricity. V olta. MO/TO-RY, a. Giving motion; as, molory muscles. ay. MOT’TLED, (mot'tld,) a. Marked with spots of dif- ferent colors or shades of color, as if stained ; macu- Jated. MOT’TO, n.; pl. Morroes. mote; Fr. mot; Sax. methelan, to spealk ; Having diversified views Shak. [It. id; Sp. and Port. Ir. meadhair, L a ee IT —— FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, nothing. Clarendon. MOULD’ER, ) ». t. To turn to dust; to crumble; to MOLD/ER, }§ waste. Some felt the silent stroke of mouldering age. Pope. MOULD/ER-ED, | pp. or a. Turned to dust ; wasted MOLD/ER-ED, } away. MOULD/ER-ING, ppr. ora. Turning to dust ; crum- MOLD/ER-ING, bling; wasting away. MOULD/I-NESS, ) 2. [from moldy.] The state of be- MOLD'I-NESS, ing moldy. Bacon. MOULD/ING,) ppr. [from mold. | into MOLD/ING, § shape; kneading. MOULD-ING,)/ 2. Any thing castina mold, or which MOLD’‘ING, appears to be so: hence, in architec- ture, a projecture beyond the wall, column, wains- coat, &c., an assemblage of which forms a cornice, a door-case, or other decoration. Encye. Forming | | | | |MOU MOULD/-WARP, )n. [Sax. mold and weorpun, to MOLD/-W ARP, turn. See Move. A mole ; a small animal of the genus Talpa, that moves ander ground, and turns up the mold or sur- face of the earth. Spenser. Carew. MOULD/Y,) a. [from mold.] Overgrown with mold. MOLD’Y, Addison. MOULT, } v. i. [W. moel, bald, bare, also as a noun, MOLT, a heap, pile, or conical hill with a smooth top ; ‘moeli, to heap or pile, to make bald. So bald, in E nglish, seems to be connected with bold, that is, prominent. The prevalent spelling is Movuxr ; but as the u has been omitted in the other words of this class, as bolt, dolt, colt, &c., it would be desirable to complete the analogy by dropping it in this word, as many distinguished writers have done.] To shed or cast the hair, feathers, skin, horns, &c.; asananimal. Birds molt by losing their feath- ers, beasts by losing their hair, serpents by casting their skins, and deer their horns. The molting of the hawk is called mewing. MOULT,)x. The act or process of changing the MOLT, feathers, skin, &c.; molting. P. Cyc. MOULT’ING, ) ppr. Casting or shedding a natural MOLT’ING, 3} covering, as hair, feathers, skin, or horns. MOULT'ING, ) x. The act or operation by which MOLT’ING certain animals annually or at cer- tain times, horns, &c. MOUNC H, MAUNC H, MOUND, ne [Sax. mund; W. mont, mons. See Mount. ] Something raised as a defense or fortification, usu- ally a bank of earth or stone ; a bulwark; a rampart or fence. cast off or lose their hair, feathers, skins, vt Tochew. [See Muncn.] [Obs.] taucer,. from mon; L. God has thrown That mountain as his garden mound high raised. Milton. To thrid the thickets or to leap the mounds. Dryden, 2. Something raised ; earth. MOUND, v. t. To fortify with a mound. MOUND’ED, pp. Surrounded or mounds. MOUND/ING, ppr. Defending by a mound. MOUNT, 7. [Fr. mont; Sax. munt; It. Port. and Sp. monte ; Arm. menez,mene; VW. mwnt, a mount, moun- tain, or mound, a heap; L. mons, literally a heap or an elevation; Ir. moin or muine; Basque, mendia. Qu. Gr. Bovyos.] 1. A mass of earth, or earth and rock, rising con- siderably above the common surface of the surround- ing land. Mount is used for an eminence or eleva- tion of earth, indefinite in hight or size, and may be a hillock, hill, or mountain. We apply it to Mount Blanc, in Switzerland, to Mount ‘Tom and Mount Holyoke, in Massachusetts, and it is applied, in Scripture, to the small hillocks on which sacrifice was offered, as well as to Mount Sinai. Jacob offered sacrifice on the mount or heap of stones raised fora nee between him and Laban. Gen. xxxi. 2. A mound; a bulwark for offense or defense. Hew ye down trees and cast a mount against Jerusalem. — er. Vi. an artificial elevation of Johnson. defended by 3. Formerly, a bank or fund of money. [ Obs.] Bacon. MOUNT, v. i. [Fr. monter; It. montare; Sp. mon- tar. | 1. To rise on high; to ascend; with or with- out up. Doth the eagle mount up at thy command? — Job xxxix. The fire of trees and houses mounts on high. Cowley. se LOIS: great altitude. to ascend; to tower; to be built to a Though Babylon should mount up to heaven. — Jer. li. 3. To get on horseback. Shak. 4. To leap upon any animal. 5. To amount; to rise in value. Bring then these blessings to a strict account, Make fair deductions, see to what they mount. MOUNT, v. t. What power is it which mounts my love so high ? Pope. To raise aloft; to lift on high. Shak. 2. To ascend; toclimb; to get upon an elevated place ; as, to mount a throne. To place one’s self on norseback ; as, a horse. To furnish with horses; as, to mount a troop. The dragoons were well mounted. 5. To prepare for use; to set off to advantage or embellish. Thus, to mownt a sword is to furnish it with a hilt, scabbard, &c.; to mount a map is to pre- pare it for use by attaching it to canvas, &c.; to mount a diamond is to set it in framework. 6. ‘lo carry; to be furnished with; as the line mounts seventy-four guns ; hundred cannon. 7. To raise and place on a carriage ; as, to mount a cannon. To mount guard ; duty of a sentinel. to mount ,a ship of a fort mounts a to take the station and do the MOU MOUNT’A-BLE, a. That mounted. MOUNT’AIN, (mount/in,) n._ [Fr. montagne ; Sp. montana ; It. montagna; L. (adjective) montanus.] A large mass of earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth or adjacent land, but of no definite altitude. We apply mountain to the larg- est eminences on the globe; but sometimes the word is used for a large hill. In general, mountain denotes an elevation higher and larger than a hill; as, the Altaic mountains in Asia, the Alps in Switzerland, the Andes in South America, the Alleghany moun- tains in Virginia, the’ Kaatskill in New York, the White mountains in New Hampshire, and the Green mountains in Vermont. The word is applied to a single ele VEHOD or to an extended range. MOUNT’AIN, Pertaining to a mountain; found on saauntainet growing or dwelling on a moun- tain; as, mountain air; mountain pines ; mountain goats. MOUNT’ AIN- ASH, n. An ormamental tree, of the genus Pyrus or Sorbus, with beautiful bunches of red berries. Its leaves are pinnate, and its flowers may be ascended or white, growing in fragrant clusters. Pe Cyc: MOUNT/AIN- -BLUE, n. Blue matachite or carbonate of co pper MOUNT’ AIN- €ORK, zn. A variety of asbestus, re- sembling cork in its texture. Dana. MOUNT’ AIN-DEW, (mount/in-di,) n. A name giv- en to genuine Sc otch whisky, as be ing often serretly distilled in the mountains of Scotland. Encyc. Am. MOUNT-AIN-EER/,) 2. An inhabitant of a mount- MOUNT’AIN-ER, ain. 2. A rustic ; a freebooter ; a savage. Milton. MOUNTY’AIN-ET, x. A small mountain; a hillock. [ot used.] Sidney. MOUNT’AIN-GREEN, z. Green malachite or car- bonate of copper. ana. MOUNT’AIN-LEAFH’ER, (-leth’er,) n. A variety of asbestus, resembling leather in its texture. Dana. MOUNT’AIN-OUS, a. Full of mountains; as, the mountainous country of the Swiss. 2. Large as a mountain ; huge ; as, a mountainous heap. rior. 3. Inhabiting mountains. [JVot used.] Bacon. MOUNT’ AIN-OUS-NESS, nz. The state of being full of mountains. Brerewood. MOUNT’ AIN-PARS/LEY,n. A European herb, Ath- amanta oreoselinum. Forsyth. MOUNT’AIN-ROSE, 2. A plant. MOUNT’AIN-SOAP, x. A soft, earthy mineral, of a pale, brownish-black color. It is used in crayon- painting. Ure. MOUNT/AIN-TAL’/LOW, x. A mineral, found in Sweden and Scotland, which melts at 118° Fahr., and is soluble in alcohol. Buchanan. MOUNT’ANT, a. [Fr. montant.] Rising on high. Shak. MOUNT’E-BANK, x. banco, bench.] 1. One who mounts a bench or stage in the market or other public place, boasts of his skill in curing dis- eases, vends medicines which he pretends are infal- lible remedies, and thus deludes the ignorant multi- tude. Persons of this character may be indicted and punished. 2. Any boastful and false pretender. Nothing so impossible in nature but mountebanks will under- take. Arbuthnot. [It. montare, to mount, and MOUNT’E-BANK, v. t. To cheat by boasting and false pretenses ; to gull. Shak. MOUNT’E-BANK-ER-Y, 7. Quackery ; boastful and vain pretenses. Hammond. MOUNT’ED, pp. or a. Raised ; seated on horseback ; placed on a carriage ; prepared "for use or embellished ; furnished with cuns. MOUNT/EN-AUNCE, n. Amount in space. [Vot used, | Spenser. MOUNT’ER, vn. One that mounts or ascends. Swift. MOUNTY'ING, ppr. Rising ; soaring ; placing on horse- back ; asc ending an eminence ; preparing for use or embellishing. MOUNT'ING, x. In general, the act of mounting ; as, ‘‘ there was mounting in hot haste.” Buron. Do; The! act of RreparAne for use, or embellishing. [See Moun7, v. t., No. 5.] 3. That by which any thing is prepared for use, or set off to advantage ; equipment ; ensbellishment ; as, the mounting of a sword or diz mond. MOUN T/ING-LY, adv. By rising or ascending, MOUNT’Y,2. The rise of a hawk. Sidney. MOURN, v. i. [Sax. murnan, myrnan; L. mereo; al- lied perhaps to G. and D. murren, to murmur}; Fr. morne, sad, sullen. See Murmur, and the root of ame; bitte r. Class Mr, No. 7. To express grief or sorrow; to grieve; to be aati Mourning may be expressed by weeping or audible sounds, or by sobs, sighs, or inward, silent grief. Abraham came to mourn for Sarah, and to weep. — Gen. xxiii. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. — Matt. v. 2. To wear the customary habit of sorrow. We mourn in black. Grieve for an hour perhaps, then mourn a year, Pope. MOURN, v. t. To grieve for; to lament. But there is an ellipsis of for, the verb not being transitive. When we say, We mourn a friend or a child, the real sense and complete phrase is, We mourn for a friend, mourn for the loss of a friend. < He mourned his ri- val’s ill success,”? that is, he mourned for his rival’s Shak, lll success. Addison. 2, ‘To utter in a sorrowful manner. The love-lorn nightingale Nightly to thee her sad song mourneth Well. Milton. MOURNE, (morn,) nr. [Fr. morne.] The round end of a staff; the part of a lance to which the steel is fixed, or the ferrule. [Not used. ] i Sidney. Johnson. MOURN’ED, pp. Bewailed; lamented. MOURN’ER, n. One that mourns or is gnieved at any loss or misfortune. _ 2. One that follows a funeral in the habit of mourn- ing LD’ Estrange. 3. Something used at funerals. The mourner yew and builder oak were there. Dryden. MOURN’/FUL, a. Intended to express sorrow, or ex hibiting the appearance of grief; as, a mournful bell ; mournful music. Shak. Dryden. Shak. Causing sorrow ; sad; calamitous ; as, a mourn- ate funeral rites, nor man in mournful weeds, Ful death. ak. 3. Sorrowful ; feeling grief. The mournful fair— Shall visit her distinguished urn. Prior. MOURN/FUL-LY, adv. In a manner expressive of sorrow ; with sorrow. Mal. iii. MOURN’/FUL-NESS, n. Sorrow; grief; state of mourning. 2: Appear: ance or expression of grief. MOURN'‘ING, ppr. or a. Grieving ; lamenting ; sor- rowing ; wearing the appearance of sorrow. MOURNI/ING, n. ~The act of sorrowing or expressing grief ; lamentation; sorrow. 2. The dress or customary habit worn by mourn- ers. And e’en the pavements were with mourning hid. Dryden. MOURN’ING-DOVE, (-duv,) nz. A species of dove found in the United States, the Columba Carolinien- sis, so named from its plaintive note ; also called the Caroutna TurtLe Dove. Peabody’s Mass. Rep. MOURN/ING-LY, adv. With the appearance of sor- row. Shak. MOUSE, z.; pl. Mice. [Sax. mus; Sw. mus; D. mais; G. maus; Dan. mus, muus; L. mus; Gr. pus; Russ. mishe. The L. mus forms muris in the genitive, and the root is not obvious. } 1. A small rodent quadruped, of the genus Mus, inhabiting houses. The name is also applied to many other species of the genus, as the fieldnouse, meadow- mouse, rock-mouse, &c. 2. Among seamen, a knob formed on a rope by spun yarn or parceling. Mar. Dict. MOUSE, (mouz,) v.% To watch for and catch mice. Shak. 2. To watch for or pursue in a sly or insidious map- ner. John Foster. MOUSE, (mouz,) v. t. To tear, as acat devoursa mouse. To mouse a hook, with seamen, is to fasten a small line across the upper part, to prevent unhooking. Mar. Dict. MOUSE/-EAR, (mous’/ér,) n. A plant of the genus Hieracium ; also, a plant of the genus Myosotis, called likewise mouwse-ear scorpion-grass. They are so named from the shape and velvety surface of their leaves. The mowse-ear chickweed is of the genus Ce- rastium, Lee. Loudon. MOUSE!'-HAWK, n. A hawk that devours mice. MOUSE!-HOLE, (mous! ‘hole,) n. A hole where mice enter or pass ; a ve ry small Rae or entrance, He can creep in at a mouse-hole, Stillingfleet. MOUSE/-HUNT, xn. A hunting for mice, 2. A mouser; one that hunts mice. Shak. MOUS/ER, (nou! er,) m. One that catches mice. The cat is a ood mouser. MOUSE/-TAIL, nm. An annual plant, of the genus Myosurus, whose seeds are situated on a Jong, slen- der receptacle resembling the tail of a mouse. Loudon. MOUSE/-TRAP, x. A trap for catching mice. Prior. MOUS'ING, pr. Pursuing or catching mice ; tearing as a cat dev ours a mouse, MOUS-TACHE!. See MustacHe. MOUTH, n. [Sax. muth. As this word does not oc- cur in the other Teutonic dialects, and as n is some- times casually introduced into words before dentals, it is not improbable that the Goth. munths, G. G. and Dan. mund, Sw. mun, and D. mond, may be the saine word. The Saxon muth coincides in elements with mee Gr. pvGos.] The aperture in the head of an animal, between thd ‘ips, by which he utters his voice and receives TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z: OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Ts ee Pema SS UR ee ae & Nee a i ee a RN Novans food. In amore general sense, the mouth consists of MOUTH, ». t. MOV the lips, the gums, the insides of the cheeks, the pal- ate, the salival glands, the uvula, and tonsils. Encyc. 2. The opening of a vessel, by which it Is filled or emptied ; as, the mouth of ajarorpitcher. _ 3. The part or channel of a river by which its wa- ters are discharged into the ocean or Into a lake. The Mississippi and the Nile discharge their waters by several mouths. : 4, The opening of a piece of ordnance at the end, by which the charge Issues. : : “5, The aperture of a vessel in animal bodies, by which fluids or other matter is received or discharged 5 as, the mouth of the lacteals, : 6. The opening or entrance of a cave, pit, well, or den. Dan. Yiil. ; De 7. The instrument of speaking ; as, the story Is in every body’s mouth. outh. Locke. 8. A principal speaker ; one that utters the com- mon opinion. Every cotfee-honse has some statesman belonging to it, who is the mouth of the street where he lives. Addison. 9. Cry ; voice. . The fearful dogs divide ; All spend their mouth aloft, but none abide. 10. In Scripture, words uttered. Job xix. Js. xlix. Ps. \xxiil. 11. Desires; necessities. Ps. cili. 12, Freedom and boldness of speech ; force of ar- gument. Luke xxi. 13. Boasting; vaunting. Judges ix 14. Testimony. Deut. xvii. 15. Reproaches; calumnies. Job v. To make a mouth; ) to distort the mouth ; to make To make mouths; § awry face; hence, to deride or treat with scorn. Skak. Addison. 2. To pout; to treat disdainfully. Down in the mouth ; dejected ; mortified. I) Estrange. To have God’s law in the mouth; to conyerse much on it, and delight in it. £zod. xiii. To draw near to God with the mouth; to make an external appearance of devotion and worship, while there is no regard to him in the heart. Js. xxix. A froward mouth ; contradictions and disobedience. Prov. iv. A smooth mouth; soft and flattering language. Prov. V. To stop the mouth ; to silence or to be silent ; to put to shame; to confound. Rom. iil. To lay the hand on the mouth; to be struck silent with shame. Mic. vii. Ta set the mouth against the heavens; to speak arro- gantly and blasphemously. Ps. 1xxiii. To utter with a voice affectedly big or swelling ; as, to mouth words or language, Dryden. Twwitched by the sleeve, he moiths it more and more. Dryden. 2, To take into the mouth ; to seize with the mouth. Dryden. 3. To chew ; to grind, as food ; to eat ; to devour. Shak. 4. To form by the mouth, asa bear her cub. {Vot used. | Brown, 5. To reproach ; to insult. Blair. MOUFH, v.i. To speak with a full, round, or loud, affected voice ; to yociferate ; to rallt; as, a mouthing actor. Dryden. I'll bellow out for Rome, and for my country, And mouth at Cesar, till I shake the senate. Addison, MOUFH'ED, pp. Uttered with a full, swelling, affect- 2. Taken into the mouth; chewed. {ed voice. 3. a. Furnished with a mouth; used chiefly in composition ; as, well-mouthed ; foul-mouthed, contu- melious, reproachful, or obscene ; mealy-mouthed, bashful, reserved in speaking the plain truth ; hard- mouthed, as a horse not obedient to the bit, difficult to be restrained or governed by the bridle. 4. Borne down or overpowered by clamor. MOUFH/ER, nm. One who mouths; an speaker or declaimer. Smart. MOUTH/-FRIEND, (-frend,) nm. One who professes friendship without entertaining it; a pretended friend. Shak. As much as the mouth contains at affected MOUTH’FUL, n. once. 2. A quantity proverbially small; a small quantity. L’Estranze. Dryden. MOUTH/-HON-OR, (-on-ur,) n. Civility expressed without sincerity. Shak. MOUFH/ING, ppr. or a. Uttering with an affected, swelling voice. MOUFH/ING, x. The utterance of words with an af- fected fullness of sound. MOV'A-BLE-NESS, z. MOV/A-BLES, MOV/A-BLY, adv. MOVE, (mooy,) 2%. ¢. MOVE, (mooy,) v. 7 MOUTH’LESS, a. Destitute of a mouth. MOUTH’/-MADE, a. Expressed without sincerity ; hypocritical. MOUTH/PIECE, n. The piece of a musical wind in- strument to which the mouth is applied. 2. One who delivers the opinions of others, MOV/A-BLE, (moov/a-bl,) a. [from move.) That may be moved ; that can or may be lifted, carried, drawn, turned, or conveyed, or in any way made to change place or posture ; susceptible of motion. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 134 MOV 2, That may or does change from one time to an- other ; as, movable feasts, i. e., church festivals com- memorating different events recorded in the New Testament, the time of which varies from year to year. A movable letter, in Hebrew grammar, is one that is pronounced, as opposed to one that Is quiescent. The state or quality of being movable ; mobility ; susceptibility of motion. moov/a-blz,) m. pl. Goods; wares; commodities ; furniture ; any species of property not fixed, and thus distinguished from houses and lands. The singular, movable, is sometimes used. So that it may be moved. Grew. [L. moveo ; It. movere; Sp. mo- ver; Fr. mouvoir; W.mudaw. It is probably a con- tracted word. 1. To impel; to carry, convey, or draw from one place to another; to cause to change place or posture in any manner or by any means. The wind moves a ship; the cartman moves goods; the horse moves a cart or carriage. Mere matter can not move itself. Machines are moved by springs, weights, or force ap- plied. 2. To excite into action ; to affect; to agitate; to rouse ; as, to move the passions. 3. To cause to act or determine; as, to move the will. 4. To persuade; to prevail on; to excite from a state of rest or indifference. Minds desirous of revenge were not moved with gold. Knolles. 3ut when no female arts his mind could move, She turned to furious hate her impious love. 5. To excite tenderness, pity, or grief in the heart ; to affect ; to touch pathetically ; to excite feeling in. The use of images in orations and poetry is to Bes pity or Dryden, terror. When he saw the multitudes, he was moved with compassion on them, — Matt. ix. 6. To make angry ; to provoke ; to irritate. 7. To excite tumult or commotion. When they had come to Bethlehem, all the city was moved about them. — Ruthi. Matt. xxi. Shak. 8. To influence or incite by secret agency. God moved them to depart from him, —2 Chron. xviii, 2 Pet. i. 9. To shake; to agitate. The kingdoms were moved. — Ps, xlvi. Jer. xlix. 10. To propose ; to offer for consideration and de- termination ; as, to move a resolution in a delibera- tive assembly. 1]. To propose ; to recommend. They are to be blamed alike who move and who decline war upon particular respects. Hayward, 12. To prompt; to incite; to instigate. Acts xvii. To change place or posture ; to stir; to pass or go in any manner or direction from one place or part of space to another. The planets move in their orbits; the earth moves on its axis; a ship moves at a certain rate an hour. We move by walking, running, or turning ; animals move by creep- ing, swimming, or flying. On the green bank I sat and listened long, Nor till her lay was ended could I meve. 2. To have action. In him we live, and move, and have our being. — Acts xvii. 3. To have the power of action. Every moving thing that liveth shall be meat for you. — Gen. ix. 4. To walk. He moves with manly grace. Dryden. Dryden, MO/VENT, n. MOVER, n. Class Md.] MOV/ING, nz. MOV'ING-LY, adv. MOV/ING-NESS, n. MOW, zn. MOW, v. t. 5. To march. The army moved, and took a posi- tion behind a wood. 6. To tremble ; to shake. The foundations also of the hills moved and were shaken, be- cause he was wroth. — Ps. xviii. 7. To change residence. Men move with their fam- ilies from one house, town, or state to another. 8. To propose something to an organized meeting for consideration and determination. MOVE, n. The act of moving ; a movement ; the act of transferring from place to place, as in chess. MOV’ED, pp. Stirred; excited. { Cowley. MOVE’LESS, a. That can not be moved ; fixed. The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower. Pope. MOVEMENT, n. [Fr. mouvement.] 1. Motion; a passing, progression, shaking, turn- ing, or flowing ; any change of position in a material body ; as, the movement of an army in marching or maneuvering ; the movement of a wheel or a ma- 2. The manner of moving. {chine. 3. Excitement ; agitation ; as, the movement of the mind. ope. 4. In music, any single strain or part having the Same measure or time. Any change of time is a change of movement. Busby. 5. In horology, the entire wheel-work of a clock or watch ; all except the case. 6. In European politics, the movement denotes a par- ty who are aiming at continual advances toward the establishment of popular rights. It is opposed to the conservative party. Brande. MUC MO’VENT, a. [L. movens.] Moving ; not quiescent. [Little used. Grew. That which moves any thing. [Little Glanville. The person or thing that gives motion Wilkins. used. or impels to action. Shak. 2. He or that which moves. | 3. A proposer ; one that offers a proposition, or rec- | ommends any thing for consideration or adoption ; as, the mover of a resolution in a legislative body. I, MOV/ING, ppr. or a. Changing place or posture ; caus- ing ; influencing. ing to move or act ; impelling ; instigating ; persuad- ; 1 | 2. a. Exciting the passions or affections ; touch- ing; pathetic; affecting ; adapted to excite or affect the passions ; as, a moving address or discourse. Motive; impulse. South. In a manner to excite the pas- sions or affect sensibility ; pathetically. His air, his voice, his looks, and honest soul, Speak all so movingly in his behalf, Addison. The power of affecting, as the passions. [Sax. mowe, or muga; It. mucchio, a heap or mass; Sp. mucho, much; Sw. mycken, many, much. ] A heap, mass, or pile of hay; sheaves of grain de- posited in a barn. [ We never give this name to hay piled in the field or open air. The latter is called a Stack or Ricx.] To lay hay or sheaves of grain in a heap or mass in a barn, or to lay it ina suitable manner. MOW, (m6,) v. t. ;_ pret. MowED ; pp. Mowep or Mown. Sax. mawan; D. maaijen or maayen; Sw. meya; Jan. mejer; G. mahen, In Sp. and Port. mochar is to cut off. The L. has meto, and the Gr. apaw, to mow or reap. The last radical letter is not as- certained. ] 1. To cut down with a scythe, as grass or other plants. We say, to mow grass. 2. To cut the grass from ; as, to mow a meadow. 3. To cut down with speed; to cut down indis- criminately, or in great numbers, or quantity. We say, a discharge of grape shot mows down whole ranks of men. Hence, Saturn, or Time, is repre- sented with a scythe, an emblem of the general and indiscriminate destruction of the human race by death. MOW, v.i. To cut grass ; to practice mowing; to use the scythe. Does the man mow well? 2. To perform the business of mowing; to cut and make grass into hay ; to gather the crop of grass, or other crop. [In America, mow is not applied to the cutting of wheat or rye. When these are cut with a scythe, they are said to be CrapLep. Oats and barley are sometimes mowed. } MOW, 2. [from mouth.] A wryface. [Obs.] Shak. MOW, v.i. To make mouths. [ Obs.] Ascham. MOW’BURN, v. i. To heat and ferment in the mow, as hay when housed too yreen. Mortimer. MOW’/BURN-ED, (-burnt,) pp. or a. Overheated and fermented in the mow. MOWE, v. i. Tobe able; must; may. [Obs.] MOW’ED, pp. Put into a mow. [ Chaucer. MOW’ED, ie MOWN, pp. ora. Cut with a scythe. 9. Cleared of grass with a scythe, as land. MOW’ER, 7. One who mows ; a man dextrous in the use of the scythe. MOW’ING, ppr. Putting into a mow. MOWING, ppr. Cutting down with a scythe. MOW/ING, x. The act of cutting with a scythe. 2. Land from which grass is cut. MOX/A, n. soft lanuginous substance prepared in Japan from the young leaves of a species of Artemisia. In the Eastern countries, it is used for preventing and curing many disorders, by burning it on the skin. This produces a dark colored spot, the ulceration of which js promoted by applying a little garlic. Brande. The term has been extended to any substance whose gradual combustion on or near the skin is used for the relief or cure of disease. P. Cye. MOY’A, n. A term applied, in South America, to mud poured out from volcanoes during eruptions. Lyell. MOYLE, n. An old spelling of moil, and also of mule. MR. An abbreviation of mister, the common title pre- fixed to the names of men of all classes. [See Mister. | MRS. An abbreviation of mistress, the common title prefixed to the name of every married lady, and col- loquially pronounced mis/ses. In England, the title is also prefixed to the names of elderly unmarried Jadies. MUCH, a ([Sw. mycken; Sp. mucho; It. mucchio. (See Mow.) The sense is, probably, a heap or mass, and it may be allied to mickle, great, Gr. peya.] 1. Great in quantity or amount. Thou shalt carry much seed into the field, and gather but little in. — Deut. xxviii. Manasseh wrought much wickedness in the sight of the Lord to provoke him to anger. —2 Kings xxi. Return with much riches to your tents. — Josh. xxil. The down of the mugwort of China; a |MUC 2. Long in duration. trifling amusements ! 3. Many in number. Edom came out against him with much people. — Num. xx, This application of much is no Jonger used. ] MUCH, adv. In a great degree; by far; qualifying adjectives of the comparative degree ; as, much more, much stronger, much heavier, much more splendid, much higher. So we say, much less, much smaller, much less distinguished, much weaker, much finer. 2. To a great degree orextent; qualifying verbs and participles. How much time is spent in Jonathan, Saul’s son, delighted much in David. — 1 Sam. xix. The soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way. — Num. xxi. A much afflicted, much enduring man. Pope. 3. Often or long. Think much, speak little. Dryden, 4. Nearly. All left the world much as they found it. Temple. _ » An exclamation of contempt, implying a sneer- ing disbelief of an assertion. What! with two points in your shoulder? Much! MUCH, 2x. A great quantity ; a great deal. He that gathered much had nothing over. — Ex. xvi. To whom much is given, of him much will be required. — Luke xii. Shak, 2. More than enough; a heavy service or burden. Milton, Dryden. 3. An uncommon thing; something strange. It was much that one who was so great a lover of peace should be happy in war. Bacon, As much; an equal quantity ; wsed as an adjective or noun. Return as much bread as you borrowed. If you borrow money, return as much as you receive. So we say, troice as much, five times as much, that is, twice or five times the quantity. 2. A certain or suitable quantity. Then take as much as thy soul desireth. — 1 Sam. ii. 3. To an equal degree ; adverbially. One man loves power as much as another loves gold. So much; an equal quantity, or a certain quantity, as a noun; to an equal degree, or to a certain degree, as an adverb. Of sweet cinnamon half so much. — Ex. xxx. In all Israel, there was none to be so much praised as Absalom. — 2 Sam. xiv. He thought not much to clothe his enemies. Who thought it much a man should die of love. Too much ; an excessive quantity, as a noun ; to an excessive degree, as an adverb. To make much of; to value highly ; to prize or to treat with great kindness and attention. Milner. 2. To fondle. Much at one; nearly of equal value, effect, or in- fluence. Dryden. MUCH/NESS, x. Quantity. Whately. It is still used in the vulgar phrase muck of a much- ness, 1. €., much of the same kind. Smart. MUCH-RE-GRET’TED, a. Deeply regretted. MUCH’WHAT, adv. Nearly; almost. [Wot elegant.] ocke. MU'CI€, a. [from mucus.] The mucic acid is the same as the saccholactic. It is obtained from gums, &e. Ure. MUO'CID, a. [L. mucidus, from muceo.] Musty ; moldy ; slimy. MU/CID-NESS, n. Mustiness; sliminess. Ainsworth. MO/CI-LAGE, n. [Fr., from L. mucus, the slimy dis- charges from the nose; muceo, to grow moldy or musty ; It. mucillaggine; Sp. mucilago. ‘The L. mucus, in Ir., is smug; smugaim,to blow the nose. It is probably allied to Eng. muck; Heb. Ch. 29 or PD, to dissolve, to putrefy. Class Mg, No. 8, 10.] I. In chemistry, one of the proximate elements of vegetables. The same substance is a gum when solid, and a mucilage when in solution. Thomson. Both the ingredients improve one another; for the mucilage adds to the lubricity of the oil, and the oil preserves the mu- cilage frorn inspissation. Ray. Mucilage is obtained from vegetable or animal substances. Nicholson. 2. The liquor which moistens and Jubricates the ligaments and cartilages of the articulations or joints in animal bodies. Encyc. MU-CI-LAG’IN-OUS, a. Pertaining to or secreting mucilage ; as, the mucilaginous glands. Encyc. 2. Slimy ; ropy; moist, soft, and lubricous; par- taking of the nature of mucilage ; as, a mucilaginous gum. Grew. M U-CI-LAG/IN-OUS-NESS, n. Sliminess ; the state of being mucilaginous. MU-CIP/A-ROUS, a. Secreting or producing mucus. MUCK, x. [Sax. meox, miox; Dan. mig, dung; mug, mold, soil; L. mucus; qu. from moisture or putrefac- tion. In W. mwg is smoke, which may be allied to Eng. muggy, from dissolving, wasting. Soin French fumer, to smoke, to dung, or muck. See the Heb, and Ch. verbs under Muciracse. In Russ. mochu is to moisten, and makayu, to dip, to soak.] 1. Dung in a moist state, or a mass of decaying or putrefied vegetable matter, With fattening muck besmear the roots, Philips. MUD 2. Something mean, vile, or filthy. To run a@ muck; to run madly and attack all we meet. Pope. Dryden. Running a muck, is a phrase derived from the Malays, (in whose language amock signifies to kill,) applied to desperate persons who intoxicate them- selves with opium, and then arm themselves with a dagger and attempt to kill all they meet. Ed. Encye. MUCK, v. t. To manure with muck. MUCK/EN-DER, n. Fr. mouchoir. A pocket handkerchief. [JVot wsed.] Dorset. MUCK/ER, v. t. [from muck.] To scrape together money by mean labor or shifts. [Mot used in America. | MUCK/ER-ER, n, A miser; a niggard. MUCK/HEAP, MUCK’/HILL, § ™ MUCK’LNESS, n. MUCK’LBE, a. USSET. (Sp. mocadero, from moco, mucus ; [Mot used. ] Chaucer. A heap of muck. Burton. Filthiness ; nastiness. Johnson. [Sax. mycel.] Much. [ Obs. MUCK/RAKE, n. A rake for turning and collecting muck, Bunyan. MUCK’SWEAT, (-swet,) x. Profuse sweat. Johnson. MUCK’WORM, (wurm,)x. A worm that lives in muck. 2. A miser; one who scrapes together money by mean labor and devices. Bunyan. MUCK’Y,a. Filthy ; nasty. Spenser. MU’€OR, n. [L.] Moldiness. A genus of Fungi. All mold is considered to consist of small fungi er mushrooms. MU-€0/SO-SA€/€HA-RINE, (-rine ov -rin,) a. Par- taking of the qualities of mucilage and sugar. Fourcroy. MU’€OUS, (mi/kus,) a. [See Mucus.] Pertaining to mucus or resembling it; slimy, ropy, and lubri- cous ; as, a mucous Substance. 2. Secreting a slimy substance; as, the mucous membrane. The mucous membrane lines all the cavities of the body which open externally, and secretes the fluid called mucus. ichat. MU’/COUS-NESS, n. The state of being mucous; sliminess, MU’/€RO-NATE, a. [L. mucronatus. from mucro, MU’/€RO-NA-TED, a point. ] Narrowed to a point; terminating in a point. MU/€U-LENT, a. ie muculentus. | { Woodward. Slimy ; moist and moderately viscous. MU’/€US, n. [L. See Mucirace and Mucx.] A viscid fluid secreted by the mucous membrane, which it serves to moisten and defend. It covers the lining membranes of all the cavities which open external- ly, such as those of the mouth, nse, lungs, intesti- nal canal, urinary passages, &c. It differs from gela- tine. Parr. Ure. In the action of chewing, the mucus mixeth with the aliment. Arbuthnot. 2. This term has also been applied to other animal fluids of a viscid quality, as the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cavities of the joints. MUD,n. [D.modder; G.moder (See MotHer.) Ex TOV aAUTOV oupTduKns TOV TVEVMLATOS EVEVETO [LOT Tovry rives pacty tAvy, vide HOaT woos pizews OnWiy. Mot, id est, mod; Pheenices ita scribebant. Bochart, Pheen. lib. 2, cap. 2. This is said to be a fragment of Sanchonianthon’s Phenician history, translated by Philo and preserved by Eusebius. This Phenician word mod, jwr, ren- dered in Gr. «Avs, is precisely the English mud, the matter, material, or substance of which, according to the ancients, all things were formed. See Castel. (Col, 2010,) and the word Moruer. Plutarch, de Iside, says the Egyptians called Isis muth, that is, mother. This is a remarkable fact, and proves beyond contro- versy the common origin of the Phenician, Celtic, and Teutonic nations. Mud may perhaps be named from wetness, and be connected with L. madeo, Gr. pudaw, W. mwoydaw, to wet.] : Moist and soft earth of any kind, such as js found in marshes and swamps, at the bottom of rivers and ponds, or in highways after rain, MUD, v.t. To bury in mud or slime. Shak. 2. To make turbid or foul with dirt; to stir the sediment in liquors. Glanville. MUD/DI-ED, (mud/did,) pp. or a. Soiled with mud; rendered turbid ; confused in mind. MUD’/DI-LY, adv. tom muddy.| Turbidly; with foul mixture; cloudily. Lucilius — writ loosely and muddily. MUD’DI-NESS, x. Turbidness; foulness caused by mud, dirt, or sediment; as, the muddiness of a stream. Addison. 2. Ficuratively, intellectual cloudiness or dullness. MUD'DLE, ». t. [from mud.] To make foul, turbid, or muddy, as water. He did ill to muddle the water. 2. To intoxicate partially ; to cloud or stupefy, par- ticularly with liquor. He was often drunk, always muddled. Epicurus seems to have had his brains muddled, Dryden. L’Estrange. Arbuthnot. Bentley. MUD/DLED, pp. Made turbid ; half drunk ; stupefied. MUG MUD/DLING, ppr. Making foul with dirt or dress making half drunk; stupefying. ae MUD’DY, «a. [from mud.] Foul with dirt or fine earthy particles; turbid, as water or other fluids ;as a muddy stream. Water running on fine clay always appears muddy. 2. Containing mud; as,a muddy ditch; a muddy road. Shak. 3. Dirty ; dashed, soiled, or besmeared with mud; as, muddy boots. - Consisting of mud or earth ; gross ; impure ; as, this muddy vesture of decay. Shak. 5. Dark ; of the color of mud; as, muddy cheeks. Swift. 6. Cloudy in mind; dull; heavy ; stupid. Dost think I am so muddy ? Shak. MUD/DY, v.t. To soil with mud ; to dirty ; to render turbid. 2. To cloud; to make dull or heavy. MUD/DY-ING, ppr. turbid ; clouding. MUD/DY-HEAD’ED, (-hed/ed,) a. derstanding. MUD/DY-MET’TLED, a. Dull-spirited. MUD/-FISH, x. A fish, a species of the cyprinus kind. Dict. Nat. Hist. MUD/-SILL, nz. In bridges, the sill that is laid at the bottom of a river, lake, &c. [See Sri.] MUD/-SUCK-ER, n. An aquatic fowl. Derham. MUD/-WALL, xn. A wall composed of mud, or of aN Grew. Soiling with mud; rendering Having a dull un- Shak. materials laid in mud without mortar. South. 2. A bird; the apiaster. Ainsworth. MUOD/-WALL-ED, a. Having amud wall. Prior. MUD/WORT, (mud/wurt,) x. A species of Limosella, the least water plantain. Lee. MU. See Mew. MU-EZ/ZIN, rn. A Mohammedan crier of the hour of prayer. MUFF, n. [Dan. muff or muffe; D. mof; G. muff; Fr. moufle, mittens ; Sp. muflas, thick gloves.] A warm cover for receiving the hands, usually made of fur or dressed skins. Locke. Dryden. MUF’FIN, x. A light, round, spongy cake, baked on a griddle, and buttered for the less substantial meals. Smart. MUF’FLE, v. t. [D. moffelen; G. muffeln; It. ca- muffare, to disguise or mask. } 1. To cover from the weather by cloth, fur, or any garment; to cover close, particularly the neck and face. You must be muffled up like ladies. Dryden, The face lies muffled up within the garment. Addison. 2. To blindfold. Alas! that love whose view is muffled still. Shak. He muffled with a cloud his mournful eyes. Dryden. 3. To cover; to conceal; to involve. They were in former ages mu/fled in darkness and superstition. Arbuthnot. 4. In seamanship, to put matting or other soft sub- stance round an oar, to prevent its making a noise. 5. To wind something, as cloth, &c., round the strings of a drum to prevent a sharp sound, or to render the sound grave and solemn. MUF’FLE, v. i. To mutter; to speak indistinctly, or without clear articulation. Holder. MUEF’FLE, x. ([Sp. me In chemistry and metallurgy, an oven-shaped ves se], used for the purification of gold and silver by means of a cupel made of bone ashes. Silliman. MUF’FLED, pp. or a. Covered closely, especially about the face; involved; blindfolded. Mufled drum. See the verb Murrte. MUF’/FLER, x2. A cover for the face; a part of fe- male dress. Shak. Arbuthnot. MUF’FLING, ppr. Covering closely, especially about the face; wrapping close; involving ; blindfolding. MUF’/FLON, 2. The wild sheep, or musmon. MUF’TI, (muf’ty,)”. An official expounder of Moham- medan law, in Turkey. There is one in every large town, and over all these the Mufti of Constantinople exercises an influence and control. P. Cyc. MUG, x2. [I know not whence derived.] A kind of earthen or metal cup, from which liquors are drank. In America, the word is applied chiefly or solely to an earthen cup. MUG’/GARD, a. Not in use. MUG/GENT, x. [See Mucey.| Sullen; displeased. A species of wild fresh-water duck. Dict. Nat. Hist. MUG/GY, a. [W.mocan, a cloud of fog; mg, MUG’GISH, smoke ; or from the root of muck.] I. Moist; damp; moldy; as, muggy straw. | Mortimer. 2. Moist, or damp and close ; warmand unelastic; as, mugcy air. [T'his is the principal use of the word in America. MUG HOUSE, n. [from mug.] An place ickel. MO’/GI-ENT, a. [L. mugio, to bellow.] Lowing; bellowing. [JVot used.] : Brown. MUG'WEED, n. A plant of the genus Valantia. MUG/WORT, n. [Sax. mugwyrt.] An herb of the genus Artemisia. Partington. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ve 735 = eee pans mentee eg rd ta alee eee=i ee Rg sa eee . pe ¥ rier . : id MUL er, having the corol multiplied so far as to exclude MUL Having many angles ; polygonal. MUL Martyn. MU-LAT’TO, n.; pl. Mucatroes. ([Sp. mulato, that x 5 is, muled, of a mixed breed, from mulo, L. mulus, a | MUL‘T-AN!//GU-LAR-LY, (-ang/gu-lar-le,) adv. With only some of the stamens. Martyn. ; many angles or corners. Grew. MUL-TI-PLI-€A/TION, n. [L. multiplicatio.} 1. The act of multiplying or of increasing number ; as, the multiplication of the human species by natural generation. 2. In arithmetic, a rule or operation by which any |} given number may be repeated or added to itself any number of times proposed. Thus 10 multiplied by 5 || mule; Fr mudatre.) ny gles a A person that is the offspring of a negress by a| MULT-AN//GU-LAR-NESS, n. white man, or of a white woman by a negro. polygonal. MUL/BER-RY, 2. [Sw. mulbar; G. mautlbecre. | MULT-AR-TICE'U-LATE, a. Having many joints. The berry or fruit of a tree of the genus Morus 5 s rande. also, the tree. i MUL-TE/I-TY, n. The state of being many; multi- | MUL/BER-RY-TREE, nx. The tree which produces plicity. Coleridye. the mulberry. MUL-TI-CAP/SU-LAR, a [L. multus, many, and MULCH, x. {Heb. 770, to dissolve. ] capsula, a chest.] Half-rotten straw. In botany, having many capsules. Martyn. MUL-TI-€A/VOUS, a. [L. multus, and cavus, hollow.] 2 Di My MULET, nxn. [L. mulcta, or multa. ] : f A fine imposed on a person guilty of some offense Having many holes or cavities. et The state of being is increased to 50. MUL’TI-PLI-€A-TIVE, a. Tending to multiply ; having the power to multiply or increase numbers. Med. Repos. MUL-TI-PLI-€A’/TOR, 2. The number by which an- other number is multiplied ; a multiplier. Bailey r ) Care or HEADLAND. L cS 5 2. A snuff-box made of the small end of a horn. | MUL-TIL/O-QUOUS, a. [L. multus, many, and lo- Having manifold power, or power to do many Le [O>s.) quor, to speak. ] things ; as, Jove multipotent. Shak. 2. irt; rubbish. [ Obs.] Speaking much ; very talkative ; loquacious, Dict. MUL-TI-PRES’ENCE, n. [L. multus, many, and MULL, n. A thin, soft kind of muslin, called also | MUL-TI-NO/DATE, a. Having many knots. presentia, presence. } ; ' MUL-TI-NO/MI-AL, a. orn. In algebra. See Potry- The power or act of being present in many places Se A eee oc tg pos Bias a a oe pa caine WT he es —™ or misdemeanor, usually a pecuniary fine. MUL-TI-DEN’TATE, a. [L. multus and dens.] MULET, v. t. [L. mulcto; Fr. muleter. } : To fine; to punish for an offense or misdemeanor by imposing a pecuniary fine. acon. 9. A plant or vegetable produced by impregnating the pistil of one species with the farin or fecundating dust of another. This is called also a Hysrip. Enciyc. Martyn. 3. An instrument used in spinning cotton; called also a MuLe-JENNY. MULE/-SPIN-NER, n. One who spins on a mule. MU-LET-EER/, n. [It. mulattiere ; Fr. muletier.] One who drives mules. MULE/WORT, n. A plant of the genus Hemionitis. MU-LI-EB/RI-TY, n. [from L. muliebris, from mulier, a woinan. Womanhood ; the state of being a woman; a state in females corresponding to virility in man ; also, ef- \ feminacy ; softness. {| MO/LI-ER, x. [L.] In law, lawful issue born in wed- Stubbornly, like a mule. MUL/ISH-LY, ade. Obstinacy or stubbornness, as of MUL/ISH-NESS, 7x. a mule. MULL, v. t. [Qu. L. mollio, to soften, or W. mull, warm, or Sp. mullir, to beat.] 1. To soften, or bring down in spirit; or to heat, sweeten, and enrich with spices ; as, to mull wine. Gay. 2. To dispirit or deaden. Shak. MULL, n. In Scottish, a term almost synonymous with Drink new cider, mulled with ginger warm. MULL-MULL. MUL'LA, n. The name of a priest among the Tartars. MUL-LA-GA-TAW'NY, n. Literally, pepper-water ; the name of an East Indian curry soup. Smart. | MUL/LEN, } x. [Old Fr. molene; probably so named | MUL/LEIN,§ from the root of L. mollis, soft. So in | Ger. wollkraut, wool-plant.] | | | | 3. | A well-known plant of the genus Verbascum, | growing in roads and neglected fields. | MUL’LER, n. [Fr. moliere, molette ; Li. molaris, from mola, a miljl-stone. 1. A stone held in the hand with which colors and I. A fish of the genus Mugil. The lips are membra- naceous, the inferior one carinated inward; it has i no teeth, and the body is of a whitish color. . This fish frequents the shore, and roots in the sand like a hog. It is an excellent fish for the table. Encyc. ; 2. In heraldry, a figure in shape like the rowel of a spur, used as the filial distinction of the third son. ‘| MUL/LI-GRUBS, 2. sullenness. [4 low word.) MUL/LION, (mul/yun,) x. [Fr. moulure.] An upright bar or division in a window-frame. i| MUL/LION, v. t. To shape into divisions by mul- '| lions. Shak. MUL/LION-ED, pp. Shaped into divisions by mul- MUL/LOCK, n. Rubbish. j MULSE, 2. L. mulsius. Wine boiled and mingled with honey. MULT-AN’GU-LAR, a [L. multus, many, and an- gulus, augle; Basque, mola, a multitude ; multsa, | much. ] 736 MUL-TI-FA/RI-OUS, a, MUL/TI-FOLD, a. MUL’TI-FORM, a. MUL-TI-FORM’I-TY, n. i A twisting of the intestines; | [lions. | Armed with many teeth. [L. multifarius. Qu. varius. | Having great multiplicity ; having great diversity or variety ; as, mullifarious artifice. More. } MUL€T'ED, pp. Fined ; punished by a pecuniary fine. j Cn MUL€T’U-A-RY, a. Imposing a pecuniary penalty. | MUL-TI-FA/RI-OUS-LY, adv. With great multiplici- 1, A state of being many; as, a multiplicity of a Cverbury. ty and diversity ; with great variety of modes and re- thoughts or objects. a MULE, n. [Sp. and It. mulo; L. mulus; Sax. mul ; D. lations. Bentley. 2. Many of the same kind. The pagans of an- ny muil, or muilezel; G. maulesel: Sw. mulasne; Dan. MUL-TI-FA/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Multiplied diversity. tiquity had a multiplicity of deities. tii mule; Fr.id.; Arm. mules; Ir. muile; W. mul. The MUL/TI-FID, a. [L. multifidus; multus, many, and MUL/TI-PLI-ED, pp. or a. Increased in numbers; ft latter signifies a mule, and bashful, simple. ] Jindo, to divide.] ee S4 é repeated: : Fi cet hy 1. A quadruped of a mongrel breed, usually gener- Hayne may. Sone many cles divided into 2. Numerous ; often repeated ; as, multiplied ag- | ee BS ek ieee Seater AG several parts by linear sinuses and straight margins ; gressions, i} ated between an ass and a mare,somctimes between = ee 5 L } mae ope a : ; a horse and a she-ass. But the name is applied to| , 2S, & multyid leaf or corol. Martyn. |MUL!TI-PLI-ER, n. One who multiplies, or in- 2 é Se as Sate 4 ‘ eats TY.TITR’ 2 IS avi r divici ~ AY Nar. ences or . any animal produced by a mixture of different spe- MUL Pik ID-OUS, a. Having many divisions or par. races numbe leo. ‘ ce fic ‘ Cee Encic. titions. : 2. The number in arithmetic by which another is ; 5 MUL-TIF’/LO-ROUS, a. [L. multus, many, and flos, multiplied. flower. ] Many-flowered ; having many flowers. Martyn. Many times doubled; manifold ; numerous, [L. multiformis; multus, many, and forma, form. } Having many forms, shapes, or appearances; as, the multiform operations of the air-pump. Watts. Diversity of forms ; variety of shapes or appearances In the same thing. Jo/inson. MUL-TI-FORM/’OUS, a. Having many forms. Taylor. MUL-TI-GEN’ER-OUS, a [L. multigenus; multus, many, and genus, kind.] Having many kinds. MUL-TI-JU/GOUS, a. Dict. [L. multus, many, and jugum, lock, though begotten before. Encye. y \ = 1 TTS = 1 ss a yoke, a pair. ] ee : MUL/‘ISH, a. Like a mule; sullen; stubborn. BS ganar 4. . 9. To increase in extent; to extend; to spread. Consisting of many pairs. : MUL-TI-LAT’ER-AL, a. [L. multus, many, and la- tus, side.] Having many sides. also be multangular. MUL-TI-LIN’E-AL, a. MUL-TI-LO€/U-LAR, a. ulus, a cell. ] Having many cells or compartments; as, a multi- locular shell. MUL-TIL’O-QUENCE, n. Use of many words; talk- ativeness. Adams. A multilateral figure must Having many lines. (L. multus, many, and loc- NOMIAL. MUL-TI-NOM/IN-AL, )a [L. multus, many, and MUL-TI-NOM/‘IN-OUS, momen, name. Having many names or terms. Dict. MUL-TIP’A-ROUS, a. [L. multus, many, and pario, to bear. ] Producing many at a birth. arous aninial. MUL-TIP’AR-TITE, a. tus, divided.] Divided into many parts ; having several parts. A serpent is a multip- [L. multus, many, and parti- ; ‘ other matters are ground on another stone ; used by | MUL/TI-PED, n. [L. multus, many, and pes, foot. ] In conchology, a term applied to the opercula of i: 3 | painters and apothecaries. Bailey. Hebert. An insect that has many feet. shells which exhibit numerous coils round a sub- ee 33 2. An instrument used by glass-grinders, being a| MUL/TI-PED, a. Having many feet. median center. Brande, et et piece of wood with the piece of glass to be ground | MUL/TI-PLE, (mul’te-pl,) a. (lL. multiplex; multus, MUL-TI-STRI’ATE, a. Having many streaks. ; i || cemented to one end, either convex in a basin, or many, and plico, to fold.] MUL-TI-SYL/LA-BLE, zn. A word of many sylla- y | || _ concave in a sphere or bowl. Hebert. Containing many times. bles ; a polysyllable. arti } MUL‘LET, n. [Fr. mulet, a mullet, and a great mule; | MUL/TI-PLE, n. In mathematics, a quantity which ihe latter is mostly used. ] nie Ib Gr. purdAns 5 L. mullus. } | contains another a certain number of times without| MUL’/TI-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. multitudo, from multus, many. | a remainder. A common multiple of two or more numbers contains each of them a certain number of times exactly ; thus 24 is a cofjmon multiple of 3 and 4, But the least common multiple is the least number that will do this; thus 12 is the least common multiple of 3 and 4. MUL/TI-PLEX, a. [L.] Manyfold; having petals lying over each other in folds. Martyn. | MUL’ TI-PLI-A-BLE, a. [Fr. See Murrirzy.] That may be multiplied. MUL-TI-PLI/A-BLE-NESS, 2. multiplied. | MUL’ TI-PLI-CA-BLE, a. That may be multiplied. MUL-TI-PLIL-€AND/, n. [L. multiplicandus. See Mut- |) “TIPLY. | In arithmetic, the number to be multiplied by an- Capacity of being other, which is called the multiplier. MUL’TI-PLL€ATE, a. [L. multiplicatus.] 1. Consisting of many, or more than one. Derham. used. | MUL-TI-PLIC'I-TY, (-plis‘e-te,) n [Fr. multiplicité, MUL-TI-PLI’//CIOUS, (-plish’/us,) a. Manifold. [Wot from L. multiplex.) MUL'TI-PLY, v. t. [L. multiplico; multus, many, and plico, to fold or double, Gr. 7Aexw, W. plygu, Fr. plier, multiplier. ] 1. To increase in number; to make more by natu- ral generation or production, or by addition; as, to multiply men, horses, or other animals; to multiply evils. I will multiply my signs and wonders in Egypt. — Ex, vii. Impunity will multiply motives to disobedience. Ames, 2, In arithmetic, to repeat or add to itself any given number as many times as there are units in any other given number. Thus 7 x 8=56, that is, 7 multiplied by 8 produces the number 56. MUL/TI-PLY, v. i. To grow or increase in number. Be fruitful and multiply. — Gen. i. When men began to muluply on the face of the earth. —Gen. vi. The word of God grew and multiplied. — Acts xii. MUL/TI-PLY-ING, ppr. Increasing in number; re- peating. ‘ 2. Growing or becoming numerous. MUL’TI-PLY-ING-GLASS, n. A glass or lens which represents a single object to the eye as if it were many. It consists of several plane surfaces, dis- posed into a convex form, through every one of which the object is seen. Hutton. MUL-TIP’O-TENT, a. [L. multipotens ; multus, many, much, and potens, powerful.] at once, or in more places than one. Hall. MUL-TI-RA’DI-ATE, a. Having many rays. MUL-TIS/CIOUS, (mul-tish/us,) a. [L. multiscius.] Having variety of knowledge MUL-TLSIL'I-QUOUS, a. [. multus, many, and siliqua, a pod.]} Having many pods or seed-vessels. Bailey. MUL-TIS/O-NOUS, a. [L. multus, many, and sonus, sound. ] Having many sounds, or sounding much. MUL-TI-SPI/RAL, a. [L. multus and spira.] Bailey. l. The state of being many; a great number. A number collectively ; the sum of many. Hale. . A great number, indefinitely. is a fault in a multitude of preachers, that they utterly neglect method in their harangues, ‘alts. . A crowd or throng; the populace ; applied to the populace when assembled in great numbers, and to the mass of men without reference to an assem- blage. He the vast hissing multitude admires. Addison. The multitude have always been credulous, and the few ariful. . Adams. Multitudinous ; mani- SG = wr be MUL-TI-TU’/DIN-A-RY, a. fold. MUL-TL-TO’DIN-OUS, a. Consisting of a multitude or great number. 2. Having the appearance of a multitude; as, the multitudinous Sea. hak. 2. A multiplicate flower is a sort of luxuriant flow- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 3. Manifold; as, the multitudinous tongue. Shak.MUM MUL-TI-TU/DIN-OUS-LY, adv. manner. MUL-TIV’/A-GANT, L aa: M UL-TIV’A-GOUS, a. [ * MULROATUS. | Wandering much. [Wot used. | Dict, MUL'TI-VALVE, n. f valves, folding doors.] A mollusk which has a shell of many valves. Zoology. MUL!TI-VALVE, : E MUL-TI-VALY/U-_LAR, a. Having many valves. MUL-TIV’ER-SANT, a. verto, to form.] Protean; turning into many shapes; assumin many forms. Journ. of Science. MUL-TIV’LOUS, a. [L. multus, many, and vid, Way. Having many. Ways or roads. MUL-TO'CA, n. MUL-TO€/U-LAR, a. eye. | Huving many eycs, or more eyes than two. MUL'TUM IN PAR'VO. [L.J compass. rham. into more than two parts. Brande, MUL/TURE, rn. [L. molitura, a grinding. See Miu. proprietor of a mill for grinding grain. 2. A grist or grinding. MUM, a. [See Mumsre, Mumm, and Mummery.] I. Silent ; not speaking. Encyc. The citizens are muy ; say not a word. Shak. Mum then, and no more proceed. Shak. 3. As a noun, silence. Hudibras. MUM, xn. [G. and Dan. mumme ; DD. mom. {ft is made of the malt of wheat, seven bushels one bushel of oatmeal and a bushel of beans, or in the same proportion. evaporated. MUM’-BUD@/ET, inter}. [mum and budget.] pression denoting secrecy as well as silence 3 used in a contemptuous or ludicrous manner. MUM/-CHANCE, xn. A game of hazard With cards. [ Local. } 2. A fool. [Local.] MUM'BLE, v. 1. Se mummeln ; D. momelen, mompe- len; Sw. mumla; Dan. mumler. This word seems to Encye. the lips.] 1. To mutter; to speak with the lips or other or- gang partly closed, so as to render the sounds inar- ticulate and imperfect 3 to utter words with a grum- bling tone. Peace, you mumbling fool. Shak. A wrinkled hag, with age grown double, Picking dry sticks and mumbiing to herself, Otwry. 2. To chew or bite softly ; to eat with the lips close. Dryden. MUM’BLE, » ¢. To utter with a low, inarticulate voice. He with mumbled prayers atones the deity. Dryden. 2. To mouth gently, or to eat with a muttering sound. Pope. 3. ‘T’o suppress or utter imperfectly, Dryden. MUMBLED, pp. or a. Uttered with a low, inarticu- late voice; chewed softly, or with a low, muttering sound. MUM/BLE-NEWS, (-niize,) n. MUM/BLER, n. ticulate voice. MUM’BLING, ppr. or a. Uttering with a low, inar- ticulate voice ; chewing softly, or with a grumbling sound A kind of talebearer, One that speaks with a low, inar- In a multitudinous 2 L. multus, many, and valvu@, | MUM/MI-FORM, a. [L. multus, many, and [ Litile used.] Dict, The Turkish code of law. Brande. [L. multus, many, and oculus, De Much in a little MULT-UN’GU-LATE, a. Having fhe hoof divided I. In Scots law, the toll or emolument given to the 2. Asan exclamation or command 3 besilent ; hush, A species of malt liquor much used in Germany. , With 2. To talk low and qnick. ground This is brewed with 63 gallons of water, and boiled till one third is An ex- | MUMP’ING, n. be connected with mum, in the sense of closeness of | MUN MUR 2. Farcical show ; hypocritical disguise and parade to delude vulgar minds. MUM-MI-FI-€a’TION, nm The mummy. MUM'MI-FY-rD, pp. act of making into a Made into a mummy. Resembling a mummy. MUM/ML-FY, v.t. To embalm and dry as a mummy ; to make into a mummy. Journ. of Science. MUM’MI-FY-ING, ppr. Making into a mummy. MUM/MING, n. The Sports of mummers, MUM’MING, a. Pertaining to the sports of mum- mers. MUM/MY, x. [It. mummia; Sp. and Port. momia. In a > ] Arabic, Ly p0 momia, 1S wax, bees-wax, and a Or 3 mummy ; Pers. °° Moum, Wax.] I. A dead human body embalmed and dried after the manner of the ancient Egyptians ; a name per- haps given to it from the substance used in preserv- ing it. The term mummy has been extended so as to include the bodies of men, and sometimes of ani- ] mals, which are, by any means, preserved in a dry state from the process of putrefaction. Ea Cyc: 2. Among gardeners, a sort of wax used in graft- ing and planting trees. Chambers. To beat to a mummy; to beat soundly or to a sense- less mass. MUM’MY-CHOG, n. prim iry idea, is to fuil or fall, or to bez evan The old CethomABhe: Murruen, is obsolete. | The act of unlawfully killing a human be ing | with premeditated malice, by a person of sound mind. ‘To constitute murder in Jaw, the person kill- ing another must be of sound mind or in possession his reason, and the act must be done with malice Ais pense, aforethought, or premeditated ; but malice may be implied, as w ell as express. Coke. Blackstone. aan ex clamation or outcry, W hen life is in dz anger. aoe Oat ee Sax. myrtiian; D. moorden; G. morden ea . morda. ] . To kill a human being with premeditated mal- ice. see the 9, Vo destroy — noun. | “=O iE ane kL thy breath in the middle of a word? Shak. nd to, Slain with malice prepense, yn who, in possession of his pre- pp. OF a. - A perst ‘ully kills a human being with se of ordnance; a murdering-piece. A female who commits murder. Dryden. a human being with 9), a smal piec MUR/DER-E SS, Ms WH, 7 Killing MUR/DER-ING malice premedita ppr. ited. BRENIG nee nm A small piece of ord- anc Shak. MUI JUS, a. Guilty of murder; as, the mur- JVilton. done with murder; Yr ipine. in mur as, murdé J Ger 5 TOUS sanguinary ; committing murder; as, murderous tyranny. 4. Premeditating murder; as, murderous intent or design. MUR ‘DER- OU S-LY, adv. In a murderous or cruel MURE, 2 [L. mu Urmannae o/ial. > Iloe JIknolles. of marine, carnivorous P, Cyc. ey ,Sea-water, brine; amaris, bitter. = Eth 1. Ar. ND marar, to be bitter. water; brine. In chemistry, the are extracted various agents. A. stone composed Sait om Ww hiel h [See Moria. ] J rE, 7. and gypsum. EK, 7. A term formerly applied to the Al before their true composition was under- stood, and while they were erroneously supposed to be compounds of an acid with an oxyd, &c, MO’/RI-A4-TED, a. A term now known to be equiva- Jent to chil iginally applied under _the Su] ppositi were Compoul ids of an acid aril an Ox Put in brine. MU- RI- AT! a. Water ; ath aining Evelyn. Having the nature of brine or salt to sea salt. T Che muriatic acid is oO now known to be a compound of one equivalent of hydrogen, which performs ‘unctions oe a base, and one equivalent of chlor which performs the functions of an acidifier. The name which correct- ly expresses the composition o dr ic acid, MU-RI-A-T ee R-OUS, } hlorohy- Producing muriatic sub- - In botant, having the points, or armed with prickles. Fossil remains ¢ overed with sharp ees JMartyn. MU/RI-CITE, he f the Murex, a ge nus of shells ; the mineral Anhy inte: which see. : ; Dana. MU/RI-F ORM, a, fl. murus and forma, In be any, resembling the bricks in the w vall of a house. P. Cae. MU’RINE, (mi/rin,) a. is 2 mouse. | _ Pertaii ling to a mouse or to mice. MU/RINE » (rinz, )n. pl. The name of a tribe of rodent quad rupe ds, including rz iis, mice, &c, Brande MURK, n [Sw. morker ; Dan. mOrkhed; Russ, meal] Darkness. [Little used] Shak MURK/LLY, ado. Darkly ; ; gloomily oa MURK’Y, [Dan. mirk; Sw. morka, to darken ; ; Russ. merkn perh. ap s Ls Moor, an African ; [Lt 4e TUL FIRUuSs, TYOM Mus, mM uTtS, mork, dark, obsc1 ure, mw, to obscure ; allied MUS 2. A complaint half suppressed, low, muttering voice. or uttered in a Some discontents there are, some idle murmure. Driden. MUR/MU Bs o t% ([L. murmuro; Gr. poppvpw; Fr. MUTMUTE Arm. murmuli; Sp. and Port. muwrmurar; It. mormorare. This seems to be a duplication of the root, which is retained in the D. morren, G. mur- ren, Sw. MUTT, Dan. murrer, to mutter, growl, or murmur; Sp. morro, purring, as acat; Sw. morn, a --VU -_ No. 7, grumbling ; AT. y0 >-0 marmara, Class Mr, It seems, also, to be connected with mourn, Sax. MUrNAN, murcnian, to murmur. ] 1. To make a low, continued noise, like ine hum of bees, a stream of Ww ater, rolling waves, or like the wind in a forest; as, the murmuring surge. Shak. “he forests murmur, and the surges roar. Pope. To grumble ; to complain ; in a low, half-articulated voice ; to utter content ; with at before the thing which is the of discontent ; as, murmur not at sickness; or with at or against before the active agent which produces the evil. i ais- cause sullen The people murmured against Moses. — Ex. xiii MUR/MUR-ER, n. One who murmurs; one who complains sullenly ; a grumbler. MUR/MUR-ING, ppr. or a. Uttering complai in a low voice or sullen manner; grumbling ; complain- ints ing. MUR!’MUR-ING, n. The utterance of alow sound; complaint. MUR/MUR-ING-LY, complaints. MUR’/MUR-OUS, a, MURR, nm Ac atart th. adv. VWVitha low sound ; with Exciting murmur or complaint. [Vot in Use. | Gascoione. MUR/RAIN, (mur’rin,) Te [Sp. morrina, a disease among cattle ; Port. morrinkha; It. moria, Port. Morir, L. morior, to lie. ] sadness ; MOTUé ; mMorrer, =p ¢ i An infectious and fatal disease among cattle. Exod. ix. Bacon. Garth. MURR n. A kind of bird. Carew. MUR’/REY, a. [from the root of Moor, an ete el Of a dark-red color. Bac on. Boyle. murrhinus »| given to a delicate cal- MUR/RHINE, (-rin,) a [L.7 Among tie ancients, an epithet kind of ware, made of HOOK shat or fluorid of cium, brought from the East; Pliny says from Car- mania, now Kerman, in Persia. ZEncyc. Pinkerton. MUR’/RLON, n. (Port. morriam ; It morione j from the root of L. murus, a wall. See Murat. A hemlet ; a casque; armor for the head. also Morton. MUR’/ZA, mn. The hereditary nobility tars. The word must not be confounded Persian Mirza. Written King. among the ‘l'ar- with the Brande. ee ARD,n. [Fr. See yee A dreamers one vho is apt to be absentin mind. [Obs.] Chaucer. US! CA-DEL, ) a [It. moscatello; Port. and Sp. MUS’€A-DINE,> moscatel; Fr. muscat, muscadin, MUS/€A-TEL, ) muscadet ; from It. moscado, musk, or muscata, [nose moscada, ] a nutmeg, Fr. mu sudde, from Hence, in Italian, vin muscato, muscat, or muscadine wine as J. An appellation given to ak to the grapes which produce it. 9. A sweet pe -aY. MUS/€AT, 2. (Fr. ] See Muscap EL. MUSCH’/EL-KA \LK, n. A German stone, whose strata belong to the new re formation. MUS/CLE, (mus/l,) n. [Fr., from L. musculus, a mus- cle, and a little mouse; D. Sw. and Dan. muskel; G. muschel ; Gr. vs, a mouse, and a muscle. ] 1. In anatomy, the muscles are the organs of mo- tion, consisting of fibers, or bundles of fibers, in- closed in a thin cellular membrane. ‘The muscles are susceptible of contraction and relaxation, and in a healthy state a part of the muscles are subject to the will, and are called voluntary muscles. But oth- ers, as the heart, the urinary bladder, the stomach, &c., which are of a muscular te xture, and suscepti- ble of contraction and dilatation, are not subject to the will, and are therefor@ealled involuntary mus- cles. The red color of the muscles is owing to the blood-vessels which they contain. The ends of the muscles are fastened to the bones which they move, and when they act in opposition to each other, they are called antagonist. Encye. Muscles are divided into the head, belly, and tail. The head is the part fixed on the immovable joint TRUSC. ind of rich wine, and The word is also [used as a noun. A sort of grape and of wine. term for shell Jime- d sandstone J ane lu. Gr. GLavpos. ] Jark 5. of cure 3 gloomy. A murky storm deep MUR/MUR, 7. [L. See the verb -] A low sound continue d. or continually repeated, as that of a stream running in a stony channel, or that of flame, Black melancholy sits, Deepens the murmur of ihe falling flo sods, And breathes a browner horror on the woods, lowering o’er our heads, Addison. Pope. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — ie 738 called its origin, and is usu: ully tendinous ; the belly is the middle fle shy part, which consists of the true muscular fibers ; the tail is the tendinous portion in- serted into the part to be moved, called the insertion ; but in the tendon, the fibers are more compact than in the belly of the mus cle, and do not admit the red globule SF arr. OT A bivalvular shell fish of the genus Mytilus of Linnzus ; sometimes w ritten Musser. to utter complaints | } | | MUS MUS’/€0OID, a. [Gr. pooxos and etdos J In botany, moss-like ; resembling moss. MUS’‘€COID,n A moss-like plant, flowerless, with a distinct stem having no vascular system, but often leaves. Lindley. MUS-€OS’/L-TY, n. Mossiness. MUS-€0-VA’DO, n. [Sp. and Port, mascabado, com- pounded of mas, more, but, and acaboda, ended, fin- ished. Mascabado is an adjective, s signifyi ing, further advanced in the process than when In Sirup, or im- perfectly finished; from acabar, to finish: ed and cabo, head, like Fr. achever.] Unrefined Sugar; the raw material from which loaf and lump sugar are procured by refining. Mus- coyado is obtained from the juice of the sugar-cane by evaporation, and draining off the liquid part called mola Edwards. fa ‘his word is used either asa noun or an adjec- tive ; primarily au eaiuae MUS!’ 'GO- VY-DUC A species of duck, Anas mos- chata of raeade areer than the common duck, often nneey in poultry yards; sometimes called the Mu JCK. Edin. Encyc. MUS/€ 50- Vv Y-GLA Mica, which see. MUS’€U “LAR a. [from muscle.| Pertaining to a muscle ; aS, muscular fiber. 2. Performed by a muscle 3, Strong; brawny ; or frame. MUS-€U-LAR/LTY, nz. SSeS, SS, 7. muscular motion, as, a muscular body 5 as; vigorous ; The state of being muscular Frew. AR-LY, adv. In a muscular manner , A petrified muscle or shell. Kirwan. J-LOUS, a. [L. musculosus, ] 1. oh ll of muscles. 2. Strong ; brawny. Ae = rtaining to a muscle or to muscles. [L. musa; Gr. povea. See the verb. ] - Diol song; but in usage, the deity or power of poetry. Hence poets, in mode m times, as in an- cient, invoke the aid of thie Muse, or, in other words, the genius of poetry. [See Muses.] nands; your aid, O Muses, bring refuse to sing? MUS 1. | L Boot Granville comr What muse for Granville can Pope. 2. Deep thought; close attention or contemplation which abstracts the mind from passing scenes; hence, sometimes, absence of mind. As in great muse, no word to creature spake. Spenser. ie was fille With admiration and deep muse to hear Of thine so hizh and strange. Milton. MUSE, v. (Fr. muser, to loiter or trifle; It. musare, to gaze, to stand idle ; allied to this word, probably, are L. musso and mussito, to mutter or murmur, to demur, to be silent. T he Greek pv(o signifies to press, or utter sound with the lips compressed. The latter verb belongs to Class Mg ; for pvyya, a sound uttered through the nose, or with close lips, is of the same family, L, mussitatio. The word, then, prima- rily denotes what we call humming, to hwm, as per- sons do when idle, or alone and steadily oceupied. If the elements of the word are Ms, it may be re- — -— — ferred to the Ar, and Syr. rad hamasa. Class Ms, No. 35.] l. ‘To ponder; to think closely; to study in si- lence. He mused upon some dangerous plot. I muse on the thy hands, — Ps, exliii, DLO to be so cccupied in study or contemplation, as not to observe passing scenes or things present. Shak. 3. To wonder. Do not muse of me. Sidney. works of be absent in mind; [Obs.] Shak. To think on; to meditate on. Meditated ; thought on. Thinking deeply or closely ; MUSE, v t. MUS’ED, pp. se aoa a. ful, silently. Thomson. thought- Full of museful mopings, MUSE/FUL-LY, adv. Thoughtfully. MUSE/LESS, a. Dis sregarding the power of poetry. Milton. MUS‘ER, x. One who thinks closely in silence, or one apt to be absent in mind. Johnson. MU/SES, n. pl. [L. Muse; Gr. Moveat.] In mythol- Ory, the nine sister goddesses, supposed to preside over the liberal arts. MU’SET, n. A gap ina hedge; the place through which the hare goes to relief ; a hunting term. Bailey. [Gr. poucetoy, a place for the muses, Dryden, MU-$E/UM, n. or for study. ] A repository of natural, riosities, or of works of art. MUSH, 7. [G. mus, pap.] The meal of maize boiled in water. MUSH’/ROOM, n. [Fr. mousseron, the white mush- room, from mois sé, moss, or the same root, bearing the sense of softness or nap. } scientific, and literary cu- Guilt. METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — a |MUS MUS MUT | 1. The common name of numerous cryptogamic plants of the natural order of Fungi. Some of them are esculent, others pulsonous. Mushrooms grow on dunghills, and in moist, rich ground, and often spring up in a short time. The origin of man, in the view of the atheist, is the same with that of the mushroom. Qwight. The term mushroom is sometimes applied to distin- guish the edible fungi from the toadstools. which are poisonous. 2. An upstart ; one that rises suddenly from a low condition in life. Bacon. MU/SI€, n. [L. musica; Gr. povotkn; Fr. musique. See Musz. I. Melody or harmony ; any succession of sounds so modulated as to please the ear, or any combina- tion of simulfaneous sounds in accordance or har- mony. Music is vocal or instzumental. Vocal music is the mclody of a single voice, or the harmony of two or more voices in concert. Jnstrumental music is that produced by one or more instruments. By music minds an equal temper know. Pope. 2. Any entertainment consisting in melody or har- mony. What music, and dancing, and diversions, and songs are to many yn the world, that prayers, and devotions, and psalms are to yuu. Law. 3. The science of harmonical sounds, which treats of the principles of harmony, or the properties, de- pendencies, and relations, of sounds to each other, This may be called speculative or theoretical music. Encye. 4, The art of combining sounds in a manner to please the ear. This is practical music or composi- tion. Encyec. 9. Order; harmony in revolutions; as, the music of the spheres, Juste of the spheres; the harmony supposed by the ancients to be produced by the accordant movements of the celestial orbs. MvU/SI€-AL, a. Belonging to music; as, musical pro- portion ; a musical instrument. 2. Producing music or agreeable sounds 5 as, a mz- sical voice. 3. Melodious; harmonious ; pleasing to the ear; as, musical sounds or numbers. Musical glasses ; a musical instrument consisting of a numiber of glass gablets, played upon with the end of the finger damped. MwU/SIC€-AL-LY, adv. In a melodious or harmonious manner; with sweet sounds. MU/SI€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of being melodi- ous or harmonious, MvU/SIC-BOOK,7. A book containing tunes or songs for the voice or for instruments. MU-SI’CIAN, (mu-zish’/an,) nm. One that sings or performs on instruments of music according to the rules of the art. 2. A person skilled in the science of music. In this sense, it has commonly some qualifying term; as, a scientific musician. Smart. MU/SI€-MAS-TER, nm. One who teaches music. MU/SIG-STOOL, n. A stool or seat for one who per- forms on a plano-forte or similar instrument. MUS'ING, ppr. or a. Meditating in silence. MUS/ENG, x. Meditation; contemplation. MUS/ING-LY, adv. By musing; in a musing way. MUSK, 7, [L. muscus; Gr. pooxos, inusk, and moss ; It. musco and muschio; Sp. musco; Fr. and Arm. musc; W.musg. TUhelatter Owen derives from mvs, which, as a noun, signifies something that shoots out, efiluvia, and as an adjective, of a strong scent. The Arabic word coinciding with these is found un- -_-- der Bere masaka, to hold or contain, and the name is interpreted to signify both the follicle con- taining the matter, and the substance contained. ] A strong-scented substance, obtained from a cyst or bag near the navel of the Thibet musk, Moschus moschiferus, an animal that inhabits the Asiatic Alps, especially the Altaic chain. This animal is a little more than three feet in length ; the head resembles that of the roe; the fur is coarse, like that of the cervine race, but thick, erect, smooth, and soft. It has no horns, but the male has two long tusks, one on each side, projecting from the mouth. The female is smaller than the male, and has neither tusks nor follicle. The cyst of the male is about the size of a hen’s egg, oval, flat on one side and rounded on the other, having a small orifice. This contains a clot- ted, oily, friable matter, of a dark brown color, which is the true musk, one of the strongest odors or per- fumes in nature. We give the name to the sub- stance and to the animal. Encyc. P. Cyc. MUSK, x. Grape-hyacinth or grape-flower Johnson. MUSK, v. t. To perfume with musk. MUSK/-AP-PLE, n. A particular kind of apple. MUSK/-CAT, x. The animal called mush, which see. MUSK!/-CHER-RY, n. A kind of cherry. MUSK/—-DEER, n. The common name of the animal called musk. [See Musx.] P. Cyc. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/GER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIG. ye s Mo MUSK/-DUCK, n. A species of duck, so called from its musky odor; the Muscovy duck MUS/KET, x. [It. moschetto; Sp. mosquete; Fr. mous- quet. It seems to be formed from Sp. mosca, L. mus- ca, a fly.] 1. A species of fire-arms used in war, and origi- nally fired by means of a lighted match. This man- ner of firing was in use as Jate as the civil war in England. ‘The name is now applied to fusees or fire-locks fired by a spring-lock. Encye. 2. A male hawk of a small kind, the female of which is the sparrow-hawk. ryden, IZanmer. MUS-KET-EDR’/, 2. A soldier armed with a musket. Clarendon. MUS-KET-OON’, 2. [EFr. mousqueton. See MusKet.] 1. A short, thick musket, carrying five ounces of jron, or seven and a half of lead; the shortest kind of blunderbuss. Encijc. 2. One who is armed with a musketoon. Herbert. MUS’/KET—PROOP, a. of a musket-ball. MUS/KET-RY, n. MUSK’I-NESS, z. Capable of resisting the force Muskets in general, or their fire. [from musk.] The scent of musk. Johnson. MUSK’MEL-ON, 7. [musk and melon.] A delicious species of melon ; named probably from its fragrance. MUSK/-OX, x. The Ovibos moschatus, a ruminant mammal of the bovine tribe, which inhabits the country about Hudson’s Bay. It has large horns united at the skull, but turned downward on each side of the head. The hair of this animal is very long and fine. Encyc. P. Cyc. MUSK/—PEAR, n. A fragrant kind of pear. Johnson. MUSK’RAT, )} ». An American animal, the Fiber MUS’/QUASH,$ zibethicus. It has a compressed, lanceolated tail, with toes separate. It has the smell! of musk in summer, but Joses it in winter. The fur is used by hatters. Its popular name in America, is Musquasn, the Indian name. Belknap. MUSK’-ROSE, n. ? marra, to be bitter. Class Mr.] Ani inspissated sap that comes in the form of drops or globules of various colors and sizes, of a pretty strong but agreeable smell, and of a bitter taste. It is imported from Egypt, but chiefly from the southern or eastern parts of Arabia. As a medicine, itisa good stomachic, antispasmodic, and cordial. It is the produce of a species of Balsamodendron. Parr. Fourcroy. Encye. MYR/RHINE, (-rin,) a. [L. myrrhinus.] Made of the murrhine stone, or fluorid of calcium, i. e., fluor spar. [See Murruine.] Milton. MYR/TLFORM, a. [L. myrtus, myrtle, and form.] Resembling myrtle or myrtle berries. MYR/TLE, (mur'tl,) rn. [L. myrtus ; Gr. pvpros.] A plant of the genus Myrtus, of several species. The common myrtle rises with a shrubby, upright stem, eight or ten feet high. Its branches form a Close, full head, closely garnished with ovate or lan- N is the fourteenth letter of the English alphabet, and an articulation formed by placing the end of the tongue against the root of the upper teeth. It is an imperfect mute, or semi-vowel, and a nasal letter the articulation being accompanied with a sound through the nose. It has one sound only, and after m 1s silent, or nearly so, as in hymn and condemn. N, among the ancients, was a numeral letter signi- fying 900, and with a stroke over it, N, 9000. Among the lawyers, JV. L. stood for non liquet, the case is not clear. N. is used as an abbreviation of north. N. E. stands for north-east ; N. W. for north-west; N. N. E. for north-north-east; N. N. W. for north-north-west, &c. ceolate evergreen leaves. It has numerous small, pale flowers from the axils, singly on each footstalk. The ancients considered it sacred to Venus. P. Cyc. Loudon. MYR/TLE-BER-RY, n. The fruit of the myrtle. MYR’/TLE-WAX, n. A concrete oil or vegetable Wax, produced by certain plants called Myrtca, or CaNDLEBERRY-MYRTLE. Encyc. Amer. MY/RUS, n. A species of conger-eel, found in the Mediterranean, Anguilla myrus, Asie °Pe Circe MY-SELF’, pron. A compound of my and self, used after I, to express emphasis, marking emphatically the distinction between the speaker and another person ; as, I myself will do it; I have done it myself. 2. Jiu the objective case, the reciprocal of Z. I will defend myself. 3, it is sometimes used without J, particularly in pcsiiy. Myzeif shall mount the rostrum in his favor. Addison. MYS-TA-GOG'T€-AL, a. Pertaining to the interpre- tation of mysteries. MYS'TA-GOGUE, (mys'ta-gog,) n. [Gr. pusns, one initiated in mysteries, and aywyos, a leader. ] 1. One who interprets mysteries. Bailey. 2. One that keeps church relics, and shows them to strangers. Bailey. MYS-TE/RI-AL, a. Containing a mystery or enigma. . Jonson. MYS-TE/RI-AREH, n. [Gr. pusnpcov, mystery, and apxos, chief. One presiding over mysteries. Johnson. MYS-TE/RLOUS, a. [Ree Mystery.] Obscure ; hid from the understanding ;_ not clearly understood. The birth and connections of the man with the iron mask in France are mysterious, and have never heen explained. 2. In religion, obscure; seeret; not revealed or explained ; hidden from human understanding, or unintelligible ; beyond human comprehension. A plied to the divine counsels and government, the word often implies something awfully obscure ; as, the ways of God are often mysterious. MYS-TE/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Obscurely; enigmatic- ally. 2. In a manner wonderfully obscure and unintel- ligible. MYS-TE/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Obscurity; the quality of being hid from the understanding, and calculated to excite curiosity or wonder. 2. Artful perplexity. MYS'TER-IZE, v.t. To express in enigmas. MYS/TER-IZ-ED, pp. Expressed enigmatically. MYS/TER-IZ-ING, ppr. Expressing in enigmas. MYS’TER-Y, x. [L. mystertum, Gr. pwusnptov, a secret. This word in Greek is rendered also mu- rium latiiulum; but probably both senses are from that of hiding or shutting ; Gr. pvw, to shut, to con- ceal.] 1, Aprofound secret; something wholly unknown, or something kept cautiously concealed, and there- fore exciting Curiosity or wonder; such as the mys- tery of the man with the iron mask in France. 2. In religion, any thing in the character or attri- butes of God, or in the economy of divine provi- dence, which is not revealed to man. President Moore. 3. That which is beyond human comprehension until explained. In this sense, mystery often conveys the idea of something awfully sublime or important ; something that excites wonder. Great is the mystery of godliness. —1 Tim. iii. Having made known to us the mystery of his will. — Eph. i. We speak the wisdom of God in a mystery. —1 Cor, ii. 4. An enigma; any thing artfully made difficult. 5. A kind of rude drama, of a religious character, called a mystery, or miracle, because it represented N. In commerce, Vo. is an abbreviation of the French nombre, and stands for number. N. B. stands for L. nota bene, observe well. N. S. stands for new style. NAB, z. The summit of a mountain or rock. peccal NAB, v. t=. [Sw. nappa; Dan. napper; G. and D. knap- pen. See Knar,] To catch suddenly ; to seize by a sudden grasp or thrust ; @ word little used, and only in low language. NAB/BED, pp. Caught suddenly. NAB/BING, ppr. Seizing suddenly. NA/BOB, n. A deputy or viceroy in India ; properly, a subordinate provincial governor under a subahdar ; hence, 2. Aman of great wealth. NAC the mysterious doctrines of Christianity, or its early miracles. Bp. Percy. 6. A trade; a calling; any mechanical occupation which supposes skill or knowledge peculiar to those who cairy it on, and therefore a Secret to others. frre word, in the latter sense, has been supposed to have a different origin from the foregoing, viz., Fr. metier, Norm. mestier, business, trade, occupation, as if from Norm. mestie, master. But this is probably incorrect. ] 7. The mysteries, among the ancients, were a kind of secret religious worship, to which none were ad- mitted except those who had been initiated. by certain preparatory ceremonies. MYS’/TI€, x. One who holds the doctrines of mysti- rourm _ Are ieee AL. & [L. mysticus ; Gr. puorikos.] [cism. Vv i 45 1. Obscure ; hid ; secret. Driden. 2. Sacredly obscure or secret ; remote from human comprehension. God hath revealed a way mystical and supernatural. Hooker. 3. Involving some secret meaning; allegorical ; emblematical ; as, mystic dance ; mystic Babylon. Wilton. Burnet. MYS/TI€-AL-LY, adv. In a manner or by an act im- plying a secret meaning. Donne. MYS’TI€-AL-NESS, x. The quality of being mystic- al, or of involving some secret meaning. MYS’TLCISM, x. Obscurity of doctrine. 2. The doctrine of the Mystics, who profess a pure, sublime, and perfect devotion, wholly disinterested, and maintain that in calm and holy contemplation they have direct intercourse with the divine Spirit, and acquire a knowledge in divine things which is unattainable by the reasoning faculty. Murdock. MYS’TIE€S, x. pl. A class of religious people who pro- fess to have direct intercourse with the Spirit of God in calm and holy contemplation, and to receive such impressions as are true religious knowledge. MYS-TLFI-Ca’TION, n. The act of rendering any thing mysterious. MYS*TI-FT-ED, pp. Involved in mystery so as to mislead. MYS/TI-FY, v. t. To involve in mystery so as to mislead. MYS/TI-FY-ING, ppr. Involving in mystery so as to MYTH, x. [Gr. pudos. [mislead. A fictitious or fanciful narrative, having an analo- gy more or less remote to some real event. Fosbroke. MYTH'/I€ F : MYTH IELAL, a. [from Gr. pvbos, a fable.] Fabulous. Shuckford. MYTH’/I€-AL-LY, adv. By means of mythical fables or allegories. MY-THOG/RA-PHER, 2. [Gr. pvOos and ypaga.] A composer of fables. MYTH-O-LOG’I€, a. [See MytHotocy.] Re- MY TH-O-LOG/I€-AL, lating to mythology ; fabu- lous. MY TH-O-LOG’/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a way suited to the system of fables. MY-THOL/O-GIST, n. One versed in mythology ; one who writes on mythology, or explains the fables of the ancient pagans. JNVorris. MY-THOL/O-GIZE, v. 7% To relate or explain the fabulous history of the heathen. MY-THOL/O-GY,n. [Gr. pv@os, a fable, and Aoyos, discourse. } A system of fables, or fabulous opinions and doc- trines, respecting the deities which heathen nations have supposed to preside over the world, or to influ- ence the affiirs of it. MY/THO-PLASM, x. A narration of mere fable. MYT’I-LITE, n. [Gr. purcAos, a kind of shell.] In geology, a petrified muscle or shell of the genus Mytilus. Kirwan. MYX'ON, 7. [Gr. wvfos.] A fish of the mullet kind. sh. NA€/A-RAT, n. [Sp. nacar, mother of pearl.] ]. A pale red color, with a cast of orange. 2. Fine linen or crape dyed of this color. Ure. NACK’ER or NA’/KER. See Nacne. — ts NA’€RE, (na'/ker,) n. [Fr.] A beautiful iridescent substance which lines the interior of some shells, and is most perfect in the mother-of-pearl. Buchanan. NA/‘ERE-OUS, a. [See Nacre.] Having an irides- cent luster like the mother-of-pearl. Brande. NA/‘ERITE, n. [See Nacre.] A mineral consisting of fine pearly scales, and having a greasy feel. It resembles some white or greenish-white varieties of talc, but contains alumina in combination with sili- ca, instead of magnesia. ana, TONE, BULL, UNITE.—- ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.— € as K; G@ as J; S$ as Z; OCH as SH; FH as in THIS. on cae AMBER Age TAL i: tt aa al iad si: RR Tennant iy i en SR — en ~~ ree at Mean NS mace: esta le pw = tc esr den tists ———— a NAK a“ -- a. NA/DIR, 7. [Ar. yaa, from yta5 natara, to be like, proportional, corresponding to, epeoniiesy ; That point of the heavens or lower hemisphere di- rectly opposite to the zenith ; the point directly under the place where we stand. NA/DLE-STEIN, n. [G. nadel and stcin.] Needle-stone ; rutile. Ure, NAVE, 7. [L. nevus.] A spot. Dryden. NZZ/VOSE, a. Spotted ; freckled. NAPE n. A kind of tufted sea-fowl. Chalmers. AFE, NAFF, NAG, zn. a sprightly horse. x 2. A paramour, in contempt. Slak. NAG/GY, a. Contentious. _ IN. of Eng. NA/IAD, (na’yad,)n. [Gr. vatades, naiads, from vaw, to flow.] In mythology, a water nymph ; a female deity that resides Over rivers and springs. NA/‘IA-DES, (na/ya-deez,) n. pl. jads. {See Narap.] 2. In conchology, a family of fresh-water bivalves. P. Cyc. 3. In botany, an order of indogenous aquatic plants. > A small horse; a horse in general, or rather *Estrangze. Water nymphs ; na- NAIL, n. [Sax. negel; Sw. G. and D. nagel; Dan. nagle; Russ. nagot; Sans. naga, or nakha. If the word was originally applied to a claw or talon, the primary sense may be to catch, or it may be a shoot. ] 1. The claw or talon of a bird or other animal. 2. The horny substance growing at the end of the human fingers and toes. 3. A small pointed piece of metal, usually with a head, to be driven into a board or other piece of tim- ber, and serving to fasten it to othertimber. The larger Kinds of instruments of this sort are called Srixés ; and a long, thin kind, with a flattish head, is called a Bran. 4. A stud or boss ; a short nail with a large, broad head. Swift. 5. A measure of length, being two inches and a quarter, or the sixteenth of a yard. On the nail; in hand; immediately ; without de- lay or time of credit; as, to pay money on the nail. Swift. To hit the nail on the head; to hit or touch the exact point. NAIL, v.t. To fasten with nails; make compact with nails, 2. To stud with nails. The rivets of your arms were nailed with gold. 3. To stop the vent of a cannon; to spike. NAIL/ED, pp. Fastened with nails; studded. NAIL/ER, x. One whose occupation is to make nails. NAIL/ER-Y, n. A manufactory where nails are made. NAIL/ING, pyr, Fastening with nails; studding. NA‘IVE, (na’éve,) a. [Fr.] Having native or unaf- fected simplicity ; ingenuous. NA/IVE-LY, adv. [Fr. naif, from L. nativus.] __ With native or unaffected simplicity. NA'IVE-TE, (na/éy-ta,)n. Native simplicity; unaf- fected plainness or ingenuousness. Gray. NA/KED, a. [Sax. nacod; G. nacket, nackt ; D. naakt ; Sw. naken; Dan. ndgen; Russ. nagei, nagost, and nagota, nakedness ; Ir. nochta, open, discovered ; nochduighe, naked ; nochduighim, to strip. Class N No. 5, 10, 47, and 15, 16.] I. Not covered ; bare; having no clothes on; as, a naked body, or a naked limb. 2. Unarmed; defenseless ; open; exposed ; having no means of defense or protection against an ene- my’s attack, or against other Injury. Behold my bosom naked to your swords, to unite, close, or Dryden. go 5) Addison. 3. Open to view ; not concealed; manifest. Heb. - Destitute of worldly goods, Job i, [iv. : Exposed to shame and disgrace. Exod. XXXIl. 6. Guilty and exposed to divine wrath. Rov. iii. 7. Plain; evident ; undisguised ; without exagger- ation ; as, the naked truth. a ae Mere 3 pare 5 simple ; wanting the necessary ad- tions. God requires of man something besides the naked belief of his being and his word. — 9. In botany, destitute of the customary covering ; as a flower without a calyx, a stem Without leaves, &c. 10. Not assisted by glasses ; as, the naked eve Naked flooring, in carpentry, is the timber-work Which supports a floor. Gwilt NA/KED-LY, adv. Without covering. 2. Simply ; barely ; merely; in the abstract. 3, Evidently. [ Holder NA/KED-NESS, nm. Want of covering or clothing; nu- dity ; bareness, i, Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father. — en. 2. Want of means of defense. Ye are spies; to see the nakednese of the land are ye come, — Gen. xiii. Ort ee aE 742 NAM 3. Plainness ; openness to view. Sliak. To uncover nakedness, in Scripture, is to have in- cestuous or unlawful commerce with a female. NA/KER, 7, [Sp. nacar ; It. nacchepa ; Er. nacre. | Mother of pearl or nacre, which see. NA’KIR, n. A wandering pain passing from one limb to another. Schenk. NALL, x. (Dan. naal, a needle.) An awl, such as collar-makers or shoemakers use. Not used, or local. } Jolinson. NAM/BY-PAM’BY, mn. ora. A term applied to that which is contemptible for affected prettiness. Smart. NAME, 7. [Sax. nama; D. naam ; G. name; Sw. namn; Dan. navn; Ice. nafn; L. nomen; Gr. ovowa; It. and ort, nome; Sp. nombre; Fr. nom; Pers. nam, namah; Sans. and Hindoo, nama, nom; Malay and Bengalee, namma; Ostiak, nemen. Qu. Heb. ON).] 1, That by which a thing is called; the sound or combination of sounds used to express an idea, or any material substance, quality, or act; an appella- tion attached to a thing by customary use, by which it may be vocally distinguished from other things. A name may be attached to an individual only, and is then proper or appropriate, as John, Thomas, London, Paris; or it may be attached to a species, genus, or class of things, as sheep, goat, horse, tree, animal, which are called common names, specific, or generic. 2. The letters or characters, written or engraved, expressing the sounds by which a person or thing is known and distinguished. 3. A person. They list with women each degenerate name. 4. Reputation ; character ; that which is commonly said of a person ; as, a good name; a bad name. Clarendon. 5. Renown; fame; honor; celebrity ; eminence ; praise ; distinction. What men of name resort to him? Shak. But in this sense, the word is often qualified by an epithet ; as, a great name; a mighty name. 6. Remembrance ; memory. The Lord shall blot out his name from under heaven. — Deut. XXIX. 7. Appearance only ; sound only; not reality; as, a friend in name. Reo. iii. 8. Authority; behalf; part; as, in the name of the people. When aman speaks or acts in the name of another, he does it by their authority or in their be- half, as their representative. 9. Assumed character of another. Had forged a treason in my patron’s name. Dryden. 10. In Scripture, the name of God signifies his titles, his attributes, his will or purpose, his honor and glo- y, his word, his grace, his wisdom, power, and good- ness, his worship or service, or God himself. 1l. Issue; posterity that preserves the name. Xs 12. In grammar, 2 noun. To call names ; to apply opprobrious names; fo call by reproachful appellations. ‘ Swift. To take the name of God in vain; to swear falsely or profanely, or to use the name of God with levity or contempt. Ezod. xx. To know by name; to honor by a particular friend- ship or familiarity. Exod. xxxiil. Christian name; the name a person receives by bap- tism, as distinguished from surname. NAME, v.t. [Sax. naman, nemnan, Goth. namnyan, to call, to name, to invoke ; D. noemen; G. nennen; Sw. namna; Dan. nevner.] 1. To set or give to any person or thing a sound or combination of sounds by which it may be known and distingiuished ; to call; to give an appellation to. She named the child Ichabod. — 1 Sam. iv. Thus was the building left Ridiculous, and the work confusion named. Milton. 2. To mention by name; to utter or pronounce the sound orsounds hy which a person or thing is known and distinguished. Neither use thyself to the naming of the Holy One. cclus. 3. To nominate; to designate for any purpose by name. Thou shalt anoint to me him whom I name to thee. —1 Sam. xvi. Driden. 4. To entitle. Milton. To name the name of Christ; to make profession of faith in him. 2 Tim. iv. NAM/ED, pp. Called ; denominated; designated by name. NAMIE’/LESS, a. Without a name; not distinguished by an appellation ; as, a zameless star. Waller. 2. Noting a person or thing whose name is not known or mentioned. Atterbury. NAMBE’LESS-LY, adv. Ina nameless manner. NAMB’LY, adv. To mention by name; particularly. For the excellency of the soul, namely, its power of divining dreams; that several such divinations have been made, none can question, Addison, NAM’ER, n. One that names or calls by name. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METH, PREY NAME/SAKE, m. One that has the same name as an- other. Addison. NAR NAM/ING, ppr. Calling; nominating; mentioning. NAM/ING-LY, adv. By name. NAN ; a Welsh word signifying what, used as an inter- rogative. [This word has been extensively used within my memory by the common people of New England.) NAN’DU, n. The American ostrich, Rhea Americana. rande. NAN-KEEN’, x. [Vankin, a Chinese word.] A species of cloth, of a firm texture, from China, made of a sort of cotton, viz., Gossypium religiosum, that is naturally of a kind of yellow color, which is quite indestructible and permanent. This cloth is now imitated by the manufacturers in Great Britain, though with far less permanency of color. It is now made in Geargia of cotton raised in that State. NAP, 2. [Sax. imuppian. Qu. its connection with hnepan, to lean, that is, to nod. ] A short sleep or slumber. [ Colloquial. Sidney. NAP, v.2%. To have a short sleep; to be drowsy. kig Oe ‘ Pp; Vue 2. To be in a Careless, secure state. Wiclif. NAP, 2 S [Sax. hnoppa, nap; It. nappa, a tassel; Ar. - USS kinabon. Class Nb, No. 20.] 1, The woolly or villous substance on the surface of cloth. 2. The downy, or soft, hairy substance on plants. 3. Aknop. [See Kwnop. Martyn. -—-— - NAPE, n. [Sax. crep,a knob; Ar. WAS kanaba, to be hard or callous, whence a callus. Class Nb, No. 20.] The prominent joint of the neck behind. Bacon. NA/PER-Y,n. [Fr. nappe; It. nappa, napparie.] Linen for the table; table-cloths or linen cloth in general. Obs, Shelton. NA/PHEW, (na/fu,)n. [L. napus, a turnip ; Sax. cnep, a knob.] A plant. [See Navew.] NAPH’THA, (nap'tha,) 2. —-—- [L. Gr. Ch. Syr. and Ar., from bas nafata, to push out, as pustules, to throw out, to boil, to be angry. In Amharic, neft, or nepht, from this sense, signifies a gun or musket.]} A volatile, limpid, bituminous liquid, of a strong, peculiar odor, and generally of a light-yellow color; but it may be rendered colorless by careful distilla- tion. It is very inflammable, and burns with a white flame, mixed with much smoke. It is insoluble in water, but unites in every proportion with absolute alcohol. Zurner. By long keeping it hardens into a substance resembling vegetable resin, and becomes black. Naphtha exudes from the earth in Persia, and, as is said, in the neighborhood of Babylon. Naphtha may be obtained by the distillation of asphalt from the Dead Sea, and of petroleum from Trinidad. Naphtha consists of carbon and hydrogen in equal equivalents. Thomson. NAPH-THAL/‘I€ AC/ID, n. A crystalline product, in appearance resembling benzoic acid, obtained from naphthaline. Brande, NAPH’THA-LINE, (-lin,)”. A peculiar, white, crys- tallizable substance, deposited from naphtha distilled from coal tar, consisting of hydrogen and carbon. It is heavier than water, has a pungent, aromatic taste, and a peculiar, faintly aromatic odor, not unlike that of the Narcissus. Brande. NA/PI-FORM, a. [L. napus, a turnip, and forma, form. ] : Having the shape of a turnip, swelled in the upper part and becoming more slender below. Beck. NAP/KIN, x ([Fr. nape, cloth; of which napkin is a diminutive. ] 1. A cloth used for wiping the hands ; a towel. 2. A handkerchief. [ Obs.] Shak. NAP/’LESS, a. Without nap; threadbare. Shak. NA/PLES-YEL’/LOW, zx. A fine yellow pigment, used in oil painting, also for porcelain and enamel. It has long been prepared in Italy by a secret process. Ure. NAP/PAL, ». Soap rock. Pinkerton. NAP/PI-NESS, x. The quality of being sleepy, or in- clined to take naps. 2. The quality of having a nap; abundance of nap, as on cloth. NAP!/PING, ppr. NAP’PY, a. [from nap.] beer. NAP’-TAK-ING, a. Taking naps. NAP!/-TAK-ING, n. A taking by surprise, as when one is not on his guard ; unexpected onset, when one is unprepared. Carew. NAR, a. Nearer. [Obs.] Spenser. NAR-CE/I-N/ NAR/CE-INE,” n. [Gr. vapxn.] An alkaloid obtained from opium, in the form of a white crystalline solid, with a slightly bitter and gal- vanic taste. Having a short sleep. Frothy ; spumy ; as, nappy Gay. .— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —NAR NAR-CIS’/SUS, 7. [L.; Gr. vapKlooos.] 1, In mythology, a beautiful youth who was enam- ored of his own image as seen in a fountain, and was changed into the flower called by his name. 2. In botany, a genus of flowering plants of sev- eral species, comprising the daifodils, jonquils, &c. They are bulbous-rooted, perennial in root, but with annual leaves and flower-stalks. Encye. Partington. NAR-€0'SIS, n. [Gr., infra.) The effect of a nar- cotic, w hether medicinal or poisonous, NAE t-COTTIE, a. [Gr. vapxwrtkos, from yvapKow, to render torpid. ] In medicinal doses, allaying morbid susceptibility, relieving pain, and producing sleep, In poisonous doses, producing stupor, coma, and convulsions ; and, if ieee to a sufficient extent, death. Tully. NAR-€0T/IE, xn A medicine w hich, in medicinal doses, allays morbid susceptibility, relieves pain, and produces sleep; but which, in poisonous doses, pro- duces stupor, coma, convulsions, and, if pushed far enough, death. Tully. NAR- €OT/IC-AL-LY, adv. Operating after the man- ner of a narcotic. Whitlock. NAR-€O0T'IE-NESS, zn. a narcotic. [JVot used.] NAR-€OT/LE-O-AC/RID, a. In medicine, acrid-nar- cotic; a term denoting ‘a combination of acrid and narcotic properties. NAR/€OT-INE, (-in,) x. An alkaloid obtained from opium, and one of its active narcotic principles. It is a white crystalline solid, nearly destitute of taste. NAR/€O-TISM, xn. The effect of a narcotic, whether medicinal or poisonous. {Litile used.] NARD, zn. [L. nardus , nardum ; Gr. vapoos; from the Arabic, Phenician, Syriac, or Persian, probably the latter.] 1. A plant usually called spikenard, spica nardi; highly valued by the ancients, both as an article of luxury and of medicine, It is odorous or aromatic. 2, An unguent prepared from the plant. NARD/INE, (-in,) a. Pertaining to nard ; qualities of spikenard. NARE, 7. ([L. naris.] The nostril. [Vot used.] NAR/I-FORM, a. Formed like the nose NAR/RA-BLE, a. [L. narrabilis. See NarRaTE. Thatmay be related, told, or narrated. [ Vot used. ] NAR/RATE or NAR-RAT E/,v.t. [L. narro: It. nar rare; Sp. narrar; Fr. narrer. Class Nr, No. 2, 5, 6.] I. To tell, rehearse, or recite, as a story ; to relate the particulars of any event or transaction, or any series of incidents. . To write, as the particulars of a story or histo- ry. We never say, to nurvate a sentence, a sermon, or an oration, but we narrate a story, or the pi uticu- lar events which have fallen under our observation, or which we have heard related, NAR/RA-TED, pp. Related ; told. NAR/RA-TING ppr. Relating; telling; NAR-RA/TION, n. [L. narratio.] 1. The act of telling or relating the particulars of an event ; rehearsal ; recital. Relation ; story ; history ; the relation in words or writing of the particulars of any transaction or event, or of any series of transactions or events. 3. In oratory, that part of a discourse which re- cites the time, manner, or consequences of an ac- tion, or simply states the facts connected with the NAR’RA-TIVE, a. [Fr. narratif.] [subject. 1. Relating the particulars of an event or transac- gon; giving a particular or continued account. 2. "Apt or inclined to relate stories, or to tell partic- ulars of events; story-telling. But wise through time and narrative with ace. NAR/RA-TIVE, x. The recital of a story, or a con- tinued account of the particulars of an event or transaction ; story. Cynthio was much taken with my narrative. Tatler. NAR/RA-TIVE-LY, adv. By way of narration, story, or recital. Ayliffe. NAR-RA!/TOR, One that narrates; one that re- lates a series ae ‘events or transactions. Watts. NAR/RA-TO-RY, a. Giving an account of events. lowell. NAR/RLFY, v. t. To relate; to give account of. Shak, NAR/ROW, a. [Sax. neara, nearo, nearu, nearew. I suspect this word and near to be contracted by the loss of ¢, W. nig, narrow, strait ; nigiaiw, to narrow ; for the D. has naauw, narrow, close, G. genau, with aprefix. In this case, the word belongs to the root of nigh ; D. naaken, to approach. ] 1, Of little breadth ; not wide or broad; having little distance from side to side; as, a narrow board ; a narrow street; a narrow sea; a narrow hem or bor- der. It is only or chiefly applied to the surface of HEN or level bodies. . Of little extent; spi ce OF compass. . Miguratively, limited as to means; straitened ; as, a narrow fortune. A, Covetous ; not liberal or bountiful; as, a nar- row heart. The quality of operating as having the Asiat. Res. Hudibras. reciting. So Pope. very limited; as, a narrow TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS NAS o. Contracted ; of confined views or sentiments ; very limited. The greatest understanding is narrow, Grew. In this sense and the former, it is often prefixed to mind or soul, &c.; as, narrow- -minded ; narrow- BOE ; narrow-hearted. . Near; within a small distance. Dryden. 7, Close; near; accurate; scrutinizing; as, a narrow search ; narrow inspection. 8, Near; barely sufficient to avoid evil; as, a na~ row escape. NAR/ROW, 7. 2A strait; a marrow passage 5 NAR/ROWS, x. pl. § through a mountain, or a Nar- row channel of water between one sea or lake and another; a sound. It is usually in the plural, but sometimes i the singular. Washington. Mitford. NAR/ROW, v. t. To lessen the breadth of ; to con- tract. A government, by alienating the affections of the people, may be said to narrow its bottom. 4 ‘emple, 2. To contract in extent; as, to narrow one’s in- fluence 3 to narrow the faculties or capacity. 3. To draw into a smaller compass; to contract ; to limit; to confine; as, to ndrrow our views or know ledge ; ; to narrow a que stion in discussion. 4. In knittin g, to contract the size of a stocking by taking two stitches into one. NAR/ROW, v.2 To become less broad; to contract in breadth. At that place, the sea narrovs into a strait. 2. In horsemanship, a horse is said to narrow, when he does not take ground enough, or bear out enough to the one hand or the other. Far. Dict. 3. To contract the size of a stocking by taking two stitches into one. NAR/ROW-ED, pp. ora. Contracted ; made less wide. NAR/ROW -ER, n. He or that which narrows or con- tracts, NAR/ROW-ING, ppr. Contracting ; making less broad. NAR/ROW- -ING, n. The act of narrowing or con- tracting. 2. The part of a stocking which is narrowed. NAR/ROW-LY, adv. With little breadth. 2. Contractedly ; without much extent. 3. Closely ; accurately ; with minute scrutiny ; as, to look or w ate h narrowly, to search narrowly. Nearly ; within a little; by a small distance ; 5. Sparingly. as, he narrowly escaped. NAR/ROW-MIND’ED, a. Illiberal ; mean-spirited ; of confined views or sentiments. NAR/ROW-MIND/ED-NESS, zn. sentiments ; illiberality. NAR/ROW-NESS, 7. Smaliness of breadth or dis- tance from side to side; as, the narvozoness of cloth, of a street or highway, of a stream or sea. 2. Smallness of extent; contractedness; as, the narrowness of capacity or comprehension ; 3 narrowness of knowledge or attainments. 3. Smaliness of estate or means of living; pover- ty ; as, the narrowness of fortune or of circumstances. South, covetousness. Confined views or 4. Contractedness ; penuriousness ; ; narrowness of heart. 5. llliberality; want of generous, enlarged, or charitable views or sentiments; as, nar7owness of mind or views. NAR/ROW-SIGHT’ED, a. Having a narrow sight. NAR/WAL, } ates NAR/WHAL, § n. [G. narwall.] The JMonodon monoceros, a cetaceous mammal found in the northern seas, which grows to twenty feet in lensth. The spiracle of this animal is on the anterior part of the skull. When young it has two tusks, but when old it has but one, which projects from the upper jaw, and is straight, From this cir- cumstance of its having one tusk only, it has ob- tained the name of the Sea Unrcorn or Unicorn Fis. Pennant. Encye. NAS, for Ne was. Has not. [Obs.] Spenser. NAa/SAL, a. [L. nasus, nose; It. nasale. Pertaining to the nose; formed or afiected by the nose 3; as, a nasal sound ; a nasal letter. NA’/SAL, n. A letter whose sound is affected by the as nose. 2, A medicine that operates through the nose ; an errhine. Barton. NA-SAL/LTY, x. The state or quality of being nasal. NA/SAL-IZE, v. t. To render nasal, as sound. NA‘SAL-IZ-ED, (na/zal-izd,) pp. ora. Rendered na- sal, as sound. NA/ BA L-LY, adv. Ina nasal manner; by the nose. NAS/€AL, n. A kind of pessary. Ferrand. A pessary made of wool or cotton, to raise the nose when compressed. Parr. NAS/CEN-CY, ». The beginning of production. NAS/CENT, a. [L. nascens, nascor, to be born. | 1. Beginning to exist or to grow. 2. In chemistry, in the act of being produced or evolved, as a gas. lack. NASE/BER-RY, . The fruit of a tropical tree of the genus Achras. Loudon. NAS/I-COR-NOUS, a. [. nasus, nose, and cornu, horn.] NAT | NAS'I-FORM, a. [L. nasus, nose, and form.) Having the shape of the nose. NAS/TI- LY, adv. [from nasty.] Ina nasty manner: filthily ; dirtily. : 2. Obscenely. WAS/TI-NESS, 2. Extreme filthiness ; dirtiness ; filth, 2. Obscenity ; ribaldry. South. NAS-TUR/TIUM, ) 7. [L. nasturhum; quod nasum NAS-TUR/TION, torqueat. Varro.] An American annual plant, with pungent fruit, belonging to the genus Tropzolum ; Indian cresses. Botanists apply the name nasturtitum to the water- cress and plants allied to it. P. Cye. NAS/TY, a. [Origin unknown. Qu G. zass, wet 1. Disgustingly filthy ; very dirty, foul, or defilec nauseous. Atterbury. 2. Obscene. Na/‘SUTE, a. [L. nasutus.] Critically nice; captious. Bp. Gauden. NA/TAL, a. [L. natalis, from nascor, to be born. Pertaining to birth. ‘The natal day is the day of birth or nativity. So we say, natal hour ; natal place. Camden. Prior. NA-FAL-I//TIAL, (-ish/al,) a. [L. natalitius, from Na-TAL- /TIOUS, (-ish/us,) mascor, to be born. ] Pertaining to one’s birth or birthday, or consecra- ted to one’s nativity. Evelijn. Na/TALS, zn. avr Time and place of nativity. NA‘TANT, [L. natans, from nato, to swim.) In Roane swimming ; floating on the surface of water, as the leaf of an ‘aquatic plant. Lee. Martyn. NA/TANT-LY, adv. Swimmingly; floatingly. NA-TA’TION, n. [L. natatio, from nato, to swim.] A swimming ; the act of floating on the water. [ Litile used.) Town. Na-TA-TO/RLAL, @. In ornithology, swimming, or adapted to swimming ; a term applied to such birds as habitually live upon the water. Sioainson. NA!TA-TO-RY, a. Enabling toswim. Brit. Crit. NATCH, x. (for Notecn.] The part of an ox between the loins, near the rump. Marshal. NATH! LES S, adv. [Sax. natheles ; na, the, and less, not ~ the less. ] Nevertheless ; not the notwithstanding. [ Obs. } Milton. NATH/MORE, adv. [na, the, and more.] Not the more ; never the more. [ Obs.] Spenser. NA/TION, n. [L. natio, from natus, born; nascor, to ngs born ; perhaps Heb. p>.) A body of people inhabiting the same country, or ates under the same sovereign or government ; as, the English nation; the French nation. It often happe ns that many nations are subject to one govern- ment, in which case, the word zation usually denotes a body of people speaking the same Janguage, ora body that has formerly been under a distinct govern- ment, but has been conquered, or incorporated with a larger nation. Thus the empire of Russia compre- hends many nations, as did formerly the Roman and Persian empires. JVation, as its etymology imports, originally denoted a family or race of men descended from a common proge nitor, like tribe, but by emigra- tion, conquest, and intermixture of men of different families, this distinction is in most countries lost. Dehn ere: at number, by way of emphasis. Young. NA/TION-AL, (na/shun-al or nash/un-al,) a. Pertain- ing toa nation ; as, national customs, dress, or lan- guage. Public ; general; national calamity. 3. Attached, or unduly attached, to one’s own country. T he writer manifested much zational prejudice. He was too national to be impartial. National guards ; in France, the militia of the kingdom. less ; common to a nation; as, a NA/TION-AL-ISM, (na/shun- or nash’un-,) 2. ‘The state of being national ; nationality. NA-TION-AL'T- TY, (na-shun- or nash/un-,)”. Na- tional character ; also, the quality of being national, or strongly attached to one’s own nation. “Boswell. N&A/TION-AL-IZE, (na/shun- or nash/un-,) vt To make national ; to give to one the character and habits of anation, or the peculiar attachments which belong to citizens ‘of the same nation. NA/TION-AL-IZ-ED, pp. Rendered national. NaA/TION-AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making national; ing one the character and habits of a nation. Na/TION-AL-LY, (na/shun- or nash/un-,) adv. In regard to the nation 3; as a whole nation. The Jews —being nationally espoused to God by covenant. Soush. NA!’TION-AL-NESS, n. State of being national. NA/TIVE, a [I nativus, from nascor, natus, to be born. : 1. Produced by nature ; original; born with the being ; natural; not acquired ; as, native genius ; 2a- tive affections ; ‘a native talent or “disposition ; native cheerfulness; native simplicity. ee 2. Produced by nature ; not factitious or artificial ; as, native ore ; native color, 3. Conferred by birth; as, native rights and privi- giv- Having a horn growing on the nose, Brown. .—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH.as SH; leges. 'H as in THIS. 743 ; —————— SSeS ec a OGTR IN tei —— es a Ty aS x ee ae ed PRR cae etnies heme MP ™, ED fiienare ili ai athNA’/TRON, 7x. Leer Tae eS EE NAT 4, Pertaining to the place of birth ; as, native soil ; native country ; native graces. Shak. 9. Original; that of which any thing is made; as, man’s native dust. Milton. 6. Born with ; congenial. Shak. NaA/TIVE,z. One born in any place is said to be a native of that place, whether country, city, or town. 2. Offspring. [JVot in use.] Shak. 3. In natural history, plants and animals are said to be natives of that country or place from which they originally came. Thus, the guinea-pig and the pota- to are natives of South America. Eneyc. Am, Na/’TIVE-LY, adv. By birth; naturally ; originally. Taylor. Lightfoot. NA’TIVE-NESS, n. State of being produced by na- ture. Johnson, NA-TIV‘I-TY, n. Birth ; the coming into life or the world. The feast of Christmas is observed in mem- ory of Christ’s nativity. 2. Time, place, and manner of birth. 3. State or place of being produced. These, in their dark nakivity, the deep Shall yield us pregnant with infernal flame. 4, In astrology, a representation of the positions of the heavenly bodies at the moment of one’s birth, supposed to indicate his future destinies ; as, to cal- culate one’s rativity. Brande. NAT/KA, 7. A bird, a species of shrike. Pennant. NA’TRO-LITE, n. A zeolite, occurring generally in implanted groups of glassy, acicular crystals, and in fibrous concretions. It consists of silica, alumina, and soda, and is part of the old species mesotype. Dana. Native carbonate of soda; another of soda, with half more of carbonic acid, is called Tro- Milton. NA. Dana. NAT!TI-LY, adv. In a natty manner. NAT’TY, a. Neatly fine; spruce. { Colloquial.] NAT’U-RAL, (nat/yu-ral,) a. [Fr. naturel; L. natura- lis, from natura, nature, from nascor, to be born or produced. ] 1, Pertaining to nature; produced or effected by nature, or by the laws of growth, formation, or mo- tion, impressed on bodies or beings by divine power. Thus we speak of the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or disposition ; the natural heat of the body ; natural color; natural beauty. In this sense, natural is opposed to artificial or acquired. 2. According to the stated course of things. Pov- erty and shame are the natural consequences of cer- tain vices. 3. Not forced ; not far fetched ; such as is dictated by nature. The gestures of the orator are natural. 4. According to the life; as, a natural representa- tion of the face. 5. Consonant to nature. Fire and warmth go together, and so seem to carry with them as natural an evidence as self-evident truths themsel Locke. 6. Derived from nature, as apposed to Hasrrvar. The love of pleasure is natural; the Jove of study is usually habitual or acquired. : 7. Discoverable by reason ; not revealed ; as, natu- ral religion. 8. Produced or coming in the ordinary course of things, or the progress of animals and vegetables ; as, a natural death; opposed to VioLenT or Prema-— TURE. 9. Tender; affectionate by nature. 10. Unaffected ; r and reality. What can be more natural than the circumstances of the beha- vior of those women who had lost their husbands on this fatal day? Addison. ee oe; born out of wedlock ; as, a natu- 12. Native ; vernacular ; as, one’s natural lan ruage. j Swift. 13. Derived from the study of the works of TEES as, natural knowledge. Addison. ° 14. A natural note, in music, is that Which is ac- cording to the usual order of the scale ; opposed to Jjlat and sharp notes, which are called artificial. Natural history, in its most extensive sense, is the description of whatever jis created, or of the whole universe, including the heavens and the earth, and all the productions of the earth. But more generally natural history is limited to a description of the earth and its productions, including zodlogy, botany. geol- ogy, mineralogy, &c. re eon JVatural orders, in botany, are 3 of gene > sembling each other. ie pe ee Natural philosophy originally signified the study of nature in general. In present usage, natural or me- chanical philosophy relates to the phenomena and laws of masses of matter, and considers those effects only which are not attended by any change of nature. as motion, &c. It is distinguished from chemistry which relates to the phenomena and laws of parti cles of matter, and embraces their changes of nature. Olmsted. It is distinguished from intellectual and moral philosophy, which respect the mind or under- standing of man, and the qualities of actions. Shak. unassumed; according to truth NAT/U-RAL, (nat/yu-ral,) x. NAT’U-RAL-IST, 7. NAT-U-RAL/LTY, 7. NAT’U-RAL-IZE, (nat/yu-ral-ize,) u. t. NAT’U-RAL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. NAT’U-RAL-LY, (nat/yu-ral-e,) adv. NAT/U-RAL-NESS, n. NA/TURE, (nat’yur,) n. NAT An idiot; one born without the usual powers of reason or understand- ing. This is probably elliptical for natural fool. | 2. A native ; an original inhabitant. [JVot in use.] Ralegh. 3. Gift of nature ; natural quality. [Jot in usc.] - Jonson. FWotton. 4. In music, a character used to restore to its natu- ral or usual sound a note which, according to a pre- vious character, would be flat or sharp. NAT’U-RAL-ISM, n. Mere state of nature. Lavington. 2. The doctrine of those who deny a supernatural agency in the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible. and in the grace which renews and sanc- tifies men. J. Murdock. One that studies natural his- tory and philosophy, or physics; one that is versed in natural history or philosophy. It is more gener- ally applied to one that is versed in natural history. The state of being natural. Obs. NAT-U-RAL-I-ZA/TION, n. [See Narurarize.] The act of investing an alien with the rights and _privi- leges of a native subject or citizen. Naturalization, in Great Britain, is only by act of parliament. In the United States, it is by act of congress, vesting certain tribunals with the power. {from natu- ral, nature.| To confer on an alien the rights and privileges of a native subject or citizen; to adopt foreigners into a nation or state, and place them in the condition of natural born subjects, 2. To make natural; to render easy and familiar by custom and habit; as, custom zaturalizes labor or study. South. 3. To adapt; to make suitable ; to acclimate ; as, to naturalize one to a climate. 4. To receive or adopt as native, natural, or ver- nacular; to make our own ; as, to naturalize foreign words. 5. To accustom ; to habituate ; as, to naturalize the vine to a cold climate. Gibbon. Invested with the priv- ileges of natives; rendered easy and familiar; adapted to a climate; acclimated ; received as na- tive NAT’U-RAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Vesting with the rights of native subjects; adopting. making easy; acclimating ; According to nature ; by the force or impulse of nature; not by art or habit. We are naturally prone to evil. 2. According to nature ; without affectation; with just representation ; according to life. 3. According to the usual course of things; as, the effect or consequence naturally follows. 4. Spontaneously ; without art or cultivation. Ev- ery plant must have grown naturally in some place or other. The state of being given or produced by nature ; as, the naturalness of desire. South. 2. Conformity to nature, or to truth and reality ; not affectation ; as, the naturalness of the eyebrows. Driden. NAT’U-RALS, n. pl. Among physicians, whatever be- t P i a > = longs naturally to an animal; opposed to Non-nat- URALS. [Jt may, perhaps, be sometimes used in the singular. [Fr. id.; L. Sp. and It. na- tura; from natus, born, produced, from nascor. ] 1. In @ general sense, whatever is made or pro- duced; a word that comprehends all the works of God; the universe. Of a phenix we say, there is no such thing in nature. And look through nature up to nature’s God. Pope. 2. By a metonymy of the effect for the cause, na- ture is used for the agent, creator, author, producer, of things, or for the powers that produce them. By the expression, “‘ trees and fossils are produced by nature,” we mean, they are formed or produced by certain inherent powers in matter, or we mean that they are produced by God, the Creator, the Author of whatever is made or produced. The opinion that things are produced by inherent powers of matter, independent of a supreme, intelligent Author, is atheism. But generally, men mean by nature, thus used, the Author of created things, or the operation of his power. 3. The essence, essential qualities, or attributes, of a thing, which constitute it what it is; as, the nature of the soul; the nature of blood; the nature of a fluid ; the nature of plants, or of a metal; the nature of a circle or an angle. When we speak of the nature of man, we understand the peculiar con- Stitution of his body or mind, or the qualities of the species which distinguish him from other animals. When we speak of the nature of a man, or an indi- vidual of the race, we mean his particular qualities or constitution ; either the peculiar temperament of his body, or the affections of his mind, his natural appetites, passions, disposition, or temper. So of Irrational animals, it is out of the order of nature. NA’TURE, (nat/yur,) v. ¢. NA-TU/RI-TY, n. NAU/FRAGE, n. JSrango, to break. NAUGHT, (nawt,) n. NAUGHT, (mawt,) adv. NAUGHT, (nawt,) a. NAUGHT’I-LY, (nawt/i-ly,) ado. NAUGHT’Y, (nawt’y,) a. NAUL/AGE, n. NAU/MA-€HY, n. NAUS’€0-PY, n. NAU/SBA, (naw/shea,) x. NAU 4. The established or regular course of things; as when we say, an event is not according to nature, or Boyle. 5. A law or principle of action or motion in a nat- ural body. A stone by nature’falls, or inclines to fall. Boyle. 6. Constitution ; aggregate powers of a body, es- pecially a living one. We say, nature is strong or weak; nature is almost exhausted. Boyle. 7. The constitution and appearances of things. The works, whether of pocts, painters, moralists, or historians, which are built upon general nature, live forever. Reynolds. 8. Natural affection or reverence. Have we not seen The murdering son ascend his parent’s bed, Through violated nalure force his way? Pope. 9. System of created things. He, binding nature fast in fate, Left conscience free and will. Pope. 10. Sort ; species; kind; particular character. A dispute of this nature caused mischief to a king and an arch- bishop. ryden, 11. Sentiments or images conformed to nature, or to truth and reality. Only nature can please those tastes which are unprejudiced and refined. Addison, 12, Birth. No man is noble by nature. To endow with natural qualities. [Vot i use. | Gower. NA/TUR-IST, n. One who ascribes every thing to nature, Boule. The quality or state of being pro- [4 very bad word, and not used.} roiwn. [L. naufragium ; navis, a ship, and See Wreck, which is from the same root, break, ina duced by nature. Shipwreck. [JVotin use.) Brown. NAU/FRA-GOUS, a. Causing shipwreck. [Little used. | Taylor. \ [Sax. naht, nauht, compounded of me and aught or wiht, a creature, wight; Goth. niwarhkt. Waiht coincides with wight, L. quid, quod. (See Aucut.) TZhis word should not be written Novent.] Nothing. Doth Job serve God for naught ?— Job i. Thou sellest thy people for naught. — Ps. xliv. To set at naught; to slight, disregard, or despise. Ye have set at naught all my counsel. — Proy, i. In no degree. To wealth or sovereign power he naught applied. Furrfazr. Bad; worthless; of no value or account, Things naught and things indifferent. looker. It is naught, it is naught, says the buyer. — Prov. xx. Wickedly; cor- ruptly. NAUGHT’LNESS, (nawt/i-ness,) n. Badness; wick- edness; evil principle or purpose. I know thy pride and the naughtiness of thy heart.—1 Sam. XVI. 2. Slight wickedness of children; perverseness ; mischievousness. Driden. Shak. Sidney. Wicked ; corrupt. A naughty person, a wicked man, walketh with a froward mouth. — Proy, vi. 2. Bad; worthless. The other basket had very naughty figs. — Jer. xxiv. 3. Mischievous ; perverse ; froward ; as,a naughty child. It is now seldom used except in the latter sense, as applied to children, or in ludicrous cen- : (L. naulum. } [sure. The freight of passengers in a ship. [ Little used. ]} [L. naumachia; Gr. vavpaxyia; vaus, a ship, and paxn, fight.] 1, Among the ancient Romans, a show or spectacle representing a sea-fight. 2. The place where these shows were exhibited. Encyc. [Gr. vavs, a ship, and cxorew, to view. | The art of discovering the approach of ships, or the vicinity of land, at a distance. Maty. [L., from Gr. vavora, from vavs, a ship. ] Originally and properly, seasickness ; hence, any similar sickness of the stomach, accompanied with a propensity to vomit; qualm; loathing; squeamish- ness of the stomach. NAU/SE-ANT, (-she-ant,) 7. A substance which yroduces nausea. NAU/SE-ATE, (naw’/she-ate,) v7. [IL. meso? : To become squeamish; to feel disgust; to be in- clined to reject from the stomach. NAU/SE-ATE, (naw/she-ate,) v. t. ject with disgust. The patient nauseates and loathes wholesome foods, Blackmore. Old age, with silent pace, comes creeping on, fauseates the praise which in her youth she won. 2. To affect with disgust. To loathe ; to re- Dryden. Swit. BATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BYRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 744NAV NAU/SE-A-TED, pp. Rejected with disgust. NAU’SE-A TING, ppr. Loathing ; rejecting with dis- ust NAU'SE-A’TION, n. The act of nauseating. NAU/SEOUS, (naw'shus,) a. Loathsome; disgust- ful ; disgusting ; regarded with abhorrence; as, a mis ous drug or medicine. NAU’SEOUS-LY, adv. Loathsomely ; disgustfully. NAU/SEOUS-NESS, 7. Loathsomeness ; quality of exciting disgust; as, the nauseousness of a drug or medicine. The nauseouveness of such company disgusts a reasonable man, Dryden. NAU'TIE€, a ([L. nauticus, from nauta, a sea- NAU/T Ie. AL, man, from avis, a ship. See Navy. ] Pert aining to seamen or navigations as skill; a nautical almanac. NAU/TI-LITE, n. [from L. nautilus, a shell-fish.] A fossil nautilus. Kirwan. Dict. NAU’TL-LOID, a. Resembling the nautilus in form or shape. NAU!TI-LOID, ». [WVautilus and etdos.] That which has the form of the nautilus. Bee -LUS, x [L.; Gr. vavridos, from vavs, a s up , nautical The name of a small genus of cephalopodous nee a. The animal has “the sack, eyes, parrot- beak, and funnel of the other cephalopods ; but its mouth, instead of the large arms and feet, is sur- rounded by several circles “of numerous small tenta- cles without cups. The shell is a spiral, symmetri- cal, and chambered shell, i. e. divided into several cavities by partitions. Its lamine cross suddenly, even in the last turns of the spine, which not only touch the preceding ones, but envelop them. The Siphon occupies the center of each partition. Cuvier. 2. A Joose, popular name applied to the shells of several different genera of mollusca. The animal which is said to sail in its shell upon the surface of the water, is the Argonauta Argo, very different from the nautilus. Perhaps nautilus may be said to be its poetical name. Learn of the little nawtilus to sail. NA/VAL, a. [L. navalis, from navis, Gr. vtvs, a ship.] . Consisting of ships ; as, a naval force or arma- ment. 2. Pertaining to ships or to a navy; as, stores. Na'VAL OF/FLCER, nz. In a United States custom- house, an officer who assists the collector in col- lecting the customs on merchandise imported. Bouvier. [Wot used.] Clarendon. [Gr. vavapxos.] fleet. Mitford. NA/VAR€H-Y, 2. [from L. navarchus, an admiral.] Know ledge of managing ships. Petty. NAVE, x. [Sax. nafa, nafu; Dan. nav; G. nabe; Sw. naf. 1. The thick piece of timber in the center of a wheel, In which the spokes are inserted ; called also the Hus or Hos. The middle or body of a church, extending from the baluster or rail of the choir to the principal entrance. Gwilt. NA/VEL, (na’vl,) n. [Sax. mnafela, from nafa, nave ; D. navel; G. nabel; Sw. nafle; Dan. navle ; Zend. nafo; Pehlavi, naf, Sans. nabha; Pers. ak naf.] The center of the lower part of the abdomen, or the point where the umbilical cord passes out of the fetus. The umbilical cord is a collection of vessels by which the fetus of an animal communicates with the parent by means of the placenta, to which it is attached. Encic. NA/VEL-GALL, x. A bruise on the top of the chine of the back of a horse, behind the saddle. Johnson. NA eure NS nm. The umbilical cord. [See Nave NA/VEL (Wort, n. A succulent plant of the genus Cotyledon. It has the appearance of house-leek. Miller. NA! VEW, (na/vu,) » [L. napus; Sax. nepe.] A plant, the Brassica Napus; also called the French turnip. It has a spindle- shaped root, less than the turnip. Encyc. Miller. NA-VI€/U-LAR, a. [L. navicula, a little ship.] 1. Relating to small ships or boats. Bryant. 2. Shaped ‘like a boat; cymbiform. The navicular bone is the scaphoid bone of the wrist. Coxe. Quincy. NAV'I-GA-BLE, a. [L. navagabilis, from navigo, to sail, from navis, a ship.] That may be navigated or passed in ships or ves- Hels; as, a navigable river. NAV/L-GA- BLE-NESS, Te NAV-I-GA-BIL'I-TY, Pope. naval NA!/VALS, x. pl. Naval affairs. NA/VARE€H, (na’/vark,) 7. In ancient Greece, the commander of a The quality or state of being navigable. NEA NAV'I-GATE, v. % [L. navigo, from navis, Ir. snamhaim. | To pass on water in ships; to sail. The Phenicians navigated to the extremities of the Western cean. Arbuthnot. NAV’I-GATE, v. t. To pass over in ships ; to sail on ; as) to navicate fic Atlantic. To steer, direct, or manage in sailing ; as, to ee a ship. NAV/I-GA-TED, pp. or a. passing on the water; passed over in sailing. NAV'I-GA-TING, ppr. Passing on or over in steering and managing in sailing. NAV-L-GA’TION, n. [L. navicatio.] The act of navigating; the act of passing on water in ships or other vessels: the state of being new eles e The science or art of conducting ships or ves- ae from one place to another. This comprehends not only the management of the sails, but the airect: ing and measuring of the course of ships by the laws of geometry, or by astronomical principles and observations. Brande. 3. Ships in general. Aerial navigation ; the sailing or floating in the air by means of balloons. Inland navigation; the passing of boats or small vessels on rivers, lakes, or canals, in the interior of a country ; conveyance by boats or vessels in the in- terior of a country. NAV'I-GA-TOR, nv. One that navigates or sails ; chiefly, one who directs the course of a ship, or one who is skillful in the art of navigation. We say, a bold navigator, an experienced navigator, an able navigator. Na/VY, n a ship ; Steered or managed in sailing ; [L. navis; Gr. vavs, from vew, to swim, L. no, nato; Sans. nau; Armenian, naz; Pers. nao- dan. The elements of the verb are probably JVd, eo inciding with Eng. nod, L. nuto. To swim, then, to move up and down. Class Nd, No. 3, 9 1. A fleet of ships; an assemblage of merchant- men, or SO Many as sail in company. The navy of Hiram brought gold from Ophir. —1 Kings x. 2. The whole of the ships of war belonging to a nation or king. The navy of Great Britain is the de- fense of the king rdom and its commerce. This is the usual acceptation of the word. The officers and men belonging to a navy. Smart. NAWL, 7. Anawl. [Wot in use.] NAY, adv. [A contracted word; L. nezo; Sw. ney or ne}; from neka, to deny; W. nac, from naca, to deny.} 1. No; a word that expresses negation. I tell you nay; but except ye repent, ye snall all likewise perish. — Luke xiii. 2. It expresses also refusal. He that will not when he may, When he would he shall have nay. Proverb. [In these senses it is now rarely used ; no being substituted. ] 3. Not only so; not this alone; intimating that something is to be added by way of amplification. He re eduested an answer; nay, he urged it. Nay, Denial ; refusal. INAS Date Te refuse. [ot in use. ] NAY'W ARD, Tendency to denial. [Wot wsed.] Shak. NAY/WORD, (na/wurd,) n._ A by-word; a proverbial reproach; a watchword. [Obs.] Shak. NAZ-A-RE'AN, )n. One of a sect of Judaizing NAZ-A-RENE/, | Christians in the second century, who observed the Jaws of Moses, and rejected the commonly received Gospels, holding a peculiar one of their own. Murdock. NAZ-A-RENE’, x. An inhabitant of Nazareth ; one of the early converts to Christianity ; in contempt. Acts XXIV. NAZ/A-RITE, n. A Jew who bound himself by a vow to extraordinary purity of life and devotion. Murdock, The vow and practice of a Naz- Burder. NAZBE, n. A cliff or headland, same as a Ness. Smart. NE, [Sax.] not, is obsole te. We find it in early English write rs, prefixed to other words; as, nll, for ne will, will not; nas, for ne has, has not; nts, for ne is, is not. Spenser. NEAP, (neef,) n. [Ice. nefi; Scot. nieve.] The fist. Obs: ] NEAL, (neel,) v. t. [Sax. anelan, to kindle.] To temper A‘ reduce to a "due consistence by heat. But Neav is now rarely used. [See eee NEAL, v.z. To be tempered by heat. [Little used. See ANNEAL. ] Bacon. NEAP, (neep,) x. [This w ord may belong to the root of neb, nib ; Ice. nif, nose ; Eth. anaf.] The tongue or pole of a cart, sled, or wagon. New En, gland, NEAP, a. [Sax. hnipan, to incline, to fall.] Low. he neap tides are, those which happen near the first and Jast quarters of the moon, when the dif- NAZ/A-RIT-ISM, x. arite. Shak. NAV/I-GA-BLY, adv. Ina navigable manner. TONE, BULL, UNITE, — ANGER, VI'//CIOUS. ference between high and low water is less than at —€as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; NEA any other period in the month. to Spree tides. NE AP, n. A neap tide. (See the adjective. ] NEA Ppp, (neept,) a. Left aground. A ship is BE- NiEAP/ED, (-neept,) said to be neaped wheu left aground, particularly on the hight of a spring tide so that she will not float till the return of ule next spring tide. ‘otten. NE-A-POL/I-TAN, a. Belonging to Naples, in Italy. NE-A-POL/LT AN, n. An inhabitant or native of the kingdom of Naples. NEAP’-TIDE, n. A name given to certain tides. [See NEApP, a. NEAR, (neer,) a. [Sax. ner, or neara, nigber. This see ms to be a contracted word, from nigher, the com- parative of neh, nik, or nieh, D. naauw, G. nahe, Sw. nar, Dan. ner, W. nig, strait, narrow ; 7nigiaw, to narrow =| 1. Nigh ; not far distant In place, time, or degree. Regularly, near should be followed by to, but this is often omitted. We say, a house stands near a river ; a friend sits near me ; the man fell, and was near de- struction. And Jacob went near to Isaac his father. —Gen. xxvii. Now is our salvation nearer than when we believed. — Rom. xiii. 2. Closely related by blood. She is thy father’s They are opposed near kinswoman. — Ley. xviii. 3. Not distant in affection, support, or assistance ; present ; ready; willing to aid. Call wpon the Lord while he is near. —Is. ly. 4. Intimate; united in close ties of affection or con- fidence ; as, a near friend. 5. Dear; affecting one’s interest or feelings; as, a near concern. My nearest life. 6. Close ; parsimonious. 7. Close; not loose, free, or rambling ; as, a version near the original. 8. Next to one; on the left; the near horse or oX in a team. NEAR, adv. Almost; within a little. It 1s near twelve o’clock. The payment of such a sum would go near to ruin him. Addison. NEAR, v. t. To approach; to come nearer; is, the ship neared the land; a seaman’s phrase. Also used intransitively. NEAR/EST, a. [superl. of nears Shortest ; rect ; as, the nearest way to London. NEARER for SHORTER. [ This use of these words ts not correct, but very com- Mon. NEAR’LY, adv. Shak. opposed to OFF ; as, most di- So we use At no great distance ; not remotely. 2. Closely ; as, two persons nearly related or allied. 3. Intimately ; pressingly ; with a close relation to one’s interest or happiness. It nearly concerns us to preserve peace with our neighbor. 4. Almost; within a little. The fact is nearly de- monstrated. 5. In a parsimonious or niggardly manner. NEAR/NESS, n. Closeness; small distance. The nearness of a place to a market enhances the value oN lands. . Close alliance by blood ; propinquity;: as, the nearness of brothers and sisters, parents and children. 3. Close union by affection; intimacy of friend- ship. a _Parsimony } closeness in expenses. Bacon. NEAR/-SIGHT’ED, (neer’sit/ed,) a. Short-sighted ; Seeing at a small dist ance only. NE: AR! -SIGHT/ED- NESS, Te short-sighted. NEAT, (neet,) n. (Sax. neat, neten, nten, mjten; Sw. not; Dan. néd. In Sax. geneat is a herdsman. In Spanish, ganado is cattle, ‘and vermin; doubtless the same word with a prefix. In W. enud is a group. Neat coincides with the root of need in elements, and if connected with it, the sense is, a herd, or collec- tion, from crowding, pressing ; but this is doubtful.) 1. Cattle of the bovine genus, as bulls, oxen, and cows. In America, this word is used 1n composition, as in neat’s-tongue, neat’s-foot oll, and tautologically in neat-cattle. os me single cow. Tusser. NEAT, (It. netto; Sp. recto; Fr. net; Arm. neat, or neet ; a nitidus, mteo, to shine, to be clean, fair, or fine; W. nith, pure ; ‘nithiar, to purify, to winnow.] U3 "Very clean ; free from foul or extraneous mat- ter; as, neat clothes. The vessels are kept neat; the woman kee ps her house very neat. 2. Pure ; free from impure words and plirases; as, a neat style. 3. Cleanly ; preserving neatness ; as, avleat woman. 4, Pure ; unadulterated ; as, neat wine. [ Obs.] Chapman. 5. Free from tawdry appendages, and well adjust- ed ; as, a neat dress. 6. Clear of the cask, case, bag, box, &c; as Weight. It is venous written Net or Nerv. NiEAT/HERD, n. [Sax. neathyrd.] A person ohio has the care of cattle; a cow-keep- er. Dryden. NEAT’LY, adv. With neatness; in a neat manner ; ina cleanly manner; as, a garment neatly washed, The state of being > meat $H as in THIS. 94 740 None Mika Cae es oe a eels Realy oie tel “aa, ee ee ay : eS a _ as ee Cap. oa areronnelieel — eit iii al ae eo MR See ORB Ome= aS SSR Bow. NEC i 2. Witk T ; ne 1 a e a 5 | Wy natal aly good taste; without tawdry o1 NEC >% ady neatly dres W dry orname 3 Nicolys hiauaonel aments ; | NE-CES/SLTATS, — ata AY 5 1andsomely ; r ak fron (’ ATUN RSS e x Y * f < 4 a I NESS, antety ae a vessel neatly mile rT o make necess ary or Fiat L. necessitas. | ar N E E rom foul matter ; as a nliness; entire freedom avoidable ; to compel. ispensable ; to render ur Nee RO-LITE, n. A vi garment. ; neatness of a floor, or of a The Marquis of N n- | NE€-RO-LOG! Ne AL variety of trachyte j > a ’ * rf ewcastle, i > 4, @ : ° i urity - freedo necessilated to belt 1g presse 1 account of, the Baise’ Pert: 1ini g i neainess of Si le m from ill chosen words ; as ,the | N Sickness might to draw all his. army into ‘York. pon sides, was | NDO-R OL/O- ope Or of de eral to, or giving an ' © i 4 . 9:4 mt fale his re Oy da is 3. Freedom from usele N Ee CES/SLTA-TED removal from court. l epaon. deaths. >” One who gives an ss Ww . De ouuL, 5 n ~ we Egat adjustment of Reece a5 ornaments ; NE. anes or unavoid: Steed Made necessary, indispen stetovoey, m. [G ae J eatness Of a dress veral parts ; NE-CES/SI-TA-T Ear iSCourse Z I. VEkpos NEAT’RESS, 7. [i s;as,the| dis ING, ppr. Maki OUT expos, dead, and Ac od n. ffror pensable. Making necessary : An accou 2 IY 9S; ; takes care of Saal [ot 22 cattle, ] A female wl NE- CES- SI_-TA'TION g necessary or in- deaths. mut olste dead, or of de . . Pi RerSP ns TENTIAL EAST O 10 sa ION, n. , NERE/RO-_N eaths ; a registe he Unit ry ‘h E€‘] isle f : NEAT’S! : MALEU. States. } NE 3 compulsion, (z ‘ttle e act of making ne x ,O-MAN-CER, Bae ba are ee T OIL, n. The oil obtai Waser 4 a ES'/SLTLE D, (ai a le used. | Rian 1 ee ae one who prete ee [See NEcroMANCcY. ] Pp > alves’ feet be il obtained by aie rot LIC a I umitall, : tends to fi r n~ tee lio . ed b in 2WSe. >) . n a state : 1olding ae orete rop ee NEB. n [Sax y boiling NE-CES/S ] a state of want bs converse with ae etell future eve ] 8 a9 see ; ix. neb. or nebhe; Ice. i Gardner. IL-TOU IS, a Vv . 2. One who uses pz irted spirits nts by ; ), NEO, and, w ith a pre fix. nebbe > OF nef 5 Dan Ww ith pove rty. a. ery neec ly or indi gent; E cery. T he latter enchi intments or Swi ft. ‘ sneb; G. schnabel In th ens el; Sw. nif; D. n i mheren ; pressed | NE€’RO-MAN-CY 1S now the more usual practice 1S sor- Eg ad : e differe y ; é ere are multitudes o : { ti SENS # oe age a pill, beak, the nose, or cate dialects it signi- udes of necessitous heirs and diva ination. ] nN» [ Gr. vexpos, dead ense. Smart. # Tt) ing, OF shooting. See Class the face, from extend Oo: Way : ind 1 P raperl » and pavreca, i 15, 21, 24. It is also lass Nb, No. 2. 3, 6, 8 Ea A ese arrow ; destitute; pi p mG y, the art of revea oe : nes ste s also written Nrz.] 5 UsOsG, LU. aS, SSCS LATICES te; pinching ; T} ans ofa pretended cor aling future events b "4 | Lae ose; the beak of a bird; the bill; t} ae ES/SLTOUS-LY. ad ' ee cans sture is proh ‘bited. Dae with the eal ‘i. NEB/NEB 7 : 3 thelamna > n 2 necessitor «. iunchantment; c cut. XVill : , Oe ae, n The East : NE-CES‘SLTOUWS ssitous man- more usual s . 3 conjuration : i NEB/U-LA, 2.3; pl vast Indian name of Baz eee ‘ [-T OUS-NESS See NE€-RC al sense. . This is now th ! Besin Satese pls Nenuia: a SABLAH. itution of tl] 5 5 Ns Extreme )-MAN/TIC e j vedeAn; G. nebel; D ct a [L. nebula; Gr. ved on of the means of oastn eme poverty or des- nerranien ug I€, a. Pertaining t Smart. i ; hy eee evel ¥ Epo T £5 press c ie 2 ) r < I : non 2 It. nebbia; Sp teh e NEl all, neul, by contr me NE-CES/SLTUD] &; pressing want. NE€-RO-MAN! th ‘cromane} y- oO necromancy ; a cloud. Prob: - nebla, fog, mist; S$ 5 See ee JE, 2. Nece Burne NE piney a1 : . ably the pri , Mist; Sans. na used. | 9 7% INECESS unc. NE€-RO-MAN"” rick ; conjurati nxe - rimarvy ‘sense j ‘ bha, | x *J Ssitousness ; eel 1 N!'T ; Conjuratio " eer primary ‘sense is, thick, or | NE-CES/SLTY ef 3; want. [JVot|__the black art; 4 AL-LY, adv. By senra a . A white spot, or a slight opaci oe eenhutehich [L. necessitas. Hale, | NE€/RO-NITE, n conjuration, ATOM nC YOU : 2 slight opacity of the 3 at which ist 5 Wats Pie ng pAne [Gr. VE Grersor. i pend J le cormea. or the cause of th a ea nd can not be othe Fetid feldspar, a mir ee dead.] a ory: i ee StPornioy . ~ ‘ ie is of a vhich ec : therwise 0U & ‘ iIneral \ pearances, w my, a name given to fai ee Of necessity that a th 1can not be otherw1 '. pounded, exhales a fetid vhich, when struck DS Ss, which are dimly seen aint, misty ap- the same time tes 1in® can not be and eget tt E€ id odor like that of putrid fl i sembling a comet y see among the re tory ae MC. tis of nece Fi 5 e and not be at NE€-R« PHA rid flesh usually or a spe Reiteee stars, ory propositions car necessity that two cont are H/A-GOUS * . i inte uly, but not always, ae a fog. They are 2, Gress 1S can not both be true two contradic- BE: iting or feedin , a ([Gr. vexpos and ee 0 1 ; S . ae ic - o. s ] g Ms : p. 2 myriads of small “stars: ed by the telescope or moral. If power; compulsive fore NE€-ROP/O-LIS, on the dead. pay w.] v it] [in heraldry, it is u ed tod Olmsted beyond hi man’s actions are det force, physical A city of tl cas [Gr. vexpos and zo) Kirby. it Seas Ss us 0 anne settll ted. sc tro Sic e determine nae < 18 ¢ £ ~ a nua nS resembling eos a line en -a free agent. oe l, he acts from nec a d by causes | NE€-RO-SEOP/IE, au r Aa a shield o ee : 6 ' ies 3 JV ecessiti ¢ necessity, and is } Aen ae charge divide d ie torn of clouds; or on the defensive y compelled the Us = is not} .. Relating to post. oe [Gr. vexpos and cxo7ew NEB/U-L, ross it.— E. H. Barker - eral such lines 3. Indispensabl general to act |" -ERO'SIS, n. [Gr rtem examinations ees 2 3) UJ . fi Barker. | rm pensableness; the De xT. i j Nebular Pertaining to nebi lp The necessity of fur ne ; the state of being ve Among physic see ey s-| vila setae thesis; a celebrat al ae man questions lunds to support publi requisite. serene. g physicians, mortification; the dry ) saplace, tl eerie ated hyp en S. he ne A iblic cred ¢ ry gi It aa $3 » Le principles of sahil * pothesis, framed tic concerns 1s ad : oa MECESSULY of econon ibe Ue no 2, Among surceons . : eae | Pas pposes that the bodies cc hich are as follows: raieecune torte mitted. No man ci Sera eco terminating in its deat an inflammation of | tem once existed in the fo composing the solar sys- 4. Extr eee can plead necessity 3. In bot aS eaUy: ation of a bone 4 had a revolution on it orm of a nebula: t et SYS- sont iXtreme indigence ; “J rei botany, a disease of plants { that. bv t ion on its own ack ; that this need. pinching poverty : all black spots. be of plants, consisti iat, by the effect of gravity axis from west to east ; aT UVCIVY's Pressing the plant d ers yeneath which the nsistin eae nebula gradu; mere ‘ ity, the matter cor . ast ; The cause ay : 5 NE SRR eS decays. ee aC substance sradually became c ter composing the fr the distract : NEC@/TAR. n M > e of ter; that the exterior 7 e condensed tow: rd the ¢ ek rom the extreme pover a rt or army AR,n. [I., from the Greek.] Brande of their rev i ior portions thus hax Pee We eens poverty and nécescily his majesty w: led Ee Ter sreek.] In muytholog force t! hey lution increased, until or the velocity 5. Unavoidab] ee LCL arin. 5 Obs ae ds; hence, YM ANCEe | > they \ haa > ) 1e ce ae . } ibleness: J Sagi “ o ile leas: ? behiy : Vere Sé sparated fron . J ec centrifugal cessity of ny 1€1 3 inevitableness: : 1d p! tnt drink {| ehind in the f rom the mas } a consequ Mess; as. ti le Re ALN i af onl A Gaon of a ring; that thi iss, and left Riniienl J , fron certain pr as, the 7e- ese nit ng nectar: v ot each of the planets lat thus the maten eT r¢ : emises Min sweet and meine, ery bor y was planets was separa 4 natenal ae ; requisite . The ps and pleasar ’ : fener acicondcngente eparated, while ‘ [heenetonid Sree é - a purpose s ce neclareous antl t t ant. ne a aes ally nsed toward the pa ap the main Not for delicl us for necessitie purpose. NEe€’T AR: ED eous and the balmy dew eB | avai ilar pr y, that each of the plan ae ning the NECK, xn. [Sax. ] : ; nectar: abi at Tmb ied wet nectar 5 minced mis 3 enn ¥ PAANeval rrings : : Wak. NEC, /l a Shak THe 3 ADOUNAMNE V 1) dr; miuingtet rj positing in tl en was condensed into tl ee rings, by the nape of tl , inecca, necca; G. nich ; NE€-TA/RE-OU vith nect iy With ondari £ in the mean time rings out 2 oa planet, de- nalke : It : he neck: D. nek: 2 x. NICK, cenick NE€-TA/R ao S- LY. adv. Oe ; ‘ /iilton. NEB Od s were formed 12S Out of which its sec- th tke; It. Port. and Sp. yer ma Vi nache > Han : RE-OUS-NESS, n a nectareous manner. -LOS/L_-TY. 7 Be i Olinst ee 1€ nape or ve rtelira ft hs a. This word is prot ans |. ne cli ireou 3, ibe The quality of I as 4 being cloudy or i » irom nevulous.| The j ees rendered in other | 1 of the neck behind propery, NEC-TA RI-AT 5 P ’ peiIng J aZy. wok ne state aie a ther language nd, and is s¢ ; dus Os a - In astro7 j Ar te of mass; \ gua 5 aul . 4 1S SO plant ertaiing t ;: : ( onomy a3 s Mel. Renos - W. ce. | 4. Nux, that is, an | us g to the nectary of appearance ee y, a name given frie fat ft pos. Te eiaie sacar it is, a nob or | fee : ectary of a NEB‘T Surrounding at iC faint, misty + part ¢ ran an 1> ns inserted into the . “B'U;LOUS, a. [I 1g certain stars mst y the head and thet veer sbody which is] into the margin of’a glandul ze Cio z A+ nebulosus.| ; lmsted. and many Toh ie trunk, and conne eee tween | NE€-TA , Z Ee REA IAC Rta x anny ; hazy. [See Nesura.] Pe NTs oes ther animals. this Sat ts them. In man NEC TAR-IF/ER-OUS, a As. Res, sy 1 0 A can 4 fa 1e trun > “US par is po Ach A e A. . ects ¢ ss 4 pearance ronomy, pertaining te . Bea ink } 3 more slender ae 2 [nectar and lL. fero, t NE C-E O of, ane Blt 1 se LU; or having the a le ipa narre rapt r Producing nectar . cea 0 -ES-SA/RI- AN, : Sige eee ole act of land projecting f gla nae, 3 nectar or honey; as, a nectarife cate for the ,n. [See Necessany.] g ; irour trite commentun rom | NE § » & nectariferous |} ue : doctrin SARY A 7 act con : 40 \R-INE, i properly : phil eae an AGVO- d ae eck of land } ECU ME LO yEonE AR ,(-in,) a. Sweet ¢ Lee, NE Cr a ecessity : mor ry land between B pea Nec cote AR-INE, 2 et as nectar VE Pee : URS Ss Pie ; more Any part corres, 3oston| witha f, 7. necessarily oO Na hrassei Ure neck of another Dantes a L- [ >, ng i . | ae unavoidable co nse A as ge quently ae se 1s not much used Bi niet etr ee NEC/TAR- OUS, a ppr. Sweetening sequ 7 on the J Saas sed. 2 AIG Ss 2 5° NEC/ES eee result fro ence Certain inf Toes 0 the hee ls.] Ve more fre- NE€/TAR-Y. n. ? weet as nectar. ‘ NEC/ES SA-RELNESS, n. * m particular premises Parel the priz eak the neck of an aff erous part vf [from nectar.] In dotar lot: i es = SA-RY Y, - rk Me The state of bei ete ees ipal thing to pre stele ; to hinder, or to do usually m: ¥: es vegetable, pec uli: ir 7 nee He mellif- . That must b at TLCCESSATUUS Coase, BOCES tarden the neck ; t Rerct ukes a part of tl he flower. I ‘ ; . 2 . ° eck; to grow distinc a : 1e@ co Balt j dispensably r 6); thi at can not I es Satys and more pervers : ow obstinate; to be 2 ict from it. Sometimes orol, but is sometimes }f FA showd have EqWs site It is € otherwise ; in NECK’/A-TEE, ana rebellious, WVeh o be more horn or spur; someti imes it 18 in the forr nes a Pi a cause IS necessary tha ;_In- iT Ne AT Nicene apne in ix. sere nalled thovkion imes in that o form of a | y Me Indispe nsabl ae a ONCIy Pitot ee K/BEEY ’ 2. The nape pee [ Obs.] NED! Te the Honry-cur pbanOre cup ; whence a not be of} able; requisite ; | e, Sold he coarse flesh of ther ER, n. [W. nady ‘ Martay ther . sites essentinl 3 5 Sold at a low price sh of the c V. nadiurs Sz JMartayr f PeuadsANe a HOMEMRTSTERT eee eae Rees heck Of cat | ey erg yn) RAL nedaer ran | % ; IS 7L€CeSsSar 3 ing the pu eS ou As cheap as arta lis uD a 4 A Aa Ceeaary ‘6 Ber i to support : ae purpose in- | NECK/CLOT p as neckbeef. Se ,n. [Sax. nead, neod, nyd; D e o ; mai fe ; f | apxfole wi ue i) mood « ry qualification he body aie ife 5 food | NECK! OTE, 2. A piece of cl Suift. he .nood; G. noth; | > ih to the e for happi EL iness is 2 nec | 4W UN ED (nekt oth worn SW nod: WD: ae 1] i : ene c njoy ment of ple ADEE ) he alth is Meo necked. 2 pasa ») a. Havi ing an k on the neck. vant 4h he an. nod ; ) Eth. & ? } a. A ssary to the safety asure ; subjectic = MELGSS0 ry | NECK/ER-C 5 eck; as in stif- OA. l€ prumary sense is, to nadet, to be in i] 2 Unavoidable 1% 0. Persons and proy tO law is | for tsi ee se mi 4 opress. Class Nd, No. || ria | sequ 5 aS, a neci + property 1e nec ; gorge 3 - Want; rnc i ; 4. Aennnee facts or Be inante infere me e or c attire ic ; it was formerly Aaptlede Bas a kerchief| state t pAb ¢ occasion for something es / ig from ; or con- | NECKS . to femal lat requires suppl 3 Necessity ee i to Fre 7 necessity NECK/LACE, 9 female} presses u pply or relief, a |} oe ‘y 5. Whe at] Sity cr cor JACK, n. Ast Si es urgent want ; It someti | : ; ether ma ompul 2 _wor ring of be mart. vant; press v etimes ex- { ¥ 4 is a questio lan is a sion ; oppo rH ie wi eads, or prec Wi ssing exigency . an uestion muct a Necessa posed xe me G on the : , prec ious stone hat further = Bency. | ie, | NEC/ES-S Miidiseiecedie oe eae NECK’T 12 neck nes er need have we of wi i 6 SE g ea AG K, For y y re we of witnesses HS ie a eee 5 RY, N. [from t} ea lj ce agent neck: aa a, -ED, (neck’) ast,) a Mark Arbuthnot. 1 rye have need of p itience ir b ae Xxvi r : 4 Ss adie 7 ees C ‘ ( 9 .s 2. “s CD. X. " Ge, j 7 ei to ees) Something 2 ECK/LAND n, A Sir W. Io, a indi ee ant of the means of subsist 2 | NEC’ES- @3 more co ne pi Irpo c glee neck or] V, Jones. nce, SUDSISTENCE 5 Bb \S-S, mmonl Se; as, ong trac 3 poverty ; NE-CES SISA A privy y used in the ipa a NECK'- Divi ae A g tract of jand. ‘ I know how to abound and te SBN _ . I: : and to suffer 7 ‘ NiIXC-ES-SA/ N, 2 O |? ACK/VERS neckhandkerct fakewell. EED, D. iffer need, — Phil. i : I : vief. t. 2 ul. iv. nec ee, d dattrins : epente ais thio.) Meee aoe ae be ene Vaeae Feeney fa s ps eh is niider.] (Sax. geneadan, genedan, to compel ; D . ) > Ienekt of c aE oe yee a things gard to the of philosc verse of wf clerry ntitle To wi c n. : ongin and »phical the fifty-fi gy, said to be ant; to lack ; : eee . r th : ack; t existence of | NRC st Psalm, Seca enh ena 3 e first They tha ; to require, as supply ai Beattie | NECK/WEED re mev,”? &C, Be be whole need not a phy BDIOn LeU E ittie,. re 7 att, ix, 1 sician, — FATE, FA eS —. | inh an ping a, Hemp; in ridicul Tindall. NEED, 7 i bat they that ure sick, meme » KAR, FA z a a cximinals ule, becau HD o0.% TL Soe eee at WHAT . se used o be wanted ; to b 746 eelob ine EP REY. When we have done it, wo h Sea — = 4 10 it, we AG oe \ — PIN and all that ne ave done all —— E, MARYNE, BiRD.— NOTE, needs,” [Notused, | Locke" , BOOK. —De ay a ee en | NEG feed 1s often used as an auxiliary, or at least with- act the personal termination. And the lender need not fear he NEED/ED, pp. or a. NEED/ER, zn. NEED/PUL, a. site. shall be injured. Anacharsis, Trans. Wanted. One that wants. Netessary, as supply or relief; requi- All things needful for defense abound. NEED/FYL-LY, adv. Necessarily. REED LY, adv. {from needy. ] Dryden. B. Jonson. In want or pov- NEEDIL NESS, n. in< digente: a ‘ING [from necdy.] Want ; poverty ; Bacon. , ppr. Wanting; requiring, as supply or NEI E "DLE, (Sax. nedl, nedl; G. nadel ; € Goth. ne- thal; Art nadoz; Ir. snathad; W. nydwyz, from mod, something sharp or pointed. It may be allied to nettle. | I. A small instrument of steel pointed at one end, with an eye at the other to receive a thread ; used in sewing and embroidery. Needles are also used by surgeons in Sewing up wounds. 2. A-small pointed piece of steel used in the nel’s compass, which, by its magnetic quality, tracted and directed to the pole, and thus navigators to steer their ships the course often called the Macnetic Neepce. 3. Any crystallized substance in the form of dle. Dipping needle. NEE/DLE, v. t. needle. NEE/DLE, To shoot in crystallization into the form of needl 9S; as, needled prisms. TOUTCT OY. NEE/DLE-E BOOK, n. A place for sticking needles on cloth, protected by covers like those of a book. Coroper. Crystallized in the mari- is at- enables intended ; a nee- See Diepinc NEEDLE, e To form crystals in the shape of a NEE/DLED, (nee!/ form of needles. NEE/DLE-FISH, zn. A name of certain fishes of the family Syngnathidz, or old genus Syngnathus, also called Pire-Fisnes. They havea long and A ery slen- der body. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. NEE/DLE-FUL, n. As much thread as is put at once in a needle. NEE/DLE-MAK-ER, ) 7. NEE/DLER, NEE/DLE-ORBE, n._ Acicular ore of bismuth. NEE/DLE-POINT-ED, a. Pointed as needles. NEB/DLE-STONE, x. A mineral of the zeolite fam- ily. Cleaveland. NEE/DLE-WORK, (nee/dl-wurk,) 1. Work exe- cuted with a nee dle e ; or the business of a seamstress. It is used particularly for embroidery. NEE/DLE-WORK-ED, a. Worked with needles. NEE! DLE-ZE!/O-LiITEH, x. A species of zeolite of a grayish-white color. Ure. NEED/LESS, a. Not wanted; unnecessary ; not re- quisite ; as, needless labor ; needless expenses. dld,) pp. or a, One needles. who manufactures Dana. 2. Not wanting. | Ods.] Shak. NEED/LESS-LY, adv. Without necessity. NEED/LESS-NESS, 2. Unnecessariness. Locke. NEER’DLING, ppr. NEED'MENT, x. fe used.] NEEDS, adv. Necessarily ; indis must. A trial at law must needs be innocent in itself. Kettlewell. NEED’Y, a. WNecessitous; indigent; very poor; tressed by want of the means of living. FR orming crystals like needles. Something needed or wanted. Shalt. [from need; Sax. nedes. pensably 3; generally used with dis- To relieve the needy and comfort the afi in our way every day, Spare the blushes of needy merit. NEEL/GHAU, x. See Nyrenav. NE’ER, (are ;) a contraction of Never. NEESE, (neez,) v. i. [G. neesen; D. niczen; Sw. ni- ed licted are duties that fall Addis o:..@ usa; Dan. nyser; Ar. Aa) nashaa; herice, sneeze. Class Ns, No. 30.] To sneeze. [ Obs.] [See SNEEZE, Which is formed on this SE'WORT, (neez/wurt,) n. A plant. NEES’ ING, ne "A sneezing. [Obs.] NE EX'E-AT, [L.] In law, a writ to prevent a per- son from going out of the country without a license. Bouvier. [Wot used.] [See word. ] NEE Sherwood. NEF, 2. NAVE. NE-FAN’/DOUS, a, The nave of a church. [L. nefundus, not to be spoken. ] Not to be named ; abominable, Sheldon. NE-FA/RLOUS, a. [L. nefarius, from nefas, unlaw- ful, or ne and for, fari, to utter.] Wicked in the extreme; aboininable ; sinful or villainous; detestably vile. NE-FA‘RI-OUS-LY, adv. With extreme wickedness ; abominably. Milton. NE-FA/RI-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being nefa- rious NE-GA’/TION, 7. atrociously > [L. negatio, from nego, to deny, NEG Sw. neka, Dan. nester, W. naca, nacdu, nagu, EY. mer, from L. neoo. T he sense is, to thrust, to stop or repel ; ; tor, in Italian, neware is to deny, and annezare is to deny, and to drown, to stifle in water ; Sp. me- gar, to deny ; annegar, to drown or iInundate, Fr, noyers| 1, Denial; a declaration that something {s not; opposed to AFF IRMATION ; as, the soul is not matter. 2. In logic, description by deni: il, exclusion, or ex- ception. Neg ton is the absence of that which does not belongs to the lmnoe we are cing off falls. 3. Argument drawn from denial. It may be proved, by way of negation, that they came not from Europe, as hi ving no remainder of the arts, learning, and civilities of it. Heylin. HEC A-TIVE, a. [Fr. negatif; L. negativus.] nate denial or negation; o] pposed to Ar- FIRMATIVE, aS a negative proposition is that which lenies. Matter is not spirit. - Implying absence ; ee to PosITIvE. There is a negative way of « acknowledge enyl ng Christ, when we do not and confess him. South. 3. Having the power of stopping or restraining. A negative voice, in legislation, is a voice or vote to prevent the passing of a law or decree, WVegative sign; in algebra, the sign of subtraction, a sig , thus, —, which indicates that the quantity to wh aie it is prefixed is to be subtracted. It is opposed to Positive or AFFIRMATIVE. Negative quantity; in algebra, a quantity which is required to be subtracted. . Day. Negative electricity, according to Dr. Franklin, isa deficiency of the electric fluid in a substance, or less than the su peta ince naturally contains. NEG/A-TIVE, A proposition by which something is denied ; ae antes ‘xr has not the power of moving itself. 2. A word that denies ; as, not, no. 3. In legislation, the right or power of preventing the enaction of a I iw or decree. The governor has not a zegative on the proceedings of the legislature, but each branch has a negative on the other. Negative pregnant; a negation of one thing, ply ing the affirmation of ieee NEG/A-TIVE, v. t. To disprove; to prove the con- trary. The omission or infrequency of suc the existence of miracles, 2. To reject by vote; to refuse to tion. The senate nevatived the bill. 3. To resist a ehcice or What is proposed. NEG/A-TIV-ED, pp. Disproved ; rejected by vote. NEG’A-TIVE-LY, adv. With or by denial; as, he answered negatively. Boyle. 2. In the form of speech implying the absence of something ; opposed to PositTivELy. I shall show what this image of God in man is, negatively, by showing wherein it does not consist, and. positively, by showing wherein it does consist, South. not negative aley. nact or sanc- h recitals does 3. Negatively charged or electrified; in Dr. Frank- lin’s theory of electricity, having a deficiency of the electric fluid. [See PosttrvELy. NEG/A-TIVE-NESS, x. The quality of being nega- tive. NEG/A-TO-RY, a. tion. ee used] NEG-LE€T", [L. neglectus, from negligo, In G. the corre aoine word is nachlassen, D. nalaaten, compounds of zach, na, after, and lassen, laaten, to let, to leave, to suffer to pass, Eng. let, Fr. laisser The sense of the latter words, then, is, to leave be- That denies; belonging to nega- hind, or permit to remain; Dan. nachlessig, negli- gent. I suspect the L. nesligo to be composed of the neg for nach, and linguo, lictum, as n is latter. But of this Iam not confi- same prefix, not radical in the dent») 1. ‘To omit by carelessness or design ; to forbear to do, use, employ, promote, or attend to; as, to 2eg- lect duty or business ; to neglect to pay honest debts : to neslect our interest or policy ; to neglect the means in our power. T’o omit to receive or embrace; to slight. How shall we escape, if we neglect so great salvation ? — Heb, ii. 3. To slight; mot to notice; to forbear to treat with attention or respect. Among people of good breeding, strangers seldom complain of being neg- lected. 4, To postpone. NEG-LE€T’, x. [Not m use.] Shak. Omission ; forbearance to do any thing that can be done or that requires to be done. Neglect may be from carelessness or inattention. The neglect of business is the cause of many fail- ures; but neglect of economy is more frequent and more injurious. 9, Slight; omission of attention or civilities. Neglect of due notice and attention to strangers is characteristic of ill breeding. 3. Negligence; habitual want of regard. Age breeds neglect in all. Denham, 4. State of being disregarded. Rescue my poor remains from yile neglect. Prior, NEG NEG-LEC€T’ED, pp. or a. ed; disregarded. NEG-LECI‘ED-NESS, n. Omitted to be done; slight- State of being neglected. NEG-LECT/ER, n One that neglects. |More. NEG-LE€T’FUL, a. Heedless ; careless ; inattentive. Locke. 2. Accustomed or apt to omit what may or ought 3. Treating with neglect or slight. [to be done, 4, Indic ating ne elect, slight, or indifference ; as, a neclectful countenance, Locke. NEG-LE€T/FUL-LY, adv. With neglect; with heed- less inattention ; with careless indifference. NEG-LE€T’ING, ppr. Omitting; passing by; for- bearing to do; slighting; treating with indifference. NEG-LE€T/ING-LY, adv. Carelessly ; 3 heedlessly. Shak. NEG-LE€'TTON, n. The state of being negligent. [Mot used.] Shak. NEG-LECT'IVE, a. tle used. ] NEG- LL-GEB/, (neg-le-zha!,) n. \ kind of gown formerly worn. NEG/LI- GENCE, [L. negligentia. | es Neglect ; ohniesian to do. More generally, 9; Habitual omission of that which ought to be done, or a habit of omitting to do things either from carelessness or design. Vegligence is usually the child of sloth or laziness, and the parent of disorders in. business ponte n of poverty. NEG/LI- GEN abe Careless ; heedless ; apt or accus- tomed to omit w rhe at ought to be done ; Inattentive to business or necessary concerns. It is applied to a particular instance of neglect, or it denotes ete ly careless or inattentive. 2 Chron. xxix. 2 Pet, i. He that thinks he can afford to be negligent, is not far from being Inattentive ; regardless of. [Lit- K, Charles. [Fr. negligé. } Goldsmith. poor, vambler. . Regardless Be thou negligent Ree fame. Sus, NEG/LI-GENT-LY, adv. Carelessly ; heedlessly ; Without exactness; as, a person neslige ntily dressed ; a piece negligently written ; a farm negligently culti- vated. : 2. With slight, disregard, or inattention. NE-GO-TIA-BIL/I-TY, n. The quality of bein, ™e- gotiable or transferable by indorsement. Sewall. Walsh. NE-GO'TIA-BLE, a. [from negotiate.] ‘That may be transferred by assignment or Indorsement; that may be passed from the owner to another person so as to vest the property in the assignee; as, a nezotiable note or bill of exchange. Walsh. NE-GO'’TIANT, (ne-go/shant,) 2. One who nego- tiates ; a negotiator. [JVot used.] Ralegh. NE-GO/TIATE, (ne- go'shate,) o.% [L. negotior; It. negoziare ; Sp. negociar; Fr. negocier; from L. nego- tium, business, employment; W neges, an errand, BU sine SS 5 negeseud, to go on errands, to negotiate. | To transact business ; to treat with another re- eae purchase and sale; to hold intercourse in bargaining or trade, either in person or by a broker or substitute ; as, to negotiate with a man for the pur- chase of goods or a farm. 2. To hold intercourse with another respecting a treaty, league, or convention ; to treat with respect- ing peace or commerce. It is a crime for an ambassador to betray his prince, for whom he should negotiate. ecay af Piely. NE-GO'TIATE, (ne-go/shate,) v. t To procure by mutual intercourse and agreement with another ; as, to negotiate a loan of money. Ship brokers and interpreters negotiate affreightments. Walsh. To procure, make, or establish by mutual inter- course and agreement With others. Mr. Jay negotia- ted a treaty with the British ministry in 1794. 3. Tosell ; to pass; to transfer for a valuable con- sideration ; as, to negotiate a bill of exchange. The notes were not negofiated to them in the usual course of business or trade. cent. NE-GO/TIA-TED, pp. Procured or obtained by agree- ment with another ; sold or transferred for a valuable consideration. NE-GO’TIA-TING, ppr. business NE-GO-TL: A'TION, (-she-a/-,) n. The act of negotia- ting ; the trans: veting of business In traffic ; the treat- ing with another respecting sale or purchase. . The transaction of business between nations; aS mutual intercourse of governments by their agents, in making treaties and the like; as, the negotiations at Ghent. NE-GO/TIA-TOR, n. One that negotiates; one that treats with others either as principal or agent, in re- spect to purchase and sale, or public compacts. Swift. Ni/GRESS, n. [See Necro.] A female of the black race of Africa. NE’GRO, n. (It. and Sp. negro, black, from L. niger.] A native or descendant of the black race of men in Africa. ‘The word is never applied to the tawny or olive-colored inhabitants of the northern coast of Africa, but to the more southern race of men who are Treating with; transacting quite black. a ee TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; ‘FH as in THIS. + a P= 747 TO ene pln Be ne” Age ~ ‘ Rieon, + ene St, NEI NE/GRO-LOID, a.- [negro and Gr. ecdos.} Pertaining to men whio have a reseinblance to ne- groes, ; NE/GUS, . A liquor made of wine, water, sugar, nutmeg, and lemon juice; so called, it is said, from its first maker, Colonel Vegus. NEIF, (neef,) x. [Ice. neji. 1. The neaf or fist. [JVot used.] 2. Aslave. [Vot used.] NEIGH, (na,) v. 2% [Sax. dnegan; Sw. gnigza; Dan. kneggar ; It. annicchiare. In W. cnecu signifies to jar or quarrel ; cnec, a sharp noise. } To utter the voice of a horse, expressive of want or desire; towhinny. — NEIGH, (na,). The voice of a horse ; a whinnying. NEIGH’BOR, (na’bur,) n. [Sax. nchbur, nehgebur, a nich boor, a door or country man living nigh, (see Nica ;) G. nachbar ; D.nabuur; Sw. nabo; Dan. na- boe. (See Boor.) The true orthography, as this word is now pronounced, is NeHsoor; Sax. neh, nigh, and door. } Shak. 1. One who lives near another. In large towns, a neishbor is one who lives within a few doors. In the country, a weishbor may live at a greater distance 5 and in new settlements, where the people are thinly scattered over the country, a neighbor may be distant several miles. Such is the use of the word in the United States. 2. One who lives in familiarity with another; a word of civility. Shak, 3. An intimate; a confidant. [JVot used.] Shak. 4. A fellow-being. Acts vii. 5. One of the human race; any one that needs our help, or to whom we have an opportunity of do- 6. A country that is near. {ing good. Luke x. NEIJGH’BOR, (na’/bur,) a. Near to another; adjoin- ing; next. Smart. NEIGH’BOR, (na/bur,) v. ¢. To adjoin; to confine on or be near to. These grow on the hills that neighbor the shore. Sandys. 2. To acquaint with; to make near to, or make familiar. [Vot wsed.] Shak. To nejghbor it; in colloquial language, to cultivate friendly intercourse by mutual visits, NEIGH’BOR-HOOD, (na’/bur-,) m. A place near; vi- cinity ; the adjoining district or any place not distant. He lives in my neighborhood. 2. State of being near each other ; as, several states in a neiohborhood. Swift. 3. The inhabitants who live in the vicinity of each other. The fire alarmed all the neighborhood. NEIGH’BOR-ING, a. Living or being near; as, the neighboring inhabitants ; neighboring countries or na- tions. Paley NEIGH’BOR-LI-NESS, n. State or quality of being neighborly. Scott. NEIGH/BOR-LY, a. Becoming a neighbor; kind; civil. Judge if this be neighborly dealing. Arbuthnot. 2. Cultivating familiar intercourse ; interchanging frequent visits ; social. Friend, you are not ner_giborly. NEIGH'BOR-LY, adv. With social civility; as, to live nerchborly. NEIGH'BOR-SHIP, n. State of being neighbors. [Jot in use. | Wiss Baillve. NEIGH/ING, (na/ing,) ppr. Whinnying. NEIGH/ING, (na/ing,) n. The voice of a horse; a whinnying. Jer. vill. NElPHER, (né/ther or ni/ther. The former is given in most dictionaries, and still prevails in America. The latter is now common in England,) compound pronoun, pronominal adjective, or a substitute. [Sax. naiher, nathor, nauther, or nouther ; ne, not, and either or other, not either, or not other. So in L. neuter ne and uter. | : Not either; not the one or the other. 1. It refers to individual things or persons; as which road shall I take? JVeither, take neither road. The upright judge inclines to neither party. It is used as a substitute ; as, the upright judge in- clines to neither of the parties, . He neither loves, Nor either cares for him, Shak. _ 2 It refers toa sentence; as, ‘* Ye shall not eat of Mt, neither shall ye touch it;” that is ye shall not eat, not either or other shall ye touch it : ye shall not eat, nor shall ye do the other thing here mentioned that is, touch it. Gen. iii, Z é ag £*Pight neither with small nor great, save only with the King ;” that is, fight not, either with small or great. 1 Kings xxii. /Veither, in the first part of a negative se followed by nor in the subsequent part. It is neither the one nor the other. But or would be most proper for the negative in neither applies to both parts of the sentence ntence, is J It is often used in the last member of a negative sentence instead of nor, as in the passage above cited. ** Ye shall noteat it, neither shall ye Lough it2? | Here neither is improperly used for nor, tor nébin the frst clause refers only to that clause, aid the-second negative refers only tothe secondclause. “Ye shall not eat it, nor shall ye touch it.?? | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE NEP In the sentences above, 7¢cither is considered to be a conjunction or connecting word, though in fact it is a pronoui or representative of a cfause of a sen- tence. 3. JVeither primarily refers to two; not either of two. But by usage it is applicable to any number, referring to individuals separately considered. Five ar ten per- sons being charged with a misdemeanor or riot, each may say, neither ofis was present. 4. Neither sometimes closés a sentence in a pecul- jar manner, thus: ‘* Men come not to the knowledge of ideas thought to be innate, till they come to the use of reason ; nor then zeither.”? Locke. That is, not either when they come to the use of reason, or before. Formerly, in English, as in Greek and French, two negatives were used for one negation. But in such phrases as that above, good speakers now use either ; “nor then either.’? NEM/A-LINE, a. [Gr.ynya, a thread.] In mineralogy. having the form of threads ; fibrous. Shepard. NEM/A-LITE, nm. ([Gr. ynua, thread, and A:Oos, stone. : A fibrous hydrate of magnesia. Dana. NEM. €ON., for Nemine Contrapicente, [L.] No one contradicting or opposing ; that is, unanimously ; Without opposition. NEM. DISS. for Nemine DissenrienteE, one dissenting. NE-ME’AN, a. Relating to Nemea, in Argolis, where games were celebrated every third year. : NEM/O-LITE, n. [Gr. vep 1s, @ Wood, and AGoc, a stone. ] An arborized stone. NEM/O-RAL, a. [L.] No Dict. Nat. Hist. [L. nemoralis, from nemus, a wood. ] Pertaining to a wood or crove. Dict. NEM/O-ROUS, a. [ L. nemorosu 3. ] Woody. Evelyn. nemnan, to name or call. ] Chaucer. [WVot NEMP’NE,v. t. [Sax. _ Tocall. [Obs.] NE'NI-A,n. [Gr.] used, NEN/’U-PHAR, n. The great white Water Lily of Europe, or Nymphea alba. NE-OD’/A-MODE, n. [Gr. veodapwdns; veos, new, and dyjpwdys, popular ; dyyos, people. } In ancient Greece, a person newly admitted to cit- izenship. Mitford. NE-OG’/A-MIST, n. [Gr. veos, new, and yapew, to marry. | A person recently married. A funeral song ; an elegy. NE-O-LOG‘I€, ja. [from neology.] Pertaining NE-O-LOG’/I€-AL, § to neology; employing new words. Chesterfield. NE-O-LOG'I€-AL-LY, adv. Ina neological manner. NE-OL/‘O-GISM, n. ‘The introduction of new words or doctrines. 2. A new word, expression, or doctrine NE-OL/O-GIST, x. One who introduces new words into a language. Lavoisier has been 4 successful neologist. [Disused.] Med. Repos. 2. An innovator in theology ; one who introduces rationalistic views subversive of revealed truth. [ This 1s now the prevailing sense. MMurdock. NE-OL-0-GI-ZA/TION, n. The act of neologizing. Jefferson. NE-OL/0-GIZE, v. i. To introduce or use new terms. NE-OL/0-GY,n. [Gr. veos, new, and doyos, a word.) 1, The introduction of a new word, or of new words, into a language. The present nomenclature of chemistry is a remarkable instance of neology. [ Disused, ] 2. Rationalistic views in theology subversive of re- vealed truth. The term is applied especially to the new philosophical theology of the Germans. [This is now the prevailing sense. Murdock. NE-O-NO’MLAN, n. [Gr. veos, new, and vopos, law.] One who advocates new laws, or desires God’s Jaw to be altered. Scott. NE/O-PHYTE, n. ([Gr. veos, new, and gurov, a plant. ] 1, A new convert or proselyte. 2. A name given by the early Christians, and still among the Roman Catholics, to such as have recent- ly embraced the Christian faith, and been admitted to baptism. Brande. 3. A novice; one newly admitted to the order of priest, or into a monastery. A tyro; a beginner in learning. 4. NE-O-TER‘I€, (a. [Gr. vewrepixos, young, from NE-O-TER/I€-AL,} veos, new; Low L. neoter- icus. | New ; recent in origin ; modern. Bacon, NE-O-TER/I€, x. One of modern times. Burton. NEP, n. A plant of the genus Nepeta; catmint, or catn) NE-PEN/THE, n. [Gr. vyrevOns 5 vn, not, and zrevOos, rd A drug or medicine that relieves pain and exhila- _rates, [ Little used * Milton. NE-PEN/THES, 7. “A genus of remarkable Asiatic plants, having a kind of cylindrical urn connected with the leaf, usually filled with sweet and limpid NER water, and closed with a sort of lid; also called PITCHER-PLANTS. Encyc. Am. P. Cyc. InPH/ Rh . NEPHELLING, n. [Gr. vededn, a cloud. ] A mineral occurring in glassy crystals, nearly trans- parent, having the form of six-sided prisms ; also, in translucent and nearly Opaque masses of grayish, greenish, and reddish shades of color, having a greasy luster. ‘This last variety has been called Elaolite, from eXatoyv oil. ‘The first occurs in the Javas of Vesuvius. Dana, NEPH’EW, (nef'u,) [Fr. neveu; L. nepos; It. ne- pote; D, neef; G. neffe; Sans. naptri; W. nai, con- tracted. ] J. The son of a brother or sister. 2. A grandson; also, a descendant. used. | nev! U, | NE-PHRAL/GI-A, ) n. NE-PHRAL/GY, NEPH/RITE, x. neys. | The same mineral with Jape. It was formerly worn as a remedy for diseases of the kidneys, whence its name. Dana, NE-PHRIT’I€, a, [Gr. VEOPLTLKOS, from vedpos, NE-PHRIT/I€-AL, the kidneys. ] 1. Pertaining to the kidneys or organs of urine; as, a nephritic disease. 2. Affected with a disease of the kidneys; as, a nepliritic patient. 3. Relieving disorders of the kidneys in general ; as, a nephritic medicine. Vephritic stone; a stone of the silicious kind, called Japz. Vephritic wood; a species of compact wood of a fine grain, brought from New Spain, which gives a blue color to spirit of wine and to water; which col- or is changed to yellow by acids, and again to blue by alkalies, Supposed to be the Hyperanthera Mo- ringa. Nicholson. Encyc. NE-PHRIT’I€, n. A medicine adapted to relieve or cure the diseases of the kidneys, particularly the gravel or stone in the bladder. Cyc. NE-PHRi/TIS, x. In medicine, an inflammation of the kidneys. NE-PHROT’/O-MY, 7x. Tony, &@ cutting. ] In surgery, the operation of extracting a stone from the kidney, by cutting. Cyc. NE PLUS UL'TRA. [L.,no further.) To the ut- most extent, It is customary to omit the last word, and say, Ve plus. NEP’/O-TISM, n. [Fr. Wepotisme, from lL. nepos, neph- ew. ] 1. Fondness for nephews. 2. Undue attachment to relations; shown to nephews and*other relations. NEP/O-TIST, x. One who practices nepotism. NEP/TUNE, n. [L. Veptunus.] In mythology, the god of the ocean. 2. A large planet beyond Uranus, discovered in consequence of the computations of Le Verrier, of Paris, by Galle, of Berlin, September 23, 1846. Its mean distance from the sun is about 2859,000,000 miles, and its period of revolution is about 168 years. NEP-TU/NI-AN, a. [from WVeptune.] 1. Pertaining to the ocean or sea. 2. Formed by water or aqueous solution; as, nep- tunian rocks. NVeptunian theory; in geology, the theory of Wer- ner, which refers the formation of all rocks and strata to the agency of water; opposed to the PLuTonic theory. Brande, NEP-TU/NI-AN, ) 2. One who adopts the theory that NEP/TU-NIST, the whole earth was once covered with water, or rather that the substances of the globe were formed from aqueous solution. Pinkerton. Good. NE QUID NI'MIS, [L.] Not too much; let all ex- cess be avoided. NE/RE-ID, n. ([Gr. vypnides, pl. of vnents, from Nyosvs, a marine deity; Sans. nara, water; Ar. and Heb. 7773, to flow. See Narrate.] In mythology,aseanymph. In ancient monuments, the nereids are represented as riding on sea horses, sometimes with the human form entire, and some- times with the tail of a fish. They were the daugh- ters of Nereus, a marine deity, and constantly at- tended Neptune. Encyc. Brande. NER'ITE, x. A mollusk of the genus Nerita, having a univalvular shell. NER/IT-{TE, x. A petrified shell of the genus Nerita. [ Not used. | NER/O-LI, x. The essential oil of orange flowers, procured by distillation. re. NERVE, (nerv,)n. [L. nervus; Fr. nerf; W. nerth, Strength; Gr. vevpov, nerve; probably-allied to avnp, - Dride Ne [JVot much [English authorities pronounce this word Hocker. Disease or pain in the kid- neys. [Gr. veppizns, from vedoos, the kid- [Gr. vedpos, a kidney, and Addison. favoritism . a man, L. vir; Pers. ye mar, the male of any an- imal; Sans. nar, a man. In Welsh, zér, denotes one that possesses self-energy, and hence an epithet of God } 743 » FREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—NES J. An organ of sensation and motion in animals. The nerves are prolongations of the medullary sub- stance of the brain, spinal cord, and semilunar gan- glion, which ramify and extend to every part of the body. Encyc. arr. 2. Strength; firmness of body; as, a man of Merve. 3. Fortitude; firmness of mind ; courage 4, Strength ; force ; authority ; as, the nerves of discipline. Gibbon. 5. In botany, a name given to parallel vessels, or fibers extending froin the base to the apex of a leat Landley. Pope has used nerve for sinew or tendon. NERV By vt. To give strength or yigor ; tourm with force ; as, fear zerved his arn. Ames. NERV'E D. pp. Armed with strength. 2.a. in botany, having vessels simple and un- branched, nerved le at. NERV E/LESS, (nerv’less,) a, weak. NERVE!-SHAK-EN, a. Affected by a shaking. Scott. 2. Shocked ; overcome or opp reese by some vio- lent influenc e, impre ession, or sensation. NERV/INE, (nerv/in,) a. (Low L. nervinus. That has the quality of acting upon the nerves. NERVINE, xn A medicine that operates upon the NERV/OUS, a. [L. nervosus.] [ nerves. l. Strong ; vigorous; as, a nervous arm. 2. Pertaining to the nerves; seated in or affe the nerves ; as, a 2ervous disease or fever. 3. Having the nerves affected ; hence, easily agi- tated ; a colloquial use of the wort dl. Possessing or manifesting vigor of mind; char- acterized by strength in sentiment or style ; as, a extending from the base to the tip; as, a Destitute of strength ; Pope. >cting nervous historian. Adams. NERV/OUS Pe + ooh NERV‘OSE. (& In botany. [See Nervep, No. 2.] = ae aed a . NERV/OUS-LY, adv. With strength or vigor. Warton. 2. With weakness or agitation of the nerves. [ Col- loquial. NERV’/OUS-NESS, x. Strength; force; vigor. Warton. 2. The state of being composed of nerves. Goldsmith. 3. Weakness or agitation of the nerves. [ Collo- quial. NER! VURE, x. A name given, in botany, to the veins of leaves, and, in entomology, to the corneous divis- ions in the w ings of insects. Buchanan. NERV/Y, a. Strong; vigorous. Shak. NES/CIENCEH, (nesh/ens,) n. [L. nesctens, nescio; ne and scio. Want of knowledge ; ignorance. Bp. Hall. NESH, a. [Sax. nesc.] Soft ; tender; nice. [JVot used.] Chaucer. NESS, a ‘termin: ition of names, signifies a promontory, from the root of nose, Which see. NESS, a termination of appellatives, [Sax. esse, nysse,| denotes state or quality, as in goodness, greatness, NEST, x. (Sax. nest; G. and D. nest; Sw. naste; W. nyth; Li. nidus; Fr. nid ; It. and Sp. nido ; Arm. eiz Ir. nead; Russ. gnizdo; Gr. vevcoos, veoccta, ysOTTUa, unless the latter are from veos. In Persic, nisim is a nest, nashiman, &@ mansion, and nishashtan, to sit down, to dwell, or remain.| 1. The place or bed formed or used by a bird for incubation or the mansion of her y oung; until they are able to fly. The word is used also for the bed in which certain insects deposit their eggs. 2. Any place where irrational animals are pro- duced. Bentley. 3. An abode; a place of residence ; a receptacle of numbers, or the collection itself; wsually tn an ul sense; as, a nest of rogues. 4. A warm, close place of abode; generally in contempt. Spenser. 5. A number of boxes, cases, or the like, inserted in each other. 6. In geology, an aggregated mass of any ore or mineral, in an isolated state, within a rock. Dana. NEST, v.z To build and occupy a nest, The king of birds nested with its leaves. Howell. NEST/-EGG, n. An egg left in the nest to prevent the hen from fors: iking it. udibras. NEST’LE, (nes/J,) v.27. To settle; to harbor; to lie close and snug, as a bird in her nest. Tne king-fisher nestles in hollow banks. L’ Estrange. Their purpose was to fortify in some strong place of the wild country, and there nestle till succors came. Bacon. 2. To move about in one’s seat, like a bird when forming her nest ; aes a child nestles. ES LE, (nes/l,) v. t. To house, as in a nest. Donne. Toc herish, as a bird her young. Chapman. NEST ‘LED, pp. Housed, as in a nest; snugged closely. NEST’LING, ppr. Lying close and snug. NBEST’LING, 2. A young bird in the nest, or just tak- en from the nest. 2. Anest. [Vot used.] Bacon. NEU Newly hatched ; being yet in the nest, sarrington. NES-TO/RLAN, zn. An adherent of Nestorius, patri- arch of Const: intinople, in the fifth century, who was deposed and condemned asa heretic for main- taining that the two natures in Christ were not so blended and confounded as to be undistinguishable. Murdock. 2. The term is also applied to those modern Chris- tians of Persia and India who are the remains of the Nestorian sect. Murdock. NET, x. [Sax. net, nyt; D. and Dan. net; G. netz; Sw. nat, not; Goth. nati, from the root of knit, Sax. cnyttan, Whence knot ; L. nodus. I. An instrument for catching fish and birds, or wild beasts, formed with twine or thread interwov en Ww oD meshes. . A cunning device; a snare. s Inextricable ditficulty. 4. Severe afflictions. YET, v. zt. To make into a net or net-work. Seward. NET, a. [Fr. net; It. netto. See Near.) 1. Neat; pure; unadulterated, as wines. Brande. [Little used. ] beyond all charges or outlay; as, NEST/LING, a. Micah vii. Job xviii. Job xix. 2. Being without flaw or spot. 3. Being profits. 4. Being clear of all tare and tret, or all deductions ; as, net Weight. It is sometimes written Nxerr, but improperly. JVet is properly a mercantile appropria- net tion of neat. NET, v. t. To produce clear profit. NEF at BR, a. [Sax. neother; G. nieder; D. and Dan. neder. This word is of the comparative degree ; the positive occurs only in composition, as in beneath, Sax. neothan. It is used only in implie d comp: rison, as in the nether part, the nether millstone; but we never say, one part is ether than another. ] 1. Lower ; lying or being beneath or in_the lower part ; opposed to Uprrer; as, the nether millstone. Distorted all my nether shape thus grew Transformed. Milton. 2. In a lower place. *Twixt upper, nether, and surrounding fires. Milton. 3, Belonging to the regions below. Dryden. NEFH/ER-MOST, a. Lowest; as, the nethermost hell ; the nethermost abyss. South. JMilton. NETH/’IN-IM, n. pl. Among the Jews, servants of the priests and Leyites; erroneously written Nerxin- IMS. NET’TED, pp. or a. reticulated. NET’TING, n. [from net,] A piece of net-work. 2. A complication of ropes fastened across each other, to be stretched along the upper part of a ship’s quarter, to contain hammocks. Netting is also em- ployed to hold the fore and main-top-mast sails when Made into a net or net-work ; stowed. Netting is alsoextended along a ship’s gun- wale in engagements, to prevent the enemy from Mar. Dict. NET/TLE, (net!/],) 2. [Sax. netl, netele; D. netel; G. nessel; Sw. ndssla ; Gr. xyidn, from the root of Kvigw, Kvaa), to scratch, ] A pl int of the genus Urtica, whose prickles the skin and occasion very painful sensations. boarding. fret And near the noisome netiJe blooms the rose. tambler, motto. NET/TLE, v.t. To fret or sting; to irritate or vex; to excite sensations of displeasure or uneasiness, not amounting to wrath or violent anger. The princes were netiled at the scandal of this affront. LD Ests "ange, NET’TLED, pp. Fretted; irritated. NET’TLER, n, One that provokes, stings, or irritates. JNWMilton. NET/TLE-RASH, 2. resembling the sting of a nettle. NET/TLE-TREE, 2. which there are several species. The several sorts of nettle-tree have a considerable resemblance to, and a near affinity with, the elms. NET/TLING, ppr. irr itating ; vexing. NET/-WORK, (-wurk,) x. A complication of threads, twine, or cords, united at certain distances, forming meshes, interstices, or open spaces, between the knots or intersections 3 reticulated or decussated work, Addison. An eruptive disease NEU-RAL/GL-A, ) 2. [Gr. vevpoy, a nerve, and adyos, NEU-RAL/GY, pain. ] An ‘idiopathic pain of a nerve of common sensa- tion, i. €., a pain not preceded or occasioned by any othe ieee ise. Tully. NEU-RAL/GI€, a. Pertaining to neuralgia. NEU-RO-LOG/I€-AL, a [See Nreurotoey.] Per- taining to neurology, or to a description of the nerves of animals. NEU-ROL‘O-GIST, x of animals. NEU-ROL’‘O-GY, n. discourse. } A description of the nerves of animal bodies, or the doctrine of the nerves. NEU-ROP’TER, x. [Gr, vevpoy, a nerve, and NEU-ROP!/TER-A, 7. pl. TTEpoOv, A WINE. | One who describes the nerves [Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and Aoyos, Gas J; S$ as Z; A tree of the genus Celtis, of NEU The neuropters are an order of ins gotts having four membranous, transparent, and generally naked wings, reticulated with BUMerone nerves, as the dragon-fly. NEU-ROP’/TER-AL, ) a. NEU-ROP’TER- ous, NEU/RO-SPAST, zx. strings. ] A puppet ; a little figure put in motion. NEU-ROT'I€, a. [Gr. vevpov, a nerve 1. Relating to the nerves ; seated in the nerves ; as, a 2éurotic disease. 2. Useful in disorders of the nerves, VEU-ROT/TE, n. A disease having its seat in ner ves. 2. A medicine useful in disorders of the ne Belonging to the order of the neuroptera. TGr vevpuonaseé), to draw with Jéore. the 7eS. Ey ICIC- NEU-RO-TOM/I€-AL, a. [See Neuroromy.] Per- taining to the Para or dissection of nerves, NEU-ROT/O-MIST, One who dissects the nerves. NEU-ROT/O-MY, ne. TGr. vévpoy, a herve; and zopn, 2 cutting. ] 1. The dissection of a nerve. Coxe. __ 2. The art or practice of dissecting the nerves. NEU’TER,; (ni/ter,) a. [L.; compounded of ne and uter, not either. 1. Not adhering to either party; taking no part with either side, either when persons are contending, or questions are discussed. It may be synonymous With [nviFFERENT, or itmay not. The United States remained neuter during the French revolution, but very few of the people were indifferent as to the suc- cess of the parties engaged. A man may be neuter from feeling, and he is then indifferent ; but he may be neuter in fact, when he is not in feeling or princi- ple. A judge should be perfectly neuter in feeling, that he may decide with impartiality. In grammar, of neither gender; an epithet given to nouns that are neither masculine nor feminine; primarily, to nouns which express neither sex; 3. In botany, hawue neither stamens nor pistils. NEU'T ER, (nu/ter,) n. A person that takes no part in a contest between two or more individuals or nations ; a person who is either indifferent to the cause, or forbears to interfere. An animal of neither sex, or incapable of propa- gation. The working bees Lave beenconsidered neu- ters, but are really undeveloped females. Huber. 3. In botany, a plant having neither stamens nor pistils. JVeuter verb; an action or state limited to the is not follo I run; I walk. It is better denominated intransitive. NEUTRAL, (niv'tral,) a (Fr. neutre; L. neutralis, from neuter.| I. Not engaged on either side ; not taking an ac- tive part with either of contending parties. It is policy for a nation to be neutral when other nations are at war. Belligerents often obtain supplies from neutral states. 2. Indifferent side or party. 3. Indifferent ; in grammar, a verb which expresses ; having no bias in favor of either neither very good nor bad. Some thines rood, and some things ill do seem, And neutral! some in her fantastic eye. Davies. . In botany, a proposed English substitute for NE ee ; having ’ neither stamens nor pistils. Neutral salt; in chemistry, a salt composed of an equal number of equivalents, both of acid and base ; a salt in which none of the properties, either of the acid or base, are percep. NEU/TRAL, (ni’tral,) n. A person or nation that takes no ee in a contest between others. The neutra the war. NEU/TRAL-IST, x. Aneutral. [ZLitile used. i NEU-TRAL/L-TY, n. The state of being unengaged in disputes or eerieets between others; the state of taking no part on either side. States often arin \ maintain their neutrality. 9. A state of indifference in feeling or principle. 3. Indifference in quality; a state neither very goot nor evil. [Lutle used. Doan 4, A combination of neutral powers or states ; as the aie d neutrality. NEU-TRAL-I-ZA/TION, n. [from neutralize.] The act ot neutralizing or destroying the peculiar prop erties of a body by cc mbination with another body or substance. 2, The act of reducing to a state of indifference our neutrality. NEU/TRAL- IZE, v.t. Torender neutral ; to reduce to a state of indifference between different parties or opinions. 2. In chemistry, to destroy or render inert or jm- perceptible the peculiar properties of a body by cont- bining it with a different substance. Thus to new- tralize acids and alkalies, is to combine them in such proportions that the compound will not exhibit the qualities of either. J, a8 far as his commerce extends, be comes Q party in R. . Ha weper. CH as SH 3. To destroy the peculiar properties ar opposite "PH as in THIS. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; 749 | | subject, and which | ved by an object; as, 1 go; Lsit; Lam; |} a eet Nee ars <7 Tt eee i Hemet Sat Dah gant Serene smci] NEV/ER-CE N EW N Ek W NIC sition. The benefits of universities — neutralized by moral 7 ye | dispositions of parties or other things, or reduce them : Obs. A cloud of counter citations that neutralize each ihc £E. Everett. || NEU/TRAL-IZ-ED, (nu‘tral-Izd,) pp. or a. Reduced ! to neutrality or indiilerenc e, NEURAL-1Z-E R, 2. That which neutralizes; that which destroys, disguises, or renders inert the pecu- liar properties of a body. NEU/TRAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Destroying or rendering inert the peculiar properties of a substance ; redu- cing to indifference or inactivity. NEU/TRAL-IZ- laving the dering neutral. NEU/TRAL-LY » adv , side; indifferently. NEU’TRAL-TINT, nx. distant hills assume. NEU-VAINES!, n. pl. [Fr. neuf, nine.] In the Ro- man Catholic church, prayers offered up for nine suc- cessive days. Brande. NEV/ER, adv. [Sax. nafre; ne, not, and afre, ever.] J. Not ever; not at any time; at notime. It re- fers to the past or the future. This man was never at Calcutta ; he will never be there. 2 It has a particular use in the following tences. Ask me néver so much dower and ¢ Which ail not hearken to the yoice of charm never so wiscly.— Ps, aA il. A fear of bat tery, — though never so well ground d, 1 is no du- ress. Biackstone. This is a genuine ING, a. # quality of ren- Without taking part with either The tint or purple hue which sen- cift. — Gen, xxxiv. rs, charming English use of never, found in our Saxon authors, and it ought to be retained. “Ask me so much dower as never was done;”? that is, dower to any extent. The pra GHICE, of using ever in such phrases is corrupt. It not only destroys the force but the propriety of the plirase. Burke. Camden. Washington. Goldsmith. 3. In no degree ; not. i Whoever has a friend to enide him, m uy carry his eyes in anc ther man’s head, and yet see never the worse, Sor su. 4. It is used for not. He answered him never a word ; that is, not ever. This use is not common. 5. It is much used in comy position ; as, in zever- ending, never-failing, mnever- -dying, never-ceasing, Nev r-fading ; but in all such compounds, never re- tains its true me aning Hooke. to a, state of indifference or inactivity ; as, to neu- tralize parties in government; to neutralize oppo- 11, Having passed the change or conjunction with the sun; as, the ew moon. 12. Not cleared and cultiy ated, or lately cleared ; as, 1€wW land. America. 13. ‘That has lately appeared for the first time ; as, a new star. JVew is much used in composition to qualify other words, and always bears its true sense of late, recent, novel, fresh ; as, in new-born, new-mi ade, neiw-erown, new-formed, new-found. In this use, new mi ly be considered as adve rbial, or as a part of the compound. NEW, (ni,)v.t. Tomake new. [Wot used. Gower. NEW/-B ORN, (nai! born,) a Recently born. 1 Pet. 1 NEW/-€0IN-2 D, a. Fresh from the mint ; Seay formed. NEW/-€OM/ER, n. One who has Jately come. Irving. NE\ EL, (nu’el,)n. In architecture, the upright post about which are formed winding stairs, or a cylinder formed by the end of the steps of the winding stairs. 2 NeG, lty. LW Vot used. |] Spenser. NEW/ER, a, roduced. NEW’EST, a.s troduce A NEW-FAB/RI-€A-TED. a. wy NEW_FAN'CL ED, “(aut fentait a. comp. More new; more recently in- uperl. Most new; most recently in- made. Burke. Newly fanc ied. AS-ING, a, Having no cessation or pause. NEV’/ER-SA-TED, a. Never NEV-ER-FHE-LESS’, [comp, Not the less ; notwith satisfied. of never, the and less.] standing; that is, in opposi- i tion to any thing, or w ithout ré ardingit. ‘* It rained, nevertheless we proceeded on our journey ;” we aid not the less proceed on our journey ; we procee ae d in t opposition to the rain, without reg: irding it, or with out being prevented. NEV/ER-T{iR- ING, a WN | ever enduring weariness. Ver Pl neow; D. nieuw; G. neu; Sw. novus ; It. nuovo ; Sp. nuevo; Gr. NEW, (ni,) a. See: and Dan. ny; VEOS § neuf; Arm. nevez; Ir. nua, nuadh: W. newyz; Russ. novie; Hindoo, nava,now; Sans. nawa; OL |p 3 ] | | IS. pd nau, I, Lately made, invente -d, produced, or come into { being; that has e xisted a short time only ; recent in | origin; novel; opposed to OL D, and used of things: | aS; a new Coat; a new house: a per book ; a new fashion ; a new theory ; the discovery. Di Lately introduced to our know] >dgze; not before known; recently discovered ; as, a new metal; a NC10 species of animals or plants found in foreign countries ; the new continent. - 3. Modern; not ancient. 4, Rece ently produced by change; as, a new life Put on the new man, — Eph 3. Not habituated ; not unaccustomed. Heretics and such as instil] their poison into new minds, new chemistry ; a new e iv. familiar ; Hooker. Pope. aS to recover the first ew to the plow, unpracticed in the trace, 6. Renovated ; repaired so State. Men, after long emaciating diets, w me wv. 7. Fresh after any event. Nei from her sickness to that northern air, 8, Not of ancient extraction or a distinction. By superior capacity and extensive mounts to favor. ax plump, fat, and almont Bacon, Dryden. family of ancient e knowledge, a new man often Addison, 9. Not before used 3 Strange; unknown. ‘They shall speak with new tonzues. — 10. Recently commenced ; Mark xvi. as, the 71e2 year, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—Ma&TE ee ee NEW-F 2 N’GLE, (nu-fang ie) )v. t To change by introducing novelties. JWilton. NEW-F ANG LED, (nu- fang’gld,) a. [new and fan- gle.) New made; formed with the affectation of novelty; in contempt. New-faneled devices. Atterbury. NEW-FAN/G LED-NESS, Vain NEW-FAN or affected fashion or form. Sidney. Caren. NEW-FASH/ION-ED, (nu-fash/und,) a. Made in a new form, or lz ate come » into fashion. NEW-— FOUND!, Newly discovered. NEW/ING, n. Viens or barm. NEW-I N-VENT! ED, « NE W/ISH, « a. } (nu-fang/gl-,) nx. IGLE-NESS, { Ainsworth. Newly invented. Somewhat new ; nearly new. Parry Haicon, SW /L VY, (nile,) adv. Late ly 5 freshly ; recently. He rubbed it o’er with ne red mint, D Nt, 2, With a new form, diffe rent from the Forni And the refined mind doth newly fashion Into a fairer form. Spenser, 3. In a manner not existing before. NEW /—-M; sea d. _ New ly made or formed. JWoore. NE W —-MOD! EL, v. t. To five a new form to. MOD! E We ri D,pp. ora. Formed afteranew mod- WOD/EL- ING. ppr. Giving anew formto. fel. INE SS,7. Lateness of origin; recentness;: state of being lately invented or produced ; as, the new- ness of a dress; the newness of a system 2, Novelty; the state of bi known or in- troduced. The newness of the scene was gratifying. 3. Innovation ; recent chang + Ing first A happy newness that intends old richt: Siak a Want of practice or familiarity. lewness shamed most of the others’ long exercise. Si iney. ere nt st fen eration: tate or qualities introduced by change en so we also should walk in newness of life. — Rom. vi. A JWilton. 12. Having lucky hits. [Jot wsed.] Shak. 13. Weak ; foolish; effeminate. 14. Trivial ; unimportant. Shak, To make nice; to be sc scrupulous. Shak. NICE/LY, adv. With delicate perception ; as, to be nicely sensible, 2. Accurately ; exactly; with exact order or pro- portion 5; as, the parts of a machine or building nicely adjusted ; 2 sh ape niecly proportioned ; a dress nicely fitted to the body; the ingredients of a medicine nicely proportioned and mixed. 3. renege tal languare, Well; cleverly ; dextrous- ; handsomely ; in the best me anner; as, a feat is [ Obs.] Gower. ea done, i, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —NIC Ni/CENE, a. Pertaining to Nice, a town of Asia Minor. The Wicene creed was a summary of Chris- tian faith, composed by the council of Nice against Arianism, A. D. 325, altered and confirmed by the council of Constantinople, A. D. 381. The council of Nice was the first and most important general council ever held by the Christian church. P. Ce. NICE/NESS, n. Delicacy of perception; the quality of perceiving small differences; as, niceness of taste. 2. Extreme delicacy ; excess of scrupulousness or exactness. Unlike the niceness of our modern dames. Dryden. 3. Accuracy; minute exactness; as, nicencss of work ; niceness of texture or proportion. Where’s now the labored niceness in thy dress ? NI/CE-TY, n. Niceness; delicacy of perception. 2. Excess of delicacy ; fastidiousness ; squeamish- ness. Dryden. So Jove doth loathe disdainful nicety. Spenser, 3. Minute difference; as, the niceties of words. 4, Minuteness of observation or discrimination ; precision. The connoisseur judges of the beauties of a painting with great nicety. 9. Delicate management ; exactness in treatment. Love such nicely requires, One blast will put out all his fires, Srift. 6. Wiceties; in the plural, delicacies for food; dainties. NI/EHAR, nm. A plant. Miller. NICHE, xn. [Fr. niche; Sp. and Port. necho ; It. niechia, properly a nook, corner, and nicchio, a shell. It seems to be a different orthography of Nook.] A cavity, hollow, or recess, within the thickness of a wall, for a statue, bust, or other erect ornament. Pope. NICH/ED, (nicht,) a. Placed inaniche. Sedgwick. NICK, n, In the northern mythology, an evil Spirit of the waters; hence the modern vulgar phrase, Old Nick, the evil one. NICK, n. [Sw. nick; Dan. nik; D. knik, a nod; G. mnicken, to nod; wenick, the nape; genicke, a contin- ual nodding. The word seems to signify a point, from shooting forward. 1. The exact point of time required by necessity or convenience, the critical time. LD Estrange 2. [G. knick,a flaw.] A notch cut into something, and hence a score for keeping an account; a reckon- ing. Shak 3. A winning throw. NICK, v. t. To hit; to touch luckily; to perform by a slight artifice used at the lucky time. The just se mn provec son of doing things must be nicked, and all ac 1. LEstz 2. To cut in nicks or notches. 3. To suit, as lattices cut in nicks. [ Obs.] Camden. 4. To defeat or cozen, as at dice; to disappoint by some trick or unexpected turn. [Obs.] Shak. NICK, v t ([G. knicken, to flaw.] To notch or make an incision in a horse’s tail, to make him carry it higher. NICK’AR-TREE, ) 2. A tree of the genus Guilandina, NICK’/ER-TREE, } which grows in the East and West Indies, and bears a small hard nut of the size of a small nutmeg ; alsocalled Bonpuc. NICK’/ED, (nikt,) pp. Hit ; touched luckily. 2. Notched ; made an incision in, as in a horse’s tail. NICK/EL, n. A metal of a white or reddish-white color, of great hardness, very difficult to be purified, always magnetic, and, when perfectly pure, mallea- ble and ductile. It is generally obtained from its sulphuret. NICK’/EL-I€, a. Pertaining to or containing nickel. NICK/ER, x. One who watches for opportunities to pilfer or practice knavery. [4 cant word.] Arbuthnot. NICK/ING, ppr. Hitting; touching luckily ; notching; making an incision in a horse’s tail, to make him carry it higher. NICK‘ING, n. In farriery, an operation performed on the tail of a horse, to make him carry it better. Farm. Encye. NICK/NACKS, a. pl. Small wares; bawbles; tri- fles. NICK’/NAME, nz. [In Fr. nique is a term of contempt. In G. neckenis to banter. In Ch. 72h signifies to sur- name, to call by a name of reproach.] A name given in contempt, derision, or reproach ; an opprobrious appellation. Bacon. NICK/NAME, v. t. To give a name of reproach; to call by an opprobrious appellation. You nickname virtue vice. NICK’NAM-ED, pp. NICK/NAM-ING, ppr. or derision. NI€-O-LA/L-TAN, . A term applied to certain cor- rupt persons in the early church at Ephesus, who are censured in Rev. li., but of whom little can be known Shak. Named in derision. Calling by aname in contempt NIG NL-€O'TIAN, a. Pertaining to or denoting tobacco; and as a@ noun, tobacco; so called from Nicot, who first introduced it into France, A. D. 1560. Brande. NI€-O-TUAN’I-NA, ) n. A concrete or solid oil ob- NL€0'TIA-NINE, tained from tobacco, and one of its active principles. It smells like tobacco smoke, tastes bitterish and slightly aromatic, and is emi- nently poisonous. Tully. NI€/O-TIN, n. An alkaloid obtained from tobacco, and one of its active principles. In its purest state, it is in small crystalline plates, which rapidly absorb moisture and liquefy. Its taste is very acrid, and continues long in the mouth. It is eminently poi- sonous. NI€/TATE, v. 2. To wink. Vie!’ TA-TING, ppr. or a Winking. The nic- Nic/TI-TA-TING, } titating membrane is a thin, pellucid membrane, by which the process of winking is performed in certain animals. NIG_TalTION NICLUL TATION, m The act of winking NIDE, n. [e nidus, a nest. ] A brood ; as, a nide of pheasants, NIDG/ET, 7. A dastard. NID'I-FI-CATE, v. i. To make a nest. NID-I-FIL-€A/TION,x2 The act or operation of build- ing a nest, and the hatching and feeding of young in the nest. Derham. NYDING, n. [Sax. nithing ; Dan. and Sw, niding.] A despicable coward ; a dastard. [ Obs.] : NY/DOR, xz. [L.] Scent; savor. Bp. Taylor. NI-DOR-OS’E-TY, n. Eructation with the taste of [L. nicto, to wink.] Ray. | Wot in use.] [Not in use. | Camden. [L. nidifico, from nidus, a nest.] undigested roast meat. Floyer. NiI/DOR-OUS, a. Resembling the smell or taste of roasted meat. ACONs NID'U-LANT, a. [L. nidulor, from nidus, nest.] In Jotany, nestling ; lying loose in pulp or cotton, Within a berry or pericarp. Martyn. Lee. NID-U-LA’TION, n. The time of remaining in the nest; as of a bird. Brown NY/DUS,». [L.] A nest; a repository for the eggs of birds, insects, &c. NIECE, (nese,) n. [Fr. niéce; Arm. nizes, nyes, W. nith; qu. The D. has nigt, and the G. nichte.] The daughter of a brother or sister. Johnson. NI-EL’/LO, zn. [It.] A species of ornamental en- graving used by the Romans and the modern Ital- jans, somewhat resembling damask-work, made by enchasing a black composition, said to have been composed of silver and lead, into cavities in wood and metals. Elmes. P. Cyc. NIF’LE, 2. [Norm.] A trifle. [Obs.] Chaucer. NIG’/GARD, x. W. nie, straight, narrow, or G. knicker, a niggard, and a nod or nodding; knickern, to haggle, to be sordidly parsimonious; Dan. gnier, for gniker or gniger, iggard. ‘l’his word seems to belong to the family of D. knikken, G. nicken, Dan. nikker, to nod, and this to Dan. knikker, to crack ; exhibiting analogies similar to those of 2zoretch, wreck, and haggle. Ard is a termination, as in dotard.] A miser; a person meanly close and covetous; a sordid wretch who saves every cent, or spends wavel cre ol vy grudgingly. Serve him as a grudging master. As & penurious reard of his wealth. Be niggards of advice on no pretense. NIG/GARD, a. Miserly; meanly covetous; sordidly parsimonious. Dryden. 2, Sparing ; wary. Most free of question, but to our demands Milton, Pope. Niggard in his reply. Shak, NIG/GARD, v. t To stint; to supply sparingly. { Little u sed, | Shak. NIG/GARD-ISH, n. Niggardliness. [JVot in use.] Spenser. NIG/GARD-ISH, a. Somewhat covetous or niggardly. Johnson. NIG/GARD-LI-NESS,n. Mean covetousness ; sordid patsimony ; extreme avarice manifested in sparing expense. Niggardliness is not good husbandry, NIG/GARD-LY, a. Meanly covetous or avaricious ; sordidly parsimonious ; extremely sparing of ex- pense. Where the owner of the house will be bountiful, it is not for the steward to be nixgardly. Flalt. Addison, 2, Sparing; wary; cautiously avoiding profusion. Sidney, NIG/GARD-LY, adv. Sparingly; with cautious par- simony. Shak. NIG/GARD-NESS, x. Niggardliness. [JVot used.] Stdnei. NIG’/GARD-Y, 7. Niggardliness. [Vet wsed.] NIG’/GLE, v. t. andi To mock; to trifle with. [JVot in use.| Beaum. & Fl. NIG/GLED, (nig’gld,) pp. Trifled with. NIG/GLER, 2. One who niggles at any handiwork. Smart. NIG/GLING, ppr. Mocking. With certainty. Murdock. NIGH, (ni,) a. [Sax. neah, neahg, neh, for nig; G. NIG nahe, nigh. This is the G. nach, D. na, a preposition signifying to, on, or after, that is, approaching pressing on, making toward ; D. naaken, to approach ; W. nig, strait, narrow. ] , 1, Near; not distant or remote in place or time. The loud tumult shows the battle neh, Prior. When the fig-tree putteth forth leaves, ye know that summer is nigh, — Matt. xxiv. 2. Closely allied by blood; as, a nigh kinsman. Knolles. 3. Easy to be obtained or learnt; of easy access. The word is very nigh to thee. — Deut. xxx. 4, Ready to support, to forgive, or to aid and defend. The Lord is mgh to them who are of a broken heart.— Ps. xxxiy. a 5. Close in fellowship; intimate in relation. Ye are made nigh by the blood of Christ. — Eph. ii. 6. Near in progress or condition. Heb. vi. NIGH, (ni,) adv. Near; at a small distance in place or time, or in the course of events. He was sick, nigh to death. — Phil. ii, 2. Near to a place. He drew nigh. 3. Almost; near. He was nigh dead. JVigh is never a preposition. In the phrase, “ Vich this recess, with terror they survey,” there is an ellip- sis of to. They, nigh to this recess, survey, &c. NIGH, (ni,) v.<. To approach; to advance or draw Miuton, near. [JVot used.] EHubberd. NIGH’LY, (ni/ly,) adv. Nearly; within a little. A cube and a sphere nighly of the same bigness. [Not used.} Locke. NIGH/NESS, (ni/ness,) n. place, time, or degree. NIGHT, (nite,)n. [Sax. niit; Goth. nahts; D. nazt; G. nacht; Sw. natt; Dan. nat, contracted ; L. nox; Gr. vut ; Sp. noche; Port. noite; It. notte; Er. nuit ; Ir. nocht; Russ noch; Slav. nosch; Sans. nischa. The sense may ve dark, black, or it may be the de- cline of the day, from declining, departing, like the Shemitic A np- 1, That part of the natural day when the sun is beneath the horizon, or the time from sunset to sun- rise. 2. The time after the close of life; death. John ix. She closed her eyes in everlasting night. Nearness ; proximity in Driden. 3. A state of ignorance; intellectual and moral darkne heathenish ignorance. Rom. xiii, 4, Adversity ; a state of aftliction and distress. Tso XX 5. Obscurity ; a state of concealment from the eye or the mind ; unintelligibleness. Nature and nature’s works lay hid in night. o Pope. Luke xii. Lo-right the moon will In the night ; suddenly ; unexpectedly. Yo-night ; in this night. be eclipsed. NIGHT’/—-AN'/GLING, (nite/ang’sling,) m The an- gling for or catching fish in the night. Encye. NIGHT’-BIRD, x, A bird that flies only in the night. Fall. NIGHT’/-BLOOM-ING, a. Blooming in the night. NIGHT’/-BORN, a. Produced in darkness. NIGHT’-BRAWL-ER, mn. One who excites brawls, or makes a tumult at night. Shak. NIGHT/€AP, xn. A cap worn in bed or in undress. Swift. A bird that cries in the night. Shak. The dew formed in the night. Dryden. NIGHT’-DOG, n. A dog that hunts in the night, used by deer-stealers. Shak. NIGHT’-DRESS, n. A dress worn at night. Pope. NIGHT’ED, Oe a. Darkened; clouded; black. NIGHT’/-€ROW, zn. NIGHT’/-DEVW, n. | Jaittle used. Shak. NIGHT/FALL, n. The close of the day ; orenne: Swift. Traveling in the night. Gay. NIGHT’-FIRE, x. Ignis fatuus ; Will-with-a-wisp ; Jack-with-a-lantern. Herbert. 2. Fire burning in the night, Irving. NIGHT’-FLY, x. An insect that flies in the MED. Shak. NIGHT’-FLY-ER, nm. An insect that flies in the night. NIGHT/-FOUND-ER-ED, (nit/found-erd,) a. Lost or distressed in the night. Milton. NIGHT’/GOWN, zn. A loose gown used for undress. Addison. A witch supposed to wander in the night. Milton. | NIGHT’/-HAWK, zn. NIN NI-GRES’/CENT, a. [L. nigresco, to grow black. ] Growing black; changing to a black color; ap- proaching to blackness. NI/GRINE, zx. An ore of titanium, found in black grains or rolled pieces. Ure. NL'HIL AL'BUM, 2. [., white nothing.] In chem- istry, a name formerly given to the flowers or white oxyd of zinc, a woolly-looking, white matter, formed by the combustion of zinc, and so minutely divided as to be carried up mechanically and float in the air. Ure. NI'HIL DE'BET, [L., he owes nothing.] A plea de- nying a debt. NUHIE DI'CIT, [L., he says nothing.] In law, a judgment by nihil dicit, is when the defendant makes no answer, NY HIL-ISM, 2. NI-HIL/I-TY, zn. hilum. ] Nothingness ; a state of being nothing. Watts. NIL DES-PE-RAN'DUM, {[L.] Let there be no de- spair. The phrase was originally, NIL DES-PE-RAN'DUM DE RE-PUB'LI-CA. Let there be no despair respecting the commonwealth or State. NILL, vt. [Sax. nillan, that is, ne, not, and willan, to will; L. nolo ; ne and volo.) Not to will ; to refuse ; to reject. { Obs.) NILL, v. i. To be unwilling. NILL, n. The shining sparks of brass in trying and melting the ore Johnson. NY-LOM/E-TER, 7x. Nile, and perpov measure, ] An instrument for measuring the rise of water in he Nile during the flood, sOT’TE, a. Pertaining ry pt. NIM, v. t. [Sax. neman, niman, Goth. miman, D. nee- men, G. nehmen, to take. ] To take ; to steal; to filch. [ Obs.] Hudibras. IL’ Estrange. [Qu. W. nwyv, liveliness. In Dan. nem is sharp, acute. Light and quick in motion ; moving with ease and celerity ; lively ; swift. It is applied chiefly to mo- tions of the feet and hands, sometimes to other things ; as, a nimble boy; the nimble-footed deer. Nothingness ; nihility. Dwicht. [L. nihilum, nihil, nothing ; ne and Spenser. Shak. [Gr. Netdos, > t NI to the River Nile in ] “ Through the mid seas the nzmble pinnace sails. NIM’BLE-FOOT-ED, a. of foot. NIM’BLE-NESS, n. Lightness and agility in motion ; quickness ; celerity ; speed; swiftness. It implies lightness and springiness. Pope. Running with speed ; light The stag thought it better to trust to the nimbleness of his feet. Sidney. Ovid ranged over Parnassus with great nimibleness and agility. Addison, NIM’BLESS, x. Nimbleness. NIM/BLE-WIT-TED, a. [ Obs.] Spenser. Quick ; ready to speak. Bacon. NIM’/BLY, adv. With agility ; with light, quick mo- tion. le capers nimbly in a lady’s chamber. Shak. NIM’/BUS, n. [L.] A circle or disk of rays of light around the heads of divinities, saints, and sove reigns, upon medals, pictures, &c. Brande. 2. In meteorology, a name given to the rain-cloud, one of the four fundamental clouds. Olmsted. NI-MY/E-TY, 7. [L. nimietas. The state of being too much. NIM'MER, x. [Sax. niman, to take. ] A thief. [Not in use.] Hudibras NIN’€OM-POOP, n. [Said to be a corruption of L non compos, not of sound inind.] A fool; a blockhead; a trifling dotard. [.4 low word. | Addison. NINE, a. [Goth niun;'G. neun; Sw. nijo; Dan. Ne; Li. nonus ; probably contracted, as the Sax. is nigan, and the Dutch nigen, Hindoo now, Burman no, or nonan. | Denoting the number composed of eight and one ; aS, ine Men ; nine days. NINE, n. The number composed of eight and one ; or the number less by a unit than ten; three times three. The nine; among English poets, the nine Muses. NINE/FOLD, a. Nine times repeated. Milton. NINE/-HOLES, n. A game in which holes are made in the ground, into which a pellet is to be bowled. Drayton. NINE/-MEN’S-MOR/RIS, n. See Morris. NINE’/PENCE, x. A silver coin of the value of nine pence. NINE'-PINS, n. A play, originally, with nine pins or pieces of wood set on end, at which a bow) is rolled for throwing them down. We say, to play at nine- pins, OF a game at nine-pins. In the United States, ten pins are sometimes used for this game, NIN E/-SEORE, a. Noting nine times twenty, or one hundred and eighty, eee Score. ] NINE/-S€ORE, m The number of nine times twenty, NIND/TEEN, a. [Vot in use. | [Sax. nigantyne. | | NIP/PED, (nipt,) } pp. NiT Noting the number of nine and nineteen years. NINE'TEENTH, a. [Sax. nigantothe. | The ordinal of nineteen ; designating nineteen. NINE/TI-ETH, a. The ordinal of ninety. NINE‘TY, a. Nine times ten ; as, ninety years. = Se-Se r TEATXT rend ~ ® ® NIN’/NY, 2. [Sp. nizio; L. nanus, a dwarf; Ar, G& nana, weak in mind.] ten united ; as, A fool ; a simpleton. Swift. NIN’NY-HAM-MER, n. A simpleton. [Little used.) Arbuthnot. NINTH, a. [Sax. nigetha, nirotha; but ninth in Eng- lish is formed directly from nine; Sw. nijnde. } The ordinal of nine ; designating the number nine, the next preceding ten; as, the ninth day or month. NINTH, 2. A ninth part, 2. In music, an interval containing an octave, with a tone or semitone additional. NINTH/LY, adv. In the ninth place. NI-0’BI-UM, x. [from Niobe.) A metal recently dis- covered in Columbite. NIP, v. t. [D. knippen, to nip, to clip, to pinch; Sw. knipa; G. kneif, a knife, a nipping tool ; kneifen, to nip, to cut off, to pinch ; kniff, a pinch, a nipping; knipp, a fillip,a snap; W. cneiviar, to clip. These words coincide with knife, Sax. cnif, Fr. ganif, or canif.] 1. To cut, bite, or pinch off the end or nib, or to pinch off with the ends of the fingers. The word is used in both senses ; the former is probably the true sense. Hence, 2. To cut off the end of any thing; to clip, as with a knife or scissors ; as, to nip off a shoot or twig. 3. To blast; to kill or destroy the end of any thing ; hence, to kill; as, the frost has nipped the corn ; the leaves are ntpped; the plant was nipped in the bud. Hence, to nip in the bud, is to kill or de- Stroy in infancy or youth, or in the first Stage of growth. 4. To pinch, bite, or affect the extremities of any thing ; as, a nipping frost ; hence, to pinch or bite in general; to check growth. 5. To check circulation. When blood is nipt. 6. To bite ; to vex. Shak, [ Unusual, And sharp remorse his heart did prick and nip. Spenser. 7. To satirize keenly ; to taunt sarcastically. Hubberd, NIP, 7. A seizing or closing in upon; as, in the north- ern seas, the nip of the ice. 2. A pinch with the nails or teeth. 3. A small cut, or a cutting off the end. 4, A blast; a killing of the ends of plants ; de- struction by frost. >. A biting sarcasm ; a taunt, Stepney. 6. A sip or small draught ; as, a nip of toddy. [G. nippen, Dan. nipper, to sip. | Pinched; bit; cropped; blast- Ascham. NIPT, Ved: NIP/PER, x. A satirist. [Wot used.} 2. A fore tooth of a horse. NIP/PER-KIN, n. Asmall cup. NIP/PERS, n. pl. Small pincers. NIP/PING, ppr. ora. Pinching ; pinching off; biting off the end ; cropping; clipping; blasting ; killing. NIP/PING-LY, adv. With-bitter sarcasm. Johnson. NIP/PLE,n, [Sax. nypele; dim. of nib, ned. | I, A teat; a dug; the spongy protuberance by Which milk is drawn from the breasts of females. Ray. Encyc. 2. The orifice at which any animal liquor is sepa- rated. Derham. NIP/PLE-WORT, n. An herb of the genus Lapsana, formerly used as an external application to the breasts of women. Loudon. Isnot. [Obs.] Spenser. [Heb. and Ch. }D)3.] A month of the Jewish calendar, the first month of the sacred year, and seventh of the civil year, an- Swering to the latter part of March and beginning of April, It was originally called Abib, but began to be called WVisan after the captivity. Gesenius. P. Cyc. NI/SI PRIUS, n. [L.] In law, a writ which lies in cases where the jury, being impanneled and returned before the justices of the bench, one of the parties requests to have this writ for the ease of the county, that the cause may be tried before the justices of the Same county. ‘T'he purport of the writ is, that the sheriff is commanded to bring to Westminster the men impanneled ata certain day, before the justices, nisi prius, that is, unless the justices shall first come into the county to take assizes. Hence the courts directed to try matters of fact in the several counties are called Courts of Nisi Prius, or Nisi Prius Courts. In some of the United States, similar courts are es- tablished, with powers defined by statute. NIT, 7. [Sax. hnitu; G. niss ; D. neet; Sw. gnet; Dan. gnid; W. nezen, n€Z.] The egg of a louse or other small insect. Derham. j Ascham. The nippers are four. ——- MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK —FR a RRR Oe NO NI'TEN-CY, n. [from L. niteo, to shine.] I Brightness; luster. [Little used.] 2 [L. nitor, to strive.] Endeavor; effort; spring to expand itself. [Little used.] Boyle. NI/TER,) x. [Fr. nitre; Sp. and It. nitro; L. nitrum; NIUTRE, Gr. virpov ; Heb. and Syr. 1n3; Ar. 30 S975 mtrona. In Hebrew, the verb under which this word appears signifies to spring, leap, shake, and to strip or loose; in Ch. to strip, or to fall off; In Syriac, the same; in Sam. to keep, to watch or guard ; in Ar. the same; in Eth. to shine. ] A salt, called also Sarrrerer, [stone-salt,] and in the modern nomenclature of chemistry, NitRaTE oF Porassa. It exists in large quantities on or near the surface of the earth ; and is continually formed, in inhabited places, on walls sheltered from rain, and in all situations where animal matters are decom- posed, under stables and barns, &c. It is of great use in the arts; is the principal ingredient in gun- powder, and is useful in medicines, in preserving meat, butter, &c. It is a white crystalline salt, and has an acrid, bitterisl: taste. Hooper. Fourcroy. NITH/ING, n. [Sax.] A coward; a dastard ; a pol- troon. [See Niprne.} NIT’ID, a. [L. nitidus.] I. Bright ; lustrous ; shining. Boyle. 2. Gay; spruce; fine; applied to persons. {Little used. eeve. Ni/TRATE, n. Asalt formed by the union of the nitric acid with a base; as, nitrate of soda. Lavoisier. Fourcroy. Ni/TRA-TED, a. Combined with nitric acid. Ni/TRE, x. See Niter. Ni/TRI€, a. Impregnated with nitric acid. WVitric acid is composed of oxygen and nitrogen or azote, in the proportions of five equivalents of the former to one of the latter. Nitric oxyd is composed of oxygen and nitrogen, in the proportion of two equivalents of the former to one of the latter. NiI-TRI-FI-€A/TION, x. converting into niter. Ni/TRI-FY, v. t. [miter and L. facio.] To convert into niter. Ni/TRITE, nx. Asalt formed by the combination of the nitrous acid with a base. NI/TRO-GEN, n. [Gr. vivpov, niter, and yevyvaw, to produce. } That element which is the basis of nitric acid and the principal ingredient of atmospheric air. In a pure state, it is a colorless gas, wholly devoid of smell and taste. It was first noticed by Dr, Rutherford, in the year 1772. [See Azore.] Ni-TROG/E-NOUS, a. Pertaining to nitrogen. NI-TRO-LEU/CI€, a. Designating a supposed acid, obtained from leucine acted on by nitric acid. It is now supposed to be a compound of nitric acid and leucine, and therefore is not properly an acid. Braconnot. [Gr. virpoy and perpew, to The process of forming or Ni-TROM/E-TER, x. measure, | An instrument for ascertaining the quality or value of niter. Ure. NiL-TRO-MU-RI-AT'I€, a. The nitro-muriatic acid is formed by mixing nitric and muriatic (or hydroch- loric) acid, and is a compound of nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine. It was formerly called aqua regia, from its solvent power over gold, the king of the metals. Brande. NI/TROUS, a. Pertaining to niter; partaking of the qualities of niter, or resembling it. WVitrous acid is one of the compounds formed of nitrogen and oxy- gen, in which the oxygen jis in a lower proportion than that in which the same elements form nitric acid. Nitrous oryd; sometimes, from its effects on the animal system: when inhaled, called exhilarating or laurhing gas; a gas composed of one equivalent of oxygen and one of nitrogen. NI/TRY, a. Nitrous; pertaining to niter; producing Gay. The horse bee, that depos- Med. Repos. [from nitty.] Lousily. [JVot used,] niter, NIT’TER, n, [from nit.] its nits on horses. NIT’TLLY, ado. Hayward. NIT’TY, a. [from nit.] Full of nits; abounding with nits. Jolinson. NYVVAL,a. [L. nivalis, from niz, nivis, snow.) Abounding with snow; snowy. [Wot used.] Dict. NIV’/E-OUS, a. [L. niveus.] Snowy ; resembling snow ; partaking of the qual- ities of snow, Brown. NI-ZAM’,n ‘The title of one of the native sovereigns of India. NO; an abbreviation of number, Fr. nombre; as, No. 8, No. 10. NO, adv. [Sax. na or ne; W.na; Russ. ne; Sans. na; Pers. Zend. zd. 1, A word of denial or refusal, expressing a nega- tive, and equivalent to nay and not. When it ex- resses a negative answer, it is opposed to Yxus or BA. Will you go? Wo. NOB It is frequently used in denying propositions, and opposed to affirmation or concession. ‘* That I may prove them, whether they will walk in my Jaw or no.” Exod. xvi. No, in this use, is deemed less el- gant than not, but the usé is very general. 2. After another negative, it repeats the negation with great emphasis. There is none righteous, no, not one. — Rom. iii. 1 Cor. y. _ Sometimes it follows an affirmative proposition in like manner, but still it denies with emphasis, and gives force to the following negative. To on we gave place by subjection, no, not for an hour. — Gal. ii. _ Sometimes it begins a sentence with a like emphat- ical signification, strengthening the following nega- tive. No, not the bow which so adorns the skies, So glorious is, or boasts so many dyes. Waller. 3. Not in any degree; as, no longer; no shorter ; no more ; no less. 4. When zo is repeated, it expresses negation or refusal with emphasis ; as, no, no. NO, a. Not any; none. Let there be no strife between thee and me. — Gen. xiii. 2. Not any ; not one. Thou shalt worship no other God. — Ex. xxxiv. 3. When it precedes zhere, as in no where, it may be considered as adverbial, though originally an ad- jective. NO-A‘€HI-AN, a. or to his time. NOB, xn. The head. NO-BIL/TA-RY, 2. ble families. NO-BIL/I-TATE, v. t. [L. nobilito. To make noble ; to ennoble. NO-BIL-I-TA’/TION, n. The act of making noble. More. Pertaining to Noah, the patriarch, Phillips, Geol. {In ridicule. A low word.] [See Nozsie.] A history of no- Encyc. See Nose. ] NO-BIL/I-TY, n. [L. nobilitas.] 1. Dignity of mind; greatness; grandeur; that elevation of soul which comprehends bravery, gen- erosity, magnanimity, intrepidity, and contempt of every thing that dishonors character. Though she hated Amphialus, yet the nobility of her courage revailed over it. Sidney. They thought it great their sovereign to control, And named their pride, nobility of soul. Dryden, 2. Antiquity of family ; descent from nobJe ances- tors ; distinction by blood, usually joined with riches. When J took up Boccace unawares, I fell on the same argument of preferring virtue to nobility of blood and titles, in the story of Sigismunda. Dryden. 3. The qualities which constitute distinction of rank in civil society, according to the customs or laws of the country; that eminence or dignity which a man derives from birth or title conferred, and which places him in an order above common men. In Great Britain, nobility is extended to five ranks, those of duke, marquis, earl, viscount, and baron. 4. The persons collectively who enjoy rank above commoners ; the peerage; as, the English nobility ; French, German, Russian nobility. NO’BLE, a, [Fr.and Sp. noble; Port. nobre; It. no- bile; L. nobilis, from nosco, novi, to know,] I. Great; elevated; dignified; being above every thing that can dishonor reputation ; as,azoble mind ; a noble courage ; noble deeds of valor. Milton. 2. Exalted ; elevated ; sublime. Statues, with winding ivy crowned, belong To nobler poets for a nobler song. Dryden. 3, Magnificent ; stately ; splendid ; as, azoble par- ade; a noble edifice. 4, Of an ancient and splendid family ; as, noble by descent. 5. Distinguished from commoners by rank and title ; as, a noble personage. 6, Free ; generous ; liberal ; as, a noble heart, 7. Principal; capital; as, the noble parts of the body. Johnson. 8. Ingenuous; candid; of an excellent disposi- tion ; ready to receive truth. @cts xvii. 9. Of the best Kind; choice ; excellent; as, a no- ble vine. Jer. il. Noble metals; a name given to gold, silver, and platinum. Ure. NO/BLE, n. A person of rank above a commoner; a nobleman; a peer; as, a duke, marquis, earl, vis- count, or baron. 2. In Scripture, a person of honorable family, or distinguisnea by station. Exod. xxiv. Veh. Vi. 3. Formerly, a gold coin, but now a money of ac- count, value 6s. 8d, sterling, or $1.48 ets. Camden. NO/BLE-MAN, 7. A noble; a peer; one who enjoys rank above a commoner, either by virtue of birth, by office, or patent. bay Dryden, NO/BLE-NESS, n. Greatness; dignity; ingenuous- ness ; magnanimity ; elevation of mind or of condi- tion, particularly of the mind. His purposes are full of honesty, nobleness, and Enea aylor. Greatness of mind and nobleness their seat Build in her loveliest. Milton. The nobleness of life is to do this, Shak. NOD ce 2. Distinction by birth; honor derived from a no- NO’/BLER, a. More noble. [ble ancestry. NO-BLESS’, F ieee a NO-BLESSE’, | ™ [Fr. noblesse, from Sp. nobleza.] 1. The nobility ; persons of noble rank collective- ly ; including males and females. Dryden. 2. Dignity; greatness; noble birth or conditiva ae these senses, not now used.| Spenser. B. Jonson. NO!/BLEST, a. Most noble. NO/BLE-WOM-AN, n. > eee am ~ asa ( NOR, connective. [ne and or) A word that denies or renders negative the second or subsequent part of a proposition, or a propositiin following another nega- tive proposition ; correlative to Nertyer or Nor. I neither love nor fear thee. Fight neither with small nor ereat.— 1 Kings xxii. Eye hath not seen, nor ear heard. —1 Cor. ii. 2. Nor sometimes begins a sentence, but in this case a negative proposition has preceded it in the foregoing sentence. 3. In some cases, usually in poetry, neither is omitted, and the negation which it would express is included in nor. Simois nor Xanthus shall be wanting there, That is, neither Simois nor Xanthus, 4. Sometimes, in poetry, nor is used for neither, in the first part of the proposition. Shak. Dryden, I whom nor avarice nor pleasures move. Walsh. NOR/FOLK €RAG, xn. In geology, an English terti- ary formation, consisting of irregular, ferruginous, sandy clay, mixed with marine shells. Buchanan. NO’‘RI-UM, x. A metal recently discovered in Zircon. NOR/MAL, a. [L. normalis, from norma, a square, a rule.] 1. According to a square or rule ; perpendicular ; forming a right angle. 2. Reguiar ; according to an established law, rule, or principle, 3. Relating to rudiments or elements; teaching rudiments or first principles; as, normal schools in France, NOR/MAL GROUP, in geology, is a group of certain rocks taken as a rule or standard. Lyell. NOR’/MAL, n. A perpendicular. In the geometry of curve lines, the normal to a curve at any point is a NOS NOR/MAL SCHOOL, n. An institution for training up persons to teach common schools. NOR’/MAN, n._ In seamen’s language, a short, wooden bar, to be thrust into a hole of the Windlass, on which to fasten the cable. Mar. Dict. NOR/MAN, xz. [northanan or nord-man.| A Norwe- gian, or a native of Normandy. NOR’MAN, a. Pertaining to Normandy or to the Normans; as, the Norman language. NORNS, x. pl. In Scandinavian mythology, the three Fates, past, present, and future, whose decrees were irrevocable, NOR/ROY, x. [north and roy, north king.] The title of the third of the three kings at arms or provincial heralds. Burke, NORSE, nm. The language of ancient Scandinavia. NORTH, xn. (Sax. north; G. Sw. and Dan. nord: D. noord; It. norte; Fr. nord; Arm. id.; Sp. nord, the north wind, and norte. north, the arctic pole, and a rule or guide. I know not the origin of this word, nor its primary sense. It may have been applied first to the pole star, or to the wind, like Boreas.] One of the cardinal points, being that point of the horizon which is directly opposite to the sun in the meridian, on the left hand, when we stand with the face to the east; or it is that point of intersection of the horizon and meridian which is nearest our pole. YC. NORTH, a. Being in the north; as, the north polar Star. NORFH-EAST’, x. The point between the north and east, at an equal distance from each. NORTH-EAST’, a. Pertaining to the north-east, or proceeding from that point; as, a north-east wind. NORFH-EAST’ER-LY, a. Toward the north-east. NORFH-EAST’ERN, a. Pertaining to or being in the north-east, or in a direction to the north-east NORFH’/ER-LY, a. Being toward the north, 2. From the north, [We use this word and Norrnern with consider- able de NORTFH’ER-LY, adv. Toward the north; as, to sail northerli. 2. In a northern direction ; as, a course northerly. 3. Proceeding from a northern point. NORFH'ERN, a. Being in the north, or nearer to that point than to the east or west. 2. In a direction toward the north, or a point near it ; as, Lo steer a northern course. Northern lights. See Aurora Borgauis. NORFH’/ERN-ER, n. One a native or resident in the north ; in the United States, opposed to SouTHERNER. NORFH/ERN-LY, adv. Toward the north. [Jot used. | HHakevoull, NORFH’ERN-MOST, a. Situated at the point furthest north. NORFH'ING, n. Distance northward from any point of departure, measured on a meridian. NORTH'MAN, n. ; pl. NortHmen. A name given to the inhabitants of the north of Europe, the ancient Scandinavians; whence, Morman. NORTH’-STAR, 7. The north polar star. NORFH/WARD, a. (Sax. north and weard.] Being toward the north, or nearer to the north than to the east and west points. NORFH’WARD, adv. Toward the north, or toward a point nearer to the north than the east and west oints. Bacon. Dryden. NORFH’WARD-LY, a. Having a northern direction. NORFH’WARD-LY, adv. In a northern direction. NORFH-WEST’,n. The point in the horizon be- tween the north and west, and equally distant from each. NORFH-WEST’, a. Pertaining to the point between the north and west; being in the north-west; as, the north-west coast. 2. Proceeding from the north-west ; as, a north west wind. NORFH-WEST’ER-LY, a. Toward the north-west. 2. From the north-west, as a wind. NORFH-WEST’ERN, a. Pertaining to or being in the north-west, or in a direction to the north-west ; as, a north-western course. NORTH’-WIND, x. The wind that blows from the north. Watts. NOR-WE'GI-AN, a. Belonging to Norway. Shak- speare has Norweyan. NOR-WE/GI-AN, n. A native of Norway. NOSE, n. [Sax. nose, nese, nase; G. nase; D. neus; Sw. ndsa; Dan. nese; L. nasus; It. naso; Fr. nez; Russ. nos; Dalmatian, nooss; Sans. nasa. Qu. Gr. vnoos, an isle. It occurs in Peloponnesus, the prom- ontory of Pelops. It seems to be the same word, or from the same root, as ness, in Sheerness. ] 1. The prominent part of the face, which is the organ of smell, consisting of two similar cavities called nostrils. The nose serves, also, to modulate the voice in speaking, and to discharge the tears which flow through the lachrymal ducts. Through this organ, also, the air usually passes in respiration, and it constitutes no smaJl part of the beauty of the | uaa by non-appearance, or other neglect, as a Straight nos perpendicular to the tangent at that face. In man, the nose is situated near the middle Sever a ie point, and included between the curve and the axis of the face ; but in quadrupeds, the nose is at or near | NON-TEN’URE, n, In law, a plea of a defendant, | of the abscissa. the Jower extrerity DE TREERE 1 | PATE EAR: FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 756SI “~ ~ hh OS a SE nee eee ened NOT NOT NOT | 2. The end of any thing ; as, the nose of a bellows. } NOT’A-BLE, a. Active; industrious; distinguished 14. Notes, pl.; a writing ; a written discourse : ap- Holder. for good management; as, a notable woman or house- feonieets 3. Scent; sagacity. We are not offended with a dog for a better nose than his master. Collier. To lead by the nose ; to lead blindly. To be led by the nose; to follow another obsequious- ly, or to be led without resistance or inquiring the reason. To thrust one’s nose into the affairs of others; to meddle ofliciously in other people’s matters; to be a busybody. _ To put one’s nose out of joint ; to alienate the affec- tions from another. NOSE, v. t. To smell; to scent. Shak. _ 2. ‘To face ; to oppose to the face. Wood. NOSE, v.z. To look big; to bluster. [ot used.] Shak. NOSE/-BAG, n. A bag to be tied to a horse’s nose, containing a feed of oats, maize, &c. NOSE/-BAND, x. That part of the headstall of a bridle which comes over a horse’s nose. Farm. Encyc. NOSE/BLEED, 7. A hemorrhage or bleeding at the nose. 2. A plant of the genus Achillea. NOS/ED, (nozd,) a. Having a nose; as in long-nosed, 2. Having sagacity. Jiddleton. NOSE/-FISH, 7. A fish of the leather-mouthed kind, with a flat, blunt snout; called, also, Broap-sNnouT. Dict. Nat. Mist. NOSE’GAY, 7. [nose and Celtic geac, a bough.] A bunch of flowers used to regale the sense of smelling. As on the nosegay in her breast reclined. Pope. NOSE’LESS, a. Destitute of a nose. Shak. NOSE/SMART, 7. A plant, Nasturtium ; cresses. NOSE’THRIL. See Nostriv. NO/SING, nz. The molding or part of the tread-board of a stair, which projects over the riser. NOS'LE, (noz/zl,) n. [from nose.] A little nose; the extremity of a thing; as, the nosle of a bellows. See Nozz.e.]} NO-SO-€0M’I€-AL, a. NO-SOG/RA-PHY, x. of diseases. NOS-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. [See Nosorocy.] Pertaining to nosology, or a systematic classification of dis- eases, NO-SOL/O-GIST, n. One who classifies diseases, arranges them in order, and gives them suitable naines. NO-SOL/0-GY, 7. discourse. ] 1. A systematic arrangement or classification of diseases with names and definitions, according to the distinctive character of each class, order, genus, and species. Encyc. 2. That branch of medical science which treats of the classification of diseases. NO-SO-PO-ET’I€, a. [Gr. vocos, disease, and motew, to produce. | Producing diseases. [Little used.] Arbuthnot. NOS-TAL/GLA,x. [Gr. voorew, to return, and adyos, grief. Hiienioineats a species of melancholy, resulting from absence from one’s home or country. Encyc. Am. NOS-TAL/GI€, a. Pertaining to nostalgia. NOS’TRIL, n. [Sax. nosethyrl, neesthyrl. Thyrl, or thirel, is an opening or perforation ; thirlian, thyrlian, to bore, to perforate, to thrill, to drill. See DriLt. An aperture or passage through the nose. he nostrils are the passages through which air is inhaled and exhaled in respiration. NOS/TRUM, n. [L., from zoster, ours.] A medicine, the ingredients of which are kept secret for the purpose of restricting the profits of sale to the inventor or proprietor ; a quack medicine. Pope. NOT, adv. [Sax. naht or noht, naught, that is, ne and awiht, not any thing; D. niet; G. nicht; Russ. niete ; Scot. nacht. See Nauenur.] 1. A word that expresses negation, denial, or re- fusal; as, he will not go; will you remain? I[ will not. In the first member of a sentence, it may be followed by nor or neither; as, not for a price nor re- ward; I was not in safety, neither had I rest. 2. With the substantive verb in the following phrase, it denies being, or denotes extinction of ex- istence. Thine eyes are open upon me, and I am not. —Job vii. NO!TA BE!NE, [L.] Observe well; take particular notice. NO’TA-BLE, a. [Fr. notable; \. notabilis, from notus, known; nosco, to know. | 1. Worthy of notice; remarkable; memorable ; noted or distinguished. 2, In Scripture, conspicuous 5 sightly ; as, a notable horn. Dan. Viii. 3. Notorious ; well known. 4. Terrible. Acts ii. 5 Known or apparent. Relating to a hospital. The science of the description [Gr. vocos, disease, and )oyos, Brande, Matt. Xxviil. Acts iv. keeper. NO'TA-BLE, n. A person of note or distinction. 2. In France, the assembly of the notables, before the revolution, consisted of a number of persons, chiefly of the higher orders, appointed by the king to constitute a representative body of the kingdom. a Edin. Encyc. NO/TA-BLE, n. A thing worthy of observation. Rare.) Addison. NO’/TA-BLE-NESS, zn. Remarkableness. NOT’A-BLE-NESS, x. Bustling activity ; industrious- ness. [ Little used.] NO/TA-BLY, adv. Memorably ; remarkably; emi- nently. Bacon. 2. With show of consequence or importance. Alddison. NOT & BEY, adv. With bustling activity ; industri- ously. NO-TA/RI-AL, a. [from notary.] Pertaining to a notary ; as, a notarial seal; notarial evidence or at- testation. 2, Done or taken by a notary. NO-TA/RLAL-LY, adv. ina notarial manner. NO/TA-RY, 2. [L. notarius, from notus, known, from TOSCO. | 1, Primarily, a person employed to take notes of contracts, trials, and proceedings, in courts among the Romans. 2. In modern usage, an officer authorized to attest and protest notes and contracts or writings of any kind, to give them the evidence of authenticity. NO’TA-RY PUB/LI€, nz. A notary; one appointed to attest deeds and other instruments, to protest notes, and certify copies of agreement, &c. Bouvier. NO-TA’TION, x. [L. notatio, from noto, to mark.] 1. The act or practice of recording any thing by marks, figures, or characters; particularly, in arith- metic and algebra, the expressing of numbers and quantities by figures, signs, or characters, appropri- ate for the purpose. 2. Meaning; signification. Conscience, according to the very notation of the word, imports a double knowledge. . [Unusual.]} South. NOTCH, x. [qu. G. knicken, to crack or flaw, Dan. knikker. It seems to be the same word in origin as niche, nick, Class Ng, No. 49.) 1. A hollow cut in any thing; a nick; an indenta- tion. And on the stick ten equal notches makes. Swift. 2. An opening or narrow passage through a moun- tain or hill. We say the notch of a mountain. United States. To cut in small hollows; as, to notch a stick. Pope. NOTCH!’-BOARD, zn. The board which receives the ends of the steps in a staircase. NOTCH/ED, (notcht,) pp. Cut into small hollows. NOTCHI/ING, ppr. Cutting into small hollows. NOTCH'ING, x. The act of cutting into small hol- lows : also, the small hollow, or hollows cut. NOTCH’/-WEED, x. A plant called Oracn. Johnson. NOTE, for Ne Wore ; knew not, or could not. Chaucer. Spenser. NOTE, n. [L. nota; Fr. note; W. nod; from L. notus, nosco, to know.]} 1. A mark or token ; something by which a thing may be known; a visible sign. They who appertain to the visible church haye all the notes of external profession. Hooker. 2, A mark made in a book, indicating something worthy of particular notice. 3. Ashort remark ; a passage or explanation in the margin of a book. 4. A minute, memorandum, or short writing in- tended to assist the memory. 5. Notice; heed. Give order to my servants that they take No note at all of our being absent hence. Shak. 6. Reputation ; consequence ; distinction; as, men of note. Acts xvi. 7. State of being observed. Small matters, continually in use and note. NOTCH, ». t. [Litlle used.] MLCON, 8, In music, a character which marks a sound, or the sound itself; as, a semibreve, a minim, &c. Notes are marks of sounds in relation to elevation or depression, or to the time of continuing sounds. 9. A sound in music; tune; voice; harmonious, or melodious sounds. The wakeful bird tunes her nocturnal note, Milton. One common note on cither lyre did strike. Dryden. 10. Abbreviation ; symbol. Baker. 11. A short letter ; a billet. Dryden. 12. Annotation ; a comment, or observation on an author; usually placed at the bottom of the page; as, the notes in Scott’s Bible; to write notes on Homer. 13. A written or printed paper acknowledging a debt and promising payment ; as, a promissory note ; plied equally to minutes or heads of a discourse or argument, or to a discourse fully written, The ad- vocate often has notes to assist his memory, and clergymen preach with notes or without them. 15. A diplomatic communication in writing; an official paper sent from a minister to an envoy, or an envoy to a minister, My note of January 10th still remains unanswered. Gallatin. NOTH, v. t. [L. noto. 1. To observe; to notice with particular care; to heed ; to attend to. No more of that; I have noted it well. Their manners noted and their states surveyed. 2. To set down in writing. Note it in a book. —Is. xxx, 3. To charge, as with a crime; with of or for. They were both noted of incontinency. [Obs.] Dryden. To note a bill or draft. This is done by a notary, who, when acceptance is refused, notes the fact on the back as the ground of a protest. Brande. NOTE, ». t. [Sax. hnitan. } _ To butt; to push with the horns. [Obs.] Ray. N’OTE, for Ne Wore; did not know how to; could Shak. Pope. not. Spenser. NOTE’/-BOOK, 2. A book in which memorandums are written. Shak. 2. A book in which notes of hand are registered. NOT’ED, pp.. Set down in writing. 2. Observed ; noticed. 3. a. Remarkable ; much known by reputation or report; eminent ; celebrated; as, a noted author; a noted commander ; a noted traveler. NOT/ED-LY, adv. With observation or notice. Shak. NOT/ED-NESS, z. Conspicuousness ; eminence ; celebrity. Boyle. NOTE/LESS, a, Not attracting notice; not conspicu- ous. : ecker. NOTE/LESS-NESS, x. A state of being noteless. Knowles. NOT’ER, nz. One who takes notice ; an annotator. Gregory. NOTE’WOR-FHY, (-wur’the,) a. Worthy of obser- vation or notice. Shak. NOTH/ING, or NOTHING, n. [no and thing.] Not any thing; not any being or existence; a word that denies the existence of any thing; non-entity; op- posed to Sometuinae. The world was created from nothing. 2. Non-existence ; a state of annihilation. Shak. 3. Not any thing; not any particular thing, deed, or event. Vothing was done to redeem our char- acter. He thought nothing done while any thing re- mained to be done. A determination to choose nothing is a determination not to choose the truth, J. M. Mason. 4. No other thing. Nothing but this will entitle yon to God’s acceptance. Wake. 5. No part, portion, quantity, or degree. The troops manifested nothing of irresolution in the attack. Yet had his aspect nothing of severe. Dryden, 6. No importance; no value; no use. Behold, ye are of nothing, and your work of naught. —Is. xli. 7. No possession of estate ; a low condition. A man that from very nothing is grown to an nus pes ania eate D/L 8. A thing of no proportion to something, or of trifling value or advantage. The charge of making the ground, and otherwise, is great, but nothing to the profit. Bacon, 9. A trifle; a thing of no consideration or im- portance. *Tis nothing, says the fool ; but, says the friend, This nothing, sir, will bring you to your end, Dryden, To make nothing of; to make no difficulty, or to consider as trifling, light, or unimportant. We are industrious to preserve our bodies from slavery, but we make nothing of sutlering our souls to be slaves {o our lusts, Ray, NOTH/ING or NOTH/ING, adv. In no degree; not at all. Adam, with such counsel nothing swayed, Milton. In the phrase nothing worth, the words are trans- posed; the natural order being, worth nothing. __ NOTH/ING-NESS or NOTH/ING-NESS, 7. Nihility ; non-existence. Donne. 2. Nothing ; a thing of no value. Hudibras. NO'TICH, x. [Fr., from L. notitia, from noto or notus.] 1. Observation by the eye, or by the other senses. We take notice of objects passing or standing before us; we take notice of the words of a speaker ; we take notice of a peculiar taste of food, or of the smell of an orange, and of our peculiar sensations. No- tice, then, is the act by which we have knowledge of something within the reach of the senses, or the effect of an impression on some of the senses. 9, Observation by the mind or intellectual powers as, to take notice of a distinction between truth an a bank-note; a note of hand ; a negotiable note. veracity. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN//GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; GasJ; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS ——— 757 ‘i rt ee a ea \ nip erie Se = wegen we "94 oa| | NO’TIC-ING, ppr. | NOT NOU NOV } 3. Information ; intelligence by whatever means communicated; knowledge given or received ; as, received notice by a messenger or by Jetter. He gave notice of his arrival. The bell gives notice of the hour of the day. The merchant gives notice that a bill of exchange is not accepted. 4. A paper that communicates information. 5. Attention ; respectful treatment ; civility. i 6. Remark; observation. i! NO/TICE, v. t. To observe; to see. } conduct of the speaker; we noticed no improper conduct. : 2. To heed; to regard. His conduct was rude, but I did not notice it. 3. Toremark ; to mention or make observations on. We noticed the This plant deserves to be noticed in this place. Tooke. Another circumstance was moliced in connection with the sug- gestion last discussed. Hamilton. | } ‘ | | | 4. To treat with attention and civilities; as, to | motice strangers. 5. To observe intelJectually. NO/TICE-A-BLE, a. That may be observed ; worthy | . of observation. — NO'TIC-ED, (no'tist,) pp. Observed; seen; remark- ed; treated with attention. Observing ; seeing ; regarding remarking on ; treating with attention. NO-TI-FL€a’TION,n. [See Notiry.] The act of notifying or giving notice; the act of making known, particularly the act of giving official notice or infor- mation to the public, or to individuals, corporations, “ee | companies, or societies, by words, by writing, or by | other means. 2. Notice given in words or writing, or by signs. | 3. The writing which communicates information ; | an advertisement, citation, &c. | NO/TI-FI-ED, (n6/te-fide,) pp. Made known; applied to things. This design of the king was notified to the court of Berlin. 2. Informed by words, writing, or other means; applied to persons. The inhabitants of the city have been notiied that a meeting is to be held at the state house. NO'TI-FY, v. t. [Fr. notifier; It. notificare; L. notus, known, and facio, fo make.] 1. To make known; to declare; to publish; often with to; as, to notify a fact toa person. The laws of God notify to man his will and our duty. 2. To make known by private communication ; to give information of. ‘The allied sovereigns have no- tified the Spanish court of their purpose of maintain- ing legitimate government. 3. To give notice to; to inform by words or writ- ing, in person or by message, or by any signs which are understood. The constable has notified the citi- zens to meet at the city hall. The bell notifies us of the time of meeting. The president of the United States has notified the House of Representatives, that he has approved and signed the act. Journals of the Senate. Note.— This application of notify has been con- demned ; but it is in constant good use in the United States, and in perfect accordance with the use of eertify. NOES SING; p0rs Making known; giving notice 0, NOT’ING, ppr. Setting down in writing. NO'TION, n. [Fr., from L. notio, from notus, known ; nosco, to know. |] 1. Conception; mental apprehension of whatever may be known or imagined, We may have a just notion of power, or false notions respecting spirit. Notion and idea are primarily different ; dea being the conception of something visible, as the idea of a square or a triangle; and notion the conception of things invisible or intellectual, as the notion we have of spirits. But from negligence in the use of idea the two words are constantly confounded. ; What hath been generally acreed on, I content myself to assume under the notion of principles. : f Few agree in their notions about these words. Cheyne. That notion of hunger, cold, sound, color, thought, wish or fear which is in the mind, is called the idea of hunger, cold, &e. Watts, Newton. eer bier et Z 2 Sentiment 3; Opinion ; as, the extravagant notions they entertain of themselves, Addison a Sense ; understanding ; intellectual power. [JVot asede|" oe : Shak. 4. Inclination ; in vulgar use ; as, I have a notion to do this or that. NO'TION-AL, a. Imaginary ; ideal ; existing in idea only ; visionary ; fantastical. Notional good, by fancy only made, A notional and imaginary thing, Prior. Bentley. 2. Dealing in imaginary things ; whimsical 3 fanci- ful ; as, a notional man. NO-TION-AL’/LTY, n. Empty, ungrounded opinion. [¥ fot uscd, } Glanville, NO'T LON-AL-LY, adv. In mental apprehension ; in conception ; not in reality. : Two faculties notionally or really distinct. Norris. NO'TION-IST, x, One who holds to an ungrounded opinion. Ep. Hopkins. eens igen sens = ey ge a8 NO-TO-RIE-TY, x. Noronrrovs.] I, Exposure to the public knowledge ; the state of being publicly or generally known ; as, the notoricty 2, Public knowledge. [of a crime. They were not subjects in their own nature 0 exposed to public notoriety, Addison. NO-TO/RLOUS, a. [It. and Sp. notorio; Fr. notoire; from Low L. notorius, from notus, known.] I. Publicly known; manifest to the world; evi- dent ; usually, known to disadvantage ; hence, almost always used in an ill sense; as, a notorious thief; a notorious crime or vice; a man notorious for lewd- 2. In a good sense. [ness or gaming. Your goodness, Since you provoke me, shall be most rfotorious. NO-TO’RI-OUS-LY, adv. Publicly; openly; in a manner to be known or manifest beyond denial. [F'r. notorieté, from notoire. See Shak. Swift. Dryden. NO-TO/RI-OUS-NESS, z. The state of being open or Known beyond denial; notoriety. Overbury. NOTT, a. [Sax. hnot.] Shorn. [ Obs. Chaucer. NOTT, v. t. To shear. [ Obs.] Stowe, NO'TUS, n. [L.] The south wind. Milton. NOT’WHEAT, n. [Sax. hnot, smooth, shorn.] Wheat not bearded. Carew. NOT-WITH-STAND/ING ; the participle of WitH- STAND, With not prefixed, and signifying not opposing, nevertheless. It retains in all cases its participial sig- nification. For example: ‘‘I will surely rend the Kingdom from thee, and will give it to thy servant ; notwithstanding, in thy days I will not do it, for Da- vid thy father’s sake.””? 1 Kings xi. In this passage there is an ellipsis of that after notwithstanding. That refers to the former part of the sentence, J will rend the kingdom from thee; notwithstanding that, (decla- ration or determination,) in thy days I will not do it. In this and in all cases, notwithstanding, either with or without that or this, constitutes the case absolute or independent. “It is a rainy day, but notwithstanding that, the troops must be reviewed ;” that is, the rainy day not opposing or preventing. That, in this case, is a substitute for the whole first clause of the sentence. It is to that clause what a relative is to an antecedent noun, and z/iich may be used in the place of it ; not- withstanding which, that is, the rainy day. ** Christ enjoined on his followers not to publish the cures he wrought; but notwithstanding his injunc- tions, they proclaimed them.” Here, notwithstanding his injunctions is the case independent or absolute ; the injunctions of Christ not opposing or preventing. This word answers precisely to the Latin non ob- stante, and both are used with nouns or with substi- tutes for neins, for sentences or for clauses of sen- tences. Soin the Latin phrase, hoc non obstante, hoc may refer to a single word, to a sentence, or to a se- ries of sentences. NOUGHT, (nawt;) a wrong spelling. See Naucurt. NOUL, n. [Sax. hnol.] The top of the head. [Vot in use.] Spenser NOULD, (nuld.) [ne would.] Would not. Spenser. NOUN, 7x. [altered from L. nomen, name.] In grammar, a name; that sound or combination of sounds by which a thing is called, whether mate- rial or immaterial. [See Name. ] NOUR’ICE, (nur’ris,) 7. [Fr. NOUTTICC. | A nurse. Spenser. NOUR‘ISH, (nur’ish,) v. t. [Fr. nourrir ; It. nutrire; Sp. and Port. nutrir ; from L. nutrio. The G. nahren, Sw. nara, Dan. nerer, to nourish, can not be the same word unless they have lost a dental, which may per- haps be the ee 1. To feed and cause to grow; to supply a living or organized body, animal or vegetable, with matter which increases its bulk, or supplies the waste occa- sioned by any of its functions; to supply with nutri- ment, 2. To support ; to maintain by feeding. Whilst I in Ireland nourish a mighty band, I will stir up in England some black storm. Gen. xlvil. Shak. 3. To supply the means of support and increase ; to encourage ; as, to nourish rebellion ; to nourish the virtues. What madness was it, with such proofs, to nourish their con- _ tentions | Hooker. 4. To cherish; to comfort. James v. 5. To educate ; to instruct; to promote growth in attainments, 1 Tim. iv. NOU ISH, (nur/ish,) v. i, Te-promote growth. Grains and roots nourteh more than leaves. [Elliptical.] Bacon. 2. To gain nourishment. [ Unusual. } Bacon. NOUR/ISH-A-BLE, (nur/ish-a-bl,) a. Susceptible of nourishment; as, the nourishable parts of the body. Grew. NOUR/ISH-ED, (nur/isht,) pp. Fed; supplied with _nutriment ; caused to grow. NOUR/ISH-ER, (nur/ish-er,) x. The person or thing _that nourishes, Bacon. Milton. NOUR'ISH-ING, (nurish-ing,) ppr. Feeding ; supply- fs FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METRE, PREY ing with aliment ; supporting with food. 2. a. Promoting growth; nutritious ; as, a nour- tshing diet. NOUR/ISH-ING-LY, adv. Nutritively ; cherishingly. NOUR’ISH-MENT, (nur/ish-ment,) n. That which serves to promote the growth of animals or plants, or to repair the waste of animal bodies; food ; suste- nance ; nutriment. ' JVewton. 2. Nutrition ; support of animal or vegetable bodies. Blackmore. 3. Instruction, or that which promotes growth in attainments 5; as, nourishment nit growth in grace. So they may learn to seck the nourishment of their souls. ooker. NOUR/I-TURE. See Nurture. NOURS’LE, v t. To nurse up. NOURS/LING. See Nursirna. NOUS, (nowse,) x. The Greek word vous, humorous- ly used in England for intellect or talent. Smart. NOUS'LE, } (nuz/zl,) [corrupted from noursle.] To NOUS/EL, nurse up. Shak. NOUS'LE, / (nuz/zl,) v.t. To insnare; to entrap, as NOUS’EL, } _in a noose or trap. NO-VA€/U-LITE, n. [L. novacula, a razor.] Razor-stone ; Turkey-hone ; coticular schist ; whet- slate, a variety of argillaceous slate, of which hones are made for sharpening razors. Brongniart. Ure. NO-VA/TIAN, x. In church history, one of the sect of Novatus, or Vovatianus, who held that the lapsed might not be received again into communion with the church, and that second marriages are unlawful. NO-VA’TIAN-ISM,n. The opinions of the Novatians, One Hypolitus, a Roman presbyter, had been seduced into Novdatianism. uner. NO-VA/TION. NO-VA'/TOR. See Innovaror. NOVW’EL, a. [L. novellus, from novus, new ; It. no- vello ; Sp. novel.) 1. New; of recent origin or introduction ; not ancient; hence, unusual ; as, a novel heresy ; novel opinions. The proceedings of the court were novel. 2. In the civil law, the novel constitutions are those which are supplemental to the code, and posterior in time to the other books. These contained new de- crees of successive emperors. 3. In the common law, the assize of novel disseizin is an action in which the demandant recites a com- plaint of the disseizin in terms of direct averment, whereupon the sheriff is commanded to reseize the Jand and chattels thereon, and keep the same in custody till the arrival of the justices of assize. Blackstone. NOV/EL, x. A new or supplemental constitution, or decree. [See the adjective. ] 2. A fictitious tale or narrative in prose, intended to exhibit the operation of the passions, and particu- larly of love. The coxcomb’s novel, and the drunkard’s toast. Prior. NOV’/EL-ISM, n. Innovation. [Little used.] Dering. NOV’EL-IST, . An innovator; an asserter of nov- elty. Bacon. Whites 2. A writer of a novel or of novels, Warton. 3. A writer of news. [JWVot used. Tatler. NOV/EL-IZE, v.7. To innovate. fot tn use. | NOV/EL-STUD-LED, a. Studiedin novels. Tucker. NOV’EL-TY, nx. Newness; recentness of origin or introduction. Hooker. Novelty is the great parent of pleasure. South. 2. A new or strange thing. NO-VEM/BER, n. [L. from novem, nine; the ninth month, according to the ancient Roman year, begin- ning in March. The eleventh month of the year. NO’/VEN-A-RY,n. [L. novenarius, from novem, nine.] The number nine ; nine collectively. NO/VEN-A-RY, a. Pertaining to the number nine. NO-VEN’NI-AL, a. [L. novem, nine, and annus, year. | Done every ninth year. Potter. NO-VER/€AL, a. [L, noverca, a step-mother.] Pertaining to a step-mother; suitable to a step- mother; in the manner of a step-mother. Derham. NOV‘ICE, (nov/is,) n. [Fr., from L. novitius, from novus, new.] I, One who is new in any business; one unac- quainted or unskilled ; one in the rudiments; a be- ginner. Iam young, a novice in the trade. Spenser. See INNOVATION. Driyden. 2. One that has entered a religious house, as a convent or nunnery, but has not taken the vow ; a probationer. Shak. 3. One newly planted in the church, or one newly converted to the Christian faith. 1 Tum. iii. NO-VI-LU/NAR, a. [L. novilunium.] Pertaining to the new moon. NO-VI''TIATE, (no-vish/ate,) n. noviziato. See Novice.] 1. ‘The state or time of learning rudiments. 2. In religious houses, as convents and nunneries, a year or other time of probation for the trial of a novice, to determine whether he has the necessary qualities for living up to the rule to which his vow is to bind him. [Fr. noviciat ; It. -— PINE, MARINA, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—NOY NUL 3. One who Is going through a novitiate or period of probation ; a novice. Addison. NO-VI’/TIOUS, (no-vish/us,) a, [L. novitius.] Newly invented. [Vot used.] Pearson. NOW I-TY, x. [L. novitas.]} Newness. [JVot used. ] Brown. NO'VUS HO'MO; pl. NO'VI HOMINES, E-] Among the Romans, a designation of one who ha raised himseif from obscurity to distinction without the aid of family connections. NOW, adv. [Sax. nu, D. Sw. Dan. and Goth. nu. The G. has nun, Gr. voy, L. nune.]} 1. At the present time. I have a patient now living at an advanced age, who discharged blood from his lungs thirty years ago. Arbuthnot, 2. A little while ago; very lately. They that but now, for honor and for plate, Made the sea blush with blood, resign their hate. Waller. 3. Vow — now; alternately ; at one time — at another time. Now high, now low, now master up, now miss. 4. JVow sometimes expresses or implies a connec- tion between the subsequent and preceding proposi- tion; often it introduces an inference or an explana- tion of what precedes. Not this man, but Barabbas; now Barabbas was a robber. — John xviil. Then said Micah, Now I know that the Lord will do me good, seeing I have a Levite for my priest. — Judges xvii. The other great mischief which befalls men, 1s by their being misrepresented, Now, by calling evil good, a man is misrep- resented to others in the way of slander. South. 5. After this ; things being so. How shall any man distinguish now betwixt a parasite and a man of honor? *Estrange. 6. In supplication, it appears to be somewhat em- phatical. I beseech thee, O Lord, remember now how I have walked before thee in truth and with a perfect heart. —2 Kings xx. 7. Vow sometimes refers to a particular time past specified or understood, and may be defined, at that time. He was now sensible of his mistake. Now and then; at one time and another, indefi- nitely ; occasionally ; not often; at intervals. They now and then appease in offices of religion. Rogers, If there were any such thing as spontaneous generation, a new species would now and then appear. Anon. 2. Applied to places which appear at intervals or in succession. A mead here, there a heath, and now and then a wood. Drayton. Now, now, repeated, is used to excite attention to something immediately to happen. NOW, zx. The present time or moment. Nothing {s there to come, and nothing past, Pope. But an eternal now does ever last. Cowley. NOW!/A-DAYS, adv. In this age. What men of spirit nowadays, Come to give sober judgment of new plays? Garrick. [This ts a common colloquial phrase, but not elegant in writing, unless of the more familiar kinds.) NO/WAY, adv. [no and way.}] In no manner or NO/WAYS, degree. [These can hardly be con- sidered as compound words. ] NOW’/ED, (noo/ed,) a. [Fr. nouwé.] Knotted ; tied in a knot; used in heraldry, NOW'/EL, n. [Fr. noel.] { Encyc. A shout of joy, or Christmas song. [Obs.] Chaucer. NOWES, (nooz,)”. [Fr. now. The marriage knot. [ Obs. Crashaw. NO’/WHERE, [comp. of no and where ; Sax. na-where.} Not in any place or state. Happiness is now/ere to be found but in the practice of virtue. But it is.hetter to write no and where as separate words, NO/WISE, [comp. of no and wise; often by mistake written Noways. ] Not in any manner or degree. Bentley. NOX/IOUS, (mok/shus,) a. [L. nozius, from noceo, to hurt.] J. Hurtful; harmful; baneful; pernicious; de- structive ; unwholesome ; insalubrious ; as, nozious air, food, climate ; pernicious ; corrupting to morals ; as, noxious practices or examples ; noxious haunts of 2. Guilty ; criminal. [ vice. Those who are nozious in the eye of the law. [Little used.] Bramhall, 3. Unfavorable ; injurious. Too frequent appearance in places of public resort is norious to spiritual promotion. Swift. NOX/IOUS-LY, adv. Hurtfully; perniciously. NOX/IOUS-NESS, ». Hurtfulness; the quality that injures, impairs, or destroys; insalubrity; as, the noxiousness of foul air. 9. The quality that corrupts or perverts ; as, the noxiousness of doctrines. NOY, NOY’/ANCE, NOY’ER, NOY/FUL, NOY/OUS, NOY/SANCE. See Annoy and Nuisance. NO/YAU, (nd/yo,) n. [Fr., the nut of a fruit, as of a peach or cherry.] A cordial flavored with the kermel of the nut of TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FIl as in THIS. the bitter almond, or with the kernel of the peach stone. rande. NOZ'ZLE, (noz!zl,) n. [from nose.] The nose ; the extremity of any thing; the snout. Arbuthnot. NUB/BIN, z. A small or imperfect ear of maize. America. NUB/BLE, v. t. [for Knussve, from knob, the fist.] To beat or bruise with the fist. [JVot used.] Ainsworth. NU-BIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. nubifer ; nubes, a cloud or fog, and fero, to produce. ] Bringing or producing clouds. Dict. NU’BILE, (-bil,) a. marry. | Marriageable ; of an age suitable for marriage. Prior. NU-BIL/I-TY, z. The state of being marriageable. NU/BIL-OUS, a. [Fr., from L. nubilis, from nubo, to Alex. Walker. [L. nubilus, from nudes. ] Cloudy. Bailey. NU-CIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. nuz, nut, and fero, to bear.] Bearing or producing nuts. Dict. NU-€LE/I-FORM, a. Formed like a kernel. NU/€LE-US, x. [L., from nuz, a nut.] 1. Properly, the kernel of a nut; but im usage, the central part of any body, or that about which matter is collected. Woodward. 2. The body of a comet, called also its head. NU-DA/TION, n. [L. nudatio, from nudo, to make bare. ] The act of stripping, or making bare, or naked. NUDE, a. [L. nudus.] ly) Bare: 2. In law, void ; of no force; as, a nude contract or compact. [See Nupum Pacrum.] lackstone. NUDGE, v.t. To touch gently as with the elbow, in order to call attention or convey intimation. Miss Pickering. NU-DI-BRAN€H’/LATE, a. Pertaining to an order of molluscous animals baving no shejl whatever. NU/DI-TY,n. [L. nuditas.] 1. Nakedness. 2, Nudities; in the plural, naked parts which de- cency requires to be concealed. ryden. 3, In painting and sculpture, the naked parts of the human figure, or parts not covered with drapery ; also, naked figures. NU DUM PAC'TUM, [L.] In law, a contract made without any consideration, and therefore void, or not valid according to the Jawsofthe land. Bouvier. NU-GAC/LTY, x. [L. nugaz, from nuge, trifles.] Futility ; trifling talk or behavior. More. [L. nugor, to trifle.] [Little used.] Johnson. NU-GA/TION, n. The act or practice of trifling. acon. NU/GATO-RY, a. [L. nugatorius.] 1. Trifling ; vain; futile, insignificant. Bentley. 2. Of no force; inoperative; ineffectual. The laws are sometimes rendered nugatory by Mexecu- tion. Any agreement may be rendered nugatory by something which contravenes its execution. NUISANCE, (ni/sans,) n. [Fr. nuisance, from niuire, L. noceo, to annoy. Blackstone writes Nusancer, and it is desirable that his example may be follow- ed.] 1. That which annoys or gives trouble and vexa- tion ; that which is offensive or noxious. A liaris a nuisance to society. 2. In law, that which incommodes or annoys; something that produces inconvenience or damage. Nuisances are public or private; public, when they annoy citizens in general, as obstructions of the high- way; private, when they affect individuals only, as when one man erects a house so near his neighbor’s as to throw the water off the roof upon his neigh- bor’s land or house, or to intercept the light that his neighbor before enjoyed. Blackstone. NUL, in law, signifies no, not any ; as, nul disseizin ; nul tiel record ; nul tort. NULL,»v. t. [L. nullus; ne and ullus, not any.] To annul ; to deprive of validity ; to destroy. [Jol much used,| [See ANNuL.] Milton. NULL, a. fh. nullus. | Void ; of no legal or binding force or validity ; of no efficacy ; invalid. The contract of a minor is null in law, except for necessaries. : NULL, x. Something that has no force or meaning. A cipher is called a null. [Vot used.] Bacon, NUL-LLFLE€A’/TION, n. The act of nullifying; a rendering void and of no effect, or of no legal ef- fect. NUL-LI-FID/L-AN, a. [L. nullus, none, and jides, faith. Of I faith ; of noreligion or honesty. [.Vot used.] Feltham. NUL/LI-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. Annulled; made void. NUL/LI-FI-ER, zn. One who makes void; one who maintains the right to nullify a contract by one of the parties. NUL/LLEFY, v. t make.] ; To annul; to make void; to render invalid; to [L. nullus, none, and facio, to NUM | NUL/LI-PORE, xn. [L. nullus, none, and porus, pore.| A kind of marine plant, secreting lime on its surface and hence resembling coral. It was formerly con. sidered a kind of zodphite. Dana. NUL’LEFY-ING, ppr- or a. Annulling; making void. NUL’LI-TY, n. [It. nulliid ; Fr. nulhité ; from L. nul- us. 1. Nothingness ; want of existence. Bacon. 2, Want of legal force; that which wants legal a force. NUMB, (num,) a. [Sax. nwmen, the participle of Sax. niman, Goth. niman, to take, to seize, whence beni- man or benyman, to deprive ; benum, benumen, stupe- fied, that is, seized, arrested, held, stopped; D. nee- men; G. nehmen. Class Nm, No.7, 9.] 1. Torpid; destitute of the power of sensation and motion ; as, the fingers or limbs are numb with cold. 2. Producing numbness ; benumbing ; as, the numb, cold night. ([JVot used, nor proper.] Shak. NUMB, (num,) v. t. To make torpid; to deprive of the power of sensation or motion ; to deaden ; to be- numb ; to stupefy. For lazy winter numbs the laboring hand. Dryden. And numbing coldness has embraced the ear. Ti0r. NUMB/ED, (numd,) pp. Rendered torpid. NUMBER, xn. [Fr. nombre; L. numerus; It. Sp. and Port. 2umero; Arm. and W. niver; It. nuimhir. I know not whether the elements are Win or Wb. Probably the radical sense is, to speak, name, or tell, as our word tell, in the other dialects, is to number. Number may be allied to name, as the Spaniards use nombre forname, and the French word, written with the same letters, is number. Class Nm, No. 1.] 1, A unit, considered in reference to other units, or in reckoning, counting, enumerating ; as, one is the first number ; a simple number. 2, An assemblage of two or more units, Twoisa number composed of one and one added. Five and three added make the number eight. MWuwmber may be applied to any collection or multitude of units or in- dividuals, and therefore is indefinite, unless defined by other words, or by figures or signs of definite sig- nification. Hence, 3. More than one; many. Ladies are always of great use to the party they espouse, and never fail to win over numbers. Addison 4, Multitude. Number itself importeth not much in armies, where the men are of weak courage. Bacon. 5. In poetry, measure; the order and quantity of syllables constituting feet, which render verse mu- sical to the ear. The harmony of verse consists In the proper distribution of the long and short sylla- bles, with suitable pauses. In oratory, a judicious disposition of words, sylla- bles, and cadences, constitutes a kind of measure resembling poetic numbers. 6. Poetry ; verse. I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came. Here the first word numbers may be taken for poet- ry or verse, and the second for measure. Yet should the Muses bid my 7umbers roll. 7. In grammar, the difference of termination or form of a word, to express unity or plurality. The termination which denotes one, or an individual, is the singular number; the termination that denotes two or more individuals, or units, constitutes the plu- ral number. Hence we say, a noun, an adjective, a pronoun, or a verb, is in the singular or the plural number. 8. In mathematics, number is variously distinguish- ed. Cardinal numbers are those which express the amount of units; as, 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Or- dinal numbers are those which express order ; as, first, second, third, fourth, &c. Homoweneal numbers, are those referred to the same units ; those referred to different units are termed heterogeneal. Whole numbers, are called integers. A rational number, is one commensurabdle with uni- ty. A number incommensurable with unity, is termed irrational or surd. A prime or primitive number, is divisible only by unity ; as, three, five, seven, &c. A perfect number, is that whose aliquot parts added together, make the whole number, as 28, whose ali- quot parts, 14, 7, 4, 2; 1, make the number 28. An imperfect number, is that whose aliquot parts, added together, make more or less than the number. Pope. Pope. This is abundant or defective; abundant, as 12, whose aliquot parts, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, make 16; or defec- tive, as 16, whose aliquot parts, 8, 4, 2, 1, make 15 only. A square number, is the product of a number mul- tiplied by itself; as, 16 is the square number of 4, A cubic number, is the product of a square number by its root; as, 27 is the product of the square num- ber 9 by its root 3. 5 Enciec. Golden number ; a number showing what year of deprive of legal force or efficacy. Ames, the lunar cycle any given year Is. Barlow. Se 799 ‘ait ie Aaah ehh SADE nim Tae oh Fane — ot ce ae yr ~ geese Ao i rk menameat iS ~ Cheetos Be nadSe naa Sore a ee ee ee ee ee NUM NUR NUT NUM’BER, v. t. [. numero.] money, coin; Gr. vopicua, from vourfw, to suppose, 9. In horticulture, a shrub or tree which protects a 1. To count; to reckon ; to ascertain the units of} to sanction, from vouos, law or custom.] young plant. Gardner. any sum, collection, or multitude. Pertaining to money, coin, or medals, NURSE, (nurs,) v. t. To tend, as infants; as, to r ATTICS apse. casas ' a Ifa man can number the dust of the earth, then shall thy seed | NU-MIS-MAT’IE€S, mn. The science of coins and Se child. ; also be numbered. — Gen: xiii. medals. f 2. To suckle ; to nourish at the breast. oT k f llection or multitude NU-MI$-MA-TOL/O-GIST, nm. One versed in the 3. To attend and take care of in child-bed ; as, to | ecco 2) ONE Ole a COME Re knowledge of coins and medals. nurse a Woman In her illness, He was numbered with the transgressors. — Is, liii. NU-MIS-MA-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. voptcpa, coin, and 4. To tend the sick ; applied to males and females. Be NUM/BER-ED, pp. Counted; enumerated. Aoyos, discourse.] : 0. To feed; to maintain ; to bring up. Js. Ix. NUM/BER-ER, 7. One that numbers. The branch of historical science which treats of 6. To cherish; to foster; to encourage; to pro- NUM/BER-FUL, a. Many in number; numerous, _coins and medals, mote growth in. We say, to nurse a feeble animal NUM’BER-ING, ppr. Counting; ascertaining the | NUM/MU-LAR, a. [L. nummus, a coin.] or plant. ay units of a multitude or collection. : Pertaining to coin or money. Dict. By what hands has vice been nursed into so uncontrolled a do- NUM/BER-LESS, a. That can not be counted; in-| NUM’MU-LITE, n. [L. nummus, money, from its re- minion ? numerable. ; Milton. semblance to coin. ] ee 7. To manage with care and economy, with a i NUM/’BERS, 2. The title of the fourth book of the ? a fossil of a flattened form, renemDiing ia small view to increase; as, to nurse our national re- | Pentateuch. : : «COUN an ihe LENCY Ce sources. { NUMB/ING, (num/ming,) ppr. or a. Making torpid. NUM-MU-LIT’TE, a. Composed of or containing NURS/ED, (nurst,) pp. Tended in infancy or sick- ‘ NUM/BLES, n. pl. [Fr nombles.] umm ulites. c ness ; nourished from the breast; maintained ; cher- i The entrails of a deer. Bailey. |NUMPS,n. A dolt; a blockhead. [Not used.] ished. yt NUMB/NESS, (num/ness,) n. Torpor ; that state ofa) Sa Parker. NURS/ER, n. . One that cherishes or encourages living body in which it has not the power of feel-| NUM/SKULL, n. [numb and skull.] A dunce; a growth : £ 4s ee ger ledihvicn ot es ineae ea Pk : D oe A oe : ing or motion, as when paralytic or chilled by cold. NOE eS Se llow. Renee Se a bas NURS’ER-Y , m. The place or apartment in a house NU/MER-A-BLE, a. [L. numetaries I ay SK -ED, a. Dull in intellect ; stupi¢ ; dolt- appropriated to the care of children. ae ’ _ That may be numbered or counted. E Is I. Arbut inot. 2. A place where young trees are propagated for { NU/MER-AL, a. [Fr.; L. numeralis.] NUN, n. [Sax. nunne; Dan. nunne; D. non; G. nonne; the purpose of being transplanted; a plantation of 1. Pertaining to number ; consisting of number. Sw. nunna; Fr. nonne.] young trees. of 7 Hanan ' The dependence of a long train of numeral progressions. Locke. “ A vont devoted to a relimions ites and wie 3. The place where any thing is fostered and the | Z we ves a clois ary, SE 2 ‘Co ; a oA i . 2. Expressing number; representing number ; See eee sarpattiat Fi Re See growth promoted. ania S¢ stitute rures: as Llet- | .-.¥ 04; mack: sh VOM" - Mi ASTILY. To see fair Pa A i io sa DnIae Xx f Se eno OL MEU 106 ’ D for 500 .| NUN,n. White nun is a provincial name of the smew, To see fair Padua, nursery of arts. Shak. ters; as A for 3 44 10 ; , , a Web-footed water-fowl of the size of a duck, with So we say, a nursery of thieves or of rosues, Ale- M for 1000 Kitemendie Heck per vi seer g ce a white head ; ck. . Cyc. ses and dram-s $ are series of inte . 3. Expressing numbers; as, numeral characters. a w TARR aoeee Pe Recta es = Be eee and dram-shops are the nurseries of intemper r 2 o 1a Voy ca , 2og nabers. are It c ee 5 Jae Sd ve . YC . The figures'we now use to express numbers. are 1, NUN/CHION, n. A portion of food taken between = Christian families are the nurseries of the church on earth, as she meals, [Qu. from noon, or a corruption of luncheon. ] is the nursery of the churchin heaven, J. M. Mason. Ainsworth. [See Nuncio.] The office of a nuncio. Clarendon. NUN’CIO, (nun’sho,) a, [It. nwnzio, from L. nuncius, a messenger. ] 1. An embassador from the pope to an emperor or king. His envoy tosmaller courts and republics is 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 0. They are said to be of Ara- bilan origin ; but the Arabians might have received them from India. This is a controverted question. TINIC TTR NU/MER-AL, n. A figure or character used to express NUN’CIA-TURE, n. a number ; as, the Arabic numerals, 1, 2, 3, &c. NU/MER-AL-LY, adv. According to number; in number. NU/MER-A-RY, a. Belonging to a certain number. 4. That which forms and educates. Commerce is the nursery of seamen. ©. The act of nursing, [Little used. ] Shak. 6. ‘That which is the object of a nurse’s care. Milton. NURS/ING, ppr. Tending ; nourishing at the breast; educating ; maintaining. A SOR When he obtains a prebend, Avge. a eee BR REERUNCIG: Pea rare nee Am. NURS'LING, n. Ae infant ; arehilde Dryden. }| NO/MER-ATE, v. 4 In arithmetic, to divide off and | NUNIGU_PET Ren ert ence ee eligence. 2. One that is nursed. Spenser. ae : Be alae ae Sen ae De Oee ita es NUN‘CU-PATE, v. t. [L. nuncupo.] [ Shak. NUR/TURE, n. [Fr. nourriture, from nourrir, to nour- read according ie rules of numeration ; as, to nu- To declare publicly or solemnly. [JVot used.] eerie mene , z _inerate a row of figures. Burrow, SD TGhinounchesttonteante Minn NO MER-A-TED; pp. Divided off and read, as fig- NUN-€U-PA’TION, n. A naming. Chauoer. 2: That eh aanatee wrote Couche BOSS en = = Ate ; NUN-€0’PA-TIVE, /a. [It. nuncupativo; Fr. nun- struction. Eph. vi. ; Neeeece TING, ppr- Dividing off and reading, as Uo See cupatif; from L. nuncupo, to NUR/TURE, v.t. To feed ; to nourish, NU-MER-A/TION, n._[L. numeratio.] 1. Nominal ; existing only in name. Reyes fe Bs See 7 - ae Ob ewe soa 1. The act or art of numbering. 2. Publicly or solemnly declaratory. - Fotherby. See ETS Mage ay Meenas ees Numerazion is but still the adding of one unit more, and giving 3. Verbal, not written. A nuncupative will or tes- | NUR/TUR-ED, pp. Nourished ; educated ; trained up. to the whole a new name or sign. Locke. tament is one which is made by the verbal declara- | NUS/TLE, (nus’/l,) v. t. To fondle; to cherish. 2. In arithmetic, the act or art of dividing off a se- tion of the testator, and depends merely on or4l testi- | NUT, n. [Sax. hnut ; D. noot ; G. nuss; Sw. nét ; Dan. ries of figures according to their values, and express- mony for proof, though afterward reduced to writing. nddd ; Tr. cnudh; W. cna, cnau. It seems to be allied ing them in words; the act or art of reading num- Blackstone. to knot, a bunch or hard lump.] bers. Thus, for 50, we read fifty. NUN’DI-NAL, )a. [L. nundinalis, from nundine, J. The fruit of certain trees and shrubs, consisting NU/MER-A-TOR, x. [L.] One that numbers. NUN’DI-NA-RY,§ a fair or market, quasi novem-di-| of a hard shell inclosing a kernel. Various kinds of 2. In arithmetic, the number in vulgar fractions me, every nine days.] nuts are distinguished ; as, walnut, chestnut, hazelnut. which shows how many parts of a unit are taken. ]. Pertaining to a fair or toa market day. 2. A small block, of metal or wood, containing a Thus, when a unit is divided into 9 parts, and we 2. A nundinal letter, among the Romans, was one concave or female screw ; called also a Burn. take 5, we express it thus, 5-9, that is, five ninths ; of the first eight letters of the alphabet, which were 3. The projection near the eye 6f an anchor. © being the ~umerator, and 9 the denominator. repeated successively from the first to the last day of War. Dict. NU-MER‘TE€, a, (It. numerico; Fr. numerique ; the year. One of these always expressed the market | NUT, v. ¢. To gather nuts. Wood. NU-MER/I€-AL, from L. numerus, number. ] days, which returned every nine days. NU/TANT, a, [L. nutans. ] 1. Belonging to mimber; denoting number; con-| NUN’/DI-NAL, n. A nundinal letter. Nodding ; having the top bent downward. sisting in numbers ; as, numerical algebra ; numerical NUN’DLNATE, v.i. To buy and sell at fairs. [Not | NU-TA/TION, 1. [L. nutatio, a nodding, from nuto, characters. used. to nod. } 2. Numerical difference, is a difference in respect to NUN-DLNA/TION, n._ Traffic in fairs. [Wot used In astronomy, a vibratory motion of the earth?s ax- number. Thus, there may be a numerical difference NUN-NA/TION, n. In Arabic grammar, from the is, arising from periodical fluctuations in the obliqui- 3 between things which, in other respects, are not dis- name of n, the pronunciation of n at the end of] ty of the ecliptic. Olmsted. 4 _timguishable, words. NUT/-BREAK-ER, n. The European nut-hatch. [See i) NU-MER/I€-AL-LY, adv. In numbers ; as, parts of | NUN’NE-RY,n. A house in which nuns reside; a Nut-HATCH. Edin. Encyc. a thing numerically expressed. cloister in which femates, under a vow of chastity | NU'T/-BROWN, a. Brown as anut long kept and 2. With respect to number, or sameness in num- and devoted to religion, reside during life. dried, Milton. ber; as, a thing is numerically the same, or numer- | NUN’NISH-NESS, n. The habits or manners of nuns. | NUT/-ERACK-ER, zn. An instrument for cracking _tally different. For. nuts. Addison. it NO/MER-IST, n. One that deals in numbers. [Wot | NUP/TIAL, (nup’shal,) a. [L. nuptialis, from nuptus, 2. A European bird, of the genus Nucifraga, be- “usede | : Brown. nubo, to marry. | longing to the crow family. It feeds on nuts, in- | NU-MER-OS'LTY, 7. The state of being numerous ; I. Pertaining to marriage ; done at a wedding; as, seots, &c. P. Cyc. eDarMony ; flow. Ht used. | Brown. nuptial rites and ceremonies ; nuptial torch. NUT’GALL, n. An excrescence of the oak. [See NU MER-OUS, d. |L. numerosus.] 2. Constituting marriage ; as, the nuptial knot or Ga Brown. Fe eomanys or consisting of a great number of| band. NUT/-HATCH, n. The common name of birds of the aS ‘ 5 5 AS, & Nwmerous army ; a numerous body ; The Bible has mitigated the horrors of war; it has given effect- genus Sitta, having much of the habits of the wood- a nae u coro: : ual obligation to the nuptial vow. G. Spring. peckers, and living on nuts, insects, &c. The com- ay | aiaaye Bitareee or peene Fae melodious ; mu- NUP’TIALS, n. pl. Marriage, which see. Dryden.| mon European nut-hatch is called also Nut-sopner, j aaeate Hiepocition ui wees numerous, by the | NURSE, ee) nm. ([Fr. nourrice, from nourrir, to and Nut-rEcwEr. ‘ P. Cyc. Jolinson. ge Ehiorieeuilables cr of loncoannt mn ae encore and nourish. ‘ NUT’-HOOK, xz. A pole with a hook at the end, to -— | franatne Baten es Rigneeno! a ords; or bya 1. A woman that has the care of infants, or a wo- pull down boughs for gathering the nuts; also, the io | —¢ i jng words, and by closin Beye : ds smooth, flow-| man employed to tend the children of others. name given toa thief that stole goods from a win- Ape ‘ le atwellesaundi: ae ere 6 tie periods with important 2. A woman who suckles infants. dow by means of a hook. Shak. fae No/MER_OUS_LY va "Tn ara Encyc. 3. A woman that has the care of a sick person. NUT’MEG, n. [L. nux moschata; It. noce moscada; ie “We AWA CRtineiicetousliiattend a 1 great numbers , 4. A man who has the care of the sick. Port. noz moscada; Fr. muscade, or noiz muscade. But hy ea | | weep, En ee ee : o. A person that breeds, educates, or protects; it may be questioned whether the last syllable in ie 5 NU MER-OUS-NESS, nm. The quality of being = nce : hi Se a Shes rae 2 Res x nl = “ . se ne re = METOUS OL! TaTiVe pare : ing nu hence, that which breeds, brings up, or causes to English meg is not from L. macis, mace, the bark R ' any 4, the quality of consisting of a grow ; as, Greece, the e of the liberal arts that envelops the nut.] P great number of individuals ; as, the numerousness of BieACO RIA cine Eure Strait ha hae) ato ou Ba nieazes | ve an army or of an assembly. yee ». An old w oman; in contempt. Blackmore. The ke mel of the fruit of the tree called Mynistica | i 2. The quality of consisting of poetic numbers: ae, The state of being nursed ; as, to put a child to moschata. This fruit is nearly a spherical drupe, of 3 f. 1| meJodigusness : musicalness. Fras ; a a5 ; Cleaveland. the size and somewhat of the shape of a pear. ‘I he ; a | NU-MIS MATTE (nu-miz-mat/ik,) Lan YC. - In composition, that which supplies food ; as, a fleshy part is of a yellowish color without, almost XM | 2 . a [L. mumisma,| nurse-pond. Walton. white within, and four or five lines in thickness, and a | PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MBTE, FREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 760OAF OAR opens into two nearly equal, longitudinal valves, pre- senting to view the nut surrounded by its arillus, which is mace. The nut drops out, and the arillus withers. The nut is oval, the shell very hard, and dark-brown. This immediately envelops the kernel, which is the nutmeg as commonly sold in the shops. The tree producing this fruit grows principally in the Islands of Banda, in the East Indies. It reaches the height of twenty or thirty feet, producing nu- merous branches. The color of the bark of the trunk is a reddish-brown; that of the young branches a bright green. ‘The nutmeg is an aro- matic, very grateful to the taste and smell, and mucb used in cookery. NU/TRI-A, n. [Sp. nuéria, otter.] In commerce, the name given to the skins of the Myopotamus Bonariensis, a native of South Ameri- ca, resembling the beaver, but smaller. JVutria fur is largely used in the hat manufacture. McCulloch. NU-TRI-€A'/TION, n. Manner of feeding or being fed. [Wot in use.] NU/TRI-ENT, a. [L. nutrio.] Nourishing ; promoting growth. NU/TRI-ENT, n. Any substance which nourishes by promoting the growth or repairing the waste of ani- ma) bodies. Darwin. NU/TRI-MENT, n. [L. nutrimentum, from nutrio, to nourish. ] 1. That which nourishes; that which promotes tne growth or repairs the natural waste of animal bodies, or that which promotes the growth of vegeta- bles ; food ; aliment. South. 2. That which promotes enlargement or improve- ment; as, the nutriment of the mind. NU-TRI-MENT’AL, a. Having the qualities of food ; alimental. Arbuthnot. NU-TRI/’TION, (nu-trish’/un,) x. [L. nutritio, from nutrio, to nourish. | 1, The act or process of promoting the growth or repairing the waste of animal bodies ; the act or pro- cess of promoting growth in vegetables. Darwin. 2. That which nourishes ; nutriment. Fixed like a plant on his peculiar spot, To draw nutstion, propagate, and rot. Pope. There is no nutrition in ardent spirits, L. Beecher. NU-TRI'TIOUS, (nu-trish’us,) a. Nourishing ; pro- is the fifteenth Jetter, and the fourth vowel, in the English alphabet. The shape of this letter seems to have been taken from the circular configuration of the lips in uttering the sound. It corresponds in figure with the Coptic O, and nearly with the Syriac initial and final vau,and the Ethiopic ain. In words derived from the Oriental languages, it often repre- sents the vau of those languages, and sometimes the ain; the original sound of the latter being formed deep in the throat, and with a greater aperture of the mouth. In English, O has a long sound, as in tone, hone, groan, cloak, roll, droll: a short sound, as in lot, plod, rod, song, lodse, and the sound of oo, or the Italian u, and French ow, as in move, prove. This sound is shortened jn words ending in a close articulation, as in book, foot. The long sound of O is usually denoted by e, at the end of a word or syllable, as in bone, lonely; or by a servile a, asin moan, foal. It is generally long before ll, as in roll; but it is short in doll, loll, and in words of more syllables than one, as in folly, volley. AS @ numeral, O was sometimes used by the an- cients for 11, and, with a dash over it, (0,) for 11,009. Among the Irish, O, prefixed to the name of a fam- ily, denotes progeny, or is a character of dignity ; as, ©?’ Neil ; O?Carrol. Among the ancients, O was a mark of triple time, from the notion that the ternary, or number 3, is the most perfect of numbers, and properly expressed by a circle, the most perfect figure. O is often used as an exclamation, expressing a wish. O, were he present ! It scmetimes expresses surprise. Shakspeare uses O for a cireJe or oval. Within this wooden O. O. S. stand for Old Style. OAD, (Gde,) for Woap. [Wot used.] OAF, (dfe,) n. [said to be a corruption of ouph or elf, a fairy or demon, and to denote a foolish child left by fairies in the place of one of better intellects, which they steal. Jolnson.] 1. A changeling; a foolish child left by fairies in the place of another. rayton. 2, A dolt; an idiot; a blockhead. Dryden. mioting the growth, or repairing the waste of animal bodies. Milk is very nutritious. NU-TRI/'TIOUS-LY, (nu-trish/us-ly,) adv. Nourish- ingly. . NU/TRI-TIVE, a. Having the quality of nourishing ; nutrimental; alimental ; as, a nutritive food. NU/TRI-TIVE-LY, adv. Nourishingly. NU/TRL-TIVE-NBSS, x. Quality of nourishing. Ellis. NU/TRLETURE, nxn The quality of nourishing. [ot used. | Harvey. NUT’SHELL, n. The hard shell of a nut; the cov- ering of the Kernel. 2. Proverbially, a thing of little compass, or of lit- tle value. I? Estrange. NUT’TALL-ATE, n. [from Prof. Wuttall.] A mineral found in Bolton, Mass., occurring in prismatic crys- tals. It is supposed by some to be identical with ScCAPOLITE. Dana. NUT’TING, ppr. ora. Gathering nuts. NUT’TING, n. The act of gathering nuts. NUT’/-TREB, 2. A tree that bears nuts. NUX VOM'I-€A,n. [L.] The fruit of a tree of the genus Strychnos, growing in the East Indies. It is a very virulent poison. P. Cyc. NUZ/ZLE, v.t. [Qu. from noursle.] To suckle; to foster, or nurse up. [Vulgar.] NUZ'ZLE, v.z%. [Qu. from nose or noursle.] To hide the head, as a child in the mother’s bosom. Bailey. NUZ’/ZLE, v.t. [Qu. noursle or nestle.) To nestle; to house, as in a nest. NUZ’'ZLE, v.z. ([Qu. from nose.] To work with the nose, like a swine in the mud; as, the nuzzling eel. He sometimes charged through an army of lawyers sword in hand, and sometimes nuzzled like an eel in the mud. Arbuthnol’s John Bull. 2. To go with the nose thrust out and down, like a swine. Sir Roger shook his ears and nuzzled along, well satisfied that he was doing a charitable work. Arbuthnot. The blessed benefit, not there confined, Drops to the third, who nuzzles close behind. Pope. NY€-TA-LO/PI-A,) xn. [Gr. vuxradAwria; vvt, night, NY€/TA-LGO-PY, and ww, the eye.] A disease in which vision is painfully acute in a strong light, but clear and pleasant in a dark shade or in the dusk of the evening. Good. O. OAF’ISH, a. Stupid; dull; doltish. [Zi#le used. OAF/ISH-NESS, x. Stupidity ; dullness; folly. [Zit- tle used. | : OAK, (Gke,) n. [Sax. ac, ec; D. etk, or etkboom; G. eiche or eichbaum; Sw. ck; Dan. eege-tree, oak-tree. It is probable that the first syllable, oak, was origi- nally an adjective expressing some quality, as hard or strong, and, by the disuse of tree, oak became the name of the tree.] A tree of the genus Quercus, or rather the popular name of the genus itself, of which there are many species. ‘The white oak grows to a great size, and furnishes a most valuable timber; but the live oak of the United States is the most durable timber for ships. In Hartford still stands the venerable oak, in the hollow stem of which was concealed and pre- served the colonial charter of Connecticut, when Sir E. Andros, by authority of a writ of quo war- ranto from the British crown, attempted to obtain possession of it, in 1687. As it was tlien a large tree, it must now be nearly three hundred years old. OAK/-AP-PLE, (cke/ap-pl,) x. A kind of spongy ex- crescence on oak leaves or tender branches, &c., pro- duced in consequence of the puncture of insects. It is called, also, oak-leaf gall. Bacon. Encyc. OAK/-BARK, n. The bark of the oak-tree, which is preferred to all others for the purposes of tanning. OAK O/PEN-ING, 7. A term applied, in the Western States, to openings or thinly-wooded spaces in oak forests, which are free from underwood, and resem- ble an English park. ne OAK/EN, (o/kn,) a. Made of oak or consisting of oak ; as, an oaken plank or bench; an oaken bower. Milton. 2. Composed of branches of oak ; as, an oaken gar- land. Addison. OAK/EN-PIN, x. An apple, so called from its hard- ness. Mortimer. OAK’LING, n. A young oak. Evelyn. OAK/UM, n. [Sax. ecemba, ecumbe, tow. The latter part of the word may be Sax. cemb, a comb. | The substance of old ropes untwisted and pulled into loose hemp; used for calking the seams of ships, stopping leaks, &c. That formed from un- tarred ropes is called white oakum. OAK’Y, a. [from oak.] Hard; firm; strong. ~Hall. OAR, (Gre,) n. (Sax. ar; Sw. ara; Norm. ower.) NY€/TA-LOPS, n, [Gr. vukredoW; vut, night, and ww, the eye.] One afflicted with nyctalopia, NYE, x. A brood or flock of pheasants. NYL/GHAU, )xn. Aruminant mammal of the Cap- NYL/GADU, rid tribe, as large as or larger than NEEL/GHAU, a stag. The horns are short and bent forward ; there is a beard under the middle of the neck; the hair is grayish; there are strongly- marked rings on all the feet, just above the hoofs ; the female has no horns. It is the Damalis Risia of modern naturalists, and the Antilope picta of the older ones. It inhabits Northern India. NYMPH, (nimf,) 2. [L. nympha; Gr. vojdn.] 1. In mythology, a goddess of the mountains, for- ests, meadows, or waters. According to the ancients, all the world was full of nymphs, some terrestrial, others celestial; and these had names assigned to them according to their place of residence, or the parts of the world over which they were supposed to preside. Brande. 2. In poetry, a lady. Waller. NYMPH, nm. Another name of the pupa, chrysa- NYMPHI/A, lis, or aurelia ; the second state of an insect, passing to its perfect form. NYMPH-E&/AN, a. Pertaining to nymphs; inhabited by nymphs; as, a nymphean cave. Faber. NY MPH’TI€-AL, (nimf/ik-al,) a. Pertaining tonyinphs. Pausanas, Trans. NYMPH-IP’A-ROUS, a. [L. nympha and pario.] Producing nymphs. NWYMPH/ISH, a. Relating to nymphs; lady-like. Drayton. 7 mf; ch NY a. Resembling nymphs. Drayton. WY MPH-O-MA/NLA, n. Morbid and incontrollable sexual desire in females, breaking the bounds of modest demeanor; always attended with agitation both of body and mind, and constituting a true and proper disease, which is no more under the control of the will than tetanus. NYS, [me and is.] None is; is not. [Obs.] Spenser. NYS-TAG/MUS, xn. [Gr. yucraypos.] Nictation or winking of the eye, as in a drowsy person. An instrument for rowing boats, being a piece of timber round or square at one end, and flat at the other. The round end is the handle, and the flat end the blade. To boat the oars; in seamanship, to cease rowing, and lay the oars in the boat. To ship the oars ; to place them in the row-locks. To unship the oars; to take them out of the row- locks. Mar. Dict. OAR, v.% To row. Pope. OAR, v. t. To impel by rowing. Shat. OAR/ED, pp. Impelled by rowing. 2. Furnished with oars ; used im composition; as, a four-oared boat. OAR/-FOOT-ED, a. animals. OARS/MAN, n. One who rows at the oar. OAR/Y,a. Having the form or use of an oar; as, the swans oary feet. Milton. Addison. O/A-SIS, n.; pl. Oases. ft A fertile place in a sandy or barren desert. ‘This name js particularly applied to such spots, watered by springs, in the deserts of Egypt, Lybia, and other parts of Africa. Having feet for oars, as certain Russell. D’Anville. Bruce. OAST, OST, bn [qu. Gr. corca, or L. ustus.] OUST, A kiln to dry hops or malt. Mortimer. OAT, n. or ovelzt. A plant of the genus Avena, and more usually the seed of the plant. The word is commonly used in the plural, oats. This plant flourishes best in cold latitudes, and degenerates in the warm. The meal of this grain, oatmeal, forms a considerable and very valuable article of food for man in Scotland, and every where oats are excellent food for horses and cattle, OAT’-€AKE, 2. OAT’EN, (ct/n,) a. cakes. 9. Consisting of an oat straw or stem; as, an oaten pipe. Ti ton, OATH, (ath,) n, [Sax. ath; Goth. alths; D. eed; G. eid ; Sw. ed; Dan. @ed.] : 3 A solemn affirmation or declaration, made with an ee ate, oat or cockle, darnel; Russ. oves A cake made of the meal of oats. Peacham. Made of oatmeal; as, oaten TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ————n ——————————— 96 741 EN Sc ae a et TA ms _ “ meta. iN Aa Pay ey Oe 5 Rent “TSR eee a cpeat 2 | SS OBE OBF OBI appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. The appeal to God in an oath implies that the per- s0n imprecates his vengeance, and renounces his favor, if the declaration is false; or, if the declara- tion is a promise, the person invokes the vengeance of God if he should fail to fulfill it. A false oath is called perjury. OATH!A-BLE, a. Capable of having an oath admin- istered to. [JVot uwsed.] Shak. OATH’-BREAK-ING, n. The violation of an oath ; perjury. Shak. OAT!/-MALT, nz. Malt made of oats. Mortimer. OAT’MEAL, x. Meal of oats produced by grinding or pounding. Gay. 2. A plant. [Wot used. | _ Ash OAT’-THIS-TLE, (-this'l,) x. A plant. insworth. OB, a Latin preposition, signifies, primarily, in front, before, and hence against, toward; as in objicio, to object, that is, to throw against. It has also the force of in or on; as in obtrude, to thrust on. In composition, the letter 6 is often changed into the first letter of the word to which it is prefixed ; as in occa- ston, offer, oppose. OB-AM’BU-LATE, v. 7. [L. obambulo.] To walk about. [WVot used.] OB-AM-BU-LA'TION, n. A walking about. used. Dict. OB-BLI-GA’TO, a. [It., bound.] Literally, bound or confined ; a musical term applied to a composition or movement written expressly for the instrument named; and also to a movement restrained by cer- tain rules to a particular passage, &c. Brande. OB-CON'IE, da. f[oband conic.] In botany, con- OB-CON’IE-AL, ical, but having the apex down- ward. OB-€ORD/ATE, a. [L., from od and cor, the heart.] In botany, shaped like a heart, with the apex downward ; a8, an obcordate petal or legume. Cockeram. [ Vot Martyn. OB-DOR-MI’'TION, (-mish/un,) 7. [L. obdormio.} Sleep; sound sleep. [Little used.} Hall, OB-DUCE’, v.t [L. obduco; ob and duco, to lead.] To draw over, as a covering. [Little used.] Hale. OB-DU€T’, v. t. [L. obduco.] To draw over; tocover. [JVotinuse.] Brown. OB-DUCE/TION, xn. [L. obductio.} The act of drawing over, as a covering; the act of laying over. [ Little used. ‘ockeram. OB/DU-RA-CY or OB-DU/RA-CY, n. [See Oxspv- RATE.} Invincible hardness of heart; impenitence that can not be subdued; inflexible persistency in sin; obstinacy in wickedness. God may by almighty grace hinder the absolute completion of sin oe in final obduracy, OB/DU-RATE or OB-DU’/RATE, a. harden ; 0b and duro.] 1. Hardened in heart; inflexibly hard ; persisting obstinately in sin or impenitence, 2. Hardened against good or favor ; stubborn; un- yielding; inflexible. The custom of evil makes the heart obdurate against whatsoever instructions to the contrary, Hook 3. Harsh; rugged; as, an obdurate consonant. Little used. | Swift. OB/DU-RATE, 0. t. Toharden. [Not used.] More. OB/DU-RATE-LY or OB-DU/RATE-LY, adv. Stub- bornly ; inflexibly ; with obstinate impenitence. OB'DU-RATE-NESS or OB-DO’/RATE-NESS, 7x. Stubbornness ; inflexible persistence in sin. OB-DU-RA'TION, n. The hardening of the heart; hardness of heart; stubbornness. Hooker. South. [L. obduro, to Hammond. OB-DURB!, v. t. [L. obduro.] 1. To harden; to render obstinate in sin. [Little used. | Herbert. 2. To render inflexible. [Little used.] Hall. OB-DUR/ED, pp. ora. Hardened ; inflexible; impen- itent. Milton. OB-DUR/ED-NESS, n. “Hardness of heart; stubborn- Hall, _ ness, pee used. | O/BE-AH, n. A species of witchcraft practiced among the African negroes, Fncyc. Am. O-BE/DI-ENCE, n. [Fr., from L. obedientia. Sco OsEY.] Compliance with a command, prohibition, or known law and rule of duty prescribed ; the per- formance of what is required or enjoined by author- ity, or the abstaining from what is prohibited, in compliance with the command or prohibition. To constitute obedience, the act or forbearance to act must be in submission to authority ; the command must be known to the person, and his compliance must be in consequence of it, or it is not obedience, Obedience is not synonymous with obsequiousness ; the latter often implying meanness or servility, and obedience being merely a proper submission to au- thority. That which duty requires implies dignity of conduct rather than servility. Obedience may be voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary obedience alone ean be acceptable to God. Government must compel the obedience of individuals; other- wise who will seek its protection or fear its vengeance? Ames, 762 O-BE-DI-EN’TIAL, a. OB’E-LISK, x. O-BESE/NESS, O-BE/DI-ENT, a. [L. obediens.]} Submissive to authority ; yielding compliance with commands, orders, or injunctions; performing what is required, or abstaining from what is forbid. The. chief his orders gives ; the obedient band, With due observance, wait the chief's command. ns obedienciel. | According to the rule of obedience; in compli- ance with commands ; as, obediential submission. Hammond. O-BE/DI-ENT-LY, adv. With obedience; with due submission to commands; with submission or com- pliance with orders. Tulotson. O-BEI/SANCE or O-BEI/SANCE, n. [Fr. obeissance, from obeir, to obey, L. obedio.] A bow or courtesy ; an act of reverence made by an inclination of the body or the knee. Gen. XXXVii. O-BEI/SANT or O-BEI/SANT, a. missive. OB-E-LIS/€AL, a. Pope. Reverent; sub- In the form of an obelisk. Stuke ley. [L. obeliscus; Gr. ofedcoxos, dim. of of eXos, a spit. 1. A tall, four-sided pillar, gradually tapering as it rises, and cut off at the top in the form of a flat pyra- mid. The shaft is properly made of one entire stone, as in the Egyptian obelisks, which are also often charged with inscriptions or hieroglyphics. Some ancient obelisks appear to have been erected in honor of distinguished persons or their achievements. Ptol- emy Philadelphus raised one of 88 cubits high in honor of Arsinoe. Augustus erected one in the Cam- pus Martius at Rome, which served to mark the hours on a horizontal dial drawn on the pavement. Encyc. 2. In writing and printing, a reference or mark re- ferring the reader to a note in the margin, thus, f. It is used also for a mark of censure, or for desig- nating obsolete words, or for other purposes, at the pleasure of the writer. OB’E-LIZE, v. t. To designate with an obelus; to mark as doubtful or spurious. OB/E-LUS, n. [Gr. oGedns, a needle.} In ancient man- uscripts, a mark, thus, —, or —, so called from its re- semblance to a needle. It was used by Origen in his Hexapla, to mark passages of the Septuagint which are not found in the Hebrew. rande. OB-EQ/UI-TATE, v. i. [L. obequito; ob and equito, to ride ; eguzs, a horse.] To ride about. [Vot used.] Cockeram. OB-EQ-UI-TA’TION, n. The act of riding about. [Not used.] Cockeram. OB/E-RON, n. The king of the fairies. See Shak- speare’s Midsummer Night?s Dream. OB-ER-RA/TION, n. [L. oberrvo; ob and erro, to wan- er. ] The act of wandering about. [Litéle used.] O-BESE!, a. [L. obesus,] [ Johnson. Fat; fleshy. [Little used.] Gayton. O-BES/LTY, mn. [. obesitas.] Excessive fatness; fleshiness; incumbrance of flesh. Grew. O-BEY’, (0-ba’,)v. t. [Fr. obcir, contracted from L. obedio, It. ubbidire ; supposed to be contracted from ob and audio, to hear. See Gr. efaxovw.] 1. To comply with the commands, orders, or in- structions of a superior, or with the requirements of law, moral, political, or municipal; to do that which is commanded or required, or to forbear doing that which is prohibited. He who has learned to obey will know how to command, Children, obey your parents in the Lord, —Eph. vi. Servants, obey in all things your masters. — Col. iii. 2. Tosubmit to the government of; to be ruled by. All Israel obeyed Solomon. —1 Chron. xxix. Dan. vii. 3. To submit to the direction or control of. Sea- men say, the ship will not obey the helm. Let not sin therefore reign in your mortal bocly, that ye should obey it in the lusts thereof. — Rom. vi. James iii. 4, To yield to the impulse, power, or operation of; as, to obey stimulus. Darwin. Relentless Time, destroying power, W hom stone and brass obey, O-BEY’ED, (a-bade’,) pp. Complied with; formed ; as a command; yielded to. O-BEY’BR, n. One who yields obedience. O-BEY'ING, ppr. Complying with commands; sub- mitting to, O PENANG (o-ba/-,) adv, Complyingly ; submis- sively. OB-FIRM/, (ob-ferm/,) ” OF-FIRM/ATE, (ob-ferm/ate,) § per- v.t, To make firm; to harden in resolu- tion. [Not used. FTall. Sheldon. OB-FUS’€ATE, vt. [LL 0b and fusco, to obscure. ] To darken; to obscure. Waterhouse. OB-FUS/€A-TED, pp. Darkened in color. Shenstone, OB-FUS/€A-TING, ppr. Darkening ; obscuring, OB-FUS-€A’/TION, n. The act of darkening or ren- dering obscure; the state of being darkened; a clouding. Obfuscations of the cornea. Darwin. OBIT, n. [L. obiit, obivit; ob and eo, to ZO.) Properly, death; decease ; hence, funeral solemni- ties ; also, an anniversary service for the soul of the deceased on the day of his death. Encyc. Mountagu. OB/I-TER, [{L.] In passing; incidentally ; as, obiter dictum, a thing incidentally said. O-BIT/U-AL, a. [L. obeo, to die; obitus, death.] Pertaining to obits, or the days when funeral so- lemnities are celebrated ; as, obitual days. Encyc. O-BIT’U-A-RY, n, [Fr. obituaire. 1. An account of persons deceased 3 notice of the death of a person, accompanied with a brief bio- graphical sketch of his character. 2. In the Roman Catholic church, a list of the dead, or a register of obitual anniversary days, when service is performed for the dead. Encic. O-BIT’U-A-RI-LY, adv, In the manner of an obit- uary. O-BIT’U-A-RY, a, Relating to the decease of a per- son or persons ; as, an obituary notice. OBJECT, n. [Fr. objet; L. objectum, objectus. the verb. ] 1. That about which any power or faculty is em- ployed, or something apprehended or presented to the mind by sensation or imagination. Thus that quality of a rose which is perceived by the sense of smell, is an object of perception. When the object 1s not in contact with the organ of sense, there must be some medium through which we obtain the per- ception of it. The impression which objects make on the senses, must be by the immediate application of them to the organs of sense, or by means of the medium that intervenes between the organs and the objects. 2. That to whieh the mind is directed for accom- plishment or attainment; end; ultimate purpose. Happiness is the object of every man’s desires; we all strive to attain to that object. Wealth and honor are pursued with eagerness as desirable objects. 3. Something presented to the senses or the mind, to excite emotion, affection, or passion. See This passenger felt some degree of concern at the sight of so moving an object. Altlerbury. In this sense, the word uttered with a particular emphasis, signifies something that may strongly move our pity, abhorrence, or disgust. What an ob- ject! 4. In grammar, that which is produced, influ- enced, or acted on by something else; that which follows a transitive verb. When we say, ‘ God created the world,”? world denotes the thing pro- duced, and is the object after the verb created. When we say, ‘‘ The light affects the eye,”? eve de- notes that which is affected or acted on. When we say, ‘*Instruction directs the mind or opinions,” mind and opinions are the objects influenced. OB/JE€T-GLASS, n. In a telescope or microscope, the glass placed at the end of a tube next the object. Its oflice is to form an image of the object, which is then viewed by the eye-glass. OB-JE€T’, v. t. [L. objicio; ob and jacio, to throw against. ] 1. ‘T’o oppose; to present in opposition. Pallas to their eyes The mist objected, and condensed the skies. Pope. 2. To present or offer in opposition, as a charge criminal, or as a reason adverse to something sup- posed to be erroneous or wrong ; with to or against. The book — giveth liberty to object any crime against to be ordered. Whitgifte. The adversaries of religion object against professors the irrezu- larity of their lives, and too often With justice. Anon. There was this single fault, that Erasmus, thourh an enemy, could object to him. Alterbury. 3. To offer; to exhibit. [Zuttle uscd.] Warburton. OB-JECT’, v. i. To oppose in words or arguments; to offer reasons against. The counsel objected to the admission of the plaintiff’s witnesses. OB-JE€T’, a, Opposed ; presented in opposition. [JVot used. | Sandys. OB-JE€T’A-BLE, a. That may be opposed. Taylor. OB-JEET’ED, pp. Opposed in words; offered reasons against, OB-JECT/ING, ppr. against, OBJEE/TION, nr. [L, objectio.] 1. The act of objecting. 2. That which is presented in opposition ; adverse reason or argument. The defendant ureed several objections to the plaintiff’s claims. The plaintiff has removed or overthrown those objections. 3. That which may be offered in opposition; rea- son existing, though not offered, against a measure or an opinion. We often have objections in our minds which we never offer or present in opposition. 4. Criminal charge ; fault found. OB-JE€/TION-A-BLE, a. Justly liable to objections ; such as may be objected against. OB-JECT/IVE, a [Fr. obec Literally, pertaining or relating to an object. Hence, 1. In philosophy, an epithet applied to whatever is exterior to the mind, or which is the object of thought Opposing ; offering reasonsOBL OBL OBS 7 or feeling ; outward; external. It is opposed to Sus- JECTIVE, Which see for a fuller explanation. Objective certainty is when the proposition is certainly true in itself; and subjective, when we are certain of the (ruth of it. The one is in things, the other in our minds. Waits. 2. In grammar, the objective case is that which fol- lows a transitive verb or a preposition ; that case in which the object of the verb is placed, when produced or affected by the act expressed by the verb. This case in English answers to the oblique cases of the Latin. Lowth. OB-JEET/IVE-LY, adv. In an objective manner; as, a determinate idea objectively in the mind. Locke. 2. In the state of an object. 7 OWN. OB-JECT/IVE-NESS, 7. ‘The state of being objective. Is there such a motion or objectiveness of external bodies, which produceth light? ~ : OB-JE€-TIV'I-TY, n. The state of being objective. OB/JE€ET-LESS, a. Having no object. Coleridge. OB-JECT/OR, n. One that objects; one that offers arguments or reasons in opposition to a proposition or measure. Bentley. OB-JUR/GATE, v. t. [L. objurgo; ob and jurgo, to chide. ] To chide; to reprove. [JVot used.] OB-JUR-GA/TION, xn. [L. objurgatio.] The act of chiding by way of censure ; reproof; reprehension. [ Little used. ] Bramhall. OB-JUR/GA-TO-RY, a. Containing censure or re- proof; culpatory. [Little wsed.] owell. OB-LATE’,a. [L. oblatus, ofero; ob and fero, to bear.] In geometry, flattened or depressed at the poles ; as, an oblate spheroid, whith is the figure of the earth. Cheyne. OB-LATE!’NESS, x. The quality or state of being ob- leming. late. OB-LA/TION, n. to bear or bring.]} 1. Any thing offered or presented in worship or sa- cred service; an offering ; a sacrifice. Bring no more vain oblations. — Is. |. 2. In the early Christian church, a gift or contribu- tion for the expenses of the eucharist, or for the sup- port of the clergy and the poor. Took. OB-LA/TION-ER, zn. One who makes an offering as an act of worship or reverence. OB-LE€’/TATE, v. t. [L. oblecto.] To delight; to please highly. [JVot used.] OB-LE€-TA’TION, x. The act of pleasing highly ; delight: Feltham. OB/LLGATE, v.t. [L. obligo; ob and ligo, to bind.] To bind, as one’s self, in a moral and legal sense ; to impose on, as a duty which the law or good faith may enforce. A man may obligate himself to pay money, or erect a house, either by bond, by cove- nant, or by a verbal promise. A man obligates him- self only by a positive act of his own. We never say, a man obligates his heirs or executors. Until re- cently, the sense of this word has been restricted to positive and personal acts ; and when moral duty or law binds a person to do something, the word OBLIGE has been used. But this distinction is not now ob- served. The millions of mankind, as one vast fraternity, should feel ob- Kgated by a sense of duty and the impulse of affection, to realize the equal rights and to subserve the best interests of (L. obdlatio, from offero ; ob and fero, each other. Proud/fit. That’s your true. plan, to obligate The present minister of state. Churchill. OB’LI-GA-TED, pp. Bound by contract or promise. OB/LI-GA-TING, ppr Binding by covenant, contract, promise, or bond. OB-LLGA’TION, x. [L. oblizatio.] 1. The binding power of a vow, promise, oath, or contract, or of law, civil, political, or moral, inde- pendent of a promise ; that which constitutes legal or moral duty, and which renders a person liable to coercion and punishment for neglecting it. The laws and commands of God impose on us an obligation to love him supremely, and our neighbor as ourselves, Every citizen is under an obligation to obey the laws of the state. Moral obligation binds men without promise or contract, 2. The binding force of civility, kindness, or grati- tude, when the performance of a duty can not be enforced by law. Favors conferred impose on men an obligation to make suitable returns. 3. Any act by which a person becomes bound to do something to or for another, or to forbear some- thing. Taylor. 4, In law, a bond with a condition annexed, and a penalty for non-fulfillment. OB-LLGA'TO. See Ospricaro. OB/LI-GA-TO-RY, a. Binding in law or conscience ; imposing duty ; requiring performance or forbearance of some act; followed by on; to is obsolete. As long as law is obligatory, so long our obedience is due. Taylor. O-BLIGE!, (pronounced as written, not o-bleej’,) v. t. [Fr. obliger ; It. obbligare; Sp. obligar; from 1. obli- go; ob and ligo, to bind ; Russ. oblagayu, or oblegayu, to encompass or surround. ]} ical force. An admiral may be obliged to surrender his ships, or he may be obliged by adverse winds to de- lay sailing. 2. To constrain by legal force; to bind in Jaw. We are obliged to pay toll for supporting roads and bridges. 3. To bind or constrain by moral force. We are obliged to believe positive and unsuspected testi- mony. 4. 'To bind in conscience or honor; to constrain by a sense of propriety. We are often oblized to con- form to established customs, rites, or ceremonies. To be obliged to yield to fashion is often the worst species of tyranny. 5. To do a fayor to; to lay under obligation of gratitude ; as, to oblige one with a loan of money. 6. To do a favor to; to please ; to gratify. Oblige us with your company at dinner. 7. To bring under obligation. To those hills we are obliged for all our metals. Bentley. O-BLIG/ED, pp. Bound in duty or in law; compelled; constrained; favored ; indebted. OB-LL-GEE’, x. The person to whom another is bound, or the person to whom a bond is given. Blackstone. O-BLIGE/MENT, zx. [Little used. | Milton. Dryden. O-BLI/GER, n. One that obliges. O-BLI’GING, ppr. Binding in law or conscience ; 2. Doing a favor to. [compelling ; constraining. No man can long be the enemy of one whom he is in the habit of obliging. H, Humphrey. O-BLI/GING, a. [Fr. obligeant. Having the disposition to do favors, or actually conferring them; as, an obliging man ; aman of an obliging disposition ; hence, civil; complaisant ; kind. Mons. Strozzi has many curiosities, and is very obliging to a stranger that desires the sight of them. Addison. O-BLI'GING-LY, adv. With civility; kindly ; com- Obligation. plaisantly. Addison. Swift. O-BLI/GING-NESS, 7. Obligation. [Little used.] Hammond. 9. Civility ; complaisance ; disposition-to exercise kindness. Walton. OB-LI-GOR/, n.* The person who binds himself, or gives his bond to another. Blackstone. OB-LI-QUA'TION, n. [L. obliquo, from obliquus, ob- lique. J. Declination from a straight line or course; a turning to one side ; as, the obliquation of the eyes. 2. Deviation from moral rectitude. [ Newton. OB-LIQUE’, (ob-like!’ or ob-leek’,) a. [L. obliquus ; Fr. oblique. | 1. Deviating from a right line; not direct; not perpendicular ; not parallel; aslant. It has a direction oblique to that of the former motion. An oblique angle is either acute or obtuse ; any an- gle except a right angle. An oblique line is one that, falling on another, makes oblique angles with it. Oblique planes, in dialing, are those which decline from the zenith, or incline toward the horizon, Oblique sailing, is when a ship sails upon some rhumb between the four cardinal points, making an oblique angle with the meridian. Brande. Encyc. 2. Indirect; by a side glance; as, an oblique hint. Shak. 3. In grammar, an oblique case is any case except the nominative. OB-LIQUE/-AN//GLED, a. Having oblique angles; as, an oblique-angled triangle. OB-LIQUE/LY, adv. In a line deviating from a right line ; not directly ; not perpendicularly. Declining from the noon of day, The sun obliquely shoots his burning ray. Pope. 2 Indirectly; by aside glance; by an allusion; not in the direct or plain meaning. His discourse tends obliquely to the detracting from others. iiddison, OB-LIQUE/NESS, n. Obliquity. OB-LIQ/UI-TY, (ob-lik/we-te,) x. obliquité. | 1. Deviation from a right line ; deviation from par- allelism or perpendicularity ; as, the obliquity of the ecliptic to the equator. 2, Deviation from moral rectitude. To disobey God, or oppose his will in any thing, imports n moral obliquity. South. 3. Irregularity ; deviation from ordinary rules. OB-LIT/BR-ATE, v.t. [L. oblitero; ob and litera, let- ter. 1. To efface ; to erase or blot out any thing writ- ten ; or to efface any thing engraved. A writing may be obliterated by erasure, by blotting, or by the slow operation of time or natural causes. aes 2. To efface ; to wear out; to destroy by time or other means; as, to obliterate ideas or impressions ; to obliterate the monuments of antiquity ; to obliter- ate reproach. Flale. Locke. 3. 'T'o reduce to a very low or imperceptible state. Cheyne. [L. obliquitas; Fr. OB-LIT/ER-A-TED, pp. or a. OB-LIT-ER-A/TION, n. OB-LIV/ION, zn. Effaced ; erased; worn out; destroyed. OB-LIT/ER-A-TING, ppr. Effacing; wearing out; | destroying. ] The act of effacing ; efface- ment; 2 blotting out or wearing out; extinction. as Hale. [L. oblivio.] 1. Forgetfulness ; cessation of remembrance. Dryden. 2. A forgetting of offenses, or remissian of punish- ment. An act of oblivion is an amnesty, or general pardon of crimes and offenses, granted by a sovereign, by which punishment is remitted. OB-LIV/LOUS, a. [L. obliviosus.] Among our crimes oblivion may be set. 1. Causing forgetfulness. Shak. The oblivious calm of indifference. J. M. Mason. Behold the wonders of th’ oblivious lake. Pope. 2. Forgetful. Cavendish. OB-LIV’LOUS-LY, adv. Forgetfully. OB-LO€/U-TOR, n. A gainsayer. [JVot in use.] ull, OB’/LONG, a. [Fr., from L. oblongus.]} Longer than broad. Harris. OB/LONG, x. broad. 2. In geometry, a rectangle which is longer than it is broad. OB/LONG-ISH, a. Somewhat oblong. | OB’/LONG-LY, a. In an oblong form. Cheyne. OB/LONG-NESS, n. The state of being longer than broad. OB'/LONG-O/VATE, a. A figure which is longer than it is In botany, between oblong and ovate, but inclined to the latter. Martyn. OB-LO/QUL-OUS, a. .[See Oxsxioguy.] Containing obloquy ; reproachful. [Little used. JVaunton. OB/LO-QUY, xn. speak. ] 1. Censorious speech ; reproachful language; lan- guage that casts contempt on men or their actions, Shall names that made your city the glory of the earth, be men- tioned with obloquy and detraction ? ddison. [L. obloguor; ob and loquor, to 2. Cause of reproach; disgrace. [JVot used. ]} Shak. OB-LU€-TA/TION, x. [L. obluctor ; 0b and luctor, to struggle. ] A struggle or striving against; resistance. [Little used.| Fotherby. OB-MU-TES’/CENCE, n. [L. obmutesco, to be silent.] 1. Loss of speech ; silence. TOWN. 2. A keeping silence. Paley. OB-NOX/IOUS, (ob-nok’shus,) a. [l. obnozius; ob and nozius, hurtful, from noceo, ] 1. Subject; answerable. The writings of lawyers, which are tied and obnoxious to their particular laws. acon. 2. Liable; subject to cognizance or punishment. We know ourselves obnozious to God’s severe justice. Calamy. 3. Liable; exposed; as, friendship ebnozious to jealousies. Tayward. 4. Reprehensible ; censurable; not approved; as, obnoxious authors. Fell. 5. Odious ; hateful; offensive; with to; as, the minister was obnoxious to the whigs. urke. 6. Hurtful; noxious. Milton. OB-NOX/IOUS-LY, adv. Ina state of subjection or liability. 2. Reprehensibly ; odiously ; offensively. OB-NOX/IOUS-NESS, n. Subjection orliableness to punishment. Fall. 9, Odiousness; offensiveness. The obnoziousness of the law rendered the legislature unpopular. | OB-NU/BI-LATH, v. t. [L. obnubilor; ob and nubdilo; mubes, mist, cloud.] To cloud ; toobscure. OB-NU/BI-LA-TED, pp. OB-NU-BLLA/TION, n. The act or operation of making dark or obscure. Beddoes. Waterhouse. O'BO-E, n. [It.] A wind-instrument of music sound- ed through a reed ; also written Haursoy. OB/OLE,z. [L. obolus.] In pharmacy, the weight of twelve grains; some say, ten grains. Ash. OB/O-LUS, n. [L., from Gr. ofodos.] A small silver coin of Athens, the sixth part of a drachma, about two cents in value, or a penny far- thing sterling. 9. An ancient weight, the sixth part of a drachm. OB-6/VATE, a. In botany, inversely ovate; having the narrow end downward ; as, an obovate leaf. JHartyn. OB-REP’TION, x. ([L. obrepo; ob and repo, to creep. | : The act of creeping on with secrecy or by surprise. Cudworth. OB-REP-TI//TIOUS, (-tish’us,) a. [Supra.] Doneor obtained by surprise; with secresy, or by conceal- ment of the truth. Enciyc. OB/RO-GATE, v. t. [L. obrogo.] To propose or proclaim a new and contrary law, instead of annulling the old one, [.Vot in use.] Burton. Clouded ; obscured. The torpor of the vascular system and Coe oe: é 1. To constrain by necessity ; to compel by phys- . Repos. OB-SCENE’, a. [Fr., from L. obscanus. | od TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/(CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 763 ~ es a ras tas mig a » eer & —oP ap e ne ‘ hi wae eee RR ee ee SE aE iim Ea wera ee | be OBS OBS OBS I, Offensive to chastity and delicacy : impure ; ex- pressing or presenting to the mind or view some- thing which delicacy, purity, and decency forbid to be exposed ; as, obscene language; obscene pictures. 2, Foul; filthy; offensive ; disgusting. A girdle foul with grease binds his obscene attire. Dryden, 3. Inauspicious; ill-omened, At the cheerful light, The groaning ghosts and birds obscene take flight. Dryden. OB-SCENBE/LY, adv. Ina manner offensive to chas- tity or purity ; impurely ; unchastely. Milton. OB-SCENE/NESS, )n. [Fr. obscenité; L. obsceni- OB-SCEN’I-TY, tas. 1. Impurity in expression or representation; that quality in words or things which presents what is offensive to chastity or purity of mind; ribaldry. Cowley asserts plainly that obscenity has no place in wit, Dryden. Those fables were tempered with the Italian severity, and free from any note of infamy or obscenenese. Dryden, No pardon vile obscenity should find. ope. 2. Unchaste actions; lewdness. To wash th’ obscenities of night away. Dryden. OB-S€U-RA/TION, n, [L. obscuratio.] J, The act of darkening. 2. The state of being darkened or obscured ; as, the obscuration of the moon in an eclipse. OB-S€URE!, a. [L. obscurus; It. oscuro,] 1. Dark ; destitute of light. Whoso curseth his father or mother, his lamp shall be put out in obscure darkness. — Proy, xx. 2. Living in darkness; as, the obscure bird. Shak. 3. Not easily understood; not obviously intelligi- ble; abstruse ; as, an obscure passage in a writing. Driden. 4. Not much known or observed; retired ; remote from observation ; as, an obscure retreat. 5. Not noted; unknown; unnoticed; humble; mean; as, an obscure person; a person of obscure birth. Atterbury. 6. Not easily legible ; as, an obscure inscription. 7. Not clear, full, or distinct; imperfect; as, an obscure view of remote objects. OB-SEURE’. D. te ile obscura: | 1. To darken; to make dark, The shadow of the earth obscures the moon, and the body of the moon obscures the sun, in an eclipse. 2. To cloud ; to make partially dark. Thick clouds obscure the day. 3. To hide from the view; as, clouds obscure the 4, To make less visible. (sun. Why, ‘tis an office of discovery, love, And I should be obscured, Shak. o. Lo make less legible ; as, time has obscured the writing. 6. To make less intelligible. There is scarce any doty which has been so obscured by the writings of the learned as this, Wake. 7. To make less glorious, beautiful, or illustrious. And seest not sin obscures thy godlike frame? 8. To conceal ; to make unknown. 9, To tarnish ; as, to obscure brightness. OB-SCUR’/ED, pp. Clouded, or made partially dark ; concealed. Dryden, JWilton. OB'/SE-QUIES, (ob’se-kwiz,) n. pl. [Fr. obséques, from L. obsequium, complaisance, from obsequor, to follow. ] Funeral rites and solemnities ; the last duties per- formed to a deceased person. ryden. [Milton uses the word Oxsxrauy, in the singular, but the common usage is different. } OB-SE'QUL-OUS, a. [from L. obsequium, complai- sance, from obsequor, to follow ; ob and sequor.] 1. Promptly obedient or submissive to the will of another ; compliant ; yielding to the desires of oth- ers, properly to the will or command of a superior ; but in actual use, it often signifies yielding to the will or desires of such as have no right to control. His servants weeping, Obsequious to his orders, bear him hither. Addison. 2. Servilely or meanly condescending ; compliant to excess ; as, an obsequious flatterer, minion, or par- asite, 3. Funereal ; pertaining to funeral rites. [Vot used. | Shak. OB-SE/QUI-OUS-LY, adv. With ready obedience ; With prompt compliance. They risc, and with respectful awe, At the word given, obseguiously withdraw. Dryden. 2. With reverence for the dead. [JVot used.] Shak. OB-SE/QUI-OUS-NESS, n. Ready obedience ; prompt compliance with the orders of a superior. 2, Servile submission; mean or excessive com- plaisance. They apply themselves both to his interest and humor, with all the arts of flattery and obsequiousness. South. OB/SE-QUY, 2. Funeral rite. [See Ossequies.] 2. Obsequiousness. _[JVot in use. } B. Jonson. OB/SE-RATE, v. t, [L. obsero.] To lock up. [Wot uscd. | OB’SE-RA-TED, pp. Locked up. OB/SE-RA-TING, ppr. Locking un. OB-SERV'A-BLE, a. [See Onserve.] That may be observed or noticed. 2. Worthy of observation or of particular notice ; remarkah!> I took a just account of every observablg circumstance of the earth, stone, metal, or other matter. Woodward, OB-SERV/A-BLY, adv. Ina manner worthy of note, Brown. OB-SERV’/ANCE, n. [Fr. See Osserve.] The act of observing; the act of keeping or adhering to in practice; performance ; as, the observance of rules, rites, ceremonies, or laws, Love rigid honesty, And strict observance of impartial laws. Roscommon. 2. Respect; ceremonial reverence in practice. To do observance on the morn of May. Shak. 3. Performance of rites, religious ceremonies, or external service. Some represent to themselves the whole of religion as consi ing in a few easy observances, togers, 4. Rule of practice ; things to be observed. Shak. 5. Observation ; attention to, [Little used.] Hale. 6. Obedient regard or attention. Having had experience of his fidelity and observance abroad. OB-SCURE’LY, adv. Darkly ; not clearly ; imperfect- ly ; as, an object obscurely seen ; obscurely visible. 2, Out of sight; in a state not to be noticed ; pri- vately ; in retirement ; not conspicuously. There live retired ; Content thyself to be obscurely rood. Addison. , 3. Not clearly ; not plainly to the mind; darkly; as, future events obscurely revealed. 4. Not plainly ; indirectly ; by hints or allusion. OB-SEURE/NESS,} rr. ohceiptae OB-S€U/RI-TY, (7 [L. obscuritas.] 1, Darkness; want of light. We wait for light, but behold obscurity, —Is. lix. 2. A state of retirement from the world ; a state of being unnoticed ; privacy. You are not for obscurity designed. 3, Darkness of meaning; unintelligibleness : as, the obscurity of writings, or of a particular passage, 4, ilegibleness ; as, the obscurity of letters, or of an inscription. 0, A state of being unknown to fame; humble condition ; as, the obscurity of birth or parentage. OB-SCUR/ER, n. He or that which obscures or dark- engi _ Lord. OB-SCUR/ING, ppr. Darkening ; making less visible or intelligible ; tarnishing, OB/SE-CRATE, v.t. [L. obsecro.] To beseech; to entreat; to supplicate ; earmmestly. OB'SE-€RA-TED, pp. OB/SE-€RA-TING, ppr. OB-SE-€RA/TION, x. Dryden. to pray Cockeram. Entreated ; prayed earnestly. Supplicating ; beseeching. Entreaty ; supplication. — Stillingfleet. 2. A figure of rhetoric, in which the orator implores the assistance of God or man. Encyc. OB'/SE-QUENT, a. [I obsequens.] [Not used.] olton, OB-SER-VAN/DA, n. pl. [L.] Things to be observed. Swit. OB-SERV'ANT, a. Taking notice ; attentively view- ing or noticing ; as, an observant spectator or trav- eler. 2. Obedient ; adhering to in practice ; with of. He is very observant of the rules of his order. We are told how observant Alexander was of his master, Anistotle, Dighy. 3. Carefully attentive ; submissive. Ralegh. OB-SERV/ANT, x. Aslavish attendant. [Wot in use.] Shak. 2. A diligent observer. Hooker. 3. Among monks, one of a community which pro- fesses to observe perfectly the rule of the order as originally established. Murdock. OB-SERV/ANT-LY, adv. In an observant manner; attentively. OB-SERV-A'/TION, n, [L. observatio. See OssEerve.] 1. The act of observing or taking notice ; the act of seeing or of fixing the mind on any thing. We apply the word to simple vision, as when one says, a spot on the sun’s disk did not fall under his odser- vation; or to the notice or cognizance of the mind, as when one says, the distinction made by the orator escaped his observation. When, however, it express- €3 vision, it often represents a more fixed or particu- Jar view than a mere transient sight; aS, an astro- nomical observation. 2. Notion gained by observing; the effect or result of seeing or taking cognizance in the mind, and either retained in the mind or expressed in words ; inference, or something arising out of the act of see- Ing or noticing, or that which is produced by think- ing and reflecting on a subject; note; remark ; ani- madversion. We often say, I made the observation Obedient ; submissive to. [Little used.] Fotherby. which is expressed as the result of viewing or of thinking. In matters of human prudence, we shall find the greatest advan- tage by making wise observations on our conduct. Watts. 3, Observance ; adherence to in practice; perform- ance of what is prescribed. He freed the Christian church from the external obgerpation and obedience of legal precepts not formally moral. White. 4. In astronomy, an angular measurement of any space on the celestial sphere. Olmsted. OB-SERYV-A'TION-AL, a. Consisting of or containing remarks or observations. Sturtevant. OB-SERV-A'/TOR, xn. [Fr. observateur.] 1. One that observes or takes notice. Hale. emarker, Dryden. eA re OB-SERV’'A-TO-RY, n. [Fr. observatoire.] A place or building for making observations on the heavenly bodies; as, the royal observatory at Green- wich. OB-SERVE!, (ob-zerv’,) v. t& [L. observo; ob and servo, to keep or hold. The sense is, to hold in view, or to keep the eyes on. See Class Sr, No. 34, 38, 45, and Class Dr, No. 32,] 1. To see or behold with some attention ; to no- tice ; as, to observe a halo round the moon; I observed a Singular phenomenon ; We observe strangers or their dress, I saw the figure, but observed nothing pecu- liar in it. 2. To take notice or cognizance of by the intellect. We observe nice distinctions in arguments, or a pecu- liar delicacy of thought, 3. To utter or express, as a remark, opinion, or sentiment; to remark. He observed that no man ap- pears great to his domestics. 4, ‘To keep religiously ; to celebrate. A night to be much observed to the Lord. — Ex. xif. Ye shall observe the feast of unleavened bread. — Ex, xi. Ye observe days, and months, and times, and years. — Gal. iv, 5. ‘Zo keep or adhere to in practice; to comply with ; to obey; as, to observe the laws of the state; to observe the rules and regulations of a society. Teaching manut thei to observe nll things whatsoever I have com- -d you. — Matt. xxviii, 6. To practice. In the days of Enoch, the people observed not circumcision or the Sabbath. W hite. OB-SERVE!, (ob-zerv’,) v. % To remark, I have heard the gentleman’s arguments, and shall here- after observe upon them. 2. To be attentive. OB-SERV/ED, pp. Noticed by the eye or the mind. 2. Kept religiously ; celebrated ; practiced. OB-SERV/ER, 7. One who observes; one that takes notice ; particularly, one who looks to with care, at- tention, or vigilance. Careful observers may foretell the hour, tit By sure prognostic, when to dread a shower, Swift, Creditors are great observers of set days and times. Fyanklin. 2. A beholder; a looker on ; a spectator. South. 3. One who keeps any law, custom, regulation, or rite ; one who adheres to any thing in practice ; one who performs ; as, a great observer of forms ; an ob- server of old customs, Bacon, 4, One who fulfills or performs ; as, he is a strict observer of his word or promise. Prior. 5. One who keeps religiously ; as, an observer of the Sabbath. Atterbury. OB-SERV/ING, ppr. Taking notice by the eye or the intellect. 2. Remarking. 3. Keeping; adhering to in practice ; fulfilling. 4. a. Giving particular attention; habitually tak- ing notice ; attentive to what passes. He is an ob- serving man. OB-SERV/ING-LY, adv. carefully ; with close observation. Shak. OB-SESS’, v. 1. [L. obsideo, obsessus ; 0b and sedeo, to sit, To besiege. [Not used.) OB-SES/SION, (-sesh/un,) n. 1. The act of besieging. 2. The state of a person vexed or besieged by an evil spirit, antecedent to possession. [Little used.]} Burton. OB-SID/I-AN, x. A kind of glass produced by volca- noes. It is usually of a black color, and opaque, ex- cept in thin splinters. A variety of it has a bluish or grayish color, and a pearly luster, and is called PEARLSTONE. Dana. OB-SID/I-ON-AL, a. [L. dbsidionalis; 0b and sedeo, to sit.] Pertaining to a siege ; as, an obsidional crown, one bestowed upon a general who raised the siege of a beleaguered place. It was formed of grass growing on the rampart. OB-SIG-IL-LA/TION, x. [L. ob and sigillo.] A sealing up. [JVotin use. OB-SIG’NATE, v. t. [L. obstgno; ob and signo, to seal. } To seal up; to ratify. [Little wsed.] Barrow. Attentively ; Elyot. [L. obsessio,] in my own mind; but properly an observation is that OB-SIG-NA/TION, n. The act of sealing ; ratification by sealing ; confirmation. Taylor. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, D 764 OVE, MOVE, WOLF, BCOK.—OBS OB-SIG/NA-TO-RY, a. sealing. OB-SO-LES’CENCE, nz. Ratifying ; confirming by Ward. oe The state of becoming obso- ate. Crombie. Mee a. [L. obsolesco, to go out of Going out of use; passing into desuetude. All the words compounded of here and a preposition, except hereafter, are obsolete or obsolescent. Campbell, OB'SO-LETE, a. [L. obsoletus.] 1. Gone into disuse ; disused ; neglected ; as, an ob- solete word ; an obsolete statute; applied chiefly to words or writings. Dryden. Swift. 2. In natural history, obscure; not very distinct ; rudimental. OB‘SO-LETE-NESS, n. The state of being neglected in use; a state of desuetude. ohnson. 2. In natural history, indistinctness; want of de- velopment. OB'STA PRIN-CIP'I-IS, [L.] nings. OB/STA-€LE, n. ob and sto.] That which opposes; any thing that stands in the way and hinders progress ; hinderance ; obstruction, either in a physical or moral sense. An army may meet With obstacles on its march; bad roads are ob- stacles to traveling ; prejudice is an obstacle to im- provement; want of union is often an insuperable _ obstacle to beneficial measures. OB/STAN-CY, n. [L. obstantia; ob and sto.] Opposition ; impediment ; obstruction. [JVot wsed.] B. Jonson. OB-STET’RIE, a. i obstetriz, a midwife; ob and sto, to stand before. Pertaining to midwifery, or the delivery of women in childbed ; as, the obstetric art. OB-STET/RI-CATE, v. 2 See Orsterric.] To perform the office of a midwife. [Litile used.) Resist the begin- [Fr., from L. obsto, to withstand ; Evelyn. OB-STET’/RLEATE, v. t. To assist as a midwife. [Little used. | Waterhouse. OB-STET-RL€A/TION, zn. midwife, 2. The office of a midwife. Hall, OB-STET-RI/'CIAN, (-rish’an,) . One skilled in the art of assisting women in parturition. Med. Repos. OB-STET’RIES, m. The science of midwifery ; the art of assisting women in parturition. Encye. OB/STI-NA-CY, x. [L. obstinatio, from obsto, to stand against, to oppose ; 0b and sto.] 1. A fixedness in opinion or resolution that can not be shaken at all, or not without great difficulty ; firm and usually unreasonable adherence to an opin- jon, purpose, or system; a fixedness that will not yicld to persuasion, arguments, or other means. Ob- stinacy may not always convey the idea of unreason- able or unjustifiable firmness; as when we say, sol- diers fight with obstinacy. But often, and perhaps usually, the word denotes a fixedness of resolution which is not to be vindicated under the circum- stances; stubbornness ; pertinacity ; persistency. 2. Fixedness that will not yield to application, or that yields with difficulty; as, the obstinacy of a dis- ease or evil. OB/STI-NATE, a. [L. obstinatus.] 1. Stubborn ; pertinaciously adhering to an opin- ion or purpose ; fixed firmly in resolution ; not yield- ing to reason, arguments, or other means. 1 have known great cures done by obstinate resolutions of drink- ing no wine. Temple. No ass'so meek, no ass £0 obstinate, Pope. 2. Not yielding, or not easily subdued or removed ; as, an obstinate fever; obstinate obstructions; an ob- stinate cough. OB/STILNATE-LY, adv. Stubbornly ; pertinaciously ; with fixedness of purpose not to be shaken, or not Without difficulty ; as, a sinner obstinately bent on his own destruction. Inflexible to ill and obstinately just. OB/STI-NATE-NESS, zn. Stubbornness ; pertinacity in opinion or purpose; fixed determination. Hall. OB-STL-PA/TION, 2. [L. obstipo; ob and stipo, to crowd. ] 1. The act of stopping up; as, a passage. 9, In medicine, costiveness. OB-STREP/ER-OUS, a, [L. obstreperus, from obstrepo, to roar ; ob and strepo.] Loud; noisy ; clamorous; vociferous; making a tumultuous noise. The players do not only connive at his obstreperous approba- tion, but repair at their own cost whatever damages he Addison. Loudly ; clamorously ; The act of assisting as a Addison, makes, OB-STREP/ER-OUS-LY, adv. with tumultuous noise, OB-STREP/ER-OUS-NESS, x. noisy turbulence. OB-STRI€/TION, 7. and stringo, to strain.] Obligation ; bond. OB-STRU€ET’, »v. t. Loudness ; clamor ; [L. obstrictus, obstringo; ob Milton. [L. obstruo; ob and struo, to OBT 1. To block up; to stop up or close, as a way or passage ; to fill with obstacles or impediments that prevent passing ; as, to obstruct a road, highway, or channel ; to obstruct the canals or fine vessels of the body. 2. To stop; to impede; to hinder in passing; as, the bar at the mouth of the river obstructs the en- trance of ships; clouds obstruct the Jight of the sun. 3. To retard ; to interrupt; to render slow. Prog- ress is often obstructed by difficulties, though not en- tirely stopped. OB-STRU€T’ED, pp. ora. Blocked up; stopped; as 2. Hindered ; impeded; as progress. [a passage. 3. Retarded ; interrupted. OB-STRU€T’ER, zn. One that obstructs or hinders. OB-STRU€T/ING, ppr. Blocking up; stopping ; im- peding ; interrupting. OB-STRU€/TION, n. [L. obstructio.] 1. The act of obstructing. 2. Obstacle; impediment; any thing that stops or closes a wayorchannel. Bars of sand at the mouths of rivers are often obstructions to navigation. 3. That which impedes progress; hinderance. Disunion and party spirit are often obstructions to legislative measures and to public prosperity. 4. A heap. [Not proper. | Shak. OBSTRUCTIVE, a. [Fr. obstructif; It. osstruttivo.] Presenting obstacles ; hindering ; causing impedi- ment. Hammond. OB-STRU€T/IVE, n. Obstacle ; impediment. [Zit- tle used. Hammond. OB-STRU€T/IVE-LY, adv. By way of obstruction. OB/STRU-ENT, a. [L. obstruens.] Blocking up; hindering. OB/STRU-ENT, n. Any thing that obstructs the nat- ural passages in the body. UINCY. OB-STU-PE-FA€/TION, n. [L. obstupefacio.] The act of making stupid or insensible. Srureraction, which is generally used.] OB-STU-PE-FA€/TIVE, a. [L. obstupefacio.] Stupefying ; rendering insensible, torpid, or inert. [Little wsed.| [See STUPEFACTIVE. Abbot. OB-STU/PE-FY, v. t. Tostupefy. [ot used.] OB-TAIN’, v. t [L. obtineo; ob and tenco, to hold ; Fr. obtenir ; It. ottenere.} 1. To get; to gain; to procure; in a general sense, to gain possession of a thing, whether temporary or permanent; to acquire. This word usually implies exertion to get possession, and in this it differs from Rece1ye which may or may not imply exertion. It differs from Acquire, as genus from species; acquire being properly applied only to things permanently possessed; but obtain is applied both to things of temporary and of permanent possession. We obtain loans of money on application ; we obtain answers to letters; we obtain spirit from liquors by distillation, and salts by evaporation. We obtain by seeking ; we often receive without seeking. We acquire or obtain a good title to lands by deed, or by a judgment of court; but we do not acquire spirit by distillation ; nor do we acquire an answer to a letter or an appli- cation. He shall obtain the kingdom by flatteries. — Dan. xi. In whom we have obtained an inheritance, — Eph. 1, 2. To keep; to hold. Milton. OB-TAIN/, v. i. To be received in customary or com- mon use; to continue in use; to be established in practice. The Theodosian code, several hundred years after Justinian’s time, obtained in the western parts of the empire. Baker. 2. To be established ; to subsist in nature. The general laws of fluidity, elasticity, and gravity, obtain in animal and inanimate tubes. heyne. 3. To prevail; to succeed. [Little used.| Bacon. OB-TAIN’A-BLE, a. ‘That may be obtained; that may be procured or gained. Arbuthnot. Kettlewell. OB-TAIN/ED, pp. Gained; procured ; acquired. OB-TAIN‘ER, mn. One who obtains. OB-TAIN/ING, ppr. Gaining; procuring ; acquiring. OB-TAIN/MENT, x. The act of obtaining. Milton. OB-TECT’/ED, a. [L. obtectus.] Covered. OB-TEM’PER-ATE, v. t. [L.] To obey. [ot used] OB-TEND’, v. t. [L. obtendo; ob and tendo; literally, to stretch against or before. ] 1, To oppose; to hold out in opposition. Dryden. 9. To pretend ; to offer as the reason of any thing. [ot used. | Dryden. [ T'his word is rarely used. OB-TEN-BE-BRA!TION, 2. darkness. J A darkening ; act of darkening ; darkness. In every megrim or vertigo there is an oblenebration joined with a semblance of turning round. [Little used.] Bacon. OB-TEN/SION, n. The act of obtending. [JVot used.] OB-TEST’, v t. [Ii. obtestor; 0b and testor, to wit- ness. | To beseech ; to supplicate. [See team L. ob and tenebre, set. ] Obtest his clemency. Dryden. OB-TEST’, v.27. ‘To protest. Waterhouse. OB-TEST-A/TION, n. Supplication; entreaty. 2, Solemn injunction. [ Elyot. OBV OB-TEST/ING, ppr. Beseeching; supplicati ANG, Dp: s 5 supplicating. OB-TREE-Ta/TION, n. [L. obtrectatio, from obtrecto ; ob and tracto, | Slander; detraction; calumny. OB-TRUDE’, v. t. thrust. _ I. To thrust in or on ; to throw, crowd, or thrust, into any place or state by force or imposition, or without solicitation. Men obtrudc their vain specula- tions upon the world. A cause of common error is the credulity of men, that is, an easy assent to what is obiruded. Town. The objects of our senses obtrude their particular ideas upon our minds, whether we will or not. Locke. 2. To offer with unreasonable importunity , to urge upon against the will. Why shouldst thou then obtrude this diligence In vain, where no acceptance t i [Zittle used.] arroi. [L. obtrudo ; ob and trudo, Eng. to it can find ? Milton. To obtrude one’s self; to enter a place where one is not desired; to thrust one’s self in uninvited, or against the will of the company, OB-TRUDE’, v.z%. To enter when not invited. 2. To thrust or be thrust upon. OB-TRUD/ED, pp. Thrust in by force, or unsolicited. OB-TRUD/ER, x. One who obtrudes. Boyle. OB-TRUD/ING, ppr. Thrusting in or on; entering uninvited. OB-TRUD/ING, mn. A thrusting in, or entrance with- out right or invitation. OB-TRUN€/ATE, v. to cut off. ] [L. obtrunco ; ob and trunco, To deprive of a limb; tolop. [J2ttle used.] Cockeram. OB-TRUN-€A!/TION, z. The act of lopping or cut- ting off. [Little used.] Cockeram. OB-TRU/SION, (-zhun,) z. ie obtrudo, obtrusus.] The act of obtruding; a thrusting upon others by force or unsolicited ; as, the obtrusion of crude opin- ions on the world. OB-TRU'‘SIVE, a. Disposed to. obtrude any thing upon others; inclined to intrude or thrust one’s self among others, or to enter uninvited. Not obvious, not obtrusive, but retired, Tbe more desirable. Multon. OB-TRU/SIVE-LY, adv. By way of obtrusion, or thrusting upon others, or entering unsolicited. OB-TUND’, v. t. [L. obtundo ; ob and tundo, to beat.) To dull; to blunt ; to quell ; to deaden; to reduce the edge, pungency, or violent action of any thing ; as, to obtund the acrimony of the gall. Harvey. OB-TUND/ED, pp. Blunted ; quelled ; deadened. OB-TUND/ENT, n. In medicine, a substance which sheathes or blunts irritation, usually some bland, oily, or mucilaginous matter; much the same with DEMULCENT. Forsyth. OB-TU-RA/TION, n. [lL obturatus, from obturo, to stop up.] The act of stopping by spreading over or covering. OB-TU-RA/TOR, x. In anatomy, the obturators are muscles which rise from the outer and inner side of the pelvis around the foramen thyroideum, and are rotators of the thigh. Wistar. Coxe. OB-TUS-AN//GU-LAR, a. [obtuse and angular.] Having angles that are obtuse, or larger than right angles. OB-TUSE’, a. against. | 1. Blunt; not pointed or acute. Applied toangles, it denotes one that is larger than a right angle, or more than ninety degrees. 2. Dull; not having acute sensibility ; as, obtuse [L. obtusus, from obtundo, to beat senses. Milton. 3, Not sharp or shrill; dull; obscure; as, obtuse sound, OB-TUSE/-AN’GLED, a. Having an obtuse angle ; as, an obtuse-angled triangle. OB-TOSE/LY, adv. Without a sharp point. 2. Dully 5 stupidly. OB-TUSE/NESS, n. Bluntness ; as, the obtuseness of an edge or a point. 2, Dullness; want of quick sensibility; as, the obtuseness of the senses. 3. Dullness of sound. OB-TO/SION, (-zhun,) 2. The act of making blunt. 2. The state of being dulled or blunted; as, the obtusion of the senses. OB-UM/BRATE, v. t. [L. obumbro; ob and umbra, a shade. ‘ To shade; to darken; tocloud. [Little used.] Howell. OB-UM-BRA’TION, zn. The act of darkening or ob- scuring. OB-VEN'TION, zx. come. | : Something occasional ; that which happens not regularly, but incidentally. [Vot used.] Spenser. OB-VERS/ANT, a. [L. obversans, obversor ; ob an versor, to turn. ] Conversant ; familiar. [Jot used.] Bacon. OB-VERSE’, (ob-vers’,) a. In botany, having the base narrower than the top, as a leaf. _ OB/VERSE, n. The face of a coin; opposed to Rz- [L. obvenio; ob and venio, to VERSE. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. “ae IOS ~ rete Ne al aap SpieectS a| oce OCC OCH t |) OB-VERSE’LY, adv. In an obverse form or manner. || OB-VERT", v. t. ip obverto; ob and verte, to turn.] To turn toward, Wa OB-VERT’BD, pp. Turned toward. | OB-VERT’ING, ppr. Turning toward. i| OB/VI-ATE, v. & [Fr. obvier; It. ovviare; Sp. obviar ; 4 from L. obvius; ob and via, way.] | Properly, to meet in the way; to oppose ; hence, to prevent by interception, or to remove at the begin- || ning or in the outset ; hence, in present usage, to re- || move in general, as difficulties or objections ; to clear | the way of obstacles in reasoning, deliberating, or planning. J’o lay down every thing in its full light, so as to obviate all ex- ceptions. Woodward. OB/VI-A-TED, pp. Removed, as objections or diffi- culties. OB'VI-A-TING, ppr. Soning or planning. OB/VI-OUS, a. [L. obvius. See the verb.] i | i ; Oey Lae Removing, as objections in rea- J. Meeting; opposed in front. } I tothe evil turn My obvious breast. [Not now used.] Milton. 2. Open; exposed. [Little used.] Milton. 3. Plain; evident; easily discovered, seen, or un- derstood ; readily perceived by the eye or the intel- Ject, We say, a phenomenon obvious to the sight, or a truth obvious to the mind, Milton... Dryden. | OB/VI-OUS-LY, adv. Evidently; plainly ; apparent- | ly; manifestly. Men do not always pursue what is obviously their interest, | i 2. Naturally. Holyday. 3. Easily to be found. Selden. OB/VI-OUS-NESS, 7. State of being plain or evident to the eye or the mind. Boyle. OB/VO-LUTE, a. [l.. obvolutus, obvolvo; ob and | OB VO-LU-TED, volvo, to roll. ] In botany, obvolute foliation is when the margins of the leaves alternately embrace the straight margin of the opposite leaf. Martyn. O€-€A’SION, (ok-ka/zhun,) n. [L. occasio, from occi- do, to fall ; ob and cado,] 1. Properly, a falling, happening, or coming to; an occurrence, casualty, incident ; something distinct from the ordinary course or regular order of things. Hooker. 2. Opportunity ; convenience ; favorable time, sea- Son, Or circumstances. I'll take th’ occasion which he gives to bring Him to his death. Use not liberty for an occasion to the flesh. — Gal. y. Sin, taking occasion by the commandment, deceived me. — Rom. vii. 3. Accidental cause; incident, event, or fact, giv- ing rise to something else. What was the occasion of this custom ? Her beauty was the occasion of the war. Waller. Dryden. 4. Incidental need ; casual exigency ; opportunity | accompanied with need or demand. So we say, we have occasion for all our resources. We have frequent | occasions for assisting each other. | i Thieapcient canons were well fitted for the occasion of the church in its purer ares. Baker. | My occasions haye found time to use them toward a supply of 1 money. S/iak, || O€-€A/SION, v. t. [Fr. occasionner.] 1. To cause incidentally; to cause ; to produce. The expectation of war occasions a depression in the price of stocks. Consumptions are often occasioned by colds. Indigestion occasions pain in the head. Heat occasions lassitude. 2. To influence ; to cause. If we ingiire what it is that occasions men to make several com- binations of simple ideas into distinct modes, Locke. O€-€A'SION-A-BLE, a. That may be caused or oc- casioned. [Little used.) Barrow. || O€-€a/SION-AL, a. [E'r. occasionnel.] } 1. Incidental ; casual ; occurring at times, but not regular or systematic ; made or happening as oppor- tunity requires or admits. We make occasional re- marks on the events of the age. 2, Produced by accident; as, the occasional origin of a thing. Brown, 3. Produced or made on some special event ; as, an occasional discourse. AN occasional cause, in metaphysics, is some circum- stance preceding an effect, which, without being the real cause, becomes the occasion of the effect?s being produced by a truly efficient cause, Thus, the act of touching gunpowder with fire is the occasional, but not the efficient cause of the explosion. O€-€A/SION-AL-ISM, n. The system of occasional Causes; a name given to certain theories of the Car- tesian school of philosophers, by which they account for the apparent action of the soul on the body, as in voluntary action. Brande. O€-€A'SION-AL-LY, adv. According to incidenta] exigence.- at times, as convenience ‘requires or op- portunity offers; not regularly. He was occasionally present at our meetings. We have occasionally lent | our aid. O€-€A/SION-ED, pp. Caused incidentally ; caused ; produced. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METH, PREY. ee 766 O€-€A'SION-ER, n. One that causes or produces, either incidentally or otherwise, He was the occasioner of loss to his neighbor, O€-€A/SION-ING, ppr. erwise. O€-€A/SIVE, a. Falling ; descending ; western; per- taining to the setting sun, Amplitude is ortive or occasive, O€-CE-€A’TION, nz. blind. ] The act of making blind. [Little wsed.] Sanderson. O€/CI-DENT, n. [L. occidens, occido, to fall ; ob and cado.] The west; the western quarter of the hemisphere 5 so called from the decline or fall of the sun. Encyc. O€-CI-DENT’AL, a. [L. occidentalis.] Western ; opposed to Onrentav; pertaining to the western quarter of the hemisphere, or to some part of the earth westward of the speaker or spectator; as, occidental climates; occidental pearl; occidental gold. Encyc. Howell. O€-CID/U-OUS, a. [L. occido, occiduus. ] Western. [Little used. | OC€-CIPIT-AL, a. [from L. occiput, the back part of the head ; ob and caput Pertaining to the back part of the head, or to the occiput. O€/CI-PUT, n. [L. ob and caput, head.] The hinder part of the head, or that part of the skull which forms the hind part of the head. O€-CIS‘ION, (ok-sizh’un,) n. [L. occisio, from occido, to kill ; ob and cado.] A killing ; the act of killing. O€-€LUDE’, oc. t. to shut. ] Sanderson. Causing incidentally or oth- Encye. {L. occecatio; ob and ceco, to [Wot used.] Hall. [L. occludo; 0b and cludo, claudo, To shut up; toclose. [Little used.] Brown. O€-€LUSE’, a, [L. occlusus.] Shut; closed, [Little used.] Holder. O€-€LU’/SION, (ok-kli/zhun,) m. [L. occlusio. | A shutting up; a closing. Howell, [This is an elegant word, though little used.] O€-CULT’, a. [L. occultus, occulo; 0b and célo, to conceal. } Hidden from the eye or understanding ; invisible ; secret; unknown; undiscovered; undetected ; as, the occult qualities of matter. Newton. The occult sciences, in the middle ages, were magic, alchemy, necromancy, &c, Occult line ; in geometry, a dry or obscure line which is drawn as a necessary pait of the construction of a figure or problem, but which js not intended to appear after the plan is finished. Barlow. O€-€ULT-A/TION, n. [L. occultatio.] 1. A hiding. 2. In astronomy, the hiding of a heavenly body from our sight by the intervention of some other of the heavenly bodies. O€-€ULT’ED, a. Hid; secret. et used.] Shak. 2. In astronomy, a term applied toa heavenly body hid or concealed by the intervention of some other heavenly body Brande. O€-€ULT’NESS, n. The state of being concealed from view ; secretness, O€/CU-PAN-CY, n. [L. occupo, to take or seize ; ob and capio to seize] 1. The act of taking or holding possession. 2. In law, the taking possession of a thing not be- Jonging to any person. The person who first takes possession of land, is said to have or hold it by right of occupancy. Occupancy gave the original right to the property in the sub- stance of the earth itself, Blackstone, O€/EU-PANT, mn, He that occupies or takes posses- sion ; he that has possession. 2. In Jaw, one that first takes possession of that which has no legal owner. The right of property, either in wild beasts and fow]s, or in land belonging fo no person, vests in the first occupant. The prop- erty in these cases follows the possession. O€'CU-PATE, v.t. [L. occupo.] To hold ; to possess ; totake up. [JVot used. } acon. O€-€U-PA'TION, n. [L, occupatio.] 1. The act of taking possession. Bacon. 2. Possession ; a holding or keeping ; tenure ; use ; as, lands in the occupation of A B. 3. That which engages the time and attention ; employment ; business. He devotes to study-all the time that his other occupations will permit. 4. The principal business of one’s life ; vocation ; calling ; trade; the business which a man follows to procure a living or obtain wealth. Agriculture, man- ufactures, and commerce, furnish the most general occupations of life. Painting, statuary, music, are agreeable occupations. Men not engaged in some useful occupation commonly fall into vicious courses. O€/€U-PI-ED, pp. Possessed ; used ; employed. O€/€U-PI-ER, n. One that occupies or takes posses- sion. Ralech, 2. One who holds possession. = 3. One who follows an employment, Ezek. xxvii. ; O/CHER-OUS, O€'CU-PY, vt. [L. occupo ; ob and capio, to seize or | O/C HRE-OUS, 1. To take possession. The person who first oc- cupies land which has no owner, has the right of property. 2. T’o keep in possession ; to possess ; to hold or Keep for use. The tenant occupies a farm under a lease of twenty-one years. A lodger occupies an apartment; a man occupies the chair in which he sits. 3. To take up; to possess; to cover or fill. The camp occupies five acres of ground. Air may be so rarefied as to occupy a vast space, The writing occu- pies a sheet of paper, or it occupies five lines only. 4. To employ ; to use. The archbishop may have occasion to occupy more chaplains than s)X. Eng. Statute. 5. ‘To employ ; to busy one’s self. Every man should be occupied, or should occupy himself, in some 6. To follow, as business. [useful labor, All the ships of the sea with their mariners were in thee to oc- cupy thy merchandise. — Ezek. xxvii. 7. Touse; to expend. All the gold that was occupied for the work. — Ex, xxxvili, {Not now in use.) O€’€U-PY, v.% To follow business ; to negotiate. Occupy till I come. — Luke xix, O€/CU-PY-ING, ppr. Taking or keeping possession ; employing. O€-€UR’, vi, [L. occurro; ob and curro, to run.] 1. Primarily, to meet ; to strike against ; to clash; and so used by Bentley, but this application is obsolete. 2. To meet or come to the mind; to be presented to the mind, imagination, or memory. We say, no better plan occurs to me, or to my mind ; it does not occur to my recollection; the thought did not occur to me. There doth not occur to me any use of this experiment for profit. Bacon. 3. To appear; to meet the eye; to be found here and there. This word occurs in twenty places in the Scriptures ; the other word does not occur in a single place; it does not occur in the sense sug- gested. 4. To oppose ; to obviate. [Vot used,] Bentley, O€-€UR/RENCE, n. [Fr.] Literally, a coming or happening ; hence, any incident or accidental event; that which happens without being designed or ex- pected ; any single event. We speak of an unusual occurrence, or of the ordinary occurrences of life. 2. Occasional presentation. Voyages detain the mind by the perpetual occurrence and ex- pectation of something new. Watts. O€-€UR/RENT, n. Incident; any thing that hap- pens. [ Obs. Bacon. O€-€UR'SION, n. [L. occursio, from occurro, to meet.] A meeting of bodies ; a clash. Boyle, O/CEAN, (6/shun,) n. [L. oceanvs; Gr. wxeavos; Fr. ocean; Ir. ocein, aigein; W. eigiawn, aig, or eigion, In Welsh, the word is rendered, the great source, the middle, the abyss, or great deep, and is allied in or- thography to eigian, force, or a forcing out, a produ- cing 5 eigiaw, to bring forth, from aiz, what brings forth, the female, the womb, the sea, a shoal of fish- es, a flock or herd. Bochart cites many authorities to prove that the ancients understood the ocean to encompass the earth ; and he supposes it to be de- rived from the Heb. Ch. and Syr. yn, hog, to encom- pass, Whence a circle. This is probably an error. The word seems to have for its origin greatness or extent, ] 1. The vast body of water which covers more than three fifths of the surface of the globe, called also the Sea, orGreat Sea. It is customary to speak of the ocean as if divided into five parts; the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Antarctic Ocean ; but the ocean is one mass or body, partially separated by the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa, on one side, and by America on the other. 2. An immense expanse ; as, the boundless ocean of eternity ; oceans of duration and Space. Locke. O/CEAN, (6’/shun,) a. Pertaining to the main or great Sea; as, the ocean wave; ocean stream. Milton. 0-CE-AN’T€, (o-she-an/ik,) a. Pertaining to the ocean found or formed in the ocean. Cook. O/CEL-LA-TED, a, [L. ocellatus, from ocellus, a little eye. } 1, Resembling an eye, Derham. 2. Formed with the figures of little eyes.. O’CE-LOT, n. The French popular name of a digiti- grade carnivorous mammal, of the cat kind. It is the Felis Pardalis of Linneus, and it inhabits Mexi- co. It is likewise the French popular name of sey- eral other nearly allied American species of Felis, O/CHER, } (5/ker,) n. [Fr. ocre; Ii. ochra; Gr. Oxpa,; O/CHRE,$ from WxXpO0S, pale. A variety of fine clay, deeply colored by the ses- quoxyd of iron. It is of various colors; as yellow, (which is most common,) red, green, blue, and black. It is used as a pigment. a Consisting of ocher; containing ocher ; as, ocherous matter. take, 2. Resembling ocher ; as, an ocherous color. — FINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — — $$OD OCT ODD | { . = - . \ O'CHER-Y,) a. Pertaining to ocher; containing or|O€/TO-FID, a. [L. octo, eight, and jindo, to cleave. 2. A singular person ; in col i c allt O'CHRY, resembling ocher. Ure. In botany, aan or separated into eight eae man is an eddity: g ail anguagen: Ute | O€H'I-MY, (ok’e-me,) x. [corrupted from alchemy.]| asa calyx. Martyn. ODD/-LOOQK-ING, a. Having a singular look A mixed base metal. Johnson. Todd. O€-TO-GE-NA/RI-AN, ) n. A person eighty years of | ODD/LY, adv. Not evenly. Little used.] ; O€H-LO€/RA-CY, n. [Gr. oxAoxparia; oxAos, the | O€’TO-GE-NA-RY, } age. . Adams. 2. Strangely ; unusually ; irregularly ; singularly ; people or a multitude, and xparew, to govern. ] O€/TO-GE-NA-RY, a. [L. octogenarius, from octoge-| uncouthly ; as, oddly dressed ; oddly formed. aN A form of government In which the multitude or m, eighty. ] fistire oddly 1 , : yet cure ly turned. Locke. common people rule. Encyc. Jones. Of eighty years of age. A black substance lying on the ground very oddly shaped. O-€HRA’/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. Of an ocher color, or} O€’TO-GE-NA-RY, n. An instrument of eight strings. Swift. | yellow running into brown. Lindley. O/EHRE-A, x. In botany, a term applied to two stip- ules united round the stem in a kind of sheath. O€H’/RO-ITE, n. Cerite ; which see. [ Decand. O/ERA, n. See Oxra. O€/TA-CHORD, n. An instrument or system of eight sounds. usby. O€/TA-GON, xn. [Gr. oxrw, eight, and yavia, ausle-] 1. In geometry, a plane figure of eight sides an eight angles. When the sides and angles are equal, it is a regular octagon Which may be inscribed in a circle. Brande. 2. In fortyication, a place with eight sides or bas- tions. Brande. O€-TAG/ON-AL, a. Having eight sides and eight angles. O€-TA-HE/DRAL, a. [See OcraHEpRon.] Having eight equal faces or sides. O€-TA-HE/DRITE, n. Anatase, an ore of titanium, occurring in octahedral crystals. ‘ana. Peo oe n, [Gr. oxrw, eight, and edpa,a base. - In geometry, a solid contained by eight equal and equilateral triangles. It is one of the five regular bodies. J. Day. O€-TAN’DRI-A, nm. [Gr. oxrw, eight, and avnp, a mine In botany, a class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having eight stamens, which are distinct from each other, and distinct from the pistil. Zinneus. O€-TAN’DRI-AN,) a. Pertaining to the class Octan- O€-TAN/DROUS, dria ; having eight distinct sta- mens, O€-TAN’GU-LAR, a. [L. octo, eight, and angular.] Having eight angles. O€-TAN’/GU-LAR-NESS, n. eight angles. OC/TANT, zn. eight.] 1. In geometry, the eighth part of a circle, contain- ing 45 degrees. 2. In astronomy, the point in the orbit of a heav- enly body which lies half way between the conjunc- tions, or oppositions, and the quadratures. O€/TA-STYLE,n. See Ocrostyve. O€/TA-TEUECH, (ok/ta-tuke,) x. The first eight books of the Old Testament. Hanmer. [ This is an improper word; there being no alliance in the first eight books more than in the first ten or fifteen books. O€'TA (re, a. ee Denoting eight. Dryden. O€/TAVE,n. [Fr., from L. octavus, eighth.] 1. The eighth day after a church festival, the festi- val itself being included. Brande. 2. Eight days together after a church festival, the festival itself being included. Ainsworth. 3. In music, an eighth, or an interval of seven de- grees or twelve semitones. The octave is the most perfect of the chords, consisting of six full tones and two semitones major. It contains the whole di- atonice scale. P. Cyc. O€-TA/VO,n. [L. octavus, eighth.] A book or form in which a sheet is folded into eight leaves. ‘The word is used asa noun or an ad- jective. We say, an octavo, or an octavo volume. The true phrase is, a book in octavo. O€-TEN’NLAL, a. [L. octo, eight, and annus, year.] 1. Happening every eighth year. %. Lasting eight years. O€-TEN’NLAL-LY, adv. Once in eight years. O€/TILE, n. The same as Ocran7, supra, O€-TIL/LION, n. According to the English notation, the number produced by involving a million to the eighth power; a unit with forty-eight ciphers an- nexed. According to the French notation, a unit with twen- ty-seven ciphers annexed. O€-TO/BER, n. ([L., from octo, eight; the eighth month of the primitive Roman year, which began in March. ]} The, tenth month of the year, in our calendar, which follows that of Numa and Julius Cesar. 9, A kind of ale, jocosely so called, O€-TO-DEC'I-MAL, a. [L. octo, eight, and decem, ten. I dl crystallography, @ term designating a crystal whose prisms, or the middle part, has eight faces, and the two summits together ten faces. O€-TO-DEC/LMO, a. [lL octodecim, eighteen.] Having or consisting of eighteen leaves to a sheet. O€-TO-DEC'I-MO, n. A book in which each sheet is folded into eighteen leaves. O€-TO-DEN’TATE, a. [L. octo, eight, and dentatus, toothed. | The quality of having [L. octans, an eighth part, from octo, O€-TO-LOC/U-LAR, a. place. In botany, having eight cells for seeds. O€/TO-NA-RY, a. [L. octonarius.] Belonging to the number eight. eee a. [lL octo, eight, and oculus, eye. Having eight eyes. Derham. O€-TO-PET’AL-OUS, a. [Gr. oxra, eight, and rer- aXoy, a petal.] Having eight petals or flower-leaves. Dict. O€’/TO-POD, n. (Gr. ox7, eight, and zrovs, foot.] A mollusk or insect having eight feet or legs. Kirby. Dea ae rags tae a. [L. octo, eight, and radius, ray. Having eight rays O€-TO-SPERM/OUS, a. pa, seed. | Containing eight seeds. O€/TO-STYLE, x. ([Gr. oxrw, ,eight, and orviXos, style. In ae architecture, a term denoting an edifice or portico adorned with eight columms, or a range of eight columns. Encyc. O€-TO-SYL-LAB/I€, a. [L. octo, eight, and syllaba, syllable.] Consisting of eight syllables. [OcrosyLLABLeE has been used. OC-TROI', (ok-trwa’,), x. [Fr.] A tax levied at the gates of French cities on articles brought in. Dict. de VAcad. [L. octuplus ; octo, eight, and plico, [L. octo, eight, and locus, [Gr. oxra, eight, and orep- O€’TU-PLE, a. to fold. ] Eightfold. O€/U-LAR, a. lus, eye.]} Depending on the eye ; known by the eye ; received by actual sight; as, ocular proof; ocular demonstra- tion or evidence, O€/U-LAR-LY, adv. view. O€/U-LATE, a. [L. oculatus.] Furnished with eyes; knowing by the eye. 4 Johnson. O€’U-LLFORM, a. [L. oculus, eye, and forma, form.] In the form of an eye; resembling the eye in form; as, an oculiform pebble. Fourcroy. O€/U-LIST, n. [from L. oculus, the eye.] One skilled in diseases of the eyes, or one who professes to cure them. O'DA-LISQUE, n. [Turkish odah, a chamber.] The name of the female slaves or concubines in the harem of the Turkish sultan. The word is prop- erly ODAH-LIc. Encic. Am. ODD, a. [Sw. udda, odd, and udd, udde, a point ; Dan. odd, a point or tip. In W. od is notable, singular, and odid a rarity. In Russ. odin or odno is one. | Not even; not divisible into two equal whole numbers ; as one, three, five, seven, &c. Dict. [Fr. oculaire ; L. ocularius, from ocu- By the eye, sight, or actual rown. Good luck lies in odd numbers. Shak. 2. Left or remaining after the union, estimate, or ODD/NESS, 7. The state of being not even. 2. Singularity ; strangeness; particularity ; irrecu- Jarity ; uncouthness; as, the oddness of dress or shape; the oddness of an event or accident. Dryden. Swift. ODDS, 7. [It is used both in the singular and plural.) J. Inequality ; excess of either compared with the other; difference in favor of one and against an- other. Preeminent by so much odds. Miiton. In this example, much marks the singular number, and many can not be used. Cromwell, with odds of number and of fate. Waller. All the odds between them has been the diferent scope given to their understandings to range in. wcke. Judging is balancing an account and determining on which side the odds lie. Ockeé. There appeared at least four to one odds against them. Swwi/t. 2, Advantage ; superiority. Hudibras. 3. Quarrel; dispute ; debate. sliak. Jt is odds; more likely than the contrary. It is odds that he will find a shrewd temptation. Souut. At odds; in dispute; at variance; in controversy or quarrel. They set us all at odds. Or they must always be at odds. ODE, x. [L.ode; Gr. wdn-] A short poem orsong; a poetical composition prop- er to be set to music or sung; a lyric poem. The ode is of the greater orless kind ; the less is characterized by sweetness and ease ; the greater by sublimity, rap- ture, and quickness of transition. ohnson. Pindar has left Olympic odes, Pythian odes, Neme- an odes, and Isthmian odes. The ode consists of unequal verses in stanzas or strophes. Bu O-DE/ON, 2. [Gr. wdetov, from wdn, a song.] In ancient architecture, a kind of theater in Greece, in which poets and musicians submitted their works to the approval of the public, and contended for prizes, Elimes. O'DI-BLE, a. [L. odi, I hate.] Hateful ; that may excite hatred. O'DIN, n. A Scandinavian deity ; the Wopen of the Saxons. O'DI-OUS, a. hate. 1. Hateful; deserving hatred. Jt expresses some thing less than DetestaBLe and ABOMINABLE; as, an odious name ; odious vice. All wickedness is odious, Shak. Swift. [L. odiosus, from odi, I hated, Eng Sprat, 2. Offensive to the senses; disgusting; as, an od ous Sight ; an odious smell 3. Causing hate ; invidious; as, to utter odtous 4, Exposed to hatred; hated. {truth He rendered himself odious to the parliament. Clarendon, O/DI-OUS-LY, adv. Hatefully ; in a manner to de- serve or excite hatred. Milton. 2, Invidiously ; so as to cause hate. Dryden. O/DI-OUS-NESS, n. MHatefulness; the quality that deserves or may excite hatred; as, the odiousness of sin. ‘ake, 2. The state of being hated. [/Vot usual.] Sidney. use of even numbers ; or remaining after round num- bers, or any number specified; as, the odd number ; the odd man. Sixteen hundred and odd years after the exrth was made, it was destroyed by a deluge. Burnet. 3. Singular; extraordinary ; differing from what is usual ; strange; as, an edd phenomenon, Vevwton. It sometimes implies dislike or contempt; as, an odd fellow. 4, Not noted; unheeded ; not taken into the com- mon account. There are yet missing some few odd lads that you remember not. Shak 5. Uncommon ; particular. The odd man to perform all three perfectly is Joannes Sturmius. Ascham. 6. Uncommon; in appearance improper, or not likely to answer the purpose. ‘This is an odd way of doing things. Locke’s Essay would be an odd book for 2 man to rake himself master of, who would get a reputation by his critical writings. Spectator. 7. Separate from that which is regularly occupied ; remaining unemployed, I will take some odd time to do this business. He may do it at odd times. ODD/EST, a. superl. Most odd. , ODD“-FEL/LOWS, n. pl. The name of a secret soci- ety for social enjoyment and mutual assistance. ODD/L-TY, . Singularity ; strangeness ; as, the odd- ity of dress, manners, or shape ; oddity of appear- Having eight teeth. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/ClOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; ance. O/DI-UM, ». [L.] Hatred; dislike, This measure brought a general odiwn on his government. 9. The quality that provokes hatred ; offensiveness. She threw the odiuym of the fact on me. Dryden. O'DI-UM THE-0-LOG!I-CUM, contending theologians. O-DOM'E-TER, ». [Gr. odos and petpov. An instrument attached to the wheel of a carriage, to measure distance in traveling. Jefferson. Q-DO-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to an odometer or its measurement. O-DON-TAL/GI-A, ) x. [Gr. odovs, tooth, and adyos, O/DON-TAL-GY, pain.] Toothache. O-DON-T'AL'GIE, a. Pertaining to the toothache. O-DON-TAL/GI€, n. A remedy for the toothache. O-DON/TA-LITE, x. _A petrified tooth or bone.» O-DON’TOID, a. [Gr .adovs, tooth, and erdos, like- ness. ] ee Tooth-like. O-DON-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. odovs and Acyos.] That branch of anatomical science which treats of the teeth. ODOR, x. [L.] Smell; scent; fragrance; a sweet or an offensive smell; perfume. Bacon, Addison. To bein bad odor; to be out of favor. Burke. 6'DOR-A-MENT, n. [L. odoramentum.] Burton. A perfume ; a strong scent. O/DOR-ATH, a. [L. odoratus.] Scented ; having a strong scent, fetid or fragrant Bacon. FH as in FHIS. 767 [L.] The hatred of } ee RS a ea ti aia Sete —-- Ee 4) Pe eT a asee OF OFF OFF O/DOR-A-TING, a. O-DOR-IF’/ER-OUS, a. to bear.] 1. Giving scent; diffusing fragrance; fragrant ; perfumed ; usually, sweet of scent; as, odoriferous spices ; odoriferous flowers. 2. Bearing scent; as, odoriferous gales. O-DOR-IF’/ER-OUS-LY, adv. In the manner of pro- ducing odor. O-DOR-I[F’/ER-OUS-NESS, 7. ing scent ; fragrance ; sweetness of scent. O'DOR-IN, x. [L. odor.] : : A product of the redistillation of the volatile oil obtained by distilling bone. It has a very concentra- ted and diffusible empyreumatic odor. Brande. O'DOR-LESS, a Free from odor. O/DOR-OUS, a. Sweet of scent; fragrant. Spenser. Waller, O’DOR-OUS-LY, adv. Sweetly ; fragrantly. O'DOR-OUS-NESS, n. fusing scent, or of exciting the sensation of smell. OD/YS-SEY, z. An epic poem attributed to Homer; the subject is the return of Ulysses from Troy to Ithaca. 5, the Greek diphthong, has the sound of e, and in this work it is to soine extent omitted, and E substi- tuted. G-C€O-NOM/TE-AL, Os-C€ON/O-MY, Gi-€U-MEN’- I€-AL, Gi-DEM’A-TOUS, Gi-SOPH’A-GUS. See Economica, Economy, Ecumenicat, EpEMaATous, EsoPpHAGUS. CE-IL/TAD, (e-il’yad,)n, (Fr. @illade, from wil, the eye.] A glance; a wink. [Vot English, nor used.| Shak. G@-NAN’THIE, a. [Gr. otvos, wine, and av80s, flow- er (Enanthic ether, is an oily liquid which gives to wine its characteristic odor. CEnanthic acid, isan acid obtained from @nanthic ether. Graham. O’ER ; contracted from Over, which see. OF, (ov,) prep. [Sax. of; G. ab; Sw. Ice. Dan. and D. af; L, ab, but originally af; Gr. azo. The primary sense is departing, issuing, or proceeding from ; but this sense bas been modified by usage. ] From or out of; proceeding from, as the cause, source, means, author, or agent bestowing. I have received of the Lord that which also I delivered to you. — Or. Xi. For it was of the Lord to harden their hearts. — Josh. xi. It is of the Lord’s mercies that we are not consumed. — Lam. iii. The whole disposing thereof is of the Lord. — Proy. xvi. Go, inquire of the Lord for me. —2 Chron. xxxiv, That holy thing that shall be born of thee. — Luke i, Hence of is the sign of the genitive case, the case that denotes production ; as, the Son of man, the son proceeding from man, produced from man. ‘This is the primary sense, although we now say, produced by man, *‘ Part of these were slain;”? that is, anum- ber separate, for part denotes a division ; the sense then is,a number from or out of the whole were slain. So, also, “some of these were slain ;? thatis, some JSrom or out of the others. I have known him of old, or of a child ;”’ that is, from old times, froma child. “‘He is of the race of kings; that is, de- scended from kings. ‘* He is of noble blood or birth, or of ignoble origin.” ‘* No particle of matter, or no body, can move of itself; ”? that is, by force orstrength proceeding from itself, derived from itself. «The quarrel is not now of fame and tribute, or of Wrongs done ;” that is, from fame or wrongs, as the Cause, and we may render it, concerning, about, re- lating to, *° Of this little he had some to spare ;”? thatis, some from the whole. It may be rendered out of. *“Of all our heroes thou canst boast alone ;” that is, thou alone from the number of heroes. ‘This may be rendered amonz. , “The best of men, the most renowned of all 3 that is, the best from the number of men, the most renowned from the whole; denoting primarily sepa- ration, like part. *“{ was well entertained of the English consul :?? that is, entertained from the consul: my entertain- ment was from the consul. This use is obsolete, and we use by in lieu of it. _**This does of right belong to us 3’? that is, from right, de jure; our title proceeds from right. *‘ The chariot was all of cedar ;” that is, made from cedar. Sowe say, made of gold, made of clay ; an application corresponding with our modern use of frem ; manufactured from wool, or from raw materi- als. Hence we say, cloth consisting of wool “* This isa scheme of his own devising; ” that is, from his own devising or device. “If any man minister, let him do it as of the ability which God giveth ;?? that is, as from the ability, as the source of action, **Of happy, he is become miserable ;: ? that iS, from happy ; from being happy, he has passed to being mis- erable, ‘Of necessity this must prove ruinous ; ” tat is, from necessity, as the cause or source. “Of a hundred take fifty ; that is, froma hundred, or out of a hundred, from among a hundred. Of sometimes implies a part or share. itis 4 duty to communicate of those blessings we have received. Franklin, Diffusing odor or scent ; fragrant. [{L. odoriferus ; odor and fero, The guality of diffus- Fragrance ; the quality of dif- OFF, a. OFF, adv. OFF, prep. OFF, as an exclamation, is a command to depart, ei- OF/FAL, 1. OF-FENCE’, n. OF-FENCE/FUL, a. OF-FENCE/LESS, a. Unoffending ; innocent ; inof- OF-FEND!, v. t. [lL offendo; ob and fendo, {obs.] to 768 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METRE, PREY. — PINE, MAR From is, then, the primary sense of this preposition ; a sense retained in off, the same word differently written for distinction. But this sense is appropri- ately lost in many of its applications ; as, a man of genius, a man of courage, a man of rare endow- ments, a fossil of a red color, or of a hexagonal fig- ure. He lost all hope of relief. ‘This is an affair of the cabinet. He is a man of decayed fortune. What is the price of corn? We say that of, in these and similar phrases, denotes property or possession, mak- ing of the Sign of the genitive or possessive case. These applications, however, all proceeded from the Same primary sense. That which proceeds from, oris produced by, a person, is naturally the property or pos- Session of that person ; as, theson of John ; and this idea of property, in the course of time, would pass to things not thus produced, but still bearing a rela- tion to another thing. ‘Thus we say, the father of a son, as well as the son of a father. In both senses, other languages also use the same word, as in the French de, dela, and Italian, di, dell. Of, then, has one primary sense, from, departing, issuing, proceed- ing from or out of, and a derivative sense denoting possession or property. Most distant; as the off horse in a team. From, noting distance. The house isa mile off. 2. From, with the action of removing or sepa- rating; as, to take offthe hat or cloak. So we say, to cut off, to pare off, to clip off, to peel off; to tear off, to march off; to fly off 3. From, noting separation ; as, the match is off. 4. From, denoting departure, abatement, remis- sion, or aleaving. The fever goes of; the pain goes off. o. In painting, it denotes projection or relief. This comes off well and excellent, Shak, 6. From ; away; not toward; as, to look of; op- posed to On or Towanrp. 7. On the opposite side of a question. The questions no way touch upon Puritanism, either off or on. Sanderson. Off hand ; without study or preparation. She plays a tune of hand. He speaks fluently off hand, Off and on; at one time applying and engaged, then absent or remiss. To be off; in colloquial language, to depart or to recede from an agreement or design. To come off; to escape, or to fare in the event. 2. To take place, as an exhibition. To get off; to alight ; to come down. 2. To make escape. Z'0 go off; to depart; to desert, 2. ‘To take fire ; to be discharged, as a gun. To take off; to take away. 2. To mimic or personate. Well off, ul off, badly off; having good or ill suc- cess. Not on ; as, to be of one’s legs, He was not off the bed the whole day. 2. Distant from; as, about two miles of this town. [ Wot now used. ] Addison. ther with or without contempt-or abhorrence. [D. afval; af and vallen, to fall; G. abfall; Dan. affald; Sw. affall; off and fall. } 1, Waste meat; the parts of an animal butchered which are unfit for use or rejected. Arbuthnot. 2. Carrion; coarse meat. Milton. Shak. 3, Refuse ; that which is thrown away as of no value, or fit only for beasts, Dryden. Mortimer. 4. Any thing of no value; rubbish. Shak. [L. offensus, offensa; It. offesa; Sp. ofensa; Fr. offense.) 1. Displeasure ; anger, or moderate anger. He gave them just cause of offence; he took offence. 2. Scandal ; cause of stumbling. Christ is called a stone of stumbling and rock of offénce to both the houses of Israel. Ps. viii. 3. Any transgression of law, divine or human; a crime; sin; act of wickedness or omission of duty. Christ was delivered for our offences, and raised again for our justificaion. —Rom. iv. 4. An injury. I have given my opinion agninst the authority of two great men, but I hope without offence to their memories. Dryden. 5. Attack; assault; as, a weapon of offence. Richardson. 6. Impediment. Matt. xvi. [For remarks on the spelling of this word, see Or- FENSE. Giving displeasure; injurious. [Mot used. Shak. fensive. Milton, Strike, hit, meet, or thrust against. We use the sim- ple verb in fend, to fend off, to deuce] 1, To attack ; to assail. [WVot usec | Sidney. rm s . = : eo displease; to make angry ; to affront; it OF-FEND\, z. 2. OF-FEND’ED, pp. or a. OF-FEND/ER, n. OF-FEND/ RESS, 2. A female that offends. OF-FENSE’, n. OF-FENSE’FUL, a. OF-FENS/IVE, a. OF-FENS'IVE, n. expresses rather less than make angry, and, without any modifying word, it is nearly synonymous with DisrLeAse. We are offended by rudeness, incivility, and harsh language. Children offend their parents by disobedience, and parents offend their children by unreasonable austerity or restraint, The emperor was grievously gfended with them who had kept such negligent watch. cnolles. A brother offended is harder to be won than a strong city. — Prov. Xviii. 3. To shock; to wound; as, to offend the con- science, Law. 4. To pain; to annoy; to injure; as, a strong light offends weak eyes. 5. To transgress ; to violate; as, to offend the laws. But we generally use the intransitive verb in this sense, with azainst; to offend against the law. 6. To disturb, annoy, or cause to fall or stumble. Great peace have they that love thy law, and nothing shall offend them.— Ps. cxix. 7. To draw to evil, or hinder in obedience; tv cause to sin or neglect duty. If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out—if thy right hand offend thee, cut it off. — Matt. v. To transgress the moral or divine law ; to sin; to commit a crime. Whoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, is guilty of all. — James il. In many things we all offend. — James iii. 2. To cause dislike or anger. Shak, But this phrase is really elliptical, some person be- ing understood. 3. T'o be scandalized ; to be stumbled. If meat make my brother to offend. —1 Cor. viii. To offend against ; to act injuriously or unjustly. Nor yet against Cesar have I offended any thing at all. — Acts XXV. I shall offend, either to detain or to give it. we! ? 2. To transgress ; to violate ; as, to offend against the laws of society, the laws of God, or the rules of Civility or propriety. We haye offended against the Lord already, —2 Chron. xxviii. Displeased. One that offends; one that violates any law, divine or human; a criminal; a trespasser; a transgressor ; one that does an injury. The man who robs, steals, or commits an assault, is an of- fender. OF-FEND/ING, ppr. or a, Displeasing; making an- gry ; causing to stumble ; committing sin. Shak. [L. offensus, offensa; It. offesa; Sp. ofensa; Fr. offense. ] J. Displeasure; anger, or moderate anger. He gave them just cause of offense; he took offense. 2. Scandal; cause of stumbling. Christ is called a stone of stumbling and rock of offense to both the houses of Israel. Ps. viii, 3. Any transgression of law, divine or human; a crime ; sin ; act of wickedness or omission of duty. Christ was delivered for our offenses, and mised again for our justification. — Rom. iv. 4. An injury. Ihave given my opinion against the authority of two great men, but I hope without offense to their memories. Dryden 5. Attack; assault; as, a weapon of offense. Richardson. 6. Impediment. Matt. xvi. [This word, like ezpense, has, till of late, been spelled with ac. It ought, however, to undergo the Same change with expense, the reasons being the same, viz., that s must be used in offensive as in ex- penswe, and is found in the Latin ofensio, and the French offense. Giving displeasure; injurious [Not used.) Shak. OF-FENSE’LESS, a. Unoffending ; innocent; in- offensive. Milton. [I'r. offensif; It. offensivo; Sp. ofensivo.] 1, Causing displeasure or some degree of anger ; displeasing. All sin is offensive to God; rude behavior is offensive to men; good breeding forbids us to use offensive words. 2. Disgusting ; giving pain or unpleasant sensa- tions ; disagreeable ; as, an offensive taste or smell ; an offensive sight ; discordant sounds are offensive to the ear. 3. Injurious. It is an excellent opener for the liver, but offensive to the stom- ach, Bacon. . Assailant; used in attack; opposed to Derren- SIVE; aS, an offensive Weapon or engine. Wilkins. 5. Assailant; invading; making the first attack ; opposed to DerEnsive ; as, an offensive war. A league offensive and defensive, is one that requires both or all parties to make war together against a nation, and each party to defend the other in case of being attacked. > The part of attacking ; as, to act on the offensive. INE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —OFF OF-FENS/IVE-LY, adv. In a manner to give displeas- ure ; as, lan; guage offensively harsh or sarcastic. 2. Injuriously ; mischievously. Hooker. 3. By way of invasion or first attack. The enemy was not in a condition to act offensively. 4. Unpleasantly to the senses. OF-FENS'IVE-NESS, n. The quality that offends or displeases ; as, the offensiveness of rude language or behavior. 2. Injuriousness ; mischief. 3. Cause of disgust ; the quality that gives pain to the senses, or unpleasant sensations ; as, the offens- toeness of smell or taste. OF’FER, v. t. [L. offero; ob and fero, to bring.] 1, Literally, to bring to or before ; hence, to present for acceptance or rejection ; to exhibit somethin ¢ that may be taken or received ‘or not. He offered ‘me a sum of money; he offered me his umbrella to defend me from the rain. The heathen women, under the Mogul, offer themselves on the flames at the death of their husbands. Collie 2. To present in words; to proffer; to make a pro- posal to. I offer these three things. —2 Sam. xxiv. 3. To present, as an act of worship; to immolate ; to sacrifice ; often with up. Thou shalt offer every day a bullock as a sin-offering for atone- ment. — Ex. xxix The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning. — Ex, xxix. A holy priesthood to offer up spiritual sacrifices. —1 Pet. ii. 4. To present in prayer or devotion. Offer to God thanksgiving. — Ps. |. 5. To bid, asa price, reward, or wages; as, to offer ten eagles fora ring; to offera hundred dollars a year for a laborer; to offer a salary. 6. To present to the-view or to the mind; as, ideas which sense or reflection offers to the mind. Locke. To offer violence; to assault; to attack or com- mence attack. OF’FER, v.i. To present itself; to be at hand. Th’ occasion offers, and the youth complies. 2. To present verbally ; to declare a willingness. He offered to accompany his brother. 3. To make an attempt. Dryden, We came close to the shore, and offered to land. Bacon. Formerly with at. I will not offer at that I can not master. [Obs.] Bacon. OF’FER, n. | Fr. offre.] . A proposal to be accepted or rejected ; presenta- tion*to choice. The prince made liberal offers, but they were rejected. When offers are disdained, and love denied. Pope. 2. First advance. Force compels this offer. Shak. 3. The act of bidding a price, or the sum bid. By an offer, we manifest a desire to buy. When the seller declines accepting, he manifests that he thinks the offer not sufficient. 4. Attempt; endeavor; essay. It is in the power of every one to make some essay, some offer and attempt. [Nearly obsolete.) South. OF’FER-A-BLE, a. That may be offered. Mountaru. Presented for acceptance or re- presented in worship or devotion; Immo- lated ; bid ; presented to the eye or the mind. OF’FER-ER, x. One that offers, one that sacrifices or dedicates in worship. Chapman. Hooker. OF’FER-ING, ppr. Presenting; proposing ; sacrific- ing ; bidding ; presenting to the eye or mind. OF’ FER-ING, n. That which is presented in divine service ; an animal or a portion of bread or corn, or of gold and silver, or other valuable articles, pre- sented to God as an atonement for sin, or as a return of thanks for his favors, or for other religious pur- pose ; a sacrifice ; an oblation. In the Mosaic econ- omy there were burnt-oferings, sin-offerings, peace- offerings, trespass-offerings, thank-offerings, wave- offerings, and wood-offorings. Pagan nations also present offerings to their deities. Christ, by the of- fering of himself, has superseded the use ‘of all other offerings, having ‘made atonement for all men. When thou shalt Made his soul an offering for sin, he shall see is seed. — Is, lili OF’ FER-ED, pp. or a. jection ; OF’FER-TO-RY, n. (rr. offertoire. | 1. The act of offering, or the thing offered. [Lit- Le used. } ” Bacon, Fell, 2. In the Roman Catholic church, an anthem chanted or a voluntary played on the organ during the offering and a part of the mass; also, that part “of the mass in which the priest prepares the elements for conse- cration. 3. In the church of England, certain sentences in foe Seen as read while the alms are coJ- lec Brande, OF FEL. TURE, x. Offer ; proposal. [Nee used. | E. Charles. OFF/-HAND, a. and adv. hesitation or previous preparation. OFF OF’FICE, (of’fis,) x. [Fr., from L. oficium; ob and facio, to inake or do. A particular duty, charge, or trust, conferred by public authority and for a public purpose ; an em- ployment undertaken by commission or authority from government or those who administer it. Thus we speak of the office of secretary of state, of treas- urer, of a judge, of a sheriff, of a justice of the peace, &c. Offices are civil, judicial, ministerial, ex- ecutive, legislative, political, municipal, diplomatic, military, ecclesiastical, &c. 2. A duty, charge, or trust, of a sacred nature, conferred by God himself; as, the office of priest, in the Old Testament ; and that of the apostles, in the New Testament. Inasmuch as [ am a apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify mine office. — Rom. 3. Duty or pais art of a private nature; as, the office of a midwife. Ez. i. 4. That which is performed, intended, or assigned to be done, bv a particular thing g, or that which any thing is fitted to perform ; answering to duty in intel- ligent beings. We enjoy health when the several organs of the body perform their respective offices. In this experiment, the several intervals of the teeth of the comb do the office of so many prisms. Newton. 5. Business; particular employment. Hesperus, whose office is to bring Twilight upon the earth. Milton, 6. Act of good or ill voluntarily tendered ; im a good sense; as, kind offices ; offices. 7. Act of worship. 8. Formulary of devotion, The Lord’s prayer, the ten commandments, and the creed, isa very good office for children if they are not fitted for more regular offices. Taylor. 9. A house or apartment in which public officers and others transact business; as, the register’s of- Jice ; a lawyer’s office. 10. In architecture, a name given to the apartments in Which the domestics discharge the several duties attached to the service of a house, as kitchens, pan- bles} &C, Guwilt. In the canon law, a benefice which has no juris- anne annexed to it. Encyc. 12. The person or persons intrusted with particular duties of a public nature, This office [of quartermaster-general] not to have the disposal of public money, except small occasional sums. Marshall. OF’FICE, v. t. To perform; to do; to discharge. JVot used. Shak. OF’ FICE-BEAR-ER, n. One who holds office; used chiefly in the Presbyterian church. OF’FI-CER,n. A person commissioned or authorized to perform any public duty. Officers are civil, mili- tary, or ecclesiastical. There are great officers of state, and subordinate officers. Military and naval officers of the same grade usually take rank accord- ing to the dates of their commissions. Non-com- missioned officers are nominated by their captains, and appointed by the commanding officers of regi- ments. OF/FI-CER, v. t. To furnish with officers ; toappoint officers over. usually offices of pity ; pious Shak. Count Pulaski raised a legionary corps, which he ahiceret prin- cipally with foreigners. Marshall. OF’YFI-CER-ED, pp. Furnished with officers. Addison. OF- ae AL, (-fish/al,) a. [Fr. officiel; from office. | . Pertaining to an office or public trust. The sec- se ry is engaged in official duties. 2. Derived from the proper office or officer, or from the proper authority ; made or communicated by vir- tue of authority ; as, an official statement or report. We have offictal intelligence of the battle. 3. Conducive by virtue of appropriate powers. [epusucts| rown, OF-FI’CIAL, x. An ecclesiastical judge appointed by a bishop, chapter, archdeacon, &c,, with charge of the spiritual jurisdiction. Blackstone. 2. In a wider sense, a subordinate executive offi- cer or attendant. OF-FI/'CIAL-LY, adv. By the proper officer ; by vir- tue of the proper authority; in pursuance of the special powers vested ; as, accounts or reports of- Jjicially verified or rendered ; letters officially commu- nicated ; persons oficially notified. OF-FI//CIAL-TY, (-fish/al-te,) n. fice of an official. Ayliffe. OF-F I/'CIATE, (-fish/ate,) v. % To act as an officer in his office ; to transact the appropriate business of an office or public trust. At this court the chief jus- tice officiated. The bishops and priests officiate at the altar. Stillingflest, 2. To perform the appropriate official duties of an- The stomach and other parts official to nutrition. The charge or of- other. OF-FI/CIATE, »v, t. fice. To give in consequence of of- The stars oficiate ight. [Jmproper.] Milton. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; OGE ae el pp. Given in consequence of of- Performed the duties of an office, or the office fa another. OF-FI’//CIA-TING, ppr. or a. Performing the appro- priate duties of an office; performing the office of another. OF-FIC’I-NAL, a. [Fr., from L. officina, a shop. Used in a shop, or belonging to it. Officnal drugs, medicines, and simples, are such as are required to be constantly kept in the shops of apothecuries. Brande. OF-FI/'CIOUS, (-fish’us,) a [L. offictosus.] 1. Kind; obliging; doing kind offices. Yet not to earth are those bright luminaries Officious. Milton. 2. Excessively forward ii kindness; importunate- ly interposing services. You are too officious In her behalf that scorns your services. Shak. 3. Busy ; intermeddling in affairs in which one has no concern. OF-FI//CLOUS-LY, Kindly ; care. adv. with solicitous Let thy goats officiously be nursed. Dryden. 2. With importunate or excessive forwardness. Flattering crowds ojficiously appear, To give themselves, not you, « happy year. 3. In a busy, meddling manner. OF-FI//CIOUS-NESS , 2% Eagernessto serve ; usual- ly, an excess of zeal to serve ‘others, or improper for- wardness, interposing in affairs without being de- sired, or with a disposition to meddle with the con- cerns of others. 2. Service. [Little used. Brown. OFF’ING, n. [from of-] That part of the sea which is ata good distance from the shore, or at a compe- tent distance, where there is deep water, and no need of a pilot. We saw a ship in the offing. Mar. Dict. Encyc. OFF’YSEOUR-ING, n. [off and scour.) That which is scoured off; hence, refuse ; rejected inatter ; that which is vile or despised. Zam,iil, 1 Cor. iv. OFF’SE€UM, n. Refuse; offscouring; filth. OFFISEUM, a. Refuse; vile. Trans, of Boc. OFEYSET, xn. [off and set.) A shoot; a sprout or bulb from the roots of a plant. Locke. Ray. 2, A flat surface or terrace on a hill-side. 3. In architecture, a horizontal ledge on the face of a wall, formed by a diminution of the thickness of the wall. 4, In surveying, a perpendicular Jet fall from the stationary lines ta the hedge, fence, or extremity of an inclosure. 5. In accounts, a sum, account, or value set off against another sum or account, as an equivalent. O. Wolcott. Dryden, This is also written Set-orr.] OFE’SET, v To set one account against another ; to make the Seemann of one party pay “the demand of another, Judge Sewall. OFF’SET-STAFF, n. . In Sax. wes is water, G. wasser, ‘These words seems to be nearly allied. See Meu) To flow gently ; to percolate, as a liquid through the pores of a substance, or through small openings. Water oozes from the earth and through a filter. The latent rill, scarce oozing through the grass. Thomson. OOZE, 7. Soft mud or slime; earth so wet as to flow gently, or easily yield to pressure. Carew. 2. Soft flow ; spring. Prior. 3. The liquor of a tan-vat. OOZ/ING, ppr. Flowing gently ; percolating. OOZ/INGS, n. pl. Issues of a fluid. Keats. OOZ'Y, a. Miry; containing soft mud; resembling 00ze 5 as, the oozy bed of a river. Pope. O/PA-CATE or O-PA/EATE, v. t. [L. opaco.] To shade; to darken ; to obscure; to cloud. [Vot used. | Boyle. O-PAC’I-TY, (0-pas’e-te,) n. [IL. opacitas.] 1. Opaqueness ; the quality of a body which ren- ders it impervious to the rays of light; want of transparency. Opacity may exist in bodies of any color. 2. Darkness; obscurity. O-PA'€OUS, a. [L. opacus.] 1. Not pervious to the rays of light; not trans- parent. = 2. Dark ; obscure. [See OpakeE.] O-PA/E€OUS-NESS, n. Imperviousness to light. Evelyn. O’PAH, 7. A large sea-fish, Lampris guttatus, also called the Kine-risn. Its back is of a steel-blue color, its flanks of a rich green, and its abdomen of a rose color. Jardine’s Nat. Lib O-PAKE’. See Opaque. Glanville. PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —ee TL ee OPE O'PAL, n. [L. opalus or opalum.] A mineral consisting of silex and a few per cent. of water The precious opal presents a peculiar play of colors of delicate tints, and is highly esteemed asa gem. The fire opal is less transparent, and the col- ors are like the red and yellow of flame. Common opal has a milky appearance. Menilite is a brown, im- pure variety, occurring in concretions at Menil-Mon- tant, near Puris. Dana. O-PAL-ESCB’, (-ess’,) vp. ~% To give forth a play of colors, like the opal. Cleaveland. O-PAL-ES’CENCE, n. A reflection of a milky or pearly light from the interior of a mineral. Dana. O-PAL-ES’/CENT, a. Reflecting a milky or pearly light from the interior. irwan, O/PAL-INE, a. Pertaining to or like opal. O/PAL-IZE, v. t% Toconvert into a substance like opal. O/PAL-IZ-ED, pp. or a. resembling opal; as, opalized wood. O-PAQUE’, } | O-PAKE’, : 1, Impervious to the rays of light; not transpa- rent. Chalk is an opaque substance. [This is the word now generally used. | 2. Dark; obscure. O-PAQUE’NESS, n. The quality of being impervious _ to light; want of transparency ; opacity. OPE, a. Open. [Obs. In Sax. yppe is open, mani- fest, yppan, to open ; to disclose. ] OPE, v. t. To open; used only in poetry, and proba- bly a contracted word. O/PEN, (6'pn,) a. ae open; D. open; G. offen; Sw. Open; Dan. aaben. 1, Unclosed; not shut; as, the gate is open; an open door or window ; an open book ; open eyes. 2. Spread ; expanded. He received his san with oper arms. 3. Unsealed ; as, an open letter. 4. Not shut or fast ; as, an open hand. 5. Not covered ; as, the open air ; an open vessel. 6. Not covered with trees; clear; as, an open country or field. 7. Not stopped ; as, an open bottle. 8. Not fenced or obstructed ; as, an open road. 9. Not frosty; warmer than usual; not freezing severely ; aS, an open winter. Converted into a substance Cleaveland. [L. opacus ; Fr. opaque. ] An open and warm winter portendeth a hot and dry summer. Bacon. Johnson interprets open, in this passage, by not | cloudy, not gloomy. I think the definition wrong. In America, an open Winter is one in which the earth is not bound with frost and covered with snow. 10. Public; before a court and its suitors. timony was given in open court. 11. Admitting all persons without restraint; free to all comers. He Keeps open house at the election. 12. Clear of ice; as, the river or the harbor is open. 13. Plain ; apparent; evident; public; not secret or concealed ; as, an open declaration ; open avowal ; open Shame ; open defiance. The nations contend in open War, Or in open arms. 14. Not wearing disguise; frank ; sincere; unre- served ; candid ; artless. He was held a man open and of good faith. His generous, open, undesigning heart. 15. Not clouded; not contracted or frowning; having an air of frankness and sincerity; as, an open look. His tes- Bacon, Addison. With aspect open shall erect his head, 16. Not hidden ; exposed to view. Pope, Weare to exercise our thoughts and lay open the treasures of divine truth. urnet, 17. Ready to hear or receive what is offered. His ears are open to their cry. — Ps. xxxiv. 18. Free to be employed for redress; not restrained or denied ; not precluding any person. The law is open. — Acts xix. 19. Exposed ; not protected ; without defense. The country is open to invaders. Hath left me open to all injuries, 20. Attentive ; employed in inspection. Thine eyes are open upon all the ways of the sons of men. — er, XXXil. 21. Clear; unobstructed ; as, an open view. 22. Unsettled; not balanced or closed; as, an open account. Open accounts between merchants, Shak, Johnson’s Rep. 23. Not closed; free to be debated ; as, a question open for discussion. 94, In music, an open note is that which a string is tuned to produce. Busby. 6 PEN, (6/pn,) v. t. [Sax. openian; D. openen; G, oe Gffnen; Sw. Gpna; Dan. aabner; Ar. ae bana or bauna. Class Bn, No. 3.] 1. To unclose tounbar; to unlock; to remove O'PEN, (6’pn,) v. 7. O/PEN-ED, (6'pnd,) pp. O/PEN-ER, (6/pn-er,) zn. O/PEN-EY-ED, (6/pn-ide,) a. ak. O'/PEN-HAND’/ED, (6/pn-hand/ed,) a. Generous; lib- eral; munificent. owe. O/PEN-HEART’ED, (06’/pn-hart/ed,) a. Candid ; frank ; generous. Dryden. O/PEN-HEART’ED-LY, adv. With frankness ; with- O/PEN-HEART’ED-NESS, 2. O/PEN-ING, (6/pn-ing,) ppr. O/PEN-ING, (6/pn-ing,) zn. O/PEN-LY, (6/pn-ly,) adv. O/PEN-MOUFH-ED, O'PEN-NESS, (6’/pn-ness,) n. OP/E-RA, 2. OP’ER-A-BLB, a. OP’E-RA-GLASS, x. OPE any fastening or cover and set open; as, to opena door or gate ; to open a desk. 2. To break the seal of a letter and unfold it. _ 3. To separate parts that are close; as, to open the lips ; to open the mouth, or eyes, or eyelids ; to open a book. 4. To remove a covering from; as, to open a pit. 5. To cut through; to perforate; to lance; as, to open the skin ; to open an abscess. 6. To break ; to divide; to split or rend; as, the earth was opened in many places by an earthquake ; a rock is opened by blasting. 7. To clear; to make by removing obstructions; as, to opena road; to opena passage; the heat of spring opens rivers bound with ice. 8. To spread ; to expand ; as, to open the hand. 9. To unstop; as, to open a bottle. 10. To begin; to make the first exhibition. The attorney-general opens the cause on the part of the king or the State. Homer opens his poem with the utmost simplicity and modesty. I. To show ; to bring to view or knowledge. The English did adventure far to open the north parts of America. Abbot, 12. To interpret; to explain. While he opened to us the Scriptures. — Luke xxiv. 13. To reveal; to disclose. He opened his mind very freely. 14. To make liberal; as, to open the heart. 15. To make the first discharge of artillery ; as, to open a heavy fire on the enemy. 16. To enter on or begin; as, to open a negotiation or correspondence ; to open a trade with the Indies. 17. To begin to see by the removal of something that intercepted the view ; as, we sailed round the point, and opened the harbor. To unclose itself ; to be unclosed ; to be parted. The earth opened and swallowed up Dathan, and covered the company of Abiram. — Ps. cyi. 2. To begin to appear. As we sailed round the point, the harbor opened to our view. 3. To commence; to begin. Sales of stock opened at par. 4. To bark on scent or view of the game; a term in hunting. Unclosed ; unbarred; un- sealed ; uncovered ; revealed; disclosed ; made plain ; freed from obstruction. : One that opens or removes any fastening or covering. Milton. 2. One that explains ; an interpreter. Shak. 3. That which separates ; that which rends. Boyle. 4, An aperient in medicine. Watchful; vigilant. out reserve. Ch. Relig, Appeal. Frankness ; candor ; sincerity ; munificence ; generosity. Johnson. Unclosing ; unsealing ; uncovering ; revealing ; interpreting. 2. a. First in order; as, an opening speech. A breach 5 an aperture; a hole or perforation. 2 A place admitting entrance, as a bay or creek. 3. Beginning ; commencement ; first appearance ; as, the opening of a speech. The opening of your glory was like that of light. Dryden. Publicly ; not in private ; Without secrecy; as, to avow our sins and follies openly. How grossly and openly do many of os contradict the precepts of the gospel by our ungodliness and worldly lusts ! Tulotson. 2. Plainly ; evidently ; without reserve or disguise. (o’pn-) a. Greedy; clamor- ous ; as, an open-mouthed \ion. I? Estrange. Freedom from covering or obstruction ; as, the openness of a country. 2, Plainness ; clearness; freedom from obscurity or ambiguity ; as, deliver your answers with more openness. Shak. 3. Freedom from disguise ; unreservedness ; plain- ness, Felton. 4. Expression of frankness or candor; as, openness of countenance. 5. Unusual mildness; freedom from snow and frost ; as, the openness of a winter. [it. Sp. and Fr., from L. opera, work, labor. } A dramatic composition, set to music and sung on the stage, accompanied with musical instruments, and enriched with magnificent dresses, machines, dancing, &c. Encyc. Practicable. [JVot used.] Brown. OP’/E-RA-HOUSE, zn. OP-E-RAM’E-TER, zn. OP’/ER-ATE, v. 7. A small perspective glass used OPE in theaters, operas, &c. One kind is simply a spy- glass. Another kind is designed for seeing objects that do not lie directly before the eye; it has a hole in its side, through which the rays coming from the object are received on a plane mirror placed oblique- ly within the tube, and thence reflected to the eye at the end of the tube. Brande. Hutton. A house or theater for the rep- resentation of operas. [L. opera and Gr. perpov.] An apparatus for ascertaining the number of rota- tions made by a machine or wheel in manufacturing Ure. cloth. OP‘/ER-ANT, a. [See Crees =, Having power to produce an effect. [Vvt used. We now use Orera- TIVE. Shak. OP’ER-ANT, 7. One who operates. Coleridze. [L. operor; Sp. operar ; Fr. operer; ‘T4) Eth. Z gaber, to make, do, form, or ordain; de- riv. ali 1NZ tagabar,to work, to operate, to labor, to ull; W. geberu, to operate; Arm, ober or gober, to make ; ober or euffr, work ; Iv. obair; Sp. and Port. obra; Fr. eure, owvrage. The corresponding verb in Hebrew and Chaldee 12), signifies to be strong, to prevail, and in Arabic, to bind fast, to consolidate, to repair. The primary sense is to strain or press, to exert force. Class Br, No. 14.] J. To act; to exert power or strength, physical or mechanical. External bodies operate on animals by means of perception; sound operates upon the audi- tory nerves through the medium of air; medicines operate on the body by increasmg or diminishing or- ganic action. 2. To act or produce effect on the mind ; to exert moral power or influence. Motives operate on the mind in determining the judgment; examples operate in producing imitation. The virtues of private persons operate but on a few. Atterbury. A plain, convincing reason operates on the mind both of a learned and an ignorant hearer as long as he lives, Swift 3. In surgery, to perform some manual act in a methodical manner upon a human body, and usually With instruments, with a view to restore soundness or health, as in amputation, lithotomy, and the like. 4. To act; to have agency ; to produce any effect. OP/ER-ATE, v. t. To effect ; to produce by agency. The same cause would operate a diminution of the value of stock, amulton, [This use is not frequent, and can hardly be said to be well authorized. } OP--RAT'TE, a. OP-B-RAT’/I€-AL, Pertaining to the opera; re- sembling the opera; @ word used by musicians. Busby. OP/ER-A-TING, ppr. Acting; exerting agency or power; performing some manual act in surgery. OP-ER-A/TION, x. [L. operatio.] 1. The act or process of operating; agency; the exertion of power, physical, mechanical, or moral. Speculative painting, without the assistance of manual OpeT en ar can never attain to perfection, ryden. The pain and sickness caused by manna are the effects of its op- eration on the stomach. Locke. So we speak of the operation of motives, reasons, or arguments, on the mind, the operation of caus- 2. Action; effect. [es, &c, Many medicinal drugs of rare operation. Heylin. 3. Process ; manipulation ; series of acts in exper- iments; as in chemistry or metallurgy. 4. In surgery, any methodical action of the hand, or of the hand with instruments, on the human body, with a view to heal a part diseased, fractured, or dislocated, as in amputation, &c. 5. Action or movements of an army or fleet; as, military or naval operations. 6. Movements of machinery. 7. Movements of any physical body. OP’ER-A-TIVE, a. Having the power of acting ; ex- erting force, physical or moral; having or exerting agency ; active in the production of effects. In actions of religion we should be zealous, active, and operative, so far as prudence will permit. Taylor. It holds in all operative principles, especially in morality. South, 2. Efficacious ; producing the effect. : OP’/ER-A-TIVE, n. A laboring man; a laborer, arti- san, or workman in manufactories. OP/ER-A-TOR, n. He or that which operates; he or that which produces an effect. 2. In surgery, the person who performs some act upon the human body by means of the hand, or with instruments ; as, a skillful operator. : O-PER'€U-LATE, a. [L. operculatus, from operto, O-PER/€U-LA-TED, to cover. } In botany, having a lid or cover, as a capsule. Martyn. O-PER/€U-LI-FORM, a. [L. operculum, a lid, and form. ] Having the form of a lid or cover. Say. O-PER’€U-LUM, n. [L., a lid or cover.] Particularly, 1. In botany, the lid of a pitcher-form leaf. 2. The cover of the seed-vesset of certain moss- like plants. TONE, BILL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 778 en Saree Nie aie win x See ee Se a eplicao ead wae ee i wees i aad trig toe"a —-— epee Ae * ea ina ‘ sa Gee i) mas pablo Ns gis wR, Ore! 3. In conchology, the horny or stony piece with which the animal of a univalve closes its shell on retracting itself. 4. In ichthyology, the apparatus supported by bones which protects the gills of fishes. Brande. OP-ER-OSE’, a. [L. operosus, from opera, operor.] Laborious ; attended with labor ; tedious. Burnet, OP-ER-OSE’NESS, n. The state of being laborious. More. OP-ER-OS‘L-TY, ._ Laboriousness. [ot used.] OPE/TIDE, n. [ope-and tide.} The ancient time of marriage, from Epiphany to Ash-Wednesday. Bp. Hall. OPH’I-CLEIDE, 7. [Gr. o¢ts and xAscs. The largest brass wind instrument of the trumpet kind, used in the orchestra. It has a compass of three octaves. O-PHID/L-AN, (-fid’e-an,) n. [Gr. opis, a serpent. ] An animal of the serpent kind, as the boa, rat- tlesnake, adder, and viper. The order is called Ophidia. Q-PHID/I-AN, a. ([Gr. ofc, a serpent.] Pertaining to serpents; designating an order of vertebral animals destitute of feet or fins. O-PHID’I-ON, n. [Gr., from ois, a serpent.) A fish of the anguilliform kind, resembling the common eel, but shorter, more depressed, and of a paler color; found in the Mediterranean. Dict. Nat. Hist. See Oe: Aq, a. Pertaining to ophiology. O-PHI-OL/0-GIST, n. tory of serpents. O-PHI-OL/0-GY, x. discourse. ] That part of natural history which treats of ser- pents, or which arranges and describes the several kinds, Ed. Encye. O/PHI-O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. o¢is, a serpent, and pav- Téta, divination. | abs In antiquity, the art of divining or predicting events by serpents, as by their manner of eating or by their One versed in the natural his- [Gr. opis, serpent, and Aoyos, coils. NCYC. O-PHI-O-MORPH’OUS, a ([Gr. odis and popdn, form. ] Having the form of a serpent. Ray. O-PHI-OPH’A-GOUS, a. ([Gr. ogis, a serpent, and gaya, to eat.] Bating or feeding on serpents. Brown. O/PHITE, a. ([Gr. ofis, a serpent.] Pertaining to a serpent. Holwell. O'PHITE, zn. [Gr. vdis, aserpent, whence ogirns, a stone spotted like a serpent.] Green porphyry, or serpentine ; a variety of green- stone of a dusky green color of different shades, sprinkled with spots of a lighter green; in other words, containing greenish-white crystals of feldspar. leaveland. O/PHITES, n. pl. One of the Gnostic sects of the second century, who paid worship to a serpent. Murdock. OPH-I-U/€HUS, n. [Gr. oftovxos; odts, a serpent, and exw, to have. A constellation in the northern hemisphere. OPH-THAL/MI-A. See OpnutHatmy. [ Milton. OPH-THAL/MIE, (of-thal/mik,) a. [See OpHTHavmy.] Pertaining to the eye. OPH-THAL-MOS/€0-PY, n. and cxo7ew, to view.] A branch of physiognomy which deduces the knowledge of a man’s temper and manner from the appearance of the eyes. Encye. OPH-THAL-MO-TOL/O-GIST, n. One versed in oph- thalmotology. . OPH-THAL-MO-TOL‘O-GY, n. Science of ophthal- mia, or a treatise on it. Med. Journ. OPH’THAL-MY, (of’thal-me,) n. [Gr. of@aApia, from opBarpos, the eye.] Inflammation of the eye or its appendages. @Qood. O'PI-ATE, n. [from opium.] Primarily, a medicine of a thicker consistence than sirup, prepared with [Gr. opOarpos, the eye, opium, Encyc. A soft electuary. Electuaries when soft are called opiata, Parr. But in modern usage, generally, 2 Any medicine that contains opium, and has the quality of inducing sleep or repose ; a narcotic. : : Encyc. 3, That which induces rest or inaction ; that which quiets uneasiness. They chose atheism as an opiate, Bentley, O'PI-ATE, a. Inducing sleep; soporiferous ; somnif- erous ; narcotic. 2. Causing rest or inaction. O/PI-A-TED, a. ence of opiates, O-PIF’ER-OUS, a. [I. ops, opis, and fero.] Bringing help. OP'LFICE, 2. [L. opifictum.] Workmanship. cae n. [L. opifex; opus, work, and facio, to do. One who performs any work. [Wot used.| Bentley. Bacon. ( { i Milton. Mixed with opiates ; under the influ- ORI O-PIN/A-BLE, a_ [L. opinor.] That may be thought. [Wot used.] Dict. OP-I-NA/TION, n. Act of thinking; opinion. [Vot Dit used. ohn o PIN/A-TIVE, a. Stiff in opinion. [Vet used.] Burton. OP-I-NA/TOR, n. One fond of his own opinions; one who holds an opinion. [JVotin use.] Glanville. O-PINE!, v. 2. [L. opinor.] To think ; tosuppose. [ Obsolete or quaint.] South. O-PIN/ED, pp. Thought; conceived. [Obs.] O-PIN’/ER, xn. One who thinks or holds an opinion. He Taylor. O-PIN-IAS’TER, O-PIN-IAS/TROUS, a, [Fr. opinidtre.] O-PIN-IA’/TRE, Unduly attached to one’s own opinion, or stiff in adhering to it. [ Obs.] alegh. O-PIN'IATE, (0-pin/yate,) v. t. To maintain one’s opinion with obstinacy. [ Obs.] arrow. O-PIN/IA-TED, a. opinions. O-PIN-IA’/TER, Unduly attached to one’s own Shenstone. )a. Sutff in opinicn ; obstinate. O-PIN-L-A/TRE, § Barrow. O-PIN’/IA-TIVE, a. Very stiff in adherence to pre- conceived notions. Sandys. 2. Imagined ; not proved. Glanville. O-PIN/IA-TIVE-NESS, n. Undue stiffness in opin- ion. alegh. O-PIN-IA/TOR, ) n. One unduly attached to his own O-PIN-IA/TRE,§ opinion. [Obs.] O-PIN/‘IA-TRY, x. Unreasonable one’s own notions; obstinacy in opinions. attachment to { Obs.] Brown. O-PIN/ING, ppr. Thinking. [ Obs. O-PIN/ING, x. Opinion; notion. [Obs.] Taylor. O-PIN/ION, (0-pin’yun,) x. [Fr. id.; L. opinio, from --st opinor, to think, Gr. erivoew, or Ar. en) abana, to think, to suspect. The primary sense is to set, to fix in the mind, as in L. suppono.] I, The judgment which the mind forms of any proposition, statement, theory, or event, the truth or falsehood of which is supported by a degree of evi- dence that renders it probable, but does not produce absolute knowledge or certainty. It has been a re- ceived opinion that all matter is comprised in four elements. This opinion is proved by many discoy- eries to be false. From circumstances we form opin- zons respecting future events. Opinion is when the assent of the understanding is so far gained by evidence of probability, that it rather inclines to one per- suasion than to another, yet not without a mixture of uncer- tainty or doubting. Hale, 2. The judgment or sentiments which the mind forms of persons or their qualities. We speak of a good opinion, a favorable opinion, a bad opinion, a pri- vate opinion, and public or general opinion, &c. Friendship gives a man a peculiar right and claim to the good opinion of his friend. South 3. Settled judgment or persuasion; as, religious opinions ; political opinion. 4. Favorable judgment; estimation. In actions of arms, small mattera are of great moment, especially when they serve to raise an opinion of commanders. Hayward. However, I have no opinion of these things. Bacon. O-PIN’ION, v.t. Tothink. [ot used.] Brown. O-PIN/ION-ATE, a, Stiff in opinion; firmly or O-PIN/ION-A-TED, unduly adhering to one’s own opinion ; obstinate in opinion. Bedell. O-PIN/ION-ATE-LY, adv. Obstinately ; conceitedly. Feltham. O-PIN/ION-A-TIVE, a. Fond of preconceived no- tions ; unduly attached to one’s own opinions. Burnet, O-PIN/ION-A-TIVE-LY, adv. With undue fondness for one’s own opinions ; stubbornly. O-PIN/ION-A-TIVE-NESS, x. Excessive attach- ment to one’s own opinions ; obstinacy in opinion. O-PIN/ION-ED, a. Attached to particular opinions; conceited, South, O-PIN/‘ION-IST, n. One fond of his own notions, or one unduly attached to his own opinions. Glanville. O-PIP’A-ROUS, a. [L. opiparus.] Sumptuous. Dict. O-PIP’/A-ROUS-LY, adv. Sumptuously ; abundantly. O-PIS/THO-DOME, x. [Gr. o:cAtos, that is behind, and doyos, house.] In Greece, a building in the rear of a temple, for containing its treasures. Smith’s Dict. O-PIT-U-LA/TION, n. Help. [NVot used.] O/PI-UM, n. [L. opium: Gr. ortor, from o7os, juice.) Opium is the inspissated juice of the Papaver som- niferum, or somniferous poppy, with which the fields in Asia Minor are sown, as ours are with wheat and rye. It flows from incisions made in the heads of the plant, and the best flows from the first incision. It is imported into Europe and America chiefly from the Levant. It is brought in cakes or masses weigh- ing from eight ounces toa pound. It is heavy, of a dense texture, of a brownish-yellow color, not per- fectly dry, but easily receiving an impression from 774 OPP the finger; it has a faint smell, and its taste is bitter and acrid. Opium is of great use as a medicine. O/PLE-TREE, n. [L. opulus.] [Brande. Ure. The witch-hazel. pos: Ainsworth. O-PO-BAL’/SAM, n. [L.; Gr. ores, juice, and L. bal- samum. The dein or balsam of Gilead. It has a yellowish or greenish-yellow color, a warm, bitterish, aromatic taste, and an acidulous, fragrant smell. It is held in esteem as a medicine and as an odoriferous unguent and cosmetic. ‘The shrub or tree producing this bal- sam is Balsamodendron Gileadense, which grows spontaneously in Arabia Felix. Enciyc. O-PO-DEL'DO€, n. The name of a plaster, said to have been invented by Mindererus ; but, in modern usage, 2. A saponaceous camphorated lJiniment; a solu- tion of soap in ardent spirits, with the addition of | Nicholson. [L.; Gr. orros, juice, and avai, a camphor and essential oils. O-POP/A-NAX, n. plant. ] An inspissated juice of a tolerably firm texture, brought in loose granules or drops, sometimes in larger masses. ‘This substance on the outside is of a brownish-red color, with specks of white, and within of a dusky-yellow or whitish color. It has a strong smell and an acrid taste. It is obtained from the root of an umbelliferous plant, the Opopanax Chiro- nium, and is brought from Turkey and the East In- dies. Encyc. Parr. O-POS'SUM, n. [This name is pronounced possum, which perhaps may be its true orthograph Bi The popular name of several species of idelphis, a genus of marsupiate, carnivorous mammals. One species only of seventeen inhabits the United States, and this is one of the six species whose females have an abdominal pouch, in which they protect and carry their young. The Didelphis Virginiana has a prehensile tail by which it easily suspends itself. OP’PI-DAN, 2. [L. oppidanus, from oppidum, a city or town. } 1. An inhabitant of atown. [Wot used.] Wood. 2. An appellation given to those students of Eton school, in England, who board in the town. Rich. Dict. OP/PI-DAN, a. Pertaining toatown. [Wot used.] ; Howell. OP-PIG/NER-ATE, v.t. [L. oppignero; ob and pig- nero, to pledge, from pignus, pledge. ] To pledge; to pawn. [Wot in use.] Bacon. OP’PI-LATE, v. t, [L. oppilo ; ob and pilo, to drive.] To crowd together ; to fill with obstructions, OP’/PI-LA-TED, pp. Crowded together. OP’PI-LA-TING, ppr._ Filling with obstructions. OP-PI-LA’TION, x. The act of filling or-crowding together ; a stopping by redundant matter; obstruc- tions, particularly in the lower intestines. Encyc. Harvey. OP’PI-LA-TIVE, a. [Fr. oppilatif.] Obstructive, OP-PLET’ED, a. [L. oppletus.] Filled ; crowded. [WVot in use.] OP-PONE’, v. t. [L. eppono; ob and pono, to put.] To oppose. [.Vot used.] B. Jonson. OP-PO’/NEN-CY, n. [See Orronent.] The opening of an academical disputation ; the proposition of ob- jections to a tenet; an exercise for a degree. [J be- lieve, not used in America. ] Todd. OP-PO/NENT, a. [L. opponens, oppono; ob and pono, to set, put,c lay, that is, to thrust against; Heb. Syr. Ch. and ar. 73, to build, that is, to set, to found, L. fundo.] That opposes , opposite ; adverse. Prior. OP-PO/NENT, n. One that opposes ; particularly, one that opposes in controversy, disputation, or argument. It is sometimes applied to the person that begins a dispute by raising objections to a tenet or doctrine, and is correlative to Derenpant or REsPoNDENT. In common usage, however, it is applicable to either party in a controversy, denoting any person who op- poses another or his cause. Opponent may sometimes be used for adversary, and for antagonist, but not with strict propriety, as the word does not necessarily im- ply enmity nor bodily strife. Nor is it well used in the sense of rival or competitor. Op'po-nent is incorrect. } OP-POR-TONE’, a. [L. opportunus; ob and porto, to bear, or bring; probably from the root of fero, or por- to, to bear. ‘The sense of the verb opporto would be, to bring toor upon. (See Import, Importune.) In this and all words of like signification, the primary sense is, to fall, come, or bring to. See Lucx, For- TUNE, SEAson. } Properly, having come or being present at a proper time; hence, seasonable; timely; well timed. It agrees with SEAsonABLE rather than with Convenr- ENT, though the sense of the Jatter may be included in it. Sherwood. Perhaps in view Of those bright confines, whence, with nelghboring arma, And opportune excursion, we may chance Re-enter heaven. Milton. OP-POR-TUNE’LY, adv. vorable for the purpose. Seasonably ; at a time fa- It has been applied te place, PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, D OVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—CRANE 2 8 ladder ee OPP as well as to time, but its proper application is to time, and hence it accords with SrasonaBLy, rather than with ConvENIENTLY. OP-POR-TUNE’NESS, zn. In seasonable time. OP-POR-TU/NI-TY, x [L. opportunitas.] 1, Fit or convenient time ; a time favorable for the purpose ; suitable time combined with other favora- ble circumstances. Suitableness of time is the pre- dominant signification, but it includes generally cir- cumstances of place and other conveniences adapted to the end desired. A wise man will make more opportunities than he finds. Bacon. I had an opportunity to see the cloud descend. rown. Neglect no opportunity of doing good. Atterbury. 2. Convenient means. I had an opportunity of sending the letter, or no opportunity to send it. Op- portunities rarely occur, or frequently offer. OP-POS'A-BLE, a. That may or can be opposed. OP-POS/AL, x. Opposition. [Mot used.] Herbert. OP-POSE’, v. t. oppono, opposui. It is doubtful whether Fr. poser, and the preterit and participle passive of the Latin verb belong to pono. The change of n into s is un- usual. Two different verbs may be used, as in L. fero, tuli. See Posx. 1. To set against ; to put in opposition, with a view to counterbalance or countervail, and thus to hinder, defeat, destroy, or prevent effect; as, to oppose one argument to another. I may without presumption oppose my single opinion oe cke 2. To act against; to resist, either by physical means, by arguments, or other means. The army opposed the progress of the enemy, but without suc- cess. Several members of the house strenuously op- posed the bill, but it passed. 3. To check; to resist effectually. The army was not able to oppose the progress of the enemy. 4. To place in front; to set opposite. 5. To act against, as a competitor. OP-POSE’, v.z% To act adversely ; with against; as, a servant opposed against the act. [Wot used.] Shak. 2. To object or act against in controversy. Johnson. OP-POS’/ED, pp. Set in opposition ; resisted. 2. a. Being in opposition in principle or in act; adverse. Certain characters were formerly opposed to it. Federalist, Jay. OP-POSE/LESS, a. Not to be opposed ; irresistible. [ Not in use. Shak. OP-POS’/ER, n. One that opposes; an opponent in party, in principle, in controversy, or argument. We speak of the opposers of public measures ; the oppos- ers of ecclesiastical discipline ; an opposer of Chris- tianity, or of orthodoxy. 2. One who acts in opposition; one who resists ; as, an opposer of law, or of the execution of law. 3. An antagonist; an adversary; an enemy; a rival. OP-POS’ING, ppr. or a. Acting against; resisting. OP/PO-SITE, (-zit,) a [Fr., from L. oppositus.] 1. Standing or situated in front; facing; as, an edifice opposite to the Exchange. Brooklyn lies oppo- site to New York, or on the opposite side of the river. 2. Adverse ; repugnant. Novels, by which the reader is misled into another sort of pleas- ure opposite to that designed inanepic poem, Dryden. 3. Contrary ; as, words of opposite significations ; opposite terms ‘The medicine had an effect opposite to what was expected. OP/PO-SITE, (-zit,) n. An opponent; an adversary ; an enemy ; an antagonist. Shak. Dryden. 2. That which is opposed or contrary. OP/PO-SITE-LY, adv. In front; in a situation to face each other. Grew. 2. Adversely ; against each other. Winds from all quarters oppositely blow. May. OP/PO-SITE-NESS, a. The state of being opposite or contrary. OP-POS-I-TI-FO/LI-OGUS, a. [L. oppositus and folt- um, a leaf.] In botany, opposite to the leaf ; as, an oppositifolious peduncle. Lee. OP-PO-SI'/TION, (op-po-zish/un,) x. [L. oppositio.] 1. Situation so as to front something else; a stand- ing over against ; as, the opposition of two mountains or buildings. 2. The act of opposing ; attempt to check, restrain, or defeat. He makes opposition to the measure ; the bill passed without opposition. Will any opposition be made to the suit, to the claim or demand ? 3. Obstacle. The river meets with no opposition in its course to the ocean. 4, Resistance; as, the opposition of enemies. Vir- tue will break through all opposition. 5. Contrariety ; repugnance in principle; as, the opposition of the beart to the laws of God. 6. Contrariety of interests, measures, or designs. The two parties are in vpposition to each other. 7. Contrariety or diversity of meaning; as, one term used in opposition to another. Shak. [Fr. opposer ; 0b and poser, to set ; L._- OPT 9. The collective body of opposers; in England, the party in parliament which opposes the ministry ; in America, the party that opposes the existing admin- istration. 10. In astronomy, the situation of two heavenly bodies, when distant from each other 180°. OP-PO-SI''TION-IST, n. One that belongs to the party opposing the administration. OP-POS'I-TIVE, a. That may be put in opposition. : Fall. OP-PRESS’, v. t. [Fr. oppresser; L. oppressus, from opprimo ; ob and premo, to press. ] 1. To load or burden with unreasonable imposi- tions ; to treat with unjust severity, rigor, or hard- ship ; as, to oppress a nation with taxes or contribu- tions ; to oppress one by compelling him to perform unreasonable service. 2. To overpower; to overburden; as, to be op- pressed with grief. 3. Tosit or lie heavy on; as, excess of food op- presses the stomach. OP-PRESS’ED, (op-prest’,) pp. or a. Burdened with unreasonable impositions; overpowered; overbur- dened ; depressed. OP-PRESS/ING, ppr. Overburdening. OP-PRES/SION, (-presh/un,) x. The act of oppress- ing ; the imposition of unreasonable burdens, either in taxes or services ; cruelty ; severity. 2. The state of being oppressed or overburdened ; misery. Shak. The Lord — saw the oppression of Israel. —2 Kings xiii. 3. Hardship; calamity. Addison, 4. Depression; dullness of spirits; lassitude of body. Arbuthnot. 5. A sense of heaviness or weight in the breast, &c. OP-PRESS/IVE, a. Unreasonably burdensome ; un- justly severe ; aS, oppressive taxes; oppressive ex- actions of service. 2. Tyrannical ; as, an oppressive government, 3. Heavy ; overpowering ; overwhelming ; as, op- pressive grief or woe. OP-PRESS/IVE-LY, adv. In a manner to oppress ; with unreasonable severity. urke. OP-PRESS/IVE-NESS, x. The quality of being op- ressive. OP-PRESS/OR, n. One that oppresses; one that im- poses unjust burdens on others; one that harasses others with unjust laws or unreasonable severity. Power, when employed to relieve the oppressed and to punish the oppressor, becomes a great blessing. Sutft. OP-PRO/BRI-OUS, a. [See Orrrorrium.] Reproach- ful and contemptuous; scurrilous; as, opprobrious language ; opprobrious words or terms. 9. Blasted with infamy; despised ; rendered hate- ful; as, an opprobrious name. Milton. Daniel. OP-PRO/BRI-OUS-LY, adv. With reproach mingled with contempt ; scurrilously. Shak. OP-PRO/BRI-OUS-NESS, zn. Reproachfulness min- eled with contempt; scurrility. OP-PRO/BRI-UM, x. [L. ob and probrum, disgrace.] Reproach mingled with contempt or disdain. OP-PRO/BRY, n. Opprobrium. [Vot wsed.] OP-PUGN’, (op-piine’,) v. t [L. oppugno; ob and pugno, to fight, from pugnus, the fist, Sp. puno, Fr. pong. | To attack ; to oppose ; to resist. They said the manner of their impeachment they could not but conceive did oppugn the rights of parliament. Clarendon, It is never used in the literal sense, to fight. ] OP-PUG/NAN-CY, 7. Opposition; resistance. Shak. OP-PUG/NANT, a. Opposing ; resisting. OP-PUG-NA'TION, x. Opposition ; resistance. Hall. OP-PUGN’ED, (op-pind’,) pp. Opposed ; resisted. OP-PUGN/ER, (op-pin/er’,) x. One who opposes or attacks ; ‘that which opposes. Boyle. OP-PUGN/ING, (op-pan’ing,) ppr. Attacking; op- osing. OP-SIM/A-THY, 2. [Gr. owW:padera; owe, late, and paySayw, to Jearn.] Late education; education late in life. [Uittle Hales. used, OP-SI-OM'E-TER, n. [Gr. ows and perpov.] An instrument for measuring the extent of the limits of distinct vision in different individuals, and from that to determine the focal length of a lens ne- cessary to correct imperfect sight. Brande. OP-SO-NA/TION, x. [L. obsono, to cater.] A catering ; a buying of provisions. [Vot used. OP’TA-BLE, a. [L. optabilis, from opto, to desire. ] Desirable. [JVot used.] OP’TATE. v.+ [L. opto.] To choose; to wish for ; to desire. Cotgrave. OP-TA/TION, n. [L. optatio. | A desiring; the expression of a wish. Peacham. OP/TA-TIVE, a. [L. optativus, from opto, to desire. Expressing desire or wish. The eptative mode, in grammar, is that form of the verb in which wish or desire is expressed. OP/TA-TIVE, x. Something to be desired. [Little used. Bacon. OPTIC; a. [Gr. omrctxos, from omTopat, to see; OP/TI€-AL, ww, the eye.] OR | | 2. Relating to the science of optics. Optic angle, is the angle included between the two rays drawn from the two extreme points of an object to the center of the pupil of the eye; also called vis ual angle. Hutton. Optic axis, is aline drawn through the center of the eye perpendicular to its anterior and posterior surfaces. lmsted, OP/TI€, n. An organ of sight. Trumbull. OP’/TI€E-AL-LY, adv. By optics or sight. OP-TI//CIAN, (op-tish/an,) x. A person skilled in the science of optics. [Little used.] Smith. 2. One who makes or sells optic glasses and in- struments, dams. OP’/TIES, n. The science which treats of light and vision. Branie. OP’TI-GRAPH, 2. [G. orropar, to see, and yoagw, to write.] A telescope made for the purpose of copying land- scapes. Edin. Encyec. OP’/TI-MA-CY, x. [L. optimates, grandees, from op- timus, best. ] The body of nobles; the nobility. Howell. OP-TI-MA! TES, n. pl. [L.] The Roman nobility ; and hence a nobility in general. OP’/TI-ME, n. The title of those who stand in the second rank of honors, immediately after the wran- glers, in the University of Cambridge, Eng. They are divided into senior and junior optimes. OP/TI-MISM, n. [L. optimus, best.] The opinion or doctrine that every thing in nature is ordered for the best ; or the order of things in the universe that is adapted to produce the most good. The true and amiable philosophy of optimism. Walsh. A system of strict optimism may be the real system in both cases, Paley. One who holds the opinion that all Stewart. OP’TI-MIST, zn. events are ordered for the best. OP-TIM/I-TY, x. The state of being best. OP'TION, n. ([L. optio, from opto, to wish or de- sire.] 1. The power of choosing; the right of choice or election ; as, the archbishop’s option in collating to a vacant benefice. There is an option left to the United States of America, whether they will be respectable and prosperous, or contemptible and miserable, as a nation. Washington. 9. The power of wishing ; wish. 3. Choice; election; preference. He ought not to complain of his lot; it was his own option. We leave this to your own option. 4. In the stock exchange, a percentage paid for the ‘option ” of selling or of buying stock at a certain price, and at a given future time. Brande. OP’TION-AL, a. Left to one’s wish or choice; de- pending on choice or preference. It is optional with you to go or stay. 2. Leaving something to choice. Original writs are either optional or peremptory. Blackstone. OP’TION-AL-LY, adv. With the privilege of choice. OP-TOM/E-TER, z. An instrument for measuring the limits of direct vision. Buchanan. OP/U-LENCE, n. [L. opulentia, from opes, wealth. ] Wealth; riches; affluence. [Opurency ts little see Swift. OP/U-LENT, a. [L. opulentus.] Wealthy ; rich; affluent ; having a large estate or property. Bacon. South. OP/U-LENT-LY, adv. Richly; with abundance or O-PUS'EULE, n. [L. opusculum.] [splendor. A small work. Jones. O'PUS OP-E-RA'TUM, [L., the thing done.] In theology, an expression applied to the mere outward administration of a sacrament or rite, which is sup- posed by many to be in all cases attended with a spiritual effect. : Hook. OR, a termination of Latin nouns, is a contraction of vir, a man, or from the same radix. The same word, vir, is in our mother tongue, wer, and from this we have the English termination er. It denotes an agent, as in actor, creditor. We an- nex it to many words of English origin, as in lessor; as we do er to words of Latin and Gr. origin, as im astronomer, laborer. In general, or is annexed to words of Latin, and er to those of English, origin. OR, conj. [Sax. other; G. oder. It seems that or Is a contraction of other. ‘¢ Tell us by what auctorite thou doest these thynges. Other who is he that gave the thys auctorite ??? Tyndale’s ew Testament. A connective that marks an alternative. ‘‘ You may read or may Write ;” that is, you may do one of the things at your pleasure, but not both. It cor- responds to either. You may either ride to London, or to Windsor. It often connects a series of words or propositions, presenting a choice of either. He may study law, or medicine, or divinity, or he may enter into trade. : : Or sometimes begins a sentence, but in this case it expresses an alternative with the foregomg sen tence. Matt. vii. and ix. : In poetry, or is sometimes used for etther For thy vast bounties are so numberiless, That them or to conceal or else to te 8. Contradiction ; inconsistency. Locke. 1. Relating or pertaining to vision or sight. Is equally impossible. . TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1 f <)| ~ 4 es ata \ oem” eres OT at re sie jee cs ea ee : San == . ; SSS - s ah ———— hi ; oo = ai) ORA a ORB ORD | Or is often used to express an alternativ . ‘ 3 . Pa gacr a exp eae , B e of terms, A quadrumanous mammal, the Pythecus Satyrus, ; ORB/I€, a. Spherical. Bacon fi efinitions, or explanations of the same thing in dif- orSimiaSatyrus. This animal seenis confined 3LE/U L t j s ; denage ping tak Siar yrus. s al seems to be confined | OR-BI€/U-LAR, a. [Fr. orbiculaire, from L. orbicul ferent words. ‘Thus we say, athing isa square, or| to B S : é : 9 LOM Ee OT OUCUUS, ay, s ) orneo, Sumatra, and Malacca. It approaches Spherical; circular ; in the form of I a figure under four equal sides and angles, the most nearly to man of any animal of its tribe i , MGT ris iid Or ever. In this phrase, or is a corruption of ere It i ines i Eineaniee . Beet -AUAWSOT 3 rase, : is utterly incapable of walking arf r erec a T- TVs ate ‘ Sax. ere, before ; that is, before ever. posture. Its Bony Is covered with Snnsior « OR BIE'U LAR NESS, spherically, OR, in heraldry, gold. [Fr. or, L. aurum.] [Expressed brownish red color. In some places on its back it is being orbicular a eo tate of B =n engraving by dots. — E. H. Barker.]} six inches Jong, and on its arms five inches. The OR-BI€/U-LATE O/RA;n. A money of account among the Anglo-Sax-| hight of the adult animal is not known. A single | OR-BI@/U-LA-TED a. [L. orbiculatus.] ons, valued in the Doomsday Book at twenty pence specimen supposed to be of this species has bee! Made bel gj ] Beerlinics PC waledceoute 12 IS S| s has been Made or being in the form of anorb. In botany : g. _ P. Cyc. led, which measured at least six feet. It eats both an orbiculate or orbicular leaf is one th s the OR/ACH, nm. Apjant of the genus Atriplex, some- animal and vegetable food peripbery of a circle or b sth its ae Mien ag j OR/RACH times used as a substitute for spinage T a : : ee ee : g . ? i S fongitudinal and 5 as é s spinage. The African animal res = ransverse diz ; ‘ : : Partington. panzee, (Simia troglodytes cue ae ORBIG ULATION, ne Ti 2 st ioe Wild orach is of the genus Chenopodium. : ; Bae: Cusie hal formBE anGrbee : 1e state of being made in , e - : : e id vLer. e form of an orb. OR’A-€].E, (or/a-kl,) x. [Fr., from L. oraculum, from O-RA/TION, x. [L. oratio, from oro, to pray, to utter.] | ORB‘ING, ppr. Forming into a circl More. oro, to utter; Sp. oraculo; It. oracolo.) I. A speech or discourse composed according to| ORB/IS, ” a n. A fish of : “tee Re 1. Among Leas the answer of a god, or some the rules of oratory, and spoken in public Orations | ORB'-FISH “don orbis of Gniclin ennai Sai person reputed to be a god, to an inquiry made re- may be reduced to three kinds Strativ : arisen is ; ‘thy ain chine a Reeeetenns : : 3 E ay be nds , demonstrative, de- an seas 3 covered w Z f Iki specting some affair of importance, usually respect- liberative, and judicial Dias Eee oe TONAL 1 ae it ae “be oted vate a irm; hard skin, full ing some future event, as the success of an enter- 2. In modern usare an oration differs fr _ al ear. fi ve a SS ages geoeuuee S See Le S prise or battle. mon, from an argument at the bar anil fr ol : = ach OR BIT; ane i a ae 1 : ; ON, trom an arg ont a ar, ¢ om a spee t L : ; i ac 2. The deity who gave, or was supposed to give, before a deliberative assembly. "The word is aa from sae Pe ge teorbiia aa trace (orice, answers to inquiries ; as, the Delphic oracle. applied chiefilv ana 3 Ree ie vhe a Orie place ate) oe. eee eee Bp ae Cueny i oiscouree, pronotnced| on special 1. In astronomy, the path described by a heavenly of a SNieee ee me eee ra en PraRonon some body in its periodical revolution; as, the orbit of 3! ee c = 2 Sdary, &C., aiid to academic declamations. ite Me ria a08 ; > EF ic ¢ Bi 4, Among Christians, oracles, in the plural, denotes 3. A harangue : a public speech or address pubic oa me aes sta ue onli Ok the earth is nearly wn the communications, revelations, or messages deliv. | OR! ATOR. 1 : : eec! t 28S. one hundred and ninety millions of miles in diam- iii ered by God t hets RN eee yea rts ns : JR, n. [L.] A public speaker. In ancient eter. The orbit of the moon is four hundred and ai by God to prophets. In this sense, it is rarely Rome, orators were advocates for clients in the forum eighty thousand miles in diamete Th . res el used in the singular; but we say, the oracles of God, and before the senate and people. They were ee ease li mes ameter. 6 orbits of the iH divine oracles, meaning the Scriptures. ployed in causes of importance instead of the com : Bt At om i ee i tf 5. The sanctuary, or most holy place in the temple,}_ mon patron eo eae 3° Eee ne [Wot PEP er: : Young. , 7 rhi rAd * a P . = Ce ae ? av y y r 7c Gi i Lhe hich was deposited the ark of the covenant. 2. In modern usage, a person who pronounces al ated anatomy, the cavity in which the eye is situ- : mgs Vi. discourse publicly on s ial ¢ i 3 : ; \ : ia Sc Ss cly ON some special occasion, as on 4, Tr. AT, lous ex reRainy Sane 5 b> erial 5 aS, oracu OR A-TO RI-O, lh. {1t.] A sacred musical composi- OR/CHAT 3 4 Xpressions of sentiments. Glanville. tion, consisting of airs, recitatives, duets, trios, | O8’ CHEL, See ARcHIL. P a Obscure; ambiguous, Jike the oracles of pagan choruses, &c. The subjects are mostly taken ee pe CRG: eities. as ee Ss aa AEC Suy ti RIO ANT eee. O-RA€/U-LAR-LY aan Tad ee the Scriptures. T he text is usually in a dramatic OR‘CHA-N ET, 2, A plant, Anchusa tinctoria. ait ees : 1@ manner of an form, sometimes in the form of a narrative. Brande Ainsworth. O-RA€/U-LOUS-LY oracle B 9 ; Ea neo. | ORICHARD: 7 S | 2 Authoritatively : positive ic Bois Fa A place of worship ; a chapel. VCHARD, n. (Sax. ortgeard; Goth. aurtigards; | . d < / J s 2 ye ir if ak 7 r S - . . a“. ° « : O-RA€/U-LOUS-NESS n The state of bein ete OR 7 TO-RY¥ ee [Low L. oratoria, from orator. ] Dan. urtegaard ; Sw. Grtegard ; that IS, wort-yard, a ular. : nae Bn O1ae aoeue pie Ok SBeakine well, or of speaking ac-| yard for herbs. The Germans call it baumzarten, OR’AI-SON, (or/e-zun,) n. [Fr. oraison; L. oratio J To SOReTHtA loonie of neroncan order i Berauade: See bee and the Dutch boomgaard, tree-yard. Prayer; verbal supplication, or or: ; pines ees ratory, the speaking must be just anc See Yarp. aye s é 1, Or oral worship; now pertinent to t) subj i , j i apes ease 5 le subject ; it must be me ‘ An inclost ass ruil 3 ; pee ritten Orson, Sak. Dryden. parts of the discourse I ss lis : oneal a G Piueratdes asset Remsen, O/RAL, a. {Fr., from L. os, oris, the mouth. ] — ive ‘i scourse being disposed in due order rreat Britain, a department of the garden appropri- | aie Seas ~ ° ali ) 7 iG S , A This > r} ate f i 2eS fee j $ ; ] | _ Pertaining to the mouth; uttered by the mouth or the benuties Seen Di aaa ue eo euslied with Ys f oe Tae Oras Hue chietly to’apple- in words; spoken, not written ; as, oral traditions: quence: “Oratorvsc age and pronounced with elo-| trees. In America, any piece of land set with apple- | _ oral testimony ; oral law. Aas on: > eerie ae i Soe Oe four parts, invention, trees is called an orchard ; and orchards are usually | O/RAL-LY, adv. By mouth; in words, without writ- 9 exercise SRETE a haste ney: Cyc. euwa rea nang, belts either grounds fon mowing or ing ; as, traditions derived orally from ancestors 3. AI fr hi oquence. : Arbuthnot. tillage. In some parts of the country, a piece of | OR/ANGE, n. [Fr., from L. aurantium; so named meat ARES pera Catholics, a close apartment ground planted with peach-trees, is called a peach-or- | from aurum, Bold witolvsthenoranwaeose mites 7s eal abe d-chamber, furnished with an altar, a cru- chard. sut in _most cases, [ believe the orchard in color; It. arancio; Sp. naranjo ; Pore inca aD Uae ae atk private devotions. both countries is distinct from the garden. oranje; G. orange. . ya; D. - A small chapel or place allotted for social prayer. | OR‘CHARD-ING, n. The cultivation of orchards. | The fruit of a species of Ci i : Hooker. Taylor € a species of Citrus which grows in Pri a REL “ . m aie g s riests p : : wis ae A nes warm climates. The fruit is round and depressed : Ae eee ; among Roman Catholics, ec- a Orchards in general. _ United States. | It has a rough rind, which, when ripe, is yellow. Beane Ou i 1 one oun Se a OLY ee WALDLOILE OR'CHARD-AST, n. One that cultivates orchards, | This contains a vesicular pulp inclosed in nine cells OR/A "TRESS eae, bela Ow: Brande. eee RAS (ores tra,))( 7. [L. orchestra; Gr. || 5 sae ee A AOSEG | S : A- SSs ‘ 2c TK [iooreuaes | : for seeds. The tree producing oranges grows to the | OR/A-TRIX. ( ™ A female orator. Warner. ae ES eas (or Kes-ter,) opxnorpa, from op- | | hight of ten or twelve feet, and bears the same| ORB. n 7 ; be : OR CHES-TRE, (or/kes-ter,) xnoTnNP, a dancer, || i name. > . it 4. orbis; Fr. It. and Sp. rte] from opxeopat, to dance ; originally, the place for the || ; OR/ANGE, a. Pertaining to an orange: of the rete z ‘ spherical body ; as, the celestial orbs. chorus of dancers. ]} 1 . of an orange. 6c; i or - In old astronomy, a hollow globe or sphere. 1. The part of atheater or other public place appro- || OR'ANGE-ADE!, m. A drink made of orange juice 3. A wheel : Brande. priated to the musicians. In the Grecian theaters, the corresponding to lemonade ; orange sherbet. Ol agsthie ARSE 5 SnCu Body that revolves or rolls; | orchestra was a circular level space between the | F - Smart. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. a A a a c lariot. _ Milton. spectators and the stage, and was used by the chorus OR AN-GEAT, (or/anzhat,) [Fr.] Orance el Gave oa 2 ac + 3a Sphere defined by a line; as, he for its evolutions and dances. In the Roman theaters, | ered with candy. 5 0 aos a areer orb. Holiday. Shak. it was no part of the scene, but was situated in || 9 ¢ ans 0. A circle describe r any ‘ Ran eee Fron Rina = : . 2 Orangeade, Encyc. Dom. Econ. orbit escribed by any mundane sphere ; an front of the Stage, and w as occupied by senators |} OR ANGE-€6L/OR-ED, (-kul/lurd,) a. Havine the 6 ? os ‘ 3 Driden, and other persons of distinction. Smiti’?s Dict. Zs color of an orange, ; £ y Herod ; revolution of time, Shak. 2. The body of performers in the orchestra -_ | 7 y 7 : | 4) OR/ANGE-MEN, 7. pl. The name vive a . The eye. Milton. Bush eee a? Ms ame given to an Irish 8. In tactics, the circular f OR/EHES-T C oe shy. | ! rotestant society which was suppressed in 1836 a See eee reular form of a body of troops, VEHES-TRAL, a. {Supra.] Pertaining to. an or- || ; OR/ANGE-MUSK, n. A speciesiof pear . Cece body of troops. Encyc. chestra ; suitable for or performed in the orchestra. : OR/ANGE-PEEL,n. The rind of an orangeiseparated le ancient astronomers conceived the heavens Busby. a from the fruit. ge separate as Conse nEIOn Several vast azure transparent orbs | OR-CHI-DA/CEOUS, (or-ke-da/shus,) a. Pertaining || 5 y T Ae wnheres . 9 ye. m . . r - : * ence ‘ OR/AN-GER-Y, n. (Fr. orangerie ane Let eS IG Ing one another, and including the to that group of plants of which Orchis is the type : . - es ‘ > a £ eso 1e anets x Yn Ta ena Rea Sin ae a A place for raising oranges; a plantation of oranve- the planets. : Hutton. OR-€ HID E-OUS, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to Orchis. tee nge-| ORB, v. t. To form into a circle. Milton OR'EHIS, (or’kis,) n. [I.. orchis; Gr. opxis.] ; : >> ad . de , ate f rts E | OR/ANGE-TAW’NY, PRG@ta color hetween ectlow OR Bete [L. orbatus.] ; A genus of plants, many of which have fragrant | | and brown. iY ereaved ; fatherless ; childless, and beautiful flowers of singular forms P.C iW i ce Smart. OR-BA’/TION et, 1G : on ie ee d) OR ANGE-TAW'NY, n. A color between vellow Beene nr. [L. orbatio, from orbo, to bereave.] | OR/CIN, n. A ciystallizable coloring matter obtained and Ree eee c velion of parents or children, or privation in| _ from a species of lichen. / 1 _ Yar s , eneral, t used. i : : Se Ww IFE, n. A woman that sells oranges. ORB/ED aL ‘ use ; ORD, n. [Sax.] An edge or point, as in ordhelm. . oe ~ COU: TANG!,7. [Orang is said to be the 9 Bapmed oe n¢ j creat orbicular. Shah. Ord signifies beginning, as in ords and ends. aay d is, Tez able hes ae t 2d into a circul 3 = - 3 isleaidigoiba the Wey tS, Teasonable being, and outang 3. Rounded or covered aaas pape. Milton. | OR-DAIN’, v. t. [L. ordino, from ordo, order; Fr. or- - the Malay of wild, that is, of the woods. ] SAL ! exterior, donner ; It. ordinare; Sp. ordenar; Ir. orduighim.] The wheels were orbed with gold Addis 1, Pp S i i T j ia th gold. ison. - Properly, to set; to establish in a particular ATE, FAR, FALL, WHA ETE » FALL, AT.— METE, PREY. — Pi {NE | : ’ Ki PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — :ae LTO ORD office or order; hence, to invest with a ministenal function or sacerdotal power ; to introduce and es- tablish or settle in the pastoral office with the custom- ary forms and soleimnities; as, to ordain a minister of the gospel. In Arerica, men are ordained over a particular church and congregation, or as evangelists Without the charge of a particular church, or as dea- cons in the Episcopal church. 2. To appoint ; to decree. Jeroboam ordained a feast in the eighth month. —1 Kings xii. As many as were ordained to eternal life believed. — Acts xiii. The fatal tent, The scene of death and place ordained for punishment. Dryden. 3. To set; to establish ; to institute ; to constitute. Mulmutius Ordained our luws. Shak. 4. To set apart for an office; to appoint. Jesus ordained twelve, that they should be with him, — Mark iii, 5. To appoint ; to prepare. For Tophet is ordained of oll. —Is. xxx. OR-DAIN/A-BLE, a. That may be appointed. Hall. OR-DAIN’ED, pp. or a. Appointed; instituted; es- tablished ; invested with ministerial or pastoral functions ; settled. OR-DAIN’/ER, n. One who ordains, appoints, or in- vests with sacerdotal powers. OR-DAIN'ING, pyr. Appointing; establishing ; vesting with sacerdotal or pastoral functions. OR-DAIN'’ING, a. That ordains, or that has the right or power to ordain ; as, an o7daining council. OR-DAIN’MENT, n. The act of ordaining. Burke. OR/DE-AL, mn. (Sax. ordal or ordel ; G. urtheil; D, ordeel. ‘The last syllable is deal, to divide or distrib- ute. The sense of the prefix is less obvious. Wil- kins supposes or to signify witout, as in some Saxon words it has that sense, and ordeal to signify without difference or distinction of persons, entire judgment. In Saxon, ord signifies origin, cause, beginning, prime. In G. ur signifies prime, very, original; u7- wort, primitive word. In Dutch, oor is the ear ; oorlog, war. But this prefix would seem to be the same as in furlow, (furlough;) for, in G. urlawb, D. oorlof, Dan. orlov, Sw. orlof, is a furlow, and this indicates that or is a corruption of fax or for. In Welsh, this word is gordal, which Owen compounds of gor, high, superior, extreme, above, and tél, reward, re- quital; and gordal signifies not only ordeal, but an over-payment,a making satisfaction over and above. Or, then, may signify owt, away, and in ordeal may denote ultimate, final. But the real sense is not ob- vious. The practice of ordeal, however, seems to have had its origin in the belief that the substances used had each its particular presiding deity, that had perfect control over it.] 1. An ancient form of trial to determine guilt or innocence, practiced by the rude nations of Europe, and still practiced in the East Indies. In England, the ordeal was of two sorts, jire-ordeal and water-or- deal; the former being confined to persons of higher rank, the latter to the common people. Both might be performed by deputy, but the principal was to an- swer for the success of the trial. Fire-ordeal was performed either by taking in the Nand a piece of red-hot iron, or by walking barefoot and blindfold over nine red-hot plowshares, laid lengthwise, at unequal distances; and if the person escaped unhurt, he was adjudged innocent ; other- wise he was condemned as guilty. Water-ordeal was performed, either by plunging the bare arm to the elbow in boiling water, or by casting the person suspected into a river or pond of cold water, and if he floated without an effort to Swim, it was an evidence of guilt, but if he sunk he was acquitted. Both in England and Sweden, the clergy presided at this trial. It was at last condemned as unlawful by the canon law, and in England it was abolished by an order in council of Henry Ill. Blackstone, It is probable our proverbial phrase, to go through jire and water, denoting severe trial or danger, is de- rived from the ordeal ; as also the trial of witches by 2. Severe trial; accurate scrutiny. [ water. OR/DER, n. [L. ordo; (qu. Pers. Sy radah, order, series ;) Fr. ordre; It. ordine; Sp. orden; Sw. Dan. G. and Russ. id. ; Ir. ord; but all from the Latin ex- cept the Persian. ] 1. Regular disposition or methodical arrangement of things; a word of extensive application; as, the order of troops on parade; the order of books in a library ; the order of proceedings in a legislative as- sembly. Order is the life of business. Good order is the foundation of all good things. in- Burke. 2. Proper state ; as, the muskets are all in good order. When the bodily organs are in order, a per- son is in health; when they are out of order, he is indisposed. 3. Adherence to the point in discussion, according to established rules of debate ; as, the member is not in order, that is, he wanders from the question. _ 4, Established mode of proceeding. The motion 1S lot in order. o. Regularity ; settled mode of operation. This fact could not occur in the order of nature; it is against the natural order of things. 6. Mandate; precept ; command; authoritative di- rection. I have received an order from the com- mander-in-chief. I'he general gave orders to march. There is an order of council to issue letters of marque. 7. Rule; regulation ; as, the rules and orders of a legislative house. 8. Regular government or discipline. It is neces- sary for Society that good order should be observed. The meeting was turbulent; it was impossible to keep order. 9. Rank; class; division of men; as, the order of nobles; the order of priests; the higher orders of so- elety; men of the lowest order; order of knights ; military orders, &c. 10. A religious fraternity; as, the order of Bene- dictines. 1l. A division of natural objects, generally inter- mediate between class and genus, ‘The classes, in the Linnean artificial system, are divided into or- ders, Which include one or more genera. Linnzus also arranged vegetables, in his natural system, into groups of genera, called orders. In the natural sys- tem of Jussieu, orders are subdivisions of classes. 12. Measures; care. Take some order for the safe- ty and support of the soldiers. Provide me soldiers Whilst I take order for my own affairs. Shak. 13. In rhetoric, the placing of words and members in a sentence in such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty of expression, or to the clear illus- tration of the subject. Encye. 14. The title of certain ancient books containing the divine office, and manner of its performance. Encye. 15. In architecture, a system of several members, ornaments, and proportions of columns and _ pilas- ters; or a regular arrangement of the projecting parts of a building, especially of the columns, so as to form one beautiful whole. The orders are five, the Tuscan, Doric, [onic, Corinthian, and Compos- ite. The order consists of two principal members, the column and the entablature, each of which is composed of three principal parts. Those of the column are the base, the shaft, and the capital ; those of the entablature are the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice. The hight of the Tuscan column is 14 modules or semidiameters of the shaft at the bottom, and that of the entablature 3 1-2. The hight of the Doric order is 16 modules, and that of the entablature nearly 4; that of the [onic is 18 modules, and that of the entablature 42-3; that of the Corinthian orderis 20 modules, and that of the entablature 5. The hight of the Composite order agrees with that of the Corinthian. wilt. Order of the day; in deliberative assemblies, the par- ticular business previously assigned for the day. In order; forthe purpose; to the end; as means to an end. The best knowledge is that which is of the greatest use in order to our eternal happi- ness. General orders; the commands or notices which a military commander-in-chief issues to the troops un- der his command. Holy orders; in the Episcopal church, the Christian ministry. Tn orders; in the Episcopal church, ordained ; in the sacred office. To take orders; in the Episcopal church, to be or- dained ; to enter into the sacred ministry. OR/DER, v. t. To regulate ; to methodize ; to system- ize ; to adjust; to subject to system in management and execution; as, to erder domestic affairs with prudence. 2. To lead; to conduct; to subject to rules or laws, To him that ordereth his conversation aright, will I show the salvation of God. — Ps. 1. 3. To direct; to command. The general ordered his troops to advance. 4, To manage; to treat. How shall we order the child ?— Judges xiii. 5. To ordain ; to put into holy orders. Com. Prayer. 6. To direct; to dispose in any particular manner, Order my steps in thy word, — Ps, cxix. OR’DER, v.i. To give command or direction. Milton. OR/DER-ED, pp. Regulated; methodized ; disposed ; commanded ; managed. OR/DER-ER, z. One that gives orders, 2. One that methodizes or regulates, OR/DER-ING, ppr. Regulating; systemizing; com- manding 5 disposing. OR/DER-ING, n. Disposition; distribution; manage- ment. 2 Chron. XXiv. OR/DER-LI-NESS, x. OR/DER-LY, a. from or a R ity ; a state of being method ee pide Res ularitys 2. The state of being orderly. Methodical; regular. Hooker 2. Observant of order or method. Chapman. 3. Well-regulated ; performed in good order; not tumultuous ; as, an orderly march. Clarendon. 4. According to established method. Hooker. ©. Not unruly ; not inclined to break from inclo- sures; peaceable. We say, cattle are orderly 6. Being on duty ; as, orderly officer, the officer of the day. Campbell’s Mil. Dict. Orderly book; in military affuirs, a buok for every company, in which the sergeants write general and regimental orders, Cyc. Orderly sergeant; a military officer who attends on a superior officer. OR/DER-LY, adv. Methodically; according to due order; regularly ; according to rule. hak. OR-DI-NA-BIL/LTY, nz. Capability of being appoint- ed. [Wot used.] Bull. OR’DI-NA-BLE, a. Such as may be appointed. [Jot used. Hammond. OR/DLNAL, a. [L. ordinalis; Fr. ordinal.) Noting order; as, the ordinal numbers, first, sec- ond, third, &c. OR’/DI-NAL, x. A number noting order. 2. A book containing the ordination service, as prescribed in the English church Murdock. OR/DI-NANCE, n._ [It. ordinanza; Fr. ordonnance.] 1. A rule established by authority ; a permanent rule of action. An ordinance may be a law or stat- ute of sovereign power. In this sense it is often used in the Scriptures. Exod. xv. Nwm.x. Ezraiii. It may also signify a decree, edict, or reseript, and the word has sometimes been applied to the statutes of parliament ; but these are usually called acts or laws. In the United States, it is never applied to the acts of Congress, or of a State legislature. 2, Observance commanded. Taylor. 3. Appointment. Shak, 4. Established rite or ceremony. Heb. ix. In this sense, baptism and the Lord’s supper are denomi- nated ordinances. o. Ordinance, a cannon, is now written Orp- NANCE. OR/DI-NAND, zn. OR/DI-NANT, n. OR'DLNANT, a. One about to be ordained. One who ordains. [L. ordinans.] Ordaining ; decreeing. [JVot used.] Shak OR/DI-NA-RI-LY, adv. Primarily, according to estab- lished rules or settled method; hence, commonly ; usually ; in most cases; as, a Winter more than o~ dinarily severe. Glanville. OR/DI-NA-RY, a. [L. ordinarius.] 1. According to established order; methodical ; regular; customary ; as, the ordinary forms of law or justice. Addisanr. 2, Common ; usual. Methoud is not less requisite in ordinary conversation than in writing. ddison. 3. Of common rank ; not distinguished by superi- or excellence; as, an ordinary reader; men of ordi- nary judgment. Hooker. 4. Plain; not handsome ; as, an ordinary woman ; a person of an ordinary form; an ordinury face. 5. Inferior; of little merit; as, the book is an o7- dinary performance. 6. An ordinary seaman is one not expert or fully skilled, and hence ranking below a seaman. OR/DLENA-RY,n. In the common and canon law, one who has ordinary or immediate jurisdiction in mat- ters ecclesiastical; an ecclesiastical judge. In Eng- land, the bishop of the diocese is commonly the or dinary, and the archbishop is the ordinary of the whole province. The ordinary of assizes and ses- sions was formerly a deputy of the bishop appointed to give malefactors their neck-verses. The ordinary of Newgate is a clergyman who attends on con- demned malefactors to prepare them for death. Eneyc. Brande. 2, Settled establishment, acon. 3. Regular price of a meal. Shak. 4. A place of eating Where the prices are settled. Swift. 5. In the navy, the establishment of the shipping not in actual service, but laid up under the charge of oflicers. Brande. In ordinary; in actual and constant service ; stat- edly attending and serving ; as, a physician or chap- Jain in ordinary. An embassador tr ordinary, 1s one constantly resident at a foreign court. OR/DLNARY, n, In heraldry, a portion of the escutch- eon comprised between straight or other lines. It is the simplest species of charge. ge Bray de. [They are divided into greater ordinaries, whichare the pale, the bend, the fess, the chief, the cross, the sultier, the chevron, and the border ; and lesser orili- nuries, as the fleur-de-lis, the annulet, the lozenge, the martlet, &c.— E. H. Barker] OR/DI-NATE, v. t. To appoint. [ot used.] OR'DI-NATE, a. [lL ordinatus.] : Regular; methodical. An ordinate figure is one OR’DER-LESS, a. Without regularity ; disorderly ; out of rule. Shak. whose sides and angles are equal. Ray. TUNE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI//CIOUS,—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS 08 777 Pak — Pee ee) maar ep —eneenirm et ¢ — A Sa ash ti Nic eB— ex ORG OR/DI-NATE, x. In geometry, a straight line drawn from any point in a curve perpendicular to another straight line called the abscissa. Brande. OR’DI-NATE-LY, adv. In a regular, methodical man- ner. Skelton. OR-DI-NA’TION, n. [L. ordinatio.] : 1. The state of being ordained or appointed ; es- tablished order or tendency consequent on a decree. Virtue and vice have a natural ordination to the happiness and misery of life respectively. Norris. 2. In the Episcopal church, the act of conferring holy orders or sacerdotal power; called also ConsE- CRATION. Encyc. 3. In the Presbyterian and Congregational churches, the act of settling or establishing a licensed clergy- man over achurch and congregation with pastoral charge and authority ; also, the act of conferring on a clergyman the powers of a settled minister of the gospel, without the charge or oversight of a particu- lar church, but with the general powers of an evan- gelist, who is authorized to form churches and admin- ister the sacraments of baptism and the Lord’s sup- per, wherever he may be called to officiate OR/DI-NA-TIVE, a. Directing; giving order. Cotgrave. OR’DI-NA-TOR, x. One who ordains or establishes. axter. ORD/NANCE, n. from ordinance.] Cannon or great guns, mortars, and howitzers ; artillery. OR! DON-NAN CE, n. [Fr.] In the arts, the disposition of the parts either in regard to the whole piece or to the several] parts. Elmes. OR/DURE, 2. [Fr.] Dung; excrements. Shak. ORE, n. [Sax. ore, ora; D. erts; G. erz. Qu. L. es, e@ris, brass ; Rabbinic, \\y, a mineral. ] 1. The compound of a metal and some other sub- stance, as oxygen, sulphur, or carbon, called its min- eralizer, by which its properties are disguised or Jost. Metals found free from such combination, and exhib- iting naturally their appropriate character, are not called ores, but native metals. Olmsted. 2, Metal; as, the liquid ore. Milton. O'RE-AD, n.; pl. Oneaps. [from Gr. 0905, mountain. ] A mountain nymph. Milton. ORE/-WEED, ORE/-WOOD, |” O'RE TE!NUS, [L.] By word of mouth. ORF/GILD, n. [Sax. o7f, cattle, and geld, payment.] The restitution of goods or money stolen, if taken Sea-weed. [JWVot used.] Carew. in the daytime. Ainsworth. OR/FRAYS,n. [Fr. orfroi.] Fringe of gold; gold embroidery. Chaucer. OR/GAL, x. Argal; unrefined or crude tartar. Ure. OR/GAN, 2. [L. organum; Gr. opyavov; Sp. and It. organo ; Fr. organe; D. and G. orgel; Pers. and Ar. aranon. | 1. A natural instrument of action or operation, or by which some process is carried on. ‘Thus the arte- ries and veins of animal bodies are organs of circu- lation the lungs are organs of respiration ; the nerves are organs of perception and sensation ; the muscles are organs of motion ; the ears are organs of hearing ; the tongue is the organ of speech. 2. The instrument or means of conveyance or com- munication. A secretary of state is the organ of communication between the government and a for- eign power. 3. The largest and most harmonious of wind in- struments of music, consisting of pipes which are filled with wind, and stops touched by the fingers. It is blown by a bellows, Johnson. Encyc. OR’GAN-BUILD/ER, (-bild/er,) ». An artist whose occupation is to construct organs. OR-GAN’IE, } L es OR-GAN‘IE-AL, {~ [L. organicus.] 1. Pertaining to an organ or to organs ; consisting of organs or containing them; as, the organic struc- ture of the human body or of plants. ‘ 2. Produced by the organs; as, organic pleasure, Kames, 3. Instrumental; acting as instruments of nature or art to a certain end ; as, organic arts. Milton. Organic bodies, are such as possess organs, on the action of which depend their growth and perfection ; as animals and plants. Organic substances, are substances which proceed from or constitute organic bodies. Organic remains, are the remains of animals or vegetables petrified or imbedded in stone. Organical description of a curve; in geometry, the description of a curve on a plane, by means of in- struments. Brande, OR-GAN/I€-AL-LY, adv. With organs; with organ- ical structure or disposition of parts. The bodies of animals and plants are organically framed. 2. By means of organs. OR-GAN/IO-AL-NESS, n. The state of/ being organ- ical, F Johnson. OR/GAN-ISM, n, Organical structure ; as, the organ- ism of bodies. Grew. OR/GAN-IST, n. One who plays on the organ. Boyle. 2. One who sung in parts ; an old musical use of the word. OR! OR-GAN-I-ZA/TION, n. The act or process of form- ing organs or instruments of action. 2. The act of forming or arranging the parts of a compound or complex body in a suitable manner for use or service ; the act of distributing into suitable divisions and appointing the proper officers, as an ar- my or a government. The first organization of the genera: government. 3. Structure ; form; suitable disposition of parts which are to act together in a compound body. ocke. [Fr. organiser; It. organizzare ; Pickering. OR/GAN-IZE, v. t. Sp. organizar.] 1. To form with suitable organs ; to construct so that one part may codperate with another. These nobler faculties of the soul organized matter could never produce. Ray. 2. To sing in parts; as, to organize the hallelujah. Busby. 3. To distribute into suitable parts, and appoint proper officers, that the whole may act as one body ; as, to organize an army. So we say, to organize the house of representatives, which is done by the ap- pointment of officers and verification of the powers of the several members. So we say, a club, a party, or a faction is organized, When it takes a systemized form. This original and supreme will organizes the government. W. Cranch. OR’/GAN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Formed with organs ; con- structed organically ; systemized ; reduced to a form in which all the parts may act together to one end. Animals and plants are organized bodies. Minerals are not organized bodies. OR’GAN-iZ-ING, ppr. Constructing with suitable or- gans ; reducing to system in order to produce united action to one end. OR/GAN-LOFT, n. The loft where an organ stands. Tatler. OR-GAN-O-GRAPH/I€, la. Pertaining to organ- OR-GAN-O-GRAPH/I€-AL, } ography. OR-GAN-OG/RA-PHIST, nm. One who describes the organs of animal or vegetable bodies. Lindley. OR-GAN-OG’/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. opyavoy and ypadu.] In botany, a description of the organs of plants, or of the names and kinds of their organs. De Cand. OR-GAN-OL/0-GY, n. That branch of physiology which treats, in particular, of the different organs of animals, especially of the human species. Encyc. Am. OR’/GA-NON, [Gr.]) 7. In philosophical language, a OR’/GA-NUM, [L.] term nearly synonymous with Mernop, and implying a body of rules and canons for scientific investigation. rande. OR/GAN-PIPE, n. The pipe of a musical organ. Shak. OR’/GAN-REST, n. [In heraldry, a figure of uncer- tain origin, borne by the Granvilles and other ancient fam Jies. — E. H. Barker.] OR/GAN-STOP, x. The stop of an organ, or any col- lection of pipes under one general name. Busby. OR'/GA-NY, See Onican. OR/GAN-ZINE, (-zin,) n. Thrown silk ; that is, silk twisted like a rope with different strands, so as to in- crease its strength. Encyc. Dom. Econ. OR/GASM, n. [Gr. opyacpos, from opyaw, to swell; opyata, to irritate, | Immoderate excitement or action; as, the orgasm of the blood or spirits. Blackmore. Derham. OR/GEAT, (or/zhat,) n. [Fr., from orge, barley.] A liquor extracted from barley and sweet almonds. Jason. OR’GE-IS, n. A fish, called also OrGan-LiNG ; sup- posed to be from Orkneys, on the coast of which it is taken. Johnson. OR/GIES, (or/jiz,) n. pl. [Gr. opyra, from opyaw, to swell; opyn, fury; L. orgia; Fr. orgies.] J. Frantic nocturnal revels at the feast in honor of Bacchus, or the feast itself. Hence, 2, Drunken revelry, chiefly by night, OR/GIL-LOUS, a. [Fr. orgueilleux, from orcueil, Sax. orgel, pride, haughtiness; Gr. opyaw, to swell. ] Proud; haughty. [JVot used, | Shak. ORGUES, (orgz,) ». [Fr.] “In the military art, long, thick pieces of timber, pointed and shod with iron, and hung over a gateway, to be let down in case of attack. Brande. 2. The term also denotes a machine composed of several musket barrels united, by means of which several explosions are made at once to defend breaches. Brande. OR-I-CHAL'€UM,) xn. [L. orichalcum, mountain OR'T-CHALEH, brass; Gr. opos and yaXkos; or aurichalcum, gold-brass. _ A metallic substance, resembling gold in color, but inferior in value ; a mixed metal of the ancients, re- sembling brass, Spenser. Brande. O'/RI-EL, ) Ola F ‘ol O/RI-OL, { ™ [ r. oriol.] 1. In Gothic architecture, a bay window. Brande. 2, A small apartment néxt a hall, where particular persons dine ; a sort of recess. [Obs.] Cowell. 6/RI-EN-CY,n, [See Onienr.] Brightness or strength ORI O/RI-ENT, a. [L. oriens, from orior, to arise. ] 1. Rising, as the sun. Moon, that now meet’st the orient sun. The ortent morn. Milton. Milton. 2, Eastern ; oriental. 8. Bright; shining; glittering; as, orient pearls. Driden. O'RI-ENT, n. The east ; the part of the horizon where the sun first appears in the morning. O/RI-ENT, v.t. In surveying, to orient a plan signi- fies to mark its situation or bearing with respect to the four cardinal points. Brande. O-RI-ENT’AL, a, Eastern ; situated in the east ; par- ticularly, in or about Asia ; as, ortental seas or coun- tries. 2. Proceeding from the east; as, the oriental radia- tions of the sun. Brown. O-RI-ENT/AL, ». A native or inhabitant of same eastern part of the world. We give the appellation to the inhabitants of Asia, from the Hellespont and Mediterranean to Japan. O-RI-ENT/AL-ISM, x. A term applied to doctrines or idioms of the Asiatic nations. O-RI-ENT/AL-IST, n. An inhabitant of the eastern parts of the world. Peters. 2. One versed in the eastern languages and litera- ture. Ouseley. O-RI-ENT-AL/‘I-TY, n. The state of being oriental or eastern. [WVot used.] r0IN. OR’I-FICE, (or’e-fis,) n. [Fr., from L. orifictum; os, oris, mouth, and facio, to make. ] The mouth or aperture of a tube, pipe, or other cav- ity ; as, the orifice of an artery or vein; the orifice of a wound. The orifice of Etna, Addison. / OHLELAMB.” n. [Fr. oriflamme.] The ancient royal standard of France. Ainsworth. OR/I-GAN, O-RIG’A-NUM, § ™ Marjoram, a genus of plants. One species of this genus is a rich aromatic, excellent for culinary pur- poses, OR/I-GEN-ISM, x. The opinions of Origen of Alex- andria, one of the earliest and most learned of the Greek fathers. He supposed that human souls ex- isted before their union with bodies ; that they were originally holy, but became sinful in the preéxistent state ; that all men, probably, will at last be saved ; and that Christ is again to die for the salvation of devils, &e. Murdock. OR'I-GEN-IST, z. A follower of the opinions of Or- igen. OR/I-GIN, n. [Fr. and It. origine; Sp. origen; L. origo.] 1. The first existence or beginning of any thing ; as, the origin of Rome. In history, it is necessary, if practicable, to trace all events to their origin. 2. Fountain ; source ; cause; that from which any thing primarily proceeds that which gives existence or beginning. ‘The apostasy is believed to have been the origin of moral evil. The origin of many of our customs is lost in antiquity. Nations, like individ- uals, are ambitious to trace their descent from an honorable origin. O-RIG'IN-A-BLE, a. O-RIG/IN-AL, n, Origin. It accords in signification. ] 2. First copy; archetype; that from which any thing 1s transcribed or translated, or from which a likeness is made by the pencil, press, or otherwise. Thus we say, the translation is not equal to the origi- nal,. If the original can not be produced, we are per- mitted to offer an authenticated copy. O-RIG/IN-AL, a. [Fr. originel; L. originalis.] 1, First in order ; preceding all others; as, the orig- imal state of nen ; the original laws of a country ; orig- indl rights or powers ; the original question in debate. 2, Primitive; pristine ; as, the original perfection of Adam. : Original sin, as applicd to Adam, was his first act of disobedience in eating the forbidden fruit ; as ap- plied to lis posterity, it is understood to mean either the sin of Adam imputed to his posterity, or that cor- ruption of nature, or total depravity, which has been derived from him in consequence of his apostasy, On this subject divines are not agreed. In strictness, original sin is an impropef use of words, as sin, ex vi termini, implies volition and the transgression of a known rwe of duty by a moral agent. But this application of the words has been es- tablished by long use, and it serves to express ideas which many Wise and good men entertain on this subject. c 3. Having the power to originate new thoughts or combinations of thought; as, an original genius. O-RIG-IN-AL‘I-TY, x. The quality or state of being original, 2. The power of originating or producing new thoughts, or uncommon combinations of thought; as, originality of genius. O-RIG/IN-AL-LY, adv. Primarily; from the begin ning or origin, [L., from Gr. optyavor.} That may be originated. [See Onrern, with which of color. [ Little used.] Waterhouse. PATH, FAR, FALL, WHAT,—MBTE, PREY.— PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — God is originally holy in himself, Pearson, 778 —= _— 0 RE ae ORN 2. At first; at the origin. Woodward. 3. By the first author; as, a book originally written by another hand. oscommon. O-RIG/IN-AL-NESS, zn. The quality or state of being original. O-RIG/IN-A-RY, a. [Fr. originaire.] 1. Productive ; causing existence. The production of animals in the originary way, requires a cer- tain degree of warmth. Cheyne, 2. Primitive ; original. Sandys. {Ahes word ts little used. ] O-RIG'IN-ATE, v. t. To cause to be; to bring into ex- istence § to produce what is new The change is to be eflected without a decomposition of the whole civil and political mass, for the purpose of originating a new civil order out of the elements of society. Burke. That matter, which can not think, will, or originate motion, should communicate thought, volition, and motvity, is plainly impossible. Dwight. O-RIG/IN-ATE, v.%. To take first existence; to have origin ; to be begun. The scheme originated with the governor and council. It originated in pure benevo- lence. O-RIG/'I-NA-TED, pp. Brought into existence. O-RIG/I-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Bringing into existence. O-RIG-IN-A'TION, x. The act of bringing or coming into existence ; first production. Descartes first introduced the fancy of making a world, and de- ducing the ortgination of the universe from mechanical principles. Keil, 2. Mode of production or bringing into being. This eruca is propagated by animal parents, to wit, butterflies, after the common origination of alt caterpillars. Ray. O-RIG/IN-A-TOR, n. commences. O-RIL/LON, n. [Fr.] In fortification, a rounding of earth, faced with a wall, raised on the shoulder of those bastions that have casemates, to cover the can- non in the retired flank, and prevent their being dis- mounted. Encyc. Brande. O'RI-OLE, x. The popular name of several species of birds allied to the thrushes, having their plumage of a golden-yellow mixed with black. Partington. O-RION, n. [Gr. wpiwy; unfortunately accented by the poets on the second syllable.] A large and bright constellation on both sides of the equinoctial. rande. O-RIS-MO-LOG‘I€-AL, a. Pertaining to orismology. O-RIS-MOL/O-GY, 7. [Gr. optopos, a term, and )o- yos, a discourse. } In natural history, that department which treats of terms, whether descriptive or denominative. OR/LSON, 2. [Fr. oraison, from L. oratio, from oro.] A prayer or supplication. Lowly they bowed adoring, and beean Their orisons, each morning duly paid. A person who originates or Milton, ORK, x. ([L. orca.] A sposies of whale. [See Onc.] ORLE, zx. [Infra.] In heraldry, an ordinary in the form of a fillet, round the shield. [An inescutcheon voided. — E. H. Barker.] ORE n. (Fr. ourlet, It. orlo, ahem. Qu. Heb. 2 mbny, and Ch. Syr.] OR/LO, ’ ’ In architecture, a fliiet under the ovolo of a capital. OR/LOP, nx. [D. overloop, a running over or overflow- ing, an orlop, that is, a spreading over. ] The lower deck of a ship of the line; or that, in all vessels, on Which the cables are stowed. Totten. OR-MO-LU’, n. [Fr.] Brass which by a chemical process is made to assume the appearance of being gilt. It is used in making lamps, girandoles, &c. OR'’NA-MENT, n. [L. ornamentum, from orno, to adorn. Varro informs us that this was primitively osnamentum ; but this is improbable. See Apvorn.] 1. That which embellishes ; something which, added to another thing, renders it more beautiful to the eye. The chains, and the bracelets, and the mufflers, the bonnets, and the ornaments of the legs. — Is, iii. 2, In architecture, ornaments are sculpture or carved ork. 3. Embellishment; decoration ; additional beauty. The ornament of a meek and quiet spirit, which is in the sight of God of great price. —1 Pet. iii. OR/NA-MENT, v.t. To adorn; to deck; to embel- lish. Warburton, OR-NA-MENT’AL, a. Serving to decorate; giving additional beauty ; embellishing. Some think it most ornamental to wear their bracelets on their wrists ; others about their ankles. Brown, OR-NA-MENT’AL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to add embellishment. OK'’NA-MENT-ED, pp.or a. Decorated ; embellished ; beautified. Shenstone. OR/NA-MENT-ING, ppr. Decorating ; embellishing. OR/NATE, v. t. [L. orno.] To adorn. OR/NATE, a. [L. ornatus.] Adorned ; decorated ; beautiful. Milton. OR/NA-TED, pp. Adorned; ornamented. OR/NATE-LY, adv. With decoration. Skelton. OR/NATE-NESS, n. State of being adorned. ORR OR!/NA-TING, ppr. Wmbellishing. OR’/NA-TURE, n. Decoration. [Little used.] OR-NIS-€OP/IES, x. Divination by the observation of birds. Bailey. OR-NIS/€O-PIST, n. [Gr. opyis, a bird, and cxo7ew, to view. ] One who views the flight of birds in order to fore- tell future events by their manner of flight. - [Zittle used. Johnson. OR-NITH-I€H’NITE, rn. ([Gr. opvis, a bird, and txvos, a track. ] In geology, a name given to the foot-marks of birds, occurring in different strata of stone. Hitchcock. OR-NITH’O-LITE, xn. Aname given to fossil birds, and also to stones of various colors bearing the figure of birds. Buchanan, OR-NI-THO-LOG'T€-AL, a. Pertaining to ornithology. OR-NI-THOL/O-GIST, n. [See OrnitHoLocy.] A person who is skilled in the natural history of birds, who understands their furm, structure, habits, and uses ; one who describes pirds. OR-NI-THOL/O-GY,2. [Gr. opyts, abird, and Aoyos, discourse. ] The science of birds, which comprises 2 knowledge of their form, structure, habits, and uses. OR-NITH/O-MAN-CY, x. ([Gr. opvis, a bird, and pavrécta, divination. ] Augury, a species of divination by means of birds, their flight, &c. rande, OR’/NI-THON, 7. hols an aviary.] A building for the keeping of birds. Elmes. OR/NIL-THO-RHYNEH/US, x. [Gr. opyts, opycBos, a bird, and puyxos, a beak. An effodient monotrematous mammal, with a horny beak resembling that of a duck, and two merely fibrous cheek-teeth on each side of both jaws, not fixed in any bone, but only in the gum; with pen- tadactylous paws webbed like the feet of a bird and formed for swimming, and with a spur behind in the hinder feet, emitting a poisonous liquid from a reser- voir in the sole of the foot, supplied by a gland situa- ted above the pelvis, and by the side of the spine. The animal is covered with a brown fur. It is found only in New Holland, and is sometimes called Water Move. OR-O-LOG'I€-AL, a. [See Onoxrocy.] to a description of mountains. O-ROL‘O-GIST, x. A describer of mountains. O-ROL/O-GY, 72. [Gr. opos,a mountain, and Aoyos, discourse. ] The science or description of mountains. O/RO-TUND, n. [L. os and rotundum.] A mode of intonation directly from the larynx, which has a full- ness, clearness, strength, smoothness, and ringing, or musical quality, which form the highest perfec- tion of the human voice. Rush, OR’PHAN, x. [Gr. oodavos; It.orfino; Fr. orphelin.] A child who is bereaved &f father or mother, or both. =f OR/PHAN, a. Bereaved of p}@énts. Sidney. OR’/PHAN-AGE,) x. The stdte of an orphan. OR/PHAN-ISM, . Sherwood. OR/PHAN-ED, a. Bereft of parents or friends. Young. [Gr. opdavot, orphan, Pertaining OR-PHAN-OT/RO-PHY, x. and rpodn, food.] A hospital for orphans. OR/PHANS-€OURT, n. of the Union, having jurisdiction of the estates and persons of orphans. Bouvier. OR/PHE-AN,) a. Pertaining to Orpheus, the poet OR/PHIE, and musician ; as, Orphic hymns. Bryant. Chalners. OR!/PHE-US; n. [Gr. Oodevs.] In classical mythology, a poet who is represented as having had the power of moving inanimate bodies by the music of his lyre. [In the classics, Or/phets.] OR/PLMENT, n. [L. auripigmentum; aurum, gold, and pigmentum. | Sesquisulphuret of arsenic, found native, and then an ore of arsenic, or artificially composed. The native orpiment appears In yellow, brilliant, and seemingly talcky masses of various sizes. The red orpiment is called Reare@ar, and is a protosulphuret of arsenic. It is more or less lively and transparent, and often crystallized in bright needles. In this form it is called Rusy or ArseENIc. Fourcroy. Nicholson. Encyc. Ure. OR'PIN, ». [Fr.] A yellow color of various degrees of intensity, approaching also to red. Brande. OR’PINE, (or/pin,) ». [I*r. orpin.] A succulent plant of the genus Sedum, lesser houseleek, or live-long. Also, a plant of Southern Europe belonging to the genus Telephium. The bastard orpine is of the genus Andrachne; the lesser orpine of the genus Crassula. Partington. Loudon. OR/RACH. See Oracu. OR’RE-RY, ». An astronomical machine for exhibit- ing the several motions of the heavenly bodies. This machine was invented by George Graham, but Rowley, a workman, borrowed one from him, and made a copy for the earl of Orrery, after whom it Was named by Sir Richard Steele. Similar machines are called also PLANETARIUMS. Barlow. A court, in some of the states en ORT OR’RIS, x. The plant iris, of which orris seems to be a corruption ; fleur-de-lis, or flag flower. Its root has an agreeable odor, resembling that of violets. 2. A sort of gold or silver lace. Qu. ORGS. < Johnson, ORSE/DEW, (-du,) x. Dutch gold, which see. ORT, n. A fragment; a refuse. Shak, OR/THITE, x. [Gr. op8os, straight ] _ Avariety of Allanite, an ore of cerium, occurring in long acicular crystals, of a brownish-black color, and semi-metallic appearances. Dana. OR-THO-CER/A-TITE, ) n.pl. [Gr. opOos, straight, OR-THO-CER/A-TA, and xépas, a horn.] Terms applied to an extinct genus of cephalopods, inhabiting straight, many-chambered shells. P. Cyc. OR’THO-DOX, a. [See Ortuopoxy.] Sound in the Christian faith; believing the genuine doc- trines taught in the Scriptures ; opposed to Herett- CAL; as, an orthodox Christian. 2. According with the doctrines of Scripture ; as, an orthodox creed or faith. OR’/THO-DOX-LY, adv. With soundness of faith. acon. OR'THO-DOX-NESS, n. The state of being sound in the faith, or of according with the doctrines of Scripture. OR’THO-DOX-Y, n. [Gr. op8odotta ; opbos, right, true, and dota, opinion, from doxew, to think. ] 1. Soundness of faith ; a belief in the genuine doc- trines taught in the Scriptures. Basil bears full and clear testimony to Gregory’s orthodory. Waterland. 2. Consonance to genuine scriptural doctrines; as, the orthodoxy of a creed. OR-THO-DROM'TE, a. taining to orthodromy. OR-THO-DROM’I€S, x. The art of sailing in a direct course, or on the arc of a great circle, which is the shortest distance between any two points on the sur- face of the globe. Brande. OR'THO-DRO-MY, x. [Gr. op@os, right, and dpopus, course. | The sailing in a straight course. OR-THO-EP/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to arthoépy. OR'THO-E-PIST, n. [See OrtHokry.] One who pronounces words correctly, or who is well skilled in pronunciation. OR/THO-E-PY, n. [Gr. op8oexe:a; op8os, right, and emoc, Word, or exw, to speak. ] The art of uttering words with propriety ; a correct pronunciation of words. NVuares. OR'THO-GON, n. ([Gr. op@os, right, and ywya, angle. ] A rectangular figure, or one which has all its angles right angles. Peacham. OR-THOG’/ON-AL, a. Right-angled ; rectangular. Selden. OR-THOG/RA-PHER, m. [See Ortuocrapny.] OR-THOG/RA-PHIST, One that spells words correctly or properly, according to common usage. Shak. OR-THO-GRAPH‘TE, a. Correctly spelled ; OR-THO-GRAPH’/I€-AL, Written with the prop- er letters. 2. Pertaining to the spelling of words; as, to make an orthogrephical mistake. Orthographic projection ; in geometry, the projection pf points on a plane by straight lines at right angles to tie plane. Branie. Oritdveaphic projection of the sphere; a delineation of the sphége upon a plane that cuts it in the middle, the eye being suwprosed to be placed at an infinite distance from it. Se Barlow. OR-THO-GRAPIII€-AL-LY, adv. ~acearding to the rules of proper spelling. 2. In the manner of an orthographic projection. OR-THOG/RA PHY, n. [Gr. oploypadia; opdos, right, and ypady, writing.] 1. The art of writing words with the proper letters, according ta common usage. 2, The part of grammar which treats of the nature and properties of letters, and of the art of writing words correctly. Encyc. 3. The practice of spelling or writing words with the proper letters, Swift. 4. In geometry, the art of delineating or drawing the front of an object, and exhibiting the hights or elevations of the several parts ; so called because it determines things by perpendicular Jines falling on the geometrical plane. Barlow. GQwilt. OR-THOL/O-GY, x. [Gr. op8os, right, and dvyos, discourse. } The right description of things. Fotherby OR-THOM/E-TRY, x. [Gr. oofos, right, and pesrpov, measure. ] The act or practice of constructing verse correctly ; the laws of correct versification. . Jone. OR-THOP-NGVA,) n. [Gr. opPorvora; op8os, right, OR-THOP/NY, erect, and myon, breath; nmvéw, to breathe. ] 1. A disease in which respiration can be performed only in an erect posture. Hurvey. 2. Any difficulty of breathing. Parr. [See OrrHopromy.] Per- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FU as in THIS. 779 i 2 iS SEIN at i A Si i RM eee _ eka put CSS nd ig ad —e Se Neer els ae——— ere ere aad So ' i ee ieee? ~ a. ee Ca ger a Got ae ee — a oe 4 na ey eae a Ce OSC OR-THOP’TER-A, [Gr. op8ss5, straight, and xTEO0V, Wing. | : An order of insects, so named from the straight or longitudinal folding of their Wings. The grasshop- Dery cockroaches, and crickets, are examples of this Partin, gton. P. Cyc. OR- THOP/TER- OUS, a. Pertaining to the order Or- thoptera ; folding the wings straight. OR/THO-ST ADE, x. [Gr. 0p 90s, straight, and {sayaz, to stand.] In ancient costume, a Jong and ample tunic, with straight or upright folds. Elmes. OR-THOT’RO-POUS, a. [Gr. op80s5 and reerw at In botany, erect on the embryo of a plant. Lindley. OR-THOT’Y-POUS, a. [Gr. opGos, straight, and rv- mos, form.] In mineralogy, having a perpendicular cleavage. Shepard. OR/TIVE, a. [l. ortivus, from ortus, orior, to rise.] Rising or eastern. T he ortive amplitude of a plan- et isan arc of the horizon intercepted between the point where a star rises, and the east point of the horizon. rande. OR’TO-LAN, x. [It. ortolano, a gardener, an ortolan, L. hortulanus, from ortus, a garden.] A singing-bird, the Emberiza hortulana, about the size of the lark, ‘with black wings. It is found in Southern Europe, feeds on seeds, and is delicious food. P. Cyc. ORTS, n. pl. Fragments; pieces ; refuse. [See Orr.] OR/VAL, x. [Fr. orvale.] The herb clary. Dict. OR-VI-E/TAN, n. [It. orvietano, so named from a mountebank at Orvieto. ] n. pl. An antidote or counter poison. [Not used.] Brande. OR-Y€-TOG-NOS/TIE€, a. Pertaining to oryctognosy. Kirwan. OR-Y€-TOG/NO-SY, n. [Gr. opvxros, fossil, andyvw- ois, knowledge. } The science which has for its object the descrip- tion and classification of minerals, according to well- ascertained characters, and under appropriate denom- inations ; mineralogy. Oryctognosy consists in the description of minerals, the determination of their nomenclature, and the svstematic arrangement of their diffe ‘rent species. tt coincides nearly with Minrraoey, in its mod- ern acceptation. Cleaveland. OR-YE-TOG/RA-PHY, 2. [Gr. opvxros, fossil, and ypabo, to describe. ] That part of natural history in which fossils are described, Cyc. OR-Y€-TO-LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to oryctology. Huiible. OR-Y€-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. opr«ros, fossil, and Avyos, discours?.] That part of natural history which treats of fossils. Cyc. OS,z. [L.] A bone. fees OS'EHE-O-CEL E, x [Gr. ucxy, the scrotum, and KnAn, a tumor. ] Any tumor of the scrotum; a scrotal hernia. Cyc. Coze. See OsciLLaTonia. {L. oscillo, from ant. cillo, Gr. OS-CIL-LA’RI-A, z. pl. OS/CIL-LATE, v. i. xedAw, to mave.] To swing ; to move backward and forward; to vibrate. Chamber Seg A OS-CIL-LA’TION, n._ [L. oscillatio.] Vibration ; a moving backward and for yy rd. or swinging like a pendulum, A S-CIL- LA-TO/RI- A, Tl. pl. In natural fe.story, a group of minute, filamentous Qrs-~a7ed beings which have oscillatory motions-—jt was at first doubted whether they By Orns (0 the animal or vegetable kingdom. a. Moving backward and for- 3 SWinging; as, an oscillatory Arbuthnot. [cose | OS'CLTAN-CY, Ne [L. oscito, to yawn, from os, the mouth. } 1. The act of gaping or yawning. 2. Unusual sleepiness ; drowsiness; dullness. It might proceed from the oscitancy of transcribers. Addison. OS’/CI-TANT, a, Yawning; gaping. 2. Sleepy; drowsy ; dull; sluggish. Decay of Piety. OS'CLTANT-LY, adv. More. peor TATE, v. 1. To yawn; to gape with sleepiness. OS-CI-TA’T ION, The act of yawning or gaping from sleepiness. “OS/€U-LANT, a. That adheres closely; that em- braces; applied to certain creeping animals, as cat- erpillars. Kirby. OS-€U-LA/TION, n. [L. osculatio, a kissing.) In geometry, the contact between any given curve and its osculatory circle, that is, a circle of the same curvature with the given curve at the point of con- tact. Barlow. OS/€U-LA-TO-RY, a. An osculatory circle, in geom- etry, 1s a circle having the same curvature ‘with any curve at any given point. Barlow. Carelessly. [L. oscito.] {-— 780 OST OS/€U-LA-TO-RY, x. In church history, a tablet or board, with the picture of Christ, or the Virgin, &c., which is kissed by the priest, and then delivered to the people for the same purpose. Cyc. OS/€ULE, ». [L. osculum, a small mouth.] A small bi-labiate aperture. O’SIER, (6/zher,) . [Fr. osier; Sax. hos. Qu.] A species of willow, or water-willow, or the twig of the willow, used in m: iking baskets. Pope. O/SIER-ED, a. Covered or adorned with osiers. O/SIER-HOLT, n. [Sax. holt, a wood.] In England, a place where willows for basket-work are cultivated. Hooker’s Brit. Flora. OS'/MA-ZOME, mn. [Gr. ocou7y, odor, and Gwyos, juice. ] A substance of an aromatic flavor, obtained from muscular fiber. It is of a yellowish- brow n color, is soluble both in water and alcohol, whether cold or hot, but it does not form a jelly by concentration. It gives the characteristic odor and taste of soup. Thenard. OS'’MI-UM, x. [Gr. oc, odor.] A metal contained in the ore of platinum. 2. Ours, which is primarily the possessive case of our, is never used as an adjective, but as a substitute for the edjective and the noun to which it belongs. Your house is on a plain; oursis ona hill. This is good English, but certainly ours must be the nomi- native to is, or it has none. Their organs are better disposed than oura for receiving grateful impressions froin sensible objects, Here ours stands in the place of our organs, and can not, in conformity with any rule of construction, be in the possessive case. —<—_———— me The same thing was done by them in suing in their courts, which is now done by usin suing in ours. Kettleworth. OU-RA-NOG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. ovpavos, heaven, and yeudn, description.] A description of the heavens. Hist. Roy. Society. See UranocrapHy, the more common term.] OU-ROL’0O-GY, OU-ROS/€0-PY, The judgment of diseases from an examination of the urine. OUR-SELF’, pron. reciprocal. [ourand self] This is added after we and us, and sometimes is used with- out either, for mzself, in the regal style only ; as, we S 1 j OU-RANG/-OU-TANG/, n. See ORANG-OUTANG. | i} i] n. (Gr. ovpov and Avyos or cxoTEW.] oursely will follow. hak. Unless we would denude ourself of all force to defend us. larendon. OUR-SELVES/, pl. of Ours=ir. We or us, not oth- ers; added to we by way of emphasis or opposition. We ourselves might distinctly number in words a great deal farther than we usually do, Locke. Safe in ourselves, while on ourselves we stand. Dryden. OUSE. See Oozx. OUS'EL, (00z'1,)n. [Sax. osle.] A nate common to several species of birds of the thrush family. One of them is the European black- ird. Shak. OUST, v. t. [Fr. 6ter, for ouster. It seems to be a contracted word, for in Norman, ogista is ousted. I take this to be our vulgar oost, used in the sense of lift. The usual signification, then, will be that of the Latin tollo, sustuli.] 1. To take away ; to remove. Maultiplications of actions upon the case were rare formerly, and thereby wager of law ousted. all. 2. To eject; to disseize. Afterward the lessor, reversioner, or remainder-man, or any stranger, doth eject or oust the lessee of his term. Blackstone. OUST'ED, pp. Taken away ; removed ; ejected. OUST’ER, 2. Removed from possession; disseizin ; dispossession ; ejection. Blackstone. Ouster of the freehold is effected by abatement, in- trusion, disseizin, discontinuance, or deforcement. Blackstone. Ouster le main. [ouster and Fr. le main, the hand.] A delivery of lands out of the‘hands of a guard- jan, or out of the king’s hands; ora judgment given for that purpose. Blackstone. Encye. OUST’ING, ppr. Taking away; removing 5 ejecting. OUT, adv. [Sax. wt; D. uit; G. aus; Dan. ud; Sw. ut. In Scotland, it is used as a verb, to lay out. The primary sense of the verb must be to issue forth, to depart. In Russ. ot signifies from.] 1]. Without; on the outside; not within; on the exterior or beyond the limits of any inclosed place or given line; opposed to IN or WITHIN ; as, to g0 out and come in; to rush out. 2. Abroad ; notathome. The master of the house is out; a colloquial phrase for gone out. 3, Ina state of disclosure or discovery. The se- cret is out, that is, has come out, is disclosed. We shall find out the rogue. 4, Not concealed. When these are gone, The woman will be out. Shak. 5. Inastate of extinction. Thecandle or the fire is out. 6. In astate of being exhausted. The wineis out. 7, In astate of destitution. We are out of bread corn. ‘ 8. Not in office or employment. I care not who is in or who is owt. He is out of business. : 9. Abroad or from home, ina party, at church, In a parade, &c. He was not out to-day. The mijitia companies are out. The man was out in a frolic last 10. To the end. {[night. Hear me out. Dryden. 11. Loudly; without restraint ; as, to laugh owt. 12. Not in the hands of the owner. The land is out upon a lease. 13. In an error. As a musician that will always play, And yet is always out at the same note, 14. Ata loss; in a puzzle. I have forgot my part, and I am out, Shak. 15. Uncovered ; with clothes torn ; as, to be out ar the knees or elbows. 16. Away, so as to consume ; as, to sleep out the best time in the morning. Roscommon. Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. — 781 wi pis wt oo ee ss Fa sega V OO ge eas Ine. ibn as pe in Pe Scam * SS eSe4 Rae's ea) apeet eee ve~ pene need ae Se A ee oti il = 7 le OUT OUT OUT 17. Deficient ; having expended. pocket ; he was out fifty pounds. 18. [t is used as an exclamation, with the force of command ; away; begone; as, out with the doe. hal: Out upon you, out upon it; expressions of dislike or contempt. Out is much used as a modifier of verbs; as, to come out, to go out, to lead out, to run out, to leak out, to creep out, to flow out, to pass out, to look out, to burn out, to cut out, to saw out, to grow out, to spin out, to write out, to boil out, to beat out, &c., bearing the sense of issuing, extending, drawing from, separating, bringing to open view, or, In short, the passing of a limit that incloses or restrains ; or bearing the metaphorical sense of vanishing, coming to an end. Out of. In this connection, out may be considered as an adverb, and of as a preposition. 1. Proceeding from; as produce Plants grow out of the earth ; he paid me out of his own funds. Keep thy heart with all diligence, for out of it are the issues of if He was out of Fell, lie. — Prov. iv Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. — James iii. 2. From or proceeding from a place, or the interior of a place; as, to take any thing out of the house. Mark xiii. 3. Beyond ; as, out of the power of fortune. They were astonished out of measure. — Mark x. 4. From, noting taking or derivation. To whom he expounded and testified the kingdom of God, per- suading them concerning Jesus, both out of the law of Mo- ses, and oul of the prophets. — Acts xxyjii, 5. Not in, noting extraordinary exertion. Be instant in season, out of season. —2 Tim. iv. 6. Not in, noting exclusion, dismission, departure, absence, or dereliction ; as, out of favor; out of use ; out of place ; out of fashion. 7. Not in, noting unfitness or impropriety. He is Witty out of season; the seed was sown out of season. 8. Not within, noting extraordinary delay; as, a ship out of time. 9. Not within; abroad; as, out of the door or house. 10. From, noting copy from an original; as, to cite or copy out of Horace. 11. From, noting rescue or liberation ; as, to be de- livered out of afflictions. Christianity recovered the law of nature out of all those errors, Addison. 12. Not in, noting deviation, exorbitance, or ir- regularity. This is out of all method; owt of all rule; he goes out of his way to find cause of censure she is out of order. 13. From, noting dereliction or departure. He will not be flattered or frightened out of his duty; he at- tempted to Jaugh men out of virtue. 14. From, noting loss or change of state. The mouth is out of taste ; the instrument is out of tune. Bacon. 15. Not according to, noting deviation 3 as, he acts or speaks out of character. 16. Beyond ; not within the limits of ; as,to be out of hearing, out of sight, out of reach. Time out of mind, is time beyond the reach of memory. 17. Noting loss or exhaustion; as, to be out of breath. 18. Noting loss ; as, out of hope. 19. By means of. Out of that will I cause those of Cyprus to mutiny. Shak. 20. In consequence of, noting the motive, source, or reason. What they do not grant out of the generosity of their nature, they mnay grant out of mere impatience. Smalridge. So we say, a thing is done out of envy, spite, or ambition. Out of hand; immediately, as that is easily used which is ready in the hand, Gather we our forces out of hand. Shak. Out of print, denotes that a book is not in market, or to be purchased ; the copies printed having been all sold. OUT, v.t. To eject; to expel; to deprive by expul- sion. The French have been outed of their holds. Heylin. In composition, out signifies beyond, more, ejection, or extension. [For the participles of the following compounds, see the simple verbs. ] OUT-A€T’, v. t. To do beyond 3 to exceed in act. He has made me heir to treasures, Would make me outact a real widow’s whining. Otway. OUT-AR/GUE, v. t. To argue better than another. OUT-BAL/ANCE, v. t. To outweigh ; to exceed in weight or effect Let dull oe bear atway my richt, When all his days outalance this one night. Dryden, OUT-BAL/AN-CED, (-bal’anst,) pp. Outweighed. OUT-BAR’, v. t. To shut out by bars or fortification. These to outhar with painful pionings. Spenser, eno PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. —————— 782 OUT-BAR/RED, pp. Shut out by bars. OUT-BID’, v. t. To bid more than another ; to offer a higher price. For Indian spices, for Peruvian gold, Prevent the greedy and ouébid the bold. OUT-BID’, pp: OUT-BID/DEN, fered. OUT-BID/DER, x. One that outbids. OUT-BID’DING, ppr. Bidding a price beyond an- other. OUT-BLOWNY’, pp. OUT-BLUSH, v. t. OUT’BORN, a. Foreign; not native. [Little used. ] OUT’BOUND, a. Destined or proceeding from a country or harbor to a distant country or port; as, an outbound ship. Dryden. [The usual phrase among seamen is OutTwarp- BOUND. OUT-BRAVE’, v. t. or insolent conduct. I would outstare the sternest eyes that look, Outbrave the heart most during on the earth, Pope. Exceeded in the price of- Inflated ;' swelled with wind. Dryden. To exceed in rosy color. Shipman. To bear down by moreedaring To win thee, lady. Shak, 2. To exceed in splendid appearance. The towers as well as men outbrave the sky. Cowley. OUT-BRAZ/EN, v. t. To bear down with a brazen face or impudence. OUT’BREAK, n. A bursting forth ; eruption. The flash and outbreak of a fiery mind. OUT’BREAK-ING, n. Shak. That which bursts forth. ” Herbert. OUT-BREAFHE’, v. t. To weary by having better breath. Shak. 2. To expire. Spenser. OUT-BUD’, v. i. To sprout forth. Spenser. OUT-BUILD’, (out-bild’,) v. t. To exceed in build- ing, or in durability of building. OUT-BURN’, v. t. or i. To exceed in burning. Mantel. OUT’BURST, n. [out and burst.] A breaking or bursting out. OUT-€ANT’ v. t. To surpass in canting. Pope. OUT’EAST, pp. or a. [Sw. utkasta, to cast out. ] Cast out ; thrown away; rejected as useless, Spenser. OUT’EXST, n. One who is cast out or expelled; an exile ; one driven from home or country. Jsa. xvi. OUT-CEP'", for Excerr, is notin use. B. Jonson. OUT-CHEAT", v. t. To exceed in cheating. OUT-CHEAT’ED, pp. Exceeded in cheating, OUT-CHEAT’ING, ppr, Surpassing in cheating. OUT-€LIMB’, v. t. To climb beyond. Davenant. OUT-€6M’PASS, v. t. To exceed due bounds. Bacon. OUT-€RAFT’, v. t. To exceed incunning. Shak. OUT’EROP, xn. In geolosy, the coming out of a Stratum to the surface of the ground. Lyell. OUT’E€ROP, v.i. In geology, to come out to the sur- face of the ground ; applied to strata. OUT’€RY, n. A vehement or loud cry ; cry of dis- tress. Denham. 2. Clamor; noisy opposition or destestation. South. 3. Sale at public auction. Ainsworth, OUT-DARE’, v.t. To dare or venture beyond. Shak. OUT-DATE’, v. t. To antiquate ; as, out-dated cere- monies. [JVot used.]} Hammond. OUT-DAZ/ZLE, v. t. To surpass in dazzling. OUT-DAZ'ZLED, pp. Surpassed in dazzling. Ope? v. tj pret. OuTpID; pp. Outpone. [See Do. To excel; to surpass ; to perform beyond another. An imposture outdoes the original. L’Estrange. grieve to be ouldone by Gay. Swift. OUT-DO/ING, ppr. Excelling ; surpassing in perform- ance. OUT-DO'ING, n. Excess in performance. OUT-DONE’, pp. of Ourpo. OUT-DOOR’, a. Being without the house. OUT-DOORS’, adv. Abroad ; out of the house. OUT-DRINK’, v. t. [See Drinx.] To exceed in Pope. drinking. Donne. OUT-DWELL/’, v. t. To dwell or stay beyond. Shak, OUT’ED, a. Put out; extinguished ; ended. Hudibras. OUT’ER, a. [comp. of Ovur.] Being on the outside; external ; opposed to INNER; as, the outer wall; the outer part of a thing; the outer court or gate. OUT’ER-LY, adv. ‘Toward the outside. Grew. OUT’ER-MOST, a. [superl. from outer.) Being on the extreme external part; remotest from the midst; as, the outermost row. Boyle. OUT-FACE’, v.t. To brave; to bear down with an Imposing front, or with impudence 3 to stare down. Shak. Ralech. OUT’FALL, n. A fall of Water ; a canal. rs CULE AWING v.t. To exceed in fawning or adula- on. _ Hudibras. OUT-FEAST’, v. t. To succeed in feasting. Taylor. OUT-FEATY’, v. t. To surpass in performing. OUT’TFIT, n. A fitting out, as of a skip fora voyage ; usually in the plural, Outrits, the expenses incurred, or the articles Cinpioyed, in equipping and iurnishing a ship for a voyage. 2. An allowance equal to one year’s salary, made to a public minister, going to a foreign country, be- yond his salary. United States. OUT-FLANK’, v. t. To extend the flank of one ar- my beyond that of another. OUT-FLASH’, v. t, To surpass in flashing. OUT-FLASH'ING, ppr. Surpassing in flashing, OUT-FLY’, v.t. To fly faster than another; to ad- vance before in flight or progress. Garth. OUT-FOOL’, v. t. To exceed in folly. Youns. OUT’FORM, n. External appearance. 2B. Jonson. OUT-FROWN’,v.t. To frown down; to overbear by frowning. Shak. OUT’GATE, n. An outlet; a passage outward. Spenser. OUT-GEN’ER-AL, v. t. To exceed in generalship ; to gain advantage over by superior military skill. Chesterfield. OUT-GEN’/ER-AL-ED, pp. Exceeded in military skill. OUT-GIVE’, (out-giv’,) v. t. To surpass in giving. Dryden. OUT-GO’, v. t. [See Go.] To go beyond; to ad- vance before in going ; to go faster. 2. To surpass ; to excel. Carew. 3. To circumvent ; to overreach. OUT-GO'ING, ppr. Going beyond. OUT-GO’ING, n. The act of going out, 2. The state of going out. Ps. Ixv. 3. Utmost border; extreme limit. Josh. xvii. OUT-GONE’, (out-gawn’,) pp. Gone beyond. OUT-GRIN’, v. t. To surpass in grinning. Addison. OUT-GROW’, v. t. Tosurpass in growth. 2. To grow too great or too old for any thing. Chil- dren outgrow their garments, and men outgrow their usefulness, OsJT-GROWN’, pp. of Outcrow. OUT’GUARD, ». A guard at a distance from the main body of an army; or a guard at the farthest distance; any thing for defense placed at a distance from the thing to be defended. Dryden, South. OUT-HER/OD, v. t. To overact the character of Herod, which, in the old plays, was always a vio- Jent one. Smart. OUT-HER/OD-ED, pp. Surpassed in cruelty. OUT’HOUSE, x. A small house or building ata lit- tle distance from the main house. OUTING, nx. A going from home; an airing. [Zo- cal. Dryden. Denham. OUT-JEST’, v.t. To overpower by jesting. Shak. OUT-JEST’ED, pp. Overpowered by jesting. OUT-JUG’/GLE, v. t. Tosurpass in juggling. Hall. OUT-KNAVE’, (out-nave’,) v. t. To surpass in knave- ry. I? Bstrange. OUT’LAND, a. [Sax. utlende, a foreigner.] Foreign. [obs Strutt, OUT’LAND-ER, n. A foreigner ; not a native. [ Obs.) Wood. OUT-LAND/'ISH, a. [Sax. utlendisc ; out and land.] 1. Foreign ; not native. Donne. Nevertheless, even him did oujlandish women cause to sin, — Neh. xii. 2. Born or produced in the interior country, or among rude people; hence, vulgar; rustic; rude; clownish. [ This is the sense in which the word is among us most generally used. | OUT-LAST’, v. t. To last longer than something else ; to exceed in duration. Candles laid in bran Will outlast others of the same stuff. Bacon. OUT-LAST’ED, pp. Lasted longer than something else. OUT’LAW,n. [Sax. utlaga; out and law.] A person excluded from the benefit of the law, or deprived of its protection. Formerly any person might kill an outlaw ; but it is now held unlawful for any person to put to death an outlaw, except the sheriff, who has a warrant for that purpose, Blackstone. OUT’LAW, v. t. [Sax. utlagian.] To deprive of the benefit and protection of law ; to proscribe. Blackstone. OUT/LAW-ED, pp. or a. Excluded from the benefit of law. OUT’/LAW-ING, ppr. Depriving of the benefit of law. OUT/LAW-RY, n. The putting a man out of the pro- tection of law, or the process by which a man is de- prived of that protection ; the punishment of a man who, when called into court, contemptuously refuses to appear. lackstone. OUT’LAY, n. A laying out or expending ; expendi- ture, OUT-LEAP’, v. t. To leap beyond; to pass by leap- ing. OUT’LEAP, n. Sally ; flight ; escape. Locke. OUT-LEAP’ED, (-leept or -lept,) pp. Leaped beyond. OUT-LEAP’ING, ppr. Leaping beyond. —PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —OUT OUT’LET, mn. Passage outward; the place or the means by which any thing escapes or is discharged. A gate is the outlet of a city or fort. The mouth ofa river is its outlet. Colonies are the outlets of a popu- lous nation. Bacon. OUT’LICK-ER, n. In ships, a small piece of timber fastened to the top of the poop. OUT-LIE’, v.t. To exceed in lying. Hall. OUT’LLER, n. One who does not reside in the place with which his office or duty connects him. Frewen. 2. A part of a rock or stratum lying without, or beyond the main body. Mantell. OUT’LINE, xn. Contour; the line by which a figure is defined ; the exterior line. 2. The first sketch of a figure. 3. First general sketch of any scheme or design. OUT’LINE, v. t. To draw the exterior line; to de- lineate ; to sketch. OUT’LIN-ED, pp. Marked with an outline. OUT-LIVBE’, (out-liv’,) v. t To live beyond; to sur- vive ; to live after something has ceased; as, a man may outlive his children; a person may outlive his estate, his fame, and his usefulness. ' ‘ i Ce They live too long who happiness outlive. Dryden, 2. To live better, or to better purpose. Scott, OUT-LIV’ED, pp. Survived; lived beyond. OUT-LIV’ ER, n. A survivor. OUT- LIV/ING, ppr. Living beyond another’s life. OU T- NEA ee v.t. To face down ; to browbeat. Shak. Jo select. [Jot in use. | OUTILOOK, n. Vigilant watch ; foresight. But Loox-our is generally used.] OUT-LOOK’ED, (-logkt,) pp. Faced down; brow- beaten. OUT’LOPE, x. Young. (See Lore and Lear.] An excur- sion. [Vor usec) lorio. OUT-LUS’TER, } v. t. To excel in brightness. OUT-LUS/TRE, Shak. OUT-LY'ING, a. Lying or being ata distance from the main body or design. Temple. Addison. 2. Being on the exterior or frontier. Gibbon. OUT-MA-NEU/VER, )v.t. To surpass in maneu- OUT-MA-NQG20/ VRE, vering. OUT-MARCH/’, v. t. To march faster than ; so as to leave behind. The horse outmarched the foot. OUT-MARCH/ED, pp. Left behind in a march, OUT-MEAS’/URE, (out-mezh/ur,) v. t. To exceed in measure or extent. rown. OUT-MEAS/UR-ED, pp. Exceeded in extent. to march Clarendon. OUT’MOST,a. Farthest outward ; most remote from the middle. Milton. OUT-NAMBE’, v.t. To exceed in naming or describ- ing. OUT-NUM/BER, v. t. To exceed in number. troops outnumbered those of the enemy. OUT-NUM/BER-ED, pp. Exceeded in number. OUT-PACE’, v. t. ‘To outgo; to leave behind. Chapman. OUT-PAR/A-MOUR, v. t. [See Panamour.] To ex- ceed in keeping mistresses. Shak. OUT’PAR-ISH, zn. A parish lying without the walls, or on the border. Graunt. OUT’PART, 7. A part remote from the center or main part. Ayliffe. OUT-PASS/, v. t. to exceed in prog- ress. Kirwan. OUT-PEER’, wv. t. To surpass or excel. Shak. OUT-POISE’, (out-poiz’,) v. t. To outweigh. Howell. OUT’PORCH, x. An entrance. Milton. OUT’PORT, x. In Great Britain, a port at some dis- tance from the city of London. Ash. OUT/POST, x. A post or station without the limits of a camp, or at a distance from the main body of an army. The To pass beyond ; 2. The troops placed at such a station. -Marshall. OUT-POUR’, v.t. To pour out; to send forth in a streain. Wilton. 2. To effuse. OUT-POUR’ED, pp. Sent forth in a stream. OUT’POUR-ING, n. A pouring out; effusion. Milner. Bogue. OUT-PRAY’, v. t. To exceed in prayer or in earnest- ness of entreaty. Scott, OUT-PREACH’, v. t. To surpass in preaching ; t produce more effect in inculcating lessons or truth. And for a villain’s quick conversion A pillory can outpreach a parson. J. Trumbull. OUT-PRIZE’, v.t. To exceed in value or estimated Shak. worth. OUT/RAGE, v. t. [Fr. outrager; Arm. outrachi, out- ragi; It. oltraggiare; Sp. and Port. ultrajar; from the L. ultra, beyond, It. oltre, with the common ter- mination age; or more probably itis a compound of ulta, oltra, outre, with the Sp. ajar, to spoil, to mar, to abuse with injurious language. | To treat with violence and wrong; to abuse by rude or insolent language ; to injure by rough, rude treatment of any kind. Base and insolent minds outrage men, wher. they have hopes of doing it without a return. Allerbury. CUT OUT’RAGE, v. 2. To commit exorbitances; to be guilty of violent rudeness. Ascham. OUTRAGE, n. [Fr. id. ; It. oltraggio; Sp. and Port. ultraje. | Injurious violence offered to persons or things; excessive abuse; wanton mischief. Rude, abusive language, scurrility, or opprobrious and contemptu ous words, may be an outrage to persons, or to de- cency and civility. A violent attack upon person or property is an outrage, He wrought great ouirages, wasting all the country where he went. Spenser. OUT!/RA-GED, pp. or a. Treated with violence or wrong; abused by insolent language. OUT-RA/GEOUS, a. [It. oltragzioso ; Fr. outrageur. | J. Violent ; furious ; exorbitant ; exceeding all bounds of moderation ; as, outrageous villainies ; outrageous talk ; outrageous abuse. Sidney. Spenser. 2. Excessive; exceeding reason or decency ; as, outrageous pz anegy ric. Dryden. 3. Enormous; atrocious ; as, outrageous crimes. 4. Tumultuous ; turbulent. Shak. OUT-RA’/GEOUS-LY, adv. With great violence; furiously ; excessively Spenser. South. OUT-RA/GEOUS-NESS, n. Fury; violence; enor- mity. Dryden. OUT-RAZE’, v. t. To raze to extermination. Sandys. OU-TRE’, (oo-tra’,) a. [Fr.] Being out of the com- mon course or limits ; extravagant, Geddes. OUT-REACH’, v. t. To go or extend beyond. Brown. OUT-REAC HED, Con) pp. Reached beyond. OUT-REAS/ ON, E ré/zn,) v. To excel or surpass in reasoning. South. OUT-REAS/ ON-ED, pp. Surpassed in reasoning. OUT-RECK/ ON, v.t. To exceed in assumed compu- tation. Pearson. OUT-RECK/ ON-ED, pp. Excelled in computation. OUT-REIGN’, v.t. To reign through the whole of. Spenser. ; to ride faster OUT-RIDE’, v.t. To pass by riding than. Tall. OUT-RIDE’, v. i. To travel about on horseback, or In a vehicle. Addison. OUT’/RID-ER, n. A summoner whose oflice is to cite men before the sheriff. [JVot used.] Dict. 2. One who travels about on horseback. 3. A servant on horseback who attends a carriage. OUT’/RIG-GER,x. In seamen’s language, any project- ing spar or piece of timber for extending ropes or sails, or for other temporary purposes, rande. OUT’RIGHT, (out/rite,) adv. Immediately ; without delay ; at once. Arbuthnot. 2. Completely. Addison. OUT-RI/VAL, v.t. Tosurpass in excellence. Addison. OUT-ROAR’, v. t. To exceed in roaring. Shak. OUT-ROAR/ED, pp. Surpassed in roaring. OUT’RODE, zn. An excursion. 1 Macc. xv. OUT-ROOT",v. t. To eradicate; to extirpate. Rove. OUT-RUN’, v. t To exceed in running; to leave behind in running. Dryden. 2. To exceed ; as, to owtrun one’s income. Addison. OUT-SAIL!, v.t. To sail faster than ; to leave behind in sailing. Broome. OUT-SAIL/E D, pp. OUT-SaIL/ING, ppr. OUT’SEAPEH, n. Power of escaping. Sailed faster than. Leaving behind in sailing. [Vo ot used. ] Chapman. OUT-SEORN’!, v. t. To bear down or confront by contempt; to despise. OUT-SEOUR/INGS, n. pl. [out and scour.] Sub- stances washed or scoured out. Buckland. OUT-SELL/, v. t. To exceed in amount of sales. 2 To exceed in the prices of things sold. To gain a higher price. Shak. ouT/sET: Ne Beginning ; ; first entrance on any business. Mason. Smith. Every thing almost depends upon giving a proper direction to this outset of life. J. Hawes, OUT-SHINE’, v. t. To send forth brightness or lus- Ler. Shak. 2. To excel in luster or excellence; as, Homer outshines all other poets. ddison. OUT-SHOOTY’, v. t. To exceed in shooting. Dryden. 2, To shoot beyond. Norris. OUT-SHUT’, v. t. To shut out or exclude. Donne. OUT-SIDE’, The external part of a thing; the part, end, or aide which forms the surface or super- ficies. Bacon. Dryden. 2. Superficial appearance ; exterior ; as, the outside of a man or of manners. Created beings sce nothing but our outside. Addison. 3. Person ; external man, Shak. Bacon. 4. The part or place that Jies without or beyond an inclosure, I threw open the door of ty chamber, and found the family stand- ing on the outst Spectator, 5. The utmost. j Mortimer OU'T’SIDE, a. On the outside; exterior; external] OU'T,SIN’, v. t. ‘To sin beyond. Killendeck, OUT-SIT’, v. t. To sit beyond the time of any thicg OUT-SKIP’, v. t. To avoid by flight Jonsom. This interview outrages all decency. Broome. OUT’SKIRT, zn. Border; outpost ; suburb TONE. BULL. UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; © as 4; OUT To sleep beyond. To soar beyond. Gov. of the Tongue. OUT-SOUND’, v. t. To surpass in sound. Hammond. OUT-SPARK’LE, v. t. To exceed in sparkling. OUT-SPARK/LED > pp. Surpassed in sparkling. OUT-SPARK/LING, ppr. Surpassing in spi ERO OUT-SPEAK’, v.t. Tospeak something beyond ; OUT-SLEEP’, v L Shak. OUT SOAR’, >. t.. a: exceed. Shak. OUT-SPORT’, v. t To sport beyond; to outdo in sporting. Shak. OUT-SPREAD’, (out-spred’,) v. t. To extend; to Spread ; to diffuse. Pope. OUT’SPREAD, (out/spred,) pp. or a. expanded. OUT-SPREAD'ING, ppr. OUT-SPREAD/ING, nx. diffusing. OUT-STAND’, >. t. Extended ; Extending; diffusing. The act of spreading over or To resist effectually ; to with- stand ; to sustain without yielding. [Little used. | Woodward. 2. To stand beyond the proper time. Shak. OUT-STAND’, v. % To project outward from the main body. OUT-STAND/ING, ppr. or a. [ Little used.) 2. Projecting outward. 3. Not collected ; unpaid ; as, owtstanding debts. The whole amount of revenues —as well outstanding as collected, Hamilton. To face down ; to browbeat ; to as we say, to stare out of Shak. Resisting effectually. OUT-STARE, v. t. outface with effrontery ; countenance, OUT-STAR/ED, pp. Outfaced with effrontery. OUT-START/ING, a. Starting out. Coleridge. OUT-STEP’, v. t. To step or go beyond ; to exceed. Cumberland. OUT-STEP!PED, (-stept,) pp. Stepped beyond. OUT-STORM’, v. t. To overbear by storming. Insults the tempest and outstorms the skies, J. Barlow. OUT’STREET, n. ». t. To saturate to excess. More than saturated. saturating to ex- Mitford. )n. Excess of scru- pulousness. Foreign ; from beyond sea. Wilson. To superintend ; to overlook, im- superintend ; to overlook, im plying care. 2. To pass unheeded ; to omit; to neglect. [Wot used. Hudibras. Superintended. 2. Mistaken; deceived. [JVot used.] Hooker. One who overlooks; a superinten- dent ; a supervisor. 2. An officer who has the care of the poor or of an idiot, &c. Superintending ; overlooking. To turn from the proper position or basis; to turn upon the side, or to turn bottom upward ; as, to overset a coach, a ship, or a building. 2. To subvert; to overthrow; as, to overset the constitution of a state; to overset a scheme of pol- icy. 3. To throw off the proper foundation. Dryden. v. 71. To turn or be turned over; to turn or fall off the basis or bottom. A crank vessel is liable to overset. Turning upon the side, or bottom upward ; subverting ; overthrowing. To cover with shade ; to cover with any thing that causes darkness ; to render dark or gloomy. Bacon. Dryden. to overshade. ‘ Milton. 2. ‘To shelter ; to protect; to cover with protecting influence. Milton. Overshaded ; sheltered ; protected. over any thing. Bacon. over; protecting. To shcot beyond the mark. 7 ‘Ulotson. 2. To pass swiftly over. Harte. To overshoot one’s self; to venture too far; to as- sert too much. Hooker. To fly beyond the mark. Shot beyond. Collier. by water which shoots over, or flows on to the top of it. (-site,) m Superintendence ; watch- Pwcanes Perv 2. Mistake ; an overlooking ; omission ; error. much used, | ° Sandijs. 2. To cover with viscid matter. Shak, O-VER-SKIP’, v. t. To skip or leap over; to pass by leaping. Hooker. 2. 'To pass over. Donne. 3. To escape. Shak. O-VER-SLEEP’, v. t. To sleep too long ; as, to over- sleep the usual hour of rising. O-VER-SLEPT’, pp. Slept too long. O-VER-SLIP’, v. t. To slip or pass without notice; to pass undone, unnoticed, or unused ; to omit; to neglect ; as, to overslip time or opportunity. Hammond, OVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 786Se OVE OVE CVU OVER, BON ees t. To render slow ; to check ; to Ruin; destruction; subversion; as, the over- self; conceited; vain; as, overweening pride; an 6 eon Ue Swi, J : Hammond. nes of the state. overweening brain. Z hockel VER TNO v. t To cover with SNOW. Eee 3. Defeat ; discomfiture ; as, the overthrow of ene- | O-VER- WEEN/ING- LY, adv. With too much vanity a s ryden. mies. : ry den. or conceit, oF VER SOON’, PP. Sold at too high a price. Dryden. 4. Degradation. Shak. O-VER-WEIGH’, (-wa!,) v. t® To exceed in weight , on _ Nit Pi Too soon. Sidney. O-VER-THROW’ER, n. One that overthrows, de- to cause to preponderate ; 3 to outweigh; to over- ER-SOR ROW, . t. To grieve or afflict to ex-| feats, or destroys. bal Hooker. cess. Vilton. O-VER- THROW/ING, ppr. Turning upside down ; o/VER-WEIGHT, (-wate,) m. Greater weight; pre- Q-VER-SPAN’, v. t. To reach or extend over. O-VER-SPEAK’, v, t. To speak too much; to use too many ND" Hales. O-VER-SPENT’, [sees Spenp.] Harassed or fa- tigued to an anomie degree. Dryden. O-VER-SPREAD!, (o0-ve r-spred/,) v. t #To spread over; to cover over. ‘The deluge overspread the ear To scatter over. O- VER-SEREAD?, (o-ver-spred’,) v.2 To be spread or scattered over. O-VER-STAND’, v. t. To stand too much on price or conditions ; to lose a sale by holding the price too high. Dryden. O-VER-STARE!, v. t. To stare wildly. [Wot Ree Ascham. O-VER-STATE’, v. t. To exaggerate in statement ; to state in too strong terms. Webster. O-VER-STEP’, v. t. To step over or beyond; to ex- ceed. Shak. O-VER-STEP’PED, (-stept,) pp. Exceeded or stept be- yond proper bounds. O-VER- STOCK’, Superabundance; more than is sufficient. Tatler. O-VER-STOCK’, v. t. To fill too full; to crowd; supply with more than is wanted. The world a be overstocked with inhabitants ; the market is often overstocked with goods. 2. To furnish with more cattle than are wanted ; as, to overstock a farm. 5) To supply with more seed than is wanted ; as, to over-stock land with clover. O-VER STOCK’ED, (-stokt’,) pp. or a. Filled too full; crowded ; furnished with more cattle than are wanted, as a farm. O-VER-STORE!, v.t. To store with too much; to supply or fill w ith superabundance. Hale. O/VER-STO-RY, x. ‘The clear-story or upper story. Gloss. of Archit. O-VER-STRAIN’, v. 7. To strain to excess ; to make too violent efforts. Dryden. O-VER-STRAIN’, vt. Tostretch too far. Ayliffe. O-V ER-STREW’, v. t To spread or scatter over. O-VER-STROW’, Shak. O-VER-STRIKBE’, v.t. To strike beyond. Spenser. GO-VER-STROWN’, pp. Spread or scattered over. J. Barlow. Stuffed to excess. To furnish more than Is suf- Melmoth. O-VER-STUFE’ED, (-stuft’,) a. O-VER-SUP-PLY’, v. t. ficient. O-VER-SWARM/ING, a. Swarming to excess, O-VER- AIA, ».t. To overrule ; ; to bear down ; to control Hooker. O-VER- SWELL’, v. t. To swell or rise above; to overflow. Shak. O-VER-SWELL/ED, pp. Swelled to excess. O/VERT, a ([Fr. owvert, from ouvrir, to open, It. aprire, Li. aperto.]} Open to view ; public; apparent; as, overt virtues ; an overt essay. But the word is now used chiefly in law. Thus, an overt act of treason is distinguished from secret design or intention not carried into effect, and even from words spoken. A market overt is a place where goods are publicly exposed to sale. A pound overt is one open overhead, as distinguished from a pound covert or close. Blackstone. O-VER-TAKE’, v. t. To come up with in a course, pursuit, progress, or motion ; to catch. The enemy said, I will pursue, I will overtake. — Ex. xy. 2. Tocome upon; to fallon afterward. Vengeance shall overtake the wicked. 3. To take by surprise. Brethren, if a man be overtaken in a fault, ye which are apintual, restore such an one in the spirit of meekness, — Gal, O-VER-TAK/EN, pp. Come up with in pursuit; caucht ; taken by surprise. O-VER-TASK’, v. t. To impose too heavy a task or Li eton on. Harvey. O VER-TASK’/ED, (-taskt/,) pp. or a. Tasked too heavily. O-VER-TAX’, v. t. To tax too heavily. O-VER-TE Di- OUS, a. Too tedious. O-VER-THROW’, v. t. [See Torow.] To turn up- side down. His wife overthrew the table. Taylor. 2. To throw down. 3. To ruin; to demolish. When the walls of Thebes he overthrew. Dryden, 4. To defeat ; to conquer; to vanish, as, to over- throw an army or an enemy. 5. To subvert; to destroy; as, to overthrow the constitation or state ; to overthrow religion. 6/VER-THROW, x. The state of being overturned or turned off the basis. TONE, BULL, UNITE. SNA ety Ue ak, as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. throwing down ; ruining ; subverting. O-VER-THROW N’', pp- “Turned upside down; de- molished ; defeated. O-VER-THW ART", a. Opposite ; being over the way or street. Shak 2. Crossing at night angles. 3 Cross; perverse; adverse ; contradictious. Clarendon. O-VER-THWART’, prep. Across; from side to side. O-VER-THWAR T/LY, adv. Across; transversely. Peacham. 2. Perversely. O-VER-THW ART/NESS , m The state of being athwart or lying across. 2. Perverseness ; pervicacity. Johnson. O-VER-TIRE’, v. t. To tire to excess; to subdue by fatigue. Milton. © O-VER-TI'/TLE, v. t. To give too high a title to. Fuller. O'VERT-LY, adv. Openly; in open view ; publicly. O-VER-TOOK’, pret. of OVERTAKE. O-VER-TOP’, v. t. To rise above the top. Shak, 2. To excel; to surpass. Harvey. 3. To oBscure; to make of less importance by su- perior excellence. Swift. O-VER-TOP/PED, (topt,) pp. Risen above the top; excelled ; obscured. O-VER-TOW/ER, v, t. Tosoartoohigh. Fuller. O-VER-TRADBE’, v. 7. To trade beyond capital, or to purchase goods beyond the means of payment, or be- yond the wants of the community. O-VER-TRAD/ING, ppr. Trading to excess, beyond capital or the public wants. O-VER-TRAD/ING, n. The act or practice of buying goods beyond the means of payment, or beyond the wants of the community. O-VER-TRIP’, v. t. To trip over; to walk nimbly over. Shak. O-VER-TRUSTY, v. t. To trust with too much con- fidence. Hall, O/VER-TURE, n. [Fr. ouverture. See Overr.] 1. Opening ; disclosure ; discovery. Shalt. [In this literal sense, little used. ] 2. Proposal ; something offered for consideration, acceptance, or rejection. The prince made over tures of peace, which were accepted. 3. A kind of musical prologue or composition, for a full instrumental band, introductory to an oratorio, opera, or ballet. P. Cyc. O'/VER-TURE, v.t. In the Presbyterian church, to lay before an ecclesiastical body an overture or subject for consideration. O-VER-TURN’, v. t. To overset; to turn or throw from a basis or foundation ; as, to overturn a carriage or a building. 2. To subvert; to ruin; to destroy, Locke. Atterbury. 3. To overpower; to conquer. Milton. O/VER-TURN, 7. State of being overturned orsub- verted; overthrow. O-VER-TURN/A-BLE, a. [Mot much used. } O-VER-TURN’ED, pp. Overset; overthrown. O-VER-TURN/ER,n. One that overturns or subverts. Swift. Oversetting ; overthrow- That may be overturned. O-VER-TURNI/ING, ppr. ing ; subverting. O-VER-TURN/ING, n. change; revolution. O-VER-VAIL/, ) v. t. An oversetting ; subversion ; To cover; to spread over. O-VER-V EIL!, Shak, O-VER-V AL'UB, vt Torate at too high a price. Looker. Placed too high a value on. Valuing too highly. to outnumber in K. Charles. To watch to ex- O-VER-VAL/U-ED, pp. O-VER-VAL/U-ING, ppr. O/VER-VOTE’, v. t. To outyote ; votes given. O-VER-WATCH!’, (-woch’,) v. t. cess ; to subdue by long want of rest. Dryden. O-VER-WATCH’ED, (-wocht’,) pp. ora. Tired by too much ea Sidney. O-VER-WEAK’, Too weak ; too feeble. Ralerh. O-VER-WE AIRY, v.t. To subdue with fatigue. Dryden. O-VER-WEAFH/ER, (o-ver-weth/er,) v. t [See WearuHer.] To bruise or batter by violence of weather . O-VER-WEEN’, v. i. [Wren is obsolete except in composition. See the word. 1. To think too highly ; to think arrogantly or conte itedly. . To reach beyond the truth in thought; to think ue ‘favorably. Shak. ’ Milton. O-VER-WEEN/ING, ppr. Thinking too highly or conceitedly. 2. a, That thinks too highly, particularly of 6ne’s ponderance, Bacon. O-VER-WHELM’, v. t. To overspread or crush be- neath something violent and weighty, that covers or encompasses the whole; as, to overwhelin with waves. 2. To immerse and bear down; in a ficurative sense ; as, to be overwhelmed with cares, afilictions, or business. 3. To overlook gloomily. 4. To put over. ([JVot used.] O/VER-WHELM, zn. The act of overwhelming. Young. O-VER-WHELM/ED, pp. Crushed with weight or numbers. O-VER-WHELM/ING, ppr. or a. weight or numbers. O-VER-WHELM/ING-LY, adv. Ina manner to over- whelm. O-VER-WING/’, vt To citdank ; the wing of an army. Shak. Crushing with to extend beyond JMilton. O-VER-WISE/, a. Wise to affectation. Ecclus. O-VER-WISE'NESS, 7. Pretended or affected wis- dom. Ralegh. O-VER-WORD’, (-wurd’,) v.t. To say too much. O-VER-WORK’, (-wurk’,) v.t To work beyond the strength ; to cause to labor too much; to tire. South. 0'/VER-W ORK, (0/ver-wurk,) n. Work done beyond the amount required by stipulation. O-VER-WORK/ED, pp. ora. Worked beyond strength. O-VER- WORKING, ppr- Working to excess, O-VER-WORN’, a. Worn out: subdued by toil. Dryden. 2. Spoiled by time. Shak. O-VER- Sees (o-ver-res'l,) v.t. To subdue by wrestlin Spenser. O-V ER-W ROUGHT’, (0 ver-rawt’,) pp. Labored to excess, Dryden. 2. oe ce all over; as, overwrought with orna- ment Pope. O- VER- YE AR/ED, a. Too old. [Wot used.} Fairfaz. O-VER-ZEAL/ED, a. Too much excited with Zeal; ruled by too much zeal. uller. O-VER-ZEAL/OUS, (o-ver-zel/us,) a Too zealous ; eager to excess. Locke. O-VI€/U-LAR, a. [from L. ovum, an egg.] Pertaining to an egg. Bryant. O-VID’/LAN, a. poet Ovid.’ O'VI-DUCT, 7. [L. ovum, an egs, and ductus, a duct.] In animals, a passage for the ovum or egg from the ovary to the womb, or to an external outlet. Brande. Belonging to or resembling the Latin O-VIF/ER-OUS, O-VIG/ER-OUS, ta. Egg-bearing ; an epithet applied to certain recepta- cles for eggs, after being excluded from the formative organs. d/VI-FORM, a. Having the form or figure. of an egg. O'VINE, a. [L. ovinus, from ovis, sheep.] Pertaining to sheep; consisting of sheep. O-VIP/A-ROUS, a. [L. ovum, egg, and pario, to produce. | Producing eggs, or producing young from eggs, which are developed after exclusion from the body. Fowls and reptiles are oviparous animals. 6-VI-POS/IT, v. t. A term applied to the act of in- sects, &c., in depositing their eggs. 0-VIL-PO- SI//TION, Jn, [L. ovum, egg, and positio, O-VIL-POS'IT-ING, § ade spositing. The laying or depositing of eggs. Kirby. O-VL-POS/IT-OR, n. De ovum, egg, and positor, a placer. ] The organ by w hich eggs are deposited. In some ichneumons it is long and fitted to pierce the eggs or larves of insects, in order to Jay their own eggs with- in the same. Dana. O/VLSAE, n. [L. ovum, egg, and saccus, sack.} The cavity In an ovary which contains the egg or ovum. o/ VOID, aa [ul O-VOID! AL, form. ] 1y Having a shape resembling that of an egg. 2. In botany, terete and swelling tow ard the base, or with the outline of an entire egg of the dun ighill fowl. 6/VO-LO, zn. In architecture, a round molding, the quarter of a circle; called also the QuarTER Rounp. Encye. [L. ovum, egg, vivo, to [L. ovum and fero, or gero.] L. ovu m, egg and forma form. > 3 urnet. . ovum, egg, and Gr. etdos, O-VO-VI-VIP/AR-OUS, a. live, and pario, to produce. oS Producing a living fetus, by excluding it from an ege-covering, as the marsupials. Oenane n. [from L. ovum.] -LUM, ene gent er Se a sta Be en rk ~ , ; et oeOWN In botany, a body borne by the placenta of a plant, and destined to become a seed. It is inclosed or naked. It is composed of two sacs, one within another, which are called primine and secundine, and of a nucleus within the sacs. Lindley. | O'VU-LITE, . A fossil egg. } || O/VUM, n.; pl Ova. [1L., an egg.] : 1, In anatomy, the body formed by the female, in which, after impregnatiun, the development of the fetus takes place 2. In architecture, a term applied to ornaments in the shape of an egg, into which the echinus or ovolo is often carved. Guwilt’s Encyc. of Arch. OWE, (6,) v. [A regular verb, pret. and pp. Owen ; | used with the auxiliary have, had, but not with the substantive verb to be. The verb is doubtless the Sax. agan, Goth. aigan, Sw. aga, Ice. ev, to have or | that is, to hold, or retain, coinciding with The Sax. participle agen, Dan. egen, is | the English own. Ougit is a derivative tense, and was formerly used in the sense of owed. The proper sense of owe, is to be held, or bound to pay ; nearly as we now use have in the phrases, ‘I have to piy a sum of money to-morrow,”’ “I have to go to town to-day.’’] 1. To be indebted ; to be obliged or bound to pay. The merchants owe a large sum to foreigners. A son owes help and honor to his father. Holyday. One was bronght to him who owed him ten thousand talents. — Matt. xviii. Owe no man any thing, but to love one another. — Rom. xiii. 2. To be obliged to ascribe to; to be obliged for ; as, that he may owe to me all his dejiverance. Milton. 3. To possess; to have ; to be the owner of. {This is the original sense, but now obsolete. In place of it, we use Own, from the participle. See Own. ] possess = > the Gr. ex@. Thou dost here usurp The name thou ovest not. 4. To be due or owing. O, deem thy fal) not owed to man’s decree. Shak, Pope. [ This passive form is not now used. | (| OWE, vp. i. To be bound or obliged. Ep. Fisher. |} OW’/EL-TY, n. The difference which is paid or re- ceived by one coparcener to another, for the purpose of equalizing a partition. Bouvier. || GW/ING, ppr. [This is used in a passive form, con- | trary to analogy, for Owen or Owep. But the use is inveterately established. ] J. Due; that moral obligation requires to be paid ; Hi as, the money owing to a laborer for services, or to | another country for goods. ! 2. Consequential; ascribable to as the cause. Mis- fortiines are often owing to vices or miscalculations. | 3. [mpnutable to as an agent. His recovery from Sickness is owing less to his physician than to the Strength of his constitution. || OWL, xn. [Sax. ula, ule; D. uil; G. eule; Sw. ucla, or i uggla; L. uwlula. The orthography, except in the Swedish, coincides with howl, L. ululo; but the radical letters are not obvious. ] A bird of the genus Strix, that flies chiefly in the night. The popular name of a group of nocturnal | accipitrine birds, comprehended under the Linnean genus Strix, which has been subdivided by later naturalists. | OWL/ER,n. [Qu. from owl, or from wool.| One that conveys contraband goods, Swift. OWWET, x. [Fr. hulotte. | An owl, which see. OWL!-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having eyes like an owl’s. OWL/ING, n. The offense of transporting wool or sheep out of England, contrary to the statute. Blackstone. [This explanation of owling favors the derivation of the word from 2o00l.] OWL/‘ISH, a. Resembling an owl, OWL!-LIGHT, (-lite,) n. light. ek i gt Gray. Glimmering or imperfect r Warburton. OWL!-LIKE, a. Like an owl in look and habits. OWN, a. [Sax. agen; Sw! and Dan. egen; D. and G. eigen; the participle of Sax. agan, to possess. See Owe and OuGur.] z 1. Belonging to; possessed ; peculiar ; usually ex- pressing property with emphasis, or in express exclu- sion of others. It follows my, your, his, their, thy, her. God created man in his own image. Adam begat a son in his own likeness. Let them fall by 1 their own counsel. He washed us from our sins in f his own blood. Scripture. aa In the phrases, his own nation, his own country the word own denotes that the person belongs to the nation or country. 2. Own often follows a verb; as, the book is not my on, that is, my own book. 3, It is used as a substitute. Thnt they may dwell in a place of their on, —2 Sam, vii. In this use, a noun can not follow own, i | 4, “ He came to his own, and his own received him [| not,” that is, his own nation or people ; own being Rte used as a substitute, like many other adjec- ives, OXY OWN, v.t. [from the adjective.] To have the legal or rightful title to ; to have the exclusive right of pos- session and use. A freeholder in the United States owns his farm. Men often own land or goods which are not in their possession. 2, To have the legal right to, without the exclusive right to use; as,a man owns the land in front of his farm to the middle of the highway. 3. To acknowledge to belong to; to avow or admit that the property belongs to, When you come, find me out And own me for your son, 4, To avow ; toconfess, as a fault, crime, or other act; that is, to acknowledge that one has done the Dryden, act; as, to own the faults of youth; to on our guilt. The man is charged with theft, but he has not ozned it. 5. In general, to acknowledge ; to confess; to avow ; to admit to be true ; not to deny; as, to own our weakness and frailty Many own the gospel of salvation more from custom than con- viction. . M. Mason. OWN'‘ED, pp. The legal title being vested in; as, the property is owned by a company. 2. Acknowledged ; avowed ; confessed. OWN’BER,2. The rightful proprietor; one who has the legal or rightful title, whether he is the possessor or not. The ox knowcth his owner. — Is. I. The centurion believed the master and owner of the ship. — Acts XXvii. OWN’ER-SHIP, n. Property; proprietorship; exclu- sive right of possession ; legal or just claim or title. The ownership of the estate is in A}; the possession is in B. OWN’ING, ppr. Having the Jegal or just title to. 2. Acknowledging; avowing; confessing. OWRE, (our,) x. [L. urus.] A beast not accurately known, larger than a buf- falo. [Not used. ] Smart, OWSE,x. Bark of oak beaten or ground to small pieces. Ash. OW’SER,7. Bark and water mixed in a tan-pit. Ash. OX, n.; pl. OxEN, (ox’n.) [Sax. oza; G. ochs, ochse; D. os; Sw.and Dan. oxe; Sans. uksha, or uxan; W. ych; Erse, agh; Arm. os.] The male of the bovine genus of quadrupeds, cas- tratedand grown to its size, or nearly so. The young male is called in Ainerica a steer. The same animal, not castrated, is called a bull. These distinctions are well established with us in regard to domestic ani- mals of this genus. When we speak of wild ani- mals of this kind, oz is sometimes applied both to the male and female; and in zodlogy, the same prac- tice exists in regard to the domestic animals. So in common usage, a pair of bulls yoked may be some- times called oxen. We never apply the name oz to the cow or female of the domestic kind. Ozen, in the plural, may comprehend both the male and fe- male. OX’A-LATE, m. [See Oxaric.] In chemistry, a salt formed by a combination of the oxalic acid with a base. OX-AL/T€, a. [Gr. ofaXrs, sorrel, from ofvs, acid.] Pertaining to sorrel. The oxalic acid is the acid of sorrel, It is composed of two equivalents of carbon. and three of oxygen. It is commonly manufactured by the action of nitric acid upon saccharine and far- Inaceous substances. Silliman. OX’BANE, 7. A plant, Buphonos. Ainsworth. OX’-BOW, 7. A curved piece of wood encircling an ox’s neck when yoked. OX’-EYE, (-i,) n. [ox and eye.] A plant of the genus Buphthalmum ; another of the genus Authemis ; also, the ox-eye daisy or Chrysanthemum. Loudon. OX’/EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having large, full eyes, like those of an ox. Burton. OX/FLY, x. A fly hatched under the skin of cattle. OX’/GANG, nm. fox and gang going.} In ancient laws, as much land as an ox can plow in a year 5 said to be fifteen acres, or, as others allege, twenty acres, OX/HEAL, ». A plant, bear’s foot, setterwort, or stinking hellebore, Helleborus feetidas, Booth. OX-LOD/I€, a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, a compound of oxygen and iodine. Webster?s Manual. OX’/LIKE, a. [oz and like.] Resembling an ox. Sandys. OX'LIP, 2. A plant, the Primula elatior. OX/STALL, 2. A stall or stand for oxen. OX’/TRER, n. [Sax. oxtan.] The armpit. OX’TONGUE, (ox/tung,) n. “A plant of the genus Picris, Sates m. ([Gr. ofvs, acid, and xepaw, to mix. A mixture of water and vinegar. [Little used.] Wiseman. OX'YD, x. [Gr. ofvs, acid, sharp; ofos, vinegar. The true orthography of this word is ozyd, as originally written by Lavoisier and his associates. No analogy in the Janguage is better established than the uniform translation of the Greek » into the English Y, as in Latin, and-it is very absurd to preserve this analogy FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METRE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. — OYE in oxygen, oxymuriate and hydrogen, and depart from it in oxyd. | In chemistry, a compound of oxygen and a base destitute of acid and salifying properties. OX-YD-A-BIL'I-TY, ». The capability of being con- verted into an oxyd. Med. Repos. OX/YD-A-BLE, a. Capable of being converted into an oxyd. OX/YD-ATE, v, t. To convert into an oxyd, as met- als and other substances, by combination with OXy- gen. It differs from acidify, to make acid, or to con- vert into an acid, as in oxydation the oxygen that enters into combination is not sufficient to form an acid. OX'YD-A-TED, pp. or a. Converted into an oxyd. OX’YD-A-TING, ppr. or a. Converting into an oxyd. OX-YD-A/TION, n. The operation or process of con- verting into an oxyd, as metals or other substances, by combining with them a certain portion of oxygen. avoisier. Ure. OX’/YD-A-TOR, n. A contrivance for causing the ex- ternal current of air to impinge on the flame of the Argand lamp. OX'YD-IZE, v. t. To oxydate, which see. OX'YD-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Oxydated. OX/YD-IZE-MENT, n. Oxydation. OX’/YD-IZ-ING, ppr. or a, Oxydating. {Oxypize, and its derivatives, are now more gen- erally used than OxyparTs, though there seems to be no ground for the preference. ] OX'Y-GEN, 2. [Gr. ofvs, acid, and yevvaty, to gen- erate. ] In chemistry, an electro-negative basifying and acidifying elementary principle. It is the vital part of the atmosphere, and the supporter of ordinary combustion. It was named from its property of gen- erating acids. Modern experiments prove that it is not necessary in all cases to combustion or to acidi- ty. Oxygen is a permanently elastic fluid, invisible, inodorous, and a little heavier than atmospheric air. In union with azote or nitrogen, it forms atmospheric air, of which it constitutes about a fifth part. Water contains about 89 per cent. of it, and it exists in most vegetable and animal products, acids, salts, and oxyds. OX/Y-GEN-ATE, v.t. To unite or cause to combine with oxygen. OX’Y-GEN-A-TED, pp. or a. United with oxygen. OX'Y-GEN-A-TING, ppr. Uniting with oxygen. OX-Y-GEN-A/TION, n. The act, operation, or pro- cess of combining with oxygen. OX’'Y-GEN-IZ-A-BLE, a. Capable of being oxygen- ized. OX/Y-GEN-IZE, v. t. To oxygenate, which see. OX/Y-GEN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Oxygenated. OX'Y-GEN-IZE-MENT, n. Oxygenation. OX/Y-GEN-IZ-ING, ppr. Oxygenating. OX-YG/EN-OUS, a. Pertaining to oxygen, or obtained from it. OX/Y-GON, zn. gle.] A triangle having three acute angles. OX-YG/ON-AL, )} [Gr. ofvs, sharp, and y@yra, an an- Brande, OX-Y-GO'NL-AL, } % Having acute angles. Barlow, OX-Y-HY'DRO-GEN, a. A name given toa certain Kind of blowpipe, in which oxygen and hydrogen gases are burned together in order to produce an in- tense heat ; also, to a kind of microscope. OX-Y-1/O-DINE, 7. In chemistry, a compound of the cbloriodic and oxiodic acids. Davy. OX/Y-MEL, n. [Qr. ofvs, acid, and BEAL, honey. ] A mixture of vinegar and honey. Arbuthnot. OX-Y-MO'RON, n. [Gr. ofupwovv, a smart saying, Which at first view appears foolish.] A rhetorical figtire, in which an epithet of a quite contrary signification is added to a word; ag, cruel OX-Y-MU’RI-ATE, n. Chlorid. [Aindness. OX-Y-MU-RI-AT'I€, a. [Gr. ofvs and Lat. MUTI. | An epithet given to an acid, now called CuLo- RINE. OX-Y-PRUS’/SI€ AC’ID, n. An incorrect and ex- ploded name for the protochlorid of cyanogen, which 1S entirely destitute of any acid or salifying proper- ties, OX-YR/RHO-DINE, (ox-ir/ro-din,) x. [Compounded of Gr. ogus, acid, and jodov, rose.] A mixture of two parts of the oil of roses with one of the vinegar of roses. loyer. OX'Y-SALT,)n. In chemistry, a compound of an OX’/Y-SEL, acid and a base, both of which con- tain oxygen. Silliman. OX’/Y-TONE, a. [Gr. ofvs, sharp, and rovoc, tone.] Having an acute sound, Walker. OX/Y-TONE, 7. An acute sound. O/YER, x. [Norm. oyer, hearing; Fr. ouir, to hear.] 1. In law, a hearing or trial of causes. A court of oyer and terminer is constituted by a commission to inquire, hear, and determine all treasons, felonies, and misdemeanors. Blackstone. 2. The hearing, as of a writ, bond, note, or other specialty ; as when a defendant in court prays over of a writing. Blackstone. OYEZ, [Fr. oycz, hear ye.] This word is used by the sheriff or his substitute | TRGPAC PAC PAC | in making proclamation in court, requiring silence and attention. It is thrice repeated, and commonly pronounced O yes. OY'LET-HOLE. See Eyrevet-Hove OVS/TLER, 7. [G. auster; D. oester; Sw. ostra; Dan. Oster; Fr. huitre; Arm. histrenn or cistren; Russ. ystritz ; Corn. estren; LL. ostrea; Gr. ospsov ; proba- bly connected in origin with os MLCT. 4, In botany, the convex base of the Jower lip of a personate CONN Qe Brande. PALI/ATE,v.t. To perceive by the taste. [JVot used.]} Shak. PA-LA/TIAL, (-shal,) a. [from palate.] Pertaining to the palate ; as, the palatial retraction of the tongue. Barrow. PA-LA/TIAL, a. [from L. palatium, palace. } Pertaining to a palace; becoming a palace; mag- nificent. Drummond. at A-TI€ or PA-LAT'I€, a, Belonging to the pal- Holder. PA- LA AT/IN-ATE, n. [It. palatinato, from L. palatinus. See PALATINE. nerves ; a pair of doves. Luke ii. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/‘ClOUS.— € as K; G as J; The province or seignory of a palatine; a name a PAL | PAIR, v.z. ‘Lo be joined in pairs ; to couple; as birds given to two states of the old German empire, called }| Dee, in summer. the Upper and Lower Palatinate. Pe Giles . To suit; to fit ; as a counterpart PAL/A-TINE, (-tin,) a. [Fr. palatin; It. palatino; Ethelinda, from L. palatinus, from palatium, palace. ] | My heart was made to fit and pair with thine. Rowe. Pertaining to a palace; an epithet applied origi- nally to persons holding an office or e mployment mn the king? S palace ; hence it imports possessing royal privileges ; as, a count palatine. In England, formerly, were three counties palatine, Ches ster, Durham, and Lancaster r; the two former by prescription, the tater by grant of Edward IIl. They were so called, because the proprietors, the earl of Chester, the bishop of Durham, and the duke of Lancaster, possessed royal rights, as fully as the king in his palace. Of these, the county of Durham is the only one now remaining in the hands of a sub- Blackstone. One invested with royal privileges and rights. A palatine, or count pajatine, on the con- tinent of Europe, was originally one de legate d by a prince to hold courts of justice in a province, or one who had a palace and a court of justice in his own house. Pe Cyc: Pleasing to the taste. [JWVot used.] Brown. ER,2. [Sp. palabra, Port. palavra, a word. Qu. W. /lavar, utterance ; with a prefix.] 1. Idle talk. 2. Talk intended to deceive; flattery ; adulation. This ts used with us in the vulaar dialect. 3. A conference or deliberation; @ sense used in Africa, as appears by the relations of missionaries. t. orv.t. To deceive by words; t flatter ; to use idJe, deceitful talk ; to hold a palaver. One who palavers. [Pr. pale, palir; L. palleo, pallidus ; Russ, bielie, white ; bieliju, to whiten. It is probably allied to Sax. falewe, fealo, fallow, pale red or yellow, D. waal, from the sense of vane withering; W. pallu, to fail. See Class Bl, No. 6, 7, 13, 18.] 1. White or whitish ; ; W an ; ; Caeht lent in color; not ruddy or fresh of color; as, a pale face or skin ; pale cheeks. We say, also, a pale red, a palé blue, that is, a whitish red or blue. Paleis not precisely synon- | ymous with white, as it usually denotes what we call wan, a darkish dun white. 2. Not bright; not shining; of a faint luster; dim ; as, the ‘pale light of the moon. The night, methinks, is but the daylight sick ; It looks a little paler PALE, v. t. Shak, To tum pale. [ Poetical.] Miss Pickering. To make pale. Shak. Prior. PALE, [Sax. pal; G. pfahl; G. paal; Sw. pale; Dan. rel: W. pawl; L. palus ; coinciding with Eng. pole, as Well as pale; Russ. palitz, a stick or club. It has the elements of L. pala, a spade or shovel, and the radical sense is, probably, an extended thing, or a PALE, v. t. dd shoot. Qu. Ar. 18.] J. A narrow board, pointed or sharpened at one end, used in fencing or inclosing. This is with us more generally called a Picket. A pointed stake ; hence, to empale, which see. a An inclosure ; properly, that which incloses, like Fence, Lisi; hence, the space inclosed. He was born within the pale of the church; within the pale of Christianity. Atterbury. 4, District ; limited territory. Clarendon. Onl heraldry, one of the greater ordinaries, being a broad, perpendicular stripe in an escutcheon.— E,. H. Barker.| PALE, v.t. [D- paalen; G. pfahlen.) 1. T’o inclose with pales or stakes, 2. To int ‘lose 5 to encompass. PA-L E-a/CEOUS (-shus,) a. [lL palea, straw, chi uff] it Chatty ; rese mnbling chaff, or consisting of it; ar a paleaceous pappus. Lee. | } | ao nabala, to dart. Class BI, N JMortimer. Shale Hey Chaffy ; furnished with chaff; as, a paleaceous Pee Martyn. PAL/ED, pp. Inclosed with pales or pickets. 9: Striped. PALE/-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having eyes dim, Milton. || PALE/-FAC-ED, (faste,) a. Having a pale or wan face. 2. Causing paleness of face; as, pale-faced fear. Shak. PALE/-HEART’ED, a. Dispirited. Shak. PALE/LY, adv. Wanly; not freshly, or ruddily. PAL/EN-DAR, n. A kind of coasting vessel. [ Ods.] Kitolles. Wanness; defect of color; want of whiteness of look. PALE’NESS, x. ( Penineene or ruddiness; a sickly The blood the Virgin’s cheek forsook, A livid paleness spreads o’er all her look. 2. Ay ant of color or luster; as, the paleness of a flow Shak. PA-L E “OGIR A-PHER, n. One skilled in paleogra- Pope. Pertaining to paieog- -O-GRAPH’/TE€, ) 4. raphy. ; ly A- LE A-LE-O-GRAPH/I€- or CH as Sa FH as in THIS. a it is tlt i et. = me gages =<" eet at. aa ee a ~‘ a ~ Se oe en med Dams oses np ensnsinseensiniensessae Tens Get Ea . rv eer ree i = gg eos = ae PAL PpA-LE-OG/RA-PHY, x. ypabns Writing. ] 1. The study of ancient writings ; the art of de- ciphering ancient writings. 2, An ancient manner of writing ; as, Punic pale- ocraphy. E. Stiles. PA-LE-OL/O-GIST, x. One who writes on antiquity, or one conversant with antiquity. ood. PA-LE-OL/O-GY, n. [Gr. taatos, ancient, and Aoyos, discourse. ] A discourse or treatise on antiquities, or the knowledge of ancient things. PA-LE-ON-TO-LOG/I€-AL, a. tology. PA-LE-ON-TOL’O-GIST, n. One versed in paleon- tology. PA-LE-ON-TOL/O-GY,n. [Gr. za}atos, ancient, and ontolory, the science of being. ] The science of ancient beings or creatures ; applied to the science of the fossil remains of animals and plants now extinct. Journ. of Science. Mantell. PA-LE-O-SAU’/RUS, x. [Gr. madatos and cavpns.] A genus of fossil saurians found in magnesian limestone. PA-LE-O-THE/RLAN, a. theritum. PA-LE-O-THE/RI-UM,) n. [Gr. wadaros, ancient, PA’ LE-O-THERE, and @yotov, beast.) A quadruped of the pachydermatous order, re- sembling the pig or tapir, but of a very large size, now extinct. Lyell, In ceology,a term denoting the lowest fossiliferous [Gr. wadatos, ancient, and Belonging to paleon- Pertaining to the paleo- strata ; and also, the earliest forms of life. Dana. PA‘/LE-OUS, a. [L. palea, chaff } Chaffy ; like chaff. Brown. PA-LE-O-ZO'IE€, a. animal. PA-LES’TRA, n. ling. ] A wrestling ; the place of wrestling ; exercises of wrestling ; a place for athletic exercises In Greece. PA-LES’/TRI-AN, a. [Gr. radatsptxos, from ran, PA-LES'TRIE, a struggling or wrestling; 7a- PA-LES/TRI€-AL, Nata, to wrestle, to strive. ] [Gr. maXatos, ancient, and {wor, [Gr. taXaispa, from zaX7, wrest- Pertaining to the exercise of wrestling. Bryant. PALIET, n. (Fr. pelote, a ball.] The crown of the head. [Jot used.] Skelton. PAL/ETTE. See Parier. PAL/FREY, (pawl/fre,) n. [Fr. palefroz ; It. palafreno ; Sp. palafren ; Port. palafrem; W. palore. Ainsworth fives for the original word, in Low Latin, paraveredi, (plur. of veredus,) horses of a large size, used for carrying the baggage of anarmy. Spelman says the parafredus Was a post-horse. The last syllable is from Lat. veredus.] 1. A horse used by noblemen and others for state, distinguished from a war horse. Encyc. 2. A small horse fit for ladies. Johnson. Spectator. PAL’FREY-ED, (pawl/fred,) a. Riding on a palfrey. PAL-I-FI-€a/TION, n. [from L. palus, a stake or post.] The act or practice of driving piles or posts into the ground for making it firm. Wotton. PA-LIL/O-GY,n. [Gr. tad:v and Aoyos.] In rhetoric, the repetition of a word or part of a sen- tence for the sake of greater energy. PA/LIMP-SEST, n. [Gr. tadtv and Waw. A parchment from which one writing has been erased, and on which another has been written. PAL/IN-DROME,n. [Gr. raXivdpopnta; madi, again, and ONopedw, or dps po), to run, disused, | A word, verse, or Sentence, that is the same when read backward or forward ; as, madam, or Roma tibi subito motibus wbit amor. Johnson. Encyc. PAL/ING, ppr._ Inclosing with pales. PA LING, mn. Pales in general, or a fence formed with pales, PAL-IN-GE-NE/SI-A, m (Gr. madtyyevecia.] A PAL-IN-GEN/E-SY, new birth or transition from one state to another; a regeneration. PAL/IN-ODE, } n. (Gr. madwwdta; Tad, again, PAL‘IN-O-DY, { and wdn, a song. ] A recantation, or declaration contrary to a former one. _ Encyc. Sandys. PAL-I-SADE!, n. [Fr. palissade; Sp. palizada: It. palizzata; from pale or the same root. The Welsh has palis, a thin partition of boards, or laths, a wain- Scot ; palisaw, to wainscot.] A fence or fortification consisting of a row of stakes or posts sharpened, and set firmly in the ground. In fortification, the posts are set two or three inches apart, parallel to the parapet in the covered way, to prevent a surprise. Palisades serve also to fortify the avenues of open forts, gorges, half moons, the bottom of ditches, &c. Encyc. PAL-L-SADE’, v. t. To surround, inclose, or fortify, with stakes or posts. PAL-LSAD’ED, pp. Fortified with stakes or posts. PAL-I-SAD/ING, ppr. Fortifying with posts. PAL-I-SA'DO, . Palisade, which see. PAL/ISH, a. [from pale.} Somewhat pale or wan ; as, a palish blue. Arbuthnot. PALL, 7. -[L. pallium; Sax. pelle; It. pallio; Arm. pallen ; Ir. peall.] PALL, ov. i. PALL, ». t. PALL/-BEAR-ER, n. PAL/LA, n. PAL-LA/DI-UM, n. PALL/ED, pp. or a. PAL/LET, 7z. PAL/LET, n. PAL/LIARD, (pal/yard,) x. PAL/LIAR PAL/LI-ATE, a. PAL/LI-A-TED, pp. Covered by excuses; extenu- PAL 1. A cloak ; a mantle of state. Milton. 2. The mantle of an archbishop. Ayliffe. 3. The cloth thrown over a dead body at funerals. Dryden. 4. A detent or click, i. e.,a small piece of metal or wood, which falls between the teeth of a rachet Wheel, or of a Windlass, to prevent its revolving backward. PALL, 7. In heraldry, a figure like the Greek Y. Encyc. PALL, v. t. To cloak ; to cover or invest. Shak. [W. pallu, to fail; allied to pale, and to Gr. tadatos, old; Heb. Ch. and Ar. nba; Heb. 522. (See Fair.) Class Bl, No. 6, 18, 21.] 1. To become vapid; to lose strength, life, spirit, or taste ; to become insipid ; as, the liquor palls. Beauty soon grows familiar to the lover, Fades in the eye, and pails upon the sense. To make vapid or insipid. Reason and reflection —blunt the edge of the keenest desires, and pall all his enjoyments. Atterbury. 2. To make spiritless ; to dispirit ; to depress. The more we raise our love, The more we pall, nnd cool, and kill his ardor. Dryden. 3. To weaken ; to impair; as, to pall fortune. Addison, Shak, 4. To cloy ; as, the palled appetite. Tatler. PALL, z. Nausea or nauseating. Shaftesbury. A term applied to=those who attend the coffin at a funeral, so called from the pall or covering of the body which they formerly carried. {L.] Among the Romans, a large upper robe worn by ladies. Elimes. [Gr. ma\Aadtoy, from Pallas, the goddess. ] 1. Primarily, a statue of the goddess Pallas, which represented her as sitting with a pike in her night hand, and in her left a distaffand spindle. On the preservation of this statue depended the safety of Troy. Hence, 2. Something that affords effectual defense, pro- tection, and safety ; as when we say, the trial by jury is the palladium of our civil rights. Blackstone. 3. A metal discovered in 1803 by Wollaston, and found in very small grains, of a steel-gray color and fibrous structure, in auriferous and platiniferous sand. It is infusible by ordinary heat, and when native, is alloyed with a little platinum and iridium. Dict. Nat. Hist. PAL/LAS, n. [Gr.] In mythology, the Grecian god- dess of wisdom, identified, at a later period, with the Roman Minerva. rande. 2. In astronomy, one of the small planets or aster- oids which revolve between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Made insipid. [Fr. palette; It. paletta, a fire-shovel ; Sp. paleta; from L. pala, W. pal, a shovel, a peel. 1. Among painters, a little oval table or board, or piece of ivory, on which the painter places the colors to be used. On the middle the colors are mixed, to obtain the tints required. Encyc. 2. Among potters, crucible makers, &c., a wooden instrument for forming, heating, and rounding their. works. It is oval, round, &c. Encyce. 3. In gilding, an instrument made of a squirrel’s tail, to take up the gold leaves from the pillow, and to apply and extend them. Encyc. 4. In heraldry, a small pale. [See PALE. ] 5. A term applied to the pieces connected with the pendulum of a clock, or the balance of a watch, which receive the immediate impulse of the swing- wheel, or balance-wheel. It is sometimes written PALLAT. Brande. 6. A measure formerly used by surgeons, contain- ing three ounces. - Hakewill, raullee, Chaucer ; Fr. paille, L. palea, straw ; Ir. peall, a couch.) A small bed. Milton. PAL/LI-AL, a. Pertaining to a mantle, especially the mantle of shell fishes. Smart. PAL’LI-A-MENT, n. [L. palliwm, a cloak.] A dress; arobe. [Vot used.] Shak al. {Fr.] A lecher; a lewd ee ot used, nor English. | -ISE, n. Fornication. person. [Not used.] uch. PAL-LIASSE’, (pal-yas’,) n. [Fr.] An under bed of straw. [See Par.vasse.] PAL/LI-ATE, v. t. [Fr. pallier; Sp. paliar; It. pal- liare; from Low L. pallio, from pallium, a cloak or robe. 1. To clothe. [Obs.] 2. To cover with excuse ; to conceal the enormity of offenses by excuses and apologies; hence, to ex- tenuate ; to lessen ; to soften by favorable repre- sentations ; as, to palliate faults, offenses, crimes, or vices. Driden. 3, To reduce in violence ; to mitigate; to lessen or abate ; as, to palliate a disease. Eased ; mitigated. [JVol used.] ated ; softened. PAL PAL/LI-A-TING, ppr. or a. Concea..ng the enormity or most censurable part of cona..t; extenuating ; softening. PAL-LI-A/TION, n. The act of pa nating; conceal- ment of the most flagrant circumstances of an of- fense ; extenuation by favorable representation ; as, the palliation of faults, offenses, vices, or crimes. 2, Mitigation; alleviation; abatement, as of a PAL/LI-A-TIVE, a, [Fr. palliatef.} {disease. I. Extenuating ; serving to extenuate by excuses or favorable representation. Warton. 2. Mitigating ; alleviating; as pain or disease. Arbuthnot. PAL/LI-A-TIVE, n. That which extenuates. 2, That which mitigates, alleviates, or abates the violence of pain, disease, or other evil. Srift PAL/LID, a. [L. pallidus, from palleo, to become pale. See Pare.] Pale; wan; deficient in color; not high colored ; as, a pallid countenance ; pallid blue. Spenser. Thomson. Harte. PAL-LID'I-TY, nm. Paleness. PAL/LID-LY, adu. -Palely ; wanly. Taylor PAL/LID-NESS, n. Paleness , wanness. PALL/ING, ppr. or a. Cloying; making insipid. PALL/ING, m. State of being cloyed. Bulwer. PAL’LI-UM, n. [L.] In the Roman Catholic church & short, white cloak, with a red cross, encircling the neck and shoulders, and falling on the back. Brande. PALL-MALL/, (pel-mel’,) n. [L. pila, a ball, and mal- leus, mallet ; It. palla, a ball, and malleo, a hammer.] 1. A playin which a ball is driven through an iron ring by a mallet ; also, the mallet. Johnson. 2. A street in London, so called from its having once been the place for playing the game called pallmall. PAL’LOR, n. {[L.] Paleness. Taylor. PALM, (pam,) 2. ing. | L. palma; W. palv; from spread- 5*J 1. The inner part of the hand. 2, A hand or hand’s breadth; a lineal measure of three inches. The great Roman palm wasthe length of the hand, or about 8} inches. Barlow. 3. The broad, triangular part of an anchor at the end of the arms. 4. The name of many species of plants, but par- ticularly of the date-tree or great palm, a native of Asia and Africa. The palms constitute a natural order of monocot- yledonous plants, with a straight unbranching cylin- dric stem, terminating in a crown of leaves, with- in which rises a tuft of flowers and fruits; all na- tives of warm climates. They vary in size from 2 to more than 100 feet in hight. Jussieu. Linnaeus. 5. Branches of the palm, being worn in token of victory ; hence the word signifies superiority, victory, triumph. The palm was adopted as an emblem of victory, it is said, because the tree is so elastic as, when pressed, to rise and recover its correct position. Encye. Dryden, 6. Among seamen, an instrument fitted to the hand, and used in sewing canvas, instead of a thimble. PALM, (pam,) v. & To conceal in the palm of the hand, Namur subdued is England’s palm alone. They palmed the trick that lost the game. Prior. 2. To impose by fraud. For you may palm upon us new for old. Dryden. 3. To handle. Prior. 4. To stroke with the hand. Ainsworth. PA LM/-OIL, (pam/oil,) m. A vegetable oil, obtained from the fruit of several species of palms, and used in the manufacture of soap and candles. McCulloch. PALM/-SUN-DAY, (pam/sun-dy,) zn. The Sunday next before Easter ; so called in commemoration of our Savior’s triumphal entry into Jerusalem, when the multitude strewed palm branches in the way. PALM’-TREE, (pim/tree,) n, The name of many species of trees belonging to the natural order of palms. [See Parm.] PAL’/MA €HRIS/TY, n. [L.] An annual plant, whose seeds furnish the well-known castor-oil of medicine. Loudon. PAL/MAR, a. ie palmaris, | Of the breadth of the hand. Lee. PAL’MA-RY, a. [L. palnaris.] Chief ; principal. Bp. Horne. PALM/A-RY, a. PAL/MATB, PAL/MA-TED, | ~ 1. Having the shape of the hand; resembling a hand with the fingers spread ; as, palmated leaves or stones, Encye. 2. Entirely webbed; as, the palmated feet of aquatic fowls, PALM’ED, (pamd,) pp. Imposed by fraud. PALM/ER, (pim/er,) n. One that returned from the Holy Land bearing branches of palm; a pilgrim or crusader. Pope. PALM/ER-WORM, (pam/er-wurm,) 7. A worm coy- ered with hair; supposed to be so called because he wanders over all plants. Joel i. Johnson. Pertaining to a palm. [L. palmatus, from palma, palm.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 792 sPAL PAN PAN PAL-MET!TO, xn. PAM/PER-ING, n. Luxuriancy. Fulke. PAM’/PHLET, (pam/flet,) n. [Sp. papelon, from papel, paper. The word signifies both a pamphlet and a bill posted. Sp. papaleta, a slip of paper on which any thing is written; papel volante, a small pam- phiet. It has also been deduced from paunflet, pa- ee eed a word said to have been used by Cax- ton. darus, in Chaucer. In Pers. Jag bondar, is the keeper of a warehouse or granary, a forestaller who buys and hoards goods to enhance the price ; an- swering to L. mango. But the real origin of the || word is not obvious. ] A pimp ; a procurer ; a male bawd ; a mean, profii- gate wretch, who caters for the lust of others. Clodius was acquitted by a corrupt Jury that had palpably taken shares.of money. ‘acon. PAL-PA’TION, x. [L. palpatio, from palpo, to feel, to A small book consisting of a sheet of paper, or of Dryden. Shak. stroke, from the root of feel, and Gr. ta\\w, toshake. sheets stitched together, but not bound. PAN/’DER, v. t. To pimp; to procure lewd women Probably the primary sense is to beat or strike gently, PAM/PHLET, »v.¢. To write a pamphlet or Ce poles for others. Shak. or to touch, or tospring, to leap, allied to Gr. GakAw owell. | PAN’DER, v. 7. To act as agent for the lusts of |) Fr, baller.) : i ” | PAM-PHLET-EER’, (pam-flet-eer’,) m. A writer of 2. To be subservient to Iust or passion. — [others. || The act of feeling. pamphlets; a scribbler. Tatler. | PAN/DER-AGE, n. A procuring of sexual connection. PAL/PE-BRAL, a. Pertaining to the eyebrow. PAL/PE-BROUS, a. Having large eyebrows. Smart. PAL/PIL-FORM,a. Having the form of palpi or feelers. PAL-PIG’/ER-OUS, a. Bearing palpi or feelers. Kirby. PAL/PI-TATE, v.2. [L. palpito, from palpo. Palpito illustrates the primary sense of palpo.] : To beat gently ; to beat, as the heart; to flutter, that is, to move with little throws ; as we say, to go pit-a-pat ; applied particularly to a preternatural or excited movement of the heart. PAL/PI-TA-TING, ppr. ora. Beating gently; flutter- ing. PAL-PLTA’TION, 2. [L. palpitatio.] 1. A beating of the heart; particularly, a preter- natural beating or pulsation excited by violent action of the body, by fear, fright, or disease. Harvey. Arbuthnot. 2. A violent, irregular motion of the heart. Cullen. Parr. PALS/GRAVE, (pawlz'/grave,) x. [G. pfalzgraf, from pfalz, contracted from L. palatium, palace, and graf, an earl ; D. paltsgraaf; Sax. gerefa, a reeve, whence sheriff. | A count or earl who has the superintendence of the king’s palace. ict. PALS/GRA-VINE, n The consort or widow of a palsgrave. PAL/SI-€AL, a. paralytic. PAL'SI-ED, (pawl/zid,) pp. or a. fected with palsy. PAL/SY, n. [Supposed to be contracted from Gr. Taoadvats, relaxation; 7apadva, to loosen or relax.] An abolition of function, whether of intellect, special sensation, voluntary motion, common sensa- tion, or sympathetic motion. PAL/SY, v. t. To paralyze ; to destroy function. 2. To destroy action or energy. Dwight. PAL/SY-ING, ppr. or a. Destroying function. PAL/TER, v. i. [Probably allied to faulter or falter, W. pallu, Eng. fail; Sp. and Port. faltar, to want, to fail, to miss, to balk, to come short. See Far and Paw.) To shift ; to dodge ; to play tricks, Rather, to fail ; to come short; to balk. [from palsy.] Affected with palsy ; [from palsy.] Af- Johnson. Romans, that have spoke the word, And will not palter. Shak, PAM-PHLET-EER/ING, a. pamphlets. 2. n. The writing and publishing of pamphlets. PAM/PRE, x. [Fr.] In Sculpture, an ornament com- posed of vine leaves and bunches of grapes ; used for decorating columns. Qwilt. PAN, x. [Sax. panna; Sw. panna; G. pfanne; D. pan; W. id. 1. ‘i vessel broad and somewhat hollow or de- pressed in the middle, or with a raised border; used for setting milk and other domestic purposes. Dryden. 2. The part of a gun-lock or other fire-arms which holds the priming that communicates with the charge. 3. Something hollow ; as, the brain pan. 4. Among farmers, the hard stratum of earth that lies below the soil; called the hard pan. Writing and publishing 5. The top of the head. Chaucer. PAN, v.t. Tojoin; toclose together. [Zocal.] Bailey. PAN, zn. [See Panic. PAN/A-BASE, n. [Gr. wav and base.] A gray copper ore. PAN-A-CBE/A, n. [L., from Gr. mavaxeta ; tay, all, and axeojat, to cure. | ; 1. A remedy for all diseases ; a universal medicine. Warton. Ainsworth. Gr] In mythology, the deity of shepherds. 2. An herb. ; PA-NA’DA,) x. [Fr. panade, from L. panis, Sp. pan, PA-NA/DO, It. pane, bread. | A kind of food made by boiling bread in water to the consistence of pulp, and sweetened. Wiseman. PAN/A-RY, a. [L. panis.] Pertaining to bread. : PAN/€AKE, nx. A thin ceke fried in a pan or baked on an iron plate. Some folks think it will never be good times till houses are tiled with pancakes, ranklin. PAN’€ARTE, n. A royal charter confirming to a sub- ject all bis possessions. Brande. PANCH, n. [W. panu, to form a texture, to full.] Among seamen, a thick and strong mat, to be fast- ened on yards to prevent friction. PANCH’WAY, nx. A Bengal four-oared boat for pas- sengers. Malcom. Ch. Relig. Appeal. The employment. or vices of a Swift. acting the pander. Shak. [. pandiculor, to yawn, PAN/DER-ISM, 2. pander; a pimping. PAN/DER-LY, a. Pimping; PAN-DI€-U-LA/TION, x. to stretch. ] A yawning ; a stretching; the tension of the sol- ids that accompanies yawning, or that restlessness and stretching that accompany the cold fit of an intermittent. Encyc. Floyer. 1) . PUNDIT? nm. In Hindoostan, a learned Brahmin. PAN’DOOR, n. A name given to a kind of light-in- fantry soldiers in the Austrian service. Brande. PAN-DO/RA, x. [Gr. ray, all, and dwpop, a gift.) In mythology, a fabled female who received a va- riety of gifts. Jupiter gave her a box for her hus- band, who opened it, and out rushed a multitude of evils. Lempriere. N/ 4 PANGS n. [Gr. ravdovpa.] | An instrument of music of the lute kind; a ban- dore. rayten. PAN-DU/RLFORM, a. [iL. pandura, from the Gr.] In botany, obovate, with a deep recess or sinus on each side, like the body of a fiddle or violin. PANE, 7. [Fr. pan, from extending, whence pannecau, a panel ; Arm. panell; Sp. entrepano; D. paneel. | 1. A square of glass. 2. A piece of any thing in variegated oS OnE. PAN-E-GYRI€, xn. ([Fr. panegyrique; It. and Sp. panegirico; L. panegyricus, from the Gr. mavnyvpes a public meeting or celebration ; ras, ray, all, and ayvpts, an assembly.] ie 1. An oration or eulogy in praise of some distin- guished person or achievement; a formal or elabo- rate encomium. Sillinaficet. — 2. An encomium ; praise bestowed on some emi- nent person, action, or virtue. _ Dryden. PAN-B-GYR'TE, a. Containing praise or eulogy ; PAN-E-GYR/I€-AL, § _ encomiastic. : PAN-EG/Y-RIS, 2. [Gr. ravnyvels.] A festival ; a public meeting. Milton. PAN-E-GYR/IST, n. One who bestows praise; a eulogist ; an encomiast, either by writing or speak- ing. Camden. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ae Rear Cee oe ee eaten gc eee ~ sae ‘ eee ~ 2 ety 100 793Se ae EF itin pee dnt PAN PAN’E-GY-RIZE, v. t. To praise highly; to write or pronounce a eulogy on. Ch, Obs. PAN’E-GY-RIZE, v.t%. To bestow praises. Mitford. PAN’E-GY-RIZ-ED, pp. Highly praised or eulogized. PAN/E-GY-RIZ-ING, ppr. Praising highly; eulo- izing. PAN/EL, n. [I'r. panneau; Sw. panna, pan ; pannela, to wainscot; Russ. panel, ceiling, or wainscot; probably named from breadth, extension. ] ‘ 1, A piece of board whose edges are inserted into the groove of a thicker surrounding frame ; as, the panel of a door. Addison. Swift. 2. A piece of parchment or schedule, containing the names of persons summoned by the sheriff. Hence, more generally, 3. The whole jury. 4. In Scots law, a prisoner at the bar. Enciyc. Am. PAN’EL, v. t. To form with panels; as, to panel a wainscot, Pennant. PAN/EL-ED, pp. or a. Formed with panels. PANE/LESS, a. Without panes of glass. Shenstone. PAN/EL-ING, ppr. Forming into panels. PANG, x. [D. pynigen, G. peinigen, to torture, from pyn, pein, pain; Sax. pinan. See Parn-] Hxtreme pain; anguish; agony of body ; particu- larly, a sudden paroxysm of extreine pain, as in spasm, or childbirth. Js. xxi. I saw the hoary traitor Grin in the pangs of death, and bite the ground. Addison. PANG, v. t To torture; to give extreme pain to. Shak. PAN’GO-LIN, n. A name applied to two species of Manis, a genus of edentate mammals, the one in- habiting Bengal, and the other Central Africa. They are reptile-like, and their bodies are covered with hard scales or plates, and can be rolled into a spheri- cal shape. PAN-HEL-LE/NI-UM, n. [Gr. ravedAnvior.] The national council or congress of Greece. Anderson. PAN/I€, n. [Sp. and It. panico; Fr. panique; Gr. mavikos ; W.pannu, to cause to sink, to depress or hollow, to cause a panic. The primary sense is in- transitive, to shrink, or transitive, to cause to shrink ; hence the fabled Pan, the frightful deity of the | woods or shepherds. ] A sudden fright ; particularly, a sudden fright with- out real cause, or terror inspired by a trifling cause or misapprehension of danger; as, the troops were seized with a panic; they fled in a panic. PAN/I€, a. Extreme or sudden ; applied to fright ; as, panic fear. PAN/‘I€, n. The grain of the panic grass. || PAN/TE GRASS, 2. A plant of the genus Panicum. || PAN’L€LE, x. [L. panicula, down upon reeds, cat’s tail, allied to L. pannus, cloth; W. pan, nap, down, the fulling of cloth ; panu, to cover with nap, to full or mill cloth, to beat, to bang. The primary sense is, to drive, strike, or press ; hence, to full or make thick.] In botany, a species of inflorescence, in which the flowers or fruits are scattered on peduncles variously subdivided, as in oats and some of the grasses. The panicle is of various kinds, as the dense or close, the spiked, the squeezed, the spreading, the diffused, the divaricating. Martyn. PAN’I-CLED, a. Furnished with panicles. Eaton. PAN/I€-STRUCK, a. Struck with a panic, or sudden fear. PA-NI€/U-LATE, a. Having branches variously PA-NI€/U-LA-TED, subdivided; as, a paniculate stem. 2. Having the flowers in panicles; as, a paniculate inflorescence, Lee. PA-NIV/O-ROUS, a. [L. panis and voro.] Eating bread ; subsisting on bread. PAN-NADE’,x. The curvet of a horse. [See Panrc.] Ainsworth. PAN/NAGE, n. [from L. panis.] The food of swine in the woods; as beach-nuts, acoms, &c., called, also, pawns; also, the money taken by agistors for the mast of the king’s forest. Cowel. PAN’NEL, 7. [W. panel, something plaited or mat- ted; L. pannus, cloth.] 1. A kind of rustic saddle. 2. The stomach of a hawk. For other senses, see Pane.] PAN-NEL-LA/TION, n. The act of impanneling a jury. yet used, | Wood. PANWN/IER, (pan/yer,)n. [Fr. panier; It. paniera; Sp. panera, &@ pannier, and a granary; from L. panis, bread. | A wicker basket; primarily, a bread-basket, but used for carrying fruit or other things on a horse. Addison. 2. In architecture, the same as corbel, which sce, Guilt. PAN/NI-KEL, n. The brain-pan or skull. [Wot in use, | Spenser. PAN/O-PLIED, (-plid,) a. Completely armed. eee n- [Gr mavordta; may, all, and omAa, arms. Tusser. Ainsworth. PAN-OP’TI-€ON, zn. A prison so constructed that the PAN-O-RA’MA, n. [Gr. way, all, and opapa, view, PAN Complete armor or defense. We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God. Ray. inspector can see each of the prisoners at all times, without being seen by them. J. Bentham. from opaw, to see.} I. Literally, a complete or entire view in every di- rection. 2. A picture presenting from a central point a view of objects in every direction, represented on the in- terlor surface of a cylindrical wall or rotunda. It is lighted from above, and viewed from a platform in the center. PAN-O-RAM/I€, a. Pertaining to or like a panorama, or complete view. PAN-SOPH/I€-AL, a. [See Pansorny.] Pretending to have a knowledge of every thing. Worthington. PAN’SO-PHY, x. [Gr. may, all, and costa, wisdom.] Universal wisdom or knowledge. [Little used.] Hartlib. PAN-STE-RE-O-RA/MA, n. A model of a town or country in wood, cork, pasteboard, or other sub- stance, showing every part in relief. Brande. PAN’SY, 7. ([Fr. pensée, fancy or thought, from pen- ser, to think. ] A plant and flower of the genus Viola; the Viola tricolor, or garden violet; also called HEart’s-EasE. Brande. PANT, v.72 [Fr. panteler, probably from the root of W. panu,to beat. See Panicie, and qu. Gr. rvew.] 1. To palpitate ; to beat with preternatural vio- lence or rapidity, as the heart in terror, or after hard labor, or in anxious desire or suspense. Yet might her piteous heart be seen to pant and quake. Spenser, 2. To have the breast heaving, as in short respira- tion or want of breath. Pluto pants for breath from out his cell. Dryden. . To play with intermission or declining strength. © The w hispering breeze Pants on the leaves and dies upon the trees. Pope. 4. To long ; to desire ardently. Who pants for glory finds but short repose. Pope. As the hart panteth after the water-brooks, so panteth my soul after thee, O God. — Ps. xiii. PANT, x. Palpitation of the heart. Shak, PAN’TA-GRAPH, n. See PanrocrapnH. PAN-TA-LETS’, n. pl. Loose drawers, resembling pan- taloons, worn by females and children. PAN-TA-LOON’, x. [Fr. pantalon. Qu. W. pannu, to involve, or panu, to cover, and Fr. talon, the heel. ] 1. A garment for males, in which breeches and stockings are in a piece. [Obs.] 2. In the plural, pantaloons, a species of close, long trowsers. 3. A ridiculous character in the Italian comedy, pantalone, and a buffoon in pantomimes; so called from his close dress. Addison. PAN-TA-MORPH'I€, a. [Gr. ras, ravra, and popgn.] Taking all forms. PAN-TE€CH'NL-€ON, n. [av and reyvn.] A place where every species of workmanship is collected and exposed for sale, Brande. PANT/ER, n. One that pants. PANT’ER, ». [Ir. painter, a snare.] A net. Chaucer. PANT’ESS, x. [from pant.] The difficulty of breath- ing in a hawk. Ainsworth. PAN’/THE-ISM, n. [Gr. ray, all, and @cos, God, whence theism. ] The doctrine that the universe is God, or the sys- tem of theology in which it is maintained that the universe is the supreme God. Encyc. Asiat. Res. PAN’/THE-IST, 7. One that believes the universe to be God; a name given to the followers of Spinosa. The earliest Grecian pantheist of whom we read is Orpheus. Encyc. PAN-THE-IST’IE€, a, Pertaining to pantheism ; PAN-THE-IST/I€-AL, confounding God with the universe. Enfield. Waterland., 2. In sculpture, a term applied to statues and fig- ures which bear the symbols of several deities to- gether. _ Brande. PAN-THE/ON, n. ([Gr. ras, ray, all, and G. i. To pretend comparison or equality. { Little used. Scott. PAR! A-GRAM, zn. [ Gr. Trapaypapypa. | A play upon words, or a pun. Addison. PAR-A-GRAM/MA-TIST, n. A punster. Addison. PAR’A-GRAPH, n. [It. paragrafo; Fr. paragraphe ; Gr. zapaypapn, a marginal note; mapaypasw, to Write near or beyond the text; mapa, beyond, and ypaga, to write. A distinct part of a discourse or Writing ; any portion or section of a writing or chapter which re- lates to a particular point, whether consisting of one sentence or many sentences. A paragraph is some- times marked thus, 1. But more generally, a para- PAR-AL-LEL-O-GRAM'I€, d PAR-AL-LEL-O-GRAM/I€-AL, PAR-AL-LEL-O-PI’/PED, n. PAR’/AL-LEL, v. t. To place so as to keep the same direction, and at an equal distance from something else. Brown. 2. To level; to equal. Fell. Shak. 3. To correspond to. Burnet. 4. To be equal to; to resemble in all essential points. Dryden. 5. To compare. Locke. PAR/AL-LEL-A-BLE, a. That may be equaled. { Vot much used. Fall. PAR/AL-LEL-ED, pp. Leveled ; equaled ; compared. PAR/AL-LEL-ISM, n. State of being parallel. More. 2. Resemblance ; equality of state ; comparison. PAR’AL-LEL-LY, adv. Ina parallel manner; with parallelism. Scott. PAR-AL-LEL/O-GRAM, 2. [Gr. mzapaXXn\os and ypapy a. | In geometry, a right-lined quadrilateral figure, whose opposite sides are parallel, and consequently equal, Barlow. 2. In common use, this word is applied to quadrilat- era] figures of more Jength than breadth, and this is its sense in the passage cited by Johnson from Brown. Parallelogram of forces; a phrase denoting the composition of forces, or the finding of a single force which shall be equivalent to two or more given forces When acting in given directions. Hebert. Having the prop- erties of a paral- lelogram. [parallel and Gr. emu, on, and redvv, a plain. ] In geometry, a regular solid comprehended under Six parallelograms, the opposite ones of which are similar, parallel, and equal to each other; or itis a In rhetoric, a pretended or apparent omission ; a | PA-RAL/O-GY, n. False reasoning. [Supra.] Brown PA-RAL/Y-SIS, m. [Gr. rapudvots, from zapadvw, to loosen, dissolve, or weaken ; mana and \vw.] An abolition of function, whether of intellect, special sensation, voluntary motion, common sensa- tion, or sympathetic motion. Ses eee TICAL. a. Affected with palsy. 2. Inclined or tending to palsy. PAR-A-LYT'’I€,n. A person affected with palsy. Hall. PAR/A-LYZE, v. t. [Gr. tapadvo, maoaXduais.| To affect with palsy. PAR/A-LYZ-ED, pp. or a. Affected with palsy. PAR!A-LYZ-ING, ppr. or a. Palsying; destroying function. PA-RAM/E-TER, n. [from Gr. tapaperpen.] 1. In conic sections, a third proportional to any di- ameter and its conjugate. In the parabola, a third proportional to any absciss and its ordinate. The parameter 1s sometimes called the latus rectum. 2. In a general sense, in geometry, a constant quan- tity which enters into the equation of a curve. Brande. PAR/A-MOUNT,a. [Norm. peramont ; per and mount, amowv or montér, to ascend. ] 1. Superior to all others; possessing the highest title or jurisdiction; as, lord paramount, the chief .ord of the fee, or of Jands, tenements, and heredit- aments, In England, the king is lord paramount, of whom all the Jand in the kingdom is supposed to be held. But in some cases the lord of several manors is called the lord paramount. Blackstone. 2. Eminent ; of the highest order. Bacon. 3. Superior to all others ; as, private interest is usually paramount to all other considerations. PAR/A-MOUNT, n. The chief; the highest in rank or order. Milton. PAR/A-MOUR, 2. [Fr. par, L. per, and amour ; Norm. paraimer, to love affectionately. ] 1. A lover; a wooer. 2. A niistress. PAR-A-NAPH/THA-LINE, (-lin,) 7. naphthaline. A substance closely resembling naphthaline, and apparently a mixture of parafline and naphthaline. PA-RAN’/THINE. [See Scaporire.] [ Brande. PAR/A-NYMPH, n. [Gr. mapa, by, and vupdn, a bride or spouse. | : 1. A brideman; one who leads the bride to her marriage. Milton. 2. One who countenances and supports another. Taylor. PAR/A-PEGM, (par/a-pem,) n. [Gr. mapamny pu. A brazen table fixed to a pillar, on which laws and proclamations were anciently engraved; also, ¢ table set in a public place, containing an account of the rising and setting of the stars, eclipses, seasons, &c. Phillips. Jilton. Shak. {[Gr. zapa and PAR‘A-PET, n, [Fr. Sp. parapeto; It. parapetto; para, for, and petto, breast, L. pectus.] In fortification, literally, a wall or rampart to the breast, or breast high; but in practice, a wall, ram- part, or elevation of earth for covering soldiers from an enemy’s shot. 2. In common language, a breast-wall, raised on the edge of a bridge, quay, &c., to prevent people from falling over. Brande. PAR/APH, (par/af,) m. [Gr. rapa and az7w, to touch.) The figure or flourish made by a pen under one’s signature, formerly used to provide against forgery. PAR-A-PHER'NAL, a. Pertaining to or consisting in parapherna ; aS, paraphernal property. Kent. PAR-A-PHER-NA‘LI-A,} ». pl. (Gr. mapapepva; PAR-A-PHER/NA, mapa, beyond, and depyn, dower. } I. The articles which a wife brings with her at her marriage, or which she possesses beyond her dower or jointure, and which remain at her disposal after her husband’s death. Such are her apparel and her ornaments, over which the executors have no control, unless when the assets are insufficient to pay the debts. Blackstone. Hence, 2. Appendages ; ornaments ; trappings. PAR-A-PHI-MO’SIS, ». [Gr. LPAGlpagcs. | A disease when the prepuce can not be drawn over the glans, PAR-A-PHO'NL-A, n. (Gr. rapa and dwyn.] An alteration of voice. PAR’A-PHRASE, n. [Gr. mapadpacis; mapa, be- yond, and pacts, phrase.] An explaination of some text or passage in a book, in a more clear and ample manner than is expressed Such as the paraphrase In paraphrase, or translation with latitude, the author’s words Driden, To explain, interpret, or author with more clearness and particularity than it To interpret or explain amply; Felton. prion is Pemneiished only by a break in the compo- prism whose hase is a parallelogram. It is always SUION OX INES, triple to a pyramid of the same base and hight. Or EA BE BsG RAPE, 0.1. To form or write paragraphs. a parallelopiped is asolid figure bounded by six faces,| in the words of the author. PAR'A- GRAPH-ED, (par'a-graft,) pp. Formed or| parallel to each other, two and two. Barlow. P. Cyc. of the New Testament by Erasmus, Written in paragraphs. sae PAR-AL-LEL-O-PIP/ED-ON, n. A parallelopiped, PAR-A-GRAPH I€, a. Consisting of paragraphs which see. Hutton. ) I PAE GRAPHITE AL, or short divisions with | PA-RAL/O-GI$M, n. [Gr. mapadoytcpos } mapa, be- Pee ee ie ees eS yond, and )oytcpnos, reasoning; Avyos, discourse, | PAR/A-PHRASE, >. t. PAR-A-GRAPH'I€-AL-LY, adv. By paragraphs ; reason. ] ; , as c : translate with latitude; to unfold the sense of an with distinet breaks or divisions. Pe, In logic, a reasoning which is false in point of Fs nm. [Gr. mapadrcnlcs, omission ; form; i.e., in which a conclusion is drawn from is expressed in his own words. P/ EASTER SIS, mapa, beyond or by, and dsixrw, | premises which do not logically warrant it. Brande. | PAR/A-PURASE, v. i. to leave.] PA-RAL/O-GIZE, v, i. Too reason falsely. Ash. to make a paraphrase. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK, — 7396PAR PAR/A-PHRA$-ED, pp. lated. PAR‘A-PHRAS-ING, pyr. Explaining or translating aniply and freely. PAR‘A-PHRAST, x. [Gr. rap ubpasns.] One that paraphrases ; one that explains or trans- Jates in words more ample and clear than the words of the author. Tooker. PAR-A-PHRAST'IE€, ja. Free, clear, and ample PAR-A-PHRAST/I€-AL, § in explanation ; explain- ing or translating in words more clear and ample than those of the author ; not verbal or literal. PAR-A-PHRAST’I€-AL-LY, adv. In a paraphrastic manner. : Howell. PAR-A-PHRE-NI’/TIS, n. [Gr. rapa and ¢peviris, delirium. } An inflammation of the diaphragm. Arbuthnot. PAR-A-PLB/GI-A,) n. [Gr. mapa, beyond, and PAR/A-PLE-GY, mAnyn, stroke; zAnocw, to Amply explained or trans- smite. That kind of palsy which affects the lower part of the body. Good. PAR-A-QUETY, (par-a-ket’,) ) 7m. A small species of PAR-A-QU1’TO, (par-a-ké/to,) § parrot. [See Parra- KEET, | Shak. PAR/A-SANG, n. A Persian measure of length, which Herodotus states to be thirty stadia, nearly four English miles ; but in different times and places, it has been thirty, forty, orsixty stadia. ue Herod. Euterp. P. Cyc. PAR-A-SCENE’, : PAR-A-SC#/NI-UM, (7 (Gr. rapa and cxny7.] Among the Romans, an apartment in the back part of a theater, used by the actors for robing and unrob- ing themselves. Elmes. PAR-A-SCEU-AS/TIE€, (-su-as/tik,) a. Preparatory. PA-RA-SCE/VE, n. (Gr. rapacxevn, prepayation.] Preparation ; the Sabbath-eve of the Jews. Chalmers. PAR-A-SE-LE/NE, n.; pl. Parasevenx. [Gr. zapa, about or near, and o7yAnvn, the moon. | A mock moon ; a luminous ring or circle encom- passing the moon, in which sometimes are other bright spots bearing some resemblance to the moon. Encyc. PAR/A-SITE, x. ([Fr. parasite; It. parassito; Sp. parasito; L. parasita; from Gr. wapactros; mapa, by, and otros, corn. I. Literally, one who dines with others. In Greece, the term was first applied to one whose office was to gather of the husbandmen the corn allotted for public sacrifices. It had afterward the modern senses. The public storehouse in which this corn was depos- ited was called tapaciroyv. The parasites also super- intended the sacrifices. Potter’s Antiq. 2, In modern usage, a trencher friend; one that frequents the tables of the rich and earns his wel- come by flattery ; a hanger on; a fawning flatterer. Milton. Dryden. 3. In botany, a plant without the means of provid- ing nutriment for itself, or of elaborating crude sap into proper sap, but obtaining nourishment immedi- ately from other plants to which it attaches itself, and whose juices it absorbs. A parasite is different from an epiphyte, — which see. 4. In entomology, parasites are insects which, in some stage of their existence, eat the bodies or the eggs of other insects, and frequently destroy them. 3. In zodlogy, a term applied to animals which live on the bodies of other animals, as lice, &c,, and also as a parasitic animal, to those birds which seize on the nests of other birds for their habitation. PAR-A-SIT’TE, a. Flattering ; wheedling ; fawn- PAR-A-S[T’/I€-AL, ing for bread or favors. 2. Growing as a parasite grows. 3. Living on some other body ; as, a parasitic ani- mal. PAR-A-SIT’I€-AL-LY, adv. In a flattering or wheed- Jing manner ; by dependence on another. PAR/A-SIT-ISM, nx. The behavior or manners of a parasite. Milton. PAR/A-SOL, nm. [IFr. Sp.; It. parasole; Gr. rapa, against, or It. parare, to parry, and L. sol, Fr. soleil, It. sole, the sun.] A small umbrella used by ladies to defend them- selves from rain, or their faces from the sun’s rays. PAR-A-SOL-ETTE/’, n A small parasol or sun- shade, PAR-A-SY-NEX/IS, n. [Gr.] An unlawful meeting. PAR-A-TAX/'IS, n. [Gr.] The opposite of Synrax ; the mere ranging of propositions one after another, without connection or dependence. srande. PA-RATH’E-SIS, n. [Gr. mupaSects; mupa and JETUS.] 1. In grammar, the placing of two or more nouns in the same case or in apposition. Jones. 2, A parenthetical notice, printed thus [ ]. PA-RAT’O. MOUS, a. [Gr. rapa, about, and repvw, to cleave. ] In mineralogy, having the faces of cleavage of an indeterminate number. Shepard. PAR-A-VAIL’, a. [Norm. par, by, and availe, profit.] In feudal law, the tenant paravail, is the lowest tenant holding under a mean or mediate lord, as dis- PAR tinguished from a tenant in capite, who holds imme- diately of the King. Blackstone, PARIA-VAUNT, adv. [Fr. par and avant, before.] In front ; publicly, [ot English, nor used.] Spenser. PAR/BOIL, v.t. [Fr. parbouillir. Bouillir is to boil, and in Arm. porbollen is a pustule or little push. ] 1. To boil in part; to boil in a moderate degree. 2. To cause little vesicles on the skin by means of heat; as, parboiled wretches. Donne. PAR’BOIL-ED, pp. or a. Boiled moderately or in art. PAR/BREAK, v.72. or v.t. [See Breax.] To vomit. { Obs.] Skelton. PAR/BREAK, 7. Vomit. [Obs.] Spenser. PAR/BUCK-LE, 2. Among seamen, a purchase formed of a single rope around any weighty body, asa spar or cask, by which it is lowered or hoisted. As a verb, to hoist or lower by means of a parbuckle. Totten. PAR/CEL, 2. [Fr. parcelle, contracted probably from L. particula, particle, from pars, part.] 1. A part ; a portion of any thing taken separately. The same experiments succeed on two parcels of the white of an egs. Arbuthnot. 2. A quantity ; any mass. Newton. 3. A part belonging to a whole; as, in law, one piece of ground is part and parcel of a greater piece. A small bundle or package of goods. . A number of persons, 27 contempt. Shak. 6. A number or quantity, in contempt; as, a parcel of fair words. L’ Estrauge. PAR/CEL, v. t. To divide into parts or portions ; as, to parcel an estate among heirs. These ghostly kings would parcel out my power. 2. Tc make up into a mass. [Little used.] Shak. To parcel a rope, in seamen’s language, to wind tightly around it strips of tarred canvas. Totten. PAR’CEL, a. Part or half; as, a parcel bawd, a parcel poet. PAR/CEL-ED, pp. gus Dryden. Divided into portions. PAR’CEL-ING, ppr. Dividing into portions, PAR’CEL-ING, n. Among seamen, long, narrow slips of canvas daubed with tar and bound about a rope like a bandage, before it is sewed. It is used also to raise a mouse on the stays, &c. Mar. Dict. PAR/CE-NA-RY, n. [Norm. parcenier.] Co-heirship; the holding or occupation of Jands of inheritance by two or more persons. It differs from joint-tenancy, Which is created by deed or devise ; whereas parcenary, or cO-parcenary, is created by the descent of lands from an ancestor, Blackstone. PAR/CE-NER, mn. [Scot. parsenere; Norm. parcon- nier ; from part, L. pars.] Parcener, or co-parcener, is a co-heir, or one who holds lands by descent from an ancestor in common with another, or with others ; as when land descends to a man’s daughters, sisters, aunts, cousins, or their representatives. In this case, all the heirs inherit as parceners or co-heirs. Blackstone. PARCH, v. t. [I know not from what source we have received this word. It corresponds in elements with the Italian bructare, toburn orroast. Qu. L. peraresco.} 1. To burn the surface of a thing; to scorch ; as, to parch the skin ; to parch corn. 2. To dry to extremity ; as, the heat of the sun’s rays parches the ground; the mouth is parched with thirst. Milton. Dryden. PARCH, v.71. To be scorched or superficially burnt ; as, corn will dry and parch into barley. Mortimer. 2. To become very dry. PARCH’ED, (pircht,) pp. or a, extremity. PARCHYED-NESS, x. dried to extremity. PARCH/ING, ppr. Scorching; drying to extremity. 9. a. Having the quality of burning or drying ; as, the parching heat of African sands. PARCH/ING-LY, adv. Scorchingly. PARCH/MENT, n. ([Fr. parchemin; It. pargameno ; Sp. pargamino; Arm. parich or parichemin; D. parke- ment; G. pergament; L. pergamena; supposed to be from Pergamus, to whose king Eumenes the invention has been ascribed. ‘This is probably a mere conjecture, originating In a resemblance of or- thography ; such conjectures being very common. In Spanish, parche is parchment, and a piece of linen covered with ointment or plaster. It is more proba- ble that the first syllable is from some root that sig- nifies to cleanse, purify, or make clear, perhaps the root of L. purgo, or the Oriental PA or 4nd. (See Memprane.) See Class Br, No. 9, and Class Brg, No. 4, 5.] The skin of a sheep or goat dressed or prepared and rendered fit for writing on. This is done by sep- arating all the flesh and hair, rubbing the skin with pumice-stone, and reducing its thickness with a sharp instrument. Vellum is made of the skins of lambs, kids, or very young calves. Ure. PARCH’MENT-MAK’/ER, n. One who dresses skins for parchment. PAR/CI-TY, 2. Scorched; dried to The state of being scorched or Sparingness, Peele PARD, 2. [(L. pardus; Gr. mapdus ; Syr. bardona, The word signifies spotted, from 173, to bail, properly, to scatter or sprinkle, as with hail. ] The leopard ; or, in poetry, any spotted beast. In- - stead of pard, we generally use Lyorarp, the lion- ard. Parvaz, from the Latin pardalis, is not used. PAR/DON, (par’dn,) v.t. [Fr. pardonner; It. perdo- nare; Sp. perdonar ; Port. perdoar; lL. per and dono, to give ; per having the sense of the English for in forgive, and re in L. remitto, properly, to give back or away. | 1. To forgive; to remit; as an offense or crime. Guilt implies a being bound or subjected to censure, penalty, or punishment. To pardon is to give up this obligation, and release the offender. We apply the word to the crime or to the person. We pardon an offense, when we remove it from the offender and consider him as not guilty ; we pardon the offender, when we release or absolve him from his liability to suffer punishment. I pray thee, pardon my sin. — 1 Sam. xv. 2. To remit, as a penalty. 1 pardon thee thy life before thou ask it. Shak, 3. To excuse, as for a fault. Dryden. 4, Pardon me, isa phrase used when one asks for excuse, or makes an apology, and it is often used in this sense, when a person means civilly to deny or contradict what another affirms. PAR/DON,n. Forgiveness ; the release of an offense, or of the obligation of the offender to suffer.a penal- ty, or to bear the displeasure of the offended party. We seek the pardon of sins, transgressions, and of fenses. 2. Remission of a penalty. eral pardon. 3. Forgiveness received. South. PAR/DON-A-BLE, a. That may be pardoned ; applied to persons. The offender is pardonable. 2. Venial; excusable; that may be forgiven, over- looked, or passed by ; applied to things; as, a pardon- able offense. PAR’D ON-A-BLE-NESS, 2. The quality of being pardonable; venialness; susceptibility of forgive- ness; as, the pardonableness of sin. Hall. PAR/DON-A-BLY, adv. In a manner admitting of pardon; venlally ; excusably. ryden. PAR’DON-ED, pp. ora. Forgiven ; excused. PAR/DON-ER, x. One that forgives; one that ab- solves an offender. 2. One that sells the pope’s indulgences, Covell. PAR/DON-ING, ppr. Forgiving ; remitting an offense or crime; absolving from punishment. PAR/DON-ING, a. Disposed to pardon; forgiving ; as, a pardoning God. 2. That has the right or power to pardon. I fee] Use utmost anxiety, when the pardoning power is appealed to, on such occasions. : Clinton. PARE, v. t. [Fr. parer; Arm. para, to dress, to trim, to parry or ward off, to stop; Sp. and Port. parar, to parry, *O stop, to prepare; Port. aparar, to pare, and to parry; L. paro; W. par, a state of readiness, also a pair; para, to continue, to persevere, to last, to en- dure; Fr. parer des cuirs, to dress or curry leather ; parer le pied dun cheval, to pare a horse’s foot or Gs 2 An amnesty is a gen- hoof; Pers. Oy poridan, t0 pare or cut off; ah ee (qu. Gr. typos, lame ; 7790, to mutilate ;) Ar. Wy to be free, to free, liberate, or absolve, to dismiss, to remit, to create; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Sam. 814, to cre- ate; Heb. and Ch. id., to cnt off. The primary sense is to thrust or drive ; hence, to drive off, to separate, to stop by setting or repelling, as In parry, orto drive off or out, as in separating or producing. In Portu- guese and Welsh, it has the sense of stretching, ex- tending, and the Welsh unites par, equal, a pair, With the root of this word ; par, a pair, what is con- tinued to or contiguous. See 172 and &)2, Class Br, No. 6, 7, 8, 10.] : 1. To cut off, as the superficial substance or ex- tremities of a thing; to shave off with a sharp in strument; as, to pare an apple or an orange; to pare the nails; to pare a horse’s hoof; to pare land in ag- riculture. 2. To diminish by little and little. The king began to pare a little the privilege of clergy. Bacon, When pare is followed by the thing diminished, the noun is in the objective case; as, to pare the nails. When the thing separated is the object, pare is followed by off or azoay ; as, to pare off the rind of fruit ; to pare away redundances. PAR’ED, pp. ora. Freed from any thing superfluous on the surface or at the extremities. PAR-BE-GOR/I€, a. [Gr. rupnyuptxos, from mapn yopsew, to mitigate.] : acl litigating; assuaging pain ; as, paregoric CNXIE PAR-E-GOR/I€, x. A medicine that mitigates pain ; an anodyne. ex Encyc, Paregoric, or paregoric elixir, 2 camphorated tinc- ture of opium tinctured with aromatics, eee TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. panes 4 Lay en es TREE SRE Ak, ar i ll i a tl AL caee ——— EEE a PAR PA-REL/€ON, n. [Gr. mapedxo, to draw out.] In grammar, the addition of a syllable or particle to the end of a pronoun, verb, or adverb. PA-REM/BO-LE, ». [Gr. rapepZorn. insertion.] In rhetoric, the insertion of something relating to the subject in the middle of a period, with which it does not grammatically cohere. It differs from the nurenthesis only in this: the parembole relates to the subject, the parenthesis 1s foreign from it. : Encyc. Vossvus. PA-REN’CHY-MA, (pa-ren’ke-ma,) 7. [Gr. wapey- yuna, from 7ape) UW, to suffuse. J 1. In anatomy, the solid and interior part of the viscera, or the substance contained in the interstices between the blood-vessels of the vis Scera; a Spongy LE: substance, Core. Ps Cyc. Parenchyma is the substance or basis of the glands. Cyc. 2, In botany, the pith or pulp of plants. Encyc. PAR-EN-€HYM/A-TA, n. pl. The order of Entozoa, comprising those species in which the body is filled with a cellular substance, or even with a continuous pare nchyma, the only alime ntary organ it contains being ramified cz inals, which distribute nourishment to its different points, and which, in most of them, originate from suckers visible externally. PAR-EN-€HYM’/A-TOUS, } a. [See thenoun,] Per- PA-REN’/€HY-MOUS, { taining to parenchyma; spongy ; soft; porous. Grew. Cheyne. PA-REN/E-SIS, n. [Gr. wapatvects; mapacvew, to ex- hort.) Persuasion; exhortation. [ Little used.] Dict. PAR-E-NET‘TE€, a. Hortatory ; encouraging. PAR-E-N EY I€-AL, Potter. PAR/ENT, n. [L. parens, from pario, to produce or bring forth. The regular participle of pario is pariens, and parens is the regular participle of pareo, to ap- pear. But both verbs probably belong to one fami- ly ; Eth. a2r fari or feri, to bear; Class Br, No. 35 : Heb. 74D farah, id. No, 33. 1. A father or mother ; he or she that produces young. The duties of parents to their children are to maintain, protect, and educate them. When parents are wanting in authority, children are wanting in es. 2, That which produces; cause; source. Idle- ness is the parent of vice. Regular industry is the parent of sobriety. The pronunciation pa@y'rent is erroneous. PAR/ENT-AGE, n. [Fr.] Extraction ; birth; condi- tion with respect to the rank of parents; as, a man of mean parentage; a gentleman of noble parentage. hak. Channing. PA-RENT’AL, a. [It. parentale.] 1. Pertaining to parents; as, parental govern- ment. 2. Becoming parents; tender; affectionate; as, parental care or Solicitude. PA-RENT/AL-LY, adv. In a tender or parental man- ner. PAR-ENT-A/TION, [from L. parento.| Something Hone: or said in honor of the dead. Potter. Johnson. PA-REN/THE-SIS, n. [Gr. wapevdeois; mapu and evTicnut, to ins sert. ] A sentence, or certain words inserted in a sentence, which inte rrupt the sense or natural connection of words, but serve to explain or qualify the sense of the principal sentence. The parenthesis is usually included in hooks or curved lines, thus ( ) These officers, whom they still call bition are to be ele scted ton provision comparatively mean, throurh the same arts, (that 38, electionecring arts,) by men of all re ligious tenets that are known or can be invented. Burke Do not suffer every occasional thou; ght to carry you away into a long parenthesis. Waits. PAR-EN-THET'TI€, a, Pertaining to a paren- PAR-EN-THET'I€- AL, thesis ; expressed in a pa- renthesis, Hales. 2. Using parentheses. PAR-EN-THET’I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner or form of a parenthesis; by parenthesis. Campbell. PA-RENT’LCIDE, n. » parens and cedo. | One who kills a parent. Bailey, PAR/EN a LESS, a. Deprived of parents. cs PAR/ER {from pare.) He or that which pares; an eraGHeaT or paring. Tusser. PAR/ER-GY, n. [Gr. rapa, beyond, and Epyov, work.] eSoniething unimportant, or done by the by. [Vet Brown. PARIG AS-ITE, n. [from the Isle Pargas, in Finland. A mineral of a grayish or bluish green, in aed prains, having much luster. Itis a vz riety of horn- ble nde. : PAR/GET, n. [Sp. parche, a plaster; emparchar, to plaster. Qu.] 1. Gypsum or plaster stone. [ Obs.] Encye. » Plaster laid on roofs or walls. [ Obs.7 Spenser. 3 Paint. [ Obs. Drayton. 4. In present architectural usage, parget denotes the rough plaster used for lining chimney flues, Guilt. Brande. PA-RI/E-TAL, a. PAR/ISH, nz. PAR PA R/GET, .t. To plaster walls. To oat ; to cover with paint. B. Jonson. PA RGETED, pp. Plastered ; stuccoed. PAR’/GET-ER, n. A plasterer. PAR/GET-ING, ppr. Plastering; as a noun, plaster or stucco. PAR-HEL'ION, (par-hél/yun,) n. ; pl. Parnevra. [Gr. Tapa, near, and HAcos, the sun.] A mock sun or meteor, appearing in the form of a bright light near the sun; sometimes tinged with colors like the rainbow, with a luminous train. PA'RI-AH, n. The name of the lowest class of people in Hindoostan, who have, properly speaking, no caste; an outcast, PA-RIAL, n. Three of a sort in certain games PAIR/-ROY/AL, | PA’RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Paros, an isle in the Ege- of cards, Butler. an Sea; as, Parian marble. Parian clironicle ; a chronicle of the city of Athens, engfraven on marble in capital letters in the Isle of Paros. It contained a chronological account of events from pales 1582 years before Christ, to the archonship of Diognetus, 264 years before Christ; but the chronicle of tho last 90 years is lost. This marble was procured from Asia Minor in 1627, by the earl of Arundel, and, being broken, the pieces are called Arundelian marbles. T hey are now depos- ited in the University of Oxford. The antiquity of the inscription has been disputed. P. Cyc. Edin. Encye. {from L. paries, a wall, properly a partition wall, from the root of part or pare. | Pertaining to a wall. 2. The parietal bones form the sides and upper part of the skull. They are so called because they defend the brain like walls. Parr. 3. In botany, a term applied to any organ which grows from the inner lining or wall of another. Lindley. PA-RI/E-TA-RY, xn. [Fr. parietaire, from L. paries, a wall. A plant, the pellitory of the wall, of the genus Parietari: PA-RI/E- TINE, n. [L. paries, wall.] A piece of a wall. [Vot used. ] Burton. PAR’ ING, ppr. Cutting or shaving off the extremities of a thing. PAR/ING, n. That which is pared off; rind separated from fruit; a piece clipped off. Mortimer. Pope. 2. The act or practice of cutting off the surface of grass land, for tillage. PA'RI PAS'SU, [L.] With equal pace, or progress PAR/IS, n. A plant, herb Paris or true-love, or rather a genus of plants of two species, at least, if not more. [Fr. paroisse; It. parrocchia; Sp. parro- quia ; Arm. parres ; Ir. parraiste; usually deduced from the Low L. parochia, Gr. wapotxta, a dwelling or near residence ; mapa, near, and otxos, house or o1xew, to dwells or more probably from the Greek zapoxn, a alary or largess, an allowance for support, from zape- Ws to afford, yield, or supply, Whence L. parocha, en- tertainment given to embassadors at the public ex- pense; whence It. parrocchit. \f parish is tobe deduced from either of these sources, it is probably from the Jatter, and parish is equivalent to benefice, living, as prebend, from L. prebeo. In German, pfarre signi- fies a benefice or parish; pfarrer, or pfarrherr, a par- son, the lord of a living or parish, and this is evi- dently from the same root as parson. I know not the origin of pfarre, but it coincides in elements with the W. port, to graze, Corn. peuri, L. voro, Gr. Bopa. The Italian and Sp< inish words are undoubte -dly from the Latin and Greek, and the French paroisse may be from the same source. 1. The precinct or territorial jurisdiction of a secu- lar priest or ecclesiastical society, or the precinct, the inhabitants of which belong to the same church. 2. In some of the American States, parish is an ecclesiastical society not bounded by territorial Jim- its; but the inhabitants of a town belonging to one church, though residing promiscuously among the people belonging to another church, are called a par- ish, This is particularly the case in Massachusetts. In Connecticut, the legal appellation of such a society is ecclesiastical society. In Louisiana, the State is divided into parishes which corres spond to counties. Bouvier. PAR/ISH, a. Belonging to a parish; as, a parish church ; parish records. os Belonging to a parish ; employed in the spiritual or ecclesiastical concerns of a parish; as, a parish priest Dryden. 3. Maintained by the parish; as, parish poor. Gay. PAR/ISH €LERK, n. A layman who leads in the responses and otherwise assists in the Episcopal service. PA-RISH/ION-ER, n. One that belongs to a parish. Addison. PA-RIS/IAN, n. A native or resident of Paris. PAR-I-SYL-LA B/I€, es [Ls par, equal, and syl- PAR-LSYL-LAB/I€. AL, la a, syllable. ] A term applied to a word which has the same number of syllables in all its inflections. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MET By PREY. — PI ee MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, pee "798° PARK, 7. PAR/LANCE, PAR/LEY, n PAR/LIA-MENT, PAR PAR/'I-TOR, ». [for apparitor.]| A beadle; a sum- moner of the courts of civil law. Dryden. PAR‘I-TY, n. [Fr. parité; It. paritd; from 1. par, equal. See P AIR and PEER.] 1, Equality ; as, parity of reason. South. 2. Equality ; like state or degree; as, a parity of orders or persons, [Sax. parruc, pearruc; Scot. parrok ; VW. pairc; Fr. w.; It. parco; Sp. parque; Ir. pairc; G. and Sw. park; D. perk. It coincides in elements with L. parcus, saving, and the Teutonic beryren, to keep. } 1. A large piece of ground inclosed for chase or other purposes of pleasure. Parks, in England, were origi- nally grants out of forest lands w ith privileges which lasted only while they were Kept inclosed. Smart. 2. An inclosed place in cities for exercise or amusement. Park of artillery or artillery park; a place in the rear of both lines of an army for encamping the artil- lery, which is formed in lines, the guns in front, the ammunition w agons behind the guns, and the pon- toons and tumbrils forming the third line. The whole is surrounded with a rope. The gunners and matrosses encamp on the flanks; the bombardiers, pontoon-men, and artificers in the rear. Encyc. Also, the whole train of artillery belonging to au army or division of troops. Park of provisions ; the place where the sutlers pitch their tents and selJ] provisions, and that where the bread wagons are stationed. PARK, v.t. To inclose in a park. Shak. 2. To bring together in a park orcompact body ; as, to park the artillery. Cutler, PARK’ED, (parkt,) pp. Inclosed in a park. 2, Brought together in a park, as artillery. PARK/ER, 7. The Keeper of a park. PARK/LEAVES, 7. A plant, Hypericum Androsa- mum, also called TUTSAN. Booth. [Norm., from Fr. parler, to speak ; part. parlant, Th. parlante. | Conversation ; discourse ; talk. Woodcson. PARLE, (pirl) n. ’ Conversation ; talk ; oral treaty or discussion, [ot used.] [See Parvey.] Shak. PARLE, v.72. [Fr. pie To talk ; to converse ; to disc nss EDs thing orally. Shak. XR/LEY, v. i. [Fr. parler, It. parlare, Sp. parlar, W. a ine: speak ; Ir. bearla, language, from bearadh, or beirim, to speak, to tell, relate, narrate, to bear, to carry ; Goth. bairan, Sax. baran, to bear, L. fero, or pario. So we have report, from L. porto. | In a general sense, to speak with another; to dis- course; but appropriately, to confer with on some point of mutual concern; to discuss orally ; hence, to confer with an enemy ; to treat with by words ; as on an exchange of prisoners, on a cessation of arms, or the subject of peace. Knolles, Broome. Mutual discourse or conversation ; dis- cussion ; but appropriately, a conference with an enemy in war. We yield on parley, but are stormed in vain. Dryden. To beat a parley; in military language, to beat a drum or sound a trumpet, as a signal for holding a conference with the enemy. (pirle-ment,) n. [Fr. parlement; Sp. It. and Port. parlamento ; Arm. parlamand; com- posed of Fr. parler, Sp. parlar, to speak, and the ter- mination ment, as in complement, &c., noting state. See Parvey.] Titerally, a speaking, conference, mutual dis- course or consultation ; hence, 2. In Great Britain, the grand assembly of the three estates, the lords spiritual, lords temporal, and the commons; the general council of the nation constituting the legislature, summoned by the king’s authority to consult on the affairs of the nation, and to enact and repeal Jaws. Primarily, the king may be considered as a cons stituent branch of parliament ; but the word is generally used to denote the thre e estates above named, consisting of two distinct branches, the house of lords and house of commns. The werd parliament was introduced into England under the Norman kings. The supreme council of the nation was called, under the Saxon kings, zittena- gemote, the meeting of wise men or sages, 3. The supreme council of Sweden, consisting of four estates ; the nobility and represe ntatives of the fentry ; the clergy, one of which body is elected from every rural deanery of ten parishes; the burghers, elected by the magistrates and council of every corporation ; ; and the peasants, elected by per- sons of their own order. 4. In France, before the revolution, the title of cer- tain high courts of justice. Brande. PAR-LIA-MENT-A’/RI-AN, )m. One of those who PAR-LIA-MENT-EER/, adbered to the parlia- ment in the time of C harles I, Aubrey. PAR-LIA-MENT-A’/RLAN, a. Serving the parlia- ment, in opposition to King Charles I. Wood. PAR-LIA-MENT’A-RY, a. Pertaining to parliament ; as, parliamentary authority. 2. Fnacted or done by parliament; as, a parlia- mentary act. , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PAR 3. According to the rules and usages of parliament, or to the 1ules and customs of legislative bodies. PAR/LOR, xn. ([Fr. parloir; It. and Sp. parlatorio; W’. parlawr ; from Fr. parler, Sp. parlar, to speak. ] Primarily, the apartment in a nunnery where the nuns are permitted to meet and converse with each other ; hence, with us, the room in a house which the family usually occupy, and where they receive common Visitors, as distinguished from a drawing- room set apart for the reception of company, or from a dining-room, when a distinct apartment is allotted for that purpose. In many houses, the parlor is also the dining-room. PAR/LOUS, a. [from Fr. parler, to speak. Keen ; sprightly ; waggish. [JVot ean Dryden. PAR’LOUS-NESS, n. Quickness ; keenneéss of tem- per. PAR-MA-CIT’Y, n. Spermaceti. PAR-ME-SAN’ CHEESE, n. made at Parma, in Italy. - PAR-NAS/SI-AN, (-nash/e-an,) a. nassus. PAR-NAS/SUS, n. A celebrated mountain in Greece, considered in mythology as sacred to Apollo and the uses. PAR'NEL, n. [The diminutive of It. petronella.] A wanton, immodest girl; a slut. PA-RO'CHI-AL, a. [from L. parochia.] Belonging to a parish; as, parochial clergy ; paro- chial duties. B Atterbury. PA-RO-€HI-AL/I-TY, n. The state of being paro- chial. Mariot. PA-RO'CHI-AL-LY, adv. Ina parish; by a parish. [ Obs. } Shak. A delicate kind of cheese Pertaining to Par- PA-RO/CHI-AN, a. Pertaining toa parish. Bacon, PA-RO/CHI-AN, x. [Supra.] A PR eau {ft is sometimes used, in a good sense, for Fru- GAL. | PAR-SI-MO’NI-OUS-LY, adv With a very sparing use of money ; covetously PAR-SI-MO'NLOUS-NESS, n. A very sparing use of money, or 2 disposition to save expense. PAR/SI-MO-NY, n. [L. parsimonia, from parcus, sav- ing ; literally, close. Parcus seems to be from the root of the G. D. bergen, Sax. beorgan, to save or keep, Eng. park. So in Russ. beregu is to keep or save, whence Jberejlivei, parsimonious. And_ this seems to be the root of burg, a borough, originally a fortified hill or castle. ] Closeness or sparingneéss in the use or expenditure of money ; Sometimes used, perhaps, in a good sense, implying due or justifiable caution in expenditure, m which sense it differs little from FrucaLiry and Economy. More generally, it denotes an excessive caution or closeness; in which case, it is allied to Coyrrousness, but it implies less meanness than Niacarpuiness. It generally implies some want of honorable liberality. The ways to entich are many ; parsimonyis one of the best, and yet is not innocent, for it withholdeth men from works of lib- erality. Bacon. PARS/ING, ppr. Resolving a sentence into its ele- ments. PARS/ING, n. The act or art of resolving a sentence into its elements. PARS/LEY, n. [Fr. persil; Sp. perexil; Port. perrezil ; It. petroselino, corrupted to petrosemolo; Sax. peterse- lige; G. petersilie ; D, pieterselie; Sw. persiia; Dan. petersille, persille; Ir. peirsil; W. perllys; L. petrosel- inon ; Gr. rerpoce\tvoy; méTpPOS, a Stone, and os\r- yuv, parsley ; stone-parsley, a plant growing among rocks. } A plant of the genus Petroselinum. The leaves of parsley are used in cookery, and the root is an aperi- ent medicine. PARS‘/NEP, x. [The last syllable of this word is the Sax, nepe, L. napus, which occurs also in turnip.) A plant of the genus Pastinaca. The root of the garden parsnep is deemed a valuable esculent. PAR/SON, (par’sn,) x. [G. pfarrherr, pfarrer, lord of the pfarre, benefice or living. I know not from what root pfarre is derived. See ParisH. 1. The priest of a parish or ecclesiastical society ; the rector or incumbent of a parish, who has the pa- rochial charge or cure of souls. It is used in this sense by all denominations of Christians ; but among Independents or Congregationalists it is merely a col- loquial word. 9, A clergyman; a man that is in orders, or has been licensed to preach. Shak. In English law, four requisites are necessary to con- stitute a parson; viz., holy orders, presentation, insti- tution, and induction. . rande. PAR/SON-AGE, n. In America, the glebe and house belonging to a parish or ecclesiastical society, and ap- propriated to the maintenance of the incumbent or settled pastor of a church. 9. In England, the benefice of a parish, or the house appropriated to the residence of the Incumbent. Addison. Gra. PAR-SON/I€-AL-LY, in Chesterfield, is not an au- thorized word. é PART, n. [L. pars, partis, Fr. part; Sp. [t. parte; W. parth; from 12, or D5, or 345, which, in the She- mitic languages, signify, to separate, to Beets) 1. A portion, piece, or fragment, separatec from a whole thing; as, to divide an orange mto tive parts. VICIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S as Z; OH as SH; FH as 9. A portion or quantity of a thing not separated in fact, but considered or mentioned by itself. In what part of England is Oxford situated? So we say, the upper part, or lower part, the fore part, a remote part, a smal) part, or a great part. The people stood at the nether part of the mount. — Ex. xix. 3. A portion of number, separated or considered by itself; as, a part of the nation or congregation. “4, A portion or component particle ; as, the com- ponent parts of a fossil or metal, : 5. A portion of man ; as, the material part or body, or the intellectual part, the soul or understanding ; the perishable part; the immortal part. 6. A member. All the parts were formed in his mind into one harmonious body. Lacke. 7. Particular division ; distinet species or sort be- longing to a whole; as, all the parts of domestic business, or of a manufacture. 8. Ingredient in a mingled mass; a portion ia compound. OS 9. That which falls to each in division; share ; as, let me bear my part of the danger. Dryden. 10. Proportional quantity ; as, four parts of lime with three of sand. 11. Share; concern ; interest. Sheba said, We have no part in David. — 12. Side ; party ; interest ; faction. And make whole kingdoms take her brother’s part. 13. Something relating or belonging to; 2Sam. xX. Waller that which in THIS. 799 | | ——— ee Ne tai EA at ace ed ait ee a ga es se cars as — 4 > ~ ine ane Laosere echo etoaads PAR PAR PAR PART, v. t. PART, v. i. concerns; as, for your part; for his part; for her part. For my part I have no servile end’ in my labor, Wotion. 14, Share of labor, action, or influence ; particular office or business. Acctise not Nature; she hath done her part; Do thou but thine. Milton. 15. Character appropriated ina play. The parts of the comedy Were judiciously cast and admirably per- formed. 3 16, In music, one ot the divisions which make up the harmony or tune, as the treble, base, tenor, &c. 17. Action ; conduct. Shak. 18. In mathematics, such a portion of any quantity, as, When taken a certain number of times, will exact- ly make that quantity. Thus 3isapartof 12. It is the opposite of Murtirve. Parts; in the plural, qualities ; powers; faculties ; accomplishments. Such licentious parte tend for the most part to the hurt of the English. Spenser. Parts, applied to place, signifies quarters, regions, districts. When he had gone over those parts, and had given them much exhortation, he came into Greece. — Acis xx. All parts resound with tumults, plaints, and fears. Dryden. In general, parts is used for excellent or superior endowments, or more than ordinary talents. This is what we understand by the phrase a man of parts. In good part ; aS well done ; favorably ; acceptably ; in a friendly manner; not in displeasure. God accepteth it in good part at the hands of faithful man. Looker. In ul part; as ill done; unfavorably; with dis- pleasure. For the mest part; commonly ; oftener than other- wise. Heylin. Inpart; in some degree or extent ; partly. Logical part; among schoolmen, a division of some universal as its whole; in which sense, species are parts of a genus, and individuals are parts of a spe- cles. Encic. Physical parts, ate of two kinds, homogeneous and heterogeneous ; the first is of the same denomination ; the second of different ones. Aliquot part, is such a part of a number or quantity as is contained in it a certain number of times, with- out aremainder. Thus 6 is an aliquot part of 24. Aliquant part, is a part of a number or quantity which will not exactly divide it; as, 5 is an aliquant part of 17. arlow. Part of speech; in grammar, a sort or class of words of a particular character. ‘Thus the noun is a part of speech denoting the names of things, or those vocal sounds which usage has attached to things. ‘The verb is a part of speech expressing motion, action, or being. [L. partio; Fr. partir ; W. parthu.] 1. To divide, to separate, or break ; to sever into two or more pieces. 2. To divide into shares; to distribute. Acfs ii. 3. Toseparate or disunite, as things which are near each other. Ruth i. 4. To keep asunder; to separate. parts England from France. o. To separate, as combatants. armies, 6. To secern ; to secrete. A narrow sea Night parted the The liver minds his own affair, And parts and strains the vital juices. Prior. 7. In seamen’s language, to break; as, the ship parted her cavdles. 8. To separate metals, To be separated, removed, or detached. Powerful hands will not part Easily from possession won with arms. 2. To quit each other, Milton. He wrung Bassanio’s hand, and so they parted. Shak, 3. To take or bid farewell. Swift. 4. To have a share. They shall part alike. —1 Sam. xxx. 3. [Fr. partir.] To go away ; to depart. Thy father Embraced me, parting for th? Etrorian Jand. ryden. 6. To break ; to he torn asunder. The cable parted. To part with; to quit 3 to resign; to lose; to be separated from ; as, to part with near friends. Celia, for thy sake, I part With all that grew so near my heart. PAR-TAKE’, ». t. PAR-TAK/EN, pp. PAR-TAK/ER, x. PAR-TAK/ING, ppr. PAR-TAK/ING, n. PART’/ED, pp. or a. PART’ER, x. PAR-TERRE’, (par-tar’,) n. [Fr.] PAR-THEN’IE, a. PAR/THE-NON, 7. PAR!TIAL, (par’shal,) a. PAR/TIAL-IST, xn, PAR-TIAL'I-TY, (pir-shal/e-te,) 7. PAR/TIAL-IZE, v. t. PAR/TIAL-LY, adv. PART-I-BIL/LTY, x. Providence. Clodius was at the feast, but could not partake of the enjoyments. 2. To have something of the property, nature, claim, or right. The attorney of the Duchy of Lancaster partakes SY) of a com. judge, and partly of an attomey-general. Shak. To have a part in; to share. My royal father lives ; Let every one partake the general joy. 3. To be admitted ; not to be excluded. Driden. [This is probably elliptical, of being omitted. ] 2. To admit toa part. [ot used.] Shak. Shared with others; participated. One who has or takes a part, share, or portion, in common with others; a sharer; a par- Ucipator ; usually followed by oft If the Gentiles have been made partakers of their spiritual things. — Rom. xv. Sometimes followed by in. Wish me partaker tn thy happiness. Shak. If we had been in the days of our fathers, we would not have been partakers with them in the blood of the prophets, — Matt. xxiii. 2, An accomplice; an associate. When thou sawest a thief, thou consentedst with him, and hast been pariaker with adulterers. — Ps. 1. Sharing with others; partici- pating. An associating; combination in Hale. Separated ; divided; severed. One that parts or separates. [ Sidney. In gardening, a system of beds of different shapes and sizes, in which flowers are cultivated, connected together, with intervening spaces of gravel or turf for walk- ing on. Srande. 2. The pit of a theater. Brande. [Gr. zap0evos.] Pertaining to the Spartan Parthenie or sons of virgins. an evil design. [Gr. wapOsvoc, a Virgin.] A celebrated temple of Minerva, at Athens in Greece. [Fr., from L. pars; It. par- ziale. | 1. Biased to one party ; inclined to favor one party In a cause, or one side of a question, more than the other; not indifferent. It is important to justice that a judge should not be partial. Self-love will make men partial to themselves and friends. Locke. 2. Inclined to favor without reason. Authors are partial to their wit, and critics to their judgment. 3. Affecting a part only ; not general or universal ; not total. It has been much disputed whether the deluge was partial or total. All partial evil, universal good. Pope. 4. More strongly inclined to one thing than to others. [ Colloquial.] 0. In botany, subordinate ; applied to subdivisions ; as, a partial umbel or umbellule; a partial peduncle. A partial involucre is placed at the foot of a partial umbel. One who is partial. [Unusual] Bp. Morton. 2. One who holds that the atonement was made only for a part of mankind, i. e., the elect. Murdock. Inclination to favor one party or one side of a question more than the other; an undue bias of mind toward one party or side, which is apt to warp the judgment. Partiality springs from the will and affections, rather than from a love of truth and justice. 2. A stronger inclination to one thing than to oth- ers; as, a partiality for poetry or painting; a collo- quial use. To render partial. [Jot used, } Shak. With undue bias of mind to one party or side; with unjust favor or dislike ; as, to judge partially. 2. In part; not totally; as, the story may be partially true; the body may be partially affected with disease ; the sun and moon are often partially eclipsed, [See Partrsie.] Susceptibil- ity of division, partition, or Severance ; separability ; as, the partibility of an inheritance. PAR-TIC/I-PANT, n. rt. PAR-TIC'I-PANT-LY, adv. ner. PAR-TIC/I-PATE, vw. 7. PAR-TICI-PATE, v. ¢. PAR-TIC/I-PA-TED, pp. PAR-TIC'I-PA-TING, ppr. PAR-TIC-I-PA/TION, n. PAR-TIC‘I-PA-TIVE, a. PAR-TIC/I-PA-TOR, n. PAR-TI-CIP/LAL, a. PAR-TI-CIP/I-AL-LY, adv. PAR/TLCLPLE, n. PAR/TI-€LB, (piar'te-kl,) n. PAR-TI€/U-LAR, a. A partaker; one having a Bacon. In a participating man- share or pi [L. participo ; pars, part, and capio, to take. 1. To partake ; to have a share in common with others. he heart of sensibility participates in the sufferings of afriend. It is sometimes followed by of. He would participate of their wants, 2. To have part of more things than one. Few creatures partictpate of the nature of plants and ‘metals both. Bacon, To partake; to share; to Hayward. receive a part of. Fellowship Such as I seek, fit to partiapate All ratignal delirht. Milton. Shared in common with others; partaken. Having a part or share; partaking, The state of sharing in common with others; as, a participation of joys or SOrrows, 2. The act or state of receiving or having part of something. Those deities are so hy participation, and subordinate to the Supreme. Sulling fleet. 3. Distribution ; division into shares. Ralech. Capable of participating. One who partakes with another. [L. participialis. See Panrti- CIPLE. | 1, Having the nature and use of a participle. 2. Formed from a participle ; as, a participial noun. In the sense or manner of a participle. [L. participium, from participo ; pars, part, and capio, to take.] l. In grammar, a word so called because it partakes of the properties of a noun and of a verb; as, hav- mg, making, in English; habens, faciens, in Latin. The English participles having, making, become nouns by prefixing the to themi; as, the having of property ; the making of instruments. But all parti- ciples do not partake of the properties of a noun, as the passive participles, for example, had, made. -articiples sometimes lose the properties of a verb and become adjectives; as, willing, in the phrase, a willing heart ; engaging, as engaging Manners 3 ac- complished, as, an accomplished orator. 2. Any thing that participates of different things. [ot used. ] Bacon. [It. perticola; Fr. parti- cule ; L. particula, from pars, part.] 1. A minute part or portion of matter; as, a partt- cle of sand, of lime, or of light. 2. In piysics, a minute part of a body, an aggrega- tion or collection of which constitutes the whole body or mass. The word is sometimes used in the Same sense as atom, in the ancient Epicurean phi- losophy, and corpuscle in the latter. In this sense, particles are the elements or constituent parts of bodies. Encye. 3. Any very small portion or part ; as, he has not a particle of patriotism or virtue; he would not re- sign a particle of his property. 4. In the Roman Catholic church, a crumb or little piece of consecrated bread. Also, the smaller breads distributed in the communion of the laity. Fitzpatrick. 5. In grammar, a word that is not varied or in- flected, as a preposition. Organic particles; very minute moving bodies, perceptible only by the help of the microscope, dis- covered in the semen of animals. Encyc. Sp. and Port. id. ; It. partico- lare; Fr. particulier; Low L. particularis, from par- ticula. | I. Pertaining to a single person or thing; not gen- eral; as, this remark has a particular application. 2. Individual; noting or designating a single thing by way of distinction. Each plant has its particular nutriment; most persons have a particular trait of character ; he alludes to a particular person. 3. Noting some property or thing peculiar. Of this prince there ia little particular memory. Bacon. 4. Attentive to things single or distinct; minute. I have been particular in examining the reasons of this law. PART'I-BLE, a. [It. partibile, partire, to part.] i Divisible ; separable ; susceptible of severan eae iv 23 sep »; Susceptible of severance or re De BLE. See Parrrsce. partition ; as, an estate of inheritance may be parti- A AGE, n. Division ; severance ; the act of di- ble. Blackstone viding or sharing; a French word. [Little used. | PAR!'TI-CEPS CRIM I-NIS, {L.] A partaker in a Waller. 5. Single ; not general, 6. Odd; singular; having something that emi- nently distinguishes one from others. 7. Singularly nice in taste; as, a man very partic- l PAR-TA . Locke. crime ; an accomplice. ular in his diet or dress, a =LAICIS y. 4. t . { R_-DTO , 1 5 . :) (aati taken] j pret. Pantoox; pp. Partaxen. PAR-TIC/I-PA-BLE, a. [See Panticipate.] That 8. Special; more than ordinary. He has brought oa hee : 2 may be participated or shared. Norris. NO particular news. 1. To take a part, portion, or share in common : F f 7 Ces I PAR-TIC/LPANT, a. [See Participate.] Sharing; having a share or part ; followed by of, The prince srw he should confer with one participant of more We than monkish speculations, olton. 9. Containing a part only; as, a particular estate, precedent to the estate in remainder. — Blackstone. 10. Holding a particular estate; as, a particular tenant. Blackstone. with ofhers ; to have a share or part ; to participate ; usually followed by of, sometimes less Properly by m. 11 men partake of the common bounties of FATE, FAR, FALL, W 5U0 HAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— —-—PAR PAR 11. In theology, this term was formerly used in reference to the Particularists, or those who held the doctrine of particular election, &c., and is still re- tained in the appellation Particular Baptists. Brande, PAR-TI€/U-LAR, n. A single instance; a single point. I must reserve some particulars, which it is not lawful for me to reveal. Bacon. 2. A distinct, separate, or minute part ; as, he told me all the particulars of the story. Addison. 3. An individual ; a private person. L’Estrance. 4, Private interest; as, they apply their minds to those branches of public prayer, wherein their own particular is moved. [Not in use.] Hooker. o. Private character; state of an individual. For his particular, I will receive him gladly. [Not in use.] Shak. 6. A minute detail of things singly enumerated. The reader has a particular of the books wherein this law was written. [Not in use.] Ayliffe. In particular ; specially ; peculiarly ; distinctly. This, in particular, happens to the lungs. Blackmore. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-ISM, n. The doctrine of particular election. Murdock. PAR-TI€’U-LAR-IST, n. One who holds to the doc- trine of God’s particular decrees of salvation and reprobation. PAR-TI€-U-LAR'I-TY, n. Distinct notice or specifi- cation of particulars. Even descending to particularities, what kingdoms he should overcome. y 2. Singleness ; individuality; single act; single case. Hooker. 3. Petty account ; minute incident. To sce the titles that were most agreeable to such an emperor — with the like particularities, Addison. 4. Something belonging to single persons. Shak. 5. Something peculiar or singular. I saw an old heathen altar with this particularity, that it was hollowed like a dish at one end, but not the end on which the sacrifice was laid, Addison. 6. Minuteness in detail. He related the story with great particularity. PAR-TI€-U-LAR-I-ZA/TION, n. The act of particu- larizing. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-IZE, v. t. To mention distinctly or in particulars ; to enumerate or specify in detail. He not only boasts of his parentage os an Israelite, but particu- larizes his descent from Benjamin. Atterbury. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-IZE, v.i. To be attentive to single things. Herbert. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-IZ-ED, pp. Enumerated in detail. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-IZ-ING, ppr. Specifying minutely or in detail. PAR-TI€/U-LAR-LY, adv. Distinctly; singly. South 2. In an especial manner. This exact propriety of Virgil I particularly regarded as a great part of his character. Dryden. PAR-TI€/U-LATE, to mention, is not in use. PART’ING, ppr. [frem part.] Dividing ; separating ; breaking In pieces, 2. a. Given at separation; as, a parting kiss or look. 3. Departing ; declining; as, the parting day. Pope. PART/ING, n. Division; separation. Ezek. xxi. 2. In chemistry, an operation or process by which gold and silver are separated from each other. Ure. 3. In seamen’s language, the breaking of a cable by violence. PAR/TI-SAN, x. [Fr., from parti, partir.] I. An adherent to a party or faction. | Addison. 2. In war, the commander of a corps of light troops designed to surprise the enemy, and carry on a desultory warfare. 3. By way of distinction, a person able in command- ing a party, or dextrous in obtaining intelligence, in- tercepting convoys, or otherwise annoying an enemy. 4. A commander’s leading staff. Ainsworth, 5. A kind of halberd. [Fr. pertuisane; It. partigi- ano. PAR/TI-SAN, a. Denoting those engaged in irregular warfare on outposts ; as, a partisan officer or corps. PAR/TI-SAN-SHIP, n. he state of being partisans ; adherence to a party. PAR/TITE, a. ([L. partitus, from partio, to divide. See Parr.] In botany, divided nearly to the base. A partite leaf is a simple leaf separated down nearly to the base. Lindley. Lee. PAR-TI//TION, (tish'un,) n. [L. partitio, from partio, to divide, ] 1. The act of dividing, or state of being divided. 2. Division ; separation; distinction. And good from bad find no partition. Shak. 3. Separate part; as, lodged in a small partition. Milton. 4, That by which different parts are separated ; as, a partition of wood or stone in a building. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. TAO 5. Part where separation is made. No sight could pass Betwixt the nice partitions of the grass. Dryden. 6. Division of an estate into severalty, which is done by deed of partition. lackstone. PAR-TI’'TION, v. t. To divide into distinct parts; as, to partition the floor of a house. 2. To divide into shares ; as, to partition an estate. PAR-TI//TION-ED, (par-tish’/und,) pp. Divided into distinct parts or shares. PAR-TI’TION-ING, ppr. Dividing into distinct parts. PAR/TL-TIVE, a. In grammar, distributive; as, a noun partitive. It is often used as a noun. PAR/TI-TIVE-LY, adv. In a partitive manner; dis- tributively. Lilly. PART’LET, x, [from part.] A ruff; a band or col- lar for the neck, formerly worn by women ; so called because it was the parting between the head-dress and Lody-dress. [ Obs.] Hall. Smart. 2. A hen; so called from the ruffling of her feath- ers. [ Obs. Shak. Smart. PART’LY, adv. In part; in some measure or degree ; not wholly. PART’NER, n. [from part.] One who partakes or shares with another; a partaker; an associate ; as, she is the partner of my life, of my joys, of my griefs. Those of the race of Shem were no partners in the unbelieving work of the tower. Ralegh. 2. An associate in any business or occupation; a joint owner of stock or capital, employed in com- merce, manufactures, or other business. Men are sometimes partners in a single voyage or adventure, sometimes In a firm or standing company. 3. One who dances with another, either male or female, as in a contra dance. 4. A husband or wife. PART’NER, v. t. To join; to associate with a part- ner. [Little used, Shak. PART’NERS, n. In a ship, a framework of short timber fitted to the hole in a deck, to receive the heel of a mast or pump, &c. R. H. Dana, Jr. PART’NER-SHIP, n. The association of two or more persons for the purpose of undertaking and prose- cuting any business, particularly trade or manufac- tures, at their joint expense. In this case, the con- nection is formed by contract ; each partner furnishing a part of the capital stock, and being entitled to a proportional share of profit, or subject to a propor- tional share of loss; or one or more of the partners may furnish money or stock, and the other or others contribute their services. The duration of the part- nership may be limited by the contract, or it may be left indefinite, subject to be dissolved by mutual agreement. A partnership or association of this kind is a standing or permanent company, and is denom- inated a jirm or house. We say, A and B entered into partnership for the impertation and sale of goods, or for manufacturing cctten or glass. Partnerships may be and usually are associations of private persons, not incorporated. In other cases, the company is incorporated. Banking companies, in the United States, are usually incorporated, and are essentiaiiy partnerships, but do not bear that name. Manufacturing companies are also frequently incorporated. 2. Joint interest or property. PAR-TOOK’, pret. of PARTAKE. PAR/TRIDGE, x. [Fr. perdrix; It. pernice; Sp. per- diz; L. perdiz; Gr. wepd:% 3 D. patrys; Ir. patrisg.] A vague, popular name of a considerable number of species of gallinaceous birds of the tetraonid tribe, sone of which belong to the genus Perdix, some to Allagis, some to Ortyx, some to Tetrao, &c. Within small sections of country, even in New Eng- land, this name is differently and variously applied, so that it is impossible to say exactly to what bird it properly belongs. PAR’TRIDGE-WOOD, n. A variegated tropical wood, much esteemed in England for cabinet work. P. Cyc. PARTS, n. pl. Faculties; talents; mental powers; often, uncommon powers of mind. 2. Applied to place, region ; district of country. PAR-TOU/RLATE, v. 7. ([L. parturio, from partus, birth, from pario, to bear. . To bring forth young. [Little used.] PAR-TU/RLENT, a [L. persian’) Bringing forth, or about to bring forth young, PAR-TU-RI’TION, (-rish/un,) x. [L. parturio.] The act of bringing forth, or being delivered of young. Encye. PAR/TY, n. [Fr. partie, from L. pars. See Parr.] 1. A number of persons united in opinion or de- sign, in opposition to others in the community. It differs from Faction, in implying a less dishonorable association, or more justifiable designs, Parties exist in all governments; and free governments are the hot-peds of party. The political parties in England are called whigs and tories. 2. One of two litigants ; the plaintiff or defendant in a lawsuit. The cause of both parties shall come before the Judges. — Ex. XX. Dryden. ee PAS 7 « eee 3. One concerned or interested in an affair. This |} man was not a party to the trespass or affray. He is | not a party to the contract or agreement. 4. Side ; persons engaged against each other. { ' The Peace both parties want is like to last. Dryden Sma i partes make up in diligence what they want in numbers. : ohnson,. 5. Cause; side. Fgle came in to make their party good. Dryden, 6. A select company invited to an entertainment ; as, a dining party; a tea party ; an evening party. 7. A company made up for a given occasion ; as, a riding party; a fishing party. 8. A single person distinct from or opposed to an- other. If the jury found that the party slain was of English race, it had been adjudged feleny. Devies. 9. In military affairs, a detachment or small num- ber of troops sent on a particular duty, as to inter- cept the enemy’s convoy, to reconnoiter, to seek forage, to flank the enemy, é&c. Party is used to qualify other words, and may be considered either as part of a compound word, or as an adjective; as, party man, party rage, party dis- putes, &c. PAR/T Y-€0L/OR-ED, (-Kul/lurd,) a. Having divers colors ; as, a party-colored flower. PAR/TY-FENCE“WALL!, n. A wall separating the vacant ground in one occupation from that in an- other. Gwilt. PAR’TY-ISM, n. Devotion to party. [WVev.] PAR/TY-JU-RY, x. A jury consisting of half natives and half foreigners. PAR/TY-MAN, 7. One of a party; usually a factious man ; a man of violent party principles; an abettor of a party. PAR’TY-SPIR/IT, n. The spirit that supports a party. PAR/TY-WALL, zn. A wall that separates one house from the next. Moxon. PA-RU/LIS, n. A gum boil. Brande. PAR!/VE-NU!, n. [Fr.] An upstart, or one newly risen into notice, PAR/VIS, n. [Fr.] A church porch ; also, a room over the church porch for a school, &c. [Not used.] Chaucer. Guilt. aRIV PARIVLTY, n Littleness. [JVot used.] PAS, (pi,) x. [Fr. pas, a step.] Estep: 2. Right of going foremost; precedence. [Vot et Arbuthnot. PAS€H, (pask,) 2. [Gr. zacxa.] The passover; the feast of Easter. PAS/€HAL, (pas/kal,) a. from the Heb.] Pertaining to the passover, or to Easter. Paschal flower. See Pasque FLOWER. PAS€H/-EGG, (pask/egg,) n. An egg stained and presented to young persons, about the time of Easter. PASE€H’-FLOW-ER. See Pasque FLowenr. PASH, 7. ([Sp. faz, L. facies, face.] J. Aface [JVot used.] 2. Ablow. [Wot used.] PASH, v.t. Tostrike ; to strike down. [JVot used.] ryden. [L. pascha; Gr. racxa; Hanmer. PA-SHAW!, n. [Pers. Ll pashaw.] In the Turkish dominions, a viceroy, governor, or commander ; a bashaw. Castle. Eaton. PA-SHAW/LI€, xn. The jurisdiction of a pashaw. PA-SIG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. was, and ypadgy.] A system of universal writing, or a manner of writing that may be understood and used by all na- tions. Good. PASQUE/-FLOW-ER, (pask’flow-er,) n. rA2 - in the Introduction. Ar. [18 fata, to pass; Heb. MDD, pwd, Ch. YoD; Class Bd, No. 45, 64, and Bs or Bz, No. 52, 53, 70. ] 1. To move, in almost any manner; to go; to pro- ceed from one place to another. A man may pass on foot, on horseback, or in a carriage; a bird and a meteor pass through the air; a ship passes on or through the water; light passes from the sun to the planets ; it passes from the sun to the earth in about eight minutes. 2. To move from one state to another; to alter or change, or to be changed in condition; as, to pass from health to sickness ; to pass from just to unjust. Temple. 3. To vanish; to disappear; to be lost. In this sense, we usually say, to pass away. Beauty is a charm, but soon the charm will pase. 4. To be spent; to go on or away progressively. The time when the thing existed is the idea of that space of duration which passed between some fixed period and the being of that thing. Locke 5. To die; to depart from life. [Zittle used.] Shak. 6. To be im any state; to undergo; with under; as, to pass under the rod. 7. To be enacted; to receive the sanction of a legislative house or body by a majority of votes. Neither of these bills has yet passed the house of commons. wif t. 8. To be current ; to gain reception, or to be gen- erally received. Bank bills pass asa substitute for coin. False eloquence passeth only where true is not understood. Felton. 9. To be regarded ; to be received in opinion or es- timation. This will not pase for a fault in him, till it is proved to be one in us Alterbury. 10. To occur ; to be present ; to take place; as, to notice what passes in the mind. Watts. 11. To be done. Provided no indirect act pase upon our prayers to defile them. aylor. 12. To determine ; to give judgment or sentence. Though well we may not pass upon his life. Shak. 13. To thrust; to make a push in fencing or fight- ing. Shak. 14. Toomit ; tosuffer to go unheeded or neglected. We saw the act, but let it pass. 15. To move through any duct or opening, as substances in the stomach that will not pass, nor be converted into aliment. Arbuthnot. 16. To percolate ; to be secreted, as juices that pass from the glands into the mouth. 17. To be in a tolerable state. A middling sort of man was left well enough by his father to pass, but he could never think he had enough, so long as any had more, e Dryden. *Estrange, 18. To be transferred from one owner to another. The land article passed by livery and seizin, 19. To go beyond bounds. [Obs.] For this we generally use Surpass. Shak. 20. To run or extend, as a line or other thing. The north limit of Massachusetts passes three miles north of the Mei rimac. To come to pass; to happen; to arrive; to come: to be ; to exist; a phrase much used in the Scriptures. To pass away ; to move from sight 3 to vanish. 2, To be spent ; to be lost. A good part of their lives passes away without thinking. Locke. To pass by ; to move near and beyond. He passed by as we stood in the road. To pass on; to proceed. To pass over; to go or move from side to side ; to cross ; as, to pass over to the other side, To pass into; to unite and blend, as two substances or coJors, in such a manner that it is impossible to tell where one ends and the other begins, PASS, v.t. To go beyond. The sun has passed the meridian. The young man has not passed the age of frivolousness, ‘ aa PASS/A-BLE, a. PAS 2. To go through or Over; as, to pass a river. 3. To spend; to live through ; as, to pass time ; to pass the night in revelry, and the day in sleep 4. To cause to move ; to send; as, to pass the bottle from one guest to another; to pass a pauper from one town to another ; to pass a rope round a yard; to pass the blood from the right to the left ventricle of the heart. Derham. 5. To cause to move hastily. I had only time to pass my eye over the medals, which are in great number, Addison. 6. To transfer from one owner to another; to sell or assign ; as, to pass land from A to B by deed; to pass a note or bill. 7. To strain; to cause to percolate; as, to pass wine through a filter. Bacon. 8. To utter; to pronounce; as, to pass compli- ments; to pass sentence or judgment; to pass cen- sure on another’s works. Watts. 9. To procure or cause to go. Waller passed over five thousand horse and foot by Newbridge. larendon. 10. To put an end to. This night We'll pass the business privately and well. Shak, 11. To omit; toneglect either to do or to mention I pass their warlike pomp, their proud array. Dryden. 12. To transcend ; to transgress or go beyond ; as, to pass the bounds of moderation. 13. To admit; to allow; to approve and receive as valid or just; as, to pass an account at the war-office, 14. To approve or sanction by a constitutional or legal majority of votes; as, the house of representa- tives passed the bill. Hence, 15. To enact; to carry through all the forms necessary to give validity ; as, the legislature passed the bill into a law. 16. To impose fraudulently ; as, she passed the child on her husband for a boy. Dryden. 17. ‘To practice artfully; to cause to succeed ; as, to pass a trick on one. 18. To surpass ; to excel; to exceed. 19. ‘To thrust; to make a push in fencing. To see thee fight, to see thee pass thy puncto. Shak. To pass away; to spend; to waste; as, to pass away the flower of life in idJeness. To pass by ; to pass near and beyond. 2. To overlook; to excuse; to forgive; not to censure or punish ; as, to pass by a crime or fault. 3. To neglect ; to disregard. Certain passages of Scripture we can not pass by without injury to truth. Burnet. To pass over; to move from side to side ; to cross; as, tO pass over a river or mountain. 2. To omit ; to overlook or disregard. He passed over one charge without a reply. PASS, n. [W. pas.] 1. A narrow passage, entrance, or avenue; a nar- row or difficult place of entrance and exit; as, a pass between mountains. Tencyc. Clarendon. 2. A passage ; a road. Ralesh, 3. Permission to pass, to go or to come; a license to pass ; a passport. A gentleman had a pass to go beyond the seas. Clarendon. A ship sailing under the flag and pass of an enemy. Kent. 4, An order for sending vagrants or impotent per- sons to their place of abode. Johnson. 5. In fencing and fighting, a thrust; a push; at- tempt tostab or strike; as, to makea pass at an antagonist. Hence, 6. A term applied to the manipulations of an oper- ator in mesmerism. 7. State ; condition or extreme case; extremity. To what a pass are our minds brought. Sidney, Matters have been brought to this pase. South. PASS/-BOOK, mn. A book in which a merchant or trader enters the articles bought on credit, for the information of the purchaser. Bouvier. PASS-PA-ROLE’, n. [pass and parole.] In military affairs, a command given at the head of an army and communicated by word of mouth to the rear. Encyc. PASS’-WORD, n. A word to be given before a per- son is allowed to pass; a watch-word. [It. passabile.] 1. That may be passed, traveled, or navigated. The roads are not passable. ‘The stream is passa- ble in boats. 2. That may be penetrated ; as, a substance passa- ble by a fluid. 3. Current; receivable ; that may be or is trans- ferred from hand to hand; as, bills passable in lieu of coin. False coin is not passable. 4. Popular; well received. Bacon. 5. Tolerable ; moderate ; as, passable beauty. Eee De wagaae: Tolerably. AS-SADB’ PAS-SA/DO” n. A push or thrust. PAS-SADE/, n. [Fr.] In the manege, a tum or course of a horse backward or forward on the same spot of ground. Encyc. PA I P P PAS PAS/SAGE, n. [Fr. passage; Sp. pasage; It. passag- £0. 1. The act of passing or moving by land or water, or through the air or other substance ; as, the passage of aman ora carriage; the passage of a ship or a fowl; the passage of light or a meteor; the passage of fluids through the pores of the body, or from the glands. Clouds intercept the passage of solar rays. 2. The time of passing from one place to another What passage had you? We had a passage of twenty-five days to Havre de Grace, and of thirty- eight days from England. ‘ 3. Road ; way ; avenue ; a place where men or things may pass or be conveyed. Temple. And with his pointed dart Explores the nearest passage to his heart, Dryden. 4, A pass or encounter; as, a passage at arms. Sir W. Scott. 5. Entrance or exit. What! are my doors opposed against my passage? Shak. 6. Right of passing; as, to engaye a passage on board a ship bound to India. 7. Occurrence; event; incident; that which hap- pens; as, a remarkable passage in the life of New- ton. [See the Spanish verb, supra. This sense is obsolescent. ] 8. A passing away; decay. [Little used.) Shak. 9. Intellectual admittance ; mental reception. Among whom I expect this treatise will have a fairer passage than among those deeply imbued with other principles. Dighy. 10. Manner of being conducted ; management. On consideration of the conduct and passage of affairs in former times, Davies, 1]. Part of a book or writing; a single clause, place, or part, of indefinite extent. How commentators each dark passage shun. 12, In music, a short portion of an air or tune. 13. Enactment; the act of carrying through all the regular forms necessary to give validity ; as, the passage of a law, or of a bill into a law, by a legis- lative body. Hopkinson. Wheaton’s Rep. His agency in procuring the passage of the stamp act was more than suspected. Tosack, 14. The part of a building allotted for giving ac- cess to the different apartments. Brande. Bird of passage; a bird that passes at certain sea- sons from one climate to another, as in autumn to the south to avoid the winter’s cold, and in spring to the north for breeding. Hence, the phrase is sometimes applied to a man who has no fixed residence. Young. PAS/SA-GER, x. [Fr., from passage ; It. passagziere.] The regular orthography of Passencrr, which see. PAS/SANT, a. In heraldry, walking, from Fr. pas- sant, a passenger, traveler. 2. Cursory ; careless. On a passant review of what I wrote to the bishop. Sir Peter Pett’s Preface to Bp. Barlow’s Gen. Remains. By the way; Barrow. En passant, (an-pas/sing,) [Fr.] slightly ; in haste PASS/ED, ) pp. or a. Goneby ; done; accomplished ; PAST, ended. 2. Enacted; having received all the formalities necessary to constitute a law. PAS’/SEN-GER, n. Literally, one who passes; as, passengers over a bridge. Usually, one who travels In some established conveyance, as a stage-coach, steamboat, &c. Passenger falcon; a kind of migratory hawk. Ainsworth. SS/ER, 7. One that passes; a passenger. Rowe. .\SS/ER-BY, n. One who goes by or near. AS’SER-ES, n. pl. [L., sparrows.] See Passer- INES. AS/SER-INE, (-in,) a. [L. passer, a sparrow. ] Pertaining to sparrows, or to the order of birds to which sparrows belong, the Passeres., -K 4 A PAS/SER-INES, n. pl. The order of birds to which the sparrows belong. They usually feed on insects, fruit, or grain. Brande. PAS-SLBIL/I-TY, n. [Fr. passibilité, from passible. See Passton.] The quality or capacity of receiving impressions from external agents ; aptness to feel or suffer. Halkewill. PAS/SIL-BLE, a. [Fr. passible; It. passibile. See Passion. | Susceptible of feeling or of impressions from ex- ternal agents. Apollinarius held even Deity to be paseible. Hooker. PAS/SI-BLE-NESS. The same as PassiBiLity. PAS'SIM, [L.] Here and there; every where. PASS/ING, ppr. or a. Moving; proceeding ; going by. 2, a. Exceeding ; surpassing ; eminent. Fair-faz. 3. Adverbially used to enforce or enhance the meaning of another word ; exceedingly; as, passing fair ; passing strange. PASS/ING, n. The act of passing or going past. PASS/ING-BELL, n. The bell that rings at the hou, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,—METE, PREY. —PINB, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PAS of death to obtain prayers for the passing soul. Itis also used for the bell that rings immediately after death. Swift. PASS/ING-LY, adv. Exceedingly. [Obs.] Wiclif. PASS’/ING-NOTE, n. In music, a note introduced be- tween two others for the purpose of softening a dis- tance or melodizing a passage. usby. PAS'SION, (pash’un,) n. [L. passio, from patior, to suffer. ] 1. The impression or effect of an external agent upon a body ; that which is suffered or received. A body at rest affords us no idea of any active power to move, and when set in motion, it is rather a passion than an action in it. cke. Susceptibility of impressions from external agents. 9 ae The differences of moldable and not moldable, &c., and many other passions of matter, are plebeian notions. [Litle used.]} Bacon, 3. Sutfering ; emphatically, the last suffering of the Savior. To whom also he showed himself alive after his passion, by many infallible proofs, — Acts i. 4. The feeling of the mind, or the sensible effect of impression ; excitement, perturbation, or agitation of mind, as desire, fear, hope, joy, grief, love, hatred. The eloquence of the orator is employed to move the passions. 3. Violent agitation or excitement of mind, partic- ularly such as is occasioned by an offense, injury, or insult; hence, violent anger. Watts. 6. Zeal ; ardor; vehement desire. When statesmen are ruled by faction and interest, they can have no passion for the glory of their country. Addison. 7. Love. He owned his passion for Amestris, Rowe. 8. Eager desire; as, a violent passion for fine clothes. Swift. PAS/SION, (pash’'un,)v.z% To be extremely agitated. (Not used. Shak. PAS/SION-FLOW-ER, n. A flower and plant of the genus Passiflora. This genus was so named from being supposed to represent, in the appendages of its flower, the passion of our Savior. Loudon. PAS’/SION-WEEK, nz. The week immediately pre- ceding the festival of Easter; so called because in that week our Savior’s passion and death took place. PAS/SION-A-RY, 2. A book in which are described the sufferings of saints and martyrs. Warton. PAS’SION-ATE, a. [It. passionato; Fr. passionné.] 1. Easily moved to anger; easily excited or agi- tated by injury or insult; applied to persons. Prior. Highly excited; vehement; warm; applied to things; as, passionate affection ; passionate desire ; passionate concern. 3. Expressing strong emotion; animated ; as, pas- sionate eloquence. PAS/SION-ATE, v.t. To affect with passion ; to ex- press passionately. [JVot used.] Spenser. Shak. PAS/SION-ATE-LY, adv. With passion ; with strong feeling; ardently; vehemently; as, to covet any thing passionately ; to be passionately fond. 2. Angrily; with vehement resentment; as, to speak passionately. PAS/SION-ATE-NESS, z. passion or anger. Homer's Achilles is haughty and passionate, 9 me State of being subject to 2, Vehemence of mind. Boyle. PAS/SION-ED, (pash’und,) a. Disordered ; violently affected. Spenser. 2. Expressing passion. Spenser. PAS/SION-LESS, a. Not easily excited to anger ; of a calm temper. Shelton. 2. Void of passion. PAS/SIVE, a. [It. passivo; Sp. pasivo; Fr. passif; L. passivus, from passus, patior, to suffer. 1. Suffering ; not acting ; not receiving or capable of receiving impressions from external agents. We were passive spectators, not actors in the scene. The mind is wholly passive in the reception of all its simple ideas. God is not in any respect passive. Bradwardine. 2. Unresisting ; not opposing; receiving or suffer- ing without resistance ; as, passive obedience; pas- sive submission to the laws. Passive verb, in grammar, is a verb which expresses passion, or the effect of an action of some agent; as, in L. doceor, I am taught; in English, sheis loved and admired by her friends ; he its assailed by slander. Passive obedience, as used by writers on govern- ment, denotes not only quiet, unresisting submission to power, but implies the denial of the right of re- sistance, or the recognition of the duty to submit, in all cases, to the existing government. Passive prayer, among mystic diwines, is a sus- pension of the activity of the soul or intellectual faculties, the soul remaining quiet and yielding only to the impulses of grace. Encye. Passive commerce ; trade in which the productions of a country are carried by foreigners in their own bottoms. [See Active Commerce. ] PAS/SIVE-LY, adv. With a passive nature or tem- PAS per ; with a temper disposed to submit to the acts of external agents, without resistance, ryden. 2. Without agency. Pearson. 3. After the form of the passive verb. Lilly. PAS/SIVE-NESS, x Quality of receiving impres- sions from external agents or causes; as, the pas- siveness of matter. 2. Passibility ; capacity of suffering. We shall lose our passiveness with our being. Decay of Piety. 3. Patience; calmness; unresisting submission. Feil. PAS-SIV'I-TY, n. Passiveness, which see. [Little used, Cheyne. 2. The tendency of a body to persevere in a given state, either of motion or rest, till disturbed by an- other body. ood. PASS/-KEY, (-ké,) n. A key for opening many locks. PASS/LESS, a. Having no pass or passage. Cowley. PASS/O-VER, n. [pass and over.] a TOM Sax. pecan, to deceive. [ Colloguial J . as eran : A Le SACE/A-BLE-NESS, n. ing ‘ Arch; cunning. (Local.] Grose. | PAY, n. Compensation ; recompense ; an equivalent PEACE/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being pence: able; quietness. 2. Disposition to peace. Hammond. Without war; without tumult or commotion ; without private feuds and quarrels. 2. Without disturbance ; quietly ; without avita- is American revolution never received full pay. ; : : : hor; Mt. pegno ; Sp. empeno; L. pignus. The sense 2. Compensation ; reward. Pease DOU Pa On alr si re may be that which is laid down or deposited. Here only merit/constat say receives Dy EACE'-BREAK-ER, n. One that violates or disturbs i 1. Something given or deposited as security for the an nS aegis ae public peace. Quiét ; undisturbed ; not in a state of war or commotion ; as, a peaceful time ; a peaceful country. 2, Pacific; mild; calm; as, peaceful words; a peaceful temper. 3. Removed from noise or tumult; still; undis- turhed ; as, the peaceful cottage; the peaccful scenes of rural life. PEACE/FUL-LY, adv. Without war or commotion. Es FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY, — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — : Ls SS —— = 816 oe iPEA PEB PEC 2. Quietly ; without disturbance. Our loved earth, where peacefully we slept. _ 3. Mildly; gently. PEACE/FUL-NESS, x. Quiet; freedom from war, tumult, distarbance, or discord. 2. Freedom from mental perturbation ; as, peaceful- ness of mind. PEACE’LESS, a. Without peace; disturbed. Sandys. PEACE/MAK-ER, x. One who makes peace by rec- onciling parties that are at variance. Blessed are the peacemakers, for they shall be called the children of God. — Matt. v PEACE/-OF-FER-ING, n. Among the Jews, a volun- tary offering to God, in thankfulness for his benefits, or to ask favors from him, or merely to satisfy the desires of a devout mind and give honor to God. Leviticus. 2. In common usage, satisfaction offered to an of- fended person, especially to a superior. PEACE/-OF-FI-CER, n. A civil officer whose duty is to preserve the public peace, to prevent or punish riots, &c.; as a sheriff, or constable. PEACE/-PART-ED, a. Dismissed from the world in peace. Shak. PEACE/-PAR-TY, x. A party that favors peace, or the Making of peace. Mitford. PEACH, x. ([Fr. péche; It. pesca; Arm. pechesen.] A tree and its fruit, of the genus Persica or Amyg- dalus, of many varieties. This is a delicious fruit, the produce of warm or temperate climates. In America, the peach thrives and comes to perfection in the neighborhood of Boston, northward of which it usually fails. PEACH, for Iueracn, is not used. PEACH/-€OL-OR, (peech/kul-lur,) x. color of the peach blossom. Dryden, Dryden. The pale-red PEACH'-C€OL-OR-ED, (peech/kul-lurd,) a. Of the color of a peach blossom. Shak. PEACH/ER, xn. An accuser. [Wot used.] For. PEA/CHICK, x. The chicken or young of the pea- cock. Southern. PEACH’-TREE,x. Thetree that produces the peach. PEA/ECOCK, xn. [Pea, in this word, is from L. pavo. Sax. pawa; Fr. paon, contracted from pavonis ; It. pavone; Sp. pavon; D. paauw; G. pfau; W. pawan, from paw, spreading, extending. | A large and beautiful gallinaceous fowl of the genus Pavo, properly the male of the species, but in usage the name is applied to the species in general. The feathers of this fowl’s tai] are very long, and variegated with rich and elegant colors. The pea- cock is a native of India. PEA’€OCK-FISH, x. A beautiful fish of the Mediter- ranean, Labrus Pavo of Linneus. PEA/HEN, n. [Gr. pfauhenne or pfauen; D. paauwin.] The hen or female of the peacock. PEA’-JACK-ET, x. A thick woolen jacket worn by seamen, &c, PEAK, (peek,) n. [Sax. peac; W. pig; Ir. peac; Eng. pike, beak ; Fr. pique; It. becco; Sp. pico. ‘These are of one family, signifying a point, from shooting or thrusting. ] 1. The top of a hill or mountain, ending in a point ; as, the peak of Teneriffe. 2. A point; the end of any thing that terminates in a point. 3. The upper, outer corner ofa sail which is ex- tended by a gaff or yard ; also, the extremity of the yard or gaff. Mar. Dict. PEAK, v.i. To look sickly or thin. [Vot used.] Shak. 2. To make a mean figure ; tosneak. [.Vot used.] Shak. PEAK, v.t. To raise a gaff or yard more obliquely to the mast. Mar. Dict. PEAK’ED, (pé/ked or peekt,) a. Pointed ; ending in a point. PEAK/ING, a. Mean; sneaking; poor. [Vulgar.] PEAK/ISH, a. Denoted or belonging to an acuminated situation. Drayton, 2. Having features thatseem thin or sharp, as from sickness. [ Colloquial.] mart. PEAL, (peel,) x. [from L. pello, whence appello, to appeal. The sense is, to drive ; a peal is a driving of sound. This word seems to belong to the family of L. ba’o, and Eng. to bavl, jubilee, bell, &c.] A loud sound, usually a succession of loud sounds, as of bells, thunder, cannon, shouts of a multitude, &c. Bacon. Milton. Addison. PEAL, v.i. To utter loud and solemn sounds; as the pealing organ. Milton. To assail with noise. Nor was his ear less pealed. 9. To cause to ring or sound ; to celebrate. The warrior’s name Though pealed and chimed on all the tongues of fame. J. Barlow, 3. To stir or agitate. [JVot used. ] Ainsworth. PEAL/ED, pp. Assailed with sound; resounded ; celebrated. PEAL/ING, ppr. ora. Uttering a loud sound or suc- cessive sounds ; resounding. PEAL, ». t. Milton. PE/AN-ISM, ». The song or shouts of praise or of battle; shouts of triumph. Mitford. PEA’NUT,». The Arachis Hypogea, or ground nut, sometimes called Prnpar. PEA/-ORE, 7. An argillaceous oxyd of iron, occur- Ting in round grains of the size of a pea. Humble. PEAR, (pare,) n. [Sax. pera; Sp. Port. and It. pera; D. peer; G. birn; Sw. paron; Dan. pere; Arm. peren; W. per; L. pyrum. | The well-known fruit of the Pyrus communis, of many varieties, some of which are delicious to the taste. PEARCH (perch.) See Percu. PEARL, (perl,) nr. ([Fr. perle; It. and Sp. perla; Ir. pearla; Sax. pearl; Sw. pdrla; D. paarl; G. perle; W. perlyn. This may be radically the same word as beryl, and so named from its clearness. | 1. A white, hard, smooth, shining body, usually roundish, found in certain testaceous fish of the oyster kind. It is found in the Persian seas, on the coast of Ceylon, and in many parts of the ocean which washes the shores of Arabia and the continent and isles of Asia, and is taken by divers. Pearls are of different sizes and colors; the larger ones approach to the figure of a pear; some have been found more than an inchin length. They are valued according to their size, their roundness, and their Juster or pu- rity, which appears in a bright, translucent, silvery whiteness. McCulloch. P. Cyc. 2. Poetically, something round and clear, as a drop of water or dew. Drayton. 3. A white speck or film growing on the eye. Ainsworth, PEARL, (perl,) v. t. To set or adorn with pearls. PEARL, (perl,) v. 2% To resemble pearls. Spenser. PEARL-A’/CEOUS, a. Resembling mother-of-pearl. PEARL/ASH, (perl/ash,) nm. A somewhat impure car- bonate of potassa, obtained by calcining potashes up- on a reverberatory hearth. Ure. PEARL!-DIV-ER, n. One who dives for pearls. Carlisle. PEARL/ED, (perld,) a. Set or adorned with pearls. Milton. PEARL/-EY-ED, (perl'ide,) a. Having a speck in the Johnson. eye. PEARL/-OYS-TER, 2. pearls. PEARL/-SIN-TER, n. Fiorite ; a variety of silicious sinter, the color gray and white. Ure. PEARL/-SPAR, (perl/spar,) rn. Brown spar. PEARL/-STONE, nz. A variety of obsidian, of a blu- ish or grayish color, and pearly luster. Dana. PEARL-STUD-DED, a. Studded with pearls. Scott. PEARL/-WHITE, z. A white powder precipitated from the nitrate of bismuth by a solution of sea-salt. Ure. PEARL/-WORT, )z. An annual plant of the genus PEARL/-GRASS, § Sagina. Loudon. Fam. of Plants. PEARL/Y, (perl/e,) a. Containing pearls ; abounding with pearls ; as, pearly shells ; a pearly shore. 2. Resembling pearls; clear; pure; transparent ; as, the pearly flood ; pearly dew. Drayton. Dryden. PEAR/MAIN, n. A variety of the apple. PEAR/-TREE, x. The tree that produces pears. PEAS/ANT, (pez/ant,) n. [Fr. paysan; Sp. and Port. paisano ; from the name of country ; Fr. pais, or pays, Sp. and Port. pais, It. paese; W. peus, a place of rest, a country, from pau, coinciding with Gr. ravw, to rest. | A countryman ; one whose business is rura! labor. PEAS/ANT, (pez/ant,) a. Rustic; rural. Spenser. PEAS/ANT-LIKE, ) a. Rude; clownish; illiterate ; PEAS/ANT-LY, resembling peasants. Milton. PEAS/ANT-RY, (pez/ant-ry,) m. Peasants; rustics ; the body of country people. Locke. 2. Rusticity. [JVot wsed.] Butler. PEAS!/-€0OD, n. The legume or pericarp of the pea. PEA/-SHELL, Walton. Gay. PEA/-STONE, x. Pisolite, which see. PEASE, (peez,) n. pl. Peas collectively, or used as food. [See Pra.] Arbuthnot. PEAT, 7. ([G. pftilze, a bog.] A substance of vegetable origin, always found more or Jess saturated with water. It consists of roots and fibers in every stage of decomposition, from the natural wood to the completely black vegetable mold. When dried, it forms a valuable The oyster which yields kind of fuel. PiGyes PEAT, 7x. [Fr. petit.] A small, delicate person. Halliwell. PEAT’-MOSS, n. [peat and moss.] The sameas Prat, which see. 2, A fen producing peat. PEAT’Y, a. Composed of peat ; resembling peat. Brande. PEB/BLE, ) PEB/BLE-STONE, § : 1. In popular usage, a roundish stone, of any kind, from the size of a nut to that of a man’s head. 9, Among opticians, transparent and colorless rock- crystal. Brande. PEB/BLE-ERYS/TAL, xn. A crystal in form of nod- n. [Sax. pabob, papolstana.] PEB/BLED, a. PEB/BLY, a. PE-CAN!, 22. PE-€X'NA, PEE/A-RY, n. PE€E-CA-BIL/LTY, 2. PE€’€A-BLE, a. PE€-€A-DIL’LO, n. PE€/EAN-CY, 7. PEC’CANT, a. PEC’CANT, n. PEC'CANT-LY, adv. PEC€/EA-RY, n. PECK, x. PECK, v.t. PECK/ED, {pekt,) pp. PECK’ER, n. One that pecks ; a bird that pecks holes PECK/ING, ppr. PECK’LED, for SrecK.ep, is not used. PEE/TATE, 2. Abounding with pebbles. Thomson. : Full of pebbles; abounding with small, roundish stones. —— ee A species of hickory, Carya olivifor- mis, and its fruit, growing in North |! America. ‘he nuts are oblong, very smooth, an inch or an inch and a half long, with thin shells, | and form a small article of trade in the southern | part of the vaHey of the Mississippi. Pe Cie, \| See Peccary. 1 {from peccable.] State of be- || ing subject to sin ; capacity of sinning. || Decay of Piety. || {from L. pecco, Ir. peachadh, W. pec, | pecawd, sin; pecu, tosin; Fr. pecher; It. peccare; Sp. pecar | Liable to sin ; subject to transgress the divine law. || Priestley. | [Sp., dim. from pecado, L. pecca- || tum; Fr. peccadille. See Peccasve.} j 1. A slight trespass or offense ; a petty crime or | fault. Dryden. 2. A sort of stiff ruff. B. Taylor. [from peccant.] Bad quality; as, | the peccancy of the humors. Wiseman. 2. Offense. Mountarit. [L. peccans; Fr. peccant. See Pecca- BLE, 1. Sinning; guilty of sin or transgression ; crim- inal; as, peccant angels. Milton. 2. Morbid; bad, corrupt; not healthy; as, peccant || humors. Arbuthnot. 3. Wrong ; bad ; defective ; informal ; as, a peccant | citation. [JVot used. } Ayliffe. An offender. [Not used.] Whitlock. Sinfully ; transgressingly. | The popular name of a pachyderma- | tous mammal, belonging to the genus Dicotyles. It | is nearly related to the hog. There are two species, | the one inhabiting the eastern side of South Ameri- | ca, and the other Paraguay. There is an opening on tbe back, from which is extracted a fetid humor se- creted within. PE€-CaA/VI, [L., [ have offended.] A colloquial word used to express confession or acknowledgment of an ofiense. ubrey. A PECH’/BLEND#, 7. [G. pech, pitch, and blende, blend.] Pitchblende, which see. [Arm. peck, a fourth; Fr. picotin.} 1. The fourth part of a bushel; a dry measure of eight quarts; as, a peck of wheat or oats. 2. In low lancuage, a great deal ; as, to be in a pec of troubles. Qu. pack. [It. beccare; Sp. picar ; Fr. becqueter ; D. piken; G. pucken; Dan. pikker. This verb is connect- ed with the nouns beak and pike. ] 1. To strike with the beak ; to thrust the beak in- to; as, a bird that pecks a hole in a tree. 2. To strike with a pointed instrument, or to delve or dig with any thing pointed, as with a pick-ax. Carew. 3. To pick up food with the beak. Driden. 4. To strike with small and repeated blows; to strike in a manner to make small impressions. In this sense, the verb is generally intransitive. We say, to peck at. South. This verb and Pick are radically the same. ] Struck or penetrated with a beak or pointed instrument. | in trees ; a woodpecker. Dryden. Striking with the bill ; thrusting the beak into ; thrusting into with a pointed instrument; taking up food witb the beak. Walton. A compound of pectic acid with a base. PE€’TEN, n. [L.] A vascular membrane on the eyes of birds. 2. A genus of bivalves; the clam. Brande. PEE/TIC ACID, xn. [Gr. muxrts, coagulum. } The acid of many species of vegetables, so called from its tendency toform a jelly. It may be obtained by the action of an alkali on pectin. Ure. PEC’TIN, n. [Gr. TNKTOS.] : The gelatinizing principle of certain vegetables, as apples. PEG’TIN-AL, a. [L. pecten, a comb ; pecto, to comb, Gr. wexrew, from mex.) Pertaining to a comb; resembling a comb. PE€’TIN-AL, ». A fish whose bones resemble the teeth of a comb. Brown. 7 Trnt mh BE IN SeAGD a. [from L. pecten, a comb.] Having resemblance to the teeth of a comb. In botany, a pectinate leaf is a sort of pinnate leaf, in which the leaflets are toothed like a comb. Martyn. A mineral is pectinated, when it presents short fila- ments, crystals, or branches, nearly parallel and equi- distant. Phillips. PE€/TIN-ATE-LY, adv. Ina pectinate manner. = x 5 : es : one TE_TTN-A! TION The state of being pectinated. PE/AN, x. [L. pean; Gr. ratay. ules, found in earthy stratums, and irregular in | PE€-TIN-A/TION, n. a eine M A song cf erica or triumph. shape. : Woodward. 2. A combing; the combing of the head. Cyc. | TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ os Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. | S07 Poe coal Sat eek ue eS Loe ~ . eed =e et c ~ - eae yepie ar wal edo PED PED PEO-TIN-I-BRANE€H'I-ATE, a. [L. pecten and branch- | 1é, n malacology, having pectinated gills. PEC’ TIN-ITE, x. PE€/TO-RAL, a. [L. pecto Pertaining to the breast pectoral medicines. [L. pecten, a comb. ] A fossil Pecten or scallop. [ Obs.]} Kirwan. ralis, from pectus, breast.] 3 as, the pectoral muscles ; Milton. The pectoral fins, or pectorals, of a fish, are situated on the sides of the fish, behind the gills. PE€/TO-RAL, x. A breast plate. Encyc. Johnson. 2. A sacerdotal habit or vestinent worn by the Jew- ish high priest, called, in BREASTPLATE. 3. A medicine adapted to cure or relieve complaints of the breast and lungs. 4. In ichthyology, a pectoral fin. PE€-TO-RI-LO/QULAL, a. nature of pectoriloquy. PE€-TO-RIL/0-QUY, n. | loguor, to speak ; a speakir In medicine, when a patient’s voice, distinctly ar- ticulated, seems to proce chest on which the ear o there is said to be pectoriloguy. An exalted degree of | the sound heard by plac trachea when a person speaks. [L.] PE€-TUN€/U-LUS, xn. valves, having the hinge numerous narrow teeth. PE€/U-LATE, v. 7. I. To defraud the publ trusted to one’s care, by appropriating the property to one’s own use; to defraud by embezzlement. 2. Among civilians, to steal. 1 PE€/U-LA-TING, ppr. Defrauding the public of money or goods. PE€-U-LA/TION, n. The defrauding the public by appropriating to one’s own use the money or goods intrusted to one’s care for management or disbursement ; embezzlement of pub- lic money or gouds. PE€’U-LA-TOR,». [L.] lic by appropriating to his to his care. PE-€UL/IAR, (pe-kil’yar,) culiwm, one’s own property 1. Appropriate ; belongi only. Almost Most men haye manners 2. Singular; particular. peculiar in his deportment. 3. Particular; special. My fate is Juno’s most pe [Most can not, in strict peculiar, but it is used to gi 4. Belonging to a natior and not to others. PE-CUL/IAR, 1. Exclusive longs to a person in exclus 2. In the Enclish canon 1 church which has the prot exempt from the jurisdictic op’s court. Court of peculiars, in En court of arches. in the from the ordinary jurisdic metropolitan only. PE-CUL-IAR/LTY, (pe-k ul-yar'e-te,) mn. peculiar to a person or thin or is found in, one person as, a peculiarity of style or culiarity in dress. PE-€UL/IAR-IZ erate be culiar. PE-€G6 L'IAR-IZ-ED, pp. cullar, PR-COL/IA R-1Z-ING, ppr. To PE-CUL/IAR-LY, adv. Particularly ; singly. 2. In a manner not common to others. PE-CUL/IAR-NESS, n. Th appropriation. [Little used PE-€U’/LI-UM, n. [l.] In erty whicha slave night the contro! of bis master. PE-CUN’IA-RI-LY, adv. CE-CON'IA-RY, (pe-ki n/ya-re,) a. It. pecuniale; LL. from pecus, cattle. } 1. Relating to money ; losses, 2. Consisting of money ; as, a pecuniary mulct or [L. peculatus, peculor, from pecu- lium, private property, from pecus, cattle. } every writer In a pecuniary manner. pecuniarius, from pecunia, money, | P our version of the Bible, a Encie. Pertaining to or of the [L. pectus, the breast, and ig from the breast. ] ed from the point of the r a stethoscope is placed, Collin. ronchophony, resembling ing a stethoscope on the Fall. A genus of marine bi- of the shell arched, with Mantell. ic Of Money or goods in- Encic. act, practice, or crime of One that defrauds the pub- oWn use money intrusted a. [L. peculiaris, from pe- ', from pecus, cattle.] ng to a person, and to him I has a peculiar style. peculiar to themselves. The man has something PE-DAT’I-FID, a. culiar care, Dryden. propriety, be prefixed to ve einphasis to the word.] 1, System, or other thing, property ; that which be- ion of others. Milton, ai, a particular parish or vate of wills within itself, ma Of the ordinary or bish- Encie. gland, is a branch of the [t has jurisdiction over all the par- | ishes dispersed through the province of Canterbury, midst of other diuceses, ‘tion, and subject to the Blackstone. Something £5; that which belongs to, or thing, and in no other ; manner of thinking ; pe- appropriate ; to make pe- Smith. Appropriated ; made pe- Making peculiar. Woodward. Drayton. e State of being peculiar ; -] JWede. the Roman law, the prop- acquire independently of Brande, West. Rev. iB [Fr. pecuniaire ; as, pecuniary affairs or P PED/A-GOG-ISM, n. PED/A-GOGUB, (ped/a-gog,) n. Pis/DAL, a. PED/AL, n. PED/AL-NOTE, n. PE-DA/NE-OUS, a. PED/ANT, n. PE-DANT'TI€, ? a. PE-DANT’I€-AL, § PED/ANT-IZE, »v. i. PED/ANT-RY, a. PE-DA/RI-AN, n. PED/DLE, ». t. PED/DLER, n. Which are exempt | PED/DLER-ESS, n. PED’/DLER-Y, n. PED'DLING, ppr. PED/E-RAST, n. PED-E-RAST‘I€, a. j PED/E-RAST-Y, n, Sodomy; the crime against na- PED-E-RE/RO, n. PED/ES-TAL, 7. PEE PED-A-GOG‘IE, ta [from pedagogue.] Suiting PED-A-GOG/I€-AL, or belonging to a teacher of children, or to a pedagogue, The business, character, or man- ners of a pedagogue, (Gr. matdaywyos; mais, a child, and uyw, to lead. 1, A teacher of children 3 one whose occupation is to instruct young children ; a schoolmaster. 2. A pedant. PED'A-GOGUE, v. t. To teach with the air of a ped- agogue ; to Instruct superciliously. rior. PED/A-GO-GY, n. Instruction in the first rudiments ; preparatory discipline. South. [L. pedalis, from pes, pedis, foot. } Pertaining toa foot. A contrivance attached to the harp, or- gan, piano-forte, &c., acted upon by the foot, (whence the name,) and designed to modify the tone or swell of the instrument. 2. A fixed or stationary base, Busby. In music, a holding-note. Busby. [L. pedaneus, from pes, the foot. ] Going on foot ; walking. ict. [Fr. pedant; It. Sp. and Port. pedante. See Pepacocue.] 1. A schoolmaster. Shak, 2. A person who makes a vain display of his Jearning. Addison. learning ; vainly displaying or making a show of knowledge; applied to persons or things; as, a pedantic writer or scholar ; a pedantic description or expression. Ostentatious of PE-DANT’I€-AL-LY, adv. With a vain or boastful display of learning, To play the pedant; to domi- neer over lads ; to use pedantic expressions. [Fr. pedante rie. | Cotrrave. Vain ostentation of learning ; a boastful display of knowledge of any kind. Horace has enticed me into this pedantry of quotation. Cowley. Pedantry is the unseasonable ostentation of learning. Rambler. One of the pedarii in the Roman senate, who were not really senators, but only enti- tled to a seat by the office which they held, and who, not being authorized to vote, expressed their prefe- rence by walking over to the party they wished to join. Smiti’s Dict. PED/ATE, a. [L. pedatus, from pes, the foot.] In botany, when the footstalk of a leaf is divided at the top, with a leaflet in the fork, and several leaflets on each division, it is said to be pedate. [L. pes, foot, and findo, to divide.] A pedatifid leaf, in botany, is one whose parts are not entirely separate, but divided in a pedate man- Martyn. ner. PED’DLE, v. 7%. [Perhaps from the root of petty, W. piw, Fr. petit, small.] 1. To be busy about trifles, 2. To travel about the country and retail goods, He peddles for a living. To sell or retail, usually by traveling about the country. [from peddle, to sell by traveling ; or from L. pes, pedis, the foot. } A traveling foot-trader; one that carries about small commodities on his back, orin a cart or wagon, and sells them. Spenser. Swift. A female peddler. Overbury. Small wares sold or carried about for sale by peddlers. Traveling about and selling small 2. a. Trifling; unimportant. wares. (Gr. wadepacres, from mats, a boy, and epws, love.] A sodomite, Encye. Pertaining to pederasty. —~ ture. (Sp. pedrero, from piedra, a stone, L. petra, Gr. zer9”¢ ; So named from the use of stones in the charge, before the invention of iron balls.) A swivel gun; sometimes written paterero. [Sp. pedestal; It. piedestallo; Fr. piedestal ; L. pes, the foot, and Teut. stall; G. stellen, to set. ] In architecture, the lowest part of a coJumn or pil- lar; the part which sustains a column or serves as its foot. It consists of three parts, the base, the die, and the cornice. Addison. Guwilt. E-DES/TRI-AL, a. [L. pedestris.] Pertaining to the foot. Moseley. E-DES’TRI-AN, a. [L. pedestras, from pes, the foot. ] Going on foot; walking ; performed on foot ; as, a pedestrian journey. DES ERAN; m. One that walks or journeys on oot, PE-DES/T RI-AN-IZE, vw. 7. To practice walking. PE-DES/TRI-OUS, a. Going on foot; not winged. Brown. PED/I-CEL : PED/L€LE, n. [IL pediculus, from pes, the foot. ] 1. In botany, the ultimate division of a common peduncle; the stalk that supports one flower only, when there are several on a peduncle. Any short and small footstalk, although it does not stand upon another footstalk, is likewise called a pedicel. Martyn. 2. In zoélogy, a footstalk or stem by which certain animals of the lower orders are attached. Dana. PED/I-CEL-LATE, a. Having a pedicel, or supported by a pedicel. PE-DI€/U-LAR, ) a. I [L. pedicularis, from pediculus, PE-DI€/U-LOUS, § a louse. penalty. Bacon. 2. One that walks for a wager- a remarkable PE-€U/NI-OUS, a. Full of money, [Vot used.] walker. ae Sherwood, PE-DES’/TRI-AN-ISM, n. A walking ; usually for RED 7, [for Pap.] A small pack-saddle. Tusser, Wager. ; ee 2. A basket; a hamper. Spenser. I es el “ATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — MBB, PREY. — PINE, a SUs 2. The practice of walking. Se ————- Lousy ; having the lousy ateee PE-DIG’/ER-OUS, a. [L. pes and gero.] Having feet. PED/I-GREE, n. [Probably from L. pes, pedis, foot, like D. stam, G. stamm, stein, stock, degree. ] 1. Lineage ; line of ancestors from which a person or tribe descends ; genealogy. Alterations of surnames — have obscured the truth of our pedi- ETCES. Camden. 2. An account or register of a line of ancestors. The Jews preserved the pedigrees of their several tribes. Alterbury. PED'I-LU-VY,n. [L. pes, foot, and lavo, to wash.] The bathing of the feet ; a bath for the feet. PED'I-MENT, x. [from L. pes, the foot. ] In architecture, an ornament that finishes the fronts of buildings, and serves as a decoration over gates, windows, and niches. It is of two forms, triangular and circular. A pediment is properly the representa- tion of the roof. Encyc. Brande. PED/I-PALP, n. [L. pes and palpo. | One of an order of Arachnidans or spiders, whose feclers are extended before the head, armed witha forceps. PED-I-PALP/OUS, a. Pertaining to the pedipalps. PED'I-REME, n. [L. pes, a foot, and remus, an oar.] A crustaceous animal, whose feet serve the purpose of oars. PED/LER. See Peppuer. PE-DO-BAP/TISM, n. [Gr. rats, wacdus, a child, and Paxricna, baptism. ] The baptism of infants or of children. PE-DO-BAP’TIST, x. One that holds to infant bap- tism; one that practices the baptism of children. Most denominations of Christians are pedobaptists. PE-DOM’E-TER, n. [L. pes, the foot, and Gr. perpor, measure. } An instrument by which paces are numbered as a person walks, and the distance from place to place ascertained. It also marks the revolutions of wheels. This is done by means of wheels with teeth, and a chain or string fastened to the foot or to the wheel of a carriage ; the wheels advancing a notch at every step, or at every revolution of the carriage wheel. Hebert. PED-O-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to, or measured by, a pedometer. PE-DUN’€LE, (pe-dunk’l,) n. [L. pes, the foot. ] 1. In botany, the stem or stalk that supports the fructification of a plant, i. e., the flower and the fruit. ; Martyn. 2. In conchology, a sort of stem, by which certain shells are attached to wood or other objects. = Humble. PE-DUN€/U-LAR, a. Pertaining toa peduncle ; grow- ing from a peduncle; as,.a peduncular tendril. Martyn. PE-DUN€'U-LATE, /a. Having a peduncle ; grow- PE-DUN€’lU-LA-TED, § ing on a peduncle; as, a pedunoulate flower. PEE, v.% To look with one eye. [Not used.] Ray PEED, a. Blind of one eye. [Vot used. ] Ray. PEEK, in our popular dialect, is the same as Peep, to Jook through a crevice. PEEL, v.t. [Fr. peler, piller ; Sp. pelar, pillar; Port. pelar, pilhar; It. pigliare; LL. pio, to pull off hair and to pillage; Arm. pilka; W. piliaw, to take off the surface or rind. The first verb peler, pelar, seems to be formed from L. pilus, the hair. The Eng. peel is therefore from the other verb. See Prut. Class Bl, No, 32, 44, 51.] 1. To strip off skin, bark, or rind, without a cut- ting instrument; to strip by drawing or tearing off the skin ; to bark; to flay ; to decorticate. Whena knife is used, we call it paring. Thus we say, to peel a tree, to peel an orange ; but we say, to pare an apple, to pare Jand. 2. In a general sense, to remove the skin, bark, or rind, even with an instrument. 3. To strip; to plunder; to pillage; as, to peel a Milton. Dryden. To lose tho skin, bark, or rind. Smart. PEEL, x. [L. pellis, Fr. peau, G. fell, D. vel, skin; from peeling. ] The skin or rind of any thing; as, the peel of an orange. province or conquered people. PEEL, »w. 7. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PEG PEL PEN PEEL, n. [Fr. probably pelle ; ing.] A kind of wooden broad palm and long handle ; hence, in popular use in America, any large fire-shovel. Stripped of skin, bark, or rind ; PEEL/ED, pp. or a. plundered ; pillaged. PEEL/ER, 7. A plunderer ; a pillager. 9 PEEL/ING, ppr. ing. PEEP, v. i. Strip pipper ; Li. pipio. shoot, to thrust out sprout, to bud. closely, or slily. A fool will peep in at the door, Thou art a maid, and must not peep, 3. T'o cry, as chickens ; to utter a fine, shrill sound, as through a crevice; out reason, as it is the same word as is here defined, and, in America, is usually pronounced peep. First appearance ; as, the peep of day. 2. A sly look, or a look through a crevice. Swift. 3, The cry of a chicken. A chicken just breaking the shell. EEP, 7. FEEE'ER, n. 2. In familiar language, the eye. PEEP’-HOLE, Te PEEP/ING-HOLE, without being discovered. Looking through a crevice, 2. Crying, like a chicken [Fr. pair; L. par; It. part; Sp. par. PEEP/ING, ppr. PEER, z. Parr. 1. An equal; one of the same rank. A man may be familiar with his peers. 2. An equal in excellence or endowments. In song he neve 3. A companion ; a fellow ; an associate. He tll his peers in beauty did surpass. 4. A nobleman ; as of peers, so called because noblemen and barons were originally considered as the companions of the king, like L. comes, belonging to the five degrees of nobility are all peers. [L. pareo; Norm. perer. PEER, ?. i. 1. To come just in So honor peer eth in th See how his gorget peers above his gown. 9. To look narrowly; to peep; as, the peering day. Peering in mapa for ports, and piers, and roads. PEER/AGE, n. [See dignity of a peer or nobleman. 2. The body of peers. PEER/DOM, (peer/dum,) 2. The consort of a peer; a noble la PEER/ESS, n. PEER/LESS, a. Unequaled ; having no peer or equal ; as, peerless beauty or PEER/LESS-LY, adv. PEER/LESS-NESS, 2. PEE/VISH, a. It is probably a cont the root of pet, petula 1. Fretful; petulant; apt to mutter and complain ; easily vexed or fretted ; querulous; hard to please. She is peevish 2. Expressing discontent and fretfulness. To send such peevish tokens to a king. 3, Silly ; childish. PEE/VISH-LY, adv. content and murmuring. PEE’ VISH-NESS, z. sition to murmur; s peevishiness. When peevishnes PEG, n. ing boards or other office of a nail. pointed, we give the carpentry, are called his Travels in Russia, speaks of poles or beams, fastened into the gro rom thrusting, throwing, L. pello; Gr. BarrAw, like Eng. shovel, from shove; or from spread- One that peels, strips, or flays. [Ir. piobam, to pipe, to peep; D. piepen, to pipe, to chirp; G. pfeifen; Sw. pipa; Dan. piper, The primary sense is, to open or to This coincides with pipe, jife, &c., Heb, 23), to cry out, Abib, Kc.) 1. To begin to appear ; to make the first appear- ance; to issue or come forth from concealment, as through a narrow avenue. I can see his pride Peep through each part of him. When flowers first peeped. 2. To look through a crevice; to look narrowly, [In Scot. pew is to complain or mutter. [This is probably from the root of L. pango, pactus, Gr. ryvvpt; denoting that which fastens, or allied to beak and picket.] 1, A small, pointed piece of wood, used in fasten- The word is applied only to small pieces of wood pointed ; to the larger pieces, thus L. Sp. and It. pala; W. pal, shovel, used by bakers, with a ping off skin or bark ; plunder- or forth; Dan. pipper frem, to Shak. Dryden. Ecclus. Prior. usually written Pip, but with- Bramston. A hole or crevice through which one may peep or look See r had his peer. Dryden. Spenser. , a peer of the realm ; the house count. In England, persons See Aprepar, | sight; to appear; a poetic word. Shak. B. Jonson. e meanest habit. Milton. Shak. Perr, an equal.] The rank or Blackstone. , Dryden. Peerage. [Vot used dy. Pope. majesty. Ty den. Without an equal. The state of having no equal. racted word, and perhaps from nt. | , sullen, froward. Shak. I will not presume Shak. Shak. Fretfully ; petulantly ; with dis- Hayward, Fretfulness ; petulance; dispo- ourness of temper; as, childish Swift. s and spleen succeed. work of wood, &c, It does the name of pins, and pins, in ship tree-nails or trenails. Coxe, in 2. The pins of an instrument, on which the strings are strained. Shak. 3. A nickname for Margaret. To take a peg lower; to come down; to smk. Hudibras. PEG, v.t. To fasten with pegs. Evelyn. PEG/A-SUS, x. [L., from Gr. IInyacos.] In fabulous history, 2 winged horse. 2. In astronomy, one of the northern constellations. 3. In zodlogy, a genus of fishes with large pectoral fins, by means of which they take short flights or leaps through the air. PEG'/GED, pp. ora. Fastened or furnished :vith pegs. PEG/GER,7. One that fastens with pegs. Sherwood. PEG’GING, ppr. Securing with pegs. PEGM, (pém,) . [Gr. myypa.] A sort of moving machine in the old pageants. - Jonson. PEG/MA-TITE, n. A variety of granite, composed essentially of lamellar feldspar and quartz; frequent- ly with a mixture of mica. In it are found kaolin, tin, tourmalin, beryl, columbite, tungsten, and other valuable minerals. Fr. Dict. of Nat. Hist. PEI-RAM’E-TER, n. An instrument for measuring the amount of resistance to wheel carriages on roads of different. construction. Francis. PEY-RAS'TI€, a. (Gr. wetpastxos, from zeipaw, to strain, to attempé.] 1. Attempting; making trial. 2. Treating of or representing trials or attempts ; as, the peirastic dialogues of Plato. Enfield. PEISE. See Porse. PEK/AN, n. A carnivorous quadruped of the weasel family, Mustela Canadensis, found in Canada and the Northern United States ; also called the Frsuer. It grows to the length of from three to four feet. Encyc. Am. PEK/OE,n. A kind of black tea, said to be scented With a shrub called pekoe. PEL/AGE, n. [Fr., from L. pilus, hair.] The vesture or covering of wild beasts, consisting of hair, fur, or wool. Bacon. ir Sat) y BEG EM a. [L. pelagus, the sea.] Pertaining to the sea, or deep sea; as, pelagian shells. Journ. of Science. PE-LA/GLAN, n. [from Pelagius, a native of Great Britain, who lived in the fourth cenit A follower of Pelagius, a monk of Banchor or Bangor, who denied original sin, and asserted the doctrine of free will and the ment of good works. Bp. Hall. PE-LA/GLAN, a. Pertaining to Pelagius and his doc- trines. South. PBE-LA/GI-AN-ISM, n. The doctrines of Pelagius. South. PEL-AR-GO'NI-UM, zn. [Gr. redXapyos, a stork. ] A genus of ornamental plants allied to the gera- nium, and belonging to the same natural order. PEL/E-RINE, rn. A lady’s long cape, with ends com- ing down before. PELF,x. [Probably allied to pilifer.] Money ; riches ; but it often conveys the idea of something ill gotten or worthless. It has no plural. PEL/FRY or PEL’/FRAY ; formerly used for Peur. PEL/I-€AN, n. [Low L. pelecanus; Gr. meAexav ; Fr. pelican. | 1. A palmiped water fowl of the genus Pelecanus, It is larger than the swan, and remarkable for its enormous bill, to the lower edges of the under chop of which is attached a pouch or bag, capable of being distended so as to hold many quarts of water. In this bag the fow] deposits the fish it takes for food. P, Cyc. 9. A chemical glass vessel or alembic with a tubu- lated capital, from which two opposite and crooked beaks pass out and enter again at the belly of the cucurbit. It is designed for continued distillation and cohobation; the volatile parts of the substance distilling, rising into the capital, and returning through the beaks into the cucurbit. WVicholson. PE/LLOM,n. [Gr. teArwpa, black color A mineral, a variety of iolite. leaveland, PE-LISSEH/, (pe-lees’,) n. [Fr., from L, pellis, skin.] | Originally, a furred robe or coat. But the name is now given to a silk coat or habit worn by ladies. PELL, x. [L. pellis, It. pelle, a skin. ] 1. A skin or hide. 9, A roll of parchment. : q Clerk of the pells ; in England, an officer of the ex- chequer, who enters every tellers bill on the parch- ment rolJs, the roll of receipts, and the roll of dis- bursements. PEL/LET, 7x. ball; It. palla. ‘ 1. A little ball; as, a pellet of wax or lint. Fr. pelote; W. pellen, from L. pila, a Bacon. Wiseman 2. A bullet; a ball for fire-arms. [/Vot now used. | Bacon. Ray. PEL/LET-ED, a. Consisting of bullets, Shak, PEL/LI-€LE, (pel’le-kl,) x. [L. pellicula, dim. of pel- lis, skin. ] 1. A thin skin or film, ; harp. Encije. 9, Among chemists, a thin, saline crust formed on und with pegs. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN'GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH PEL/LL-TO-RY, x. PELL-MELU’, adv. PELLS, 7. pl. PEL-L.U/CID, a. the surface of a solution of salt evaporated to a cer- tain degree This pellicle consists of saline parti- cles crystallized. Nicholson. Brande. t [Sp. pelitre; corrupted perliaps from L. parietaria, the wall plant, from paries.] The name. of several plants of different genera sometimes used in medicine. The pellitory of the wall, or common pellitory, is of the genus Parietaria ; the bastard pellitory, of the genus Achillea; and the pellitory of Spain, is the Anthemis pyrethrum. Lee. Parr. With confused violence. Shak. Hudibras. Clerk of the pells. [See Pevr.] [L. pelluctdus ; per and lucidus, very bright. See Licut.] Perfectly clear; transparent; not opaque; as, a body as pellucid as crystal. Woodward. PEL-LU-CIDI-TY, )7. Perfect clearness; trans- PEL-LU/CID-NESS, parency; as, the pellucidity of the air; the pellucidness of agem. Locke, Keil. PEL-LU/CID-LY, adv. Transparently ; clearly. PE-LO/PI-UM, n. A metal recently discovered in Co- lumbite. Journ. of Science. PEL-O-PON-NE/SIAN, a. Pertaining to Peloponne- sus. PEL-O-PON-NE’SUS, n. [Gr. IeXorovyncos, island of Pelops.] A celebrated peninsula, comprehending the southern part of Greece ; now called Morea. PELT, x. [G. pelz; Sp. pelada; L. pellis. See Fev.) J. The skin of a beast with the hair on it; a raw hide. Brown. 2. The quarry of a hawk all torn. Ainsworth. ; 3. A blow or stroke from something thrown. [In- ra. PELT, v.¢. [Fr. peloter, from pelote, a ball; or con- tracted from pellet. In Sw. bulta is to beat. The word is from Fr. pelote, a little ball, or from L. pello, Gr. Benne 1. Properly, to strike with something thrown, driven, or falling; as, to pelt with stones; pelted with hail. The chiding billows seem to pelt the clouds. Shak, 2. To drive by throwing something. Atterbury. PELT!’-WOOL, n. Wool plucked from the pelts or skins of sheep after they are dead. ATTA’ s SE igeeDh a, [L. pelta, a target.] Fixed to the stalk by the center, or by some point distinctly within the margin. Martyn. PELT’ATE-LY, adv. Inapeltate manner. Laton. PELT’ED, pp. Struck with something thrown or driven. PELT’ER, 7. One that pelts; also,a pinchpenny ; a mean, sordid person. Huloet. PELT’ING, ppr. Striking with something thrown or driven. PELT/ING, n. An assault with any thing thrown. Shak. PELT/ING, a. In Shakspeare, mean; paltry. [im- proper. | : PELT’-MON//GER, (-mung’ger,) . A dealer in pelts or raw hides, : PELT/RY, x. [from pelt, a skin.] The skins of ani- mals producing fur; skins im general, with the fur on them; furs in general. Smollett. PEL/VI6, a. Pertaining to the pelvis. Lawrence. PEL-VIM/E-TER, x ([L. pelvis and Gr. perpov, measure, | An instrument to measure the dimensions of the female pelvis. Coxe. PEL’VIS, n. [lL pelvis, a basin.] The cavity of the body formed by the os sacrum, os coccygis, and ossa innominata, constituting the lower part of the abdomen. : : PEM/MI-€AN, 7. Meat cured, pulverized, and mixed with fat. It contains much nutriment in small com- pass, and is of great use in long voyages of explora- tion. PEN, 2. [L. penna; Sax. pinn: feather, a pen, and a top; W. pen, top, summit, head ; Ir. deann, beinn, written also ben. The Celtic nations called the peak of a mountain ben or pen. Hence, the name 4pennine, applied to the mountains of Italy. It may belong to the same root as L. pina, a fin, that is, a Shoot or point.) 1. An instrument used for writing, usually made of the quill of a goose or other bird ; but it may be of any other material, as of steel, goid, &c. D. pen; It. penna, a 2, A feather; a wing. [Vot used.] Spenser. PEN, v. t. 3 pret. and pp. PENNED, To write; to com- Addison. pose and commit to paper. PEN, 7. [Sax. pian, to press, or pyndan, to pound or shut up; both probably from one root. | A small inclosure for beasts, as for cows or sheep. PEN, v. t.; pret. and pp. PENNED OF Pent. To shut in a pen; to confine in a small inclosure ; to coop; to confine in a narrow place; usually followed by up, which is redundant. Boyle. Milton. PEN’-CUT-TER, n. One whose occupation 18 to make pens. . Pi/NAL, a. ([Fr. and Sp, td.; It. penale; from L. pena, Gr. row, pain, punishment. See Pain as SH; FH as in THIS, 102 809 aa ee) 7 a pa west es Cee. os ee oo esePEN 1. Enacting punishment ; denouncing the punish- ment of offenses; as, a penal law or statute; the pe- nal code. Penal statutes must be construed strictly. Blackstone. 2. Inflicting punishment. Adamantine chains and penal fire. Milton, 3. Incurring punishment ; subject to a penalty ; as, a penal act or offense. PE-NAL/I-TY, zn. Liableness or condemnation to punishment. [JVot used.} Brown. PE/NAL-LY, adv. In a penal manner. PEN/AL-TY, x. [It. penalitd; Sp. penalidad. NAL.} ae 1. The suffering.in person or property which is an- nexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime, offense, or trespass, as a punishment, A fine is a pecuniary penalty. ‘The usual penalties in- flicted on the person are whipping, cropping, brand- ing, imprisonment, hard labor, transportation, or death. See Pr- 2, The suffering to which a person subjects himself by covenant or agreement, in case of non-fulfill- ment of his stipulations ; the forfeiture or sum to be forfeited for non-payment, or for non-compliance with an agreement ; as, the penalty of a bond. PEN/ANCE, n. [Sp. penante, from penar, It. penare, to suffer pain. See Parn.] 1. The suffering, labor, or pain to which a person voluntarily subjects himself, or which is imposed on him by authority as a punishment for his faults, or as an expression of penitence ; such as fasting, flag- ellation, wearing chains, &c. Penance is one of the seven sacraments of the Roman Catholic church. Encyc. 2. Repentance. [ Obs.] Wiclif. PE-NA’TES, n, pl. [L.] The household gods of the ancient Italians. PENCE, (pense,) n. The plural of Penny, when used of a sum of money or value. When pieces of coin are mentioned, we use Pennirs. PEN-CHANTY’, (pan-shang’,) n. [Fr.) Inclination. PEN’CIL, n. [Ir. pinceau; Sp. pincel; L. penicillus.] J. A small brush used by painters for laying on col- ors. Hence, figuratively, the art of painting. The proper pencils are made of fine hair or bristles, as of camels, badgers, or squirrels, or of the down of swans, inclosed in a quill. The larger pencils, made of swine’s bristles, are called BrusHes. Encyc. 2. Any instrument formed of black lead or red chalk, with a point at one end, used for writing and drawing. Encye. 3. Any instrument of writing without ink. Johnson. 4. In optics, an aggregate or collection of rays of light. PEN’CIL, v. t. To paint or draw; to write or mark with a pencil. Shak. Harte. PEN’CIL-ED, pp. or a. Painted, drawn, or marked with a pencil. 2. Radiated ; having pencils of rays. PEN’CIL-ING, ppr. Painting, drawing, or marking with a pencil. PEN’CIL-ING, n, The act of painting or sketching. PEN’CIL-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a. Having the shape of a pencil. PEN’/€RALFT, n. Penmanship; chirography. Bruce. PEND/ANT, n. [Fr., from L. pendeo, to hang, or Sp. pendon. See Pennon.] 1. An ornament or jewel hanging at the ear, usu- ally composed of pear) or some precious stone. Pope. hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, &c., much used in Gothic architecture. Gloss. of Archit. 3. Any thing hanging by way of ornament. Waller. 4. In the fine arts, a picture or print which, from uniformity of size and subject, hangs as a companion of another, Brande. 5. In heraldry, a part hanging from the label, re- sembling the drops in the Doric frieze. Encyc. 6. A long, narrow piece of bunting, worn at the mast-heads of vessels of war. [See Penna NT. ] Totten. The broad pendantis a square piece, carried in the Same way, in a commodore’s vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr. 7. A rope to which a purchase is hooked. There are many other pendants consisting of a rope or ropes, to whose lower extremity is attached a block or tackle. The rudder-pendant is a rope made fast to the rudder by a chain, to prevent the loss of the rudder when unshipped. [See PENNANT. |] Mar. Dict. 8. A pendulum. [Vot used, } Digby. PEND/ENCH, x. [L. pendens, pendeo, to hang. ] Slope ; inclination. Wotton. PEND/EN-OY, n, [L. pendens, pendeo, supra.] Suspense ; the state of being undecided ; as, to Wait during the pendency of a suit or petition. PEND/ENT, @. [1. pendens. | I. Hanging; fastened at one end, the other being 0086. With ribbons pendent, flaring about her head. Derk Shak. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.—PINn, MARINE, BIR 810 PEN 2. Jutting over; projecting; as, a pendent rock. Shak. JVilton. {L.] Pending the suit or ac- 3. Supported above the ground. PEN-DEN'TE Li TE, tion. PEN-DENT’IVE, n. In architecture, the portion of a vault between the arches under a dome. PEND/ENT-LY, adv. In a pendent or projecting man- ner. PENDIING, ppr. [L. pendeo, to hang; pendente lite. | Dep nding ; remaining undecided ; not termina- ted. ‘his was done, pending the suit. PEND/ULE, n. A pendulum. PEND-U-LOS/LTY, Ns PEND/U-LOUS-NESS, sion, The latter is the preferable word. } PEND’U-LOUS, a. [L. pendulus, from pendeo, to hang. ] Hanging ; swinging; fastened at one end, the oth- er being movable. The dewlap of an animal is pend- ulous. PEND’U-LUM, n. [L. pendulus, pendulum. } A body suspended by a right line from a fixed point, and moving freely about that point as a cen- ter; as, the pendulum of a clock. The oscillations of a pendulum depend on gravity, and are always performed in nearly equal times, supposing the length of the pendulum and the gravity to remain the same. Ballistic pendulum ; a pendulum used to ascertain the momentum of cannon or musket balls. It usu- ally consists of a heavy log of wood suspended so as to move freely. Compensation pendulum; a pendulum containing some contrivance for counteracting the expansion of the rod by heat, and its contraction by cold, so as to Keep the pendulum always of the same effective length. Imsted, Gridiron pendulum ; a species of compensation pen- dulum, consisting of parallel bars of different metals, So arranged that the length of the pendulum remains unaltered by changes of temperature. Mercurial pendulum; a species of compensation pendulum, having the rod made of steel, and the Weight formed by a glass vessel filled with mercury, which, by its expansion or contraction, compensates for the changes in the length of the rod. Brande. PEN-E-TRA-BIL/I-TY, n. [from penetrable.|] Sus- cephibility of being penetrated, or of being entered or passed through by another body. Evelyn. [See Px NDULOUS. ] The State of hanging; suspen- There being no mean between penetrability and impenetrability. leyne. PEN’E-TRA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. penetrabilis. See PENETRATE. | 1. That may be penetrated, entered, or pierced by another body. Let him try thy dart, And pierce his only penetrable part. Dryden. 2. Susceptible of moral or intellectual impres- sion. I am not made of stone, But penetrable to your kind entreaties, Shak. PEN-E-TRA'LI-A,n. pl. [Iu.] The recesses or in- nermost parts of any place, as of a temple, palace, &c. ; hence, the hidden things or secrets. The an- glicized form, Penerralt, is not used. PEN’E-TRAN-CY,n. [L. penetrans, | Power of entering or piercing ; as, the penetrancy of subtile effluvia. PEN’/E-TRANT, a. [L. penetrans, } Having the power to enter or pierce ; sharp; sub- tile ; as, penetrant spirit ; food subtilized and rendered fluid and penetrant, Boyle. Ray. PEN’/E-TRATE, v.t. [L. penetro, from the root of pen, & point. | - To enter or pierce ; to make way into another body ; as, a sword or dart penctrates the body ; oil penetrates Wood; marrow, the most penetrating of oily substances. Arbuthnot. 2. To affect the mind; to cause to feel. Iam pen- etrated with a lively sense of your generosity. 3. To reach by the intellect ; to understand ; as, to penetrate the meaning or design of any thing. 4, To enter; to pass into the interior; as, to pen- etrate a country. PEN’E-TRATE, v. i. To pass ; to make way, Born where Heaven’s influence scarce can penetrate. Pope, 2. To make way intellectually. He had not pen- etrated into the designs of the prince. PEN’E-TRA-TED, pp. Entered; pierced; under- stood; fathomed. PEN’E-TRA-TING, ppr. Entering ; piercing ; under- standing. 2. a, Having the power of entering or piercing another body; sharp; subtile. Oil is a penetrating substance. 3. Acute; discerning ; quick to understand ; as, a penetrating mind. PEN/E-TRA-TING-LY, adv. ingly. PEN-E-TRA/TION, n. Theact of entering a body. Milton. Piercingly ; discern- PEN 2. Mental entrance into any thing abstruse ; as, a penetration into the abstruse difficulties of algebra. Watts. 3. Acuteness; sagacity; as, a man of great or nice penetration. PEN'E-TRA-TIVE, a. Piercing; sharp; subtile, 2. Acute; Sagacious ; discerning ; as, penetrative wisdom. Swift. 3. Having the power to affect or impress the mind ; as, penetrative shame, PEN/E-TRA-TIVE-NESS, n. Shak. The quality. of being penetrative. PEN’FISH, n. A kind of eelpout without a smooth skin. Dict. Nat. Hist. PEN’GUIN, (pen/gwin,) 7. [W. pen, head, and gwyn, white; or L. pinguidine, with fatness. } 1. The penguins constitute a genus of sea fowls, Aptenodytes, allied to the Auks. One species of pen- guin is an aquatic fowl with very short legs, with four toes, three of which are webbed; the body is clothed with short feathers, set as compactly as the scales of a fish; the wings are small like fins, and covered with short, scale-like feathers, so that they are useless in flight. Penguins seldom go on shore, except in the season of breeding, when they burrow like rabbits. On land they stand erect; they are tame, and may be driven like a flock of sheep. In water they swim and dive with rapidity, being as- sisted with their wings. The penguins are found only in the southern latitudes. Eneyc. Amer. Partington. A species of West India fruit. Miller. 3) PEN’'L-CIL, n. [L. penicillus.] Among physicians, a tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers. 2. A species of shell. PEN-I-CIL’/LATE, a. [. penicillus, a pencil or small brush. ] In natural history, having the form of a pencil ; consisting of a bundle of short, compact, or close fibers. PEN-IN’SU-LA, 2. isle; It. penesolo.] 1. A portion of Jand, connected with a continent by a narrow neck or isthmus, but nearly surrounded with water. Thus Boston stands on a peninsula. 2. A large extent of country joining the main land by a part narrower than the tract itself. Thus Spain and Portugal are said to be situated on a peninsula. PEN-IN’SU-LAR, a. In the form or state of a penin- Sula ; pertaining to a peninsula; inhabiting a penin- sula. PEN-IN/SU-LATE, v. t. To encompass almost with water ; to form a peninsula. South River peninsulates Castle Hill farm, and at high tides sur- rounds it, Sentley’s Hist. Coll. PEN-IN/SU-LA-TED, pp. Almost surrounded with water. PEN-IN’/SU-LA-TING, ppr. water. PE/NIS, n. [L.] The male organ of generation. PEN‘I-TENCE, ) x. [Fr. penitence, from L. peniten- PEN’/I-TEN-CY, § tia, from peniteo, from pena, pain, punishment. See Parn.] Repentance ; pain; sorrow or grief of heart for sins or offenses ; contrition. Real penitence springs from a conviction of guilt and ingratitude to God, and is followed by amendment of life. PEN’L-TENT, a. [Fr., from L. penitens. | Suffering pain or sorrow of heart on account of sins, crimes, or offenses ; contrite ; Sincerely affected by asense of guilt and resolving on amendment of life. The proud he tamed, the penifent he cheered. PEN'I-TENT, x. One that repents of sin; one sor- rowful on account of his transgressions. 2. One under church censure, but admitted to penance. Stillingfleet. 3. One under the direction of a confessor. Penitents is an appellation given to certain frater- nities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by their habits and employed in charitable acts. Encyc. Order of penitents ; a religious order established by one Bernard of Marseilles, about the year 1272, for the reception of reformed courtesans. The congre- gation of penitents, at Paris, was founded with a sim- ilar view. Encyc. PEN-LTEN’TIAL, (pen-e-ten/shal,) a. [Fr. peniten- tiel; It. penitehziale, | Proceeding from or expressing penitence or contri- tion of heart ; as, penitential sorrow or tears. South, PEN-I-TEN’TIAL, n. Among the Roman Catholics, a book containing the rules which relate to penance and the reconciliation of penitents. Encijc. PEN-I-TEN/TIAL-LY, adv. Ina contrite manner. PEN-I-TEN/TIA-RY, (-sha-re,) a. Relating to pen ance, or to the rules and measures of penance, [L. pene, almost, and insula, an Nearly surrounding with Dryden. Bramhall. PEN-I-TEN/TIA-RY,.n. One that prescribes the rules and measures of penance. Bacon. Ayliffe. 2. A penitent ; one that does penance. Hammond. 3. At the court of Rome, an office in which are ex- amined and delivered out the secret bulls, graces, or dispensations relating to cases of conscience, con- fession, &c. Eneye. 4. An officer in some cathedrals, vested with D.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PEN power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him. The nope has a grand penitentiary, who is a cardinal 2nd is chief of the other penitentia- ries. Encyc. o. A house of correction in which offenders are confined for punishment and reformation, and com- pelled to labor; a work-house. A state prison is a penitentiary. PEN'I-TENT-LY, adv. With penitence; with re- pentance, sorrow, or contrition for sin. PEN/KNIFE, (-nife,) x. [See Pen and Kyirs.] A small knife used for making and mending pens. PEN/MAN, n.; pl. Penaten. [See Pen and Man.] Il. A man that professes or teaches the art of writing. Wore generally, 2. One that writes a good hand. 3. An author ; a writer ; as, the sacred penmen. Addison. PEN/MAN-SHIP, m. The use of the pen in writing; the art of writing. 2. Manner of writing; as, good or bad penmanship. PEN/NACH-ED, (pen/nasht,) a. [Fr. pennaché or panaché, from panache, a plume or bunch of feathers. ] Radiated ; diversified with natural stripes of vari- ous colors, as a flower. | Little used.] Evelyn. PEN/NANT,) 7. [Fr. fanion, pennon; It. pennone ; PEN’NON, § Sp. pendon; W. penwn; Goth. fana; Li. pannus, a cloth.]} 1. A small flag ; a banner. 2. In naval affairs,a long, narrow piece of bunting, worn at the mast heads of vessels of war. TY'otten. Broad pennant, is a square piece, carried in the same way, In a commodore’s vessel. R. H. Dana, Jr. 3. A rope or strap to which a purchase is hooked. R. H. Dana, Jr. [L. pennatus, winged, from penna, a quill or wing.] PEN/NATE, PEN/NA-TED, 1. Winged. 2. In botany, a pennate leaf is a compound leaf in which a simple petiole has several leaflets attached to each side of it. [See Pinnare.] PEN’NED, pp. Written. PEN/NED, a. Winged; having plumes. PEN/NER, 2. A writer. 2. A pen-case. [Zocal.] Ainsworth. PEN/NI-FORM, a. [L. penna, a feather or quill, and form.) Having the form of a quill or feather. PEN-NIG/ER-OUS, a. [L. penna and gero.] Bearing feathers or quills. PEN’/NLLESS, a. [from penny.] tute of money; poor. Arbuthnot. PEN/NI-LESS-NESS, n. The state of being money- PEN/NING, ppr. Committing to writing. less. PEN/NING, n. Composition; style of writing. Shak. PEN'NON. See Pennant. PEN/NY, n.; pl. PenniEs or Pencre. Pennies denotes the number of coins ; pence the amount of pennies in value. [Sax. penig; D. and Sw. penning; G. pfen- nig; Dan. penge, money.] 1. An ancient English silver coin; but now a copper one, twelve of which are equal to a shilling. It is the radical denomination from which English coin is numbered. Johnson. 2. In ancient English statutes, any or all silver money. 3. Proverbially, a small sum. a. Huloet. Encyc. Moneyless ; desti- He will not lend a 4. Money in general. [ penny. Be sure to turn the penny. Dryden. PEN’NY-A-LIN/ER, n. A term of contempt for those who furnish matter for public journals at a penny a line. PEN’NY-POST, n. A post that carries letters from the post office and delivers them tothe proper per- sons for a penny or other small compensation. PEN-NY-ROY/AL, m. An aromatic herb. The English pennyroyal is the Mentha pulegium ; the Nortii American pennyroyal is the Hedeoma pulegioides. Parr, Bigelow. PEN/NY-WEIGHT, (-wate,) m. A troy weight con- taining twenty-four grains, each grain being equal in Weight to a grain of wheat from the middle of the ear, well dried. It was anciently the weight of a silver penny, whence the name. Twenty penny- weights make an ounce troy. PEN/NY-WISE, a. Saving small sums at the hazard of larger; niggardly on important occasions. Bacon. REN'’NY-WORTH, (-wurth,) 7. As much as is bought for a penny. 2. Any purchase; any thing bought or sold for money ; that which is worth the money given. South. 3. A good bargain; something advantageously purchased, or for less than it is worth. Dryden. 4. A small quantity. Swift. PE-NO-LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to public punish- ment. PE-NOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. zotvn, L. pena, pain, and oves, giseouree | The science which treats of public punishments, as they respect the PEN I. Hanging ; suspended ; as, a pensile béll. B acon. Prior. 2. Supported above the ground ; as, a pensile gar- en. Prior. PEN’SILE-NESS, n. The state of hanging. Bacon. PEN/SION, (-shun,) x. [Fr. and Sp. id.; It. pensione ; from L. pensio, from pendo, pensum, to pay. 1. An annual allowance of a sum of money to a person by government in consideration of past ser- vices, civil or military. Men often receive pensions for eminent services on retiring froin office. But in particular, officers, soldiers, and seamen, receive pen- sions When they are disabled for further services. 2. An annual payment by an individual to an old or disabled servant. 3. An annual allowance made by government to indigent widows of officers killed or dying in public service. 4. Payment of money; rent. 1 Esdras. 5. A yearly payment in the inns of court. Eng. 6. A certain sum of money paid to a clergyman in lieu of tithes. YC. 7. An allowance or annual payment, considered in the light of a bribe. PEN/SION, v. t. To grant a pension to; to grant an annual allowance from the public treasu7y to a per- son for past services, or on account of disability in- curred in public service, or of old age. PEN/SION-A-RY, a. Maintained by 2a pension; re- ceiving a pension ; as, pensionavy spies. Donne. 2. Consisting in a pension ; 38, & penstonary pro- vision for maintenance. PEN/SION-A-RY, x. A person who receives a pen- sion from government for past services, or & yearly allowance from.some prince, company, or individual. 2. Formerly, the first magistrate of the state or re- public of Holland; commonly called the grand pen- sionary. The name was also given to the chief municipal magistrates of the towns in Holland and Zealand. Cyc. PEN/SION-ED, pp. or a. Having a pension. PEN/SION-ER, x. One to whom an annual sum of money is paid by government in consideration of past services. 2, One who receives an annual allowance for ser- vices. 3. A dependent. and other charges. for his board.] Huber. Brande. attend on the king of England, and receive a pen- sion or an annual allowance of a hundred pounds. This band was instituted by Henry VII. Their duty is to guard the king’s person in his own house. Encyc. Cye. PEN/SION-ING, ppr. for past services. PEN/SIVE, a. to weigh, to consider ; pendo, to weigh. ] thoughtful and sad, or sorrowful. Anxious cares the pensive nymph oppressed. Pope. pensive numbers ; pensive strains. Prior. PEN/SIVE-LY, adv. Spenser. PEN’SIVE-NESS, n. ancholy ; seriousness from depressed spirits. Hooker. PEN/STOCK, x. [pen and stock.] which may be shut or opened at pleasure. through which the water passes up. 2. The handle used with a metallic or other pen. PENT, pp. or a. fined; often with wp. PEN’TA-CHORD, n. [Gr. revre, five, and chord.] 1. An instrument of music with five strings. 2. An order or system of five sounds. Busby. PEN-TA-€O€/€OUS, a. coccus, a berry-] ing five united cells with one seed in each. Martyn. PEN-TA€/RLNITE, zn. lily. pentagonal form of its jointed pedicel. and. PEN-TA-€ROS'/TIE, a, divisions of each verse. wae and the sufferer. PEN’SILE, (-sil,).a. [L. pensilis, from pendeo, to hang.] TONE, BULL, UNITH.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. PEN-TA-€ROS/TIE, 7. 4. In the University of Cambridge, England, and in that of Dublin, a student of the second rank, (correspond- ing to ComMoneR at Oxford,) who is not dependent on the foundation for support, but pays for hts board [I'r. pensionnaire, one who pays 5. One of an honorable band of gentlemen who Granting an annual allowance [It. pensivo, pensieroso; Sp. pensativo ; Fr. pensif, from penser, to think or reflect; L. penso, 1. Literally, thoughtful ; employed in serious study or reflection; but it often implies some degree of sorrow, anxiety, depression, or gloom of mind ; 9. Expressing thoughtfulness with sadness; as, With thoughtfulness ; with gloomy seriousness or some degree of melancholy. Gloomy thoughtfulness ; mel- A narrow or con- fined place formed by a frame of timber planked or boarded, for holding or conducting the water of a mill-pond to a wheel, and furnished with a flood-gate The up- right post of a pump, in which the piston plays, and [from pen.] Shut up; closely con- [Gr. mevre, five, and L. Having or containing five grains or seeds, or hav- [Gr. msvre, five, and kpivov, y-] =k A fossil, allied to the encrinite, so called from the (Gr. reve, five, and acrostic.] Containing five acrostics of the same name in five A set of verses so disposed PEN as to have five acrostics of the same name in five divisions of each verse. Encyc PEN-TA-DA€/TYL, x. [Gr. reve, five, and daxrv\os, finger. | 1. In botany, a plant called Five Fincers; a name given to the Ricinus or Palma Christi, from the shape of its leaf. Encye. 2. In ichthyology, the five-fingered fish; a name given to a fish common in the East Indian seas, which has five black streaks on each side, resembling the prints of five fingers. Encyc. PEN’TA-GON, nm. [Gr. mevre, five, and ywvia, a corner. ] I. In geometry, a plane figure having five angles, and consequently five sides. utton. 2. In fortification, a fort with five bastions. PEN-TAG/ON-AL, a. Waving five corners or an- PEN-TAG/ON-OUS, gles. Woodward. Lee. Martyn. PEN-TAG/ON-AL-LY, adv. With five angles. PEN/TA-GRAPH, z. An instrument for copying, re- ducing, or enJarging, plans and figures. [This word, from its derivation, is more properly written Panro- 2 [Gr. mevre, five, and yuvn, a GRAPH. | PEN-TA-GRAPB'I€, PEN-TA-GRAPH/I€-AL, a pentagraph. PEN-TA-GYN’TL-A, z. Pertaining to a pen- tagraph; performed by female. ] In botany, an order of plants, having five styles. Linneus. PEN-TA-GYN’I-AN, In botany, having five a. a. PEN-TAG!/YN-OUS, PEN-TA-H&E/DRAL, PEN-TA-HE/DROUS, PEN-T'A-HE/DRON, zn. side or base.] A solid figure having five equal sides. PEN-TA-HEX-A-HE/DRAL, a. [Gr. weve, five, and here In crystallography, exhibiting five ranges of faces one above another, each range containing six faces. leaveland. [Gr. mevre, five, and pezpor, styles. Having five equal sides, [Gr. wevré, five, and edpa, a PEN-TAM’E-TSR, n. measure. | , In ancient poetry, a verse of five feet. The two first feet may be either dactyls or spondees ; the third is always a spondee, and the two last, anapests. A pentameter verse subjoined to a hexameter con- stitutes what is called elegiac. Encye. PEN-TAM’E-TER, a. Having five metrical feet. PEN-TAN/DRLA, x. [Gr. weyre, five, and avyp, a male. In He a class of hermaphrodite plants having five stamens with distinct filaments not connected with the pistil. PEN-TAN/DRI-AN, Hermaphrodite, having five PEN-TAN/DROUS, stamens with distinct fila- ments not connected with the pistil. PEN-TAN’GU-LAR, a. [Gr. zevre, five, and angular. ] Having five corners or angles. Grew. [Gr. mevre, five, and a PEN-TA-PET/AL-OUS, a. meradoy, a petal.] Having five petals or flower leaves. Enciyc. PEN-TAPH/YL-LOUS, a. ([Gr. zevre, five, and @vAAov, a leaf.) Having five leaves. PEN’TAREH-Y, n. [Gr. revre, five, and apx7, rule.) A government in the hands of five persons. Brewer. PEN’TA-SPAST, mn. [Gr. revre, five, and craw, to draw. ] An engine with five pulleys. Dict. PEN-TA-SPERM/OUS, a. OTEp "a, seed.]} [Gr. mevre, five, and Containing five seeds. Encyc. PEN'TA-STI€H, (-stik,) m [Grezevre, five, and Sixus, Verse. oo A composition consisting of five verses. Dict. PEN’TA-STYLE, 2. column. ] : In architecture, an edifice having five columns in Elmes. ie mevreé, five, and [Gr. mevre, five, and svAos,a front. PEN’TA-TEUCH, (-ttike,) 7. revxos, a book or composition. The first five books of the Old Testament. : PEN/TE-€ON-TER, n. [from the Greek.] A Grecian vessel of fifty oars, smaller than a trireme. JMiiford. PEN/TE-€OST, n. ([Gr. mevtéxootn, mevTexooTos, fiftieth. ] 1. A solemn festival of the Jews, so called because celebrated on the fiftieth day after the feast of the passover. It was called the feast of weeks, because it was celebrated seven weeks after the sixteenth day of Nisan, or third day of the passover. It was instituted to oblige the people to repair to the temple of the Lord, there to acknowledge his absolute dominion over the country, and offer him the first fruits of their harvest; also, that they might call to mind and give thanks to God for the law which he had given them at Sinai on the fiftieth day from their departure from Egypt. Calmet. Kntto. 9. Whitsuntide, a festival of the Roman Catholic Be ee pe) » Ss meen a win at lh ST ante ea 81) A 5 icc Ea CN i AiO IS ASIC 2PER PEO’PLESH, a. Vulgar. Chaucer. PE-PAS/TI€, n. [Gr. reratvw, to concoct or mature. } PER ly, to pass through or over for the purpose of sur- veying or examining something; to visit as over- PE | | and other churches, in commemoration of the de- scent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles. Acts ii. es PEN-TE-€OST”AU, a. Pertaining to Pentecost, or A medicine used to promote proper Suppuration seers; as, to perambula.e a parish. So, in New } to Whitsuntide. Sanderson. and granulation in wounds not healed by the first England, the laws requ e the selectmen of towns intention, and in ulcers. PEN-TE-€OST’ALS, n. pl. Oblations formerly made L hea PEP-ER-Y’NO, x. [It.] A volcanic rock, formed by by parishioners to the parish priest at Whitsuntide, and sometimes by inferior churches to the mother to appoint suitable persons, annually, to perambulate the borders or bounds of the township, and renew eas ea esd church, : Cowel. PEN/TE-€0S-TER, nz. herd In ancient Greece, a military officer commanding fifty men; but the num- Welsh, penty. | A shed standing aslope from the main wall or building. PEN’TICE, n. to bend.] A sloping roof. jzatte used | PEN’TILE, x. See Pantie. PEN'/TRE-MITE, 2. A fossil, allied to the encrinites. PENT’ROOF, 7. A roof all of whose slope is on one side. Buchanan. PE/NULT, 7. [L. penultimus; pene, almost, and ulti- mus, last. The last syllable of a word except one. [It. pendice, a declivity, from L. pendo, Wotton. || PE-NUM/BRA,n. [L.pene, almost, and umbra, shade. ] | 1. In astronomy, a partial shadow or obscurity on the margin of the perfect shadow in an eclipse, or between the perfect shadow, where the light is en- tirely intercepted, and the full light. Hutton. 2. In painting, the point of a picture where the shade blends with the light. Elmes. PE-NU/RI-OUS, a. [It. penurioso, from L. penuria, scarcity, want; Gr. revys, poor, cravos, rare. 1. Excessively saving or sparing in the use of money ; parsimonious toa fault ; sordid ; as, a penu- rious man. It expresses somewhat less than Nie- Addison. PE-NO/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Inasaving or parsimonious manner; with scanty supply. PE-NU’/RI-OUS-NESS, nx. Parsimony ; a sordid dis- position to save money. Addison. 2. Scantiness ; not plenty. E/ON, x. In Hindostan, a foot-soldier, or a foo man PE/ON, In Hindostan, a foot-soldier, foot armed with sword and target; said to be corrupted from piadah. [Qu. L. pes, pedis.] Hence, 2. In France, a common man in chess; usually Written and called Pawn, PE/O-NY, 7. [L. pegnia; Gr. raiwyvia, from raiwy ; Pp 3 ; Apollo.] pawb, pob, each, every one ; poblac, common people ; G. pobel ; Ir. pupal, pobal ; Sp. pueblo; Russ. bobiel, a peasant. ‘This word coincides in elements with babe and pupil; and perhaps originally signified the chil- dren of a family, like gens.] 1. The body of persons who compose a commu- nity, town, city, or nation. We say, the people of a town; the people of London or Paris; the English people. In this sense, the word is not used in the plural, but it comprehends all classes of inhabitants, considered as a collective body, or any portion of the inbabitants of a city or country. 2. The vulgar ; the mass of illiterate persons. The knowing artist may judge bettcr than the people. Waller. 3. The commonalty, as distinct from men of rank. Myself shall mount the rostrum in his favor, And strive to gain his pardun from the people. Addison, 4. Persons of a particnlar class ; a part of a nation or community ; as, country people. 5. Persons in general; any persons indefinitely ; like on in French, and man in Saxon. People were tempted to lend by great premiums and large in- terest. Swift, 6. A collection or community of animals. The ants are a people not strong, yet they prepare their meat in the summer. — Proy. xxx. 7. When people signifies a separate nation or tribe, it has the plural number. Thou must prophesy again before many peoples. — Rey, x. 8. In Scripture, fathers or kindred. 9. The Gentiles, To him shall the gathering of the people be. — Gen. xlix, PEO’PLE, v. t. [Fr. peupler. | To stock with inhabitants, Emigrants from Eu- rope have peopled the United States. Gen. xxv the cementing together of sand, cinders, &c. Brande. PEP’PER, 2. [L. piper; Sax. pepor; D. pepper; Sw. peppar ; G. pfeffer; Dan. peber; Fr. poivre; It. pepe ; black pepper plant is a vine requiring a prop, which is usually a tree. The leaves are oval and the flower white. We have four kinds of pepper, the black, the white, the long, and cubebs. ‘The black pepper is the produce of Java, Sumatra, Ceylon, and otber Asiatic countries ; the white pepper is the black pep- per decorticated ; the long pepper is the fruit of a different species, also from the Bast Indies. It con- sists of numerous grains attached to a common foot- stalk. Cubebs are brought from Java, Nepal, Sierra Leone, and the Isle of France. Pepper has a strong, aromatic smell and a pungent taste. Alsiat. Res. P. Cyc. PEP/PER-BOX, nm. A small box with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling pulverized pepper on food. PEP’PER-€AKE, n. A kind of spiced cake or gin- gerbread. PEP’/PER-€ORN, n. The berry or fruit of the pepper- ant. 2. Something of inconsiderable value; as, lands held at the rent of a pepper-corn. PEP/PER-ED, pp. or a. Sprinkled pelted ; spotted. PEP/PER-GIN'GER-BREAD, (-bred,) n. A kind of cake made in England. With pepper ; Kind of cress, sometimes cultivated for the table. PEP’/PER-IDGE, n. A name given to the tupelo or black gum, a tree with very tough wood, belonging to the genus Nyssa, Pepperidge bush; the barberry, a shrub. PEP/PER-ING, ppr. Sprinkling with pepper ; pelting. PEP/PER-MINT, n. A plant of the genus Mentha. It is aromatic and pungent. Also, a liquor distilled from the plant. PEP/PER-MINT-TREE, n. The Eucalyptus piperita, an indigenous tree, native of New South Wales. P. Cyc. PEP/PER-WA’TER, x. A liquor prepared from pow- PEP/PER-Y, a. Having the qualities of pepper. PEP/SIN, n. (Gr. revus, digestion, from zéecow or mTEmTW, to digest, A substance secreted by the stomach of animals, and present in the gastric juice. It is prepared arti- ficially from rennet. Graham. PEP/TI€,a ([Gr. rexrixos, from TET TO, to digest. ] Promoting digestion; relating to digestion ; as, peptic precepts. itchener. PER; a Latin preposition, denoting through, passing, or over the whole extent, as in perambulo. Hence it 1s sometimes equivalent to very in English, as in peracutus, very sharp. As a prefix, in English, it retains these significations , and, in chemistry, it is used to denote very or fully, to the utmost extent, as in peroryd, a substance oxydated to the utmost degree ; So also perchlorid, &c. Per is used also for by; as, per bearer, by the bearer. PER-A€T’, v. t. To perform ; to practice. PER-A-€UTE!, a. ([L. peracutus; per, through, and acutus, sharp. ] Very sharp; very violent; as, a peracute fever, Little used.) Harvey. PER-AD-VEN/TURE, adv. [Fr. par aventure; par, by, and aventure, from L. vento, to come. } By chance ; perhaps; it may be. Hooker. the boundaries, or see that the old ones are ina good state. PER-AM/BU-LA-TED, pp, Passed over; inspected. PER-AM/BU-LA-TING, ppr. Passing over or through ber varied. Mitford. Gr. nerept; Hindoo, pipel ; Sanscrit, pipali; Pers. for the purpose of inspection. PEN/TE-€0OS-TYS, 2. [Gr.] A body of fifty sol-| pilpil.] PER-AM-BU-LA/TION, n. The act of passing or | diers ; but the number varied. Mitford, A plant and its fruit, of the genus Piper, of which walking through or over, d acon. PENT’HOUSE, xn. [Fr. pente, a slope and house. In there are very numerous species. The stem of the 2. A traveling survey or inspection. Howell. 3, A district within which a person has the right of inspection ; jurisdiction. Holiday. 4. Annual survey of the bounds of a parish in England, or of a township in America. PER-AM/BU-LA-TOR, n. An instrument for meas- uring distances. It consists of a wheel, with an apparatus of clock-work, and a dial-plate, upon which the distance traveled over is shown by an index. P. Cyc. PER AN'NUM, [.} By the year; in each year successively. PER CAP!L-TA, [l.] By the head or poll, PER-€ASE’, adv. [per and case, by case. ] } ||} PE-NULT’I-MA, nx. The sameas Penutr. [See also CAYENNE PerrER and Guinpa Perper] Perhaps ; pe rchance. [Vot used. ] Bacon. j PE-NULT’I-MATE, a. [Supra.] The Jast but one ;} PEP’PER, v.t. To sprinkle with pepper. PER/CE-ANT, a. [EF r. pergant., | I a word used of the last syHable of a word except 2. To beat; to pelt with shot; to mangle with Piercing ; penetrating. [JVot used. | Spenser. | one. It may be sometimes used as a noun. blows. Shak. PER-CEIV‘A-BLE, a. [See Perceive.] Perceptible; that may be perceived; that may fall under percep- tion, or the cognizance of the Senses; that may be felt, seen, heard, smelt, or tasted. We say, the roughness of cloth is perceivable; the dawn of the morning is perceivable; the sound of a bell is per- ceivable; the scent of an orange is perceivable; the difference of taste in an apple and an orange is per- ceivable, 2. That may be known, understood, or conceived. [ Less proper. ] PER-CEIV’/A-BLY, ado. perceived. In such a manner as to be GARDLY. PEP/PER-GRASS, nz. A trailing plant of the genus PER-CEIV/ANCE, n. Power of perceiving. [Not in 2. Scanty; affording little ; as, a penurious spring. Pilularia; also, a plant of the genus Lepidium, a Use. Milton. PER-CEIVE’, v. t. [L. percipio; perand capio, to take. 1. To have knowledge or receive impressions of external objects, through the medium or instrument- ality of the senses or bodily organs; as, to perceive light or color ; to perceive the cold of ice or the taste of honey. PEN/U-RY,7 ([L. penuria, from Gr. mevns, needy. ] 2. a. Hot; pungent ; angry. Swift, 2. ‘To know ; to understand ; to observe. Want of property ; indigence; extreme poverty. -EP’/PER-ING, x. A pelting with shot or blows. Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it by our All innocent, they were exposed to hardship and penury. Sprat. Smart. own understanding, we are in the dark. Locke. 3. To be affected by ; to receive impressions from. The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of tempests before the air below. Bacon. PER-CEIV/ED, (-seevd!,) pp. or a. Known by the senses ; felt; understood; observed. PER-CEIV’ER, n. One who perceives, feels, or ob- : lered black pepper; used i scopical observa-| ,, Serves. é _ A plant and fiower of the genus Peonia. Hess eeGe PERDER) Used an mmctoscopica ae PER CENT’AGE, n. [from the Latin percentum, per PEOPLE, (pee'pl,) m. (Er. peuple; L. populus; W.| pap/PER-WORT. n. A plant of the genus Lepidium. | °¢”%-] In commerce, the allowance, duty, or commission on a hundred. Per centum, per cent., [L.] By the hundred. PER-CEP-TI-BIL/I-TY, x. The state or quality of being perceptible; as, the perceptibility of light or color. 2. Perception. [Less proper.] PER-CEP’/TL-BLE, a. tus, 1. That may be perceived ; that may impress the bodily organs ; that may come under the cognizance of the senses; as, a perceptible degree of heat or cold; a perceptible odor; a perceptible sound. A thing may be too minute to be perceptible to the 2. That may be known or conceived of. [touch. PER-CEP/TJ-BLY, adv. In a manner to be per- ceived. The woman decays perceptibly every week. PER-CEP/TION, n. [L. perceptio. See PERCEIYE.] 1. The act of perceiving, or of receiving the knowledge of external objects by impressions or the senses; or that act or process of the mind which makes known an external object. In other words, the notice which the mind takes of external objects. We gain a knowledge of the coldness and smooth- ness of marble by perception. More. (Fr. ; from L. percipio, percep- Pope. It has been used asa noun for doubt or question, but rather improperly. The wort is obsolescent and inelegant, PER/A-GRATE, v. i. and ager, a field.] To travel over or through 3; to wander ; to ramble. [ Little vee PER-A-GRA/TION, n. The act of passing through any space; as, the peragration of the moon in her monthly revojution. [Little used.) Brown. Holder. [L. peragro ; per, through, over, 2. In philosophy, the faculty of perceiving ; the faculty or peculiar part of man’s constitution, by which he has Knowledge through the medium or in- strumentality of the bodily organs. Reid. Encye. 3, Intellectual discernment of apprehension ; idea; notion ; as, a nice perception of differences. Hall. 4. The state of being affected, or capable of being affected by something external. This experiment discovers perception in plants. Bacon. PER-CEP’TIVE, a. Having the faculty of perceiving. wy PEO’PLED, pp. or a. Stocked or furnished with in- | PER-AM’BU-LATE, >. t. [L. perambulo; per and Glanville, % DIAN ES, 3 tet : ambulo, to walk.] PER-CEP-TIV'I-TY, n. The power of perception or . * PEO'PLING, ppr. Stocking with inhabitants, To walk through or over; properly and technical-| thinking. Locke ¥% > aoe Ee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METH, ie S] PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. —PER PERCH, n. Gers perche; Li. perca; Gr. meoxn; G. bars, a perch, and barsch, sharp, keen, pungent; D.baars ; Sw. abbore; Dan. aborre. It would seem from the German, that this fish is named from its prickly spines, and the name allied to perk.) The popular name of several species of a genus of acanthopterygious fishes, called by naturalists Perca. They have powerful dorsal fins, with strong and sharp spines. ‘The scales are moderately large, with the posterior edge toothed. ‘They all feed on marine Insects, and inhabit fresh water. PERCH, x. [Fr. perche; L. pertica; W. perc; Arm. perchen ; probably allied to the former word in the sense of sharpness, shooting, or extending. See Perk. ] 1. A pole; hence, a roost for fowls, which is often a pole; also, any thing on which they light. 2. A measure of Jength containing five yards and ahalf; a rod. Inthe popular language of America, rod is chiefly used ; but rod, pole, and perch, all sig- nifying the same thing, may be used indifferently. 3, In land or square measure, a square rod ; the for- tieth part of arood. [This sense is more common than the second.] 4. In solid measure, a mass 163 feet each way. PERCH, v.72. To sit or roost, as a bird. 2. To light or settle on a fixed body, as a bird. PERCH, v. t. To place on a fixed object or perch. More. PER-CHANCE’, adv. [per and chance.] By chance; perhaps. Wotton. PERCH/ED, (percht,) pp. Placed on a perch. PERCH/ER, nm. One of an order of birds which perch oF light on trees, &c. These have four toes, three before and one behind. Kirby. PERCH’ERS, n. pil. Paris candles anciently used in Sngland ; also, a larger sort of wax candles which were usually set on the altar. Bailey. PERCH/ING, ppr. Placing on a perch. PER-CHLO/RATE, xn A compound of perchloric acid with a base. PER-€HLO/RIE, a. Perchloric acid is chlorine con- verted into an acid by combining with a maximum of oxygen. Silliman. PER-CHLO/RID, nxn. That chlorid of a given base which contains the greatest quantity of chlorine ; as, perchlorid of gold ; perchlorid of phosphorus. Graham. PERCH’/PEST, zm. ally to the king. Bacon. 3. With regard to numerical existence. The converted man Is personally the same he was before. Rogers. PER/SON-AL-TY, n, Personal estate. FH as in THIS. 163 a a A YET PRO B17 TSbeaerree ee aSSea mma de TY eh Ee nn ne PER PER PER PER/SON-ATE, v.¢. To represent by a fictitious or assumed character, so as to pass for the person repre- sented. acon. 2. ‘I’o represent by action or appearance; to as- Sume the character and act the part of another. 3. To pretend hypocritically. [Zitéle used.) Swift. 4. To counterfeit ; to feign; as, a personated devo- tion. Hammond. 5. To resemble. The lofty cedar personates thee. Shak, 6. Tio make a representation of as in picture. [ Obs. Shak. 7. To describe. [ Obds.] Shak. 8. To celebrate loudly. [L. persono.] [JVot used.] Milton. PER/SON-ATE, a. [L. persona, a mask.] Masked ; a term applied to a monopetalous corol, the limb of which is unequally divided, the upper division or lip being arched, the lower prominent and pressed against it, so that, when compressed, the whole resembjJes the mouth of a gaping animal. Lindley. Represented by an as- PER/SON-A-TED, pp. or a. sumed character. PER/SON-A-TING, ppr. person ; resembling. PER-SON-A’TION, n. The counterfeiting of the per- son or character of another. Bacon. PER/SON-A-TOR, n. One who assumes the charac- ter of another. B. Jonson. 2. One that acts or performs. B. Jonson. PER-SON-LFI-€A/TION, xn. [from personify.] The giving to an inanimate being the figure or the senti- ments and language ofa rational being ; prosopopeia ; as, ‘© Confusion heard his voice.”? Milton. PER-SON’I-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. Represented with the attributes of a person. PER-SON’LFY, ov. t. [L. persona and facio.] To give animation to inanimate objects ; to ascribe to an inanimate being the sentiments, actions, or langugge, of a rational being or person, or to repre- Sent an inanimate being with the affections and ac- tions of a person. Thus we say, the plants thirst for rain. The trees said to the fig-tree, Come thou, and reien over us. — Judges ix. PER-SON’LFY-ING, ppr. Giving to an inanimate being the attributes of a person. PER/SON-IZE, v. t. To personify. Counterfeiting of another [ot much used.] ichardson. PER-SON-NEL', (par-so-nel’,) n. [Fr.] A term de- noting the persons employed in some public service, as the army, navy, &c., as distinguished from the MareriE.. Dict. de VAcad, PER-SPE€/TIVE, a. [Infra.] Pertaining to the sci- ence of optics ; optical. Bacon. 2. Pertaining to the art of perspective. Encye. PER-SPE€’/TIVE, n. [Fr.; It. perspettiva; Sp. per- spectiva ; from L. perspicio ; per and specio, to see.] J. A glass through which objects are viewed. Temple. 2 The application of geometrical principles to drawing on a plane surface true resemblances or pictures of objects, as the objects appear to the eye from any given distance and situation, real or imagi- nary ; as, the rules of perspective. P. Cyc. Brande. 3. A representation of objects in perspective. Encye. 4. View ; vista ; as, perspectives of pleasant shades. Dryden. 93. A kind of painting, often seen in gardens, and at the end of a gallery, designed expressly to deceive the sight hy representing the continuation of an al- ley, a building, a Jandscape, or the like. Aérial perspective; the art of giving due diminu- tion to the strength of light, shade, and colors of ob- jects, according to their distances and the quantity of light falling on them, and to the medium through which they are seen. Encye. Tsometrical perspective, is the art of drawing in per- spective, as a building, for instance, with each part of the same relative size, the more distant objects PER-SPI//CIENCE, (-spish’/ens,) 2. [L. perspicientia. | The act of looking with sharpness. PER/SPI-CIL, xn. [L. per and speculum, a glass.] An optic glass. [Little used.] Crashaw. Glanville. PER-SPI-€0/I-TY, n. [Fr. perspicuité; L. perspicui- tas, from perspicio.] 1, Transparency ; clearness; that quality of a sub- stance which renders objects visible through it. [ Little used. Brown. 2, Clearness to mental vision ; easiness to be under- stood; freedom from obscurity or ambiguity; that quality of writing or language which readily presents to the mind of another the precise ideas of the au- thor. Perspicuity is the first excellence of writing or speaking. PER-SPI€'U-OUS, a. [L. perspicuus.] 1. Transparent ; translucent. [Little used.] Peacham. 2. Clear to the understanding; that may be clearly understood ; not obscure or ambiguous. Language Is perspicuous When it readily presents to the reader or hearer the precise ideas which are intended to be expressed. Meaning, sense, or signilication is per- being undiminished by distance, as in ordinary per- spective. Haldeman. PER-SPE€/TIVE-LY, adv. Optically ; through a glass. Shak, 2 According to the rules of perspective. PER-SPE€/TO-GRAPH, n. An instriiment for ob- taining, or transferring toa picture, the points and outlines of original objects. Various instruments are called by this name, Bizelow. PER/SPL-€A-BLLE, a. Discernible. Herbert. PER-SPI-€A/( LOUS, (-ka!shus,) a. [l.. perspicaz, from perspicio.] I. Quick sighted ; sharp of sight. 2. Of acute discemment. South, PER-SPI-€A/CIOUS-NESS, n. Acuteness of sight. PER-SPI-EACI-1'Y, nm. [L. perspicacitas. | ; 1. Acuteness of sight; quickness of sight. 2. Acuteness of discernment or understanding, PER/SPI-CA-CY, n, Acuteness of sight or discern- spicuous, When it is clearly and easily compre- hended. PER-SPI€/Y-OUS-LY, adv. Clearly; plainly; in a manner to be easily understood, Bacon, PER-SPI€/U-OUS-NESS, n. Clearness to intellectual vision ; plainness; freedom from obscurity. {We generally apply Persrrcvovs to objects of in- tellect, and Conspicuous to objects of ocular sight.} PER-SPI-RA-BIL'I-TY, n. [from perspirable.] The quality of being perspirable. PER-SPIR/A-BLE, a. [from L. perspiro. SPIRE. | 1, That may be perspired ; that may be evacuated through the pores of the skin. Arbuthnot. 2. Emitting perspiration. [ot proper.] Bacon, PER-SPI-RA’TION, n. [L. perspiro. See PERSPIRE. | I. The act of perspirimg ; excretion by the cuticu- lar exhalents not condensed into sensible moisture on the surface; insensible evacuation of the fluids of the body through the excretories of the skin. 2, Matter perspired. [Encyc. Arbuthnot. PER-SPIR/A-TIVE, a. Performing the act of perspi- ration. PER-SPIR‘A-TO-RY, a. Perspirative. Berkeley. PER-SPIRE’, v. i. [L. per and spiro, to breathe. | 1. To evacuate the fluids of the body through the excretories of the skin without sensible condensation of moisture upon the surface ; as, a person perspires freely. 2. To be evacuated or excreted insensibly through the excretories of the skin; as, a fluid perspires. PER-SPIRE’, v. t. To emit or evacuate insensibly through the excretories of the skin. Smollett. PER-SPIR’/ED, (per-spird’,) pp. Excreted through the pores of the skin. PER-SPIR/ING, ppr. pores of the skin. PER-STRINGE’, (per-strinj’,) v. t. per and stringo, to graze or brush.] To graze; See Prr- Emitting moisture through the [L. perstringo ; to glance on. Burton. PER-SUAD/A-BLE, a. [See Persuapx.] That may be persuaded. PER-SUAD/A-BLY, adv. So as to be persuaded. PER-SUADE’, (per-swade’,) v.t. [L. persuadeo; per and suadeo, to urge or incite. ] 1. To influence by argument, advice, entreaty, or expostulation ; to draw or incline the will to a deter- mination by presenting motives to the mind. I should be glad if I could persuade him to write such another critic on any thing of mine. Dryden, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian, — Acts xxvi. 2. To convince by argument, or reasons offered ; or to convince by reasons suggested by reflection or deliberation, or by evidence presented in any man- ner to the mind. Beloved, we are persuaded better things of you. —Heb. vi. 3. To inculcate by argument or expostulation. [ Little used.] Taylor. 4. To treat by persuasion. [Not inwuse.] Shak. PER-SUAD/ED, pp. Influenced or drawr to an opin- ion or determination by argument, advice, or reasons suggested ; convinced ; induced. PER-SUAD/ER, 2 One that persuades or influences another. acon. 2. That which incites. Hunger and thirst at once Powertlul persuaders ! Milton. PER-SUAD/ING, ppr. Influencing by motives pre- sented. PER-SUA-SL-BIL'I-TY, 'n. Capability of being per- suaded. Hallywell. PER-SUA/SLBLE, a. [L. persuasibilis.] erie may be persuaded or influenced by reasons offered. PER-SUA/SI-BLE-NESS, n. influenced by persuasion. PER-SUA/SION, (per-swa/zhun,) n. persuasio, | 1. The act of persuading; the act of influencing The quality of being [Fr., from L. thing that moves the mind or passions, or inclines the will to a determination. For thou hast all the arts of fine persuasion. Otway. 2. The state of being persuaded or convinced ; settled opinion or conviction proceeding from argu- ments and reasons offered by others, or suggested by one’s own reflections. When we have no other certiinty of being in the right, but our Own persuasion that we are Bo. Gov. of the Tongue. 3. A creed or belief; or a sect or party adhering to a creed or system of opinions; as, men of the same persuasion ; all persuasions concur in the measure. PER-SUA/SIVE, a. Having the power of persuading ; influencing the mind or passions ; as, persuasive elo- quence ; persuasive evidence. Hooker. South. PER-SUA/SIVE, n. That which persuades; an in- citement ; an exhortation. PER-SUA/SIVE-LY, adv. persuade or convince, Milton. PER-SUA/SIVE-NESS, n. The quality of having in- fluence on the mind or passions. Taylor. PER-SUA/SO-RY, (-swa/so-ry,) «. Having power or In such a manner as to tendency to persuade. Brown. PER-SUL/PHATE, n. A combination of sulphuric acid with a peroxyd., Silliman. PER-SUL-TA’/TION, n. [Li persulto.] An eruption of the blood from an artery. PERT, a. V. pert, Smart, spruce ; probably allied to perk, primarily, erect, from shooting up or forward.]} 1. Lively ; brisk ; smart. Awake the pert and nimble spirit of mirth. Shak, On the lawny sands and shelves Trip the pert fairies, and the dapper elves. Milton. 2. Forward ; saucy ; bold ; indecorously free. A lady bids me in a very pert manner mind my own affairs. Addison. PERT, m7. An assuming, over-forward, or impertinent person. Goldsmith. PERT, v. i. To behave with pertness; to be saucy. Bp. Gauden. PER-TAIN’, v.72. [L. pertineo ; per and teneo, to hold - It. pertenere. | l. To belong ; g; to be the property, right, or duty of. Men hate those who affect honor by ambition, which pertair not to them. a r He took the fortified cities which pertained to Judah. —2 Kings xii. It pertains to the governor to open the ports by proclam se Anon. 2. To have relation to. Acts i. PER-TER-E-BRA/TION, n._ [L. per and terebratio.] The act of boring through. Ainsworth. PER-TI-NA/CIOUS, (per-te-na/shus,) a. [L. pertinaz; per and teneo, to hold.] 1. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design with obstinacy ; obstinate ; perversely reso- lute; as, pertinacious in opinion; a man of pertina- cious confidence. Walton. 2. Resolute ; firm; constant; steady. Diligence is a steady, constant, perinacious study. South. [This word often implies a censurable degree of firmness or constancy, like obstinacy.] PER-TI-NA/CIOUS-LY, adv. Obstinately ; with firm or perverse adherence to opinion or purpose. He pertinaciously maintains his first opinions. PER-TI-NAC’L-TY, ae (le perirans PER-TLNa/CIOUS-NESs, }” [L- pertinacia.] 1. Firm or unyielding adherence to opinion or purpose; obstinacy. He pursues his scheme with 2. Resolution; constancy, [pertinacity. PER’TI-NA-CY, n. [Supra.] Obstinacy; stubborn- ness ; persistency ; resolution ; steadiness, [ Little used. ] Taylor. PER/TI-NENCE, ) n. [L. pertinens, pertineo; per PER/TI-NEN-CY,} and teneo, to hold.] Justness of relation to the subject or matter in hand ; fitness ; appositeness ; suitableness. I have shown the fitness and pertinency of the apostle’s discourse to the persons he addressed, entley, PER/TLNENT, a. [L. pertinens.] 1. Related to the subject or matter in hand ; just to the purpose ; adapted to the end proposed ; apposite ; not foreign to the thing intended. We say, he used an argument not pertinent to his subject or design, The discourse abounds with pertinent remarks. He Buve pertinent answers to the questions. 2. Regarding ; concerning; belonging. [Little used, | Hooker. PER/TI-NENT-LY, adv. Appositely ; to the pur- ose. He answered pertinently. PER/TI-NENT-NESS, nz. Appositeness. PER-TIN’/GENT, a. [L. pertingens.] Reaching to. PERT’LY, adv. Briskly ; smartly ; with prompt bold- ness. 2. Saucily ; with indecorous confidence or bold- s. Swit. PERT’NESS, n. Briskness ; smartness. 2. Sauciness ; forward promptness or boldness ; implying Jess than Errronrery or ImpopENcE. Perineses and j 10rance may ask a question in thre lines, which ment. B. Jonson. the mind by arguments or reasons offered, or by any Hiei ost Tearlig: eed nage aunt GUStriGe: FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Se EN ee aPen _3. Petty liveliness; sprightliness without force, dignity, or solidity. There is in Shaftesbury’s works a lively pertness and a parade of literature. Wats, PER-TURB’, PER!/TURB-ATE, turning. ] 1. To disturb ; to agitate; to disquiet. 2. To disorder ; to confuse. Brown. [This verb is littleused. The participle is in use.] PER-TURB-A’/TION, n. [L. perturbatio.] 1, Disquiet or agitation of mind. Milton. 2. Restlessness of passions ; great uneasiness. 3. Disturbance; disorder; commotion in public affairs. acon. 4. Disturbance of passions; commotion of spirit. 5. Cause of disquiet. [B. Jonson. O polished perturbation, golden care ! Shak. 6. In astronomy, an irregularity in the motion of a heavenly body through its orbit. D. Olmsted. PER/TURB-A-TOR,) n. One that disturbs or raises PER-TURB/ER, $ commotion. [Little used. PER-TURB/ED, pp. or a. Disturbed ; agitated; dis- quieted. v.t. [L. perturbo ; per and turbo, properly, to turn, or to stir by Rest, rest, perturbed spirit. Shak. PER-TURB/ING, ppr._ Disturbing ; agitating. PER-TUS EY, ) a. [l. pertusus, pertundo; per and PER-TUS’ED,§ —_tundo, to beat.] 1. Punched ; pierced with holes. 2. In botany, perforated or pierced irregularly with holes. Lindley. PER-TU/SION, n. [L. pertiusus, pertundo.) 1, The act of punching, piercing, or thrusting through with a pointed instrument. The manner of opening a vein in Hippocrates’s time, was by stabbing or pertusion. Arbuthnot. 2. A little hole made by punching ; a perforation. acon. PER/UKE, (per/ruke,)n. [Fr. perruque; It. perrucca; Sp. peluca; D. parwik; G. perriicke ; Sw. peruk. | An artificial cap of hair; a periwig. Wiseman. PER/UKE, v.7. To dress in adscititious hair. [Little used) PER/UKE-MAK/ER, x. A maker of perukes; a wig- maker, PE-RO/SAL, x. [from peruse.] The act of reading. This treatise requires application in the perusal. Woodward. 2. Careful view or examination. [Unusual] Tatler. PE-RUSE’, v. t. [Probably L. per and utor, usus.] 1. To read, or to read with attention. Addison. 2. To observe; to examine with careful survey. [ Obs.] I have perused her well. Shak. Myself I then perused, and limb by limb Surveyed. Milton. PE-RUS/ED, pp. Read; observed; examined. PE-RUS’/ER, n. One that reads or examines. Woodward. Reading ; examining. PE-RUS/ING, ppr. Pertaining to Peru, in South PE-RU/VI-AN, a, America. Peruvian balsam. See Barsam or Perv. Peruvian bark, the bark of several species of Cin- chona, trees of Peru; called also Jesuits’? bark. The taste is bitter and astringent, and it is used as a tonic, in cases of debility, and particularly in intermittents. PER-VADE’, v.t. [L. pervado ; per and vado, to go, Eng. to wade. | 1. To pass through an aperture, pore, or interstice ; to permeate ; as, liquors that pervade the pores. JVewton. 9. To pass or spread through the whole extent of a thing and into every minute part. What but God Pervades, adjusts, and agitates the whole? 3. We use this verb in a transitive form to express a passive or an intransitive signification. Thus when we say, “the electric fluid pervades the earth,”? or *‘ ether pervades the universe,” we mean only that the fluid is diffused through the earth or universe, or exists in all parts of them. So, when we say, ‘Sa spirit of conciliation pervades all classes of men,”? we may mean that such a spirit passes through all classes, or it exists among all classes, EA4R-VAD/ED, pp. Passedthrough ; permeated ; pen- etrated in every part, PER-VAD/ING, ppr. ora. Passing through or extend- ing to every part of a thing. PER-VA/SION, (-va'/zhun,) n. The act of pervading or passing through the whole extent of a thing. Boyle. Tending, or having power to per- Thomson. PER-VA’SIVE, a. vade. PER-VERSE’, (per-vers’,) a. [L. perversus. See Prer- VERT. 1. lane turned aside; hence, distorted from the right. Tilton. 9, Obstinate in the wrong; disposed to be con- trary ; stubborn ; untractable. PES 3. Cross ; petulant; peevish; disposed to cross and vex. I’}I frown and be perverse, and say thee nay. Shak, PER-VERSE/LY, adv. With intent to vex; crossly ; peevishly ; obstinately in the wrong. Locke. Swift. PER-VERSE/NESS, nz. Disposition to cross or vex; untractaubleness ; crossness of temper; a disposition uncomplying, unaccommodating, or acting in oppo- sition to what is proper or what is desired by others. Her whom he wishes most, shall seldom gain Through her perverseness. 2. Perversion. [JVot used.] PER-VER/SION, n. [Fr., from L. perversus. The act of perverting; a turning from truth or propriety ; a diverting from the true intent or object ; change to something worse. We speak of the per- version of the laws, when they are misinterpreted or misapplied ; a perversion of reason, when it is mis- employed ; a perversion of Scripture, when it is will- fully misinterpreted or misapplied, é&c. PER-VERS/I-TY, n. Perverseness; crossness; dis- position to thwart or cross. Norris. PER-VERS/IVE, a. Tending to pervert or corrupt. PER-VERT’, v. t. [L. perverto; per and verto, to turn. ] 1. To turn from truth, propriety, or from its proper purpose ; to distort from its true use or end; as, to pervert reason by misdirecting it ; to pervert the laws by misinterpreting and misapplying them ; to pervert justice ; to pervert the meaning of an author; to Milton. Bacon. pervert nature ; to pervert truth. Milton. Dryden. 2. To turn from the right ; to corrupt. He in the serpent had perverted Eve. Milton. PER-VERT’ED, pp. or a. Turned from right to wrong; distorted; corrupted ; misinterpreted ; mis- employed. PER-VERT’ER, n. One that perverts or turns from right to wrong; one that distorts, misinterprets, or misapplies. PER-VERT‘I-BLE, a. That may be perverted. Ainsworth. PER-VERT/ING, ppr. or a. Turning from right to wrong; distorting; misinterpreting ; misapplying ; corrupting. [Pervert, when used of persons, usually implies evil design. PER-VES/TLGATE, v. t [L. pervestigo; per and vestigo, to trace; vestigium, a track.] To find out by research. Cockeram. PER-VES-TI-GA/TION, 7x. Diligent inquiry ; thorough research. Chillingworth. PER-VI-€A/CIOUS, (-shus,) a ([L. pervicar; com- posed perhaps of per and Teutonic wigan, to strive or contend. ] Very obstinate; stubborn; willfully contrary or refractory. Denham. PER-VL€A/CIOUS-LY, adv. With willful obstinacy. PER-VL€A/CIOUS-NESS, ) n. Stubbornness; will- PER-VI-CAC/LTY, ful obstinacy. [Little used. | PER-VIG-IL-A/TION, n. [L. pervigilatio, pervigilo.] A careful watching. PER/VI-OUS, a. ft pervius ; per and via, way, or from the root of that word.] 1. Admitting passage; that may be penetrated by another body or substance ; permeable; penetrable. We say, glass is pervious to light; a porous stone is pervious to water ; a wood is pervious or not pervious to a body of troops. A country pervious to the arms and authority of a conqueror. Gibbon. 2. That may be penetrated by the mental sight. By darkness they mean God, whose secrets are pervious to no Ts) eye. Taylor. 3. Pervading ; permeating; as, pervious fire. [Vot proper. Prior. PER/VI-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of admitting passage, or of being penetrated ; as, the perviousness of glass to light. Boyle. PE-SADE!,n. (Fr. passade. Sce Pass.] The motion of a horse when he raises his fore quarters, keeping his hind feet on the ground with- out advancing. Far. Dict. PES/SA-RY, n. [Fr. pessaire; It. pessario; L, pessus.] An instrument that is introduced into the female vagina to support the mouth and neck of the uterus. It is made of wood, caoutchouc, waxed linen, &c. Hooper. Cooper. PES/SI-MIST, n. One who complains of every thing as being for the worst; opposed to an OprTimist. Rare.) : Smart. PES/SO-MAN-GY, n. Divination by pebbles. Smart. PEST, n. (Fr. peste; L. pestis; It. peste, whence appestarz, to infect or corrupt, Sp. apestar. These words may be allied to the Heb, Ch. Syr. and Eth. WN, to be fetid, Ar. to beat or throw down, or toa verb of that family. ‘The primary sense is probably to strike or beat, hence a stroke. See Class Bs, No. 25, 39, 48.] ng 1. Plague ; pestilence; a fatal epidemic disease. Let fierce Achilles Dryden, To so perverse a sex all grace is vain. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; The god propitiate, and the pest assuage. Pope. PET Q. Any thing very noxious, mischievous, or de- structive. The talebearer, the gamb-er, the libertine the drunkard, are pests to society. Of all virtues, justice is the best ; Valor without it is a common pest. PEST’ER, v. t. [Fr. pester.] 1. To trouble; to disturb; to annoy; to harass with little vexations. 8 ee Waller. | | We are pestered with mice and rats. More. A multitude of scribblers daily pester the world with their insuf ferable stuff. Dryden. 2. To encumber. Milton. PEST/ER-ED, pp. Troubled; disturbed; annoyed. PEST’ER-ER, n. One that troubles or harasses with vexation. PEST/ER-ING, ppr. Troubling ; disturbing. PEST/ER-OUS, a. Encumbering; burdensome. [Zit- tle used. acon. PEST’-HOUSE, nm. A house or hospital for persons infected with any contagious and mortal disease. PEST/L-DU€T, n. [L. pestis and duco.] That which conveys contagion or infections. PEST-IF/ER-OUS, a. [L. pestis, plague, and fero, to produce. } 1. PestiJential; noxious to health; malignant; in- fectious ; contagious. Arbuthnot. 2. Noxious to peace, to morals, or to society ; mis- chievous ; destructive. 3. Troublesome ; vexatious. Shak. PEST-IF/ER-OUS-LY, adv. Pestilentially ; noxiously. PEST/LLENCE, n. [L. pestilentia, from pestilens ; pestis, plague. } 1. Plague, appropriately so called ; but, in a weneral sense, any contagious or infectious disease that is epidemic and mortal. Shak. 2, Corruption or moral disease destructive to hap- piness. Proflirate habits carry pestilence into the bosom of domestic society. . Mf. Mason. PEST/I-LENT, a. [L. pestilens ; from pestis, plague.] 1. Producing the plague, or other malignant, con- tagious disease; noxious to health and life; as, a | | pestilent air or climate. acon. 2. Mischievous ; noxious to morals or society ; de- structive ; in @ general sense; as, pestilent books. 3. Troublesome; mischievous; making disturb- ance ; corrupt; as, a pestilent fellow. Acts xXiv. PEST-I-LEN/TIAL, (-shal,) a. Partaking of the na- ture of the plague, or other infectious disease; as, a pestuential fever. 2. Producing, or tending to produce, infectious disease ; as, pestilential vapors. 3. Mischievous; destructive 5 pernicious. South. PEST’/I-LENT-LY, adv. Mischievously ; destructively. PES-TIL-LA’/TION, x. [from L. pistillwm, Eng. pestie.] The act of pounding and bruising in a mortar. [ Little used. | T010N. PES'/TLE, (pes'l,) x. [L. pistillum, and probably prnso, for piso, to pound or beat; Sw. piska, to strike. See Psst. 1. An instrument for pounding and breaking sub- stances In a mortar. Locke. 2. A short bludgeon, (so called from its shape,) formerly carried by officers of the peace. Toone. Pestle of pork; a leg of pork, so called from its shape. Toone. PET, x. [This word may he contracted from petulant, or belong to the root of that word. Peevish, which is evidently a contracted word, may be from the same root. ] : A slight fit of peevishness or fretful discontent. Life given for noble purposes must not be thrown away in a pet, nor whined away in love. Collier. PET, x. [Formerly Prat. Qu. W. péth, a little ; péthan, a babe or little thing; D. bout, a duck or dear; Ir. baidh, love; L. peto, or Gr. roos, rosw. In Pers. Oo - cay bat, is an idol, a dear friend, a mistress. In Russ. pitayu signifies to feed, nourish, or bring up. The real origin of the word is doubtful. ] 1. A cade lamb; a lamb brought up by hand. 9. A fondling; any little animal fondled and in- dulged. Tatler. PET, v. t. To treat asa pet; to fondle; to indulge. PETAL, or PE/TAL, x. [Fr. petale; Gr. TETaAOY, from zeraw, to expand, L. pateo. Class Bd, No. 65, &c. In botany, a flower leaf; a term applied to the separate parts of a corol. When a corol consists of but one piece, it is said to be monopetalous ; when of two pieces, dipetalous, &c. PET/AL-ED, )a. Having petals; as, a petaled flow- PET/AL-OUS, er; opposed to APETALOUS. This word is much used in compounds; as, one-petaled ; three-petaled. PRT/AL-INE, (-in,) a. Pertaining toa petal ; attached to a petal; as, a petaline nectary. Barton. PET/AL-ISM, x. [Gr. METAALO[LOS- See Petat.] A form of sentence among the ancient Syracusans, “by which they banished for five years a citizen whose wealth or popularity alarmed their jealousy, OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ae aetG a ener 1 oes “ae rormaet eee ae i Bs | ae b) ip | 4 * a g Same URS _eee ed SS PEE eR. ci cela att Nb yl ree met Tig WA als tia ee tee ee ae PET PHA or who was suspected of aspiring to sovereign power. The mode was to give their votes by writing his name on a leaf. Petalism in Syracuse answered nearly to ostracism in Athens. Brande. PET’AL-ITE, 2. fers méTaXoy, a leaf. ] A rare mineral, occurring in masses, having a foliated structure; its color milk-white, or shaded with gray, red, or green. The alkali lithia was first discovered in this mineral. Cleaveland. PET’AL-C 1D, a. [petal and Gr. evdos, form.] Havir z the form ofa petal. Barton. Rafinesque. PET!/AL-SHAP-ED, a. Having the shape of a petal. PE-TARD’, jn. [It. and Sp. petardo; Fr. petard.] PE-BAR!, 4 An engine of war made of metal, nearly in the shape of a hat, to be loaded with powder and fixed on a madrier or plank, and former- ly used to break gates, barricades, draw-bridges, and the l'ke, by explosion. [Perar is obs. ] Brande, PET’A-SUS, 7. [L.; Gr. weracos.] j The winged cap of Mercury ; a broad-brimmed hat. PE-TAU/RIST, xn, [Gr. reraw and vvpa.] One of a genus of marsupial animals, which take short flights in the air by extending the folds between the fore and hind extremities, and by an expanded tail, as the flying squirrel. Brande. PE-TE€’/€HI-&, n. pl. [It. petecchia; Sp. petequia.] Purple spots, which appear on the skin in malig- nant fevers. PE-TE€/€HI-AL, a. [It. petecchiale; Sp. petequial. | Spotted. A petecchial fever is a malignant fever, accompanied with purple spots on the skin. Pr/TER, PE‘TRE, PET’ER-EL, m. See Perret. PE/TER-PENCE, 7. An annual tax or tribute, for- merly paid by the English people to the pope; being a penny for every house, payable at Lammas-day. It was called also Romescot. Fall. PE/TER-WORT, n. A plant. [See Saint PeTeER’s Wort. PET’I-O-LAR, )a. Pertaining toa petiole, or pro- PET’I-O-LA-RY,§ ceeding from it; as, a petiolar tendril. 2. Formed from a petiole ; as, a petiolar bud. 3, Growing on a petiole; as, a petiolar gland. PET’I-O-LATE, a. Having a petiole; as, a petiolate PET’I-O-LED, leaf. Martyn. PET’I-OLE, n. [L. petiolus, probably a diminutive from pes, pedis.] In botany, a leaf-stalk; the foot-stalk of a leaf, See SALTPETER. connecting the blade with the stem. Martyn. PET'I-O-LULE, n. A small petiole. PET’IT, (pet’ty,) a. [Fr. See Pex TY. | Small ; little; mean. South. [This word petit is now generally written Perry.] Petit constable ; an inferior civil officer, Subordinate to the high constable. Petit jury; a jury of twelve citizens, who are empanneled to try causes at the bar of a court; so called in distinction from the grand jury, which tries the truth of indictments. Petit larceny ; the stealing of goods of the value of twelve pence, or under that amount, in England, or twenty-five dolJars in New York ; opposed to grand larceny. Petit sergeantry ; in English law, the tenure of Jands of the king, by the service of rendering to him annually some implement of War, aS a bow, an alrow, a sword, lance, &c. Petit treason; the crime of killing a person, to whom the offender owes duty or subjection. Thus, it is petit treason for a wife to kill her husband, or a servant his lord or master. Blackstone. PET/IT-MAI'TRE, (pet/te-ma/tr,) n. [Fr., a little master. | A spruce fellow that dangles about females; a fop ; a coxcomb. Addison. PE-TI// TION, (pe-tish’un,) n. [L. petitio, from peto, to ask, properly to urge or press, Sax. biddan, Goth. bidyan, G. bitten, D. bidden, Sw. bedia, Dan. beder, Sp, pedir, Arm, pidi, Ir. impidhim, Corn. pidzha. Qu. Ch. 6.5, tosupplicate. See Class Bd, No. 97, 63, 64.) 1, In a@ general sense, a request, supplication, or prayer ; but chiefly and appropriately, a solemn or for- mal supplication ; a prayer addressed by a person to the Supreme Being, for something needed or desired, or a branch or particular article of prayer, Law. 2, A formal request or supplication, verbal or written ; particularly, a written supplication from an inferior to a superior, either toa single person clothed with power, or to a Jegislative or other body, solicit- ing some favor, grant, right, or mercy 3. The paper containing a supplication or solicita- tion. Much of the time of our legislative bodies is consumed in attending to private petitions. The speaker’s table is often loaded with petitions, Peti- tions to the king of Great Britain must contain noth- ing reflecting on the administration. Encye. PE-TI/TION, v. t. To make a request to; to ask from ; to solicit ; particularly, to make supplication to a superior for some favor or right; as, to petition the legislature ; to petition a court of chancery. The mother (aes her goddess to bestow on them the great- eat gift that could be given. Addison, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —M 820 OGG 8k eee | PE-TI’"TION-A-RI-LY, adv. By way of begging the question. Brown. PE-TI//TION-A-RY, a. Supplicatory ; coming witha petition. Pardon thy petitionary countrymen. Shak, 2. Containing a petition or request ; as, a petitiona- ry prayer; a petitionary epistle. Hooker. Swift. PE-TI/'TION-ED, pp. Asked_as a favor; solicited. PE-TI/’TION-EE/, x. A person cited to defend against a petition. PE-TI//TION-ER, n. One that presents a petition, either verbal or written. PE-TI’TION-ING, ppr. Asking as a favor, grant, right, or mercy ; supplicating. PE-TI''TION-ING, n. The act of asking or solicit- Ing; solicitation; supplication. Tumultuous peli- tioning is made penal by statute, PE-TI"TI-O PRIN-CIP'I-I, (-tish'e-0,) [L.] A beg- ging of the question; a tacit assumption of the proposition to be proved as a premise in the argu- ment by which it is to be proved. PET/I-TO-RY, a. Petitioning ; soliciting. [Vot used. ] Sr ewer. PE-TONG’, n. The Chinese white copper, an alloy of copper and nickel. Brande. PE-TRE/AN.a. [L. petra,a rock. ] Pertaining to rock or stone. Faber. PET’REL, n. A name common to the long-winged, web-footed sea-fowls, constituting the Linnean ge- nus Procellaria, PE-TRES’CENCE, n. The process of changing into stone. Kirwan, PE-TRES/CENT, a. [Gr. 7: Tpos, a Stone, L. petra.] Converting into stone; changing into stony hard- ness. Boyle. PET-RI-FA€/TION, n. [See Prerriry.] The pro- cess of changing into stone ; the conversion of wood or any animal or vegetable substance into stone or a body of stony hardness. This is effected by the gradual displacement of the particles of the sub- stance said to be petrified, and the infiltration of sili- cious earth, or lime in composition with iron or iron pyrites. Bell When the water in which wood is lodred is slightly impreenated with petrescent particles, the petrifaciion very slowly takes place. Kirwan, 2. That which is converted from animal or vege- table substance into stone. The calcareous petrifaction called osteocolla, Kirwan, An organized body rendered hard by depositions of stony matter in its cavities. Ure. 3. In popular usage, a body incrusted with stony matter ; an incrustation. Ed. Encye. PET-RI-FA€/TIVE, a. Pertaining to petrifaction. 2. Having power to convert vegetable or animal substances into stone. Brown. PE-TRIF’I€, a. Having power to convert into stone. Milton. The cold, dry, petrific mace of a false and unfeeling philosophy. Burke. PET’RI-FI-CATE, v. t. To petrify. [WVot used.] Hall, PET-RI-FI-€A'/TION, n. The process of petrifying. 2. That which is petrified ; a petrifaction. [The latter word is generally used.] 3. Obduracy ; callousness. Hallywell, PET’RI-FI-ED, pp. or a. Changed into stone. 2. Fixed in amazement. PET’RI-FY, v. t. ([L. petra, Gr. m@eTpos, a stone or rock, and facio, to make. ] 1. To convert to stone or Stony substance, as an animal or vegetable substance. North of Quito, there is a river that petrifies any sort of wood or aves, rian, 2. ‘To make callous or obdurate ; as, to petrify the heart. And petrify a genius toa dunce. Pope. 3. To fix ; as, to petrify one with astonishment. PET’RI-FY, v. 7 To become Stone, or of a stony hardness, as animal or vegetable substances by means of calcareous or other depositions in their cavities, PET’/RI-FY-ING, ppr. or a. Converting into stone; as, petrifying operation. Kirwan. PE-TRO’/LE-UM, n. [Fr. petrole, from Gr. TET NOS, stone, and eXatoy, oil ; quasi petrolaion. | Rock oil, a liquid, inflammable substance or bitu- men exuding from the earth and collected on the surface of the water in weUs and fountains, in various parts of the world, or oozing from cavities in rocks, It is essentially composed of carbon and hydrogen. [PrrRox has sometimes been used.] Fourcroy. Kirwan. Cyc. PET’RO-LINE, (-lin,) m. A substance obtained by distilling the petroleum of Rangoon. Brande. PET’/RO-NEL, n. A kind of carabine or large horse- man’s pistol, PET-RO-SI/LEX, n, [L. petra, Gr. rerpos, a stone, and silez, flint.) Rock stone ; rock flint, or compact feldspar. PET-RO-SI-_LI//CIOUS, (-Se-lish/us,) a. Consisting of petrosilex ; as, petrosilicious breccias. Kirwan. PE/TROUS, a. [lL petra,a stone. ] Like stone ; hard; stony. Tooper. PET'TED, pp. ora. Treated asa pet; fondled, PET'TI-€OAT, x. [Fr. petit, petty, and coat, A loose under garment worn by females, and coy- ering the lower limbs. PET’TI-FOG, v. % [Fr. pelt, small, and voguer, to row, But in Norman, voguer is rendered to eal] again, to return, as if from L. voco, like advocate.} To do small business, asa lawyer. Vulgar. | PET’/TI-FOG-GER, wu. An inferior attorney or law- yer who is employed in small or mean business, PET’TI-FOG-GER-Y, x. The practice of a pettifog- ger; tricks ; quibbles, Milton. PET’TI-NESS, n. [from petty.) Smallness ; little- ness. Shak. PET’TING, pyr. Fondling; indulging. PET’TISH, a. [from pet.) Fretful ; peevish ; sub- ject to freaks of ill temper. Creech. PE'’TISH-LY, adv. Ina pet; with a freak of ill ten) per. PET’TISH-NESS, n. Fretfulness ; petulance ; peey- ishness. Collier. PET’TI-TOES, n. pl. [petty and toes.] The toes or feet of a pig, often used as food 3 Sometimes used for the human feet, in contempt. Shak. PET’TO, x. [It., from L. pectus, the breast. ] The breast; hence, in petto, in secrecy; in re- serve. Chesterfield, PET’TY, a. [Fr. petit-] 1. Small ; little; trifling; inconsiderable ; as, a petty trespass ; a petty crime. Wilton. 2. Inferior; as, a petty prince. Denham. We usually write petty constable, petty jury, petty larceny, petty treason. [See Perit. PET/TY-CHAPS, n. A small singing bird, found in various parts of Europe. It lives chiefly on insects, and belongs with the nightingale to the genus Sylvia of Latham. Ed. Enciyc. PET’/TY-€OY, 2. An herb. Ainsworth. PET’U-LANCE, ) ae, PET/U-LAN-CY, { n. [L. petulantia; Fr. petulance. | Freakish passion ; peevishness ; pettishness ; sau- ciness. Peevishness is not precisely synonymous with petulance; the former implying more perma- nence of a sour, fretful temper ; the latter more tem- porary or capricious Irritation. That which looked like pride in some, and petulance in others, Clarendon The pride and petulance of youth. Wats. PET/U-LANT, a. [L. petulans. } 1. Saucy ; pert or forward with fretfulness or sour- ness of temper; as, a petulant youth. 2. Manifesting petulance ; proceeding from pettish- Ness ; as, a petulant demand ; a petulant answer. 3. Wanton; freakish in passion. PET/U-LANT-LY, ado. With petulance ; with saucy pertness. PE-TUNSE’, PE-TUNTSE’, fresh or undecomposed PE-TUNTZP’, feldspar ground very fine, and used with kaolin to form porcelain. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. PEUR/MI-€AN, zn. Potted beef. [See PEMMIcan.] PEW, (pi,) 2. [D. puye; L. podium. ]} An inclosed seat in a church. Pews were for- merly made square ; in modern churches, in America, they are generally long and narrow, and sometimes called Suirs. PEW, v.t. To furnish with pews. [Little used.| Ash. PEW!'-FEL-LOW, n. A companion. Bp. Hall. IF/VTITN PRWET, n. The japwing or green plover. n. A Chinese name for s i (pe-tuns’,) 2. Pewit gull, or Pewit; the sea crow, or mire crow. PEW’TER, (pu’ter,) n. [It. peltro; Sp. peltre, from which pewter is formed by a change of 1 into w, as the French change belle into beau. We receive the word from the Norm. peautre. 1. A composition of factitious meta], consisting mainly of tin and lead. Tin alloyed with small quantities of antimony, copper, and bismuth, forms the best pewter. Inferior sorts contain a large pro- portion of lead. Pewter was formerly in extensive use in domestic utensils or vessels; but being a soft composition, and easily melted, is now less used, 2. Vessels or utensils made of pewter, as plates, dishes, porringers, and the like. Addison. PEW'TER-ER, n. One whose occupation is to make vessels and utensils of pewter. Boyle. PEW/TER-Y, a. Belonging to pewter ; as, a perntery PEX'I-TY,n, The nap of cloth. [taste. PHA/E-TON, n. [Gr., from datva, to shine.] 1. In mythology, the son of Pheebus and Clymene, or of Cephalus and Aurora, that is, the son of light, or of thesun. This aspiring youth begged of Phe- bus that he would permit him to guide the chariot of the sun, in doing which he manifested want of skill, and being struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, he was hurled headlong Into the River Po. This fable probably originated in the appearance of a comet with a splendid train, which passed from the sight in the north-west of Italy and Greece. 2. An open carriage like a chaise, on four wheels, and drawn by two horses. ETE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE. WOLF, BOOK. — a a Se SSPHA 3. In ornithology, a genus of palmiped birds, the tropic bird. PHAG-E-DE/NA, n. [Gr. dayedaiva.] A spreading, obstinate ulcer ; a canine appetite. PHAG-E-DEN’I€, a. (Gr. dayedacvixos, from gaya, to eat.] Pertaining to phagedena ; of the nature and char- acter of phagedena; as, a phagedenic ulcer or medi- cine. Phagedenic water, is made from quick-lime and corrosive sublimate, and therefore is composed of chlorid of calcium and red oxyd of mercury. PHAG-E-DEN‘I€, n. A medicine or application that causes the absorption, or the death and sloughing of fungous flesh. Encyc. Hooper, PHAG-E-DE/NOUS, a. Causing absorption of the flesh, as in phagedena; of the nature of phagedena. PHA-LAN"’GAL, a. Belonging to the phalanges, PHA-LAN’GI-AL, or small bones of the fingers and toes. PHA-LAN/GER, n. [from phalanz, phalanges.| A name common to several species of marsupial quad- rupeds, of the genus Phalarista, inhabiting New Hol- land, Van Diemen’s Land, and the islands north of New Holland. The hinder feet have a large oppo- sable thumb, which is nailless, with four toes armed with claws, and the two innermost of the toes are joined together almost to the extremity. They are nocturnal in their habits, and live in trees. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. PHA-LAN/GES, n. pl. [from phalanz.] In anatomy, the small bones of the fingers and toes. PHA-LAN/GI-OUS, a. [Gr. gadayyctov, a kind of spider, from dadayé.] Pertaining to the genus of spiders denominated dadayytov, phalangium. Brown. PHAL/AN-GITE, n. ([Gr. gadayytrys, a legionary soldier. ] A soldier belonging to a phalanx. Mitford. PHAL-AN-STE’RI-AN, n. A friend of social science, the new philosophy of Fourier. PHAL-AN-STE'RI-AN, a. Relating to phalansterian- ism, or the doctrine of association. PHAL-AN-STE/RI-AN-ISM, n. Thesystem of Charles Fourier, whose leading inculcation is, that the evils which mainly afflict mankind are social in their na- ture, and that their only remedy is in a reorganiza- tion of society upon principles analogous to those of a joint-stock company ; each community to consist of from 500 to 2000 persons, living in one spacious edifice, cultivating a large domain, prosecuting in- dustry In common, but sharing its proceeds according to their capital, skill, and labor. Greeley. PHAL/AN-STE-RY, x. [from phalanz.] A name given to the grand edifice which is to be the com- mon dwelling of all the inhabitants or members of an association, according to the theory and projection of Charles Fourier. PHAL/ANX, (fal/anks,) 7. [L.; Gr. dadayt.] 1. In Grecian antiquity, a square battalion or body of soldiers, formed in ranks and files close and deep, with their shields joined and pikes crossing each other, so as to render it almost impossible to break it. The Macedonian phalanz, celebrated for its force, con- sisted of 8000 men; but smaller bodies of soldiers were called by the same name. Encyc. Mitford. 2. Any body of troops or men formed in close array, or any combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of union. 3. In anatomy, the rows of small bones forming the fingers, or the toes, PHAL/A-ROPE, n. The name of several species of wading birds of the genus Phalaropus. They are chiefly northern in locality, breed on the sea-shores, and freeiy swim, sometimes venturing far out to sea. Jardine. PHAN-E-RO-GA/MI-AN,) a ([Gr. gavepos, man- PHAN-E-RO-GAM/IE€, ifest, and yauos, mar- PHAN-E-ROG/A-MOUS, riage. | Plants having visible flowers, containing stamens and pistils, are called phanerogamic or phanerogamous. PHAN’TASM, (fan’tazm,) n. [Gr. pavracna, from dayratw, to show, from the root of acy, to shine ; atv pat, to appear.) That which appears to the mind ; the image of an external object ; hence, an idea or notion. It usu- ally denotes a vain or airy appearance; something imagined. All the interim is Like a phantasm, or a hideous dream, Shak. PHAN-TAS-MA-GO’RI-A,) 2 ([Gr. davracpa and PHAN-TAS’MA-GO-RY, ayopaopat. | A term applied to representations made by a magic Jantern ; also, a magic lantern. PHAN-TAS-MA-GO/RL-AL, a. Relating to the optical exhibition called phantasmagori. PHAN-TAS/TIE€, PHAN’TA-SY. See Fantastic and Fancy. PHA PHA/RA-ON, n. The name of a game of chance; now written Faro, PHAR-A-ON’I€, a, Pertaining to the Pharaohs or kings of Egypt, or to the old Egyptians. Niebuhr. PHAR-LSA/I€, a. [from Pharisee.] Pertain- PHAR-I-Sa/T€-AL, ing to the Pharisees ; resem- bling the Pharisees, a sect among the Jews, distin- guished by their zeal for the traditions of the elders, and by their exact observance of these traditions and the ritual law. Hence pharisaic denotes addicted to external forms and ceremonies; making a show of religion without the spirit of it ; as, pharisaic holi- ness. Bacon. PHAR-LSA/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of Phar- isees. PHAR-I-Sa/I€-AL-NESS, n. Devotion to external rites and ceremonies ; external show of religion without the spirit of it. PHAR/L-SA-ISM, x. The notions, doctrines, and con- duct of the Pharisees, as a sect. 2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion without genuine piety ; hypocrisy in religion. S Encyc. Milner. PHAR-I-SE/AN, a. Following the practice of the Pharisees. Multon. PHAR’I-SER, n. [Heb. 045, to separate. ] One of a sect among the Jews, whose religion consisted in a strict observance of rites and ceremo- nies and of the traditions of the elders, and whose pretended holiness led them to separate themselves as a sect, considering themselves as more righteous than other Jews. PHAR-MA-CEU/TIE, ad. [Gr. duppaxevtixos, PHAR-MA-CEU/TI€-AL, from gappaxevw, to practice witchcraft, or use medicine; gappaxov, poison, or medicine.] Pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or to the art of preparing medicines. PHAR-MA-CEUD/TI€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of pharmacy. PHAR-MA-CEU/TIE€S, (-sii’/tiks,) 7. preparing medicines. PHAR-MA-CEU’TIST, 2. cines, PHAR-MA€/O-LITE, n. Native arseniate of lime, snow white, or milk white, inclining to reddish or yellowish white. It occurs in sinall, reniform, bot- ryoidal, and globular masses, and has a silky luster. Dict. [Gr. pappaxoy and The science of Parr. One who prepares medi- PHAR-MA-€OL/O-GIST, 1x. NEyo.] One that is well skilled in or writes on drugs, or the composition and preparation of medicines. Woodward. PHAR-MA-€OL/0-GY, 7. [Supra.] The science or knowledge of drugs, or the art of preparing medi- cines. 2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines. Encyc. PHAR-MA-€0-PQH/IA, n. [Gr. dappaxov and mu1Ew, to make. ] A dispensatory ; a book or treatise describing the preparations of the several kinds of medicines, either with or without their uses and manner of application. PHAR-MA-€OP/O-LIST, n. [Gr. pappaxoy and Twrcw, to sell. ] One that sells medicines ; an apothecary. PHAR/MA-CY, n. ([Gr. dappaxeca, a medicament, whether salutary or poisonous. } The art or practice of preparing, preserving, and compounding substances, whether vegetable, mineral, or animal, for the purposes of medicine; the occupa- tion of an apothecary. Encyc. PHA’‘ROS, xn. (Gr. dapos. This word is generally supposed to be taken from the name of a small isle, near Alexandria, in Egypt. But qu. is not the word from the root of fire, or from the Celtic fatrim, to watch, and the isle so called from the tower upon it? | 1. A lighthouse or tower which anciently stood on a small isle of that name, adjoining the Egyptian shore, over against Alexandria. It consisted of sev- eral stories and galleries, with a lantern on the top, which was kept burning at night as a guide to sea- men, Encyc. Amer. Hebert, 2. Any lighthouse for the direction of seamen 5 a watchtower ; a beacon. PHA-RYN/GE-AL, a. Belonging to or connected with the pharynx. PHAR-YN-GOT/O-MY, n. [Gr. dapvyé, the muscular and glandular bag that leads to the esophagus, and répve, to cut. ] Ce : The operation of making an incision Ito the pharynx, to remove a tumor or any thing that ob- structs the passage. Coxe. PHAR/YNX, (far/inks,) n. the esophagus; or a muscular bag leading to the PHAN/TOM, n. [Fr. fantdme, corrupted from L. esophagus. phantasma, } oe PHASE, )7.; pl. Puases. [Gr. pacis, from pawa, 1. Something that appears; an apparition; a@/ PHA/SIS, { aw, to shine. ] specter. 1. In a general sense, an appearance ; that which Strange phantoma rising as the mists arise. Pope. is exhibited to the eye; appropriately, any appear- 2, A fancied vision. Pope. ance or quantity of illumination of the moon or [Gr.] The upper part of rt | other planet. The moon presents differe es | the full and the anaaranire: AES GuTe Seb aes 2. In mineralogy, transparent green quartz. PHA/SEL, 7. iGreen: or Meteo Sues The French bean or kidney bean. 1 PHASM, PHAS/MA, Appearance ; fancied apparition ; phantom. tle used. ] PHAS/SA-€HATE, zn. n. [Gr., from gatvw, daw, supra.) [ Lit- | Hummonda. The lead-colored agate. [See | AGATE. ] Encijc. | PHEAS/ANT, (fez/ant,) n. [Fr. faisan; It. fagiano ; Sp. faysan; L. phasianus; Gr. @actavoc; Russ. pha- zan ; Supposed to be so named from the River Phasis, in Asia. But is it not from some root signifying to be spotted? See Class Bs, No. 34 ] A name common to several species of gallinaceous birds, principally of the genus Phasianus. They are highly esteemed for the beauty of their plumage, the elegance of their forms, and the delicacy of their flesh. All the known species are natives of Asia. Partington. PHEAS/ANT-RY, 7. dy notion that these affections are phthisis. [Little used. | much the same a ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; By the principles of fac- and this manifested in the form of the skull; craniology. [Gr. dry, the mind, The power of exciting the organs of the brain {Supra.] Madness; delir- an epithet applied to a a light, spongy stone, resembling a A mere conversion of the This term is sometimes applied popularly, hut erro- more to chronic dyspnea, from the mistaken leaf. PHYL-LO/DI-UM, n. In botany, a petiol developed in some way, as to perform the functions of a perfect leaf. PHY L-LOPH’O-ROUS, a. pepm, to bear. ] flattened form, like PHYS'A-LITE, x. and \ifos, a stone.) of prismatic topaz ; intumesces In heat. PHYS’E-TER. avOpwros, man. ] dies. PHYSTE, n. to produce. ] ] [Gr. @ erally called Mepic purge; a cathartic. guage, this sense 1s PHYS/IE, v. t. 9. To cure. PHYS/IE-AL, a. ductions, or to m moral or Imaginary. f power, with reference to material things; armies and navies are t whereas wisdom, distinction from a substance. treatise. as, physical herbs. ? professional men. ] . PHYS/I€-AL-LY, a Ss CH as SH; PHTHIS/I€-AL, (tiz/zi-kal,) a. Having or belonging to the phthisic ; breathing PHTHIS/ICK-Y, (tiz/zik-e,) a. The gelatine in which the sporules of algaceous PHY-LA€/TER-ED, a. Wearing a phylactery ; dressed a. PHY-LA€-TER/1€-AL, ca, to defend or guar I. In a general sense, any charin, spell, or amulet, Worn as a preservative from danger or disease. 2. Among the Jews, a slip of parchment on which head, breast, or neck, as a mark of their religion. 3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which they inclosed the relics of the dead. PHY/LAREH, n. [Gr. dvAn, tribe, and apxn, rule. | The chief or governor of a tribe or clan. Government of a tribe or clan. PHYL/LITE, n. [Gr. pvddvyv, a leaf, and AcUos, . The art of healing diseases. 9, Medicines; remedies for diseases. physic only for the sake 3. In popular language, a medicine that purges; a bowels with a cath: Pe aterial things, as opposed to things 5. Having the property of evacuatin [In the three latter senses, nearly obsolete Physical education ; to the object of giving stre the bodily organs and powers. ural power, or the oper: material system of things, [Gr. potctkos. See consumption. Harvey. Having or pertaining | | [Gr. pOcars, from Pb, | The part of the pulmonary appara- | 1, gradually progressive emacia- hectic, and usually copious ex- | (Gr. Q@uKOS and pnTnp.] Brande. | ee PHYLACTERY. | Green. Pertaining to pbhylac- teries. Addison. [ee pvdaxrnptoy, from pudac- ext of Scripture, particularly of by devout persons on the fore- nCyc. Encye. Robinson. a sure Of a a mineral having the fi Lunicr. [Gr. dvdAdov.] e Without a lamina, but so much Lindley. | [Gr. @vAdov, a leaf, and Leaf-bearing ; producing leaves. PHYL/LO-POD, n. [Gr. dvddAvv and 7ovs.] One of a tribe of crustaceans whose feet have a that of a leaf. (Gr. ducaw, to swell or inflate, A mineral of a greenish-white color, a subspecies called also PyRoPHYSALITE, as It Jameson, Plullips. See CacHALorT. PHYS-I-AN'THRO-PY, 2. [Gr. duets, nature, and The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and the reme- Med. Repos. vaiky, from gvats, nature; pve, This is now gen- Encye. We desire Hooker INE. of health. [In technical and elegant Jan- not used. | To treat with physic ; to evacuate the Shak. Shak, rtaining to nature or natural pro- irtic ; to purge. We speak of physical force or he physical force of a nation; knowledge, skill, &c., constitute moral force. A physical point is a real point, in mathematical or imagmary point. A physical body or substance is a material body or substance, in distinction from spirit, or metaphysical jum, or that partial madness which manifests itself 92, Pertaining to the material part or structure of in wild and erratic sallies of the imagination. It is} an organized being, particularly man; as, physical written, also, PRENzyY. strength. Demoniac Phrensy ; moping Melancholy. Milton. 3. External; perceptible to the senses; as, the PHRON/TIS-TER-Y, x. [Gr. ppovriornpcov, from physical characters of a mineral ; opposed Ded a 4. Relating to the art of healing; as, a physical g the bowels ; 6. Medicinal ; promoting the cure of diseases. 7. Resembling physic; as, a physical taste. Johnson. among the education which is directed neth, health, and vigor to According to nature ; by nat- ration of natural laws in the as distinguished from dv. Has in THIS. | 823 —, St eee ae wie we \ ae ee es pita > Poems —e ~ mem A Se al” ie in 4 ' { j q ; i 5 M ®% Ve Bi PY PIC PIC moral power or influence. We suppose perpetual motion to be physically impossible. Locke. 2. According to the art or rules of medicine. [ Obs.] Tarn not now treating physically of light or colors. He that lives physically, must live miserably. Cheyne, PHY-SI'/CIAN, (fe-zish/an,) ». A person skilled in the art of healing; one whose profession is to pre- Scribe remedies for diseases. : 2. In @ spiritual sense, one that heals moral dis- eases ; as, a physician of the soul. PHYS'I-€0-LOG/I€, n. Logic illustrated by natural philosophy. PHYS/I-€0-LOG'IE-AL, a. logic. [Little used. PHYS/I-C€O-THE-OL/O-GY, 7. and theology. | Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy. PHYS/IES, n. In its most extensive sense, the science of nature or of natural objects, comprehending the study or knowledge of whatever exists. 2. In the usual and more limited sense, the science of the material system, including natural history and philosophy. This science is of vast extent, compre- hending whatever can be discovered of the nature and properties of bodies, their causes, effects, affec- tions, operations, phenomena, and laws. PHYS-I-OG’NO-MER. See PHysroGnomist. PHYS-I-OG-NOM/I€, a. [See Puysrocnomy.] PHYS-I-OG-NOM/'I€-AL, Pertaining to physiog- nomy ; expressing the temper, disposition, or other qualities of the mind, by signs in the countenance: or drawing a Knowledge of the state of the mind from the features of the face. PHYS-I-OG-NOM‘I€S, n. Among physicians, signs in the countenance, which indicate the state, tem- perament, or constitution of the body and ais “MNCYC. PHYS-I-OG/NO-MIST, n. One that is skilled in physiognomy ; one that is able to judge of the par- uicular temper or other qualities of the mind, by Signs in the countenance. Dryden. PHYS-I-OG/NO-MY, n. [Gr. ductoyywporia; Puais, nature, and yywpovixos, knowing; yiwwoxw, to know. ] 1. The art or science of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; or the art of discovering the predominant temper, or other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the form of the body, but especially by the external signs of the countenance, or the combination of the features. Bacon. Lavater. 2 The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind ; particular configuration, cast or expression of countenance. Dryden. {This word formerly comprehended the art of foretelling the future fortunes of persons by indica- tions of the countenance. | PHYS-I-O-GRAPH’I€-AL, a. raphy. PHYS-I-OG'RA-PHY, 7x. ypapa, to describe. ] A description of nature, or the science of natural objects. Journal of Science. PHYS-I-OL/O-GER, n. A physiologist. {The latter is generally used. ] PHYS-I-O-LOG'IE, ad. (See Puystovoey.] PHYS-L-O-LOG'I€-AL, Pertaining to physiology ; relating to the science of the properties and functions of living beings. PHY$-I-O-LOG/I€-AL-LY, adv. principles of physiology. Lawrence’s Lect. PHYS-I-OL‘O-GIST, n. One who is versed in the science of living beings, or in the properties and functions of animals and plants. 2. One that treats of physiology. PHYS-I-OL/O-GY, n. (Gr. Ppuavoroyta; dvois, na- ture, and Acyw, to discourse. | 1. According to the Greek, this word Signifies a discourse or treatise of nature; but the moderns use the word in a more limited sense, for the science of the functions of all the different parts or organs of animals and plants, or, in other words, the offices which they perform in the economy of the individual. 2. The science of the mind, of its various phe- nomena, affections, and powers. Brown. PHYS/NO-MY, for PHysroGnomy, is not.used. PHYS'O-GRADE, n. [Gr. dvots and L. gradior, | One of a tribe of zoophytes, which swim by means of air-bladders. PHYS'/Y, for Fuser. [Mot used. | Locke. PHY-TIV/O-ROUS, a. [Gr. durov, a plant, and L. voro, to eat. | Feeding on plants or herbage ; as, phytivorous ani- mals, Ray. PHY-TO€H’/LMY, n. The chemistry of plants. PHY-TOG/E-NY, n. The doctrine of the generation of plants. PH ¥-TO-GRAPH'I€-AL, a. scription of plants. PHY-TOG/RA-PHY, n. [Gr. gurov, a plant, and ypadn, description. ] Pertaining to physico- Swift, [ physic, or physical, 3 Pertaining to physiog- [Gr. vows, nature, and According to the Pertaining to the de- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. —_p 1. The science of describing plants in a systematic manner. 2. A description of plants. Bee Tomer n. [Gr. purov, a plant, and \.Oos, a stone. A plant petrified, or fossil vegetable. PHY-TO-LOG/‘I€-AL, a. Pertaining to phytology ; botanical. < Lyell. PHY-TOL'O-GIST, n. [See Be Ono Sa) One versed in plants, or skilled in phytology ; a botanist. Dvelyn. PHY-TOL’0-GY, n. discourse. ] A discourse or treatise on plants, or the doctrine of plants ; description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. PHY-TON/O-MY, x. [Gr. duroyv and VO}LOS. | The science of the origin and growth of plants. PHY-TOPH/A-GOUS, a. [Gr. @urov, a plant, and pay@, to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, plants. PHY-TO-ZO/ON, n. [Gr. gurov, a plant, and PHY-TO-ZO/A, x. pl. ¢wov, an animal.] Terms applied to zosphytes ; also to certain ma- rine animalcules living in the tissues of plants. Dana. PI,n. A term applied to printers’? types, when con- fusedly mixed or unsorted. PI'A MA'TER, [L.] In anatomy, a thin membrane immediately investing the brain. Coxe. PI-A’/BA, n. A small, fresh-water fish of Brazil, about the size of the minnow, much esteemed for food. (Gr. guroy, a plant, and doyos, Encyc. PI/A-€LE, (pi/a-kl,) n. [L. piaculum.] An enormous crime, [Vot used.] Howell. PI-A€’U-LAR, (ja. [L. piacularis, from pio, to expi- PI-A€/U-LOUS, § ate.) 1, Expiatory ; having power to atone. 2. Requiring expiation. 3. Criminal ; atrociously bad. [These words are little used. PY/A-NET, n. [L. pica or picus. 1. The magpie. 2. A bird, the lesser woodpecker. PI-A-NIS'SEMO. In music, very soft. PI-A'NIST, ». A performer on the forte-piano, or one well skilled in it. Busby. PI-A'NO. In music, soft. PI-A'NO-FOR’/TE, n. [It. piano, from L. planus, plain, smooth, and It. forte, L. fortis, strong. ] A keyed musical instrument, of German origin, and of the harpsichord kind ; so called from its softer notes or expressions. Its tones are produced by hammers instead of quills, and of all the keyed instru- ments it seems to deserve the preference on account Brown. Glanville. [Obs.] Bailey. of the superior tone, Sweetness, and variety, of which it is susceptible, P. Cyc. Hebert. PI-AS’TER, n. [It. piastra, a thin plate of metal, or a dollar. See Prater. An Italian coin of about 80 cents value, or 3s. 7d. sterling. But the value is different in different states or countries. It is called, also, a Piece or Ercut. The Spanish piaster isthe same as the Spanish or American dollar. The Turkish plaster, formerly worth 25 cents, is now worth only about 8 cents. PI-A/TION, n. [L. piatio. } [ McCulloch. The act of making atonement. PI-AZ/ZA,n. [It. for plazza; Sp. plaza; Port praga, for plaga; Fr. place; Eng. id.; D. plaats; G. platz ; Dan. plads ; Sw. plats. } 1. In building, a portico or covered walk Supported by arches or columns. P. Cyc. 2. In Italian, it denotes a square Open space sur- rounded by buildings. Gwilt. PIB/-CORN, n. [W., pipe-horn.] Among the Welsh, a wind instrument or pipe with a horn at each end. PI/BROE€H, n. [Gael. probaireachd, pipe-music 3 Celtic, pib, piob, a pipe. ] A wild, irregular species of music, peculiar to the Highlands of Scotland. It is performed on a bag- pipe, and adapted to excite or assuage passion, and particularly to rouse a martial spirit among troops going to battle. Encyc. Jamieson. PEA, nx. In ornithology, the pie or magpie. 2. In medicine, a vitiated appetite which makes the patient crave what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, &c. 3. A printing type, of two sizes, small pica and pica, the former of which is next in size above long primer; probably named from Litera picata, a great black letter at the beginning of some new order in the liturgy ; hence, 4. Pica, pye, or pie; formerly, an ordinary, a table, or directory for devotional services ; also, an alpha- betical catalogue of names and things in rolls and records. Encye. PI'CA MA-RI/NA, n. The Sea-pye or oyster-catcher ; a grallatory aquatic fowl, the Hematopus ostralegus. This fowl feeds on oysters, limpets, and marine in- sects. PI€/A-MAR, n. [L. piz and amarwn. The bitter principle of pitch, an oil-like, transpa- rent fluid. PI€-A-ROON’, n. [Fr. picoreur, from picorer, to plun- der; Scot. pikary, rapine ; from the root of pick, peck, Sp, picar. A plunderer ; a pirate. This word is not applied to a highway robber, but to pirates and plunderers of wrecks, In all wars, Corsica and Majorca have been nests of picaroons. Temple. PI€-A-YONE’, n. A small coin of the value of 64 cents. PI€’/€A-DIL, n. [Probably from the root of pike, peak.| A high collar, or a kind PICK/AR-DIL, of ruff. Wilson, PIC/CAGE, xn. [Norm. pecker, to break open ; from the root of pick, peck. Money paid at fairs for breaking ground for booths, Ainsworth. PICK, v. t. [Sax. pycan; D. pikken; G. picken ; Dan. pikker; Sw. picka; W. pigaw, to pick or peck; Sp. picar; Fr. piquer; Gr. mexw or mex ; L.pecto The verb may be radical, (see Class Bg, No. 61, 62, 65,) or derived from the use of the beak or any pointed instrument, It belongs to a numerous family of words, at least if connected with beak, pike, &c.] 1. To pull off or pluck with the fingers something that grows or adheres to another thing ; to separate by the hand, as fruit from trees ; aS, to pick apples or oranges ; to pick strawberries. 2. To pull off or separate with the teeth, beak, or claws ; as, to pick flesh from a bone; hence, 3. To clean by the teeth, fingers, or claws, or by a small instrument, by separating something that ad- heres ; as, to pick a bone, to pick the ears, 4. To take up; to cause or seek industriously ; as, to pick a quarrel. 9. T’o separate or pull asunder; to pull into small parcels by the fingers; toseparate locks for loosening and cleaning; as, to pick wool. 6. To pieree ; to strike with a pointed instrument ; as, to pick an apple with a pin. Bacon. 7. To strike with the bill or beak; to puncture, In this sense, we generally use peck, 8. To steal by taking out with the fingers orhands . as, to pick the pocket. South. 9. To open by a pointed instrument ; as, to pick a lock. 10. Toselect; tocull ; to separate particular things from others ; as, to pick the best men from a com- pany. In this sense, the word is often followed by out, 11. To pitch or cast. [ Obs. Shak. To pick off; toseparate by the fingers or by a small pointed instrument. To pick out; to select; to separate individuals from numbers. To pick up; to take up with the fingers or beak ; also, to take particular things here and there ; to gather ; to glean. To pick a hole in one’s coat; to find fault. PICK, v.71. To eat slowly or by morsels ; to nibble. PI6/€A-DIL-LY, Dryden. 2. To do any thing nicely, or by attending to small things. Dryden. PICK, n. “[Fr. pique; D. pik.] 1. A sharp-pointed tool for digging or removing in small quantities, What the miners call chert and whern — Is so hard that the picke will not touch it, Woodward. 2. Choice; right of selection. You may have your pick. 3. Among printers, foul matter which collects on printing types from the balls, bad ink, or from the paper impressed. PICK’A-PACK, adv. In manner of a pack. [Vulgar.] I? Estrange. PICK’AX, n. [pick and or An ax with a sharp point at one end and a broad blade at the other. Milton. PICK’BACK, a. On the back. Hudibras. PICK’ED, (pikt,) pp.ora. Plucked off by the fingers, teeth, or claws; cleaned by picking ; opened by an instrument ; selected. PICK’ED, PIK’ED, {| % Let the stake be made picked at the top. Pointed ; sharp. Mortimer. 2. In old authors, sprucely or foppishly dressed. [ Obs.] PICK’ED-NESS, n. State of being pointed at the end ; sharpness. 2. Foppery ; spruceness. Johnson. PICK-EER’, v. t. [Fr. picorer; from pick.] 1. To pillage; to pirate. Hudibras. 2. To skirmish, as soldiers on the outpost of an army, or in pillaging parties. PICK’ER, n. One that picks or culls, Mortimer. 2. A pickax or instrument for picking or separating. fortimer. 3. One that excites a quarrel between himself and another. PICK’ER-El., n. [from pike.| A name somewhat loosely appnied to several species of fresh-water fish belonging to the pike family, PICK/ER-EL-WEED, n. A water plant, so called be- cause it was supposed to breed pickerels. Walton. 824 INE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PIC PICK’ER-Y,7. Petty theft. PICK’ET, n. [Fr. piquet ; Russ. beket.] 1. A stake sharpened or pointed, used in fortifi- cation and encampments. 2. A narrow board pointed, used in making fence. 3. A guard posted in front of an army to give no- tice of the approach of the enemy. Marshalt. 4. A game at cards. [See Prquet.] o. A punishment which consists in making the offender stand with one foot on a pointed stake. PICK’ET, v. t. To fortify with pointed stakes. 2. To inclose or fence with narrow, pointed boards, 3. To fasten to a picket. Moore. 4. To torture by compelling to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. PICK’ET-ED, pp. Fortified or inclosed with pickets. PICK‘/ET-GUARD, n. In an army, a guard of horse and foot always in readiness in case of alarm. PICK’ET-ING, ppr. Inclosing or fortifying with pick- ets. PICK’ET-ING, n. A kind of torture by forcing a per- Son to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. PICK/ING, ppr. Pulling off with the fingers or teeth ; selecting. PICK/ING, x. The act of plucking; selection ; gath- ering ; gleaning. PICK’LE, (pik/l,) x. [D. pekel; G. pokel.] I. Brine ; a solution of salt and water or of vine- gar, sometimes impregnated with spices, in which flesh, fish, or other substance, is preserved ; < S, pickle for beef ; pickle for capers or for cucumbers ; pickle for herring. 2. A vegetable or fruit preserved in pickle. 3. A state or condition of difficulty or disorder; a word used in ridicule or contempt. You are in a fine pickle. W. Scott. How cam’st thou in this pickle ? Shak. 4. A parcel of land inclosed with a hedge. [Zocal.] PICK’LE, v. t. To preserve in brine or pickle ; as, to 2. To season in pickle. [pickle herring. 3. To imbue highly with any thing bad; as, a pickled rogue. PICK’LED, pp. or a. Preserved in brine or pickle, PICK’LE-HER/RING,n. A merry Andrew ; a zany; a buffoon. Spectator. PICK’LING, ppr. Seasoning in pickle. PICK’LING, n. The preservation of vegetables or meats in vinegar or brine. ardner. PICK’/LOCK, n. [pick and lock.] An instrument for opening locks without the key. Arbuthnot. 2. A person who picks locks. PICK’NICK. See Prenre. PICK’POCK-ET, n. One who steals from the pocket DP Estrange. of another. Arbuthnot. PICK’PURSE, n. One that steals from the purse of another. Swift. PICK’/THANK, 7. An officious fellow who does what he is not desired to do, for the sake of gaining favor ; a whispering parasite. South. PICK/TOOTH, n. An instrument for picking or cleaning the teeth. [But Toornricx is more gener- ally used.] PI€/’NI€, n. Originally, an ente .ainment at which each person contributed some dish or article for the general table. The term is now applied to an enter- tainment carried with them by a party on an excur- sion of pleasure into the country, and also to the party itself. Pi’CO, n. [Sp. See Peax.] A peak; the pointed head of a mountain. PIERA, n. (Gi iepa muxpa, sacred bitter. ] The popular name of the officinal ‘‘ Powder of Aloes with Canella,” which is composed pound, canella three ounces. cathartic. PI€’/RO-LITE, zx. stone.] A fibrous variety of serpentine. PIC/RO-MEL, zn. [Gr. zixpos, bitter. ] The characteristic principle of bile. Ure. PI€E-ROS/MINE, n. ([Gr. mixpos, bitter, and ocyn, smell. ] An order of minerals, which, when moistened, have an argillaceous smell. Shepard. AJso, a greenish magnesian mineral characterized by this order. and. PI€-RO-TOX/IN,n, [Gr. rixpos, bitter, and L. tozi- cum. A Iris crystalline substance obtained from the fruit of Anaimirta paniculata, (commonly called coc- culus Indicus,) and perhaps of Cocculus suberosus, and one of their active principles, It is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and appears to be a feeble acid; and, as such, it is called Picrotoxic PICT, x. [L. pictus, pingo.] ACID. A person whose body is painted. PICTS, x. pl. A tribe of Scythians or Germans who settled in Scotland. PI€-TO/RI-AL, a. [L. pictor, a painter. ] Pertaining to pictures; illustrated by pictures; forming pictures ; as, a pectorzal imagination. PIC-TO/RLAL-LY, adv. With pictures of aloes one It is employed as a [Qu. Gr. mixpos, bitter, and AxrBos, Dana. PIE PI€'’TUR-AL, n. A representation. PIC’/TURE, (pikt’yur,) z. paint ; It. pittwra.] 1. A painting or drawing exhibiting the resem- blance of any thing ; a likeness drawn in colors. Pictures and shapes are but secondary objects, 2. The works of painters ; painting. [Wot in ase. | Spenser. [L. pictura, from pingo, to Bacon. Quintilian, when he saw any weli-expressed image of grief, either in picture or sculpture, would usually weep. Wotton. 3. Any resemblauce or representation, either to the eye or to the understanding. Thus we say, a child is the picture of his father, the poet has drawn an exquisite picture of grief. PIC’/TURE, v. t. To paint a resemblance. Love is like a painter who, in drawing the picture of a friend having a blemish in one eye, would picture only the other side of the tace. Sout 2. To represent ; to form or present an ideal like- ness, { do picture it in my mind. Spenser. PIC’/TUR-ED, pp. or a. Painted in resemblance ; drawn in colors; represented. PI€’/TURE-FRAME, n. A frame, more or less orna- mented, which surrounds a picture, and sets it off to advantage. PI€/TURE-GAL’LER-Y, n. A gallery or large ap- partment in which pictures are hung up for exhibi- tion. PI€/TURE-LIKE, a. After the manner of a picture. hak. PI€-TUR-ESQUEY, (pikt-yur-esk’,) a. [Fr. pittoresque ; It. pittoresco; from the L. pictura or pictor. In Eng- lish this would be picturish. ] Expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial; striking the mind with great power or pleasure in represent- ing objects of vision, and in painting to the imagina- tion any circumstance or event as clearly as if deline- ated in a picture. Gray. PI€-TUR-ESQUE/LY, (pikt-yur-esk/ly,) adv. Ina picturesque manner. Montgomery. PI€-TUR-ESQUE/NESS, x. The state of being pic- turesque. Price. PI€/UL, n. In China, a weight of 133} Ibs. It is divided into 100 catties, or 1600 taels. The Chinese call it Tan. JWfalcom. PID/DLE, v. 7. [This is a different spelling of Pepp.z, or from the same source. } 1. To deal in trifles; to spend time in trifling ob- jects ; to attend to trivial concerns or the small parts rather than to the main. Ainsworth. 2. To pick at table; to eat or drink squeamishly or without relish. Swift. This word is now scarcely used, except as a child’s word, in the sense, to make water. Smart. PID/DLER, x. One who busies himself about little things. 2. One that eats squeamishly or without appetite. PYE, (pi,) x. [It. pighe, perhaps from the paste; Gr. maxus, thick ; or from mixing.] An article of food consisting of paste baked with something in if or under it, as apple, minced meat, C. PIE, 2. [L. pica; W. piog.] 1. The magpie, a party-colored bird, or Pica. sometimes written Pyrex. 2. The old Roman Catholic service-book, supposed to be so called from the different color of the text and rubric, or from litera picata, a large black letter, used at the beginning of each order. 3. Printers’? types mixed or unsorted. Cock and pie; an adjuration by the pie or service- book, and by the sacred name of the Deity corpreds Shak. It is PIE/BALD, a. Of various bald horse. [Sp. pio, of various colors. ] colors; diversified in color; as, a pie- Pope. PIE/-PLANT, n. The garden rhubarb, used asa PIE/-RHOU/BARB, substitute for apples in making bes, PIECE, (peese,) m. [Fr. piece; It. pezzo; Sp. pieza ; Port. pega; Ir. piosa; Arm. pez. If the elements of this word are Bz, it may be from the Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ar. yA, to cut off or clip.] 1. A fragment or part of any thing separated from the whole, in any manner, by cutting, splitting, breaking, or tearing; as, to cut in pieces, break in pieces, tear in pieces, pull in pieces, &c.; a piece of a rock; a piece of paper. 2. A part of any thing, though not separated, or separated only in idea; not the whole; @ portion ; as, a piece of excellent knowledge. Tillotson. 3. A distinct part or quantity ; a part considered by itself, or separated from the rest only by a boun- dary or divisional line; as, a piece of land in the meadow or on the mountain. : sn 4. A separate part; a thing or portion distinct from others of a like kind ; as, a piece of timber; a piece of cloth ; a piece of papemhangings. 5. A composition, essay, or writing, of no great length; as, a piece of poetry or prose; a piece of music. PIE 6. A separate performance; a distinct portion of labor ; as, a piece of work. 7. A picture or painting. If unnatural, the finest colors are but daubing, and the piece is a beautiful monster at the best. Dryden. 8. A coin ; as, a piece of eight. 9. A gun or single part of ordnance. We apply the word toa cannon, a mortar, ora musket. Large guns are called battering pieces; smaller guns are called field pieces. 10: In heraldry, an ordinary or charge The fess, the bend, the pale, the bar, the cross, the saltier, the chevron, are called honorable pieces. 11. In ridicule or contempt. A piece of a lawyer is a smatterer. 12. A castle; a building. [ot ix ee Spenser. Apiece ; to each ; as, he paid the men a dollar apiece. Of a piece; like ; of the sane sort, as if taken from the same whole. They seemed all ofa piece. Some- times followed by with. The poet must be of a piece with the spectators, to gain reputa- tion, Dryden. Piece of eight ; a piaster, which see. PIECE, v. t. To enlarge or mend by the addition of a piece; to patch ; as, to piece a garment ; to piece the time. Shak. To piece ow£; to extend or enlarge by addition of a piece or pieces. Temple. PIECE, v.i. To unite by a coalescence of parts; to be compacted, as parts into a whole. Bacon. PIEC’ED, (peest,) pp. or a. Mended or enlarged by a piece or pieces. PIECE/LESS, a. Not made of pieces; consisting of an entire thing. onne. PIECE/MEAL, adv. [piece and Sax. mel, time. Qu.] 1. In pieces; in fragments. On which it piecemeal broke. Chapman. 2, By pieces; by little and little in succession. Piecemedl they win this acre first, then that. Pope. PIECE/MEAL, a. Single; separate; made of parts or pieces. South. PIECH’/MEAL-ED, a. Divided into small pieces. Coigrave. PItC’ER, x. One that pieces; a patcher. PIECE’ WORK, z. Work done by the piece or job. PIEC'ING, ppr. Enlarging ; patching. PIED, (pide,) a. [Allied probably to pie, in piebald, and a contracted word, perhaps from the root of L. pictus. Variegated with spots of different colors ; spotted. We now upply the word chiefly or wholly to animals which are marked with large spots of different colors. If the spots are smali, we use Speck LEp. This distinction was not formerly observed, and m some cases, pied is elegantly used to express a diver- sity of colors in small spots. Meadows trim with daisies pied, Miiton. PIED/NESS, zn. Diversity of colors in spots. Shak. PYE DROIT, (pee drwi,) x. [Fr.] In architecture, a pier or square pillar, without base or capital, partly hid within a wall. rande. PIEL/ED, (peeld) a. [See Peex.] Bald; bare. PIE/POU-DRE, )n. ([Fr, pied, foot, and poudreuz, PIE/POW-DER, { dusty, from poudre, dust ; or pied puldreaux, a peddler.} ; ae An ancient court of record in England, incident to every fair and market, of which the steward of him who owns or has the toll is the judge. It had jurisdiction of all causes arising in the fair or market. Blackstone. PIER, x. [Sax. per, pere; D. beer, steene becr. If this word is from the French pierre, it is a contraction of L. petra. But more probably it is not from the French.] ‘ 1. A mass of solid stone-work for supporting an arch or the timbers of a bridge or other building. _ 2. A mass of stone-work, or a mole, projecting in- to the sea, for breaking the force of the waves and making a safe harbor. ; 3. A projecting wharf or landing-place. 4, A part of the wall of a house between windows or doors of a building. . : PIER/AGEH, x. Toll for using a marine pier. Smart. PIER/-GLASS, zn. A mirror or glass hanging between windows. PIER/-TA-BLE, nx. dows. PIERCE, (peers,) ». f rimary sense Js probab : word mt be ponriektad in origin with the W. der, or ér, a spit, a spear, Ir. dior. i L. "To annie into with aac instrument ; as, to pierce the body with a sword orspear ; to pierce the ide with a thorn. ; a To penetrate ; to enter; to force a way into; BS) a column of troops Pierced Ene main body of the en- - a shot pierced the ship. 36 To enbirate the heart deeply ; to touch the pas- sions: to excite or affect the passions. 1 Tim. Vi. 4, To dive or penetrate into, as a secret or purpose. PIERCE, v.i. To enter, as a pointed instramene . 2. 'I'o penetrate ; to force a way into or throug A table standing between win- Fr. percer; Gr. tetow. The y, to thrust or drive, and the TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. NSS | | 104 829 SRL anc acted Sn woe | AEDs | | : a Sy me sr meee Pe WO — yaad rs— ay Be a dle 7 . ain a of —_" PIG PIL Rell any thing. ‘The shot pierced through the side of the ship. Her tears will pierce into a marble heart. Shak. 3. To enter; to dive or penctrate, as into a secret. She would not pierce further into his meaning than himself should declare. : _4. To affect deeply. : PIERCE/A-BLE, a. That may be pierced. Spenser. PIERC/ED, (peerst,) pp. or a. Perforated ; penetrated ; entered by force; transfixed. ; PIERG/ER, n. An instrument that pierces, penetrates, or bores. 2. One that pierces or perforates. ‘ : PIERC/ING, ppr. Penetrating ; perforating ; entering, as a pointed instrument; making a way by force in- to another body. Le 2. Affecting deeply ; as, eloquence piercing the heart. : : 3. a. Affecting; cutting; keen. : ‘ PIERC/ING, n. The act of penetrating with force. PIERC/ING-LY, adv. With penetrating force or ef- fect; sharply. ene PIERC/ING-NESS, n. The power of piercing or pen- etrating ; sharpness ; keenness. Derham. PI-E/RLAN, a. Pertaining to the muses. Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring. Pope. PY/ET or PI/OT, zn. PI/E-TISM, xn. [See the German Pietists. PI/E-TIST, 7x. Anappellation given to Spener, Franke, and other German reformers, who endeavored to re- vive piety in the Lutheran churches, near the close of the seventeenth century. They published many books on experimental and practical religion, estab- lished the Orphan House at Halle, educated many pious ministers for Germany, and raised up mission- aries for the East Indies, and for the United States. But many disliked and opposed them, and the name of Pietist became, in Germany, nearly equivalent to that of Methodist in England. Murdock. PI-E-TIST/I€, a. Pertaining to the Pietists. PIE-TY,n. [L. pietas, from pius, or its root, probably a contracted word; Fr. pieté; It. pietd, piety, and pity ; Sp. piedad, piety, pity, charity. ] 1. Piety in principle, is a compound of veneration or reverence of the Supreme Being and love of his character, or veneration accompanied with love ; and prety in practice, is the exercise of these affections in obedience to his will and devotion to his service. A magpie. from pie. | a The fervent religion of IETY, | Piety is the only proper and adequate relief of decaying man. LAiNOLET. 2. Reverence of parents or friends, accompanied with affection and devotion to their honor and hap- piness. PI-E-ZOM’E-TER, n. [Gr. ze{w, to press, and per: pov, measure | An instrument for ascertaining the compressibility of water, and the degree of such compressibility un- der any given weight. Perkins. PIG, n. [D. big. In Sax. piga, Dan. pize, is a little gitl; Sw. piga, a maid servant. The word signifies a little one, or issue. ] 1. The young of swine, male or female. 2. An oblong mass of unforged iron, lead, or other metal. A pig of lead is the eighth of a fother, or 250 pounds. Encyc. PIG, v. t. ori. To bring forth pigs. 2. To jie together like pigs. Burke. PIG!-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. in the head, PIG/-1-RON, (-i-urn,) 2. tracted from the ore. PIG/-LEAD, (-led,) nx. tracted from the ore. PIG/EON, (pij/un,) ». [Fr. id.; It. piccione. This word seems to belong to the family of pick, peck, pie, pica.| A gallinaceous bird, of the genus Columba, of sey- eral species, as the stock-dove, the ring-dove, the tur- tle-dove, and the migratory or wild pigeon of Amer- ica. The domestic pigeon breeds ina box, often at- tached to a building, called a dove-cote or pigeon- house. The wild pigeon builds a nest on a tree in the forest. [To pigeon, is a cant word for to fleece, or strip of Having small eyes sunk deep Iron in pigs, or as first ex- Lead in pigs, or as first ex- money by the arts of gambling, Smart.) PIG‘/EON-FOOT, n. A plant. Ainsworth. PIG/EON-HEART’ED, a. Timid; easily frightened. eau. PIG/EON-HOLE, n A hole for pigeons to enter their dwelling. Hence, 2, A little opening or division in a case for papers. PIG/EON-HOLES, nz. pl. An old English game in which balls were rolled through little cavities or arches, Stecvens. PIG/EON-LIV’/ER-ED, a. Mildin temper ; soft; gen- Shak. tle, PIG/EON-PKA, n. A plant and its seed, a kind of pulse, used for food in the East and West Indies. It is the Cytisus Cajan of Linneus. P. Cyc. Loudon. PIG/GER-Y, mn. An inclosure containing a collection of small sties for swine. Qu. Rev. PIG/GIN, x. [Scot., a milking pail.] A small wood- en vesse] with an erect handle, nsed as a dipper. PIG’-HEAD-ED, (-hed-ed,) a. Having a large head ; stupid. . Jonson. PIGHT, (pite,) pp. [Scot. pight, or picht ; from pitch, W. piciaw.] Pitched ; fixed; determined. [ Obs.] Shak. PIGHT, (pite,) v.t. [W. pigaw.] To pierce. [ Obs. Wiclif. PIGH’TEL, x. A little inclosure. [Local] PIG-ME/AN, a. [from pigmy.] Very small; like a pigmy ; as, an image of piginean size. [See Pycme- AN. Parkhurst. PIG/MENT, n. [L. pigmentum, from the root of pingo, to paint.] Paint ; a preparation used by painters, &c., to im- part colors to bodies. Encye. PIG-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to pigments. Pritchard. PIG/MY,n. [It Sp.and Port. pigmeo; L. pygmeus ; Gr. wvypatos, from wuypun, the fist. ] A dwarf; a person of very smal) stature ; a name applied to a fabled nation said to have been devoured by cranes. PIG/MY, a. Very small in size; mean; feeble; in- considerable. PIG-NO-RA/TION, n. [L. pignero, to pledge.] The act of pledging or pawning. PIG’NO-RA-TIVE, a. Pledging; pawning. used, | Dict. PIG’/-NUT,n [pig and nut.] The ground-nut; the root of a piaut of the genus Bunium; also, a tree and its fruit of the genus Carya, a species of hick- [ Little ory. PIGS’NEY,n. [Sax. piga, a little girl.] A word of endearment toa girl. [Zittle used.] Hudibras. PIG’-STY,> A sty or pen for pigs. PIG'TAIL, n. [pig and Zail.] The tail of a pig. 2. A cue; the hair of the head tied in the form of a pig’s tail. 3. A small roll of tobacco. PIG-WID’GEON, (-wid’/jun,) n. [pig and widgeon.] A fairy ; a cant word for any thing very small. PIKE, x. [This word belongs to a numerous family of words expressing something pointed, or asharp point, or, as verbs, to dart, to thrust, to prick ; Sax. piic, a small needle; W. pig, a point, a pike; pigaw, to prick ; piciaw, to dart; It. pica, a pike; piccare, to prick or sting; Sp. pica, picar; Fr. pique, piguer; Arm. picg, picgat; D. piek; G. pieke; Sw. and Dan. pu:; Eng. peak, beak, &ce. Class Bg. I. A military weapon consisting of a long wooden shaft or staff, with a flat steel head pointed, called the spear. This weapon was formerly used by in- fantry, but its use is now limited to officers, and it is called a Sponton, or Spontoon. Its use among sol- diers is superseded by the bayonet. 2. A fork used in husbandry ; but we now use Fork, or Pircuronk. Tusser. 3. Among turners, the iron sprigs used to fasten any thing to be turned. /Wozon. 4. In ichthyology, a fish of the genus Esox, so named from its long shape, or from the form of its snout. It is a fresh-water fish, living in deep water, and very voracious, but very palatable food. The pike, the tyrant of the flood. PIK/ED, (pikt,) a. PIKE/LE'T, ) x. PIKE/LIN, PIKE/MAN, nx. Pope. Ending in a point ; acuminated. A light cake or muffin. [ Camden. Seward’s Letters. A soldier armed with a pike. Knolles. The staff or shaft of a pike. Tatler. (Qu, Gr. zixpos, bitter, and \.Oos, PIKE/STAFP, n. PIK/RO-LITE, x. a stone. | A variety of serpentine. [See Picroxire.] Cleaveland. PI-LAS’/TER, n. [It. pilastro; Fr. pilastre; Sp. pilas- tra, from pila, a pile, whence Bar A square column, sometimes insulated ; but usual- ly set within a wall, and projecting only a fourth or fifth of its diameter. Their bases, capitals, and en- tablatures, have the same parts as those of columns. Guilt. PI-LAS’TER-ED, a. Furnished with pilasters. PILCH, n. [It. pelliccia; Fr. pelisse; Sax. pylea, py- lece; L. pellis, a skin. A furred gown or case ; something lined with fur. [Not used. Chaucer. Shak. PIL/CHARD, n. [Ir. pulser) A fish resembling the herring, but thicker and rounder; the nose is shorter, and turns up ; the un- der jaw is shorter; the back more elevated, and the belly less sharp. These fishes are caught on the Cornish coast, in England, about the middle of July, in jmmense numbers, and furnish a considerable ar- ticle of commerce. P. Cyc. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. PILCH’/ER, x. Any thing lined with fur, as a gown. __ 2 Afish. [See PrucHarp.] Milton. PILE,zn. [Sp. and It, pila; Port. pilha ; Fr. pile; from L. pila; Gr. mchos. The bolei, mentioned by Pau- sanias, were heaps of stones,] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY, — PYNE, 826 PILE, 2x. PILE, vw. t. PIL‘/E-A-TED, PIL/FER, ». t. PIL/FER-ED, pp. or a. PIL/FER-ER, n. PIL/FER-ING, ppr. or a. PIL/FER-ING, n. PIL'FER-ING-LY, adv. PIL-GAR/LIE, ne PILL-ED-GAR/LIE, PIL/GRIM, n. 1. A heap; a mass or collection of things in a roundish or elevated form; as, a pile of stones; a pile of bricks ; a pile of wood or timber; a pile of ruins. 2. A collection of combustibles for burning a dead body ; as, a funeral pile. 3. A large. building or mass of buildings; an edifice. The pile o’erlooked the town and drew the sight, Dryden. 4. A heap of balls or shot laid in horizontal courses, rising into a pyramidical form. PILE, n. [D. paal; G. pfahl; Sw. and Dan. pol, a pole; L. palus; D. pyl, an arrow or dart; Sw. and Dan. pil, id.; W. pill,a stem. These have the same elements and the like radical meaning, that of a shoot or extended thing.] 1. A large stake or piece of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, as at the bottom of a river, or in a harbor where the ground is soft, for the support ofa building or other superstructure. The stadthuuse in Ainsterdam is supported by piles. 2. One side of a coin; originally, a punch or puncheon used in stamping figures on coins, and containing the figures to be impressed. Hence the arms-side of a coin is called the pue, and the head the cross, which was formerly in the place of the head. Hence, cross and pile. Encyc. 3. In heraldry, [one of the lesser ordinaries, re- sembling a pile used in laying the foundations of buildings im watery places, whence it has its name. — E. H. Barker.) PILE, x. [D. pyl; Dan. and Sw. pil; L. pilum.] The head of an arrow. [L. pilus; G. boll; Hindoo, bal; Gipsey, ballov. | Properly, a hair; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, and the like; hence, the nap, the fine hairy sub- stance of the surface of cloth. To lay or throw into a heap; to collect many things into a mass’; as, to pile wood or stones. 2. To bring into an aggregate; to accumulate ; as, to pile quotations or comments. Atterbury. 3. To fill with something heaped. 4. To fill above the brim or top. 5. To break off the awns of threshed barley. [ Zocal.] 6. To drive piles. Sheet pile; to drive a piling of planks edge to edge. Whence the noun sheet-piling. PIL/E-ATE Felton. Abbot. a. [L. pileus, a cap.] Having the form of a cap or cover for the head. PIL’/ED, pp. Heaped. Woodward. PILE/-DRIV-ER,) nm. An engine for driving down PTLE/-EN-GINE, piles. Brande. PILE/MENT, x. An accumulation. {Vot used. ] Hall. PIL/ER, x. [from pile, a heap.] One who piles or forms a heap. PILES, nx. pl. ‘The hemorrhoids, a disease consisting in tumors formed by the dilatation of the blood-vessels about the verge of the anus. They are called bleed- ing-piles, when there is a discharge of blood, and blind piles when .ere is none, Forsyth. PILE’WORM, n. A worm found in piles in Holland. PILE/WORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant, Ranunculus ficaria of Linnwus, whose tuberous roots have been used in poultices as a specific for the piles. orsyth. PIL/FER, v.i. [W. yspeiliata, to pilfer; yspeiliar, to spoil, to ravage ; Sp. pellizcar, to pinch, to pilfer, to take little food. It seems to be allied to peel, pillage. } To steal in small quantities; to practice petty theft ; as, a boy accustomed to pilfer. A pilfering hand. Dryden. To steal or gain by petty theft; to filch. He would not pilfer the victory, and the defeat was easy. Bacon. Stolen in small parcels. One that pilfers or practices petty Young. Stealing ; practicing petty theft. thefts. Petty theft. Pilfering was so universal in all the South Sea Islands, that it was hardly recognized in the moral code of the natives ns an ofiense, much less a crime, J. Sparks. With petty theft; filchingly. | pilled, peeled, and garlic.] One who has lost his hair by disease ; a poor forsaken wretch. Stevens. ([G. pilger ; Fr. pelerin; It. pellegrino ; Sp. and Port. peregrino; L. peregrinus. Qu. L. peragro, to wander. In W. pererin is a pilgrim, and pellynig is wandering, far-roaming, from pellau, to remove far, coinciding with the L. palor. The Corn. pirgrin and Arm. pirchirin seem to be the L. pere grinus. The D. palsrok, a pilgrim’s coat, and palster- stok, a pilgrim’s staff, indicate that the first syllable is from the root of L. palor, to wander. The uncer- tainty of the true original orthography renders the derivation uncertain.] MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—Ton ath Sanne 2a Pak PIM Sea PIN | 1. A wanderer; a traveler ; particularly, one that travels to a distance from his own country to visit a holy place, or to pay his devotion to the remains of dead saints. [See Prrcaimace.] 2. In Scripture, one that has only a temporary resi- dence on earth. Heb. xi. PIL/GRIM, v.% To wander or ramble. [JVot used.) Grew. PIL'GRIM-AGE, n. A long journey, particularly a Journey to some place deemed sacred and venerable, in order to pay devotion to the relics of some de- ceased saint. Thus, in the middle ages, kings, princes, bishops, and others, made pilgrimages to Jerusalem, in pious devotion to the Savior. Pilgrims now resort to Loretto, in Italy, to visit the chamber of the blessed Virgin, and the Mohammedans make Bue anages to Mecca, where their prophet was yuried. 2. In Scripture, the journey of human life. Gen. xvii. 3. Time irksomely spent. Shak. PIL’GRIM-IZE, v. 1. Not used. PI-LIE’/ER-OUS, a. Bearing hairs. PY-LIG/ER-OUS, a. [L. pilus and gero.] Bearing hair; covered with hair. PIL/ING, ppr. Heaping. PILL, n. [L. pila, a ball; pilula, a little ball; W. pel, a ball; Ir. pillim, to roll. It is probable that this word and ball are of the same family-} 1. In pharmacy, a medicine in the form of a little ball or small round mass, to be swallowed whole. Bacon. 2. Any thing nauseous. Young. PILL, v.t. [Fr. piller; It. pigliare ; Sp. pillar.) To rob; to plunder; to pillage, that is, to peel, to strip. [See Pre, the same word in the proper Eng- lish orthography. ] PILL, v.z% To be peeled ; to come off in flakes. Shak. Dryden. To wander about as a pilgrim. B. Jonson. Loudon. 2. To rob. [See Pret.] PIL/LAGE, xz. [Fr., from piller, to strip or peel.] 1. Plunder; spoil; that which is taken from another by open force, particularly and chiefly from enemies In war. 2. The act of plundering. PIL/LAGE, v. t. To strip of money or goods by open violence ; as, troops pillage the camp or towns of an enemy ; to plunder; to spoil. It differs from steal- ing, as it implies open violence, and from robbery, which may be committed by one individual on another; whereas pillaging is usually the act of bands ornumbers. To pillage and to rob are, how- ever, Sometimes used synonymously. PLL/LA-GED, pp. Pjundered by open force. PIL’/LA-GER,n. One that plunders by open violence ; a plunderer. PIL/LA-GING, ppr. PIL/LAR, n. [Fr. pilier; Sp. and or piliere; I. pila, a pile, a pillar, a mortar and pestle. The L. pila denotes a heap, or things thrown, put, or driven together ; W. piler ; Ir. pileir; Sw. pelare; Dan. pille; D. pylaar ; G. pfeiler.] Literally, a pile or heap. Hence, ]. A kind of irregular column, round and insulate, but deviating from the proportions of a just column. Pillars are either too massive or too slender for regu- lar architecture ; they are not restricted to any rules, and their parts and proportions .are arbitrary. A square pillar is a massive work, called also a Pier or PreproiT, serving to support arches, &c. Gwilt. Gloss. of Archit. 2. A supporter ; that which sustains or upholds ; that on which some superstructure rests. Gal. ii. Shak. 3. A monument raised to commemorate any per- son or remarkable transaction; it may be a single stone. And Jacob set a pillar on her grave. —Gen. xxxvy. 2 Sam. xXVill. . Plundering ; stripping. 4. Something resembling a pillar; as, a pillar of salt. Gen. xix. So a pillar of cloud, a pillar of fire. . Foundation ; support. Job ix. . In ships, a stanchion of wood or iron fixed per- pendicularly under the middle of the beams for sup- porting the decks. Cyc. 7. In the manege, the center of the volta, ring, or manege ground, around which a horse turns. There are also pillars on the circumference or side, placed at certain distances by two and two. PIL/LAR-ED, a. Supported by pillars. Milton. 9. Having the form of a pillar. Thomson. PIL/LAR-IST, n. [from pillar.] A stylite; one of an ancient sect of Christians who stood continually on a pillar, by way of mortification, or for a trial of their patience. [See Sty.iTe. Coleman. PIL-LAU’, x. Boiled rice and mutton fat, a Turkish dish. PILL/ED, (pild,) pp. Exod. xiii. Or Robbed ; peeled. Port. pilar; It. pila PIL’LION, (pil’yun,) nr. (Ir. pilin ; from pile, L. pilus, hair, or from stutling. See Pittow.] 1. A cushion for a woman to ride on behind a per- son on horseback. Swift. 2. A pad; a pannel; a low saddle. Spenser. 3. The pad of a saddle that rests on the horse’s PIL’/LO-RI-ED, a. Put in a pillory. [ back. PIL’LO-RY, 2. [Ir. pilori, pioloir; Fr. pilori; Arm. bouilhour; from the root of L. palus, a stalce, a pile, G. pfahl. An den pfakl stellen, to put in the pillory.] A frame of wood erected on posts, with movable boards and holes, through which are put the head and hands of a criminal for punishment. PIL/LO-RY, v. t, To punish with the pillory. Gov. of the Tongue. PIL/LOW, x. [Sax. pile, or pyle; Ir. pilliur; L. pulvi- nar ; from L. pilus, hair, or from stuffing. ] 1. A long cushion to support the head of a person when reposing ona bed; a sack or case filled with feathers, down, or other soft material. 2. In a ship, the block on which the inner end of a bowsprit is supported. Mar. Dict. The pillow of a plow, is a cross piece of wood which serves to rajse or lower the beam. Cyc. PIL/LOW, v. t. To rest or Jay on for support. Afton. PIL‘/LOW-BIER, /”. The movable case or sack PIL/LOW-€ASE, | which is drawn over a pillow. Pillow -Dier is the pillow-bearer. PIL’ LOW-ED, pp. or a. Supported by a pillow. PIL/LOW-ING, ppr. Resting or laying on a pillow. PIL/LOW-Y, a. Like a pillow. Southey. PI-LOSE’, ) PI/LOUS, § Hairy. with long, distinct hairs. hairs between the florets. PI-LOS/I-TY, nm. [Supra.] Hairiness. Bacon. PI/LOT, n. [Fr. pilote; It. Sp. and Port. piloto. The French word piloter signifies to drive in piles, as well as to pilot, and pilotage is a piling, pile-work, a foundation of piles. Arm. pilocha, to drive piles. The D. loots, G. lothse, and Dan. lods, are from lead ; the pilot, then, is the lead-man, he that throws the lead. ] 1. One who steers a ship in a dangerous naviga- tion, or rather one whose office or occupation is to steer ships, particularly along a coast, or into and out of a harbor, bay, or river, where navigation is dangerous. 2. A guide; a director of the course of another person. [Jn colloquial use. | PI/LOT, v. t. To direct the course of a ship in any place where navigation is dangerous. 2. Ficuratively, to guide one through dangers or difficulties. PY/LOT-AGE, n. The compensation made or allowed to one who directs the course of a ship. 2. The pilot’s skill or knowledge of coasts, rocks, bars, and channels. [JVot now used.} Ralegh. PI/LOT-FISH, zn. A fish of the mackerel family and genus Naucrates, of an oblong shape; so named be- cause it often accompanies ships; and as this is also done by sharks, it has been said that the former acts as a guide or pilot to the latter. Buchanan. PYLOT-ING, ppr. Steering, as a ship in dangerous nivigation. PI/LOT-ING, x. a, [L. pilosus, from pilus, hair.] A pilose leaf, in botany, is one covered A puose receptacle has Martyn. The act of steering a ship. PIM/PLED, a. PIMP’LIKE, a. PIM/PLY, a. PIN, x. A small, acuminated elevation of the cuticle, not |} containing a iluid, nor tending to suppuration ; com- monly terminating in scurf, Good. Having pimples on the skin; full of pimples. Like a pimp; vile ; infamous ; mean. Pimpled ; having pimples. [W. pin, a pin or pen; piner, piniaw, to pin, Ir. pion; Sw. pinne, whence pinn-suin, pin-swine, the porcupine; Dan. pind, a sprig; pindsvin, the porcu- pine ; Port. pino, a peg; D. pen, penne, a pin or peg ; G. pinne, a pin ; pinsel, a pencil; Fr. epine, a spine, and qu. epingle,a pin; L. penna, pinna; W. pen, a summit ; Sax. pin, a pen, and pinn-treow, the pine- tree. (See Pine, Fin, and Porcurinr.) This word denotes a sharp point or end, or that which fastens ; Sax. pinan, pyndan. If the sense is a point, itisa shoot. From this is formed spine, W. yspin.] 1. A small pointed instrument made of brass wire and headed; used chiefly by females for fastening their clothes. 2. A piece of wood or metal sharpened or pointed, used to fasten together boards, plank, or other tim- ber. The larger pins of metal are usually called bolts, and the wooden pins used in ship-building are called treenails, (trunnels.) A small wooden pin is called a peg. 3. A thing of little value. I care not a pin. . A linchpin. 5. Ihe central part. Shak, . A peg used in musical instruments in straining and relaxing the strings. 7. A note or strain. [Vulgar, and not used.] It is not a pin’s matter. Oo. I Estrange. 8. A horny induration of the membranes of the eye. Hanmer. “9, A cylindrical roller made of wood. —_ Corbet. 10. A noxious humor in a hawk’s foot. Ainsworth, 1l. The pin of a block is the axis of the sheave. PIN, vo. t. [W. piniar.] 1. To fasten with a pin or with pins of any kind ; as, to pin the clothes ; to pin boards or timbers. 2. To fasten ; to make fast; or to join and fasten together. Our gates— we have but pinned with rushes. Shak. She lifted the princess from the earth, and so locks her in em- bracing, as if she would pin her to her heart. Bo ose; to confine. [See the verbs Pen and Pounp.] : PIN, n. In China, a petition or address of foreigners to the emperor, or any of his deputies, PIN/A-FORE, x. An apron for the front part of the Hooker. body. PL_NAS'TER, n. [L. See Pine.] The specific name of the Cluster-Pine of the south of Europe. PIN/GASE, n. A case for holding pins, PIN/CERS, n. pl. The French pincer being converted into pinch, in English, the noun derived from it reg- ularly is Pincers, which is the word commonly and properly used. ; : PINCH, v. t. [Fr. pincer, formerly pinser ; Arm. pingza ; Sp. pizcar ; It. pizzare, przzzcare. These are evidently from the root of It piccare, to prick, smart, itch, to peck, to provoke, Sp. and Port, picar, to sting or prick, to peck, to dig, to bite or pinch, as cold. The root, then, is that of peck, pick, pike; and pinch is primarily to press between two shagp points, or to prick. Hence, its peculiar application to pressure between the fingers. ] 1. To press hard or squeeze between the ends of the fingers, the teeth, claws, or with an instru- PI/LOT-ISM, ) x. Pilotage; skill in piloting. [JVot PI’'LOT-RY, § wsed.] PY/LOUS, a. [L. pilosus. See Prrose.] 1. Hairy ; abounding with hair. Robinson. 9, Consisting of hair. PIL/SER, n. The moth or fly that runs into a flame. Ainswortit. PIM’E-LITE, n. (Gr. mcpedn, fat, and A:Gos, stone. A green clay or earth, colored by the oxyd of nickel. Dana. PI’/MENT, 7. Wine with a mixture of spice or honey. NAT NTT oT. SE MENODA. n. [Sp. pimienta.] CaN ST Jamaica pepper, popularly called Atuspice. The tree producing this spice is the Myrtus Pimenta of Linneus, and the Eugenia Pimenta of De Candolle. It grows spontaneously in Jamaica in great abun- dance. ; _ PP. Cyc. PIMP, n. A man who provides gratifications for the Just of others; a procurer ; a pander. Addison. PIMP, ».i. To pander; to procure lewd women for the gratification of others. PIM/PER-NEL, ) nn. [L. pimpinella ; PIM/PI-NEL, nelle. | The name of several plants of different genera. The scarlet pimpernel is of the genus Anagallis, the water pimpernel of the genus Veronica, and the yel- low pimpernel of the genus Lysimachia, Lee. PIM/PIL-LO, x. A plant of the order Cactacea, or Indian fig family. PIM-PLNEL'LA, n. A genus of plants, including the burnet saxifrage and the anise. Loudon. PIMP/ING, ppr. Pandering; procuring lewd women for others. PIMP/ING, a. PIM’/PLE, (pim/pl,) 7. Fr. pimpre- Little ; petty. Skinner. PIL/LER, 2. One that pills or plunders, [JVot used.] Chaucer. PIL/LER-Y, 72. Plunder ; pillage ; rapine. [ot in use.] TTulo2t. pin, or its root. } [Sax. pinpel; probably from ment, &c. 2. To squeeze or compress between any two hard bodies. : ; as 3. To squeeze the flesh till it is pained or livid. 4. To gripe; to straiten ; to oppress with want ; as, to pinch a nation ; to pinch the belly ; to be pinched for want of food. 5. To pain by constriction ; to distress ; as, pinch- ing cold. The winter pinches. : 6. To press; to straiten by difficulties ; as, the ar- gument pinches the objector. The respondent is pinched with a strong objection. Wats. 7. To press hard ; to try thoroughly. Collier. PINCH, v. i. Toact with pressing force; to bear hard ; to be puzzling. You see where the reasons pinch. Driden. 2. To spare; to be straitened ; to be covetous. The wretch whom avarice bids to pinch and spare, Starve, steal, and pilfer, to enrich an heir. PINCH, n. A close compression with the ends of the fingers; also, that which is taken between the ends Ip of the fingers. ryden. Frankiin. Sh ale 2. A gripe; a pang. Shak: 3. Distress inflicted or suffered ; presses ty: OK. ssion ; as essity’s sharp pinch. pression ; as, nece ssity’s S! DUES a 4. Straits ; difficulty ; time of distress from want. acon. PINCH/BECK, n. [Said to be from the name of the inventor. : aks PAG a of copper and zine, resembling gold in its TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ES ee Se RS H ee ee _ 7 age om Om TRappearance, ‘T' i : oppearar The proportion of zinc is greater th NG kk . * beginning 3 BINCA nm. He or that which pi Ure. : heen fe sheare Saanan a pm ae n. pl. [from pinch punches. PIN'FOLD- eRe ok fully ed od. O Druin ove. cette. » not from the F Eng ee 1 fl 3 ae Te 7 > * in > ¢ ; a ‘main IS i NFOLD, RR OEIR ERATE tah an ryden. above the mai urret, or part of sigs ana We ia “i A he und. 3; Dan. pindan 1€ main building a building elevated € NKE, or for sripi wing nails from boards PBS aae ae | | ; ‘ This DIRECT Bea fs be held faust nae etn it a Pounp. h beasts are confined. We noy With glistering spires and Seen pepe calise j pi ae. ye preferable to P vt NVGLE . Vv 2: } piri Se ets of he it truly represents the c le to Pincers, be-| PI Ravan 2 A small close Ni ere A out mt To Disid : i: a : en Kerala HincEns ies RIN aS’ ‘ER, - [Not used.) Ainsworth N'NA-€LE, v. t. T 5 Summit. Cc INCH’FIST NX/TER m. [Dutch.] Whi 4 Le cles. oO build or furnish wi eae PINGCH/PEN-NY : PIN'/GUID, (pi 1itsuntide. PIN’NA-€ oY rartew. ; ST _e yeepauaeati J 3 (ping’gwi 1 as -CLED " . - PINCH’ING ppr. : 3 a nigeard. compact, L pactu. Ids) a [L. pinguis; Gr PIN’NA-€LING pp. Furnished with pin peavint Neowin See ea preen ee Fat: une clus, Eng. pack. | guis; Gr. maxus,| PIN’NAG LING, ppr. Furnishi ) PINNACLES. gers ; pressing; Cz z g with the ends 7 ; unctuous i ee ; : Boe : _ 3 2SSin i 3 os 5 of _Q7T] ¥ . JV t ree ie | 3 ae | : fingers pres Stab Ean tone Be UID/IN-OUS [ 0 used. ~Uortime ; Pov ND, ige of cattle. [Wot us mo : PINCH/ING, n. ‘The act of eee PIN GULTUDE. 72, F Containing fat a PINNA-TI out ee, + y The 2 act O nest : THA ; 1,2. Fatness; a ot y >IN’N ATE ‘ Bt , | Eers. compressing with the fin- 1 ‘HOLD, nr. A place at 1eSS 5 a growing fat. PIN’NA-TED, or fi Pen en TOM BEMa Nace | } P 2. In general, the act of eTROT eat Which a pin holds, or make Canheeenane vi ae NA oie n mann naka ae f so ~ ATE Saae akes 2; ein Sean | meh Seee oe * squeezing or eee N’HOLE,n. As oe S leaf, wherein a si eaf. IS a species of | PINCH Fee eet Ph edeeenecg g. perforati < small hole mad Smart. tachec a Single petiol compound uf PUSHLION; n. A small ca ng way. oration of a pin; a ver nade by the puncture or PIN. RA LO SUGIESIDE CIEE ee eae ge soft material, j A smi case stuffed wi oe i | ee | | a ; ‘ aj, in which females sti sere Pere linen ioe ne | ne ? é ert males stick pins f IN Sao ,@a [L. “Tey | | aid preservation. S stick pins for safety BNE ppr. Laneuishing: wasti Wiseman. clays -] [L. pinna, a feather, an teiians tor | | = d > The The A * ~ i ANG, 7. A state - Sy ens Sting away Cea eat : , | the pex Arachis hy, PIN’ r : state of languishi : ay. SR Foci tt se 1er-cleft. l fit PIN DARE, ypoge@a, oY ground-nut ; tiger (pin’yon,) n. Tee or wasting away ho Tzontal eeEBeRE vided tanaver y by ooh N-D, >a. After the sty > ridge of a house; Nc rT. pugnon, the cope of 5 orizontal segments Fe eV TSE aay ong, i £ ion : louse ; Norm. a Ne of the ginents or jags va ares nt a la eed on from Chie oeains ia. pe ; Sp. pizion, pin- ee Jags, not extending to she W-VAT y “ : . 1e jol t akesiee nit. “pintioated Pinda aioe An ode in imitati a” elfen mck : on “ae ks : fet. Anodtin : : fle sie a ‘ ng remotest from the I in-footed; having the HA and pes, foot. ] : egular ode e of the lyric tS; 2. A feather: i | NN EI oe PIN/-DUST, 7 yric poets; an 3. A wi 3 a quill. PIN'NED : ordered by mem- ee Be “Aldon . A wing. Shak. PININ a PP. one with pins; 6 Latham. PINE Ba al made by Hope humbly the : Seat n. One that pins or faste peren ones [Fr. pin; Sp. and It. pino; I Digby. 4. A small 7 eu Ob trexabling pinion soar P es ‘pin’ naker punches Tee ETE pins S : ts ie a 4 - A Smaller wheel wi . ope. wo pin-mak 2 crs = SNe | 2 ' nen S$; Sax. Nahe wheel with whac ee ae aker. | nanan pingwyz, antaee ae W. pin-bren, pin- a oe beet of a Jarger wheel. ee META PINE r Be na aa pe lis name is fi ° ese words indi . A term applied to { ae Oe “One ofa | Veda aS : s from the leaves c 8 Indicate a e ann 7 ne ae tee cane dese won , ers or bands fi One ‘ pinna and pes ay, . Ss 2 7 > pine, whic . « s forthea S Sg ee aro eas eth : Te pins ‘Bur the Wels a pine, which PIN’ : c rms. ; of crabs hav ne be pe. But the elsh RE ae peas aN (pin/yon,) v. t. To bi Ainsworth. or more, terminated BA having the Jast pair of feet an Hee ae ps point, from fain, a cone. oh ind or confine the DE ya flattened joint fitted f ? SQ > - 2 = oe I c : : bivalve 2 : = point, from fain, a. ¢ ne, 2 To confine by binding the wi Bacon. of Na E, 7. Fossil remains of r . A tree of the genus Pinus - To cut off the first joint of ings. of bivalves, allied to tl eclesh (ane aad if | A tre ofthe genv: ins, Brie Gas iecitec dorms 4. To bind or confine pra of the wing. ae NOCK,n. Asm eae [oe u ooh i nus 1€ species whi *r of the most vz ] AANA : © the arm or arms 6° -IN‘’NU-LA Wh small birds the fonit ins TORE aa lich usuall > t valuable kind. ; arms to the body. eS J=hil TE, a. A pinnulate reel nee ens are the ahi ae nue haine in the area contnies to shackle: to chai Dryden. Sree 1S Meni ig eaters 7One aI hich pete the ; , Pinus strobus ’ d by formal ee chain; as. N‘/NULE, n 5 aC aa eae ests; the yel : »bus, the om 2 al rules of state Si sees i alee : 3 a Ene and the pitch pine, Pi yellow pine, Pinus resi- PIN’ Wy bind ; to fasten t« i. Srnts Nt, [De nese : Sunteecr eile & inus rigida. s N’/ION-ED, pp. or 211 tO. Dane PINT, 7. [D. pint; : pinnate pine-a lee = ? term pines is ofte : shackled vay Us Confined by ae ao iat, or for ails : PINE eo [s often applied to 2. a F y the wings; ou aif a quart, or four gil] Ce Ni, %.2% [Sax. pi 3 2. a. Furnished wi : 35 nees. Itis appli gulls. In medicz : : Ee — ono, ae Bun - iiccaed PIN’T:A Ss applied bot} ae ictne, twelve pine oF languish ee wane aa OEUrE and to or Pris ING, ppr. Shackling; confini Driyden. as is A eee ee and dry measure ‘ ie other Teutoni . sense of pain, i ALA a aan) wm ning the wi ijila candacuta Linh ee | found in the athe i erbyim the sex pain, is | PIN/ION-IST 5 ings wedgce-s} ’ (Anas acut ES} 2 family, | uishing. T z S, but not in > N-IST, 2 C ee . leep . . | : | | . a s te Fa toast Mae Pa HDD color, brown, or deep Dre [ Obs.] astronomy, the sights of an a co Pee . Nl. Ta mer i: L Ni 7 ne . | s . a | at NK, Ae RAVER MoE Dict. Nat. Hist. y ,4. Abounding wi d Dict 1 Tol . . and a jinch, and pinci signifies smart, fine, gz ge PS RAL 0 > betore . ee and a finch, and p ais tolspriese his 2) 7» gay, for others 5 On be DO go before and sph (Te an fis Set s : n pin, a pen o ee Is is by Owe YT OLNerS. € and prepar ; any d ce rune ar away under picar, to sting, to - ic] r pin. But in Portu n} PI-O-NEER/, 7 [F pare a way ed sometimes by a ; to grow lea dig ae 5» rick, to peck rtuguese er Omen i dane : awa an ; fol- g, to spur, and pic , tO peck, to ni ? nier, fri ae pronnier, contracted fi Ye shall no y UE , f » and picado, prickec a Pp, to pinch, t » yom proche, a pick one tee | sunt hye Se een 0, pricked, pinked, as c » to peck, VW > a prckaz, pioche : n proch- : : : : ? 7 as A Led. AS C =. hy ° n/ “ > LET - . : vie ntl * co from the» 1 of pec sites Bice hen Pie Shit are Peer ie »p. and Port. ita ae a is, to a : : I. piecare, BIER yaa ré, Sp. picar tc yaa atore, Sp. gastador, fi > 1e Italians longing for sc Sh with desire; to was P , a little eye or perforati ith n casual, give ) waste, to Wear away lor, ftom guastare, vast cing for something ; 3; to waste away wi pink, in _ pink-ste ration, and th 2 aT ee er a trench di eer Unknowi %3 usually followed by fo with flower. ] pink-sterned. The Wel h gi € sense of . ] is h, schansgraaver, a tren h dreeer ee eee | pe oreemetiing ves j fir: ° U ASD £1Ves tay _ 4- in the art raaa a trenen-dipger, uzZ- | PINE pined for your return. 1. An eye, pik, al! is to marcl tand practice of war, one whos | 1,0-t. Towear out; to k Dryden. cept in com , Or a Small eye; but now di ore io “obstructions, w ‘ Pier | Where shiveri ; > make to languis 9 position, as in i W isused ex clear it of obstructi ‘ et e apart H a 5; ee j ‘ guis Spe . > ¢ n/t- p . b. X- * * . b g en he : « 1e ‘ hi ean ont mals ng uish. - A plant and flowe pink-eyed, pink-eye. Shak or form mines fi a tions, work at intrenc road el with pain. pines the climes. Shak mon in our gardens er of the genus Diantl age tak. oa destroying an enemy’s NS, 2 lo grieve for; : rudenk 3. A lig a ens, ec eiee a | : ante : eis Sik: writ 4 light red color used by painters: f, anenarnie that goes before to remoy Bacon. sa et ea u 4. Any pate < ; oo the col- | PT-O N TE for another ove obstructions or é ’ SDE e y > h , : ‘ | | And pined his loss. pe how lovely, saw, 5. A ship Withee mely excellent. ae BONE a bk “Abounina i p {In the transitive se 3 Milton D. pink, that is . very narrow stern Hees PY/O-NING. (-nid,) a. Abounding ir opeee | eine and this use is ane this verb is now s le sterned. » puked, n being casual 7 e nce, pale es fim (SA, png fn 1 ae INE, 7. [Sax. pin bene except by ellipsia ‘cae P 6. A fish, the min 3 hence, pink-| P®/O-NY n. [Sax, pionie, from es Leese | TOUOS. > UV. pyn, pain; G SIS. INK, v. t¢ he now. Nae oD wycia, fro a gee cnouas "5 Neo aD and a hy Sane nysiclan, | Woe; 5 GI. revopat satay To work in eye ances "herbace ‘omabraaee >; Want; pe ; > small holes Yee holes! | wi a saat Le ae nal holes, S$; to pierce with 4\n herbaceous, pe : it > Ss S a ot aye ds d with small holes: Tt ee Be ms hanging Fsees Fee quadrigemina, and INK’/-EY-ED, (-ide,) les; | PY'OUS, a [L. pi descriptive | 7O crura or ped re nervorum opti d; Ae ») 4 Having sms J qe 2 Lu. plus; Fr. pie S mye | two cru Bediniclees ct wie g pticorum, by | PINK/_-N g small eyes, n Sp. and It. the : - preux; Sp. It. and Port. ce ie sembling a pi as so called > DJ NK/-NEE mild ; SROre YSERA only pious, un | heanaaar g a pine-~ alled from its f -DLE, n. 3 nild and c ey siemines Nak only, pi ba | SIN eee the san of le i was aaa a PINK! ,n. A shepherd’s Baath Rae pressed by Paar ieee and aL ae ice | AN Bs! LAT Dy a¢ soul. - NK/-ROO"’ n. Fe e and the same is See Schultes » (-ap’pl,) m Th Hooper : T,n. The roc Shera l. Godly; reve e same word. .See Bi: - S, and the B oF e€ Ananas sati . pink, or Caroli i root of the pls 000d. Being in} ; reverencing and } ero | a tropical plk romelia A sativus of aa arolina pink, Spigeli 8 plant called Indi Being in heart and int} “practice of he. dul sand the Br 7 Manne medicine as a vermifue Spigelia Maril: ndia has enioi and in the practi 1g the Supreme sembl: its fruit, so calle inneus, | PINK/_STPRE a vermifuge Man andica, used j a Ge veneration 7 fal plant and its fruit 50 called (enti PINK/-STERN-ED z eH _ Forsyth. CG se in for the ee ne due veneration peice he | s e of the pine : as a shi wd, a. aving a ve ; oY. ise cas of God Tally alien PINE-BA € pine-tree 1p. ga very narr é commands ;: igi and aa zhi NE-BAR/RE Mi ee. | PIN—MA arrow stern ands; religious ; ater wal weebaye pes: N,z. Tract of barren ae sine ane K-ER, x. One whose occ _ Mar. Dict : Gog PRN ee to Taeeote nevoted atte service ° | PINE/-€I and, producin Vt Boe ie ) ys aml i | ih Y’—C LAD Tes ; g | PIN/— oY a 3 Flt eng | PINE/-ERC ny ) a. Clad or U nited States. : MON-EY, (-mun- ke piety ; applied TERS cane oan peeens BINGO N-ED,}{ trees crowned with pine allowed or settled o Re datas EO v3: Having d mag ete eg 1| NUL, a. Full . E a ; na wife for he k money CES alrections ; pious s 1 NaNO due uease || PYN/E-RY Ul of woe. [M Temans Si 1er private ex ats 3. Having d } plous sorrow. a m (-feth’er ‘ r; also a aged like is fe ofr : or, ) 7 9A Ss >a boat usu; A ke those of ¢ ; pecneedet of reli small or short} PIN/N ually rowed with eigt ae popes ee ns a | IN/NA-€LE. 7 (Fr. pi M Boas Pi/OUS-LY. ad aoe = yl, £ ym (Fr. pinacle ; 3 ar. Dict. ae fees U1 DIOS ———— FATE, FAR. F £yl, from Celtic pen, sumn Le Gs pinacolo ; W. pin and affection for G Te ORIG ee en > t, FALL, WHAT. = , nit, L. prnna.] piny-} to sacred thi xod ; religiously ; with Segara a Fay Wak ie _ = ings or to the duties God } ane a z ne las enjoined. oe NE, BIRD.— NOTE - ) | WOLF ea > JLF, BOOK ue VEC | PIN PINene es neee = ee eee PIQ 2. With due regard to natural or civil relations, and to the duties which spring from them, Addison. PL'OUS-MIND’/ED, a. Of a pious disposition. PIP, xn. [D. pip; Fr. pepie.] 1, A disease of fowls ; a horny pellicle that grows on the tip of their tongue. Johnson. Hudibras, 2. A spot on cards. Addison. 3. The seed of an apple, orange, or similar fruit. Southey. PIP, v.% [L. pipio; W. pipian; Dan. piper.] To cry or chirp, as a chicken; commonly pro- nounced peep. Boyle. IPE, x. [Sax. pipe; W. pib; Ir. pib, piob; Sw. pip, pipa; D. pyp; G. pferfe, whence Eng. fife; Dan. pile; Port. It. and Sp. pipa; Fr. pipe; Arm, pzp or ne: 1. A wind instrument of music, consisting of a long tube of wood or metal; as, a rural pipe. The word, I believe, is not now the proper technical name of any particular instrument, but is applicable to any tubular wind instrument, and it occurs in bagpipe. 2. A Jong tube or hollow body: applied to the veins and arteries of the body, and to many hollow bodies, particularly such as are used for conductors of water or other fluids. 3. A tube of clay with a bowl at one end, used in smoking tobacco. 4. The organs of voice and respiration; as in windpipe. eacham., 5, The key or sound of the voice. Shak. 6. In England, a roll in the exchequer, or the ex- chequer itself. Hence, pipe-office is an office in which the clerk of the pipe makes out leases of crown lands, accounts of sheriffs, &c. 7. A cask usually containing two hogsheads or 126 gallons, used for wine; or the quantity which it contains, 8. In mining, a pipe is where the ore runs forward endwise in a hole, and does not sink downward or in a vein. Encyc. PIPE, v. % To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other tubular wind instrument of music. Dryden. Swift. We have piped to you, and ye have not danced. — Matt. xi. 2. To have a shrill sound ; to whistle. Shak. PIPE, v.t To play on a wind instrument. 1 Cor. Xiv. PIPE/-CLAY, . A species of white clay, used in making tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthen ware. randeé. PIP/ED, (pipt,) a. Formed with a tube; tubular. Encie. PIPBH/FISH,z. A fish having a long and very slender body, with an elongated, tubular snout, the whole covered with bony plates, like a coat of mail. The pipefishes constitute the Linnean genus Syngnathus, Jardine’s Nat. Lib. PIP/ER, zn. One who plays on a pipe or wind instru- ment. PIP/ER-IDGE, xn. A name given to the tupelo or black gum, a tree with very tough wood, belonging to the genus Nyssa. 2. Piperidge bush; a shrub, the barberry. [See PrerrERIDGE. | PIP/ER-IN, n. A peculiar crystalline substance, ex- tracted from black pepper. The crystals of piperin are transparent, and they assume the tetrahedral, prismatic form, with oblique summits. Carpenter. PIPE/-TREE, xn. The lilac. PIP/ING, ppr. Playing on a pipe. 2. a. Weak; feeble; sickly; from the weak or piping voice of the sick; as, these piping times of peace. Shak. 3. Very hot; boiling; from the sound of boiling fluids. Used in vulgar language. PI-PIS‘/TREL, vn. A small ngland. PIP’/KIN, zn. PIP/PIN, zn. P pippeling.| A kind of apple; a tart apple. This name, in America, is given to several kinds of apples, as to the Newtown pippin, an excellent winter apple, and the summer pippin, a large apple, but more perishable than the Newtown pippin. PIQU’AN-CY, (pik/an-sy,) x. [Infra.] Sharpness ; pungency ; tartness ; severity. Barrow. PIQU’/ANT, (pik’/kant,) a. [Fr., from piquer, to prick or sting, It. piccare, Sp. and Port. picar, from the root of pike, peak. ] 1. Pricking ; stimulating to the tongue; as, it is as piquant to the tongue as salt. Addison. 2. Sharp; tart; pungent; severe ; as, piquant rail- leries. Gov. of the Tongue. PIQU’/ANT-LY, (pik/ant-ly,) adv. With sharpness or pungency ; tartly. Locke. PIQUE, (peek,) m. [Fr. See Prquanr.] An offense taken ; usually, slight anger, irritation, or displeas- ure, at persons, rather temporary than permanent, and distinguished, either in degree or temporariness, from settled enmity or malevolence. Out of personal pigue to those in service, he stande as n looker on, when the government is attacked. ddison, baie the common bat of (dim. of pipe.] A small earthen boiler. Pope. Pas 3. Point; nicety; punctilio. Add long prescription of established laws, And pique of honor to maintain a cause. Dryden. PYQUE, (peek,) v. t. [Fr. piquer. See Prquant.] 1. To offend; to nettle; to irritate; to sting; to fret ; to excite a degree of anger. It expresses less than ExasPeRate. The lady was piqued for her indifference. Female Quixote. 2. To stimulate ; to excite to action; to touch with envy, jealousy, or other passion. Pigued by Protogenes’s fame, From Co to Rhodes Apelles came, Prior. 3. With the reciprocal pronoun, to pride or value one’s self. Men pique themselves on their skill in the learned languages. Locke. PL{QU’ED, (peekt,) pp. excited. PIQU-EER’. See Pickeerr. PIQU-EER/ER, n. A plunderer; a freebooter. [See PICKEERER. : Swift. PIQU‘ET. See Picker. PI-QUETY”, (pe-ket’,) n. [Fr.] A game at cards played between tio persons, with only thirty-two cards; all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being set aside. Encyc. — PIQU/ING, (peek'ing,) ppr. Irritating; offending; priding. PY/RA-CY, n. [Fr. piraterie; L. piratica, from Gr. Tetpareta, from 7erpaw, to attempt, to dare, to enter- prise, whence L. periculum, experior. The primary sense of the root is, to run, rush, or drive forward ; allied to Sax. faran, Eng. to fare. Class Br.] J. The act, practice, or crime, of robbing on the high seas; the taking of property from others by Irritated ; nettled ; offended ; open violence and without authority, on the sea; a crime that answers to robbery on land. Waller. Arbuthnot. Other acts than robbery on the high seas, are de- clared by statute to be piracy. See act of congress, April 30, 1790. 2. An infringement of the law of copyright, or the publishing of the writings of another without per- mission. PY/RATE, x. [It. pirato; L. and Sp. pirata; Gr. zet- parns, from zetpaw. (See Piracy.) Formerly this word signified a ship or sea soldier, answering to the marine of the present day.] 1. A robber on the high seas; one that by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas. In strictness, the word pirate is one who makes it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a freebooter on the seas. 2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a legal commission, for the purpose of plundering other vessels indiscriminately on the high seas. 3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or publishes the writings of other men without permis- sion. ohnsom. PI/RATE, v.72. Torobonthe high seas. Arbuthnot, PY/RATEH, v. t. To take by theft or without right or permission, as books or writings. Pope. They advertised they would pirate his edition. PI/RA-TED, Taken by theft or without right. PL-RAT/IE-AL, a. [L. piraticus.] 1. Robbing or plundering by open violence on the high seas; as, a piratical commander or ship. 9. Consisting in piracy ; predatory; robbing ; as, yp. OY a. a piratical trade or occupation. 3. Practicing literary theft. The errors of the press were multiplied by piratical printers. Pope. PYI-RAT/I€-AL-LY, adv. By piracy. Bryant. PY/RA-TING, ppr. without right, as a book or writing. PI-RA/GUA, (pe-raw/¢4,) ten, PerraGcua or PrRoGUE. Charlevoix. ] two canoes united. Charlevoix. carrying two masts and a Jeeboard. PIR-OU-ETTE’, (pir-o0-et’,) n. turning about on the toes in dancing. ground. ; PIR/RY, x. A rough gale of wind; a storm. used. | i Elyot. PIS/GA-RY, n. [It. pescheria, from pescare, to fish, Sp fish ; piscor, to fish.] man’s waters. Blackstone. PIS-€A’TION, x. Fisn. | [l. piscatio. 9. A strong passion. Hudibras. The act or practice of fishing. Brown. Robbing on the high seas ; taking 9. a. Undertaken for the sake of piracy; as, a pirating expedition. Mitford. PI-ROGUE’, (pe-rog’,) nm. ([Sp. piragua. This word is variously writ- The former is the spell- ing of Washington and Jefferson; the latter of 1. A canoe formed out of the trunk of a tree, or 9, In modern usage in America, a narrow ferry-boat [Fr.] A whirling, or 9, The circumvolution of a horse on the same [Not In law, the right or privilege of fishing in another See Piscary and PIS PIS-€A-TO/RLAL, PIS/€A-TO-RY, Relating to fishes or to fishing; as, a piscatory ec- Jogue. ddison. PIS/CES, n. pl. [L. prsets. In astronomy, the Fishes, the twelfth sign or con- stellation in the zodiac. PIS/CI-NAL, a. Belonging to a fish-pond. PIS’CINE, (-sin,) a [L. ptsezs, a fish.) Pertaining to fish or fishes; as, piscine remains. trian, Phen eee a, {L. piscis,a fish, and voro, to eat. Feeding or subsisting on fishes. aquatic fowls are pisctvorous. PI'SE, (pe/za) n. [Fr.] A species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in between molds as it is carried up. Guilt. PISH, ezclam. [Perhaps the Oriental w)2 or 7A. Class Bs, No. 2, 3.] A word expressing contempt; sometimes spoken and written PsHaw. PISH, v. 2. To express contempt. Pope. PU/SI-FORM, a. [L. pisum, a pea, and forma, form.] Having the form of a pea. Masses of ptsiform argillaceous iron ore. PIS’MIRE, x. [The last syllable is the Sw. myra, Dan, myre, D. mier, an ant; Sax. myra,tender. I know not the origin or meaning of the first syllable.] The insect called the Anv or Emmet. Prior. Mortimer. {[Gr. micov, a pea, and Atos, a a. [L, piscatorius.] Many species of Kirwan. PI/SO-LITE, 7. stone. A calcareous stone, made up of globular concre- tions of the size of a pea; also called Prasrone. Oolite is similar in structure, but the concretions are as small as the roe of a fish. Dana, PI-SO-LIT’I€, a. In mineralogy, resembling in struc- ture pens agglutinated. Mantel. PIS‘O-PHALT, zx. Pea-mineral or mineral-pea; a soft bitumen, black, and of a strong, pungent smell. It appears to be petroleum passing to asphalt. It holds a middle place between petrol, which is liquid, and asphalt, which is dry and brittle. Dict. Vat. Hist. A mistaken orthography of PissaspHaxt, and not at all derived from zicov, a pea.] PISS, v. t. [D. and G. pissen; Dan. pisser; Sw. pissa; Fr. pisser; W. pisaw; Basque, pisye; It. piscrare; oO - Pers. bonny pishar, urine. Class Br, No. 61, 69.] To discharge the liquor secreted by the kidneys and lodged in the urinary bladder. PISS, n. Urine; the liquor secreted by the kidneys into the bladder of an animal and discharged through the proper channel. PISS’/A-BED, n. The vulgar name of a yellow tlower, growing among grass, the dandelion. Loudon. PIS‘SAS-PHALT, n. [Gr. xtccacdadroy; micoa, turpentine, and acpadros, asphalt; Sp. pisasfalto. | Barth-pitch ; a soft bitumen of the consistence of tar, black, and of a strong smell. It is inflammable, and intermediate between petroleum and asphalt, and appears to be a combination of naphtha and asphalt. It is now considered asa mere variety of petroleum. Deprived of its naphtha, asphalt re- PISS’/BURNT, a. Stained with urine. [mains. PIST, n. [F'r. piste, from Sp. and Port. pista, from PISTE, Sp. pistar, to beat, or ptsonar, to ram or drive. ] The track or footprint of a horseman on the fround he goes over. F Johnson. PIS-TA/CHIO, (pis-ta/sho,) n. [Fr. pistache; It. pis- Oo 50 35 tacchio; i. pistachia; Gr. misaxta ; Pers. Coron oF a Ar. Chand fostakon.]} The nut of the Pistacia vera, a kind of turpentine- tree, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, of a pleasant taste, resembling that of the almond, and yielding a well-tasted oil. It is wholesome and nutritive. The tree grows inSyria, Arabia, and Persia, and also in Sicily. Brande. aS, p I 3 ap Atterbury. PIT’I-A-BLE-NESS, n. State of deserving compas- sion. Ketileweil. PIT’I-A-BLY, adv. In a manner deserving pity ; mis- erably. PIT’I-ED, (pit/id,) pp. Compassionated. verb to Pity.] PIT’I-ED-LY, adv. In a situation to be pitied. PIT’I-FUL, a. [See Pity.) Full of pity; tender; compassionate ; having a heart to feel sorrow and Sympathy for the distressed. James v. 1 Pet. iii. [ This is the proper sense of the word. | 2. Miserable; moving compassion ; as, a sight most pitiful; a pitiful condition. Shak, Ray. This is a very improper use of pitiful for pitiable.] 3. To be pitied for its littleness or meanness ; pal- try ; contemptible ; despicable. That’s villainous, and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool Shak [See the that uses it. 4, Very small; insignificant. PIT’I-FUL-LY, adv. With pity ; compassionately. Putifully behold the sorrows of our hearts, Com, Prayer. 2. In a manner to excite pity. They would sich and groan as pitifully as other men, Tillotson, 3. Contemptibly ; with meanness. Richardson. PIT’I-FUL-NESS, n. Tenderness of heart that dis- poses to pity ; mercy ; compassion. Sidney. 2. Contemptibleness. PIT’I-LESS, a. Destitute of pity ; hard-hearted ; ap- plied to persons ; as, a pitiless master. 2. Exciting no pity ; as, a pitiless state. PIT’I-LESS-LY, adv. Without mercy or compassion. PIT’I-LESS-NESS, n. Uninercifulness ; insensibility to the distresses of others. PIT’/MAN,n. The man that stands in a pit when Sawing timber with another man who stands above. Moxon. 2. The piece of timber which connects the lower end of a mill-saw with the wheel that moves it, PIT’SAW, nx. A large saw used in dividing timber, and used by two men, one of whom stands in a pit below. Mozon. PIT’TA-€AL, 7. (Gr. mirra, pitch, and kaXdus, beauty. ] A dark-blue, solid substance, somewhat like indi- £0, obtained from wood tar. Ure. PIT’TANCE, n. [Fr. pitance; It. pietanza ; Port. pi- 2. Smeared with pitch. Dryden. 3. Black ; dark ; dismal; as, the pitchy mentle of night. Shak. PIT'-€OAL, n. Mineral coal; coal dug from the earth. PIT’E-OUS, a. [Soe Piry.] Sorrowful ; mournful ; that may excite pity ; as, a piteous look. 2. Wretched ; miserable; deserving compassion ; tanga. The word signifies, primarily, a portion of food allowed toa monk. The Spanish has pitar, to distribute allowances of meat, and pitancero, a per- son who distributes allowances, or a friar who lives on charity.] 1. An allowance of meat ina monastery. 2. A very small portion allowed or assigned. Shak. 3. A very small quantity, as of money, &c. as, a piteous condition. Arbuthnot. ETE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— ee ———— ayPLA PLA PLA PIT’TED, pp. or a. PIT’ TING, ppr. in competition. PIT’TI-ZiTE, n. Pitchy iron ore. PLTU/I-TA-RY, a. 77va@, to spit. membrane. PIT/U-ITE, 7. Mucus. PI-TU'LTOUS, a. PIT’Y, n. suffering. ing of distress, PIT'Y, v. t. PIT’Y, v. i. probe ing, ppr. ately. PIU, [It.] PIV/OT, x. or pin. [Fr. PIX, n. [L. pyzts. ] xe PIZ/ZL¥, n. PLA-€A-BIL/I-TY, root of lay. See willing to forgive. public place. name of an edict, advertisement. | [from pit.] hollows ; set in competition, as in combat. Marking with little hollows ; setting pietad, pity and piety ; Port. piedade, id. Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese languages unite pity and piety in the same word, and the word may be from the root of compassion; L. patior, to suffer ; It. compatire, Sp. and Port. compadecerse, to pity} 1. The feeling or suffering of one person, excited by the distresses of another; sympathy with the grief or misery of another; compassion or fellow- Pity is always painful, yet always agreeable. 9. The ground or subject of pity ; cause of grief ; thing to be regretted. That we can die but once to serve our country! That he is old, the more is the pity, his white hairs do witness it. Shak, In this sense the word has a plural. sand pities he should waste his estate in prodigality. [Fr. pitoyer.] To feel pain or grief for one in distress; to have sympathy for; to compassionate ; to have tender feelings for one, excited by bis unhappiness. Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord gitieth them that fear him. — Ps. ciii. Taucht by that Power who pities me, I learn to pity them. To be compassionate ; to exercise pity- { will not pity, nor spare, nor have mercy. — Jer. xiii. But this may be considered as an elliptical phrase. | Compassionating ; PIT/Y-ING-LY, adv. Sympathizingly; compassion- 1. A little box or chest in host is kept in the Roman Catholic church. 9, A box used, in English coinage, for tl gold and silver coin. PIX/Y,x. Afairy. [Local in England.) Holloway. [D. pees, a tendon or string. ] In certain quadrupeds, the part which is official to generation and the discharge of urine. [from placable.] The qual- ity of being appeasable ; sus- Ne PLA'CA-BLE-NESS, ceptibility of being pacified. PLA‘GA-BLE, a. [It. placabile; Sp. placable; cabilis, from placo, to pacify ; probably formed on the LEASE. That may be appeased or pacified ; appeasable ; admitting its passions or irritations to be Methought J saw him placable and mild. PLA-CARD’, n. [Fr. placard ; Sp. placarte ; D. plakaat ; plakken, to paste or stick; G plaquer, to clap on, Arm. placqa. French orthography, this word is composed of pla- quer, to lay or clap on, and carte, card. ] Properly, a written or printed paper posted ina It seems to have been formerly the proclamation, or manifesto, issued by authority ; but this sense is, | believe, seldom or never annexed to the word. advertisement, or a libel, or a paper intended to cen- acters, or public measures, In the case of libels or pa- lic or private characters, these papers are It is used public notice, as an sure public or private char posted in a public place, pers intended to censure pub or the measures of government, usually pasted up at night for secrecy. also for any paper posted to give Marked with little [Gr. micca or wirTAa, pitch.] Ure. [L. pituita, phlegm, rheum ; Gr. That secretes phlegm or mucus; as, the pituitary Med. Repos. The pituitary gland is a small oval body on the lower side of the brain, erroneously supposed by the ancients to secrete the mucus of the nostrils. Parr. Quincy. [Fr., from L. pituita.] [L. pituitosus.] Consisting of mucus, or resembling it in qualities, [Fr. pitié; It. pietd, pity and piety; Sp. The Latin, He that hath pity upon the poorlendeth to the Lord. — Prov. xix. In Scripture, however, the word pity usually in- cludes compassion accompanied with some act of charity or benevolence, and not simply a fellow-feel- Kames. What pity is it Addison. It is a thou- Goldsmith. sympathizing. In musie, a little. In Italian, pivolo, or piulo, is a peg 1. A pin or short shaft on which any thing turns. Dryden. 9. In military affairs, the officer or soldier upon whom the different wheelings are made in the vari- ous evolutions of the drill. Brande. Hanmer. Brande. Brown. Milton. PLA-GARD/, v. t. PLA-CARD/ING, ppr. PLA‘CATE, v. t. PLACE, 7. which the consecrated ie trial of L. pla- allayed ; ,and Dan. placat; Fr. According to the A placard now is an public place. 2. To notify publicly. PLA-€ARD/ED, pp. Posted ina public place; noti- fying publicly. plats ; Dan. plads. yours. — Deut general. another place. — Esth. iv. 3. Local existence. tion. — John xi. Hence, of the people. 10. Ground ; room. Gen. xviii. fended. 15. Space in general. —Gen, |. lination. in this state of existence. another. your superiors. away. fices were offered. PLACE, v.t. [Fr. placer.] 1. To put or set in a par surface ; to locate; as, to a stream ; to place a boo fice. _To post, as a writing or libel, ina It is sometimes used in a good sense. Posting in a public place. [L. placo, to appease. ] To appease or pacify ; to conciliate. [Fr. id.; Sp. plaza; Port. praga; It. piaz- za, for plazza; Arm. plagz; D. plaats; G. platz; Sw. Words of this signification have for their radical sense, to lay.]} 1. A particular portion of space of indefinite ex- tent, occupied, or intended to be occupied, by any person or thing, and considered as the space where a person or thing does or may rest or has rested, as distinct from space in general. Look from the place where thou art. —Gen. xiii. The place whereon thou standest is holy ground. — Ex. iil. Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread shall be « Xi. David’s place was empty. — 1 Sam. xx. 2, Any portion of space, as distinct from space in Enlargement and deliverance shall arise to the Jews from From whose face the earth and the heaven fled away, and there was found no place for them. — Rey. xx. 4. Separate division, room, or apartment, His catalogue had an especial place for sequestered divines. Fe 5. Seat ; residence ; mansion. The Romans shall come and take away both our place and na- 6. A portion or passage of writing or of a book. The place of the Scripture which he read was this. — Acts vill. 7. Point or degree in order of proceeding ; as, in the first place; in the second place ; in the last place. 14. A country ; a kingdom. But she all place within herself confines. 16. Room; stead; with the sense of substitution. And Joseph said to them, Fear not: for I am in the place of God. 17. Room ; kind reception. My word hath no place in you. — John viii. 18. The place of a heavenly body, in astronomy, is the sign and degree of the zodiac in which it is at any given time ; usually expressed either by its lati- tude and longitude, or by its right ascension and dec- 9. To take the precedence or priority. Addison. To take the place, but sometimes to take place, omit- ting the article, is to occupy the place or station of a particular part of the ear Forbes. Cit. _ over them to be rulers of thousands, &&. — Ex. xviii It ine high en autre! sovereigns and supreme magistrates and councils, to place in office men of unquesticnabie virtue God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such and talents. Anon condition. Some men are placed in a condition of rank and opulence, others are placed in low or nar- row circumstances; but in whatever sphere men are placed, contentment will insure to them a large por- tion of happiness. | 4. To set; to fix; as, to place one’s affections on | an object; to place confidence in a friend. 5. To put; to invest; as, to place money in the funds or In a bank. 6. To put out at interest; to lend; as, to place money .a good hands or in good security. PLA-CE'BO,n. [L. placeo.] 1. In the Roman Catholic church, the vesper hymn for the dead, beginning, “‘ Placebo Domtno.” Fosbroke. 2. In medicine, a prescription more to please than benefit the patient. Porsith. PLAC‘/ED, (plast,) pp. Set; fixed; located; estab- Jished. PLACE/MAN, z. ernment. PLA-CEN'TA, n. [L.; probably from the root of D. plakken; Fr. plaquer, to stick or clap together.] 1. In anatomy, the substance that connects the ovum to the womb, a soft, roundish mass or cake by which the principal connection is maintained be- tween the parent and the fetus. Coxe. Quincy. 2. The part of a plant or fruit to which the seeds 3. To put or set in any particular rank, state, or | | One that has an office under a gov- are attached. Core. Parr. PLA-CEN’TAL, a. Pertaining to the placenta. Waterhouse. 8. Rank ; order of priority, dignity, or importance. He holds the first place in society, or in the affections 9. Office ; employment ; official station. The man has a place under the government. Do you your office, or give up your place. Shak. There is no place of doubting but that it is the very same. Hammond. 11. Station in life ; calling ; occupation ; condition. All, in their several places, perform their duty. 12. Acity ; a town; avillage. he reside? He arrived at this place in the mail-coach. In what place does 13. In military affairs, a fortified town or post; a fortress ; a fort; as, a strong place; a place easily de- The place was taken by assault. England is the place [of his birth. Davies. Hutton. To take place ; to come 5 to happen ; to come into | p.A-GOID/I-ANS, n. pl. actual existence or operation; as when we say, this or that event will or will not take place. exemption of man from calamity can never take place The perfect Locke. To have place; to have a station, room, or seat. Such desires can have no place in a good heart. 9. To have actual existence. To give place ; to make room or way. Give placet 9. To give room; to give advantage ; to yield to the influence of; to listen to. Neither give place to the devil. — Eph. tv- 3. To give way; to yield to and suffer to pass High place; in Scripture, a mount on which sacri- ticular part of space, or in th, or in something on its place a house by the side of k on the shelf; to place a body of cavalry on each flank of an army. — 9, To appoint, set, induct, or establish, in an of- Thou shalt provide out of all the people able men, such ns fear TONE, BULL. UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Se i eS ee = ee 8 PLAG-EN-TA/TION, n. In botany, the disposition of the cotyledons or lobes in the vegetation or eermina- tion of seeds. Martyn. PLAC-EN-TIF/ER-OUS, a. [l. placenta and fero.] In botany, bearing or producing a placenta. Lindley. One who places, locates, or sets. Spenser. PLACID, a. [L. placidus, from placa, to appease. | 1. Gentle; quiet; undisturbed; equable; as, placid motion of the spirits. Bacon. 2. Serene; mild; unruffled; indicating peace of mind ; as, a placid countenance or smile. 3. Calm; tranquil; serene; not stormy; as, a placid sky. 4. Calm; quiet; unruffled; as, a placid stream. PLAC’ID-LY, adv. Mildly ; calmly ; quietly ; without disturbance or passion. PLAC/ID-NESS, ) x. Calmness ; quiet ; tranquillity ; PLA-CID/LTY, unrufiled state. 2. Mildness ; gentleness ; sweetness of disposition. Chandler. PLAC/ING, ppr. Setting ; fixing; establishing. PLAC‘IT, (plas‘it,) n. (JL. placitum, that which pleases, a decree, from placeo, to please. A decree or determination. PLA/CER, 7. 2 Lover in use. | Glanville. PLAC’LTO-RY, a. Relating to pleas or pleading in courts of law. Clayton. PLACK/ET, nr. [from the Fr. plaquer, to clap on. See PLacarp.] A petticoat. If this is the sense of the word In Shakspeare, it is derivative. The word signifies the opening of the garment; but it is nearly or wholly obsolete. PLA-€OID'LAN, a. Pertaining to the placoidians. Gr. zAag, a plate, and ecdus, form. | The first order of fishes in the arrangement of Agassiz, having the skin covered with enameled plates, as the sharks, rays, lampreys, &c. PLA-FOND’,x. [Fr.] The ceiling of a room, whether flat or arched ; any soffit. PLA’/GAL, a. [Gr,. rAaycos.] Plagal melodies, in music, are such as have their principal notes lying between the fifth of the key and its octave or twelfth. [See AurHENTIC.] Brande. PLA/GI-A-RISM, x. [from plagiary.] : The act of purloining another man’s literary works, or introducing passages from another man’s writings. and putting them off as one’s own; literary theft. Swift. PLA/GI-A-RIST, n. One that purloins the writings of another, and puts them off as his own. PLA/GL-A-RIZEB, v. t. To steal or purloin from the writings of another. oe PLA/GLA-RIZ-ED, pp. Stolen from the wuitings of another, PLA/GI-A-RIZ-ING, ppr. ings of another. PLA‘GI-A-RY, 7. Purloining from the writ- [L. plagiwm, a kidnapping, prob- ably from plage, nets, toil, that which is layed or spread, from the root of Eng. lay. The L. plaza, a stroke, is the same word differently applied, a laying on. : i} A thief in literature ; one that purloins anoth- €31 ps ang wa Stn LSS seca pn enc at Pe Pes sa in ows ~ SS eee eee Neth eet reaver « ae eSed eee et Pe cat a Sere sh rs * PLA 1. Any thing troublesome or vexatious: but, in this sense, applied to the vexations we suffer from men, and not to the unavoidable evils inflicted on us by divine Providence. The application of the word to the latter would now be irreverent and re- proachful. 2. A pestilential disease ; an acute, febrile disease, that often prevails in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey, and has at times prevailed in the large cities of Europe, with frightful mortality. 3. A state of misery. Ps. xxxviii. 4. Any great natural evil or calamity ; as, the ten plagues of Egypt. PLAGUE, (plag,) v. t. (Sp. plagar; W. placaw; It. piagare; G. plagen; Dan. plager; Sw. the noun. ] 1. To infest with disease, calamity, or natural evil of any kind. malignant, ° a plaga; from Thus were they plagued And worn with famine. Milton. 2. To vex; to tease ; to harass; to trouble; to em- barrass ; a very general and indefinite stonification. If her nature be so, Then she will plague the man that loves her most. Spenser. PLAGUE/FUL, a. Abounding with plagues; infect- ed with plagues, PLAGUE’LESS, a. Free from plagues or the plague. PLAGU/I-LY, (plig’e-te,) adv. Vexatiously ; in a manner to vex, harass, or embarrass; greatly ; hor- ribly. [In vuloar use, Swift. Dryden. PLAGU’Y, (plag’e,) a. Vexatious ; troublesome ; tor- menting. [Vulgar.] Hudibras. PLAICE, )n. [Fr. plie; Sp. platija; G. platteise; Dan. PLAISE, § _ plat-fisk, flat-fish: from plat, flat.] A fish of the genus Platessa, (Pleuronectes, Linn.,) allied to the flounder, and growing to the size of eight or ten pounds or more. This fish is more flat and square than the halibut. PLAICE/MOUTH, nm. A Wry mouth. B. Jonson. PLAID, (plad,) n. [Qu. W. plaid, a partition ; diver- sity of colors being often named from dividing. } A striped or variegated cloth, worn as an over- garment by the Highlanders in Scotland. It is a narrow woolen stuff, worn round the waist or on the shoulders, reaching to the knees, and, in cold weath- er, to the feet. It is worn by both sexes, Pennant. PLAIN, a. [Fr. plain; It. piano; Sp. plano, lano; Port. plano, from L. planus; G. and Sw. plan; D, plein; Sw. Dan. D. and G. plan, a plan or scheme ; W. plan, a plane, a plantation, a shoot or clon, a ray of light, whence plant, children, issue; pleiniaw, to radiate ; plenig, radiant, splendid, whence ysplan, clear, bright, splendid, and ysplander, Li. splendor. Tite-Gr. \avaw, to wander, is from the same root. Here we have decisive evidence, that plain, plan, plant, and splendor, are from the same radix. (See Piant.) Class Ln, No. A. 6s Lal 1. Smooth; even ; level; flat; without elevations and depressions; not rough; as, plain ground or land; a plain surface. In this sense, in philo- sophical writings, it is written PLane. 2. Open; clear; unencumbered ; fair. Our troops beat an army in Plain fight and open field. Felton. 3. Void of beauty or ornament; simple; as, a plain dress. Plain without pomp, and rich without a show. 4. Artless; simple; unlearned ; cunning, or affectation ; Without refinement fils men of the plainer sort. Gen. xxv. Bacon. Plain, but pious Christians, Hammond. o. Artless; simple; unaffected ; unembellished ; as, a plain tale or narration. 6. Honestly undisguised ; open; frank ; unreserved, I will tell you the plain truth. Give me leave to be plain with you, 7. Mere; bare; as, a plan knave or fool, Shak. Pope. 8. Evident to the understanding ; clear; manifest ; not obscure; as, plain words or lan difference; a plain argument. It is plain in the history, that Esau was never subject to Jncob, Locke. » 4S, a plain Dryden. without disguise, sincere ; Bacon. 9. Not much varied by modulations song or tune, PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY 332 PLAIN’-SONG, n. PLAIN/-SPOK-EN, a. PLAINT,7n. [Fr. plainte, from plaindre, tolament, from guage; a plain!) PLAINT/FUL, a, PLAINTIFF, n. even surface, or a surface little varied by inequali- ties ; as, all the plain of Jordan. Gen. xiii. 2. Field of battle. Arbuthnot. PLAIN, v.t. To level ; to make plain or even on the surface. Hayward. 2. To lament or wail; as, to plain one’s case. Spenser. PLAIN, v.z% [Fr. plaindro; L. plango.) To lament or bewail. [Votused.] [See Compiatn.] PLAIN’-CHANT, n. See Prax Sone. PLAIN’/-DEAL-ER, n.. One who speaks out his views With great plainness. PLAIN’-DEAL-ING, a. [ plain and deal.] Dealing or communicating with frankness and sincerity ; honest 3 Open; speaking and acting with- out art; as, a plain-dealing man. Shak. I? Estrance. PLAIN’-DEAL-ING, n, A Speaking or communi- cating With openness and sincerity ; management without art, stratagem, or disguise ; sincerity. Dryden. PLAIN!-HEART’ED, a. Having a sincere heart ; communicating without art, reserve, or hypocrisy ; of a frank disposition. Milton. PLAIN/-HEART’ED-NESS, m. Frankness of dispo- sition ; sincerity. Hallywell. PLAIN/ING, n. PLAIN/LY, adv. D* Complaint. [Obs.] Shak. With a level surface, [Little used.) Without cunning or disguise. 3. Without ornament or artificial embellishment ; as, to be plainly clad. 4. Frankly ; honestly ; sincerely ; as, deal plainly with me. Pope. o. In earnest ; fairly. Clarendon. 6. In a manner to be easily seen or comprehended. Thou shalt write on the stones all the words of this law very plainly. — Deut. xxvii. 7. Evidently; clearly; not obscurely. The doc- trines of grace are plainly taught in the Scriptures. PLAIN’NESS, n. Levelness 3 evenness of surface. 2. Want of ornament ; want of artificial show. So modest plainness sets off sprightly wit. Pope. 3. Openness; rough, blunt, or unrefined frank- ness. Your plainness and your shortness please me well. Shak. 4. Artlessness ; simplicity ; candor; as, unthink- ing plainness. Dryden. 0. Clearness; openness ; sincerity. Seeing, then, we have such hope, we use great plainness of speech. — 2 Cor, iii. An ecclesiastical chant in duple measure with notes of equal length, and rarely ex- tending beyond the compass of an octave. P. Cyc. y Speaking with plain, unre- served sincerity. ryden. L. plango, to strike, to beat, to lament, whence com- plaint; Gr. TANTO, TANTTwW, to strike, from the root TAny@, disused, whence m™Anyn, a stroke, L. plaga, Eng. plague ; Goth. flekan, to lament ; Sp. planir, from the Latin. The primary sense is, to strike, that is, to drive or thrust, applied to the hand or to the voice ; or the sense of complaint and lamentation is from beating the breast, as in violent grief; Sw. plagga, to beat.] 1, Lamentation ; complaint; audible expression of sorrow. From inward grief His bursting passion into plaints thus poured. 2. Complaint ; wrong done. Milton. representation made of injury or There are three just grounds of war with Spain ; one of plaints ; two upon defense, Bacon. 3. In law, a private memorial tendered to a court, in which the person sets forth his cause of action. Blackstone. 4. In law,a complaint; a formal accusation exhib- ited by a private person against an offender for a breach of Jaw or a public offense. Laws of New York and Conn. | Complaining ; expressing sorrow with an audible voice ; as, my plaintful tongue. Sidney. ; [Fr. plaintif, mournful, making complaint. ] In law, the person who commences a suit before a y tribunal, for the recovery of a claim > Opposed to De- this word as an adjective, in the for plaintive, but the use is not au- [Fr. plaintf.} &; complaining; expressive of sor- TOW ; aS, a plaintive sound or song. Dryden. expressing sorrow or grief; re- To soothe the sorrows of her plaintive zon. Dryden, In a manner expressive of n. The quality or state of ex- | PLA PLA t er’s writings, and offers them to the public as his 10. Not high seasoned ; not rich ; not luxuriously own. South. Dryden. dressed ; as, a plain diet. FENDANT, 2. The crime of literary theft. [Jot used. | 11. Not ornamented with figures ; as, plain muslin. {Prior uses Brown. 12. Not dyed. French sense, PLA/GI-A-RY, a. Stealing men; kidnapping. [Vot 13. Not difficult; not embarrassing; as, a plain SRE used. romwn. case in law. PLAINT’IV E, ds 2. Practicing literary theft. Hall. 14. Easily seen or discovered ; not obscure or 1. Lamenting ; PLA/GLON-ITE, n. [Gr. 7maytos, oblique, alluding difficult to be found ; as, a plain road or path. Our 5 lar to the crystallization. course IS very plain. Ps. xxvii. ; _2. Complaining ; A blackish, lead-gray ore of antimony and lead. PLAIN, adv. Not obscurely ; in a manner to be easily pining. PLAGUE, (plag,) n. [Sp. plaza or llava, a wound, a understood. ; plague ; It. piaga, for plaza; G. and ae plage; re ae 3 articulately ; as, to speak plain. PLAINT/IVE-LY, adv. > W. ¢ © Wk slap; llaciaw, to strike ~ ih UT is niee plaga; W. pla, plague ; Wac, a slap ; ) ) 3. aimplicitte: ae : grief. ; ronlick to cudwel: Ir. plair ; L. plaga, a stroke, Gr. 3 w ith simplicity 5 artlessly ; bluntly. = PLAINT/IVE-NESS Eon b a rimarv sense | PLAIN, n. [Ir. cluain ; W. lan; Fr. plaine. See the sate 4 ) TAnyn. (See Lick and Lay.) The pean pense. aDjechee pressing grief. is, a stroke or striking. So afflict is from the root o al ee PLAINT’LESS, a. flog, and probably of the same family as placue.} 1. Level land; usually, an open field with an Without complaint ; unrepining. PLAIN’/-WORK, (-wurk,) m. Plain needlework, as distinguished from embroidery. PLAIT, x. [W. pleth, a plait or fold ; or braid, from Ueth; Sw. Jjidta, Dan. fletter, to plait, braid, twist, Russ. pletu, opletayu, Fr. plisser, with a dialectical change of t to s. Qu. Gr. KAw@Oa, to twist. l. A fold; as of cloth, It is very difficult to trace out the figure plaus and folding of the drapery. 2. A braid, as of hair or straw. PLAIT, v.t. To fold ; to double in as, to plait a gown or a sleeve. 2. To braid; the hair. 3. To entangle ; to involve. PLAIT’ED, pp. ora. Folded; braided ; interwoven. PLAIT’ER, x. One that plaits or braids. PLAIT’ING, ppr. Folding ; doubling ; braiding. PLAN, x. [Fr. G. D. Dan. Sw. and Russ. plan. The Italian has pianta, a plant, and a plan, and in Welsh, plan is a shoot, cion, plantation, or planting, and a Pope. plethu, to plait a doubling 85 of a vest through all the Addison, narrow streaks ; Gay. to interweave strands; as, to plait Shak. plane. Hence plan, plain, plane, and plant, are from one root. The primary sense of the verb is to ex- tend.} 1. A draught or form ; properly, the representation of any thing drawn ona plane, as a map or chart, which is a representation of. some portion of Iand or water. But the word is applied particularly to the model of a building, showing the form, extent, and divisions in miniature, and it may be applied to the draught or representation of any projected work on paper, or on a plane surface ; as, the plan of a town or city, or of a harbor or fort. The form of a ma- chine in miniature is called a Mopret. 2. A scheme devised ; a project ; the form of some- thing to be done existing in the mind, with the sey- eral parts adjusted in idea, expressed in words or committed to writing ; as, the plan of a constitution of government ; the plan of a treaty ; the plan of an expedition. PLAN, v.t. To forma draught or representation of any intended work. 2. To scheme; to devise; to form in design ; as, to plan the conquest of a country ; to plan a reduc- tion of taxes, or of the national debt. PLA’NA-RY, a. Pertaining toa plane. Dict. PLANCH, v. t. [Fr. planche,a plank. See PLANK. ] To plank ; to cover with planks or boards. Gorges. PLANCH/ED, (plancht,) pp. Covered or made of planks or boards. PLANCH’/ER, x. A floor. Bacon. PLANCWET, n. [Fr. planchette. See PLanx. ] A flat piece of metal or coin. Encie. PLANCH/ING, 7. The laying of floors in a building ; also, a floor of boards or planks. Carew. PLANE, a. [O: planus. See Puarn.] Without ele- vations or depressions ; even ; level; flat; as, a plane surface. Plane chart ; a chart constructed on the supposition of the earth and sea being an extended plane surface, with the degrees of latitude and longitude every Where equal. A plane figure, in geometry, is a surface in which, if any two points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies wholly in that surface. A plane angle, is one contained between two lines or surfaces, in contradistinction toa solid angle. Encyc. Plane sailing ; in navigation, the art of determining the ship’s place, on the supposition that sne is moy- ing on a plane. Brande. PLANE, 7x. [from L. planus. See Puain.] 1. In geometry, an even or level surface, like plain in popular language, 2. In astronomy, an imaginary surface supposed to pass through any of the curves described on the celestial sphere; as, the plane of the ecliptic; the plane of a planet’s orbit; the plane of a great circle. 3. In mechanics. See Prane Ficure, 4. In joinery and cabinet work, an instrument con- sisting of a smooth piece of wood, with an aperture, through which passes obliquely a piece of edged steel or chisel, used in paring or smoothing boards or wood of any kind, A horizontal plane is parallel to the horizon. An inclined plane is any plane inclined to the hori- zon, by whatever angle. -— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PLA PLANE, v. t To make smooth; to pare off the in- equalities of the surface of a board or other piece of wood by the use of a plane. 2. To free from inequalities of surface. Arbuthnot. EUANMED, pp. ora. Made smooth with a plane ; lev- eled. PLAN/ET, 7. fre planete; It. pianeta; L. Sp. and Port. planeta; W. planed; Gr. rAavnrns, wandering, from zAavaa, to wander, allied to L. planus, Fr. loin. See Piant.] _ A celestial body which revolves about the sun, in an orbit of a moderate degree of eccentricity, in distinction from a comet, which has a very eccentric orbit. The planets are sometimes called primary planets, in distinction from those bodies called sec- ondary planets, moons, or satellites, which revolve about some planet as their center, and with that re- volve about the sun. The primary planets are named Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Five smaller planets, denominated by some asteroids, namely, Ceres, Pallas, Juno, Vesta, and Astrea, have recently been discovered between the orbitsof Marsand Jupiter. Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, being without the earth’s orbit, are sometimes called the superior planets ; Venus and Mercury, being within the earth’s orbit, are called inferior planets. The planets are opaque bodies, which receive their light from the sun. They are sonamed from their motion or revolution, In distinction from the jized stars, and are distinguished from the latter by their not twinkling. PLANE’-TA-BLE, x. An instrument or board marked off into degrees from the center, used in surveying land, by which the draught or plan is taken on the spot during the progress of the survey. Hutton. PLAN-ET-Aa’/RI-UM, nm. An astronomical machine which, by the movement of its parts, represents the motions and orbits of the planets, agreeable to the Copernican system. arlow. PLAN’ET-A-RY, a. [Fr. planetaire.] J. Pertaining to the planets; as, planetary inhabit- ants; planetary motions. 2. Consisting of planets ; as, a planetary system. 3. Under the dominion or influence of a planet; as, a planetary hour. [Astrology.] Dryden. 4. Produced by planets; as, planetary plague or in- fluence. Shak. 5 Having the nature of a planet; erratic or re- volving. Blackmore. Planetary days; the days of the week as shared among the planets, each having its day, as we name the days of the week after the planets. Hutton. PLAN/ET-ED, a. Belonging to planets, Young. PLA-NET’I€-AL, a. Pertaining to planets. [JVot used.] Brown. PLANE/-TREE, n. [L. platanus; Fr. plane, platane.] Atree of the genus Platanus. The oriental plane- tree is a native of Asia; it rises with a straight, smooth, branching stem to a great hight, with pal- mated leaves, and long, pendulous peduncles, sus- taining several heads of small, close-sitting flowers. The seeds are downy, and collected into round, rough, hard bails. The occidental plane-tree, which grows toa great hight, is a native of North Ameri- ca; it is called also Burron-woop and BurTon- TREE. PLAN/ET-STRUCK, a. Affected by the influence of planets ; blasted. Suckling, PLAN‘/ET-ULE, n. A little planet. Conybeare. Pertaining to the mensu- ration of plane surfaces. [L. planus, plain, and Gr. per- PLAN-LMET’RIE, a. PLAN-I-MET’/RI€-AL, PLA-NIM/E-TRY, x. pew, to measure. | The mensuration of plane surfaces. Hutton. PLAN/ISH, v. t. [from plane.] To render a metallic surface level and smooth, by pounding it gently with a smooth-faced hammer; as, to planish silver tea- spoons or tin plate. Henry’s Chem. PLAN/ISH-ED, (plan/isht,) pp. Made smooth by hammering. PLAN’ISH-ING, ppr. Making smooth by hammering. PLAN/I-SPHERE, n, [L. planus, plain, and sphere.] Asphere projected on aplane. In this sense, maps in which are exhibited the meridians and other cir- cles are planispheres. Hutton. PLANK, x. [F'r. planche ; Arm. plancquenn, pl. plench } W. planc; D. plank; G. and Dan. planke; Sw. planka; Russ. placha, a board or plank. Probably n is casual, and the word belongs to Class Leg.] A broad piece of sawed timber, differing from a board only in being thicker. In America, broad pieces of sawed timber, which are not more than an inch or an inch and a quarter thick, are called boards ; like pieces, from an inch and a half to three or four inches thick, are called planks. Sometimes pieces more than four inches thick are called planks. PLANK, v. t. To cover or lay with planks; as, to plank « floor or a ship. PLANK’ED, (plankt,) pp. Covered with planks, PLANK’ING, ppr. Laying with planks. PLAN/LESS, a. Having no plan, PLAN/NED, pp. MDevised; schemed. PLAN’NER, 2. One who plans or forms a plan; a projector. PLA BESNENING per. Scheming; devising; making a plan. PLA’NO-€ON’/€AVE, a. Flat on one side and con- cave on the other. PLA’NO-CON/I€E-AL, a. [plainand conical.] Plane or level on one side and conical on the other. Grew. PLA’NO-€CON'VEX, a. [plain and conver.] Plane or flat on one side and convex on the other; as, a plano-conver lens. Newton. PLA/NO-HOR-I-ZON’TAL, a. Having a level hori- zontal surface or position. Lee. PLA-NOR’BIS, x. [L. planus and orbis.] A genus of fresh-water snails, having shells of a discoidal form. Mantell. PLA!NO-SUB/U-LATE, a. [See Susuratre.] Smooth and awl-shaped. PLANT, 7. (Fr. plante; It. pianta; L. Sp. Port. and Sw. planta; Ir. plaunda; D. plant; G. pflanze; Dan. plante; Arm. plantenn; VW. plant, issue, offspring, children, from plan, a ray, a shoot, a plantation or planting, a plane ; planed, a shooting body, a planet ; pleiniaw, to radiate ; plenia, radiant, splendid ; plent, that is rayed ; plentyn, a child ; planta, to beget or to bear children. In It. Sp. and Port. planta signifies a plant and a plan. WUere we find plan, plane, plant, planet, all from one stock, and the Welsh pleiniaw, to radiate, shows that the L. splendeo, splendor, are of the same family. The Celtic clan is probably the Welsh plan, plant, with a different prefix. The radi- cal sense is obvious, to shoot, to extend. 1. A vegetable ; an organic body, destitute of sense and spontaneous motion, adhering to another body in such a manner as to draw from it its nourishment, and having the power of propagating itself by seeds ; ‘¢ whose seed is in itself.?? Gen.i. This definition may not be perfectly correct, as it respects all plants, for some aquatic plants grow without being attached to any fixed body. The woody or dicotyledonous plants consist of three parts; the bark or exterior coat which covers the wood; the wood, which is hard, and constitutes the principal part ; and the pith or center of the stem. In monocotyledonous plants, the ligneous or fibrous parts, and the pithy or parenchymatous, are equally distributed through the whole internal substance ; and in the lower plants, fungi, sea-weed, &c., the substance is altogether parenchymatous. By means of proper vessels, the nourishing juices are distrib- uted to every part of the plant. In its most general sense, plant comprehends all vegetables, trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, &c. In popular language, the word is generally applied to the smaller species of vege- tables. 2, A sapling. Dryden. 3. In Scripture, a child ; a descendant ; the inhab- itant of a country. Ps. cxliv. Jer. xlvili. 4. The sole of the foot. [Zittle used.] 5. The fixtures and tools necessary to carry on any trade or mechanical business. ([Zocal.] Sea-plant; a plant that grows on the sea or in salt water ; sea-weed. Sensitive plant; a plant that shrinks on being touched ; a species of the Mimosa. PLANT, v.¢. To put in the ground and cover, as seed for growth ; as, to plant maize. 2. To set in the ground for growth, as a young tree or a vegetable with roots. 3. To engender; to set the germ of any thing that may increase. It engenders choler, planteth anger. Siak. 4. To set firmly ; to fix. His standard planted on Laurentum’s towers. Dryden. 5. To settle; to fix the first inhabitants ; to estab- lish ; as, to plant a colony. 6. To furnish with plants; to lay out and prepare with plants ; as, to plant a garden or an orchard. 7. To set and direct or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort. 8. To introduce and establish; as, to plant Chris- tianity among the heathen. I aye plane, Apollos watered, but God gave the increase. — or. ll. 9. To unite to Christ, and fix in a state of fellow- ship with him Ps. xcil. ‘ PLANT, v. i. ‘To perform the act of planting. Pope. PLANT’A-BLE, a. Capable of being planted. Edwards, West Indies. PLANT/AGE, 2. [L. plantago.] : An herb, or herbs in general. [Votan use) ‘ MLie. PLANT/AIN, (plant/in,) x. [Fr.; from L. plantago; It. piantag gine. | ‘ A plant of the genus Plantago, of many species. The common plantain is found near the abode of civilized man in all parts of the world. The water plantain is of the genus Alisma. Loudon. PLANT/AIN « PLANT/AINZTREE, | ™ (SP: Platano.] A tropical tree of the genus Musa, the most re- markable species of which are, the paradtsiaca or plantain, and the saptentum or banana-tree. The PLANT’AL, a. PLANT-A/TION, n. PLA plantain rises with a soft stem, fifteen or twenty feet high, and the fruit is a substitute for bread. Encyc. Am. [Vot eee) Glanville. [L. plantatio, from planto, to Belonging to plants. plant. ] 1. The act of planting or setting im the earth for growth. 2. The place planted ; applied to ground planted with trees, for the purpose of producing timber, or for ornament, &c. Addison. 3. In the United States and the West Indies, a large estate, cultivated chiefly by negroes, either slaves or free, who live in a distinct community on the estate, under the control of the proprietor or master. 4. An original settlement In a new country; a town or village planted. While these plantations were forming in Connecticut. B, Trumbull, 5. A colony. Bacon. 6. A first planting; introduction ; establishment ; as, the plantation of Christianity in England. K. Charles. PLANT’-CANE,n. In the West Indies, a term applied to the original plants of the sugar-cane, produced from germs placed in the ground; or canes of the first growth, in distinction from the ratoons, or sprouts from the roots of canes which have been cut. dwards, W. Indies. PLANT’ED, pp. ora. Setin the earth for propagation 5 set; fixed; introduced; established. 2. Furnished with seeds or plants for growth; as, a planted field. 3. Furnished with the first inhabitants; settled; as, territory planted with colonists. 4. Filled or furnished with what is new. A man in all the world’s new fashion planted. [See Def, 3. Pe eee PLANT’ER, z. One that plants, sets, introduces, or establishes; as, a planter of maize; a planter of vines ; the planters of a colony. 2. One that settles in a new or uncultivated terri- tory ; as, the first planters in Virginia. 3. One who owns a plantation ; used in the West Indies and Southern States of America. 4. One that introduces and establishes. The apostles were the first planters of Christianity. Nelson. Addison. PLANT/ER-SHIP, n. The business of a planter, or the management of a plantation, as in the West Indies. Enciyc. PLANT’I-OLE, (plant’e-kl,) n. A young plant, or plant in embryo. arwin. PLANT’I-GRADE, n. [L. planta, the sole of the foot, and gradior, to walk.] An animal that walks or steps on the sole of the foot, as the bear. . PLANT'I-GRADE, a. Walking on the sole of the foot. PLANTING, ppr. Setting in the earth for propaga- tion ; setting ; settling; introducing ; establishing. 2, Consisting of or pertaining to planters; as, a planting community. U. States. PLANTING, n. The act or operation of setting in the ground for propagation, as seeds, trees, shrubs, &e. 2. In England, the art of forming plantations of trees. rande. PLANT’LET, 2. A little plant. reith. PLANT’-LOUSBE, zn. An insect that infests plants ; a vine-fretter; the puceron. PLANT/ULE, x. The embryo of a plant. PLASH, n. [D. plas, a puddle; G. plitschern, to plash, to dabble; Dan. plasker, to plash ; Gr. 7\ados, superabundant moisture. Qu. ra\acco.] 1. A small collection of standing water ; a puddle. Bacon. Pope. 9. The branch of a tree partly cut or lopped and bound to other branches. Mortimer. PLASH, v. i. To dabble in water; usually Sriasu. PLASH, v. t. [Fr. plisser. (See Puarr.) But perhaps originally pleach, from L. plico, to fold.} To interweave branches ; as, to plash a hedge or quicksets. In Vew England, to Sprice.] PLASH/ED, (plasht,) pp. Interwoven, as branches, PLASH'ING, ppr. Cutting and interweaving, as branches in a hedge. PLASH/ING, n. The act or operation of cutting small trees half through and interweaving them, as in hedges. Brande. 9. The dashing or sprinkling of coloring matter on the walls of buildings, as an imitation of granite, &e. PLASH’Y, a. Watery ; abounding with pues, Sandys. PLASM, nr. [Gr. rAacpa, from tAaccw, to form.) A mold or matrix in which any thing is cast or formed to a particular shape. [Little used. } Woodward. PLAS’MA, x. A variety of quartz, of a color be- tween grass-green and leek-green, occurring im an- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; 6 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 105 Sevan sii eee ne ae 2: ~ eae aa ~ a ro Rai eo nie Toate Se ee ee ; sa 2 eh ei ta.or ad SO im — ae iw. ery a. van ine PLAS-MAT/I€-AL, PLAS/TER, 2. PLAS’/TER, v. t, To overlay with plaster, as the par- PLAS’TER-ED, pp. or a. PLAS’/TER-ER, n. PLAS/TER-ING, ppr. ter. PLAS’TER-ING, nm. The act or operation of over- PLAS'TER-STONE, n. PLAS’TI€, a. Lyell. PLAS-TIC’LTY, n. The quality of giving form or shape to matter. Uncyc. PLAS TOG/RA-PHY, x. PLA S'TRON, 7. PLAT, D. t. form by texture. Matt. xxvii. ay. Spectator. PLAT, n. Work done by platting or inter- PLAT’TING, Weaving. PLAT, n. (Dan. and D. plat, flat; Fr. id.; G. platt; PLAT, a. Plain; flat. [Wot used.) Chaucer. PLAT, adv. Plainly; flatly; downright. [ot used. | Chaucer. 2. Smoothly ; evenly. [JNVot used.] Drant. PLAT/ANE, n. [L. platanus.] The plane-tree, which see, PLAT’BAND, n. PLATE,7. [D. plaat, G. platte, plate ; Sw. platt; Dan. PLA gular pieces in beds, associated with common chal- cedony, and among the niins of Rome. Dana. Ure. PiLAS-MAT'T€, a. Giving shape; having the power of giving form. Wore. G. plaster ; D. pleistre; Sw. plaster ; Dan. plaster; Fr. platre; Arm. plastr ; W. plastyr; Ir. plastar, plastrail; Sp. emplasto ; Port. id., or em- prasto ; It. impiastro; L. emplastrum; Gr. euzAaspov, from evz\accw, to daub or smear, properly to lay or spread on; 7Aaccw, to daub, or to fashion, mold, or shape. } 1. A composition of lime, water, and sand, well mixed into a kind of paste and used for coating walls and partitions of houses. ‘This composition, when dry, becomes hard, but still retains the name of plaster. Plaster is sometimes made of different ma- terials, as chalk, gypsum, &c., and is sometimes used to cover the whole surface of a building. The term plaster is also applied to the material composed of plaster of Paris, of which ornaments, figures, moldings, &c., are made. 2. In pharmacy, an external application of a harder consistence than an ointment, to be spread, accord- ing to different circumstances, either on linen or leather. Encyc. Plaster of Paris; a composition of several species of gypsum, dug at Montmartre, near Paris, in France, used in building and in casting busts and statues. In popular language, this name is applied improperly to plaster-stone, or to any species of gypsum. btions of a house, walls, &c. 2. ‘To cover with a plaster, as a wound. 3. In popular language, to smooth over; to cover or conceal defects or irregularities, Overlaid with plaster. One that overlays with plaster. 2. One that makes figures in plaster. Wotton. Covering with or laying on plaster. laying with plaster. 2. The plaster-work of a building; a covering of plaster. Gypsum, which see. This, when pulverized, is extensively used as a manure. [Gr. mAastxos, from zAaccw, to orm 1. Having the power to give form or fashion to a mass of matter; as, the plastic hand of the Creator; the plastic virtue of nature. Prior. Woodward. 2. Capable of being molded, formed, or modeled; as, plastic material. Plastic clay; one of the beds of the eocene period, so called because used in making pottery. 2. Capubility of being molded, formed, or modeled. The act of forming figures in VJaster. [See Praster.] A piece of leather st iffed ; used by fencers to defend the body against pushes. Dryden. [from plait, or plat, flat.) To weave ; to W. plad, plas; Gr. harvs, broad, L. latus; or from the root of place, G. platz. (See Por, the same word differently written.) But probably these are allof one family. The sense is, laid, spread.] A small piece of ground, usually a portion of flat, even ground ; as, a flowery plat; a plat of willows. Milton. Spectator. Milton. A border of flowers in a garden, along a wall or the side of a parterre; hence, a border. 2. In architecture, a flat, square molding, whose hight much exceeds ‘its projecture, such as the faces of an architrave. 3. The lintel of a door or window. 4. A list or fillet between the flutings of a column. Cyc. and D. plat, G. platt, flat ; It. piatto, flat, and piastra ; Sp. plata; Ir. id. ; W. plad,a plate ; probably allied to Gr. wAarus, L. latus, with the radical sense of laid, spread.) 1. A piece of metal, flat, or extended in breadth. PLA/TIE€ AS/PECT, n. PLAT’I-NA. PLAT’ING, ppr. PLAT/ING, n. The art or operation of covering any PLAT-I-NIF’ER-OUS, a. PLAT’I-NUM, n. PLAT’I-TUDE, n. PLA acon. South. 2. Armor of plate, composed of broad pieces, and thus distinguished from Marr, Spenser. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— PLA 3. The name commonly given to gold and silver wrought into articles of household furniture. Jc Culloch. 4, A small, shallow vessel, made of silver or other metal, or of earth glazed and baked, from which pro- visions are eaten at table. A wooden plate is called a TrencHeEn. o. The prize given for the best horse in a race. 6. In architecture, the piece of timber which sup- ports the ends of the rafters. 7. For copperplate, a printed representation or im- pression from an engraved plate. 8. A page of stereotype or fixed metallic types for printing. 9. [In heraldry, a roundel of silver.*— FE. H. Bar- ker. PLATE, v. t. To cover or overlay with plate or with metal ; used particularly of silver; as, plated vessels. 2. To arm with plate or metal for defense ; as, to plate sin with gold. Shak, Why plated in habiliments of war? Siiak. 3. To adorn with plate ; as, a plated harness. 4. To beat into thin, flat pieces or lamine. Dryden. Newton. PLATE’-GLASS, n. A fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates, and used for mirrors and the best win- dows. Francis. PLA-TEAU), (plii-to’,) n. [Fr., a platter.] J. A plain; a flat surface. 2. A large ornamental dish for the center of a table. Smart. PLAT’ED, pp. or a. Covered or adorned with plate ; armed with plate ; beaten into plates, PLAT’EN, x. een its flatness.] Among printers, the flat part of a press by which the impression is made. PLATE’Y,a. Like a plate; flat. Gregory. PLAT’FORM,n. [ plat, flat, and form.] The sketch of any thing horizontally delineated ; the ichnogra- phy. Sandis. 2. A place Jaid out after any model. Pope. 3. In the military art, an elevation of earth or a floor of wood or stone, on which cannons are mounted to fire on an enemy. Encyc. 4. In architecture, an assemblage of timbers for carrying the flat covering of a house, or the flat cov- ering itself. Guilt. 5. A kind of terrace, or broad, smooth, open walk on the top of a building, as in the oriental houses. Guilt 6. In ships, the orlop. [See Ortor.] 7. Any number of planks or other materials form- ing a floor for any purpose. Mar. Dict. 8. A plan; a scheme; groundwork. Bacon. 9. In some of the New England States, an ecclesi- astical constitution, or a plan for the government of churches; as, the Cambridge or Saybrook plat- form. In astrology, a ray cast from one planet to another, not exactly, but within the orbit of its own light, Bailey. See PLatinum, Overlaying with plate or with a metal; beating into thin lamine. thing with plate, or with a metal, particularly of overlaying a baser metal witha thin plate of silver. The coating of silver is soldered to the metal with tin, or a mixture of three parts of silver with one of brass. [platinum and L. fero, to produce. ] Producing platinum; as, platiniferous sand. Dict. Nat. Hist, [Sp. platina, from plata, silver. } A metal discovered in 1741, in the mines of Choco, in Peru, by Charles Wood, assay-master, Jamaica, nearly of the color of silver, but less bright, and the heaviest of the metals. Its specific gravity isto that of water as 20 to 1, and may be increased by heat and pressure till it becomesas 21.5to 1. It is harder than iron, undergoes no alteration in air, resists the action of acids and alkalies, is very ductile, and ca- pable of being rolled into thin plates. P. Cyc. This metal has since been found in Brazil, also PLA Platonic love, is a pure, spiritual affection subsist- ing between the sexes, unmixed with carnal desires, and regarding the mind only and its excellences ; a species of love for which Plato was a warm advo- cate. Platonic year ; the great year, ora period of time determined by the revolution of the equinoxes, or the space of time in which the stars and constellations return to their former places in respect to the equi- noxes. ‘This revolution, which is calculated by the precession of the equinoxes, is accomplished in about 26,000 years. arlow. PLA-TON/‘I€-AL-LY, adv. After the manner of the Platonists. Wotton. PLA’/TO-NISM, n. The doctrines of Plato and his fol- lowers. Plato believed God to be an infinitely wise, just, and powerful Spirit; and that he formed the visible universe out of preéxistent amorphous mat- ter, according to perfect patterns or ideas eternally existent in his own mind. Philosophy he considered as being a knowledge of the true nature of things, as discoverable in those eternal ideas after which all things were fashioned. In other words, it is the Knowledge of what is eternal, exists necessarily, and is unchangeable ; not of the temporary, the depend- ent, and changeable; and of course it is not ob- tained through the senses; neither is it the product of the understanding, which concerns itself only with the variable and the transitory ; nor is it the result of experience and observation. But it is the product of our reason, which, as partaking of the di- vine nature, has innate ideas resembling the eternal ideas of God. By contemplating these innate ideas, reasoning about them, and comparing them with their copies in the visible universe, reason can attain that true knowledge of things which is called philosophy. Such appears to have been the system of Plato him- self, so far as it can be gathered from his Dialogues, which are not systematic treatises, but free conver- sations. His professed followers, the Academics and the New Platonists, differed considerably from him, yet are called Platonists. JMurdock. PLA/TO-NIST, )z. One that professes to be a fol- PLA’/TO-NiZ-ER, § lower of Plato, and to philoso- phize as he did. Hammond. PLA'/TO-NIZE, v. % To adopt the opinions of the Platonic schoo). Milner. PLA/TO-NIZE, v. t. Toexplain on the principles of the Platonic school, or to accommodate to those prin- ciples. Enfield. PLA’'TO-NiZ-ED, pp. Conformed to the views of Platonists. Enfield. PLA’TO-NIZ-ING, ppr. or a. Adopting the views of the Platonists. Enfield. PLA-TOON’, nx. [Fr. peloton, a ball of thread, a knot of men, from pelote, a ball; Sp. peloton. See Bau, | Formerly, a small body of soldiers or musketeers, drawn out of a battalion of foot when they form a hollow square, to strengthen the angles. In present usage, two files forming a subdivision of a company. PLAT’TER, x. [from plate.| A large, shallow dish for holding the provisions of 4 table. Dryden. 2. One that plats or forms by weaving. [Seo LAT. PLA‘T"PER-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a broad face. PLAT’TING, pyr. Weaving; formed by texture. PLAT’TING, a. Slips of bast, cane, Straw, &c., woven or plaited for making into hats, &c. McCulloch. PLAT’Y-PUS, n. [Gr. z\arvs, broad, and move, foot.] A name given to two quadrupeds of New Hol- land, now called Ornithorhynchus paradorus and O. fuscus. They are monotrematous edentate mam- mals, the body covered with hair, a bill like a duck, teeth planted in a kind of gums, webbed feet with a venomous spur on the hinder Jeg, connected with a reservoir of poison in the soles of the feet, which is supplied by glands situated by the side of the spine, just above the pelvis. PLAUD'IT, n. [L. plaudo, to praise, said to be taken from plaudite, a demand of applause by players, when they left the stage.] Applause ; praise bestowed, Denham. near Carthagena, in Antioquia, in St. Domingo, and on the Uralian Mountains. It was first called Plat- mum by Linneus, and has been so called by nearly all the chemists since his time. Spongy platinum, or platinum sponge ; metallic plat- inum in the form of a porous, dull, brown mass. It is much used in chemical experiments. Platinum black ; metallic platinum in the form of a black powder, obtained by decomposing a weak solu- tion of chlorid of platinum by the agency of galvan- ism. B. Silliman, Jr. [Fr.] Flatness; dullness; insi- T ON’I€, a. Pertaining to Plato the philosopher, or to his philosophy, his school, or his opinions. The Platonic bodies, are the five regular geometrical solids, viz. : the tetrahedron, hexahedron or cube, oc- pidity 7p PLAUS/I-BLE, a. PLAUS/I-BLE-NESS, n. PLAUD/IT-O-RY, a. Applauding; commending. PLAUS-I-BIL'I-TY, n. [See PLAUSIBLE. | Speciousness ; superficial appearance of right. Swift, \ [L. plausibilis, from plaudo, to clap hands in token of approbation; W. bloez, an outcry ; bloeziaw, to shout; blozest, applause, acclamation ; Ir. bladh, blaodh; from the root of Gr. xAerw, L. laus, laudo, Eng. loud.]} 1. That may be applauded; that may gain favor or approbation; hence, superficially pleasing ; ap- parently right; specious; popular; as, a plausible argument; a plausible pretext ;. a plausible doctrine. 2. Using specious arguments or discourse; as, a plausible man. \ Speciousness; show of right or propriety ; as, the plausibleness of Arminian- tahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. ism, Sanderson. sel e34PLA PLE PLE | PLAUS'I-BLY, adv. With fair show ; speciously ; in @ manner adapted to gain favor or approbation. They could talk plausibly about what they did not understand. lhkere PLAU'SIVE, a. Applauding; manifesting praise. 2. Plausible. Shak. PLAY, v.72. [Sax. plegan, plegian, to play, to joke, to perform on an instrument of music, to move or Vi- brate, to clap or applaud, to deride or make sport of; pleggan, to ply or bend to, or to lean or lie on; ge- plegan, to play, and to dance orleap. The Sw. leka, Dan. leger, to play, are the same word without a pre- fix, and in the northern counties of England, leka is used as it is in Sweden. This word seems to be formed on the same root as lay.] 1. To use any exercise for pleasure or recreation 5 so do something not asa task or for profit, but for amusement; as, to play at cricket. The people sat down to eat and to drink, and rose up to play. — X. XXXii, 2. To sport ; to frolic ; to frisk. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? Pope. 3. To toy ; to act with levity. Jfilton. 4. To trifle ; to act wantonly and thoughtlessly. Men are apt to play) with their healths and their lives as they do with their clothes. Tenvple. 5. To do something fanciful ; to give a fanciful turn to; as, to play upon words. Shak. 6. To male sport, or practice sarcastic merriment. I would make use of it rather to play upon those I despise, than trifle with those I love. Pope. 7. To mock ; to practice illusion. ’ Art thou alive, Or is it fancy plays upon our eyesight? Shak. 8. To contend in a game; as, to play at cards or dice ; to play for diversion; to play for money. 9. To practice a trick or deception. His mother played false with a smith. Shak. 10: T’o perform on an instrument of music; as, to play on a flute, a violin, or a harpsichord. Play, my friend, and charm the charmer, Granville, 11. To move, or to move with alternate dilatation and contraction. The heart beats, the blood circulates, the lungs play. 12. To operate ; to act. The engines play against a fire. Dryden. 13. To move irregularly ; to wanton. Even as the waving sedges ley with wind. he setting sun Plays on their shining arms and burnished helmets. Addison. All tame is foreign but of true desert, Plays round the head, but comes not to the heart. 14. To act 2 part on the stage ; to personate a char- ucter. Cheyne. Shak. Pope. A lord will hear you play to-night. Shak. 15. To represent a standing character. Courts are theaters where some men play. Donne. 16. To act in any particular character ; as, to play the fool; to play the woman; to play the man. Shak. 17. To move in any manner; to move one way and another, as any part of a machine. 18. To gamble. PLAY, v.t. To put in action or motion; as, to play cannon or a fire-engine. 2. To use an instrument of music; as, to play the flute or the organ. [Elliptical.] Gay. 3. To act a sportive part or character. Nature here Wantoned as in her prime, and played at will Her virgin fancies. Milton. 4, To act or perform by representing a character ; as, to play a comedy ; to play the part of King Lear. 5, To act; to perform; as, to play our parts well on the stage of life. 6. To perform in contest for amusement or for a prize ; as, to play a game at whist. To play off; to display ; to show; to put in exer- cise ; as, to play off tricks. To play on or upon ; to deceive ; to mock or to trifle with. 2. To give a fanciful turn to. PLAY,m. Any exercise or series of actions intended for pleasure, amusement, or diversion, as at cricket or quoit, or at blind man’s buff. 9, Amusement; sport; frolic; gambols. Spenser. Two gentle fawns at play. Milton. 3. Game; gaming; practice of ccntending for vic- tory, for amusement, or for a prize, as at dice, cards, or biliards. 4, Practice in any contest ; as, sword-play. He was resolved not to speak distinctly, knowing his best play to be in the dark. Tillotson. John naturally loved rough play. Arbuthnot. 5, Action ; use; employment ; office. But justifies the next who comes in play. Dryden. 6. Practice ; action ; manner of acting in contest 7. A dramatic composition ; a comedy or tragedy ; a composition in which characters are represented by dialogue and action. A play ought to be a just image of homan nature, 8. Representation or exhibition of a comedy or tragedy ; as, to be at the play. He attends every play. 9. Performance on an instrument of music. 10. Motion ; movement, regular or irregular; as, the play of a wheel or piston. 1]. State cf agitation or discussion. Many have been saved, and many may, Who never heard this question brought in play, 12. Room for motion. The joints are tet exactly into one another, that they have no play between them. Moron. 13. Liberty of acting ; room for enlargement or dis- play ; scope; as, to give full play to mirth. Let the genius have free play. Play of colors ; an appearance of several prismatic colors in rapid succession on turning an object, as a diamond. Dana. PLAY’BILL, 7x. A printed advertisement of a play, with the parts assigned to the actors. PLAY’-BOQOK, 2. A book of dramatic compositions. PLAY’-DAY, 7. A day given to play or diversion; a day exempt from work. Swift. PLAY/-DEBT, (pla/det,) x. A debt contracted by gam- ing. Arbuthnot. PLAY/ED, pp. Acted; performed ; put in motion. PLAY’ER,n. One who plays in any gaine or sport. 2. An idler. eShak. 3. An actor of dramatic scenes ; one whose occupa- tion is to imitate characters on the stage. Bacon. . A mimic. Pryden. . One who performs on an instrument of music. . A gamester. . One that acts a part in a certain manner. Carew. A companion in amusements Sidney. See FEre.] Dryden. Dryden. “1D Oh PLAY’/FEL-LOW, 72. or sports. PLAY/FERE, n. playfellow. PLAY/FUL, a. Sportive; given to levity; as, a play- ful child. Spectator. 2, Indulging a sportive fancy; as, a playful genius. PLAY/FUL-LY, adv. In asportive manner. PLAY’/FUL-NESS, n. Sportiveness. PLAY/-GAME, n. Play of children. PLAY/-GO-ER, n. One who frequents plays. PLAY’-GO-ING, a. Frequenting the exhibitions of the [play and fere. Locke. stage. PLAY/-HOUSE, 7. A house appropriated to the exhi- bition of dramatic compositions ; a theater. Pope. Dryden. PLAY/ING, ppr. Acting; performing ; sporting. PLAY/ING, n. The act of playing; particularly of performing on an instrument of music. PLAY’/MATE, zn. A playfellow ; a companion in di- versions. More. PLAY/-PLEAS-URE, (pla'plezh-ur,) n. Idle amuse- Bacon. ment. [Vol used.] PLAY/SOME, (pla/sum,) a. Playful; wanton. Shelton. PLAY/SOME-NESS, n. Playfulmess ; wantonness. PLAY/THING, x A toy; any thing that serves to amuse. A child knows his nurse, and by degrees the playthings ofa little more advanced age. Locke. PLAY’WRIGHT, (-rite,) n. A maker of plays. Pope. PLisA, (plee,) n. [Norm. plait, plet, plaid, ple; pl. pliz, pleytz; Er. plaider, to plead; plaidoyer, a plea; It. piato, a plea; piatire, to plead; Sp. pleyto, dispute ; pleytear, to plead ; pleyteador, a pleader; Port. pletto, pleitear ; D. pleit, pleiten. The Spanish word pleyto signifies a dispute, contest, debate, lawsuit, and a covenant, contract, or bargain, and pleyta is a plaited strand of brass. ‘The Portuguese verb pleitear signi- fies to plead, to go to law, to strive or vie. The ele- ments of this word are probably Zd or Pld. In the sense of pleading, the word accords with the Gr. ern, and in that of striving, with the L. lis, litis.] 1. In Jaw, that which is alleged by a party in sup- port of his demand ; but in a more limited and technt- cal sense, the answer of the defendant to the plain- tiff’s declaration and demand, That which the plaintiff alleges in his declaration is answered and repelled or justified by the defendant’s plea. Pleas are dilatory, or pleas to the action. Dilatory pleas are the plaintiff, or in abatement. Pleas to the action are an answer to the merits of the complaint, which confesses or denies it. Pleas that deny the plaintiff's complaint or demand, are the general issue, which denies the whole declaration ; or special pleas in bar, right of recovery. Blackstone. 2. A cause in common pleas. or negotiation ; as, fair play ; foul play. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as personal, and mixed, Laws of Mass, PLHACH, v. ¢. PLEAD, v. & [See Prea.] In a general sense, to _3. That which is alleged in defense or justifica- tion; an excuse; an apology ; as, the tyrant’s plea, When such occasions are No plea must serve; ’tis cruelty to spare. : 4. Urgent prayer or entreaty. Fr. plisser, or from the root of Lz Denham. plico, Gr. TAEKW. To bend; to interweave branches of trees. [JVot in use. | Shak argue in support of a claim, or in defense against the claim of another. 2. In law, to present an answer to the declaration of a plaintiff; to deny the plaintiff’s declaration and demand, or to allege facts which show that he ought not to recover inthe suit. The plaintiff de- clares or alleges; the defendant pleads to his declara- tion. The king or the state prosecutes an offender, and the offender pleads not guilty, or confesses the charge. Blackstone. 3. To urge reasons for or against ; to attempt to persuade one by argument or supplication; as, to plead for the life of a criminal ; to plead in his favor 5 to plead with a judge or with a father. O that one might plead for a man with God, asa man pleadeth for his neighbor ! — Job xvi. 4. To supplicate with earmmestness. _5. To urge; to press by operating on the pas- sions. Since you can love, and yet your error see, . The same resistless power may plead for me. Dryden. PLEAD, v. t. To discuss, defend, and attempt to maintain by arguments or reasons offered to the tribunal or person who has the power of determin- ing; as, to plead a cause before a court or jury. In this sense, Arcus is mrore generally used by law- yers. 2. To allege or adduce in proof, support, or vindi- cation. The law of nations may be pleaded in favor of the rights of embassadors. 3. To offer in excuse. { will neither plead my age nor sickness in excuse of faults. Dryden, 4, To allege and offer in a legal plea or defense, or for repelling a demand in Jaw; as, to plead usury ; to plead a statute of limitations. Ch. Kent. 5. In Scripture, to plead the cause of the righteous, as God is to avenge or vindicate them against enemies, or to redress their grievances. Ts. li. PLEAD/A-BLE, a. That may be pleaded ; that may be alleged in proof, defense, or vindication; as, a right or privilege, pleadable at law. Dryden. PLEAD’/ED, pp. Offered or urged in defense ; alleged in proof or support. PLEAD/ER, n. [Fr. plaideur.] 1. One who argues in a court of justice. Swift. 9. One that forms pleas or pleadings ; as, a special pleader. 3. One that offers reasons for or against ; one that attempts to maintain by arguments. So fair a pleader any cause may gain. Dryden, PLEAD/ING, ppr. Offering in defense ; supporting by arguments or reasons; supplicating. PLEAD/ING, n. The act of supporting by arguments, or of reasoning to persuade. PLEAD/ING-LY, adv. By supplication. PLEAD/INGS, n. pl. In law, the mutual altercations between the plaintiff and defendant, or written statements of the parties in support of their claims, comprehending the declaration, count, or narration of the plaintiff, the plea of the defendant in reply, to the jurisdiction of the court, to the disability of which state something which precludes the plaintifPs court; a lawsuit, or a criminal process ; as, the pleas of the crown; the court of The supreme Judicial court shall have cognizance of pleas real, Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. the replication of the plaintiff to the defendant’s plea, the defendant’s rejoinder, the plaintiff’s surre- joinder, the defendant’s rebutter, the plaintiff’s sdr- rebutter, &c., till the question is brought to issue, that is, to rest on a single point. Blackstone. PLEAS/‘ANCEB, (plez/ance,) n. [Fr. plaisance. See PLEASE. ] * Gayety ; pleasantry ; merriment. [ Obs.] Spenser. Shak. PLEAS/ANT, (plez/ant,) a. [Fr. plaisant. See PLEASE. ] ; 1. Pleasing; agreeable ; grateful to the mind or to the senses ; as, a pleasant ride; a pleasant voyage ; pleasant view. Light is pleasant to the eye; an Or- ange is pleasant to the taste ; harmony is pleasant to the ear; a rose is pleasant to the smell. How good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity ! — Ps, cxxxill. 2. Cheerful; enlivening; as, pleasant society or company. : 3. Gay ; lively; humorous; sportive; as, a pleas- ant fellow. : ca AUGER: ‘rifling ; adapte to mirth than . 4. Trifling ; adapted rather to ae 5. Giving pleasure ; gratifying. {This a eo aegis than DeLicHTFUL, to the mind, and Dexicrovs, to the taste. ] PLEAS/ANT-LY, (plez/ant-ly,) adv. ner as to please or gratify. ®. Gayly ; merrily ; in good humor. 3, Lightly ; ludicrously. In such a man- Clarendon, Broome. Roa ee ad) i i ee A { aaa neat Seek gen = . - SSS a i rendee ie ly ge de are PLE PLE PLE PLEAS’ANT-NESS, (plez/ant-ness,) 7. State of be- Ing pleasant or agreeable; as, the pleasantness of a Situation. Sidney. 2. Cheerfulness ; gayety ; merriment; as, the pleas- antness of youth. PLEAS'ANT-RY, (plez/ant-ry,) n. [Fr. plaisanterie.] 1. Gayety ; merriment. The harshness of reasoning is not a little softened and smoothed by the infusions of mirth and pleasantry. Addison, 2. Sprightly saying ; lively talk; effusion of hu- mor. The grave abound in pleasantries, the dull in repartees and points of wit. Addison. PLEAS’ANT-TONGU-ED, (plez/ant-tungd,) a. Hav- ing pleasing speech. PLEASE, (pleeze,) v. t [Fr. plaire, plaisant, from L. placere, placeo; Arm. pligea, pligeout; It. piacere ; Sp. placer ; Corn. plezia; formed, perhaps, on the root of like. Class Lg.) J, To excite agreeable sensations or emotions in; to gratify ; as, to please the taste ; to please the mind. Their words pleased Hamor, and Shechem, Hamor’s son. — en. XXIV Leave such to trifle with more grace than ease, Whom folly pleases, and whose follies please, Pope. 2. To satisfy ; to content. What next I bring shall please Thy wish exactly to thy heart’s desire. Milton. 3. To prefer; to have satisfaction in; to like; to choose. Many of our most skillfal painters were pleased to recommend this author to me. Dryden. To be pleased in or with ; to approve ; to have com- placency in. Matt, iii. To please God, is to love his character and law, and perform his will, so as to become the object of his approbation. They that are in the flesh can not please God. — Rom. viii. PLEASE, v. 7. To like; to choose; to prefer. Spirits, freed from mortal laws, with ease Assume what sexes and what shapes they please, 2. To condescend ; to comply; to be pleased; a word of ceremony. Pope. Please you, lords, In sight of both our battles we may meet. Shak. The first words that I learnt were to express my desire that he would please to give me my liberty. Swift. Please expresses Jess gratification than delight. PLEAS/ED, (pleezd,) pp. or a. Gratified ; affected with agreeable sensations or emotions. PLEAS/ED-LY, adv. Ina way to be pleased. Feltham. PLEAS/ED-NESS, nz. The state of being pleased. J. Edwards. PLEASE’MAN, 7. An officious person who courts favor servilely ; a pickthank. Shak. PLEAS/ER, n. One that pleases or gratifies; one that courts favor by humoring or flattering compli- ances, or a show of obedience ; as, men-plcasers. Eph. vi. Col. iii. PLEAS/ING, ppr. Gratifying ; exciting agreeable sensations or emotions in. PLEAS'ING, a. Giving pleasure or Satisfaction ; agreeable to the senses or to the mind ; as, a pleasing prospect ; a pleasing reflection ; pleasing manners. 2. Gaining approbation. 1 John iii. PLEAS/ING, n. The act of gratifying. PLEAS’ING-LY, adv. In such a manner as to give pleasure. ryden. PLEAS'/ING-NESS, n. The quality of giving pleas- ure. eee (plezh/ur-a-bl,) a. [from pleas- ure. Pleasing ; giving pleasure ; affording gratification. Planting of orchards is very profitable, as well as pleasurable. Bacon, PLEAS’UR-A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of giving pleasure. Feltham. PLEAS’/UR-A-BLY, adv. With pleasure ; with grati- fication of the senses or the mind. Harris. PLEAS/URE, (plezh’ur,) n. (Fr. plaisir ; Arm. pli- gear It, piacere; Sp. placer; Port. prazer. See LEASE. ] 1, The gratification of the senses or of the mind : agreeable sensations or emotions ; the excitement, relish, or happiness produced by enjoyment or the expectation of good; opposed to Parn. We receive pleasure from the indulgence of appetite ; from the view of a beautiful landscape ; from the harmony of sounds; from agreeable society ; from the exnec- tation of seeing an absent friend; from the prospect of gain or success of any kind. Pleasure, bodily and Mental, carnal and spiritual, constitutes the whole of positive happiness, as pain constitutes the whole of misery, Pleasure is properly positive excitement of the pas- sions or the mind ; but we give the name also to the absence of excitement, when that excitement is painful; as when we cease to labor, or repose after fatigue, or when the mind is tranquilized after anx- lety or agitation. Pleasure is susceptible of increase to any degree ; but the word, when unqualified, expresses less ex- citement or happiness than delight or joy. 2, Sensual or sexual gratification. 3. Approbation. The Lord taketh pleasure in his people. — Ps. cxlvii. and cxlix, 4. What the will dictates or prefers ; will ; choice ; purpose ; intention; command; as, use your pleas- UTC. Shak. CGF be my shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure. — . XHV My vounke) shall stand, and I will do all my pleasure. —Is. XLV 5. A favor; that which pleases, Festus, willing to do the Jews a pleasure, answered Paul. — Acts XXV 6. Arbitrary will or choice He scheme at pleasure. PLEAS/URE, (plezh/ur,) v. t. To give or afford pleasure to ; to please; to gratify. Bacon. Shak. [4 word authorized by some good writers, but super- Slious and not much used, | PLEAS/URE-BOAT, n. “A boat appropriated to sail- ing for amusement. PLEAS'URE-€AR/RIAGE, n. A carriage for pleasure. PLEAS'/URE-FUL, a. Pleasant; agreeable. [Little used. | Abbot. PLEAS'URE-GROUND, n. Ground laid out in an ornamental manner, and appropriated to pleasure or amusement. 77avESs. PLEAS’UR-IST, m A person devoted to worldly pleasure. [ Little used. ] Brown. PLE-BE/IAN, (ple-bé’‘yan,) a. ([It. plebeio; Sp. ple- beyo * L. pleberus, from plebs, the common people. | 1. Pertaining to the common people ; Vulgar; as, plebeian minds ; plebeian sports. 2. Consisting of common people; as, a plebeian throng. PLE-B&E/IAN, n. One of the common people or lower ranks of men. Swift. [Usually applied to the common people of ancient Rome. } PLE-BE'IANCE, n. The common people. [Wot in use.] PLE-BE/IAN-ISM, z. The conduct of plebeians. PLEC€’/TOG-NATHES, ) n. pl. (Gr. rrExw, to connect, PLE€-TOG'NA-THI, § and yvatos, a jaw.] An order of fishes having the maxillary bones stiff- ly adhering to the sides of the intermaxillaries, which alone form the jaws, as the file-fish. Brande. PLE€-TOG-NATH’I€, a. Pertaining to an order of fishes described above. PLEC’/TRUM, x. [L.] A small instrument, com- monly of ivory, with which the ancients struck the lyre. PLEDGE, (plej,) n._ [Fr. pleige; It. pieggeria; Norm. plegg. ‘This is evidently the Celtic form of the Teu- tonic plight, Sax. pliht, pliktan. (See Prieur.) It coincides with L, plico, Gr. texw, W. plyzu, to fold, properly to lay to, to put or throw to oron. A pledge is that which is laid or deposited.] 1. Something put in pawn; that which is depos- ited with another as security for the repayment of money borrowed, or for the performance of some agreement or obligation; a pawn. A borrows ten pounds of B, and deposits his watch as a pledge that the money shall be repaid ; and by the repayment of the money, A redeems the pledge. 2. Any thing given or considered asa security for the performance of an act. Thus a man gives his word or makes a promise to another, which is re- ceived as a pledge for fulfillment. The mutual affec- tion of husband and wife is a pledve for the faithful performance of the marriage covenant. Mutual in- terest is the best pledge for the performance of treaties. 3. A surety ; a hostage. Ralegh. Dryden. 4. In law,a gage or security, real or personal, given for the repayment of money. It is of two kinds ; vadium vivum, a living pledwe, as when a man bor- rows money and grants an estate to be held by the pledgee, till the rents and profits shall refund the money, in which case the land or pledge is said to be living ; or it is vadium mortuum, a dead pledge, called a MortTGAcE. [See Monrreace. Blackstone. 5. In law, bail; surety given for the prosecution of a suit, or forthe appearance of a defendant, or for restoring goods taken in distress and replevied. The distress itself is also called a pledge, and the glove formerly thrown down by a champion in trial by battle, was a pledge by which the champion stipu- lated to encounter his antagonist in that trial. Blackstone. 6. A drinking of health to another. See verb, To put in pledge; to pawn. [Nos. 5 and 6. To hold in pledge; to keep as security. PLEDGE, v.t. [Fr. pleiger. See Pucur.] 1. ‘To deposit in pawn ; to deposit or leave in pos- session of a person something which is to secure the repayment of money borrowed, or the perform- ance of some act. [This word is applied chiefly to the depositing of goods or personal property. When real estate is given as security, we usually apply the word Morreace.] 2. T'o give as a Warrant or security ; as, to pledge one’s word or honor; to pledge one’s veracity. can vary his 3. To secure by a pledge. I accept her, And here, to pledge my vow, I give my hand. Unusual.) Shak. 4. To engage for by promise or declaration 3 as, to pledge the performance of a thing. 0. Formerly, to invite to drink by drinking of the cup first, and then handing it to another, as a pledge of good will and kindness. ‘This practice originated among our ancestors in their rude State, and was intended to secure the person from being stabbed while drinking, or from being poisoned by the liquor. The person drinking pledged his guest by drinking first, and then handing the cup to his guest. The practice is frequent among the common people in America to this day; the owner of the liquor, taking the cup, says to his friend, 7 pledge you, and drinks, then hands the cup to his guest; a remark- able instance of the power of habit, as the reason of the custom has long since ceased. 6. In present usage, simply to drink to the health of another as a pledge of interest. Pledge me, my friend, and drink till thou be’st wise. Cowley. PLEDG/ED, pp. or a. Deposited as security ; given in Warrant. PLEDG-EE’, x. pledged. PLEDG/ER,n. One that pledges or pawns any thing; one that warrants or secures. [Pump cor, in Black- stone, is not to be countenanced. 2, One who invites another to drink by drinking first. 3. One who drinks the health of another. PLEDG/ER-Y, n. A pledging; suretiship. Use. | Encyc. PLEDG/ET, 7. [from folding or laying.] In surgery, a compress, or small, flat tent of lint, Iaid over a wound to imbibe the matter discharged and keep it clean. Encyec. PLEDG/ING, ppr. Depositing in pawn or as security ; giving as a warrant for security or safety. PLE/IADS, (plé/yadz,) )n. pl. [L. Pleiades; Gr. PLE/IA-DES, (plé/ya-déz,) § mEtades, Supposed to be formed from zA¢ew, to sail, as the rising of the seven Stars indicated the time of safe navigation.] In astronomy, the seven stars, situated in the neck of the constellation Taurus. The Latins called them VERGILI&, from ver, spring, because of their rising about the vernal equinox. [P.eErap, in the singular, is sometimes used. Encyc. Ainsworth. The person to whom any thing is [Mot in PLE/NAL, a. [See Prenary.] Full. [ot used.] Beaumont. PLE/NA-RI-LY, adv. [from plenary.) Fully; com- pletely. Ayliffe. PLE/NA-RI-NESS, 7. Fullness; completeness. PLEN’AR-TY,n. The state of a benefice when occu- pied. Blackstone. PLE/NA-RY, a. [L. plenus; Fr. plein; It. plenario, pieno; Sp. pleno, lleno ; W. Uawn; Ir. lain, lan; Arm. leun. The Russ. has polnei and polon, full, and with a prefix, napolniayu,.to fill. Qu. the radical letters, and the identity of the Russ. with the others.] Full; entire ; complete ; as, a plenary license ; ple- nary consent ; plenary indulgence The plenary indul- gence of the pope is an entire remission of penalties due to all sins, Encyc. PLE/NA-RY, 7. Decisive procedure. [JWVot used. ] Ayliffe. PLEN-I-LU’NAR, a. Pertaining to the full moon. PLEN-I-LU'NA-RY, a. Relating to the full moon. Brown. PLEN’I-LUNE, 7. [L. plenilunium; plenus, full, and luna, moon. } The full moon. _ [Vot wsed.] B. Jonson. PLE-NIP/O-TENCE,n. [L. plenus, full, and potentia, power. ] Fullness or completeness of power. Milton. PLE-NIP/O-TENT, a. [L. plenipotens, supra. Possessing full power. JMilton. PLEN-I-PO-TEN’TIA-RY, 72. See PLENIPOTENCE.] A person invested with full power to transact any business; usually, an embassador or envoy to a foreign court, furnished with full power to negotiate a treaty or to transact other business, PLEN-I-PO-TEN/TIA-RY, a. Containing full power; as, plenipotentiary license or authority. PLEN’ISH, for Rertenisn, is not used. PLE/NIST, x. [L. plenus.] One who maintains that all space is full of matter. Boyle. PLEN’I-TUDE, n. [L. plenitudo, from plenus, full.) 1. Fullness ; as, the plenitude of space. Bentley. 2. Repletion; animal fullness; plethora; redun- dancy of blood and humors in the animal bodies. Encyc. 3. Fullness; complete competence ; as, the pleni- tude of the pope’s power acon. 4. Completeness ; as, the plenitude of a man’s fame. Prior. PLEN’TE-OUS, a, [irom plenty.| Abundant ; copi- ous ; plentiful; sufficient for every purpose; as, & plenteous supply of provisions ; a plenteous crop. Milton. [Fr. plentpotentiare. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— €36PLE 2. Yielding abundance ; as, a plenteous fountain. The seven plenteous years, — Gen. xli. 3. Having an abundance. The Lord shall make thee plenteous in goods. — Dout. xxviil. _4. Possessing in abundance, and ready to bestow liberally. Ps. Ixxxvi. (This word is less used than PLENTIFUL. ] PLEN’’ E-OUS-LY, adv. In abundance; copiously ; plentifully. Milton. PLEN/TE-OUS-NESS, n. Abundance; copious sup- ply ; plenty ; as, the seven years of plenteousness in gypt. PLEN’TI-FUL, a. [from plenty.] Copious; abun- dant ; adequate to every purpose ; as, a plentiful crop of grain; a plentiful harvest; a plentiful supply of water; a plentiful fortune. 2. Yielding abundant crops; affording ample sup- ply ; fruitful ; as, a plentiful year. Bacon. PLEN/TILFUL-LY, adv. Copiously; abundantly ; with ample supply. Addison. PLEN/TI-FUL-NESS, n. ful ; abundance. 2. The quality of affording full supply PLEN’TY, x. [from L. plenus.] J. Abundance ; copiousness ; full or adequate sup- ply; as, we have a plenty of corm for bread; the garrison has a plenty of provisions. Its application to persons, as a plenty of buyers or sellers, is inelegant. 2. Fruitfulness; @ poctic use, The teeming clouds Descend in gladsome plenty o’er the world. PLEN/TY, a. Plentiful; being in abundance. Where water is plenty. f reasons Were as plenty as blackberries, Shak. In every country where liquors are plenty. Hist. Collections. The common sorts of fowls and the several gallinaceous species are plenty. Tooke, Russ. Emp. A variety of other herbs and roots which are plenty. Adair. They seem formed for those countries where shrubs are plenty and water scarce. Goldsmith. When laborers are plenty, their wages will be low. Franklin, In the country, sees wood is more plenty, they make their beams stronger, Encyc. [The use of this word as an adjective seems too well authorized to be rejected. It is universal in common parlance in the United States. ] PLE/NUM, m. [L.] Fullness of matter in space; opposed to Vacuum. escartes. PL&/O-NASM, n. [L. pleonasmus; Gr. mX\Eovacyos, from the root of xXsos, full, recov, more, L. pleo, in impleo, to fill. | Redundancy of words in speaking or writing ; the use of more words, to express ideas, than are neces- sary. This may be justifiable when we intend to present thoughts with particular perspicuity or force. PLBw/O-NASTE, x. [Gr. mAsovasvs, abundant ; from its four facets, sometimes found on each solid angle of the octahedron.] A mineral, commonly considered as a variety of the spinelle ruby. [See Cryianirte.] The state of being plenti- Thomson. Tusser. PLE-O-NAS'/TIE€, a. Pertaining to pleonasm ; PLE-O-NAS/TI€-AL, partaking of pleonasm ; re- dundant. Blackwall. PLE-O-NAS/TI€-AL-LY, adv. With redundancy of words. PLE-ROPH’O-RY, n. [Gr. tAnpodopta; mAnpns, full, and sow, to bear.]} Full persuasion or confidence. [Little used.] Hall. PLESH, for Puasw. [Vt used.) Spenser. PLE-SLO-MORPH/ISM, n. [Gr. tAnccos and poppin.) The state of crystallized substances which nearly resemble each other in form, but still are different. PLE-SLO-MORPH/OUS, a. Nearly alike in form. PLE-SI-O-SAU/RUS, 2. [Gr. zAnotos, next, and caupos, a lizard. ] A genus of extinct marine animals, allied to the lizard and crocodile, having the neck very long, and the tail short; also written PLesrosaur. Conybeare. PLETH/O-RA, n, [Gr. mAjIwpa, from zAn90s, full- ness. | 1. Literally, fullness. 2. In medicine, fullness of blood ; excess of blood ; repletion; the state of the vessels of the human body, when they are too full, or overloaded with fluids. Coxe. Parr. Encyc. PLETH’O-RI€, a. Waving a full habit of body, or the vessels overcharged with fluids. Arbuthnot. PLETH/O-RY. See Preruora. PLETH/RON PLETH/RUM, n, [Gr. wAcOpov.] Among the Grecks, a long measure of 100 feet; also, a square measure of 10,000 feet. Smzth?s Dict. PLEURA, x. ([Gr., the side In anatomy, a thin membrane, which covers the inside of the thorax, and also invests the lungs. PLEU/RLSY, n. ([Gr. mAcvpiris, from mAcvpa, the side; Fr. pleuresie; It. plewrisia.] An inflammation of the pleura, or membrane that covers the inside of the thorax. It is accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and cough. PLEU-RIT/I€, a. Pertaining to pleurisy; as, PLEU-RIT/I€-AL, pleuritic symptoms or affec- tions. PLI SOFT m (Old Fr.] A warrant of assurance. Se PLEX/I-FORM, a. [L. plexus, a fold, and foron.] In the form of net-work; complicated. Quincy. PLEX’US, x. [L.] Any union of vessels, nerves, or fibers, in the form of net-work. Coze. PLI-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [from pliable.] The quality of bending or yielding to pressure or PLI’A-BLE, a. [Fr., from plier, to bend, to fold; L. plico, Gr. 7tAexw, W. plygu, It. piegare, to fold; pieghevole, pliable. } J. Easy to be bent; that readily yields to pressure without rupture; flexible; as, willow is a pliable plant. 2. Flexible in disposition ; readily yielding to moral influence, arguments, persuasion, or discipline; as, a pliable youth. PLY/A-BLE-NESS, xz. Flexibility; the quality of yielding to force or to moral influence; pliability ; as, the pliableness of a plant or of the disposition. PLY'A-BLY, adv. Soasto be pliable. [Hemmond. PLY’ AN-CY, x. [from pliant.] 1. Easiness to be bent, in a physical sense; as, the pliancy of a rod, of cordage, or of limbs Addison. 2. Readiness to yield to moral influence; as, pliancy of temper. PLY/ANT, a. [Fr.] That may be easily bent; readily yielding to force or pressure without breaking ; flexi- ble; flexile ; lithe ; limber; as, a pliant thread. Spectator. 2. That may be easily formed or molded to a different shape; as, pliant wax. 3. Easily yielding to moral influence; easy to be persuaded ; ductile. The will was then more ductile and pliant to right reason. South. PLY/ANT-LY, adv. Yieldingly ; flexibly. PLY/ANT-NESS, zn. Flexibility. Bacon. PLI/EA, n. [L., a fold.) Trichosis plica is a disease of the hair, peculiar to Poland and the neighboring countries. In this dis- ease, the hair of the head is vascularly thickened, matted, or harled, by means of a glutinous fluid secreted from its root. It sometimes, but rarely, affects the beard, the hair of the pudenda, and of the rest of the surface of the body. It seems to pre- vail in Poland as an endemic disease. PLI/€ATE, PLI’€A-TED, Plaited ; folded like a fan; as, a plicate leaf. Lee. Martyn. PLI/CATE-LY, adv. Ina plicate or folded manner. PLI-CA/TION, n. [from L. plico.] A folding or fold. PLI€E/A-TURE, x. [L. plicatura; plico, to fold.] A fold ; a doubling. PLI/ED, (plide,) pp. Applied to closely; employed diligently ; urged. [See Pry.] PLIERS, n. pl. [Fr. plier, to fold. See Pry.] A kind of pincers, by which any small thing is a. [L. plicatus ; plico, to fold.] seized and bent. Moxon, PLI/FORM, a. [Fr. pli, a fold, and form.] In the form of a fold or doubling. Pennant. PLIGHT, (plite,) v. ¢. [Sax. plihtan, to pledge, and to expose to danger, or rather, perhaps. to perplexity ; Sw. beplichta, to bind; D. pligt, duty, mortgage ; G. pflicht, duty, pledge; Dan. pligt, duty, obligation ; pligtig, bound, obiiged; Sw. plicht. ‘This seems to be the Teutonic form of the Celtic pledge, Fr. pleige, pleiger, Li. plico, Gr. tExw, It. piegare, Sp. plegar, Fr. plier, Arm. plega, W. plygu, to fold; Sp. pleyto, a covenant or contract; and the G. flechten, to braid, coinciding with the L. flecto, to bend, appears to be of the same family. If the elements are Dg, as suspect, pledge and plight are formed on the root of lay, Arm. lacgaat. To pledge or plight is to lay down, throw down, set, or deposit. Plight may, however, be more directly from the root of L. ligo, but this is of the same family. See Auuoy and Pvy.] 1. To pledge; to give as security for the perform- ance of some act; but never applied to property or goods. We say, he plighted his hand, his faith, his vows, his honor, his truth or troth. Pledge is ap- plied to property as well as to word, faith, truth, honor, &c. To plight faith is, as it were, to deposit it in pledge for the performance of an act, on the non-performance of which, the pledge is forfeited. 2, To weave; to braid. Spenser. Jilton. [This is the primary sense of the word, L. plico, but now obsolete. ] oe oa PLIGHT, (plite,) x. Literally, a state of being in volved, [L. plicatus, imnplicatus, unplicitus ;| hence, perplexity, distress, or a distressed state or condition ; as, a miserable plight. But the word, by itself, does not ordinarily imply distress. Hence, 9, Condition; state; and sometimes good case; as, to keep cattle in plight. ; : [In most cases, this word is now accompanied with an adjective, which determines its signification ; as, bad plight; miserable or wretched plight; good plight. | 3. Pledge; gage. 2, Diseased with pleurisy. Arbuthnot. TUNE, BULL, UNITE. — The Lord, whose huna must take my plight. Shak. ANGER, VI/'CIOUS —€ as K; G as J; 5S as “5 PLIGHT’ER, (plit/er,) x. clo | 4. A fold, [\.. plica;] a double; a plait. All in a silken Camus, lily white, Purfled upon with many a folded plight. [Obs.) Syenser. 5. A garment. [JVot used.] Chapman. PLIGHT’ED, (plit/ed,) pp. or a. Pledged. One that pledges; that which plights. 3 T/ING iti . Pledging. force without rupture ; flexibility ; pliableness. eG ee (pV? aor Bice ee To swell. [JVot in use.] Grose. PLINTH, n. [Gr. 7 Gos, a brick or tile; L. plinthus.} In architecture, a flat, square member, in form of a brick, which serves as the foundation of a column; being the flat, square table under the molding of the base and pedestal, at the bottom of the order. Vi- truvius gives the name to the abacus, or upper part of the Tuscan order, from its resemblance to the plinth. Plinth of a statue is a base, flat, round, or square. ncyc. Plinth of a wall; two or three rows of bricks ad- vanced from the wall, in form of a platband ; and, in general, any flat, high molding, that serves in a front wall to mark the floors, to sustain the eaves of a wall or the Jarmier of a chimney. NCYCs PLI/O-CENBE, a. [Gr. wA\ecwy, more, and katvos, re- cent. | In geology, a term applied to the most modern tertiary deposit, in which most of the fossil shells are of recent species. Lyell. PLOD, v.i. [D. plots, dull, heavy. Qu.] 1. To travel or work slowly, or with steady, labori- ous diligence. A plodding dilizence brings us sooner to our journey’s end, than a fluttering way of advancing by starts. *Estrange. Some stupid, plodding, money-loving wight. Young. 2. To study heavily, with steady diligence. Shak. Swift. 3. To toil; to drudge. : PLOD/DER, x. A dull, heavy, laborious person. Shak. PLOD/DING, ppr. Traveling or laboring with slow movement and steady diligence; studying closely but heavily. 2. a. Industrious; diligent, but slow in contriv- ance or execution. PLOD/DING,n. Slow movement or study with stead- iness or persevering industry. Prideauz. PLOD/DING-LY, adv. Industriously ; diligently. PLOT, x. [A different orthography of Prat.] 1. A plat or small extent of ground; as, a garden plot. Locke. It was a chosen plot of fertile Jand. Spenser. 7hen we mean to build, We first survey the plot. Shak. 2, A plantation laid out. Sidney. 3. A plan or scheme. [Qu. the next word.] Spenser. 4, In surveying, a plan or draught of a field or piece of land, work, &c., surveyed and delineated on paper. PLOT, x. [The French retain this word in the com pounds complot, comploter ; Arm. complod, complodi It may be from the root of plait, to weave, Russ. pletu, whence opletayu, to plait, to twist, to deceive ; oplot, a hedge. See Prarr.] : 1. Any scheme, stratagem, or plan of a complica- ted nature, or consisting of many parts, adapted to the accomplishment of some purpose, usually a mis- chievous one. A plot may be formed by a single person or by numbers. In the latter case, it is a con- spiracy or an intrigue. The latter word more gener- ally denotes a scheme directed against individuals ; the former against the government. But this dis- tinction is not always observed. O, think what anxious moments pass between The birth of plots, and their last fatal periods | 2, In dramatic writings, the knot or intrigue ; the story of a play, comprising a_ complication of inci- dents which are at last unfolded by unexpected means. If the plot or intrizue must le naturel, and such as springs) from the subject, the winding up of the plot must be a probable consequence of all that went before. Pope. 3. Contrivance; deep reach of thought; ability to plot. Addison. A man of much plot. Denham, PLOT, v. i. To form a scheme of mischief against another, or againsta government or those who ad- minister it. A traitor plots against his king. The wicked plotteth against the just. — Ps. xxxvil, 9, T'o contrive a plan ; to scheme. The prince did plot to be secretly gone. PLOT, v. t. To plan; to devise; to contrive ; Os; to plot an unprofitable crime. i Driden. 2. To make a plan of; to delineate. Carew. PLOT/EUL, a. Abounding with plots. : PLOT!TED, pp. Contrived ; planned ; delineated. PLOT’TER, x. One that plots or contrives; & con- triver. . Shak 9. A conspirator. : ‘ ryden. PLOT’TING, ppr. Contriving ; planning ; forming an evil design; delineating. Wotton. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Sas tie Ehsaan ne Sd reat ers “4 “ ; es ae tm CRT eee plc ts ms. ees. eon prewee ts A wen <0 mith atd sad Let oma a as Sa = th Se sod Pau PLU PLU PLOT’TING, n. The act of contriving or forming schemes. 2. The act of laying down a survey. PLOT’TING-S€ALE,n. A mathematical instrument used in plotting, or setting off the lengths of lines in surveying. Brande. PLOUGH. See Pirow. PLOV’ER, (pluv/er,) x. [Fr. pluvier, the water bird, from L. pluvialis, rainy ; pluo, to rain.) The common name of several species of birds that frequent the banks of rivers and the sea-shore, be- Jonging to the genus Charadrius of Linneus. Their flesh is excellent food. Partington. PLOW, (plou,) x. [Norm. ploge; Sax. ploge; D. PLOUGH, ploeg; G. pflug; Dan. ploug, plov; Ice. plog ; Sw. id.; Russ. plug ; Polish, plug ; Scot. pleuch, pleugh. It corresponds in elements with plug, and both perhaps from thrusting. ] » In agriculture, an instrument for turning up, breaking, and preparing the ground for receiving the seed. It is drawn by oxen or horses, and saves the labor of digging; it is therefore the most useful in- strument in agriculture. The emperor lays hold of tle plow and turns up several furrows, Grosier, Trans, Where fern succeeds, ungrateful to the ploi. Dryden. 2. Figuratively, tillage; culture of the earth; ag- riculture. : 3. A joiner’s instrument for grooving. [ Ptow is the spelling of the English Bible, and is preferable as more naturally representing the sound. ] PLOW, /v.t. To trench and turnup witha plow ; PLOUGH, | as, to plow the ground for wheat; to plow it into ridges, reo me 7. ‘ 3 OF Hine THA EHeAT EET present usage does not Ee Ce AG, . ; oe make unclean or impure, ina legal or ceremonious 1. Wise; prudent and sagacious in devising and Sade swan tae a A Soe icieroeaires Beare Be pee Sse neUty Sor BO SECS Bee it : pursuing measures adapted to promote the public church RPPEArs and how. far more able to the ecclesia om oo eS pula oH Backed uSee: TL i We fare : upplied to persons; as, < alk i a6 tical polity instituted by the holy apostles! President Stiles. NaH Exod. Sg Kings xxili, 2 Chiron. XXXVI. { a | 2 Upp persons ; as, a politic prince. 2. To taint with guilt { : 2. Well devised, and adapted to the public pros- | POL/KA,n. A fashionable Hungarian dance. 4 } Fe nae : { 1 perity ; applied to things. POLL, x. [D. bol, a ball, bowl, crown, poll, pate Ye pollute yourselves with all your idols. — Ezek. xx. aie This land was famously enriched ae Z 3. To profane; to use for carnal or idolatrous pur- “if With politic grave counsel. Shak. 1. The head of a person, or the back part of the poses. 3 3. Ingenious in devising and pursuing any scheme nee > and in SD eS wen: applied to the head of a My Sabbaths they greatly polluted. Ezek. xx. 4a ow of personal or national aggrandizement, without eae or DOC acu ae : ; 4. To corrupt or impair by mixture of ill, moral or iP regard to the morality of the measure ; cunning ; 3. poteeistoor Leads shat 1s. OF persons Sa physical. te ‘ eee ae aa ette semen at ae 3s 5 e names electors who vote : ; SP ee ee cee NO? | foncintitomeersss Hones, ory oar aria on deer ae 2 CR AT LE ec teeke, Mee ee cee _4. An election of civil officers, or the place of elec- Be ee ree ae Joy ie 1ave been politic with my friend, smooth with my en ee tion. es 5. To violate by illegal sexual commerce. if on 4, Well devised ; adapted to its end ane tO {oun eens say, at the opening or close of the Ere as Polltedi geen ua e | vet ates 5 a : » Tig pall, that is, at the beginning of the register of voters I OL-LUT ‘ED, pp. or a. Defiled ; rendered unclean . ; i PO-LIT/I€-AL, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to policy, or an : reeebued of vets Eo the O52 ORC Sans Sand ¥ Ed bonds impaired 5 prokineds : to civil government and its administration : P litte l ene a peo e Ste] COMI ELS the polis ; PERUYEvOLerS POL-LUT/ED-LY, adv. Ina state of pollution Ce Baer eRe se ae ae eae appeared at the polls. New York. Heywood. Fa Beer rota tinticil Orctate, Sows ere PO Se nsD called a CruB a CHE vin. [See Potiarp.] POL-LUT’ED-NESS, n. The state of being polluted ; i power or authority 5 political Wisdom a a. molitical Ona i a0 ae ee pops o Se ae Bacon: Ie Sea ] : SeReMe aipolitical inane: OA ey ites eae 2. To clip ; to cut off the ends; to cut off hair or 0. “LU ER, z. A defiler; one that pollutes or pro- political Peenerom his peopl i= The for ee ae 1 wool ; to shear. ‘T he phrases, to poll the hair, and to fanes. i : : Been Ss Opie. e founders of a poll the head, have been used. ‘The latter-is used in POL-LUT/ING, ppr. Defiling ; rendering unclean ; state, and wise senators, are also called political 2 Sam. xiv. 26. To poll a deed, isa phrase still used corrupting ; profaning. i fathers. ae in law language. Z. Swift. 2. a. Adapted or tending to defile or infect. 2. Pertaining to a nation or state, or to nations or 3. To mow; tocrop. [Wot used.] Shale. POL-LUT’ING-LY, adv. Corruptingly. states, as distinguished from civil or municipal ; as in 4. To peel; to strip; to plunder. [ Obs.) POL-LU/TION, n. [L. polluti; Fr. pollution; Sp. the phrase political and civil rights, the former com- Bacon. Spenser. polucion ; It. polluzione.] prehending rights that belong to a nation, or perhaps 5. To take alist or register of persons; to enter 1. The act of polluting. to a citizen as an individual of a nation ; and the names in a list. . 2. Defilement; uncleanness; impurity; the state latter comprehending the local rights of a corpora- 6. To enter one’s name in a list or register. of being polluted. tion, or any member of it. Draden. 3. In the Jewish economy, legal or ceremonial un- Speaking of the political state of Europe, we are accustomed to 7. To insert into a number as a voter. Tickel. cleanness, which disqualified a person for sacred say of Sweden, she lost her liberty by the revolution. 8. To bring to the polls; as, to poll votes. services or for common intercourse with the people, Paley. | POL/LACK, |x. A salt-water fish of the cod family,| oF rendered any thing unfit for sacred use. 3. Public; derived from office or connection with | POL/LOCK,$ closely allied to the whiting and coal- 4. In medicine, the emission of semen in sleep. government; as, political character. fish. 5. In a religious sense, guilt, the effect of sin; | ; 4, Artful; skillful. [See Poxrrie.] POL/LARD,7x. [from poll.] Atree having its top cut idolatry, &c. i 5. Treating of politics or government; as, a political off at some hight above the ground, that it may throw | POL/LUX,7. [L.] A fixed star of the second mag- i writer. Paley. out branches. Bacon. nitude, in the constellation Gemini, or the Twins. ‘ Political arithmetic; the art of reasoning by figures, 2. A clipped coin. Camden. 2, See Castor. [ Brande. j or of making arithmetical calculations on matters 3. The chub fish. Ainswortit. PO-LO-NAISE’, ) x. A robe or dress adopted from ; i relating to a nation, its revenues, value of lands and 4, A stag that has cast his horns. PO-LO-NESE’, {| the fashion of the Poles; some- effects, produce of lands or manufactures, popula- 5, A mixture of bran and meal. Ainsworth. times worn by ladies. : :f tion, &c. POL/LARD, v. t. To lop the tops of trees ; to poll. PO-LO-NESH/, n. The Polish language. _ Encye. G4 Political economy; the administration of the reve- | POL/LARD-ED, pp. Lopped. [ Evelyn. PO-LO-NOISE’, (po-lo-naze’,) m. In music, a move- nues of a nation; or the management and regu- | POLL/ED, pp. Lopped, as tops of trees. [See Pouu.] ment of three crotchets in a bar, with the rhythm- yt db lation of its resources and productive property and 2. Brought to the poll, as votes. cal cwsura on the last. Busby. ha labor. Political economy comprehends all the meas- | POL/LEN, xn, [L. pollen, pollis, fine flour; Russ. pil, POLT, 7. [Sw. bulta, to beat.] : , i ures by which the property and labor of citizens are | __ piel, dust, L. pulvis. | _ A blow, stroke, or striking 5 @ word in common use aN directed in the best manner to the success of indi- 1. The fecundating dust or fine substance, like an New England. Halliwell. ta vidual industry and enterprise, and to the public flour or meal, contained in the anther of flowers, POLT!/-FOQOQT, n. A distorted foot. [Wot in use.) i : prosperity. Political economy is now considered as which is dispersed on the stigma for impregnation ; ss E : erbert. @ Science. farina. Encyc. Milne. Martyn. POLT!-FOOT-ED, a. Having distorted feet. [Vot 1a PO-LIT’/IG-AL-LY, adv. Withrelation to the govern- 2. Fine bran. Bailey. mM use. | 3. Jonson. ‘ ment of a nation or state. POL-LEN-A/RI-OUS, a. Consisting of meal. POL-TROON!, n. (Fr. poltron ; It. poltrone, an idle * 9, With relation to politics. POL’/LEN-GER, x. Brushwood. [Qbs.) Tusser. fellow, a coward; poltrire, to sleep, to be idle, to i 3. Artfully ; with address. [Obs.] Knolles. POL’LEN-IN, x. [from pollen.] _A substance ob- loiter; Sp. poltron, idle, lazy, easy, commodious 5; aie PO-LIT/IG-AS-TER, n. A petty politician; a pre- tained from the pollen of plants. Pollenin is various, Port. poltram, an idler ; poltram, poltrona, lazy, cow- tender to politics. LT? Estrange. as obtained from different plants, and does not ap- ardly ; Arm. poultrown; certainly not from pollice } ' 4 POL-I-TI//CIAN, a. Cunning; using artifice. [ Obs.] pear, in any case, to be a distinct proximate princi- truncato. The primary sense 1s, idle, at ease, whence ens POL-L-TI//CIAN, (pol-e-tish’an,) n._ [F'r. politicven.] ple, and therefore is not entitled to an appellation lazy ; perhaps from the root of fail, W. pallu.) ' § | 1. One versed in the science of government and appropriated to such proximate principles. An arrant coward; a dastard; a wretch without me 8 the art of governing; one devoted to politics. POLL’ER, n. [from poll.] One that shaves persons ; spirit or courage. ryden. £ | Dryden. Pope. a barber. [JVot used.] POL-TROON’, a. Base; vile ; contemptible. | 9. A man of artifice or deep contrivance South. 2, One that lops or polls trees. Hammond. pom A POL/I-TIG-LY, adv. Artfully. Shak. 3. A pillager; a plunderer ; one that fleeces by ex- POL-TROON'ER-Y, n. Cowardice; baseness of 4 POL/IL-TIES, n. [Fr. politique; Gr. modirtkn. See action. [JVot used.] Bacon. mind ; want of spirit. ¥ Poricy.] 4. One that registers voters, or one that enters his POL'VE-RINE, x. [L. pulvis, dust ; It. polverino.] The science of government; that part of ethics name as a voter. The calcined ashes of a plant, of the nature of pot ae 4 which consists in the regulation and government of POLL!-E-VIL, n. [poll and evil.] zoXvs, many, and ypagn, a writing ; ypadw, to write.) The art of writing in various ciphers, and of deci- phering the same. Dict. Encyc. POL/Y-GYN, n. ) [Gr. toAvs, many, and yuyn, POL-Y-GYN'I-A, n. pl.} a female.] In botany, an order of plants having many styles. POL-Y-GYN/I-AN, } a. In botany, having many PO-LYG/YN-OUS, }§ _ styles. PO-LYG/Y-NY, 7. [Gr. zoAuvs, many, and yv) male.] The practice of having more wives than one the same time. Forster’s Obs. PO-LY/HA-LITE, n. [Gr. zodvs, many, and dAs, Salt. ] A mineral or salt occurring in masses of a fibrous Structure, of a brick-red color, being tinged with iron. It contains sulphate of lime, of magnesia, of potash, and of soda. Cleaveland. POL-Y-HE/DRAL, [See PotyHepron.] Hay- 1 Pertaining to polygra- phy ; as, a polygraphic in- 7, a fe- at yi ids POL-Y-HE/DROUS, § ing many sides, as a solid body. POL-Y-HE’DRON, n. [Gr. zodvs, many, and £0pa, side. ] 1. In geometry, a body or solid contained by many sides or planes. 2, In optics, a polyscope or multiplying glass. Hutton. PO-LYL/0-GY, 2. [Gr. zodvs, many, and Aoyos, dis- course. } A talking much ; talkativeness ; garrulity. WL USE. [Not Granger. [See PotywaAtuy.] Pertaining to polymathy. (Gr. toAvs, many and pabnots, learning ; pavGav, to learn.] The knowledge of many arts and sciences: ac- quaintance with many branches of learning, or with Various subjects. Johnson. Encyc. [Gr. zodvs, many, and plyyv- pe, to mix. ] A black, shining mineral, containing titanic acid, zirconia, yttria, oxyds of cerium and iron, &c. Dana. A stone marked with dendrites and black lines, and so disposed as to represent rivers, marshes, and ponds. Dict. Nat. Hist. [Gr. zodvs, many, and popd¢n, form.] A name given by Soldani to a numerous tribe or series of shells, which are very small, irregular, and singular in form, and which can not be referred to any known genus. Dict. Nat. Hist. a. [Supra.] POL-Y-ON’/O-MOUS, a, pa, Name.) Having many names or titles 3 Many-titled. Sir W. Jones. POL-Y-ON/O-MY, . [Supra.] Variety of different names, Faber. POL-Y-OP'TRON, ) 2. [Gr. rroXvs, many, and ozro- POL-Y-OP/TRUM, Hat, to see.} A glass through which objects but diminished. Hutton. Brande, POL-Y-O-RA/MA, n. [Gr. 7o)vs and opaja.| A view of many objects. POL’/YP, n. An aquatic animal of the Radiate type, hay- ing, in general, a cylindrical body, at one extremity of which there is a mouth, surrounded by one or more se- ries of arms or tentacles. It has no Special organs of sense, and is capable of multiplying by buds and ar- tificial sections as wel] as by ova. The name is sometimes used jn a restricted sense for the Hydra polyp, but properly includes the animals of all zué- phytes, These animals form coral by the secretion of calcareous matter, Diana. POL/Y-PA-RY, n. [polyp and L. pario, to produce, | A name given to coral, because formed by polyps. Dana, [Gr. roXvs, many, and zer- [GrevoAvs, many, and ovo- appear multiplied, POL-Y-PET’AL-OUS, a. aXov, a petal.] In botany, having many petals; as, a polypetalous corol. Martyn. PO-LYPH’A-GOUS, a. [Gr. ro\vs and payw.] Eating or subsisting on many things, or kinds of food. POL-Y-PH& R/MA-CY, n. [Gr. ToS and dappaxeca.) Medicines of many ingredients. POL-Y-PHON’I€, a. {Infra.} Having or consisting PO-LY PH/O-NOUS, of many Voices or sounds, PO-LYPH/O-NISM, (7. [Gr. zoAvs, many, and pw- PO-LYPH/O-NY, vn, sound. } Multiplicity of sounds, as in the reverberations of an echo. erham. PO-LYPH/O-NIST, n. One who professes the art of multiplying sounds, or who makes a yariety of sounds ; a ventriloquist. PO-LYPH’YL-LOUS, a. Aoyv, leaf. ] In botany, many-leafed ; as, a polyphyllous calyx or perianth. PO-LYP’I-DOM, zn. [polyp and Gr. doyos, house.) Literally, a house or hive of polyps ; a name some- times given to coral. The term is incorrect, as coral iS an internal secretion. Dana. PO-LYP'I-ER, (po-lip'e-a,)n. [Fr.] Polypary, which see. [Gr. zoAvs, many, and pva- POL-Y-PIF’/ER-OUS, a. cing polyps.] POL'Y-PODE, n. [Gr. roAvs and TOUS. ] An animal having many feet; the miJleped or wood-louse. Coxe. PO-LYP/O-DY, n. [L. polypodium, from the Greek. See Poryr.] A plant of the genus Polypodium, of the order of Filices or ferns. The fructifications are in roundish points, scattered over the inferior disk of the frons or leaf. There are numerous species. Loudon, POL'Y-POUS, a. [from polypus Having the nature of the polypus ; having many feet or roots, like the polypus; as, a polypous concretion, Arbuthnot. POL-Y-PRIS-MAT'I€, a. [Gr. zoAvs, many, and prismatic, In crystallography, a term applied to a prismatic crystal, having many lateral, secondary planes, with or without the primary planes. ana. POL/Y-PUS, n. [Gr. ro\vmovs; moAus, many, and 7™0vS, foot. | 1. Something that has many feet or roots. 2. In zodlogy, a polyp, which see. 3. A tumor with a narrow base, somewhat resem- bling a pear ; found in the nose, uterus, &c. Cooper. POL'Y-S€OPE, n. [Gr. woAvs, many, and cxorew, to view.] A glass which makes a single object appear as many ; a multiplying glass, which see. Hution. POL-Y-SEP’A-LOUS, a. In botany, a polysepalous calyx is that which has more than one sepal, Lindley. POL'Y-SPAST, n. [Sp. polispastos ; Gr. woXvs, many, and craw, to draw. } [polyp and fero.] Produ- Having many isrelow. sea-fish of the genus Polyne- mus, belonging to the perch family, having a scaly compressed head, with a blunt, prominent nose, and pliform appendages to the pectoral fins. Pennant. (Gr. toAvs, many, and vyc0<, isle.] A term in geography, used to designate numerous groups of isles in the Pacific Ocean, especially near the tropics; as the Pelew Isles, the Ladrones, the Carolines, the Sandwich Isles, the Marquesas, the Society Isles, and the Friendly Isles. De Brosses. Pinkerton. Pertaining to Polynesia. [Gr. moAvs, many, and oyopa, forms. mawnen In algebra, a quantity consisting of many terms. Containing many names or A machine consisting of many pulleys. POL/Y-SPERM, x. seed.] A tree whose fruit contains many seeds. Beelyn. POL-Y-SPERM/OUS, a. Containing many seeds; as, a polyspermous capsule or berry. JHaytyn. POL/Y-STYLE, n. [Gr. modus and orudos.] An edifice whose columns are too numerous to be readily counted. Elmes. POL-Y SYL-LAB‘T€, a. [from polysyllable.| Per- POL-Y-SYL-LAB/I€-AL, taining toa polysyllable ; consisting of many syllables, or of more than three. POL'Y-SYL-LA-BLE, n. [Gr. rodvs, many, and ovA- AaBn, a syllable.) i A word of many syllables, that is, consisting of more syllables than three, for words of a less number Dict. [Gr. woAvs, many, and ozeoua, terms. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, 844. than four are called monosyllables, dissyllables, and trisyllables, Encyc. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—POM PON PON POL-Y-SYN’DE-TON¥n. [Gr. wod\vouvderos ; modus, Inany, and cvyderos, connecting. | A figure of rhetoric, by which the copulative is often repeated ; as, ‘‘ We have ships, and men, and money, and stores. POL-Y-TEEH'’NI€, a. [Gr. wodvs, many, and rsxv7, art.] Comprehending many arts; applied particularly to a school in which many branches of art or science are taught. POL-Y-THAL/A-MOUS, a. Garapos, chamber] Many-chambered ; applied to cephalopods having multilocular shells. Py Cyc. POL/Y-THE-ISM, n. [Fr. polytheisme; Gr. rodvs, many, and Sos, god.] The doctrine of a plurality of gods or invisible be- ings superior to man, and having an agency in the government of the world. Stillingfleet. POL/Y-THE-IST, nm. A person who believes in or maintains the doctrine of a plurality of gods. POL-Y-THE-IST'I€, Ja. Pertaining to polythe- POL-Y-THE-IST’I€-AL, § ism; as, polytheistic be- lief or worship. 2. Holding a plurality of gods; as, a polytheistic writer. JWilner. Encyc. POL-Y-THE-IST/I6-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of polytheism. POL-Y-ZO/NAL, a. [Gr. modus and Gwv7.] Consisting of many zones or rings; as, a polyzonal lens. Brewster. POM!/ACE, (pum/ase,) x. [from L. pomum, an apple, It. pome, Sp. pomo, Fr. pomme. | The substance of apples or of similar fruit crushed by grinding. In America, it is so called before and after being pressed. [See Pomp and PomMMEL.] PO-Ma/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. Consisting of apples; as, pomaceous harvests. hilips. 2. Like pomace. PO-MADE!,n. [Fr. pommade; It. pomata; Sp. pomada, either from pomo, fruit, or from perfuming ; poma sig- nifying, in Spanish, a perfume-box. ] Perfumed ointment. [Little used.] PO-MAN/DER, n. [Fr. pomme d’ambre. Jolinson.] A sweet ball; a perfumed ball or powder. Bacon. PO-MA/TUM, n. [Fr. pommade; It. pomata; Sp. po- mada. See Pomanve.] A perfumed unguent or composition used in dress- ing the hair. It is also used in medicine. E£ncyc PO-MA/TUM, v. t. To apply pomatum to the hair. POME, n. [L. pomum.] [ Dict. 1. In botany, a fleshy or pulpy pericarp without valves, containing a capsule or capsules, as the apple, pear, é&c. Martyn. 2, A name given in America to baked cakes of maize or Indian meal, about the size of an apple. POMBE, v. i. [Fr. pommer.] To grow to a head, or form a head in growing. {Mot weer Dict. POME-CIT/RON, 2. A citron apple. B. Jonson. POME-GRAN/ATE, (pum-gran/nate,) z. [L. pomum, an apple, and granatum, grained. See Grain and GRANATE, 1. The fruit of a tree belonging to the genus Punica. This fruit is as large as an orange, having a hard rind filled with a soft pulp and numerous seeds. It is of a reddish color. 2. The tree that produces pomegranates. 3, An ornament resembling a pomegranate, on the robe and ephod of the Jewish high priest. POME-GRAN/ATE-TREE, n. The tree which pro- duces pomegranates. POME/ROY, (pum/roy,) )n. POME-ROY/AL, (pum-roy/al,) § [Gr. wod\vs, many, and Shak. Royal apple; a particular sort of apple. Ainsworth. POME/-WA-TER, n. A sort of apple. Shak. POM/BEY, 7. [In heraldry, a green roundcl. — E. H. Barker. | PO-MIF’ER-OUS, a. to prodice. | Apple-bearing ; an epithet applied to plants which bear the larger fruits, such as melons, gourds, pump- kins, cucumbers, &c., in distinction from the baccif- erous or berry-bearing plants. Ray. Arbuthnot. POMME, n. In heraldry, [never occur alone, POM-METTE’, but only in union with cross; as, a cross pomme, a cross of which the ends terminate in three half circlets resembling apples. There are several crosses of various forms ; as, the cross moline, the cross patonce.—E. H. Barker.) POM/MAGE, (pum/-) 7. See Pomace. POM/MBL, (pum’mel,) 2. [Fr. pommeau ; It. pomo, an apple ; pomo della spada, the pommel of a hilt ; Sp. pomo, Li. pomum, an apple, or a-similar fruit; W. pwmp, a round mass or lump, ] 1. A knob or ball; any ornament of a globular form. 2 Chron. iv. 9, The knob on the hilt of a sword; the protuber- ant part of a saddle-bow; the round knob on the frame of a chair, &c. POM’MEL, (pum/mel,) v. t. beat as with a pommel, that is, with something [L. pomum, an apple, and fero, [from the noun.] To thick [The French se pommeler, to grow dapple, to cur- die, is from the same source; but the sense is to make knobs or lumps, and hence to variegate, or make spots like knobs. The Welsh have from the Same root, or pwmp, a mass, pwmpiaw, to form a round mass, and to thump, to bang, Eng. to bump.] POM!MEL-ED, (pum/meld,) pp. Beaten; bruised. POM-MEL/ION, Canelyuny) n. [from pommel.| The cascabel or hindmost knob of a cannon. Mar. Dict. Belonging to pomology. One interested in pomology. The art or science of raising PO-MO-LOG'T€-AL, a. PO-MOL/O-GIST, z. PO-MOL/0-GY, x. ' fruit. POMP, 7. [L. pompa; Fr. pompe; Arm. pomp; pom- padi, to boast ; It.and Sp. pompa; Sw. pomp ; D. pomp, a pump, and pompoen, a gourd, a pumpkin; G. pomp, show, and pumpe,a pump. These words appear to be all of one family, coinciding with L. bombus, Sp. bomba, Eng. bomb, bombast. ‘The radical sense is, to swell or dilate; Gr. roumy, Noumea, TouTEVY. | 1. A procession distinguished by ostentation of grandeur and splendor; as, the pomp of a Roman triumph. 2. Show of magnificence; parade; splendor. Hearts formed for love, but doomed in yain to glow In prisoned pomp, and weep in splendid woe. D. Humphreys. POMP-AT'TE€, a. Pompous ; splendid ; ostentatious. [Low I,. pompaticus, pompatus.] [Wot in use.] Barrow. POMP’/ET, 2. The ball which printers use to black the types. Cotgrave. POM’PHO-LYX, n. [L., from Gr. woptodvt ; Tondos, a tumor; weppik, a blast, a puif, a bubble, a pustule. See Pome.] The white oxyd which sublimes during the combustion of zinc, called flowers of zinc. It rises and adheres to the dome of the furnace and the covers of the crucibles. Hill. Nicholson. Ure. POMP’L-ON, (pump/e-on,) x. [D. pompoen, a pumpkin, a gourd; Sw. pumpa. See Pome and Pomace.] A pumpkin; a plant and its fruit of the genus Cu- curbita. POM’PIRE, n. [L. pomum, apple, and pyrus, pear.] A sort of pearmain. Ainsworth. POM-POS/I-TY, n. [It. pompositd.] Pompousness ; ostentation ; boasting. Akin. POM-PO'SO, [It.] In music, grand and dignified. POMP/OUS, a. [Fr. pompeur ; It. pomposo.) 1. Displaying pomp ; showy with grandeur ; splen- did ; magnificent ; as, a pompous procession ; a pom- pous triumph. 2, Ostentatious ; boastful; as, a pompous account of private adventures. POMP/OUS-LY, adv. With great parade or display ; magnificently ; splendidly; ostentatiously. Dryden. POMP/OUS-NESS, z. The state of being pompous ; magnificence ; splendor; great display of show ; os- tentatiousness. Addison. POM/-WA-TER, n. The name of a large apple. Dict. POND, 7. [Sp. Port. and It. pantano, a pool of stag- nant water, also in Sp. hinderance, obstacle, diffi- culty. The name imports standing water, from set- ting or confining. It may be allied to L. pono; Sax. PON-DER-A-BIL/L-TY, n. PON'DER-A-BLE, a. PON/DER-AL, a. PON/DER-ATE, v. t. PON-DER-A/TION, z. PON’DER-ED, pp. PON/DER-ER, n. PON’DER-ING, ppr. Weighing intellectually ; consid- PON/DER-ING-LY, adv. liberation. e Hanunond. PON-DER-OS’/L-TY, n. Weight; gravity ; heaviness, rown. tay. PON/DER-OUS, a. pyndan, to pound, to pen, to restrain, and L. pontus, the sea, may be of the same family. ] 1. A body of stagnant water without an outlet, larger than a puddle, and smaller than a lake; or a like body of water with a smal! outlet. In the United States, we give this name to collections of water in the interior country, which are fed by springs, and from which issues a small stream. These ponds are often a mile or two, or even more, in length, and the current issuing from them is used to drive the wheels of mills and furnaces. 9. A collection of water raised in a river by a dam, for the purpose of propelling mill-wheels. These artificial ponds are called MrLu-roNps. Pond, for fish. See Fish-Ponp. POND, v. t. [from the noun.] To make a pond ; to collect in a pond hy stopping the current of a river. POND, v.t. To ponder. [Vot in use. | Spenser. PON/DER, v. t [L. pondero, from pondo, pondus, a pound; pendeo, pendo, to weigh; and Pers. -“- =—V Oe — Ou awry pindashatan, and Hoey ban- ss ~_ dazidan, to think, to consider.] é 1. To weigh in the mind; to consider and com- pare the circumstances or consequences of an event, or the importance of the reasons for or against a de- cision. Mary kept all these things, and pondered them in her heart, — Luke ii. 2. To view with deliberation ; to examine. Ponder the path of thy feet. — Proy. iv. or bulky ; to bruise. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; @ The Lord pondereth the hearts, — Prov. xxi. as I; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Zo ponder on, is sometimes used, but is not to be countenanced. The state of being é on- derable. am : That may be weighed; capa- ble of being weighed. Brown. {from L. pondus, weight. ] 2. a. In heraldry, having pommels, as a sword or Estimated or ascertained by weight, as distin- dagger. guished from NumeErau; as, a ponderal drachma. POM/MEL-ING, ppr. Beating. : Arbuthnot. POM’MEL-ING, x. A beating or bruising. PON’DER-ANCE, n. Weight; gravity. Gregory. To weigh in the mind ; to con- Ch. Relig. Appeal. The aci or weighing. Arbuthnot. Weighing in the mind; consid- ered ; examined by inteJlectual operation. One that weighs in his mind. Whitlock. sider. [JWVot in use.] ering; deliberating on. With consideration or de- [L. ponderosus ; It. Sp. and Port. ponderoso. | J. Very heavy ; weighty ; a ponderous load. 2. Important; momentous; as, a ponderous pro- ject. [This application of the word is unusual.] 3. Forcible ; strongly impulsive ; as, a motion ve- hement or ponderous ; a ponderous blow. Bacon. Ponderous spar ; heavy spar, or barytes. PON/DER-OUS-LY, adv. With great weight. PON/DER-OUS-NESS, n. Weight; heaviness; grav- ity. Boyle. POND/-WEED, n. [pond and weed.] An aguatic herb of the genus Potamogeton. The triple-headed pond-weed is of the genus Zannichellia. PO'NENT, a. (It. ponente, the west; L. ponens, from pono, to set.] Western ; as, the ponent winds. as, a ponderous shield ; Dryden. [ Little used. ] Milton. PON-GEE!, n. An inferior kind of India silk. PON!'/GO, x. The name pongo was applied by Bufton to a large species of orang outang, which is now as- certained to have been an imaginary animal. It is applied by Cuvier tothe largest species of ape known, which inhabits Borneo, and resembles the true orang outang in its general form and erect position, but has the cheek pouches and lengthened muzzle of the baboon. It has also been applied (d. Encye.) to the Simia troglodytes or chimpanzee of Cuvier, a native of Western Africa. uvier. Ed. Encic. PON/IARD, (pon/yard,) 2. Fr. poignard; It. pu- gnale; Sp. punal; Port. punhal, There 1s an appear- ance of the formation of this word from the name of the fist, Fr. poing, Sp. puvio, It. pugno, L. pugnus; but this is not obvious. } A small dagger; a pointed instrument for stab- bing, borne in the hand, or at the girdle, or in the pocket. Eneye. PON'LARD, (pon/yard,) v.t To pierce with a pon- jard ; to stab, PON/IARD-ED, pp. Pierced with a poniard ; stabbed. PONK, n. [qu. W. pwca, bog, a hobgoblin; Ice. puke. | A nocturnal spirit; a hag. [JVot in use.] PON’TA€,n. A fine species of claret wine, PON’/TAGE, n. [L. pons, pontis, a bridge, Sp. puente, W. pont. | é A duty paid for repairing bridges. Ayliffe. PON-TEE’, 2. In glass works, an iron instrament used to stick the @lass at the bottom, for the more conven- ient fashioning the neck of it. Cyc. PON'TIC, a. [lL Pontus, the Euxine Sea, Gr. TOVTOS. Pertaining to the Pontus, Euxine, or Black Sea. J. Barlow. PON’TIFE, n. [Fr. pontife; L. pontifer: said to be from pons, a bridge, and facto, to make. The sec- ond f would more properly be omitted in this word, as jt is in the derivatives. ] A high priest. The Romans hada college of pon- “ifs: the Jews had their pontifs; and in modern times, the pope is called pontiff, or sovereign pontif: Encyc, Relating to priests ; popish. Milton. Shenstone. PON-TIF'I6-AL, a. [L. pontificalis. } 1. Belonging to a high priest; as, pontifical anthor- shal. PON-TIF’IE, a. ity ; hence, belonging to the pope ; popish. Ralegh. 2. Splendid ; magnificent. Shak. 3. Bridge-building. [JVot used.] Milton. A book containing rites and cer- South. Stillingfleet. The state and government Usher. PON-TIF/I6-AL, n. emonies ecclesiastical. PON-TIF-I€-AL/LTY, 7. of the pope ; the papacy. PeNes used. } PON-TIF’/IG-AL-LY, ade. PON-TIF’IE-ALS, n. pl. a priest or bishop. PON-TIF/IE-ATE, 7. n a pontifical manner. The dress and ornaments of Lowth. [L. pontificatus.] en a nanan * e845 nisin SEE: eee Nat be 2 Sa “ SS ~ i sis i ii io ; i a i E : , i amaengts Saino etait iin Dele ise se ee bs4 ‘ cs a8 >) eS ae ue fe be , v4 rt ! * 1 Ri ‘ee kd ; ae f ii POO POP larly, the office or dignity of the pope. cale, 4 s 2. The reign of a pope. under the present pontificate. Addison. ture or edifice of a bridge. [Little used.] _ Milton. PON-TI-FI//CIAL, (-fish/al,) a. Pertaining to the pope. . . Burton. PON-TI-FI''CIAN, (-fish/an,) a Pertaining to the all, pope. PON-TL-FYCIAN, n. One that adheres to the pope; a Roman Catholic. Mountagu. PON’TINE, i POMP’TINE, | ~ A term designating a large marsh between Rome and Naples. PONT’LE-VIS, n. In horsemanship, a disorderly re- sisting of a horse by rearing repeatedly on his hind Jegs, So as to be in danger of coming over. Bailey, [L. pontina, a lake.] PON-TO-NIER’, m. A term applied to soldiers PON-TON-NIER’, having the charge of construct- ing bridges, PON-TOON’, n. [Fr. and Sp ponton, from Fr. pont, L. pons, a bridge, probably from the root of pono, to lay. I. A flat-bottomed boat, whose frame of wood is covered and Jined with tin, or covered with copper ; used in forming bridges over rivers for armies. P, Cyc. 2. A lighter; a low, flat vessel, resembling a barge, furnished with cranes, capstans, and other machinery ; used in careening Ships, chiefly in the Mediterranean. Mar. Dict. Pontoon bridge, isa bridge formed with pontoons, anchored or made fast in two parallel lin S,a few feet asunder. Bs Gucs Pontoon carriage, is made with two wheels only, and two long side pieces, whose fore ends are sup- ported by timbers. Cyc. PO'NY, n.; pl. Pontes. A small horse. POOD,7n. A Russian weight, equal to 40 Russian or 36 English pounds avoirdupois. POO'DLE,n. Asmall dog, resembling the water dog, covered with long, silky hair, either wholly white or with black patches. Partinston. POOL, 7. [Sax. pol, pul; D. noel; G. pfukl; Dan. pol; W. pull, a pool or pit; Arm. poul; L. palus; Gr. ry- os; probably from setting, standing, like L. stag- mum, or from issuing, as a spri 1g. A small collection of water in a hollow place, sup- plied by a spring, and discharesing its surplus water by an outlet. It is smaller than a Jake, and, in New England, is never confounded with pond or lake, It signifies, with us, a spring with a small basin or res- ervoir, on the surface of the earth. It is used by writers with more latitude, and sometimes signifies | a body of stagnant water. Milton. Encyc. JOT POULE, mn. [Fr. poule.] The stakes played for in certain games of cards. POOL’ER, 2. An instrument to stir a tan Vat. POOP, x. [Fr. poupe; It. poppa; Sp. popa; L. puppis ; probably a projection. ] The highest and aftermost part of a ship, reaching Bacon. 846 1, The state or dignity of a high priest ; particu- He torned hermit in the view of being advanced to the pontif- Addison Painting, sculpture, and architecture, may all recover themselves PONT'I-FICE, (pont’e-fis,) n. Bridge-work ; struc- | POOR/LY, a. spirit. A soothsayer made Antonius believe that his genius, which was otherwise brave, was, i 5 in the presence of Octavianus, poor and cowardly, Bacon, 10. Lean ; emaciated; as, a poor horse ; the ox is poor. Jl. Small, or of a bad quality ; as, a poor crop; a poor harvest. 12. Uncomfortable ; restless ; ill. had a poor night. 13. Destitute of saving grace, The patient has Rev, ili. 14, In general, wanting sood qualities, or the qual- ities which render a thing valuable, excellent, proper, or sufficient for its purpose ; as, a poor pen ; a poor ship; a poor carriage ; poor fruit ; poor bread ; poor wine, &c. 15. A word of tenderness or pity ; dear. Poor, little, pretty, flutt ring thing. Prior. 16. A word of slight contempt; wretched. The poor monk never saw m uny of the decrees and councils he had ocexsion to use, Hah FINET s 17. The poor, collectively, used as a noun; those who are destitute of property ; the indigent; the needy. In a leal sense, thosé who depend on char- ity or maintenance by the public. I have ot l the served the more public provisions are made for the poor, l $s they , 1 provile for themselves. Franklin, tt; In a scriptural sense, humble ; con- trite ; abased in one’s own sight by a sense of guilt. Jatt. Vv. POOR'ER, a. comp. More poor. | POOR/EST. a. s uperl. Most poor. | POOR/-HOUSE, n. Support of the poor. POOR/JOHN, (-Jon,) 7. A fish of the cod family, the common hake, Werluccius vulsaris. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. | POOR!-LAWS, n. pl. | poor, | POOR/LY, adv. Without wealth ; IN indigence or want of the conveniences and comforts of life ; as to live poorly. Poor in Spi , 2 Sidney. 2. With little or no success; with little srowth, profit, or advantage ; as, wheat grows poorly on the Atlantic borders of New England ; these men have succeeded poorly in business. 3. Meanly ; without spirit. Nor is their courmge or their lth so low, That from his wars they poorly would retire, Dryden. 4, Without excellence or dignity. He performs poorly in elevated characters, 5. Somewhat ill; indisposed; not in health. [ Familiar. } } ¢ four wee} ? a yY In health, aco, Te POOR/NESS, n. Destitution of property ; indigence ; poverty ; want; as, the poorness of the exchequer. No less I hate him th 1p the gates of hell, That poornese can force an untruth to tell, Chay nan. senerally use Poverty. ] Meanness ; lowness ; want of dignity ; as, the poorness of language, [In this sense we ¢ 9 3. Want of spirit; as, poorness and degeneracy of spirit. Add; HWACLAISON, 9. Mean; depressed; low; dejected; destitute of A public establishment for the | Laws for the support of the | It. and Port. papa; Fr. pape : Scythian, papa. The word denotes father, and is among the first words articulated by children.] 1. The bishop of Rome, the head of the Roman Catholic church. ONC C. 2. A small fish of the perch family, called also a RUFF. Walton. POPE/DOM, n. The place, office, or dignity of the pope ; papal dignity. Shak. 2. The jurisdiction of the pope. POPE’-JOAN’, (-jone’,) n. | POPE/LING, n. An adherent of the pope, POP/ER-Y, n. The religion of the Roman Catholic church, comprehending doctrines and practices, Swift. Encie. POPE’S'-EVE, n. [pope and eye.] The gland sur- rounded with fat in the middle of the thigh. Johnson, POPE’S’-HEAD, (-hed,) nm. A large, round brush, with a long handle, for dusting ceilings. Halliwell. A small gun or tube used by children POP’GUN, 7. to shoot wads and make a noise. heyne. POP/IN-JAY, n. [Sp. papagayo ; papa and gayo ; Port. id, ; It. pappara llo.] 1. A parrot. 2. A woodpecker, a bird with a gay head. Peacham. The preen woodpecker, a bird with a scarlet crown, a native of Europe. Ed. Encic. J. A gay, trifling young man; a fop or coxcomb. Shak. POP/ISH, a. Relating to the pope; taught by the pope; pertaining to the pope or the Roman Catholic church ; as, popish tenets or ceremonies. POP'ISH-LY, adv. In a popish manner; with a ten- dency to popery; as, to be popishly affected or in- clined. POP’/LAR, n. L. populus ; Fr. peuplier ; It. pioppo ; D. populier; G. pappel, poplar and mallows; Sw. Grew. poppel-trad Ube pobhlar. | A tree of the genus Populus, of several species, as the abele, the white poplar, the black poplar, the aspen-tree, &c. ‘The species are all of rapid growth, | POP-LIT/E-AL, ) | POP-LIT’I€, | POP’PED, (popt,) pp- | POP/PING, ppr. ks past I have lost ground, having been | with soft wood. Loudon. POP’/LIN, x. A stuff made of silk and worsted. It contains more silk than bombazine. { a. [from L. poples, the ham.] Pertaining to the posterior part of the knee joint or ham. Brande. Jed. Repos. Darted in or out suddenly. POP’PET. See Purrer. Entering or issuing forth with a quick, sudden motion. POP’PY,m. [Sax. popeg; W. pabi; Fr. pavot; L. pa- paver; It. papavero. | A plant of the genus Papaver, of several species, from one of which, the P. somniferu n, or svhite poppy, is collected opium. This is the milky juice of the capsule when half grown, or of any other part of the plant which exudes from incisions in the cortical part, is scraped off, and worked in the sun’s heat till it is of a consistence to form cakes, ENCY Ce POP/U-LACE, n. [Fr., from the It. popelaccio, from populus. See PEOPLE. ] Lhe common people; the vulgar; the multitude, comprehending all persons not distinguished by rank, education, office, profession, or erudition. Pope. Swift. POP’U-LA-CY, n. The populace or common people. K. Charles, POP/U-LAR, a. *[Fr. populaire ; It. popolare ; Sp. pope lar; L. popularis. See Propxe. 1. Pertaining to the common people ; as, the popu- lar voice 3; popular elections. So the popular vote inclines. Milton. 2. Suitable to common people ; familiar; plain; easy to be comprehended ; not critical or abstruse. Homili s are plain and popular instructions. looker. 3. Beloved by the people; enjoying the favor of the people ; pleasing to people in general ; as, a pop- ular governor; a popular preacher; a popular minis- try ; a popular discourse ; a popular administration ; a popular war or peace. Suspect the man who en- deavors to make that popular which is Wrong, 4. Ambitious ; studious of the favor of the people. A popular man is in truth no better than a prostitute to common fainme and to the people, ryden. [This sense is not usual. It is more customary to apply this epithet to a person who has already gained the Savor of the people.] o. Prevailing among the people ; “extensively prev- alent; as, a popular disease. 6. In law, a popular action is one which gives a penalty to the person that sues for the same. Blackstone. WVote. — Popular, at least. in the United States, is not Syhonymous with wulear; the latter being applied to the lower classes of people, the illiterate and low- bred ; the former is applied to all classes, or to the body of the people, incjuding a great portion, at least, of well-educated citizens. forward to the mizzen mast. Totten. 4, Barrenness ; Sterility ; as, the poorness of land POOP, v.t. To strike upon the stern, as a heavy sea. or soil. c 2. To strike the stern, as one vessel that runs her | ©. Unproductiveness ; want of the metallic sub- { stem against another’s Stern. Mar. Dict. stance ; as, the poorness of ore. {| ROOP/ED, (poopt,) pp. or a. Having a poop; struck 6. Smallness or bad quality; as, the poorness of on the poop by a heavy sea. ; crops or of grain. |} POOPING, n. The shock ofa heavy sea on the stern 7. Want of value or importance ; as, the poorness or quarter of a ship, when scudding in a tempest ; of a plea. also, the action of one ship’s running her stem 8. Want of good qualities, or the proper qualities against another’s stern, Mar. Dict. Which constitute a thing good in its Kind ; as, the POOR, a. [L. pauper; Fr. pauvre; Sp. pobre; It. po- poorness of a ship or of cloth. vero; Arm. paour ; Norm. pour, power. } 9. Narrowness ; barrenness ; want of capacity. I. Wholly destitute of property, or not having Spectator. property sufficient for a comfortable subsistence : Poorness of spirit; in a theological sense, true hu- needy. It is often Synonymous with Inpicenr, and mility or contrition of heart on account of sin. with Necessitous, denoting extreme want; it is also | POOR-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Of a mean Spirit; cowardly ; applied to persons who are not entirely destitute of | _ base. Denham. property, but are not rich; as, a poor man or woman ; | POOR-SPIR/IT-ED-NESS, nz. Meanness or baseness poor people. of spirit; cowardice. South, 2. In law, so destitute of property as to be entitled | POP, n. [D. poep. The primary sense is, to drive or to maintenance from the public. thrust. ] 3. Destitute of Strength, beauty, or dignity ; bar- A small, smart, quick sound or report. Spectator. ren ; mean; jejune ; as, @ poor composition 5a poor | POP, v. i. ‘To enter or issue forth with a quick, sud- essay ; a poor discourse, den motion. _A. Destitute of value, worth, or importance; of I startled at his popping upon me unexpectedly. Addison. little use ; trifling. 2. ‘To dart ; to start from place to place suddenly. 1 an haye aroneen no man, will be a poor plea or apolo ry at Swift. HS ay. Cala NY. > > 7 7 “WS S ‘ 5 ry ‘ye 4 5. Paltry ; mean; of little valiteh talon pace Chait POR ae To thrust or push suddenly with a quick a poor house. = He popped a paper into his hand. Milton. 6. Destitute of fertility ; barren ; exhausted ; as, : Didst thou never pop poor land. The ground is become poor. Thy head into a tinman’s shop? Prior. 7. Of little worth; unimportant ; as, in my poor To pop off; to thrust away ; to shift off. Locke. opinion. Swift. | POP, adv. Suddenly; with sudden entrance or ap- 8. Unhappy ; pitiable. pearance. ; ; Vexed sailors curse the rain POPE, n. [Gr. Tara, Tanvas, mannos; Low L. papa; For which poor shepherds prayed in vain, Waller. Hindoo, bab ; Turkish, baba ; Bithynian, pappas ; Sp. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —Mnr Se ee Sa E, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOV “1; MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — A game of cards. Jenner.POR POP-U-LAR'I-TY, x. [L. popularites.] 1. Favor of the people; the state of possessing the affections and confidence of the people in general; as, the popularity of the ministry ; the popularity of a public officer, or of a preacher. It is applied also to things ; as, the popularity of a law or public meas- ure ; the popularity of a book or poem. ‘The most valuable trait in a patriot’s character is to forbear all improper compliances for gaining popularity. I have long since learned the little value which Is to be placed in popularity acquired by any other way than virtue; I have also learned that it is often obtained by other means. P. Henry, Wirt’s Sketches. The man whose ruling principle is duty —is never perplexed with anxious, corroding calculations of*interest and popu- larity. J. Hawes. POR one substance only is vitrified, ihe other not. Hence | it is concluded that porcelain is an intermediate sub- stance between earth and glass. Hence the second degree of fusibility, of which emollescence is the first, is called by Kirwan the porcelain state. Nicholson. Kirwan. Elmes. 2. The plant called PursLarn, which see. Ainsworth. POR-CEL-LA'/NE-OUS, a. [from porcelain.] Pertain- ing to or resembling porcelain ; as, porcellancous shells. Hatchett. POR’CEL-LA-NITE, ». A semi-vitrified clay orshale, somewhat resembling jasper. Dana. PORCH, n. a gate, entrance, or passage, or fromr portus, a shelter. } his back, L. porca, a ridge; or from his snout and rooting. PORK/-EAT-ER, x. PORW/ER, 2. PORK’ET, n. A young hog. ryden. PORK’/LING, n. A pig. Tusser. PO-ROS/LTY, 2. state of having pores or interstices ; opposed to Density. [Fr. porche, from L. porticus, from porta, | PO/ROUS, a. skin or substance of the body ; having spiracles or 1. In architecture, a kind of vestibule at the en- POR a In Sax. berga is a barrow. | he flesh of swine, fresh or salted, used for food One that feeds on swine’s flesh. Shak. W. Scott. 2 A hog. 2. A young pig for roasting Eneyce. Dom. Econ. [from porous.| The quality or acon. [from pore.] Having interstices in the —— ——————— passages for fluids; as, a porous skin ; porous wood; 2. Representation suited to vulgar or common con- ception ; that which is intended or adapted to pro- cure the favor of the people. [Little used.] Bacon. POP/U-LAR-IZE, v. t. To make common or suitable to the mind; to spread among the people; as, to popularize philosophy or physics; to popularize a knowledge of chemical principles. Beddoes. Ure. POP/U-LAR-IZ-ED, pp. Made popular, or introduced among the people. POP!/U-LAR-IZ-ING, ppr. ducing among the people. POP/U-LAR-LY, adv. Ina popular manner ; so as to trance of temples, halls, churches, or other build- ings. Brande. 2. A portico; a covered walk. 3. By way of distinction, the porch was a public portico in Athens, where Zeno, the philosopher, taught his disciples. It was called zotxiAn, the painted porch, from the pictures of Polygnotus and other eminent painters, with which it was adored. Hence, the porch is equivalent to the school of the Stoics. Enfield. POR/CINE, a. [L. porcinus, from porcus. See Pork. 3 3 porous earth. Wilton. Chapman. PO/ROUS-LY, adv. In a porous manner. i PO/ROUS-NESS, n. The quality of having pores; |; i porosity ; as, the poreusness of the skin of an animal, ie or of wood, or of fossils. de 2. The porous parts, [JVot authorized.] Digby. POR-PHY-RIT'’IE€, a. (See PorrHynry.] Per- POR-PHY-RA/CEOUS, taining to porphyry; re- \ sembling porphyry; containing distinct feldspar crystals uniformly disseminated, as granite. 2. Containing or composed of porphyry; as, por- Making popular, or intro- please the populace. Pertaining to swine; as, the porcine species of phyraceous Mountains. Kirwan. The victor knight, animals. ITC OTY» POR/PHY-RIZE, v. t. To cause to resemble porphyry ; “4 Bareheaded, popularly low had bowed. Dryden. | POR/€U-PINE, x. [It. porco-spinoso, the spinous hog, to make spotted in its composition. Cooper. pai) a 2. According to the conceptions of the common or spine-hog; L. porcus, W. pore, a pig, and L. spina, | POR/PHY-RIZ-ED, pp. or a. Caused to resemble por- eo} | people. Brown. a spine or thorn. So in French, porc-epic, the spike- phyry. i od a . i r. re i POP/U-LATE, v.72. [It. popolare, from L. populus. | hog; Sp. puerco-espin ; Port. porco-espinho ; D. yzer- POR'PHY “RY, n. [Gr. woppupa, purple ; L. porplhiy- ; To breed people ; to. propagate. varken, iron-hog; G. stachelschwein, thorn-swine ;| 7Wes ; Fr. porphyre; It. and Sp. porsido. : i ar Farmhareisirrent chioats of peanle which ovolutormonilat Sw. pinsvin, Dan. pindsviin, pin-swine.] A rock consisting of a compact feldspathic base, oa e sre De 2 oals copie W n { 0 popuidte, ws ce + es ic ; Z Se 5 “Bacon. In zodlory, a rodent quadruped of the genus Hys- through which crystals of feldspar are disseminated. ; trix of Linneus, furnished with pines or quills upon The crystals are of a lighter tint than the base, and POP’U-LATE, v. t. To people; to furnish with in- habitants, either by natural increase, or by immigra- tion or colonization. POP!/U-LATE, for Porutovs, is not now in use. POP’U-LA-TED, pp. Furnished with inhabitants ; often white. There are red, purple, and green varieties, which are highly esteemed as marbles. anda, A univalve shell of the i the body, covered with prickles which are very sharp, and some of them twelve inches long 5 these he can erect at pleasure. When attacked, he rolls his body into a round form, in which position the prickles are presented in every direction to the en- POR/PHY-RY-SHELL, n. genus Murex. = TING, 7 Peopling emy. This species is a native of Africa and Asia, POR/POISE, (por’pus,) n. [It. porco, a hog, and pesce, “i TL aITION. BRT T pert e . - and is also found in Italy. Encyc. Amer. P. Cyc. fish ; hog-fish, called, by other nations, sea-hog, G. aT es e e ners n a O= a ’ . - : ~ . * oq T . POP-U-La Na Tes he act or operation of peo POR/€U-PINE-FISH, n. A fish of the tropical seas, meerschwein, Er.marsouin, Dan. and Sw. Norwegian, pling or furnishing with inhabitants ; multiplication of inhabitants. The value of our western lands is annually enhanced by population. United States. 9, The whole number of people or inhabitants in a country, or portion of a country. The population of England is estimated at ten millions of souls; that of the United States, in 1823, was ten millions. A country may have a great population, and yet not be popu- TAY marsvin, Sw. hafssvin. In W. morc, sea-hog, is the name of the dolphin and grampus, from the re- semblance of these animals to the hog, probably from PORE, x. [Fr. pore; Sp.and It. poro; Gr. ropos, from the roundness of the back, as they appear in the wa- the root of zopevonat, to go, to pass, Sax. faran, ter. Porpsrss, according to the derivation, would be Eng. to fare. See Fare. The word, then, signifies a a better spelling. ] passage. In zodlogy, a term applied to cetaceous mammals 1. In anatomy, a minute interstice in the skin of of the genus Delphinus of Linneus, but of the genus which is covered with spines or prickles capable of being erected by ifs inflating the body. It is the Diodon hystrix of Bloch. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. ee a an animal, through which the perspirable matter Phocena of more recent naturalists, of which about { 3 3. The state of a country with regard to its num- passes to the surface or is excreted. five species are known. There is one species whose i ber of inhabitants, or rather with regard to its num- 9, A small spiracle, opening, or passage, in other back is usually blackish or brown, whence it is called, ; bers compared with their expenses, consumption of substances ; as, the pores of plants or of stones. in Dutch, bruinvisch, brown-fish; the body is thick oods, and productions and earnings. wince. Dryden. toward the head, but more slender toward the tail, 5 > I y : - ; « = . miu: x a isl t \ Neither is the population to be reckoned only by number; fora | PORE, v. 2 [Qu. Gr. egopw, edopaw, to Inspect. In Which is semilunar. This mammal preys on fish, ; smaller number that spend more, and earn less, do ‘| Sp. porrear is-to dwell long on, to persist Impor- and seeks food not only by swimming, but by root- | pay ee ae a ed Ce a tunately; porro, dull; W. para, to continue, to} ing like a hog in the sand and mud, whence some : Be ke : persevere. ] persons suppose the name has been given to it, ; POP’U-LIN, n. A crystallizable substance separated from the bark of the Populus tremula, or aspen. Brande. [Wot used. | Brown. To look with steady, continued attention or appli- cation. ‘To pore on, is to read or examine with steady perseverance, to dwell on; and the word seems to be limited in its application to the slow, Luralists a u patient reading or examination of books, or something POR-RA’CEOUS, (-shus,) a. written or engraved. rum, a leek or onion. ee ss Greenish ; resembling the leek in color. Wiseman. Of cetaceous fish, we met with porpoises, or, 25 some sailors call them, sea-hogs. Kalm’s Travels. Naturalists do not consider the Cetacea as fishes. POP-U-LOS’LTY, 7. [L. porraceus, from por- Populousness. POP/U-LOUS, a. [L. populosus.] Full of inhabitants; containing many inhabitants in proportion to the extent of the country. A terri- Painfully to pore upon a book. | : Shak. POR-RE€T’, a. In zodlocy, denoting a part which ex- tory containing fifteen or twenty inhabitants to a With sharpened sight pale antiquaries pore. Pope. tends forth horizontally. square mile, is not a populous country. The Nether- | pORE/BLIND, } Ni ie anne POR-RE€'TION, *'n. [L. porrectio, porrigo ; per, or lands, and some parts of Italy, containing a hun- PUR/BLIND, $ a. [Qu. Gr. TWp0S. | por, Eng. for, fore, and rego, Eng. to reach. | ; By dred and fifty inhabitants to a square mile, are Near-sighted ; short-sighted. Bacon. The act of stretching forth. [JVot used.) ; - Bi deemed populous. POR/ER, n. One who pores or studies diligently. POR/RET, n. [L. porrum; It. porro, porreita, a leek. ] 4 ‘ ay POP/U-LOUS-LY, adv. With many inhabitants in 4 Re mple. A scallion; a leek or small onion. _ Brown. : ! eat proportion to the extent of country. POR/GEE,) n. A salt-water fish of the gilt-head | POR/RIDGE, n. [Qu. pollage, by corruption, or L. |} e POP/U-LOUS-NBSS, x. The state of having many| por’/GY, § kind, much esteemed for food ; also farrago, or from porrum, 2 leek.) : } af inhabitants in proportion to the extent of country. written Poaay. A kind of food made by boiling meat in water ; i 4 By populousness, in contradistinction to population, 1s under | PO/RI-FORM, a. Resembling a pore or small puncture. broth. Johnson. This mixture is usually called in America broth or stood the proportion the number bears to the surface of the | POR/I-NESS, 2. [from pory. ] The state of being 1 C ( ae Be ey eos Ao pory, or having numerous pores. Wiseman. soup, but not porridge. With us, porridge ia WS é nat é aes r TAY as 1° s . owe - > Ir . : " “. orf WA r rf a a F Ss POR/BEA-GLE,) n. A speciesof shark; the Lamna|POR/ING, ppr. Looking with steady, continued ap- Ae Hp onifony eae Re AN eS Snes pm PRO/BEA-GLE, cornubica. Yarrell. plication. 115 distinction 1s NOL aways 3 ae : ; POR/EATH, L id PO'RISM,n. [Gr. roptopos, acquisition, from zopt{a, POR/RIDGE-POT, x. The pot nw hich porridge is | a p or - o ‘ che nec ile POR/€A-TED, a, [ +» porca, a Tie ge. ] to gain, from 7opos, a passing ; TOOEVOLAL, to pass. ] boiled. aa ‘a F tata Com Ridged ; formed in ridges. Asiat. Res. 1. In geometry, a proposition affirming the posst- POR'RIN-GER, 2. [Qu. porridge, or Fr. potager ; Corn. ‘ POR/CE-LAIN, x. [Sp. and Port. porcelana; It. por- bility of finding such conditions as will render a podzher. | ee eelunavhicnchildren eat por 64) } Pe cellana, signifying porcelain and purslain, a plant ; certain problem indeterminate or capable of innumer- 1. A small metal yeas? uy which c i ae varie ee : ° eS : . . C tay oe * t v se e sery i ‘ia a 9 Fr. porcelaine, porcelain, the sea-snail, the purple} able solutions. 1F A rds or milk, or used in the nursery : vial @ i fish, and purslain ; Arm. pourcelinnen. Our purslainis 2, The term porism was also used by the Greek 1q\iors. ‘ : ; ' z sae os = “ Cine ee . BAY AR RN nates ne Naa 9 / 210-dress 1 ringer, 1n con- , doubtless from the Latin portulaca, as Pliny writes it, ecometricians in the sense of corollary. | Sran le. 9. A head-dress in the shape of a porring ra : . . y “FN 1T)1 y £ Aris « sepke A VT. or porculata, as others write it. But I know not the Pertaining to a porism ; seek tempt. j PORT, 2. [Fr., from L. portus; Sp. puerto ; It. porto ; ing to determine by what means ¢ Tae Arm. porz; W. porth; from L. porto, to carry, I. PO-RIS’ TIE, ( and in how many ways & prob- reason of the name. ] porisrie, ds 1. The finest species of earthen ware, originally PO-RIS'TIE-AL, POTS a Tale “} ; manufactured in China and Japan, but now made in lem may be solved. : pops, L. fero, Eng. to bear. pale W gis pore ae ie several European countries. All earthen wares PO'RITE, n.; pl. Poritzs. A name given to those the significations of L. porta and oer ea family: t i] § which are white and semi-transparent, are called corals which have the surface covered with very pupew and TOPEVOHAL are Boe ai if <3) prob- : i i porcelains; but they differ much in their fineness shallow or superficial cells, which are quite small The primary sense of ee es Be eines {34 and beauty. The porcelain of China is composed and every where contiguous. They grow. often to ably an entrance, place 0 se ae Tet devas 1 zi essentially of two substances, petuntse, which is a very Jarge size, and are among the most important J. A harbor; a haven ne eS GE ees au iA fusible, and kaolin, which is not fusible, or not with constituents of coral reefs. : and. _ cess of the sea, or of eee a iae De APSeERE they a : i the deerce of heat which fuses the petuntse; and in| PORK, z. [L. porcus, a hog or pig; Fr. pore; W. which ships or WEES cc am eaenee Ports may be 4 i 7 porcelain the substances are only semi-vitrified, or porg; Arm. porcq, porchell. Qu. from the shape of} can lie safe from injury DYS | : i . 1 oo ; at . TONE, BULL. UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. i ] Ei a ie eS Paces a 2 S47 ee Si pice aacoP fog y ‘ log i | } , ' { : | f 4 et POR POR natural or artificial, and sometimes works of art, as piers and moles, are added to the natural shores of a place torender aharbor more safe The word port is generally applied to spacious harbors much resorted to by ships ; as, the port of London or of Boston, and nor to small bays or coves which are entered occa- sionally, or in stress of weather only. Harsor in- cludes all places of safety for shipping. 2 Agate. [L. porta.] Prom their ivory port the cherubim Forth issued. Milton. 3. An embrasure or opening in the side of a ship of war, through which cannon are discharged; a port-hole. Ralegh, 4, The lid which shuts a port-hole. Mar. Dict. o. Carriage ; air; mien ; manner of movement or walk ; demeanor; external appearance 5; as, a proud port; the port of a gentleman. Their port was more than human, Milton. With more terrific port Thou walkest. Philips. 6. In seamen’s languare, the larboard or left side of a ship ; as in the phrase, ‘the ship heels to port.” “* Port the helm,” is an order to put the helm to the | larboard side. 7. A dark-purple, astringent Wine, made in Portu- gal; so called from Oporto, whence it is shipped. McCulloch. Port of entry; a port where a custom-house is es- tablished for the entry of goods. Port of the voice; in music, the faculty or habit of making the shakes, passages, and diminutions, in which the beauty of a song consists. 7 PORT, Encic. v.t, ‘To carry in form; as, ported spears. Milton. 2. To turn or put to the left or larboard side of a ship. (See the noun, No. 6.) It is used in the imper- ative. PORT-A-BIL‘I-TY, n. Fitness to be carried. PorTABLENess is mostly used.] PORT’A-BLE, a. [It. portadile, from L. porto, to carry. | 1. That may be carried by the hand or about the person, on horseback, or in a traveling vehicle ; not bulky or heavy ; that may be easily conveyed from place to place with one’s traveling baggage ; as, a portable bureau or secretary. 2. That may be carried from place to place. 3. That may be borne along with one. [But mor table pouth. The pleasure of the relicious man is an easy a E co pleasure, 4. Sufferable ; supportable. PORT’A-BLE-NESS, 2. able. [Wot in use.] Shab: The quality of being port- PORT/AGE, n. [Fr. See Port.] The act of carrying. 2. The price of carriage, Fell, 1s, PORTE, n. 3. A port-hole. { Unusual. ] Shak. 4. A carrying place over land between nav igable | PORT-FO'LIO, (-fol’yo,) n. waters. Jefferson, PORT’AL, nz. [It. portella; Fr. portail. | I. In architecture, the lesser gate, where there are two gates of different dimensions. Guilt. 2. Formerly, a little square corner of a room, sepa- rated from the rest by a wainscot, and forming a short passage into a room. Gwilt. 3. The frame-work or arch of a door or gate. Guilt. Gallatin. of heaven. PORT/ANCE, n. [from Fr. porter, to carry. ] Air; mien ; carriage; port; demeanor. Spenser. PORT’ASS, n. A breviary 3 a prayer-book, porthose. | [ot used.] Spenser. Camden. PORT!A-TIVE, a. [Fr. portatif. } Portable. [Not wsed.] PORT’-BAR, n. a gale of wind. PORT-€AN/ON, n. A kind of boot, or rather boot- top, covering the knees. Toone. PORT-CHARG/ES, n. pl. In commerce, charges to which a ship or its cargo is subjected in a harbor, as wharfage, &c, PORT!-CRAY-ON, n. a clasp for holding Ing, é&c. Encye. PORT-€UL’LIS, n. [coulisse, in French, is from cou- ler, to flow or slip down. It Signifies a groove or gutter, I think it can not be from L. clausus.] I. In fortification, an assemblage of timbers joined across one another, like those of a harrow, and each pointed with iron, bung over the gateway of a forti- fied town, to be let down in case of surprise, to pre- vent the entrance of an enemy. 2. In heraldry. [See Pursuivant. PORT-€UL/LIS, v. t. To Shut; to bar; to obstruct, Shak. Having a portcul- Shenstone. The government of the Turkish empire, officially called the Sustime Porrr, from the gate [ Obs.] Shalt. [ portuis, haucer. Chaucer. A bar to secure the ports ofa ship in A small metallic handle with a crayon when used in draw- rande. PORT-CUL'LIS-ED, (-kulllist,) a. lis (port) of the sultan’s palace where justice was ad- POR'TION-ED, pp. Divide ministered, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT, — ME PORT’/GLAVE, x. PORT’/GRAVE, ) n. 4. A gate; an opening for entrance ; as, the portals | PORT’G REVE, I PORT/REEVE, PORT’-HOLE, n. POR/TI-€0, n. POR’TION, m. [L. portio, from partio, to divide, from POR’TION, v. t. POS PORTE €ROIX, (-krw4,) 2. { BUIVANT. | ” | PORT’ED, pp. ora. Having gates, | In heraldry. [See Pur- [Not used.] . Jonson. 2. Borne in a certain or regular order, Jones. PORTE-FEUIL'LE, (port-ful’ye,) [Fr.] A portfolio or place for holding papers, drawings, &c. Hence, 2. The office or functions of a minister of state. Dict. de VAcad. POR-TEND’, v.t. [L. portendo; por, Eng. fore, and tendo, to Stretch. ] To foreshow ; to foretoken 3 to indicate something future by previous signs. A moist and cool summer portends o hard winter. POR-TEND/ED, pp. ted by signs. POR-TEND/ING, ppr. Foreshowing. POR-TEN/SION, (-shun,) n. The act of foreshowing. [Vot in use. | POR-TENT’, x. [L. portentum. | An omen of ill; any previous sign or prodigy in- dicating the approach of evil or calamity. My loss by dire portents the god foretold. POR-TENT’OUS, a. (L. portentosus. ] 1. Ominous ; féreshowing ill. Ignorance and su- perstition hold meteors to be portentous. 2. Monstrous ; prodigious; wonderful; in an ill se7se. Bacon. Foreshown ; previously indica- Brown. Dryden. No beast of more portentou In the Hercynian forest lies, POR-TENT!OUS-LY, adv. Ominously. PORT’ER, n. [It. porticre; Fr. portier ; Sp. portero; from L. porta, a gate. I. A man that has the charge of a door or gate sa door-keeper. Arbuthnot. 2. One that waits at the door to receive messages. Pope. 3. [Fr. porteur, from porter, to carry, L. porto.) A carrier ; a person who carries or conveys burdens for hire. Howell. F¥atts. 4. A malt-liguor, of a dark-brown color, and mod- erately bitter taste, and possessing tonic and intoxi- © 5)7p S$ 51z2, Roscommon. | POR/TION-ER, n shares POR'TION-ING, ppr. Dividing ; endowing. POR/TION-IST, x. One who has a certain academical allowance or portion. [See Postmaster, No. 3.] 2. The incumbent of a benefice which has more rectors or vicars than one, Life of A. Wood. POR’/TION-LESS, a. Having no portion. PORT/LAND-STONE, » A yellowish-white calca- reous freestone from the Isle of Portland, in England, much used in building. Cyc. =< ry] “° Ss‘ 1 are neat nm. The gunwale of a ship. To lower the yards a portlast, is to lower them to the gunwale. To ride a portoise, is to have the lower yards and top-masts struck or lowered down, when at anchor in a gale of wind. War. Dict. PORT’-LID, n. The lid that closes a port-hole. Mar. Dict, PORT’LI-NESS, n. [from portly.| Dignity of inien or of personal appearance, consisting in size and symmetry of body, with dignified manners and demeanor. Camden. PORT’LY, a. [from poft.] Grand or dignified in mien ; of a noble appearance and Carriage. Shak. 2. Bulky ; corpulent. Shak. PORT’MAN, n. | port and man.] An inhabitant or burgess, as of a cinque port. PORT-MAN/TEAU, x. [Fr. porte-manteau, from por- ter, to Carry, and manteau, a cloak, L. mantele, It. mantello. It is often pronounced portmantle. } A bag usually made of leather, for carrying ap- parel and other furniture on journeys, particularly on horseback. PORT’MOTE, x. [port and Sax. mot, 2 meeting.] Anciently, a court held in a port town. Blackstone. One who divides or assigns in POR/TOISE. Sce Porruast. POR’TRAIT, n. [Fr. portrait, from portraire,.to draw, Eng. to portray ; pour, Eng. Sor, Sore, and traire, L. trahere, Eng. to draw; Arin. pourtrezt. The Italian iS ritratto, sp. and Port. retrato, from L. re and cating qualities, Ure. PORT’ER-AGE, 7. Money charged or paid for the carriage of burdens by a porter. Tooke. 2. The business of a porter or door-keeper. Churchill, PORT’ER-LY, a. [Little used.] Bra. Coarso ; vulgar. tracto. | A picture or representation of a person, and es- pecially of a face, drawn from the life. It is some- times applied to the picture of any animal. In poriraits, erac more in the gen feature. the », and we may add, the likeness, consists eral air than in the exact similitude of every Reynolds. PORT/ESSE, x. A breviary or portable book of A composition for setting fire to powder, &c,, frequently used in preference to a match. It is composed of saltpeter, sulphur, and mealed powder, mixed and sifted, well rubbed, and driven into a case of strong paper for use. Campbell’s Mil. Dict. [Fr. porte-feuille ; porter, to carry, and feuille, a leaf, L. folium. | A case of the size of a large book, to keep loose papers in. TT have or hold the portfi lio, minister of foreign affairs. is to hold the office of E. Everett. [F'r. porter, to carry, and W. glaiv, a crooked sword ; llaiv, a shave, Celtic.] A sword-bearer. [Wot in use, | Ainsworth. [L. portus, a port, and G. graf, ), graaf, Sax. gerefa,a count, an earl. Formerly, the chief magistrate of a port or maritime town. ‘This officer is now called Mayor or BaruiFr. [port and hole.] The embrasure [See Ponrr.] [It. portico ; L. porticus, from porta or of a ship of war. portus. | In architecture, originally, a colonnade or covered ambulatory ; but at present, a covered Space, inclosed by columns at the entrance of a building. P. Cyc. pars, part. See Parr. 1, In general, a part of any thing separated from it. Hence, 2. A part, though not actually divided, but con- sidered by itself, These are parts of his ways; but how little a portion is heard of him ! — Job xxvi. 3. A part assigned ; an allotment; a dividend. How small A portion to your share would fall } Waller. The Bucs had a portion assigned them by Pharaoh. —Gen. XIVIL, 4, The part of an estate given to a child or heir, or scending to him by law, and distributed to him in e settlement of the estate. ©. A wife’s fortune. To divide; to parcel; to allot a de th share or shares, And portion to his tribes the wide domain. Pope. 2. To endow. Him portioned maids, apprenticed orphans blest. Pope, d into shares or parts, furnished with a portion. 2. Endowed ; POR-TRAY/AL, n. p POR-TRAY’ED, (por-trade’,) pp. Painted or drawn POR-TRAY/ER, n. POR-TRAY‘ING, ppr. POR/TRESS, ) 1 POR/TER-ESS, } PORT/REEVE, n. PORT’-ROPE, PORT’-WiNE. POR! WIG-LE, (-wig’l,) 2. POSE, zn. POSE, 2. POSE, v. zt. POR/TRAIT, v. t. To portray ; to draw. [Not used. ] Spenser. POR’/TRAIT-PAINT’ER, n. One whose occupation is to paint portraits. POR/TRAIT-PAINT’ING, 7. traits. POR/TRAIT-URE, 72. semblance. ) The painting of por- {Fr.] A portrait; painted re- Milton. Pope. 2. The drawing of portraits. Walpole. POR-TRAY', v. t. [Fr. portraire. Sec Porrrair.] 1. To paint or draw the likeness of any thing in colors; as, to portray a king on horseback ; to por- tray a city or temple with a pencil or with chalk, 2. ‘To describe in words. It belongs to the histo- rian to portray the character of Alexander of Russia, Homer portrays the character and achievements of his heroes in glowing colors, 3. To adorn with pictures ; as, shields portrayed. Milton. The act of portraying. to the life ; described. One who paints, draws to the life, or describes. Painting or drawing the like- ness of ; describing. ) [from porter.] A female guar- dian of a gate. JWilton. ee modern orthography of Porr- GREVE, which see. The chief magistrate of a port or maritime town. n Arope to draw upa portlid. Mar. Dict. See Porr, n. No. 7. A tadpole ; a young frog. [ot used. 3701DN. POR'Y, a. {from pore.] Full of pores or small inter- stices. Driyden. [See the verb.] In heraldry, a lion, horse, or other beast standing still, with all his feet on the ground. Encic. [Sax. wepose. A stuffing of the head; catarrh. [Obs.] Chaucer. [W. posiaw, to pose, to make an_incre- ment, to gather knowledge, to investigate, to inter- Togate ; pos, a heap, increment, growth, increase ; posel, curdled milk, posset; Sax. gepose, heaviness, stuffing of the head. 'The primary sense is, to set or fix, from thrusting or pressing, L. posui, Sp. posar, Fr. poser ; hence the sense of collecting into a lump or fixed mass, Ch. and Syr. Pan, to press, compress, collect, coagulate. Class Bs, No. 24. See also Ar. No. 21, 31, and No. 32, 33, 35, and others in that class, ] STE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — —POS POS POS | 1. T'o puzzle, [a word of the same origin ;] to set; to put to a stand or stop; to gravel. Liaming was posed, philosophy was set, Herbert. I design not to pose them with those common enigmas of mag- netsm. Glanville. 2. To puzzle or put toa stand by asking difficult questions ; to set by questions ; hence, to interrogate closely, or with a view to scrutiny. acon. POS’ED, pp. Puzzled; put to a stand; interrogated clos2ly. POS’/ER,n. One that puzzles by asking difficult ques- tions; a close examiner. 2. Something, as a question, argument, &c., that puzzles or silences. POS'ING, ppr. ora Puzzling ; putting toa stand ; ques- tioning closely. POS‘ING LY, adv. Puzzlingly. POS'IT-ED, a. [L. positus, from pono, fo put; per- haps, bowever, pono is a different root, and positus fram the root of pose.) Pnt; set; placed. Hale. PO-SI//TION, (po-zish/un,) 2. [L. positio, from positus. See Pose and Posrrep.] 1. State of being placed; situation; often with refe-ence to other objects, or to different parts of the game object. We have different prospects of the same thing according to our dillerent positions to it. Locke. 9. Manner of standing or being placed ; attitude ; as, én inclining position. 3. Principle laid down; proposition advanced or affirmed as a fixed principle, or stated as the ground of reasoning, or to be proved. Let not the proof of any position depend on the positions that follow, but always on those which precede. Watts. 4, The advancement of any principle. Brown. 5, State; condition. Great Britain, at the peace of 1763, stood in a position to pre- scribe her own terms. Ames. G. State in relation to others or to some subject ; as, to be in a false position; to define one’s position. 7. In grammar, the state of a vowel placed before two consonants, as in pompous, or before a double consonant, as in azle. In prosody, vowels are said to be long by position. 8. In arithmetic, a method of solving a problem by one or two suppositionus ; called also the rule of trial and error. Brande. PO-SL-’TION-AL, (-zish’un-al,) a. Respecting posi- tion [Not east rolwn. POS/I-TIVE, a. [It. positivo; Fr. positif; Low L. pos- WiVUS. ] 1. Properly, set; laid down; expressed ; direct ; explicit ; opposed to Imptrep ; as, he told us in post- tive words ; we bave his positive declaration to the fact ; the testimony is positive. 9, Absolute; express; not admitting any condi- tion or discretion. The commands of the admiral are positive. 3. Absolute; real; existing in fact; opposed to NEGATIVE; as, positive good, which exists by itself, wheceas necative good is merely the absence of evil ; or onposed to ReLative or ARBITRARY ; as, beauty Is not a positive thing, but depends on the different tastes of people. Locke. Enciye. 4. Direct ; express ; opposed to CIRCUMSTANTIAL 3 as, positive proof. lackstone. 5 Confident; fully assured; applied to persons. The witness is very positive that he is correct in his testinony. 6. Dogmatic; over-confident in opinion or asser- tion. Some positive persisting fops we know, That, if once wrong, will needs be always so. 7. Settled by arbitrary appointment ; opposed to NatyRav or INBRED. In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally ; that which is positive, not so, Hooker. Although no laws but positive are mutable, yet all are not muta- ble which are postive. Hooker. Pope. 8. Having power to act directly; as, a positive voice in legislation. Swift. Positive derree, in grammar, is the state of an ad- jective which denotes simple or absolute quality, without comparison or relation to increase or diminu- tion , as, wise, noble. Positive electricity ; according to Dr. Franklin, the electricity which a body contains above its natural share. Positive quantity ; in algebra, an affirmative quan- tity, or one to be added. POS/I-TIVE, n. What is capable of being affirmed ; reality. South. 9. That which settles by absolute appointment. Waterland 3. In grammar, a word that affirms or asserts ex- istence. Harris. POS/IL-TIVE-LY, adv. Absolutely ; by itself, inde- pendent of any thing else ; not comparatively. Good and evil removed may be esteemed good or evil compara- tively, and not positively or simply. Bacon. 9. Not negatively ; really ; in its own nature ; di- POS/L-TIVE-NESS, x. Actualness; reality of exist- POS-LTIV'I-TY, n. Peremptoriness. [JVot used.} Watts. POS/I-TURE, for Posture, is not in use. [See Pos- TURE. | POS'/NET, n. [W. posned, from posiaw. See Pose. ] POS-O-LOG/T€-AL, a. POS-OL/0-GY, 7. POS/PO-LITE, n. POSS, »w. t. POS'SE €0NMC-LTA'TOS, [1L..] POS-SESS’, v. t. rectly ; inherently. A thing is positively good when TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. — it produces happiness by its own qualities or opera- tion. It is nevatively good when it prevents an evil, or does not produce it. 3. Certainly; indubitably. This is positively your handwriting. 4. Directly ; explicitly ; expressly. The witness testified positively to the fact. 5. Peremptorily ; in strong terms. The divine law positively requires humility and meekness. Sprat. 6. With full confidence or assurance. I can not speak positively in regard to the fact. Positively electrified. According to Dr. Franklin, a body is positively electrified, when it contains more than its natural share of electricity, and negatively electrified, when it contains less than its natural share Olmsted. ence; not mere negation. The posiliveness of sins of commission lies both in the habitude of the will and in the execiited act too; the positiveness of sins of omission is in the habitude of the will only. Norvis. 2, Undoubting assurance; full confidence ; per- emptoriness ; as, the man related the facts with posi- tiveness. In matters of opinion, positiveness is not an indication of prudence. TRE. A little basin; a porringer, skillet, or saucepan. wen. Pertaining to posology. (Gr. rcvs, how much, and Aoyos, discourse. ] In medicine, the science or doctrine of doses. Amer. Dispensatory. A kindof militia in Poland, which, in case of invasion, was summoned to arms for the defense of the country. Edin. Encyc. To dash about. Halliwell. In law, the power of the county, or the citizens who are summoned to assist an officer in suppressing a riot, or executing any legal precept which is forcibly opposed. The word comitatus is often omitted, and posse alone is used in the same sense. Blackstone. 9. In low language, a number or crowd of people ; a rabble. [L. possessus, possideo, a compound of po, a Russian preposition, perhaps by, and sedeo, to sit; to sitin or on. We have this word from the Latin, but the same compound is in our mother tongue, Sax. besittan, to possess ; be, by, and sittan, to sit; esittan, besettan, gesettan, are also used; D. bezitten; G. besitzen; Dan. besidder ; Sw. besitia ; Fr. posseder ; Arm. pogzedi; Sp. poseer; It. possedere. | 1. To have the just and legal title, ownership, or property of a thing ; to own; to hold the title of, as the rightful proprietor, or to hold both the title and the thing. A man may possess the farm which he cultivates, or he may possess anestate in a foreign country, not in his own occupation. He may possess many farms which are occupied by tenants. In this, as in other cases, the original sense of the word is enlarged, the holding or tenure being applied to the title or rieht, as well as to the thing itself. 9, To hold; to occupy without title or owner- ship. I raise up the Chaldeans to possess the dwelling-places that are not theirs. — Hab. 1. : Neither said any of them that aught of the things which he pos- sessed was his own. — Acts iv. 3. To have; to occupy The love of the world usually possesses the heart. 4. T'o seize; to gain; to obtain the occupation of, The English marched toward the River Eske, intending to pos- sess a hill called Under-Eske. Hayward. 5. To have power over; as an invisible agent or spirit. Luke viii. Beware what spirit rages in your breast ; For ten inspired, ten thousand are possessed. Roscommon. 6. To affect by some power. Let not your ears despise my tongue, Which shall possess them with the heaviest sound ‘ That ever yet they heard. Swift. To possess of, or with, more properly to possess of, is to give possession, command, or occupancy. Of fortune’s favor long possessed. i Drijden. This possesses us of the most valuable blessing of human life, friendship. Gov. ofthe Tongue. To possess one’s self of; to take or gain possession or command ; to make one’s self master of. We possessed ourselves of the kingdom of Naples. Addison. To possess with; to furnish or fill with something permanent; or to be retained, It {s of unspeakable advantage to possess our minds with 2 habitual good intention, Addison. If they are possessed with honest minds, Addison. POS-SESS/ED, pp. Held by lawful title ; occupied ; enjoyed ; affected by demons or invisible agents. ———--— ~y 107 Lot Da Bt 5 ACEO ag is cic ti ee E POS-SESS/ING, yppr. POS-SES/SION, (-sesh’un,) 7. POS-SES/SION, (-sesh/un,) v.t. POS-SES’SION-ER, n. € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH a On — —— { | , Having or holding by absolute right or title ; occupying; enjoying. \| } The having, holding, {j or detention of property in one’s power or command actual seizin or occupancy, either rightful or wirollee ful. One man may have the possession of a thing and another muy have the right of possession ae property. If the possession is severed from the property ; if A has ‘the | right of property, and B by unlawful means has giined | on possession, this is an injury to A. This is a bare or naked possession. Blackstone. In bailment, the bailee who receives goods to con- vey, or to keep for a time, has the possession of the goods, and a temporary right over them, but not the property. Property in possession, includes both the right and the occupation, Long undisturbed posses- sion is presumptive proof of right or property in the possessor. 2. The thing possessed; land, estate, or goods owned ; as, foreign possessions. | | The house of Jacob shall possess their possessions. — Obad. 17. When the young man heard that s wing, he went away sorrow- ful, for he had great possessions. — Matt. xix. 3. Any thing valuable possessed or enjoyed. Chris- tian peace of mind is the best possession of life. 4, The state of being under the power of demons or invisible beings; madness; lunacy; as, demo- niacal possession. Writ of possession; a precept directing a sheritf to put a person in peaceable possession of property re- covered in ejectment. Blackstone. To take possession; to enter on, or to bring within one’s power or occlpancy. To give possession; to put in another’s power or occupancy. To invest with prop- arew. One that has possession of a thing, or power over it. [Little used.] Sidney. POS-SESS/IVE, a. [L. possessivus.] Pertaining to possession ; having possession. Possessive case, in English grammar, is the genitive case, or case of nouns and pronouns, which express- es, Ist, possession, ownership; as, Johw’s book ; oF Qdly, some relation of one thing to another; as, Fo- mer?s admirers. POS-SESS/IVE-LY, adv. session. POS-SESS/OR, n. An occupant; one that has pos- session ; a person who holds in his hands or power any species of property, real or personal. ‘The own- er or proprietor of property is the permanent possess or by legal right ; the lessee of land, and the bailee of goods, are temporary possessors by right; the disseizor of land and the thief are wrongful pos- SESSOTS« 2. One that has, holds, or enjoys any good or other thing. Think of the happiness of the prophets and apostles, saints aud martyrs, possessors of eternal glory. Taw. POS-SESS/O-RY, a. Having possession; as, 2 pos- sessory Jord. Howell. Possessory action ; in lato, an action or suit in which the rizht of possession only, and not that of property, Blackstone. posel, from the root of pose, WwW. The L. posca may have the sane erty. [Vot used. | —————————— In a manner denoting pos- is contested. POS/SET, x. [W: posiaw, to gather. origin. | Milk curdled with wine or other liquor. Driden. Arbuthnot. To curdle ; to turn. Shak. Curdled ; turned. Curdling, as milk. POS/SET, v. t. POS/SET-ED, pp. POS’/SET-ING, ppr. POS-SL-BIL/I-TY%, n. [from possvble ; Er. possibilité.] | The power of being or existing ; the power of hap- pening ; the state of being possible. It often implies improbability or great uncertainty. There 1s @ pos- sibility that a new star may appear this night. There is a possibility of a hard frost in July in our latitude. It is not expedient to hazard much on the bare pos- sibility of success. It is prudent to reduce contracts to writing, and to render them so explicit as to pre- clude the possibility of mistake or controversy. POS/SI-BLE, a. [Fr.; It. possibile ; Sp. posible ; from L. possibilts, from posse. See Power. ] trary to the nature of things. It is posstble that the Greeks and Turks may now be engaged in battle. It is possible the peace of Europe may continue a centi= ry. It is not physically possible that a stream) should ascend a mountain, but it is possible that the SU preme Being may suspend a law of nature, that 1s, his usual course of proceeding. It is not possible that2 and3 should be7, or that the same action should be morally right and morally wrong. : This word, when pronounced with a certain em- phasis, implies improbability. A thing is possible, but very improbable. POS/SLBLY, adv. By cal, really existing: known. Can we possibl any power, moral or physi- Learn all that can possibly be Milton, ly his love desert? s in THIS, 3849 capper RES selene ee LOE OT " Tee That may be or exist; that may be now, or may | happen or come to pass ; that may be done; notconm | | ee ———— ett # ie geet i a ett nach aco SMO ay ata) agen ot NET NIA OST an 7 icy ampli— —— meal need ro ee) at ae ? ee ee oh fe aia “Ftp tt POS 2. Perhaps; without involving impossibility or ab- surdity. Arbitrary power tends to make a man a bad sovereign, who mnigzht posstbly have been a good one, had he been invested with authority circumscribed by laws. Addison. POS/SUM. See Opossum. To play possum, to act possum, is applied to a per- gon who, when caught, feigns himself dead, from a characteristic of the opossum. America, POST, a. [from Fr. aposter.] Suborned ; hired to do what is wrong. [Not in USE, Sandys. POST, n. [W. pdst; D. Dan. and Sw. post; G. pfoste, posten, and post; Fr. poste ; Sp. poste, posta ; [t. posta, posto; L. postis, from positus, the given participle of pono, to place, but coinciding with Sp. posar, It. posare, to put or set.]} 1. A piece of timber set upright, usually larger than a stake, and intended to support something else; as, the posts of a house; the posts of a door; the posts of a gate; the posts of a fence. 2. A military station ; the place where a single sol- dier or a body of troops is stationed. ‘The sentinel must not desert his post. The troops are ordered to defend the post. Hence, 3. The troops stationed at a particular place, or the ground they occupy. Marshall. Encye. 4. A public office or employment, that is, a fixed place or station. When vice prevails and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. 5, A messenger, or a carrier of letters and papers ; one that goes at stated times to convey the mail or dispatches. This sense also denotes fixedness, ei- ther from the practice of using relays of horses sta- tioned at particular places, or of stationing men for carrying dispatches, or from the fixed stages where they were to be supplied with refreshments. [See Stace.] Xenophon informs us that Cyrus, king of Persia, established such stations or houses, 6. A seat or situation. Burnet. 7. A sort of writing paper, such as is used for let- ters; letter paper. 8. An old game at cards. 9. In architecture and sculpture, a term applied to certain ornaments shaped after the manner of rolls or wreathings. Elmes. To ride post; to be employed to carry dispatches and papers, and as such carriers rode in haste, hence the phrase signifies to ride in haste, to pass with ex- pedition. Post is used also, adverbially, for swiftly, expeditiously, or expressly. Sent from Media post to Egypt. Milton, Hence, to travel post, is to travel expeditiously by the use of fresh horses taken at certain stations. Knight of the post. See Knicur. POST, v.%. [Fr. poster ; Sp. postear. | 1. To travel with post-horses ; hence, 2. To travel with speed. And post o’er land and ocean without rest. Milton, POST, v.t. To fix to a post ; as, to post a notifica- tion. 2. To expose to public reproach by fixing thename toa post; to expose to opprobrium by some public action ; as, to post a coward. 3. T'o advertise on a post or in a public place ; as, to post a stray horse, Laws of New England. 4. To set; to place; to station; as, to post troops on a hill, or in front or on the flank of an army. 5- To place in the post-office ; as, to post letters. {[Eng.] Oxf. Guide. 6. In book-keeping, to carry accounts from the waste-book or journal to the ledger, T'o post off; to put off; to delay. [Vot used.] Shak. POST ; a Latin preposition, signifying after. It is used in this sense in composition in many English words. POST’A-BLE, a. That may be carried, [Not used.] Mountaru, POST’AGE, n. The price established by Jaw to be paid for ne conveyance of a letter.or parcel in a public mail, 2. A portage. [JVot used.] Smollett. POST’-BILL, z. bill of letters mailed by a post- master. POST’-BOY, x A boy that rides as post ; a courier. > POST!-CHAISE,)n. [See Cuatse.] A carriage POST’-€0ACH,.§ with four Wheels, for the con- veyance of travelers who travel with post-horses. Cami o.t. [L. post, after, and date, Li, da- tum. To date after the real time ; as, to post-date a con- tract, that is, to date it after the true time of making the contract. POS'T!-DAT-ED, pp. Dated after the real time. POST!-DAT-ING, ppr. Dating after the real time. BOS EDA n. A day on which the mail arrives or departs, POST-DI-LO/VI-AL, ) a. POST-DI-LU/VI-AN, Tatler. [L. post, after, and diluvi- um, the deluge. ] POST’FIX, n. POST-FIX/, v. t. POST-FIX’ED, pp. POST-FIX/ING, ppr. POST-HACK’NEY, n. post-horse. Wotton. POST’-HASTE, n. Haste or speed in traveling, like that of a post or courier. Shak, POST’-HASTE, adv. POST/-HORN, n. POST’-HORSE, n. POST’-HOUSE, 7. POST’/HUME, a. POST’HU-MOUS, a. [L. post, after, and humus, earth ; POS Being or happening posterior tothe flood in Noah’s days. Woodward, Buckland. POST-DI-LU/VI-AN, n. A person who lived after the flood, or who has lived since that event. Grew. POST-DIS-SEI’ZIN, n. A subsequent disseizin. A writ of post-disseizin is intended to put in possession a person who has been disseized after a judgment to recover the same lands of the same person, under the statute of Merton. lackstone. POST-DIS-SEI’/ZOR, n. A person who disseizes an- other of lands which he had before recovered of the same person. Blackstone. POST’E-A, n, [L.] The record of what is done in a cause subsequent to the joining of issue and award- ing Of trial. Blackstone. POST’ED, pp. Placed , stationed. 2. Exposed on a post or by public notice. 3. Carried to a ledger, as accounts. POST’-EN-TRY, 2. A second or subsequent entry, at the custom-house, of goods which had been omitted by mistake. 2. In book-keeping, an additional or subsequent entry. McCulloch. POST’ER, x. One who posts; also, a courier; one that travels expeditiously. 2. A large bill posted for advertising. POS-TE/RI-OR, a. [from L. posterus, from post, after ; Fr. postcricur.] 1. Later or subsequent in time. Hesiod was posterior to Homer. Broome. 2, Later in the order of proceeding or moving; coming after. [ Unfrequent.] POS-TE-RI-OR/I-TY, nm. [IFr. posteriorité. | The state of being later or subsequent; as, posteri- ority of time or of an event ; opposed to Priority. Hale. Subsequently in time. The hinder parts of an ani- mal body. Swift. POS-TER/I-TY, n. [Fr. posterité; L. posteritas, from posterus, from post, after. ] 1. Descendants ; children, children’s children, &c., indefinitely ; the race that proceeds froma progeni- tor. The whole human race are the posterity of Adam, 2. In a general sense, succeeding generations ; op- posed to Ancestors. POS-TE/RL-OR-LY, adv. POS-TE/RI-ORS, n. pl. To the unhappy, that unjustly bleed, Heaven gives posterity avenge the deed, POS/TERN, zx. post, behind.] 1. Primarily, a back door or gate ; a private en- trance ; hence, any small door or gate. Dryden. Locke. DF In fortification, a small gate, usually in the angle of the flank ofa bastion, or in that of the curtain or near the orillon, descending into the ditch. Encyc. Pope. [Fr. péterne, for posterne, from L. POS POST’HU-MOUS-LY, adv. POS’TI€, a. [L. posticus. | Backward. [Wot used. | Brown. POS'TIL, n. [It. postilla; Sp. postila; from L. post.) 1. A marginal note ; originally, a note in the mar- gin of the Bible, so called because Written after the text. Encyc. 2. In the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches, a homily to be read in public by clergymen who are incompetent to teach. The first postils were com- posed by order of Charlemagne. Luther also wrote postils, The books of homilies in the English church were postus under another name. Murdock. POS'TIL, v. t. [It. postillare.] To write marginal notes; to gloss; to illustrate with marginal notes. ‘acon. POS'TIL-ED, pp. Illustrated with marginal notes. POS'TIL-ER, x. One who writes marginal notes ; one Who illustrates the text of a book by notes in the margin. POS/TIL-ING, ppr. Writing in marginal notes, POS/TIL-LATE, v. i. or ¢. Formerly, to preach by expounding Scripture, verse by verse, in regular order. ’ POS-TIL-LA’TION, n. preaching. POS'TIL-LA-TOR, n. verse by verse. POS-TILL/ION, (pés-til/yun,) 7. post-boy, from poste. One that rides and guides the first pair of horses in a coach or other carriage ; also, one that rides one of the horses, when one pair only is used, either in a coach or post-chaise. POST’ING, ppr. Setting up on a post; exposing the name or character to reproach hy public advertise- ment. 2. Placing : stationing. 3. Transferring accounts to a ledger, 4, Traveling with post-horses. POST'ING, n. The transferring of accounts to a ledger. 2. The traveling post, or with post-horses. POS/TiQUE,n. An ornament of sculpture superadded after the original design has been completed. POST-LI-MIN’L-AR, a [See Postiiminrum. POST-LL-MIN’I-OUS, Contrived, done, or existing subsequently ; as, a postliminious application. POST-LI-MIN’I-UM, ) n. {L. post, after, and limen, POST-LIM’LNY, § end, limit.] Postliminium, among the Romans, was the return of a person to his own country who had gone to so- journ in a foreign country, or had been banished or taken by an enemy. In the modern law of nations, the right of postliminy is that by virtue of which persons and things, taken by an enemy in war, are restored to their former After one’s decease. Exposition of Scripture in One who expounds Scripture, Henry, Brit. [Fr. postillon, a POS/TERN, a. Back; being behind ; private. se Dryden. POST-EX-IST’/ENCE, n. Subsequent or future exist- ence. Addison. POST’-FA€T, a. [L. post factum.] Relating to a fact that occurs after another 3 OF, as a noun, a fact that occurs after another. POST'-FINE, n. In English law, a fine due to the King by prerogative, after a licentia concordandi given in a fine of lands and tenements ; called also the K1nG’s stLver. Blackstone. [L. post, after, and fiz.] In grammar, a letter, syllable, or word, added to the end of another word ; a suffix. Parkhurst. To add or annex a letter, syllable, or word, to the end of another or principal word. Parkhurst. Added to the end of a word. Adding to the end of a word. [post and hackney.] A hired With speed or expedition. He traveled post-haste, that is, by an ellipsis, with post- haste. ; [post and horn.}| A horn or trum- pet carried and blown by a carrier of the public mail, or by a coachman. Cowper. A term applied to horses stationed at certain distances on a road for the rapid convey ance of couriers, passengers, &c, Sidney. A house where a post-office is kept for receiving and dispatching letters by public mails ; a post-office. [The latter word is now in gener- al use. | 2. A house where post-horses are kept. Posthumous. [Not used.] Watts. humatus, buried. ] 1. Born after the death of the father, or taken from the dead body of the mother ; as, a posthumous son or daughter, Blackstone. 2. Published after the death of the author; as, posthumous works. State, when coming again under the power of the nation to which they belonged. The sovereign of a country is bound to protect the person and the prop- erty of his subjects ; and a subject who has suffered the loss of his property by the violence of war, on being restored to his country, can claim to be reéstab- lished in all his rights, and to recover his property. sut this right does not extend, in all cases, to person- al effects or movables, on account of the difficulty of ascertaining their identity. Vattel. Du Ponceau. POST/MAN, n. A post or courier ; a Jetter-carrier. Granger. POST’MARK, n. The mark or stamp of a post-office on a letter. POST’MARK, v. t. To affix the stamp or mark of the post-office, as to letters, &c. POST/MAS-TER, n. The officer who has the super- intendence and direction of a post-office. 2. On the continent of Europe, one who provides post-horses. 3. In Merton College, Oxford, the scholars who are supported on the foundation are called Post- MASTERS Or Porrionists, (Portioniste.) Oxf. Guide. Postmaster-general is the chief officer of the post- office department, whose duty is to make contracts for the conveyance of the public mails and see that they are executed, and who receives the moneys arising from the postage of letters, pays the expenses, Keeps the accounts of the office, and superintends the whole department. POST-ME-RID'I-AN, a. MeripIAn,] Being or belonging to the afternoon ; as postmeridi- an sleep. acon. POST-MOR'TEM, after death. A post-mortem ex- amination of a body is one made after the death of the patient. POST’NATE, a. [L. post, after, and natus, born. ] Subsequent, [Little used. Taylor. POST’/-NOTE, x. [post and note.] In commerce, a promissory note issued by a bank, and made payable to order at some future specified time ; whence its name post-note. POST-NUP’TIAL, (-shal,) a. [post and nuptial.] Be- [L. postmeridianus. See 3. Being after one’s decease; as, a posthumous character. Addison. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE ing or happening after marriage; as, a postnuptial settlement on a wife, Kent. POST-OB/IT, n. [L. post and obitus.] . MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 830| POS 1. A bond in which the obligor, in consideration of having received a certain sum of money, binds him- self to pay a larger sum, on unusual interest, on the death of some specified individual from whom he has expectations. Bouvier. 9, Post-obit is used by physicians precisely like ost-mortem. POST/-OF-FICE, x. An office or house where letters are received for delivery to the persons to whom they are addressed, or to be transmitted to other places in the public mails. POST/-PAID, a. Having the postage paid, as a letter. POST-PONE’, v. t. [L. postpono; post, after, and pono, to put.] 1. To put off; to defer toa future or later time ; to delay ; as, to postpone the consideration of a bill o question to the afternoon, or to the following ay. 9. To set below something else in value or impor- tance. All other considerations should give way and be postponed to this. Locke. POST-PGON’ED, pp. Delayed; deferred to a future time ; set below in value. POST-PONE/MENT, n. The act of deferring to a future time ; temporary delay of business. T. Pickering. [Not in use. ] Johnson. fi Kent. POST-PON/ENCE, n. Dislike. O One who postpones. POST-PON/ING, ppr. Deferring to a future time. POST-PO-SI'/TION, (-zish’/un,)”. [post and position. | The state of being put back or out of the regular Mede. Placed after something else, POST-PON’ER, n. place. POST-POS'LTIVE, a. asa word. POST-RE MOTE’, a. [post and remote.] More re- mote in subsequent time or order. Darwin. POST-SCE/NI-UM, n. The back part of the stage. POT 5. The situation or disposition of the several parts of the body with respect to each other, or with re- spect to a particular purpose. He casts His eyes against the moon in most strange postures. Shak. The posture of a poetic figure is a description of the heroes in the performance of such or such an action. Dryden. 6. Disposition ; frame; as, the posture of the soul. Bailey. POS'TURE, v. t, To place in a particular manner; to dispose the parts of a body for a particular purpose. He was raw with posturing himself according to the direction of the chirurgeons. Brook. POS/TUR-ED, pp. Placed in a particular manner, POS/TURE-MAS-TER, n. One that teaches or prac- tices artificial postures of the body. Spectator. POS/TUR-ING, ppr. Disposing the parts of the body for a particular purpose. PO/SY, x. [Qu. poesy; or a collection, a cluster, from. the W. postaw, to collect. See Pose.) : 1. A motto inscribed on a ring, &¢. 2. A bunch of flowers. Spenser. POT, n. [Fr. pot; Arm. pod; Ir. pota; Sw. potta; Dan. potte; W. pot, a pot, and potel, a bottle ; poten, a pudding, the paunch, something bulging ; D. pot, a pot, a stake, a hoard ; potten, to hoard. | 1. A vessel more deep than broad, made of earth, or iron, or other metal, used for several domestic pur- poses, as, an iron pot for boiling meat or vegetables ; a pot for holding liquors; a cup; as, a pot of ale; an earthen pot for plants, called a jlower-pot, &c. 9. The quantity contained in a pot; as, a pot of ale, i. e€., a quart. 3. A sort of paper of small-sized sheets. To go to pot; to be destroyed, ruined, wasted, or expended. [4 low phrase.] ‘, v. t. To preserve seasoned in pots; as, potted fowl and fish. Dryden. 2, To inclose or cover in pots of earth. Mortimer. 3. To put in casks for draining: as, to pot sugar, Addison. ee ‘,n. [L. post, after, and scriptum, writ- ten. A paragraph added to a letter after it is concluded and signed by the writer; or any addition made to a book or composition after it had been supposed to be finished, containing something omitted, or something new occurring to the writer. Locke. Addison. POST’SERIPT-ED, a. Addedina postscript. ‘ J. Q. Adams. POST’-TOWN, zn. A town in which a post-office is established by law. 9. A town in which post-horses are Kept. POST/U-LANT, n. [See PosTuLaTE.] One makes a request or demand. POST/U-LATE, n. [L. postulatum, from postulo, to demand, from the root of posco, to ask or demand. The sense is, to urge or push. ] 1. A position i proof, or one which is considered as self-evident, or too plain to require illustration. Encyc. ing to axiom, which is a self-evident theorem. Olmsted. POST/U-LATE, v. t. without preof. [Little used. | Brown. 9. To invite ; to solicit; to require by entreaty. Burnet. 3. To assume ; to take without positive consent. The Byzantine emperors appear to have exercise nation, ‘ooke. iting. POST-U-LA/TION, x. [L. postulatio. | 1. The act of supposing without proof; gratuitou assumption. Hale. 2, Supplication ; intercession ; also, suit; cause. earson. Burnet, POST’U-LA-TO-RY, a. Assuming without proof. Brown. 9, Assumed without proof. POST-U-LA/TUM, Ne Addison. POS’TURE, nz. 1. In painting and sculpture, attitude ; the situatio of a figure with regard to the eye, and of the severé which action is expressed. posture of each member to its office. natural or artificial. us to exhibit ; artificial postures are such as are a sumed or learnt for particular purposes, or in partl ular occupations, as in dancing, fencing, &c. Addison. Enciyc. who or supposition assumed without 9. In mathematics, a self-evident problem, answer- [Supra.] To beg or assume d, or at least to have postulated, a sort of paramount supremacy over this T POST/U-LA-TED, pp. Assumed without proof; in- vited. POST’U-LA-TING, ppr. Assuming ; inviting ; solic- [L.] A postulate, which see. principal members with regard to each other, by Postures should be ac- commodated to the character of the figure, and the ] Postures are Natural postures are such as our ordinary actions and the occasions of life lead by taking it from the cooler and placing it in hogs- heads with perforated heads, from which the molas- ses percolates through the spongy stalk of a plantain leaf. Edwards, W. Indies. PO'TA-BLE, a. [Fr.; Low L. potabilis ; It. potabue ; from L. poto, to drink ; potus, drink, Gr. roros, from miv@, Tronat, to drink.) Drinkable; that may be drank; and potable. Rivers run potable gold. PO/TA-BLE, n. Something that may be drank. Philips, PO'/TA-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being drink- able. POT/AGE, 2. See PotTace. POT’A-GER, n. [from potage.] A porringer. Grew.. PO-TAG/RO,)n. A kind of pickle imported from the PO-TAR/GO, West Indies. King. POT/ALE, n. [pot and ale.] A name in some places given to the refuse from a grain distillery, used to fatten swine, POT-A-MOL’O-GY, 2. Noyos, discourse. } A treatise on rivers. PO'TANCE, n. With watchmakers, the stud in which the lower pivot of the verge is placed. Ash. Scott. POT’ASH, x. [pot and ashes; D. potasch ; G. pottas- che; Dan. potaske ; Fr. potasse-] The popular name of the vegetable fixed alkali in an impure state, procured from the ashes of plants by lixiviation and evaporation. The matter remain- ing after evaporation is refined in nace, and the extractive substance sipated. as, water fresh Bacon. Milton. (Gr. morapos, a river, and Ss ash are Wormwood and fumitory. Kirwan. Nicholson. Encye. the essential part of potash 1 metal is called Potassium, and the of science, is called PoTassa. PO-TAS/SA, n. or protoxyd of potassium. PO-TAS/SLUM, n. [Fr., from L. positura; pono, positus. | ‘ n According to Dr. Davy, 100 parts of potassa consis al of 86.1 parts of the basis, and 13.9 of oxygen. Med, Repos. gen of all substances known; itt other compound agent in chemical analysis. PO-TA'TION,n. [L. potatio. See PoraBLeE.] S- 1. A drinking or drinking bout. C- 2. A draught. 3. A’species of drink. Shak. Shak. PO/TA-TO-RY, a. POT’—-BEL-LI-ED, a. POT/-BEL-LY, 2. POT’-BOY, 2. POTCH, v. t. POT-€OM-PAN’ION, n. PO-TEEN’, 2. PO/TE-LOT, 2. PO'TENCE, zn. PO/TEN-CY, zn. a crucible or fur- burnt off or dis- Potash refined by heat is called PearvasH. The plants which yield the greatest quantity of pot- By the discoveries of Sir H. Davy, it appears that 3 a metallic oxyd; the alkali, in books The scientific name of pure potash The metallic basis of pure potash. Potassium has the most powerful affinity for oxy- akes it from every , and hence is a most important PO introduced into the British dominions by Sir Walter Ralegh or other adventurers in the 16th century; but it came slowly into use, and at this day is not much cultivated and used in some countries of Europe. In the British dominions and in the United States, it has proved one of the greatest blessings bestowed on man by the Creator. Pertaining to drinking ; as, pota- tory) power ‘ Having a prominent belly. A protuberant belly. A menial in a public house. [Fr. pocher, Eng. to poke.] 1. To thrust; to push. [Jot wsed.] 2. To poach; to boil slightly. [Not used. } An associate or companion in drinking ; applied generally to habitual hard drink- Irish whiskey. eTSe [Qu. G. pottloth, D. potlood, black lead. The sulphuret of molybdenum. Fourcroy. (Fr.] In heraldry, a cross whose ends resemble the head of a crutch; also called a Cros3 PoTENCE,. Encyc. [L. potentia, from potens; possum, posse. See PowEr.] 1. Power; physical power, energy, or efficacy 5 strength. Shak. 2. Moral power ; influence; authority. Now arriving Shak. At place of potency and sway 0’ th’ state. POTENT, a. [L. potens.] 1. Powerful; physically strong ; forcible ; effica- cious ; as, a potent medicine. Mocees once more his potent rod extends. 2, Powerful, in a moral sense; having great influ- ence ; as, potent interest ; a potent argument, - Decay of Piety. 3. Having great authority, control, or dominion ; as, a potent prince. Shak. PO'’TENT, n. A prince; a potentate. [Wot in use. ] Shak. 9, A walking-staff or crutch. [ot used.) Chaucer. PO’TENT-A-CY, x. Sovereignty. [JVot used. | Barrow. PO'TENT-ATE, n. [Fr. potentat; It. potentato. | A person who possesses great power or sway; 2 prince ; a sovereign ; an emperor, king, or monarch. Exalting him not only above earthly princes and ee but yle, above the highest of the celestial hierarchy. PO-TEN’TIAL, (-shal,) a. [L. potentialts. | 1. Having power to impress on us the ideas of cer- tain qualities, though the qualities are not inherent in the thing ; as, potential heat or cold. Encyc, 9, Existing in possibility, not in act. This potential and imaginary materia prima, can not exist with- out form. Ralesh. 3. Efficacious; powerful. [Vot in use.] Shak. Potential cautery, n surgery, is the destruction of vitality, and the production of an eschar in any part of the body by an alkaline or metallic salt, é&c., in- stead of a red-hot iron, the use of which is called actual cautery. Encye. Potential mode, in grammar, is that form of the verb which is sed to express the power, possibility, lib- erty, or necessity, of an action or of being ; as, I may go; he can write. This, in English, is not strictly a distinct mode, but the indicative or declarative mode affirming the power to act, instead of the act itself. I may go, Or can go, are equivalent to, I have power to Milton, go. PO-TEN’TIAL, 2. Any thing that may be possible. Bacon. Possibility; not actuality. Taylor. Bentley. PO-TEN'TIAL-LY, adv. In possibility ; not in act; not positively. This duration of human souls is only potentially Infinite, Bentley. PO-TEN-TIAL'LTY, 2. 9, In efficacy, not in actuality; as, potentially cold. Bovle. PO'TENT-LY, adv. Powerfully ; with great force or t energy. You are potently opposed. Shek. PO'/TENT-NESS, zn. Powerfulness; strength ; might. { Little used y | PO-TES/TA-TIVE, a. [from L. potestas. ] Authoritative. [ot used. ] Pearson. POT/GUN, for Poraun. [Vot used. | Swit POT’-HANG-ER, n. [pot and hanger.| A pot-hook. POTH’E-CA-RY ; contracted from APOTHECARY, and very vulgar. [See the latter.] POFH/ER, 7. This word is vulgarly pronounced e not ascertained.] ote os ee yn i ‘ Lae 9. Situation ; condition ; particular state with re- gard to something else; as, the posture of public af- fairs before or after a war. 3. Situation of the body ; as, an abject pusture. Milton. PO-TA/TO, n. [Ind. batatas.] bother. Its origin and affinities ar A plant and the esculent part of the root of the 1. Bustle; confusion ; tumult ; flutter. eae native of South America. Shak. Swift. Drayton. Solanum tuberosum, a The tuberous part of the root of this plant, which is usually called potato, constitutes one of the cheap- est and most nourishing species of vegetable food ; it is the principal food of the poor In some countries, * 9, A suffocating cloud. oe POFH/ER, v. i. Tomakea blustering, ineffectual ef- fort ; to make a stir. POFH’ER, v. t. To harass and perplex ; to puzzle. Locke. 4. State; condition. The fort is in a posture of defense, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— A and has often contributed to prevent famine. It was a ee NUGER, VI//CIOUS — € as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. > A = Eee meNRE Men ate ae ae - eee © POT’-HERB, zn. parsley, é&c. POFH’ER-ED, pp. POFH’ER-ING, ppr. POT’-HOOK, x. are hitng over the fire. Enciyc. of Dom. Econ. Harassed and perplexed. Perplexing ; puzzling. letter. Dryden. POT’-HOUSE, n. An ale-house. Warton. PO'TION, n. [Fr., from L. potio; poto, to drink. ] A draught; usually, a liquid medicine; a dose, Bacon. Milton. POT’-LID, 1. The lid or cover of a pot. Derham. POT/LUCK, n. ‘ POT’-MAN, n. A pot-companion. [{ dinner. POT’-MET-AL, x. A name vulgarly given to the metal from which iron pots are made, from an erro- neous idea that it is something different from com- mon pig iron. Wilcor. POT’SHERD, ) x. [pot and Sax. sceard, a fragment, POT’SHARE,$ from Scearan, to shear; D. potscherf; G. scherbe. A piece or fracment of a broken pot. Job ii. POT’ST'ONE, n. Potstone is a variety of steatite, sometimes manufactured into culinary vessels. Clearecland. Brande. POT'TAGE, n. [from pot; Fr. id.; It. potaggio; Port. potarem ; W. potes; Arm. podaich. The early orthog- raphy PotaGce would be preferable. ] A species of food made of meat boiled to softness in water, usually with some vegetables or sweet herbs. POT’TED, pp. or a. Preserved or inclosed in a pot; drained in a cask. Edwards, POT’TER, ». [from pot.) One whose occupation is to make earthen vessels, Dryden. Mortimer. POT’TER. See Pupper. POT’TERN-ORE, n. A species of ore, which, from its aptness to vitrify like the glazing of potter’s ware, the miners call by this name, oyle. POT’ TER’S-€LA Y,n. A variety of clay used by pot- ters. POT’TER-Y, n. (Fr. poterie; from pot. ] 1. The vessels or ware made by potters; earthen wire, glazed and baked. 2. The place where earthen vessels are manufac- tured. POT’TING, n. [from pot.| Drinking; tippling. Shak. 2. A placing or preserving in a pot. 3. In the West Indies, the process of putting in casks for draining. Edwards. POT’TING, ppr. Placing or preserving in a pot; draining, as above ; drinking. POT?DRIGE, 7, [ W. potel, a bottle; from pot.] 1. A liquid measure of four pints. 2. A vessel; a pot or tankard. 3. More commonly now, a vessel or small basket for holding fruit. Smart. POT’U-LENT, a. [L. potulentus. | I]. Nearly drunk ; rather tipsy. 2. Fit to drink, POY-VALIIANT, a. [pot and valiant.| Courageous cver the cup; heated to valor by strong drink, Addison. POT WAL’/LOP-ER, n. A term applied to voters, in certain boroughs in England, where all who boil (wal- lop) a pot are entitled to vote. Encyc. Am. POT-WAL‘LOP-ING. a. A term applied to certain boroughs in England, where all who boiled a pot were entitled to vote, POUCH, n. [Fr. poche, a pocket or bag, a purse-net, the paunch ; [r. pucan; G. bauch, D. buik, Sw. bulk, Dan. big, the belly, from bulging and extending. ] I, A small bag; usually a leathern bag to be car- ried in the pocket. Swift. 2. A protuberant belly. 3, The bag or sack of a bird, as that of the peli- can. POUCH, v. t. To pocket ; to save. Tusser. 2. To swallow ; used of fowls, whose crop is called in French poche. 3. To pout. [Not used.] POUCH’ED, (poucht,) pp. Pocketed ; swallowed. POUCH/ING, ppr. Pocketing; saving; swallowing. POUCH’-MOUFH-ED, a. Blubber-lipped. [vt used, | sugar erham. Ainsworth. A term applied to herbs which are added to soups, stews, and various dishes, to increase their nutritious qualities, or to give them flavor, as A hook on which pots and kettles 2, A letter or character like a pot-hook 3 ascrawled What may chance to be provided for ROW POW household who had the charge of the poultry. Shakspeare uses Poutter. POUL/TICE, 2. TOXTOS.] parts of the body, &c. | POUL/TICE, »v. t To cover witha cataplasin. POUL'TIC-ED, (pol/tist,) pp. plasm or poultice. POUL'TIC-ING, ppr. Covering with a poultice. POUL!TIVE, for Pouttice, is not used. Temple. Bacon. POULT’RY, n. tfzom Fr. poule, a hen, dim. poulet ; c It. pollo, a chic en; pollame, poultry ; Sp. polla; L. pullus, a chicken, or other young animal; allied to Eng. foal; W. ebawl, eboles, a filly or colt; It. pollare, to sprout, L. pullulo.] Domestic fowls which are propagated and fed for the table, and for their eggs, feathers, &c., such as cocks and hens, capons, turkeys, ducks, and geese. POULT’RY-YARD, n. A yard or place where fowls are kept for the use of the table. POUNCE, (pouns,) n. (Fr. pierre-ponce, pumice-stone ; poncer, to rub with pumice-stone ; Arm. MAEN-PUNCT, pumice-stone.] 1. A fine powder used to prevent ink from spread- ing on paper, as sandarach pulverized. 2. Charcoal dust inclosed in some open stuff, as muslin, &c., to be passed over holes pricked in the work, to mark the lines or designs on a paper under- neath. This kind of pounce is used by embroiderers to transfer their patterns upon their stuffs, also by lace-makers, and sometimes by engravers. It is also used In varnishing. Cyc. 3. Cloth worked in eyelet-holes. Todd. POUNCE, v.t. To sprinkle or rub with pounce. POUNCE, n. [This word seems to be connected with the It. punzome, a bodkin, a punch, a push, which is from the L. punzo, whence Sp. punzar. The claw or talon of a bird of prey. POUNCE, v.i. To fall on suddenly ; to fall on and seize with the claws; with on or upon; as, a rapa- cious bird pounces on a chicken. POUNCE'’-BOX, n. A small box with a perforated lid, used for Sprinkling pounce on paper. Shak. POUNC’ED, (pownst,) pp. ora. Furnished with claws or talons, Thomson. 2. Sprinkled with pounce. POUN’CET-BOX. n. A small box with perforations on the top, to hold perfume for smelling. Shak. Toone. POUN’CING, ppr. Furnishing with claws. 2. Falling suddenly on, and seizing with the claws. 3. Sprinkling with pounce. POUND, n. [Sax. pund; Goth. Sw. and Dan. puna ; D. pond; G. pfund ; L. pondo, pondus, weight, a pound ; pendo, to weigh, to bend.] 1. A standard weight consisting of twelve ounces troy, Or sixteen ounces avoirdupois. 144 pounds ay- oirdupois are equal to 175 pounds troy weight. McCulloch. 2. A money of account, consisting of twenty shil- lings, the value of which is different in different countries. The pound sterling is equivalent to $4.4440, money of the United States. In New it England and Virginia, the pound is equal to $3.333 ; in New York, to $2.50. POUND, n. [Sax. pyndan, pindan, to confine. ] An inclosure, erected by authority, in which cattle or other beasts are confined when taken in trespass- ing, or going at large in violation of law ; a pinfold. POUND, v. t. Toconfine in a public ground. POUND, v.t. [Sax. punian ; W. poniaw, to beat and to load.] 1. To beat; to strike with some heavy instrument, and with repeated blows, soas to make an impres- sion. With cruel blows she pounds her blubbered checks. Dryden, 2. Formerly, in England, an officer of the king’s | POUND FOOL/ISH. [It. polta, pap, L. puls, pultis, Gr. A cataplasm ; a soft composition of meal, bran, or the like substance, to be applied to sores, inflamed Covered with a cata- The phrase penny wise and pound fovlish, signifies negligent in the care of large sums, but careful to save smal) sums, POUND'ING, ppr. Beating ; bruising ; pulverizing ; impounding, POUND/-KEEP-ER, pound. POUP’E-TON, n._ [Fr. poupce.] A puppet, or little baby. POU’PIE€S, n. In cookery, a mess of Victuals made of veal steaks and slices of bacon. Bailey. POUR, v. t. [W. bwrw, to cast, send, throw, thrust. 1. To throw, as a fluid, in a stream, either out of a vessel or into it ; as, to pour water from a paul, or out of a pail; to pour wine into a decanter. Pour ls ap- propriately, but not exclusively, applied to fluids, and signifies merely to cast or throw, and this sense is modified by out, from, in, into, agaist, on, upon, un- der, &c. It is applied not only to liquors, but to oth- er fluids, and to substances consisting of fine parti- cles; as, to pour a stream of gas or air upon a fire ; to pour out sand, It expresses particularly the be- stowing or sending forth in copiaus abundance. I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh. — Joel ii. nm One who has the care of a To pour out dust. — Ley, xiv. 2. To emit; to send forth in a stream or continued succession. London doth pour out her citizens. Shak, 3. To send forth ; as, to pour out words, prayers, or sighs ; to pour out the heart or soul. Ps. Ixii. 4. To throw in profusion or with overwhelming force. | I will shortly pour out my fury on thee. — Ezek. vii. | POUR, (pore,) v.% To flow ; to issue forth in a stream, or continued succession of parts; to move or rush, asacurrent. The torrent pours down from the moun- tain, or along the steep descent. 2. To rush in a crowd or continued procession. A ghastly band of giants, All pouring down the mount iin, crowd the shore. POUR’ED, pp. Sent forth ; thrown, as a fluid. POUR/ER, n. One that pours. POURING, ppr. Sending, as a fluid ; current or continued stream. Pope. driving in a POUR/LIEU. See Puruiev. i POUR-PRES’/TURE, a. [Fr. pour, for, and pris, taken. } In law, a wrongful inclosure or encroachment on another’s property. Encyc. Covel. POUR/SUY-VANT. See Pursurvanrt. POUR-VEY/ANCE. See Purveyancr. POUSSE ; corrupted from PuLsE, peas. Spenser. POUT, n. A sea-fish, of the Cod Kind, about a toot in length; also called the whiting pout. It has the power of inflating a membrane which covers the eyes and neighboring parts of the head. Partington. Yarrell. 2 A species or bird. Carew. 3. A fit of sullenness. porlagiiae POUT, v.i. [Fr. bouder ; allied probably to bud, pud- ding, Gr. Brzuvn, W. poten; from the sense of buig- ing or pushing out.] 1. To thrust out the lips, as in sullenness, contempt, or displeasure ; hence, to look sullen. Shak. 2. To shoot out ; to be prominent } aS, pouting lips. Dryden POUT'ING, ppr. Shooting out, as the lips, 2. Looking sullen. POUT’ING, n. Childish sullenness. POUT’ING-LY, adv. Ina pouting or sullen manner. POV/ER-TY, n. [Norm. pouerti; Fr. pauvreté; It. povertd; Sp. and Port. pobreza; L. paupertas. See el 1. Destitution of property ; indigence; want of convenient means of subsistence. The consequence of poverty is dependence. The drunkard and the glutton shall come to poverty. — Proy. XXII. 2. Barrenness of sentiment or ornament; defect ; as, the poverty of a composition. 2. To comminute and pulverize by beating; to bruise or break into fine parts by a heavy instru- ment; as, to pound spice or salt. Loud strokes with pounding spice the fabric rend, POUND/AGE, zn. [from pound.} A sum deducted Garth. : Zs Ainsworth. POU-CHONG/, (poo-shong’,) n. A kind of black tea. POU-DRETTE!, n. [Fr from a pound, or a certain sum paid for each pound. Swi E A very powerful manure, nade from the contents of necessaries dried and mixed with charcoal, gypsum, &c. Gardner. POUL/-DA-VIS, n. sort of sail-cloth. [Vot used. ] POULE. See Poot. [ Ainsworth. POULP, n. [Fr. Bae The English name of an eight-footed dibranchiate cephalopod, the octopus, nearly allied to the Sepia, or common cuttle fish. Kirby. POULT, 7. [Fr. poulet. See Povrtry.] + A young chicken, partridge, &c, [Little used. | cing. POUL/TER-ER, n. [Norm. poltaire. See Pouttry.] 1. One who makes it his business to sell fowls for the table, 3. Want; defect of words 3 as, the poverty of lan- gilage. POW'DER, n. [Fr. poudre, contracted fram pouldre; Arm. poultra; It. polvere ; Sp. polvo; L. pulvis. The G. has puder, and the D. poeder, but whether from the same source I know not. Pulvis is probably from pulso, pulto, to beat. ] 1. Any dry substance composed of minute parti- 2. In England, a subsidy of 12d. in the pound, for- merly granted to the crown on all goods exported or imported, and if by aliens, more. Blackstone. POUND/-BREACH, nm. ‘The breaking of a public pound for releasing beasts confined in it. Blackstone. POUND’/ED, pp. or a. Beaten or bruised with a heavy instrument: pulverized or broken by pounding, 2. Confined in a pound ; impounded, POUND/ER, n. A pestle ; the instrument of pounding. 2. A person or thing denominated from a certain nuniber of pounds; as, a cannon is called a twelve- pounder ; & person of ten pounds annual income is called a ten-pounder, Jolinson. cles, whether natural or artificial 3 more generally, a substance comminuted or triturated to fine particles, Thus dust is the powder of earth ; flour is the powder of grain. But the word is particularly applied to Substances reduced to fine. particles for medicinal purposes. 2. A composition of Saltpeter, sulphur, and char- coal, mixed and granulated ; gunpowder. 3. Hair-powder; pulverized starch. Powder of Algaroth. See ALGARoTH. POW’DER, v.t. To reduce to fine particles ; to com- minute ; to pulverize ; to triturate ; to pound, grin¢, or rub into fine particles. 2. To sprinkle with powder; as, to powder the 3. A large pear. Dryden. FATE, FAR, FALL, W 653 Jenene wo, HAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE. DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK.— hair. See ——————POW’DER-€CART, nx. POW POZ PRA 3. To sprinkle with salt; to corn, as meat. : Under this sense may be comprehended civil, po- hardens under water. They are from Pozzuoli, in OCDE ; Bacon. litical, ecclesiastical, and military power. Italy. Brande. P. Cye DER, v.i. To come violently. (Nor see] 13, A sovereign, whether emperor, king, or gov- | PRA€’TIE€, for Pracricar, is not in use. It was for- , : : ’Estrange. erning prince, or the legislature of a State; as, the merly used for Practicar; and Spenser us sit i POW’DER-BOX, n. A box in which hair-powder is| powers of Europe; the great powers; the smaller| the sense of artful. , nee ast Kept. Gay. powers. In this sense, the state or nation governed | PRAAM, (pram,) 7. [D.] A flat-bottomed boat or A cart that carries powder and shot for artillery. POW'DER-CHEST, x, A small box or case charged with powder, old nails, &c., fastened to the side of a ship, to be discharged at an enemy attempting to board. Mar. Dict. POW'DER-ED, pp. ora. Reduced to powder ; sprink- fed with powder ; corned; salted. POW'DER-FLASK, n. A flask in which gunpowder is carried. POW'DER-HORN, mn. A horn in which gunpowder is carried by sportsmen. Swift. POW'DER-ING, ppr. Pulverizing ; sprinkling with powder ; corning; salting. POW!/DER-ING-TUB, zn. A tub or vessel in which meat is corned or salted. 2. The place where an infected lecher is cured. Shak. POW/DER-MILL, zn. A mill in which gunpowder is made. Arbuthnot. POW!/DER-MINE, nn. A cave or hollow in which powder is piaced to be fired at a proper time. Rowley. POW’/DER-ROOM, x2. The apartment in a ship where gunpowder Is Kept. Waller. POW’DER-Y, a. Friable; easily crumbling to pieces. 2. Dusty ; sprinkled with powder. 3. Resembling powder. POW!DIKE, x. A marsh or fen dike. [Zocal.] POW/ER, n. [Fr. powvoir; Norm. povare; from the root of Sp. and Port. poder, It. podere; or rather the same word varied in orthography. The Latin has posse, possum, potes, potentia. The primary sense of the verb is, to strain, or exert force. ] 1. In a philosophical sense, the faculty of doing or performing any thing; the faculty of moving or of producing a change in something ; ability or strength. A man raises his hand by his own power, or by povw- er moves another body. ‘I'he exertion -of power pro- ceeds from the will, and, in strictness, no being des- titute of will or intelligence can exert power. Pow- er in man is active or speculative. Active power is that which moves the body ; speculative power is that by which we see, judge, remember, or, in general, by which we think. Power may exist without exertion. We have pov- er to speak when we are silent. Locke. Reid. Power has been distinguished also into active and passive, the power of doing or moving, and the power of receiving impressions or of suffering. In strict- ness, passive power is an absurdity in terms. To say that gold has a power to be melted, is improper lan- guage ; yet for wantof a more appropriate word, pow- er is often used in a passive sense, and is considered as twofold ; viz., as able to make, or able to receive, any change. Cyc. 9, Force; animal strength; as, the power of the arm, exerted in lifting, throwing, or holding. 3. Force; strength; energy; as, the power of the mind, of the imagination, of the fancy. He has not powers of genius adequate to the work. 4, Faculty of the mind, as manifested by a partic- ular mode of operation ; as, the power of thinking, comparing, and judging; the reasoning powers. 5. Ability, natural or moral. We say, a man has the power of doing good ; his property gives him the power of relieving the distressed ; or, he has the pow- er to persuade others to do good ; or, it is not in his power to pay his debts, The moral power of man is also his power of judging or discerning in moral sub- jects. 6. In mechanics, that which produces, or tends to produce, motion. Itis opposed to the weig —or that which is acted upon. [See also Mecuann. « Pow- ERS, | 7. In optics, the degree to which a convex lens, or concave mirror, magnifies. Olmsted. 8, Force. The great power of the screw is of ex- tensive use in compression. The power of steam is immense. 9. That quality in any natural body which pro- duces a change, or makes an impression on another body ; as, the power of medicine ; the power of heat ; the power of sound. 10. Force; strength; momentum; as, the power of the wind, which propels a ship or overturns & building. 11. Influence; that which may prove the mind ; as, the power of arguments or of persuasion. 12. Command; the right of governing, or actual government ; dominion ; rule; sway ; authority. A large portion of Asia is under the power of the Rus- slan emperor. The power of the British monarch is limited by law. The powers of government are leg- islative, executive, judicial, and ministerial. Power is no blessing in itself, but when it is employed to protect the innocent. Swift, ea POW'/ER-FUL, a. POW!ER-FUL-LY, adv. seems to be included in the word power. Great Britain is a great naval power. 14. One invested with authority; a ruler; a civil magistrate. Rom. Xill- 15. Divinity ; a ceJestial or invisible being or agent supposed to have dominion over some part of crea- tion ; as, celestial powers ; the powers of da kness. 16. That which has physical power; an urmy; 2 navy; a host; a military force. Never such a power — Was levied in the body of a land. Shak. 17. Legal authority; warrant; as, a power of at- torney ; an agent invested with ample power. The envoy has full powers to negotiate a treaty. 18. In arithmetic and alvebra, the product arising from the multiplication of a number into itself; as, a cube is the third power; the biquadrate is the fourth power. Any number is called the jirst power of it- self. Hutton. 19. In Scripture, right; privilege. John i. 1 Cor. ix. 20. Angels, good or bad. Col. i. Eph. vi. 21. Violence ; force ; compulsion. Ezek. iv. 99, Christ is called the power of God, as through bim and his gospel, God displays his power and au- thority in ransoming and saving sinners. 1-Cor. i. 93. The powers of heaven may denote the celestial luminaries. Watt. xxiv. 94, Satan is said to have the power of death, as he introduced sin, the cause of death, temporal and eter- : , eal PRAC/TLEAL, a. nal, and torments men with the fear of death and fu- ture misery. 95. In vulgar language, a large quantity ; a great number}; as, a power of good things. [This is, I believe, obsolete, even among our Com- mon people. | Power of attorney; a written authority given to a erson to act for another. Having great physical or mechan- ical power ; strong; forcible; mighty ; as, a power- ful army or navy ; a powerful engine, 9, Having great moral power ; forcible to persuade or convince the mind; as, a powerful reason or ar- gument. 3. Possessing great political and military power ; strong in extent of dominion or national resources ; potent ; as, a powerful monarch or prince ; a povwer- Ful nation. 4. Efficacious ; possessing or exerting great force or producing great effects; as, a powerful medicine. 5. In general, able to produce great effects ; exert- ing great force or energy ; as, powerful eloquence. The word of God is quick and powerful. — Heb. iv. 6. Strong; intense; as, a powerful heat or light. With great force or energy ; potently ; mightily ; with great effect ; forcibly ; ei- ther in a physical or moral sense. Certain medicines operate powerfully on the stomach; the practice of virtue is powerfully recommended by its utility. POW/ER-FUL-NESS, n. The quality of having or exerting great power ; force; power ; might. Hakewill. POW’ER-LESS, a. Destitute of power, force, or en- ergy ; Weak; impotent; not able to produce any ef- fect. Shak. POW’ER-LESS-NESS, n. Destitution of power. Chalmers. POW/ER-LOOM, z. A loom worked by water, steam, or some mechanical power, POW’ER-PRESS, n. A printing press worked by steam, water, or other power. POWL/DRON, n. [Qu. Fr. epaule, the shoulder. ] In heraldry, that part of armor which covers the shoulders. Sandys. POW’TER,) 7. A variety of the common domestic POU’TER, pigeon, with an inflated breast. Ed. Enciye. POW!WOW,)2- Among the Vorth American Indians, PAW/WAW, a priest, or conjurer. Hence, "9, Conjuration performed for the cure of diseases and other purposes, attended with great noise and confusion, and often with dancing. arver. POX, n. [A corruption of pocks, Sax. poc or poce, D. pok, that 1s, a push, eruption, or pustule, It is prop- erly a plural word, but by usage is singular. } Strictly, pustules or eruptions of any kind, but chiefly or wholly restricted to three or four diseases, the small-pox, chicken-pox, the vaccine, and the venereal diseases. Por, when used without an ep- ithet, signifies the latter, lues venerea. A rope-dancer’s pole. POZE, for Pose, to puzzle. [See Posr.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; 8 as POZ-ZU-O-LA'NA, | 2. POZ-ZO-LA'NA, manufacture of mortar, which PRAG-TLCA-BIL/L-TY, ) 2. PRA€/TL€A-BLE-NESS, PRA€/TI-€A-BLE, a. PRA€/TLEA-BLY, adv. POY,7. (Sp. apoyo, a prop oF stay, Fr. apput. The verb signifies, to bear or lean upon, from the root of poize.| Volcanic ashes, used in the Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. lighter; used in Holland and the Baltic for convey- ing goods to and froma vessel, in loading and un- loading. : {from practicable.] The quality or state of being practicable ; feasibility. Fr. practicable ; It. practicabile ; | Sp. practicable. See Practice. 1. That may be done, effected, or performed by | human means, or by powers that can be applied. It | is sometimes synonymous with Possrrie, but the | words differ in this ; possible is applied to that which | might be performed, if the necessary powers OF | means could be obtained ; practicable is limited in its application to things which are to be performed by the means given, or which may be applied. It was possible for Archimedes to lift the world, but it was not practicable. 2, That may be practiced ; as, a practicable virtue. Dryden, 3. That admits of use, or that may be passed or traveled; as, a practicable road. In military affairs, a practicable breach is one that can be entered by troops. Mitford. Where the passage over the Euphrates is most practcable. Murphy. In such a manner as may be performed. ‘ A rule practicably applied before his eyes,” is not correct language. It is probably a mis- take for practically. Rogers. [L. practicus; It. pratico; Fr. pratique; Sp. practico. See Practice.) 1. Pertaining to practice or action. . 2. Capable of practice or active use 5 opposed to SPECULATIVE ; as, a practical understanding. South, 3. That may be used in practice ; that may be ap- plied to use ; as, practical knowledge. Tillotson. 4. That reduces his knowledge or theories to actu- al use ; as, a practical man. 5. Derived from practice or experience; as, practi- cal skill or Knowledge. PRA€/TLEAL JOKE, zx. A irick played upon some one, usually to the injury or annoyance of his per- son. PRAO'TI-€AL-LY, adv. In relation to practice. 2. By means of practice or use; by experiment ; as, practically wise or skillful. 3. In practice or use; as, a medicine practically safe; theoretically wrong, but practically right. PRA€'TI-EAL-NESS, ) nx. The quality of being prac- PRA€-TI-EAL'L-TY, tical. PRA€/TICE, (prak'tis,) ~. (Sp. practica; It. pratica; Fr. pratique ; Gr. tpax7txn, from the root of moac7m, moarrw, to act, to do, to make. The root of this verb is mpay, or pax, as appears by the derivatives Tpaypa, mpaxrixn, and from the same root, in other languages, are formed G. brauchen, to use, brauck, use, practice; D. gebrutken, to use, employ, enjoy ; bruiker, a tenant, one that occupies a farm ; Sax. bru- can, to use, to enjoy, to eat; whence Eng. to brook, and broker; Dan. bruger, to use or employ; brug, use, practice; Sw. bruka; L. fruor, for frugor, or frucor, whence fructus, contracted into fruit; It. freacair, use, practice, frequency 5 L. frequens. The W. praith, practice, preithiaw, to practice, may be the same word, with the loss of the palatal letter c or g.] 1, Frequent or customary actions; a succession of acts of a similar kind or in a like employment; as, the practice of rising early or of dining late; the practice of reading a portion of Scripture morning and evening; the practice of making regular entries of accounts; the practice of virtue or vice. Habit is the effect of practice. 2. Use; customary use, Obsolete words may be revived when they are more sounding or significant than those in practice. en. 3, Dexterity acquired by use. [ Unusual. Shak. 4, Actual performance ; distinguished from THE- ORY. There are two functions of the soul, contemplation and practice, according to the general division of objects, some of which only entertain our speculations, others employ our actions. South. 5. Application of remedies ; medical treatment of diseases. Two physicians may differ widely in their practice. : 6. Exercise of any profession; as, the practice of law or of medicine; the practice of arms. ine 7. Frequent use ; exercise for instruction or disci- pline. The troops are daily called out for practice. 8, Skillful or artful management ; dexterity in con- trivance or the use of means; art ; stratagem ; arti- fice ; usually in a bad sense. He sought to have that by practice which he could not by ay — [This use of the word is genuine; Sp. practico, | 803int le i pe ee sa Se ee’ 5 PRA skillful, It. pratico; like erpert, from L. expertor. It is not a mistake, as Johnson supposes. See the verb. } 9, A rule in arithmetic, by which the operations of the general rules are abridged in use. PRAC’TICE, v.t. [From the noun. The orthography of the verb ought to be the same as that of the noun ; as In notice and to notice, } 1. To do or perform frequently, customarily, or ha- bitually ; to perform by a succession of acts; as, to practice gaming; to practice fraud or deception; to practice the virtues of charity and beneficence; to practice hypocrisy. Js. xxXii. Many praise virtue who do not practice it. 2. To use or exercise any profession or art; as, to practice law or medicine ; to practice gunnery or sur- veying. 3. To use or exercise for instruction, discipline, or dexterity. in this sense, the verb is usually intransitive. | - To commit ; to perpetrate ; as, the horrors prac- Anon. liced at Wyoming. Marshall. 9. To use; as, a practiced road. [ Unusual.] Mitford. PRA€/TICE, v.%. To perform certain acts frequently or customarily, either for instruction, profit, or amuse- ment ; as, to practice with the broadsword ; to prac- tice With the rifle. 2. To form a habit of acting in any manner. They shall practice how to live secure. Milton, 3. To transact or negotiate secretly. I have practiced with him, And found meaiis to let the victor know That Syphax and Sempronius are his friends. Addison. 4. To try artifices. Others, by guilty artifice and arts Of promised kindness, practiced on our hearts. 5. To use eyil arts or stratagems. If you there Did practice on my state. 6. To use medical methods or experiments. Tam little inclined to practice on others, and as little that others should practice on me. Temple. Granville. 7. To exercise any employment or profession. physician has practiced many years with success. PRA€/TIC-ED, (prak’tist,) pp. Done bya repetition of acts; customarily performed or used. 2, a. Having had much practice; as, a practiced orator, PRAC€’TI-CER, n. One that practices ; one that cus- A PRA PR-TEX’TA, n. [L.] A white robe with a purple border, worn by a Roman boy before he was entitled to wear the toga virilis, or until about the completion of his fourteenth year. It was worn by girls until their marriage. Smith’?s Dict. PRAc/TOR, x. See Prertor. PRAS-TO/RI-UM, nx. [from pretor.] That part of a Roman camp in which the general’s tent stood. Brande. 2. A hall of justice in Rome; also, a patrician’s seat or manor house, Elmes. PRAG-MAT"’I€, [L. pragmaticus ; Gr. roay- PRAG MAT’I€-AL, Hartkos, from mpaypa, busi- ness _7pacow, todo. See Practice.] 1. Forward to intermeddle; meddling; imperti- nently busy or officious in the concerns of others, without leave or invitation. a. The fellow grew so pragmatical, that he took upon him the gov- ernment of my whole family. Arbuthnot. 2. In German writers, a pragmatic history is a his- tory which exhibits clearly the causes and the con- sequences of events. Murdock. Pragmatic sanction: aterm derived from the By- zantine empire, denoting a solemn ordinance or de- cree of the head or legislature of a state upon weighty matters. In European history, two decrees under this name are particularly celebrated. One of these, issued by Charles VII. of France, A. D. 1438, was the foundation of the liberties of the Gallican church; | the other, issued by Charles VI. of Germany, A. D. 1724, settled his hereditary dominions on his eldest daughter, the archduchess Maria Theresa. P. Cyc. PRAG-MAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. In a meddling manner ; impertinently. 2. In a manner that displays the connection and causes of occurrences. Murdock. PRAG-MAT’I€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of inter- meddling without right or invitation. PRAG/MA-TIST, n. One who is impertinently busy or meddling. Reynolds. PRAI/RIE, (pra/re,) n. [Fr. prairie. An extensive tract of land, mostly level, destitute of trees, and covered with tall, coarse grass. ‘These prairies are numerous in the United States, west of the Alleghany Mountains, especially between the Ohio, Mississippi, and the great lakes. PRAI/RIE-DOG, n. A small rodent animal, the spermophilus ludivicianus, allied to the marmot, and found on the prairies west of the Mississippi. These animals live beneath the ground, in large warrens, containing many hundred, and arecharacterized by a tomarily performs certain acts. 2. One who exercises a profession. PRACTITIONER is generally used. PRA€/TI-CLNG, ppr. Performing or using customarily ; exercising, as an art or profession. PRA€’/TI-CING, a. Engaged in the use or exercise of any profession ; as, a practicing physician or at- torney. PRA€/TISANT, 7. An agent. [ot used. | PRA€’TISE, v. t. andi. See Practice. [There is no reason why the noun and verb should not both be spelled with c, as in notice, sacrifice, ap- prentice, and all like cases where the accent precedes the last syllable. The distinction in spelling between the noun and the verb properly belongs only to words which are accented on the last syllable, as device and devise, where the verb has the sound of ize. The spelling practise tends to give it the same sound, as we see in uneducated persons ; and hence it is desirable to follow the regular analogy and write the noun and verb alike. ] : PRA€-Ti!//TION-ER, (prak-tish’un-er,) m. One who is engaged in the actual use or exercise of any art or profession, particularly in law or medicine. 2. One who does any thing customarily or habitu- ally. Whitoifte. 3. One that practices sly or dangerous arts. South. PRAC'I-PE, (pres/i-py,) n. {L.] In law, a writ com- manding something to be done, or requiring a reason for neglecting it. PR&-€OG'NI-TA, nz. pl. {L., before known.] Things previously known in order to understand something else. Thus a knowledge of the structure of the hu- man body is one of the precognita of medical science and skill. PR/EM-U-NI/RE, (prem-yu-ni’re) 7. [A corruption of the L. premonere, to pre-admonisb. | 1. A writ, or the offense for which it is granted. The offense consists in introducing a foreign author- ity or power into England ; that is, introducing and maintaining the papal power, creating imperium in imperio, and yielding that obedience to the mandates of the pope, which constitutionally belongs to the King. Both the offense and the writ are so denomi- nated from the words used in the Writ, premunire Jacias, cause A B to be forewarned to appear before us to answer the contempt wherewith he stands charged. Blackstone. Encyc. 2. The penalty incurred by infringing a statute. South. PRIENOMEN, n. [L. Among the Romans, the first name of a person, by which individuals of the same family were distinguished. In this sense Shak. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE PRAISE, v. t. sharp bark, like that of asmall dog. Kirby. W. Irving. PRAIS/A-BLE, (praz/a-bl,) a. That may be praised. [Not used. ] Wiclif. PRAISE, (praze,) n. [D. prys, praise and price ; preis, praise, price, prize, value; Dan. priis, Sw. pris, id. ; W. pris, price, value ; Fr. priz; It. prezzo; Sp. precio, price, value ; presa, a prize; W. prid; L. pretium; Sp. prez, glory, praise; Scot. prys, praise and prize. See the verb. ] I, Commendation bestowed on a person for his personal virtues or worthy actions, on meritorious actions themselves, or on any thing valuable ; appro- bation expressed in words or song. Praise may be expressed by an individual, and in this circumstance differs from Famer, Renown, and CreLesrity, which are the expression of the approbation of numbers, or public conimendation. When praise is applied to the expression of public approbation, it may be Synonymous with Renown, or nearly so, A man may deserve the praise of an individual, or of a nation. There are men who always confound the praise of goodness with the practice. fambler. 2. The expression of gratitude for personal favors conferred ; a glorifying or extolling. He hath re new song into my mouth, even praise to our God. 3. Xi. 3. The object, ground, or reason, of praise. He is thy praise, and he is thy God. — Deut. x. [D. pryzen, to praise; priyzeeren, to estimate or value ; G. preisen, to praise; Dan. priser, to praise, extol, or lift up; Sw. prisa: W. prisiaw; Arm. presa; Fr, priser, to prize, to value ; It. prez- zare; Sp. preciar; Port. prezar, to estimate ; prezarse, to boast or glory. It appears that praise, price, prize, are all from one root, the primary sense of which iS, to lift, to raise, or rather to strain. So from L. tollo, extollo, we have extol. Now, in Dan. roser, Sw. rosd, signifies to praise, and it may be questioned whether this is praise without a prefix. The Latin pretium, W. prid, is probably from the same root, denoting that which is taken for a thing sold, or the rising or amount, as we use high; a high value or price ; corn Oo is high. In Pers. 5553! afaraz, is high, lofty ; Or =U = 25S y5 afrazidan, to extol. Qu. Fr. préner, for prosner.] a manner deserving of commendation. Spenser. PRAISE’WOR-FHI-NESS, n. The quality of deserv- Ing commendation. Smith. PRAISE’/WOR-FHY, (praze/wur-the,) a. PRAIS/ING, ppr. PRAM, PRAME, PRANCE, (prans,) v. 7. PRXANCO’ING, (prans/ing,) PRANC’/ING, n. PRANK, ». t. PRANK, n. PRANh, a. PRANK’ED, ) PRANKT, PRANK’ER, nz. PRANK’ING, ppr. PRANK’ING, n. PRANK/ISH, a. PRASE,n. Asilicious mineral; a subspecies of quartz, PRAS/I-NOUS, a. PRA/S ON, (pra/sn,) n. A PRATE, v. i. » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1. To commend ; to applaud ; to express approba- tion of personal worth or actions. We praise not Hector, though his name we know Is great in arms; tis hard to praise a foe. Dryden. 2. To extol in words or song; to magnify ; to glorify on account of perfections or excellent works. Praise him, all his angels; praise ye him, all his hosts. — Ps. cxl viii. 3. To express gratitude for personal favors. Ps. CXXXVili. 4. To do honor to; to display the excellence of. All thy works shall praise thee, O Lord. — Ps. cxly. PRAIS/ED, (prazd,) pp. Commended ; extolled. PRAISE/FUL, a. Laudable ; commendable. [Wot used. | Sidney. PRAIS’ER, n. One who praises, commends, or extols ; an applauder ; a commender. Sidney. Donne. PRAISE’LESS, a.. Without praise or commendation. Sidney. PRAISE/WOR-FHI-LY, (praze/wur-the-le,) adv. In Deserving of praise or applause; commendable; as, a pratse- worthy action. Arbuthnot. extolling in words [or song. Commending ; n. [D. praam.] 1. A flat-bottomed boat or lighter ; used in Holland for conveying goods to or from a ship in loading or unloading. [See Praam. Encyc. 2. In military affairs, a kind of floating battery or flat-bottomed vessel, mounting several cannon; used in covering the disembarkation of troops. Encyc. [W. prancizw, to frolic, to play a prank, from vhanc, a reaching or craving, the same as rank; Ir. rincim, to dance; Port. brincar, to sport; Sp. brincar, to leap. It is allied to grank, which see.] I. To spring or bound, as a horse in high mettle. Gay, 2. To ride with bounding movements; to rid ostentatiously. Now rule thy prancing steed. Addison. 3. To walk or strut about in a showy manner or with warlike parade. Swift. Springing ; Th’ insulting tyrant prancing o’er the field. 7. (Ol; (as bounding ; riding with gallant show. A springing or bounding, as of a high-spirited horse. Jud@. vy. [If n is not radical, this word coincides with G. pracht, D. and Dan. pragt, Sw. prackt, pomp, magnificence; also with G. prangen, to shine, to make a show ; D. pronken, to shine or make a show, to be adorned, to strut; Dan. pranger, to prance, to make a show, to sell by retail; the latter sense per- haps from breaking ; Sw. prunka. So in Port. brincar, to sport ; Sp.id.to leap. These are evidently the Ar. Gye baraka, to adorn, to lighten. Prink is probably from the same root. ] To adorn in a showy manner; to dress or adjust to ostentation. In sumptuous tire she Joyed herself to prank. Milton. It is often followed by up. And me, poor lowly maid, Most goddess-like prankt up. Shak. [W. pranc.] 1, Properly,a sudden start or sally. [See Prance.] Hence, a wild flight; a capering ; a gambol. 2. A capricious action ; a ludicrous or merry trick, or a mischievous act, rather for sport than injury. Children often play their pranks on each other. In cme the harpies and played their accustomed pranks. Ralegh. Frolicsome ; full of gambols or tricks. Brewer. pp. Adorned in a showy manner, One that dresses ostentatiously. Setting off or adorning for display. Ostentatious display of dress. Full of pranks. More. of a leek-green color. [L. prasinus.] Grass green; clear lively green, without any mix- ture. Lindley. Cleaveland. [Gr. mpacoy.] leek ; alsu, a sea-weed green as a leek. Bailey. [D. praaten, to prate; Sw. prata, to tattle ; ec ¢padaw. Qu. allied perhaps to Sax. red, speech. To talk much and without weight, or to little pur- pose ; to be loquacious ; as the vulgar express it, to TUT ON. To An Shak, Dryden. Pie nod talk for life and honor. d make a fool presume to prate of love. a OE B54PRE PRE PRATE, v.t. To utter foolishly. W hat nonsense would the fool, thy master, prate, 1 When thou, his knave, canst talk at sucha rate Dryden, PRA''E, x. Continued talk to little purpose ; trifling talk ; unmeaning loquacity. hak. Denham. PRAT’ER, xn. One that talks much to little purpose, or on trifling subjects. Southern. PRAT’ING, ppr- or a. Talking much on a trifling subject; talking idly. PRAT/ING, nx. Foolish, idle talk. PRAT/ING-LY, adv. With much idle talk ; loquacity. PRAT/YQUE, (prat/eek,) n. [It. pratica; Sp. practica ; Fr. pratique. See Practice.] In commerce, primarily, converse ; intercourse ; the communication between a shipand the port in which she arrives. Hence, a license or permission to hold intercourse and trade with the inhabitants of a place, after having performed quarantine, or upon a certificate that the ship did not come from an in- fected place ; a term used particularly in the south of Europe, where vessels coming from countries in- fected with contagious diseases are subjected to quarantine. PRAT’/TLE, v. i. [dim. of prate.] To talk much and idly ; to be loquacious on trifling subjects. Locke. Addison. This word is particularly applied to the talk of children. PRAT’TLE, nz. subjects. with Trifling talk; loquacity on trivial Mere pratile, without practice, Is all his soldiership. Shak, PRAT!/TLE-MENT, zn. Prattle. Hayley. PRAT/TLER,n. An idle talker. Herbert. PRAT‘TLING, ppr. or a. much on trivial affairs. PRAV/LTY, 2. [L. pravitas, from pravus, crooked, ev Talking il. Deehen from right ; moral perversion ; want of rectitude; corrupt state; as, the pravity of human nature ; the pravity of the will. Milton. South. PRAWN, x. A small, crustaceous animal of the shrimp family, with a serrated beak or snout bend- ing upward. It is highly prized for food. P. Cyc. PRAX/IS, n. [Gr. See Practics.] Use; practice. Coventry. 2, An example or form to teach practice. Lowth. PRAY, v.i. [Fr prier; It. pregare; L. precor; Russ. prochu; allied, perhaps, to the Sax. fregnan, G. fra- gen, D. vraagen, Sw. fraga, to ask, L. proco. This word belongs to the same family as preach and re- proach, Heb. Ch. Syr. Eth. and Ar. 772, to bless, to reproach ; rendered in Job ii. 9, to curse ; properly, to reproach, to rail at, or upbraid, W. rhegu. The primary sense is, to throw, to pour forth sounds or dd words; for the same word in Arabic, Sy baraka, signifies to pour out water, as in violent rain, Gr. Boexw. (See Rain.) As the oriental word signifies to bless, and to reproach or curse, so, in Latin, the same word, precor, signifies to supplicate good or evil, and precis signifies a prayer and a curse. (See ImpRECATE.) Class Brg, No. 3, and see No. 4, 6, 7, 8.) 1. To ask with earnestness or zeal, as for a favor, or for something desirable ; to entreat; to supplicate. Pray for them who despitefully use you and persecute you. — PRAY’ED, (prade,) pret. and pp. of Pray. PRAYER 2. In’a< Kee ‘ PRAY’ER-BOOK, 2. PRAY’/ER-LESS-LY, adv. PRAY/ER-LESS-NESS, n. PRAY/ING, ppr. PRAY/ING-LY, adv. In a general sense, the act of asking for a favor, and particularly with earnestness. 2. In worship, a soleran address to the Supreme Being, consisting of adoration, or an expression of our sense of God’s glorious perfections, confession of our sins, supplication for mercy and forgiveness, inter- cession for blessings on others, and thanksgiving, or an expression of gratitude to God for his mercies and benefits. A prayer, however, may consist of a single petition, and it may be extemporaneous, written, or printed. 3. A formula of church service, or of worship, public or private. 4. Practice of supplication. As he is famed for mildness, peace, and prayer. Shak. 5. That part of a memorial or petition to a public body which specifies the request or thing desired to be done or granted, as distinct from the recital of facts or reasons for the grant ; the thing asked or re- quested. We say, the prayer of the petition is, that the petitioner may be discharged from arrest. P A book containing prayers or the forms of devotion, public or private. Swift. Pp PRAY’ER-FUL, a. Devotional; given to prayer; as, a prayerful frame of mind. Pp 2. Using much prayer. PRAY/ER-FUL-LY, adv. With much prayer. PRAY’/ER-FUL-NESS, n. PRAY’ER-LESS, a. The use of much prayer. Not using prayer; habitually neglecting the duty of prayer to God; as,a prayer- less family. The next time you go prayerless to bed. Barter. In a prayerless manner. Total or habitual neglect T. H. Skinner. Asking ; supplicating. 2. a. Given to prayer; as, a praying mother. With supplication to God. PRE, an English prefix, is the L. pre, before, probably a contracted word ; Russ. pred. It expresses priority of time or rank. It may be radically the same as the Italian proda, the prow of a ship; prode, profit, also valiant, whence prowess, from some root signifying to advance. It sometimes signifies beyond, and may be rendered very, as in prepotent. PRE/-A€-€U-SA'TION, n. Previous accusation. of prayer. PREACH, (preech,) v.i. [D. preeken; Fr. précher, for prescher; Arm. pregnein or prezecg 5 W. preg, a greet- ing; pregeth, a sermon ; pregethw, to preach, derived from the noun, and the noun from rheg, a sending out, utterance, a gift, a curse, imprecation ; rhecu, to send out, to give or consign, to curse; Heb. Ch, and Ar. 73 baraka, L. preco, a crier, Sax. fricca or fryc- cea, acrier. This is from the same root as pray, L. precor, and, with s prefixed, gives the G. sprechen, ° D. spreeken, Sw. spraka, to speak 5 Dan. sprog, speech. , Class Brg, No. 2, 3, 4, 5.] 1. To pronounce a public discourse on a religious subject, or from a text of Scripture. The word is usually applied to such discourses as are formed from a text of Scripture. This is the modern sense of preach. 9. To discourse on the gospel way of salvation, and exhort to repentance ; to discourse on evangelical truths, and exhort to a belief of them and acceptance of the terms of salvation. This was the extempora- neous manner of preaching pursued by Christ and lat. Vv. 2. To petition; to ask, as for a favor; as in appli- cation to a legislative body. 3. In worship, to address the Supreme Being with solemnity and reverence, with adoration, confession of sins, supplication for mercy, and thanksgiving for blessings received. When thou prayest, enter into thy closet, and when thou hast shut thy door, pray to thy Father, which is in secret, and thy Father, which seeth in secret, will reward thee openly. — Matt. vi. 4, Ipray, that is, I pray you tell me, or let me know, is a common mode of introducing a question. PRAY, v. t. To supplicate ; to entreat ; to urge We pray you in Christ’s stead, be ye reconciled to God. —2 Or. Ve 2. In worship, to supplicate ; to implore; to ask with reverence and humility. Repent therefore of this thy wickedness, and pray God, if per- haps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee.— Acts Vil. 3, To petition. The plaintiff prays judgment of the court, He that will have the benefit of this act, must pray a prohibition before a sentence in the ecclesiastical court. Ayxfe. 4, To ask or entreat in ceremony or form. Pray my colleague, Antonius, I may speak with him. B, Jonson. In most instances, this verb is transitive only by ellipsis. ‘To pray God, is used for to pray to God; to pray a prohibition, is to pray for a prohibition, &c.] To pray in aid, in law, is to call in for help one who has interest in the cause. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — his apostles. Matt. iv. x. Acts X. XIV. PREACH, v. t. To proclaim; to publish in religious discourses. What ye hear in the ear, that preach ye on the house-tops. — att, X. The Lord hath anointed me to preach good tidings to the meek, —Is. Ixi. 9. To inculcate in public discourses. I have preached righteousness in the great congregation. — Ps, 1. x He oft to them preached Conversion and repentance, 3. To deliver or pronounce; as, to preach a ser- mon. To preach Christ or Christ crucified ; to announce Christ as the only Savior, and his atonement as the only ground of acceptance with God. 1 Cor. 1. To preach up; to discourse in favor of. Milton. Can they preach up equality of birth ? Dryden. PREACH, x. Areligious discourse. [Vot used. | Hooker. (pp. pronounced preecht, and PREACH’ED, pp. or a. | announced in public a. preech/ed.) Proclaimed ; discourse ; inculcated. PREACH'ER, n. One who discourses publicly on re- ligious subjects. : Bacon. 9, One that inculcates any thing with earnestness. No preacher is listened to but time, Swift. PREACH/ER-SHIP, n. The office of a preacher. Hall, {Vot used. | PREACH/ING, ppr. course ; inculcating. Proclaiming ; publishing in dis- PREACH/ING, 2. religious discourse. PREACH'MAN, n. PREACH/MENT, n. tempt ; a discourse affectedly solemn. PRE-AC-QUAINT’ANCE, n. Previous acquaintance or knowledge. i PRE-A€-QUAINT’ED, a. Previously acquainted. PRE-AD-AMI6, a. PRE-AD/AM-ITE, n. PRE-AD-AM-IT'IE€, a. riods. Kirwan. PRE-AD-MIN-IS-TRA/TION, x. Previous adminis- tration. Pearson. PRE-AD-MON'ISH, v. t. To admonish previously. PRE-AD-MON/ISH-ED, (-ad-mon/isht,) pp. PRE!'AM-BLED, pp. PRE-AM’BU-LATE, vz. 7. The act of preaching; a public : Milner. A preacher, in contempt. Howell. A discourse or sermon, in con- Shak. arrts. Sheridan, Prior to Adam. J. Taylor. (pre, before, and A@dam.] An inhabitant of the earth that lived before Adam. Pereyra. An epithet designating what existed before Adam ; as, fictitious, pre-adamitic pe- Previ- ously admonished. SONS ppr. Admonishing before- hand. RE-AD-MO NI//TION, (-mo-nish’un,) 2. Previous wining or admonition. RE/AM-BLE, n. [It. preambolo; Sp. preambulo ; Fr. préambule ; L. pre, before, and ambulo, to go.) 1. Something previous ; introduction to a discourse or writing. 2. The introductory part of a statute, which states the reasons and intent of the law. Encyc. Dryden. PRE/AM-BLE, v. t. To preface; to introduce with Feltham. previous remarks. Introduced with previous re- marks. PRE-AM/BU-LA-RY,) a. Previous; introductory. PRE-AM/BU-LOUS, [JVot used. Brown. [L. pre, before, and ambu- || lo, to walk. ] To walk or go before. Jordan. PRE-AM-BU-LA’TION, n. A preamble. [.Vot im haucer. use. 2, A walking or going before. PRE-AM’BU-LA-TO-RY, a. Going before ; preceding. Taylor. PRE-AN-TE-PE-NULT/I-MATE, a. A term indi- cating the fourth syllable from the end of a word. PRE-AP-POINT’, v. t. To appoint previously. PRE-AP-POINT/MENT, x. Previous appointment. Tucker. PRE-AP-PRE-HEN’SION, mz. [See APPREHEND. | An opinion formed before examination. Brovon. PREASE, (préz,) a. Press; crowd. [Vot used.| [See Press. Chapman. PREAS/ING, ppr. ora. Crowding. [Wot used.] Spenser. PRE-AS-SUR/ANCE, (-ash-shir/ans,) n. Previous Coleridge. assurance. PRE-AU/DI-ENCE,n. [See AuDIENCE.] Precedence or rank at the bar among lawyers ; right of previous alidience. Blackstone. PREB/END, zn. [It. prebenda, prebend, provision ; Sp. prebenda; Fr. prebende, from L. prebeo, to afford, to allow. ] 1. The stipend or maintenance granted toa preb- endary out of the estate of a cathedral or collegiate church. Prebends are simple or dignitary ; simple, when they are restricted to the revenue only ; and dignitary, When they have jurisdiction annexed to them. P. Cyc. 9. A prebendary. ([Vot im use. | Bacon. PRE-BEND/AL, a. Pertaining toa prebend. Chesterfield. PREB/END-A-RY, n. [Fr. prebendier.] An ecclesiastic who enjoys a prebend ; the stipen diary of a cathedral or collegiate church. Swift. A prebendary differs from a canon in this; the prebendary receives his prebend in consideration of his officiating in the church ; the canon has his sti- pend merely in consequence of his being received into the cathedral or college. Encic. PREB/END-A-RY-SHIP, x. The office of a prebend- ary ; a canonry. Woiton. PRE-€A/RL-OUS, a. [L.. precarius, from precor, to pray or entreat ; primarily, depending on request, or on the will of another.] 1. Depending on the will or pleasure of another ; held by courtesy ; liable to be changed or lost at the pleasure of another. A privilege depending on another’s will is precarious, or held by a precarious tenure. Aiddison. 2, Uncertain ; held by a doubtful tenure ; depend- ing on unknown or unforeseen causes OF events. Temporal prosperity is precarious ; personal advan- tages, health, strength, and beauty, are all precarwous, depending on a thousand accidents. _ Rogers. We say also, the weather is precarious; a phrase in which we depart not more from the primary sense of the word, than we do in a large part of all the words in the language. PRE-€A/RI-OUS-LY, adv. others; dependently ; by he subsists precariously. At the will or pleasure of an uncertain tenure; as, Lesley. Pope. ee) ANGER, VI//CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; fH as in THIS. Jamie aaepeg ail, MEM wanes PGieree eee os ee wrt Me Si ieee te Et a i aon ty coon » nt lie a aayy coats hase? , Sa ee eer re ante ren — PRE PRE-€A/RI-OUS-NESS, n. Uncertainty ; depend- ence on the will or pleasure of others, or unknown events 5 as, the precariousness of life or health. BE/A-T PREC/ALTO.RY, a. [lL precor, to pray.] Suppliant ; beseeching. Harris. Hopkins. PRE-CAU'TION, rn. [Fr., from L. precautus, preca- veo; pre, before, and caveo, to take care.] Previous caution or care ; caution previously em- ployed to prevent mischief or secure gond in posses sion. Addison. PRE-€AU'TION, v.t. To warm or advise beforehand for preventing mischief or securing good. Locke. PRE-CAU/TION-AL, a. Preventive of mischief. Montague. PRE-€AU/TION-A-RY, a. Containing previous cau- tion ; as, precautionary advice or admonition. 2. Proceeding from previous caution ; adapted to prevent mischief or secure good; as, precautionary measures. PRE-C€AU‘TION-ED, pp. PRE-€AU’/TION-ING, ppr. PRE-€ A U’/TIOUS, (-shus,) a. preventive measures. PRE-E€AU'/TIOUS-LY, adv. With precaution. PRE-CE-DA'NE-OUS, a. [from precede, L. precedo.] Warned beforehand. Previously advising. Taking precautious or PRE PRE-CEP’TIAL, (-shal,) a. Consisting of precepts. S Vot in use. PRE-CEP/TION, n. A precept. [WVot in use.] Hall, PRE-CEP/TIVE, a [L. Bee 1. Giving precepts or commands for the regulation of moral conduct ; containing precepts ; as, the pre- ceptive parts of the Scriptures. 2. Directing in moral conduct; giving rules or di- rections ; didactic. The lesson given us here is preceplive to us. Preceplive poetry. Encyc, PRE-CEP/TOR, x. [L. preceptor. See PREceEPT.] 1. Ina general sense, a teacher; an instructor. 2. In a restricted sense, the teacher of a school ; sometimes the principal teacher of an academy or other seminary. 3. Among the knights templar, the head of a pre- ceptory. Gloss. of Archit. PRE-CEP-TO/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a preceptor. Lit. Magazine. PRE-CEP’TO-RY, a. Giving precepts. Anderson. PRE-CEP’/TO-RY, n. A manor or estute of the knights templar, on which were erected a church and a dwelling-house, The preceptories were reli- gious houses, subordinate to the temple or principal house of the knights. Gwilt. PRE-CEP’/TRESS, zn. A female teacher. Lak. D’Estrange, Preceding ; antecedent ; anterior, ented) Hale. PRE-CEDE’, v.t. [L. precedo; pra, Jefore, and cedo, to move. ] 1. To go before in the order of time. The cor- ruption of morals precedes the ruin of a state. 2. To go before in rank or importance. 3. To cause something to go before ; to make to take place in prior time. It is usual to precede hostilities by a public declaration, [Unu- sual,] Kent. PRE-CED/ED, pp. Being gone before. PRE-CED/ENCE, )n. The act or state of going be- PRE-CED'EN-CY, { fore ; priority in time ; as, the precedence of one event to another. 2. The state of going or being before in rank or dignity or the place of honor ; the right to a more honorable place in public processions, in seats, or in the civilities of life. Precedence depends on the or- der of nature or rank established by God himself, as that due to age; or on courtesy, custom, or political distinction, as that due to a governor or senator, who, though younger in years, takes rank of a sub- ordinate officer, though older; or it is settled by authority, as in Great Britain. In the Jatter case, a Violation of the right of precedence is actionable. Precedence went in truck, And he was competent whose purse Was 50, Cowper. 3. The foremost in ceremony. Milton. y 4. Superiority ; superior importance or influence. Which of the different desires has precedency in determining the will to the next action ? cke, PRE-CED/ENT, a. Going before in time ; anterior ; antecedent ; as, precedent services ; a precedent fault of the will. The world, or anv part thereof, could not be precedent to the creation of man, ale. A precedent condition, in law,1s a condition which must happen or be performed before an estate or some right can vest, and on failure of which the estate or right is defeated. lackstone. PREC/E-DENT, 7. Something done or said that may Serve or be adduced as an example to authorize a subsequent act of the like kind. Examples for cases can but direct as precedents only. Hooker. 2. In law, a judicial decision, interlocutory or final, Which serves asa rule for future determinations in Similar or analogous cases: or any proceeding, or course of proceedings, which may serve for a rule in subsequent cases of a like nature. PREC’E-DENT-ED, a. Havinga precedent ; author- ized by an example of a like kind. PRE-CE/DENT-LY, adv. Beforehand ; antecedently. PRE-CED/ING, ppr. or a. Going before in time, rank, or Importance, PRE-CEL'/LENCE, n. Excellence, [Wot in use.] PRE-CEN’TO Sheldon. =-CE? R, n !Low L. precentor; Fr. precen- teur; It. precentore; L. pra, before, and canto, to sing. I. The leader of the choir in a cathedral ; calle also the chanter or master of the choir. Hook. 2. The leader of the congregation in the psalmody of Scottish churches. PRE-CEN’/TOR-SHIP, n. of a precentor, PRE/CEPT, n. [Fr. precepte; So. precepto ; cetto; L. preceptum, from precipio, pre, before, and capio, to take.] 1. In @ general sense, any commandment or order intended as an authoritative rule of action ; but ap- plied particularly to commands respecting moral conduct. The ten commandments are so many pre- cepts for the regulation of our moral conduct No arts are without their precepts, Dryden. 2. In law, a command or mandate in Writing. The employment or office It. pre- to command ; PRE’ CIOUS-LY, adv. 2. PRE//CIOUS-NESS, (presh/us-,) n. PREC’I-PE, (pres‘e-py,) n. PREC’I-PICE, (pres’e-pis,) n. PRE-CIP’I-ENT, a. PRE-CIP-I-TA-BIL/LTY, zn. PRE-CIP’/I-TA-BLE, a. PRE-CIP/I-TANCE, PRE-CIP/I-TAN-CY, PRE-CIP/I-TANT, a. PRE-CES/SION, (-sesh/un,) n. [Fr. precession; It. precessione; from the L. precessus, precedo, to go before. ] 1. Literally, the act of going before. 2. In astronomy, the precession of the equinores is a slow but continual shifting of the equinoctial points from east to west. The amount of precession annu- ally is 50 rs seconds. Hence it appears that the equinoctial points will make an entire revolution in ahout 25,868 years. Olmsted. PRE/CINET, n. [L. precinctus, precingo, to encom- pass ; pre and cingo, to surround or gird. ] 1, The limit, bound, or exterior line encompassing a place ; as, the precincts of light. Milton. 2. Bounds of jurisdiction, or the whole territory comprehended within the limits of authority. Take the body of A B, if to be found within OUT reas, Technical Laws, 3. A territorial district or division. [It is to be observed that this word is generally used in the plural, except in the third sense. ] In case of non-acceptance [of the collector] the parish or precinct shall proceed to a new choice. Laws of Massachusetts. PRE-CI-OS/I-TY, for Precrousness, or value, is not used, Brown. More. PRE’/CIOUS, (presh/us,) a. [Fr. precieux; L. pretio- sus, from pretium, price. See Pratse.] 1. Of great price ; costly; as, a precious stone. 2. Of great value or worth ; very valuable. She is more precious than rubies. — Prov. iii. 3. Highly valued ; much esteemed. The word of the Lord was precious in those days; there was no open vision. —1 Sam. iii. 4. Worthless; contemptible; as, this is a precious mockery ; in irony and contempt. Burke. Precious metals ; gold and silver, so called on ac- count of their value. Valuably ; to a great price. Conteiptibly ; in irony. Valuableness ; Wilkins. See Pre- great value ; high price. [L. precipio. CEPT. ] In law, a writ commanding the defendant to do a certain thing, or to show cause to the contrary ; giv- ing him his choice to redress the injury or to stand the suit. Blackstone. (Fr., from L. precipi- tium, from preceps, headlong ; pre, forward, and ceps, for caput, head. See Curr. 1. Strictly, a falling headlong; hence, a steep de- scent of land; a fall or descent of land, perpendic- ular or nearly so. Where wealth, like fruit, on precipices grew. 2. A steep descent in general. In the breaking of the waves there is ever a precipice. Bacon. Swift down the precipice of time it goes. Dryden. See Precept. ] Dryden. [L. precipiens. Commanding; directing. PRE-CIP’I-TOUS, a. PRE-CIP/I-TOUS-LY, adv. PRE 1, Falling or rushing headlong ; with velocity. They leave their little lives rushing down Above the clouds, precipitant to earth. Philips. 2. Hasty ; urged with violent haste. Should he return, that troop so blithe and bold, Precipitent in fear, would wing their flizht. Pope. 3. Rashly hurried or hasty ; as, precipitant rebel- lion. K. Charles, 4. Unexpectedly brought on or hastened. Taylor. PRE-CIP/I-TANT. n. In chemistry, a liquor which, when poured on a solution, separates what is dis. solved, and makes it precipitate, or fall to the bottom in a concrete state, Encic. PRE-CIP/I-TANT-LY, adv. With great haste ; with rash, unadvised haste ; with tumultuous hurry. Milton. PRE-CIP/I-TATE, v. t. [L. pracipito, from preceps, headlong. See PRECIPICE.] 1. To throw headlong; as, he precipitated himself from a rock, Milton. Dryden. 2. To urge or press with eagerness or violence ; as, to precipitate a flight. ryden. 3. To hasten. Short intermittent and swift recurrent pains do precipitate patients into consumptions, arvey. 4. To hurry blindly or rashly. If they be daring, it may precipitate their designs and prove dangerous. on, 5. To throw to the bottom of a vessel, as a sub- stance in solution. All metals may be precipitated by alkaline salts. Encyc. PRE-CIP/I-TATE, v.i. To fall headlong. Shak, 2. To fall to the bottom of a vessel, as sediment, or any substance in solution. acon. 3. To hasten without preparation. Bacon. PRE-CIP/I-TATE, a. Falling, flowing, or rushing, with steep descent. Preciitate the furious torrent flows. 2. Headlong; over-hasty ; rashly hasty ; King was too precipitate in declaring war. 3. Adopted with haste or without due deliberation ; hasty ; as, a precipitate measure. 4. Hasty ; violent ; terminating speedily in death ; as, a precipitate case of disease. Arbuthnot, PRE-CIP/I-TATE, n. A substance which, having been dissolved, is again separated from its solvent, and thrown to the bottom of the vessel, by pouring another liquor upon it. Red precipitate ; the red oxyd or protoxyd of mer- cury, prepared either by heating the nitrate of mer- cury till it is decomposed, or by heating metallic mercury. Prepared in the latter mode, it is the pre- cipitate per se. B. Silliman, Jr. PRE-CIP’'I-TA-TED, pp. Hurried ; hastened rashly ; thrown headlong; thrown down. PRE-CIP'I-TATE-LY, adv. Headlong; with steep descent. 2. Hastily ; with rash haste; without due caution. Neither praise nor censure precipitately. PRE-CIP/I-TA-TING, ppr. Throwing headlong; hur- rying; hastening rashly. PRE-CIP-I-TA'TION, n. [L. precipitatio, | 1. The act of throwing headlong. Shak. 2. A falling, flowing, or rushing down with vio- lence and rapidity. Prior. as, the The hurry, precipitation, and rapid motion of the water. Woodward. 3. Great hurry; rash, tumultuous haste 3 Tapid movement, The precipitation of inexperience is often restrained by shame. Rambler. 4. The act or operation of throwing to the bottom of a vessel any substance held in solution. Precipt- tation is often effected by a double elective attraction. Encye. PRE-CIP/I-TA-TOR, n. One that urges on with ve- hemence or rashness. Hammond. [L. preceps.] I. Very steep ; as, a precipitous cliff or mountain. 2. Headlong ; directly or rapidly descending ; as, a precipitous fall. harles. 3. Hasty; rash; heady. Advice unsafe, precipitous, and bold. Dryden. With steep descent ; in violent haste. [from precipitable.] The quality or state of being precipitable. {from L. precipito, from pre- ceps, headlong. ] That may be precipitated or cast to the bottom, as a substance in solution. n- [from precipitant.) Head- long hurry ; rash haste ; haste in resolving, forming an opinion, or executing a pur- pose, without due deliberation. Hurried on by the precipitance of youth. Swift. Rashness and precipitance of judgment. Watts. 2. Hurry; great haste in going. Milton. [L. precipitans, precipito, from Encyc. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE. M preceps, headlong. } PRE-CIP/I-TOUS-NESS, z. PRE-CISE’, a. Steepness of descent. Hammond. [L. precisus, from precido, to cut off; pre and cedo; literally, cut or pared away, that is, pared to smoothness or exactness. ] 1. Exact; nice ; definite; having determinate lim- itations ; not loose, vague, uncertain, or equivacal ; as, precise rules of morality; precise directions for life and conduct. 2. Rash haste. The law in this point is precise, Bacon, For the hour precise Exacts our parting. Milton. 2. Formal ; superstitiously exact; excessively nice ; punctilious in conduct or ceremony. Addison. PRE-CISE’/LY, adv. ARYNE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Exactly ; nicely ; accurately ; in 856PRE PRE PRE PRE-CON-CEIV’/ING, ppr. beforehand. PRE-CON-CEP'TION, x. exact conformity to truth, or toa model. The ideas Conceiving or forming are precisely expressed. ‘I'he time of an eclipse may % be precisely determined by calculation. When more of these orders than one are to be set in several stories, there must be an exquisite care to place the colunns precisely one over another. Wetton. 2. With excess of formality ; with scrupulous ex- actness or punctiliousness in behavior or ceremony. °RE-CISE’NESS, n. Evxactness; rigid nicety; as, the preciseness of words or expressions. I will distinguish the cases; though give me leave, in handling Se : Conception or opinion pre- viously formed. Takewull. PRE-€ON/CERT, v. t pre and concert.] To con- cert beforehand ; to settle by previous agreement. PRE-CON-CERT’, x. A previous agreement. ERSCON-CERTED pp. ora. Previously concerted or settled. Warton. PRE-GON-CERT’ED-LY, adv. By preconcert. PRE-GON-CERT/ING, ppr. Contriving and settling them, not to sever them with too much preciseness. Bacon. beforehand. . z 4 ae t “4 rn! a. ha T e 2. Excessive regard to forms or rules; rigid for- PRE-CON-CER/TION, n. Act of concerting before- mality. hand. Dwight. AT 4 z mK > rye NL . _Na/T Yr = pee PRE-CI//SLAN, (pre-sizh/an,) n. One that limits or PRE-C€ON DEM-NA/TION, 7. — Condemnation pre- restrains. Shak vious to exertion, or by predestination. PRE-€ON-LZA'TION, n. [L. preconium, from preco, 2, One wha is rigidly or ceremoniously exact in PRE-CON-SIGN/ING, ppr. signment of. PRE-GCON-SOL/ID-A-TED, a. Exact limitation; exactness; accuracy. Preciston in the use of words is a prime excellence in dis- course; it is indispensable in controversy, in legal instruments, and in mathematical calculations. Nei- ther perspicuity nor precision should be sacrificed to ornament. PRE-CI/SIVE, a. Exactly limiting. by separating what is not relative to the purpose ; as, precistve ab- straction. Watts. PRE-CLUDE!, v. t. [L. precludo; pre, before, and cludo, claudo, to shut. | 1. To prevent from entering by previously shut- ting the passage, or by any previous measures ; hence, to hinder from access, possession, or enjoy- ment. Sin, by its very nature, precludes the sinner from heaven; it precludes the enjoyment of God’s favor ; or it precludes the favor of God. hand. Phillips. PRE-CON/STLTOUTE, v. t. [pre and constitute. ] To constitute or establish beforehand. PRE-CON'STLTU-TED, pp. or a. lished. PRE-GON’STI-TU-TING, ppr. aley. tract previous to another. Shak. PRE-CON-TRACT’, v. t. previously. PRE-GON-TRA€T’, v. i. To make a previous con tract or agreement. PRE-GON-TRACT’ED, pp. PRE-CON-TRACT/ING, ppr. nanting beforehand. PRE-CORD'IAL, a. parts before the heart. PRE-CURS'A-RI-LY, adv. In a manner indicatin that something is to follow. 9. To prevent from happening or taking place. PRE-€LUD/ED, pp. Hindered from entering or en- joyment; debarred from something by previous ob- stacles. PRE-GLUD/ING, ppr Shutting out ; preventing from access or possession, or from having place. PRE-€LU’SION, (pre-kla/zhun,) x. The act of shut- ting out or preventing from access or possession ; the E | : pre and curro, to run. | state of being prevented from entering, possession, A forerunning. Hh used. | Shak. PRE-€LU'SIVE-LY, adv. With hinderance by anti-| Jove’s lightnings, the precursors of thunder. Shak. cipation. PRE-€0'CIOUS, (-ko’shus,) a. [L. precox; pre, be- fore, and coquo, to cook or prepare. | 1. Ripe before the proper or natural time ; as, pre- cocious trees, Brown. 2. Premature. PRE-€0/CIOUS-LY, adv. and tempests of the soul. Buckminster. PRE-C€UR/SO-RY, a. toms of a fever. Med. Repos. With premature ripeness | PRE-CUR/SO-RY, x. An introduction. or forwardness. Hammond. PRE-€6’/CIOUS-NESS, } 2. Rapid growth and ripe-| PRE-DA’CEAN, (-shan,) n. A carnivorous animal. PRE-COC'I-TY, ness before the usual time ; Kirby. Hovoell. PRE-DA’CEOUS, preda, prey, spoil. prematureness. ane a [il I can not learn that he gave, in his youth, any evidence of that precocily which sometimes distinguishes uncommon cenius, Living by prey. Derham. Wirt’s Life of P. Henry. | PRE/DAL, a. [L. preda, prey] PRE-COG/LTATE, v. t. [L. pracogito; pre and 1. Pertaining to prey. cogito.) 9, Practicing plunder. Boyle. dering ; practicing rapine; as, a predatory War; predatory excursion ; a predatory party. PRE-€OG/NLTA. See Precocnita. PRE-€OG-NI//TION, (-kog-nish/un,) x. [L. pre, be- before. PRE-DE-CEAS’ED, (-seest’,) a. Dead before. PRED-E-CES/SOR, n. [Fr. prédéoesseur ; L. pre a decedo, to depart. } 9. In Scots law, an examination of witnesses to a criminal act, before “a judge, justice of the peace, or sheriff, hefore the prosecution of the offender, in or- der to know whether there is ground of trial, and to enable the prosecutor to set forth the facts in the Encyc. A collection previously office. nt, magistrate, follows the steps of his predecessor, or Jibel. PRE-COL-LEE€/TION, x. Hooker, Addison Declared beforehand. Previous delineation. To design PRE-COM-POS!ED, pp. or a, Composed beforehand. PRE-COM-POS/ING, ppr. Composing beforehand. PRE-GON-CEIT’, x. [See Preconceive.] An opin- ion or notion previously formed. Hooker. PRE-CON-CEIVE’, (séve’,) v. t. [L. pra, before, and concipio, to conceive. | Mo form a conception or opinion beforehand ; to form a previous notion or idea, In a cdlead plain, the way seems the Jonger, because the eye has preconceived it shorter than the truth. acon. PRE-CON-CEIV/ED, pp. or a. Conceived before- hand ; previously formed ; as, preconceived opinions ; preconceived ends or purposes. South. PRE-DE-C€LAR’ED, a. PRE-DE-LIN-E-A/TION, nz. PRE-DE-SIGN’, (-sine! or -zine!,) v. t. purpose beforeliand ; to predetermine. determined previously. PRE-DE-SIGN/ING, ppr. PRE-DES-TLNA/RIL-AN, 2. Designing previously. See PREDESTINAT Walton PRE-DES-TI-NA/RIL-AN, a. nation. the observance of rules. Drayton. Watts. S crier. J on one PRE-CI//SIAN-ISM, (pre-sizh’an-izm,) n. Excessive A publishing by proclamation, or a proclamation. exactness ; superstitious rigor. Milton. [A ob used. | ne a Hall. [These two words are, I believe, little used, or not PRE-CON-SIGN’, (-Kon-sine’,) v. t. [pre ands con- tania sign.] To consign beforehand ; to make a previous ATT Re TT - aa ; conusigninent of. goo SION, (pre-sizh/un,) n. [Fr., from L. pr@-| pep EON-SIGN’ED, pp. Consigned beforehand. Making a previous con- a Consolidated before- Previously estab- Constituting before- hand. PRE-GCON’/TRAET, nx. [pre and contract.] A con- To contract or stipulate Previously contracted or ‘ . : stipulated ; previously engaged by contract; as, a ie Va = C ente e D % > Fe =e Ire } . 9 + ~ - . hic The valves preclude the blood from entering the veins Darwin. woman precontracted to another man. Ayliffe. Q. I remotion 5 that concurrence of God which de- termines men in their a tions. Fencyc. Stipulating or cove- Pertaining to the precordia, or PRE-€URSE’, (pre-kurs’,) n. [L. precursus, precurro ; or enjoyment. Rambler. | PRE-CUR/SOR, n. [L. precursor, supra. ] PRE-CLU'SIVE, a. Shutting out, or tending to pre- A forerunner; a harbinger; he or that which pre- clude ; hindering by previous obstacles. urke. cedes an event, and indicates its approach; as, Evil thoughts are the invisible, airy precursors of all the storms Preceding as the harbinger ; indicating something to follow ; as, precursory Symp- [Not used. | predaceus, from "To consider or contrive beforehand. [Little used.] | PRED/A-TO-RI-LY, adv. Ina predatory manner. Sherwood. PRED/A-TO-RY, a. [L. predatorius, from prada, PRE-€OG-LTA/TION, xn. Previous thought or con- Pa sideration. Dict. 1. Plundering ; pillaging; characterized by plu 9, Hungry ; ravenous; as, predatory spirits or ap- Shak. A person who has preceded another in the same The king, the president, the judge, or the Burke. PRE-DE-SIGN’ED, (-sind! or -zind’,) pp. Purposed or Mitford. One that believes in the doctrine of predestination, Pertaining to predesti- See surnet. PRE-DES’TI-NATE, v. Es [It. predestinare; Wr. pre- destiner ; Li. predestina; pre and destino, to appoint.) | eens PRE-DES’TI-NATE, a, Predestinated ; foreerdained. | To predetermine or foreordain ; to appoint or or- dain beforehand by an unchangeable purpose. Whom he did foreknow, he also did predestnate to be conformed to the image of his Son. — Rom. viit. Having predestinated us to the adoption of children by Jesus Christ to himself. — Eph. 1. PRE-DES’TLNA-TED, pp. or a. foreordained ; decreed. PRE-DES/TI-NA-TING, ppr. Foreordaining ; decree- ing; appointing beforehand by an unchangeable purpose. 2. Holding predestination. Predetermined ; —— And pricks up his predestinating ears. Dryden. PRE-DES-TI-NA/TION, n. The act of decreeing or foreordaining events; the decree of God by which he hath, from eteriity, unchangeably appointed or determined whatever comes to pass. It is used par- ticularly in theology to denote the preordination of men to everlasting happiness or misery. Enciyc. Predestination is a part of the unchangeable plan | of the divine government; or, in other words, the unchangeable purpose of an unchangeable God. | PRE-DES’TLNA-TOR, n. Properly, one that foreor- | dains. 9, One that holds to predestination. Corley. | Sse ee PRE-DES’/TINE, (-tin,) v.t. To decree beforehand ; to foreordain. And bid predestined empires rise and fall. PRE-DES’TIN-ED, pp. or a. PRE-DES’TIN-ING, ppr. Foreordaining. | PRE -DE-TERM/IN-ATE, a. Determined beforehand ; | Prior. Decreed beforehand. as, the predeterminate counsel of God. Parkhurst. PRE-DE-TERM-IN-A‘TION, 2. [See Prepeter- MNEs Previous determination; purpose formed beforehand ; as, the predetermination of God’s will. Hammond. Se a a PRE-DE-TERM/INE, »v. t. determine beforehand ; counsel, [pre and determine.] To to settle Im purpose or co = } If God foresees events, he must have predetermined feo Lae. 9. To doom by previous decree. PRE-DE-TERM/IN-ED, pp. or a. Previously deter- mined. PRE-DE-TERM/IN-ING, ppr. Determining before- hand. PRE/DL-AL, a. [Sp. predial, from L. predium, a farm or estate. } 1. Consisting of land or farms; as, predial estate, i. e., real estate. Alife. 2. Attached to land or farms ; as, predial slaves. rande. 3. Growing or issuing from land; as, prédial tithes. PRED-LOA-BIL/LTY, n. [from predicable.| The quality of being predicable, or eapable of being affirmed of something, or attributed to something. Clie. PRED/IL-€A-BLE, a. [L. predicabilis, from predico, to affirm ; pre and dico, to say.] That may be affirmed of something ; that may be attributed to. Animal is predicable of man. Intelli- gence is not predicable of plants. More or less is not predicable of a circle or of a square. Whiteness 1s not predicable of time. : PRED/L€A-BLE,n. One of the five things which can be aftirmed of any thing. Genus, species, differ n- ence, property, and accident are the five predicay s- ‘alts. fee from L. predicamentum, a | PRE-DI€!/ A-MENT, n. from predico, to affirm. fore, and cognitio, knowledge. } : oN Nee ber-of 1. Previous knowledge ; untecedent examination. petite. [Hardly allowable. ] Bacon. 1, In logic, aname given to a certain pu 0 ‘ Oe Ih } } rf pe S »Ingeses ne > y “apicsS oy Fotherby. PRE-DE-CEASE’, v.i. [pre and decease.| To die general heads or classes, calle d by the Greeks Cate Shak. Gores, and by the Latins PREDICAMENTS, under some one of which every term may be arranged. nd Aristotle made ten categories, ViZ., substance, quan- tity, quality, relation, action, passion, Ume, plaice, situation, and habit. Brande. 9. Glass or kind described by any definite marks ; he hence, condition ; particular situation or plate é O/LLlee made. Bp. of Chichester. does not imitate the example of his predecessors. It c 3 ee ti Collo- PRE-COM-POSEH’, v. t. [See Compose.] To com- is distinguished from ANCESTOR, who is of the same 3. Sometimes, 0 bad condition or position. Ee ue pose beforehand. Johnson. blood ; but it may perhaps be sometimes used for it. guial. | Bre ‘ é amarts f We say the country 1s ina singular predicament. PRE-DI€-A-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to a predica- ment. Hale. or | PRED/LEANT, x. [Ll predicans, predico. | One that afiirms any thing. : PRED'I-CATE, v. t. [L. pradico; pre and dico, to say. | ; To affirm one thing of another; as, to pret icate E.] whiteness of snow. Reason may be predicated 0 man. It is a great but common error to give this word the sense of found; as, to predicate an argument on certain principles. — E24. ] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI!/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as pene Se 10S ioddak LE a 7%; OH as SH; PH as in THIS, ———— 857 Se ea \ easing nie yet wdenat or Aiek, al sin ng ca ni % ’ Se ite gsPRE mation Fale. PRED/L€ATE, zn. nied of ink. Watts. PRED/‘L-€ATE, a. Predicated. Marshall. PRED/I-CA-TED, pp. PRED/L-OA-TING, ppr. PRED-I-€A/TION, 2. Affirmed of another thing. Affirming of another thing. [L. predicatio | Locke. Affirmative ; positive. Bp. Hall. PRE-DI€T"’, v. t. [L. predictus, predico ; pre, before, and dico, to tell.] To foretell; to tell beforehand something that is to happen. Moses predicted the dispersion of the one thing of another. PRED/I-€A-TO-RY, a. Israelites. Christ predicted the destruction of Jeru- salem. PRE-DI€T’ED, pp. or a. Foretold; told before the event. PRE-DI€T’ING, ppr. Foretelling. PRE-DI€’TION, (-shun,) n. [L. predictio.] A foretelling; a previous declaration of a future event ; prophecy. The fulfillment of the predictions of the prophets is considered to be astrong argument in favor of the divine origin of the Scriptures. PRE-DI€T’/IVE, a. Foretelling; prophetic. More. PRE-DI€T’/OR, n. A foreteller; one who prophesies. Swift. PRE-DI-GES’TION, (-de-jes/chun,) n. [pre and diges- tion.] ‘Too hasty digestion. Predizestion fills the body with crudities. Bacon. PRE-DLLE€’TION,n. [Fr.; It. predilezione; L. pra, before, and dilectus, diligo, to love.] A previous liking ; a prepossession of mind in favor of something. Warton. PRE-DIS-PO’/NENT, n. That which predisposes. PRE-DIS-POSE’, v. t. [pre and dispose.] To incline beforehand ; to give a previous disposition to ; as, to predispose the mind or temper to friendship. South. 2. To fit or adapt previously ; as, debility predis- poses the body to disease. PRE-DIS-POS'ED, pp. Previously inclined or adapt- ed. PRE-DIS-POS/ING, ppr. Inclining or adapting before- hand. 2a, ‘Tending or able to give predisposition or liableness ; as, the predisposing causes of disease. PRE-DIS-PO-$I/TION, (-zish/un,) n. Previous in- clination or propensity to any thing; applied to the mind, 2. Previous fitpess or adaptation to any change, impression, or ptirpose ; applied to matter ; as, the pre- disposition of the body to disease ; the predisposition of the seasons to generate diseases. Wiseman. Bacon. PRE-DOM’IN-ANCE, nm [See Prepominanr.] PRE-DOM/IN-AN-CY, Prevalence over others ; superiority in strength, power, influence, or authority ; ascendency ; as, the predominance of a red color in a body of various colors; the predominance of love or anger among the passions; the predominance of self- interest over all other considerations ; the predomi- nance of imperial authority in the confederacy. 2, In astrology, the superior influence of a planet. PRE-DOM/IN-ANT, a. [ Fr. predominant ; It. predomi- nante; I. pre and dominans, dominor, to rule. Prevalent over others ; superior in strength, influ- ence, or authority ; ascendant; ruling; controlling ; as, a predominant color ; predominant beauty or excel- lence , a predominant passion. Those helps — were predominant in the king’s mind. Bacon, Foul subornation is predominant. Shak. PRE-DOM/IN-ANT-LY, adv. With superior strength or influence. Town. PRE-DOM/'IN-ATE, v. i, [Fr. predominer; Sp. pre- dominar ; It. predominare; 1. pre, before, and dom- tor, to rule, from dominus, lord. | To prevail ; to surpass in Strength, influence, or authority ; to be superior ; to have controlling influ- ence. In some persons, the love of money predom- nates over all other passions ; in others, ambition or the love of fame predominates; in most ‘men, self- interest predominates over patriotism and philan- thropy. So much did love to her executed Jord Predominate in this fair lady’s heart, The rays reflected least obliquely may predominate PRE-DOM'IN-ATE, »v. t. To rule over. PRE-DOM/IN-A-TED, pp. Prevailed or ruled over. PRE-DOM/IN-A-TING, pr. or a. Having superior Daniel. over the rest, Newton, strength or inflaence ; ruling ; controlling. PRE-DOM-iN-A/TION, 7. Superior streneth or in- fluence. PRE-DOOM’ED, a. Antecedently doomed. Coleridge. PRE-E-LE€1”, v. t. [pre and elect.] To choose or elect beforchand Dict. PRE-E-LE€T/ED, pp. Elected beforehand. PRE-E-LE€/TION, n. Choice or election by previous determination of the will. Prideaux. Towne, beeen PRED’I-CATE, v.7. To affirm; to comprise an. affir- In logic, that which, in a proposi- tion, is affirmed or denied of the subject. In these propositions, ‘paper is white,” ‘*ink is not white,” whiteness is the predicate affirmed of paper and de- Affirmation of something, or the act of affirming FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY pin PRE PRE-EM’I-NENCE, x. and eminence. | 1. Superiority in excellence ; distinction in some- thing commendable; as, pre-eminence in honor or virtue ; pre-eminence in eloquence, in legal attain- ments, or in medical skill. The pre-eminence of Christianity to any other religious scheme, Addison. 2. Precedence; priority of place; superiority in rank or dignity. That in aj] things he might have the pre-eminence, — Co), i. Painful pre-eminence! yourself to view [Fr.; It. preeminenza; pre Above life’s weakness and its comforts too. Pope. 3. Superiority of power or influence. Hooker. 4. Sometimes in a bad sense; as, pre-eminence in fuilt or crime. PRE-EM’I-NENT, a. [Fr.; pre and eminent; L. pre, before, and eminens, emineo. Sce Menace. ] 1. Superior in excellence ; distinguished for some- thing commendable or honorable. Milton. 2. Surpassing others in evil or bad qualities; as, pre-eminent in crime or guilt, PRE-EM/I-NENT-LY, adv. In a pre-eminent degree ; with superiority or distinction above others ; as, pre- eminently Wise or good. 2. In a bad sense; as, pre-eminently guilty. PRE-EMP’TION, (-shun,) n. [L. pre, before, and emptio, a buying ; emo, to buy. 1, The act of purchasing before others. 2. The right of purchasing before others. 3. The right of a squatter on the lands of the United States to purchase in preference to others, when the land is sold. 4, Formerly, in England, the privilege or preroga- tive enjoyed by the king of buying provisions for his household in preference to others, abolished by stat- ute 19 Charles II. PREEN, n. [Scot. prein, prin, a pen; Dan. preen, the point of a graving tool, a bodkin ; D, priem, a pin, a spike ; G. pfrieme,a punch. These are probably the same word, a little varied. ] A forked instrument used by clothiers in dressing cloth. PREEN, v. t. [Scot. proyne, prunyie; Chaucer, proine. This word is probably the same as the foregoing, de- noting the use of the beak in cleaning and compos- ing the feathers. So pikith, in Chaucer, is from pute, pick. He kembith him ; he proinith him and pikith. Cant. Tales, 9885, If not, the word may be contracted from the Fr. provigner, to propagate vines by laying cuttings in the ground. ] To clean, compose, and dress the feathers, as birds, to enabJe them to glide more easily through the air or water, For this purpose they are furnished with two glands on their rump, which secrete an oily sub- stance into a bag, from which they draw it with the bill and spread it over their feathers. Bailey. P. Cyc. [pre and engage.] To engage In goodness and in power pre-eminent. PRE-EN-GAGE’, v. t. by previous contract. To Cipseus by his friends his suit he moved, But he was pre-engaged by former ties, Dryden. 2. To engage or attach by previous influence. The world has the unhappy advantage of pre-engaging our pas- sions. Rogers. 3. To engage beforehand. PRE-EN-GAG’ED, pp. Previously engaged by con- tract or influence, PRE-EN-GAGE/MENT, n. Prior engagement; as by stipulation or promise. A would accept my invita- tion, but for his pre-engagement to B. 2, Any previous attachment binding the will or af- fections. My pre-engagements to other themes were not unknown to those for whom I was to write. Boyle. PRE-EN-GAGI/ING, ppr. Previously engaging. PREEN’ING, ppr. Cleaning and composing the feath- ers, as birds. PRE-ES-TAB/LISH, »v. t. [pre and establish.| To establish or settle beforehand. oventry. PRE-ES-TAB/LISH-ED, (-es-tab/lisht,) pp. or a, Pre- viously established. PRE-ES-TAB/LISH-ING, ppr. beforehand, PRE-ES-TAB’LISH-MENT, x. hand. PRE-EX-AM-IN-A/TION, n. Previous examination. PRE-EX-AM/INE, v.t. ‘To examine beforehand. PRE-EX-AM'IN-ED, pp. Previously examined. PRE-EX-AM/IN-ING, ppr. Examining beforehand. PRE-EX-IST’, (-egz-ist’,) v. i. [pre and et To exist beforehand or before something else. It has been believed by many philosophers, that the souls of men pre-erist, that is, exist before the formation of the body. PRE-EX-IST’/ENCE, (egz-ist/ons,) Ne vious to something else. Wisdom declares her anti Settling or ordaining Settlement before- Existence pre- guity and pre-eriatence to all the works PRE/FECT-SHIP, } n. PRE/FE€T-URE, PRE-FER’, v. t. PREF/ER-A-BLE, a. PREF’ER-A-BLE-NESS, 7. PREF’ER-A-BLY, adv. PREF’ER-ENCE, n. of this earth. urnet. 2. Existence of the soul before its union with the body, or before the body is formed 3 @ tenet of Eastern Safes. Addison. PRE-EX-IST/ENT, a. Existing beforehand ; preced- ing In existence. What mortal knows his pre-ezistent state ? Pope. PRE-EX-IST-I-MA’TION, x. Previous esteem. [Not t7t USC. PRE-EX-IST/ING, ppr. or ae PRE-EX-PE€T-A’/TION, n. Previous expectation. [Qu. is not this tautology ?)} Gerard. PREF’ACE, n. [Fr., from L. prafatio ; pre, before, and Sor, fari, fatus, to speak. Something spoken as introauctory to a discourse, or written as introductory to a book or essay, in- tended to inform the hearer or reader of the main design, or,in general, of whatever is necessary to the understanding of the discourse, book, or essay ; 2 proem; an introduction or series of preliminary re- marks. JAMilton. PREF’ACE, v. t. To introduce by preliminary re- marks; as, to preface a book or discourse. The advocate prefaced his arguments with a history of the case. 2. To face; to cover; a ludicrous sense. Not prefacing old rags with plush, PREF’ACE, v. i. , Brown. Previously existing. Cleaveland. To say something introductory. Spectator. PREF’A-CED, (pref’ast,) pp Introduced with pre- liminary observations. PREF’A-CER, 2. The writer of a preface. PREF/A-CING, ppr. remarks. PREF’ A-TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of preface. PREF’A-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to a preface; intro- ductory to a book, essay, or discourse. Dryden PRE/FECT, n. ([L. prefectus; pre, before, and actus, made; but directly from preficior, prefectus. } A name given to several Roman officers. The prefect or warden of the city at first exercised within the city the powers of the king or consuls during their absence; afterward, as a permanent inagistrate, he Was empowered to maintain peace and order in the city. The pretorian prefect was the commander of the pretorian guards. Under Constantine, the pre- fects became governors of provinces. Smuith?s Dict. 2. In France, a superintendent of a department or division of the kingdom, who has the direction of its police establishment, together with extensive powers of municipal) regulation. Brande. The office of a chief magis- trate, commander, or viceroy. 2. Jurisdiction of a prefect. [L. prefero; pre, before, and fero, to bear or carry; Fr. preferer; It. preferire; Sp. pre- Serir.} 1, Literally, to bear or carry in advance, in the mind, affections, or choice ; hence, to regard more than another ; to honor or esteem above another. [t is sometimes followed by above, before, or to. Dryden. Introducing with preliminary If I prefer not Jerusalem above my chief joy. — Ps. exxxvii. He that cometh after me is preferred before me. —John i, 2. ‘To advance, as to an office or dignity ; to raise} to exalt; as, to prefer one to a bishopric; to prefer an officer to the rank of general. 3. To offer; to present; to exhibit; usually, with solemnity, or to a public body. It is our privilege to enjoy the right of preferring petitions to rulers for redress of wrongs. My vows and prayers to thee preferred. Sandys. -refer a billagainst all kings and parliaments since the conquest. Luer, 4. To offer or present ceremuniously, orin ordinary familiar language ; to proffer. He spake, and to her hand preferred the bow). Pope. [This i9 allowable, at least in poetry, though not usual, | [Fr.] Worthy to be preferred or chosen before something else; more eligible; more desirable. Virtue is far.preferable to vice, even for its pleasures in this life. 2. More excellent; of better quality; as, Madeira wine is preferable to claret. The quality or state of Mountacu. In preference; in such a manner as to prefer one thing to another. How comes he to choose Plautus preferably to Terence? Dennis, The act of preferring one thing before another; estimation of one thing above an- other ; choice of one thing rather than another. Leave the critics on either side to contend about the preference ue to this or that sort of poetry. Dryden. It has to, above, before, or over, before the thing postponed. All men give the preference to Homer as an epic poet. The human body has the preference above or before those of brutes. The knowledge of things alone gives x value to our reasonings, and preference of one man’s knowledge over Seer ae being preferable. 5 2. The state of being preferred. 8hB NE, MARINE, BIRD, — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—PRE PRE PRE PRE-FER/MENT, n. [[It. preferimento.] J. Advancement to a higher office, dignity, or sta- tion. Change of manners, and even of character, often follows preferment. A profligate life should be considered a disqualification for preferment, no less than want of ability. 2. Superior place or office. be given to competent men. 3. Preference. [Not used.] Brown. PRBE-FER/RED, pp. Regarded above others ; elevated PRE-FER/RER, 7. One who prefers. [in station. PRE-FER/RING, ppr. Regarding above others ; ad- vancing toa higher station ; offering ; presenting. All preferments should PREF/I-DENCE, n. A previous trusting. Baxter. PREF/I-DENT, a. Trusting previously- Baxter. PRE-FIG/U-RATH, v. t. [See Prericv RE.| LO show by antecedent representation. [ Little used. | PRE-FIG-U-RA/TION, n. Antecedent representation by similitude. A variety of prophecies and prefigurations had their punctual accomplishment in the author of this institution. Norris. PRE-FIG/U-RA-TIVE, a. Showing by previous fig- ures, types, or similitude. The sacrifice of the paschal lamb was prefigurative of the death of Christ. PRE-FIG/URE, (-fig'yur,) v.t. [. pre, before, and figuro, to fashion.]} To exhibit by antecedent representation, or by types and similitude. Inthe Old Testament, things are prefigured, which are performed in the New. Hooker. Exhibited by antecedent PRE-FIG/UR-ED, pp. or a. signs, types, or similitude. PRE-FIG/UR-ING, ppr. similitude. PRE-FINE’, v. t. [L. prefinio; pre, before, and jinio, to limit; finis, limit.] Showing antecedently by To limit beforehand. [Little used.] Knolles. PREF_LNI/’TION, (nish’un,) 2. Previous limitation. [ Little used. ] Fotherby. PRE-FIX’, v. t. [L. prefigo; pre, before, and jizo, to X. i To put or fix before, or at the beginning of an- other thing ; as, to prefiz a syllable to a word ; to pre- fiz an advertisement to a book, or an epithet to a title. 2, To set or appoint beforehand; as, to prefix the hour of meeting. A time prefiz, and think of me at last, 8. To settle ; to establish. I would prefiz some certain boundary between the old statutes and the new. Hale. PREFIX, n. A letter, syllable, or word, put to the beginning of a word, usually to vary its signification. A prefix is united with the word, forming a part of it; hence it is distinguished from a preposition ; as, pre in prefix; con in conjure, with in withstand. Pre- fizes are sometimes called particles, or inseparable prepositions. PRE-FIX/ED, (-fixt’,) pp. forehand ; settled. PRE-FIX/ING, ppr. Putting before; previously ap- Sandys. Set before; appointed be- PREG/NANT-LY, adv. PRE/GRA-VATE, v. t. [L. pregravo.| PRE-GRAV/I-TATE, v. 2% PRE-GUST’ANT, a. PRE-GUS-TA/TION, x. PRE-HEN’SI-BLE, a. PRE-HEN/SILF, PRE-HEN/SO-RY, PRE-HEN’SION, (-shun,) x. PREHN/ITE, (pren/ite,) x. A pregnant construction, or constructio pregnans, i8 one in which more is implied than is said or seems ; as, the beast, trembled forth from their dens, 1. @., came forth trembling. Fruitfully. 9, Fully; plainly; clearly. (Vot ue) Shak. South. To bear down; to depress. [ot inuse.] Hall. To descend by gravity. Boyle. [L. pregustans. ] Tasting beforehand, Ed, Rev. [L. pre and gusto, to taste. ] The act of tasting before another. That may be seized. Lawrence. a. [L. prehendo, to take or seize ; prehensus. | Seizing; grasping; adapted to seize Or grasp. The tails of some monkeys are prehensile. Nat. Hist. Encyc. A taking hold ; a seiz- ing; as with the hand or other limb. Lawrence. [from Prehn, the name of the person who first brought this stone from the Cape of Good Hope.) A pale green mineral, of a vitreous Juster, occurring in botryoidal and mamillary concretions, and in small prismatic crystals, usually axpearing as if made up of a series of small tables. {t consists of silica, alumina, and lime, with some water. It is usually found associated with the zeolites in amyg- daloid, but occasionally in granite and gneiss. Dana. PRE-IN-STRUET’, v.t. [pre and instruct.] To in- struct previously. More. PRE-IN-STRUOT’ED, pp. Previously instructed or directed. PRE-IN-STRUET'ING, ppr. PRE-IN-TI-MA‘/TION, n. [pre and intimation. | vious intimation ; a suggestion beforehand. T. Scott. PRE-JUDGE’, (pre-judj’,) v. @. [Fr. prejuger; L. pre and judico, to judge.] 1. To judge in a cause before it is heard, or before the arguments and facts in the case are fully known. The committee of council hath prefudged the whole case, by calling the united sense of both houses of parliament a Swit. Dict. Previously instructing. Pre- universal clamor. 2. To judge and determine before the cause is heard ; hence, sometimes, to condemn beforehand or unheard. Milton. PRE-JUDG/ED, pp. Judged beforehand ; determined unheard. PRE-JUDG/ING, ppr. Judging or determining with- out a hearing or before the case is fully understood. PRE-JUDG/MENT, 7. Judgment in a case without a hearing or full examination. : NOL. PREJU/DI-CA-CY, 2. Prejudice ; prepossession. Blount. [Not used, pointing ; establishing. PRE-FIX/ION, (-yun,) 2. The act of prefixing. PRE-FLO-RA/TION, n. In botany, the manner in which the floral envelopes are arranged in a flower before they expand ; estivation. Lindley. PRE-FORM/, v.t. [preand form. ] To form before- S hand. ak. PRE-FORM/A-TIVE, zn. [L. pre, before, and form- ative.) A formative letter at the beginning of « word. JM. Stuart. Formed beforehand. Forming beforehand. [L. prefulgens ; pre, before, PRE-FORMED, pp. PRE-FORM/ING, ppr. PRE-FUL/GEN-CY, x. and fulgeo, to shine.] Superior brightness or effulgency. PREG/NA-BLE, a. [Fr. prenable.] Barrow. Little used. Cotgrave. PREG! NAN-CY, 7. a female who has conceived, or is with child. the pregnancy of wit or invention. Prior. PREGNANCE, in a like sense, is not used, PREG/NANT, a. [L. pregnans 5 supposed to be com- pounded of pre, before, and geno, Gr. yevvaw, to beget ; It. pregnante; Sp. prenado. | 1. Being with young, as a female; breeding 5 teeming. 9. Fruitful; fertile; impregnating; as, preanant streams. Dryden. 3. Full of consequence ; as, a pregnant instance of infatuation. An egregious and pregnant instance how far virtue surpasses ingenuity. Woodward, 4, Easy to admit or receive. 1 am pregnant to good pity. [Not proper.) Shak. 5, Free; kind; ready ; witty ; apt. [Not proper.] Shak. [Not in usa ak. 6 Plain; clear; evident; full. S That may be taken or won by force ; expugnable. [See Preanant.] The state of Ray. 2, Fertility ; fruitfulness; inventive power; as, PREJU/DLCGATE, v.t. [L. pre, before, and judico, to judge. | To prejudge ; vantage. to determine beforehand to disad- Our dearest friend Prejudicates the business. PREJU/DLEATE, », t. Shak. case. Sidney PRE-J U/DI-CATE, a. t Watts. [ Little used. | turely ; as, a prejudicate reader. Brown. PRE-JU/DI-€A-TED, pp. Prejudged. PRE-JU/DLEA-TING, ppr. Prejudging. PRE-JU-DI-€A’TION, x. out due examination of facts and evidence. Sherwood. 2, In Roman oratory, prejudications were of thre kinds; first, precedents or adjuc the same points of law ; on the same question betwe decisions of the parties, before tribunals of inferior jurisdiction. Adams’s Lect. PRE-JO'DI-€A-TIVE, a. C judgment without examination. PRBEJ/U-DICE, (pred/ju-dis,) 2. dictum; pre and qudico. 1. Prejudgment ; an op formed without due examinat guments which are nece determination. It is used in a good or ba Innumerable are the prejudi accustomed to belie receive opinions fron grounds by which they c has strong prejudices in fav party, and often our prejudices are unreasonable: More. an be supported. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — epigenetic emt nee eden wien ANGER, VI!'CIOUS. — © as K; Gas J; Sas Z PREJ/U-DICE, v. t. To form a judgment without due examination of the facts and arguments in the Formed before due examina- ion. 9, Prejudiced ; biased by opinions formed prema- The act of judging with- e PRE A TUR SHIP, iged cases, involving second, previous decisions en other parties; third, same cause and between the same Forming an opinion or [Fr., from L. preu- inion or decision of mind, ion of the facts or ar- ssary to a just and impartial d sense. ces of education ; we are ve what we are taught, and to 1 others without examining the A man or of his country or his or the church in which he has been educated ; A judge should disabuse himself of prejudice in favor of either party in a suit. My comfort is, that their manifest udice to ri der their judgment of less aes. oe Spade 2. A previous bent or bias of mind for or against any person or thing; prepossession. ‘here is an unaccountable prejudice to projectors of all kinds. Addison. 3. Mischief; hurt; damage; injury. Violent fac- tions are a prejudice to the authority of the sovereign. How plain this abuse is, and what prefudice it does to the under- standing of the sacred Scriptures ! Locke. | This is a sense of the word too well established to be | condemned. | To prepossess with unexamined 1 | opinions, or opinions formed without due knowledge of the facts and circumstances attending the ques- tion; to bias the mind by hasty and incorrect no- tions, and give it an unreasonable bent to one side or other of a cause. Suffer not any beloved study to prejudice your mind so far as to despise all other learning. Wats. 9. To obstruct or injure by prejudices, or an undue previous bias of the mind; or to hurt; to damage ; to diminish; to impair ; in a very general sense. The advocate who attempts to prove too much may prej- udice his cause. I am not to prejudice the cause of my fellow-poets, though I abandon my own defense. Dryden. PREJ/U-DIC-ED, (pred’ju-dist,) pp. or a, Prepossessed by unexamined opinions ; biased. PREJ-U-DI'/CIAL, (pred-ju-dish/al,) a. Biased or blinded by prejudices; as, a prejudicial eye. [ot m use. | Hooker. 9. Hurtful ; mischievous ; injurious ; disadvan- tareous; detrimental ; tending to obstruct or 1m- pair. A high rate of interest is prejudicial to trade and manufactures. Intemperance is prejudicial to health. His going away the next morning, with all his troops, was most prejudicial to the king’s affairs. larendon. One of the young ladies reads while the others are at work; 50 that the learning of the family is not at oll prejudicial to its manufactures. Addison. PREJ-U-DI//CIAL-LY, adv. tageously. PREJ-U-DI'!CIAL-NESS, 7. The state of being prej- udicial ; injuriousness. PREJ'U-DIC-ING, ppr. Prepossessing ; biasing. PRE-KNOWL’EDGEH, (pre-nol’lej,) m. Prior knowl- edge. PREL’A-CY or PRE/LA-CY,7. [from prelate.| The office or dignity of a prelate. Prelacies may be termed the greater benefices. 2. Episcopacy ; the order of bishops. How many are there that call themselves Protestants, who put prelacy and popery together as terms conyertible ! Swift Injuriously ; disadvan- Ayliffe. 3. Bishops collectively. Divers of the reverend prelacy. PREL/ATE or PRE/LATE,2. (Fr. prelat ; It. prelato ; from L. prelatus, prafero. | A clergyman of a superior order, having authority over the lower clergy, as an archbishop, bishop, &¢. ; a dignitary of the church. Bacon. PREL/ATE-SHIP, x. The office of a prelate. Harmar. Hooker. a. Pertaining to prelates or prel- acy ; as, prelatical authority. With reference to prelates, Morton. PRE-LAT'IE, PRE-LAT’L€-AL, PRB-LAT/I€-AL-LY, adv. PRE-LA/TION, n. (L. pre@latto, prefero.] Preference; the setting of one above another. [Little used. ] Hale. PREL!A-TISM, n. Prelacy ; episcopacy. _ Milton. PREL/A-TIST, x. [from prelate.| An advocate for prelacy or the government of the church by bishops ; a high churchman. I am an Episcopalian, but PREL/A-TURE, m, [SK prelature. ] not a prelatist. T. Scott. The state or dignity of a prelate. Dict. PREL/A-TY, n. Episcopacy ; prelacy. Nae te use. | Jdiiton. PRE-LEGT’, v. t. [L. prelectus, prelego; pre, before, and lego, to read.] To read a lecture or public discourse. Horsley. PRE-LE€’/TION, x. [L. pralectio. | A lecture or discourse read in public or to Be Zale. company. PRE-LEG’TOR, n. A reader of discourses ; 2 lec- Sheldon. turer. n PRE-LT-BA/TION, x. [from L. pralibo ; pr@, before, and libo, to taste. | a 1. Foretaste ; a tasting beforehand or by anticipa- tion. The joy that proceeds from a belief of pardon is a prelibation of heavenly bliss. _ 9, An effusion previous to tasting. Qu. Johnson. PRE-LIM/IN-A-RLLY, adv. In a preliminary man- [Fr. prelimraire 5 It. prelt- BE ner. PRE-LIM/IN-A-RY, @- ; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. oe | itil hata en ee ee * 7 a beet Hon ay Cal Mipecmeeet ee 7 oa a es <3 a i ~ oe -_ 2S eS ToSm a rs Poa alae PRE minare; Sp. preliminar ; threshhold or limit. ] the main discourse or business ; cles to a treaty ; preliminary measures. PRE-LIM/IN-A-RY yr , aerite bat. The parties met to settle the preliminaries. PRE!/LUDE or PREL/UDB, n. lore, and ludo, to play.] or before a full concert. Encyc. Young to follow ; L. pre, before, and limen, Introductory ; previous ; proemial ; that precedes J as, preliminary ob- servations to a discourse or book; preliminary arti- That which precedes the main discourse, work, design, or business; some- i thing previous or preparatory ; as, the preliminaries to a negotiation or treaty ; the preliminaries to a com- [Fr. id. ; It. and Sp. preludio ; Low L. preludium, from preludo; pre, be- J. A short flight of music, or irregular air played by a musician before he begins the piece to be played, 2. Something introductory, or that shows what is something preceding which bears some relation or resemblance to that which is to follow. The last Georgic was a good prelude to the JEneis. Addison 3. A forerunner; something which indicates a future event. PRE-LUDE’, >. t. with alively air. 2, To precede, as an introductory piece; as lively air preludes the concert. PRE-LUDE’, v.% To serve as an introduction to. Dryden. 3 PRE-LUD’‘ED, pp. Preceded by an formance ; preceded, PRE-LOD/ER, x. One that plays duces by a previous irregular piece of music. PRE-LUD'ING, ppr. Playing preceding. PRE-LU’DI-OUS, a. Previous ; introductory. Cleaveland. PRE-LU/DI-UM, n. [Low L.] A prelude. Dryden. PRE-LU/SIVE, a. ting that something of a like prelustce drops, PRE-LOD’SI VE-LY Eee Thomson, PRE-LO/SO-RY, sive. PRE-MA-TORD’, a. turus ; pre, before, Bacon, and maturus, ripe. premature fruits of a hot-bed. autumn ; a premature birth ; a premature opinion ; premalure measure, © gence, PRE-MA-TORE'LY, ado. fore the proper time ; as, fruits prematurely ripened opinions prematurely formed ; measures prematurely taken. 2. Without due evidence or authentication ; as | | - . Intelligence prematurely received. | PRE-MA-TURE/NESS, } n. Ripeness before the nat | PRE-MA-TO/RI-TY, ) ural or proper time. 2, ‘Too great haste; unseasonable earliness. | | To think on and revolve in the mind beforehand theft or robbery. With words premeditated thus he said. PRE-MEDI/I-TATE, >. i. volve in the mind beforehand ; have formed in the mind by meditation. PRE-M ED'I-TATE, a. tation. PRE-M ED'I-TA-TED, ered or meditated. 2. Previously contrived, designed, or intended - deliberate ; willful : aS, premeditated murder, z PRE-MED/I-TATE-LY, ado, tion. ce Feltham. PRE-MED’I-1 A-TING, ppr. Previously meditating ; contriving or intending beforehand. PRE-MED-I-TA/TION, Ne I. The act of medit: deliberation, Dryden. ITboker. urnet. Pp. OY a, [L. premeditatio. iting beforehand ; previous A sudden thought may be higher than nature preméditation. Dryden, 2. Previous contrivance or design formed 3 as, the | premeditation of a crime. PRE-MER/IT, v. t. [pre and merit.] To merit or de- serve beforehand. [Little used, | EK. Charles, PREM’I-CES, n. pl. [Fr., from L. primitia, prinus. | {| _ First-fruits. [Wot used. ryden. | PREMIER, (prem'yer,) a. {Fr., from L. primus, first.] : First ; chief; principal ; as, the premier place 5 | premier minister. Camden. Swift, ! PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY ees £60 } ious] VY « intr ilw PR E- LU‘SO-R Clu g: adv. Previous}y ; Introductorily, a. Previous ; introductory ; prelu- [Fr. prémature, from L. prema- 1. Ripe before the natural or proper time; as, the 2. Happening, arriving, performed, or adopted be- fore the proper time ; as, a premature fall of Snow in 3. Arriving or received without due authentication or evidence ; as, premature report, news, or intelli- Too soon ; too early ; be- c Warton. PRE-MED’'L-TATE, 2, t. [Fr. premediter ; It. premedi- tare; L. premeditor; pre, before, and meditor, to meditate to contrive and design previously ; as, to premeditate To think, consider, or re- to deliberate; to previous thought or Contrived by previous medi- Previously consid- With previous medita- can raise without To introduce with a previous per- 1. formance ; to play before ; as, to prelude a concert a introductory per- a prelude, or intro- an introductory air; Previous ; introductory ; indica- Kind is to follow ; as, a , ? PRE PRE PREM‘IER, (prem/yer,) n. The first minister of state . the prime minister. PREM‘IER-SHIP, nx. minister of state. PRE-MIL-LEN’I-AL, a. PRE-MISD/, v. t. fore. } To speak or write before, or as introductory to the inain subject; to offer previously, as something to explain or aid in understanding what follows. I premise these particulars that the r ader may know that I enter upon it as & very ungrateful task, Adiison. 2. To send before the time. [ot in use.] Shak. 3. To lay down -premises or first propositions, on The office or dignity of the first Previous to the millennium. [L. premissus, premitto, to send be- which rest the subsequent reasonings, Burnet. 4, ‘To use or apply previously. If venesection and a carthartic be premised. Darwin. PRE-MISE’, v.i. To state antecedent propositions. Swift. PREMISE, (prem/is,) x. See Premises. PRE-MIS/ED, pp. Spoken or written before, as intro- ductory to the main subject. PREM/I-SES, n. pi. [Fr. premisses; L. premissa. | In logic, the two first propositions of a syllo- gism, from which the inference or conclusion is drawn ; as, All sinners deserve punishment ; A B is a sinner. These propositions, which are the premises, being true or admitted, the conclusion follows, that A B deserves punishment. 2. Propositions antecedently supposed or proved. While the premises stand firm, it is impussible to shape the con- clusion. Decay of Piety. 3. In law, circumstances premised or set forth pre- vious to the covenants, &c. Also, the houses, lands, &c., proposed to be conveyed by deed, &c. Hence, the term is applied to a building with its adjuncts. PRE-MIS'ING, ppr. Speaking or writing before ; lay- ing down the premises. PREM/ISS, n. A premise. [See Premises. Whately. Watts. PRE/MI-UM, n. [L.] Properly, a reward or recom- pense€ ; a prize to be won by competition ; the re- ward or prize to be adjudged to the best performance or production. 2. The recompense or prize offered for a specific discovery, or for success in an enti rprise : as for the discovery of the longitude, or of a north-west passage to the Pacific Ocean. 3. A bounty ; something offered or given for the 2. The penalty incurred by the offense above de- scribed. W olsey incurred a premunire, and forfeited his honor, estate, and life, South PRE-MU-NITE’, v. t. To guard against objection ; to fortify. [ Obs.] PRE-MU-NI’ TION, (-nish/un,) n. from premunio. An anticipation of objections, PRE-NO/MEN, xn. L. prenomen. Among the Romans, a name prefixed to the family name, answering to our Christian name; as Caius, Lucius, Marcus, &c. PRE-NOM'IN-ATE, v t. [L. pre and nomino.| To forename. [L. premunitio, Dict. PRE-NOM/IN-ATE, a. Forenamed. Shak, | PRE NOM’IN-A-TED, pp. Forenamed. PRE-NOM/‘IN-A-TING, ppr. Forenaining. PRE-NOM-IN-A/TION, n. The privilege of being named first. Brown. PRE-NO/TION, know.] A notice or notion which precedes something else in time ; previous notion or thought ; foreknowledge, acon. Brown, [L. prensatio, from prenso, to nm. [L. prenotio; pre and nosco, to PREN-SA’TION, n. seize. | The act of seizing with violence. [Little used, } Barrow. PREN’TICE; a colloquial contraction of APPRENTICE, which see. PREN’TICE-SHIP ; a contraction of APPRENTICESHIP, which see. Pope. PRE-NUN-CI-A'TION, n. (L. prenuncio; pre and nuncio, to tell.] The act of telling before. [Vot rsed. ] PRE-OB-TAIN!, v. t. To obtain beforeband. PRE-OB-TAIN/ED, pp. Previously obtained. PRE-O€'€U-PAN-CY, n. [L. preoccupans. | 1, The act of taking possession before another, The property of unoccupied land is vested by pre- occupancy. 2. The right of taking possession before others. The first discoverer of unoccupied Jand has the pre- occupancy of it, by the law of nature and nations. PRE-O€/€U-PATE, vt. [L. preoccupo ; pre and oc- cupu, to seize. ]} 1. ‘To anticipate ; to take before, Bacon. 2. To prepossess ; to fill with prejudices. Wotton, [Instead of this, Preoccupy is used. PRE-O€-€U-PA/TION, xn. A taking possession before Dict. loan of money, usually, a sun beyond the interest, 4. The recompense to underwriters for insurance, or for undertaking to indemnify for losses of any kind. 5. It is sometimes synonymous with INTEREST, but generally, in obtaining loans, it is a sum per cent. distinct from the interest. The bank lends money to government ata premium of 2 per cent, 6. A bounty. The law that obliges parishes to support the poor, offers a pre- mium for the encouragement of idleness, PRE-MON’ISH, v. t. Franklin. [L. premoneo; pre and moneo, another; prior occupation. 2. Anticipation. 3. Prepossession. Barrington. 4. Anticipation of objections. South. PRE-O€/CU-PI-ED, (-pide,) pp. or a. Taken pos- session of beforehand ; prepossessed. PRE-O€’€U-PY, v. 1. - préoccupo; pre, before, and occupo, to seize, } 1. To take possession before another ; as, to preoc- cupy a country or land not before occupied. 2. To prepossess; to occupy by anticipation or prejudices. to warn. ] To forewarn; to admonish beforehand. PRE-MON/ISH-ED, (-mon/isht,) pp. Forewarned. PRE-MON/ISH-ING, ppr. Admonishing beforehand. PRE-MON/ISH-MENT, n. Previous Warning or sd- monition ; previous information. PRE-MO-NI''TION, (-mo-nish/un,) n. Previous warn- ing, notice, or information. Christ gave to his disci- ples premonitions of their sufferings. PRE-MON’I-TO-RL-LY, adv. By way of premonition. PRE-MON’I-TO-RY, a. Giving previous warning or notice. PRE-MON’STRANTS, nm pl. [L. premonstrans.] A religious order of regular canons or monks of Premontre in Picardy, instituted by Norbert in 1120. They are called also Wuitr Canons. These monks were poor at first, but within thirty years they had PRE-OR-DAIN/ED, pp. or a. I think it more respectful to the reader to leave somethin to re- flections, than to preoccupy his judgment. Arbuthnot. PRE-O€’€U-PY-ING, ppr. Taking possession of be- forehand ; occupying by anticipation. PRE-OM/IN-ATE, 2. t, (L. pre and ominor, to prog- nosticate. } To prognosticate ; to gather from omens any future event. : Brown. PRE-O-PIN’ION, (-yun,) n. [pre and opinton.} Opin- ion previously formed ; prepossession. Brown. PRE-OP’TION, n. [pre and option.] The right of first choice. Stackhouse. PRE-OR-DAIN’, v. t. [pre and ordain.}] To ordain Or appoint beforehand ; to predetermine. All things are supposed to be preordained by God. Antecedently ordained or determined. more than one hundred abbeys in France and Ger- many, and in time they were established in all parts of Christendom. Encyc. PRE-MON‘STRATE, ». t. [L. premonstro; pre, be- fore, and monstro, to show. ] To show beforehand. _[ Little used, | Herbert, PRE-MON-STRA/TION, n, A showing heforehand. [ Little used. | Shelford. PRE-MORSE’, (pre-mors’,) a. [L. premordeo, pre- mMOorsus ; pre and murdeo, to gnaw.] As if bitten off. Premorse roots or leaves, in bota ny, are stich as have an abrupt, ragged, and irregular termination, as if bitten off short. Lindley. PRE-OR-DAIN’ING, ppr. Ordaining beforehand. PRE-OR’/DI-NANCE, n. [pre and ordinance. | PRE-OR/DI-NATE, a. PRE-OR-DI-NA’TION, n. The act of foreordaining ; PRE-PAID’, pp. or a. PRE-PAR/A-BLE, a. PREP-A-RA/TION, n. Ante- Shak. Foreordained. [ Little used, | cedent decree or determination. previous determination. Fotherby. Paid in advance, as postage of letters. [See Prerare.] That may be prepared. Boyle. [L. preparato. See Preva RE.] 1, The act or operation of preparing or fitting fora particular purpose, use, service, or condition; as, the preparation of land for a crop of wheat; the preparation of troops for a campaign ; the preparation PRE-MO’TION, x. [pre and motion.] Previous mo- tion or excitement to action. Encye. PREM-U-NI/RE, n. (See Pramunine.] [If really anglicized, premunire is the regular orthography. But this is not yet settled. ] 1. In law, the offense of introducing foreign au- thority into England, and the writ which is grounded on the offense, of a nation for war; the preparation of men for fu- ture happiness. Preparation is intended to prevent evil or sectire good. 2. Previous measures of adaptation. I will show what preparations there were in nature for this dis- solution. urnet, 3. Ceremonious introduction. [ Unusual.] Shak. -—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PRE PRE “| 4, That which is prepared, made, or compounded for a particular purpose. I wish the chemists had been more sparing, who magnify their preparations. Brown. 5. The state of being prepared or in readiness ; as, a nation in good preparation for attack or defense. 6. Accomplishment; qualification. [Jot in use.] Shak. 7. In pharmacy, any medicinal substance fitted for the use of the patient. Encic. 8. In anatomy, a name given to the parts of animal bodies prepared and preserved for anatomical uses. Encyc. Preparation of dissonances, in music, is their dispo- sition in harmony in such a manner that by some- thing congenial in what precedes, they may be ren- dered jess harsh to the ear than they would be with- out such preparation. Encye. Preparation of medicines ; the process of fitting any substance for use in the art of healing. PRE-PAR/A-TIVE, a. [It. preparativo; Fr. prepara- tif. Tending to prepare or make ready ; having the power of preparing, qualifying, or fitting for any thing ; preparatory. : He spent much time in quest of knowledge preparative to this work, South PRE-PAR!/A-TIVE, n. That which has the power of preparing or previously fitting for a purpose; that which prepares. Resolvedness in sin can with no reason be imagined a prepara- tive to remission. ecay of Piely. 2, That which is done to prevent an evil or secure some good. The miseries we suffer may be preparative of future blessings. kK. Charles. 3. Preparation ; as, to make the necessary prepara- tives for a voyage. ryden. PRE-PAR/A-TIVE-LY, adv. By way of preparation. Hale. PRE-PAR/A-TO-RY, a. Fr. preparatoire. | 1. Previously necessary; useful or qualifying ; preparing the way for any thing by previous meas- ures of adaptation. The practice of virtue and piety is preparatory to the happiness of heaven. 9, Introductory ; previous ; antecedent and adapted to what follows. Hale. PRE-PARE’, v. t. [Fr. preparer; It. preparare; Sp. and Port. preparar ; from L. preparo; pre and paro ; Russ. ubirayu; W. parodi. he L. paro is probably = c¢-- [It. and Sp. preparatorio ; the Shemitic NA, oe to create or bring forth, co- inciding with English bear; and from the L. are derived Fr. parer, Sp. and Port. parar, It. parare. The sense of prepare is derived from many kinds of actions. See &12 in the Introduction. ] 1. In a general sense, to fit, adapt, or qualify for a particular purpose, end, use, service, or state, by any means whatever. We prepare ground for seed by tillage ; we prepare cloth for use by dressing ; we prepare medicines by pulverization, mixture, &c.; we prepare young men for college by previous in- struction ; men are prepared for professions by suita- ple study ; holiness of heart is necessary to prepare men for the enjoyment of happiness with holy be- ings. 2. To make ready ; as, to prepare the table for en- tertaining company. 3. To provide ; to procure as suitable ; as, to pre- pare arms, ammunition, and provisions for troops; to prepare ships for defense. Absalom prepared him chariots and horses, and fifty men to run before him. —2 Sam. xv. 4. To set; to establish. The Lord hath prepared his throne in the heavens. — Ps. ciii 5. To appoint. It shall be given to them for whom it is prepared. — Matt. xx. 6. To guide, direct, or establish. 1 Chron. xxix. PRE-PARE/, v.i. To make all things ready; to put things in suitable order; as, prepare for dinner. Shak. 9,-T'o take the necessary previous measures, Dido preparing to kill herself. Peacham. 3. Tio make one’s self ready. Prepare to meet thy God, O Israel. — Amos iy. PRE-PARE’, n. Preparation. [Votinwse.] Shak. PRE-PAR’ED, pp. ora. Fitted; adapted; made suit- able ; made ready ; provided. PRE-PAR/ED-LY, adv. With suitable previous meas- ures. Shak, PRE-PAR'ED-NESS, n. The state of being prepared or in readiness. South. PRE-PAR’ER, n. One that prepares, fits, or makes ready. 2, One that provides. 3. That which fits or makes suitable ; as, certain manures are preparers of land for particular crops. PRE-PAR/ING, ppr. PRE-PAY’, v. t. To pay in advance or beforehand, as PRE-PAY’MENT, 7. PRE-PENSE’, PRE-PENSP’, (pre-pens’,) v. ft. or consider beforehand. [Vot used. Elyot. PRE-PENSE’, (pre-pens’,) v. i. To deliberate before- hand. [Wot used. Spenser. PRE-PENS/ED, (-penst/,) pp. or a. Fitting; adapting; making ready ; providing. the postage of a letter. Payment in advance, as of| P postage. (pre-pens’,) a. [L. prepensus, prepen- Re deo; pre and pendeo, to incline or hang down.) Preconceived ; premeditated; aforethought. Malice prepense is necessary to constitute murder. Blackstone. [Supra.] To weigh Previously con- ceived; premeditated. ([Jittle used.] [See Pre- PENSE. PRE-POL’/LENCE, ) 7. [L. prepollens, prepolleo ; PRE-POL!LEN-CY, § pre and polleo. | Prevalence ; superiority of power. Coventry. PRE-POL/LENT, a. Having superior gravity or power ; prevailing. oyle. PRE-PON/DDR,v.t. [See Preronperate.] To out- weigh. [fJVot used. Wotton. PRE-PON’DER-ANCE PRE-PON’DER-AN-CY, nm. [see PREPONDERATE. | 1. An outweighing ; superiority of weight. The least preponderance of weight on one side of a ship or boat will make it incline or heel. 2. Superiority of power, force, or weight, in a figu- | pRE-POS’/TER-OUS-NESS, 2. Wrong order or rative sense ; as, a preponderance of evidence. method; absurdity ; inconsistency with nature or ; BT Locke. reason. Feltham. PRE-PON/DER-ANT, a. Outweighing. Reid. PRE-PO'TEN-CY, n. [L. prepotentia; pre and poten- PRE-PON/DER-ATE, v. ft. fore, and pondero, to weigh. 1. To outweigh ; to overpower by weight. An inconsiderable weight, by distance from the center of the bal- ance, will preponderate greater magnitudes. Glanville. fr prepondero ; pra, be- 2. To overpower by stronger influence or moral power. PRE-PON/DER-ATE, v. 7. To exceed in weight; hence, to incline or descend, as the scale of a bal- ance. That is no just balance in which the heaviest side will not pre- ponderale. Wiikins. 2. To exceed in influence or power; hence, to in- cline to one side. By putting every argument, on one side and the other, into the balance, we must form a judgment which side preponderates. Watts. Exceeded in weight. PRE-PON'DER-A-TED, pp. . Outweighing ; PRE-PON’DER-A-TING, pp7. OF 4. inclining to one side. PRE-PON-DER-A/TION, n. The act or state of outweighing any thing, or of inclining to one side. Watts. PRE-POSE!, v. t. [Fr. preposer; pre and poser, to put. d To put before. [JVot much used. Focaloir. PREP-O-SI//TION, (-zish/un,) x. [Fr., from L. pre- positio ; prepositus; pre and pono, to put. ] In grammar, a word usually put hefore another to express some relation or quality, action or motion to or from the thing specified; as, medicines salutary to health; music agreeable to the ear; virtue IS valued for its excellence ; a man is riding to Oxford from London. Prepositions govern cases of nouns, prepono, PRE-POS/TER-OUS, a. PRE-POS’TER-OUS-LY, ado. Superior power; predominance. [Little used.] Brown. PRE-PO'TENT, a. [L. prepotens.] Very powerful. [Little used.] Playfere. Ds a. Tending to invite favor; having power to secure the possession of favor, esteem, or love. The countenance, address, and manners Of a person are sometimes prepossessing on a first acquaintance. RE-POS-SESS/ING-LY, adv. Im a prepossessing || manner. RE-POS-SES/SION, (-sesh’/un,) n. Preoccupation ; prior possession. Hajnmond, 2. Preconceived opinion; the effect of previous | impressions on the mind or heart, in favor or against any person or thing. It is often used in a good sense ; sometimes it is equivalent to Presupice, and sometimes a softer name for it, In general, it con- veys anidea less odious than prejudice ; as, the prepos- sessions of education. South. [L. preposterus ; pre, before, and posterus, latter. ] ]. Literally, having that first which ought to be last ; inverted in order. The method I take may be censured as PEepO a Oee because I treat last of the antediluvian earth, which was first in the order of nature. Wooaward, 2. Perverted ; wrong; absurd ; contrary to nature or reason ; not adapted to the end; as, a republican government in the hands of females is preposterous. To draw general conclusions from particular facts is preposterous reasoning. Bacon. Woodward. 3. Foolish ; absurd ; applied to persons. Shak. : In a wrong or invert- ed order; absurdly ; foolishly. Shak. Bentley. tia, power. | PRE'PUCE, xn. [Fr., from L. preputium.] The foreskin; a prolongation-of the skin of the penis, covering the glans. Encyc. PRE-PU'TIAL, a. Pertaining to the prepuce or fore- skin. PRE-RE-MGOTE’, a. [pre and remote.] More remote in previous time or prior order. In some cases, two more links of causation may be introduced ; one of them may be termed the pre-remote cause, the other the post-remote effect, ‘ arin. PRE-RE-QUIRE/, v. t. [pre and require.) To require previously. Hammond. PRE-REQ/UL-SITB, (-rek!we-zit,) a. [pre and requi- site.] Previously required or necessary to something subsequent ; as, certain attainments are prerequisite to an admission to orders. PRE-REQ/ULSITB, n. Something that is previously required or necessary to the end proposed. An ac- quaintance with Latin and Greek is a prerequisite to the admission of a young man into a college. PRE-RE-SOLVEY, v. t. [pre and resolve.] To resolve previously. Dering. PRE-RE-SOLV/ED, pp. Resolved. beforehand ; pre- viously determined. PRE-RE-SOLV/ING, ppv. Resolving beforehand. PRE-ROG/A-TIVE, n. [Fr. id. ; It. prerogativo ; Sp. prerogativa ; L. prerogativa, precedence in voting ; pre, before, and rogo, to ask or demand. An exclusive or peculiar privilege. £ royal pre- rogative is that special preéminence which a king has over all other persons, and out of the course of and in English are sometimes placed after the word governed ; as, which person do you speak to? for, to which person do you speak? This separation of the preposition from the eoverned word is sometimes allowable in colloquial use, but is generally inele- gant. PREP-O-$I''/TION-AL, (-zish’un-al,) a. Pertaining to a preposition, or to preceding position. Encyc. PRE-POS/I-TIVE, a. Put before; as, a prepositive particle. Jones. PRE-POS/I-TIVE, n. [Supra.] A word or particle Jones. put before another word. PRE-POS/I-TOR, x. [L. prepositor.] : A scholar appointed by the instructor to inspect other scholars. Todd. PRE-POS/I-TURE, n. The office or place of a pro- vost ; a provostship. PRE-POS-SESS’, v. t. [pre and possess.] To preoc- cupy, as ground or land ; to take previous possession ie Dryden. 9. To preoccupy the mind or heart so as to preclude other things ; hence, to bias or prejudice. A mind prepossessed With opinions favorable to a person or cause, will not readily admit unfavorable opinions to take possession, nor yield to reasons that disturb the pOssessors,. suggestions that tend to remove the prepossession. than prejudice. clined previously to favor or disfavor. PRE-POS-SESS/ING, ppr- TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; a sion. S$ as Z; Mortimer. When a lady has prepossessed the heart or affections of a man, he does not readily listen to Prepossess is more frequently used in a good sense PRE-POS-SESS’/ED, (-pos-sest’,) pp- Preoccupied ; in- Taking previous posses- the common law, in right of his regal dignity. It consists in the possession of certain rights which the king may exercise, to the exclusion of all participa- tion of his subjects ; for when a right or privilege is held in common with the subject, it ceases to be a prerogative, ‘Thus the right of appointing “embassa- dors, and of making peace and war, are, In Great Britain, royal preroszatwves. The right of governing created beings is the prerogative of the Creator. It is the prerogative of the house of peers, in Great Britain, to decide legal questions in the last resort. It is the prerogative of the house of commons to de- termine the validity of all elections of their own members. It is the prerogative of a father to govern his children. It is the prerogative of the understand- ing to judge and compare. In the United States, it is the prerogative of the president, by and with the advice and consent of the sénate, to ratify treaties, i PRE-ROG/A-TIVE €OURT, x. In Great Britain, a court for the trial of al] testamentary causes, where the deceased has left bona notabilia, or effects of the value of five pounds, in two different dioceses. In this case, the probate of the will belongs to the met- ropolitan, or archbishop of the province, and the court where such wil] is proved 1s called the PRe- ROGATIYE Court, asit is held by virtue of the special i iti ! ints the rerogative of the metropolitan, \ ho appoin : = Blackstone. [ Little Shak. By exclusive or peculiar judge. la PRE-ROG/A-TIV-ED, a. Having prerogative. sed. } ‘ PRE-ROG/A-TIVE-LY , adv. G/A-TIVE OF-FICE,». The office in which privile PRE-RO GH as SH; FH as in THIS. e61 see ee { \ ; } { 4 ' i" tp ence ene eet Sr 7 aimee ~ eeeh NG OE TRI het el toy yy : } i i i t t 4 i et ee ‘ i 4” PRE PRE the wills proved in the prerogative court are regis- tered. Blackstone. PRE/SAGE or PRES'AGE, n. [Fr. Sp. and It. presa- gio; from L. presagium; pre, before, and sagio, to | perceive or foretell. ! Something which foreshows a future event; a prognostic ; a present fact indicating something to || come. | Joy and shout, presage of victory. Milton. PRE-SAGE’, v. t. To forehode; to foreshow ; to indi- I cate by some present fact what is to follow or come ! fo pass. A fog rising from ariver in an autumnal morning presayes a pleasant day. A physical phe- nomenon can not.be considered as presaging an event, unless it has some connection with it in cuuse. Hence the error of vulgar superstition, which presages good or evil from facts which can have no relation to the future event. 2. T’o foretell ; to predict ; to prophesy. This contagion might have been presaged, PRE-SAGE’, v. z% To form or utter a prediction: sometimes with of. We may presage of heats and rains, [Wot common, nor elegant. | Dryden, PRE-SAG’ED, pp. Foreboded ; foreshown ; foretold. PRE-SAGE’FUL, a. Full of presages ; containing Harvey. yresages, Thomson. PRE-SAGE/MENT, n. A foreboding ; foretoken. Wotton. 2. A foretelling ; prediction. PRE-SAG/ER, n. A foreteller ; a foreshower. Shak. PRE-SAG/ING, ppr. or a. Foreshowing ; foretelling. PRES/BY-6-PY, n. A defect of vision, as in old age, when near objects are seen indistinctly, but distant ones more plainly. PRES'BY-TER, 7x. old, elder.] 1. In the primitive Christian church, an elder; a person somewhat advanced in age, who had au- thority in the church, and whose duty was to feed the flock over which the Holy Spirit had made him overseer. 2. A priest; a person who has the pastoral charge of a particular church and congregation ; called, in (Gr. tpecBurepos, from mpecBus, the Saxon laws, Mass-rriesr. Hooker. 3. A Presbyterian. Butler. PRES-BYT’/ER-ATE, n. Presbytery. Heber. PRES-BY-T#/RI-AL, ) a. PRES-BY-TE/RI-AN, }§ ment by presbyters. 2 Consisting of presbyters; as, presbyterian goy- ernment. The government of the church of Scot- Pertaining toa presbyter, or to ecclesiastical govern- to give as a rule of Conduct; as, to prescribe laws or rules. There’s joy, when to wild will you laws Prescribe. Dryden. 3. To direct. Let streams prescribe their fountains where to run. Dryden, PRE-SERIBE’, v.i. To write or give medical direc- tions ; to direct what remedies are to be used 3 as, to prescribe for a patient in a fever. 2, To give law ; to influence arbitrarily. A forwardness to prescribe {o the opinions of others. Locke. 3. In law, to claim by prescription ; to claim a title to a thing by immemorial use and enjoyment ; with for. A man may be allowed to prescrive for a right of way, a common, or the like ; aman can not pre- scribe for a castle ; he can prescribe only for incorpo- real hereditaments. Blackstone. 4. To influence by long use. [.Vot in use.| Brown. PRE-S€RIB’ED, pp. ora. Directed ; ordered. PRE-SERIB/ER, x. One that prescribes. PRE-SERIB/ING, ppr. Directing ; giving as a rule of conduct or treatment. PRE'SERIPT, a. [L,. prescriptus. | Directed ; prescribed. PRE/SERIPT, n. [L. prescriptum.] 1. A direction ; a medical order for the use of med- icines. But Prescription is chiefly used. 2. Direction ; precept ; model prescribed. PRE-SERIPT/I-BLE, a. That may be prescribed for. PRB-SERIP/TION, n, [L. prescriptio. See Pre- SCRIBE. 1. The act of prescribing or directing by rnles; or that which is prescribed ; particularly, a medical di- rection of remedies for a disease, apd the manner of using them ; a recipe. 2. In law, a prescribing for title; the claim of title to a thing by virtue of immemorial use and enjoy- ment ; or the right to a thing derived from such use. Prescription differs from custom, which is a local usage. Prescription is a personal usage, usage an- nexed to the person. Nothing but incorporeal her- editaments can be claimed by prescription. Blackstone. The use and enjoyment of navigation and fishery in the sea, for any length of time, does not create a title by prescription. The common right of nations to the use and enjoyment of the sea is tmprescriptible ; it can not be lost by a particular nation for want of use. Vattel. 3. In Scots law, the title to lands acquired by unin- Hooker. land is presbyterian. PRES-BY-TE’RI-AN, zn. One that maintains the va- lidity of ordination and government by presbyters. 2, One that belongs to a church governed by pres- bvters. PRES-BY-TE/RI-AN-ISM, n. That form of church oe eee government which invests presbyters with all Spirit- ual power, and admits no prelates over them. Addison. PRES/BY-TER-Y, n. A body of elders in the Chris- tian church. Neglect not the cift that fs in thee, which was given thee by ProF heey, with the laying on of the hands of the presbytery. im, 1¥. 2. In ecclesiastical government, a Judicatory consist- ing of all the pastors of churches within a certain district, and one ruling elder, a Jayman, from each parish or church, commissioned to represent the churth in conjunction with the minister. This body receives appeals from the church-session, and appeals from the presbytery may be carried to the provincial synod. 3, The presbyterian religion. Tatler. 4. In architecture, that part of the church reserved for the ofliciating priests, wilt. PRE/SCI-ENCGE, (pré/she-ens,) n. Uo L. prescientia ; pre, befcre, and scientia, knowle ge, Fr. prescience ; It. prescienza. The pronunciation of this word, pré!- shens, is undesirable. ] Foreknewledge ; knowledge of events before they take place. Absolute prescience belongs to God only. Of things of the most accidental and mutable nature, God’s prescience is certain. Sout, PRE/SCLENT, (pré/she-ent,) a. Foreknowing ; hav- ing knowledge of events before they take place. Who taught the nations of the field and wood, Prescient, the tides or tem pests to withstand ? PRE-SCIND’, cut. ] To cut off ; to abstract. PRE-SCIND/ENT, a. Pope. v.t. [L. prescindo; pre and scindo, to [ Little used. | Norris. Cutting off; abstracting, a Cheyne. PRE'SCIOUS, (pré/shus,) a. [L. prescius; pre and scio, to know. } Foreknowing ; having foreknowledge ; as, prescious of ills, Dryden. PRE-SERIBE’, v.t. [L. prescribo, to write before. ] 1. In medicine, to direct, as a remedy, to be used or applied to a diseased patient. Be not offended with the physician who prescribes harsh remedies. 2. To set or Jay down authoritatively for direction ; —_- 862 PRES/ENCE, n._ [Fr., from L. presentia ; pre, before, terrupted possession for the time which the jaw de- clares to be sufficient, or 40 years. This is positive prescription. Negative prescription is the loss or omission of a right by neglecting to use it during the time limited by law. This term is also used for Limitation, in the recovery of money due by bond, &c. Obligations are lost by prescription, or neglect of prosecution for the time designated by law. Encic. PRE Presence of mind; a calm, collected state of the mind with its faculties at command ; undisturbed state of the thoughts, which enables a person to speak or act without disorder or embarrassment in unexpected difficulties. Errors, not to be recalled, do find Their best redress from presence of the mind. PRES’/ENCE-CHAM’BER, ) nx. PRES'ENCE-ROOM, a great personage re- celves company. Addison, PRE-SEN-SA/TION, n. [pre and sensation.] Previous notion or idea. fore. PRE-SEN’SION, (-shun,) n. [L. presensio, prasentio; pre and sentio, to perceive. Previous perception. [Little used. } Brown. PRES/ENT, a. [Fr. present; L. presens; pre and sum, esse, to be. ] 1, Being in a certain place ; opposed to ApsEnt. 2. Being before the face or near; being in com- pany. Inquire of some of the gentlemen present. These things have I spoken to you, being yet present with you. — John xiv. 3. Being now in view or under consideration. In the present instance, facts will not warrant the con- clusion ; the present question must be decided on dif. ferent principles. 4. Now existing, or being at this time » Not past or future ; as, the present session of congress ; the court is in session at the present time. We say, a present good, the present year or age. o. Ready at hand; quick in emergency ; as, present wit. *Tis a high point of philosophy and virtue for a man to be pres- ent to himself. L/Estrange. 6. Favorably attentive ; not heedless ; propitious. Nor could I hope, in any place but there, To find a god so present to my prayer. Waller. The room in which Dryden. 7. Not absent of mind; not abstracted ; attentive. The present ; an elliptical expression for the present time. Milton. At present ; elliptically, for at the present time. Present tense; in grammar, the tense or form of a verb which expresses action or being in the present time ; as, I am writing; or something that exists at all times; as, virtue is always to be preferred to vice; or it expresses habits or general truths; as, plants spring from the earth; fishes swim; reptiles creep; birds fly; some animals subsist on herbage, others are carnivorous. PRES’ENT, n. ([Fr. id. Seethe verb.] That which is presented or given ; a gift: a donative ; something given or offered to another fratuitously ; a@ word of general application. Gen. XxxXii. 2. The present time. Leen Com. Praijer. Presents, in the plural, is used in Jaw for a deed of conveyance, a lease, letter of attorney, or other writing ; as in the phrase, ‘“* Know all men by these presents,” that is, by the writing itself, per presentes PRE-SERIPT'IVE, a. Consisting in or acquired by immemorial use and enjoyment ; as, a prescriptive right or title. The right to be drowsy in protracted toil has become rescrip- Luve. J. M. Mason. 2. Pleading the continuance and authority of cus- tom. Hurd. PRE/SE-ANCE, x. [Fr.] Priority of place in sitting. [Not in use. Carew. and esse, to be. 1. The existence of a person or thing in a certain place; opposed to AsseNcr. This event happened during the king’s presence at the theater. In exam- ining the patient, the presence of fever was not ob- served. The presence of God is not limited to any place. 2. A being in company near or before the face of another. We were gratified with the presence of a person so much respected. 3. Approach face to face or nearness of a great per- sonage. Men that very presence fear, Which once they knew authority did bear, 4, State of being in view; sight. happened in the presence of the court. o. By way of distinction, state of being in view of a superior. I know not by what power I am made bold In such a presence here to plead my thoughts. Daniel. An accident Shak, 6. A number assembled before a great person. Odmar, of all this presence docs contain, Give her your wreath whom you esteem most fair. Dryden. 7. Port; mien; air; personal appearance; de- meanor. Virtue is beat in a body that is comely, and that has rather dignity of presence, than beauty of aspect, Bacon A graceful presence bespeaks acceptance, Collier. 8. The apartment in which a prince shows himself to his court. An't please your grace, the two great cardinals Wait in the presence, Shak. In this sense, it is rarely used in the singular. PRE-SENT’, v. t. [Low L. presento; Fr. presenter ; It. presentare ; Sp. presentar; L. presens ; pr@, before, and sum, esse, to be. ] 1. To set, place, or introduce into the presence or before the face of a superior ; as, to present an envoy to the king; and with the reciprocal pronoun, to come into the presence of a superior. Now there was a day when the sons of God came to present themselves before the Lord. — Job i. 2. To exhibit to view or notice. The top of Mount Holyoke, in Hampshire county, in Massachusetts, presents one of the finest prospects in America. 3. To offer; to exhibit. O, hear what to my mind first thoughts present I Milton. He is ever ready to present to os the thoughts or obseryations of others, Waus, 4. To give ; to offer gratuitously for reception, The first president of the American Bible Society presented to that institution ten thousand dollars. 5. To put into the hands of another in ceremony So ladies in romance assist their knight, Present the spear, and arm him for the fight. Pope. 6. To favor with a gift; as, we present a man aith a suit of clothes. Formerly, the phrase was, to present a person. Octavia presented the poet, for his admirable elegy on her son Marcellus. Dryden. [ This use is obsolete.] 7. To nominate to an ecclesiastical benefice ; to offer to the bishop or ordinary as a candidate for in- stitution. The patron of a church may present his clerk ‘o a parsonage or vicarage; that is, may olfer him to the bishop of the divcese to be instituted. Blackstone, Also, to nominate for support at a public school. C. Lamb. 8. To offer. He — presented battle to the French nayy, which was refused. ; Hayward, 9. To lay before a public body for consideration, as before a legislature, a court of Judicature, a cor- poration, &c. ; as, to present a memorial, petition, re- 9. The person of a superior. Milton. monstrance, or indictment. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PRE PRE PRE 10. To lay before a court of judicature as an object of inquiry; to give notice officially of a crime or offense. It is the duty of grand juries to present all breaches of law Within their knowledge. In Amer- ica, grand juries present whatever they think to be public injuries, by notifying them to the public with their censure, 11. To point or direct a weapon, particularly some species of fire-arms ; as, to present a musket to the breast of another. 12. In military language, to present arms is to hold them out in token of respect, as if ready to deliver them up. 13. To indict; a customary use of the word in the United States. PRE-SENT’A-BLE, a. That may be presented ; that may be exhibited or represented. Burke. 2, That may be offered to a church living; as, a presentable clergyman. 3. That admits of the presentation of a clergy- man; as, a church presentable. [Unusual.] Aylife. PRES-EN-TA/NE-OUS, a. [L. presentaneus.] Ready ; quick; immediate; as, presentaneous poi- son. arvey. PRES-ENT-A/TION, x. [Fr.] The act of present- ing. Prayers are sometimes a presentation of mere desires. Hooker. 2. Exhibition ; representation ; display; as, the presentation of fighting on the stage. Dryden. 3. In ecclesiastical law, the act of offering a clergy- man to the bishop or ordinary for institution in a benefice. An advowson is the right of presentation. mitted is next to be instituted by him. lackstone. 4, The right of presenting a clergyman. ron has the presentation of the benefice. PRE-SENT/A-TIVE, a. to the bishop for institution. ative, collative, or donative. presentation to the bishop or ordinary. lackstone. 9. That admits the presentation of a clergyman as, a presentative parsonage. Spelman. PRE-SENT’ED, pp. view ; accused. PRES-ENT-BE’, x. One presented to a benefice. Ayliffe. PRE-SENT’ER, z. One that presents. PRE-SEN/TIAL, (-shal,) a. ence. [ Little used. | PRES-EN-TIAL'LTY, n. [ Little used.) PRE-SEN/TIAL-LY, adv. Norris. South. make present. [Vot in use.] More. PRE-SENT/I-MENT, 2. pressentiment. | vious apprehension of something future. Butler. PRES/ENT-LY, adv. At present; at this time. The towns and forts you presently have. [Obs.] Sidney. 9. In a short time after; soon after. it will go with me. — Phil. u. 3. Immediately. swer it. Blackstone. hends inquisitions of office and indictments. cusation presented to a tribunal by the grand jury ment. It is also used for the indictment itself. T make of all crimes, &c. The use of the word limited to accusations by grand jurors 5. The official deree gives of the surrender of a copyhold estate. Presence; aS, presentness PRES/ENT-NESS, 17. Clarendon mind. [JVut used, | If the bishop admits the patron’s presenfation, the clerk so ad- i B The pat- Presentation copy; a copy of a work presented to some one by the author, asa testimony of respect. has the right of presentation, or offering a clergyman Advowsons are present- An advowson preseniative is where the patron hath a right of B Offered; given; exhibited to Supposing actual pres- The state of being present. In a way which supposes [pre and sentiment, or Fr. Previous conception, sentiment, or opinion ; pre- Him therefore I hope tosend presently, so soon as I shall see how pill of indictment laid before them; as, the present- ment of a nuisance, a libel, or the like, on which the officer of the court must afterward frame an indict- ment, before the party presented can be put to an- 4, In a more general sense, presentment compre- Blackstone. In the United States, a presentment is an official ac- an indictment; or it is the act of offering an indict- grand jury are charged to inquire and due presentment Blackstone. PRE-SERV!A-BLE, a. be preserved. PRES-ER-VA/TION, x. zione; Sp. preservacion. | The act of preserving or keeping safe ; the act of keeping from injury, destruction, or decay ; as, the preservation of life or health ; the preservation of build- ings from fire or decay ; the preservation of grain from insects; the preservation of fruit or plants. When a thing is kept entirely from decay, or nearly in its original state, we Say it is in a high state of preserva- [See Preserve.] That may [from preserve ; It. preserva- tion. PRE-SERV’‘A-TIVE, a. [It. preservativo; Fr. preser- watif, | Having the power or quality of keeping safe from injury, destruction, or decay ; tending to preserve. PRE-SERV/A-TIVE, x». That which preserves, or has the power of preserving; something that tends to secure a person or thing in asound state, or prevent it from injury, destruction, decay, or corruption ; a preventive of injury or decay. Persons formerly wore tablets of arsenic as preservatives against the plague. Clothing is a preservative against cold. Tem- perance and exercise are the best preservatives of health. Habitual reverence of the Supreme Being is an excellent preservative against sin, and the in- fluence of evil examples. PRE-SERV/A-TO-RY, a. That tends to preserve. Hall. PRE-SERV’A-TO-RY, n. That which has the power of preserving ; a preservative. Whitlock. PRE-SERVE’, (pre-zerv’,) v. t. [Fr. preserver ; It. pre- servare; Sp. preservar; Low lL. preservo; pre and servo, to keep. ] 1. To keep or save from injury or destruction ; to defend from evil. God did send me before you to preserve life. — Gen. xly. f xl. O Lord, preserve me from the violent man. — Pg. © 2, To uphold ; to sustain. In ecclesiastical affairs, that O Lord, thou preservest man and beast. — Ps, xxxvi. 3. To save from decay ; to keep in a sound state ; as, to preserve fruit in winter. Salt is used to pre- serve meat. A. To season with sugar or other substances for preservation ; as, to preserve plums, quinces, or oth- er fruit. 5. To keep or defend from corruption ; as, to pre- serve youth from vice. G. To maintain or keep throughout, as appear- ances. Junius, PRE-SERVE’, (pre-serv’,) n. Fruit or a vegetable sea- soned and kept in sugar or sirup. Mortimer. 9, A place forthe shelter or preservation of animals designed for sport or food, as game, fish, &c. PRE-SERV/ED, (pre-zervd!,) pp. or a. Saved from injury, destruction, or decay ; kept or defended from evil ; seasoned with sugar for preservation. > actual presence. Lore. PRE-SEN’TIATE, ». t. To make present. [ Little PRE-SERV/ER, nm. The person OF thing that pre- Bartel, Grew. serves; one that saves or defends from destruction PRE-SEN’TIENT, (-shent,) a. Perceiving before-} oF evil. hand. What shall I do to thee, O thou preserver of men ? — Job vii. PRES-EN-TIF'TE, a. Making present. [Not 9. One that makes preserves of fruits. PRES-EN-TIE ‘T€-AL, in use. | PRE-SERV/ING, ppr. or a. Keeping safe from inju- PRES-EN-TIF/IC-LY, adv. In such amanneras to) ry, destruction, or decay ; defending from evil. PRE-SIDE’, v. 7. [L. prwsideo; pre, before, and sedeo, to sit; It. presidere; Fr. presider ; Sp. presidir. 1. To be set over for the exercise of authority ; to direct, control, and govern, as the chief officer. A man may pyeside over a nation or province ; or he may preside over a Senate, or a meeting of citizens. The word is used chiefly in the latter sense. We say, a man presides over the senate with dignity. and government, fice. of his son. ish dominions in the East Indies. 5. The family or suite of a president. A worthy clergyman belonging to the George. {Qu.] ANTONY . PRES/I-DENT, 2. Buchanan, 251. [Fr., from L. presidens. | in 1. corporation, company, Or assembly of men, to Kee he order, : ? ceedings ; as, the president of a banking company is| the president of a senate, &C. ince or territory, or fo ac anation. The presi chief executive magistrate. of 3. The chief officer of a college or university. United States. a ch AA act GP REE I TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. ee —€asK; GasJ; Sas Z; PRES-I-DEN/TIAL, a. fice. PRE-SID’'I-AL, PRE-SID/I-A-RY, PRE-SID/ING, ppr. or a. Hence it usually denotes temporary superintendence 9, To exercise superintendence ; to watch over as President J. Adams died during the presidency 4, The jurisdiction of a president ; as in the Brit- presidency of Port St. An officer elected or appointed to preside over a manage their concerns, or govern their pro- 9. An officer appointed or elected to govern a prov- notice in court which the surren- {minister the government of lent of the United States is the 4, A tutelar power. Just Apollo, president of verse. Waller _ Vice-president ; one who takes the place of a president in case of absence, disability, or death. The vice president of the United States is president of the sen- ate ex officio, and performs the duties of president when the latter is removed or disabled. Pertaining to a president ; as, the presidential chair. Walsh, 2. Presiding over. Glanville. PRES/L-DENT-SHIP, z. The office and place of pres- ident. ooker. 9. The term for which a president holds his of- a. [L. presidium, a garrison; pre and sedeo.| Pertaining to a garrison; having a garrison. Howell. ; Directing; controlling; ex- ercising superintendence. PRE-SIG-NIF-I-€A/TION, n. [from presignify.] The ' act of signifying or showing beforehand. Barrow. | PRE-SIG’NI-FLED, pp. Signified beforehand. PRESIG'NLEY, 0 1 [pre and’ sianifye) ‘TO in || timate or signify beforehand ; to show previously. | Pearson. PRE-SIG/NI-FY-ING, ppr. Intimating beforehand. PRESS, v. t. [Fr. presser; It. pressare; to press, crowd, urge, hurry ; D. and G. pressen ; Sw. prassa; Dan. presser; W. brysiaw, to hurry, formed from | rhys, extreme ardency, a rushing. Here we have proof that press is formed from the root of 7ush, with a prefix. ‘The Spanish has apretar, prensar, and aprensar. The L, pressus is from the same root. ] | 1. To urge with force or weight; a word of exten- sive use, denoting the application of any power, | physical or moral, to something that is to be |} moved or affected. We press the ground with the feet when we walk; we press the couch on which }} we repose; we press Substances with the hands, fin- gers, or arms ; the smith presses iron with his vice ; we are pressed withthe weight of arguments, OF of cares, troubles, and business. 2. To squeeze; to crush; as, to press grapes. Gen. xi. 3, To drive with violence; to hurry ; as, to press a horse in motion, or in a race. 4. T’o urge ; to enforce ; to inculcate with earmest- ness; as, to press divine truth on an audience. 5. To embrace closely ; to hug. Leucothoe shook And pressed Palemon closer in her arms. 6. To force into service, particularly into naval service ; to impress. Clarendon. Driden. 7. To straiten; to distress; as, to be pressed with want or with difficulties. 8, To constrain ; to compel ; to urge by authority or necessity. The posts that rode upon mules and camels went out, being hast- ened and pressed on by the king’s commandment. — Esth. vil. 9. To urge; to impose by importunity. He pressed a letter upon me, within this hour, to deliver to you. Dryden. Pope. 10. To urge or solicit with earnestness or im portu- nity. He pressed me to accept of his offer. 11. To urge; to constrain. ressed in spirit, and testified to the Jews that Jesus Paul ABD was Christ. — Acts XVI. ‘ : Wickedness, pressed with conscience, forecasteth grievous things. Wisdom. 12. To squeeze for making smooth, as cloth or paper. a Press differs from drive and strike, in usually de- force ; noting a slow or continued application of whereas drive and strike denote a sudden impulse of And presently the fig-tree withered away. — Matt. xxi. a ; 7 i i Daven force. Fe : some o’er the public magazines DY eSULE. eT. Dac . i eee . . “ ro fe PRE-SENT/MENT, x. The act of presenting. Shak. ; ayShS Ke eae ‘fF ; Se eae PRESS, v. 2. _To urge or strain in motion ; to urge tor 2. Appearance to the view ; representation. PRES/I-DEN-CY, n. Superintendence; Isptetio ward with force. pegs: Milton. and care. ff f id Washi Ray. I press toward the mark for the prize of the high calling of God presidenc ed States by ‘bh’ ins victor presses on the more. Dryden. notice taken by a grand jury of any offense from elected to the Presa a of the United States by a Th pe pester fas their own knowledge or observation, without any unanimous vote of the electors. ees 9, To bear on with force ; to encroach. 3. The term during which a president holds his of- On superior powers 3 ope. Were we to press, inferior might on ours. 3. To bear on with force ; to crowd; to throng. Thronzing crowds press on yOWRS you pass. Dryden. 4, To approach unseasonably or importunately. Nor press too near the throne. Dryden. 5, To urge with vehemence and importunity. He pressed wpon them greatly, and they turned in to him, — Ge i n. XIX. Ry 6. To urge by influence or moral force. When arguments press equally in matters indifferent, the safest ; method is to give up ourselves to neither. 7. Tio push with force; as, to press against the door. PRESS, z. haste, hurry, @ crowd; Sp. It. pressa [ Ieee Sw. prdss; Dan. and prensa; Fr. presse, pressoir ; chine by which any body G. presse. ] 1. An instrument or ma CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 863 aie ea Pees EAS: cope i te peak i “ emg 1 — eS ar oa Bs Sarena SeePRE PRE PRE is squeezed, crushed, or forced into a more compact form ; as, a 2ine-press, cider-press, or cheese-press. 2. A machine for printing; a printing-press. Great improvements have been lately nade in the construc- tion of presses. : 3. Uhe art or business of printing and publishing ; hence, the publications issued from the press, taken collectively. A free press is a great blessing to a free people ; a licentious press 1s a curse to society. | 4. A crowd; a throng; a multitude of individuals crowded together. And when they could not come nigh to him for the press. — Mark ii. 5. The act of urging or pushing forward. Which, in their throng and press to the last hold, Confound themselves. 6. A wine-vat or cistern. Hag. li. 7. Acase or closet for the safe-keeping of garments. Shak. 8. Urgency ; urgent demands of affairs ; as,a press of business. 9. A commission to force men into public service, particularly into the navy ; for Impress. Ralegh. Press of sail, In navigation, is as much sail as the state of the wind will possibly permit. Totten. Liberty of the press, in ctvoil policy, 1s the free right of publishing books, pamphlets, or papers, without previous restraint ; or the unrestrained right which every citizen enjoys of publishing his thougbts and Shak. PRESS/-WORK, n. PREST’-MON-EY, (-mun/ne,) n. PRES-TA/TION, n. PRES-TA’TION-MON-EY, (-mun/ne,) n. opinions, subject only to punishment for publishing what is pernicious to morals or to the peace of the State. PRESS'—-BED, n. closed In a.case, PRESS/ED, (prest,) pp. or a. Urged by force or weight ; squeezed ; constrained ; distressed ; crowd- ed; embraced ; made smooth and glossy by pressure, as cloth. PRESS/ER, m. One that presses. PRESS/-GANG, x. [pressand gang.) A detachment of seamen under the command of an officer, em- powered to impress men into the naval service. [See ImeRess-GaNa.] PRESS’ING, ppr. Urging with force or weight; squeezing; constraining; crowding; embracing ; distressing ; forcing into service ; rolling in a press. 2, a. Urgent; distressing. PRESS'ING, n. The act or operation of applying force for the purpose of compressing bodies or ren- dering them compact. The pressing of cloth is per- formed by means of the screw, or by a calender. PRESS'ING-LY, adv With force or urgency ; closely. Howell. PRESS/LY, adv. [L. presse.] Closely ; with com- pression. [ Obs.) PRES’SION, (presh/un,) n. 1, The act of pressing. But Pressure is more generally used. JVewton. 2. In the Cartesian philosophy, an endeavor to move. PRES-SI-ROS'TERS, n. pl. [L. pressus, pressed, and rostrum, beak.] A tribe of wading birds, including those which have a compressed or flattened beak. Brande. PRES-SI-ROS’TRAL, a. Having a compressed or flattened beak ; applied to certain birds, as the lap- wing, Partington. PRES’SI-TANT, a. Gravitating; heavy. [Mot in use. } More. PRESS/MAN, 2. In printing, the man who manages the press and impresses the sheets. 2. One of a press-gang, who aids in forcing men into the naval service. Chapman. PRESS’-MON-EY,n. Money paid to a man impressed A bed that may be raised and in- B. Jonson. [It. pressione. | into piblic service. [See Prest-M INEY.] Gay. PRESS/URB, n. [It. and L. pressura. 1. The act of pressing or urging with force. 2. The act of squeezing or crushing. Wine is obtained by the pressure of grapes. 3. The state of being squeezed or crushed. 4. The force of one body acting on another by weight or the continued application of power. Press- ure is occasioned by weight or gravity, by the motion of bodies, by the expansion of fluids, by elasticity,. &c. Mutual pressure may be caused by the meeting of moving bodies, or by the motion of one body against another at rest, and the resistance or elastic force of the latter. The degree of pressure is in proportion to the weight of the pressing body. or to the power applied, or to the elastic force of resisting bodies. The screw is a most powerful instrument of pressure. 9. A constraining force or impulse; that which urges or compels the intelectual or moral faculties ; as, the pressure of notives on the mind, or of fear on the conscience. 6. That which afflicts the body or d ‘presses the spirits; any severe affliction, distress, calamity, or grievance; straits, difficulties, embarrassments, or the distress they occasion. We speak of the pressure of poverty or want, the pressure of debts, the press- ure of taxes, the pressure of afflictions, or sorrow. My own and my p°ople’s pressures are prievous. K, Charles, To this consideration he retreats with comfort in all his prissures, PRES/TER, n. PRES’TIGE, n. PRES-TIG-I-A’/TION, n. [L. PRES-TIG/I-A-TOR, n. PRES-TIG/I-A-TO-RY, a. PRES/TI-MO-_NY, zn. PRES-TIS'SEMO, [It.] PRES/TO, adv. PRE-SUM/A-BLE, a. PRE-SUM/A-BLY, adv. RE-SUMP’, v. t. Allerbury, E PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— We observe that pressure is used both for trouble or calamity, and for the distress it produces. 7. Urgency ; as, the pressure of business. 8. Impression ; stamp; character impressed. All laws of books, all forms, all pressures past. Shak. ESS/-\V That part of printing which con- sists In Impressing the sheets upon the type. PREST ; sometimes used for PressEp. [See Press.] PREST, a. [Old Fr. prest or preste, now prét, prét, or S preste; Sp. and It. presto, from L. presto, to stand before or forward ; pre and sto. ] I. Ready ; prompt. [ Obs. ] Fairfax. 2. Neat; tight. [Obs.] Tusser. PREST, n. [Fr. prét supra. ] I. Aloan. [ Obs. Bacon. 2, Formerly, x duty in money, to be paid by the Sheriff on his account in the exchequer, or for money left or remaining in his hands) 2 and 3 Edw. VI. Money paid to men when they enlist into the British service, so called because they hold themselves prest, or ready to march at command. Toone. [L. prestatio.] Formerly, a payment of money ; sometimes used for purveyance. Encie. A sum of money paid yearly by archdeacons and other digni- taries to their bishop, pro ezteriore jurisdictione. Encyc. (Gr. rpnsnp, from p79, to kindle, or inflame. ] 1. A meteor or exhalation formerly supposed to be thrown from the clouds with such violence, that by collision it is set on fire. [ Obs.] Encyc. 2. The external part of the neck, which swells when a person is angry. [ Obs. Enciyc. Prester (priest or presbyter) John; the name given in the middle ages to a supposed Christian sovereign in the interior of Asia; erroneously transferred by the Portuguese to the king of Abyssinia. Encyc. Am. [Fr.] Ilusion ; fascination ; charm ; Warburton. restigia, tricks. } The playing of legerdemain tricks; a juggling. Dict. A juggler; a cheat. More. Juggling ; consisting of imposture. impostures. PRES-TIG’I-OUS, a. Practicing tricks; juggling. Bale. [Port. and Sp. prestimonio; L. presto, to supply ; pre and sto.] In canon law, a fund for the support of a priest, appropriated by the founder, but not erected into any title of benefice, and not subject to the pope or the ordinary, but of which the patron is the collator. Port. Dict. Encic. But in a Spanish dictionary thus defined, ‘*a preb- end for the maintenance of poor clergymen, on condition of their saying prayers at certain stated times.’ In music, very quick. [Sp. and It. presto, quick or quickly ; L. presto.] 1. In music, a direction for a quick, lively move- ment or performance. 2. Quickly ; immediately ; in haste. Swift. PRE-STRI€’/TION, n. [L. prestringo, prestrictus.] Dimness. Milton. [from presume.] That may be presumed ; that may be supposed to be true or en- titled to belief, without examination or direct evi- dence, or on probable evidence. By presuming or supposing something to be true, without direct proof. Brown, [Fr. presumer; It. presumere ; Sp. presumir ; from L. presumo; pre, before, and swmo, to take. ] To take or suppose to be true, or entitled to belief, Without examination or positive proof, or on the Strength of probability. We presume that a man is honest, who has not been known to cheat or de- ceive; but in this we are sometimes mistaken. In many cases, the law presumes full payment where positive evidence of it can not be produced. We not only presume it may be so, but we actually find it so. Gov. of the Tongue. In cases of implied contracts, the law presuynes that a man has coyenanted or contracted to do what reason and justice dic- tate. lackstone. PRE-SUME’, v. i. To venture without positive per- mission ; as, We may presume too far. acon. 2. To act with great confidence ; with on or upon before the ground of confidence. This man presumes upon his parts. Locke, I will not presume so tar upon myself, Dryden. Luther presumes upon the gift of continency. Atterbury. It is sometimes followed by of, but improperly. 3. To make confident or arrogant attempts. PRE-SUM/ING-LY, adv. PRE-SUMP/TION, n. PRE-SUMPT’U-OUS, a. PRE-SUMPT’U-OUS-NESS, n. PRE-SUP-POSE’, (pre-sup-poze’,) v. t. In that we presume to see what is meet and convenient better than God himself, Hooke pes PRE-SUM’ED, pp. Supposed or taken to be true, or entitled to belief, without positive proof. PRE-SUM’ER, 7. One that presumes ; also, an arro- gant person. otton. PRE-SUM/ING, ppr. Taking as true, or supposing to be entitled to belief, on probable evidence. 2. a. Venturing without positive permission ; too confident; arrogant ; unreasonably bold. Confidently ; arrogantly. [Fr. presomption ; L. presump- tio. 1. Supposition of the truth or real existence of something without direct or positive proof of the fact, but grounded on circumstantial or probable evi- dence which entitles it to belief. Presumption, in law, is of three sorts, violent or strong, probable, and light. Next to positive proof, circumstantial evidence, or the doctrine of presumptions, must taxe place ; for when the fact can not be demonst{ritively evinced, that Which comes nearest to the proo! of the factis the proof of such circumstances as either cessarily or usually attend such facts. These are called npaons. Violent presumption is many times equal to full proof, Blackstone. 2. Strong probability; as in the common phrase, the presumption is that an event has taken place, or will take place. 3. Blind or headstrong confidence; unreasonable adventurousness ; a venturing to undertake some- thing without reasonable prospect of success, or against the usual probabilities of safety ; presumptu- ousness. Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath. Shak. I had the presumption to dedicate to you a very unfinished piece. Dryden. 4. Arrogance. He had the presumption to attempt to dictate to the council. ©. Unreasonable confidence in divine favor. The awe of his majesty will keep us from presumption. Rogers. PRE-SUMP’TIVE, a. Taken by previous supposition ; grounded on probable evidence. 2. Unreasonably confident ; adventuring without reasonable ground to expect success ; presumptuous ; arrogant, Brown. Presumptive evidence, in law, is that which is de- rived from circumstances which necessarily or usu- ally attend a fact, as distinct from direct evidence or positive proof. Presumptive evidence of felony should be cautiously admitted. lackstone, Presumptive heir ; one who would inherit an estate if the ancestor should die with things in their present state, but whose right of inheritance may be defeated by the birth of a nearer heir before the death of thie ancestor. ‘Thus the presumptive succession of a brother ar nephew may be destroyed by the birth of achild. Presumptive heir is distinguished from heir apparent, whose right of inheritance is indefeasible, provided he outlives the ancestor. Blackstone. PRE-SUMP’TIVE-LY, adv. By presumption, or sup- position grounded on probability. Burke. [Fr. presomptueur; It. aud Sp. presuntuoso. | 1. Bold and confident to excess ; adventuring with- out reasonable ground of success; hazarding safety on too slight grounds; rash; applied to persons; as, a presumptuous commander. There is a class of presumptuous men whom age has not made cautious, nor adversity wise. Buckminster. 2. Founded on presumption ; proceeding from ex- cess of confidence ; applied to things; as, presumptu- ous hope. Milton. 3. Arrogant; insolent; as, a presumptuous priest. Shak. Presumptuous pride. Dryden. 4. Unduly confident; irreverent with respect to sacred things. 5. Willful ; done with bold design, rash confidence, or in violation of known duty; as, a presumptuous sin. PRE-SUMPT’U-OUS-LY, adv. With rash confidence. 2. Arrogantly ; insolently. 3. Wilfully ; in bold defiance of conscience or vio- lation of known duty; as, to sin presumptuously. WVum. Xv. 4. With groundless and vain confidence in the divine favor. Hammond. The quality of being presumptuous or rashly confident; groundless con- fidence ; arrogance ; irreverent boldness or forward- ness. PRE-SUP-PO/SAL, (pre-sup-pd/zal,) n. [pre and sup- posal. | sis Supposal previously formed ; Soe OnS ooker, [Fr- presup- poser ; It. presupporre; Eng. pre and suppose.]} To suppose as previous; to imply as aztecedent. The existence of created things presupposes the ex- istence of a Creator. Each kind of knowledge presu learned in other sciences an oses many necessary things nown beforehand, Hooker. 864PRE PRE-SUP-POS’ED, pp. or a. dent. PRE-SUP-POS/ING, ppr. Supposing to be previous. PRE-SUP-PO-SI//TION, (-zish’un,) 7. Supposition previously formed. 2. Supposition of something antecedent. PRE-SUR-MISE’, (pre-sur-mize’,) n. [pre and sur- mise. | A surmise previously formed. Shak. PRE-TENCE’, (pre-tens’,) x. [L. pretensus, pretendo.] 1. A holding out or offering to others something false or feigned; a presenting to others, either in words or actions, a false or hypocritical appearance, usually with a view to conceal what is real, and thus to deceive. Under pretence of giving liberty to na- tions, the prince conquered and enslaved them. Under pretence of patriotism, ambitious men serve their own selfish purposes. Let not Trojans, with a feigned pretence Of proffered peace, delude the Latian prince, It is sometimes preceded by on; as, on pretence of revenging Cesar’s death. Middleton. 9, Assumption ; claim to notice. Never was any thing of this pretence more ingeniously imparted. Evelyn. Supposed to be antece- Dryden. 3. Claim, true or false. Primogeniture can not have any pretence to a right of solely in- heriting property or power. Locke, 4, Something held out to terrify or for other pur- pose ; as, a pretence of danger. Shak. [For remarks on the spelling of this word, see Pre- TENSE. | PRE-TEND!, v.t. [L. pretendo; pre, before, and ten- do, to tend, to reach, or stretch; Fr. pretendre ; It. pretendere ; Sp. pretender. | 1. Literally, to reach or stretch forward ; used by Dryden, but this use is not well authorized. 2. To hold out, as a false appearance; to offer something feigned instead of that which is real; to simulate, in words or actions. This let him know, Lest, willfully transgressing, he pretend Surprisal. 3. To show hypocritically ; as, to pretend great zeal when the heart is not engaged ; to pretend pa- triotism for the sake of gaining popular applause or obtaining an office. 4. To exhibit as a cover for something hidden. Lest that too heavenly form pretended To hellish falsehood, snare them. [Nol Un Use.) 5. To claim. Chiefs shall be grudged the part which they pretend. Dryden. In this sense, we generally use pretend to. 6. To intend; to design. [Vot used) Spenser. PRE-TEND!, v.i. To putina claim, truly or falsely ; to hold out the appearance of being, possessing, Or performing. A man may pretend to be a physician, and pretend to perform great cures ; bad men often pretend to be patriots. PRE-TENDIED, pp» Held out, as a false appearance ; feigned ; simulated. 9. a. Ostensible ; hypocritical ; as, a pretended rea- son or motive ; pretended zeal. PRE-TEND/ED-LY, adv. By false appearance or representation. Hammond. PRE-TEND'ER,2n. One who makes a show of some- thing not real; one who lays claim to any thing. 2. In English history, the heir of the royal family of Stewart, who laid claim to the crown of Great Britain, but was excluded by law. Burnet. PRE-TEND/ER-SHIP, 7. The right or claim of the Swi Milton. Milton. PRE’ TER-IT, a. PRE [This word, like expense, has, till of late, been spelled with a c; but it ought to undergo the same change with expense, the reason being the same, Re viz.. that smust be used in the &c,, aS in expensive. | PRE-TENS!/ED, (pre-tenst/,) a. as, a pretensed right to land. PRE-TEN/SION, (pre-ten/shun,) n. [It. pretensione ; Fr. pretention. | 1, Claim, true or false ; a holding out the appear- ance of right or possession of a thing, with a view to make others believe what true, is not yet known or admitted. A man may make pretensions to rights which he can not maintain ; derivatives, pretension, Pretended ; feigned ; [Little used.] Encye. is not real, or what, if he may make pretensions to skill which he does not Possess ; and he may make pretensions to skill or ac- quirements which he really possesses, but which he is not known to possess. Hence we speak of ill-| PRE-TEX’, v. t. founded pretensions and well-founded pretensions. 9, Claim to something to be obtained, or a desire to obtain something, manifested by words or actions. Any citizen may have pretensions to the honor of representing the state in the resentatives. senate or house of rep- The commons demand that the consulship should lie in common to the pretensions of any Roman. Suift Men indulge those opinions and tensions. 3. Fictitious appearance ; used. This was but an invention and paniards. PRE-TENT’A-TIVE, a. [L. That may be previously tried or attempted. tle used. | practices that favor their pre- L Estrange. a Latin phrase not now pretension given out by the acon. pre and tento, to try.] [ Lit- Wotton. PRE/TER, a Latin preposition, (preter,) is used in some English words as a prefix. Its proper signifi- cation is beyond, hence, beside, more. PRE-TER-IM-PBR/FE€T, a. [L. preter, beyond or beside, and zwmperfectus, unfinished.] > In grammar, an epithet designating the tense which expresses action or being not perfectly past ; more usually called the imperfect tense. [L. preter yond, and eo, to go.] ‘“T have written a letter to tant and not specified. English. pretereo, to pass by. | pass ov he is just,” &c. PRE-TER/LTIVE, a. tenses. PRE'TER-IT-NESS, zn. being past. [Little used pretender. wift. PRE-TEND/ING, ppr. Holding out a false appear- ance ; Jaying claim to, or attempting to make others believe one is what in truth he is not, or that he has or does something which he has or does not ; mak- ing hypocritical professions, PRE-TEND/ING-LY, adv. Arrogantly; presumptu- ously. PRE-TENSE/, (pre-tens’,) n. [L. pretensus, pre- tendo. 1. A holding out or offering to others something false or feigned; a presenting to others, either in words or actions, a false or hypocritical appearance, usually with a view to conceal what is real, and thus to deceive. Under pretense of giving liberty to na- tions, the prince conquered and enslaved them; un- der pretense of patriotism, ambitious men serve their own selfish purposes. Let not Trojans, with a feigned pretense Of proffered peace, delude the Latian prince. Dryden. revenging Cesar’s death. Middleton. 9. Assumption ; claim to notice, elyn. 3. Claim, true or false, heriting property or power. pose ; as, a pretense of danger. It is sometimes preceded by on; as, on pretense of Never was any thing of this prefense more ingeniously imparted, Ev Primogeniture can not have any pretense to a right of solely in- Locke. 4, Something held out to terrify or for other pur- Shak preterlabor ; preter an from pratermitto. } PRE-TER-MIT’, v. t. and mitto, to send. ] To pass by ; to omit. PRE-TER-MIT! TED, pp. PRE-TER-NAT/U-RAL, a. natural; irregular. which are deemed to be or powers, and must ¢t [Little ysed.] ANGER, VI//CIOUS. — € TONE, BULL, UNITE.— 109 PRE-TER-I’TION, (pre-ter-ish/un,) 2. bestowed by way of preterition. In grammar, an epithet applied to verbs used only or chiefly in the preterit or past PRE-TER-LAPS’ED, Cereus) a. ad labor, to glide. ] : Past ; gone by ; as, preterlapsed ages. PRE-TER-LE/GAL, a. [L. Exceeding the limits of law; not legal. K physical world preternatural, whicl nary course of things, and yet are not ulous, in distinction from events which are super- natural, which cannot be produced by physical laws herefore be produced by a direct exertion of omnipotence. epithet to things uncommon or irregular; as, a pre- ternatural swelling ; a preterna natural excitement or temper. PRE-TER-NAT-U-RAL'LTY, n. PRE-TER-NAT/U-RAL-LY, adv. Past; applied to the tense in grammar which ex- presses an action or being perfectly past or finished, often that which is just past or completed, but with- out a specification of time. It is called also the perfect tense; as, scripsi, 1 have written. We say, my correspondent ;”’ in which sentence, the time is supposed to be not dis- But when the time is men- tioned, we use the imperfect tense, So called; as, ‘I wrote to my correspondent yesterday.” of the preterit or perfect tense, the English differs from the French, in which j’ai écrit hier is correct ; but I have written yesterday, would be very bad In this use (Fr., from L. 1. The act of going past; the state of being past. all, 9, In rhetoric, a figure by which, in pretending to er any thing, we make a summary mention of it; as, ‘* I will not say, he is valiant, he is learned, The most artful praises are those Encyc. o Walker. preter and legal. | . Charles. used, | eS. PRE-TER-MIS/SION, (-mish/un,) 7. [L. pratermissto 1. A passing by ; omission. 9, In rhetoric, the same aS PRETERITION. [L. pretermitto ; preter, beyond 2 Bacon. Passed by ; omitted. [L. preter and natural. | Beyond what is natural, or different from what I We call those events in the , are extraordinary, beyond or without the ordi- leemed mirac- We also apply th Smith. as K; Gas J; S as Z; PRE-TER-PER/FE€T, a. PRE-TER-PLU!PER-FEE€T, a. PRE-TEXT’ or PRE/TEXT, 7. L. preterlapsus, [Little tural pulse ; a preter- Preternaturalness. In a manner be- PRE {| yond or aside from the common order of nature; as vessels of the body preternaturally distended. re RE-TER-NAT/U-RAL-NESS, nm. A state or manner different from the common order of nature. I [L. preter and perfectus. Literally, more than complete or finished; an ol equivalent to preterit, applied to the tense of verbs which expresses action or being absolutely past ; more usually called the perfect tense. [Grammar.} Spectator. [L. preter, beyond, plus, more, and perfectus, perfect. } Literally, beyond more than perfect ; an epithet des- ignating the tense of verbs which expresses action or being as past at or before another past event or time; more usually called the pluperfect tense; better denominated the prior past tense, that is, past prior to another event. [L. pretexo; pre and tezo, or tego, [ fot used. | Edwards, L. pretextus; Fr. texu. | To cloak ; to conceal. _pretexte ; It. pretesto ; Sp. pretezto. Pretense ; false appearance ; ostensible reason or motive assigned or assumed as 2 color or Cover for the real eason or motive. He gave plausible reasons for his conduct but these were only a pretext to con- ceal his real motives. He made pretext that I should only go And help convey his freight ; but thought not so. Chapman. They suck the blood of those they depend on, under a pretezt of service and kindness. i’ Estrange. PRE/TOR, x. [L. pretor, from the root of pre, be- fore. ] An officer among the ancient Romans. Originally, the pretor was a kind of third consul ; but at an ear- ly period, two pretors were appointed ; the first of whom (pre'tor urba'nus) was a kind of mayor or city judge; the other (pre’tor peregrunus) Was a judge of cases in which one or both of the parties were foreigners. Still later, the number of pretors or judges was further increased. Smith’s Dict. In modern times, the word is sometimes used for 2 mayor or magistrate. Dryden. Spectator. tus, pretereo ; preter, be-| ppp-TO/RLAL, a. Pertaining to a pretor or judge 5 judicial. urkeé. PRE-TO/RLAN, a. Belonging to a pretor or judge ; judicial ; exercised by the pretor; as, pretorian pow er or authority. Bacon. Pretorian bands, or guards, or -pretorians, in Roman history, were the emperor’s guards. Their number was increased by Vitellius to sixteen thousand men. Smith’s Dict. Pretorian gate; in a Roman camp, that one of its four gates which lay next the enemy. Brande. PRE’TOR-SHIP, x. The office of pretor. Warton. PRET/TLLY, (prit'ti-ly,) adv. [from pretty.| In @ pretty manner ; with neatness and taste; pleasingly ; without magnificence or splendor; as, @ woman prettily dressed ; a parterre prettily ornamented with flowers. 9. With decency, good manners, and decorum, without dignity. Children kept out of ill company, take a pride to behave them- selves prettily. Locke, PRET/TI-NESS, (prit/ti-ness,) . [from pretty.| Di- minutive beauty ; a pleasing form: without statell- ness or dignity ; as, the prettiness of the face; the prettiness of a bird or other small animal ; the: pretti- J mess of dress. : fore. 9. Neatness and taste displayed on small objects 5 from preterit.]| The state of| as, the prettiness of a flower-bed. | : . Bentley. 3 Decency of manners; pleasing propriety with- out dignity or elevation ; as, the prettiess of achild’s behavior. 5 PRET’TY, (prit/ty,) a. [Sax. prete, adorned ; pretiz, sly, crafty; Dan. prydet, adorned; Sw. prydd, id. 5 W. pryd, comeliness, beauty, also, that is present, stated time, hour or season, VISage, aspect ; prydain, exhibiting presence or an open countenance, beauti- ful; prydiaw, to represent an object, to record an event, to render seasonable, to set apart a time, to become seasonable. The word seems to be con- nected with priawd, appropriate, proper, fitting, whence priodi, to render appropriate, to espouse Or marry, and prodverg, a bride. Hence it is evident the radical sense is set, or, aS We say, set off, implying enlargement. ] ; 1. Having diminutive beauty ; of a pleasing form without the strong lines of beauty, or without grace- fulness and dignity ; as, a pretty face ; a pretty per- son; a pretty flower. The pretty gentleman is the most compl world. That which is little can be but prety, becomes ridiculous. e 2, Neat and appropriate W splendor ; as, a pretty dress. 3, Handsome; neatly arra as, a pretty flower-bed. 4. Neat; elegant Ww as, a pretty tale or story; 4 tion. 3 8 aisant creature in the Spectator. and by claiming dignity Johnson. jthout magnificence Or nged or ornamented ; ithout elevation or grand eu <; pretty SODg OF composi- CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 5 ee ae een ed a x “ a. ~ ete ea) 4 Beas ee PRE 5. Sly; crafty; as, he has played his friend a pretty trick. This seems to be the sense of the word in this phrase, according with the Saxon pretig. And hence, perhaps, the phrase a pretty fellow. 6. Small; diminutive ; in contempt. make a pretty figure in a triumph. 7. Not very small; moderately large; as, a pretty way off. a bent K immediately after their bearing, Cut Pree iets exer and then cast a pretty quantity of pun upon the plant, and they will bear next year before the ordi- nary time. [Notin use.] con, PRET’TY, (prit/ty,) adv. In some degree ; tolerably ; moderately ; as, a farm pretty well stocked ; the colors became pretty vivid; I _am_ pretty sure of the fact ; the wind is pretty fair. The English half penny is pretty near the value of the American cent. In these and similar phrases, pretty expresses less than ee, imself a $1 Christi The writer pretty plainly professes himself a sincere Stent PRET/TY-SPOK-EN, a. Spoken or speaking prettily. PRE-TYP/I-FI-ED, (-fide,) Dp. [from pretypify.] An- tecedently represented by type; prefigured. PRE-TYP/I-FY, v.t. [pre and typify.] To prefigure ; to exhibit previously in a type. Pearson. PRE-TYP/I-FY-ING, ppr. Prefiguring. PRE-VAIL/, v. 7% ([Fr. prevaloir; It. prevalere; Sp. prevalecer ; L. prevaleo ; pre, before, and valeo, to be strong or Well. Valeo seems to be from the same root as the Eng. well. The primary sense is, to stretch or strain forward, to advance. ] 1. To overcome ; to gain the victory or superiori- ty ; to gain the advantage. When Moses held up his hand, Israel prevailed; whien he let down his hand, Amalek prevailed. — Ex. xvii He will With over or against. David prevailed over the Philistine with a sling and with a stone. —1Sam. xvii. : This kingdom could never prevail against the united power of England. Swift. 2. To be in force ; to have effect, power, or influ- ence. This custom makes the short-sighted bigots and the warier skep- tics, as far as it prevails. Locke. 3. To be predominant ; to extend over with force or effect. The fever prevailed in a great part of the city. 4. To gain or have predominant influence ; to op- erate with effect. © These reasons, arguments, or mo- tives ought to prevail with all candid men, In this sense, it is followed by 2ith. 5. To persuade or induce ; with on or upon. They prevailed on the president to ratify the treaty. It is also followed by with. They could not prevail with the king to pardon the offender. But on is more common in modern practice. 6. To succeed. The general attempted to take the fort by assault, but did not prevail. The most power- ful arguments were employed, but they did not prevail. PRE-VAIL/ED, pp. Gained advantage ; persuaded ; succeeded. PRE-VAIL/ING, ppr. Gaining advantage, superiority, or victory ; having effect ; persuading ; succeeding. 2. a. Predominant; having more influence ; prev- alent; superior in power. The love of money and the love of power are the prevailing passions of men. 3. Efficacious, Saints shall assist thee with prevailing prayers. Rowe. 4. Predominant ; most general ; as, the prevailing disease of a climate; a prevailing opinion. Intem- perance is the prevailing vice of many countries, PRE-VAIL'ING-LY, adv So as to prevail or have success. PRE-VAIL’MENT, n. Prevalence. [Little used.] ; i Shak, PREV! A-LENCE, m. Superior strength, influence, PREV ’A-LEN-CY, or efficacy; most efficacious force in producing an effect, The duke better knew what kind of arguments were of preva- lence with him. Clarendon, _2. Predominance; most general reception or prac- lice; as, the prevalance of vice, or of corrupt max- ims ; the prevalence of opinion or fashion. 3. Most general existence or extension 3 as, the prevalence of a disease. 4. Success ; as, the prevalence of prayer, PREV/A-LENT, a. Gaining advantage or su periority ; victorious. BGrenous told the Roman embassadors, 1 that prevalent arms were as good as any title. talegh. 2. Poweriul ; efficacious ; successful 3 aS, prevalent supplications. 3. Predominant; most generally received or cur- rent; as, a prevalent opinion. Woodward, 4. Predominant ; most general ; extensively ex- isting ; as, a prevalent disease. PREV’A-LENT-LY, adv. With predominance or su- periority ; powerfully. The evening star so falla into the main, To rise at morn more prevalently bright. Prior. PRE car; Fr. prevariquer ; L. prevaricor; pre and varico, varicor, to straddle. 1. To shuffle; to quibble; to shift or turn from one side to the other, from the direct course or from .truth ; to play foul play. I would think better of himself, than that he would willfully pre- varicate, Sulling fleet. 2. In the civil law, to collude; as, where an in- former colludes with the defendant, and makes a sham prosecution. Encye. 3. In English law, to undertake a thing falsely and deceitfully, with the purpose of defeating or destroy- ing it. Cowel. PRE-VAR/L€ATE, v. t. To pervert; to corrupt ; to evade by a quibble. [But in a transitive sense, this word is seldom or never used. PRE-VAR/I-€A4-TED, pp. Evaded by a quibble. PRE-VAR’I-€A-TING, ppr. or a. Quibbling to evade the truth. PRE-VAR-L€A/TION, 2. A shuffling or quibbling to evade the truth or the disclosure of truth ; the prac- tice of some trick for evading what is just or honor- able; a deviation from the plain path of truth and fair dealing. Addison. 2. In the civil law, the collusion of an informer with the defendant, for the purpose of making a sham prosecution. Enciyc. 3. In common law, a seeming to undertake a thing falsely or deceitfully, for the purpose of defeating or destroying it. Cowel. 4. A secret abuse in the exercise of a public office or commission. Enciyc. PRE-VAR’'L€A-TOR, nm. One that prevaricates; a shuffler ; a quibbler. 2. A sham dealer; one who colludes with a de- fendant in a sham prosecution. Civil Law. 3. One who abuses his trust. PRE-VENE!’, v.t. [L. prevenio; pra, before, and ve- nio, to come. | Iiterally, to come before ; hence, to hinder. [ot used.} Philips. PRE-VEN'I-ENT, a. [L. preveniens.] Going before; preceding; as, prevenient grace, Hence, preventive Milton. PRE-VENT’, v. t, [L. prevenio, pre, before, and ve- nio, to come; It. prevenire; Sp. and Fr. prevenir. | 1. To hinder; to stop or intercept the approach, access, or performance of a thing. Foresight and care will prevent many ills and misfortunes in human life. Religion supplies consolation under afflictions Which can not be prevented. It is often easier to prevent evils than to remedy them. [The following significations of the word, formerly used, are obsolete, | 2. ‘To go before; to precede. Ps. cxix. 148. 3, To take hold on; to seize. Job xxx. 16. 4. Tosuccor. Ps. lix, 10, and Common Prayer. 5. To anticipate. Their ready guilt preventing thy commands. Pope. 6. To preoccupy ; to preéngage, Thou hast prevented us with overtures of tove. K. Charles. PRE-VENT’, v. i. To come before the usual time. [Not in we acon. PRE-VENT’A-BLE, a. That may be prevented or hindered. Reynolds. [PrevENTATIVE is a gross blunder. ] PRE-VENT’ED, pp. Hindered from happening or taking effect. PRE-VENT’ER, n. One that goes before. [ot in Use. | Bacon. 2. One that hinders; a hinderer ; that which hin- ders ; as, a preventer of evils or of disease. PRE-VENT’ING, ppr. Going before. [Obs.] 2. Hindering ; obviating. PRE-VENT’ING-LY, adv. In such a manner or way as to hinder. Dr. Walker. PRE-VEN/TION, x. [Fr.] The act of going before. [ pe) Bacon. 2. Preoccupation; anticipation. [Little used, | Hammond. _3. The act of hindering; hinderance ; obstruc- tion of access or approach. Prevention of sin is one of the greatest mercies God can youch- safe. South 4. Prejudice; prepossession; a French sense, but notin use in English. Dryden. PRE-VEN/TION-AL, a. Tending to prevent. Dict. PRE-VENT’IVE, a. Tending to hinder; hindering the access of; as, a medicine preventive of disease. Town, PRE-VENT’IVE, m. That which prevents; that Which intercepts the access or approach of. Tem- perance and exercise are excellent preventives of de- bility and languor. 2. An antidote previously taken. may be taken as a preventive of disease. PRE-VENT/IVE SERVICE, n. In Great Britain, the duty performed by the armed police in guarding the coast against smuggling A mediéine PRE-VAR/I-€ATE, v.i. [It. prevaricare ; Sp. prevari- PRE-VENT’IVE-LY, adv, ” By way of prevention ; PRI PRE/VI-OUS, a, [L. previus; pre, before, and via, way, that is, a going, Sax. weg.) Going before in time ; being or happening before something else; antecedent ; prior ; as, a previaus intimation of a design ; a previous notion ; a previous event. Sound from the mountain, previous to the storm, Rolls o’er the muttering earth. Thomson. PRE/VI-OUS-LY, adv. In time preceding ; before- hand ; antecedently ; as, a plan previously formed. PRE/VI-OUS-NESS, n. Antecedence 3 priority in time. PRE-VI''/SION, (-vizh’un,) n. (L. previsus, prevideo ; pre, before, and video, to see.] Foresight ; foreknowledge; prescience. Encic. PRE-WARN’‘, v. t. [See a To warn before- hand ; to give previous notice of. Beaum. PRE-WARN’ED, pp. Given previous notice of, PRE-WARNI/ING, ppr. Warning beforehand. PREY, (pra,) n. [L. preda; It. preda: Fr. prove ; Arm. preyz or preth; D. prooi. In Welsh, praiz, Ir. preit, signifies booty or spoil of cattle taken in war, also a flock or herd; preiziaw, to herd, to collect a herd, to drive off or make booty of cattle.] 1, Spoil; booty; plunder; goods taken by force from an enemy in war. And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, to Moses and Eleazar the priest. —Num, xxxi, In this passage, the captives are distinguished from prey. But sometimes persons are included. They [Judah] shall become a prey anda spoil to all their ene- mies. —2 Kings xxi. 2. That which is seized or may be seized by vio- lence to be devoured ; ravine. The eagle and the hawk dart upon their prey. She sees herself the monster’s prey. Driden, The old lion perisheth for lack of prey. — Job iv. 3. Ravage ; depredation. Hog in sloth, fox in stealth, lion in prey. Shak, Animal or beast of prey, is a carnivorous animal ; one that feeds on the flesh of other animals. The word is applied to the larger animals, as lions, tigers, hawks, vultures, &c., rather than to insects ; yet an insect feeding on other insects, may be called an ani- mal of prey. PREY, (pra,) v.72. To prey on, or upon, is to Tob ; to plunder ; to pillage. 2. To feed by violence, or to seize and devour. The wolf preys on sheep; the hawk preys on chick- ens. 3. To corrode; to waste gradually ; to cause to pine away. Grief preys on the body and spirits ; envy and jealousy prey on the health. Language is too faint to show His rage of love; it preys upen his life ; He pines, he sickens, he despairs, he dies, Addison. PREY’ER, (pra/er,) n. He or that which preys; a plunderer; a waster ; a devourer. PREY/ING, (pra/ing,) ppr. Plundering; corroding ; wasting gradually. PRI/A-PISM, n. [from L. Priapus.] More or less permanent erection and rigidity of the penis, with- out concupiscence. PRICE, n. [Fr. priz; It. prezzo; Sp. precio; Arm. pris; D. prys; G. preis; Dan. priis ; W. pris or prid; prisiaw, to value, to apprize ; pridiaw, to give a price, value, or equivalent, to pawn, to ransom ; L. pretium. See Pratse.] 1, The sum or amount of money at which a thing is valued, or the value which a seller sets on his goods in market. A man often sets a price on goods which he can not obtain, and often takes less than the price set. 2. The sum or equivalent given for an article ; the cost; as, the price paid for a house, an ox, or a watch. 3. The current value or rate paid for any species of goods; as, the market price of wheat. 4. Value; estimation ; excellence ; worth. Who can find a virtuous woman? for her price is far above rubies. — Prov, xxxi, 5. Reward ; recompense. That vice may merit; ’tis the price of toil ; The knave deserves it when he tills the soil. Pope. The price of redemption, is the atonement of Jesu Christ. 1 Cor. vi. Al price in the hands of a fool; the valuable offers of salvation, which he neglects. Prop. xvii. PRICE, v. t. To pay for. [Not in use.] 2. To seta price on. [See Prize.] PRICE-€UR/RENT, n. paper or table of the cur- rent prices of merchandise, stocks, specie, bills of exchange, rate of exchange, &c. : PRIC’ED, (prist,) a. Set at a value; used in compo- sition ; as, high-priced, low-priced. : PRICE’/LESS, a, Invaluable; too valuable to admit of a price. Shak. 2. Without value ; worthless or unsalable. J. Barlow. PRIC/ING, ppr. Setting a price on; valuing. Spenser. in a manner that tends to hinder. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINnn, PRICK, v. t. [Sex prictian; LD). prikken ; Dan. prikker ; Sw. pricka; Ir. priocam.] 666 MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PRI 1. To pierce with a sharp-pointed instrument or | P substance ; as, to prick one with a pin, a needle, a thorn, or the like 2, To erect a pointed thing, or with an acuminated | P point ; applied chiefly to the ears, and primarily to the pointed ears of an animal. The horse pricks his ears, or pricks up his ears. 3. To fix by the point ; as, to prick a knifewinto a board. ; JVewton. 4. To hang on a point, The cooks prick a slice on a prong of iron. Sandys. 5. To designate by a puncture or mark. Some who are pricked for sherifls, and are fit, set out of the bill. 6. To spur; to goad; to incite ; sometimes with on OF off My duty pricks mgor to utter that Which no worldly rood should draw from me. Shak. But how if honor prick me off. Shak. 7. To affect with sharp pain; to sting with re- morse. When they heard this, they were pricked in their hearts. — Acts ti, Ps. bxxiil. 8. To make acid or pungent to the taste; as, wine is pricked. udibras. 9. To write a musical composition with the proper notes on a scale. 10. In seamen’s language, to run a middle seam through the cloth of a sail. Mar. Dict. To prick a chart, is to trace a ship’s course on a chart. Mar. Dict. PRICK, v. i. To become acid ; as, cider pricks in the rays of the sun. 2. To dress one’s self for show. 3. To come upon the spur; to shoot along. Before each van Prick forth the airy knights. Milton. 4, To aim ata point, mark, or place. Hawkins. PRICK, n. [Sax. pricca; Sw. prick or preka; tand- preka, a tooth-pick ; Ir. prioca.] 1. A slender, pointed instrument or substance, which is hard enough to piercé the skin; a goad; a spur. It is hard for thee to kick against the pricks. — Acts ix. 2. Sharp, stinging pain ; remorse. Shak, 3. A spot or mark at which archers aim. 7 Carew. 4. A point; a fixed place. Spenser. 5. A puncture or place entered by a point. Brown. 6. The print of a hare on the ground. 7. In seamen’s language, a small roll ; as, a prick of spun yarn ; a prick of tobacco. PRICK/-POST, n. In architecture, a post in wooden buildings formed intermediately between two princi- pal posts. randé. PRICK/ED, (prikt,) pp. Pierced with a sharp point ; spurred ; goaded; stung with pain; rendered acid or pungent; marked ; designated. PRICK/ER, n. A sharp-pointed instrument. J/Woron. 2. In colloquial sense, a prickle. 3. Alight horseman. [NVotinuse.] Hayward. PRICK’ET, 7. A buck in his second year. Manwood. PRICK/ING, ppr. Piercing with a sharp point ; goad- ing ; affecting with pungent pain ; making or becom- ing acid. PRICK/ING, 1x. point. 9. In farriery, the driving of a nail into a horse’s foot so as to produce lameness; also, the same as Nickina. Farm. Encyc. Gardner. 3. A sensation of sharp pain, or of being pricked. The act of piercing with a sharp PRIDE, z. PRI RICK/SONG, n. A song set to music, or a Va- riegated song; in distinction from a plain song. Shak. Bale. RICK/WOQQD, 7. A European shrub of the genus Euonymus, so named from the use of the wood formerly as skewers. Loudon. [Sax. pryt, pryde; D. prat, proud. ] 1. Inordinate self-esteem; an unreasonable con- ceit of one’s own superiority in talents, beauty, wealth, accomplishments, rank, or elevation in office, Which manifests itself in lofty airs, distance, reserve, and often in contempt of others. Martial pride looks down on industry. T. Dawes, Pride goeth before destruction. — Prov. xvi. Pride that dines on vanity sups on contempt. Franklin. } Johnson. All pride is Bhat and mean, Those that walk in pride he is able to abase. — Dan. iv. 2. Insolence ; rude treatment of others ; insolent exultation. That hardly we escaped the pride of France. Shak, 3. Generous elation of heart; a noble self-esteem P springing from a consciousness of worth. P The honest pride of conscious virtue. Smith. 4, Elevation ; loftiness. A falcon towering in her pride of place. Shak. 5. Decoration; ornament; beauty displayed. Whose lofty trees yclad with summer’s pride. Spenser. > his this sword, Whose ivory sheath, inwrought with curious pride, Adds graceful terror to the wearer’s side. Pope. 6. Splendid show ; ostentation. In this array, the war of either side Through Athens passed with military pride. Dryden. _7. That of which men are proud ; that which ex- cites boasting. 1 will cut off the pride of the Philistines. — Zech. ix. Zeph. iil. 8. Excitement of the sexual appetite in a female beast. Shak. 9. Proud persons. Ps. XXXvVi. PRIDE, v. t. With the reciprocal pronoun, to pride one’s self, to indulge pride; to take pride; to value one’s self; to gratify self-esteem. They pride them- selves in their wealth, dress, or equipage. He prides himself in his achievements. PRIDE/FUL, a. Full of pride; insolent; scornful. Richardson. PRIDE’LESS, a. Destitute of pride ; without pride. Chaucer. PRID/ING, ppr. Indulging pride or self-esteem ; tak- ing pride ; valuing one’s self. PRID/ING-LY, adv. With pride ; in pride of heart. Barrow. PRIE ; supposed to be so written for Prrvet. Tusser. PRIE, for Pry. Chaucer. PRIEF, for Proor, torr Chaucer. PRYVER, n. [from pry.-| ne who inquires narrowly ; one who searches and scrutinizes. PRIEST, (preest,) n. [Sax. preost ; D. and G. priester ; Dan. prest ; Fr. prétre ; It. prete; from L. prestes, a chief, one that presides; pre, before, and sto, to stand, or sisto, or Gr. isnut; or contracted from pres- b -OLe byter. In Persic, Udauys parastash is worship ; On Wee Cy Oho parastidan, to worship, to adore. ] 1. Originally and properly, one who officiates at the altar or performs the rites of sacrifice, (lepevs, sacerdos.) Thus it is used in the pagan writers and in the Holy Scriptures. Murdock. In primitive ages, the,fathers of families, princes, PRICK/LE, (prick’l,) n. In botany, a small, pointed shoot or sharp process, growing from the bark only, and thus distinguished from the thorn, whichggrows from the wood of a plant. Thus, the rose, the bram- ble, the gooseberry, and the barberry are armed with prickles. Martyn. 9. A sharp, pointed process of an animal. PRICK’LE-BACK, n. A small fish, so named from the prickles on its back ; the stickle-back. Dict. Nat. Hist. PRICK/LI-NESS, ». [from prickly.] The state of having many prickles. PRICK/LOUSE, n. A low word in contempt for a tailor. I’ Estrance. PRICK/LY, a. Full of sharp points or prickles ; armed with prickles ; as, a prickly shrub. Martyn. Swift. PRICK/LY-PEAR,n. A name applied to various spe- cies of Cactus, especially to the Cactus opuntia, a fieshy and succwent plant, destitute of leaves, cov- ered with spines, and consisting of flattened joints inserted upon each other. It produces a purplish, edible fruit. ‘ Encyc. Am. PRICK/MAD-AM, xn. A species of houseleek. Johnson. PRICK/PUNCH, n. A piece of tempered steel with a round point, to prick a round mark on cold iron. and kings, were priests. Thus Cain and Abel, Noah, Abraham, Melchizedeck, Job, Isaac, and Jacob, of- fered their own sacrifices. In the days of Moses, the office of priest was restricted to the tribe of Levi, and the priesthood consisted of three orders, the high priests, the priests, and the Levites, and the office was made hereditary in the family of Aaron. Every priest taken from among men is ordained for men in things pertaining to God, that he may offer both gifts and sacrifices for sins. — Heb. v. 9. In the Latin and Greek churches, one who is authorized to consecrate the host and to say mass ; but especially, one of the lowest order possessing this power. Murdock. 3. In the Protestant Episcopal church, a presbyter ; one who belongs to the intermediate order between bishop and deacon. He is authorized to perform all ministerial services except that of ordination and confirmation. The Protestant non-Episcopal churches discard the title priest ; yet it is sometimes used, either ignorantly or contemptuously, for a pastor or an ordained min- ister of the gospel. : Murdock. PRIEST/ERAFT, (preest’/kraft,) 2. [priest and craft.] The stratagems and frauds of priests ; fraud or im- » JMoxron. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— position in religious concerns ; management of selfish ANGER, VI'/CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; PRIEST’ESS, n. ty of life. PRIEST’RID-DEN, a. [priest and ridden. See PRIG, v. i. Tohaggle about the price of a commodity b S Obs. | PRIG, v. t. To filch or steal. PRIG/GISH, a. Affected ; coxcomical ; conceited. PRIG/GISM, PRIG/GER-Y, PRIG/GISH-LY, adv. PRILL, 2. PRIM, a. [Russ. primo, or priamo, in a right line, PRIM, »v. t. PRIM,n. A plant, Privet, Ligustrum vulgare, a native PRI and ambitious priests to gain wealth and power, ox to impose on the credulity of others. Pope. Spectator. A female, among pagans, who of- ficiated in sacred things. Addison. Swift. PRIEST/HOOQD, x. The office or character of a priest Whitgifte. 2. The order of men set apart for sacred offices ; the order composed of priests. Dryden. PRIEST’LIKE,a. Resembling a priest, or that which Shak belongs to priests. ha. PRIEST/LI-NESS, n. The appearance and manner of a priest. PRIEST’LY, (preest/le,) a. Pertaining to a priest or to priests; sacerdotal ; as, the priestly office. 2. Becoming a priest; as, priestly sobriety and puri- Rive. ] Managed or governed by priests. Swift. RIEVE, for Prove. Spenser. RIG, n. [G. frech, bold, saucy, impudent. ] 1. A pert, conceited, saucy, pragmatical fellow. Addison. Swift 2. A thief. Ramsay’s Poems. Brockett. n. The manners of a prig. Ed. Rev. In a priggish manner. A birt or turbot. Ainsworth. directly ; priamei, straight, direct, true, just. See PRIME. | Properly, straight ; erect ; hence, formal ; precise ; aftectedly nice. Swi To deck with great nicety ; to form with affected preciseness. of Europe, but naturalized in the United States; a shrub six or eight feet high. PRI/MA-CY, n. [It. primazia; Fr. primatie ; Sp. pri- macia; from L. primatus, from primus, first. See PRiME. | 1. The chief ecclesiastical station or dignity ina national church; the office or dignity of an arch- bishop. Clarendon. 2, Excellency ; supremacy. Barrow. PRI'MA DONNA, [It-] ‘The first female singer in an opera. PRIMA FA'CEE, (-fa'she-e,) [L.] At first view or appearance. PRYMAGE, n. In commerce, a certain allowance paid by the shipper or consignee of goods to the mariners and master of a vessel, for loading the same. McCulloch. PRI/MAL, a. [See Prime.] First. [Wotm He Shak. PRLMAL'LTY, n. State of being primal. Bazter. PRIMA-RLLY, adv. [from primary.] In the forst place ; originally ; in the first intention. The word emperor primarily signifies a general or military com- mander-in-chief. In diseases, the physician is to attend to the part primarily affected. PRI/MA-RI-NESS, x. The state of being first in time, in act, or intention. Norris. PRI/MA-RY, a. [L. primarius. See Raine 1. First in order of time ; original; as, the church of Christ in its primary institution. Pearson. These I call original or primary qualides of body. Locke. 9, First in dignity or importance ; chief ; princi- pal. Our ancestors considered the education of youth of primary importance. 3, First or lowest in order; preparatory to some- thing higher; as, primary assemblies; primary schools. 4, Radical; original; as, the primary sense of 2 word. 5. A term applied to the stiff quills in the last joint of a bird’s wing. Primary planets. See PLANet. ao Primary qualities of bodies, are such as are original and inseparable from them. PRI/MA-RY, 2. That which stands highest in rank or importance, as opposed to SECONDARY. a 9. A name of the large feathers on the last joint of a bird’s wing. : PRI/MATE, n. [It. primato ; Fr. primat; Low L. prt- mas. See Prime.) The chief ecclesiastic in a national church; an archbishop. Encyc. Sit PRI/MATE-SHIP, n. ‘The office or dignity of an archbishop. Se ’ PRI-MA’'TIAL, (-shal,) a. Pertaining to a primate. D’Anville, Trans. PREMAT'I€-AL, a. Pertaining to a primate. Barrow. PRIME, a. [L. primus; Sax. frum, Goth. frum, begin- ning, origin; Goth. frumtst, first; Dan. frem, for- ward, straight on ; fremmer, to forward or promote ; —_— CH as SH; FH as in THIS 3b7 oe vole i nay ae o o saa ~_ ete renner = ™ ~ alae a rel a’ PRI PRI PRI Sw. fram, fradmja; W. priv, first ; priviaw, to grow up, to increase, to prosper; Ir. priomh, first, and reamain, beginning. See Class Rm, No. 3, 7, 9.] : 1. First in order of time; original; as, prime fa- thers ; prime creation. : Shak. In this sense, the use of the word is nearly super- seded by Primitive, except in the phrase prime cost. 2. First in rank, degree, or dignity ; as, prime min- ister. 3. First in excellence ; as, prime wheat ; cloth ofa prime quality. Humility and resignation are prime virtues. Dryden. 4, Early ; blooming. His starry helm, unbuckled, showed him prime Pre In manhood, where youth ended. 5, First in value or importance. ; Prime number; in arithmetic, a number which is divisible only by unity, as 5, 7, 11. _ Hutton. Prime firure; in geometry, a figure which can not be divided into any other figure more simple than it- self, as a triangle, a pyramid, &c. PRIME, 7. The first opening of day; the dawn; the morning. Early and late it rung, at evening and at prime. Spenser. The sweet hour of prime. Milton. 2. The beginning; the early days. In the very prime of the world. Hooker. 8. The spring of the year. Hope waits upon the flowery prime. Waller, 4. The spring of life; youth; hence, full health, strength, or beauty. That crop the golden prime of this sweet prince. Shak. The prime of youth. Dryden. 5, The best part. Give him always of the prime. Swift. 6. The utmost perfection The plants — would have been all in prime. Woodward, 7. In the Roman Catholic church, the first canonical hour, succeeding to lauds, Enciyc. 8. In fencing, the first of the chief guards. Encyc. 9, In chemistry, prumes are numbers employed, in conformity with the doctrine of definite propor- tions, to express the ratios in which bodies enter into combination. Primes, duly arranged in a table, constitute a scale of chemical equivalents. They also express the ratios of the weights of atoms, ac- cording to the atomic theory. Prime of the moon; the new moon, when it first appears after the change. Barlow. Prime vertical; the vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon. Dials projected on the plane of this circle, are called prime vertical, or north and south dials. Brande. PRIME, v. t. To put powder in the pan of a musket or other fire-arm ; or to lay a train of powder for communicating fire to a charge. Encyc. 2. To Jay on the first color in painting. Encyc. PRIME, v.i, To serve for the charge of a gun. Beaum. PRIME MIN/IS-TER, x. The responsible head of a ministry or executive government; applied particu- larly to that of Great Britain. PRIM’/ED, (primd,) pp. Having powder in the pan ; having the first color in painting. PRIME’LY, adv. At first; originally ; primarily. 2. Most excellently. [ South. PRIME/NESS, 7. The state of being first. 2. Supreme excellence. [Little used in either sense.] PRI/MER, a. First; original. [JVot in use. | Drayton. PRIM/ER, x. Originally, a small prayer-book for church service, or an office of the Virgin Mary ; also, a work of elementary religious instruction. ee 2. A small, elementary book for teaching children to read. PRI/MER-FINE, n. In England, a fine due to the king, on the writ or commencement of a suit by fine. Blacks PRI-ME’/RO, 7. A game at cards. [Sp. ie PRI/MER-SEI’ZIN, n. [prime and seizin.] In feudal law the right of the king, when a tenant in capite d.ed seized of a knight’s fee, to receive of the heir if of full age, one year’s profits of the land if in possession, and half a year’s profits if the Jand was In reversion expectant on an est: DYelife: - ished by 12 Car. I. Se aD A Abo! PRI-ME/VAL, a. primevus. | Original; primitive ; as, the primeval innocence of man ; primeval day. Blackmore. PRI-ME/VOUS, a. Primeval. PRI-ML-GE/NI-AL, a. [L. primigenius ; primus, first and genus, kind, or gignor, to beget.] E 5 First born; original; primary. Bp. Hall. PRI-MIG/E-NOUS, a. ([Supra.] First formed or generated ; original; as, semi-primigenous strata. PRI/MINE, (-in,) n. [L. primus.] [ Kirwan. In botany, the outermost integument of an ovule ; one of the sacs containing an ovule. Lindley. PRIM/ING, ppr. Putting powder in the pan of a fire- arm. 2. Laying on the first color in painting. : Encyc. [L. primus, first, and evum, age; a PRIM/ING, x. The powder in the pan of a gun, or laid along the channel of a cannon for conveying fire to the charge. 2, Among painters, the first color laid on canvas, or on a building, &c. 3. In steam-engines, the hot water carried along by the steam from the boiJer into the cylinder, which is always an evil. Buchanan. PRIM/ING-WIRE, 7. A pointed wire, used to pene- trate the vent of a piece, for examining the powder of the charge, or for piercing the cartridge. Encyc. PRI-MIP/L-LAR, a. [L. primipilus, the centurion of the first cohort of a Roman legion.] Pertaining to the captain of the vanguard. Barrow. PRI-MI’ TIAL, (pri-mish/al,) a. Being of the first production. Ainsworth. PRIM/I-TIVE, a. [It. primitivo; Fr. primitif; L. primitivus ; from primus, first. ] 1. Pertaining to the beginning or origin, or to early times; original; first; as, the primitive state of Adam; primitive innocence; primitive ages; the primitive church; the primitive Christian church or institutions ; the primitive fathers. White. Tillotson. 2, Formal ; affectedly solemn ; imitating the sup- posed gravity of old times. Johnson. 3. Original ; primary ; radical; not derived; as, a primitive verb in grammar. Primitive colors, in painting, are red, yellow, and blue, from the combination of which all other colors may be produced. rimitive rocks ; in geology, rocks supposed to be first formed, being irregularly crystallized, and ag- gregated without a cement, and containing no or- ffanic remains, as granite, gneiss, &c. PRIM/I-TIVE, 2. An original word ; a word not de- rived from another. PRIM/I-TIVE-LY, adv. Originally; at first. Brown. 2. Primarily ; not derivatively. 3. According to the original rule or ancient prac- tice, South. PRIM/I-TIVE-NESS, z. State of being original ; an- tiquity ; conformity to antiquity. Johnson. PRIM'I-TY, nz. The state of being original. [ot used. | Pearson. PRIM’MED, pp. Decked with great nicety. PRIM/NESS, zn. [from prim.] Affected formality or niceness ; stiffness ; preciscness. PRI'MO, {It.] In music, the first or leading part. PRI-MO-GE/NI-AL, a [L. primigenius. See Pri- MIGENIAL. | First born, made, or generated ; original ; primary ; constituent ; elemental; as, primogenial light; pri- mogenial bodies. Bovle. PRI-MO-GEN’I-TIVE, n. ora. A term applied to the right of primogeniture. Shak. PRI-MO-GEN/I-TOR, n. [L. primus, first, and geni- tor, father. ] The first father or forefather. PRI-MO-GEN’I-TURB, n. tus, begotten. } 1. The state of being born first of the same parents ; seniority by birth among children. 2. In law, the right which belongs to the eldest son or daughter. Thus, in Great Britain, the right of inheriting the estate of the father belongs to the eldest son, and in the royal family, the eldest son of the king is entitled to the throne by primoyeniture. Among the females, the crown descends by right of primogeniture to the eldest daughter only, and her issue. Blackstone. Before the revolution, primogeniture, in some of the American colonies, entitled the eldest son to a double portion of his father’s estate; but this right has been abolished, PRI-MO-GEN'I-TURE-SHIP, n. The state or privi- leges of one who is the first born. PRI-MOR/DI-AL, a. [Fr., from L. primordialis, pri- mordium ; primus, first, and ordo, order. ] First in order; original; existing from the begin- Gayton. [L. primus, first, and genr- ning. Boyle. PRI-MOR/DI-AL, n. Origin; first principle or ele- ment. More. PRI-MOR/DI-AN, n. A kind of plum. PRI-MOR/DI-ATE, a. [See Primorprax.] Original; existing from the first. Boyle. PRIMP, v.i. To be formal or affected. [JVot English, or local. | PRIM/ROSE, n. [L. primula veris; primus, first, and rosa, a rose; literally, the first, or an early rose in spring. ] An early flowering plant of the genus Primula, of several varieties, as the white, the red, the yellow- flowered, &c. Shakspeare uses the word for gay or flowery ; as, the primrose way. PRI'MUM MOB'I-LE, [L.] First cause of motion In the Ptolemaic system, the outermost of the revolv- ing spheres of the universe, which was supposed to give motion to all the others. PRIMUS IN'TER PARES, [L.] Chief among equals. PRI/MY, a. Blooming. i [Mot used. ] Shak. PRINCE, (prins,) n. [Fr. id. ; It. and Sp. principe; L. princeps; D. prins; G. prinz; Arm. pring. This word is probably compounded of primus, corrupted, as the Gr. zpiv, and ceps, head, Fr. chef; or perhaps of the Celtic breen, summit, whence W, brenin, king, an exalted one, and ceps. Hence Brennus, the name of o = a celebrated Gaulish commander. In Pers, “yr? barin signifies lofty, or one elevated in place or of- fice. ] 1. In a general sense, a sovereign ; the chief and in- dependent ruler of a nation or state. Thus, when we speak of the princes of Europe, we include em- perors and kings. Hence, a chief in general; as, a prince of the celestial host, Milton. 2. A sovereign in a certain territory ; ome who has the government of a particular state or territory, but holds of a superior to whom hé owes certain services : as, the princes of the German States, 3. The son of a king or emperor, or the issue of a royal family ; as, princes of the blood. In England, the eldest son of the king is created prince of Wales. Brande. 4. The chief of any body of men. Peacham. 5. Achief or ruler of either sex. Queen Elizabeth is called, by Camden, prince ; but this application is unusual and harsh. Prince of the senate, in ancient Rome, was the per- son first called in the roll of senators. Brande. In Scripture; this name prince is given to God, Dan. vill.; to Christ, who is called the Prince of peace, Zs. ix., and the Prince of life, Acts ili.;4o the chief of the priests, the prince of the sanctuary, Js. xliii. ; to the Roman emperor, Dan. ix. ; to men of superior worth and excellence, Eccles. x.; to nobles, counsel- ors, and officers of a kingdom, Js. x.; to the chief men of families or tribes, Vum. xvii. ; to Satan, who is called the prince of this world, John xii., and prince of the power of the air, Eph. ii. PRINCE, v. 7. To play the prince; to take state. Shak. PRINCE’DOM, (prins’dum,) n. The jurisdiction, soy- ereignty, rank, or estate, of a prince. Under thee, as head supreme, Thrones, princedoms, powers, dominions, I reduce. PRINCE/LIKE, a. Becoming a prince. PRINCE’LLNESS, xn. [from princely.} The state, manner, or dignity, of a prince. Sherwood. PRINCE/LY, a. Resembling a printe ; having the appearance of one high born; stately; dignified ; as, a princely gentleman ; a princely youth. Shak. 2. Having the rank of princes; as, a man of prince- ly birth ; a princely dame, Sidney. Waller. 3. Becoming a prince; royal; grand; august; as, a princely gift ; princely virtues. Shak. Waller. 4. Very large ; as, a princely fortune. 5. Magnificent ; rich; as, a princely entertainment. PRINCE’LY, adv. Ina priace-like manner. Johnson. PRIN/CE’S-FEAFH’/ER, (-feth’er,) n. An annual plant of the genus Amaranthus. Loudon. PRIN/CE’S MET!’ AL, x. A compound of copper and zinc, in imitation of gold ; also called Prince Rupert’s Milton, Shak, metal, Ure. PRIN/CESS, n. A female sovereign, as an empress or queen. yden. 2. A sovereign lady of rank next to that of aqueen. Johnson. 3. The daughter of a king. Shak. 4. The consort of a prince; as, the princess of Wales. PRIN/CESS-LIKBE, ) a. In the manner of a princess. PRIN/CESS-LY, Byron. PRIN/CI-PAL, a. [Fr., from L. principalis, from prin- ceps. | 1. Chief; highest in rank, character, or respecta- bility ; as, the principal officers of a government ; the principal men of a city, town, or state. Acts xxv. 1 Chron. XxXiv. 2 2. Chief ; most important or considerable ; as, the principal topics of debate ; the principal arguments in a case ; the principal points of law ; the principal beams of a building ; the principal productions of a country. Wisdom is the principal thing.—Prov. iv. 3. Pertaining to a prince ; princely. [.4 Latin use.] Spenser. Rich. Dict. 4, In law a principal challenge, is where the cause assigned carries with it prima facie evidence of par- tiality, favor, or malice. Blackstone. 5. In music, fundamental, PRIN/CI-PAL, nm. A chief or head ; one who takes the lead : as, the principal of a faction, an insurrec- tion, or mutiny. 2. The president, governor, or chief in authority. We apply the word to the chief instructor of an acad- emy or seminary of learning. 3. In law, the actor or absolute perpetrator of a crime, or an abettor. A principal in the first degree, is the absolute perpetrator of the crime ; a principal in the second degree, is one who is present, aiding and abetting the fact to be done ; distinguished from an Accessory. In treason, all persons con- cemedare principals. Blackstone. &68 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —PRI PRI PRI 4, In commerce, a capital sum lent on interest, due as a debt or used as a fund; so called in distinction from InTEREsT or PrRorirts. Taxes must be continued, because we have ro other means for paying off the principal. Swift. _5. One primarily engaged; a chief party ; in dis- tinction from an AvUXxXILIARY. We were not principals, but auxiliaries, in the war, 6. In music, an organ stop. PRIN-CLPAL/LTY, x. [Fr. principalité.] I. Sovereignty ; supreme power. Sidney. Spenser. __.2> A prince; one invested with sovereignty. Tit. ill. i Milton. _3. The territory of a prince; or the country which gives title to a prince; as, the principality of Wales. 4, Superiority ; predominance. [Little used.] : : Taylor. 5. In Scripture, royal state or attire. Jer. xill. PRIN‘CILPAL-LY, adv. Chiefly ; above all. They mistake the nature of criticism, who think its business is principally to find fault. ryden. PRIN/CI-PAL-NESS, n. The state of being principal or chief. PRIN/CLPATE, n. Swift. Principality ; supreme rule. Barrow. PRIN-CIP/I-A, n. pl. [L. principiwn.] First principles ; the title of Sir Isaac Newton’s great work. PRIN-CIP/I-ANT, a. Relating to principles or begin- nings. PRIN-CIP-I-A/TION, n. [from L. principium.] Analysis into constituent or elemental parts. [Vot el Bacon. PRIN’CL-PLE, xz. fe principio ; Fr. principe ; L. prin- cipium, beginning. 1. In a general sense, the cause, source, or origin, of any thing; that from which a thing proceeds; as, the principle of motion ; the principles of action. Dryden. 2. Element ; constituent part; primordial sub- stance. 3. Being that produces any thing ; operative cause. The soul of man is an active principle. Tillotson, 4, In science, a truth admitted either without proof, or considered as having been before proved. In the former sense, it is synonymous with axiom; in the latter, with the phrase established principle. 5. Ground ; foundation; that which supports an assertion, an action, or a series of actions or of rea- soning. On what principle can this be affirmed or denied? He justifies his proceedings on the princi- ple of expedience or necessity. He reasons on sound principles. 6. A general truth; a law comprehending many subordinate truths; as, the principles of morality, of law, of government, &c. 7. Tenet ; that which is believed, whether truth or not, but which serves as a rule of action or the basis of a system; as, the principles of the Stoics, or of the Epicureans. 8, A settled law or rule of action in human beings. Thus it is a principle of human nature to resent in- juries and repel insults. Proximate principle. See PrRoxiMAtTeE. PRIN/CI-PLB, v.t. To establish or fix in tenets; to impress with any tenet, good or ill; chiefly used in the participle. Men have been principled with an opinion that they ost not Ke. consult reason in things of religion. oc 1. In general, to take or form letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material, by impres- sion. Thus letters are taken on paper by impressing it on types blackened with ink. Figures are printed on cloth by means of blocks or a cylinder. The rolling press is employed to take prints or impressions from copper-plates. Thus we say, to print books, to print calico, to print tunes, music, likenesses, &c. 2. To mark by pressing one thing on another. On his fiery steed betimes he rode, That scarcely prints the turf on which he trod. 3. To impress any thing so as to leave its form. Roscommon. Dryden, Perhaps some footsteps printed in the clay. 4. To form by impression. Ye shall not make any cuttings in your flesh, nor print any marks upon you, — Ley. xix. PRINT, v.z. To use or practice the art of typography, or of taking impressions of letters, figures, and the like. 2. To publish a book. - [Zlliptical.] From the moment he prems, he must expect to hear no more of truth, ope. PRINT, x. A mark made by impression; any line, character, figure, or indentation of any form, made by the pressure of one body or thing on another ; as, the print of the tooth or of the nails in flesh ; the print of the foot in sand or snow ; the print of a wheel ; the print of types on paper. Hence, 2. The impressions of types in general, as to form, size, &c.; as, a small print; a large print; a fair print. 3. That which impresses its form on any thing ; as, a butter print; a wooden print. 4. The representation or figure of any thing made by impression ; as, the print of the face ; the print of a temple; prints of antiquities. Dryden. 5. In architecture, a plaster cast of a flat ornament, or 2n ornament of this kind formed of plaster from a mold. Gloss. of Archit. 6. The state of being printed and published. Dif fidence sometimes prevents a man from suffering his works to appear in print. I love a ballad in print. Shak. 7. A single sheet printed for sale ; a newspaper. The prints, about three days after, were filled with the same terms. Addison, 8. Formal method. [.Vot in use.] Locke. 9, Prints; in the plural, engravings; also, printed calicoes. Out of print; a phrase which signifies that, of a printed and published work, there are no copies for sale, or none for sale by the publisher. PRINT’ED, pp. or a. Impressed with letters, &c. ; indented. PRINT’ER, x. papers. 2, One that stains or prints cloth with figures, as calico. 3. One that impresses letters or figures with cop- per-plates. PRINT/ING, ppr. Impressing letters, characters, or figures on any thing ; making marks or indentations. PRINT/ING, x. The act, art, or practice of impress- ing letters, characters, or figures on paper, cloth, or other material ; the business of a printer; typogra- phy. Letter press printing, is that which is performed from movable types set up for each edition of a work, instead of stereotype plates, One that prints books, pamphlets, or 2. To establish firmly in the mind. Locke. PRIN/CL-PLED, pp. Established in opinion or in ten- ets; firmly fixed in the mind. PRIN/CLPLING, ppr. Hstablishing firmly in the mind. PRIN’€OCK, ) x. [Qu. prink, or prim, and cock.| A PRIN’€OX, coxcomb ; a conceited person ; a pert young rogue; aludicrous word. [Little used. | Shak. PRINK, v. i. [D. pronken, to shine, to make a show, to strut; G. prangen, to shine, to make a show 3 prunken, id. ; Dan. prunker, to make a show, to strut ; Sw. prunka, to make a figure. If nis casual, these words are radically the same as Sw. prackt, Dan. D. pragt, G. pracht, pomp, show, and all coinciding in origin with Ar. Oy baraka, to shine, to adorn. See Prance and Prank. ] 1. To prank; to dress for show. 9. To strut; to put on stately airs. PRINK, v. t. To dress or adjust to ostentation. PRINK/ING, ppr. Dressing for show. [ Cowper. PRINT, wv. t. [W. printiaw, to print; Fr. imprimer, empreinte ; Sp. imprimir: It. imprimere; from L. im- primo; in and premo, to press ; It. improntare, to print, to importune, and this from prontare, to importune, (that is, to press,) from pronto, ready, bold, L. promp- tus, that is, pressed or pressing forward. In W. print is said by Owen to be from rhint, a groove or notch, and if this is the original word, print must be a different word from the Fr. tmprimer. The Italian unites the L. premo and hone TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VICIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; PRINT/ING-INK, mn. Ink used in printing books, newspapers, &c. It is composed of Jamp-black mingled with linseed oil boiled down to a thick con- sistence, or with balsam of capivi and other ingre- dients for the finer qualities. Buchanan. PRINT/ING-MA-CHINE’, n. A general name for all printing presses in which the work is performed by machinery, and not directly by hand. Buchanan. PRINT/ING-PA/PER, n. Paper to be used in the printing of books, pamphlets, &c. ; as distinguished from writing-paper, press-paper, Wrapping-paper, &c. PRINT/ING-PRESS, n. A press for the printing of books, &c. PRINT/LESS, a. That leaves no print or impression ; as, printless feet. Milton. | PRIOR, a. [L. comp. Probably the first syllable is contracted from pris, prid, or some other word, for the Latin has prisce, pristinus.] Preceding in the order of time; former; antece- dent; anterior; as, a prior discovery ; prior obliga- tion. The discovery of the continent of America by Cabot was six or seven weeks prior to the discovery of it by Columbus. The discovery of the Labrador coast by Cabot was on the lIth of June, 1499 ; that of the continent by Columbus, was on the Ist of August of the same year. : PRIOR, 2. [Fr. pricur ; It. priore ; L. prior. ] 1. The superior of a convent of monks, or one next in dignity to an abbot. Priors are claustral or conventical. ‘he conventical are the same as abbots. A claustral prior is one that governs the religious of an abbey or priory i commendam, having his juris- diction wholly from the abbot. Encyc- PRI/OR-AFE, n. PRI/OR-ESS, 7. PRLOR/LTY, 2. PRIOR-LY, adv. PRI/OR-SHIP, n. PRYOR-Y, 2. PRISAGE, n. PRIS-CILLUIAN-IST, n. _ 2. In some churches, one who presides over others in the same churches, Anjliffe. Government by a prior. Warton. A female superior of a convent of Driden. The state of being antecedent in time, or of preceding something else; as, priority of birth. The priority of Homer or Hesiod has been a subject of dispute. 2, Precedence in place or rank. Shak. Priority of debts, is a superior claim to payment, or to payment before others. Antecedently. nuns. [A bad word, and eddes, The state or office of prior. A convent of which a prior is the superior, in dignity below an abbey. Shak. 2. Priories ate the churches given to priors im titu- lum, or by way of title. Ayliffe. [Fr. prise, from priser, to prize or not used. | value. A right belonging to the crown of England, of taking two tuns of wine from every ship importing twenty tuns or more; one before and one behind the mast. This, by charter of Edward I., was ex- changed into a duty of two shillings for every tun imported by merchant strangers, and called butler age, because paid to the king’s butler. Blackstone. In church history, a follower of Priscillian, bishop of Avila, in Spain, in the fourth century. Priscillian embraced some of the errors of the Gnostics or Manichees, and, though of un- impeachable morals and a very devout man, he was arraigned as a heretic before an ecclesiastical court, condemned, and afterward put to death by order of the emperor, A. D. 385. This was the first instance on record of putting aman to death for heresy under a Christian government, and it met with strong dis- approbation from Gregory of Tours and other distin- guished ecclesiastics. Murdock. PRISE, 7. Alever. [See Prizz.] Halliwell. PRISM, xn. [Fr. prisme; Low L. Sp. and It. prisma; Gr. mptcpa, from mptw, to cut with a saw, to press or strain, Russ. pru.] A solid whose bases or ends are any similar, equal, and parallel plane figures, and whose sides are par- allelograms. A trihedral prism of glass is one bounded by two equal and parallel triangular ends and three plain and well-polished sides which meet in three parallel lines, running from the three angles of one end to the three angles of the other end. ‘This is the prism used in optics to separate the different colors. JVewton. PRIS-MAT’TIE, a. Resembling a prism; as, a PRIS-MAT’I€-AL, prismatic form. 9, Separated or distributed by a prism; formed by a prism ; as, prismatic colors. 3. Pertaining to a prism. PRIS-MAT'I€-AL-LY, adv. In the form or manner of a prism. oyle, PRIS-MA-TOID/AL, a. [L. prisma and Gr. «idos.] Having a prism-like form. Ure. PRIS/MOID, x. [L. prisma and Gr. etdos, form.] A body that approaches to the form of a prism. PRIS-MOID/AL, a. Having the form of a prismoid. PRISM’Y, a. Pertaining to or like a prism. > Am. Reviev. PRIS/ON, (priz’n,) n. [Fr., from pris, taken, from prendre, to take, L. prendo; Sp. prision; Arm. pri- emu 1. In a general sense, any place of confinement, or involuntary restraint; but appropriately, a public building for the confinement or safe custody of debt- ors and criminals committed by process of law; a jail. Originally, a prison, as Lord Coke observes, was only a place of safe custody; but it 1s now em- ployed as a place of punishment. We have state prisons, for the confinement of criminals by way of punishment. ; 9. Any place of confinement or restraint. The tyrant /Eolus, With power imperial, curbs the struggling winds, And sounding termpests in dark prisons binds. 3. In Scripture, a low, obscure, afflicted condition. Eccles. iv. = 4. The cave where David was canfined. Ps. cxlil. 5, A state of spiritual bondage. Js. xlii. PRIS/ON, v.t. To shut up ina prison; to confine ; to restrain from liberty. 2. To confine in any manner. Shake 3. To captivate ; to enchain. Milton. [This word is proper, but Inerison is more cor- monly used.] PRIS’ ON-BASBE, n. on swiftness in running ; commonly ¢ Dryden. A kind of rural sport depending alled Prison- BARS. Strutt. PRIS/ON-ED, pp. or a. Imprisoned; confined ; re- strained, ; : PRIS/ON-ER, n. One whois confined in a prison by legal arrest or warrant, : 2. A person under arrest or 1 custody of the sere L at the iff, whether in prison oF not ; as, @ presoner bar of a court. FH as in THIS. : 269 BL ~ i Nera pany rN eer reel . Aes nadPRL-VA’DO, n. | | PRI PRI PRI 3. A captive ; one taken by an enemy in war. 4, One whose liberty is restrained, as a birdin a cage. PRIS’ ON-HOUSE, nm. A house in which prisoners are confined ; a jail. Judges xvi. Shak. PRIS!’ ON-ING, ppr. Confining; imprisoning. . PRIS’ON-MENT, nx. Confinement in a prison; 1m- prisonment. Shak. [ The latter ts commonly used. ] PRIS/TINE, (-tin,) a. [L. pristinus. See Prior and Pre.] ie First ; original ; primitive ; as, the pristine state of innocence ; the pristine manners Of a people ; the pristine constitution of things. Newton. PRIFH’EE; a corruption of pray thee, as, I prithee ; but it is generally used without the pronoun, prithee, — PRIT’TLE-PRAT/TLE, » Empty talk; trifling loquacity ; a word used in contempt or ridicule. Bp. Bramhall, PRIVA-CY, x. [from private.] A state of being in retirement from the company or observation of others; secrecy. 2, A place of seclusion from company or observa- tion ; retreat ; solitude; retirement. Her sacred privacies all open lie. Rowe. 3. Privity. [Wot used.] [See Priviry.] Arbuthnot. 4, Taciturnity. [Vot wsed.] Ainsworth, 5. Secrecy ; concealment of what is said or done. [Sp.] A secret friend. [ Vot used. | Bacon. PRIVATE, a. [L. privatus, from privo, to bereave, properly, to strip or separate ; privus, singular, several, peculiar to one’s self, that is, separate; It. privare, Sp. privar, Fr. priver, to deprive. Privo is probably from the root of bereave, Sax. bereafian or gereafian, from reafian, to strip, to spoil, L. rapio, dirtpv, eripio ; privo, for perivo or berivo; W. rhaib, a snatching ; rheibiaw, to snatch. See Rip, Rear, and Srrip.] 1. Properly, separate ; unconnected with others; hence, peculiar to one’s self; belonging to or con- cerning an individual only ; as, @ man’s private opin- ion, business, or concerns; private property; the king’s private purse; a man’s private expenses. Charge the money to my private account in the com- pany’s books. 2. Peculiar to a number in a joint concern, to a company or body politic ; as, the private interest of a family, of a company, or of a state; opposed to Pus- Lic, or to the general interest of nations. 3. Sequestered from company or observation ; se- cret ; secluded ; as, a private cell; a private room or apartment ; private prayer. 4. Not publicly known; not open; as, a private negotiation. 5. Not invested with public office or einployment ; as, a private man or citizen ; private life. Shak. Blackstone. 6. Individual; personal; in contradistinction from Posiic or NATIONAL; as, private interest. Private way, in law, is a Way or passage in which a man has an interest and right, though the ground may belong to another person. In common languace, a private Way may be a secret way, one not Known or public. A private act, of statute, is one which operates on an individual or company only ; opposed to a gen- eral law, which operates on the whole community. _ A private nussance, or wrong, is one which affects an individual. Blackstone. In private ; secretly ; not openly or publicly. = Scripture. PRI/VATE, n. A secret message; particular busi- ness. [{ Unusual.) Shak. B. Jonson. _2. A common soldier. PRI-VA-TEER!, n. [from private.] A ship or vessel of war owned and equipped by a private man or by individuals, at their own expense, to seize or plunder the ships of an enemy in war. Sucha ship must be licensed or commissioned by government, or it is a pirate. PRI-VA-TEER/, v. 7% To cruise in a commissioned private ship against an enemy, for seizing their ships or annoying their commerce. PRI-VA-TEER/ING, n. The act of plundering the ships of an enemy by privateers. rs PRI-VA-TEERS'MAN, n. An officer or seaman of a privateer. PRI VATE-LY, adv. Ina secret manner ; not openly or publicly. : 2. In a manner affecting an individual or compa- ny. He is not privately benefited. PRiI/VATE-NESS, m. Secrecy ; privacy. Bacon. 2. Retirement ; seclusion from company or society. Wotton, 3. The state of an individualin the rank of com- mon citizens, or not invested with office, PRI-VA'/TION, xn. [Fr., from L. privatio, from privo. See PrivatTe.-] 1. The state of being deprived; particularly, dep- rivation or absence of what is necessary for com- i He endures his privations with wonderful for- tiitude. 4 private person may arrest a felon. PRIV/ET, n. PRIV/I-LEG-ING, ppr. PRIV'I-TY, n. 2, The act of removing something possessed ; the removal or destruction of any thing or quality. The garrison was compelled by privation to sur- render For what is this. contagious sin of kind, But a privation of that grace within? Davies, 3. Absence, in general. Darkness is a privation of light. Encyc. 4, The act of the mind in separating a thing from something appendant. Johnson. 5. The act of degrading from rank or office. Bacon. [But in this sense, Deprivation is now used. See DEPRIVATION. PRIV’A-TIVE, a. Causing privation. 2. Consisting in the absence of something ; not positive. Privative is in things what negative is in propositions ; as, privative blessings, safeguard, liberty, and integrity. Taylor. PRIV’A-TIVE, x. That of which the essence is the absence of something. Blackness and darkness are privatives. Bacon. 2. In grammar,a prefix to a word which changes its signification and gives it a contrary sense, as a in Greek ; adixos, unjust; a and dixn; un and in in English, as unwise, inhuman. The word may also be applied to suffixes, as less in harmless. PRIV’A-TIVE-LY, adv. By the absence of some- 2. Negatively. [thing. The duty of the new covenant is set down first privatively. [Un- usual.] tammond. PRIV’A-TIVE-NESS, n. Notation of the absence of something. [Little wsed.] An ornamental European shrub, of the genus Ligustrum, much used in hedges, The ever- green privet is of the genus Rhamnus. Mock privet is of the genus Phillyrea. Fam. of Plants. PRIV’/I-LEGE, n. [Fr., from L. privilegium; privus, separate, private, and lez, law; originally, a private law, some public act that regarded an individual. 1] 1, A particular and peculiar benefit or advantage enjoyed by a person, company, or society, beyond the common advantages of other citizens. A privi- lege may be a particular right granted by Jaw or held by custom, or it may be an exemption from some burden to which others are subject. The nobles of Great Britain have the privilege of being triable by their peers only. Members of parliament and of our legislatures have the privilege of exemption from arrests in certain cases. The powers of a banking company are privileges granted by the legislature. He pleads the legal privilege of the Roman. Kettlewell. The privilege of birthright was a double portion. Locke. 2. Any peculiar benefit or advantage, right or im- munity, not common to others of the human race, Thus we speak of national privileges, and civil and political privileges, which we enjoy above other na- tions. We have ecclesiastical and religious privileges secured to us by our constitutions of government. Personal privileges are attached to the person, as those of embassadors, peers, members of legislatures, &c. Real privileges are attached to place, as the privileges of the king’s palace in England. 3. Advantage ; favor; benefit. A nation despicable by its weakness forfeits even the privilege of being neutral. Federalist, Hamilton. Writ of privilege, is a writ to deliver a privileged person from custody when arrested in a civil suit. Blackstone. Water privilege; the advantage of a waterfall in streams sufficient to raise water for driving water- wheels, or a place affording such advantage. America. [Privilege is here abusively used for advantage; it ought not to be used in a physical sense, PRIV’I-LEGE, v.t. To grant some particular right or exemption to; to invest with a peculiar right or immunity ; as, to privilege representatives from ar- rest ; to privilege the officers and students of a col- lege from military duty, 2. To exempt from censure or danger. This place doth privilege me. Daniel. PRIV/I-LEG-ED, pp. ora. Invested with aprivilege ; enjoying a peculiar right or immunity. The clergy in Great Britain were formerly a privileged body of men. No person is privileged from arrest for indict- able crimes. Investing with a peculiar right or immunity. PRIV/I-LY, adv. [from privy.] Privately; secretly. False teachers among you, who will privily bring in damnable heresies. — 2 at. i. [Fr. privauté. See Private and Privy. 1. Privacy ; secrecy ; confidence. I will to you, in privity, diacover the drift cf my purpose, [Lit- tle used.] Spenser. 2. Private knowledge; joint knowledge with an- other of a private concern, which is often supposed to imply consent or Concurrence. All the doors were laid open for his departure, not without the privity of the prince of Orange. Surft. PRUDVGG a PRIV/Y-SEAL, ) 72 PRIV/Y-SIG/NET, § But it is usual to say, ‘*a thing is done with his privity and consent ;” in which phrase, privity signi- fies merely private knowledge, 3. Privities ; in the plural, secret parts; the parts which modesty requires to be concealed. [Fr. privé; L. privus. See Private. | 1, Private ; pertaining to some person exclusively ; assigned to private uses; not public; as, the privy purse; the privy coffer of a king. Blackstone. 2. Secret; clandestine; not open or public ; as, a privy attempt to kill one. 3. Private ; appropriated to retirement; not shown ; not open for the admission of company ; as, a privy chamber. Ezek, xxi. 4. Privately knowing; admitted to the participa- tion of knowledge with another of a secret trans- action. le would rather lose half of his kingdom than be privy to such a secret. Siri Myself am one made privy to the plot. Shak. His wife also being privy to it. — Acts vy. 5. Admitted to secrets of state. The privy council of a king consists of a number of distinguished per- sons selected by him-to advise him in the adminis- tration of the government. lackstone. A privy verdict, is one given to the judge out of court, which is of no force unless afterward affirmed by a public verdict in court. Blackstone. PRIV’Y,7. In law, a partaker; a person having an interest in any action or thing; as, a privy in blood. Privies are of four kinds; privies in blood, as the heir to his father; privies in representation, as exec- utors and administrators to the deceased ; privies in estate, as he in reversion and he in remainder, donor and donee, lessor and lessee; privy in tenure, as the lord in escheat. Enciyc. 2. A necessary house. PRIV/¥Y COUN'CIL. See Councit. PRIV/¥Y CHAM’BER, 7x. In Great Britain, the private apartment in a royal residence or mansion. Gentle- men of the privy chamber are servants of the king, who are to wait and attend on him and the queen at court, in their diversions, &c. They are forty-eight in number, under the Jord chamberlain. Encyc. PRIV/Y €OUN/SEL-OR, n. A member of the privy council. Privy counselors are made by the King’s nomina- tion, withont patent or grant. Blackstone. In England, the seal which the king uses previously in grants, &c., which are to pass the great seal, or which he uses in matters of subordinate consequence, which do not require the great seal. 2. Privy-seal is used elliptically for the principal secretary of state, or person intrusted with the privy- seal. The king’s sign manual is the warrant to the privy-seal, who makes out a writ or warrant thereon to the chancery. The ign manual is the warrant to the privy-seal, and the privy- seal is the warrant to the great seal. Blackstone. PRIZE, 7. [Fr. prise, from pris, taken; Sp. and Port. presa; G. preis; D..prys; Dan. priis; Sw. pris. See Praise and Price. Literally, that which is taken ; hence, 1, That which is taken from an enemy in war; any species of goods or property seized by force as spoil or plunder; or that which is taken in combat, particularly a ship. A privateer takes an enemy’s ship as a prize; they make prize of all the property of the enemy. 2. That which is taken from another; that which is deemed a valuable acquisition. Then prostrate falls, and begs, with ardent eyes, Soon to obtain and long possess the prize. Pope. 3. That which is obtained or offered as the reward of contest. I will never wrestle for prize. Shak, I fought and conquered, yet have lost the prize. Dryden. 4. The reward gained by any performance. ryden. 5. In colloquial language, any valuable thing gained. 6. The money drawn by a lottery ticket; opposed to BLANK. 7. A lever, and also the hold of a lever. PRIZE, v. t. To raise or force with a lever. [See Pry. ] PRIZE, v. t. [Fr. priser, from priz, price, L. pretium; It. apprezzare; Fr. apprecier. English analogy re- quires that the compound should be conformed to the orthography of this word, and written apprize,} 1. To set or estimate the value of; to rate; as, to prize the goods specified in an invoice. Life I prize not a straw. Shak. 2. To value highly; to estimate to be of great worth ; to esteem. I prize your person, but your crown disdain, Driden, PRIZ'ED, pp. ora. Rated; valued; esteemed. PRIZE/-FIGHT-ER, (-fite/er,) 7. One that fights publicly for a reward; applied particularly to a boxer. Pope. P PRIZE!-FIGHT-ING, n. Fighting, especially boxing, in public for a reward. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 570PRO PRO ; PRO PRIZE/-MON-EY, (-mun/ne,) x. A dividend of the proceeds from a captured vessel, &c., paid to the captors. PRIZ/ER, n. One that estimates or sets the value of a thing. Shak. PRIZ/ING, ppr. Rating; valuing; esteeming. PRIZ/ING, x. [See Prize.] In marine language, the application of a lever to move any weighty body, as a cask, anchor, cannon, &c. Falconer’s Marine Dict. PRO, a Latin and Greek preposition, signifying for, before, forth, is probably contracted from prod, coin- ciding with It. proda, a prow, prode, brave ; having the primary sense of moving forward. [See Propr- Gau.] In the phrase pro and con, that is, pro and contra, it answers to the English for; for and against. rior. In composition, pro denotes fore, forth, forward. PRO’A, x. Flying proa; a long, narrow, sail canoe, used in the South Seas, with the head and stern ex- actly alike, but with the sides differently formed. That which is intended for the lee side is flat, the other rounding. To prevent oversetting, the vessel is furnished with:a frame extended several feet to windward, and bearing a small block of wood like a canoe. Brande. PROB/A-BIL-ISM, mn. The doctrine of the Proba- bilists. PROB/A-BIL-IST, n. A term applied to those who maintain that certainty is impossible, and that prob- ability alone is to govern our faith and actions. Encic. Am. 2, Among the Jesuits, one Who maintains that a man may do what is probably right, or is inculcated by teachers of authority, although it may not be the most probably right, or may not seem right to himself. Encyc. Am. PROB-A-BIL'I-TY, n. [Fr. probabilité; L. probabili- tas. See ProBaBve.]| 1. Likelihood ; appearance of truth ; that state of a@ case or question of fact which results from supe- rior evidence or preponderation of argument on one side, inclining the mind to receive it as the truth, bnt leaving some room for doubt. It therefore falls short of moral certainty, but produces what is called opinion, Probability is the appearance of the agreement or disagreement of two ideas, by the intervention of proofs whose connection is not constant, but appears for the most part to be so, Locke. Demonstration produces science or certain knowledge ; proof pro- duces belief, and probability opinion. Encyc. Q. Any thing that has the appearance of reality or truth. In this sense, the word admits of the plural number. The whole life of man is a perpetual comparison of evidence and balancing of probabilities. Buckminster. PROB/A-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. probabilis, from probo, to prove. See Prove.] I. Likely ; having more evidence than the con- trary, or evidence which inclines the mind to belief, but leaves some room for doubt. That is accounted probable, which has better arguments produ- cible for it than can be brought against it. South, I do not say that the principles of religion are merely probable ; I have before asserted them to be morally certain. Wilkins. 2, That renders something probable ; as, probable evidence, or probable presumption. lackstone. 3. That may be proved. [JVotin use,] Milton. PROB/A-BLY, adv. Likely; in likelihood; with the appearance of truth or reality ; as, the story is prob- ably true; the account is probably correct. Distinguish between what may possibly, and what will probably, be done, LDL’ Estrange,. PRO/BANG, n. [See Proze.] In surgery, an instru- ment.of whalebone and sponge, for removing ob- structions in the throat or esophagus. Coze. 2. A flexible piece of whalebone, with sponge fixed to the end. Parr. PRO/BATEH, n. [L. probatus, probo, to prove.] 1. The probate of a will or testament is the proving of its genuineness and validity, or the exhibition of the will to the proper officer, with the witnesses if necessary, and the process of determining its valid- jty, and the registry of it, and such other proceed- ings as the laws prescribe, as preliminary to the ex- ecution of it by the executor. 2. The right or jurisdiction of proving wills. In England, the spiritual court has the probate of wills. In the United States, the probate of wills belongs to a court of civil jurisdiction established by law, usu- ally to a single judge, called a judge of probate, ora surrogate. 3. Proof. [.Vot used.] Skelton. Probate court, or court of probate; a court for the probate of wills. PRO-BA/TION, n. [L. probatio.] 1. The act of proving; proof. Wilkins. Locke. 9, Trial; examination; any proceeding designed to ascertain truth; in wniversities, the examination of a student as to his qualifications for a degree. 3. In a monastic sense, trial, or the year of novi- tiate which a person must pass in a convent, to prove his virtue and his ability to bear the severities of the _ 4. Moral trial; the state of man in the present life, in which he has the opportunity of proving his character, and being qualified for a happier state. Probation will end with the present life. Nelson. 5. In America, the trial of a Jicentiate’s qualifica- tions for the ministry of the gospel, preparatory to his settlement. We say, a man is preaching on pro- bation. 6. In general, trial for proof, or satisfactory evi- dence, or the time of trial. PRO-BA/TION-AL, a. Serving for trial. Bp. Richardson. PRO-BA/TION-A-RY, a. Serving for trial. All the probationary work of man is ended when death arrives. wight. PRO-BA’/TION-ER, x. One who is on trial, or ina state to give proof of certain qualifications for a place or state. While yet a young probationer, And candidate for heaven. Dryden, 2. A novice. Decay of Piety. 3. In Scotland, a student in divinity, who, pro- ducing a certificate of a professor in a university of his good morals and qualifications, is admitted to sev- eral trials, and on acquitting himself well, is licensed to preach. Eneyc. PRO-BA’/TION-ER-SHIP, n. The state of being a probationer ; novitiate. [Little used. ] Locke. PRO-BA/TION-SHIP, n. A state of probation; no- vitiate; probation. [Little used, and unnecessary. ] PRO’BA-TIVE, a. Serving for trial or proof. South. PRO-BaA’/TOR, n. [L.] An examiner; an approver. : Maydman. 2. In law, an accuser. Cowel. PRO’/BA-TO-RY, a. Serving for trial. Bramhall, 2. Serving for proof. Bp. Taylor. 3. Relating to proof. Quintilian, Trans. PRO-BA'TUM EST, [l., itis proved.] An expres- sion subjoined to a receipt for the cure of a disease, denoting that it has been tried or proved. PROBE, x. [from L. probo ; Fr. eprouvette, a probe; G. probe, proof; Russ. probivayu, to pierce. The primary sense is, to thrust, to drive, from straining, exertion of force.] A surgeon’s instrument for examining the depth or other circumstances of a wound, ulcer, or cavity, or the direction of a sinus, or for searching for stones in the bladder and the like. Encyc. Parr. PROBE, v.t. To examine a wound, ulcer, or some cavity of the body, by the use of an instrument thrust into the part. South. 2. To search to the bottom; to scrutinize ; to ex- amine thoroughly into causes and circumstances. PROB/ED, pp. Searched by a probe, as a wound, ul- cer, &c. PROBE/-SCIS-SORS, (-siz-zurz,) n. pl. Scissors used to open wounds, the blade of which, to be thrust into the orifice, has a button at the end. Wiseman. PROBING, ppr. Examining a wound, ulcer, cavity in the body, &c., with a probe ; scrutinizing. PROB/LTY, n. [L. probitas, from probo, to prove; It. probita; Fr. probite. | Primarily, tried virtue or integrity, or approved ac- tions; but in general, strict honesty ; sincerity; ve- racity ; integrity in principle, or strict. conformity of actions to the laws of justice. Probity of mind or principle is best evinced by probity of conduct in so- cial dealings, particularly in adhering to strict integ- rity in the observance and performance of rights called imperfect, which public laws do not reach, and can not enforce. PROB/LEM, n. [Fr. probleme; L. It. and Sp. prob- lema; Gr. rpoBXAnpa, from mpoBadrdw, to throw for- ward; zoo and GuddAw, to throw, L. pello.] A question proposed. 1. In logic, a proposition that appears neither ab- solutely true nor false, and consequently may be as- serted either in the affirmative or negative. 2, In geometry, a proposition in which some opera- tion or construction is required, as to divide a line or an angle, to Jet fall a perpendicular, &c. ; something to be done. Barlow. 3. In general, any question involving doubt or un- certainty, and requiring some operation, experiment, or further evidence for its solution. The problem is, whether a strong and constant belief that a thing will be, helps any thing to the effecting of the thing. Bacon. PROB-LEM-AT’I6-AL, a. Questionable ; uncertain ; unsettled ; disputable ; doubtful. Dilizent inquiries into problematical guilt leave a gate wide open ‘to informers. weft. PROB-LEM-AT/IG-AL-LY, adv. Doubtfully ; dubi- ously ; uncertainly. PROB/LEM-A-TIST, x. One who proposes problerns: velyn. PROB’/LEM-A-TIZE, v. t. To propose problems. [Ill formed, and not used. | : B. Jonson. PRO BO'NO PUB'LI-€O, ey For the public good. PRO-BOS’CI-DATE, a. Furnished with a proboscis. PRO-BOS/CIS, n. [L., from the Gr. tooBockts ; mpo, rus. Encyc. TONE. BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI(CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. before, and Gocxa, to feed or graze.] PRO-€A/CIOUS, a. PRO-€AC/L-TY, (-Kas'e-te,) n. PRO-€AT-ARE'TIE, a. PRO-€AT-ARXIIS, n. PRO-CED/URE, xn. [Fr. PRO-CEED’, v. 1. analogous animals, and particularly of insects. The proboscis of an elephant isa flexible, muscular pipe or canal of about eight feet in length, and is prop- erly the extension of the nose. This is the instru- ment with which he takes food and carries it to his mouth. The proboscis of insects is used to suck blood from animals or juice from plants. L. procax; pro, forward, and perhaps the root of It. cacciare, Sp. cazar, to chiase, that is, to push forward. ] Pert ; petulant; saucy. The snout or trunk of an elephant and of other | | 1 [Zittle used.] Barrow. [L. procacitas. | Impudence ; petulance. [Zittle used.) Burton. [Gr. mpoxkarapKkrikos ; PV, Kuta, and apxo, to begin. ] In medicine, a term denoting that cause which im- mediately kindles a disease into action when there existed a predisposition to it. ‘The procatarctic cause is often denominated the erctting cause. Procatarc- tic or exciting causes are common to numerous dis- eases, and do not affect their nature and character. Procatarctic or exciting causes do not produce dis- ease, udless there is a previously existing predisposi- tion. EXxcesses, deficiencies, and irregularities of the non-naturals, comprehend all the procatarctic or exciting causes of disease. [Gr. supra.] The kindling of a disease into action by a procatarctic cause, when a predisposition exists; the procatarctic cause itself of a disease. Quincy. See Procrep.] The act of proceeding or moving forward; progress; process ; operation ; series of actions ; as, the procedure of the soul in certain actions. But it is more generally ap- plied to persons ; as, this is a strange procedure in a public body. The motions of physical causes are more generally denominated operations. 2. Manner of proceeding ; management; conduct. outh. 3. That which proceeds from something ; produce. [Not in use. | Bacon. [Fr. Sp. and Port. proceder; It. procedere; from L. procedo; pro, forward, and cedo, tomove. The more correct orthography is PRocEDE, in analogy with precede, concede, recede, procedure. | 1. To move, pass, or go forward from one place to another ; applied to persons or things. A man pro- ceeds on his journey ; a ship proceeds on her voyage. This word, thus used, implies that the motion, journey, or voyage, had been previously commenced, and to proceed is then to renew or continue the motion or progress. 2. To pass from one point, stage, or topic to anoth- er. The preacher proceeds from one division of his subject, and the advocate from one argument to another. 3. To issue or come, as from a source or fountain. Light proceeds from the sun ; vice proceeds from a depraved heart; virtuous affections proceed trom God. 4. To come from a person or place. Christ says, <‘T proceeded forth and came from God.” John Vill. 5, To prosecute any design. He that proceeds on other principles in his inquiry into any sciences, posts himself in a party. Locke. 6. To be transacted or carried on. He will, after his sour fashion, tell you, What hath proceeded worthy note to-day. [Not now in use.) 7. To make progress ; to advance. Milton. 8. To begin and carry on a series of actions or measures. The attorney was at a loss in what man- ner to proceed against the offender. In this sense the word is often followed by agaist. 9. To conduct ; to act methodically. From them I will not hide My judgements, how with mankind 1 proceed, 10. To have a course. This rule only proceeds and takes place, when a person can not of common law condemn another by his sentence. Ayliffe. 11. To issue ; to be produced or propagated. From my loins thou shalt proceed. Milton. 12. To be produced by an effectual cause. All created things proceed from Gad. Milton. PRO-CEED’/ER, x. One who goes forward, or who makes a progress. Bacon. PRO-CEED/ING, ppr. Moving forward; passing on; issuing; transacting ; carrying on. PRO-CEED/ING, n. Process or movement from one thing to another; a measure or step taken in bust ness ; transaction; in the plural, a course of meas- ures or conduct; course of dealing with others. We speak of a legal or an illegal proceeding, a cautious proceeding, a violent proceeding. In the plural, the proccedings of the legislature have been wise and sal- utary. It is our duty to acquiesce cheerfully in all God’s proceedings toward us. : 9. In law, the course of steps or measures 1 the rosecution of actions is denominated proceedings. See Process. ] PRO-CEEDS’ or PRO/CEEDS, xz. pl. Issue; rent; produce ; as, the proceeds of an estate Shak. Milton. Ge = o7l ‘ : _ a a ee oso uae ey eae a ae i ns oot wel —i P| i , s. 7 te ; - ee : i 2 z % . a 1 i 4 i re ‘ buEES | PRO PRO PRO 2. In commerce, the sum, amount, or value, of goods sold or converted into money. ‘Tlie con- signee was directed to sell the cargo and vest the proceeds in coffee. The proceeds of the goods sold amounted to little more than the prime cost and charges. PROC-E-LEUS-MAT’I€, a. [Gr. tpoxedevoparixos ; moo and xeX\evopa, mandate, incitement. }_ : Inciting ; animating ; encouraging. This epithet is given to a metrical foot in poetry, consisting of four short syllables. Johnson. PRO-CEL’/LOUS, a. [L. procellosus.] Stormy. : : PRO-CEP’TION, n. Preoccupation. [JU formed, and not in use. | K, Charles. PRO-CER/LTY, 7. [L. proceritas, from procerus, tall.) Tallness ; height of stature. Addison. PRO'CES VER'BAL, (pro'sa var’bal,) LE} in French law, an authentic minute of an official act, or statement of facts. Buchanan. PROG’/ESS, (pros/ess,) . [Fr. procés; L. processus, from procedo, See Proceep.] 1. A proceeding or moving forward ; progressive course ; tendency ; as, the process of man’s desire. Hooker. ©), Proceedings; gradual progress ; course ; as, the process of a War. Dryden. 3. Operations; experiment; series of actions or experiments ; as, a chemical process. 4. Series of motions or changes in growth, decay, &c., in physical bodies ; as, the process of vegetation or of mineralization ; the process of decomposition. 5, Course ; continual flux or passage ; as, the pro- cess of time. Milton. Bovle. 6. Methodical management; series of measures or proceedings. The process of the great day —is described by our Savior, Nelson. 7. In law, the whole course of proceedings, in a cause, real or personal, civil or criminal, from the original writ to the end of the suit. Original process is the means taken to compel the defendant to ap- pear in court. JMesne process is that which issues, pending the suit, upon some collateral or interlocu- tory matter. Final process is the process of execu- tion. Blackstone. 8. In anatomy, any protuberance, eminence, or pro- jecting part of a bone. Encyc. Coxe. PRO-CES/SION, (pro-sesh’un,) x. [Fr., from L. pro- cessio. See ProceeEp. 1, The act of proceeding or issuing. Pearson. 2. A train of persons walking, or riding on horse- back, or in yehicles, in a formal march, or moving with ceremonious solemnity ; as, a procession of cler- gymen and people in the Roman Catholic thurch ; a triumphal procession ; a funeral procession. Him all his train Followed in bright procession. Milton. PRO-CES/SION-AL, (pro-sesh/un-al,) a. Pertaining to a procession ; consisting in a procession. Saurin, Trans. PRO-CES‘SION-AL, xn. A book relating to proces- sions of the Roman Catholic church. Grezory. PRO-CES’/SION-A-RY, a. Consisting in procession ; as, processionary Service. Hooker. PRO-CES/SION-ING, n. In Tennessee, the manner of ascertaining the boundaries of land, as prescribed by law. owoter. PRO'CHEIN, (pro/shen,) a. [Fr. prochain; L. prozi- mus. | Next; nearest; used in the law phrase, prochein amy, the next friend, any person who undertakes to assist an infant or minor in prosecuting his rights. » Blackstone. PRO'/CHRO-NISM, n. fre mooxpovew, to precede in time ; po, before, and yoovus, time. ] _An antedating ; the dating of an event before the time it happened ; a species of anachronism. Gregory. PRO/CI-DENCE, n. [L. procidentia; procido, to fall down. ] A falling down ; a prolapsus 3 as of the intestinum rectum, Coze. Parr ERO-CIDIU-OUS, a. That falls from its place. Jones. PRO-CINOT’, x. [L. procinctus ; procingo, to prepare, that is, to gird.] ‘ Complete preparation for action. [Little used. | & Milton. PRO-€LAIM’, ©. t [L. proclamo; pro and clamo, to ery out. See Cram. s il, To promulgate; to announce; to publish ; as, to proclaim a fast; to procluima feast. Lev. xxiii, 1 Kings Xxi. He hath sent me to proclaim liberty to the captives, —Is. lxi, 2. To give official notice of; todenounce. Heralds were formerly employed to proclaim war. 3. To declare with honor; as, to proclaim the name of the Lord, that is, to declare his perfections. Exod. xxxiii. 4, To utter openly ; to make public. Some profli- gate wretches openly proclaim their atheism. Most men will proclaim every one his own goodness. —Prov. xx, 5. To outlaw by public denunciation, I heard myself proclatmed. Shak. PRO-€LAIM/ED, pp. Published officially; promul- gated ; made publicly known. PRO-€LAIM’ER,z. One who publishes by authority ; one that announces or makes publicly known. Milton. PRO-€LAIM'ING, ppr. Publishing officially ; de- nouncing; promulgating; making publicly known. PRO€-LA-MA’TION, x. [Fr., from lL. proclamatio, from proclamo.] 1, Publication by authority ; official notice given to the public. King Asa made a proclamation throughout all Judah. —1 Kings xv. * 2. In England, a declaration of the king’s will, openly published. Proclamations are a branch of the king’s prerogative, and are binding on the subject. ancyc. 3. The declaration of any supreme magistrate pub- licly made known; as, the proclamation of the gov- ernor appointing a day of thanksgiving. 4. The paper containing an official notice to a people. The sheriff receives and distributes the governor’s proclamations. New England. PRO-€LIVE!, a. Proclivous. [JVot used.] PRO-€LIV'I-TY, n. [L. proclivitas, proclivis; pro and clivus, a cliff.) I. Inclination ; propensity ; proneness; tendency. The sensitive appetite may engender a proclivity to steal, but nol a necessity to steal. Bp. Hall, 2. Readiness; facility of learning. He had such a dextrous proclivity, that his teachers were fain to restrain his forwardness. ‘olton. PRO-€LYI/VOUS, a. [L. proclivus, proclivis, supra. ] Inclined ; tending by nature. Dict. PRO-€0ON/SUL, zn. [L. pro, for, and consul.] A Ro- man officer who discharged the duties of a consul without being himself consul, He was usually one who had previously been consul, and his power was nearly equal to that of a regular consul. Smith’s Dict. PRO-€ON’SU-LAR, a. Pertaining to a proconsul; as, proconsular powers. 2. Under the government of a proconsul; as, a proconsular province. PRO-€ON’/SUL-ATE, ) . Theoffice of a proconsul, PRO-€ON/SUL-SHIP,§ or the term of his office. PRO-€RAS'TLNATE, v. t= ([L. procrastinor ; pro and crastinus; cras, to-morrow. ] To put off from day to day ; to delay; to defer to a future time; as, to procrastinate repentance. PRO-€RAS’TI-NATE, v. i. To delay; to be dilatory. I procrastinate more than I did twenty years ago. Swift. PRO-€RAS'TI-NA-TED, pp. Delayed; deferred. PRO-€RAS'TI-NA-TING, ppr. ora. Delaying; put- ting off to a future time. PRO-€RAS-TI-NA/TION, n. [L. procrastinatio.] A putting off toa future time; delay ; dilatoriness. PRO-€RAS/TI-NA-TOR, n. One that defers the per- formance of any thing to a future time. PRO/ERE-ANT, a. [L. procreans. See ProcreatTe.] Generating; producing ; productive ; fruitful. Shak. PRO’CRE-ANT, x. He or that which procreates or generates, Milton. PRO'/CRE-ATE, v. t. [L. procreo; pro and creo, to create. ] 1, To beget; to generate and produce; to engen- der ; used properly of animals. Bentley. 2. To produce ; used of plants, but hardly allowable. Blackmore. PRO’€RE-A-TED, pp. Begotten; generated. PRO/CRE-A-TING, ppr. Begetting ; generating; as young. PRO-€RE-A/TION, n. [Fr., from L. procreatio.] The act of begetting ; generation and production of young. South. PRO’€RE-A-TIVE, a. Generative; having the power to beget. Hale. PRO'CRE-A-TIVE-NESS, n. The power of generat- ing, Decay of Piety. PRO/ERE-A-TOR, nm. One that begets; a generator ; a father or sire. PRO-€RUS’/TE-AN, a. Pertaining to or resembling Procrustes, or his mode of torture. PRO-€RUS/TES, n. In Grecian mythology, a celebra- ted robber, who stretched his victims upon an iron bed, or mutilated them, till their forms fitted its di- mensions; whence the metaphorical phrase, the bed of Procrustes. PRO€/TOR, n. [Contracted from L. procurator, from procuro; pro and curo.| 1. In a general sense, one who is employed to man- age the affairs of another. Hooker. 2. Appropriately, a person employed to manage an- other’s cause in a court of civil or ecclesiastical law, as in the court of admiralty, or in a spiritual court. Swift. 3. In the English universities, an officer who attends to the morals of the students, and enforces obedience | to the college regulations. Cam. Cal. PROC/TOR, v.t%. To manage; acant word. Shak. PRO€/TOR-AGE, x. Management, in contempt. Miiton. PRO€-TOR’IE-AL, ad. Belonging to the academical proctor ; magisterial. Prideauz. PROO’TOR-SHIP, n. The office or dignity of the proctor of a university. : Clarendon. PRO-€UM/BENT, a. [L. procumbens, procumbo ; pro and cubo, to lie down. . 1, Lying down or on the face; prone. 2. In botany, trailing ; prostrate ; unable to support itself, and therefore lying on the ground, but without putting forth roots; as, a procumbent stem. Martyn. PRO-€UR/A-BLE, a. [from procure.| That may be procured ; obtainable. Boyle, PRO€/U-RA-CY, n. [from L. procuro.] The management of any thing. [JVot used.] PROE€-U-RA'TION, n. [L. procuratio. See Procure.) 1. The act of procuring. [PROCUREMENT ts generally uscd. ] 2. The management of another’s affairs. 3. The instrument by which a person is empow- ered to transact the affairs of another. Encyc. 4, A sum of money paid to the bishop or archdea- con by incumbents, on account of visitations ; called T also Proxy. odd, PRO€/U-RA-TOR, n. The manager of another’s af- fairs. [See Proctor.] Shak. ‘aylor. 2. Under the Roman emperors, a title given to cer- tain governors of provinces; as, the procurator of Judea. Also, a title of certain officers who had the management of the revenue. PB; Cyc. PRO€-U-RA-TO’RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a procurator or proctor ; made by a proctor. Ayliffe. PRO€-U-RA/TOR-SHIP, n. The office of a procura- tor. Pearson. PRO-€U/RA-TO-RY, a. Tending to procuration. PRO-€URE’, v.t. [Fr. procurer; It. procurare; Sp. procurar; L. procuro; pro and curo, to take care. But the French only has the sense of the English word. In the sense of manage, it is never used. | 1. To gain; to get; to obtain; as by request, Joan, effort, labor, or purchase. We procure favors by re- quest; we procure money by borrowing ; we procure food by cultivating the earth; oflices are procured by solicitation or favor; we procure titles to estate by purchase. It is used of things of temporary posses- sion more generally than acquire. We do not say, we acquired favor, we acquired money by borrowing, but we procured. 2. To persuade; to prevail on. What unaccustomed cause procures her hither. [Unusual.] Shak. 3. To cause; to bring about; to effect ; fo contrive and effect. Proceed, Salinus, to procure my fall. Shak. 4. To cause to come on ; to bring on. We no other pains endure Than those that we ourselves procure, Dryden. 5. To draw to; to attract; to gain. Modesty pro- cures love and respect. PRO-€URE’,v.%. To pimp. Dryden. PRO-€UR‘ED, pp. Obtained ; caused to be done; ef- fected ; brought on. PRO-€URE/MENT, n. The act of procuring or obtain- ing ; obtainment. 2. A causing to be effected. They think it done By her procurement, PRO-€UR/ER, n. One that procures or obtains ; that which brings on or causes to be done. Walton. 2. A pimp; a pander. South. PRO-€UR/ESS, n. A bawd. Spectator PRO-CUR/ING, ppr. Getting; gaining; obtaining. 2. Causing to come, or to be done. 3. a. That causes to come; bringingon. Sin is the procuring cause of all our woes. PRO/CY-ON, n. [Gr. rpoxvwy.] A star of the first magnitude in the constellation Canis Minor, the Little Dog. P. Cyc. PROD, z. A goad; an awl, orapinin pattens. [Zo- Dryden. cal. PRODIGAL, a. (Fr. prodigue; Sp. and It. prodigo ; from L. prodigzus, from prodigo, to drive forth, to lavy- ish. ‘The last component part of the word is ago, to drive ; the first I suppose to be prod, the original word, afterward contracted to pro. (See Pro.) The Welsh bradyn, a prodigal, if from the Latin, is doubt- less of the same origin; but Owen deduces this from brad, a breaking, treachery, treason, and this ‘coin- cides with Dan. bryder, to break. See BritTve.] _ 1. Given to extravagant expenditures ; expending money or other things without necessity ; profuse ; lavish ; wasteful ; not frugal or economical ; as, a prodigal man ; the prodigal son. A man may be prodigal of his strength, of his health, of his life or blood, as well as of his money. ‘ 2. Profuse ; lavish ; expended to excess, or without necessity ; as, prodigal expenses. 3. Very liberal; profuse. Nature is prodigal of her bounties. PROD/I-GAL, n. One that expends money extraya- PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — S72PRO PRO lavish ; a waster; a spendthrift. Dryden. ta; Sp. prodigalidad. | Economy, and Parsimony. aS non compps, eality of his wit. ryden, 2. Profuse liberality. ditures. [Jot used.] Sherwood. prodigally dissipated. 2. With liberal abundance ; profusely. Nature not bounteous nov, but lavish grows; Our paths with flowers she prodigally strows. Dryden. | WVot used. so; Fr. prodigieur; L. prodigiosus. See Proprey.]} ocean or plain of prodigious extent. Hence, prodigy ; monstrous ; portentous. It is prodigious to have thunder in a clear sky. meine Brown, Prodigigus to relate. Dryden. He was prodigiously pleased. ishment. out, drive out, properly to spread to a great extent. ] ment ; as, a prodigy of learning. Spectator. anciently deemed prodigies, of the ordinary course of nature. . Jonson. But in W. bradu is to betray.] Treachery ; treason. Ainsworth. PROD-I-T6/RI-O traitorous. [Jot in use.] aniel. use.) Wotton. PROD/L-TO-_RY, a. Treacherous ; perfidious. Milton. run. ] A forerunner. [Jot in use.] Coles. PRO-DUCE!, v.t. [L. produco; pro and duco, to lead or draw ; Sax. teogan, teon, to tug; It. producere, pro- durre; Sp. producir ; Fr. produire. } 1. To bring forward ; to bring or offer to view or notice ; as, to produce a witness or evidence in court. Produce your cause, — Js. xii, 2. To exhibit to the public. Your parents did not produce you much into the world. Swift. 3. To bring forth; to bear; as plants or the soil. Trees produce fruit; the earth produces trees and grass ; wheat produces an abundance of food. 4. To bear; to generate and bring forth; as young. The seas produce fish in abundance. They — Produce prodigious births of body or mind. Milton, 5. To cause; to effect; to bring into existence. Small causes sometimes produce great effects. The clouds produce rain. The painter produces a picture or a landscape. The sculptor produces a statue. Vice produces misery. 6. To raise ; to bring into being. The farmer pro- duces grain enough for his family. 7. To make; to bring into being or form. The manufacturer produces excellent wares. ‘ 8. To yield or furnish. Money produces interest ; capital produces profit. ‘The commerce of the coun- try produces a revenue to government. 9. In general, to bring into existence or into view. 10. In geometry, to extend ; applied to a line, sur- face, or solid. PROD/UCE, (prod/dise,) x. That which is produced, brought forth, or yielded ; product ; as, the produce of a farm; the produce of trees; the produce of a country ; the produce of a manufacture ; the produce of the sea; the produce of a tax; the produce of a mine. But when we speak of something formed by an individual artisan or genius, we call it a produc- tion. 110 gantly or without necessity ; one that is profuse or | PRO-DOC’ED, PP» y PROD-I-GAL/LTY, n. [I'r. prodigalité ; It, prodigali- 1. Extravagance in the expenditure of what one PRO-DUC’ENT, 7. possesses, particularly of money ; profusion ; waste ; excessive liberality. It is opposed to Frueaurty, | PRO-DUC’ER, zn. ; Fincyc. The most severe censor can not but be pleased with the prodi- PRO-DU/CI-BLE, a. D PROD’I-GAL-IZE, v. %. Tobe extravagant in expen- PROD/I-GAL-LY, adv. With profusion of expenses ; extravagantly ; lavishly ; wastefully ; as, an estate PROD/LGENCE, x, Waste; profusion ; prodigality. : : p. Hall. PRO-DIG/IOUS, (-did/jus,) @ [Sp. and It. prodigio- 1. Very great ; huge ; enormous in size, quantity, extent, &c.; as, a mountain of prodigious size or al- titude ; a prodigious mass or quantity of water; an 2. Wonderful ; astonishing ; such as may seem a PRO-DIG'IOUS-LY, adv. Enormously ; wonderfully ; astonishingly ; as, a number prodigiously great. Ray. 2. Very much; extremely ; in familiar language. PRO-DIG/IOUS-NESS, n. Enormousness of size ; the state of having qualities that excite wonder or aston- au. PROD'L-GY, x. [L. prodigium, from prodigzo, to shoot I. Any thing out of the ordinary course of nature, and so extraordinary as to excite wonder or astonish- 2. Something extraordinary from which omens are drawn ; portent. Thus eclipses and meteors were 3. A monster ; an animal or other production out PRO-DI’'TION, n. [L. proditio, from prodo, to betray ; Supposed to be compounded of pro and do, to give. PROD/I-TOR, n. el A traitor. [Wot in use.] Shak. S, @ Treacherous ; perfidious ; 2. Apt to make discoveries or disclosures. [Wot in PRO/DROME, nxn. [Gr. Tpoopouos; mpo and Tpexw, to PRO yielded ; extended. PRO-DUCE/MENT, x. Production. [Wot used.] Milton. view or notice. [JWVot much used. } Ayliffe. duces. Locke. Suckling. By the Roman law, a man of notorious prodigality was treated PRO-DU-CLBIL'/LTY, m The power of producing, [Vot used. ] arrow. [It. producibile, produtibile. } 1, That may be brought into being generated or made; as, producibdle salts, Boyle. may be exhibited. Hammond. being producible ; as, the producibleness of salts. Boyle, existence or notice ; yielding; extending. duit. } of the season. and wise men. now generally used. of a country exported. The product of the impost and excise. Belknap, N. Hamp. 3. Effect; result ; something consequential. These are the product Of those ill-mated marriages. Milton, 4. In arithmetic, the number resulting from the multiplication of two or more numbers. Thus, tiplication, as sum does from addition. PRO-DU€/TION, n. [Fr., from L. productio. | or exhibiting to view. ) ductions of intellect or genius, as poems and prose compositions. PRO-DU€'TIVE, a. [It. produttivo; Sp. productivo.] 1, Having the quality or power of producing; as, productive labor is that which increases the number or amount of products; opposed to unproductive labor. The labor of the farmer and mechanic is pro- ductive ; the labor of oflicers and professional men is unproductive to the state. A tree which bears fruit, and the land which bears grass or grain, is produc- tive. 2. Fertile; producing good crops. We often de- note by this word that land or plants yield large products. 3. Producing ; bringing into being; causing to exist ; efficient ; as, an age productive of great men; @ spirit productive of heroic achievements. This is turning nobility into a principle of virtue, and making it oductive of merit. Spectator. And kindle with thy own productive fire. Dryden. PRO-DU€’TIVE-LY, adv. By production 3; With abundant produce. PRO-DU€’TIVE-NESS, 7. The quality of being pro- ductive ; as, the productiveness of land or labor. PRO-E-GU/MIN-AL, a. [Gr. Tponyéonat, to go be- fore. ] ‘ Predisposing ; a term denoting that cause without Which a disease can not exist, which determines its nature and character, but which only produces a predisposition, and always requires the aid of a pro- catarctic cause to kindle it into action. Only a lim- ited number of diseases require the influence of a proeguminal and a procatarctic cause for their pro- duction. PRO/EM, n. [Fr. procme; It. and Sp. proemio; L. proewmium; Gr. mpoo:ptov; moo, before, and Ol LN, otwos, Way.] tg : Preface ; introduction ; preliminary observations to a book or whiting. Swift. Milton. PRO/EM, v. t. To preface. [Jot used.] South, PRO-E/MI-AL, a. Introductory; prefatory ; prelimi- nary. Hammond, Johnson. PRO-EMP-TO'SIS, n. [Gr., from rpveyrirra, to fall before. ] i ig In chronology, the lunar equation, or addition of a day, necessary to prevent the new moon from hap- pening a day too soon. é Brande. PRO/FACE, n. An old exclamation of welcome. PROF-A-NA/TION, n [Fr.; It. profanazione; Sp. profanacion; from L. profano. See PROFANE. ] 1. The act of violating sacred things, or of treat- ing them with contempt or irreverence; as, the prof- anation of the Sabbath by sports, amusements, or unnecessary labor; the profanation of a sanctuary ; TONE, BULL, UNI'TE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. Brought into life, being, or view : One that exhibits, or offers to One that generates; one that pro- g; that may be 2. That may be brought into view or notice ; that PRO-DU/CI-BLE-NESS, x. The state or quality of PRO-DUC'ING, ppr. or a. Generating; bringing into PROD'U€T, n. [L. productus, from produco ; Fr. pro- 1, That which is produced by nature, as fruits, grain, metals ; as, the product of land ; the products 2. That which is formed or produced by labor, or by mental application ; as, the products of manufac- tures, of commerce, or of art; the products of great In the latter sense, production is In general, products comprehend whatever is pro- duced or made; as when we speak of the products 5X 7= 35, the product. Product results from mul. PRO-DU€/TILE, a. That may be extended in length. I. The act or process of producing, bringing forth, 2. That which is produced or made ; as, the pro- ductions of the earth, comprehending all vegetables and fruits; the productions of art, as manufactures of every kind, paintings, sculptures, &c.; the pro- the profanation of the name of God bp ago jesting, &c. by swearing, 2 The act of treating with abuse or *T'were profanation of our joys To tell the laity onr love, disrespect. Donne. PRO-FANE’, a. [L. profanus ; pro and fanum. a = ple ; It. and Sp. Pe Fr. rears se en 1. Irreverent to any thing sacred ; applied to per- sons. A man is profane when he takes the name of God in vain, or treats sacred things with abuse and irreverence, 2. Irreverent ; proceeding from a contempt of sacred things, or implying it; as, profane words or language ; profane swearing. 3. Not sacred ; secular ; relating to secular things ; as, profane history. 4. Polluted; not pure. Nothing is profane that serveth to holy things. Ralegh. 9°. Not purified or holy ; allowed for common use ; as, a profane place. Ezek. xlii. and xviii. 6. Obscene ; heathenish ; tending to bring re- proach on religion ; as, profane fables. 1 Tim. iv. Profane is used chiefly in Scripture in opposition to holy, or qualified ceremonially for sacred ser- vices. PRO-FANE!, v. t. To violate any thing sacred, or treat it with abuse, irreverence, obloquy, or con- tempt ; as, to profane the name of God ; to profane the Sabbath ; to profane the Scriptures or the ordi- nances of God. Dwight. 2. To pollute; to defile; to apply to temporal uses; fo use as base orcommon. Ezek. xxiv. 3. To violate. Mal. ii. 4. To pollute ; to debase. Liev. xxi. 5. To put to a wrong use. Shak. PRO-FAN’ED, pp. Violated ; treated with irrever- ence or abuse ; applied to common uses ; polluted. PRO-FANE/LY, adv. With irreverence to sacred things or names. The character of God profanely Impeached. Duight. 2. With abuse or contempt for any thing vener- a mé. PRO-FANE’NESS, n. Irreverence of sacred things ; particularly, the use of language which implies ir- reverence toward God; the taking of God’s name in vain. Dryden. Atterbury. Dwight. Profaneness in men is vulgar and odious ; in females, is shocking and detestable, Anon. PRO-FAN’/ER, xn. One who, by words or actions, treats sacred things with irreverence ; one who uses profane language. 2. A polluter; a defiler; as, a profaner of the temple. Hooker. PRO-FAN/ING, ppr. Violating ; treating with irrey- erence ; polluting. PRO-FAN’I-TY, n. Profaneness, which see. In a revel of debauchery, amid the brisk interchange of profanity and folly, religion might appear a dumb, unsocial intruder, Buckminster, PRO-FE€/TION, n. [L. profectio.] A going forward; advance ; progression. [Vot in use. Town. PROTERT, nm. [L. third person of profero.] In law, the exhibition of a record or paper in open court. PRO-FESS’, v. t, [It. professare; Sp. profesar; Fr. professer ; L. professus, profiteor ; pro and fateor.} 1. To make open declaration of; to avow or ac- knowledge. Let no man who professes himself a Christain, keep so heathen- ish a family as not to see God be'daily worshiped in it. Decay of Piety. They profess that they know God, but in works they deny him. — Tit. i. That proud scholar— speaks of Homer too Prefer 2. To declare in strong terms. Then will I profess to them, I never knew you. — Matt. vii. 3. To make a show of any sentiments by loud declaration. To your professing bosoms I commit him. Shak. 4. To declare publicly one’s skill in any art or sci- ence, for inviting employment; as, to profess one’s self a physician ; he professes surgery. — : PRO-FESS’, v. t To declare friendship. Laue an Se. Shak, PRO. "ESS/ED, ) pp. or a. Openly declared, avowed PRO-FEST’, or acknowledged; as, a profess foe ; a professed tyrant; a professed Christian ; a pro- JSessed atheist. PRO-FESS/ED-LY, adv. declaration or avowal, I could not grant too much to meh —profeseedly Ty ae By profession; by open ' ing all places as J ener ae over, professedly scarching Wodaed PRO-FESS/ING, ppr. or a. Openly declaring ; ayow- ing; acknowledging ; making a profession. PRO-FES/SION, (-fesh’/un,) n. [Fr., from L. pro- deaei7 : : : 1. Open declaration; public avowal or acknovwl- edgment of one’s sentiments or belief ; as, professions 873 (PRO of friendship or sincerity ; a profession of faith or re- ligion. The professions of princes, when a crown is the bait, are a slen- er security. Lesley. The Indians quickly perceive the coincidence or the contradiction between professions and conduct, and their confidence or distrust follows of course. J. Morse. 9, The business which one professes to understand and to follow for subsistence ; calling ; vocation ; employment ; as, the learned professions. We speak of the professions of a clergyman, of a lawyer, and of a physician or surgeon ; the profession of Jecturer on chemistry or mineralogy- But the word is not applied to an occupation merely mechanical. 4 3. The collective body of persons engaged in a calling. We speak of practices honorable or dis- " to a profession. : Z Bo acne ‘he Roman Catholics, the entering into a d hich a person offers himself to God by a vow of inviolable obedience, chastity, and poverty. Encye. PRO-FES/SION-AL, (-fesh/un-al,) a. Pertaining to a profession or to a calling ; as, professional studies, pursuits, duties, engagements ; professional character or skill. PRO-FES’SION-AL-LY, adv. By profession or dec- Jaration. He is professionally a friend to religion. 9, By calling; as, one employed professionally, PRO-FESS/OR, 2. [L.] One who makes open dec- laration of his sentiments or opinions ; particularly, one who makes a public avowal of his belief in the Scriptures and his faith in Christ, and thus unites himself to the visible church. Bacon. Hammond. 9. One that publicly teaches any science or branch of learning; particularly, an officer in a university, college, or other seminary, whose business is to read lectures or instruct students in a particular branch of religious order, by W learning ; as, a professor of theology or mathe- PROFIT, v. i. To gain advantage in pecuniary in- matics. _ ; PRO-FES-SO/RI-AL, a. [L. professorius.] Pertaining to a professor ; as, the professorial chair. Enfield. PRO-FESS/OR-SHIP, n. The office of a professor or public teacher of the sciences. Walton. PRO-FES/SO-RY, a. Pertaining to a professor. PROF’FER, v. t. [L. profero; pro and fero, to bear ; It. profferere, profferire; Sp. proferir; Fr. pro erer. | 1. To offer for acceptance ; as, to proffer a gift ; to proffer services ; to proffer friendship. 9, To essay or attempt of one’s own accord. None So hardy as to proffer or accept Alone the dreadful voyage. Milton. PROF’FER, x7. An offer made; something proposed for acceptance by another; as, proffers of peace or friendship. He made a proffer to lay down his commission of command in the army. larendon, 2. Essay ; attempt. Bacon. PROL’FER-ED, pp. or a. Offered for acceptance. PROF’FER-ER, 2. One who offers any thing for ac- ceptance. PROF’FER-ING, ppr. Offering for acceptance. PRO-FP/CIENCE, (-fish/ens,) jn. [from L. pro- PRO-FI//CIEN-CY, (-fish/en-se,) | ficiens, from pro- ficio, to advance forward ; pro and facio, to make.] Advance in the acquisition of any art, science, or knowledge ; improvement; progression in knovwl- edge. Students are examined, that they may mani- fest their proficiency in their studies or in knowledge. PRO-FI/CIENT, (-fish/ent,) x. One who has made considerable advances in any business, art, science, or branch of learning; as, a proficient in a trade or occupation ; a proficient in mathematics, in anatomy, In music, &c. PRO-FI/CIENT-LY, adv. By proficiency. PRO-FIE/U-OUS, a. [L. proficuus, proficio, supra.] Profitable ; advantageous; useful. [Little used.] ee ae e ‘ Harvey. PRO/PILE, (pro/fil or proffeel,)n. [Fr. profil; pro and Jiu; It. projilo; Sp. and Bort. perfil; per and fil, L. filum, a thread or line. ] 1. Primarily, an outline or contour; hence, in sculpture and painting, a head or portrait represented sidewise or ina side view ; the side face or half face ; as, to draw or appear in profile; the profile of Pope or Addison. 2. In architecture, the contour or outline of a fig- ure, building, or member; also, the draught of an PROF’IT, v. t. [It. profittare; Fr. profiter.] object, representing it as if cut down perpendicularly from the top to the bottom. Qoilt. PROFILE, (pro’fil or pro’feel,) v. t. [Fr. profiler; It. profilare; Sp. perfilar. | To draw the outline of a head sidewise ; to draw in profile, as a building. PRO/FLL-ED, pp. Drawn so as to present a side view. PRO/FIL-ING, ppr. Drawing a portrait so as to rep- resent a side view ; drawing an outline of. Guilt, PRO/FIL-IST, 2, One who takes profiles. PROFIT, n. [Fr. profit; It. profitto; from L. profec- tus, proficio, to profit, literally to proceed forward, to advance; pro and facio. ‘The primary sense of facio is, to urge or drive.] PRO PRO 1. In commerce, the advance in the price of goods sold beyond the cost of purchase. JVet profit is the gain made by selling goods at an advanced price, or a price beyond what they had cost the seller, and beyond all costs and charges. The profit of the farmer and the manufacturer is the gain made by the sale of produce or nanufactures, after deducting the value of the labor, materials, rents, and all expenses, together with the interest of the capital employed, whether land, machinery, buildings, instruments, or money. Let no man anticipate uncertain profits. Rambler. 9. Any gain or pecuniary advantage ; as, an oflice of profit or honor. 3. Any advantage; any accession of good from labor or exertion; an extensive signification, com- prehending the acquisition of any thing valuable, corporeal or intellectual, temporal or spiritual. A person may derive profit from exercise, amusements, reading, study, meditation, social intercourse, reli- gious instruction, &c. Every improvement or ad- vance in knowledge is prajit to a wise man. 1. To benefit ; to advantage ; applied to one’s self, to derive some pecuniary interest or some accession of good from any thing; as, to profit one’s self by a commercial undertaking, or by reading or instruction. In this sense, the verb is generally used intransitive- ly. Applied to others, to communicate good to; to advance the interest of. Brethren, if Icome to you speaking with tongues, what shall I rofit you? — 1 Cor. xiv. Whereto might the strength of their hands profit me ?— Job xxx. 2. To improve ; to advance. It is a great means of profiling yours If, to copy diligently excel- lent pieces and beautiful designs Dryden. terest ; as, to profit by trade or manufactures, 2. To make improvement; to improve; to grow wiser or better ; to advance in any thing useful; as, to profit by reading or by experience. She has profited by your counsel. Dryden. 3. To be of use or advantage ; to bring good to. Riches profit not in the day of wrath. — Proy, xi. PROF’IT-A-BLE, a. [Fr.] Yielding or bringing profit or gain; gainful; lucrative ; as, a profitable trade ; profitable business; a profitable study or pro- fession. 2, Useful; advantageous. What was so profitable to the empire, became fatal to the em- peror. Arbuthnot. PROF’IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. Gainfulness; as, the profitableness of trade. 9. Usefulness ; advantageousness. More. Calamy. PROF/IT-A-BLY, adv. With gain; gainfully. Our ships are profitably employed. 9. Usefully ; advantageously ; with improvement. Our time may be profitably occupied in reading. PROF’IT-ED, pp.- Benefited ; advanced in interest or happiness ; improved. What is a man profited, if he shall gain the whole world and lose his own soul? — Matt. xyi. PROF’IT-ING, ppr. Gaining interest or advantage ; improving. PROF’IT-ING, n. Gain; advantage ; improvement. That thy profiting may appear to all. —1 Tim. iv. PROP’IT-LESS, a. Void of profit, gain, or advan- tage. Shak. PROF’LL-GA-CY, n. [See Proriraate.] A profligate or very vicious course of life ; a state of being aban- doned in moral principle and in vice. Barrington. PROF’LI-GATE, a. [L. profligatus, profligo, to rout, to ruin; pro and jligo, to drive or dash. The word, then, signifies, dashed, broken, or ruined in morals. See Fioc and Arruicr.] Abandoned to vice ; lost to principle, virtue, or de- cency ; extremely vicious ; shameless in wickedness ; as, a profligate man or wretch. Next age will see A race more profligate than we. Made prostitute and profligate the muse, Debased to each obscene and impious usc, Dryden. PROF’/LLGATE, ». An abandoned man; a wretch who has Jost all regard to good principles, virtue, or decency. How could such a profligate as Antony, or a boy of eichteen like Octavius, ever dare to dream of giving law to such an em- pire ! Swit. PROI’LLGATE, v.t. To drive away; @ Latin signi- Jication, [Not used.] Roscommon. 2. To overcome. [JVot used. Harvey, PROF’LLGATE-LY, adv. Without principle or shame. Swift. 2, In a course of extreme viciousness ; as, to spend life profligately. PROF/LI-GATE-NESS, nm. The quality or state of | PROG, n. One that seeks his victuals by wandering being lost to virtue and decency. Butler. 2. An abandoned course of life ; extreme vicious- PRO-GEN/BR-ATE, v.t. [L. progenero.] ness ; profligacy. PROF-LL-GA’TION, n. Defeat; rout. [Wot used.) PROF/LU-ENCE, n. [L. profluens, profluo; pro and PROF’LU-ENT, a. Flowing forward; as, a profiwent fluo, to flow. ] A progress or course. [JVot used. Wotton. stream. Milton. PRO FOR'MA, [L.] For the sake of form. PRO-FOUND’, a. [F'r. profond; It. profondo; Sp. pro- fundo; L. profundus; pro and fundus, bottom. See Founp.] 1, Deep; descending or being far below the sur- face, or far below the adjacent places; as, a gulf pro- Found. Milton. 2, Intellectually deep; that enters deeply into sub- jects ; not superficial or obvious to the mind; as, a profound investigation ; profound reasoning ; a pro- found treatise, 3. Humble; very lowly; submissive; as, a pro- found. reverence for the Supreme Being. Duppa. 4. Penetrating deeply into science or any branch of learning ; as, 4 profound scholar; a profound math- ematician ; a profound historian. 5. Deep in skill or contrivance. The reyolters are profound to make slaughter. — Hos. v. 6. Having hidden qualities. Upon the corner of the room There hangs a vaporous drop profound. Shak. PRO-FOUND’, 7. The deep; the sea; the ocean; as, the vast profound. Dryden. 2. The abyss. I travel this profound. Milton. PRO-FOUND’, v. i. To dive; to penetrate. |/Vot in USC. Glanville. PRO-FOUND’LY, adv. Deeply; with deep concern. Why sigh you so profoundly ? Shak. 2. With deep penetration into science or learning ; with deep knowledge or insight: as, profoundly wise ; profoundly skilled in musi¢ or painting. _ Dryden. PRO-FOUND/NESS, n. Depth of place. 2. Depth of knowledge or of science. Hooker. PRO-FUND'I-TY, n. [It. profonditd; Sp. profundidad ; from L. profundus.] Depth of place, of knowledge, or of science. Milton. PRO-FUSE!, a. [L. profusus, profundo, to pour out ; pro and fundo.} 1. Lavish ; Jiberal to excess ; prodigal; as, a pro- fuse government; a profuse administration. Henry the Eighth, a profuse king, dissipated the treasures Which the parsimony of his father had amassed. A man’s friends are generally too profuse of praise, and his enemies too sparing. 2, Extravagant; lavish; as, profuse expenditures. 3. Overabounding ; exuberant. dy bank, profuse of flowers, Milton. ou goddess heavenly bright, se of bliss. Addison. sé ornament in painting, architecture, or gardening, as ell as in dress or in language, shows a mean or corrupted e Kames. PRO-FUSE’, v.t. To pour out. [Little used.] Armstrong. 2. To squander. [Little used.] Steele. PRO-FUSE’LY, adv. Lavishly ; prodigally; as, an income profusely expended. 2. With exuberance ; with great abundance. The earth is profusely adorned with flowers ; ornaments may be too profusely scattered over a building. PRO-FUSE’NESS, 2. lLavishness; prodigality; ex- travagant expenditures, Hospitality sometimes degenerates into profuseness. Atterbury. 2, Great abundance ; profusion; as, profuseness of ornaments. PRO-FU/SION, (-zhun,) n. [L. profusio.} 1. Lavishness ; prodigality ; extravagance of ex- penditures ; as, to waste an estate by profusion. What meant thy pompous progress through the empire, Thy vast profusion to the factious nobles ? 0108, 2. Lavish effusion. He was desirous to avoid not only profusion, but the least e sion of Christian blood. Hayward. 3. Rich abundance; exuberant plenty. The table contained a profusion of dainties. Our country has a profusion of food for man and beast. The raptured eye The fair profusion, yellow autumn, spies, PROG, v. i. [D. prachgen, to beg; Dan. prakker, id. ; Sw. pracka, to make use of shifts; L. proco, procor. | To shift meanly for provisions; to wander about and seck provisions where they are to be found; to live by beggarly tricks. [4 low word.] You are the lion; I have been endeavoring to prog for you. urke. PROG, . Victuals or provisions sought by begging, or found by wandering about. 2. Victuals of any kind, [Alow word.] Swift. ffu- Thomson. and begging. To beget. [JVot in use. PRO-GEN_ER-A/TION, n. The act of begetting ; prop- Bacon. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK. — agation. [JVot used.] E74 aPRO PRO-GEN'T-TOR, n. [L., from progigno; pro. and giugno, to beget, Gr. yevvaw.] An ancestor in the direct line; a forefather. Adam was the progenitor of the human race. PRO-GEN/I-TURE, x. A begetting or birth. [Zittle used. PROG/E-NY, n. [It. progenie ; L. progenies, from pro- Lignor. Offspring ; race ; children ; descendants of the human kind, or offspring of other animals; as, the progeny of a king; the progeny of Adam; the proge- ny of beasts or fowls ; a word of general application. PROG-NO’'SIS, n. [Gr. mooyvwots, from tpoywwacka, to know before ; zp0 and ywwoxo. In medicine, the art of foretelling the course and event of a disease; the judgment of the course and event of a disease by particular symptoms. Coxe. Hooper. PROG-NOS/TI€, a. Foreshowing; indicating some- thing future by signs or symptoms; as, the prognos- tic symptoms of a disease ; prognostic signs. PROG-NOS/TI€, n. In medicine, the judgment formed concerning the course and event of a disease by means of the symptoms. Ericyc. 2. Something which foreshows; a sign by which a future event may be known or foretold. In medicine, a Sigty or Symptom indicating the course and event of a disease. The appearance of the tongue is of considerable importance as a prognostic. Parr. 3. A foretelling ; prediction. Swift. PROG-NOS’TI€-A-BLE, a. The. may be foreknown or foretold. rown, PROG-NOS'TI€-aTE, v. t. [from prognostic; It. prognosticare. | 1. To foreshow; to indicate a future course or event by present signs. A clear sky at sunset prog- nosticates a fair day. 2. To foretell by means of present signs ; to predict. I neither will nor can prognosticate To the young gaping heir his father’s fate. Dryden. PROG-NOS/TI€-A-TED, pp. Foreshown ; foretold. PROG-NOS/TIG-A-TING, ppr. Foreshowing; fore- telling. PROG-NOS-TI€-a/TION, n. The act of foreshowing a future course or event by present signs. 2. The act of foretelling a course or event by pres- ent signs. urnet. 3. A foretoken ; previous sign. Shak. PROG-NOS/TI€-a-TOR, nm. A foreknower or fore- teller of a future course or event by present signs. PRO-GRAM/MA, n. [Gr., from tpoypagw, to write previously ; tov and ypagw, to write.] 1. Anciently, a letter sealed with the king’s seal. Encyc 2, In a university, a billet or advertisement to in- vite persons to an oration. Encyc. . A proclamation oredict posted in a public place. Life of A. Wood. 4. That which is written before something else ; a preface. Varton. PRO/GRAMME, (pro/gram,) x ([Fr., from Gr. mpo- ypaupa.] A brief outline or explanation of the or- der to be pursued, or the subjects embraced, in any public exercise, performance, entertainment, or se- ries of exercises. PROG/RESS,n. [Fr. progres; Sp. progreso; Li. pro- gressus, progredior ; pro and gradior, to step or go. See Grape and DEGREE. 1. A moving or going forward ; a proceeding on- ward. A man makes a slow progress or a rapid progress on a journey; a ship makes slow progress co PRO PRO-GRESS’ED, (pro-grest’,) pp. proceeded. PRO-GRESS/ING, ppr. Moved forward ; Moving forward ; advancing. Milton. Reform of Eng. PRO-GRES'SION, (pro-gresh’un,) n. [Fr., from L. progressio, progredior. | 1. ‘The act of moving forward ; a proceeding in a course ; motion onward. Locke. 2. Intellectual advance; as, the progression of thought. Locke. 3. Course ; passage. Shak, 4. In mathematics, regular or proportional advance in increase or decrease of numbers; continued pro- portion, arithmetical, geometrical, or harmonical. Arithmetical progression is when the terms increase or decrease by equal differences. Thus, eae Ons LOR On One a Geometrical progression is when the terms increase or decrease by equal ratios. Thus, 2 4. 8. 16. 32. 64.) by a continual multiplica- G4 7325 16. 85145 2. tion or division by 2. Encyc. 5. In music, a regular succession of chords or movement of the parts in harmony. PRO-GRES/SION-AL, (-gresh/un-al,) @. That ad- vances; that is in a state of advance. Brown. PRO-GRESS/IVE, a. Moving forward; proceeding onward; advancing; as, progressive motion or course ; opposed to Rerrocraps. Bacon. Ray. 2. Improving. The arts are in a progressive state. PRO-GRESS/IVE-LY, adv. By motion onward; by regular advances. Tooker. PRO-GRESS/IVE-NESS, n. The state of moving forward ; an advancing ; state of improvement; as, the progressiveness of science, arts, or taste. PRO HAC VI'CE,[L.] For this occasion. PRO-HIB'IT, v. t. [L. prohibeo; pro and habeo, to hold; Fr. prohiber ; It. proibire ; Sp. prohibir.] 1. To forbid; to interdict by authority ; applicable to persons or things, but implying authority or right. God prohibited Adam to eat of the fruit of a certain tree. ‘he moral law prohibits what is wrong, and commands what is right. We prohibit a person to do a thing, and we prohibit the thing to be done. 2. To hinder; to debar; to prevent; to preclude. 9, { by the difference 2. Gates of burning adamant, Barred over us, prohibit all egress. PRO-HIB/IT-ED, pp. or a. dered. PRO-HIB/IT-ER, x. One who prohibits or forbids; a forbidder ; an interdicter. PRO-HIB/IT-ING, ppr. debarring. PRO-HI-BI'’TION, (pro-he-bish’un,) x. L. prohibitio.] 1. The act of forbidding or interdicting ; a decla- ration to hinder some action ; interdict. Milton. Forbid ; interdicted ; hin- Forbidding; interdicting ; [Fr., from The law of God, in the ten commandments, consists mostly of prohibitions ; —‘* Thou shalt not do such a thing.” Tulotson. 2. In law, a writ of prohibition, is a writ issuing from a superior tribunal, directed to the judges of an inferior court, commanding them to cease from the prosecution of a suit. By ellipsis, prohibition is used for the writ itself. Blackstone. PRO-HLBI’/TION-IST, n. One who favors prohibit- ory duties In commerce. PRO-HIB/IT-IVE, ) a. Forbidding; implying pro- PRO-HIB/‘IT-O-RY, hibition. Barrow. Ayliffe. against the tide. He watched the progress of the army on its march, or the progress of a star or comet. 9. A moving forward in growth; increase; as, the progress of a plant or animal. 3. Advance in business of any kind; as, the prog- ress of a negotiation ; the progress of arts. 4, Advance in knowledge; intellectual or moral improvement; proficiency. The student is com- mended for his progress in learning; the Christian for his progress in virtue and piety. 5. Removal; passage from place to place. From Egypt arts their progress made to Greece. Denham. 6. A journey of state; a circuit. Blackstone. Addison. PRO-GRESS’, v. i. pass ; to proceed. Let me wipe off this honorable dew That silvery doth progress on thy cheeks, — Although the popular blast Hath reared thy name up to bestride a cloud, Or progress in the chariot of the sun. Broken Heart, by Ford, vol. i. p. 303, Gifford’s ed. London, 1827. [These authors accent the first syllable, but the ac- cent is now on the second. |] 2. To proceed ; to continue onward in course. After the war had progressed for some time. Marshall, They progress in that style in proportion as their pieces are treated with contempt. Washington, Knowles, Smart, and Reid, have inserted the word, in this sense, in their dictionaries. 8 To advance; to make improvement. Du Ponceau. To move forward in space; to Shak. Bayard. TUNE, BULL, UNITH.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; § as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THI PROIN, v. t. (Fr. provigner; pro and vigne, vine.]} To lop; totrim; to prune. [Obs.] [See Prune.] B. Jonson. To be employed in pruning. [ Obds.] Bacon. PRO-JE€T’, v. t. [Ll projicio; pro, forward, and jacio, to throw; It. progettare; Fr. projeter; Sp. proyectar. | 1. To throw out; to cast or shoot forward. PROIN, v. i. Th’ ascending villas Profect long shadows o’er the crystai tide. Pope. 2. To cast forward in the mind; to scheme; to contrive ; to devise something to be done ; as, to pro- ject a plan for paying off the national debt; to pro- ject an expedition to South America; to project peace or war. Ailton. 3. To draw or exhibit, as the form of any thing; to delineate. PRO-JEET’, v.i. To shoot forward; to extend be- yond something else ; to Jut; to be prominent; as, the cornice projects. PROJ'E€T, n. [Fr. projet.) ; 1. A scheme; a design; something intended or devised ; contrivance ; as, the project of a canal from the Hudson to the lakes; all our projects of happi- ness are liable to be frustrated. 2, An idle scheme ; a design not practicable; as, aman given to projects. PRO-JECT’ED, pp. or a. Cast out or forward; schemed; devised; delineated. ~ PRO-JECT‘ILE, a. Impelling forward; as, a project- ile force. PRO _ 2. Given by impulse ; impelled forward ; as, pro- jectile motion. Arbuthnot PRO-JE€T/ILE, n. A body projected, or impelled forward by force, particularly through the air. 2. Projectiles, in mechanical philosophy, is that part Which treats of the motion of bodies thrown or driv- en by an impelling force above the earth. PRO-JECT/ING, ppr. Throwing out or forward ; scheming; contriving. PRO-JE€T/ING, ppr, or a. Shooting out; jutting; extending forward; as, a projecting rock. PRO-JEC/TION, x. [L. projectio.] 1. The act of throwing or shooting forward. Brown. 2. A part jutting out, as of a building; an exten- sion beyond something else. 3. The act of scheming; plan; scheme; design of something to be executed. 4, Plan; delineation; the representation of some- thing ; as, the projection of the sphere, is a delinea- tion of the several parts of its surface on a plane. There are three principal points of projection; the stereopraphic, In which the eye is supposed to be placed on the surface of the sphere; the orthographic, in which the eye is supposed to be at an infinite dis- tance ; and the gnomonic, in which the eye is placed in the center of the sphere. _ Brande. Globular projection ; that projection of the sphere which so represents its circles as to present the ap- pearance of a globe. Mercator’s projection ; a mode of representing the sphere in which the meridians are drawn parallel to each other, and the parallels of latitude are straight lines, whose distance from each other increases with their distance from the equator, so that at all places the degrees of latitude and longitude have to each other the same ratio as on the sphere itself. In perspective, projection denotes the appearance or representation of an object on the perspective plane. NCYC. 5. In alchemy, the casting of a certain powder, called powder of projection, into a crucible or other vessel full of some prepared metal or other matter, which is to be thereby transmuted into gold. Enceyc. PRO-JECT/MENT, xn. Design; contrivance. [ne used. | Clarendon. PRO-JECT/OR, nm. One who forms a scheme or de- sign. Addison. 2. One who forms wild or impracticable schemes. Pope. PRO-JECT’URE, n. A jutting or standing out beyond the line or surface of something else. Enciyec. PRO-JET"', (pro-zha!,) n. [Fr.] A plan proposed ; the draft of a proposed measure, arrangement, &c. Bouvier. PRO-LAPSE’, (pro-laps’,) n. [L. prolapsus, prolabor.] A falling down or falling out of some part of the body, as of the uterus or intestines. Encyc. PRO-LAPSE’, (pro-laps’,) v. 2. To fall down or out ; to project too much. PRO-LAP/SION, PRO-LAP’SUS. PRO-LATE’, v. t. [L. prolatum, profero. | To utter; to pronounce. [Vot used.] Howell. PRO/LATE, a. [Supra.] Extended beyond the line of an exact sphere ; opposed to Ostare. A prolate spheroid is produced by the revolution of a semi-el- lipse about its larger diameter. Brande, PRO-LA/TION, n. [L. prolatio, from profero. 1. Utterance; pronunciation. [Little used.] Ray. 2. Delay; act of deferring. [JVot used.] Ainsworth. 3. A method, in music, of determining the pover of semibreves and minims. Busby. PRO-LE-GOM’E-NA, n. pl. [Gr. 7podAcyopsya; mpo and Asya, to speak. ] Preliminary observations ; introductory remarks or discourses prefixed to a book or treatise. Walton. PRO-LE-GOM/E-NA-RY, a. Preliminary ; introduc- tory ; containing previous explanations. Ed. Rev, PRO/LEGS, n. pl. In entomology, the fleshy, pediform, and frequently retractile organs, which assist various larve in their movements. Brande. PRO-LEP’SIS, n. [Gr. zpoAnyus, from poAapBave ; po and Aap Bava, to take.] . 1. Anticipation ; a figure in rhetoric by which ob- jections are anticipated or prevented, Bramhall. 9, An error in chronology, when an event is dated before the actual time ; a species of anachronism. Theobald. PRO-LEP'TIE€, a. Pertaining to prolepsis or an- PRO-LEP’TI€-AL, ticipation. : 2. Previous ; antecedent. Glanville. 3. In medicine, anticipating the usual time ; applied to a periodical disease, whose paroxysm returns at an earlier hour at every repetition. Encyc. PRO-LEP’TI€-AL-LY, adv. By way of anticipation. PRO-LE-TA/NE-OUS, a. Having 2 humerous off- See Provapse, 7. spring. , ) PRO-LE-TA/RI-AN, a. [L. proletarius, from proles, offspring. ‘ Meant re vulgar. [Vot used.] Hudibras. PRO/LE-TA-RY, x. A common person. [Vot used, | Burton. Ss, ———— SSS B7H wag a SB os ew lin rare a ae ~ a - TS ees: = 4ae t eee Se PRO PRO PRO PROL/LCIDE, n. [L. proles, offspring, and cedo, to slay.] The crime of destroying one’s offspring either in the womb or after birth. Bouvier. PRO-LIF’ER-OUS, a. [Infra.] In botany, a prolifer- ous flower is a flower which produces another flower within itself, A proliferous umbel is one which pro- duces another umbel from its own center. PRO-LIF’I€, a. Le and Sp. prolifico; Fr. pro- PRO-LIF’I€-AL, lifique; L. proles, offspring, and facio, to make.]} ; ; 1. Producing young or fruit ; fruitful ; generative ; productive ; applied to animals and plants ; as, a pro- lific female ; a prolific tree. é : 9 Productive ; having the quality of generating ; as, a controversy prolific of evil consequences ; a pro- lific brain. : 5 : 3. A prolific flower, prolifer) in botany, is one which produces a second flower from its own center, or which has smaller flowers growing out of the prin- cipal one. But ProtireRovs is commonly used. Encyc. Martin. PRO-LIF’I€-A-CY,n. Fruitfulness ; great productive- ness. Encyc. PRO-LIF’I€-AL-LY, adv. Fruitfully ; with great in- crease. PRO-LIF-I€-A/TION, n. [See Prouiric.] The gen- eration of young or of plants. 2. In botany, the production of a second flower from the substance of the first. This is either from the center of a simple flower, or from the side of an ageregate flower. Lee. PRO-LIF/I€-NESS, nz. The state of being prolific. Scott. PRO-LIX’, a, [L. prolizus; pro and lazus, literally, drawn out. Often in the United States pronounced pro! liz. | 1. Long; extending toa great length; minute in narration or argument ; applied only with reference to discourse, speech, and writing ; as, a proliz oration; a proliz poem; a proliz sermon ; a proliz writer. 2. Oflong duration. [JVot in use.] PRO-LIX/IOUS, (-shus,) a. Dilatory; tedious. [ot vee) Shak, PRO-LIX/I-TY, )n. Great length; minute detail ; PRO-LIX’NESS, applied only to discourses and wri- tings. _Prolizity is not always tedious. PRO-LIX’LY, adv. At great length. Dryden. PRO-LO-€0’TOR, n. [L. proloquor; pro and loquor, to speak.] The speaker or chairman of a convocation. Swift. PRO-LO-€U/TOR-SHIP,n. The office or station of a prolocutor. PRO'LO-GIZE, v.t. To delivera prologue. [Vot in Ise. PRO/LOGUE, (pro’log,) m. ([Fr., from L. prologus: Gr. zpudAo0yos; mpo and doyns, discourse. ] The preface or introduction to a discourse or per- formance, chiefly the discourse or poem spoken be- fore a dramatic performance or play begins. Eneyc, PRO/LOGUE, (pro/log,) v.t. [It. prologare.] To introduce with a formal preface. Shak. PRO/LOGU-ED, pp. Introduced with a preface. PRO’/LOGU-ING, ppr. Introducing with a formal preface. PRO-LONG',v.t. [Fr. prolonger ; It. prolungare ; Sp. prolongar; L. pro and longus. See Lone.] 1. To Jengthen in time ; to extend the duration of. Temperate habits tend to prolong life. 2. To lenzthen ; to draw out in time by delay ; to continue. Th’ unhappy queen with talk prolonged the night. Dryden. 3. To put off to a distant time. For I myself am not so well provided As else 1 would be, were the day prolonged. Shak. 4, To extend in space or Jength. PRO-LON’GATE, v. t. To extend or lengthen in space ; as, to prolongate a line. 2. To extend in time. [Little used.] PRO-LON''GA-TED, pp. Extended in space ; contin- ued in length. PRO-LON’'GA-TING, pyr. Lengthening in space. PRO-LON’GA/TION, x. [Fr.] The act of lengthen- ing in time or space; as, the prolongation of life. acon. The prolongation of a line. Lavoisier, Trans. 2, Extension of time by delay or postponement ; as, the prolongation of days for payment. Bacon PRO-LONG/ED, pp. or a. Lengthened in duration or space. PRO-LONG’ER, n. He or that which lengthens in time or space. PRO-LONG/ING, ppr. Extending in time; continu- ing in length. PRO-LU’SION, (-zhun,)n. [L. prolusio, proludo ; pro and ludo, to play.] A preludeg a trial before the principal performance ; hence, in a general sense, a trial; an essay. Rich, Dict. PROM-E-NADPE’, n. ([Fr., from promener; pro and mener, to lead. ] 1. A walk for amusement or exercise. PROM-E-NADE’, cv. i. To walk for amusement or ex- ercise, PROM-E-NAD’/ER, n. He or that which promenades. PROM-E-NAD/ING, ppr. Walking for amusement or exercise. PRO-MER/IT, v. t. [L. promereo, promeritum ; pro and mereéo, to merit. | J. To oblige ; to confer 2 favor on. Fall. 2, To deserve ; to procure by merit. Pearson. [ This word is little used, or not at all,| PRO-MB/THE-AN, a, Pertaining to Prometheus, who stole fire from heaven. 2. Having the life-giving quality of the fire thus stolen. PRO-ME’/THE-AN, nx. A glass tube containing sul- phuric acid, and surrounded by an inflammable mix- ture, which it ignites on being pressed. Brande. PROM/I-NENCBE, )n. [L. prominentia, from promi- PROM/I-NEN-CY, neo; pro and minor, to menace, that is, to shoot forward. ] 1. A standing out from the surface of something, or that which juts out; protuberance ; as, the prom- inence of a joint; the prominence of a rock or cliff; the prominence of the nose. Small hills and knolls are prominences on the surface of the earth. 2. Conspicuousness ; distinction. PROM’I-NENT, a. [L. prominens.] 1. Standing out beyond the line or surface of something; jutting ; protuberant; in high relief; as, a promiment figure on a vase. 2. Full; large; as, a prominent eye. 3. Eminent; distinguished above others; as, a prominent character. 4. Principal; most visible or striking to the eye; conspicuous. The figure of a man or of a building holds a prominent place in a picture. PROM'I-NENT-LY, adv. In a prominent manner; so as to stand out beyond the other parts; eminently ; in a striking manner; conspicuously. PRO-MIS’€U-OUS, a. [L. promiscuus; pro and mis- ceo, to mix. ] 1. Mingled; consisting of individuals united in a body or mass without order; confused; undistin- guished ; as, a promiscuous crowd or mass. A wild where weeds and flowers promiscuous shoot. Pope. 2. Common; indiscriminate; not restricted to an individual ; as, promiscuous love or intercourse. PRO-MIS/€U-OUS-LY, adv. In a crowd or mass without order; with confused mixture ; indiscrimi- nately ; as, men of all classes promiscuously assem- bled ; particles of different earths promiscuously 2. Without distinction of kinds. [united. Like beasts and birds promiscuously they join. Pope. PRO-MIS’€U-OUS-NESS, nz. A state of being mixed without order or distinction. Ash. PROM/ISE, 2. [L. promissum, from promitto, to send before or forward ; pro and mitto, to send; Fr. pro- mettre, promis, promesse ; It. promettere, promessa; Sp. prometer, promesa. | 1. In a general sense, a declaration, written or ver- bal, made by one person to another, which binds the person who makes it, either in honor, conscience, or law, to do or forbear a certain act specified ; a dec- laration which gives to the person to whom it is made aright to expect or to claim the performance or forbearance of the act. The promise of a visit to my neighbor gives him a right to expect it, and I am bound in honor and civility to perform the promise. Of such a promise human laws bave no cognizance ; but the fulfillment of it is one of the minor morali- ties which civility, kindness, and strict integrity, re- quire to be observed. 2. In law, a declaration, verbal or written, made by one person to another for a good or valuable con- sideration, in the nature of a covenant, by which the promiser binds himself, and, as the case may be, his legal representatives, to do or forbear some act, and gives to the promisee a legal right to demand and enforce a fulfillment. 3. A binding declaration of something to be done or given for another’s benefit ; as, the promise of a grant of land. A promise may be absolute or condi- tional ; lawful or unlawful; express or implied. An absolute promise must be fulfilled at all events. The obligation to fulfill a conditional promise depends on the performance of the condition. An unlawful promise is not binding, because it is void; for it is incompatible with a prior paramount obligation of obedience to the Jaws. An express promise is one expressed in words or writing. An implied promise is one which reason and justice dictate. If I hire a man to perform a day’sslabor, without any declara- tion that I will pay him, the law presumes a promise on my part that I will give him a reasonable reward, and will enforce such wnplied promise. 4, Hopes ; expectation, or that which affords ex- pectation of future distinction ; as, a youth of great promise. My native country was full of youthful promise, Irving. 5. That which is promised ; fulfillment or grant of what is promised. He commanded them that they should not depart from Jerusa- _§. In Scripture, the promise of God is the declara- tion or assurance which God has givem in his word of bestowing blessings on his people. Such assur- ance, resting on the perfect justice, power, benevo- lence, and immutable veracity of God, can not fail of performance. The Lord is not slack concerning his promises, —2 Pet. iii, PROMI/ISE, v. t. To make a declaration to another, which binds the promiser in honor, conscience, or law, to do or forbear some act ; as, to promise a visit to a friend ; to promise a cessation of hostilities ; to promise the payment of money. 2. To afford reason to expect ; as, the year prom- ises a good harvest. 3. To make declaration or give assurance of some benefit to be conferred ; to pledge or engage to bestow. The proprietors promised large tracts of land. Charter of Dartmouth College. PROM/ISE, v.%. To assure one by a promise or bind- ing declaration. The man promises fair; let us for- give him. 2. To afford hopes or expectations ; to give ground to expect good. The youth promises to be an emi- nent man; the wheat promises to be a good crop; the weather promises to be pleasant. 3, In popular use, this verb sometimes threatens or assures of evil, The rogue shall be punished, I proniise you. Will not the ladies be afraid of the Lion? — I fear it, | promise you. Shak, In the latter example, promise is equivalent to de- clare ; ** I declare to you.” 4. To promise one’s self; to be assured or to have strong confidence. I dare promise myself you will attest tho truth of all I have ad- vanced. Rambler. PROM/ISE-BREACH, n. Violation of promise. Shak. PROM/ISE-BREAK/ER, x. . t. PRO-PEND’, ». i. PRO-PEND/EN-CY, n. PRO-PEND/ENT, a, PRO-PEND/ING, ppr. Inclining toward. PRO-PENSE*, (pro-pens’,) a. PRO-PEN/SION, PRO-PENS/L TY, | ™ PRO PRO PRO 2, That may be spread or extended by any means, as tenets, doctrines, or principles, PROP-A-GAN’DA, 7. [from L.] The popular name of a society in Rome, charged with the management of the Roman Catholic missions, and styled Societas de Propaganda Fide. JTurdock. PROP-A-GAN/DISM, xz. [See Proracatr.] The art or practice of propagating tenets or principles. Dwight. PROP-A-GAN’DIST, 2. A person who devotes him- self to the spread of any system of principles. Bonaparte selected a body to compose his sanhedrim of political propagandists. Walsh. PROP/A-GATE, v.t. [L. propago; It. propaggine; G. pfropf, a stopple ; pfropfen, to thrust, also to graft. (See Pear.) The Latin noun propago is the Eng- lish prop, and the termination ago, as in cartilago, &c. The sense of the noun is that which is set or thrust in. ] 1. To continue or multiply the kind by generation or successive production; applied to animals and plants ; as, to propagate a breed of horses or sheep ; to propagate any species of fruit-tree. 2. ‘To spread ; to extend; to impel or continue for- ward in space; as, to propagate sound or light. 3. To spread from person to person ; to extend ; to give birth to, or originate and spread ; as, to propa- ate a story or report. 4. To carry from place to place; to extend by planting and establishing In places before destitute ; as, to propagate the Cliristian religion. 5. To extend ; to increase. Griefs of my own lie heavy in my breast, Which thou wilt propagate, 6. To generate ; to produce. Superstitious notions, propagated in fancy, are hardly ever totally eradicated. Richardson. OS ¢ Shak. To have young or issue; to be produced or multiplied by generation, or by new shoots or plants. Wild horses propagate in the for- ests of South America. Continued or multiplied by generation or production of the same kind; spread ; extended. Continuing or multiplying the kind by generation or production ; spreading and establishing. PROP-A-GA'/TION, 2. [Fr., from L. propazgatio.] 1. The act of propagating; the continuance or multiplication of the kind by generation or succes- Sive production; as, the propagation of animals or plants. There is not in nature any spontaneous generation, but all come by propagation. Ray. 2. The spreading or extension of any thing ; as, the propagation of sound, or of reports. 3. The spreading of any thing by planting and es- tablishing in places before destitute; as, the propa- gation of the gospel among pagans. 4. A forwarding or promotion. One that continues or multi- plies his own species by generation. 2, One that continues or multiplies any species of animals or plants. 3. One that spreads or causes to circulate, as a re- port, 4. One that plants and establishes in a country destitute ; as, a propagator of the gospel. 5. One that plants, originates, or extends; one that promotes. [L. propello ; pro, forward, and pel- lo, to drive. ] To drive forward ; to urge or press onward by force. The wind or steam propels ships; balls are propelled by the force of gunpowder; mill wheelsare propelled by water or steam; the blood is propelled through the arteries and veins by the action of the heart. [ This word is commonly applied to material bodies. } PRO-PEL/LED, pp. Driven forward. PRO-PEL/LER, x. A contrivance for propelling a steamboat by the action of a screw placed in the stern. 2. A steamboat thus propelled. PRO-PEL/LING, ppr. or a. Driving forward. [L. propendeo; pro, forward, and pendeo, to hang. ] To lean toward; to incline; to be disposed in fa- vor of any thing. [Little wsed.] Sha. [L. propendens.] 1. A leaning toward; inclination; tendency of desire to any thing. 2. Preconsideration ; attentive deliberation. [Be tle used. ale. Inclining forward or toward. [ South. [L. propensus. | Leaning toward, in a moral sense ; inclined ; dis- posed, either to good or evil ; as, women propense to holiness, Hooker. [Fr. propension; L. propensio.] 1, Bent of mind, natural or acquired ; inclination ; PROP’ER, a. PROP/ER-NESS, 2. PROP/ER-TY, 2. in a moral sense, disposition to any thing good or evil, particularly to evil; as, a propensity to sin; the corrupt propensity of the will. Ogers. It reqaires critical nicety to find out the genius or propensions of a child. ’Estrange. 2. Natural tendency ; as, the propension of bodies to a particular place. Dighy. (In a moral sense, Propensity is now chiefly used. [Fr. propre; It. proprio or propio; Sp. propio; LL. proprius, supposed to be allied to prope, near ; W. priawd, proper, appropriate. ] 1, Peculiar; naturally or essentially belonging toa person or thing; notcommon. That is not proper, which is common to many. [very animal has bis proper instincts and inclinations, appetites and hab- its. Every muscle and vessel of the body has its proper office. Every art has its proper rules. Cre- ation is the proper work of an Almighty Being. 2. Particularly suited to. Every animal lives in his proper element. 4 _3. One’s own. It may be joined with any posses- sive pronoun ; as, our proper son. Shak. Glanville. Dryden. JVote. — Own is often used in such phrases; “at your own proper cost.”” This is really tautdlogical, but sanctioned by usage, and expressive of em- phasis. 4, Noting an individual; pertaining to one of a species, but not common to the Whole; as, a proper name. Dublin is the proper name of a city, o. Fit; suitable; adapted ; accommodated. Athin dress is not proper for clothing in a cold climate. Stimulants are proper remedies for debility. Gravity of manners is very proper for persons of advanced age. ~ In Athens, all was pl re All proper to the sprit 1d. s} Our proper conceptions. Now learn the difference at your proper cost. mirth, and play, nghtly May. Dryden. 6. Correct ; just; as, a proper word ; a proper ex- pression. 7. Not figurative ; as, plain and proper terms. Burnet. 8. Well-formed ; handsome. Moses was a proper child. — Heb, xi. 9. Tall; lusty; handsome with bulk. not used. | Shak. 10. Mere; pure; as, a proper fool. [Unusual.] ll. In vulgar language, very ; as, proper good; proper sweet. Halliwell. 12. In heraldry, a term applied to an object repre- sented of its natural color. randeé. Proper receptacle; in botany, that which supports only a single flower or fructification ; proper perianth, or involucre, that which incloses only a single flower ; proper flower, or corol, one of the single florets or corollets in an aggregate or compound flower ; proper nectary, separate from the petals and other parts of the flower. Martyn. [ Low, and PROP/ER-LY, adv. Fitly ; suitably ; in a proper man- ner; as, a word properly applied ; a dress properly adjusted. 2, In a strict sense. The miseries of life are not properly owing to the unequal dis- tribution of things. Nuit The quality of being proper. [ Little used. | 2. Taliness. [JVot in.use.] 3. Perfect form ; handsomeness. {This seems to be formed directly from proper; if not, it is contracted. The Latin is proprictas, Ir. propriété, from which we have pro- priety. | 1. A peculiar quality of any thing; that which is inherent in a subject, or naturally essential to it ; called by logicians an essential mode. ‘Thus color is a property of light; extension and figure are proper- ties of bodies. 2. An acquired or artificial quality ; that which is given by art or bestowed by man. The poem has the properties which constitute excellence. 3. Quality ; disposition. It is the property of an old sinner to find delight in reviewing his own villainies in others. South. 4, The exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing; ownership. In the beginning of the world, the Creator gave to man dominion over the earth, over the fish of the sea, and the fowls of the air, and over every living thing. This is the foundation of man’s property in the earth and in all its productions. Prior occupancy of land and of wild animals gives to the possessor the property of them. The labor of inventing, making, or produ- cing any thing, constitutes one of the highest and most indefeasible titles to property. Property is also acquired by inheritance, by gift, or by purchase. Property is sometimes held in common, yet each man’s right to his share in common land or stock is exclusively his own. One man may have the prop- erty of the soil, and another the right of use, by pre- scription or by purchase. 5. Possession held in one’s own right. Dryden. FATH, FAR, FALL, WHAT —METE, PREY.—PIN Ei, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, 578 PROP/ER-TY, >. t. PRO-PHANE’. PROPH/A-SIS, (profva-sis,) 7. PROPH/E-CY, (prof’e-se,) z. PROPH’E-SL-ED, pp. PROPH/E-SL-ER, n. PROPH/E-SY, >. t. PROPH’E-SY, v. i. PROPH/E-SY-ING, ppr. PROPH/E-SY-ING, 2. PROPHET, (prof/it,) n. PROPH/ET-ESS, nz. PRO-PHET'IE€, a. PRO-PHET’I€-AL, 6. The thing owned; that to which a person has the legal title, whether in his possession or not. It is one of the greatest blessings of civil society that the property of citizens is well secured. 7. An estate, whether in lands, goods, or money ; as, a man of large property or small property. 8. Anestate ; afarm; a plantation. In this sense, which is common in the United States and in the West Indies, the word has a plural. The still-houses, on the sugar plantations, vary in size according to the fancy of the proprietor, or the magnitude of the prop- erly. Edwards, W, Indies. I shall confine myself to such properties as fall within the reach of daily observation. Edicards, W. Indies. 9. Nearness or right. Here I disclaim all my paternal care, ‘ Propinquity and property of blood. Shak. 10. Properties ; the dresses and appendages used in a theater, the keeper of which is still called the property man. {[ Obs.] Toone. I will draw a bill of properties. Shak. Hizh pomp and state are uscful properties. Dryden, 11. Propriety. [Wot in use.] Camden. Literary property ; the exclusive right of printing, publishing, and making profit by one’s own writings. No right or title to a thing can bé so perfect as that which is created by a man’s own labor and inven- tion. The excluSive right of a man to his literary productions, and to the use of them for his own profit, is entire and perfect, as the faculties employed and Jabor bestowed are entirely and perfectly his own. On what principle, then, can a legislature or a court determine that an author can enjoy only a temporary property in his own productions? If a man’s right to his own productions in writing is as perfect as to the productions of his farm or his shop, how can the former be abridged or limited, while the latter is held without limitation? Why do the pro- ductions of manual labor rank higher in the scale of rights or property, than the productions of the intellect ? To invest with qualities, or to take as one’s own; to appropriate. [An awkward word, and not used. | Shak. See ProFane. [Gr. mpodacts, from mpodnpt, to foretell. ] In medicine, prognosis ; foreknowledge of a disease. [Gr. mpogdnreta, from moodnpat, to foretell; moo, before, and dnt, to tell. This ought to be written ProruHeEsy.] 1. A foretelling ; prediction ; a declaration of some- thing tocome. As God only knows future events with certainty, no being but God, or some person in- formed by him, can utter a real prophecy. The proph~ ecies recorded in Scripture, when fulfilled, afford most convincing evidence of the divine original of the Scriptures, as those who uttered the prophecies could not have foreknown the events predicted with- out supernatural instruction. 2 Pet. i. 2. In Scripture, a book of prophecies; a history; as, the prophecy of Ahijah. .2 Chron. ix. 3. Preaching ; public interpretation of Scripture ; exhortation or instruction. Prov. XxXi. Foretold ; predicted. One who predicts events. To foretell future events; to pre- dict. I hate him, for he doth not prophesy good concerning me, but evil. — 1 Kings xxii. 2. To foreshow. [ Little used.] Shak. + To utter predictions; to make declaration of events tocome. Jer. Xi. 2. In Scripture, to preach; to instruct in religious doctrines; to interpret or explain Scripture or reli- gious subjects ; to exhort. 1 Cor.xili. Ezek. xxxvii. Foretelling events. The act of foretelling or of preaching. (Gr. zpodnrys; L. propheta ; Fr. prophete. | 1. One that foretells future events; a predicter; a foreteller. 2. In Scripture, a person illuminated, inspired, or instructed by God to announce future events; as Moses, Elijah, David, Isaiah, &c. 3. An interpreter ; one that explains or communi- cates sentiments. Ezod. Vil. 4, One who pretends to foretell ; an imposter; as, a false prophet. Acts xill. School of the prophets ; among the Israelites, a school or college in which young men were educated and qualified for public teachers. These students were called sons of the prophets. A female prophet ; a woman who foretells future events, as Miriam, Huldah, Anna, &c. Exod. xv. Judg.iv. Luke ii. Containing prophecy ; fore- telling future events; as, prophetic writings. 2. Unfolding future events; as, prophetic dreams. It has of before the thing foretold. And fears are oft prophetic of th’ event. Driden. DOVE, MOVE, WOLE,-BOOK.—Fa ae nn Cae eG RDS SNE PRO PRO PRO PRO-PHET’'I€- AL-LY, adv. By way of prediction ; in the manner of prophecy. ry den. PROPH’/ET-IZE, v.2. To give prediction. [JVot used.] PROPH’ET-LIKE, a. Like a prophet. Shak. PRO-PHOR/I€, a. [Gr. rpogopcxos.] Bnunciative. PROPH-Y-LA€/TIE, ) a. [Gr. mpopvAaktikos, PROPH-Y-LA€/TIE-AL, } from zpo¢vAacca, to pre- vent, to guard against; mpo and duvAaccw, to pre- serve. | In medicine, preventive ; defending froin disease. Coze. PROPH-Y-LA€/TIE€, n. A medicine which preserves or defends against disease ; a preventive. xe. PROP-I-NaA/TION, 7. [L. propinatio; propino; Gr. mpo and wiv, to drink. The act of pledging, or drinking first and then of- fering the cup to another. Potter. PRO-PINE/, v. t. [L. propino, supra.] 1. To pledge ; to drink first and then offer the cup to another. [JVot used.] 2. To expose. [Vot used.] PRO-PIN/QUELTY, (pro-pink’we-te,) z. f é [L. propin- quitas, from propinguus, near. J. Nearness in place; neighborhood. Ray. 9. Nearness in time. Brown. 3. Nearness of blood; kindred. Shak. PRO-PI//TIA-BLE, (pro-pish/a-bl,) a. [See Propr- Seal That may beinduced to favor, or that may be made propitious. PRO-PI'TIATE, (-pish/ate,) v. t. [l. propitio. Qu. pro and the root of L. pio, Eng. pity.] To conciliate ; to appease one offended and render him favorable ; to make propitious. Let fierce Achilles, dreadful in his rage, The god propitiate and the pest assuage, PRO-PI/'TIA-TED, (-pish/a-ted,) pp. Appeased and rendered favorable ; conciliated. PPO-PI’TIA-TING, ppr. Conciliating ; the wrath of and rendering favorable. PRO-PI/'TI-A'/TION, (-pish-e-a/shun,) n. [Fr.; from propitiate. | J. The act of appeasing wrath and conciliating the favor of an offended person ; the act of making pro- pitious. 2. In theolosy, the atonement or atoning sacrifice which removes the obstacle to man’s salvation. Christ is the propttiation for the sins of men. Rom. iii. 1 John ii. PRO-PI//TIA/TOR,n. One who propitiates. Sheroood. PRO-PI’TIA-TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of propitiation. PRO-PI’/TIA-TO-RY, a. Having the power to make propitious ; as, a propitiatory sacrifice. Stillingflect. PRO-PI/TIA-TO-RY, n. Among the Jews, the mercy- seat; the lid or cover of the ark of the covenant, lined within and without with plates of gold. This was a type of Christ. Encyc. PRO-PI//TIOUS, (-pish’us,) a. [L. propitius.] 1. Favorable ; kind ; applied to men. 2. Disposed to be gracious or merciful; ready to forzive sins and bestow blessings ; applied to God. 3. Favorable ; as, a propitious season. PRO-PI//TIOUS-LY, (-pish’us-le,) adv. Favorably ; kindly. Roscommon. PRO-PI//TIOUS-NESS, (-pish/us-ness,). Kindness ; disposition to treat another kindly; disposition to forgive. 2. Favorableness ; as, the propitiousness of the sea- Pope. appeasing son or climate. Temple. PRO/PLASM, x. [Gr. mpo and zAacpa, a device. ] A mold ; a matrix. Woodward, PRO-PLAS/TICE, (-plas’tis,) . The art of making molds for castings. PRO/PO-LIS, n. [Gr., before the city, or the front of the city. ] A thick, odorous substance, having some resem- blance to wax, and smelling like storax; used by bees to stop the holes and crevices in their hives to prevent the entrance of cold air, &c. PRO-PO’NENT, n. [L. proponens; pro and pono, to [Supra. ] place. | One that makes a proposal, or lays down a propo- sition. Dryden. PRO-POR/TION, n. [L. proportio; pro and portio, part or share. See Porrion.] 1. The comparative relation of any one thing to another. Jet a man’s exertions be in proportion to his strength. 2, In mathematics, the identity or similitude of two ratios. Proportion differs from ratio. Ratio is prop- erly the relation of two magnitudes or quantities of one and the same kind; as the ratio of 5 to 10, or the ratio of 8 to 16. Pzoportion is the sameness or likeness of two such relations. Thus 5isto10 as8 to 16, or A isto B as Cis to D; that is, 5 bears the same relation to 10 as 8 does to 16. Hence we say, such numbers are in proportion. Hutton. An equality of ratios ; sometimes, also, the series of terms among which an equality of ratios exists. Day. 3. In arithmetic, a rule by which, when three num- bers are given, a fourth number is found, which PRO-POR/TION, v. t. P ly. PRO-POR!TION-A-BLE, a. That may be proportioned PRO-POR’/TION-A-BLE-NESS, 2. PRO-POR/TION-A-BLY, PRO-POR/TION-AL, a. PRO-POR/TION-AL, n. PRO-POR-TION-AL/I-TY, x. PRO-POR’TION-AL-LY, adv. PRO-POR/TION-ATE, a. PRO-POR/TION-ATEH, 2. t. PRO-POR/TION-ATE-LY, adv. PRO-POR!TION-A'TE-NESS, 2. PRO-POR!/TION-ED, pp. or 4. PRO-POR’TION-ING, ppr. PRO-POR/TION-LESS, a. Without proportion ; with- bears the same relation to the third as the second TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. PRO-PO'SAL, 2. does to the first; ora fourth number is found, bear- ing the same relation to the third as the first does to the second. The former is called direct, and the lat- ter inverse proportion. 4. Symmetry ; suitable adaptation of one part or thing to another; as, the proportion of one limb to another in the human body; the proportion of the length and breadth of a room to its hight. Harmony, with every grace, Plays in the fair proportions of her face, Mrs. Carter. 5. Equal or just share ; as, to ascertain the propor- tion of profit to Which each partner in a company is entitled. 6. Form; size. page used. | Davies. 7. The relation between unequal things of the same kind, by which their several parts correspond to each other with an equal augmentation and dimi- nution, as in reducing and enlarging figures. Encyc. [This more properly belongs to ratio. Harmonical or musical proportion, is when, of three or four quantities, the first is to the last as the differ- ence between the two first is tothe difference between the two Jast. Thus, 2, 3, 6, are in harmonical pro- portion; for 2is to6 asl to3. Thus, 24, 16, 12, 9, are harmonical, for 24:9::8:3. Arithmetical proportion; an equality of arithmetical ratios. Geometrical proportion; an equality of geometrical ratios. [See Procression, No. 4. Reciprocal proportion; an equality between a di- rect and a reciprocal ratio. Thus, 4:2::1-3: 1-6. [See Recrrrocars and Recrrrocay Rario.] Day. To adjust the comparative re- sation of one thing or one part to another ; as, to pro- portion the size of a building to its height, or the thickness of a thing to its length ; to proportion our expenditures to our income. In the Joss of an object, we do not proportion our grief to its real yalue, but to the value our fancies set upon it. Addison. 2. To form with symmetry or suitableness, as the arts of the body or made proportional. This is, etymologically, the true sense of the word ; but it is commonly, though erroneously, used in thé sense of proportional, being in proportion; having a due comparative relation ; as, infantry with a proportionable number of horse. : State of being proportionable. adv. According to propor- tion or comparative relation; as, a large body, with limbs proportionably large. [It. proporzionale ; Fr. pro- portionnel. } 1. Having a due comparative relation ; being in suit- able proportion or degree ; as, the parts of an edifice are proportional. In pharmacy, niedicines are com- pounded of certain proportional quantities of ingre- dients. 2. In mathematics, having the same ratio ; as, four quantities are proportional ; having always the same ratio; as, the velocity of a moving body is propor- tional to the impelling force, when the quantity of matter is given; its momentum is proportional to the quantity of matter it contains, when its velocity is iven. 3. Relating to proportion ; as, proportional scales or compasses. Thitton. A number or quantity pro- portional ; a name given, in mathematics, to the terms of a proportion. Proportional ; in chemistry, 2 term employed in the theory of definite proportions, to denote the same as the weight of an atom ora prime. [See Prime.] The quality of being Grew. In proportion ; in due degree ; with suitable comparative relation; as, all parts of a building being proportionally large. Adjusted to something else according to a certain rate or comparative rela- tion ; proportional. The connection between the end and means is proportionate. TOW, in proportion. Punishment should be proportionate to the transgression. Locke. To proportion ; to make proportional ; to adjust according to a settled rate or to due comparative relation ; as, to proportionate pun- ishments to crimes. 'Mhis verb is less used than Proportion. ] With due propor- tion ; according toa settled or suitable rate or degree. Pearson. The state of being adjusted by due or settled proportion or comparative relation ; Suitableness of proportions. ITale. Made or adjusted with due proportion or with symmetry of parts. Making proportional. out symmetry of parts. [from propose.] PRO-POSBE’, (-poze’,) v. t. PRO-POSE’, v. i. PRO-POSE!, zn. PRO-POS/ED, pp. or a. PRO-POS/ER, n. PRO-POS/ING, ppr. PROP-O-$I'/ TION, (-zish’un,) 2. PROP-O-SI//TION-AL, (-zish/un-al,) a. _l. That which is offered or propounded for con- sileration or acceptance ; a scheme or design, terms or conditions proposed ; as, to make proposals for a } treaty of peace; to offer proposals for erecting a | building ; to make proposals of marriage ; proposals for subscription to a loan or to a literary work. able object. South, [Fr. proposer ; L. propono, proposut; VV. posraw, to pose, that is, to set; literally, to put or throw forward. 1. To offer for consideration, discussion, accept- ance, or adoption ; as. to propose a bill or resolve to a legislative body ; to propose terms of peace ; to pro- pose a question or subject for discussion ; to propose an alliance by treaty or marriage; to propose altera- tions or amendments In a law. 2. To offer or present for consideration. In learning any thing, as little as possible should be proposed to the mind at first. Watts. To propose to one’s self; to intend ; to design; to form a design in the mind. To lay schemes. [Not in use.] Shak. 2. To offer one’s self in marriage. Miss Pickering. [ Propose is often used for purpose ; as, I propose to ride to New York to-morrow. Purpose and propose are different forms of the same word. ] Talk ; discourse. [JVot inuse.] Shak. Offered or presented for con- sideration, discussion, acceptance, or adoption. One that offers any thing for con- sideration or adoption. Locke. Offering for consideration, ac- ceptance, or adoption. [Fr., from L. prop- ositio, from propositus, propono. | 1. That which is proposed ; that which is offered for consideration, acceptance, or adoption ; a propo- sal; offer of terms. The enemy made propositions of peace; the propositions were not accepted. 2. Offer to the mind ; as, the proposal of an agree- | 2. In logic, one of the three parts of a regular ar- gument; the part of an argument in which some quality, negative or positive, is attributed to a sub- ject; as, ‘‘snow is white;?? ‘*water is fluid”? ** vice is not commendable.” 3. In mathematics, a statement in terms either of a truth to be demonstrated, or of an operation to be performed. It is called a theorem, when it is some- thing to be proved ; and a problem, when it is some- thing to be done. lmsted. 4. In oratory, that which is offered or affirmed as the subject of the discourse; any thing stated or affirmed for discussion or illustration. 5. In poetry, the first part of a poem, in which the author states the subject or matter of it. Horace recommends modesty and simplicity in the proposi- tion of a poem. Pertaining to a proposition ; considered as a proposition ; as, a propositional sense. Watts. PRO-POUNDY, v.t. [L. propono; pro and pono, to set, put, or place. ] : : 1. To propose; to offer for consideration ; as, to propound a rule of action. Wotton. The existence of the church hath been propounded as an object of faith. Pearson. 2. To offer; to exhibit; to propose; as, to propound a question. Shak. 3. In Congregational churches, to propose or name as a candidate for admission to communion with a church. Persons intending to make public profes- sion of their faith, and thus unite with the church, are propounded before the church and congregation ; that is, their intention is notified some days previous, for the purpose of giving opportunity to members of the church to object to their admission to such com- munion, if they see cause. PRO-POUND/ED, pp. Proposed ; offered for consid- eration. PRO-POUND/ER, 2. consideration. PRO-POUND/ING, ppr. sideration. PROP/PED, (propt,) pp. [from prep-] sustained by something placed under. PROP/PING, ppr. Supporting by something beneath. PRO-PRE/TOR, 7. [L. propreter.] : Among the Romans, a magistrate who, having dis- charged the office of pretor at home, was appointed to the government of a province. Smiti’s Dict. PRO-PRI/E-TA-RY, n. [Fr. preprietaire, from pro- priété. | 1. A proprietor or owner; one who has the exclu- sive title to a thing ; one who possesses or holds the title to a thing in his own right. The grantees of Pennsylvania and Maryland and their heirs were called the proprictartes of those provinces. : ® In monasteries. such monks were called preprie- taries, as had reserved goods and effects tos them- selves, notwithstanding their renunciation of all at the time of their profession. _ Encyc. PRO-PRI/E-TA-RY, a. Belonging to a proprietor or One that proposes or offers for Proposing ; offering for con- Supported ; ~ 879a eee eee ee ae eo ue ee ie. ee a ——— mae Sia we ev rs. ae poles me “2 — - EE * ee ry eee Oa aie ree or A Mae eo PRO PRO PRO owner, or to a proprietary. The governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland were formerly proprie- tary. : PRO-PRI/E-TOR, n. [from L. proprvetas, proprius.] An owner; the person who has the legal right or exclusive title to any thing, whether in possession or not; as, the proprietor of a farm or of a mill, By the gift of God, man is constituted the proprietor of the earth. : : PRO-PRI’E-TOR-SHIP, 7. State of being proprietor. PRO-PRI/E-TRESS, x. A female who has the exclu- sive legal right toathing. _ Estrange. PRO-PRIE-TY, x. [Fr. propriété ; L. proprietas, from TOpriits. : 3 piel: peculiar or exclusive right of posses- sion ; ownership. This primary sense of the word, as used by Locke, Milton, Dryden, &c., seems now to be nearly or wholly obsolete. See Property. |] 9. Fitness; suitableness ; appropriateness ; conso- nance with established principles, rules, or customs ; justness; accuracy. Propriety of conduct, in a moral sense, consists in its conformity to the moral law ; propriety of behavior consists in conformity to the established rules of decorum ; propriety in language is correctness in the use of words and phrases, ac- cording to established usage, which constitutes the rule of speaking and writing. 3. Proper state. : Shak. PRO-PROG/TOR, n. In the English universities, an assistant proctor. Hook. PROPT. See Prorren. PRO-PUGN’, (pro-piine’,) v.72. [Li. propugno; pro and pugno, to fight. ] To contend for; to defend; to vindicate. [Little used Hammond. PRO-PUG/NA-€LE, x. [L. propugnaculum. ] A fortress. [Vol used. PKO-PUG-NA! TION, x. tr. propugnatio. | Defense. [JVot used. ] Shak. PRO-PUGN’/ER, (pro-pun/er,) 7. A defender; a vin- dicator. PRO-PUGN/ING, ppr. Contending for; defending. PRO-PUL-SA/TION, mn. [L. propulsatio; propulso. See Propet. The act of driving away or repelling ; the keeping at a distance. Hall. PRO-PULSBH/, (pro-puls’,) v. t. [L. propulso ; pro and pulso, to strike. See Proper.] To repel; to drive off. [Little used.] Cotgrave. PRO-PUL’SION, (-pul’/shun,) m. [L. propulsus, pro- pello. See Prore..] The act of driving forward. Bacon. PRO-PUL’SIVE, a. Tending or having power to repel. PRO-PY-L4i/UM, n. [L., from Gr. zporvXatoy.] In ancient architecture, any court or vestibule before a building, or before its principal parts; more particu- larly, the entrance to such court or vestibule. Guilt. PROP/Y-LON, nz. [Gr. zpomvAov, mpo and 7vAn; a Howell. gate. ] The porch, vestibule, or entrance of an edifice. Russell. PRO RA'TA, [L.] In proportion. PRORE, x2. [L. prora.]} The prow or fore part of a ship. Pope. [Mot in use, except in poetry. | PRO RE NA'TA, [L.] According to exigences or circumstances. PRO-REP/TION, n. Ing on. PRO-RO-GA'TION, n. [L. prorogatio. See Pro- ROGUE. | I, Continuance in time or duration ; alengthening or prolongation of time ; as, the prororation of some- thing already possessed. [This use is uncommon. ] South. 2. In England, the continuance of parliament from one session to another, as an adjournment is a continuance of the session from day to day. This is the established language with respect to the parlia- ment of Great Britain. In the United States, the word is, I believe, rarely or never used ; adjournment being used, not only in its etymological sense, but for provocation also. PRO-ROGUB’, (pro-rog’,) v. t. [Fr. proroger; L. pro- rogo; pro and rogo. The latter word signifies to ask, or to propose ; but the primary sense is to reach, to stretch forward ; and this is its import in the de- rivative prorogo. | 1. To protract ; to prolong. {from L. proprepo.] : He prowls each place, still in new colors decked, Sidney. of speaking in a province or district of country re- a udworii+ || PROWL, v.i. To rove or wander, particularly for ae Fon iG principal country or from the metrop- | PRO-V OKE/, v.t. [L. provoco, to call forth; pro and prey, asa wild beast - 0S; 4 eoiine wale Milton. olis. _ Marsh. voco,to call; Fr. provoquer; It. provocare; Sp. pro- 2, To rove and plunder ; to prey ; to plunder. PRO-VIN/CIAL-IST, x. One who lives in a prov- GOCars ‘ 5 : Tusser. 1. To call into action ; to arouse ; to ExCHED 4S, ] PROWL, zn. A roving for prey ; colloquially, something to provoke anger or wrath by offensive words, or by to be seized and devoured. monastic superior, who, under the general of his order, has the direction of all the religious houses of the same fraternity in a given district, called a prov- ince. i PRO-VIN-CIAL'I-TY, n. Peculiarity of language in a province. ‘ Warton. Injury 5 to provoke war, : . PROWL/ER,2. One that roves about for prey. PRO-VIN’/CIATE, v. t. To convert into. a province. 2. To make angry ; to offend; to incense; to en- Phen (Onusual.} ; Howell, ue PROWL'ING, ppr. or a. Wandering about in search PRO-VINE’, v. % [Fr. provigner; pro and vigne, a Pe fathers, ge not PARR ERATED to WERE Eph. vi. of prey or plunder. ; 7 len provokEec y the insolence of some of the bishops. TITIN TW = apy vet >a stock or branch of a vine in the ground : : . Clarendon. |PROX’ENE,n. [Gr. rpotevos.] ; olay a BLO : Ai é : In Grecian antiquities, an officer who had the tty for propagation. — : Johnson. _3. To excite; to cause; as, to provoke perspira- charge of superintending strangers. Brande. i " PROV/ING, (proov’ing,) ppr. Trying; ascertaining ; tion ; to provoke a smile. Arbuthnot. PROX’IL-MAL. See Proximate. ie evincing ; experiencing. 4. To excite ; to stimulate; to increase. PROX/I-MATE, a. [L. superl. prozimus; Fr. proche; ' TTS T nigh! 7 1S . ; ’ o nae S ss ae z " be PRO-VI’SION, (-vizh un,) 7. [Fr., from L. DUOUIS CD The taste of pleasure provokes the appetite, and every successive approcher, to approach; reprocher, to reproach. The provideo. See Provipe.] indulgence of vice which is to form a habit, is easier than the primary sense of the root is to drive or press. See 1. The act of providing or making previous prep- ee Buckminster. Class Brg. ] BrAUODE ided : Bahn take 9. To challenge. Nearest; next. A prozimate cause is that which b fo ines De Ge PE sae Bao He now provokes the sea-gods from the shore. Dryden. immediately precedes and produces the effect, as dis- eforehand ; either for security, defense, attack, 6G Rese 3 : euished of he ii ph es x} 2 aay 5. To move; to incite; to stir up; to induce by tinguished from the remote, mediate, or predisposing 1e supply of wants. We make provision to : ’ > > eG Bees or for the supply o c I motives. Rom. x. Bacon. cause, Watts. defend ourselves from enemies; we make provision for war ; we make provision for a voyage or for erect- ing a building; we make provision for the support of the poor. Government makes provision for its Proximate principle ; a name given to the distinct compounds which exist ready formed in animals and ry ae vegetables, such as albumen, fat, sugar, &c. Brande. 7. To incite ; se; as oh > to an- he 2 ; II Deo Aen graddna yeti : Incite )5/t0, rouse: as, to. prevake one N- | PROX/I-MATE-LY , adv. Immediately; by tmme- Let us consider one another to provoke to love and to good works, — Heb, x. friends. ger. Deut. xXxii. Ea ’ i : Beye 3. Stores provided; stock; as, provision of vict-| PRO-VOKE’, v. % To appeal. [4 Latinism, not diate relation to or effectons _, Bentley, A ys er, 5 os As PROX/IME, a. Next; immediately. [JVot used.]} uals ; provision of materials. Knolles. South. used.) Driden. L Waits. 4. Victuals ; food ; provender ; all manner of eata- | PRO-V bs OK’ED, (pro-vokt’,) pp. or a. Excited ; roused ; - ' a incited ; made angry ; incensed. ’ | PROX-IM'L-TY, 2. PRO-VOK’‘ER, zn. One that excites anger or other [Fr. prozimité; L. proximitas.] bles for man and beast; as, provisions for the table The state of being next; immediate nearness ei- or for the family ; provisions for an army. JWilton. Encic. 5. Previous stipulation; special enactment in a statute; terms or agreement made, or measures taken for a future exigency. In the law, no provision was made to abolish the barbarous cus- toms of the Irish. Davies. 6. Among Roman Catholics, a previous nomination by the pope to a benefice before it became vacant, by which practice the rightful patron was deprived of his presentation. Blackstone. PRO-VI'/SION, (-vizh’un,) v. t To supply with victuals or food. The ship was provisioned for a voyage of six months. The garrison was well pro- wisioned, PRO-VI//SION-AL, (-vizh’un-al,) a. [Fr. provision- nel.) Provided for present need or for the occasion; temporarily established ; temporary ; as, a provisional government or regulation; a provisional treaty. PRO-VI''SION-AL-LY, adv. By way of provision; temporarily ; for the present exigency. Locke. PRO-VI'SION-A-RY, a. Provisional; provided for the occasion ; not permanent. Burke. PRO-VI''SION-ED, pp. Supplied with food. PRO-VI/SION-ING, ppr. Furnishing with supplies of food. PRO-VI'SO, n. [L. provisus, ablative proviso, it being provided.] An article or clause in any statute, agreement, con- tract, grant, or other writing, by which a condition is introduced ; a conditional stipulation that affects an agreement, contract, law, grant, &c. The charter of the bank contains a proviso that the legislature may repeal it at their pleasure. PRO-VI/SOR, n. [Fr. proviseur.] 1. In church affairs, a person appointed by the pope to a benefice before the death of the incumbent, and to the prejudice of the rightful patron. Formerly, the pope claimed the right of presenting to church livings, and it was his practice to nominate persons to benefices by anticipation, or before they became vacant ; the person thus nominated was called a pro- visor. In England, this practice was restrained by statutes of Richard II. and Henry LV. More sharp,and penal laws were devised against provisors ; it being enacted that whoever disturis any patron in the pre- sentation to a living by virtue of any papal provision, such provisor sball pay fine and ransom to the king at bis will and be imprisoned till he renounces such provision. ; lackstone, 2. The purveyor, steward, or treasurer of a re- ligious house. Cowel. PRO-VI/SOR-Y, a, Making temporary provision; temporary. State Papers. 2. Containing a proviso or condition ; conditional. PROV-O-€A'/TION, n. [Fr., from L. provocatio. See PROVOKE., 1. Any thing that excites anger ; the cause of re- sentment. 1 Kings xxi. Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation. — Ps. xcy. passion ; one that excites war or sedition. 2. That which excites, causes, or promotes. Shak. PRO-VOK/ING, ppr. Exciting into action ; inciting ; inducing by motives ; making angry. 2, a. Having the power or quality of exciting re- sentment ; tending toawaken passion ; as, provoking words ; provoking treatment. PRO-VOK/ING-LY, adv. In such a manner as to ex- cite anger. PROV/OST, (proy/ust,) nm. [Sax. profost, profast; Dan. provst; G. probst, propst; Arm. provost; Fr. prevot ; Port. and Sp. preboste; It. proposto; fromthe L. prepositus, placed before, from prepono ; pra and pono, to set or place. ] In @ general sense, a person who is appointed to superintend or preside over something; the chief magistrate of a city or town; as, the provost of Ed- inburgh or of Glasgow, answering to the mayor of other cities; the provost of a college, answering to president. In France, formerly, a provost was an in- ferior judge who had cognizance of civil causes. The grand provost of France, or of the household, had jurisdiction in the king’s house, and over its of- ficers. The provost marshal of an army, (usually pro- nounced pro-v6/,) is an officer appointed to arrest and secure deserters and other criminals, to hinder the soldiers from pillaging, to indict offenders and see sentence passed on them and executed. He also regulates weights and measures. He has under him a lieutenant and a clerk, an executioner, &c. Encyc. The provost marshal in the navy, (usually pro- nounced p7o-vd!,) has charge of prisoners, &c. The provost of the mint, is a particular judge ap- pointed to apprehend and prosecute false coiners. Encyc. Provost of the king’s stables, is an officer who at- tends at court, and holds the king’s stirrup when he mounts his horse. Encyc. PROV/OST-SHIP,7. The office of a provost. FHakewill. PROW,7. [Fr. proue; It. pruaand proda; Sp. proa. These may be from the L. prora; but qu. is not proda the original word, and prora a contraction of prodera? ‘The primary sense is, that which projects or stretches forward. ] 1. The fore part of a ship. Dryden. 2. In scamen’s language, the beak or pointed cut- water of a xebec or galley. The upper part is usu- ally furnished with a grating platform. Mar. Dict. 3. The name of a particular kind of vessel used in the Bast Indian seas. PROW, a. [Fr.preuz.] Valiant; prowest, most val- lant. [Not in use. Spenser. iP PROW'’ESS, xn. [Pr prouesse; It. prodezza, from ( prode, brave, and as a noun, profit, benefit; Sp. proeza. ‘The primary sense of the root is, to stretch, shoot, or advance forward, and hence the sense of profit. ] Bravery ; valor; particularly, military bravery ; ther in place, bleod, or alliance. The succession to the throne, and to estates, is usually regulated by proximity of blood. Dryden. Swift. OX/Y, n. [Contracted from procuracy, or some word from the root of procure, proctor. | I. The agency of another who acts as a substitute for his principal; agency of a substitute ; appear- ance of a representative. None can be familiar by proxy. None cam be virtuous or wise by prozy. 2, The person who is substituted or deputed to aet for another. A wise man will not commit important business to a prozy, when he can transact it in per- son. In England, any peer may make another Jord of parliament his prozy to vote for him in his ab- sence. Blackstone. 3. A writing by which one person authorizes an- other to vote in his place, 4. In popular use, an election, or day of voting for officers of government in some of the States, PROX/Y-SHIP,x. The office or agency of a proxy. PRUCE, x. [from Prussta.] Prussian leather. [Vot in Use, Dryden. PRUDE, 7. [Fr. prude, wise, discreet, sober, formal, precise; D. preutsch, prudish, and proud ; G. spréde, a prude, and shy, cold, reserved, coy, demure, and applied to metals, brittle, friable ; Dan. sprédig, ea- ger, brittle, harsh, dry, rugged; W. pruz, (prudh,) prudent, discreet, serious, sad, sorrowful; Goth. frods, prudent; Gr. dpady, prudence; Goth. frathi, mind, intellect ; frathyan, to be wise, to understand. The Goth. fred signifies both wise, prudent, and broken; D. vroed, prudent. We see that prude, pru- dent, and proud, are from the same root. ‘The sense of brittle would indicate that these words belong to the same family with the Dan. dryder, to break ; and the radical elements are the same. The Welsh pruz is from tending out or reaching, hence pryder, anx- lety, a stretching of the mind. The sense of prude is probably from stretching, straitness, stiffness; and the sense of wise is derivative. Prudence is from the same root, implying care, a tension of mind.) A woman of great reserve, coyness, affected stiff- ness of manners, and scrupulous nicety. Less modest than the specch of prudes, Sut ft. PRU/DENCE, n. [Fr., from L. prudentia; It. pru- denza; Sp. prudencia. See Pruve.| Wisdom applied to practice. Johnson. Prudence implies caution in deliberating and con- sulting on the most suitable means to accomplish valuable purposes, and the exercise of sagacity in discerning and selecting them. Prudence differs from wisdom in this, that prudence implies more caution and reserve than wisdom, or is exercised more in foreseeing and avoiding evil, than in deyis- ing and executing that which is good. It is some- times mere caution or circumspection. Prudence is principally in reference to actions to be done, and due means, order, season, and method of doing or no araE- PRU/DENT, a. Cautious; circumspect; practically FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | $84PRU wise; careful of the consequences of enterprises, measures, or actions; cautious not to act when the end is of doubtful utility, or probably impracticable. The prudent man looketh well to his going. — Prov. xiv. A prudent man foreseeth the evil and hideth himself. — Prov. xXXU. 2. Dictated or directed by prudence; as, prudent behavior. 3. Foreseeing by instinct; as, the prudent crane. Milton, 4, Frugal; economical; as, a prudent woman ; prudent expenditure of money. : 5. Wise ; intelligent. PRU-DEN’TIAL, (-shal,) a. Proceeding from pru- dence ; dictated or prescribed by prudence; as, pru- dential motives ; prudential rules. 2. Superintending the discretionary concerns of a society ; as, a prudential committee. Vew England. PRU-DEN-TIAL/LTY, x. The quality of being pru- dential; eligibility on principles of prudence. [JVot used. | TOW! PRU-DEN’TIAL-LY, adv. In conformity with pru- dence ; prudently. South. PRU-DEN/TIALS, zx. pl. practical wisdom. Many stanzas, in poctic measures, contain rules relatine to com- mon prudentials, as well us to religion. Valls. 2. The subordinate discretionary concerns and economy of a company, society, or corporation. The board of trustees appoint annually a committee to manage the prudentials of the corporation. WVew England. PRU’/DENT-LY, adv. With prudence; with due caution or circumspection; discreetly ; wisely ; as, domestic affairs prudently managed; laws prudently framed or executed. 2. With frugality ; economically ; as, income pru- dently expended. PRU/DER-Y, 7. [from prude.] Affected scrupulous- ness ; excessive nicety in conduct; stiffness; af- fected reserve or gravity ; coyness. atler. PRU’DISH, a. [from prude.] Affectedly grave ; very formal, precise, or reserved ; as, a prudish woman ; prudish manners. A formal lecture, spoke with prudish face. PRU/DISH-LY, adv. Ina prudish manner PRU-I/NA, x. [L.] Hoar frost, PRU/IN-OSE, a [L. pruinosus.] with minute dust, appearing as if frosted. PRU/IN-OUS, a. Frosty. PRUNE, v. t. [Perhaps from Fr. provigner, to Jay down vine stocks for propagation. If not, I know not its origin. ] 1. To lop or cut off the superfluous branches of trees, to make them bear better fruit or grow higher, or to give them a more handsome and regular ap- pearance. Encyc. Milton. 2. To clear from any thing superfluous ; to dress ; to trim. Maxims of prudence or Garrick, Hoary; covered Humble. Bis royal bird Prunes the immortal wing, and cloys his beak. PRUNE, v. i. Shak, To dress; to prink; @ ludicrous word. Dryden. PRUNE, n. [Fr. prune; It. and Sp. pruna; L. pru- num; D. pruim. In Latin, prunus is a plum-tree, Gr. mpovvn, and prunum, the fruit. ] A dried plum; sometimes, a recent plum. Bacon. PRUN/ED, pp. Divested of superfluous branches ; trimmed. 2, Cleared of what is unsuitable or superfluous. PRU/NEL, n. A plant. Ainsworth. PRU-NEL’LA, /n. A smooth woolen stuff, generally PRU-NEL/LO,} _ black, used for making shoes or garments ; a kind of lasting. Pope. PRU-NEL/LO, n. [I'r. prunelle, from prune.] A species of dried plum. McCulloch. PRUN/ER, x. One that prunes trees or removes what is superfluous. PRU-NIF/ER-OUS, a. to bear. } Bearing plums. PRUN/ING, pyr. Lopping off superfluous branches ; trimming ; clearing of what is superfluous. PRUN/ING, n. In gardening and agriculture, the lopping of the superfluous branches of trees, either for improving the trees or their fruit. [L. prunum, a plum, and fero, PRON/ING-HOOK, ) x. An instrument used in PRUN/ING-KNIFE, § pruning trees, It is of vari- ous forms. ryden. Philips. PRUN/ING-SHEARS, trees, é&c. PRU/RLENCE, PRU/RI-EN-CY, | ™ An itching, longing desire or appetite for any thing. Swift. PRU/RI-ENT, a. Itching ; uneasy with desire. Warton. PRU-RIG/IN-OUS, a, [L. pruriginosus, from prurigo, an itching, from prurio, to itch.] Tending to prurigo. Greenhill. PRU-Ri/GO, xn. A papular eruption of the skin, in which the papules are diffuse, nearly of the color of the cuticle, intolerably itchy, itching increased by m pl. Shears for pruning [L. pruriens, prurio, to itch.] PSA ing oozing a fluid, that concretes into minute black scabs. An entirely different disease from the itch. PRUS/SIAN, (prash’an. This has, till of Jate, been the universal pronunciation ; but in London, prush!/an has now become prevalent. Smart.) a. [from Prus- sia.| Pertaining to Prussia. Prussian blue; a bi-salt composed of two equiva- lents of the sesquicyanid of iron, which performs the functions of an acid, with one equivalent of ses- quoxyd of iron, which performs the functions of a base. This salt is of a beautiful deep blue, and is much used as a pigment. It is also used in medicine. PRUS/SIATE, x. A name first applied to Prussian blue, a salt in which the sesquicyanid of iron per- forms the functions of an acid ; but subsequently to numerous salts in which the protocyanid of iron is the acid. It has likewise been applied to various cy- anids, as the cyanid of potassium, which has been called pruseiate of potassa. PRUS’SIC, (prus‘ik,) a. The term prussic acid is now applied too vaguely and variously to answer the purpose of science. It was first applied to the sesquicyanid of iron, which is the acid of Prussian blue. It was subsequently applied to the protocy- anid of iron, which is the acid of the salt erroneously called prussiate of tron and potassa; to the cyano- hydric acid, which, in all probability, forms no salts at all; to the hydroguret of benzyle, or the essential oil of bitter almonds, and laurel-cherry, which is not an acid, and of course forms no salts; and to cyanogen, which is not an acid, but a compound basifying and acidifying principle. Each of the above compounds is a valuable medicine. PRY, v.2% [A contracted word, the origin of which is not obvious. ] To peep narrowly ; to inspect closely ; to attempt to discover something with scrutinizing curiosity, whether impertinently or not; as, to pry into the mysteries of nature, or into the secrets of state. Nor need we with a prying eye survey The distant skies to find the milky way, PRY,z. Narrow inspection ; impertinent peeping. 2. A lever; a contraction in America for prize. PRY, v.t. Toraise or attempt to raise with a lever. This is the common popular pronunciation of prize, in America. ‘The lever used is also called a pry. PRY/ING, ppr. ora. Inspecting closely ; looking into with curiosity. PRY/ING-LY, adv. nent curiosity. PRYT-A-NE/UM, 2 [Gr. movravetov.] In Athens, a place where the prytanes and those who deserved well of their country were maintained by the public. Elmes. PRYT/A-NIS, z.; pl. Prytanes. [Gr. movravis.] In Athens, a member of one of the ten sections into which the senate of five hundred was divided, and to each of which belonged the presidency of the senate for one tenth of the year. . Smitl’s Dict. JEncyc. Anacharsis. PRYT/A-NY, 7. In Athens, the period during which the presidency of the senate belonged to the prytanes of one section. Smiti’s Dict. [It is to be noted that in words beginning with Ps and Pt, the letter p has no sound. ] PSALM, (sam,) n. [L. psalmus; Gr. Wadpos, from Waddw, to touch or beat, to sing; Fr. psaume; It. and Sp. salmo.} A sacred song or hymn; a song composed on a divine subject and in praise of God, The most re- markable psalms are those composed by David and other Jewish saints, a collection of one hundred and fifty of which constitutes a canonical book of the Old Testament, called Psalms, or the Book of Psalms. The word is also applied to sacred songs composed by modern poets, being versifications of the scriptu- ral psalms, or of these with other parts of Scripture, composed_for the use of churches ; as, the Psalms of Tate and Brady, of Watts, &c. PSALM/IST, x. A writer or composer of sacred songs; a title particularly applied to David and the other authors of the scriptural psalms. 2, In the Roman Catholic church, a clerk, precentor, singer, or leader of music in the church. JN Ge D/L : BS ODI CLATE a, Relating to psalmody. PSAL/MO-DIST, z. Creech. With close inspection or imperti- One who sings sacred songs. PSALM/O-DY, (sim/o-de or sal/mo-de,). The act, practice, or art of singing sacred songs. Psalmody has always een considered an important part of public worship. PSAL-MOG/RA-PHER, PSAL-MOG/RA-PHIST, A writer of psalms or divine songs and hymns. PSAL-MOG/RA-PHY, x. [Gr. Wadpos, psalm, and ypadw, to write.) _ ee The act or practice of writing psalms or sacred songs and hymns. : PSAL/TER, (sawl/ter,) n. [L. psaltertum; Gr. Wad- Typtov; It. and Sp. saltervo ; Fr. psautier. | 1. The Book of Psalms; often applied to a book containing the Psalms separately printed. n. [See PsarmoGcrarny.]} sudden exposure to heat, when abraded by scratch- TONE. BYLL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K: G as J; $ as Z: CH as SH: 2, In the Roman Catholic church, a series of devout RS sentences or aspirations, 150 in number, in honor of certain mysteries, as the sufferings of Christ. Bp. Fitzpatrick. Also, a large chaplet or rosary consisting of a hun- dred and fifty beads, according to the number of the psalms. Eneyc. Am. EFBAL’TER-Y, (sawl’ter-e,) m. [Gr. Wadrnpcov.] A stringed instrument of music used by the He- Eyews, the form of which is not now known. That which is now used is a flat instrument in form of a trapezium or triangle truncated at the top, strung with thirteen chords of wire, mounted on two bridges at the sides, and struck with a plectrum or crooked stick. Encyc. Praise the Lord with harp; sing to him with the psaltery, and an instrument of ten strings. — Ps, xxxii. PSAM’MITE, (sam/mite,) x. [Gr. Waypos, sand.) A species of micaceous sandstone. Brongniart, PSAM-MIT‘I€, a, Pertaining to psammite. PSAR’O-LITE, x. A fossil piant. Lyell: PSEU-DE-PIG/RA-PHY, (st-de-pig’ra-fe,) n. [Gr. wWevdns and eT Ly pan. | The ascription of faisemames of authors to works. PSEU-DI-SOD/O-MON, n. [Gr. Wevdos, false, tcos, equal, and doyos, a building.] A mode of building in Greece,in which the hight, length, and thickness of the courses differed. Elmes. PSEU/DO, (st/do.) [Gr. Weudos, falsity.] A prefix signi- fying false, counterfeit, or spurious. PSEU/DO-A-POS!TLE, (si/do-a-pos'l,) n. [Gr. Wevdos, false, and apostle. ] A false apostle; one who falsely pretends to be an apostle, PSEU-DO-BLEP’SIS, n. [Gr. Wevdos, false, and BrAewts, sight. eralbe or depraved sight ; imaginary vision of ob- jects. Forsyth. PSEU'DO-CHi/NA, n. [Gr. Wevdos, and Fr. quina, kina, or china. Peruvian-bark.] The false China root, a plant of the genus Smilax, found in America. Also, a species of Strychnos and a species of Solanum. In the spelling of this name ch and c are used indiscriminately. PSEU/DO-€LER'GY, n. Not true clergy. More. PSEU/DO-DIP’/TER-AL, a, or n. [Gr. Wevdos, false, dts, twice, and mrepoy, wing.] In architecture, a term applied to a temple falsely or imperfectly dipteral, the inner range of columns surrounding the cell being omitted. Gloss. of Areit. PSEU/DO-DOX, a. [Gr. Wevdos, false, and dofa, opinion. } False ; not true in opinion, PSEU/DO-GA-LE/NA,z. False galena or black jack. PSEUD/DO-GRAPH, nm. [Gr. wWevdos, false, and PSEU-DOG’RA-PHY, ypady, writing. | False writing. Holder. PSEU-DOL/O-GY, (si-dol’o-je,) x. ie wWeudvAoyta; Weudos, false, and Aoyos, discourse. “alsehood of speech. Arbuthnot. PSEU/DO-ME-TAL/LIE€, a. Pseudo-metallic luster is that which is perceptible only when held toward the light, as in minerals. Philips. PSEU/DO-MORPH/OUS, (si/do-morffus,) a ([Gr. Weudos and popin, form. } Not having the true form. A pseudomorphus crys- tal is one which has a form that does not result from its own powers of crystallization. ana. PSEU-DON/Y-MOUS, (su-don/e-mus,) a. [Gr. Wevdos, false, and ovopna, name.} Bearing a false or fictitious name. PSEU/DO-PE-RIP/TER-AL, a. or n. false, rept, around, and zrepov, wing.) In architecture, a term applied to a temple falsely or imperfectly peripteral, having the columns at the sides attached to the walls. Gloss. of Archit. PSEU/DO-PHI-LOS/O-PHER, n. A pretender to philosophy. PSEU/DO-PHI-LOS/O-PHY, z. PSEUG/DO-RE-PUB/LIE-AN, 2. lican. PSEU!/DO-TIN/E-A, 2. tinea, moth. ] c A name given tothe larves of certain moths, as the bee moth. UNCYCs PSEU/DO-VOL-CAN/IE, a. Pertaining to or pro- duced by a pseudo-volcano. Cleaveland. PSEU/DO-VOL-€A'NO, n. A volcano that emits smoke, and sometimes flame, but no lava ; also, a burning mine of coal. karan, PSHAW, ezclam. An expression of contempt, disdain, or dislike. PST-LAN’THRO-PIST, n. [Gr. yodos, mere, and avOpwros, man. ] One who believes that Christ was 2 mere eM OTT L. [Gr. wWevdos, False philosophy. Not a true repub- Jeffersvr. [Gr. Wevdos, false, and L. PS_LLOM/E-LANBE, n. [Gr. WAos, smooth, and jue- das, black. nee An ore of manganese, occurring In smooth, batry- oidal forms, and massive, and baying a black color nearly steel-gray. ‘ PSIL/O-THRON, n.[Gr., from Wow, to strip or peel. A depilatory ; a medicine or application to take o the bair of an animal body. PH as in THIS. ee a ee 7 OO “a ot anal eo rate hr eae —iy " a2 4 in - A a a a, i. 1 4 bs ‘ 4 4 H A = pur ENA © TS a es Saree pninail A A pein neon nee PUB PSIT-TA/CEOUS, (-shus,) PSIT’TA-CID, tribe. Ee PSO’AS, (so/as,) n. [Gr.] The name of two inside muscles of the loins, PSO/RA, n. [Gr.] The itch. disease, PSO/RI€, a. Pertaining to or connected with psora. PSYW/€HIE-AL, a. Pertaining to psychology. : PSY-€HO-LOG'TE, Ja. Pertaining to a treatise PSY-CHO-LOG/I€-AL, § on the soul, or to the sci- ence of man’s spiritual nature. Literary Mag. PSY- CHO LOG/IG-AL-LY, adv. In a psychological mann PSY- CHOL/O- GIST, 72. nature and properties of the soul, the subject. PSY-CHOL/O-GY, (si-kol/o-je,) and Aoyos, discourse. | (Gr. Wit TAKY Be- “longing to nee parrot Also, any cutaneous One who is versed in the or who writes on [Gr. Wux7, soul, A discourse or treatise on the human soul; or the doctrine of man’s spiritui al nature. Campbell PSY-CHOM/A-€HY, (si-kom/a-ke,) n. ([Gr. Yuxn and pax7-] : A conflict of the soul with the body. : PSY/GHO-MAN-CY, (si/ko-man-se,) 7. Divination by consulting the souls of the dead. PSY-CHROM’E-TER, n. [Gr. Woxpos, cool, and pe- Tou. Re a senna invented by Prof. August, of Ber- lin, for measuring the tension of the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere. Brande. PTA R/MI-GAN, (tar’me-gan,) . A bird of the grouse family, Tetrao lagopus of Linneus. The plumage is ash- colored and white in summer, and almnst entirely white in winter. Ptarmigans haunt the lofty hights of mountainous countries in Europe, Asia, and America, descending within the range of vegetation to feed on berries, buds of trees, insects, &e. Edin. Encyc. PTPR-I-PLE-GIS/TI€, a. [Gr. mrepov and zAyoow.] telating to fowling, or shooting birds. PTER-O-DA€/TYL, (ter-o-dak’til,) n. [Gr. rrepoy, 2 wing, and daxrvAds, a finger. ] A saurian reptile; the wing-toed or flying lizard, an animal of singular formation, now extinct. Cuvier. PTER/O-POD, [Gr. mrepov, a wing, aud oda, fee The Bes onghe constitute one division of the Mol- lusca, characterized by having broad, fleshy, wing- like appendages in front, or organs of motion. They are all oceanic species. The division includes the Hyaleas, and other allied species, with delicate transparent shells. Dana. PTER-OP/OD-OUS, a. Having the characters of a pteropod. Humble. PTIS'AN, (tiz/an,) . [L. ptisana; Gr. rricavy, from ETicow, to pound. | A decoction of barley with other ingredients. Encyc. Arbuthnot. {from Ptolemy, the Atero poe) Ns PTOL-E-MA'I€, (tol-e-ma/ik,) a. geographer and astrologer. | Pertaining to Ptolemy. The Ptolemaic system, in astronomy, is that maintained by Ptolemy, who sup- posed the earth to be fixed in the center of the uni- verse, and that the sun and stars revolve around it. This theory was received for ages, but has been re- jected for the Copernican system. PTY/A-LISM, (ti/al-izm,) n. [Gr. mrvadctcpos, a spit- ting, from zrvaAtG«, to spit often. ] In medicine, salivation ; 3; a morbid and copious ex- cretion of ; saliva. Coxe. Encyc. PTYS’MA-GOGUE, (tiz’ma-gog,) n. ([Gr. mrvopa, saliva, and ajo), to drive. } A medicine that promotes discharges of saliva. Dict. PU'BER-AL, a. Pertaining to puberty. PU/BER-TY, 7. [L. pubertas, from pubes.] The age at which persons are capable of procrea- ting and bearing children. ‘This age is different in different climates, but is with us considered to be Aponte: soutien years in males, and twelve in females. PU/BES, 7. [L.] In botany, the down of plants; < atene or villous substance Which grows on plants ; pubescence. JWartyn. PU-BES’/CENCE, n. [L, pubescens, pubesco, to shoot, to Stor mossy or hairy. ] . The state of a youth who has arrived at puber- oo ; or the state of puberty. Brown. 2, In botany, the downy substance on plants. PU-BES/CENT, a. Arriving at puberty. Brown. 2. In botany, covered with pubescence, as the leaves of plants. 3. In zodlogy, covered with very fine, recumbent, short hairs. Brande. PUB/LIE, a. [L. publicus, from the root of populus, people ; that is, people-like; Sp. publico; It. pubblico ; Fr. publique; W. pobyl, people; pob, pawb, each, every, every body.] Pertaining to a nation, state, or community ; extending to a whole people ; as, a public law, which binds the people of a nation or state, as opposed to a private statute or resolve, which respects an indi- vidual or a corporation only. Thus we say, public PUB welfare, public good, public calamity, public service, public property. 9, Common to many; current or aerruulated among people of all classes; general; as, public report ; public scandal. 3. Open to all; notorious. Joseph, her eel being a just man, and not willing to make ra a public example, Was minded to put her away privily. — Matt. i. 4. Regarding the community; directed to the in- terest of a nation, state, or community; as, public spirit; public mindedness; opposed to Private or SELFISH. South. 5. Open for general entertainment; as, a public house. 6. Open to common use; as, a public road. 7. In general, public expresses something common to mankind at large, to a nation, state, city, or town, and is opposed to Private, which denotes what be- Jongs to an individual, to a family, to a company, or corporation. Public law, is often synonymous with the law of NAELOINS. PUB/LIE, zn. nation, state, or community ; the people, The general body of mankind, or of a indefinitely. The public is more disposed to censure than to praise, Addison, In this passage, public is followed by a verb in the | singular number; but being a noun of multitude, it is more generally followed by a plural verb; the pub- lic are. In public, in open view ; not In private or secrecy. In priv before the people at large ; > grieve, but with a careless scorn, n public seem to triumph, not to mourn. Granville. PUB/LI-CAN, n. [L. publicanus, from publicus.] 1. A collector of toll or tribute. Among the Ro- mans, a publican was a farmer of the taxes and pub- lic revenues, and the inferior officers of this class were deemed oppressive. As Jesus sat at meat in the house, behold, many pudlicans and sinners came and sat down with him and his aaarles — Matt. ix. 2. The keeper of an inn or public-house. In Eng- land, one licensed to retail beer, spirits, or wine. Jc Culloch. PUB-LL€A’TION, n. [L. publicatio, from pubdlico, from publicus.} 1. The act of publishing or offering to public no- tice ; notification to a people at large, elther by words, writing, or printing ; proclamation ; ; divulgation ; promu! lgation ; as, the publication of the law at Mount Sinai; the publ ication of the gospel; the publication of SA or edicts. 2. The act of offering a book or writing to the public by sale or by gratuitous distribution, The author consented to the publication of his manu- scripts. 3. A work printed and published ; any pamphlet or book offered for sale or to public notice; as, a new publication ; a monthly publication. PUB/LI€-HEART’ED, (-hart/ed,) a. Not used. | PUB'LI€-HOUSE, n. Public-spirited. larendon. An ordinary inn or house of entertainment. Booth. PUB'LI-CIST, n. ) few Eng- Qu. PU/CEL-AGE, 7z. A state of virginity. [Zittle Robinson. Goop-FELLOow and Frrar Rusu. Brande. PUCK’-BALL, ) x. [from puck.] A kind of inush- PUCK’ aS room full of dust. Dict. PUCK’ER, v [Sp. buche, a purse, rumple, or puck- er; bucle,a Buekiee buchar, to hide. Buche signifies also a crop or craw, and the breast ; hence, perhaps, L. pectus; Port. bucho, the crop, the stomac h. Qu, Ir. fichim, to weave; G. fach. In Gr. 7vxa signifies closely, densely ; zuxaéw, to cover. Class Bg. The primary sense is probab ly, , to draw, to w rinkle. ] To gather into small folds or wri inkles ; to contract into ridges and furrows ; to corrugate. His face pale and withered, and his skin puckered in wrinkles. Spectator. It is usually followed by up; as, to pucker up cloth ; but wp is superfluous. It is a popular word, but not elegant. PUCK ‘ER, 7. folds. PUCK’/ER-ED, pp. ora. Gathered in folds; wrinkled. PUCK/ER-ING, ppr. Wrinkling. PUD/DER, n. [This is supposed to be the same as PoTHER.] A tumult; a confused noise; a bustle. [Vulgar.] Shak. Locke. To make a tumult or bustle. Zocke. PUD/DER, v. t. To perplex; to embarrass; to con- fuse ; vulgarly, to bother. ocke. PUD/DER-ED, pp. Perplexed ; PUD/DER-ING, ppr. Perplexing PUD/DING, n. [W. poten, what bulges out, a paunch, a pudding; Fr. boudin, a pudding, from bouder, to pout; Ir. boideal; G.and Dan. pudding ; Sw. puding. Class Bd. } 1. A species of food of a soft or moderately hard consistence, variously made, but usually a compound of flour, or meal of mz 1ize, with milk and eggs, sometimes enriched with raisins, and called PLum- FUDDING, An intestine. Shak. 3 An intestine stuffed with meat, &c., now called @ SAUSAGE A. Proverbially, food or victuals. Eat your pudding, slave, and hold your tongue. Prior. PUD/DING, Ne language, a thick A fold or wrinkle, or a collection of PUD/DER, v. 7. bothered. ; confusing. In seamen’s wreath or circle advance the public good, or a a Willingness to make PUD'DEN- ING, of cordage, ta- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT~-METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 330PUE PUG PUL pering from the middle toward the ends, and fastened about the mast below the trusses, to prevent the yards from falling down when the ropes sustaining them are shot away. Also, a quantity of yarns, matting, or oakum, used to prevent chafing. R. H. Dana, Jr. PUD/DING-GRASS, n. A plant of the genus Mentha. Fam. of Plants. PUD/DING-GROSS, n. A plant. Qu. Johnson. PUD/DING-PIE, (-pi,) m. A pudding with meat baked in it. Hudibras. PUD’DING-PIPE-TREE, n. A plant of the genus Cassia. Fam. of Plants. PUD/DING-SLEEVE, n. orthography is precisely the Pers. ky pof, a puff.] J. A sudden and single emission of breath from the mouth; a quick, forcible blast; a whiff. Philips. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, V1/'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 2. Asudden and short blastof wind. Ralegh. 3. A fungous ball filled with dust; a puff-ball. 4. Any thing light and porous, or something swelled and light; as, pujff-paste. Tatler. o. A substance of loose texture, used to sprinkle powder on the hair. Ainsworth. 6. A tumid or exaggerated commendation. Cibber. PUFF, v.%. [G. puffen, to puff, to thump, to buffet; verpufen, to detonize; D. poffen; W. pifiaw, profiaw, to puff; Fr. bouffer, to puff, toswell. See the noun} I. To drive air from the mouth in a single anc quick blast. ‘Shak. 2. To swell the cheeks with air. 3. To blow, as an expression of scom or contempt. It is really to defy Heaven to puff at damnation. South. 4. To breathe with vehemence, as after violent exertion. The ass comes back again, puffing and blowing from the chase. ’Estrange, 5. To do or move with hurry, agitation, and a tumid, bustling appearance. Then came brave glory puffing by. Herbert. 6. To swell with air; to dilate or inflate. Boyle. PUFF, v. t. To drive with a blast of wind or air; as, the north wind puffs away the clouds. Dryden. 2. To swell; to inflate; to dilate with air; as,a bladder puffed with air. The sea puffed up with winds. Shak. 3. To swell; to inflate ; to blow up; as, puffed up with pride, vanity, or conceit ; to puff up with praise or flattery. Denham. Bacon. 4. To drive with a blast in scorn or contempt. I puff the prostitute away. Dryden. 5. To praise with exaggeration; as, to puff a pamphlet. PUFF/-BALL, n. A fungus or mushroom full of dust, of the genus Lycoperdon. Lee. PUFF’ ED, (puft,) pp. Driven out suddenly, as air or breath; blown up; swelled with air; inflated with vanity or pride; praised. PUFF/ER, n. One that puffs; one that praises with noisy commendation. PUFFIN, nx. A bird of the genus Alca, (Linn.,) or auk kind, found principally in the northern seas. The name puffin is also given to certain birds of the petrel family. Be Cues 2. A kind of fish. Ainsworth. 3. A kind of fungus with dust; a fuzzball. PUFF/IN-AP-PLE, (-ap-pl,) x. A sort of apple so called. Ainsworth, PUFF’I-NESS, n. State or quality of being turgid. PUFL’ING, ppr. Driving out the breath with a single, sudden blast ; blowing up ; inflating; praising pom- pously. PUFF/ING, n. A vehement breathing. 2. Exaggerated praise. PUFF/ING-LY, adv. Tumidly; with swell. 2. With vehement breathing or shortness of breath. PUFF/Y, a. Swelled with air or any soft matter; tumid with a soft substance ; as, a pujfy tumor, Wiseman. 2. Tumid ; turgid ; bombastic ; as, a puffy style. Dryden. PUG, n. [Sax. piga, Sw. piga, a little girl; Dan. pige; W. bag, bygan; Sp. poco or pequeno, little ; Ir. beag, from the root of pig, that is, a shoot, as we use imp. See BEacue.] The name given to a little animal treated with familiarity, as a monkey, a little dog, &c. Spectator. PUG, a. Like the monkey; belonging to a particular kind of dog. PUG/-DOG, n. like that of a monkey. PUG/-FAC-ED, (-fast,) a. Monkey-faced. PUG'/GER-ED, for Puckrerep, is notinuse. More. PUG/GING, x. In architecture, the stuff made of plas- ter Jaid between the joists under the boards of a floor, to deaden the sound. Brande. PUG/GING, a A cant word for thieving. [Obs.] Shak. PUG/-NOSE, x. A short and thick nose; a snub nose. Smart. PUGH, (poo,) ezclam. A word used in contempt or disdain. ; PU/GIL, n. [It. pugillo, a handful; Fr. pugile; L. pugillum, from the root of pugnus, the fist, probably coinciding with the Greek ruxvow, to make thick, that is, to close or press. ] As much as is taken up between the thumb and two first fingéts. Bacon. PU/GIL-ISM, n. [L. and Sp. pugil, a champion or prize-fighter, from the Gr. muxtys, Wd.; Tvypn, the fist; vg, with the fist; zvxvow, to close or make fast ; allied, probably, to pack, L. pango. Class Bg.] The practice of boxing or fighting with the fist. — PU/GIL-IST, x. A boxer; one who fights with his Burke. A small dog, with a face and nose Smart. fists. PU-GIL-IST’I€, a. Pertaining to boxing or fighting with the fist. PUG-Na'CIOUS, (shus,) a. [L. pugnaz, from pugna a fight ; from pugnus, the fist. See PuGIL. : Disposed to fight; inclined to fighting; quarrel- some ; fighting. More. PUG-NA/CIOUS-LY, adv. Ina pugnacious manner. PUG-NAC’L-TY, (nas/e-te,) n. Inclination to fight: quarrelsomeness. ‘Little used. Buccwe PUG'NIS ET CAL/CIBUS, hy With fists and heels ; with all the might. PUIS/NE, (pu/ny,) a. [Fr. puis, since, afterward, and né, born. } 1. In law, younger or inferior in rank ; as, a chiet justice and three puisne justices of the Court of Com- mon Pleas; the puisne barons of the Court of Ex- chequer. Blackstone. 2. Later in date. [Wot used.] Hale. PU/IS-SANCE, n. [Fr., from pouvoir, to be able; L. posse, possum, poles, potest, Sp. poder, power, It. podere. | Power ; strength ; might; force. Milton. Shak. PU/IS-SANT, a. Powerful; strong; mighty; forci- ble ; as, a puissant prince or empire. Milton. Ralegh. PU/IS-SANT-LY, adv. Powerfully; with great strength. PUKE, v. z% [Heb. pa, to evacuate, to empty, L. vacuo; or ya, to burst forth; Ch.id.,and ppd. Qu. W. cyvogi, to vomit ; cy is a prefix. Spew is probably from the same source; L. spuo, for spuco, with a prefix. The radical sense is, to throw or drive. ] To vomit ; to eject from the stomach. Shak. PUKE, n. A vomit; a medicine which excites vom- iting. PUKE, a. Of a color between black and russet; now called Puce. Shak. PUK’ED, (pukt,) pp. Vomited. PUK/ER, n. One that vomits; a medicine causing vomiting. PUK/ING, ppr. Vomiting. PUK/ING, x. The act of vomiting. PUL/EHRI-TUDE, x ([L. pulchritudo, from pulcher, beautifal.] 1. Beauty; handsomeness; grace; comeliness ; that quality of form which pleases the eye. Brown. More. 2. Moral beauty; those qualities of the mind which good men Jove and approve. South. PULE, v.i. [Fr. piauler. This word belongs probably to the root of bazol, bellow, L. pello.] l. To cry like a chicken. Bacon. 2, To whine; to cry as a complaining child; to whimper. To speak puling like a beggar at halimass, Shak. PU'LI€, z. A plant. Ainsworth. PU/LI-COSE, ie PU'LI-€OUS, } ~ Abounding with fleas. [JVot used.] Dict. PUL/ING, ppr. or a. Crying like a chicken; whin- [L. pulicosus, from pulex, a flea.] ing. PUL/ING, n. A cry as of achicken; a whining. Bacon. PUL/ING-LY, adv With whining or complaint. PO/LI-OL, n. A plant. Ainsworth. PULK/HA, 2. sleigh. PULL, v.t. [Sax. pullian; L. vello. Qu. Eth. An baleach. Class Bl, No. 7.) 1. To draw ; to draw toward one, or make an ef- fort to draw. Pull differs from draw; we use draw when motion follows the effort, and pull is used in the same sense; but we may also pull forever with- out drawing or moving the thing. This distinction may not be universal. Pull is opposed to push. Then he put forth his hand and took her and pulled her in to him into the ark. — Gen. Vil. 9, To pluck; to gather by drawing or forcing off or A lLaplander’s traveling sled or out ; as, to pull fruit; to pull flax. 3. To tear; to rend; but in this sense followed by some qualifying word or phrase ; as, to pull in pieces ; to pull asunder or apart. 'To pull in two, is to sepa- rate, or tear by violence into two parts. : , To pull down; to demolish or take in pieces by separating the parts; as, to pull down a house. 2, To demolish ; to subvert ; to destroy. In political affairs, as well as mechanical, it is easier to pull doion than to build up. Howell, 3. To bring down ; to degrade ; to humble. To raise the wretched and pull down the proud. Roscommon. To pull off: to separate by pulling; to pluck , also, to take off without force; as, to pull off a coal or hat. To pull owt ; to draw out; to extract. To pull up; to pluck up ; to tear up by the roots; hence, to extirpate ; to eradicate ; to destroy. PULL, v. i. To give a pull; to tug; as, to pull at 9 rope. : To pull apart ; to separate by pulling; as, a rope will pull apart. : : PULL, 7. The act of pulling or drawing with force ; ‘an effort to move by drawing toward one. Swyt. 2, A contest; a struggle. Carew. 3. Pluck ; violence suffered. Shak. PULL/BACK,n. That which keeps back, or restrains from proceeding. b a Ras eg es Pe meeiy M 4 ‘ | , Foie Bi u ® | * ey tet: ) a Pe i ae y i's ‘. t J j 2 it — “i Sg PUL PULL’ED, pp. Drawn toward one; plucked. PULL/EN, wz. [Fr. powe, a hen, L. pullus. See Pur- LET end Ye OAL. Foultry [Vot used.] Bailey. PULL’SR, 2. One that pulls. Shak. PULL’ ET. nm. [Fr. poulet, dim. from pole, a hen; It. pollo ; i; gullus; Gr. zwios; coinciding with the Eng. joa] A youn, hen or female of the domestic fowl. Wiseman. PULLIEY, nv ; pl. Purvers. [Fr. poulie; Sp. polla; L. ‘polus ; . Gi sous, from zA€w, to turn. ] A small wheel turning on a pin in a block, with a furrow or groove in ‘which runs the rope that | turns it. The pulley is one of the mechanical powers, much used for reusing weights. PUL/LLEAT, A kind of silk handkerchief. PULL/ING, ai "Drawing ; making an effort to draw ; pli icking. i PUL/LU-LATE, v. % ([L. pullulo, from pullus, a shoot. To ee yate ; to bud. Granger. PUL-LU-LA’‘TION, n. A germinating or budding; the first she oting of a bud. More. [L. pulmonarius, from pulmo, PUL/MO-NA-RY, a. My pulsus, pulso, to drive or the lungs, from pello, beat.] Pertaining to the lungs; affecting the lungs; as,a ean aY disease or consumption; the pulmonary arte PUL’ MO- NA-RY, 7. A plants lungwort PU L/MO-N vI-BR. \NOH'L ATE, a. Bpayxia.] Having the branchie formed for breathing air, as mollusks of the genera Limnea and Planorbis. UUOLET. [Fr. pulmonique, from L. pulmo, the [L. pulmonaria. ] Ainsworth. [L. pulmo and Gr, PUL-MON’TE, a. lungs. ] Pert 1ining to the TOES ; affecting the lungs pulmonic disease ; pulmonic consumption. PUL-MON‘I€, 7. A medicine for diseases of the lungs. 2. One affected by a disease of the 3 as, a lungs. Arbuthnot. PULP, . [Fr. pulpe; L. pulpa. This is probably al- lied to L. puls, pulmentum, Gr. roAros, from softness Qu. from pulsus, beaten.] 1. A soft mass ; in seneral. 2. The soft substance within a bone; marrow. Bacon. 3. The soft, succulent part of fruit; as, the pulp of an orange. 4, The aril or exterior covering of a coffee-berry. Edwards, West Indies. PULP, v.t. To deprive of the pulp or integument, as the coffee-berry. The other mode is to pulp the coffee immediately as it comes from the tree y a simple machine a man will 7 uP a bushel in a minute, idwards, W. Indies. PUL-PA-TOON!, n. Delicate confectionery or cake. Toone. PULP/ED, (pulpt,) pp. Deprived of the pulp. PU ee n. The state of being pulpy. PUL’PIT, ie pulpitum, a stage, scaffold, or higher part ofa Bane It. and Sp. pulpito; Fr. pupitre. ] J. An elevated place, or inclosed stage, in a church, in which the preacher stands. It is called also a Desk. 2. In the Roman theater, the pulpitum was the front part of the stage, where the actors performed their parts. It was higher than the orchestra, and directly back of it. Smiti’s Dict. 3. A movable desk, from which disputants pro- nounced their dissertations, and authors recited their works. Encyc. PUL’PY r-BL/O- QUENCE, } n. Eloquence or oratory PU L/PIT-OR/A-TO-RY, in delivering sermons. PUL-PI T/T€-AL-LY, in ‘Chesterfield, iS not an author- ized word. PUL/PIT-ISH, a. its perfor mance PUL/PIT-OR/A Pertaining to or like the pulpit, or Chalmers. T OR, 7. An eloquent preacher. PULP/OUS, a. [from pulp.] Consisting of pulp, or resembling It ; soft like pap. Philips. PULP/OUS-NESS, m. Softness; the quality of being pulpous, PULPIY, a. Like pulp; soft; the pulpy covering of a nut; the pulpy substance of a peach or cherry. Ray. Arbuthnot. PUL/QUE, (pul/ka,)n. [Sp.] A refreshing drink with slightly intoxic: ating qualities, much used by the Mex- icans, and extracted from the m: iguey, or Agave Americana. incyc. Amer. PULS/ATE, v.i. [L. pulsatus, pulso, to beat, from the root of pello, to drive. ] To beat or throb. The heart of a viper or frog will continue to pulsate long after it is taken from the body, Darwin, PULS/A-TILE, a. [L. pulsatilis, from pulso, to beat.] That is or may be struck or beaten ; ; play ed by beat- ing; as, a pulsatile instrument of music. Mus. Dict. 5) fleshy ; succulent; as PUM | PUL-SA'/TION, n. [L. pulsatio, supra.] 1]. The be ane or throbbing of the heart or of an artery, in the process of carrying on the circulation of the blood. ‘The blood being propelled by the con- traction of the heart, causes the arteries to dilate, so as to render each dilatation perceptible to the touch, in certain parts of the body, as in the radial arte- ry, &c. 2. A stroke by which some medium is affected, as in sounds. 3. In law, any touching of another’s body willfully orin anger. This constitutes battery. By the Cornelian law, pulsation as well as verberation is pro- hibited. jlackstone. PULS/A-TIVE, a. Beating ; throbbing. Encyc. PUL-SA’TOR, A beater; a striker. Dict. PULS/A-T O-RY. 3 as and arteries. PULSE, (puls,) Ne Fr. pouls.] 1. In animals, the beating or throbbing of the heart and arteries ; more particularly, the sudden dilatation of an artery, caused by the projectile force of the blood, which is perceptible to the touch. Hence we say, to feel the pulse. The pulse is frequent or rare, quick or slow, equal or unequal, regular or intermit- ting, hard or soft, strong or weak, &c. The pulses of an adult, in he lth, are little more than one pulse to a second ; in certain fevers, the number is in- creased to 90, 100, or even to 140 in a minute. 9, The stroke with w hich a medium is affected by motion of light, sound, &c.; oscillation; vibra- Beating ; throbbing ; as the heart Wotton. [L. pulsus, from pello, to drive; the tion. Sir Isaac Newton demonstrates that the velocities of the pulses of an elastic fluid medium are in a ratio compounded of half the ratio of te elastic force directly, and half the ratio of the density inversely. Encyc. To feel one’s pulse; retaphorically, to sound one’s opinion ; to try or to now one’s mind. pe vi, ‘To ber it, as the arteries. [Zittle used.] PULSE, v.t. [L. pulso.] [ Ray. To drive, as the pulse. [Little used.] PULSE, zn. [Qu. from L. pulsus, beaten out, as seeds or Heb. and Ch. by, a bean, from m5), to separate, i Leguminous plants, or their seeds ; the plants whose pericarp is a legume, as beans, peas, &c. Milton. BE SE Lees, a. Having no pulsation. PUL-SIF’TE€, [ pulse and L. facio, to make. ] Exciting te pulse ; causing pulsation. Smith. PUL’SION, (pul’shun,) x. {from L. pulsus.] The act of driving forward ; in opposition to Suc- TION Or Traction. [Little used.] More. Bentley. PUL-TA/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. (from Gr. zoATos, L. puls. See Purp.] Macerated ; softened ; nearly fluid. Beddoes. PUL! VER-A-BLE, a. [from L. pulvis, dust, probably from pello, pulso, orits root, that which is beaten fine, or that which is driven. See PowpeEnr.] That may be reduced to fine powder ; being pulverized. PUL/VER-ATE, ». t. Dryden. capable of Boyle. To beat or reduce to powder or dust. [But Putverize ts generally used.] OTTIT FURR r Ae ae : ae { n. Ashes of barilla. PUL/VER-IZ-A-BLE, a. That may be pulverized. Barton. PUL-VER-I-ZA'TION, n. [from pulverize.] The act of reducing to dust or powder. PUL! VER-IZE, v. t. [It. polverizzare; Fr. pulveriser.] To reduce to fine powder, as by beating, grinding, &c. Friable substances may be pulverized by erind- ing or beating; but to pulverize malleable bodies, other methods must be pursued. Enciye. PUL! VER-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Reduced to fine powder. PUL/ VER-IZ-ING, ppr. Reducing to fine powder. PUL’/VER-OUS, a. Consisting of dust or powder; like powder. PUL-VER’/U-LENCE, n. dust or powder. PUL-VER/U-LENT, a. powder ; powdery. i 2. Addicted to lying and rolling in the dust, as wis, PUL/VIL, z. Dustiness ; abundance of Dusty ; consisting of fine A sweet-scented powder. [Little used.] Gay. PUL'VIL, v. t. Tosprinkle with a perfumed powder. [NVot used. onereve. J PUL’ VIN-A-TED, a. [L. pulvinar, a pillow.] In architecture, enlarged cr swelled in any portion of an order we a frieze. Brande. PU/MA, n. digitigrade carnivorous mammal, the Felis ees of the warmer parts of America, a rapacious quadruped of the cat family. PUM'I-CATE, v.t. To make smooth with pumice. PUM!/I-€4-T BD, pp. Smoothed with pumice. PUM/I-€A-TING, ppr. Making smooth with pumice. PUMICE, n. LL. pwmez, Supposed to he from the root of spuma, foam; G. bimstein ; D. puimsteen,} A substance fre quently ejected from volcanoes, of various colors, gray, white, reddish-brown, or black ; hard, rough, and porous ; spe cifically lighter than wa- ter, and resembling the slag produced in an iron fur- nace. It appears to consist of parallel fibers, owing PUN to the parallelism and minuteness of the crowded cells. It is supposed to be produced by the disen- gagement of gas, in which the lava is in a plastic state. Vicholson. Buchanan. Pumice is of three kinds: glassy, common, and porphyritic. Ure. PUM/ICE-STONE, n. The same as Pumice. PU-MI’CEOUS, (- -mish/ uS,) a. Feualning to pumice ; consisting of pumice, or resembling it PUM/MACE, xz. Apples ground for ‘making cider. [See Pomace. Forby. PUM/MEL, See Pommer. PUMP, n. [Fr. pompe, a pump and pomp; D. pomp; Dan. pompe; Sp. bomba, a pump and a bomb. We see that pump, pomp, and bomb are the same word, differ- ently applied by different nations. The L. bombus is of the same family, as is the Eng. bombast; Ir. buim- pis, apump; W. pomp, around mass. The primary sense of the root seems to be, to swell.] 1. A hydraulic engine for raising water, or other fluid, through a tube. The common suction pump acts by exh: 1usting the incumbent air of a tube or pipe, in consequence of which the water rises in the tube by means of the pressure of the air on the sur- rounding water. There is, however, a forcing pump, in which the water is raised in the tube by a force applied to a lateral tube, near the bottom of the pump. 2. A low shoe with a thin sole. Swift. PUMP, v.i. To work a pump; to raise water with a pump. PUMP, vz. t. tee 2. To draw out by artful interrogatories; as, to Pp ae out secrets. To examine by artful questions for the purpose of ‘drawi ing out secrets. To raise with a pump; as, to pump wa- But pump not me for politics. PUMP/-BOLTS, n. pl. Two pieces of iron, one used to fasten the puimp-spear to the brake, the other asa fulcrum for the brake to work upon. Mar. Dict. PUMP/-BRAKE, x. The arm or handle of a pump. Mar. Dict. PUMP’-DALE, n. A long, wooden tube, used to con- vey the water from a chain-pump across the ship and through the side. Jar. Dict. PUMP’ED, (pumpt,) pp. Raised with a pump. 2. Drawn out by artful Interrogations. PUMP’ER, n. The person or the instrument that pumps. PUMP/ER-NICK’EL, n. A species of bran bread, which forms the chief food of the Westphalian peas- ants; often used as a term of contempt. Brande. PUMP!’-GEAR, zn. ‘The apparatus belonging to a pump. Totten. PUMP’-HOOD, x. A semi-cylindrical frame of wood, covering the upper W heel of a chain-pump. PUMP/ING, ppr. Raising by a pump. 9. Drawi ing out secrets by artful questions. PUMP/ION, n. [D. pompoen, Sw. pomp, a gourd.] A plant : and its fruit; the pumpkin. PUMP/KIN, 2. 5 > aS,aq icine, QUACK/ER-Y, n. The boastful pretensions or mean practice of an ignoramus, particularly in medicine ; empiricism. QUACK/ISH, a. possessed ; trickish. Like a quack ; boasting of skill not Burke. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. QUA PYR/RHO-NIST, zn. A skeptic; one who doubts of every thing. PYTH-A-GO’RE-AN or PYTH-A-GO-RE/AN, n. A follower of Pythagoras, the founder of the Italic sect of philosophers. PYTH-A-GO’RE-AN or PY TH-A-GO-RE/AN, PY TH-A-GOR’TE€, PY TH-A-GOR/I€-AL, PY-THAG/O-RISM, n. The doctrines of Pythagoras. PY-THAG/O-RIZE, v.z. To speculate after the man- ner of Pythagoras. PYTH/I-AN, a. [from Pythia, the priestess of ADolaa| Pertaining to the priestess of Apollo, who delivere oracles. Pythian games; one of the four great national fes- tivals of ancient Greece, celebrated near Delphi, in honor of Apollo, the conqueror of the dragon Python. Brande. [L. pytho ; Gr. rv@wy, a dragon or ser- a. Belonging to the philos- phy of Pythagoras. PY/THON, n. pent. ] Q. The practice of quackery. Ash. To be almost choked. QUACKISM, n. QUACK/’LE, z. 7. AQK/ GY QUACKEN-ED, a. Almost choked or suffocated. QUACK’SAL-VER, n. salve.]} One who boasts of his skill] in medicines and salves, or of the efficacy of his prescriptions ; a char- [Sw. quacksalfvare ; quack and Jatan. rown. Burton. QUAD, (kwod,) a. [D. kwaad.] Evil; bad. [Wot used.] Gower. QUAD/RA, xn. tiny In architecture, a square border or frame round a bass-relief, panel, &c. Guilt. QUAD/RA-GENE, zn. [L. quadrageni.] In the Roman Catholic church, an indulgence of forty days, that is, a remission of the temporal pun- ishment due to sin, corresponding to the forty days of ancient canonical penance. Bp. Fitzpatrick. QUAD-RA-GES'I-MA, x2. [L. quadragesimus, fortieth, from guatuor, four. } Lent ; so called because it consists of forty days. Encyc. Quadragesima Sunday; the first Sunday in Lent, which is about forty days before Easter. QUAD-RA-GES/I-MAL, a. [Supra.] Belonging to Lent ; used in Lent. Sanderson. QUAD-RA-GES/L-MALS, n. pl. [Supra.] Offerings formerly made to the mother church on Mid-Lent Sunday. QUAD'RAN’GLE, (kwod/rang-gl,) 2. [L. quadratus, square, from quatuor, four, and angulus, angle. ]} 1. In geometry, a plane figure having four angles, and consequently four sides. FTutton. 2. In English architecture, the inner square or rec- tangular court of a building. Gooilt. QUAD-RAN!’GU-LAR, a. [Supra.] Having four angles, and consequently four sides. Woodward. 2. In botany, having four prominent angles, as a leaf. Martin. QUAD-RAN!’'GU-LAR-LY, adv. With four sides and four angles. QUAD/RANT, n. [L. quadrans, a fourth. ] 1. The fourth part; the quarter. Brown. 2. In geometry, the quarter of a circle or of the circumference of a circle. Hutton. 3. An instrument for taking the altitudes and dis- tances of the heavenly bodies, of great use in astron- omy and navigation. Quadrants are variously made, but they all consist of the quarter of a circle whose limb is divided into ninety degrees ; or, as in Had- Jey’s reflecting quadrant, an arc of forty-five degrees is made to serve the Same purpose as an are of ninety degrees. 4. In gunnery, an instrument used for elevating cannon and pointing them. rande. Quadrant of altitude ; an appendage of the artificial globe, consisting of a slip of brass of the Jength ofa quadrant of one of the great circles of the globe, and graduated. It is fitted to the meridian, and movable round to all points of the horizon. It serves as a scale in measuring altitudes, azimuths, &c. Hutton. QUAD-RANT’AL, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to a quad- rant; also, incladed in the fourth part of a circle; as, quadrantal space. _ Derhan. Quadrantal triangle; a spherical triangle having one side equal to a quadrant. Hutton. QUAD-RANT’AL, x. [Supra.] Acubical vessel used by the Romans. It held the same quantity as the amphora, Viz., a cubic foot. Smniti’s Dict. QUAD/RAT, x. [L. quadratus, squared. } 1. In printing, a piece of metal used to fill the void QUA * A genus of ophidian reptiles, which are large ser- pents, nearly allied to the Boa, and found in the ast Indies. PY TH’O-NESS, x. dragon or serpent.] 1. A sort of witch; also, the female or priestess who gave oracular answers at Delphi, in Greece. Mitford. 2, Any female supposed to have a spirit of divina- tion ; a sort of witch. Bp. Hall. PY-THON/I€, a. Pretending to foretell future events. PYTH’O-NIST, n. A conjurer. PAYESS L Bete PYX'IS, | n. [L. pyzis; Gr. mutts. ] J. The box in whichthe Roman Catholics keep the host. Cranmer. 2. A box used, in English coinage, for the trial of gold and silver coin. [See Pix. Smart. PYX-ID'I-UM, n. [from Gr. wvkcs.] Im dotany, a fruit which divides circularly into an upper and lower half, of which the former acts as a kind of lid, as the pimpernel Brande. {from L. Pytho, Gr. mv0wWy, a spaces between words, &c. Quadrats are of differ- ent sizes; as, m-quadrats, &c. 2, A mathematical instrument, chiefly used in taking heights or depths; called, also, a geometrical square, and line of shadows. Hutton. QUAD/RATE, a. Square; having four equal and parallel sides. 2. Divisible into four equal parts. Brown. 3. Square ; equal; exact. Howell. 4, Suited; fitted; applicable ; correspondent. Harvey. QUAD/RATE, n. A square; a surface with four equal and parallel sides. Wotton. JMuton. 2. In astrology, an aspect of the heavenly bodies, jin which they are distant from each other ninety degrees, or the quarter of a circle; the same as QUARTILE, Hutton. QUAD/RATE, v. 7. [L. guadro; Fr. quadrer, cadrer.] To suit; to correspond ; to agree with; to be ac- commodated ; followed by with. Aristotle’s rules for epic poetry — can not be supposed a queers exactly wii modern heroic poems. Addison. QUAD-RAT’IE, a. Square; denoting a square, or pertaining to it. Quadratic equation ; in algebra, an equation which contains the unknown quantity, either as a square only, or as a square and first power only; or one in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is a square. Hutton. QUAD-RA/TRIX, x. In geometry, a mechanical line by means of which we can find right lines equal to the circumference of circles or other curves and their several parts. Hutton. QUAD/RA-TURE, xn. [L. quadratura.} 1. The act of squaring; the reducing of a figure to a square. Thus the finding of a square which shall contain just as much area as a circle, is the quadrature of that circle. : Encyc. In general, the quadrature of curves, in mathematics, is the finding of rectilineal figures containing the same areas as figures bouuded by curved lines. _ Olmsted. 2. A quadrate; a square. Milton. 3. In astronomy, the position of one heavenly body in respect to another, when distant from it ninety de- grees, or a quarter of the circle, as the moon, when at an equal distance from the points of conjunction and opposition. Olmsted. QUAD/REL, n. [It. quadrello.] In architecture, a kind of artificial stone made of chalky earth and dried in the shade for two years ; so called from being square. wilt, QUAD-REN’NLAL, a. [L. quadriennium ; qguadra, or quadrans, from quatuor, four, and annus, year. ] 1. Comprising four years; as, a quadrennial pe- riod. ames. Qua D-REN/NI-AL-LY, adv. Once in four years. QUAD/RI-BLE, a. [L. quadro, to square.] ,__ That may be squared. Rerham. QUAD-RI-€AP/SU-LAR, a. [L. quadraande psula.] In Botany, having four capsules. QUAD/RLEORN, nm. [L. quatuor, four, and cornu, horn.] : The name of certain «pterous insects having four antenne. : rande. QUAD-RI-GORN/OUS, a. Having four horns. QUAD-RL-DEC’LMAL, a. [L. (uaa and decem.] In crystallography, a term ¢ esignating a crystal whose prism, or the middle part, has four faces and ————e ns are ———— Sa as 9, Occurring once in four years; as, quadrennial 895 pene eet: WeighPs a Foor a _ Ee ge MR A en Boers. Pee ee fees * ed a _ Alot F mal — eer * QUA QUA QUA two summits, containing together ten faces. used. QUAD-RIL-DENT/ATE, a. toothed.] In botany, having four teeth on the edge. [Wot [L. quadra and dentatus, Martyn. QUAD-RE-FA’/RI-OUS, a. Arranged in four rows or ranks Loudon. QUAD’RI-FID, a. [L. quadrifidus ; quadra and findo, to divide.] : : In botany, four-cleft, i. e., divided about half way from the margin to the base ; as, a quadrifid perianth ; cut about half way into four segments, with linear sinuses and straight margins; as, a quadrifid leaf. JWartyn. QUAD-RI’GA, n. [L.] Acar drawn by four horses abreast, as represented on the reverse of ancient medals. i QUAD-RI-GE-NA/RI-OUS, a. Consisting of forty. QUAD-RIJ/U-GOUS, a. [L. quadra and jugum, yoke.] In botany, pinnate, with four pairs of leaflets ; as, a quadrijugous leaf. QUAD-RL-LAT’ER-AL, a. four, and latus, side. } Having four sides, and consequently four angles. QUAD-RI-LAT’ER-AL, zn. A plane figure having four sides, and consequently four angles ; a quadran- gular figure. Hutton. QUAD-RI-LAT’/ER-AL-NESS, nm. The property of having four right-lined sides, forming as many right angles. Dict. QUAD-RI-LIT’ER-AL, a. [L. quadra, or quatuor, four, and litera, letter. ] Consisting of four letters. Parkhurst. Asiat. Res. QUA-DRILLE’, (kwa-dril! or ka-dril’,) n. er A game played by four persons with forty cards, being the remainder of the pack after the four tens, nines, and eights are discarded. Encyc. 2. A kind of dance made up of sets of dances, four in each set. Smart. QUAD-RIL/LION, (kwod-ril/yun,) ». According to the English notation, the number produced by involy- ing a million to the fourth power, or a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed; according to the French. notation, a unit with fifteen ciphers annexed. QUAD-RI-LO’BATE,) a ([L. quadra, or quatuor, QUAD/RI-LO-BED, § four, and lobus, Gr. A: Ros.) In botany, having four lobes ; as, a guadrilobed leaf. Martyn. [L. quadra, quatuor, and [L. quadra, or quatuor, QUAD-RLLO€’/U-LAR, a. loculus, a cell. Having four cells; four-celled; as, a guadrilocular pericarp. Martyn. QUAD'RIN, n. [L. quadrinus.] A mite; a small piece of money, in value about a farthing. [Not in use.] Bailey. QUAD-RI-NO’MI-AL, a. [L. quadra, quatuor, and nomen, name. | In alcebra, consisting of four terms. QUAD-RI-NOM/I€-AL, a. Consisting of four de- nominations or terms. Dict. QUAD-RIP/AR-TITE, a. [. quadra, quatuor, and partitus, divided.] Divided into four parts; in botany, divided to the base into four parts, QUAD-RIP’AR-TITE-LY, adv. in a quadripartite distribution. QUAD-RI-PAR-TI// TION, (kwod-re-par-tish/un,) 7x. A division by four or into four equal parts ; or the taking the fourth part of any quantity or number. Hutton. QUAD/RLREME, n. [L. quadriremis; guatuor, four, and remus, oar.] A galley with four benches of oars or rowers. Mitford. QUAD-RLESYL’/LA-BLE, n. [L. quadra, quatuor, and syllable.) A word consisting of four syllables. QUAD/RL-VALVE, a. In botany, having four QUAD-RLVALV/U-LAR, } valves ; four-valved ; as, a quadrivalve pericarp. Martyn. QUAD/RLVALVES, n. pl. [L. quadra, quatuor, and valva, valve.|] A door with four folds or leaves. QUAD-RIV/LAL, a. [L. quadrivium; quatuor, four, and via, way. ] Having four ways meeting in a point. QUAD-ROON’, QUA’TER-ON, |” In Spanish America, the offspring of a mulatto wo- man by a white man ; a person quarter-blooded. Clavisrero. QUAD/RU-MAN, . [L. guadra and manus, hand.] An animal having four hands that correspond to the hands of a man, as a monkey. Lawrence, Lect. QUAD-RU/MA-NA, x. pl. Animals having four hands, as monkeys. QUAD-RU/MA-NOUS, a. In four divisions ; [L. quadra, quatuor. | Having four hands: four- handed. Lawrence, Lect. QUAD/RUNE, nm. A gritstone with a calcareous cement, QUAD/RU-PED, a. four, and pes, foot. Having four legs and feet. [L. quadrupes ; quadra, quatior, QUAD-RU/PLLEA-TED, pp. QU ZST’OR, (kwest/or,) QUAG/MIRE, n. QUA/HAUG, (kwaw/hog,) n. QUAID, a. or pp. QUAIL, (kwale,) v. 2. QUAIL, v. i. QUAIL, v. t. QUAIL, n. QUAIL/ING, ppr. QUAIL/ING, n. QUAIL/-PIPE, n. QUAINT, (kwante,) a. FATE, FAR, F _—— QUAD/RU-PED, 7. An animal having four legs and feet, as a horse, an ox, a lion, &c. QUAD/RU-PI-E, a. [L. quadruplus; quadra, quatuor, and plico, to fold.] Fourfold ; four times told; as, to make quadruple restitution for trespass or theft. QUAD’/RU-PLE, n. Four times the sum or number; as, to receive quadruple the amount in damages or profits. QUAD/RU-PLB, v. t. or as many. QUAD/RU-PLED, pp. or a. Made four times as much or many. QUAD-RU/PLLE€ATE, a. Fourfold; four times re- peated ; as, a quadruplicate ratio or proportion. QUAD-RU’/PLI-€ATE, v. t=. [L. guadruplico; quatuor and plico, to fold. To make fourfold ; to double twice. Made fourfold. QUAD-RU-PLL-€A’TION, n. The act of making fourfold and taking four times the simple sum or amount. QUAD/RU-PLING, ppr. or many. To make four times as much, Making four times as much QUAD/RU-PLY, adv. To a fourfold quantity ; as, to be quadruply recompensed. QUA’/RE, [L.] which see. Swift. Inquire; better written Query, vU See Questor. QUAFP, (kwif,) v. t. [Fr. coiffer, to cap or hood; se coifer, to fuddle, or be fuddled, from coiffe, a hood. But qu. In the Ethiopic, nOe. quaf, or kwef, is to - - draw, to draw out. Ludolf, 407. In Arabic, ols kauba or kwaba, is to drink largely, or to devour, as food. To drink ; to swallow in large draughts. He quaffs the muscadel. Shak. They in communion sweet Quaff immortality and joy. Milton. QUAFF, v.i. To drink largely or luxuriously. South. Driden. QUAFE’ED, (kwift,) pp. large draughts. QUAFF’ER, 7. One that quaffs or drinks largely. QUAFF’ING, ppr. Drinking; swallowing draughts. QUAG,n. See QuAGMIRE. QUAG'GA, n. A pachydermatous mammal, the Equus Quagga, nearly allied to the ass on the one hand and the zebra on the other. ern Africa. QUAG/GY, a. quake. Yielding to the feet or trembling under the foot, as Soft, wet earth. Drank; swallowed in [That is, guake-mire.] Soft, wet Jand, which has a surface firm enough to bear a per- son, but which shakes or yields under the feet, Tusser. Shak. More. In New England, the popular name of a large species of clam or bivalvular shell-fish. [ This name is probably derived from the natives. | [For Quatrep.] Crushed, sub- [ot used. ] Spenser. { Quail, in English, signifies to sink or languish, to curdle, and to crush or quell. The Italian has guagliare, to curdle, and the Sax. cwellan, to quell, and the D. kwaal is disease. these are of one family, the primary sense is to shrink, to withdraw, and transitively, to beat down. In W. cwl signifies a flagging or drooping; ciola, faint, languid. ] - To sink into dejection ; to languish; to fail in spirits. Shak. Knolles. Pierpont. 2. To fade; to wither. [ Obs.] Hakewill. [Fr. cailler; Sp. cuajar; Port. coalhar ; It. quagliare, to curdle; W. caul, a calPs maw, ren- net, chyle, a curd ; ceulaw, to curdle. The sense 1S, to contract. ] To curdle ; to coagulate ; as milk. [Sax. czellan. | To crush ; to depress ; to sink ; to subdue. Spenser. It. quaglia; Fr. caille; Arm. coaill.] A vague English popular name of certain gallina- ceous birds, closely allied to the partridges. It is ap- plied to more than twenty different species, and of more than one genus, Its application in New Eng- land varies within short distances, which is believed also to be the fact in other parts of the United States. Failing ; languishing. The act of failing in spirit or resolu- Shak. A pipe or call for alluring quails into a net; a kind of leathern purse in the shape ofa pear, partly filled with horse hair, with a whistle at the end. Encyc. [Old Fr. coint, Arm. coent, coant, pretty. In Norman French, coint is familiar, affable, and accoinet, is very necessary or familiar. dued, or depressed. Bailey. tion ; decay. 396 It inhabits South- [Supposed to be from the root of If QUAL-I-F'-€A/TOR, n. QUAL’I-FI-ED, (kwol/e-fide,) pp. or a. QUAL'I-FI-ER, x. The latter word would lead us to refer quaint to the Latin accinctus, ready ; but Skinner thinks it more probably from comptus, neat, well-dressed. ] 1, Nice; scrupulously and superfluously exact ; having petty elegance; as, a guaint phrase j a quaint fashion. Sidney. Siiak. To show how quaint an orator you are. Shak, Subtile ; artful. [Obs.]} . Fine-spun; artfully framed. Shak. Milton. . Affected ; as, guaint fopperies. Swift. - In common use, odd; fanciful; singular ; and so used by Chaucer. QUAINT’LY, adv. Nicely; exactly; with petty neatness or Spruceness; as, hair more quaintly Chaucer. Ore 65 09 curled. B. Jonson. 2. Artfully. Breathe his faults so quaintly. Shak. 3. Ingeniously ; with dexterity. I guaintly stole a kiss. Gay. 4. Oddly ; fancifully ; singularly. QUAIN'’NESS, n. Niceness; petty neatness or ele- gance. There is a majesty in simplicity which is far above the ness of wit. 2. Oddness; peculiarity. QUAKE, (kwake,) v.27 [Sax. cwacian; G. quackeln ; Laint- ope. Eth. UoOn hwyka, to shake, to agitate. ] 1, To shake; to tremble; to be agitated with quick but short motions continually repeated; to shudder. Thus we say, a person guakes with fear or terror, or with cold. Heb. xii. 2. To shake with violent convulsions, as well as with trembling; as, the earth guakes; the mountains quake. Neh. i. 3. To shake, tremble, or move, as the earth under the feet ; as, the quaking mud. ope. QUAKE, v.t. To frighten; to throw into agitation. Ne used. | Shak, QUAKE, n. A shake; a trembling; a shudder; a tremulous agitation. Suckling. QUAK’ER,n. One that quakes; but usually one of | the religious sect called Frienpos. This name, Qua- KERS, iS Said to have been given to the sect in re- proach, on account of some agitations which distin- guished them; but it is no longer appropriated to them by way of reproach. QUAK’ER-ISH, a. Like a Quaker. QUAK’ER-ISM,n. The peculiar manners, tenets, or worship of the Quakers. Milner. Boswell. QUAK’ER-LY, a. Resembling Quakers. Goodman. QUAK/ER-Y, xn. Quakerism. QUAK’ING, ppr. Ora. Shaking; trembling. QUAK/’ING, n. A shaking; tremulous agitation; trepidation. Dan. x. QUAK’/ING-GRASS, n. The name of various species of graminaceous plants belonging to the genus Briza, whose spikelets have a tremulous motion. Pe Cyes QUAK/ING-LY, adv. QUAL'L-FI-A-BLE, a. [from nay That may be qualified ; that may be abated or modified. Barrow. QUAL-I-FI-€A'TION, n. [Fr. See Quariry.] Any natural endowment or any acquirement which fits a person for a place, office, or employment, or enables him to sustain any character with success. Integ- rity and talents should be considered as indispensa- ble qualifications for men intrusted with public af- fairs; but private interest and party spirit will often dispense with these and all other qualijications. Tremblingly. There is no qualification for government but virtue and wisdom, actual or presumptive. Burke 2. Legal power or requisite ; as, the qualifications of electors. 3. Abatement; diminution. Ralegh. 4, Modification; restriction; limitation. Words or expressions may be used in a general sense, with- out any qualification. In Roman Catholic ecclesias- tical courts, an officer whose business it is to exam- ine and prepare causes for trial. Murdock. Fitted by accomplishments or endowments; modified. Qualified fee ; in law, a base fee, or an estate which has a qualification annexed to it, and which ceases with the qualification, as a grant to A and his heirs, tenants of the manor of Dale. Qualified negative ; in legislation, the power of neg- ativing bills which have passed the two houses of the legislature ; a power vested in the president, governor, or other officer, but subject to be overruled and defeated by a subsequent vote of the two houses, passed in conformity with the provisions of the con- stitution. United States. W. Smith. Qualified property, is that which depends on tem- porary possession, as that in wild animals reclaimed. QUAL'I-FI-ED-NESS, n. The state of being qualified or fitted. He or that which qualifies ; that which modifies, reduces, tempers, or restrains. Junius. Ml, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—QUA QUAL/T-FY, v. t. [Fr. qualifier; It. qualificare; Sp. calificar ; L. quaiis, such, and facio, to make.] 1. To fit for any place, office, occupation, or char- acter ; to furnish with the knowledge, skill, or other accomplishment necessary for a purpose ; as, to qual- ify a man for a judge, for a minister of state or of the gospel, for a general or admiral. Holiness alone can qualify men for the society of holy beings. 2. To make capable of any employment or privi- lege ; to furnish with legal power or capacity 5 as, in England, to qualify a man to kill game. 3. To abate ; to soften; to diminish; as, to qualify the rigor of a statute. I do not seek to quench your love’s hot fire, But qualify the fire’s extreme rage. Shak. 4. To ease ; to assuage. Spenser. o. To modify ; to restrain ; to limit by exceptions ; as, to qualify words or expressions, or to qualify the sense of words or phrases. 6. To modulate ; to vary; as, to qualify sounds. Brown. QUAL/LEY-ING, ppr. or a. Furnishing with the necessary qualities, properties, or accomplishments, for a place, station, or business; furnishing with legal power ; abating ; tempering; modifying; re- straining. QUAL'I-TA-TIVE, a. Relating to quality. Qualita- tive analysis, in chemistry, is that in which, by finding certain qualities in a compound, we determine the elements of which it is made up. QUAL'I-TY, n. [L. qualitas, from qualis, such; Fr. qualité; Sp. calidad ; It. qualita ; Ir. cail.] 1. Property ; that which belongs to a body or sub- stance, or can be predicated of it. Qualities are nat- ural or accidental. Thus whiteness is a natural qual- wy of snow; softness is a natural quality of wool and fur; hardness is a natural quality of metals and wood ; figure and dimension are the natural quali- ties of solids; but a particular figure, as a cube, a square, Or a sphere, is an accidental or adventitious quality. The fluidity of metals is an accidental qual- wy. Essential qualities are such as are necessary to constitute a thing what it is. Sensible qualities are such as are perceptible to the senses, as the light of the sun, the color of cloth, the taste of salt or sugar, &e. 2. Nature, relatively considered ; as, the quality of an action in regard to right and wrong. Other oreatures have not judgment to examine the quality of that which is done by them. Hooker. 3. Virtue or particular power of producing certain effects ; as, the qualities of plants or medicines. 4. Disposition ; temper. To-night we'll wander through the streets, and note The qualities of people. Shak. 5. Virtue or vice; as, good qualities, or bad quali- ties. ryden. 6. Acquirement; accomplishment ; as, the qualities of horsemanship, dancing, and fencing. Clarendon. 7. Character. The attorney partakes of both qualities, that of a judge of the court, and that of attorney-general, acon. 8. Comparative rank ; condition in relation to oth- ers; as, people of every quality. We obtained acquaintance with many citizens, not of the mean- est quality. Bacon. 9. Superior rank ; superiority of birth or station ; as, persons of quality; ladies of quality. 10. Persons of high rank, collectively. I shall appear at the masquerade dressed up in my feathers, that the quality may see how pretty they will look in their tray- eling habits. Addison, QUALM, (kwim,) nm. [D. kwaal, disease ; kwaalyk, sick ; G. quadlen, to pain orvex. In G. qualmis steam, vapor, exhalation ; D. kzwalm, id. The Danish qvalm signifies vapor, steam, fume, exhalation ; qualmer, to ramble ; det giver qvalme, it rises in the stomach. The iatter is the English word. ] 1. A rising tn the stomach, as it is commonly called ; a fit of nausea, or a disposition or effort of the stom- ach to eject its contents. 2. A sudden fit or seizure of sickness at the stom- ach ; a sensation of nausea ; as, qualins of heart-sick agony. JMilton. For who, without a gualm, hath ever looked On holy garbage, though by Klomer cooked? Roscommon, 3. A scruple of conscience, or uneasiness of con- science, QUALM/ISH, (kwim/ish,) a. [Supra. stomach; inclined to vomit; affecte or sickly languor. QUALM/ISH-LY, adv. In a qualmish manner. QUALM/ISH-NESS, x. Nausea. QUAM'DELU SE BE'NE GES'SE-RIT, [L.] ing good behavior. QUAM/O-€LIT, n. A genus of climbing ornamental plants, allied to the ‘convolvulus, found in the hot arts,of America, also in India and China. P. Cyc. QUAN’DA-RY, n. Doubt; uncertainty; a state of difficulty or perplexity. QUAN!’DA-RY, v.t. To bring into a state of uncer- tainty or difficulty. [Not used.] Otway. Sick at the With nausea Dryden, Dur- QUANT, (kwant,) rn. A round cap at the bottom of a QUAN’TI-TA-TIVE, a. [See Quantity.] Relating QUAN'TI-TIVE, a. QUAN'TL-TIVE-LY, adv. So as to be measurable by QUAN/TLTY, n. QUAN/TUM, 2. [L.] QUAN'TUM MER!U-IT, [1.) QUAN'TUM SUF'FI-CIT, [L.] Sufficient ; as much QUAN'TUM VA-LE!BAT, [1] QUA-QUA-VERS/AL, a. QUAR/AN-TINE, (Kwor/an-teen,) n. [It. quarantina, QUA pole, as of a jumping pole, to prevent its sinking into the gronnd. Halliwell, to quantity. Taylor. Quantitative analysis, in chemistry, is that which determines the proportional quantity of each of the elements which make up a compound. {See Quantiry.] Estimable according to quantity. Disby. quantity. [Fr. guantité; It. quantita ; Sp. can- htad; from L. quantitas, from quantus, how much, or eo - as much as ; Pers. Nas. chand, how much; (Shin chandi, quantity.] ; I. That property of any thing which may be in- creased or diminished. Cheyne. Johnson This definition is defective, and as applicable to many other properties as to quantity. A definition strictly philosophical can not be given. In common usage, quantity is a mass or collection of matter, of indeterminate dimensions, but consisting of particles Which can not be distinguished, or which are not customarily distinguished, or which are considered in the aggregate, Thus we say, a quantity of earth, a quantity of water, a quantity of air, of light, of heat, of iron, of wood, of timber, of corn, of paper. But we do not say, a quantity of men, or of horses, or of houses ; for, as these are considered as separate in- dividuals or beings, we call an assemblage of them a number or multitude. 2. An indefinite extent of space 3. A portion or part. If I were sawerl into quantitzes. Shak, 4. A large portion ; as, a medicine taken in guan- tities, that is, in large quantities. Arbuthnot. 3. In mathematics, any thing which can be multi- plied, divided, or measured. Day. Thus mathematics is called the science of quan- tity. In algebra, quantities are known and unknown. Known quantities are usually represented by the first letters of the alphabet, as a, 6, c; and unknown quan- tities are expressed by the Jast letters, z, y, z, &c. Letters thus used to represent quantities are them- selves called quantities. A simple quantity is expressed by one term, as -+-a, or —abc ; a compound is expressed by more terms than one, connected by the signs +- plus, or — minus, as a+, or a—b-+c. Quantities which have the sign + prefixed, are called positive or affirmative; those which have the sign — prefixed, are called negative. Day's Algebra. 6. In grammar, the measure of a syllable; that which determines the time in which it is pronounced. tolder. Encye. 7. In logic, a category, universal, or predicament; a general conception. ailey. Encyc. 8. In music, the relative duration of a note or syl- lable. Busby. Quantity of matter, in a body, is the measure arising from the joint consideration of its magnitude and density, being expressed by, or proportional to, the product of the two. Hutton. Quantity of motion, in a body, is the measure arising from the joint consideration of its quantity of matter and its velocity ; the same as Momentum. Hutton. The quantity ; the amount. ]. In law, an action grounded on a promise that the defendant would pay to the plaintiff for his service as much as he should deserve. {Not in use.] as is needed. An action to re- cover of the defendant, for goods sold, as much as they were worth. Blackstone. [L. quaqua, in all direc- tions, and versus, from verto, to turn. | In geology, a term applied to the dip of beds to all points of the compass round a center, as of beds of lava round a crater. Lyell. forty ; Sp. quarantena ; Fr. quarantaine ; from the root of L. quartus, fourth, Fr. carreau, a square, carrer, to square, Arm. carrea, to square, W. cwar, square, Eng. quart. See Quarr and Square.) 1. Properly, the space of forty days ; appropriately, the term of forty days, during which a ship, arriving in port, and suspected of being infected with a ma- lignant, contagious disease, is obliged to forbear all intercourse with the city or place. This time was chosen because it was supposed that any infectious disease would break out, if at all, within that period. Hence, 2. Restraint of intercourse to which a ship is sub- jected, on the presumption that she may be infected, either for forty days or for any other limited term. It is customary for the proper officers to determine the period of restraint at their discretion, according to circumstances. Hence we hear of a quarantine of QUAR-AN-TINE’, (kwor-an-teen’,) x. t. QUAR-AN-TYN/ING, ppr. five days, of ten, of thirty, &c., as well as of forty. QUA | We say, a ship performs quarantine, or rides at quar- antine. We also apply the word to persons. ‘The passengers and crew perform quarantine. ‘ 3. In law, the period of forty days during which the widow of a man dying seized of land, has the privilege of remaining in the mansion-house. k 1 To prohibit ! from intercourse with a city or its inhabitants; to - compel to remain al a distance from shore for some limited period, on account of real or supposed infec- tion ; applied to ships, or to persons and goods. QUAR-AN-TIN’/ED, (Kwor-an-teend’,) pp. Restrained from communication with the shore for a limited pe- riod ; as a ship or its crew and passengers. Prohibiting from inter- course with the port; as a ship or its crew and pas- sengers. QUAR’RE, for Quarry, is not in use. QUAR’/REL, nz. (W cweryl; Fr. querelle; LL. and It. querela; Sp. querella or queja; Arm. qarell ; L. quercr, to complain, that is, to cry out with a loud voice. Hence We see the primary sense is the same as bravl. The L. queror coincides in elements with the Ir. } gairim, to call, to bawl, to shout, and gearan, a com- plaint ; Sax. ceorian, to complain or murmur; G. gir- ren and kirren; D. kirren and korren; Dan. kerrer. The latter signifies to complain, to expostulate, and kerrer sig efter, to care, or take heed of, a sense which would unite the word with the L. curo, cura; and in Sax, cearig signifies complaining, and careful, solicitous; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Ar. Nxp. Class Gr, No. 49, and see No. 1, 2, 14, 15, 19, 23. 1, A brawl; a petty fight or scuffie, from its noise and uproar. Shak, A dispute ; a contest. On open seas their quarrels they debate. Dryden, 3. A breach of friendship or concord , open vari- ance between parties. Hammond. 4. Cause of dispute. The king’s quarrel is honorable. Shak. 5. Something that gives a right to mischief, repri- sal, or action. He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him. [Not used.] Hollingshead. 6. Objection ; ill will, or reason to complain , ground of objection or dispute. Herodias had a quarrel against him. — Mark vi. 7. Something peevish, malicious, or disposed to make trouble. [JVot used. ] Shak. QUAR’REL, n. EW gwarel, a dart or javelin, a Ker- nel ; gwarelu, to dart, to kern, to curdle ; from ¢war, a quick rise, a puff; Fr. carreau, a bolt. The prima- ry sense is, to shoot, throw, or drive. 1, An arrow with a square head. [JVot used unless tn poetry. ] Camden. 2, A diamond-shaped pane of glass, or a square pane placed diagonally. [See Quarry and Square.] Gloss. of Archit. QUAR’REL, v.27. [Fr. quereller. See the noun.] 1. To dispute violently, or with loud and angry words ; to wrangle; to scold. How odious to see husband and wife quarrel! 3 2. To fight; to scuffle ; to contend ; to squabble; used of two persons, or of a small number. It is never used of armies and navies in combat. Chil- dren and servants often quarrel about trifles. Tav- ern-hunters sometimes quarrel over their cups. 3. To fall into variance. Our people quarrel with obedience, Shak. 4. To find fault ; to cavil. 1 will not quarrel with a Slight mistake. _. Roscommon. Men at entnity with their God, quarreling with his attributes ~ quarreling with the Being that made them, and who is con- stantly doing them good. Eliph. Steele. 5. To disagree; to be at variance; not to be In ac- cordance in form or essence. Some things arise of strange and quarreling kind, The fore part lion, and a snake behind. Cowley. QUAR/REL, v. t. To quarrel with. B. Jonson. 2. To compel by a quarrel; as, to quarrel a man out of his estate or rights. QUAR/REL-ER, n. One who quarrels, wrangles, or fights. QUAR/REL-ING, ppr. Disputing with vehemence or loud, angry words; scolding; wrangling; fight- ing; finding fault; disagreeing. : QUAR’REL-ING, n. [Supra.] Contention ; dispute in angry words; breach of concord; a caviling or finding fault ; disagreement. ; QUAR/REL-OUS, (kwor’rel-us,) a, Apt or disposed to quarrel ; petulant; easily provoked to enmity or contention. [ Little used, Shak. QUAR/REL-SOMBE, (kwor’rel-sum,) a. Apt to quar- rel; given to brawls and contention ; inclined to petty fighting; easily irritated or provoked to con- test ; irascible ; choleric; petulant. Bacon. QUAR/REL-SOME-LY, adv. Ina quarrelsome man- ner; with a quarrelsome temper ; petulantly. Hall. QUAR/REL-SOME-NESS, zn. Disposition to engage in contention and brawls ; petulance. QUAR/RI-ED, pp. ora. Dug from a pit or cavern, TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. | 113 ae nee eae a eee eee sa RQ" i “x eS: ® eee cme g a we Senet erat wea eT aT Sal3 oy oa fe oo ad ~~. 2 “ QUA QUAR/RI-ER, n. A worker at a quarry. QUAR/RY, (kwor're,) x. [Fr. carré, for quarré ; Arm. id. See QUARANTINE, } 1. A pane of glass of a peculiar form ; a quarrel, which see. [JVol in use.] Mortimer. 9, An arrow with a square head. [See Quarret.] [Mot in wse.] _Fairfar. 3. In falconry, the game which a hawk is pursuing or has killed. [eerie from L. quero, Fr. querir, to seek.] , Among hunters, a part of the entrails of the beast taken, given to the hounds. Encyc. 5. A heap of game killed. Smart. QUARRY, x. [Fr. carriére, formerly Norm. quarrier. I know not whether the original sense of this word was a pit or mine, from digging, or whether the sense was a place for squaring stone. The Fr. carriere signifies not only a quarry, but a career, course, race, from the L. curro, which can not be from squaring. If the sense was a pil, it may be referred to the Heb. Ch. and Eth. 775, to dig; Ar. IJ kara or kwara, to dig, to run violently, toleap. If the sense is from squaring, see Square. See Class Gr, No. 35, 36, 52, 57, 63.) 1. A place, cavern, or pit, where stones are dug from the earth, or separated from a large mass of rocks: We generally apply the word mine to the pit from which are taken metals and coals; from quar- ries are taken stones for building, as marble, free- stone, slate, &c. 2. In Paris, the quarries are a vast cavern under the city, several miles in extent. QUAR/RY, (kwor're,) v. 7% To prey upon, as a vul- ture or harpy. I Estrange. [A low word, and not much used. } QUAR/RY, v. t. To dig or take from a quarry ; as, to quarry marble. QUAR/RY-ING, ppr. Digging stones from a quarry. QUAR/RY-ING, n. The act or business of digging stones from a quarry. QUAR/RY-MAN, n. A man who i: occupied in quar- rying stones. QUART, n. [It. quarta; Fr. quarte, from quart, a fourth, L. guartus; D. kwart; G. quart; from W. cwar, the root of square, or from the root of Gr. apa, to fit or suit, to square. We see in the Amharic, the ancient dialect of the Ethiopic, art is four, and arten is fourth, L. guartus. Ludolf, Amh. 57. This with the Celtic pronunciation, as guerre for war, becomes qitart. | I. The fourth part ; a quarter. [JVot in use.] Spenser. 2. The fourth part of a gallon; two pints. 3. A vessel containing the fourth of a gallon. QUART, (kart,) x Four cards; successive cards of the same suit in the game of piquet. Hoyle. QUAR/TAN, a. [L. quartanus, the fourth.] Designating the fourth; occurring every fourth day ; as, a guartan ague or fever. QUAR/TAN, n. An intermitting ague that occurs every fourth day, or with intermissions of seventy- two hours. 2. A measure containing the fourth part of some other measure, QUAR-TA’TION, n. In chemistry and metallurgy, the alloying of one part of gold that is to be refined, with three parts of silver, by which means the nitric or sulphuric acid is enabled to separate the gold from the inferior metals originally associated with it. Ure. QUAR’/TER,7. [Fr. quart, quartier ; It. quartiere ; Sp. quartel; D. kwartier; G. quértier ; Sw. qvart, qvartal ; Dan. gvart, qvartal, quvarteer; lL. quartus, the fourth part ; from W. cwar, a square. | 1. The fourth part; as, the quarter of an hour or of a mile ; one quarter of the expense, Living is a quarter dearer in the city than in the country. 2. In weight, the fourth part of a hundred pounds avoirdupois, or of 112 lbs., that is, 28 lbs.; as, a quarter of sugar. 3. In dry measure, the fourth of a tun in weight, or eight bushels of grain ; as, a quarter of wheat ; also, the fourth part of a chaldron of coal. Hutton. 4, In astronomy, the fourth part of the moon’s pe- riod or monthly revolution ; as, the first quarter after the change or full. 5. A region in the hemisphere or great circle ; pri- marily, one of the four cardinal points; as, the four quarters of the globe; but used indifferently for any region or point of compass. From what quarter does the wind blow? Hence, 6. A particular region of a town, city, or country ; as, all quarters of the city ; in eyery quarter of the country or of the continent. Hence, _ ¢. Usually in the plural, quarters ; the place of Jodg- ing or temporary residence ; appropriately, the place where officers and soldiers lodge, but applied to the lodgings of any temporary resident. He called on the general at his quarters ; the place furnished good winter quarters for the troops. I saw the stranger at 8. Proper station. [his quarters. Swift to their several quarters hasten then. Milton. QUA Bacon uses the word in the singular. ‘* Make love keep quarter ”’ : 9, On board of ships, quarters signifies the stations or places where the officers and men are posted in action. Pipe all hands to quarters. 10. In military affairs, the remission or sparing of the life of a captive or an enemy when in one’s power ; mercy granted by a conqueror to his enemy, when no longer able to defend himself. In desperate encounters, men will sometimes neither ask nor give guarter. The barbarous practice of giving no quarter to soldiers in a fortress taken by assault, is nearly obsolete. He magnified his own clemency, now they were at his mercy, to offer them quarter for their lives, if they would give up the castle. Clarendon, Lambs at the mercy of wolves must expect no guarter. L’ Estrange. 11. Treatment shown to an enemy ; indulgence. To the young, if you give tolerable quarter, you indulge them in idleness and ruin them. [Rarely used.] ollier. 12. Friendship; amity; concord. [JVot in use.] Shak. 13. In the slaurhter-house, one limb of a quadruped with the adjoining parts ; or one fourth part of the carcass of a quadruped, including a limb; as, a fore quarter, or hind quarter. 14. In a shoe, the part which forms the side from the heel to the vamp. 15. In the menage, the quarters of a horse’s foot are the sides of the coffin, between the toe and the heel. False quarters are a cleft in the horn of the hoof, ex- tending from the coronet to the shoe, or from top to bottom. When, for any disorder, one of the quar- ters is cut, the horse Is said to be guarter-cast. Encyc. 16. In a siege, quarters are the encampment on one of the principal passages round the place be- sieged, to prevent relief and intercept convoys. Encye. 17. In seminaries of learning, a fourth part of the year, orthree months. Tuition and board at twenty- five dollars the quarter. This is a moderate quarter bill. 18. The quarter of a ship, is the part of a ship’s side which lies toward the stern, or the part between the aftmost end of the main-chains and the sides of the stern, where it is terminated by the quarter- pieces. Mar, Dict. 19. In heraldry, [one of the divisions of a shield, when it is divided crosswise. — E. H. Barker.] On the quarter, in seamen’s language, is a point in the horizon considerably abaft the beam, but not in the direction of the stern. Quarter-bill, among seamen, is a list containing the different stations where the officers and crew are to take post in time of action, and the names of the men assigned to each. Quarter-clotis ; long pieces of painted canvas, ex- tended on the outside of the quarter-netting from the upper part of the gallery to the gangway. Quarter-gallery ; a sort of balcony on the quarters of a ship. Quarter-railing ; narrow, molded planks, reaching from the top of the stern to the gangway, serving as a fence to the quarter-deck. Head-quarters; the tent or mansion of the com- mander-in-chief of an army, QUAR’TER, v. t. To divide into four equal parts. 2. To divide ; to separate into parts. Shak. 3. To divide into distinct regions or compart- ments. Dryden. 4. To station soldiers for lodging ; as, to quarter troops in the city, or among the inhabitants, or on the inhabitants. 5. To lodge; to fix on a temporary dwelling. They mean this night in Sardis to be quartered. Shak. 6. To diet. [JVot in use.] Hudibras. 7. To bear as an appendage to the hereditary arms. The coat of Beauchamp — quartered by the Earl of Hertford. Peacham. _ [Yo quarter arms, is to place the arms of other fam- ilies in the compartments of a shield, which is di- vided into four quarters, the family arms being placed in the first quarter But when more than three other arms are to be quartered with the family arms, it is usual to divide the shield into a suitable nuinber of compartments; and still the arms are said to be quartered. A person has a right to quarter the arms of any family from an heiress, of which he is descended. — E. H. Barker. ] QUAR/TER, v. i. To lodge; to have a temporary residence, The general quarters at a hotel in Church street. The sailors quartered heaven. QUAR/TER-AGE, n. A quarterly allowance. Hudibras. QUAR/TER-DAY, mn. The day that completes three months, the quarter of a year; the day when quar- texrly payments are made of rent or interest. Spectator. QUAR/TER-DECK, n. That part of the Heck of a ship which extends from the stern to the mainmast. QUA But in some kinds of vessels, the quarter-deck does not extend to the mainmast, but is raised above the main deck. QUAR!/TER-ED, pp. Divided into four equal parts or quarters ; separated into distinct parts ; lodged ; sta- tioned for lodging. QUAR/TER-FOIL, n. [Fr. quatre, four, and feuille, leaf.] In architecture, a modern term denoting a form disposed in four segments of circles, supposed to resemble an expanded flower of four petals. Guilt. QUAR/’TER-ING, ppr. Dividing into quarters or into distinct parts ; stationing for lodgings. QUAR’TER-ING, n. A station. Mountagu. 9. Assignment of quarters for soldiers. 3. In heraldry, the division of a shield containing many coats. Ashmole. 4. In architecture, a series of quarters or small up- right posts. Guilt. QUAR/TER-LY, a. Containing or consisting of a fourth part ; as, quarterly seasons. 2, Recurring at the end of each quarter of the year ; as, quarterly payments of rent; a quarterly visitation or examination. The secretary requires quarterly returns from his officers. QUAR’/TER-LY, n. A periodical work published once in a quarter of a year. QUAR’TER-LY, adv. By quarters; oncein a quarter of ayear. The returns are made quarterly. QUAR’TER-MAS-TER, n. In an army, an officer whose duty is to provide quarters, provisions, forage, and ammunition, for the army, and superintend the supplies. 2. In a ship of war, a petty officer who attends to the helm, binnacle, signals, &c., under the direction of the master. Totten. QUAR/TER-MAS-TER-GEN/ER-AL, n. In military affairs, the chief officer in the quarter-master’s de- partment. QUAR/TERN, n. The fourth part of a pint; a gil. QUAR/TERN-LGOAF, n. A loaf made of a quarter of a stone (14 Ibs.) of flour. QUAR/’/TER-ROUND, n. In architecture, the echinus or ovolo. QUAR’TERS, n. pl. In architecture, small, upright timber posts, used in partitions. Guilt. QUAR’TER-SES-SIONS, n. pl. In England, a general court held quarterly by the justices of peace of each county, with jurisdiction to try and determine fel- onies and trespasses ; but capital offenses are seldom or never tried in this court. Blackstone. Quarter-sessions, in boroughs, are held by the re- corders. Brande QUAR/TER-STAFF, n. A Weapon of defense; so called from the manner of using it, one hand being placed in the middle, and the other half way be- tween the middle and end. Brande. QUAR-TETTE’,) 7. In music, a composition in four QUAR-TET’, § parts, each performed bya sin- gle voice or instrument. 2. In poetry, a stanza of four lines, QUAR’TILE, n. An aspect of the planets, when they are distant from each other a guarter of the cir- cle, ninety degrees, or three signs. Hutton. Dryden. QUAR’TINE, n. the nucleus of a seed, reckoning the outermost as the first. It is only occasionally that there are more than two integuments. Lindley. QUAR’TO,n. [L. quartus.] A book of the size of the fourth of a sheet; a size made by twice folding a sheet, which then makes four leaves. QUAR/TO, a. Denoting the size of a book, in which a sheet makes four leaves. QUAR’'TOZE, n. A name given tothe four aces in the game of piquet. Hoyle. QUARTZ, n. [G. quariz.] Pure silex, occurring in pellucid, glassy crystals, having the form of a six-sided prism, terminated at each end by a pyramid; and also in masses of vari- ous colors, more or less transparent to opaque. ose quartz, is a rose-colored variety ; amethyst, a violet; smoky quartz,a smoky-brown ; chalcedony, an uncrys- tallized variety, nearly white, and waxy in luster ; carnelian, a red or flesh-colored chalcedony ; agate, a chalcedony in parallel or concentric layers of dif- ferent colors ; flint, a brown or black variety ; jasper, an opaque, red, yellow, or brown quartz, colored by iron or ferruginous clay. Quartz is an essential constituent of granite, and abounds in rocks of all ages. Dana. QUARTZ-IF’ER-OUS, a. [quartz and L. fero.] Consisting chiefly of quartz. Dana. QUARTZ'ITE, n. Granular quartz. Dana. QUARTZ‘OSE,) a. Containing quartz; partaking QUARTZ’Y, of the nature or qualities of quartz ; resembling quartz. QUAS, n. Athin, sour beer, much used by the QUASS, Russians, made by pouring warm water on rye or barley meal. Tooke. QUASH, 2. t. fees cwysan; D. kwetsen; G. quetschen ; Fr. casser; It. squassare; WL. quasso, quatio. Class Gs, No. 17, 28, 60, 68, and Class Gd, No. 38, 76. See SQuEeze.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE. BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — In botany, the fourth integument of 898QUA QUE QUE crush. The whales Against sharp rocks, like reeling vessels quashed, Waller. 2. To crush; to subdue; as, to quash a rebellion. Addison. 3. In Jaw, to abate, annul, overthrow, or make void; as, to guash an indictment. He prays judg- ment of the writ, or declaration, that the same may be quashed, Blackstone. QUASH, v.z% Tobe shaken witha noise. Sharp. QUASH, nxn. A species of cucurbita, more commonly and more properly called SquasH; so called, proba- bly, from its softness. [See the verb.] QUASH’ED, (kwosht,) pp. Crushed ; abated. QUASH/ING, ppr. Crushing ; subduing ; abating. QUA’SI; asif. This Latin word is sometimes used before English words to express resemblance ; as, a quasi-contract, an implied contract ; a guasi-corpora- tion, a body that is partly a corporation ; a quasi-argu- ment, that which resembles or is used as an argu- ment. QUAS-LMO'DO, x. first Sunday after Easter. QUAS-SA/TION, n. [L. quassatio.] The act of shaking; concussion; the state of be- ing shaken. Gayton. QUAS'SIA, (kwoash’ya,)n. [from the name of a negro Quassi, or Quash, who prescribed this article as a specific. ] subdued ; Among Roman Catholics, the Brande. prising but one species, viz., Quassia amara, (Lin- neus.) Once it was much employed as a bitter tonic medicine, but the supply not equaling the demand, tuted, under the same name, and is the article which is now incorrectly called Quassia, in the shops. Both plants belong to the natural order Simarubac- ce, Quassia amara being a native of Surinam, Guiana, Colombia, and Panama, while Picrena excelsa is a native of Jamaica. The wood and bark, both of the root and top, of both these articles, are the parts employed in medicine. QUAS/SINE, } 7. A name given by Wiggers to the QUAS/SITE, bitter principle of Picrena excelsa, (Lindley.) This substance, by the aid of water, crystallizes in very small white prisms. Its taste is infensely bitter, but it is destitute of smell. It is not changed by exposure to the atmosphere. It is scarcely soluble in common ether, slightly soluble in water, and more soluble in alcohol. When heated, it melts like a resin, and, on cooling, it forms a brit- tle, translucent, yellowish mass. It is composed of hydrogen 6 eq., carbon 10 eq., and oxygen 3 eq. ; from which it is probable that it will yet prove to be either a basic oxyd of a compound radical of H. C. or an acid. QUAT,n. A pustule or pimple. Hence, an irritable erson. [Vot used. ] Shak. QUA/TER-COUS'INS, (ka/ter-kuz/nz,) n. pl. ([L. quatuor, four, and geusur | Those within the first four degrees of kindred. Skinner. QUA-TER/NA-RY, n. [L. quaternarius, from quatuor.] The number four. Boyle. QUA-TER/NA-RY, a. Consisting of four; by fours. Gregory. 2. In geology, a term applied to strata supposed to be more ancient than the upper tertiary. Dana. QUA-TER/NLON, 2. quaternio, from guatuor, four. J. 'The number four. 2, A file of four soldiers. Acts xii. QUA-TER’NI-ON, v. t. To divide into files or com- JMilton. [Supra.] The number four. rown. QUA-TER-NOX/A-LATE, n. A combination of one equivalent of oxalic acid with four equivalents of a base. QUA/TER-ON, See Quaproon. QUAT’RAIN, n. [Fr., from quatre, L. quatuor, four. } A stanza of four lines rhyming alternately. QUAVE, for Quaver, is not used. [ Dryden. QUAVE'MIRE, for Quaemire, is not used. QUA‘VER, v. i. [W. cwibiaw, to quaver, to trill; Sp. quiebro, 4 musical shake or trill; qutebra, a break, fracture, failure. It coincides in elements with quib- ble, quiver, whiffle, wabble. The primary sense is to move ; hence to break, applied to motion and sound. See Quiver and VrBRaTE.] 1. To shake the voice; to utter or form sound with rapid vibrations, as in singing; to sing with tremulous modulations of voice. Bacon. 2. To produce a shake on a musical instrument. 3, To tremble ; to vibrate. [ Smart. The finger — moved with a guavering motion. QUA'VER, 2. A shake or rapid vibration of the voice, or a shake on an instrument of music. Addison. ©, A note and measure of time in music, equal to JWMilton. panies. QUA-TER/NLTY, n. Newton, 1. Properly, to beat down, or beat in pieces; to | QUA’ VER-ED, pp. or a. QUA!VER-ER, x. QUA!/VER-ING, ppr. or a. QUA/VER-ING, zn. of making rapid vibrations of sound on an instru- QUELL/ING, ppr. - : QUAY, (ké,) x. QUAY, (ké,) v t. QUAY/AGE, (ké/aje,) n. QUEACH, xn. QUEACH, ». i. QuICcK. QUEACH’Y, a. [from queach.] Shaking; moving, The name of a genus of plants, at present com-) QUEAN, (kween,) n. the Picrena excelsa (Lindley) was gradually substi- | QUEA/SI-NESS, n. Distributed into quavers. Harmar. A warbler. Shaking the voice, or the sound of an instrument; trembling ; vibrating. The act of shaking the voice, or Q ment of music. [Fr. quai; D. kaai; Arm. gae; Ir. A mole or bank formed toward the sea, or on the loading vessels. Gwilt. To furnish with quays. J. Barlow. Smart. { Obs.] Chapman. [Obs.] [See Wharfage. A thick, bushy plot. To stir; to move. yielding, or trembling under the feet, as moist or boggy ground. The gueachy fens. Godwin’s gueachy sands, [This word is still in use in New England, and if the word is from the root of quick, we recognize the application of it in QuicKsAaND.] 2. Thick; bushy. [JVot in use.] Cockeram. Sax. cwen, oF cwen, a Woman. Drayton. Drayton. See QUEEN. ] A worthless woman ; aslut; astrumpet. [JVot in common use. | Dryden. Swift. {from gueasy.] Nausea; qualm- ishness; inclination to vomit. QUEA/SY, (kwé’ze,) a. [Allied, perhaps, to the W. da, to vomit. Class Gs, No. 19, and Class Gd, No. o4. I. Sick at the stomach; affected with nausea; in- clined to vomit. Shak. 2, Fastidious ; squeamish ; delicate. Shak. Dryden. 3. Causing nausea; as, a queasy question. Shak. QUECK, v. i. [G. quackeln, to quake, to be unsettled, to flinch. ] To shrink ; to flinch. [Obs.] Bacon. QUEEN, n. (Sax. cwen, or cwen, Goth. queins, quens, Dan. qvinde, Sw. qvinna, a woman ; Sans. kanya. Qu, Ir. coinne, and Gr. yvvn.] 1. The consort ofa king; a queen consort. 2, A woman who is the sovereign of a kingdom ; a queen regnant, sometimes called queen regent; as, Elizabeth, queen of England; Mary, queen of Scot- land. . 3. The sovereign of a swarm of bees, or the fe- male of the hive. A hive of bees can not subsist without a queen. Queen of May; May-queen, which see. Queen of the meadows; Imeadow-sweet ; a plant of Encyce. the genus Spirea. Lee. QUEEN, v. i. To play the queen; to act the part or Shak. character of a queen. QUEEN/-AP-PLBE, (-ap/pl,) n. called. Mortimer. QUEEN’-DOW’A-GER, n. The widow of a king. QUEEN/-GOLD, x. A royal duty or revenue belong- ing to every queen of England during her marriage to the king. A kind of apple, so QUEEN/ING, x. An apple. Mortimer. QUEEN’LIKE, a. Resemblinga queen. Drayton. QUEEN’LY, a. Like a queen; becoming a queen ; suitable to a queen. QUEEN/-MOFH/ER, (-muth/er,) . A queen-dowa- ger who is also mother of the reigning King or queen. QUEEN’-POST, nz. In architecture, an upright post in a roof for suspending the beam, when the principal rafters do not meet in the ridge. Brande. QUEEN’S/-WARE,x. Glazed earthenware of a cream color. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. QUEER, a. [G. quer, cross, oblique, traverse ; quer- kopf, a queer fellow ; querlen, to twirl. The primary sense is, probably, to turn. ] Odd; singular; hence, whimsical. Spectator. QUEER/ISH, a. Rather queer ; somewhat singular, QUEER/LY, adv. In an odd or singular manner. QUEER’NESS, n. Oddity ; singularity ; particularity. A familiar, not an elegant, word. QUEEST, n. A ring-dove, a species of pigeon. Chalmers. QUEINT, (kwent,) pret. and pp. of QUENCH. Gower. QUELL, v. ¢ [Sax. cwellan, to kill; Dan. queler, to stifle, suffocate, choke, stop, quell, gall, tease, tor- ment, vex; Sw. quadlja, d. 5 G. qudlen. The primary sense is, to stop, to press or force down, and thus cause action or motion to cease.] 1. To crush; to subdue ; to cause to cease ; as, to quell an insurrection or sedition. 2, To quiet; to allay ; to reduce to peace; as, to half a crotchet, or the eiglith of a semibreve. quell the tumult of the soul, QUELL, v.%. To die ; to abate. QUELL, x. QUELL’ED, pp. Crushed ; subdued ; quieted. side of a river, for the purpose of loading and un-| qyENGH, »v. t. ~ Ge QUENCH, »v. i. QUENCH/A-BLE, a. QUENCH/ED, (kwencht,) pp. QUENCH/ER, n. QUENCHI/ING, ppr. QUENCH!LESS, a. QUENCH’LESS-LY, adv. QUENCH’LESS-NESS, z. QUER’CIT-RIN, zn. dy, (Luihuy Yorn. huwedzih ; - chudy, (Lhuyd,) Corn. huedzha, Arm. chueda, or hu QUER/CIT-RON, n. [L. quereus, an oak, and citrina, 3. To subdue ; to reduce. This quelled her pride. Dryden. Spenser Murder. ([JVot in use.] UELL/ER, n. One that crushes or subdues. Shak. Crushing ; subduing; reducing to peace. QUELQUE'-CHOSE, (kek’shoz,) n. [Fr., some- ceigh. If this word is radically the same as key, the | “4p; ruse is, that which fastens or secures. Class Cg or AAG - a kickshaw Donne. * ra e : ] QUEMB, v. t. Sax. cweman. | Obs.] Spenser. (Sax. cwencan.] 1. To extinguish ; to put out; as, to quench flame. 2. To still; to quiet; to repress; as, to quench a passion or emotion. Shak. 3. To allay or extinguish ; as, to quench thirst. 4. To destroy. Davies. 5. To check; to stifle; as, to quench the Spirit. 1 Thess. V- To please. To cool; to become cool. Dost thou think, in time She will not quench? [INot in use.] Shak, That may be quenched or ex- tinguished. herwood. Extinguished; al- layed ; repressed. He or that which extinguishes. Extinguishing ; quieting; sti- fling ; repressing. That can not be quenched or re- pressed ; inextinguishable ; as, quenchless fire or fury. <> Shak. Crashaw. In a quenchless manner. State of being quenchless. The coloring principle of quer- citron bark. Ure. lemon-colored, a name imposed by Dr. Edward Ban- croft 1. The Quercus tinctoria, black oak, or dyer’s oak, which grows from Canada to Georgia, and west to the Mississippi. It frequently attains the hight of 70 or 80 feet, and is one of the largest trees of the American forest. 9. The bark of Quercus tinctoria, a valuable article in dyeing and calico-printing, first brought before the public by Dr. Bancroft. Although this oak affords a yellow color, yet it is not the yellow oak, that name being commonly applied to Quercus castanea. QUER'ELE, x. [L. querela; Fr. querelle.] A complaint to a court. [JVot in use.] [See Aupi- TA QUERELA.] Ayliffe. QUE/RENT, x. [L. querens, queror, to complain.] The complainant; the pk@ntiff. [JVot i use.] QUE/RENT, x. [L. querens, quero, to inquire. ] 1. An inquirer. [Not much used. ] Aubrey. 2. A complainant or plaintiff in a court of law. smart, [L. querimonia, complaint, QUER-I-MO’NLOUS, a. from queror.] Complaining ; querulous ; apt to complain. QUER-L-MO/NI-OUS-LY, adv. With complaint ; querulously. QUER-I-M6/NLOUS-NESS, 2. plain ; a complaining temper. QUE/RIST, x. [from L. quero, to inquire.] Disposition to com- One who inquires or asks questions. Swift. QUERK. See Quirk. QUERK/EN-ED, a. Choked. [lllegitimate and obso- lete. | QUERL, v. t. [G. querlen.] To twirl; to turn or wind round; to coil ; as, to querl a cord, thread, or rope. [This is a legitimate English word, in common use im New England, It may be a dialectical variation of whirl, Dan. hvirvler, and twirl. ] QUERN, n. kweern; Dan. quern; Sw. gvarn. quick motion, a whirl.] A hand-mill for grinding grain; a mill, the stone of which was turned by hand, used before the in- vention of windmills and watermills. ak. QUER’PO, n. [Sp. cuerpo, the body, L. corpus j Sp. en cuerpo de camisa, half dressed, having on a shirt only. ] A waistcoat or garment close to the body. Hence, is Hudibras. (Sax. cwoyrn, cweorn; Goth. quairn; D. Qu. W. cwyrn, a to be in guerpo, is to be defenseless. QUER/QUE-DULE, x. [L. querquedula.] An aquatic fowl, a species of teal. Encyce. QUER/RY, n. A groom, [See Equrrry.] QUER/U-LOUS, a. [L. querulus, from queror, to com- plain. See QuarreEL.] os, : 1. Complaining, or habitually complaining; dis- posed to murmur; as, a querulous Man OF people. Hooker. 9. Expressing complaint; as, a querulous tone of voice. i QUER/U-LOUS-LY, adv. In a complaining manner. Young QUER’'U-LOUS-NESS, n. Disposition to complain, or the habit or practice of murmuring. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/'GER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; cH as SH; FH as in THIS. 3899 k x a es een at be Te oe (aiearies ee ~~ Ne ed Led & , ¥ {3 rf P Ee ¢- ee: A i® ie f ¥ Hee | ee S , we kN Ba Ree oe $ i QUE QUE'RY, x. [from L. quere, imperative of quaro ; perhaps Ch. and Heb. \pn, to seek, to search, to in- quire ; p>, id.; Ar. §55 karau, to follow, to seek. Class Gr, No. 51,53, 55. The sense is, to press on, to follow,tourge.]) : A question ; an inguiry to be answered or resolved. I will conclude by proposing some queries. Newton. ~QUE/RY, v.i. To ask a question or questions. Three Cambndge sophs, Each prompt to query, answer, and debate. Pope. QUERY, v. t. To seek; to inquire; as, query the sum or amount ; query the motive or the fact. 2. To examine by questions. Gayton. 3. To doubt of. QUEST, n. [Fr. quéte, for queste; L. quero, questus. As the letter r is rarely changed into s, perhaps the L. quesivi, questus, may be from the root of queso, W. ceisiaw, to seek, to endeavor, cats, effort. See Class Gs, No. 35.] __ 1. The act of seeking; search; as, to rove in quest of game; to go in quest of a lost child, in quest of property, &c. Milton. Addison. 2. Inquest; ajury. [Wot used.] Shak, 3. Searchers, collectively. Eva sea Shak. 4. Inquiry ; examination. |JVot used. Shak. 5. Request; desire; solicitation. Gad not abroad at every quest and call Of an untrained hope or passion. Herbert. QUEST, v.z. To goinsearch. [ot used.] QUEST, v. t. To search or seek for. Herbert. 3 QUEST’ANT, x. [Supra.] Aseeker. [Vot wsed.] Shak. QUES’TION, (ques’chun,) 7. [Fr. and Sp. question ; L. questio. See Quest.] 1. The act of asking; an interrogatory ; as, to ex- amine by question and answer. 2. That which is asked; something proposed which is to be solved by answer. What is the question ? 3. Inquiry ; disquisition ; discussion. It is to be put to question, whether it is lawful for Christian princes to make an invasive war, simply for the propagation of the faith. Bacon, 4. Dispute or subject of debate. There arose a question between some of John’s disciples and the Jews, about purifying. — John iii. 5. Doubt; controversy; dispute. true beyond all question. This does not bring their truth in question. Locke, . Trial ; examination ; judicial trial or inquiry. f the hope and resurrection of the dead I am called in question. — ACts Xxiil. xxiv. The story is on - Examination by torture. Blackstone. Ayliffe. . Endeavor ; effort; act of seeking. [Vor in use.] Shak. 9. In logic, a proposition stated by way of inter- rogation. In question ; in debate ; in the course of examination or discussion ; as, the matter or point in question. Leading question; one which is so put as to show the answer which is desired. and thus to lead and prepare the way for its being given, It is not allowed in courts of law to put such questions to a witness under examination. QUES/TION, v.i. To ask a question or questions; to inquire by interrogatory or proposition to be an- swered. He that questioneth much shall learn much. Bacon, 2. To debate by interrogatories. Shak. QUES/TION, v. t. To inquire of by asking ques- tions ; to examine by interrogatories ; as, to question a witness. 2. To doubt of ; to be uncertain of. And most we question what we most desire. Prior. 3. To have no confidence in; to treat as doubtful. If a man is frustrated in his designs, his prudence is uestioned. QUES’/TION-A-BLE, a. That may be questioned ; doubtful; uncertain; disputable. The deed is of questionable authority. It is questionable whether Galen ever saw the dissection of a human body. Baker. Ont 2. Suspicious ; liable to be doubted or disputed; liable to suspicion. His veracity is questionable. Thou com’st in such a questionable shape, 4 That I will speak to thee. Shak, QUES’TION-A-BLE-NESS, n, The quality or state of being doubtful, questionable, or suspicious, QUES/TION-A-BLY, adv. Doubtfully. QUES/TION-A-RY, a. Inquiring ; asking questions ; as, questionary epistles. Pope. QUES/TION-ED, pp. questions. 2, Loubted; disputed. QUES/TION-ER, x. One that asks questions; an inquirer. QUES/TION-ING, ppr. - op Interrogated; examined by Interrogating; calling in question ; doubting. 900 QUES/TION-IST, nm. A questioner; an inquirer, Hall. 2. In the English universities, a name given to those who are in the last term of their college course, aud are scon to be examined for honors or degrees. C. A. Bristed. QUES’TION-LESS, adv. Beyond a question or doubt ; doubtless; certainly. Ralegh. South, QUEST/MAN, 7. One legaliy ethpowered to make quest of certain matters ; especially, a church-war- den’s assistant. Blount, QUEST/MON’GER, (kwest/mung-ger,) » An in- forming officer, or grand juror. [ot used.] Bacon. QUES'/TOR, zn. [L. quastor. See Quest and Quz- Yin In Roman antiquity, an officer who had the manage- ment of the public treasure; the receiver of taxes, tribute, &c. At an early period, there were also public accusers styled guestors, but the office was soon abolisbed. Smiti’s Dict. QUES/TOR-SHIP, 2. The office of a questor or Ro- man treasurer. 2. The term of a questor’s office. QUEST’RIST, x. A seeker; a pursuer. [JWVotin use. ] Shak. QUES/1T'U-A-RY, a. Studious of profit. Brown. QUES/TU-A-RY, 7. One employed to collect profits. Taylor. QUEUE, (ki.) See Cur. QUIB, x. [W. cwip, a flirt, a quirk, or gwid, a quick course or Lurn ; cwipiaw, to move quickly, to whip; as we Say, he whipped round the corner. ] A sarcasm; a bitter taunt; a quip; a gibe. QUIB’BLE, (kwib/bl,) x. It seems to be from the root of quib, supra, W. cwipiaw, to turn or move rap- idly, or gwibiaw, to wander. See WasBLe.] 1. A start or turn from the point in question, or from plain truth; an evasion; a cavil; a pretense; as, to answer a sound argument by quibbles. Quirks and quibbles have no place in the search after truth. Watts, 2. A pun; alow conceit. Addison. QUIB’/BLE, v.2. To evade the point in question, or plain truth, by artifice, play upon words, caviling, or any conceit ; to trifle in argument or discourse. DL’ Estrange. 2. To pun. QUIB’/BLER, n. One who evades plain truth by trifling artifices, play upon words, or cavils. 2, A punster, QUIB'BLING, ppr. or a. Evading the truth by artifice or play upon words ; punning. QUIB’/BLING-LY, adv. Triflimely ; evasively. QUICK, v.i. [Sax. cwic, alive ; cwiccian, to vivify.] To stir; tomove. [Vot in use.] Spenser. QUICK, a@ [Sax. cwic, living, alive; D. kwik; G. quick; Dan. qvik; Sw. qvick. Qu. W. cig, Arm. gicg, flesh. If q isa dialectical prefix, as I suppose, this word coincides with the L. vigeo, vegeo, and viz, veg, radical, coincide with wag. Now the Dutch call a wagtail kwikstaart.] 1. Primarily, alive; living; opposed to Dreap or UNANIMATED 5 as, quick flesh. Lev. xiii. The Lord Jesus Christ, who shall judge the quick and the dead. —2 Tim. iv. [In this sense, the word is obsolete, except in some compounds, or in particular phrases. ] 2. Swift; hasty; done with celerity; as, quick dispatch. 3. Speedy ; done or occurring in a short time; as, a quick return of profits. Oft he to her his charge of quick return Repeated. Milton. 4, Active; brisk; nimble; prompt; ready. He is remarkably quick in his motions. He is a man of quick parts. 5. Moving with rapidity or celerity ; as, quick time in music. Quick with child; pregnant with a living child. Blackstone. QUICK, adv. Nimbly ; with celerity ; rapidly ; with haste ; speedily ; without delay; as, run quick; be quick, If we consider how very quick the actions of the mind are per- formed. Locke. 2. Soon; in a short time; without delay. Go, and return quick. QUICK, xn. [Sw. qviga, a heifer; Dan. qveg, cattle ; that is, living.] I. A living animal. [ Obs.] Spenser. 2. The living flesh ; sensible parts; as, penetrating to the quick ; stung to the quick; cut to the quick. Bacon. Dryden. 3. A living plant; applied particularly to the haw- thorn ; as, a ditch or bank set with quick. Mortimer. QUICK, v.t. [Sax. cwiccian.] To revive ; to make alive. [Obs.] QUIOK, v. i, To become alive. [ Obs.] QUICK’-BEAM, ‘ QUICK’/EN-TREB, et ee tree, the wild sorb. _The Pyrus or Sorbus aucuparia, a species of ser- Vice-tree, sometimes also called RoAN-TREE, and Chaucer. Chaucer. QUI Fow1-rean, because the apples dre used as a bait for birds. QUICK’EN, (kwik/n;) v. t. [Sax. cwiccian; Dan. queger.| 1. Primarily, to make alive ; to vivify ; to revive or resuscitate, as from death, or an inanimate state. Rom. iV. Hence flocks and herds, and men and bensts and fowls With breath are quickened, and attract their senls. Dryden. 2. To make alive, in a spiritual sense ; to commu- nicate a principle of grace to, You hath he guicxened, who were dead in treeposses and eins. — Eph. ii. J. To hasten; to accelerate; as, to quicken motion, speed, or flight. 4, To sharpen; to give keener perception to; to stimulate; to Incite; as, to quicken the appetite or taste ; to qicken desires. South. Tatler. 5. To revive; to cheer; to reinvigorate; to re- fresh by new supplies of comfort or grace. Fs CXxix,. QUICK’EN, v.z To become alive. The heart is the first part that quickens, and the last that dies. Ray, 2. To move with rapidity or activity. And keener lightning guickens in her eye. Pope. QUICK’EN-ED, (kwik’nd,) pp. ora. Made alive ; re- vived ; vivified; reinvigorated. 2, Accelerated ; hastened. 3. Stimulated ; incited. QUICK’EN-ER, n. One who revives, vivifies, or communicates life. 2. That which reinvigorates, 3. That whick accelerates motion or increases ac tivity. Wore. QUICK’EN-ING, ppr. Giving life; accelerating; in citing. QUICK’EN-ING, a. Giving new life and vigor; an imating ; as, the quickening influences of the spirit, QUICK!-EY-ED, (kwik/ide,) a. Having acute sight; of keen and ready perception. QUICK’-GRASS. See QuitcH-Garass. QUICK’LIME, n. [See Lime.] The protoxyd of calcium. Any carbonate of lime, deprived of its car- bonic acid, becomes quicklime, as chalk, limestone, oyster-shells, &c. These calcareous stones and shells are reduced to quicklime by being subjected for a considerable time to intense heat, which expels the carbonic acid, the aqueous and the animal matter. QUICK’LY, adv. Speedily ; with haste or celerity. 2. Soon; without delay. QUICK’-MATCH, n. [See Marcu.] A combustible preparation formed of cotton strands dipped in a boiling composition of white vinegar, saltpeter, and mealed gunpowder, used by artillerymen. Hebert. QUICK’NESS, n. Speed; velocity; celerity ; rapid- ity ; as, the quickness of motion. 2. Activity ; briskness ; promptness ; as, the quick- ness of the imagination or wit. Wotton. Dryden. 3. Acuteness of perception; keen sensibility ; as, quickness of sensation. Locke. 4. Sharpness ; pungency. Mortimer. QUICK’SAND, zn. Sand easily moved or readily yielding to pressure; loose sand abounding with water. Dryden. 2. Unsolid ground. Addison. QUICK’SCENT-ED, a. Having an acute perception by the nose ; of an acute smell. QUICK’SET, 7. A living plant set to grow, particu- larly for a hedge ; applied especially to the hawthorn, Evelyn. QUICK’SET, v. t. To plant with living shrubs or trees for a hedge or fence ; as, to quickset a ditch. JMortimer. QUICK’SET-ED, pp. Planted with living shrubs. QUICK’SIGHT’ED, (-sit/-,) a. Having quick sight or acute discernment ; quick to see or discern. Locke. QUICK’SIGHT’ED-NESS, (-sit/ed-ness,) n. Quick- ness of sight or discernment; readiness to see or discern. Locke. QUICK’SIL-VER, n. [That is, living silver, argentum vivum, so called from its fluidity. } Mercury, a metal found both native and in the state of ore in mines, in various parts of the world, and so remarkably fusible as to be congealable only with the intense cold indicated by 39° or 40° below zero, on Fahrenheit’s thermometer. It is the heavi- est of the metals, next to platinum, gold, and tung- sten. It is used in various arts and in medicine. QUICK’SIL-VER-ED, a. Overlaid with quicksilver. ‘ Vewton. QUICK’-WIT-TED, a, Having ready wit. Shak. QUICK!’-WIT-TED-NESS, n. Readiness of wit. QUID, n. A vulgar pronunciation of Cup ; as, a quid of tobacco. Halliwell. QUI'DAM, [l.] Somebody; one unknown. [.Vot mm Use. Spenser. } QUID/DA-NY,n. [G. quitte, a quince ; L. cident | Marmalade; a confection of quinces prepare with sugar. QUID’DA-TIVE, a. Constituting the essence of a thing. Encye. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—QUI QUI QUI QUID/DIT, 2» [. A subtilty 5 an equivocation. QUID/DI-TY, x. [L. quid, what. 1. A barbarous term used in school philosophy for essence, that unknown and undefinable something which constitutes its peculiar nature, or answers the question, Quid est? The essence of a thing consti- tutes it tale quid, such a thing as it is, and not another. Encyc. 9, A trifling nicety ; a cavil; a captious question. Camden. QUID/DLE, (kwid/dl,) v. 7 [L. quid, what.] To spend or waste time in trifling employments, or to attend to useful subjects in a trifling, superficial manner. QUID/DLER, x. quidlibet, or Fr. que dit.] [Wot in use.] Shak. One who spends time in trifling niceties, QUID/DLING, ppr. Spending time in trifling em- ployments. QUID/DLING, x. The spending of time in trifling employments. QUID/NUNE€, n. [L., what now.] One who is curi- ous to Know ¢yery thing that passes; one who knows, or pretends to know, i} occurrences. Tatler. QUID PRO QUO, [L.] In law, an equivalent ; something given or done for another thing; mutual consideration and performance. QUI-ESCE’, (kwi-ess',) v. i. [L. quiesco.] To be silent, as a lettér; to have no sound. JM. Stuart. QUI-ES'CENCE, )n. [L. quiescens, quiesco. See QUI-ES/CEN-CY, Quiet. | 1. Rest ; repose; state of a thing without motion. Glanville. 2. Rest of the mind; a state of the mind free from agitation or emotion. 3. Silence; the having no sound; as of a letter. QUI-BS’/CENT, a. [L. quiescens.] 1. Resting; being in a state of repose ; still; not moving; as, a quiescent body or fluid. Newton. 2. Not ruffled with passion; unagitated; as the mind. 3. Silent; not sounded ; having no sound; as, a quiescent letter. Sow, mow, with w quiescent; say, day, with y quiescent. JM. Stuart. Heb. Gram. QUI-ES'/CENT;, x. A silent letter. MM. Stuart. QULES/CENT-LY, adv. Ina calm or quiescent man- ner. QUVV/ET, (kwi/et,) a. [Fr. quiet, L. quietus, It. quieto, quiet ; quietare, to pacify, and quetare, to quiet, and to acquit, to quit ; Sp. quicto, quiet ; quictar, to appease ; quedo, quiet, and quedar, to stop, to leave, to quit; Port. quicto, quiet; queda, a fall, declivity; quedo, quiet. Quiet and quit seem to belong to one radix. ] 1. Still; being in a state of rest; not moving. Judges xvi. 2, Still; free from alarm or disturbance ; unmo- lested ; as, a quiet life. Shak. In his days the land was guiet ten years. — 2 Chron. xiv. 3. Peaceable ; not turbulent ; not giving offense ; not exciting controversy, disorder, or trouble; mild ; meek; contented. Bberexnament of a meek and quiet spirit.—1 Pet. iii. 1 Thess. v. 4. Calm; not agitated by wind; as, a quict sea or atmosphere. 5. Smooth; unruffled. Shak. 6. Undisturbed ; unmolested ; as, the quiet posses- sion or enjoyment of an estate. Blackstone. 7. Not crying; not restless; as, a quiet child. QUIET, x. [L. quies.] 1. Rest; repose; Stillness; the state of a thing not in motion. 9. Tranquillity ; freedom from disturbance or alarm ; civil or political repose. Our country enjoys quiet. 3. Peace; security. Judg. Xvili. QUIET, v.t. To stop motion; to still; to reduce toa state of rest; as, to quiet corporeal motion. Locke. 2. To calm; to appease; to pacify; to lull; to tranquilize ; as, to quiet the soul when agitated ; to quiet the passions ; to quict the clamors of a nation ; to quiet the disorders of a city or town. 3. To allay; to suppress ; as, to qutet pain or grief. QUIET-ED, pp. Made stil]; calmed ; pacified. QUIT'ET-ER, n. The person or thing that quiets. QUYET-ING, ppr. ora, Reducing to rest or stillness ; appeasing ; tranquilizing. QUIET-ISM, n. Peace or tranquillity of mind ; apa- thy ; dispassion ; indisturbance; inaction. In his- tory, Quietism is the system of the Quietists, who maintained that religion consists in the internal rest or recollection of the mind, employed in contem- plating God and submitting to his will. QUYET-IST, n. One ofa sect of mystics, originated by Molino, a Spanish priest, who maintained the principles of Quietism. Encyc. QUT-ET-IST’I€, a. Pertaining to a Quietist, or to Quietism. QUI/ET-LY, adv. Ina quiet state ; without motion ; in a state of rest; as, to lie or sit quietly. 95. Without tumult, alarm, dispute, or disturbance ; 3. Calinly ; without agitation or violent emotion ; patiently. Submit quietly to unavoidable evils. QUIET-NESS, x. . t. e cme claim by > Me growth, or [Properly guick-grass, probably the difficulty of eradi- uch-grass ; a species of grass which roots deeply and is not easily killed. [quit and claim.] To release a deed without covenants of Warranty ; to convey to another, who hath some right in lands or tenements, all one’s right estate, by relinquishing all claim to them. words used in the instrument are, released, and forever quitclaimed, all his right, title, and interest, to a certain estate.” QUIT’ELAIM, n. or implied. QUIT/€LAIM-ED, QUIT’ €LAIM-ING lease. QUITE, adv. clear by complete xXxi. The same actions ms {from quit ; A deed of release; an instrument by which all claims to an estate are relinquished to another without any covenant or Warranty, express pp. > ppr. ay be guile contrary principles. 2. To a great extent or decree: 5 d young. England. | QUIT’RENT, n. [L. quietus reditus. in grants of land, by the payment quieted or quit from all other A rent reserved of which the tena service. QUITS. . * = >, . {Common in America, and not unfrequent in nt is To be quits, is said of Released by deed. Conveying by deed of re- that is, primarily, free or performance. | wholly ; entirely; totally ; perfectly. not quite done ; the object is quite accomplished. He hath sold us and quite devoured also our money. — Gen. aimed at different ends, and arise from , title, and interest, in the The ** A hath remised, Blackstone. Z. Swift, Completely ; The work is Spectator, very; as, quite Blackstone, persons when they Separate on equal terms, each having given the other his due, QUIT’TA-BLE, a. (Rare: ; QUIT'TAL, n. QUIT’TANCE, n. obligation ; an , SO that they are quit the one of the other, Hence, in such a case, the exclamation, Quits / That may be quitted or vacated. Return ; repayment. [Fr.] which is chiefly used.] 2, Recompense ; QUIT’/TANCE, v. t. QUIT’TED), pp. QUIT’TER, N 2. A deliverer. 3. Scoria of tin. QUIT’TER, nN. the hair and ho horse’s foot, return To repay. Left; relinquished ; acquitted. One who quits. [Vot in use.] In farriery, an ulcer formed between of, usually on the inside quarter of a Discharge from a debt or acquittance, : 3 repayment. Ma rkla nd. Shak. [See AcaquittTa NCE, Shak, Shak. [Not in use.] Shak. thrown in trials of Strength. Dryden. : QUOIT,v.i. To throw quoits; to play at quoits. ryden. Ainsworth. QUOIT, v. t% To throw. [Vot used.] Shak. Ainsworth, QUOLL, 7. jarafa, to sweep ) GS) away ; Pers. wy) roftan, id.] To sweep; to snatch, draw, or huddle together; to take by a promiscuous sweep. [Qbs.] Their causes and effects I thus raf up together, Carew. RAFF, n, The sweepings of society; the rabble; the mob, [colluvies.] ‘This is used chiefly in the com- RAG -vU? pound or duplicate, vifraf. [Pers. KAS quisquilie, sweepings. ] 2. A promiscuous heap or collection ; a jumble. Barrow. RAFFLE, (raf’fl,) v. 2. [Fr. rafler, to sweep away, to sweep Stakes; D. ryfelen; Sp. rifar, to raffle, and to strive, to quarrel, to dispute, and to rive, to split a sail; Port. rifa,a set of cards of the same color, and a raffle or raffling, also a craggy or steep place ; rifar, to neigh, as a mettlesome horse; probably from riving, opening with a burst of sound, or, as we Say, to rip owt (an oath.) The Sp. rifur, to strive, is precisely the Heb. 2)4, to strive; Syr. to make a tu- mult or clamor; all from driving or violence. See O_LUS roftah, L. Class Rb, No. 4, 12, 19, Pers. ya2) roftan, to sweep, to clean the teeth. See Rarr.] To cast dice for a prize, for which each person concerned in the game lays down a stake, or hazards a part of the value; as, to raffle for a watch. RAF’FLE, n. A game of chance, or lottery, in which several persons deposit a part of the value of the thing, in consideration of the chance of gaining it. The successful thrower of the dice takes or sweeps the whole. RAF/FLER, x. One who raffles. RAF’/FLING, ppr. Throwing dice fora prize staked by a number. RAFE/-MER/CHANT, n. Alumber merchant. [Zocal.] RAFT,x. [In Dan. raft is a rack for hay ; in Sax. re- afian is the L. rapio; qu. from floating, sweeping along, or Gr. jawTw, to sew, that is, to fasten to- gether, and allied to reeve; or Gr. evemwm, whence opodn, a flooring. See Rarterand Roor.] An assemblage of boards, planks, or pieces of timber fastened together horizontally and floated down a stream ; a float. Shak. Pope. RAFT, v. t. To carry on or in a raft. RAFT, pp. ([Sax. reafian, to seize, L. rapio; bereafian, to snatch away, to bereave.] Torn ; rent; severed. [Obs.] RAFT’ED, pp. Carried on or in a raft. RAFT’ER, n. (Sax. refter; Gr. spedw, to cover; opodn, aroof; Russ. strop, a roof.] A roof timber; a piece of timber that extends from the plate of a building toward the ridge, and serves to support the covering of the roof. Milton. Pope. 3uilt or furnished with rafters. RAFTING, ppr. Carrying on or in a raft. RAFT/ING, x. The business of floating rafts. RAFTS/MAN, x. A man who manages a raft. RAFT’Y, a. Damp; musty. [Zocal.] Robinson. RAG, n. [Sax. hracod, torn, ragged; racian, to rake; Dan. rager, to rake; rageire, old clothes; Sw. raka, to shave; ragg, rough hair; Gr. faxos, a torn gar- ment, fjaxow, to tear; payas, a rupture, a rock, a crag; payow, to tear asunder; W. rhwyzaw, to rend; Arm. roga,id. The Spanish has the word in the compounds andrajo, a rag, andrajoso, ragged; It. ee Spenser. RAFT’ER-ED, a. * straccio, arent, a rag; stracciare, to tear; Ar. (95 charaka, or garaka, to tear. Class Rg, No. 34.] 1. Any piece of cloth torn from the rest; a tat- tered cloth, torn or worn till its texture is destroyed. Linen and cotton rags are the chief materials of paper. 2. Garments worn out; proverbially, mean dress. Drowsiness shall clothe a man with rags. — Prov. xxiii, And virtue, though in rags, will keep me warm, Dryden. 3. A fragment of dress. Hudibras. RAG, v.t. [Qu. Sax. wregian, to accuse ; or from the root of rage. The sense is, to break or burst forth.] To scold; to rail. [Zocal.] Pegse. i ACH : RAGIALBR ASH: m. An idle, ragged person. RAG-A-MUF’FIN, x. [Qu. vag and Sp. moafar, to mock, or It. mujfo, musty.] A paltry fellow ; a mean wretch. Swift. RAG/-BOLT, nm. An iron pin with barbs on its shank to retain it in its place. Mar. Dict. RAGE, n. ([Fr. rage, whence enrager, to enrage; Corn. arraich; Arm. arragi, arragein, to enrage. This belongs to the family of Rg, to break or burst forth. (See Rac.) Perhaps Heb. Ch. and Syr. pon, to grind or gnash the teeth ; in Ar. to burn, to break, to crack, to grind theteeth, to be angry. The radical sense of burn is in many cases to rage or be violent. Class Rg, No. 34.] : t k 1. Violent anger accompanied with furious words, gestures, or agitation ; anger excited tofury. Passion sometimes rises to rage. Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage. Milian. 2, Vehemence or violent exacerbation of any thing painful; as, the rage of pain ; the rage of a fever; the rage of hunger or thirst. @. Pop 3. Fury ; extreme violence; as of a tempest. RAI 4, Enthusiasm ; rapture. Who brought green Poesy to her And made that art which was a >. Extreme eagerness or passion directed to some object ; as, the rage for money. You purchase pain with all that joy can give, And die of nothing but a rage to Jive. RAGE, v. i. sion. At this he inly raged. 2. To be violent and tumultuous. Why do the heathen 7age ? — Ps. ii. 3. To be violently driven or agitated; as, the raging sea or winds. 4, To ravage ; to prevail without restraint, or with fatal effect ; as the plague ages in Cairo. 5. To be driven with impetuosity ; to act or move furiously. The chariots shall rage in the streets. — Nah. ii. The madding wheels of brazen chariots raged. 6. To toy wantonly; to sport. [Wot in use,] RAGE/FUL, a. RA/GER-Y, 7. RAGG, n. RAG/GED, a. ragged sail. 2. Broken with rough edges ; uneven ; as, a ragged rock. 3. Having the appearance of being broken or torn ; jagged ; rough with sharp or irregular points. The moon appegrs, when looked upon through a good glass, rude and ragge 4. Wearing tattered clothes; as,a ragged fellow. 5. Rough; rugged. What shepherd owns those ragged sheep ? RAG/GED-NESS, 2. tattered clothes. 2. The state of being rough or broken irregularly ; as, the raggedness of a cliff. RAG/ING, ppr. ora. [fromrage.] Acting with violence or fury. 2. Furious; impetuous ; vehemently driven or agitated ; as, the raging sea or tempest. Fury ; violence; impetuosity. Jonah i. With fury ; with violent impet- RAG/ING, n. RAG/ING-LY, adv. uosilty. RAG/MAN, x. A man who collects or deals in rags, the materials of paper. RAG/MAN’S-ROLL, zn. ROLE. | RA-GOUTY’, (ra-goo’,) n. cloves, &c. RAG'STONE, x. To be furious with anger; to be exas- perated to fury ; to be violently agitated with pas- Full of rage; violent; furious. Wantonness. A silicious sandstone. [from rag.] Rent or worn into tatters, or till its texture is broken; as, a ragged coat; a The state of being dressed in The record, contained on rolls of parchment, of those instruments by which the Scottish nobility and gentry subscribed allegiance to Edward I. of England, A. D. 1296. [Fr. ragout; Arm. ragoud.] A sauce or seasoning for exciting a langnid ap- petite ; or a high-seasoned dish, prepared with fish, flesh, greens, and the like, stewed with salt, pepper, A dark-gray silicious sandstone; called also RowLiry Race. RA-GU/LED, , RAG-GU‘LED, ragged staffS in a cross. RAG!-W HEEL, z. {In heraldry, a cross raguled may be best understood by calling it two Bailey. — E. H. Barker.) In machinery, a wheel having a notched or serrated margin. RAG'’WORT, n. RAID, zn. tish. | RAIL, Ne paneling. 3. In a ship, a narrow plank nailed for ornament or security on a ship’s upper works ; also, a curved piece of timber extending from the bows of a ship to the continuation of its stem, to support the knee of the head, &c. RAIL, 2, many species. body, with short, concaye wings. T' genus inhabit the slimy margins of rivers ar.d ponds covered with marsh plants, and also other moist places. RAIL, n. or cover, to rig.] A woman’s upper garment ; retained in the word NicHrraiL, but not used in the United States. To inclose with rails. RAIL, v. ¢. 2. To range in a line. RAIL, v. i. [D. rallen, to jabber; Sp. ralla, to grate, to molest; Port. ralhar, to swagger, to hector, to This corresponds nearly with the G. prahlen, which may be the same word with a prefix, Eng, to brawl, Fr. brailler ; Sw. ralla, to prate ; Fr. huff, to scold. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. A plant of the genus Senecio. A hostile or predatory incursion. [G. riegel, rail, bolt, or bar; W. rhail.] 1. A piece of timber, or of iron, or other metal, extending from one post or support to another, asin fences, balustrades, staircases, &c. 2. The horizontal part in any piece of framing or A bird of the genus Rallus, consisting of The water-rail has a long, slender (Sax. hregle, regle, from wrigan, to put on = Coley. perfect age, Tage. Pope. Milton, Milton. Gower. Sidney. Hammond. [ot used: Chaucer. [See Racstone.] Arbuthnot. urnet. Dryden. all. arclinson. [See Riema- 12 Cute NCYC. Brande. [ Scot- Walter Scott. Brande. Mar. Dict. The birds of this Partington. Spectator. Bacon. Carew. 114 90 2 i Nena a sere fetes Tapas ta} ame Sloe on eee RAI railler, to rally. In Dan. driller signifies to drilJ and to banter. ] To utter reproaches; to scoff; to use insolent and reproachful language ; to reproach or censure in op- probrious terms ; followed by at or against, formerly by on. Shak. And rail at arts he did not understand. Dryden. Lesbia forever on me rails. Swift, RAIL/-FENCE, n. A fence made of wooden rails. A road RAIL/-ROAD,) 7. [rail and road, or way-] RAIL/-WAY, or way on which iron rails are laid for wheels to run on, for the conveyance of heavy loads in vehicles. : [It may be well to confine rail-road to the highway, in which a railway is laid, and to use railway only for the rails when laid. This would bea useful dis- tinction. ] : RAIL/ER, n. One who scoffs, insults, censures, OF reproaches with opprobrious language. South. Thomson. RAIL/ING, ppr. Clamoring with insulting language ; uttering reproachful words. 2, a. Expressing reproach; insulting; as, a rail- ing accusation. 2 Pet. il. RAIL/ING, n. Reproachful or insolent language. 1 Pet. iii. RAIL/ING, ppr. Inclosing with rails. RAIL/ING, nz. A series of rails; a fence. 2, Rails in general; or the materials for rails. RAIL/ING-LY, adv. With scofling or insulting lan- RAIL/LER-Y, (ral/ler-y,) n. [Fr. raillerie.] [guage. Banter; jesting Janguage; good-humored pleas- antry or slight satire ; satirical merriment. Let raillery be without malice or heat. B, Jonson. Studies employed on low objects; the very naming of them is sufficient to turn them into raillery. Addison. RA-IL-LEUR', (ra-il-yur’,) n. [Fr.] A banterer; a jester; amocker. [Not English, nor in use.] Sprat. RAI/MENT, x. [For Anrayment ; Norm. araer, to ar- ray; araies, array, apparel. See Array and Ray.] 1. Clothing in general; vestments ; vesture; gar- ments. Gen. xxiv. Deut. viii. Living, both food and raiment she supplies. Dryden, 2. A single garment. Sidney. [In this sense it is rarely used, and indeed is im- proper. | RAIN, v. i. [Sax. hregnan, regnan, renian, rinan, to rain; Goth. vign, rain; Sax. racu, Cimbric raekia, rain; D. and G, regen, rain; D. regenen, to rain; Sw. reon, rain; regna, torain; Dan. regn, rain; regner, to rain ; G. beregnen, to rainon. It seems that rain is contracted from regen. It is the Gr. Bpexa, to rain, to water, which we retain in brook, and the Latins, by dropping the prefix, in rigo, irrigo, to w- rigate. The primary sense is, to pour out, to drive --- forth, Ar. Sy baraka, coinciding with Heb. Ch. and Syr. 773. Class Brg, No. 3.] J. To fall in drops from the clouds, as water ; used mostly with z fora nominative; as, it rains; it will rain; it rained, or it has rained. 2, To fall or drop like rain ; as, tears rained at their eyes. Milton. RAIN, v.t. To pour or shower down from the upper regions, like rain from the clouds. Then said the Lord to Moses, Behold, I will rain bread from heaven for you. — Ex. xvi. God shal! cast the fury of his wrath upon him, and shall rain it upon him while he is eating, — Job xx. Upon the wicked lie shall rain snares, fire and brimstone, anda horrible teuipest. — Ps, xi RAIN, n. (Sax. regn, regn, ren.] Water falling in drops from the atmosphere ; or the descent of water in drops from the atmosphere. Rain is distinguished from mist by the size of the drops, which are distinctly visible. When water falls in very small drops or particles, we call it mist ; and fog is composed of particles so fine as to be not only indistinguishable, but to float or be suspended in the air. RAIN/BEAT, a. used. Fall, RAIN’/BGOW, n. A bow, or an arch of a circle, con- sisting of all the colors formed by the refraction and reflection of rays of light from ‘drops of rain or va- por, appearing in the part of the hemisphere opposite to the sun. When the sun is at the horizon, the rainbow is a semicircle. The rainbow is called also Ins. Vewton. The moon sometimes forms a bow or arch of light more faint than that formed by the sun, and called lunar rainbow. Similar bows, at sea, are called marine rainbows, or sea-bows. Encyc. RAIN/BOW-ED, a. Formed with a rainbow. RAIN/BOW-TINT-ED, a. Waving tints like those of a rainbow. Mrs. Butler. RAIN/DEER. See RerinpeErr. RAIN’-GAUGE, )n. [rain and gauge.] An instru- RAIN’-GAGE, ment to measure the quantity of rain that falls at any given place. rande, RAIN'I-NESS, zn. [from rainy.] ‘The state of being Beaten or injured by the rain. [Wot RAI RAIN’ING, ppr. Pouring or showering down from the upper regions, as water from the clouds. RAIN/-TIGHT, (-tite,) a. So tight as to exclude rain. RAIN’/-WA-TER, x. Water that has fallen from the clouds. Boyle. RAIN/Y, a. Abounding with rain; wet; showery ; as, rainy Weather ; a rainy day or season. RAIP, x. Arod to measure ground. RAISE, (raze,) v- t. [Goth. raisyan, ur-raisyan, to raise, to rouse, to excite ; ur-reisan, to rise. This word occurs often in the Gothic version of the Gospels, Luke iii. 8, John vi. 40, 44. In Sw. esa signifies to go, walk, or travel, and to raise; Dan. rejser, the same. These verbs appear to be the L. gradior, gres- sus, Without the prefix ; and gradior is the Shemitic MIN, which has a variety of significations, but, in Syriac, to go, to walk, to pass, as in Latin. Whether the Swedish and Danish verbs are from different roots, blended by usage or accident, or whether the different senses have proceeded from one common signification, to move, to open, to stretch, let the reader judge.] 1. To lift ; to take up; to heave ; to lift from a low or reclining posture; as, to raise a stone or weight ; to raise the body in bed. The angel smote Peter on the side and raised him up. — Acts xii. 2. To set upright; as, to ratse a mast. 3. To set up; to erect; to set on its foundations and put together ; as, to raise the frame of a house. 4. To build; as, to raise a city, a fort, a wall, &e. I will raise forts against thee. —Is. xxix. Amos ix. 5. To rebuild. They shall raise up the former desolations. — Is. Ixl. 6. To form to some hight by accumulation ; as, to raise a heap of stones. Josh. viii. 7. To make; to produce ; to amass; as, to raise a great estate out of small profits. 8. To enlarge ; to amplify. Shak. 9. To exalt; to elevate in condition ; as, to raise one from a low estate. 10. To exalt; to advance; to promote in rank or honor; as, to raise one to an office of distinction. This gentleman came to be raised to great titles. Clarendon. 11. To enhance ; to increase; as, to raise the value of coin ; to raise the price of goods. 12. To increase in current value. The plate pieces of eight were razsed three pence in the piece. Temple. 13. To excite ; to put in motion or action; as, to raise a tempest or tumult. He commandeth and raiseth the stormy wind. — Ps. cvii. 14, To excite to sedition, insurrection, war, or tu- mult; tostirup. Acts xxiv. 7&neas then employs his pains In parts remote to raise the Tuscan swains. 15. To rouse ; to awake; to Stir up. They shall not awake, nor bo raised out of their sleep. —Job xiv. 16. To increase in strength ; to excite from languor or weakness. The pulse is ratsed by stimulants, sometimes by venesection 17. To give beginning of importance to ; to elevate into reputation ; as, to raise a family. 18. To bring into being. God vouchsafes to razse another world From him. 19. To bring from a state of death to life. He was delivered for our offenses, and raised again for our jus- tification. — Rom. iv. 1 Cor. xv. Dryden, Milton. 20. To call into view from the state of separate spirits; as, to raise a spirit by spells and incanta- tions. Sandys. 21. To invent and propagate ; to originate ; to oc- casion ; as, to raise a report or story. 22, To set up; to excite; to begin by loud utter- ance ; as, to raise a shout or cry. Driden. 93. To utter loudly ; to begin to sound or clamor. He raised his voice against the measures of adminis- tration. 24. To utter with more strength or elevation ; to swell. Let the speaker raise his voice. 25. To collect; to obtain ; to bring into a sum or fund. Government raises money by taxes, excise, and imposts. Private persons and companies raise money for their enterprises. 26. To levy; to collect; to bring into service ; as, to raise troops; to rdise an army Milton. 27. To give rise to Milton. 28. To cause to grow; to procure to be produced, bred, or propagated ; as, to raise wheat, barley, hops, &c. ; to raise horses, oxen, or sheep. JVew England. [The English now use Grow in regard to crops ; as, to grow wheat. This verb intransitive has never been used in New England in a transitive sense, un- ui] recently some persons have adopted it from the English books. We always use Ratsr; but in New England it is never applied to the breeding of the human race, as it is in the Southern States. In the RAK cattle, but not to raise men ; though we say, to raise _ a sickly child.j . 29, ‘To cause to swell, heave, and become light; as, to raise dough or paste by yeast or leaven. Miss Liddy can dance a jig and raise paste. Spectator. 30. To excite ; to animate with fresh vigor; as, to raise the spirits or courage. 31. To ordain; to appoint; orto call to and pre- pare ; to farnish with gifts and qualifications suited to a purpose ; @ scriptural sense. I will raise them up a prophet from among their brethren. — Deut, xviii. For this cause have I raised thee up, to show in thee my power. — Ex, ix. Judges il. 32. To keep in remembrance. 33. To cause to exist by propagation. 34. To incite; to prompt. Ezrai. 35. To increase in intensity or strength; as, to raise the heat of a furnace, 36. In seamen’s language, to elevate, as an object by a gradual approach to it; to bring to be seen at a greater angle; as, to raise the land ; to raise a point. Totten. To raise a purchase, in seamen’s language, is to dispose instruments or machines in such a manner as to exert any mechanical force required. Mar. Dict. To raise a siege, is to remove a besieging army and relinquish an attempt to take the place by that mode of attack, or to cause the attempt to be relin- quished. RAIS/ED, (razd,) pp. or a. Lifted; elevated; ex- alted ; promoted; set upright; built; made or en- larged ; produced; enhanced; excited; restored to life ; levied; collected; roused ; imvented and prop- agated ; increased. RAIS/ER, n. One who raises ; that which raises; one that builds ; one that levies or collects; one that be- gins, produces, or propagates. Bacon. Taylor. 2. Among joiners, one of the upright boards of the front of the steps of a flight of stairs. Buchanan. RAISIN, (ra‘zn,) n. [Fr. and Ir. id.; Arm. resin, resin; D. rozyn; G. rosine, a raisin, and rosinfarbe, crimson (raisin color ;) Dan. rosin. In Dan. and Sw. rosen signifies the erysipelas. It is evident that the word is from the same root as red and rose, being named from the color. (See Rep and Rose.) This word is in some places pronounced corruptly reezm. The pronunciation of Sheridan, Perry, and Jameson accords with that which prevails in the Eastern States, which is regular, and which I have followed. ] . A dried grape. Grapes are suffered to remain on the Vines till they are perfectly ripe, and then dried in an oven, or by exposure to the heat of the sun. Those dried in the sun are the sweetest. Fill. RAIS/ING, ppr. Lifting ; elevating ; setting upright; exalting; producing ; enhancing; restoring to life; collecting ; levying ; propagating, &c. RAIS/ING,n. The actof lifting, setting up, elevating, exalting, producing, or restoring to life. 2. In New England, the operation or work of set- ting up the frame of a building. alge? n [L. rez, regis.] In India, a native prince or king. P. Cyc. RA’JAH-SHIP, n. The dignity or principality of a Ruth iv. JMait, xxii. rajah. Asiat. Res. RAJ-POOT’, nm. A Hindoo of the military tribe or order. . RAKE, n. [Sax. raca, race; G. rechen; Ir. raca; W. rhacai, rhacan. See the verb.] An instrument consisting of a head-piece in which teeth are inserted, and a long handle at right angles to it; used for collecting hay or other light things which are spread over a large surface, or in gardens for breaking and smoothing the earth. RAKE, n. [Dan. rekel; probably from the root of break. ] A loose, disorderly, vicious man ; a man addicted to lewdness and other scandalous vices, Addison. Pope. RAKE, n. [Sax. racan, to reach.] 1. The projection of the upper parts of a ship, at the hight of the stem and stern, beyond the extrem- ities of the keel. The distance between a perpen- dicular line from the extremity of stem or stern to the end of the keel, is the length of the rake; one the fore-rake, the other the rale-aft. 2. The inclination of a mast from a perpendicular direction. Mar. Dict. 3. The forward inclination of a mill-saw. RAKE, v.t. [Sax. racian; Sw. raka; Dan. rager, to shave, to rake; Corn. rackan; W. rhacanu; Ir. racam; G. rechen; Fr. racler; Arm. racla, The D. hark, harken, is our harrow, but of the same family, the great family of break, crack, L. frico. Class Rg, No. 34, 38, 47.] 1. Properly, to scrape; to rub or scratch with something rough; as, to rake the ground. 2. To gather with a rake; as, to rake hay or bar- ey. 3. To clear with a rake ; to smooth with a rake ; rainy. north, we say, to raise wheat, and to raise horses or as, to rake a bed in a garden ; to rake land. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — t-- —— 906RAM 4, To collect or draw together something scat- teréd ; to gather by violence; as, to rake together wealth ; to rake together slanderous tales; to rake together the rabble of a town. 0. To scour; to search with eagerness all corners of a place. The statesman rakes the town to find a plot. Swift _ 6. In the military art, to enfilade ; to fire in a direc- tion with the length of any thing; particularly, in naval engagements, to rake is to cannonade a ship on the stern or head, so that the balls range the whole length of the deck. Hence the phrase, to vakeaship fore and aft. To rake up, applied to fire, is to cover the fire with ashes. RAKE, v. % To scrape; to stratch into for finding something; to search minutely and meanly ; as, to rake into a dungnhiil. South. 9. To search with minute inspection into every patt. One is for raking in Chaucer for antiquated words. Dryden. 3. To pass with violence or rapidity. Pas could not stay, but over him did rake. Sidney. 4. To seek by raking; as, to rake for oysters. 5. To lead a dissolute, debauched life. Shenstone. 6. To incline frorn a perpendicular direction ; as, a mast rakes aft. RAK/ED, (rakt,) pp. Scraped ; gathered with arake ; cleaned with a rake; cannonaded fore and aft, RAKE/HELL, n. [Dan. rekel; now contracted into rake; properly rakel.] A lewd, dissolute fellow ; a debauchee ; a rake. RAKE!/HEL-LY, a. Dissolute; wild. B. Jonson. RAK/ER, n. One that rakes. RAKE/SHAME, 7. A vile, dissolute wretch. Wilton. RAKI/ING, ppr. Scraping; gathering with a rake; cleaning and smoothing with a rake; cannonading in the direction of the length; inclining. And raking chase-guns through our sterns they send. Dryden. 2. a. That rakes; as, a raking fire or shot. RAK/ING, x. The act of using a rake; the act or op- eration of collecting with a rake, or of cleaning and smoothing with a rake. 2. The space of ground raked at once; or the quantity of hay, &c., collected by once passing the rake. 3. The course of life of a rake or debauchee. RAK/ISH, a. Given to a dissolute life; lewd; de- bauched. Richardson. 2. In vessels, having a great rake, or backward in- clination of the masts. RAK/ISH-LY, adv. In a rakish manner. RAK/ISH-NESS, z. Dissolute practices. RAL/LI-ANCE, zn. Act of rallying. RAL/LI-ED, pp. Reunited and reduced to order, 2. Treated with pleasantry. RAL'LY, v. t. [Fr. rallier. This seems to be a com- pound of re, ra, and Ler, L. ligo, to unite.] 1. To retinite ; to collect and reduce to order troops dispersed or thrown into confusion. 2. To collect ; to unite; as things scattered. Alterbury. RAL/LY, v.t. [Fr. railler. See Rarvvery.] To attack with raillery, either in good humor and pleasantry, or with slight contempt or satire, accord- ing to the nature of the case. Honeycomb rallies me upon a country life. Addison. Strephon had long confessed his amorous pain, Which gay Corinna rallied with disdain. Gay. RAL/LY, v. t. To assemble; to unite. Innumerable parts of matter chanced then to rally together, and to form themselves into this new world. Tillotson. 2. To come back to order. The Grecians rally and their powers unite. Dryden. 3. To use pleasantry or satirical merriment. Johnson. RALLY, n. The act of bringing disordered troops to their ranks. 2. Exercise of good humor or satirical merriment. RAL/LY-ING, ppr. Reiiniting; collecting and re- ducing to order. 2. Treating with pleasant humor. RAM, n. [Sax. ram; D. ram; G. ramm, but rammbock, rambuck, is used. See the verb.] 1. The male of the sheep or ovine genus; in some parts of England called atup. In the United States, the word is applied, [ believe, to no other male, ex- cept in the compound ram-cat. 2. In astronomy, Aries, the sign of the zodiac which the sun enters about the 21st of March, or a constellation of fixed stars in the figure of a ram. It is considered the first of the twelve signs. 3. An engine of war, used formerly, for battering and demolishing the walls of cities, called a Batrer- InG-Ram. 4, A machine for raising water by means of the momentum or moving force of a part of the water to be raised, called Hyprautic Ram or WaterR-RaM. Flebert. RAM, v. t. [G. rammen; D. rammeijen ; Dan. ramler, RAM W. ham, rhum, a thrusting, a projection forward. To the same family belong L. ramus, a branch, that is, a shoot or thrust, Heb. Ch. and Syr. AD ramah, to throw, to project, Eth. ZHP rami, to strike ; Ar. (st) ramai, to shoot, to throw or dart. Class Rm, No. 7, 8,9. See Cram. 1. To thrust or drive with violence; to force in; to drive down or together; as, to ram down a car- tridge ; to ram piles into the earth. 2, To drive, as with a battering-ram. 3. To stuff; to cram. RAM/A-DAN, n. The great annual fast, or Lent of the Mohammedans, kept through their ninth month, called Ramadan. RAM/AGE, x. ([L. ramus, a branch, whence Fr. ram- ge. te Baanches of trees. [JVot in use.]. 2, The warbling of birds sitting on boughs, 3. See RuMMAGE. [ Drummond. RAM’BLE, (ram/bl,) v. i. [It. ramengare, to ramble, to rove; Arm. rambreal, to rave; W. rhempiaw, to run to an extreme, to be infatuated, and rhamu, to rise or reach over, to soar. These seem to be allied to - 2 roam, romp, rampant; Ar. ey to exceed or go be- yond, to depart. Class Rm, No. 5.] 1, To rove; to wander; to walk, ride, or sail from place to place, without any determinate object in view ; or to visit many places ; to rove carelessly or irregularly ; as, to ramble about the city ; to ramble over the country. Never ask leave to go abroad, for you will be thought an idle, rambling fellow. Swift 2. To go at large without restraint and without direction. 3. To move without certain direction. O’er his ample sides, the rambling sprays Luxuriant shoot, RAM’BLE, zn. A roving; a wandering; a going or moving from place to place without any determinate business or object ; an irregular excursion. Coming home after a short Christmas ramble, 1 found a letter upon my table. Swift. RAM/BLER, zn. derer. RAM’BLING, ppr. or a. or going irregularly. RAM/BLING, n. A roving; irregular excursion. South. RAM/BLING-LY, adv. In arambling manner. RAM/BOOZE,)x. A drink made of wine, ale, eggs, RAM/BUSE, and sugar in winter, or of wine, milk, sugar, and rose-water in summer. Bailey. RAM’E-KIN, RAM/E-QUIN, (kin,) ie In cookery, a name given to Small slices of bread covered with a farce of cheese and eggs. Bailey, RAM-EN-TA’CEOUS, a. In botany, covered with weak, shriveled, brown, scale-like processes ; as the leaves of many ferns. Lindley. RAM/ENTS, z. pl. [L. ramenta, a chip. 1. Scrapings ; shavings. [JVot used. 2. Ramen'ta, pl. In botany, loose scales on the stems of plants. Linneus. RA/ME-OUS, a. [L. ramus, a branch. | In botany, belonging to a branch; growing on or shooting from a branch. Lee. RAM-I-FI-C€a/TION,n. [Fr., from L. ramus, a branch.) 1. The process of branching or shooting branches from a stem. 2. A branch; a small division proceeding from a main stock or channel ; as, the ramijications of a fam- ily ; the ramifications of an artery. Arbuthnot. 3. A division or subdivision ; as, the ramifications of a subject or scheme. 4, In botany, the manner in which a tree produces its branches or boughs. Lee. 5. The production of figures resembling branches. RAM/I-FI-ED, pp. Divided into branches. [Encyc. RAM/LFY, v.t. [Fr. ramifier; L. ramus, a branch, and facio, to make. } To divide into branches or parts; as, to ramify an art, a subject, or scheme. oyle. RAM/LFY, v.% To shoot into branches, as the stem of a plant. When the asparagus begins to ramify. Arbuthnot. 9. To be divided or subdivided, as a main sub- ject or scheme. RAM/I-FY-ING, ppr. visions. RAM/MED, (ramd,) pp. [See Ram.] Driven forcibly. RAM/MER, 7. One that rams or drives. 9, An instrument for driving any thing with force ; as, a rammer for driving stones or piles, or for beat- ing the earth to more solidity. 3. A gun-stick ; a rod for forcing down the charge Thomson. One that rambles ; a rover; a wan- Roving ; wandering; moving [Fr. ramequin.] Shooting into branches or di- to ram or drive ; vammer, to strike, to hit, to touch ; of a gun. RAM/MISH, a. eae RAM MY, a. RAN | [Dan. ram, bitter, strong-scented. Rank ; strong-scented. ; : E ea RAM/MISH-NESS, n. [from ren.] Rankness ; a strong scent. RAM/MING, ppr. Driving with force. Like a ram; strong-scented. Burton. RAM-OL-LES'CENCE, n. [Fr. ramollir.] A softening or mollifying. Caldzell. RA-MOON’,n. A small West Indian tree of the ge nus ZJrophis, whose leaves and twigs are used as fodder for cattle. P. Cyc. RA’ MOSE, RA’MOUS, &: 1. In botany, branched, as a stem or root; having lateral divisions, Martyn. 2. Branchy ; consisting of branches; full of branch- es. Newton. Woodward RAMP, v.71. [Fr. ramper, to creep ; It. rampa, a paw, rampare, to paws; rampicare, to creep; W. rhamp,a rise or reach over; rhamant, a rising up, a vaulting or springing ; rhamu, to reach over, to soar, to vault. See Rampre and Romance.] 1. To climb, as a plant ; to creep up. Plants furnished with tendrils catch hold, and so ramping on trees, they mount to a great hight. Ray. 2. To spring; to leap; to bound; to prance; to frolic. Their bridles they would champ — And Eerapling the fine element, would fiercely ramp. Spare er Sporting the lion ramped. ulon. [In the latter sense, the word is usually written and pronounced Romr ; the word being originally pro- nounced with a broad.] RAMP, 7. A leap; a spring; a bound. Milton. 2. In architecture, a concave bend or slope in the cap Or upper member of any piece of ascending or descending workmanship. Brande. 3. In fortification, a road cut obliquely into, or add- ed to, the interior slope of the rampart. Campbells Mil. Dict. RAMP/AGE, v.% To scourup and down, or prance about In a riotous manner. alliwell, [L. ramosus, from ramus, a branch.] Used in Scotland, and sometimes in England. RAM-PAL/LIAN, (-pal'yan,) m Amean wretch. [JVot in ue Shak. RAMP’AN-CY,n. [from rampant.] Excessive growth or practice ; excessive prevalence ; exuberance ; ex- travagance; as, the rampancy of vice. South. RAMP/ANT, a. [Fr., from ramper; Sax. rempend, headjong. [See Ramp and Ramsre:] 1. Overgrowing the usual bounds; rank in growth ; exuberant; as, rampant weeds. larissa. 2. Overleaping restraint ; as, rampant vice. South. 3. In heraldry, a lion rampant is a lion combatant, rearing upon one of his hinder feet, and attacking a man. It differs from SaLianr, which indicates the posture of springing or making a sally. Encyc. The lion rampant shakes his brinded mane. Milton, RAMP!ANT-LY, adv. In a rampant manner. RAM/PART,) 2. [Fr. rempart; Arm. ramparz, ram- RAM’PIER, parzi; Fr. se remperer, to fence or in- trench one’s self; It. riparamento, from riparare, to repair, to defend, to stop; Port. reparo; reparar, to repair, to parry in defense. Hence we see rampart is from L. reparo; re and paro. See Parry and Re- PAIR. | 1. In fortification, an elevation or mound of earth round a place, capable of resisting cannon shot, and formed into bastions, curtains, &c. MCYC. No standards from the hostile ramparts torn. Prior. 9. That which fortifies and defends from assault ; that which secures safety. RAM/PART, v.t. ‘To fortify with ramparts. [JVot in USE: | Shak, RAM’/PLON, n. [from ramp.] The name of several plants ; as, the common esculent rampion, a species of Campanula; the crested rampion, a species of Lobe- lia ; the horned rampion, a species of Phyteuma, ‘am. of Plants. The same as Rampanrr, but seldom Dryden. Dryden. RAM’PIRE, 2. used, except in poetry. The Trojans round the place a rampire cast, RAM/PIR-ED, a. Fortified with a rampart. RAM/ROD, x. The rod of iron, &c., used in ram- ming down the charge in a musket, pistol, &c. Totten. RAM/SON, n. A species of garlic, lium urstnum formerly cultivated in gardens. P. Cyc. Fan. of Plants. Having many small branches. In old writers, open robbery. Lambard, RAN-CES/CENT, a. [L. ranceo, to be rank.] Becoming rancid or sour. Encye. RANCH, v. t. [Corrupted from wrench.) 'To sprain; RAM/U-LOUS, a. RAN, the pret. of Run. iniure by violont straining or contortion. [Vot neat y = Driden. Garth. RAN-CHE’RO, (ran-tsha/ro,) 7. [Sp.] In Mexico, a herdsman ; a peasant employed on a rancho. They are to some extent a mongrel breed, between Span- iards and Indians, and are a wild, lawless set, who are often but little better than mere banditti. Hudson. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//C1OUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. « 907 i emaget -S ea rae cos a Sra te aere ee : Sek gee ee eae 3 eae ere pt ad rede gp per ie eposten= nh comietaegengncts ager: ez pee S PN et ceptor: gern Se Ea tenet abet Sa aon Flt ti eg a an A i agli RAN RANCHO, (ran’tsho,) n. [Sp.] In Mezico, a small hamlet, or large farming establishment for rearing cattle and horses. It is thus distinguished froma Hactenpa, which is a cultivated farm or plantation. Hudson. RAN'CID, a. [L. rancidus, from ranceo, to be rank. This is the Eng. rank, luxuriant in growth.) Having a rank smell; strong-scented ; sour; mus- ty ; as, ranczd oil. _ Arbuthnot. RAN-CID/I-TY, ) x. The quality of being rancid; a RAN/CID-NESS, strong, sour scent, as of old oil. The rancidity of oils may be analogous to the oxydation of ma: RAN/CID-LY, adv. With a strong scent ; mustily, RAN/COR, (rank’ur,) n. ([L., from ranceo, to be rank.) ee 5 1. The deepest malignity or spite ; deep-seated and implacable malice; inveterate enmity. This is the strongest term for enmity which the Eng- ial! language supplies. ] It issues from the rancor of a villain. Shak, 9, Virulence ; corruption Shak. RAN/€OR-OUS, (rank’ur-us,) a. Deeply malignant ; implacably spiteful or malicious ; intensely virulent. So flamed his eyes with rage and rancorous ire. Spenser. Rancorous opposition to the gospel of Christ. West. RAN/€OR-OUS-LY, adv. With deep malignity or spiteful malice. RAND, 7. [G. D. and Dan. rand, a border, edge, mar- gin, brink ; from shooting out, extending. ] A border; edge ; margin; as, the rand of a shoe. RAN/DOM, zn. [Norm. randum; Sax. randum; Fr. randonnée, arapid course of water; randon, a gush- ing. 1. A roving motion or course without direction ; hence, want of direction, rule, or method; hazard ; chance ; used in the phrase at random, that is, with- out a settled point of direction; at hazard. 2, Course; motion; progression; distance of a body thrown; as, the furthest random of a missile weapon. Digby. RAN/DOM, a. Done at hazard, or without settled aim or purpose ; left to chance; as, a random blow. 2. Uttered or done without previous calculation ; as, a random guess. RAN’DOM-SHOT, x. A shot not directed to a point, or a shot with the muzzle of the gun elevated above a horizontal line, rande. RAN’DY, a. Disorderly; riotous. [.Vot used, or local.) rose, RANE, 7. ([Sax. hrana; Fr. renne; D. rendier; G. rennthier ; Dan. rensdyr ; Basque, orena or orina; so named probably from running. The true spelling is rane. | A species of deer, the Cervus Tarandus, a rumi- Nant mammal, found in the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and America; usually called Rern- DEER. RAN’FORCE, 7. The ring of a gun next to the vent. Bailey. I do not find this word in modern books. ] RANG, the old pret. of Rina. [Vearly obsolete.] RANGE, v.t. [Fr. ranger; Arm. rencqa, rangein; W. rhenciaw, from rhenc, reng, rank, which see.] J. To set in a row or in rows; to place ina regu- Jar line, lines, or ranks; to dispose in the proper or- der; as, to range troops in a body ; to range men or ships in the order of battle. 2, To dispose in proper classes, orders, or di- Visions ; as, to range plants and animals in genera and species. 3. To dispose in a proper manner; to place in reg- ular method; i a general sense. Range and ar- range are used indifferently in the same sense. 4. To rove over; to pass over. Teach him to range the ditch and force the brake. Gay. This use is elliptical, over being omitted.] . To sail or pass in a direction parallel to or near ; as, to range the coast, that is, along the coast. RANGE, v.27. To rove at large; to wander without restraint or direction. As 4 roaring lion and ranging bear. — Prov. xxviii. 2. To be placed in order; to be ranked. Tis better to be lowly born And range with humble livers in content, Shak. [In this sense, Rank is now used, ] 3. To lie in a particular direction. Which way thy forests range, Dryden. We say, the front of a house ranges with the line of the street. 4. To sailor pass near or in the direction of: as to range along the coast. as RANGE,n. [Fr. rangée. See Ranx.] 1. Arow; a rank; things in a line; as, a range | of buildings ; a vange of mountains; ranges of col- ors. JVewton, 2. A class; an order. The next range of beings above him are the tmmaterial Intelli- < Hale. 3. A wandering or roving ; excursion. He may take a range all the world over. South, RAN 4, Space or room for excursion A man has not enough range of thought. Addison. 5. Compass or extent of excursion ; space taken in by any thing extended or ranked in order; as, the range of Newton’s thought. No philosopher has embraced a wider range. Far as crcation’s ample range extendas. Pope. 6. The step of a Jadder. Clarendon. SCorfupted in popular Janguage to Runa. ] A kitchen grate. [Obs.] Bacon. Wotton. 8. An extended cooking apparatus of cast iron, set in brick work, and containing pots, oven, &c. 9. A bolting sieve to sift meal. 10. In gunnery, the horizontal distance to which a shot or other projectile is caftried. Sometimes, though less properly, the path of a shot or projectile, or the line it describes from the month of the piece to the point where it lodges. When acannon lies horizon- tally, it is called the right, Jevel, or point blank range ; when the muzzle is elevated to 45 degrees, it is called the utmost vange. Brande. Totten. 11. The public lands of the United States are sur- veyed or divided into ranges, which designate the order of their arrangement into townships. Bouvier. RANG’ED, pp. Disposed in a row or line; placed in order; passed in roving; placed in a particular di- rection. RANG/ER, (ranj/er,) n. One that ranges; a rover; a robber. [Vow little used.] Spenser. 2. The name given to mounted troops, armed with short muskets, who range the country around, and often fight on foot. 3. A dog that beats the ground. Gay. 4. In England, a sworn officer of a forest, appoint- ed by the king’s Jetters patent, whose business for- merly was to walk through the forest, watch the deer, present trespasses, &c. P. Cye. RANG’ER-SHIP, n. The office of the keeper of a for- est or park, RANG/ING, ppr. Placing in a row or line; disposing in order, method, or classes; roving; passing near and in the direction of. RANG/ING, n. The act of placing in lines, or in or- der; a roving, &c. RANK, n. [Ir. ranc; W.rhenc; Arm. rencg; Fr. rang, a row or line; It. rango, rank, condition ; Port. and Sp. rancho, a mess, or set of persons; D. Dan. and G. rang. In these words, n is probably casual; Ar. “- = —F raka, to set in order; Heb. and Ch. Jyy, id. Class Rg, No. 13, 47. See also No. 18, 20, 21, 27, 46. The primary sense is probably to reach, to stretch, or to pass, to stretch along. Hence rank and grade are often synonymous. | 1. A row or line, applied to troops; a line of men standing abreast or side by side, and as opposed to Five, a line running from front to rear of a com- pany, battalion, or regiment. Keep your ranks; dress your ranls Fierce, fiery warriors fight upon the clouds In ranks, and squadrons, and right form of war. Shak, 2. Ranks; in the plural, the order of common so)- diers ; as, to reduce an officer to the ranks. 3. A row ; a line of things, or things in a line; as, a rank of osiers. Shak. Degree ; grade ; in military affairs ; as, the rank of captain, colonel, or general ; the rank of vice-ad- miral. 5. Degree of elevation in civil life or station; the order of elevation, or of subordination. We say, all ranks and orders of men; every man’s dress and be- havior should correspond with his rank ; the highest and the lowest ranks of men, or of other intelligent beings. 6. Class; order; division; any portion or num- ber of things to which place, degree, or order, is as- signed. Profligate men, by their vices, sometimes degrade themselves to the rank of brutes, 7. Degree of dignity, eminence, or excellence ; as, a writer of the first rank ; a lawyer of high rank. These are all virtues of a meaner rank, Addison. 8. Dignity ; high place or degree in the orders of men ; as, a man of rank. Rank and file; the whole body of common soldiers, including also corporals, who carry firelocks. Ten officers, and three hundred rank and file, fell in the action. To fill the ranks ; to supply the whole number, or a competent number. To take rank; to enjoy precedence, or to have the right of taking a higher place. In Great Britain, the king’s sons take rank of all the other nobles. RANK, a. (Sax. ranc, proud, haughty; Sp. and It. rancio; Js. rancidus, from ranceo, to smell strong. The primary sense of the root is to advance, to shoot forward, to grow luxuriantly, whence the sense of strong, vigorous; W,. rhac, rhag, before; shacu, rhaciaw, to advance, to put forward. This word be- Jongs probably to the same family as the preced- ing. RAN 1, Luxuriant in growth ; being of vigorous growth ; as, rank grass ; rank weeds. Seven ears came up upon one stalk, 7ank and good. —Gen. xli. 2. Causing vigorous growth ; producing luxuriant- ly ; very rich and fertile ; as, land is rank. Mortimer. 3. Strong-scented ; as, rank-smelling rue. Spenser. 4. Rancid; musty ; as, oil of a rank smell. 5. Inflamed with venereal appetite. Shak. 6. Strong to the taste; high-tasted. Divers sea-fowls taste rank of the fish on which they feed. Boyle. 7. Raised to a high degree; excessive; violent; as, rank pride ; rank idolatry ; rank enmity. I do forgive Thy rankest faults, Shak. 8. Gross; coarse. Shak. 9. Strong; clinching. Take rank hold. Hence, 10. Excessive ; exceeding the actual value; as, a rank modus in law. slackstone. To set rank, as the iron of a plane ; to set it so as to take off a thick shaving. Mozon. RANK, v.t. To place abreast, or inaline. JWilton. 2. To place in a particular class, order, or di- vision. Poets were ranked in the class of philosophers. Broome. Heresy is ranked with idolatry and witcheraft. Decay of Piety, 3. To dispose methodically; to place in suitable order. Who now shall rear you to the sun, or 7ank your tribes? Milton. Ranking all things under general and special heads. Watts. 5 RANK, v.1t. To be ranged; to be set or disposed; as in a particular degree, class, order, or division. Let that one articie rank with the rest. Shak, 2. To be placed in a rank or ranks. Go, rank in tribes, and quit the savage wood. Tate. 3. To have a certain grade or degree of elevation in the orders of civil or military hfe. He ranks with amajor. He ranks with the first class of poets. He ranks high in public estimation, RANK’ED, (rankt,) pp. Placed in a line; disposed in an order or class; arranged methodically. RANK’/ER, 7. One that disposes in ranks; one that arranges. RANK/ING, ppr. Placing in ranks orlines ; arranging ; disposing in orders or classes ; having a certain rank or grade. RANK’LE, (rank’l,) v. % [from rvank.] To grow more rank or strong ; to be inflamed ; to fester ; as, a rankling wound. A malady that burns and ranklez inward. Rowe. 2, To become more violent; to be inflamed; to rage; as, rankling malice ; rankling envy. Jealousy rankles in the breast. RANK’LING, zn. The act or process of becoming more virulent ; deep and active irritation. Dzwight. RANK’LY, adv. With vigorous growth; as, grass or weeds grow rankly. 2. Coarsely ; grossly. Shak. RANK/NESS, 2. Vigorous growth ; luxuriance ; ex- uberance ; as, the rankness of plants or herbage. 2. Exuberance; excess; extravagance; as, the rankness of pride; the rankness of joy. Shak. 3. Extraordinary strength. The crane’s pride is in the rankness of her wing. L’Estrange. 4, Strong taste ; as, the zankness of flesh or fish. 5, Rancidness; rank smell; as, the rankness of oil. 6. Excessiveness; as, the rankness of a compo- sition or modus. Blackstone. RAN’NY, 2. The shrew-mousc. Brown. RAN/SACK, v. t. [Dan. randsager; Sw. ransaka; Gaelic, ransuchadh. Rank, in Danish, is edge, mar- gin, Eng. rand, and ran is rapine. The last syllable coincides with the English verb to sack, to pillage, and in Spanish, this verb, which is written saqucar, signifies to ransack.] 1. To plunder; to pillage completely ; to strip by plundering ; as, to ransack a house or city. Dryden. Their vow is made to ransack Troy. Shak. 2. To search thoroughly ; to enter and search ev- ery place or part. It seems often to convey the sense of opening doors and parcels, and turning over things in search; as, to ransack files of papers. I ransack the several} caverns. Woodward. 3. To violate ; to ravish; to deflour; as, ransacked chastity. [JVotin use. Spenser. RAN/SACK-ED, pp. Puillaged ; searched narrowly. RAN/SACK-ING, ppr. Pillaging; searching nar- rowly. RAN/SOM, n. [Dan. ranzon; Sw. ranson; G. ran- zion; Norm. raancon; Fr. rangon; Arm. rangzon. In French, the word implies not only redemption, but exaction; but I know not the component parts of the word. Qu. Dan. ran, a pillaging, and G, stiine, atonement. ] 1. The money or price paid for the redemption of a prisoner or slave, or for goods captured by an en- emy ; that which procures the release of a prisoner FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 903RAP RAP or captive, or of captured property, and restores the one io liberty, and the other to the original owner, By his captivity in Austria, and the heavy ransom he paid for his liberty, Richard was hindered from pursuing the conquest of Ireland. avies, 2. Release from captivity, bondage, or the posses- sion of an enemy. They were unable to procure the ransom of the prisoners. 3. In law, a sum paid for the pardon of some great offense, and the discharge of the offender; or a fine paid in lieu of corporal punishment. Encyc. Blackstone. 4. In Scripture, the price paid for a forfeited life, or . for delivery or release from capital punishment. Then he shall give for the ransom of his life, whatever is laid upon him, — Ex, xxi. 5. The price paid for procuring the pardon of sins and the redemption of the sinner from punishment, Deliver him from going down to the pit. I have founda ransom. — Job xxxiii. The Son of man came — to give his life a ransom for many. — Matt. xx. Mark x, RAN’SOM, »v. t. [Sw. ransonera; Dan. ranzonerer; Fr, Tangonner ; Arm. TaNGzouUund, | 1. To redeem from captivity or punishment by paying an equivalent; applied to persons; as, to ran- som prisoners from an enemy. 2. To redeem from the possession of an enemy by paying a price deemed equivalent ; applied tu goods or property. 3. In Scripture, to redeem from the bondage of sin, and from the punishment to which sinners are subjected by the divine law. The ransomed of the Lord shall return. —Is. xxxv. 4. To rescue; to deliver. Hos. xiii. RAN’SOM-ED, pp. or a. Redeemed or rescued from captivity, bondage, or punishment, by the payment of an equivalent, RAN/SOM-ER, ». One that redeems. RAN'SOM-ING, ppr. Redeeming from captivity, bon- dage, or punishment, by giving satisfaction to the possessor ; rescuing ; liberating. RAN/SOM-LESS, a. Free from ransom. RANT, v. t [Heb. and Ch, }>5, its out, to shout, to sound, groan, murmur; W. rhonta, to frisk, to gambol, a sense of the Hebrew also.] To rave in violent, high-sounding, or extravagant language, without correspondent dignity of thought ; to be noisy and boisterous in words or declamation ; as, a ranting preacher. Look where my ranting host of the garter comes. Shak. RANT, x. High-sounding language without dignity of thought; boisterous, empty declamation; as, the rant of fanatics. This is stoical rant, without any foundation in the nature of man, or reason of things. Allerbury. RANT’ER, rn. A noisy talker; a boisterous preacher. 2. Ranters, pl. ; a religious sect which sprung up in 1645. It is now extinct, and the name has been reproachfully applied to the Primitive Methodists, who seceded from the Wesleyan Methodists on the ground of their deficiency in fervor and zeal. Brande. RANT’ER-ISM, n. The practice or tenets of ranters. RANT/ING, ppr ora. Uttering high-sounding words, without solid sense ; declaiming or preaching with boisterous, empty words. RANT'I-POLE, a. from rant.) rakish. [4 low word. RANT"’I-POLE, ». i. RANT/ISM, zn. The practice or tenets of ranters. RANT’Y, a. Wild; noisy ; boisterous. RAN/U-LA, x. [L. rana, a frog; dim. a little frog. ] A swelling of a salivary gland under the tongue. RA-NUN/€U-LUS, n. [L., from rana, a frog.] In botany, crowfoot, a genus of plants of many spe- cies, some of them beautiful flowering plants, par- ticularly the Asiatic, or Turkey and Persian ranun- culus, which is diversified with many rich colors. LILCYC. RANZ DES VACHES|, (rinz da vash’,) [Fr.] Liter- ally, the round of the cows. The name of certain simple melodies of the Swiss mountaineers, com- monly played on a long trumpet called the Alpine horn. P. Cyc. RAP, v.7, [Sax. hrepan, hreppan, to touch; repan, to touch, to seize, L. rapio; Sw. rappa; Dan. rapper, to snatch away, and rapper sig, to hasten; rap, a stroke, Sw. rapp; Fr. frapper, to strike. The pri- mary sense of the root is, to rush, to drive forward, to fall on, hence, both to strike and to seize. That the sense is to drive or rush forward, is evident from L. rapidus, rapid, from rapio. See Class Rb, No. 26, 27, 28, 29.] To strike with a quick, sharp blow; to knock; as, to rap on the door. RAP, v. t. To strike with a quick blow; to knock. With one great peal they 7ap the door. Shak. ranna, to cry Wild; roving; Congreve. To run about wildly. [Zow.] Arbuthnot. Prior, To rap out; to utter with sudden violence; as, to rap out an oath. Addison. [Sax. hreopan,to cry out, that is, to drive out the yoice. This is probably of the same family as the preceding word. In the pop- ular language of the United States, it is often pro- nounced zip, to rip out an oath; L. crepo, Fr. crever.] RAP, v.t. To seize and bear away, as the mind or thoughts ; to transport out of one’s self; to affect with ecstasy or rapture ; as, rapt into admiration. I’m rapt with joy to see my Marcin’s tears. Addison. Rapt into future times the bard begun. Pope. 2. ‘To snatch or hurry away. And rapt with whirling wheels, Spenser. Rapt in a chariot drawn by fiery steeds. Milton, 3. To seize by violence. Drayton. 4, To exchange ; to truck. [Zow, and not used, | To rap and rend; to seize and tear, or strip; to fall on and plunder; to snatch by violence. They ~brought off all they could rap and rend. [See Renp. RAP,n. A quick, smart blow; as, a rap on the knuckles. RA-PA/CIOUS, a. See Rap.] 1, Given to plunder ; disposed or accustomed to seize by violence ; seizing by force; as, a rapacious enemy. [L. rapaz, from rapio, to seize. Well may thy lord, appeased, Redeem thee quite from death’s rapacious claim. Milton. 2. Accustomed to seize for food ; subsisting on prey or animals seized by violence ; as, a rapacious tiger, a rapacious bird. RA-PA/CIOUS-LY, adv. bery or seizure. RA-PA/CIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of being rapa- cious ; disposition to plunder or to exact by oppres- sion. RA-PAC'I-TY, (ra-pas/e-te,) 7. pacitas, from rapax, rapio. } 1. Addictedness to plunder; the exercise of plun- der; the act or practice of seizing by force ; as, the rapacity of a conquering army ; the rapacity of pirates ; the rapacity of a Turkish pashaw ; the rapacity of extortioners. 2. Ravenousness ; as, the rapacity of animals. 3. The act or practice of extorting or exacting by oppressive injustice. 4. Exorbitant greediness of gain. RAPE,n. [L. rapio, raptus; It. ratto; Fr. rapt; W. rhaib, a snatching ; rheibiaw, to snatch. See Rar.] 1. In a general sense, a seizing by violence; also, a seizing and carrying away by force, as females. Mitford. 2. In law, the carnal knowledge of a woman for- cibly and against her will. Blackstone. 3. Privation; the act of seizing or taking away. Chapman. Sandys. 4. Something taken or seized and carried away. Where now are all my hopes? O, never more Shall they revive, nor death her rapes restore. By rapine ; by violent rob- [Fr. rapacité; L. ra- And ruined orphans of thy rapes complain. Sandys, 5. Fruit plucked from the cluster. Ray. 6. A division of a county in Sussex, in England; or an intermediate division between a hundred and a shire, and containing three or four hundreds. Blackstone. RAPE,x. [Ir. raib; L. rapa, rapum; Gr. parvs; D. raap ; G. ruibe; Sw. rofva.]) One of the names of the Brassica Rapa, or com- mon turnip. This is the plant to which this name properly belongs; but, with the prefixed epithet wild, it is applied also to the Brassica Napus, Na- vew, or French turnip. An oil is obtained from the seed of the latter, which is called Rarge-serp O11, and Rapg-O1L. The broom-rape is of the genus Orobanche. RAPH’-€AKE,n. Therefuse or marc remaining after the oil has been expressed from the rape-seed. Farm. Encyc. . , RAPE/-ROOT. See Raps. RAPE/-SEED, n. The seed of the Brassica Napus, or the rape, from which oi] is expressed. RA/PHE, x. [Gr. pagdy, a seam or suture. ] In botany, a bundle of vessels connecting the chalaza with the hilum of a seed. Lindley. RAPH'I-DES, (raf!-,)n.pl. [from Gr. pages, a needle. j Minute transparent crystals found in the tissue of plants. _ Lindley, RAP/ID, a. [L. rapidus, from rapio, the primary sense of which is to rush. ] 1, Very swift or quick ; moving with celerity ; as, a rapid stream; a rapid flight; a rapid motion. Milton. 2, Advancing with haste or speed ; speedy in pro- gression ; as, rapid growth ; rapid improvement. 3. Of quick utterance of words ; as, a rapid speaker, RAP/ID, x. sing. ) The part of a river where the cur- RAP/IDS, n. pl. rent moves with more celerity than the common current. Rapids imply a consid- erable descent of the earth, but not sufficient to oc- casion a fall of the water, or what is called a cas- cade or cataract. Part shun the goal with rapid wheels. RA-PID/I-TY, n. [L. rapiditas; Fr. rapidité, supra.) F ] t rapidity of acurrent; the rapidity of notion of any kind. 2. Haste in utterance ; as, the rapidity of speech or pronunciation. 3. Quickness of progression or advance ; as, ra- pidity of growth or improvement. RAP/ID-LY, adv. With great speed, celerity, or ve- locity ; swiftly ; with quick progression ; as, to run rapidly ; to grow or improve rapid/y. } 2. With quick utterance ; as, to speak rapidly. RAP/ID-NESS, n. Swiftness; speed; celerity ; ra- pidity. RA/PL-ER, n. [Fr. rapiére; Ir. roipeir ; from thrust- ing, driving, or quick motion. ] A small sword used only in thrusting. Shak. Pope. RA’PI-ER-FISH, n. The sword-fish. Gren | RAP’IL, RA-PILLO, | mn. Pulverized volcanic substances. RAP’INE, (rap/in,) n. [Fr., from L. rapina; rapio, to seize. | 1. ‘he act of plundering; the seizing and carry- ing away of things by force ; pillage; pluades. 2. Violence ; force. JNlton, RAP/INE, v.t. To plunder. Buck. RAP’IN-ED, pp. Plundered. RAP-PA-REE', n. A wild Irish plunderer; so called from rapery, a half pike that he carries. Tudd, RAP-PEE!, x. A coarse kind of snuff. RAP/PER, n. [from rap) One that raps or knocks, 2. The knocker of a door. [Vot in common use.] 3. An oath ora lie, [ot in use.] Parker. RAP-PORT’, xn. [Fr., from re and porter, to bear.) Relation; proportion. [JVot in use.] Temple. RAPT, pp. ora. [from rap.] Transported; ravished. RAPT, v.t. To transport or ravish. [JVot legitimate, nor in use. Chapman. RAPT, mn. An ecstasy; a trance. Morton. 2. Rapidity. [Not in use.] RAP/TER, ) = 1 RAP’TOR, nm. [L. raptor.] A ravisher ; a plunderer. RAP-TO'/RLAL, a. Drayton. ‘ Rapacious ; an epithet applied te birds of prey. wainson. RAP-TO’/RLOUS, a. pr, the expanse of heaven or the firmament. The L. rogo has the same radical sense, to reach, to urge. See Class Rg, No. 1, 8, 15, 18, 21.} 1. Toextend ; to stretch; in a general sense; some- times followed by out and forth; as, to reach out the arm. Hence, 2. To extend to; to touch by extending, either the arm alone, or with an instrument in the hand; as, to reach a book on the shelf; I can not reach the ob- ject with my cane; the seaman reaches the bottom of the river with a pole or a line. 3. To strike from a distance. O patron power, thy present aid afford, That I may reach the beast. Dryden. 4, To deliver with the hand by extending the arm , to hand. He reached [to] me an orange. He reached me a full cup. — 2 Esdras. 5. To extend or stretch from a distance. Reach hither thy finger — reach hither thy hand. —John xx. 6. To arrive at; tocome to. The ship reached her port in safety, We reached New York on Thursday. The letter reached me at seven o’clock. 7. To attain to orarrive at, by effort, labor, or study ; hence, to gain or obtain. Every artist should at- tempt to reach the point of excellence. The best accounts of the appearances of nature which human penetration can reach, come short of its reality. Cheyne. 8. To penetrate to. Whatever alterations are made in the body, if they reach not the mind, there is no perception. Locke. » 9. To extend to so as to include or comprehend in fact or principle. The lxw reached the intention of the promoters, and this act fixed the natural price of money. €. If these examples of grown men reach not the case of children, let them examine. Locke. 10. To extend to. Thy desire leads to no excess that reaches blame. 1}. To extend ; to spread abroad, Trees reached too far their pampered boughs. Milton. 12. To take with the hand. Lest, therefore, now hia bolder hand Reach also of the tree of life and eat. [Unusual.} 13. To overreach ; to deceive. REACH, v.i. To be extended. The new world reaches quite across the torrid zone. Boyle. The border shall descend, and shall reach to the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward. — Num, xxxiv. And behold, a ladder set on the earth, and the top of it reached to heaven. — Gen’ xxviii. 2. To penetrate. Ye have slain them in a rage that reacheth to heaven, — 2 Chron, XXvil. Milton. Milton. South. 3. To make efforts to vomit. [See Rercu.] Cheyne. To reach after; to make efforts to attain to or ob- tain. He would be in a posture of mind reaching after a positive idea of infinity. Locke. REACH, n. In a general sense, extension; a stretch- ing ; extent. 2. The power of extending to, or of taking by the hand, or by any instrument managed by the hand. The book is not within my reach. The bottom of |’ the sea is not within the reach of a line orcable. 3. Power of attainment or management, or the limit of power, physical or moral. He used all the means within his reach. The causes of phenomena are often beyond the reach of human intellect. Be sure yourself and your own reach to know. Pope. 4, Effort of the mind in contrivance or research ; contrivance ; scheme. Drawn by others who had deeper reaches than themselves to matters which they least intended. cyward, 5. A fetch; an artifice to obtain an advantage. The Duke of Parma had particular reaches and ends of his own underhand, to cross the design. Bacon, 6. Tendency to distant consequences. Strain not my speech To grosser issues, nor to larger reach Than to suspicion. Shak. 7 Extent. And on the Jeft hand, hell With long reavh interposed. Milton, 8. Among seamen, the distance between two points on the banks of a river, in which the current flows in a straight course, Brande. 9. An effort to vomit. : REACH/ED, (récht,) pp. Stretched out; extended ; touched by extending the arm; attained to; ob- tained. REACH/ER, n. One that reaches or extends; one that delivers by extending the arm. REACHI/ING, ppr. Stretching out ; extending; touch- ing by extension of the arm; attaining to; gaining ; making efforts to vomit. RE-A€T’, v. t. [re and act.) To act or perform a REA. second time; as, to react a play; the same scenes were reacted at Rome. RE-ACT’, v.i. To return an impulse or impression ; to resist the action of another hody by an opposite force. Every body reacts on the body that impels it from its natural state. 2. To act mutually or reciprocally upon each other, as two or more chemical agents. Dana. 3. To act in opposition ; to resist any influence or power. RE-A€T’ED, pp. Acted or performed a second time. RE-A€T'ING, ppr. Acting again; in physics, resist- ing the impulse of another body by an opposite force ; acting mutually or reciprocally. RE-A€/TION, n. In mechanics, a force which a body subjected to the action of a force from another body exerts upon that body in the opposite direction. Olmsted. Action and reaction are equal. JVewton. 2. In chemistry, the mutual or reciprocal action of chemical agents upon each other. Dana. 3. Any action in resisting other action or power. RE-A€T‘IVE, a. Having power to react ; tending to reaction. RE-A€T/IVE-LY, adv. By reaction. RE-A€T/IVE-NESS, n. The quality of being re- active, READ, (reed,) x. [Sax. red. See the verb. } I. Counsel. [ Obs.] Shak. 2. Saying; sentence. [Obse.] Spenser. READ, v. t. The preterit and pp. Reap is pronounced red. [Sax. red, rad, red, speech, discourse, counsel, advice, knowledge, benefit, reason; r@dan, redan, to read, to decree, to appoint, to command, to rule or govern, to conjecture, to give or take counsel ; aredan, to read, to tell, to narrate; geredan, to read, to consult; gerad, mode, condition, or state, reason, ratio, or account, Knowledge, instruction, or learn- ing, and, as an adjective or participle, knowing, in- structed, ready, suited; gerad beon, to be ready, to accord, or agree; geradod, excited, quick. These significations unite this word with ready, which see. G. rede, speech, talk, account; reden, to speak; D. rede, Speech ; xeden, reason; Dan. rede, account, and ready ; G. bereden, to berate; rath, advice, counsel, a council or senate ; rafhen, to advise, to conjecture, or guess, to solve a rviddle; D. raad, counsel, advice ; ° raaden, to counsel; Sw. rad, Dan. yaad, counsel ; rada raader, to counsel, to instruct; W. rhaith, straight, right, that is, set right, decision, verdict; rheitheg, rhetoric, from rhaith; Dan. ret, law, justice, right, “ reason; Sw. ratt, ratta, id.; Ir. radh, a saying ; rad- ham, to say, tell, relate; W. adrawz, to tell or re- hearse; Gr. jew, for pe¥w, to say or tell, to flow ; n7WpP, a Speaker, a rhetorician; Goth. rodyan, to speak. The primary sense of read is, to speak, to utter, that is, to push, drive, or advance. This is also the primary sense of ready, that is, prompt, or advancing quick. The Sax. gerad, ready, accords also in elements with the W. rhad, L. gratia, the primary sense of which is, prompt to favor, advanc- ing towards, free. The elements of these words are the same as those of ride and L. gradior, &c. The semse of reason is secondary, that which is uttered, said, or set forth; hence, counsel, also. The Sw. ratta, Dan. ret, if not contracted words, are from the same root. (See Rrapy.) Class Rd, No. 1, 3, 5, 9, 26 1. To utter or pronounce written or printed words, letters, or characters, in the proper order; to repeat the names or utter the sounds customarily annexed to words, letters, or characters ; as, to read a written or printed discourse ; to read the letters of an alpha- bet ; to ead figures ; to read the notes of music, or to read music. 2. To inspect and understand words or characters ; to peruse silently ; as, to read a paper or letter with- out uttering the words ; to vead to one’s self, 3. To discover or understand by characters, marks, features, &c.; as, to read a man’s thoughts in his countenance. To read the interior structure of the globe. Journ. of Science. An armed corse did lie, In whose dead face he read great magnanimity. 4. To gather the meaning of by inspection ; to learn by observation. Spenser. Those about her From her shall read the perfect ways of honor. Shak. 5. To know fully. Who is’t can read a woman? Shak. 6. To suppose; to guess. | Obs.] Spenser. 7. To advise. [ Obs. Spenser READ, (reed,) v.- 7, To perform the act of reading. So they read in the book of the law of God distinctly, and gave the sense, — Neh, viii. 2. To be studious; to practice much reading. It is sure that Fleury reada, Taylor. 3. To learn by reading. I have read of an Eastern king who put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence. Swift 4. To tell; to declare. [Wotinwse.] Spenser. REA “al _ 9. To appear in reading ; as, the passage reads thus in the early manuscripts. READ, (red,) pp. Uttered ; pronounced, as written words in the proper order ; as, the letter was read to the family. 2, Silently perused ; understood by inspection. READ, (red,) a. Instructed or Knowing by reading ; versed in books; learned. Well read is the phrase commonly used ; as, well read in history ; well read in the classics. A poet well read in Longinus. Addison. READ/A-BLE, a. That may be read ; fit to be read. Hurd. READ!‘A-BLE-NESS, x. The state of being readable. READ/A-BLY, adv. So as to be legible. RE-A-DEP/TION, n. [from L. re and adeptus, ob- tained. ] A regaining ; recovery of something lost. [JVot much used. Bacon. READ/ER, x. One that reads , any person who pro- nounces written words ; particularly, one whose dis- tinctive office is to read prayers in a church. 2. At the university of Oxford, one who reads Jec- tures on scientific subjects. Lyell. 3. By way of distinction, one that reads much ; one studious in books. READ/ER-SHIP, x. [See Reap.] The office of read- ing prayers in a church. Swift. 2. At the university of Oxford, the office of a reader or lecturer on scientific subjects. Lyell. READ/I-LY, (red/i-ly,) adv. [See Rrapy.] Quickly; promptly ; easily. I readily perceive the distinction you make. 2. Cheerfully ; without delay or objection ;- with- out reluctance. He readily granted my request. READ‘I-NESS, (red/i-ness,) x. [from ready.] 1. Quickness; promptness ; promptitude ; facility ; freedom from hinderance or obstruction ; as, readi- ness of speech; readiness of thought; readiness of mind in suggesting an answer; readiness of reply. 2. Promptitude ; cheerfulness ; willingness ; alac- rity ; freedom from reluctance ; as, to grant a request or assistance with readiness. They received the word with all readiness of mind. — Acts xvii. 3. A state of preparation; fitness of condition. The troops are in readiness. READ/ING, ppr. Pronouncing or perusing written or printed words or characters of a book or writing, 2. Discovering by marks ; understanding. READ'ING, a. Addicted to reading; as, a reading community. A reading man, in the English universities, is a hard student, or one who is entirely devoted to his cal- legiate studies. READ/ING, n. The act of reading; perusal. 2. Study of books; as, a man of extensive reading. 3. A Jecture or prelection. 4. Public recital. The Jews had their weekly readings of the law. Hooker. o. In criticism, the way in which a given word or passage reads in a manuscript, version, edition, &c. No small part of the business of critics is to settle the true reading, or real words used by the author; and the various readings of different critics are often per- plexing. 6. A version or interpretation of a law, text, or passage, as conveying its meaning. Encyce. 7. In legislation, the formal recital of a bill by the proper officer, before the house which is to consider it. In congress and in the State legislatures, a bill must usually have three several readings on different days, before it can be passed into alaw. READ/ING-ROOM, x. A room provided with papers, periodicals, &c., to which persons resort for reading, RE-AD-JOURN’, (-jurn’,) v. t [reandadjourn.| To adjourn a second time. 2. To cite or summon again. [JVot used.] Cotgrave. RE-AD-JOURN’ED, pp. Adjourned a second time RE-AD-JUST’, o. t. [re and adjust.] To settle again; to put in order again what had been discomposed. Fielding. RE-AD-JUST’ED, pp. Adjusted again ; resettled. RE-AD-JUST’ING, ppr. Adjusting again. RE-AD-JUST/MENT, x. A second adjustment. — RE-AD-MIS/SION, (-mish’un,) x. [re and admission.] The act of admitting again what had been excluded; as, the readmission of fresh air into an exhausted re- celycr* the readmission of a student into a seminary. , Arbuthnot. RE-AD.MIT. v. t. [re and admit.| To admit again. ‘hose ear is ever open, and his eye : cas oot mu fine sup Sty Milton. RE-AD-MIT’/TANCE, n. A second admittance ; al- lowance to enter again. 3 : RE-AD-MIT’TED, pp. Admitted again. RE-AD-MIT/TING, ppr. Allowing to enter again RE-A-DOPT’, v. t. [re and adopt.] To adopt again : Youny. RE-A-DORN’, v. t. To adorn anew; to decorate a second time. Blackmore. RE-A-DORN/ED, pp. Adorned anew. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 15 DI3 oes S ~ —— = Reso weds a” —s o by an 4a ae i ete Si - vat? REA RE-AD-VERT’EN-CY, n. act of reviewing. Or7ris. READ’Y, (red/e,) a, [Sax. red, hrad, hred, quick, brisk, prompt, ready; gerad, prepared, ready, pru- dent, learned ; iradian, gehradian, to hasten, to ac- celerate ; geredian, to make ready ; D. reeden, to pre- pare ; reed, pret. of ryden, to yide; reede, a road ; be- rei, ready ; bereiden, to prepare ; gereed, ready; G. bereit, id. ; bereiten, to prepare, and to ride; reede, a road ; Dan. rede, ready ; reder, to make the bed, to rid; rede, an account; Sax. red, from the root of read; bereder, to prepare ; rider, berider, to ride ; Sw. veda, to make ready, to clear or disentangle, Eng. to rid; redo, ready ; rida, to ride ; bereda, to prepare ; Ir, reidh, ready ; reidhim, to prepare, to agree ; Gr. padt- 0s, easy; W. rhedu,to run. 1 he primary sense 1s, to go, move, or advance forward, and it seems to be clear that ready, ride, read, riddle, are all of one fam- ily, and probably from tbe root of L. gradior. See Reap and Rep. Class Rd, No. 23.] ; 1. Quick ; prompt; not hesitating ; as, ready wit; a ready consent. ©. Quick to receive or comprehend ; not slow or dull ; as, a ready apprehension. 3. Quick in action or execution ; dextrous; as, an artist ready in his business; a ready writer. Ps. xlv. 4. Prompt; not delayed; present in hand. He makes ready payment ; he pays ready money for ev- ery thing he buys. 5. Prepared ; fitted ; furnished with what is neces- sary, or disposed in a manner suited to the purpose ; as, a ship ready for sea. My oxen and fatlings are killed, and all things are ready. — Matt. xxii. 6. Willing; free; cheerful to do or suffer; not backward or reluctant ; as, a prince always ready to grant the reasonable requests of his subjects. {re and adoerteney.| The apse The spirit is ready, but the flesh is weak. — Mark xiv, I am ready not to be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the name of the Lord Jesus, — Acts xxi. 7. Willing; disposed. Men are generally ready to impute blame to others. They are more ready to give than to take reproof. 8. Being at the point; near; not distant; about to do or suffer, A Syrian, ready to perish, was my father. — Deut. xxvi. Job xxix. Ps, ]xxxviil. 9. Being nearest or at hand. A sapling pine he wrenched from out the ground, The readiest weapon that his fury found. 10. Easy ; facile ; opportune ; short; near, or most 7 ¢ convenient ; the Greek sense, padtos. Sometimes the readiest way which a wise man has to conquer, is to flee. Hooker. Through the wild desert, not the readiest way. Milton. The ready way to be thought mad, is to contend you are not 50. Spectator. To make ready ; to prepare ; to provide and put in order. 2. An elliptical phrase for make things ready; to make preparations ; to prepare. READ’Y, (red’e,) adv. Ina state of preparation so as to need no delay. We ourselves will go ready armed before the house of Israel. — Num, xxxii. READ’Y, (red’e,) n. Lord Strut was not flush in ready, either to go to law, or to clear old debts. [A low 1cord.]} Arbuthnot. READY. (red/e,) v. t. are. [Not in ase. | READ/Y-MADE, a. Already made. READ/Y-WIT’TED, a. Having ready wit. RE-AF-FIRM’, (-af-furm’,) v.t. [re and afirm.] To affirm a second time. RE-AF-FIRM’ANCH, n. A second confirmation. Aryliffe. RE-AF-FIRM/ED, pp. Affirmed a second time. RE-AF-FIRM/ING, ppr. Affirming again. RE-A/GENT, n, re and agent.| In chemistry, a sub- stance employed to detect the presence of other Dryden. For ready money. To dis 90Se in order ; to pre- 3 rooke. bodies. Bergman reckons barytic muriate to be one of the most sensible reagents. Frourcroy. RE-AG-GRA-VA'/TION, n. [re and aggravation.} In the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical law, the last monitory, published after three admonitions and before the Jast excommunication. Before they proceed to fulminate the last excommunication, they publish an aaerava- tion and a reaggravation. Encye. REAK,n. Arush. [Wot in use.] RE/AL, a. [Low L. realis; It. reale; Sp. real; Fr. reel; from lu. res, rei, Ir. raod, red, rod. Res is of the Class Rd, from the root of read, ready, from rushing, driving, or falling. Res, Jike thing, is, primarily, that which comes, falls out, or happens, corresponding with event, from L. evenio. Res, then, denotes that which actually exists. The L. res and Eng. thing coincide exactly in signification with the Heb. 437, a word, a thing, an event. See Reap and Tuina.] 1, Actually being or existing ; not fictitious or im- aginary ; as, a description of real life, The author describes a real scene or transaction. RE/AL, n. RE-AL/GAR, 2. RE/AL-ISM, zn. Ri! AL-IST, 7. RE-AL-IST'I€, a. RE-AL/L-TY, 7. RE-AL-IZ/ A-BLE, a. RE-AL-I-ZA/TION, nx. RE/AL-IZE, v. t. RE/AL-IZ-ED, pp. REA 2, True; genuine; not artificial, counterfeit, or factitious ; as, real Madeira wine ; real ginger. 3. True; genuine; not affected; not assumed. The woman appears in her real character. 4. Relating to things, not to persons ; not personal. Many are perlect in men’s humors, that are not greatly capable of the real part of business, [Little used or obsolete. Bacon. 5. In law, pertaining to things fixed, permanent, or immovable, as to lands and tenements ; as, real estate, opposed to personal or movable property. Blackstone. Real action, in law, is an action which concerns real property Real assets ; assets consisting in real estate, or lands and tenements descending to an heir, sufficient to answer the charges upon the estate created by the ancestor. Chattels real, are such chattels as concern or savor of the realty ; as a term for years of land, wardships in chivalry, the next presentation to a church, estate by statute-merchant, elegit, &c. Real composition, is when an agreement is made between the owner of Jands and the parson or vicar, with consent of the ordinary, that such lands shall be discharged from payment of tithes, in conse- quence of other land or recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. Blackstone. Real presence; in the Roman Catholic church, the actual presence of the body and blood of Christ in the eucharist, or the conversion of the substance of the breud and wine into the real body and blood of Christ. Encyc. [Sp.] A small Spanish denomination of money. The real of plate varies in value according to the time of its coinage, from 125 down to 10 cents, or from 61 to 5 pence sterling. The real vellun is a money vf account equal to 5 cents, or 2k pence ster- ling McCulloch. 2. Arealist. [Obds.] Burton. [Fr. reagal, or realgal; Port. rosal- gar, red algar.] A combination of sulphur and arsenic in equal equivalents ; red sulphuret of arsenic. Realgar dif- fers from orpiment in the circumstance that orpiment is composed of two equivalents of arsenic and three of sulphur. The doctrine of the realists, who maintain that things, and not words, are the objects of dialectics. One who maintains that gencrals, or the terms used to denote the genera and species of things, represent real existences, and are not mere names, as maintained by the nominalists. JWurdock. Pertaining to or characteristic of the realists. [Fr. realité.] 1. Actual being or existence of any thing ; truth ; fact; in distinction from mere appearance. A man may fancy he understands a critic, when in reality he does not comprehend his meaning, Addison. 2. Something intrinsically important, not merely matter of show. And to realities yield all her shows. Milton. 3. In the schools, that which may exist of itself, or which has a full and absolute being of itself, and is not considered as a part of any thing else. Encyec. In law, immobility, or the fixed, permanent na- ture of property; as, chattels which savor of the realty. {This word Reauty is so written, in Jaw, for ReEauiry.] Blackstone. That may be realized. {from realize.] The act of realizing or making real, Beddoes. 2, The act of converting money into land. 3. The act of believing or considering as real. 4. The act of bringing into being or act. Glanville. [Sp. realizar ; Fr. realiser.] 1. To bring into being or act ; as, to realize a scheme or project. We realize what Archimedes had only in hypothesis, weighing a single grain of sand against the globe of earth. Glanville, 2. To convert money into land, or personal into real estate. 3. To impress on the mind as a reality ; to believe, consider, or treat as real. How little do men in full health realize their frailty and mortality ! Let the sincere Christian realize the closing sentiment. 7’, Scott. 4, To bring home to one’s own case or experience ; to consider as one’s own; to feelin all its force. Who, at his fireside, can realize the distress of ship- wrecked mariners? This allusion must have had enhanced strength and beauty to the eye of a nation extensively devoted to o pastoral life, and therefore realizing all its fine scenes and the tender emotions to which they gave birth, Dwight, 5. To bring int tual istenc d ssessi ; 5. To bring into actual existence and possession ; to render tangible or effective. He never realized much profit from his trade or speculations. Brought into actual being; con- into impressed, received, or verted real estate ; REA treated asa reality ; felt in its true force ; rendered actual, tangible, or effective. RE/AL-IZ-ING, ppr. Bringing into actual being; converting into real estate ; impressing as a reality ; feeling as one’s own or in its real force; rendering tangible or effective. 2. a. That makes real, or that brings home as a reality ; as, a realizing view of eternity. Robt. Hall. RE-AL-LEGE!, (re-al-lej/,) v. t fre and allege.} To allege again. Cotgrave. RE-AL-LI/ANCE, 7. A renewed alliance. RE/AL-LY, adv. With actual existence, Pearson. 2. In truth; in fact; not in appearance only ; as, things really evil. The anger of the people is really a short fit of madness, Swift. In this sense it is used familiarly as a slight cor- roboration of an opinion or declaration. Why, really, sixty-five is somewhat old. REALM, (relm,) n. [Fr. royauwme; It. reame; from Fr. roi, It. re, L. rex, king, whence regalis, royal.] 1. A royal jurisdiction or extent of government; a kingdom; a king’s dominions; as, the realm of England. 2. Kingly government; as, the realm of bees. Laas) Milton., REALM’-BOUND-ING, a. Bounding a realm. RE/AL-TY, n. [It realid, from re, king, L. rez.] 1. Loyalty. [JVot in use.] Milton. 2. Reality. [JVot in use. More. 3. In law, immobility. (See REALITY. ] REAM, 7. (Sax. ream,a band; D. rien; Dan. rem or reem; Sw. rem; W. rhwym, a bond or tie. The Dutch word signifies a strap, thong, or girdle, and an oar, L. remus. In Fr. rame is a ream and an Oar, and if the English ream and the L. remus are the same word, the primary sense is a shoot, L. ramus, a branch, for the shoots of trees or shrubs were the first bands used by men. (See Girp and WitTHE.) The Italian has risma, and the Sp. and Port. resma, a ream, G. riess. See Class Rm, No. 7, 9.] A bundle or package of paper, consisting of twenty Young. quires. Pope. Printer’s ream; among English printers, 21% quires. McCulloch. REAM, v.¢t. To bevel out, as a hole in metal, &c. Halliwell. RE-AN’I-MATE, v. t. [ve and animate.] To revive; to resuscitate ; to restore to life; as a person dead or apparently dead ; as, to reanimate a drowned person. 2, To revive the spirits when dull or languid ; to invigorate ; to infuse new life or courage into ; as, to reanimate disheartened troops ; to reanimate drowsy senses or languid spirits, RE-AN/I-MA-TED, pp. Restored to life or action. RE-AN/‘I-MA-TING, ppr. Restoring life to; invigor- ating with new life and courage. RE-AN-I-MA/TION, n. The act or operation of re- viving from apparent death ; the act or operation of giving fresh spirits, courage, or vigor. RE-AN-NEX’,v.t. [reand annez.}] To annex again ; to reunite ; to annex what has been separated. Bacon. The act of annexing again. farshall. RE-AN-NEX/ED, (-an-nekst’,) pp. Annexed or united again. RE-AN-NEX/ING, ppr. Annexing again ; reuniting. REAP, v.t. ([Sax. rip, hrippe, gerip, harvest ; ripan, to reap; ripe, ripe; rypan, to rip; allied probably to reajian, to seize, spoil, lay waste, L. rapio, G. revf, ripe, D. raapen, toreap, ryp, ripe, Gr. ap7n, a sickle, do7aw, to reap, L. carpo, Eng. crop. See Class Rb, No. 18, 26, 27, 1. To cut grain with a sickle ; as, to reap wheat or rye. When ve reap the harvest, thou shalt not wholly reap the corners of thy field. — Ley. xix 2. To clear of a crop by reaping; as, to reap a field. 3. To gather; to obtain ; to receiveas a reward, or as the fruit of labor or of works; in a good or bad sense; aS, to reap a benefit from exertions. He tat soweth to the flesh shall of the flesh reap corruption. — Gal, Vi. Ye have plowed wickedness ; Hos. y. REAP, v.7. To perform the act or operation of reap- ing. In Wew England, farmers reap in July and August. 2. To receive the fruit of labor or works. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. — Ps. cxxvi. REAP’/ED, (reept,) pp. Cut with a sickle; received as the fruit of labor or works. REAP’ER, n. One that cuts grain with a sickle. REAP/ING, ppr. Cutting grain with ao sickle; re- ceiving as the fruit of labor or the reward of works. REAP/ING, n. The act of cutting grain with a sickle. REAP/ING-HOOK, n. An instrument used in reap- ing; a sickle. RE-AP-PAR/EL, »v, t. again. RE-AP-PAR/®L-ED, pp. Clothed again. RE-AN-NEX-A’ TION, n. ye have reaped iniquity. — [re and apparel.) To clothe Donne. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 914RE-AP-PAR/EL-ING, ppr. Clothing again. RE-AP-PEAR’, v.i. [re and appear.] To appear a second time. RE-AP-PEAR/ANCE, n. A second appearance. RE-AP-PEAR/ING, ppr. Appearing again. RE-AP-PLI-€A’/TION, n. [See Rearery.] A second application. RE-AP-PLY’, v. t& ort. [re and apply.] To appl RE-AP-PLY/ING, ppr. Aes ara ] apa RE-AP-POINT’, v. t. To appoint again. RE-AP-POINT’ED, pp. Appointed again. RE-AP-POINT’ING, ppr. Appointing again. RE-AP-POINT/MENT, n. A second appointment. RE-AP-POR/TION, v. t. To apportion again. RE-AP-POR/TION-ED, pp. Apportioned again. RE-AP-POR!/TION-ING, ppr. Apportioning again. RE-AP-POR’/TION-MENT, x. A second apportion- ment. Madison. REAR, (reer,) n. [Fr. arriere; but this is compound ; Arm. refr, rever, reor, the seat; the fundament ; W. rhév, something thick, a bundle ; rhkevyr, the funda- ment. Rear is contracted from rever. Class Rb.] 1. In @ general sense, that which is behind or back- ward ; appropriately, the part of an army which is behind the other, either when standing on parade or when marching ; also, the part of a fleet which is behind the other. It is opposed to Front or VAN, Bring up the rear. 2. The last class ; the Jast in order. Coins [ place in the rear. In the rear ; behind the rest; backward, or in the last class. In this phrase, rear @ignifies the part or REAR, a. (Sax. hrere.] 2 [place behind. 1. Little cooked ; raw ; raré; not well roasted or boiled. 7 2. [Sax. areran, to hasten; hreran, to excite.] Early. [4 provincial word.) REAR, v. t. [Sax. reran, reran, areran, to erect, to excite, to hasten; hreran, to excite; Sw. rdra, to move; Dan. rérer, to move, stir, shake; rodrig, quick, lively, rising in the stomach. ] I. To raise, Who now shall rear you to the sun, or rank Peacham, Your tribes ? Milton, 2, To lift after a fall. In adoration at his feet I fell Submiss ; he reared me. Milton. 3. To bring up or to raise to maturity, as young ; ag, to rear a numerous offspring. Thomson. 4. To educate ; to instruct. He wants a father to protect his youth, And rear him up to virtue. Southern, 5. To exalt ; to elevate. Charity, decent, modest, easy, kind, : Softens the high, and rears the abject mind. Prior. 6. To rouse ; to stir up. And secks the tusky boar to rear. Dryden. 7. To raise ; to breed; as cattle. Harte. 8. To bear off; to achieve; to obtain. Spenser. To rear one’s steps; to ascend; to move upward. Milton. REAR, v.t. Torise up on the hind legs, as a horse. REAR-AD/MI-RAL. See Apmirau. REAR/ED, (reerd,} pp. Raised ; lifted; brought up; educated ; elevated. REAR/-GUARD, nz. The body of an army that marches in the rear of the main body to protect it. REAR/ING, ppr. Raising; educating; elevating. REAR/-LINE, z. ‘The line in the rear of an army. REAR/-MOUSE, n. [Sax. hrere-mus.] The leather-winged bat. Shak. Abbot. REAR/-RANK, n. The rank of a body of troops which is in the rear. REAR/WARD, n. [from rear. See Rerewarv.] The last troop ; the rear-guard, 2. The end; the tail; the train behind. Shak, 3. The latter part. Shak. RE-AS-CEND’, v.z [re and ascend.] Torise, mount, or climb again. Milton. Spenser. RE-AS-CEND’, v. t. To mount or ascend again. He mounts aloft and reascends the skies. Addison. RE-AS-CEND'ED, pp. Ascended again. RBE-AS-CEND/ING, ppr. Ascending again. RE-AS-CEN/SION, (-as-sen/shun,) x. The act of re- ascending ; a remounting. RE-AS-CENT’, x. A returning ascent; acclivity. Cowper. REA/SON, (ré/zn,)n. [Ir. reasun ; W. rhestom; Arm. resoun; Fr, raison; Sp. razon; Port. razam; It. ra- gione; Li. ratio; Russ. vazum; Goth. rathyo, an ac- count, number, ratio ; rathyan, to number ; garathyan, to number or count; rodyan, to speak; D. rede, speech; reden, reason, argument; vedenkunst, rheto- ric; G. rede, reden; Sax. red, reda, speech, reason ; reswian, to reason. We find united the Sax. red, speech, redan, redan, to read, the Gr. jew, to say or speak, whence rfetoric, and the lL. ratio, which is from ratus, and which proves reor to be contracted from redo, redor, and all unite with rod, L. radius, &e. Primarily, rcason is that which is uttered. (See Reap.) So Gr. Noyds, from Acyw.] REA 1, That which is thought or which is alleged in words, as, the ground or cause of opinion, conclu- sion, or determination. I have reasons which I may choose not to disclose. You ask me my reasons. I freely give my reasons. The judge assigns good reasons for his opinions, reasons which justify his decision. Hence, in general, 2. The cause, ground, principle, or motive, of any thing said or done; that which supports or justifies a determination, plan, or measure. Virtue and vice are not arbitrary things; but there is a natural and eternal reason for that gooduess and virtue, and against vice and wickedness, — 1 Pet. iii. Tillotson. 3. Efficient cause. He is detained by reason of sickness. Spain is thin sown of people, partly by reason of its sterility of soil. Bacon. The reason of the motion of the balance in a wheel-watch is by motion of the next wheel, Hale. 4, Final cause. Reason, in the English language, is sometimes taken for true and clear principles; sometimes for clear and fair deductions; sometimes for the cause, particularly the final cause. Locke. o. A faculty of the mind by which it distinguishes truth from falsehood, and good from evil, and which enables the possessor to deduce inferences from facts or from propositions. Encyc. Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul, Reason’s comparing balance rules the whole — That sees immetliate good by present sense, Reason the future and the consequence. Pope. Reason is the director of man’s will. Hooker. 6. Ratiocination ; the exercise of reason. But when by reason she the truth has found. Davies. 7. Right; justice ; that which is dictated or sup- ported by reason. Every man claims to have reason on his side. I was promised on a time, To have reason for my rhyme. 8. Reasonable claim ; justice. God brings good out of evil, and therefore it were but reason we should trust God to govern his own world. aylor. 9. Rationale ; Just account. This reason did the ancient fathers render, why the church was called catholic. Pearson. [See No. 1 and 2.] 10. Moderation ; moderate demands; claims which reason and justice admit or prescribe. The most probable way of bringing France to reason, would be by the making an attempt on the Spanish West Indies, Addison. In reason, in all reason; in justice; with rational ground. When any thing is proved by as good arguments as a thing of that kind is capable of, we ought not in reason to doubt of its existence, Tillotson. REA/SON, v.z. [Fr. raisonner; Sax. reswian.] 1. To exercise the faculty of reason ; to deduce in- ferences justly from premises. Brutes do not reason; children veason imperfectly. 2. To argue; to infer conclusions from premises, or to deduce new or unknown propositions from previous propositions which are known or evident. To reason justly, is to infer from propositions which are known, admitted, or evident, the conclusions which are natural, or which necessarily result from them. Men may reason within themselves; they may reason before a court or legislature; they may reason Wrong as Well as right. 3. To debate ; to confer or inquixe by discussion or mutual communication of thoughts, arguments, or reasons. And they reasoned among themselves. — Matt. xvi. To reason with ; to argue with; to endeavor to in- form, convince, or persuade, by argument. Reason with a profligate son, aid if possible, persuade him of his errors. 2. To discourse; to talk; to take or give an ac- count. Stand still, that I may reason with you before the oory of all Spenser. the righteous acts of the Lord, —! Sam, xii. [Obs REA/SON, v. t. To examine or discuss by argu- ments ; to debate or discuss. I reasoned the matter with my friend. When they are clearly discovered, well digested, and well rea- soned in every part, there is beauty in such a theory. Burnet, 2. To persuade by reasoning or argument; as, to yeason one into a belief of truth; to veason one out of his plan; to reason down a passion. REA/’SON-A-BLE, a. Having the faculty of reason ; endued with reason ; as, a reasonable being. In this sense RatronaL is now generally used.] 5, Governed by reason ; being under the influence of reason; thinking, speaking, or acting rationally, or according to the dictates of reason ; as, the meas- ure must satisfy all reasonable men. 3. Conformable or agreeable to reason; just ; rational. By indubitable certainty, 1 mean that which does not admit of ” any reasonable c:use of doubting. Wukins, A law may be reasonable in itself, though o man does not allow REA , 4, Not immoderate Let all things be thought upon, That may With reasonable awiftness add More feathers to our wings. Shak. 5. Tolerable; being in mediocrity , moderate ; as, a reasonable quantity. Abbot. 6. Not excessive; not unjust; as, a reasonable fine ; a reasonable sum in damages. REA!’SON-A-BLE-NESS, nx. The faculty of reason. [Un this sense, little used. | 2, Agreeableness to reason ; that state or quality of a thing which reason supports or justifies; as, the reasonableness of our wishes, demands, or expecta- tions. The reasonableness and excellency of charity. Law, 3. Conformity to rational principles. The whole frame and contexture of a watch carries in it a rea- sonableness — the passive impression of the reason or intel- lectual idea that was in the artist. [Unusual.] Hale, _ 4. Moderation ; as, the reasonableness of a demand. REA!/SON-A-BLY, adv. Ina manner or degree agree- able to reason; in consistency with reason. We may reasonably suppose self-interest to be the govern- ing principle of men. 2. Moderately ; in a moderate degree ; not fully ; in a degree reaching to mediocrity. If we can by industry make our deaf and dumb persons reaso Ei ably perfect in the language. older. REA/SON-ED, (ré/znd,) pp. Examined or discussed by arguments. 2. Persuaded by reasoning or argument. REA/SON-ER, . One who reasons or argues ; as, 2 fair reasoner ; a close reasoner; a logical reasoner. REA/SON-ING, ppr. or a. Arguing ; deducing infer- ences from premises ; debating; discussing. REA/SON-ING, n. The act or process of exercising the faculty of reason; that act or operation of the mind by which new or unknown propositions are deduced from previous ones which are known and evident, or which are admitted or supposed for the sake of argument; argumentation ; ratiocination ; as, fair reasoning ; false reasoning; absurd reasoning ; strong or weak reasoning. The reasonings of the advocate appeared to the court conclusive. REA/SON-LESS, a. Destitute of reason; as, a rea- sonless man or mind. Shak. Ralegh. 2. Void of reason ; not warranted or supported by reason. Tis profier is absurd and reasonless. Shak. RE-AS-SEM’/BLAGE, n. Assemblage a second time. RE-AS-SEM’/BLE, v.t. [re and assemble.] To coilect again. Milton. RE-AS-SEM’BLE, v. 1% To assemble or convene again. RE-AS-SEM’BLED, pp. Assembled again. RE-AS-SEM/BLING, ppr. Assembling again. RE-AS-SERT’, v.t. [reand assert.] To assert again; to maintain after suspension or cessation. Let us hope —we may have a body of authors who will reassert our claim to respectability in literature. Walsh. RE-AS-SERT’ED, pp. Asserted or maintained anew. RE-AS-SERT’ING, ppr. Asserting again ; vindicating anew RE-AS-SER/TION, zn. Asecond assertion of the same thing. RE-AS-SIGN’/, (-as-sine’,) v. t. [reand assign.] To as- sign back ; to transfer back what has been assigned. RE-AS-SIGN/ED, pp. Assigned back. RE-AS-SIGN/ING, ppr. Transferring back what has been assigned. RE-AS-SIM/LLATE, v. t. [re and assint aes To assimilate or cause to resemble anew: to change again into a like or suitable substance Encyc. RE-AS-SIM/L-LA-TED, pp. Assimilated anew; changed again to a like substance. RE-AS-SIM/I-LA-TING, ppr. Assimilating again. RE-AS-SIM LLA/TION, n. A second or renewed assimilation. Encyc. RE-AS-SUMB’, v. t. [re and assume.] To resume; to take again. Jilton. RE-AS-SUM/ED, pp. Resumed; assumed again. RE-AS-SUM/ING, ppr. Assuming or taking again. RE-AS-SUMP’TION, z. A resuming; a second as- sumption. RE-AS-SUR/ANCE, (-shur'ans,) x. [See Sune and ASSURANCE, | : 1. Assurance or confirmation repeated. [Rare.] Prynne. 9, A second assurance against loss, or the asstr- ance of property by an underwriter, to relieve him- self from arisk he has taken. Blackstone. Park. RE-AS-SORE’, (re-ash-shire’,) v.t. [re and assure; Fr. rassurer. | 1. To restore courage to; to free from fear or terror hey rose with fear. Till dauntless Pallas rezssured the rest. Dryden. 2. To insure a second time against loss, or rather to insure by another what one has already insured ; to insure against loss that may be incurre hy taking a risk. RE-AS-SUR/ED, (-shurd,) pp- Restored from fear; it. Swift. reéncouraged. TUNE. BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. nee NS 915 5 a ee Toe a renee! «AN — Searaoc ~ a doers We Te ses Cas ¥ 9 P Fy: . eee sie — Pasian ae 9, Insured against loss by risk taken, as an under- writer. RE-AS-SUR/ER, n. writer. RE-AS-SUR/ING, ppr- Restoring from fear, terror, or depression of courage. 9. Insuring against loss by insurance, REAS’TLNESS, xz. Rancidness. [/Vot in use, or lo- cal.) __ Cotgrave. REAS'TY, a. [Qu. rusty.] Covered with a kind of rust and having a rancid taste; applied to Bees meat. [Not in use, or local.] Skelton. REATE, (réte,) n. A kind of Jong, small grass, that grows in water and complicates itself. [ot in use, or local. ] Walton. RE-AT-TACH’, v. ¢. [ve and attach.] To attach a second time. RE-AT-TACH’ED, (-at-tacht’,) pp. Attached a sec- ond time. RE-AT-TACH/MENT, 7. A second attachment. RE-AT-TEMPT’, v. t. [re and attempt.] To attempt One who insures the first under- again. RE-A T-TEMPT’/ED, pp. Attempted a second time. RE-AT-TEMPT’ING, ppr. Attempting again. REAVE, (reeve,) v. t. (Sax. reafian.] To take away by stealth or violence; to bereaye, [ Obs.] [See Bereave.] Shak. Spenser. RE-A-VOW!, v.t. To vow again. RE-BAP/TISM, z. A second baptism. RE-BAP-TI-ZA/TION, n. [from rebaptize.] A sec- ond baptism. Hooker. RE-BAP-TIZE’, v. t. [reand baptize.] To baptize a second time. Ayliffe. RE-BAP-TIZ/ED, pp. Baptized again. RE-BAP-TIZ/ING, ppr. Baptizing a second time. RE-BATE’,v.t. [Fr.rebatire; re and battre; It. ribat- tere. To blunt; to beat to obtuseness ; to deprive of keenness. He doth rebate and blunt his natural edge. Shak. The keener edge of battle to rebate. Dryden. 2. To abate or deduct from. RE-BATE!, n. A kind of hard freestone used in pavements; also, a piece of wood fastened to a long stick for beating mortar. Also, an iron tool sharp- ened somewhat like a chisel, for dressing wood, &c. Imes. 9. In architecture, the groove or channel sunk on the edge of a piece of timber; a rabbet, which see. RE-BATE’, RE-BATE/MENT, 9. In commerce, abatement; deduction of interest, orany sum, &c., in consequence of prompt payment. Bouvier. 3. In heraldry, a diminution or abatement of the bearings in a coat of arms. Encyc. RE-BA’TO, rn. A sort of ruff. [See Ranaro.] RE/BE€, n. [Fr. rebec; It. ribecca.] A three-stringed fiddle. [ot much used.] Milton. REB/EL, x. (Fr. rebelle, from L. rebellis, making war again. | 1. One who revolts from the government to which he owes allegiance, either by openly renouncing the authority of that government, or by taking arms and openly opposing it. A rebel differs from an enemy, as the latter is one who does not owe allegiance to the government which he attacks. um. xvii. 2. One who willfully violates a law. Encyc. 3. One who disobeys the king’s proclamation ; a contemner of the king’s jaws. British Laws. Blackstone. 4. A feudal villain who disobeys his lord> Encyc. REB/EL, a. Rebellious; acting in revolt. Milton. RE-BEL’, v.i. (LL. rebello, to make war again; re and bello; W. rhyvela, to make war; rhy and bel, war.] 1. To revolt ; to renounce the authority of the laws and government to which one owes allegiance. Subjects may rebel by an open renunciation of the authority of the government, without taking arms; but ordinarily, rebellion is accompanied by resistance in arms. Ye have built you an altar, that ye might rebel this day against the Lord. —Jogeh. xxii. Is. i. 2. To rise in violent opposition against lawful au- thority. How could my hand rebel against my heart? How could your heart rebel against your reason? Driyden. RE-BEL/LED, pp. or a. Rebellious; guilty of rebel- lion. Milton. RE-BEL‘LER, zn. One that rebels. Dict. RE-BEL/LING, ppr. Renouncing the authority of the government to which one owes allegiance ; rising in opposition to lawful authority. RE-BELL/ION, (re-bel/yun,) n. [Fr., from L. rebellio. Among the Romans, rebellion was originally a revolt or open resistance to their government by nations that had been subdued in war. It was a renewed war.] 1. An open and avowed renunciation of the au- thority of the government to which one owes alle- giance ; or the taking of arms traitorously to resist the authority of lawful government; revolt. Re- m. Diminution. REB Insurrection may be a rising in opposition to a particular act or law, without a design to renounce wholly all subjection tothe government. Insurrec- tion may be, but is not necessarily, rebellion. Mu- tiny is an insurrection of soldiers or seamen against the authority of their officers, No sooner is the standard of rebellion displayed, than men of desperate principles resort to it. Ames. 2. Open resistance to lawful authority. Commission of rebellion; in law, a commission awarded against a person who treats the king’s au- thority with contempt, in not obeying his proclama- tion according to his allegiance, and refusing to at- tend his sovereign when required; in which case, four commissioners are ordered to attach him wherever he may be found. Blachstone. RE-BELL/IOUS, (re-bel/yus,) a. Engaged in rebell- ion ; renouncing the authority and dominion of the government to which allegiance is due ; traitorously resisting government or lawful authority. Deut. ix. XXi. RE-BELL’IOUS-LY, adv. With design to throw off the authority of legitimate government ; in opposi- tion to the government to which oue is bound by al- legiance ; with violent or obstinate disobedience to lawful authority. Camden. RE-BELL/IOUS-NESS, (-bel/yus-,) n. The quality or state of being rebellious. RE-BEL’/LOW, v.i%. [re and bellow.] To bellow in return ; to echo back a loud, roaring noise. The cave rebellowed and the temple shook. RE-BEL’/LOW-ING, ppr. echo. RE-BLOS/SOM, z. 2. RE-BLOS'SOM-ING, ppr. Blossoming again. RE-BO-A/TION, x. [L. reboo; re and ot Dryden, Bellowing in return or in {re and blossom.] To blossom [again. Not used.) Patrick. Elyot. The return of a loud, bellowing sound. RE-BOIL’, v. 7. [L. re and bullio.] To take fire ; to be hot. RE-BOIL’!, v. t. To boil again. RE-BOIL/ED, pp. Boiled a second time. RE-BOUND’, v.i. [Fr. rebondir ; re and bondir.] To spring back; to start back; to be reverberated by an elastic power resisting force or impulse im- pressed ; as, a rebounding echo. Bodies absolutely hard, or so soft as to be void of elasticity, will not rebound from one another. Newton. RE-BOUND’, v. t. To drive back ; to reverberate. Silenus sune; the vales his voice rebound, Dryden. RE-BOUND’,z. The act of flying back in resistance of the impulse of another body ; resilience. Put back as from a rock with swift rebound, RE-BOUND’ED, pp. Sprung back ; reverberated. RE-BOUNDI/ING, ppr. Springing or flying back ; re- verberating. RE-BRACE’, v. t. Dryden. To brace again. ray. RE-BREAFHE’, v.i. [re and breathe.] To breathe again. RE-BUFF’, n. [It. rabbuffo ; Fr. rebuffade; re and It. buffa, buffare, Ir. bouffer.] 1. Repercussion, or beating back; a quick and sudden resistance. The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud. 2. Sudden check ; defeat. 3. Refusal; rejection of solicitation. RE-BUFF’, v. t. To beat back ; to offer sudden re- sistance to; to check. RE-BUFF’ED, (re-buft’,) pp. suddenly ; checked. RE-BUILD’, (-bild’,) v. t. [re and bduild.] To build again ; to renew a structure; to build or construct what- has been demolished; as, to rebuild a house, a wall, a wharf, or a city. RE-BUILD/ER, n. One who rebuilds. Bp. Hall. RE-BUILD/ING, (-bild/ing,) ppr. Building again. RE-BUILT’, (-bilt’,) pp. Built again; reconstructed. RE-BUK’A-BLE, a. [from rebuke.] Worthy of repre- hension. Shak. RE-BUKE’, v.t. [Norm. rebuquer; Arm. rebechat, to reproach. Qu, Fr. reboucher, to stop ; re and boucher, to stop. The Italian has rimbeccare, to repulse or drive back, to peck, from becco, the beak. ‘The word is a compound of re and a root in Bg, signifying to drive. See Pack and Impracu. Class Bg, No. 20.] 1. To chide; to reprove ; to reprehend fora fault ; to check by reproof. The proud he tamed, the penitent he cheered, Nor to rebuke the rich offender feared. Dryden. Thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy ncighbor. — Lev, xix. 2. To check or restrain. The Lord rebuke thee, O Satan, — Zech. ili. Is. xvil, 3. To chasten ; to punish; to afflict for correction. O Lord, rebuke me not in thine anger. — Ps. vi. 4, To check ; to silence. Master, rebuke thy disciples. — Luke xix. 5. To check ; to heal. And he stood over her and rebuked the fever. — Luke iv. 6. To restrain ; to calm. [re and brace.} Milton, Beaten back ; resisted REC RE-BUKE!, x. A chiding; reproof for faults ; repre- hension. Why bear you these rebukes and answer not? Shak. 2. In Scripture, chastisement ; punishment; afflic- tion for the purpose of restraint and correction. Ezek. ¥. Hos. Vz 3. In low language, any kind of check. LD’ Estrange. To suffer rebuke; to enduro the reproach and perse- cution of men. Jer. XV- To be without rebuke ; to live without giving cause of reproof or censure ; to be blameless. RE-BUK’ED, (re-bakt’,) pp. Reproved ; reprehended ; checked ; restrained ; punished for faults. RE-BUKE/FUL, a, - Containing or abounding with re- bukes. RE-BOKE/FUL-LY, adv. With reproof or reprehen- s10n. RE-BUK/ER, z. One that rebukes; a chider; one that chastises or restrains. RE-BUK/ING, ppr. Chiding; reproving; checking, punishing. RE-BUK/ING-LY, adv. By way of rebuke. RE-BUL-LI’/ TION, (re-bul-lish’/un,) n. [See Esuvxr- tion and Borx.] Act of boiling or effervescing. Little used.) Wotton. RE-BUR’Y, (re-ber’ry,) v. & [reand bury.] ‘To inter Ashmole. again. RE/BUS, n.; pl. Resuses. [L., from res, which is of the class Rd, Rs, and of the same family as riddle. See Ripper, Reap, and Reav.] 1. An old and quaint mode of expressing words or phrases by the pict¥res of objects whose names bear a resemblance to those words, or to the syllables of which they are compysed. Thus, an eye and a fon, or barrel, represent th family name Eyton. A gal- lant, in Jove with a wofwan named Rose Hil, painted, on the border of his gown, a rose, a hill, an eye, a loaf, and a well, which reads, Rose Hill I love well. y Encye. 2, In heraldry, a coat of akms which bears an allu- sion to the namie of the person, as three cups, for Butler. Brande. 3. A peculiar kind of enigma or riddle. RE-BUT’, v. t. [Fr. rebuter; Norm. rebutter; from the root of but, Fr. bout, end; bouter, to put; bouder, to pout; It. ributtare, to drive back, also to vomit. See Burr and Pour. Class Bd.] To repel ; to oppose by argument, plea, or counter- vailing proof. It is used by lawyers in a general sense.] RE-BUT’, v.i. Toretire back. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To answer, as a plaintiff’s surrejoinder. The plaintiff may answer the rejoinder by a surrejoinder ; on which the defendant may rebut. stone, RE-BUT’TED, pp. Repelled; answered. RE-BUT’TER, n. In law pleadings, the answer of a defendant to a plaintiffs surrejomder. Blackstone. If I grant to a tenant to hold without impeachment of waste, and afterward implead him for waste done, he may debar me of this action by showing my grant, which is a Re ncyc. RE-BUT’TING, ppr. Repelling; opposing by argu- ment, countervailing allegation, or evidence. RE-G€AL-CL-TRA/TION, zn. A kicking back again. Sir Walter Scott. RE-CALLI, v. t. ire and call.] To call back ; to take back ; as, to recall words or declarations. 2. To revoke ; to annul by a subsequent act ; as, to recall a decree. 3. To call back ; to revive in memory ; as, to re- call to mind what has been forgotten. Broome. 4. To call back from a place or mission ; as, to re- call a minister from a foreign court; to recall troops from India. RE-€ALL’, xn. A calling back; revocation. 2. The power of calling back or revoking. Tis done; and since ’tis done, ’tis past recut. Dryden. RE-€ALL/A-BLE, a. That may be recalled. Ramsay. Delerates recallable at pleasure. Madisen, RE-CALL/ED, pp. Called back; revoked. RE-C€ALLIING, ppr. Calling back; revoking. RE-CANT’, v. t. [L. recanto; re and canto. See Cant. ] To retract ; to recall ; to contradict a former decla- ration. How soon would ease recant Vows made in pain, as violent as void. RE-€ANT’, v.i. To recall words; to revoke a decla- ration or proposition ; to unsay what has been said. Convince me I am wrong, and I will recant. RE-€AN-TA/TION, n. The act of recalling ; retrac- tion ; a declaration that contradicts a former one. Milton. Sidney. RE-CANT'ED, pp. Recalled; retracted. RE-CANT’/ER, x. One that recants. Shak. RE-€ANT’ING, ppr. Recalling; retracting. RE-€A-PAC/I-TATE, v. t. [re and capacitata] To qualify again ; to confer capacity on again. Atterbury bellion differs from insurrection and from mutiny. He arose and rebuked the winds ond the sex. — Matt. viii. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— RE-€A-PAC'I-TA-TED, pp. Capacitated again. 916REC RE-€A-PAC/I-TA-TING, ppr, Conferring capacity again. RE-€A-PIT/U-LATE, wo. t. [Fr. recapituler; It. rac- capitolare ; re and L. capitulum. See Capituvate.] To repeat the principal things mentioned in a pre- ceding discourse, argument, or essay; to give a summary of the principal facts, points, or arguments. Dryden. RE-€A-PIT’U-LA-TED, pp. Repeated in a sum- mary. RE-€A-PIT!U-LA-TING, ppr. Repeating the princi- pal things in a discourse or argument. RE-€A-PIT-U-LA/TION, n. The act of recapitulat- ing. _2, A summary or concise statement or enumera- tion of the principal points or facts in a preceding discourse, argument, or essay. South. RE-€A-PIT/U-LA-TO-RY, a. Repeating again ; con- taining recapitulation. Garretson. RE-€AP/TION, n. [L. re and captio; capio, to take.] The act of retaking ; reprisal; the retaking of one’s own goods, chattels, wife, or children, without force or violence, from one who has taken them and wrongfully detains them. Blackstone. Writ of recaption ; a writ to recover property taken by a second distress, pending a replevin for a former distress for the same rent or service. Blackstone. RE-€AP/TOR,7. [reand cap ire| One who retakes ; one that takes a prize which had been previously taken. RE-€AP’/TURE, (-kapt/yur,) n. [re and capture.] The act of retaking ; particularly, the retaking of a prize or goods from a captor. 2. A prize retaken. RE-€AP’/TURE, v. t. To retake ; particularly, to re- take a prize which had been previously taken. Du Ponceau. RE-€AP/TUR-ED, pp. or a. RE-€AP/TUR-ING, ppr. the captor. RE-€CAR/NLFY, v. t. flesh. ] To convert again into flesh. Retaken. Retaking, as a prize from [re and carnify, from L. caro, [Mot much used. | Howell. RE-CAR/RI-ED, pp. Carried back or again. RE-CAR/RY, v. t. [re and carry.] ‘To carry back, RE-€AR/RY-ING, ppr. Carrying back. [ Walton. RE-€AST’, v.t. [ve and cast.] To cast again; as, to recast cannon. 2. To throw again. Florio. 3. To mold anew. Burgess. 4. To compute a second time. RE-CAST’, pp. Cast again; molded anew. RE-€AST/ING, ppr. Casting again; molding anew. RE-CEDE!, v.2% [L. recedo; re and cedo.]} 1, To move back ; to retreat ; to withdraw. Like the hollow roar Of tides receding from th’ insulted shore. Dryden. All bodies, moved circularly, endeavor to recede from the center. entley. 2. To withdraw a claim or pretension; to desist from ; to relinquish what bad been proposed or as- serted ; as, to recede from a demand; to recede from terms or propositions. RE-CEDE’, v. t. [re and cede.] To cede back; to grant or yield to a former possessor ; as, to recede conquered territory. RE-CED/ED, pp. Ceded back ; regranted. RE-CED/ING, ppr. or a. Withdrawing; retreating ; moving back. 2. Ceding back ; regranting. RE-CiIPT’, (re-seet’,) n. [It. ricetta, from the L. re- ceptus. This word ought to follow the analogy of conceit, deceit, from L. conceptus, deceptus, and be written without p, Receir.] 1. The act of receiving ; as, the reccipt of a letter. 2. The place of receiving ; as, the receipt of custom. Matt. 1x. 3. Reception ; as, the receipt of blessings or mer- cies. 4, Reception; welcome; as, the kind receipt of a friend. [ Obs.] {In this sense, Reception is now used. ] 5. Recipe; prescription of ingredients for any composition, as of medicines, &c. Driden. Arbuthnot. 6. A writing acknowledging the taking of money or goods. A reccipt of money may be in part or in full payment of a debt, and it operates as an acquit- tance or discharge of the debt either in part or in full. A receipt of goods makes the receiver liable to account for the same, according to the nature of the transaction, or the tenor of the writing, It is cus- tomary for sheriffs to deliver goods taken in execu- tion, to some person who gives his recetpt for them, with a promise to redeliver them to the sheriff at or before the time of sale. RE-CEIPT’, (re-seet’,)v.t. To give a receipt for; as, to receipt goods delivered by a sheriff, RE-ChIPT’OR, n. In law, one who receipts property which has been taken by the sheriff. [See above.] RE-CEIV’/A-BLE, a. That may be received. RE-CEIV’A-BLE-NESS, )m. Capability of being re- REC RE-CEIVE’, (re-seev’,) v. t. [Fr. recevoir; Arm. re- ceff, recevi; It. ricevere; Sp. recibir; Port. receber ; L. recipio; re and capio, to take. | 1. To take, as a thing offered or sent ; to accept. He had the offer of a donation, but he would not re- cewwe it. 2. To take as due or as areward. He received the money on the day it was payable. He received ample compensation. 3. To take or obtain from another in any manner, and either good or evil. Shall we recetve good at the hand of God, and shall we not re- ceive evil ? — Job il. 4, To take, as a thing communicated ; as, to re- ceive a wound by a shot; to receive a disease by con- tagion. The idea of solidity we receive by our touch. Locke. 5. To take or obtain intellectually ; as, to receive an opinion or notion from others. 6. To embrace. Receive with meekness the ingrafted word. —James i. 7. Toallow ; to hold; toretain; as,a custom long received, 8. To admit. Thou shalt guide me with thy counsel, and afterward receive me to glory. — Ps. Ixxiii. 9. To welcome; to lodge and entertain; ag a guest. They kindled a fire, and received us every one, because of the present rain and because of the cold. — Acts xxviii. 10. To admit into membership or fellowship. Him that is weak in the faith, receipe ye. — Rom, xiv. 11. To take in or on; to hold; to contain. The brazen altarwas too little to receive the burnt-offering.—1 Kings viii. 12. To be endowed with. Ye shall receive power after that the Holy Spirit has come upon you, — Acts 1, 13. To take into a place or state. After the Lord had spoken to them, he was received up into heaven. — Mark xvi. 14. To take or have as something ascribed ; as, to receive praise or blame. Rev. iv. 5. 15. To bear with or suffer. 2 Cor. xi. 16. To believe in. Jozi. 17. To accept or admit officiaJly or in an official character. ‘The minister was received by the emperor or court. 18. To take stolen goods from a thief, knowing them to be stolen. Blackstone. RE-CEIV’ED, (re-seevd’,) pp. or a. Taken; accept- ed; admitted ; embraced ; entertained ; believed. RE-CEIV’/ED-NESS, x. General allowance or be- lief; as, the receivedness of an opinion. oyle, RE-CEIV’/ER, n. One who takes or receives in any manner. 2, A person appointed, ordinarily by a court of chancery, to receive and hold in trust money or other property. BR. Gic: 3. One who takes stolen goods from a thief, know- ing them to be stolen, and incurs the guilt of partak- ing in the crime. Blackstone. 4. In distillation, a vessel for receiving and con- densing the product of distillation. 5. In pneumatic chemistry, a vessel for receiving and containing gases. Olmsted. 6. In natural philosophy, a vessel employed on the plate of the air-pump, for producing a vacuum. Olnsted. 7. One who partakes of the sacrament. Taylor RE-CEIV/ING, ppr. Taking; accepting ; admitting ; embracing ; believing ; entertaining. RE-CEIV/ING, x. The act of receiving ; that which is received. RE-CEL' £E-BRATEH, v. t. ebrate again. RE-CEL/E-BRA-TED, pp. RE-CEL/E-BRA-TING, ppr. Celebrating anew. RE-CEL-E-BRA/TION, z. A renewed celebration. RE/CEN-CY, 7. ([L. recens.] 1. Newness ; new state; late origin; as, the re- cency of a wound or tumor. 2. Lateness in time; freshness; as, the recency of a transaction. RE-CENSE’, (re-sens’,) v. ¢. censeo. | [re and celebrate.| 'To cel- B. Jonson. Celebrated anew. [L. recenseo; re and To review ; to revise Bentley. RE-CEN/SION, (re-sen/shun,) n. [I. recensio.] Review ; examination; enumeration. Evelyn. RE/CENT, a. [L.recens.] . 1. New; being of Jate origin or existence. The ancients believed some parts of Egypt to be recent, and formed by the mud discharged Into the sea by the Nile. Woodicard. 2. Late; modern; as, great and worthy men, an- cient or recent. [Mopern is now used.] Bacon. 3. Fresh; lately received; as, recent news or In- telligence. 4, Late ; of late occurrence; as, a recent event or RE/CENT-LY, adv. RE/CENT-NESS, 2. RE-CEP/TA-€LE, (re-sep'ta-kl,) n. REC-EP-TA€/U-LAR, a. REC’EP-TA-RY, (res/ep-,) x. Thing received. [Vot in use. | Brown. RE-CEP-TI-BIL/I-TY, n. The possibility of receiv- ing Glanville. RE-CEP!TION, zn. RE-CEIV-A-BIL'I-TY, ceived. Whitlock. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. transaction. REC 5. Fresh; not long dismissed, released, or parted from ; as, Ulysses, recent from the storms. Pope. 6. In geology, of a date subsequent to the creation of man; as, recent period ; recent shells. Lyell, Newly ; lately ; freshly; not long since; aS, advices recently received ; a town recently built or repaired ; an isle recently discovered. Newness; freshness; lateness of origin or occurrence; as, the recentness of alluvial land; the recentness of news or of events. [L. receptaculum, from receptus, recipio. | 1. A place or vessel into which something is re- ceived, or In which it is contained, as a vat, a tun, a hollow in the earth, &c. The grave is the common receptacle of the dead. 2. In botany, one of the parts of fructification ; the base on which the other parts of the fructification stand. A proper receptacle belongs only to one set of parts of fructification ; a common receptacle bears sev- eral florets or distinct sets of parts of fructifications. The receptacle of the fructification is common both to the flower and the fruit. The receptacle of the flower, is the base to which the parts of the flower, exclusive of the germ, are fixed. The receptacle of the fruit, is the base of the fruit only. The receptacle of the seeds, is the base to which the seeds are fixed. Martyn. The dilated apex of a pedicel, from which the floral envelops, stamens, and pistils proceed. Lindley. In botany, pertaining to the receptacle or growing on it, as the nectary. [Qu. The possibility of being received. ] [Fr.; L. receptio.] 1. The act of receiving ; in a general sense; as, the reception of food into the stomach, or of air into the lungs. 2. The state of being received. Milton. 3. Admission of any thing sent or communicated ; as, the reception of a letter; the reception of sensa- tion or ideas. 4. Readmission. All hope is lost Of my reception into grace, 5. Admission of entrance for holding or containing ; as, a sheath fitted for the reception of a sword; a channel for the reception of water. 6. A receiving or manner of receiving for enter- tainment ; entertainment. The guests were well pleased with their reception. Nothing displeases more than a cold reception. 7. A receiving officially ; as, the reception of an envoy by a foreign court.. 8. Opinion generally admitted. Philosophers who have quitted the popular doctrines of thelr countries, have fallen into as extravagant opinions, as even common reception countenanced. [Not in use.] cke. 9. Recovery. [NVot in use.] Bacon. RE-CEP/TIVE, a. Having the quality of receiving or admitting what is communicated. Imaginary space is receptive of all bodies. RE-CEP-TIV’I-TY, n. The state or quality of being Milton. Glanville. receptive. Fotherby. RE-CEP/TO-RY, a. Generally or popularly admitted or received. [.Vot in use.] rowir. RE-CESS’,n. [L. recessus, from recedo. See Receve.] 1. A withdrawing or retiring; a moving back; as, the recess of the tides. 9. A withdrawing from public business or notice ; retreat ; retirement. My recess hath given them confidence that I may be conquered. K. Charles. And every nee DvONE Brora : Sacred to soft recess and gentle love, Prior. 3. Departure. Glanville. 4, Part of a room formed by the receding of the Wall, as an alcove, niche, &c. : 5. Place of retirement or secrecy ; private abode. This happy place, our sweet s. Reces Milton. 6. State of retirement ; as, lords in close recess. Milton. In the recess of the jury, they are to consider their Een ale 7. Remission or suspension of business or pro- cedure ; as, the house of representatives had a recess of half an hour. 8. Privacy ; seclusion from the world or from com- ee Good verse recess and solitude requires. Drycen, 9. Secret or abstruse part; as, the difficulties and recesses of science. ‘ atts. 10. A withdrawing from any point; removal to a distance. Brown. 11, The retiring of the shore of the sea, or of a lake, from the general line of the shore, forming a bay. 917 Py. ee \ eae Saat \ ns SAT eeewars nee nett ap et ae secon cengeipta acts oan tay amie REC Fr. recez.] A decree of the imperial diet of ae 5 German empire. rande, RE-CES/SION, ara un,) 7. [L. recessto.] i J. The act o withdrawing, retiring, or ren eaune: 2. The act of receding from a claim, or of relax- ing a demand. South. 3. A cession or granting back; as, the recession of conquered territory to its former s sOve rejen. RE/CHAB-ITES, xn. pl. Among the ancient Jews, the descendants of Jonadab, the son of Rechab, w ho ab- Stained from all intoxicating drinks. The name has been assumed by some in modern times, who adopt the principle of total abstinence from alcoholic liquor. rande. RE-CHANGE’, v.t. [Fr. rechanger; re and change.] To change again. RE-CHANG/ED, pp. Changed again. RE-CHANG/ING, ppr._ Changing again. RE-CHARGE!, v. t. [Fr. recharger; re and charge.] 1. To charee or accuse in return. Hooker. 9. To attack again ; to attack anew. Dryden. RE-CHARG’ED, pp. Accused in return; attacked anew. RE-CHARG/ING, ppr. Accusing in return; attacking anew. RE-CHAR/TER, n. A second charter; a renewal of a charter. D. Webster. RE-CHAR’TER, v. t To charter again; to grant a second, or another charter to. RE-CHA R/TER- ED, pp. Chartered a second time. RE-CHAR’TER-ING, ppr. Chartering a second time. RE-CHAS'TEN-ED, (-chas/nd,) a. Chastened again. RE-CHEAT’, x. [Said to be from Old French.] Among hunters, a lesson which the huntsman winds on the horn w then the hounds have lost the game, to call them back from pursuing a counter scent. Bailey. Shak. RE-CHEAT’, v.t. To blow the recheat. Drayton. RE-GHER! CHE, (xa-shar’sha,) [Fr.] Ziterally, sought out with care; hence, nice to an extreme; un- natural. RE eB OOSE', (re-chooz!,) v. t. To choose a second RELC HOS'EN, Reélected ; chosen again. REC-I-Di/VATES, v.72. [L. recidivo.] To backslide; to fallagain. [Obs.] Bp. Andrews. RE-CID-I-VA'TION, n. [L. recidivus, from recido, to fall back ; re and cado, to fall.) A falling back; a backsliding. [JVot much used.] Hammond. REC-I-Di/VOUS, a. [L. recidivus.] Subject to backslide, { Little used.) REC’I-PE, (res/i-pe,) nm. [., imperative of recipio, to take.] A medical prescription ; a direction of med- xe )nes to be taken by a patient. Encic. . In popular usage, a receipt for making almost any mixture or preparation. RE-CIP/I-EN-CY, n. A receiving; the state of one who receives RE-CIP/LENT, m. [L. rectpiens, recipro.] 1. A receiver; the person or thing that receives; he or that to which any thing is communicated. 2. The receiver of a still. Decay of Piety. RE-CIP/RO-€AL, a. [L. reciprocus; Sp. and It. re- ciproco; Fr. reciproque. | 1, Acting in vicissitude or return ; alternate. Bacon. (re-choz'n,) pp. oY 4a. Corruption is reciprocal to generation, 2. Mutual; done by each to the other; as, recip- rocal love ; reciprocal benefits or favors; reciprocal duties ; reciprocal aid. 3. Mutually interchangeable. These two rules will render a definition reciprocal with the thing defined, Watts. Reciprocal terms; in logic, those terms that have the saine signification, and consequently are con- vertible, and may be used foreach other. Encyc. Reciprocal quantities, in mathematics, are those which, multiplied together, produce unity. Encyc. Reciprocal firures, in geometry, are two figures of the same kind, (as triangles, paraJlelograins, prisms, &C.,) SO related that the two sides of the one form the extremes of a proportion of which the means are the two corresponding sides of the other. Brande. Reciprocal proportion, is when, of four terms taken in order, the first has to the se second the same ratio which the fourth has to the third; or when the first has to the second the same ratio w hich the recipro- cal of the third has to the reciprocal of the fourth. Brande. Reciprocal ratio, is the ratio between the recipro- cals of two quantities; as, the reciprocal ratio of 4 to 9 is that of 1-4 to 1-9. RE-CIP/RO-€AL, n. The reciprocal of any quantity, is the quotient arising from the division of a unit by that quantity. Thus the reciprocal of 4 is 144. RE-CIP’/RO-€AL-LY, adv. Mutually ; interchangea- bly ; in such amanner that each affects the other and is equally affected by it. These Eo particles do reciprocally affect each other with the same forces Bentley. 2 In the manner of reciprocals. REC RE-CIP/RO-€AL-NESS, ) 7. RE-CIP-RO-€AL‘LTY, Mutual return ; alter- nateness. Decay of Piety. RE-CIP/RO-€ATE. v 2% [L. reciproco; Fr. recipro- wer. | To act interchangeably ; to alternate. One brawny smith the puffing bellows plics, And draws and blows reciprocating air. RE-CIP/RO-CATE, v. t. To exchange; to inter- change; to give and return mutually; as, to 7e- ciprocate favors. RE-CIP/RO-€A-TED, pp. turned ; interchanged, RE-CIP/RO-€A-TING, ppr. or a. Interchanging ; each giving or doing to the other the same thing. Reciprocating motion; in mechanics, motion alter- nately backward and forward, or up and down, as of a piston rod. RE-CIP-RO-€A/TION, n. [L. reciprocatio.] 1. Interchange of acts; a mutual giving and re- turning ; as, the reciprocation of kindnesses. 2. Alternation; as, the reciprocation of the sea in the flow and ebb of tides. Brown. 3. Regular return or alternation of two symptoms or diseases Coxe. REC-L- PROC -TY, (res-e-pros/e-te,) n. [Fr. reciprocité. | 1. Reciprocal obligation or right; equal mutual rights or benefits to be yielded or enjoyed. The com- missioners offered to negotiate a treaty on principles of reciprocity. 2. Mutual action and reaction. RE-CI’SION, (re-sizh’un,) [L. recisio, from re- cido, to cut off; re and cado.] The act of cutting off. Sherwood. RE-CIT’/AL, x. [from recite.] Rehearsal; the rep- etition of the words of another, or of a writing; as, the recital of a deed; the recital of testimony. Dryden, Mutually given and re- Encyc. 2. Narration ; a telling of the particulars of an ad- venture, or of a series of events. Addison. 3, Enumeration of particulars ; as, the recitals of a law. Burke. REC-I-TA/TION, n. [L. vrecitatio.] 1, Rehearsal; repetition of words. Hammond. Temple. 2. The delivery before an audience of the compo- sitions of others committed to memory. 3. In American colleges and schools, the rehearsal of a lesson by pupils before their instructor. REC-I-TA-TIVE’, a. [Fr. recitatif; It. recitativo. See RecirTe.] Reciting ; rehearsing; pertaining to musical pro- nunciation. Dryden. REC-IL-TA-TIVE!, x. In music, a species of singing approaching tow rd ordinary speaking; language delivered in musical tones, i. e., in the sounds of the musical scale. Brande. P. Cyc. 2. A piece of music in recitative. Bes A TA-TIVE’LY, adv. In the manner of recita- tiv RE- CITE! v. t name. 1. Torehearse ; torepeat the words of another, or of a writing ; as, to recite the words of an author, or of a deed or covenant. 2. In writing, to copy ; as, the words of a deed are recited in the pleading. 3. To tell over; to relate; to narrate; as, to 7¢e- cite past events; to recite the particulars of a voy- age. 4. To rehearse, as a lesson to an instructor. America. 5. To enumerate, or go over in particulars. RE-CITE’, v. i. To pronounce before an audience the compositions of others committed to memory. 2. To rehearse a lesson. ‘The class will recite at eleven o’clock. American Seminaries. RE-CITH’, for Recitav. [Wot in use.] RE- ety pp. Kehearsed; told; [L. rectto; re and cito, to call or repeated ; nar- rate RE- CIlvER, n. One that recites or rehearses ; a nar- rator,. RE-CIT/ING, ppr. Rehearsing; telling; repeating ; narrating. RECK, v.72. [Sax. recan, reccan, to say, to tell, to nar- rate, ‘to reckon, to care, to rule or govern, L. rego. The primary sense is to strain. Care is a straining of the mind. See Rack and Recxon.] To care; to mind ; to rate at much ; as we say, to reckon much of; followed by of. [Obs.] Thow’s but a lazy loorde, And recks much of thy swinke. Spenser. I reck as little what betideth me, As much | wish all rood be fortune you. Shak. Of night or loneliness it recits me not. Milton. RECK, v. t. To heed; to regard; to care for. This son of mine not recking danger. Sidney. [This verb is obsolete, unless in poetry. We ob- serve the primary sense and application in the phrase “It recks me not,” that is, it does not strain or dis- tress me ; it does not rack my mind. To reck danger is a derivative form of expression, and a deviation REC Careless; heedless ; mindless. Sidney. Heedlessly ; carelessly. RECK/LESS-NESS, zn. Heedlessness; carelessness ; neglige nce. Sidney. | These words, formerly disused, have been recently revived. RECK! ON, (rek’n,) v. t. [Sax. recan, reccan, to tell, to relate, to reck or care, to rule, to reckon; D. rekenen, to count or compute; G. vechnen, to count, to reckon, to esteem, and recken, to stretch, to strain, to rack; Sw. rdina, to count, to tell; Dan. Tegner, ‘to reckon, to count, to rain. Tp he Saxon word signifies not ane ly to tell or count, but to reck or care, and to rule or govern ; and the latter signification proves it to be the L. rego, "rectus, whence regnum, rezno, Eng. toreien, and hence Sax. reht, riltt, Eng. right, G. reciit, &c. The primary sense of the root is to “strain, and right is strained, stretched toa straight line; “hence we see that these words all coincide with reach, stretch, and rack, and we say, we are racked with care. It is probable that zoreck and wretched are from the same root. Class Rg, No. 18, 21.] 1. To count; to number; that is, to tell over by particulars. The priest shall reckon to him the money, according to the years RECK’LESS, a. I made the king as reckless, as them diligent. RECK’LESS-LY, adv. that remain, even to the year of jubilee, and it shall be abated. — Lev. vil. I reckoned a pve two hundred and fifty on the outside of the church. Addison. 2. Tio esteem ; to account; to repute. Rom. viii. For him I reckon not in high estate. Milton. 3. To repute; to set in the number or rank of, He was reckoned among the transgressors. — Luke xxii. 4. To make account or reckoning of. Rom. iv. RECK/ON, v. i. To reason with one’s self and con- clude fon arguments. I reckoned till morning, that as a lion, so will he break all my bones. —Is. xxxvili. 2. To charge to account; with on. 1 call posterity Into the debt, and reckon on her head, B. Jonson. 3. To pay a penalty ; to be answerable; with for. If they fail in their bounden duty, they shall reckon for it one day. Sanderson. 4, To think ; to suppose ; as, I reckon he has arrived. [In this last sense, the word is provincial m Eng- land, and is used to an excess in the middleand south- ern parts of the United States, corresponding to that of muess in the northern. — Ba: To reckon with; to state an account with another, compare it with his account, ascertain the amount of each, and the balance which one owes to the other. In this manner the country people of New England, who have mutual dealings, reckon with each other at the end of each year, or as often as they think fit. After a long time the lord of those servants cometh, and reckon- eth with them. — Matt. xxv. 2. To call to punishment, God suffers the most vous sins of particular persons to go unpunished in world, because his justice will have another opportunity to meet and reckon with them. Tulotson. To reckon on or wpon; to Jay stress or dependence on. He reckons on the support of his friends. RECK/ ON-ED, (rek’nd,) pp. Counted; numbered ; esteemed ; reputed ; computed ; set or assigned to In account. RECK/ ON-ER, computes. Reckoners without their host must reckon twice. Camden. RECK/ON-ING, (rek’/n-ing,) ppr. Counting; com- puting; esteeming; reputing; stating an account mutually. RECK’ON-ING, n. The PULRES calculation. An account of time. Sandys. 3 A statement of accounts with another ; a state- ment and comparison of accounts mutually for ad- justment ; as in the proverb, “‘ Short reckonings make long friends.”’ The way to make reckonings even, is to make them often, South. (rek/n-er,) 7. One who reckons or act of counting or com- 4, The charges or account made by a host. a nobler use than to pay a reckoning. Addison, A coin would have 5. Account taken. 2 Kings xxii. 6. Esteem; account; estimation. You make no further reckoning of beauty, than of an outward fading benefit nature be stowed. Sidney. 7. In navigation, an account of the skip’s course and distance, calculated from the log-board without the aid of ce Je stial observation. This account from the log-board is usually called the dead-reckoning. Mar. Dict. RECK! ON-ING-BOOK, n. A book in whick money received and expended is entered. Johnson. RE-€LAIM’, v. t. [Fr. reclamer; LL. reclamo; re and clamo, to call. See Craim.] 1. To claim back; to demand to have returned. from the proper sense of the verb.] The vender may reclaim the ¢ goods. Z. Swi a FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE , MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— I18INF REC 2. To call back from error, wandering, or trans- gression, to the observance of moral rectitude; to reform ; to bring back to correct deportment or course of life. It is the intention of Providence, in its various expressions of goodness, to reclaim mankind. vogera,. 8. To reduce to the state desired. Much labor is required in trees, to tame Their wild disorder, and in ranks reclaim. 4. To call back; to restrain. Or is her towering flight reclaimed, By seas from Icarus’ downfall named? 5. To recall; to cry out against. The headstrong horses hurried Octavius along, and were deaf to his reclaiming them. [Urusual.] Dryden. 6. To reduce from a wild to a tame or domestic state; to tame; to make gentle; as, to reclaim a hawk, an eagle, or a wild beast. Dryden. 7. To reduce to a state fit for cultivation ; applied to lands submerged by water. 8. To demand or challenge; to make a claim; a French use. 9. In ancient customs, to pursue and recall, as a vassal. Encyc. 10. To encroach on what has been taken from one ; to attempt to recover possession. Dryden. Prior. A tract of land [Holland] snatched from an element perpetually reclaiming its prior occupaucy. ore, S'wilz, RE-€LAIM’, v. 2 To cry out; to exclaim. Pope. RE-€LAIM/A-BLE, a. That may be reclaimed, re- formed, or tamed. RE-CLAIM/ANT, n. One that opposes, contradicts, or remonstrates against. Waterland. RE-€LAIM/ED, pp. Recalled from a vicious life ; re- formed ; tamed; domesticated ; recovered. RE-CLAIM/ING, ppr. Recalling to a regular course of life ; reforming; recovering ; taking ; demanding. RE-€LAIM/LESS,-a. Not to be reclaimed. Lice. RE€-LA-MA’TION, n. Recovery. 2. Demand ; challenge of something to be restored ; claim made. Gallatin. RE€/LENATE, a. [L. reclinatus. See Recuine.] In botany, reclined, as a leaf; bent downward, so that the point of the leaf is lower than the base. Martyn. A reclinate stem is one that bends in an arch toward the earth. Lee. RE€-LENA/TION, x. The act of leaning or re- clining. 2. In dialing, the angle which the plane of the dial makes with a vertical plane which it inter- sects in a horizontal line. Brande. RE-€LINE ,v.t. [L. reclino; re and clino, to lean. |] To lean back; to Jean to one side or sidewise ; as, to recline the head on a pillow, or on the bosom of another, or on the arm. The mother Reclined her dying head upon his breast. RE-€LINE’, v.z. Tolean; to rest or repose; as, to recline on a couch. RE-€LINE!, a. [L. reclinis.] Leaning ; being in a leaning posture Dryden, “hey sat, recitne, On the soft, downy bank damasked with flowers. [Little used.) RE-€LIN’/ED, pp. Inclined back or sidewise. RE-€LIN/ING, pyr. Leaning back or sidewise ; resting ; lying. RE-€LOSBH!, v. t. [re and close.] To close or shut again. Pope. RE-€LOS/ED, pp Closed again. RE-E€LOS/ING, ppr. Closing again RE-CLOUDE’, v. t. [I vecludo; re and claudo, cludo.] To open. [Little used.] Tarvey. RE-€LUSEH/, a. [Fr. reclus, from L. reclusus, recludo, but with a signification directly opposite. ] Shut up; sequestered ; retired from the world or from public notice ; solitary ; as, a recluse monk or hermit ; a recluse life. I all the livelong day Consume in meditation deep, recluse From human converse. RE-CLUSE’, n. A person who lives in retirement or seclusion from intercourse with the world, as a her- mit or monk, 2. One of a class of religious devotees who live in single cells, usually attached to monasteries. rande. In retirement or seclusion from Milton. Philips. RE-€LUSE/LY, adv. society. RE-€LUSE’NESS, 7. Retirement; seclusion from society. RE-€LU/SION, (re-kli/zhun,) n. A state of retire- ment from the world ; seclusion. RE-€LU/SIVE, e. Affording retirement from society. . Shak. RE-€0-AG-U-LA’/TION, nz. [re and coagulation.| A second coagulation. Boyle. RE-€OAST’, v. t. To coast back; to return along the same coast. Chandler. RE-COAST‘ED, pp. Returned along the same coast. REC RE-€OAST'ING, ppr. Coasting again or back. RE-€0€T", a, UE recoctus, recoquo. | New vamped. [JVot used.] Taylor. RE-€O€/TION, x. A second coction or preparation. RE€-OG-NI’ TION, (rek-og-nish/un,) n. [[L. recog- nitio. | J. Acknowledgment; formal avowal; as, the recognition of a final concord on a writ of covenant. Bacon. 2, Acknowledgment ; memorial. White. 3. Acknowledgment ; solemn avowal by which a thing is owned or declared to belong to, or. by which the remembrance of it is revived. The lives of such saints had, at the time of their yearly memorials, solemn recognition in the church of God. dooker. 4, Knowledge confessed or avowed ; as, the recog- nition of a thing present; memory of it as passed. Grew. RE-€OG/NI-TOR, nz. One of a jury upon assize. Blackstone. RE-€O0G/NI-TO-RY, a. Pertaining to or connected with recognition. C. Lamb. RE-€0G'NI-ZA-BLE, (re-kog’/ne-za-bl or re-kon/e-za- bl,) a. [from recognize.) That may be recognized, known, or acknowledged. Orient. Collections. RE-€OG/NL-ZANCE, (re-kog’ne-zans or re-kon/e- zans,)n. [Fr. reconnoissance. | [Among Jawyers, the g in this and the cognate words is usually silent. ] 1. Acknowledgment of a person or thing ; avowal; profession ; as, the recognizance of Christians, by which they avow their belief in their religion. Hooker. 2. In law, an obligation of record which a man enters into before some court of record or magistrate duly authorized, with condition to do some particu- lar act, as to appear at the assizes, to keep the peace, or pay adebt. A recognizance differs from a bond, being witnessed by the record only, and not by the party’s seal. There is also a recognizance in the na- ture of a statute staple, acknowledged before either of the chief justices or their substitutes, the mayor of the staple at Westminster, and the recorder of London, which is to be enrolled and certified into chancery. Blackstone. 3. The verdict of a jury impaneled upon assize. Cowell, RE€’/OG-NIZE, (rek/og-nize or rek’o-nize,) v. t. [It. riconoscere ; Sp. reconocer; Fr. reconnoitre; Li. récog- mosco; re and cognosco, to know. ‘The g in these words has properly no sound in English. Itis nota part of the root of the word, being written merely to give to con the French sound of gn, or that of the Spanish 7, and this sound does not properly belong to our language. ] 1. To recollect or recover the knowledge of, either with an open avowal of that knowledge or not. We recognize a person at a distance, when we recol- lect that we have seen him before, or that we have formerly known him. We recognize his features or his voice Speak, vassal; recognize thy sovereign queen, Harte. 2. To admit with a formal acknowledgment ; as, to recomnize an obligation; to recognize a consul. 3. To review ; to reéxamine. South. RE€/OG-NIZE, v.27. To enter an obligation of record before a proper tribunal. A B recognized in the sum of twenty pounds. RE€/OG-NIZ-ED, pp. Acknowledged ; recollected as known ; bound by recognizance. RE-€OG-NL-ZEP’, (re-kog-ne-zee! or re-kon-e-Zee’,) n. The person to whom a recognizance is made. Blackstone. RE€/OG-NIZ-ING, ppr. Acknowledging ; recollecting as known; entering a recognizance, RE-€0G-NI-ZOR’, (re-kog-ne-zor! or re-Kon-e-zor’,) n. One who enters into a recognizance. Blackstone. RE-COIL!, v.i. [Fr. reculer, to draw hack; recul, a reco; Arm. arguila; Fr. cul, Sp. culo, Arm. gu, guil, the back part; W. ciliaw, to recede ; It, rncu- lare; Sp. recular.] 1. To move or start back ; to roll back; as, a can- non recoils when fired ; waves vecow from the shore, 2. To fall back ; to retire. Milton. 3, To rebound; as, the blow vecoils. Dryden. 4. To retire; to flow back; as, the blood 7ecotls with horror at the sight. 5. To start back; to shrink. bloody deed. 6. To return. The evil will recoil upon his own head. RE-€OIL’, v. t. Wature recoils at the To drive back. [JVot used.] Spenser. RE-COIL’, n. A starting or falling back; as, the re- coil of nature or the blood. 9. The reaction or resilience of fire-arms when discharged. RE-€OLL/ER, xn. ise or profession. RE-€OIL/ING, ppr. One who falls back from his prom- Starting or falling back; re- tiring ; shrinking. : : RE-€OIL/ING, x. The act of starting or falling back ; a shrinking; revolt. South, REC RE-€OIL/ING-LY, adv. With Starting bavk or retro- cession. RE-COlLL‘MENT, z. RE-COIN’, v. t. to recoin gold or silver. RE-COIN/AGE, n. The act of coining anew. 2. That which is coined anew. RE-€OIN’ED, pp. Coined anew. RE-€OIN/ING, ppr. Coining anew. RE€-OL-LEET’, v. t. recollectus. | The act of recoiling. 1. To collect again ; applied to ideas that have es- caped from the memory ; to recover or call back ideas I recollect what was said at a former to the memory. [ve and coin] To coin anew {re and collect; L. recolligo, interview ; or I can not recollect what was said. 2. To recover or recall the knowledge of; to bring I meta man whom I thought I had seen before, but I could not recollect his name, or the place where I had seen back to the mind or memory ; to remember. him. I do not recollect you, sir. 3. To recover resolution or composure of mind. The Tyrian queen Admired his fortunes, more admired the man ; Then recollected stood. RE-COL-LE€T’, vz. t. troops. RE€/OL-LE€T, ». See Recouiier. RE€-OL-LE€ET’/ED, pp. RE€-OL-LECT'/ING, ppr. ory. RE€-OL-LE€’TION, nm. The act of recalling to the memory, as ideas that have escaped; or the opera- tion by which ideas are recalled to the memory or Recollection differs from remem- brance, as it is the consequence of volition, or an effort of the mind to revive ideas; whereas remem- We often remember Recollection 18 revived in the mind. brance implies no such volition. things without any voluntary effort. called also reminiscence. 2. The power of recalling ideas to the mind, or the period within which things can be recollected ; The events mentioned are not with- remembrance. in my recollection. 3. In popular language, recollection is used as Ssy- nonymous with remembrance. REC€-OL-LEE€T’IVE, a. lecting. RE€/OL-LET, n. [Sp. and Port. vecoleto.] Dryden. [In this sense, CottectTEp is more generally used.] To gather again; to collect what has been scattered; as, to 7e-collect routed Recalled to the memory. Recovering to the mem- Having the power of recol- Foster. A monk of a reformed orderof Franciscans. RE-€OL-O-NI-ZA/TION, n. RE-€OL!O-NIZE, °. t. RE-€OM-BI-Na/‘TION, 2. time. RE-COM-BINE’, v. t. again If we recombine these two elastic fluids. RE-COM-BIN/ED, pp Combined anew, RE-€OM-BIN/ING, ppr. Combining again, RB-COM/FORT, (re-kum/furt) v. ¢ [ve and combine. ] To comfort again ; to console anew. Sidney. 2. To give new strength. Bacon. RE-€OM’FORT-ED, pp. RE-€OM/FORT-ING, ppr. RE-€0OM/FORT-LESS, a. Comforted again. A second colonization. E. Everett. To colonize a second time. RE-€OL!/O-NIZ-ING, ppr. Colonizing a second time. Combination a second To combine Lavoisier. [re and comfort.] Comforting again. Without comfort. Spenser. [re and com- used. | RE-€OM-MENCE’, (re-kom-mens’,) v. t. mence.| To commence again; to begin anew. RE-G€OM-MENC’ED, (-kom-menst’,) pp. Commenced anew. RE-COM-MENCE/MENT,n. A commencement anew. Begsinning again. [re and commend; Fr. recom- Rb-€OM-MENC/ING, ppr. REC-OM-MEND/, v. t. mander. | 1. To praise to another; to offer or commend to another’s notice, confidence, or kindness, by faver- able representations. Maecenas recommended Virgil and Horace to ane [In this sense, Commenn, though less common, is the preferable word.] 2. To make acceptable. A decent boldness ever meets with friends, Succeeds, and e’en a stranger recommends. 3. To commit with prayers. Paul chose Silas and departed, being recommended by the breth- ren to the grace of God. — Acts xy. [Commernp here is much to be preferred. } REC€-OM-MEND!/A-BLE, a. Pope. That may be recom- mended; worthy of recommendation or praise. Glanville. The quality of RE€-OM-MEND/A-BLE-NESS, 7. being recommendable, RE€-OM-MEND/A-BLY, adv. ommendation. REG-OM-MEND-A!TION, 2. notice, confidence, or civilities of another. So as to deserve rec- The act of recommend- ing or of commending; the act of representing 1m a ; : os favorable manner for the purpose of procure aay 3 as, [Wot ryden, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//C1OUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 919 ad Sal Ee em aaa LSS lat ae Re a eaecrerme a Ch, oo es a SS ee eo we ae ae 2 ND nS ete ere ppe eee REC troduce a friend to a stranger by a recommendation of his virtues or accomplishments. 2. That which procures a kind or favorable recep- tion. ‘The best recommendation of a man to favor is politeness. Misfortune is a recommendation to our pity. RE€-OM-MEND!/A-TO-RY, a. That commends to another ; that recommends, Madison. Swift. RE€-OM-MEND/ED, pp. Praised; commended to another, RE€-OM-MEND/ER, n. One who commends. REC-OM-MEND/ING, ppr. Praising to another ; com- mending. ; RE-COM-MIS/SION, (-kom-mish/un,) v. t. [re and commission.] ‘To commission again. Officers whose time of service had expired were to be recommis- stoned, Marshall. RE-€OM-MIS/SION-ED, pp. Commissioned again. RB-€OM-MIS‘SION-ING, ppv. Commissioning again. RE-E€OM-MIT’, v. t. [re and commit.) To commit again ; as, to recommit persons to prison. Clarendon. 9. To refer again to a committee ; as, to recommit a bill to Lhe same committee. RE-COM-MIT/MENT, ) nm. Asecond or renewed com- RE-€OM-MIT’TAL, mitment; arenewed refer- ence to a committee. RE-COM-MIT’TED, pp. Committed anew ; referred again. RE-COM-MIT’TING, ppr. Committing again; re- ferring again to a committee. RE-COM-MU/NL€ATE, v. 7 [re and communicate.] To communicate again. RE-COM-PA€T’, v. t. [re and compact.] To join anew. Repair And recompact my scattered body. RE-€OM-PA€T’ED, pp. Joined anew. RE-COM-PA€T/ING, ppr. Joining anew. RE-€OM-PEN-SA/TION, n. MRecompense. [Wot Donne. used. RECOM-PENSE, v.t. [Fr. recompenser; re and com- penser. } 1. To compensate; to make return of an equiva- lent for any thing given, done, or suffered ; as, to rec- ompense a person for services, for fidelity, or for sacri- fices of time, for Joss or damages. The word is followed by the person or the service. We recompense a person for his services, or we recom- pense his kindness. It is usually found more easy to neglect than to recompense a favor. 2. To requite; to repay ; to return an equivalent; in a bad sense. Recompense to no man evil for evil. — Rom. xii. 3. To make an equivalent return in profit or prod- uce. The labor of man is recompensed by the fruits of the earth. 4. To compensate ; to make amends by any thing equivalent. Solyman — said he would find occasion for them to recompense that disgrace. Cnolles. 5. To make restitution or an equivalent return for. Num. V. RE€/OM-PENSE, n. An equivalent returned for any thing given, done, or suffered; compensation ; re- ward; amends; as, a recompense for services, for damages, for loss, &c. 2. Requital; return of evil or suffering or other equivalent ; as a punishment. To me belongeth vengeance and recompense. — Deut. xxxil. And every transgression and disobedience received a just recom- pense of reward. — Heb. ii, HEC OMEENS-ED, (-penst,) pp. Rewarded ; requi- ted. RE€/OM-PENS-ING, ppr Rewarding; compensa- ting; requiting. RE €OM-PILE’MENT, 7. [re and compilement.| New compilation or digest ; as, a recompilement of laws. br Bacon. RE-€OM-POSE’, v.t. {re and compose.] 1. 1 oO quiet anew ; to compose or tranquilize that which is ruffled or disturbed; as, to recompose the mind. Taylor. 2. To compose anew ; to form or adjust again. We produced a lovely purple, which we can destroy or recom- pose at pleasure. Boyle. RE €OM-POS’ED, (-pozd/,) pp. Quieted again after agitation ;_formed anew ; composed a second time. RE-COM-POS/ING, ppr. Rendering tranquil after agitation ; forming or adjusting anew. RE-€OM-PO-SI'/TION, (-kom-po-zish/un,) n. Com- position renewed. RE€-ON-CIL'A-BLE, a, Capable of being reconcil- ed; capable of renewed friendship. The parties are not reconcilable, 2. That may be made to agree or be consistent: consistent. d The different accounts of the numbers of ships are reconcilable, Arbuthnot. | 3. Capable of being adjusted; as, the difference between the parties is reconcilable. RE€-ON-CIL/A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being REC reconcilable ; consistency ; as, the reconcilableness of parts of Scripture which apparently disagree. 2. Possibility of being restored to friendship and harmony. RE€-ON-CIL!A-BLY, adv. Ina reconcilable manner. RE€-ON-CILE’, v. ¢. [Er reconcilier ; Li. reconcilio ; re and concilio; con and calo, to call, Gr. xaXkew. The literal sense is, to call back into union. 1. To conciliate anew ; to call back into union and friendship the affections which have been alienated ; to restore to friendship or favor after estrangement ; as, to reconcile men or parties that have been at va- nance. Propitious now and reconciled by prayer. Dryden. Go thy way ; first be reconciled to thy brother. — Matt. v. We pray you in Christ’s stead be ye reconciled to God. —2 Cor. v. Eph.ii. Col. i 2. To bring to acquiescence, content, or quiet sub- mission ; with to; as, to reconcile one’s self to afflic- tions. It is our duty to be reconciled to the dispensa- tions of Providence. 3. To make consistent or congruous; to bring to agreement or suitableness ; followed by with or to. The great men among the ancients understood how to reconcile manual labor wit/i affairs of state. Locke. Some figures monstrous and misshaped appear, Considered singly, or beheld too near; W hich, but proportioned to their light and place, Due distance reconciles to form and grace. Pope. 4. To adjust ; to settle ; as, to reconcile differences or quarrels. RE€-ON-CIL’ED, pp. ora. Brought into friendship from a state of disagreement or enmity ; made con- sistent ; adjusted. RE€-ON-CILE/MENT, n. Reconciliation; renewal of friendship. Animosities sometimes make recon- cilement impracticable. 2. Friendship renewed. No cloud Of anger shall remain, but peace assured And reconcilement. Milton, RE€-ON-CIL/ER, n. One who reconciles; one who brings parties at variance into renewed friendship. Fell. 2. One who discovers the consistence of proposi- tions. forris. RE€-ON-CIL-I-A’TION, n. [Fr., from L. reconcil- tatio. | 1. The act of reconciling parties at variance ; re- newal of friendship after disagreement or enmity. Reconciliation and friendship with God, really form the basis of all rational and true enjoyment. '. Miller. 2. In Scripture, the means by which sinners are reconciled and brought into a state of favor with God, after natural estrangement or enmity ; the atone- ment; explation. Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people and upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression and 16 make an end of sin, and to make reconciliation for iniquity. Dan, ix. Heb. il. 3 Agreement of things seemingly opposite, differ- ent, or inconsistent. ogers. RE€-ON-CIL’/I-A-TO-RY, a. Able or tending to rec- oncile. Hall. RE€-ON-CIL/ING, ppr. Bringing into favor and friendship after variance ; bringing to content or sat- isfaction; showing to be consistent; adjusting ; making to agree. RE-CON-DEN-SA/TION,n. The act of recondensing. RE-CON-DENSE’, (re-kon dens/,) v. t [re and con- dense.| ‘To condense again. Boyle. RE-€ON-DENS’ ED, (-denst/,) pp. Condensed anew. RE-C€ON-DENS'/ING, ppr. Condensing again. RE€/ON-DITE, a. [L. reconditus, recondo; re and condo, to conceal 1. Secret; hidden from the view or intellect ; ab- struse ; as, recondite causes of things. 2. Profound; dealing in things abstruse; as, rec- ondite studies. . RE-€ON’DI-TO-RY, n. [Supra.] A repository; a storehouse or magazine. [ Little used.] Ash. RE-€ON-DUCT’, v. t. [re and conduct.} To conduct back or again. Dryden. RE-€ON-DU€ET’ED, pp. Conducted back or again. RE-€ON-DU€ET'ING, ppr. Conducting back or again. RE-€ON-FIRM’, v. t. [ve and confirm.) To confirm anew. Clarendon. RE-CON-FIRM/ED, pp. Confirmed anew RE-CON-JOIN’, v. t. [re and conjoin.] To join or conjoin anew. Boyle. RE-€ON-JOIN’ED, pp. Joined again. RE-CON-JOIN/ING, ppr Joining anew. RE-€ON'NOIS-SANCE,n. [Fr.] The examination of a tract of country, either in the operations of war, or With a view to the construction of a canal, rail- road, &c. Ps Cite RE-CON-NOI/TER, ) v. t. [Fr. reconnoitre; re and RE-€ON-NOI/TRE, § connoitre, to know. ] To view ; to survey ; to examine by the eye; par- ticularly, in military affairs, to examine the state of an enemy’s army or camp, or the ground for military operations, RE-€ON-NOI'TER-ED, ) pp. Viewed; examined by RE-€CON-NOU/TRED, personal observation. REC RE-CON-NOI/TER-ING, } ppr. E Viewing ; examin- RE-€ON-NOI/TRING, ing by personal observa- tion. RE-CON’QUER, (re-konk/er,) v. t. [re and conquer; Fr. reconquérir. | 1, To conquer again ; to recover by conquest. Davies. 2. To recover; toregain. [4 French use. | RE-CON’/QUER-ED, pp. ora. Conquered again; re- gained, RE-€ON’QUER-ING, ppr Conquering again; re- covering. RE-€ON'QUEST, (-kon/kwest,) uest. RE-GON/SE-€RATE, v. t, consecrate anew. RE-€ON/SE-€RA-TED, pp. Consecrated again. RE-€ON’SE-CRA-TING, ppr. Consecrating again. RE-€ON-SE-€RA'TION, n. A renewed consecra- A second con- [ve and consecrate.] To tion. RE-€ON-SID/ER, v. t. [re and consider.] To con- sider again ; to turn in the mind again; to review. 2. ni deliberative assemblies to take up for renewed consideration that which has been previously acted upon, as a motion, vote, &c. RE-€ON-SID-ER-A/TION, 2. tion or review in the mind. 2. In deliberative assemblies, the taking up for re- newed consideration of that which has been previ- ously acted upon. RE-€ON-SID/ER-ED, pp. Considered again ; taken up for renewed consideration. RE-€ON-SID/ER-ING, ppr. Considering again ; tak- ing up for renewed consideration. RE-C€ON’/SO-LATE, v.t. To console orcomfort again. [Wot in use. | Wotton. RE-€ON-STRUETY’, v. t. To construct again ; to re- build. RE-€ON-STRU€ET/ED, pp. Rebuilt. RE-€ON-STRUC’TION, n. Act of constructing again. RE-C€ON-VENE’, v. t. [re and convene.] To convene OF call together again RE-CON-VENE’, v.z. To assemble or come together again. RE-C€ON-VEN’ED, pp. Assembled anew. RE-€ON-VEN/ING, ppr. Assembling anew, RE-€ON-VER’SION,n. [re and conversion.] A sec- ond conversion. Weever. RE-€ON-VERT’, v. t. [re and convert.] To convert again. RE-€ON-VERT’ED, pp. Converted again. RE-€ON-VERT'ING, ppr. Converting again RE-€ON-VEY’, -kon-va’,)v.t. [re and convey.} To convey back or to its former place ; as, to reconvey goods. 2. To transfer back to a former owner; as, to 7e- convey an estate, RE-€ON-VEY!/ANCE, (-kon-va/ans,) n. The act of reconveying or transferring a title back to a former proprietor. RE-€ON-VEY’ED, (-kon-vade!,) pp. Conveyed back ; transferred to a former owner. RE-CON-VEY/ING, (-kon-va/ing,) ppr. back ; transferring to a former owner. RE-€ORD!, v.t. [L. recordor, to call to mind, to re- member, from re and cor, cordis, the heart or mind ; Sp. recordar, to remind, also to awake from sleep ; Port. to remind, to con a lesson, or get by heart; Fr. recorder, to con a Jesson, also to record.] 1. To register: to enroll; to write or enter in a book or on parchment, for the purpose of preserving authentic or correct evidence of a thing; as, to record the proceedings of a court ; to recorda deed or lease ; to record historical events. 2. To imprint deeply on the mind or memory; as, to record the sayings of another in the heart. Locke. A renewed considera- Conveying 3. To cause to be remembered. So ev’n and morn recorded the third day. Milton. 4. To recite; torepeat. [Notinwse.] Fairfar. 5. To call to mind. [JVot in use.] Spenser. RE-C€ORD’, v. i. To sing or repeat a tune. [. fot in use. | : Shak, RE€/ORD,x. Aregister, an authentic or official copy of any writing, or account of any facts and proceed- ings, entered in a book for preservation; or the book containing such copy or account; as, the records of statutes or of judicial courts ; the records of a town or parish. Records are properly the registers of official transactions, made by officers appointed for the purpose, or by the officer whose proceedings are directed by law to be recorded. 2. Authentic memorial; as, the records of past ages. ‘ Court of record, is a court whose acts and judicial proceedings are enrolled on parchment or in books for a perpetual memorial ; and their records are the highest evidence of facts, and their truth cannot be called in question. Debt of record, is a debt which appears to be due by the evidence of a court of record, as upon a judgment or a recognizance. Blackstone. PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 920REC Trial by record, is where a matter of record is pleaded, and the opposite party pleads that there is no such record. In this case, the trial is by inspec- tion of the record itself, no other evidence being ad- missible. Blackstone. RE€-ORD-A/TION, n. [L. recordatio.] Remembrance. [Vot in use.] Shak. Wotton. RE-CORD/ED, pp. or a. Registered; officially en- tered in a book or on parchment; imprinted on the memory. RE-CORD/ER, zn. A person whose official duty is to register writings or transactions ; one who enrolls or records. 2. The chief judicial officer of some cities and boroughs ; so called because his court is a court of record, rande. 3. Formerly, a kind of flageolet or wind instrument. The figures of recorders, flutes, and pipes, are straight; but the recorder hath a less bore, and a greater above and below. acon, RE-€ORD/ER-SHIP, n. The office of a recorder. RE-CORD/ING, ppr. Registering ; enrolling ; im- printing on the memory. RE-CORD/ING, n. Act of placing on record ; a record. RE-COUCH’,v. i. [re and couch.] To retire again to a lodge, as lions. Wotton. RE-COUNT’, v. t. [Fr. reconter ; Sp. recontar ; It. rac- contare ; re and count. ] To relate in detail; to recite ; to tell or narrate the particulars ; to rehearse. Say from these glorious seeds what harvest flows, Recount our blessings, and compare our woes, Dryden. RE-COUNT’ED, pp. Related or told in detail ; recited. RE-COUNT/ING, ppr. Relating in a series ; nar- rating. RE-COUNT/MENT, n. Relation in detail; recital. { Little used. Shak. RE-COUR/ED, for Recoverep or Recurep. [ot used. | Spenser. RE-C€OURSE’, n. [Fr. recours; It. ricorso; Sp. recur- so; L. recursus ; re and cursus, curro, to oie Literally, a running back ; a return. 1, Return ; new attack. [Votinuse.] Brown, 2. A going to with a request or application, as for aid or protection. Children have recourse to their parents for assistance. 3. Application of efforts, art, or labor. The gen- eral had recourse to stratagem to effect his purpose. Dryden. Our last recourse is therefore to our art. 4, Access. [Little used.] 5. Frequent passage. Shak. 6. Without recourse. When a person, who indorses over a note, draft, &c., to another person, adds the words without recourse, he is not liable to pay, if the maker of the note, &c., should fail to make pay- ment. Bouvier. RE-€OURSE’, v.% Toreturn. [Not used.] Fox. RE-COURSE/FUL, a. Moving alternately. [Jot in useel Drayton. RE-€OV’ER, (re-Kuv/er,) v. t. [Fr. recouvrer; It. ri- coverare, OY ricuperare; Sp. and Port. recobrar; L. recupero ; ve and capio, to take. ] 1, To regain ; to get or obtain that which was lost; as, to recover Stolen goods ; to recover a town or ter- ritory which an enemy had taken ; to recover sight or senses; to recover health or strength after sick- ness. David recovered all that the Amalekites had carried away. —1 Sam. xxx. 2. To restore from sickness; as, to recover one from leprosy. 2 Kings v. 3. To revive from apparent death; as, to recover a drowned man. 4. To gain by reparation ; to repair the loss of, or to repair an injury done by neglect; as, to recover lost time. Good men have lapses and failings to lament and recover. fers. 5. To bring back to a former state by liberation from capture or possession. That prey, may recover themselves out of the snare of the devil. —2 Tim. ii. 6. To gain as a compensation ; to obtain in return for injury or debt; as, to recover damages in tres- pass ; to recover debt and cost in a suit at Jaw. 7. To reach; to come to. The forest is not three leagues off; If we recover that, we're sure enough. Shak. 8. To obtain title to by judgment in a court of law ; as, to recover lands in ejectment or common recovery. RE-€OV’ER, (re-kuy/er,) v.2. To regain health after sickness ; to grow well; followed by of or from. Go, inquire of Baalzebub, the god of Ekron, whether I shall re- cover of this disease. —2 Kings i. 2. To regain a former state or condition after mis- fortune ; as, to recover from a state of poverty or de- pression. 3. To obtain a judgment in law; to succeed in a lawsuit. The plaintiff has recovered in his suit. RE-€0V/ER-A-BLE, (-kuv/er-a-bl,) a. That may be REC regained or recovered. Goods lost or sunk in the ocean are not recoverable. 2. That may be restored from sickness. 3. That may be brought back to a former condition. A prodigal course Is like the sun’s, but not like his, recoverable. Shak. 4. 'That may be obtained from a debtor or posses- sor. The debt is recoverable. RE-€OV’/ER-ED, (-kuv/erd,) pp. or a. Regained ; re- stored ; obtained by judicial decision. RE-€OV-ER-EE’, x. In law, the tenant or person against whom a judgment is obtained in common re- covery. Blackstone. RE-€OV’/ER-ING, ppr. Regaining; obtaining in re- turn or by judgment in law ; regaining health. RE-€OV-ER-OR’, x. In law, the demandant, or per- son who obtains a judgment in his favor in common recovery. Blackstone. RE-€0V’/ER-Y, (-kuv/er-y,) n. The act of regaining, retaking, or obtaining possession of any thing lost. The crusades were intended for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Saracens. We offer a reward for the recovery of stolen goods. 2. Restoration from sickness or apparent death. The patient has a slow recovery from a fever. Re- covery from a pulmonary affection is seldom to be expected. Directions are given for the recovery of drowned persons. 3. The capacity of being restored to health. The patient is past recovery. 4. The obtaining of right to something by a ver- dict and judgment of court from an opposing party in a suit; as, the recovery of debt, damages, and costs by a plaintiff; the recovery of cost by a defend» ant; the recovery of Jand in ejectment. Common recovery, in law, is a species of assurance by matter of record, or a suit or action, actual or fic- titious, by which lands are recovered against the tenant of the freehold ; which recovery binds all per- sons, and vests an absolute fee-simple in the recoy- eror. Blacistone. RE€/RE-AN-CY, nx. A cowardly yielding; mean- spiritedness. RE€/RE-ANT, a. [Norm. recreant, cowardly, prop- erly, crying out, from recrier, that is, begging. See Craven. ] 1. Crying for mercy, as a combatant in the trial by battle ; yielding ; hence, cowardly ; mean-spirited. bp?) 2. Apostate; false. [ Blackstone. Who, for so many benefits received, Turned recreant to God, ingrate and false. Milton. RE€/RE-ANT, nm. One who yields in combat, and cries craven; one who begs for mercy; hence, a mean-spirited, cowardly wretch. Blackstone. RE€/RE-ATE, v. t. [L. recreo ; re and creo, to create ; Fr. recreer; It. ricreare ; Sp. recrear.] 1. To refresh after toil ; to reanimate, as Janguid spirits or exhausted strength; to amuse or divert in weariness. Painters, when they work on white grounds, place before them colors mixed with blue and green, to recreate their eyes. Dryden. St. John is said to have recreated himself with sporting with a tame partridge. Taylor. 2. To gratify ; to delight. These ripe fruits recreate the nostrils with their aromatic scent. More. 3. To relieve ; to revive; as, to recreate the lungs with fresh air. Harvey. RE€/RE-ATE, v.z. To take recreation. Addison. RE-€RE-ATE’, v. t. To create or form anew. On opening the campaign of 1776, instead of reinforcing, it was necessary to re-create the army. Marshall. RE€/RE-A-TED, pp. Refreshed; diverted ; amused ; gratified. RE-CRE-AT/ED, pp. Created or formed anew. RE€/RE-A-TING, ppr. Refreshing after toil; reani- mating the spirits or strength ; diverting ; amusing. RE-€RE-AT/ING, ppr. Creating or forming anew. RE€-RE-A/TION, zm, Refreshment of the strength and spirits after toil ; amusement; diversion. South. 2, Relief from toil or pain; amusement in sorrow or distress. Sidney. RE-CGRE-A/TION, n. A forming anew. RE€/RE-A-TIVE, a. Refreshing; giving new vigor or animation ; giving relief after labor or pain ; amus- ing ; diverting. Choose such sports as are recreative and healthful. Let the music be recreative. Bacon. RE€/RE-A-TIVE-LY, adv. With recreation or diver- sion. Sherwood. RE€/RE-A-TIVE-NESS, zn. The quality of being re- freshing or diverting. RE€/RE-MENT, x. [L. recrementum; probably reand cerno, to secrete. ] ees Superfluous matter separated from that which is useful; dross; scoria; spume; as, the recirement of ore, or of the blood. RE€-RE-MENT’AL, a, Drossy ; RE€-RE-MEN-TIY/TIAL, (tish/al,) consisting of REO-RE-MEN-TI/TIOUS, (-tish/us,) superfluous matter separated from that which is valuable. RE-€RIMWIN-ATE, v. crimanor, to accuse. ] REC | t. [Fr. recriminer; L. re and 1, To return one accusation with another. It is not my business to recriminate. Sallingfleet. 2. To charge an accuser with the like crime. RE-€RIM/IN-ATE, v. RE-€RIM/IN-A-TING with another. t. To accuse in return. South, ) ppr. Returning one accusation RE-€RIM-IN-A/TION, x. The return of one accusa- tion with another. 2. In law, an accusation brought by the accused against thegaccuser u RE-€RIM’/IN-A-TOR, of a like crime. pon the same fact. Encyc. n. He that accuses the accuser RE-€RIM'IN-A-TO-RY, a. Retorting accusation. RE-€RIM/IN-A-T1VE, Burke. RE-€ROSS’, v. t. To cross a second time. Washington. RE-€ROSS’/ED, (-Kros RE-€ROSS/ING, ppr. RE-€RU/DEN-CY. §S t!,) pp. Crossed a second time. Crossing a second time. ee RECRUDESCENCY. RE-€RU-DES’CENCE, is {from L. recrudescens ; RE-€RU-DES/CEN-CY, raw 5; crudus, raw. ] The state of becoming sore again. RE-€RU-DES'CENT, ful again. re and crudesco, to grow 1g Bacon. a. Growing raw, sore, or pain- RE-€RUIT’, (re-kriite’,) v. t. [Fr. recruter; It. re- clutare; Sp. reclutar ; Port. eclutar or recrutar ; from the root of Fr. recrottre ; re and croitre, to grow, L. cresco; It. ricrescere, to increase. | 1. To repair by fresh supplies any thing wasted. We say, food recruits the flesh ; fresh air and exer- cise recruit the spirits. Her cheeks glow the brighter, recruiting their color. Glenville. 2. To supply with new men any deficiency of troops ; as, to vecrwit an army. RE-CRUIT?’, (re-krite’,) v. % To gain new supplies of any thing wasted ; to gain flesh, health, spirits, &c. ; as, lean cattle recruit in fresh pastures. ; 2. To gain new supplies of men; to raise new soldiers. RE-€RUIT’, (re-krite Addison. ',)n. The supply of any thing wasted ; chiefly, 2 new raised soldier to supply the deficiency of an army. RE-€RUIT’ED, pp. or a. Furnished with new sup- plies of what is wasted. RE-€RUIT/ING, ppr. or a. Furnishing with fresh supplies ; raising ne RE-E€RUIT’ING, x. w soldiers for an army. The business of raising new sol- diers to supply the loss of men in an army. RE-€RUIT/MENT, n. The act or business of raising new supplies of men for an army. Walsh. RE-€RYS-TAL-LI-ZA/TION, x. second crystallizing. RE-€RYS/TAL-LIZE, v. 7. time. REET/AN'GLE, (rekt/ang-gl,) x. rectangulus ; rectus, A nght-angled parallelogram. The process of a To crystallize a second Henry. [Fr., from L. right, and angulus, angle.] “he term rectangle in geometry corresponds to product in arithmetic. A. D. Stanley. REET!AN’GLED, (rekt/ang-gld,) a. Having one or more right angles, or angles of ninety degrees. RE€T-AN’/GU-LAR, (rekt-ang’gu-lar,) a. Hutton. Right- angled; having one or more angles of ninety de~- Fitton. rees. RECT-AN 4 GU-LAR-LY, adv. With or at right an- les Brown. gles. : RE€/TI-FLA-BLE, a. [from rectify.] That may be rectified ; capable of being corrected or set right; as, a rectifiable mistake. RE€-TI-FI-€a'TION, xn. [Fr. See Rectiry.] The act or operation of correcting, amending, or setting right that which is Vv tification of errors, inistakes, or abuses. vrong or erroneous}; as, the 7ec- Forbes. 2, In chemistry, the process of refining or purifying any substance by re peated distillation, which sepa- rates the grosser parts; as, the rectification of spirits or sulphuric acid. 3. In geometry, t line, whose length 1 4, Rectification of Nicholson, Enevc. he determination of a straight S$ equal to a portion of a curve, Brande. a globe, is the adjustment of it, preparatory to the solution of a proposed problem. REC€/TLFI-ED, (-fide,) pp. or a. made right; refined mation ; adjusted. by repeated distillation or subli- RE€’TLFI-ER, x. One that corrects or amends. Bailey. 2. One who refines a substance by repeated dis- tillations. 3, An instrument used for determining the varia- tions of the compass, in order to rectify the course of a ship, Hutton. REC'TI-FY, v. t ([Fr. rectifier; It. rettijicare Sp. rectificar ; Li. rectus, right, and facto, to make. | 1. To make night erroneous, or false ; to correct that which is wrong, ; to amend ; as, to rectify errors, i SeS 5 ect rill, the judg- mistakes, or abuses; to rectify the will, ud g ment, opinions - to rectify disorders. Hooker. Addison. 2, In chemistry, to refine by repeated distillation or Fourcroy, sublimation, by which the fine parts of a substance TONE, BILL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS,—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 116 921 Corrected ; set or ~ ey Se s * Spe Riemer aay rae eS eea cs Rae es Spon Sie REC RED RED are separated from the grosser; as, to rectify spirit or wine. Encic. 3. To rectify a globe, is to adjust it in order to pre- pare for the solution of a proposed problem. Hutton. REE'TI-FY-ING, ppr. Correcting; amending; re- fining by repeated distillation or sublimation ; ad- justing. : RE€-TI-LIN’E-AL, ) a. [L. rectus, right, and linea, RE€-TI-LIN’E-AR, line. ] 5 : : Right-lined ; consisting of a right line, or of right lines ; bounded by right lines peualenr ae pli fi e or COUFSE ; linear S fay. tilinear figure or course; a rect Pa REC_TLLIN’E-AR-LY, adv. Ina right line. RE€-TI-LIN’E-OUS, a. Rectilinear. [ Obs.] Ray. RE€/TLTUDE, n. [Fr., from L. rectus, right, straight : It. rettitudine ; Sp. rectitud ; literally, straightness, but not applied to material things. ] In morality, rightness of principle or practice ; up- rightness of mind; exact conformity to truth, or to the rules prescribed for moral conduct, either by di- vine or human laws. Rectitude of mind is the dis- position to act in conformity to any known standard of right, truth, or justice ; rectitude of conduct is the actual conformity to such standard. Perfect rectitude belongs only to the Supreme Being. The more near- ly the rectitude of men approaches to the standard of the divine law, the more exalted and dignified is their character. Want of rectitude is not only sinful, but debasing. There is a sublimity in conscious rectitude — in comparison with which the treasures of earth are not worth naming. J, Hawes. REC/TOR, x. ([L. rector, from rego, rectum, to rule ; Fr. recteur ; It. rettore.] 1. A ruler or governor. God is the supreme Rector of the world. Hale. This application of the word is unusual. ] 9. In the Episcopal church, aclergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish, and has the tithes, &c. ; or the parson of an unimpropriated parish. Blackstone, 3. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland. The same title was for- merly given to the president of a college in New England, but it is now in disuse. 4, The head master of a public school. 5. The superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house ; and among the Jesuits, the superior of a house that is a seminary or college. Encyc. REC/TOR-AL, )a. Pertaining to a rector. RE€-TO'’RLAL, Blackstone. RE€/TOR-SHIP, )n. The office or rank of a rector. RE€/TOR-ATE, Shak. RE€'TO-RY, 2. In Englund,a parish church, par- sonage, or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes, and glebes. Encye. 2. A rector’s mansion or parsonage-house. Encyc. REIT RESS e =a BREAK” n. [L. rectriz.] A govemess. B. Jonson. RE€/TUM, xn. [L.] In anatomy, the third and last of the large intestines; so named because supposed by the old anatomists to be straight. Brande. RE€'/TUS IN €U'RI-A, [L.] Literally, right in court; standing free from charge or accusation. RE€-U-BA'/TION, nx. [l. recubo; re and cubo, to lie down.) The act of lying or leaning. [Little wsed.] Brown. RE-C€OLE’, v. 7. To recoil. [Vot used.] [See Recorx.] Barret. RE-€UMB!, (re-kum/,) v. 7. [L. recumbo; re and cumbo, to lie down.] To lean ; to recline; to repose. RE-CUM'BENCE, x. [from L. etree The act of reposing or resting in confidence. ; Ld. North. RE-€UM/BEN-CY, n. The posture of leaning, re- clining, or lying. Brown. 2. Rest; repose ; idle state. Locke. RE-CUM'/BENT, a, [L. recumbens. | 1. Leaning ; reclining ; as, the xecumbent posture of the Romans at their meals. 2. Reposing ; inactive ; idle. Young. RE-CUM'BENT-LY, adv. Ina recumbent posture. RE-€U/PER-A-BLE, a. Recoverable. Chaucer, RE-€U-PER-A’TION, xn. [L. recuperatio.] Recovery, as of any thing lost. RE-CU/PER-A-TIVE, ja. Tending to recovery ; RE-€0/PER-A-TO-RY, pertaining to recovery. ; RE-CUR’, v2 [L. recurro; re and curro, to run; Fr. TeCcourir.. | 1. To return to the thought or mind. When any word has been used to signify an jdea, the old idea Watts. Allen. 5 ? will recur in the mind when the word is heard 2, To resort; to have recourse. if *> pvoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to the punctum stans of the achools, they will very little help ua to a more positive idea of infinite duration. Locke, 3. To occur at a stated interval, or according to some regular rule; as, the fever will recur to-night. RE-€URE!, v.t. [re and cure,] To cure; to recover [ Vot in use. | Spenser. RE-CURE/LESS, a. Incapable of cure or remedy. [Not in use. Bp. Hall. RE-€UR/RENCE, mn. [See Recur.] Return; as, RE-€UR/REN-CY, the recurrence of error. Brown. 2. Resort; the having recourse. RE-€UR/RENT, a. [L. recurrens.] 1. Returning from time to time; as, recurrent pains of a disease. Tarvey. 2. In crystallography, a recurrent crystal is one whose faces, being counted in annular ranges from one extremity to the other, furnish two different num- bers which succeed each other several times, as 4, 8, 4,8, 4. [Wot used.] 3. In anatomy, the recurrent nerve is a branch of the par vagum, given off in the upper part of the thorax, which is reflected and runs up along the tra- chea to the larynx. Wistar. RE-€UR/RING, ppr. or a. Returning to the thought or mind ; resorting or having recourse to; occurring according to some regular rule. RE-€UR/SION, (re-kur/shun,) x. [L. recursus, recur- ro; re and curro, to run. Return. [Little used. RE-CURV/ATE, v.t. [ bend.} To bend back. Pennant. RE-CURV'/ATE, a [L. recurvatus.] In _ botany, when applied to an azn, bent in the form of a bow. D, C. Willdenow. When applied to a petiole, prickle, awn, calyz, or corolla, bent outward Martyn. Inap- plication to a leaf, bent or curved downward, so that the convexity isupward. Martyn. Bent downward in a greater degree than veclinatc, but not so much as revolute. RE-CUR-VA/TION, ) 7. A bending or flexure back- RE-CURV/I-TY, { ward. Brown. RE-CURVE’, (re-kurv’,) v. t. [L. recurvo, supra.] To bend back. RE-CURV’ED, pp. or a. Bent toward the ground. D. C. Willdenow. 2, Suddenly bent backward. Lindley. RE-CURV-I-ROS’TER, n. [L. recurvus, bent back, and rostrum, a beak.] A bird whose beak or bill bends upward, as the RE-CURV/OUS, a. [L. recurvus.] [avoset. Bent backward. Derham. RE-€U/SAN-CY, n. Non-conformity. [See Recv- SANT. | Coke. RE-€U/SANT, a. [L. recusans, recuso, to refuse; re and the root of causa, signifying to drive. The pri- mary sense Is, to repel or drive back. ] Refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king, or to conform to the established rites of the church ; as, a recusant lord. Clarendon. RE-€U/SANT, n. ([Supra.] In English history, a person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion; as, a popish re- cusant, who acknowledges the supremacy of the pope. Brande. 2. One who refuses communion with the Church of England; a non-conformist. Boyle. recurvo ; re and curvo, to All that are recusants of holy rites. Holyday. RE€-U-SA'/TION, n. [L. recusatio.] 1. Refusal. 2. In law, the act of refusing a judge, or challeng- ing that he shall not try the cause, on account of his supposed partiality. ! This practice is now obsolete. | RE-€USE’, v.t. [L. recuso.] [ Blackstone. To refuse or reject, as a judge; to challenge that the judge shall not try the cause. [7'he practice and the word are obsolete. | Dighy. RED,a. [Sax. red, read, and reod, rude, red, ruddy; D. rood; G. roth; Sw.réd; Dan. réd; Corn. rydh ; Ir. rwadh; Arm. ruydh; W. rhuz, red, ruddy ; Sans. rohida; Russ. rdeyu, to redden; Gr. epv0pos, red, ere and fodov, a rose, from its color; Ar. Sy warada, =. to be present, to enter, to descend, to come, to in- vade, to blossom, to stain with a rose color, to bring Soe to be of ared color; deriv. 4 yg a rose, the Gr fodov ; —_ Ch. 34), arose; Syr. nearly the same; Eth. (OYAS warad, to descend, to bring down. These Arabic and Ethiopic words are the Heb. and Ch. 14), to de- scend, to bring down, and this is radically the same as N75, which is rendered in Hebrew, to descend or come down, to decline, to bring down, to subdue, to have dominion; Ch. like senses, and to correct, to chastise, to expand or open, to flow, to plow ; Syr. to go, to walk, to journey, Li. gradior, also to correct, to teach; (qu. L. erudio.) The Arabic gives the sense of rose, which may be from opening, as blos- soms, a sense coinciding with the Chaldee; and red from the same sense, or from the color of the rose. The Greeks called the Arabian Gulf the Eryth- rean or Red Sea, probably from Edom, or Idumea; improperly applying the meaning of Edom, ved, to the sea, and this improper application has come down a4 P RE-CURE!, nm. Cure; recovery. [JVot in use.| Knolles. A term denoting a bright color, resembling blood. Red is a simple or primary color, but of several dif- ferent shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange red, &c. We say, red color, red cloth, red flame, ved eyes, red cheéks, red lead, &c. Red men, red people, red children ; the aboriginals of America, as distinguished from the whites. Rawle. RED, 7x. A red color; as, a brighter color, the best of all the reds. ewton. Rea ee v. t. [L. redactus, redigo; red, re, and ago. “To force ; to reduce to form. [Wot used.] Drummond. RE-DA€/TION, n. [Ir.] The act of digesting or reducing to order; applied to literary or scientific materials, law, &c. 2. The digest thus made. Recent. RE-DAN', x. [Written sometimes Repent and Re- DENS ; Said to be contracted from L. recedens. Lunier.) In fortification, a kind of rampart in the form of an inverted V, having its angle toward the enemy. P. Cye. RE-DAR/GUE, v. t. [L. redarguo ; red, re, and arguo.] To refute. [JVot in use.] Hahkewill. RED-AR-GU/TION,n, [Supra.] Refutation; convic- tion. [JVotin use.] Bacon. RED/-BAY, n. A tree of the laurel kind, Laurus Car- oliniensis, growing in the Southern United States. Sylva Amer. RED/-BER-RI-ED, (-ber’rid,) a. Having or bearing red berries ; as, red-berried shrub cassia. Miller. RED/BIRD, (-burd,) x. The popular name of several birds in the United States, as the Tanagra #stiva, or summer redbird, the Tanagra rubra, and the Balti- niore oriole or hang-nest. RED’/-BOOK, n. In England, a book containing the names of all the persons in the service of the state. The red book of the Exchequer is an ancient record, in which are registered the names of all that held lands per baroniam in the time of Henry II. Brande. RED/BREAST, (-brest,) n. A bird so called from the color of its breast, the robin, which see. RED/BUD, x. A plant or tree of the genus Cercis, al- so called the Jupas-TREE. Pe Cyc: RED-CHALK’, (-chawk’,) n. A common drawing ma- terial. It is an argillaceous iron ore. Dana. RED/€O0AT, nz. A name given to a soldier who wears a red coat. Dryden. RED/€OAT-ED, a. Wearing red coats. Scott. RED’DEN, (red'n,) v.t. [from red.] To make red. Dryden. RED’DEN, (red’n,) v.z. To grow or become red. The coral redden, and the ruby glow. Pope. 2. To blush. Appius reddens at each word you speak. Pope. RED/DEN-ED, pp. ora. Made red; grown red. RED’'DEN-ING, ppr. Making or becoming red. RED-DEN'DUM, n. [L.] In law, the clause by which rent is reserved in a lease. RED/DISH,a. Somewhatred; moderately red. Lev. xiii. RED’/DISH-NESS,72. Redness in a moderate degree. Boyle. RED-DI//TION, (-dish’/un,) x. [L. reddo, to return,] 1. A réturning of any thing; restitution; surren- der. Howell, 2. Explanation ; representation. Milton. RED/DI-TIVE,a. [L. redditivus, from reddo.] Returning ; answering to an interrogative; a term of grammar. Johnson. RED/DLBE, (red/dl,) x. [from red.] A name of red- chalk, which see. Dana. REDE, 7. [Sax. rad. Counsel ; advice. [Obds.] Shak. REDE, v. t. To counsel or advise. [Obs.] Spenser. RE-DEEM’, v. t. [li redimo; red, re, and emo, to ob- tain or purchase. | . 1. To purchase back ; to ransom; to liberate or rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obli- gation or liability to suffer or to be forfeited, by pay- ing an equivalent ; as, toredeem prisoners or captured goods ; to redeem a pledge. 2. To repurchase what has been sold; to regain possession of a thing alienated, by repaying the value of it to the possessor. If a man [shall] sell a dwelling-house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it 1s sold. — Lev. xXV. 3. To rescue ; to recover; to deliver from. Tl’ Almighty from the grave Hath me redeemed. Sandys, Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. —Ps, xxv. Deut. vii. The mass of earth not yet redeemed from chaos. S. S. Smith. 4, To compensate, to make amends for. It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows. Shak. By lesser ills the greater to redeem, Dryden, 5. To free by making atonement. Thou hast one daughter, Who redeems nature from tho general curse, Shak. 6. To pay the penalty of. W hich of you will be mortal to redeem Milton. to the present time. ] Man’s mortal crime FATE; FAR, FALL, WHAT,—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 922oS ee. RED RED 7. To save. He could not have redeemed a portion of his time for contem- plating the powers of nature. SS. Smith. 8. To perform what has been promised ; to make good by performance He has redeemed his pledge or promise. 9. In law, to recall an estate, or to obtain the right to reénter upon a mortgaged estate by paying to the mortgagee his principal, interest, and expenses or costs. Blackstone. 10. In theology, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God’s violated law, by obedience and suffering in the place of the sinner, or by doing and suffering that which is ac- cepted in lieu of the sinner’s obedience. Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us. —GaJ. iil. ‘Tit. ii. 11. In commerce, to purchase or pay the value, in specie, of any promissory note, bill, or other evi-| RA-DE-SCEND/ING ppr. dence of debt, given by the state, by a company Or| RED/EYE, (red’t,) i corporation, or by an individual. The credit of a state, a banking company, or individuals, is good when they can redeem all their stock, notes, or bills, at par. To redeem time, is to use more diligence in the im- provement of it; to be diligent and active in duty aud preparation. Eph. v. RE-DEEM’A-BLE, a. ble of redemption. 2. That may be purchased or paid for in gold and silver, and brought into the possession of government or the original promisor. The capital of the debt of the United States may be considered in the light of an annuity redeemable at the pleasure of the RE-DI-GEST’, v. te government. Hamilton. RE-DEEM/A-BLE-NESS, 72. deemable. RE-DEEM/ED, pp. or a. Ransomed; delivered from bondage, distress, penalty, liability, or from the pos- session of another by paying an equivalent. RE-DEEM/ER, zn. One who redeems or ransoms. 9, The Savior of the world, Jesus Curist. RE-DEEM/ING, ppr- Ransoming; procuring deliv- erance from captivity, capture, bondage, sin, dis- tress, or liability to suffer, by the payment of an equivalent. RE-DEEM/ING, a. That does or may redeem, or make amends ; as, a redeeming act; redeeming love. RE-DE-LIB/ER-ATE, v. i. [re and deliberate.] To deliberate again. RE-DE-LIB‘/ER-ATE, vw. t. The state of being re- To reconsider. [JVot in use. | RE-DE-LIV/ER, v. t. [re and deliver.] To deliver back. Ayliffe. 2. To deliver again ; to liberate a second time. RE-DBE-LIV’ER-ANCE, n. A second deliverance. RE-DE-LIV'ER-ED, pp. Delivered back; liberated again. REDE-LIV/ER-ING, pyr. Delivering back; libera- ting again. RE-DE-LIV’/ER-Y, z. The act of delivering back; also, a second delivery or liberation. RE-DE-MAND’, v. t. [re and demand; Fr. rede- mander. | To demand back; to demand again. Addison. RE-DBE-MAND’,n. A demanding back again. RE-DE-MAND/A-BLE, a. That may be demanded back. RE-DE-MAND/ED, pp. Demanded back or again. RE-DE-MAND/ING, ppr. Demanding back or again. RE-DE-MISE’, v. t. [re and demise.] To convey or transfer back, as an estate in fee-simple, fee-tail, for life, or a term of years. Encyc. RE-DE-MISB/,n. Reconveyance ; the transfer of an estate back to the person who has demised it; as, the demise and vedemise of an estate in fee-simple, fee-tail, or for life or years, by mutual leases. Encyc. RE-DE-MIS’ED, pp. Reconveyed, as an estate. RE-DE-MIS/ING, ppr. Reconveying. RE-DEMP’TION, zn. [Fr.; It. redenzione; Sp. reden- cion; from L. redemptio. See RepEEemM.] 1, Repurchase of captured goods or prisoners; the act of procuring the deliverance of persons or things from the possession and power of captors by the payment of an equivalent; ransom; release; as, the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the 7edemp- tion of a ship and cargo. 2. Deliverance from bondage, distress, or from Jia- bility to any evil or forfeiture, either by money, labor, or other means. 3: Repurchase, as of lands alienated. Zev. xxv. Jer. XXXii. 4, The liberation of an estate from a mortgage ; or the purchase of the right to reénter upon it by pay- ing the principal sum for which it was mortgaged, With interest and cost; also, the right of redeeming and reéntering. RE-DEMP’TIVE, a. RE-DEMP’/TOR-ISTS, xn. pl. founded in Naples in 1732, and revived in Austria | RE-DOUB/LING, (re-dub/ling,) ppr. RE-DEMP/TO-RY, a. Paid for ransom ; as, Hector’s RE-DENT’ED, a. RE-DE-SCEND/, v. 2. RED/-GUM, n. That may be redeemed ; capa- RED/-HAIR-ED, a. RED/-HOT, n. RE/DI-ENT, a. penalties of God’s vioiated law by the atonement of Christ. Dryden. Nelson. One who redeems himself ; formerly, one whose services were sold to pay the expenses of his passage to America. Redeeming. A religious order, in 1820, devoted to the education of youth and the propagation of the Roman Catholic faith. Brande. redemptory price. Chapman. Formed like the teeth of a saw ; indented. [re and descend.] To descend Howell. Descending again. [red and eye.] carp family, Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, so named from the color of the iris ; also called Rupp. Jardine’s Nat. Inb. A disease of new-born infants; an eruption of red pimples in early infancy. Good. 2. A disease of grain, a kind of blight. Farm. Encyc. again. color. Red with heat; heated to redness ; as, red-hot iron ; red-hot balls. [L. rediens, redeo, to return. ] E. H. Smith. To digest or reduce to form a second time. Kent. RE-DI-GEST’ED, pp. Digested again. RE-DI-GEST’ING, ppr. Digesting a second time; reducing again to order. RE-DIN’/TE-GRATE, v. t. ([L. redintegro; red, re, and integro, from integer, whole.] To make whole again ; to renew; to restore to a perfect state. B. Jonson. RE-DIN/TE-GRATE, a. Renewed ; restored to whole- ness or a perfect state. Bacon. RE-DIN/TE-GRA-TED, pp. Renewed; restored to entireness. RE-DIN/TE-GRA-TING, ppr. state. RE-DIN-TE-GRA/TION, nm. Renovation ; restoration to a whole or sound state. Decay of Piety. 2. In chemistry, the restoration of any mixed body or matter to its former nature and constitution. Returning. Restoring to a perfect Coxe. RE-DIS-BURSE’, (re-dis-burs’,) v. & [re and dis- burse.] ‘To repay or refund. Spenser. RE-DIS-POSE’, v. t. [re and dispose.] To dispose or adjust again. axter. RE-DIS-POS’/ED, pp. RE-DIS-PGS'/ING, ppr. Disposing or adjusting anew. RE-DIS-SEI/ZIN, x. [re and disseizin.] In law, a writ of redisseizin, is a writ to recover seizin of lands or tenements against a redisseizor. RE-DIS-SEI’/ZOR, n. [re and disseizor.] A person who disseizes lands or tenements a second time, or after a recovery of the same from him im an action of hovel disseizin. Blackstone. RE-DIS-SOLVE’, v. t. [re and dissolve.] To dissolve again. RE-DIS-SOLV/ED, pp. RE-DIS-SOLV/ING, ppr. Dissolving again. RE-DIS-TRIB/UTE, vw. t. [ve and distribute.] To distribute again; to deal back again. Cotgrave. RE-DIS-TRIB/U-TED, pp. Distributed again or back. RE-DIS-TRIB/U-TING, ppr. Distributing again or back, RE-DIS-TRI-BU/TION, n. ond distribution. RED/-LEAD/, (red/led’,) n. [red and lead.] Minium, a preparation of lead of a fine red color, used in painting, &c. It is a salt composed of one equiva- lent of deutoxyd of lead, which performs the func- tions of an acid, and two equivalents of protoxyd of Jead, which performs the functions of a base. Its proper chemical name is diplumbate of lead. Tully. RED/-LET-TER, a. 1 Ss z é relax, but of re and lease, from Fr, latsser, ng ue word that has no connection with relaz. So inG. freilassen, D. vrylaaten; free and let. If it is from relacher, it has undergone a strange alteration.) _ J. To set free from restraint of any kind, either physical or moral; to liberate from prison, confine- ment, or servitude. Matt. xv. Mark xv. 2. To free from pain, care, trouble, grief, &c. 3. To free from obligation or penalty; as, to re- lease one from debt, from a promise, or covenant. 4. Tio quit; to Jet go, as a legal claim ; as, to re- lease a debt or forfeiture. Deut. xv. _ 5. To discharge or relinquish a right to Jands or tenements, by conveying it to another that has some right or estate. in possession, as when the person in remainder releases his right to the tenant in posses- sion ; when one coparcener releases his right to the other; or the mortgagee releases his claim to the mortgager. ; 6. To relax. Ne in USE} Hooker. iberation or discharge from restraint of any kind, as from confinement or bondage. 2. Liberation from care, pain, or any burden. 3. Discharge from obligation or responsibility, as from debt, penalty, or claim of any kind; acquit- tance. ‘ In law, a release, or deed of release, is a conveyance of a man’s right in lands or tenements to another who has some estate in possession; a guitclaim. The efficient words in such an instrument are, ‘“‘remised, released, and forever quitclaimed.” Blackstone. RE-LEAS’ED, (re-leest’,) pp. Set free from confine- ment; freed from obligation or liability ; freed from pain ; quitclaimed. RE-LEAS-EE’, n. A person to whom a release is given. RE-LEASE/MENT, nv. The act of releasing from confinement or obligation. JWilton. RE-LEAS/ER, 2. One who releases, RE-LEAS/ING, ppr. Liberating from confinement or restraint ; freeing from obligation or responsibility, or from pain or other evil; quitclaiming. . relego ; re and lego to send.] To banish; to send into exile. Sent into exile. The act of banishment; exile. Ayliffe. RE-LENT’,v.i%. (Fr. relentir ; Sp. relenter; It. rallen- tare; Sp. ablandar; Port. abrandar ; the two Jatter from blando, L. blandus, which unites the L. blandus With lentus. The English is from re and L. lentus, gentle, pliant, slow, the primary sense of which is softoryielding. The L. lenis is probably of the same family. See BLanp.] 1. To soften ; to become less rigid or hard; to give. In some houses, sweetmeats will relent more than in others, acon. When opening buds salute the welcome day, And earth, relenting, feels the genial ray. Pope. [ This sense of the word is admissible in poetry, but is not in common use. | 2. To grow moist; to deliquesce ; applied to salts ; as, the relenting of the air. Bacon, Balt of tartar — placed in a cellar, will begin to relent. Boyle. This sense is not in use, - ‘'o become Jess intense. [Little used.] Sidney. 4. To soften in temper; to become more mild and tender; to feel compassion. [ This is the usual sense of the word. | Can you behold My tears, and not once relent? Shak. RE-LENT’, v. t. To slacken. And oftentimes he would relent his pace. [Obs.] 2. To soften ; to mollify. { Obs.] RE-LENT’, pp. Dissolved. [ Obs. RE-LENT’, 7. Remission ; stay. [Obs.] Spenser. RE-LENT’ED, pp- Softened in temper. RE-LENT’ING, ppr. Softening in temper ; becoming more mild or compassionate RE-LENT’ING, n. The act of becoming more mild or compassionate. RE-LENT’LESS, a. Unmoved by pity; unpitying; ie : ‘s “2 : 83 insensible to the distresses of others ; destitute of tenderness ; as, a prey to relentless despotism. For this th’ aver ging power employs his darts, Thus will persist, relentless io his ire. Spenser. Spenser. Dryden, Relentless thoughts, in Milton, may signify unre- mitted, intently fixed on disquieting objects. Johnson. This sense of the word is unusual, and not to be RE-LES-SEB!, 7. RE-LES-SOR/, n. RE-LET’, v. t. To let anew, as a house. REL’/E-VANCE, )n. [See Rerevant.] The state REL'E-VAN-CY, § REL/E-VANT, a. [Fr., from L. relever, to relieve, to REL-E-VA/TION, n. A raising or lifting up. [ot RE-LI/A-BLE, a. That may be relied on or trusted. RE-LY’A-BLE-NESS, ) n. RE-LI-A-BIL/I-TY, § able. RE-LIJANCE, xn. [from rely.] RELIC, n. [Fr. relique; L. reliquie, from relinguo, to REL/I€-LY, adv. In the manner of relics, { Little used. | RELMET, n. [L. relictus, relicta, from relinguo, to leave. ] A widow ; a woman whose husband is dead. RE-LI€T/ED, a. In law, left uncovered, as land by RE-LI€/TION, x. In law, Jand left uncovered by the RE-LI’ED, (re-lide’,) pp. RE-LIEF’, (re-leef’,) n. [Fr. relief; It. rilevo, rilievo, REL E-LENT’LESS-LY, adv. Without pity. Ed. Rev. Milman. [See Rerease.] The person to whom a release is executed. The person who executes a re- moved by pity. lease. There must be a privity of estate between the relessor and re- lessee, Blackstone. of being relevant, or of affording relief or aid. 2. Pertinence ; applicableness, 3. In Scots law, sufficiency to infer the conclusion. advance, to raise ; ve and lever, to raise. ] 1. Relieving ; lending aid or support. Poznall. 2. Pertinent; applicable. The testimony is not relevant to the case; the argument is not relevant to the question. [ This ts the sense in which the word ts now generally used. | 3. Sufficient to support the cause. Scots Law. in use. | } The state of being reli- Rest or repose of mind, resulting from a full belief of the veracity or integrity of a person, or of the certainty of a fact; trust ; confidence; dependence. We may have per- fect reliance on the promises of God; we have reli- ance on the testimony of witnesses ; we place reli- ance on men of known integrity, or on the strength and stability of government, leave; re and linquo. | 1. That which remains; that which is left after the loss or decay of the rest; as, the relics of a town; the relics of magnificence; the relics of antiquity. The relics of saints are held in great veneration by the Roman Catholics. 2. The body of a deceased person ; a corpse. [ Usually in the plural. | Dryden. Pope. Sprat. Garth. the retrocession of the sea or other water. Bouvier. retrocession of the sea or other water. ouvier. Reposed on something, as the mind ; confided in; depended. from rilevare, to raise, to lift, to remove ; Sp. relieve, relevar ; re and llevar, to raise. | 1, The removal, in whole or in part, of any evil that afflicts the body or mind ; the removal or allevi- ation of pain, grief, want, care, anxiety, toil, or dis- tress, or of any thing oppressive or burdensome, by which some ease is obtained. Rest gives relief to the body when weary; an anodyne gives relief from pain ; the sympathy of friends affords some relief to the distressed ; a loan of money to a man embar- rassed may afford him a temporary relief; medicines which will not cure a disease sometimes give a par- tial relief. A complete relief from the troubles of Jife is never to be expected. 2. That which mitigates or removes pain, grief, or other evil. Dryden. 3. The release, as of sentinels, from some post or duty, and the substitution of others ; also, the per- son or persons thus substituted. 4. In sculpture, &c., the projecture or prominence of a figure above or beyond the ground or plane on which it is formed. Relief is of three kinds; high relief, (alto relievo,) low relief, (basso relievo,) and demi relief, (demi relievo.) The difference is in the degree of projecture. High reliefis formed from nature, as when a figure stands completely out from the ground, being attached to it in only a few places, Low relief is when the figure projects but little, as in medals, festoons, foliages, and other ornaments. Demi relief is when one half of the figure rises from the plane. Brande. 5. In painting, the appearance of projection, or the degree of boldness which a figure exhibits to the eye at a distance. 6. In feudal law, a fine or composition which the heir of a tenant, holding by knight’s service or other tenure, paid to the lord, at the death of the ancestor, for the privilege of taking up the estate which, on strict feudal principles, had lapsed or fallen to the lord on the death of the tenant. This relief con- sisted of horses, arms, money, and the like, the amount of which was originally arbitrary, but after- RE-LVER, x. RE-LIE!'V 0, (re-lee'vo,) n. [It. REL ble, unless the heir, at the death of his ancestor, had attained to the age of twenty-one years. Blackstone. Encyc. 7. A remedy, partial or total, for any wrong suf- fered; redress; indemnification. He applied to chan- cery, but could get no relief; he petitioned the legis- lature, and obtained relief. 8. ‘he exposure of any thing by the proximity of something else. Johnson. [from rely.] One who relies, or places full confidence in, RE-LIEV’A-BLE, a, Capable of being relieved ; that may receive relief. Hale, RE-LIEVE!, v. t. [Fr. relever; L. relevo. See Re- LIEF. | 1, To free, wholly or partially, from pain, grief, want, anxiety, care, toil, trouble, burden, oppression, or any thing that is considered to be an evil; to ease of any thing that pains the body or distresses the mind. Repose relieves the wearied body ; a supply of provisions relieves a family in want; medicines may relieve the sick man, even when they do not cure him; we all desire to. be relieved from anxiety and from heavy taxes; law or duty, or both, require that we should relieve the poor and destitute. 2. To alleviate or remove ; as when we say, to re- lieve pain or distress; to relieve the wants of the poor, 3. To release from a post or station, as sentinels, a guard, or ships, and station others in their place. Sentinels are generally relieved every two hours ; a guard is usually relieved once in twenty-four hours. 4. To right; to ease of any burden, wrong, or op- pression by judicial or legislative interposition, by the removal of a grievance, by indemnification for losses and the like. 5. To abate the inconvenience of any thing by change, or by the interposition of something dissimi- lar. The moon relieves the luster of the sun with a, milder light. The poet must not encumber his poem with too much business, but sometimes relieve the subject with a moral reflection. Addison, 6. To assist ; to support. Parallels, or like relations, alternately relieve each other; when neither will pass asunder, yet they are plausible together. Toon, 7. Set off by contrast. [Used in respect to paint- ing and picturesque effect. Walter Scott. RE-LIEV’ED, pp. Freed from pain or other evil ; eased or cured; aided ; succored; dismissed from watching. 2. Alleviated or removed, as pain or distress. 3. Set off by contrast. RE-LIEV’ER,z. One that relieves; he or that which gives ease, RE-LIEV/ING, ppr. or a. Removing pain or distress, or abating the violence of it; easing; curing; as- sisting ; dismissing from a post, as a sentinel; sup- porting. Relieving arch. See DiscHarcine ArRcH. ) Relief; promin- ence of figures in statuary, architecture, é&c. ; appa- rent prominence of figures in painting. RE-LIGHT’, (ré-lite’,) v. t. [re and light.] To light anew ; to illuminate again. 2. To rekindle; to set on fire again. RE-LIGHT’ED, pp. Lighted anew ; rekindled. RE-LIGHT'/ING, ppr. Lighting again ; rekindling. RE-LIG/ION, (re-lij/un,) . [Fr. and Sp. religion ; It. relisione ; L. religio, from religo, to bind anew; re and ligo, to mine This word seems originally to have signified an oath or vow to the gods, or the ob- ligation of such an oath or vow, which was held very sacred by the Romans. ] 1. Religion, in a comprehensive sense, includes a belief in the being and perfections of God, in the revelation of his will to man, in man’s obligation to obey his commands, in a state of reward and pun- ishment, and in man’s accountableness to God; and also true godliness or piety of life, with the practice of all moral duties, It therefore comprehends the- ology as a system of doctrines or principles, as well as practical piety ; for the practice of moral duties witbout a belief in a divine lawgiver, and without reference to his will or commands, Is not religion. 2. Religion, as distinct from theology, is godliness or real piety in practice, consisting in the perform- ance of all known duties to God and our fellow-men, in obedience to divine command, or from love to God and his law. James i. Religion will attend you — as a pleasant and useful companion, in every proper place and every temperate occupation of life. Buckminster. 3. Religion, as distinct from virtue or morality, con sists in the performance of the duties we owe di- rectly to God, from a principle of obedience to his will. Hence we often speak of religion and virtue as different branches of one system, or the duties of the first and second tables of the law. Let us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without religion. Washington, countenanced. | ward fixed at a certain rate by law. It is not paya- 4, Any system of faith and worship. In this PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 932REL sense, religion comprehends the belief and worship of pagans and Mohammedans, as well as of Chris- Wwans; any religion consisting in the belief of a su- peilor power or powers governing the world, and in the worship of such power or powers. Thus we speak of the religion of the Turks, of the Hindoos, of the Indians, &c., as well as of the Christian re- ligion. “We speak of false religion, as well as of true relizion, 5. The rites of religion ; in the plural. RE-LIG/ION-A-RY, a. Relating to religion ; pious. [Vet used. ] Bp. Barlow. RE-LIG/‘ION-ISM, n. The practice of religion ; ad- herence to religion. Stewart. RE-LIG/ION-IST, x. A bigot to any religious persua- Swift. Sense of Wilton. sion. RE-LIG-J-OS'I-£Y, n. [L. religiositas.] religion ; religiousness. RE-LIG/IOUS, (re-lij/us,) a. 10SUS. | 1, Pertaining or relating to religion ; as, areligious society ; a religious Sect; a religious place; religious subjects. 2. Pious; godly; loving and reverencing the Su- preme Being and obeying his precepts; as, a relig- qous man. 3, Devoted to the practice of religion; as, a relig- tous life. 4, Teaching religion ; containing religious subjects or the doctrines and precepts of religion, or the dis- cussion Of topics of religion; as, a religious book. o. Exact; strict; such as religion requires; as, a religious observance of vows or promises. 6. Engaged by vows to a monastic life ; as, a re- ligious order or fraternity. 7. Appropriated to the performance of sacred or religious duties; as, a religious house. Law. RE-LIG/IOUS, ». A person bound by monastic vows, or sequestered from secular concerns and devoted to a life of piety and devotion ; a monk orfriar ; anun. Tittle used.) RE-LIG/IOUS-LY, adv. Piously; with love and rev- erence to the Supreme Being; in obedience to the [Fr. religieux; L. relig- divine commands. Drayton. 2. According to the rites of religion. Shak, 3. Reverently ; with veneration. Duppa. 4, Exactly ; strictly ; conscientiously ; as, a vow or promise religiously observed. RE-LIG/IOUS-NESS, n. The quality or state of be- ing religious, RE-LIN’QUENT, a. who relinquishes, - RE-LIN/QUISH, (re-link’wish,) v. t. [L. relinguo ; re and linguo, to leave, to fail or faint ; from the same root as liqueo, liquo, to melt or dissolve, deliquium, a fainting, Ir. lcazham, to melt. Hence the sense is to withdraw or give way ; to relinquish is to recede from. It is probably allied to flag and slack; W. llac, llaciaw, to slacken; llegu, to flag. Class Lg.] 1. To witharaw from; to leave; toquit. It may be to forsake or abandon, but it does not necessarily express the sense of the latter. A man may relin- quish an enterprise for a time, or with a design never to resume it. In general, to relinquish is to leave without the intention of resuming, and equivalent to forsake, but is less emphatical than abandon and desert. They placed Irish tenants on the lands relinquished by the Eng- aves. 2. To forbear ; to withdraw from ; as, to relinquish the practice of intemperance ; to relinguwish the rites of a church. Hooker. 3. To give up; to renounce a claim to; as, to re- linguish a debt. To relinguish back, or to; to give up; to release ; to surrender; as, to relinquish a claim to another. RE-LIN’ QUISH-ED, (re-link’wisht,) pp. Left; quit- ted ; given up. RE-LIN/QUISH-ER, nm. One who leaves or quits. RE-LIN/QUISH-ING, ppr. Quitting; leaving; giv- 5) § ing up. RE-LIN'’QUISH-MENT, n. The act of leaving or quitting ; a forsaking ; the renouncing a claim to. REL‘I-QUA-RY, n. ([Fr. reliquaire, from L. relin- Relinquishing. As a noun, one quo. femal chest, box, or casket, in which relics are ept. Gloss. of Archit. REL-JQUE’, (rel-eek’,) nm. Arelic. [See Retic.] RE-LIQ'UI-JE, n. pl. [L.] Remains of the dead ; organic remuins. Tumble. RE-LIQ'/UID-ATE, (re-lik’we-date,) v. t [7e and ligusate | To liquidate anew; to adjust a second RE-LIQ/UID-A-TED, pp. Liquidated again. [time. RE-LIQ/UID-A-TING, ppr. Liquidating again. RE-LIQ-UID-A/TION, nm. A second or renewed liquidation ; a renewed adjustment. Hamilton. RELISH, x. Taste ; or, rather, a pleasing taste ; that sensation of the organs which is experienced when we take food or drink of an agreeable flavor. Dif- ferent persons have different relishes. Relish is often natural, and often the effect of habit. 2. Liking; delight ; appetite. We have such a relish for faction, us to have lost that of wit. Addison. REL 3. Sense; the faculty of perceiving excellence ; taste 5 as, a relish for fine writing, or a relish of fine writing. Addison uses both of and for after relish. 4, That which gives pleasure ; the power of pleas- ng. When liberty is gone, Life grows insipid, and has lost its relish. Addison. o. Cast; manners. It preserves some relish of old writing. Pope, 6. Taste ; a small quantity just perceptible. Devotion, patience, cournge, fortitude, I have no relish of them. Shak. 7. Something taken with food to increase the pleasure of eating. RELISH, v. t. To give an agreeable taste to. A savory bit that served to relish wine. Dryden. 2. To like the taste of; as, to relish venison. 3. To be gratified with the enjoyment or use of. He knows how to prize his advantages and to relish the honors which he enjoys. Atterbury. Men of nice palates would not relish Aristotle, as dressed up by the schoolmen. aker, REL'‘ISH, v.27. To have a pleasing taste. The great- est dainties do not always relish. 2. To give pleasure Had I been the finder-out of this secret, it would not have rel- ished among my other discredits. Shak, 3. To have a flavor. A theory which, how much soever it may relish of wit and inven- tion, hath no foundation in nature. Woodward, REL/ISH-A-BLE, a. taste. REL/ISH-ED, (rel/isht,) pp. taste ; received with pleasure. RE-LIVE’, (ré-liv’,) v.z [re and live.] To live again ; Gustable ; having an agreeable Giving an agreeable to revive. Spenser. RE-LIVE’, (ré-liv’,) v. t. To recall to life. [WVot in USE. | Spenser. RE-LOAN’, v. t. [re and loan.] To loan again; to lend what has been lent and repaid. RE-LOAN’, n. A second lending of the same money. resident’s Message. RE-LOAN/ED, pp. Loaned again. RE-LOAN/ING, ppr. Loaning again. RE-LO/CATE, v.t. To locate a second time. RE-LO-€A/TION, n. A second location. Scott. RE-LOVE’, (-luv’,) v. t. [re and love.] To love in return. [JWVot in use.] Boyle. RE-LU/CENT, a. [L. relucens, reluceo; re and luceo, to shine. ] Shining ; transparent; clear; pellucid ; as, a relu- cent stream. iomson. RE-LU€T’, v.z. [L. reluctor; re and luctor, to strug- gle.] To strive or struggle against. [Little used. ] RE-LU€T/ANCH, n. [Ziterally, a straining or RE-LU€ET’/AN-CY, Striving against.] Unwillingness ; great opposition of mind ; repug- nance; with to or against; as, to undertake a war with reluctance. He has a great reluctance to this measure, Bear witnéss, Heaven, with what reluctancy Her helpless innocence I doom to die. RE-LUCT/ANT, a. Striving against; unwilling ; much opposed in heart. Reluctant now I touched the trembling string. Tickell. 2. Unwilling ; acting with slight repugnance ; coy. Milton. 3. Proceeding from an unwilling mind; granted with reluctance ; as, reluctant obedience. Mitford. RE-LU€T/ANT-LY, adv. With opposition of heart ; unwillingly. What is undertaken reluctantly, is seldom well performed. RE-LU€ET/ATE, v. t. To resist; to struggle against. Decay of Piety. Repugnance ; resistance. Bacon. Dryden, RE-LU€T-A’TION, n. RE-LU€T/ING, ppr. Striving to resist. 2. a. Averse ; unwilling. RE-LUME’, v. t. [Fr. rallumer; Li. re and lumen, light. ] To rekindle; to light again. RE-LUM/ED, pp. Rekindled; lighted again. RE-LU/ MINE, (-min,) v. t. [It. rallwminare; L. relu- mino; re and lumen, light, from luceo, to shine. ] 1. To light anew ; to rekindle. Shak. 2. To illuminate again. RE-LU/MIN-ED, pp. Rekindled; illuminated anew. RE-LUM/ING, ppr. Kindling or lighting anew. RE-LUM/IN-ING, ppr. Rekindling; enlightening anew. : RE-LY/, v.i. [re and lie, or from the root of Lie, lay] To rest on something, as the mind when satisfie of the veracity, integrity, or ability of persons, or of the certainty of facts or of evidence ; to have confi- dence in; to trust in; to depend; with on. We rely on the promise of a man who is known to be upright; we rely on the veracity or fidelity of a tried friend ; a prince relies on the affections of his sub- jects for support, and on the strength of his army for Pope. REM mercy and promises of God. That which is the ground of confidence, IS a certainty or full convic- tion that satisfies the mind and leaves it at rest. or undisturbed by doubt. : Because thou hast relied on the king of Syria, and not relied the Lord thy God. —2 Chron, xvi. ; ee RE-LY/ING, ppr. Reposing on something, as the mind; confiding in; trusting in; depending, RE-MADE’, pret. and pp. of Remake. RE-MAIN’, v.2. [L. remaneo ; re and maneo, Gr. pevw, O -U uu O 2. = pevew; Pers. Cy olo mandan, and Howls manidan, to remain, to be left, to delay, to be like, to dismiss, to leave. The sense seems to be, to draw out in time, or to be fixed, or to continue. (See anal- ogies in Leave.) The sense of likeness may be a drawing. ] J. To continue ; to rest or abide in a place for a time indefinite. They remained a month in Rome. We remain at an inn for a night, for a week, ora longer time. flemain a widow at thy father’s house, till Shelah my son be grown. — Gen, xxxyiii. 2. To be left after others have withdrawn; to rest or abide in the same place when others remove, or are lost, destroyed, or taken away. Noah only remained alive, and they that were with him in the ark, — Gen. vil. 3. To be leftafter a part or others have passed. Let our remaining time or years be employed in active duties. 4. To continue unchanged, or in a particular state. He remains stupid; he remains in a low state of health. 5. Not to be lost; not to escape ; not to be forgot- ten. All my wisdom remained with me. Ecclus. 6. To be left, out of a greater number or quantity. Part of the debt is paid ; that which remains will be on interest. That which remaineth over, lay up for you to be kept till the morning. — Ex, xvi. 7. To be left as not included or comprised. There remains one argument which has not been consid- ered. That an elder brother has power over his brethren reniains to be proved. Locke. 8. To continue in the same state. Childless thou art, childless remain. Ditlion. REE-MAIN’, v. t. To await; to be left to; as, the easier conquest now vemains thee. [This is elliptical for remains to thee. not properly a transitive verb. ] RE-MAIN’, n. That which is left; a corpse; also, abode. [Nat used. } RE-MAIN’DER, n. Any thing left after the separa- tion and removal of a part. If these decoctions be repeated’ till the water comes off clear, the remainder yields no salt. adrbuthnot. The last remainders of unhappy Troy. ryden. 2. Relics; remains ; the corpse of a human being. [Not now used. } Shak. 3. That which is left after a part is passed ; as, the remainder of the day or week; the remainder of the year; the remainder of life. ‘ 4. The quantity that is left after subtraction or after any deduction. 5. In law, an estate limited to take effect and be enjoyed after another estate is determined. A grants land to B for twenty years ; remainder to D in fee. If a man by deed or will limits his books or furniture to A for life, with remainder to B, this re- mainder is good. Blackstone. A writ of formedon in remainder, is & writ which lies where a man gives lands to another for life or in tail, with remainder to a third person in tail or in fee, and he who has the particwar estate dies with- out issue heritable, and a stranger intrudes upon him in remainder and keeps him out of possession ; in this case, the remainder-man shall have his writ of formedon in the remainder, Blackstone, RE-MAIN’DER, a. Remaining; refuse ; left; as, the remainder biscuit; the remainder viands. [ Obs.] Slick. RE-MAIN'DER-MAN, xn. In law, he who has an estate after a particular estate is determined. Blackstone. RE-MAIN’ED, pp. Continued; left after others have withdrawn, uae RE-MAIN/ING, ppr. or a. Continuing; resting ; abiding for an indefinite time ; being left after sepa- ration and removal of a part, or after Joss or destruc- tion, or after a part is passed, as of time. ; RE-MAINS’, n. pl, That which is left after a part Is separated, taken away, oF destroyed 3 as, the 7e- mains of a city or house demolished. 2. A dead body; acorpse. _ Pope. The singular, remain, in the like sense, and in the Remain is success in war; above all things, we rely on the sense of abode, is entirely obsolete. Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 933 eee gy Yr —_ a ge 2. ee cre oe ee a ara Di Ta ea io5 ee! ae ae So 2 SR BNET REM RE-MAKE!, v. t.; pret. and pp. Reape. make.| To make anew. RE-MAND/, v. t. [Fr. remander; L. re and mando.] To call or send back him or that which is ordered to a place; as, to remand an officer from a distant place ; to remand an envoy from a foreign court. RE-MAND/ED, pp. Called or sent back. RE-MAND/ING, ppr. Calling or sending back, _ RE-MAND/MENT, n. A remanding or ordering back. Jefferson. REM/A-NENCE, } REM/A-NEN-CY, a REM/A-NENT, n. [L. remanens.] : The part remaining. [Little used.] [It is con- tracted into REMNANT. REM/A-NENT, a. Remaining. [Little used.] Taylor. RE-MARK’, x. [Fr. remarque; re and mark.) _ 1. Notice or observation; as, to elude conjecture and remark. Cowper. 9. Particularly, notice or observation expressed in words or writing; as, the remarks of an advocate ; the remarks made in conversation; the judicious or the uncandid remarks of a critic. A remark is not always expressed, for we say, a man makes his re- marks on a preacher’s sermon while he is listening to it. In this case the notice is silent, a mere act of the mind. RE-MARK’, vo. t. [Fr. remarquer.] 1. To observe; to note in the mind; totake notice of without expression. I remarked the manner of the speaker ; I remarked his elegant expressions. 2. To express in words or writing what one thinks or sees; to express observations ; as, it 1s necessary to repeat what has been before remarked. [re and A remaining. 3. To mark; to point out; to distinguish. [Vot in use| His manacles remark him. Milton. RE-MARK/A-BLE, a. [Fr. remarquable.] 1. Observable; worthy of notice. 'Tis remarkable that they Talk most whu have the least to say. Prior. 2. Extraordinary ; unusual ; that deserves particu- Jar notice, or that may excite admiration or wonder; as, the remarkable preservation of lives in shipwreck, The dark day, in May, 1780, was a remarkable phe- nomenon. RE-MARK’A-BLE-NESS, n. Observableness; wor- thiness of remark ; the quality of deserving particu- lar notice. Hammond. RE-MARK’'A-BLY, adv. Ina manner or degree wor- thy of notice ; as, the winters of 1825, 1826, and 1828, were remarkably free from snow. The winter of 1827 was remarkable for a great quantity of snow. 2. In an extraordinary manner. RE-MARK’ED, (re-miarkt’;) pp. Noticed; observed ; expressed in words or writing. RE-MARK/ER, n. An observer; one who makes re- marks, Watts. RE-MARK/‘ING, ppr. Observing; taking notice of; expressing in words or writing. RE-MAR/RI-ED, pp. Married again or a second time. RE-MAR/RY, v. t. [re and marry.| To marry again or a second time. Tindal. RE-MAR/RY-ING, ppr. Marrying again ora second time. RE-MAST?’, z. t. set of masts. RE-MAS/TI-CATE, v. t. [re and masticate.] To chew or masticate again; to chew over and over, as in chewing the cud. RE-MAS/TL€A-TED, pp. oe To furnish with a second mast or Chewed again or repeat- edly. || RiE-MAS’TL-€A-TING, ppr. Chewing again or over and over. RE-MAS-TI-€Aa/TION, n. The act of masticating again or repeatedly. REM'BLAL, (ram'bla,) n. [Fr.] In fortification, the earth or materials used in filling up a trench. Brande. REM’BLE, v. t. To remove. TT OSE. RE-M&'DL-A-BLE, a. [from remedy.| That may be remedied or cured. The evil is believed to be reme- diable. RE-ME/DI-A-BLY, adv. remedy or cure. RE- ME'DI-AL, a. [L. remedialis.] Affording a remedy ; intended for a remedy, or for the removal of an evil. Za The remedial part of law is so necessary a consequence of the declaratory and directory, that laws without it must be very vague and imperfect. Statutes are declaratory or remedial. Bi ; Blackstone. REE DLATE, in the sense of remedial, is not in REM/E-DI-ED, (rem/e-did,) pp. [from remedy.| Cured ; healed : repaired, 3 RE-MED'I-LESS, a. [In modern books, the accent is placed on the first syllable, which would be well if there were no derivatives ; but remedilessly, remedi- lessness, require the accent on the second syllable. ] I. Not admitting a remedy ; incurable; desperate ; as, a remediless disease. 2. Irreparable ; as, a loss or damage is remcdiless. 3. Not admitting change or reversal ; as, a remedi- less doom. Milton. So as to be susceptible of REM 4, Not admitting recovery; as, a remediless delu- sion. South. RE-MED/I-LESS-LY, adv. In a manner or degree that precludes a remedy. Clarendon. RE-MED/I-LESS-NESS, n. Incurableness. REMWE-DY,n. [L. remediwm; re and medcor, to heal ; Fr. remeéde. } 1. That which cures a disease ; any medicine or application which puts an end to disease and restores health; with for ; as, a remedy for the gout. 2, That which counteracts an evil of any kind ; with for, to, or against; usually with for. Civil government is the remedy for the evils of natural lib- erty. What remedy can be provided for extravagance in dress? The man who shall invent an effectual remedy for intemperance will deserve every thing from his fellow-men. 3. That which cures uneasiness, Our griefs how swilt, our remedies how slow ! 4. That which repairs loss or disaster ; reparation. Wisdom. Prior. In the death of a man there is no remedy. REM/E-DY, v. t. [Fr. remedier.] I. To cure; to heal; as, to remedy a disease. 2. To cure; to remove, as an evil; as, to remedy grief; to remedy the evils of a war. 3. To repair; to remove mischief; in a very gen- eral sense. REM/E-DY-ING, ppr. Curing; healing; removing ; restoring from a bad to a good state. RE-MEL'’, v. t. [re and melt.] To melt a second time. : RE-MELT’ED, pp. RE-MELT/ING, ppr. Melting again. RE-MEM’BER, v. t. [Norm. remembre; Low L. re- memoror ; re and memoror. See Mremory.] 1. To have in the mind an idea which had been in the mind before, and which recurs to the mind Without effort. Melted again. We are said to remember any thing, when the idea of it arises in the mind with the consciousness that we have had this idea before. Watts, 2. When we use effort to recall an idea, we are said to recollect it. This distinction is not always observed. Hence, Remember is often used as sy- nonymous with Reco.tvect, that is, to call to mind. We say, we can not remember a fact, when we mean We can not recollect it. Remember the days of old. — Deut. xxxii. 3. To bear or keep in mind; to attend to. Remember what I warn thee; shun to taste. Milton, 4, To preserve the memory of; to preserve from being forgotten. Let them have their wages duly paid, And something over to remember me. Shak. 5. Tomention. [WVotin use] Ayliffe. 6. To put in mind; to remind; as, toremember one of his duty. [JVot in use. ] Clarendon. To think of and consider; to meditate. Ps. . 7 1 i Ixili, 8. To bear in mind with esteem; or to reward. Eccles. 1X. 9. To bear in mind with praise or admiration ; to celebrate. 1 Chron. xvi. 10. To bear in mind with favor, care, and regard for the safety or deliverance of any one. Ps. Ixxiv. Gen. Vill. Gen. xix. 11. To bear in mind with intent to reward or pun- ish, 3 John x. Jer. XXXi. 12. To bear in mind with confidence; to trust in. IP eixks 13. To bear in mind with the purpose of assisting or relieving. Gal. ii. 14. To bear in mind with reverence ; to obey. Remember thy Creator in the days of thy youth. — Eccles. xii. 15. To bear in mind with regard ; to keep as sa- cred ; to observe. Remember the Sabbath-day to keep it holy. —Ex. xx. To remember mercy, is to exercise it. Hab. iil. RE-MEM'BER-ED, pp. Kept in mind ; recollected. RE-MEM’/BER-ER, nm. One that remembers. Wotton. RE-MEM’/BER-ING, ppr. Having in mind. RE-MEM/BRANCE, nz. Er.) The retaining or hay- ing In mind an idea which had been present before, or an idea which bad been previously received from an object when present, and which recurs to the mind afterward without the presence of its object. Technically, REMEMBRANCE differs from ReMINIs- CENCE and Reco.vectron, as the former implies that an idea occurs to the mind spontaneously, or Without much mental exertion. ‘The latterimply the power or the act of recalling ideas which do not Spontaneously recur to the mind. The righteous shall be in everlasting remembrance. — Ps. cxii. Remembrance is when the same idea recurs, without the operation of the like object on the external sensory. ocke. 2. ‘Transmission of a fact from one to another. Titan Among the heavens the immortal fact displayed, Lest the remembrance of his grief should fail. Addison. REM a 3, Account preserved; something to assist the memory. Those proceedings and remembrancez are in the Tower. Hale. 4. Memorial. But in remembrance of so brave a deed, A tomb and funeral honors I decreed. Dryden. 5. A token by which one is kept in the memory. Keep this remembrance for thy Julia’s sake, Shak. 6. Notice of something absent. Let your remembrance still apply to Banquo. Shak. 7. Power of remembering ; limit of time within which a fact can be remembered ; as when we say, an event took place before our remembrance, or since our remembrance. 8. Honorable memory. Shak. 9. Admonition. Slik. 10. Memorandum ;.a note to help the memory. Chillingworth. RE-MEM’BRAN-CER, 7. One that reminds, or re- vives the remembrance of any thing. God is present in the consciences of good and bad; he is there a remembrancer to call our actions to mind. Taylor. [Wot in use.] 2. An officer in the exchequer of England, whose business is to record certain papers and proceedings, make out processes, &c.; a recorder. The officers bearing this name were formerly called clerks of the remembrance. Encie, 3. Something that reminds or calls to remem- brance, as a gift; memorial; memento. Cowper. RE-MEM/O-RATE, v. t, [L. rememoratus, remem- oror. | To remember ; to revive in the memory. [JVot in Use. RE-MEM-O-RA'TION, n. Remembrance. [Vot in use. | RE-MER/CIE,) _ t RE-MER/CY, § 7°" To thank. [Vot in use.] Spenser. REM'I-GES, n. pl. [., from remezx, a rower. ] In ornithology, the quill feathers of the wings of a bird, which, like oars, propel it through the air. Brande. [L. remigro; reand migro, to [Fr. remercier.] RE-Mi'GRATE, v. i. migrate. } To remove back again to a former place or state ; toreturn. [See MIGRATE. Boyle. RE-MI-GRA/TION, n. Removal back again; a mi- gration to a former place. Hale. RE-MIND’, v.t. [reand mind.] To put in mind; to bring to the remembrance of; as, to 7emind a pérson of his promise. 2. To bring to notice or consideration. The in- firmities of old age remind us of our mortality. RE-MIND/ED, pp. Put in mind. RE-MIND/FUL, a. Tending or adapted to remind; careful to remind. Southey. RE-MIND/ING, ppr. Putting in mind; calling atten- tion to. REM-I-NIS/CENCE, n. ([Fr., from L. reminiscens, reminiscor, Gr. pyaopat. See Memory. l. That faculty of the mind by which ideas for- merly received into it, but forgotten, are recalled or revived in the memory. Encyc. 2. Recollection; recovery of ideas that had es- caped from the memory. Hale. 3. Reminiscence seems often to signify recollec- tion expressed ; a relation of what is recollected. REM-I-NIS/CENT, x. One who calls to mind, and records past events. REM-INIS-CEN/TIAL, a. Pertaining to reminiscence or recollection. rown. REM/I-PED, n. fue remus, an oar, and pes, a foot.] Ananimal. The name has been given to certain crustaceans, also to certain coleopterous insects. P. Cyc. Brande. RE-MISE’, v. t. [Fr. remise, from remettre; L. remis- sus, remitto ; re and mitto, to send.] To give or grant back; to release a claim ; to re- sign or surrender by deed. A B hath remised, re- leased, and forever quitclaimed to-B C all his right to the manor of Dale. Blackstone. RE-MIS'ED, (re-mizd’,) pp. Released. RE-MIS’ING, ppr. Surrendering by deed. RE-MISS’, a. [Fr remis; L. remissus, supra. I. Slack; dilatory; negligent; not performing duty or business; not complying with engazements at all, or not in due time; as, to be remiss in at- tendance on official duties; remiss in payment of debts, 2. Slow ; slack; languid. 3. Not intense. These nervous, bold; those languid and remiss. Roscommon. RE-MISS'I-BLE, a. That may be remitted or forgiven. Feltham. [Fr., from L. remis- Woodward. RE-MIS/SION, (re-mish/un,) n. sio, froin rgnitto, to send back. ] I, Abatement; relaxation; moderation; as, the remission of extreme rigor. acon. 2. Abatement ; diminution of intensity; as, the remission of the sun’s heat; the remission of cold ; the remission of close study or of labor. Woodward. — PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 934REM REM REM 3. Release; discharge or relinquishment of a claim or right; as, the remission of a tax or duty. Addison. 4. In medicine, abatement; a temporary subsi- dence of the force or violence of a disease or of pain, as distinguished from Intermission, in which the disease leaves the patient entirely for a time. o. Forgiveness; pardon; that is, the giving up of the punishment due to a crime ; as, the remission of sins. Matt. xxvi. Heb. ix. 6. The act of sending back. [JVot in use.] RE-MISS'/IVE, a. Remitting; forgiving. Hacket. RE-MISS/LY, adv. Carelessly; negligently; with- out close attention. Hooker. 2, Slowly ; slackly ; not vigorously ; not with ar- Clarendon. or. RE-MISS’NESS, n. Slackness; slowness ; careless- ness; negligence; want of ardor or vigor; cold- ness; want of punctuality ; want of attention to any business, duty, or engagement in the proper time, or with the requisite industry. Denham. Arbuthnot. RE-MIT’, v. t. [L. remitto, to send back; re and mitto, to send; Fr. remettre; It. rimettere; Sp. re- mitir. ee To relax,as intensity ; to make less tense or vi- olent. So willingly doth God remit his ire. Milton. 2. To forgive ; to surrender the right of punishing a crime ; as, to remit punishment. Dryden. 3. To pardon, as a fault or crime. W hosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted to them. — John xx. 4. To give up; to resign. In grievous and inhuman crimes, offenders should be remitted to their prince. Hayward. _5. To refer; as, a clause that remitted all to the bishop’s discretion. Bacon. 6. To send back. The prisoner was remitted to the guard. Dryden. 7. To transmit money, bills, &c., to some person at a distance. American merchants remit money, bills of exchange, or some species of stock, in pay- ment for British goods. 8. To restore. In this case the law remits him to his ancient and more certain might, Blackstone. RE-MIT’, v.i. Toslacken ; to become less intense or rigorous, When our passions remit, the vehemence of our speech remits too. Broome. So we say, cold or heat remits. 2. To abate in violence for a time, without inter- mission ; as, afevervemits at a certain hour every day. RE-MIT’MENT, x. The act of remitting to custody. 2. Forgiveness; pardon. Milton. RE-MIT’TAL, x. A remitting; a giving up; surren- der; as, the remittal of the first-fruits. Swift. RE-MIT’TANCE, xn. In cemmerce, the act of trans- mitting money, bills, or the like, to a distant place. 2. The sum or thing remitted. Addison. RE-MIT/TED, pp. Relaxed; forgiven; pardoned; sent back; referred; given up; transmitted toa dis- tant place, as money. RE-MIT’/TENT, a. Waving an alternate increase and remission. Remittent fever one which has striking exacerba- tions and remissions, without any entire intermis- sion. unglison. RE-MIT/TER, nm. One who remits, or makes remit- tance. 2. In law, the restitution of a more ancient and cer- tain right fo a person who has night to Jands, but is out of possession, and hath afterward the freehold cast upon him by some subsequent defective title, by virtue of which he enters. Blackstone, 3. One that pardons. RE-MIT’TING, ppr. Relaxing; forgiving; sending back ; transmitting money, bills, &c. REM/NANT; 2. (Contracted from remanent. See REMAIN. 1, Residue; that which is left after the separa- tion, removal, or destruction of a part. The remnant that are left of the captivity. — Neh. i. 2. That which remains after a part is done, per- formed, told, or passed. The remnant of my tale is of a length To tire your patience. Dryden. Where I may think the remnant of my thoughts. Shak. REM/NANT, a. Remaining ; yet left. And quiet dedicate her remnant life ‘Yo the just duties of a humble wife. [Little used.] Prior. RE-MOD/EL, 2. t. |7eand model.] To model or fash- lon anew. RE-MOD/EL-ED, pp. Modeled anew. RE-MOD/EL-ING, ppr. Modeling again. RE-MOLD/, vw. t. [re and mold.] ‘To mold or shape anew. RE-MOLD/ED, pp. Molded again. J. Barlow. RE-MOLD/ING, ppr. Molding anew. RE-MOL/LIENT, a ([Fr.] Mollifying; softening. RE-MOLT’EN, pp. ora. [re and molten, from melt.] Melted again. Bacon. RE-MON/STRANCE, xz. [Fr. remontrance. See Re- MONSTRATE. 1. Show ; discovery. [Jot in use.] Shak. 2, Expostulation ; strong representation of reasons against a measure, either public or private, and when addressed to a public body, a prince or magistrate, it may be accompanied with a petition or supplica- tion for the removal or prevention of some evil or inconvenience. A party aggrieved presents a remon- strance to the legislature, 3. Pressing suggestions in opposition to a measure or act ; as, the remonstrances of conscience or of jus- tice. Rogers. 4. Expostulary counsel or advice; reproof. 5. In the Roman Catholic church, a plate of silver or gold, about six inches in diameter, standing ver- tically on a support, and having an opening in the center, within which the host is placed, to be exhib- ited to the congregation. RE-MON’STRANT, a. Expostulatory ; urging strong reasons against an act. RE-MON/STRANT, 7. One who remonstrates. The appellation of remonstrants is given to the Armini- ans who remonstrated against the decisions of the synod of Dort, in 1618. Brande, RE-MON/STRATEH, v. i. [L. remonstro; re and mon- stro, to show ; Fr. remontrer. See Muster. ] 1. To exhibit or present strong reasons against an act, measure, or any course of proceedings; to ex- postulate. Men remonstrate by verbal argument, or by a written exposition of reasons. 2. To suggest urgent reasons in opposition to a measure. Conscience remonstrates against a profli- gate life. RE-MON/STRATE, v. t. To show by a strong repre- sentation of reasons. RE-MON’STRA-TED, pp. Opposed by urging strong reasons against a measure. RE-MON/STRA-TING, ppr. Urging strong reasons against a measure. RE-MON-STRA/TION, n. The act of remonstrating. [ Little used. } RE-MON/STRA-TOR, n, One who remonstrates. REM/O-RA, x. [L., from re and moror, to delay. ] 1. Delay; obstacle; hinderance. [JVot in use. ] 2. The sucking fish, a species of Echeneis, which is said to attach itself to the bottom or side of a ship and retard its motion. It is a small fish, found in the Mediterranean and other seas. Partington. REM/O-RATE, v.t. [L. remoror.] To hinder; to delay. [.Vot in use.] RE-MORD’, v. t. [L. remordeo; re and mordeo, to gnaw. | To rebuke ; to excite to remorse. [JVot in use. ] Skelton. RE-MORD’, v. zi. To feel remorse. [JVot in use.] Elyot. RE-MORD/EN-CY, x. Compunction ; remorse. Killingbeck. RE-MORSE!, 2. [L. remorsus, from remordeo. | 1. The keen pain or anguish excited by a sense of guilt ; compunction of conscience for a crime com- mitted. Clarendon. 2. Sympathetic sorrow ; pity ; compassion. Curse on th’ unpardoning prince, whom tears can draw ™o no remorse. Dryden. This sense is nearly or quite obsolete. ] RE-MORS/ED, (re-morst’/,) a. Feeling remorse or compunction. [JVot used. Bp. Hall, RE-MORSE/FUL, (re-mors’ful,) a. Full of remorse. Bp. Hall. 2. Compassionate; feeling tenderly. [Votin use.] hal. 3. Pitiable. [ot in use.] Chapman. RE-MORSE/FUL-LY, adv. With remorse of con- science. RE-MORSE/LESS, (re-mors/less,) a. Unpitying; cruel ; insensible to distress; as, the remorseless deep. Jiulton. Remorseless adversaries. South. RE-MORSE/’LESS-LY, (re-mors/less-ly,) adv. With- out remorse. South. RE-MORSE/LESS-NESS, (re-mors/less-ness,) r. Sav- age cruelty ; insensibility to distress. Beaum. § Fl. RE-MOTE’, a. [L. remotus, removeo; re and moveo, to move. } 1. Distant in place ; not near; as, a remote coun- try ; a remote people. Give me a life remote from guilty courts. Granville. 9, Distant in time, past or future ; as, remote an- tiquity. Every man is apt to think the time of his dissolution to be remote. _ 3. Distant ; not immediate. It is not all remote and even apparent good that affects us. Locke. 4. Distant; primary; not proximate; as, the re- mote causes of a disease. ; , 5. Alien; foreign; not agreeing with; as, a propo- RE-MOTE/NESS, x. RE-MO/TION, x. RE-MOUNT”, v. i. RE-MOV-A-BIL/LTY, n. RE-MOV/AL, n. RE-MOVE’, (re-moov’,) v. t. veo, to move; Fr. remuer; It. rimuovere; Sp. remo- RE-MOVE,, ». i. sition remote from reason. Locke. 6. Abstracted ; as, the mind placed by thought amongst or remote from all bodies. Locke. 7. Distant in consanguinity or affinity ; as, a 7re- mote kinsman. 8. Slight; inconsiderable; as, a remote analogy between cases; a remote resemblance in form or color. RE-MOTE/’LY, adv. Ata distance in space or time; not nearly. 2. At a distance in consanguinity or affinity. 3. Slightly ; in asmall degree; as, to be remotely affected by an event. of success. 2. Distance in consanguinity or affinity. 3. Distance in operation or efficiency ; as, the 7e- moteness of causes. 4, Slightness ; smallness ; aS, remoteness of resein- blance. RE-MOULD’, v. t. See Resoxp. RE-MOUNTY, ». t. displaced. RE-MOV/A-BLE, (-moov‘a-bl,) a, That may be removed from an office or station. Such curate is removable at the pleasure of the rector of the mother church, 2. That may be removed from one place to another. The act of moving from one place to another for residence ; as, the removal] of a family. 2. The act of displacing from an office or post. 3. The act of curing or putting away ; as, the re- moval of a disease. 4. The state of being removed; change of place. 5. The act of putting an end to; as, the removal of a grievance. ver. 1. To cause to change place ; to put from its place in any manner ; as, to remove a building. Thou shalt not remove thy neighbor’s Jandmark. — Deut. xix. 2. ‘To displace from an office. 3. To take or put away in any manner; to cause to leave a person or thing ; to banish or destroy ; as, to remove a disease or complaint. Remove sorrow from thine heart. — Eccles. xi, 4. To carry from one court to another ; as, to 7re- move a cause or suit by appeal. 5. To take from the present state of being; as, to remove one by death. from New York to Philadelphia. Note. — The verb remove, in most of its applica- tions, is synonymous With move, but not in all. Thus we do not apply remove to a mere change of pos- ture, Without a change of place or the seat of a thing. A man moves his head when he turns it, or his finger when he bends it, but he does not removeit. Remove usually or always denotes a change of place in a body, but we never apply it toa regular continued course or motion. We never say, the wind or water, or a ship, removes ata certain rate by the hour; but we say, a ship was removed from one place in a har- bor to another. Move is a generic term, including the sense of remove, which is more generally applied to a change from one station or permanent position, stand, or seat, to another station. RE-MOVE’, xn. Change of place. 2, Translation of one to the place of another. 3. State of being removed. 4. Act of moving a man in chess or other game. 5. Departure ; a going away. 6. The act of changing place ; removal. 7. A step in any scale of gradation. A freeholder is but one remove from a legislator. 8. Any indefinite distance; as, a smal! or great TEMOVE. feet. 10. A dish to be changed while the rest of the course remains. 11. Susceptibility of being removed. RE-MOV’ED, (-moovd’,) pp. Changed in place ; car- ried to a distance; displaced from office , far off. 9. a. Remote ; separate from others. RE-MOV/ED-NESS, zn. moteness. State of being distant in space or time; distance ; as, the remoteness of a kingdom or of a star; the remoteness of the deluge from our age ; the remoteness of a future event, of an evil or The act of removing ; the stato of being removed to a distance. | Little used.] [Fr. remonter ; re and monter.] To mount again; as, to remount a horse. 1. To mount again ; to reascend. The capacity of being re- movable from an office or station ; capacity of being [L. removeo ; re and mo- To change place in any manner. 2. To go from one place to another. 3. To change the place of residence 5 as, to remove 9. The act of putting a horse’s shoes on aterent State of being removed ; re- S TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN’GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; @asJ; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 935 i) vo eee a eR st ees oe i , “ett as i ae ‘25: % “ SN atta an Fi reaps ae a eeor RNY REN RE-MOV/ER, 7. One that removes; as, a remover of landmarks. Bacon. RE-MOV'ING, ppr. Changing place; carrying or going from one place to another; displacing ; ban- ishing. REM/PHAN, x. An idol worshiped by the Israelites while they were in the wilderness. cts vil. RE-MU/GL-ENT, a. [L. remugio. Rebellowing. More. RE-MU-NER-A-BIL’LTY, n, The capacity of being rewarded. 2E-MU/NER-A-BLE, a. [from remunerate.] That may be rewarded ; fit or proper to be recompensed. E-MU/NER-ATE, v. t. [L. remunero; re and mu- nero, from munus, a gilt.] : : To reward ; to recompense; to requite 5 im a good sense; to pay an equivalent to for any service, loss, expense, or other sacrifice ; as, to remunerate the troops of an army for their services and sufferings ; to remunerate men for Jabor. The pious sufferer in this life will be remunerated in the life to come. RNE-MU/NER-A-TED, pp. Rewarded ; compensated. RE-MO/NER-A-TING, ppr. Rewarding ; recompensing. RE-MU-NER-A/TION, x. Reward; recompense ; the act of paying an equivalent for services, loss, or sacrifices. Shak. 2 The equivalent given for services, loss, or suffer- ings. RE-MO/NER-A-TIVE, a. Exercised in rewarding ; that bestows rewards ; as, remunerative justice. Boyle. RE-MU/NER-A-TO-RY, a. Affording recompense ; rewarding. Johnson. RE-MUR/MUR, v. t. [L. remurmuro; re and mur- MUrO. | To utter back in murmurs; to return in mur- murs ; to repeat in low, hoarse sounds. Dryden. The trembling trees, in every plain and wood, Her fate remurmur to the silver flood. Pope. RE-MUR/MUR, v. 7 To murmur back; to return or echo in low, rumbling sounds. The realms of Mars remurmured all around. Driden. RE-MUR/MUR-ED, pp. Uttered back in murmurs. RE-MUR’MUR-ING, ppr. Uttering back in low sounds. RENAL, a. [L. renalis, from renes, the kidneys.] Pertaining to the Kidneys or reins; as, the renal arteries, REN'ARD, xn. [Fr. 3 G. reinelke.] A fox; a name used in fables, but not in common discourse, Dryden. This word is also spelled Reynann. RE-NAS'CEN-CY,n. The state of springing or being produced again. Brown, RE-NAS'CENT, a. [lL renascens, renascor; re and nascor, to be born. ] Springing or rising Into being again; reproduced. RE-NAS’/CI-BLE, a. That may be reproduced ; that may spring again into being. RE-NAV'I-GATE, v. t. [re and navigate.| To navi- gate again ; as, to renavigate the Pacific Ocean. RE-NAV'I-GA-TED, pp. Navigated again; sailed over anew. RE-NAV/I-GA-TING, ppr. Navigating again. REN-COUN’TER, n. [Fr. rencontre; re and encontre; en and contre, against.] Literally, a meeting of two bodies. Hence, I, A meeting in opposition or contest. The jostling chiefs in rude rencounter join, Glanville. 2. A casual combat; a sudden contest or fight Without premeditation ; as between individuals or small parties. 3. A casual action; an engagement between ar- mies or fleets. The confederates should — outnumber the enemy in all rencoun- tere and engagements. Addison. 4. Any combat, action, or engagement. T r mh yy eo REN-€OUN’TER, v.t. To meet unexpectedly witn- out enmity or hostility. F mh; ae = _ [This use is found in some recent publications, but is not common.] 2. To attack hand to hand S ack ‘0 hand, Spenser. REN-€OUN’TER, v. i. To meet an enemy unex- pectedly. Z 2, ‘To clash; to come in collision. 3. ‘Co skirmish with another. 4, To fight hand to hand. Johnson. REN-€OUN/TER-ED, pp. Met unexpectedly ; clashed Se the verbs, ] . ) REND, v. t.; pret. and pp. Rent. [Sax. rendan rhendan; Wr. rannam, rannaim; W. rhanu ; Arm. ranna, to divide, and crenna, to abridge, whence Eng. cranny, Li. crena. Qu. L. cerno, Gr. Kpivw Class Rn, No. 4, 8, 13, 16.} Le 1. To separate any substance into parts with force or sudden violence; to tear asunder; to split; as powder rends a rock in blasting ; lightning rends an oak. An empire from its old foundation rent, Dryden. I rend my tresses and my breast I wound. Pope. Neither rend your clothes, lest ye die. — Lev. x. 2. To separate or part with violence. REN To rend the heart; in Scripture, to have bitter sor- row forsin. Joel ii. To rend the heavens; to appear in majesty. Js. Ixiv. Rend differs somewhat from lacerate. We never say, to lacerate a rock or a kingdom, when we mean to express splitting or division. Zacerate is properly applicable to the tearing off of small pieces of a thing, as to lacerate the body with a whip or scourge ; or to the tearing of the flesh or other thing without entire separation. REND/ER, n. [from rend.] One that tears by vio- lence. REN/’DER, v. t.. [Fr. rendre; It. rendere; Sp. rendir ; Port. render. This is probably the L. reddo, with n casually inserted. ] 1, To return; to pay back. See that none render evil for evil to any man. — 1 Thess. v. 2. To inflict, as a retribution. J will render vengeance to my enemies. — Deut. xxxii. 3. To give on demand; to give ; to assign. The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason. — Prov. xxvi. 4. To make or cause to be, by some influence upon a thing, or by some change; as, to render a person more safe or more unsafe ; to render him solicitous or cautious ; to render a fortress more secure or impreg- nable; to render a ferocious animal more mild and tractable. do. To translate, as from one language into an- other ; as, to render Latin inte English. We say, to render a word, a sentence, a book, or an author, into a different language. Locke. 6. To surrender ; to yield or give up the command or possession of ; as, to render one’s self to his ene- mies. K. Charles. Clarendon. [Less used than SurrenpDenr. | 7. To afford ; to give for use or benefit. Washing- ton rendered great service to his country. 8. To represent ; to exhibit. He did render him the most unnatural That lived amongst men, [Nolin use.] Shak. 9. To boil down and clarify ; as, to render tallow. To render back; to return; to restore. REN/DER, 7. A surrender; a giving up. Shak. 2, A return; a payment of rent. In those early times, the king’s household was supported by specific renders of corn and other victuals from the tenants of the demains. Blackstone. 3. An account given. Shak. REN!/DER-A-BLE, a. That may be rendered. Sherwood. REN‘DER-ED, pp. or a. Returned; paid back; given; assigned ; made ; translated ; surrendered ; afforded ; boiled down and clarified ; as, rendered tallow. REN/DER-ER, n. One who renders. REN’/DER-ING, ppr. Returning; giving back; as- signing ; making ; translating; surrendering ; afford- ing. REN/DER-ING, n. Version ; translation. Lowth. 2. The act of laying the first coat of plaster on brick or stone work ; the coat thus laid on. Guilt. REN/DEZ-VOUS, (ren’de-voo,) n. [I'r. rendez vous, render yourselves, repair to a place. This word is anglicized, and may well be pronounced as an English word. ] 1. A place appointed for the assembling of troops, or the place where they assemble; or the port or place where ships are ordered to join company. 2. A place for enlisting seamen into the naval ser- vice. Totten. 3. A place of meeting, or a sign that draws men together. [Rarely used.} Bacon. 4, An assembly; a meeting. [Rarely used.] PB WIDEZ-VOUS, (ren’de-voo,) v.71. To assemble or meet at a particular place, as troops, ships, &c. The place where the Gauls and Brati had rendezvoused. Alfred’s Orosius, Trans. B, Trumbull. Hook, Rom, Hist. REN/DEZ-VOUS, (ren‘de-voo,) v. t To assemble or bring together at a certain place. Echard. REN/DEZ-VOUS-ED, (ren'de-vood,) pp. Assembled or brought together at a particular place. REN/DEZ-VOUS-ING, (ren’/de-voo-ing,) ppr. Assem- bling at a particular place. REN/DI-BLE, a. That may be yielded or surren- dered. 2, That may be translated. Howell. Litile used in either sense. ] REN-DI// TION, (ren-dish/un,) n. [from render.] The act of yielding possession ; surrender. Fairfax. 2. Translation. South. REN‘/E-GADE, )n. [Sp. and Port. renegado, from REN-E-GA’/DO, renegar, to deny; L. ré and nego, to deny; It. rinegato; Fr. renégat; primarily, an apostate. | 1. An apostate from the faith. Addison. 2. One who deserts to an enemy ; a deserter. 3. A vagabond. [ Arbuthnot. [ This is the sense in which this word is mostly used in popular language, RE-NEGBY, 2. t. . renego.| REN RE-NEGE’, v.2. To deny. [Obs. Shak. RE-NERVE’, v. t. [re and es To nerve again ; to give new vigor to. J. Barlow. RE-NERV/ED, pp. Nerved anew. RE-NERV/ING, ppr. Giving new vigor to. RE-NEW’, (re-nu’,) v.t. [L. renovo; reand novo, or re and nev. | 1. To renovate ; to restore to a former state, or to a good state, after decay or depravation ; to rebuild ; to repair. Asa renewed the altar of the Lord. — 2 Chron. xy. 2. To reéstablish ; to confirm. Let us go to Gilgal and renew the kingdom there. —1 Sam. xi. 3. To make again; as, to renew a treaty or cove- nant. 4, To repeat; as, to renew expressions of friend- ship ; to renew a promise ; to renew an attempt. 5. To revive; as, to renew the glories of an ances- S tor or of a former age, hak, 6. To begin again. The last great age renews its finished course. Dryden, 7. To make new ; to make fresh or vigorous; as, to renew youth; to renew strength ; to renew the face of the:earth. Ps: cis = JIs.-xi. & Ps: civ: 8. To grant a new loan on a new note for the amount of a former one. 9. In theology, to make new ; to renovate ; to trans- form ; to change from natural enmity to the love of God and his law; to implant holy affections in the heart ; to regenerate. Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. — Rom, xii. yph. iv, RE-NEW’A-BLE, (-ni/a-bl,) a. That may be re- newed ; as, a lease renewable at pleasure. Swift. RE-NEW/AL, n. The act of renewing; the act of forming anew ; as, the renewal of a treaty. 2. Renovation ; regeneration. 3. Revival; restoration to a former or to a good state. 4. Reloan on a new note given. RE-NEW/’ED, (re-nude’,) pp. ora. Made new again, repaired ; reéstablished ; repeated ; revived ; renova- ted ; regenerated. RE-NEW’/ED-LY, adv. Again; once more. [Sometimes used by American clergymen, but not sanctioned in England.] RE-NEW/ED-NESS, zn. State of being renewed Hammond. RE-NEW’ER, xz. One who renews. Sherwood. RE-NEW/ING, ppr. Making new again ; repairing 5 reéstablishing ; repeating ; reviving ; renovating. RE-NEW’‘ING, a, That renews or regenerates; as, renewing grace. Tending or adapted to renovate. RE-NEW'ING, n. The act of making new; renewal. REN/I-FORM, a. (LL. renes, the kidneys, and form.] Having the form or shape of the kidneys. Kirwan. REN'I-TENCE, )n. [L. renitens, renitor, to resist ; REN/I-TEN-CY,} re and nitor, to struggle or strive.] 1, The resistance of a body to pressure ; the effort of matter to resume the place or form from which it has been driven by the impulse of other matter; the effect of elasticity. Quincy. 2. Moral] resistance ; reluctance. We find a renitency in ourselves to ascribe life and irritability to the cold and motionless fibers of plants. Darwin, REN’L-TENT, a. Resisting pressure or the effect of it ; acting against impulse by elastic force. Ray. REN'NET, n. [G. rinnen, to run, to curdle; D. run- men, ronnen, to curdle or coagulate ; Sax. gerunnen, coagulated. ] The prepared stomach, or concreted milk found in the stomach of a sucking quadruped, particularly of the calf. It is used for coagulating milk, and is also Written RUNNET. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. ININET F REN/NETING, n. A kind of apple. RE-NOUNCE’, v. t. [Fr. renoncer; L. renuncio; re and nuncio, to declare, from the root of nomen, name.] 1, ‘To disown ; to disclaim ; to reject, as a title or claim ; to refuse to own or acknowledge as belong- ing to; as, to renounce a title to land ora claim to reward ; to renounce all pretensions to applause, 2. To deny ; to cast off; to reject; to disclaim; as an obligation or duty; as, to renounce allegiance, 3. To cast off or reject, as a connection or posses- sion ; to forsake ; as, to renounce the world and all its cares. Shak. We have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty. —2 Cor. iv. RE-NOUNCHE’, v. i. To declare a renunciation. He of my sons who fails to make it good, By one rebellious act renounces to my blood. Dryden. ,4Vot in use.] 2. In cards, not to follow suit, when the person has a card of the same sort. RE-NOUNCE’, n. The declining to follow suit when it can be done. RE-NOUN’‘CED, (re-nounst’,) pp. Disowned ; de- nied ; rejected ; disclaimed. RE-NOUNCE/MENT, (re-nouns’ment,) n. The act of disclaiming or rejecting ; ren inciation. Shak, Mortimer. 936 I will surely rend the kingdom from thee. — 1 Kings xi, To deny ; to disown. [ Obs.] Shak. RE-NOUN’CER, n. One who di-owns or disclaims. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —REN RE-NOUN/CING, ppr. Disowning; disclaiming ; re- jecting. RE-NOUN’CING, n. The act of disowning, disclaim- ing, denying, or rejecting. REN’O-VATE, v. t. [L. renovo; re and novo, to make new ; novus, new. |] To renew ; to restore to the first state, or to a good state, after decay, destruction, or depravation. It is synonymous with Renew, except in its fourth defi- nition, supra. REN’O-VA-TED, pp. or a. fresh, or vigorous. REN'O-VA-TING, ppr. or a. Renewing. REN-O-VA/TION, n, [Fr., from L. renovatio. | 1. The act of renewing ; a making new after de- cay, destruction, or depravation ; renewal; as, the renovation of the heart by grace. There is something inexpressibly pleasing in the annual renova- l ] Renewed; made new, tion of the world. Rambler. 2. A state of being renewed. Bacon. Milton. REN/O-VA-TOR, x. One who or that which re- news. Foster. RE-NOWN’, n. [Fr. renommée; re and nommer, to name. | Fame ; celebrity ; exalted reputation derived from the extensive praise of great achievements or accom- plishments. Giants of old, men of renown. — Gen. vi. Num. xvi. RE-NOWN’, v.t. To make famous. Soft elocution does thy style renown: Dryden. A bard whom pilfered pastorals renown, Pope. [ This verb is nearly or quite obsolete. | RE-NOWN’ED, a. Famous; celebrated for great and heroic achievements, for distinguished qualities, or for grandeur; eminent; as, renowned men; a re- nowned King ; a renowned city. Milton. Dryden. RE-NOWN’ED-LY, adv. With fame or celebrity. RE-NOWN’LESS, a. Without renown; inglorious. RENT, pp. of Renp. Torn asunder; split or burst by violence ; torn. RENT, x. [from rend.] A fissure ; a break or breach made by force; as, a vent made in the earth, in a rock,.or in a garment. 2. A schism ; a separation ; as, a vent in the church. RENT, v. t. Yotear. (See Rexp.] [ White. RENT, v.z% Torant. [Wot in use.] Hudibras. RENT, n. [Fr. rente, from rendre; It. rendita; Sp. renta; D. Dan. and G. rente ; Sw. ranta.] A sum of money, or a certain amount of other val- uable thing, issuing yearly from lands or tenements ; a compensation or return, in the nature of an ac- knowledgment, for the possession of a corporeal in- heritance. Blackstone. Rents, at common Jaw, are of three kinds; rent- service, rent-charge, and rent-seck. Rent-service is when some corporal service is incident to it, as by fealty and a sum of money ; 7ent-charge is when the owner of the rent has no future interest or reversion expectant in the land, but the rent is reserved in the deed by a clause of distress for rent in arrear; rent- seck, dry rent, is rent reserved by deed, but without any clause of distress. There are also rents of as- size, certain established rents of freeholders, and copyholders of manors, which can not be varied; called also guitrents. These, when payable in sil- ver, are called white-rents, in contradistinction to rents reserved in work or the baser metals, called black-rents or black-mail. Rack-~rentis arent of the full yearly value of the tenement, or near it. A fee farm rent is arent-charge issuing out of an estate in fee, of at least one fourth of the value of the lands at the time of its reservation. Blackstone. RENT, v.t. To lease; to grant the possession and enjoyment of lands or tenements for a consideration in the nature of rent. The owner of an estate or house rents it to a tenant for a term of vears. 2. To take and hold by lease the possession of land or a tenement, for a consideration in the nature of rent. The tenant rents his estate for a year. RENT, v.%. To be leased, or let for rent; as, an es- tate ora tenement rents for five hundred dollars a year. RENT’A-BLE, a. RENT’AGE, 7. Rent. [JWVot used.] RENT‘AL, zn. A schedule or account of rents. RENT/-CHARGE, n, Charge upon an estate. RENT’ED, pp. Leased on rent. RENT’ER, 2. One who leases an estate ; more gen- erally, the lessee or tenant who takes an estate or tenement on rent. REN/TER, v. t. [Fr. rentraire; L. retraho, retrahere; re and traho, to draw, ] I. To fine-draw ; to sew together the edges of two pieces of cloth without doubling them, so that the seam is scarcely visible. 2. In tapestry, to work new warp into a piece of damaged tapestry, and on this to restore the original pattern or design. Encyc. 3. To sew up artfully, as a rent. REN'TER-ED, pp. Fine-drawn; sewed artfully to- ether That may be rented. REP REN’TER-ING, ppr. Fine-drawing ; sewing artfully together. 2 REN-TIER’, (rin-tya’,) n. [Fr.] One who has a fixed income, as from Jands, stocks, &c. RENT’ING, ppr. Leasing on rent ; taking on rent. RENT’-ROLL, x. [rent and roll.] A rental 5 a list or account of rents or income. RE-NU/MER-ATE, v. t. [L. renumero. | To recount. RE-NU/MER-A-TED, pp. again. RE-NU/MER-A-TING, ppr. Recounting. RE-NUN-CLA’TION, n. [L. renunciatio.] The act of renouncing; a disowning ; rejection. Recounted ; numbered [See Renounce. Taylor. REN-VERSE’, (ren-vers’,) v. t. [Fr. renverser. | To reverse. [JVot used. Spenser. REN-VERSE’, (ren-vers’,) a. In heraldry, inverted ; set with the head downward, or contrary to the nat- ural posture. neyc. REN-VERSE/MENT, (ren-vers/ment,) x. The act of reversing. [Not in Use. | Stukely. RE-OB-TAIN I ,v.t. [reand obtain.] To obtain again. RE-OB-TAIN‘A-BLE, a. That may be obtained again. RE-OB-TAIN/ED, pp. Obtained again. [ Sherwood. RE-OB-TAIN/ING, ppr. Obtaining again. RE-O/PEN, v. t. To open again. RE-O’PEN-ED, pp. Opened again. RE-O/PEN-ING, ppr. Opening a second time. E. Everett. RE-OP-POSB’, v. t. To oppose again. RE-OR-DAIN’, v. t. [re and ordain; Fr. reordonner.. | To ordain again, as when the first ordination 1s defective. RE-OR-DAIN/ED, pp. RE-OR-DAIN/ING, ppr. Ordaining again. RE-OR’DER, v.t. To order a second time. RE-OR-DI-NA/TION, n. A second ordination. Atterbury. RE-OR-GAN-I-ZA’TION, n. The act of organizing anew ; as, repeated reorganization of the troops. Marshall. RE-OR/GAN-IZE, v. t. [reand Tear e To organ- ize anew ; to reduce again to a regular body, ortoa System ; as, to reorganize a society or an army. Hosack. Organized anew. Organizing anew. Ordained again. RE-OR’/GAN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. RE-OR/GAN-IZ-ING, ppr. RE-PAC’I-FJ-ED, pp. Pacified or appeased again. RE-PAC/L-FY, v. t. [re and pacify.] To pacify again. RE-PAC'T-FY-ING, ppr. Pacifying again. RE-PACK’, v. t. [re and pack.] To pack a second time; as, to repack beef or pork. RE-PACK’ED, (-pakt’,) pp. Packed again. RE-PACK’/ER, n. One that repacks. RE-PACK/ING, ppr. Packing anew. RE-PAID!, pp. of Repay. Paid back. RE-PAIR’, (re-pare’,) v. t. [Fr. reparer; L. reparo; re and paro, to prepare. See Pare.] 1. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or partial destruction ; as, to re- pair a house, a wall, or a ship; to repair roads and bridges. ‘Temperance and diet may repair a broken or enfeebled constitution. Food repairs the daily waste of the body. 2. To rebuild a part decayed or destroyed ; to fill up ; as, to repair a breach. 3. To make amends, as for an injury, by an equiv- alent; to indemnify for ; as, to repair a loss or dam- age. RE-PAIR’, n, Restoration to a sound or good state after decay, waste, injury, or partial destruction ; supply of loss; reparation ; as, materials are collect- ed for the repair of a church or a city. RE-PAIR’, v.2. [Fr. repairer.) To go to; to betake one’s self; to resort; as, to re- pair to a sanctuary for safety. Go, mount the winds, and to the shades repair. RE-PAIR’, n. The act of betaking one’s self to any place ; a resorting ; abode. Dryden. RE-PAIR/A-BLE, a. That may be repaired; repara- ble, RE-PAIR/ED, a. Restored to a good or sound state ; rebuilt ; made good, RE-PAIR/ER, x. One who repairs, restores, or makes amends ; as, the repairer of decay. Dryden. RE-PAIR/ING, ppr. Restoring to a sound state; re- building ; making amends for loss or injury. RE-PAIR/MENT, x. Act of repairing. RE-PAND/, a. [lL repandus.] In botany, having an uneven, slightly sinuous mar- gin, as the leaf of Solanum nigrum, or common night- Pope. shade. Lindley. RE-PAND/OUS, a, [Supra.] Bent upward ; convex- edly crooked. Brown. REP/A-RA-BLE, a. Revrarr. 1. That may be repaired or restored to a sound or good state; as, a house or wall is not reparable. 2. That may be retrieved or made good ; as, the loss is repurable. 3, That may be supplied by an equivalent; as, a [fr., from L. reparabilis. See £ REN’TER-ER, n. A fine-drawer reparable injury REP/A-RA-BLY, ado. REP In a manner admitting of res- toration to a good state, or of amends, supply, or in- demnification. REP-A-RA/TION, n. The act of repairing 3 Testora- tion to soundness or a good state; as, the reparation of a bridge or of a highway. 2. Supply of what is wasted ; as, the reparation of decaying health or strength after disease or exhaus- tion. 3. Amends ; indemnification for loss or damage. A loss may be too great for reparation. 4. Amends and make 3; Satisfaction for injury what reparauon I am able. I am sensible of the scandal I have given by my loose writings, ryden, RE-PAR/A-TIVE, a. That repairs; restoring to a sound or good state ; that amends defect or makes good, Taylor. RE-PAR/A-TIVE, n. That which restores to a good state ; that which makes amends. REP-AR-TEE’, nx. vide, to share A smart, re Hear but the youngster’s repartee, REP-AR-TEE/, v. t. plies RE-PART--MEEN'TO, n. [Sp-] Wotton. Ketilewell. [Fr. repartie, from repartir, to di- » toreply ; re and partir, to divide.] ady, and witty reply. Cupid was as bad as he; Prior. To make smart and witty re- Prior. A partition or distribution, especially of slaves ; also, an assess- ment of taxes. RE-PASS’, v. t. pass. Irving. [Fr. repasser ; It. ripassare; re and To pass again ; to pass or travel back; as, to repass a bridge or a river; to repass the sea. Pope. RE-PASS’, v. i. To pass or go back ; to move back ; as, troops passing and repassing before our eyes. RE-PASS/ED, (-pist/,) pp. RE-PASS/ING, ppr. RE-PAST’, n. Passed or traveled back. Passing back, [Fr. repas, from repattre; L. re and pasco, to feed.] J. The act meal. RE-PXST’, v. t. RE-PAS/TURE, 2. re. of taking food; or the food taken; a From dance to sweet repast they turn, IVilton. A repast without luxury, Johnson, 2. Food ; victuals. Go, and get me some repast. Shak. To feed ; to feast. Shak. Food; entertainment. [JVot in Shalt. ‘E or RE-PAT’RI-ATE, v. i. [L. re use. | RE-Pa/TRI-AT and patria, country. ] To restore to one’s own country. Little used. RE-PA/TRI-A-TED or RE-PAT/RLA-TED, pp. Re- stored to one’ S own country. RE-PA’TRI-A-TING or RE-PAT’RI-A-TING, ppr. Restoring to one’s own country. RE-PAY’, v.t. (Fr. repayer ; re and pay.] 1. To pay back; to refund ; as, to repay money borrowed ora dvanced. 2. To make return or requital ; in a good or bad sense ; as, to repay kindness ; to repay an injury. Benefits which can not be repaid — are not commonly found to increase affection. 3. To recompense, as for a loss. ambler. Milton. 4. To compensate ; as, false honor repaid in con- tempt. RE-PAY’A-BLE, a. as, money len RE-PAY/ING, ppr. uiting. acon. That is to be repaid or refunded ; t, xepayable at the end of sixty days. Paying back ; compensating ; re- q e : : RE-PAY’MENT, x. The act of paying back; reim- bursement. 2. The money or other thing repaid. RE-PEAL/, (-peel’,) v. t. Pr. rappeler, to recall ; re PY ’ and appeler, Li. appello; ad and pello. | l. To recall. [ Obsolete as it respects persons. | Shak. 2. To recall, as a deed, will, Jaw, or statute; to revoke ; to abrogate by an authoritative act, or by the Same power that made or enacted ; as, the legislature may repeal, at one session, a Jaw enacted at a pre- ceding one. RE-PEAL’, x. 2, Revocati statute. RE-PEAL-A-BIL/LTY, Recall from exile. [Wot i use.] Shak. on; abrogation; as, the repeal of a The quality or state Ns RE-PEAL!A-BLE-NESS, of being repealable. RE-PEAL/A-BLE, a. revocable by Capable of being repealed ; the same power that enacted. It is held as a sound principle, that charters or grants which vest rights in individuals or corporations, are not vepealable without the consent of the gran- tees, unless a clause reserving the right is inserted in the act. RE-PEAL/ED, RE-PEAL’ER, a repeal. RE-PEAL/ING 9 PPre pp. Revoked ; abrogated. n. One that repeals; one whc seeks Revoking ; abrogating. 53 RE-PEAT’, (-peet’,) v. t. [Fr._ repeter; It. ripetere; Sp. repetir ; drive toward. . repeto; re and peto, to make at or This verb ought to be written Rr- TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//‘CIQUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 118 937 ‘ ; $ a ne : Nene GR =— mp ph yee ae ~ yeah >maapllts ie Ler a , eg ae ra agar atten Ae REP REP REP PETE, in analogy with Compete, and with Rereri- TION. I. To do, make, attempt, or utter again ; to iterate ; as, to repeat an action ; to repeat an attempt or exer- tion ; to repeat a word or discourse ; to repeat a song ; to repeat an argument. 2, To try again. 1 the danger will repeat. Dryden. 3. To recite ; to rehearse. He repeated some lines of Virgil. Waller. 4, To seek redress. J. Taylor 5. To seek again. — [ Obs. ; fatke navy, is to make the same To repeat signals, 1 signal which ‘the admiral or commander has made, ) make a signal again. _ Mar. Dict. REPEAT’, The tf music, a mark directing a part to be repeated in performance. 2. Repetition. RE-PEAT’ED, pp. or a. again ; recited. RE-PEAT’ED-LY, adv. More than once; again and again, indefinitely. He has been repeatedly warned of his danger. RE-PEAT’ER, 2. or rehearses. 2, A watch that strikes the hours at will, by the & Done, attempted, or spoken One that repeats; one that recites compression of a spring. RE-PEAT’ING, ppr. Doing or uttering again. 2. a. That strikes the number of hours; as, a 7é- peating watch. RE-PEAT/ING CIR’/€LE, zx. A contrivance, invented by Borda, for determining with great accuracy the angular distance of two objects, by taking repeated measurements of it on the limb of a graduated circle. Olmsted. REP-E-DA/TION,n. [Low L. repedo; re and pes, the foot. ] A stepping or going back. [WVotinuse.] More. RE-PEL’, v. t. [L. repello ; re and pello, to drive. } 1. To drive back; to force to return ; to check ad- vance; as, to repel an enemy, or an assailant. Hippomedon repeiled the hostile tide. Pope. rei virtue may repel, though not invade. Dryden. 9, To meet with effectual resistance, as an en- croachment; to resist; to oppose ; as, to repel an argument, RE-PEL/,v.i. To act with force in opposition to force impressed. Electricity sometimes attracts and some- times repels. 2. In medicine, to check an afflux to a part of the RE-PEL’LED, pp. Driven back ; resisted. [ body. RE-PEL/LEN-CY,7. The principle of repulsion ; the quality of a substance which expands or separates particles and enlarges the volume; as, the repellency of heat. Black. 2. The quality that repels, drives back, or resists approach ; as, the repellency of the electric fluid. 3. Repulsive quality. orster. RE-PEL’LENT, a. Driving back ; able or tending to repel. RE-PEL/LENT, n. In medicine, a medicine which drives back morbid humors into the mass of the blood, from which they were unduly secreted ; or which prevents such an afflux of fluid to a part, as would raise it to a tumor; a discutient. Emcyc. Quincy. RE-PEL’LER, 2. He or that which repels. RE-PEL‘LING, ppr. ora. Driving back; resisting ad- vance or approach effectually. RE/PENT, a. [L. repo, to creep.] Creeping ; as, a repent root or animal. RE-PENT’, v. % [Fr. repentir; It. pentire, pentirsi; Sp. arrepentirse; 1. re and peniteo, from pena, pain, Gr. rowvy. See Parn.] I, To feel pain, sorrow, or regret, for something done or spoken 5 as, to repent that we have lost much time in idleness or sensual pleasure; to repent that we have injured of wounded the feelings of a friend. A person repents only of what he himself has done or said. 2, To express sorrow for something past. Enobarbus did before thy face repent. Shak. 3. To change the mind in consequence of the in- convenience or injury done by past conduct. Lest, peradventure, the people repent whe e e, the cn they see war, a they return. — Ex. xiii. a ar pany Parr. 4. Applied to the Supreme Being, to change the course of providential dealings. Gen. vi, Ps. evi _5. In theology, to sorrow or be pained for sin, as a Violation of God’s holy law, a dishonor to his ‘char- acter and government, and the foulest ingratitude to a Being of infinite benevolence. eae ye repent, yo shall all likewise perish. — Luke xiii. Acts RE-PENT’, v. t. To remember with sorrow; as, to repent rash words; to repent an injury done to a RE-PENT/ANCE, x. [Fr.] Sorrow for any thing done or said; the pain or grief which a person expe- riences in consequence of the injury or inconvenience produced by his own conduct, ‘¢ Repentance is the relinquishment of any practice, from the conviction that it has offended God. Sor- row, fear, and anxiety, are properly not parts, but adjuncts of repentance; yet they are too closely connected with it to be easily separated.’’ Rambler. 2. In theology, repentance is distinguished into evangelical and legal. The former, usually called repentance, simply, is real penitence, sorrow, or deep contrition for sin, as an offense and dishonor to God, a violation of his holy law, and the basest in- gratitude toward a Being of infinite benevolence. Evangelical repentance is accompanied and followed by amendment of life. The sorrow proceeding merely from the fear of punishment, is called legal repentance, aS being excited by the terrors of legal penalties, and it may exist without an amendment of life. Repentance is 2 change of mind, or a conversion from sin to God, Hammond, Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation, —2 Cor. vii. Tatt. iii. RE-PENT’ANT, a. [Fr.] duct or words. 2. Sorrowful for sin. Milton. 3, Expressing or showing sorrow for sin; as, re- pentant tears ; repentant ashes ; repentant sighs. Shak. Pope. RE-PENT/ANT, 7. One who repents ; a penitent. 2. One that expresses sorrow for sin. Lightfoot. RE-PENT’ANT-LY, adv. In a repentant manner. RE-PENT’ED, pp. Remembered with sorrow. RE-PENT’ER, 7. One that repents. RE-PENT’ING, ppr. or a. Grieving for what is past ; feeling pain or contrition for sin. RE-PENT/ING, n. Act of repenting. Hos. xi. RE-PENT/ING-LY, adv. With repentance. RE-PEO/PLE, (re-pee’pl,) v. t. [re and people; Fr. repeupler. | To people anew; to furnish again with a stock of people. The world, after the flood, was repeopled by the descendants of one family. RE-PEO/PLED, (re-pee/pld,) pp. Stocked anew with inhabitants. RE-PEO’PLING, (re-pee’pling,) ppr. again with a stock of inhabitants. RE-PEO/PLING, (re-pee/pling,) n. [Supra.] The act of furnishing again with inhabitants. Hale. RE-PER-€USS/, v. t. [L. repercutio ; re and percutio ; per and quatio, to shake, to beat. ] To beat back. Bacon. RE-PER-€USS/ED, (-kust’,) pp. Beaten back. RE-PER-€US’/SION, (-kush/un,) n. [L. repercussio.] 1. The act of driving back ; reverberation ; as, the repercussion of sound. 2. In music, frequent repetition of the same sound. Encyc. RE-PER-€USS'IVE, a. Driving back; having the power of sending back ; causing to reverberate ; as, repercussive rocks. Pattison. 2. Repellent; as, a repercussive medicine. [Vot Sorrowful for past con- Furnishing in use. | Bacon. 3. Driven back } reverberated. Thomson. RE-PER-€USS/IVE, n. Arepellent. [Obs.] Bacon. REP-ER-TI//TIOUS, (rep-er-tish’us,) a. [from L. repertus, reperio. | Found; gained by finding. [JVotinuse.] Dict. REP/ER-TO-RY, n. [Fr. repertoire; L. repertorium, from reperio, to find again; ve and aperio, to un- cover. | 1, A place in which things are disposed in an or- derly manner, so that they can be easily found, as the index of a book, a common-place book, &c. 2. A treasury ; a magazine. REP-E-TEND!, n. [L. repetendus, repeto. In arithmetic, that part of a repeating decimal which recurs continually ad injinitum. Brande. REP-E-Tl/TION, (rep-e-tish’/un,) n. ([L. vrepetitio. See Rerxgat.] 1. The act of doing or uttering a second time ; it- eration of the same act, or of the same words or sounds Hooker. 2. The act of reciting or rehearsing; the act of reading over. Shak. 3. Recital. Chapman. 4. Recital from memory, as distinct from reading. 5. In music, the act of repeating, singing, or play- ing, the same part a second time. Encyc. 6. In rhetoric, reiteration, or a repeating the same word, or the same sense in different words, for the purpose of making a deeper impression on the au- dience. REP-E-TI//TION-AL a. , Containing repetition. REP-E-TI//TION-A-RY, neighbor; to repent follies and vices. [See Rr- PENTANCE.] 2. With the reciprocal pronoun. [Fr. se repentir, | No man repented him of his wickedness. —Jer. viii. [This form of expression is now obsolete.] [Little used. ]} d REP-E-TI’TIOUS, (rep-e-tish/us,) a Repeating ; containing repetition. [ America. | Dwicht. RE-PINE’, v. i. [re and pine.] To fret one’s self; to be discontented; to feel inward discontent which RE-PIN’/ER, 7. RE-PIN/ING, ppr. muring. 2. a. Disposed to pining temper. RE-PIN/ING, nz. plaint. RE-PLACE’, v. t. a book. money borrowed. RE-PLAC’ED, 2. In mineralogy, angles. RE-PLAC/ING, ppr. RE-PLAIT’, v. t. RE-PLANTY”, v. t. To plant again. RE-PLANT’ED, pp. again. RE-PLEAD’ER, x. novo. RE-PLEN’ISH, . t. RE-PLEN/ISH, 2. 2. dantly supplied. abundance. RE-PLETE’, a. RE-PLE’TION, x. abundant fullness. RE-PLE/TIVE, a. RE-PLE/TIVE-LY, may be replevied. RE-PLEV'I-ED, pp. RE-PLEV’IN, x. cattle or goods are RE-PLEV’Y, vw. ¢ plevy, whence, in giare. preys on the spirits; with at or against. It is our duty never to repine at the allotments of Provi- dence. 2, To complain discontentedly ; to murmur. Maultitudes repine at the want of that which nothing but Idle- ness hinders them from enjoying. Ragibler. 3. To envy. Johnson. One that repines or murmurs. Fretting one’s self; feeling discon- tent that preys on the spirits; complaining; mur- The act of fretting or feeling discon- tent or of murmuring. RE-PIN/ING-LY, adv. Fr. replacer ; re and place. ] 1. To put again in the former place; as, to replace The earl — was replaced in his government, 2. To put in a new place. Dryden. 3. To repay; to refund; as, to replace a sum of 4. To put a competent substitute in the place of another displaced, or of something lost. is lost, and can not be replaced. (re-plast/,) pp. Put former place; supplied by a Substitute. petrifaction, the animal or vegetable substance grad- ually wastes away, and is replaced by silex. one or more planes in the place of its edges or RE-PLACE/MENT, n. 2. In mineralogy, the removal of an edge or angle, by one or more planes. : supplying the place of with a substitute. {re and plait.) ; again; to fold one part over another again and again. RE-PLAIT’ED, pp. Folded again or often. RE-PLAIT/ING, ppr. [Fr. replanter ; re and plant. | RE-PLANT’A-BLE, a. RE-PLANT-A’TION, x. RE-PLANT’ING, ppr. RE-PLEAD/, v. t. or i. course of pleadings ; or the power of pleading again. Whenever a repleader is granted, the pleadings must begin de RE-PLEAD'ING, ppr. Pleading again. pire; L. re and plenus, full. ] 1. To fill; to stock with numbers or abundance. The magazines are replenished with comm; the springs are replenished with water. Multiply and replenish the earth. — Gen. 1. 2. To finish ; to complete. RE-PLEN/ISH-ED, (re-plen/isht,) pp. RE-PLEN/ISH-ING, [L. repletus ; re and pleo, to fill.) Completely filled ; full. His words replete with guile. 1. The state of being completely filled, or super- 2. In medicine, fullness of blood; plethora. Coze. Filling ; replenishing. Cotgrave. RE-PLEV’I-A-BLE, a. [See Rerievy.] edy granted on a distress, by which a person whose his own possession, upon giving security, to try the right of taking in a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against him, to return the cattle or goods into the possession of the distrainor. 2, The writ by which a distress is replevied. RE-PLEV’I-SA-BLE, a, little used, being superseded by REPLEVIABLE. 1. To take back, 10S or goods that have been distrained, upon giving secu- rity to try the right of distraining in a suit at law, and, if that should be determined against the plain- tiff, to return the cattle or goods into the hands of the murmur or complain; as, a 7e- : _ Burnet. With murmuring or com- Hall, Bacon, The paper again in @ Thus, in a term used when a crystal] has The act of replacing. Putting again in a former place ; To plait or fold Driyden. Folding again or often. Bacon. That may be planted again. Cotgrave. The act of planting again. Planted anew. Planting again. [re and plead.] To plead In law, a second pleading or lackstone. [Norm. replener, to fill; It. riem- [Not in use.] Shak. To recover former fullness. Bacon. Filled; abun- ppr. Filling; supplying with Milton. [Fr., from L, repletio.] Bacon. adv. So as to be filled. [See Rertevy.] In law, that Taken by a writ of replevin. An action or rem- distrained has them returned to Blackstone. That may be replevied ; but [re and pledge, Norm. plegg or Law L. replegiabilis and reple- by a writ for that purpose, cattle FANE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK.— 938REP distrainor. In this case, the person whose goods are distrained becomes the plaintiff, and the person dis- training the defendant or avowant. Blackstone. 2. To bail. RE-PLEV’Y-ING, ppr. Retaking a distress.. [See REPLEvY.| REP-LL€aA’TION, n. [I replicatio, See Ruriy.] 1. An answer; areply. Particularly, 2. In law pleadings, the reply of the plaintiff to the defendant’s plea. 3. Return or repercussion of sound. [JVot used.] Shak. REP/LI-CATE, a. In botany, folded back. Loudon, REP/LI-CATE, n. In music, a repetition. RE-PLI’ED, pp. Answered; returned for an answer. RE-PLI/ER, mz. One who answers; he that speaks or Writes in return to something spoken or written. RE-PLY!, v. i, [Fr. repliquer ; L. replico; re and plico, to fold, that is, to turn or send to; It. replicare; Sp. replicar. See Arrty, Emrroy, and Pty.] 1. To answer; to make a return, in words or writing, to something said or written by another. O man, who art thou that repliest against God ? — Rom. rx. 2. In law, to answer a defendant?’s plea. The de- fendant pleads in bar to the plaintiff’s declaration ; the plaintiff replies to the defendant’s plea in bar. RE-PLY’, v.t. To return foran answer. He knows not what to reply. RE-PLY’,n. [Fr. replique; It. rennet I. An answer; that which is said or written, in answer to what is said or written by another. 2. A book or pamphlet written in answer ‘to an- other. RE-PLY/ING, ppr. writing. RE-POL/ISH, v, t. [Fr. repolir ; re and polish.] To polish again. Donne. RE-POL/ISH-ED, (-pol/isht,) pp. Polished again. RE-POL/ISH-ING, ppr. Polishing anew. RE-PORT’, v.t. [Fr. rapporter; L. reporto, to carry back ; re and porto, to bear.] I. To bear or bring back an answer, or to relate what has been discovered by a person sent to exam- ine, explore, or investigate ; as, a messenger reports to his employer what he has seen or ascertained. The committee reported the whole number of votes. 2. To give an account of; to relate ; to tell. They reported his good deeds before me. — Neh. vi. Acts iy, 3. To tel] or relate from one to another ; to circu- late publicly, as a story ; as in the common phrase, it 1s reported. It is reported among the heathen, and Gashmu saith it, that thou T and the Jews think to rebel. — Neh. vi. Answering either in words or In this form of expression, it refers to the subse- uent clause of the sentence; ‘‘ that thou and the ews think to rebel, is reported.’? 4. To give an official account or statement; as, the secretary of the treasury reports to congress an- nually the amount of revenue and expenditure. 5. To give an account or statement of cases and decisions in a court of law or chancery. 6. To return, as sound ; to give back. Bacon. To be reported, or, usually, to be reported of; to be well or ill spoken of; to be mentioned with respect or reproach. cts xvi. Rom. iil. RE-PORT", v. 7. To make a statement of facts. The committee will seport at twelve o’clock. RE-PORT’, n. An account returned; a statement or relation of facts given in reply to ijnquiry, or by a person authorized to examine and make return to his employer. From Thetis sent as spies to make report. Waller. 2. Rumor; common fame; story circulated. Re- port, though often originating in fact, soon becomes Incorrect, and is seldom deserving of credit. When we have no evidence but popular report, it is pru- dent to suspend our opinions in regard to the facts. 3. Repute; public character; as, evil report and good report. 2 Cor. vi. Cornelius was of good report among the Jews. — Acts x, 4, Account ; story ; relation. It was a true report that I heard in my own land of thy acts and of thy wisdom. —1 Kings x. 5. Sound ; noise; as, the report of a pistol or can- non. Bacon. 6. An account or statement of a judicial opinion or decision, or of a case argued and determined in a court of law, chancery, é&c. The books containing such statements are also called reports. 7. An official statement of facts, verbal or writ- ten; particularly, a statement in writing of proceed- ings and facts exhibited by an officer to his superi- ors; as, the reports of the heads of departments to congress, of a master in chancery to the court, of committees to a legislative body, and the like. RE-PORT’ED, pp. or a. Told, related, or stated in an- swer to inquiry or direction; circulated in popu- lar rumors ; reputed ; stated officially. RE-PORT’ER, n. One that gives an account, verbal or written, official or unoflicial. 2. An officer or person who makes statements of REP Bw proceedings and decisions, or of legislative de- ates, RE-PORT/ING, ppr. or a. Giving account; relating ; pissenuing statements of facts, or of adjudged cases in law. RE-PORT’ING-LY, adv. By report or common fame. RE-POS/AL, xn. (from repose.| The act of reposing or resting. Shak. RE-POSH’, v. t. ([Fr. reposer; re and poser, to put; It. riposare; Sp. reposar; Li. repono, reposut. | 1. To lay at rest. After the toil of battle, to repose Your wearied virtue. Milton. 2. To lay; to rest, as the mind, in confidence or trust; as, to repose trust or confidence in a person’s veracity. 3. Tolay up; to deposit ; to lodge; as, pebbles re- posed in cliffs, Woodward. 4. To place in confidence, RE-POSE’, v.i. To lie at rest; to sleep. Within a thicket I reposed. Chapman. 2. To rest ifi confidence. I repose on the faith and honor of a friend. 3. To lie; to rest; as, trap reposting on sand. RE-POSH!’,n. [Fr. repos. ] 1. A lying at rest. 2. Sleep; rest; quiet. Milton. Shak. 3. Rest of mind; tranquillity; freedom from un- easiness, 4. In poetry, a rest ; a pause. Encye. 5. In the fine arts, that which affords a point of rest for the eye; opposed to the scattering and di- vision of a subject into too many unconnected parts, and also to any thing which is overstrained, violent, or gorgeous. Brande. RE-POS/ED, pp. Laid at rest; placed in confidence. RE-POS/ED-NESS, z. State of being at rest. RE-POS/ING, ppr. Laying at rest; placing in confi- dence ; lying at rest; sleeping. RE-POS/IT, v. t. [L. repositus, repono. To lay up y to lodge, as for safety or preservation. Others reposit their young in holes. Derham. RE-POS/IT-ED, pp. Laid up; deposited for safety or preservation. RE-POS/IT-ING, ppr. Laying up or lodging for safety or preservation. RE-PO-SI" TION, (-po-zish/un,) n. The act of re- placing ; as, the reposition of a bone. Wiseman. RE-POS/I-TO-RY, zn. [L. repositorium, from repono.] A place where things are or may be deposited for safety or preservation. A granary is a repository for corn, an arsenal forarms. The mind or memory is called the repository of ideas. Locke. RE-POS-SESS’, v. t. [re and possess.] To possess again. Nor shall my father repossess the land. Pope. To repossess one’s self; to obtain possession again. RE-POS-SESS/ED, (-pos-sest’,) pp. Possessed again. R&E-POS-SESS’ING, ppr. Possessing again; obtain- ing possession again. RE-POS-SES/SION, (-pos-sesh/un,) n. The act of possessing again ; the state of possessing again. RE-POUR’, v.t. [reand pour.] To pour again. RE-POUR/ED, pp. Poured again. RE-POUR/ING, ppr. Pouring again. REP-RE-HEND’, v. t. [L. reprehendo; re and pre- hendo, to seize ; Fr. reprendre.] 1. To chide ; to reprove. Pardon me for reprehending thee. Shak, 2. To blame ; to censure. I nor advise nor reprehend the choice. 3. To detect of fallacy. This color will be reprehended or encountered, by imputing to all excellences in compositions a kind of poverty. [Not in use.] acon. 4. To accuse; to charge with a fault; with of; as, Aristippus being reprehended of luxury. Bacon. REP-RE-HEND/ED, pp. Reproved ; blamed. REP-RE-HEND/ER, z. One that reprehends; one that blames or reproves. Hooker. REP-RE-HEND/ING, ppv. Reproving ; blaming. REP-RE-HEN/SL-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. reprekensus.] Blamable; culpable; censurable; deserving re- proof ; applied to persons or things ; as, a reprehensible person ; reprehensible conduct. REP-RE-HEN’/SLBLE-NESS, n. Blamableness ; cul- ableness. REP-RE-HEN’SI-BLY, adv. Culpably ; in a manner to deserve censure or reproof. REP-RE-HEN’SION, 2. [Fr., from L. reprehensio.] Reproof; censure ; open blame. Faults not pun- ishable may deserve reprehension. REP-RE-HEN’SIVE, a. Containing reproof. South. REP-RE-HEN/SO-RY, a. Containing reproof. Boswell. REP-RE-SENT’, v. t. [Fr. representer; Li. represento ; re and Low L. presento, from presens, present. | 1. To show of exhibit by resemblance. Before him burn Seven lamps, as in a zodiac, representing : The heavenly fires. Milton. Philtps. REP 2. To describe ; to exhibit to the mind in words. anage : AG sae Sat yearn pia me RIC 3. To exhibit; to show by action; as, a tragedy well represented. ‘ohnson. 4. To personate ; to act the character or to fill the place of another in a play ; as, to represent the char- acter of King Richard. 0. LO Sub the place of; to act asa substitute for another. The parliament of Great Britain repre- sents thenation. The congress of the United States represents the people or nation. The senate is con- sidered as representing the States in their corporate capacity. 6. To show by arguments, reasoning, or statement of facts. The memorial represents the situation of the petitioner. Represent to your son the danger of an idle life, or profligate company. 7. To stand in the place of, in the right of inherit- ance. All the branches inberit the same share that their root, whom ey represent, would have done. tstone. REP-RE-SENT/A-BLE, a. That may be represented. REP-RE-SENT/ANCE, n. Representation ; likeness. Not used. | Donne. REP-RE-SENT/ANT, nz. A representative. slat in use, otton. REP-RE-SENT-A/TION, x. The act of representing, describing, or showing. 2. That which exhibits by resemblance; image, likeness, picture, or statue; aS, representations of God. Stillingfleet. 3. Any exhibition of the form or operations of a thing by something resembling it. A map is a rep- resentation of the world ora part of it. The terres- trial globe is a representation of the earth. An orrery is a representation of the planets and their revolutions. 4, Exhibition, as of a play on the stage. 5. Exhibition of a character in theatrical perform- nce. 6. Verbal description ; statement of arguments or facts in narration, oratory, debate, petition, admoni- tion, &c.; as, the representation of a historian, of a witness, or an advocate. 7. The business of acting as a substitute for an- other ; as, the representation of a nation in a legisla- tive body. 8. Representatives, as a collective body. It is ex- pedient to have an able representation in both houses of congress. 9. Public exhibition. 10. The standing in the place of another, as an heir, or in the right of taking by inheritance. Blackstone. REP-RE-SENT’A-TIVE, a. [Fr. representatif.] 1. Exhibiting a similitude. They own the legal sacrifices, though representative, to be proper and real. * Alterbury. 2. Bearing the character or power of another ; as, a council representative of the people. 20% REP-RE-SENT’A-TIVE, x. One that exhibits the likeness of another. A statue of Rumor, whispering an idiot in the ear, who was the representative of credulity. s0n. 2. In legislative or other business, an agent, deputy, or substitute, who supplies the place of another or others, being invested with his or their authority. An attorney is the representative of his client or em- ployer. A member of the house of commons is the representative of his constituents and of the nation. In matters concerning his constituents only, be is supposed to be bound by their instructions, butin the enacting of Jaws for the nation, he is supposed not to be bound by their instructions, as he acts for the whole nation. 3. In law, one that stands in the place of another as heir, or in the right of succeeding to an estate of inheritance, or to a crown. : 4, That by which any thing is exhibited or shown. This doctrine supposes the perfections of God to be the represent- atives to us of whatever we perceive in the creatures. Locke. REP-RE-SENT/A-TIVE-LY, adv. In the character of another; by a representative. Barrow. 2. By substitution ; by delegation of power. Sandys. REP-RE-SENT/A-TIVE-NESS, x. The state or qual- ity of being representative. Dr. Burnet observes, thnt every thought is attended with con- sciousness and represeniatveness. Speciator. REP-RE-SENT’ED, pp. Shown; exhibited ; person- ated ; described ; stated ; having substitutes. — REP-RE-SENT’ER, n. One who shows, exibbits, or describes. 2. A representative ; one that acts by deputation. Little used. ‘ Swyft. REP-RE-SENT/ING, ppr. Showing; exhibiting ; describing; acting in another’s character ; acting in the place of another. > REP-RE-SENT/MENT, 7. Representation; image, an idea proposed as exhibiting the likeness of some- thing. Taylor. Brown. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 939 ee a a ae pt pee eed ee eesine eail aa dered ae REP RE-PRESS’, v.t. [L. repressus, reprimo ; re and pre- mo, to press. {) 1. To crush; to quell; to put down; to subdue ; to suppress; as, to repress sedition or rebellion; to repress the first risings of discontent. 2. To check ; to restrain. Such kings 3 Favor the innocent, repress the bad. Waller. RE-PRESS/,x. The act of subduing. [ot in use.] RE-PRESS/ED, (-prest/,) pp. or a Crushed ; sub- dued. RE-PRESS’ER, n. RE-PRESS/ING, ppr. One that crushes or subdues. Crushing; subduing; check- The act of subdu- ing. “ a Ye N 7) sI d ») es RE-PRES’SION, (re-presh/un K. Charles. ing ; as, the repression of tumults. 2. Check; restraint. ; RE-PRESS/IVE, a. Having powerto crush ; tending to sulidue or restrain. RE-PRESS/IVE-LY, adv. So as to repress. é RE-PRIEV/AL, (re-preev/al,) n. Respite; reprieve. Not in use] Overbury. RE-PRIEVE’, (re-preeve/,) v.t. [I know not the or- igin of this word, unless it is the French reprendre, repris. In Norm. repriont is rendered reprieved de- dictions, and reprises, deductions and duties yearly paid out of jandss) 1, To respite after sentence of death ; to suspend or delay the execution of fora time ; as, to reprieve a criminal for thirty days. He reprieves the sinner from time to time. 2. To grant a respite to; to relieve for a time from any suffering. Company, though it may reprieve a man from his melancholy, yet can not secure a man from his conscience. South, RE-PRIEVE!’, n. The temporary suspension of the execution of sentence of death on a criminal. Clarendon. 2. Respite; interval of ease or relief. All that I ask is but a short reprieve, Till I forget to love, and learn to grieve. Denham. RE-PRIEV’ED, pp. or a. Respited; allowed a longer time to live than the sentence of death per- mits. RE-PRIEV’ING, ppr. Respiting ; execution of for a time. REP/RI-MAND, v.t. [Fr. reprimander. If this word is from L. reprimo, it must be formed from the parti- ciple reprimendus. | 1. To reprove severely ; to reprehend; to chide for a fault. Germanicus was severely reprimanded by Tiberius, for travel- ing into Egypt without his permission. Arbuthnot. 2. To reprove publicly and officially, in execution of a sentence. The court ordered the officer to be reprimanded. REP’/RLEMAND, 7. Severe reproof for a fault; repre- hension, private or public. Spectator. REP’/RI-MAND-ED, pp. Severely reproved. REP/RI-MAND-ING, ppr. Reproving severely. RE-PRINT’, v. t. [re and print.] To print again ; to print a second or any new edition. Pope. 2. To renew the impression of any thing. The business of redemption is —to reprint God’s image on the soul. South. REPRINT, 7. A second or a new edition of a book. Fi Review of Griesbach. RE-PRINT’ED, pp. Printed anew ; impressed again. RE-PRINT/ING, ppr. Printing again; renewing an Jmpression, RE-PRIS/AL, (re-priz/al,) n. [Fr. represailles; It. ripresaglia; Sp. represalia; Fr. reprendre, repris, to retake ; re and prendre, L. prendo.| 1. The seizure or taking of any thing from an en- emy by way of retaliation or indemnification for something taken or detained by him. 2. That which is taken from an enemy to indem- nify an owner for something of his which the enemy has seized. Reprisals may consist of persons or of goods. Letters of marque and reprisal may be ob- tained In order to seize the bodies or foods of the subjects of an offending state, until satisfaction shall be made. : Blackstone. 3. Recaption ; a retaking of a man’s own goods or any of his family, wife, child, or servant, Wwrong- fully taken from him, or detained by another. In this case, the owner may retake the goods or persons wherever he finds them. Blackstone. Letters of marque and reprisal + a commission grant- ed by the supreme authority of a state toa subject, empowering him to pass the frontiers [marque,] that is, enter an enemy’s territories, and capture the goods and persons of the enemy, in return for goods or persons taken by him. . 4. The act of retorting on an enemy by inflicting suffering or death on a prisoner taken from him. in retaliation of an act of inhumanity. Vattel. Rozera. suspending the RE-PRISE’, n. [Fr.] A taking by way of retaliation, [0 Se Dryden. RE-PRISE!, vt. To take again. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To recompense ; to pay. [ Obs.] Grant. RE-PRIS/ING, ppr. Taking again ; recompensing, REP RE-PRIZ’/ES, zn. pl. In law, deductions or payments out of the value of land ; as, rent-charges or annui- jes. Brande. RE-PROACH’, v.t. [Fr. reprocher; It. rimprocciare ; from the same root as approach, and Fr. proche, near, L. prox, in prozimus, from a root in Class Brg, signi- fying to thrust or drive ; probably 7 2.] 1. To censure in terms of opprobrium or contempt. Mezentius with his ardor warmed His fainting friends, reproached their shameful flight, Repelled the victors. 2. To charge with a fault in severe language. That shame There sit not, and reproach us as unclean. 3. To upbraid; to suggest blame for any thing. A man’s conscience will reproach him for a criminal, mean, or unworthy action. 4, To treat with scorn or contempt. Juke vi. RE-PROACH’, n. Censure mingled with contempt or derision; contumelious or opprobrious Janguage toward any person; abusive reflections; as, foul- Dryden. Milton. mouthed reproach. Shak. 2. Shame ; infamy; disgrace. Give not thine heritage to reproach. —Jocl ii. Is. iv. 3, Object of contempt, scorn, or derision. Come, and let us build up the wall of Jerusalem, that we may € no more a reproach, — Neh. ii. 4, That which is the cause of shame or disgrace. Gen. Xxx. RE-PROACH’A-BLE, a. Deserving reproach. 2. Opprobrious ; scurrilous. [NVot proper.] Elyot. RE-PROACH/A-BLE-NESS, zx. The state of being reproachable. RE-PROACH/A-BLY, adv. In a reproachable man- ner. RE-PROACH’ED, (re-précht’,) pp. Censured in terms of contempt ; upbraided. RE-PROACH/ER, n. One who reproaches. RE-PROACH’FUL, a. Expressing censure with con- tempt; scurrilous; Opprobrious; ds, reproachful words. Shak. 2. Shameful; bringing or casting reproach; infa- mous; base; vile; as, reproachful conduct ; a re- proachful life. RE-PROACH/FUL-LY, adv. In terms of reproach; opprobriously ; Scurrilously. 1 Tim. v. 2. Shamefully ; disgracefully ; contemptuously. RE-PROACH/ING, ppr. Censuring in terms of con- tempt; upbraiding. REP’RO-BATE, a. [L. reprobatus, reprobo, to disal- low ; re and probo, to prove. |] 1. Not enduring proof or trial; not of standard purity or fineness; disallowed ; rejected. Reprobate silver shall men call them, because the Lord hath re- jected them. —Jer. vi. 2. Abandoned in sin; lost to virtue or grace. They profess that they know God, but in works deny him, being abominable and disobedient, and to every good work repro- bate. — Tit. i, 3. Abandoned to error, or in apostasy. 2 Twm. iii. REP/RO-BATE, zn. A person abandoned to sin; one lost to virtue and religion. I pate myself a veprobale, a villain, o traitor to the cing. tal REP/RO-BATE, v. t. To disapprove with detestation or marks of extreme dislike ; to disallow ; to reject. It expresses more than Disapprove or DisaLLow. We disapprove of slight faults and improprieties ; we reprobate what 1S mean or criminal. 2. In a milder sense, to disallow. Such an answer as this, is reprobated and disallowed of in Jaw. talegh. Ayliffe. 3. To abandon to wickedness and eternal destruc- tion. Hammond. 4. To abandon to his sentence, without hope or pardon. Drive him out To reprobated exile. REP/RO-BA-TED, pp or a. Disapproved with ab- horrence ; rejected ; abandoned to wickedness or to destruction. REP/RO-BATE-NESS, n. bate, REP/RO-BA-TER, n. One that reprobates. REP/RO-BA-TING, ppr. Disapproving with extreme dislike; rejecting ; abandoning to wickedness or to destruction. REP-RO-BA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. reprobati.] 1. The act of disallowing with detestation, or of expressing extreme dislike. 2. The act of abandoning, or state of being aban- doned to eternal destruction. Southern. The state of being repro- When a sinner is so hardened as to fee] no remorse or misgiving of conscience, it is considered as a sign of reprobation. Encyc. 3. A condemnatory sentence; rejection. Set a brand of reprobation on clipt poctry and false coin. Dryden, REP-RO-BA!/TION-ER, n. One who abandons others to eternal destruction. South. REP again ; to renew the production of a thing destroyed. Trees are reproduced by new shoots from the roots or stump ; and certain animals, as the polype, are repro- duced from cuttings. Encue. 2. Sometimes used for GenERaTeE, : RE-PRO-DUC’ED, (-diste’,) pp. Produced anew. RE-PRO-DUC/ER, n. One or that which reproduces. = Burke. RE-PRO-DOC/'ING, ppr. Producing anew. RE-PRO-DU€'TION, n. The act or process of repro- ducing that which has been destroyed ; as, the repro- duction of plants or animals from cuttings or slips. The reproduction of several parts of lobsters and crabs is one of the greatest curiosities in natural his- tory. Encie. _ 2. Sometimes used for GENERATION. Brande. RE-PRO-DU€/TIVE, )a. Pertaining to or used in RE-PRO-DU€/TO-RY, reproduction. Lyell. RE-PRO-MUL/GATE, v. t. To promulgate again. RE-PRO-MUL-GA/TION, n. A second promulgation. RE-PROOF’, n. [from reprove.] Blame expressed to the face ; censure for a fault; reprehension. Those best can bear reproof who merit praise. He that hateth reproof is brutish. — Prov. xii. 2. Blame cast ; censure directed to a person. RE-PROV/A-BLE, a. [from reprove.] Worthy of re- proof; deserving censure; blamable. Taylor. RE-PROV’A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being reprova- ble. RE-PROV’A-BLY, adv. In areprovable manner. RE-PROVE’, (re-proov’,) v. t. [Fr. reprouver; L. re- probo ; re and proba, to prove. 1. To blame; to censure I will not reprove thee for thy sacrifices. — Pas, 1. 2. To charge with a fault to the face; to chide; to reprehend. Luke iii. 3. To blame for; with of; as, to reprove one of laziness. arew. 4, T’o convince of a fault, or to make it manifest. John xvi. 5. To refute; to disprove. [NVotin use.] Shak. 6. To excite a sense of guilt. The heart or con- science reproves us. 7. To manifest silent disapprobation or blame. The vicious can not bear the presence of the good, whose very looks reprove them, and whose life is a severe, though silent admonition. Buckminster. RE-PROV/ED, (re-proovd’,) pp. ed ; convinced of a fault. RE-PROV/ER, n. One that reproves ; he or that which blames. Conscience is a bold reprover. South. Pope. Blamed ; reprehend- RE-PROV/ING, ppr. Blaming ;*censuring. RE-PROV/ING-LY, adv. In a reproving manner. t1E-PRUNE’, v. t. [re and prune.] To prune a sec- ond time. Evelyn. RE-PRON/ED, pp. Pruned a second time. RE-PRUN/ING, ppr. Pruning a second time. REP-TA'TION, nm. [L. reptatio.] The act of creep- ing or crawling. Brande. REP’TILE, (rep/til,) a. [Fr., from L. reptihs, from repo, to Creep, Gr. corw; It. rettile; Sp. reptil. (See Creer.) The primary sense is probably to rud or scrape, or to seize. ] 1. Creeping ; moving on the belly, or with smali feet. 2. Groveling; low; vulgar; as, a reptile race or crew ; reptile vices. Burke. REP/TILE, x. An animal that moves on its belly, or by means of small, short Jegs, as snakes, lizards, tortoises, and the like. In zodlogy, the reptiles, or reptil/ia, constitute a class or order, including all such animals as are cold- blooded, vertebrated, and breathe air; as tortoises lizards, frogs, etc. Bell has separated the batrachi- ans from this class, and arranges them under the de- nomination of Amphibia, because they breathe water in the tadpole state. 2. A groveling or very mean person; a term of contempt. REP-TIL/I-AN, a. Belonging to the Reptilia, or rep- tiles. Lyell. REP-TIL/I-AN, x. An animal of the order Reptilia ; a reptile. Lyell. RE-PUB/LI€, n. [L. respublica; res and publica; pub- lic affairs. ] 1. A commonwealth; a state in which the exer- cise of the sovereign power is lodged in representa- tives elected by the people. In modern usage, it differs from a democracy or democratic state, in which the people exercise the powers of sovereignty in person. Yet the democracies of Greece are often called republics. 2. Common interest ; the public. [Mot tn use.] B. Jonson. Republic of letters ; the collective body of literary or learned men. RNE-PUB/LI€-AN, a, Pertaining to a republic; con- sisting of a commonwealth ; as, a republican consti- tution or government. 2. Consonant to the principles of a republic; as, republican sentiments or opinions ; republican man- RE-PRO-DUCE’, v. t. [re and produce.] ‘To produce ners, PATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 940REP RE-PUB/LI€E-AN, zn. One who favors or prefers a republican form of government. RE-PUB/LI€-AN-ISM, x. A republican form or sys- tem of government. 2. Attachment to a republican form of government. urke. RE-PUB/LI€-AN-IZE, v. t. To convert to republican principles ; as, to republicanize the rising generation. Ramsay. RE-PUB-LI€-A/TION, zn. [reand publication.) 1. A second publication, or a new publication of something before published. 2. A second publication, as of a former will; re- newal. If there be many testaments, the last overthrows all the former; but the republication of a former will revokes one of a later date, and establishes the first. Blackstone. RE-PUB/LISH, v. t. [ve and pubdlish.] To publish a second time, or to publish a new edition of a work before published. 2. To publish anew. ° Unless, subsequent to the purchase or contract, the devisor repub- lishes his will. slackstone, RE-PUB’LISH-ED, (-lisht,) pp. Published anew. RE-PUB/LISH-ER, n. One who republishes. RE-PUB/LISH-ING, ppr. Publishing again. RE-PU/DI-A-BLE, a. [from repudiate.) That may be rejected ; fit or proper to be put away. RE-PUO/DI-ATE, v. t. [Fr. repudier; L. repudio; re and one of the roots in Class Bd, which signifies to send or thrust.] 1. To cast away ; to reject; to discard. Atheists — repudiate all title to the kingdom of heaven. Bentley. 2. To refuse any longer to acknowledge ; to dis- claim; as, the state has repudiated its debts. [Re- cent. | 3. Appropriately, to put away; to divorce; as a wife. RE-PU’/DI-A-TED, pp. disclaimed ; divorced. RE-PU/DI-A-TING, ppr. claiming; divorcing. RE-PU-DI-A/TION, x. [Fr., from L. repudiatio.] 1. Rejection ; the act of disclaiming ; as, the re- pudiation of a doctrine. 2. The refusal on the part of a state or government to pay its debts. Recent. ] 3. Divorce ; as, the repudiation of a wife. Arbuthnot. RE-PU’DI-A-TOR, n. One that repudiates. RE-PUGN’, (re-pine’,) v.t. [L.repugno; reand pug- Cast off; rejected ; discarded ; Casting off; rejecting ; dis- no. To oppose ; to resist. [JVot used.] Elyot. RE-PUG’/NANCE, ) m [Fr. repugnance; It. ripu- RE-PUG/NAN-CY, gnanza; Li repugnantia, from repugno, to resist; re and pugno, to fight. ] 1. Opposition of mind; reluctance; unwilling- ness. Shak. Dryden. 2. Opposition or struggle of passions; resistance. South. 3. Opposition of principles or qualities ; inconsist- ency; contrariety. But where difference is without repugnancy, that which hath been can be no prejudice to thet which is. ooker. RE-PUG/NANT, a. [Fr., from L. repugnans.] 1. Opposite ; contrary ; inconsistent ; properly fol- lowed by to. Every sin is repugnant to the will of God. Every thing morally wrong is repugnant both to the honor, as well as to the interest of the offender. 2. Disobedient; not obsequious. [JVot in use.] Shak. RE-PUG/NANT-LY, adv. With opposition ; in con- tradiction. TOWN. RE-PUG'/NATE, v. t. To oppose ; to fight against. RE-PUL/LU-LATE, v.2%. [L. re and pullulo, to bud.] To bud again. Howell. RE-PUL-LU-LA/TION, x. The act of budding again. RE-PULSE’, (re-puls’,) n. [L. repulsa, from repello ; re and pello, to drive. } 1]. A being checked in advancing, or driven back by force. The enemy met with repulse and retreated. 2. Refusal; denial. ailey. RE-PULSE’, (re-puls’,) v. t. [L. repulsus, repello. | To repel; to beat or drive back; as, to repulse an assailant or advancing enemy. Knowles. Milton. RE-PULS’ED, (re-puist’,) pp. Repelled; driven back. RE-PULS/ER, zn. One that repulses or drives back. Sherwood, RE-PULS/ING, ppr. Driving back. RE-PUL/SION, (re-pul/shun,) x. In physics, that power by which bodies, or the particles of bodies, are made to recede trom each other, P. Cyc. 2. The act of repelling. RE-PULS/IVE, a. Repelling ; driving off, or keeping from approach. The repulsive power of the electric fluid is remarkable. 2. Cold; reserved ; forbidding ; as, repulsive man- ners. RE-PULS/IVE-LY, adv. By repulsing. RE-PULS/IVE-NESS, nv. The quality of being re- pulsive or forbidding. RE-PULSE/LESS, a. That can not be repelled. REQ RE-PUR/CHASE, v. t. [re and purchase.] To buy again; to buy back; to regain by purchase or ex- pense. Hale. RE-PUR/CHASE, mn. The act of buying again; the purchase again of what has been sold. RE-PUR/CHAS-ED, (-pur'chast,) pp. Bought back or again ; regained by expense ; as, a throne repurchas- ed With the blood of enemies, Shak. RE-PUR/CHAS-ING, ppr. Buying back or again; regaining by the payment of a price. REP/U-TA-BLE, a. [from repute.] Being in good re- pute ; held in esteem; as, a reputable man or char- acter; reputable conduct. It expresses less than respectable and honorable, denoting the good opinion of men, without distinction or great qualities. 2. Consistent with reputation; not mean or dis- graceful. It is evidence of extreme depravity that vice 18 in any case reputable. In the article of danger, it is as reputable to elude an enemy aos to defeat one. TOOME. REP/U-TA-BLE-NESS, z. utable. REP/U-TA-BLY, adv. Withreputation ; without dis- grace or discredit ; as, to fill an office reputably. REP-U-TA'TION, x. [Fr., from L. renutans:| 1. Good name; the credit, honor, or character which is derived from a favorable public opinion or esteem. Reputation is a valuable species of property or right, which should never be violated. With the loss of reputation, a man, and especially a woman, loses most of the enjoyments of life. The best evidence of rezutation is a man’a whole life. The quality of being rep- Ames. 2. Character by report; in a good or bad sense; as, a man has the reputation of being rich or poor, or of being a thief. Addison. RE-PU/TA-TIVE-LY, adv. RE-PUTE’, »v. ¢. Fr. reputer.] To think ; to account; to hold; to reckon. The king was reputed a prince most prudent. Shak. Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed vile in your sight?—Job xviii. By repute. [L. reputo; re and puto, to think ; RE-PUTE!,z. Reputation; good character ; the credit or honor derived from common or public opinion; as, men of repute. 2. Character; in a bad sense; as, a man held in bad repute. 3. Established opinion ; as, upheld by old repute. Milton. RE-PUT’ED, pp. or a. Reckoned ; accounted. RE-PUT/ED-LY, adv. In common opinion or estima- I arrow. Disreputable ; disgraceful. Shak. Thinking ; reckoning; account- tion. RE-PUTE/LESS, a. RE-POT’ING, ppr. ing. RE-QUEST’, (re-kwest’,) x. ([Fr. requéte; L. requisi- tus, requiro ; re and quero, to seek; It. richiesta; Sp. reguesta. See Quest, QuxEsTioN.] 1. The expression of desire to some person for something to be granted or done; an asking ; a peti- tion. Haman slood up to make request for his life to Esther the queen. th. Vil. 2. Prayer; the expression of desire to a superior or tothe Almighty. Pil. iv. 3. The thing asked for or requested. 1 will both hear and grant you your requests. Shak. He gave them their reguest, but sent leanness into their souls. — Ps. cvi. 4, Astate of being desired or held in such estima- tion as to be sought after or pursued. Knowledge and fame were in as great request as wealth among us now. Temple. In request ; in demand ; in credit or reputation. Coriolanus being now in no request. Shak, Request expresses less earnestness than entreaty and supplication, and supposes a right in the person re- quested to deny or refuse to grant. In this it differs from demand. Court of Requests ; in England, a court of equity for the relief of such persons as addressed his majesty by supplication ; abolished by stat. 16 and 17 Car. It was inferior to the Court of Chancery. Brande. 2. A local tribunal, sometimes called a Court of Conscience, founded by act of parliament to facilitate the recovery of small debts from any inhabitant or trader in the district defined by the act. P. Cie. RE-QUEST’,v.¢. [Fr. requéter.] J. To ask; to solicit; to express desire for. The weight of the golden ear-rings which he requested, was a thousand and seven hundred shekels of gold. —Judges viii, 2. To express desire to; to ask. We requested a friend to accompany us. RE-QUEST’ED, pp. Asked; desired ; solicited. RE-QUEST’ER, n. One who requests ; a petitioner. RE-QUEST’ING, ppv. Asking; petitioning. RE-QUICK’EN, v. t. [re and quicken,] To reani- mate ; to give new life to, Shak. RE-QUICK/EN-ED, pp. Reanimated. RE-QUICK’/EN-ING, ppr. Reanimating; invigorat- RER RE/QULEM, 7. [L.] Im the Roman Catholic church, a hymn or mass sung for the dead, for the rest of his soul; so called from the first word. P. Cue. 2 A grand musical composition, performed in honor of some deceased person. Brande. 3. Rest; quiet; peace. [Notinuse.] Sandys. RE-QUY/E-TO-RY, 7. [Low UL. reguietorium.} A sepulchre. [WVot in use.] Weever. | RE/QUIN, x. [Fr.] The French name of the white | shark, Carcharias vulgaris. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. | RE-QUIR/A-BLE, a. [from reguire.] That mdy be required ; fit or proper to be demanded. Hale. RE-QUIRBE’, v. t. Fr. and Sp. requerir. See Query.] 1. To demand; to ask, as of right and by author- ity. We require a person to do a thing, and we re- quire a thing to be done. Why, then, doth my lord require this thing? — 1 Chron, xxi. 2. To claim; to render necessary; as a duty or any thing indispensable ; as, the law of God requires strict obedience. 3. To ask as a favor; to request. I was ashamed to require of thé king a band of soldiers and horsemen to help us against the enemy in the way. — Ezra Vill. [In this sense, the word is rarely used. } 4, To call to account for. I will require my flock at their hand, — Ezek. xxxiv. 5. To make necessary ; to need ; to demand. The king’s business required haste. —1 Sam. xxi. 6. To avenge; to take satisfaction for. 1 Sam. xx. RE-QUIR/ED, pp..or a. Demanded; needed ; neces- sary. RE-QUIRE/MENT, x. Demand; requisition. Scott. Chalmers. This ruler was one of those who believe that they can fill up every requirement contained in the rule of righteousness. . M, Mason. The Bristol water is of service where the secretions exceed the requirements of health. Encyc. RE-QUIR/ER, mz. One who requires, RE-QUIR/ING, ppr. Demanding; needing. [L. requiro; re and quaro, to seek; || ae REQ/ULSITE, (rek’we-zit,) a. [L. requisitus, from requiro. Required by the nature of things or by circum- stances ; necessary; so needful that it can not be dispensed with. epentance and faith are requisite to salvation; air is requisite to support life; heat is requisite to vegetation. REQ/ULSITE, (rek! we-zit,) x. sary ; something indispensable. requisite to a happy life. God, on his part, has declared the requtsifes on ours; what we must do to obtain blessings, is the great business of us all to know. Wake. REQ/ULSITE-LY, (rek’we-zit-le,) adv. Necessarily ; That which Is neces- Contentment is a in a requisite manner. oyle. REQ/UI-SITE-NESS, n. The state of being requisite or necessary ; necessity. oyle. REQ-ULSI’'TION, (rek-we-zish’un,) n. [Fr.; It. requisizione. See ReQurre.] I. Demand ; application made as of right. Under the old confederation of the American States, con- gress often made requisitions on the States for money to supply the treasury ; but they had no power to en- force their requisitions, and the States neglected or partially complied with them. Hamilton. 2. A written call or invitation; as, a requisition for a public meeting. [Eng.] RE-QUIS'/I-TIVE, a, Expressing or implying de- mand. arris. RE-QUIS/I-TO-RY, a. Sought for; demanded. [Zit- tle wsed. RE-QUI’TAL, n. [from requite.] Return for any office, good or bad; im a good sense, compensation 4 recompense; as, the requital of services; in a bad sense, retaliation or punishment; as, the requital of evil deeds. 2. Return; reciprocal action. No merit their aversion can remove, Nor ill reguita? can efface their Jove. RE-QUITE’, v. t. [from quit, L. cedo; Ir. cuitighim, to requite; cuiteach, recompense. | 1. To repay either good or evil; in a good sense, to recompense ; to return an equivalent in good; to re- ward. I also will reguite you this kindness. — 2 Sam. il. In a bad sense, to retaliate ; to return evil for evil ; to punish. Joseph will certainly requile us all the evil which we did to him, < Waller. 1 Tim, v- 2. To do or give in returm. He hath requilted me evil for good. —1 Sam. xxv. RE-QUIT’ED, pp. Repaid; recompensed ; rewarded, RE-QUIT’ER, x. One who requites. ‘ : RE-QUIT’ING, ppr. Recompensing ; rewarding ; giv- ing in return, ; RERE/FIEF, ». A fief held of a superior feudatory ; an under fief, held by an under tenant. Blackstone. RE-PULS/O-RY, a. Repulsive ; driving back. ing. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— © as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 94] vent: cae eee et op ———raaeshe pee Satay rooaidesr, ug ep) EC?“2 me ae, ‘nnd ET oer nent ee Dae { i a% : ‘ ‘ } it ¥ Y rs — i eae 5 od > a . In medicine, the disappearing of any tumor Without coming to suppuration; the dispersing of inflammation; the breaking up and disappearance of a fever. Encyc. Coxe. 6. Fixed purpose or determination of mind sae resolution to reform our lives; a resolution to under- take an expedition. Locke. _ 7. The effect of fixed purpose ; firmness, steadi- mess or constancy in execution, implying courage. They who governed the parliament, had the resolution to act those monstrous things. larendon. 8. Determination of a cause in a court of justice ; as, a judicial resolution. Hale. RE-SOLVE’, (re-zoly’,) n. 4. To separate into its component parts, or into distinct principles ; as, water resolves into vapor; a substance resolves into gas. 5. To be settled in opinion. Let men resolve of thatas they please. [Unusual.] Locke. Fixed purpose of mind ; settled determination ; resolution. He straight revokes his bold resolve. Denham. 2. Legal or official determination ; legislative act concerning a private person or corporation, or con- cerming some private business. Public acts of a Jeg- islature respect the State, and to give them validity, the bills for such acts must pass through all the leg- islative forms. Resolves are usually private acts, and are often passed with less formality. Resolves may also be the acts of a single branch of the legislature ; Whereas public acts must be passed by a majority of both branches. RE-SOUND’ED, pp. [But this word is now seldom used to express the decision of a judicial tribunal. Weuse JupcmMEenr, Decision, or Decree. ] 9. The determination or decision of a legislative body, or a formal proposition offered for legislative determination. We call that a vesolution, which is reduced to form and offered to a legislative house for consideration, and we call it a 7esolution when adopted. We say, a member moved certain resolu- tions ; the house proceeded to consider the resolu- tions ofiered ; they adopted or rejected the reso- lutions. 10. The formal determination of any corporate body, or of any association of individuals; as, the resolutions of a town or other meeting. 11. In mathematics, solution ; an orderly enumera- tion of several things to be done, to obtain what is required in a problem. Ehitton. 12. In algebra, the resolution of an equation, is the sume as reduction ; the bringing of the unknown quantity by itself on one side, and al] the known quantities on the other, without destroying the equa- tion, by which is found the value of the unknown quantity. Day’s Algebra. 13. Relaxation ; a weakening. [Obs.] Brown. Resolution of a force, or of a motion; in mechanics, the separation of a single force or motion into two or more, which act in different directions. Olmsted. RES-O-LU/TION-ER, n. One who joins in the dec- laration of others. [JVot in use.] Burnet. RES/O-LU-TIVE, a. Having the power to dissolve or relax. [JNVot much used.] ohnson. RE-SOLV’/A-BLE, a. That may be resolved or re- duced to first principles. RE-SOLV/A-BLE-NESS, xz. State of being resolva- ble. RE-SOLVE’, (re-zolv’,) v. t. c zesolvo; re and solvo, to loose; Fr. resoudre; It. risolvere; Sp. re- solver. | I. To separate the component parts of a compound substance ; to reduce to first principles ; as, to resolve a body into its component or constituent parts ; to re- solve a body into its elements, 2. To separate the parts of a complex idea; to re- duce to simple parts; to analyze. To separate the parts of a complicated question ; to unravel ; to disentangle of perplexities ; toremove obscurity by analysis; to clear of difficulties ; to ex- plain; as, to resolve questions in moral science; to resolve doubts ; to resolve a riddle. 4. To inform; to free from doubt or perplexity ; as, to resolve the conscience. Resolve me, strangers, whence and what youare. Dryden. 5. To settle in an opinion ; to make certain. Long since we were resolved of your truth Your faithful service and your toil in war, Siak. 6. To put on resolution ; to confirm. Quit presently the chapel, or resolve you For more amazement. [Unusual.] Shak, 7. To melt ; to dissolve. Arbuthnot. 8. ‘To form or constitute by resolution, vote, or de- termination ; as, the house resolved itself intoa com- mittee of the whole. 9. In music, to resolve a discord or dissonance, is to carry it into a concord, usually after it has been heard in the preceding harmony. P. Cyc. 10. In medicine, to disperse or scatter; to disc as an inflammation, or a tumor. : ll. To relax; to lay at ease. Spenser. 12. In mathematics, to solve ; to enumerate in order the several things to be done, to obtain what is re- quired in a problem. Hutton. 13, In algebra, to resolve an equation, is to bring all the known quantities to one side of the equation, and the unknown quantity to the other, Without destroying the equation. RE-SOLVE’, cre Ales) v.% To form a resolution or purpose ; to determine in mind. He resolwed to aban- don his vicious course of Jife. 2. To determine by vote. The legislature resolved to receive no petitions after a certain day. 3. To melt; to dissolve; to become fluid. USS 5 ciation ; resolution. adjective. RE-SOLV’/ED-NESS ness ; resolution. RE-SOLV/ENT, x. tion of tumors; ad purpose. cussing, as tumors; ing a fixed purpose RES/O-NANCE, n. 1. A resounding sounds, RE-SORB’/, ». t. drink in.] To swallow up. 3. To fall back. resort. RE-SORT’ING, ppr. resonar. | fame of. [L. resorbeo ; American Legislatures. 3. Determined officially, or by vote. RE-SOLV’ED-LY, adv. 3. The determination of any corporation or asso- RE-SOLV’ED, (re-zolvd’,) pp. Separated into its com- ponent parts ; analyzed. 2. Determined in purpose ; as, I am resolved not to keep company with gamesters. erly, ‘‘I have resolved;”? as we say, a person is de- ceased, for has deceased; he is retired, for has re- tired. In these phrases, the participle is rather an This phrase is prop- With firmness of purpose. Grew. >”. Fixedness of purpose ; firm- Decay of Picty. That which has the power of causing solution. In medicine, that which has power to disperse inflammation, and prevent the suppura- iscutient. Coze. Encyc. determining. ; a resolution. [I.. resonans.] RE-SOLV/ER, n. One that resolves or forms a firm RE-SOLV/ING, ppr. Separating into component parts ; analyzing ; removing perplexities or obscurity ; dis- RE-SOLV’/ING, x. The act of determining or form- Clarendon. 3 a reverberation of sound, or RE-SORB/ENT, a, Swallowing up. RE-SORT’, (re-zort’,) vw. 2%) [ sortir, to go or come out.] 1. To have recourse ; to apply ; to betake. The king thought it time to vesort to other counsels. Clarendon, 2. To go; to repair. The people resort to him again, — Mark x. 2. In music, the returning of sound by the air act- ing on the bodies of stringed musical instruments. Brande. RES/O-NANT, a. [lL resonans; re and sono, to sound. ] Resounding ; returning sound; echoing back. MVilton. re and sorbeo, to Young. Woodhull. [Fr. ressortir; re and John xviii. The inheritance of the son never resorted to the mother. [Obs.] Hale, RE-SORT’, x. The act of going to or making appli- cation ; a betaking one’s self; as, a resort to other means of defence; a resort to subterfuges for eva- sion. 2. Act of visiting. Join with me to forbid him her resort, Shak. 3. Assembly ; meeting. Dryden. 4. Concourse ; frequent assembling ; as, a place of Swift. 5. The place frequented ; as, alehouses are the re- sorts of the idle and dissolute. 6. Spring; active power or movement; a Galli- cism. [Not in use. ] Last resort; ultimate means of relief; also, final tribunal ; that from which there is no appeal. RE-SORT’ER, mn. One that resorts or frequents. acon. Going; having recourse; be- taking ; frequenting. RE-SOUND’, (re-zound’,) »v. t. sono, to sound; Fr. resonner; It. risuonare; Sp. 1. Tosend back sound ; to echo. And Albion’s cliffs resound the rural lay. The man for wisdom’s various arts renowned, Long exercised in woes, O muse, resound. RE-SOUND’, v. i. To be echoed ; to be sent back, as sound ; as, common fame resounds bacix to them. [L. resono; re and Pope. 2. To sound ; to praise or celebrate with the voice or the sound of instruments. 3. To praise ; to extol with sounds ; to spread the JMilton. Pope. RE-SPEET”, v. t. 3. ‘To echo or reverberate; as, the earth resounded with his praise. Y RE/SOUND’, v. ‘ Vag and sound ; with the accent on the first syllable 0 sound again. Jones. RE-SOUND!, n. Return of sound ; echo. Beaum. & FI. Echoed; returned, as sound ; celebrated. RE-SOUNDI/ING, ppr. Echoing ; returning, as sound RE-SOURCE’, n. [Fr. ressource; re and source. | 1. Any source of aid or support ; an expedient to which a person may resort for assistance, safety, or supply ; means yet untried ; resort. An enterpris- ing man finds resources in his own mind. Pallas viewed His foes pursuing and his friends pursued, Used threatenings mixed with prayers, his last resource. Tyden, 2. Resources; in the plural, pecuniary means; funds ; money, or any property that can be convert- ed into supplies; means of raising money or sup- plies. Our national resources for carrying on war are abundant. Commerce and manufactures furnish ample resources. RE-SOURCE’LESS, a. Destitute of resources, [a word not to be countenanced. | Burke. RE-SOW’, v. t.; pret. ResowEv ; pp. Resowep or RE- sown. [re and ea To sow again. Bacon. SOW/ED, (-sode!,) ) os SOWN/, (-sone!,) | 2? Sown anew. AK’, v. t.; pret. Respoxe; pp. RESPOKEN, RE- SPOKE. [reand speak.] ‘Toanswer; to speak in re- turn; toreply. [Little used.] Shak. 2. To speak again; to repeat. [L. respecto, or respectus, from re- spicio; re and specio, to view ; Fr. respecter ; It. ris- pettare ; Sp. respetar.| 1. To regard ; to have regard to in design or pur- pose. In orchards and gardens, we do not so much respect beauty as variety of ground for fruits, trees, and herbs. Bacon. 2. To have regard to, in relation or connection; to relate to. The treaty particularly respects our com- merce. 3. To view or consider with some degree of rever- ence ; to esteem as possessed of real worth. I always loved and vespected Sir William. Swift. 4. To look toward. Palladius adviseth the front of his house should so respect the south. [Nolin use.] Brown. To respect the person; to suffer the opinion or judg- ment to be influenced or biased by a regard to the outward circumstances of a person, to the prejudice of right and equity. Thou shalt not respect the person of the poor. — Lev. xix, Neither doth God respect any person. —2 Sam. xiv. RE-SPEC€T’, n. [L. respectus ; Fr. respect.] 1. Regard ; attention. Shak. 2. That estimation or honor in which men hold the distinguished worth or substantial good qualities of others. It expresses less than ReverReNcrE and VeNeRATION, Which regard elders and superiors; whereas Respect may regard juniors and inferiors. Respect regards the. qualities of the mind, or the ac- tions which characterize those qualities. Seen without awe, and served without respect. Prior. 3. That deportment or course of action which pro- ceeds from esteem ; regard; due attention; as, to treat a person with respect. These same men treat the Sabbath with little respect. Nelson. 4, Good will; favor. The Lord had respect to Abel and his offering. — Gen. iv. 5. Partial regard ; undue bias to the prejudice of justice , as the phrase, respect of persons. 1 Pet. i. James ii. Prov. XXiv. 6. Respected character; as, persons of the best respect in Rome. Shak. 7. Consideration ; motive in reference to some- thing. Whatever secret respects were likely to move them. Hooker. 8. Relation ; regard; reference; followed by af, but more properly by to. They believed but one Supreme Deity, which, with respect to the berefits men received from him, had several titles, Tillotson. RE-SPECT-A-BIL/LTY, x. State or quality of being respectable; the state or qualities which deserve or command respect. Cumberland. ett. RE-SPECT’A-BLE, a. [Fr.; It. respettadbile; Sp, respe- table. He bisuésatie the worth or qualities which deserve or command respect; worthy of esteem and honor; as, a respectable citizen ; respectable company. No government, any more than an individual, will long be re- spected, without being truly respectable. Federalist, Madison. 2. In popular language, this word is much used to express what is moderate in degree of excellence or in number, but not despicable. We sav, a respecta- 944 When the blood stagnates in any part, it first coagolates, then South. ble distourse or performance, a respectable audience, resolves and turns alkaline. Arbuthnot. 2. To be much and loudly mentioned. Milton. a respectable number of citizens convened. ia PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—RES RE-SPE€T’A-BLE-NESS, n. Respectability. RE-SPE€T’/A-BLY, adv. With respect; more gener- ally, 1n a manner to merit respect. 2. Moderately, but in a manner not to be despised. RE-SPE€T’ED, pp. ora. Held in honorable estimation. RE-SPECT/ER,x. One that respects ; chiefly used in the phrase respecter of persons, which signifies a per- son who regards the external circumstances of oth- ers in his judgment, and suffers his opinion to be biased by them, to the prejudice of candor, justice, and equity. 1 perceive that God is no respecter of persons. — Acts x, RE-SPE€T’/FUL, a. Marked or characterized by re- spect; as, respectful deportment. With humble joy and with respectful fear, RE-SPE€T/FUL-LY, adv. With respect, in a man- ner comporting with due estimation. Dryden. RE-SPECT/FUL-NESS, zx. The quality of being re- spectful. RE-SPE€T'ING, ppr. Regarding; having regard to; relating to. This word, like Concernrna, has refer- ence to a single word or toa sentence. In the sen- tence, ‘“ His conduct respecting us is commendable,” respecting has reference to conduct. But when we Say, ** Respecting a further appropriation of money, it is to be observed, that the resources of the country are Inadequate,”? respecting has reference to the whole subsequent clause or sentence. RE-SPECTIVE, a. [Fr. respectif; It. respettivo. | I. Relative; having relation to something else; not absolute; as, the respective connections of soci- ety. 2. Particular; relating to a particular person or thing. Let each man retire to his respective place of abode. The officers were found in their respective quarters ; they appeared at the head of their respect- we regiments. Let each give according to his re- spective proportion. 3. Worthy of respect. [Wot in use.] Shak. 4. Careful; circumspect; cautious; attentive to consequences ; as, respective and wary men. [.Vot in use. Tooker. RE-SPECT/IVE-LY, adv. As relating to each; par- ticularly ; as each belongs to each. Let each man respectively perform his duty. The impressions from the objects of the senses do mingle respect- toely every one with its kind. acon. 2. Relatively ; not absolutely. Ralech. 3. Partially ; with respect to private views. [ Obs.] 4. With respect. [ Obs.] Shak. RE-SPE€T’LESS, a. Having no respect; without regard ; without reference. [Little used.) Drayton. RE-SPE€ET’LESS-NESS, 2. The state of having no respect or regard ; regardlessness. [Little used-] Shelton. RE-SPERSB’, (re-spers’,) v. t. [Li. respersus, respergo ; re and spargo, to sprinkle. } Prior. Tosprinkle. [Rarely wsed.] Taylor. RE-SPER/SION, (-sper/shun,) rn. [L. respersio.] The act of sprinkling. Johnson. RE-SPI{R-A-BIL/I-TY, rn. The quality of being RE-SPIR/A-BLE-NESS, respirable. RE-SPIR/A-BLE, a. [from respire.] That may be breathed ; fit for respiration or for the support of animal life ; as, respirable air. RES-PI-RA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. respiratio.] 1. The act of breathing; the act of inhaling air into the Jungs and again exhaling or expelling it, by Which animal life is supported. The respiration of fishes (for these can not live long without air) ap- pears to be performed by the air contained in the water acting on the gills. 2. Relief from toil. Milton. RES/PI-RA-TOR, nm. An instrument covering the mouth with a net-work of fine wire in front, through which persons of weak lungs can breathe without injury. The wire, being warmed by the breath, tempers the cold air from without. Brande. RES-PI/RA-TO-RY, a. Serving for respiration ; per- taining to respiration ; as, respiratory organs, Asiat. Res. RE-SPIRE/, v. 2 [Fr. respirer; L. respiro; re and spiro, to breathe. ] 1. To breathe ; to inhale air into the lungs and ex- hale it, for the purpose of maintaining animal life. 2. To catch breath. Spenser. 3. To rest; to take rest from toil. Milton. RE-SPIREH!, v. t. To exhale ; to breathe out; to send out in exhalations. B. Jonson. RE-SPIR/ED, pp. Breathed ; inhaled and exhaled, RE-SPIR/ING, ppr. Breathing ; taking breath. RES/PITE, (res’pit,) n. [Fr. repit.} 1. Pause ; temporary intermission of labor, or of any process or operation ; interval of rest. Some pause and respite only I require. Denham. 2. In law, reprieve ; temporary suspension of the execution of a capital offender. Milton. Prior. 3. Delay; forbearance; prolongation of time for the payment of a debt beyond the legal time. RES RES’/PITE, v. t. To relieve by a pause or interval of rest. Milton. 2. To suspend the execution of a criminal beyond the time limited by the sentence; to delay for a time. Clarendon. If the court may respite for a day, they may for a year. Clinton. 3. To give delay of appearance at court ; as, to respite a jury. Blackstone. RES’PIT-ED, pp. Relieved from labor; allowed a temporary suspension of execution. RES/PIT-ING, ppr. Relieving from labor ; suspend- ing the execution of a capital offender. RE-SPLEN’DENCE, ) 7. [L. resplendens, resplendeo ; RE-SPLEN’DEN-CY, re and splendeo, to shine. } Brilliant luster ; vivid brightness ; splendor. Son! thou in whom my glory I behold In full resplendence, heir of all my might. Milton. RE-SPLEN’DENT, a. [Supra.] Very bright; shin- ing with brilliant luster. With royal arras and resplendent gold. RE-SPLEN/DENT-LY, adv. With great brightness, RE-SPLITY, v. t. re and split.] To split again. RE-SPLIT", v. 7. To split or rend a second time. Smellie. RE-SPOND’, v. i. [Fr. repondre; It. rispondere; Sp. responder ; Li. respondeo ; re and spondeo, to promise that is, to send to. Hence vespondeo is to sen back. ] 1. To answer; to reply. A new affliction strings a new chord in the heart, which responds to some new note of complaint within the wide scale of hu- To respite his day labor with repast. Spenser. With brilliant luster ; man woe, Buckminster. 2. To correspond ; to suit. To every theme responds thy various lay, Broome. 3. To be answerable; to be liable to make pay- ment; as, the defendant is held to respond in dam- ages. RE-SPOND’, v. t. To answer; to satisfy by payment. The surety was held to respond the judgment of court. The goods attached shall be held to respond the judgment. Sedgwick. Mass. Rep. RE-SPOND’, n. A short anthem interrupting the reading of a chapter, which is not to proceed till the anthem is ended. Wheatly. 2. An answer. [Votinuse.] Ch. Relig. Appeal. RE-SPOND/ED, pp. Answered; satisfied by pay- ment. RE-SPOND/ENCE, RE-SPOND/EN-CY, § RE-SPOND/ENT, a. mand or expectation. nm. An answering. Chalmers. Answering ; that answers to de- Wealth respondent to payment and contributions. Bacon. RE-SPOND/ENT, nz. One that answers in a suit, particularly a chancery suit. ; 2. In the schools, one Who maintains a thesis in re- ply, and whose province is to refute objections, or overthrow arguments. Watts. RE-SPON-DEN’TIA, n. In commercial law, a loan upon goods laden on board aship. It differs from Borromry, which is a loan on the ship itself. Bouvier. RE-SPOND'ING, ppr. Answering ; corresponding. RE-SPONS/AL, a. Answerable; responsible. [Not in use. Heylin. RE-SPONS/AL, n. Response ; answer. Brevint. 2. One who is responsible. [Nee in use.| Barrow. RE-SPONSE’, (re-spons’,) n. [lL responsum.] 1. An answer or reply; particularly, an oracular answer. 2. The answer of the people or congregation to the priest, in the litany and other parts of divine ser- vice. Addison. 3. Reply to an objection in formal disputation, Watts. 4. In the Roman Catholic church, a kind of anthem sung after the lessons of matins and some other parts of the office. Bp. Fitzpatrich. 5. In a fugue, a repetition of the given subject by another part. Busby. RE-SPONS-L-BIL’I-TY, n. [from responsible.] The state of being accountable or answerable, as for a trust or office, or for a debt. Burke. Paley. It is used in the plural; as, heavy responszbilities. Johnsons Rep. 2. Ability to answer in payment; means of paying contracts. RE-SPONS/I-BLE, a. [from UL. resporsus, respondeo.] 1. Liable to account; accountable ; answerable ; as for a trust reposed, or fora debt. We are all re- sponsible for the talents intrusted to us by our Cre- ator. A guardian is responsible for the faithful dis- charge of his duty to his ward. The surety is re- sponsible for the debt of his principal, ~ ; 2. Able to discharge an obligation ; or having es- tate adequate to the payment of adebt. In taking bail, the officer will ascertain whether the proposed surety is a vesponsible man. RES 7 2. eur: to make payment of an obligation or de- mand. RE-SPONS/LBLY, adv. Ina responsible manner. RE-SPON’SION, (-spon/shun,) n. [L. responsio. } 1. The act of answering. [Wot used. } 2. In the university of Ozford, an examination about the middle of the college course, also called the little-go. [See LittiE-co.] Lyell. RE-SPONS/IVE, a. Answering; making reply. 2. Correspondent ; suited to something else. The vocal lay responsive to the strings. RE-SPONS/IVE-LY, adv. RE-SPONS/IVE-NESS, n. ive. RE-SPONS'’O-RY, a, Containing answer. RE-SPONS/O-RY, x. A response; the answer of the people to the priest in the alternate speaking, in church service. REST, n. [Sax. rest, rest, quiet ora lying down ; Dan. G. and Sw. rast; D. rust. The German has also rule, Sw.70, Dan. roe, rest, repose. In W. araws and arosi signify to stay, stop, wait. This Teutonic word can not be the L. resto, if the latter is a com- pound of re and sto; but is an original word of the Class Rd, Rs. See the verb.] 1, Cessation of motion or action of any kind, and applicable to any body or being; as, rest from labor ; rest from mental exertion ; rest of body or mind. A body is at rest when it ceases to move; the mind is at rest when it ceases to be disturbed or agitated ; -the sea is never at rest. Hence, 2. Quiet ; repose; a state free from motion or dis- turbance ; a state of reconciliation to God. Learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart ; and ye shall Pope. In a responsive manner. State of being respons- find rest unto your souls. — Matt. xi. 3. Sleep ; as, retire to vest. 4. Peace; national quiet. The land had rest eighty years. —Judges iii. Dent. xii. 9. The final sleep; death. Dryden. 6. A place of quiet; permanent habitation. Ye are not as yet come to the vest, and to the inheritance which the Lord your God giveth you. — Deut. xii. 7. Any place of repose. In dust, our final rest and native home. Milton, 8. That on which any thing leans or lies for sup- port. 1 Kings vi. Their visors closed, their lances in the rest, Dryden. 9. In poetry, a short pause of the voice in reading ; a cesura. 10. In philosophy, the continuance of a body in the same place. 1]. Final hope. Sea fights have been final to the war; but this is when princes set up their rest upon the batle. [Obs.] acon. 12. Cessation from tillage. Zev. xxv. 13. The gospel church or new covenant state, in which the people of God enjoy repose, and Christ shall be glorified. Js. xi. 14, In music, a pause ; an interval during which the voice or sound is intermitted; also, the mark of such intermission. REST, n. ([Fr. reste, from rester, to remain, L. resto. ] 1, That which is left, or which remains after the separation of a part, either in fact or in contempla- tion ; remainder, Religion gives part of its reward in hand — the present comfort of having done our duty, and for the rest, it offers us the best security that Heaven can give. wlotson. 2. Others ; those not included in a proposition or description. [In this sense, vest is a noun, but with a Singular termination, expressing plurality.] Plato and the rest of the philosophers. Salling fleet. Armed like the rest, the Trojan prince appears. Dryden. The election hath obtained it, and the rest were blinded, — Rom. xi. REST, v. 7 [Sax. restan, hrestan, to pause, to cease, to be quiet; D. rusten; G. rasten; Sw. rasta. See Class Rd, No. 81, 82.] _ : : 1. To cease from action or motion of any kind ; to stop; a word applicable to any body or being, and to any kind of motion. 2, ‘To cease from labor, work, or performance. God rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had made. — Gen. ii. So the people rested on the seventh day. — Ex. xvi. 3. Yo be quiet or still ; to be undisturbed. There rest, if any rest can harbor there. 4. To cease from war; to be at peace. And the land rested from war. —Josh. xi. 5. To be quiet or tranquil, as the mind; not to be agitated by fear, anxiety, or other passion, 6. To lie; to repose; as, to rest on a bed 7. To sleep; to slumber. Fancy then retires Into her private cell, when nature resis. Milton. 8 To sleep the final sleep; to die or be dead. Glad I lay me down, As in my mother’s lap; there I should rest, Multon. . 3 7 38 j j And sleep secure. Milton. . The delay of appearance at court granted to a | RE-SPONS/I-BLE-NESS, z. State of being liable to : : sigh hepond the SPOKOE term. Basestane: answer, repay, or account ; responsibility. 9. To lean; to recline for support ; as, to rest TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J, $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 5 119 Beery: . 945 ne (:een ing St 93 FS against ES sols a tre testim py A ony e truth 10. To.s of religi . To.stand gion vests rests on i on;t on divi RES its “4 3 0 be su ine ae 11. T pedestal pported b restive Steec . oO Abie . Ss ed. “ Heaven’ be satisfied ; y; as, a column of horses tha It seems origi 12. ' g ifetertinatio to acqui A at would ginally t reels inatio jesce ; ll who bef : not be dri o hav : o jean; n. >; as t Li efore | ; » drive e bee as man’s promi n; to trust; t eee On abored to apart did uscend t en forward neused 8, T RES i ise, 3. to sig is 2 %. aw three resti 1e throne : . ay } 13. To co 7 rely ? as, to 5 Sits _ Uny ieldir qs estive nations ne Jer c c repair “58 Fi 14. To Eat fixed. J. rest On a 3. Being at ng; as, restive st we Ros Ngee Da o rebuild - as 15. rminate ; to sa. li. g at rest, or less 1 stubbornness SCOMMOT . To revi Me 1X 3 a8, to rest To hang, lie, ¢ to come to REST’IVE-N ess in actic ness. L’ Est revive ; to resusci ore and to bui g, lie a IV on ra. V es u Over at z » OF be fixed n end. Exek xvi po ‘ti E-NESS , [Wot in Ng 6- 10 V hose son he | uscitate : to b ud ent § ~ . (4h lL SIT1O mS, 7 nee USEC» ea . ad 3 j 16. To abide i cloud shall rest by da 2. Ore move. Obstinate reluct Bee ll ae return orb areas to life tone back to life They said, The , ce remain with y Milton. eine unwillinene ance or wndis- life. ; Beene to PDE Da after ab Kings vill, ; ii. Peclen rpirit of Elijah d . 1 5 as {fror eness. 12. T KOSS se of si absence. 5 2 - Vil. h re nquiet ; nrest; S 2. To rene in and . Heb. xiii 7. 0 vii oth rest on Elis restles ‘let ; uneas ; Sax J renew id ame _ xiii. . To be isha. ——2 Ki ess child easy 5 ren restleas peace 1s or reés . ndmer peace of . calm or co ings 9: Bei d. ; continual Ss. ] =) s restored reéstablish it of sci mposed i . Being wi ally movi stored = Br after i ; | T conscience p sed in : g witl noving : : , iendshi r int ay 0 rest wil . mind ; : Restl 1out slee gf as 13: TD nip bet errupti oY asl with; to bei ; to en estless he ep; uneas S, a » Lo rec ween on; as ; as, it res 0 be Itt the JOY 1¢ passed ; uneasy obsc cover O the aes = i| REST , it rests w Foe > POW 3. Pass f d the re . > ured r rer parties is + 5 - ith h wer of : asse remné or lew $18 M1) | To be} aie ean todecide. to\depend ‘up- a restless oan a aietiols: of the night. D a corrupted ; as, Ce eee of i RES‘ eft; to re as 4.U Eee it. SS; as fotnati ryden. _ Be In t 3 restor an auth t ; Ds Ds.b To lay aS [ Obs.] in sitte goods -t. [ a painti a state 9 7T , to rest my piety has Se . Uneasy ) restles est or RBE-STO ds take re and s nting, s of 2, To plac ny wandering paid 6. U asy ; turb stless ambitic STOR’ en out w store.) T g, Statue, & on the t ce, as on < ering shade . Unsettle ulent ; as ition ; re ED were 7e-s -| Lo sto » HC. ; ruth of a su ee D plac ed: dis - as, restl ; ecovere 5 Pp. Rett stored. store agai i the Scri pport. W ryden ace or CO po isposed , restless subj RE-S ae ed; cu irned; b Aha gain. Her wea: Scripture e rest : condition. to wande ubyects STORE! MI red ; re ; broughtt / ae ary hea > our caus Resilesa c * ander . ti wMEN‘ =), newed ; a yack ; retri RE-STAG! soe d upon your b use a ess at home or to chang ion. No iN IT 5 Ms The ; reéstablis ’ retrieved : NAN 08 REST and D RE-S’ t h ishe Stapr ee a a. [L om rest, - aST ‘LESS a » and ever prone ge uD TOR/E ; used. } € act of res me ned. 2 | [No pnant ; remaini - restag Waller , SS-LY, adv to range what i oR, 2 O storing ; | REST mach used ee eta | ve = Ee Without rest #1 Dryden We ee ne that rest pee ST AG/NAT ‘ ut a f an rind casts 4 rest ; “aries reéstat . Injus stores ; rowy E f NATE : ow other. and turns its - unquietly RE-S" aes ablishes stly detai Ss; onet ‘ Le tester TE, v.t [L. rest a a REST’/LESS-N os itself restlessly a oN nes ORING, pp one oi Felons o stant . Testagno; Tre oyle. state oa ESS é om one thing IngIns bac : PEes Returni o repairs RE cn ad renee without fl and eeegnes mind . dane or f neasiness Soull. ~ eee back 5 recovering € what is lost u-STA ord 1s supersede owi 9 BE. ; aritatio ss 3; unquie SSTRA aes ishing 83 curing : st or taken : RES/T aN AITION meedee by Ser Wiseman 5 Ny ant of sleep gitation, either oF peel -a oes BIN 2. te (ir gj renewing ae fae 6 Ue >a wlagne nee ei TE. | : . Motion; z . or rest : ody o ret Bars ; Sp. ‘ at. restrai ; - aan fntag, gation, which se _magnetieneddign ests uneasiness. J | Feandlstringes to strain straindre Te rst ation has fai aining, as fi Bote = I-5 LO ZC 3 as, the a Tare 2 participle strain. T stringtr ; L SUTUINETE RES'T. as failen o , as footst STOR'A-B : , the restles rvey. He iple tc . The lett 3 L. restri ? LU» ‘AU-RA en off; persi stalks aft rest A-BLE stlessness f ence, stri o be cas etter ¢ stringo } hous ANT. 3 persistent after the fructi stored to a for a. [fre sof the| 2 se, strictus, stric asual; string appears fr , se. 5 (Tes’ u . ructi- la a fo < ym reste e remove > strict, s os S| Sart pears fr RES-TAU'RA Gostesung) [Ee] Aneath - | RESTOR se Soa cena in Boyle. | Toot of ea 0 Ne eats eave strigo. 3 A-TE «i 4 peas se ! ition : < ; ay | r me ense. Wi rizo Col > two le Baw storer.] ‘T TEUR n eati bl t/ A-BLE-N n; as wane oot of re , with go colncl etters : ’ ; res-to atin g- le. -NESS 3 as, rest of reach, s L. ncides exz ers st for Or keeper We tor/a-tur,) 7 g- | RE-STOR’ ESS, n. State seals 1. To nae stretch, ais rectus Pe aaa rm RES-TAU-R al refreshment. eating-house [Fr., a re- BE oie L, 7. Resti of being eke proceeding “ back ; to ee yright, and the Rectorate ON : se, or hous -RA’TION stitution stora- orce g, or advanci eck; to | estoratior cy {Be ouse 1. The IN, 2 = « [Moti cpieiel aa or by any i icing, eitl jold fre The pre 1 to a for . restaur 1e act of ore [E r, Tes um Use. stram < Sheet ny intery Suh by roi om acti oe! 1 e present prasad good ee ten replacing in stauralion | Barrow. ee bya eealee SRY Pe sical or oor sews ¢ < ate. old the dif ‘ . Tes o sta ae US Le p. . ITZ REST/ED graphy is Restor Rej rae eu - ormer state estauro.] and dikes. by fences; ae we restrai Thus we re : 3 PP . ATI igs ro g in thy restor les agree : Bae a eee ; we S; we reslr of n cattle A ' RE STE p- Laid on for sup] on, which ates we speak of tl restoration. Sia by rel restrain er. water a een 2E-STE M/ jnort ; re e, Or to x : ) 1e an, by S; we7es aioe roin cri m dy a ie ; ; reposed ; reli ¢ 0a goods restoratio Dryd. 1, Dy argume estrain y crimes i ams ae eee t. [reand stem.] I posed ; relieved + 2. Orit a poe standing Hiss ion of a man t a en cea or a oung ae: tres- | LE STFU . » 5 ‘oO fi ration ONE eyed revival : nO society oO nis empt t Ss; we , 2 1; we res “5 yvyhen : \ Jib, a orce b fic of frie val ; reésté ZAELY« s of- mpt to restrain Vi restrat restrar we i UL, a. [from r ack agai ion of pe ndship betwe ablishme 9. ‘To. repr ain Vice n the ele n men i = est. y 4 nst : peace afte p betwe nent; as o. repress e, but slements ; and REST/FUL-LY ] Quiet; being Shak. cs Erect Le enemies ; Ae the res- fenders. press ; to keep ae always vat we at- } Soin My if at res tee: feet > rest ales 5 bie : 2° To i awe; - ls ny f > Av. I 5 rest . ecove orati a restor A = e@: as ucces ar na st ee = overy : On © me 7 a- = : Oo Sl - 5 as A Ss, REST!/-H/ 1 state of res Shak as, restora ery 5 renewé of a declini strain exc SECS t - , to restrain of. a HAR/ROW rest or quiet ke mn eration fron Gk val of healtt ling P a xcess ; to hinder or of- = le genus V5 Te A ; 4 rk. is ecovery fi sickness 0 ealth and s 7 Oral ia repress ; a F Pe Aner C anne with BCH Europea Herbert. restoration ee from a lapse or from Se aoe ees nee as OES ; to hinder fi SS 5-38 Oe i acco US n ong, to : ean pla : Booly nan fr se or any bz sanity. I ibert Pie restrat oy fron i a ecommodati , 7 In Ind 7, tough roots ant, of n theol om apos y bad sta y- in one of 2 unlimi 4 REST’ odation. of nau oots 7 cove COLO LY om apostasy state; < > ne of hi imited enj » [FF n- of trave » an em See * very of : £Y, univers: asy- ; as tl 5. To eye 1is pleas v enjoy ~ avelers : : Ne al Boe rsal res » the o limit ; pleasure o joy- : resto. | gic Beare a Baclire House for the Dae state ar n from sin STON the fi Not only Lit ; to confine Gaver or of his J . ’ . ; , seral " } : ap 11 an 21] 2 © c y & meu nhvsi , . S P ." aU nwilling to restivo, restio : a 1660 In Basle. th SS 5 anivay sen e 7a re- 6 also to be Ohya or natural, t Shak. F a ein refiisi £0 0 é . ; trom IT a OU, and tl > 1e retur xx galv: < om God . T g trained by : me al, but a "A Fu sfus ’ ro e 4s RES-T : je reests i urn ait atlo ow y a ps moral ae ii \ cee sine 2 Peet running back aes ana the regstabishment of mon Charles II Tt Oo eae oa Tua. Waa is ee “E. - More us rward ; S ack; obsti eves in % IN-IST )f monar. 2 in| BE-S hou restrai “aT : atts e 4 REST! isually wri ; stubbo ySUl- fin: a tem > n AU be archy - In STRAIN ainest pray s Aan 4 IFF J ritten jes rm: as, ¢ nal restor: , porary fut é nivers iy >» AIN/A-B ss ayer hefore a : REST! 5 2 A LESTIV 7 S, a Gor oration « x uture Dp rsalist ‘ 4 LE re God. — STVIFF-NES: stubbe vE, Whicl xod. of allt punishn who be-| BE-SL , a. Capabl -— Job x7 6 ) nate -NESS porn horse ch | RE-STOR’ o the fav rent, but i “i -STRAIN/E pable of bei i , a reluctance a The [See ie Stee ORJA-TIVE or and prese in a wanderi [N ED, pp T ne restraine : 2. Obsti € or Indisposi ESTIVEN strength ¢ Vit, a ™ sence of NderIng ; os leld back > ed. a é RE-STI bstinate un me isposition ree ess.] Obsti RE-STO 1 and vigor That has 0 abridged ; ; withheld ; pack from Brown i ; ae N€’/TION willingness to move. bsti- meen A-TIVE, as power to re eet once ; repressed advancing or oe LZU0 3 Ibs Te Pe s yz stre t,7. A 3 new wen fence" N’/ED ie pd 3) 2 aol oe ieee » meStINCEL I : AT . it -L 1 ssed Be. nae oat of q [L. restinctio, restu Bacon RESTSI igth and ee eee efficaci Encye. an Y, adv. With1 DE ee ; LEST/ING uenchi STIN GUO 5 7 g S-STOR/ gor, or in x ae ous in ioe LAIN! restrai Be eo! I ching - j;7e and OR/A-TIV recruiti n re- N/ER aint: wi é be w x, ppr. C & or extingui : tha A-TIVE-LY iting the vi a ike ook ; with] 10Ve . Ceasin extinguishi at tends -L g the v e : Im- _flepending a apittads to ningun Ne: ne STowvA renew a Coy In a man eee RE-STRAIN’ING or that which eens ie EST'T g or rel ie se lyi Or act; § E-STO AST O-=huye strength manner © a ing ; aN ene 7 rains % es. : vi NG_P elying ying; leani ; ceasing STORE! Ven AS or vigo or degre “ASD checki » PPTs Holdi : ae? RE-ST NG-PLAC o° O13 aning; g to r Ue. t ,~ a. Restc woe I. gree or acti ng; repres ° ding bac Brou ty IN// 3 JE g; sta : and P« « te EF : yrative ion: § pressl ae ack 3 DN. " gu0 ; 2» UES Ge A place fox nding ; fre a paul L, restaurer; Tk [ Bad.] 2. a j SUP DIE Se ng; De Tae te proceed ee 4 . 2-S a5 . Tes . res sty : le . ed- a fe RE To Heo extinouo sungiew ish ate ry sense ee root of Be ee: steer e Sp aS ridging ; limitin om motion is 1 SITLTU OF exti : 3) Db Tis 0£0 ees? o set, t 2 2, SLOTY hi 31S a con Ve rhs Pa j e “NTT DR 3 = Copsts f soli st y, lis som pc : 1a ; > as ‘ f set. TUTE, v. Ona [L. restin- aay od 3 to lay or to ay a The oe RES pate: checks or hind , a restraining ' i T - [L. rest : is ) return row, as in G na- S-STRA IN ers fror ‘ 2 R To restore estituo; Field he has lost to a person, ¢ n Gr. ore- | RE- STRAIN'MENT m sin; as, restrai Ebene a former € and statuo ' unjustly 1 5 or which he nT, as a specifi 4 7 T RAINT’” 4h cF wike Act f v > restrain- 1 7} ON, 7 state ; tO to the = detained iB as been t ic thing whi Loonhe 5 Th [ fre ao of restraini . The ac »m% [L . [Not us Je OWwne . Wer aken from b which i 1€ act C om Fr. restrei aining { ; some thi act of reti . restituti used. | 1eY. restore ] rom hi Ing fro yr operatic 2 restreint ° ling _ returni itutio, | -] Dye N ost : im and 5 m moti ration of eint. | j depri g or r ling ' yer. ow, there or stole the wi otion hold ; : rived : right of g OF restori , therefore, re plen good vill. or of , in any ding back F hs esta C ¢ ’ of: any md 5 yack oO r erownhe. as, the resti which |} ring to oT , restore to the S 2. Abri any action, vanner; hi r hinde < © restituti 1e has ) a pers fi o replace e man his wi EN | yridgment of ion, physi ; hinder oie a i Restituti ution of as been erson ormer ace ; to re wife. — Ge nan by 1 nent of lik , physical, t erance of e) aE stitution i ancient ri unjustly place. eturn: as en. XX. 9. Pi imprisonm iberty: as , moral, or 1 (0) i ; aken ow: 3 made b rights t y Pi 5 as a person 3. Prohibiti ment or by ; as, the o mental oT ay or los y restori a o the iaraoh sl or thir W ition: ar or DY duress restraint Of . 2 The ac Dats Storing < Spense Seon shall restor ng toa hat moved ; a rule whi “SS. uw of a : alent fi act of maki g a specifi eNSCT. . To bring e thee to thy Asis ved our par lich restrai - . or a aking ific thi , g back 1y place. — one resirai parents to t strains ie tion any loss, d g good mg The fi . . —Gen, xl 4 . tint, lords of ranseress hi - ae 2 ss, damage , or of givi e father banished vi WES . Limitati Is of the wor ss his will at e ror giving AL AL : ished ¥ . ation 5 k orld bes! : H . Be, OF 1 ng an e : . 0 irtue st - 1: restricti esides, ak 3. Th ¢ reshtution to th njury 5 ioar ae BCYs aeatanee back or Ir shall 28105 6, D a Were atented CaUTICHON : Milton | [ a 64 e value m nifica *nsion ecove ryd estraints, f ed, vet it mus te i Un: ct of r makes e ‘ S. Hossicee 1n m la 5, The therwise be mi at BST covering a forme Sandys Restore it ot Eden, ates , to its former tute, degener- The ! bat which - : than itis Se within any bold i a 2 i aan e ereater m ate. > laws ar : estrains Ss y i a hol tom of all thi r state 0 ur fortu a mS regain the bi iter me RE as S are res ; ains . } : ! c ne res re’ bis an E-STRIET rest , hinde ron. RES!” Ly. and he WwNOS : postur stored afte issiul sea = LIET!. 7 raints ders . BS/TE-TU-TOR, state. ene the Gane a To heal ; to ae severest aflct Mito ie ResTRal Ms t [L Pratt injustice, represses p lil So Ww me ALS ha 6 t ons, £ A n. ry’ . Sem N, ® res ri ot m ms . = 5B R LST] used. | pe ONO . orld i nd was ; to reco Prio o limit: ctus, fr > IVE who m n 6. T s restored wl ver from di r, a9. to . to CO , from restri eee ‘ : , seas s. to restri nfine : string 0 1. Unw a, [It < akes resti ti o mak Ree isease >. strict W to : Bu - «v¥e , restiv estituti ake e res . 1e othe . strict a pati words ? restré : ate sea hs vi aoe Peeiocufronicl tution. Say Ring aan Ww eee xii TRIE to a So. a parties within bound efusing t , or onl l val omethi ry action fi , R af TIBI a certain di ar meani Sis o mo y run A . resto ] He ue, ing els orat i RE-STRIC” yD pp : diet. aning ; t > ve fo ning ba . e shall se. O a thin I€T/IN , pp. Lil 2 ; to re- rwar g back; i rest , or somethi g| RE-S’ ING. 7 nited ; Ne F Bee eee obsti- 7 Tc Ex. xxii five oxen for an ething, of STRICTION, i ited. AcOnanen to bound ATE, F ; as, a . To gi : an ox, and f _ Limitatic None. (ar e to limi unds ‘ somethi give fo our shee ee vee ation ; ., fro nits. * , FAR, FALL omething for satisfac p for a shee This isto t ; confine oe m I. restrictus ALL, WHAT 2 not take sfaction fo p- have the same ment withi ictus. | AT,— METH, PR iste bon some deg i? Restri ce regione aa bounds. fe Perel 5 EY ake ngs ni Ss riction er recrenti i X,— ificati : of w eee Go ations. PINE, MAR} AeablonyD B ords, is the limi v. of Ue Tongue INE, BIRD 2, Restraint particular m: imitation of : . NOM ; as, restri anner OF d their si BE, D , restrictions egree g- , DOVE ons ontrade: A cee MOVE wo rade. oN z LF, BOOK. ee 946RES RET RET RE-STRIC€T/IVE, a. [Fr. restrictif.] 1. Having the quality of limiting, or of expressing limitation ; as, a restrictive particle. 2. Imposing restraint ; as, vestrictive laws of trade. 3. Styptic. pues used. ] iscman. RE-STRICT/IVE-LY, adv. With limitation. Gov. of the Tongue. RE-STRINGE’, (re-strinj’,)v.f. [L. restringo, supra.] To confine; to contract ; to astringe. RE-STRIN/GEN-CY, rn. The quality or power of con- tracting. Petty. RE-STRIN’/GENT, a. Astringent; styptic. RE-STRIN’GENT, zn. A medicine that operates as an astringent or styptic. Harvey. RE-STRIVE’, v.% [re and strive.] To strive anew. Sackville. REST’Y, a The same as Restrve or Restirr, of Which it is a contraction. RE-SUB-JE€/TION, ». [re and sudjection.] A sec- ond subjection. Bp. Hall. RE-SUB-LI-MA/TION, x. A second sublimation. RE-SUB-LIME’, vw. t. [re and sublime.) To sub- lime again ; as, to reswblime mercurial sublimate. m JWVewton. RE-SUB-LIM'ED, pp. Sublimed a second time. RE-SUB-LIM/ING, ppr. Sublining again. RE-SU-DA’TION, n. [L. resudatus, resudo; re and sudo, to sweat. ] The act of sweating again. RE-SULT’, v. 2 [Fr. resulter; L. resulto, resilio; re and salio, to leap. 1. To leap back ; to rebound. The huge round stone, resulting with a bound. Pope. 2. To proceed, spring, or rise, as a consequence, froin facts, arguments, premises, combination of cir- cumstances, consultation, or meditation. Evidence results from testimony, or from a variety of concur- ring circumstances; pleasure results from friendship ; harmony resilts from certain accordances of sounds. Pleasure and peace naturally result from a holy and good life. ulotson. 3. To come out, or have an issue 5 to terminate ; followed by in; as, this measure wil) ssult mm good, or in evil. RE-SULT’, 7. Resilience ; act of flying back. Sound is produced between the string and the air, by the return of the result of the string. Bacon. 9. Consequence ; conclusion; inference; effect; that which proceeds naturally or logically from facts, premises, or the state of things; as, the result of reasoning; the result of reflection; the result of a consultation or council ; the result of a legislative debate. The misery of sinners wil e the natural result of their vile affections and crimine sdulgencies. J. Lathrop. 3. The decision or determination of a council or deliberative assembly ; as, the result of an ecclesias- tical council. New England. RE-SULT/ANCE, 7 The act of resulting. — RE-SULT/ANT, m in mechanics, a force which is the combined effect of two or more forces, acting in different directions. RE-SULT/ANT, a. That results from the combina- tion of two or more; as, a resultant force, &c. RE-SULT/ING, ppr. or a. Proceeding as a conse- quence, effect, or conclusion of something; coming to a determination. 2 In law, resulting use, is a use which returns to bim who raised it, after its expiration or during the impossibility of vesting in the person intended. RE-SUM/A-BLE, a. [from resume.] That may be taken back, or that may be taken up again. RE-SU-ME!, (ra-zu-ma',) [Fr.] A summing up; a condensed statement. RE-SUME’, (re-zume’,) v. ¢. to take. 1. To take back what has been given. The sun, like this from which our sight we have, Gazed on too long, resumes the light be gave. [L. resumo; re and sumo, Denham. ~ 2, To take back what has been taken away. They resume what has been obtained fraudulently. Davenant. 3. To take again after absence; as, to reswme a seat. Reason resumed her place, and Passion fled. Dryden. 4. To take up again after interruption; to begin again; as, to sesume an argument or discourse. This is now its most frequent use.] RE-SUM’/ED, (re-zumd’,) pp. Taken back; taken again ; begun again after interruption. RE-SUM/ING, ppr. Taking back; taking again; be- ginning again after interruption. RE-SUM/MON, v. ft. Tosummon or call again. 2, To recall; to recover. Bacon. RE-SUM’MON-ED, pp. Summoned again ; recov- ered, RE-SUM/MON-ING, ppr. Recalling; recovering. RE-SUMP’TION, n. [Fr., from L. resumptis.] The act of resuming, taking back, or taking again ; as, the resumption of a grant. RE-SO/PI-NATE, a. [L. resupinatus, resupino; re and supino, supinus, lying on the back.] stock, as the flowers of Orchis. Lindley. RE-SU-PI-NA/TION, n. [Supra.] The state of lying versed, as a corol. RE-SU-PINE’, a. Lying on the back. resurgo; re and surgo, to rise.] A rising again; chiefly, the revival of the dead of the human race, or their return from the grave, par- ticularly at the general judgment. By the resurrec- tion of Christ we have assurance of the future res- urrection of men. 1 Pet. 1. In the resurrection, they neither marry nor are given in mar- riage. — Matt. xxii. RES-UR-RE€/TION-IST, 2. One whose business is to steal bodies from the grave. [Low.] RE-SUR-VEY’, (-sur-va’,) v. t. Re and survey.] To survey again or anew ; to review. Shak, RE-SUR-VEY’, (-sur-va',) rn. A second survey. RE-SUR-VEY’ED, (-vade’,) pp. Surveyed again. RE-SUR-VEY/ING, ppr. Surveying anew ; reviewing. RE-SUS/CLTATE, v.t. [L. resuscito; re and suscito, to raise. ] To revivify; to revive; particularly, to recover from apparent death ; as, to resuscitate a drowned erson ; to resuscitate withered plants. RE-SUS/CI-TA-TED, pp. Revived; revivified; re- produced. RE-SUS/CLTA-TING, ppr. Reviving ; revivifying ; reproducing. RE-SUS-CI-TA/TION, n. The act of reviving from a state of apparent death ; the state of being revivi- fied. Pope. RE-SUS/CI-TA-TIVE, a. Reviving; revivifying; raising from apparent death ; reproducing. RE-SUS/CI-TA-TOR, n. One who resuscitates. RE-TAIL/, v. t. [Fr. retailer; re and tailler, to cut ; It. ritaghare. 1. To sell in small quantities or parcels, from the sense of cutting or dividing ; opposed to selling by wholesale; as, to retail cloth or groceries. 2. To sell at second hand. Pope. 3, To tellin broken parts; to tell to many; as, to retail slander or idle reports. RE/TAIL, n. The sale of commodities in small quan- tities or parcels, or at second hand. Addison. RE-TAIL’ED, pp. Sold in small quantities. RE-TAIL/ER or RE/TAIL-ER, x. [This word, like the noun retail, is often, perhaps generally, accented on the first syllable in America. ] One who sells goods by small quantities or parcels, RE-TAIL/ING, ppr. ora. Selling in small quantities. RE-TAIL/MENT, n. Act of retailing. RE-TAIN’, v.t. [Fr. retenir; It. ritenere; Sp. retener 5 L. retineo; re and teneo, to hold.] 1. To hold or keep in possession ; not to lose or part with or dismiss. The memory retains ideas which facts or arguments have suggested to the mind. They did not like to retain God in their knowledge. — Rom. i. 9. To keep, as an associate ; to keep from depart. ure. : ee Whom I would have retained with me, — Phil, xiii. 3. To keep back; to hold. An executor may retain a debt due to him from the testator. slackstone. 4. To hold from escape. Some substances retain heat much longer than others. Metals readily re- ceive and transmit heat, but do not long retain it. Seek cloths that retain their color. on the back; the state of being resupinate or re-| RE-TAK/ING, ppr. RE-TAL/I-ATE, v. 7. To return like for like; as, to RE-TAL/I-A-TED, pp. Returned, as Jike for like. RE-TAL/I-4-TING, ppr.- Returning like for like. RE-TAL-LA/TION, n. RE-TAL/I-A-TIVE, a. Returning like for like: RE-TAL/I-A-TO RY, a. Returning like for like; as, RE-TARD/, v. t. [Fr. retarder; Li. retardo; re and 5. To kecp in pay; to hire. A Benedictine convent has now retained the most learned father of their order to write in its defense. Addison. 6. To engage; to employ by a fee paid; as, to re- tain a counselor. RE-TAIN’, v. t% To belong to; to depend on; as, coldness mixed with a somewhat languid relish, re- taining to bitterness. Boyle. [Not in use. We now use PERTAIN. ] 9. To keep; tocontinue. [JVot in use. RE-TAIN/A-BLE, a. Capable of being retained. Ashe. RE-TAIN/ED, pp. Held; Kept in possession ; kept as an associate ; kept in pay ; kept from escape. RE-TAIN/ER, x. One who retains; as an executor, who retains a debt due from the testator. Blackstone. 9, One who is kept in service; an attendant; as, the retainers of the ancient princes and nobility. 3, An adherent ; a dependant; a hanger on. Shak. 4. A servant, not a domestic, but occasionally at- tending and wearing his master’s livery. Cowel. Brande, 5. Among lawyers, a fee paid to engage a lawyer or counselor to maintain a cause. 6. The act of keeping dependants, or being in de- endence. : : acon. RE-TAIN/ING, ppr. or a. Keeping in possession ; keeping as an associate ; keeping from escape ; hir- ing; engaging counsel; as, a retaining fee. RE-TAKE’, v. t.; pret. RetTooK; pp. WETAKEN. [re RE-SUMP’TIVE, a. Taking back or again. and take.] To take again. Clarendon. 2. To take from a captor ; to recapture 5 as, to re- take a ship or prisoners. } In botany, inverted in position by a twisting of the | RE-TAK’EN, pp. Taken again; recaptured. RE-TAK/ER, n. One who takes again what has been taken ; a recaptor. ent. Taking again; taking from a captor. RE-TAK/ING, n. A taking again; recapture. RES-UR-REC/TION, x. [Fr., from L. resurrectus, RE-TAL’/LATE, v.t. [Low L. retalio; re and talio, from talis, like.] To return like for like; to repay or requite by an act of the same kind as has been received. It isnow seldom used, except in a bad sense, that is, to return evil for evil; as, to retaliate injuries. Im war, ene- mies often retaliate the death or Inhuman treatment of prisoners, the burning of towns, or the plunder of goods. It is unlucky to be obliged to retaliate the injuries of authors, whose works are so soon forgotten that we are in danger of appearing the first aggressors, Swift. retaliate Upon an enemy. The return of like for like; the doing that to another which he has done tous ; requital of evil. South. 2. In a good sense, return of good for good. God takes what is done to others as done to himself, and by prom- Cala; ise obliges himself to full retaliation. ITY» [This, according to modern usage, is harsh.] retaliatory Measures ; retaliatory edicts. Canning. Walsh. tardo, to delay ; tardus, slow, late. See peace 1. Vo diminish the velocity of motion ; to hinder; to render more slow in progress; as, to retard the march of an army ; to retard the motion of a ship. The resistance of air retards the velocity of a cannon- ball. It is opposed to ACCELERATE. 2. To delay ; to put off; to render more late; as, to retard the attacks of old age; to retard a rupture between nations. My visit was retarded by business. RE-TARD!, v. i. To stay back. [Vot in use.] Brown. RE-TARD-a'TION, n. The act of abating the velo- city of motion; hinderance; the act of delaying ; as, the retardation of the motion of a ship; the retarda- tion of hoary hairs. acon. RE-TARD/A-TIVE, a. That retards. RE-TARD/ED, pp. or a. Hindered in motion ; delayed. RE-TARD/ER, x. One that retards, hinders, or de- lays. RE-TARD/ING, ppr. Abating the velocity of motion ; hindering; delaying. RE-TARD/MENT, x. The act of retarding or delay- ing. Cowley. RETCH, v. i. [Sax. hrecan; Dan. rekker, to reach, to stretch, to vetch, to vomit; the same word as reach ; the present orthography, retch, being wholly arbitra- ry. see Reacu.] “Mo make an effort to vomit; to heave ; as the stom- ach ; to strain, as in vomiting ; properly, to Reacw. RETCH’LESS, careless, is not in use. [See Recx- LESS Dryden. RE-Tis’CLOUS, (-shus,) a. Resembling net-work. RE-TEC@’TION, n. [L. retectus, from retego, to un- cover; re and tego, to cover.] i : The act of disclosing or producing to view some- thing concealed ; as, the retection of the native color of the body. Boyle. RE'TE MU-€0'SUM, n. [L.] The layer of the skin intermediate between the cutis and the cuticle, the principal seat of color in man. Parr. RE-TENT’, n. That which 1s retained, §_Kirwan. RE-TEN’TION, zn. ([Fr., from L. retentio, retinco; re and teneo, to hold.] k 1. The act of retaining or keeping. 9. The power of retaining; the faculty of the mind by which it retains ideas. Locke. 3. In medicine, the power of retaining; or that state of contraction in the elastic or muscular parts of the body, by which they hold their proper contents and prevent involuntary evacuations 5 undue reten- tion of some natural discharge. Encye. Coze. 4, The act of withholding; restraint. Shak. 5, Custody ; confinement, [JVot in use.] Shak, RE-TEN/TIVE, a. [Fr. retentif. é Having the power to retain ; as, a retentive memo- ry ; the retentive taculty ;.the retentive force of the stomach ; a body retentive of heat or moisture. RE-TEN'TIVE-LY, adv. Ina retentive manner. RE-TEN’TIVE-NESS, nz. The quality of retention ; as, retentiveness of Memory. RE-TEX’TURE, n. A second or new Lee oe RE/TI-A-RY, (ré/she-a-ry,) 2 In entomology, the re- tiarics are spiders which spin webs to catch their prey. ore RET/L-CENCE, )z. ‘Fr. reticence, from L. reticen “i RET’I-CEN-CY, reticeo ; re and taceo, to be silent. Concealment by silence. In rhetoric, nposlopesis TH as in THIS. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; “ee Oe a ~ ‘ Migs Rio a aT ra SereRET or suppression ; a figure by which a person really speaks of a thing, while he makes a show as if he would say nothing on the subject. Encyc. RET’LCENT, a. Silent. Taylor. RET’I-€LB, (ret/e-k),) n. [L. reticulum, from rele, a net. ternal net. ‘ Ash RE-TIC/U-LAR, a. [Supra.] Having the form of net or of net-work; formed with interstices; as, reticular body or membrane. Encyc. oe In anatomy, the reticular body, or rete mucosum, is the layer of the skin, Intermediate between the cutis and the cuticle, the principal seat of color in man ; the reticular membrane is the same as the cellular membrane, : onus RE-TI€/U-LATE, a. fo reticulatus, from rete, a pai U-LA-TED, net, hae Se Noted a resembling net-work; having distinct veins or lines crossing Jike net-work ; as, a reticulate coral or petal. Martyn. Reticulated work; in masonry, work constructed with diamond-shaped stones, or square stones placed diagonally. Gloss. of Archit. _ RE-TI€-U-LA'TION, n. Net-work ; organization of substances resembling a net. Darwin. RET’I-GULE, n. [Supra.] A little bag of net-work ; a lady’s work-bag, or a little bag to be carried in the hand. 2, In a telescope, a net-work dividing the field of view into a series of small squares. Brande. RET/I-FORM, a. [L. retiformis; rete, a net, and forma, form. |] Having the form of a net in texture ; composed of crossing lines and interstices ; as the retiform coat of the eye. Ray. RET’I-NA, 2. [L., from rete, a net.] In anatomy, one of the coats of the eye, being an expansion of the optic nerve over the bottom of the eye, where the sense of vision is first received. Brande. RET-IN-AS-PHALT’, nm. A bituminous or res- RET-IN-AS-PHALT’UM, inous substance, of a yellowish or reddish-brown color. [See Ret1nite.) RET/IN-ITE, n. [Gr. pnrivn, resin.) The same with RetrnaspHatt. This name has been also applied to pitchstone, or pitchstone porphy- Ty. Dana, RET/IN-OID, a. [Gr. pyrivn, a resin, and e:dos, like- ness, } Resin-like, or resiniform ; resembling a resin witb- out being such. RET’LNUOE, xn. ([Fr. retenue, from retenir, to retain, L. retineo ; re and teneo, to hold.] The attendants of a prince or distinguished per- sonage, chiefly on a journey or an excursion; a train of persons. Dryden. RET‘I-PED, 2. [L. rete and pes.] A name given to birds the skin of whose tarsi is divided into small polygonal scales. Brande. RET-I-RADB’, n. [Fr., from retirer, to withdraw ; Sp. retirada, a retreat. | In fortification, a kind of retrenchment in the body of a bastion or other work, which is to be disputed inch by inch, after the defenses are dismantled. It usually consists of two faces, which make a re- entering angle. Encyc. RE-TIRE!’, v. % [Fr. retirer; re and tirer, to draw ; It. ritirare; Sp. retirar.] 1. To withdraw ; to retreat; to go from company or from a public place into privacy ; as, torctire from the world; to retire from notice, 2. To retreat from action or danger; as, to retire from battle. 3. To withdraw from a public station. General Washington, in 1796, retired to private life. 4. To break up, as a company or assembly. The company retired at eleven o’clock. 5. To depart or withdraw for safety or for pleasure. Men retire from the town in summer for health and pleasure. But in South Carolina, the planters retire from their estates to Charleston, or to an isle near the town. 6. ‘To recede ; to fall back. The shore of the sea retires in bays and gulfs. RE-TIRE’, v. t. To withdraw ; to take away. i] He retired himself, his wifé and children into a forest. Sidney. As when the sun is present all the year, And never doth retire his golden ray. Davies. [This transitive use of retire is now obsolete.] RE-TIRE’, n. Retreat; recession; a withdrawing. [ Obs. ‘ Shak. Bacon. 2. Retirement ; place of privacy. [Obs.] Milton. RE-TIR/ED, (re-tird’,) a. Secluded from much soci- ety or from public notice ; private. He lives a retired life ; he has a retired situation. 2. Secret; private; as, retired speculations. 3. Withdrawn. Locke. RE-TiR/ED-LY, (re-tird/ly,) adv. In solitude or pri- vacy. Sherwood. RE-TIR!/ED-NESS, n, A state of retirement; soli- tude ; privacy or secrecy. Atterbury. RE-TIRE’MENT, n. The act of withdrawing from Avis f RET RET 35, The state of being withdrawn; as, the rettre- 4. Act of withdrawing a claim. ment of the mind from the senses. Locke. Other men’s insatiable desire of revenge hath beguiled church 8 Private abode; habitation secluded from much society or from public life. Caprea had been the retirement of Augustus. Addison. Retirement is a5 necessary to me as it will be welcome. Washington. 4, Private way of life. Retirement, roral quiet, friendship, books, Progressive virtue and approving, Heaven. Thomson. RE-TIR/ING, ppr. Withdrawing; retreating; going into seclusion or solitude. 2. a. Reserved; not forward or obtrusive; as, retiring modesty ; retiring manners. RE-TOLD’, pret. and pp. of RetEvi; as,a story retold. RE-TORT’, v. t. [L. retortus, retorqueo ; re and tor- queo, to throw. ] 1. To throw back ; to reverberate. And they retort that heat again To the first giver. Shak, 2. To return an argument, accusation, censure, or incivility ; as, to 7etort the charge of vanity. He passed though hostile scorn, ed with retorted scorn his back he turned. Milton. 3. To bend or curve back ; as, a retorted line. Bacon. RE-TORT’, v.i. To return an argument or charge ; to make a severe reply. He retorted upon his adver- sary with severity. RE-TORT’, x. The return of an argument, charge, or incivility in reply ; as, the retort courteous. Shak. 2. In chemistry, a spherical vessel, with along neck bent, to which a receiver may be fitted ; used in dis- tillation. Encie. RE-TORT’ED, pp. Returned; thrown back; bent back. RE-TORT’ER, 7. One that retorts. RE-TORT’/ING, ppr. Returning ; throwing back. RE-TOR/TION, n. The act of retorting. Spenser. RE-TORT’IVE, a, Containing retort. Barlow. RE-TOSS/, v.t. [re and toss.] To toss back. Pope. {i-TOSS/ED, (-tost,) pp. Tossed back. RE-TOSS/ING, ppr. Tossing back. RE-TOUCH’, (ré-tuch’,) v. t. [re and touch.] Toim- prove by new touches ; as, to retouch a picture or an essay. Dryden, Pope. R&E-TOUCH!ED, (ré-tucht’,) pp. Touched again ; im- proved by new touches. RE-TOUCHIING, (ré-tuch’ing,) ppr. Improving by new touches, RE-TRACE!, v. t. trace. J. ‘l'o trace back ; to go back in the same path or course ; as, to retrace one’s steps; to retrace one’s proceedings. 2. To track back, as a line. Then if the line of Turnus you retrace, He springs from Inachus, of Argive race, [Fr. retracer; re and tracer, to Dryden, 3. In painting, &c., to trace over again, or renew the outline of a drawing. Brande, RE-TRAC’ED, (re-trast’,) pp. Traced back or over again. RE-TRAC/ING, ppr. Tracing back or over again. RE-TRA€T’, v. t. [Fr. retracter; Norm. retraicter ; L. retractus, retraho; re and traho, to draw. ] 1. To recall, as a declaration, words, orsaying; to disavow; to recant; as, to retract an accusation, charge, or assertion. I would as freely have retracted the charge of idolatry, as I ever made it. Skilling fleet. 2. To take back what was once bestowed as a grant or favor. [Little uscd.] Woodward, 3. To draw back, as claws. RE-TRA€T’, v.i. To take back ; to unsay ; to with- draw concession or declaration. She will, and she will not; she grants, denies, Consents, retracts, advances, and then flies, Granville. RE-TRA€T’, n. Among horsemen, the prick of a horse’s foot in nailing a shoe. RE-TRA€T’A-BLE, a. That may be retracted or re- called. RE-TRA€T/ATE, v. t. To retract ; to recant. RE-TRA€T-A/TION, n. [Fr., from L. retractatio.] The recalling of what has been said ; recantation ; change of opinion declared. South. RE-TRA€T’ED, pp. Recalled ; recanted ; disavowed. RE-TRA€T’LBLE, a. That may be drawn back; retractile. Journ. of Science. RE-TRA€T’ILE, a. Capable of being drawn back. A walrus, with fiery eyes — re(ractile from external injuries. ennant, RE-TRAE€T/ING, ppr. Recalling ; disavowing ; re- canting. RE-TRA€/TION, n, [from retract.] Literally, the act of drawing back; as, the retraction of a sinew. 2. The act of withdrawing something advanced, or changing something done. Woodward. 3. Recantation ; disavowal of the truth of what has been said; declaration of change of opinion. and state of the benefit of my refractions or concessions. . Charles. RE-TRA€T/IVE, a. Withdrawing; taking from. Tee Te nm. That which withdraws or takes rom. RE-TRA€T/IVE-LY, adv. By retraction or with- drawing. RE-TRAICT’, (re-trate’,) n. Retreat. [Obs.] [See RETREAT } Bacon. RE-TRAIT’, xn. [It. ritratto, from ritrarre, to draw.] A cast of countenance; a picture. [Ods.] RE-TRAX'IT,n. ([. retraho, retrazi.] Spenser. In law, the withdrawing or open renunciation of a suit in court, by which the plaintiff loses his action. Blackstone. RE-TREAD’, (ré-tred’,) v. i. To tread again. RE-TREAT’, n. [Fr. retraite, from retraire ; re and traire, to draw; L. retractus, retraho ; re and traho; It. ritratta.] 1. The actof retiring ; a withdrawing of one’s self from any place. But beauty’s triumph is well-timed retreat, Pope. 2, Retirement; state of privacy or seclusion from noise, bustle, or company. Here in the calin, still mirror of retreat. Pope. 3. Place of retirement or privacy. He built his son a house of pleasure—and spared no cost to make it a delicious retreat, DL Estrange, 4, Place of safety or security. That pleasing shade they sought, a soft retreat From sudden April showers, a sheller from the heat. Dryden. 5. In military affairs, the retiring of an army or body of men from the face of an enemy, or from any ground occupied toa greater distance from the enemy, or from an advanced position. A retreat is properly an orderly march, in which circumstance it differs from a flight. Enciye. 6. The withdrawing of a ship or fleet from an enemy; or the order and disposition of ships de- clining an engagement. 7. A signal given in the army or navy, by the beat of a drum, or the sounding of trumpets, at sunset, or for retiring from exercise or action. Totten. Campbell. RE-TREAT’, v. i. To retire from any position or place. 2. To withdraw to a private abode or to any secluded situation. Wilton. 3. To retire to a place of safety or Security ; as, to retreat into a den or into a fort. 4. To move back to a place before occupied; to retire. The rapid currents drive, Toward the retreating sea, their furious tide, Milion, 5. To retire from an enemy, or from any advanced position. RE-TREAT’ED, as a2 passive participle, though used by Milton, is not good English. RE-TRENCH’, vo. t. [Fr. retrancher ; re and trancher, to cut; It. trincea, a trench; trincerare, to intrench ; trinciare, to carve; W. trycu, to cut. 1. To cut off; to pare away. And thy exuberant parts retrench. Denham. 2. To lessen; to abridge; to curtail; as, to 7e- trench superfluities or expenses. Atterbury. 3. To confine ; to limit. [JVot proper.| Addison. 4. In military affairs, to furnish with a retrench- ment ; as, to retrench bastions. P, Cyc. RE-TRENCH!’, v.71. To live at less expense. It is more reputable to retrench than to live embarrassed. RE-TRENCH/ED, (re-trencht’,) pp. Cut off; curtail- ed; diminished; furnished with a retrenchment. RE-TRENCH/ING, ppr. Cutting off; curtailing; fur- nishing with a retrenchment. RE-TRENCH/MENT, zn. ([Fr. retranchement; Sp. atrncheramicnso:| 1. The act of lopping off; the act of removing What is superfluous; as, the retrenchment of words or lines in a writing. Dryden. Addison. 2. The act of curtailing, lessening, or abridging ; diminution ; as, the retrenchment of expenses. 3. In military affairs, a work censtructed within another, to prolong the defense of the latter when the enemy has gained possession of it, or to protect the defenders till they can retreat or obtain a capitu- Jation. P: Cyc. Numerous remains of Roman retrenchments, constructed to coyer the country, D Anville, Trans. -RE-TRIB/UTE, v. t. [Fr. retribuer; L. retribuo; re and tribuo, to give or bestow. ] To pay back; to make payment, compensation, or reward in return; as, to retribute one for his kindness ; to retribute to a criminal what is propor- tionate to his offense. Locke. RE-TRIB'U-TED, pp. Paid back ; given in return ; rewarded, RE-TRIB/U-TER, n. One that makes retribution. RE-TRIB'U-TING, ppr. Requiting; making repay- company or from public notice or station. Milton. Sidney. ment ; rewarding. ~ FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 948RET RET-RL-BU/TION, n. [Fr.] Repayment; return ac- commodated to the action ; reward ; compensation. In good offices and due retributions, we may not be pinching and niggardly. ‘au. 2. A gratuity or present given for services in the place of a salary. Encye. 3. The rewards and punishments distributed at the general judgment. It is a strong argument for a state of retribution hereafter, that in this world virtuous persons are very often unfortunate, and vicious persons prosperous. Spectator. RE-TRIB/U-TIVE, a. Repaying; rewarding for RE-TRIB/U-TO-RY, good deeds, and punishing for offenses ; as, retributive justice. RE-TRIEV’A-BLE, a. [from retrieve.] "That may be retrieved or recovered. Gray. STRESS nm. State of being retriev- able. RE-TRIEV/A-BLY, adv. RE-TRIEV’AL, RE-TRIEVE/MENT, { ™ RE-TRIEVE’, v. t. (Fr. retrouver, to find again; It. ritrovare. See TROVER.] 1. To recover; to restore from loss or injury to a former good state; as, to retrieve the credit of a nation ; to retrieve one’s character ; to retrieve a de- cayed fortune. 2. To remedy the consequences of; to repair. [Rare.] In a retrievable manner. Act of retrieving. Accept my sorrow, and retrieve my fall. Prior. 3. To regain. [Rare.] With late repentance now they would retrieve The bodies they forsook, and wish to live. Dryden, 4. To recall; to bring back; as, to retrieve men from their cold, trivial conceits. erkeley. RE-TRIEVE’, n. A seeking again; a discovery. [Vot in use. ] . Jonson. RE-TRIEV’ED, pp. Recovered; repaired; regained ; recalled. RE-TRIEV’ING, ppr. Recovering; repairing; re- calling. RE-TRIM!, v. t. To trim again. RE-TRO-A€T’, v. 7 To act backward or in return; to act in opposition. RE-TRO-A€/TION, x. tion. | 1. Action returned, or action backward. 2. Operation on something past or preceding. RE-TRO-ACT/IVE, a. [Fr. retroactif; L. retro, back- ward, and active. } Operating by returned action; affecting what is past ; retrospective. eddoes. A retroactive law, or statute, is one which operates to affect, make criminal or punishable, acts done prior to the passing of the law. RE-TRO-A€T/IVE-LY, adv. By returned action or Operation ; by operating on something past. Wheaton. [L. retro, back, and cedo, to [L. retro, backward, and ac- RET/RO-CEDE, wv. t. give; Fr. retroceder.] To cede or grant back ; as, to retrocede a territory to a former proprietor. RET/RO-CEDE, 2. 2. to go.] To go back. RET/RO-CED-ED, pp. Granted back. RE-TRO-CED/ENT, a. An epithet applied to diseases which move from one part of the body to another, as the gout. RET/RO-CED-ING, ppr. Ceding back; going back. RE-TRO-CES/SION, (-sesh/un,) n. A ceding or grant- ing back to a former proprietor. American State Papers. 2. The act of going back. More. RE-TRO-DUCG'TION, n. [L. retroduco ; retro, back, and duco, to lead.] A leading or bringing back. RET/RO-FLEX, a. [L. retro, back, and flerus, bent.] In botany, suddenly bent backward. Lindley. RET’RO-FRA€T, a. retro, back, and RET/RO-FRA€CT-ED, fractus, broken.] Reduced to hang down as it were by force, so as to appear as if broken ; as, a retrofract peduncle. : Martyn. Bent back toward its insertion, as if it were broken. Lee. RE-TRO-GRA-DA/TION, 7x. RETRO- GRADE. } 1. The act of moving backward; applied to the apparent motion of the planets contrary to the order of the signs, 1. e., from east to west. Hutton. 2. A moving backward ; decline in excellence. NV. Chipman. RET/RO-GRADE, a. ([Fr., from L. retrogradior ; retro, backward, and gradior, to go,] 1. Going or moving backward. Bacon. 2. In astronomy, apparently moving backward, and contrary to the succession of the signs, 1. e., from east to west, as a planet. utton. 3. Declining from a better to a worse state. RET’RO-GRADE, v. % [Fr. retrograder; L. retro- gradior ; retro and gradior, to £0.) To go or move backward, [L. retro, back, and cedo, Perry. [Er See Bacon. RET RE-TRO-GRES/SION, (re-tro-gresh/un,) zx. of going backward ; retrogradation. TON. RE-TRO-GRESS'/IVE, a. Going or moving bhack- ward ; declining from a more perfect to a less perfect state. Geography is at times retrogressive. RE-TRO-GRESS/IVE-LY, adv. backward. RE-TRO-MIN/GEN-CY, x. [L. retro, backward, and mingo, to discharge urine. The act or quality of discharging the contents of the bladder backward. Brown. ORO IN GENT a. Discharging the urine back- ward. RE-TRO-MIN’/GENT, x. In zotlogy, an animal that discharges its urine backward. The retromingents are a division of animals whose characteristic is that they discharge their urine back- ward, both male and female. Encyc. RE-TRO-PUL/SIVE, a. [L. retro, back, and pulsus, pello, to drive.] Driving back ; repelling, RE-TRORSE/LY, (re-trors/ly,) adv. backward. ] In a backward direction; as, a. stem retrorsely aculeate. RET’RO-SPECT, v. 2. The act Pinkerton. By going or moving Med. Repos. [L. vetrorsum, To look back ; to affect what is past. RET/RO-SPE€T, zn. [L. retro, back, and specio, to look. } A looking back on things past; view or contem- plation of something past. The retrospect of a life well spent affords peace of mind in old age. RE-TRO-SPE€/TION, n. The act of looking back on things past. 2. The faculty of looking back on past things. Swift. RE-TRO-SPE@CT/IVE, a. Looking back on past events; as, a retrospective view. 2. Having reference to what is past; affecting things past. A penal statute can have no retro- spective effect or operation. RE-TRO-SPEET/IVE-LY, adv. By way of retrospect. RE-TRO-VER’SION, x. A turning or falling back- ward ; as, the retroversion of the uterus. RET/RO-VERT, v. t. To turn back. RET’RO-VERT-ED, a. [L. retro, back, and verto, to turn. ] Turned back. RE-TRUDE’, v. t. oro To thrust back. RE-TROUD/ED, pp. Thrust back. RE-TRUD/ING, ppr. Thrusting back. RE-TRUSH, a, [L. retrusus.] Hidden ; abstruse. [ Obs.] RET’TING, n. rom 2c + 2 z > oe . \ “oO fer Fp 7 7 A Maeorates Dae shes; one that redeems from neg- 2. Gross departure from duty. Shak. RE-VOM IT, v. t. [re and vomit; Fr. revomir.] Z epression. -inture. 2 reiecti iyi ; : ry VoMi Fin ; : P te \ PETRIE bi IR a: In Scripture, a rejection of divine government ; To vomit or pour forth again; to reject from the 4 ; Been ges boleh Tevivrfier ; . 7e and departure from God ; disobedience. ASS LX- stomach. Hakewill. ; aaa? é DEUS, ali e, and facto, to make.] : 4. A revolter. [JVot i use.] Shalt. RE-VOM/IT-ED, pp. Vomited again. : ¢ Be revive; to recall or restore to life. [Zittle| RE-VOLT’ED, pp. ora. Having swerved from alle- | RE-VOM/IT-ING, ppr. Vomiting again. useét. 1¢ 7 r ‘ Y XYTTYT IC c % 5 i c is giance or duty. Milton. RE-VUL'SION, n. [Fr., from L. revulsus, revello ; .VIV_TBPLealT 7 Seo eee eye= | ‘ Geen Bele ° ? ; . ; > Te t - ee oe TION Ee atenewol of Ale ye TOS) 2. Shocked ; grossly offended. and vello, to pull.) | ; e act of recalling to life. RE-VOLT’/ER, n. One who changes sides; a de- _i. In medicine, the act of turning or diverting any hres a. : Spectator. serter. Atterbury. disease from one part of the body to another. me ace Mh emt the reduction of a metal from a 2. One who renounces allegiance and subjection to Encye és. state of combinatio its metallic state. is prince ate ‘he i i c own. : f Ree one Lon Lots met et ite S25 Ne his prince or state. 2. T he act of holding or drawing back. Brown. i: Tees , Pps called to life ; reanim uted. 3. In Scripture, one who renounces the authority | RE-VUL’SIVE, a. Having the power of revulsion VV } Wy a GQ , wate 4, o= mt * . a 7 yr ‘ rh rm = . a i ; LT hi t ae revivifier. | and Jaws of God. Jer. vi. Hos. ix. RE-VUL/SIVE, n. That which has the power of di- Fr ane 5 xe a7, a my ° ry (1 - 1 . . . . ‘YI ; ; . ‘ 7 ie rece to ne to reanimate, Stackhouse. | RE-VOLT/ING, ppr. Changing sides; deserting. verting disease from one part to another. & i Tp ew > Tic : . tool 1 © >I pr . ; 7 ae Yhe rhiy , ‘ ae RE VIVILEY. ING se Se to. lif ; 2. Disclaiming allegiance and subjection to a prince 2. That which has the power of withdrawing. i= -Yy-{i ppr. Giving new life or vigor to. or state re Le “VTV/IN z Nensas z re rates ke ee Fell. yee } ater Cxee SNE IE to life again ; rean- 3. Rejecting the authority of God. REW, (rii,)n. Arow. [JVot in use.] Spenser 3 . enewing BCs > A . ] noalenc nq : it? y y y eee ri at ng 5 Fe 1 wing 3 Tec ling to the memory ; re- 4. a. Doing violence, as to the feelings ; exciting | RE-WARD’, v.t. (Norm. regarder, to allow; regar- Cy a cov Eee rom neglect or depression : refreshing with abhorrence. des, fees, allowances, perquisites, rewards ; regardez ; oy or hope; reduci a metallic st: >? VOLT/IN oe ' here. chee 2 ‘ Ue we a metallic state, RE-V OL [/ING-LY, adv. Offensively ; abhorrently. awarded. In these words there appears to be an al- ‘Pra , adv. Ina reviving roanner. REV‘O-LU-BLE, a. That may revolve. liance With regard. But in the Fr. and Norm, guer- ; Yin Tae WT mh o 5 3 : . REV-LVIS/CENCH é ; Coleridre. REV/O-LUTE, a. [L. revolutus, from revolvo.] don, a reward, and guerdonner, to reward, this alli- ye #V-I-VIS‘CENCE, )z. Renewal of life; return to In bot and zodlogcy, rolled back r » does 2 Sc i i i REV-L-VIS/CEN-CY, { life ae ; g es fall rd pou? rolled back or downward ; ance does not appear. So the Italian suwiderdonare, pte ? . urnet. as, revolute foliation or leafing, whe e sides ) Tews is evidently a c : i ge REV-I-VIS'/CENT, a. Reviving; regaining or restor- leaves in the bud perraiedie? ir Hoare eiaape with : BS a Se oe i SEALS a the eee aneiliteiorachon £; reg gC s eaves ir : olled spirally back or toward ano yer Word, anc apparently with the Sax. RE-VIVOR. 2. In law. tl i Darwin. the lower surface ; a revolute leaf or tendril ; a revo- wither, G. wider and wieder, D. weder, answering to senaieA te eee ae ae reviving of a suit which lute corol or valve. Martyn. Lee. Brande. L. re, denoting return. The Spanish and Portuguese 2 > anv Ipc hic VT. HI TITC j , j i ft 5 SH ig done by a bill of ay of the Pee: This Bears. ION, n. [Fr., from L. revolutus, re- have the Latin word with a different prefix ; Sp. ca- ' REV/0-€ t ZOU OT. ackstone. volvo. lardon, a reward ; galardonar, to reward ; Port. gal -€A-BLE, a. [F c a ya ; . : : 2 AP 2 UE aa tenn . REvVoKE.] a [Fr., from L, revocabilis. See - In physics, rotation; the circular motion of a Gee auOGe: The Armoric has garredon, garredo- ee : : body on itS axis; a course notic hi ings ner. Reward appears 5 ie Nor . That may be recalled or revoked; that may be re- ery point of the surface a Beribhers ee Bienes To age avernrneeit 3 oe ae Aa saat! pealed or annulled ; as, a revocable edict or ont Fete eet a . at ite re perl ery ) a boc y g 1 , either good or evil. j REV’O-€A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being pay. ae Me ee Sol 1 vay } ey to Pe: > ae He Thou hast remeried me good, whereas. I have retoarded thée a HIE: J sing rev- polutior 1eel ; the diurnal revolution of the evil. — 1 Sam, xxiv. REV/0-€A-BLY, adv Pacable ae Hence, when good is re g si J b REV/O-GATE. 2.1 Tee beable eh ‘i 2. The motion of a body round any fixed point or! yjfjes to repay ie ESSE Ee Sm ; Ogee - revoco; re and voco, to call. snter; as > 5 , ; - ; ate RR a ea ® 4 ensale, Vv - Mi ieeallg eal hack, [it se uo] {Scu'He| panel in to oetoaina Tigconi onan maine | Sea MEE returner mt poe ao te a YOKE. : ; a oue des reward signifies to punish witl st retributi y 3 | os 3. | : Ke . f : ane (ns ward Sig 35 punish with just retribution, to REV_O-€2/T r 7 : ; 4 J. in geometry, the motion of a magnitude (as a ake venveance c accord 5 5 by B 1 The ace Cuiecallng Gi caltoe aeencte | point, line, or surface) about a point Bea Re its ae vengeance on, according to the nature of the . > ac ‘ ‘ yack 3 as nte 3 Ss a : ' ares dae fica 8 § Dack ; ene rev-| center or axis. A, D. Stanley. Talend a, . ’ . > . . . * y ender vence p ie 1 ee e 2, State of being recalled Honoell a Motion of any thing which brings it back to Thaiiha ibe Leese ae Uae rT .. ii i , vwell. the same poi ‘tite: as > ; Any Need tinea chats . fe 3. Repeal ; reversal ; as, tieyenention Oulthaicdict ears me Dae Orslates as, the revolution of day and The Son of man will come in the glory of his Father, with his 4: of Nantes. A law may cease to operate without an 5. O So Cos One: SUS ETS NCAT ERY Leh HER LOST SONNY express revocation, So we speak of the revocation of fy ee Ned Conse Tae ee argo nung: Nee ee eee ; 0 » yer «ng Aa 7 5 1 ; a will, of a use, of a devise, &c. of years ; as, the revolution of ages. In the latter passage, reward signifies to render j REV/0-€A-TO-RY, a. Revoking; recalling 3 S bate non red by some regular return of are-} both good and evil. : I sagt eed vee olving body of a state j : t-WA ¥ i ; RE/VOICE’, v. t. To refurnish with a voice: A g body, or of a state of things; as, the revolu- | RE-WARD!/, x. Recompense, or equivalent return for J ; torefit| tion of a day. Dryd d ry den. good done, for kindness, for services, and the like FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT i 5 LA A4Ld Owens M Ie q 4 = NT bs yr ry ’ ) f TE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — * ? > 952RHE RHO RHY Rewards may consist of money, goods, or any return of kindness or happiness. ‘The laborer is worthy of his reward. —1 Tim, v. Great is your reward in heaven. — Matt. v. Rewards and punishments presuppose moral agen- ey, and something voluntarily done, well or ill; with- out which respect, though we may receive good, it is only a benefit, and not a reward. 2. ‘The fruit of men’s labor or works. The dead know not any thing, neither have they any more a re- ward. — Eccles. ix. 3. A bribe ; a gift to pervert justice. Deut. xxvii. 4. A sum of money offered for taking or detecting a criminal, or for recovery of any thing lost. o. Punishment; a just return of evil or suffering for wickedness. Only with thine eyes shalt thoa behold and see the reward of the wicked. — Ps, xci 6. Return in human applause. Matt. vi. 7. Return in joy and comfort. Ps. xix. RE-WARD/A-BLE, a. That may be rewarded ; worthy of recompense, Tooker. Taylor. RE-WARD/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being worthy of reward. Goodman. RE-WARD/A-BLY, adv. RE-WARD/ED, pp. ished. RE-WARD/ER, n. One who rewards; one that re- quites or recompenses. Heb. xi. Addison. Swift. RE-WARD/ING, ppr. Making an equivalent return for good or evil ; requiting ; recompensing or punish- In a rewardable manuer. Requited ; recompensed or pun- RE-WARD/LESS, a. Having no reward. [ing. RE-WORD’, (ré-wurd’,) v.t. [re and word.] To re- peat in the same words, [.Vot in use.] Shak. RE-WRITLE’, v. t. To write a second time. RE-WRITING, ppr. Writing again. RE-WRIT’TEN, pp. Written again. REX, n. ey A king. REY’NARD, (ra/nard,) n. fox; renard. RHA-BAR/BA-RATE, a. [See Ruusans.] Impreg- nated or tinctured with rhubarb. Floyer. RHA-BAR/BA-RINE, n. [L. rhabarbarum. Generally and more correctly called Ruern, which see. ] A proximate principle of rhubarb, which appears to possess the properties of an acid. It has been sup- posed to be the active principle of rhubarb; but this 1s not well settle RHAB-DOW/O-GY, (rab-dol’o-je,) x. staff or wand, and Aoyos, discourse. ] The act or art of computing or numbering by means of certain little square rods, called WVapier’s rods or Napier’s bones. Ffutton. RHAB/DO-MAN-CY, (rab/do-man-se,) n. [Gr. ja(- dos, rod, and pavreca, divination. ] Divination by a rod or wand. RHA-PON/TLCIN, nxn. [L. rhaponticum.] A proximate principle of Rheum rhaponticum; perhaps the same as Rue yn. RHAP-SOD'TE€, (rap-sod/ik,) ) a. [from rhapsody.) Per- RHAP-SOD/I€-AL, taining to or consist- ing of rhapsody ; unconnected. Mason. Martin. RHAP’SO-DIST, xn. [from rhapsody.] One that writes or speaks without regular dependence of one part of his discourse on another. Watts. 2. One who recites or sings rhapsodies for a liveli- hood ; or one who makes and repeats Verses extem- pore. 3. Anciently, one whose profession was to recite the verses of Homer and other poets. RHAP’SO-DIZE, v. 7. To utter rhapsodies. Jefferson. RUAP/SO-DY, (rap/so-de,) n. [Gr. fazowdia; faxtw, to sew, or unite, and wdy, a song. } Originally, a portion of an epic poem fit for recita- tion at one time, as a book of Homer was rehearsed by a rhapsodist. In modern usage, confused jumble of sentences or statements, without dependence or natural connection ; rambling composition. Locke, Watts. Kent. An appellation given to a [Gr. pafdos, a Brown. RHE/IN, n. [L. rheum, rhubarb.] A proximate principle of the officinal rhubarb, Which appears to be an acid, and, as such, has been called rheic acid. It has been supposed to be the ac- tive principle of rhubarb, but this is doubtful. RHEIN’BER-RY, (rane-,) x. Buckthorn, a plant. Jolinson. RHEN’ISH, (ren/ish,) a. Pertaining to the River Rhine, or to Rheims in France; as, Rhenish wine. As a moun, the wine produced on the hills about Rheims, Which is remarkable as a solvent of iron. Encyc. RHE/TIAN, (ré/shan,) a. Pertaining to the ancient Rheti, or to Rhetia, their country ; as, the Rhetian Alps, now the country of Tyrol and the Grisons. RHE/TOR, n. [L., from Gr. jyrwp, an orator or speaker. ] A rhetorician. [Little used. } Hammond, RHET’O-RIE, (ret/o-rik,) n. [Gr. pnroptkn, from few, to speak, to flow, contracted from ferw or Jc0w, Eng. to read. The primary sense is, to drive or send. See Reap. i e science of oratory ; the art of speaking with propriety, elegance, and force. Locke. Dryden. Encyc. 2. The power of persuasion or attraction; that which allures or charms. We speak of the rhetoric of the tongue, and the rhetoric of the heart or eyes. Sweet, silent rhetoric of persuading eyes. RHE-TOR’I€-AL, a. rhetorical art. 2. Containing the rules of rhetoric ; as, a rhetorical treatise. 3. Oratorical; as, a rhetorical flourish. More. RHE-TOR/I€-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of rheto- ric; according to the rules of rhetoric; as, to treat a Subject rhetorically ; a discourse rhetorically delivered. RHE-TOR/I€-ATE, v. i. To play the orator. [Not in Decay of Picty Rhetorical amplification. Waterland. [Fr. rhetori- Daniel. Pertaining to rhetotic; as, the use. RITE.TOR-T€-a/TION, nN. [vee in use. | RHET-O-RI’CIAN, (ret-o-rish’/an,) 2. cien. 1, One who teaches the art of rhetoric, or the prin- ciples and rules of correct and elegant speaking. The ancient sophists and rhetoricians, who had young auditors, lived till they were a hundred years old. con. 2. One well versed in the rules and principles of rhetoric. 3. An orator. [Less proper.] Dryden. RHET-O-RI/CIAN, (-rish/-) a. [See the noun.] Suit- ing a master of rhetoric. [JVot in use.] Blackmore. RHET’O-RiZE, v. i. To play the orator. Cotgrave. RHET’O-RIZE, v. t. To represent by a figure of ora- tory. Milton. RHET’O-RIZ-ED, pp. Represented by a figure of or- atory. RHEUM, x. (Gr. fevua, from few, to flow.] 1. An increased action of the vessels of any organ ; but generally applied to the increased action of mu- cous glands, attended with increased discharge and an altered state of their excreted fluids. 2. A thin, serous fluid, secreted by the mucous glands, &c., as in catarrh. Shak. RHEU-MAT"I€, (ri-mat/ik,) a. [L. rhewmaticus; Gr. pevparcxos, from fJevia, rheum, which see. ] Pertaining to rheumatism, or partaking of its na- ture ; as, 7hewmatic pains or affections. RHEU/MA-TISM, (ra/ma-tizm,) n. [L. rheumatismus ; Gr. pevuaricpos, from pevua, a watery humor, from pew, to flow; the ancients supposing the disease to proceed from a defluxion of humors. ] A painful disease affecting muscles and joints of the human body, chiefly the larger joints, as the hips, knees, shoulders, &c. Encyc. Parr. RHEUM’Y, (ru/me,) a. [from rheum.] Fullof rheum or Watery matter; consisting of rheum or partaking of its nature. 2. Affected with rheum. Dryden. 3. Abounding with sharp moisture ; causing rheum. Shak. RHIME. See Ruyrme. RHINO, n. A cant word for gold and silver, or mon- ey. Wagstafe. RHI-NO-CE/RI-AL, a. [from rhinoceros.] Pertaining to the rhinoceros ; resembling the rhinoceros. Tatler. RHI-NOC’E-ROS, (11-nos/e-ros,) n. [Fr. riinoceros or riinocerot ; It. and Sp. rinoceronte; L. rhinoceros ; Gr. pwwokepws, nose-horn ; jw, the nose, W. rhyn, a point, and xepas, a horn. ] A large pachydermatous mammal, nearly allied to the elephant, the hippopotamus, the tapir, &c. Five species are described by naturalists. Two of these have a single horn on the nose, and three of them have two hors. Rhinoceros Indicus inhabits India, especially the banks of the Ganges; R. Africanus and R. Simus inhabit Southern Africa; and R. Su- matrensis and R. Sondaicus inhabit Sumatra. RHI-NOC/E-ROS-BIRD, nv. A bird of the genus Bu- ceros, a species of hornbill, Buceros Rhinoceros, found in the Bast Indies and Indian Islands, having a crooked horn on the forehead, joined to the upper mandible. Ba Cyc. RHI-NO-PLAS’TI€, a. [Gr. jcv, the nose, and mAac- ow, to form.] Forming a nose. . The rhinoplastic operation, in surgery, is one which renews the nose, or supplies a substitute for a natu- ral nose. RET ZONA, n. (Gr. /t{wpa, something firmly root- e In botany, a large and fleshy or woody part or organ of a root, analogous to a stem under ground; which is neither a tuber nor a bulb. It is of very various forms, and always has radicles, and not unfrequent- ly fibrils, growing from it. The esculent part of the root of a beet, carrot, or parsnep, furnishes a good example of a rhizoma. RHI-ZOPHU!/A-GOUS, (ri-zof/a-gus,) a. gay @,) Feeding on roots. RHO/DI-AN, a, Pertaining to Rhodes, an isle of the Mediterranean ; as, Rhodian laws. RHO/DI-UM, nm. A metal discovered by Wollaston, in 1803, among grains of crude platinum. Rhodium requires the strongest heat that can be produced in a wind-furnace, for its fusion. When fused, it has a white color and a metallic -uster. It is extremely hard, brittle, and has asp. gr. of about Gr. pita and P&S 11. It unites with oxygen at a red heat. When pure, it js not acted upon by any acid; but if in the state of an alloy, it is dissolved by aqua revia. Turner. RHO-DO-DEN’DRON, nxn. (Gr. podov, a rose, and dévdpoy, a tree. The name of a genus of plants, and the type of the natural order Rhododendracer. Four Species are known to grow in New England, viz., two de- ciduous leafed, which are called upright or swamp- honeysuckles; and two evergreen ones, which can hardly be said to have any distinctive popular names. Several of the species of this genus are medicinal, and many of them are highly ornamental. RHO/DON-ITE, ». An impure variety of manganese spar. Dana. RHGOTIZ-ITE, 2 (ret-,) n. A variety of the mineral RHET’IZ-ITE, kyanite. Dana. RHOMB, n. [Fr. rhombe; L. rhombus; Gr. pop- RHOM/BUS, { Bos, from peuBw, to turn or whirl round, to wander, to roam, or rove; literally, a deviating square. } In geometry, an oblique-angled, equilatera) parallel- ogram, or a quadrilateral figure whose sides are equal and the opposite sides parallel, but the angles une- qual, two of the angles being obtuse and two acute. FTutton. RHOM/BI€, a. Having the figure of arhomb. Grew. RHOM-BO-HE’DRAL, (rom-bo-hé/dral,) a. [Gr jop- Gos, rhomb, and édpa, side.] Related to the rhombohedron; presenting forms derivable from a rhombohedron. Dana. RHOM-BO-HE'DRON, n. A solid contained by six equal rhombic planes. RHOM’/BOID, n. (Gr. fo,Gos, rhomb, and ecdos, form.] 1. In geometry, a figure having some resemblance to arhomb ; or a quadrilateral figure whose opposite sides and angles are equal, but which is neither equi- Jateral nor equiangular. Hutton. 2. a. In anatomy, the rhomboid muscle is a thin, broad, and obliquely-square, fleshy muscle, between the basis of the scapula and the spina dorsi. Encye. RHOM-BOID/AL, a. Having the shape of a rhom- boid. Woodward. RHOMB/-SPSR, n. A mineral resembling calc-spar in luster, and crystals consisting of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, with some carbonate of iron. Owing to the latter, it usually turns brown on expo- sure. Dana, RHOM/BUS, 2 See Reon. Yo ao gt, RHU/BARB, (ra’birb,) x. [Pers. No) rawand, In Syr. raiborig. It seems to be a compound word, lat- inized rhabarbarum. | A plant of the genus Rheum, of several species ; as the rhapontic, or common rhubarb ; the palma- ted, or Chinese rhubarb ; the compact, or Tartarian ; the undulated, or wave-leafed rhubarb ; and the ribes, or currant rhubarb of Mount Libanus. The root of a hitherto non-descript species is medicinal and much used as 2 moderate cathartic. RHO/BARB-Y, a. Like rhubarb. RHUMB, (rum,) nx. [from rkomb.] In navigation, a circle on the earth’s surface making a given angle with the meridian of the place, marking the direc- tion of any object through which it passes. Brande. RHUMB/-LINE, n. In navigation, the track of a ves- sel which cuts all the meridians at the same angle ; also called the loxodromic curve. Brande. RHUS, (rus,)n. [L.; Gr. fovs.] A genus of plants, including the various species of sumach. P. Cyc. RHYME, (rime,) rn. [Sax. rim, and gerim, number; riman, to number; ge-riman, id.; riman and ryman, to give place, to open a way, to make room; Sw. and Dan. rim: D. rym; G. reim; W. rhiv; Ir. rimh or reomh. The Welsh word is rendered also, that di- vides or separates, and the Sax. vim seems to be con- nected with room, from opening, spreading. The deduction of this word from the Greek, fjubjios isa palpable error. The true orthography is rime or ryme ; but as rime is hoar-frost, and rhyme gives the true pronunciation, it may be convenient to continue the present orthography. ] 5 1. In poetry, the correspondence of sounds in the terminating words or syllables of two verses, one of which succeeds the other immediately, or at no great distance. For rhyme with reason may dispense, And sound has right to govern sense. To constitute this correspondence in single words, or in syllables, it is necessary that the vowel and the Jinal articulations or consonants, should be the same, or have nearly the same sound. The initial conso- nants may be different, as in find and mind, new and drew, cause and laws. 2. A harmonical succession of sounds. The youth with songs and rhymes, Prior. Some dance, some haul the rope. Denham. 3. Poetry ; a poem. oa He knew Himaelf to sing, and build the lofty rhyme. Milton. TONE, BILL, UNITE,— ANGER, V1//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. -_———d 120 953 7 SON TPE. AER GmRRBO RN 25 oo ee iy eee a 7 ilSee ote ee cas eee oes a a ee RIB 4. A word of sound to answer to another word. RIB/BING, ppr- Furnishing with ribs. RIB/BING, ». An assemblage of ribs for a vault, or Young. Rhyme or reason ; number or sense. But from that time unto this season, I had neither rhyme nor reason. Spenser. RHYME, (rime,) v. % To accord in sound. But fagoted his notions as they fell, And if they rhymed and rattled, all was well. Dryden. 2. To make verses. ‘There marched the bard and blockhead side by side, Who rhymed for hire, and patronized for pride. RHYME, v. t. To put into rhyme. RHYM/ED, (rimd,) pp. Put into rhyme. RHYME’LESS, a. Destitute of rhyme; consonance of sound. Pope. Wilson. not having Hall. RHYM/ER, rt akes rhymes ; a versi- AIT ST n. One who makes rhymes ; é ESTER. fier ; a poor poet. Jonson. Dryden. RHYM’IE, a. Pertaining to rhyme. RIB/-GRASS, n. A species of plantain, ribwort. RIB/BON, x. [W. rhibin, a row or streak, a dribblet ; RIB/BON, v. t. To adorn with ribbons. Beaum. & Fil. RIB/BON-GRASS, n. Canary grass; a plant ol! the RIB/IBE, x. A sort of stringed instrument. RHYTH’MI€-AL, a. [Gr. pu Kos; Le rythmicus.] RY/AL, n. A Spanish coin. [See Reat.] RIVAL, x. [from royal.] A royal; a gold coin for-| R RLAL'TO, n. {It-] The name of a famous bridge RVANT, (elang,) a. [Fr., from rire, to laugh.] RIB, x. [Sax. rib or ribb ; Ice. rif G. rippe; D. rib, a RIB, v. t To furnish with ribs. In manufactures, to lewd fellow. Shak. Spenser. Pope. RIB/ALD, a. Low ; base; mean; filthy; obscure. Shak. RIB/ALD-ISH, a. Disposed to ribaldry. Hall, RIB/ALD-ROUS, a. Containing ribaldry. RIB/ALD-RY, n. [It. ribalderia.] RIB/AN, 2. In heraldry, the eighth part of a bend. Z RHYN’€HO-LITE, i ae n. [Gr. puyxos, 2 beak, | RIB/LESS, a. Having no ribs. and AcQos, a stone. The petrified beak of a bird. a burlesque word. Butler. RHYTHM (rithm,) ie RIB/ROAST-ED, pp. Soundly beaten. RHYTH’MUS, (rith’mus,) m. [Gr. pvb os. ] RIB/ROAST-ING. ppr. Beating soundly. 1. Im the widest sense, a division of time into short | RIB/SUP-PORT’ED, a. Supported by ribs. portions by a regular succession of motions, impulses, | RIB‘WORT, x. A species of plantain, Plantago lan- sounds, &c., producing an agreeable effect, as in the ceolata. >, Cyc. dance, music, &c. RI€, )as a termination, denotes jurisdiction, or a 2. In grammar, a division of lines in short portions | RICK, district over which government is exercis- ed, as in bishopric; Sax. cyne-ric, king-ric. It is the by a regular succession of arses and theses, or per- cussions and remissions of voice on words or sylla- bles. It belongs peculiarly to poetry, but is found likewise in well-constructed prose. P. Cyc. Pertaining to rhythmus, which see. merly current in Britain, of the value of ten shillings sterling in the reign of Henry VI., and of fifteen shillings in the reign of Elizabeth. Brande. at Venice over the grand canal. Laughing ; exciting gayety ; delightful to the view, asalandscape. [JVot anglicized.] Burke. nb or rafter; Sw. refben, rib or side-bone ; Dan. rib- be or ribbeen, rib-bone; Russ. rebro, a rib or side. This word, like the L. costa, signifies side, border, extremity, whence the compound in Sw. and Dan. rib-bone, that is, side-bone. It may be allied to the L. ripa. The sense of side is generally from extend- ing.] 1. A bone of animal bodies which forms a part of the frame of the thorax. The ribs in the human body are twelve on each side, proceeding from the spine to the sternum, or toward it, and serving to in- close and protect the heart and lungs. 9. In ship-building, a piece of timber whicl forms or strenuthens the side of a ship. Ribs of a parrel, are short pieces of plank, having holes, through which are reeved the two parts of the parrel rope. Mar. Dict. 3, An arch-formed piece of timber for supporting the lath and plaster work of a vault. GQuwilt. 4, In botany, the continuation of the petiole along the middle of a leaf, and from which the veins take their rise. Martyn. 5. In cloth, a prominent line or rising, like a rib. 6. Something long, thin, and narrow ; a strip. [W. rhib. | 7. A wife; an allusion to Eve, our common moth- er, made out of Adam’s rib. [Vulgar,] Grose. Halliwell. form with rising lines and channels ; as, to rib cloth; whence we say, ribbed cloth. 2. To inclose with ribs. Shak. RIB/ALD, n. (Fr. ribaud; It. ribaldo, a rogue, and as an adjective, poor, beggarly; Arm. ribaud, a fornica- tor, Qu. D. rabout, rabauw, a rogue or rascal. Ac- cording to the Italian, this word is a compound of 77, or re, and baldo, bold, or Sp. baldio, idle, lazy, va- grant, untilled. But the real composition of the word is not ascertained. ] A low, vulgar, brutal, foul-mouthed wretch; a J. M. Mason. Mean, vulgar language ; chiefly, obscene language. Dryden. Swift. Encyc. RIB/AND See Rizszon. RIB/BED, pp. or a. Furnished with ribs; as, ribbed with steel. Sandys. 2. Inclosed as with ribs. Shak. 3. Marked or formed with rising lines and chan- RIB/ROAST, v. t. [rib and roast.] To beat soundly ; NICE, n. [Fr. viz or ris; It. riso; Sp. and Port. ar- 7 Rice. RICE/-BIRD, (-burd,) 2. A beautiful Asiatic bird of RICH’-BIRD, RICE/-BUNT-ING, the Emberiza oryzivora; so RICH’—-MILK, xz. Milk boiled up and thickened with RICE/-PUD/DING, x. Pudding made of rice. RICE/-WEE-VIL, 2. An insect, the Calandra oryze, nels ; as, ribbed cloth. RIC coved ceiling. Quilt. rhib, id.; Ir. ruibin; Fr. ruban; Arm. rubanou. This word has no connection with band, and the orthog- raphy Risin would be more accordant with the ety- mology. 1. A fillet of silk ; a narrow Web of silk used for an ornament, as a badge, or for fastening some part of female dress. Dryden. 2. In naval architecture, a long, narrow, flexible piece of timber, nailed upon the outside of the ribs from the stem to the stern-post, so as to encompass the vessel lengthwise. Totten. genus Phalaris. Gardier. Goth. reiki, dominion, Sax. rice or vic; from the same 3 3 c root as L. rego, to rule, and region. RIE, as a termination of names, denotes rich or pow- erful, as in Alfric, Frederick, like the Greek Polycra- tes and Plutarchus. It is the first syllable of Richard ; Sax. ric, rice. [See Ricu.] or; G. reiz or reiss; D. ryst; Dan. ris; L. oryza; S35 Gr. opv§a; Eth. rez; AY. J arozon; from the verb =- — -<—Ss a) araza, to be contracted, or to be firmly fixed. The word is common to most of the Asiatics, Per- sians, Turks, Armenians, and Tartars.] A plant of the genus Oryza, and its seed. There is only one species. This plant is cultivated in all warm climates, and the grain forms a large portion of the food of the inhabitants. In America, it grows chiefly on low, moist }and, which can be overflowed. It is a light and nutritious food, und very easy of di- gestion. Indeed, it seems intended by the wise and benevolent Creator to be acommon article of food for men in warm climates. Several species of aquatic grasses of the genus Zi- zania, found in North America, are called WiuILp WVuttall. the finch family, so named from its depredations in the rice fields. It is the Fringilla (Loxia, Linn. ) oryzivora, and is also called Pappy Biro, and Java SPARROW. £- Cie: n. A bird of the United States, named from its feeding on rice in the Southern States. In New England, it is called BopoLtnx, or Bor-Lincoun. Wilson. rice. RICE/-PA-PER, n. A material brought from China, and used for painting upon, and for the manufacture of fancy articles. It is obtained from a leguminous plant, the Gaschynomene paludosa. Brande. Dana. resembling the common wheat weevil, which attacks rice and Indian corn in the Southern States. Harris. RICH, a. [Fr. riche; Sp. rico; It. ricco; Sax. ric, rice, ricca; D. ryk; G. reich; Sw. rik; Dan. rig, riig. This word in Saxon signifies great, noble, powerful, as wellas rich. It is probable, therefore, it is con- nected with ric, dominion, L. rego, regnum, Eng. reach, region, from extending. ] 1. Wealthy ; opulent; possessing a large portion of land, goods, or money, or a Jarger portion than is common to other men or to men of like rank. A farmer may be rich with property which would not make a nobleman rich. An annual income of £500 sterling would make a rich vicar, but not a rich bish- op. Men more willingly acknowledge others to be richer than to be wiser than themselves. Abram was rich in cattle, in silver, and in gold. —Gen. xiii. 2. Splendid; costly ; valuable; precious; sump- tuous ; as, a rich dress; a rich border; a rich silk ; rich furniture ; a rich present. 3. Abundant in materials ; yielding great quanti- ties of any thing valuable ; as, a rich mine ; rich ore. 4, Abounding in valuable ingredients or qualities ; as, a rich odor or flavor; rich spices. Waller. Baker. 5, Full of valuable achievements or works. crops or quantities ; as, a 7ich soil; rich land ; rich mold. a rich prospect. ure. 11. Plentifully stocked; as, pasture rich in flocks. trees. di food. as, a rich table or entertainment. rich treasury. spiritual gifts ; as, rich in faith. James ii. Matt. xix. ion, with spiritual graces. Rev, 1. ready to bestow good things on sinful men. ph. ii. Rom. X. person, or more frequently, in the plural, rich men or persons. RICH, v.t. Toenrich. [JVotused.] [See Enricn. | RICH’ED, (richt,) pp. Enriched. [Vot used. | RICH/ER, a. comp. More rich. RICH/ES, n. [Fr. richesse; It. ricchezza ; Sp. riqueza. RICH'EST, a. superl. Most rich. RICH’LY, adv, With riches; with opulence ; with RIC Each minute shall be rich in some great action. Rowe. 6. Fertile; fruitful; capable of producing large Philips. 7. Abundant; Jarge; as, a 72ch crop. 8, Abundant; affording abundance ; plentiful. The gorgeous East, with richest hand, Pours on her sons barbaric pearl and gold. Milton. 9, Full of beautiful scenery ; as, a rich landscape ; 10. Abounding with elegant colors; as, a rich pic- 12. Strong ; vivid; perfect ; as, a rich color. 13. Having. something precious ; as, a grove of rich Milton. 14. Abounding with nutritious qualities ; as, a rich et. 15. Highly-seasoned ; as, rich paste ; a rich dish of 16. Abounding with a variety of delicious food ; 17. Containing abundance beyond wants; as, a 18. In music, full of sweet or harmonious sounds. 19. In Scripture, abounding ; highly endowed with 90. Placing confidence in outward prosperity. 91. Self-righteous ; abounding, in one’s own opin- Rich in mercy; spoken of God, full of mercy, and The rich, used as a noun, denotes a rich man or The rich hath many friends. — Prov. xiv. ower. Shak. This is in the singular number in fact, but treated as the plural. } e 1. Wealth; opulence; afuence ; possessions of land, goods, or money in abundance. Riches do not consist in having mere gold and silver, but in ke. haying more in proportion, than our neighbors. 0c 2. Splendid sumptuous appearance. The riches of heaven’s pavement, trodden gold. Milton. In Scripture, an abundance of spiritual blessings. Luke xvi. The riches of God; his fullness of wisdom, power, mercy, grace, and glory, Eph. i. il. ; or the abundance supplied by his works. Ps. civ. The riches of Christ; bis abundant fullness of spir- jtual and eternal blessings formen. Eph. iil. The riches of a state or kingdom, consist less ina full treasury than in the productiveness of its soil and manufactures, and in the industry of its inhab- itants. abundance of goods or estate; with ample funds ; as, a hospital richly endowed. In Belmont is a lady richly left. Shak, 2. Gayly ; splendidly ; magnificently ; as, richly dressed ; richly ornamented. 3, Plenteously ; abundantly; amply; as, to be richly paid for services. The reading of ancient au- thors will richly reward us for the perusal. 4, Truly ; really; abundantly; fully; as, a chas- tisement richly; deserved. Addison. RICH/LY-WOOD-ED, a. Abounding with wood. roving. RICH’NESS, n. Opulence; wealth. Sidney. 2. Finery ; splendor. Johnson. , ee we say, a rich description; a discourse rich in ideas. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — RI-CIN/I€ AC/ID, n. A substance obtained by dis- 3. Fertility ; fecundity ; fruitfulness; the quali- ties which render productive ; as, the richness of a soil. Addison. 4, Fullness; abundance; as, the richness of a treasury. 5. Quality of abounding with something valuable ; as, the richness of a mine or an ore; the richness of milk or of cane-juice. 6. Abundance of any ingredient or quality ; as, the richness of spices or of fragrance. 7. Abundance of beautiful scenery; as, the rich- ness of a landscape or prospect. 8. Abundance of nutritious qualities; as, the mich- ness of diet. . Abundance of high seasoning ; as, the richness of cake. 10. Strength; vividness ; or whatever constitutes perfection ; as, the richness of color or coloring. 11. Abundance of imagery or of striking ideas ; as, richness of description. « co 954RID tilling castor-oil at a high temperature ; so called from | RID/DLE, v. t. To solve; to explain; but we gener- Ricinus, the generic name of the castor-oil plant. Brande. RICK, x. [Sax. frcac or hrig ; Ir. cruach; W. crug,a rick, an apostem, a heap, a stack, a hillock; erwgazo, to heap or pile, to swell, to grow into an apostem. It coincides with the G. riicken, D. rug, the back, Eng. ridge. | A heap or pile of grain or hay in the field or open air, but sheltered with a covering of some kind. In America, we usually give this name to a long pile; the round and conical pile being called Strack. In the north of England, it is said, this name is given to small piles of corn in the field. JHortimer. RICK/ETS, n. pl. [In technical language, rachia, Gr. paxiris, from paxts, back or spine, Eng. rack, ap- plied to the neck piece of meat; Sp. raguttis, the Tickets. See Rack and Ripce.] A disease which affects children, and which is characterized by a bulky head, a crooked spine, de- pressed ribs, enlarged and spongy articular epiphy- ses, tumid abdomen, short stature, flabby and wrin- kled flesh, together with clear and often premature mental faculties. Good. RICK/ET-Y, a Affected with rickets. Arbuthnot. 2. Weak; feeble in the joints; imperfect. RI€/O-CHET, (rik’o-shet or rik-o-sha’,) x. [Fr., a re- bounding, as of some flat substance striking on the surface of water.} In gunnery, the firing of guns, mortars, or howit- zers, usually with small charges, and elevated a few degrees, so as to carry the balls or shells just over the parapet, and cause them to rebound or roll along the opposite rampart. This is called ricochet fring, and thesbatteries are called ricochet batteries. Encyc. {The Verb RrcocHeT having been naturalized as an English word, it is desirable that the noun should likewise have the English pronunciation. ] RI€-O-CHET’, (rik-o-shet’,) v. t. To operate upon by ricochet firing. [See RicocHer, n.] P. Cyc. RI€-O-CHET’TED, (-shet/-,) pp. Operated upon by ricochet firing. RI€-O-CHET’TING, (-shet!-,) ppr. or a Operating upon by ricochet firing ; as, ricochetting batteries. RI€/TURE, x. ss i misppme tpnnan Peli i ae eee a we A nea Bad RIG RIFE/LY, adv. Prevalently ; frequently. It was rifely reported that the Turks were coming in leet. K RIFE/NESS, 7. Frequency ; prevalence. Arbuthnot. RIFF/RAFF,n. [Fr. vifler; G. raffen, to sweep; Dan. rips, Taps. | Sweepings; refuse. Hall. RIFLE, v.t. [Fr. rifler, to rifle, to sweep away 5 al- lied probably to friper and griveler; G: TTD ese sweep ; 7riffeln, to hatchel. This is one of the family of rip, rive, reap, raffle, L. rapro, W. rheibiaw, D. ryven, to grate, Eng. rub, &c- ot To seize "and bear away by force; to snatch away. Till time shall rifle every youthful grace. Pope. 9, To strip; to rob; to pillage ; to plunder. You have rifled my master. L’Estrange. RYFLE, n. [Dan. rifle, or riffle, the rifle of a gun ; rigelbdsse, a rifle gun ; G. reifeln, to cham fer, to rifle. This word belongs to the family of rip, rive, L. ra- pio, &c., supra. The word means prilarily a chan- nel or groove. | é e 1. A gun about the usual length and size of a musket, the inside of whose barrel is rifled, that is, grooved, or formed with spiral channels. 9. An instrument used for sharpening scythes. [-America.] RIFLE, v. t. To groove ; to channel. RIVFLED, pp. Seized and carried away by violence ; pillaged ; channeled. : Ri/FLE-MAN, n. A man armed with a rifle. RIFLER, n. A robber; one that seizes and bears away by violence. — : RIVFLING, ppr. Plundering; seizing and carrying away by violence; grooving. RIFT, x. [from rive.] A cleft; a fissure ; an open- ing made by riving or splitting. Muton. Dryden. RIFT, x. [D. rif] , A shallow place in a stream; a fording place. a great nolles. [ Local. ] RIFT, v.t. To cleave; to rive; to split; as, to rift an oak or a rock. Milton. Pope. RIFT, v.i. To burst open; to split. Timber— not apt to rift with ordnance. Bacon, 9. To belch ; to break wind. [Zocal.] RIFT/ED, pp. Split; rent; cleft. RIFT/ING, ppr. Splitting; cleaving ; bursting. RIG, 2. [{Sax.] A ridge, which see. RIG, v. t. [Sax. wrigan, to put on, to cover, whence Sax. hregle, a garment, contracted into rail, in night- rail. | 1. To dress; to put on ; when applied to persons, not elegant, but rather a ludicrous word, to express the putting on of a gay, flaunting, or unusual dress. Jack was rigged out in his gold and silver lace, with a feather in his cap. *Estrange. 2. To furnish with apparatus or gear; to fit with ackling ; as, to rig a purchase. 3. To rig a ship, in seamen’s language, is to fit the shrouds, stays, braces, &c., to their respective masts and yards. Mar. Dict. RIG, 7. [See the verb.] Dress. 2. The peculiar manner of fitting the masts and rigging to the hull of a vessel; as, schooner rig, ship rig, &c. Brande. 3. Bluster. [Not used.] Burke. 4. A romp; aWwanton a strumpet. To run the rig ; to play a wanton trick. To run the rig upon; to practice a sportive trick on. RIG, v.i. To play the wanton. RIG-A-DOON!, 7. [Fr. ran enere A gay, brisk dance performed by one couple, and said to have been borrowed from Provence, in France. NLCYC. RI-GA/TION, n. [L. rigatio, from rigo, Gr. Bpexw. See Rain.] : Bue act of watering ; but IrriGarTion is generally used. RI/GEL, 7. A fixed star of the first magnitude in the left foot of Orion. RIG/GED, pp. Dressed; furnished with shrouds, stays, &c., as a ship. RIG’GER, 7. One that rigs or dresses ; one whose oc- cupation is to fit the rigging of a ship. 2. A cylindrical pulley or drum in machinery. : : Hebert. RIG/GING, ppr. Dressing; fitting with shrouds, braces, é&c, RIG’/GING, zn. Dress; tackle; particularly, the ropes which support the masts, extend and contract the sails, &c., of aship. This is of two kinds: standing rigging, as the shrouds and stays, and running rig- ging, comprehending all those ropes used in bracing the yards, making and shortening sail, &c., such as braces, sheets, halliards, clewlines, &c. Brande. Totten. RIG‘GISH, a. Wanton; lewd. [Votinuse.] Shak. RIG/GLE, v.i. To move one way and the other. [See WrRIGGLE.] RIGHT, (rite,) a. [Sax. riht, reht; D. rest; G. recht ; Dan. rigtig; Sw. ricktig; It. retto; Sp. recto; L. RiG RIG stretch, whence straight; Sax. recan. See Class Rg, No. 18, 46, 47.] Properly, strained; stretched to straightness ; hence, 1. Straight. A right line, in geometry, is the-short- est line that can be drawn or imagined between two points. A right line may be horizontal, perpendic- ular, or inclined to the plane of the horizon. 9. Direct or upright; opposed to OBLIQUE; as, right ascension ; a right sphere. 3. In morals and religion, just ; equitable ; accord- ant to the standard of truth and justice, or the will of God. That alone is right in the sight of God, which is consonant to his will or Jaw ; this being the only perfect standard of truth and justice. In social and political affairs, that is right which is consonant to the laws and customs of a country, provided these Jaws and customs are not repugnant to the laws of God. A man’s intentions may be right, though his actions may be wrong in consequence of a defect in judgment. 4. Fit; suitable; proper ; becoming. In things in- different, or which are regulated by no positive law, that is right which is best suited to the character, oc- casion, or purpose, or which is fitted to produce some good effect. It is right fora rich man to dress him- self and his family in expensive clothing, which it would not be right for a poor man to purchase. Itis right for every man to choose his own time for eat- ing or exercise. Right is a relative term; what may be right for one end, may be wrong for another. 5. Lawful; as the vight heir of an estate. 6. True; not erroneous or wrong; according to fact. If there be no prospect beyond the grave, the inference is certain- ly right, ‘* Let us eat and drink, for to-morrow we die.”’ Locke. 7. Correct ; passing a true judgment ; not mistaken or wrong. You are right, justice, and you weigh this well. Shak. 8. Not left, but its opposite ; most convenient or dextrous; as, the right hand, which is generally most strong or mgst convenient in use. 9. Most favorable or convenient. The lady has been disappointed on the right side, Spectator. 10. Properly placed, disposed, or adjusted ; order- ly ; well-regulated. 11. Well-performed, as an art or act. 12. Most direct; as, the right way from London to Oxford. ‘ 13. Being on the same side as the right hand ; as, the right side. 14. Being on the right hand of a person whose face is toward the mouth of a river; as, the right bank of the Hudson. 15. Denoting the side which was designed to go outward, as the right side of a piece of cloth. RIGHT, adv. In aright or straight line; directly. Let thine eves look right on. — Prov. iv. 9. According to the law or will of God, or to the standard of truth and justice; as, to judge right. 3. According to any rule of art. You with strict discipline instructed right. 4, According to fact or truth; as, to tell a story right, 5. In a great degree; very; as, right humble; right noble; right valiant. [Obsolescent or inele- gant. | 6. It is prefixed to titles, as in right honorable, right reverend. RIGHT is used elliptically for it 2s right, whatwyou say is right, it is true, &c. Right, cries his lordship. Pope. On the right; on the side with the right hand. RIGHT, (rite,) n. Conformity to the will of God, or to his law, the perfect standard of truth and justice. In the literal sense, right is a straight line of conduct, and wrong acrooked one. Right, therefore, is rec- titude or straightness, and perfect rectitude is found only in an infinite Being and lis will. 2. Conformity to human Jaws, or to other human standard of truth, propriety, or justice. When laws are definite, right and wrong are easily ascertained and understood. In arts, there are some principles and rules which determine what is right. In many things indifferent, or left without positive law, we are to judge what is right by fitness or propriety, by custom, civility, or other circumstances. 3. Justice ; that which is due or proper; as, to do right to every man. Long love to her has borne the faithful knight, And well deserved, had fortune done him right. Dryden. Roscommon, 4. Freedom from error; conformity with truth or fact. Seldom your opinions err, Your eyes are always in the right. Prior. 5. Just claim; legal title; ownership; the legal power of exclusive possession ; enjoyment. In he- reditary monarchies, a right to the throne vests in the right of possession in the purchaser of land. Right and possession are very different things. We often have occasion to demand and sue for rights not in POSSESSION. 6. Just claim by courtesy, customs, or the principles of civility and decorum, Every man has a right to civil treatment. The magistrate has a 77git to respect. 7. Just claim by sovereignty ; prerogative. God, as the Author of all things, has a right to govern and dispose of them at his pleasure. 8. That which justly belongs to one. Born free, be sought his 7vight, Dryden. 9. Property ; interest. A subject in his prince may claim a right. Dryden, 10. Just claim; immunity; privilege. All men have a right to the secure enjoyment of life, personal safety, liberty, and property. We deem the right of trial by jury invaluable, particularly in the case of crimes. Rights are natural, civil, political, religious, personal, and public. 1]. Authority; legal power. The sheriff has a right to arrest a disturber of the peace, 12. In the United States, a tract of land; or a share | or proportion of property, as in a mine or manufac- tory. 13. The side opposite to the left; as, on the 7ight, Look to the right. 14. The side which was designed to go outward , as, the right side of a piece of cloth. To rights; ina direct line; straight. [Unusual.] Woodward. 2. Directly ; soon. To set to rights; ) to put into good order; to ad- To put to rights; just: to regulate what is out of order. c Bill of rights ; a list of rights; a paper containing a declaration of rights, or the declaration itself. Writ of right; a writ which lies to recover Jands in fee-simple, unjustly withheld from the true owner. Blackstone. RIGHT, (rite,)v.t. To do justice to; to relieve from wrong; as, to vight an injured person. Taylor. 2, In seamen’s language, to right a vessel, is to re- store her to an upright position after careening. To right the helm; to place it in the middle of the ship. 2 RIGHT, v.2. To rise with the masts erect, as a ship. RIGHT AN’GLE, (rite/ang’gl,) n. In geometry, an angle of ninety degrees, or one fourth of a circle. RIGHT’-AN’’GLED, (rit/ang’gld,) a. Containing a right angle or right angies. RIGHT’ED, pp. Relieved from injustice; set up- right. RIGHT’EN, (rit/n,) v.t. [6ax. gerihtan.] To do justice to. [Obs.} RIGHT/EOUS, (ri/chus,) a. (Sax. rihtwise; right and wise, Manner, as in otherwise, lengthwise, | 1. Just ; accordant to the divine law. Applied do persons, it denotes one who is holy in heart, and ob- servant of the divine commands in practice; as, a righteous man. Applied to things, it denotes conso- nant to the divine will or to justice 5 as, a righteous act. It is used chiefly in theology, and applied to God, to his testimonies, and to his saints. The righteous, in Scripture, denote the servants of God, the saints. 2. Just; equitable ; merited. And J thy righteous doom will bless. Dryden. RIGHT’/EOUS-ED, (ri/chust,) a. Made righteous. RIGHT/EOUS-LY, (ri/chus-ly,) adv. Justly ; in ac- cordance with the laws of justice; equitably; as, a criminal righteously condemned. Thou shalt judge the people righteously. — Ps. Ixvii. RIGHT’/EOUS-NESS, (ri/chus-ness,) n. Purity of heart and rectitude of life ; conformity of heart and life to the divine law. Righteousness, as used in Scripture and theology, in which itis chiefly used, is nearly equivalent to holiness, comprehending holy principles and affections of heart, and conformity of life to the divine law. It includes all we call justice, honesty, and virtue, with holy affections; im short, it is true religion. 2. Applied to God, the perfection or holiness of his nature ; exact rectitude ; faithfulness. 3. The active and passive obedience of Christ, by which the law of God is fulfilled. Dan. ix. 4. The cause of our justification. The Lord our righteousness. —Jer, xxiii. RIGHT’ER, n. One who sets right; one who does justice or redresses wrong. RIGHT/FUL, a. Having the right or just claim ac- cording to established laws; as, the rightful heir to a throne or an estate. 2. Being by right, or by just claim; as, a rightful lord ; rightful property ; rightful judge. 3. Just; consonant to justice ; as,a rightful cause ; a rightful war. Prior. RIGHT’FUL-LY, adv. According to right, law, or justice ; as, a title rightfully vested. RIGHT/FUL-NESS, n. Justice; accordance with the rules of right ; as, the rightfulness of a claim to lands rectus, from the root of rego, properly to strain or FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOK.— heir on the decease of the king. A deed vests the or tenements. 956RIG 2, Moral rectitude. ut still, although we fai erfect rig. B Not ya gh we fail of perfect rightfulness. RIGHT’/-HAND, n. The hand opposite to the left, usually the most employed, the strongest, most con- venient, or dextrous hand, and hence its name in other languages, as well as in ours. RIGHT’/-HAND’ED, a. Using the right hand more easily than the left. RIGHT’/-HEART-ED, a. RIGHT/’ING, ppr. RIGHT’LESS, a. Destitute of right. RIGHT’LY, adv. According to justice ; according to the divine will or moral rectitude; as, duty rightly performed. 2. Properly ; fitly; suitably ; as, a person 7vightly named. 3. According to truth or fact; not erroneously. He has rightly conjectured. Sidney. a. Having right dispositions. Doing justice to; setting upright. 4. Honestly ; uprightly. Shak. o>. Exactly. Thou didst not rightly see. Dryden. 6. Straightly ; directly. [NMotinuse.] Ascham. RIGHT’-MIND-ED, a. Having a right or honest mind. Taylor. RIGHT’-MIND/ED-NESS, n. The state of having a right mind. RIGHT’NESS, n. Correctness ; conformity to truth or to the divine will, which is the standard of moral rectitude. Itis important that a man should have such persuasion of the rightness of his conscience as to exclude rational doubt. South. 2, Straightness ; as, the rightness of a line. Bacon. RIGHT’/-RUN-NING, a. Straight running. Phillips. RIGHT WHALE, rn. The common whale, from whose mouth whalebone is obtained, as distin- guished from the spermaceti whale. RIGID, a. [Fr. rigide; It. and Sp. rigido ; L. rigidus, from rigeo ; Gr. pryow, tobe stiff; prytos, stiff, whence L. frigeo, frigidus ; Eth. 210 raga, Heb. yay, to be still, to be stiff or rigid. Class Rg, No. 3, 27. The primary sense is probably to strain or extend.] J. Stiff; not pliant; not easily bent. It is applied to bodies or substances that are naturally soft or flexible, but not fluid. We never say a rigid stone or rigid iron, nor do we say rigid ice; but we say an animal body or limb, when cold, is rigid. Rigid is then opposed to FLex1sBLe, but expresses less than INFLEXIBLE. 2. Strict in opinion, practice, or discipline ; severe in temper; opposed to Lax or INDULGENT; as, a rigid father or master ; a rigid officer. 3. Strict ; exact ; as,avigid law or rule; rigid dis- cipline ; rigid criticism. A, Severely just; as, a rigid sentence or judg- ment. 5. Exactly according to the sentence or law; as, rigid execution. RLGID/LTY, n. [Fr. rigidité; L. rigiditas.] 1. Stiffness; want of pliability ; the quality of re- sisting change of form ; opposed to FLtexipixity, Duc- TILITY, MALLEABILITY, and SorTness. Hebert. 2. Stiffness of appearance or manner; want of ease or airy elegance. Wotton. RIG/ID-LY, adv. Stiffly ; unpliantly. 2. Severely ; strictly ; exactly ; without laxity, in- dulgence, or abatement; as, to judge rigidly; to criticize 7igidly ; to execute a law rigidly. RIG/ID-NESS, z. Stiffness of a body ; the quality of not being easily bent; as, the vigidness of a limb, or of flesh. 2. Severity of temper; strictness in opinion or practice ; but expressing less than INFLEXIBILITY. RIG/LET, n. A flat, thin piece of wood, a reglet, which see. RIG/MA-ROLE, n. A succession of confused or non- sensical statements; often used as an adjective; as, a rigmarole story. Goldsmith. RIG‘/OL, n. A circle; a diadem. Shalt. RIG/OLL, x. A musical instrument, consisting of sev- eral sticks bound together, but separated by beads. Encyc. RIG/OR, n. [L., from vigco, to be stiff; Fr. rigueur. ] 1. Stiffness; rigidness; as, Gorgonian rigor. Milton. 2. In medicine, a sense of chilliness, with contrac- tion of the skin; a convulsive shuddering or slight tremor, as in the cold fit of a fever. ; Coxe. Encyc. Parr. 3. Stiffness of opinion or temper; severity ; stern- ness. All his rigor is turned to grief and pity. 4. Severity of life; austerity ; voluntary submis- sion to pain, abstinence, or mortification. Fell. 5. Strictness ; exactness without allowance, lati- tude, or indulgence; as, the vigor of criticism; to execute a law With rigor; to enforce moral duties with rigor. 6. Violence; fury. [Vot in ase.] Spenser. 7. Hardness ; solidity. [ Unusual.] Dryden. 8. Severity; asperity; as, the rigors of a cold winter. Denham. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; RIN RIG/OR-IST, n. One very rigorous; a name some- times given to the extreme Jansenists. Brande. RIG/OR-OUS, a. [Fr. rigoureuz.] 1. Severe ; allowing no abatement or mitigation ; as, a rigorous officer of justice. 2. Severe; exact; strict; without abatement or relaxation ; as, a rigorous execution of law; an en- forcement of rigorous discipline. 3. Exact; strict ; scrupulously accurate ; as,a7ig- orous definition or demonstration. 4. Severe ; very cold; as, a rigorows winter. RIG/OR-OUS-LY, adv. Severely; without relaxa- tion, abatement, or mitigation; as, a sentence rig- orously executed. __2. Strictly ; exactly ; with scrupulous nicety ; rig- idly. The people would examine his works more rigorously than him- self Dryden. RIG/OR-OUS-NESS, n. Severity without relaxation or mitigation; exactness. Ash. 2. Severity. RI-LIE/V 0, (-lé'vo,) 2. [It.] RELIEF. RILL, x. [In G. rille, W. rhill, is a groove, trench, channel, the root of drill. In Sw. strila is to run or glide; Dan. ryller, to ramble.] A small brook ; arivulet; astreamlet. Milton. RILL, v.z% To run inasmall stream, or in stream- lets Prior. RILL/ET, x. Asmallstream; arivulet. Drayton. RIM,z. [Sax. rima and reoma, a rim, a ream; W. rhim and rhimp, a rim, edge, termination; hence crimp, a sharp ridge ; crimpiaw, to form into a ridge, also to pinch. Rim, like ramp, ramble, is from ex- tending; the extremity. In Russ. kroma is a bor- der. 1. The border, edge, or margin of a thing; as, the rim of a kettle or basin; usually applied to things circular or curving. 2. The lower part of the belly or abdomen. Brown. RIM, v. t. To put on a rim or hoop at the border. RIME, n. [Sax. hrim; Ice. hrym; D. rym. The French write this frimas, Arm. frim; probably allied to cream. In G. it is reif, D. ryp.] White or hoar frost ; congealed dew or vapor. acon. RIME, n. [L. rima; Sw. remna, whence renna, to split ; perhaps from the root of rive.] A chink ; a fissure; a rent or long aperture. [JVot IN USE. | RIME, v. 2. RI/MOSE, RI/MOUS, § “ In natural history, chinky ; abounding with clefts, cracks, or chinks, like those in the bark of trees. RI-MOS'I-TY, nx. The state of being rimose or chinky. RIM’PLE, 2. [Sax. hrympelli.] A fold or wrinkle. [See Rumpve.] RIM/PLE, vw. t. To rumple ; to wrinkle. RIM’/PLING, x. Undulation. Ri/MY, a. [from rime.] Abounding with rime; frosty. darvey. RIND, n. [Sax. rind or hrind; G. rinde; Gr. pivos; W. croen, skin. ] The skin or coat of fruit that may be pared or peeled off; also, the bark of trees. Dryden. To bark ; to decorticate. [from the root of run; In architecture. [See To freeze or congeal into hoar frost. [L. zimosus, from rima.] Milton. Encye. Not in use. ] an. rinder, to RIND, ». t. RIN/DLE, nz. flow.] A small watercourse or gutter. Ash. RIN-FOR-ZAN'! DO, (-fort-san/do,) n. [It.] In mu- sic, a direction to the performer denoting that the sound is to be increased. Busby. RING, xn. [Sax. ring or hring; D. ring or kring; G. D. and Sw. ring, a circle ; Sw. kring, about, around. This coincides with ring, to sound, and with wring, to twist; G. vingen, to ring or sound, and to wrestle. The sense is, to strain or stretch, and 7 is probably not radical. The root, then, belongs to Class Rg.} 1. A circle, or a circular line, or any thing in the form of a circular Jine or hoop. Thus we say of men, they formed themselves into a ring, to see a wrestling match ; rings of gold were made for the ark. x. xxv. Rings of gold or other material are worn on the fingers, and sometimes in the ears, as ornaments, 2, A circular course. Place me, O, place me in the dusty ring, Where youthful charioteers contend for glory. RING, n. [from the verb.] A sound ; particularly, the scund of metals; as, the ring of a bell. 2. Any loud sound, or the sounds of numerous Smith. me voices; or sound continued, repeated, or reverber- ated ; as, the ving of acclamations. Bacon. 3. A chime, or set of bells harmonically tuned. TUT. RING, v. t.; pret. and pp. Runa. [Sax. ringan, hrin- gan; G. and D. ringen; Sw. ringa; Dan. ringer.]} To cause to sound, particularly by striking a me- RIN tallic body ; as, to ring a bell. This word expresses appropriately the sounding of metals. RING, v.t. [fromthe noun.] Toencircle. Shak. 2. In horticulture, to cut out a ring of bark 5 as, to ring branches or roots. Gardner. 3. To fit with rings, as the 4ngers or as a swine’s snout. Farmers ring swine, to prevent their rooting, And ring these fingers with thy household worms. Shak. RING, v. 7. To sound, as a bell or other sonorous body, particularly a metallic one. Dryden. 2. To practice the art of making music with bells, Holder. 3. To sound ; to resound. With sweeter notes each nsing temple rung, Pope. 4, To utter, as a bell ; to sound. The shardborn beetle, with his drowsy hums, Hath rung night’s yawning peal. Shak, 5. To tinkle ; to bave the sensation of sound con- tinued. Dryden. 6. To be filled with report or talk. The whole town rings with his fame. RING/-BOLT, 2. An iron bolt, having aring in one end of it. Totten. RING/-BONE, zn. A callus growing in the hollow circle of the little pastern of a horse, just above the coronet. Brande, RING/—~DI-AL, ~. A pocket sun-dial in form of a ring. RING/DOVE, (-duy,) n. [G. ringeltaube. A species of pigeon, the Columba palumbus, the cushat, the largest of the European species. Jardine. RIN’GENT, a. [L. ringor, to make wry faces, that is, to wring or twist. ] In botany, a ringent corol is one which is irregular and monopetalous, with the border divided into two parts, called the wpper and lower lip, the upper arched, so that there is a space between the two like an open mouth. Martyn. Smith. RING/ER, x. One who rings. [In the sense of My ears shall ring with noise. wringer, not used.) RING/-FENCE, 7. A fence encircling an estate within one enclosure. RING/-FIN'’GER, n. The third finger of the left hand, on which the ring is placed in marriage, vul- garly supposed to communicate by a nerve directly with the heart. Halliwell. RING/-FORM-ED, a. Formed like aring. Whevwell. RING/ING, ppr. Causing to sound, as a bell; sound- ing; cutting out a ring of bark ; fitting with rings. RING/ING, n. The act of sounding or of causing to sound. 2. In horticulture, the cutting out of a ring of bark down to the new wood, for the purpose of making a branch fruitful, &c. ardier. RING/LEAD, v.t. Toconduct. [Little used.] RING/LEAD-ER, n. [ring and leader.) The leader of any association of men engaged im violation of law or an illegal enterprise, as rioters, mutineers, and the like. which men associating to oppose law have some- times adopted, of signing their names to articles of acreement in a ving, that no one of their number might be distinguished as the leader. RING/LET, zn. [dim. of ring.] A small ring. ope. 2. A curl; particularly, a curl of hair. Her golden tresses in wanton ringlets waved. Milton. 3. A circle. To dance our ringlets in the whistling wind. Shak, RING!-GU-SEL, n. A bird of the thrush family, Merula torquata, inhabiting the hilly and mountain- ous parts of Great Britain. Jardine. RING/-SAIL, x. See Rinerai. RING/-SHAP-ED, (-shapt,) a Having the shape of a ring. Decandolle. RING/-STREAK-ED, (-streekt,) a. [ring and streak-] Having circular streaks or lines on the body; as, ring-streaked goats. Glen. Xxx. ‘ RING/-TAIL, 7, [ring and aed A bird having a white tail, the female of the Hen-Harrier, Circus cyaneus. Jardine. _ 2, A light sail set abaft and beyond the spanker ot a ship or bark, also called RrnG-sarL. | Totton. RING'LAIL-ED, a. Having a tail striped as if sur- rounded by a ring; applied to a young golden eagle. P. Cije. RING/WORM, (-wurm,) n. [ring and worm.) A vesicular eruption of the skin, the vesicles being small, with a reddish base, and forming rings, whose area is slightly discolored. It is called Herpes cir- cinatus by Good. RINSE, (rins,) v. t (Sw. vensa or rena, to cleanse ok purify ; Dan. renser, to clean, to purge, to purify, 0 scour; Sax. rein, D. and G. rein, clean ; Fr. rincer ; Arm. rinsa, rinsein. This word is probably from the same radix as the Gr. paww, and pavrtt@, to Sprin- kle. Our common people pronounce this word rens, retaining their native pronunciation. This is one of SON een “2 i: many instances in which the purity of our vernacu FH as in THIS. 957 This name is derived from the practice ,Bp a ee RIP lar language has been corrupted by those who have understood French better than their mother tongue. ] 1. To cleanse by the introduction of water; ap- plied particularly to hollow vessels; as, to rinse a bottle. eed 9. To cleanse with a second or repeated application of water after washing. We distinguish washing from rinsing. Washing is performed by rubbing, or with the use of soap; rinsing is performed with clean water, without much rubbing or the use of soap. Clothes are rinsed by dipping and dashing ; and ves- sels are rinsed by dashing water on them, or by slight rubbing ; a close barrel may be vinsed, but can not well be washed. : RINS‘ED, (rinst,) pp. Cleansed with a second water ; cleaned. : RINS’ER, z. One that rinses. RINS/ING, ppr. orn. Cleansing with a second water. RIOT, xn. [Norm. riotti; It. riotta ; Fr. riote, a brawl or tumult. The W. broth, brwth, commotion, may be from the same root, with a prefix, which would connect this word with brydian, brydiaw, to heat, to boil. The Spanish has alboroto, and Port. alvoroto, in alike sense. In Danish, rutter is to drink hard, to riot. ‘The primary sense is probably noise or agi- tation. | 1. Riot, at common law, is a tumultuous disturb- ance of the peace by three or more persons, mutually aiding and assisting each other, whether the act which they originally intended to perform was in it- self lawful or unlawful. ; Bouvier. 2. Uproar; tumult; wild and noisy festivity. Milton. 3. Excessive and expensive feasting, 2 Pet. ii. 4, Luxury. The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day. Pope. To run riot; to act or move without control or re- straint. Swift. RIOT, v.i. [Fr. rioter ; It. riottare. 1. To revel ; torun to excess in feasting, drinking, or other sensual indulgences. 2. To Juxuriate ; to be highly excited. No pulse that riots, and no blood that glows. Pope. 3. To banquet; to live in luxury ; to enjoy. How base is the ingratitude which forgets the benefactor, while it is rioting on the benefit! Dwight. 4. To raise an uproar or sedition. Johnson. RI/OT-ER, nm. One who indulges in loose festivity or excessive feasting. 9. In law, one guilty of meeting with others to do an unlawful act, and declining to retire upon proc- lamation. RI/OT-ING, ppr. Reveling; indulging in excessive feasting. RIOT-ING, n. A reveling. RI/OT-ISE, (-iss,) x. Dissoluteness ; luxury. [Vot in all Spenser. RYOT-OUS, a. [It. riottoso.] 1. Luxurious ; wanton or licentious in festive in- dulgences ; as, riotous eaters of flesh. Prov. xXXill. 2. Consisting of riot; tumultuous; partaking of the nature of an unlawful assembly ; seditious. 3. Guilty of riot; applied to persons. RI/OT-OUS-LY, adv. With excessive or licentious luxury. Ecclus. 2. In the manner of an unlawful assembly ; tumul- tuously ; seditiously. RI/OT-OUS-NESS, x. The state or quality of being riotous. RYV/OT-RY, n. Riot; practice of rioting. Taylor. ‘RIPE/LY, adv. Maturely; at the fit time. Shak. RIS 1. Brought to perfection in growth, or to the best state; mature; as, ripe fruit; ripe corn. 9, Advanced to perfection; matured; as, ripe judgment, or ripe in judgment. 3. Finished ; consummate ; as, a ripe scholar. 4, Brought to the point of taking effect ; matured ; ready; prepared; as, things just ripe for war. Addison, 5. Fully qualified by improvement ; prepared ; as, a student ripe for the university; a saint ripe for heaven. Fell. Dryden. 6. Advanced to that state in which it is fit for use ; as, ripe cheese, 7. Resembling the ripeness of fruit; as, a zine lip. hak. 8. Complete ; proper for use. When time is ripe, Shak. 9. Maturated; suppurated; as an abscess or tumor. RIPE, v.i. To ripen; to grow ripe; to be matured. [Not used.] [See Riven.} Shak. PE, v.t. To mature; to ripen. [Vot used, ] Shak. RIP/EN, (ri/pn,) v. i (Sax. ripian; D. rypen; G. reifen. 1. T'o grow ripe; to be matured; as grain or fruit. Grain ripens best in dry weather. 9, To approach or come to perfection ; to be fitted or prepared ; as, a project is ripening for execution. RIP/EN, (ri/pn,) v. t. To mature; to make ripe; as grain or fruit. 2. T’o mature; to fit or prepare; as, to ripen one for heaven. 3. To bring to perfection ; as, to ripen the judg- ment. RIP/EN-ED, pp. or a. Made ripe ; come to maturity. RIP/EN-ING, nz. ‘The act or state of becoming ripe. RIPE/NESS, n. The state of being ripe or brought to that state of perfection which fits for use; maturity ; as, the ripeness of grain. 2. Full growth. Time, which made them their fame outlive, To Cowley scarce did ripeness give. Denham. 3. Perfection; completeness; as, the ripeness of virtue, wisdom, or Judgment. 4. Fitness ; qualification. Shak. 5. Complete maturation or suppuration, as of an ulcer or abscess. 6. A state of preparation; as, the ripeness of a project for execution. RIP/EN-ING, ppr. or a. Maturing ; growing or mak- ing ripe. RI-PHE/AN,a. An epithet given to certain mountains in the north of Asia, probably signifying snowy mountains. RIP-IJ-E'NO, a. [It.] In music, full. RIP/IER, ) x. In old laws, one who brings fish to RIP/PER,$ market in the inland country. [0bs.] Cowel. RIP/PED, (ript,) pp. Torn or cut off or out; torn open. RIP/PER, n. One who tears or cuts open. RIP/PING, ppr. Cutting or tearing off or open; tear- ing up. RIP/PING, n. A tearing. 2. A discovery. { Obs.] Spenser. RIP’/PLE, (rip’pl,) wv. 2. ie Dan. ripper is to stir. or agitate ; in G. 7viffe is a hatchel ; and riffeln, to hatch- el; in Sax. werifled is wrinkled. Ripple is probably RIP, v. t. [Sax. rupan, ryppan, hrypan; Sw. rifva; Dan. river. This belongs to the great family of Sax. reafian, li. rapio, Ir. reabam, Eng. reap and rive; allied perhaps to the L. crepo, Fr. crever. 1. To separate by cutting or tearing; to tear or cut open or off ; to tear off or out by violence ; as, to rip open a garment by cutting the stitches ; to rip off the skin of a beast; to rip open a sack; to rip off the shingles or clapboards of a house ; to rip up a floor. We never use lacerate in these senses, but apply it to a partial tearing of the skin and flesh. 2. To take out or away by cutting or tearing. Otway. He'll rip the fatal secret from her heart. Granville. 3. To tear up for search or disclosure, or for alter- ation ; to search to the bottom ; with up. You rip up the original of Scotland. Spenser. They rapped up all that had been done from the beginuing of the rebellion. Clarendon, 4. To rip out an oath, is to swear hastily and vio- lently. [Chis seems to be the D. roepen, Sax. hreo- pan, to cry°out; allied to L. crepo, Fr. crever.| P,7. A tearing ; a place torn; laceration. Addison. 2. A wicker basket to carry fish in. Cowel. 3. Refuse. [JVot in use, or local.| RI-PA/RI-AN a. [L. vipa.] Pertaining to the bank of a river. RIPE, a. [Sax. ripe, gerip; D. ryp; G. reif. The Saxon word signifies harvest, a reap or reaping; ripa, a handful of corn; ripan, to reap; ripian, to ripen. | allied to rip. | To fret on the surface ; as water, when agitated or running over a rough bottom, appears rough and broken, or as if ripped or torn. RIP/PLE, (rip’pl,) v. t. [G. riffeln, to hatchel. ] 1. To clean, as flax. Ray. 2. To agitate the surface of water. RIP/PLE, n.. The fretting of the surface of water ; little, curling waves. 2, A large comb or hatchel for cleaning flax. RIP/PLE-GRASS, 7. Prov. x. 1 Gor. iv. Shak. something long and slender. Gay. 6. An instrument for measuring ; but, more sgener- ally, @ measure of length containing 54 vards, or sixteen feet and a half; a pole; a perch. In many parts of the United States, rod is universally used for pole or perch. 7. In Scripture, a staff or wand. 8. Support. Thy rod and thy staff, they comfort me. — Ps. xxiii. 9, A shepherd’s crook. Zev. xxvii. 10. An instrument for threshing. Js. xxviii. 11. Power; authority. Ps. cxxv. 12. A tribe orrace. Ps. Ixxiv. Rod of tron ; the mighty power of Christ. Rev. xix. Ps. ii. RODE, pret. of Rive ; also, a cross. RO'DENT, a. [L. rodv.] Gnawing ; a term applied to the rodentia, which see, RO/DENT, nm. An animal that gnaws, as a rat. LO-DEN'TIA, n. pl. [L. rodo, to gnaw.] Gnawers; an order of mammals having two large incisor teeth in each jaw, separated from the molar teeth by an empty space. The rat and mouse, the squirrel, the marmot, the musk-rat, and the beaver, belong to this order. ROD/O-MONT, n. [Fr. id. ; It. rodomonte, a bully ; Ir. raidhmeis, silly stories, rodomontade ; roithre, a bab- bler, a prating fellow ; roithreacht, silly talk, loquaci- ty, rhetoric; from radham, to say, tell, relate, W. ad- rawz. ‘The Ir. radh, radham, are the Sax. red, speech, and r@dan, to read. (See Reap.) The Jast syllable may be the Fr. monter, to mount, and the word then signifies one that speaks loftily. Ariosto’s bero.] A vain boaster. Herbert. ROD/O-MONT, a. Bragging; vainly boasting. ROD-O-MONT-ADE’, n. [Fr. id. ; It. rodomontata. See Ropomonr.] Vain boasting ; empty bluster or vaunting ; I Sam. xiv. [See Roop.] rant. I could show that the rodomontades of Almanzor are neither so irrational nor impossible. Dryden, ROD-O-MONT-ADE’, x. i. bluster; to rant. ROD-O-MONT-AD'IST, ROD-O-MONT-AD/OR, To boast; to brag; to n. A blustering boaster; one that brags or vaunts. erry. Todd. ROE, n. [Sax. ra,.or raa, rege, or hrege; G. ROE/BUCK, reh and rehbock; Dan. raa, or raabuk ; Sw. rabock. 1, A species of deer, the Capreolus Dorcas, with erect cylindrical branched horns, forked at the sum- mit. ‘This is one of the smallest of the deer, but of elegant shape and remarkably nimble. It prefers a mountainous country, and congregates in families, Re Cijc. 2. Roe; the female of the hart. Sandys. ROE, (10,) n. [G. ragen; Dan. rogn, ravn; that which is ejected. So in Dan. rove is spittle. ] The seed or spawn of fishes. The roe of the male is called soft roe or milt; that of the female, hard roe or spawn. Encyc. ROE/-STONE, x. Called also OdtrtEe, which see. RO-GA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. rogatio ; rego, to ask.] 1, Litany ; supplication. He perfecteth the rogations or litaniea before in use. Hooker, 2. In Roman jurisprudence, the demand, by the consuls or tribunes, of a law to be passed by the people, The second week before Whitsunday, thus called from the three fasts ob- served therein; viz., on Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday, called vogation-days, because of the ex- traordinary prayers then made for the fruits of the earth, or as a preparation for the devotion of the Holy Thursday. P. Cyc. Hook. ROGUE, (rog,) n. [Sax. earg, arg, idle, stupid, mean ; eargian, to become dull or torpid; D. G. Sw. and Dan. arg, evil, crafty, wicked; Gr. apyos. Hence Cimbric argur, and Eng. rogue, by transposition of letters. The word arga, in the laws of the Longo- bards, denotes a cuckold. Spel. voc. 4rga.] Hence the name of 1. In law, a Vagrant; a sturdy begear; bond. Persons of this character were cient laws of England, to be and having the ear bored with | a vaga- | ere, by the an- } punished by whipping a hot iron. Eneyc. Spense 2. A Knave; a dishonest person ; annie none I | believe, exclusively to iniules. This word compre- hends thieves and robbers, but is generally applied | to such as cheat and defraud in mutual dealings, or | to counterfeiters. : The rogue and fool by fits is fuir and wise. Pope. 3. A name of slight tenderness and endearment. Alas, poor rogue, I think indeed she loves. Shak. Shak. To wander ; to play tne vaga- Spenser. [Little used.] Johnson. 4. A wag. ROGUE, (rog,) v. 2 bond. [Little wsed.} 2. To play knavish tricks. ROGU/ER-Y, x. The life of avagrant. [Vow little used. | Donne. 2. Knavish tricks; cheating; fraud; dishonest practices. Tis no scandal crown Por debt and roguery to quit the town. Dryden. 3. Waggery ; arch tricks ; mischievousness, ROGUE/SHIP, n. The qualities or person age of a rovue. Dryden. ROGUE?S/-YARN, n. Yarn of a different twist and color from the rest, and inserted into the cordage of the British navy, to identify it if stolen. Buchanan, ROGU’ISH, (rog'ish,) a. Vagrant ; vagabond. [WVearly obsolete. | Spenser. 2. Knavish ; fraudulent; dishonest. Swift. [ This is the present sense of the word: | 3. Waggish ; wanton; slightly mischievous. Addison, ROGU'ISH-LY, adv. Like a rogue ; knavishly ; wan- tonly. ROGU’ISH-NESS, n. The qualities of a rogue 5 knavery ; mischievousness. 2. Archness ; sly cunning; as, the roguishness of a Jook. ROGU’Y, (rdg/y,) a. Knavish ; wanton. [Vot in use. | PEstrange. ROIL, v. t. [This is the Arm. brella, Fr. brouiller, em- brouiller, It. brogliare, imbrogliare, Sp. embrollar, Port. embrulhar ; primarily, to turn or stir, to make Intricate, to twist, wrap, involve, hence to mix, con- found, perplex, whence Eng. brow, Fr. brouillard, mist, fog. In English, the prefix or first letter is lost. ] 1. To render turbid by stirring up the dregs or sed- iment; as, tovoil wine, cider, or other liquor in casks or bottles. t 2. To excite some degree of anger; to disturb the passion of resentment. [ These senses are in common use in New England, and are local in England. | [Local in England.] ROIL/ED, pp. Rendered turbid or foul by disturbing the lees or sediment ; angered slightly ; disturbed in mind by an offense. ROIL/ING, ppr. Rendering turbid, or exciting the passion of anger. ‘ote. —This word is as legitimate as any in the language. ” ROINT. See Aroynt. ROIST, Yv. 2% ae reustla, to embroil. ‘This ROIST’ER,$ word belongs to the root of rustle, brustle, Sax. brasan, to shake, to rush, W. r/uysiav, to rush, to straiten, to entangle, rhysu, id.] To bluster; to swagger; to bully; to be hold, noisy, vaunting, or turbulent. [JVot in wse.] Shak. Swift. ROIST/ER, n. A bold, blustering, turbulent fel- ROIST’/ER-ER, low. [Vot in use. ] ROIST/BR-LY, a. Blustering; violent. ROIST/ER-LY, adv. In a bullying, violent manner, { Little used.) ROOK, t™ Mist; smoke; damp. Worth of Bng- ROAK.) <4" ROK’/Y, a. [See Reex,] Misty; foggy; cloudy. [ Vot in use.] a= Mays ROLL, v. t. [D.and G. rollen; Sw. rulla; Dan. rul- ler; W. rholiaw; Fr. rouler, Arm. rwilha and volla: It. rullare; Ir. rolam. It is usual to consider this word as formed by contraction from the Latin votula, a little wheel, from rota, W.7kod, a wheel. But it is against all probability that ai’ the natiens of Eu- rope have fallen into such a contraction. Roll is un- donbtedly a primitive root, on which have been formed troll and stroll. : I To move by turning on the surface, or witha circular motion in which all parts of the surface are successively applied to.a plane; as, to rol/ a barrel or puncheon; to roll a stone or ball. Sisyphus was condemned to roll a stone to the top of a hill, which, when he had done so, rolled down again, and thus his punishment was eternal. — : 2. To revolve; to turn on its axis; as, to roll a Wheel or a planet. e 3. To move in a circular‘direction. 4, To wrap round on itself; to form into a circular TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 121 961 : ge neisay eae ae ere seis, Sa eniieeimnentanaaie Pane a ae > re ee ee coe ~ ee a eeanene re: ~ , ‘ROL ROM ROO bacco. the like. Wiseman. 6. To form by rolling into round masses. Peacham. The ocean rolls its billows to the shore. its waters to the ocean. roll paste. Oe . 9. To produce a periodical revolution. Heaven shone and rolled her motions. Milton. 10. To press or level with a roller; as, to roll z ne roll one’s self; to wallow. Mic. i. ROLL, v. 2. earth ; a body rolls on an inclined plane, 2. To move, turn, or run on an axis ; as a wheel. [In this seuse, ReEvoLve is more generally used. ] 3. To run on wheels. And to the rolling chair is bound. Dryden. 4. To revolve; to perform a periodical revolution ; as, the rolling year ; ages roll away. 5. To turn; to move circularly. And his red eyeballs roll with living fire. Dryden. 6. To float in rough water; to be tossed about. Twice ten tempestuous nights J rolled. Pope. 7. To move, as waves or billows, with alternate swells and depressions. Waves roll on waves, 8. To fluctuate ; to move tumultuously. What different sorrows did within thee roll / Prior. 9. To be moved with violence ; to be hurled. Down they fell, By thousands; angel on archangel rolled. Milton. 10. To be formed into a cylinder or ball ; as, the cloth rolls well, 1. To spread under a roller or rolling-pin. The paste rolls well. 12. To wallow ; to tumble; as, a horse rolls. 13. To rock or move from side to side; as, a ship rolls in a calm. 14. To beat a drum with strokes so rapid that they can scarcely be distinguished by the ear. ROLL, x. The act of rolling, or state of being rolled ; as, the roll of a ball ; the roll of a vessel. 2. The thing rolling. Thomson, 3. A mass made round; something like a ball or cylinder; as, a roll of fat; a roll of wool. Addison. Mortimer. 4. A roller; a cylinder of wood, iron, or stone; as, a roll to break clods. “Mortimer. o- A quantity of cloth wound into a cylindrical form ; as, a roll of woollen or satin ; a roll of lace. 6. A cylindrical twist of tobacco. 7. An official writing ; a list; a register; a cata- logue ; as, a muster-roll ; a court-roll. 8, The uniform beating of a drum with strokes so rapid as scarcely to be distinguished by the ear. 9. Rolls of court, of parliament, or of any public body, are the parchments on which are engrossed, by the proper officer, the acts and proceedings of that body, and which, being Kept in rolls, constitute the records of such public body. 10, In antiquity, a volume; a book consisting of leaf, bark, paper, skin, or other material, on which the ancients wrote, and w hich, being kept rolled or folded, was-called in Latin volumen, from volvo, to roll. Hence, 11. A chronicle ; history ; annals. Nor names more noble graced the rolls of fame. Trumbull. 12. Part; office ; that is, round of duty, like turn. Obs,] ROLL/ED, pp. or a. Moved by turning ; formed into a round or cylindrical body; leveled with a roller, as land, ROLL’ER, n. That which rolls; that which turns on its own axis; particularly, a cylinder of wood, stone, metal, &c,, used in husbandry and the arts. Rollers are of various kinds, and used for varlous purposes. 2 A bandage ; a fillet ; properly, a long and broad bandage used in surgery. 3: An insessoria! or perching bird of the genus Coracias, found in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The colors of the plumage in adults are brilliant blue and green, mixed with chestnut. Jardine. ROLU’ERS, x. pl. Heavy waves which set in upon a coast without wind. ROL'LICK, v.37. To move ina careless, swaggering manner, with a frolicsome.air. [ Colloquial.] Smart. ROL'LICK-ING, ppr. or a. Moving in a careless or swaggering manner; frolicsome. ROLL/ING, ppr. Turning over; revolving ; forming into a cylinder or round mass; leveling, as land. 2. a. Undulating; having a regular succession of 5, To inwrap; to bind or involve in a bandage or 7. To drive or impel any body with a circular mo- tion, or to drive forward with violence or in a stream. : A river rolls 8. To spread with a roller or rolJing-pin; as, to To move by turning on the surface, or with the successive application of all parts of the surface to a plane; as, a ball or wheel volls on the or cylindrical body ; as, to roll a piece of cloth; to] ROLL/ING, n. roll a sheet of paper; to roll parchment ; to roll to- some surface. 2, The moti from copper-pl plates of metal, &c. ROLL/Y-POOL-Y, n. roll, ball, and pool.) into a certain place, wins. ROM/AGE, (rum/maj,) x. Bustle ) tumultuous search. [See Rummace.} Shak. +! RO-MA‘I€, a. or Greek language. awl’,)n. A species of silk handker- RO-MAL’, (ro-m chief. No. 3. | I. Pertaining 2. Pertaining religion, Roman order ligion professed at the head of y RO/MAN, n. of a Roman citi 3. One of the Paul addressed Species of poetr figurative expre boldly, romantic reach to a dist: gorize; rhaman language, &c. of the oriental and indeed the count of the ori Remus. It is | ramble, | 1. A fabulous a tale of extrac often extravagan jects interesting passions of won from the novel, a cording to the \ beyond the limit probability. Which truth at ideas of chival 9. A fiction. of France, whicl Latin language RO-MAN’CER, n. 2, A writer of RO-MAN/OY, a. or rather to fable, in architecture, to common dialect j France, the rema RO’MAN-ISM, n. RO/MAN-IST, n. prairie. , { relition ; a Roman Catholic, rande. 2. A pole; a measure of five yards; a rod or regular elevations and depressions ; as, a rolling | RO'MAN-IZE, v. t. To latinize ; to fill with Latin perch. [JVot used in America, and probably local in Western States. words or modes of speech. Dryden. England.) ROLL/ING-PIN, x. RO'MAN, a. [L. Romanus, from Roma, the principal city of the Romans in Italy. naine ‘Ramah, elevated, that is, a hill ; for fortresses and towns were often placed on hills for security ; Heb. and Ch. 5, to be high, to raise, [See Composit E-] Roman Catholic; as an adjective, denoting the re- as a noun, one who adheres to this religion. A native of Rome. 2. A citizen of Rome; one enjoying the privileges from Judaism or paganism. RO/MAN CEM/ENT, n. for building purposes, RO-MANCE/, (ro-mans’,) n. (Fr. roman ; It. romanzo ; Sp. romance, the common vulgar language of Spain, and romance; Port. id., any vulgar tongue, and a a rising over, a vaulting or springing, an omen, a r the primitive sense of the root, rather than from the use of the Roman language. word proves also the correctness of the foregoing derivation of Roma, and overthrows the fabulous ac- incidents designed for the entertainment of readers ; of an unusual and ‘Wonderful character ; that is, ac- The first romances were a monstrous assemblage of histories, in composition of amorous adventures and the extravagant RO-MANCE/, a. or 7. formerly prevalent in some of the southern districts RO-MANCE’, (ro-mans’,) v. i. To forge and tell ficti- tious stories ; to deal in extravagant stories. RO-MAN/CING, ppr. tales ; building castles in the air. RO-MAN-ESQUBE’, (ro-man-esk’,) a.orn. A term ap- plied in painting to that which appertains to romance, and imitative of, the Roman; in literature, to the The turning round of a body upon on of 2 ship from side to side. Wiseman. SS, 7. Arbuthnot. n. A term applied to the modern Rome is the oriental Class Rm, to Rome, or to the Roman people. to or professing the Roman Catholic ; In architecture, the composite order. by the people of Rome and of Italy, vhich is the pope or bishop of Rome F zen. Christian church at Rome to which an epistle, consisting of converts An excellent water cement, Buchanan. y; W. rham, a rising over; rhamant, SSION, romance, as an adjective, rising ; rhamanta, to rise over, to soar, to ince, to divine, to romance, to alle- tu, to use figurative or high-flown I'he Welsh retains the signification word from which Rome is derived, sense of romance is evidently from The Welsh use of the gin of the word from Romulus or yrobable that this word is allied to relation or story of adventures and yrdinary adventures, fictitious and t, usually a tale of love or War, sub- the sensibilities of the heart, or the der and curiosity. Romance difters S it treats of actions and adventures Velsh signification, it vaults or soars Ss of fact and real life, and often of id fiction were blended without probability ; a ry. Encyc. Prior. A term denoting the dialect 1 sprung directly from the Roman or Richardson. One who invents fictitious stories. romance. Aubrey. Inventing and telling fictitious Romantic. [Jot proper.] as Connected with objects of fancy ; the debased styles subsequent to, n some of the southern districts of ins of the old Roman language. Brande. Gloss. of Archit. The tenets of the church of Rome. Brevint. An adherent to the Roman Catholic A round piece of wood, tapering at each end, with which paste is molded and reduced to a proper thickness. j ROLL/ING-PRE An engine consisting of two cylinders, by which cloth is calendered, waved, and tabbied; aJso, an engine for taking impressions ates; also, a like engine for drawing [Said to be roll and pool, or A game in which a ball, rolling 2. To convert to the Roman Catholic religion wr opinions. RO'MAN-IZE, v. i. To conform to Roman Catholic Opinions, customs, or modes of speech. RO/MAN-IZ-ED, pp. or a. Latinized ; conformed to the Roman Catholic faith. RO/MAN-IZ-ING, ppr. Latinizing ; conforming to the Roman Catholic faith, RO-MANSH’, n. The language of the Grisons jn Switzerland, a corruption of the Latin. RO-MAN’TIE€, a. Pertaining to romance or resem- bling it; wild; fanciful; extravagant ; as, a roman- tic taste ; romantic notions ; romantic expectations ; romantic zeal, 2. Improbable or chimerical ; fictitious ; as, a ro- mantic tale, 3. Fanciful ; wild ; full of wild or fantastic scen- ery ; aS, a romantic prospect or landscape ; a romantic situation. RO-MAN/TI€-AL-LY, adv. Wildly ; extravagantly. Pope. RO-MAN’TI-CISM, n. The state of being romantic or fantastic; applied chiefly to the unnatural produc- ions of the inodern French school of novelists. Brande. RO-MAN’TI€-NESS, nm. Wildness ; extravagance ; fancifulness, . 2. Wildness of scenery. RO-MAN’ZO-VITE, n. A variety of garnet, of a brown or brownish-yellow color; named from Count Romanzoff. Cleaveland. RO’ME-INE, (-in,) n. [from the mineralogist Rumé de LD? fsle.} A mineral consisting of antimonious acid and lime, RON’DEL, zn. RON'DLE, (ron/dl,) n. RON’DO, x. RON’/DURE, n. RONG ; the old pret. and pp. of Rina, now Rene. RON/ION, (run/yon,) n. RONT, x. ROOD, nx. [A different orthography of Rop, which presenting a hyacinth or honey-yellow color, and occurring In square octahedrons. Dana. ROME’PEN-NY,) 2. [Rome and Sax. pennig or ROME/SEOT, § sceat. A tax of a penny on a house, formerly paid by the people of England to the church of Rome. [See PETERPENCE,] ROM'ISH, a. [from Rome.] Belonging or relating to Rome, or to the religion professed by the people of Rome and of the western empire, of which Rome was the metropolis ; Roman Catholic ; aS, the Romish church ; the Romish religion, ritual, or ceremonies. ROM'IST, x A Roman Catholic. South. ROMP, x. [A different spelling of Ramp ; W. riham, a rising over; rhamu, to reach OVer, to soar, to vault. See Ramp and Romance.] 1. A rude girl who indulges in boisterous play. Adiison. 2. Rude play or frolic. Romp-loving miss Is hauled about in gulluntry robust. Thomson. ROMP, 2.7%. To play rudely and boisterously ; to leap and frisk about in play. Richardson. ROMP/’ING, ppr. Playing rudely. Asa noun, rude, boisterous play. ROMP’ISH, a. Given to rude play ; inclined to romp Ash, ROMP’ISH-LY, adv. In a rude or boisterous manner. ROMP’ISH-NESS, n. Disposition to rude, boisterous play ; or the practice of romping. Steele, 5 IPTT Rone ( nm [L. rumpo, to break. ] In heraldry, an ordinary that is broken, or a chey- ron, a bend, or the like, whose upper points are cut off. Encye. RON-DEAU’, (ron-do’,) jn. [Fr. rondeau, from rond, RON’DO, round J]. A kind of poetry, commonly consisting of thir- teen verses, of which eight have one rhyme, and five another. It is divided into three couplets, and at the end of the second and third, the beginning of the rondeau is repeated in an equivocal sense, If pos- sible. Warton. Trevouz. 2. In music, the rondo, vocal or instrumental, gen- erally consists of three strains, the first of which closes in the original key, while each of the others is So constructed in modulation as to reconduct the ear in an easy and natural manner to the first strain. Busby. In fortification, a small, round tower, erected at the foot of a bastion. Brande. A round {from vound.] mass, [Vot in use.] Peacham. See RonpEav. [I'r. rondeur.] A round; acircle. [ot in use.] Shak. Chaucer. (Fr. rognon, kidney.] [WVot in use.) Shak. An animal stinted in its growth. [Now written and pronounced Runt. ] Spenser. A fat, bulky woman. see. 1. The fourth part of an acre, or forty square rods. [See Acre. ] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE 362 » MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK — eetROO ROO ROR ROOD, x. (Sax. rede or rod. A cross or crucifix; a name formerly given to the figure of Christ on the cross erected in Roman Cath- olic churches. When complete, this was accom- panied by the figures of the Virgin Mary and of St. John. Shak. ROOD/LOFT, 7. A loft or gallery in a church on which the rood and its appendages were sect up to view. Gilt. ROOD'Y, a. Coarse; luxurious. Craven Diulect. ROOF, n. [Sax. rof, hrof; Gr. op0¢y, oo0):s, from epépw, to cover. Qu. Russ. krov, Slav. strop. See the Ar. Class Rb, No. 12; and Syr. No. 40.] 1. The cover or upper part of a house or other building, consisting of rafters covered with boards, shingles, or tiles, with a side or sides sloping from the ridge, for the purpose of carrying off the water that falls in rain or snow. In Asia, the roofs of houses are flat or horizontal. The same name, voof, is given to the sloping covers of huts, cabins, and ricks; to the arches of ovens, furnaces, &c. 2. A vault; an arch; or the interior of a vault; as, the roof of heaven. 3. The vault of the mouth; the upper part of the mouth; the palate. If I do not remember thee, let my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth, — Ps, cxxxvii. ROOF, v.t. To cover with a roof. I have not seen the remains of any Roman buildings, that have not been roofed with vaults or arches, Addison. 2. To inclose in a house ; to shelter. Here had we now our country’s honor roofed. Shak. ROOF’ED, (rooft,) pp. roof or arch. ROOF’ING, ppr. Covering with a roof. ROOFING, x. The act of covering with a roof. 2. The materials of which a roof is composed ; or materials for a roof. Guwilt. ROOF’LESS, a. [Sax. roflease.] I. Having no roof; as, a roofless house. 2. Having no house or home ; unsheltered. ROOF’Y, a. Having roofs. Driden. ROOK, n. [Sax. hroc; G. roche; Dan. roge, raage, a rook, and krage,acrow. This word belongs to the root of crow, or is rather the same word dialectically varied ; Dan. krage; Sw. kraka; G. krahe; D. kraai; L. graculus; probably from its voice; Ir. grag, gragam. See Crow and Croak.] I, A bird of the genus Corvus, the bird mentioned by Virgil under this name. ‘This bird resembles the crow, but differs from it in not feeding on carrion, but on insects and grain. In crows also the nostrils and root of the bill are clothed with feathers, but in rooks the same parts are naked, or have only a few bristly hairs. The rook is gregarious. PB. Cyc. 2. A cheat ; a trickish, rapacious fellow. Wycherley. ROOK, 7. [It. rocco, a bishop’s staff, a crosier, a rook at chess, ] In chess, a name given to the four pieces placed on the corner squares of the board, also called Castries. The rook moves the whole extent of the board, un- less Impeded by some other piece. Hoyle. ROOK, v.i. To cheat; to defraud. LOOK, v.t. To cheat; to defraud by cheating. Aubrey. ROOK, v.% Tosquat. [See Ruck.] ROOK’ED, (rogkt,) pp. Cheated; defrauded. ROOK’ER-Y, n. A place where rooks congregate and Furnished or covered with a build their nests, as a wood, é&c. Pope. 2. In low language, a brothel. ROOK/’ING, ppr. Cheating. ROOK’Y, a. Inhabited by rooks; as, the rooky wood. Shak. ROOM, x. [Sax. rum; Dan. and Sw. rum; D. ruim; G. raum; Goth. rumis, room, place ; Ir. rum, a floor or room; G. rdwmen, Sax. rumian, ryman, to give place, to amplify, to enlarge ; Sax. rwm-gifa, liberal. It may be allied to roam, ramble. Class Rm, No. 4, 9.] I. Space; compass; extent of place, great or small. Let the words occupy as little room as pos- sible. 2. Space or place unoccupied. Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room. — Luke xiv. 3. Place for reception or admission of any thing. In this case there is no room for doubt or for argu- ment. 4. Place of another; stead; as in succession or substitution. One magistrate or king comes in the room of a former one. We often place one thing in the room of another. 1 Kings xx. 5. Unoceupied opportunity, The eager pursuit of wealth leaves little room for serious reflection. 6. An apartment in a house; any division sepa- rated from the rest by a partition; as a parlor, a drawing-room or bed-room ; also, an apartment ina ship, as the cook-room, bread-room, gun-room, &c. 7. Aseat. uke xiv. To make room; to open a way or passage; to free from obstructions. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ay To make room; to open a space or place for any thing. To give room; to withdraw; to leave space unoc- cupied for others to pass or to be seated. ROOM, v. % ‘To occupy an apartment; to lodge; an academic use of the word. A B rooms at No. 7. ROOM/AGE, n. [from room.] Space; place. [Jot used. Wotton. ROOM’FUL, a. Abounding with rooms. Donne, ROOM/I-LY, adv. Spacionsly. ROOM'I-NESS, n. Space; spaciousness; large ex- tent of space. RoomrTn, space, and Roomrny, spacious, are ill- formed words, and not used in the United States. ROOM/Y, a. Spacious; wide; large; having ample rOuM ; aS, a Toomy Mansion ; a roomy deck. Dryden. ROOP, n. Hoarseness. [Little used.] ROOST, 7. ([Sax. hrost; D.roest, roost; roesten, to roost. ane pole or other support on which birds rest at night. He clapped his wings upon his roost. Dryden. 2. A collection of fowls roosting together. At roost; in a state for rest and sleep. ROOST, v. z. To sit, rest, or sleep, as birds on a pole, tree, or other thing at night. 2. To lodge, in burlesque ROOST’ER, n. [The head or chief of the roost.] A cock, the male of the domestic fowl. America. [Roost-cock is provincial in England.] Halliwell. ROOSTING, ppr. Sitting for rest and sleep at night. ROOT, x2. [Dan. rod; Sw. rot; L. radix; It. radice; Sp. raiz; Ir. raidis; W. rhaiz, a ray or spear, whence guraiz, aroot. A root is a shoot, and only a differ- ent application of rod, L. radiis.] 1. That part of a plant which enters and fixes itself in the earth, and serves to support the plant in an erect position, while, by means of its radicles, it imbibes nutriment for the stem, branches, and fruit. There are six distinct organs which are capable of entering into the composition of a root, viz., the rad- ticle, the jibril, the soboles, the bulb, the tuber, and the rhizoma. 2. The part of any thing that resembles the roots of a plant in manner of growth; as, the roots of a cancer, of teeth, &c. 3. The bottom or lower part of any thing. Deep to the roots of hell. Milton. Burnet uses root of a mountain, but, we now say base, foot, or bottom. See Job xxviii. 4. A plant whose root is esculent, or the most use- ful part, as beets, carrots, &c. 5. The original or cause of any thing. The love of money is the root of all evil. —1 Tim. vi. 6. The first ancestor. They were the roots out of which sprung two distinct people. ck. 7. In arithmetic and algebra, the root of any quan- tity is such a quantity as, when multiplied into itself a certain numberof times, Will exactly produce that quantity. Thus 2 is a root of 4, because, when mul tiplied into itself, it exactly produces 4. J. Day. 8. Means of growth. ‘‘He hath no root in him- self; that is, no soil in which grace can grow and flourish. Matt. xiil. 9. In music, the fundamental note of any chord. Busby, Root of bitterness ; in Scripture, any error, sin,.or evil that produces discord or immorality. To take root ; to become planted or fixed ; or to be established ; to increase and spread. To take deep root; to be firmly planted or estab- lished ; to be deeply impressed. Dryden, ROOT, v.i. To fix the root; to enter the earth, as roots. In deep grounds, the weeds root deeper. 2. To be firmly fixed ; to be established. The multiplying brood of the ungodly shall not take deep root ing. Mortimer. wdom. 3. To sink deep. If any error chanced — to cause misapprehensions, he gave them not leave to root and fusten by concealment, Fell, ROOT, v. t. To plant and fix deep in the earth ; used chiefly in the participle ; as, rooted trees or forests. ry den. 2. To plant deeply ; to impress deeply and durably. Let the leading truths of the gospel be rooted in the mind ; let holy affections be well rooted in the heart. 3. In Scripture, to be rooted and grounded in Christ, is to be firmly united to him by faith and love, and well established in the belief of his character and doctrines. Eph. ili. : ROOT, v.i. or t. (Sax. wrot, a snout or proboscis ; wrotan, to dig or root; D. wroeten, G. reuten, Dan. roder, Sw. rota, to root. This seems to be of the same family asthe former word and vod, from the use of the snout.] To turn up the earth with the snout, as swine. Swine root to find worms; they root the ground wherever they come. * To root up or out; to eradicate ; to extirpate; to T remove or destroy root and branch ; to exterminate. Deut. Xxix. Job xxxi. ROOT’-BOUND, a. Fixed to the earth by roots. : : Milton. ROOT’-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built of roots. Shenstone. ROOT/-EAT-ER, n. Asx animal that feeds on rants. Kirby. ROOT’ED, pp. or a. Having its roots planted or fixed in the earth; hence, fixed; deep; radical ; a: rooted sorrow; rooted aversion; rooted preju- ices. ROOT’ED-LY, adv. ROOT’ED-NESS, n. rooted. ROOT/ER, 7. by the roots. ROOT!’-HOUSE, zn. 1} | Deeply ; from the heart. Shak. | The state or condition of being | | One that roots; or one that tears up A house made of roots. Dodsley. 2. A house for keeping roots. ROOTING, ppr. Striking or taking root: \urning up with the snout. ROOT!-LEAF, 7x. A leaf growing immedately from the root. Jiartyn. ROOT’LET, 7. A radicle; a little root. Martyn. ROOT’-STOCK, x. In botany, a prostrate rooting stem, yearly producing young branches ; the rhizoma. Lindley. ROOT’Y, a. Full of roots ; as, rooty ground. Adams. RO-PAL/T€, a. [Gr. po-2dov, a club.) Club-formed ; increa :ng or swelling toward the end. ROPE, n. [Sax. rap; Sw.7vep; Dan. reeb; W. rhaf; Ir. ropa, robin. } 1. A large string or line composed of several strands twisted together. It differs from cord, line, and string, only in its size; being the name givento all sorts of cordage above an inch in circumference. Indeed the smaller ropes, when used for certain pur- poses, are,called lines. Ropes are, by seamen, ranked under tio descrip- tions, cable-laid and havwser-laid; the former com- posed of nine strands, or three great strands, each consisting of three small ones; the latter made with three strands, each composed of a certain number of |} rope~yarns. Potten. 2. A row or string consisting of a number of things united ; as, a rope of onions. 3. Ropes, [Sax. rappas ;] the intestines of birds. ze Inye, Rope of sand; proverbially, feeble union or tie; a band easily broken. Locke. ROPE, v.i. ‘T'o draw out or extend into a filament or thread by means of any glutinous or adhesive qual- ity.’ *Any glutinous substance will rope considerably before it wrll part. ROPE/-BAND. See Rossin. ROPE/—DAN-CER, n. [rope and dancer.] One that walks on a rope extended through the air. Addison. ROPE/-LAD-DER, zn. A ladder made of ropes. ROPE/—-MAK-ER, nz. One whose occupation is tomake ropes or cordage. [I do not know thar Roperis ever used, ROPE!/-MAK-ING, n. The art or business of manu- facturing ropes or cordage. ROP/ER-Y, n. A place where ropes are made. [JVot used in. the United States. | 2, A trick that deserves the halter. Shak. A trick that deserves the halter. Shak ROPE/-WALK, n. A Jong, covered walk, or a long building over smooth ground, where ropes are man- ufactured, a ROPE/-YARN, z.- Yarn for ropes, consisting of a sinele thread. The threads are twisted into strands, and the strands into ropes. oe. ROP/I-NESS, n. [from ropy.] Stringiness, or apt- ness to draw out in a string or thread without break- ing, as of glutinous substances; viscosity ; adhesive- ness. : ROP/Y, a. [from rope.] Stringy; adhesive; that inay be drawn into a thread; as a glutinous sub- stance; viscous; tenacious; glutinous; as, ropy wine; 7opy lees. Dryden. Philtps. ROQ/UE-LAUR, (rok’e-lér,)n. [from Fr.; Dan. rok- kelor; G. rock, a coat, D. rok, Sax. rocc, whence frock, Sp. roclo. Qu. the last syllable ; or is the word derived from a duke of this name?) A cloak for men, Gay. RO/RAL, a. [L. roralis, from ros, dew.] Pertaining to dew, or consisting of dew ; dewy. RO-RA/TION, n. [Le reratio.] [ Green. ROPE/-TRICK, zn. A falling of dew. [Vot used.] Dict. RO/RID, a. [L. roridus.] Dewy. Granger. RO-RIE’ER-OUS, a. [L. res, dew, and fero, to pro- duce. ] : Be Generating or probucing dew. ict. RO-RIF/LU-ENT, a [L. ros, dew, and fluo, to flow. ] is ict. Flowing with dew. [Not used. | isle ROR/QUAL, n._ [Norwegian rorqualus, a whale wit folds. che English name of cetaceous mammals or whales of the genus Rorqualus, which comprises at least ee 983 ne ra ane pies Teer eae ———— tite"tat ft et a ROS three living species of different dimensions, and, as is supposed, several fossil species. The great north- ern Rorqual is said to be the largest of the wie tribe, and to have sometimes attained the Jength oO 105 feet. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. ie = J Mares RO-GA‘CEOUS, (-za/shus,) a [L. rosaceus: See Rose.] : Rose-like ; composed of several petals, puanEcd in a circular form ; aS, a 7esaceaus corol. ; Cn s x sik m ds, used for fastening the rudder irons of ships. Barley. ROTH'OF-FITE, n. A variety of garnet, brown or} black, found in Sweden. It has a resemblince to | melanite, another variety, but differs from it in hav- ing a smal! portion of alumina. 2 RO’TLFER, 2. [L. rota and fero.] Uc. The rotifers are a class of infusorial animals, hav- ing ciliated appendages on the fore part of the body, which seem to move ina rotary manner. Brande. ROT/TED, pp. or a. ly or partiaily. ROT’ TEN, (rot’n,) a. 1. Putrid; carious; decomposed by the natural process of decay; as, a rotten plank. Made putrid ; decomposed whol- jo W. rutten. | 9 Not firm or trusty ; unsoun¢ lefective i in- 9. Hi featured : no slicate : aS. a rouch vis- ciple ; ee enerciis : dect tal, Da eg eee kale Hard sfeahirellssenobitencatentisy? cae na ROUGH!-WORK, (ruffwurk,) v. t. [rough and work.] 3. Defective in substance ; not sound or hard; as 13. Terrible; dreadful. ; To work over coarsely, without regard to nicety, a road or way. Rare.) : Rnolles. binihe cduem ellirelon Galle ere (oldies | smoothness, or finish. Mo TOR. | 4. Fetid ; ill-smelling. [Rare.] Shak. Satan advanced. ile gan ee Milton. | ROL nae t's! BO GHT, (ruf'rawt,) pp. ora. Wrought i ROT'TEN-LY, adv. Watyit a tontioaly matic ; S Ais ee ; : | or done coarsely. 1 ROT!TEN-NESS, n. Bu oe v Tenn ee 4, Rugged ; disordered in OE ante > Coarse. | ROU-LEAU’, (roo-l6’,)n. [Fr.] A little roll; a roll || ; trid ; cariousness ; putrefaction ; unsoundness. sah aap liar eS ph Si shoe a ES pe Uare . re | ROT’/TEN-STONE,n. A soft stone, called also Trip- | 15. Hairy ; shaggy ; covered with hairs, bristles, | ROU-LETTE’, n. [Fr., a little ball or roller.] 1) oli, terra Tripolitana, from the country from which it } and the like. A game of chance, in which a small ball is made to || was formerly brought. It is used in all sorts of finer | ROUGH, (ruf,) v. . To rough it, is to have or pursue move round rapidly on a circle divided off into red || grinding and polishing inthe arts, and for cleaning } a rough or rigged course. or black spaces, and as it stops on the one or the || ‘ furniture of metallic substances. The rotten-stone | ROUGH!-€AST, (ruf’kist,) vt [rough and cast. | | wlohe play er aac es thee Ce Aa \| 3 of Derbyshire, in England, is a Tripoli mixed with } 1. To form in its first rudiments, without revision, | e ae te ee raunen ; Sax. Tunian, from TUN, TUNG, |) : calcareous earth. : Nicholson. P. Cyc. | correction, and polish. Dryden.) ystery 3 Me et \| | ROT’TING, ppr. Making putrid; causing to decom- 2, To mold without nicety or elegance, or to form | ae WRMUSRE Ls oes Bn aia paGnmer, with asperities. Cleaveland. ROUN, v. t. To address in a W hisper. { Obs.] Bret. || ose, RO-TUND’, a. a wheel, as jocundu s ON jocus. 1. Round ; circular ; spherical. Addison. long. hO-TUN’DA, } RO-TUN'DO, } A round building ; on the outside and inside. The most celebrated edi- fice of this kind is the Pantheon at Rome. E£ncyc. RO-TUND-I-FO'LI-OUS, a. [lL rotundus, round, and folium, a leaf.) Having round leaves. RO-TUND'I-TY, ) 7. Roundness; sphericity ; circu- RO-TUND'NESS, larity ; as, the rotundity of a clobe. Bentley. ROU’BLE. See Runie. : ROU'ESU, (roo'koo,) rn. [Originally written Urucv. } The dried pulp which invests the seeds within the seed-vessel of Bixa orellana, a shrub eight or ten feet high, growing in South America. A substance used in dyeing; the same as ANoTTA. ROU-E', (roo-a’,) n. [Fr.} In th fashionable world, one devoted to a life of sensual pleasure, but not ex- cluded from society for his vices; a debauchee. ROUGE, (roozh,) a. [Fr.] Red. Davies. ROUGE, (roozh,) n. A species of lake or red paint, usually prepared from the dried flowers of the saf- flower, Carthamus tinctorius. It is used for paint- ing the cheeks. Brande. ROUGE, v.i. [Supra.] To paint the face, or rather the cheeks, with rouge. ROUGE, (roozh,) v. t. with rouge. ROUGE!-ET-NOIR', (roozh'a-nw4!.) black.] A game at cards in W hich against the owner of the table or bank ; Lindley. n. [It. rotondo, round. } [Supra.] To paint or tinge [Fr., red and persons play so called be- cause the table is divided into small compartments, | colored red and black. Hoyle. ROUG/ED, (roozhd,) pp. Tinged with rouge, as the face, ROUGH, (ruf,) a. [Sax. hreog, hreoh, hrug, reoh, rug, ruh, href, hreof; 1). ruig, rough, shaggy, whence our rug, rugged; G. rauh, rough, and rauch, hoarse, L. raucus, lt. rauco; SW. rugg, entangled hair; ruggig, rugged, shaggy; Dan. rog, rug, rye; W. cree and cryg, rough, rugged, hoarse, curling, and crecian, to creak, to scream, Eng. shriek; creg, hoarse, from cryz, or the same word varied. Crug is from rhyg, Eng. rye, that is, rough ; (crwca, crooked, is probably from the same source ;) Sax. raca, hraca, a cough 5 L. ruga, a wrinkle; W. rhogi, to grunt or growl ; rhwe, what is rough, grunt; rhuwe, a rug, coat ; riuc, a coat, lusk, or shell; rhwne, a snormg, snorting, or rattling noise. ‘The Jatter is probably i [L. rotundus, probably formed on rota, 2. In botany, orbicular, a little inclining to be ob- any erection that 1s round both | irregular, a grunt; rirograw, to a rough garment, an exterior ROU from the same root, from roughness, and this is the Gr. peyxw, to snore; Arm. rochat or dirochat, to snore; dirock, snoring. The Welsh unites rough with creak, shriek ; and shrug is formed on the root of L. ruga, a wrinkle, a ridge. (See Rivce.) The primary sense is to stretch or strain; but applied to roughness or wrinkling, it is to draw or contract, a straining together. 1. Having inequalities, small ridges, or points on the surface ; not sinooth or plain ; as, a rough board ; a rougl stone; rourh cloth. : 2, Stony ; abounding with stones and stumps; as, | rough land; or siinply with stones; as, a rough road. 3. Not wrought or polished; as, a rough diamond. 4, Thrown into huge waves; violently agitated ; as, ar ugh sea. ‘ 5, Tempestuous; stormy; boisterous; as, rough | weather. 6. Austere to the taste; harsh; as, rough wine. 7. Harsh to the ear; grating; jarring; unharmo- nious; as, rough sounds ; rough numbers. Pope. 8. Rugged of temper; severe; austere; rude; not mild or courteous. ; A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough. Shak, 9. Coarse In Inanners ; rude, A surly boatman, rough as seas and winds. Prior. 10. Harsh ; violent; not easy; as, a rough reme- dy. Clarendon. 1]. Harsh; severe; uncivil; as, rough usage. Le cke. 3. To plaster with a mixture of lime and shells or pebbles ; as, to rough-cast a building. ZOUGH!-€AST, (ruf/kist,) n. A rude model; the form of a thing in its first rudiments ; unfinished. Dighy. 9. A kind of plastering made of lime, with a mix- | ture of shells or pebbles, used for covering buildings. ROUGH’-DRAUGHT, (ruf‘drift,) n. A draught in | its rudiments; a draught not perfected ; a sketch. | Drijden. ROUGH/-DRAW, (ruf'draw,) v.t To draw or delin- eate coarsely. Dryden. ROUGH’/-DRAWN, (ruf’drawn,) pp. Coarsely drawn. ROUGH’EN, (ruf’n,) v. t [from rough.| To make rough. Swift. ROUGH’EN, (rufn,) v. i. To grow or become rough. | ROUGH/-RID-ER, (ruf’rid-er,) 7. r. ROUGH’-SHOD, (ruf’shod,) a. ROUGHT, (rawt,) for Ravent, pret. of Reacw. | ROAN'-TREB, n. ROUNCE, n. Thomson. ROUGH'EN-ED, (ruf’nd,) pp. Made or become rough. ROUGH/EN-ING, ppr. Making rough. ROUGH-FOOT-ED, (ruf'foot-ed,) a. Feather-footed ; as, a rough-footed dove. Sherwood. ROUGH!-HEW, (ruf’ha,) vt. [rough and hew. } 1. To hew coarsely, without smoothing; as, to roush-hewo timber. 9. To give the first form or shape to a thing. ty that shapes our ends, will. There's 2 divin Rough-hew them how we ROUGH’-HEWN, (ruf’hane,) pp. or a. ly, without smoothing. 2, Rugged; unpolished ; of coarse manners ; rude. Shak. Hewn coarse- A rough Bacon. 3. Unpolished ; not nicely finished, Howell. ROUGH'INGS, (ruf’ingz,) n. pl. Grass after mowing reaping. [Local.| ? GH/ISH, (ruf‘ish,) a. -hewn seaman. In some degree rough. Rich. Dict. Having rough or ROU ROUGH'LEAF-ED, (ruffleeft,) a. leaves. ROUGH'LY, (mf'ly,) adv. With uneven surface ; with asperities on the surface. ® Harshly; uncivilly; rudely; as, to be treated roughly. a Severely ; roughly. 4, Austerely to the taste. 5. Boisterously ; tempestuously. 6. Harshly to the ear. 7. Violently ; not gently. | ROUGH’NESS, (ruf/ness,) 7”. face, occasioned by small prom | surface; as, the roughness of a | of arock. | 2, Austereness to the taste; sloes. 3. Taste of astringency. without tenderness ; a8, to blame too Dryden. Unevenness of sur- board, of a floor, or SF OWN. Spectator. \ inences ; asperity of | as, the roughness of 1 ROU 4. Harshness to the ear; as, the roughness of | sounds. Swift, | 5, Ruggedness of temper; harshness; austerity. SrA ad ba ison. 6. Coarseness of manners or behavior; rudeness. Severity breedeth fear; but roughness breedeth hate. Bacon. 7. Want of delicacy or refinement; as, military | roughness, a : &. Severity ; harshness or violence of discipline. ; 9. Violence of operation in medicines. 10. Unpolished or unfinished state; as, the rough- ness of a gem or a draught. ll. Inelegance of dress or appearance. 12, Tempestuousness ; boisterousness ; as of winds or weather. 13. Violent agitation by wind ; as, the roughness of the Sea in a storm. 14. Coarseness of features. ¢ z One who breaks horses; particularly a non-commissioned otficer In the cavalry, whose duty it is to assist the riding mas- te Campbell’s Mil, Dict. ui Shod with shoes arm- ed with points; as, a rowgh-shod horse. {This word is not generally used in America. In New England, instead of rough-shod, calked is used, To ride rouch-shod, in a figurative sense, is to pur- sue a course regardless of the pain or distress it may || i cause others. The roan-tree or mountain-ash. The bandle of a printing-press. ROUN’CE-VAL, n. [from Sp. Roncesvalles,a town | at the foot of the Pyrenees.] A variety of pea, so called. Tusser. ROUND, a. [Fr. rond; It. Sp. and Port. ronda, a | round: Arm. roundt; G. Dan. and Sw. rund; D. |} rond. Qu. W. crwn, Ir. cruin, Arm. cren.]} 1. Cylindrical ; circular; spherical or lobular. Round is applicable to a cylinder or circle as well as || to a globe or sphere. We say, the barrel of a musket is round ; a ball is round; a circle is round. 9, Full; large ; as, a round sum or price. Addison. 3. Full; smooth ; flowing; not defective or ab- rupt. In his satires, Horace is quick, round, and pleasant. Peacham. His style, though round and comprehensive. kell, 4. Plain; open ; candid; fair. Round dealing is the honor of man’s nature. Bacon. ; Let her be round with him. Shak. 5. Full; quick; brisk; as, a round trot. Addison. 6. Full; plump; bold; positive; as, a round as- sertion ; a round oath. Sharp. A round number, is a number that ends with a ci- pher, and may be divided by 10 without a remain- der; a complete or full number. It is remarkable that the W. cant, a hundred, the L. centum, and Sax. hund, signify properly a circle, and this use of round may have originated in alike idea. ROUND, n». Acircle; a circular thing, or a circle in motion ; also, an orb, globe, or sphere. CT With rounds of waxen tapers on their heads. Knit your hands, and beat the round In a light, fantastic round, 9. Action or performance in a circle, or passing through a series of hands or things, and coming to the point of beginning; or the time of such action. | Shak. || Miiton. W omen to cards may be compared ; we play i A round or two; when used, we throw away. Granuule. ' The feast was served; the bowl was crownt d; | To the king’s pleasure went the mirthful round, Prior. } 4 So we say, a round of labors or duties. We run }} ; the daily round. Addison. 3. Rotation in office ; succession in vicissitude, \| Holyday. 4. A rundle; the step of a ladder. All the rounds like Jacob’s lacder rise. Dryden. 5. Awalk performed by a suard or an officer round the rampart of a garrison, or among sentinels, to see }| that the sentinels are faithful and all things safe. i } Hence the officer and men who perform this duty | are called the rounds. ncyc. \| 6. A short vocal composition in three or more parts, |} in performing which the first voice begins alone, | PS TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/'C IOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ooo é singing to the end of the first part, then passes on | ‘ O65 repae R TESS S“ROU ROU ROW to the second, third, &c., parts, the other voices fol- lowing successively the same routine, till all are joined together, the round ending at the mark of a pause, or at a signal agreed on. ee Cyc. 7. A general discharge of fire-arms by a bods 0 troops, in which each soldier fires once. In volleys: it is usual for a company or regiment to fire thre rounds, : 8. That which goes round a whole circle 0 pany ; as, a round of applause. ; : 2 A round of cartridges and balls; one ee each man; as, to supply a ree ment waue a sing 1 re s, of cartridges. round, or with twelve rounds, 0 d ; A round of beef; a cut of the thigh through and across the bove. i ROUND, adv. On all sides. Thine enemies shall cast a trench about thee, and compass thee round. — Luke xix. 2, Circularly ; in a circular form; as, a wheel r com- turns round. 3. From one side or party to another; as, to come or turn round, Hence these expressions signify to chanwe sides OY opinions. 4. Not ina direct line; by a course Jonger than the direct course. The shortest course Is not the best ; let us go round. All round, in common speech, denotes over the whole place, or in every direction. Round about is tautological. ROUND, prep. On every side of; as, the people stood round him; the sun sheds light rownd the earth. In this sense, around is much used, and ali is often used to modify the word. They stood all round or around him. y 2, About; in acircular course, orin all parts ; as, to go round the city. He led his guest round his fields and garden. He wanders rownd the world, 3, Circularly ; about; as, to wind a cable round the windlass. To come or get round one, in popular language, is to gain advantage over one by flattery or deception ; to circumvent. s ROUND, v. t. To make circuJar, spherical, or cylin- drical ; as, to round a silver coin; to round the edges of any thing. Worms with many feet, that round themselves into balls, are bred chiefly under logs of timber. CON. 2. To surround ; to encircle ; to encompass. : Th’ inclusive verge Of golden metal that must round my brow, Shak. Our little life is rounded with a sleep. Shak, 3. To form to the arch or figure of the section of a circle. The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to very great perfe ion, Addison. 4, Tomove abo any thing; as, the sun, in polar regions, rounds the Aorizon. Milton. 5. To make fui, smooth, and flowing; as, to round periods in writing. Swift. To round in; among seamen, to haul upon a rope, generally used in hauling upon the weather braces, Totten. Te round up; to haul up; usually, to haul up the slack of a rope through its leading block, or to haul up a tackle which hangs loose, by its fall. Totten. ROUND, v.2. To grow or become round. The queen, your mother, rounds apace. Shak. 2. To go round, as a guard, They nightly rounding walk. Milton. To round to, in sailing, is to turn the head of the ship toward the wind. ROUND, v. i. [A corruption of roun; Sax. runian; G. raunen. To whisper; as, to round in the ear. [ Obs.] acon. ROUND!/A-BOUT, a, Indirect ; [round and about.] going round ; loose. Pariphrase is a roundabout way of translating. Felton. 2. Ample ; extensive ; as, roundabout sense. ee Locke. 3. Eneircling ; encompassing. Tatler. ee any sense, this word is inelegant. ROUND’A-BOUT, n. A horizontal wheel on which children ride. Smart. 2, A sort of surtout. Smart. ie: In America, a short close body garment without skirts. ROUND!-BACK-ED, (-bakt,) ) a. RA Sto MU Dk -ED, T Lam ROUND/E-LAY, nm. [Fr.rondelet, from rond, round. ] 1. A sort of ancient poem, consisting of thirteen verses, of which eight are in one kind of rhyme, and five in another. It is divided into conplets; at the end of the second and third of which, the begin- uing of the poem is repeated, and that, if possible, In ai) equivocal orpunning sense. Trevour. Brande. Having a round back or shoulders. 2. [Fr. rondelle, a little shield.] A round form or | figure. [JVot wsed.] acon, 3, [Roundel, in heraldry, a circular spot.— E. H. Barker. | ROUND/ER, n. [See Ronpurzs.] inclosure. [JVot zn use.] jiak. ROUND/HBAD, (-hed,) n. [round and fiead.] A name of contempt formerly given to a Puritan, froin the practice which prevailed among the Puritans of croj)ping the hair round. ‘They were also called Pricx- EARED, In consequence of their ears appearing fully exposed from the scantiness of their hair. During the time of Charles I. and of the Commonwealth, the name Roundhead was extended to all the repub- Circumference ; S licans. Toone. P. Cyc. ROUND/HEAD ED, a. Having a round head or top. Lowth. ROUND/HOUSE,z. A constable’s prison ; the prison to secure persons taken up by the night-watch, till they can be examined by a magistrate. Enciyc. 2: In a ship of war,a certain necessary near the head, for the use of particular officers. 3. {n large merchantmen and ships of war, a cabin or apartment in the after part of the quarter-deck, having the poop for its roof; sometimes called the Coacu, It is the master’s lodging-room. Mar. Dict, Encye. ROUND/ING, ppr. Making round or circular. 2. Making full, flowing, and smooth. * ROUND/ING, a. Round or roundish; nearly round. ROUNDI/ING, n. Among seamen, small rope or spun- yarn wound round a larger rope to keep it from chaf- ing ; also called Servicer. Totten. ROUND/ISH, a. Somewhat round; nearly round; as, a roundish seed ; a roundish figure. oyle, ROUND/ISH-NESS, n. The state of being roundish. ROUND'LET, xn. A little circle. Gregory. ROUND’/LY, adv. In around form or manner. a Openly; boldly ; without reserve; perempto- rily. a He affirms every thing roundly, Addison, 3. Plainly ; fully. He gives them roundly to un- derstand that their duty is submission. 4. Briskly ; with speed. When the mind has brought itself to attention, it will be able to cope with difficulties and master them, and then it may go on roundly. Locke. 5. Completely ; to the purpose; vigorously; in earnest. Shak. Davies. ROUND/NESS, x. The quality of being round, cir- cular, spherical, globular, or cylindrical; circularity ; sphericity ; cylindrical form; rotundity; as, the roundness of the globe, of the orb of the sun, of a ball, of a bowl, &e. Watts. 2. Fullness; smoothness of flow; as, the round- ness of a period. 3 Openness; plainness ; boldness; positiveness ; as, the rvundness of an assertion. ROUND/RIDGE, v. t. [round and ridge.] In tillage, to form round ridges, by plowing. Edzards, W. Ind. ROUND’ROB-IN, n. [Fr. rond and ruban. Todd.) A written petition, memorial, remonstrance, or In- strument, signed by names in a ring or circle, so as not to show who signed it first. orbes. ROUNDS, n. pl. [See Rounn, n. No. 5.] 2, Round-top. [See Top. ROUND TA’‘BLE, x. Knights of the round table; knights belonging to an order established by the British king Arthur, about the sixth century, so named from their eating at a round table, by which the distinction of rank was avoided. Toone. ROUND TOW’ER, x. The name given to certain lofty towers, tapering from the base to a conical cap or roof, which crowns the summit; found chiefly in Ireland. They areof great antiquity, and vary in hight from thirty-five to one hundred and twenty feet. Some stand on circular bases, and some on square bases. os Ce ROUP, (roop,) v.t% To cry or shout; hence, to ex- pose to sale by auction. [Scottish.] Jamieson’s Dict. ROUP, x An outcry; a sale of goods by auction. [ Scottish. } Jamieson’s Dict. 2. A disease in poultry. ardner. - ROUSE, (rouz,)v.t. |This word, writtenalso Arouse, seems to belong to the family of raise or rush. (See Raise.) In Sax. hrysan, to shake and to rush ; Goth. hrisyan, to shake. ] To wake from sleep or repose. Gen. xlix. 2. To excite to thought or action from a state of idleness, Janguor, stupidity, or inattention. Addison. Atterbury. 3. To put into action ; to agitate. Blustering winds that roused the sea. Milton. 4. To drive a beast from his den or place of rest. Denham. Pope. ROUSE, v.21. To awake from sleep or repose. Morpheus rouses from his bed, Pope. 2. To be excited to thought or action from a state of indolence, sluggishness, languor, or inattention. ROUSE, v.27. In seamen’s language, to pull together upon a cable, &c., without the assistance of tackles or other mechanical power. Mar, Dict. ROUSE, (rouz,) n. [D. roes, a bumper ; G. rausch, drunkenness ; rauschen, to rush, to rustle.] 1. A bumper in honor of a health. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Excess of drinking ; a carousal. Shalt, ROUS!ED, (ronzd,) pp. Awakened from sleep; ex- cited to thought or action. ROUS/ER, nm. One that rouses or excites, ROUS/ING, ppr. Awaking from sleep; exciting; calling into action. 2. a. Having power to awaken or excite. 3. Great; violent; as, a rousing fire, [Vulvar] ROUS/ING-LY, ado. Violently; excitingly. — ROUST, x. A torrent occasioned by a tide. Shetland. ROUT, n._ [G, rotte, D. rot, Dan. rode, a set, gang, rabble; Dan. rotter, G. rotten, to combine together, 5 to plot ; D. rotten, to assemble and to rot; W. rhur- ter, a crowd; Fr. ruta, a herd. Qu. from the root of crowd, or from breaking, bursting, noise. } 1. A rabble; a clamorous mu!titude; a tumultu- ous crowd ; as, a rout of people assembled. The endless routs of wretched thralls. Spenser. 2. In law,a rout is where three persons or more meet to do an unlawful act upon a common quarrel, as forcibly to break down fences on a right claimed of common or of way, and make some advances to- Ward it. Blackstone. 3. A company of select persons. [Obs.] Spenser. Hence, 4. A fashionable assembly or large evening party. Smart. ROUT, n. [Fr. deroute; It. rotta, a breaking, a defeat, a rout; rotto, broken, defeated ; rottura, a rupture; Sp. rota, roto. ‘This is a corruption of the L. ruptus, from rumpo, to break. Class Rb.] The breaking or defeat of an army or band of troops, or the disorder and confusion of troops thus defeated and put to flight. Milton. ROUT, v.t. To break the ranks of troops and put them to flight in disorder ; to defeat and throw into confusion. The king’s horse — routed and defeated the whole army. Clarendon, ROUT, v.%. To assemble in a clamorous and tumultu- ous crowd. [JVot in use. acon ROUT, v.72. [Sax. hrutan. To snore. [ Obs. Chaucer. ROUT, v. t, [For Roor.] with the snout; to search. [Not in use.] ROUTE or ROUTE, 2. [Fr. route; Sp. rauta; Arm. roud; W.rhawd, a route or way ; rhodiaw, to walk about; Eng. road. (See Roap.) It belongs.to the family of ride, and L. gradior; properly a going or passing. | The course or way which is traveled or passed, or to be passed ; a passing ; a course ; a march. Wide through the furzy field their rout they take. Gay. Rout and road are not synonymous. We say, to mend or repair a road, but not to mend a route. We use route for a course of passing, and not without reference to the passing of some person or body of men ; but route is not the road itself. ROUT’ED, pp. or a. Put to flight in disorder. ROU-TINE!, (roo-teen’,) x. [Fr., from L. rota, a wheel. ] 1. A round of business, amusements, or pleasure, daily or frequently pursued ; particularly, a course of business or official duties, regularly or frequently returning. 2. Any regular habit or practice not accommodated to circumstances. ROUT‘ING, ppr. Putting to flight; defeating and throwing into confusion. ROUT’OUS-LY, adv. With that violation of law called a rout. ouvir. ROVE, v.i. [Dan. véver, to rob; Sw. réfea. This corresponds with the Sax. reafian and L. rapio, Fr. ravir. In Sw. stréfva, to rove or wander, appears to be formed on this root. In D. rooven, G. rauben, signify to 70b.] To wander ; toramble; to range; to go, move, or pass without certain direction in any manner, by walking, riding, flying, or otherwise. For who has power to walk, has power to rove. ROVE, v. t. To wander over; as, roving a field ; roving the town. ‘This is an elliptical form of ex- pression for roving over, through, or about, the town. ROVE, v. t. [Qu. reeve.] To draw a thread, string, or cord, througli an eye or aperture. ROV’ER, n. A wanderer; one who rambles about. 2. A fickle or inconstant person. 3. A robber or pirate ; afreebooter. [So Corsarn is from L. cursus, curro, to run. Bacon. 4. A sort of arrow. [ Obs. B. Jonson. At rovers; without any particular aim; at ran- dom ; as, shooting at rovers, Soith, Addison. {I never heard this expression in the United States. : ROVING, ppr. or a. Rambling; wandering ; passing a cord through an eye. ROVING, n. The operation which gives the first twist to cotton thread by drawing it through an eye or aperture. * ROV/ING-LY, adv. Ina wandering manner. RGV/ING-NESS, n. State of roving. ROW, nz. [Sax. rawa; G. reihe; D. ret. The Welsh has rhes. It isa contracted word, and probably the To turn up the ground Arbuthnot. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 966ROY. elements are Re; the same as of rank. The prima- ry sense is probably to stretch, to reach, If the ele- ments are Rd, it coincides with rod; Sw. rad, a row. } 1. A series of persons or things arranged in a con- tinued line; a line; a rank; a file; as, a row of trees ; a row of gems or pearls; a row of houses or columns. | Where the bricht serapbim in burning row. Milton. } 9. An excursion taken in a boat with oars. | ROW, v.t. [Sax. rowan, reowan ; SW. 70; Dan. roer; 1 LD rocijen; the latter signifies to row and to gauge ; {| G. ruder, an oar; rudern, to row ; Sax. rother, an | 1 onr: Gr. enetrm@, Epsooe), to TOW; SPETHOS, AN OAL, | || If the noun is the primary word, ruder and rother, an oar, may be from the root of rod, L. radius, or 9, Among farriers, a roll of hair or silk, passed ROY!/AL-LY, adv. Ina kingly manner ; like a king ; as becomes a king. His body shall be royally interred. ROY/AL-TY, zn. Dryden. [Fr. royauté; It. realtd.] king. Royalty by birth was the sweetest way of majesty. Holyday. 9, The king or sovereign; as, in the presence of royalty. 3. Royalties, pl. ; emblems of royalty ; regalia. : Milton. 4. Rights of a king ; prerogative. Encyc. [Fr. rogner.) >; tognaw. ([Vot in use.] Spenser. ROYN/ISH, a. [Fr. rogneur, mangy ; Sp. ronoso; It. The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced | copy of the creation. South. 1. Kingship; the character, state, or office of a RU . RUB/BLE-STONE, | RUB/BLE-WALL, RUB/BLE-WORK, RUB’BLY, a. RU-BE-FA/CIENT, (-shent,) a. RUB A. Fragments of buildings; broken or imperfect pieces of any Structure; ruins. He saw the towns one half in rubbish lie. Dryden 9. Waste or rejected matter ; any thing worthless. 3. Mingled mass ; confusion. f } B/BLE, ) 7. rbutlinot. A name given by quarry- | men to the upper fragmenta- |] ry and decomposed portion of a muss of stone; | sometimes upplied to water-worn stone. RupBaGE.] [See also |} Ly ul \} n. In masonry, coarse wal.ing || constructed of rough stones, | not large, but irregular in size and shape. | Encyc. Am. Gloss of Archit. \| Pertaining to or containing rubble. 1) [L. rubefacio, infra.} |] RO/BI-GON, n. Asmall river which separated [taly 1} i from the root of rado, to rub, grate, sweep. If the | rognoso.} Making red. 1} verb is the primary word, the sense is to sweep, to | Mean; paltry; as, the roynish clown. [Not in| RU-BE-FA’/CIENT, n. In medicine, a substance or | 1] urge, drive, impel. Class Rd. See RUDDER. | i a teal) ‘Shak. external application which produces redness of the i. To impel, as a boat or vessel along the surface of | ROY’TEL-ET, n. [Fr. roitelet, from rot, king. ] skin. | 1} water by oars ; a8, to row a boat. A little king. [Vot im use.]} Heylin. RU‘/BEL-LITE, x. [from L. rubeus, red.} | \| 9, To transport by rowing; as, to row the captain ROY'TISH, a. Wild; irregular. ([JVot in use. | A red variety of tourmaline, varying in color |} {| ashore in his barge. Beaum. & Fl. | from-a pale rose-red to a deep ruby- Dana. || || ROW, v. t To labor with the oar; as, to row well; | RUB, v. t [W. rhwbiaw; D. wryven; G. reiben, to | RU-BE/O-LA, x. The measles. | || _ to row with oars muffled, | rub, to grate, also to upbraid; reibe,a grater. Qu. | RU-BES'CENT, a. [L. rubescens, rubesco, from rubeo, | | XOW,n. A riotous, noisy disturbance. Ld. Byron. L. probrum, exprobro; Gr. T{ ‘Bo, to rub. We have to redden or to be red.] || || ROW!A-BLE, a. Capable of being rowed or rowed} the elements of the word in scrape, scrub, L. scribo, | Growing or becoming red ; tending to a red color, 1} || _ upon, [ot in u sé. } B, Jonson. | Gr. you Class Rb, No. 30.] RU/BE ZAHL, n. | [G.] A famous mountain spirit of 1 \| ROW/AN-TREE, x. The roan-tree or mountain ash, | 1. To move something along the surface of a body Germany, sometimes friendly, sometimes mischiev- 1 which see. P. Cy | with pressure; as, to rub the face or arins with the ous, corresponding to Puck. [See Puck. ] \ || ROW’DY,n. A riotous, turbulent fellow. America. | hand; to rub the body with flannel. Vessels are Encyc. Am. \| |} ROW'ED, (réde.) pp. Driven by oars. | scoured or cleaned by rubbing them. RU/BLEAN, a. [Fr., from L. rubeo, to be red. | 1) |} ROW’EL, n. [Old Fr. rouelle; G. rddel; Sp. rodaja, a 2. To wipe; to clean; to scour ; but rub is a ge-| -ubican color of a horse, is a bay, sorrel, or black, 1} small wheel, a rowel ; rueda, a wheel, L. rota, W.| neric term, applicable to friction for every purpose. with a light gray of white upon the flanksbut the |} | rhod. The French rouclle is a diminutive of roue, 8 To touch so as to leave behind something gray or white not predominant there. Far. Dict. || i contracted from rota. | | which touches; to spread over; as, to rub any RO'BI-CEL, n. [L. rubeo, to be red. ] \| 1] 1 The little wheel of a spur, formed with sharp thing with oil. A gem or mineral, a variety of ruby of a reddish || points. 4. To polish; to retouch ; with over. color, from Brazil. Nicholson. Brande. | throuch the flesh on horses, answering to a seton in surgery. Encyc. 3 A little flat ring or wheel of plate or Iron on horses’ bits. Spe nser. ROW’'EL, v. t. To insert a rowel in; to pierce the skin and insert a roll of hair or silk. Mortimer. ROW’'EL-ED, pp. Pierced with a rowel. || ROW/EL-ING, ppr. Inserting a roll of hair or silk ; piercing the skin to make a rowel. 1| ROW’EN, rn. [Qu. Heb. })q, to be green, to thrive.]} | Rowen isa field kept up ull after Michaelmas, that the corn left 1] on the ground may sprout into ¢ n. Nol ym Tu j Turn your cows that give milk into your rowens, till snow comes. | | | a@ season. Halluocett. } We never apply the word to a field, nortoa growth of corn. after harvest, nor is the word ever used in | the plural. called the first crop, and the second rowen. ROW’ER, n. One that rows or manages || rowing. ROW’! NG, ppr. LOW'ING, zn. an oar in Impelling, as a boat by oars. The act of impelling a boat by oars. ROWLAND. To give a Rowland for an Oliver, is to give a full equivalent, as a retort, blow, &c., of equal | force : in allusion to two knights, famous in romance, who were considered as exactly matched, | Halliwell. | ROW’LEY-RAGG. ROW’'-LOCK, n. | which the oar rests in rowing. ROW’/-PORT, x. in the side of small vessels of war, parallel to the sur face of the water, for the purpose of rowing in a calm. See RacstTone. That part of a boat’s gunwale on Totten. A name given to little square holes contracted from L. regalis, from rez, king. and Ricut.} 1. Kingly ; pertaining to a king; regal; as, royal power or prerogative ; a royal garden ; royal domains ; the royal family. 9. Becoming a king; magnificent 5 as, royal state. 8. Noble ; illustrious. How doth that royal merchant, good Antonio? See Rick | 1 Mar. Dict ROYAL, a. [Fr. royal; It. reale ; Sp. and Port. real; | | Siiak, ROY/AL, n. A large kind of paper. It is used as a noun or an adjective. 9, Among seamen, a small sail spread immediately above the top-gallant-sail ; sometimes termed the 9. In ew England, the second growth of grass in | The first growth of grass for mowing 1s | 5. To obstruct by collision. { Unusual. ] Shak. In popular language, rub is used for teasing, fret- | ting, upbraiding, reproaching, or vexing, with gibes | or sarcasms. } To rub down; to clean by rubbing; to comb or} | curry, as a horse Dryden. | To rub off; to clean any thing by rubbing ; to sep- | arate by friction; as, to rub off rust. To rub out; to erase ; to obliterate; as, to rub out | | marks or letters. | 9, To remove or separate by friction; as, to rub | | out a Stain. To rub upon; to touch hard. Sidney. To rub up; to burnish; to p jlish ; to clean. 9. To excite; to awuken; to rouse to action; as, | to rub up the memory. RUB, v.i. To move along the surface of a body | with pressure; as, a wheel rubs against the gate- the sun are least refrangible Newton Os I , 1} < . : 5 = : pss ce z i ‘ + 1 Ba : RU'BI-FY, v. t. [L. ruber, red, and facio, tomake.} | 9, To fret; to chafe ; as, to rub upon a sore. To make red. [Little used. } Brown Siar Oe ae Dryden. || RU-BIG'I-NOUS, a. Rusty. 3. To move or pass with difficulty; as, to rub) RU-BYYGO, n. [L.] Mildew, a kind of rust on plants, through woods, as huntsinen; to rub through the world. Chapman. LL’ Estrange. RUB, ». The act of rubbing ; friction. 9 That which renders motion or progress difficult ; collision ; hinderance ; obstruction, Now every rub is smoothed in our way. Shak. Upon this rub the English ¢ mibassadors thought fit ee ir adyward, All sort of rubs will be laid in the way. Davenant. 3, Inequality of ground that hinders the motion of | Shak. pinch. a bowl. 4, Difficulty ; cause of uneasiness ; To sleep, perchance to dream; ay, there’s the rud, Shak. 5. Sarcasm ; joke ; something grating to the feel- ings. RUB, ) n. [rub and stone.] A stone, usu- RUB'-STONE, } ally some kind of sandstone, used to sharpen Instruments ; a whetstone. RUB’/BAGE, ) RUB/BIDGE, RUB/BLBE, RUB/BED, (rubd,) pp. Moved along the surface with a pressure ; cleaned ; polished. RUB/BER,x. One that rubs. 9. The instrument or thing used in rubbing or For Russisn. [ Vulgar, and not u sed. | Top-GALLANT-ROYAL- Totten. cleaning. “1 a pit. « . ‘ anrTse e > le 0 } 3 One of the shoots of a stag’s head. Bailey. 3. A coarst be » or the nes igh parvor ite /UoroT. 4. In artillery, a small mortar. 4, A whets ont ; a SO es 5. In Encland, one of the soldiers of the first 5. In wiiist and some other games, two games out of || yeaiment of foot, called the Royaus, and supposed to be the oldest regular corps in Europe. James. ROY’AL-ISM, 7. cause of royalty, or to a royal governinent. Madison. \| ROY/AL-IST, n. tached to a kingly government. ' Where Candish fought, the royalists prevailed. Waller. ROY/AL-IZE, v. t. To make royal. Shak. ROY!/AL-IZ-ED, pp. Made royal. Attachment to the principles or An adherent to a king, or one at- three ; or the game that decides the contest; ora contest consisting of three games. India rubber; caoutchouc, a substance produced from several plants of South America ; a substance remarkably pliable and elastic. [See Caourcuouc.] RUB/BING, zn. Act of rubbing, scouring, or polish- ing. RUBBING, ppr. Moving along the surface with a yressure ; chafing ; scouring 5 polishing. RUB/BISH, n. [from rub; properly, that which is rubbed off ; but not now used in this limited sense.] Lp ae eens ne Ee TONE, BULL, UNITE. —AN’'GER, VI/NCLOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; CH as SH; FU as in THIS. ree eo When Cesar crossed that stream, he invaded ftaly, with the intention of reducing it to his power. Hence the phrase, to pass the Rubicon, signifies, to take a desperate step in an enterprise, or to adopt a meas- | ure from which one can not recede, or from which he \) is determined not to recede. | i \| | | 1 from Cisalpine Gaul, the province allotted to Cesar. | ROU/BI-EUND, a. [L. rubicundus.] Inclining to redness. RU-BI-CUND'I-TY, 2. ruddimess. ROU’/BI-ED, (ra/bid,) pp. or a. rubied lip; rubied nectar, RU-BIF’IE, a. [L. ruber L An inclination to redness; Red as a ruby ; 4s, a Milton. ¢ Pony, | , and facto.) Making red; as, rubvjic rays. Grew. RU-BI-FL€A’TION, z. Jowell. RO’ BI-FORM, a. [L. ruber, red, and form. } The act of making red. | } Having the form of red; as, the rubiform rays of | consisting of a parasitic fungus or mushroom. | 20/BI-OUS, a. [L. rubeus-] Red ; ruddy. [Wot mm use. | Shak. | RUBLE, (ra‘bl,) x. [{Russ., from rublaju, to cut.} 1. A silver coin of Russia. The old rmble was | worth about 3s. 8d. sterling, or 85 cents. The new | ruble, coined since 1762, is worth nearly 3s. 3d. ster- | ling, or 75 cents. Kelly. | 3. A money of account in Russia. The bank ruble | \ of 100 copecks is worth about lld. sterling, or 21 cents. Mi Cull ch. RO/BRIE, n. [Fr. rubrique; L. It. and Sp. rubrica; || from L. rubeo, to be red.] | 1. A title or article in certain ancient law books; }| so called because written in red letters. P. Cue. | ® The name given to the directions, printed In l) prayer-books, which were formerly put in red letters. |) The rubric and the rules relating to the liturgy are established by royal authority, as well as the liturgy itself Nelson. 1 | : : | | The name has sometimes been given to any writ- || ing or printing in red ink in old books and manu- scripts, especially the date and place on a Utle-page. | Brande. i RU'BRIE, v. t. To adorn with red. 1 RO'BRIEC, a. Red. | RU/BRIE-AL, } RO/BRIE-AL, a. Placed in mbrics. } RO/BRIG-ATE, v. t. [L. rubricatis.] No mark or distinguish with red. rbert. | | RO BRIE-ATEH, a. Marked with red. Spelman. ROBY, n. (Fr. rubis; Sp. rude; Port, rubi, rubim; It | rubino; D. robyn; G. Van. and Sw. rubin; Tr. id.} }| from L. rubeo, to be red.) : '] 1. A precious stone; a mineral of a: carmine red | color, sometimes verging to viclet, or intermediate \\ between carmine and hyacinth red; but its parts |) vary in color, and hence it is called SarpPHiReE Rupy {| or OnanGeE Rep, and by some VERMEILLE Or RUNICEL Kirwan. There are two kinds of ruby, the oriental or co- tas | 3 pees 1 ee SS OOOOEETE—E—E—aES—— 967 a 4 ¢ \ ¢ i | 1 f jCN as aay ee ai ‘ | It Smart. | | I | RU€-TA/TION, n. RUD rundum, and the spinel. able from the former by its color and crystallization Plhullips. spinel. diamond, and highly esteemed in jewelry. 2. Redness; red color. 3. Any thing red. 4. A blain; a blotch; a carbuncle. : [The ruby is said to be the stone called by Pliny a CaRBUNCLE.] Ruby of arsenic or sulphur, is the realgar, protosul- phuret of arsenic, or red compound of arsenic and Shak. Milton. sulphur, Encyc. Nicholson. Ruby of zinc, is the protosulphuret of zinc, or red blende. Rock ruby; a fine red variety of garnet. | Ruby silcer. See Rep Siryer. | RU/BY, vt To make red. Pope. RU’BY, a. Of the color of the ruby; red; as, ruby lips. | RO/BY-ING, ppr. | RUCK, ov. t. Dana. Making red. [L. rugo, to wrinkle, to fold; ruga, a fold. 1. Tro cower; to bendand set close. [Wot in use. | Gower. | 2. To draw into wrinkles or folds 3 to crease ; as, | to ruck up a carpet. Smart. [In this sense, the word is used by the common people of New England.] | RUCK, v.% To squat or sit, as a hen on eggs. 2. To have a folded or ridgy surface, as the sleeve of a’toat. Forby. c A wrinkle, fold, or plait in a piece of ICK‘ED, (rukt,) pp. Wrinkled. [L. ructo, to belch.] The act of belching wind from the stomach. RUD, to make red, used by Spenser, is a different Spelling of Rep. [Obs.] [See Ruppy.] RUD, n. [Sax. rude. See Rep and Ruppy.] 1. Redness; blush; also, red ocher. 2. The fish rudd, RUDD, n. [Probably from red, ruddy.| A fresh-water Huropean fish of the carp family, Leuciscus ery- ()ropbthalmus, also called Rep-eye. It differs from The latter is distinguish- The Balas Ruby is a bright red variety of the The ruby is next in hardness and value to the RUD The sense is probably rough, broken, and this word : may be allied to raw and crude. See Class Rd, No. 35, 38.] 1. Rough; uneven; rugged ; unformed by art; as, rude workmanship, that is, roughly finished ; rude and unpolished stones, Stilline fleet. 2. Rough; of coarse manners; unpolished; un- civil; clownish ; Tustic; as, a rude countryman ; rude behavior ; rude treatment; a rude attack. Ruffian, let go that rude, uncivil touch. Shak. 3. Violent ; tumultuous ; boisterous ; turbulent ; as, rude winds ; the rude agitation of the sea. Boyle. 4. Violent ; fierce ; impetuous ; as, the rude shock of armies. o. Harsh; inclement; as, the rude winter. Waller. 6. Ignorant ; untaught; savage; barbarous; as the rude natives of America or of New Holland the rude ancestors of the Greeks. 7. Raw ; untaught ; ignorant ; not skilled or prac- ticed ; as, rude in speech; rudeinarms. Wotton. 8. Artless ; inelegant ; not polished ; as, a rude translation of Virgil. Dryden. | RUDE’LY, adv. With roughness; as, a mountain rudely formed. 2. Violently ; fiercely : was rudely assaulted. 3. In a rude or uncivil manner ; as, to be rudely accosted, 4. Without exactness or nicety ; coarsely ; as, work rudely executed. ’ ; tumultuously. The door I that am rudely stamped, and want love’s majesty, To strut before a wanton, ambling nymph. Shak. 0. Unskillfully. My muse, thouch rudely, has resicned Some faint resemblance of his godlike mind, Dryden. 6. Without elegance. RUDE’NESS,n. A rough, broken state ; unevenness , wildness ; as, the rudeness of a mountain, country, or landscape, 2. Coarseness of manners; incivility ; rusticity ; vulgarity. And kings the rudeness of their joy must bear. 3. Ignorance ; unskillfulness Dryden, the roach, to which it is closely allied, in having the dorsal fin placed in the interval between the ventral and anal fins. Its body is deep, and has the whole surface tinged with a brilliant reddish rolden hue. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. RUD/DER, n. (G. ruder, an oar and a rudder; Sax. rother, an oar; D. roer, for roeder; Sw. roder; Dan. rocr. (See Row.) The oar was the first rudder used by wan, and is still the instrument of steering cer- tain boats. ] I. In navigation, the instrument by which a ship is steered ; that part of the helm which consists of a piece of timber, broad at the bottom, which enters the water and is attached to the Stern post by hinges, on which itturns. This timber js managed by means of the tiller or wheel. Totten. 2. That which guides or governs the course For rhyme the rudder is of verses. Hudibras. 3. A sieve. [Zocal.] [See Rrpp_e.] Rudder perch ; a small fish with the upper part of the body brown, varied with large round spots of yellow, the belly and sides streaked with lines of white and yellow. This fish is said to follow the rudders of ships in the warm parts of the Atlantic. Catesby. Pennant. RUD’DI-ED, (rud/did,) a Made ruddy or red. RUD’DI-NESS, n. [from ruddy.) The state of being ruddy ; redness, or rather a lively flesh color; that degree of redness which characterizes high health ; applied ehiefly to the complexion or color of the Human skin ; as, the ruddiness of the cheeks or lips. RUD’DLE, n. [W. rhuzell; from the root of red, rudy.) The name of a species of red earth, colored by sesquoxyd of iron; red chalk, which see. Woodward. RUD/DLE-MAN, n.’ One who digs ruddle, RUD/DOCK, n. (Sax. rudduc; from the root of red, ruddy. | A bird, the English robin or redbreast. Edin, Encye. RUD'DY, a. {[Sax. rude, rudu, reod; D, rood; G. roth; W. rhuz; Gr. epvOpos; Sans, rudhira, blood. This seems to be a dialectical orthography of Rep, which see. ] l. Of a red color; of a lively flesh color, or the color of the human skin in high health. Thus we Say, ruddy cheeks, ruddy lips, a ruddy ace or skin, a RO/DL-MENT, v. t ruddy youth; and in poetic language, ruddy fruit. sut the word is chiefly applied to the human skin. Dryden. Otway. 2. Of a bright yellow color; as, ruddy gold. [ Un- usual, | Dryden. RODE, a. Fi z 1a. Tullis ; - ruw; G. roh, raw, crude; Arm. rust. FATE, RU-DI-MENT’AL, a, RU-DI-MENT’A-RY, Fr. rude; It. rude and rozz0; Sp. rudo ; RU-DOLPH/INE, a. An epithet What he did amiss was rather through rudeness and want of judgment. Hayward. 4. Artlessness ; coarseness ; inelegance ; as, the rudeness of a painting, or piece of sculpture. ©. Violence ; impetuosity ; as, the rudeness of an attack or shock. 6. Violence ; storminess ; as, the rudeness of winds or of the season. RU/DEN-TURB, n. [Fr., from L. rudens, a rope. ] In architecture, the figure of a rope or staff, plain or carved, with which the flutings of columns are sometimes filled. Brande. RU/DE-RA-RY, a. [Low L. ruderarius; from the root of rudis, and indicating the primary sense of rude, to be broken. Belonging to rubbish. [Mot used. | Dict. RU-DE-RA/TION, n. [L. ruderatio, from rudero, to pave with broken stones. RUE on the observations of Tycho Brahe ; so named from Rudolph [L., emperor of Bohemia. Brande. RUE, (ri,) v & [Sax. reowian, hreowian ; VW. rhuaw, rhuadu ; D. rouwen; G. rewen, to repeat; Dan. and Sw. ruelse, contrition. This is the L. Tudo, to roar, to bray. Class Rd.] To lament ; to regret; to grieve for; as, to rue the commission of a crime ; to rue the day. Thy will Chose freely what it now so justly rues, RUE, v.i. To have compassion. Milton. [ot in use.] Chaucer. RUE, x. Sorrow ; repentance, [Wot in use.] Shak. RUE, (ra,) n. [Sax. rude; D. ruit; G. raute; Dan. rude; Gr. purn; L. and It. ruta; Sp. ruda; Fr. rue; Arm. ry; Ir. ruith, raith; Corn. ryte. Rue is a con- tracted word. Qu., from its bitter taste, grating, roughness. A plant of the genus Ruta, of several species. The common garden rue is medicinal. It has a strong, ungrateful odor, and a bitter and penetrating taste, Encye. Lamented ; grieved for; regret- RU‘ED, (riide,) pp. ted. RUE’FUL, (rii’-,) a. [rue and Full.) ful ; sorrowful ; to be lamented Spur them to rueful work, Shak, 2. Expressing sorrow Woful ; mourn- He sighed and cast a rueful eye, Dryden, RUE/FUL-LY, adv. Mournfully ; sorrowfully. More. RUE/FUL-NESS, 7. Sorrowfulness ; mournfulness. RUE/ING, n. Lamentation. Smith, RU-ELLE’, (ru-el/,)n. [Fr., a narrow Street, from rue, a street. ]} A circle ; a private circle or assembly at a private house. [JVot in use. Dryden. RU-FES/CENT, a. ([L. rufesco, to grow red.] Reddish ; tinged with red. Ed, Encyc. RUFF, n. [Arm. roufenn, a Wrinkle; W. rhevu, to thicken. 1. A piece of plaited linen worn by females around the neck. Addison. 2. Something puckered or plaited. Pope. 3. A European river fish, of the perch family, Acerina vulgaris, sometimes called the smaller river perch. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. 4. A bird of Europe and Asia, Machetes pregnax, allied to the woodcock and sandpiper. The male has a tuft of feathers around the neck during the breeding season, whence the name. The female is called Reeve, Jardine. 5. A state of roughness, [Sax. hreof.) [Obs.] Chapman. 6. Pride; elevation; as, princes in the ruff of all their glory. LD Estrange. 7. A particular species of pigeon. 8. Al cards, the act of winning the trick by trump- ing the cards of another suit. { D. troef, troeven. | RUFF, v.t. To ruffle; to-disorder. Spenser. 2. To trump any other suit of cards at whist. [D. ma RUFF’/ED, (ruft,) pp. Ruffled ; disordered. RUF’FIAN, (ruf/yan,) n. [If this word signifies pri- marily a robber, it is from the root of rob, Sw. rofva, Among the ancients, a method of laying pavements, and perhaps of building walls, with rough pebbles and mortar. Guilt. RUDES’BY, (radz/be,) n. An uncivil, turbulent fel- low. [Wot in use. Shak. RO/DI-MENT, n. ler, from L. rudimentum. If con- nected with erudio, it denotes what is taught, and erudio may be connected with the Goth. rodyan, to speak, Sax. redan, to read. But the real origin is not obvious. It may have been formed from some word in Rd, signifying to shoot or spring. ] 1. A first principle or element; that which is to be first learnt; as, the rudiments of Jearning or science. Articulate sounds are the rudiments of Jan- guage; letters or characters are the rudiments of written language; the primary rules of any art or science are its rudiments. Wence instruction in the rudiments of any art or science, constitutes the be- ginning of education in that art or science. 2. The original of any thing in its first form. Thus in botany, the germen, ovary, or seed bud, is the ru- diment of the fruit yet in embryo ; and the seed is the rudiment of a new plant. Martyn. Rudiment, in natural history, is also an imperfect organ, one which is never fully formed, Thus the flowers in the genus Pentstemon have four stamens and a rudiment of a fifth, (a simple filament without an anther.) God beholds the first imperfect rudiments of virtue in the soul. Spectator, RUF’FIAN-LY, § RUF’FLE, (ruf/fl,) v. t. Dan. réver. In Scottish, ruffie is a worthless fellow. In It. rufiano is a pimp, Sp. rufian, Port. rujiam; D. roffiaan, id. | A boisterous, brutal fellow ; a fellow ready for any desperate crime; a robber; a cutthroat ; a murderer. Addison. RUF’ FIAN, (ruf’yan,) a. Brutal 3 Savagely boisterous ; as, ruffian rage. Pope. RUE’FIAN, v. i. To play the ruffian 3 to rage ; to raise tumult. Shak. RUF’FIAN-ISH, a. Having the qualities or manners of a ruffian. RUF’FIAN-ISM, n. The act or conduct of a ruffian. RUF’FIAN-LIKE, )a. Like aruffian ; bold in crimes; violent; licentious. Fulie. [Belgic, ruyffelen, to wrin- kle. Chaucer has riveling, wrinkling, and Spelman cites rifflura or rufflura from Bracton, as signifying in Jaw a breach or laceration of the sKin, made by the Stroke of a stick.] 1. Properly, to wrinkle ; to draw or contract into Wrinkles, open plaits, or folds. Addison. 2. ‘To disorder by disturbing a smooth surface ; to make uneven by agitation ; as, to ruffle the sea or a Jake. Dryden. 3. To discompose by disturbing a calm state of; to agitate ; to disturb ; as, to rufie the mind; to rufjie the passions or the temper. It expresses less than Frer and Vex. She smoothed the ruffed seas. - To furnish with first principles or rules; to ground; to settle in first principles. Gayton. Initial ; pertaining to rudi- ments, or consisting in first 4. To throw into disorder or confusion. W here best : He might the ruffled foe invest. Hudibras. 0. To throw together in a disorderly manner. 1 ruffled up fallen leaves in heap. [(Unusual.] Chapman, principles ; as, rudimental essays. Spectator. tronomical tables, computed by Kepler, and founded applied to a set of as- | RUE/FLE, (ruf/fl,) v, 2 To grow rough or turbulent ; 6. To furnish with ruffles ; as, to muffle a shirt. as, the winds ruffle. Shak. FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ct 68RUI 2. To play loosely ; to flutter. On his right shoulder his thick mane reclined, Ruffles at speed, and dances in the wind. Dryden, 3. To be rough ; to jar; to be in contention. They would ruffle with jurors. [Obs.] BUF’FLE, n. A strip of plaited cambric, or other fine cloth, attached to some border of a garment, as to the Wristband or bosom. That at the bosom is sometimes called by the English a Frivt. 2. Disturbance ; agitation ; commotion ; as, to put the mind or temper in a ruffle. RUF’/ELE, )} 2. A particular beat of the drum, being RUFF, a low, vibrating sound, not so loud as a roll, used on certain occasions in military affairs as a mark of respect. Lieutenant-generals have three rufjles, as they pass by the regiment, guard, &c. ; ma- jor-generals have two; brigadiers one, &c. Campbell, Mil. Dict. Encyc. RUL’FLE, )v. t. To beat the ruff or ruffle of the RUFF, { drum. RUEF’FLED, pp. or a. with ruffles. RUF’FLE-LESS, a. Having no ruffles. RUF/FLE-MENT, n. Act of ruffling. RUF/FLER, x. A bully; aswaggerer. [JVot in use. | RUF’FLING, ppr. Disturbing ; agitating ; furnishing with ruffles. RUF’FLING, zn. RUF/FLING RUF/FING, RUF/FLING, ) ». A particular beat or roll of the drum, RUE’FING, used on certain occasions as a mark of respect. RU/FOUS, a. [L. rufus; Sp. rufo; Port. ruivo; prob- ably from the root of L. rubeo.] Bacon. Disturbed ; agitated ; furnished Commotion ; disturbance ; agitation. ? ppr. Beating a roll of the drum. Reddish ; of a reddish color, or rather of a brown- ish red. Lindley. RUE’/TER-HOOQD, n. In falconry, a hood to be worn by a hawk when she is first drawn. Baxley. RUG, n. [D. ruig, G. rauch, rough, hairy, shaggy ; Sw. rugg, entangled hair; ruggig, rugged, shaggy. This coincides with Dan. rug, W. rhyg, rye, Uist 18, rough; W. rhug, something abounding with points. In W. brycan is a rug, a clog, a brogue for the fee!, a covering. This belongs to the great family of rough, L. ruga, raucus.] 1. A coarse, nappy woolen cloth, used for a bed- cover, and, in modern times, particularly, for cover- ing the carpet before a fireplace. This name was formerly given to a coarse kind of frieze used for winter garments, and it may be that the poor in some countries still wear it. But in America, I believe, the name is applied only to a bed-cover for ordinary beds, and to a covering before a fireplace. 9. A rough, woolly, or shaggy dog. RO/GATE, a. Wrinkled; having alternate ridges and depressions. Dana. RUG/GED, a. [from the root of rug, rough, which see. 1. Rough ; full of asperities on the surface ; broken into sharp or irregular points or crags, Or otherwise uneven; as, a rugged mountain ; a rugyed road. 2, Uneven; not neat or regular. His well-proportioned beard made rough and rugged. Shak. 3. Rough in témper; harsh; hard; crabbed ; aus- tere. South. 4. Stormy ; turbulent; tempestuous; as, rugged weather ; a rugged season. 5. Rough to the ear; harsh; grating; as, a rugged verse in poetry ; rugged prose. Dryden. 6. Sour; surly ; frowning ; wrinkled ; as, rugged looks. 7. Violent ; rude; boisterous. Hudibras. 8. Rough; shaggy ; as, a rugged bear. Fairfax. 9. In boteny, scabrous; rough with tubercles or stiff points ; as a leaf or stem. Martyn. RUG/GED-LY, adv. Ina rough or rugged manner. RUG/GED-NESS, x. The quality or state of being rugged ; roughness; asperity of surface ; as, the rwg- gedacss of land or of roads, 2, Roughness of temper ; harshness; surliness. 3. Coarseness; rudeness of manners. 4. Storminess ; boisterousness ; as of a season. RUG'-GOWN-ED, a. Wearing a coarse gown orrug. Beaum. & Fl. RUG/IN, n. A nappy cloth. [Vee used.| Wiseman. RO/GINH, (ra’/jeen,)n. [Fr.] Asurgeon’s rasp. Sharp. RO/GOSE, }, Rv/GOUS, } ” 1. Wrinkled ; full of wrinkles. Wiseman. 2, In botany, a leaf is said to be rugose when the veins are more contracted than the disk, so that the latter rises into little inequalities, as in sage, prim- rose, cowslip, &c. Martyn. Smith. RU-GOS/LTY, n. A state of being wrinkled. { Little used. | Smith. RO/IN, n. [Fr. ruine, from L. and Sp. ruina; It. ruina and rovina; from L. rua, to fall, to rush down; W. rhewin, a sudden elide, slip, or fall, ruin ; rew, some- thing slippery or smooth, ice, frost; rieu, to move or be active ; rhéb, a running off ; rhébyz, a destroyer. Perhaps the Jatter words are ofa different family. ] [L. rugosus, from ruga, a wrinkle.) RUL 1. Destruction ; fall; overthrow; defeat; that change of any thing which destroys it, or entirely defeats its object, or unfits it for use ; as, the ruin of a house; the ruin of a ship or an army; the ruin of a constitution of government ; the ruin of health ; the ruin of commerce; the ruin of public or private hap- piness ; the ruin of a project. 2. Mischief; bane ; that which destroys The errors of young men are the ruin of business. Bacon. 3. Ruin; more generally, ruins; the remains of a decayed or demolished city, house, fortress, or any work of art or other thing; as, the ruins of Balbec, Palmyra, or Fersepolis ; the vwins of a wall; a castle in ruins. The labor of a @sy will not build up a virtuous habit on the ruins of an o!d and vicious character. Buckminster. 4. The decayed or enfeebled remains of a natural object ; as, the venerable old man presents a great mind in ruins. 5. The cause of destruction. They were the ruin of him and of all Israel. —2 Chron, xxviii. RU/IN, v.t. [Fr. ruiner.] 1. T’o demolish ; to pull down, burn, or otherwise destroy ; as, to ruin a city or an edifice. 2. To subvert; to destroy ; as, to ruim a state or government. 3. To destroy ; to bring to an end; as, to ruin com- merce or manufactures. To.destroy in any manner; as, to ruin health or happiness ; to ruin reputation. 5. To counteract ; to defeat; as, to ruin a plan or project. 6. To deprive of felicity or fortune. By thee raised I ruin all my foes. Grace with a nod, and ruin with a frown. Milton. Driden. RULE, ». t. 7. To impoverish ; as, to be ruined by speculation. The eyes of other people are the eyes that ruin us. Franklin. 8. To bring to everlasting misery ; as, to ruin the soul. RO/IN, v. i. To fall into ruins. Milton. 2, Torun to ruin; to fall into decay or be dilapi- dated. Though he his house of polished marble build, Yet shall it ruin like the moth’s frail cell. 3. To be reduced; to be brought to poverty or mis- ery. If we are tale, and disturb the industrious in their business, we shall ruin the faster. Locke. Note. — This intransitive uge of the verb is now unusual. RU/IN-ATE, v. t. stroy ; to reduce to poverty, and happily is become obsoiete.| RU-IN-A’ TION, n. Subversion ; overthrow ; demoli- tion. [Inelegant and obsolete. | RUO/IN-ED, pp. or a. Demolished ; destroyed ; sub- verted ; reduced to poverty ; undone. RU/IN-ER, n. One that ruins or destroys. RU/IN-I-FORM, a. [L. 7uina and form.] Having the appearance of ruins, or the ruins of houses. Certain minerals are said to be rutniform. RGIN-ING, ppr- Demolishing ; subverting ; destroy- ing; reducing to poverty ; bringing to endless mis- Sandys. To demolish; to subvert; to ae- [This word is il-formed, Chapman. ery. RU/IN-OUS, a. [L. ruinosus; Fr. ruineuz. | 1. Fallen to ruin; entirely decayed ; demolished ; dilapidated ; as, an edifice, bridge, or wall in a ruin- ous state. 9, Destructive ; baneful ; pernicious ; bringing or tending to bring certain ruin. Who can describe the ruinous practice of intemperance ? 3. Composed of ruins ; consisting in ruins; as, a ruinous heap. Is. XVI. RU/IN-OUS-LY, adv. In a ruinous manner ; destruc- tively. RO/IN-OUS-NESS, n. A ruinous state or quality. ROL/A-BLE, a. Subject to rule ; accordant to rule. Bacon. RULE, n. [W. rheol; Arm. reol; Sax. regol, reogol; Sw, Dan. G. and D. regel; Fr. regle; Sp. reala ; Port. regoa, regra ; It. regola; L. regula, from rego, tO gov- ern, that is, to stretch, strain, or make straight. I suppose the Welsh rheol to be a contracted word.] 1. Government; sway ; empire ; control ; supreme command or authority. A wise servant shall have rule over « son that causeth shame, Prov. xvii. And his stern rule the groaning land obeyed. Pope. 9, That which is established as a principle, stand- ard, or directory ; that by which any thing is to be adjusted or regulated, or to which it 3s to be con- formed ; that which is settled by authority or custom for guidance and direction. ‘Thus a statute or law is a rule of civil conduct ; a canon is a mule of eccle- siastical government ; the precept or command of a father isa rule of action or obedience to children ; precedents in law are rules of decision to judges ; maxims and customs furnish rules for regulating our social opinions and manners. The laws of God are rules for directing us in life paramount to all others. A rule which you do not apply, is no rule at all, J, M. Mason. RULE, v. 7. RUL/ED, pp. Governed ; controlled ; conducted ; man- RUL/ER, x. RUM 3. An instrument by which lines are drawn, ©: short lengths measured. A judicious artist will use his eye, but he will trust enly to is rule. South. } 4, Established mode or course of proceeding pre scribed in private life. Every man should have some |} fixed rules for managing bis own affairs. 5. A maxim, canon, or precept, to be observed in | any art or science. Encyc. 6. In monasteries, corporations, or societies, a law or | regulation to be observed by the society and its par- ticular members. 7. In courts, rules are the determinations and or- ders of court, to be observed by its officers in con- ducting the business of the court. 8, In arithmetic and algebra, a determinate mode prescribed for performing any operation and produ- cing a certain result. 9. In grammar, an established form of constructicn in a particular class of words ; or the expression of that form in words. Thus it is a rule, in English, that s or es, added to a noun in the singular number, forms the plural of that noun ; but man forms its plu- ral men, and is an exception to the rule. Rule of three, is that rule of arithmetic which di- rects, When three terms are given, how to hud a fourth, which shall have the same ratio to the third term as the second has to tlie first. To govern; to contro] the will and ac- tions of others, either by arbitrary power and author- ity or by established laws. The emperors of the Bast rule their subjects without the restraints of a consti- tution. In limited governments, men are ruled by known laws. 7 If a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?—1 Tim iii. 2. To govern the movements of things’; to con- duct: to manage; to control. That God rues the world he has created, is a fundamental article of be- lief. 3. To manage; to conduct, in almost any manner. 4. Vo settle as by a rule. That's a ruled case with the schoolmen. 5, To mark with lines by a ruler; as, to rule a blank book. 6. To establish by decree or decision; to deter- mine; as a court, To have power or command; to exercise supreme authority. By me princes rule. — Prov. vill. It is often followed by over. They shall rule over their oppressors. — Is. xiv. We subdue and rule over all other creatures. Ray. 2, In law, to decide ; to lay down and settle as a rule or order of court. 3. Among merchants, tq stand or maintain a level ; as, prices rule lower than formerly. | Se ————————————— Alterbury. aged ; established by decision. One that governs, whether emperor, king, pope, or governor; any one that exercises su- preme power over others, 2. One that makes or executes laws in a limited or free government. Thus legislators and magis- trates are called rulers. 3. Arule; an Instrument of wood or metal with straight edges or sides, by which lines are drawn on paper, parchment, or other substance. When a ruler has the lines of chords, tangents, sines, &C., it is called a PLANE SCALE. Enciyc. RUL/ING, ppr. Governing ; controlling the will and actions of intelligent beings, or the movements of other physical bodies. 9, Marking by a ruler. 3, Deciding; determining. 4. a. Predominant; chief; controlling; as, a rul- ing passion. RUL/ING-LY, adv. Controllingly. ROL'Y, a. [from rule.) Orderly ; easily restrained. [Mot in use.) [See Unrucy.] RUM, zx. [Perhaps trom rheum, a flowing. In an old author, it is written rhwm.] Spirit distilled from cane juice, or from the scummings cf the juice from the boiling-house, or from the treacle or molasses which drains from sugar, or from dunder, the lees of former distillations. Edwards, W. Ind. In the United States, rum is distilled from molasses only. Sone 2. A low, cant word for a country parson. Swift. RUM, a. Old-fashioned ; queer ; odd. #4 can worde J ONLAT Le A seat for servants behind a Encland. [D. zommelen; G. rummeln + Dan. If Rm are the radical BL ara this word may be referred to the Ch. Syr. Heb. anc RUM’BLE, (rum/bl,) 2. carriage. RUM/BLE, v. 2 rumler: It. rombare. Eth. Dy , raam, Class Rm, No. 11. W ith a prelh, grumble, Gr. Ppenws L. fremo, lr. crusty E lunder, G. brummen, D. brommen, bremmen, S&C. 3 OWe TAMA, ta bellow. } To make a thunder rumbles at low, heavy; continued sound; as, a distance, but when near, 1ts ——<— LUNE, BULL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; aE 122 fa Fal Lo ee eon ee ee OF eT 969 CH as SH; FH as in THIS. nn mel SSeS Sa Sa ~ owes $s Seabee rsie | 4 t by \ dq ay | fou ll : | a’ i : 4 ‘ Boe’ \ ie —_ emcee v LS en Ln ae “al Sa j < gia er RUM bles on the pavement. RUM’/BLER, x. The person or thing that rumbles. noise is a low, heavy, continued noise. Jer, xivii. RUM/BLING-LY, adv. In a rumbling manner. rymbifer, and popularly pimpled face. [America.] Rush. RUM’MAGE, v. i. To search a place narrowly by RUM’MA-GED, pp. Searched in every corner. RUM’MA-GING, ppr. Searching in every corner RUM/MER, x. [D, roemer, 4 wine glass, from roemen, RO/MOR, xn. [L.] Flying or popular report; a cur- upper stomach of animals which chew the cud. ROU/MI-NANT, a. [Fr., from L. rumino.} Chewing the cud ; having the property of chewing again what has been swallowed ; as, ruminant ani- mals. Ray. ROU/MI-NANT, zm. An animal that chews the cud. Ruminants are four-footed, hairy, and viviparous, Encyc. Ray. Derham. An animal that chews the cud, as the camel, deer, foat, and bovine kind. Bell RU/MI-NANT-LY, adv. By chewing. RU-MISNAN’TIA, n. pl. An order of herbivorous animals, having four stomachs, the first so situated as to receive a large quantity of vegetable matters coarsely bruised by a first mastication, which passes into the second, where it is moistened and formed into little pellets, which the animal has the power of bringing again to the mouth to be rechewed, after Which it is swallowed into the third stomach, from which it passes to the fourth, where it is finally di- gested. ‘The camel, the deer, the bovine genus, the goat, and the sheep, are examples of this order. RU’MI-NATE, v. i. [Fr. ruminer; L. rumino, from rumen, the cud; W. rhum, that swells out.] 1. To chew the cud ; to chew again what has been slightly chewed and swallowed. Oxen, sheep, deer, goats, camels, hares, and squirrels, rwminate in fact ; other animals, as moles, bees, crickets, beetles, crabs, &c., only appear to ruminate. Peyer. Encyc. The only animals endowed with the genuine fac- ulty of rumination, are the Ruminantia, or cloven- hoofed quadrupeds, (Pecora, Linneus;) but the hare, although its stomach is differently organized, is an occasional and partial ruminant. Ed. Encyc. 2. To muse; to meditate; to think again and again ; to ponder. It is natural to ruminate on mis- fortunes. He practices a slow meditation, and ruminates on the subject Watts. RU/MI-NATE, v. t. To chew over again. 2. To muse on ; to meditate over and over again. Mad with desire, she ruminates her sin. Dryden. RU/MI-NATE, a. In botany, pierced by numerous ROU’MI-NA-TED, narrow cavities, full of dry, cel- lular matter, like the albumen of a nutmeg. Lindley. RU’MI-NA-TED, pp. Chewed again ; mused on. RO’MI-NA-TING, ppr. or a. Chewing the cud ; musing. RU-MI-NA'TION, n. [L. ruminatio.] 1. The act of chewing the cud. 2. The power or property of chewing the cud. Ruminaton is given to animals, to enable them at once to lay u & great store of food, and afterward to chew it. Arbuthnot. 3. A musing or continued thinking on a subject ; deliberate meditation or reflection, Retiring full of rumination sad. Thomson, RO/MI-NA-TOR, n. One that ruminates or muses on any suijject; one that pauses to deliberate and con- sider. Cotrrave. RUM/MAGE, n. A searching carefully by ‘looking into every corner, and by tumbling over things. RUM/MAGE, v. t. [Qu. L. rimor, or Fr. remier.} To search narrowly by looking into every corner, and turning over or removing goods or other things. Our greedy seamen rummage every hold. Dryden. . looking among things. I have often rummaged for old books in Little Britain and Duck- ane. Swift. to vaunt, brag, or praise. ] A glass or drinking cup. {ot in use.] Philips. rent story passing from one person to another, with- out any known authority for the truth of it. Rumor next, and chance, And tamult, and confusion, all embroiled. Milton. When ye shall hear of wars and rumors of wars, be ye not sound is sharp and rattling; a heavy carriage rum- RUM/BLING, ppr. or 2. Making a low, heavy, con- tinued sound; as, rumbling thunder. A rumbling RUM’'BLING, n. A low, heavy, continued sound. RUM’-BUD,n. A grog blossom ; the popular name of a redness occasioned by the detestable practice of ex- cessive drinking. Rum-buds usually appear first on RUN 2. Report of a fact; a story well authorized. This rumor of him went forth throughout all Judea. — Luke vil, 3. Fame ; reported celebrity. Great is the rumor of this dreadful knight. Shak. RO’MOR, v.t. Toreport; to tell or circulate a report. "T'was rumored - My father ’scaped from out the citadel. Dryden. RU’MOR-ED, pp. ora. Told among the people ; re- ported. RU'MOR-ER, 7. A reporter; a teller of news. Shak. fhe nose, and gradually extend over the face. This term seems to have reference to the disease techni- cally defined to be an unsuppurative papule, station- ary, confluent, red, mottled with purple, chiefly affecting the face, sometimes produced, and always aggravated, by the use of alcoholic liquors, by expo- sure to heat, &c. It is technically called Jonthus co- RO’MEN, n. [L.] The cud of aruminant; also, the RU’MOR-ING, ppr. Reporting ; telling news. RU'MOR-OUS, a. Famous; notorious. { Obs.] Bale. RUMP, x. [G. rumpf; Sw. rumpa; Dan. rumpe or rompe. | 1. The end of the back-bone of an animal, with the parts adjacent. Among the Jews, the Trump Was esteemed the most delicate part of the animal. Encyc. 2, The buttocks. Hudibras. Rump parliament; in English history, a name of contempt given to the remnant of the Long Parlia- ment, which, in 1659, after Richard Cromwell had resigned the protectorate, was assembled by a coun- cil of officers. One who had been a member of this parliament, or who favored it, was called a rumper. Brande. RUM’PLE, (rum/pl,) v. % [D. rompelen, to rumple ; Sax. hrympelle, a fold; probably connected with crumple, W. crwm, crom, crooked, crymu, to bend.] To wrinkle; to make uneven; to form into irreg- ular inequalities ; as, to vumple an apron or a cravat. Swift. RUM’PLE, nz. A fold or plait. Dryden. RUM’PLED, pp. Formed into irregular wrinkles or folds. RUMP’LESS, a. Destitute of a tail; as, a rumpless fowl. Lawrence. RUM'PLING, ppr. Making uneven. RUM/PUS, n. A disturbance; noise and confusion. [ Low, but used colloquially in England and America. | RUN, v. 2.; pret. RAN or Run, pp. Run. [Sax. rennan; and, with a transposition of Jetters, ernan, arnian, yrnan; Goth. rinnan; D, rennen; G. rennen, rinnen; Dan. rinder; Sw. rdnna. The Welsh has rhin, a running, a channel, hence the Rhine. ] 1. To move or pass in alinost any manner, as on the feet or on wheels. Men and other animals run on their feet; carriages run on wheels, and wheels run on their axietrees., 2. ‘To move or pass on the feet with celerity or rapidity, by leaps or long, quick steps; as, men and quadrupeds run when in haste. 3, To use the legs in moving; to step; as, children run alone or run about. Locke. 4. To move in a hurry. The priest and people run about. B. Jonson. 5. ‘lo proceed along the surface; to extend; to spread ; as, the fire runs over a field or forest. The fire ran along upon the ground. — Exod. ix. 6. To rush with violence; as, a ship rurs against a rock ; or one ship runs against another. 7. To perform a passage by land or water ; to pass or #0; as, ships, railroad cars, stage-coaches, &c., run regularly between different places. 8. To contend in a race ; as, men or horses run for a prize. 9. To flee for escape. When General Wolfe was dying, an officer standing by him exclaimed, “See how they run!” ‘Who run?” said the dying hero. “The enemy,” said the officer. ‘*Then I die hap- py,’’ said the general. 10. To depart privately ; to steal away. My conscience will serve me to run from this Jew, my ake ° Shak. 11. To flow in any manner, slowly or rapidly ; to move or pass; as a fluid. Rivers run to the ocean or to lakes; the Connecticut runs on sand, and its water is remarkably pure ; the tide runs two or three miles an hour ; tears run down the cheeks. 12. To emit; to let flow. I command that the conduit run nothing but claret. Shak, Rivers run potable gold. Milton. But this form of expression is elliptical, with being omitted ; “rivers run with potable gold.?? 13. To be liquid or fluid. As wax dissolves, as ice begins to run, Addison. 14. To be fusible ; to melt. Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire, Woodward. 15, To fuse ; to melt. Your iron must not burn in the fire, that ix, run or melt, for then it will be brittle. Moron. 16. To turn ; as, a wheel runs on an axis or on a pivot. 17, To pass; to proceed; as, to run through a course of business ; to run through life; to run in a circle ora line; to run through all degrees of pro- motion. 18. To flow, as words, language, or periods, The troubled. — Mark xiii, PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. 970 lines run smoothly. RUN 19, To pass, as time. As fist as our time runs, we should be glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster. Addison, 20. To have a legal course; to be attached to; to have Jegal effect. Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest rung as well pou our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid, Childs, 21. To have a course or direction. Where the generally-allowed practice rung counter to it. ‘ ‘ : Locke, Little is the wisdom, where the flight O rume against ail renson. Shak. 22. To pass in thought, speech, or practice; as, to run through a series of arguments; to run from one topic to another. Virgil, in bis first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject. Addison. 23. To be mentioned cursorily or in few words. The whole vung on short, like articles in an account. Arbuthnot. 24. To-have a continued tenor or course. The con- versation van on the affairs of the Greeks. The king’s ordinary style runneth, ‘‘ Our sovereign lord the ing.” Sanderson. 25. To be in motion; to speak incessantly. Her tongue runs continually. 26. To be busied. When we desire any thing, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones, Swift. 27. To be popularly known. Men gave them their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome. Temple. 28. To be received ; to have reception, success, or continuance. ‘T’he pamphlet runs well among a cer- tain class of people. 29. To proceed in succession. She saw with joy the line immortal run, Each sire impressed and glaring in his son. Pope. 30. To pass from one state or condition to another ; as, to run into confusion or error; to run distracted. Addison. 31. To proceed in a train of conduct. You should run a certain course, Shak, 32. To be in force. The owner hath incurred the forfeiture of eight years’ profits of his lands, before he cometh to the knowledge of the process that runneth against him, Bacon, 33. To be generally received. He was not ignorant what report run of himself, Knolles. 34. To be carried ; to extend ; to rise; as, debates run high. In popish countries, the power of the clergy runs higher. Aylife. 35. To have a track or course. Searching the ulcer with my probe, the sinus run Be orifice. above the ‘ise man, 36. To extend ; to lie in continued length. Veins of silver run in different directions. 37. To have a certain direction. The line runs east and west. 38. ‘l'o pass in an orbit of any figure. The planets run their periodical courses; the comets do not run lawless through the regions of space. 39. To tend in growth or progress. Pride is apt to run into a contempt of others. 40. To grow exuberantly. Young persons of 10 or 12 years old soon run up to men and women. If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves, treading down the leaves will help their rooting. Mortimer. 4], To discharge pus or other matter; as, an ulcer TUNS. 42. To reach ; to extend to the remembrance of ; as, time out of mind, the memory of which runneth not to the contrary. 43. To continue in time, before it becomes due and payable ; as, a note runs thirty days; a note of six months has ninety days to run. 44. To continue in effect, force, or operation. The statute may be prevented from running — by the act of the creditor. Hopkinson. Wheaton’s Rep. 45. To press with numerous demands of payment ; as, to run upon a bank. 46. To pass or fall into fault, vice, or misfortune ; as, to run into vice; to run into evil practices; to run into debt ; to run into mistakes. 47 To fall or pass by gradual changes; to make a transition ; as, colors run one into another. 48. To have a general tendency. Temperate climates run into moderate governments. Swi/?. 49. To proceed as on a ground or principle. Upon that the apostle’s argument runs. [Rare.] Atterbury. 50. To pass or proceed in conduct or managemént. Tarquin, minning into all the methods of tyranny, aftera cruel reign, was expelled, Swift. 51. To creep; to move by creeping or crawling ; as, serpents run on the ground. — ng rte pow neg esRUN 52. Toslide; as, 2 sled or sleigh nus on the snow. 53. To dart; to shoot; as a meteor in the sky. 54. To fly; to move in the air; as, the clouds run from N. E. to S. W. 5. In Scripture, to pursue or practice the duties of religion. Ye did run well; who did hinder you? — Gal. v. 56. In elections, to have interest or favor; to be supported by votes. The candidate will not run, or he will run well. To run after ; to pursue or follow. 2, To search for; to endeavor to find or obtain ; as, to run after similes. Locke. To run at; to attack with the horns, as a bull. To run away; to flee; to escape. To run away with; to hurry without deliberation. Locke. 2. To convey away ; or to assist in escape or elope- ment. To run inj to enter; to step in. To run into ; to enter; as, to run into danger. To run in trust; to run in debt; to get credit. [Not m use.) To runin with; to close; tocomply ; to agree with. [ Unusual.) Baker. 2. To make toward ; to near; to sail close to; as, to run in with the land; a seaman’s phrase. To run down a coast; to sail along it. To run on; to be continued. Their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement. 2. To talk incessantly. 3. To continue a course. Drayton. 4. To press with jokes or ridicule ; to abuse with sarcasms ; to bear hard on. To run over; to overflow ; as, a Cup runs over; OI the liquor rans over. To run out; to come to an end; to expire; as, a RUN 3. To pass the eye over hastily. To run out; to thrust or push out; to extend. 2. To waste; to exhaust; as, to run out an estate. To run through; to expend; to waste; as, to run through an estate. To run up; to increase; to enlarge by additions. A man who takes goods on credit, is apt to run up his account to a large sum before he is aware of it. 9. To thrust up, as any thing long and slender. RUN, 2. The act of running. 2. Course ; motion; as, the run of humor. Bacon. 3. Flow ; as, a run of verses to please the ear. roome. 4, Course; process ; continued series ; as, the run of events. 5. Way ; will; uncontrolled course. Our family must have their run. Arbuthnot. 6. General reception ; continued success. RUS quadrupeds. The same name i stomach in water, and to the me curd in the making of cheese. RUN/NING, ppr- flowing. 2. a. Kept for the race; as,a land two years running. speed. 2. That which runs or flows ; of a still or of cider at the mil. It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run or long continuance, if not diversified with humor, Addison. 7, Modish or popular clamor; as, a violent run against university education. Swift. 8. A general or uncommon pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes. 9, The aftmost part of a ship’s bottom. Mar. Dict. 10. The distance sailed by a ship; as, we had a good run. 11. A voyage ; also, an agreement among sailors to work a passage from one place to another. Mar. Dict. 12. A pair of mill-stones. A mill has two, four, or six runs of stones. 13. Prevalence ; as, a disease, opinion, or fashion has its run. 14. In the Middle and Southern States of America, a small stream ; a brook. In the long run, (at the long rim, not so generally lease runs out at Michaelmas. 2. To spread exuberantly ; run out into legs. Hammond. 3. To expatiate ; as, to run out into beautiful di- gressions. He runs out in praise of Milton. Addison. 4, Tio be wasted or exhausted ; as, an estate man- aged without economy will soon run out. 5. To become poor by extravagance. And had her stock been less, no doubt She must have long ago runout. To run riot ; to go to the utmost excess. as, insectile animals Dryden. counts of goods credited run up very fast. RUN, ». ¢. i pierce it. 2. To drive; to force. blabbing out bis own or others’ secrets, Ray. phy into metaphysical notions, 0c 3. To cause to be driven. They ran the ship aground. — Acts xxvii. 4, To melt; to fuse. The purest gold must be run and washed. 5. To incur; to encounter; to run the risk 0 hazard of losing one’s property. To run the danger is a phrase not now in use. 6. To venture ; to hazard. Felton. his fortune with them. Clarendon. ing the duties required by law ; as, to run goods. 8 To pursue in thought ; tion ; as, to run the world back to its first original. South. o i to its punctum saliens. ollier. 9. To push; to thrust; as, to run the hand int as, to run a line between towns or states. passing ; Bristol ; New York. 12. To cause to pass; as, to run a rope through bloc to cast ; as, to run buttons or balls. as, to run down a stag, against her, end on, and sink her. Mar. Dict. 3. To crush; to overthrow ; to overbear. Religion is run down by the license of these times. Berkeley. cule. 9. To urge or press importunately. To run over; to recount in a cursory manner 5 narrate hastily ; as, to run over the particulars of story. 2, To consider cursorily. To run up; to rise; to swell; to amount. Ac- To drive or push; in a general sense. Hence, to run a sword through the body, is to stab or A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences, by Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run natural philoso- Locke. He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run 7. To smuggle; to import or export without pay- to carry in contempla- J would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up C the pocket or the bosom ; to run a nail into the foot. 10. To ascertain and mark by metes and bounds ; 11. To cause to ply; to maintain in running or as, to run a stage-coach from London to to run a line of packets from New Haven to ays 13. To found ; to shape, form, or make in a mold ; To run down; in hunting, to chase to weariness ; 9, In navigation, to run down a vessel, is to run To run hard; to press with jokes, sarcasm, or ridj- or end. The run of mankind; the generality of people. RUN/A-GATE, xn. [Fr. runagat.] A fugitive ; an apostate; arebel; a vagabond. Sidney. Shak. RUN/A-WAY, 2. from danger or restraint ; service ; a fugitive. Shak. RUN-GA’TION, n. [L. runcatio.] A weeding. [Vot in use. Evelyn. RUN/CL-NATE, a. [L. runcina, a saw. ] In botany, a runcinate leaf is leaf, with the delion. Martyn. that slope backward, is said to be runcinate. segments, pointing backward. mith. RUN’DLE, (run‘dl,) x. [from round, G. rund, | 1. A round ; astep of a ladder. Duppa. as, a cylinder with a rundie about it. Wilkins. RUND/LET,)x. (from round. | RUN’LET, certain dimensions. r| from three to twenty gallons. »{RONE, 7. [See Runic.] ter. RU’NER, 2. cient Goths. RUNES, 2. pl. Encyc. Temple. [See Runic.] Temple. Temple. RUNG, pret. and pp. of Rina. RUNG, n. Mar. Dict. secret or mystery, a letter. ] An epithet applied to the language and letters 0 ’ a the ancient Goths. ceal. | RUN/LET, 7. A little run or stream, a brook. 2, See RUNDLET. ae ree [ExOunradtes BEA ACL ae deaconry, under the direction of the bishop. The R Meet [from run.] One that runs; that office has, to a great extent, fallen into Giusy: a 2 : : ? E UG. a (mmerutlic tree S/RAL-IST, n. One that leads a rural life. 2, A racer. Dryden. RU'RAL ’ Conentry: SUE RU/RAL-LY, adv. As in the country, Vakefield. 3. A messenger. as in the strawberry, and forming at its extrem 6, A bird. 7. A rope of a tackle. slides. RUN’/NET, x. from runnen, ronnen, [D. runzel, to Sax. gerunnen, coagulated, a ngpt, which see. ] The prepared stomach, used,) signifies the whole process or course of things taken together ; in the final result ; in the conclusion [run and away.] One that flies one that deserts lawful a sort of pinnatifid lobes convex before and straight be- hind, like the teeth of a double saw, as in the dan- A leaf which has sinuses, and of course lobes, Lion toothed; cut into several transverse, acute 9 2. Something put round an axis; a peritrochium ; A small barrel of no It may contain The Runic letter or charac- A bard or learned man among the an- Gothic characters, poetry, or rhymes. A floor timber in a ship, whence the upper end is called a RUNG-HEAD 3 more properly, & FLoor- HEAD. RO'NIE, a. [W. rhin, Ir. run, Goth. runa, Sax. run, a [In Russ. chronoyu is to con- 4. A thread-like stem, running along the ground, used to increase the mechanical power Totten. 8. One of the timbers on which a sled or sleigh curdle ; G. rinnen, to curdle, and to run or flow ; It is also written Ren- or the coagulated milk found in the stomachs of calves or other sucking RUN/NING-FIGHT, (-fite,) x. keeps up the contest. RUN’NING-FIRE, n. rapidly in succession. RUN/NING-RIG/GING, n. Tha 5 distinction from STANDING-KIGGING. GING. | RUN/NING-TI'TLE, 7n. In printing, the title of a book that is continued from page to page on the upper margin. RUNN'ION, 2. A paltry, scurvy wretch. RUNT, x. plant, an old withered woman. runnren, to contract. of the species. Of tame pigeons are croppers, carriers, and runts, O- 2 prepared by steeping the inner membrane of a calf?s 5. The discharge of an ulcer or other sore. A battle in which one party flees and the other pursues, but the party fleeing A term used when troops fire Campbells Mil, Dict, ving or rapes which passes through blocks, &c. ; in [Fr. rogner, to cut, pare, or shred.] {In D. rund is a bull or cow ; in Scot. runt is the trunk of a tree, a hardened stem or stalk of a See Runner. ] Any animal small below the natural or usual size S Ss given to a liquor mbrane itself ‘This is used for coagulating milk, or converting it into Encyc. Moving or going with rapidity ; running horse, Law. 3. In succession; without any intervening day, year, &c.; as, to visit two days running; to sow 4, Discharging pus or other matter; as, a running | as, the first running sore. | RUN/NING, n. The act of running, or passing with | | 1 1 t part of a ship’s rig- [See Ria Shak. It may be from D. Walion. RU-PEE!, 7. (Pers. XK 9) ropah, silver, and ropiah, is a thick, round piece of mon minions, value 24 stivers. about 46 cents ; sterling, or about 58 cents; th RUP’/TURE, (rupt/yur,) 7. po, to break. ] 1. The act of breaking or Hernia; a preternatural tents of the abdomen. or War. to an open rupture. He knew that policy would disincl with his family. RUPTURE, v. t. To break ; RUP’/TURE, v.i. To suffer a RUP’TUR-ED, pp. or @ RUP/TURE-WORT, zn. A pl RUP!TUR-ING, ppr- ry. 1. Pertaining or belonging guished from a city or town of rural situation ; rural music. economy. RURAL DEAN, 2. RU/RAL-NESS, x. The qual ity | RU_-RIG/O-LIST, 2. roots and a young plant. Lindley. sivas ore eohnhiabitel is 1 pete and colo, to inhabit.| 5, One of the stones of a mill ne ‘An inhabitant of the country. RU-RIG/EN-OUS, a. nor, to be born. Born in the country. RUSE, x. ([Fr.] fraud; deceit. RUSE DE GUERRE’, (ruze agem of war. : RUSH, n. [Sax. rics or Tis¢+ Swedish corresponding wort [Ni to Dea LT, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. I —€asK; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; H as in THIS. sterling, or nearly seven dollars. RUP/TION, n. [L. ruptio, rumpo, to break. ] Breach ; a break or bursting open. [Fr., from L. ruptus, rum- 3. Breach of peace or concord ; dividuals or nations ; between nations, open hostility We say, the parties or nations have come lence ; as, to rupture a blood-vessel. Broken 3 burst. aria, and another of the genus Linum. Breaking; bursting. RURAL, a. [Fr., from L. ruralis, from ru resembling it; as, rural scenes; 2, Pertaining to farming or a An ecclesiastic who had the care [L. ruricola; Tus, the country, [L. rus, the country, and gig- Artifice ; tr probably L. ruscus. The ey in the Mogul’s do- Castell.) A coin and money of account in the East Indies. The current silver rupee is valued at Qs. sterling, or the sicca rupee of account at 2s. 6d. e gold rupee at 29s. 2d. Kelly. McCulloch. Wiseman. bursting, the state of being broken or violently parted ; as, the rupture of the skin ; the rupture of a vessel or fiber, Arbuthnot. \ protrusion of the con- | either between in- Evereu. to burst; to part by vio- | | ine Napoleon from a rupture | BE. E | breach or disruption. | ant of the genus Herni- Fan. of Plants. s, the coun- to the country, as distin- - suiting the country, Cr | a rural prospect; a Sidney. Thomson. oriculiure 3 as, ri ral 3 Gardner. and inspection of a deanery, OF subdivision of an arch- ity of being rural, Dict. [Not in use. | Dict. ot in use| Dict. ick; stratagem; wile ; Ray. de gar’.) [Fr.] A strat- ° jis saf, the Hebrew 420; Saee SR ee ea ohms ay. i aan eR Ber ass SUR AS ee a ee ee RUS RUS xeO usually rendered sea-weed, and applied to the Ar- abic Gulf. Deut. i, 1. Num. xxi. 14. This corre- spondence deserves notice, as illustrating certain passages in the Scriptures. ] é 1. A plant of the genus Juncus, of many species, growing mostly in wet ground. Some species are used in bottoming chairs and plaiting mats. The pith of the rush is used in some places for wicks to Jamps and rush-lights. » Cyc. The term rush is, however, applied to plants of va- rious other genera beside Juncus, and by no means to all of the genus Juncus. he 2. Any thing proverbially worthless or of trivial value. John Bull’s friendship is not worth a rush. Arbutinot. RUSH, v.i. [Sax. reosan, hreosan, or resan; Sw. rusa; G. rauschen, D. ruischen; Gr. pufsw. The G. has also brausen, the Dutch brursschen, to rush or roar ; Dan. brusen, torush. The Welsh has briysiaw and crysiaw, to hurry, to hasten ; both from rhys, a rushing ; rhysiaw, torush. We have rustle and brustle probably from the same source. The Welsh brysiaw seems to be the English press. See Class Rd, No. 5, 9, &c, | 1. To move or drive forward with impetuosity, violence, and tumultuous rapidity ; as, armies rush to battle ; waters rush down a precipice; winds rush through the forest. We ought never to rush into company, much less into a religious assembly. 2. To enter with undue eagerness, or without due deliberation and preparation ; as, to rush into busi- ness or speculation ; to rush into the ministry. Sprat. To push forward with violence. [Wot RUSH, wv. ¢. used. RUSH, 7 A driving forward with eagerness and haste; a violent motion or course; as, a rush of troops ; a rush of winds. RUSH’-BOT’TOM-ED, a. with rushes. Irving. RUSH’-€AN-DLE, (-kan-dl,) n. A small, blinking taper, made by stripping a rush, except one small strip of the bark which holds the pith together, and dipping it in tallow. Johnson. Milton. RUSH’ED, (rusht,) pret. of Rusu. [See the verb. ] 2. a. Abounding with rushes. Warton. RUSH/ER, , One who rushes forward. Whitlock. 2. One who formerly strewed rushes on the floor at dances. B, Jonson. RUSH’I-NESS, 2. [fromrushy.] The state of abound- ing With rushes. Scott. RUSH’ING, ppr. Moving forward with impetuosity. RUSH'ING, ». A violent driving of any thing ; rapid or tumultuous course. Js. xvii. RUSH'-LIGHT, (-lite,). The light of a rush-candle ; a small, feeble light, 2. A rush-candle. Having a bottom made Encyc. its not being subject to mold, and being proof against insects, Ure. RUS‘SIAN, (ra’/shan. This has, till of late, been the universal pronunciation; but in London, rush!an has now become prevalent. Smart.) a. Pertaining to Russia. RUS/SIAN, (ra/shan or rush/an,) n. A native of Russia. RUST, nx. [Sax. rust; D. roest; G. and Sw. rost; Dan. rust; W. rhwd; Gr. epvaipn; probably from its color, and allied to ruddy, red, as Li. rubico is from rubeo. See Ruppy.] 1. The red or orange-yellow coating on iron ex- posed to moist air; an oxyd of iron which forms a rough coat on its surface. This term is sometimes applied to any metallic oxyd. Orem Pw Cus 2. Loss of power by inactivity, as metals lose their Ss and smoothness when not used. 3. Any foul matter contracted ; as, rust on corn or salted meat. 4. Foul extraneous matter ; as, sacred truths cleared from the rust of human mixtures, o. A disease in grain, a kind of dust which gathers on the stalks and leaves ; in reality, a parasitic fun- gzus or mushroom, Ed. Encye. RUST, v. i. [Sax. rustian ; W. eae) J. To contract rust ; to be oxydized and contract a roughness on the surface. Our armors now may rust, Dryden, 2. To degenerate in idleness ; to become dull by inaction. Must I rust in Egypt? Dryden. 3. To gather dust or extraneous matter. RUST, v. t. To cause to contract rust. Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them. Shak. 2. To impair by time and inactivity. RUST’-€OL-OR-ED, (-kul-lurd,) a, Having the color of iron rust. De Candolle. RUST’ED, pp. Affected with rust. RUS'TIE€, a. [L. rusticus, from rus, the coun- RUS/TIE-AL, try.] 1, Pertaining to the country; rural 3 as, the rustic gods of antiquity. ENCYC. 2. Rude; unpolished ; rough ; awkward 3 as, rus- tic manners or behavior. 3. Coarse; plain; simple; as, rustic entertain- ment ; rustic dress. 4. Simple; artless; unadorned. Pope. o. In architecture, a term denoting a species of ma- sonry, the joints of which are worked with grooves, or channels, to render them conspicuous. The sur- face of the work is sometimes left or purposely made rough, and sometimes even or smooth. Gloss. of Archit. RUS/TI€, n. An inhabitant of the country ; a clown. RUSH/-LIKE, a. Resembling a rush ; weak. RUSH’Y,a. Abounding with rushes. Mortimer. 2. Made of rushes. Tickel. My rushy couch and frugal fare. Goldsmith. RUSK, 7. A kind of light cake. 2. Hard bread for stores. Ralegh. RUS’'TI€-AL-LY, adv. Rudely ; coarsely ; without refinement or elegance. Dryden. RUS/TI€-AL-NESS, n. The quality of.being rus- tical ; rudeness ; coarseness; want of refinement. RUS’'TI€-ATE, ». i. [L. rusticor, from rus.] To dwell or reside in the country. Pope. RUS/Ti€-ATE, v. t. To compel to reside in the RUS’MA,n. A brown and light iron substance, with half as much quicklime steeped in water, of which ! the Turkish women make their psilothron to take off their hair. Grew. ROSS, a. [Sw. ryss.] Pertaining to the Russ or Russians. [The native word is Russ. We have Russia from the south of Europe.] ROSS, n. The language of the Russ or Russians. RUS/SET, a. [Fr. rouz, rousse, red ; It. rosso ; Sp. Toso, rozo; Li. russus. See Rep and Ruppy.] 1. Of a reddish-brown color ; as, a russet mantle. i Our summer euch a russet livery wears, Driden. 2. Coarse ; homespun; rustic. Shak, [Russery is but little used.} RUS/SET, x. A country dress, Dryden. RUS’/SET, mn. A kind of apple of a russet color RUS/SET-ING, and rough skin. [I have never known a pear so called in America, though it seems that in England pears have this name. RUS'/SLA-LEAFH’ER, (ri/shi or rush/4-leth/er,)n. A soft kind of leather, made in Russia. It is*curried with the empyreumatic oil of the bark of the birch- tree, and is much used in bookbinding, on account of country ; to banish from a town or college foratime. Spectator. RUS/TI€-A-TED, pp. Compelled to reside in the country. 2. a. In architecture, having the character of rustic a rustling silk; rustling leaves or trees; rustling wings. Wilton. He is coming; I hear the straw rustle. Sliak, RUS/TLER, 7. One who rustles, RUS’TLING, (rus/ling,) ppr. or a. of silk cloth when rubbed. RUS’/TLING, n. A quick succession of small sounds, as a brushing among dry leaves or straw. RUST’Y, a. Covered or affected with rust 5 as, arusty knife or sword. 2. Dull; impaired by inaction or neglect of use. Shak. 3. Surly ; morose. Guardian. 4. Covered with foul or extraneous matter, RUT, mn. [Fr. rut; Arm. rut, the verb, rudal, rutcin ; probably allied to G. retzen, to excite, or Sw. ryta, to bellow. ] The copulation of deer. RUT, v. % To lust, as deer. » RUT, n. [It. rotaia, from L. rota, a wheel.] The track of a wheel. RUT, v, t% To cut or penetrate in ruts, as roads. 2. To cut a line on the soil with a spade. Gardner. 3. To cover. Dryden. RU/TA-BA’'GA, n. The Swedish turnip, or Brassica campestris. RUTH, n. [from rue.] Mercy; pity ; tenderness ; sorrow for the misery of another. [Obs.] Fairfax. 2. Misery; sorrow. [ Obs. Spenser. RUTH/FUL, a. Rueful; woful; sorrowful. Heres) Making the sound 2. Merciful. Deel Carew. RUT H/FUL-LY, adv. Vofully ; sadly. [ Obs. ] Knolles. 2. Sorrowfully ; mournfully. { Obs.] Spenser. RUTH’LESS, a. Cruel pitiless ; barbarous; inseusi- ble to the miseries of others. Their rage the hostile bands restrain, All but the ruthless monarch of the main. Pope. ROTH’LESS-LY, adv. Without pity ; cruelly ; barbar- ously. RUTH’LESS-NESS, x Want of compassion ; in- sensibility to the distresses of others. RU/TIL, x. An ore of titanium of a reddish- RU’TILE, § brown color, sometimes passing into red. It occurs usually in prismatic crystals, some- times massive. Dana, RU'/TI-LANT, a. [L. rutilans, rutilo, to shine; per- haps from the root of red, ruddy.) Shining. RU/TI-LATE, v.% [L. rutilo.] "To shine; to emit rays of licht. [JVot wsed.] Ure. RU1T’/TED, pp. Cut or penetrated in ruts, [See the Evelyn, verb. ] RURER ma 1G. Rive. | A horseman or trooper. . [Wot in wse.] RUT’TER-KIN, n. ‘ I P; DY of sails. Shak, A thousind ships were manned to sail the sea. This use is elliptical, - To fly through. Dryden. on Or over being omitted. } Sublime she saile Th’ aerial space, and mounts the Winged gales, Pope. 3. To direct or manage the motion of a vessel : ¢ S, ji 2 to sail one’s own ship. Totten. SAIL’A-BLE, a. Navigable ; that may be passed by ships. Cotorave. SAIL/-BORNE, a. Borne or conveyed by sails. J. Barlow. [See Broap.] Spreading like a Milton. Duck or canvas used in making SaIL/-BROAD, a. Sal}. SAIL/-CLOTH, n, sails, SAIL/ED, pp. SAIL/ER, Ne SArLor. Passed in ships or other water craft. One that sails; a seaman 3 usually 976 SAINT’S BELL, zn. SAINT’-SEEM-ING, a. SAINT/SHIP, n, SAINT SI-MO/NI-AN, n. A follower of the Count de FATE, FAR, FALL, WRHAT.— METE, PREY. ee ey = 3. The holy angels are called Saints, Deut, xxxiii. Jude 14. 4. One canonized by the Roman Catholic church. Enciye. SAINT, v. t. To number or enroll among saints by an official act of the pope; to canonize. Over against the church stands a large hospital, erected by a shoemaker, who has been beatified, though never sainted, Addison. SAINT, v. i. To act with a show of piety. Pope. SAINT AN’THO-NY’S FIR E, (-an/to-niz-,) n. A pop- ular name of the erysipelas, so called because it was supposed to have been cured by the intercession Of St. Anthony. P. Cyc. SAINT’ED, pp. Canonized; enrolled among the Salnts. 2. a. Holy; pious; as, thy father was a most sainted king. Shak. 3. Sacred ; as, the gods on sainted hills. Milton. SAINT’ESS, n. A female saint. Fisher. SAINT/ING, ppr. Canonizing ; enrolling among the Saints, SAINT JOHN’S BREAD, n. A plant of the genus Ceratonia; also called the Carons-Trexr. PP. Cyc. SAINT JOHN’S WORT, n. A name common to plants of the genus Hypericum, most of which have yellow flowers, SAINT’LIKE, a. The male of the saker-hawk. Bailey. SAL, 7. [L. See Sarr.] Salt; a word much used in chemistry and pharmacy. SAL/A-BLE,a. [from sale.] That may be sold ; that finds 1 ready market; being in good demand. SAL/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being salable. SAL/A-BLY, adv. In asalable manner. SA-LA’/CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. salaz, from the root of sal, salt; the primary sense of which is, shooting, penetrating, pungent, coinciding probably with L salio, to leap. prompt to leap. Lustful ; lecherous. SA-LA/CIOUS-LY, adv. mal appetite. SA-LA/CIOUS-NESS, ) n. Lust ; lecherousness; strong SA-LAC/I-TY, } propensity to venery. Brown. SAL/AD, x. [Fr. salade ; Arm, saladenn ; It. insalata > Sp. ensalada, that is, literally, salted; D. salaade; G. and Sw. salat; Dan. salad.) A name given to raw herbs, usually dressed with salt, vinegar, oil, or spices, and eaten for giving a relish to other food. SAK/ER-ET, n. e2) Salacious, then, is highly excited, or Dryden. Lustfully ; with eager ani Leaves eaten raw are termed salad. SAL/AD-ING, n. Vegetables for salads. Cheyne. SA’/LAL-BER’RY, n. A fruit from the valley of the Columbia River, or Oregon, ubout the size of a Watts. [saint and like.] Resembling a Saint ; as, a saintlike prince. acon. 2. Suiting a saint ; becoming a saint. GJossed over only with a saintlike show. Driden. INT’Ly¥,a. Like a saint; becominga holy person ; iS, Wrongs with saintla patience borne, SA SAINT Pr/TER’S WORT, n. A plant of the genus Ascyrum, «nd another of the genus Hypericum. Catholic church to call attention to the more solemn parts of the service of the mass, as at the conclusion of the ordinary, when the priest repeats the words Sancte, sancte, sancte, Deus sabaoth, and on the eleva- tion of the host and chalice after consecration. Gloss. of Archit. Having the appearance of a Montagu. The character or qualities of a saint. Saint. St. Simon, who died in 1825, and who maintained that the principle of joint-stock property and just Milton. SA-LA M’,n. A small bell used in the Roman SAL/AM-STONE, n. SAL/A-MAN-DER, n. SAL-A-MAN’DRINB, a. common grape, of a dark color, and of a sweet flavor. ‘arm. Encije. SAL A-LEM/BROTH, n. A compound of corrosive sublimate of mercury and sal ammoniac, in the pro- portions of two equivalents of the former to one of the latter, [Oriental, peace or safety.] In the East, a Salutation or compliment of ceremony or respect. Herbert. A kind of blue sapphire brought Dana. [L. and Gr. salamandra. } The popular name of a genus of batrachian rep- tiles, having some affinities with lizards, but more With frogs. Salamanders have an elongated body, four feet, and a Jong tail, which gives them the gen- eral form of lizards; but then they have all the char- acters of batrachians. The vulgar story that the salamander is able to endure fire, is a mistake. Salamanders hair or 2v0l; a name given to a spe- cies of asbestos or mineral flux; I believe no longer used. from Ceylon. division of the fruits of common labor among the Pertaining t» or resembling a salamander; enduring fire. Spectator. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, M6VE, WOLF, BOOK.—2 SAL SAL SAL SAL AM-MO’NI-A€, n. Chlorid of ammonium, asolid ‘substance of a sharp and acrid taste, much used in the mechanic arts and in pharmacy. The native sal ammoniac is of two kinds — volcanic and conchoidal. Ure. SAL/A-RI-ED, (sal’a-rid,) a. Enjoying a salary. SAL/A-RY, xn. [Fr. salaire; It. and Sp. salario ; L. salarium ; said tobe from sal, salt, which was part of the pay of Roman soldiers. The recompense or consideration stipulated to be paid to a person for services, usually a fixed suin to be paid by the year, as to governors, magistrates, settled clergymen, instructors of seminaries, or other officers, civil or ecclesiastical. When wages are stated or stipulated by the month, week, or day, we do not call the compensation salary, but pay or wages ; as in the case of military men and laborers. SALE, 2. [W. sal, a pass, a cast, or throw, a sale ; Sax. sal, sale; sellan, sylan, syllan, gesyllan, to give, yield, grant, impart, deliver, also to sell. The pri- mary sense of sell is simply to deliver or cause to pass from one person to another; Sw. salja, Dan. selirer, to sell.] 1. The act of selling; the exchange of a commod- ity for money of equivalent value. The exchange of one commodity for another is barter or pernuta- tion, and sale differs from barter only in the nature of the equivalent given. 2. Vent; power of selling; market. market, but found no sale for his goods. 3. Auction; public sale to the highest bidder, or exposure of goods in market. [Little used.) Temple. 4. State of being venal, or of being offered to bri- bery ; as, to set the liberty of a state to sale. Addison. 5. A wicker baskel. [Qu. Sax. selan, to bind.] Spenser. SALE, a. Sold; bought; as opposed to Homemape. [ Colloquial. } He went to SAL-LNA/TION, x. maker; Fr. salin, salt, brinish.] The act of washing with salt water. Greenhill. SA-LINE’, SA-LIN/OUS, a. (Fr. salin, from L. sal, salt.] 1. Consisting of salt, or constituting salt; as, saline particles ; salive substances. 2. Partaking of the qualities of salt; as, a saline SA-LINE’,n. (Sp. and It. salina; Fr. saline.] [taste. A salt spring, or a place where salt water 1s col- lected in the earth ; aname given to the salt springs in the United States. SA-LINE/NESS, x. State of being saline. SAL-I-NIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. sal, salinum, and fero, to produce. } Producing salt. SA-LIN/I-FORM, a. [L. sal, salinum, and form. Having the form.of salt. SA-LI/NO-TER-RENB’, a. renus, from terra, earth. ] A term denoting a compound of salt and earth. SAL/IQUE, (Sal’ik,) a. See Saric. SALIITE, v.t [L. salio, from sal, salt.] To salt ; to impregnate or season with salt. tle used. | SA-LI’/VA, n. [L. saliva; Ir. seile; W. haliw, as if connected with Aa, salt. The Irish has silim, to drop or distill, and sileadh, saliva.] The fluid which is secreted by the salivary glands, and which serves to moisten the mouth and tongue. It moistens our food also, and by being mixed with it in mastication, favors deglutition. When dis- charged from the mouth, it is called SprtTLe. SA-LI/VAL, a. [from saliva.) Pertaining to sa- SAL/I-VA-RY, liva ; secreting or conveying sali- va; as, salivary glands ; salivary ducts or canals. Encye. Producing salivation. [L. sal, salinum, and ter- [Lit- SAL'/LVANT, a. SAL-E-BROS’/I-TY, nN. [See SALEBROUS.] Rough- ness or ruggedness of a place or road. Feltham. SAL/E-BROUS, a. [L. salekrosus, from salebra, a rough place ; probably allied to salio, to shoot out. ] Rough; rugged; uneven. [Little used. | SAL/EP,n. [Suid to be a Turkish word ; Written also Saror, SaLoor, and Sates.) In the materia medica, the dried root of a species of Orchis ; also, a preparation of this root to be used as food. Fourcroy. Parr. SAL-E-RA/TUS, n. [sal and e@ratus.] A carbonate of potash, containing a greater quantity of carbonic acid than pearlash, used in cookery. SALES’MAN, n. [sale and man.] One that sells clothes ready made. Swift. 9. One who finds a market for the goods of another person. SALE/WORK, (-wurk,) 7. sale; hence, work carelessly done. Work or things made for This last sense is a satire on man. Shak. SAL GEM, nx. Common salt; chlorid of sodium. rande. SAL/I€, a. [Echard deduces this word from sala,a house, and the law from the circumstance that a male only could inherit his father’s mansion and the court or Jand inclosed. Montesg. B. 18.] The Salic law of France is a fundamental law, by virtue of which males only can inherit the throne. SAL/I-CIN, n. A bitter febrifuge substance, obtained in white, pearly crystals, from some species of the willow, and also of the poplar. Brande. left foot in the sinister base of the escutcheon, by which it is distinguished from Rampant. Harris. re-entering angle, Which points inward. P. Cie. out. | 1. Leaping; moving by leaps, as frogs. Brown. 9. Beating ; throbbing, as the heart. Blackmore. salient sprout. ope. SA/LI-ENT-LY, adv. Ina salient manner. SA-LIF/ER-OUS, a. duce. } Producing or bearing salt; as, saliferous rock. Eaton. Saliferous rocks ; the new red sandstone system 0 formation contains beds of salt. Dana. SAL/LFI-A-BLE, a. {from salify.] Capable of com bining with an acid to form a salt. are metallic oxyds, alkaloids, &c. S\L-LFL€A/TION, 7. The act of salifying. combination with an acid. : SAL/LFY, v. . [L. sal, salt, and facto, to make. | combination with a base. é SAL/LGOT, x. [Fr.] A plant, the water thistle. SA/LLENT, a. ([L. saliens, salio, to leap. ] plexion,. 1. Leaping; an epithet in heraldry applied to a SAL/LOW-THORN, n. A plant of the genus Hip- lion or other beast, represented in a leaping posture, pophae. with his right foot in the dexter point, and bis hinder The common sallow-thorn or sea buckthorn, is a 9. In fortification, projecting; as, a salient angle. A salient angle points outward, and is opposed toa SA/LLENT, a. [L. saliens, from salio, to leap or shoot 3, Shooting out or up; springing ; darting; as, a {L. sal, salt, and fero, to pro- He who often makes sallies into a country, and traverses it up and some geologists ; so called because, in Europe, this Salifiable bases SAL/I-FI-ED, (sal/e-fide,) pp. Formed into a salt by ™o form into a salt, by combining an acid with a base. SAL/LFY-ING, ppr. or 4. Forming into a salt by SAL/I-VANT, n. That which produces salivation. SAL'I-VATE, v.t. [from saliva; Fr. saliver.] To produce an unusual secretion and discharge of saliva in a person, usually by mercury ; to produce ptyalism jn a person. SAL/I-VA-TED, pp. Having an increased secretion of saliva from medicine. SAL/I-VA-TING, ppr. Producing increased secretion of saliva. SAL-I-VA/TION, n. The act or process of ptyalism, or of producing an increased secretion of saliva. SA-LI/VOUS, a. Pertaining to saliva; partaking of the nature of saliva. Wiseman. SAL’/LET, x. [Fr. salade.] A head-piece or helmet. Chaucer. SAL‘LET, n. {Corrupted from salad.] [Notin SAL/LET-ING, use. | SAL/LI-ANCE, n. [from sally.] An issuing forth. [Not in use.) Spenser. AL'LLED, pp. Rushed out; issued suddenly. SAL/LOW, xn. ([Sax. salh, salig ; Ir. sail; Fr. saule; It. salcio; Sp. salce; L. saliz; W. helig. Qu. from its color, resembling brine. A name applied to certain trees or low shrubs of the willow kind, or genus Salix. P. Cie. SAL/LOW, a. [Sax. salowig, sealwe, from salh, L. saliz, the tree, supra. ] Having a yellowish color; of a pale, sickly color, tinged with a dark yellow ; as, a sallow skin, SAL/LOW-NESS, n. A yellowish color; paleness, tinged with a dark yellow; as, sallowness of com- TM thorny shrub, about four or five feet high. Partington. SAL/LY, x. ([Fr. saillie; It. salita; Sp. salida; Port. sahida. See the verb.) In a general sense, a spring; a darting or shooting. Hence, 1. An issue or rushing of troops from a besieged place to attack the besiegers. Bacon. 2. A spring or darting of intellect, fancy, or imag- ination ; flight ; sprightly exertion. We say, sallies of wit, sallies of imagination, 3. Excursion from the usual track ; range. down, will know it better then one that goes always round in the same track. Locke. 4. Act of levity or extravagance ,; wild gayety ; f| frolic ; a bounding or darting beyond ordinary rules ; as, a sally of youth; a sally of levity. ; Wotton. Swift. _| SAL/LY, v.i. [Fr. salir; Arm. sailha; It. salire ; Sp. salir ; Port. sahir, [Ulost ;] L.salio, Qu. Gr. aAXAopat, ws oi which is allied to the Ar. SN alla, or SS halla, both of which signify to itapel, to shoot. See Sorar, from L, sol, W. haul, Gr. nXv0s. | J. To issue or rush out, as a body of troops froma fortified place, to attack besiegers. They break the truce, and sally out by night. Dryden. [L. sal, salt; salinator, a salt- SAL'LY-ING, ppr. | SAL/LY-PORT, n. SAL-MA-GUN'DI, (-gun/de,) x. SAL/MLA€ ; a contraction of SaL-aMMONIAC. SALM/ON, (sam/mun,) 7. SALM/ON-TROUT, (sam/mun-trout,) n A SAL/MON-OID, a. or 2. t Arbuthnot. SA-LOON’,n. [It. salone, from sala, hall; Sp. and Issuing or rushing out. In fortification, a postern gate, or a passage under ground froin the inner to the onter works, such as from the higher flank to the lower or to the tenailles, or to the communication from the middle of the curtain to the ravelin. Encic. 2. A large port on each quarter of a fireship, for the escape of the men into boats when the train is fired. Mar. Diet. [Sp. salpicon, cor- rupted. See Savricon.] | 1. A mixture of chopped meat and pickled herring with oil, vinegar, pepper, and onions. Johnson. 9. A mixture of various ingredients ; an olio or [rving. medley. ; SAL MAR'!TIS, n. [L., salt of Mars.) Green suiphate of iron. Ore. [L. salmo; Fr, saumon.] || A fish of a yellowish-red color, of the genus Salmo, found in all the northern climates of America, Eu- rope, and Asia, ascending the rivers for spawning In | spring, and penetrating to their head streams. Itis |} a remarkably strong fish, and will even leap over 1] considerable falls which lie in the way of its prog- |} ress. It has been known to grow to the weight of jj 75 pounds; more generally it is from 15 to 25 pounds. | It furnishes a delicious dish for the table, and is an | article of commerce. | small species of Salmo, resembling the common salmon. in color. It is also called the sea-trout, and is highly valued as an article of food. Waiton. A term applied to fishes be- longing to the family of which the salmon is the ype. Brande. Fr. salon. See Hart,] In architecture, a spacious and elegant apartment for the reception of company, or for works of art. It is often vaulted at the top, and frequently compre- hends two stories, with two ranges of windows. It is a state room much used in palaces for the recep- tion of embassadors and other visitors. The term is also applied to a large room in a steamboat, &c. Gilt. P. Cye. The dried root of a species of orchis 5 also, a decoction of this root, used in \ | SAL/OP, (i SA-LOOP’, } | some parts of England asa beverage by the poorer classes. ‘The word is properly Saver. Smart. | SAL/PI-EON, n. [Sp., from salpicar, to besprinkle ; Port. to corn, to powder, to spot; from sal, salt,] chopped meat or bread, &c., used | i | | } Stuffing ; farce ; Bacon. to stuff legs of veal. [J believe not used. | SAL/PINX, n. [Gr. cadmcyé, a trumpet.] The Bustachian tube. SAL PRU-NEL’'LA, n. or balls. SAL-SA-MEN-TA/RI-OUS, a. [L. salsamentarius.] | Pertaining to salt things. [Not in use. | Dict. |! SAL SEIGN-BI'T EB’, (-san-yet’,)n. Rochelle salt ; tar- | | Brande. Fused niter cast into ca kes trate of potassa and soda. Brande. SAL/SI-FY, (sal’/se-fe,) n. _[Fr- salsifis. | A plant of the genus Tragopogon, having along, || tapering root, of a mild, sweeétish taste, like the pars- || nep, often called the OysTER-PLANT, from its taste |} when fried. Aardner. | SAL-SIL'LA, 2. A plant of the genus Alstremena, with tuberous roots, which are eaten like the potato. It is a native of Peru. Farm. Encyc. | SAL-SO-AC'ID, a. [IL. salsus, salt, and acidus, acid.) | Having a taste compounded of saltness and acid- | lover. | ness. Pe used. | Flor rt [from L. salsugo, from sal, SAL-SU/GLNOUS, a. salt. | Saltish ; somewhat salt. Boyle. SAL, n. [Sax. salt, sealt; Goth. Sw. and Dan. sait; "G. salz: D. sout: Russ. sol; It. sale: Fr. sel; L. Sp. and Port. sal; Gr. ads; W. halen; Corn. and Arm. halinn, from W. hél, salt, a pervading substance. The radical sense is, probably, pungent, and if sis || radical, the word belongs to the root of L. salio; but this is uncertain. 1. Common salt is the chlorid of sodium, a sub- stance used for seasoning certain kinds of food, and for the preservation of meat, &c. It is found native in the earth, or it is produced, by evaporation and crystallization, from water impregnated with saline particles, 92, In chemistry, a body composed of an acid and a base, which may be either a metallic oxyd cr an al- kaloid. Thus nitrate ci potassa, commonly. called Nirer, or Sattrerer, is a Salt composed of nitric acid and potassa, the potassa, which is an oxyd of the metal potassium, being the base. 3, Taste ; sapor ; smack. We have some salt of our youth in Us. Shak. . Wit; poignancy ; 4s, Attic salt. : SALT, amaite the taste of salt ; impregnated with salt ; as, salt beef; sal¢ water. ©, Abounding with salt ; as, a salt land. Jer. Xvii. 3. Overflowed with salt water, Or impregnated with 2, To issue suddenly ; to make a sudden eruption, it; as, a sal¢ marsh. ——<$—$_ re TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN’GER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; F H as in THIS. ———<————— {23 ss haan Ms ~ eet erat a sae x od Stas pe et yee es \ if § i. fe ye j a ie 3 ; ; | a | 4 £ | L bi #1 s L = ) 4 i ; 2 i " tee Mai a 4 q) | pia | SAL the taste of salt; as, salt grass or hay. 0. Producing salt water; as, a salt spring. 6. Lecherous; salacious, Shak. 7. Pungent or bitter; as, salt scorn. Shak. SALT, n. The part of a river near the sea, where the Water is salt. everly, 2. A vessel for holding salt. SALT, v.t. To sprinkle, impregnate, or season with salt; as, to salt fish, beef, or pork. 2. To fill with salt between the timbers and planks, as a ship, for the preservation of the timber. SALT, v.27. To deposit salt from a saline substance ; as, the brine begins to salt. [{ Used by manufacturers. ] SALT, n. [Fr.saut, from saillir, to leap.) A Jeap ; the act of jumping. [JVot in use.}] B. Jonson. SAL/TANT, a, [L. saltans, from salto, to leap.] _ Leaping ; jumping; dancing. Dict. SAL-TA/TION, x. [L. saltatio, from salto, to leap.] 1. A Jeaping or jumping. Brown. 2. Beating or palpitation ; as, the saltation of the great artery. Wiseman. SAL/TA-TO-RY, ja. Leaping or dancing; or SAL-TA-TO‘RI-OUS, § having the power of leaping or dancing ; used in leaping or dancing. SALT’-BOX, n. A small box with a lid, used for holding salt. In burlesque music, the salt-box has been used like the marrow-bones and cleaver, tongs and poker, &c. SALT’-€AT, n. A lump of salt, made at the salt- works, which attracts pigeons. Mortimer. SALT’-CEL-LAR, n. [salt and cellar.} A small ves- sel used for holding salt on the table. Swift. SALT’ED, pp. ora. Sprinkled, seasoned, or impreg- nated with salt. SALT’ER,n. One who salts; one who gives or ap- plies salt. 2. One that sells salt. Camden. SALT’ERN, xn. A salt-work; a building in which salt is nade by boiling or evaporation. Encye. SALT’/-FISH, n. A fish that has been salted. 2. A fish from salt water. Shak. SALT’-GREEN, a. Green like the salt sea. Shak. SAL/TYER, (sal/teer,) x. [Fr. sautoir, from sauter, L. salto, to Jeap. In heraldry, [one of the eight greater ordinaries; a St. Andrew’s cross, or cross in the form of an X.— E. H. Barker. SAL/TI-GRADKE, a. [L. saltus and gradior.] Leaping ; formed for leaping. SAL/TI-GRADE,n The name of a family of spiders who leap to seize their prey. SAL-TIN-BAN’€0, (-bank/o,) n. [Fr. saltimbanque ; It. saltare in banco, to leap on the bench, to mount on the bench. ] A mountebank ; a quack. [Notin use.] Brown. SALT’ING, ppr. Sprinkling, seasoning, or impregnat- Ing with salt. SALT'ING, n. The act of sprinkling or impregnating with salt. SALT'ISH, a. Somewhat salt; tinctured or impreg- nated moderately with salt. 4. Growing on salt marsh or meadows, and having | SAL shore and other places where the ground is moist and saline. SALT’Y, a. Somewhat salt. SA-LU/BRI-OUS, a. [L. saluber, salubris, from salus. See Sare.] Favorable to health ; healthful ; promoting health ; as, salubrious air or water; a salubrious climate. A-LU/BRI-OUS-LY, adv. So as to promote health. urke. -LU/ -OUS-NESS ; TOBELTY. NESS; n. ([I.. salubritas.] Wholesomeness ; healthfulness; favorableness to the preservation of health ; as, the salubrity of air, of a country, or climate. SAL’U-TA-RL-LY, adv. Favorably to health. SAL’U-TA-RI-NESS, n. [See SALUTARY.] Whole- someness; the quality of contributing to health or safety. 2. The quality of promoting good or prosperity. SAL’U-TA-RY, a. [Fr. salutaire; L. salutaris, from salus, health.) Wholesome ; healthful; promoting health. Diet and exercise are salutary to men of sedentary habits. 2. Promotive of public safety ; contributing to some beneficial purpose. The strict discipline of youth has a salutary effect on society. SAL-U-TA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. salutatio. See Sa- LUTE. The act of saluting; a greeting; the act of paying respect or reverence by the customary words or ac- tions; as in inquiring of persons their welfare, ex- pressing to them kind wishes, bowing, &c. Luke i. Mars: xii. Ss SA SA In all public meetings and private addresses, use the forms of sal- ulation, reverence, and decency, usual among the most sober people. Taylor. SA-LU-TA-TO’/RI-AN, n. The student of a college who pronounces the salutatory oration at the annual commencement. SA-LU’/TA-TO-RI-LY, adv. By way of salutation. SA-LU/TA-TO-RY, a. Greeting; containing saluta- tions; an epithet applied to the oration which intro- duces the exercises of the commencements in Amer- ican colleges, SA-LUTE’,v.t. [L. saluto; It. salutare; Sp. saludar ; Fr. saluer; from L. salus, or salous. } I. To greet; to hail; to address with expressions of kind wishes. If ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? — Matt. y. 2. To please; to gratify. 3. To kiss. 4. In military and naval affairs, to honor some per- son ornation by a discharge of cannon or small arms, by striking colors, by shouts, &c. SA-LUTE’, n. The act of expressing kind wishes or respect ; salutation ; greeting. South. Addison. 2. A kiss. Roscommon. 3. In military affairs, a discharge of cannon or smal] arms in honor of some distinguished personage. A salute is sometimes performed by lowering the colors { Unusual.] Shak. SALT’ISH-LY, adv. With a moderate degree of salt- ness. SALT/ISH-NESS, n. SALT’LESS, a. Destitute of salt ; insipid. SALT’LY, adv. With taste of salt; in a salt manner. SALT’/-MARSH, n. Grass-land subject to the over- flow of salt or sea-water. SALT’-MINE, n. A mine where rock-salt is obtained. SALT’NESS, ». The quality of being impregnated with salt; as, the saltiness of sea-water or of pro- 2. Taste of salt. [ visions. SALT’-PAN,)n. A pan, basin, or pit, where salt is SALT/-PIT, obtained or made. Bacon. Woodward. SALT-PE/TER, SALT-PE/TRE, §™ A salt consisting of nitric acid and potassa, and hence denominated Nitrate or Porassa ; also called Niver. It is found native in many countries. It is also found on walls sheltered from rain, and is ex- tracted by lixiviation from the earths under cellars, stables, harms, &c. dooper. Lavoisier. SALT-PE’TROUS, a. Pertaining to Saltpeter, or par- taking of its qualities ; impregnated with saltpeter. Med. Repos. SALT’-RHEUM, (-rime,) n. A vague and indefinite popular name, applied to almost all the non-febrile cu- taneous eruptions which are common among adults, except ringworm and itch. SALTS, n. pl. The popular name of various chemical salts used in medicine, as Glauber’s salt, Epsom salt, &c. 2. The salt water of rivers entering from the ocean. S. Carolina. SALT’-SPRING, n. A spring of salt water. SALT’/-WA-TER, n. Water impregnated with salt 5 sca-water. SALT’-WORK, (wurk,) n. salt is made, SALT’-WORT, n. A plant; a vague and indefinite popular name applied to most of the numerous spe- cies of Salsola, and #50 to some species of Salicor- nia and Giaux, They are chiefly found on the sea- A moderate degree of saltness, [salt and Gr. werpos, a stone. ] A house or place where or beating the drums. The officers also salute each other by bowing their half pikes or dropping their swords. Encyc. 4. In the navy, a testimony of respect or deference to the rank of a person, or on the anniversary of some festival ; rendered also by the vessels of one nation to those of another, or to foreign ports. This is performed by a discharge of cannon, volleys of small arms, striking the colors or top-sails, or by Shouts of the seamen mounted on the masts or rig- ging. Totten. Encyc. SA-LUT’ED, pp. Hailed; greeted. SA-LUT’ER, 7. One who salutes. SAL-U-TIF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. salutifer; salus, health, and fero, to bring. ] Bringing health ; healthy ; as, salutiferous air, Dennis. SAL-VA-BIL/I-TY, n, [from salvable.] The possi- bility of being saved or admitted to everlasting life. Saunderson. SAL’/VA-BLE, a. [L. salvus, safe; salvo, to save. ] That may be saved, or received to everlasting hap- piness ; admitting of salvation ; as, a salvable state. SAL’/VA-BLE-NESS, n. State of being salvable. SAL/VA-BLY, adv. In a salvable manner. SAL/VAGE, n. [Fr. salvage, sauvage, from L. salvus, salvo. | In commerce, a reward or recompense allowed by Jaw for the saying of a ship or goods from Joss at sea, either by shipwreck, fire, &c., or by enemies or pirates, Park, SAL/VAGE, for Savacr, is not used. [See Savace.] SAL-VA'TION, n._ [It. salvazione; Sp. salvacion ; from L. salvo, to save.] 1, The act of saving; preservation from destruc- Hon, danger, or great calamity. 2. Appropriately, in theology, the redemption of man from the bondage of sin and liability to eternal death, and the conferring on him everlasting happiness. This is the great salvation. Godly sorrow worketh repentance to salvation. —2 Cor, vii. SAM 4. Remission of sims, or saving graces, 5. The Author of man’s salvation. 6. A term of praise or benediction. SAL/VA-TO-RY, n. [Fr. salvatoire. | A place where things are preserved 3 a repository. Hale. SALVE, (siv,) 7”. [Sax. sealfe; from L. salvus. | I. An adhesive composition or substance to he ap- plied to wounds or sores; when spread on leather or cloth, it is called a Peaster. 2. Help; remedy. Luke xix. Ps. XxVii. Rev. xix. Hammond. SALVE, (Siv,) v. t. To heal by applications or med icaments, [ Little used.] Spenser. Hooker. 2. To help; to remedy. [Little used. |] Sidney, 3. To help or remedy by a salvo, excuse, Or res- ervation. [Zittle used. } Hooker, Bacon. 4. ‘To salute. [Jot in use.] Spenser. SAL'VER, xn. A piece of plate with a foot, or a waiter on which any thing is presented. Addison. SAL-VIF’I€, a. [L. salvus and facto.] Tending to save or secure safety. [A bad word, and not used, Ch. Relis, Appeal. SAL'VO, n. [from the L. salvo jure, an expression used in reserving rights. ] An exception ; reservation ; an excuse. Pope. They admit many salvos, cautions, and reservations. K. Charles. 2. A military or naval salute. SAL VO-LAT'I-LE, [l.] Volatile salt. ATILE.] SAL'VO PU-DO'RE, [L.] Without offending mod- esty. SAL'VO SEN'SU,[L.] Preserving the sense. SAL/VOR, x. One who saves a ship or goods at sea. Wheaton’s Rep. SA-MA/RA, n. [L.] An indehiscent, superior fruit, containing two or more few-seeded, indehiscent, dry celJs, and elongated into wing-like expansions ; as In the ash, maple, and elm. Lindley. SA-MAR’I-TAN, a. Pertaining to Samaria, the prin- cipal city of the ten tribes of Israel, belonging to the tribe of Ephraim, and, after the captivity of those tribes, repeopled by Cuthites from Assyria or Chal- dea. 2. A term denoting the ancient characters and alphabet used by the Hebrews before the Babylonish captivity, and retained by the Samaritans. SA-MAR/I-TAN, n. An inhabitant of Samaria, or one that belonged to the sect which derived their appellation from that city. The Jews had no deal- ings with the Samaritans. 2. The language of Samaria, a dialect of the Chaldean. SAM’BO,n. The offspring of a black person and a [See Vox- mulatto, W. Indies. SAME, a. [Sax. same; Goth. sama, samo; Dan. samme, same, and sammen, together; Sw. samme, Saine ; Dan. samler, forsamler, to collect, to assemble; Sw. samla, forsmala, id.; D. zaam, zamen, together; za- melen, to assemble; G. sammeln, id.; Sax. samod, 1. simul, together ; Sax. samnian, semnian, to assemble, to sum; W. sum, sum, amplitude ; swm, the state of being together ; szomer-, that supports or keeps togeth- er, a beam, Eng. summer, in building. We observe that the Greek dua agrees in signification with the L. simul, and Sax. samod, Sans. sam, together. Shall We suppose, then, that s has passed into an aspirate in this word, as in salt, Gr. ads, or has the Greek word losts? The word same may be the L. idem or dem, dialectically varied. The primary sense is to we . set, to place, to put together. See Ar, er dhamma, to draw together, to set together, to join, to collect. Class Sm, No. 33, and see No. 43, 44] 1. Identical; not different or other. Thou art the same, and thy years shall have no end, — Ps. cil. The Lord Jesus, the same nicht in which he was betr uyed, look bread, — 1 Cor, xi, 2. Of the identical kind or species, though not the specific thing. We say, the horse of one country is the same animal as the horse of another country. The same plants and fruits are produced in the same latitudes. We see in men, in all countries, the same passions and the same vices. Th’ ethereal vigor is in all the same. Dryden, 3. That was mentioned before. Do but think how well the same he spends, Who spends his blood his country to relieve. Daniel. 4, Equal; exactly similar. One ship will not run the same distance as another in the same time, and with the same wind. ‘T'wo balls of the same size have not always the same weight. Two instruments will not always make the same sound. SAME, adv. [Sax. sam.] Together. [Obs.] Spenser. SAME’NESS, n. Identity; the state of being not dif- ferent or other; as, the sameness of an unchangeable being. ; 2. The state of being perfectly alike ; near resem- 3. Deliverance from enemies; victory. Ez. xiv. 275 blance ; correspondence ; similarity ; as, a sameness FATE, FAR, FALL, WIIAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BYRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —SAN SAN SAN | 1 of manner; a sameness of sound; the sameness of objects in a landscape. SA/MI-AN EARTH. [Gr. Samos, the isle.] The name of a marl of two species, formerly used in medicine as an astringent. SA/MI-AN STONE, n A sort of polishing stone from the Island of Samos, used by goldsmiths. “a= SA/MI-EL, ) S-LMOOM’, j The [ Ar. Cae samom. The Ar. iy sahama, signifies to be thin, or to become thin or pale, and to suffer the heat of the simoom, and w - oe samma, signifies to poison. This word signi- fies, probably, that which is deleterious or destruc- tive. A hot and destructive wind that sometimes blows in Arabia and the adjacent countries, from the desert. SA'MITE, x. [Old Ir.] A species of silk stuff. [ Obs.] Chaucer. SAM/LET, xn. A little salmon. Walton. SAMP, x. A species of food composed of maize broken or bruised, boile&, and eaten with milk; a dish borrowed from the natives of. America. New England. SAM/PAN, x A Chinese boat from 12 to 15 feet long, in which a Chinese family Jives on the Canton River, where there are said to be 40,000 such boats. Smart. SAM/PHIRE, (sam/fire,) m. [Said to be a corruption of Saint Pierre. } An herb of the genus Crithmum. The golden samphire is of the genus Inula. Fam. of Plants. Sampbire grows on rocks near the sea-shore, where it is washed by the salt water. It is used for pick- ling. Miller. In the United States, this name is applied to Sali- cornia herbacea, which is called glass-wort in Eng- land. SAM/PLE, n. [L ezemplum; Sp. and Port. exemplo ; It. esempio; Fr. exemple; Arm. egzempl; Ir. somplar, samilachas, from sam/ail, similar. } 1. A specimen ; a part of any thing presented for inspection or intended to be shown, as evidence of the quality of the whole; as, a sample of cloth or of wheat. Goods are often purchased in market by samples. I design this as a sample of what I hope more fully } to discuss. ‘oodward. 2. Example ; instance. Addison. SAM/PLE, v. t. To show something similar. Ainsworth. SAM/PLER, n. [L. exemplar, supra.] A pattern of work; a specimen; particularly, a piece of needle-work by young girls for improvement. Shak. Pope. SAM/SON’S-POST, n. In ships, a strong post resting on the keelson, and supporting a beam of the deck over the hold; also, a temporary or movable pillar carrying a leading block or pulley for various pur- DOSES, Brande. SAN-A- T-TY : SNES: State of being curable. SAN/A-BLE, a. [L. sanabilis, from sano, to heal; sanus, sound. See Sounp.] That may be healed or cured ; susceptible of rem- More. [L. sanatio, from sano, to heal.] [Not used. ] Wiseman. { n. edy. SA-NA/TION, n. The act of healing or curing. SAN/A-TIVE, a. [L. sano, to heal.) Having the power to cure or heal; healing ; tend- ing to heal. Bacon. SAN’A-TIVE-NESS, n. The power of healing. SAN/A-TO-RY, a. Healing. 2, Tending or adapted to guard public health. SANITARY IS more common. SAN BEN-I'TO, n. A robe painted with hideous figures, worn by persons condemned by the Inquisi- tion. SANCE/-BELL, The same as SAaint’s-BELL, SANE€TE/-BELL, which see. Gloss. of Archit. SANO/TLFI-CATEH, v. t. To sanctify. [JVot in use.] Barrow. SAN€-TI-FLEA/TION,n. [Fr., from Low L. sanctii- catio, from sanctifico, See Sanctiry-] 1. The act of making holy. In an evangelical sensé, the act of God’s grace by which the affections of men are purified or alienated from sin and the world, and exalted toa supreme love to God; also, the state of being thus purified or sanctified. nl. God hath from the beginning chosen you to salvation, through sanctification of the Spirit and belief of the truth. —2 Thess. il. Pet. i. 9. The act of consecrating or of setting apart for a sacred purpose ; consecration. Stillingfleet. SAN€/TI-FI-ED, pp. or a. Made holy ; consecrated ; set apart for sacred services, SANE/TLEL-ER, n. S He that sanctifies or makes holy. In theology, the Holy Spirit is, by way of eminence, denominated the Sanctijfier. AN€/TI-FY, v. t. [Fr. sanctifier; It. santificare ; Sp. santificar; Low L. sanctifico; from sanctus, holy, and facio, to make. ] 1. In @ general sense, to cleanse, purify, or make holy. Addison. 2. To separate, set apart, or appoint, to a holy, sa- cred, or religious use. God bless=1 the seventh day and sanctified it.--Gen. ii. So under the Jewish dispensation, to sanctify the altar, the temple, the priests, &c. 3. To purify, to prepare for divine service, and for partaking of holy things. Exod. xix. 4, To separate, ordain, and appoint to the work of redemption and the government of the church. SANE'TUM SANE-TO'RUM, [L.] Most holy place. permitted to enter except the high priest, and that only once a year, to intercede for the people. The same name was given to the most sacred part of the tabernacle, Lev. 1. Heb. 1x 2. The temple at Jerusalem. 2 Chron. xx. 3. A house consecrated to the worship of God; a place where divine service is performed. Ps. \xxiii. | Hence sanctuary is used for a church. | 4. In Roman Catholic churches, that part of a church \\ where the altar is placed, encompassed with a bal- || ustrade. Brande. 1 5. A place of protection ; asacred asylum. Hence, 1) a sanctuary-man is one that resorts to a sanctuary for || protection. Bacon. Shak. || 6. Shelter ; protection. Some relics of painting took sanctuary under ground. Druden. John x. SAND, n. ([Sax. sand; G. Sw. and Dan. sand; D. || 5. To cleanse from corruption ; to purify from sin ; zand.) | to make holy by detaching the affections from the 1, Any mass or collection of fine particles of stone, world and its defilements, aud exalting them to a particularly of fine particles of siliclous stone, but |} supreme love to God. r% not strictly reduced to powder or dust Sanctify them through thy truth; thy word is truth. — John That finer matter, called sand, is no other than very small peb- | xyil. Eph. vy. 5 jes. Woodward. 6. To make the means of holiness ; to render pro- Q. Sands ; in the plural, tracts of land consisting of ductive of holiness or piety. sand, like the deserts of Arabia and Africa ; as, the Those judgments of God are the more welcome, as a means cibyan Satis, : : : Milton. 7 , SAND, v.t. To sprinkle with sand. It is customary which his mercy hath sanctified so to me, as to make me repent of that unjust act, Y. Charles. 7. To make free from guilt. That holy man, amazed at what he saw, Made haste to sanctify the bliss by law. 8. To secure from violation. Truth guards the poet, sanclifies the line. To sanctify God; to praise and celebrate him as a holy being; to acknowledge and honor his holy majesty, and to reverence his character and laws. Isa. viii. God sanctifies himself, or his name, by vindicating his honor from the reproaches of the wicked, and manifesting bis glory. Ezek. xxxvi. SAN€/TLI-FY-ING, ppr. Making holy; purifying from the defilements of sin; separating to a holy use. 2, a. holiness. : SAN€/TIEY-ING-LY, adv. In a manner or degree tending to sanctify or make holy. SAN€-TIL/O-QUENT, a. [L. sanctus, holy, and loguor, to speak. } Discoursing on heavenly things. SANC-TI-MO'NI-OUS, a. [L. sanctimonia, from sanc- tus, holy.] Saintly ; having the appearance of sanctity ; as, a sanctinionious pretense. DL’ Estrangce. SAN€_TI-MO/NI-OUS-LY, adv. With sanctimony. SANE-TI-MO/NI-OUS-NESS, n. State of being sanc- timonious; sanctity, or the appearance of it; de- voutness. SANE€/TI-MO-NY, zn. [L. sanctimonia.] Holiness ; devoutness ; scrupulous austerity ; sanc- tity, or the appearance of it. [Little used. | Shak. Ralech. SAN€!TION, (sank/shun,) . [Fr., from L. sanctto, from sanctus, holy, solemn, established. ] 1. Ratification; an official act of a superior by which he ratifies and gives validity to the act of some other person or body. A treaty is not valid without the sanction of the president and senate. 2, Authority ; confirmation derived from testi- mony, character, influence, or custom. The strictest professors of reason have added the sanction of their testimony. Watts. Dryden. Pope. Tending to sanctify ; adapted to increase 3. A law or decree. [Improper.] Denham. SAN€/TION, (sank/shun,) v. t. To ratify; to con- firm; to give validity or authority to. Burke. SAN€/TION-ED, (sank’/shund,) pp. Ratified; con- firmed ; authorized. SANG’TION-ING, ppr. Ratifying; authorizing. SAN€/TLTUDE, vn. [L. sanctus, sanctitudo, } Holiness ; sacredness. Milton. SANE'TI-TY, x. [L. sanctitas. | 1. Holiness; state of being sacred or holy. God attributes no sanctity to place. Milton. 9. Goodness; purity; godliness ; as, the sanctity of love ; sanctity of manners. Shak. Addison. 3. Sacredness; solemnity ; as, the sanctity of an oath. 4. A saint or holy being. About inm all the sanctities of heaven. SANE/TU-A-RIZB, v. t. [from sanctuary.] To shel- ter by means of a sanctuary or sacred privileges. Shak. [Unusual.} Multon. [4 bad word, and not used, | SAN€/TU-A-RY, (sankt/yu-are,) n. [Fr. sanctuaire ; It. and Sp. santuario ; L, sanctuariwm, from sanctus, sacred. | 1. A sacred place; particularly, among the Israelites, the most retired part of the temple at Jerusalem, called the Hoty or Hoxres, in which was kept the 9, Affectedly holy. Flume. SAN/‘DAL, n. SAN’DAL, anjong the common people, in America, to sand their floors with white sand. 2. To drive upon the sand. Burton. [Fr. sandale; It. sandalo ; Sp. sandalia; L. sandalium; Gr. gavdadvoy. Qu. Syr. loo san, to shoot. Class Sn, No. 9.] NS 1. A kind of shoe, consisting of a sole fastened to the foot. The Greek and Roman ladies wore sandals of a rich stuff, ornamented with gold or silver. Pope. Encic. 2. A shoe or slipper worn by the pope and other Roman Catholic prelates when they officiate. A like sandal is worn by several congregations of monks, Encyc. SF SANDALWOOD, § Mee take \slue sonadilin ; o2U05 a Pers. JMS jondol.] The wood of the Santalum album, which is a low tree, having a general resemblance to the Privet or Prim. When the sandal-tree becomes old, the harder central wood acquires a yellow color and great fragrance, while the softer exterior wood re- mains white and destitute of fragrance. The former is what is called yellow sandal wood, and the latter white sandal-wood. It is the yellow wood only which is highly esteemed for its perfume, and which is considered so valuable for musical instru- ments, boxes, cabinets, &c. This article grows chiefly on the coast of Malabar and in the Indian Archipelago. [See also Sanpers.] AN/DAL-ED, a. Wearing sandals. AN'DAL-I-FORM, a. Shaped like a sandal or slipper. AN/DA-RAE, AN/DA-RA€H, sandros. | 1. A resin in white tears, more transparent than those of mastic. There is reason to think that the produce of different plants takes this name when it bas the same external characters; but what may more properly be called sandarach is believed to be the produce of Callitris quadrivalvis of Roxburgh, and ‘Tbyia articulata of Vahl. It is used in powder, and mingled with a little chalk, to prevent ink from sinking or spreading on paper. This is the sub- stance denoted by the Arabic word, and it is also called VARNISH, as it enters into the preparations of varnish. 9. The combination of arsenic and sulphur, called Reaoar, which is the protosulphuret ¢ f arsenic. SAND/-BAG, xn. A bag filled with sand or earth, used in fortification. SAND/-BATU, nx. A bath made by warm or hot sand, with which something is enveloped. SAND/-BLIND, a. Having a defect of sight, by means of which small particles appear to tly be- fore the eyes. Shithe SAND/-BOX, n. A box with a perforated top OF cover, for sprinkling paper with sand, 2, An evergreen South American tee of th Hura. Itis said that the pericarp of the frit will burst, when ripe, with a loud report, and throw the seeds to a distance. Loudon. SAND-DRIFT, n. | SAND/ED, pp. Sprinkled with floor. Pomihe 3. Marked with small spots ; speckled; of a sandy ¢ MM Ss i x n. {lu sandaraca; Ar. Naw S [ } Uo) 4 he genus Drifting sand. 7) sand; as, a sanded Covered with sand; barren. Mortimer. spots 5 variegated with olor, as a hound. Shak. ; : va 4, Short-sighted. Shak ark of the covenant, and into which no person was TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; Dbipiel - FH as in THIS. ———————————————— aSec ila go Le NERS i es i if ee a RK 14 sae He ce i |) rs 4 ¥ Ri ; ae a 4 el - i Fees NR Ea eae eet a Seen Ss AN SAND/-EEL, n. A fish of the genus Ammodytes belonging to the eel family. Its head is elongated the upper jaw larger than the under one, the body tail deeply forked. moist sand after the retiring of the tide. scarcely ever exceeding seven or eight inches. Jardine’s Nat. Lib, SAN-DE-MA'NI-AN, n. man, who held to Antinomian principles. founder of the sect was John Glass, whose adherents are called GLassITEs. SAND/ER-LING, n. A small wading bird, allied to the dotterel and to the sandpiper; Arenaria calidris of Meyer. Jardine. SAND’BERS, 7. called red sandal wood, is the produce of a lofty tree, the Pterocarpus Santalinus, a native of India. This wood has a bright garnet-red color, and is used for its coloring matter. Fe Cie; SAN/DE-VER, ) x. [Fr.sain de verre, or saint de verre, SAN/DI-VER, } _ dross or recremnent of glass, } Glass-gall; a whitish salt which is cast up from the matenals of glass in fusion, and, floating on the top, is sKimmed off. It is used by gilders of iron, and in the fusion of several ores, It is said to be good for cleansing the skin, and, taken internally, is detergent. Enciyc. SAND/-FLOOD, n. A vast body of sand moving or borne along the deserts of Arabia, Brice, SAND/-HEAT, 2. The heat of warm sand in chemi- cal operations. SAND'U-NESS, n. [from sandy.] The state of being sandy; as, the sandiness of a road. 2, The state of being of a sandy color. SAND/ING, ppr. Sprinkling or covering with sand. SAND'ISH, a. [fram sand.) Approaching the nature of sand ; loose ; not compact. Evelyn. SAND'TX, 7. A kind of minium or red lead, made of ceruse, but inferior to the true minium. Encie. SAND/PA-PER, n. Paper covered on one side with a fine gritty substance, for smoothing and polishing. SAND/PI-PER,n. A name common to several species of wading birds of the woodcock and snipe family, belonging to the genera Totanus and Tringa. Jardine. SAND/STONE, n. [sand and stone.] Sandstone is, in most cases, composed chiefly of grains of quartz united by a cement, calcareous, marly, argillaceous, or even silicious. The texture of some kinds is loose, of others close; the fracture is granular or earthy. Cleaveland, Sandstones usually consist of the materials of older rocks, as granite, broken up and comminuted, and afterward deposited again. Olmsted. SAND'WICH, x. Two pieces of bread and butter, with a thin slice of ham or other salt meat between them ; said to have been a fayorite dish of the Earl of Sandwich. Grose. SAND/WORT, (-wurt,) m A small plant of the genus Arenaria. Loudon. SAND/Y, a. [Sax. sandic. 1. Abounding with sand; full of sand ; covered or sprinkled with sand ; as, a sandy desert or plain ; a sandy road or soil. 2, Consisting of sand; not firm or solid; as, a sandy foundation. 3. Of the color of sand; of a yellowish-red color ; as, sandy hair. SANE, a. [L. sanus, Eng. sound; D, gezond; G. sre- sund, This is the Eng, sound, Sax. sund. See Sounp. 1. Sound; not disordered or shattered ; as, a sane body. 2. Sound; not disordered ; having the regular ex- ercise of reason and other faculties of the mind 3 AS, a sane person ; a person of a sane mind. SANE/NESS, n. State of being sane or of sound mind. healthy ; spiced. SANG FROID, (sing-frwa,) n. [Fr., cold blood.] Coolness ; freedom from agitation or excitement of mind. 2, Indifference. SAN/GI-A€, n. A Turkish governor of a sangiacate, or district forming part of a pashawlic. Brande. SAN’GI-A-€ATE, n. A division of a Turkish pa- shawlic. Brande. SAN//GUIF’ER-OUS, (sang-gwif’er-us,) a, [L. san- fillfer ; sanguts, blood, and fero, to carry, } Conveying blood. The sanguiferous vessels are the arteries and veins. SAN’GUIL-FI-€A'TION, 7. blood, and facto, to make. } In the animal economy, the production of blood ; the conversion of chyle into blood. Arbuthnot. SAN'/GUL-FI-ER, n. A producer of blood. Filoyer. SAN!GUIF/LU-OUS, a, [LL sanguis, blood, and fluo, to flow. ] Floating or running with blood. [Fr., from L. sanguis, 980 cylindrical, with scales hardly perceptible, and the It usually buries itself in the Two spe- cies of sand-ee) are now recognized, the larger usu- ally measuring from ten to fifteen inches, the smaller A follower of Robert Sande- ; The real | SAN’’GUIN-A-RY, n. The red sanders wood, sometimes | SAN SAN/’GUI-PY, (sang/gwe-fi,) v. %. ‘I’o produce blood. SAN”’GUI-FY-ING, ppr. Producing blood. SAN/’GUIN-A-RLLY, adv. >| 5 | r | In a bloodthirsty man- > ner. SAN//GUIN-A-RY, (sang’gwin-a-re,) a. [Fr. sangui- naire; L, sanguinarius, from sanguis, blood, | 1. Bloody ; attended with much bloodshed ; mur- derous ; as, a sanguinary war, contest, or battle. 2. Bloodthirsty ; cruel ; eager to shed blood. Passion — makes us brutal and sanguinary. Broome. A plant of the genus Sangui- Ash. {Fr. sanguin; L. san- naria ;. blood wort. SAN’/GUINE, (sang/gwin,) a. guineus, trom sanguis, blood. 1. Red; having the color of blood 3 as, a sanguine color or countenance. Dryden. Milton. 2. Abounding with blood: plethoric ; as, a san- guine habit of body. [ Technical. } 3. Warm ; ardent; as, a sanguine temper, 4. Confident. He is sanguine in his expectations of success. SAN’/GUINE, n. Blood color. [ot in use.] Spenser. SAN’/GUINE, v. t. To stain with blood. [But En- SANGUINE is generally used.] 2. To stain or varnish with a blood color. SAN/’GUINE-LESS, a. Destitute of blood ; pale. [A bad word, and little u sed. | SAN//GUINE-LY, (sang/gwin-le,) adv. with confidence of success. Chesterfield. SAN//GUINE-NESS, x. Redness; color of blood in the skin ; as, sanguineness of countenance. 2. Fullness of blood ; plethory ; as, sanguineness of habit. 3. Ardor; heat of temper ; confidence. Decay of Piety. SAN'/GUIN’E-OUS, a. [L. sanguineus. 1, Abounding with blood ; plethoric. Arbuthnot. 2. Constituting blood. Brown. SAN’’GUIN/LTY, for SANGUINENESsS, is not in use. Swift. [L. sanguis, blood, and Ardently ; SAN'’/GUIN-IV/OR-OUS, a. voro, to eat. ] Mating or subsisting on blood. SAN-GUIN’O-LENT, a. Bloody. SAN'GUI-SUGE, 7. [L. sanguisuga ; sanguis, blood, and sugo, to suck. The blood-sucker ; a leech, or horse-leech. Encyc. SAN/HE-DRIM, 7. [Low L. synedrium; Gr. cvvedpt- ov ; cuv, with, together, and édpa, seat.] The great council of the Jews, which consisted of seventy-one or seventy-two members. and decided the most important causes, both ecclesiastical and civil. FB. Cijc. SAN’L-€LE, n. [from L. sano, to heal.) Self-heal ; the popular name of several species of the genus Sanicula ; and it is said also of some spe- cies of Saxifraga and Certora. It has likewise the popular name Herchera Americana, in some parts of the United States. The American Bastard Sani- cle is a species of Mitella. Sa‘NI-ES, n. [L.] A thin, reddish discharge from wounds or sores; a serous matter, less thick and white than pus, and having a slight tinge of red, SA’/NI-OUS, a. [from sanies.| Pertaining to sanies, or partaking of its nature and appearance; thin and serous, with a slight bloody tinge; as, the sanious matter of an ulcer. 2. Excreting or effusing a thin, serous, reddish matter ; as, a santous ulcer. Wiseman. | SAN/I-TA-RY, a. Pertaining to or designed to secure health; as, sanitary regulations. SAN/I-TY, 7. [L. sanitas. See Sane. Soundness; particularly, a sound state of mind ; the state of a mind in the perfect exercise of reason, Shak. SAN’JAK, n. See Sanerac. SANK, pret. of Sink, but nearly obsolete. SAN’NAH, x. The name of certain kinds of India muslin. SANS, prep. [Fr.] Without. Shak. SAN/SE€RIT, n. According to H. 'T. Colebrooke, San- scrit signifies the polished dialect. It is sometimes written SHanscrit, and in other ways. Asiat. Res. 7, 200.) The ancient language of Hindoostan, from which are formed all the modern Janguages or dialects of the great peninsula of India. It is the language of the Bramins, and in this are written the ancient books of the country ; but it is now obsolete. It is from the same stock as the ancient Fersic, Greek, and Latin, and all the present languages of Europe. SANS €U-LOTTES', (sing ku-lot’,) [Fr., without breeches.] Ragged fellows; a name of reproach given In the first French revolution to the extreme republican party. | SANS-€0/LOT-TISM, mn. Extreme republican prin- ciples. | SAWS SO U-Cl’, (sang-soo-see’,) [Fr.] Without care ; free and easy. SAN’TA-LIN, n. The coloring matter of red sanders wood, obtained by digesting the rasped wood in al- cohol, and adding water. Brande. | SAP, 2. SAP SAN’TER. See Saunrer. SAN/TON, n. A Turkish priest; regarded by the vulgar as a saint. Herbert. SAN’TO-NIN, zn. A proximate vegetable principle obtained from the seed of the Artemisia santonica, or southernwood, white, crystallizable, and bitterish, . Cyc. (Sax. sep; D. zap; G. saft; Sw. Saft, safve; Dan. saft, seve; Fr. seve; Arm. sabr; probably from -— Qu. Pers, As} zabah, a flow- a kind of dervis, softness or flowing. ing. 1. The juice of plants of any kind. The ascending sap flows in the vessels of the alburnum or sap-wood, and is colorless, while the descending sap flows in the vessels of the liber or inner bark, and js often colored. This remark, however, is applicable to ex- ogenous plants only. From the sap of a species of maple is made sugar of a good quality by evapora- tion. 2. The alburnum of a tree; the exterior part of the wood, next to the bark. [4 sense in weneral use in New England. ] SAP, v. t. [Fr. saper: It. zappare; Arm. sappa; It. zappa, a Spade ; zappone, a mattock. The primary sense is, probably, to dig or to thrust. I. To undermine ; to subvert by digging or wear- ing away ; to mihe. Their dwellings were sapped by floods. 2. To undermine ; Dryden, to subvert by removing the foundation of. Discontent saps the foundation of happiness. Intrigue and corruption sap the constitu- tion of a free government. SAP, v.i. To proceed by mining, or by secretly un- dermining. Both assaults are carried on by sapping, Taller. SAP, 7. In sieges, a trench for undermining ; or an approach made to a fortified place by digging under cover of gabions, &c. The single sap has only asin- gle parapet; the double has one on each side, and the flying is made with gabions, &c: In all saps, traverses are left to cover the men. Encye. SAP’A-JOU, jn. The sapajous form a division of the SAP/A-JO, § monkey family, including such of the monkeys of America as have prehensile tails. BP Oite SA-PAN/-WOOD, n. A dye-wood yielded by a spe- cies of Cesalpinia, a thorny tree of Southern Asia and the neighboring islands. It resembles Brazil wood in color and properties. BP, Cyc SAP’-€0OL/OR, (-KulJur,) x. An expressed vegetable Juice inspissated by slow evaporation, for the use of painters, as sap-green, &c. Parke. SAP/-GREEN, n. A light-sreen pigment prepared from the juice of the ripe berries of the Rhainnus catharticus or buckthorn. Francis. SAP‘ID, a. [L. sapidus, from sapio, to taste. ] Tasteful ; tastable ; having the power of affecting the organs of taste; as, sapid water. Brown. Arbuthnot. SA-PID'L-TY, )n. Taste; tastefulness - savor; the SAP/'ID NESS,$ quality of affecting the organs of taste ; as, the sapidness of water or fruit. Boyle. SA’/PI-ENCE, n. [Fr., from L. sapientia, from sapto, to taste, to know.] Wisdom ; sageness; knowledge. Sull has gratitude and sapience To spare the folks that give him ha’pence. Sift. Pp : J SA’/PI-ENT, a. Wise; sage; discerning. There the sapient king held dalliance. Milton. SA-PLEN’TIAL, (-shal,) a. structions for wisdom. Affording wisdom or in- [Not much used.] Bp. Richardson. SA’/PI-ENT-LY, adv. Wisely ; sagaciously. SAP'LESS, a. [from sap.] Destitute of sap; as, a sapless tree or branch. Swift. Shak. 2. Dry; old; husky ; as, a sapless usurer, Dryden. SAP’LING, n. [from sap.] A young tree. Nurse the saplings tall. SAP-O-DIL/LA, ) xn. In botany, the distinctive term ZAP-O-TIL'/LA,$ for one of the two varieties of Sapota Achras, (Miller.) Also, the popular name of the same variety ; but it is likewise applied, by many, to both varieties. Sapota Achras is a large, tall, and straight tree, without branches for more than sixty or seventy feet. It belongs to the natural order Sapotacee, (Lindley,) and is a native of Me- ridional America. Its bark is used in medicine as an astringent. Sapodilla plum; the fruit cf Sapota Achras, which is variable in size and form, being globose, oval, or ovate, and about the size of an ordinary quince. Its rind is rough, brittle, and of a dull-brown: color; its flesh is a dirty yellowish-white, very soft, and de- liclously sweet. It is eatable only when it begins to be spotted, and then it is much used in desserts. The seeds are dark-colored and shining, and are used in medicine as a diuretic. SAP-O-NA’/CEOUS, a. [from L. sapo, soap. ] Milton. Soapy ; resembling soap; having the qualities of PATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—SAR SAR SAT soap. Saponaceous bodies are compounds of an acid and a base, and are in reality a kind of salt. SAP/O-NA-RY, a. Saponaceous. A-PON-I-FI-€A’/TION, n. Conversion into soap. A-PON’I-FI-ED, pp Converted into soap. A-PON/I-FY, v. t [L. sapo, soap, and facio, to make. | To convert into soap. Ure NNN SAP/O-NIN, n. A peculiar substance from the root of | SAR'/€O-CELE, n. Saponaria officinalis or suapwort. It is the cause of the lather which the root forms with water. Brande. SAP/O-NULE, n. “An imperfect soap formed by the action of an alkali upon an essential oil. Sa’/POR, n. Taste; savor; relish; the power of affecting the organs of taste. There is some sapor in all aliments. Brown. SAP-O-RIF/I€, a. [Fr. saporifique; from L. sapor and facio, to make. ] Having the power to produce taste ; producing taste. Bailey. Johnson. SAP-O-ROS/LTY, n. The quality of a body by which it excites the sensation of taste. SAP/O-ROUS, a. Having taste; yielding some kind of taste. Bailey. SA-PO'TA, n. In botany, the name of a tree or plant of the genus Achras. SAP-PA-DIL/LO-TREE, n. The popular name of a tree of the genus Sloanea. Fam. of Plants. Lee. SAP’PARE, n. A mineral or species of earth, the kyanite; called by Hauy, disthene. Ure. SAP/PED, (sapt,) pp- Undermined ; subverted. SAP/PER, x. One who saps. In an army, sappers and miners are employed in working at saps, build- ing and repairing fortifications, &c. P. Cyc. SAP/PHIC, (saffik,) a. Pertaining to Sappho, a Gre- cian poetess ; as, Sapphic odes ; Sapphic verse. ‘The Sapphic verse consists of eleven syllables in five feet, of which the first, fourth, and fifth are trochees, the second a spondee, and the third a dactyl. ‘The Sap- phic strophe consists of three Sapphic verses followed by an Adonic. rande. SAP/PHIRE, (saf’fire or saf‘fer,) n. [L. sapphirus; -<—<- e Gr. carpetpos ; from the AT. y Ran safara, to scrape, to shine, to be fair, open, beautiful; Ch. Syr. and Sam. to scrape, to shave. ] Pure, crystallized alumina, It occurs in hexagonal crystals, and also in grains and massive. The name sapphire is usually restricted to the blue crystals, while the bright red are called oriental ruby ; the amethystine, oriental amethyst ; the dul, massive va- rieties, corundum or emery. Sapphire is next in hardness to the diamond. Dana. SAP/PHIR-INE, a. Resembling sapphire; made of sapphire ; having the qualities of sapphire. Boyle. n. A mineral of a pale-blue or green color, somewhat resembling sapphire ; considered by some as a vari- ety of spinel. Dana, SAP/PI-NESS, n. [from sappy.] The state or quality of being full of sap ; succulence ; juiciness. SAP/PING, ppr. Undermining ; subverting. SAP’PY, a. peo sepig. | 1. Abounding with sap; juicy ; succulent. 9. Young; not firm; weak. (Mortimer. When he had passed this weak and sappy age. Hayward, 3. Weak in intellect. SAP’PY, a. [Qr. Gr. on7w, to putrefy.] Musty; tainted, [JVot in Use. | SA-PROPH/A-GANS, n. pl. A tribe of coleopterous insects which feed on animal and vegetable sub- stances in a state of decomposition. Brande, SAR-€AS’TIE-AL-LY, adv. SARCE/NET, n. [Qu. saracenicum or saracen, silk.] SAR/E€O-CARP, zn. In a sarcastic manner ; with scornful satire. South. A species of fine, thin, woven silk. Dryden (Gr. capt and xapros.] In botany, the fleshy part of a drupaceous pericarp, situated between the integument, or skin, and the putamen, endocarp, or stone. Lindley. [Gr. capf, flesh, and xyAn, tu- mor. ] A fleshy and firm tumor of a testicle, with a sim- ple vascular texture, not inflammatory. It is the Sarcoma vasculosum of Good. SAR/€O-€0OL, Ne SAR/€0-€0L-LA, flesh, and xoAXa, glue.] A semi-transparent, solid substance, imported from Arabia and Persia in grains of a light-yellow or red color. It is an inspissated sap, supposed to be pro- duced by a species of Penza. It has its name from its supposed use in healing wounds and ulcers. Encyc. S SAR/€0-LINE, a. ([Gr. capt, flesh.] In mineralogy, flesh-colored. Shepard, SAR/6O-LITH,n. [flesh-stone.] A name of a variety of analcime from Vesuvius. to a variety of chabasite, and to the mineral Hum- boldtite. Dana. SAR-€0-LOG/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to sarcology. SAR-COL/0-GY, n. [Gr. cupf, flesh, and doyos, dis- course. That part of anatomy which treats of the soft parts of the body, as the muscles, fat, intestines, vessels, &c. Encyc. SAR-€O/MA, n. [Gr., from cap, flesh.] Any fleshy and firm tumor not inflammatory, at- tended with dull sensations and sluggish growth. There are numerous varieties of sarcoma. SA R-COPH/A-GOUS, (-kof’a-gus,) a. [See Sarcorn- aGus.] Feeding on flesh ; flesh-eating. Dict. SAR-COPH!A-GUS, Ghote gue) mn. ([L., from Gr. capkoduyos; cape, flesh, and gaya, to eat. | 1. A species of stone used among the Greeks for making coffins, which was so called because it con- sumed the flesh of bodies deposited in it within a few weeks. It is otherwise called lapis Assius or Assian stone, and said to be found at Assos, a city of Lycia. Hence, 9, A stone coffin, or tomb, in which the ancients deposited bodies which they chose not to burn. Pliny. Smith?s Dict. SX R-COPH/A-GY, (-kof/a-je,)n. [Supra.] The prac- tice of eating flesh. Brown. SAR-COT/IC, a. [Gr. capi, flesh.] In surgery, producing or generating flesh. SAR-COT/IE, n. A medicine or application which promotes the growth of flesh ; an incarnative. Coze. SAR-CU-LA'TION, n. [L. sarculatio, a raking. | A raking or weeding with a rake. SAR/DA-CHATE, n. / Senin soare a, [{L. satiricus; Fr. satirique. } 1. Belonging to satire; conveying satire; as, a sa- tiric style. 2. Censorious ; severe in Janguage. Bacon. SA-TIR/IE-AL-LY, adv. With severity of remark ; with invective; with intention to censure. SAT’IR-IST, x. One who writes satire. Wycherley, in his writings, is the Sharpest satirist of his time. rranville, SAT/IR-IZE, v.t. [Fr. satiriser.] To censure with keenness or severity. It is as hard to safirize well a man of distincuished vices, as to praise well a man of distinguished virtues, Swift. SAT/IR-IZ-ED, pp. Severely censured. SAT/IR-IZ-ING, ppr. Censuring with severity. SAT-IS-FA€'TION, n. [Fr., from L. satisfactio; It. soddisfazione. See Satisry.| 1. That state of the mind which results from the fall gratification of desire; repose of mind or con- tentment with present possession and enjoyment, Sensual pleasure affords no permanent satisfuction. 2. The act of pleasing or gratifying. The mind haying a power to suspend the execution and satis- Jaction of its desires, Locke, 3, Repose of the mind on the certainty of any thing ; that state which results from relief, from sus- pense, doubt, or uncertainty ; conviction. What satisfaction can you have? Shak. 4. Gratification ; that which pleases. Exchanging solid quiet to obtain The windy satisfaction of the brain. Dryden. 5. That which satisfies; amends; recompense ; compensation ; indemnification ; atonement. Sutis- faction for damages must be an equivalent but satis- faction, in Many cases, may consist in concession or apology. 6. Payment; discharge ; as, to receive a sum in full satisfaction of a debt; to enter satisfaction on record. Debts due to the United States are to be first satisfied. SAT’IS-FY, v. i. never satisfies. 2. To feed or supply to the full. 3. To make payment. [But the intransitive use of this verb is generally elliptical. } SAT’IS-FY-ING, ppr. Giving content; feeding or supplying to the full extent of desire ; convincing ; paying. SAT’IS-FY-ING-LY, adv. satisfy. Sa/TIVE, a. [L. sativus, from sero, satum, to sow.] Wirt. To give content. Earthly good In a manner tending to Sown in gardens. Evelyn. SA/TRAP or SAT’RAP,n. In Persia, the: governor of a province. P. Cyc. SAT’/RA-PAL, a, Pertaining to a satrap or a satrapy. Mitford. T’RA-PESS, x. A female satrap. Mitford. The government or jurisdiction of a atrap. ID? Anville. Milton. AT’U-RA-BLE, a. [See Sarurate.] That may be saturated ; capable of saturation. Grew. SAT/U-RANT, a. [(L, satwrans.] Saturating ; impregnating to the full. SAT’U-RANT, n.- In medicine, a substance which neutralizes the acid in the stomach. Coxe. SAT’U-RATE, (sat'yu-rate,) v. t. [L. saturo, from satur, filled ; satio, to feed to the full. See Sar E.] 1. To impregnate or unite with till no more can be received. Thus an acid saturates an alkali, and an alkali saturates an acid, when the solvent can con- tain no more of the dissolving body. 2. To supply or fill to fullness. SAT’U-RA-TED, pp. ora. SAT’U-RA-TING, ppr. SAT-U-RA/TION, n. In a general sense, a filling or supply to fullness, In chemistry, the union, combi- nation, or impregnation of one body with another by natural attraction or affinity, till the receiving body can contain no more; or solution continued till the solvent can contain no more. 'The saturation of an alkali by an acid is by one sort of affinity ; the satu- ration of water by salt, is by another sort of affini- ty, called solution. SAT/UR-DAY, n. Saturn’s day.] The seventh or last day of the week; the day of SA SAT/RA-PY, 7. oe Thomson. Supplied to fullness. Supplying to fullness. y, [Sax. Seter-deg; D. Saturdag ; SA-TU/RLTY, n. [L. saturitas. See Saturate.] Fullness of supply ; the state of being saturated. [ Little used. } SAT/URN, xn. [L. Saturnus.] 1. In mythology, one of the oldest and principal deities, the son of Celus and Terra, (heaven and earth,) and the father of Jupiter. The name in Greek was Koovos, which at a later period was made equivalent to Xpovos, Time. 2. In astronomy, one of the planets of the solar system, next in magnitude to Jupiter, but more re- mote from the sun. Its diameter is seventy-nine thousand miles, its mean distance from the sun nearly nine hundred millions of miles, and its year, or periodical revolution round the sun, nearly twen- ty-nine years and a half. 3. In the old chemistry, an appellation given to lead. 4. In heraldry, the black color in blazoning the arms of sovereign princes, SAT-URN-A/LI-A, n. pl. [L.] Among the Romans, the festival of Satumi, celebrated in December as a period of unrestrained license and merriment for all classes, extending even to the slaves. Smith?s Dict. SAT-URN-A'LLAN, a. [from L. saturnalia.] 1, Pertaining to the saturnalia. Hence, 2. Loose ; dissolute; sportive. Burke. SA-TURN’I-AN, a. In fabulous history, pertaining to Saturn, whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, is called the golden age ; hence, golden ; happy ; distinguished for purity, in- tegrity, and simplicity. Th’ Augustus, born to bring Saturnian times. Pope. SAT/URN-INE, a. [Fr. saturnien, from L. Saturnus.] 1. Supposed to be under the influence of Saturn. Hence, 2. Dull; heavy ; grave; not readily susceptible of excitement ; phlegmatic; as, a saturnine person or temper. Addison. 3. In old chemistry, pertaining to lead ; as, saturn- ine compounds. Silliman. SAT’URN-IST, n. A person of a dull, grave, gloomy temperament. Browne. SAT/URN-ITE, n. A metallic substance, separated from lead in torrefaction, resembling lead in its coior, weight, solubility in acids, &c., but more fusible and brittle ; easily scorified and volatilized. [ Obs.] Kirwan. Nicholson. Encyc. SA/TYR, (sa’tur,) n. [L. satyrus; Gr. carupos, a monkey, a fawn.] In mythology, a sylvan deity or demi-god, repre- sented as a monster, part man and part goat, usually having horns on his head, a hairy body, with the feet and tail of a goat. Satyrs are usually found in the train of Bacchus, and have been distinguished for lasciviousness and riot. They have been repre- sented as remarkable for their piercing eyes and Keen raillery. Encyc. P. Cyc. SAT-Y-RI/A-SIS, n. [Gr. carvptacts. We observe in this word a connection with satire, in the sense of excitement, pungency.] Immoderate venereal appetite. Coze. SA-TYR’‘I€, a. Pertaining to satyrs ; as, satyric trag- iP Oye edy. L SA-TYR/I-ON, n. A plant, supposed to excite salaci- ty. upe. SAUCE, n. [Fr. sauce or sausse, from L. salsus, salt, from sal; Arm. saus; It. and Sp. salsa. 1. A mixture or composition to be eaten with food for improving its relish. High sauces and rich spices are brought from the Indies. Baker. 2. In New England, culinary vegetables and roots eaten with flesh. This application of the word falls in nearly with the definition, Roots, herbs, vine-fruits, and salad-flowers — they dish up Various ways, and find them very delicious sauce to their meats, both roasted and boiled, fresh and salt. severly, Hist. Virginia, Sauce, consisting of stewed apples, is a great arti- cle in some parts of New England ; but cranberries make the most delicious sauce, To serve one the same sauce, is to retaliate one injury with another. [Vulgar.] SAUCE, v. t. To accompany meat with something to give it a higher relish. 2. To gratify with rich tastes; as, to sauce the palate. Shak. 3. To intermix or accompany with any thing good, or, tronically, with any thing bad. Then fell she to sauce her desires with threatenings. Sidney, Thou sayest his meat was sauced with thy upbraidings. Shak. 4. To treat with bitter, pert, or tart language. [ Vulgar. SAUCE/BOX, n. [from saucy.] A saucy, impudent fellow. Spectator. SAUCE’PAN,n. A small pan for sauce, or a small skillet with a long handle, in which sauce or small things are boiled, Swift. SAU'CER, n. [Fr. sauciere or Saussiere.] 1. A small pan in which sauce is set on a table. Bacon, 2. A piece of china or other ware, In which a tea- the Jewish Sabbath. ga2 cup or coffee-cup is set. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — LSSAV SAV mo“ AT S A W SAU/CI-LY, adv. (from saucy.] Impudently; with impertinent boldness; petulantly. Addison. SAU’CI-NESS, x. Impudence ; impertinent boldness ; petulance ; contempt of superiors Bramhall. Dryden. SAUC/ING, ppr. Accompanying meats with some- thing to give them a higher relish. 2. Gratifying with rich tastes. SAU/‘CISSE, nm ([Fr. saucisse, a sausage, from SAU/CIS-SON,} sauce. In mining or cunnery, a long pipe or bag, made of cloth well pitched, or of leather, filled with powder, and extending from the chamber of the mine to the entrance of the gallery. To preserve the powder from dampness, it is generally placed in a wooden pipe. It serves to communicate fire to mines, cais- sons, bomb-chests, &c. Saucisson is also a long bundle of fagots or fascines, for raising batteries and other purposes. Encyc. Brande. SAU/CY, a. [from sauce; L. salsus, salt or salted. ‘The use of this word leads to the primary sense of salt, which must be shooting forward, penetrating, pungent, for boldness is a shooting forward. ] I. Immpudent ; bold to excess; rude; transgressing the rules of decorum; treating superiors with con- tempt. It expresses more than Perr; as, a saucy boy ; a saucy fellow. 2. Expressive of impudence; as, a saucy eye; saucy looks. SAUER!KRAUT, (sour’/krout,) n. [Ger.] Cabbage preserved in brine ; a favorite German dish, Buchanan. SAUL; an old spelling of Sour. SAUN’CING-BELL. See Sancxe-Be.. SAUN/DERS. See Sanvers. SAUN’TER, (san’ter,) v. i. as, sauntering from place to place. 2. To loiter; to linger. SAUN/TER, n. A sauntering or place for sauntering. Young. SAUN/TER-ER, z. One that wanders about idly. SAUN/’TER-ING, ppr. or a. Wandering about lazily or idly; loitering. SAUN/TER-ING, x. about or loitering. This must not run it into a lazy sauntering about ordinary EN DES: ocke To wander about idly; Dryden. The act of wandering lazily SAUR, n. Soil; dirt. Grose. SAU/RI-A, n. pl. An order of reptiles, comprehend- ing the lizards, alligators, &c. [See Saurran.] SAU/RLAN, a. [Gr. cavpos, a lizard.] Designating an order of reptiles, the sauria or sau- rians. Ed. Encye. SAU/RI-ANS, n. pl. An order of reptiles, including all that are covered with scales, and have four legs, as the lizard. SAU/ROID, a. fish. SAU/SAGE, n. [Fr. saucisse; from sauce, L. salsus.] The intestine of an animal stuffed with minced meat seasoned. SAUS/SUR-ITE, nz. A massive, cleavable mineral, so named from M. Saussure, of a white, greenish, or grayish color, consisting of silica, alumina, lime, oxyd of iron, and soda, Itis extremely tough. Dana. SAV’A-BLE, a. [from save.] Capable of being Resembling the lizards; as, sauroid saved. Chillingworth. SAV/A-BLE-NESS, n. Capability of being saved. Chillingworth. SAV/AGE, a. [Fr. sauvage; Arm. savaich; It. selvag- gio; Sp. salvage ; from L. silva, a wood, or silvicola, an inhabitant of a wood, or silvaticus.] 1. Pertaining to the forest; wild; remote from human residence and improvements ; uncultivated ; as, a savage wildemess. Cornels and savage berries of the wood. 2. Wild; untamed ; as, savage beasts of prey. 3. Uncivilized ; untaught; unpolished ; rude; as, savage life; savage manners. Ralegh. What nation, since the commencement of the Christian era, ever rose from savage to civilized without Christianity ? E, D. Griffin. 4, Cruel; barbarous; fierce; ferocious; inhu- man ; brutal; as, a savage spirit. SAV’AGE, n. A human being in his native state of rudeness; one who is untaught, uncivilized, or without cultivation of mind or manners. The sav- ages of America, when uncorrupted by the vices of civilized men, are remarkable for their hospitality to strangers, and for their truth, fidelity, and gratitude to their friends, but implacably cruel and revengeful toward their enemies. From this last trait of the savage character, the word came to signify, 29. A man of extreme, unfeeling, brutal cruelty; a ~ barbarian. Dryden. : Wolves and bears, they say, Casting their sarageness aside, hxve done Like offices of pity. SAV/AGE-RY, 2. Wild growth, as of plants. Shak. 2. Cruelty ; barbarity. hak. SAV/AG-ISM,n. The state of rude, uncivilized mien ; ness. S. S. Smith. Walsh. The greater part of modern philosophers have declared for the original savagism of men. Encyc. SA-VAN’NA, zn. [In Spanish, sabana is a sheet for a bed, or a large plain covered with snow. ] An extensive open plain or meadow, or a plain destitute of trees, and covered with grass. Jacke. SA-VANT", (sé-ving',) n.; pl. Savans. [Fr.] A man of learning; in the plural, literary men. SAVE, v.t. [Fr. sauver, from L. salvo, It. salvare, Sp. salvar. As salve is used in Latin for salutation or wishing health, as dail is in English, I suspect this word to be from the root of /eal or hail, the first let- ter being changed, as in Gr. dAs, W. halen, salt. See Savt.] 1, To preserve from injury, destruction, or evil of any kind; to rescue from danger; as, to save a house from the flames; to save a man from drown- ing; to save a family from ruin; to save a state from war. He cried, saying, 2. To preserve from final and everlasting destruc- tion ; to rescue from eternal death. Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners, —1 Tim. i. 3. To deliver; to rescue from the power and pol- lution of sin. He shall save his people from their sins. — Matt. i. 4. To hinder from being spent or lost; as, to save the expense of a new garment. Order in all affairs Saves time. 5. To prevent, plexity. 6. ‘To reserve or lay by for preservation. Now save a nation, and now save a groat, Lord, save me. — Matt. xiv. Gen, xly. Method in affairs saves much per- Pope. 7. To spare; to prevent; to hinder from occur- rence. Will you not speak to save a lady’s blush? Dryden. Silent and unobserved, to save his tears. Dryden, 8. To salve; as, to save appearances. JMilton. 9. To take or use opportunely, so as not to lose. The ship sailed in time to save the tide. 10. To except ; to reserve from a general admis- sion or account. Israel burned none of them, save Hazor only. — Josh. xi. Of the Jews five times received I forty stripes, save one. —2 Cor. xi. [Save is here a verb followed by an object. It is the imperative used without a specific nominative ; but it is now less frequently used than ezcept. ] SAVE, v. 7%. To hinder expense. Brass ordnance saveth in the quantity of the material. Bacon. SAVE/ALL, x. [save and all,] A small pan inserted in a candlestick to save the ends of candles. Johnson. 2. Among seamen, a small sail sometimes set under the foot of another sail to catch the wind that would pass under it. Totten. SAV/ED, pp. Preserved from evil, injury, or de- struction ; Kept frugally ; prevented ; spared; taken in time. SAV’ER, n. One that saves, preserves, or rescues from evil or destruction ; as, the saver of the coun- try. Srift. 9, One that escapes loss, but without gain. Dryden. 3. One that is frugal in expenses ; an economist. Wotton. SAV/IN, n. [Fr. savinier ; L. and Sp. sabina.] An evergreen tree or shrub of the genus Juniperus. The savin of Europe resembles the red cedar of America, and the latter is sometimes called savin. Bicelow. from evil or destruction ; SAV/ING, ppr. Preserving loss; sparing; taking or hindering from waste or using In time. 2. Excepting. 3, a. Frugal; not Javish; avoiding unnecessary expenses; economical ; parsimonious. But it im- plies less rigorous economy than PArsIMONIOUS; @s, a saving husbandman or housekeeper. 4. That saves in returns or receipts the principal or sum employed or expended ; that incurs no loss, though not gainful; as, a saving bargain. The ship has made a saving voyage. ; ‘ 5. That secures everlasting salvation; as, saving 2. Cruelty ; barbarousness. SAV/ING-LY, adv. Shak. SA V/ING-NESS, x. the state of men in their native wildness and rude- | SAV/INGS-BANK, n. SA/VOR, n. ee | i i} ~ \ _With frugality or parsimony. 1 2. So as to be finally saved from eternal death; + as, savingly converted. | Frugality ; parsimony; caution || not to expend money without necessity or use. 2, Tendency to promote eternal salvation. Johnson. A bank in which the savings or earnings of the poor are deposited and put to in- terest for their benefit. SAV/IOUR, | SAV/IOR, (sav/yur,) 2. [Fr. sawveur.] 1. One who saves, preserves, or delivers from de- struction, or danger. 2 Kings xiii. 5. Js. xix. 20. 2. Properly and appropriately, Jesus Christ, the Re deemer, who has opened the way to everlasting sa vation by his obedience and death, aud who is therefore called the Savior, by way of distinction, the Savior of men, the Savicr of the world. Gep- eral Washington may be called the saver, but not the savior, of his country. Fr. saveur; L. sapor; W. sawiyr; Arm. saour; from L. sapto, to taste. ] 1. Taste or odor; something that perceptibly af- fects the organs of taste and smell ; as, the saver of an orange or rose; an ill saver; a Sweet savor. Shak. I smell sweet savors. | In Scripture, it usually denotes smell, scent, odor. Lev. Xxvi. Eccles. x. 2. The quality which renders a thing valuable ; the quality which renders other bodies agreeable to the taste. | If the salt hath lost its savor. — Matt. v. 3. In Scripture, character; reputation, Ezod. v. 4, Cause; occasion. 2 Cor. il. Sweet savor, in Scripture, denotes that which ren- }| ders a thing acceptable to God, or his acceptance. |! Hence, to smell a sweet savor, is to accept the offering | or service. Gen. Vili. SA/VOR, v.i. To have a particular smell or taste. 2. To partake of the quality or nature of; or to -have the appearance of. The answers savor of a humble spirit ; or they savor of pride. | Wotton. Milton. I have rejected every thing that savors of party. Addison, SA/VOR, v. t. ur To like; to taste or smell with pleas- res Shak, 2. To like; to delight in; to favor. Matt. xvi. SA!/VOR-ED, pp. Tasted or smelt with pleasure. SA/VOR-I-LY, adv. petite. 2. With a pleasing relish. SA/VOR-I-NESS, zn. Pleasing taste or smell; as, the savoriness of a pine-apple or a peach. | SA/VOR-LESS, a. Destitute of smell or taste; in- sipid. as «| SA’/VOR-LY, a, Well-seasoned ; of good taste. | | [from savory.) With gust or ap- Dryden. Dryden. SA/VOR-LY, adv. With a pleasing relish. Barrov. SA/VOR-Y, a. [from savor.] Pleasing to the organs of smell or taste ; as, a savory odor. Milton. Make me savory meat.— Gen. xxvii. SA’/VOR-Y, n. [Fr. savorée.] An aromatic plant of the genus Satureia, much used in cooking. SA-VOY', n. A variety of the common cabbage, (Brassica oleracea,) much cultivated for winter use. Ed. Encye. SAW, pret. of SEE. ‘ SAW, n. [Sax. saga; G. sdge; D. zaag: Sw. saga; || Dan. saug; Fr. scie; It. sega. See the verb. ] 1. A cutting instrument consisting of a blade or thin plate of iron or steel, with one edge dentated or toothed. 9. A saying; proverb; maxim; decree. [Obs.] [See Say.] Shak. SAW, v. t.; pret. SawED 5 pp. SAWED OF Sawn. [G. sagen; D. zaagen; Sw. saga ; Dan. sauger ; Norm. seruar; It. segare, to saw, cul, reap; L. seco; Fr. scier ; allied to sickle, ] 1. To cut with a saw ; to separate with a saw ; as, to saw timber or marble. 9. To form by cutting with a saw; as, to Saw boards or planks; that is, to saw timber into boards or planks. : SAW, v.i. To use a saw; to practice sawing; as, a man saws well. ‘ 2. To cut with a saw; as, the mill saws fast or well. 3. To be cut with a saw; as, the timber saws smooth. : SAW/DUST,x. Dust or small frarments of wood or Mortimer. stone made by the attrition of a saw. | formed with a SnW/ED, pp or a. Cut, divided, or saw. s SAW’ER, nm. One that saws ; corrupted into Saw- YER. ae as SAW/-FISH, n: A fish of the genus Pristis, of sev- ‘eral species, closely allied to the sharks. ; It has the upper jaw prolonged into along beak or snout, w ith th on both edges. The sau- fish is said to be one of the most formidable enemies of the whale tribe. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. One of a genus of flies, (Tenthredo spines growing like tee 3, ‘The name of a genus of fierce, voracious flies. prace. Dict. Nat, Hist. SAV/ING, n. Something kept from being expended or SAV/AGE, ». t. To make wild, barbarous, or cruel.{ lost. Not well authorized, and little used, Thomson. By reducing the interest of the debt, the nation makes a saving. SAV/AGB-LY, adv. In the manner of a savage ; cru- ca non. elly ; inhumanly. Shak. 2. Exception; reservation. SAV/AGE-NESS, 2. Wildness ; an untamed, uncul- Contend not with those that are too strong for us, but still with a aes tivated, or uncivilized state ; barbarism. Hence, saving to honesty. L’Estrange. SAW/-FLY, x. Le ee TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CLOUS.— € as K; G as J; S$ as Z; Cll as SH; UL as in THIS. ENT Serene — 983 rs i i Sate ~ 433gpa” cya Sm C5 oe = . ame ee aS) ae a SS NG eal fr; | be te | em ee : 4 4 tj { i 4 | q ii So SAY SCA SLA Linn.) having ovipositors somewhat resembling a handsaw. Partington. SAW’/-MILL, 2. A mill for sawing logs and large pieces of timber, driven by water, steam, or other power. SAW/NEY, x. rupted from Sandy, i. e. Alexander. A nickname for a Scotchman, cor- [ Vulgar.] Grose. SAW/-PIT, x. A pit over which timber is sawed by two men, one standing below the timber and the other above. Mortimer. SAW/-SET, nm. An instrument used to wrest or SAW!’ —-W REST, turm the teeth of saws a little outward, that they may make a kerf somewhat wider than the AOTC! of the blade. SAW/-WORT, (Cw url,) 7 A plant of the genus Serratula, so named fom its serrated Jeaves. It has the b: bits and qitalities of the thistles. SAW’/YER, x. One whose occupation is to saw tim- ‘ber into planks or boards, or to saw wood for fuel. 2. In America, a tree which, being undermined by a current of water, and falling into the stream, lies with its branches above water, which are con- tinually raised and depressed by the force of the current, from which circumstance the name is de- rived. The sazyers in the Mississippi render the navigation dangerous, and frequently sink boats which run against thern. SAX/A-TILE, a. [L. sazatilis, from saxum, a rock.] Pertaining to rocks ; living among rocks. Hunter. SAX-I-€A’ VOUS, a. [L. sazwm, rock, and cavo, to hollow. ] A term applied to mollusks which live in holes in rocks made either by boring or otherwise. Dana. SAX’/I-FRAGE, n. [L. sarifraga; composed of saz- um, a stone, and frango, to break.] A medicine that has the property of breaking or dissolving the stone in the bladder. But in botany, a plant of the genus Saxifraga, which embraces many Species, mostly hardy herbs growing naturally on or among rocks. The burnet sazifrage is of the genus Pimpinella; the golden saxifrage is of the genus Chrysopleniuin ; the meadow sazifrage is of the genus Seseli. Encyc. Loudon. SAX-IF’RA-GOUS, a. Dissolving the stone. Brown. SAX/ON, 7. [Sax. seaz, a knife. sword, or dagger, a Saxon. ] 1. One of the nation or people who formerly dwelt in the northern part of Germany, and who invaded and conquered England In the fifth and sixth cen- turies The Welsh still call the English Sesons. 2. The language of the Saxons. SAX'ON, a. Pertaining to the Saxons, to their coun- try, or to their Janguage. SA X/ON- BLUE, 7. A deep-blue liquid used in dye- ing, and obtained by dissolving indigo in concen- trated sulphuric acid. rande, SAX/ON-ISM, z. An idiom of the Saxon language. Wotton. SAX/ON-IST, ». One versed in the Saxon language. SAY, v. t.; pret. and pp. Sarp, contracted from Sayep. [Sax. segan, sacgan; G. sagen: D. zeggen; Sw. sdga; Dan. siger; Ch. MD or MD, to speak or say. - - The same verb in Arabic, elas sauga, signifies to sink, Goth. sigean. The sense of the root is, to throw orthmist. Class Sg, No. 28. Pers. sachan a word, speech. ] 1. To speak ; to utter in words; as, he said noth- ing ; he said many things; he says not a word. Say a good word for me. It is observable that, although this word is radically synonymous with Spr. AK and Trevi, yet the uses or applications of these words are different. Thus we say, to speak an oration, to tell a story ; but in these phrases, say can not be used. Yet to saya lesson is good English, though not very elegant. We never use the phras es, tO say a Sermon or discourse, to say an argument, to say a Speech, to say testimony. A very general use of say is to introduce a rel: ition, narration, or recital, either of the speaker himself, or of something s aid or done, orto be done, Oy another. Thus Adam said, Thisis bone of my bone; Yoah said, Blessed be the Lord God of Shem. If we say, We have no sin, we deceive ea es. Say to the cities of Judah, Behold your God. JI can not say what 7 should do in a similar case. Say thus precedes sentence. But it js perhaps impracticable to eaiise the peculiar and appropriate uses of say, speak, and tell to generalrules, They can be learnt only by ob- servation. 2. To declare. Gen. xxxvii. 3. To utter; to pronounce. Say now Shibboleth. — Judges xii, To utter, as a command. God eaid, Let there be light. —Gen. i. = . To utter, asa promise. Luke xxiil. To ulter, as a question or answer. Mark xi. To affirm; toteach. Matt. xvii. 3 0 confess. Take xvii. . To testify. Acts xxiv. SONS ET 10. To argue ; to allege by way of argument. After all that can be said against a thing. Tillotson, 11. To repeat ; to rehearse ; to recite; as, to say a lesson. 12. To pronounce ; to recite without singing. Then anal be said or sung as follows. 13. To report; as in the phrases, it is said, they Say. 14, To answer; to utter by way of reply; to tell. Say, Stella, feel you no content, Retlecting on a life well spent? Swift. Vote. — This verb is not properly intransitive. In the phrase, ‘fas when we say, Plato is no fool,’? the last clause is the object after the verb; tbat is, ‘‘ we say What follows.”? If this verb is properly intran- sitive in any case, it is in the phrase, ‘‘ thatis to say,”’ but in such cases, the subsequent clause is the ob- dere of the verb, being that which is said, uttered, or re eee SAY,7. [Sax. saga, saru. Be speech ; something said. [In popular use, but not elegant. | SAY, n. {For Assay.] A sample. 3. Trial by sample. [ Obs.]} SAY, zn. (Fr. soie. } A thin silk. [ Ods.] [ Obs. ] Sidney. Boyle. SAY, /x. In commerce,a kind of serge used for lin- SAYE 2) ings, shirts, aprons, &c. Encic. SAY/IN ‘G, ppr. Uttering in articulate sounds or words; speaking ; telling; relating ; reciting. SAY/ING, n. An expression ; a sentence uttered; a declaration. Moses fled at this saying. — Acts vii. Cicero treasured up the sayings of Scevola. Middleton. 2. A proverbial expression. Many are the sayings of the wise. Milton. SE€AB, n. [Sax. scab, sceb; G. schabe; Sw. skabb; Dan. skab; L. scabies; It. scabbia. It seems to be connected with L. scabo, to rub or scratch, G. schaben, to. shave, W. ysgubaw, to sweep, L. scaber, rough, D. schob, a scale.] 1. An incrusted substance, dry and rough, formed over a Sore in healing. 2. A contagious disease of sheep, resembling the mange in horses, &c. Farm. Encic. 3. A mean, dirty, paltry fellow. [ZLow.] Shak. SEAB/BARD, n. The sheath of asword. Dryden. SEAB/BARD, v. t. To put in a sheath. SCAB/BARD-ED, pp. Put into a sheath. SEAB'/BARD-ING, ppr. Sheathing. SCAB/BED, (scabd or skab/bed,) a. [from scab.] Abounding with scabs ; diseased with scabs. Bacon. 2. Mean; paltry ; vile; worthless. Dryden. S€AB/BED-NESS, n. The state of being scabbed. S€AB/BI-NESS, n. [from scabby.] The quality of being scabby. SEAB/BY Bits {from scab.] Affected with scabs ; full of scabs. Dryden. 2. Diseased with the scab or mange ; mangy. Swift. S€A’BI-OUS, a. [L. scabiosus, from scabies, sci tb. ] Consisting of scabs; rough ; itchy ; leprous ; as, scabious eruptions, Arbuthnot. S€A‘BI-OUS, n. A plant of the genus Scabiosa, said to be useful in Crean ous diseases. Loudon. SCA-BRED/I-TY, {[L. scabredo, scabrities. | Roughness ; mie cennieee: [Not in use.] Burton. S€A/BROUS, a. [L. scabrosus, scaber, from scabies, scab. 1. Rough; rugged; having hard, short, rigid points. Arbuthnot. 2. Harsh; unmusical. B. Jonson, SE€A’/BROUS-NESS, 7. Roughness; ruggedness SCAB/WORT, xn. A plant, a species of Helenium. SEAD, n. A fish of the genus Caranx, (Scomber trachurus, Linn. ;) also called Horse Mackere. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SCAF’FOLD, nm. Fr. echafaud; Arm. chafod; Ir. scafal; It. scaffale; D. schavot; G. schafot; Dan. skafot; perhaps from the root of shape, as form is used for bench. The last syllable is the L. fala. In Cornish, skaval is a bench or stool, and this word, schavot, in Dutch, signifies a tailor’s bench, as well asa peat 1. Among builders, an assemblage or structure of timbers, boards, or planks, erected by the wall of a building to support the workmen. 2. A temporary gallery or stage raised either for shows or spectators. Milton. 3. A stage or elevated platform for the execution of a criminal. Sidney. SCAF/FOLD, v, t. To furnish with a scaffold ; to sus- tain ; to uphold. SCAF’/FOLD-AGE, n. A gallery; a hollow floor. Shak. Furnished with a scaffold. SEAF’FOLD-ING, ppr. Furnishing with a scaffold. SCAF/FOLD-ING, n. A frame or structure for sup- port in an elevated place; a scaffold. 2. That which sustains; a frame; as, the scaffold- ing of the body. Pope. 3. Temporary structure for support. Prior. 4, Materials for scaffolds. SECAF’FOLD-ED, pp. SEAG/LI-A, (skal/ye-a,) . [It.] A reddish variety of chalk. Dana. SE€AG-LLO’LA, (skal-ye-6la,) n. [It.] A species of plaster or stucco made of pure gypsum, with varie- gated colors in imitation of marble. Guilt. S€AaL’/A-BLE, a. That may be scaled. SE€A-LADE/,)n. [Fr. scalade; Sp. scalado; from L. Sosa scala,a ladder, See Scar Es] A storm or assault on a fortified place, in which the soldiers enter the place by means of ladders. It is written also EscaLape. SEA-LAR'I-FORM, a. [. scalaris, a ladder, and forma, form.) Havin g transverse bars and spaces like a ladder. Dana. S€A/LA-RY, a. Resembling a ladder; formed with steps. [ Zittle used.) Brown. SEALD, (skawld,) v. t. [It. scaldare; Sp. and Port. escaldar; Fr. echauder, for eschalder; Sw. skolla; Dan. skaalder; Ir. sgallaim; from the root of L. caleo, calda, calidus. I suppose the primary sense of calco is, to contract, to draw, to make hard. 1. To burn or painfully affect and injure by im- mersion in, or contact with, a liquor of a boiling heat, or a heat approaching it; as, to scald the hand or foot. We scald the part, when the heat of the liquor applied is so violent as to injure the skin and flesh. Scald is sometimes used to express the effect of the heat of other substances than liquids. Here the blue flames of scalding brimstone fall. Cowley. 2. To expose to a boiling or violent heat over a fire, or in water or other liquor; as, to scald meat or milk. SEALD, n. [Supra.] A burn, or injury to the skin and flesh by hot NgUOts SCALD, n. [Qu. Sax. scyll, a shell.] Scab; scurf on the head. SEALD, a. Scurvy ; paltry ; poor; as, Spenser. scald rhymers. Shak. SCALD, n. [Dan. skialdrer, to make verses; also, a poet. The primary sense is, probably, to make or to sing. If the latter, we find its affinities in G. schal- len, D. schellen, Sw. skalla. Among the ancient Scandinavians, a poet ; one whose occupation was to compose poems in honor of distin- guished men and their achievements, and to recite and sing them on public occasions. The scalds of Denmark and Sweden answered to the bards of the Britons or Celts. Mallet. SEALD/ED, pp. or a. Injured by a hot liquor; ex- posed to boiling heat. Scalded cream; clotted cream; cream raised from milk by heating. Gardner. SEALD/ER, n. A scald ; a Scandinavian poet. SE€ALD!- HE: AD, (skawli/hed, ) nm. {See Scarp.] A pustular eruption, mostly of the hairy scalp, in which the pustules are indistinct, often distant patches, gradually spreading till the whole head is covered as with a helmet; skin below the scabs red, shining, dotted with papillous apertures, excreting fresh mat- ter; roots of the hair often destroyed. It is the Por- rigo galeata of Good. SEALD/‘I€, a. Pertaining to the scalds or poets of an- tiquity ; composed by scalds. Warton. SEALD/ING, ppr. ora. Burning or injuring by hot liquor. 2. Exposing to a boiling heat in liquor. SEALD/ING-HOT, a. So hot as to scald the skin. SCALE, n. [Sax. scale, sceale; D. schaal, a scale, a bowl, saucer, or dish, and a shell, uniting the Sax. scale and scell; G. schale, a scale or balance, a dish, bowl, shell, peel, or paring ; Dan. skal, a shell ; skaler, to shell, peel, or pare ; skiel, a fish scale ; Sw. skal, a shell; Fr. ecaille ; ecailler, to scale or peel ; ecale, a shell; ecaler, to shell; echelle, a scale or ladder; It. scaglia, the scale of a fish; scala, a ladder; L. id., Sp. escala. Scale, a shell and a dish, is probably from peeling or paring, that is, separating; but whether a simple or compound word, (es-cal, ex-cal,) I do not know. If the sense 1s, to strip, it coincides with the r. oxvAawW, to spoil. ] 1. The dish of a balance ; and hence, the balance itself, or whole instrument ; as, to turn the scale. Long time in even scale The battle hung. Milton. But, in general, we use the plural, scales, for the whole instrument. The scales are turned; her kindness weighs no more Now than my vows. Waller. 2. The Scales, pl.; the sign of the Balance, or Li- bra, in the zo diac. Creech. 3. The small, thin plate, shell, or crust, which composes a part "of the covering ofa fish ; and henc e, any thin layer or leaf exfoliated or separated ; a thin Jamina ; as, scales of iron or of bone. Sharp. The scales of fish consist of alternate layers of membrane and phosphate of lime. The scales of ser- pents are composed of a horny membrane, without the calcareous phosphate. Ure. 4. A ladder; series of steps; means of ascending. [L. scala. } Addison. 5. The act of storming a place by mounting the walls on ladders; an escalade, or scalade. Milton. MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNB, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, 984SCA SCA 6. A mathematical instrument, of wood or metal, | on which are marked lines and figures, for the pur- | pose of measuring distances or extent; as, a plain scale; a diagonal scale. : 7. Regular gradation; a series rising by steps or degrees, like those of a ladder. Thus we speak : the scale of being, in which man occupies a higher rank than brutes, and angels a higher rank than man. g. Any instrument, figure, or scheme, graduated for the purpose of measuring extent or proportions ; as, a map drawn by a scale of half an inch to a league. 9. In music, a gamut; or a series of lines and spaces rising one above another, or falling one below another, on which notes are placed; or a scale con- sists of the regular gradations of sounds. A scale may be Jimited to an octave, or it may extend to the compass of any voice or instrument. Encyc. 10. Any thing graduated or marked with degrees at equal distances. SCALE, v.t. [It. scalare, from scala, a Jadder.] 1. To climb, as by a ladder; to ascend by steps ; applied to the walls of a furtijied place, to mount in assault or storm. Oft have I scaled the craggy oak. 2. [from scale, a balance.] ‘To measure; to com- pare ; to weigh. Scaling his present bearing with his past. 3. [from scale, the covering of a fish.] clear of scales ; as, to scale a fish. 4. To take off in thin lamens or scales. 5. To pare off a surface. If all the mountains were scaled, and the earth made even. Burnet. Spenser. Stak. To strip or 6. In the north of England, to spread, as manure or loose substances ; also, to disperse ; to waste. A scalp, among the Indians of America, is a trophy of victory. SEALP, v. t. To deprive of the scalp or integuments of the head. Sharp. SEALP/ED, (skalpt,) pp. Deprived of the skin of the head. SEALPEL, x. [L. scalpellum, from scalpo, to scrape.] In surgery, a knife used in anatomical dissections and surgical operations. Brande. SEALP/ER, )nx. An instrument of surgery SCALP/ING-I-RON, } used in scraping foul and ca- rious bones ; a raspatory. Encyc. Parr. SEALP/ING, ppr. Depriving of the skin of the top of the bead SEALP/ING-KNIFE, (-nife,)n. A Knife used by sav- ages In scalping their prisoners. Cooper. SEAL/Y, a. [from scale.] Covered or abounding with scales ; rough; as, a scaly fish; the scaly crocodile. Milton. 2. Resembling scales, lamine, or layers. 3. Mean; scabby ; as, a scaly fellow. [See Scatr.] [Various dialects in England. | Hallowell. 4. In botany, composed of scales Iving over each other; as, a scaly bulb; having scales scattered over it ; as, a scaly stem. Martyn. SEAL/Y-WING-ED, a. Having wings with scales. Kirby. SEAM'BLE, v. 7. [D. schommelen, to stir, to shake. ] 1. To stir quick; to be busy ; to scramble; to be bold or turbulent. Shak. 2. To shift awkwardly. More. SEAM/BLE, v. t. To mangle; tomaul. Mortimer. SEAM/BLER,x. A bold intruder upon the generosity or hospitality of others. Sleevens. ‘ Cant orn ppr. Stirring; scrambling ; intruding. mn 7. In gunnery, to clean the inside of a cannon by the explosion of a small quantity of powder. Totten. SEALE, v. i. To separate and come off in thin Jayers cr jamine. The old shells of the lobster scale off. SEAL/ED, pp. Ascended by ladders or steps ; cleared of scales; pared ; scattered. 2, Having scales like a fish ; squamous ; as, a scaled snake. SEALE/LESS, a. Destitute of scales. S. L. Mitchill. SEA-LENE!’, a. [Gr. oxudnvos, oblique, unequal, SGA-LE/NOUS,} allied probably to cxvdAcos; G. schel, schiel, D. scheel, squinting ; Dan. skieler, to squint. ] A scalene triangle, is one whose sides and angles are unequal. SEA-LENE!, 2. A scalene triangle. SEALER, n. One who scales. S€A/LI-NESS, n. [from scaly.} The state of being sealy : roughness. SEAL/ING, ppr. Ascending by ladders or steps ; storm- ing. 9. Stripping of scales. 3. Peeling ; paring. SEA L/ING-LAD-DER, n. A ladder made for enabling troops to scale a wall. SEAL-I-O/LA. See Scacriova. SEALL, x. [See Scarp and Scarp-Heap.] scabbiness 5; leprosy. It is a dry seall, even a leprosy on the head. — Ley. xiii. 2, A mean, scabby fellow. Shak. SEAL/LION, (skal’yun,) x. [It. scalogno, L. ascalo- nia; Fr. echalote, whence our shalot ; so named, prob- ably, from its coats, shell, scale. } A plant, the Allium Ascalonicum, which grows about Ascalon in Palestine. It is the wildest of all the cultivated species of the garlic and onion genus. It is propagated by means of the cloves of its bulbs. SE€AL/LOP, (skol/lup,) x. shell, scale; coinciding with scalp, D. schulp, a shell.] 1. A shell-fish, or testaceous mollusk, of the genus Pecten of Lamarck. The shell is bivalywar, the hinge toothless, having a small ovated hollow, from which alternate ribs and furrows usually run diverging to the margin of the shell. There are numerous species used for food, some of which are found in the seas of most climates. The shell occurs in abundance on the coast of Palestine, and was formerly worn by pilgrims as a mark that they had been to the Holy Land, 9). A recess or curving of the edge of any thing, like the segment of a circle. Written also ScoLtopr. SEAL/LOP, v. t of any thing into segments of circles, Gray. SEAL!LOP-ED, (skol/lupt,) pp. or a. Cut at the edge or border into segments of circles. Bacon, Scab ; SEAL‘LOP-ING, ppr. Cutting the edge into segments of circles. SEALP, n. [D. schelp, or schulp, a shell. The German See Scare.) But qu. the Ch. Syr. and Ar. nop, to peel, to bark, and L. has hirnschale, brain-shell. scalp scalp, hak. {This is from the root of To mark or cut the edge or border 0. ib ‘The skin of the top of the head ; as, a hairless 5. JAM/BLING-LY, adv. With turbulence and noise ; with bold intrusiveness, SEAM-MO’NI-ATE, a. [from scammony.] Made with scammony. Wiseman. SE6AMMO-NY, n. [L. scammonia, from the Persian.] 1. A plant of the genus Convolvulus. 2. An inspissated sap obtained from the plant Con- volvulus Scammonia, of a blackish-gray color, a nauseous sinelJ, and a bitter and acrid taste. It is used in medicine as a cathartic. The best scammony comes from Aleppo, in light, spongy masses, easily friable. That of Smyrna is black, ponderous, and mixed with extraneous matter. Fourcroy. Encyc. SEAMP, 2. [See Scamper.] A great rascal. Halliwell. [Used in various dialects in England, and vulgarly used in America. | SEAM/PER, v. i. [L. schampen, to slip aside; Fr. es- camper; It. scampare, to escape, to Save one’s self; scampo, Safety ; campare, to preserve, to fly, to escape ; Sp. escampar, to clear out a place.) To run with speed ; to hasten escape. @ddison. SEAM/PER-ING, ppr. Running with speed; hasten- ing in flight. SEAN, v.t. [Fr. scander; Sp. escander ; It. scandire, scandere, to climb, toscan. The Italian is the L. as- cendo. see BeCEND:| 1. To examine with critical care ; to scrutinize. The actions of men in high stations are all conspicuous, and liable to be scanned and sifted. Atlerbury. according to modern usage, to recite or measure verse by distinguishing the feet in pronunciation. Thus in Latin and Greek, a hexameter verse is re- solved into six feet by scunning, and the true quanti- ties are determined. SEAN/DAL, xn. [Fr. scandale; It. scandalo ; Sp. escan- dalo; L. scandalum; Gr. cxavdaXov; Ir. scannatl, slander. In Greek, this word signifies a stumbling- block, something against which a person lmpinges, or which causes him to fall. In Sax. scande, sconde, signifies shame, confusion, dishonor, infamy; D. schande, id. ; schandaal, reproach, scandal; G. schande, shame} schdnden, to mar, disfigure, spoil, violate ; Dan. skiender, to abuse, defame, &c. ; Sans. schiande or ishianda, scandal. In Arm, scandal is a quarrel. The primary sense of the root must be, to drive, to thrust, or to strike or cast down. 1. Offense given by the faults of another. His lustful orgies he enlarged Even to the hill of scandal. Milton. In this sense we now generally use OFFENSE. ] 9. Reproachful aspersion ; opprobrious censure ; defamatory speech or report; something uttered which is false and injurious to reputation. My known yirtue is from scandal free. 9, To examine a verse by counting the feet; or, Dryden. 3. Shame ; reproach ; disgrace. Such is the per- verted state of the human mind, that some of the most heinous crimes bring little scandal upon the of fender, fie SEAN’DAL, v. t. To treat opprobriously ; to defame ; to asperse ; to traduce; to blacken character. I do fawn on men, and hug them hard, And after scandal them. [Little used.} 9, To scandalize; to offend. [.Vot used.] Bp, Story. Shak. SEAN/DAL-IZ-ED, pp. SEAN/DAL-IZ-ING, ppr. SEAN/DAL-OUS, a. SEAN/DAL-OUS-LY, adv. SEAN/DAL-OUS-NESS, 72. dalizo; Sp. escandalizar; It. daliser. | 1. To offend by some action supposed criminal. | SCA scandalezzare: Fr. xcan- i 1 demand who they are whom we seanialize by using harmless things. “Hooker. 2, To reproach; to disgrice; to defame; as, a scandalizing \ibeler. Aililixon. Offended; defamed; dis- | graced. Giving offense to; dis- || gracing. \} [It. scandaloso ; Sp. escandaloso ; }| Fr. scandaleuz ; Sw. skdndelig. | | 1. Giving offense. | Nothing scandalous or offensive to any. Hooker. | | | | } | 2. Opprobrious; disgraceful to reputation; that brings shame or infamy; as, a scandalous crite or || vice. How perverted must be the mind, that con- | siders seduction or dueling less scandalous than lar- i ceny! | 3. Defamatory. Shamefally ; in a manner to give offense. is discourse at table was scandalously unbecoming the di of his station. Sirf 2, Censoriously ; with a disposition % find fault, as, a critic scandalously nice. ope. | The quality of being scandalous ; the quality of giving offense, »r of being disgraceful. SEAN! DA-LUM MAG-NA' TOM, [L.] In lai, 0 3} defamatory speech or writing made or published to |; the injury of a person of dignity. Encuc. |! SEAN'DENT, a. [L. scandens, scando, to climb. | | Climbing, either with spiral tendrils for its sup it port, or by adhesive fibers, as a stalk ; climbing ; per- | forming the office of a tendril, as a petiole. Smith. Bigelow. SEAN/NED, (skand,) pp. Critically sifted or exam- ined ; resolved into feet in recital. SEAN'NING, ppr. Critically examining ; resolving | into feet, as verse. SEAN‘SION, (-shun,) n. The act of scanning. Percy. SEAN-SO/RES, n. pl. [L. scando, to climb.] An order of birds whose external toe is directed backward like a thumb, by which they are enabled to cling to and climb upon trees. The whole of this order are not actually climbers ; and there are celimb- ing birds that do not belong to this order. The woodpeckers and parrots are an example of this order. SEAN-SO/RLAL, a. Climbing or adapted to climb- ing ; aterm applied to the order of birds called scan- sores. [see Scawnsores. | Swainson. SEANT, v.t. [Dan. skaanet, from skaaner, to spare.] To limit; to straiten; as, to scant one in Provis- ions ; to scant ourselves in the use of necessaries ; to scant a garment in cloth. J am scanted in the pleasure of dwelling on your actions. . ryden. SEANT, v. i. To fail or become less ; as, the wind scants. : SEANT, a. Not full, large, or plentiful; scarcely suf- ficient; rather less than is wanted for the purpose ; as, a scant allowance of provisions or water; a scant pattern of cloth for a garment. A See 2. Sparing; parsimonious ; cautiously affording. (Not in use.) k Be somewhat scanter of your maiden presence. saak. 3. Not entirely favorable for a ship’s course; as, a scant wind ; also, a light wind. Totten. SEANT, adv. Scarcely ; hardly ; not quite. The people — received of the bankers scant twenty shillings for thirty. [Obsolete or vulzar.) Cainden. SEANT’ED, pp. Limited ; straitened. SEANT’LLY, adv. ‘(from scanty.) | Not fully ; not plentifully. The troops were scantily supplied with flour. 2, Sparingly ; niggardly ; as, to speak scantily of one. | Unuswal.] Shak. SEANT/I-NESS, x. Narrowness ; want of space or compass; as, the scantiness of our heroic verse. Driden. 9, Want of amplitude, greatness, or abundance ; limited extent. : Alexander was much troubled at the scantiness of nature itself. South. | 3. Want of fulness; want of sufficiency ; as, the seantiness Of supplies. : SEAN/TLE, v. t. To be deficient ; to fail. Drayton. To divide into thin or small pieces; 8 I! Rae i ee oy Chesterfield. SEANT/LET, n. [See ScantTLrna.] A small pap tern ; a small quantity. [Wot an use. | ale. SEANT’LING, x [Ir echantillon, a pattern ; Sp. es- cantillon; Port. escantilham.] salts i ; uantity cut for a particular pur J. A pattern; a q J Seah a scantling of wit, pose. : 9. A small quantity ; 49, Bocke: fs Driden. 9. The skin of the top of the head cut or torn off. SEAN'DAL-IZE, vz. t. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as 2; 124 [Gr. cxavdaht{w; L. scan- i CH as SH; FH as in THIS, Ove Fee ———= ———$ et 98h iia elo Se mi ee ang eet Se oa ea~~ eS) aS ce - oe Oe a a a = ws Cd ae aa SCA 3. A certain proportion or quantity. Shalt. 4. Timber sawed or cut into pieces of a small size, as for studs , rails, &c. This seems to be allied to the L. scandula, and it is the sense in which I have ever heard it used in the United States. 5. The dimensions of a piece of timber, with re- gard to its breadth and thickness. Brande. SEANT’LING, a. Not plentiful; small. [Vot i use. ] Taylor. SEANT’LY, adv. Scarcely ; hardly. [ Obs.) Camden. 9. Not fully or sufficiently ; narrowly ; penuri- ously ; without amplitude. Dryden. SEANT/NESS, x. [from scant.] Narrowness; small- ness: as, the scantness of our capacities. Glanville. SEANT’Y, a. [from-scant, and having the same sig- nification. ] 1. Narrow ; small; His domi wanting em plinde or extent. Lacke. Pope. ipions were ¥ Now scazuter limits the Poor ; not copious or full; not ample; hardly sufficient; as, a scanty language; a scanty supply of words ; a scanty supply of bread. 3. Sparing ; niggardly ; parsimonious. - a point of difficulty, be not too scanty of words. 7 Watts. In illustrati SCAPE, v. 4 ort. To escape; a contracted word, not now st d, except in poetry, and with a mark of elision [See Escape. SCAPF,n. Anescape, [See Escare.] : Means of escape ; evasion. Donne. . Freak; aberration ; deviation. Shak. 4. Loose act of vice or lewdness. Shak. ! Obsolete wn all its senses ] SEAPE,n. [L. scapus; probably allied to scipio, and the Gr. cxnrzroov, scepter. ] 1. In botany, a radical stem bearing tbe fructifica- tion without leaves, as in the narcissus and hyacinth. Martyn. In architecture, the shaft of a column ; also, the apophyge of a shaft, Gloss. of Archit. SC€APE’-GAL-LOWS, n. One who has narrowly es- caped the gallows for his crimes. SOA PRH!-GOAT, n. [escape and goat.] In the Jewish ritual, a goat which was brought to the door of the tabernacle, where the high priest laid his hands upon him, confessing the sins of the people, and putting them on the head of the goat ; aft sr which the goat was sent into the wilderness, bearing the iniquities of the people. Lev. xvi. S€APE/-GRACE,n. A graceless, hair-brajned fellow Ti U. S€APE’/LESS, a. [from scape.] In botany, destitute of a scape. SEAPE/M ENT, nm The method of communi: the impulse of ‘the wheels to the pendulum of a clock, or balance of a watch. [See Escaremenr.] SEAPH'ISM, [Gr. cxkazrw, to dig or make hol- low.] Among the Persians,a barbarous punishment in- flicted on criminals by confining them in a hollow tree till they died a miserablé death. Ash. SEAPH/ITE, n. [L. scapha. } Fossil remains of a genus of Ceph: ilopods, of a boat- shaped form, allied to the ammonite. ‘Bran nde. SE APH! OID,n. [Gr. oxados,a boat, and etdus.] Re- sembling a boat in form.’ SCAP/O-LITE, nm. [Gr. cxamos, a rod, and diOus, a stone. | A grayish-white mineral, occurring in four or eight- sided prisms, terminated by low pyramids, and in cleavable masses, with a somewhat pearly luster. It sometimes presents pale, bluish, greenis sh, and reddish shades of color. It consists of silica, alu- mina, and lime. It is the Wernerite of Hatiy. Dana. SCAP’PLE, v. t. To reduce a stone to a straight sur- face without working it smooth. Gloss. of Archit. SEAP/U-LA, n. [L.] The shoulder-blade. Coze. SEAP/U-LAR, a. [L. scapularis. | Pertaining to the shoulder, or to the scapula; as, the scapular arteries. Scapular feathers. See ScAPuLar, n. No. 2. SEAP/U-LAR, n. Supra.] In anatomy, the name of two piir of arteries, and as many veins, near the shoulder-blade., Encye. 2. In ornithology, a feather which springs from the suede of the wing, and lies along the side of the back, Brande. SEAP/U-LAR, nm. A part of the habit of certain SEAP/U-LA-RY, religious orders in the Roman Catholic church, consisting of two bands of woolen stuff worn over the gown, of which one crosses the back or shoulders, and the other the stomach. This is worn as a Badge of peculiar veneration for the Virgin Mary. Brande. Be Ane a. The same as Scaruvar, which ating Séa! PUS, nm. [Li] In ornithology, the stem or trunk of a feather. rande. 2. In architecture, a scape, which see. SCAR, zn. [Fr. escarre; Arm, scarr or yscar; It. escara; Gr. exxaoa; Dan. skar; probably from the root of SCA shear, share, to cut, Sax. sciran, scearan, Dan; skaar, a notch, | 1. A mark in the skin or flesh of an anim: il, made by a wound or an ulcer, and remaining after the wound or ulcer is healed. The soldier is proud of his scars. 2. Any mark or injury ; a blemish. The earth had the beanty of youth —and not a wrinkle, scar, or fracture on its boily Burnet. 3. [L. scarus; Gr. peaubes| A fish of the genus Sc anus, commonly called Parrot-FrisuH. Dict. Nat. Hist. SCAR, v. t. To mark with a scar. Shak. SOAR/AB, { n. [L. scarabeus, from Gr. cxKwp; SCAR/A-BEE, { Sdx. scearn, fimus. ] A beetle ; an insect of the genus Scarabeus, whose Wings are cased. [Se e BEETLE. SEAR’A-MOUCH, [Fr. escarmouche; It. scaramuc- cio; Sp. escaramuz a, a Skirmish.] A buffoon in the old comedy so called from the SUES nIng antics which he performec d. Rich. Dict. SEARCH, (it. scarso; D. schaarsch. In Arm. scarz iS slit ae perhaps the word is from the root of shear, to cut. The Spanish equivalent word is escaso, and it is observable that some of our common peo- ple pronounce this word scase. | Not plentiful or abundant; being in small quan- tity in proportion to the demand. We say, water is scarce, Wheat, rye, barley is scarce, money iS scarce, when the quantity is not fully adequate to the de- mand. 2. Being few in number and scattered ; rare; un- whence common, Good horses are scarce. The scarces t of all is 2 Pescennius Niger on a medallion well preserve Addison. SCARCE, ) — = a ) 7+ scantly. SEARCE! LY, § adv. Hardly ; scantly We aren think our miseries our foes. Shak. 2. Hardly ; with difficulty. Slowly he sails, and scarcely stems the tides, Dryden. SECARCE/NESS, ) n. Smallness of quantity, or smaljl- See , s : s€ak/CLTy, ness in proportion to the wants or demands ; deficiency ; defect of plenty ; penury; as, a scarcity of grain; a great scarcity of beauties ; a scarcity of lovely women. Dryden. Praise, like gold and di > liamonds, owes its value to its scarcity. A scarcity of snow would raise a mutiny at Naples. 2. Rareness; infrequency. The value of an advantage is enhanced by its scarceness. Root of scarcity, or Scarcity root; the mangold- wurzel, a variety of the Beta Cycla, or white beet ; G. mangold-wurzel, beet-root, corrupted into mangel- wurzel; Fr. racine de disette, root of Want or scarcity. Ed. Encye, esaar is to separate; in It. n, from L. ez and cor, heart; SCARE, v. ¢ [In W. scorare is to disheart lo fright; to terrify suddenly ; to strike with sud- den terror. The noise of thy cross-bow Will scare the herd, and so my shot is lost. Shak. To scare away; to drive away by frightening. SECARB/EROW, n. [scare and crow.) Any frightful thing set up to frighten crows or other fowls from cornfields ; hence, any thing terrifying without dan- ger; a vain terror. A scarecrow set to frighten fools away. Driden. 2. A provincial name of the sea-fowl called the Buack Tern, Sterna nigra. Edin. Encyc. ‘ED, PP Frightened ; suddenly terrified. SCARE/FIRE, xn A fire breaking out so as to frighten people. [NV a eel Holder. SCARE, n.; pl.Scarrs. [Fr. echarpe; It. ciarpa; Sax, scearf, a fragment or piece; G. scharpe; from the root of shear. |} 1. Something that hangs loose upon the shoulders; as a piece of cloth. Put on your hood and scaz/. Swift. 2. A water-fowl, the cormorant. [Provincial.] Edin. Encye. SCARF, v. To throw loosely on. Shak. 9. ‘l'o dress in a loose vesture. Shak. skarfua; Sp. escarpar. To join; to piece; to unite two pieces of timber at the ends, so that they appear to be one. This is usually done by letting the end of one into the end of the other, sometimes by laying the two ends to- gether and fastening a third piece to both. Totten. Guilt. SCAREF/ED, (skirft,) pp Dressed in a loose vesture. 2. Joined ; pieced. SEARE/ING, ppr. Uniting two pieces of timber at the ends, so as to appear but one. SEARF/ING, x. The joining of two pieces of timber end to end, so that they appear butone. P. Cyc. SEA RE’SKIN, nz. [scarf and skin] Thecuticle; the epidermis ; the outer thin integument of the body. Cheyne. SCAR-LFL€A/TION, 2, [L. scarificatio. See Scariry.] SCARE, v.t. [Sw. In Sur Teri, cisions in the SCA the operation of making several in- skin with a Jancet or other cutting instrument, particularly the cupping instrument. SECAR-L-FIL-€A 'TOR, n. Enciye. An instrument used in cup- ping, containing 10 or 12 Jancets for making a nun- ber of incisions SECAR’LFI-ER, x. scarifies. 9 3% 2 In agriculture, at once. Brande. [from scarfy.] The person who The instrument used for scarifying. an implement for stirring and loose ning the soil, without bringing up a fresh sur- Farm, Encyc. [F'r. scarifier; L. scarifico. Qu. scar, face. SEAR/L-FY, v.t. Gr. soxapu,and L. facto, to make. But the Greek is ckaotpaopat, from cxaoidos, & pointed instrunjent, or a sharp-pointed piece of wood. Yo scratch or cut the skin of an make small incisions by means of a Jancet or cup- ping animal, or to instrument, so as to draw blood from the smaller vessels without opening a large vein. SEAR/LFY-ING, Enciyc. G, ppr. Making small incisions in the skin with an instrument. rough. ] SCAR/ING, ppr. Frightening; suddenly tetrifying. SCA RI-OS E ( fs eS 2 : SEA'RLOU s. { @ [Low L. scariosus, In an 1 sonorous to t-LAT/I-NA latino and scarlatto or SCAR-LA-TY/NA, , scarlet. } botany, tough, thin, and semi-transparent, dry the touch ; as a perianth. Martyn. n, [It. scar- A barbarous Italian term with a Latin termination, employed to designate what is commonly called in English Scarier bey ER, and in nosology Rosara. S€AR-LAT/I-NOUS to the scarlet fever. SECAR'LET, n latto ; Sp. esc fusion of a wou (see SHEAR ;) D. s lagen. Qu. Ch. 1p -—--=— jum ; Ar. ype {Fr. ecarlate ; riata; Ir. , a. Of a scarlet color; pertaining Arm, scarladd; It. scar- scarloid ; W. ysgarlad, the ef- nd, scarlet, from ysgar, to separate ; shakara, to be red.]} charlaken; G. scharlack ; Dan. dD, to color, as a derivative, min- skar- . A beautiful bright-red color, brighter than crim- son. 2. Cloth of a scarlet color. All her household are clothed with scarlet. — Prov. xxxi. SCAR/LET, a. C€ ao ir; as, a SCA R/ mn brile ex )f the color called scar scarlet cloth or thread ; SEA R/LET-BEAN, n —E/VER, xn. A fe Encye. let; of a bright- a scarlet lip. A pant 5 ; a red bean. inthema, called in nosology Ros ALIA, and also ScarvaTina. It is charact red patche face mech anc whole surface, the seventh day, SEAR/LET-OAK, n. coccifera, rized by with an e zap tion of level , first appearing in the fauces and on the fever ; or nearly 1 breasts, and progre in cuticular «€ , attended, about the third day, level, crimson- Ssively on the often confite nt and terminating about exfoliations, A species of oak, the Quercus or kermes oak, producing small insects, the Coccus Ilicis, called kermes, or scarlet grain. the Quercus coccinea of the United More properly, States, SEAR’ M: AGE, SCAR/MOGE; }§ SCARN, 2 Dung. [JVot SEARN’-BE BE, 2 SEARP, n. [Vot tn use. | [Sax. scearn.] in use, or local.) > tA beetle. [ Vot in slope ; Sp. escarpa. | In fortification, the interior slope of the ditch next the place, at the foot of the rampart. SEARP, x. manders wear f batoon sinister, edges of the fis SEARP/ED, (ska fortification. SEAR/RED, (ska SEAR/RING, ppr. SEA’RUS, n are called Parr SEA’/RY, zn. grass upon it. SEAT, n. A shower of showery. SCATCH, x. [F or ornament ; ) peculiar modes of spelling SxrrsirsH. Spenser. Ray. use, or local. | Ray. [Fr. escarpe; It. scarpa, a scarp, a shoe, a See Nscarp.] Brande. In heraldry, the scarf which military com- borne somewhat like a but broader, and continued to the jd. rpt,) a. rd,) pp. oT-FISHES. { Local. | rain; and r. escache. 1 A kind of horsebit for bridles. SEATCH’ES, n. pl. [Fr. echasses.] Encye. Cut down like the scarp ofa Marked with a scar. Marking with a scar. A genus of fishes, the species of which Re Cyc. Barren Jand having only a thin coat of hence, scatty, TOSE. Bailey. Stilts to put the feet in for walking in dirty places. SCATE. See Sx SCAT’/E-BROUS, overflow. | ATE. Abounding with springs. SEATH, 2. t. damage, to stea Li da; Dan. skader. | To damage ; SEATH, n. Dan SCATH/ED, (situtht,) pp. to waste ; to destroy. lage ; injury ; Damaged ; waste ; harm. Bailey. a, [L. scatebra, a spring ; scateo, to Dict. [Sax. scathian, sceathian, to injure, to D, schaaden ; G. schaden ; Sw. ska- Multon. penser. destroyed. OVE, We , BOOK. — OR FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MéSCE SEATH/FUL, a. Injurious; harmful; destructive. Shak. Injuriousness; destructive- I [ness. SCATH’FUL-NESS, x. SECATH'ING, ppr.- Injuring ; destroying. SCATH/LESS, a Without waste or damage. aE Chaucer. SEAT’/TER, v. t. [Sax. scateran, to pour out, to dis- perse ; L. scateo ; Gr. cxedaw, to scatter, to discuss, L. discutio. This word may be formed on the root of discutio. The primary sense is, to drive or throw. } 1. To disperse ; to dissipate ; to separate or remove things to a distance from each other. From thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. —Gen. xi. I will scatter you among the heathen, — Ley. xxvi. 2. To throw loosely about ; to sprinkle ; as, to scat- ter seed in sowing. Teach the glad hours to scatter, as they fly, Soft quiet, gentle love, and endless joy. Prior. 3. ‘Io spread or set thinly. Why should my muse enlarge on Libyan swains, Their scattered cottages, and ample plains ¢ Dryden. SEAT/TER, v. i. To be dispersed or dissipated. The clouds scatter after a storm. 2. To be liberal to the poor; to be charitable. Prov. Xi. SEAT’TER-BRAIN-ED, a. Giddy. Halliwell, ly spread ; sprinkled or thinly spread over. 2. In botany, irregular in position; without any apparent regular order ; as, scattered branches. SEAT’ TER-ED-LY, (skat/turd-le,) adv. Ina dispersed manner; separately. [JVot much used.] Clarke. SEAT’TER-ING, ppr. Dispersing ; spreading thinly ; sprinkling, 2, a. Not united; divided among many ; as, scat- tering votes. SEAT/TER-ING-LY, adv. Loosely; in a dispersed manner, thinly; as, habitations scatteringly placed over the country. SEAT/TER-INGS, n. pl. Things scattered. SEAT’TER-LING, n. A vagabond; one that has no fixed habitation or residence. [ Little used.] SEA-TU/RI-ENT, a. [L. scaturiens.) Springing, as the water of a fountain. [Not used, | SEAT-U-RIG/IN-OUS, a. [L. scaturigo.] { Dict. Abounding with springs. [JVot wsed.] Dict. species of pochard or diving-duck, It is the Fu- Jardine. SCAUP, 2 A found in Europe and North America, liguJa marila of Stephens. SEAV/AGH, n. [Sax. sceawian, to show.] In ancient customs, a toll or duty exacted of mer- chant-strangers by mayors, sheriffs, &c., for goods shown or offered for sale within their precincts. Cowel. SEAV/EN-GER, nr. [Sax. scafan, to scrape, to shave, G. schaben, Sw skafva, Dan. skaver, L. scabio.] A person whose employment is to clean the streets of a city, by scraping or sweeping and carrying off the filth. SCEL/ER-AT, (sel’-,)n. [Fr., from L. sceleratus. ] _A villain ; a criminal. [JVot in use. | Cheyne. SCENE, n. [Fr. id.; L. scena; Gr. oxnvn; Heb. j}>v, to dwell ; Ch. to subside, to settle; Syr. to come or fallon ; Ar, o— sakana, to be firm, stable, quiet, to set or establish, to quiet, or cause to rest. Class Gn, No. 43, 44. The Greek word signifies a tent, SCENE!’-PAINT-ER, n. SCENE/-PAINT-ING, 7. SCEN’ER-Y, n. SCENI€, SCEN/I6-AL, | ° SCEN-O-GRAPH'IE€, a. SEAT’TER-ED, pp- or a. Dispersed ; dissipated ; thin- SCEN-O-GRAPH'I€-AL, SCEN-O-GRAPH’/I€-AL-LY, adv. SCE-NOG/RA-PHY, (se-nog’ra-fe,) 7. hut, or cottage. In L, it is an arbor or stage. The primary sense is, to set or throw down. | J. A stage; the theater or place where dramatic pieces and other shows are exhibited. It does not appear that the ancients changed the scenes in differ- ent parts of the play. Indeed, the original scene for acting was an open plat of ground, shaded or slightly covered. Encie. 2. The whole series of actions and events connect- ed and exhibited ; or the whole assemblage of objects displayed at one view. Thus we say, the execution of a malefactor is a melancholy scene. The crucifix- ion of our Savior was the most solemn scene ever presented to the view of man. We say, also, a scene of sorrow or of rejoicing; a noble scene; a sylvan scene. A charming scene of nature is displayed. Dryden. 3. A part of a play ; a division of an act. A_ play is divided into acts, and acts are divided into scenes. 4. So much of an act of a play as represents what passes between the same persons in the same place. Dryden. 5. The imaginary place in which the action of a play is supposed to occur, The scene was laid in the king’s palace. Brande. 6. Tbe curtain or hanging of a theater adapted to the play- 7. The place where any thing is exhibited. The world is a vast scene of strife. J. M. Mason, 8. An exhibition of strong feeling between two or more persons, usually of a pathetic or passionate kind. [{Recent.] Walter Scott. TUNE, BULL, UNITE. — SCH 9, Any remarkable exhibition. The shepherds, while watching their flocks upon the plains of Bethlehem, were suddenly interrupted by one of the most sublime and surprising scenes which haye ever been exhibited on earth. W. B. Sprague. One who makes it his em- ployment to paint scenes for theaters. NE The act or employment of painting scenes for a theater. Brande. The appearance of a place, or of the various objects presented to view ; or the various ob- jects themselves as seen together. Thus we may say, the scenery of the landscape presented to the view from Mount Holyoke, in Hampshire county, Massa- chusetts, is highly picturesque, and exceeded only by the scenery of Boston and its vicinity, as seen from the State House. Never need an American look beyond his own country for the sublime and beautiful of natural scenery. Irving. 9, The representation of the place in which an ac- tion is performed. Pope. 3. The disposition and consecution of the scenes of a play. Dryden. 4. The paintings representing the scenery of a play. (a, [L. scenicus.] Pertaining to scenery ; dramatic ; theatrical. See ScENoGRAPRY.] Pertaining to scenogra- phy ; drawn in perspective. In perspective. Mortimer. [Gr. oxnvn, SCH guished chemist.] A calcareous ore of tungsten or tungstate of lime, of a white or pale-yellowish color - ames Du ta. SCHE/LLUM, n. : , ? rides, or reprouches in the language of contempt; a scorner. There shall come in the last daya scoffers, walking after their own lusts, and saying, Where is the promise of his com- ing ? —2 Pet. iii. SEOFF/ING, pp. ora. Deriding or mocking; treat- ing with reproachrui language. SEOFPF/ING, n. The act of treating with scorn. Ash. SEOFF/ING-LY, adv. In mockery or contempt; by way of derision. Avistotle applied this hemistich scofingly to the sycophants at Athens. Broome. SEOLD, v. i. [D. schelden; G. schelten; Dan. skielder, to rail, to scold ; Sw. skalla, to sound or ring ; skallra, ° to snap or crack ; skalla, to bark, to scold. It seems to be formed on the root of G. schelle, a bell, a jingle, a box on the ear; sclellen, schallen, to ring; D. schel, schellen, If s is a prefix, this word coincides with call, and Sax. galan, to sing, gyllan, gielan, to yell. a aad To find fault or rail with rude clamor; to brawl; to utter railing, or harsh, rude, boisterous rebuke ; with at; as, to scold ata servant. A scolding tongue. a scolding wife, a scolding husband, a scolding mas- ter, who can endure? Pardon me ; ’tis the first time that ever I’m forced to scold. Shak. SEOLD, »v. t. To chide with rudeness and boisterous clamor; to rate. : ‘ Boswell. — (The transitive use of this word is of recent ori- Arbuthnot. SCIS'/SILE, nz. The clippings of metals in various | SCOLD, x. SEOLD/ING, ppr. ; Brande. OP ae (sizh/un,) n, [Fr., from L. scissio, scindo, | seGLp/ER. n to cut. e see Ree The act of cutting or dividing by an edged instru- ment. Wiseman. [L. scissor, from scindo, | se6LD/ING, n 4 s > 7. Noon uage. \ smaller, consisting of two cutting blades movable SCOLDING LY, adv. With rude clamor or railing 7 1) j 5 pewhaa oe AES Lt “ Sw iwaed ’ s c ¥ ‘ on a pin in the center, by which they are fastened. SEOL/E-CITE, n. 8 | natural orders of plants, which are mostly tropical SEOL/LOP, n. [from Sclavi, a_people of the) sgOL/LOP, v. t. To form or cut with scollops. [See Pertaining to the Sclavi, a people that inhabited SCORED UNTTIA rn 4d thy . A rude, clamorous, foul-mouthed woman. Scolds answer foul-mouthed scolds. Swift. 2. A scolding; a brawl. One that scolds or rails. Railing with clamor; uttering re- buke in rude and boisterous language. 2, a. Given to scolding. The uttering of rude, clamorous | langnage by way of rebuke or railing; railing lan- ; | | [Gr. cewAné, a worm. ] One division of the old species Mesotype, occur- | ring in radiated crystallizations of a white color, or | transparent, and consisting of silica, alumina, and | lime, with 13% per cent. of water. When a small portion of it is placed in the exterior flame of a blow- pipe, it twists like a worm, becomes opaque, and is converted into a blebby, colorless glass, Dana. Phillips. A shell-fish with a pectinated shell. [See Scarvop.] 2. An indenting or cut like those of a scollop shell. 1 ScALLop. [Gr. cxodorevdpa.] J. A venomous serpent. ohnson. 2. A genus of venomous insects of the order Myr- iapoda, destitute of wings. These insects have as many feet on each side as there are segments in the body. The species are usually called Centirxps, P. Cyc. Partington. SE€OM’BER-OID, n. The scomberoids (or mackerel tribe) are a family of fishes, of which the Scomber Is the type. rande. SEOMM, n. [L. scomma; Gr. cxoppa, from oxanTo. See Scorr.] 1. A buffoon. ‘[Vot in use.] 2. A flout; a jeer. [Not in use.] SCONCE, x. [D. schans; G. chanze; D. skands; Sw. skans, a fort or castle, a fortification I? Estrange. 1. A fort or bulwark ; a work for dente [Ore ak. 2. A hanging or projecting candlestick, generally with a mirror to reflect the light. Golden sconces hang upon the walls, 3. The circular tube, with a brim in a candlestick, into which the candle is inserted, that is, the sup- port, the holder of the candle ; and from this sense the candlestick, in the preceding definition, has its name, 4. A fixed seat or shelf. [Zocal.] SCONCE, n. ([D. skidnner, to judge, to discern; skidnsom, judicious. } 1. Sense ; judgment; discretion or understanding This sense has been in vulgar use in New England within my memory. 9. The head ; a low word. Shak. 3. A mulct or fine. (Qu. poll-taz.] SEONCE, v. t. To mulct; to fine. [A low word, and not in use. | SEOOP, n. [D. schop, a scoop, and a shovel; G. schiippe; schupp, a shove; schuppen, to push or shove ; Sw. skujf, a shove; Dan. skuffe, a scoop, a shovel, a box or drawer; D. schuif, schuiven, to shove; Fr. ecope ; Arm. esgop or scop.] 1. A large ladle; a vessel with a long handle fastened to a dish, used for dipping liquors ; also, a little hollow piece of wood for bailing boats. 2. An instrument of surgery. Sharp. 3. A sweep; a stroke ; a swoop. Shak. SEOOP, v.t. To lade out; properly, to take out with a scoop, or with a sweeping motion. He scooped the water from the crystal flood. 2, 'To empty by lading ; as, he scooped it dry. Addison. 3. To make hollow, as a scoop or dish; to ex- cavate; as, the Indians scoop the trunk of a tree Into a canoe. Those carbuncles the Indians will scoop, so as to hold above a pint. Arbuthnot. 4. To remove, so as to leave a place hollow. A spectator would think this circular mount had been actually scooped out of that hollow space, Spectator. SEOOP/ED, (skoopt,) pp Taken out as with a scoop or ladle; hollowed ; excavated; removed so as to Jeave a hollow. Dryden. Warton. Dryden. SEOOP’ER, n. One that scoops; also, a water-fowl. SEOOPIING, ppr. Lading out; making hollow ; ex cavating ; removing so as to leave a hollow. SEOOP/-NBET, n. A hand-net, so formed as to sweep the bottom of a river. SCOPE, n. [L. scopus ; Gr. oxorros, from TROTTED), to see or view; Heb. pw, to see, to behold ; Ch. to drive or strike. Class Gb, No. 85. The primary sense is, to stretch or extend, to reach; properly, the whole extent, space, or reach, hence the whole space viewed, and hence the limit or ultiniate end.] 1, Space ; room; amplitude of intellectual view 5 as, a free scope for inquiry ; full scope for the fancy gin, at least within my knowledge. } or imagination ; ample scope for genius. <= GSS ty rar iin mann cee ee AE SOLE AA ce Pree aa S . a por a —reeenllrens a ia——— Sco The limit of intellectual view ; to Shieh the mind directs its view ; that which is purposed to be reached or accomplished ; hence, ul- timate design, aim, or purpose; intention ; drift. It expresses both the purpose and thing purposed. Your scope is as mino own, So to enforce and qualify the laws, As to your soul seems good. Shak, The scope of all their pleading against man ’s authority, is to overthrow such Jaws and constitutions of the church. the end or thing Hooker. 3. Liberty ; freedom from restraint ; room to move in. Hooker. 4, Liberty beyond just Jimits ; license. Give him line and scope. Shak. 5. Act of riot; sally; excess. [Obs.] Shak. 6. Extended quantity ; as, a scope of land. [Obs.] avies. sweep; as, scope of cable. Mar. Language. S€O’PLFORM, a. [L. scopa,a broom, and form.] Having the form of a broom or besom. 7. Length; extent ; Zeolite, stelliform or scopiform. Kirwan. S€0O/PI-PED, [L. scope, a broom, and pes, a foot.] One of a tribe of melliferous insects, which have a brush of hairs on the posterior feet. SEOP/PET, v.t. Tolade out. [Vot in use.] SCOP/TIE, [| Bp. Hall. SEOP’TIELA ak a, [Gr. cxomrixos.] Scoffing. at Not in use.] Hammond. SEOP/U-LOUS, a. [L. scopulosus.] Full of rocks; rocky. [JVot in use.] Dict. SCOR/BUTE, n. [L. scorbutus.] Scurvy. [Jot i use.] Purchas. SEOR-BU’'TIE, ja. ([Fr. scorbutique, from L. SEOR-BU'TIC-AL, scorbutus, the scurvy. See Scurr, Scurvy.] Affected or diseased with scurvy; as, a butic person. 2. Pertaining to scurvy, or partaking of its nature ; as, scorbutic complaints or symptoms. 3. Subject to scurvy ; as, a scorbutic habit. SEOR-BU/TIC-AL-LY, adv. With the scurvy, or with a tendency to it; as, a woman scorbutically affected. Wiseman. SEORCE. See Scorse. SCORCH, v. t. [D. schroeijen, schrooken, to scorch. If this is the s same word, there has been a transposition of the vowel. The Saxon has scorcned, the participle. But it is probable the Dutch is the true orthography, and the word is to be referred to the Ch. Jn, Ar. “- = oO haraka or age * to burn, singe, or roast. Class Reg, No. 33, 3 1. To burn supe Sa ially ; to subject to a degree of heat that changes the color of a thing, or both the color and texture of the surface. Fire will scorch linen or cotton very speedily in extremely cold weather. SCOT- 9. To burn; to affect painfully with heat. Scorched with the burning sun or burning sands of Africa. SEORCH, v.i. To be burnt on the surface; to be parched ; to be dried up. Scatter a little prevent the roots SCORCH’/ED, (skorcht,) pp. pained by heat. SCORCH’ING, ppr. or a. paining by heat. SECORCH/ING-FEN/NEL, n. A plant of the genus Thapsia; deadly carrot, Lee. SEORCH/ING-LY, adv. So as to parch or burn the surface. SCORC H/ ING-NESS,2 The quality of scorching. SEOR/DI-UM, 7. [L.] A plant, the water-german- der, a species of Teucrium. Encyc. SEORE, n. [Ir. scor, a notch; sgoram, to cut in pieces; Sax. scor, a score, twenty; Ice. skora, from pie root of shear, share, shire.) A notch or inc ision ; ; hence, the number twenty. Oh ancestors, before the knowledge of writing, numbered and ke spt accounts of numbers by cutting notches on a stick or tally, and making one notch the representative of twenty, A simple mark answered the same purpose. 2. A line drawn. 3. An account or reckoning ; as, he paid his score. muney straw and fern among your seedlings, to s from scorching. Mortimer Burnt on the surface ; Burning on the surface ; Shak. 4. An account kept of something past ; an epoch; an era, Tillotson. 5. Debt, or account of debt. Shak. 6. Account; reason; motive, But left the trade, as many more Have lately done on the same score. Hudibras, 7. Account; sake. You act your kindness on Cydaria’s score, Dryden, 8. In music, the original and entire draught of any composition, or its transcript. ushy, To quit scores; to pay fully ; to make even by giv- SCO A song tr score; the words with the musical notes of a song annexed. Johnson. SCORE, v.t. To notch; to cut and chip for the pur- pose of preparing for hewing ; as, to score timber. 2. To cut, to engrave. Spenser. 3. To mark by a line. Sandys. 4. To set down as a debt. Madam, I know when, Instead of five, you scored me ten. Swift. 5. To set down or take as an account; to charge ; as, to score follies. Dryden. 6. To form a score in music. Busby. S€OR/ED, (skord,) pp. or a. set down; | marked ; prepared for hewing. In botany, a scored stem is marked with parallel lines or grooves. Martyn. SEO/RLA, n.; pl. Sconiz. [L., from the Gr. cxwpca, gxwp, rejected matter, that which is thrown off. Class Gr.] 1. Dross; the recrement of metals in fusion, or the slag rejected after the reduction of metallic ores. Newton. Encye. The cellulJar, slaggy lavas of a volcano. Dana. S€O-RI-A/CEOUS, a. Pertaining to dross; like dross or the recrement of metals; partaking of the nature of scoria. S€O-RI-FL€A/TION, x. Notched ; In metallurgy, the act or operation of reducing a body, either wholly or in part, into scoria. Encyc. BORE FI-ED, pp. or a. Reduced to scoria. S€O/RE-FOR M, a. [L. scoria and form.]} Take scoria ; in the form of dross. Kirwan. S€O’RI-FY, v.t. To reduce to scoria or drossy mat- ter. SC€O/RL-FY-ING, ppr. Reducing to scoria. SEGR/ING, ppr. Notching; marking; setting down as an account or debt; forming a score. SEO'RLOUS, a. Drossy ; cindery ; recrementitious. Brown. [Sp. escarnio, scorn ; escarnecer, to mock ; arnecer; It. scherno, schernire; W. SCORN, n Port. escarneo, es YSLOTN, YS Torn Lan. 1. Extreme contempt ; that disdain which springs from a person’s opinion of the meanness of an ob- ject, and a consciousness or belief of his own supe- riority or worth. He thought scorn to lay hands on Mordec Every sullen frown and bitter EeOTas But finned the fuel that too fast did burn. Dryden. 2. A subject of extreme aie disdain, or de- rision ; that which is treated with contempt. ai alone. — Esth. iii. Thou mukest vs a reproach to our neighbors, a scorn and a de- rision to them that ure around us, — Ps. xliv. [ Obs.] Sidney. 0 lauch to scorn; to deride; to make a mock of ; to ridicule as contemptible. To think scorn; to disdain ; to despise. They laughed us to scorn. — Neh. ii. SCORN, v. t. To hold in extreme contempt ; Spise ; to contemn; to disdain. Job xvi. Surely he scorneth giveth grace to the lowly. — Proy. iii. to de- the scorner; but he 2. To think unworthy ; to disdain. Fame, that delights around the world to stray, Scorns not to take our Argos i her way. Pope. 3. To slight ; to disregard ; to neglect. This my long sufferance and my day of grace, Those who neglect and scorn, shall never taste. Milton. SEORN, v.27. To scorn at; to scoff at; to treat with contumely, derision, or reproach. [ Obs.] Shak. SEORN’ED, (skornd,) pp. Extremely contemned or despised ; disdained. SECORN’ER, n. One that scorns ; despiser. They are great scorners of death. 2, A scoffer; a derider; in Scripture, one who scoffs at religion, its ordinances, and teachers, and who makes a mock of sin and the judgments and threatenings of God against sinners. Prov. i. xix. SEORN/FUL, a. Contemptuous; disdainful ; enter- taining scorn ; insolent. Th’ enamored deity a contemner ; a Spenser. The scornful damsel shuns. Dryden, 2. Acting in defiance or disregard. Scornful of winter’s frost and summer’s sun. Prior. 3. In Scripture, holding religion in contempt; treating with disdain religion and the dispensations of God SCORN’ FUL- LY, adv. With extreme contempt; contemptuously. ; insolently. The sacred rights of the Christian church are scornfully tram- pled on in print, Allerbury, FeOEN FUL-NESS, x. The quality of being scorn- seo RN/ING, Ppr. spising ; disd: uining. SCORN/ING, n. The act of contemning; a treating with contempt, slight, or disdain. How long will the ecorners delight in their scorning ?— Prov. i. Holding in great contempt; de- SEOR/O-DITE, 7. SEOR/PI- O, n. SEOR/PI- ON, (ders, [Gr. cxopudov, garlic; from its | smel] under the blowpipe. ] A native compound of arsenic acid and oxyd of | iron, having a leek-green or brownish color. Dana. [L.] The scorpion. from L. scorpio ; Gr. cxopmtos; The Ara- | probably alte rae from the Oriental apy. Signifies to bie verb to which this word belongs, wound, to strike, &c.| 1. The popular English name of any species of scorpio, which is a genus of pedipalpous, pulmonary arachnide. Scorpions have an elongated body, sud- denly terminated by a long, slender tail, forme d of six joints, the last of which terminates in an arcuated and very acute sting, which effuses a venomous li- | quid. This sting gives rise to excruciating pain, but | is unattended either with redness or sw Felling, ex- cept in the axillary or inguinal glands, when an extremity is affected. It is very seldoin, structive of life. Scorpions are found In the south of Europe, in Africa, in the East Indies, and in South America. The number of species is not accu- rately determined. 2. In Scripture, a painful scourge; a kind of whip armed with points like a scorpion’s tai). 1 Kings xii. Malicious and crafty men, who delight in injuring others, are compared to scorpions. Ezek. ii. 3. In astronomy, the eighth sign of the zodiac, which the sun enters about Oct..23. 4. A sea-fish. [L. scorpius.] PION. | Water-scorpion; an aquatic insect. Scorpion. ] S€OR/PI-ON-FLY, 7. A neuropterous insect of the genus Panorpa, Linn., having a tail which resembles that of a scorpion. SEOR/PI-ON-GRASS, x. A name given to certain annual and perennix 1 plants of the genus Myosotis, one of which is commonly called ForGET-mME-NoT. Loudon. SEOR’PI-ON’S-TAIL, x. A plant of the genus Scor- piurus, with traili ing, herbaceous stalks, and pro- ducing a pod resembling a caterpillar, whence it is called caterpillars. Partington. S€OR/PI-ON-SEN’NA, nm. A shrub of the genus Cor- onilla. [See Sra-Scor- Ainsworth. [See Warer- SORE ON’S-THORN, n. A plant of the genus Seon! PI-ON- WORT, (-wurt,) n A plant, the Or- nithopus scorpioides. Parr. SEORSE, n. [It. scorsa, a course; L. ex and cursus.] A course or dealing ; barter. [ Obs.] Spenser. SEORSE, v. t. Tochase. [Obs.] Spenser. 2. To barter or exchange. [ Obs.] Spenser. SEORSE, v.i. To deal for the purchase of a horse. [ Obs.) ] B. Jonson. SEOR! TA-TO- REY: [L. scortator, from scortor.] Pertaining to or consisting in lewdness. SCEOR’ZA, (Qu. It. scorza, bark; L. ex and cortez.] In mincralosy, a Variety of epidote, Ure. SEOT,n. [Sax. sceat, a party,portion, angle, or bay, a garment or vest, a towel, cloth, or sheet; sceat, sceata, scealt, Money, tax, tribute, toll, price, gift; sceta, scyta, a sheet, This is the English shot, ‘in the phrase, he paid his shot; and scot, in scot and lot. Ice. skot, D. schot, a wainscot, shot, scot; schoot,a sheet, a shoot, a shot, a sprig, a bolt, the Jap, the womb; G. schoss, scot, a shoot, and schodss, lap, womb ; Sw. skatt, tax, tribute, rent, Eng. scot; Dan. skot, skat, id. ; skidd, the |: ap, the basom, the waist of a coat ; Fr. eécot, shot, réckoning, It. scotto, Sp. escote, shot, reckoning, a tucker, or smal] piece of linen that shades a woman’s breast, also the sloping of a garment ; escota, asheet, in seamen’s language ; Port. escota; escote, shot, club. ‘This word coincides in el- ements with shade, scud, shoot, shed, and sheet, all of which convey the sense of drivi ing, or of separating, cutting off. } In law and English history, a portion of money as- sessed or paid; a customary lax or contribution laid on subjects according to their ability ; also, a tax or custom paid for the use of a sheriff or bailiff. Hence our modern shot; as, to pay one’s shot. Scot and lot; parish payments. When persons were taxed not to the same amount, but according to their ability, they were said to pay scot and Lot. Enejc. P. Cyc. SCOT, [Sax. scotta, scotte; W. ysgotiad, a wocds- man, a Sah from ysgawd, a shade ; -ysgodt, to shade, to shelte Tr E ng. shade, which see. This w ‘ord signi- fies, according to the Welsh, an inhabitant of the woods, and from the same root probably as Scythian, Scythia. ] A native of Scotland or North Britain. SEOT/AL, )n. [scot.and ale.] In law, the keeping SCOT’A LE, { of analehouse by the officer of a for- est, and drawing people to spend their money for liquor, for fear of his displeasure. SEOTCH, a. Pertaining to Scotland or its inhabitants. [See SO SCOTCH, [Arm. scoaz, the shoulder, whence SCOT, scoanja, to shoulder up, to prop, to sup- port ; W. ysgwyz, a shoulder; ysgwyzaw, toshoulder, ing an equivalent. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, S. CXxiil. which is said to be from cwzz, a fall.] BOOK. — FTO if ever, de- |SCO SCO SCR To support, as a wheel, by placing some obstacle to prevent its rolling. Our wagoners and cartmen scotch or scot the wheels of their wagons and carts, when, in ascending a hill, they stop to give their team rest, or for other purpose. [Scotch is local in Eng- land; both words are sometimes used in America. ] SEOTCH, v. t [Qu. Arm. sgetgea, or Sax. sceadan. This can not be from Fr. ecorcher, to flay or peel; ecorce, bark. ] To cut with shallow incisions. slightly. We have scotfched the snake, not killed it. Shak, SEOTCH, n. A slight cut or shallow incision ; a line @ drawn on the ground, as in hop-scotch. Shak. Hence, to wound Walton. SCOTCH’-€OL/LOPS, jn. pl. Veal SE€O0TCH’ED-€OL'LOPS, (skotcht’-,) } cut into small 1eces, SCOTCH’ED, (skotcht,) pp Cut with shallow incis- ions. 2. Supported, as a wheel. SEOTCH’-FID’/DLE, n. A cant name for the itch. Gross. W. Scott. SEOTCH’-HOP’PER, 2. A play in which boys hop over scotches or lines in the ground ; hop-scotch. Locke. SEOTCH/ING, ppr. Cutting with shallow incisions. 2. Supporting, asa wheel. [See the verb.] SE€0/TER, n. The black diver or duck, a marine fowl of the genus Oidemia of Fleming. P. Cyc. SCOT’FREE, a Free from payment or scot; un- taxed. 2. Unhurt ; clear; safe. S€0’TI-A, (sko/she-a,) n. [Gr. cxorcta, darkness. ] In architecture, a hollow molding in the base of a column between the fillets of the tori. Gwilt. SEO/TIST, x. [from Duns Scotus, a Scottish-corde- lier. ble of the followers of Scotus, a sect of school divines, who maintained the immaculate conception of the Virgin, or that she was born without original sin; in opposition to the Thomists, or followers of Thomas Aquinas. SEOT-O-DIN/I-A, n. [Gr. cxorodivia, from cxoros, darkness, and divos, giddiness. ] In medicine, giddiness with imperfect vision. Brande. okoros, darkness, and S€OT/O-GRAPH, xn. ([Gr. ypape!, to write. | , An instrument for writing in the dark, or without seeing. S€OT/O-MY, 2. to darken. } Dizziness or swimming of the head, with dimness of sizlit. S601” TER-ING, n. A provincial word in Hereford- shire, England, denoting the burning of a wad of pease straw at the end of harvest. (Gr. cxorwpa, Vertigo, from cxor0w, Bailey. Johnson. SEOT’TI-CISM, nm. An idiom or peculiar expression of the natives of Scotland. Beattie. SEOT’TISH,a. Pertaining to the inhabitants of Scot- land, or to their country or language; as, Scottish industry or economy ; a Scottish chief; the Scottish dialect. SCEOUN’DREL, zn. [Said to be from It. scondaruole, a lurker, one that skulks from the roll or muster, from L. abscondo. The Italian signifies properly the play hoodman-blind, or fox in the hole.) A mean, worthless fellow ; a rascal ; a low, petty villain ; a man without honor or virtue. Go, if your ancient but ignoble blood Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood. SEOUN/DREL, a. Low; base; mean; unprincipled. SEOUN’DREL-ISM, 7. Baseness ; turpitude ; rascal- ity. Cotarave. SEOUR, v. t. [Goth. skauron, to scour; Sax. scur, a scouring; D. schwuiren; G. schewern; Dan. skuzer ; Sw. skura; Arm. scarhein, scurhein or scurya; Fr. ecurer, to scour; Sp. escurar. See the roots 1 and yu2. Class Gr, No. 5, 8.] 1, To rub hard with something rough, for the pur- pose of cleaning; as, to scoura Kettle; to scour a musket ; to scour armor. 9. To clean by friction ; to make clean or bright. 3. To cleanse from grease, dirt, &c., as articles of dress ; to restore. 4, To purge violently. 5. To remove by scouring. Never came reformation in a flood With such a heady current, scouring faults. Shak. 6. To range or search for the purpose of taking ; as, to scour the sea for pirates. 7. To pass swiftly over; to brush along; as, to scour the coast. Milton. Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain. Pope. SEOUR, v.i. To perform the business of cleaning vessels by rubbing. Shak. 2, To clean. Warm water is softer than cold, for it scoureth better. Bacon. Pope. 4. To rove or range for sweeping or taking some- | SCOWL’ED, pp. SEOWLIING, ppr. or a. thing. Barbarossa, thus scouring along the coast of Italy. 5. To run with celerity ; to scamper. So four fierce coursers, starting to the race, ; Scour through the pliin, and lengthen every pace. Dryden. SEOUR/ED, pp. Rubbed with something rough, or made clean by rubbing; cleansed from grease, dirt, &c. ; severely purged; brushed along. SEOUR/ER,n. One that scours or cleans by rubbing ; one who cleanses clothes from grease, dirt, &c. 2. A drastic cathartic. 3. One that runs with speed. SEOURGE, (skurj,) n. [Fr. escourgée; It. scoreggia, a leather thong; from L. corrigia, from corrigo, to straighten. 1. A whip; alash consisting of a strap or cord ; an instrument of punishment or discipline. A scourge of small cords. — John ii. 2. A punishment ; vindictive afiliction. Famine and plague are sent as scourges for amendment. —2 Saras,. 3. He or that which greatly afflicts, harasses, or destroys; particularly, any continued evil or calam- ity. Attila was called the scourge of God, for the miseries he inflicted in his conquests. Slavery is a terrible scourge. 4. A whip for a top. SEOURGE, (skurj,) v. t. [It. scoreggiare.] 1. T'o whip severely ; to lash. Is it lawful for you to scourge a man that is a Roman? —Acts XX. 2. To punish with severity ; to chastise; to afflict for sins or faults, and with the purpose of correction. He will scourze us for our iniquities, and will have mercy again. > > Tr P. ool Knolles. Locke. Whom the Lord Joveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. — Heb. xii. 3. To afilict greatly ; to harass, torment, or injure. SEOURG/ED, (skurjd,) pp. Whipped; lashed; pun- ished severely ; harassed. SEOURG/ER, (skurj/er,) 7. One that scourges or pun- ishes ; one that afflicts severely. SEOURG/ING, ppr. Whipping; lashing with severi- ty ; punishing or afflicting severely. SEOUR/ING, ppr. Rubbing hard with something rough; cleaning by rubbing; cleansing from grease, dirt, &c.; cleansing with a drastic cathartic ; rang- ing over for clearing. SEOUR/ING, xn. A rubbing hard for cleaning; a cleansing from grease, dirt, &¢.; a cleansing by a drastic purge ; looseness; flux. Bacon. SEOURSE. See Scorse. SEOUT, n. [Fr. ecout; ecouter, to hear, to listen ; Norm. escoult, a hearing ; It. scolta, a watch ; scoltare, to listen ; L. awsculto; Gr. ovs, the ear, and L. culto, colo, | 1. In military affairs, a person sent before an army, or to a distance, for the purpose of observing the mo- tions of an enemy or discovering any danger, and giving notice to the commanding officer. Horsemen are generally eniployed as scouts. Encie- 2. Acant term at Oxford for a college servant or waiter. Ozford Guide. 3. Ahigh rock. [Not in use.] SEOUT, v.i. To go on the business of watching the motions of an enemy ; to act as a scout, With obscure wing Scout far and wide into the realm of night. Milton. SEOUT, v.t. [Perhaps Sw. skiuta, to shoot, to thrust, that is, to reject. ] To sneer at ; to treat with disdain and contempt. This word is in good use in America. | SEOUT’ED, pp. Sneered at; treated with contempt. SCOUT/ING, ppr. Treating with contempt, SEOV/EL, (skuv!l,) 2. [W. ysgubell, from ysguo, a broom, L. scopa.] A mop for sweeping ovens ; a maulkin. Ainsworth. Bailey. SEOW, n. [D. schoww; Dan. skude; Sw. skuta.] A large, flat-bottomed boat, used as a_ferry-boat, or for louding and unloading vessels. [4 word in good use in New England. | SEOW, v.t. To transport in a scow. SEOW!ED, (skowd,) pp. Transported in a scow. SEOWL, v. i. [Sax. seul, in scul-eaged, scowl-eyed ; probably from the root of G. schel, schiel, D. scheel, distorted ; schielen, Dan. skieler, to squint; Gr. cKo- we. to twist. See Class Gl, No. 59.] 1. To wrinkle the brows, as in frowning or dis- pleasure ; to puton a frowning look; to look sour, sullen, severe, or angry. She scowled and frowned with froward countenance, Spenser. 2, To look gloomy, frowning, dark, or tempes- tuous ; as, the scowling heavens. _ Thomson. SEOWL, v. t. To drive with a scowl or frowns. Milton. SEOWL, xz. The wrinkling of the brows in frown- ing; the expression of displeasure, sullenness, or discontent in the countenance. 2, Gloom; dark or rude aspect ; as of the heavens. Crashaw. 3. To be purged to excess. Bacon. Mortimer. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH SEOWL/ING-LY, adv. SERAB/BLE, (skrab/bl,) v. 2. SERAB'BLE, v. t. SERAB/BLE, zn. SERAB/BLING, ppr. SERAF/FLE, v. 2. SERAG, zn. gar. SECRAG/GED, ) a. SERAG/GY, 4 SERAG/GED-NESS,) nm. Leanness, oF SERAG/GI-NESS, SERAG/GL-LY, adv. SERAM’BLE, v. i. Frowned at. \ Contracting the brows inte wrinkles ; frowning ; expressing displeasure or sul Jenness. ( With a wrinkled, frowning aspect ; with a sullen look. [D. krabbelen, to scrape to scribble; krabben, to scrape; G. krabbeln, graben This word belongs to the root of scrape, L. scribo, Eng. wrave, engrave, &c. See Scrare.| 1. To scrape, paw, or scratch with the hands ; te move along on the hands and knees by clawing with the hands; to scramble ; as, to scrabble up a cliff on atree. [A word in common, popular use in New Eng- land, but not elegant. ] 9. To make irregular or crooked marks; as, chil- dren scrabble when they begin to write; hence, to make irregular and unmeaning marks , to scribble. David — scrabbled on the doors of the gate. —I Sam. xxi. To mark with irregular lines or }} as, to scrabble paper. A motion on the hands or knees; Holloway. Scraping; scratching; scram- bling ; making irregular marks. i. To scramble; to be industrious. [ Obs. Brockett. 2. To shuffle; to use evasion. [Obds.] Grose. (This word is formed from the root of rag, crag, GY. puxta, paxts, rack. Class Rg.] Something thin or lean with roughness. A raw- boned person is called a scrag; but the word is vul- letters : a scramble. | Supra.] Rough with irregular points, or a broken surface; as, a scraggy hill; a seragged back-bone. Bentley. 2. Lean with roughness. Arbuthnot. leanness With roughness; rugged- ness; roughness occasioned by broken, irregular points. With leanness and roughness. [D. schrammen, to scratch, It is not improbable that this word is corrupted from the root of scrape, scrabble.| 1. To move or climb by seizing objects with the hand, and drawing the body forward ; as, to scram- ble up a cliff. 2. To seize or catch eagerly at any thing that is de- sired ; to catch with haste preventive of another; to catch at without ceremony. Man originaliy was obliged to scramble with wild beasts for nuts and acorns. Of other care they little reckoning make, Than how to scramble at the shearer’s feast. SERAM/BLE, n. An eager contest for something, in which one endeavors to get the thing before an- other. The scarcity of money enhances the price and increases the scramble. acke. 9. The act of climbing by the help of the hands. SERAM’BLER, nr. One who scrambles; one who climbs by the help of the hands. . SERAM’BLING, ppr. Climbing by the help of the hands. 9. Catching at eagerly and without ceremony. SERAM’BLING, nz. The act of climbing by the help of the hands. 9, The act of seizing or catching at with eager haste and without ceremony. SERAM’BLING-LY, adv. By seizing or catching at eagerly. SERANCH, v. t. [D. schranssen ; from cranch, craunch, by prefixing s.] : T'o grind with the teeth, and with a crackling sound; tocraunch. [This is in vulgar use in Amer- Milton. icd. SERAN/NEL, a. [Qu. broken, split; from the root of cranny.) Slight; poor. Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw. {Not in use.} SERAP, n. [from scrape.] A small piece ; properly, something scraped off, but used for any thing cut off; a fragment; a crumb; as, scraps of meat. Shak. 2. A part; a detached piece; as, scraps of history Milton. or poetry ; scraps of antiquity ; scraps of authors. Locke. Pope. 3. A small piece of paper. Pope. [If used for se7ipt, it is improper. ] SERAP/-BOOK, x. A blank book for the preserva tion of short pieces of poetry or other extracts from books and papers. SERAPE, v. t. [Sax. screopan; D. schraapen, schrab ben; G. schrapen; Sw. scrapa; Dan. shravers Ir scriobam, sgrabam; Russ. skrebu and ggrebiyis a scribo, Gr. ypadw, to write; W. ysgravu, to scrape, from cravu, to scrape, from crav, Claws. Owen. Bat probably from the general root of grave. In ¢ h. and Syr. 27> signifies to plow ; in Ar, to strain, distress, gripe. See GRAVE. : : 1. To rub the surface of any thing with a sharp or |} rough instrument, or with something hard; as, to | = ey om | as SH; FH as in THIS. | ee eeead 991 x x Sp eninwen «Ie eo — pet? neFAY ATI rea i SCR SCR SCR al scrape the floor; to scrape a vessel for cleaning it; to Scraie the earth ; to scrape the body. Job ii. 2. To clean by scraping. Lev. xiv. 3. Tio remove or take off by rubbing. I will also scrape her dust from her, and make her like the top of a rock. — Ezek. xxvi. 4. To act upon the surface with a grating noise. The chiming c ocks to dinner call; A hundred footsteps scrape the mi arble hall. 5. To insult by drawing the feet over the floor. [ Used in the English universities. ] [ Grose. pe scrape off; to remove by scraping; to clear ray by rubbing. Th scrape together ; to gather by close industry or small gains or Savings; as, to scrape together a good estate. ee APE, v. t To make a harsh noise. To DI ay awkwardly on a violin. rs To make an awkward bow. T» scrape acgudintance; to make one’s self ac- quainted ; to curry favor. [A low phrase intro- duced from the practice of scraping in bowing. ] SERAPE, ». [Dan. scrab; Sw. skrap.] ]. A rubbing. 2. The sound of the foot drawn over the floor. 3. A bow. 4. Difficulty; perplexity ; harasses. [A low word.] SERAP’ED, (skrapt,) pp. a sharp or rough instrument ; cleared aw ay by scraping. SERAP/ER, ‘An instrument with which any thing is scr iped ; ; ae a scraper for shoes. 2, An instrument drawn by oxen or horses, and used for scraping earth in making or repairing roads, digging cellars, canals, &c. 3. An instrument hav ing two or three sharp sides ar edges, for cleaning the planks, masts, or decks of a ship, Ke. 4. A miser; one who gathers property by penuri- ous diligence and small savings; a scrape-penny. 5. An awkward fiddler. SERAP/ING, ppr. Rubbing the surface with some- thing sharp or hard; cleaning by a scraper ; remov- ing by rubbing; playing awkwardly on a violin. SERAP’ING, n. That which is separated from a sub- stance, or Is collected by scraping, raking, or rub- bing’; as, the scrapings of the street. A drawi ing of the feet over the floor, as an in- ait to some one. OSC. Used in the English universities. ] SERAT, >. t. [Formed on the root of L. rado.] To scratch. [JVot in use.] Burton. SERAT,v.7 Torake; tosearch. [Vot in use.] SERAT, 2. A hermaphrodite. [Wot i use.] Skinner. SERATCH, v. t. &. Kkratzen, ritzen, kritzeln; D. kratsen; Sw. kratsa; Dan. kradser; probably from the root of grate,and L.rado. See Class Rd, No. 46, 49, 56, 58, 59.] 1. To rub and tear the surface of any thing with something sharp or ragged ; as, to scratch the cheeks with the nails; to scratch the earth with a rake; to scratch the hands or face by riding or running among briers. A sort of small sand-colored stones, so hard as to scratch glass. Pope. distress; that which T. B. Macaulay. Rubbed on the surface with cleaned by rubbing; ‘ Tew, 2, To wound slightly. 3. To rub with the nails. Be mindful, when invention fails, To scratch your head and bite your nails, Swift. 4. To write or draw awkwardly ; as, to scratch out apamphlet. ([JVot in use. | Swift. 5. T'o dig or excavate with the claws. Some ani- mals scratch holes in which they burrow, To scratch out; to erase ; to rub out ; to obliterate. SERATCH, v.i. To use the claws in tearing the sur- face. The gallinaceous hen scratches for her chick- ens. Dull, tame things, that will neither bite nor scratch. More. SERATCH,n. ‘A break in the surface of a thing made by scratching, or by rubbing with any thing pointed or ragged ; as, a scratch on timberor glass. The coarse file — makes deep scratches in the work. Mozon. These nails with scratches shall deform iny breast. Prior. 2, A slight wound. Heaven forbid a shallow scratch should drive The Prince of Wales trom such a field as this. Shak. 3. A kind of wig worn for covering baldness or pray hairs, or for other purpose. Smollett. 4, Among boxers, a line across the prize ring, up to which boxers are brought when they join fight. [ Low. | Grose. 5. Scratches are a disease in horses consisting of dry chaps, rifts, or scabs, between the heel and pastern joint. Buchanan. SER. A TCH/ED, (skratcht,) pp. ‘Torn by the rubbing of something rough or pointed. SERATCH/ER, n. He or that which scratches. 2, A bird which scratches for food, as the common hen and cock. SECRATCH/ES, n. pl. Cracked ulcers on a horse’s foot, just above the hoof. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE | SCREECH’-OWL, 2. SERATCH‘ING, ppr. Rubbing with something pointed or rough; rubbing and tearing the surface. SERATCH/ING-LY, adv. With the action of scratch- ing. Sidney. SERAW, n. [Irish and Erse.] Surface; cut turf. [Wot in wse.] Swift. SCRAWL, v. [Qu. from craivl, or its root, or from thle D. schravelen, to stratch or scrape. Both may be from one root. } To draw or mark awkwardly and irregularly. 2. To write awkwardly. Swift. SERAWL,v.i. To write unskillfully and inelegantly. Though with a golden pen you scraul. Swift. 2. To creep; tocrawl. [This is from cravl, but I know not that it is in use.] Ainsworth. SERAWL, x. Unskillful or inelegant writing; or a piece of hasty, bad writing. Pope. 2. In New Eneland, a ri igged, broken branch of a tree, or other brush-wood ; brush. SERAWL/ED, pp. Written unskillfully. SERAWL/E R, n. One whoscrawls; a hasty or ward writer. SERAWLI/ING, ppr. or a. gantly. SERAW/NY, a. Meager; wasted. [This word is used colloqui: uly in America, and is, undo ubtedly, the same as Scranny, which Halliwe 1] mentions as be- ing used in various dialects in England. } SERAY,n. Abird, called the Sea Swattow or Tern, (Sterna Hirundo.) SERE/A-BLE, a. [L. screabilis, from screo, to spit out. ] That may be Spit out. [ Obs.] SEREAK, (skreek,) v. i. [Sw. skrika; D. skriger; W. ys aregian, from cregian, to creak, to shrick, from creg, crus, rough, roug liness, or its root. This word is only a different orthography of screcch and shriek, but is not elegant. ] To utter suddenly a sharp, shrill sound or outcry ; to scream ; as in a sudden fright; also, to creak, as a door or wheel. {See Screecu.] [When applied to things, we use creak, and when to persons, s/iriek, both of which are ele gant. ] SEREAK, 7. A creaking; a screech. SEREAM, v. i. [Sax. reomian, hreman, or hreman; W. ysgarmu, to set up a scre am or shout. It appears from the W els h that this is also the English skirmish, Sp. escaramuzar, which in D. is schermutselen, from scherm, a fence or skreen; schermen, to fence. The primary sense is, to” thrus st, drive, or force out, or away, to separate. See C lass Rm, No. 11.) 1. To cry out with a shrill voice ; to utter a sud- den, shiz ae outcry, as in a fright or in extreme pain ; to shriek The fearfal matrons raise a screaming cry. 2, To utter harsh cry ; owl. SEREAM, A shriek, or sharp, shrill cry, uttered sudde eS as in terror or in pain; or the shrill cry of a fowl; as, screams of horror, Pope. SEREAM/ER, n. A name given to two species of South American birds of the genus Palamedea, (Linneus,) usually ranked with the grallatorial or wading birds; so called from their loud, shrill ery. Pi Cyc. SEREAM ING, ppr. Uttering suddenly a sharp, shrill cry ; crying with a shri voice. SEREAM/ING, xn. The act of crying out witha shriek of terror or agony. SEREECH, v. 7 ([Sw. skrika; Dan. skriger; G. schreien; W. 2 ysgregian, from cregian, to creak ; Ir. screachaim. See Screak and Suriex, and Class Reg, No. 1, 4, 49, 50.] 1. Lo. cry out with a sharp, shrill voice; to uttera sudden, shrill cry, as in terror or ac ute pain; to scream ; to shriek. acon. 2. To utter a sharp cry, as an owl; thence called ScreEECH-OWL. SEREECH, x. A sharp, shrill cry, pain, or in a sudden fright. 2. A harsh, shrill cry, as of a fowl. Pope. SEREECH'ING, ppr. Uttering a shrill or harsh cry. An owl that utters a harsh, dis- agreeable cry at night, often considered wl-boding, but really no more ominous of evil than the notes of the nightingale. a, Like a screech-owl. Carlisle. SEREE D,n. In architecture,a name given to wooden rules for running moldings; also, to the extreme guides on the margins of walls and ceilings for - floating to, by the aid of the rules. Brande. SEREEN, n. [Fr. ecran. This word is evidently from the root of L. cerno, excerno, Gr. kptvw, to separate, to sift, to judge, to fight, contend, skirmish ; Sp. harnero, a sieve. The primary sense of the root is, to separate, to drive or force asunder, hence to sift, to discern, to judge, to separate, or cut off danger. } J]. Any thing that separates or cuts off incon- venience, injury, or danger; and hence, that which shelters or protects from danger, or prevents incon- venience. Some ambitious men seem as screens to princes in matters of awk- } Writing hastily or inele- Dryden, a shnil, as, the screaming uttered in acute 2. In architecture, a partition in churches, &c., car ried up to a certain hight for separation and pre tection; as, an altar screen, &c. P, Cyc. 3. Something movable, used for separation, shel- ter, or concealment, or to exclude heat, cold, or light. Smart. A long, coarse riddle or sieve, used to sep- aa une coarser from the finer parts, as of coal, eae: SERE BE N° ».t. To separate or cut off from inconve- nience, injury, or danger; to hele: to protect ; to protect by hiding; to conceal; as, fruits screened from cold winds by a forest or hil. Our houses and garments screen us from cold; an umbrella screens us from rain and the sun’s rays, Neither rank nor money should screen from punishment the man who viol: ites the laws. To pass through a screen ; Fait of any thing from the fine, or the worthless rom the valuz ible. Evelyn. SEREEN/ED, pp. Protected or sheltered from injury or danger; sifted. SEREEN’ ING, ppr. Protecting from injury or danger. SEREW, (skru,) 2. [D. schroef; G. schraube; Dan. skruve or skrue; Sw. skruf. The primary sense is, probably, to turn, or rather to strain. Class Rb.] 1. A cylinder of wood or metal, grooved spirally ; or a cylin« der with a spiral channel or thread cut in such a manner that it is equally inclined to the base of the cylider, throughout the whole Jength. €S- rch UY. a on 3. In the canon law, a ticket or little pa which a vote is written. NCYC. 4, In parliamentary language, an examination of the votes given at an election by a committee for the purpose of correcting the poll. Brande. SERU/TI-NY, v. t. The same as ScrvTINIzE. [ Ods.] SERU-TOIR’, (skru-twor’,) x. {Fr. ecritoire, trom | ecrire, to Write. See ScriBe. ' : A kind of desk, case of drawers, or cabinet, w ith per billet Ft ny a lid opening downward for the convenience of iti se Dina Writing on it. ri07. SERUZEH, v. t. To crowd ; to squeeze. [4 low word, Spenser of lacal use.) SEUD, vi. TL Dan. skyder, to shoot; This is shoot, or from the same root; skud, a shot; Sw. skudda, to throw or pour out; Sax. sceotan, to shoot, <0 flee or haste away ; W. yszwdu, to push or thrust ; ysgucan, ‘ ; See ysouthaw, to whisk, to scud, to whirl about. SHoor. 1. Ina zeneral sense, to be driven or to flee or fly with haste. In seamen?s language, to be driven with precipitation before a tempest. This is done with just sufficient sail to keep the vessel ahead of the sea, or When the wind is too violent, without any sail set, which is called scudding under bare Pues OLLCIL Driden. Shenstone. for loose, vapory Brande. th precipitation. Gay. Driving or being driven before a ith fleetness. To. Dik with a kind of affected 9, To run with precipitation ; to fly. SEUD, v. t. To pass over quickly. SEUD, z The seamen’s name clouds driven swiftly by the wind. | 9, A driving along; a rushing Wl SEUD/DING, ppr. tempest ; running [L.. serupulositas.] TONE, BULI , UNITE,—AN//GER, VICIOUS. glands, is manifested by in- SERU-PU-LOS’I-TY, 7. —€asK; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. SEUD/DLE, v. 2. 998 IE ae ‘ SEa a Ps 3 a a Ni alt BOE Mn iy eal ia o - ee ee nat ae ee + oan mean oo em ETS Eee eo ee a : pres ois ys ‘ re SCcCU haste; commonly pronounced scuttle. werd. S€U'DO, (skoo'do,) 2.; pl. Scun1, (skoo/dee,) [It.] An Italian silver coin and money of account. The scudo of Rome is worth 4s. 4d. sterling, or one delat, . Cyc. S€UF’FLE, (skuf’fl,) n. [Thisisa different orthogra- phy of SHuFFLE; from shove, or its root; Sw. skuff, a push; skuffa, to push, thrust, shove; Dan. skuffe, a drawer, a scoop, a shovel; skuffer, to shuffle, to cheat; D. schuiven, to shove, push, or draw ; G. schieben.] 1. A contention or trial of strength between two persons, who embrace each other’s bodies ; a struggle with close embrace, to decide which shall throw the other; in distinction from Wrestiinc, which is a trial of strength and dexterity at arms length. Among our common people, it is not unusual for two persons to commence a contest by wrestling, and at last close in, as it is called, and decide the contest by a scuffle. 2, A confused contest ; a tumultuous struggle for victory or superiority ; a fight. The dog leaps upon the serpent and tears it to pieces; but in the scuffle, the cradle happened to be overturned. L’Estrange. S€UF’FLE, v.%. To strive or struggle with close em- brace, as two men or boys. 2. To strive or contend tumultuously, as small parties. A gallant man prefers to fight to great disadvantages in the field, in an orderly way, rather than to scuffle with an undisciplined rabble. K. Charles. S€UF’FLER, 2. One who scuffles. 2. An agricultural implement resembling the scari- fier, but usually lighter. Farm. Encyc. SE€UF/FLING, ppr. Striving for superiority with close embrace ; struggling or contending without order. S€UG, v.t. [Dan. skygger, to shade; Sw. skugga, a [A low Local. | Grose. SEULK, v.% [See Sxurx.] To retire into a close or covered place for concealment ; to Jurk ; to lie close from shame, fear of injury, or detection. SCULK/ER, n. A lurker; one that lies close for hiding. [See Sxu.ker.] SCULK/ING, ppr. Withdrawing into a close or cov- ered place for concealment ; lying close. SEULL, n. The brain-pan. [See Sxutv.] 2, A boat; acock-boat. [See Scu.ver.] 3. One who sculls a boat. But properly, 4, An oar,so short that one man can work a pair ; usually, an oar placed over the stern of a boat, and worked from side to side. rande. 5. A shoal or multitude of fish. [Sax. sceole.] Not tn use. S€ULL, v.t. To impel a boat by moving and turning an oar over the stern. Totten.* S€ULL’-€AP. See Sxurz-Cap. SCULL’ED, (skuld,) pp. Impelled by turning an oar over the stern. SEULL/ER, n. A boat rowed by one man with two sculls or short oars. 2. One that sculls, or rows with sculls; one that impels a boat by an oar over the stern. SEULL'ER-Y, n. [Probably from the root of shell, scale, Fr. ecuelle ; Scot. skul, skoll, a bowl; Dan. skaal, a drinking-cup ; skal, a shell, skull; G. schale, scale; a shell, a dish, or cup; D. schall, schil. Skulls and shells were the cups, bowls, and dishes of rude men. ] A place where dishes, kettles, and other culinary utensils are kept. SEULL‘ING, ppr. Impelling a boat by an oar. SEULLIION, (skul/yun,) x. [Ir. squille, from the root of the preceding. ] A servant that cleans pots and kettles, and does other menial services in the kitchen. SCULL'ION-LY, a, Like a scullion; base; low; mean. ([/Vot wsed.] SEULP, v. & [L. soulo, scalpo. Qu. Gr. yAvdw; roots Class Lb, No 27; or gall, L. calvus, Class GJ, No. 8, To carve ; toengraye. [Not in use,] SCULP’TILE, (-til,) a. [L. sculptilis,] Formed by carving; as, sculptile images. Brown. SEULP/TOR, n, [L. See Scurr.] One whose oc- cupation is to carve wood or stone into images ; a carver. Encyc. SEULP’/TUR-AL, a. Pertaining to sculpture or en- praving. SEULP’TURE, (skulpt/yur,) n. [Fr.; L. sculptura.] 1. The art of carving, cutting, or hewing wood or stone into images of men, beasts, or other things ; applied particularly to carving images or statues in Sandys, 2. Carved work. [stone. There, too, in living sculpture, might be seen The mad affection of the Cretan queen. Dryden. 3. The art of engraving on copper. SEULP/TURE, v.t. Tocarve; to engrave; to form images pr figures with the chisel on wood, stone, or metal. SSULP/TUR-ED, pp. or a. Carved; engraved; as, a SsCcU SEULP/TUR-ING, ppr. Carving ; engraving. SEUM, x. ([Fr. ecume; It. schtuma; Sw. and Dan. skum; D. schuim; G. schaum.] 1. The extraneous matter or impurities which rise to the surface of liquors in boiling or fermentation, or which form on the surface by other means. The word is also applied to the scoria of metals. Encyc. or worthless. The great and the innocent are insulted by the scum and refuse of the people. Addison. SE€UM, v.t. To take the scum from; to clear off the impure matter from the surface ; to skim. You that scum the molten lead. Dryden. SEUM’/BER, n. The dung of the fox. Ainsworth. SCUM’BLE, v. t. In oil painting, thinly to spread or rub opaque or semi-opaque colors over other colors, liquors ; a skimmer. SCUM’/MING, ppr. Clearing of scum; skimming. SECUM/MINGS, zn. pl. The matter skimmed from boiling liquors; as, the scummings of the boiling- house. Edwards, West Indies. SEUP/PER, xn. [Sp. escupir, to spit, to eject, to dis- charge. | The scuppers or scupper-holes of a ship are chan- nels cut through the water-ways and sides of a ship at proper distances, for carrying off the water from the deck. Totten. attached to the mouth of the scappers, on the outside of a vessel, to prevent the water from entering. Totten. SCUP’PER-NAIL,z. A nail with a very broad head, for covering a large surface of the hose. Mar. Dict. SEUP’PER-PLUG, n. A plug to stop a scupper. Totten. SCURF, 2. [Sax. scurf; G. schorf: D. schurft; Dan. skurv ; Sw. skorf; Ice. skarfa; L. scorbutus. scheuren is to rend or crack, and scheurbutk is scurvy, Dan. skiérbug, from skidr, brittle. In Ir. gearbh is rough. It is named from breaking or roughness. ] the skin of an animal. 2. The soil or foul remains of any thing adherent ; as, the scurf of crimes. [JVot common nor elegant. ] Dryden. 3. Any thing adhering to the surface. There stood a hill, whose grisly top Shone with a glossy scur-/. Milton. SECURF'I-NESS, n. The state of being scurfy. SEURF’Y, a. Having scurf; covered with scurf. 2. Resembling scurf. SCUR/RILE, (skur’ril,) a. [L. scurrilis, from scurra, a buffoon ; G. scheren, D. scheeren, to jeer.] Such as befits a buffoon or vulgar jester; low; mean ; grossly opprobrious in language; scurrilous ; as, scurrile jests ; scurrile scoffing ; scurrile taunts. Shak. Dryden. SEUR-RIL/I-TY, n. [L. scurrilitas; Fr. scurrilité.] Such low, vulgar, indecent, or abusive language as is used by mean fellows, buffoons, jesters, and the like; grossness of reproach or invective; ob- scene jests, &c, Banish scurvility and profaneness, Dryden. SEUR/RIL-OUS, a. Using the low and indecent Jan- guage of the meaner sort of people, or such as only the license of buffoons can warrant ; as, a scurrilous fellow. 2. Containing low indecency or abuse; mean; foul; vile ; obscenely jocular; as, scurrilous lan- guage. : SEUR/RIL-OUS-LY, adv. With gross reproach; with low, indecent language. It is barbarous incivility, scuvrilously to sport with what others count religion. Tillotson. SEUR/RIL-OUS-NESS, zn. Indecency of language ; vulgarity ; baseness of manners. SEUR’VI-LY, adv. fitrom scurmj.| Basely ; meanly ; with coarse and vulgar incivility. The clergy were never more learned, or so sourvily treated. Swift. SEUR/VI-NESS, n. [from scurvy,] The state of be- ing scurvy. SCUR’VY, n. scorbutus. A disease characterized by livid spots of various sizes, sometimes minute and sometimes large, and occasioned by extravasation of blood under the cuti- cle, paleness, languor, lassitude, and depression of spirits, general exhaustion, pains in the limbs, occa- sionally with fetid breath, spongy and bleeding gums, and bleeding from almost all the mucous [from scurf; scurvy for scurfy ; Low L. sculptured yase ; sculptured marble. 2. The refuse ; the recrement; that which is vile| SCUR/VY, a. Scurfy ; covered or affected by scurf SEUR!’VY-GRASS, n. to modify the effect. Jocelyn. scurvy. It was formerly eaten raw as a salad. SECUM’BLING, n. In ol painting, the act of thinly Partington. Loudon. spreading or rubbing opaque or semi-opaque colors | *S€US/ES, for Excusrs. Shak. over other colors, to modify the effect; also the| SCUT, x. [Ice. skott; W. cwt, a tail or rump; cwta, || colors thus spread over others. Jocelyn. short. SECUM/MED, pp. Cleared of scum ; skimmed. The tail of a hare or other animal whose tail is || SCUM/MER, n. [Fr. ecumoire.]} short. Brown. Swift. An instrument used for taking off the scum of | S€0’/TAGE, n. S€U'/TATE, a. SEUP/PER-HOSE, n. A pipe of leather, canvas, &c., | SCUTCH, v. t. [Same as Scortcn, to cut slightly.) To SEUTCH, v. t. SEUTCH’EON, a contraction of EscutcHron, which In D. | SCUTEH, nx. 1, A dry, miliary scab or mealy crust furmed on | S€O’/TEL-LA-TED, a. SC€U-TI-BRANE€H’I-ATE, a. S€0/TI-FORM, a. S€U/TLPED, 7. membranes, It is occasioned by confinement, innu- SCY tritious food, and hard labor, in conjunction, but more especially by confinement, for a long period of time, to a limited range of food, which is incapable of supplying the elements necessary to repair the waste of the system. This disease has been called purpura by some nosologists, but by Good it is more appropriately styled porphyra. or scabs ; scabby ; diseased with scurvy. Leviticus. 2. Vile; mean; Jow; vulgar; worthless; con- temptible ; as, a scurvy fellow. He spoke scurvy and provoking terms. Shak. That scurvy custom of taking tobacco. Swift. A plant of the genus Cochle- aria; alsocalled Sroonwort. It grows on rocks near the sea, has an acrid, bitter taste, and has its name from having been often used as a remedy for the [Law L. scutagtum, from scutum, a shield. } In English history, a tax or contribution levied upon those who held lands by knight service ; erizt- nally, a composition for personal service which the tenant owed to his lord, but afterward levied as an assessment, Blackstone. [L. scutum, a buckler.] 1. In botany, having the form of an ancient round || | 1 buckler. Loudon, 2. In zodlogy, protected by large scales, as a sur- face. Brande. ightly. Halliwell In Pennsylvania, to dress flax with a scutching Knife, In New England called a SwincLe or SwinGLine Knire, beat or whips see. The ornamental bit of brass plate perforated with a Key-bole, and placed over the key-hole of a piece of furniture. [L. scutum, a buckler. ] 1, Asmall shield. [Vot used.] Skelton. 2. A French gold coin of 3s. 4d. sterling. [ot used. | Encyc. [L. scutella, a dish. See ScurTtcLe. Formed like a pan; divided into small surfaces ; as, the scutellated bone of asturgeon. Woodward. A term applied to a molluscous animal covered by a shell, in the manner of a shield. [L. scutum, a buckler, and form.] Having the form of a buckler or shield. [L. scutum and pes.] One of a family of birds which have the anterior part of the legs covered with segments of horny rings, terminating on each side in a groove. Brande. SEUT’TLE, n. [L. scutella, a pan or saucer; W. ysgudell ; Sax. scutel, scuttel, a dish} A broad, shallow basket; so called from its resem- blance to a dish. SEUT’/TLE, n. ([Fr. ecoutille; Arm. scoutilh ; Sp. escotilla; Sax. scyttel, a bolt or bar; scyttan, to bolt, to shut. See Suut.] l. In ships, a small hatchway or opening in the deck, large enough to admit a man, and with a lid for covering it; also, a like hole in the side or bottom of a ship, and through the coverings of her hatch- ways, &c. 2. A square hole in the roof of a house, with a lid. 3. [from scud, and properly scuddle.] A quick pace ;.a short run. Spectator. S€UT’TLE, v.7. To run with affected precipitation. Arbuthnot. SEUT’TLE, v. t. [from the noun.] To cut large holes through the bottom, deck, or sides, of a ship for any purpose. 2. To sink by making holes through the bottom ; as, to scuttle a ship. SEUT/TLE-BUTT, n. A butt or cask with a Jarge S€UT’/TLE-€ASK, hole in it, used to contain thie fresh water for daily use in a ship. Mar. Dict. SCUT/TLED, pp. Having holes made in the bottom or sides ; sunk by means of cutting holes in the bot- tom or sides. S€UT’TLE-FISH, n. The cuttle-fish, socalled. [See Cuttie-F isu. | SEUT'TLING, ppr. Cutting holes in the bottom or sides ; sinking by such holes. SCLFHE, n. (Sax. sithe; D. seissen; Ch. 13%, Syr. -- = re Ar. Quos> hatzada, to reap; deriv. Ar. a sickle ; Sam. VYMV to reap; Eth, O82 atzad, to reap, and deriv. a sickle; Heb. and Ch. ‘yn, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY,— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTH, DOVE, MOVE WOLF, BOOK. — 994SEA SEA SEA from the same root, an ax. the same, with different prefixes, and from this evi- spelling than scythe.] 1. An instrument for mowing grass, or cutting grain or other vegetables. It consists of a long die, which, in New England, is called a snath, and which is bent into a convenient form for swinging the blade to advantage. The blade is hung to the snath at an acute angle. In mythology, Saturn or Time is represented with a scythe, the emblem of destruction. 2. The curved, sharp blade used anciently in war chariots. SCYFHE, v. t. To mow. [Wot in use.] Shak. SCYFH/ED, a. Armed with scythes, as a chariot. SCYTH/I-AN, (sith’e-an,) a. Pertaining to Scythia, a adjoining to Asia. SCYTH’I-AN, n. [See Scot.] A native of Scythia. SDAIN, for Dispain. [It. sdegnare.] [Not in use.] ea Spenser. SDEIN/FUL, (sdane/-,) for DisparnruL. _ Spenser. SEA, (see,) n. [Sax. sa, secge; G. see; D. zee; Sw. from seg, seeg. Hence Sax, garsege, garsecse, gar- segg, the ocean. This word, like lake, signifies, pri- marily, a seat, set, or lay, a repository, a basin. ] 1. A Jarge basin, cistern, or laver which Solomon made in the temple, so large as to contain more than six thousand gallons. This was called the brazen sea, and used to hold water for the priests to wash themselves. 1 Kings vil. 2 Chron. iv. 2. A Jarge body of w:ter, nearly inclosed by land, as the Baltic or the Mediterranean ; as, the Sea of Azof. Seas are properly branches of the ocean, and upon the same level. Large bodies of water inland, and situated above the level of the ocean, are lakes. The appellation of sea, given to the Caspian Lake, is an exception, and not very correct. So the Lake of Galilee is called a sea, from the Greek. 3. The ocean; as,to goto sea. The fleet is at sea, or on the high seas. 4. Awave;abillow; asurge. The vessel shipped a sea. 5. The swell of the ocean in a tempest, or the di- rection of the waves ; as, we head the sea. 6. Proverbially, a large quantity of liquor; as, a sea of blood. 7. A rough or agitated place or element. In a troubled sea of passion tost. Milton. Half seas over; half drunk. [A low phrase.] Spectator. On the high seas; in the open sea, the common highway of nations. S&A/-A-NEM/O-NE, n. A popular name of the Ac- tinia. Dana. SEA/-APE, n. [sea and ape.] The name given to a marine animal which plays tricks like anape. The name is applied by some to the sea-otter. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SEA/-BANK, n. [sea and bank.] The sea-shore. Shak. 2. A bank or mole to defend against the sea. SEA/-BAR, x. [sea and bar.] The sea-swallow. r Johnson. BEA/-BAT,n. [sea and bat.] A sort of flying fish. Cotgrave. SEA/-BAFH-ED,a. [seaand bathe.] Bathed, dipped, or washed in the sea. Sandys. SEA/-BEAR, n. [sea and bear.}] An animal of the peat kind that frequents the sea; the white or polar ar. 2. A name of several species of the seal family, as the ursine seals, of the genus Arctocephalus of F. Cuvier. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SEA/-BEARD, n. [sea and beard.} A marine plant, Conferva rupestris, growing in dense tufts. Lee. SEA/-BEAST, n. (sea and beast.) A beast or mon- strous animal of the sea. Milton. SEA’-BEAT, a. {sea and beat.] Beaten by the SEA/-BEAT-EN, sea ; lashed by the waves. Along the sea-beat shore. Pope. SEA/-BOARD,) 7. [sea and Fr. bord, side.] The SEA/-BORD, sea-shore. SEA/-BOARD, adv. Toward the sea. SEA/-BOAT, n. [sea and boat.) A term applied by seamen to a vessel with respect to her qualities in bad weather ; as, a good sea-boat. Brande. SEA/-BORD, a. {sea and Fr. bord, border.) SEA/-BORD/ER-ING, Bordering on the sea or ocean. SEA/-BORN, a. [sea and born.] Born of the sea; produced by the sea; as, Neptune and his sea-born niece. Waller. _ 2, Born at sea. SEA/-BOUND, te [sea and bound.) Bounded dently is derived sythe, which would be a better} SEA/-BREAM, n. [sea and bream.] the genus Pagellus, (Sparus, Linn.,) growing to the | SEA’/-FEN-NEL, n. [sea and fennel.] The same as curving blade, with a sharp edge, made fast toa han- | SEA’/-BREEZE, n. ies and breeze.] A wind or cur- rent of air blowing from the sea upon land: for the | SEA/-FISH, 2. SEA/-BUILT, (sé/bilt,) a. [sea and built.) Built for SEA/-CALF, n. [sea and calf.] A marine animal, SCYFHE/MAN, xn. One whousesa scythe; a mower. | SEA’-€AP, n. name given to the northern part of Asia, and Europe SEA'-€AP-TAIN, n, The captain of aship. Shak. SEA/-C€ARD, x. [sea and card.} The mariner’s card SmACHANGE, n. sid, the sea, a lake, or pool; Basque, sah; contracted | SEA'-CHART, n. the sea by breaking the banks. I Estrange. A sea-fish of length of from 16 to 20 inches, and used for food. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. most part blowing during the day only, and subsid- ing at night. the sea ; as, sea-built forts, (ships.) Dryden. various plants of the cabbage tribe, as Brassica ole- racea and Crambe maritima. Encyc. Miller. the common seal. [sea and cap.] A cap made to be Shak lan. worn at sea. or compass. SEA/-CARP, xn. [sea and carp.] Aspotted fish living | SEA’-GIR-DLES, (sé/gur-dlz,) x. ohnson. A change among rocks and stones, {sea and change.} wrought by the sea. [sea and chart.] A chart or map on which the lines of the shore, isles, shoals, har- bors, &c., are delineated. Note. — This word has become useless, as we now use chart for a representation of the sea-coast, and map for a representation of the land. SEA/-CIR-CLED, (sé/sur-kld,) a. [sea and circle.] Surrounded by the sea. Sandys. SEA/-G€OAL, n. [sea and coal.] Coal brought by sea; a vulgar name for mineral coal, in distinction from CHARCOAL. Johnson. SEA/-€OAST, n. [sea and coast.) The shore or bor- der of the land adjacent to the sea or ocean. SEA/-COB,n. [sea and cob.] A sea-fowl, called also Sea-Go tv. SEA/-COLE’WORT, n. Sea-cabbage, which see. SEA’-€6M-PASS, (-kum-pass,) x. [sea and compass.] The mariner’s card and needle; the compass con- structed for use at sea. Camden. SEA/-€OOT, x. [sea and coot.] A sea fowl, Fulica marina. SEA/-COR!MO-RANT, n. [sea and cormorant.] The sea-crow or sea-drake, Corvus marinus. SEA/-COW, n. [sea and cow.] The manatee, a ceta- ceous herbivorous mammal of the genus Manatus. [See Manatee and Manatus.] Brande. Partington. 9, Also, the name sometimes given to the sea- horse, walrus, or morse, which see. Jurdine’s Nat. Lib. Partington. SEA/-EROW, zn. [sea and crow.] A sea-fowl of the gull kind ; the mire-crow or pewet-gull. Re Cyc: SEA/-DEV-IL, n. [sea and devil.] A large, cartilagi- nous fish, of the genus Cycloptera, belonging to the Ray family. Brande. 9. The fishing-frog, or frog-fish, of the genus Lophi- us; a fish in shape somewhat resembling a tadpole, growing to a large size, with a head very large in proportion to the rest of the body. Partington. SEA’-DOG, n. [sea and dog.] A fish, perhaps the shark. Pope. Roscommon. 2. The sea-calf or common seal. SHA/-DRAG-ON, n. [sea and dragon.] A marine monster caught in England in 1749, resembling, in some degree, an alligator, but having two large fins which served for swimming or flying. It had two Jegs terminating in hoofs, like those of an ass. Its body was covered with impenetrable scales, and it had five rows of teeth. [Qu.] Gent. Mas. SEA’-EA-GLE, n. [sea and eagle.] A bird of the eagle kind, so named from being often found on the sea-coast; also called the WHITE-TAILED Or CINE- REoUS EaGve, Falco or Aquila albicilla. Jardine. SEA/-EAR, n. [sca and ear.] A scutibranchiate ing to the genus Haliotis, remarkable for the splendid the human ear. Haldeman. SEA/-EEL, nz. water ; the conger. urchins or sea-he i spines. SmA/-BL/E-PHANT, n. ama. ference of from 15 to 18 feet. of great commercial importance. : Jardine’s Nat. Lib. cled.) "encompassed by the sea. Thomson. SEA/-GAGE,n. [sea and gage.} The depth that a SEA/-GAR-LAND, n. [sea and garland.) A plant. gastropodous mollusk with a univalve shell, belong- colors (principally green and violet) of the interior, and a row of small holes pierced through one side;}_ _ so named from resembling in form the cartilage of SEA/-LEM-ON, n. [sea and eel.] Aneel caught in salt SEA/-EGG, x. [sea and egg.] A name given tosea-| __ dgehogs, when stripped of their SEA/-LEOP-ARD, (-lep-erd,) n. [sea and leopard. ] [sea and elephant.] An ani- mal of the seal family, Macrorhinus proboscideus of F. Cuvier, also called EverHanT SEAL. It attains to the Jength of 20,25, and even 30 feet, with a circum- The nose of the adult | SHA/-LET-TER, n. A paper from the custom-house, male is capable of being elongated into a proboscis of about a foot in length. This species is found in the southern hemisphere, and is considered an object SiEA/-EN-CIR/ELED, (-sur/kld,) a. [sea and encir- These verbs scem to be | SEA/-BREACH, n. [sea and breach.] Irruption of } SEA’-FAR-ING, a. [Supra.] Following the business of a seaman ; customarily employed in navigation. Arbuthnot. SAMPHIRE- SEA/-FIGHT, (-fite,) n. [sea and fight.) An engage- ment hetween ships at sea ; a naval action. Bacon. ; {sea and Jish.] Any marine fish; any fish that lives usually in salt water. SEA/-FOWL, xn. [sea and fowl.) A marine fowl; any bird that lives by the sea, and procures its food from salt water. Pope. SEA/-CAB-BAGE, n. [sea and cabbage.] A name of |SEA/FOX, n. A fish of the shark family, Alopias Vulpes, also called Fox-Suark. It is named from the form of its tail, the under lobe being very small, and the upper long and slightly curved upward like ascythe. It frequently measures 13 feet in length, including the tail, which is then more than 6 feet long. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. vessel sinks in the water. Enciyc. [sea and girdle.] A sort of sea-plant. Johnson. SEA/-GIRT, (-gurt,) a. [sea and girt.] Surrounded by the water of the sea or ocean ; as, a sea-girl isle. Milton. SEA/-GOD, n. [sea and god.] A marine deity; a fabulous being supposed to preside over the ocean or sea ; as Neptune. SEA/-GOWN,2. [sea and gown.] A gown or gar- ment with short sleeves, worn by mariners. Shak. SEA/-GRASS, n. [sea and grass.] A plant growing on the sea-shore; an aquatic plant of the genus Ruppia. Lee. SEA/-GREEN, a. [sea and green.] Having the color of sea-water ; being of a faint green color. Locke. Pope. SEA/-GREEN, n. The color of sea-water. 2. A plant, the saxifrage. . SEA/-GULL, n. [sea and gull.] A sea-fowl of the genus Larus; a species of gull; called also Sea- Crow. SEA/-HARE, n. [sea and hare.] A marine tecti- branchiate, gastropodous mollusk, having the edges of the foot surrounding the back and capable of be- ing reflected upon it. It has four tentacles, the upper pair of which are hollowed out like the ears of 2 hare, whence the name. The shell is null or incom- plete, and internal. The animal secretes an acrid humor. It is of the genus Aplysia or Laplysia of Linneus, Kirby. P. Cyc. SEA/-HEDGE/HOG, x. The sea-urchin; a species of Echinus, so called from its prickles, which resemble in some measure those of the hedgehog or urchin. Carew. SiA/-HEN, n. [sea and hen.] Aname of the Pool- ish or Lesser Guillemot, Uria Troile. Ed. Encyc. SEA/-HOG, n. [sea and hog-] The porpoise, which see, SEA/-HOL-LY, n. [sea and holly.] A plant of the genus Eryngium. Lee. SiA/-HOLM, x. [sea and Dan. holm, an isle-] 1. A small, uninhabited isle. 2. Sea-holly. Carew. SEA/-HORSE, n. [sea and horse.] In zoblogy, the morse or walrus, a species of Trichechus. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. 2. The hippopotamus, or river-horse. Dryden. 3. A fish of the genus Hippocampus, (Syngnathus, Linn.,) allied to the needle-fish or pipe-fish, and hav- ing a prehensile tail. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SEA’-KALB, n. A name of several plants of the nat- ural order Brassice, or cabbage tribe, as the Bras- sica oleracea, and Crambe maritima ; sea-cabbage ; sea-colewort. Tully. SEA/-LARK, x. A bird of the sandpiper kind ; the urr. E 9. A bird of the dotterel kind ; the ringed dotterel or plover. ee SEA'-LEGS, n. pl. [sea and leg.] The ability to walk on a ship’s deck when pitching or rolling. Totten. [sea and lemon.] A marine, nu- dibranchiate, gastropodous mollusk, of the genus Doris, having an oval body, convex, marked with numerous punctures, and of a lemon color. P. Cyc. Encye. An animal of the seal family, of the genus Stenorhyn- chus of F. Cuvier, found in the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands, near the antarctic circle; so named from being spotted like the leopard. : Jardine’s Nat. Lib. specifying the nature and quantity of the cargo on board of ships on a foreign voyage, their destina- tion, é&c. é Bouvier. SEA/-LIKE, a. [sea and like.] Resembling the sea. Thomson. SEA/-LY-ON, n. [sea and lion.] A name given by voyagers to various seals of large dimensions, as the yarticularly applied to SEA/-BOUND-ED, by the sea. a feraeco ant Tr ray SEA/-BOY, n. [sea and boy.] A boy employed on| S®A/-FAR-ER, n. (sea and Jare. ne that follows | sea-elephant. The name ‘ : shipboard. ! ! re the seas; a mariner Pope. certain large, earless seals, with manes somew hat TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CLOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. a= 905 ~ =e meee aes ti rae at ©0 SEA SEA like thoes of the lion, ang: belonging to the genus | SEA’/ROOM, x. alee and room.) Ample space ordis-{ the genus Phoca of Linne Seals mostly inhabit Platys! f I. Cuvie: tance from la hoals, or rocks, sufficient for a| sea-coasts and islands, particularly in the higher lat- Jardine 's Nat. Lib. Cyc. SEA/-MAID,n. [seaand maid] The mermaid {See Ma RMA 1D.], Shak. A sea-nym VMALL,, ean i an sea-fowl, a species of BW, (s Se ry Larus AN, 2. ea fad ei} A sailor; a mariner ; a man Whose occupation is to assist in the manage- ment of ships at sea. 2. By wary of distinction, a skillful mariner ; also, a man who is well versed in the art of navigating ships. In this EPIRS: it is applied both to officers and common marine: 4 } Merman, the male of the mermaid. it [Little 0 ocke. MAN-LIKS, a. Pike ask Eal seaman, SEA/MAN-SHIP, x. The skill of a good seaman; an acquaintance with the art at managing and DAVENG ing a ship; 4; plicable both to officers and t Naval skill is the art of managing a fleet, eer enleel % in an engagement; a very different thing from sea- manshtp. SEA/—MARGE, n. The shore or border on the sea. Sh SEA/-MARK, n. [sea and mark.] Any elevated ahs ject on land. which serves for a direction to mariners in entering a harbor, or in sailing along or approach- Ae a coast a Reaeenr as a light-) house, a ee Enc sar MEW, (-mii,). A sea-fowl, a species of gull or 3. SEA/-MON-STER, n. ilseg and monster.] A huge marine animal. Lam. SiEA/-MOSS, x. ee anit moss.| A. name given to Co coral. R SEA/-MOUSE, n. [sea and mouse.] A dorsibran- chiate annelid, of the genus Aphrodita of inne SisA/-NA/VEL-WORT, 7. (sea, navel, and era Da met growing in Syria, which is said to chee great ures of diseases. [L. androsace.] SON. SHA/_NEE-DLE, 2 [sea and needle.] A man of the gar or garfish, h, of the genus eon This fish has a slender body, with Jong, pointed AAS and a forked the water, its colors are extremely MbeRae SEA/-NET-TLE) n. and 7 A po. aide name of certain Meduse, aiich have the property oe nang ing when touched. SEA eee _ eeinurst, ) a. [sea and wre) Nursed by th J. Bar SEA/-NY) MPH, ‘Gelnimf,) nm. [sea and Sup a “A SEA-ON/ION, (sé’un-yun,) n. [sea and oni “A plant, squill, Scilla maritima. SicA/-OOZE , 2. [sea and ooze.] The soft mud eri or near the sea-shore. Mortimer. SmEA/-OT-TER, x. [sea and o An aquatic, oe, nivorous animal of the otter kind, belonging to sub-genus Enhydra of Fleming. {tis found in the Northern Pacific, sometimes three unde from land, end a highly valued for its skin, which lardine’s Nat. Eigen and owl.) ASI: mame of the ae AD The star-fish. BAI PAN? THER, 7. [sea and panther.] ie fh Tike Joh SE AUBHEAS-ANT, (-fez-ant,)n. [sea and phetsane ] he pin-tail duck, Dafila caudacuta, A/-PID, Jn. [se a and pie, sea- fowl “of SEA-PYE the genus Hematopis, pond) grallic or- der; called, also, the OysTer-Cat ; from its thrusting its beak into oysters when one and tak- Bue a the animal, B, (sé/pi,) n. [sea and pie.] A dish of food Fae a paste and see boiled together; so named because common at Seas ECE, 7. [gee and ee A picture repre- enting a scene at sea Addison. SEA/PIKE, n. [sea and pike.] A sea-fish of the genus Belone of Cuvier, allied to the pike, and so named from its resemblance to that Hane 3 commonly called Garrisu. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SmA/-PLANT, ni peering and Plats J A ae that grows in sult wi ater, as the fuc SEA/-POOL,x. [sea nails eh 4 A lake of se seit SBA/LORT, n, [sea and port.) A harbor. er ‘the Sy formed by an arm of the ee or by a bay. city or town situated on a har eee on or Heat fe 388 We calla town a aneat: instead of a port tou SHARES SEM'BLING, a. Like the sea ; Bea Mike: ‘YS. S@A/-RISK, 2. [sea and risk.) Hazard or risk a sea; danger of injury or destruction by the SEA/-ROB-BER, x. [sea and robber.) K inca, one that robs on the High seas, SEA'-ROCK-BT,n. A cruciferous plant of the genus Cakile or Bunias,, growing on the sea-shore. Loudon. ship to drive or scud without danger of shipwreck: To SEA/-ROV-ER, te Lea and rover.) A pirate ; vous that qruises for 2. hip or ae that j is employed in cruising for nder, Si. Tau RO V-IN G,a. Wandering on! the ocean, SEA A/-RUFF,n. A kind of sea fi [L. orphis.] Johnson. SEA/-S€OR/PLON, [sea and scorpion.] A salt- water fish, Cottus aco allied to the River Bull. head, and havi ing the head armed with spines. te is eee voracious, and sometimes exceeds a ifpot n len Jardine’s Nat. si ACER PENT. [sea and serpent.) A iz an- imal like a eSTnen, nhabiting the sea. Gutlirie. So SERV-ICE, x nd services Naval ser- ice in t! fe navy of in ships of war. 3 servi i Sof Ai SH: ARK, nm. [sea and shark.] A ravenous Bea hal E Lm. [sea and shell.) A marine shel a shell that grows in the sea. rtimer. SEA/-SHORE, n. [sea and shore.] The Coast of the sea; the land that lies adjacent to the sea or ocean. Loe SEA/SICK,a. [seaand sick.] Affected with Sees or maser by means of the pitching or ro ing of a Dryden. Swift. Si NSIOK-NESS, The sickness or nausea occa- sioned by the pitching aul wolling of a ship in an agitated sea. SEA/SIDE, n. [sea and side.] The land bordering oe the sea ; the country adjacent to the Be or near Scripture. Pope. Sil STAR, n. [sea and star.] The star- ‘fish, a ma- e, radiate enue called technically “Asterias. SEASUR- GEON,n. [sea and surgeon.] ze surgeon mploved on shipboard OMAN Si NES SUR- OU ND/ED, a. [sea and macnn En- compa: the sea. SEA/-S Ni, ms ieee and szallow.] The com mon tern, Niebue Hirun Also, a cainail cane of the storm Baieele Miialassidvoma (Procellaria, Linn.) pelagica. P. SEA/-TERM, [sea and term.] A word or cen used appropriately by Ponca or peers to the art f navigation. SEAS THIEF, (sé/theef,) 1. [sea and thief.) A pi- ‘ip. of Chichester. SBA “TOAD, n. [sea and toad.] An ugly fish, so called. lotgrave. SEA/-TORN, a, [sea and torn.] Torn by or aus oo Bro SEA/-TOSS-ED, (sé/tost,) a. [scaand tossed.] Posse d by the sea. SEA/-TRAV/EL-ING, ». Traveling by sea ee SEA/-U/NI-CORN, nz. A name of the marw hale Sets CHIN, n. [sea and urchin.] One of a ees nus of marine animals, the Echinus, of many spe- crust, and often set with movable prickles. urchins belong to the fourth division of animals, the adiata. ea-hedgehog is anothe these animals, and, when stripped of. the spines) they are often called Sea-Ecas. ses also Ecurinus. SEA/-WALL-ED, a. [sea and walled. Surrounded or Heionded ee teh sea. Sha EA! Wy a. {sea and ward.] Directed toward er a the sea. SiA/WARD, adv. Toward the sea. Dra Si A/-W A~' TER, 2 [sea and water.] Water ‘t the sea or ocean, Sieh 18 salt SEA/-WEED, x, [sea and the genus Fucus, used as grees’ and for making glass and soap. A common name for the marine alge, and some other pews growing in salt water. SEA/-WITH/ WIND D, x. Bindw SEA/-WOQLF, n. [sea and wolf. Seo Wo r.] A fish nto also called Woxr-I'isa and Cat-Fisy, found in northern seas, about Greenland, Iceland, Norway, | Scotland, England, &c. This fish is SO named fi from its $ fierceness and Jay QUOUsness: It e length of four an shell fish, as well as on common fish. Partington. 2. The name sea-wolf has also been given to a spe- of seal, ee sea relepnan Jardin ne’s Nat. Lib, SAI WORM! VOOD, of wormwood growing by the sea, the Artemisia maritima, phon: "Lee. EA!-WORN, a. Worn or abraded by the sea. = A/-WOR-FHI-NESS, n, The state of Bate able to st the ordinary viclence of wind and’ Weather, hat of a ship. ent. SEA/-WOR- FHY, a. [sea and worthy.) Fit for a voyage ; worthy of being trusted to transport a cargo with solely, 3 aS, a sea-worthy ship. SEAL, (Seel,) n. [Sax. seal; sele, syle; Sw. sial.] The commo m name for the aquatic Rarnivorous mammals of the family sphotides corresponding to Bac ed.) A marine plant tof itudes of both hemuspie eres. They pass much of their time in the water, but have warm blood, and breathe only air. Their hind feet are placed at the oxirentty of the body, in the same direction Vath it. and serve ose of a caudal fin; the fore feet are aie adapted for swimming, and furnished each with five claws. Some seals have external ears, while others are ilestitiite of them; and this differ- ence is the ground of M. Peron?s distribution of them into two divisions, viz., the earless _Seuls or true seals, and the eared seals or otaries. ere are nu- pee Species, bearing the popular names of the a-lion, the sea-bear or ursine-seal, the sea-elephant, aigiants seal or poles Nose, ue earded. or great seal, monk seal, t sted seal, &c. aie common seal, Gadeanialant vitulinus “of F. Cay r, (Phoca vi- tulina, tion, >) is found in the otha ‘seas ate ally, on the British and French coasts, &ce. It covered with short, stiff, thick set hair, has no oe nal ears, and is usually from three t 0 five or six feet in leneth. Seals are pen Saat after for their sk and fur, and also r oj], which in some sp! is very abundant. P. Cye. Jardi Seal a De ne jae. sigel, sigle ; gl, sé, Fr. sceau; Arm rh ie Fi Sp. aig: It is uncertain what was ne original signification of seal, whether an im- age, or some ornament. In Saxon, the word signi- fies a necklace, or ornament for the neck, a stud or boss, a clasp, and a seal. 1 piece of metal’ or other hard substance, usu- ally round or elliptica), on which is engraved some image or device, and sometimes 2 lege) nd or inserip- tion. This is used by individuals, corporate bedies, and states, for making impres ssions on Wax upon In- struments “of writing, as an evidence of their eae ticity. The king of England has bis great seal and his prey seal, Scals are sometimes worn in rin gs (See also Privy Sea and Great Se AL.] 2. The wax set to an nS Omen and impressed or stamped with a seal. e give a deed under hand and seal. Vax is paren used in sealing in- struments, but other substances may be used. The wax or wafer that makes fasta letter or other paper An 4, ct of confirmation. Miltor 5. That ‘vil contra ratifies, or makes erable assurance. mide eat eich effectually shuts, commie’, or se- ; that wich makes Rev. SEAL, (seel, )e (Sv v. besegla, U a5 n. be- segler, forse. ees G. eran : D: zegelen. Phe root signifies, probably, to set, to fix, to impress, or to cut or engrave, 1. To fasten with a seal ; to attach together witha water, or with wax ; as, to seal a letter. ‘o set or affix a seal as a mark 6E authenticity ; 3 as, ‘to sail a deed. Hence 8 To oe 5 to Sate 3 to establish. And w nd 4 ee T true hearts’ Shak. Wheo, eee fore, Tt formed this, and have sealed to them oe I will eine by you into Spain. — Rom. xv. 4, te shut or keep plones sometimes with up Seal your lips ; on up your lips. hak. Open your ears, and seal your eco upon the secret concerns of a friend. Ditight. 5. To make fast. So Whey went a mane the a: sure, sealing the stone and setting: LO: ark oa a san as an evidence of stand- ard. exactness, legal size, or merchantable quality. By our laws, weights and measures, are to be séale by an officer ‘appointed and sworn for that purpose 5 and leather is to be sealed by a like officer, as evi- acne that it sae Been Gnenecien and found to be of good quality. aws of Conn. to seep secret. Shut up the words, and seal the book. — Dan. xii, Is. vill. 8. To mark, aS one’s property, and secure from danger. Cant. 9,To cl close ; a8 fulfill; to complete; with wp. Dan. ix. 10. ae uODEDE on the mind ; as, to seal instruc- nS ‘te cee ; to hide; toconceal. Job xiv. 12. To confine ; to restrain. Job XXXVil. 13. In architecture, to fix a piece of wood or iron in a wall with cement, , plaster, or other binding for sta- ples, hinges, &c. “Guilt. SEAL, (seel, y v.t. To fix a seal, 1 will seal unto this bond. eter ) Shak. SEAL/ED, (seeld,) pp. or a, Rupee with a seal ; plastered With a seal; confirmed ; cle L/ER, 7, One w ho seals ; an enter in chancery, ane seals writs and instruments. 2. In Mew England, an officer appointed by the town or other proper authority, to examine and try weights and measures, and set.a stamp on such as are “according to the standards established by the State; also, an officer who inspects leather, and FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MTL, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 996SEA stamps such as is good. These are ealled sealers of Weights and measures, and sealers of léa' a ona wall by ugh eee cement, ae recier binding, for staples, hin Gwil “ hon Baar nimal.] The Seaton of ng seals and curing their skins. si ALIING- VOY-AGE, n. voyage Jor the purpose f killing seals and obtaining hein ski Si AL/ING-W. AX, 2. ax, | ws mpound of the resin lac, with some ine pnw resin, and va- TOUS coloring matters ening a fol de g and thus Soncenliie the aie and for ceiving impressions of seals set to A atrTeN el Sealing-wax is hard or soft, and may be of .any color. Ry (seas (Sax. seam ; D. zoom ; G. sawm ; Dan. ; Sw. sb 2, aseam, asuture; sdma,tosew. The G. saum Bennie ahem or border. The word probably signifies the wniting by sewing. Danish, sOmmer signifies to hem, and to beseom, to be seemly, to be- to i We see then that seam and seem are from one root. primary sense is, to meet, to come or put togetber: See Same and As- SEMBLE. Class Sm, No. 3: . The suture or see “of tivo edges or cloth by the needle. Dryden The coat aes without seam, woven from the top throughout. — John xi 2. he: saint or juncture of planks in a ship’s side ob deck; or rather the intervals between the edges f boards or planks &c. The scams o: enine are filled with oakum, and covered with pitch. i oF met eau coal, and the like Kir In geolo 0), a thin layer which sects diets “of menien magnitude, 4. A cicatrix or scar. asure of eight sushi of corn ; bs or the ves- sel that Caan it. used in Ameri seam of 8 glass; the cauantiy ¢ 120 pounds, or 24 eos of ounds oe used in America.) SEAM, n iSax. sel 5 we saim Encyc. a Atal ews grease ; lar toe] Shak. Dry den. SEAM, vt To formascam; to sew or etic nies . To mark with a cicatrix; to scar; as, seamed _avith wounds. Pope. MAN. EA. SE SEDs (seemed ) pp: “atirked with seams; having ms or Scars SE AMING, prs Marking with scars; making seams. as, the seamless AM/LESS, a. Having no seam; Ea of Chri SEAM/-RENT, a [seam snd ene The rent of a Seam 5 the sepatatiel of a M/STER, x. One that awe Rell or whose occu- pation is to's Be SEAM/STRESS, ne estre. [that is, seamsteress ; Sax. seam- iN woman whose occupation is sewing. Se eee S-Y,n. The business of a seamstress. SEAM’Y, rayne a seam; containing seams showing fancy Shak. aS wien e,)n, A net. [See Serne.] NCE, ae nm (Fr.] Seasions as of some Me ied bod: SEA! - . . ‘ Sa iPOy, n. (Pers, sipahi ; Hindoo, sepahai.] ‘A native of In dia, in the military service of a European mane and disciplined after the European manner. Su! AR, v.t. [Sax. searan; Gr. atnpew, to dry ; Enpatva, to dry, to parch ; ree ry 3 cerp, the sy i CELPEW, tony Qu. , Ina different dia To burn to dryness and pares: the Brace, of ‘ny thing; to cauteriz egree of hen that changes the elon of “the: surlae, or makes ard; as, to sear the skin or I’m seared with burning steel. Rowe. Sear is allied to scorch in signification ; but it i applied primarily 1G animal flesh, and has aecii reference to the effect of heat in making the surtace hard. Score is applied to flesh, cloth, or a cupslanes, and has no reference ‘to the effect of nage oo "To wither; to dry. Shak. 3, To make callous or insensible. Having their conscience seared with a hot iron, — 1 Tim. iy. SEARCH, (sers,) n. SEA SEAL/ING, ppr. Fixing a seal Tato with a (zeus ised. seal; confirming ; closi Keeping secret; fixing | SE ARCH, serch,) v. t. [I'r. chercher; It. cercare; 2 piece of wood or iron in a wall with ce: ment. See to seek, to ramble. BEADING, n, The of affixiy »Po look over or through, for the purpose of find- . In architecture the fixin of wood o1 ing something; to ex ; to examine by inspec- SE SEARCH, (serch,) x, SEA A sieve; a bolter. [Little used] ARICER, sers/er,) nm. One that sifts or hol tion; 3 as, to search the Fouse for a book ; to search the wood for a thief. Send_thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan. — Nam. xiii. 2. To inquire; to seek for. is Enough is left besides to search and know. Milton. 3. To probe ; to seek the snowletee ohh by feel- ing with an instrument; as, to search a nd. o"sh ak. 4, ue examine; to try or put to the test. Ps. cx To “search outs to seek till found, or to finds by seeking 5 0 search out truth. ee eH 5 Geran, )v.i. Toseek ; to look for; totaake Once mo} 2. To make ee ; to inquire. It suffices that they have once w iD care sifted the Pratlers| phd searched into all the particular: Lock To search for; to look aot to seek; to try to a s, to search for a gentleman now in the house. Shak. re search with me, Shak. A seeking or looking for some- thing that is lost, Os the place of which is “unknown, with Sor after; aS, a search Jost money ; search ee raed of gold and silver; a search after DADPMESs or know. ledg ge. 2. Inquiry ; a seeking. He spent his life in search of truth, 3. Quest 5 Dursult for finding. Nor did m: begin, "Till my black bairs were changed upon my chin, Dryden. ht of search 3 naval affairs, the right claimed ne ae nation to RathGries the commanders of their ships to enter vessels of other nations, and examine thei papers and cargo, to ascertain the character of he esse’ and the destination of their cargoes. SE ARC LE, (ere bl,) a That may be Sr eae or explor See CH! A-BLE- NB Co eter SS, n. The state of being ferent SEARCHED, Peet ) pp. Looked over carefully ; explored ; examine SEARCI WER, (serch/er,) m. One who searches, ex- plores, or examines, for the purpose of finding some- thing. D5 “A seeker; an inquir Watts. 3. An examiner 3 a (abr: as, the Searcher of hearts. 4. An officer in London, appointed to examine the bodies of the dead, and Yeport the cause of their death. An officer of the customs, whose business is to search and examine ‘ships outward bound, to ascer- tain whether eye iave prohibited ees on board, also baggage, good 6. inspector oF Teatiig! (Local.] 7. In Wtary affairs, an instrument for examining ordnance, a ascertain whether guns have ie cav- igs in the . An instrament used in the inspection of ‘butter, ae 0 ascertain the quality of that which is con- tained in firkins: (Zee cul, Mas. SEARCH/ING, (serch! ing, ppr. Looking nil ‘or Qing); ; examining ; inquiring; seeking; Panne trying; close; as, a searching scourse. SEARCH/ING, (serene 5) m , Examination ; severe nis Ina searching manner. SE¢ ARCH/ING- NESS, (serch/ing-ness,) 7 n. The qual- ity of severe inquiry or examination. SEARCH/LE SS, (serch! ess,)a. Inscrutable ; eluding search or investigation SEARCH/-WAR- RANT, (serch/-,) n. In law, a war- rant issued by a jus stice of the peace, authori izing ee to search houses, or other places for stolen SEAR “CLOTH, n. (Sax. sar-clath. sore-c.' oun A cloth to cover a So) er re ; a plast Mor SEAR/ED, pp. or a. roms sear Burnt on the sears face ; cauterized ; harden SEAR/ED-NESS, zn. The § ate of being seared, terized, or hardened ; hardness ; hences msensiiity. Hal. SEA/SON, (sé/zn,) 2. i saison; Arm. s@sonn, But SEA/SON, SEA rives ; ee in this general sense, is synonymous with ti . A fit o r suitable time; the convenient eee ce usual or Tapponited time; as, the messe rived in season; in good season. This fruit is ore ae Season. 4 2. Any time, as distinguished from others. The season prime for sweetest scents and airs. . A time of some continuance, but not long. Thon shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season, — Acts xiij. 4. One of the four divisions of the year, spring, summer, Suu winter. The season is mild; it is col the seas We cows in si their We disti sae the season by prefixing its ap- promiae name, as the spring-season, swmer-sea- aes ‘ Milton. ane traveling, the several seasons of the ea Avais Po nm season; to be in good time, or sufficiently early for the purpose To be of season's proper time, or beyond the usual or appo sense of convenience is derived 0 be too late, beyond the ointed time, the That which matures or prepares for the taste ; that which gives a relish. You lack the season of all nature, sleep. Shak. in this sense, we now use SEASONIN (sé/zn,) v t.. [Fr. assaisonner j ers and Port. Seren J 1 ndeér palatable, or to give a higher relish to, by. the addition or mixture of another substance more pungent or pleasant;' as, to season meat with salt ; to'season any thing i $pi ces, il. 2. To render more agreeable, pleasant, or delight- ful; to aie a relish or nest #8 by Sone that « @x- cites, anitnates, or exhilar: You ae still with sports your serious Hours. The proper use of wit is to season conyersation. 3. a render more agreeable, or less rigorous and severe; to temper; to moderate; to qualify by ad- mixture. Tiersen Shak. When mercy seasons justice. 4. To imbue ; to tinge or taint. Season their younger years with prudent and’ pious eee 5..To fv for any use by time’or habit; to atte | 5 to prepart rit in Want w hollow friend uo try, Directly seasons him an enemy, Shak. . To prepare for use by dine or hardening; to take out or suffer to escape the natural juices 5 as, to season timber. 7. To prepare or mature for a climate; to accus- tom to and enable to endure 3 as, to season the body to a particular climate. g residence in the West Indies, or a suet, may Seon strangers, SEA/SON, 2 (Se n,) ». 1. ‘To become mature; to grow fit for u: ae become adapted toa climate, as the puma aan To become ary and hard, by the escape of the sacar juices, or by being penetrated with other mbes! Timber seasons well under cover in the air, and ep timber seasons in eat cae ter. 3. etoken; tosavor. [Obs.] Beawm. § Fl. SEA/S ON. ae BLE Opportune ; that comes, hap- pens, or is done in good time, in due season, or in proper time for the purpose ; as, a seasonable Supply of rain Mercy is seasonable in the time of affliction. SEEA’S ON-A-BLE-NESS, 7. Onpor mene: of time ; the state of being in good time, or in tim ane for the purposes or sufficiently ear SON-A-B o. In due time; nin 3 sufiiciently veri: 3 as, to SOW ‘or plant season- Ecclus. SEA'SON-AGE, mn. Seasoning; sauce. [JVot pases South. SEA/SON-AL, a. Pertaining to the Sensoney ton. SEA/SON-ED, (sé/znd,) pp. or a Mixed or repaid with something that gives a relish ; tempered; mod- een qualifed) matured’; dried *and hardene: $ON- ER, He that seasons that eabichl Sea- ons) eanaeeey Abe gives a relish. SEASON -ING, Giving a relish ‘by something added 5 moderating qualifying 5 maturing 5 drying el hardening 5 fitting abit. SEA/SON-ING, 2. That which is added to any spe- cies of food, to give it a bigher relish ; usually, some- thing pungent Or aromatic, as salt, spices, or other To sear up; to close by searing or cauterizing; to} sagzun } Port, sazam, sezam,, season, proper time, gromnauie herbs, acids, sugar, or a mixture of sey- sto state of being seasoned ; ‘sazonar, to season, ripen, al things. Arbuthnot. temper, sweeten, bring to maturity ; Sp. sazon, sea- oral Something added or mixed the Gherish yeins of good humor, and sear wp those of ill. ce ‘son, maturity, taste, relish ; sazonar, to season. Th pleasure of enjoyment ; as, wit or humor may serve SEA Dry ; withered. Pema pone) like that of tume and opportunity, is as a seasoning to a 1c = SEARCE, (sers,) v. & To sift ae scare to fall, ome, to OEE Gs and ae ene seems Political’ speculations are of s0 J austere a nature, that the fine part of meal from the Soarse° [Littl used.) allied ee aid and as: } to fall o ® they will not eo Remar oy SAND without frequent sede Mo hae Season literally Genines that ation comes oY ar- sonings TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, V. JUCIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 997rN ye aa . or oe % ye - aie Gaal let SEC SEA’SON LESS, a Without succession of the sea- sons SEAT, (seet,) n. [It. sedia; Sp. sede, sitio, from L. sedes, situs; Sw. sdte; Dan. sede; G. sitz; D. zetel, zitplaats ; W. séz; Ir. saidh; W., with a prefix, zo- sod, whence gosodi, to set. (See Ser and Sir.) The English seat retains the Roman pronunciation of situs, that is, sectus.] 1. That on which one sits; a chair, bench, stool, or any other thing on which a person sits. Christ — overthrew the tables of the money-changers, and the seats of them that sold doves. — Matt. xxi. 2. The place of sitting ; throne ; chair of state ; tribunal ; post of authority ; as, the seat of justice ; judgment-seat. 3. Mansion; residence; dwelling; abode; as, Italy the seat of empire. The Greeks sent colonies to seek a new seat in Gaul! In Alba he shall fix his royal seat, Dryden, 4. Site; situation. The seat of Eden has never been incontrovertibly ascertained. 5, That part of a saddle on which a person sits. 6. In horsemanship, the posture or situation of a person on horseback, Encyc. 7. A pew or slip in a church; a place to sit in. 8. The place where a thing is settled or estab- lished. London is the seat of business and opulence. So we say, the seat of the muses, the seat of arts, the seat of commerce. SEAT, v. t. To place on a seat ; to cause to sit down. We seat ourselves ; we seat our guests. The guests were no sooner seated but they entered into a warm ebate, Arbuthnot. 2. To place in a post of authority, in office, or a place of distinction. He seated his son in the profes- sor’s chair. Then high was King Richard seated, Shak. 3. To settle ; to fix in a particular place or coun- try. A colony of Greeks seated themselves in the south of Italy ; another at Massilia in Gaul. 4, To fix; to set firm. From their foundations, loosening to and fro, They plucked the seated hills. Milton. 5. To place in a church; to assign seats to. In New England, where the pews in churches are not private property, it is customary to seat families for a year or longer time; that is, assign and appropriate seats to their use. 6. To appropriate the pews in, to particular fami- lies ; as, to seat a church. 7. To repair by making the seat new; as, to seata garment. 8. To settle; to plant with inhabitants ; as, to seat acountry. [Not much used. Stith, Virg. SEAT, v.2 Torest; toliedown. [Vot in use.] Spenser. SEAT’ED, pp. Placed in a chair or on a bench, &e. ; set; fixed; settled; established; furnished with a seat. SEAT/’ING, ppr. Placing on a seat; setting; set- tling ; furnishing with a seat; having its seats as- signed to individuals, as a church. SEAVES, zn. pl. [Sw.saf; Dan. siv; Heb. Sd, suf.) Rushes. [Zocal.] SEAV/Y, a. Overgrown with rushes. [Zocal.] SE-BA/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [Low L. sebaceus, from sets sevum, tallow, W. saim. Qu. Eth. sebach, at. Made of tallow or fat; pertaining to fat. Sebaceous humor; a suet-like or glutinous matter secreted by the sebaceous glands, which serves to defend the skin and keep it soft. Coxe. Parr. Sebaceous glands ; small glands seated in the cellu- lar membrane under the skin, which secrete the se- baceous humor. Parr. SE-BAC’I€, (-bas/ik,) a. [Supra.] In chemistry, per- taining to fat; obtained from fat; as, the sebacic acid. Lavoisier. SE/BATE, n. [Supra.] In chemistry, a salt formed by the sebacic acid and a base. Hooper. Lavoisier. SE-BES’/TEN, n. A tropical tree and its fruit, of the genus Cordia ; called Sepesten PLum. iP: Cyc; SEB/UN-DY, nm. In India, an irregular native SEB-UN-DEF’, soldier, employed chiefly on reve- nue and police service. Malcom. SE-€A’LE, 7. [L.] The ergot of rye. Brande. SE’CANT, a. [L. secans, seco, to cut or cut off, coin- ciding with Eng. saw.] Cutting ; dividing into two parts. SE/CANT, n. [It. Fr. and Sp. secante, supra. ] 1. In geometry, a line that cuts another, or divides it into parts. The secant of a circle isa line drawn from the circumference on one side to a point with- put the circumference on the other. Hutton. 2. In trigonometry, the secant of anarce is a right line drawn from the center through-one end of the arc, and terminated by a tangent drawn through the other end. Hutton. SE-CEDE’, v. i. [L. secedo; se, from, and cedo, to move. Seis an inseparable preposition or prefix in SEC To withdraw from fellowship, communion, or as- sociation ; to separate one’s self; as, certain minis- ters seceded from the church of Scotland about the year 1733. SE-CED/ER, 7. One who secedes. In Scotland, the seceders are a numerous body of Presbyterians who seceded from the communion of the established church, about the year 1733. SE-CED/ING, ppr. or a. Withdrawing from fellow- ship or communion. > SE-CERN’, v.t. [lL secerno; se and cerno. to sepa- rate. | In the animal economy, to secrete. The mucus secerned in the nose — is a laudable humor. Arbuthnot. SE-CERN’ED, pp. Separated ; secreted. SE-CERN/ENT, zn. That which promotes secretion ; that which increases the motions which constitute secretion. Darwin. SE-CERN/’ING, ppr. Separating; secreting; as, se- cerning vessels. SE-CERN’MENT, n. The process or act of secreting. SE-CESS’, n. [L. secessus.] Retirement; retreat. SE-CES/SION, (-sesh/un,) mn. [L. secessio. See Se- CEDE. 1. ‘the act of withdrawing, particularly from fel- lowship and communion. Encyc. 2. The act of departing ; departure. Brown. Secession church, in Scotland. See Secepes. SE’€HI-UM, x. A South American vegetable, Sechi- um edulis or Siegos edulis. The fruit, in size and form, resembles a large bell-pear, and is eaten like the squash. Farm. Encyc. SE’€LE, (sé’/kl,) n. [Fr. siecle; L. seculum.} Acentury. [JWVot in seta Hammond. SE-€LOUDE’, v.t. [L. secludo ; se and claudo, cludo, to tl 1. To separate, as from company or society, and usually.to keep apart for some length of time, or to confine in a separate state ; as, persons in low spirits seclude themselves from society. Let Eastern tyrants from the light of heaven Seclude their bosom slaves. Thomson. 2. To shut out ; to prevent from entering ; to pre- clude. Inclose your tender planta in your conservatory, secluding all entrance of cold. Evelyn. SE-€LUD/ED, pp. ora. Separated from others; liv- ing in retirement; shut out. SE-€LUD/ED-LY, adv. Ina secluded manner. SE-€LUD/ING, ppr. Separating from others ; confin- ing in solitude or in a separate state ; preventing en- trance, SE-GLUSE/NESS, n. The state of being secluded from society. SE-€LU/SION, (-zhun,) n. The act of separating from society or connection ; the state of being sepa- rate or apart; separation ; a shutting out; as, to live in seclusion. SE-E€LU/SIVE, a. That secludes or sequesters ; that keeps separate or in retirement. SE€/OND, a. [Fr., from L. secundus; It. secondo; Sp. and Port. segundo; from L. seqguor, to follow. See Sree. 1. That immediately follows the first; the next following the firs in order of place or time; the or- dinal of two. Tade the second book from the shelf. Enter the second house. And he slept and dreamed the second time. — Gen. xli. 2, Next in value, power, excellence, dignity, or rank; inferior. The silks of China are second to none in quality. Lord Chatham was second to none in eloquence. Dr. Johnson was second to none in intellectual powers, but second to many in research and erudition. At second hand ; in the second place of order; not in the first place, or by or from the first; by trans- mission ; not primarily; not originally ; as, a report received at second hand. In imitation of preachers at second hand, J shall transcribe from ruyere a piece of raillery. Tatler. SE€’/OND, n. One who attends another in a duel, to aid him, mark out the ground or distance, and see that all proceedings between the parties are fair. Watts. Addison. 2. One that supports or maintains another; that which supports. Being sure enough of seconds after the first onset. Wotton, 3. The sixtieth part of a minute of time or of a de- gree, that is, the second minute or small division next to the hour or degree. Sound moves above 1140 English feet in a second. 4. In music, an interval of a conjoint degree, be- ing the difference between any sound and the next nearest sound above or below it. Busby. Brande. SE€/OND, v. t. [L. secundo; Fr. seconder; It. se- condure. 1. To follow in the next place, Sin is seconded with sin, [Little used.] South. SEC another; to assist; to forward; to promote; to en- courage ; to act as the maintainer. We have supplies to second our attempt. Shak. The attempts of Austria to eicummacrie the conquests of Bonn- arte were seconded by Russia. Anon. In God, one single can its ends produce, Yet serves to second too some other use, Pope. 3. In deliberative assemblies, to unite with a person, or act as his second, in proposing some measure ; as, to second a motion or proposition. SE€/OND-A-RI-LY, adv. [from secondary.} In the second degree or second order; not primarily or originally ; not in the first intention. Duties on im- ports serve primarily to raise a revenue, and seconda- rily to encourage domestic manufactures and industry. SE€/OND-A-RI-NESS, n. The state of being sec- ondary. forris. SE€/OND-A-RY, a. [L. secundarius, from secundus.| 1. Succeeding next in order to the first; subor- dinate. W here there is moral right on the one hand, no secondary right can discharge it. ’Estrange. 2. Not primary ; not of the first intention. Two are the radical differences; the secondary differences are as four. Bacon. 3. Not of the first order or rate; revolving about a primary planet. Primary planets revolve about the sun ; secondary planets or satellites revolve about the primary. 4. Acting by deputation or delegated authority ; as, the work of secondary hands. Milton. 5. Acting in subordination, or as second to another ; as, a secondary officer. Encyec. 6. In mineralogy, a term denoting a modified crys- tal derived from one of the primary forms, or any plane on a crystal which is not one of the primary planes. Dana. Secondary rocks or strata, in geology, are those which are situated over or above the primary and below the tertiary. They usually abound in organic remains or petrifactions. Cleaveland. Secondary formation; in geology, the formation which includes the secondary strata. A secondary fever, is that which arises after a crisis, or a critical effort, as after the declension of the small-pox or measles. Quincy. Secondary circles. See Seconpary, n. No.2. Secondary qualities, are the qualities of bodies which are not inseparable from them, but which proceed from casual circumstances, suth as lor, taste, odor, &c. Secondary quills. See Srconpary, 7. No. 3. SE€/OND-A-RY, 7. A delegate or deputy ; one who acts in subordination to another ; as, the secondaries of the Court of King’s Bench and of Common Pleas. NCYC. 2. In astronomy, a great circle of the sphere passing through the poles of another great circle, perpendic- ular to its plane ; as, secondaries to the ecliptic. Brande. 3. In ornithology, a quill or large feather growing on the second bone of a bird’s wing. Brande. SE€/OND-€6US/IN, (-kuz/n,)z. The name given to the children of cousins. SE€/OND-ED, pp. Supported ; aided, SE€/OND-ER,n. One that supports what another at- tempts, or what he affirms, or what he moves or pro- poses; as, the seconder of an enterprise or of a motion. SE€/OND-HAND, n. Possession received from the first possessor. Johnson. SE€/OND-HAND, a. Not original or primary; re- ceived from another They have but a second-hand or implicit knowledge. Locke. 2. Not new ; that has been used by another; as, a second-hand book. SE€/OND-ING, ppr. Supporting ; aiding. SE€/OND-LY, adv. Inthe second place. Bacon. SE-€ ON’ DO, {tt] In music, the second part. SE€/OND-RATE, n. [second and rate.] The second order in size, dignity, or value. They call it thunder of the second-rate. Addison, So we say, a ship of the second-rate. SE€/OND-RATE, a. Of the second size, rank, qual- ity, or value; as, a second-rate ship; a second-rate cloth ; a second-rate champion. Dryden. SE€/OND-SIGHT, (-site,) nm. The power of seeing things future or distant; a power claimed by some of the Highlanders in Scotland. Addison. Nor less availed his optic sleight, And Scottish silt of second sight, Trumbull’s M’Fingal. SE€/OND-SIGHT-ED, (-si/ted,) a. Having the power of second-sight. Addison. SE/CRE-CY, n. [from secret.] Properly, a state of separation; hence, coucealment from the observa- tion of others, or from the notice of any persons not concerned ; privacy ; a state of being hid from view. When used of an individual, secrecy implies con- cealment from all others; when used of two or more, it implies concealment from all persons except those concerned. Thus a company of counterfeiters carry on their villainy in secrecy. The lady Anne, Latin, but denoting departure or separation. ] 9938 2. To support; to lend aid to the attempt of Whom the king hath in secrecy long married. Shak. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —SEC SEC SEC 2. Solitude ; retirement ; seclusion from the view | SE’/CRET-IST, n. A dealer in secrets. [Wot in use.] l B SE-€RE-TI//TIOUS, (se-kre-tish’us,) a. Parted by of others. Milton. 3. Forbearance of disclosure or discovery. It is not with public as with private prayer; in this, rather secr is commanded than sniper he , : Pookie 4, Fidelity to a secret; the act or habit of keeping secrets. For secrecy no lady closer. Shak, SE/CRET, a. [Fr. secret; It. Sp. and Port. secreto; L, secretus. This is given as the participle of secerno, but it is radically a different word; W. segyr, that is, apart, inclosed, or sacred; segru, to secrete or put apart; ség, that is, without access. The radical Si/ERET-NESS, n. The state of being hid or con- sense of ség is, to separate, as in L. seco, to cut off ; and not improbably this word is contracted into the Latin se, a prefix in s¢grego, separo, &c.] 1. Properly, separate ; hence, hid ; concealed from the notice or knowledge of all persons except the individual or individuals concerned. I have a secret errand to thee, O king. — Judges ili. 2. Unseen; private; secluded; being in retire- ment. There, secret in her sapphire cell, He with the Naijs wont to dwell. 3. Removed from sight; private; unknown. Abide in a secret place, and hide thyself. — 1 Sam. xix. 4. Keeping secrets; faithful to secrets intrusted ; Fenton, as, secret Romans. [ Unusual.] Shak. 5. Private ; affording privacy ; as, the secret top of Sinai. Milton. 6. Occult ; not seen ; not apparent; as, the secret operations of physical causes, 7. Known to God only. Secret things belong to the Lord our God, — Deut. xxix. 8. Not proper to be seen; kept, or such as ought to be kept, from observation. SE/ERET, n. [Fr., from L. score 1. Something studiously concealed. A man who can not Keep his own secrets, will hardly keep the secrets of others. To tell our own secrets is often folly ; to communicate those of others is treachery. ‘ambler. A talebearer revealeth secrets. — Proy. xi. 2. A thing not discovered, and therefore unknown. All secrets of the deep, all nature’s works. Milton. Hast thou heard the secret of God ? — Job xv. SE-CRE/TIVE-NESS, n. Among phrenologists, the SE/CRE-TO-RY, a. SECT, n. SEC€T-A/RI-AN, a. [L. sectarius.] SEE€T-A/RI-AN, 7. SECT-A/RI-AN-IZE, v. t. To imbue with sectarian 3. Secrets, pl.; the parts which modesty and pro- priety require to be concealed. In secret ; ina private place ; in privacy or secrecy ; in a state or place not seen ; privately. Bread eaten in secret is pleasant. — Prov. ix. SE’/ERET, v.'t. To keep private. [ot used.] Bacon. SE€-RE-TA/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a secretary. Brit. Spy. SE€/RE-TA-RLSHIP, z. The office of a secretary. Swift. SE€/RE-TA-RY, n. [Fr. secrétaire; Sp. and It. secre- tario; from L. secretus, secret; originally a confidant, one intrusted with secrets. ] 1. A person employed by a public body, by a com- pany, or by an individual, to write orders, letters, dispatches, public or private papers, records, and the like. Thus legislative bodies have secretaries, whose business is to record all their laws and resolves. Embassadors have secretaries. 9. An officer whose business is to superintend and manage the affairs of a particular department of gov- ernment ; as, the secretary of state, who conducts the correspondence of a state with foreign courts ; the secretary of the treasury, Who manages the depart- ment of finance ; the secretary of war, of the navy, &e. SE-CRETE’, v. t. To hide; to conceal; to remove from observation or the knowledge of others; as, to secrete stolen goods. 2. To secrete one’s self; to retire from notice into a private place ; to abscond. 3. In the animal econonty, tosecern; to produce from the blood substances different from the blood itself, or from any of its constituents; asthe glands. The liver secretes bile; the salivary glands secrete saliva. Ed. Encyc. 4. In vegetable physiology, to separate substances from the sap. SE-ERET’ED, pp. or a. Concealed ; secerned. SE-GCRET'ING, ppr. Hiding ; secerning. SE-CRE/TION, n. The act of secerning; the act or process of producing from the blood substances dif- ferent from the blood itself or from any of its con- stituents, as bile, saliva, mucus, urine, &c. This was considered by the older physiologists as merely a separation from the blood of certain substances pre- viously contained in it; the literal meaning of secre- tion. But this opinion is now generally exploded. The organs of secretion are of very various form and structure, but the most general are those called glands. Ed. Encye. 2, In vegetables, the corresponding process of sep- arating substances from the sap. 3. I'he matter secreted; aS mucus, perspirable SECT-A’/TOR, n. SE€T’ILE, a. SE€/TION, n. [Es from L. sectio; seco, to cut off.] matter, &c. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN//GER, VI/'CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CHasS animal secretion. Floyer. organ which induces secrecy or concealment. Brande. without the knowledge of others; as, to dispatch a messenger secretly. 2. Inwardly ; not apparently or visibly ; latently. Now secretly with inward grief she pined. Addison. cealed. ee — 2. The quality of keeping a secret. Donne. Performing the office of secre- tion ; as, secretory vessels. Ray. [Fr. secte; It. setta; L. and Sp. secta; from L. seco, to cut off, to separate. ] 1. A body or number of persons united in tenets, chiefly in philosophy or religion, but constituting a distinct party by holding sentiments different from those of other men. Most sects have originated in a particular person, who taught and propagated some peculiar notions in philosophy or religion, and who is considered to have been its founder. Among the Jews, the principal sects were the Pharisees, Saddu- cees, and Essenes; in Greece were the Cynic sect, founded by Antisthenes, and the Academic sect, by Plato. The Academic sect gave birth to the Peri- patetic, and the Cynic to the Stoic. Enfield. 9. A denomination which dissents from an estab- lished church. 3. A cutting or cion. [ot used.] Shak. Pertaining to a sect or to sects ; peculiar to a sect ; as, sectarian principles or prejudices. One of a sect; one of a party in religion which has separated itself from the estab- lished church, or which holds tenets different from those of the prevailing denomination in a kingdom or state. SE€T-A/RI-AN-ISM, ». The disposition to dissent from the established church or predominant religion, and to form new sects. feelings. SE€T’A-RISM, n. Sectarianism. [Little used. SE€T’A-RIST,n. A-sectary. (/Vot much any SE€T/A-RY, x. [Fr. sectaire.] { Warton. 1. A person who separates from an established church, or from tbe prevailing denomination of Christians ; one that belongs to a sect; a dissenter. 9. A follower; a pupil. [ot in use.) Spenser. [F'r. sectateur. } A follower ; a disciple ; an adherent to a sect. [JVot now used.) Ralegh. [L. sectilis, from seco, to cut. Capable of being cut in slices with a knife. Dana. In mineralogy, applied to minerals when, being cut with a knife, the separated particles do not fly away, but remain on the mass. Humble. 1. The act of cutting, or of separating by cutting ; as, the section of bodies. Wotton. 2. A part separated from the rest; a division. 3. In books and writings, a distinct part or portion ; the subdivision of a chapter ; the division of a law or other writing or instruinent. In laws, a section is sometimes called a ParaGrarH or ARTICLE. Boyle. Locke. 4. A distinct part of a city, town, country, or peo- ~ ple; a part of territory separated by geographical Jines, or of a people considered as distinct. ‘Thus we say, the northern or eastern section of the United States, the middle section, the southern or western sectzon. 5. In geometry, the intersection of two superficies, or of a superficies and a solid. In the former case, it is a line; in the latter, a surface, 4. D. Stanley. 6. The representation of an object, as a building, machine, &c., cut asunder vertically, so as to show the interior or profile. Gloss. of Archit. 7 In the public lands of the United States, u tract of 640 acres. SE€/TION-AL, a. Pertaining to a section or distinct part of a larger body or territory. All sectional interests und party feclings, it is hoped, will hereaf- ter yicld to schemes of anpbition. J. Story. Hosack, Mem. of Clinton, SE€’/TION-AL-LY, adv. Ina sectional manner. SE@T/OR, n. [Fr. secteur, from L. seco, to cut. 1. In geometry, a part of a circle comprehended be- tween two radii and the included are; ora mixed triangle, formed by two radii and the are of a circle. Hutton. The sector of a sphere, is the solid generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle about one of its radil, 9, A mathematical instrument so marked with lines of sines, tangents, secants, chords, &c., as to fit all radii and scales, and useful in finding the the sixth book of Euclid, where it is proved that similar triangles have their homologous sides propor- tional. Encuc 3. In astronomy, an instrument for measuring ae- nith distances. [See ZenttH Sector.] Brande Dip sector; an instrument used for measuring the dip of the horizon. Olnsted SE/€RET-LY, adv. Privately ; privily ; not openly ; SE€/U-LAR, a. [Fr. seculaire; It. secolare ; Sp. secu- lar; Li. secularis, from seculwm, the world or an age.] 1. Pertaining to this present world, or to things not spiritual or holy ; relating to things not immediately or primarily respecting the soul, but the body ; world- ly. The secular concerns of life respect making pro- vision for the support of life, the preservation of health, the temporil prosperity of men, of states, &c. | Secwar power is that which superintends and gov- | erns the temporal affairs of men, the civil or political power; and is contradistinguished from spiritual or ecclesiastical power. 2. Among Roman Catholics, not regular ; not hound by monastic vows or rules ; not confined to a monas- tery, or subject to the rules of a religious commu nity. Thus we say, the secular clergy, and the reg ular clergy. : Temple. Secular equation; in astronomy, the numerical ex- pression of the magnitude and period of a secular inequality. Secular inequality ; a deviation from the mean mo- tion or mean orbit of a celestial body, which pro- ceeds so slowly as to become sensible only after the lapse of centuries. Brande. 3. Coming or observed once in a century; as, a secular year. ~ Secular games, in Rome, were games celebrated once in an age or century, which lasted three days and nights, with sacrifices, theatrical shows, com- bats, sports, &c. Valerius Maximus. Secular music; any music or songs not adapted to sacred uses. Secular refrigeration: in geology, the periodical cooling, and consequent consolidation, of the crust of the globe. Brande. Secular song, or poem; a song or poem composed for the secular games, or sung or rehearsed at those games. SE€/U-LAR, n. A church officer or officiate, whose functions are confined to the vocal department of the choir. Busby. SE€-U-LAR’/LTY, n. Worldliness; supreme atten- tion to the things of the present life. Buchanan. SE€-U-LAR-I-ZA/TION, n. [from secularize.] The act of converting a regular person, place, or benefice, into a secular one. Most cathedral churches were formerly regular, that is, the canons were of religious or monastic orders ; but they have since been secu- larized. For the secularization of a regular church, there is wanted the authority of the pope, that of the prince, the bishop of the place, the patron, and even the consent of the people. Encyc. 2. In politics, the appropriation of church property to secular or common uses; also, transferring the civil jurisdiction of a district or country from eccle- siastics to laymen. Jfurdock. SE€/U-LAR-IZB, v. t. [Fr. seculariser ; from secular. ] To convert that which is regular or monastic into secular ; as, the ancient regular cathedral churches were secularized. At the reformation, the abbey was secularized. Core, Switz. 2. To convert from spiritual appropriation to secu- lar or common use. 3. To transfer the civil government of a bishopric or country from a prince bishop to a layman. 4. To make worldly or unspiritual. [Murdock, SE€/U-LAR-1Z-ED, pp. Converted from regular to secular, or from ecclesiastical to laical or to worldly uses. SE6/U-LAR-IZ-ING, ppr. Converting from regular 01 monastic to secular, or from ecclesiastical to laical or to worldly uses. SE€/U-LAR-LY, adv. In a worldly manner. SE€/U-LAR-NESS, n. A secular disposition ; world- liness ; worldly-mindedness. Si/€UND, a. In botany, arranged on one side only. SE€-UN-DA/TION, 7. Prosperity. [JVot used.) SE€/UN-DINE, x. [Fr. secondines; from second, L. secundus, trom sequor, to follow.) 1. In botany, the second coat or integument of an ovule, reckoning the outer as the first. Lindley. 9. Secundines, in the plural, as generally used, are the several coats or membranes in which the fetus 1s wrapped in the womb ; the afterbirth. Coxe. Brande. SE-€UN’DUM AR'TEM, {L.] According to art or professional rule; skillfully. % SE-CURB’, a. [L. securus; It. stcuro; Sp. seguro. It coincides in elements with the oriental 130 and 45D, to shut or inclose, to make fast; but it may be from sé, OF sine, and cura, care, free from anxiety. ] 1. Free from danger of being taken by an enemy ; that may resist assault or attack. The place 1s well fortified and very secure. Gibraltar 1s a secure for- tress. In this sense, secure 1S followed by agaist or roportion between quantities of the same kind. The sector is founded on the fourth proposition of from; as, secure against attack, or from an enemy. SH; FH as in THIS. - 999pee ae iy ' 4 : ' fl 1 | : : @ i | ; | : Hi x: an i ) a ‘ { t 5 vy) i! 4 § ; eo f aor er Ca a eh 5 SED SED SEE 9, Free from danger; safe; applied to persons; | SED'A-TIVE, a. [Fr. sedatif, from L. sedo, to calm.]_ [| SE-DUCE/MENT, n. The act of seducing; seduc- with from. mn medicine, moderating ; allaying irritability and tion. 3. Free from fear or apprehension of danger; not irae gy diminishing irritative activity ; assuaging 2. The means employed to seduce; the arts of alarmed ; not disturbed by fear ; confident of safety ; pain. coe ; a flattery, falsehood, and deception. Pope. hence, careless of the means of defense. Men are sED/A A-TIVE, n. A medicine which allays irritability | SE-DUC G/ER, n. One that seduces; one that by often most in danger when they feel most secure. Confidence then bore thee on, secure To meet no danger. Milton. 4. Confident ; not distrustful; with of But thou, secure of sou), unbent with woes. Dryden. It concerns the most secur é of his strens gth to pray to God not to expose him to an enemy. Rogers. 5. Careless; wanting caution. [See No. 3.] 6. Certain . very confident. He is secure of a wel- come reception. SE-GURE’, v. t. To guard effectually from danger ; to make safe Fortifications may secure a city; ships of war may secure a harbor. I spread x cloud before the victor’s sight, _ Sustained the vanquished, and secured his flight. 2, To make certain; to put beyond hazard. Lib- erty and fixed laws secure to every citizen due pro- tection of person and property. The first duty and the highest interest of men is, to secure the favor of God by repentance and faith, and thus to secure to oe >mselves future felicity. To inclose or confine effectually ; to guard ef- be tus illy from escape ; sometimes, to seize and con- fine ; as, to secure a prisoner. The sheriff pursued the thief with a warrant, and secure d him. To make certain of payment; as, to secure a ct by mortgage. 5. To make certain of receiving a precanigns debt by giving bond, bail, surety, or otherwise; as, to se- eure a creditor. . Io insure, as property. 7. To make fast; as, to secure a door; to securea rafter to a plate ; to secure the hatches of a ship. J-CUR/ED, pp. Effectually guarded or protected ; vant ide cert: ain ; put beyond hazard ; effectually con- fined ; made fast. SE-€URE/LY, adv. Without danger; safely ; as, to pass a river on ice securely. But Sarevy is gene rally used. 2. Without fear or apprehension; carelessly; in an unguarded state ; in confidence of safety. His daring foe securely him defied. Milton. Devise not evil against thy neighbor, secing he dwelleth securely te thee. — Prov. iii. SE-G€URE/MENT, n. Security; protection. [Wot used, Brown. Dryden, SE-CORE/NESS, ». Confidence of safety ; exemp- tion from fear; hence, want of vigilance or caution. Bacon. SE-6UR/ER, n. He or that which secures or protects. SE-CU/RILFORM, a. [L. securis, an ax or hatchet, and form.] In botany, having the form of an ax or hatchet. ec. SE-CU/RI-TY,n. [Fr, securité: L. securitas.] 1. Protection; effectual defense or safety from danger of any kind; as, a chain of forts erected for Oe security of the frontiers. That which protects or guards from danger. A oe constitutes the security of Great Britain from invasion. 3 Freedom from fear or apprehension; confi- dence of safety ; whence, negligence in providing means of defense. Security is dangerous, for it ex- poses men to attack when unprepared. Security in sin is the Worst condition of the sinner. 4, Safety ; certainty. We have no security for peace with the enemy, but the dread of our navy. 5. Any thing given or deposited, to secure the pay- ment of a debt, or the performance of a contract ; as a bond with surety, a mortgage, the indorsement of a responsible man, a pledge, &c. Blackstone. 6, Something given or done to secure peace or good behavior. Violent and dangerous men are obliged to give security for their good behavior, or for keeping the peace. This security consists in being bound with one or more sureties in a recognizance to the king or state. Blackstone, SE-DAN!’,7. [Fr., from the L. sedeo; like L. esseda.] _A portable chair or covered vehicle for carrying a single person, It is borne on poles by two men. a Dryden. Encye. SE-DATE!, a. [l. sedatus, from sedo, to calm or ap- pease, that is, to set, to cause to subside. ] Settled ; 2 compos e d calin 5 quiet; tranquil; still ; serene; unruffled by passion 3 undisturbed ; contem- plative ; sober; Serious; as, a sedate soul, "mind, or temper. So we say, a sedate look or countenance. Dryden. Watts. SE-DATE/LY, adv. Calmly; without agitation of mind. Locke. and irritation, and irritative activity, and which as- suages pain SE DE-FEN-DE N/DO, [L.] In defending himself ; the plea of a person chi urged with murder, who al- leges that ne committed the act in his own defense. SE/DENT, Sitting ; inactive ; quiet. SED/EN- TA. RI-LY, adv. [from sedentary.] In a sedentary manner. SED/EN-TA-RLNESS, n. The state of being seden- tary. SED’/EN-TA-RY, n. One of a tribe of spiders, which rest motionless until their prey is entangled in their web. Brande. SED/EN-TA-RY, a. [Fr. sedentaire; It. and Sp. se- dentario ; L. sedentarius, from sedens, sedeo, to sit.] 1. Accustomed to sit much, oy to pe iss most of the time in a sitting posture ; as, a sedentary man. Stu- dents, tailors, and women, are sedentary persons. De Requiring much sitting; as, a sedentary occupa- tion or employment. 3. Passed for the most part in sitting; as, a seden- an life. Arbuthnot. . Inactive; motionless ; sluggish; as, the seden- fied earth. Milton. The soul, considered abstractly from ils passions, is of a remiss, sedentary nature, Spectator. SEDGE, (sej,) m. [Sax. secg; perhaps from the root of L. seco, to cut; that is, sword grass, like L. gladiolus. | 1. A narrow flag, or growth of such flags; called, in the north of England, SEG OF SAG, Johnson. Barret. 2. In New England, a species of very coarse grass growing in swainps, and forming bogs or clumps. SEDGE/—BIRD, Nec, [sede and bird, or war- SEDGE/-WAR/BLER,}$ __bler.) A small European singing bird, of the family Sylviade, the Salicaria phragmitis of Selby. It often builds its nest among reeds or tall aquatic plants. Jardine. SEDG'/ED, a. Composed of flags or sedge. Shak. SEDG/Y, a. Overgrown with sedge. On the gentle Severn’s sedgy bank. Shak. SED/I-MENT, n. [Fr., from L. sedimentum, from sedeo, to settle. The matter which subsides to the bottom of liquors ; settlings ; lees; dregs. Bacon. SED-LMENT’A-RY, a. Pertaining to sediment ; formed by sediment ; consisting of matter that has subsided. Buckland. Sedimentary rocks, are those which have been formed by materi: als deposited from a state of sus- pension in water. SE-DI'’/TION, (se-dish’un,) m. [Fr., from L. seditio. The sense of this word is the contrary of that which is naturally deducible from sedo or sedeo, denoting a rising or raging, rather than an appeasing. But to set is really to throw down, to drive, and sedition may be a setting or rushing toge ther. } A factious commotion of the people, or a tumultu- ous assembly of men rising in opposition to law or the adininistration of justice, and in disturbance of the public peace. Sedition is a rising or commotion of less extent than an insurrection, and both are less than rebellion ; but some kinds of sedition, in Great Britain, amount to high treason. Jn general, sedition is a loc al or limited insurrection in opposition to civil authority, as mutiny is to military. Ezra iv. Lake XxXlil. Acts XXIV. Encyc. SE-DI//TION-A-RY, n. An inciter or promoter of se- dition. Bp. Hall, SE-DI//TIOU tiosus. | 1. Pertaining to sedition ; partaking of th nature of sedition ; as, seditious behavior ; seditious strife. Tending to excite sedition ; as, seditious words. 3. Disvosed to excite violent or irregular opposition to law or lawful authority ; turbulent; factious, or guilty of Sere ; as, seditious citizens. SE-DI//TIOUS-LY, adv. With tumultuous opposition to law; ina manner to violate the public peace, SE-DI//TIOUS-NESS, n. The disposition to excite popular commotion in opposition to law ; or the act of exciting such commotion. SED/LITZ WA/TER. See Serpiitz WATER. SE-DUCB’, v. t. [L. seduco; se, from, and duco, to lead ; Fr. seduire; It. sedurre; Sp. seducir.] . To draw aside or entice from the path of recti- Nee and duty in any manner, by flattery, promises, bribes, or otherwise; to tempt and lead to iniquity ; to corrupt ; to deprave, S, (se-dish’us,) a. [Fr. seditieux; L. sedi- SE-DATE/NESS, n. Calmness of mind, manner, or countenance ; freedom from agitation; a settled state ; composure; Serenity ; tranquillity ; as, sedate- ness of temper or soul; sedateness of counten: INCe 5 sedateness of conversation. Addison. SE-DA/TION, n. The act of calming. [Wot in use.] Coles. Me the gold of France did not seduce. Shak. In the Jatter times, some will depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits. —1 Tim. iv. 2. To entice toa surrender of chastity. He that can seduce a female is base enough to betray her. SE-DUC/ED, (se-dust’,) pp. Drawn or enticed from temptation or arts entices another to depart from the path of rectitude and duty ; preéminently, one that by flattery, promises, or falsehood, persuades a fe- male to surrender her chastity. The seducer of a female is little less criminal than the murderer. 9. That which leads astray ; that which entices to evil. He whose firm faith no reason could remove, Will melt before that soft seducer, love. Dryden. SE-DU/CLBLE, a. Capable of being drawn aside from the path of rectitude ; corniptible. Brown. SE.DUC/ING, ppr. or a. Enticing from the path of virtue or chastity. SE-DUC/ING-L ue adv. In a seducing manner. SE-DU€’TION, [Fr., from L. seductio.] 1. The act of seducing, or of enticing from the path of duty ; in a general sense. Hammond. 2. Appropriately, the act or crime of persuading a female, by flattery or deception, to surrender her chastity. A woman who is above flattery is least liable to seduction ; but the best safeguard is princi- ple, the love of purity and holiness, the fear of God, and reverence for his commands, SE-DU€/TIVE, a. Tending to lead astray; apt to mislead by flatte ring appearances. Stephens. SE-DU€’TIVE-LY, adv. Ina seductive manner. SE-DU/LI-TY, x. Aut. sedulitas; It. sedulitd. See SEDULOUs.] Diligent and assiduous. application to business ; constant attention; unremitting industry in any pursuit. It denotes constancy and perseverance, rath- er than intenseness of application. Let there be but the same propensity and bent of will to religion, and there will be the same sedul ity and indefatigable indus- try in men’s inquirie S into it. South, SED/U-LOUS, a. [L. sedulus, from the root of sedeo, to sit, aS as stduous from assideo. Ti iterally, sitting close to an employment; hence, assiduous ; diligent in application or pursuit; con- stant, steady, and persevering in business, or in en- deavors to effect an object ; steadily industrious 15 the sedulous bee. rier What signifies the sound of words in prayer, without the aflecton of the he irt, and a sedulous a pplication of the proper means that may lead to such an end f ; L’ Pstranzs. SED/U-LOUS-LY, adv. Assiduously ; industriously ; diligently ; w ith constant or continued application. SED/U-LOUS-NESS, zn. Assiduity; assiduousness ; steady diligence ; continued industry or effort. SEE n. (Fr. siége; Scot. seve; Arm. sich.] The seat of episcopal power; a diocese ; the jun risdic tion of a bishop. Swift. 2. The seat of an archbishop; a province or juris- diction of an archbishop; as an archienisecnal see. S/ Shak. The seat, place, or office of the pope or Roman pont as, the papal see. The authority of the pope or court of Rome; as, o appeal to the see of Rome. ddison. SEE, v. t.; pret. Saw; pp. Seen. [Sax. seon, seogan, geseon; G. sehen; D. zien, pret. zag, saw ; Dan. seer ; Sw.se. This verb is contracted, as we know by the Eng. sight, Dan. sigt, G. gesicht, D. zigt, gezigt. Ch. NSD, 15D, or 5D ‘to see. Class Sg, No. 34. InG. besuchen 1s to visit, to see, and this. is from suchen, which is the Eng. to seck, and to seek is to look for. In G. gesuch isa suit, a seeking, demand, petition; and versuchen is to try, Eng. essay. We hav eC. then, decisive evidence that see, seek, L. sequor, and Eng. essay, are all from the same radix. The primary sense of the root is, to strain, stretch, extend; and as applied to see, the sense is, to extend to, to reach, to strike with the eye or sight.] 1. To perceive by the eye; to have knowledge of the existence and apparent qualities of objects by the organs of sight; to behold. I will now turn aside and see this great sight. — Ex. iil We haye seen the land, and behold, it is very good. — Judges xvVill. To observe; to note or notice; to Know; to sees or look to; to take care; to attend, as to the execution of some order, or to the performance of something. Give them first one simple iden, and see that they fully cote: hend it before you go any further. Locke. See that ye fall not out by the way. — Gen. xlv. 3. To discover; to descry ; to understand. Who so dull as not to see the device or stratagem? Very noble actions often lose much of their excellence when the motives are seen. 4, To converse or have intercourse with. We im- Drove by seeing men of different habits and tempers. . To visit; as, to cail and see a friend. The phy- sic i in sees his patient twice a day. 1 Sam.xv. 1 Cor. xvi. 6. To attend; to remark or notice. Thad a mind to see him out, and therefore did not care to con- virtue ; corrupted; depraved. tradict him. Addison. FATE, FAR; FALL, WHAT.— METER, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. — 1000 a aa ernnonmnaaelSEE SEE SEE 7. To behold with patience or sufferance ; to en- dure It was not meet for us to see the king’s dishonor. — Ezra iv. 8. In Scripture, to hear or attend to. I turned to see the voice that spoke with me. — Rey. {. 9. To feel; to suffer; to experience. Make us glad according to the days wherein thou hast afflicted _ us, and the years in which we have seen evil. — Ps. xc, If a man shall keep my saying, he shall never see death. — John viii. Luke ii. 10. To know ; to leayn. Go, I pray thee, sée whether it be well with thy brethren. — Gen. XXXvil. 11. To perceive ; to understand; to comprehend. . gce the train of argument ; I see his motives. 12. To perceive; to understand experimentally. I see another law in my members. — Rom, vii. 13. To beware. See thou do it not. — Rev. xix. 14. To know by revelation. The word that Isaiah, the son of Amoz, saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem. — Is, ii, xiii. 15. To have faith in and reliance on. Seeing him who is invisible. —Heb, xi. 16. To enjoy ; to have fruition of. Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God. — Matt. v. SEE, v.z Tio have the power of perceiving by the proper organs, or the power of sight. Some animals, it is said, are able to see best in the night. 2. To discern ; to have intellectual sight ; to pene- trate ; to understand ; with through or into; as, to see through the plans or policy of another; to see into artful schemes and pretensions. Tillotson. 3. To examine or inquire. See whether the esti- mate 1s correct. 4. To be attentive. 5. To have full understanding. But now ye say, We see; therefore your sin remaineth, — John xix. See to it; look well to it; attend ; consider; take care. Let me see, let us see, are used to express consider- ation, or to introduce the particular consideration of a subject, or some scheme or calculation. See is used imperatively, to cull the attention of others to an object or a subject. See, see, how the balloon ascends ! See what it is to have a poet in your house, SEED, z. Sw. sdd; from the verb sovo. had. | I. The substance, animal or vegetable, which na- ture prepares for the reproduction and conservation of the species. The seeds of plants are a deciduous part, containing the rudiments of a new vegetable. Tn some cases, the seeds constitute the fruit or valu- able part of plants, as in the case of wheat and other esculent grain ; sometimes the seeds are inclosed in the fruit, as in apples and melons. When applied to animal matter, it has no plural. 9 That from which any thing springs; first prin- ciple; original; as, the seeds of virtue or vice. Hooker. Shak. 3 Pope. [Sax. sed; G. saat; D. zaad; Dan. sed; Qu. W. fad, Arm. 3. Principle of production. Praise of great acts he scatters as a seed, Waller. 4, Progeny ; offspring: children ; descendants ; as, the seed of Abraham; the seed of David. In this sense, the word is applied to one person, or to any number collectively, and admits of the plural form ; but rarely used in the plural. 5. Race ; generation ; birth. Of mortal seed they were not held. Waller. SEED, v. i. To grow to maturity, so as to produce seed. Maize will not seed in a cool climate. Szift. 2. To shed the seed. JWortimer. SEED, v. t. To sow; to sprinkle with seed, which germinates, and takes root. Belknap. SBHED/-BUD, n. [seed and bud.} The germ, germen, or rudiment of the fruit in embryo. SEED/-€AKE, n. [seed and cake.] A sweet cake containing aromatic seeds. "USSET. SEED/-€OAT, 2. In botany, the aril of a seed. Martyn. SEED/-CORN, } SEED/-GRAIN, $ SEED/-DOWN, n. m. Corn or grain for seed. The down on vegetable seeds, Smith. SEED/ED, pp. or a. Sown; sprinkled with seed. 2, Bearing seed ; covered thick with seeds. Fletcher. 3. Interspersed as with seeds. B. Jonson, SEED/ER, n. One who sows. SEED/-FIELD, n. A field for raising seed. SEED/ING, ppr. Sowing with seeds. SBED/-LA€, n. The resin lac dried, after most of the coloring matter has been dissolved out by water. Ure. Carlisle. SEED/LING, n. SEED/-LIP, ) 7. SEED/-LOP, § SEED/-LOBB, n. SEED/NESS, n. SEED/-PEARL, (-perl,) x. [seed and pearl.] SEED!-PLAT, ) 2. SEED/-PLOT, § SEEDS/MAN, n. SEED/-TIMB, n. SEED/-VES-SEL, n. SEED’Y, a. SEE/ING, ppr. SEE/ING, 7. SEEK, v. t.; pret. and pp. Soucnt, (sawt.) SBED/-LEAL, n. In botany, the primary leaf. ‘The seed-leaves are the cotyledons or lobes of a seed ex- panded and in vegetation. Martyn. A plant reared from the seed, as dis- tinguished from one propagated by layers, buds, &c. Tully. A vessel in which a sower carries the seed to be dispersed. England. The lobe of a seed; a cotyledon, which see. Seed-time. [JVot in use.] Small oyle. [seed and plat.] The ground on 7 which seeds are sown to produce plants for transplanting ; hence, 2. A nursery ; a place where any thing is sown or planted for cultivation. Hammond. [seed and man.] A person who deals in seeds ; also, a sower. Dict. [seed and time.] ‘The season proper grains of pearl. for sowing. While the earth remnineth,; seed-lime and harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and winter, and day and night, shall not cease. —Gen. Viii. In botany, the pericarp which contains the seeds. [from seed.] Abounding with seeds. Dict. 2, Having a peculiar flavor, supposed to be derived from the weeds growing among the vines; applied to French brandy. Encyc. 3. Running to seed. 4. Exhausted; worn out; poor and miserable looking ; as, he looked seedy; a seedy coat. [ Collo- quial or lovw.| Halliwell. toldsmith. [from see.] Perceiving by the eye; knowing ; understanding ; observing; beholding. Note. — This participle appears to be used indefi- nitely, or without direct reference to a person or per- sons. ‘* Wherefore come ye to me, seeing ye hate me??? Gen. xxvi. That is, since, or the fact being that or thus; because that. In this form of phrase- ology, that is understood or implied after seemg ; why come ye to me, seeing that ye hate me? The resolution of the phrase or sentence is, ye hate me; that fact being seen or known by you, why come ye to me? or, why come ye to me, ye seeing (Knowing) that fact which follows, viz., ye liate me. Mm this case, seeing retains its participial character, although its re- lation to the pronoun is somewhat obscureu. Origi- nally, seeing, in this use, had direct relation to the speaker or to some other person. ‘‘ Now I know that thou fearest God, seeing thou hast not withheld thy son.?? Gen. xxii. Here seeing refers to I, or, ac- cording to the language of syntax, agrees or accords with Z. I know thou fearest God, for I see thou hast not withheld thine only son ; I know thou fearest God by seeing, In consequence of seeing this fact, thou hast not withheld thine only son. But the use of seeing is extended to cases in which it can not be referred to a specific person or persons, in which cases it ex- presses the notoriety or admission of a fact in gen- eral, and is left, like the French on, in the phrases on dit, on voit, Without application to any particular person. The act of perceiving objects by the organ of sight, or the sense which we have of exter- nal objects by means of the eye. Hutton. [Sax. secan, s@can, to seek, to come to; dsecan, to re- quire ; gesecan, to seek, to come to; forsacan, forse- can, to forsake; G. suchen, to seek ; absuchen, to pick off; besuchen, to visit, to see; gesuch, suit, peti- tion; gesuche, a continued seeking; versuchen, to try, prove, tempt, essay, strive ; versuch, trial, essay ; D. zoeken, to seek, to look for, to try or endeavor ; bezoeken, to visit, to try ; gezoek, a seeking ; opzoeken, to seek; verzoeken, to request, desire, invite, try, tempt, to visit; Dan. séger, to seek, to endeavor ; besd.wer, to visit ; forséger, to try, to essay, to experl- ment, to tempt; opsdger, to seek or search after ; Sw. séka, to seek, to ste, to court; sdka en lagligen, to sue one at law; besdka, to visit ; férsdka, to try, to essay, to tempt. These words all accord with L, sequor, Ir. seichim, to follow ; for to seek is to go alter, and the primary sense is to advance, to press, to drive forward, as in the L. peto. (See Bssay, from the same root, through the Italian and French.) Now, in Sax. forsucan, forsecan, is to forsake ; sacan 1s to strive, contend, whence Nnglish sake, and s@can, se- can, isto seek. But in Swedish, forsaka, to forsake, to renounce, is from sak, thing, cause, suit, Sax. saca, English sake; in Danish, forsager, to renounce, 1s from siger, to say; sag, a thing, cause, matter, suit; sard, a saying; G. versagen, to deny, to renounce, from sagen, to say, to tell; D. verzaaken, to deny, to forsake, to revoke, from zaak, thing, cause, and zeg- owen is to say or tell, which is the Sax. seegan, to say. These close affinities prove that seek, essay, say, and L. sequor, are all from one radix, coinciding with Ch, py, to seek, to strive, Class 8g, No. 46, and see No. 30, Ar. The English verb see seems to be from the same root. } poy SEEK, zu. 2. 1, To go in search or quest of; to look for; to | search for by going from place to place. The man asked him, saying, What seekest thon? And he said I seek my brethren, — Gen. xxxvii. allt 2. To inquire for; to ask for; to solicit: to en- |. . > deavor to find or gain by any means. The young lions roar after their prey, and seek their meat from | God. — Ps. Civ. He found no place for repentance, though he sought it carefully Others, tempting him, sought of him a sign. — Luke xi. 3. Seek is followwed sometimes by out or after. To | seek out, properly implies to look for a specific thir among a number. But in general, the use of out and after with seek, is unnecessary and inelegant. To seek God, his name, or lis face; in Scripturc, to | ask for his favor, direction, and assistance. Ps. xiii. 1Xxxxill. God seeks men, when he fixes his love on them, and by his word and Spirit, and the righteousness of Christ, reclaims and recovers them from their micer- able condition as sinners. ze. XXxiv. Ps. CXix. Luke xv. To seek after the life, or soul; to attempt by arté or machinations ; or to attempt to destroy or ruin. Ps. XXKV. To seek peacc, or judgment ; to endeavor to promote it; or to practice it. Ps. xxxiv. Js. i. To seek an altar, temple, or habitation ; to frequent it, to resort to it often. 2 Chron. 1. mos V. To seck vut God’s works ; toendeavor to understand them. Ps, CX. To make search or inquiry ; to endeavor to make discovery. Seek ye out of the book of the Lord, and read. —Is. xxxiy. | J | with tears. — Heb. xii. 1 \ 2. To endeavor, pains, nor further seek to know or the forms of law below. Ask not wh Their proce Dryden ; To seek after; to make pursuit; to attempt to find or take. [See No. 3, supra. To seck for; to endeavor to find, Knolles. To seek to; to apply to; toresort to. I Kings x. To seek, was formerly used in an adverbial man- ner, for at searching, or under the ssitu of search- ing, as the result of ignorance or inexperience. Métlion. TLECE Unpracticed, unprepared, and still'to seek. [This phrase, I believe, is wholly obsolete.] SEEK/ER, n. One that seeks; an inquirer; as, a seeker of truth. 2. One of a sect that profess no determinate re- Jimion. Johnson. SEEK/ING, n. Act of attempting to find or procure. Harter. SEEK/-SOR-ROW, n. [seek and sorrow.} One thet contrives to give himself vexation. [Little use SELL, v.t. [Fr. sceller, to seal.] To close the eyes; a term of falconry, from the practice of closing the eyes of a Wild hawk. Bacon. [Sax. sylan, to give. See SDLL,] [ Obs.] Bacen. SEEL, v. 2. To lean ; to incline to one side. SEEL, n, The rolling or agitation of a ship in SEEL/ING, astorm. [Obs.] Ainsworth. SEEL, 2. [Sax. sel.] Time ; opportunity ; season; in respect to Crops ; as, hay-seel. [Zocal i England. | Farm. Ejiicye. SEEL/L-LY, adv. Inasilly manner. [Obs. SEEL‘Y, a. [from seel.] wu Lucky; fortunate. [Ode] SPenser. 2, Silly ; foolish; simple. [Obs.] [See Siny.] Tusser. SEEM, v. i. [G. ztemen, to hecome, to be fit or suita- ble; geziemen, to become, to beseem, to. be meet, de- cent, seemlj, In D. zoeemen is to be like, to resem- ble, and taamen is to fit or suit, to become. in Dan. sim is aseam, and sémmer signifies to hem, and also to become, to beseem, to be suitable, decent, or seemly. This is certainly the G. ziemen; hence we see that seam and seem are radically the same word ; It. sem- brare, to seem ; sembiante, like, similar, resembling ; rassembrare, to resemble ; Sp. semcjar, to be like ; Fr. sembler, toseem, toappear. These words seein to be of one family, having for their radical sense, to ex- tend to, to meet, to unite, to come together, or to press together. If so, the Dutch taamen leads us to the oriental roots, Heb. Ch. and Syr. D7, daman, to } “ be like; Eth. EOS adam, to please, to suit; Ar. = --¢ } adama, to add, to unite, to agree, to guit, to Class Dm, No. 5 iliate, to confirm concord. ‘ and 7. 'E nd in these and 7 ‘These verbs are radically one, an I we find the primary sense of ~2dam; likeness, oF form. ave of 7 = 1. To appear; to make or have a show or sem blance. oe } at thou seem’ st. hak, eer all seemed, but were notall. Aluion. All seemed well plensed ; 2, To have the appearance of truth or fact; to be TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S qs Z; CH as SH; EH as in TI {IS. FeO 126 nae Lta A Se om ae 6. et i nn ee oR ai ‘hea ag ; ae ae Se canal _ = ie s Neo” ae. SEG SEI SEL —— understood as true, It seems that the Turkish power | SEG/NI-TODE, | , SEG/NI-TY, : As on the decline. A prince of Italy, it seems, entertained his mistress on a great lake. Addison. SEPM, v. t. To become; tobefit. [Obs.] Spenser. SEBM/ED, pp Appeared ; befitted. TA MOR ‘ P arries an 2 < sem- SEEM‘ER, x. One that carries an appearance or sem SEG/RE-GATE, blance. Hence we se S20, If power change purpose, what our seemers be. Shak. SEEM/ING, ppr. or a. Appearing ; fs iving the appear- ance or sembli ince, whether real or not. 2. Ge Specious : as, seeming friendship. SEEMING I, Ns Appearance ; show ; semblance. SEG/RE-GA- TE 1D, pp. Separated ; parted from others. 9, Fair appearance. SEG/RE-GA-THNG, ppr. Separating. These keep, SEG-RE-GA aA/TION, n. [Fr.] Separation from others ; ; Seeming and savor all the winter long. Shak, a parting. Shak. 3. Opinion or liking ; favorable opinion. othing more clear to their seeming. Hooker. ae persuasive words impregnet d With reason to her see? ning. [Obs.} Milton. SEEM/ING-LY, adv. semblance. This the father seemingly complied with. Addison. They depend often on remote and seemingly disproportioned causes. Auer’ bury. SEEM/ING-NESS, zn. In appearance; in show; in| 1 Fair appearance; plausibility. Digby. SEEM’LESS, a. Unseemly ; unfit ; indecorous. [ Obs. ] Spenser. SEEM’LL-NESS, nxn. [from seemly.] _Comeliness; grace ; fitness; propriety ; decency ; decorum. When seemliness combines with portliness. Camden. SEEM’LY, a. [G. ziemlich; D. taamelyk; Dan. sém- melig. | Becoming; fit ; suited to the object, occasion, pur- pose, or character ; ; Suitable. Suspense of judgment and exercise of charity were safer and seemlier for Christian men, than the hot pursuit of these controversies. Hooker. Honor is not seemly for a fool. — Prov. xxvi. SEEM’LY, adv. In a decent or suitable manner. Pope. SEEM/LY-HED, n. [See Heap and Hoop.] Comely or decent appearance. [ Obs.] Chaucer. SEEN, pp. of Ser. Beheld; observed; understood. 2. a. Versed ; skilled. Noble Boyle, not less in nature seen. [Obs.] SEDER, 7. [from see.] One who sees; as, a seer of visions. Spectator. 2. A prophet ; a person who foresees future events. 1 Sam. 1x. SEER/WOOD. wood. SEE’SAW,72. [Qu. saw and sav, or sea and saw.] J. A vibratory or re ciprocating motion. Pope. 2, A play among children, in which they sit on each end of a board and move alternately up and down; a board adjusted for this purpose. Halliwell. 3. A term in whist for a certain mutual action of partners in support of each other. Hoyle. SEE’/SAW, v.t. To move with a reciprocating mo- tion ; to move backward and forw ard, or upward and di oe Arbuthnot. SEEFHE, v. t.; pret. SeetTHED, Sop; pp. SEETHED, Soppen. [Sax. seathan, seothan, sythan; D. zieden ; G. sieden; Sw. siuda; Dan. syder; Gr. Cea, contract- ed from (<6w; Heb. 117, to seethe, to boil, to swell, to be inflated. Class Sd, No. 4 T’o boil ; to decoct or prepare for food in hot liquor ; as, to secthe flesh. Dryden. See Sear, and Sear-Woop, dry Thou shalt not seetie 2 kid in its mother’s milk. — Ex, xxiii. SEEFHE, v.i. To be in astate of ebullition; to be hot. Spenser. [| This word is rarely used in the common concerns of ife. SEEFH’ED, pp. Boiled ; decocted. SEEFH'ER, x. A boiler; a pot for boiling things. SEEFH/ING, ppr. Boiling ; decocting. [ Dryden. SEG, n. Sedge. [Vot in use.] SEG, n. x castrated bull. North of England. SE-GAR’, See Cicar. SEG/GAR, 7 - A cylindrica] case of fire-clay in which fine stoneware is baked. [See Saccrr.] Ure. SEG-HOL’, (seg-sl’,) n. A Hebrew vowel-point, or short vowel, thus: -.*, indicating the sound of the English e in men. G M. Stuart. SEG/HO-LATE, a. Marked with a segho). SEG/MENT,7. [Fr., from L. segmentum, from SECO, to cut off. We observe here the Latin has seg, for sec, like the It. segare, Sp. segar, and like the Teu- uenie sagen, zaagen, to saw; properly, a piece cut 0 1. In geometry, a part cut off from a figure by a line or plane ; particularly, that part of the circle contained between a chord and an arc of that circle, orso much of the circle as iscut off by the chord. The segment of « sphere, is a part cut off by a plane. JVewton. 9, In general, a part cut off or divided ; Hutton. as, the SEG/RE-GATE,?. t. [from L. segnis.] Sluggishness; dullness ; inactivity. [JWVot used.] [L. segrego; se, from,and grez, flock. ] To separate som others; to set apart. Sherzood, Separate ; select. [Little wsed.] Wotton. Sesregate polygamy, (Polygamia segregata, Linn. ;) a mode of inflorescence, when several florets com- prehended within an anthodium, or acommon calyx, are furnished also with proper perianths. Martyn. SEID/LITZ POW!’DERS, z. pl. Powders intended to produce the same effect with Seidlitz water. They are composed of the tartrate of potassa and Bad, (Rochelle salt,) with bicarbonate of soda, usually in a paper of one color, and tartaric acid in a paper of another. These are dissolved separately in water, | then mixed, and taken while effervescing. Bra nde. SEID/LITZ WA’TER, n. A saline, mineral water from Seidlitz, in Bohe mia, often taken as an agreea- ble aperient. It contains the sulphates of magnesia | and soda with carbonic acid. Brande. SEIGN-EU/RLAL, (se-ni/re-al,)a. [Fr. See Se1cn- IOR.] 1. Pertaining to the lord of a manor ; manorial. 2. Vested with large powers; independent. Temple. EIGN/IOR, (seen/yur,) 7. [Fr. seigneur; It. signore ; Sp. sevor; Port. senhor ; from L. senior, elder ; senez, old ; Ir. sean.] A lord ; the Jord of a manor ; south of Europe as a title of honor. Turkey is called the grand seignior. SEIGN’/IOR-AGB, (seen’yur-aje,) n. A royal right or prerogative of the king of England, by which he claims an allowance of gold and silver brought in the mass to be exchanged for coin. Brande. Seigniorage is used in common language to signify rofit, IGN-IO/RI-AL, a. The same as SEIGNEURIAL. IGN/IOR-IZE, (seen/yur-ize,) v.t. To lord it over. Little used. | Halifax. EIGN/IOR-Y, (seen/yo-ry,) n. [Fr. seigneurie.] 1. A lordship ; a manor. Davies. Encic. The power or authority of a lord; dominion. O’Neal never had any seigniory over that country, but what he got by encroachment upon the English. Spenser. but used also in the The sultan of P SE SE SEINE, (seen,) 7 [Sax. segne; Fr. seine; Arm. seigne; L. sagena; Gr. caynvn.) A large net for catching fish. The seines used for taking shad in the Connecticut, sometimes sweep nearly ne whole breadth of the river. SELN’ ER, A fisher with a seine or net. [JVot much used, | Carew. SEIS-MOM/E-TER, (Gr. cetcpos.] An instrument oor measuring the shock of an earth- quake, and other concussions. Edin. Phil. Trans. SE/LTY,7. [L. se, one’s self-] Something peculiar to a man’s self. [ot 2well au- thorized. | Tatler. SEIZ!/A-BLE, a. That may be seized; liable to be taken. SEIZE, (seeze,) v.t. [Fr. saisir ; Arm. seisza or sesya; prob: tbly allied to assess, and to sit, set. The sense is, to fall on, to throw one’s self on, which is nearly the primary sense of set. It must be noticed that this word, in writers on law, is usually written sei as also in composition, disseise, disseisin, redisseize. But except in law, if 1s usually or always written seize. Itis desirable that the orthography should be DOr 1. To fall or rush upon suddenly and lay hold on; or to gripe or grasp suddenly. The tiger rushes from the thicket and seizes his prey. A dog seizes an anl- mal by the throat. The hawk seizes a chicken with his claws. The officer seizes a thief. 2. To take possession by force, with or without right. At last they seize The scepter, and regard not David’s son. Milton. 3. To invade suddenly; to take hold of; to come upon suddenly; as,a a fever seizes a patient. And hope and doubt alternate seize her soul. Pope. 4. To take possession by virtue of a warrant or le- gal authority. ‘The sheriff seized the debtor’s goods ; the whole estate was seized and confiscated. We say, to arrest a person, to seize goods. 5. To fasten; to fix. In seamen’s language, to fasten two ropes, or different parts of one rope, to- gether with a cord, Mar. Dict. To be seized of; to have possession; aS, a griffin seized of his prey. the manor of Dale. Spenser. To seize on, Or upon, is to fall on and grasp; totake hold on; to take possession. Matt. xxi. ~ SEIZ/ER, n. Dict. SEIZ/IN, A B was seized and possessed of taken by force ; invaded suddenly ; taken possession of ; fastened with acord ; having possession. One that seizes. [F'r. saisine.] 1, In law, possession. Seizin is of two sorts.seizin | in deed or fact, and seizin in law. Seizin in fact or | deed, is actual or corporal possession ; seizin in /aw, iH is when something is done which the law accounts | possession or seizin, as enrollment, or when lands | descend to an heir, but he has not yet entered on them. Ih this case, the law considers the heir as seized of the estate, and the person who wrongfully enters on the land is accounted a disseizor. | | i Cowel. Encye. | ®. The act of taking possession. [Not used except || in law. | 1} 3. The thing DOSSESEEH 5 possession. Hale. | Livery of seizin. See Crees Primer seizin. See PRIMER. | SEIZ/ING, ppr. Falling on and grasping suddenly ; || laying hold on suddenly ; taking possession by force, | or taking by warrant ; fi stening, SEIZ/ING, n. The act of taking or grasping sud- denly. 2. In scamen?’s language, the operation of fastening | together ropes with a cord; also, the cord or cords | used for such fastening. Jar. Dict. | SEIZ/OR, n. One who seizes. Wheaton. SEIZ/URE, (seez'yur,) x. The act of seizing; the | act of laying hold on suddenly ; as, the seizure of a | MDE. The act of taking possession by force; as, the ante of lands or goods; the seizure of a town by ou enemy ; the seizure of a throne by a usurper. The act of taking by warrant ; as, the seizure of | ares iband goods. The state of being seized, as with disease. Wilberforce. 5. The thing taken or seized. Milton. 6. Ga grasp ; possession. And give me seizure of the mighty wealth, Dryden, We Cate a ; a catching. Let there be no sudden seizure of a Japsed syllable, to Pr Ly Dpon it. Watts. fore feet siarenes ; applied toa lion or other beast. Encye- SE-JOIN’, v te To separate. ([JVot English. | SE-JU/GOUS, a [L. sejugis; sex, yoke. ] In botany, a sejugous leaf is a pinnate leaf having six pairs of leaflets. Martyn. SE-JUN€’TION, n. [L. sejunctio; se, from, and jun ao, tO jon. The act of disjointing; a disuniting; separation. | [ Little used. ] earson. SE-JUNG/I-BLE, a. That may be dis- } | | SE/JANT, In heraldry, sitting, like a cat with the | cae | six, and jugum, | [Supra. ] jointed. [ vittle used. | Pearson. Poe for Sick. [Obs.] [See Srex.] Chaucer. 'KOS,n. [Gr.] Aplaceina temple in which pa- - ins inclosed the images of their deities. SE/LAH, (Heb. bp. ] In the Psalms, a word sup- posed to enti silence or a pause in the musical per- formance of the song. Gesenius. SEL/€60UTH, (-kooth,) a. [Sax. sel, seld, rare, and couth, known. | Rarely know n; unusual; uncommon. [ Obs.] Spenser. SEL/DOM, (sel/dum,) adv. [Sax. selden, seldon; D. zelden; G. selten; Dan. selsom, seldsom; Sw. sallan, sdllsan. In Danish, selskab (sel and shape) is a company, fellowship, or club. Sel probably signifies separate, ‘dis tinct, coinciding with L. solus.] Rare ly ; ; not often ; not frequently. Wisdom and youth are seldom joined in one. [Sep was formerly used, but is now obsolete. ] SEL/DOM, a. Rare; unfrequent. [Little used.] JWilton. Rareness; infrequency; un- Hooker. Hooker. SEL/DOM-NESS, 2. commonness. SELD’/-SHOWN, (-shone,) a, [Sax. seld and shovn.] Rarely shown or exhibited. [Votinuse.] Shak. SE-LE€T’, v. t. [L. selectus, from seligo; se, from, and leo, to pick, cull, or gather. ] To choose and take from a number; to take by preference from among others; to pick out; to cull; as, to select the best authors for perusal ; to select, the most inte resting and virtuous men for associates SE-LE€T’, a. Nicely chosen; taken from a nhber by preference; choice; whence, preferable; more valuable or excellent than others; as, a body of se- lect troops; a select company or society; a library consisting of select authors. SE-LE€T’ED, pp. or a. Chosen and taken by prefer- ence from among a number; picked ; culle SE-LE€T/ED-LY, adv. With care and selection. Haywood. SE-LE€T/ING, ppr. Choosing and taking from a number ; picking out ; culling. SE- DEON (-shun % Ne [L. selectio. | The act of choosing and taking from among a sate hee ; ataking from another by preference. segments ;of a calyx. SEIZ/ED, (seezd,) pp. Suddenly caught or grasped ; 2. A number of things selected or taken from oth- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — ~~ METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1002 =lection of books. E-LE€T/LIVE, a, use| SE-LE€T’/MAN, n. land, a town offic concerns of the town, and these thority. SE-LE€T/NESS, n chosen. SE-LE€T’OR, n. from among a nur SE-LE'’NLATS, 2, a base. acid, which is ec produce.] Containing sele SEL/ENFITE, n. pearance to the n 2, A compound SEL-E NIT’I€, SE-LE/NI-UM, n. stance, allied to s at 650° Fabrenhei horseradish. SE-LEN’IU-RET, SE-LEN/U-RET, granular texture. ypahw, to describ sition. selv ; G. sense of this wo 1. In old autho 1052, 106]. In this sense, s self-same day ; thing ; which is self will write ; thyself shalt go; yourself shall wri herself shall writ atself. Reciprocally, I see themselves. I Except when a render the distinc ical, determination to native case, as W Jesus /iimself bap Matt. xxiii. 4, tion, or noting 1 makes every one world. ie ers by preference. The number is usually from three to seven in each SE-LEN/I€, a. Pertaining to selenium; as, selenic nium and three of oxygen. SEL-EN-L[F/ER-OUS, a. SE-LE/NLOUS ACID, n. equivalent of selenium and two of oxygen. moon; so called from a resemblance in luster or ap- 1. The variety of sulphate of lime or gypsum, oc- curring in transparent crystals, or crystalline masses, SEL-E-NIT/I€-AL, nature and properties. with a brilliant metallic luster. (se-len’yu-ret, ) with some other element. 2. A mineral, of a shining lead-gray color, with a um, silver, and copper. SEL-E-NO-GRAPH/TE, a. SEL-E-NO-GRAPH’I€-AL, to selenography. SEL-E-NOG/RA-PHY, z. A description of the surface of the moon; corre- sponding to geograpiy in respect to the earth. SELF, a. or pron. ; pl. Serves ; used chiefly in compo- [Sax. self, sylf; Goth. silba; Sw. sielf; Dan. selbst; D. zelf. unite, or to separate from others. particular, very, or same. ‘And on tham sylfan geare ;”? in that same year, that very year. Shoot another arrow that self way. Shak. On these se// hills. Ralegh. At that self moment enters Palamon. Dryden. solete, except when followed by same; as, on the the self-same 2. In present usaze, self is united to certain per- sonal pronouns and pronominal adjectives, to ex- press emphasis or distinction; also when the pro- noun is used reciprocally. Thus, for emphasis, I my- himself shall write ; he shall examine for himself. She The child itself shall be carried ; it shall be present self; he loves himself; she admires herself; it pleases itself; we value ourselves; ye hurry yourselves; they he did not hurt me, [ hurt myself. self serves to give emphasis to the pronoun, or to “ T myself will decide,” not only expresses my no other shail decide. Himself, herself, themselves, are used in the nomi- 3. Self is sometimes used as a noun, noting the individual subject to his own contemplation or ac- A man’s eelf may be the worst fellow to converse withela the ope. SEL I havea small but valuable se- Selecting ; tending toselect. [ Un- Fleming. [select and man.] In New Eng- er chosen annually to manage the town, provide for the poor, &c. constitute a kind of executive au- . The state of being select or well [L.] One that selects or chooses nber. A compound of selenic acid with ymposed of one equivalent of sele- [selentum and L. fero, to nium ; as, scleniferous ores. Graham. An acid composed of one [Gr. ceAnvirns, from ceXnyy, the 200N. | Dana. of selenious acid with a base. a. Pertaining to selenite; re- sembling it, or partaking of its [Supra.] An elementary sub- ulphur, having a dark-brown color, It passes into vapor t, producing the odor of decaying Graham. Brande. {n. A compound seleniuin Dana. It is composed chiefly of seleni- Cleaveland. [ Infra. ] Phillips. Belonging [Gr. ceAnvn, the moon, and e. Brande. I know not the primary rd; most probably it is to set or See SELvEDGE.] rs, this word sometimes signifies Saz. Chron. A. D. elf is an adjective, and is now ob- hour; the self-same tautology. Matt. vill. [I will examine for myself. Thou thou shalt see for thyself. You te; you shall see for yourself. He e; she shall examine for herself. abhor myself; thou enrichest thy- did not hurt him, he hurt himself; dded to pronouns used reciprocally, stion expressed by it more emphat- decide, but the determination that ell as in the objective. tized not, but his disciples. — John iv. See dentity of person. Consciousness to be what he calls self. SEL 4, It also signifies personal interest, or love of pri- vate interest ; selfishness. The fondness we have for self —furnishes another long rank of prejudices. “Wats. Self is much used in composition. SELF-A-BAS/ED, (-a-baste’,) a [self and abase.] Humbled by conscious guilt or shame. SELF-A-BASE/MENT,n. Humiliation or abasement proceeding from consciousness of inferiority, guilt, or Shame, Jhilner. SELF-A-BAS/ING, a. Humbling by the conscious- ness of guilt or by shame. Eee ee n. The abhorrence of one’s self. SELF—-AB-HOR’RING, a. Abhorring one’s self. SELF-A-BUSE/,n. [self and abuse.] The abuse of one’s Own person or powers. Shak. SELF-A€-€US'ED, a. Accused by one’s own con- science. SELF-A€-€US/ING, a. [self and accuse.] one’s self; as, a self-accusing look. SELF/-AOT/ING, a. Acting of or by itself. SELF’-A€T/IVE, a. Acting of itself. SELF-A€-TIV‘/LTY, x. [self and activity.] Self- motion, or the power of moving one’s self without foreign aid. Bentley. SELF-AD-JUST/ING, a. Adjusting by one’s self or by itself. SELF-AD-MI-RaA'TION, zn. Accusing Sidney. Admiiration of one’s self. Scott, Admiring one’s self. Scott. SELF-AD-MTR/ING, a. SELF-AF-FAIRS!, n. pl. [self and affair.] One’s own private business. Shak. SELF-AF-FRIGHT’ED, (-frite’-,) a [self and af- fright.| Frightened at one’s self. Shak. SELF-AG-GRAND/IZE-MENT or) 2. SELF-AG/GRAND-IZE-MENT, altation of one’s self. SELF-AN-NI/HI-LA-TED, a. self. SELF-AN-NI-HI-LA/TION, n. Annihilation by one’s own acts. SELF-AP-PLAUSE,, (self-ap-plauz’,) n. Applause of one’s self. SELF-AP-PLY/ING, a. Applying to or by one’s self. SELF-AP-PROV/ING, (-proov’/ing,) a. That approves The aggrand- izement or ex- Annihilated by one’s of one’s own conduct. Pope. SELF-AS-SUM/ED, a. Assumed by one’s own act or Without authority. Mitford. SELF-AS-SUR/ED, (-ash-shurd’,) a. one’s self. E. Everett. SELF-AT-TRA€T‘IVE, a. Attractive by one’s self, SELF-BAN/ISH-ED, (-ban/isht,) a. [selfand banish.] Exiled voluntarily. SELF-BE-GOT’TEN, a. by one’s powers. SELF-BE-GUIL/ED, a. Deceived by one’s self. SELF’-BORN, a. [self and born.] Born or produced by one’s self. Assured by [self and beget.] Begotten SELF-CEN’TER-ED,)a. [self and center.] Cen- SELF-CEN/TRED, tered in itself. The earth self-centered and unmoved, Dryden. SELF-CEN’TER-ING, ELF-CEN/TRING, ELF-CHAR’I-TY, 1. one’s self. SELF-€OM-MU'NIL-€A-TIVE, a. nicative. | Imparted or communicated by its own powers. JVorris. SELF-€ON-CEIT’, (-kon-seet/,) nm. [self and con- ceit.] A high opinion of one’s self; vanity. SELF-CON-CEIT/ED, a. Vain; having a high or overweening opinion of one’s own person or merits. I? Estrane. SELF-€ON-CEIT’ED-NESS, n. Vanity ; an over- weening opinion of one’s own person or accomplish- ments, Locke. SELF-CON-DEM-NA/TION, n. Condemnation by one’s own conscience. SELF-CON-DEM/NING, a. Condemning one’s self. SELF-CON/FI-DENCE, nx. [self and confidence.] Con- fidence in one’s own judgment or ability ; reliance on one’s own opinion or powers, without other aid. SELF-CON/FILDENT, a. Confident of one’s own strength or powers; relying on the correctness of one’s own judgment, or the competence of one’s own powers, without other aid. SELF-CON/FI-DENT-LY, adv. With self-confidence, SELFE-CON-FID/ING, a. Confiding in one’s own judgment or powers, without the aid of others. a. Centering in one’s self. [self and charity.) Love of Siak. [self and commu- MDNR Pope. SELF-€ON/SCIOUS, (-shus,) a. [self and conscious. ] Conscious in one’s self, Dryden. SELF-€ON/SCIOUS-NESS, n. Consciousness within one’s self. Locke. SELF-CON-SID’BR-ING, a. [self and consider] Considering in one’s own mind ; deliberating. Que. Consumed by one’s self. [self and consume.] That ope. SELF-€ON-SOM’ED, a. SELF-€ON-SUM'ING, a. consumes itself, TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/'CIOUS,—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; SELF_CON-TRA-DIC'TION, n_ [self and contradic- SEL tion.) The act of contradicting itself; repugnancy in terms. ‘T’o be and not to be at the same tine is a self-contradiction ; a proposition consistins of two members, one of which contradicts the other. SELP-€ON-TRA-DI€T/O-RY, a. Contradicting it- | { | | self. Spectator. | SELF-€ON-VIET/ED, a. [self and convict.| Con- || victed by one’s own consciousness, knowledge, or avowal. | SELF-€ON-VI€/TION, mn. Conviction proceeding | from one’s own consciousness, knowledge, or con- | fession. Swift, SELF-€RE-AT/ED, a. Created by one’s self; not || formed or constituted by another. Milner. |) SELF-DE-CEIT’, (-seet’,) n. [self and deceit.] ception respecting one’s self, or that originates from one’s own mistake; self-deception. Spectator. SELF-DE-CEIV’/ED, a. [self and decevve-} ceived of misled respecting one’s self by one’s own mistake or error. SELF-DE-CEIV’ING, a. Deceiving one’s self. SELF-DE-CEP/TION, n. [Supra.] Deception con- cerning one’s self, proceeding from one’s Own mis- take. SELF-DE-FENSE’, (self-de-fens’,) n. [self and de- fense.) The act of defending one’s own person, property, or reputation. A man may be justifiable in killing another in self-defense. SELF-DE-FENS/IVE, a. Tending to defend one’s self. SELF-DE-LU/SION, (-zhun,) n. [self and delusion.] The delusion of one’s self, or respecting one’s self, South. SELF-DE-NI/AL, zn. [self and denial.) ‘The denial of one’s self; the forbearing to gratify one’s own appetites or desires. South. SELF-DE-NY/ING, a. Denying one’s self; forbear- ing to indulge one’s own appetites or desires. SELF-DE-NY/ING-LY, adv. Ina self-denying man- ner. SELF-DE-PEND/ENT, } a. SELF-DE-PEND/ING, De- Depending on one’s self. Scott. | De- | | | SELF-DER-E-LI€/TION, n. Desertion of one’s self SELF-DE-STROY’ED, a. Destroyed by one’s self. SELFP-DE-STROY’ER, n. One who destroys him- self. SELF-DE-STROY/ING, a. Destroying one’s self. SELF-DE-STRU€'TION, n. [self and destruction.] The destruction of one’s self; voluntary destruc- tion. SELF-DE-STRU€’TIVE, a. Tending to the destruc- tion of one’s self. SELF-DE-TERM-IN-A/TION, zn. [self and determ- ination.} Determination by one’s own mind; or de- termination by its own powers, without extraneous impulse or Influence. SELF-DE-TERM/IN-ING, a. Determining by or of itself; determining or deciding without extraneous power or influence ; as, the self-determining power of the will. : SELF-DE-VIS/ED, a. Devised by one’s self. Baxter. SELF-DE-VOT’ED, a. [self and devote.] Devoted in person, or voluntarily devoted in person. SELF-DE-VOTE/MENT', n. The devoting of one’s person and services voluntarily to any difficult or hazardous employment. Memoirs of Buchanan. SELF-DE-VOT/ING, a. Devoting one’s self. E. Everett. [self and devour.} De- Denham. Hav- SELF-DE-VOUR'ING, a. vouring one’s self or itself, SELF-DIE-FU/SIVE, a. [self and diffusive.) ing power to diffuse itself ; that diffuses itself. Norris. Doomed by one’s self. Wore. SELF-DOOM’ED, a. SELF-DUB/BED, a. Dubbed by one’s self. Irving. SELF-ED’U-€A-TED, a. Educated by one’s own efforts. SELF-E-LE€T’ED, a. Elected by himself. SELF-E-LE€T'IVE, a Having the right to elect one’s self, or, as a body, of electing its own members. Jajferson. SELF-EN-JOY’MENT, n. [self and enjoyment.) In- ternal satisfaction or pleasure. SELF-ES-TEEM’, rn. [selfand esteem.] The esteem or good opinion of one’s self. Milton. SELF-ES-TI-MA/TION, n. The esteem or good opinion of one’s self. Milner. SELF-BV/I-DENCE, n. [self and evidence.] Evi- dence or certainty resulting from a proposition with- out proof ; evidence that ideas offer to the mind upon bare statement. Locke. SELF-EV/I-DENT, a. Evident without proof or rea- soning; that produces certainty or clear conviction upon a bare presentation to the mind; as, a sey “é vi- dent proposition or truth, That two and three make five, is self-evident. SELF-EV/I-DENT-LY, adv. dence. : a SELF-EX-ALT-A’TION, (-€82Z-;) % The exaltation of one’s self. i Denke: a SELF-EX-ALT’ING, (-€22-,) a. Exalting one’s self. SELF_EX-AM-IN-A/TION, (-e82-) 2- (self and ex- amination.] An examination OF scrutiny into one’s By means of self-evi FH as in THIS. — 1003ei , ha st 4 i 4 { f 3 4 i a : “ 1 f { } 1 ae ta ee er, SEL S EM and motives, particularly in re- | South. own state, conduct, gard to religious affections and’ duties. ELF-BX-CUS/ING, a. Excusing one’s self. Scott. SELFLEXAST’ENCE, nr. [self and existence.| In- | herent existence; the existence possessed by virtue | of a being’s own nature, and independent of any other being or cause; an attribute peculiar to God. | Blackmore. SELF-EX-IST’ENT, (-egz-,). 4. Existing by its own pene or essence, independent of any other cause. | God is the only self-ezistent being. SELF_EX-ULT/ING, (-egz-,) a. Exulting in one’s self. | axter. SELF/-FED, a. Fed by one’s self. SELF-FL ee ING, a. [self and flatter.] Flat-| S | teril 1g Oo ne’ Ss SELF-FLAT! T E R- Y,n. Flattery of one’s self. SELE-GLO/RI-OUS, a. [self and glorious.}| Spring- ing from vain- glory Or vanity 5; vain ; boastful. Dryden. SELF- GoY IERN-ED, (-guv/ernd,) a. Governed by one’s l Coleridge. WE 2N-MENT, n. The government of SHLF-GR«z RAT U-LA/TION, 2. Gratulation of one’s self, . Everett. SELF-HARM’ING [self and harm.] Injuring or } hurting one’s self or © itself. Sharp. SELE ~HEAL, x. [self and few] A plant of the onus Prunella, and another of the genus Sanicula. Fam of Plants. | SELF-HEAL/ING, a. Having the power or property of healing itself. The self-healing power of living animals and vegetables is a property as wonderful as it is indicative of divine goodness. LEF-HOM/L-Cil DE, 7. [self and homicide, ] | j killing one’s self; suicide. Hakewill. || SELF-I/DOL-IZ-ED, a. Idolized by one’s self. Cowper. |} SELF-IG/NO-RANCE, n. Ignorance of one’s own} | character. Ch. Spectator. || SELE-IG/NO-RANT, a. Ignorant of one’s se if. || SELF-IM/MO-LA-TING, a. Immolating one’s self. Nee Fraser. || SELF-IM-PART/ING, a. [self and impart.) Impart- } ing by its own powers and will. Norris. i | SELF M-POS’/TURE, mn. [selfand imposture.] Im- | ay sture practice a on one’s self. South. || Si UE-IN-FLICT’ED, a. Inflicted by one’s self. Y, (-fish’en-se,) x. Insuf- JF-IN-SUF-F V/CIEN-C iency of one’s self. SE: LF-IN/TER-EST, n. [self and interest.] Private interest ; the interest or advanti ige of oné 75 self. SEI Ut V’TER-EST-ED, a. Having self-interest ; "pa ticularly conce srned for one’s self. SEL iste IN-VII/ED, a. Invited by one’s self. SELF—JUDG/ING, a, Jade ng one’s self. BE UF _JUST/I-FLER, m. One who excuses or justi- s himself. J. M. Mason. 8 1 LF-KIN! DLED, [self and kindled.) Kindled of itself, cr with ut fee rrannolg aid or power. Dryden. SHLF-KNOW/ING, a. [selfand know.] Knowing of if ety or without communication from another. UE-KNOWL/‘EDGE, zx. The knowledge of one’s yn real character, abilities, worth, or demerit. AZH- ING, a. Loathing one’s self. a’, (-luv’,) ». [self and love.] The love of one’s own person or ne ppiness. Self-love, the spring of motion, acts the soul. Pope. SELF-LOV/ING, a. Loving one’s self. Walton. SELF-LU/MIN-OUS, a. Possessing in itself the perty of emitting light. Brewster. fe ) MADD, a. Made by one’s self. BLP’ MET-AL, n. [self and metal. ] The same metal. F-MO! TION, n [self and motion.| Motion given ‘inherent powers, Without external impulse ; spon- 1neous MOON, Matter is not endued with self-motion. SELE-MOV/ED, (-moovd’,) a. Moved by inherent power Ww jthout the aid of external impulse. Pope. SELE-MOV/ING, a. Moving or exciting to action by inherent power, without the impulse of another body 2 : extraneous influence, Pope. SELF-MUR/DER, n. [self and murder.) The mur- ler of one’s self ; eiicide: hLE-MU R/DER-ER, 7. s his own life. Cheyne. One who voluntarily de- \| SELEF-PLEAS/ING, 7. SITOYS SELE-NEG-LECT/ING, n. [self and neglect.) , and a throne. SELL, v. t.; pret. and pp. [ Obs.] SOLD. ope SCT. (Sax. selan, sellan sylan, or Se llan, to ceive, grant, yield, assl 120 , OF sell’; syllan to bote, to give in compensation, to sive to boot; Sw. sdlia; Ice. selia; Dan. selger; Basque, saldu. The primary sense is, to deliver, send, or transfer, or to put off. The sense of sell, as we now und: rstand the word, is wh olly derivative; as we see by the ; Saxo n phrase s syllan to amenne, to give for one’s own ; sillan to gyfe, to bestow for a gift; to bestow or con- fer gr Dau . 1. To transfer proper or the exclusive right of possession ‘to another, for an equivalent in money. It is correlative to Buy, as one partly buys what the other sells. It is distinguished from ExcHaNGe or Barter, in which one commodity is given for an- other ; whereas in selling the consideration is money, or its representative in current notes. ‘To this dis- tinction there may be exceptions. ‘‘ Esau sold his birthright to Jacob for a mess of pottage But this is unusual. Let us sell Joseph to the Ishmaelites ; and they sold him for twenty pieces of silver. Gen. XXXVIL. Among the Hebrews, parents had power to sell 1 th sir childre n. To betray ; to deliver or surrender for money or a re paevar de : as, to sell one’s country. 3. To yield or give fora consideration. The troops fought like lions, and sold their lives dearly : that is, they yielded their lives, but first destroy¢ d many, which made it a dear purchase for their enemies. 4, In Scripture, to give up to be harassed and made Pee 6 He hem into the hands of their enemies. — Judges ii. a) To part with; to renounce or forsake. Buy the truth and sell it not. — Prov. xxia. To sell one’s self to do evil; to give up one’s self to be the slave of sin, and to. work wickedness without restraint. 1 Kings XXI. 2 Aang s WN, SELL, v.i. To have commerce ; to practice selling. 2, To be aoe Corn sells at a good price. [ Shak. SEL/LEN-DER, ) x. Askin disease in a horse eu ugh SEL'L: ANDER? { or pastern, owing to a want of cleanliness. Gardner. SELL/ER,n. The perst n that sells; a vender. SELL’ NG, ppr. Transferring thi PrOpeHy of a thing for a price or equival: ef in mone 2. Betraying for money. SEL'L/ZER WA/TER, n. A mineral water, from Seltzer, in Germany, containing much free carbonic acid. Branie. EL/VAGE, n. The sameas SELVEDGE. SBL-VA-GEB’, » A kind of skein of rope-yarns, wound round with yarns or marline, used for stop- pers, straps, &c. Totten, SELV/EDGE, n. [D. zelf-kant, sclf-border; G. sahi- leiste, hall-list. The first syllable appears to be self; and the last is edge.] The edge of cloth, where it is closed by complicat- ing the threads; a woven border, or border of close Works Exod. XXyii. SELV/EDG-ED, a. Having a selvedge. SELYV BS , pl. of ‘SELF. SEM/A-PHORE, x. (Gr. onxa, a sign, and gopcw, to bear. | A telegraph. SEM-A-PHOR/I€, a. Telegraphic. SEM-A-PHOR/I€-AL-LY, adv. By means of a tele- A o graph. SEM/BLA-BLE, a. [Fr.] Like; similar; pene [Not in use. ] Shak. STiM/BLA-BLY, adv. In like manner. [Jot tn use. | SEM/BLANCE, n. [Fr. id.; It. sembianza; Sp, semea and semejanza ; from the root of similar. ] 1. Likeness ; resemblance ; actua) similitude ; as, the semblance of worth ; semblance of virtue. The semblances and imitations of shells, Voccward, 2, Appearance ; show ; figure ; form. : SELE-POS-SES/SION, n.. Lhe possession of one’s salty rong gone Be a person to himself. Shak. | powers ; calmness ; self-command. ELE’ISH, a. Regarding one’s own interest chiefly Their semblance kind, and mild their gestures were. Fuirfar, | He FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, Ee £, MARINE, BIRD. — NO DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQOOK.— \ Pra ae, an 1064SEM SEM SEM SEM'BLANT, n Show; figure; resemblance. [JVot um USEn é Spenser. SEM/BLANT, a. Like; resembling. [ot in use.] Prior. SEM’/BLA-TIVE, cording to. a. Resembling; fit; suitable; ac- And all is semblative 2 woman’s part. [Notinuse.] Shak. SEM/BLE, (sem/bl,) v. t [Fr. sembler.] To imitate ; to represent or to make similar. Where sembling art may carve the fair effect. [Votin use.] Prior. SE-MEY-OT’T€, n. [Gr. orpetoy, a sign. Relating to the signs or symptoms of diseases. [See SEeMIoTIc. Brande. E'MEN, x. [L.] Seed, particularly of animals. SE-MES/TER, n. [L. semestris, sex, six, and mensis, month. } A period or term of six months. Ger. Universities. SEM/I, [L. semi, Gr. jjc,] in composition, signifies half. SEM/I-A-CID/I-FI-ED, a. or pp. Half acidified. [See ACIDIFY. SiEM/l-AM-PLEX’/L€AUL, a. [L. semi, amplexus, or aniplector, to embrace, and caulis, stem. ] Partially amplexicaul. In botany, embracing the stem half around, as a leaf. Martyn. SEM/I-AN/NU-AL, (-an/yu-al,) a. [semi and annual.) Half yearly. SEM/I-AN’NU-AL-LY, adv. Every half year. SEM/I-AN/NU-LAR, a. [L. semi and annulus, a ring. ] Having the figure of a half circle ; that js, half round. Grew. SEM/I-AP/ER-TURE, n. [semi and aperture.) The balf of an aperture. SEM/I-A’RI-AN, n. .[See Arran.] In ecclesustical history, the Semi-Arians were a branch of the Arians, who in appearance condemned the errors of Arius, but acquiesced in some of his principles, disguising them under more moderate terms. They did not ac- knowledge the Son to be consubstantial with the Father, that is, of the same substance, but admitted him to be of a like substance with the Father, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. Encyc. SEM'I-A/RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Semi-Arianism. SEM/I-A/RI-AN-ISM, n. The doctrines or tenets of the Semi-Arians. Encyc. SEM/I-BAR-BA/RI-AN, a. [semi and barbarian.) Half savage ; partially civilized. JWitford. SEM/LBREVE, 7. [semi and breve; formerly written Semrprer.] In music, a note of half the duration or time of the breve, a note now rarely used. The sem- ibreve is the longest note now in general use, and the measure-note by which all others are regulated. It contains the time of two minims, four crotchets, eight quavers, sixteen semiquavers, or thirty-two demisemiquavers. SEM/'I-€AL-CIN/ED [semi and catcine.] iron. SEMI-€AS'’TRATB, ov. t. or SEM/I-€AL/CIN-ED, a. Half calcined ; as, semt-calcined Kirwan. To deprive of one testi- cle. SEMMI-€AS-TRA/TION, n. Half castration; depri- vation of one testicle. Brown. SEM/JI-CHA-OT’I€, a. Partially chaotic. Hitchcock. SEM/I-C€HO’RUS, n. A short chorus performed by a few singers. EM/I-€HRIS'’TIAN-IZ-ED, a. Half Christianized. SE M/I-C1R-€LE, (-sur-k],) x. [semi and circle.] The half of a circle; the part of a circle comprehended between its diameter and half of its circumference, Hutton. RM 2. Any body in the form of a half circle. SEM/I-CIR-CLED, (-sur-kld,) ) a. Having the form of SEM-I-CIR’€U-LAR, a half circle. SEMICIRCULAR Is generally nee) [ Addison. SEM/I-CIR-CUM/FER-ENCE, n. Half the circum- ference. SEM/I-€6-LON, n. [semi and colon.] In grammar and punctuation, the point [ ;] the mark of a pause to be observed in reading or speaking, of less dura- tion than the colon, double the duration of the com- ma, or half the duration of the period. It is used to distinguish the conjunct members of a sentence. Encyc. SEM/I-COL-UMN, (kol-lum,) x. A half column. SEM/I-€0-LUM/NAR, a. [semz and columnar.] Like a half column ; flat on one side and round on the other; a term of botany, applied to a stem, leaf, or peti- ole. Martyn. SEMI-COM-PA€T’, a. sen and compact.| Half compact ; imperfectly indurated. Kirwan. SEM/I-GRUS-TA!’CEOUS, (-shus,) a. taceous.| Half crustaceous. SEMMI-ERYS’/TAL-LINE, a. lized. Hitchcock. SEM/I-€U/BIG-AL, a. The semi-cubical parabola, in geometry, 1s & curve of such a nature that the cubes of the ordinates are proportional to the squares of the abscissas. Hutton. SEM-I-€0/PI-UM, n. [Gr Huckspartor. | A half bath, or one that covers only the lower ex- tremities and hips. [semz and crus- E Nat. Hist. Imperfectly crystal- SEM/I-CYL-IN/DRIE, a. SEM/I-CY L-IN/DRI€-AL, SEM/I-DE-IST’'I€-AL, a. on deism. S. Miller. SEM’I-DI-AM/E-TER, n. [semi and diameter.] Half the diameter ; a right line, or the length of a right line, drawn from the center of a circle, sphere, or other curved figure, to its circumference or periphery ; a radius. Enciye. SEM/I-DI-A-Pa’/SON, n. [semi and diapason.] In music, an imperfect octave, or an octave diminished by a lesser semitone. Hutton. SEM/I-DI-A-PEN’TE, n. In music, an imperfect fifth. Busby. SEM/I-DI-APH-A-NB'I-TY, ». [See Semi-prarHa- Nous.] Half or imperfect transparency. — [Little used, | Bovle. {Instead of this, TRANsLUCENCY is now used. ] SEM/I-DI-APH/A-NOUS, a. [semi and diaphanous.] Half or imperfectly transparent. Woodward. {Instead of this, TransLucenT is now used.] SEM/I-DI-A-TES/SA-RON, n. [semi and_ diatessa- ron.| In music, an imperfect or defective fourth. ETutton. SEM-I-DI/TONE, n. [semiand It. ditono.] In music, a lesser third, having its terms as 6 to 5; a hemiditone. Hutton. SEM/I-DOUB-LE, (-dub'l,) x. [semi and double.) In the Romish breviary, an otlice or feast celebrated with less solemnity than the double ones, but with more than the single ones. Bailey. SEM/LFLGO-RET, x. [Obs.] [See SEMIFLOSCULR. } SEM-L-FLOS/€ULE, n. [semi and floscule.] A flos- cuJe whose corol consists of a single ligule, i. e., a single strap-shaped petal ; as the florets of Leontodon {semt and cylindric.] Half cylindrical. Zee. Half deistical; bordering [semi and floret. | Taraxacum, or dandelion. SEM/I-FLOS/€U-LOUS, a. [semi and L. flosculus, a little flower. SemrrLoscuLar Is also used, but is less analogical. Composed of semiflorets or ligulate florets; as, a semiflosculous flower. Martyn. SEM/I-FLU/ID, a. Imperfectly fluid. Arbuthnot. SEM/I-FORM-ED, a. [semi and formed.] Half formed; imperfectly formed; as, semi-formed crys- {semi and jluid.] tals. Edwards, West Indies. SEM'I-HO/RAL, a. Half-hourly. SEM/I-IN/DU-RA-TED, a. [semi and indurated.] Im- perfectly indurated or hardened. SEM/I-LA-PID/I-FI-ED, (-fide,) a. [semi and lapid- ified.| Imperfectly changed into stone. Kirwan. SEM/I-LEN-TI€/U-LAR, a. [semi and lenticular. | Half lenticular or convex ; imperfectly resembling a Jens. Kirwan. SEM-LLU/NAR, )a. ([Fr. semilunaire; L.semi and SEM-I-LU/NA-RY,§ luna, moon.] Resembling in form a half moon. Grew. SEM/I-MET-AL, n. [semiand metal.] A metal that is not malleable, as bismuth, arsenic, nickel, cobalt, zinc, antimony, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, and uranite. [JVot now used. ] JVicholson. SEM/I-ME-TAL/LI€, a. Pertaining to a semi-metal, or partaking of its nature and qualities. Kirwan. SEM/IN-AL, a. [Fr., from seminalis, from semen, seed ; from the root of sow.] 1. Pertaining to seed, or to the elements of produc- tion, 9, Contained in seed ; radical ; rudimental ; origin- al; as, seminal principles of generation ; seminal vir- tue. Glanville. Swit. Seminal leaf; the same as seed-leaf. SEM/IN-AL, 2. Seminal state. Brown. SEM-IN-AL/I-TY, n. The nature of seed; or the power of being produced. Brown. SEM/IN-A-RIST, 2. [from seminary.] A Roman Cath- olic priest educated in a foreign seminary. Sheldon. SEM/IN-A-RY, vn. [Fr. seminaire; LL. seminaruun, from semen, seed; semino, to sow. ] 1. A seed-plat; ground where seed is sown for producing plants for transplantation a nursery; as, to transplant trees from a semimary. Mortimer. In this sense, the word is not used in America 5 being superseded by Nursery. ] 2. The place or original stock whence any thing is brought. This stratum, being the seminary or promptuary, furnishing matter for the formation of animal and vegetable bodies, [Not tn use.] Woodward, 3. Seininal state. [JVot in use.] Brown. 4, Source of propagation. Harvey. 5. A place of education; any school, academy, college, or university, in Which young persons are In- structed in the several branches of learning which may qualify them for their future employments. [This is the only signification of the word in the United States, at least as far as my knowledge extends. | 6. Seminary priest; a Roman Catholic priest edu- cated in a foreign seminary ; 4 seminarist. B. Jonson. SEM/IN-A-RY, a. Seminal; belonging to seed. Smith. SEM/IN-ATEH, v. t. [L. semino.] To sow ; to spread; to propagate. Waterhouse. SEM-IN-A/TION, n. [L. seminatio.] 1. The act of sowing. Wotton. 2, In botany, the natural dispersion of seeds. SEM/IN-ED, a. Thick covered, as with gece Gre B, Jonson. SEM-IN-IF/ER-OUS, a. [L. semen, seed, and fero to produce. | pee Seed-bearing ; producing seed. Daricin. SEM-IN-IB’IL€, a. [L. semen, seed, and fucio,to || SEM-IN-IF/1€-AL, make. | Forming or producing seed. Brown. |} SEM-IN-IF-I6-A/LION, x. Propagation from the seed | or seminal parts, Hate. SEM/I-NY MPH, (-nimf,) x. In entomology, the nymph | of insects which undergo a slight change only in | passing to a perfect state. Lyonnet. SE-MI-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. Relating to the doctrine of | signs or symptoms of diseases, : SE-MI-OL'/O-GY, n. [Gr. onpecoy and Xoyos. part of medicine which treats of: the signs of diseases. | It is now merged in SympromMaToLocy. BM/I-O-PAQUE’, (-pake’,) } EM/I-O-Pa/€OUS, j That S 5 Half transparent only. Boyle. SEM/I-O/PAL, n. A variety of opal. JaMeESON. SEM/I-OR-BI€'U-LAR, a. [semi and orbicular.] Having the shape of a half orb or sphere. Martyn, SEM/I-OR'DLNATE, a. [semi and ordinate.) In conic sections, a line drawn parallel to one axis, and bisected by the other, and reaching from one side of the section to the other; the half of which is prop- erly the semi-ordinate, but is now called the ordi- nate. SEM/I-OS’/SE-OUS, a. [semi and osseous. | bony nature, but only half as hard as bone. Med. and Phys. Journ. SE-MI-OT'I€, a. [Gr. onpevoy.] Relating tothe signs a. [L. semi and opacus.] | Of a or symptoms of diseases. Brande. SEM/I-O/VATE, a. {semi and ovate.] Half ovate. Lee. SEM’I-OX/Y-GEN-A-TED, a. Combined with oxy- gen only in part. CirwWan. SEM/I-Pa/GAN, a. SEM/I-PAL’MATE, a. [semi and palmate.] In SEM/I-PAL/MA-TED, zodlogy, half palmated or webbed; denoting that the toes are connected to- gether by a web extending along only their proximal half. rande. SEM/LPED, nr. [semi and L. pes, a foot.] A balf foot in poetry. SE-MIP’/E-DAL, a. Containing a half foot. SEM/‘I-PE-LA/GL-AN, n. In ecclesiastical history, a follower of John Cassianus, a French monk, who, in 430, modified the doctrines of Pelagius, by deny- ing human merit, and maintaining the necessity of the Spirit’s influences, while he rejected the doctrine of unconditional election, the inability of man to do good, irresistible grace, and the certain perseverance Murdock, of the saints. SEM/I-PE-LA'GI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Semi- pelagians, or their tenets. SEM/I-PE-LA/GI-AN-ISM, x. of the Semi-pelagians, supra. SEM/I-PEL-LU/CID, a@ [semi and pellucid.] clear, or imperfectly transparent; as, a semi-pellucid fem. Woodward. SEM/I-PEL-LU-CID/I-TY, nm. The quality or state of being imperfectly transparent. SEM/I-PER-SPI6/U-OUS, a. [semi and perspicuous.] Half transparent ; imperfectly clear. TED. SEM/I-PHLO-GIS/TI6-A-TED, a. [semi and phlogis- ticated. Partially impregnated with phlogiston. { Obs.] SEM/I-PRI-MIG’EN-OUS, a. [semi and primigenous.] In geology, of a middle nature between substances of primary and secondary formation. [ Obs. } Forwan. SEM/I-PROOP, xz. [semi and proof:] Half proof ; evidence from the testimony of a single witness. { Little used.) Bailey. SEM/I-PRO’TO-LITE, n. [semi and Gr. zpw7os, first, and A:Qos, stone.] A species of fossil of a middle nature between substances of primary and those of secondary torma- tion. [ Obs. Kirwan. SEMI-QUAD/RATE, [L. semi and quadratus, SEM/L_QUAR/TILE, or guartus, fourth.] An aspéct of the planets, when distant from each other the half of a quadrant, or forty-five degrees, one sign and a half. TIutton. SEM/I-QUA-VER, n. [semi and quaver.] In music, a note of half the duration of the quaver; the S1X- teenth of the semibreve. SEM/‘I-QUA-VER,v.t ‘To Half pagan. The doctrines or tenets Th. sound or sing in semiqua- vers. Cowper. SEM/I-QUIN’TILE, n. [L. semi and quintilts.] an aspect of the planets, when distant from eat h other half of the quintile, or thirty-six degrees. Hutton. SEM/I-SAV/AGE, a. [semi and savage.) Half sav age ; half barbarian. SEM/I-SAV/AGE, n. perfectly civilized. One who is half sayage or im- J. Barlow. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; SS el CH as SH, FH as in THIS. 1005 Half | | | |Reena seed Se eae Pad si alae ee ee ae ce Pa ai a a ae 2 Sale pt To 3 a rien an aoe Neh” a ac yp ane * - Ww? COT, I SEN SEN SEM‘I-SEX/TILE, 2, [semi and sextile.] An aspect of the planets, when they are distant from each oth- er the twelfth part of a circle, or thirty degrees. Hutton. SEM/I-SPHER’IE€, a. [semi and spherical, ] SEM’I-SPHER'‘I€-AL, Having the figure of a half sphere. SEM'I_SPHE-ROID/AL, a. [semi and spheroidal. | Formed like a half spheroid. ; SEM-I-TER’TIAN, (-shan,) a. [semi and tertian. ] Compounded of a tertian and quotidian ague. SEM-I-TER’TIAN, zn. An intermittent compounded of a tertian and a quotidian. ailey. SEM-IT'I€. See SHEMITIC. : SEM/LTONE, xn. [semi and tone.] In music, half a tone ; an interval of sound, as between mi and fa in the diatonic scale, which is only half the distance of and la. Hutton. Busby. SEM-LTON/IC, a. Pertaining to a semitone; con- sisting of a semitone or of Semitones. SEM/I-TRAN’SEPT, n. [semi and transept; L. trans and septum. | The half of a transept or cross aisle. ency ; partial opaqueness. SEM/I-TRANS-PAR’ENT, a. [semiand transparent.] Half or imperfectly transparent. SEM/I-VER-TIC'IL-LATE, a. Partially verticilate. Smith. SEM-I_VIT/RE-OUS, a. Partially vitreous. Bigelow. SEM/I-VIT-RIL-FL€A/TION, n. [semi and vitrifica- tion. | 1. The state of being imperfectly vitrified. 9. A substance imperfectly vitrified. SEM/I-VIT’RI-FL-ED, a. [See Vitriry.] Half or imperfectly vitrified ; partially converted into glass. SEM/I-VO/CAL, a. [semt and vocal.] Pertaining to a semi-vowel; half vocal ; imperfectly sounding. SEM/I-VOW-EL, n. [semiand vowel.) In grammar, a half vowel, or an articulation which is accompa- nied with an imperfect sound, which may-be con- tinued at pleasure. Thus el, em, en, though uttered with close organs, do not wholly interrupt the sound ; and they are called semi-vowels. SE-MOULE’, (3a-mool’,)n. [Fr.] A name given to the large, hard grains retained in the bolting ma- chine after the fine flour has been passed through it; also written Semoxina, from the Italian Ure. SEM-PER-VI/RENT, a. [L. semper, always, and vi- rens, flourishing. } Always fresh ; evergreen. Lee. SEM’PER-VIVE, n. [L. semper, always, and vivus, alive.] A plant. Bacon. SEM-PI-TERN/AL, a. [Fr. sempiternel; L. sempiter- nus ; semper, always, and eternus, eternal. } 1. Eternal in futurity ; everlasting ; endless; hay- ing beginning, but no end. 2. Eternal; everlasting. Blackmore. SEM-PI-TERN’LTY, n. [L. sempiternitas. | Futnre duration without end. Hale. SEM PRE, ae In music, throughout. SEMP/STER, SEMP/STRESS, SEMP/STRESS-Y. SEN, adv. This word is used by some of our common people for Since. It seems to be a contraction of since, or it is the Sw. sen, Dan. seen, slow, late. SEN/A-RY, a. [L. sent, senarius.] Of six; belonging to six; containing six. SEN/ATE, n. [Fr. senat; It. senato; Sp. senado ° L. am See SeamsTpr, SEAMSTREsS, and SEAMSTRESSY. senatus, from senex, old, Ir. sean W nen. Ar ey - -_ sanna, OF KAsw Sanah, tobe advanced in years. Un- der the former verb is the Arabic word signifying a tooth, showing that this is only a dialectical variation of the Heb. }w. The primary sense is, to extend, to advance, or to wear. A senate was originally a council of elders. | lL An assembly or council of senators; a body of the principal inhabitants of a city or state, invested with a share in the government The senate of an- cient Rome was one of the most illustrious bodies of men that ever bore this name. Some of the Swiss cantons have a senate, either legislative or executive. 2. In the United States, senate denotes the higher vranch or house of alegislature. Such is the senate of the United States, or upper house of the congress ; and in most of the States, the higher and least nu- merous branch of the legislature is called the senate. In the United States, the senate is an elective body. 3. In the university of Cambridge, Enland, the governing body of the university. It is divided into two houses, denominated regents, (regentes,) and non-rezents, (non-regentes.) The former consists of masters of arts of less than five years’ standing, and doctors of less than two, and is called the upper house, or whitehood house, from its members wearing Kirwan. | SEN’ATE-HOUSE, x. A house in which a senate SEN/A-TOR, n. A member of a senate. In Scot- SEN-A TO’RI-AL,a. Pertaining toa senate; becom- the interval between do or uf and re, or between sol SEN-A-T6/RI-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of a sen- SEN-A-TO/RI-AN. The same asSenarorrav. [Obs.] SEN/A-TOR-SHIP, n. The office or dignity of a sen- SE.NA'TUS CON-SUL'TUM, [L.] A decree of the SEM/I-TRANS-PAR/EN-CY, n. Imperfect transpar- | SEND, »v, t. ; pret. and pp. Sent. [Sax. sendan; Goth. doctors who keep their names on the college books are pon-regents, and compose the lower house, or black-hood house, its members wearing black silk hoods. Cam. Cat. 4. In a looser sense, any legislative or deliberative body of men; as, the eloquence of the senate. meets, or a place of public council. Shak. land, the lords of session are called senators of the college of justice. 2. A counselor; a judge or magistrate. Ps. cv. ing a senator; as, senatorial robes; senatvrial elo- quence. 2. Entitled to elect a senator ; as, a senatorial dis- trict. United States. ate; with dignity or solemnity. ator. Carew. senate. sandyan; D. zenden; G. senden; Sw. sdanda; Dan. sender. 1. In a general sense, to throw, cast, or thrust; to impel or drive by force to a distance, either with the hand or with an instrument, or by other means. We send a ball with the hand or with a bat; a bow sends an arrow; a cannon sends a shot; a trumpet sends the voice much farther than the unassisted organs of speech. 2. To cause to be conveyed or transmitted ; as, to send letters or dispatches from one country to another, 3. To cause to go or pass from place to place; as, to send a messenger from London to Madrid. 4. To commission, authorize, or direct to go and act. I have not sent these prophets, yet they ran. — Jer. xxiii. 5. 'To cause to come or fall ; to bestow. He sendeth rain on the just and en the unjust. — Matt. vy. 6. To cause to come or fall ; to inflict. The Lord shall send upon thee cursing, vexation, and rebuke. — Deut. xxviii. If I send pestilence among my people. —2 Chron. vii. 7. To propagate; to diffuse. Cherubic songs by night from neighboring hills Aerial music send, Milton. To send away ; to dismiss ; to cause to depart. To send forth or out; to produce ; to put or bring forth ; as, a tree sends forth branches. 9. To emit ; as, flowers send forth their fragrance. James lil. SEND, v.i. To dispatch an agent or messenger for some purpose. See ye how this son of a murderer hath sent to take away my head? —2 Kings vi. So we say, we sent to invite guests; we sent to in- quire into the facts. 9, Among seamen, to pitch; as, the ship sends for- ward so violently as to endanger her masts. Totten. To send for; to request or require by message fo come or be brought, as, to send for a physician ; to send fora coach. Butthese expressions are elliptical. SEN/DAL, x. [Sp. cendal.] A light, thin stuff of silk or thread, |JVot zn use.| Chaucer SEND/ER, 7. One that sends. Shak SEN/B-GA,;n. A plant called Ratrresnase-Roort, SEN/E-KA,§ the Polygala senega SEN’E-GAL. See Gum-SENnEGAL SEN/E-GIN,z. The bitter, acrid principle of polygala senega. It is now known to be an acid, and has been called PotvGcatic Acip. SE-NES/CENCE, n. [L. senesco, from senez, old. See Senate. | The state of growing old; decay by time. Woodward. SEN/ES-GHAL, (sen/e-shal,) n. [Fr. sénéchal; It. siniscalco; Sp. senescal; G. seneschall. The origin and signification of the first part of the word are not ascertained. The latter part is the Teutonic schalk or scealc, a servant, as in marshal. ] A steward ; an officer in the houses of princes and dignitaries, who has the superintendence of feasts and domestic ceremonies. In some instances, the seneschal is an officer who has the dispensing of jus- tice ; as, the high seneschal of England. Encyc SEN'GREEN, n. A plant, the houseleek, of the ge- nus Sempervivum. Fam. of Plants. SE/NILE, a. [L, senilis.] Pertaining to old age ; proceeding from age. Boyle. SE-NIL/I-TY,n. Oldage. [Wot much ell A oswell, SEN/IOR, (seen/yur,) a. [L. senior, comp. of senezx, old. See SENATE. SEN’IOR, (seen’yur,) x. A person who is older than > where there are colleagues ; a senior counselor. In such use, senior has no reference to age, for a senvor counselor may be, and often is, the younger man. 2. Noting the fourth year of the collegiate course in the American colleges, or the third year in the- ological seminaries. nifies older in office ; as, the senior pastor of a church, another; one more advanced in life. 2. One that is older in office, or one whose first | entrance upon an office was anterior to that of an- other. Thus a senator or counselor of sixty years | of age often has a senior who is not fifty years of | age, 3. An aged person; one of the oldest inhabitants. A senior of the place replies. Dryden, 4, One in the fourth year of his collegiate course at an American college; originally called senior sophister. (See Sopnister.] Also, one in the third | year of his course at a theological seminary. SEN-IOR/I-TY, (sén-yor’e-te,) n. Eldership ; supe- | rior age; priority of birth. He is the elder brother, and entitled to the place by seniority. 9. Priority in office ; as, the seniority of a pastor or counselor. SEN/IOR-Y, n. The same as Seniority. Shak. - = SENNA, n. (Pers. and Ar. Liw sana. Que from Ch. and Syr. ]>0, to strain, purge, purify. The com- mon pronunciation, seena, 1S incorrect. | The leaves of various species of Cassia, the best of which are natives of the East ; used asa cathar- tic. SEN/NIGHT, (sen/nit,) n. [Contracted from seven- night, as fortnight from fourteennight. | The space of seven nights and days; a week. The court will be held this day sennight, that is, a week from this day; or the court will be held next Tuesday sennight, a week from next Tuesday. SEN/NIT,n. A flat, braided cord, formed by plaiting rope-yarns together. Totten. SB-NO€/U-LAR, a. [L. seni, six, and oculus, the eye. ] Having six eyes. Most animals are binocular, spiders octonocnlar, and some se- Deriiam. nocular. SENS/ATE, a. [See Sense.] Perceived by the SENS/A-TED, senses. Hooke. | SEN-SA’TION, n. [Fr.; It. sensazione; Sp. sensa- | cion; from L. sensus, sentio, to perceive. See SENSE. | 1. In mental philosophy, an impression made upon the mind through the medium of the senses. It dif- fers from perception, which is the knowledge of ex- ternal objects consequent on sensation. 9. Feeling awakened by external objects, or by some change in th: internal state of the body ; as, a sensation of heavilic3s, &c. 3. Feeling awakened by immaterial objects; as, sensations of awe in ti'e divine presence. 4. A state of exciteu interest or feeling; as, ‘* the sensation caused by the appearance of that work is still remembered by mat y.” Browgham. SENSE, (sens,) n. [Fr «ns; It. senso; Sp. sentido ; from L. sensus, from sent.o, to feel or perceive; W. syndaw, id. ; syn, sense, fex ling, perception; G, sinn, sense, mind, intention tk zin; Sw. sinne; Dan. sind, sands. | 1. The faculty by which animals perceive external objects by means of impressions made on certain or- gans of the body. Encyc. Sense is a branch of perception. The five senses of animals are, 1, special, as smell, sight, hearing, tasting ; 2, common, as feeling. 9. Sensation ; perception by the senses. Bacon. 3. Perception by the intellect; apprehension; dis- cernment. This Basilius, having the quick sense of a lover. Sidney. 4. Sensibility ; quickness or acuteness of percep- tion. Shak. 5, Understanding ; soundness of faculties ; strength of natural reason. Oppressed nature sleeps ; This rest might yet have balmed thy broken senses. Shak. 6. Reason ; reasonable or rational meaning. He raves ; his words are loose As heaps of sand, and scattering wide from sense, Dryden, z 7. Opinion ; notion ; judgment. I speak my private but impartial sense With freedom. 8. Consciousness; conviction; as, a due sense of our weakness or sinfulness. 9. Moral perception. Some are so hardened in wickedness, a8 to have no sense of the most friendly offices. *Estrange. 10. Meaning; import; signification; as, the true sense of words or phrases. In interpretation, we are to examine whether words are to be understood in a literal or figurative sense. So we speak of a legal sense, a grammatical sense, an historical sense, &c. Roscommon. | hoods lined with white silk. All other masters and 1. Elder or older; but as an adjective, it usually sig- Common sense; that power of the mind which, by | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1006SEN SEN SEN a kind of instinct, ora short process of reasoning, per- celves truth, the Te lation of things, cause and effect, &c., and hence enables the possessor to discern what is right, useful, expedient, or proper, and adopt the best means to accomplish his purpose. This power seems to be the gift of nature, improved by experi- ence and observation. Moral sense; a determination of the mind to be pleased with the contemplation of those affections, actions, or characters of rational agents, which are called food or Virtuous. NYC. SENS’ED, (senst,) pp. Perceived by the senses. [JVot in USE: ] Glanville. SENSE/FUL, a. Reasonable ; judicious. [JVot in use.] Worris. SENSE’LESS, a. Wanting the faculty of perception. The body, when dead, is senseless; but a limb or other part of the body. may be senseless, when the rest of the body enjoys its usual sensibility. 2. Unfeeling; wanting sympathy. The senseless grave feels not your pious sorrows. Rowe. 3. Unreasonable ; foolish; stupid. They would repent this their senseless perverseness, when it would be too late. Clarendon. 4, Unreasonable ; stupid; acting without sense or judgment. They were a senseless, stupid race. Swift. 5. Contrary to reason or sound judgment ; as, to destroy by a senseless fondness the happiness of children. 6. Wanting knowledge; unconscious; with of; , libertines senseless of any charm in love. Southern. 7. Wanting sensibility or quick perception. Peacham, SENSE/LESS-LY, adv In a senseless manner; stu- pidiy ; unreasonably ; as, a man senselessly arrogant. ocke. SENSE/LESS-NESS, n. Unreasonableness; folly ; stupidity ; absurdity. Grew. SENS-I-BIL’I-TY, 2. [Fr. sensibilité ; from sensible. ] 1. Susceptibility of impressions upon the organs of sense ; the capacity of feeling or perceiving the impressions of external objects; applied to animal bodies; as when we say a frozen limb lias lost its sensibility. 2. Acuteness of sensation; applied to the body. 3. Capacity or acuteness of. perception ; that qual- ity which renders us susceptible of impressions ; delicacy of feeling; as, sensibility to pleasure or pain ; sensibility to shame or praise ; exquisite senst- bility. 4. Actual feeling. This adds greatly to my sensibility. Burke [This word is often used in this manner for SENSATION. | 5. It is sometimes used in the plural. His sensibilities seem rather to have been those of patriotism, than of wounded pride. ‘arshall, Sensibilities unfriendly to happiness may be acquired. Encye. 6. Nice perception, so to speak, of a balance; that quality of a balance which renders it movable with the smallest weight, or the quality or state of any Instrument that renders it easily affected; as, the sensibility of a balance or of a thermometer. Lavoisier. SENS/I-BLE, a. [Fr. and Sp. id.; It. sensibile.] 1. Having the capacity of receiving impressions from exter nal objects ; capable of perceiving by the instrumentality of the proper organs. We say, the body or the flesh is sensible, when it feels the im- pulse of an external body. Tt may be more or less sensible. Darwin. 2. Perceptible by the senses. The light of the moon furnishes no sensible heat. Air is sensible to the touch by its motion. Arbuthnot. 3. Perceptible or perceived by the mind. The disgrace was more sensible than the pain. Temple. 4, Perceiving or having perception, either by the mind or the senses. A man cannot think at any time, waking or sleeping, w bout being sensible of it. Lod 5. Having moral perception; capable of Reie ne fected by moral good or evil. If thou wert sensible of courtesy, I should not make so great a show of zeal, Shak, 6. Having acute intellectual feeling; being easily or strongly affected ; as, to be sensible of wrong. Dryden. 7 Perceiving so clearly as to be convinced ; satis- fied; persuaded Boswell. They are now eénsible it would have been better to comply than to refuse. Addison. 8, IntelJigent; discerning ; as, a sensible man. 9, Movable by a very small weight or impulse ; as, a sensible balance is necessary to ascertain exact weight. Lavoisier. 10. Affected by a slight degree of heat or cold; as, 11. Containing good sense or sound reason. He addressed Claudius in the foilowing sensible and noble speech, Henry. Sensible note; in music, that which constitutes a third major above the dominant, and a semitone be- neath the oe Encye. SENS/I-BLE, n. Sensation; also, whatever may be perceived, "Little used. SENS‘I-BLE-NESS, n. Possibility of being perceived py the senses ; as, the sensibleness of odor or sound. 2. Actual perception by the mind or body ; as, the qe of an impression on the organs. [But qu. 3. Sensibility ; quickness or acuteness of percep- tion ; as, the sensibleness of the eye. Sharp. 4. Susceptibility ; capacity of being strongly af- fected, or actual feeling ; consciousness ; as, the sen- sibleness of the soul and sorrow for sin. Hammond. 5. Intelligence ; reasonableness ; good sense. 6. Susceptibility of slight impressions. Sensrsie, No. 9, 10.] SENS/L-BLY, adv. Inamanner to be perceived by the senses ; perceptibly to the senses; as, pain sens- ibly increased ; motion sensibly accelerated. 2. With perception, either of mind or body. He feels his loss very sensibly. 3. Externally ; by affecting the senses. 4, With quick intellectual perception. 5. With intelligence or good sense; judiciously. The man converses very sensibly on all common topics. E SENS-IF/ER-OUS, a. Fond [See Hooker. Producing sense. Kirby, SENS-IF'I€, a. [L. sensus and facio.] Producing sensation. Good. SENS'L-TIVE, a. {it. and Sp. sensitivo; Fr. sensitif; L. sensitivus, ’ from SENSUS, SENLLO. | 1. Having’ sense or feeling, or having the capacity of perceiving impressions from external objects ; as, sensitive soul; sensitive appetite ; sensitive faculty. Ray. Dryden. 2. Having quick and acute sensibility, either to the action of external objects, orto impressions upon the mind and feelings. 3. That affects the senses ; as, sensitive objects. Iammond. 4, Pertaining to the senses, or to sensation; de- pending on sensi ition ; as, sensitve Motions 5 sersi- tive muscular motions excite d by irritation. Darwin. SENS’/LTIVE-LY, adv. In a sensitive manner. Hammond. SENS/LTIVE-NESS, n. The state of having quick and acute se nsibility, either to the action of external objects, or to impressions upon the mind and feel- ings. SENS/L-TIVE-PLANT, zn. A plant of the genus Mi- mosa, so called because its leaves and “footstalks shrink, contract and fall, on being slightly touched. Brande. SENS-O/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to the sensory or sen- soriuim ; as, sensorial faculties ; ; sensorial motions or powers. Darwin. SENS -O/RI-UM, SENS/O- Faves The seat of sense and perception, commonly supeeel to be seated in some part of the contents of the cranium, 2. Organ of sense; as n. [from L. sensus, sentio. | , double sensortes, two eyes, two ears, &c. Bentley. SENS/U-AL, a. [It. sensuale; Sp. sensual; Fr. sen- suel; from L. sensus.] 1. Pertaining to the senses, as distinct from the mind or soul. Far as creation’s ample range extends, The scale of sensual, me sntal powers ascends, Pope. 2. Consisting in sense, or depending on it 5 ual appetites, hunger, lus t, &c. 3. Affecting the senses, or derived from them ; ; as, sensual pleasure or gratification. Hence, 4, In theology, carnal; pertaining to the flesh or body, in opposition to the ep not spiritual or ho- ly ; evil. James ili. Jude 1 5. Devoted to the gratification of sense; given to the indulgence of the appetites ; lewd ; luxurious. as, sens- No small part of virtue consists in abstaining from that in which sensual men place thvir felicity. Altlerbury. SENS/U-AL-ISM, n. The doctrine that all our ideas; or the operations of the understanding, not only originate in sensation, but are transformed sensations, copies; or relics of sensations. Condillac. 9. A state of subjection to sensual feelings and ap- etite. SENS/U-AL-IST, n. A person given to the indulgence of the appetites or senses; one who places his “chief happiness in carnal pleasures, South. SENS-U-AL/LTY, jx. [It. sensuahta ; Sp. sensuali- SENS’U-AL- NESS, dad; Fr. sensualité.] Devotedness to the gratification of the bodily ap- petites ; free indulgence in carnal or sensual pleas- ures. Those pampered animals That rage In savuge seneuality. Shak. They avoid drees lost they should have affections tainted by any a sensible thermometer. homsons TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI'‘CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; sensuality. ison. SENS/U-AL-IZB, ». t. SENS’U-AL-IZ-ING, por. SENS-U-AL-LZA!TION, n. The act of sensualizing ; the state of being sensualized. To make Sensual ; to subject to the love of sensual pleasure ; to debase by carnal gratifications ; as, sensualized by pleasure. Pope. By the neglect of prayer, the thoughts are ESE ZT. A. Skinner. SENS/U-AL-1Z-ED, pp. = Made sensual. Subjecting to the love of sensual pleasure. SENS/U-AL-LY, ady. In a sensual manner. SENS/U-OUS, a. Pertaining to sense ; feeling; con- nected with sensible objects; as, poetry is more | simple, sensuous, and passionate. JMiltun. SENT, pret. and pp. of Senp. SEN’TENCE, x. [Fr.; It. sentenza; Sp. sentencia; from L. sententia, from sentio, to think. 1. In law, a judgment pronounced y a court or judge upon a criminal; a judicial decision publicly and officially declared in a criminal prosecution. In technical language, sentence is used only for the dec- Jaration of judgment against one convicted of a crime. In civil cases, the decision of a court 1s called a JuDGMENT In criminal cases, sentence iS a a pronounced ; doom. . In language not technical, a determination or de- cisi on given, particularly a decision that condemns, or an unfavorable determination. Let him set out some of Luther’s works, that by hen we may pass sentence upon his doctrines. Allerbury 3. An opinion; judgment concerning a contro- verted point. Acts xv. 4, A maxim; an axiom ; a short saying containing moral instruction. roome. 5. Vindication of one’s innocence. Ps. Xvi. 6. In grammar, a period ; a number of words con- taining complete sense or a sentiment, and followed by a full pause. Sentences are simple or compound. A simple sentence consists of one subject and one finite verb; as, ‘¢the Lord reigns.” A compound sentence contains two or more subjects and finite verbs, as in this verse : He fills, he bounds, connects, and equals all. Pope. A dark sentence; a saying not easily explained. Dan. Viii. SEN’TENCE, v. t.. To pass or pronounce the judg- ment of a court on; to doom; as, to sentence a con- Vict to death, to transportation, or to imprisonment. 2, To condemn ; to doom to punishment. Dryden. con- Nature herself is sentenced in your doom. SEN’TENC-ED, (sen‘tenst,) pp. Doomed ; demned, SEN’/TEN-CER,z. One who pronounces a sentence, Souther. SEN’TEN-CI Pronouncing the judgmeni of a court on, SEN-TEN/’TIAL, a. NG, ppr. Comprising sentences. NVe2ocome. 2. Pertaining toa sentence or full period; as,a sentential pause. Sheridan. SEN-TEN/TIA-RY, n. Formerly, one who read lec- tures, or comme nted on the sentences of Peter Lor- ribard, Archbishop of Paris, a school divine. Heitru, Brit. SEN-TEN’TIOUS, (-shus,) a. [Fr. sententieux; It. Sane 10s0.] Abounding with sentences, axioms, and max- ee: short and energetic ; as, a sententious style or discourse ; sententious truth. Waller. How he apes his sire, : Ambitiously sententious | Addison. 2. Comprising sentences ; as, sententious marks. rew. This should be SENTENTIAL.] SEN-TEN/TIOUS-LY, adv. In short, expressive pe- riods; with striking brevity. Nausicaa delivers her judzment sententiously, to give it more weight, Broome. SEN-TEN/TIOUS-NESS, n. brevity with strength. The Medea I esteem for its gravity and sententiousness. ryden. See and SEN’/TRY are corrupted from SEn- TINE SEN’TIENT, (sen/shent,) a. [L. sentiens, sentio.] That perceives; having the faculty of perception. Man is a sentient being ; he possesses a sentient prin ciple. SEN’/TIENT, (sen/shent,) a. has the faculty of perception. 2. He that perceives. SEN’TIENT-LY, adv. manner. [Fr. id. ; Pithiness of sentences ; A being or person that Glancule. In a sentient or perceptive SEN/TI-MENT, 7. sentimento; Sp. sen- timiento ; from L. sentio, to fear perceive, or think. ] 1. Properly, a thought prompted by pi assion or feel ing. Kames. 2. In a popular sense, thought ; opinion ; notion ; judgment; the decision of the mind formed by de- liberation or reasoning. Thus, in deliberative bodies, every man has the privilege of delivering his senti- ments upon questions, motions, and bills. FH as in THIS 1007omnes wlan — po iF eo t 7 , bs 4 ‘| } , \ q t tk ; } yy ra ta 2 : ) i me 4 a I nt te a — ate tate er Baer f ne ae eee \ i | | | | Separability is the greatest argument of real distinc SEP Shi SEP 3. The sense, thought, or opinion, contained in words, but considered as distinct from them. We may like the sentiment, when we dislike the lan- guage. 4. Sensibility ; feeling. Sheridan. SEN-TI-MENT’AL, a. Abounding with sentiment, | or just opinions or reflections; as, a sentimental dis- | course. 9, Expressing quick intellectual feeling. 3. Affecting sensibility ; in a contemptuous senses Sheridan. SEN-TI-MENT’AL-ISM, ». Sentimentality ; affecta- tion of exquisite feeling or sensibility. Withington. | SEN-TLMENT’AL-IST, n. One that affects senti- ment, fine feeling, or exquisite sensibility. _ SEN-TI-MENT-AL/L-TY, 2. Affectation of fine feel- ing or exquisite sensibility. Warton. SEN_TI-MENT’AL-1ZE, v. % To affect exquisite sensibility. SEN-TI-MENT/AL-LY, adv. ing or sensibility. SEN’TI-NEL, n._ [Fr. sentinelle ; It. and Port. senti- nella; Sp. centinela ; from L. sentio, to perceive. In military affairs, a soldier set to watch or gua rd an army, camp, or other place, from surprise, to ob- serve the approach of danger and give notice of it. In popular use, the word is contracted into SENTRY. SEN/’TI-NEL-ED, a. Furnished with a sentinel. SEN/TRY, 2. [See SEnNTINEL.] 1. A sentinel ; a soldier placed on guard. 2. Guard ; watch; the duty of a sentinel. O’er my slumbers sentry keep. SEN’/TRY-BOX, 2. A box to cover a sentinel at his post, and shelter him from the weather. EN’ ZA, [It.; Fr. sans.] Without. EP/AL, 2. [from L. SEp10. | In botany, a distinct part of that sort of calyx which is called a PertanTH. consists of but one part, it is said to be monosepa- lous, when of two or more parts, it is said to be di, tri, tetra, pentasepalous, etc. When of a variable and indefinite number of parts, it is said to be poly- sepalous. SEP/A-LOID, a. Like a sepal, or distinct part of a perianth. SEP-A-RA-BIL/LTY, n. ity of being separable, or of admitting separation or disunion. With intellectual feel- Brown, S S {from separable.| The qual- ion. zlanoille. SEP/A-RA-BLE, a. [Fr., from L. separabilis. See MEPAR \TE. | | That may be separated, disjoined, disunited, or | rent; as, the separable parts of plants; qualities not separable frum the substance in which they exist. | SeP/A-RA-BLE-NESS, nm. The quality of being ca- | pable of separation or disunion. | rmit me not to doubt of the separableness of a yellow Giucture from gold. Boyle SEP/A-RA-BLY, adv. Ina separable manner. SEP/A-RATE, vt. [L. separo; Fr. separer ; It. sepa- rare; Sp. separar; Russ. razherayu. The Latin word is compounded of se, a prefix, and paro, evidently coinciding with the oriental N13 or 152, the sense which is, to throw or drive off. Class Br, No. 10. See Pane and Parry.] 1. To Gisunite; to divide; to sever; to part, in almost any manner, either things naturally or cas- | The parts of a solid substance may be | ually joined. separated by breaking, cutting, or-splitting, or by | | 7 - - . : \| fusion, decomposition, or natura] dissolution. A und body may be separated into its constituent parts. Friends may be separated by necessity, and must be separated by death. The prism separates the | several kinds of colored rays. A riddle separates the chaff from the grain. 2. To set apart from a number for a particular service. | comp Separate me Barnabas and Saul. — Acts xiii. 3. To disconnect ; as, to separate man and wife by | divorce. 4, ‘I’o make a space between. The Atlantic sep- arates Europe from America. A narrow Strait sep- arates Burope from Africa. Zo separate’s one’s self; | to withdraw ; to depart. Separate thyself, 1 pray thee, from me. — Gen. xiil. SDLA Pah : Reroeks : ees SEP/A-RATE, v.71, To part; to be disunited; to be disconnected ; to withdraw from each other. The purties separated, and each retired. 2. To cleave; to open; as, the parts of a substance separate by drying or freezing. SEP/A-RATE, a. [L. separatus.} 1. Divided from the rest; being parted from another; disjointed; disconnected; used of things yf thing xix, 2 that have been wnited or connected. Gen. - Cor. Vi. things that have not been connected. Clirist was holy, harmless, undefiled, and separate from sinners. — iicb. vit 3. Disunited from the body ; as, a separate spirit the separate state of souls. Locke. When a perianth | | | | 2, Unconnected; not united; distinct; wsed of 3 SEP/A-RA-TED, pp. SEP/A-RATE-LY, adv. In a separate or unconnected TTA SEP’A-RA-TING, ppr. Dividing; disjoining; putting SEP-A-RA’TION, n. SEP/A-RA-TISM, n. SEP/A-RA-TIST, 7. SEP’A-RA-TOR, n. SEP/A-RA-TO-RY, a. | SEP/A-RA-TO-RY, 7. SE-PAWNY!, | 2. SE-PON!, } SEP/E-LI-BLE, a. S A [ ¢ disconnected, state; apart; distinctly; singly. The opinions of the council were separately taken. EP/A-RATE-NESS, n. The state of being separate. sEP-A-RAT/I€-AL, a. Pertaining to separation in religion. Dwight. or driving asunder; disconnecting ; decomposing. [Fr., from L. separatio ; It. sepa- razione; Sp. separacion. |] 1. The act of separating, severing, or disconnect- ing; disjunction ; as, the separation of the soul from the body. 9. The state of being separate; disunion ; dis- | connection. | All the days of his separation he is holy to the Lord. — Num. vi. 3. The operation of disuniting or decomposing | substances ; chemical analysis. Bacon. 4. Divorce; disunion of married persons. Shak. The act of separating ; dispo- sition to withdraw from a church, or practice of withdrawing. A [Fr. séparatiste. ] One that withdraws from a church, or rather from an established church, to which he has belonged ; a dissenter ; a seceder ; a Schismatic ; a Sectary. Bacon. One that divides or disjoins ; a divider. That separates ; as, separatory Cheyne. { Little used. | A chemical vessel for separa- | ducts. ting liquors; and asurgical instrument for separating | the pericranium from the cranium. Parr. A species of food consisting of meal ; of maize boiled in water. It isin New | York and Pennsylvania what hasty-pudding is in | New England. TT™| [L. sepelio.] That may be buried. Si/PI-A, n. ty. onmea and civy, a bag. | 1. This term comprehends several genera of ceph- alopodous mollusca ; as the Octopus, Loligo, etc. This term is also the name of an individual genus of this group. Most of these animals have an inter- nal sac containing a natural ink, that is, a carbona- ceous matter suspended in water by the intervention of gelatine. This they emit, when pursued by ene- mies, by which the water is so discolored, that they are often enabled to effect their escape. ‘These ani- mals are called Currre-Fisn, though they are not true fishes. 2. A pigment prepared from the ink of the sepia or cuttle-fish. Ure. SEP/I-MENT, 2. [L. sepimentum, from sepio, to inclose.] A hedge; a fence; something that separates or defend SE-POSE’, (se-poze’,) v. t. [L. sepono, sepositus.] To set apart. [Jot in use.] Donne. SEP-O-SI’TION, (-zish/un,) n. The act of setting apart ; segregation. [JVot in use.] Taylor. SE/POY, ». [Pers. sipahi; Hindoo, sepahai.] A na- tive of India, employed as a soldier in the service of European powers. SEP/PI-A, See Sepia, SEPS, x. [L., from Gr. on7o. Cuvier.] The naine of a genus of scincoid saurian reptiles, sometimes called SerPeENT-Lizarps. They are found in the East Indies, the Cape of Good Hope, and on the coasts of the Mediterranean. These animals have elongated hodies, short and indistinct feet, non- extensile tongues, and scales covering their bodies like tiles. SEPT, n. [Qu. sapia, in the L. prosapia ; or Heb. Div. See Class Sb, No. 23. A clan, race, or family, proceeding from a common progenitor ; used of ‘the races or families in Ireland. Spenser. Davies. SEP’TA, n. pl. of Serrum, which see. SEPT-AN//GU-LAR, (-ang’gu-lar,) @ seven, and angulus, angle. Having seven angles. SEP-TA/RI-UM, n.; pl. Seprarta. tions. ] A name given to flattened imbedded nodules of clay or marl ; also, to similar nodules intersected by seams. : Dana. SEP-TEM’BER, n. [L., from septem, seven ; Fr. Sep- tembre; It. Settembre; Sp. Septiembre. | The seventh month from March, which was for- merly the first month of the year. September is now the ninth month of the year. SEP-TEM/BRIST, n. A name given to the agents in the massacre in Paris, September 2, 1792; hence, a term proverbial throughout Europe for one who is bloodthirsty and malignant. rande. SEP-TEM/PAR-TITE, a. Divided nearly to the base Into seven parts. SEP/TEN-A-RY, a. [Fr. septénaire; It, settenario ; Sp. septenario; L. septenarius, from septem, seven. | [L. septem, [l. septa, parti- Divided ; parted; disunited ; | SEP’ TEN-A-RY, 7. | SEP-TEN/NLAL, a. [L. septennis ; septem, seven, and 5 SEP-TEN/TRI-ON, 7. SEP-TE SEP-TE r SEP-TEN-TRI-ON-AL/LTY, nx. SEP-TEN/TRI-ON-AL-LY, adv. the north. [A bad word.] Town. SEP-TEN’TRI-ON-ATE, v.z. To tend northerly. Brown, | SEP-TI-Ci/DAL, a. The number seven. Burnet, annus, Year, 1. Lasting or continuing seven years; as, septennial parliaments. 2, Happening or returning once in every seven years ; as, septennial elections in England. EP-TEN/’NLAL-LY, adv. Once in seven years. [F'r., from L, septentrio. | The north or northern regions. Shak. A ONGE a. [, septentrionalis. | Northern ; pertaining to the north. From cold septentrion blasts. Milton. Northerliness. [2 bad word.) Northerly ; toward [This word septentrion and its derivatives are hard- ly anglicized; they are harsh, unnecessary, and little used, and may well be suffered to pass into disuse. ] BEPT’-FOIL, n. [L. septem and folium ; seven-leafed.] A plant, the Tormentilla or Tormentil. Nn SEP’/TI€, da. (Gr. onmrixos, from ox, to pu- SEP/TIC€-AL, §__ trefy.] Having power to promote putrefaction. Many ex- periments were made by Sir John Pringle to ascer- tain the septic and antiseptic virtues of natural bodies. ] I Encyc. Brande. SEP/TIG, n. A substance that promotes the putrefac- tion of bodies. Enciyc. [L. septum, a partition, and cedo, to cut or divide A septicidal dehiscence of a pericarp, is that which takes place between the lamine of the dissepiment. Lindley. Tendency to putre- Fourcroy. EP-TI-FA’/RLOUS,a. Having seven different ways. EP-TIF’/ER-OUS, a. [L. septum and fero. | Bearing septa. [See Septum. >_TIE/LU-OUS, a. Flowing in seven streams. >_TT-FO'LI-OUS, a. Having seven leaves. >/ >. SEP-TIC’I-TY, (sep-tis’e-te,) n. faction. eo oes TI-FORM, a. Having seven forins. [L. septum, a partition, and DMNN E SE BE E TIF/RA-GAL, a. frango, to break. } A septifragal dehiscence of a pericarp, occurs when the dissepiments adhere to the axis, and separate from the valves. SEP-TI-LAT’ER-AL, a. side. } Having seven sides ; as, a septilateral figure. Brown. SEP-TIL/LION, (sep-til/yun,) n. According to the English notation, the product of a million involved to the seventh power, or a unit with forty-two ciphers annexed; according to the French notation, a unit with twenty-four ciphers annexed. SEP-TIN/SU-LAR, a. [lL. septem, seven, and mmsula, isle [L. septem, seven, and latus, Consisting of seven isles; as, the seplinsular re- public of the Ionian Isles, Qu. Rev. SEP'LTON, 2. [Gr. onz, to putrefy.] That which promotes putrefaction. SEP-TU-AG/BN-A-RY, a. [Fr. septuagénaire; L. septuagenarius, from sepiuaginta, seventy. Consisting of seventy. Brown, SEP-TU-A-GEN-A/RI-AN, ) 7. A person seventy SEP-T'U-AG/EN-A-RY, { years of age. SEP-T'U-A-GES/LMA, n. [L. septuagesimus, seven- tieth. an third Sunday before Lent, or before Quadra- gesima Sunday, supposed to be so called because it is about seventy days before Easter. P. Gijcs SEP-1T'U-A-GES/I-MAL, a. [Supra.] Consisting of seventy. Our abridged and sez 2 SEP’/TU-A-GINT, n. [L. septuaginta, seventy ; sep- tem, seven, and some word signifying ten.] A Greek version of the Old Testament, so called because it was said to be the work of seventy, or rather of seventy-two, interpreters. This translation from the Hebrew is reported to have been made in the reign and by the order of Ptolemy Philadelpbus, king of Egypt, about two hundred and seventy or two hundred and eighty years before the birth of Christ. But this is very doubtful. From internal evidence it is clear that it was not all the work of one man, nor of one company of men; for the trans- lators of different books were of very different de- grees of competency, and were governed by very different rules of interpretation, It was probably not all the work of one age. Murdock. SEP/TU-A-GINT, a. Pertaining to the Septuagint ; contained in the Greek copy of the Old Testament. The Septuagint chronology makes fifteen hundred years more from the creation to Abraham, than the present Hebrew copies of the Bible. Encyc. SEP’TU-A-RY, n. [L. septem, seven. ] Broion. fuaresim tuages Consisting of seven; as, a septenary number. Watts. Something composed of seven; a week. [Little used. | Ash. ole. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1008SR = SEQ SER SER SEP’/TUM, n.; pl. Serta. In botany, a partition that separates the cells of the fruit. 2. In anatomy, a partition which separates two cavities. SEP/TU-PLE, a. [Low L. septuplex; septem, seven, and plico, to fold.]} Sevenfold; seven times as much. SEP/UL-GHER,)n. [Fr. sepulchre; Sp. and Port. SEP/UL-€HRE, sepulcro; It. sepolcro; from L. sepulchrum, from sepelio, to bury, which seems to be formed with a prefix on the Goth. filhan, to bury.] A grave; a tomb; the place in which the dead body of a human being is interred, or a place des- tined for that purpose. Among the Jews, sepulchers were often excavations in rocks. Js. xxii, Watt. XXVil. EP/UL-€HER, ) v.t. To bury; to inter ; toentomb ; SEP/UL-€HRE, as, obscurely sepulchered. Prior. SEP/UL-€ HER-ED, } pp. or a. SEP/UL-€HRED, cher. SE-PUL/EHRAL, a. [L. sepulchralis, from sepul- chrum.] Pertaining to burial, to the grave, or to monuments erected to the memory of the dead; as, a sepulchral stone ; a sepulchral statue ; a sepulchral inscription. Milton. SEP/UL-TURE, n. [Fr., from L. sepultura, from sepelio. | Burial; interment; the act of depositing the dead body of a human being in the grave. Where we may royal sepuliure prepare. SE-QUA/CIOUS, (se-kwa/shus,) a. [L. sequar, from seguor, to follow. See Serx.] 1. Following ; attendant. Trees uprooted left their place, Sequacious of the lyre. The fond, sequacious herd. 2. Ductile; pliant. The forge was easy, and the matter ductile and sequacious. [Lute used.) Ray. SE-QUA/CIOUS-NESS, x. State of being sequacious ; TR ™!N TR Deposited in a sepul- Dryden. Dryden. Thomson. disposition to follow. ‘aylor. SE-QUAC’/LTY, (se-kwas/e-te,) n. [Supra.] 7 Tha : and usually grounded on some text or passage of SER/PEN-TINE-STONE, } nesian stone, usually 7. One who yields obedience to another. The Scripture. Sermons are extemporary addresses or of an obscure green color, with shades and spots, saints are called the servants of God or of righteous- writ n discourses ; bos 2 resembling a serpent’s skin. Dict. Nat. Hist. ness ; aug the wicked are called the servants of sin. aah Gronehince hich. batanore Fi : A rock, generally unstratified, which is principally Rom. \ x1 aching much, Dut more his practice, wrouch A p : aa : if elds > > £ uve aero onneutane ident: So : Dryden composed of hydrated silicate of magnesia. 8. That which yields obedience, or acts in subor- chet eene mee Serpentine is often nearly allied to the harder dination as an instrument. Ps. exIX. : é eee ADE te d discourse. Varieties of steatite and potstone. It presents two 9. One that makes painful sacrifices, in compli- < # SER/MON, v.t. To discourse asin asermon. [ Lit- varieties; precious serpentine and common serpen- ance with the weakness or wants of others. , 3 3 ] pentine and comn rpen ae eeu ; i) ] : tine. Cleaveland. Cor. IX. : we 4 2. To tutor; to lesson; toteach. [Little u sed. | SER/PEN N-TINE-LY, adv. In a serpentine manner. 10. A person of base condition or ignoble spirit. SERIMC oe : Shak. SER/PENT-IZE, v. t. To wind; to turn or bend, Eccles. X. ee ne JN, v. t. To compose or deliver a sermon. first in one direction and then in the opposite; to 11. A word of civility. Iam, sir, your humble or : , [ Litt ie Mi ‘an bedient servant SER MON ee : Milton. meander. obedient servant. ; } / SA es n. Discourse; instruction; advice. The road serpentized through a tall shrubbery. Our betters tell us they are our humble servants, but understand ’ ) Sn ae mr a! ' 5 Chaucer. Barrow, Travels in Africa. us to be their slaves. Sui/t uk MON-ISH, a. Resembling a sermon. | SER/PEN I ile rpe ‘ SER/MON iZE. v.i. To preact Br Nichol SER PEI TAI KE i, a. Like a serpent. Servant of servants; one debased to the lowest con- eesti cate ricid Pee 1. Be icholson, SER/PENT-RY, n. A winding like that of a ser- dition of se sat Gen. ix ic oa cl > rigid rules, hesterfield pent. Ss ect. , Bieri an alce Rov ry : eer Daten ons _af e ‘ SERV/ANT, v. t. Tosubject. [Votin use] Shak. I ay yom pe ere pe eeoin 0Se or Write a ser-|}SER/PET,n. A basket. [NMotinuse.| Ainsworth. SERVE enn \ ov t (Fr. oe als It nae Sp Ba Ssermor his 18 the se in Ua ji ee rate 7 : {| -MOUNT-AIN, n. A plant of the genus Laser- ine round and cover stones, shells, aye one ene attends ors W aa from the sense of stop- | itium, or laserw ort kind, sometimes called Srsx ! x . : re ping, holding, remaining | gio my, as KIB, § es Called Sesevr. | SER/PU-LI1 / sd she ssil ¢ 2 Lee. Forsyth genus Ser ae S pele SO fos os poe To work for; to bestow the labor of body and SE-RON’, } : y SERR. v pula. amMesons mind in the employment of another. SE-ROON!.( @ [Sp. seron, a frail or basket.] Xv. t. [Fr. serrer; Sp. and Port. cerrar.] oi ON’, { > To crowd press, or drive together [Wot a use.] Jacob loved Rachel, and suid, I will serve thee seven years for A seroc C 3 } anti Z a) oY Rachel tt junger daughter. — Ge . A seroon of almonds is the quantity of tw © ch iy younger daughter. 7en, XXIX. q y Evo Bacon. No man can serve two masters, — Matt. vi. i Wi “ y Y r ID Ow 7 = Hie STH, PAR, PALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINU, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLY, BOOK. —SER SER _2. To act as the minister oh to perform official du- ties to ; as, a minister serves his prince. Had I served God as diligently as I have served the king, he would uot have given me over in my gray hairs Cardivial Wolsey. To attend at command ; to wait on. A rodde ss among got Is, adore a and served 3y angels numbe Sle Ss, thy daily train. 4. T’o obey servilely or meanly ; as, mon. Milton: to serve Mam- When wealthy, show thy wisdom not to be To wealth a servant, but make wealth serve thee. Denham. To supply with food ; as, to be served in plate. D;yden. To be subservient or subordinate to. ; Bodies bright und greater should not serve The less not bri; ght, Milton. 7. To perform the duties required in; as, the cu- rate served two churches. To obey ; to perform duties in the employment of ; as, to serve the king or the country in the army or navy. 9. To be sufficient to, or to promote; as, to serve one’s turn, end, or purpose. Locke. 10. To help by good offices; as, to serve one’s country. Tate. ll. T'o comply with; to submit to. They think herein we serve the time, because thereby we either hold or seek preferment. Hooker 12. To be sufficient for ; to satisfy ; to content. One halt-pint bottle serves them both to dine, And is at once their vinegar and wine. Pope. 13. To be in the place of any thing toone. A sofa cere the Turks for a seat and a couch. . To treat; to requite; as, he served me ungrate- fally : he served me Very ill. We say also, he served me a trick, that is, he deceived me, or practiced an artifice upon me. 15. In Scripture and theology, to obey and worship to act in conformity to the law of a superior, and treat him with due reverence. Pear the Lord, and serve him in sincerity and truth. As for me and my house, we will serve the Lord. — Josh. xxiv. to obey ; to yield compliance, or 16. In a bad sense, act according to. Serving divers lusts and pleasures. — Tit, ii. 17. To worship; to render homage to; as, to serve idols or false gods, Ezek, xx. 8. To be a slave to; to be in bondage to. Gen. XV. 19. Yo serve one’s self of; @ Gallicism, [se servir de. | I I will serve myself of this concession. Chil 20. To use ; to manage;toapply. T Hee suns were well served. 21. To place on the table as, to serve dinner. F 22. In seamen’s language, to serve a rope is to wind something. as spun yarn, &c., tight round it. to pre- vent friction Totten. | To serve up: to prepare and present In a dish: as, | tO | \ to use; to make use of; ngworth. in dishes, (for serve up 5) Lo serue up a Sirloin of beef in plate ; Jimuratnveiy, prepare 5 : é To serve in, as used by Shakspeare, for to bring in, as meat by an attendant, I have never known to be used in America. To serve out to distribute in portions; as, to serve out provisions to soldiers, To serve a writ ; to read it to the defendant ; leave an attested copy at his usual place of abade. | To serve an attachment, or writ of attachment; to || levy it on the person or goods by seizure ; or to seize. | or to 70 serve an execution ; to levy it on lands, goods, or person, by seizure or taking possession. i To serve a warrant; to read it, and to seize the per- son against whom it is issued. In general, to serve a process, is to read it, so as to pive due notice to the party concerned, or to leave an uttested copy with him or his attorney, or at his | usual place of abode. To serve an office; to discharge a public duty. [This phrase, I believe, is not used in America. We say, a min serves im an office, that 1s, serves the public in an office. } SERVE, (serv,) v. 2 ‘The Lord shall give thee rest from thy sorrow, and from thy fear, and from the hard bondage wherein thou wast made to roé, — ls. xiv. To be a servant or slave. T'o be employed in labor or other business for onother. Gen. Xxix. 3. ‘lo be in subjection. 1. To wait; to attend; to aporrer: Luke x. . To perform duties, as in the army, navy, or in any SH ace, An officer serves five years in India, or Ts, xiii. to perform domestic offices | wundera particular commander. The late secretary | of the colony, and afterward state, of Connecticut, i was annually appointed, and served in the office six- 1} ly years. 6. ‘lo answer; to accomplish the end. She feared that all would not serve, Sidney. 7. To be sufficient for a purpose. This little brand will serve to light your fire. _ 8. To suit; to be convenient. It aS occasion serves. To conduce ; to be of use. Our victory only Say to lead us on to further visionary pros- pects. Swift. ao To officiate or minister ; to do the honors of; , tO serve at a public dinner. SE Ro V/ED, pp. Attended; waited on; worshiped ; levied. SERV/ICE, (serv/is,) n. [Fr.; cio; from are servitium. | I. In @ general sense, labor of body, or of body and mind, performed at the command of a SUPE rior, Or in pursuance of duty, or for the benefit of another. Service is voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary serv- ice is that of hired servants or of contract, or of persons who spontaneously perform sometiing for another’s benefit. Jnvoluntary service is that of slaves who work by compulsion. 2. The business of a servant} Dryden, Take this, and use It. servizio; Sp. servi- menial office. Shak Attendance of a servant. Shak. 4. Place of a servant ; actual employment of a serv- ant; as, to be out of service. Shak. 5. Any thing done by way of duty to a superior. This poem was the last piece of service | did for my master King Charles. Dryden. 6. Attendance on a superior. Muadum, J entreat true peace of you, Which 1 will purchase with my duteous service. Shak, Profession of respect uttered or sent. Pray do my service to his majesty. Shak. 8. Actual duty ; that which is required to be done in an office ; as, to perform the services of a clerk, a sheriff, or judge That which God requires of man; worship; obedience. God requires no man’s service upon hard and unreason: ible terms. Tulotson. 10. Employment ; business ; office; as, to qualify aman for public service. 1. Use; purpose. The guns are Service. 12. Military duty by land or sea; as, military naval service ; also, the period of such duty. Campbells Mil. Dict. 13. A military achievement. Shak. 14. Useful office ; advantage conferred ; that which promotes interest or happiness. Me .dicine often does no service to the sick; calumny is sometimes of serv- ice to an author. 15. Favor. To thee a woman’s services are due, Shak. 16. The-duty which a tenant owes to his lord for bis fee. Personal service consists in homage and fealty, &c. 17. Public worship, or office of devotion. service Was interrupted. not fit for public Divine 18. A musical church composition, consisting of \ choruses, trios, duets, solos. &e 19. The official ditties of a minister of tne gospel, as in church, at a funeral, marriage Ae 20. Course ; order of dishes at table. There was no extraordinary service seen on the board. Hakewill, 21. A set or number of vessels ordinarily used at table ; as, a service of plate or glass. 22. In seamen’s language, the materials used for serving a rope, as spun yarn, small lines, &c. 23. A tree and its fruit, ot the genus Pyrus or Sor- bus. The 2zild service is of the genus Cratwgus. Service of a writ, process, &e. ; the reading of it to the person to w hom notice is intended to be given, or the leaving of an attested copy with the person or his attorney, or at his usual place of abode. Service of an attachment; the seizing of the person or goods according to the direction. The service of an execution ; the levying of it upon the goods, estate, or person of the defendant. To see service, in military language, implies to come into actual contact with the enemy. Campbells Mil. Dict. SERV/ICE-A-BLE, a. That does service; that pro- motes happiness, interest, advantage, or any good ; useful; beneficial; advantageous. Rulers may be very serviceable to religion by their example. The attentions of my friends were very serviceable to me when abroad. Rain and manure are serviceable land. 2. Capable of or fit for military duty. Campbells Mil. Dict. 3.. Active ; officious. T know thee well, a serviceable villain. [Unusual.] Shak. SERV/ICE-A-BLE-NESS, zn. Usefulness in promoting good of any kind ; beneficialness, All action being for some end, its aptness to be commanded or forvy iden must be founded upon its serviceableness or dis- srviceableness to some end. Norris. diligent ; 2. Oiicinueness ; readiness to do service. Sidney. Hes ete ea SZ eal SERV/ICE-A-BLY, adv. In a serviceabie mannet i SERV/IC E-BOOK, nm. A prayer-book or missal. SERV’LENT, a. jie serviens.] ny Subordinate. [Not i use.) Dier. | SER V‘ILE, (serv’il,) a. servio, to serve.] | 1. Such as pertains to a servant or slave; slavish : \| mean ; such as proceeds from dependence ; as, ser ruth \| fear; servile obedience. 1 2, "Held in Subjection ; dependent. \\ | Even fortune rules no more a servi/e land, Pope. [Fr., from L. servilis, fram 3. Cringing; fawning; meanly submissive; as, | servile flattery. | She must bend the servile knee. Thomson. | 4. In grammar, not belonging to the original root; || as, a servile letter. | SERV/ILE, xn. In grammar, a letter which forms no || pa rt of the original root; opposed to Raptcat. | SERV/ILE-LY, adv. Me alee ; Slavishly ; with base su Teer 0 Nr obsequiousness, 2. With base deference to another; as, to copy servilely ; to adopt opinions servilely. SERV'ILE-NBESS,) 2. Slavery; the condition of 2 SER-VIL‘I-TY, | slave or bondman. To be a queen in bondage, is more vile Than isa slave in base ¢erviltly. Ze | Shak. | 2. Mean submission ; baseness ; slavishnes 3. Mean obsequiousness; slavish deference ; as, the common servility to custom ; to copy manners or opinions with servility. SERV/ING, ppr. W rking for; acting in subordina tion to; y ielding obedience to; worshiping ; also, peur ming duties - as, serving in the army. RY SER V/ING-MAID, ’A female servant ; ; a Menial. SE RV! ING-M.z AN, n. A male servant; a menial. SERV/I-TOR, mn. [It. servitore; Sp. servidor; Fr. serviteur ; from L, servio, to serve.]} 1. A servant; an attendant. Hooker. 2. One that acts under another; a follower or ad- herent. Javies 3. One that professes duty and obedience. 5; 4. In the university of Oxford, an under graduate, who is partly supported by the colle ge funds; such as is called in Cambridge a sizar. They formerly Waited at table, but this is now dispensed with. Br anile. The office of a servitor. SER V/I-TOR-SHIP, n. SER V’I-TUDE, x. It. servitu. See SERVE.] The condition of a slave ; tary subjection to a master ; slavery ; is the state of the slaves in America. Hon of the human race are in servitude. The state of a servant. proper. } 3. The condition of a conquered country. 4. A state of slavish dependence, Some persons may be in love with splendid servitude. South 5. Servants collectively. [Vot in use.] SES/A- ME. Yn. Er. sesame: it ma; GY. oncaun, oncaudv Oilv grain: names sven to. annual herbaceous | | piants of the genus Sesamum, trom tne seeas of { \ wnhicn an oll is expressea. Une species of it is ont ' vated in Carolina, and the blacks use the seeds for } Bosioell. fitr., from L. servitudo or st Petia the state of inyolun- | bondage. Such SRR aN A large por- | | { | | [Less common and less Sesamo* 14. SéS7~ > food. It is called there Bene. Encyc. Beloe. SES’A-MOID, ja. [Gr oyzapn, sesame, and SES-A-MOID‘AL, } exdos, form. ] A term applied to the small bones found at the ar- ticulations of the great toes, and sometimes at the joints of the thumbs and in other parts. Brande. Forsith. SES/B AN, ms [AT.|) A lem gus plant , 2 Species of Sesbania or 4Sschynomene Louiton. SES/E- Ll n. [lu Gr. ses li. | A gE enus of plants; meadow saxifrage ; hartwort. | Eneie. [L., one and a half.) In chemistry, this | n | is much used as a prefix to the names of comp: is of an acidifying and basifying prineiple with ano oii ie. element, to form a salific ible base ; or of an acid wit a Salifiable base, to form a salt. It always denotes that the elementary or proximate principles of the compound are In the proportions of one and a halt ne the acidifying and basifying principle, or of the acid, | to one of the other element or proximate principle ; but as there can be no such'thing as half of an equiv- | | j | ~~ sw alent, such compounds are always to be understood as consisting of three equivalents of the Ree and basifying principle, or of the acid, to two equiv- alents of the other element or proximate princ¢ Sesquidupli (lu. sesquiduplus) is somt times used in the same manner, to denote the proportions of two and a half to one, or rather of five to two. SES-QULAL’TER, n. The name of a stop on the organ, containing ‘three ranks of pipes P. Cyc. SES-QULAL'T ER, a. [aes from sesqui, the SES-QUI-AL/TER-AL, whole and half as much more, and alter, other r.] : 1. In geometry, designating a ratio where one quantity ‘or number contains another once and half as much more ; as 9 contains 6 and its half. Bentley. 1 . | TCU ONE BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS —€as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS, | i} | | | | | } | a = Ste = iat = Seer ai re SES © 2. A sesquialteral floret, is when floret is accompanied with a small, abortive one. Martyn. SES-QUIL-AL/TER-ATE, a. In arithmetic and geome- try, designating a ratio between two numbers, lines, &c., in which the greater is equal to once and a half of the less. SES-QUI-BRO/MID, n. A basic compound of bro- mine with another element, in the proportions of three equivalents of bromine to two of the other ele- ment. SES-QULEXAR/BO-NATE, x. A salt composed of three equivalents of carbonic acid, with two equiva- lents of any base ; as, the sesquicarbonate of ammo- nia, i. e., the common volatile salt of hartshorn. SES-QUI-GHLO/RID, n. A basic compound of chlo- tine with another element, in the proportions of three equivalents of chlorine to two of the other ele- ment. } SES-QULC¥Y/A-NID, x. A basic compound of cyan- ozen with some element, in the proportions of three equivalents of cyanogen to two of the other element. SES-QULDU/PLLEATE, a. [L. sesqui, supra, and duplicatus, double. } Designating the ratio of two and a half to one, or where the greater term contains the lesser twice and a half, as that of 50 to 20. SES-QUI/O-DID, n. A basic compound of iodine with another element, in the proportions of three equivalents of iodine to two of the other element. SES-QUIP’/E-DAL, da. [lL sesqgui, one and a SES-QUIP-E-DA/LI-AN, § half, and pedalis, from pes, a foot. ] Containing a foot and a half; as, a sequipedalian pigmy. Arbuthnot. Addison uses sesqutpedal as a noun. SES-QUIP/LLEATE, a. [L. sesqui, one and a half, and plicatus, plico, to fold.) Designating the ratio of one and a half to one; as, the sesquiplicate proportion of the periodical times of the planets. heyne. SES-QULSUL/PHID, n. A basic compound of sul- phur with some other element, in the proportions of three equivalents of sulphur to two of the other ele- ment. SES-QULTER/TIAN, )a. [L. sesqui,one and a SES-QULTER/TION-AL, § _ half, and tertius, third.) Designating the ratio of one and one third to one. Johnson. SES’/QULTONE, n. In music, a minor third, or in- terval of three semitones. Busby. SES-QUOX’YD, n. A basic compound of oxygen with some other element, in the proportions of three equivalents of the oxygen to two of the other ele- SESS, 7. [L, séssio.] {ment. A tax. [Little used, or notatall.] [See AS3sE3s- MENT. | SES/SILE, (ses/siJ,) a. [L. sessilis. See Ser-] In natural history, sitting close upon the body to which it belongs, without any sensible projecting support. Thus, in botany, a sessile leaf issues di- rectly from the main stem or branch, without a petiole or footstalk. A sesswe flower nas no pedun- ; A sessue pappus Has no SLipe. DUE IS placed ImM~4 Martin. ifT.. TTOM L. Séssio. froin | Cie. mediately on the ovarv. SES‘SLON, (sesn'un,) n. séedeo z 1, A sitting or being placed; as, the ascension of Christ, and his session at the right hand of God. Hooker. 2. The actual sitting of a court, council, legisla- ture, &c.; or the actual assembly of the members of these or any similar body for the transaction of busi- ness. Thus we say, the court is now in sesston, meaning that the members are assembled for busi- ness 3. The time, space, or term during which a court, council, legislature, and the like, meet daily for business; or the space of time between the first meeting and the prorogation or adjournment. Thus 2 session of parliament is opened with a speech from the throne, and closed by prorégation. ‘The session of a judicial court is called a term. Thus a court may have two sessions or four sessions annually. The Supreme Court of the United States has one an- nual session. The legislatures of most of the States jiave one annual session only ; some have more. The congress of the United States has one only. 4, Sessions, in some of the States, is particularly used for a court of justices, held for granting licenses to See Set im a large, fertile | SE Hutton. SES’/TERCH, n. mM innkeepers or taverners, for laying out new high- ways, or altering old ones, and the like. Quarter Sessions, in England, isa court held once in every quarter, by two justices of the peace, ane of whom is of the quorum, for the trial of small fel- onies and misdemeanors. Sessions of the Peace; a court consisting of justices of the peace, held in each county, for inquiring into trespasses, larcenies, forestalling, &c., and in gen- eral, for the conservation of the peace. Laws of New Yori. AS/SION-AL, a. Pertaining to a church session. SS/-POOL, . [sess and pool,] A cavity sunk in the earth to receive and retain the sediment of water conveyed in drains. Sess-pools should be placed at proper distances in all drains, and particularly should one be placed at the entrance. Encyc. [I*r., from L. seston tits, A Roman coin or denomination of money, in value the fourth part of a denarius, and originally containing two asses and a half, afterward four asses; equal to about two pence sterling, or four cents. ‘The sestertium, that is, sestertium pondus, was two pounds and a half, or one thousand ses- terces, equal to £8 17s. 1d. sterling, or about $40, before the reign of Augustus. After his reign it was valued at £7 16s. 3d. sterling. It was original- ly coined only in silver, but afterward both in silver and brass. Smitl’s Dict. ET, v. t.; pret.and pp. Set. [Sax. sctan, setan, set- tan, to set or place, to seat or fix, to appease, to calin, L. scdo; to compose, as a book, to dispose or put in order, to establish, found, or institute, to possess, to cease ; G. setzen, to set, to risk or lay, as a wager, to plant, to appoint, to leap or make an onset ; D. zet- ten; Sw. salta; Dan. setter; W. sodi, to fix, to con- stitute ; gosodi, to set, to lay, to put, to establish, to ordain ; gosod, a setting or placing, a site, a Statute, an onset or assault; L. sedo, sedeo, and sido, coin- ciding with sit, but all of one family. From the Nor- man orthography of this word, we have assess, as- sise. (See Assess.) Heb. and Ch. 10) and mw, to set, to place; Syr. Z/\op sett, to found, to establish. Class Sd, No. 31, 56. The primary sense 1s, to throw, to drive, or intransitively, to rush.] 1. To put or place; to fix or cause to rest in a standing posture. We set a house on a wall of stone; we sect a book ona shelf. In this use, set differs from lay ; we set a thing on its end or basis ; we lay it on its side. 9. To put or place in its proper or natural posture. We set a chest or trunk on its bottom, not on its end: we set 2 bedstead or a table on its feet or legs. 3. To put, place, or fix in any situation. God set the sun, moon, and stars in the firmament. J do set my bow in the cloud. —Gen. ix. 4 + EB 4, To put into any condition or state. The Lord thy God will set thee on high. — Deut. xxviii. I am come to sef a man at yariance against his father. — Matt. x. So we say, to set in order, to set at ease, to set to work, or at work. 5. To put ; to fix; to attach to. The Lord set 2 mark upon Cain. — Gen. iv. So we say, to set a label on a vial or a bale. 6. To fix; to render motionless; as, the eyes are set; the jaws are set. 7. To put or fix, as a price. house, farm, or horse. 8. To fix; to state by some rule. The gentleman spoke with a set gesture and countenance. Ca We seta price on a TeW- The town of Berne has handsome fountalis piunted ay sel dis tances trom one end of the street to the other. Adarso7. 9. To regulate or adjust, as, tu sev a imeplece DV the sun. He sets his jadzment by his passion. 10. To fit to music; to adapt with notes; as, to set the words of a psalm to music. £°Tuor. Set thy own songs, and sing them to thy lute. Dryden. 11. To pitch; to begin to sing in public. He set the hundredth psalm, Spectator. 12. To plant, as a shrub, tree, or vegetable. Prior. 13. To variegate, intersperse, or adorn with some- thing fixed; to stud; as, to set any thing with dia- monds or pearls. High on their heads, with Jewels richly set, Each lady wore a railiant coronet, 14. To return to its proper place or sfate ; ta re- place ; to reduce from a dislocated or fractured state ; as, to set a bone or a leg. 15. To fix; to place; as the heart or affections. Set your affections on things above. — Col. iii. Minds altogether set on trade und profit. 16. To fix firmly ; to predetermine. The heart of the sons of men is fully set in them to do evil.— Sccles. Vili. Hence we say, a thing is done of set purpose; a man is set, that is, firm or obstinate in his opinion or way. 17. To fix by appointment; to appoint; to assign ; us, to set a time for meeting ; to se¢ an hour or a day. Bacon. South. 18. To place or station ; to appoint to a particular duty. Am I n sea, ora whale, that thou seflest a watch over me ?— Job vu. 19. To stake at play. Dryden, Addison. [ Little used. | Prior. SET 2]. To fix in metal. And him too rich a jewel to be set In vulgar metal for a vulgar use, Dryden. 22. To fix; to cause to stop; to obstruct; as, to set acoach in the mire. ‘The wagon or the team was set atthe hill. In some of the states, ‘Sravt is used in 93, To embarrass ; to perplex. [a like sense. They are hard set to represent the Lill ns a grievance. Addison, 94. To put in good order: to fix for use; to bring to a fine edge; as, to set a razor. 95. T'o loose and extend; to spread; as, to set the sails of a ship. oS 96. To point out without noise or disturbance ; as, a dog scts birds. Johnson. 27. To oppose. Will you set your wit to a fool’s? Shak. 98. To prepare with runnet for cheese; as, to set milk. 29, To dim ; to darken or extinguish. Ahijoh could not see; for his eyes were set by reason of his age, — 1 Kings xiv. To set by the compass; among seamen, to observe the bearing or situation of a distant object by the compass, To set about; to begin, as an action or enterprise ; to apply to. He has planned his enterprise, and will soon set about it. To sect one’s self against; to place one’s self ina state of enmity or opposition. The king of Babylon set himself against Jerusalern the same day. — Ezek. xxiv. To set against ; to oppose; to set in comparison, or to oppose as an equivalent in exchange ; as, to set one thing against another; or to set off one thing against another. To set apart; to separate to a particular use ; to sep- arate from the rest. 9. To neglect foratime. [NVotin use.] Knolles. To set aside; to omit for the present; to lay out of the question. Setling aside all other considerations, I will endeayor to know the truth and yield to that. Tillotson. 2. To reject. I embrace that of the deluge, and set aside all the rest. Woodward. 3. To annul; to vacate. The court set aside the verdict or the judgment. To set abroach; to spread. To set a-going ; to cause to begin to move. To set by; to set apart or on one side; to reject. Shak. [In this sense, by is emphatical. ] [ Bacon. 9, To esteem ; to regard; to value. Hallizoell. {In this sense, set 1s pronounced with more em- phasis than by.) To set down; to place upon the ground or floor. 9. To enter in writing ; to register. Some rules were to be set’down for the government of the a-my. Clarendon. 3. To explain or relate in writing. 4, To fix onaresolve. [Little used.] o Lox, tu establish , lo ordain ie tnat order wnicn God ha& Knolles. nis aw we may name eternal, 0 set down with himself, lor himsell to do all inings ov Hooker To set forth: to manisest; to offer or present to view. Rom. lil. 2, To publish ; to promulgate; to make appear. Waller. 3. To send out; to prepare and send. The Venetian admiral had a fleet of sixty galleys, set Sora by the Venetians. [Obs.] Knolles. 4. To display ; to exhibit; to present to view ; to show. Dryden. Milton. To set forward; to advance; to muve on ; also, to promote. Hooker. To set in; to put in the way ; to begin. If you please to assist and set me in; I will recollect myseW. Collier. To set off ; to adorn ; to decorate; to embellish. They set off the worst faces with the best airs. Addison. 2. To give a pompous or flattering description of ; to eulogize ; to recommend ; as, to set off a charac- ter. 3. To place against as an equivalent ; as, to sel off one man’s services against another’s. 4. To separate or assign for a particular purpose ; as, to set off a portion of an estate, To set on or upon; to incite; to Instigate ; to anl- mate to action. Thou, traitor, hast set on thy wife to this. 9. To assault or attack ; seldom used transitively, brt the passive form 1s often used. Alphonsus — was set upon by a Turkish pirate and taken. ixnolles. Shak. 3. To employ, as in a task. Sel on thy wife to observe. Shak. A, To fix the attention ; to determine to any thing with settled purpose. Court of Session; the s 2 civil col " Scot- 90. T ve vaneY nah di ; rand of Session; the supreme civil court of Boe 20. To offer a wager at dice to another. [Little It becomes a true lover to have your heart more set upon her BEE LOC Ee used, | . Shak. good than your own, Sidney. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1012SET T¢ set out; to assign; to allot; as, to set out the share of each proprietor or heir of an estate; to set out the widow’s thirds. 2. To publish, as a proclamation. [Wot elegant, nor common. | acon. Swift. 3. To mark by boundaries or distinctions of space. Determinate portions of those infinite abysses of space and dura- Hon, set oul, or supposed to be distinguished from all the rest by known boundaries, Locke. 4. To adorn; to embellish. An ugly woman in a rich habit, set out with jewels, nothing can become. Iryden, o. To raise, equip, and send forth ; to furnish. The Venetiaus pretend they could set out, in case of sreat ne- cessity, thirty meu-of-war. Addison. [Not elegant, and little used.) 6. ‘To show ; to display ; to recommend¢ ; to set off. I could set owt that best side of Luther. 7. To show ; to prove. Those very reasons set out how heinous his sin was. used, and not elegant.) 8. In law, to recite ; to state at large. Judge Sedgwick. To set up; to erect ; as, to set up a building ; to set wp a post, a wall, a pillar. 2. ‘To begin a new institution ; to institute ; to es- tablish ; to found ; as, to set up a manufactory; to set wp a school. 3. To enable to commence a new business; as, to set up a son in trade, 4. To raise ; to exalt; to put in power;-as, to set up the throne of David over Israel. 2 Sam. iii. o. To place in view ; as, to set up a mark. 6. To raise; to utter loudly; as, to set up the voice. [ll set up such a note as she shall hear, Alterbury,. [Little Atterbury. Dryden, 7. To advance ; to propose as truth or for recep- tion ; as, to set wp a new opinion or doctrine. Burnet. 8. To raise from depression or to a sufficient for- tune. This good fortune quite sct him wp. 9. In seamen’s language, to extend, as the shrouds, stays, &c. To set at naught; to undervalue; to contemn; to despise. Ye have set at naught all my counsel. — Prov. i. To set in order ; to adjust or arrange ; to reduce to method. The rest will I set tn order when J come. —1 Cor. xi, To set eyes on; to see ; to behold ; or to fix the eyes in looking on ; to fasten the eyes on. To set the teeth on edge; to affect the teeth with a painful sensation. To set over ; to appoint or constitute as supervisor, mspector, ruler, or commander, 2, To assign ; to transfer; to convey. To set right ; to correct ; to put in order. To set sail; to make sail, or to commence sailing. To set at ease; to quiet; to tranquilize ; as, to set the heart at ease. SET To set on, or upon; to begin a jourr ey or an enter- prise. He that would seriously set upon the search of truth. Locke. 2. To assault; to make an attack. Shak, To set out; to begin a journey or course ; as, to set out for London or from London; to set out in business ; to set out in life or the world. 2. To have a beginning. To set to; to apply one’s self to. Gov. of the Tongue. To set up; to begin business or a scheme of life ; as, to setup in trade ; to set up for one’s self. 2. To profess openly ; to make pretensions. He sets up for a man of wit; he sets up to teach moral- Brown. ity. Dryden. SET, pp. Placed; put; located; fixed, adjusted; composed ; studded or adorned ; reduced, as a dislo- cated or broken bone. 2. a Regular; uniform ; formal; as,a set speech or phrase ; a set discourse ; a set battle. 3. Fixed in opinion ; determined ; firm ; obstinate ; as, a man set in his opinions or way. 4, Established ; prescribed ; as, set forms of prayer. SET, x. A number or collection of things of the same kind and of similar form, which are ordinarily used together; as, a set of chairs; a set of tea-cups; a set of China or other ware. 2. A number of things fitted to be used together, though different in form ; as, a set of dining-tables. A set implies more than two, which are called a pair. 3. A number of persons customarily or officially associated; as, aset of men,a set of officers; or a number of persons having a similitude of character, or of things which have some resemblance or rela- tion to each other. Hence our common phrase, a set of opinions. This falls into different divisions or seta of nations connected under particular religions, &. Ward’s Law of Nations. 4. A number of particular things that are united in the formation of a whole; as, a set of features. Addison. 5. A young plant for growth; as, sets of white thorn or other shrub. ‘Encyc. 6. The descent of the sun or other luminary below the horizon; as, the set of the sun. Atterbury. 7. A wager at dice. That was but civil war, an equal set, Dryden, 8. A game. We will, in France, play a set Shall strike his father’s crown into the hazard. Shak. A dead set; the act of a setter dog when it discov- ers the game, and remains intently fixed in pointing it out; Said also by Grose to be a concerted scheme to defraud a person by gaming. i To be at a dead set, is to be in a fixed state or con- dition which precludes further progress. To make a dead set upon; to make a determined onset. SE-TA/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. seta, a bristle.} To set free : to release from confinement, imprison- ment, or Dondage: to liberate: to emancipate. To set at work: to cause to enter on work or ac- tion: or to direct how to enter on work. Locke. To set on fire: to communicate fire to: to inflame: | ana, jiguratively, to enkKindle the passions ; to make to rage ; to irritate; to fill with disorder. James iii. To set before; to offer; to propose ; to present to view. Deut. xi. xxx. To set a trap, snare, or gin; to place in a situation to catch prey ; to spread ; jiguratively, to lay a plan to deceive and draw into the power of another. SET, v.z% To decline; to go down; to pass below the horizon ; as, the sun sets; the stars set. 2, To be fixed hard ; to be close or firm. Bacon. 3. To fit music to words. Shak. 4. To congeal or concrete. That fluid substance in a few minutes begins to set. Boyle. 9. To begin a journey. don. (‘This is obsolete. We now say, to set out. 6. To plant; as, ‘*to sow dry, and to set wet.” Old Proverb. 7. To flow ; to have a certain direction in motion ; as, the tide sets to the east or north ; the current sets westward. 8. To catch birds with a dog that sets them, that is, one that lies down and points them out, and with a large net. Boyle. To set one’s self about; to begin; to enter upon; to take the first steps. To set one’s scif; to apply one’s self. To set about ; to fall on; to begin ; to take the first steps in a business or enterprise. Alterbury. To set in; to begin. Winter, in New England, usually sets in in December. 9, To become settled in a particular state, When the weather was sel in to be very bad. To set forward; to move or march; to begin to inarch ; to advance, The sons of Aaron and the sons of Mernari set forward, — Num, x. The king is set from Lon- Addison, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOUS.— € 1. Bristly ; set with bristles: consisting of oris- tles; as, a stiff, setaceous tail. erham. 2. In natural mistory, bristie-shaped; having the thickness and length of a bristle : as,a setaceous leaf or leaflet. Martyn. Setaceous worm; a name given toa water worm that resembles a horse hair, vulgarly supposed to be an animated hair. But this isa mistake. Encye. SET’/-DOWN, n. A powerful rebuke or reprehen- sion. SET/-FOIL. See Serr-For. SE-TIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. seta and fero.] Producing or having bristles. SE/TI-FORM, a. [L. seta, a bristle, and form.] Having the form of a bristle. Journ. of Science SE/TI-REME, x. [L. seta and remus. ] A name given to the jointed legs, whose inner side has a dense fringe of hairs, by means of which cer- tain animals, as the diving-beetles, move in the wa- ter. Kirby. SET’NESS, n. Regulation; adjustment; obstinacy. Masters. SET/-OFF,n. [set and of:] The act of admitting one claim to counterbalance another. In a set-off, the defendant acknowledges the justice of the plain- tiff’s demand, but sets up a demand of his own to counterbalance it in whole or in part. The right of pleading a set-off depends on statute, Blackstone. Note. — In WVew Encland, offset is sometimes used for set-off But offset has a different sense, and it is desirable that the practice should be uniform, wher- ever the English language is spoken. 2. The part of a wall, &c., which is exposed hori- zontally when the portion above it is reduced in thickness ; also called Orrset. Gloss. of Archit. SE/TON, xn. [Fr., from L. seta, a bristle. In surgery, a few horse hairs or small threads, ora twist of silk, drawn through the skin by a large nee- dle, by which a small opening is made and contin- ued. neyo. Quinci. Si/TOSE, ) a. [It. setoso; L. setosus, from seta, a SE/TOUS, | bristle. } as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. SET In natural history, bristly ; havine the surface set with bristles; as,a setous leaf or receptacle. Jartyn. SET’-SPEECH, n. A speech carefully prepared be. fore it is delivered in public. eee eee Ore1E 1S i Halliwell. SET-TER’,n. [from set.] A Jong seat with a back to it. 2. A vessel with one deck anda very Jong, sharp prow, carrying two or three masts with lateen sails - used in the Mediterranean. Mar. Dict. Encyc. SET’TER, n. One that sets; as, a setter on, or in- citer ; a setter up; a setter forth, &c. 2. A dog that beats the field and starts birds for sportsmen. It partakes of the characters of the pointer and spaniel. Be Cice 3. A man that performs the office of a setting dog, or finds persons to be plundered. South. _4. One that adapts words to music in compo- sition. ©. Whatever sets off, adorns, or recommends. [JVot used Whitlock. SET’/TER-WORT, (-wurt,) m. A plant, a species of hellebore, Helleborus fcetidus, also called Stinxrna HeELLEBORE Or BEAR’s Foor, Forsyth. SET’TING, ppr. Placing; putting; fixing; stud- ding ; appointing; sinking below the horizon, &c. SET’TING, x. The act of putting, placing, fixing, or establishing. 2. The act of sinking below the horizon. The setting of stars is of three kinds, cosmical, acronical, and heliacal. [See these words.] 3. The act or manner of taking birds by a setting- dog. 4. Inclosure; as, settings of stones. Exod. XxViil. 5. The direction of a current, sea, or wind. Eitton. 6. The hardening of plaster or cement. Guilt, SET’TING-€OAT, n. In architecture, the best sort of plastering on walls or ceilings. Brande, SET’TING-DOG, n. A setter; a dog trained to find and start birds for sportsmen. SET’TLE, (set’tl,) m. [Sax. setl, setll; G. sessel; D. zetel; L. sedile. See Sxr.] A bench with a high, wooden back. Dryden. SET/TLE, v.t. [from set.] Toplace in a permanent condition after wandering or fluctuation. I will setile you after your old estates, — Ezek. xxxyi. 2. To fix; to establish ; to make permanent in any place. I will settle him in my house and in my kingdom forever. —1 Chron. xvii, 3. To establish in business or way of life; as, to settle a Son in trade. 4. To marry ; as, to settle a daughiter. 5. To establish ; to confirm. Her will alone could settle or revoke. 6. To determine what is uncertain ; to establish ; to free from doubt; as, to settle questions or points of law. The Supreme Court have settled the question. 7. To fix; to establish; to make certain or perma- nent ; as, te settle the succession to a throne ina par- ticular family So we speak of settled habits and set- tled Opinions. Prior. { &. To fix or establish: not to suffer to woubt or |} waver. it Wil settle the wavernes and confirm the douptral, 9. 'T'o make close or compact. Cover ant-hills up, that the rain may settle the turf before the spring. Mortimer. 10. To cause to subside after being heaved and loosened by frost; or to dry and harden after rain. Thus clear weather settles the roads. 11. To lower or cause to sink. Totten. 12. To fix or establish by gift, grant, or any legal act; as, to settle a pension on an officer, or an annu- ity on a child. 13. To fix firmly. objects. 14. To cause to sink or subside, as extraneous matter in liquors. In fining wine, we ada something to settle the lees. Swit. Settle your mind on valuable 15. To compose; to tranquilize what is dis- turbed; as, to settle the thoughts or mind when agitated. 16. To establish in the pastoral office; to ordain over a church and society, or parish; as, to settle a minister. United States. Bosvwell. 17. To plant with inhabitants ; to colonize. The French first settled Canada ; the Puritans settled New England ; Plymouth was settled in 1620, Harlord was settled in 1636. Wethersfield was the first settled town in Connecticut. Provinces first settled after the flood. bis Land which they are unable to settle and Coe eal ence 18. To adjust; to close by amicable agreement iO otherwise; as, to settle a controversy Or dispute by agreement, treaty, or by force. ‘ I 9: To adjust ; to liquidate ; to balance, or to pay ; as, to settle accounts, : "To settle the land} among: SCUTnPEs $0 cause it to i ver by recedl rom it. sink or appear lower by receding ‘ BTITLE, v i. To fall to the bottom of liquor; to Un ty Mitford. F a ¥ ae ge IS | \ cay To MS eee tema + — = —— awe Beer eses SET SEV SEV subside; to sink and rest on the bottom ; as, lees or dregs settle. Slimy particles in water settle and form mud at the bottom of rivers. This word is used of the extraneous matter of liquors, when it subsides spontaneously. But in chemical operations, when substances mixed or in solution are decomposed, and one component part subsides, it is said to be precipitated. But it may also be said to settle. i 9. To lose motion or fermentation ; to deposit, as feces. A government, on such occasior of Hanover. SET/TLING, ppr- SET’TLING, n. planting or colonizing. ‘ : : wy ory? ns, is always thick before it settles. sLT’-1 0, Tle Addison. 4aa 9 ‘To fix one’s habitation or residence. Belgians had settled on the southern coast of Britain, before the Romans invaded the isle. st settled in New England. Vitel, Trans. 4. To marry and establish a domestic state. Where subsistence is easily obtained, children settle at an early period of life. 5. To become fixed after change or fuctuation ; as, the wind came about and settled in the west. Bacon. 6. To become stationary ; to quic a rambling or ir- remular course for a permanent or methodical one. * To become fixed or permanent ; to take a lasting form or state ; as, a settled conviction. Chyle —runs through the intermediate colors till it settles in an i Arbuthnot. SET/WALL, 2. English Puritans who fir Os oe “<= intense red. 8. To rest ; to repose. Vhen time hath worn out their natural vanity, and taught them discretion, their fondness settles on its proper object. calor. Sb, or their cognatus. 9. To become calm; to cease from agitation. Till the fury of his highness settle, Come not before him. Shak, 19. To make a jointure for a wife. He sighs with most success that setiles well. Garth. 11. To sink by its weight; and in loose bodies, to naw.] become more compact. We say, a wall settles; a house settles upon its foundation; a mass of sand settles and becomes more firm. 12. To sink after being heaved, and to dry; as, roads settle in spring after frost and rain. 13. To be ordained or installed over a parish, church, or congregation. A. B. was invited to settle in the first society in New Haven. N. D. settled in the ministry very young. 14 Vo adjust differences or accounts; to come to an asreemen.. He has setled with his creditors. SET/TLED, (set/tld,) pp. or a. Placed ; established ; fixed ; determined ; composed ; adjusted. SBT/TLED-NESS, n. The state of being settled ; confirmed state. [Little used. } K. Charles. | SET/TLE-MENT, (set/tl-ment,) x. The act of set-| tling, or state of being settled. 9. The falling of the foul or foreign matter of liquors to the bottom ; subsidence. other words. } eight. SEV!/EN-FOLD, adv. 3. The matter that subsides; lees; dregs. [Wot used,” wMortumer. \ & "For this we use SeTTLINGs., JO eres 4 "The act of giving possession by legal sanction. | SEV’ EN-HILL-ED, a. | SEV’ EN-NIGHT. (sen/nit,) x My flocks, my fields, my wooas. my pastures take. limited to his present majesty’s house, or the house Placing ; 7 reculating; adjusting ; planting or colonizing ; sub- siding ; composing ; ordaining or installing ; becom- ing the pastor of a parish or church. The act of making a settlement; 4 9. The act of subsiding, as lees. 3. The adjustment of differences. 4, Settlings, pl. ; lees; dregs ; A conflict in boxing, argument, &c. [set and 2oall. | den setwall is a species of Valeriana. SEV’EN, (sev’n,) a. [Sax. seafa, seofan ; Goth. sibun ; D. zeeven; G. sichen; Sw. stu; Dan. syvj whence Fr. sept, It. sette, Sp. siete, (or the Lwo latter are the W. saith, Arm. saith or seiz;) Sans. sapta; Pers. awd haft; Zend. hapte, Pehlavi, haft; Gr. Ents) Ate oa sabaa; Heb. Ch. Syr. and Eth. Heb. and Ch. paw is seven; Ar. nin shabia, to fill. With this orthography coimcide. the spelling of the Teutonic and Gethie words, whore elements are have a third radiczi letiez, as has the Persic, viz., t, and these coincide with the Ar. Carw sabata, to observe the Sabbath, to rest, Heb. Ch. and Syr. It is obvious, then, that seven had its origin in these verbs, and if the Persic and Greek words are from the same source, which is very probable, we have satisfactory evidence that the sibilant letter s has been changed into an aspirate. firms my opinion that a similar change has taken place in the Gr. GAs, salt, W. halen, and in many Four and three; one more than six or less than Seven days constitute a week. Scripture of seven years of plenty, and seven years of famine, seven trumpets, seven seals, seven vials, &c. Seven stars; a common name for the cluster of stars in the neck of Taurus, called Pleiades. SEVENFOLD, a. [seven and fold.] Repeated seven times; doubled seven times the size or amount; as, the sevenfold shield of Ajax; sevenfold rage. Seven times as much or often. vw nosoever siayeth Cain. vengeance shall be taken on him seven- Having seven hills. The seventieth year begins immediately after the close of the sixty-ninth. SEV/EN-TY, a. [D. zeventig; Sax. seofa, seven, and tio, ten; Goth. tig, Gr. dexa, ten, but the Saxon writers prefixed hund, as hund-scofontig. See Lye, ad voc.. and Sax. Chron. A. D. 1083.] | Seven times ten. | Blackstone. fixing; establishing ; That he would accomplish seventy years in the desolations of Jerusalem. — Dan. ix. | SEV/EN-TY, 7. The Septuagint or seventy trans- ators of the Old Testament into the Greek lan- | guage. SEV/ER, v.t. [Fr.sevrer; It. sevrare. There may be | a doubt whether sever is derived from the Latin separo. The French has sevrer, aS well as sepa- rer: and the Italian sevrare, sceorare and sceverare, as wel] as separare. The It. scevrare coincides well in orthography with Eng. shiver, and this with Heb. saw, Ch. Syr. and Ar. 13n, to break. The latter | are the same word with different prefixes. See Class | Br, No. 26, 27.] | 1. To part or divide by violence ; to separate by cutting or rending ; as, to sever the body or the arm at a single stroke. 2. To part from the rest by violence ; as, to sever the head from the body. } sediment. Halliwell. The gar- A plant. 4. Septem, | | | | yaw. In Ch.and Syr. y2d signifies to fill, to satisfy ; 3. To separate ; to disjoin, as distinct things, but | in Ar. seven, and to make the number seven. In united ; as, the dearest friends severed by cruel ne- cessily. 4. ‘I'o separate and put in different orders or places. The angels shall come forth and sever the wicked from among the just. — Matt. xii. 5. To disjoin; to disunite; ima general sense; but | sually implying violence. || 6. To keep distinct or apart. Ezod. Vill. | 7. In law, to disunite; to disconnect ; to part pos- 1 session ; as, to sever an estate in joint-tenancy. | F Blackstone. SEV/ER, v. i. To make a separation or distinction ; to distinguish. | The Lord will sever between the cattle of Isrnel and the cattle of i | ut the Latin and Sanscrit , l & ---=— Egy pt. — ex, ix. 2. To suffer-disjunction ; to be parted or rent asiin- Shalt. Separate ; distinct; | as, a several fishery; 4 || der. SEV’/ER-AL, a. [from sever.] not common to two or more ; several estate. A several fishery is one held by the || owner of the soil, or by title derived from the owner. || A several estate is one held by a tenant in his own | right, or a distinct estate unconnected with any other | And this con- We read in person. Blackstone. 2, Separate ; different; distinct. Divers sorts of beasts came from several parts to drink. Four several armies to the field are led. Dri 3, Divers; consisting of a number; more than two, but not very many. Several persons were pres- ent when the event took place. | \ Hutton. times: increased to seven Milton. 4. Separate ; single ; particular. Each several ship a victory did gain. Druden. 5. Distinct ; appropriate. macnn might nis several province well commana, Would all but stoop to what they understand. Pope. More. { ‘seven and night., Ay, L £ ; or tne A jo1nt and several note or pond. 1s one executed by Dryden, ay With selttleméru «3 gouu fs 1aW Can MaKe, week; the period of seven days ana nignts time from one day of the week to the next day of two or more persons, each of whom is bound to pay the whole, in case the others prove to be insolvent. _ rs ae eee ae ae . a atl. ae 7 ne in 5. A jointure granted to a wife, or the act of grant- ing it. We say, the wife has a competent settlement | for her maintenance ; or she has provision made for } her by the settlement of a jointure. 6. The act of taking a domestic state ; the act of marrying and going to housekeeping. 7. A becoming stationary, or taking a permanent residence after a roving course of life. L’ Estrange. 8. The act of planting or establishing, as a colony ; also, the place, or the colony established; as, the British settlements in America or India. 9, Adjustment ; Jiquidation ; the ascertainment of) sEV/EN-TEEN just claims, or payment of the balance of an ac- CE rs count. 10. Adjustment of differences ; pacification ; rec- onciliation ; as, the settlement of disputes or contro- versies. 11. The ordaining or installment of a clergyman over a parish or congregation. ‘ 12. A sum of money or other property granted toa minister on his ordination, exclusive of his salary. 13. Legal residence or establishment of a person im a particular parish or town, which entitles him to maintenance if a pauper, and subjects the parish or town to his support. Im England, the poor are sup- ported by the parish where they have a settlement. In New England, they are supported by the town. tions by winters. SEV’EN-SCORE, n. or marks. ] and forty. dentized twice or tenth. | SEV/ENTH, a. made. — Geb. il. seventh part. In England, the statutes 12 Richard If. and 19 Henry | SE V/ENTH,n. The seventh part; one part in seven. 2, In music, a dissonant interval or heptachord. An interval consisting of four tones and two major rest. or from all others. An estate in severalti, 1s that semitones, is called a seventh minor. An interval i composed of five tones and a major semitone, is called a seventh major, being a major semitone less VII. seem to be the first rudiments of parish settle- ments. By statutes 13 and 14 Charles II. a legal set- tlement is declared to be gained by birth, by inhab- itancy, by apprenticeship, or by service for forty | days. But the gaining of a settlement by so short a residence produced great evils, which were remedied by statute 1 James II. Blackstone. 14. Act of settlement; in British history, the statute | SEV’ EN-TI-ETH, a. { of 12 and 13 William ITI., by which the crown was | than an octave, 4 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PIN the same denomination preceding or following. Our ancestors numbered the diurnal revolutions of the earth by nights, as they reckoned the annual revolu- SpyENNIGHT is now contracted into SennicuT, which see. SO [seven and score, twenty notches Seven times twenty, that is, a hundred The old Countess of Desmond, who lived sevenscore years, thrice. [Sax. seofontyne ; seven-ten. ] SEV/EN-TEENTH, a. seofon-teotha or seofon-teogetha is differently formed. ] The ordinal of seventeen; the seventh after the On the seventeenth day of the second month —all the fountains of the great deep were broken up. — Gen. Vii. [Sax. seofetha.] 1. The ordinal of seven ; the first after the sixth. On the seventh day God ended his work which he had made ; and he rested on the seventh day from all his work which he had 9, Containing or being one part in seven ; as, the SEV’ENTH-LY, adv. [from seventy.) The ordinal of seventy ; as, a man in the seventieth year of his age. SEV’/ER-AL, n. Each particular, or a smal] number, singly taken. Several of them neither rose from any conspicuous family, nor left any behind them. Addison. There was not time enough to hear The severals. [ This latter use, in the plural, is now infrequent or obsolete. | 9. An inclosed or separate place ; inclosed ground ; as, they had their several for the heathen, their sev- eral for their own people; put a beast into a several. Hooker. Bacon. [ These applications are nearly or wholly obsolete. | In several; in a state of separation. [Little used.] Shak. aco7t. [from seventeen. The Saxon Where pastures in several be. Tusser. SEV-ER-AL/I-TY, 7. Each particular singly taken ; distinction. [Vot in use. | Bp. Hall. SEV/ER-AL-IZE,v.t. To distinguish. [ot7 TA Bp. Hall. SEV/ER-AL-LY, adv. Separately; distinctly ; apart from others. Call the men severally by name. I could not keep my eye steady on them severally so as to num- ber them. Neicton. To be jointly and severally bound in a contract, Is for each obligor to be liable to pay the whole demand, in case the other or others are not able, SEV/ER-AL-TY, 7. A state of separation from the which the tenant holds in his own right, without be- ing joined in interest with any other person. It is distinguished from joint-tenancy, copircenery, and Blackstone. Busby. Brande. common. In the seventh place. Bacon. | SEV’/ER-ANCE, n. Separation ; the act of dividing The severance of a jointure is made or disuniting. Thus, when by destroying the unity of interest. MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1014SEW there are two joint-tenants for life, and the inherit- ance is purchased by or descends upon either, it is a Severance, So also when two persons are joined in a writ, and one 1s nonsuited ; in this case severance is permitted, and the other plaintiff may proceed in the suit. So also in assize, when two or more disseizees appear upon the writ, and not the other, severance is permit- ted. Blackstone. Encyc. SE-VERE’, a. [Fr., from L. severus; It. and Sp. Severo. | 1. Rigid; harsh ; not mild or indulgent ; as, severe vords 5 severe treatment; severe wrath. JWilton. Pope. 2. Sharp ; hard ; rigorous. Let your zeal—be more severe against thyself than against oulicrs. Taylor. 3. Very strict ; or sometimes, perhaps, unreasona- bly strict or exact; giving no indulgence to faults or errors ; as, severe government ; severe criticism. 4. Rigorous, perhaps cruel ; as, severe punishment ; severe justice. ©. Grave; sober; sedate to an extreme ; opposed to CHEERFUL, Gay, Licur, Livety. Your looks must alter, as your subject does, From kind to fierce, from wanton to severe. Waller. 6. Rigidly exact ; strictly methodical; not lax or airy. I will not venture on so nice a subject with my severe style. 7. Sharp; afflictive; distressing ; violent ; as, sc- vere pain, anguish, torture, &c. 8. Sharp; biting; extreme ; as, severe cold. 9. Close ; concise ; not luxuriant. The Latin, a most severe and compendious language. Dryden. 10. Difficult to be endured ; exact; critical; nice; as, a severe test. * SEV’ER-ED, pp. Parted by violence ; disjoined. SE-VERB'LY, adv. Harshly ; sharply ; as, to chide one severely. 2. Strictly ; rigorously ; as, to judge one severely. To be or fondly or severely kind. Savage. 3. With extreme rigor ; as, to punish severely. 4. Painfully; afflictively; greatly; as, to be se- verely afflicted with the gout. 5. Fiercely ; ferociously. More formidable Hydra stands within, Whose jaws with iron teeth severely erin. SEV’/ER-ING, ppr. Parting by violence ; disuniting. SEV’/ER-ITE, x. A mineral found near St. Sever, in France, occurring in small masses, white without Juster, a little harder than lithomarge. It is com- posed of silica, alumina, and water. P. Cye. Dryden. Phillips. SE-VER/I-TY, n. [L. severitas.] I. Harshness; rigor; austerity ; want of mildness or indulgence; as, the severity of a reprimand or re- proof. 2. Rigor ; extreme strictness ; as, severity of disci- pline or government. 3. Excessive rigor; extreme degree or amount. verity of penalties or punishments often defeats object by exciting pity. 4. Iixtremity ; quality or power of distressing ; as, the severity of pain or anguish. o. Extreme degree; as, the severity of cold or heat. 6. Extreme coldness or inclemency ; as, the sever- iy of the winter. 7. Harshness; cruel treatment ; sharpness of pun- ishment ; as, severity practiced on prisoners of war. 8. Exactness; rigor; niceness; as, the severity of a test. 9. Strictness ; rigid accuracy. Se- the Confining myself to the severity of truth. SEV-O-€4/TION, n. A calling aside. SEV-RU/GA, n. A fish of the sturgeon kind, the Acipenser stellatus, of the Caspian Sea. Tooke. Pallas. [Wot used.] [See Sur.] Spenser. SEW, (s0,) v. t. Better written Sor. [Sax. siwi- an, suwian; Goth. siuyan; Sw. sy; Dan. syer; L. suo. This is probably a contracted word, and if’ its elements are Sb or Sf, it coincides with the =O Eth. hee shafai, to sew; and the Ar. has ces =< s Dryden. [L. sevoco.] SEW, (si.) To follow. ~ ishfai, an awl, See Class Sb, No. 85, 100. The Hindoo has sizeawa, and the Gipsy siwena. But the elements are not oEvious. To unite or fasten together with a needle and thread. They sewed fig-leavea together, and made themselves aprons, — Geu. iii. To sew up; to inclose by sewing ; to inclose in any thing sewed. Thou sewest up mine iniquity. — Job xiv. Sew me up the skirts of the gown. Shak. SEX SEW, (s6,) v. % To practice sewing; to join things with stitches. SEW, (su,) v. t. [L. sicco, to dry.] To drain a pond for taking the fish. SEWED, (sode,) pp. United by stitches. SEW’EL, (si/el,) 2. Among huntsmen, something hung up to prevent deer from entering a place. SEW/ER, (si’er,) x. [G. anzucht; perhaps from the root of suck, or L. sicco. But Elmes deduces the word from the old French asscour. | A drain or passage to convey off water and filth under ground ; a subterraneous canal, particularly in cities ; corruptly pronounced shoer or soer. SEW/ER, (so/er,) x. - schaffer, from schaffen, to provide, to dish up; G. schajfrer; Dan. skaffer ; Sw. skaffare. See Suapr. An officer who serves up a feast and arranges the dishes. [ Obs.] Milton. SEW’ER, (so/er,) nm. One who sews or uses the needle. SEW/ER-AGE, (si/er-aje,) rn. The making of a sewer; the discharging of water, &c., by a sewer. SEW/ING, (so/ing,) ppr. Joining with the needle or with stitches. SEW/ING, (so/ing,) m. The act or occupation of sew- ing or using the needle; that which is sewed with the needle. Ash SEW/I-TUDE, (sii/e-tude,) n. A term from the civil law, equivalent to EaseMEnT. SEW’STER, (so/ster,) n» A woman that sews or spins. [Obds.] B, Jonson. SEX, n. [Fr. sexe; Sp. sexo; It. sesso; L. serus; qu. G. steke, she, female ; from L. seco, to divide.] 1. The distinction between male and female; or that property or character by which an animal is male or female. The male sex is usually characterized [ Obs.] by muscular strength, boldness, and firmness. The female sex is characterized by softness, sensibility, and modesty. In botany, the structure of plants which corre- sponds to sex in animals. The Linnean method of botany is formed on the sezes in plants. Milne. 2. By way of emphasis, womankind ; females. Unhappy ser! whose beauty is your snare, The sez whose presence civilizes ours. SEX-A-GE-NA/RI-AN, n. [Infra.] A person who has arrived at the age of sixty years. Cowper. SEX’A-GEN-A-RY or SEX-AG/EN-A-RY, a. [Fr. sexagenaire; Li. sexagenarius, from sex, six, and a word signifying ten, seen in viginti, bisgenti. | Designating the number sixty ; as a noun, a person Sixty years of age; also, something composed of Sixty. SEX-A-GES/I-MA, n. [L. sexagesimus, sixtieth. ] The second Sunday before Lent, the next to Shrove-Tuesday, so called as being about the 60th day before Easter. SEX-A-GES'I-MAL, a. Sixtieth; pertaining to the number sixty. Sezagesimal or sexagenary arithmetic, is a method of computation by sixties, as that which is used in dividing degrees into minutes, minutes into seconds, &c. Scezagesinals, or sexagesimal fractions, are those whose denominators proceed in the ratio of sixty ; sa re SYS ota, 2d Las 60’ 3600’ 216000 sixty, or its power. These fractions are called, also, astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no others used in astronomical calculations. Hutton. SEX/AN’'GLE, (sex/ang-gl,) x. In geometry, a figure having six angles, and consequently six sides. Tutton. a. Lhe Sez; (SIX, and angulus, an- Dryden. Cowper. as, The denominator is SEX/AN'’GLED, (-ang’gld,) SEX-AN//GU-LAR, (-ang’gu-lar,) gle. ] Having six angles ; hexagonal. SEX-AN//GU-LAR-LY, adv. agonally. SEX-DEC/I-MAL, a. [U. sex, six, and decem, fen) In crystallography, when a prism or the middle part of a crystal has six faces and the two summits, taken together, ten faces. [Not used.] Haiiy. SEX-DU-O-DEC/LMAL, a, [I sex, six, and duode- cim, twelve. In crystallography, designating a crystal when the prism or middle part has six faces and the two sum- mits, taken together, twelve faces, [JVot used.] Haiiy. SEX-EN’NLAL, a, [L. sez, six, and annus, year.) Lasting six years, or happening once in six years. SEX-EN’/NLAL-LY, adv. Once in six years. SEX/FID, a. [L. sex, six, and jindo, to divide.] In botany, six-cleft ; as, a sexjid calyx or nectary. JHartyn. SEX/LESS, a. Having no sex. Shelly. SEX-LO€/U-LAR, a. [E sex, SIX, and loculus, a cell.] In botany, Six-celled ; having six cells for seeds; as, a sexlocular pericarp. ce SENTAIN, n. [L. sextans, a sixth, from sez, six.] A. stanza of six lines. SEX’/TANT, n. [L. sextans,a sixth. The Romans divided the as into 12 ounces; a sixth, or two ounces, was the seztans. ] Dryden. With six angles ; hex- SHA 1. In mathematics, the sixth part of a circle. Hence 2. An instrument for me 3 Inst asuring the angular dis- tances of objects by retlection, It is formed like a quadrant, excepting that its limb comprehends 60 degrees, or the sixth part of a circle. Brande. 3. In astronomy, a constellation situated across the equator and south of the ecliptic. Brande. SEX’TA-RY,n. [L. sextarius.] An ancient Roman measure, about equal to an English pint. It was double the hemina. Smith’?s Dict. SEX’TA-RY,)n. The same as’ Sacristan. [ Wot SEX’TRY, } wsed: Dict. SEX/TILE, (-til,) x. I sextilis, from sez, six.) Denoting the aspect or position of two planets, when distant from each other 60 degrees or two signs. ‘This position is marked thus *. Hutton. SEX-TILL/ION, (seks-til’yun,) x. Accordine to the English notation, the product of a million involved to the sixth power, or a unit with thirty-six ciphers an- nexed ; according to the French notation, a duit with twenty-one ciphers annexed. arlow. SEX’TON, x. [Contracted from Sacristan, which see. An under officer of the church, whose business is to take care of the vessels, vestments, &c., belonging to the church, to attend on the ofliciating clergyman, and perform other duties pertaining to the church, to ann dig graves, &c, Enicic. SEX’/TON-SHIP, zn. The office of a sexton. Svwift. SEX/TU-PLE, a. duplus, double. ] 1. Sixfold; six times as much. Brown. 2. In music, denoting a mixed sort of triple, beaten in double time, or a measure of two times composed of six equal notes, three for each time. Busby. Encic. SEX’U-AL, a. [from ser.] Pertaining to sex or the sexes; distinguishing the sex ; denoting what is pe- culiar to the distinction and office of male and female ; as, sexual characteristics ; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce. 2. Sexual method; in botany, the method which is founded on the distinction of sexes in plants, as male and female, each sex being furnished with ap- propriate organs or parts; the male producing a pol- len or dust, which fecundates the stigma of the pistil or female organ, and is necessary to render it prolific. It is found that most plants are hermaphrodite, the male and female organs being contained in the same flower. This doctrine was taught to a certain ex- tent by Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and Pliny, among the ancients, but has been more fully illustrated by Cesalpinus, Grew, Camerarius, Linneus, and many others among the moderns. Milne, Encie. SEX’U-AL-IST, n, One who believes and maintains the doctrine of sexes in plants; or one who classi- fies plants by the differences of the sexes and parts of fructification. Milne. Eneyc. SEX-U-AL/IL-TY, n. The state of being distinguished by. sex. SEX/U-AL-LY, adv. Ina sexual manner. SFOR-ZA/TO, a, [It.] In music, a direction placed over a note, to signify to the performer that it must be struck with peculiar force. Brande. SHAB, v.%. To play mean tricks. In some parts of New England, it signifies to reject or dismiss ; as, a woman sfabs her suitor. It is, however, very vul- gar and nearly obsolete. SHAB/BED, a. Mean ; shabby. A. Woad. SHAB/BI-LY, adv. [from shabby.) Raggedly ; with rent or ragged clothes; as, to be clothed shabdily. 2, Meanly ; in a despicable manner. SHAB/BI-NESS, x. Raggedness; as, the shabbiness of a garment, 2. Meanness; paltriness. : SHAB/BY, a. [D. schabbic; G. schabie, from schaben, to rub, to skave, to scratch ; schabe,a moth, a shaving tool, a scab. This is a different orthography of Scapsy. | 1. Ragged; torn coat ; shabby clothes. 2 Clothed with ragged garments. [Low L. sextuplus ; sex, six, and to rags; as, a shabby or worn Vhe dean was so shabby. Suit. 3. Mean; paltry; despicable; as, a shabby fellow ; shabby treatment. Clarendon. (For the idea expressed by shabby, there 1s not a better word in the Janguage. ] ue A SHAB/RACK, n. [Hungarian.) The cloth furniture or housing of a troop horse or charger. Smart SHACK, zn. In anectent custonis of England, a liberty of winter pasturage. In Norfolk and Suffolk, the lord of a manor has shack, that is, liberty of feeding his sheep at pleasure on his tenant’s lands during ihe six winter months. In Norfolk, shack extends Lo ue common for hogs, in al] men’s grounds, from pe to seéd-time; whence to go a-snack Is toe 0 large. : Cowel. Ree In Mew Englund, shack is used in a somew Ls ilar sense for mast or the food cf swine, and for tees ing at Jarge or in the forest, [for we have no manors: ? 9. A shiftless fellow; a low, itinerant beggar; a iy Forby. Vagabond. y TONE, BYLL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI'/CIOUS..—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; HH as in THIS. 1015 SSS === ——- ealFein glia ae: >} ox i eet A . * er megiiill Pipi eae SHACK, v.i. To shed, as corn at harvest. [Local.] G SHACK’LE, Ghakt,) Te SHACK’LE, v. t. SHA TOSE. corn of Cg gee 2. To feed in stubble, o r upon the waste the field. [Zocal. Stubble. [In Scottish, shag is the refuse of barley, or that which is not well filled, and is given to horses. The word shack, then, is probably from a root which signi- fies to break, to reject, or to waste, or it may be al- lied to shag and shake. ] : Peak: secacul; D. schakel, a link or mesh; Sax. sceac-line, a rope to fasten the foot of a No. 74. But we sail. Qu. the root 7)’, Class Sg, I S - - find the word, perhaps, in the Ar. Slaw, from -” \ Ss shakala, to tie the feet of a beast or bird.] 3 1. To chain; to fetter ; to tie or confine the limbs so as to prevent free motion. So the stretched cord the shackled dancer tries, As prone to fall as impotent to rise. 9. Tobind or confine so as to obstruct or embarrass action. You must not shackle him with rules about indifferent matters. OCKE. SHACK’LE, 7. [Generally used in SHACK/LES, (shak'lz,) 2. pl.§ the plural.] Fetters, gyves, handcuffs, cords, or something else that con- fines the limbs so as to restrain the use of them, or prevent free motion. Dryden. 9. That which obstructs or embarrasses free ac- tion. His very will seems to be in bonds and shackles. SHACK'LED, pp ‘Tied; confined ; embarrassed. SHACK’LING, ppr. Fettering ; binding; confining. SHAD,n. It has no plural termination. Shad is sin- gular or plural. [G. schade. In W. ysgadan, It. sgadan is a herring.) A fish of the genus Alosa, (Clupea, Linn.,) highly prized for food. Shad enter the rivers in England and America in the spring in immense numbers. SHAD/DOCK, n. [The name of the man who first carried this fruit from the East to the West Indies.] A large species of orange, Citrus decumana. Ed, Encye. SHADE, n. (Sax. scad, scead, sced, shade; sceadan, to separate, divide, or shade; G. schatten, shadow, and to shade; D. schaduw, schaduwen; Dan. skatterer, to shade a picture; W. ysgawd, a shade; ysgodi, to shade or shelter; cysgodi, id. ; Corn. skod or skez; Ir. sgath and sgatham, to cut off, to shade. The Gr. oxta is probably the same word contracted, and per- haps cxoros, darkness. In the sense of cutting off or separating, this word coincides exactly, as it does in elements, with the G. scheiden, L. scindo, for scido, which is formed on cedo, to strike off. Hence Sax, gescead, distinction, L. scutum, a shield, Sp. escudo, that which cuts off or intercepts. Owen deduces the Welsh word from cawd, something that incloses ; but probably the sense is, that which cuts off or de- fends. } 1, Literally, the interception, cutting off, or inter- ruption of the rays of light; hence, the obscurity which is caused by such interception. Shade differs from shadow, as it implies no particular form or defi- nite limit ; whereas a shadow represents in form the object which intercepts the light, Hence, when we say, let us resort to the shade of a tree, we have no reference to its form; but when we speak of meas- uring a pyramid or other object by its shadow, we have reference to its extent. 2. Darkness; obscurity; as, the shades of night. The shade of the earth constitutes the darkness of night. 3. An obscure place, properly in a grove or close wood, which precludes the sun’s rays; and hence, a secluded retreat, Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty. Shak. 4, A screen; something that intercepts light or heat. 5. Protection ; shelter. [See SHavow.] 6. In painting, the dark part of a picture. Dryden. 7. Degree or gradation of light. White, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees, or shades and mixtures, as green, come only in by the eyes. Locke. 8. A very minute difference ; as, coffee is a shade - Smith. South. higher. JMercantile. 9. A shadow. [See Suapow.] Envy will merit, as its sade, pursue. Pope. [This is allowable in poetry.) 10. The soul, after its separation from the body ; so called because the ancients supposed it to be per- ceptible to the sight, not to the touch; a spirit; a ghost; as, the shades of departed heroes, SHAD/ED, pp. or a. SHA its rays ; and when applied to the rays of the sun, it signifies to shelter from light and heat; as, a large tree shades the plants under its branches; shaded vegetables rarely come to perfection. I went to crop the sylvan scenes, And shade our altars with their leafy greens. Dryden. 9, To overspread with darkness or obscurity ; to obscure. Thou shad’st The full blaze of thy beams. Milton. 3. To shelter ; to hide. Ere in our own house I do shade my head. Shak. 4. To cover from injury ; to protect; to screen. Milton. 5. To paint in obscure colors ; to darken. 6. To mark with gradations of color; as, the shad- ing pencil. Milton. 7. To darken ; to obscure. Defended from the rays of the darkened. sun SHAD/ER, n. He or that which shades. SHADES, n. pl. The lower region or place of the dead. Hence, 2. Deep obscurity ; total darkness. SHAD/I-LY, adv. Umbrageously. SHAD/'I-NESS, n. [from shady.] The state of being shady ; umbrageousness ; as, the shadiness of the forest. SHAD/ING, ppr. Sheltering from the sun’s rays. SHAD/ING, n. The act or process of making a shade. Scott. SHAD/OW, n. [Sax. scadu, sceadu. See Suave.) 1. Shade within defined limits ; opscurity or dep- rivation of ligh., apparent on a plane, and repre- senting the form of the body which intercepts the rays of light; as, the shadow of a man, of a tree, or a tower. The shadow of the earth in an eclipse of the moon is proof of its sphericity. 2. Darkness ; shade ; obscurity. Night’s sable shadows from the ocean rise. Denham. 3. Shelter made by any thing that intercepts the light, heat, or influence of the air. In secret shadow from the sunny ray, On a sweet bed of lilies softly laid. 4, Obscure place ; secluded retreat. To secret shadows {I retire. [Obs.] 5. Dark part of a picture. [Obs.] Peacham. In the two last senses, SHADE is now used. | A spirit; a ghost. [ Ods.] In this sense, SHapez 1s now used.] Spenser. Dryden, I OS .In painting, the representation of a real shadow. 8. An imperfect and faint representation ; opposed to SUBSTANCE. The law having a shadow of good things to come. — Heb. x. 9. Inseparable companion. Sin and her shadow, Death. ilton. 10. Type; mystical representation. Yypes and shadows of that destined seed. Milton. 11. Protection; shelter; favor. Zam.iv. Ps. Xci. 12. Slight or faint appearance. James 1. Shadow of death ; terrible darkness, trouble, or death. Job ili. SHAD/OW, v. t. To overspread with obscurity. The warlike elf much wondered at this tree, So fair and great, that shadowed all the ground. Spenser. Suave is more generally used. ] %, To cloud ; to darken. The shadowed livery of the burning sun. Shak. 3. Tomake cool ; to refresh by shade; or to shade. ‘lowery fields and shadowed waters. Sidney. 4, To conceal; to hide ; to screen. Let every soldier hew him down a bough, And bear’t before him; thereby shall we shadow The number of our host [Unusual.] Shak. Ds To protect ; to screen from danger ; to shroud. Shadowing their right under your wings of war. Shak. 6. To mark with slight gradations of color or light. Locke. [In this sense, SHape is chiefly used.] 7. To paint in obscure colors; as, void spaces deeply shadozed. Dryden. 8, To represent faintly or imperfectly. Augustus is shadowed in the person of AEneas. Dryden. 9. To represent typically. The healing power of the brazen serpent shadoweth the efficacy of Christ’s righteousness. (The two last senses are in use. In place of the others, SuHape is now more generally used, ] SHAD/OW-€AST-ING, a. Casting a shadow. BOW ees pp. Represented imperfectly or typi- cally. SHAD/OW-GRAS S Pe A kind of grass so called. mee Johnson. SHAD/OW-ING, ppr. Representing by faint or imper- fect resemblance. Te Swift as thought the flitting shade. Dryden. SHADE, ».t. [Sax. sceadan, gesceadan, to separate, to divide, to shade. ] 1. To shelter or screen from light by intercepting SHAD/OW-ING, n. Shade or gradation of Jight and SHAD/OW-LESS, a. SHAD'OW-Y, a. SHAD/OW-Y-NESS, 7. SHA’/DRAEH, (-drak,) 2. SHA/DY, a. SHA Having no shadow. [Sax. sceadwic.] 1. Full of shade; dark; gloomy. This shadowy desert, unfrequented woods. Shak. 2. Not brightly luminous ; faintly light. More pleasant light, Shadowy sets off the face of things. Milton. 3. Faintly representative; typical, as, shadowy Wilton. expiations. 4. Unsubstantial; unreal. Milton has brought into his poems two actors of a shadowy and fictiious nature, in the persons of Sin and Death. Addison. Dark ; obscure; opaque. By command ere yet dim Night Her shadowy cloud withdraws. Milton, State of being shadowy or 5. unsubstantial. In the smelting of tron, a mass of iron on which the operation of smelting has failed of its intended effect. [Zocal. [from shade.) Abounding with shade or shades ; overspread with shade. And Amaryllis fills the shady groves. Dryden. 9, Sheltered from the glare of light or sultry heat. Cast it also that you may have rooms shady for summer and warm for winter. Bacon. . SHAF’FLE, v. i. [See SHurrre.] To hobble or limp. [JVot in use.] SHAF/FLER, n. A hobbler; one that limps. [Not in use. | SHAFT, n. [Sax. sceaft; D. and G. schaft; Siw. and Dan. skaft; L. scapus; from the root of shape, from setting, or shooting, extending. ] le weapon; as, the archer ]. An arrow; a missl and the sjaft. . More. So lofty was the pile, a Parthian bow, With vigor drawn, must send the shaft below. Dryden. 2. In mining, a pit or long, narrow opening or en- trance into a mine. It is perpendicular or slightly inclined. [This may possibly be a different word, as in German it is written schacht, Dan. skegte.] 3. In architecture, the shaft of a column is the body of it, between the base and the capital. 4. The shaft of a chimney is that part of it which rises above the roof. Guwiit. 5. Any thing straight; as, the shaft of a steeple and many other things. Peacham. 6. The stem or stock of a feather or quill. 7. The pole of a carriage, sometimes called Tonoue or Near. The thills of a chaise or gig are also called SHAFTS. 8. The handle of a weapon. Shaft, or white-shaft; a species of Trochilus or hum- ming-bird, having a bill twenty lines in length, and two long white feathers in the middle of its tail. Encyc. SHAFT’ED,a. Having a handle; a term in heraldry, applied to a spear-head. SHAFT’/MENT, 2. [Sax. sceftmund.] A span, a measure of about six inches. [Wot in use. | ay. SHAG,n. [Sax. sceacga, hair, shag ; Dan. skieg; Sw. IP skagg, the beard, a brush, &c. In Eth. W shaky, a hair cloth. ] 1. Coarse hair or nap, or rough, woolly hair. True Witney broadcloth, with its shag unshorn: 9. A kind of cloth having a long, coarse nap. 3. In ornitholocy, an aquatic fowl, the green cor- morant or crested cormorant, Phalacrocorax cristatus. P; Cie. Shak, Gay. HAG, a. Hairy; shaggy. HAG, v. t. To make rough or hairy. Shag the green zone that bounds the boreal skies. J. Barlow. 2. To make rough or shaggy; to deform. Thomson. The popular name of a kind of aggy bark; Sylv. Am. Ss Ss SHAG/BARK, n. hickory, the caria squamosa, from its sh also called SHELLBARK. SHAG’/GED, } q SOW . Rough w g vool. SHAG/GY, '§ a. Rough with long hair or wool About his shoulders hangs the shaggy skin. Dryden. 9, Rough; rugged ; as, the shaggy tops of hills. Miiton. And throw the shaggy spoils about your shoulders. Adilison. HAG/GI-NESS, The state of being shaggy , HAG/GED-NESS, roughness, with long, loose hair or wool. SHA-GREEN’, 2. [Pers. S phan sagri, the skin of a Ss N. Ss horse or an ass, &c., dressed. ] A kind of leather, prepared skins of horses, asses, mules, &c., and grained so as to be covered with smal] round pimples or granulations, The skin is steeped in water, scraped, and stretched on a frame ; small seeds are forced into it; it is then dried, and the seeds are shaken out, leaving the surface in- dented. The skin is afterward polished, soaked, color. [This should be Suaprne.] and dyed. Shagreen is prepared at Astrachan in FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOCK. — 1016Ss H A Russia, in various parts of the Levant, &c., and is} much used for covering small cases and boxes. Nis Pi Cyce, (re: SHA-GREEN’, @. Made of the leather called SHA-GREEN/ED, SHAGREEN. SHA-GREEN’, for CHacrin. [See CHacrin.] SHAH, x». The title given by European writers to the kK.g or monarch of Persia. rande. SHAIK, n. See SHerx. SHAIL, v. t. To walk sidewise. [Zow, and not in use. | ; LD’ Estrange. [This word is probably the G. schielen, Dan. skie- ler, to squint. ] SHAKE, v. t.; pret. SHoox ; pp. SHAKEN. [Sax. sceacan, to shake, also to flee, to depart, to withdraw ; Sw. skaka; D. schokken, to shake, to jolt, to heap ; schok, a shock, jolt, or bounce; W. ysgegiaw, to shake by seizing one by the throat ; cegiaw, to choke, from cég, a choking, the mouth, an entrance. Ifthe Welsh gives the true origin of this word, it is re- markably expressive, and characteristic of rough manners. I am not confident that the Welsh and Saxon are from a common stock. } 1. To cause to move with quick vibrations; to move rapidly one way and the other; to agitate ; as, the wind shakes a tree; an earthquake shakes the hills or the earth. J eigok my lap, and said, So God shake out every man from his 10use. — Neh. v. He shook the sacred honors of his head. Dryden. As a fig-tree casteth her untimely fruit, when it is shaken by a righty wind. — Rev. vi. 2. To make to totter or tremble. The rapid wheels shake heaven’s basis. Milton. 3. To cause to shiver; as, an ague shakes the whole frame. 4. To throw down by a violent motion. Macbeth is ripe for shaking. Shak. [But see Saxe orr, which is generally used. ] 5. Io throw away ; to drive off. *Tis our first intent To shake all cares and business from our age. [See Shake off.} 6. To move from firmness ; to weaken the stability of; to endanger ; to threaten to overthrow. Nothing should shake our belief in the being and perfections of God, and im our own accountableness. 7. To cause to waver or doubt; to impair the res- olution of; to depress the courage of. That ye be not soon shaken in mind. —2 Thess. ii, Shak. 8. To tril] ; as, to shake a note in music. Lo shake hands ; sometimes, to unite with; to agree or contract with ; more generally, to take Jeave of, from the practice of shaking hands at meeting and parting. Shak. KE. Charles. To shake off; to drive off; to throw off or down by violence ; as, to shake off the dust of the feet; also, to rid one’s self; to free from; to divest of; as, to shake off disease or grief; to shake off troublesome de- pendents. Addison. SHAKE, v.27. To be agitated with a waving or vibra- tory motion; as, a tree shakes with the wind; the house shakes in a tempest. The foundations of the earth do shake.—Is. xxiv. 2. To tremble ; to shiver; to quake; as, a man shakes in an ague; or he shakes with cold, or with terror. 3. To totter. Under his burning wheels The steadfast empyrean shook throughout, All but the throne itself of God. SHAKE, nx. Concussion; a vacillating or wavering motion ; a rapid motion one way and the other; agitation. The great soldier’s honor was composed of thicker stuff, which could endure a shake. Herbert. 2. A trembling or shivering; agitation. 3, A motion of hands clasped. Our salutations were very hearty on both sides, consisting of many kind shakes of the hand, Addison. 4. In music, a trill; a rapid reiteration of two notes eomprehending an interval not greater than one whole tone, nor less than a semitone. Busby. o. A fissure or rent in timber caused by its being dried too suddenly. Qwilt. SHAKE’DOWN, n, A temporary substitute for a bed, as on chairs, or on the floor ; derived, perhaps, orig- inally from the shaking down of straw for this pur- pose. England. PUAK/EN, (shak’n,) pp Impelled witha vacillating motion ; agitated. 2. a Cracked or split; as, shaken timber. Suaxy.] Nor is the wood shaken or twisted, as those about Capetown. ATT OW, SHAK/ER, 7. A person or thing that shakes or agi- tates ; as, the shaker of the earth. Pope. 2. In the United States, Shakers is the name given to a very singular sect of Christians, so called from the agitations or movements in dancing which char- acterize their worship. Milton. [See SHAL/‘LOP, n. SHA SHAK’ING, ppr.- Impelling to a Wavering motion ; causing to vacillate or waver ; agitating. 2. Trembling ; shivering; quaking. SHAK/ING, x. The act of shaking or agitating ; brandishing. Job xli. 2. Concussion. 3. A trembling or shivering. SHAK/O, 7. A military cap. SHA/KY, a, , ee ih ee ae es a ~ ae eae _ nt eee oo a ee SHE SHE hon, hennes, henne, she. This is the root of Henry. She is perhaps the Heb. NWN, a woman or wife. In the Saxon, seo is used as an adjective, and may be rendered the or a. It is also used as a relative, answering to who, L. gue. It is also used for he and that. In Euglish, she has no variation, and is used only in the nominative ease. In the oblique cases, we use hers and her, a aitiinet word.] 1A pronoun which is the substitute for the name of a female, and of the feminine gender ; the word which refers to a female mentioned jn the preceding or following part of a sentence or discourse. Then Sarah denied, — Gen. xvii. 9. She is sometimes used as a noun for woman or female, and in the plural; but in contempt or in ludicrous Jjanguage. Lady, you are the crvellest she alive. The hes of Italy shall not betray My interest. Shak. 3, She is used also in composition for female, rep- resenting Sex 5 as, a STE-DEAT 5 a sie-cat. SHEAD/ING, n. [G. scheiden, Sax. sceadan, to di- vide.] In the Isle of Man, saying, I laughed not ; for she was afraid. Shak, riding, a tithing, or division, in which there is a coroner, or chief constable. The isle is divided into six sheadings. Encye. SHEAF, (sheef,) 7.; pl. SHEAVES. (Sax. sceaf; D. schoof. it appears to be connecte d with the D. schuiveni, schoof, to shove, Sax. scufan. ‘The sense then is, a mass or collection driven or pressed to- eether. But the Welsh has ysgub, a sheaf anl a besom, whence zsgubaw, to sweep, L. scopa, scopo, and said to be from cub, what is put tozether, a cube. If these are of one family, as I suspect, the root is in Class Gb, and the sense, to collect or press toge ther. } A quantity of the stalks of wheat, rye, oats, or pasts bound together; a bundle of st Wks or straw. The reaper fills his greedy hands, And binds the n sheaves in brittle bands. Dryde 2. Any bundle or collection; as, a sheaf of arrows. Dryden. 3. In mechanics. See SHEAVE. SHEAF, v.t To collect and bind ; to make sheaves. Shak. SHEAF’Y, a. Pertaining to or consisting of sheafs. SHEAL. eee ee nNGs [ Gay. SHEAL, to shell, is not used. Shak. SHEAR, v. t. ; pret. SHEARED ; 7. SHEARED or SHORN. The old pret. Suore is entirely obsolete. [Sax. scearan, scyran, sciran, to ante at to divide, whence share and shtre; G. scheren, shear, or shave, and to vex, to rail, to jeer; schier dich wes, get you gone; schier “dich aus dem wege, move out ‘of the way ; D. scheeren, to shave, shear, banter, stretch, warp ; de gek schceren, to play the fool; zig weg scheeren, to shear off; Wan. skierer, to cut, carve, saw, hew ; skierts, a jest, jeer, banter; skiertser, to sport, mock, jeer; Sw. skidra, to reap, to mow, to cut off, cleanse, to rinse ; Sans. schaura or chaura, to shave ; are made of a single piece of Steel, bent round until the blades meet, which open of themselves, by the elasticity of the met tal. 2, Wings. [Wot in use.] 3. An engine for raising heavy weights. SHEERS. 4. The denonuns ition of the age of sheep from the shear, two Spenser. [See cutting of the teeth; as, sheep of one shear, &c. Focal] JMortimer. SHEAR/-STEEL, xz. Steel prepared by a peculiar process for making clothiers’ shears, scythes, &c. Francis. SHEAR/WA-TER, n. A we -b-foot ed water-fow] of the genus Ryncops, area called Cur-waTer and Biacx- SKIMMER. It takes its food by skimming along the surface of the water with its sharp and thin lower mandible plunged beneath the wi er. P. Cyc. 9, A name of certain web-footed sea-fowls of the genus Puffinus, (Procellaria, Linn.,) allied to the pe’ we +. ; also ci ulled PuFFINs. P. Cie. SHE See SHEET. SHEAT!_FISH, n. [G. scheide, C uvier. A fish, a species of Silurus, having a long, slimy body, destitute of scales, and the back dusky, like } that of the eel. It is the largest fresh-water fish of Europe, being sometimes six feet or more 1n length. Jardine’ s Vat. Lib. ee Cyc. SHEATH, mn. [Sax. sceuth, scethe; G. scheide; D. scheede; from separating, G. scheiden, D. scheien, Sax. sceadan. See SHADE. ] 1. A case for the reception of a sword or other lone and slender instrument ; a scabbard. A sheath is that which separates, and hence a defense. 2. In botany, a membrane investing a stem or branch, as in grasses Martyn. 3. Any thin covering for defense; the wing-case of an insect. SHEATFHE, v. t. To put into a case or scabbard ; as, to sheathe a sword or dagger. To inclose or cover with a sheath cr case. pard — keeps the claws of hi et turned up from the ground, and sheathed in the ski of his toes. Grew. in my breast she sheathes her dagger now. Dryden. The shears used by farriers, sheep-shearers, &c., : | 3. To cover or Jine; as, to sheathe the bowels with demulcent or mucilaginous substances. 4. To obtund or blunt, as acrimonious or sharp | particles. Arbuthnot. 5. To fit with a sheath. Shak. 6. T’o case or cover with beards or with sheets of copper; as, to sheathe a ship, to preserve it from the worms. To sheathe the sword; a figurative phrase; to put an end to war or enmity; to make peace. It corre- sponds to the Indian phrase, to bury the hatchet. SHEAFH’ED, pp. Put in a sheath ; inclosed or cov- ered with a case; covered; lined; invested with a membrane. 2. a. In botany, vaginate ; invested by a sheath or cylindrical, membranaceous tube, which is the base of the leaf, as the stalk or culm in grasses. Martyn. | W. ysear, a part, a share; Use oreaeL to separate. The Greek has {vpaw, to shave, and xeiyo, to shave, | shear, cut off, or lay waste. The primary sense 1s, to separate or forte off in general; but a earminont signification is, to separate by rubbing, as in scour- ing, OY as ne shaving g, cutting close to the surface. Hence the sense of Jeering, as we Say, to give one the rub. See Scour, and Class Gr, No. 5, 8.] 1. To cut or clip something froin the surface with an instrument of two blades; to separate any thing from the surface by shears, scissors, or a like instru- ment ; as, to shear sheep; to sear ‘cloth. It is ap- propri: itely used for the cutting of wool from sheep or their skins, and for clipping the nap from cloth, but may be applied to other things; as, a horse shears the ground in feeding much closer than an OX. 2. ‘Il’o separate by shears ; as, to shear a fleece. 3. Toreap. [JVot in usta) { Scottish. | Gower. SHEAR, v.72. Todeviate. [See SHEER. SHEAR/BILL,n. [shear and bill black-skimmer or cut-water (Khyncops the Antilles, SHIEARD, (sherd,) x. SHARD. SHEAR/ED, pp. Clipped; nap, by means of shears. SHEAR’BER, x. One that shears; as, a A ere the nigra) of Encyc. A shard or fragment. [See deprived of wool, hair, or shearer of f ys Jilton. SHEAR/ING, ppr. Clipping: depriving of wool, hair, or nap, by means of shears. HimAR/ING, n. The act of shearing. SHEAR’L ING, n. A sheep that has been but once Ue AR/MAN, 2. c BIL SHEARS, (sheerz,) n. pl. [from the verb.] An in- strume nt consisting of two blades with a bevel edge, movable on a pin, used for cutting cloth and other substances. Shears differ from scissors chiefly in being larger, ae RR One whose occupation is to shear Fate urged the shears, and cut the sylph in twain. Pope. | SHEAFH/'ING, ppr. SHEAFH/ER, n. One that sheathes. Putting in asheath; inclosing in a case; covering ; lining; investing with a mem- brane. SHEA FH/ING, n. bottom and sides; c rin v. SHEATH’LESS, a, 6) The casing or covering of a ship’s or the materials for such cov- Without a sheath or case for covering ; unsheathed. Percy’s Masque. SHEATH!’WING-ED, a. [sheathand wing.|] Having cases for covering the wings; as, a sheath-winged insect. Brown. See a. Forming a sheath or case. Brown. SHEAVE,nx. [In D. schyfis aslice, a truckle, a quoit, a fillet, a draughtsman, a pane. In G. scheibe is a mark, a pane, a wheel, the knee-pan, a slice. In seamen’s languace, a wheel in a block, rail, mast, yard, &c., on which the rope works. It is made of hard wood or of metal. Totten. SHEAVE, v.t. To bring together; to collect. [Vot in USE. | Ashmole. SHEAV’ED, a. [Not in use.] Shak, SHEAVE'-HOLE, n. A channel cut in a mast, yard, or other timber, In which to fix a sheave. Mar, Dict. Made of straw SHE-€HI NAH. See SHExKINAH. SHECK’LA-TON, n. [Fr. ciclaton. Chalmers.] A kind of gilt leather. [Vi of in Use. ] Spenser. SHED, v. t.; pret. and pp. SuEep. ([Sax. scedan, to pour out. Ifs is a prefix, this word coincides in ‘ele- ments with D. gieten, to pour, to cast, G. giessen, ng. gush. It “coincides, also, in elements with shoot. See the noun. ] 1. To cause or suffer to flow out; as, to shed tears; to shed blood. The sun sheds light on the earth ; the stars sled a more feeble light. This is my blood of the New Testament, which is shed for many for the remission of sins, — Matt. xxvi, 2. To let fall; to cast; as, the trees shed their SHED, 2. i. SHED, | SHED, ov. t. | SHED/DER, n. { SHEBL/ING, 3 To scatter; to emit; to throw off; to diffuse ; , flowers shed their sweets or fragrance. [The peculiar sense of this word is, to cast off something that belongs to the body, either a sub- stance or a quality. Applied to animals and plants, it expresses a periodical casting off of a natural cov- ering SHE | | To let fall its parts. White oats are apt to shed most as they He, and black as they stand. Mortimer. [Sax. sced, a shade; Sw skydd, a defense ; steele ‘to protect, to defend, or she Iter; Dan. skytter, id. ; skytter, a shooter r; skyts,a defense ; skyt,a gun ; skyder, to shoot; G. schiitze n, to defend ; schiitze, a shoeter; D. to defend, to parry, or stop; schutter, 2 shooter. It appears that shed, the noun and verb, and s/oot, are froin one source, and shadc, scud, scath, and several other words, when traced, all terminate in the same radical sense, to tbrust, rush, or drive. ] ] slight building; a covering of timber and boards, &c., for shelter against rain and the inclem- ‘encies of wei uther; a poor house or hovel; as, a horse-shed. schiutten, Aletes born in lowly shed. Fuirfaz. Sheds of reeds which summer’s heat repel, Sandys. 2. In composition, effusion; as in blood-shed. [See the verb. | To kee P of - to prevent from entering ; as a hut, umbrella, or garment that sheds rain. One che it sheds or causes to flow out; as, a shedder of blood. SHE D'DING, ppr. Effusing; causing to flow out; letting fall; casting; throwing off; sending out; diffusing ; keeping off. SHED/’DING, n. That which is cast off. 2, The act of casting off or out. n. See SHIELING. SHEEN, /a. (Sax. scene, scen, bright. ‘his is the SHEEN’Y, } old orthogr: iphy of shine, which see. | Bright ; glittering ; showy. Up rose each warrior bold and brave ; Glistening in filed steel and arinor sheen, Fairfaz. ; ie word is used only in poetry. | sui n. Brightness; splendor. Milton. SHE F D. le SING. and pl. [ Sax. Sceap, Scep 5 G. schuf ; D. Bera Bohemian, skope, a wether. ] 1. An animal of the genus Ovis, which is among the most useful species that the Creator hus b stowed on man, as its wool constitutes a principal material of warm clothing, and its flesh is a great article of food. ‘The-sheep is remarkable for its harmless tem- per and its timidity. ‘The varietics ure numerous. 2, In contempt, a silly fellow. Ainsworth. 3. Ficuratively, God’s people are called s/cep, as being under the government and protection of Obhirist, the great Shepherd. Jo/n x. SHEEP/-BITE, v. t. [sheep and bite.) To practice petty thefts. [Not in use.) Shak. SHEEP/-BiT ER, n. One who practices petty thefts. [Not in use. } Shak. SHEEP’/€OT, x. [sheep and cot.) A small inclosure for sheep; a pen. Milton. SHEEP’FOLD, ». [sheep and fold.] A place where sheep are collected or confined, Prior. SHEEP’/HOOK, n. [sheep and hook.) A hook fast- ened to a pole, by which shepherds lay hold on the legs of their sheep. Bacon. Dryden. SHEEP/ISH, a. Like a sheep; bashful; timorous to excess; over-modest; meanly difiident. Locke. 2. Pertaining to sheep. SHEE P/ISH-LY, adv. Bashfully ; with mean timidity or diffidence. SHEEP/ISH-NESS, z. esty or diffidence ; mean timorousness. SHEEP/-MAR-KET, n. A place where sold. SHEEP/-MAS-TER, n. [sheep and master.] of sheep ; one that has the care of sheep. SHEEP’S’-EYE, (-i,) n. [sheep and eye.| A modest, diftident look, such as lovers cast at their mistresses. Dryden. SHEEP/-SHANK, n. [sheep and shank.) Among seamen, a peculiar kind of Knot in a rope, made to shorten it temporarily. Totten. SHEEP’S/-HEAD, (-hed,) nm. [sheep and head.] A fish caught on the shores of Long Island, so. called from the resemblance of its head to that of asheep. It is the Sargus Ovis of Mitchell, and is allied to the Gilt-head and Sea- 3ashfulness ; excessive mod- Herbert. sheep are A feeder bream. It is esteemed delicions food. SHEEP/-SHEAR-ER, n. [sheep and shear.] One that ee ars or cuts ‘off the wool from sheep. Gen. XXXV SHEE Pies SHEAR-ING,n. The act of shearing sheep. a feast made South. The skin of a sheep; or leather The time of shearing sheep ; also, on at occasion. SHEEP’-SKIN, x. prepared from it. SHEEP’S'/-SOR/REL, n. An herb, Rumex Acetcsella, leaves in autumn 5 fowls shed their feathers; and serpents shed their ‘skin. growing naturally on poor, dry, eravelly soil. Loudon. ie FATE FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE , BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE . WOLF, BOOK. — Connecticut and of L020ho SHE SHEEP/STEAL-ER, n. steals sheep. SHEED’STEAL-ING, n. The act of Stealing sheep. SHEEP’-W ALK, (-wawk,) n. [sheep and walk.) Pas- ture for sheep; a place where sheep feed. Milton. SHEER, a. [Sax. scir, scyr; G. sthier; Dan. skier; Sans. charu, tscharu; from the root of. shear, to sepa- rate ; whence sheer is clear, pure. It might be de- duced from the Shemitic amt, to be clear; Eth, [sheep and steal.] One that A ACE , to be clean or pure. But the Danish and Saxon orthography coincides with that of shear, } 1. Pure; clear; separate from any thing foreign ; unmingled ; as, sheer ale. But this application is un- usual. Shak. We say, sheer argument, sheer Wit, sheer false- hood, &c. 2. Clear; thin; as, sheer muslin. SHEER, adv. Clean; quite; at once. [ Obs.] Milton. SHEER, v.t. Toshear. [Not in use. | Dryden. SHEER, v. 2. separate. ] 1. In seamen’s language, to decline or deviate from the line of the proper course, as a ship when not steered with steadiness. Mar. Dict. 2. To slip or move aside. To sheer off; to turn or move aside to a distance. Yo sheer up ; to turn and approach to a place or ship. SHER, x. The longitudinal curve or bend of a ship’s deck or sides. 2. ‘The position in which a ship is sometimes kept at single anchor, to keep her clear of it. 10 break sheer ; to deviate from that position, and risk fouling the anchor. Mar. Dict. SHEER/-HULK, n. An old ship of war cut down to the lower deck, and fitted with sheers or apparatus to fix or take out the masts of other ships. Totten. SHEER/LY, adv. At once; quite; absolutely. [ Obs.] Beaum. & Fi. SHEERS, x. pl. An engine consisting ‘of two or more pieces of timber or poles, fastened together near the top; used for raising heavy weights, particularly for hoisting the lower masts of ships. Tebert. SHEET, n. [Sax. sceat, sceta, scyta; L. scheda; Gr. oxedn. The Saxon sceat signifies, a garment, a cloth, towel, or napkin ; sceta is rendered a sheet, and the Greek and Latin words signify a table or plate for Writing on; from the root of Sax. sceadan, to sepa- rate, L. scindo, Gr. oxi Fw.) 1. A broad piece of cloth used as a part of bed-fur- niture, next to the body. 2. A broad piece of paper, as it comes from the manufacturer. Sheets of paper are of different sizes, as royal, demi, foolscap, pot, and post-paper. 3. A piece of paper, printed, folded, and bound, or formed into a book in blank,and making four, eight, sixteen, or twenty-four pages, &c. 4. Any thing expanded; as, a sheet of water or of fire ; a sheet of copper, lead, or iron. 5. Sheets, pl.; a book or pamphlet. The following sects contain a full answer to my opponent. 6. A sail. SHEET, n. [Fr. ecoute; Sp.and Port. escota ; It. scotte. This word seems to be connected with scot or shot; Sp. escotar, to cut out clothes, to pay one’s scot or share of taxes, and, in nautical language, to free a ship of water by pumping. The word is probably from that root, or from shoot. ] In nautical language, a rope fastened to one or both the lower corners of a sail, to extend and retain it in a particular situation. When a ship sails with a side- wind, the lower corners of the main and fore-sails are fastened with a tack and a sheet. [See SuEar, the sense of which is, to Mar. Dict. Totten. SHEET, v. t. To furnish with sheets. [Little used.] 2. To fold ina sheet. [Little used. ] Shak, 3. To cover as with a sheet; to cover with some- thing broad and thin. When snow the pasture sheets, Shak. To sheet home, is to haul home a sheet, or extend the sail till the clew is close to the sheet-block. SHEET/-AN€H-OR, n. The largest anchor of a ship, which in stress of weather is sometimes the seaman’s last refuge to prevent the ship from going ashore. Hence, 2, The chief support; the last refuge for safety. SHEET’-€OP-PER, n. Copper in broad, thin plates. SHEET/ING, n. Cloth for sheets. SHEET’-1-RON, (Lurn,) x. Iron in sheets, or broad, thin plates. SHEE'T’/-LEAD, (-led,) m. ead in sheets. SHEIK, (sheek or shake. The latter is more nearly the pronunciation of Arabic scholars.) n. Among the Arabians and Moors, an old man; hence, a chief, a lord, a man of eminence. Also written SHpixu. SHEK/EL, (shek’l,) n. [Heb. bpw, to weigh; Ch. Syr. Ar. and Eth, id.; Eth., to append or suspend; Low IL. siclus; Fr. sicle. From this root we have shilling. Payments were originally made by weight, as they still are in some countries. See Pounn.] An ancient weight and coin among the Jews, and other nations of the same stock, equal to twenty ge- SHE rahs. Dr. Arbuthnot makes the weight to have been equal to 9 pennyweights, 2 4-7 grains, Troy weight, or about half an ounce, avoirdupois ; and the value 2s. 3 3-8d. sterling, or about half a dollar. Later writers make its value nearly 2s, 73d. sterling, or about 60 cents, Encyc. P. Cyc. Winer. SHE-KI/NAH, xn. In Jewish history, that miraculous light or visible glory which was a symbol of the di- vine presence. Encyc. Am. SHELD!A-FLE, (-a-fl,) SHELD/A-PLE? Canty}? This word is also written SHeixu-Aprre. Ed. Encye. SHEL/DRAKE, x. An aquatic fow], a species of duck, the Anas tadorna of Linneus. It has a green or greenish-black head, and its body is variegated with white. It is much esteemed for food. Encyc. SHEL/DUCK, n. | schemeren; Dan. skimter.] To gleam ; to glisten. [Vet in use.] Chaucer. || SHIN, n. [Sax. scina, scyne, shin, and scin-ban, shin- | | 1 | bone: G. schiene, schiene-bein ; D. scheen, scheen-been ; Sw. skenben.] The fore part of the leg, particularly of the human lee =the fore part of the crural bone called tibia. This J bone, being covered only with skin, may be named |} from that circumstance — skin-bone; or it may be | formed from the root of chine, edge. SHINE, »v. i. ; pret. SHineD or SHONES pp. SHINED OF Suone. [Sax.scinan; D. schuynen: G. scheinen; Sw. | skina. If s is a prefix, this word accords with the || root of L. canus, caneo; W. cdn, white, bright. see | CantT.] 1. ‘I'o emit rays of light; to give light; to beam with steady radiance; to exhibit brightness or splen- dor ; as, the sun shines by day ; the moon shines by i night, Shining differs from sparkling, glistening, glit- |) tering, as it usually implies a steady radiation or emis- | | sion of light, whereas the latter words usually imply irresular or interrupted radiation. This distinction | is not always observed; and we may say, the fixed | stars siiine, as well as that they sparkle. But we | never say, the sun or the moon sparkles. 9, To be bright ; to be lively and animated; to be brilliant. | Let thine eyes shine forth in their full luster. 3. To be unclouded ; as, the moon shines. Denham. i | Bacon. | 4, To be glossy or bright, as silk. Fish with their fins and shining scales. Milton. 5. To be gay or splendid. So proud she s/iined in her princely state. Spenser. | 6. To be beautiful. | Once brightest shined this child of heat and air. Pope. 7. To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished ; |! as, to shine in courts. Phil. il. Pew are qualified to shine in company. Swift. 8, To give light, real or figurative. The light of righteousness hath not shined to us. 9. To manifest glorious excellencies. Ps. IXxx. 10. To be clearly published. Js. ix. 11. To be conspicuously displayed ; to be manifest. Let your light so shine before men. — Matt. vs To cause the face to shine; to be propitious. JVwm. vi. Ps. Ixvii. SHINE, n. Fair weather. Be it fair or foul, rain or shine. 2, Brightness ; splendor; luster; gloss. The glittering shine of gold. Decay of Piety, Fair opening to somie court’s propitious shine. Pope. [ Not elegant.] SHIN/ER, n. A small fresh-water fish, of the minnow kind, so called from its shiny appearance, Storer. 9. A cant name for bright pieces of money. [Vul- gar. | SHYNESS. See Suywess. SHIN’/GLE, (shing’g],) x. [G. schindel; Gr. TX tvOad- pos: L. scindula, from scindo, to divide, G. scheiden.]} 1. A thin board sawed or rived for covering build- ings. Shingles are of different Jengths, with one end made much thinner than the other, for lapping. They are used for covering roofs, and sometimes the body of the building. Wisdom. Drydén. } | To see the gon che ranquished father shield. Dryden, Hear ene thac eeaes to shield his injured honor, S7uth. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, M SHILLELY, SHILLELAH. Grose. ARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ©. Round, water-worn, and loose gravel and peb- | | 1022SHI bles, or a collection of roundish stones, on shores and coasts. The plain of La Crau, in France, is composed of shingle. Pinkerton. Shingle-ballast is ballast composed of gravel. SHINGLE, v.t. ‘To cover with shingles; as, to shin- gle a roof. SHIN'GLED, pp. or a. Covered with shingles. SHIN GLE-ROOF- ED, (shing’gl-rooft,) a. Having a roof covered with shingles. Blackwood. SHIN’ GLES, (shing’glz,) n. ee cingulum. | - A kind of herpes, viz., Herpes Zoster, which spreads around the body like a girdle; an eruptive disease. Arbuthnot. SHIN/’GLING, ppr. Covering with shingles. SHIN’GLING, n. The act of covering with shin- gles; a covering of shingles. SHIN'’GLY, a “Abounding With gravel or shingle. SHIN’ING, ppr. Emitting light; beaming; gleaming. > 2. a. Bright; splendid ; radiant. Iilustrious ; distinguished ; conspicuous; as, a shining example of charity. SHIN/ING, xn. Effusion or clearness of light ; bright- ness. 2 Sam. xxiii. SHIN/ING-NESS, n. Brightness; splendor. Spenser. SHIN/Y, a. Bright; luminous; clear ; unclouded, Like distant thunder on a shiny day. Dryden. SHIP, as a termination, denotes state or office: as in lordship. Steward. SHIP. See SHare. SHIP, nm. [Sax. scip, scyp; D. schip; G. schiff, Sw. skepp 3 Dan. skib; L. scapha; from the root of shape; Sax. sceapian, scippan, scyppan, to create, form, or build. ] In a general sense, a large vessel or building of a peculiar structure, adapted to navigation, or floating on water by means of sails. In an appropriate sense, a building of a structure or form fitted for navigation, furnished with a bowsprit and three masts, a m:z Lin- mast, a fore-mast, and a mizzen-mast, each of which is composed of a lower mast, a top- mas st, and top- gallant- mast, and square rigged. Ships are of vari- ous sizes and fitted for various uses ; most of them, however, fal! under the denomination either of ships of war or of merchant-ships. A ship of the line; usually a vessel of war of the rate af seventy-four guns or more. Totten. Armed ship; in English usages of war, a private ship taken into the service of the government in ee of war, and armed and equipped like a ship of srandeé. SHIP. vt, [Sax. scipian.] 1. To put on board of a ship or vesse} of any kind ; as, to ship goods at Liverpool for New York. 2. To transport in a ship; to convey by water. The sun no sooner shall the mountains touch, But we will ship him hence, Shak, 3. To engage for service on board of aship ; as, to slip seamen. To receive into a ship or vessel; as, to ship a sea. Mar. Dict. 5, To fix any thing in its place; as, to ship the tiller. Totten. To ship off; to send away by water ; as, to ship off convicts, SHIP, v.z. To engage for service on board of a ship. ‘olten. SHIP/BOARD, adv. [ship and board.] To go on ship- board or a shipboard, is to go aboard ; to enter a ship ; to embark ; literally, to wo over the side. It is a pecu- liar phri se, and not much used. Seamen Say, to go aboard er on board. ’o be on shipboard ; to be in a ship; gene erally:s say, aboard or on board, 2. n. The plank of a ship. n01D ei SHIP/-BOY, x. board of a ship. SHIP/-BRO-KER, x. ance on ships. SHIP/-BUILD-ER, (-bild-er,) n. [ship and bwilder.] A man whose occupation is to construct ships and other vessels ; a naval architect ; a shipwright. SHIP’/-BUILD-ING, (-bild-ing,) ne [ship and build.) Naval architecture ; the art of constructing vessels * for navigation, particularly ships and other vessels of a large kind, bearing masts; in distinction from Bo \7- BUILDING. SHIP/-CA R/PEN-TER, mn. ~ ; sa : Show of hands; a raising of hands, as a vote in a aK fall of rain or hail, of short duration. It may be applied to a like fall of snow, but this seldom oc- curs. It is applied to a fall of rain or hail of short continuance, of more or less violence, but never toa storm of long continuance. 9, A fall of things from the air in thick succession ; as, a shower of darts or arrows ; a shower of stones. Pope. 3. A copious supply bestowed ; liberal distribu- tion ; as, a great shower of gifts. Shak. SHOW’ER, v. t. To water with a shower; to wet copiously with rain ; as, to shower the earth. Milton. 9, To bestow liberally ; to distribute or scatter in abundance. Cesar’s favor That showers down greatness on his friends. 3. To wet with falling water, as in the shower- bath. SHOW’ER, v.i. To rain in showers. SHOW/ER-BATH, n. [shower and bath.] Water showered upon a person by some contrivance from above; also, a contrivance for effecting this. SHOW/ER-ED, pp. Wet with a shower or with fall- ing water ; watered abundantly ; bestowed or distrib- uted liberally. SHOW/ER-ING, ppr. Wetting with a shower or with falling water ; bestowing or distributing liberally. SHOW’ER-LESS, a. Without showers. Armstrong. SHOW’/ER-Y, a. Raining in showers; abounding with frequent falls of rain. SHOW/LLY, adv. Inashowy manner; pompously ; with parade. SHOW’LNESS, n. State of being showy ; pompous- Ness ; great parade. SHOW/ING, ppr. Presenting to view; exhibiting ; proving. SHOW/ING, n. A presentation to view ; exhibition. Addison. 9, Ostentatious. SHOWN, pp. of SuHow. Exhibited; manifested ; roved. SHOW’Y, a. Splendid; gay; gaudy ; makinga great show ; fine. ddtson. 2, Ostentatious. My lord of York, it better showed with you. [Obs.] Shak. SHRAG, v.t. Tolop. [Vot in use.) «FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1026SHRAG, n. A twig of a tree cut off. SHRAG’GER, zn. [wet in Use. | [Vot in use. ] One that lops; one that trims trees. HRANK, pret. of Surink, is nearly obsolete. SHRAP, re A place baited with chaff to invite SHRAPE, birds. (NM a in Use. | SHRAP/NELL SHELL, xn. In gunnery, a name given to shells filled with a quanticy of musket balls, which, when the shell explodes, are projected still further. Brande. SHRED, v. t. ; pret. and pp. SHrep. [Sax. screadan, to cut off ; Sw. skraddare, a tailor. ] To cut into small pieces, particularly narrow and long pieces, as of cloth or leather. It differs from Mince, which signifies to chop into pieces fine and short. SHRED, x. A long, narrow piece cut off; as, shreds of cloth. Bacon. 2. A fragment; a piece; as, shreds of wit. Swift. SHRED/DING, ppr. Cutting into shreds. SHRED'DING, nx. A cutting into shreds ; that which is cut off ; a piece. Hooker. SHRED/LESS, a. Having no shreds. Byron. SHREW, (shru,) ». [I know not the original sense of this word. If it signifies a aubra wer, it may be from D. schreeuwen, to brawl, schreien, Dan. skriger. But beshrew, in Chaucer, is sine preted to curse. ] 1. A. peevish, brawling, turbulent, vexatious woman. It appe ars originally to hz ive been ap- plied to males as well as females; but it is now re- stricted tc the latter. The man bad got a shrew for his wife, and there could be no quiet in the house with her. *Estrange. 2. A shrew-mouse. SHREW, v. t. To beshrew; tocurse. [Obs.] Chaucer. SHREWD, (shride,) a. Having the qualities of a shrew; vexatious; troublesome; mischievous. [ Obs.] Shak. 2. Sly; cunning; arch; subtle; artful; astute; as, a shrewd man. 3. Sagacious; of nice discernment, as, a shrewd observer of men. 4. Proceeding from cunning or sagacity, or con- taining it; as, a shrewd saying ; a shrewd conjecture. Ds Painful ; vexatious ; troublesome. Every of this number That have endured shrewd nizhts and days with us. Shak, Obs. No enemy is so despicable but he may do one a shrewd turn. bs.) L’ Hstrange. SHREW D/LY, (shride’le,) adv. Mischievously ; de- structively. This practice hath most shrewdly passed upon thee. 2. Vexatiously ; used of slight mischief. The obstinate and schismatical are like to think the mselyes shrewdly hurt by being cut from that body they chose not > ol. [ Obs.] South. >, through shrewdly pained, Obs.] Dryden. 3. Archly ; [Obs.] Shak. with good guess; as, I Locke. sagaciously ; shrewdly suspect; he shrewdly observed. SHREWD/NESS, n. Sly cunning; archness. The neighbors round admire his shrewdness. Siwoift. 2. Sagaciousness; sagacity; the quality of nice discernment. 3. Mischievousness; vexatiousness. [JVot in use.] Chaucer. SHREW/ISH, (shri/-,) a. Having the qualities of a shrew ; froward ; peevish ; petulantly clamorous. My wife is ieoih when I keep not hours. Shak, SHREW/ISH-LY, adv. Peevishly ; clamorously ; tur- bulently, ; He speaks very shrewishly. Shak. SHREW’ISH-NESS, n. The qualities of a shrew ; frowardness ; petulance ; turbulent clamorousness. I have no gift in shrewishness. Shak. SHREW’-MOUSE, 2. [Sax. screawa. An insectivorous mammal resembling a mouse, but belonging to the genus Sorex; an animal that bur- rows in the ground, feeding on the larves of insects, &c, Itis a harmless animal. SHRIEK, (shreek,) v.72. [Dan. skriger; Sw. skrika; G. schreien; D. schretjen; the two latter contracted ; W. ysgregian, from creg, a scream or shriek, also rough, rugged, Eng. to creak, whence screech, and vulgarly screak; hence W. ysgreg, a jay, from its scream ; creg, hoarse, crygi, hoarseness, ronghness, from the rootof rugged, and L. ruga, wrinkled, rugo, to bray; all from straining, and hence breaking, bursting, cracking; allied to crack and crackle; It. scricchiolare. | To utter a sharp, shrill cry; to scream; as in a sudden fright, in horror or anguish. At this she shrieked aloud. Dryden, It was the owl that shrieked. Shak. SHRIEK, n. A sharp, shrill outcry or scream, such as is produced by sudden terror or extreme anguish. Shrieks, clamors, murmurs, fill th’ aflrighted town, Dryden. SHRIEK’/ER, n. One who utters a shrick. Crabbe. SHRIEK/ING, ppr. or a. Crying out with a shrill voice. SHR A crying out with a shrill voice. Bp. Taylor. Pertaining to a sheriff. [Wot in SHRIEK/ING, n. SHRIEV/AL, a. Use -| SHRIEV/AL-TY, 2. office of a sheriff. It was ordained by 28 Edward I. that the people shall have election of sheriff in every shire, where the shrievalty is [from sheriff] Sheriffalty ; the not of inheritance. Stone. SHRIEVE, n. Sheriff. [Jot in use.] SHRIFT, 7. [Sax. scrift.] Confession made toa priest. [Obs.] Shak. SHRIGHT, fOr SHRIEKED. Chaucer. SHRIGH 1, A shriek. [JVot in use.] Spenser. SHRIKE, me [See Suriex.] The butcher-bird; a common name of the birds belonging to the genus Lanius. The shrikes breed on trees and seize living prey. ‘ Jardine. SHRILL, a. [W. grill,a sharp noise; Arm. scrilh, a cricket, L. gryllus, Fr. grillon, Sp. and It. grillo ; It. strillare, to scream, } I. Sharp ; acute ; piercing ; as sound; as, a shrill voice ; shrill echoes, Shak. 2. Uttering an acute sound; as, the cock’s shrill- sounding throat ; a shrill trumpet. JVote. — A Siri sound may be tremulous or trill- ing; but this circumstance is not essential to it, al- though it seems to be from the root of trill. SHRILL, v.t To utter an acute, piercing sound. Break we our pipes, that shrilled as loud as lark, SHRILL, v. t. Spenser. To cause to make a shrill sound. Spenser. sharpness Smith. SHRILL’NESS, zn. Acuteness of sound; or fineness of voice. SHRIL/LY, adv. Acutely, as sound; with a sharp sound or voice. More. SHRIMP, v. t. [D.krimpen: Dan. skrumper, to crum- ple, to shrink ; G. schrumpfen ; W. crom, criom, bend- ing or shrinking in.] To contract. [JVot in use. Echard. SHR | SHRIV’EL, (shriv’],)v.i. [from the root of rivel, Sax. Sax | gerifled.] 4 To contract; to draw or be drawn into wrinkles : to shrink and form corrugations ; as, a leaf shrivel in the hot sun ; the skin shrivels with age. SHRIV’EL, v. t. to shrink into corrugations. the blades of corn. And shriveled herbs on withering stems decay. SHRIV/EL-ED, SHRIV!EL-ING A scorching sun shrivels Dryden. | py. Or ad. Contracted into wrinkles, , ppr- Contracting into wrinkles. SHRIV’/ER, n. [from skrive.] A confessor. [ Obs.] Shak. SHRIV/ING, n. Shrift; confession taken. [ Ods.] Spenser. SHROFF, 7. In the Hast Indies, a banker. SHROUD, xn. ([Sax. serud, clothing. ] 1. A shelter; a cover; that which covers, con- ceals, or protects. Swaddled, as new born, in sable shrouds. Sandys, 2. The dress of the dead ; a winding-sheet. Young. 3. Shroud or shrouds of a ship; a range of large ropes extending from the head of a mast to the right and left sides of the ship, to support the masts, and enable them to carry sail; as, the main shrouds ; fore shrouds; mizzen shrouds. There are also fut- tock shrouds, bowsprit shrouds, &c. Mar. Dict. Hebert. 4, A branch of atree. [JVot proper.] Warton. SHROUD, v.t. To cover; to shelter from danger or annoyance. Under your beams I will me safely shroud. Spenser. One of these trees, with all its young ones, may sh roud four hundred horsemen. legh. 2. To dress for the grave; to cover; as a dead body. The ancient E Sgyptian mummies were shrouded in several folds of linen besmeared with gums, Bacon SHRIMP, n. [Supra.] A long-tailed, decapod, crus- taceous animal, allied to the lobster. It has long, slender feelers, claws with a single, hooked fang, and three pair of legs. There are numerous species, some of which are esteemed delicious food. 2. A little, wrinkled man; a dwarf; in contempt. Shak, SHRINE, x. [Sax. scrin; G. schrein; Sw. skrin; L. serinium ; It. scrigno; Fr. ecrin. See SKREEN.] A case or box; particularly applied to a case in which sacred things are deposited. Hence, areliqua- ry, tomb, or altar. We hear much of shrines for relics, Come, offer at my shrine, and I will help thee. Shak. The old pret. nearly obsolete. the root is rig or SHRINK, v. 7. ; pret. and pp. SHRUNK. SHRANK, and pp. SHRUNKEN, are [Sax. serincan. If n is not radical, Ty z. | 1. Tio contract spontaneously ; to draw or be drawn into less length, breadth, or compass by an inherent power; as, woolen cloth shrinks in hot water; a flaxen or hempen line shrinks in a humid atmos- phere. Many substances shrink by drying. 2. To shrivel ; to become wrinkled by contraction ; as the skin. 3. To withdraw or retire, as from danger; to de- cline action from fear. A brave man never shrinks from danger; a good man does not shrink from duty. 4. To recoil, as in fear, horror, or distress. My mind shrinks from the recital of our woes. What happier natures shrink at with affright, The hard inhabitant contends is right. Pope. To express fear, horror, or pain by shrugging or conttas ting the hody. Shak. SHRINK, v. t. To cause to contract; as, to shrink flannel by immersing it in boiling water. O mighty Cesar! dost thou lie so-low ! Are all thy conquests, glories, triumphs, spoils, Shrunk to this little measure { SHRINK, n. Contraction; a spontaneous drawing into less compass ; corrugation. Voodwward. 2. Contraction ; a withdrawing from ee or horror. aniel, SHRINK/AGE, 2. A shrinking or contraction into a less compass. Make an allowance for the shrinking of grain in drying. SHRINK/ER, n. One that shrinks; one that with- draws from danger. SHRINK/ING, ppr. withdrawing from danger ; fear ; causing to contract. SHRINK/ING, n. A contraction or spontaneous draw- ing into less compass. 3. The act of drawing back through fear. SHRINK/ING-LY, adv. ‘By shrinking. SHRIV/AL-TY. See SHRIEVALTY. SHRIVE, v. t. [Sax. scrifan, to take a confession. But the sense seems to be, to enjoin or impose pen- ance, or simply to enjoin.) l’o hear or receive the confession of ; to administer confession ; as a priest. Ho shrives this woman. Shak. drawing together ; Contracting ; to act from declining [Obs.] Shak. 3. To cover; to conceal ; shrouded in darkness. to hide; as, to ne Some tempest rise And blow out all the stars that light the skies, To shroud my shame. 4. To defend ; to protect by hiding. So Venus from prevailing Greeks did shroud The hope of Rome, and saved him in a cloud. Dryden. Waller. 5. To overwhelm ; as, to be shrouded in despair. . To lop the branches of a tree. [Unusual or im- proper. | Chambers. SHROUD, v.2%. To take shelter or harbor. If your stray attendants be yet lodged Or shroud within these limits. SHROUD’‘ED, pp. Dressed; sheltered ; overwhelmed. SHROUD/ING, ppr. Dressing ; covering ; concealing} sheltering ; ov erwhelming. SHROUD'Y, a. Affording ‘shelter. JWilton. SHROVE, v. i. To join in the festivities of Shrove- Milton. covered ; concealed ; tide. [ Obs.] eaum. SHROVHE/-TIDE, n. [from slrove, SHROVE!'-TUES-DAY, (-tiz-de,) pret. of shrive, to take a confession. See Tipe and Tuespay.] Confession-time ; confession-Tuesday ; the Tues- day after Quinquagesima Sunday, or the day imme- diately preceding the first of Lent, or Ash Wednes- day ; on which day, all the people of England, when Roman Catholics, were obliged to confess their sins one by one to their parish priests; after which they dined on pancakes or fritters. The latter practice still continues. The bell rung on this day is vul- garly called PANCAKE- BELL, and the day itself Pan- CAKE-l'UESDAY. P. Cyc. Brande. SHROV'ING, n. The festivity of Shrove-tide, SHRUB, n. [Sax. scrob, G. scroff, rugged; In. sgra- bach, rough. See Scrun. ] A low, dwarf tree ; a woody plant of a size less than a tree ; or, more strictly, a plant with several permanent w oody stems, dividing from the bottoin, more slender and lower than intrees; a plant with several woody stems from the same root. Encyc. Martyn. Gooseberries and currants are shrubs; oaks and cherries are trees. ocke. Sy 3 SHRUB, 2. [Ar WwW a yi shurbon, drink, and from the same source, drink, to imbibe, whence L. sorbco. and Axsors.] ‘ A liquor composed of acid and sugar, with spirit to Diese nye it; usually the acid of lemons. SHRUB, v. t. He clear of shrubs. Anderson. SHRUB’ BER- Wis Shrubs in general. 2. A plants on of shrubs. SHRUB’/BI-NESS, nx. ‘The state or quality of being shrubby. SHRUB/BING, SHRUB! BY, a. 2. Resembling a shrub ; curled. sirup. The Arabic verb signifies to See SHERBET ppr. Clearing of shrubs. Full of shrubs; as, a shrubby plain. as, plants shrubby and Mortimer. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; & as Z; CH as SH FH as in THIS. | To contract into wrinkles 3; tocause | 1027 Seine Saat \ ed _ ~ , - ee eg apt ra nee 2ses ae te ~ ek Sa a tars Ee, ee enema aeeeniaentie 4, ’ . ! ; ! a it a ie | 3 ' £ # - Pa ae Re aie a oa es en SHRUB'!LESS, a. SHRUFF, 2. [G. schroff, rugged. ] SHRUG, v. t. [This word is probably formed from the SHU 3, Consisting of shrubs or brush; as, shrubby browse. Philips. 4. A shrubby plant is perennial, with several woody stems. Martyn. Having no shrubs. Dross ; recrement of metals. {Not in use-] Dict. root of G. rtiken, the back, D. rug, Sax. hric or hryg, the back, a ridge, W. crug, a heap, crwg, a crook, L. ruga, a wrinkle, Eng. rough. | To draw up; to contract; a ders. ‘T'he word seems to be limited in its use to the shoulders, and to denote a particular motion which raises the shoulders and rounds the back. SHRUG, ». 1. Ww up in expressing horror or dissatisfaction. They grin, they shrug, They bow, they snarl, they scratch, they hug. Swift. SHRUG, x. A drawing up of the shoulders ; a motion usually expressing dislike or slight contempt. The Spaniards talk in dialogues Of heads and shoulders, nods and shrugs. SHRUG/GING, ppr. Drawing up, as the shoulders. SHRUNK, pret. and pp. of SHRINK. SHRUNK/EN, pp. of SHRINK. [Nearly absolete. | SHUCK, 2. A shell or covering ; a husk or pod. Halliwell. SHUD/DER, v. i. [G. schaudern, schiitteln ; D. schud- den. This word contains the same elements as the L. quatio. To quake; to tremble or shake with fear, horror, or aversion ; to shiver. I love —alas! I shudder at the name. SHUD/DER, n. A tremor; a shaking with fear or horror. Shak. SHUD/DER-ING, ppr. or a. Trembling or shaking with fear or horror ; quaking. SHUD/DER-ING, n A trembling or shaking with fear or horror. SHUD/DER-ING-LY, adv. With tremor. SHUF’FLE, v.t. [D. schoffelen, to shove, to shovel, to shuffle; dim. of SHove. See SHove and Scur- FLE. | 1. Properly, to shove one way and the other; to push from one to another; as, to shuffle money from hand to hand. Locke. 29. To mix by pushing or shoving ; to confuse ; to throw into disorder ; especially, to change the relative positions of cards in the pack. Aman may shuffe cards or rattle dice from noon to midnight, without tracing a new idea in his mind, Rambler. 3. To remove or introduce by artificial confusion. It was contrived by your enemies, and shuffled into the papers that were seized. Dryden. To shuffle off; to push off; to rid one’s self of. When you lay blame to a child, he will attempt to shuffle it off To shuffle up; to throw togethe in haste; to make up or form in confusion or with fraudulent dis- order ; as, he shuffled up a peace. Howell. SHUF’FLE, v.i. Tochange the relative position of cards in a pack by little shoves; as, to shuffle and cut. 2. To change the position; to shift ground ; to prevaricate; to evade fair questions; to practice shifts to elude detection. Hiding my honor in my necessity, J am fain to shuffle. Shak. 3. To struggle; to shift. Your life, good master, Must shuffle for itself. Shak. 4. To move with an irregular gait ; as, a shuffling Hudibras. Smith. nag. 5. To shove the feet; to scrape the floor in dan- cing. aoe) Shak. SHUF/FLE, zn. Ashoving, pushing, or jostling; the act of mixing and throwing into confusion by change of places. The unguided agitation and rude shuffles of matter. Bentley. 9. An evasion ; atrick; anartifice. L’Estrange. SHUE/FLE-BOARD ; the old spelling of SHovet- Boar. SHUF/FLE-€AP, n. A play performed by shaking money in a hat or cap. Arbuthnot. SHUF/FLED, pp. Moved by little shoves ; mixed. SHUF/FLER, 7. One that shuffles or prevaricates ; one that plays tricks; one that shuffles cards. SHUF/FLING, ppr. Moving by little shoves one way and the other; changing the places of cards; pre- varicating ; evading ; playing tricks. 9. a. Evasive; as, a shuffling excuse. SILUF/FLING, n. The act of throwing into confu- sion, or of changing the relative position of things s, to shrug the shoul- | SHUN/LESS, a. SHUN/NED, (shund,) pp. To raise or draw up the shoulders, as | SHUN/NING, ppr. SHUNT, n. [Contraction of shun it.] turning off to a short rail, that the principal rail may | gy ; SHURK. SHUT, v. t. ; pret. and pp. SHUT. tan, to bolt or make fast, to shut in. This seems to] g7-AL/O-GOGUB, (si-al’o-gog,) n. [Gr. ciadov, sali- SHY 1. To avoid; to keep clear of ; not to fall on or come in contact with; as, to shun rocks and shoals in navigation. In shunning Scylla, take care to avoid Charybdis. 9, To avoid; not to mix or associate with; as, to shun evil company. 3, To avoid ; not to practice ; as, to shun vice. . To avoid ; to escape ; as, to shun a blow. . To avoid ; to decline ; to neglect. I have not shunned to declare the whole counsel of God. — Acts qa x ob a SHY, v. i. Not to be avoided ; inevitable ; un- avoidable ; as, shunless destiny. [Little used. | Shak. Avoided. Avoiding; keeping clear from ; declining. In railways, & be left free. [ England. ] Smart. See SHARK. [Sax. scittan, scyt- be derived from or connected with scyttel, a bolt or bar, a scuttle, scytta, a shooter, an archer, scytan, sceo- tan, scotian, to shoot, D. schutten, to stop, defend, par- ry, pound, confine, which seems to be allied to schut- ter, a shooter. schiitze, a shooter ; Dan. skytter, to defend ; skytte, a shooter ; Sw. skydda, to defend ; skytt, a marksman. The sense of these words is expressed by shoot, and this is the primary sense of a bolt that fastens, from thrusting, driving.] 1. To close so as to hinder ingress or egress; a8, | STB/ER-ITB, n. Red tourmaline. Ure. to shut a door or gate; to shut the eyes or the mouth, SIB/I-LANT, a. , sibilo, to hiss, Fr. sifler; Russ. 2. To prohibit ; to bar ; to forbid entrance into ; as, to shut the ports of a kingdom by a blockade. Shall that be shut to man, which to the beast Is open? Milton. 3. To preclude ; to exclude. But shut from every shore. Dryden. 4. To close, as the fingers; to contract; as, to shut the hand. To shut in; to inclose ; to confine. And the Lord shut him in. — Gen. vii. 9. Spoken of points of land, when by the progress of aship one point is brought to cover or intercept the view of another. It is then said, we shut in such a point, we shut in the land ; or one point shuts im an- other. To shut out; to preclude from entering; to deny admission to; to exclude; as, to shut out rain by @ tight roof. An interesting subject occupying the mind, shuts owt all other thoughts. To shut up ; to close; to make fast the entrances jnto; as, to shut up a house. 2. To obstruct. Dangerous rocks shut up the passage. Ralegh. 3, To confine; to imprison ; to lock or fasten in; as, to shut up a prisoner. 4. To confine by legal or moral restraint, Before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up to the faith, which should afterward be revealed. — Gal. iil. 5. To end; to terminate; to conclude. When the scene of life is shut up, the slave will be above his master, if he has acted better. Collier. SHUT, v.21. To close itself; to be closed. The door shuts of itself; it shuts hard. Certain flowers shut at night, and open in the day. SHUT, pp. Closed ; having the entrance barred. 2. a. Rid; clear; free. ? Estrange. SHUT, 7. Close; the act of closing ; as, the shut of a door; the shut of evening. [Little used.] Dryden. 9. A small door or cover, But SHurrer is more enerally used. SHUT’TER, n. , This may be radically 1. Weak in intellect; foolish; witless; destitute of ordinary strength of mind; simple; as, a silly 9, Proceeding from want of understanding or com- mon judgment; characterized by weakness or fol- ly ; unwise ; as, silly thoughts ; silly actions ; a silly SIL/LY-HOW, n. ‘The membrane that covers the rendered smooth and lustrous ; made white or hoary. SIL! VER-FIR, (-fur,) x. A species of fir. Berkeley. SIL’/VER-FISH, n. A fish of the size of a small carp, having a white color, striped with silvery lines. silver. South. rendering white. silvering of copper or brass. Encyc. 2. The silver thus laid on. SIL/VER- LEAF, zn. Silver beaten into a thin leaf. SIL/VER-LING, n. A silvercoin. Js. vil. Shak. of which the precious metals form a part. Africa. Loudon. Potentilla. the appearance of silver; white ; of a mild luster. Of all the enameled race whose silvery wing Waves to the tepid zephyrs of the spring. Pope. 2. Besprinkled or covered with silver. SILT’ING, ppr. Choking, filling, or obstructing with SLMARE’, SIM/I-A, 7. [L., an ape.] A general name of the va- SIM'I-LAR, a. [Fr. similaire ; It. simile ; Sp. similar ; SIM-I-LAR/LTY, n. Likeness; resemblance; as, a SIM/I-LAR-LY, adv. In like manner; with resem- SIL/VER-ED, pp. Covered with a thin coat of silver ; A woman’s robe. [Vot in use.] Dryden. rious tribes of monkeys. L. similis; W. heval, hevalyz; from mal, like, Gr. buados. The Welsh mal signifies, small, light, ground, bruised, smooth, allied to mill, W. malu, to grind. But I am not confident that these words are of one family.] Like ; resembling ; having a like form or appear- ance. Similar may signify, exactly alike, or having a general likeness, a likeness in the principal points. Things perfectly similar in their nature must be of the same essence, or homogeneous ; but we eenerally understand similar to denote a likeness that is not perfect. Many of the statutes of Connecticut are similar to the statutes of Massachusetts on the same subjects. The manners of the several States of New England are similar, the people being derived from common ancestors. In geometry, similar rectilineal figures are such as have their several angles respectively equal each to each, and their sides about the equal angles propor- tional. Swnilar solids are such as are contained by the same number of similar planes, similarly situat- ed, and having like inclination to one another. Brande. similarity of features. There is a great similarity in the features of the Laplanders and Samoiedes, but little similarity between the features of Europeans and the woolly-haired Africans, blance. eu. SIM/I-LAR-Y. The same as SiMIvar. SIM/I-LE, n. [L.] In rhetoric, similitude ; a com- parison of two things, which, however different in other respects, have some strong point or points of resemblance ; by which comparison the character or qualities of a thing are illustrated, or presented in an impressive light. Thus the eloquence of Demosthe- nes was like a rapid torrent; that of Cicero like a Jarge stream that glides smoothly along with majes- tic tranquillity. SEMIL'I-TER, xn. [L., in like manner.] In law, the technical designation of the form by which either party, in pleading, accepts the issue tendered by his opponent. Brande. SI-MIL/I-TUDE, n. [Fr., from L. similitudo. | 1. Likeness ; resemblance ; likeness in nature, qualities, or appearance ; as, similitude of substance. Bacon. Let us make man in our image, man In our similitude. Fate some future bard shall join In sad similitude of griefs to mine. Pope, 9, Comparison ; simile. [See Smm1Le.] Tasso, in his similitudes, never departed from the woods. Dryden, Milton. SI-_MIL-I-TU/DIN-A-RY, a. Denoting resemblance or comparison. ; oke. SIM/L-LOR, n. An alloy of copper and zinc resem- bling brass, but of a golden color. Ure. SIM/I-OUS, a. [L. simia.] Pertaining to or like a monkey. SIM/I-TAR. See Cimerer. SIM/MER, v.% [Qu. Gr. Gupn, [nn0@, to ferment. ] To boil gently, or with a gentle hissing. Simmer- ing is incipient ebullition, when little bubbles are formed on the edge of the liquor next to the vessel, These are occasioned by the escape of heat and SIL’/VER-HAIR-ED, a. Having hair of the color of vapor. SIM/MER-ING, ppr. Boiling gently. A kind of sweet cake; a bun. SILMO/NLA€, n. [Fr. simoniaque. See Simony.] to the fry of the coal-fish, which is allied to the cod- NOOR : : SIL/VER-ING, n. The art, operation, or practice of One who buys or sells preferment in the church. covering the surface of any thing with silver ; as, the ; Ayliffe. SIL/VER-SMITH, n. [silver and smith.] One whose occupation is to work in silver, or in manufactures SIL’ VER-THIS-TLE, (-this/l,) n. [silver and thistle. ] plant. SIL’ VER-TREE, ». An evergreen shrub, or small tree, of the genus Leucadendron, a native of South f SIL/VER-WEED, x. A perennial plant, of the genus SIL/VER-Y, 2. [from silver.] Like silver ; having SIM-O-NY/A€-AL, a. Guilty of simony. Spectator. 9. Consisting in simony, or the crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical preferment; as, a simoniacal presentation, SIM-O-NY/A€-AL-LY, adv. With the guilt or offense of simony. SI-MO/NI-ANS, n. pl. The followers of Simon Ma- Saint Simonians. See Saint SIMONIANS. gus. SI-MO'NL-OUS, a. Partaking of simony; given to simony. Milton. SIM/ON-Y, x. [from Simon Magus, who wished to purchase the power of conferring the Holy Spirit. Acts Viii.] The crime of buying or selling ecclesiastical pre- ferment; or the corrupt presentation of any one to an ecclesiastical benefice for money or reward. By stat. 31 Elizabeth, c. vi., severe penalties are enacted against this crime. SI-MOOM/,) n. A hot, dry wind, that blows occa- SLMOON’, sionally in Arabia, Syria, and the neighboring countries, generated by the extreme heat SY/MA. See Cyrma. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK — of the parched deserts or sandy plains. Its approach ———— ee!SIM is indicated by a redness in the air, and its fatal effects were formerly supposed to be avoided by fall- lug on the face and holding the breath. Encyc. P. Cyc. SI/MOUS, a. one with a flat nose, Gr. ols. 1. Having a very flat or snub nose, with the end turned up. 2, Concave ; as, the simous part of the liver. Brown. SIM’/PER, v. t. To smile ina silly manner. Shak. SIM’PER, x. A smile with an air of silliness. Addison. Smiling foolishly. The act of smiling with [L. simo, SIM/PER-ING, ppr. or a. SIM’/PER-ING, n. silliness. SIM’/PER-ING-LY, adv. With a silly smile. SIM’PLE, a. [Fr., from L. simpler; sine, and plex, plica, doubling, fold ; It. semplice. | I. Single ; consisting of one thing; uncom- pounded ; unmingled ; uncombined with any thing else ; as, a simple substance; a simple idea; a simple sound. Vatts, 2. Plain; artless; not given to design, stratagem, or duplicity ; undesigning ; sincere ; harmless. Hubbard, unconstrained ; inartifi- an air of Without, A stmple husbandman in garments gray. 3. Artless; unaffected ; Cial ; plain. In simple manners all the secret lies. _4. Unadorned ; plain; as, a simple style or narra- tion ; a simple dress. _5. Not complex or complicated ; as, a machine of simple construction. 6. Weak in intellect ; not wise or sagacious 3 Silly. The simple believeth every to his going. — Proy. x Young. word; but the prudent looketh well iv. 7. In botany, undivided, as a root, stem, or spike ; only one on a petiole, as a simple | 2af; only one ona peduncle, as a simple flower; having only one set of rays, as an umbel ; having only one series of leaflets, as, a simple calyx; not plumose or feathered, as a pappus. Martyn. Simple, when applied to minerals and rocks. has reference to their homogeneousness, and not to the number of elements which enter into their composi- tion. Encyc. Dryden. A simple body, in chemistry, is one that has not been decomposed, or separated into two or more ele- mentary bodies. SIM/PLE, x. Something not mixed or compounded. In the materia medica, the general denomination of an herb or plant, as each vegetable is supposed to possess its particular virtue, and therefore to consti- tute a simple remedy. SIM’PLE, v. i. To gather simples or plants, As simpling on the flowery hills he strayed. SIM/PLE-HEART’ED, a. Garth. Having a simple heart. Scott. Artless ; undesigning ; un- Blackstone. SIM’PLE-MIND/ED, a. suspecting. SIM’/RLE-MIND/ED-NESS, x. Artlessness. SIM’PLE MIN/ER-AL, n. A mineral composed of a single substance. Rocks are generally aggregates of several simple minerals cemented together. SIM’/PLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of being simple, single, or uncompounded ; as, the simpleness of the elements. Digby. 2. Artlessness ; simplicity. 3. Weakness of intellect. SIM‘PLER, 7. One that collects simples ; an herbal- ist ; a simplist, SIM’/PLESS, for Simexiciry or Sriurness, is not in use. Spenser. SIM'PLE-TON, (-pl-tun,) 2. A silly person ; a per- son of weak intellect; a trifler; a foolish person. Pope. SIM-PLI//CIAN, (sim-plish/an,) n. An ares sn skilled, or undesigning person. Arnway, SIM-PLIC/I-TY, n. [L. simplicitas; Fr. simplicité ; It. simplicita ; Sp. supieiaae } 1. Singleness ; the state of being unmixed or un- compounded ; as, the simplicity of metals or of earths, 2, The state of being not complex, or of consisting of few parts; as, the simplicity of a machine. 3. Artlessness of mind ; freedom from a propensity to cunning or stratagem ; freedom from duplicity ; sincerity. Marquis Dorset, a man for his harmless simplicity neither mis- liked nor much regarded, Hayward, 4, Plainness; freedom from artificial ornament ; as, the simplicity of dress, of style, of language, &c. Simplicity in writing is the first of excellences. 5. Plainness; freedom from subtilty or abstruse- ness; as, the simplicity of scriptural doctrines or truth. 6. Weakness of intellect ; silliness. Hooker. 2 Godly simplicity, in Scripture, is a fair, open pro- fession and practice of evangelical truth, with a single view to obedience and to the glory of God. SIM-PLI-FI-€A/TION,n. [See Srmpxiry.] The act SIN of making simple.; the act of reducing to simplicity, or to a state not complex. Ch. Ob SIM/PLI-FI-ED, pp. Made simple or not complex. SIM/PLLFY, v. t. [L. simplex, simple, and facio, to make ; Fr. swmplifier. ] To make simple; to reduce what is complex to greater simplicity ; to make plain or easy. The collection of duties is drawn to a point, and so far simplt- ed. Hamilton. It is important, in scientific pursuits, to be cautious in simplifying our decluctions. Nicholson. This is the true way to simplify the study of science. voisier, Trans, Making simple; rendering Ss SIM’PLI-FY-ING, ppr. less complex. SIM/PLIST, 7. plants. SIM’/PLO-CE. See Symeptoce. SIM’PLY, adv. Without art; without subtilty ; art- lessly ; plainly. Subyerting worldly strong and worldly wise By simply meek. 2. Of itself; without addition ; alone. They make that good or evil, which otherwise of itself were not simply the one nor the other. One skilled in simples or medical TOW. Milton. ooker, 3. Merely; solely. Simply the thing Iam Shall make me live. Shak, 4. Werkly ; foolishly. SIM/U-LA-€HRE, n. [L. simulacrum. | An image. [Not in use.] SIM'U-LAR, n. [See Simucare.] ulates or counterfeits something. Shak. SIM’U-LATE, v, t. [L. simulo, from similis, like.] To feign; to counterfeit; to assume the mere ap- pearance of something, without the reality. The wicked often simulate the virtuous and good. SIM/U-LATE, a. [L. simulatus.] Feigned ; pretended. Bale. SIM'U-LA-TED, pp. or a. Feigned; pretended; as- sumed artificially. Chesterfield. SIM/U-LA-TING, ppr. Feigning ; pretending; as- suming the appearance of what is not real. SIM-U-LA/TION, xn. [Fr., from L. stmulatio. | The act of feigning to be that which one is not ; the assumption of a deceitful appearance or charac- ter. Simulation differs from. dissimulation. The for- mer denotes the assuming of a false character; the latter denotes the concealment of the true character. Both are comprehended in the word Hypocrisy. SI-MUL-TAa/NE-OUS, a. [Fr. simultanée ; Sp. simul- taneo; from L. simul, at the same time. } Existing or happening at the same time; as, simul- taneous events. The exchange of ratifications may be simultaneous. I-MUL-TA/NE-OUS-LY, adv.. At the same time. I-MUL-TA’/NE-OUS-NESS, xn. The state or quality of being or happening at the same time; as, the si- multaneousness of transactions in two different places. SIM/UL-TY, n. [L. stimultas.] Private grudge or quarrel. Elyot. One who sim- [Not in use.] s S [ot in use.] . Jonson. SIN, n. [Sax. sin and syn; G, stinde; D. zonde; Sw. and Dan. synd; Lapponic, Finnish. sindia; allied perhaps to Ir. sainim, to alter, to vary, to sunder. The primary sense is, probably, to depart, to wan- der. ] 1, The voluntary departure of a moral agent from a known rule of rectitude or duty, prescribed by God ; any voluntary transgression of the divine law, or violation of a divine command; a wicked act; iniquity. Sin is either a positive act in which a Known divine law is violated, or it is the voluntary neglect to obey a positive divine command, or a rule of duty clearly implied in such command. Sin com- prehends not actions only, but neglect of known duty, all evil thoughts, purposes, words, and desires, what- ever is contrary to God’s commands or law. 1 John lil. Jatt. xv. James iv. Sinners neither enjoy the pleasures of sin, nor the peace of piety. Rob. Hail. Among divines, sin is original or actual. Actual sin, above defined, is the act of a moral agent in vi- olating a known rule of duty, Original sin, as gen- erally understood, is native depravity of heart ; that want of conformity of heart to the divine will, that corruption of nature or deterioration of the moral character of man, which is supposed to be the effect of Adam/’s apostasy, and which manifests itself in moral agents by positive acts of disobedience to the divine will, or by the voluntary neglect to comply with the express commands of God, which require that we should Jove God with all the heart, and soul, and strength, and mind, and our neighbor as ourselves. This native depravity, or alienation of affections from God and his law, is supposed to be what the apostle calls the carnal mind or mindedness, which is enmity against God, and is therefore denominated sin or sinfulness. Unpardonable sin, or blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, is supposed to be a malicious and obstinate re- jection of Christ and the gospel plan of salvation, or SIN & contemptuous resistance made and convictions of the Holy Spirit. 2. A sin-offering ; sin. He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no ain. — 2 Cor.y. 3. A man enormously wicked. [Wot in use, | OSs ; : Sliak. Sin differs from crime, not in nature, but in appli- cation. That which is a crime against Society, is sin against God. IN, v.7. [Sax. singian, syngian.] 1. To depart voluntarily from the path of duty pre- scribed by God to man; to violate the divine Jaw in any particular, by actual transgression, or by the neg- lect or non-observance of its junctions; to violate any known rule of duty. All have sinned and come short of the glory of God. — Rom. iii. lt is followed by against. Against thee, thee only, have I sinned. — Pa. li. 2. To offend against right, against men or society ; to trespass. to the influences Matt. xii. an offering made to atone for Tama man More sinned against than sinning. Shak, And who but wishes to invert the laws f order, sins against th’ eternal cause. Pope. SIN, for Since, [Scot. syne,] is obsolete or vulgar: SI-NA-IT‘I€, a. [from Sinai, the mountain.] Per- taining to Mount Sinai; given or made at Sinai. Macknicht. SIN/A-PIS-IN, . | SINGE/ING, ppr. Burning the surface. care, mA office which has revenue without employment ; in church affairs, a benefice without cure of souls. [ Dias is the original and proper sense of the word.| Sj’/NE-€UR-ISM, n. The state of having a sinecure. | q Si/NE-€UR-IST, n. One who has a sinecure. = SI/NE DIE, [L., without day.} An adjournment sine die is an adjournment witbout fixing the time of | q resuming business or reassembling. When a defend- | ~ ant is suffered to go sine die, he is dismissed the court. C SIN/E-PITE, x. [L. sinape, mustard.] 5 Something resembling mustard seed. De Costa. SI/NE QUA NON; [L.] _ Without which a thing can not be; hence, an indispensable condition. SIN/EW, (sin’nu,) 2. [Sax. sinu, sinw, sinwe; G. sehne; D. zenuw; Sw.sena; Dan. sene or seene. 7 ; ; Setanta ‘ , d 4 dee) eee he | ginG/ING-MAS-TER, n. A music-master; one that primary sense is, stretched, strained, whence the sense of strong; G. sehnen, to long; Ir. sinnim, tO} giInGiING-WOM-AN, 7. strain. | 1. In anatomy, a tendon; that which unites a mus- | AlN Be : : Ys z SINGLE, (sing’gl,) a [L. singulus; probably from cle to a bone. 2, In the plural, strength; or rather that which supplies strength. Money is the sinews of war. ; Dryden. 3. Muscle; nerve. Davies. SIN/DW, v.t. To knit as by sinews. Shak. SIN/EW-ED, (sin/nide,) a. Furnished with sinews ; as, a strong-sinewed youth. 9, Strong; firm; vigorous. When he sees Ourselves well sinewed to our defense. Shak. SIN/EW-LESS, a. Having no strength or vigor. SIN/EW-SHRUNK, a. Gaunt-bellied; having the sinews under the belly shrunk by excess of fatigue, as a horse. Far. Dict. SIN/EW-Y, a. Consisting of a sinew or nerve. The sinewy thread my brain lets fall. Donne. 9, Nervous; strong; well braced with sinews ; vigorous; firm; as, the sinewy Ajax. Shak. The northern people are large, fair complexioned, strong, sin- ewy, and courageous, Hale, SIN/FUL,a. [from sin.] Tainted with sin; wicked ; iniquitous ; criminal ; unholy ; as, sinful men. Ah, sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity |! —Is. 1. 9, Containing sin, or consisting in sin; contrary to the laws of God ; as, sinful actions ; sinful thoughts ; sinful words. SIN/FUL-LY, adv. In a manner which the laws of | God do not permit; wickedly ; iniquitously ; crim- | inally. SIN/FUL-NESS, n. The quality of being sinful or contrary to the divine will; wickedness ; iniquity ; criminality ; as, the sinfulness of an action ; the sin- fulmess of thoughts or purposes. 9, Wickedness; corruption; depravity; as, the sinfulness of men or of the human race. SING, v. i.; pret. Sunc, Sana; pp. SuNG. [Sax. sin- gan, syngan ; Goth. siggwan; G. singen; D. zingen; Sw. siunca; Dan. synger. It would seem from the Gothic that n is casual, and the elements Sg. If so, it coincides with say and seck, all signifying to strain, SING/ER, nz. SING/ING-LY, adv. With sounds like singing ; with SING/ING-MAN, 2. [singing and man.] Aman who {from sing.] One that sings. 9. One versed in music, or one whose occupation is to sing; as, a chorus of singers. Driden. 3. A bird that sings. Bacon. ING/ING, ppr. or a. Uttering melodious or musical notes; making a shrill sound; celebrating in song ; reciting in verse. ING/ING, n. The act of uttering sounds with musi- cal intonations ; musical articulation ; the utterance of melodious tones. Cant. il. ING/ING-BOQK, n. A music-book, as it ought to be called; a book containing tunes. a kind of tune. Norti. sings, or is employed to sing 5 as in cathedrals. Addison. teaches vocal music. A woman employed to a root that signifies to separate. | 1. Separate; one; only ; individual ; consisting of one only ; as,a single star; a single city ; a single act. 9, Particular; individual. No single man is born with a right of controlling the opinions of all the rest. Pope. 3. Uncompounded. Simple ideas are opposed to complex, and single to coropo nnd: ‘atts. 4, Alone; having no companion or assistant. Who single hast maintained, Against revolted multitudes, the cause of truth. Milton. 5. Unmarried; as, a single man ; a single woman. 6. Not double; not complicated, as, a single thread ; a single strand of a rope. 7. Performed with one person or antagonist on a side, or with one person only opposed to another ; as, a single fight; a single combat. 8, Pure; simple; incorrupt; unbiased ; having clear vision of divine truth, Matt. vi. 9. Small; weak; silly. [Obs] Beaum. & Fl. Shak. SIN’/GU-LAR, (sing’gu-lar,) 4. 5 3, SIN’GLIN, n A single gleaning; 4 handful of gleaned grain. [ Local. | SIN'GLING, ppr. Selecting from among a number SINGLY, adv. i Individually ; particularly ; as, to make men singly and personally good, Tulotson. 9. Only ; by himself. Look thee, ’tis so, thou singly honest man. Shak. 3, Without partners, companions, or associates , | as, to attack another singly. At ombre singly to decide their doom. Driylen. 1 4. Honestly ; sincerely. || NG/-SONG, n. A term for bad singing or for | drawling. [Fr. singulier; L. singularis, from singulus, single. ] Single ; not complex or compound. That idea which represents one determinate thing, is called a sin- gular idea, whether simple, complex, or compound. Waite. 2, In grammar, expressing one person OF thing; as, the singular number. The singular numbel stands opposed to dual and plural. 3. Particular; existing by itself; unexampled ; as, a singular phenomenon. Your case is hard, but not singular. 4. Remarkable; eminent; unusual; rare; as, a man of singular gravity, Or singular attainments. 5. Not common; odd; implying something censu- rable or not approved. His zeal None seconded, as singular and rash, 6. Being alone; that of which there is but one. 1 empresses are scarce, an 1 some If} Milton. These busts of the emperors ant of them almost singular in their kind. SIN//GU-LAR, 2. A particular instance. [Unusual.} | JMore. SIN//GU-LAR-IST, m. One who affects singularity. SIN//GU-LAR/LTY, n. [Fr- singularité. | 1. Peculiarity ; some character or quality of a thing by which it is distinguished from all, or from most others. Pliny addeth this singularity to that very falling of the seeds yi Ideth corn. 9. An uncommon character or form ; something curious or remarkable. I took notice of this little figure for the singularity of ment. 3. Particular privilege, prerogative, or distinction. of singularity, Addison. soil, that the second year the Addison. the instru- Addison. No bishop of Rome ever took upon hirn this naine (universal bishop.) Hooker. Catholicism —1nust be unde rstood in opposition to the ! eal sin- Pearson. gularity of the Jewish n ation. 4. Character or trait of character different from that of others. The singularity of living according to the strict precepts of the gospel is highly to be commended. 5, Oddity. 6. Celibacy. pee in use. | J. Taylor. SIN//GU-LAR-IZE, v. t. To make single. [JVot in use. StaiGU-LAR-LY, adv. Pecviliarly ; in a manner OF degree not common to others. It is no disgrace to be singularly good, 2. Oddly ; strangely. 10. In botany, a single flower is when there is only one on a stem, and in common usage, one not double. Martyn. SIN!'GLE, (sing’gl,) v. ¢. To select, as an individual person or thing from among a number ; to choose one from others. A dog who can single out his master in the dark. 2. To sequester; to withdraw ; to retire ; aS, an agent singling itself from comforts. [JVot used.] Hlooker. 3. To take alone; as, men commendable when singled from society. [Vot in Use. | Hooker. 4. To separate. Sidney. SIN’GLED, pp. Selected from among a number, Bacon. man only. SIN/'GLE-HEART-ED, a. Having no duplicity. M ore. urge, press, or drive. | 1, To utter sounds with various inflections or me- Jodious modulations of voice, as fancy may dictate, or according to the notes of a song o} tune. The noise of them that sing do I hear. — Ex, xxrxii. 9. To utter sweet or melodious sounds, as birds. It is remarkable that the female of no species of birds ever sings. And singing birds in silver cages hung. 3. To make a small, shrill sound ; as, the air sings in passing through a crevice. O’er his head the flying spear Sang innocent, and spent its force in air, Pope. 4. To tell or relate something in numbers or verse. Dryden. Sing OF human hope by cross events destroyed. Prior. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MAR SIN’GLE-MIND-ED, a. Having a single purpose. é Sedgwick. a SIN//GLE-NESS, z. The state of being one only or SIN/IS-T separate from all others ; the opposite of doubleness complication, or multiplicity. 9. Simplicity ; sincerity ; purity of mind or pur pose ; freedom from duplicity ; as, singleness of be lief; singleness of heart. Hooker. Law. SIN//GLES, (sing/glz,) n. pl. The reeled filaments of silk, twisted to give them firmness. SIN/GLE-SEED-ED, a. Containing one seed only. SIN//GLE-STICK, n. © ~ 9. A woman of the same faith; a female fellow- ae t. To keep the seat upon. He sits a horse well. Christian. [ This phrase ts elliptical. | SISS, v. town well situated for trade or manufactures; an observatory well situated for observation of the stars. New York is situated in the forty-first degree of north latitude. regard to men or things. Observe how the executor is situated with respect to the heirs. SIT-U-A'TION, zn. [Pr.; It. situazione. | else. The situation of London is more favorable for foreign commerce than that of Paris. The situation of a stranger among people of habits differing from his own, can not be pleasant. and tranquillity. sons in a dramatic scene. Johnson. department, or under government. SY/VA, n. In Indian mythology, a title of the Supreme SIV/AN,zn. The third month of the Jewish ecclesias- June. SIV-A-THE/RI-UM, n. [ Siva, an Indian deity, and 9. Placed or being in any state or condition with 1. Position; seat; location in respectto something > I 5 9. State; condition. He enjoysa situation of ease 3. Circumstances ; temporary state ; used of per- TN 4. Place; office. He has a situation in the war 3eing, in the character of the avenger or destroyer. tical year, answering to part of our May and part of Gr, Onpiov, a wild animal. | An extinct animal, whose skull and other hones were recently discovered in India. It had four horns and a proboscis; was larger than the rhinoce- e s t C esuit i —_— 4 ° 3 : . Z Batis i. eee ee ea 2. To sit me down, to sw him down, to stl them down, ros, and must have resembled an immense antelope, 3. A female of the same Kind sia. | eaivalent oT eated mast ee from sc | an oe 4. One of the same kind, or of the same condi- ee cena Sea evan oie ; SIX,a. [Fr. siz; L. sex; It. sevs Sp. sews; D. zes; G. | tion ; as, sister fruits. ope: proprie y sechs 5 Dan. and Sw. sex; Sax. siz; Gr. ef. Qu. | 5, A fenale of the same society, as the nuns of a They sat them down to weep. Milton. Sans. shashta, Heb. UU shish.] \| convent. 3. ‘The court zas sat,” an expression of Addison, Twice three; one Mor’ than five. } SIS/TER, v.t. To resemble closely. [Little Bene) is a gross impropriety. SIX, Ts The number of six, or twice three. 1 Shak. SITE, n. [L. situs, Eng. seat ; from the root of L, To be at six and seven, OF, as more generally used, | SIS'TER, v. % To be akin; to be near to. [Little| sedeo, to sit. The Roman pronunciation was seetus.} at sixes and sevens, is to be in disorder. \| is Shak. 1. Situation; local position; as, the site of a city a cs Bacon. Swift. Shak. | SIS/TER-HQOD, n. [sister and hood.| Sisters col- or of a house. SIX FOLD, gz [six and fold j WAX. Si and feald.} lectively, or a society of sisters; or a society of fe- 9, A seat or ground-plot ; as, a mill-site. But we Six times repeated; six double; six times as | males united in one faith or order. Addison. usually say, mill-seat, by which we understand the} — much. tem i Set : place where a mill stands, or a place convenient for | SIX‘! ENCE, 7. [siz and pence.] An English silver | coin of the value of six pennies ; half a shilling. | 9, The office or duty of asister. [Little used. | SIS/TER-IN-LAW, 7. A husband’s or wife’s sister. a mill. : j Ruth. 3. The posture of a thing with respect to itself. The semblance of a lover fixed In melancholy site. é Thomson. SIS’/TER-LY, a. Like a sister; becoming a sister; affectionate ; as, sisterly kindness. SIS/TRUM, n. [Gr. cecorpov, from cera, to shake.] [ This is improper. | A kind of timbrel which the Egyptian priests Of)! Gerny ; . : : ae eg 5 ; aced; situated. [Vot Ssé.] Spenser. Isis used to shake at the festivals of that goddess. Ke » e ener bee ater eae ne is ranaes wing on a horse’s hack under the saddle ee SIS'Y-PHUS,n. [L., from Gr.] In fabulous history, a eee ee enone robber or traitor notorious for his cunning, and whose | grpy. adv [Sax. sith, siththan } sre nLeY Ce » 3 a alAe oO >* sbi ° = » q S crimes were punished by his being compelled to roll arama eat ORR Se : soe to the top of a hill a huge stone, which constantly en a yes oe: fOzsa) eee: recoiled, and made his task incessant. Brande. SYEHE, es q ave L bs. ] PETS ERs SIT, v. i; pret. Sar; old pp. SITTEN. (Goth. sitan ; STH ENCE. fe me 5 ae >$ady, [Sax. siththan.] Sax. sitan or sittan; D. zitten; G. sitzen ; Sw. sitta; TCS : “ SITH’ES Dan. sidder; L. sedeo; It. sedere; Fr. seour, whence arnear in later times. [ Obs.] Seton >: , ROBO y ; ‘ Se Ss s Ser. asseoir, to set Or place, to lay, to assess, from the | grprpER n. [from sit.] One that Sits The Turks participle of which we have assise, assize, a sitting, | ~ A rant sitter 4 anon sASSIC 7 3 yt y : “etl . 7 ~ pm 4 suet Se ° ES hence size, by contraction; W. seza, to 9, A bird that sits or incubates Mortimer. sit habitually ; au eee ; gorsez, a Supreme seat ; SIT’ TING ppr. ora, Resting on the buttocks a er SEZ eside; . aseza, diaseza, sizhe egal, 5 Be ren eee a . ma : POTSELUs) LOR DIESIDG so omni occa? Bianez a, sStalLeay O the feet, as fowls ; incubating; brooding ; being in sit ; Ir. suidhim, eisidhim, and sezsim 5 Corn. seadha, to he actual exercise of authority bet ae sit. It coincides with the Ch. and Heb. 70. and thetactual| exercise) Of ano YG assembled Heb. mw, to set, place, or found, and perhaps with forthe puree. ee ; d o 9. a. In botany, sessile, i. e., without petiole, pe- Cae duncle, or pedicel, &c, the Ar. Qnw sadda, to stop, close, or make firm. SIT’ TING, n. “The posture of being on a seat. : 3 : 5 i 9, The act of placing one’s self on a seat; as, a See Class Sd, No. 31, 56. (See Ser.) The Sp. sitting down. sitiar, to besiege, is the same word differently ap- 3. A seat, or the space occupied by a person ina plied. church. Encland. 4. The act or time of resting in a posture for a painter to take the likeness. For a portrait, six or seven sittings may be required. 5, A session; the actual presence or meeting of Mhe scribes and the Pharisees sit in Moses’s seat. — Matt. xxiii. any body of men in their seats, clothed with author- 4, To be in a State of rest or idleness. ity to transact business; as, a sitting of the judges rs y7q e 7 ae SI ; 7 > Sse id Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here? — Num. ox the King a Bk neh ape Sens of the House of Com ii mons; during the sithing of the Supreme Court. : . 6. An uninterrupted application to business or 5. To rest, lie, or bear on, asa weight or burden ; 1 £ : ° : : 4 : . ‘ 5 , study for a time; course of study u ter 2d. as, grief sits heavy on his heart. BLUCY OF aahme 3 y unintermitted 6. To settle; to rest ; to abide. Pale horror sat on each Arcadian face. Dryden. 1. Io rest upon the buttocks, as animals; as, to sit on a sofa or on the ground. 2. To perch; to rest on the feet; as fow)s. 3, To occupy a seat or place in an official capacity. For the understanding of any one of Paul’s epistles, I read it through at one siting. Locke. To i b: i i 7. A time for which one sits, as at play, at work, E i: 0 ee ute } to cover and warm eggs for hatch- or on a Visit. Driden. ' org ‘ r . . ~ j ing 5 as a 1owl. 8. Incubation; a resting on eggs for hatching ; as As the partridge siteth on eggs and hatcheth them not.—Jer. fowls. xv, : . . ‘ | Bs : 5 4 The male bird amuses the female with his songs, during the whole | 8. To be adjusted ; to be, with respect to fitness time of her silting. Addison. © unfitness ; as, a coat sits well or ill. SIT/U-ATE, a. [Fr situer; It. situare, situato ; Sp. This new and gorgeous garment, majesty, situar; from L. situs, sedeo.] Sita not so easy on me as you think. Shak. 1. Placed, with respect to any other object; as, a r e = * * . 9, To be placed in order to be painted; as, to sit} town situate on a hill or on the sea-shore. | for one’s picture. 2. Placed ; consisting. 10. To be in any situation or condition. Pleasure situate in hill and dale. Milton. Suppose all the church lands to be thrown up to the laity; would fi pa i S i i Pe tenants ait eaaler in theix rents than now? bois Note. —In the United States, this word is less used than SituaTED, but both are well authorized. 11. To hold a session; to be officially engaged in SIT’U-A-TED, a. [See SiruaTsE.] Seated, placed, public business ; as judges, legislators, or officers of or standing with respect to any other object; as, a any kind. The House of Commons gometimes sits! city situated on a declivity, or in front of a lake; a saree canteen ee FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—P _ 1036 7) TD TA INE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 9. The value of six pennies or half a shilling. SIX/-PEN-NY, a. Worth sixpence; as, a siz-penny loaf. SIX’/-PET-AL-ED, a. In botany, having six distinct petals or flower leaves. Martyn. SIX/SEORE, a. [siz and score.] Six times twenty 5 SIX’/TEEN, a. [Sax. sictené, siztyne. | Six and ten; noting the sum of six and ten. SIX/TEENTH, a. [Sax. stxteotia. | he sixth after the tenth; the ordinal of sixteen. SIXTH, a. (Sax. sizta.] one hundred and twenty. Sandys. | The first after the fifth ; the ordinal of six, | SIXTH, x. The sixth part. 9, In music, a hexachord, an interval of two kinds; } the minor sixth, consisting of three tones and two | semitones major, and the major sixth, composed of | four tones and a major semitone. Rousseau. SIXTH'LY, adv. In the sixth place, Bacon. SIX/TLETH, a [Sax. sizteogotha. } The ordinal of sixty. IX/TY, a. [Sax. siztig.] Ten times six. IX'TY,n. The number of six times ten. IZ’ A-BLE, a. (from size.] Of considerable bulk. Hurd. 9. Being of reasonable or suitable size; as, sizable timber. SIZAR, n, In the university of Cambridge, England, | the name of a body of students next below the pen- | sioners, who eat at the public table, after the fellows, | free of expense. They formerly waited on the table | } | at meals, but this is done away with. They were probably so called from being thus employed in dis- tributing the size or provisions. [See Sizx, No. 3.] Huber. SIZE, n. [Either contracted from. assize, or fram the L. scissus. I take it to be from the former, and frora the sense of setting, as we apply the word to the as- size of bread. ] 1. Bulk; bigness ; magnitude; extent of super- ficies. Size particularly expresses thickness ; as, the size of a tree or of a mast; the size of a ship or of arock, A man may be tall, with little size of body. 2. A settled quantity or allowance. [Contracted from. assize. | 3 At the university of Cambridge, England, food and drink from the buttery, aside from the regular dinner at commons, corresponding to BATTEL at Ox- ford. Grad, ad Cantab. 4, Figurative bulk; condition as to rank and char- acter; as, men of less size and quality. [.Vot much Bessa | I) Estrange. 5. With shoemakers, a measure of length _ SIZE, n. [W. syth, stiff, mgid, and size, Sp. sta; from the root of assize, that which sets or fixes. ] 1. A kind of weak glue, used in manufactures. 9. An instrument consisting of thin Jeaves fastened together at one end by arivet; used for ascertaining the size of pearls. Encye. —— Se eeeneeeanenrens 6SKE Sine v.t, To adjust or arrange according to size or ulk. Hudibras, 2. To settle; to fix the standard of ; as, to size Weights and measures, [Vow little used. | 3. To cover with size ; to prepare with size. 4. To swell; to increase the bulk of. Beaum. & Fl. 5. Among Cornish miners, to separate the finer from the coarser parts of a metal by sifting them through a Wire sieve. SIZE, ov. 7. Encyc. At the university of Cambridge, England, to order food or drink from the buttery 3 a word cor- responding to Barre. at Oxford. Grad. ad Cantab. SIZ’ED, pp. with size. Oi as Having a particular magnitude. Adjusted according to size; prepared Shak. Note.— This word is used in compounds; as, large-sized, common-sized, middle-sized, &c. SI/ZEL, n. In coining, the residue of plates of silver, after pieces are cut out for coi SIZ/ER, x. Sizar.] SIZE/-STICK, n. stick. IZ'I-NESS, x. T! [from sizy.] ns. In the university of Cambridge, a student of the rank next below that of a pensioner. [See With shoemakers, a measuring Glutinousness; vis- cousness; the quality of size; as, the siziness of blood, SIZ/ING, ppr. SIZ/ING, n. tures. [See S1ze.] Arranging according to size. A kind of weak glue used in manufac- SIZ/Y, a. [from size.] Glutinous; thick and viscous ; ropy; having the adhesiveness of size; as, sizy blood. SKAD/DLE, (skad/dl,) x. Hurt; damage. SKAD/DONS, zn. pl. Use. SKAIN, n. [Fr. escaigne.] The embryos of bees. Arbuthnot. [Sax. scath, sceath, | p [Not in use. SKAD’DLE, a. Hurtful ; mischievous. [Not in use.] Ray. [Wot in Bailey. A knot of thread, yarn, or silk, or a number of knots collected. SKAINS’MATE,«n oet or bard. Grose. ably from the root of shoot ; It. scatto, a slip or slide.] A frame of wood furnished with a smooth iron and fastened under the foot, for moving rapidly on ice. SKATE, »v. i. SKATE, n. ([Sax. sceadda; L. cath vor or morgath, that is, seacat. skate is formed on cat. The do not know; but in W. cath IS, furze or gorse-cat To slide or move on skates. squatus, squatina ; W. This shows that primary sense of cat I eithen is a hare; that A popular name a numerous cartilaginous fishes of the genus Raia, having the and more or less of a rhomboidal form. Batis, called the Skate, Gray body much depressed, The Raia Skate, or Blue Skate, is the most common, weighing sometimes 200 pounds, and is much used for the table. uc SKAT’ER, n. One that skates SKAT/ING, zn. SKAT/ING, ppr. SKEAN,n. [Sax. segen.] A short sword, or a knife. SKEED: See Sxuip. SKEEL, zn. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. on ice. Johnson. The act or art of moving on skates, Sliding or moving on skates, [Vot in use.] [Bacon. Spenser. [G. schale, Eng. shell. A shallow, wooden vessel for holding milk or cream. [Local, ] SKEET, n. SKEG, n. A sort of wild plum SKEG’/GER, n. SKEIN, (skane,) n. thread, silk, or yarn. A little salmon. Grose. A long scoop used to wet the sides of ships or the sails of small vessels. Mar. Dict. ; Johnson. Walton. A knot ora number of knots of SKEL/DER, n. A cant term fora vagrant. SKEL/E-TON, n. exqueleto ; Gr. oxédeTos, Ary, B. Jonson, [Fr. squelette; It. scheletro; Sp. from oxeA\w, to dry, that is, to contract; allied perhaps to L. calleo, cal- lus. 1. The bones of an animal body, separated from the flesh and retained in their natural position or con- nections, When the bones are connected by the nat- ural ligaments, it is called a natural skeleton ; when by wires, or any foreign substance, an artificial skel- eton. Encyc. Wistar. 2. The compages, general stricture, or frame of any thing; the principal parts that support the rest, but without the appendages. 3. The heads and outline ance, particularly of a sermon of a literary’ perform- 4, A very thin or lean person, SKEL/E-TON-KEY, n. A thin , light key, with nearly the whole substance of the bits filed away, so that it inay be less obstructed by the wards of a lock. SKEL/LUM, zn. A scoundrel, SKEL/LY, v. 2 | G, scheln.] | Wot in use. ] To squint. [ Hebert. Brockett. SKI A blow ; a smart stroke. SKEP, x. A coarse, round farm-basket. [Jot used in America. Tusser. Farm, Encyc. 2. In Scotland, the repository in which bees lay their honey. , Johnson. SKEP/TIC, 7. [Gr. oxerrexos, from oxexropat, to look about, to consider, to speculate; Sax. Sceawian, to look about, to see, also to show. See SHow.] 1, One who doubts the truth and reality of any principle or system of principles or doctrines. In philosophy, a Pyrrhonist or follower of Pyrrho, the founder of a sect of skeptical philosophers, who maintained that no certain inferences can be drawn from the reports of the senses, and who therefore doubted of every thing. Enjield. 2. In theolozy, a person who doubts the existence and perfections of God, or the truth of revelation ; one who disbelieves the divine original of the Chris- tian religion. Suffer not your faith to be shaken by the sophistries of skeptics. Clarke. SKELP, n. Brockett. SKEP’TIE€, a. Doubting; hesitating to admit SKEP/TI€-AL, the certainty of doctrines or prin- ciples ; doubting of every thing. 2. Doubting or denying the truth of revelation. The skeptical systern subverts the whole foundation of morals. Rob. Hall, SKEP/TI€-AL-LY, adv. With doubt; in a doubting manner. SKEP/TI€-AL-NESS, zx. fession of doubt. SKEP’TLCISM, n. [Fr. scepticisme.] 1. The doctrines and opinions of the Pyrrhonists or skeptical philosophers; universal doubt; the scheme of philosophy which denies the certainty of any knowledge respecting the phenomena of na- ture. 2. In theology, a doubting of the truth of revela- tion, or a denial of the divine origin of the Chris- tian religion, or of the being, perfections, or truth of God. Doubt; pretense or pro- Let no despondency, or timidity, or secret skepticism, lead any one to doubt whether this blessed prospect will be realized, S.. Miller. SKEP/TI-CIZE, v. %, To doubt; to pretend to doubt of every thing. [Little wsed.] Shaftesbury. SKER/RY, 7. A rocky isle. SKETCH, n. [D. schets; G. skizze; Fr. esquisse; Sp. esquicio ; It. schizzo, a sketch, a squirting, a spurt, a gushing, a leap, hop, or frisking ; schizzare, to squirt, to spin, stream, or spout. We see the primary sense of the verb is, to throw, the sense of shoot, It. scat- tare, Li. scateo. | An outline or general delineation of any thing; a first rough or incomplete draught of a plan or any de- sign; as, the sketch of a building; the sketch of an essay. SKETCH, v.t. To draw the outline or general figure of a thing ; to make a rough draught. Watts. 2. ‘T’o plan by giving the principal points or ideas. Driyden. SKETCH’ED, (skecht,) pp. Having the outline SKETCH/ER, x. One who sketches. [drawn. SKETCH/I-NESS, xn. SKETCH/ING, ppr. SKETCHY, a. plete. SKEW, (ski,) adv. State of being sketchy. Drawing the outline. Containing only an outline; incom- [G. schief; Dan. skiev.] Awry ; obliquely. [See Askew. SKEW, v.t. [Dan. skiever, to twist or oo 1. To look obliquely upon; to notice slightly. [Mot in use. ] 5 eaum. 2. To shape or form in an oblique way. [JVot in use, SKEW, v.%. To walk obliquely. [Zocal. SKEW’BACK, (skt/bak,) n. In brickwork and ma- sonry, the abutment which slopes to receive the end of an arch. Brande. SKEW’/BRIDGE, nz. A kind of bridge upon a railroad, when it intersects any existing communication obliquely. SKEW/ER, (ski/er,) 2. A pin of wood or iron for fastening meat to a spit, or for keeping it in form while roasting. ryden. SKEW/ER, v.t. Tofasten with skewers. SKEW/ER-ING, ppr. Fastening with skewers. SKID, n. A piece of timber placed up and down the side of a vessel, to preserve it from injury by heavy bodies hoisted or lowered against it. Totten. 2. A chain used for fastening the wheels of a wag- on, to prevent its turning when descending a steep hill, Farm. Encye. 3. A name given to pieces of timber used for sup- ports, as of a row of barrels, &c. America. SKIFF, nm [Ir. esquif; It. schifo; Sp. esquifo; L. scapha; G, schiff; from the same root as skip. ] A small, light boat, resembling a yawl. Mar. Dict. SKIFF, v.t. ‘To pass over in a light boat, SKILL, n. (Sax. scylan, to separate, to distinguish ; Ice. and Sw,.skilia, Dan. skiller, to divide, sever, part; whence shield, that which separates, and hence that which protects or defends D. scheelen, to differ ; schillen, to peel or pare, Scale is from the root of these SKI words, as in shell, Sax, seyl, sceal. In Heb. sap is, foolish, perverse, and as a verb, to pervert, to be fool- ish or perverse ; in Ch. to understand or consider. to look, to regard, to cause to know, whence knowl edge, knowing, wise, wisdom, understanding; Rab. to be ignorant or foolish ; Syr. to be foolish, to wan. der in mind, also, to cause to understand, to know to perceive, to discern, also, to err, to do wrong, to sin, to fail in duty ; whence, foolish, folly, ignorance, error, sin, and understanding; Sam. to be wont or accustomed, to look or behold. The same verb with w, Heb. aw, signifies, to understand, to be wise, whence wisdom, understanding, also, to waste, to scatter, or destroy, to hereave, also, to prosper; Ch. to understand; 272 to complete, to perfect; 55a with a prefix. This signifies, also, to found, to lay a foundation; Syr. to found, also, to finish, complete, adorn, from the same root; Ar. \s5K shakala, to bind or tie, whence Eng. shackles; also, to be dark, obscure, intricate, difficult, to form, to make like, to be of a beautiful form, to know, to be ignorant, to agree, suit, or become. These verbs appear to be formed on the root $3, 5)2 to hold, or restrain, which coincides in signification with the Ch. and Eth. 53, to be able, Li. calleo, that is, to strain, stretch, reach, and with $55, to perfect, that is, to make sound, or to reach the utmost Jimit. The sense of folly, error, sin, perverseness, is from wandering, deviation, Gr. oxoAtos; the sense of skill and understanding is from separation, discernment, or from taking, holding, or reaching to, for strength and knowledge are allied, and often from tension. The sense of ignorance and error is from wandering or deviation, or per haps it proceeds from a negative sense given to the primary verb by the prefix, like ex in Latin and s in Italian. The Arabic sense of binding and shackles is from straining. The Eng. shall and should belong to this family. 1. The familiar Knowledge of any art or science, united with readiness and dexterity in execution or performance, or in the application of the art or sci- ence to practical purposes. Thus we speak of the skill of a mathematician, of a surveyor, of a phy- sician or surgeon, of a mechanic or seaman. So we speak of sill in management or negotiation. Dryden. Swift. Hooker. 2. Any particular art. [Jot in ues) [ Obs.) SKILL, v. t To know; to understand. SKILL, v. % To be knowing in; to be dextrous in performance. [ Obs. Spenser. 2. To differ; to make difference ; to matter or be of interest. [ Obs. looker. Bacon. This is the Teutonic and Gothic sense of the word.] SKILL/ED, a. Having familiar knowledge united with readiness and dexterity in the application of it; fa- miliarly acquainted with; expert; skillful; followed by in; as, a professor skilled in logic or geometry ; one skilled in the art of engraving. SKILL/LESS, a. Wanting skill; artless. SKIL/LET, 2. [Qu. Fr. ecuelle, ecuellette.] A small vessel of iron, copper, or other metal, with a long handle, used for heating and boiling waterand other culinary purposes. SKILL/FUL, a. Knowing; well versed in any art; hence, dextrous; able in management; able to per- form nicely any manual operation in the arts or pro- fessions; as, a skillful mechanic ; a skzllful operator in surgery. 2. Well versed in practice ; as, a skillful physician. It is followed by at or in; as, skillful at the organ ; skillful in drawing. SKILL/FUL-LY, adv. With skill; with nice art; dex- trously ; as, a machine skillfully made; a ship skill- Fully managed. : SKILL/FUL-NESS, 7x. The quality of possessing skill; dextrousness ; ability to perform well in any part or business, or to manage affairs with judgment and exactness, or according to good taste or just rules ; knowledge and ability derived from experience. SKIL/LING, n. A bay of a barn; also, a slight addi- tion toa cottage. [Zocal, SKILT, x. [See Sxrxx.] [ Obs.] Cleaveland. SKIM, zn. [A different orthography of Scum. Fr. écume; It. schiuma; G. schaum; D. schuim; Dan. and Sw. skum; Ir. sreimhim, to skim. Scum; the thick matter that forms on the surface of aliquor. (JZittle wsed.] : SKIM, v. t. To take off the thick, gross matter which separates from any liquid substance, and collects on the surface ; as, to skim milk by taking off the cream. 2. To take off by skimming ; as, to skim cream. ryden. 3. To pass near the surface; to brush the surface slightly. The swallow skims the river’s watery face. Shak. ifference. Dryden, SKIM, v. 7. To pass lightly ; to glide along in an even, smooth course, or without flapping ; as, an eagle or hawk skims along the ethereal regions. : 2. To glide along near the surface ; to pass Uebtty, ope. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; ¥H as in THIS. ~ 1087 a ae Ce SaaS S a a nin At Beene a Sudra iw A pe 7 at 7 i ee ae ie Sea ee a —— eta ee 5) et ; hk . ‘ ar 5 fi a y ‘ faire: a SKI 3. To hasten over superficially or with slight at- tention. They skim over a science ina superficial survey. SKIM/BLE-SGAM/BLE, a. [A duplication of scam- ble.] Wandering ; disorderly. Shak. [A low, unauthorized word. | Watts. surface of land. SKIM/-€0ULT’ER, Taken from the surface; hav- SKIM’MED, pp. or a. ing the thick matter take along. Be SKIM’MER, n. A utensil in the form’of a scoop, used for skimming liquors. : : 9, One that skims over a subject. [ Little used. | 3. A web-footed water-fowl, of the genus Rhyn- chops. The black skimme called CurwaTER and SHEARWATER, which see. Nuttall. P. Cyc. SKIM/-MILK, n. Milk from which the cream SKIW MED-MILK, | has been taken. SKIM/MING, ppr- Taking from the surface, as cream from milk. 9. Gliding lightly along near the surface. SKIM/MING-LY, adv. By gliding along the surface, SKIM/MING-TON,/ 7. A vulgar word, [from the SKIM/LTRY, Danish skiemter, to jest,] used in the phrase to ride skimmington, or skimitry, which consisted in making a man who had been beaten by his wife ride behind a woman on a horse, with his rough music, as frying-pans, bulls?-horns, marrow- bones, cleavers, &c. Halliwell. face of liquors. Edwards, West Indies. G. schinden, to flay ; Ir. scann, a membrane; W. ys- cin, a spread or covering. But in Welsh cén is skin, from stripping.] ing of the cuticle, or scarf-skin, the rete mucosum, and the cutis, or hide. ‘The cuticle is very thin and insensible ; the cutis is thicker and very sensible. Harvey. 2, A hide; a pelt ; the skin of an animal separated from the body, whether green, dry, or tanned. 3. The body ; the person ; in ludicrous language. LD Estrange. 4. The bark or husk of a plant; the exterior coat of fruits and plants. SKIN, v.t. To strip off the skin or hide ; to flay ; to £ peel. : Ellis. 9. To cover with skin. Dryden. 3. To cover superficially. Addison. SKIN, v. i. To be covered with skin ; as, a wound skins over. SKIN/-DEEP, a. Superficial; not deep ; slight. Feltham. SKIN/FLINT, n. [skin and flint.] A very niggardly person. SKINK, n. [Sax. scenc.] 1. Drink; pottage. [Obs.] Bacon. 2, [L. scincus.] A small species of lizard, found in Northen and Western Africa, and considered by the ancients a sort of universal medicine ; also, the common name of a genus of lizards, or saurian rep- tiles, to which the officinal skink belongs. They have a long body, entirely covered with rounded im- bricate scales, and are all natives of warm climates. Ed. Encyc. P. Cyc. SKINK, v.i. [Sax. scencan; G. and D. schenken; Dan. skienker ; Sw. skanka ; Ice. skenkia, to bestow, to make a present. ] To serve drink. [ Obs.] SKIP/PER, 7. i of skin, a pelisse, said to be fron ; gin, a robe made of skin, a pelisse, said to be from SKIRR, ». t. : : eos Gs . clear. [Not in use.] 2e , S 7 signify, < veri or a peel - : S peel, or rind. This may signify, a covering, ora peel, | sxrRR vi. Tose SKINK/ER, n. One that serves liquors. [Obs.] Shak. SKIN/LESS, a. [from skin.] Having a thin skin; as, skinless fruit. SKIN/NED, pp. Stripped of the skin; flayed. 2. Covered with skin. SKIN/’NER, z. One that skins. 9, One that deals in skins, pelts, or hides. SKIN/NI-NESS, n. The quality of being skinny. SKIN/NING, ppr. Stripping of the skin ; flaying. SKIN/NY, a. Consisting of skin, or of skin only ; wanting flesh. Ray. Addison. SKIP, v.zi. [Dan. kipper, to leap; Ice. skopa. | To jeap; to bound ; to spring; as a goat or Jamb. I The lamb thy riot dooms to bleed to-day, Had he thy reason, would he skip and play? Pope. To skip over ; to pass without notice ; to omit. acon. SKIP, v. t. To pass over or by ; to omit; to miss; to leap over. They who haye a mind to see the issue, may skip these two chapters. Burnet. SKIP, n. A leap; a bound; a spring. Sidney. 9, In music, a passage from one sound to another, by more than a degree at once. Busby. SKIP/-JACK, n. An upstart. DEstranuge. SKIP/-KEN-NEL, 2. A lackey ; a footboy. SHIP. . ‘he master of cow re . A youngling ; 4, The hornfish, SKIM’-COLT’ER, n. A colter for paring off the 5. The cheese maggot. SKIP/PET, n. [See Suir and Sarrr.] A small boat. Not in use.] n from the surface ; brushed | SKIP/PING, ppr. or a. Leaping ; bounding. Skipping | notes, in music, are notes that are not in r course, but separate. SKIP/PING-LY, adv. By leaps. SKIP’PING-ROPE, n. A small rope used by young SKUE. See Skew. p persons in skipping, or leaping up and down. r, Rhynchops nigra, is also SKIRM/ISH, (skur/mish,) 2. l scaramuccia; Sp. escaramuza ; Port. escaramuga ; G. scharmiitzel; D. schermutseling; Sw. skirmytsel ; Dan. skiermydsel ; shout; ysgarmes, a ashout. The primary sense is, to throw or drive. In some of the languages, skirmish appears to be con- nected with a word signifying defense; but defense is from driving, re 1. A slight fight at a great distance tachments and small parties. 2. A contest; a contention. They never meet but there’s a skirmish of wit. Shak. : S se’s tail, fc re ess] re a : face to the hborse’s tail, followed by a procession of SKIRMISH, ie ties. . SKIRM/ISH-ER, n. One that skirmishes. 1) y x e > SUI=- | ar “ eee =e os . SKIM/MINGS, n. pl. Matters skimmed from the sur-| c¢ypM/ISH-ING, (skur/-,) ppr. Fighting slightly or D e r 1€ heac in detached parties rine sate and incloses the brain. It is composed of several || SKIN, n. [Sax. scin; Sw. skinn; Dan. skind, a skin 5| sxyRM/ISH-ING, (skur/-,) n. The act of fighting in a OA areon | loose or slight encounter. Se ee To scour; to ramble over in order to in use. *he natural covering of animal bodies, consist- : , a i 1 healer Coven Le ? SKIR/RET, x. A olant, the Sium Sisarum, a native of China, Cochinchir cultivated in ]ivusco of its esculent reot, which somewhat resembles the parsnep in yavor, it is eaten boiled, with butter, pepper, &c., or huif-boitec, and subsequently fried. It is a valuable cu SKIR/RHUS. See RHUS Would be preferabte.] SKIRT, (skurt,) ». ment; Dan. skiors, a petticost; skiorte, a shirt, a shift. ‘These words seem to be from the root of short, from cutting off.] 1. The lower and loose part of a coat or otiier gar- ment; the part below the waist; as, the skirt of a coat or mantle. 2. The edge of 3. Border; edge; margin; extreme part; as, the skirt of a forest; the skirt of a town. 4, A woraan’s 5. The diaphragm or midriff in animals. SKY, x. To spread the skirt over; in Scripture, to take under himmel, t one’s care and protection. or to run along tl of trees ; a circul SKIRT, v.t. To border; to form the border or edge ; the apparent arch or vault of heaven, which ina clear 1e edge ; as, a plain skirted by rows day is of a blue color. Milton. t skirted round with wood. 2. The heavens. Dryden. Addison. 3. The weather; the climate. Johnson. 4, A cloud; ashadow. [QObs.] Gower. SKIRT, v.i. To be on the border; to live near the extremity. Savages —who skirt along our western frontiers. S. S. Smith. SKIRT/ING, Ne SKIRT/ING-BOARD, board, placed round the margin of a floor. wilt. SKIRI’ED, pp. Bordered. SKIRT/ING, ppr. SKIT, 7. A want awhim. [Obs.] shoot. | 2. Wanton ; Vv SKIT’ TISH-LY, ably. 2. Fickleness SKI/VERS, xn. pl. D. schyf, a slice SKOL/‘E-ZITE, SEOL/E-CITE, tallizations of a sisting of silica cent. of water. [Dan. skipper; D. schipper. See . [from skip.] A dancer. [sel. SKIT, v. t. [Sax. scitan; primarily to throw, to Pope To cast reflections. [ Zocal.] Grose. SKIT’TISH, a. [Qu. Fr. ecouteux. See Scun.] 1. Shy; easily frightened ; shunning famillarity ; - th s : : ’ Berane > i| SK Y/_HIG ; wa Ries timorous ; as, a restiff, skittish jade. L’Estrange. KY'-HIGH, adv. High as the sky 5 very high. 7olatile ; hasty. Shak, 3. Changeable SKIT’ TISH-NESS, n. Shyness; aptness to fear ap- proach ; timidity. SKIT’TLES, (skit/tlz,) x. Ninepins. Warton. slate. Sheepskins split or divided for the purpose of book- of light. Pope. binding. SKY/-POINT-ING, a. Pointing to the sky. the old species Mesotype, occurring in radiated crys- SKY/-ROOF-ED, (-rooft,) a. Having the sky for a SKO SKY in the exterior flame of the blowpipe, it twists like a worm, [oxwAnt,] becomes opaque, and is converted into a blebby, colorless glass. Dana. Phillips. SKONCE. See Sconce. a young, thoughtless person. SKOR/O-DITE,) 2. [Gr. ckopodoyv, garlic; from its Shak. SEOR/O-DITE, smell under the blowpipe. Scor- opiIte is, etymologically, the proper spelling. ] A native compound of arsenic acid and oxyd of iron, having a leek-green or brownish color. Dana. SKOR/ZITE, n. [from Skorza.] A variety of epidote. [See Scorza.] a small trading or merchant ves- so called. Spenser. } egular| SKREEN. See Screen. | SKRINGE, properly Scarncx ; a vulgar corruption of | CRINGE. SKUG, v.t. To hide. [Local.] Halliaell. Fr. escarmouche; It.| SKULK, v.i. (Dan. skiuler; Sw. skyla;_D. schuilen, to hide, shelter, sculk ; the Eng. shelter.] To lurk ; to withdraw into a corner, or intoa close | place for concealment. | No news of Phyl! the bridegroom came, And thought his bride had skulked for shame. Sutft. And skul& behind the subterfuge of art. Prior. | | SKULK, jn. A person who skulks; one who pelling. } SKULK’ER,} avoids duty. "otten. in war; a light combat by armies SKULK/ED, (skulkt,) pp. Lurked ; concealed. from each other, or between de-| SKULK’ING, ppr. or a. Lurking; withdrawing into | I a close place for concealment. | i ' ' W. ysgarm, outcry ; ysgarmu, to shouting, a skirmish ; from garm, SKULK!/ING-LY, adv. In askulking manner. SKULL, n. [Sw. skalle, skull; skal, a shell; Dan py 1 ; : s skal, a shell, the skull, and skoll, the skull; D. To fight slightly or in-small par-| Scheel; G. hirnschale, brain-shell; Sp. cholla. See SHELL. | 1. The bone that forms the exterior of the head, || parts united at the sutures. |] Skulls that can not teach and will not learn. Cowper. Shak. 3. Skull, for shoal or school, of fish. [.Vot used.] our ; to scud; torun hastily. [JVot SKULL/-€AP, n. A head-piece. Shak, 9, A herbaceous plant of the genus Scutellaria, the | calyx of whose flower, when inverted, appears like || 1a, Corea, Japan, &c. It has been a helmet with the vizor raised. Loudon. || ne, time immemorial, for the sake SKUNK, n. A digitigrade, carnivorous mammal, the | Mephitis Americana, found over a very wide extent || of country, both in North and South America. It js nearly allied to the weasel on the one hand, and to |! Muery vegetable. the otter on the other. This animal] has two glands ScixrHvs. [The spelling Sxrr- near the inferior extremity of the alimentary canal, which secrete an extremely fetid liquor, and which }} the animal has the power of emitting at pleasure as | (Sw. skierta, a shift or close gar- é a means of defense. This liquor possesses valuable medicinal powers, but its extreme offensiveness in- terferes with its use. SKUNK!-CGAB/BAGE, /n. A herbaceous plant, the SKUNK!/-WEED, Ictodes fcetidus or Pothos fetida, so named from its smell. It has large leaves, and grows in low, wet grounds in America. Bigelow. Dewey. Dryden. SKUR/RY, n. Haste; impetuosity. Brockett. SKUTE, x. Aboat. [See Scow.] Sw. sky, Dan. skye, a cloud; Dan. sky- 1e vault of heaven. ]} Ruth iii. 1. The aérial region which surrounds the earth ; 1 Sain. xv. any part of dress. Addison. garnient like a petticoat. SKY/-BLUB, a. Of the blue color of the sky. SKY/-BORN, a. Born or produced in the sky. The narrow, vertical Collins. : al) SKY/-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Built in the sky. Wordsworth. SKY/-COL-OR, (-kul-lur,) n. The color of the sky ; a particular species of blue color; azure. Boyle. SK ¥!-€6L-OR-ED, (-kul-lurd,) a. Like the sky in color; blue; azure. Addison. SK Y/-D¥-ED, (-dide,) a. Colored like the sky. Bordering ; forming a border. on girl; a reflection ; a jeer or gibe ; SKY’/ED, (skide,) a. Surrounded by sky. [ Poetic. ] Thomson. SKY/EY, a. Like the sky; ethereal. SKY/ISH, a. Like the sky, or approachiug the sky. The skyish head Of blue Olympus. [A bad word.] Shak. SKV/-LARK, n. A species of lark that mounts and sings as it flies, the Alauda arvensis. It is common in Europe and in some parts of Asia. Spectator. Jardine. SKY/-LARK-ING, n. Among seamen, running about [G. schiefern, to shiver, to scale ; the rigging of a vessel in sport ; frolicking. Totten. ; Dan. skive, a slice, skifer, skiver, a SK Y/-LIGHT, (-Jite,) n. A window placed in the roof of a building, or ceiling of a room, for the admission ; fickle ; as, skittish fortune. Shak. adv. Shyly; wantonly; change- * Wwantonness. n. (Scovecite is, etymologically, the SKY/ROCK ET,n. A rocket that ascends high and proper spelling.) One division of burns as it flies; a species of fireworks. Addison. white color or transparent, and con- roof. Wordsworth. , alumina, and lime, with 13) per SKY/SAIL, n. The sail set next above the royal. When a small portion of it is placed Totten. 1038 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —SLA SKY/-SCRAP-ER, x. A sky-sail of a triangular form. Totten. SKY/WARD, a. Toward the sky. SLAB, a. Thick; viscous. [Not used.] Shak. SLAB, xn. [W. lad, yslab, a thin strip.] I. A thin piece of marble or other stone, having right angles and plane surfaces. Gwilt. 2. An outside piece taken from a Jog or timber in sawing it into boards, planks, &c. 3. A puddle. [See Srop.] Evelyn. Slabs of tin; the lesser masses which the workers cast the metal into. These are run into molds of stone. SPAR BER, v. t. [D. slabben; G. schlabben, schla- ern. To let the saliva or other liquid fall from the mouth carelessly ; to drivel. It is also written Stayer and Stopper, and often pronounced slob!ber. SLAB/BER, v. t. To sup up hastily, as liquid food. arret. 2. To wet and foul by liquids suffered to fall care- lessly from the mouth. 3. To shed ; to spill. SLAB/BER-ER, n. One that slabbers ; an idiot SLAB'BER-ING, ppr. Driveling. SLAB’BI-NESS, n. The state of being thick or slabby. SLAB'BY, a, Thick; viscous. [Jot much used.] Wiseman. 2. Wet. [See Sroppy.] SLAB’-LINE, n. A line or small rope by which sea- men haul up the foot of the main-sail or fore-sail. Totten. SLACK, a. [Sax. slec ; Sw. slak ; W. llac, yslac. See the verb. ] 1. Not tense; not hard drawn; not firmly ex- tended ; as, a slack rope; slack rigging. 2. Weak; remiss; not holding fast ; as, a slack hand. 3. Remiss; backward; not using due diligence ; not earnest or eager; as, slack in duty or service ; slack in business. 4. Not violent; not rapid ; slow; as, a slack pace. Dryden. Slack in stays ; in seamen’s language, slow in going about, as a ship. é Mar. Dict. SLACK’-WA’/TER, n. In seamen?s language, the time when the tide runs slowly, or the water is at rest ; or the interval between the flux and reflux of the tide. Mar. Dict. SLACK, adv. _ Partially ; insufficiently ; not in- temsely ; as, slack dried hops; bread slack baked. Mortimer. SLACK, 7. The part of a rope that hangs loose, hay- ing no strain upon it. Totten. SLACK, v. t% ([Sax. slacian; D. slacken; Sw. SLACK’EN, slakna; W. yslacdu and yslaciaw, to slacken, to loosen, from Jlac, llag, slack, loose, lax, slug gish. ] 1. To become less tense, firm, or rigid; to de- crease in tension; as, a wet cord slackens in dry weather. 2. To be remiss or backward; to neglect. Deut. Xxili. 3. To lose cohesion or the quality of adhesion ; as, Jime slacks and crumbles into powder. Mozon. 4. To abate ; to become less violent. a Whence these raging fires Will slacken, if his breath stir not their fixmes. Milton, 5. To lose rapidity; to become more slow ; as, a current of water slackens ; the tide slackens. Mar. Dict. 6. To languish; to fail; to flag. Ainsworth. SLACK, v.t. ‘To lessen tension; to make less SLACK’EN, tense or tight; as, to slacken a rope or a bandage. 2. To relax; to remit ; as, to slacken exertion or labor. 3. To mitigate; to diminish in severity ; as, to slacken pain. 4, To become more slow; to lessen rapidity ; as, to slacken one’s pace. 5. To abate ; to lower; as, to slacken the heat of a fire. 6. To relieve ; to unbend ; to remit; as, to slacken cares. Denham. 7. To withhold ; to use Jess liberally, Shak. 8. To deprive of cohesion ; as, to slack lime. Mortimer. 9. To repress; to check, I should be grieved, young prince, to think my presence Unbent your thoughts and slackened ’em to arms. Addison. 10. To neglect. Slack not the good presage. Dryden. ll. To repress, or make less quick or active. Addison. SLACK, n. Small coal ; coal broken into small pieces. [Eng SLACK, x. A valley, or small, shallow dell. Local.} TOSC. Relaxed ; deprived of [Staxep is more cor- SLACK’ED, (slakt,) pp. or a. cohesion ; as, slacked lime. rect. ] SLA SLACK’EN, n. Among miners, a spongy, semi-vitri- fied substance which they mix with the ores of metals to prevent their fusion. [See SLAKIN. ] Encyc. SLACK’EN-ED, pp. or a. Relaxed or remitted. z SLACK’EN-ING, ppr. Relaxing or remitting. SLACK’ING, ppr Relaxing; depriving of cohesion ; as, slacking lime. [Staxrne is more correct. ] SLACK’LY, adv. Not tightly ; loosely 2, Negligently ; remissly. SLACK’NESS, n. Looseness; the state opposite to tension ; not tightness or rigidness ; as, the slackness of a cord or rope. 2. Remissness ; negligence ; inattention; as, the slackness of men in business or duty ; slackness in the performance of engagements. Hooker. 3. Slowness; tardiness; want of tendency; as, the slackness of flesh to heal, Sharp. 4. Weakness ; want of intenseness. Brerewood. SLADE, n. pear: sled. ] A little dell or valley; also, a flat piece of low, moist ground. [Zocal. Drayton. SLAG, x. pean: slagg ; G. schlacke.] 1. The dross or recrement of a metal; also, vitri- fied cinders. Boyle. Kirwan. 2. ‘The scoria of a volcano. Dana. SLAG/GY, a. Pertaining to or resembling slag. SLAIE, (sla,)n. [Sax. sla.] A weaver’s reed. SLAIN, pp. of Stay ; so written for Suayven. Killed. SLAKE, v, t. [Sw. slacka, Ice. slecka, to quench. It seems to be allied to lay.] To quench; to extinguish; as, to slake thirst. And slake the heavenly fire. SLAKE, v. & To mix with water so that a true chemical combination shall take place ; as, to slake lime. SLAKE, v. 7. Spenser, To go out; to become extinct. Brown. 2. To grow less tense. [A mistake for Suack. SLAK’ED, (slakt,) pp. ora. Quenched; mixed with water so that a combination takes place. SLAK/IN, n. Among smelters, a spongy, semi-vitri- fied substance, which they mix with metallic ores, to prevent their fusion. It is the scoria or scum from a former fusion of metals. Hebert. SLAK/ING, ppr. Extinguishing, as-thirst. 2. Mixing with water so as to produce combina- tion, as with lime. SLAM, v. t. [Ice, lema, to strike, Old Eng. lam; Sax. lemman, to sound. | I. To strike with force and noise; to shut with violence; as, to slam a door. 2. To beat; to cuff. [Local.] Grose. 3. To strike down; to slaughter. [ Local.) 4. To win all the tricks in a hand; as we say, to take all at a stroke or dash. SLAM,zx. A violent driving and dashing against; a violent shutting of a door. 2. Defeat at eards, or the winning of all the tricks. 3. Therefuse of alum-works; used in Yorkshire as a manure, with sea-weed and lime. [Zocal.] Hebert. SLAM’KIN, SLAM/MER-KIN, § ™ A slut ; a slatternly woman. SLAM/MING, ppr. lence. SLAN/’DER, n. [Norm. esclaunder; Fr. esclandre ; Russ. klenu, khanu, to slander; Sw. klandra, to ac- cuse or blame. ] 1. A false tale or report maliciously uttered, and tending to injure the reputation of another, by les- sening him in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, by exposing him to impeachment and punishment, or by impairing his means of living ; defamation. [G. schlampe.] [Not used, or local.] Striking or shutting with vio- Blackstone. Slander, that worst of poisons, ever finds An easy entrance to ignoble minds. Flervey. 2. Disgrace ; reproach ; disreputation ; ill name. Shak. SLAN’DER, v. t. To defame; to injure by mali- ciously uttering a false report respecting one; to tar- nish or impair the reputation of one by false tales maliciously told or propagated. SLAN/’DER-ED, pp. Defamed ; injured in good name by false and malicious reports. SLAN/DER-ER, nz. A defamer; one who injures an- other by maliciously reporting something to his preju- dice. SLAN/‘DER-ING, ppr. Defaming. SLAN/DER-OUS, a. That utters defamatory words or tales ; as, a slanderous tongue. Opes 2, Containing slander or defamation ; calumnious ; as, slanderous words, speeches, or reports, false and maliciously uttered. 3. Scandalous ; reproachful. SLAN/DER-OUS-LY, adv. With slander ; calumni- ously ; With false and malicious reproach. SLAN’/DER-OUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being slanderous or defamatory. SLANG, old pret. of Stine. [We now use Stuna.] SLANG,n. Low, vulgar, unmeaning language. [Zoz.] SLANG/-WHANG-ER, n. A noisy demagogue; a turbulent partisan. STON [A cant word, of recent origin in America, used colloquially or in works of humor. | SLANK, n. A plant, an Alga. Ainsworth. SLANT, a. [Sw. slinta, slant, to slip; perhaps allied to W. ysglent, a slide, and if Zn are the radical |et- ters, this coincides with lean, incline. Sloping; oblique ; inclined from a direct line, whether horizontal or perpendicular; as, the slant lightning. Milton. SLANT, v. t. To turn from a direct line; to give an oblique or sloping direction to. Muller. SLANT, n. An oblique reflection or gibe; a SLANT/ING, Sarcastic remark. [In vulgar use.] 2. Slant; a copper coin of Sweden, of which 196 pass for one rix-dollar. Slant of wind; among seamen, a transitory breeze of wind, or the period of its duration. SLANT/ING, ppr. or a. Giving or having an oblique direction ; inclining from a right line; slant; as, a slanting ray of light; a slanting direction. SLANT'ING-LY, adv. Witha slope or inclination; also, with an oblique hint or remark. SLANT’LY, adv. Obliquely ; in an inclined di- SLANT’WISE, rection. USSEr. SLAP, xn. [G. schlappe,a slap; schlappen, to lap; W. yslapiaw, to slap, from yslab, that is lengthened, from llab, a stroke or slap; Uabiaz, to slap, to strap. The D. has flap and klap; It. schiaffo, for schlagfo ; LL. alapa and schloppus; Ch. and Syr. aby. Class Lb, No. 36. A blow given with the open hand, or with some- thing broad. SLAP, v.t. To strike with the open hand, or with something broad. SLAP; adv. With a sudden and violent blow. Arbuthnot. SLAP/DASH, adv. [slap and dash.] All at once. { Low. ] SLAPE, a. Slippery; smooth. [Local.] Grose. SLAP/JACK, n. A sort of pancake. “JT AP/IPHP nea eee re Very large. [Vulgar.] SLAP’PING, SLASH, v.t. [Ice. slasa, to strike, to lash; W. Wath, l L. 1. To cut by striking violently and at random; to cut in long cuts, 2. To lash. SLASH, v.2 To strike violently and at random with a sword, hanger, or other edged instrument; to lay about one with blows. Hewing and slashing at their idle shades. SLASH, 2. Spenser, A long cut ; a cut made at random. Clarendon. 2. A large slit in the thighs and arms of the old costumes, made to show a brilliant color through the openings. SLASH/ED, (slasht,) pp. Cut at random; cut in long strips or Slits. SLASH’ING, ppr. or a. Striking violently, and cutting at random. SLAT, 7. A narrow piece of board or timber used to fasten together Jarger pieces; as, the slats of a cart or a chair. SLATCH, xn. transitory breeze. 2. An interval of fair weather. 3. Slack. [See Srack.] SLATE, n. [Fr. eclater, to split, Sw. slita; Ir. sglata, atile. Class Ld.] ; oe 1. An argillaceous stone which readily splits mto plates; argillite; argillaceous schist. The name is also given to other rocks or stones having a simi- Jar structure. 2. A piece of smooth, argillaceous stone, used for covering buildings. : ' 3. A piece of smooth stone, of the above species, used for writing on. : SLATE, v. t. To cover with slate or plates of stone 5 as, to slatea roof. [It does not signify to tile.] In seamen’s language, the period of a Mar. Dict. Bailey. SLATE, )v. t. To set a dog loose at any thing. [Zo- SLETE, cal. | ay. SLATE/-AX, n. A mattock with an ax-end; used in slating. Encie. SLAT/ED, pp. or a. Covered with slate. SLAT’ER, n. One that lays slates, or whose occupa- tion is to slate buildings. : SLAT/ING, x. The act of covering with slates. 2. The cover thus put on. SLAT/ING, ppr. Covering with slates. ae SLAT/TER, »v. i. [G. scilottern, to hang loosely ; schlotteria, negligent. See peurs: 1. To be careless of dress, and dirty. Ray. 2. To be careless, negligent, or awkward ; to spill carelessly. SLAT’TERN, 2. dress, or who suffe A woman who is negligent of her rs her clothes and furniture to be in disorder ; one who is not neat and Bice are : SLAT’TERN, v. t. To slattern away; te consume 2 Ss : =Te 7S “Hp carelessly or wastefully ; to waste. [ Rare. } ee ie SLAT/TERN-LLNESS, n. State of being slaternly. SE ee TONE, BILL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. SLA | ~~ 7039 S es pion pore te = ening Reais — a ngNT. = ne eas Ses a ee _— onde aie ae ras Se ee eee ey ” ° ar = ee ae: SLA SLE SLAT’TERN-LY, adv. Negligently ; awkwardly. Chesterjield. SLAT’Y, a. [from slate.] Resembling slate ; having the nature or properties of slate ; composed of thin, parallel plates, capable of being separated by split- ting; as, a slaty color or texture. SLAUGH’/TER, (slaw’ter,) n. [Sax. slege ; D. slagting ; G. schlachten, to kill; Ir. slaighe; slaighim, to slay. See Sray.] 1. In @ general sense, a killing. Applied to men, slaughter usually denotes great destruction of life by violent means; as, the slaughter of men in battle. 2. Applied to beasts, butchery ; a killing of oxen or other beasts for market. SLAUGH’TER, (slaw’ter,) 0. t To kill; to slay ; to make great destruction of life ; as, to slaughter men in battle. 9. To butcher; to kill for the market ; as beasts. SLAUGH’TER-ED, (slaw/terd,) pp. or a. Slain; butchered. SLAUGH’TER-ER, n. A person employed in slaugh- tering. SLAUGH/TER-HOUSE, (slaw’ter-house,) n. A house where beasts are butchered for the market. SLAUGH’TER-ING, (slaw’ter-ing,) ppr. destroying human life ; butchering. Killing ; SLAUGH/TER-MAN, (slaw’ter-man,) n. One em-| ployed in killing. Shak. SLAUGH’TER-OUS, (slaw/terus,) a. Destructive ; | murderous. Shak. | SLAUGH’TER-OUS-_LY, (slaw~,) adv. Destructively ; murderously. SLAVE, 7. [D.slaaf; G. sclave; Dan. slave, sclave ; Sw. slaf; Fr. esclave; Arm. sclaff; It. schiavo ; Sp. esclavo; Port. escravo; Ir. sclabhadh. This word is commonly deduced from Sclavz, Sclavonians, the name of a people who were made slaves by the Venetians. But this is not certain,] 1. A person who is wholly subject to the will of | another; one who has no freedom of action, but whose person and services are wholly under the con- trol of another. In the early state of the world, and to this day, among some barbarous nations, pris- oners of war are considered and treated as slaves. The slaves of modern times are more generally pur- chased, like horses and oxen. 2. One who has lost the power of resistance ; or one who surrenders himself to any power whatev- er; as, a slave to passion, to lust, to ambition. Waller. 3. A mean person ; one in the lowest state of life. 4. A drudge ; one who labors like a slave. SLAVE, v.7% To drudge; to toil; tolaborasa slave. SLAVE’BORN, a. Born in slavery. SLA VE/HOLD-ER, n. One who holds slaves. SLA VE!'HOLD-ING, a. Holding persons in slavery. SLAVE/LIKE, a. Like or becoming a slave. SLAV/ER, x. A vessel engaged in the slave-trade. SLAV/ER, zn. [The same as Stasser.] Saliva drivel- ing from the mouth. Pope. SLAV’ER, v.i. To suffer the spittle to issue from the mouth. 2, To be hesmeared with saliva. Shak. SLAV/ER, v.t. To smear with saliva issuing from the mouth ; to defile with drivel. SLAV/ER-ED, pp. Defiled with drivel. SLAV‘BR-ER, n. A driveler; an idiot. SLAV/ER-ING, ppr. Letting fall saliva. SLAV’ER-Y, x. [See Srave.] Bondage; the state of entire subjection of one person to the will of an- other. Slavery is the obligation to labor for the benefit of the master, without the contract or consent of the servant. Paley. TA Slavery may proceed from crimes, from captivity, or from debt. Slavery is also voluntary or involunta- ry; voluntary, when a person sells or yields his own person to the absolute command of another ; invol- untary, when he is placed under the absolute power of another without his own consent. Slavery no longer exists in Great Britain, nor in the Northern States of America. 2. The offices of a slave; drudgery. SLAVE/-TRADE, n. [slave and trade.] The bar- burous and wicked business of purchasing men an women, transporting them to a distant country, and selling them for slaves. SLAV/ISH, a. Pertaining to slaves; servile ; mean ; base; such as becomes a slave; as, a slavish de- pendence on the great. 2. Servile ; laborious ; consisting in drudgery ; as, a slavish life. SLAV/ISH-LY, adv. Servilely ; meanly ; basely. 9. In the manner of a slave or drudge. SLAV/ISH-NESS, nm. The state or quality of being slavish ; servility ; meanness. SLA-VON/I€, a. Pertaining to the Slavons, or an- cient inhabitants of Russia. 1 Cole-slaw is sliced cabbage, with or without vin- | SLA-VON‘I€, n. The Slavonic language. | SLAW, 2. [D. slaa.] | egar,. SLAY’ER, n. sla; Dan. slaaer, to strike, to kill. The proper sense is, to strike, and as beating was an early mode of | killing, this word, like smite, came to signify to kill. It seems to be formed on the root of lay; as we say, to lay on.] 1. To kill; to put to death by a weapon or by vi- olence. We say, he slew a man with a sword, witha stone, or With a club, or with other arms ; but we never say, the sheriff slays a malefactor with a halter, or a man is slain on the gallows or by poison. Sothat slay retains something of its primitive sense of striking or beating. It is particularly applied to killing in battle, | but is properly applied also to the killing of an indi- | 2. To destroy. [vidual man or beast. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. —Job xiii. 15, | . - “- i an assassin ; a destroyer of life. SLAY/ING, ppr. Killing; destroying life. SLEAVE, 7. [Ice. slefa.] The knotted or entangled part of silk or thread ; silk or thread untwisted. Drayton. SLEAVE, v.t. ‘J'o separate threads; or to divide a collection of threads; to sley; used by weavers. SLEAV/ED, a. Raw ; not spun or wrought. SLEAV/ING, ppr. Separating threads. [ Holinshed. LEAZ/I-NESS, n. The state or quality of being sleazy. SLEAZ/Y,) a. [Probably from the root of loose; Sax. LEEZ’Y, lysan, alysan, to Joose. ] Thin; flimsy ; wanting firmness of texture or substance ; as, sleezy silk or muslin, SLED, x. [D. sleede; G. schlitten; Sw. slade; Dan. slede; W. ysled; probably from sliding or draw- ing. ] A carriage or vehicle moved on runners, much used in America for conveying heavy weights in winter, as timber, wood, stone, and the like. Halliwell. North of England. SLED, v. t. To convey or transport on a sled ; as, to sled wood or timber. SLED/DED, pp. Conveyed on a sled. 2, Mounted on a sled. Shak. SLED/DING, ppr. Conveying on a sled. SLED/DING, n. The act of transporting on a sled. 2. The means of conveying on sleds; snow suffi- cient for the running of sleds. Thus we say in America, when there is snow sufficient to run a sled, it is good sledding; the sledding is good. Sometimes, in New England, there is little or no good sledding during the winter. SLEDGB, (slej,) n. [Sax. slecge, slege; D. sley; Dan. slegge; Sw. sldgga; from the root of slay, to strike. ] I. A large, heavy hammer; used chiefly by iron- smiths, called also a Stepce HamMMER. 2. In England, a sled; a vehicle moved on run- ners or on low wheels. In this sense, the word is not used in America; but the same word is used in a somewhat different sense, and written SLEIGH. SLEBK, a. [D. lekken, to leak, to smooth, or sleek ; gelekt, made smooth ; G. schlicht; allied to lick, or G. gleich, even, equal, like. See LIKE. ] 1. Smooth; having an even, smooth surface ; whence, glossy ; as, sleek hair. So sleek her skin, so faultless was ber make. TMM Dryden. 2. Not rough or harsh. Those rugged names to our like mouths grow sleek, Milton. SLEEK, x. That which makes smooth ; varnish. [Little used.] SLEBK, v. t. To make even and smooth ; as, to sleek the hair. B. Jonson. 9, To render smooth, soft, and glossy. Gentle my lord, sleek o’er your rugged looks. Shak. SLEEK, adv. With ease and dexterity ; with exact- ness. [Vulgar.] SLEEK/’LY, adv. Smoothly ; nicely. SLEEK’NESS, n. Smoothness of surface. Feltham. SLEEK/-STONE,7. A smoothing stone. Peacham. SLEEK’Y, a. Of a sleek or smooth appearance. [Not in use.] Thomson. SLEEP, v. i.; pret. and pp. Stert. ([Sax. slepan, slepan; Goth. slepan; G. schlafen; D. slaapen, ‘This word seems to be allied to words which signify to rest or to relax; G. schlaff.) 1. To take rest by a suspension of the voluntary exercise of the powers of the body and mind. The proper time to sleep is during the darkness of night. 2. To rest; to be unemployed ; to be inactive or motionless ; as, the sword sleeps in its sheath. 3, Torest; to lie or be still ; not to be noticed or agitated. The question sleeps for the present, 4, To live thoughtlessly. We sleep over our happiness. Atterbury. 5. To be dead; to rest in the grave for a time. 1 Thess. iv. 6. To be careless, inattentive, or unconcerned ; not to be vigilant. hak. SLEEP,z. A natural and healthy, but temporary and periodical suspension of the functions of the hemi- spheres of the cerebrum, or, in other wofds, of the intellectual powers. Sleep may be complete or in- Ss One that slays; a killer; a murderer; | SLEEP/ER,2. A person that sleeps ; also, a drone or SLE | exertion of his mental and corporeal powers 1s sus- pended, and he rests unconscious of what passes around him, and not affected by the ordinary im- pressions of external objects. Sleep is generally attended with a relaxation of the muscles, but the involuntary motions, as respiration and the circula- tion of the blood, are continued. The mind is often very active in imperfect sleep, but its powers not being under the control of reason, its exercises are very irregular. Sleep is the natural rest or repose intended by the Creator to restore the powers of the body and mind, when exhausted or fatigued. Sleep of plants; a state of plants, usually at night, when their leaflets approach each other, and conceal the flowers, as if In repose. Linneus. LEEP’-CHARG-ED, a. Heavy with sleep. Lamb, lazy person. Grew. 9. ‘That which lies dormant, as a law not executed. [ot in use. } Bacon. 3. An animal that lies dormant in winter, as the bear, the marmot, &c, Encyc. 4, A piece of timber on or near the level of the ground for the support of some superstructure, as joists, &c., or to steady rails or framework. The sleepers on railways are sometimes blocks of stone. Hebert. 5, A rafter lying in the valley of aroof. [Obs.] wut. 6. A term applied to the knees which connect the transoms to the after-timbers on the ship’s quarter. Totten. 7. In the glass trade, a large iron bar crossing the smaller ones, hindering the passage of coals, but leaving room for the ashes. Encyc. 8. A platform. 9, A fish, Exocetus. Ainsworth. EEP/FUL, a. Strongly inclined to sleep. [ Rare. ] EEP/FUL-NESS, n. Strong inclination to sleep. Little used. ] EEP’I-LY, adv. Drowsily; with desire to sleep. 9. Dully ; in a lazy manner; heavily. Ralegh. 3. Stupidly. Atterbury. SLEEP/I-NESS, 2. Drowsiness; inclination to sleep. Arbuthnot. SLEEP/ING, ppr. or a. Resting ; reposing in sleep. 2. a. Occupied with sleep; as, sleeping hours. Sleeping partner. See Dormant. SLEEP/ING, n. The state of resting in sleep. 9. The state of being at rest, or not stirred or agitated. Shak. SLEEP/LESS, a. Having no sleep; without sleep ; wakeful. 2. Having no rest; perpetually agitated ; as, Bis- cay’s sleepless bay. Byron. SLEEP’/LESS-LY, adv. Ina sleepless manner. SLEEP/LESS-NESS,n. Want or destitution of sleep. SLEEP/-WAK-ER, n. One under the influence of magnetic sleep. SLEEP/-WAK-ING, n. The state of one mesmerized, who is asleep and awake at the same time. SLEEP/-WALK-ER, (-wawk-,)n. A somnambulist ; one who walks in his sleep. SLEEP/-W ALK-ING, (-wawk-,) 2. Somnambulism ; walking in one’s sleep. SLEEP’Y, a. Drowsy ; inclined to sleep. 2. Not awake. » 4 L I »~ L wm She waked her sleepy crew. Dryden. 3. Tending to induce sleep; soporiferous; som- niferous; as, a sleepy drink or potion. Milton. 4. Dull; lazy ; heavy ; sluggish. Shak. SLEEP/Y-LOOK-ING, a. Appearing to be sleepy. SLEBT, n. [Dan. slud, loose weather, rain and snow together ; Ice. sletta. | i. A fall of hail or snow mingled With rain, usually in fine particles. Dryden. 2. In gunnery, the: part of a mortar passing from the chamber to the trunnions for strengthening that part. Encyc. SLEET, v. 7. To snow or hail with a mixture of rain. SLEET’I-NESS, n. A state of weather in which rain falls mixed with snow. SLEET’Y, a. Bringing sleet. 9. Consisting of sleet. SLEEVE, zn. [Sax. slef, slyf; W. Uawes ; said to be from llaw, the hand. ] 1. The part of a garment that is fitted to cover the arm ; as, the sleeve of a coat or gown. 9, The raveled sleeve of care, in Shakspeare. See SLEAVE. To laugh in the sleeve ; to laugh privately or unper- ceived ; that is, perhaps, originally, by hiding the face in the wide sleeves of former times. Arbuthnot. To hang on the sleeve; to be or make dependent on Warton. others. Ainsworth. SLEEVE, v. t. To furnish with sleeves; to put in sleeves. SLEEVE/-BUT-TON, n. A button to fasten the sleeve or wristband. SLEEV’/ED, pp. or a. Furnished with sleeves ; hav- ing sleeves. SLAY, v.t.; pret. Suew; pp. Svan. [Sax. slegan, complete. slazan; Goth. slahan; G. sehlagen; D. slaaen; Sw. That state of an animal in which the voluntary less coat. Sandys. SLEEVE/LESS, a. Having no sleeves; as, & sleeve- 1040 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —| SLi 2. Wanting a cover, pretext, or palliation ; unrea- sonable ; as, a sieeveless tale of transubstantiation ; a sleeveless errand. [Little used.] Hall. Spectator. SLEEV’ING, ppr. Furnishing with sleeves. SLEID, (slade,) v. t. To sley or prepare for use in the weaver’s sley or slaie. SLEID‘/ED, (slad/ed,) pp. Prepared for use in the weaver’s sley. SLEID/ING, (slad/ing,) ppr. Preparing for use in the weaver’s sley. SUEIGH, (sla,) n. [Probably allied to sleek.] A vehi- cle moved on runners, and greatly used in America for transporting persons or goods on snow or ice. (This word the English write and pronounce SLepGe, and apply it to what is called in America a SLED. SLEIGH’ING, (sla/ing,) n. The state of the snow or ice in winter which admits of running sleighs. America. 2. The act of riding in a sleigh. America. SLEIGHT, (slite,) n. [G. schlich, trick, cunning; scliliché, plain, sleek; Sw. slég, dextrous; D: sluik, underhand ; sluiken, to smuggle; Ir. slightheach, sly.] 1. An artful trick ; sly artifice ; a trick or feat so dextrously performed that the manner of perform- ance escapes observation ; as, sleight of hand; Fr. legerdemain. Not improbably sleight and Fr. leger, light, may have a common origin. 2 . Dextrous practice ; dexterity. SLEIGHT’FUL, | lite! a. Artful; cunningly dex- SEBIGHTIY, — { Giite’-,) trous. SLEN/DER, a. [Old D. slinder. This word is proba- bly formed on the root of lean, Teut, klein.] I. Thin; small in circumference compared with the length ; not thick ; as, a slender stem or stalk of a plant. 2. Smalj in the waist; not thick or gross. A slen- der waist is considered as a beauty. 8. Not strong; small; slight. Mighty hearts are held in slender chains. Pope. 4. Weak ; feeble; as, slender hope; slender proba- bilities ; a slender constitution. 3. Small; inconsiderable ; as, a man of slender parts. 6. Small; inadequate; as, slender means of sup- port ; a slender pittance. Shak. 7. Not amply supplied. The good Ostorius often deigned To grace my slender table. 8. Spare; abstemious; as, a slender diet. Arbuthnot. Philips. SLEN’DER-LY, adv. Without bulk. 2. Slightly ; meanly ; as, a debt to be slenderly re- garded. Hayward. 3. Insufficientiy ; as, a table slenderly supplied. SLEN’DER-NESS, n. Thinness ; smallness of diam- eter in proportion to the length; as, the slenderness of a hair. Newton. 2. Want of bulk or strength; as, the slenderness of a cord or chain. 3. Weakness ; slightness; as, the slenderness of a reason. W hitavfte. 4. Weakness; feebleness; as, the slenderness of a constitution. 5. Want of plenty ; as, the slenderness of a supply. 6. Spareness ; as, slenderness of diet. SLENT, v. i. To make an oblique remark. used,| [See Srant.] SLEPT, pret. and pp. of SLeEr. SLEW, pret. of Sray. SLEY, (sla,)n. [Sax. sle.] A weaver’s reed. [See SreEave and pce SLEY, (sla,) v. t. To separate; to part threads and arrange them in a reed ; as weavers. SLICE, v. t. [G. schleissen, to slit; Sax, slitan.] 1, To cut into thin pieces, or to cut off a thin, [Not broad piece. Sandys. 2. To cut into parts. Cleaveland. 3, To cut; to divide. Burnet. SLICE, n. A thin, broad piece cut off; as, aslice of bacon ; a slice of cheese; a slice of bread. 2. A broad piece ; as, a slice of plaster. Pope. 3. A peel, or fire-shovel. Halliwell. 4. A spatula; an instrument consisting of a broad plate with a handle, used by apothecaries for spread- ing plasters, &c. 3. In ship-building, a tapering piece of plank to be driven between the timbers before planking. Encyc. SLIC/ED, (slist,) pp. or a. Cutinto broad, thin pieces. SLICH,) 7. The ore of a metal, particularly of gold, SLICK, } pounded and prepared for further working. Hebert. Encyc. SLIC/ING, ppr. Cutting into broad, thin pieces, SLICK ; the popular pronunciation of Steex, and so written by some authors, Halliwell, SLICK/2N-SIDES, n. A name which workmen give to a variety of galena in Derbyshire. Ure. SLID, pret. of Sripe. SLID/DEN, pp. of Surpx. SLID/DER, v 7 [Sax. sliderian, slidrian. See Srrpx.] To slide with interruption, [JVot iw use. ryden. : SLI SLID/DER, a [See Strpe.] Slippery. [Vot in SLID’/DER-LY, use. | Chaucer. SLIDE, v. i.; pret. Surv; pp. Sun, SuippEnN. [Sax. sidan; probably glide, with a different prefix; G. gleiten.| _1. To move along the surface of any body by slip- ping, or without bounding or rolling; to slip; to glide; as, asled slides on snow or ice; a snow-slip slides down the mountain’s side. 2. To move along the surface without stepping ; as, a man slides on ice. 3. To pass inadvertently. Make a door and a bar for thy mouth; beware thou slide not by it. cclus. _ 4. To pass smoothly along without jerks or agita- tion ; as, a ship or boat slides through the water. To pass in silent, unobserved progression. Dryden, 6. To pass silently and gradually from one state to another ; as, to slide insensibly into vicious practices, or into the customs of others. 7. To pass without difficulty or obstruction. Parts answering parts shall slide into a whole. Pope. 8. To practice sliding or moving on ice, They bathe in summer, and in winter slide. 9. To slip; to fall. 10. To pass with an easy, smooth, uninterrupted course or flow. SLIDE, v. t. To slip; to pass or put in imperceptibly ; as, to slide in a word to vary the sense of a question. Waits. 2. To thrust along ; or to thrust by slipping ; as, to slide along a piece of timber. Ages shall slide away without perceiving. Waller. SLIDE, x. A smooth and easy passage ; also, a slider. acon. 2. Flow ; even course. Bacon. 3. The descent of a detached mass of earth or rock down a declivity. Dana. 4. A place on the side of a hill or mountain for timber to descend; as, the slide of Alpnach, in Switz- erland. 5. In music, a grace consisting of two small notes moving by degrees. SLID/ER, 7. One that slides. 2. The part of an instrument or machine that slides. SLID/ING, ppr. Moving along the surface by slip- ping ; gliding ; passing smoothly, easily, or impercep- tibly. SLID/ING, n. The act of sliding ; lapse ; falling. SLID'ING-KEEL, n. A narrow frame or platform let down through the bottom of a small vessel, like a deepening of the keel. It serves, like a Jee-board, to sustain the vessel against the lateral force of the wind. Brande. SLID/ING-RULE, n. A mathematical instrument for the mechanical performance of addition and subtrac- tion, and, by means of logarithmic scales, of multi- plication and division. The operations are performed by sliding one of the parts along another. P. Cyc. SLID/ING-S€ALE, n. In the English corn-laws, a scale for raising or lowering the duties in proportion to the fall or rise of prices. SLIGHT, (slite,). a. ED. slegt; G. schlecht, plain, sim- ple, mean; D. slegten, to level; G. schlecken, to lick. It seems that slight belongs to the family of sleek, smooth. Qu, Dan. slet, by contraction. ] 1, Weak ; inconsiderable ; not forcible ; as, a slight impulse ; a slight effort. 2. Not strong or firm ; not calculated to endure; as, a slight structure, 3. Not deep; as, a slight impression. 4. Not violent; as, a slight disease, illness, or in- disposition. 5. Trifling ; of no great importance. Slight is the subject, but not so the praise. Pope. 6. Not strong ; not cogent. Some firmly embrace doctrines upon slight grounds. Locke. 7. Cursory ; superficial; not thorough; as, slight examination. 8. Negligent; not vehement; not done with ef- fort. The shaking of the head is a gesture of slight refusal. Bacon. 9. Foolish; silly ; weak in intellect. Hudibras. SLIGHT, (slite,) ». Nogiect; disregard ; a moderate degree of contempt manifested negatively by neg- lect. It expresses less than Contempt, Disparn, and Scorn. 2. Artifice ; dexterity. [See Srerent.] SLIGHT, (slite,) v. t. To neglect; to disregard from the consideration that a thing is of little value and unworthy of notice; as, to slight the divine com- niands, or the offers of mercy. Milton. Locke. 2. To overthrow ; to demolish. [Vt used.] Clarendon. ‘¢The rogues slighted me into the river,’’ in Shak- speare, is not used. [D. slegten, To slight over; to run over in haste; to perform superficially ; to treat carelessly ; as, to slight over a theme. Dryden. SLI SLIGHT’ED, (slit’ed,) pp. or a. SLIGHT’EN, (slit/n,) ». t. [Not in use.] SLIGHT/ER, zn. One who neglects. SLIGHT/ING, - Neglecting; disregarding. SLIGHT/ING-LY, adv. With neglect; without re- Neglected. To slight or disregard. Spenser. spect. Boyle. SLIGHT’LY, (slite'ly,) adv. Weakly ; superficially ; with inconsiderable force or effect; in a small de- gree; as, a man slightly wounded ; an audience slightly affected with preaching. 2, Negligently ; without regard; with moderate contempt. Hooker. Shak. SLIGHT’NESS, (slite/-,) m. Weakness; want of force or strength ; superficialness; as, the slightness of a wound or an impression. 2. Negligence ; want of attention; want of vehe- mence. How does it reproach the slighiness of our sleepy, heartless ad SSES ecay of Piety. SLIGHT’Y, (slite’-,) a. Superficial; slight. 2. Trifling ; inconsiderable. SLI‘LY, adv. Echard. {from sly.] With artful or dextrous secrecy. Satan slily robs us of our grand treasure. Decay of Piety. SLIM,a. [{ce.] Slender; of small diameter or thick- ness in proportion to the hight; as, a slim person; a slim tree. Grose. 2. Weak ; slight; unsubstantial. 3. Worthless. SLIME, x. [Sax. slin; Sw. slem; D. slym; Dan. slim; G. schlamm; L. limus.]} Soft, moist earth, haying an adhesive quality; viscous mgd. They had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. — Gen. Xi, SLIME/-PIT, n. SLIM/LNESS, n. A pit of slime or adhesive mire. The quality of slime ; viscosity. : Floyer. SLIM’NESS, n. State of being slim. SLIM’/Y, a. Abounding with slime; consisting of slime. 2. Overspread with slime; as, a slimy eel. 3. Viscous ; glutinous ; as, a slimy soil: SLI/NESS, nm [from sly.] Dextrous artifice to con- ceal any thing; artful secrecy. Addison. SLING, n. [D. slinger.] 1. An instrument for throwing stones, consisting of a strap and two strings; the stone, being lodged in the strap, is thrown by Joosing one of the strings. With a sling and a stone David killed Goliah, 2. A throw ; a stroke. Milton. 3. A kind of hanging bandage put round the neck, in which a wounded limb is sustained. 4. Arope by which a cask or bale is suspended and swung in or out of a ship. SLING, n. [G. schlingen, to swallow.] A drink composed of equal parts of rum or spirit and water sweetened. Rush. SLING, v. t.; pret. and pp. Stuna. (Sax. slingan; D. slingeren; Sw. slinka, to dangle; Dan. slingrer, to ree]. The primary sense seems to be, to swing.] 1. To throw with a Sling. 2. To throw ; to hurl. Addison. 3. To hang so as to swing; as, to sling a pack. 4. To move or swing by a rope which suspends the thing. SLING’ER, n. One who slings or uses the sling. _ SLING/ING, ppr. Throwing with a sling; hanging so as to swing; moving by a sling. SLINK, v. 2. ; pret. and pp. SLunK. sclileichen. | 1. To sneak; to creep away meanly; to steal away. He would pinch the children in the dark, and then slink into a corner, Arbuthnot, 2, To miscarry, as a beast. : SLINK, v. t. To cast prematurely ; to abort or mis- carry of ; as the female of a beast. [Sax. slincan; G. SLINK, a. Produced prematurely, as the young of a beast. : SLIP, v.i. [Sax, slepan; D. sleppen; Sw. SBR Dan, sliipper; G. schliipfen, schlicfen; W. yslib, smooth, , glib, from lib; Li. labor, to slide. } 1. Toslide ; to glide ; to move along the surface of a thing without bounding, rolling, or stepping. | 2, To slide ; not to tread firmly. Walk carefully, lest your foot should slip. : ; 3. To move or fly out of place ; usually with owt ; as, a bone may slip out of its place. Wiseman. 4, To sneak ; to slink; to depart or withdraw se- cretly ; with away. Thus one tradesman slips away, : To give his partner fairer play. Prior. 5. To err; to fall into error or fault. One slippeth in his’speech, but not from his heart. , 6, To glide; to pass unexpectedly or iImpercep- tibly. : : vid thrice the flitting shadow slipped away. Dr yuan x 7. To enter by oversight. An error may slip into a copy, notwithstanding all possible care, Ecclus. TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— AN’GER, VI’/CIOUS,—€ as K; G as J; 6 as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. — mn 131 104t7 i an Ce ee. ay 1 eh ee et i 2 e+ i si Hen Le ry 4 ‘ i D | aoa Pa : ee e = cs ad TE a aa ae eer ad P i. on Na f ~ - ow i ee oe ee ae ae s eo SLI SLO < ~ 8. To escape insensibly ; to be lost. Use the most proper methods to retain the ideas you have ac- s 2 5 Aue , SLIT, v. t.; pret. SLIT; pp- Suit or SLITTED. [eae quired, for the mind is ready to let many of them ae Vatta. SLIP, v. t. To convey secretly. He tried to slip a powder into her drink. 2. Toomit; to lose by negligence. Let us not slip the occasion. Arbuthnot. And slip no advantage That may secure you. 3. To part twigs from the br. tree. The branches also may be slipped aud p 4. To escape from ; to leave slily. Lucentio slipped me like his ereyhound. Shak. From is here understood 5. To let loose; as, to slip the hounds. Dryden. 6. To throw off; to disengage one’s self from ; as, a horse slips his bridle. 7. To pass over or omit negligently ; as, to slip over the main points of a subject. 8. To tear off ; as, to slip off a twig. 9, To suffer abortion ; to miscarry ; as a beast. To slip a cable; to veer out, and Jet go the end. Mar. Dict. To slip on; to put on in haste or loosely ; as, to slip on a gown or coat. SLIP, zx. A sliding; act of slipping. 9. An unintentional error or fault. Dryden. 3. A twig separated from the main stock ; as, the slip of a vine. A. A leash or string by which a dog is held; so called from its being so made as to slip or become loose by relaxation of the hand. Shak. 5, An escape ; a secret or unexpected desertion. 6. A long, narrow piece; as, a slip of paper. Addison. B. Jonson. anches or stem of a Hence, 7. Among printers, a portion of the columns of a newspaper struck off by itself. 8, A counterfeit piece of money, being brass cov- ered with silver. {.Vot in use. Shak. 9, Matter found in troughs of grindstones after the grinding of edge-tools. [ Local. | Petty. 10. A particular quantity of yarn. [ Local. | Barret. 11. An opening between wharves or in a dock. New York. 12. A place having a gradual descent on the bank of a river or harbor, convenient for ship-building. Mar. Dict. 13, A Jong seat or narrow pew in churches. Tnited States. 14. In geology, a mass of strata separated vertically or aslant. SLIP/-BOARD, n. A board sliding in grooves. Swift. SLIP/-KNOT, (-not,) n. A knot which will not bear a strain, but slips along the rope or line around which it is made. Totten. SLIP/PED, (slipt,) pp. of Sire. SLIP/PER, n. [Sax.] A kind of light shoe, which may be Slipped on with ease, and worn in undress ; a slip-shoe. ope. 9, A kind of apron for children, to be slipped over their other clothes to keep them clean. 3. A plant. [L. crepis.] 4, A kind of iron slide or lock for the use of a heavy wagon. SLIP/PER, a. [Sax. slipur.] Slippery. [JVot in use.] Spenser. SLIP/PER-ED, a. Wearing slippers. Warton. SLIP/PER-I-LY, adv. [from slippery.) Ina slippery manner. SLIP/PER-I-NESS, n. The state or quality of being slippery ; lubricity ; smoothness; glibness; as, the slipperiness of ice or snow; the slipperiness of the tongue, : 2. Uncertainty ; want of firm footing. Johnson. 3. Lubricity of character. SLIP’PER-Y, a. Smooth; glib; having the quality opposite to adhesiveness ; as, oily substances render things slippery. slippery promise. Tusser, The elinpery tops of human state. Cowley, 3. Not easily held ; liable or apt to slip away. The slippery god will try to loose his hold. Dryden. as, the slippery state of kings. Denham. SLISH, x. Acut; alow word, formed by reduplicat- lanted. Mortimer. ; . : SLIT, x. A long cut; or a narrow opening; as, a slit |. 2. Not affording firm footing or confidence; as, a T > 4 7 * "na , A 4, Not standing firm; as, slippery standers. Shak. 5. Unstable; changeable; mutable ; uncertain ; line. ing SiasH; as, slish and slash. Shak. slitan; Sw. slita; G. schleissen; D. slyten ; an. |S slider. ‘The two latter signify, to wear out or waste. | 5 The German has the signification of splitting and of | Ss wearing out. | 1. To cut lengthwise; to cut into long pieces or strips ; as, to slit iron bars into nail rods. 9. To cut or make a long fissure ; as, to slit the ear or tongue, or the nose. Temple. Newton. 3, To cut in general. Milton. 4. To rend ; to split. S in the ear. 9. A cleft or crack in the breast of cattle. Encyc. SLITH/ER, v.i. Toslide. [Various dialects. | Halliwell. SLIT’TER, n. One that slits, SLIT’ TING, ppr. Cutting lengthwise. SLIT’TING-MILL, n. A mill where iron bars are slit SLIV/ER-ED, pp. Divided into Jong, thin pieces; cut or rent lengthwise. SLIV’/ER-ING, ppr. Cutting or rending lengthwise into long, thin pieces, or very small pieces. SLOAM, 2. Layers of earth between those of coal. SLOAT, (slote,) n. [from the root of Dan. slutter, to fasten, D. sluiten, Sw. sluta, G. schliessen; from the root of L. claudo. | A narrow piece of timber which holds together large pieces ; as, the sloats of a cart. SLOB/BER, and its derivatives, are a different or- thography of Sasser, the original pronunciation of which was probably slobber. [See SLABBER and SLAVER.] SLOCK, to quench, is a different orthography of Siaxe, but not used. SLOE, zn. [Sax. slag, sla; G. schlehe ; D. slee, in slee- pruim, and slee signifies sour ; slee-boom, the sloe- tree ; Dan. s/aae, slaaen, or slaaen-torne. | A small, bitter, wild plum, the fruit of the black thorn, Prunus spinosa. Mortimer. SLO'GAN, n. The war-cry or gathering word of a Highland clan in Scotland. W. Scott. SLOOM, x. Slumber. [orth of Eng.) Hiullizell. SLOOM’Y, a. Sluggish; slow. [North af Eng. Halliwell, SLOOP, n. [D. sloep, sloepschip; G. schaluppe ; Dan. sluppe; Fr. chaloupe. It is written also SHALLOP. | A vessel with one mast, the main-sail of which is attached to a gaff apove, to a boom below, and to the mast on itsforemost edge. It differs from a Cur- rER by having a fixed steeving bowsprit and a Jib- stay. Sloops are of various sizes, from the size of a boat to that of more than 100 tons’ burthen. Mar. Dict. Sloop of war; a vessel of war rigged either asa ship, brig, or schooner, and mounting between 18 and 32 guns, Totten. SLOP, v.t. [Probably allied to lap.] ‘To drink greed- ily and grossly. [Little used. } SLOP, n. [Probably allied to slabber,] Water care- lessly thrown about on a table or floor ; a puddle; a soiled spot. 2, Mean liquor ; mean liquid food. 3. Slops, pl.; ready-made clothes, bedding, &c. [See Siops. SLOPE, a. [This word contains the elements of L. labor, lapsus, and Eng. slip ; also of L. levo, Eng. lift. I know not whether it originally signified ascending or descending, probably the latter.) Inclined or inclining from a horizontal direction ; forming an angle with the plane of the horizon; as, slope hills. [ Zattle ee Milton. SLOPE, n, An oblique direction ; a line or direction inclining from a horizontal line ; properly, a direction downward. 2. An oblique direction in general; a direction forming an angle with a perpendicular or other right 3. A declivity ; any ground whose surface forms 6. Not certain in its effect; as, a slippery trick. 1: Lubricous ; wanton 5 unchaste, Shak. SLIP/PY, a. Slippery. [/Vot in use, though regular Sax. slipeg.] - slippers, without pulling up the quarters. wif. SLIP/SLOP, n. Bad liquor. shaken off restraint; a prodigal; called also Suir THRIFT, but I believe seldom or never used. Cotgrave. 1042 SLIP/SHOD, a. [slip and shed.) Wearing shoes like Swi SLIP/STRING, n. [slip and string.] One that has an angle with the plane of the horizon ; also, an ac- clivity, as every declivity must be also an acclivity. .| SLOPE, »v.t. ‘To form with a slope ; to form to decliv- ity or abliquity ; to direct obliquely ; to incline ; as, to slope the ground ina garden; to slope a piece of cloth in cutting a garment. SLOPE, v.i. To take an oblique direction ; to be de- clivous or inclined. -| SLOPE/NESS, n. Declivity; obliquity [Mot much W wsed. Totton, SLOP/SELL-ER, 2. One who sells ready-made SLOP’SHOP, n. A shop where ready-made clothes SLOSH, n. See Siusu. SLOSH/Y, a. See SLuSHY. SLOT, v.t. [D. sluiten, to shut; G. schiliessen ; Dan. SLO LOP’ING, ppr. Taking an inclined direction. 2. a. Oblique; declivous; inclining or inclined from a horizontal or other right line. LOP/ING-LY, adv. Obliquely ; with a slope. LOP/PI-NESS, n. [from sloppy.] Wetness of the earth ; muddiness. LOP’PY,a. [fromslop.] Wet, as the ground ; mud- dy ; plashy. LOPS, n. pl. [Qu. D. sluif, a case or cover, or slof, an old slipper, or Sax. slopen, lax, loose ; toslupan, to loosen. ] Trowsers; a loose lower garment; drawers ; hence, ready-made clothes, bedding, &c. Shak. clothes. are sold. slutter; Sw. sluta; from the root of L. claudo. | To shut with violence; to slam, that is, to drive. into nail rods, &c. SLIVE, v.i. Tosneak. [Worth of England.] [ot in use, or decal) Ray. | Halliwell. SLOT, n. A broad, flat, wooden bar. SLIV/ER,»v t. [Sax. slifan; W. ysleiviaw, from yslaiv, SLOT, 27. [The Saxon has sletinge, tracks. ] a slash or slice, from glaiv, a sword or cimeter 5 Uaiv, The track of a deer. _ Drayton. shears or a shave; but all probably from the sense SLOTH or SLOTH, ». ([Sax. slewth, from slaw, slow. of cutting or separating. Class Lb.] See Stow.] : To cut or divide into long, thin pieces, or into very 1. Slowness; tardiness. small pieces; to cut or rend lengthwise ; as, to sliver I abhor wood. This dilatory sloth and tricks of Rome. Shak. SLIV’/ER, x. A long piece cut or rent off, or a piece 9, Disinclination to action or labor; sluggishness ; cut or rent Jengthwise. laziness ; idleness. They change their course to pleasure, ease, and sloth. Milton. Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor wears. Franklin. 3. The popular name of a genus of tardigrade edentate mammals, a genus which-comprises only | two species, viz., Bradypus tridactyJus or Ai, about | the size of acommon cat, and Bradypus didactylus or Unau, about half the size of the former, both of South America. These animals are so called from the remarkable slowness of their motions. It is said that their greatest speed seldom exceeds three yards an hour. ‘They feed on vegetables. SLOTH or SLOTH, v.i. To beidle. [JVot in Use. | Gower. SLOTH’FUL or SLOTH/FUL, a. Inactive ; sluggish 5 lazy ; indolent; idle. He that is slotiful in bis work, is brother to him that is a great waster. — Prov. xviil. SLOTH/FUL-LY or SLOTH/FUL-LY, adv. Lazily; sluggishly ; idly. SLOTH’FUL-NESS or SLOTH/FUL-NESS; n. The indulgence of sloth; inactivity; the habit of idle- ness ; laziness. | Slothfulness casteth into a deep sleep. — Prov. xix. SLOT’TED, pp. ora. Shut with violence. [Local.] SLOT’TER-Y, a. ([G. schlotterig, negligent; schlot- tern, to hang loosely, to wabble. See Sturt.] 1. Squalid ; dirty ; sluttish ; untrimmed. [Mot in Use. | haucer. 2. Foul; wet. [Wot in use. | Pryce. SLOI’TING, ppr. Shutting with violence; slam- ming. SLOUCH, n. [This word probably belongs to the root of lag, slug.) 1. A hanging down; a depression of the head or of some other part of the body ; an ungainly, clown- ish gait. if 9, An awkward, heavy, clownish fellow. Gay. SLOUCH, v.i, To hang down ; to have a downcast, clownish look, gait, or manner. Chesterfield. SLOUCH, v.t. ‘To depress; to cause to hang down ; as, to slouch the hat. SLOUCH’ED, (sloucht,) pp. Made to hang down ; depressed, SLOUCHI/ING, ppr. Causing to hang down. 9, a. Hanging down ; walking heavily and awk- wardly. SLOUGH, (slou,) n. [Sax. slog; W. yslwg, a gutter or slough, from log, a lake.] 1. A place of deep mud or mire; a hole full of mire. Milton. 2. (pron. sluff.) The skin or cast skin of a ser- pent. [Its use for the skin in general, in Shak- speare, 1s not authorized, | 3. (pron. sluff.) The part that separates from a8 foul sore. Wiseman. The dead part which separates from the living in mortification. . Cooper. SLOUGH, (sluff,) v. 7. Tio separate from the sound flesh; to come off; as the matter formed over & sore; @ term in surgery. To slough off; to separate from the living parts, as the dead part in mortification. SLOUGH’Y, (slou/e,) a. Full of sloughs ; miry. Swift. SLOV/EN, n. [D. slof, careless; sloffen, to neglect ; W. yslabi, from yslab, extended ; Ir. slapaire. | A man careless of his dress, or negligent of clean- liness; a man habitually negligent of neatness and ] SLOPE’ WISE, adv. Obliquely, Carew. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MTE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — order. Pope. aSLU SLOV’EN-LI-NESS, n. [from sloven.] Negligence of dress; habitual want of cleanliness, Wotton. 2. Neglect of order and neatness. Hall. SLOV’/EN-LY, a. Negligent of dress or neatness Sass a slovenly man. F 2. Loose; disorderly; not neat; as, a slovenly ress. SLOV’/EN-LY, adv. Ina careless, inelegant manner. SLOV’/EN-RY, x. Negligence of order or neatness ; dirtiness, [JVot in Use. | Shak. SLOW, a. [Sax. slaw, for slag; Dan. slév, dull, blunt ; contracted from the root of slack, sluggard, lag. | 1. Moving a small distance in a long time; not swift; not quick in motion; not rapid; as, a sluw Stream ; a slow motion. 2. Late; not happening in a short time. These changes in tlhe heavens, though slow, produced Like change on sea and land, sidereal blast, Milton. 3. Not ready; not prompt or quick; as, slow of speech, and slow of tongue. Exod, iv. 4. Dull; inactive ; tardy. The Trojans are not slow To guard their shore from an expected foe. Dryden, 5. Not hasty ; not precipitate ; acting with deliber- ation. The Lord is merciful, slow to anger. Com. Prayer. He that is slow to wrath is of great understanding. — Prov. xiv. 6. Dull ; heavy in wit. Pope. . Behind in time; indicating a time later than the true time; as, the clock or watch is slow. 8. Not advancing, growing, or improving rapidly ; as, the slow growth of arts and sciences. SLOW is used in composition, to modify other words ; as, a slow-paced horse. SLOW, as a verb, to delay, is not in use. Shak. SLOW, x. [Sax. sliw.] A moth. [JVot in use. ] Chaucer. SLOW’BACK, n. A lubber; an idle fellow; a loi- terer. SLOW'LY, adv. With moderate motion; not rapid- ly ; not with velocity or celerity ; as, to walk slovly. 2. Not soon ; not early ; not in a little time; not with hasty advance; as, a country that rises slowly into iniportance. 3. Not hastily ; not rashly ; not with precipitation ; as, he determines slozly. 4. Not promptly ; not readily ; as, he learns slowly. 5. Taldily ; with slow progress. The building pro- ceeds slowly. SLOW’NESS, n. Moderate motion ; want of speed or velocity. Swiftness and slowness are relative ideas, Watts. ~J 2. Tardy advance ; moderate progression ; as, the slowness of an operation ; slowness of growth or im- provement. 3. Dullness to admit conviction or affection ; as, slowness of heart. Bentley. 4. Want of readiness or promptness ; dullness of intellect. 5. Deliberation ; coolness ; caution in deciding. 6. Dilatoriness ; tardiness, SLOW’/-SIGHT-ED, a. Slow to discern. More. SLOW/-WING-ED, a. Flying slowly. SLOW’-WORM, n. [Paes slaw-wyrm. | A reptile, the bliindworm, not venomous. It is the Anguis fragilis of Linneus. PR. Cijc. SLUB/BER, v.t. To do lazily, imperfectly, or coarse- ly ; to daub; to stain; to cover carelessly. [Little used, and vulgar. SLUB/BER-DE-GULL/‘ION, (-yun,) ». A mean, dir- ty, sorry wretch. Hudibras. SLUB’/BER-ING-LY, adv. In aslovenly manner. [Vot used, and vulgar. | rayton. SLUDGE, n. [D. slyk, Sax. slog, a slough.] Mud ; mire; soft mud. Mortimer. SLUDG/Y, a. Miry. Partington. SLUE, (sli,) v. t. In seamen’s language, to turn any thing conical or cylindrical, &c., about its axis, with- out removing it from its place; to turn. Mar. Dict. otten. SLU/ED, (slude,) pp. Tumed about on its axis with- out removing it, SLUG, n. [Allied to slack, sluggard; W.lUag ; D. slak, slek, a snail.] 1. A drone ; a slow, heavy, lazy fellow. Shak. 2. A hinderance ; obstruction. Bacon. 3. A kind of snail, very destructive to plants, of the genus Limax. Slugs are naked snails, or snails without a shell. 4. [Qu. Sax. sloca, a mouthful ; D. slok, a swallow ; or Sax. slecg, a sledge.] A cylindrical or oval piece of metal, used for the charge of a gun. Pope. SLUG, v.7. To move slowly ; to lie idle. [Obs.4 Spenser. SLUG, v. t. To make sluggish. _[Obs.] Milton. SLUG/A-BED, n. One who indulges in lying abed. NVot used Shak. SLUG/GARD, zx. [from slug and ard, slow kind.] A person habitually lazy, idle, and inactive ; a drone, ry den. SLU SLUG/GARD-IZE, v. t. To make lazy. [Rare.] Shak. SLUG’GISH, a. Habitually idle and lazy ; slothful; dull; inactive; as, a sluggish man. 2. Slow ; having little motion ; as, a sluggish river or stream. 3. Inert ; inactive; having no power to move it- self. Matter is sluggish and inactive. Woodward, SLUG/GISH-LY, adv. Lazily ; slothfully; drowsily ; idly ; slowly. Milton. SLUG’GISH-NBSS, n. Natural or habitual indolence or laziness ; sloth ; dullness ; applied to persons. _ 2. Inertness ; want of power to move ; applied to wanimate matter. 3. Slowness; as, the slugwishness of a stream. SLUG’GY, a. Sluggish. [Not in use.] Chaucez SLUGS, n. Among miners, half-roastéd ore. SLUICE, (slise,) 2. . Sluis, a sluice, a lock; G. schleuse, a floodgate, and schloss, a lock, from sciilies- sen, to shut; Sw. sluss; Dan. sluse; Fr. ecluse; It. chiusa, an inclosure. The Dutch sluiten, Dan. slutter, to shut, are the G. schliessen; al) formed on the ele- ments of Ld, Ls, the root of Eng. lid, L. claudo, clau- st, clausus ; Low L. exclusa.] 1. A frame of timber, stone, &c., with a gate, for the purpose of excluding, retaining, or regulating the flow of water in a river, &c. Brande. 2. The stream of water issuing through a flood- gate. If the word had its origin in shutting, it de- noted the frame of boards or planks which closes the opening of a milldam ; but I believe it is applied to the stream, the gate, and channel. It is a common saying, that a rapid stream runs like a sluice. 3. An opening ; a source of supply ; that through which any thing flows. Each sluice of affluent fortune opened soon. Harte. SLUICE, v. t. To emit by floodgates. [Little used. | JMilton. SLUI/CY, a. Falling in streams, as from a sluice. And oft whole sheets descend of sluicy rain. Dryden. SLU/ING, ppr. Turning on its axis. SLUM/BER, v. 7. [Sax. slumerian; D. sluimeren: G. schlummern ; Dan. slummer, slumrer; Sw. slumra. | To sleep lightly ; to doze. He that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep. — Ps. cx™. 2. Tosleep. Slumber is used as synonymous with sleep, particularly in the poetic and/eloquent style. Milton. 3. To be in a state of negligence, sloth, supineness, or inactivity. Why slumbers Pope? Young. SLUM’'BER, v.t. To lay to sleep. 2. To stun; to stupefy. [Little used, and hardly le- gitimate. Spenser. Wotton. SLUM’/BER, zx. Light sleep; sleep not deep or sound. From carelessness it shall settle into slumber, and from slumber it shall settle into a deep and long sleep. South 2. Sleep ; repose. Rest to my soul, and slumber to my eyes, SLUM’BER-ED, pp. Laid to sleep. SLUM’BER-ER, xz. One that slumbers. SLUM/BER-ING, ppr. or a. Dozing; sleeping. SLUM’BER-ING-LY, adv. Ina slumbering manner. SLUM’/BER-OUS, ) a. Inviting or causing sleep; so- SLUM’BER-Y, poriferous. While pensive in the slumberous shade, Pope. 2. Sleepy ; not waking. Shak. SLUMP, v.72. [G. schlump; Dan. and Sw. slump, a hap or chance, accident, that is, a fall.] To fall or sink suddenly into water or mud, when walking on a hard surface, as on ice or frozen ground, not strong enough to bear the person. [ T'his lesritimate word is in common and respectable use in New Enzland, and its signification ts so appropriate that no other word will supply its place.) SLUNG, pret. and pp. of Sirna. SLUNK, pret. and pp. of Stink. SLUR, v.t. [D. slordig, sluttish.] 1. To soil ; to sully ; to contaminate ; to disgrace. 2. To pass lightly ; to conceal. With periods, points, and tropes, he slurs his crimes, Dryden. . Dryden. 3. To cheat; to trick. [ Unusual.] Prior. 4, In music, to sing or perform in @smooth, gliding style. Busby. SLUR, n. Properly, a black mark ; hence, slight re- proach or disgrace. Every violation of moral duty should be a slur to the reputation. 2. In music, a mark connecting notes that are to be sung to the same syllable, or made in one continued breath of a wind instrument, or with one stroke of a stringed instrument. SLUR/RED, (slurd,) pp. Contaminated; soiled. 2. a, In music, marked with a slur; performed in a smooth, gliding style, like notes marked with a slur. [See Srur, x. No. 2. SLUSH, n. Soft mud. Also, in some places, a mix- ture of snow and water; snow broth. Jamieson. 2. A soft mixture of grease, &c., used to lubri- SLUG/GARD, a. Sluggish; lazy. Dryden. cate. oo es $$$ SMA SLUSH/Y, a. Consisting of soft mud, or of snow and water, or of soft grease. SLUT, x. [D. slet, a slut, a rag; G. schlotterig, negli- ; gent, slovenly ; schlottern, to hang loosely, to wabble or waddle.]} 2 1, A woman who is negligent of cleanliness, and who suffers her person, clothes, furniture, &c., to be dirty or in disorder. Shak. Kine 2. Aname of slight contempt fora woman. ~ I? Estrange. SLUT’TER-Y, n. The qualities of a slut 3 more gener- ally, the practice of a slut; neglect of cleanliness and order; dirtiness of clothes, rooms, furniture, or provisions. Drayton. SLUT’'TISH, a, Not neat or cleanly ; dirty; careless of dress and neatness; disorderly; as, a sluttish 2. Disorderly; dirty ; as, a sluttish dress. [woman. 3. Meretricious. [ Little used.] Holiday. SLUT!TISH-LY, adv. In a sluttish manner; negli- gently ; dirtily. SLUT’/TISH-NESS, x. The qualities or practice of a slut; negligence of dress; dirtiness of dress, furni- ture, and in domestic affairs generally. Sidney. Ray. SLY, a. [G. schlaw; Dan. slue. Qu. D. sluwik, under- hand, privately ; sluiken, to smuggle; which seem to be allied to sleek and sleight. ] 1. Artfully dextrous in performing things secretly, and escaping observation or detection ; usually im- plying some degree of meanness ; artfully cunning; applied to persons ; as, a sly man or boy. 2. Done with artfil and dextrous secrecy; as, a sly trick. 3. Marked with artful secrecy ; as, sly circumspec- tion. Milton. 4. Secret; concealed. Envy works in a sly, imperceptible manner. Wats. On the slu; ina sly or secret manner. [Eng.] SLY’/-BOOTS, n. A sly, cunning, or waggish person. Low. SLY’LY, SLY/NESS. See Suiry, Surness SMACK, v.72. [W. ysmac, a stroke; Sax. smeccan, to taste; D. smaaken; G. schmecken, schmatzen; Sw. smaka; Dan. smager ; D. smak, a cast or throw. The primary sense is, to throw, to strike, whence to touch or taste; Gr. paxyn, a battle; as, battle from beat. | 1. ‘To kiss with a close compression of the lips, so as to make a sound when they separate; to kiss ew oe with violence. Pope. 2. To make a noise by the separation of the lips after tasting any thing. Gay. 3. To have a taste; to be tinctured with any par- ticular taste. 4. To have a tincture or quality infused. All sects, all ages, smack of this vice. Shak. SMACK, v.t. To kiss with a sharp noise. Donne. 2, To make a sharp noise with the lips. 3. To make asharp noise by striking; to crack ; as, to smack a whip. SMACK, x. A loud kiss. Shak. 2. A quick, sharp noise, as of the lips or of a whip. 3. Taste; savor; tincture. Spenser. Carew. 4. Pleasing taste. Tusser. 5. A quick, smart blow. 6. A small quantity ; a taste. Dryden. 7. [D. smakschip. Lye supposes it to be the Sax. snacca, from snaca, Snake, and so named from its form. Qu.] A small vessel, commonly rigged asa sloop, used chiefly in the coasting and fishing trade. Hebert. SMACK/ING, ppr. Kissing with asharp noise ; making a sharp noise with the lips or by striking. SMALL, (smawl,) a. [Sax. smal, smal, thin, slender, little; G.schmal, D. smal, narrow; Dan. sal, nar- row, strait; smaler, to narrow, to diminish; Sw. smal; Russ. malo, small, little, few; maljw and umaliayu, to diminish; Slav. to abuse; W. mal, small, trivial, light, vain, like, similar; malu, to grind, and malau, to make similar; Gr. Opados. See Miii_, Moup, Meat. 1. Slender; thin; fine; of little diameter; hence, in general, little in size or quantity ; not great; as,a small house; a small horse; a small farm; a small body ; small particles. 2, Minute; slender; fine; as, a small voice. 3. Little in degree; as, small improvement ; small acquirements ; the trouble is small. There arose no small stir about that way.— Acts Ix. 4. Being of little moment, weight, or importance ; as, it is a small matter or thing; a small subject. 5. Of little genius or ability; petty ; as, a small poet or musician. 6. Short; containing little ; as, a small essay. 7. Little in amount; as, a small sum; a small price, : A : 8. Containing little of the principal quality, or lit- tle strength; weak; as, small beer. : 9, Gentle ; soft; not loud. 1 Kings xix. 10. Mean; base; unworthy. [ Colloquial.} SMALL, n. The small or slender part of a thing; as, the small of the leg or of the back. Sidney. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FI as in THIS. zaesl 1043i y \ai ae i f f. i a j t 1 \s { ri i e759 ey | i FI ei a a Pee eek ) ee i, z i a > } ie = ee | fe ieee | ae i 3 Ee ch i! Fi % i ) i ‘ # SMALL, v.t. To make little or less. [Vot in use. | SMALL/AGE,n A plant, Apium graveolens. In its improved state under cultivation, it is called CeLery- Encyc. of Dom. Econ. SMALL'-ARMS, n. pl. A general name of muskets, coals used to light fires. SMALL/-CRAFT, 2. {small and craft.| Avessel, or vessels in general, of a small size, or below the size of ships and brigs intended for foreign trade. SMALL/-GRAIN-ED, 4. Having small grains. a Thompson. Somewhat small. Chaucer. Littleness of size or extent ; little- ; as, the smallness of a fly or of a SMALL/ISH, a. SMALL/NESS, 7. ness of quantity horse ; the smallness of a hill. 9. Littleness in degree; as, the smallness of trouble or pain. 3. Littleness in force or strength; weakness; 4s, smallness of mind or intellectual powers. 4. Fineness; softness ; melodiousness 3; smallness of a female voice. 5. Littleness in amount or value ; as of the sum. 6. Littleness of importance ; inconsiderableness ; as, the smallness of an affair. and poz, pocks-] Ss as, the An exan- a vesicle, and then a pustule, a is after a certain time, often leav- This disease is propagated exclu- tion, and is very danger- It is called, technically, crust which slougl ing a pit or scar. sively by contagion or infec ous when it occurs casually. Variota. It has several quite distinct varieties. SMALL/-W ARES, n. pl. The name given, in com- merce, to Various small, textile articles, as tapes, braid, sash-cord, fringe, &c. McCulloch. SMAL!LY, (smawl'ly,) adv. In alittle quantity or de- gree ; with minuteness. Little used. } Ascham. SMALT, n. [D- smelten, Dan. smelter, to melt; G. schmelz, from schmelzen, to melt, to smelt ; Sw. smalt, id. : a word formed on melt.] Common glass tinged of a fine protoxyd of cobalt. SMALT’INE, 2. Gray cobalt ; sisting of arsenic and cobalt. SMAR/AGD, n. [Gr. cpapa) 60s. The emerald. SMA-RAG/DINE, (-din,) 4. the Greek. ] Pertaining to emerald; consisting of emerald, or resembling it; of an emerald-green. SMA-RAG/DITE, n. A mineral; called also GREEN DIALLaGE. Ure. SMART, 7. [D. smert; G. schmerz; Dan. smerte. deep blue, by the tin-white cobalt, con- [L. smaragdinus, from This word is probably formed on the root of L. ama- rus, bitter, that is, sharp, like Fr. piquant. See the ww root 11D, AY. ».0 marra. Class Mr, No. 7-] SMAR’TLBE, (smar’tl,) v. i To waste away. Use. SMARTLY, adv. With keen pain; as, to ache smartly. SMART’-TICK-ET, n. , the smallness 5 SMALL-POX’, n. {small thematic disease, consisting of a constitutional febrile SMASH’/ED, (smasht,) pp- OF 4. Dashed to pieces. 0 affection, and a cutaneous eru ption. The cutaneous SMASH/ING, ppr. Dashing to pieces. the metal from extraneous substances. : eruption 1s first a papule, the top of which becomes SMASHI/ING, n. State of being smashed. SMELT’ED, pp. or a. Melted for the extraction of | nd finally forms a thick SMATCH, n. [Corrupted from smack. | the metal. | SMELT’ER, n. One that melts ore. | } SMAT’TER, v. 1. SMAT’TER, n. Temple. SMERK, a : a aA : ester a. Nice; smart; janty. SMAT’TER-ER, 2. One who has only a slight, su- SMERK’Y, ce); rt; janty Swift. So smerk, so smooth, he pricked bis ears. Spenser. mentality of the olfactory nerves ; or the faculty of perceiving by the organs of the nose ; one of the five senses. In some species of beasts, the smell is re- markably acute, particularly in the canine species. [Not in 9). Scent ; odor; the quality of bodies which af- | Ray. 2, Briskly ; sharply ; Wittily. fects the olfactory organs; as, the smell of mint; the 3, Vigorously ; actively. Clarendon. carbines, rifles, pistols, &c., in distinction from the V C reat guns. 4, Showily; in a showy manner, as, smartly smell of geranium. SMALL’-BEER, Tle [small and beer. ] A species of dressed. The sweetest smell in the ar is that of the white double violet. weak beer. SMART/-MON-EY, 7. Money paid by a person to ‘ i Bacon | SMALL'-CLOTHES, n. pl Breeches. Booth. buy himself off from some unpleasant engagement SMELL'ED, ) pret. and pp. of Sarit. SMALL/-€OAL, 7x. {small and coal.], Little wood or some painful situation. SMELT, | : ‘ : : Gay. 9, Money allowed to soldiers or gailors in the SMELL’ER, n. One that smells. ived. SMELL FEAST, 2. [smell and feast.] One that is English service, for wounds and injuries receive MEL FTOSEs apt to find and frequent good tables ; LD Estria 1G es , | an epicure ; a \| parasite. t ' SMART/NESS, n. The quality of being smart or 2? + » —~ . ! fa! “os | pungent ; poignancy ; as, the smartness of pain. SMELLIING, ppr- Perceiving by the olfactory | 9, Quickness; vigor; as, the smartness of a blow. nerves. _ | Boyle. SMELLI/ING, n. The sense by which odors are per- ceived. 3, Liveliness ; briskness ; vivacity ; Wittiness ; as, the smartness of a reply or of a phrase. 1oift. A certificate given to wound- SMELL'ING-BOT-TLE, n. A small bottle filled with something suited to stimulate the nose and re- vive the spirits. Aslt. ed seamen, entitling them to smart-money- Brande. SMELT. See SaELLED. SMELT, x. [Sax.] A small fish that is very delicate || MART’-WEED,n. A name given to the arse-smart, or Polygonum punctatum, on account of its acri- mony, Which produces smarting if applied where the skin is tender. MASH, v. t. [Probably mash, with a prefix.) To break in pieces by violence; to dash to pieces; to erush. Here every thing is broken and smashe It is of the genus Osmerus, belonging to the || salmon family. It emits a peculiar odor, which has been compared to the smell of cucumbers, green rushes, or violets. The sand-smelt is the same as the atherine, which see. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SMELT, v. t. D. smelten; G. schmelzen ; Dan. smel- ter; Sw. smalta,to melt, This is melt, with s pre- fixed. j To melt or fuse, as ore, for the purpose of separating food. d to pieces. [Vulgar.} Burke. Taste; tincture. [JVot in use, or vulgar. ’ 6 ‘ A house or place for smelting 1. 2. A bird. SMELT’ER-Y, 2. ores. SMELT/ING, pp7- Melting, as ore. SMELT’ING, x. The operation of melting or fusing ores for the purpose of extracting the metal. SMERK, v.z [Sax. smercian. | 1. To smile affectedly or wantonly. Swift. 9. To look affectedly soft or kind ; as, 2 smerking | Qu. Dan. smatter, to smack, to make a noise in chewing ; Sw. smattra, to crackle 5 Ice. sme@dr. It contains the elements of mutter] 1. To talk superficially or ignorantly. ———$———— Of state alldirs you cannot smatier. Swift. y 9. To have a slight taste, or a slight, superficial knowledge. countenance ; a smerking grace. Young. SMERK, 7. An affected smile. Slight, superficial knowledge. perficial knowledge. SMAT’TER-ING, n. A slight, superfi jal k rledge. A ight, superficial knowledge: | sypR/LIN, nm. A fish. Ainsworth. N [ This is the word commonly used. | » ih iS : : : SMEAR, v. t. [Sax. smerian, smirian; D. smeeren; G. SMEW, (smi,) 2. A migratory aquatic fowl, the schmieren; Dan. smérer; Sw. smOrja; Ir. smearam ; Mergus albellus ; also called WHITE UN E Russ. marayu ; D. smeer; G. schmier, grease, tallow ; UL. LEncyce nee <3 a ap oe oF TKI > Sux rhe y . ¥c Ir. smear, id.; Sw. and Dan, smor, butter. Qu. its SMICK/ER, v. [Sw. smickra, to flatter, Dan. alliance With marrow, marl, mire, from its softness. smigrer. | See Class Mr, No. 10, 21.] To smerk ; to look amorously or wantonly. | ass Mr, No. 10, <1. J 1. To overspread with an thing unctuous, VIS-} . o < : ‘ ee Kersey. y 6 d SMICK/ER-ING, ppr. Smerking; smiling affect- | cous, or adhesive; to besmear ; to daub ; as, to smear any thing with oil, butter, pitch, &c. Milton. Dryden. 9. To soil; to contaminate ; to pollute ; as, smeared with infamy- Shak. SMEAR,zn. A fat, oily substance; ointment. [Little look, SMICK/ET, nz. ; dim. of Smock. SMID/DY, n. (Sax. smithtia. | A smithery or smith’s workshop. [Vot in use. | SMIGHT, for Smite, in Spenser, is a mistake, SMIL'A-CIN, n. (Gr. outAaz; L. smilaz, the modern | name of a genus of plants. | sdly. SMICK’/ER-ING, ». An affected smile or amorous [Not used.] | used. | SMEAR/ED, pp. Overspread with soft or oily mat- ter; soiled. with any thing 1. Quick, pungent, lively pain ; a pricking, local pain, as the pain from puncture by nettles ; as, the smart of bodily punishment. 9. Severe, pungent pain of mind ; as, the smart of affliction. SMART, v.i. [Sax. smeortan; zen; Dan. smerter.] 1. To feel a lively, pungent, local pain from some application. Thus Cayenne pepper, tongue, makes it smart. 2. To feel a pungent pain of. mind; to feel sharp pain; as, to smart under sufferings. 3. To be punished ; to bear penalties or the evil consequences of any thing. He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. — Prov. xi. SMART, a. causing a keen, Jo- cal pain 5 a smart quality or taste. Granville. 2. Keen ; ferings. 3. Quick ; vigorous ; skirmish. 4. Brisk; fresh; as, a smart breeze. pungent grief; D. smerten; G. schmer- pungent pain, particularly a piercing Or irritating applied to the Pungent; pricking ; as, a smart \ash or stroke ; Shak. a smart saying. 6. Brisk ; vivacious ; Who, for the poor renown of being smart, as, a smart rhetorician. | Would leave a sting within a brother’s heart? Young. | 7. Dressed in a showy manner. SMART, n. A cant word for a fellow that affect briskness and vivacity. SMART/EN, v. t. To make smart. SMART’ER, a. comp. More smart. SMART/EST, a. superl. Most smart. [Not in use.] severe ; poignant ; as, smart pain or suf- sharp; severe; aS, a smart 5. Acute and pertinent; witty; as, a smart reply ; A white erystallizable compound, considered to be the active principle of the officina] species of silaz, or sarsaparilla. It is tasteless when solid, but bitter in solution. It is now ascertained to be an acid, and is called PariLirnic ACID. Tully. SMILE, v.i. [Sw. smila: Dan. sniler. | 1. To contract the features of the face in sucha manner as to express pleasure, moderate joy, or love SMEAR/ING, ppr- Overspreading soft and oleaginous ; soiling. SMEAR/Y, a. That smears or soils; adhesive. [Lit- tle used. Rowe, SMEATH, nz. SME€/TITE, x. An argillaceous & from its property of taking grease A sea-fowl. [Gr. cynxtts, deterging. | uth; fuller’s earth; so called out of cloth, &c. Pinkerton. U ‘ SMEETH, v.t. ‘To smoke [Wot in use ] and kindness ; the contrary to Frown. ws AA 5 . . se a ~ * SMEETH, ete To smooth. { Vorth of England. The smiling infant in his band shall take Halliwell The crested basilisk and sp ckled snake. Pope. . She smiled to see the doughty hero slain. Pope. 2. To express slight contempt by a smiling look, implying sarcasm oF pity ; to sneer. Pwas what I said to Craggs and Child, Who praised my modesty aud smiled. 3. To look gay and joyous; or to have an appear- ance to excite joy ; as, smiling spring; smiling plenty. The desert smiled, And paradise was opened in the wild. 4, To be propitious or favorable; to favor; to countenance. May Heaven smile on our labors. SMILE, v. t. Toawe with a contemptuous smile. Young. A peculiar contraction of the features of esses pleasure, mod- opposed to SMEG-MAT'I€, a. [Gr onnyea, soap. } Being of the nature of soap; soapy 5 cleansing ; detersive. SMELL, v. t.5 pret. and pp. SMELLED, SMELT. {I have not found this word in any other language. | To perceive by the nose, or by the olfactory nerves ; to have a sensation excited in certain organs of the nose by particular qualities of a body, which are transmitted in fine particles, often from a distance ; as, to smell a rose; to smell perfumes. To smell out, is a low phrase signifying to find out by sagacity. DL’ Estrange. To smell a rat, is a low phrase signifying to sus- pect strongly. SMELL, v. = To affect the olfactory nerves; to have an odor or particular scent, followed by of 3 as, to smell of smoke ; to smell of musk. 9. To have a particular tincture Or smack of any quality ; as, a report smells of calumny. [JVot ele- s gant. Shak. 3. ‘Lo practice smelling. Shak. 4, To exercise Sagacity. SMELL, n. The sense or faculty by which certain qualities of bodies are perceived through the instru- Pope. Pope. SMILE, z. the face, which naturally expr erate joy, approbation, or kindness 5 Frown. Sweet intercourse of looks and smiles. Milton. 9, Gay or joyous appearance ; as, the smiles of spring. 3. Favor; countenance 5 propitiousness ; as, the smiles of Providence. 4. An expression of countena Exod, XxX. nee, resembling a FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARIN Mines a 1044 E, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 4, einen 2 2 SS AE — | | | | | } Lie ha El a eeSMO smile, but indicative of opposite feelings, as con- tempt, scorn, &c.; as, a scornful smile, SMILE’LESS, a. Not having a smile. SMIL/ER, n. One who smiles. SMIL/ING, ppr. or a. Having asmile on the coun- tenance ; looking joyous or gay ; looking propitious. SMIL/ING-LY, adv. With a look of pleasure. SMIL/ING-NESS, n. State of being smiling. SMILT, for Smet. [Vot in use. ] SMIRCH, (smurch,) v. t. [from murk, face To Byron. cloud ; to dusk; to soil; as, to smirch the face. Low.} hal. SMIRK, (smurk,) v. % To look affectedly soft or kind. [See e Here Young. SMIT, sometimes used for Smirren. [See Smure.] SMITE, v. t.; pret. Sore 3; pp. SMITTEN, Smit. [Sax. smitan, to strike ; smitan ofer or on, to put or place, that is, to throw; D. smyten, to smite, to cast or throw ; G. schmeissen, to smite, to fling, to kick, to cast or throw, to fall down, that is, to throw one’s self down; Sw. smida, to hammer or forge ; Dan. smider, to forge, to strike, to coin, to invent, devise, counterfeit; D. smeeden, to forge; G. schinieden, to coin, forge, invent, fabricate. The latter verb seems to be formed on the noun schmied, a smith, or schmiede, a forge, which is from the root of smite. This verb is the L. mitto, Fr. mettre, with s prefixed. Class Md or Ms. “It is no longer in common use, though not entirely obsolete. ] 1. To strike ; to throw, drive, or force against, as the fist or hand, a stone or a weapon ; to reach with a blow or a weapon ; as, to smite one with the fist; to smite with a rod or with a stone. Whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also, — Matt. y. 2. To kill; to destroy the life of by beating, or by weapons of any kind; as, to smite one with the sword, or with an arrow or other engine. David smote Goliath with a sling and astone. The Philis- tines were often smitten with great slaughter {This word, like Stray, usually or always carries with it something of its original signification, that of beating, striking, the primitive mode of killing. We never apply it to the destruction of life by poison, by accident, or by legal execution. 3. To blast; to destroy life; as by a stroke or by something sent. The flax and the barley were smitten. — Ex, ix. 4. To afflict ; to chasten ; to punish. Let us not mistake God’s goodneas, nor imagine, because he smites us, that we are forsaken by him. Wake. 9. To strike or affect with passion. See what the charms that smite the simple heart. Pope. Smit with the love of sister aris we came, Pope. To smite with the tongue; to reproach or upbraid. Jer, XVili. SMITE, v.z. To strike; to collide. The heart melteth, and the knees smile together. — Neh. ii, SMITE, 7. A blow. [Local.] SMIT’/ER, zn. One who smites or strikes. I gave my back to the smiters. —Is. 1. SMITH, n. (Sax. smith; Dan. and Sw. smed; D. smit ; G. schmied; from smiting. | 1, Literally, the striker, the beater ; hence, one who forges with the hammer ; one who works in metals; as, an iron-smith goid-smith, silver-smith, &c. Nor yet the smith hath learned to form a sword. Tate, 2. He that makes or effects any thing. Dryden. Hence the name Smith, which, from the number of workmen employed in working metals in early ages, Is supposed to be more common than any other. SMITH, v.t. [Sax. smithian, to fabricate out of metal by hammering. ] To beat into shape ; to forge. Chaucer. SMITH’/ERAFT, n. [smith and craft.] The art or occupation of a smith. [LZitile used.] Ralegh. SMITH/ER-Y, 2. The workshop of a smith, 2, Work done by a smith Burke. SMITH’ING, n. The act or art of working a mass of iron into the intended shape. Moxon. SMITH-SO’/NI-AN, a. Pertaining to or derived from Smithson, an English gentleman who has given by legacy a large sum of money to the United States, for the foundation and support of an institution for the diffusion of learning. : SMITH/’Y, x. fear smiththa. ] The shop of asmith. [Seldom used. SMIT/ING, ppr. Stnking; killing; afflicting; pun- ishing. SMITT,n. The finest of the clayey ore made up into balls, used for marking sheep. Woodward. SMIT’TEN, (smit’n,) pp of Smite, Struck; killed. 2. Affected with some passion ; excited by beauty or something impressive. [Not in use.] SMIT’TLE, v.t. [from smite.] To infect, [Zocal.] SMIT’TLE en [ Halliwell. SMIT’TLISH, a, Infectious. SMOCK, x. [Sax. smoc.] 1. A shift; a chemise; a Woman’s under gar- ment. SMO 2. In composition, it is used for female, or what re- lates to Women; as, smock-treason. B. Jonson. 3. A smock-frock, which see. MM, F. Tupper. SMOCK’-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. [smock and Face. | Pale-faced ; maidenly; having a feminine coun- tenance or complexion. Fenton. SMOCK’-FROEK, n. [smock and Srock.] A coarse, linen trock or shirt worn over the coat by farm-labor- ers. Halliwell. SMOCK’-MILL, n. A wind-mill whose top is the only part which turns to meet the wind. Francis. SMOCK’-RACE, n. A race run by women for the prize of a fine smock. North of England. SMOCK’LESS, a. Wanting a smock. Chaucer. SMOKE, x. [Sax. smoca, smec, smic; G. schmauch; D. smook; W. ysmog, from muog, smoke; Ir. much; al- lied to muggy, and I think it allied to the Gr. cp UXO), to consume slowly, to waste. ] 1. The exhalation, visible vapor, or substance that escapes or is expelled in combustion from the sub- stance burning. It is particularly applied to the vol- atile matter expelled from vegetable matter, or wood, coal, peat, &c. The matter expelled from metallic substances is more generally called Fume, Fumes. 2. Vapor; watery exhalations. SMOKE, v.72. (Sax. smocian, smecan, smican; Dan. smo ger; D. smooken; G. schniauchen. } 1. To emit smoke; to throw off volatile matter in the form of vapor or exhalation. Wood and other fuel smokes when burning; and smokes most when there is the Jeast flame. 2. To burn ; to be kindled ; to rage; in Scripture. The anger of the Lord and his jealousy shall smoke against that man. — Deut, xxix. 3. To raise a dust or smoke by rapid motion. Proud of his steeds, he smokes along the field. Dryden. 4. To smell or hunt out ; to suspect. I began to smoke that they were a parcel of mummers. [Little used. Addison. 5. To use tobacco in aspipe or cigar, by kindling the tobacco, drawing the smoke into the mouth, and puffing it out. 6. To suffer ; to be punished, Some of you shall smoke for it in Rome. Shak. SMOKE, v. t. To apply smoke to; to hang insmoke ; to scent, medicate, or dry by smoke ; as, to smoke in- fected clothing ; to smoke beef or hams for preser- vation. 2, To smell out; to find out. He was first smoked by the old Lord Lafeu. [Now little vest) 3. To sneer at; to ridicule to the face. Congreve. SMOKE/-€LOUD, x. A cloud of smoke. Hemans. SMOKE’-€ON-SUM/ING, a. Consuming sinoke. SMOK’ED, (smokt,) pp. or a. Cured, cleansed, or dried in smoke. SMOKE/-DRI-ED, (-dride,) a. Dried in smoke. Irving. SMOKE/-DRY, v. t. Todry by smoke. Mortimer. SMOKE!-JACK, x. An engine for turning a spit by means of a fly or wheel turned by the current of as- cending air in a chimney. SMOKE’LESS, a. Having no smoke; as, smokeless towers. Pope. SMOK/ER, x. One that dries by smoke. 2, One that uses tobacco by inhaling its smoke from a pipe or cigar. SMOKE/-SAIL, n. A small sail hoisted before the funnel of a vessel’s galley, to allow the smoke to rise before it is blown aft by the wind. Totten. SMOK’TI-LY, adv. So as to be full of smoke. SMOK’I-NESS, xn. The state of being smoky. Ash. SMOK’ING, ppr. or a. Emitting smoke, as fuel, &c. 2. Applying smoke for cleansing, drying, &c. 3. Using tobacco in a pipe or cigar. SMOK/ING, xn. The act of emitting smoke. - 2. The act of applying smoke to. 3. The act or practice of inhaling tobacco smoke from a pipe or cigar. SMOK’Y, a Emitting smoke; fumid; as, smoky fires. ryden. 2, Having the appearance or nature of smoke ; as, a smoky fog. Harvey. 3. Filled with smoke, or with a vapor resembling it; thick. New England, in autumn, frequently has a smoky atmosphere. 4, Subject to be filled with smoke from the chim- neys or fireplaces ; as, a smoky house. 5. Tarnished with smoke ; noisome with smoke ; as, smoky rafters ; smoky cells, Multon. Denham. SMOL/DER-ING ; the more desirable orthography of SmouLDERING, Which ste. SMORE? vt, [Sax. smoran.] To suffocate or smother. [JVotin use.] More. SMOOFH, a. [Sax. smethe, smoeth; W. esmoyth, from myth ; allied to L. mitis, Ir. myth, maoth, soft, tender.] 1. Having an even surface, or a surface so even that no roughness or points are perceptible to the touch; not rough; as, smooth glass ; smooth por- celain. The outlines must be smooth, imperceptible to the touch, en, SMO 2. Evenly spread; glossy ; as, a smooth-haired horse. Pope. 3. Gently flowing; moving equably ; not ruffled or undulating ; as, a smooth stream 3 smooth Adonis. : : Milton. 4. That flows or is uttered without Stops, obstruc- tion, or hesitation ; voluble; even; not harsh ; as, smooth verse ; smooth eloquence. When sage Minerva rose, From her sweet lips smooth elocation flows. Gay. 5. Bland ; mild ; soothing; flattering. This smooth discourse and mild behavior oft Conceal a traitor, Addison. 6. In botany, glabrous; having a slippery surface void of roughness. SMOOFH, x. That which is smooth; the smooth part of any thing ; as, the smooth of the neck. Gen. XXVIiI. SMOOTH, v. t. [Sax. smethian.] 1. To make smooth ; to make even on the surface by any means; as, to smooth a board with a plane; to smooth cloth with an iron. And smoothed the ruffled sea. Dryden. 2. To free from obstruction ; to make easy. Thou, Abelard, the last sad oifice pay, And smooth my passage to the realms'of day. Pope. 3. To free from harshness; to make flowing, In their motions harmony divine So smooths her charming tones. Milton. 4. To palliate ; to soften ; as, to smooth a fault. Siak. 5. To calm; to mollify; to allay. Each perturbation smoothed with outward calm. Milion. 6. To ease. The difficulty smoothed. Dryden, 7. To flatter ; to soften with blandishments. Because I can not flatter and look fair, Smile in men’s faces, smooth, deceive, and coy. sneak, SMOOTH’-CHIN-NED, a. Beardless. SMOOPFH’ED, pp. Made smooth. SMOOTH’EN, for Smoorn, is used by mechanics; though not, I believe, in the United States. SMOOFH’ER, n. One who smooths. SMOOTH’ER, a.; comp. of SMoorn. SMOOFTH/-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a mild, soft look : as, smooth-faced wooers. Shak, SMOOTH’ING, ppr. Making smooth. SMOOPH/ING-I-RON, x. An iron instrument with a polished face for smoothing clothes ; a sad-iron. SMOOFH’ING-PLANE, n. tl is. to have: 3. To bite or seize suddenly with the teeth. ravens : Thomson. 2% ; » phrase, to go snacks with one, that 1s, to have a Bs ; SNATCH, v. i. To catch at; to attempt to seize sud- . share. Pope. f Addison. Gay. denly i 2. A slight, hasty repast. 4, To break upon suddenly with sharp, angry “ tS en saree « Pi ) SNACWET, n. ‘The hasp of a casement. Local.) 9. To crack eae Ore LATA hip. (words. Heciall snatch a the ee haadiead be huagry. — Is Bee ff SNECK/ET, Sherwood. GQuwilt. To snap off; to break suddenly. : : Lg Eo ees ree pe ts SNAC/OT, n. Afish. [L. acus.] Ainstoorth. 2, To bite off suddenly Wiseman. SNATCH, 7. A hasty catch or seizing. i ay? SNAF/ELE, n. [D. sneb, snavel, bill, beak, snout; G, To snap one up, to snap one up short; to treat with 2. A catching at or attempt to selze suddenly. fe | Dan. and Sw. snabel ; from the root of nib, ned.] sharp words. 3. A short fit of vigorous action; as, a snatch at A bridle consisting of a slender bit-mouth, without SNAP, v. 7. To break short; to part asunder sud- weeding after a shower. ; Tusser. branches. Encyc. denly ; as, a mast or spar snaps; a needle snaps. 4. A broken or interrupted action; a short fit or SNAF’EFLE, v. t. To bridle; to hold or manage with If steel is tuo hard, that is, too brittle, with the least bending it turn. a bridle. will snap. Mozon. They move by fits and snatches. Witkins. SNAG,z. Ashort branch, or a sharp or rough branch ; 9. To make an effort to bite; to aim to seize with We have often little snatches of sunshine. Spectator. a shoot; a knot. the teeth; as, a dog snaps at a passenger; a fish 5. A shuffling answer. [JZittle used. Shak. NE aed 2 eae ae pe ip snaps at the bait. SNATCH/-BLOCK, n. A particular Kind of block 2 e 1 NU eae aU Ee 3. To utter sharp, harsh, angry words. used in ships, having an opening in one side to re- 2. A tooth, in contempt; or a tooth projecting be- SNAP, 7. A sudden breaking or rupture of any sub- ceive the bight of a rope. Mar. Dict. yond the rest. Prior. stance. SNATCH’ED, (snacht,) pp. Seized suddenly and vi- 3. In the western rivers of the United States, the 2. A sudden, eager bite ; asudden seizing, or effort olently. trunk of a Jarge tree firmly fixed to the bottom at one to seize, with the teeth. SNATCH’ER, zn. One that snatches or takes abruptly. | end, and rising nearly or qUite to the surface at the 3. A crack of a whip. Shak. | other end, by which steamboats, &c., are often 4. A greedy fellow. I’ Estrange. SNATCH/ING, ppr. Seizing hastily or abruptly ; \| pierced and sunk. 5. A catch; a theft. Johnson. catching at. , i FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1046SNI SNATCH'ING-LY, adv. By snatching ; hastily ; ab- SNATH,nx. [Sax. sned ; Eng. snathe, sneath.} [ruptly. The handle of a scythe. New England. 2 o [Also spelled SNatHe and SNEATHE. ] SNAPHE, v.t. [Sax. snidan, snithan.] To lop; to prune. [Wot in use. | SNAT’TOCK, n. (Supra.] A chip; a slice. use, or local. ayton. SNEAD, x2. The handle of a scythe; snath. Ash. SNEAK, (Ssneek,) v. 7. (Sax. snican; Dan. sniger, to creep, or move softly. See Snaxe. 1. ‘To creep or steal away privately ; to withdraw meanly, as a person afraid or ashamed to be seen ; as, tO sneak away from company; to sneak into a Zormer, or behind a screen. You skulked behind the fence, and sneaked away. [Wot in Dryden, 2. To behave with meanness and Servility ; to crouch ; to truckle. Will sneaks a scrivener, an exceeding knave, Pope. SNEAK, v. t. Tohide. [ot in use. | Wake. SNEAK, x. A mean fellow. SNEAK/ER, n. A small vessel of drink. [Zocal.] Spectator. SNEAK’ING, ppr. away. 2. ad. Mean; servile; crouching. Rowe. 3, Meanly parsimonious ; covetous ; niggardly. SNEAK/ING-LY, adv. In a sneaking manner ; mean- Creeping away slily; stealing Ye Herbert. SNEAK/ING-NESS, n. Meanness ; niggardliness. Boyle. SNEAKS/BY, 7. A paltry fellow. Barrow. SNEAK/UP, n. A sneaking, cowardly, insidious fel- low. [Not used. Shak. SNEAP, (sneep,) v. t. [Dan. snibbe, reproach, repri- mand; snip, the end or point of a thing ; D. snip, a snipe, from its bill; snippen, to snip or nip; G. schnep- pe, a peak; from the root of ned, nib, nip, with the sense of shooting out, thrusting, like a sharp point. 1. To check; to reprove abruptly ; to reprimand. [ Obs.) Chaucer. 2. To nip. Dee, Shak. SNEB, v.t. To check; to reprimand ; the same as SNEAP. Spenser. SNE SNED, | nm. See SnNeap. SNEAD, SNEEK,n. Thelatchofadoor. [Not in use, or local.] SNEER, v.7. [from the root of L. naris, nose ; to turn up the nose. ] 1. To show contempt by turning up the nose, or by a particular cast of countenance 3 ‘““naso suspen- dere adunco.”? 2. To insinuate contempt by a covert expression. I could be content to be a Jittle sneered at. Pope. 3. To utter with grimace. Congreve. 4, To show mirth awkwardly. Tatler. SNEER, n. A look of contempt; ora turning up of the nose to manifest contempt; a look of disdain, derision, or ridicule. Pope. 2. An expression of Judicrous scorn. Watts. SNEER/ER, x. One that sneers. SNEER/EUL, a Given to sneering. [Not in use. | Shenstone. SNEER/ING, ppr. or a. Manifesting contempt or scorn by turning up the nose, or by some grimace or signif- icant look, SNEER/ING-LY, adv. scorn, SNEEZE, v. i. [Sax. niesan; D. niezen; G. niesen: Sw. nysa ; from the root of nose, G. nase, Dan. nese, D. neus, L. nasus ; the primary sense of which is, to project. ] To emit air, chiefly through the nose, audibly and violently, by a kind of involuntary convulsive force, occasioned by irritation of the inner membrane of the nose. Thus snuff, or any thing that tickles the nose, Makes one sneeze, Swift. SNEEZE, n. A sudden and violent ejection of air, chiefly through the nose, with an audible sound. Milton. SNEEZE’WORT, (-wurt,) x. A plant. The popular name of several different plants; as of a species of Achillea, of Xeranthemum, é&c. SNEEZ'ING, ppr. Emitting air from the nose audibly. SNEEZ/ING, n. The act of ejecting air violently and audibly, chiefly through the nose ; sternutation. SNELL, a. [Sax. snel.] Active ; brisk; nimble. [Wot in use.] SNET, x. The fat of a deer. [Local among sports- men. | SNEW, old pret. of Snow. [Obs.] Chaucer, SNIB, to nip or reprimand, is only a different spelling of Snes, SnEap. Hubber@s Tale. With a look of contempt or SNICK, x. Asmall cut or mark; a latch. [Jot in use. | : Snick and snee; a combat with knives. [Not in se. | Snee is a Dutch contraction of snyden, to cut.] SNICK/ER, ) v.27. [Sw. niugg, close. This can have SNIG/GER? | no connection with sneer. The ele- ments and the sense are different. ] To laugh slily ; or to laugh in one’s sleeve. SNO [It ts a word in common use in New Ex.zland, not easily defined. It signifies, to laugh with small, audible loud fauehion SNIFF, o. 7. To draw air audibly up the nose. [See SNUFF. Swift. SNIFF, . t. To draw in with the breath through the nose. [WVot in use.] Todd, SNIFF, x. Perception by the nose. SNIFT, v.72. Tosnort. [Vot in use. ]} { Warton. SNIFT/ING-VALVE, zn. A valve in the cylinder of a steam engine, for the escape of air; so called from the noise it makes. “rancts. SNIG, n. [See Snaxe.] A kind of eel. [Local] SNIG/GLE, v.i. [Supra.] ‘To fish for eels, by thrust+ ing the bait into their holes. [Zocal,] Walton. SNIG/GLE, v. t. To snare; to catch. Beawm. & Fil. SNIP, v.t. [D. snippen, to nip ; knippen, to clip. See SNEAP. | To clip; to cut off the nip or neb, or to cut off at once with shears or scissors. SNIP, x. A clip; a single cut with shears or scissors. Shak. Wiseman. 0 [Not in use.] 2. A small shred. Wiseman, 3, Share; asnack. [A low word.| L?Estrange. SNIPE, x. [D. snip; G. schnepfe; from neb, nib; so named from its bill.] 1. A bird of the genus Scolopax, that frequents the bauks of rivers and the borders of fens, distinguished by its long, straight, slender bill. The several species of this bird are highly prized for food. 2. A fool ; a blockhead. Shak. SNIP/PER, n. One that snips or clips. SNIP/PET, n. A small part or share. [ot in use, | Hudibras. SNIP’PING, ppr. Clipping; cutting off with shears or Scissors, SNIP/SNAP; a cant word, formed by repeating snap, and signifying a tart dialogue with quick replies. Pope. SNITE, x. [Sax.] Asnipe. [JVot in use.| Carew. SNITE, v.t. [Sax. snytan. ] To blow the nose. [Jot in use.] In Scotland, snite the candle; snuff it. Grew. SNITHE, )a. Sharp; piercing ; cutting; applied to SNITH’Y, the wind. SNIV/EL, (sniv'l,) x. [Sax. snofel, snyfling. Qu.neb, nib, snuff. Snot; mucus running from the nose. SNIV/EL, v.z% Torun at the nose. 2. To cry as children, with snuffing or sniveling. SNIV/EL-ER, 7. One that cries with sniveling. 2. One that weeps for slight causes, or manifests weakness by weeping, SNIV’/EL-ING, ppr. or a. Running at the nose; cry- ing as children. SNIV’EL-Y,a. Running at the nose ; pitiful ; whining. SNOB, x. A vulgar person, particularly one who apes gentility. Halliwell, [ Used in England in various dialects, and recently in- troduced into buoks as a term of derision. ] 2. In the English universities, a townsman, as op- posed to a gownsman. 3. A journeyman shoemaker. SNOB/BISH, a. SNOD, n. pears] Halliwell, Belonging to or resembling a snob. A fillet. [Mot in use, or local. } SNOD, a. Trimmed ; smooth. [Local.] SNOOD, n. In Scotland, the fillet which binds the hair of a young unmarried woman. Walter Scott. SNOOK, v.2%. [Sw. snoka. Qu. nook. To lurk; to lie in ambush. [JVot in use.] Scott. SNOOZE, n. PSY, Sa} } ox See) Ogle sabunon. Class Sb, No, 29.] A compound of one or more of the owl-acids, more especially with the metallic alkalies potassa or soda, but also with some other salifiable bases. The most common soaps are either margarates or oleates of potassa or soda, made by boiling some common oil with the lye of wood-ashes ; used in washing and cleansing, in medicine, &c. Common soap is an unctuous substance. O [Sax. sapan; D. zeepen; G. seifen. | To rub or wash over with soap. An évergreen, tropical tree of several species, belonging to the genus Sapin- dus, bearing red, saponaceous berries, which are used as a substitute for soap in washing clothes. P. Cyc. Loudon. sabun; Ar. occupation is to make soap. The occupation of making soap. Steatite; a magnesian mineral, usually gray, white, or yellow ; the Lapis ollaris. with soap. SOAP/WORT, n. A plant of the genus Saponaria ; so called from its bruised leaves producing a lather like soap, on being agitated in water. Farm. Encie. SOAP’Y, a. Resembling soap; having the qualities of soap; soft and smooth. 2. Smeared with soap. SOAR, (sore,) v.t. [Fr. essorer, to soar; essor, flight ; It. sorare; Eth. Ww2Z sarar, to fly, to be lofty. Lud. Col. 109. Class Sr, No, 20.) 1. To fly aloft; to mount upon the wing; as an eagle. Hence, 2. To rise high; to mount ; to tower in thought or imagination ; to be sublime ; as the poet or orator. 3. To rise high in ambition or heroism. Valor soars above W hat the world calls misfortune. Addison. 4. In general, to rise aloft ; to be lofty. SOAR, x2. A towering flight. Milton. SOAR/ING, ppr. ora. Mounting on the wing; rising aloft ; towering in thought or mind. SOAR/ING, n. The act of mounting on the wing, or of towering in thought or mind ; intellectual flight. SOA'VE, [It.] In music, sweet, or with SOA-VE-MEN'TE, sweetness. Brande. SOB, v.%. [Sax. seobgend, complaining. Qu.] To sigh with asudden heaving of the breast, or a kind of convulsive motion ; to sigh with deep sorrow or with tears. She sizhed, she sobbed, and, furious with despair, She rent her garments, and she tore her hair. oF Dryden. SOB,n. Aconvulsive sigh or catching of the breath in sorrow ; a convulsive act of respiration obstructed by sorrow. Johnson. Break, heurt, or clioke with sobs my hated breath. Dryden. SOB, v. t. Tosoak. [Vot in use.} Mortimer. SOR’/BING, ppr. Sighing with a heaving of the breast. SOB/BING, x. Lamentation. SO’BER, a. [Fr. sobre; It. sobrio; L. sobrwus; D. sober, poor, Mean, spare, sober; Sax. sifer, sober, pure, chaste. See Sort.] 1. Temperate in the use of spiritous liquors; ha- bitually temperate ; as, a sober man. Live a sober, righteous, and godly life, 9. Not intoxicated or overpowered by spiritous liquors; not drunken. The sot may at times be sober. 3. Not mad or insane; not wild, visionary, or heated with passion; having the regular exercise of cool, dispassionate reason. There was not a sober person to be had ; all was tempestuous and blustering, Drydn. No sober man would pnt himself in danger for the Bone of escaping Without breaking his neck. ryden, 4, Regular; calm; not under the influence of passion; as, sober judgment; a man in his sober senses, 5. Serious; solemn; grave; as, the sober livery of autumn. What parts gay France from sober Spain Com, Prayer. 2. A hard drinker. [Low.] \| FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ? Prior. See her sober over a sampler, or gay over a Jointed baby Pope.SOC ROE, v. & To make sober; to cure of intoxica- lon There shallow draughts intoxicate the brain, And drinking largely sober us again. SO’BER-ED, pp. Made sober SO'BER-LY, adv. Without intemperance. 2. Without enthusiasm. 3. Without intemperate passion ; coolly ; calmly ; moderately. Bacon. Locke. _ 4. Gravely ; seriously. SO’/BER-MIND/ED, a. Having a disposition or temper Jiabitually sober, calm, and temperate. SO/BER-MIND/ED-NESS, n, Calmness 3; freedom from inordinate passions; habitual sobriety. Pope. ec Porteus. x Y ot . = 7 SO/BER-NESS, n. Freedom from intoxication ; tem- 2. Gravity ; seriousness. [ perance. 3. Freedom from heat and passion ; calmness ; coolness. The soberness of Virgil might have shown him the difference. Dryden. SO-BRIVE-TY, n. [Fr. sobrieté; L. sobrietas, from so- ius. 1. Habitual soberness or temperance in the use of spiritous liquors ; as when we say, a man of sobriety. Hooker. Taylor. 2. Freedom from intoxication. Public sobriety is a relative duty. Blackstone. 3. Habitual freedom from enthusiasm, inordinate passion, or overheated imagination ; calmness ; cool- Ness ; as, the sobriety of riper years; the sobriety of age. Dryden. 4. Seriousness ; gravity without sadness or melan- choly. Mirth makes them not mad, Nor sobriety sad. Denham. SOB-RY-QUET’, (sob-re-ka’,) n. [Fr.] A nickname. SO€, n. (Sax. soc, from socan, secan, to seel:, to follow, L. sequor. | 1. Properly, the sequela, secta, or suit, or the body of suitors ; hence, the power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in a manor; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction. English Law. Wilkins. Lye. 2. Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. Cowel. 3. An exclusive privilege claimed by millers of grinding all the corn used within the manor or town- ship in which the mill stands. Grose. SO€/AGE,7n. [from soc, supra, a privilege.] In Eng- lish law, a tenure of lands and tenements by a cer- tain or determinate service; a tenure distinct from chivalry or knight’s service, in which the render was uncertain. The service must be certain, in order to be denominated socage; as to hold by fealty and twenty shillings rent. Blackstone. Socage is of two kinds; free socage, where the services are not only certain, but honorable ; and vil- lein socage, Where the services, though certain, are of a baser nature. Blackstone. SO€’A-GER, n. A tenant by socage; a socman. SO’-CALL-ED, a. So naméd. SO-CIA-BIL/LTY, n. [Fr. sociabilité.] Sociableness ; disposition to associate and converse with others ; or the practice of familiar converse. SO/CIA-BLE, (sd/sha-bl,) a. [Fr. sociable; L. sociabi- lis, from socius, a companion, probably from Sequor, to follow. See Szrx.] 1. That may be conjoined ; fit to be united in one body or company ; as, sociable parts united in one body. Hooker. 2. Ready or disposed to unite in a general in- terest. To make man mild, and sociable to man. Addison. 3. Ready and inclined to join in company or socie- ty; or frequently meeting for conversation ; as, so- ciable neighbors. 4. Inclined to converse when in company; dis- posed to freedom in conversation ; opposed to Rr- SERVED and Taciturn. o. Free in conversation ; conversing much or fa- miliarly. The guests were very sociable, SO’/CIA-BLE-NESS, n. Disposition to associate ; in- clination to company and converse: or actual] fre- quent union in society or free converse. This word may signify either the disposition to associate, or the disposition to enter into familiar conversation, or the actual practice of associating and conversing. SO/CIA-BLY, adv. In a sociable manner; with free intercourse ; conversibly ; familiarly ; as a compan- ion. SO/CIAL, (-shal,) a. [L, socialis, from socius, compan- ion, } 1. Pertaining to society ; relating to men living in society, or to the public as an aggregate body ; as, social interests or concerns ; social pleasures ; social benefits ; sacral happiness ; social duties. True celf-love and soctal are the game. Pope. 2. Ready or disposed to mix in friendly converse companionable, Withers, adieu! yet not with thee remove > SOC SOF 3. Consisting in union or mutual converse. Milton. 4. Disposed tc unite in society. Man isa social being. SO/CIAL-ISM,x A social state in which there is a community of property among all the citizens ; a ew term for Acrarianism. [See Communrsm.] SO/CIAL-IST, n. One who advocates a community of property among all the citizens of a state. SO-CIAL’/LTY, n. Socialness; the quality of being social. * Sterne. SO’/CIAL-LY, adv. Ina social manner or Way. SO’CIAL-NESS, n. The quality of being social. SO‘CIATE, (-shate,) v.% To associate; to mix with company. [ Obs.]} Shelford. SO-Ci/E-TY, n. (Fr. société; Sp. sociedad; It. soci- etd; L, soctetas, from socius, a companion. See So- CIABLE. | 1. The union of a number of rational beings; or a number of persons united, either for a temporary or permanent purpose. Thus the inhabitants of a state or of a city constitute a society, having common interests ; and hence it is called a community. Ina more enlarged sense, the whole race or family of man is a society, and called human society, The true and natural foundations of society are the wants and fears of individuals. lackstone, 2. Any number of persons associated for a particu- lar purpose, whether incorporated by law, or only united by articles of agreement; a fraternity. Thus we have Bible societies, missionary societies, and charitable societies for various objects; societies of mechanics, and learned societies ; societies for encour- aging arts, &c. 3. Company ; a temporary association of persons for profit or pleasure. In this sense, Company is more generally used. 4. Company ; fellowship. We frequent the society of those we love and esteem. ©. Partnership; fellowship; union on equal terms. Milton. Dryden. Among unequals what society can sort? Heaven’s greatness no sociely can bear, 6. Persons living in the same neighborhood, who frequently meet in company and have fellowship. Literary society renders a place interesting and agree- able. 7. In Connecticut, a number of families united and incorporated for the purpose of supporting public worship, is called an ecclesiastical society. This is a parish, except that it has not territorial limits. In Massachusetts, such an incorporated society is usually called a parish, though consisting of persons only, Without regard to territory. SO-CIN’I-AN, a. [from Socinus, a native of Sienna, in Tuscany, the founder of the sect of Socinians in the 16th century.] Pertaining to Socinus, or his religious creed. SO-CIN’I-AN, 2. One of the followers of Socinus. NCYC. SO-CIN’I-AN-ISM, n. The tenets or doctrines of So- cinus, who held Christ to have been a mere man in- spired, denied his divinity and atonement, the doctrine of original depravity, and kindred doctrines. Encyc. SOCK, 7. [Sax. socc; L. soccus; Sw. socka; G. socke ; D. zok; Dan. sok; Fr. socque; It. socco; Sp. zoco, zu- eco, a wooden shoe, a plinth, whence zocalo, Fr. socle. Qu. L. sicco, to dry, Gr. caxxos, a bag.] 1. The shoe of the ancient actors of comedy. Hence the word is used for comedy, and opposed to Buskin, or tragedy. Great Fletcher never treads in buskin here, Nor greater Jonson dares in socks appear. Dryden. 2. A garment for the foot, like the foot of a stock- ing. 3. A plowshare. SOCK/ET, xn. [Ir. soicead. 1. The little hollow tube or place in which a can- dle is fixed in the candlestick. And in the gockets oily bubbles dance, Ed, Encizye. Dryden. 2. Any hollow thing or place which receives and holds something else ; as, the sockets of the teeth or of the eyes. His eyeballs in their hollow sockets sink. Dryden Gomphosis is the connection of a tooth to its sooket. Wiseman. SOCK’/ET-CHIS-EL, x. A strong chisel used by car- penters for mortising. Guwilt. SOCK/ET-POLE, n. A pole armed with an iron socket, and used to propel boats, &c. SOCK’LESS, a. Destitute of socks or shoes. Beaum. & Fl, SO/€LE, (sé'kl,) x. In architecture, a plain block or plinth, forming a low pedestal to a statue, column, é&c. ; also, a plain face or plinth at the lower part of a wall. Gloss. of Archit. SO€/MAN, 7. [See Socacx,} One who holds lands or tenements by socage, Cowel. SO€/MAN-RY,n. Tenure by socage. [Wot in use Covel. SO€/OME, 7. Acustom of tenants to grind corn at the lord’s mill. [Wot used.] Covel. S0€/0-TO-RINE, (-rin,) a. Socotorine or socotrine 80€/0-TRINE, aloes; a kind of aloes Thy martial spirit or thy social love. Pope. TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G from Socotra, an isle in the Indian Ocean. Encye, as J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS, SO-€RAT'TE, a. Pertaining to Socrates, the SO-CRAT'IE-AL, Grecian sage, or to his language or manner of teaching and philosophizing. The Socratic method of reasoning and instruction was by a series of questions leading to the desired result. SO-€RAT/IE-AL-LY, adv. In the Socratic method. oodman. SO€/RA-TISM, n. The doctrines or philosophy of Socrates. SO€/RA-TIST, nm. A disciple of Socrates. Martyn. SOD, n. [D. zoode; G. sade. I suspect the radical sense is set, fixed ; W. sodi, to set.] Turf; sward ; that stratum of earth on the surface which is filled with the roots of grass, or any por- tion of that surface. It differs from Crop, which may be a compact mass of earth without roots; but sod is formed by earth held together by roots. SOD, a. Made or consisting of sod. SOD, v.t. To cover with sod; to turf. SOD, pret. of SeretHeE; also the passive participle. [See Soppen.] SO'DA, xn. [G. soda; D. souda; It. soda; Sp. soda or sosa, glasswort, barilla. ] 1. The protoxyd of the metal sodium, formerly called, though not appropriately, mineral alkali. It has likewise been called a fired alkali, in contra- distinction from ammonia, which is a volatile al- Kali. 2. The carbonate of soda, formerly called Natron, obtained by lixiviating the ashes of marine plants, or decomposing the salts of soda. In this state, how- ever, it is never pure. SO/DA-ASH, x. Impure carbonate of soda. SO’DA-LITE, zn. A mineral occurring usually in small, bluish dodecahedrons, and containing a large proportion of soda, along with silica, alumina, and muriatic acid. Dana. SO-DAL/LTY, n. [L. sodalitas, from sodalis, a com- panion. A fellowship or fraternity. Stillingfleet. SO/DA-SALTS, n. pl. In chemistry, salts which have soda for their base. Silliman. SO’/DA-WA-TER, x. A very weak solution of soda in water highly charged with carbonic acid. The popular beverage sold under this name in the shops is ordinarily nothing but common water highly charged with carbonic acid. SOD'DED, pp. Cuvered with sod; turfed. SOD/DEN, pp. of SeetHe. Boiled; seethed. SOD/DY,a. [from sod,] Turfy; consisting of sod ; covered with sod. SOD/ER, v. t. PN said, juncture ; sawdriaw, to join, to soder; Fr. souder; Arm. souda or soudta; It. sodare, to make firm. It has been taken for granted that this is a contracted word, from L. solido, and hence written Sorper. The fact may be doubted; but if true, the settled pronunciation seems to render it-expedient to let the contracted orthography remain undisturbed. So Parkhurst writes it. Lexicon, p2.] To unite and make solid, as metallic substances ; to unite the surfaces of metals by the intervention of a metal or metallic cement in a state of fusion, which hardens in cooling, and renders the joint solid. SOD/ER, n. Metallic cement; a metal or metallic composition used in uniting other metallic sub- stances, SOD'ER-ED, pp. United by a metallic cement. SOD/ER-ING, ppr. Uniting and making solid by means of a metallic substance in a state of fusion. SOD/ER-ING, n. The process of uniting the surfaces of metals by the intervention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. SO’DI-UM, x. The metallic base of soda. It is soft, white, and opaque, and very malleable. Itis lighter than water. Common culinary salt is chlorid of so- dium. Davy. SOD/OM-ITE, x. An inhabitant of Sodom. 2. One guilty of sodomy. SOD-OM-IT’I€-AL, a. Pertaining to sodomy. SOD/OM-Y, x. A crime against nature, SOE, zn. [Scot, sae; perhaps se] A Jarge wooden vessel for holding water; a cowl. [ Zocal. More. : SO-EV’ER ; so and ever, found in compounds, as in whosoever, whatsoever, wieresoever. [See these words.] It is sometimes used separate from the pronoun; as, in what things soever you undertake, use diligence and fidelity. SO/FA, x. [Probably an Oriental word, Qu. Sw. sdfva, to lull to sleep. ONT aac long ey usually with 9 stuffed bot- tom. Sofas are variously made. In the United States, the frame is of mahogany, and the bottom formed of stuffed cloth, with a covering of sillt, chintz, calico, or hair-cloth ; sometimes on springs, The sofa of the Orientals isa kind of alcove raised half a foot above the flooy, where visitors of distinction are re- ceived. It is also a seat by the side of the room sovered Wi carpet. SO'FACBBD. AY bed within a frame beneath a sofa, which can be used for lodging by night. SO'FETT, rn. A small sofa. 7 132 1049 neB SOF SOI | to plants, or which is particularly adapted to support come more pliable and yiclding to pressure ; as, iron e SO’FI, af n. In Persia, a religious person ; @ / c t t a So’PHI, (so'fe,) dervis. or wax softens in heat ; fruits soffen as they ripen. and nourish them. [L. solwm; W. sul. SO'FISM, x. The mystical doctrines of the Sofis, or 2. To become less rude, harsh, or cruel ; as, savage 4, Land; country. We iove our native soul. ; dervises of Persia. Brande. natures soften by civilization. 5. Dung; compost. i SOF’FIT, n. [It. sofftta.] In architecture, a ceilings 3. To become ae obstinate or obdurate; toxhe- Improve land by dung and other sort of soile. Mortimer. i a term seldom used except in reference to the under come more susceptible of humane feelings and ten- ae : i sides of the subordinate parts and members of build-| derness ; to relent. The heart softens at the sight of suede soil; to run into the water, as a deer pan ings, su stal es. entablatures, archways, COr- woe. BuUCd. eae : = are Reger: nites. Re =o Gloss. of Archit. 4. Te become more mild; as, the air softens. Oat ik Fouled vemmeds tarnished ; ma- f SOFT, a. [Sax. softe, softa. The D. has zagt, Sw. 5 To become less harsh, severe, or rigorous. SOIL/ILNESS, 7 ; Bete fodiaceae (Little used. } sackta, D. sagte, and the G. sanft, in a like sense, but | SOFT’ EN-ED, (sof'nd,) pp. or a. Made less hard or ea ae ) : B oe ; wl.ether allied to soft, may be quesioned:) : . less harsh ; made less obdurate or cruel, or less glar- SOIL/ING, pprs’ Defiling'y fouling’ Pata a. . Easil jelding to pressure; the contrary 0 ing. ) NG, Dpre (Leung) ing ; tarnishing; fe Phone a coft bed 5 a oe peach ; soft earth. SOFT’ EN-ING, ppr. or a. Making more soft; making SOIL ae fresh Bie | et Se eee Ae qosdiite cattle 9. Not hard; easily separated by an edged instru- less rough or cruel, &c. : ae a ony f ae oe oe pes ae fo Ae ret wwe ig ment; as, soft wood. The chestnut isa soft wood, | SOFT’ EN-ING, xn. The act of making less hard, less + LOS = y t Se Lente or green food, cut daily for H but more durable than hickory, which is a very cruel or obdurate, less violent, less glaring, &c. e t TIDESS. @ Drees taters ae Bieshs lard wood. So we say, a4 soft stone, when it breaks | SOFT/EN-{NG, n. In painting, the blending of colors Sue a Re core 1 . igsvy. : | is hewed with ease. into each other. SOIL'URE, n. [Pr. souillure. 4 , o3) Basity worked ; malleable ; as, soft iron. SOFT/-HEART-ED, a. Having tenderness of heart ; Stain 5 pollution: [Not m uses] ee Shak. i i 4. Not rough, rugged, or harsh; cmooth to the| susceptible of pity or other kindly affection ; gentle ; Scr ees a Else ») n. {Fr. soir, evening.] La touch; delicate; as, soft silk ; soft raiment; a soft meek. : SO!) SE CE ; he mics Heap FA skin. SOFT/ISH, a. Somewhat soft. D. Clinton. OL (: ‘ a sat BO u ») v : ts 6 a OU ve a. 5. Delicate ; feminine; as, the softer sex. SOFT’LING, n. An effeminate person ; one viciously It. soggiornare, which seems to be ‘om from the z 6, Easily yielding to persuasion or motives; flexi- nice. (ae used. | Woolton. NOUN sopgrorno » sub and giorno, a day.] eset ‘ ble ; susceptible of influence or passion. In both SOFT’LY, adv. Without hardness. To dwell for a time ; to dw ellior dlivesiniaspinge:as fy “ie fe these senses, soft is applied to females, and some- 9. Not with force or violence ; gently; as, he soft-| ° Poraon tee resident; ones 3 Seine T, SOE es | 4 times to males; as, a divine of a soft and servile ly pressed my hand. — ; ing the ; oan nis Oe jabitation. 90 Abra | Ta 8 temper. K. Charles. 3. Not loudly; without noise ; as, speak softly; sojourned in Egypt. (en. Xi. i : i ! One king is too soft and easy. L’Estrange. walk softly. Abe spldlers assembled at Newcastle, and there nolo ee ae 7. Tender; timorous. In ue dark silence sofily leave the town. Dryden. SO'JOURN, (so!jurn,) n. A temporary Bugera, i However soft within themselves they are, 4. Gently ; placidly. that of a traveler in a foreign land. Milton. : To you they will be valiant by despair. Dryden. She softly lays him on a flowery bed. Dryden. SO/JOURN-ER eK temporary resident ; a stranger 8. Mild; gentle; kind ; not severe or unfeeling ; 5. Mildly ; tenderly. or traveler who dwells in a place for a time. - as, & person of a soft nature. The king must die ; We are strangers before thee and sojourners, a8 all our fathers 9. Civil ; complaisant ; courteous ; as, a person of Though pity softly pleads within my soul. Dryden. were. — | Chron. xxix. ‘ a ePHRee its ose soft way of asking favors. | SOPT/NER, x. He or that which softens. SO/JOURN-ING, ppr. Dwelling for a time. cy ae 5 recat He 2. One that palliates. __ Swift. | S6/JOURN-ING, n. The act of dwelling in a place ¥ OnE with Raa ale alone Milton. SOFT'NESS, re I be quality of bodies which renders for a time ; also, the time of abode. Exod. Xii. uA : : chee : 5 them capable of yielding to pressure, or of easily re- | So/JOURN-MENT, (so/jurn-,) 2. Temporary resi- 11. Effeminate ; viciously nice. ceiving impressions from other bodies ; opposed to dence, as that of a Stranger or traveler Walsh. * Gey An idle and soft course of life is the source of Seinina) eeaeesee HaRDNEss. oc... : \ SOKE, n. A district in which a particular privilege or et ; TOOME» 2, Susceptibility of feeling or passion; as, the soft- power is exercised. Encland. : 12. Delicate ; elegantly tender. mess of the heart, or of our natures. SOL, n. [L.] The sun. a ie? Her form more soft and feminine. Milton, 3. Mildness ; kindness; as, softness of words or SOL, a pelle soulze, soulds, souz, trom L. solidus.] p 13. Weak ; impressible. Cee anos Ase : : Watts. 1. In France, a small copper coin; a penny ; USU- et . The deceiver soon found this soft place of Adam’s. [Not 4s Miltnesss civility ; gentleness; as, SDI LRERS of ally Sou, or Sous. Encyc. elegant. Glanville. manners. | a: Dryden. 9. A copper coin and money of account im Switz- j mf if ‘ . i 5. Effeminacy ; vicious delicacy. land 2 a 14. Gentle; smooth or melodious to the ear; not a : erland. : . ‘ \ q loud, rough, or harsh; as,a soft voice or note; a He was not delighted with the softness of the els ne SOL, Ne [It.] The name ofa note in music. It is the NG soft sound ; soft accents ; soft whispers. “ Mae Be fifth in the gamut, do or ut being the first. — \ Dryden. Pope. _6. Timorousness 5 pusillanimity ; excessive suscep- SOL/ACE, v. t. (It. sollazzare, trom L. solatium ; soler, 7 15. Smooth; flowing ; not rough or vehement. tibility of fear or alarm. to comfort, assuage, relieve. See C ONSOLE.] ie The solemn nightingale tuned her soft lays. Milton. This virtue could not proceed out of fear or softness. Bacon. 1s GICUEED =e pve ieee pet see ote i com fore 2 . Soft were my numbers, who could take offense ? Pope. 7. Smoothness to the ear; as, the softness of sound, 1 EeLENS in Be OTT ° , app ae e Ps rel ; } 3 16. Easy; quiet; undisturbed ; as, soft slumbers. which is distinct from Exiiitry or Eanes Se 50laCe One ee ee ee Easy e 17. Mild to the eye; not strong or glaring ; as, so acon. ean ee pee Sale 5 . a ; colors ; the soft coloring of a Berges: oe 8. Facility ; gentleness 5 candor ; easiness to be af- tines SS eae aetOr ee ee Ea or +} a as eee , ee s fected ; as, softness of spirit. Hooker. eee pia ttre ; = : i The sun, shining on the upper part of the clouds, made the soft “3 2 arc. eee relieved in grief. [ Obs.] Shak. 4 excigpis tnnginanle, Brown Genter Bs contrary, (o wellemence: SOL'ACE, n. [It. sollazzo ; L. solatium.] , 18. Mild; warm; pleasant to the feelings; as, soft With strength and softness, encrgy and ease. Harte. Comfort in grief; alleviation of grief or anxiety ; ee ! Oi oes. 10. Mildness of temper ; meekness. also, that which relieves in distress ; recreation. se: 19. Not tinged with salts ; not hard ; so as to decom- For contemplation he and valor formed, The proper solaces of age are not music and compliments, but . :. Rose soap ; as, soft water Is the best for washin £- Por sofiness she, and aweet attractive grace. Milton. wisdom and devotion. Rambler. Ls * . ah > rit: oO bare i | 20. Mild’; gentle 5 nye KOUBH, nude, OrsEMtaling: 11. Weakness ; simplicity. SOL/AC-ED, (sol/ast,) pp- Comforted ; cheered in af- Toa] } A soft answer turneth away wrath. — Prov. Xv. 12. Mild temperature ; as, the softness of a climate. | _ fiction. By i lg 21. Weak ; foolish. Mitford. \SOL'ACE-MENT, n. Act of comforting ; state of be- ; i SOFT, adv. Softly : gently ; quietly. SOFT!-VOIC-ED, -voist,) a Havinga soft voice. ing solaced. : ‘ ‘ b y 1] SOFT, exclam. For be soft; hold ; stop; not so fast. | SOG/GY, a. [Allied probably to soak, Which see; W.|SOL/A-CING, ppr. Relieving grief; cheering in af- ty 4 : But, soft, my muse; the world is wide. Suckling. soeg, and soegr, tO steep. ] : : fliction. = : 3 SOFT’EN, (sof’n,) v.t. To make soft or more soft ; 1. Wet; filled with water ; soft with moisture ; as, SO-LA/CIOUS, (so-la/shus,) 4. Affording comfort or Py to make less hard. u sorry land. ‘Timber that has imbibed water is said amusement. [JVot i use. | + Ek yee i ps to be sogzy- SO-LAN'DER, n. [Fr. soulandres.] : & 4 ' ie Vheir array 8 point they soften in the flame. Gay. 9, Steaming with damp. B. Jonson. A disease in horses. Dict. we 2 2, To mollify ; to male less fierce or intractable ; SO-HO’, exclam. A word used in calling from a distant SO’LAN-GOOSE, n. The gannet, Sula Bassana, a ‘ wei to make more susceptible of humane or fine feel-} place; a sportsman’s halloo. Shak. web-footed sea-fowl, found on the coasts of Great k. 3 4 Ings ; as, to soften a hard heart; to soften savage na- SOI! DI-SANT', (swa'de-zang’,) [Fr.] Calling him- Britain and Ireland, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, a tures, The heart is softened by pity. self; self-styled ; pretended ; would be. &c. Itis nearly of the size of the domestic goose. Diffidence conciliates the proud, and softens the severe. SOIL, v. % (Sax. selan, sylian; Dan. séler ; Sw. séla; Jardine. Nuttall. i Rambler. Fr. salir, souiller ; Arm. salicza; lr. salaighim. Class SO-LAN/I-NA, Treecl ichtshade 3. To make Jess harsh or severe ; as, to soften an Sl, No. 35, Syr.] SOL/A-NINE, (-nin,) { n. [L. solanum, nightsiat e.] expression. 1. To make dirty on the surface ; to foul ; to dirt; A vegetable alkaloid, obtained from various spe- to stain; to defile; to tarnish; to sully; as, to soil a cies of Solanum, as S. dulcamara, S. nigrum, S. 4. To palliate ; to represent as less enormous ; as, it to soften a fault. tuberosum, &C. garment with dust. SO-LA/NO, n. A hot, oppressive wind in the Medi- | 5. To make easy; to compose; to mitigate ; to Our wonted ornaments now soiled and stained. Milton, ) alleviate. 9 T : : : terranean, particularly on the eastern coast of Spain. : ; 9. To cover or tinge with any thi r . é Fiber. 2 : Music can soften pain to ease, Pope. . oP e YeLOUn ghee One) It is a modification of the sirocco. Brande. as, to soil the earth with blood. Tate. SO-LA’‘NUM, : Tenens Jepialants mend G. To make calm and placid. 3. To dung; to manure. South. SLAIN Ue Cee eae eae a eee aaa aa ing the potato, (S. tuberasum,) egg plant, (S. Melon- To soil a horse, is to purge him by givi j } : : a pure m by giving him fresh gena,) love apple or tomato, (S. Lycopersicum,) night- Bid her be all that cheers or softens life, Pope. ’ E 2 grass. Johnson. fetatge 7. To make less harsh, less rude, less offensive, or To soil cattle, in husbandry, is to feed them with SO/LAR : ie. solaira's Ts eplarissrrom solatl | violent. grass or green food daily cut for them, instead of SO'LA RY a. [ SS OEE 5 AL Ie See ¥ ts | But sweetly tempered awe, and softened all he spoke. Dryden. pasturing them, Farm. Encyc. SUE oe Wis Sthly ESO ets tee ke oe ‘] | Ee eye eriite S's. t0 often th ae L,n. (G. stile. See the verb ] 1. Pertaining to the sun; as, the solar system} or . Lome s 5 as SO g : Seo fs vit am it: ; ; F rg Ils wate pictures g 5 as, en the coloring 1. Dirt; any foul matter upon another substance ; Rroceenane from it; as, solar light ; solar rays ; solar | 9. ‘To make tender; to make effeminate ; to en- EOD eae 9, In astrology, born under the predominant in- i | ervate ; as, troops softened by luxury. a oe ee : fluence of the sun; as, a solar people. [ Obs.] | 10. To make less harsh or grating ; as, to soften the A lady’s honor — will not bear a soil. Dryden. Dryden. voice. 3. The upper stratum of the earth; the mold, or 3. Measured by the progress of the sun, or by its 3 | SOFT’ EN, (sof’n,) v. 7% To become less hard; to be-!| that compound substance which furnishes nutriment revolution ; as, the solar year. f We e : = sai ae e FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT,— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1050SOL Solar cycle. See Cycrx, No. 3. Sular flowers, are those which open and shut daily, at certain determinate hours. Linneus. Solar microscope; amicroscope in which the object is illuminated by the light of the sun concentrated upon it. It consists of two parts; first, of a magnifier, by which the object placed behind it is made to form a highly-magnified image on a wall or screen ina dark room ; and, secondly, of an illuminating appa- ratus, composed of a mirror thrust through an open- Ing in the window shutter to reflect the light of the sun Into the tube which carries the magnifier, and of Several lenses called condensers, which receive the light from the mirror and concentrate it upon the ob- ject in the focus, the enlarged image of which is thus rendered luminous and distinct. Olmsted. Solar spots; dark spots that appear on the sun’s disk, usually visible only by the telescope, but some- times so large as to be seen by the naked eye. They adhere to the body of the sun ; indicate its revolu- tions on its axis; are very changeable in their figure and dimensions ; and vary in size from mere points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. Solar system ; the group of celestial bodies compre- hending the sun, planets, and comets. SO'LAR, n. A sollar; a loft or upper chamber. SOLD, pret. and pp. of Set. [ Gloss. of Archit. SOLD, n. [from the root of soldier ; Norm. soude.] Salary; military pay. [Vot in use. | Spenser. SOL’DAN, for Sutan, is not in use. Milton. SOL‘DA-NEL, n. [L. convoloulus soldanella. } A plant. SOL/DER, v. t. [from L. solido, solidus.] To unite the surfaces of metals by the intervention of a more fusible metal or metallic cement. [See Soper.] SOL/DER, n. A metal or metallic composition for uniting the surface of metals ; a metallic cement. SOL/DER-ED, pp. United as metals by a metallic cement. SOL’DER-ING, ppr. cement, SOL/DER-ING, n. The process of uniting the sur- faces of metals by means of a more fusible metal or a metallic cement. SOL’/DIER, (sol'jur,) x. [Fr. soldat; Norm. soudeyer, soudiers ; It. soldato; Sp. soldado; from L. solidus, a piece of money ; the pay of a soldier; Norm. soud, contracted from sould, pay, wages; soudoyer, to keep in pay ; Sw. besolda, to count out money to, to pay ; Dan. besolder, to give a salary or wages. ] I. A man engaged in military service ; one whose Occupation is military ; a man enlisted for service in an army ; a private or one in the ranks, There ought to be some time for sober reflection between the life Uniting, as metals, by a metallic of a soldier and his death. rambler. 2. A man enrolled for service, when on duty or embodied for military discipline; a private; as, a militia soldier. 3. Emphatically,a brave warrior; aman of military experience and skill, or a man of distinguished valor. In this sense, an officer of any grade may be denom- inated a soldier. Shak, SOL/DIER-ESS, n. [Wot in use.] Beaum. & Fl. Like or becoming a real sol- dier ; brave; martial; heroic; A female soldier. SOL’/DIER-LYKE, ) a. SOL/DIER-LY, honorable. SOL/DIER-SHIP, (sdl/jur-,) n. Military qualities ; military character or state; martial skill; behavior becoming a soldier. Shak. SOL/DIER-Y, (sdl/jur-y,) n. Soldiers collectively ; the body of military men. I charge not the soldiery with ignorance and contempt of learn- Ing, Without exception, Swift. 2. Soldiership ; military service. [Obs.] Sidney. SOLE, n. [Sax. sol; D. zool; G.sohle; Dan. sole: Fr. ud. ; It. su lo, soil and sole; Sp. suela, the sole of the foot, and suolo, soil; L. solea, solum; that which sets or is set or laid, The radical sense coincides With that of sill.] I. The bottom of the foot; and by a figure, the foot itself. Shak.. Spenser. 2. The bottom of a shoe; or the piece of leather which constitutes the bottom. The ciliza was a military shoe with a very thick sole, tiel above the instep, Arbuthnot. 3. The part of any thing that forms the bottom, and on which it stands upon the ground. Elm is proper for mills, soles of whcels, and pipes. Mortimer. 4. A marine flat fish of the genus Solea of Cuvier, (Pleuronectes, Linneus,) so called, probably, because it keeps on or near the bottoin of the sea. These fish abound on the British coast, and hence the name of sole bank, to the southward of Ireland. ‘This fish sometimes grows to the weight of six or seven pounds or more. Dict. Nat. Hist. The name sole is also given to certain other flat fishes of the genera Monochirus and Achirus, sub- divisions of the old genus Pleuronectes. P. Cyc. Storer. 5. In ship-building, a sort of lining, used to pre- vent the wearing of any thing, SOL SOLE, v.t. To furnish with a sole ; as, to sole a shoe. SOLE, a. [L. solus ; Fr. seul; It. and Sp. solo; prob- - =- ably from separating; Ar. dS5 zaula. Class SI, No. 3. 1. Single ; being or acting without another; indi- vidual ; only. God is the sole Creator and Sover- eign of the world. 2. In law, single ; unmarried; as, a femme sole. SOL/E-CI§M, n. (Gr. coXorKicpos, said to be derived from Soli, a people of Attica, who, being transplanted to Cilicia, lost the purity of their language. 1. Impropriety in language, or a gross deviation from the rules of syntax ; incongruity of words; want of correspondence or consistency. A barbarism may be in one word; a solecism must be of more. Johnson, from Cicero. 2. Any unfitness, absurdity, or impropriety. B. Jonson. Cesar, by dismissing his guards and retaining his power, com- mitted a dangerous -solecism in politics. Middleton. SOL/E-CIST, n. [Gr. cod O(KtS0S.] One who is guilty of impropriety in language. Blackwall. SOL-E-CIST’TI€, ? a Incorrect ; incongruous. SOL-E-CIST’I€-A L, Johnson. SOL-E-CIST’I€-AL-LY, adv In a solecistic manner. Blackwall. SOL/E-CIZE, v. 7. [Gr. ToA0tkGa.] To commit solecysm. More. SOL/ED, pp. Furnished with a sole. SOLE/-LEAFH-ER, (-leth-er,) x. Thick, strong Jeath- er, used for the soles of shoes. SOLE/LY, adv. Singly ; alone; only ; without another ; as, to rest a cause solely on one argument; to rely solely on one’s oWn strength. SOL’/EMN, (sol/em,) a. [Fr. solennel ; It. solenne; Sp. solenne ; L. solennis, from soleo,to be accustomed, to use, that is, to hold on or continue, as we have wont, from G. wohnen, to dwell.] 1. Anniversary ; observed once a year with re- ligious ceremonies. The worship of this image was advanced, and a solemn suppli- cation observed every year. Stllingfleet. {I doubt the correctness of this definition of John- son ; or whether svlemn, in our language, ever in- cludes the sense of anniversary. In the passage cited, the sense of anniversary is expressed by every year, and if it is included in solemn also, the sentence Is tautological. Ishould say then, that solemn, in this passage of Stillingfleet, has the sense given in the second definition below. ] 2. Religiously grave; marked with pomp and sanctity ; attended with religious rites. His holy rites and solemn feasts profaned. Milton. 3. Religiously serious ; piously grave; devout; marked by reverence to God; as, solemn prayer; the solemn duties of the sanctuary. 4. Affecting with seriousness ; impressing or adapt- ed to impress seriousness, gravity, or reverence; sober ; serious. There reigned a soemn silence over all. To ’swage with solemn touches troubled thoughts. Spenser. Milton. 5. Grave; serious; or affectedly grave; as, a solemn face. 6. Sacred ; enjoined by religion; or attended with a serious appeal to God ; as, a solemn oath. 7. Marked with solemnities; as, a solemn day. SOL/EMN-BREAFH-ING, a. Diffusing or inspiring solemnity. Gray. SOL’EM-NESS, zn. The state or quality of being solemn; reverential manner; gravity; as, the sol- emness of public worship. 2. Solemnity : gravity of manner. SO-LEM/NI-TY, n. [Fr. solemnité.] 1. A rite or ceremony annually performed with religious reverence. Wotton. Great was the cause; our old solemnities From no blind zeal or fond tradition rise, But saved from death, our Argives yearly pay These grateful honors to the god of day. Pope. [Solemnities seems here to include the sense of anniversary. See the fourth line. But in modern usage, that sense is rarely or never attached to the word. ] ’ 2. A religious ceremony ; a ritual performance at- tended with religious reverence ; as, the solemnity of a funeral or of a sacrament. 3. A ceremony adapted to impress awe; as, the solemnities of the last day. 4. Manner of acting awfully serious. With horrible solemnity he caused every thing to be Beard for his triumph of victory. sidney. 5. Gravity ; steady seriousness; as, the solemnity of the Spanish language. Spectator. 6. Affected gravity. Solemnity ’s a cover for a sot. Young. SOL-EM-NI-ZA/TION, n. The act of solemnizing ; celebration ; as, the solemnization of a marriage. 6. A sort of horn under a horse’s hoof. Encyc. acon. x SOL SOL/EM-NIZE, aye ts Fa solenniser ; It. solennrzzare. } I. To dignify or honor by ceremonies; to cele- brate ; as, to solemnize the birth of Christ. Boyle Their choice nobility and flower Met from all parts to solemnize this feast. Milton 2. To perform with ritual ceremonies and respect, or according to legal furms ; as, to solemnizea mar. riage. Z. Swift. 3. To perform religiously once a year. {Qu.] Hooker. 4. To make grave, serious, and reverential ; as, to solemnize the mind for the duties of the sanctuary. Wilberforce. [In this sense the word is occasionally used in England, and is well authorized in the United States. — Ed. SOL/EM-NIZ-ED, pp. Celebrated religiously ; made grave. SOL’EM-NIZ-ER, n. One who performs a solemn rite. SOL/EM-NIZ-ING, ppr. SOL’/EMN-LY, adv. erence. ace. 2. With official formalities and by due authority. This question of law bas been solemnly decided in the highest court. 3. With formal state. Shak. 4. With formal gravity and stateliness, or with af- fected gravity. Honoring with sacred rites. With gravity and religious rev- Let us solemnly address the throne of There in deaf murmurs solemnly are wise, Dryden. 5. With religious seriousness; as, I solemnly de- clare myself innocent. I do solemnly assure the reader. Swift. SOLE’/NESS, x. [from sole.] Singleness; a state of being unconnected with others. ering. SO/LEN-ITE, nv. A petrified razor-shell, or bivalve of the genus Solen, SOL-FA’, v. 7. To pronounce the notes of the gamut, ascending or descending, do, (or ut,) xe, mi, fa, sol, la, si, do, and vice versa. SOL-FA/ING, ppr. Pronouncing the notes of the gamut. SOL-FA-TA'RA,n. [from the Italian volcano near Naples.] A volcanic vent or area, from whieh sul- phur, sulphureous, watery, and acid vapors and gases are emitted. Lyell. SOL-FEG'GI-O,n. [It.] In music, the system of ar- ranging the scale by the names do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, st, by which singing is taught. SO'LI ; in music, pl. of Soro. SO-LIC’IT, (so-lis/it,) v. t. [L. solicito; Fr. solliciter ; It. sollecitare. I know not whether this word is simple or compound; probably the latter. Qu. L. lacio. 1, To ask with some degree of earnestness; to make petition to; to apply to for obtaining some- thing. This word implies earnestness in seeking, but I think less earnestness than Bec, ImeLore, EN- TREAT, and ImportuNeE, and more than Asx or Re- QUEST ; as When We say, a min solicits the minister for an office ; he solicits his father for a favor. Did J solicit thee From darkness to promote me? Milton. 2. To ask for with some degree of earnestness’ to seek by petition ; as, to solicit an office; to solicit a favor. 3. To awake or excite to action ; to summon; to invite, That fruit solicited her longing eye. ‘ Milton. Sounds and some tangible qualities solicit their a Ss and force an entrance to the mind. 4. 'To attempt ; to try to obtain. I view my crime, but kindle at the view, Repeat old pleasures aud solicit new. 5. To disturb; to disquiet; a Latinism rarely used, But anxious fears solictt my weak breast, SO-LIC/IT-ANT, nx. One who solicits. SO-LIC-IT-A’TION, n. Earnest request; a seeking to obtain something from another with some degree of zeal and earnestness; sometimes, perhaps, im- portunity. He obtained a grant by repeated solicita- tions. : 2. Excitement; invitation; as, the solicitation of the senses. Locke. SO-LIC/IT-ED, pp. Earnestly requested. SO-LIC/IT-ING, ppr. Requesting with earnestness ; asking for; attempting to obtain. This way and that soliciting the dart. SO-LIC’IT-OR, xn. [Fr. solliciteur.] 1. One who asks with earnestness ; one that asks for another. Shak. 2. An attorney, advocate, or counselor at law, who is authorized to practice in the English court of chancery. In America, an advocate or counselor at law, who, like the ACNE State’s attor- ; s 2s actions for the state. - SO-LIGIT. OR-GEN'ER-AL, n. In Great Britain, an officer of the crown, who is associated with the at- torney-general in managing the legal business of the Pope. Dryden. Dryden, crown and public offices. Brande. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; G@ as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1051 a ime Te ar areal tre ‘+ ey Ce apr rm . a ne nang a i ae dat al ad, RPA AER, i it ———— | —— about or for. fate of his petition, or about the re tiation. He is solicitous for the safi SOL/ID, a. SOL'ID, n. SO-LIC/IT-OUS, (-lis’it-us,) a. 1. Careful; anxious; very desirous, as to obtain 9. Careful; anxious ; concerned; unknown but interesting event; 3. Anxious ; con concern. solicitously avoided. motes the prosperit SO-LIC/IT-OUS-NESS, n. SO-LIC/IT-RESS, x. tions. SO-LIC’/I-TUDE, nz. [L. solicitudo. | ncern; anxiety ; he fear of evil or the desire solicitude when his friend is sick. We feel solicitude for the success of an enter- With what solicitude should men seek to se- cure future happiness ! (L. solidus; Fr. Carefulness ; co mind occasioned by t A man feels of good. prise. or penetration of 0 are not penetrable, nor to fluid and liquid. 2. Not hollow ; ——— sOL something. Men are often more so the favor of their king Maker. cerned ; followe something is to be obtained. Be the future. SO-LIC/IT-OUS-LY, adv. Errors in re ther bodies. full of matter; as, a solid globe or cone, as distinguished from a hollow one. 3. Having all the geometric ; as, a solid foot contains 1728 solid inches. Arbuthnot. [L. solicitus.] , or of the people, than of their followed usually by We say, a man Is solicitous about the sult of the nego- sty of his ship. d by for, as when Anxiously ; with care and ligion, or in science, are to be A wise prince solicitously pro- y of his subjects. Solicitude. A female who solicits or peti- solide; It. and Sp. solido ; from the sense of setting or pressure, and hence allied to L. solum, Eng. sill.] 1. Hard; firm; compact ; particles so close or dense as to having its constituent resist the impression Hence, solid bodies are the parts movable and easily displaced, like those of fluids. Solid is opposed al dimensions; cubic ; licitous to obtain as respecting an not solicitous for uneasiness of [In this sense, Cunic is now generally used. ] 4, Firm; compact; strong pile; a solid wall. ; as,asolid pier; a solid Addison. 5. Sound; not weakly ; as, a solid constitution of body. [Sounp is more generally used. } Watts. 6. Real; sound ; valid; true; just; mot empty or fallacious. opinions. Wise men seek solid reasons for their 7. Grave; profound ; ‘not light, trifling, or su- perficial. These, wanting wit, affect gravity, and go by the name of solid men. Drude 8. In botany, of in, as a stem. A solid foot contains 17 ml. a fleshy, uniform, undivided sub- stance, aS a bulb or root ; not spongy or hollow with- 1000 ounces of rain water. Solid angle; an angle formed by Martyn. 98 solid inches, weighing three or more plane angles, which are not in the same plane, meeting in a point. Solid problem ; metrically only by 7 the interse conic section, or of two conic sections. one which can be construed geo- ction of a circle and a Hutton. Solid square, in military language, is a square body of troops; a body in which the ranks and files are equal. A firm, compact body. In anatomy and medical science, the bones, flesh, and vessels of animal bodies are called solids, chyle, and other fluids. solid is a magnitude which has length, breadth, and thickness. In geometry, a SOL'I-DATE, ». t. To make solid SO-LID-I-FL-€a/TION, zn. SO-LID/I-FI-ED, pp. SO-LID/LFY, v. t. make. | To make solid SO-LID/I-FY-ING, ppr. SO-LID/L-TY, n. [Fr. solidité; L. soliditas. | 1. Firmness ; that quality of bodies which resists impression and [L. solido.] or firm. or compact. [ Little used. ] The act of making solid. Made solid. [L. solidus, solid, and facio, to in distinction from the blood, Cowley. Kirwan. Making solid. bardness; density; compactness penetration ; opposed to Fiuipiry. That which hinders the approach of two bodies moving one toward another, I call solidity. 2, Fullness of matter ; opposed to HoLLowness. 3. Moral firmn ess ; soundness ; truth ; certainty ; as opposed to Weakness OF LACIOUSNESS ; 4S, the solidity of arguments or reason- JOCK E. strength ; validity ing ; the solidity of principles, truths, or opinions. Addison. Prior. In geometry, the solid contents of a body. SOL/ID-LY, adv. Firmly ; densely ; compactly; as, the parts of a pier solidly united. 9, Firmly ; truly; on firm grounds. A complete brave man ought to know solidly the main end of his | SOL-MI-ZA/TION, n Di I 3 Te being in the world. SOL/ID-NESS, n. The quality of being firm, or compact; firmness; compactness ; solidity ; of material bodies. 2. Soundness; strength; truth ; igby. arguments, reasons, principles, &c. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MAR{NE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — SOL-ID-UN'/GU-LATE, n. SOL-ID-UN'/GU-LOUS, a. The solitude of his little parish is become matter of great ; fort to him. W. Fat- 3. A lonely place; a desert. In these deep solitudes and awful cells, Where heavenly, pensive Contemplation dwells, Pope. SOL SOL [L. solidus and Earle One of a tribe of mammals having a single or soli hoof on each foot; a soliped. [L. solidus, solid, and ungula, hoof.] flaving hoofs that are whole or not cloven. A horse is a solidungulous animal. Bacon. Barrow. SOL-LFID’LAN, n. [L. solus, alone, and fides, faith.] One who maintains that faith alone, without works, is necessary to justification. Hammond. SOL-LFID’L-AN, a. Holding the tenets of Solifidians. Feltham. SOL-LFID/I-AN-ISM, n. The tenets of Solifidians. SO-LIL’/O-QUIZE, v.i. To utter a soliloquy. SO-LIL/O-QUIZ-ING, ppr. Uttering a soliloquy. SO-LIL'O-QUY, n. [Fr. soliloque; It. and Sp. solilo- quio; L. solus, alone, and loquor, to speak. ] 1. A talking to one’s self; a talking or discourse of a person alone, or not addressed to another person, even whien others are present. Lovers are always allowed the comfort of soliloguy. Spectator. 9. A written composition, reciting what it is sup- posed a person speaks to himself. The whole poem is a soliloquy. SOL/I-PED, n. ([L. solus, alone, or solidus, and pes, foot. But the word is ill formed. ] An animal whose hoof is not cloven. Brown. The solipeds constitute a group of quadrupeds with undivided hoofs, as, for example, the Linnzan genus Equus. Ed. Encyce. SO-LIP/ED-OUS, a. Having hoofs which are not cloven. SOL-I-TAIRE’, n. [Fr. solitaire, from L. solitarius. See Soxitary.] 1. A person who lives in solitude; a recluse; a hermit. Pope. 9. An ornament for the neck. Shenstone. 3. A game which one person can play alone. SOL-I-TA/RI-AN, n. A hermit. Twisden. SOL/I-TA-RI-LY, ailv. {from solitary.] In solitude ; alone; without company. Feed thy people with thy rod, the flock of thy heritage, that dwell : ve solitarily in the wood. — Micah xvi. SOL/L-TA-RLNESS, n. The state of being alone; forbearance of company ; retirement, or habitual re- tirement. At home, in wholesome solitariness. 2. Solitude ; loneliness ; destitution of company or of animated beings; applied to place; as, the solitari- ness of the country, or of a wood. SOL'LTA-RY, a. [Fr. solitaire; L. solitarius, from so- lus, alone. ] Prior. Donne. never being found in flocks or herds. Thus the lion is called a solitary animal. Those rare and solitary, these in flocks. Milton. dence or place. life. 4, Gloomy ; still; dismal. ob il. solitary example. solitary stipule. a pericarp. Martyn. SOL/I-TA-RY, 7. One that lives alone or in solitude a hermit ; a recluse. Pope. SOL/I-TUDE, 2. alone. } 1. Loneliness; a state of being alone; a lonely life. ; Whoever is delighted with solitude, is either a wild beast or acon. god. a wood or a valley; the solitude of the country. 1. Living alone ; not having company. Some of the more ferocious animals are solitary, seldom or 9. Retired ; remote from society; not having com- pany, or not much frequented ; as, a solitary resli- 3. Lonely; destitute of company; aS, @ solitary Let that night be solitary; let no joyful voice come therein. — 5. Single ; as, a solitary instance of vengeance ; a 6. In botany, separate ; one only in a place ; as, a A solitary flower is when there is only one to each peduncle ; a solitary seed, when there is only one in (Fr., from L. solitudo ; from solus, 2. Loneliness ; remoteness from society ; destitu- tion of company ; applied to place; as, the solitude of SOL/O-MON’S-SEAL, n. SOL/STICE, n. and sto, to stand the 22d of June December. SOL-STI’/TIAL, (sol-stish’al,) a. stice ; as, a solstitial point. 2, Happening at a solstice ; the summer solstice, or midsummer ; heat. SOL-U-BIL’LTY, n. SOL'U-BLE, a. of solution. urated. SO-LUTE’, a. pretation. ae SO-LUTE’, v. t. See Sorve.] cept in texture fire. water, t in casuistry. a question, or the r Solution of conti or connected substances or parts ; applied, in surgery, to a fracture, laceration, ¥c. SOL’U-TIVE, a. come ative. SOLV-A-BIL/I-TY, z. Ability to pay all just debts. explained. ity of resins is chie Susceptible of being dissolved Sugar is soluble in w only to a certain extent, that i SOL/U-BLE-NESS, n. SO’LUS, a. ca Alone. L. 2. In a general sense, loose ; free; a [Not in use.] In botany, loose ; nota NATE; as, a solute stipule. SO-LU/TION, 2. from L. solutio, probably always, a limit to the solids which can be dissolved by a given liquid, and The liquid in which the so- lution is effected is called the solwent or menstruum. Note. — This word is not used, in chemistry or mineralogy, for the melting of bodies by the heat of this is called saturation. class of phenomena. liquid, if the compound exhibits pertc we have an example of solution. plied both to the act of combination and to the result Thus common salt disappears in of the ee Jat is, its solution takes place, and the liqnid fluid and the solid. ate to a certain point, wl the cohesion of the solid ; said to be saturated, the poi ceases is called saturation, and the fluid is called a saturated solution. Solution is a true chemical union. meré mechanical union of bodies. 3 3. Resolution ; 3 In astronomy, the time when the sun, revolution, arrives at that point in the ecliptic fur- thest north or south of the greatest northern or southern declination. near these points, which points, the sun scarcely changes several days, and hence i the name solstice. ; Solubility. solutus, solvo. | To dissolve. from solvo, to toosen, 1. The act of separating the parts of any body ; disruption ; breach, In all bodies there is an appetite of union and evitation of solu- tion of continuity. B. 9. A feeble combination, in which, with a mere mechanical change of properties, and without regard to definite proportions, one or-more diffused through some liquid. This mode of combi- nation is so weak, that the liquid may be evaporated | from the solid or solids, Jeaving them unchanged ex- | or aggregation. There is usually,and | quantity of the solid or The term solution is applied to a very extensive When a solid disappears in a >ct transparency, The word is ap- obtained is called a solution of salt in water. is the result of attraction, or affinity, between the This affinity continues to oper- Jere it is overbalanced by it then ceases, the fluid is nt where the operation 4, Release; deliverance; discharge. 5. In algebra and geometry, the answering of a esolving of a problem prop’ sed. inuity ; the separation of connection, SOLV/A-BLE, a. That may be solved, resolved, or 2. That can be paid. The popular name of sev- eral plants belonging to the genera Polygonatum, Smilacina, Streptopus, &c. [Fr., from L. solstitium ; sol, the sun, It. solstizio ; Sp. solsticto. } in its annual equator, or reaches its are called the solstitial its declination for s said to stand still, whence The summer solstice occurs about the wiuter solstice about the 22d of | Pertaining to a sol- usually, with us, at [from soluble.] The quality of a body which renders it susceptible of solution ; sus- ceptibility of being dissolved in a fluid. fly confined to spirits or alcohol. [L. solubilis, from solvo, to melt. ] in a fluid; capable ater; salt is soluble s, till the water is sat- s, a solute inter- dhering ; opposed to Ap- [Vot in use.] Bacon. Fr.; It. soluzione; Sp. solucton; melt, dissolve. solids are equally explanation ; the act of explaining or removing difficulty or doubt: as, the solution of a difficult question in morality ; the solution of a doubt Tending to dissolve ; loosening ; lax- > > 3 When Olmsted. Brown. as, solstitial Milton. The solubil- Bacon. Martyn. acon. Solution Brande. Mixture is a Barrow. Encic. Encyc. Tooke. SO-LIV’A-GANT, a. [L. solivagus; solus, alone, and vagor, to wander. } dense, as | SO/LO, n. [It., from L. solus, alone.] validity; as of Wandering alone. Granger. SOL’/LAR, n. [Low L. solarium. | A garret or upper room. ([Vot in use.) Tusser. [from sol, mi, musical notes. ] A sol-faing ; a repetition or recital of the notes of the gamut. Burney. A tune, air, or strain, to be played by a single in- strument, or sung by a single voice. SOLV’A-BLE-NESS, n. Solvability. SOLVE, v. t. [L. solvo; Fr. soudre ; It. solvere. Class S). Several roots give the sense. ] 1. Properly, to loosen or separate the parts of any thing; hence, to explain; to resolve; to eclaircise ; to unfold ; to clear up, as what is obscure, or difficult to be understood ; as, to solve questions ; to solve dif- ficulties or a problem. When God shall solve the dark decrees of fate. 2. To remove; to dissipate ; as, to solve doubts. Tickel. SOL/O-MON’S-LEAF, n. A plant. SOLV/ED, pp. Explained ; resolved. 1052 | | | : |SOM SOLV’/EN-CY, xn. [L. solvens.] Ability to pay all debts or just claims; as, the solvency of a merchant is undoubted. The credit of a nation’s notes depends on a favorable opinion of its solvency. SOLYV-END’, x. A substance to be dissolved. irwan. SOLV/ENT, a. Having the power of dissolving ; as, a solvent body. Boyle. 2. Able to pay all just debts. The merchant is solvent. _ 3. Sufficient to pay all just debts. The estate is solvent. SOLV/ENT, x. A fluid that dissolves any substance is called the solvent, or menstruum. SOLV’ER, n. One who solves or explains. SOLV/I-BLE, a. Solvable, which see. SO-MAT‘IE, a. Gr. cwyartkos, from cwpa, SO-MAT’IE-AL, | body. ] Corporeal ; pertaining toa body. [.Vot in use.] Scott. SO/MA-TIST, x. [Supra.] One who admits the ex- istence of corporeal or material beings only; one who denies the existence of spiritual substances. Glanville. SO-MA-TOL/0-GY, n. [Gr. cwpa, body, and Avyos, discourse. } The doctrine of bodies or material substances. SOM’BER,) a. [Fr. sombre, from Sp. sombra, a SOM’BRE, shade. ] Dull; dusky ; cloudy; gloomy. SOM’/BER-NESS, Matknacs al ‘ SOM/BRE-NESS, Ne arkness ; gloominess. SOM/BROUS, a. Gloomy. SOM’/BROUS-LY, adv. Gloomily. SOM’BROUS-NESS, n. State of being sombrous. SOME, (sum,) a. [Sax. sum, sume; D. sommige; Sw. somlige ; Sw. and Dan. som, who.] 1. Noting a certain quantity of a thing, but inde- terminate ; a portion greater or less. Give me some bread ; drink some wine ; bring some water. 2. Noting a number of persons or things, greater or less, but indeterminate. Stephens, Some theoretical writers allege that there was a time when there was no such thing as society. lackstone. 3. Noting a person or thing, but not known, or not specific and definite. Some person, I know not who, gave me the information. Enter the city, and some man will direct you to the house. Most gentlemen of property, at some period or other of their lives, are ambitious of representing their county in parlia- ment, Blackstone. 4. Noting indeterminately that a thing is not very great ; moderate ; as, the censure was to some extent just. 5. It sometimes precedes a word of number or quantity, with the sense of adout or near, noting Want of certainty as to the specific number or amount, but something near it; as, a village of some eighty houses ; some two or three persons ; some sev- enty miles distant ; an object at some good distance. Bacon. 6. Some is often opposed to others. Some men be- lieve one thing, and others another. 7. Some is often used without a noun, and then, like other adjectives, is a substitute fora noun. We consumed some of our provisions, and the rest was given to the poor. Some to the shores do fly, Some to the woods. Daniel. Your edicts some reclaim from sins, But most your life and blest example wins. Dryden, 8. Some is used as a termination of certain adjec- tives, as in handsome, mettlesome, blithesome, fulsome, lonesome, gladsome, gamesome. In these words, some has priinarily the sense of little, or a certain degree ; a little blithe or glad. But in usage, it rather indi- cates a considerable degree of the thing or quantity ; as, mettlesome, full of mettle or spirit ; gladsome, very glad or joyous. SOME!’BOD-Y, (sum/-,)n. [some and body.] A person unknown or uncertain; a person indeterminate, Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me. — Luke viii. We must draw in sojnebody that may stand *Twixt us and danger, 2. A person of consideration. Belory) exe days rose up Theudas, boasting himself to be some- Denham. SOME/DEAL, (sum/-,) adv. [someand deal.] In some degree. [ Obds.] Spenser. SOME/HOW, adv. [some and how.] One way or other; in some way not yet known. The thing must have happened somehow or other. SOM/ER-SAULT, } (fer ) {n. [Sp. sobresalir, to SOMER-SET, (s moto ( exceedint hight, to Jeap over; sobresaltar, to surprise; It. soprassalire, to attack unexpectedly ; soprassalto, an overleap; L. super and salia, to leap.] A leap in which a person turns with his heels over his head, and lights upon his feet. Donne. SOM/ER-VILL-ITE, n. A Vesuvian mineral, occur- ring in pale, dull, yellow crystals, and related to Gehlenite. Dana, SON SOME’THING, (sum/-,) 2. [some and thing] An in- determinate or unknown event. Something must have happened to prevent the arrival of our friends at the time fixed. [I shall call at two o’clock, unless something should prevent. [See Tu1nc.] 2. A substance or material thing, unknown, inde- terminate, or not specified. A machine stops be- cause something obstructs its motion ; there must be something to support a wall or an arch. 3. A part; a portion more or less. Something yet of doubt remains. Milton. Still from his tittle he could something spare, To feed the hungry and to clothe the bare, Harte. Something of it arises from our infant state. Wats. 4. A little; an indefinite quantity or degree. The man asked me fora dollar, but I gave him something 5. Distance not great. {more. It must be done to-night, and something from the palace. Shak. 6. Something has been used adverbially for in some degree; as, he was something discouraged ; but the use is not elegant. Temple. SOME/TIME, (sum/-,) adv. Once; formerly. That fair and warlike form In which the majesty of buried Denmark Did sometime march. Shak. 2. At one time or other hereafter. [ Sometime is really a compound noun, and at is un- derstood before it; at some time. SOME/TIMES, adv. At times; at intervals; not al- ways; now and then. Weare sometimes indisposed, sometimes occupied, sometimes at leisure; that is, at some times. It is good that we be sometimes contradicted. 2. At one time; opposed to another time. SOME’WHAT, (sum/hwot,) n. [some and hat.] Something, though uncertain what. Atterbury. 2. More or less; a certain quantity or degree, in- determinate. ‘These salts have somezchat of a nitrous taste. Grew. 3. A part, greater or less, Somewhat of his good sense will suffer in this transfusion, and much of the beauty of his thoughts will be lost. Dryden. SOME’/WHAT, adv. In some degree or quantity. This is somewhat more or less than was expected ; he is somewhat aged ; he is somewhat disappointed ; somewhat disturbed. SOME’/WHERE, adv. [some and where.] In some place, unknown or not specified; in one place or another. He lives somewhere in obscurity ; Dryden somewhere says, ‘* Peace to the manes of the dead.” SOME/WHILE, adv. [some and while.] Once; fora time. Ors: Spenser. SOME/WHIFH-ER, adv. To some indeterminate place. Johnson. SOM/MITE, x. Nepheline; a mineral which occurs in smal] crystals’and crystalline grains in the lava of Mount Somma on Vesuvius. Hatiy. SOM-NAM-BU-LA/TION, x. [L. somnus, sleep, and ambulo, to walk. ] The act of walking in sleep. Beddoes. SOM-NAM/BU-LIE€, a. Walking in sleep; pertaining to somnambulism. SOM-NAM'‘BU-LISM, n. [Supra.] The act or prac- tice of walking in sleep. eddoes. Darwin. SOM-NAM/BU-LIST, x. A person who walks in his sleep. Beddoes. FPorteus. SOM’NER, for Summoner. [Vot in use.] SOM-NIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. somnifer; somnus, sleep, and fero, to bring; Fr. somnifére ; It. and Sp. som- nifero. | Causing or inducing sleep; soporific ; as, a som- niferous potion. Walton. SOM-NIF’I€, a. [L. somnus, sleep, and facio, to make. } Causing sleep ; tending to induce sleep. SOM-NIL/O-QUIST, n. One who talks in his sleep. SOM-NIL/O-QUOUS, a. Apt to talk in sleep. SOM-NIL/O-QUY, SOM-NIL/O-QUISM, A talking or speaking in sleep. Coleridge. SOM-NIL/O-QUY, mn. The talking of one in a state of somnipathy. SOM-NIP/A-THIST, z. A person in a state of som- nipathy. SOM-NIP/A-THY, n. [L. somnus and Gr. rafos.] Sleep from sympathy, or by the process of mesmer- Taylor. n. [lL somnus and loquor.] ism. SOM/NO-LENCE, )xn. [Low L. somnolentia; from SOM/NO-LEN-CY, somnus, sleep, | Sleepiness ; drowsiness ; inclination to sleep. Gower. SOM’NO-LENT, a. Sleepy; drowsy; inclined to slee ullokar. so M/NO-LENT-LY, adv. Drowsily. SON, (sun,) 2. [Sax. sunu; Goth. sunus; G. sohn; D. zoon; Sw. son; Dan. sin; Sans. sunu; Russ. syn or sii. a male child; the male issue of a parent, father or mother. Jacob had twelve sons. Ishmael was the son of Hagar by Abraham. 9. A male descendant, however distant; hence, in the plural, sons signifies descendants in general, a SON sense much used in the Scriptures. The whole hu- man race are styled sons of Adam. 3. The compellation of an old man toa young one or of a confessor to his penitent ; aterm of affection. Eli called Samuel his son. Be plain, good son, and homely in thy drift. Shak. 4. A native or inhabitant of a country; as, the sons of Britain. Let our country never be ashamed of her sons. 5. The produce of any thing. Earth’s tall sons, the cedar, oak, and pine. Blackmore. Vote. — The primary sense of child is produce, 6. One adopted into a family. [issue ; a shoot. Moses was the son of Pharaoh’s daughter. — Ex. ii. 7. One who is converted by another’s instrumen- tality, is called his sun; also, one educated by unoth- er; as, the sons of the prophets. 8. Christ is called the Son of God, as being con- ceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, or in conse- quence of his relation to the Father. 9. Son of pride, sons of light, son of Belial. These are Hebraisms, which denote that persons possess the qualities of pride, of light, or of Belial, as children inherit the qualities of their ancestors. SO-NA/TA,n. [It. See Sounp.] A tune intended for an instrument only, as cantata is for the voice. SONG, n. (Sax. song; D. zang; G. sang, gesang; Sw. siéng ; Dan. sang. See Si1na.]} I. In general, that which is sung or uttered with musical modulations of the voice, whether of the human voice or that of a bird. 2. A little poem to be sung or uttered with music- al modulations; a ballad. The songs of a country are characteristic of its manners. Every country has its love songs, its war songs, and its patriotic SOUS. 3. A hymn; a sacred poem or hymn to be sung either in joy or thanksgiving, as that sung by Moses and the Israelites after escaping the dangers of the Arabian Gulf and of Pharaoh ; or of Jamentation, as that of David over the death of Saul and Jonathan. Songs of joy are represented as constituting a part of 4, Ajay; astrain; a poem. {heavenly felicity. The bard that first adorned our native tongue Tuned to his British lyre this ancient song. 5. Poetry ; poesy ; verse. This subject for heroic song Pleased me. 6. Notes of birds, [See Def. 1.] 7. A mere trifle. The soldier’s pay is a song. Old song; a trifle. I do not intend to be thus put off with an old song. More. Th SON'SY. a. Lucky; fortunate; thriving. Grose. SONG-EN-NO’/BLED, a. Ennobled in song. Coleridge. SONG/ISH, a. Consisting of songs. [ow, and not in Dryden. [song and Sax. steora, one that Dryden. Milton. Silliman, use. | SONG/STER, x. steers. ] : 1. One that sings; one skilled in singing; not often applied to human beings, or only in slight con- teinpt. Howel. 2. A bird that sings; as, the little songster m his cage. [Jn this use the word is elegant.] SONG/STRESS, 2. A female singer. Thomson. SO-NIF’ER-OUS, a. [L. sonus, sound, and fero, to bear. ] Sounding; producing sound. SON/-IN-LAW,z. A man married to one’s daughter. SON'NET, 7. [Fr., from It. sonetta; Sp. soneta. See Sounp.] 1. A Short poem of fourteen lines, two stanzas of four verses each and two of three each, the rhymes » being adjusted by a particular rule. 2. A short poem. [ Milton. Johnson. Busby. I have a sonnet that will serve the turn. Shak. SON/NET, v. i. To compose sonnets. Bp. Hall. SON-NET-EER’, 7. [Fr. sonnet ts A composer of sonnets or small poems; a small poet ; usually In contempt. Pope. SO-NOM/E-TER, n. [L. sonus, sound, and Gr. perpéw, to measure. ] : ; An instrument for measuring sounds or the inter- vals of sounds. Ed. Encye. SON-O-RIF/I€, a. [L. sonus, sound, and facto, to mas) : - Producing sound; as, the sonorific quality of a body Watts. SO-NO/ROUS, a. ie sonorus, from sonus, sound. ] wets ? ots . O- 1. Giving sound when struck. Metals are son rous bodies. ; 2. Loud sounding; giving a clear or loud sound ; as, & sonorous Voice. fs wot ave SGHEEDE . Yielding sound ; as, the vowels Ss 3. Yielding ; as, tee 4. High-sounding ; magnificent of sound. all the meanness and familiarity ef the ing beautiful and sonorous in the ex- Addison. The Italian opera, amidst thoughts, has someth pression. TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI//‘CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1053Son ie im aE Se _ a al a ee - , ‘ re Oe a ieee Sdn a a —— * we peta Te nt er a 7 rs Se ts te ~ een ee ones ed reat” Se a ie Z é % A i = 2 . | : : ; : Fe - ri a ines Ree tl | sOO SOP sound. n SO-NO/ROUS-NESS, n. The quality of yielding another body ; as, the sonorousness of metals. 2. Having or giving a loud or clear sound ; as, the sonorousness Of a voice or an instrument. 3. Magnificence of sound. Johnson. SON’SHIP, (sun’-,) n. [from son.] The state of be- ing a son, or of having the relation of ason. 2. Filiation; the character of a son. Johnson. SOO’DRA,) xn. The lowest of the four great castes SOO/DER, SuUDRA. SOO’FEE, n Among Mohammedans, a believer in Soofeeism. SOO/FEE-ISM,n. Arefined mysticism among certain classes of Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who reject the Koran and hold to a kind of pantheism. Southgate. SOON, adv. [Sax. sona; Goth. suns. | 1. In a short time; shortly after any time specified or supposed ; as, soon after sunrise; soon after din- ner; I shall soon return; we shall soon have clear weatber. 9. Early ; without the usual delay ; before any time supposed. How is it that ye hnve come £0 soon to-day ? — Ex. ii. 3. Readily ; willingly. But in this sense itaccom- panies would, or some other word expressing will. J would as soon see a river winding among woods or in mead- ows, as when it is tossed up in so many whimsical firures at Versailles. Addison. As soon as, so soon as; immediately at or after another event. As soon asthe mail arrives, I will inform‘ you. As soon as Moses came nigh to the camp, he saw the calf and the dancing. — Ex. xxxii. SOON, a. Speedy ; quick. [JVot in use.] SOON’LY, adv. Quickly ; speedily. [Not in use.] SOO-SHONG’ : S6U-CHONG, n. A kind of black tea. SOO’SOO, n. Among the Bengalese, the name of a cetaceous mammal with a long slender beak, the Soo- soo Gangeticus, of Lesson, found in the Ganges. Asiat. Res. SOOT, n. [Sax. sot; Sw. sot; Dan. sod, sood; Ir. suth ; W. swta, soot, that which is volatile or sudden. i, But qu.; for the word is from the Ar. DN Oca sauda, to be black. } A black substance formed by combustion, or dis- engaged from fuel in the process of combustion, ris- ing in fine particles and adhering to the sides of the chimney or pipe conveying thesmoke. Soot consists of more than sixteen different substances, of which carbon, ulmin, asboin, creosote, capnomor, é&c., are perhaps the principal. ‘The soot of burnt pine forms Jampblack. SOOT, v.t To cover or foul with soot. SOOT’ED, pp. Covered or soiled with soot. Mortimer. SOOT/ER-KIN, x. A kind of false birth fabled to be produced by the Dutch women from sitting over their stoves. Swift. SOOTH, x. [Sax. soth; Ir. seadh.] 1. Truth; reality. [Obs.] Shak. 2. Prognostication. [ Obs.] Spenser. 3. Sweetness ; kindness. [ Obs. Shak. SOOTH, a. Pleasing; delightful. bobs.] Milton. 2. True ; faithful. [ Obs.] Shak. SOOFHE, v. t. [Sax. gesothian, to flatter. There seems to be aconnection between this verb and the preceding sooth. The sense of setting, allay or soft- ening, would give that of truth, and of sweet, that is, smooth.] 1. To flatter ; to please with blandishments or soft words. Can J soothe tyranny? Dryden. I’ve tried the force of every reason on him, Soothed and caressed, been angry, soothed again. Addison. 2. To soften; to assuage; to mollify; to calm; as, to soothe one in pain or passion ; or to sootie pain. It is applied both to persons and things. 3. To gratify ; to please. Soothed with his future fame. SOOFH/ED, pp. Filattered; softened; calmed ; pleased. SOOFH/ER, n. A flatterer; he or that which softens or assuages. SOOFH/ING, ppr. or a. Flattering; softening; as- suaging,. SOOFH/ING-LY, adv. With flattery or soft words. SOOTH’LY, adv. In truth; really. [Obs.] Hales. SOOTH/SAY, v.i. [sooth and say.} To foretell; to predict. Acts xvi. [Little used.] SCOTH’SAY-ER, zn. A foreteller; a prognosticator ; one who undertakes to foretell future events without inspiration. SOOTH/SAY-ING, n. The foretelling of future events by persons without divine aid or authority, and thus distinguished from ProruEcy. Dryden. SO-N6O/ROUS-LY, adv. With sound; with a high | SOQT’I-NESS, n. Ss sound when struck, or coming in collision with S SOQQT’Y, v. t. To black or foul with soot. [Not au- among the Hindoos. More properly, | SOP, x. lb. sop; Sax. sop; G. suppe, soup; Dan. [from sooty.) The quality of being sooty or foul with soot; fuliginousness. a a. Partaking of soot; like soot. Brown. : OT’Y, a. (Sax. sotig.] 1. Producing soot ; as, sooty coal. Milton. 2. Consisting of soot; fuliginous ; as, sooty mat- ter. Wilkins. 3. Foul with soot. 4. Black like soot; dusky ; dark ; as, the sooty flag of Acheron. Milton. thorized. Chap7nan, suppe; Sw. soppa; Sp. sopa; It. zuppa; Fr. soupe. See Class Sh, No. 2, 30, &c. Qu. soap.] 1. Any thing steeped or dipped and softened in liquor, but chiefly something thus dipped in broth or liquid food, and intended to be eaten. Sops in wine, quantity for quantity, inebriate more than wine itself. acon. 2. Any thing given to pacify; so called from the sop given to Cerberus, in mythology. Hence the phrase, to give a sop to Cerberus. Sop-in-wine ; a kind of pink. SOP, v.t. To steep or dip in liquor. SOPE. See Soap. SOPH, 7x. In the university of Cambridge, England, an abbreviation of SorpHIsTER. 2. In the American colleges, an abbreviation of SorpHOMORE. SO’PHI, (sd'fe,) n. A title of the king of Persia. [See also Sort.] SOPH/I€-AL, a. [Gr. ovdos, wise ; copra, wisdom.] Teaching wisdom. [JWVot in use.] Harris. SOPH/ISM, n. [Fr. sophisme; L. sophisma; Gr. cupicpua.] A specious but fallacious argument; a subtilty in reasoning; an argument that is not supported by sound reasoning, or in which the inference is not justly deduced from the premises. When a false argument puts on the appearance of a true one, then it is properly called a sophism or fallacy. Wats. SOPH/IST, n. [L. sophista; Fr. sophiste; It. sofista. } 1. The name of a class of men who taught elo- quence, philosophy, and politics in ancient Greece, and who, by their use of vain subtleties and false axioms, drew upon themselves general hatred and contempt. 2. A captious or fallacious reasoner. SOPH/IST-ER, n. ([Gr. copiorns.-| The same as Sopuist, which see. [ Obs. 9. In the university of Cambridge, England, the title of students who are advanced beyond the first year of their residence. The entire course at the university consists of three years and one term, dur- ing which the students have the titles of First-Year Men, or Freshmen; Second-Year Men, or Junior Sophs or Sophisters; Third-Year Men, or Senior Sophs or Sophisters ; and, in the Jast term, Question- ists, with reference to the approaching examination. In the older American colleges, the junior and senior classes were originally called Junior Sophisters. and Senior Sophisters. The term is also used at Oxford and Dublin. SOPH’IST-ER, v. t. To maintain by a fallacious ar- gument. [Not in use.] Cobham. SO-PHIST’1L€ a : SORT SaeeAe a. [Fr. sophistique ; It. sofistico. } Fallaciously subtile ; not sound; as, sephistical reasoning or argument. SO-PHIST’I€-AL-LY, adv. With fallacious subtilty. wift. SO-PHIST/I€-ATE, v. t. [Fr. sophistiquer; Sp. soafis- ticar. 1. To adulterate ; to corrupt by something spurious or foreign ; to pervert ; as, to sophisticate nature, phi- losophy, or the understanding. Hooker. South. 2. To adulterate ; to render spurious ; as merchan- dise ; as, to sophisticate wares or liquors. They purchase but sophisticated ware. SO-PHIST’I€-ATE, a. Adulterated; not pure; SO-PHIST/I€-A-TED, not genuine. So truth, when only one supplied the state, Grew scarce and dear, and yet sophisticale. SO-PHIST’I€-A-TED, pp. Adulterated; corrupted by something spurious or foreign. SO-PHIST’I€-A-TING, ppr. Corrupting; adulter- ating. SO-PHIST-I€-A/TION, nm. The act of adulterating ; a counterfeiting or debasing the purity of something by a foreign admixture ; adulteration. Boyle. Quincy. SO-PHIST’I€-A-TOR, n. One that adulterates ; one who injures the purity and genuineness of any thing by foreign admixture. Whitaker. SOPH/IST-RY, n. Fallacious reasoning; reasoning sound in appearance only. These men have obscured and confounded the nature of things by their false principles and wretched sophistry. South. SOPH/O-MORE, n. One belonging to the second of Spenser. Dryden. Dryden. SOR | {This word has generally been considered as an ss American barbarism,”’ but was probably introduced into our country, at a very early period, from the uni- versity of Cambridge, England. Among the cant terms at that university, as given in the Gradus ad Cantabrigiam, we find Soph-/Mor as ‘the next dis- tinctive appellation to Freshman.” It is added, that ‘64 writer in the Gentleman’s Magazine thinks mor an abbreviation of the Greek pwpia, introduced ata time when the Encomium Moria, the Praise of Folly, by Erasmus, was so generally used.” The ordinary derivation of the word, from coos and pwpds, would seem, therefore, to be incorrect. The younger Sophs at Cambridge appear, formerly, to have received the adjunct mor (woos) to their names, either as one which they courted for the reason mentioned above, or as one given them in sport, for the supposed ex- hibition of inflated feeling in entering on their new honors. The term, thus applied, seems to have passed, at a very early period, from Cambridge in England to Cambridge in America, as “the next distinctive appellation to Freshman,’? and thus to have been attached to the second of the four classes in our American colleges; while it has now almost ceased to be known, even as a cant word, at the pa- rent institution in England, from whence it came. This derivation of the word is rendered more proba- ble by the fact, that the early spelling was, toa great | extent at least, Sophimore, as appears from the man- uscripts of President Stiles, of Yale College, and the records of*Harvard College down to the period of the American revolution. This would be perfectly natural if Soph or Sophister was considered as the basis of the word, but can hardly be explained if the ordinary derivation had then been regarded as the true one. — Ed. | SOPH-O-MOB/I€-AL, a. Inflated in style or manner. America. | J. C. Calhoun. SO'PITE, v.t. To lay asleep. [Vot in use.] Cheyne. SO-PI//TION, (-pish’/un,) x. [L. sopio, to lay asleep. } Sleep. [JVot in use. ] Brown. SOP/O-RATE, v.t. [L. soporo.| To Jay asleep. [JVot in use. } SOP_O-RIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. soporifer ; sopor, sleep, and fero, to bring; from sopio, to lull to sleep ; Sans, swapa, sleep. Sopio agrees in elements with sober.) Causing sleep, or tending to produce it; somnifer- ous. The poppy possesses soporiferous qualities. SOP-O-RIF’ER-OUS-LY, adv. So as to produce sleep. SOP-O-RIF’/ER-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of caus- ing sleep. SOP-O-RIEF’I€, a. [L. sopor, sleep, and facio, to make. ] Causing sleep; tending to cause sleep; as, the soporific virtues of opium. Locke. SOP-O-RIF/I€, n. A medicine, drug, plant, or other thing that has the quality of inducing sleep. SO/PO-ROUS, a. [L. soporus, from sopor, sleep.] Causing sleep; sleepy. Greenhill. SOP’PED, (sopt,) pp- Dipped in liquid food. SOP/PER, x. [from sop.] One that sops or dips in liquor something to be eaten. Juhnson. SOP’PING, ppr. Steeping in liquid food. SO-PRA’NIST, n. A treble singer. SO-PRA‘NO, [It.] In music, the treble; the highest female voice. SORB, n. [Fr. sorbe; It. sorba, sorbo; lL. sorbum, sorbus. | The service-tree or its fruit. SOR’BATE, n. A compound of malic or sorbic acid with a base. Tre. SOR-BE-FA/CIENT, (-fa/shent,) 2. [IL. sorbeo, to ab- sorb, and facio, to make. ] In medicine, that which produces absorption. SOR-BE-FA/CIENT, a. In medicine, producing ab- sorption. SORB/ENT. See ArsorBEntT. SOR/BI€, a. Pertaining to the sorbus or service-tree ; as, sorbic acid. Sorbie acid is only another name for the malic acid, or a name not at all in use. SOR’BILE, (sor'bil,) a. [L. sorbeo. That may be drank or sipped. Lv in use. | SOR-BI/’/TION, (-bish’un,) n. [L. sorbitio.] The act of drinking or sipping. (Vet in use.] SOR-BON/I6-AL, a. Belonging to a Sorbonist. Bale. SOR’/BON-IST, n. A doctor of the Sorbonne, or theo- logical college, in the university of Paris, founded by Robert de Sorbonne, A. D. 1250. Sorbonne is properly the name of the building, from which the theological faculty are called the doctors of the Sor- bonne. Murdock. SOR/CER-ER, x. [Fr. sorcier; Arm. sorca; supposed to be from L. sors, lot. But see Class Sr, No. 24, Eth. A Lanier: an enchanter ; a magician. The Egyptian sorcerers contended with Moses. Watts. SOR/CER-ESS, x. A female magician or enchantress. Milton. Shak. SOR/CER-OUS, a. Containing enchantiments. Chapman. SOR/CE-RY, 2. Magic; enchantment; witchcraft ; 2. A true saying; truth. [ Obs.] Chaucer. 1054 the four classes in an American college. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — divination by the assistance or supposed assistanceSOR SOR SOT of evil spirits, or the power of commanding evil spirits. Encyc. Adder’s wisdom I have learned, To fence my ears against thy sorceries, Milton. SORD, for Swarp, is now vulgar. [See Swarp.] SORD‘A-WAL-ITE, n. A mineral so named from Sordawald, in Wibourg, Finland. It is nearly black, rarely gray or green, and contains Silica, alumina, magnesia, and peroxyd of iron. Phillips. SOR/DES, n. [L.] Foul matter; excretions ; dregs ; filthy, useless, or rejected matter of any kind. Core. Woodward. SOR/DET, {it [Fr. sourdine; It. sordina; from Fr. SOR/DINE, sourd, Li. surdus, deaf. A small instrument or damper in the mouth of a trumpet, or on the bridge of a violin or violoncello, to make it sound lower or fainter. Encyc. Am. Bailey. SOR/DID, a. [Fr. sordide; It. sordido; Li. sordidus, from sordes, filth. 1. Filthy ; foul; dirty ; gross, There Charon stands, A sordid god. [ This literal sense is nearly obsolete. ] 2. Vile; base; mean; as, vulgar, sordid mortals. Cowley. 3. Meanly avaricious ; covetous ; niggardly. He may be old, And yet not sordid, who refuses gold. SOR’DID-LY, adv. Meanly ; basely ; covetously. SOR/DID-NESS, n. Filthiness; dirtiness. Ray. 2. Meanness; baseness; as, the execrable sordid- ness of the delights of Tiberius. Cowley. __3. Niggardliness. SORE, x. [Dan. saar, a sore, a wound, or an ulcer; D. zocer; G. geschwur; Sw. sar. word. ] 1. A place in an animal body where the skin and flesh are ruptured or bruised, so as to be pained with the slightest pressure. ° 2, An ulcer; a boil. 3. In Scripture, grief ; affliction. 2 Chron. vi. SORE, a. [Sax. sar, pain, also grievous, painful; D. zeer; G. sehr; also Sax. swer, swar, or swer, heavy, grievous; Dan. sver; G. schwer; D. zwaar. This seems to be radically the same word as the former. See Sorrow. ] 1. Tender and susceptible of pain from pressure ; as, a boil, ulcer, or abscess, is very sore; a wounded place is sore; inflammation renders a part sore. 2. Tender, as the mind ; easily pained, grieved, or vexed ; very susceptible of irritation from any thing that crosses the inclination. Dryden, Denham. See the next Malice and hatred are very fretting, and apt to make our minds sore and uneasy, Tillotson. 3. Affected with inflammation ; as, sore eyes. 4. Violent with pain; severe ; afflictive ; distress- ing; as, a sore disease ; sore evil or calamity ; a sore night. Com. Prayer. Shak. o. Severe ; violent ; as, a sore conflict. 6. Criminal ; evil. [ Obs. Shalt. SORE, adv. With painful violence ; intensely; se- verely ; grievously. Thy hand presseth me sore. 2. Greatly; violently; deeply. afflicted at the loss of his son. Sore sighed the knight, who this long sermon heard. Dryden. Com. Prayer. He was sorely SORE, v. t, To wound; to make sore. [ Ods.]} Spenser. SORE, n. [Fr. sor-falcon. Todd. | 1. A hawk of the first year. Spenser. 2. as saur.| A buck of the fourth year. Shak. SORE’/HON,)n- [Irish and Scottish.] A kind of SORN, servile tenure which subjected the tenant to maintain his chieftain gratuitously, when- ever he wished to indulge himself in a debauch. So that, when a person obtrudes himself on another for bed and board, he is said to sorn, or be a surner. Spenser. JMacbean. SOR/EL, n. [dim. of sore.] A buck of the third year, Shak, SORE’LY, adv. [from sore.] With violent pain and distress ; grievously ; greatly ; as, to be sorely pained or afflicted. 2. Greatly ; violently ; severely; as, to be sorely pressed with want ; to be sorely wounded. SORE’NESS,n. [from sore.] The tenderness of any part of an animal body, which renders it extremely susceptible of pain from pressure ; as, the soreness of a boil, an abscess, or wound. 2. Figuratively, tenderness of mind, or suscepti- bility of mental pain. SOR/GO, 7. A plant of the genus Sorghum. SO/RI, n. pl. See Sorus. SO-RI/TES, x. [L., from Gr. cwpecrns, a heap. In logic, an abridged form of stating a series of syllogisms, of which the conclusion of each is a premise of the succeeding one. Thus, A= B, B=UC, C=D; therefore, A=D. Brande. SORN/ED, pp. Obtruded upon a friend for bed and SORN’ER,x. One who obtrudes himself on another for bed and board. SO-ROR’I-CIDE, n. strike, to kill.] The murder or murderer of a sister. [Little used, and obviously because the crime is very hea SOR/RAGE, n. he blades of green wheat or barley. [Vot used. Dict. SOR/RANCE, 7. In Jfarriery, any disease or sore in horses. SOR/REL, a. [Fr. saure, yellowish brown 3 Saurer, to dry in the smoke ; It. sauro.] Of a reddish color; as, a sorrel horse. SOR’REL, n. A reddish color; a faint red. SOR/REL,n. [Sax. sur, sour; Dan. syre, sorrel; W. SUraN. | The popular name of certain species of Rumex, as Rumex acetosa, Rumex acetosella, &¢., so named from its acid taste. The wood sorrel is of the genus Oxalis ; the Indian red and Indian white sorrels are of the genus Hibiscus. Salt of sorrel; binoxalate of potassa. Brande. SOR’REL-TREE,n. Aspecies of And romeda, whose leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for sumach in dyeing. Farm. Encyc. SOR’RLLY, adv. [from sorry.] Meanly; despica- bly ; pitiably ; in a wretched manner. Thy pipe, O Pan, shall help, though I sing sorrily. Sidney. SOR/RLNESS, n. Meanness ; poorness ; despicable- ness. SOR’/ROW, zn. [Sax. sorg: Goth. saurga; Sw. and Dan. sorg, care, solicitude, sorrow; D. zorg; G. Sorge, Care, concern, uneasiness; from the same root as sore, heavy. ] The uneasiness or pain of mind which is produced by the loss of any good, real or supposed, or by dis- appointment in the expectation of good ; grief; re- gret. The loss of a friend we love occasions Sorrow ; the loss of property, of health, or any source of hap- piness, causes sorrow. We feel sorrow for ourselves in misfortunes ; we feel sorrow for the calamities of our friends and our country. A world of woe and sorrow. Milton, The safe and general antidote against sorrow is employment. Rambler. SOR/ROW, v. i. (Sax. sarian, sargian, sorgian, Goth. saurgan, to be anxious, to sorrow. To feel pain of mind in consequence of the actual loss of good, or of frustated hopes of good, or of ex- pected loss of happiness ; to grieve; to be sad. I rejoice, not that ye were made sorry, but that ye sorrowed to repentance, —1 Cor. vii. I desire no man to sorrow for me. Hayward, Sorrowing most of all for the words which he spake, that they should see his fice no more. — Acts xx. SOR’/ROW-BLIGHT-ED, (-blit-ed,) a. Blighted with sorrow. JMoore. SOR’/ROW-ED, pp. Accompanied with sorrow. (Vot in use. | Shak. SOR’/ROW-FUL, a. Sad; grieving for the loss of some good, or on account of some expected evil. 2. Deeply serious; depressed; dejected. 1 Sam. i. 3. Producing sorrow ; exciting grief; mournful ; as, a sorrowful accident. 4. Expressing grief; accompanied with grief; as, sorrowful meat. Job vi. SOR’ROW-FUL-LY, adv. a manner to produce grief. SOR/ROW-FUL-NESS, zn. [L. soror, sister, and cedo, to In a sorrowful manner; in State of being sorrowful ; grief. SOR'ROW-ING, ppr. or a. Feeling sorrow, grief, or regret. SOR/ROW-ING, n. Expression of sorrow. Browne. SOR’ROW-LESS, a. Free from sorrow. SOR’/ROW-STRICK-EN, a. Struck with sorrow ; de- pressed. SOR/RY, a, [Sax sarig, sari, from sar, sore. ] 1. Grieved for the loss of some good ; pained for some evil that has happened to one’s self, or friends, or country. It does not ordinarily imply severe grief, but rather slight or transient regret. It may be, however, and often is, used to express deep grief. We are sorry to lose the company of those we love ; we are sorry to lose friends or property ; we are sorry for the misfortunes of our friends or of our country. And the king was sorry. — Matt. xiv. 2. Melancholy ; dismal. Spenser. 3. Poor; mean; vile; worthless; as, a sorry slave ; a sorry excuse. D’Estrange. Dryden. Coarse complexions, 2 And cheeks of sorry grain. Milton, SORT,n. [Fr. sorte; It. sorta; Sp. suerte; Port. sorte ; G. id.; D,. soort; Sw. and Dan. sort; L. sors, lot, chance, state, way, sort. This word is from the root of Fr. sortir, It. sortire, L. sortior; the radical sense of which is, to start or shoot, to throw or to fall, to come suddenly. Hence, sors is lot, chance, that which comes or falls. The sense of sort is prob- ably derivative, signifying that which js thrown out, separated, or selected, ] 1. A kind or species ; any number or collection of board, individual persons or things characterized by the same or like qualities ; as, a sort of men ; a sort of horses ; a sort of trees 5 a sort of poems or Writings, Sort Is not a technical word, and therefore is used with less precision or more latitude than genus or species in the sciences. G 2. Manner; form of being or acting. Flowers, in such sort worn, can neither be smelt nor see those that wear them, To Adam in whut sort shall I appear? n well by ooker. Milton. 3. Class or order; as, men of the wiser sort, Or the better sort; all sorts of people. {See def. 1. 4. Rank; condition above the vulgar. [Not in use. ] Shak. 5. A company or knot of people. [Wot in use.] Shak. Waller. 6. Degree of any quality. I shall not be wholly without praise, ifin some sort { have copied his style. ryden. 7. Lot. [Obs.] Shak. 8. A pair; a set; a suit. Out of sorts; out of order; hence, unwell. [ Loz. } Halliwell. SORT, v. z. To separate, as things having like quali- ties from other things, and place them in distinct classes or divisions; as, to sort cloths according to their colors; to sort wool or thread according to its fineness. Shell fish have been, by some of the ancients, compared and sorted with insects, 3acon. Rays which dilier in refrangibility may be parted and sorted from one another. Jewton. 2. To reduce to order from a state of confusion. [See supra. ] 3. To conjoin ; to put together in distribution. The swain perceiving, by her words ill sorted, That she was wholly from herself’ transported. Brown. 4. To cull; to choose from a number; to select. That he may sort her out a worthy spouse. SORT, v. 2. species, Nor do metals only sort with metals in the earth, and minerals With minerals. Woodward, Chapman. To be joined with others of the same 2. To consort ; to associate. The illiberality of parents toward children makes them base and sort with any company. acon. 3. To suit ; to fit. They are happy whose natures sort with their vocations. Bacon, 4. To terminate ; to issue; to have success. [Fr. sortir.| [Not in use. ] Bacon. 5. ‘To fall out, [JVot in use.] Shak. SORT’A-BLE, a. That may be sorted. 2. Suitable; befitting. Bacon. SORT’A-BLY, adv. SORT’AL, a. Pertaining to or designating a sort {Not in use.) Locke. SORT’ANCE, 7. Suitableness; agreement. [Vot in use. } Shak. SORT’ED, pp. Separated and reduced to order from a state of confusion. SOR’TIE, (sor/te,) x. [Fr., from sortir, to issue.] A sally ; the issuing of a body of troops from a be- sieged place to attack the besiegers. SORT’I-LEGE, n. [Fr., from L. sortilegium; sors, lot, and lego, to select. ] The act or practice of drawing lots ; divination by drawing lots. J. M. JiWfason. SorTILEGy is not used.] SORT-I-LE/GIOUS, a. Pertaining to sortilege. Daubiz. SORT/ING, ppr. Separating, as things having like qualities from other things, and reducing to order. SOR-TI’TION, (-tish‘un,) x. [L. sortitio.] Selection or appointment by lt. Bp. Hull. SORT’MENT, n. The act of sorting; distribution into classes or kinds, 2. A parcel sorted. [This word is superseded by AssORTMENT, Which see. ] SO/RUS, n.; pl. Sort. [Gr. owpos, a heap.] In bota- ny, a Name given to small clusters of minute cap- sules on the back of the fronds of ferns. SO/RY, zx. The ancient name of sulphate of iron. SOSS, v.i. [G. sausen. See Sovse.] (Ure. To fall at once into achair or seat; to sit lazily. [Not in use. Swift. SOSS, x. A lazy fellow. [Not in use; but some of the common people in New England call a lazy, slut- tish Woman a sozzle. co: SOS-TE-NU'TO, [It.] In music, sustaining the sounds to the utmost of the nominal value of the time. SOT, n. zote; D. zot. Sd, No. 61. ie stupid person ; a blockhead; a dull fellow 5a dolt. Shak. South 2, A person stupefied by excessive drinking; an habitual drunkard. Suitably ; fitly. [Fr. sot; Arm. sodt; Sp. zote, zota; Port. The sense is stupid; Ch..ww. Class What can ennoble sats? Pope. SOT, v.t. To stupefy ; to infatuate ; to besot. I hate to see a brave, bold fellow gotted, Dryden. [Vot much used.] [See Brsor.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G@ as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1055 eos Stee Seon ri - — ao ee oem a? ’ e i, on ha mf 3 hee £ a t ‘ sf { | i } . : es : ” _ 5 Pa Pg Fs t s a « & . ‘ m fee = ea a CA Yi ae SOU SoU SOU SOTH/I€ YEAR, x. The Egyptian year of 365 days, SOT’TISH, a. Dull; stupid; senseless; doltish ; SOT’TISH-LY, adv. Stupidly ; senselessly ; without Bentley. SOUL!-SEOT, in. [soul and scot.] A funeral duty, soTv’TO VO0'CE, (-vo/cha,) [It] SOU, (soo,) 2; pl. Sous. [Fr. sou, sol.] oe in A French money of account, and a copper coin, In Sol SOU’BAH. See SuBax. SOU-CHONG’, SOO-CHONG', SOUGH, (suff,) v. = ([Teut. soeffen.| To whistle ; SOUGH, (suf,) x Asmall drain; an adit. SOUGH, (suf,) 2. [Scotch.] To whistle, as the wind. SOUGHT, (sawt,) pret. and pp. of Spex. SOUL, (sole,) n. jae sawel, sawl, or saul; G. seele ; SOT, v.i. To tipple to stupidity. [Little used.] ; SO-TE-RLOL/O-GY, n. (Gr. owrnpios, salubrious, soften the soul. _ : _ Beattie. SOUL/ED, a. Instinct with soul or feeling; as, Gre- and \ \yos, discourse. and preserving health. 6 hours, so called from Sothis, the dog-star. very foolish. How ignorant are eottish pretenders to astrology ! 2. Dull with intemperance. Swift. reason. SOT’TISH-NESS, zn. Dullness in the exercise of rea- | SOUL/-SHOT, olics, in former times, for a requiem for the soul. son; stupidity. Few consider into what degree of softishness and confirmed ig- norance men may sink themselves. : South. strained voice or moderate tone. value the 20th part of a livre, or of a franc. n. A kind of black tea. applied to the wind. Hist. of the Royal Society. Buchanan. 2. (pron. sow.) A hollow murmur or roaring; @ buzzing ; as, a sough in the ears. Ben Jonson. Halliwell. I am found of them who sought me not. —Is. Ixv. D. ziel; Dan. siel; Sw. sial.] 1. The spiritual, rational, and immortal substance in man, which distinguishes him from brutes ; that part of nan which enables him to think and reason, and which renders him a subject of moral govern- ment. The immortality of the soul is a fundamental article of the Christian system. Such is the nature of the human soul, that it must have a God, an object of supreme affection. J. Ediards. 9. The understanding ; the-intellectual principle. The eyes of our sowls then only begin to see, when Oe peay eyes are closing. Ww. 3. Vital principle. Thou sun, of this great world both eye and soul. Millon, 4, Spirit; essence; chief part; as, charity, the soul of all the virtues. Emotion is the soul of eloquence, E. Porter. 5. Life; animating principle or part; as, an able commander is the sowl of an army. 6. Internal power. There is some soul of coodness in things evil. Shak. 7. A human being; a person. There was not a soul present. In Paris there are more than seven hundred thousand sows. London, Westminster, Southwark, and the suburbs, are said to contain twelve hundred thousand souls. 8. Animal life. No deliver their soul from death, and to keep them alive in famine. — Ps. xxxiii. 9. Active power. And heaven would fly before the driving soul. Dryden. 10. Spirit ; courage ; fire ; grandeur of mind. That he wants caution he must needs confess, But not a soul to give our Arms SUCCESS. Young. 11. Generosity; nobleness of mind; a colloquial use. 12. An intelligent being. Every soul in heaven shall bend the knee, Milton. 13. Heart; affection. The soul of Jonathan was knit with the soul of David. —1 Sam. XVI. 14. In Scripture, appetite ; as, the full soul; the hungry soul. Prov. xxvii. Job XXxxiii. 15. A familiar compellation of a person, but often expressing some qualities of the mind; as, alas ! poor soul; he was a good soul. SOUL, v. t. Toendue with asoul. [Vot used.] SoU Chaucer. UL : SOWL, v.i. [Sax. sufl, sufel, broth, pottage.] To afford suitable sustenance. [Vot in use.] a : Warner. SOUL!/-BELL, n. The passing bell. Hall. SOUL/-BE-TRAY/ING, a. ‘Tending to betray the soul, SOUL/-€4A LM/ING, (-kam/ing,) a. Tranquilizing the soul. TP SOUL/-DE-STROY/ING, a. Fernicious to the soul. Procrastination of repentance and faith is a soul- destroying evil. SOUL/-DIS-SOLV/ING, a. Melting or tending to A discourse on Peatin, or the science of promoting | cian chiefs Jargely souled. g Dryden. SOUL!-EN-TRANC/ING, a. Enrapturing the soul. SOUL/-FELT, a. Deeply felt. SOUL/-HARD!/EN-ED, a. Having an obdurate heart. SOUL’LESS, a. Without a soul, or without greatness or nobleness of mind ; mean ; spiritless. SOUL’-SEARCH-ING, (sile/serch-ing,) a. Searching 2. Stupidity from intoxication. the soul or heart. ( In music, with a re-| SOUL/-SELL-ING, a. [soul and sell.) Selling per- sons; dealing in the purchase and sale of human be-| SOUND, v. i. To use the line and lead in searching SOUL/-STIR-RING, a. Exciting the’soul. E. Everett. SOUL/-SUB-DU'ING, a. Subduing the soul. SOUND, a. [Sax. sund; D. gezond; G. gesund; Dan. SOUND, adv. Soundly ; heartily. SOUND, n. The air-bladder of a fish. SOUND,n. [Sax. sund, a narrow sea or strait, a swim- SOUL/-DI$-EAS/ED, a. Diseased in soul or mind. [Vot used.]} Spenser, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1056 Coleridge. Coleridge. Slave, soullese villain. Shak. or money paid by the Roman Cath- Ayliffe. gs. J. Barlow. FL/-SICK, a, [soul and sick.] Diseased in mind or soul; morally diseased. Hall. gv and Sw. sund; Basque, sendoa; L. sanus ; Fr. sain; Sp. and It. sano; Ch. and Syr. jn. Class Sn, No. 18, 24,35. It is from driving or straining, stretch- ing.] 1. Entire ; unbroken; not shaky, split, or defect- ive ; as, sound timber. 2. Undecayed ; whole ; perfect, or not defective ; as, sound fruit ; a sound apple or melon. 3. Unbroken; not bruised or defective ; not lacer- ated or decayed ; as, a sound limb. 4, Not carious ; not decaying ; as, a sound tooth. 5, Not broken or decayed; not defective; as, a sound ship. 6. Whole; entire; unhurt; unmutilated; as, a sound body. 7. Healthy; not diseased; not being in a morbid state ; having all the organs complete and in perfect action; as, a sound body ; sound health; a sound con- stitution ; a sound man; a sound horse. 8. Founded in truth; firm; strong; valid ; solid; that can not be overthrown or refuted; as, sound reasoning; a sound argument; a sound objection ; sound doctrine; sound principles. 9. Right; correct ; well founded ; free from error ; orthodox. 2 Tim. i. Let my heart be sound in thy statutes. — Ps. cxix. 10. Heavy ; laid on with force; as, sound strokes ; a sound beating. 1]. Founded in right and law ; legal ; valid ; not defective ; that can not be overthrown; as, a sound title to land ; sownd justice. 12. Fast; profound; unbroken ; undisturbed ; as, sound sleep. 13. Perfect, as intellect ; not broken or defective ; not enfeebled by age or accident ; not wild or wan- dering; not deranged ; as, a sound mind ; a sound understanding or reason, Sound currency ; in commerce, a currency whose ac- tual value is the same as its nominal value ; and, if in bank notes or other substitute for silver and gold, a currency which is so sustained by funds that it is at any time convertible into gold and silver, and of course of equal value. So sound he slept that nought might him awake. Spenser. id ming ; Sw. and Dan. sund; Pers. ees shana, a swim- ming, L. natatio. Qu. can this name be given to a narrow sea, because wild beasts were accustomed to pass it by swimming, like Bosporus; or is the word from the root of sownd, whole, denoting a stretch, or narrowness, from stretching, like straight; or from its sounding ?] A narrow passage of water, or a strait between the main land and an isle; or a strait connecting two seas, or connecting a sea or lake with the ocean ; as, the sound which connects the Baltic with*the ocean, between Denmark and Sweden; the sound that sep- arates Long Island from the main land of New York and Connecticut. SOUND, n. [Fr. sonde; Sp. sonda, See the following verb. ] An instrument which surgeons introduce into the bladder, in order to discover whether there is a stone in that viscus or not. Cooper. Sharp. SOUND, v. t. [Sp. sondar or sondear; Fr. sonder. This word is probably connected with the L. sonus, Eng. sound, the primary sense of which is, to stretch, or reach. 1. To try, as the depth of water and the quality of the ground, by sinking a plummet or Jead attached to a line on which are marked the number of fath- SOUND, n. The cuttle-fish. SOUND, nx. [Sax. son; W. sion; Ir. soin; Fr. son; It. SOUND, v.i. To make a noise; to utter a voice ; to end of the lead is covered with tallow, by means of which some portion of the earth, sand, gravel, shells, &c., of the bottom, adhere to it, and are drawn up. By these means, and the depth of water, and the na- ture of the bottom, which are carefully marked on good charts, seamen may know how far a ship is from land in the night, or in thick weather, and in many cases when the land is too remote to be visi- ble. 9. To introduce a sound into the bladder of a pa- tient, in order to ascertain whether a stone is there or not. When a patient is to be sounded, Cooper. 3. To try; to examine; to discover, or endeavor to discover, that which lies concealed in another’s breast ; to search out the intention, opinion, will, or desires. I was in jest, And by that offer meant to sound your breast. Dryden. I’ve sounded my Numidians man by man. Addison. the depth of water. The shipmen sounded, and found it twenty fathoms. — Acts xxvii. Ainsworth. suono; Sp. son; L. sonus, from sono, to sound, sing, rattle, beat, &c. This may be a dialectical variation of L. tonus, tono, which seems to be allied to Gr. ré- yw), to stretch, or strain, L. leno.) 1. Noise ; report ; the object of hearing ; that which strikes the ear; or, more philosophically, an impres- sion, or the effect of an impression, made on the or- gans of hearing by an impulse or vibration of the air caused by a collision of bodies, or by other means ; as, the sound of a trumpet or drum ; the sound of the human voice; a horrid sound; a charming sound; a sharp sound ; a high sound. 9. A vibration of air caused by a collision of bod- jes, or other means, sufficient to affect the auditory nerves when perfect. Some persons are so entirely deaf that they can not hear the loudest sounds. Aud- ible sounds are such as are perceptible by the organs of hearing. Sounds, not audible to men, may be audible to animals of more sensible organs. 3. Noise without signification ; empty noise ; noise and nothing else. It is the sense, and not the sound, that must be the principle. Locke. make an impulse of the air that shal) strike the or- gans of hearing with a particular effect. We say,an instrument sounds well or ill; it sounds shrill ; the voice sounds harsh. And first taught speaking trumpets how to sound. Dryden. 2. To exhibit by sound, or likeness of sound. This relation sounds rather like a fiction than a truth. 3. To be conveyed in sound ; to be spread or pub- lished. From you sounded out the word of the Lord. —1 Thess. i. To sound in damages, in law, is when there is no specific value of property in demand to serve as arule of damages, as in actions of tort or trespass, as distin- guished from actions of debt, &c. Ellsworth. SOUND, v. t. To cause to make a noise ; as, to sound a trumpet or a horn. 2, To utter audibly ; as, to sound a note with the voice. 3. To play on; as, to sound an instrument. 4. To order or direct by a sound; to give a signal for, by a certain sound ; as, to sound a retreat. 5. ‘l'o celebrate or honor by sounds ; to cause to be reported ; as, to sound one’s praise. 6. To spread by sound or report ; to publish or pro- claim ; as, to sound the praises or fame of a great man, or a great exploit. We sometimes say, to sound abroad. SOUND/-BOARD, n. Athin board which prop- SOUND/ING-BOARD, agates the sound in an or- gan, violin, or other musical instrument. To many a row of pipes the sound-board breathes, Milton. 9. A board, or structure with a flat surface, sus- pended over a pulpit, to prevent the sound of the preacher’s voice from ascending, and thus propaga- ting it farther in a horizontal direction. SOUND/ED, pp. Caused to make a noise; uttered audibly. 2, Explored ; examined. SOUND/-HEAD-ED, a. Having sound principles. SOUND!/-HEART-ED, (-hirt-ed,) a. Having a sound heart or affections. SOUNDING: ppr. Causing to sound ; uttering audi- y- 2. Trying the depth of water by the plummet; ex- amining the intention or will. 3. a. Sonorous; making a noise. 4, Having a magnificent sound; as, words more sounding or significant. Tyden. SOUND/ING, n. The act of uttering noise ; the act of endeavoring to discover the opinion or desires ; the act of throwing the lead. oms, to ascertain the depth of water. The lower 2. In surgery, the operation of introducing theSOU SOU SOW sound into the bladder; called Searcnine for the Stone. = Cooper. SOUND/ING-BOARD. See Sounp-Boarp. SOUND/ING-POST, n. A small post in a violin and violoncello, set under the bridge for a support, for propagating the sounds to the back of the instru- micnt. SOUND'ING-ROD, n. A rod or piece of iron used to ascertain the depth of water ina ship’s hold. It is let down in a groove by a pump. Mar. Dict. SOUND/INGS, x. pl. Any place or part of the ocean, Where a deep sounding-line will reach the bottom ; also, the Kind of ground or bottom where the lead reaches. 2. The quality of the ground brought up by the sounding-lead, and the depth of water. Totten. SOUND/LESS, a. That can not be fathomed ; having no sound. SOUND’LY, adv. heartily. 2. Severely ; lustily; with heavy blows; smartly; as, to beat one soundly. 3, Truly ; without fallacy or error; as, to judge or reason sowndliy. 4. Firmly ; as, a doctrine soundly settled. Bacon. 5. Fast ; closely ; so as not to be easily awakened ; as, to sleep soundly. Locke. SOUND/NESS, n. Wholeness; entireness; an un- broken, unimpaired, or undecayed state; as, the soundness of timber, of fruit, of the teeth, of a limb, &c. [See Sounp.] 2, An unimpaired state of an animal or vegetable body ; a state in which the organs are entire, and regularly perform their functions. We say, the soundness of the body, the soundness of the constitu- tion ; the soundness of health. 3. Firmness ; strength; solidity ; truth ; as, sound- ness of reasoning or argument, of doctrine or princi- les. 4, Truth ; rectitude ; firmness ; freedom from error or fallacy ; orthodoxy ; as, soundness of faith. SOUP, (soop,) . [Fr. soupe; It. zuppa, sop; Sp. sopa, sop, or soup; G. suppe; D. soecp; Ice. saup. [See Sup and Sop.] Strong broth; a decoction of flesh for food, highly seasoned. {from sound, entire.] Healthily ; SOUP, (Soop,) v. & To sup; to breathe out. [Wot in use, | Wrcelif. SOUP, (soop,) v. t. Tosweep. [Vet in use.] [See Sweep and Swoop.] Hall, SOUR, a. [Sax. sur, surig; G. sauer; D. zuur; Sw. sur; Dan. suur; W. stir; Arm. sur; Fr. sur, sure; Heb. 1D, to depart, to decline, to turn, as liquors, to become sour. See Class Sr, No. 16, and No, 11.] 1. Acid; having a pungent taste; sharp to the taste ; tart; as, vinegar iS sour; sowr cider; sour beer. 2. Acid and austere, fruits are often sour. 3. Harsh of temper; crabbed ; peevish ; austere ; morose ; aS, a man of a sowr temper. q 4. Afflictive ; aS, sowr adversities. or astringent ; as, sun-ripe [Not im use.) Shak. 5. Expressing discontent or peevishness. He never uttered a sour word. Tie lord treasurer often looked on me with a sour countenance. Swift. 6. Harsh to the feelings ; cold and damp ; as, sour weather. 7. Rancid ; musty. 8. Turned, as milk ; coagulated. SOUR, 7. A sour or acid substance. Spenser. SOUR, v.t. To make acid; to cause to have a sharp taste. So the sun’s heat, with different powers, Ripens the grape, the liquor sours. 2. To make harsh, cold, or unkindly. Tufts of grass sour land. Swift. Mortimer. 3. To make harsh in temper ; to make cross, crab- bed, peevish, or discontented. Misfortunes often sour the temper. Pride had not soured, nor wrath debased my heart. Harte. 4. To make uneasy or less agreeable. Hail, great king t To sour your happiness I must report The queen is dead, Sak, 5. In rural economy, to macerate, as lime, and ren- der fit for plaster or mortar. Encyc. SOUR, v.z To become acid; to acquire the quality of tartness or pungency to the taste. Cider sours rapidly in the rays of the sun. When food sowrs in the stomach, it is evidence of imperfect digestion. 2. T'o become peevish or crabbed., They hinder the hatred of vice from souring into severity. Addison. [Fr. source; Arm. sourcenn; either from SOURCE, n. The Italian sor- sourdre or sortir, or the L. surgo. gente is from surgo.] _ : 1. Properly, the spring or fountain from which a stream of water proceeds, or any collection of water within the earth or upon its surface, in which a stream originates, This is called also the fead of the stream. We call the water of a spring, where it issues from the earth, the source of the stream or rivulet proceeding froin it. We say also, that Springs have their sources in subterranean ponds, lakes, or collections of water. We say also, that a large river has its source ina lake. For example, the St. Lawrence has its source in the great lakes of America. 2. First cause ; original; that which gives rise to any thing. Thus ambition, the Joye of power, and of fame, have been the sources of half the calami- ties of nations. Inteimperatice is the source of innu- merable evils to individuals. 3. ‘he first producer ; he or that which originates ; as Greece, the source of arts, Waller. SOUR/-CROUT, }n. [G. sauerkraut, i. e., sour-cab- SOUR/-KROUT, bage. Cabbage cut fine, pressed into a cask, and suffered to ferment till it becomes sour. SOUR’DET, n. [Fr. sourdine, from sourd, deaf.] The little pipe of a trumpet. SOUR’-DOCK, n. Sorrel, so called, SOUR/ED, pp. Made sour ; made peevish. SOUR/-GOURD, x. An evergreen tree of the genus Adansonia, which yields a frait resembling a gourd. [See ADANSonIa. SOUR'ING, ppr. Making acid; becoming sour; mak- Ing peevish. SOUR/ING, n. That which makes acid. SOUR/ISH, a. Somewhat sour; moderately acid ; as, sourish fruit; a sowrish taste. SOUR'LY, adv. With acidity. 2. With peevishness ; with acrimony. The stern Athenian prince Then sourly smiled. 3. Discontentedly. Brown. SOUR/NBSS, n. Acidity; sharpness to the taste; tartness; as, the sourness of vinegar or of fruit. Sourness being one of those simple ideas which one can not describe. Arbuthnot. Dryden, 2. Asperity ; harshness of temper. Take care that no sourness and moroseness mingle with our seriousness of mind. Nelson. SOUR/-SOP, n. A-small evergreen tree of the West Indies, the Anona muricata, which bears a large suc- culent fruit, It is closely allied to the custard apple. Loudon. FP, Cyc. SOUS, (soo,) n.; pl. of Sou or Sou. [See Sov.] SOUSE, x. [Ir. sousgeach, watery.] I. Pickle made with salt. 2. Something kept or steeped in pickle. 3. The ears, feet, &c., of swine pickled. SOUSE, vw. t. To steep in pickle. But souse the cabbage with a bounteous heart. 2. To plunge into water. They soused me into the Thames, with as little remorse as they drown blind puppies, Shak. SOUSE, v.i, [Ger. sausen, to rush.] To fall suddenly on; to rush with hawk on its prey. Jove’s bird will souse upon the timorous hare. SOUSE, v. t. To strike with sudden violence. Shak. SOUSE, adv. With sudden violence. [This word is low and vulgar.) SOUS/ED, (soust,) pp. Steeped in pickle. 2. Plunged into water. SOUT’ER, (soot/er,) n. [Sax. sutere; L. sutor.] A shoemaker; a cobbler. [JVot in use.] Chaucer, SOUT’ER-LY, adv. Like acobbler. [JVot in wse.] SOUT’ER-RAIN, xz. [Fr.; that is, swb-terrain, under ground, | Pope. speed; as a Dryden, A grotto or cavern under ground. [Wot Enelish.] Arbutinot. SOUTH, n.. [Sax. suth; G. sud; D. zuid; Dan. sud ; Sw. sdder; Fr. sud; Arm. su.] 1. The north and south are opposite points in the horizon ; each ninety degrees, or the quarter of a great circle, distant from the east and west. A man standing with his face toward the east or rising sun, has the south on his right hand. The meridian of every pJace is a great circle passing through the north and south points. Strictly, south is the hori- zontal point in the meridian of a place, on the right hand of a person standing with his face toward the east. But the ward is applied to any point in the meridian, between the horizon and the zenith. 2. In a Jess exact sense, any point or place on the earth or in the heavens, which is near the meridian toward the right hand as one faces the east. 3. A southern region, country, or place; as, the queen of the south, in Scripture. So, in Europe, the people of Spain and Italy are spoken of as living in the south, In the United States, we speak of the States of the south, and of the north, 4, The wind that blows from the south, used. Shak. SOUTH, a, In any place north of the tropic of Cancer, pertaining to or Jying in the meridian toward the sun; as, a south wind. 2, Being in a southern direction ; as, the south sea, SOUTH, adv. Toward the south, A ship sails south; the wind blows south. [Mot SOUTH-€O1T’PI-AN, n. A follower of Joanna South cott, a fanatical female, whomade a great notse i England at the close of the last and beginning of the present century. SOUPH-EAST’, n. The point of the compass equally distant from the south and east. Bacon. SOUFH-EAS1", a. In the direction of south-east. or coming from the south-east ; as, a south-east wind. SOUPFH-EAST/ER-LY, a In the direction of south. east or nearly so. 2. From the south-east, as wind. SOUPH-EAST’ERN, a. Toward the south-east. SOUFH’/ER-LY, (suth/er-ly,) a. Lying at the south, or in a direction nearly south; as, a southerly point. 2. Coming from the south or a point nearly south ; as, a southerly wind. SOUPH/ERN, (suth/ern,) a. [Sax. suth and ern, place. ] I, Belonging to the south; meridional; as, the southern hemisphere. 2. Lying toward the south ; as, a southern country or climate. 3. Coming from the south; as, a southern breeze. SOUFH’ERN-ER, (suth/ern-er,) rn. An inhabitant or native of the south or Southern States. SOUPH’/ERN-LY, (suth/ern-ly,) adv. | | | | Toward the south. Hakewill. SOUFH/ERN-MOST, (suth/ern-mést,) a. Furthest toward the south. SOUFH’/ERN-WOOD, (suth/ern-wood,) 2. A plant nearly allied to the wormwood. Miller. The southernwood is the Artemisia abrotanum, a congener of the wormwood. SOUPH'ING, a. Going toward the south; as, the southing sun. ryden. SOUFH'ING, x. Tendency or motion to the south. ryder. 2. The southing of the moon, the time at which the moon passes the meridian. Mar. Dict. 3. Course or distance south ; the difference of lati- | tude made by a vessel to the southward, SOUTH/MOST, a. Furthest toward the south. JAMfilton. SOUPH’/RON, (suth/-,) n. An inhabitant of the more southern part of a country. W. Scott. SOUTH/SAY, ) SOUTH’SAY-ER. $§ SOUPH'’WARD, (suth/ard,) adv. Toward the south ; as, to go southward. Locke, SOUPH/ WARD, (suth’ard,) x. The southern regions or countries. Ralegit. SOUPH-WEST’, n. [south and west.] The point of the compass equally distant from the south and west, acon. SOUFH-WEST’, a. Lying in the direction of the south-west ; as, a south-west couniry. 2, Coming from the south-west; as, a south-west wind. SOUFH-WEST’ER-LY, a. west, or nearly so. 2. Coming from the soutii-wesf, or a point near it ; as, a south-westerly wind. SOUFH-WEST’ERN, a. In the direction of south- west, or nearly so; as, to sail a sowh-zoestern course. SOU V'E-NANCE, (Soov’e-nance,) xn. [Fr.] Remem- brance. [Not English, nor is tt used. | Spenser. SOU V’/E-NiR, (soov’e-neer,) 2. [Pr] A remem- brancer. SOV/BR-EIGN, (suv/er-in,) a. [We retain this bar- barous orthography from the Norman sowvereign, which doubtless was adopted through a mistake of its origin. The truespelling would beSuveran, from the L. supernus, superus; Fr. souverain; It. sovrano ; Sp. and Port. soberano. See SuvEran.] 1. Supreme in power; possessing supreme domin- ion; as, a sovereign prince. God is the soverergn Ruler of the universe. : 2. Supreme ; superior to all others ; chief. God is the sovereian good of all who love and obey him. 3. Supremely efficacious 3 superior to all others ; predominant ; effectual; as, a sovereign remedy. 4, Supreme ; pertaining to the first magistrate ofa nation ; as, sovereign authority. SOV’ER-BIGN, (suv/er-in,) x, A supreme lord or ruler ; one Who possesses the highest authority with- out contro]. Some earthly princes, kings, and em- perors are sovereigns in their dominions. 2, A supreme magistrate ; a king. : 3, A gold coin of England, value 20s. or £1 ster- See Sootusay. In the direction of south- To exercise Herbert. Supremely ; ling. SO V’/ER-EIGN-IZBE, (suv/er-in-3ze,) v. % supreme authority. [vl in ase: | SOV’BR-BIGN-LY, (suv/er-in-le,) ado. in the highest degree. He was sovereignly lovely in himself. [Little used.) Boyle. SOV’/ER-EIGN-TY, (suv/er-in-te,) 2. Supreme Ns er} Supremacy ; the possession of the highest power, or of uncontrollable power. Absolute sovereignty belongs to God only. SOW, n. [Sax. suga; Sw. sugga;s D. zoug ; G. sau] kind or of swine. TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in 133 1, The female of the hog i ©, An oblong piece of lead. Ainsworth. 3. An insect ; a milleped. Ainsworth, THIS. Sevag Sh enon' | ’ H ‘ f 4 i s Ks t i \ t t } ' SPA SOW/’-BREAD, (-bred,), m A tuberous-rooted plant of the genus Cyclamen, on which wild swine in Italy feed. SOW!-BUG, n. An isopodous crustaceous animal ; a milleped. SOW/-THIS-TLE, (-this’I,) m. A plant of the genus Sonchus, said to be eaten by swine and some other animals. ‘The downy sow-thistle is of the genus An- dryala. Le 24 SOW, v. t.; pret. SowEeD; pp. SoweED OF Sown. [Sax.] 8 sawan; G. sden; D. zaajen; Sw. sa; Dan. saaer ; Russ. siyw; perhaps L. sevt. This word is probably contracted. ] 1. To scatter on ground, for the purpose of growth and the production of a crop; as, to sow good seed; to sow a bushel of wheat or rye to the acre; to sow oats, clover, or barley; to soz seed in drills, or to ’ > - Ss sow it broad-cast. Oats and flax should be sown |™~ early in the spring. 9, To scatter seed over for growth; as, to sow ground or land; to sow ten ora hundred acres in a year. 3, To spread, or to originate ; to propagate; as, to sow discord. Born to afflict my Marcia’s family, And sow dissension in the hearts of brothers Addison. Ss The intellectual faculty is a goodly field, and it is the worst hus- bandry in the world to sow it with trifles. Hal 5, To scatter over; to besprinkle. He sowed with stars the heaven. Morn now sowed the earth with orient pearl. Milton. SOW, v.i. Toscatter seed for growth and the pro- duction of a crop. In New England, farmers begin to sow in April. They that sow in tears shall reap in joy. — Ps. cxxvi. SOW, for Sew, is notin use. [See Sew.] SOW/ANS, (2. pl. tSeatishel: A nutritious arti- SOW'ENS,{ cle of food made from the husk of mon starch is made. In England it is called PLum- MERY,. SOWCE, for Sovse. [See Banee SOW’ED, pp. Scattered on ground, as seed; sprinkled with seed, as ground. We say, seed is sowed; or Jand is sowed. SOW/ER, n. He that scatters seed for propagation. Behold. a sower went forth to sow. — Matt. xiii. 9, One who scatters or spreads; as, a sower of words. Hakewill. 3. A breeder; a promoter ; as, a sower of suits. Bacon. SOW/ING, ppr. Scattering, as seed; sprinkling with seed, as ground ; stocking witb seed. SOW/ING, n. The act of scattering seed for propaga- tion. SOW/INS, n. pl. See Sowans. SOWL, v. t. To pull by the ears. Shak. [Not used in America. | SOWN, pp. Scattered, as seed ; sprinkled with seed, as ground. SOY, 2. A kind of sauce for fish, brought chiefly from Japan, prepared principally from the seeds of a leguminose plant called Sosa, or rather Soya, which is the Soja hispida. Tully. SOZ/ZLE, n. [See Soss.] A sluttish woman, or one that spUls water and other liquids carelessly. New England. SPA,n. A general name for a spring of mineral water, from a place of this name in Germany. SPAAD, (spad,) n. A kind of mineral; spar. [Sp. espato.| { Obs.] Woodward, SPACE, n. [Fr. espace; Sp. espacio; It. spazto; L. spatium, space 3 spatior, to wander. This word is probably formed on the root of pateo. Class Bd.] 1. Room; extension. Space, in the abstract, is mere extension. Pure space is capable neither of resistance nor motion, Locke. SP lines. ‘ ‘ Loudon. SPA/CIOUS, a. [Fr. spacteuz; Sp. spatioso; It. spa- SPa'’CIOUS-NESS, n. Wideness; largeness of ex 4. To supply or stock with seed. SPADE, v. t. To dig with a spade ; or to pare off the SPA-DI//CEOUS, Krauss) a. [L. spadiceus, from C SPAD/ING, ppr. Digging with a spade. SPA’DIX, n.- [L.] SPA r e > PA | AGING, ppr Making wider intervals between j zioso; L. spatiosus. | 1. Wide ; roomy ; having Jarge or ample room ; not narrow ; aS, a spacious church; a spacious hall or drawing-room. 9 Extensive; vast in extent; as, the spacious earth ; the spacious ocean. PA/CIOUS-LY, adv. Widely ; extensively. tent; roominess; as, the spaciousness of the rooms in a building. SPAN, pret. of Spin. [Obs.] We now use Spun. SPAN/CEL,n. A rope to tie a cow’s hind legs. [ Lo- 1} SPANG, n. |D. spange, aspangle; Gr. dey) G@. |} | { Y WTOSC. cal SPAN'CEL, v.t. To tie the legs of a horse or cow | with a rope. {Zocal.} | SPAN/CEL-ING, ppr. Tying a cow’s hind legs. SPAN/EOUN-TER, } n. A play at which money is SPAN’ FAR-PHING, Malone. 1 thrown within a span or cir- | cuit marked Swift. | } = vnNRE r . : i SPAN/DREL, n. The irregular triangular space he- | tween the curve of an arch and the rectangle inclos- ing it. Guoillt. SPANE, v.t. [D. speenen.] Yo wean. [Not in use.] |! 2. Bxtensiveness; vastness of extent ; as, the spa- ciousness of the ocean. j PAD/DLE, n. [dim. of spade.) A little spade. A spangle or shining ornament; a thin piece of | Mortimer. metal or other shining material. [JVot in use.] PADE, 7. [Sax. spad, spada; G. spaten; D. spaade ; Bacon. | SPAN//GLE, (spang’gl,) . [Supra.] A small plate | Dan. and Sw. spade; probably from breadth, exten- sion, coinciding with L. spatula, from the root of pateo. | 1. An instrument for digging or cutting the ground, consisting of a broad and nearly rectangular blade of iron with a handle. 2. A suit of cards. 3. A deer three years old ; written also SPAID. 4. A gelded beast. [L. spado.] sward of land with a spade. spadiz, a light re color. | 1. Of a light red color, usually denominated Bay. Brown. 9, In botany, a spadiceous flower, is a sort of ag- gregate flower, having a receptacle common to many florets, within a spatha, as in palms, dracontium, arum, &c. Martyn. at omber. In botany, the receptacle in palms and some other plants, proceeding from a spatha. Martyn. SPA’DO, n. [L.] A gelding. Brown. SPA-DROON’, n. A cut and-thrust sword, lighter than a broadsword. Smart. SPA-GYRI€, a. [L. sparyricus. | Chemical. [Wut in use.] SPA-GYR/I€, n. Achemist. [Notinuse.] Hall. SPAG/YR-IST, n. A chemist. [JVot in use.] Boyle. SPA/HEE,] z._ [Turk. sipahi; Pers. sipahee, See SPAGHT, 1) Seapoy.] One of the Turkish cavalry. The spahis were dis- banded with the janizaries. SPAKH, pret. of Speax ; nearly obsolete We now use SPOKE. SPALL, (spawl,) . [Fr. epaule; It. spalla. | 1. The shoulder. [Not Knglish.] 29. Achip. [Vot in use.] Fairfaz. SPALT,)2. A whitish, scaly mineral, used to pro- SPELT, { mote the fusion of metals. Bailey. Ash. SPALT, a. [Dan. spalt, a split; G. spalien, to split] Brittle; liable to break or split. Halliwell. SPAN, n, [Sax. span; D. span; G. spanne; Dan. spand, a span in measure; Sw, span, a span in meas- ure, and a set of coach horses, G. gespann ; verbs, Sax. spannan, to span, to unite ; gespantan, to join ; D. and G. spannen; Dan. spander, to strain, stretch, bend, yoke. This word is formed on the root of bend, lL. pando. The primary sense is, to strain, stretch, extend, hence to join a team, Dan. forspand, D. gespan.] 1. The space from the end of the thumb to the end of the little finger when extended ; nine inches ; the eighth of a fathom. Holder. 2. A short space of time. “ee 2, Any quantity of extension. In reJation to bodies, space is the interval between any two or more objects; as, the space between two Slars or two hills. The quantity of space or extent between bodies, constitutes their distance from each other. 3 ‘I'he distance or interval between lines; as in books. The spaces in music are named as well as the lines. 4. Quantity of time; also, the interval between two points of time. Nine times the space that measures day and nicht. Milton. God may defer his judgments for a time, and give a people a longer space for repentance. Tillotson. 5. A short time; a while. To stay your deadly strife a space. Spenser. [ This sense is nearly obsolete. | SPACE, v.t. Torove. ([Vot in use.] Spenser. SPACE, v. t. Among printers, to make spaces or wider intervals between lines. SPAC/ED, (spast,) pp. Divided into wider intervals between lines. Life ’s but a span; I'll every inch enjoy. Farquhar. 3. In architecture, the spread or extent of an arch between its abutments, 4. A span of horses, consists of two, usually of about the same color, and otherwise nearly alike, which are usually harnessed side by side. The word signifies properly the same as Yoxr, when applied to horned cattle, from buckling or fastening together. - But in America, span always implies resemblance in color at least; it being an object of ambition with gentlemen and with teamsters to unite two horses abreast that are alike. 5. In seamen’s language, a rope secured at both ends to any object, the purchase being hooked to the bight. Totten. SPAN, v.t. To measure by the hand with the fin- gers extended, or with the fingers encompassing the object; as, to span a space or distance; to span a cylinder. ‘ 2. ‘To measure or reach from one side of to the other ; as, to span the heavens, SPAN, v.i. To agree in color, or in color and size ; SPAN/GLE, (spang/gl,) v. t. To set or sprinkle with | SPAN/'GLED, (span'gld.) pp. or a. Set with spangles. SPAN/IEL, a. Like a spaniel; mean ; fawning. SPAN/IEL, v. i. To fawn; to cringe; to be obse- the oat, by a process not unlike that by which com-} SPA-DILLE’, (spa-dil’,) x. [Fr.] The ace of spades } SP AN/IEL, v. t. To follow likea spaniel. SPAN/‘IEL-ING, ppr. Following like a spanicl. SPAN/ISH, a. Pertaining to Spain. SPAN/ISH, n, The language of Spain. SPAN’ISH-BROOM, 2. or boss of shining metal; something brilliant used as all ornament. 9, Any little thing sparkling and bnilliant, like pieces of metal; as crystals of ice. For the rich spangles that adorn the sky. Waller. spangles; to adorn with small, distinct, brijliant bodies; as, a spangled breastplate. Donne. Vhat stars do spangle heaven with such beauty. Shak, fron: Hispaniola, now Haytt. } A dog used in sports of the field, remarkable SPADE/-BONE, n. [spade and bone.] The shoulder- . , tt blade. [J believe little pocad SPAN’/GLER, 2. One that spangles. Keates. | Wfilign: SPADE/FUL, n. [spade an full.} As much as a} SPAN'’G LING, ppr. Adorning with spangles. 4 spade will hold. SPAN/IBL, (span’yel,) n. [Fr: epagneul; said to be | 7} ' for his sagacity and obedience. Dryden. 9. A mean, cringing, fawning person. Shak. Shak. quious. A shrub of the genus spar- | tium, thickly set with verdant, flexible, rusb-like | twigs Loudon. SPAN/ISH-BROWN, n. A species of earth used in paints, Its color depends upon the sesquoxyd of ron. SPANISH-FLY, x. A coleopterous insect, the Can- tharis vesicatoria, used in vesicatories, or composi- tions for raising blisters. SPAN/ISH-NUT, » -A bulbons plant, the Morea SPAN/ISH-WHITE, n. A white earth from Spain, used in paints. What is so called in New England, is soft carbonate of calcia, or chalk, in fine powder. SPANK, v. t. [W. pange, a blow ; allied perhaps to the vulgar bang, and found in the Persic. 1. To strike on the breech with the open hand ; to slap. 9, y.i. To move with a quick, lively step between | a trot and gallop. Grose. SPANK/ER, z. A small coin. Derham. 9. In seamen’s language, the after-sail of a ship or | bark, being a fore-and-ait sail, attached to a gaff; | formerly called Driver. Totten. | 3. One that takes long strides in walking ; also, a | stout person. Halliwell. | SPANK/ING, ppr. Striking with the open hand ; | | | Sisyrinchium of the south of Europe. Miller. | | moving with a quick, lively pace. 2. a. Large; stout. [Vulgar.] Halliwell. SPAN’-LONG, a. Of the length of a span. . Jonson. SPAN/NED, (spand,) pp. Measured with the hand. SPAN/NER, 2. One that spans. 9, The lock of a fusee or carbine; or the fusee itself. Bailey. Bowering. 3 An iron instrument used in the manner of a | lever to tighten the nuts upon screws. Brande, SPAN/-NEW, (-ni,) a. [G. spannen; allied perhaps to spangle. | Quite new ; probably BricHT-NEw. SPAN/NING, ppr. Measuring with the hand; en- | compassing with the fingers. SPAN/-ROOF, nr. A common roof, having eaves on two sides. Guilt. SPAN/-WORM, 2. Another name for the canker- | worm, of various species, (which see ;) socalled from | its peculiar mode of progression. SPAR, x. [D. spar,a rafter, a shingle; G. sparren, a | spar, arafter; Dan. spar, a spar, a small beam, the | bar of a gate; Sw. sparre, a rafter; Fr. barre; It. sbarra, a bar; Sp. esparr, a fossil; espar, a drug If this word is connected with spare, the primary sense is probably thin. The sense of bar and spar is, how- | ever, more generally derived from thrusting, shoot- | ing in length; so spear likewise. See Bar.) 1. Any earthy mineral that breaks with regular | surfaces, and has some degree of luster; a crystal- lized earthy mineral of a shining luster. It is the —— SPACE/FUL, a. Wide; extensive. [Vot used.] Sandys. as, the horses span well. New England. German spath. Dana. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARNE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1058SPA 2, Among seamen, a general term for masts, yards, booms, and gaffs. Totten. 3. Among old architects, a piece of timber of vari- ous Kinds; still used locally for rafters, tloss. of Archit. 4. The bar of a gate or door. [Obs.] Chaucer. SPAR, »v. t. [Sax. sparran; G. sperrens {rom spar.] To bar; to shut close, or fasten with a bar. { Obs.] Chaucer. SPARS O.%. (Sax: spirian, to argue, or dispute, to as- pire; Russ. sporyu, to dispute, to contend; Ir. spar- nam. Vhe Saxon word signifies, to dispute, also, to investigate, to inquire, or explore, to follow after. This is another form of the L. spiro, GY. omutpa, oneiow. The primary sense is, to urge, drive, throw, propel. ] 1. To dispute ; to quarrel in words; to wrangle. [ This is the sense of the word in America. | 2. To fight with prelusive strokes. Johnson. SPAR/A-BLE, n, [sparrow-bill, from the shape.] The name of shoemakers? nails. Mone n. [Fr.] A cere-cloth. [Wot Eng- ish. SPAR/: SPARTACUS, See Asparagus. [Vulgar.] SPARE, v. t. [Sax. sparian; D. spadren; G. sparen; Dan. sparer; Sw. spara;: Fr. eparagner. It seems to be from the same root as L. parco; It. sparagnare. | 1. To use frugally; not to be profuse; not to waste. Thou thy Father’s thunder didst not spare, Milton. 2. To save or withhold from any particular use or occupation, He has no bread to spare, that is, to Withliold from his necessary uses. All the time he could spare from the necessary cares of his weighty charze, he bestowed on prayer and serving of God, nolles. 3. To part with without much inconvenience ; to do without. I could have better spared a better man. Shak. Nor can we spare you lons. Dryden 4, To omit; to forbear. We might have spared this toil and expense. Be pleased your politics to spare. Dryden. 5. To use tenderly ; to treat with pity and forbear- ance ; to forbear to afflict, punish, or destroy. Spare us, rood Lord. im sadness did not spare Celestial visuges. Milton. Bat man alone can whom he conquers spare. Waller. Com. Prayer. 6. Not to take when in one’s power ; to forbear to destroy ; as, lo spare the life of a prisoner. 7. To grant; to allow; to indulge. Where angry Jove did never spare One breath of kind and temperate air, Roscommon. 8. To forbear to inflict or impose. Spare my sight the pain Of seeing whats world of tears it cost you. ryden, SPARE, v.% To live frugally ; to be parsimonious. Who at some times spend, at others spare, Divided between carel-ssness and care. Pope. 2. To forbear ; to be scrupulous. To pluck and eat my fill 1 spared not. Milton. 3. To be frugal ; not to be profuse. 4. To use mercy or forbearance ; to forgive; to be tender. The king — was sparing and compassionate toward his subjects. acon. SPARE, a. [Sax. sper.] 1. Scanty ; parsimonious; not abundant; as, a spare diet. He wns spare, but discreet of speech. Carew, | We more generally use, in the latter application, SPARING 3 as, he was sparing of words. ] 2. That can be dispensed with; not wanted; su- perfluous, I have no spare time on my hands. If that no spare clothes he had to give, Spenser. 3. Held in reserve, to be used in an emergency ; as, a spare anchor. 4, Lean; wanting flesh ; meager; thin. O, give me your spare men, and spare me the great Buea. : shak. 5. Slow. [Not in use, or local.] Grose. SPARE, x. Parsimony ; frugal use. [Jot in use. | Bacon. SPAR’ED, pp. Dispensed with; saved; forborne. SPARE/LY, adv. Sparingly. JMiulton. SPARE!NESS, x. State of being lean or thin ; lean- ness, Hammond. SPAR’ER,xn One that avoids unnecessary expense Wotton. SPARE/-RIB, n. [D. sprer, a muscle, and rid.) The piece of a hog taken from the side, consisting of the ribs with little flesh on them. SPAR-GE-FA€’/TION, n. [L. spargo, to sprinkle. ] The act of sprinkling. [Not used. ] Dict. SPAR/-HUN(G, a, Hung with spar, asa cave. Holmes. SPAR/ING, ppr. Using frugally ; forbearing ; omitting SPA SPA 2. a. Scarce ; little, Of this there is with you sparing memory, ornone. Bacon. 3. Scanty ; not plentiful; not abundant; as, a sparing diet. 4, Saving ; parsimonious, Vireil, being so very sparing of his words, and leaving so much to be imagined by the reader, can never be translited as he oughtin any modern tongue, Dryden. SPAR/ING-LY, adv. Not abundantly. Shak. c a ¢ ree NATSIMAN 1 c 2. Prugally ; parsimoniously ; not lavishly. High titles of honor were, in the king’s minority, sparing! granted, because dignity then waitsd on desert. F ayivard. Commend but sparingly whom thou dost Jove. Denham. 3. Abstinently ; moderately. Christians are obliged to taste even the innocent pleasures of life but sparingly. Allerbury, 4. Seldom ; not frequently. The morality of a grave sentence, affected by Lucan, is more sparingly used by Virzil. ryden. 5. Cautiously ; tenderly. Bacon. SPAR/ING-NESS, n. Parsimony ; want of liberality. 2. Caution. Barrow. SPARK, n. [Sax. spearc; D. spartelen, to flutter, to sparkle ; Dan. sparker, to wince, or kick. The sense is, that which shoots, darts off, or scatters ; probably allied to L. spargo and Russ. su: rkayu. 1. Asmall particle of fire or ignited substance which Is emnitted from bodies in combustion, and which ei- ther ascends with the smoke, or is darted in another direction. Pope. 2. A small, shining body or transient light. We have here and there a little clear light, and some sparks of bight Knowledge. faces 3, A small portion of any thing active. If any spark of life is yet remaining. 4. A very small portion. If you have a spark of generosity. o. A brisk, showy, gay man. The finest sparks and cleanest beaux. Prior. 6. A lover. SPARK, v. 1. To emit particles of fire, to sparkle. (Not in use.] PENSCr. SPARK’‘PUL, a. Lively; brisk; gay Camden. SPARK/ISH, a. Airy; gay. Walsh. 2. Showy; well dressed ; fine. 0’ Estrance, SPARK’LE, (spark’I,) x. A spark. Dryden. 2. A luminous particle. SPARK’LE, (spark/l,) v. i. [D. spartelen, | 1, ‘To emit sparks ; to send off small ignited parti- cles ; as burning fuel, &c. 2. To glitter; to glisten; as, a brilliant sparkles ; sparkling colors. Locke. 3. ‘I’o twinkle ; to glitter ; as, sparkling stars, 4. To glisten ; to exhibit an appearance of anima- tion ; as, the eyes sparkle with joy. Milton. 5. To emit little bubbles, as spirituous liquors ; as, sparkling wine. SPARK’LE, v. t. To throw about; to scatter. [Not in wse. | Sackville, SPARK/LER, n. He or that which sparkles ; one whose eyes sparkle. Addison. SPARK’LET, 7. A small spark. Cotton. SPARK’LE-NESS, n. Vivacity. [Vet in use.| Aubrey. SPARK’LING, ppr. or a. Emitting sparks ; glittering ; lively ; as, sparkling wine ; sparkling eyes SPARK/LING-LY, adv. With twinkling or vivid bril- liancy. SPARK’/LING-NESS, n. Vivid and twinkling luster. SPAR/LING, x. A smelt. olerave. SPA‘ROLD, a. [L. sparus and Gr. ecdos.] Like the gilt-head ; belonging to that family of spi- nous-finned fishes which includes the gilt-head and sea-bream. Brande. SPAR’RING, n. Prelusive contention, as among box- 2. Dispute; slight debate. fers. SPAR/ROW, n. [Sax. speara; Goth. sparwa; G. and Dan. sperling ; Sw. sparf; probably allied to spear or spare, and so named from its smallness, The popular name of several small’ conic-billed birds which feed on insects and seeds. The com- mon sparrow, or house-sparrow, of Europe, Pyrgita domestica of Cuvier, (Fringilla domestica, Linn.,) is noted for its familiarity and even impudence, its vo- racity and fecundity P. Cyc. Jardine. SPAR/ROW-BILL, x. Small nails ; cast-iron shoe- nails. SPAK’ ROW-GRASS ; a corruption of Asearacus. SPAR/ROW-HAWK,) nn. [Sax. spearhafoc, spear- SPAR/HAWK, hawk. ] A sma!l species of short-winged hawk. on. ([L. spectatriz.] A female beholder or looker on. Rowe. SPEE/TER,) x. [Fr. spectre; from L. spectrum, from SPECTRE, specto, to behold.] 1. An apparition ; the appearance of a person who is dead ; a ghost. The ghosts of traitors from the bridge descend, With bold fanatic specters to rejoice, Dryden. 2. Something made preternaturally visible. SPEC/TER-PEO-PLED,) - eng so Peopled with SPE€/TRE-PEO-PLED, ( (PE PIA,) ) ghosts, Bowring. SPEC'TRAL, a. Pertaining to a spectre; ghostly. SPE€’TRUM, xn. [L.] A visible form ; an image of something seen, continuing after the eyes are closed, covered, or turned away. This is called an OcuLar SPECTRUM. Darrin. SPR 2. The elongated figure, formed in a dark chamber, of the seven prismatic colors, into which a beam of the sun’s light is decomposed, by ad mitting it through an opening in the window-shutter, and letting it fall on a prism. Olmsted, SPEC/U-LAR, a. [L. specularis, from speculum, a | mirror, from specio, to see.] { 1. Having the qualities of a speculum or mirror ; having a smooth, reflecting Surface ; as,a specular | metal ; a specular surface. 2. Assisting sight. JVeiton. [Umproper, and not used.) Philips. 3. Affording view. Milton. Specular tron ; an ore of iron occurring frequently in crystals of a brilliant metallic luster; the peroxyd | of iron; also called oligist tron or rhombohedral tron | ore. Dana. SPEC€’/U-LATE, v. t. [L. speculor, to view, to con- template, from specio, to see; Fr. speculer; It. specu- lare. 1. To meditate ; to contemplate; to consider a subject by turning it in the mind and viewing it in its different aspects and relations; as, to speculate on political events; to speculate on the probable re- sults of a discovery. Addison, 2. In commerce, to purchase land, goods, stock, or other things, with the expectation of an advance in price, and of selling the articles with a profit by means of such advance; as, to speculate in coffee, or in sugar, or in SIX per cent. stock, or in bank stock. SPEC'U-LATE, v.t To consider attentively ; as, to speculate the nature of a thing. [Wot i use.] Brown. SPEO€/U-LA-TING, ppr. Meditating. 2. Purchasing with the expectation of an advance in price. SPEC-U-LA/TION, n. Examination by the eye; view. [Little used.] 2. Mental view of any thing in its various aspects and relations ; contemplation ; intellectual examina- tion. The events of the day afford matter of serious speculation to the friends of Christianity. Thenceforth to speculations high or deep T turned my thoughts. Milton. 3. Train of thoughts formed by meditation. From him Socrates derived the principles of morality and most part of his natural speculations, Temple. verified by fact or practice. This globe, which was formerly round only in speculation, has been circum- navigated. The application of steam to navigation is no Jonger a matter of mere speculation, ° co : | 4. Mental scheme ; theory ; views of a subject not | Speculations which originate in guilt, must end in ruin. ’ R. Hall. 5. Power of sight. Thou hast no speculation in those eyes. [Notinuse.] Shak. 6. In commerce, the act or practice of buying land or goods, &c., in expectation of a rise of price and of | selling them at an advance, as distinguished from a regular trade, in which the profit expected is the difference between the retail and wholesale prices, or the difference of price in the place where the goods are purchased and the place to which they are to be carried for market. In England, France, and America, public stock is the subject of continual | speculation. In the United States, a few men have been enriched, but many have been ruined, by specu- lation. “ SPE€’U-LA-TIST, n. One who speculates or forms theories ; a speculator. Milner. SPEO/U-LA-TIVE, a. [Fr. speculatif; It. speculativo.] 1. Given to speculation; contempjative; applied to persons. The mind of man being by nature speculative. Flooker. 2. Formed by speculation ; theoretical ; ideal ; not verified by fact, experiment, or practice ; as, a scheme merely speculative, 3. Pertaining to view ; also, prying. Bacon. 4, Pertaining to speculation in land, goods, &c. | SPE€/U-LA-TIVE-LY, adv. In contemplation ; with meditation, : 2. Ideally; theoretically ; in theory only, not In practice. Propositions seem often to be speculatively true, which experience does not verify. 3. In the way of speculation in lands, goods, &c. SPE€/U-LA-TIVE-NESS, x. The state of being speculative, or of consisting in speculation only. SPE€/U-LA-TOR, x. One who speculates or forms theories. More. 2. An observer ; a contemplator. Brown. Broome, 3. A spy ; a watcher. 4. In commerce, one who buys goods, land, or other things, with the expectation of a rise of price, and of deriving profit from such advance. ratte SPE€/U-LA-TO-RY, a. Exercising sp ‘: SPEC€/U-LA-TO-RY, a g ne ae 2. Intended or adapted for viewing or espying. Warton SPEE/U-LUM, xn. [L.; G. and D. spiegel; Sw. spe- gel; Dan. spejl.] : 1, A mirror or looking-glass. 2. A mirror employed in optical instruments, in ae TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI’'CLOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1061 os pom ee aR Dar a ra nemeincs = —————— eee 4) SeeSPE SPE SPB whict i} ICA the j alloy : reflecti > instead ing surt: E oO 2 ace f glass coat a formed £ as Tn sure eu HiN quiek ne metallic | SP gO gery, an 1 Ssuver SPRED/FU SPE pen certal nstrur CT. * tED/F UL SPE 1 n : SPPED/LL . | SP 3D, pret. & ain parts of ent for dilati Olmsted. SPEED'I-LY, a. Full of | | si E ‘ nd th ating Wy. SD 1 aS a [Sax at Size. bouy g and keep- SPEEI ee neo hasty ; oN 6 Sax. s 2D » >E ED! Os 1Y 5 wi Sty. Seed faculty Bea et ae SEES teen TY ; with haste; inast tivated f } | . > asin h eri TAK. S = PSS 5 : ae ne , 10 5 } ing u tering ¢ . SPEE = ce rt r or 2 | Eee Baro beings ee sound a ELL ie ; Bleach rote of being ay i‘ EAT. food in German as given t yrds or % y Uae acult ae s or one species Ss 9tel ob als ; despatch speed $ SLIT. v any ; call 1 poses o man by hi articuli : y of ex in Sw s of whi plant of y Y;5 Ard oD. t. re ? ed. als S. Yy his C ate Sol xpress- Sweder ich has the z To spli (x. spalte > also Ge } Se reator fi inds. 8S en and Gern as bee genus V SPE split. ete en: D , GERMAN | me . e ‘ n . SPELL” x NV ) an ‘ 7 2 anguage ; words for the ae SPEEDY rmany asa nome ee bitee an (G in ie . spilder.] Encyc. a 1 Ss as expressi ah | ess i 1, a : stitute fi ende atural, 1 3. an : oy : i Gan not rus tee an God xpressing sdeas in motion : nick ; swift te for tea. d lead. co Ms impure ang ° spiauter.] Martin Fk 3° A ithout process of to human e: cage 2, Quick as, a speed ift; nimbl Loudo plum! pper, iron , which : or te, « parti ha ss of speech ears as ick 1 dy flight : e; has ‘on. appr m AlO. ,a little < contal 4 at ' Ps. Xix icular Jangua peech be told Sp S, a speed dis performa ght; on satu foo . rapid SPENCE, ( e arsenic ins a portio ud XIX. anguage . SPEEE ris i e spec ; ‘ sE, (spe i : af 4. That Be guage, as distinct fi Milton. Sei v. te 3 patch of Buse ; not aes foot. Sake A passes ns,) " [oud DAN ERNE met 1 i eT and Ba is spoken; \ Cae a SEe T Hayek G. BEE eR ry or slow ; Spun! [ Obs. | a larder; a alae Hence s Manual | oy T e v4 ressi * words ed oO sti . speet oe XN/C K Ss. ace W sé. . ' i Talk 5 Se er ae thoughts a uterce in con SPEIGHT, ( Not in se from the root of or ve n. One wl where provision ¥ cor St eee _f sort , (spate a of spi pa > whol sions ar j i Ww) a 10n SAY sinile ¢ ocal e,) n spit ] 2. Ast [ Obs as th Cha e | What was he duke did of ayings at my SPEISS -] E ASW. : Saying fi spell “a G ng. eS chi I8.1t . pando ch is F Bob ex- || [ Littl cy ae MLO plored, replied ste m or sone ame, report, a story, narrati trose. span, pane sae strain. t , pandeo, the 'r. depense i eee make a : spiel is play, s Hence sudden ri ation, fi out. | , &e., and p oO open o ana eee SPEECH’ - spee Milton s play, s ce 0s n rum , fable *J » and pro bs on or sprei ary sens 1} SPE ut H/T-FLE peech ; t ; spela, Di y, Sport; s, gospel, Sax ior, a mi Cy LT sbably to G pread ; alli se 1| SPEECH’I-F D, Cf 5 to har of th an. spul ;_ spielen, t ax. god-spel nagic . To lay BrGireari allied rive: -FY ide arangt of thes puller n. to play. spell spe ay out; + OTEY to | The EY, tut." :) Pp. I Bue. e same acti . But thi 9 play, D EE InG pend money f ; to dis OW, tO > noun ,v-t ‘To m: . Harang throw eB action. “ 11S JS Ba ce speel = mey for c ispose of pour || s un speechificati make a s gued or driv 1. The a differe elen, Sw Why y for clothi of; to || peeciif chificat : a spee . L. pel rive. < ; 1e vert rere nt ¢ 5 DW. 1y do ye ne 3 part e ee ification is s eech ; tc . pello, G e,and is probat 5 primari applicati iy de sagen E: ser eurcal| SPEECH’I er as a te sometim ; to harang Clas , Gr. bar s probably narily si pablo Dek money f ; as, to | SPEE a -F Y-I NG a term of s nes use i angue, ass Bl. N ‘ AAG» a y forme a ignifies Oo const y for that ont : 3 1} YECH’IN NG, Dp sport sed, but of s , No. 1, E (See PE red on S to spend i sume; to ich is 1 NG, 7 RPP Ge H: or derisi like spell, W , Eth.) EAL ! the re 3 an estate j - to was notbrendi? i ise DI arangul rision thers , we obse , In s and A sot of 3 °7T ate in valli aston tous eadige Yale | |; Sp 1e act of fulng . 1e Sa 3 serve some c APPEAI o cons camming ; to squi s. lv. | | SPEECH’ of maki b* ame in th e the sens of the < pea9 and spe nsume ; ing or ot squander ; 1CH'LESS aking a 1 As row sense of é applicati nt, and ; to exl ther vic r; as | ulty of s ISS, a. Desti g a speech 9 story ; , warp, car turn. W ations 4.7 the troops xhaust. T Ices. Ss, to || ty of speech. 1 estitut ee eee it, &e. 6 observ pi pandithe troo user _ The provisi | oes ae More eeneraly deprived Seen power ena saneiati Oeee he Mies It is foll for any oe Ws Dee o er enS Speech silent; nots ally, of the fa ig of sc Ch 5. To eff! sly to spen rpose ; oft : | eciless wi speak c- St some W iMaiicer . om efiuse : end wor 3 0 en wi cpER ith w BC ing : tart i ords ~ a 6. E i * ords W itl Wee PERCTELES. aa and half de fee a ume. ae oR actions shall be Sof occu Th TOsDASS 25 pee used.| Bann Cenaie a trid = | ecs: ae S-NESS vad with fe erin 1 ny spell * la ull be Pole ey epend : ae to st ifles | lj SBR HIC NERC: SS,n. Ti ear. Addi 3 gin, begin, the awhile <0 Kane their days i suffer to pas Sie ee SECH’—MA Soa 1e state o : Pe 3. An mystic spel y e grave. — de in wealt pass away Be \| one wl MAK-ER, n ate of being sp duty ; ene Seamen pelt prepares Shak 7. To lay Job ete h, and in a mo me | ! | SP APT 10 speak 2 5 i On E Ee } eech- YY; ds, take : 5 a turn Mil ark. one’s ee a} out: ment ro dow | EED, v. 1 s much in e who mak Bacon 4. In New : a spell at tl of work: r uton. 8 strength ; to exert or t go down to || s - uj a PRESS EDEEL ie New E at the ; relief; 7 ngth. : Ia me pret. and a public asse es speeches ; the continu: ngland, a ah pump. elief; turn as To exhaus OnW aste:; (a Gr. veh spedan . D : Pp. Spep Ge mbly. 35 among s uance of aya short time of we a ball had st of force -t 5 S; to spend TEVOW. I . Spoeden; ED, SPE i & seamen 5 any k a vaves ad sp . 3; to was a root Seas , The eT ; i EDED md aes n n . J kind of a littl : es Was S pent E aste : \ ity Bee Henihes expedio ae pee on [Sax. mee toil is so ; ot elegant. | of weather e Use : He a eo spent. its force. The a wear away i "i . : Ss to j ay be fi “ send ; ours in z xtreme, thi Ne ne Tsed eaps of spe iolenc ay 5 | 1 To Dee. Clas drive, t rom tl ? in a day, | , that they ew Engl ee oT pent arrows nce of . To mak ass Bd , to hurry ie sam 5 At y, but are suc y can not € Le and. . To exh: s fall-and stre the || Ta ake hast -] ry, of tt e ; urn of succeede t endure i xhaus strew | ae : aste;: 1e fi nie Ce yf ors nee ded by spell ire it nbove f oe st of s the < } is, to Poulave.suce 3 to move wi fam-| 5 eo ao the lat soalent bove four | § Their bodies s7 f strength ; ground. Dryd ; advance eae: ; to pro ith celerity. S ante Sent: Peopl Jor, Sometin Garew. SPEND, v.1 spent with lon ; to harass ; t LCE He tha’ one’s sper ; y. Shak. SPELL Ne giv 1eS ac ; Foe de ek g labor Ae o fati pets Us s enterpri ; to su Lh. bIEE Ch IAS give thei accom of m o mak and thirs atigue hGae: once deni erprise cceed : Snell: .; pret \eir nei pa- _money nake ex rst. fue. se that enied will he : ; that spellian, spelli . and B r ighbors 2. To b He spe >Xpense 5 Knolles petter profaned and ardly speed whicl 9 ee liran Pp. SPEL en EF sa aoe o be lost ends like a7 - to make di les. abus Bethe 1 Fives C a LO) Le SLLED Or S onaland pated ost : ce a prude e dispositi 3,7 abused ul nal gives our $ ell. to r SPE nd. or waste ident spositi . To hav ne second Shak spelian, spe : ir sens ae narr: Cu [Si oy asted ; t : man on | e any temple . y , speliga ise of s rate, to . sax. The s ; to vanisl : | Ships } y conditio P nee no spellen, to S gan, to tak spell 1X at discours sound sp sh: to b : | 1 arinioreit n By DO. spell. ¢ ake an : 1 read ourse 9 7 pendeth 5 ; S aieaull The aherelelore Ge , good or 1 ‘outh, Lee pell, as wor other’s ading Je 3 2 LO and is dissi issi- || htie in seas lik Youle o tell , aS W ords : s turn i @ jetters ; prove « issipat li 5 Bt e fishe 0 : Sea! ‘ : > it ed in the op SPEED, v.t, T el eS ay ened 5,40 fare. ee MiViaiOn. evil the Rear iL AbOX D. Butter spent n the use. the open air, Ba Y o dispx mallest fed £ the on of sylli a jJetters 0 * 4.7 tas if it cz ‘ con. He E ispatcl 3 . . » pronu Sate ables. ft of aw = Tout i came fro - > a, hin thence Bo 1; to send away i Waller. toread by ae ri oe the ee witha rent.of ae conanmed ae the richer soll oe. > hast t me to his . 5 in has DEAR Ss ts spellin Ss man se of lea 5 oT a aa ur a andle ae Templ | } Bi en; t is habitati aste. f ) write o o the w ner chi am- 5. To be provisi gs spend f. nple. it : ; toh ation. or! eo a > words ild ye en sions s pend fast i 3 oo his steps alon urry ; to put in , Fairfar ae words by ae Me with rie ren learn The vines the iployed to i eHGRe eral: in a cur- é . To has g the hoars quick moti . ue word § z act orth 2 prope eth i ey use for wi S6. ‘i i patch ? asten toa rse-resoundi otion satire ourl ography sx letters: SPEN nto the ere VITleTA Tere th; as, to s a conclusi ding shore i ught to bes y- ctl END’E grapes, [Unu so’often'c 4, To asl O Pree Saint at ; to a te Dryden. 3. To take a pelled with i, and ee n. One et nusual.] ut, that their mp ae | A ice SSISE ; to le , cts. Xecute ; ny lz 2 another’ ; not with opr SHEE s at spe p sper oo ith rising gales oan fara: ; oe dis- Aad ae or oe Ss place arith Deed ~ PEN DIING pe nds : Alsou AcON. Oh gales t J nee 8 ; ryde ; SO, ¢ : 5. To pros at sped thei ; to hasten ylufen Aer ew Engl ; to relieve Irn temporar) Bs Ss aN ; exha - PPT « Layin Tai prodigal ; ; pros 3 eir hi on . . To che aland ve. porarily P SPEN ustins go ylor oe spe per \ o charn . Use ily END! ing g out; ylor. B ed this und ; to cause ppy flight. arm 5 as, s sed by yen IND/ING, 7. ; consul acon. 6; os: idertaki to succ Driyd F 2 eet. spelled : seamen consumi xy Te Tr suming; W 1h 7 50 furnish 1 Ing. cceed. Ma YaeTt 5. Tore with wor »| SPEN iming, or We 1€ act of layi £5; wast- 4% . To aiatche tee y Heaven with out read ; to discov rds of power spe a THRIFT asting. aying out, ex} With « ; to kill; L; as, to spe scover by ch: D : spends nt ae ae ie als , expending A ithe speeding thrust H ; toruin; tod a , to spell out the y Harctels Ee: ae - one SM a eo and _thrift.] Whitlock 5? If foes emma! ei st his hea estro e ar se of ¢ arks : SPENT » who lavis yr im hrift. O % ae They wil erraaeeraal rt he for y- e not left an autl ’ NI, pret ishes his provide ne wh NM ’ y write, if fri vay Vn ind. eft to spell : 10F. depriv * and is estate ntly; ¢ 0 a se ually & In the a ei eed PaeD 6. To tell pelspud, 8, Gon in. tae, Wi On} Milton es of Its Samii il a. from ie Dryden Se f WY & ras ad me de ‘ ‘ rks of : a = ERIE of Irel: quire. . RB § of age afatich owililies Se hore? STIL ot CHEER See? Arrested or locked Milton Sr EP PP: eerlane [Used in Sannin E bod speed of 1 the wat speed. We rav- |< aT ’ ced u . 1 y The [Fr pees. ; inquired Hal an ‘ y- [thi a rive ater, but e spei SPELL’ ( pret. a p by . Ani » SPeTMe 5 ces alliwell a ok : rink r. or ut we i ak of PELL’ ) . and y a a ae imal see = The oe . r plied t ho , of w don site bent ER PP. of S agate seed ; Spern oe il o the lay wever vind, ¢ of spe i tO SPELL gated. ; that by rma; Gr. aaah ning, but i lapse er, I have , or of z peak ng. - One thi aaah 2.8 “y Whicl xY. OEP ih , but in Me a tha mmcitine fee lat spel 2. Spermaceti ch the speci ya] eo : poe e a n the we ng LL! pells ; 3. S yaceti, whi species is 2. Haste; DEL, only. and the moti > word a 5 \e Ae ING, pp ; one skilled i

Say ead or tl e act ‘om the oi > or spermé : shiefly fro § written.] that i rity In y, also thei le act of nami tr: 1e ail < maceti whale rom tl ae gt OL ? is, adv e an und ’ r prope of writi aming tt ranspa and purifi whale 5 1e head ’ ord Go ance ertaking : 2. € sr letters ing Oo g the letters Wee arent, brit wified, i . Whe ead of | epeed eo master Pa the Were ing 5 favors: _ 2. Orthography 5 th g.0F Bune ents of a| ase ror NS Pe ead ot: a en Soares n € - > ee = ve * y Thi ay.—G aham, | 41, ers 73 le ma witl = “aNd -_A-CE! £ candles 5 rystalli e. semi Ss use I eaves tema . Bad _manne 1| SPER IT T-W es, (reoniasas eml- aia ere fs retained an y thee, send me good SPELLING spelling is aa forming o aes ae eae HALE, ) 5 Ure passer Seis jan t ; NG sreputi g words the gens an ih i « Ci ase, ** to bi good oe he proverb : | to spell : BOOK a put ible to a ge Ss ae Ata Is Physete Che cachal yc. err id speed,” ¢ | SPE ind rez ’ A en- . aine er species alot one on a verb, “to PEI re bo gen 13 ned » (Li pecies 0 ously Sean wai ae in the A Plas 4 pend eae. ok for teachi SPERM/A-PHC jinn.,) from ae of whale on . > not @ iptural | S > The Al ng child ry fr hae IRE lich spe ; od sp al | SPE and dren y from whi Np ite 0 rmaceti speed, a Tae of s Ww vich n bot etl 8 Ne pel ith th . ant ‘ F : spelta. [Sax. ; Is or chart SPER PLACENT 8 ovules tary Wat pat ATE, FAR, F A -] spelte ; D. spelt Mrs me. RM-AT'IE A. arises it 13'S of the ova. FALL, W species of 2; G. spel 3. Butler ,a. Consisti synonymo a ALL, WHAT 3 of grain pela; It. s; F 9. P sisting of ous AT.— METE , the Triti spelda 2. Pertaini g of seed; s eit icum § ? spe rtamming ; semi | uy PREY Q pelta q rmatic V s to the s inal mY .— a. mM SPE c Vessels seme > : PINE, MARINE , much cul- PO tee en, OF convevin More. iu, De ir : “) vit: , BIRD.— NOT i. To yield Ray. C yee OTE, D seed, [Voti ore. Se > OVE, MOVE Le fot mn use. | ———— u AT > : alee > W OLF, BOOK Brown. sical 1062SPH SPI SPERM-AT’O-CELBE, n. tumor. ] the testicles, Coxe. SPERM-A-T'0-ZG/A, n. pl. (Gr. oospua and Gwov.] Minute particles in the spermatic fluid of animals resembling certain infusoria. Journ. of Science. SPERM/O-DERM, n. (Gr. orepua and depya.] In botany, the whole integuments of a seed in the aggregate, Lindley. SPERM/-OIL, x. Oil obtained from the cachalot or Spermaceti whale. SPERM-OL/O-GIST, n, [Gr. omeppoXoyos.] One who treats of seeds, SPERSE, v.t. To disperse. [ot in use.] Spenser. SPET, »v.t. To spit; to throw out. [Vot used.] SPET, 2. Spittle, ora flow. [ot in use. ] SPEW, (spa,) v. t. [Sax. spiwan; D. spuwen, spuigen; G. speien, contracted from speichen; Sw. spy ; Dan. spyer i L. spuo.] I. To vomit; to puke ; to eject from the stomach. 2. To eject; to cast forth. 3. To cast out with abhorrence. Lev. xviii. SPEW, (spu,)v.% To vomit; to discharge the con- tents of the stomach. B. Jonson. SPEW/ED, (spide,) pp. Vomited ; ejected. SPEW’ER, nx. One who spews. SPEW/ING, ppr. Vomiting ; ejecting from the stom- SPUERE, (sfére,) v. t. ach. SPEW’ING, n. The act of vomiting. SPEW’Y, (spi/e,) a. Wet; foggy. [Local.] Mortimer. SPHAC’E-LATE, (sfas/e-late,) v. i. [See SpHace.vs.] 1. To mortify ; to become gangrenous ; as flesh. 2. To decay or become carious, as a bone. SPHAC’E-LATE, v. t. To affect with gangrene. Sharp. SPHAC/E-LA-TED, pp. ora. Affected with gan- prene ; mortified. SPHAC-E-LA’/TION, x. The process of becoming or making gangrenous; mortification. Med. Repos. SPHAC/E-LUS, (sfas’e-lus,) n. [Gr. oaxedos, from spas, to kill.] 1. In medicine and surgery, gangrene ; mortification of the flesh of a living animal. 2. Death of a bone. SPHAG’/NOUS, (sfag/nus,) a Linnaus,] Pertaining to bog-moss; mossy. SPHENE, (sfene,) xn. (Gr. cdny, a wedge.] A mineral composed of silicic acid, titanic acid, and lime. Its colors are dull yellow, green, gray, brown, and black. It is found amorphous and in crystals. The primary form of its crystal is an ob- lique, rhombic prism. SPHE/NOID, (sfe-,)a. [Gr. ognv, a wedge, and SPHE-NOID/‘AL, § — ecdos, form. ] Resembling a wedge. The sphenoid bone, is the pterygoid bone of the basis of the skull. Coze. SPHERE, (sfere,) n. [Fr.,from L. sphera, Gr, opacpa, whence It. sfera, Sp. esfera, G. sphare. I. In geometry, a solid body contained under a single surface, which, in every part, is equally dis- tant from a point called its center. ‘The eartli is not an exact sphere. The sun appears to be a sphere. 2. An orb or globe of the mundane system. Coze. [sphagnum, bog-moss. Bigelow. First the sun, a mighty sphere, he framed. Milton, Then mortal ears Had heard the music of the spheres. Dryden. 3. An orbicular body, or a cirenlar figure repre- senting the earth or apparent heavens. Dryden. 4, Circuit of motion ; revolution ; orbit; as, the diurnal sphere. Milton. ©. The concave or vast orbicular expanse in which the heavenly orbs appear. 6. Circuit of action, knowledge, or influence ; compass ; province ; employment. Every man has his particular sphere of action, in which it should be his ainbition to excel. Events of this kind have re- peatedly fallen within the sphere of my knowledge. This man treats of matters not within his sphere, 7. Rank ; order of society. Persons moving in a higher sphere claim more deference. Sphere of activity of a body; the whole space or extent reached by the influence it exerts. Encyc. Al right sphere; that aspect of the heavens in Which the circles of daily motion of the heavenly bodies are perpendicular to the horizon. A spec- tator at the equator views a right sphere. Al parallel sphere; that in which the circles of daily motion are parallel to the horizon. A spec- tator at either of the poles would view a parallel sphere. An oblique sphere; that in which the circles of daily motion are oblique to the horizon, as is the case to a spectator at any point between the equator and either pole. Armillary sphere; an artificial representation of the circles of the sphere, by means of byass rings. To place in a sphere. The glorious planet Sol In noble eminence enthroned, and sphered [Gr. cmeppa, seed, and Ann, A swelling of the spermatic vessels, or vessels of SPHRAG/IDE, (-id,) 7. SPHRA-GIS’TIES, n. SPH YG-MOM/E-TER, 2x. SPI/AL, x. SPI/CATE, a. SPI€-€A'TO, [It.] 2. To form into roundness ; as, light sphered in a radiant cloud. Milton. SPHERE/-BORN, a. Born among the spheres. SPHER’ED, pp. Placed ina sphere. SAEREIDESCENDIED; a. Descended from the spheres. SPHERE/-MEL/O-DY, n. Melody of the spheres, = a Carlyle. SPHERE/-MU/SI€, n. The music or harmony of the spheres. Ed. Rev. SPHER‘I€, (sfer’ik,) ) a. [It. sferico; Fr. spherique ; SPHER/I-CAL, L. sphericus.] 1. Globular; orbicular ; having a surface in every part equally distant from the center; as, a spherical body. Drops of water take a spherical form. 2. Planetary; relating to the orbs of the plan- ets, We make guilty of our disasters the sun, the moon, and the stars, as if we were villains by spherical predominance. Shak. Spherical geometry ; that branch of geometry which treats of spherical magnitudes; the doctrine of the sphere ; particularly, of the circles described on its surface. Spherical angle; the angle formed on the surface of a sphere by the arcs of two great circles. Spherical excess; in trigonometry, the sum by which the three angles of any triangle on the sur- face of a sphere or spheroid, exceed two right an- les. Brande. Spherical triangle; a figure on the surface of a sphere, bounded by the arcs of three great circles which intersect each other. Spherical trigonometry ; that bran¢h of trigonome- try which teaches to compute the sides and angles of spherical triangles. SPHER/I€-AL-LY, adv. SPHER/I€-AL-NESS, ) x. SPHE-RIC/LTY, ical; roundness; as, water. SPHER’I-€LE, (sfer’e-kl,) n. SPHER’T€S, n. ical geometry SPHE/ROID, n. form.] A body or figure approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical. A spheroid is oblate or prolate. The earth is found to be an ofibate spheroid, that is, flatted at the poles, whereas some astronomers for- merly supposed it to be prolate or oblong. ap a FY. fy SA ee: a. Having the form of a SPHE-ROID/I€-AL, § SPheroid. Cie 2. In crystallography, bounded by several convex faces. SPHE-ROID/LTY, 7. spheroidal. SPHE-ROM/E-TER, n. ([Gr. cdatpa, and Berea] An instrument for measuring the thickness of smal bodies, the curvature of optical glasses, &c. Brande. SPHER-O-SID/ER-ITE, n. Carbonate of iron in spheroidal masses, occurring in trap. Dana. SPHER’ULE, (sfer/al,) x. {L. spherula.] A little sphere or spherical body. Mercury or quicksilver, when poured upon a plane, dividés it- self into a great number of minute spherules. SPHER’U-LITE, n. A variety of obsidian or pearl- stone, found in rounded grains. Dict. Nat. Hist. In the form of a sphere. The state or quality of being orbicular or spher- the sphericity of a drop of : A small sphere. The doctrine of the sphere ; spher- [Gr. cfatpa, a sphere, and eidos, The state or quality of being SPHER’Y, a. Belonging to the spheres. Milton. 2. Round ; spherical. Shak. SPHIN€/TER, (stink/ter,) n, constrain, to draw clove] In anatomy, a muscle that contracts or shuts an or- ifice or aperture round which it is placed; as, the sphincter labiorum 3; sphincter vesice. Coxe. SPHINX, (sfinx,)n. [Gr. opey%; L. sphinz.} 1, In mythology, a Monster usually represented as having the body of a lion and the face of a young woman ; also, in various other forms. The Grecian sphinx is said-to have proposed a mysterious rid- dle to every one who passed by her dwelling near Thebes, and to have killed all who could not solve it. 2. In entomology, a genus of lepidopterous insects, the species of which are commonly called Hawx- Morus. [from Gr. odiyyw, to A species of ocherous clay which falls to pieces in water with the emission of many bubbles ; called also Earry or Lemnos, F (Gr. oppayts, a seal.] The science of seals, their history, age, distinc- tions; a branch of diplomatics. Brande. [Gr. cdvypos, pulse, and per poy. | : An instrument for exposing to the eye the action of the pulse, the strength of which it measures. A spy; ascout. [WVotinwse.] Bacon. L, sprcatus, from sprea, a spike. ] Having a spike or ear, Lee. In music, a term indicating that every note is to have its distinct sound; much like staccato. Brande. Amidst the rest, [Unusual.] Shak. SPICE, n. SPI 1, A vegetable production, fr: the smell and pungent to the and in cookery. 2. A small quantity ; Something that enriches or alters the quality of a thing in a small degree, as Spice alters the taste of a thing. 3. A sample. [Fr. espeéce. | SPICE, v. t. To season with spice ; to mix aromatic substances with; as, to spice wine. 2. To tincture ; as, the spiced Indian air. 3. To render nice ; to season with scruples. Chaucer. SPIC/ED, (spist,) pp. or a. Seasoned with spice. SPI/CER, x. One that seasons with spice. 2. One that deals in spice. SPY/CER-Y,n. [Fr. epicerie. | 1, Spices in general ; fragrant and aromatic vege- table substances used in seasoning. 2. A repository of spices. Addison. SPICE’-WOQD, n. The Latrus benzoin, an Aimeri- can shrub, called also Witp-Auispree and Breyga- MIN-TREE, Farm. Encyc. SPI’/CI-NESS, n. Quality of being spicy. SPIC'ING, ppr. Seasoning with Spice. SPICK AND SPAN, bright; shining; as, a garment spick and span new, or span-new. Spick is from the root of the [t. spicco, brightness ; spiccure, to shine; spiccar le parole, to speak distinctly ; Spicciare, to rush out, the radical sense of which is, to shoot or dart. Span is probably from the root of Spangle, Gr. peyy@, G. spiegel, a mirror. SPICK'NEL,) n. The herb maldmony or bear-wort, SPIG/NEL, (Dict.,) the Meum Athamanticum, which, when eaten by cows, gives the same flavor to their milk and butter, as that of schab-ziege cheese. SPI-COS/L-TY, x. [L. spica.] The state of having or being full of ears, like corn. [.Vot in use.) Dict. SPLE/U-LAR, a. [L. spiculum, a dart. ] Resembling a dart; having sharp points, SPI€/U-LATE, v. t. [L. spiculo, to Sharpen, from spiculum, a dart, from spica, or its root. See Sprx E.] To sharpen to a point. Jason. SPI€/ULE, 2. A minute, slender granule or point. SPIE/U-LLFORM, a. Having the form of a spicule. SPLE-U-LIG/EN-OUS, a. Containing spicules. SPVCY,a. [from spice.j Producing spice; abounding with spices ; as, the spicy shore of Arabia. Wilton. 2. Havmg the qualities of spice; fragrant; aro- matic ; as, spicy plants. igrant or aromatic to taste ; used in sauces Siak. Camden. Led by new stars, and borne by spicy sales. SPIDER, x. is dertved. ] 1, The common name of the animals of the family Araneide, of the class Arachnida, some of which are reinarkable for spinning webs for taking their prey and forming a convenient habitation, and for the de- posit of their food. The spider’s touch, how exquisitely fine | Pope. {I know not from what source this word Pope. 2. A kitchen utensil, somewhat resembling a spider. 3. A trevet to support vessels over a fire. SPI’/DER-€ATCH-ER, zn. A bird so called. SPI/DER-LIKE, a. Resembling a spider. Shak. SPI/DER-WORT, (-wurt,) » A plant cf the genus Anthericum, or of the genus Tradescantia. SPIG/NEL. See Sricknec. SPIG/OT,n. [W. yspigaiwd, from yspic, Eng. spike ; from pig, Eng. pike; Dan. spiger,a nail. See Srixe and Pie. ] A pin or peg used to stop a faucet, or to stop a small hole in a cask of liquor. Stor/t. SPIKE, xn. [W. yspig, supra; D. spyk, spyker; G. speiche ; Dan. spiger, Sw. spik, a nail; L. spica, an ear ofcorn. It signifies a shoot or point. Class Bg. See Pixe.] 1. A large nai); always in America applied to a nail or pin of metal. A similar thing made of wood is called a Pec or Prix. In England, it is sometimes used for a sharp point of wood. 2. An ear of corn or grain. ears of maize. 3. A shoot. Addison. 4. (L. spica.] In botany, a species of inflorescence, in which sessile flowers are alternate on a common It is-applied to the simple peduncle, as lavender, &c. Martin. SPIKE, n. A species of lavender. Hill, SPIKE, v. t. To fasten with spikes or long and large nails; as, to spike down the planks of a floor or bridge. 2. Toset with spikes. : A youth leaping over the smked pales — was caught by toe spikes: [Unusual.} Viseman, 3. To stop the vent with a spike, nail, &c.}; as, to spike cannon. nicest SPIKED, (spikt,) pp. Furnished with spikes, as corn ; fastened with spikes ; stopped with spikes. SPIKB/-LAV/EN-DER, n. Common lavender, the Lavandula spica. : SPIKE/LET, xn. In botany, a small -spike making 0 part of a large one; or a subdivision of a spike. [Fr. epice; It. spezie; Sp. especia.] Barton, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1068 ee ny TL, * ferme — wag ane SSS 7.~ ” a en re ae | ited a or el a ee Jaane ee” Se ee ea eee - ale — wate #8 a SPI SPl SPI SPIKE/NARD, (spik’nard,) n. [L. spica nardi. | SPIKING, ppr. with large nails, SPIKY, a. SPILE, n. widely different plants. applied to pogon nardus of India; to Valeriana spica; and to several species of Baccharis, Conyza, &c. A plant of the genus Spinacia, whose leaves are boiled for greens and used for other culinary pur- OSes. SPI/NAL, a. [See Srrne.] Pertaining to the spine or back-bone of an animal; as, the spinal cord ; spinal muscles ; spinal arteries. 1. A vague popular name applied to numerous In the United States it is Aralia racemosa; in England, to Andro- Arbuthnot. Encyc. SPINDLE, n. [from spin; Sax. and Dan. spindel.} 1. The pin used in spinning wheels for twisting the thread, and on which the thread when twisted is wound. Bacon A name of various fragrant essential oils. Fastening with spikes; stopping Dier. G. spille; Ir. 2. Having a sharp point. [D. spil, a pivot, a spindle ; | on which any | spile; W. ebill, from the root of L. pilus, plum, &c.] 2. A slender, pointed rod, or pin, 1. A small peg or wooden pin, used to stop a thing turns; an axis or small axis; as, the spindle | hole. 3. The fusee of a watch. of a vane. | 2. Astake driven into the ground to protect a bank, 4. A long, slender stalk. Mortimer. form wharfs, abuuments, ac. 5. The iron pin or pivot on which a capstan turns. | SPILL, x. [A different orthography of SPrLe, supra. ] Totten. | i. AsmalJ peg or pin for stopping a cask; as, a 6. Mortimer. of a curve line about its base or double ordinate. SPILL, 2. i spillan ; D. and G. spillen; Sw. spilla; Dan. spider. ] SPILL, v. i. vent-hole stopped with a spill. or suffer to be scattered to substauces Whose particles are small and loose. | Thus we spill water from a pail; oil from a bottle ; we spill quicksilver or powders from a vessel or a paper; we spul sand or flour. } = a loss or waste not designed, or contrary to purpose. He was so topfull of himself, that he let it spill on all the com-| SPY’/NEL pany. Vatts. SPI_-N ELLE! { n. [It. sprnella.} z aes ee tg © ones SPI-NELLE’, nce SPILL/ED, pp. Suffered to fall, as liquids; shed. A mineral occurring in octohedrons, of great hard- PILL/ER, n. One that spills or sheds. ness, consisting of alumina and magnesia. When SPILLING, ppr- © . S x SPI PILTH, n. iu SPIN, v. Carew. Brande. Ayliffe. [Sax. In geometry, a solid generated by the revolution | ! | 9. A little bar or pin of iron. 3. A jittle sum of money. [Vt in use.) t.; pret. SPILLED OF SPILT; pp- id. To shoot or grow in a long, slender | Bacon. Mortimer. SPIN/DLE-LEGS, )n. A tall, slender person ; in SPIN’DLE-SHANKS, § contempt. SPIN/DLE-SHANK-ED, (spin'dl-shankt,) a. Having long, slender legs. | SPIN’ DLE-SHAP-ED, (spin/dl-shapt,) a. Having the shape of a spindle ; fusiform. Martyn. SPIN/DLE-TREE, n. A shrub of the genus Euony- mus, whose fine, hard-grained wood was used for spindles and skewers. Loudon. SPIN/DLE-WORM, n. The popular name of the cat- erpillar of a lepidopterous insect, which injures the maize in New England. Harris. SPIN/DLING, ppr. ora. Tall and slender ; shooting into a small, taJl stalk. Ash. SPINE, x. [L. and It. spina; Fr. epine; Sp. espinazo ; SPIN’DLE, v. wu. stalk or body. 1. To suffer to fall or run out of a vessel ; to lose ; applied only to fluids and | we spill spirit or Spill differs from pour in expressing accidental loss ; 9. To suffer to be shed; as, a man spills his own blood. 3, Tro cause to flow out or nan spills another’s blood. ee is applied to cases of murder or other homi- cit lose ; to shed; as, a e, but not to venesection. In the latter case we say, to let or take blood. | W.. yspin, trom pin. | : the manner of a screw. Ray. Ajd to revenge his blood so justly epttt. Dryden. 1. The back-bone of an animal. Coxe. SPI-RA’TION, zn. [(L. spiratio.] A breathing. [JVot | 2. The shin of the leg. Coxe. used.] Barrow. | 4. To mischief; to destroy ; as, to spill the mind or soul ; to spill glory ; to spill forms, &c. [ This application ts obsolete, and now improper. | 5. To throw away. Tickel. 6. In seamen’s language, to dislodge the wind out of the cavity or belly of a sail in order to reef or furl it Totten. To waste; to be prodigal. [JVot in Use. | 9, ‘To be shed; to be suffered to fall, be lost, or wasted. 3, A thorn; a sharp process from the woody part ofaplant. It differs from a prickle, which proceeds from the bark. A spine sometimes terminates a branch, and sometimes is axillary, growing at the angle formed by the branch or leaf with the stem. The wild apple and pear are armed with spines ; the rose, bramble, gooseberry, &c., are armed with prick- les. Martyn. 4, In zodlogy, agphin, pointed spike, as in fishes. 5. Sometimes, a ridge. of a red or ruby color, it constitutes the gem Spinel- 9, A kind of fishing-line. Carez. ruby, or the common ruby of jewelry. It occurs also Suffering to fall or run out, as liquids 5 shedding. : : | of green, blue, brown, and black colors. Dana. Spilling-lines, in a ship, are ropes for furling more | SPI-NELL/ANE, n. The same with the mineral conveniently the square-sails. Jar. Dict. Hauyne. Dana. LT, pret. and pp. of SPiLv. : _ | SPI-NES/CENT, a. [from spine] Becoming hard and (from spill.] Any thing spilt. [Mot im thorny. Martyn. SPIN/ET, x. [It. spinetta; Fr. epinette ; Sp. espineta.] An instrument of music resembling a harpsichord, but smaller ; a virginal; a clavichord. SPI/NET, n. [L. spinetwm.] A sinall wood or place where briers and thorns grow. [Not in use] . Jonson. SPL_NIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. spina, spine, and fero, to bear. | Producing spines ; bearing thorns. SPINK, n. A bird; a finch. Harte. SPIN/NER, n. One that spins; one skilled in spin- Shak. not used. ste] _ vo. t.3 pret. and pp. Spun. SPAN is [Sax. spinnan: Goth, spinnan; D. and G. spinnen: Dan, spinder; Sw.spinna. If the sense is to draw out or extend, this coincides in origin with span.) 1. To draw out and twist into threads, either by the hand or machinery ; as, to spin wool, cotton, or flax ; to spin goats’ hair. All the fill Ithaca with moths, out tediously; to form by a slow pro- yarn which Penelope spun in Ulysses’ absence, did but Shak. 9, To draw without rank or distinction is designated ; an unmar- ried woman. SPIN/STRY, n. SPIN’/THERB, n. | SPIN/ULE, x. SPIN/U-LOUS, a. SPI/NY, a. [from spine.] Full of spines ; thorny ; SPIR/A-CLE, (spir’a-kl or spi/ra-kl,) 7. [L. spiracu- SPI/RAL, a. [It. spirale; Fr. spiral; from L. spira, a ts) SPT/RAL-COAT-ED, a. SPI/RAL-LY, adv. SPIRE, n cess or by degrees; with out; as, to spin out large ning. ; valumes on a subject, 2. A spider. Shak. 3. To extend to a great length; as, to spin out a| SPIN'NER, n. In entomology, an organ with which insects form their silk or webs. Brande. SPIN’/NING, ppr. Drawing out and twisting into subject. SPIN/NER-ET, 4. To draw out; to protract; to spend by delays ; as, to spin out the day in idleness. threads; drawing out; delaying. SPIN’NING, n. The act, practice, or art of drawing out and twisting into threads, as wool, flax, and cot- ton. 9, The act or practice of forming’ webs, as spiders. SPIN/’NING-JEN-NY, zn. An engine or complicated machine fur spinning wool or cotton, in the manu- facture of cloth. SPIN’NING-WHEEL, 7. A whee) for spinning wool, cotton, or flax into threads. Gay. The state of being spiny or thorny ; Glanville. By one delay after unother, they spin out their whole lives, LD’ Estrange. 5. To whirl with a thread ; to turn or cause to whirl; as, to spin a top. _ om . 6. To draw ont froin the stomach in a filament ; as, a Spider spims a web. Tu spin hay,in military language, is to twist it into ropes for convenient carriage on an expedition. SPIN, 1, To practice spinning; to work at draw- ing and twisting threads; as, the woman knows how to spin, They neither know to spin, nor care to toil. SPI-NOS/LTY, 72. crabbedness, | SPi/NOUS, ? . 9, To perform the act of drawing and twisting | SPI/NOSE, \ a. [I.. spinosus, from spina. threads ; as, a machine or jenny spins with great ex- Full of spines ; armed with thorns ; thorny. actuess. d Martin. 3. T’o move round rapidly; to whirl; as a top or | SPI/NO-ZISM, n. The form of Pantheism taught by asp nd oC. i 5 Benedict Spinoza, a Jew of Amsterdam, who main- 4. To stream or issue in a thread or small current; tained that God is not only the maker, but also the as, blood spins froin a vein, Drayton. original matter, of the universe, so that creation was SPI-NA‘CEOUS, a. Denoting the plant spinach and only a development of himself by the Deity. the class cf plants to which it belongs, Murdock. : Encyc. of Dom. Econ. A believer inthe doctrines of Spi- SPIN/AGH, ) (spin’aje,) m. [L. spinacia; It. spinace 5 SPIN'AGE,( Sp. espinaca: Fr. epinards; D. spina- ric; Gy. sptnat; Pers. spanach.) Prior. SPI/NO-ZIST, n. noza. SPIN/STER, n. [spin and ster.) A woman who spins, or whose occupation is to spin. Hence, FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, v,OLF, BOOK. — 2. In law, the common title by which a woman If a gentlewoman is termed a spinster, sbe may abate the writ. Coke. The business of spinning. Milton. A mineral of a greenish-gray color. It is a variety of sphene. Ure. A minute spine. Dana. Covered with minute spines. = a ——————— as, a spiny tree. 9. Perplexed ; difficult ; troublesonie. Digby. | lum, from spiro, to breathe.] 1. Asmall aperture in animal and vegetable bod- ies, by which air or other fluid is exhaled or inhaled ; a small hole, orifice, or vent; a pore; a minute pas- - as, the spiracles of the human skin. | | | } sage 2 Woodward. 9. Any small aperture, hole, or vent. spire. } Winding round a cylinder or other round body, or in a circular form, and atthe same time rising or ad- vancing forward; winding like a screw. The mag- nificent column in the Place Vendome, at Paris, is | divided by a spiral line into compartments. It is | formed with spiral compartments, on which are en- graved figures emblematical of the victories of the 1 French armies. A whirlwind is so named from the |} spiral motion of the air. PYRAL, n. In geometry, the name siven to a class of curves which continually recede from a center or pole, while they continue to revolve about it. rande. Coated spirally. Smith. a spiral form or direction ; m | In [L. spira ; Gr. oretpa; Sp. éspira ; from the root of L. spiro, to breathe. The primary sense of | the root is, to throw, to drive, to send, but it implies | a winding motion, like trow, warp, and many oth- | ers. ] 1. A winding line like the threads of ascrew ; any thing wreathed or contorted; a curl; a twist; a | wreath. His neck erect amidst his circling spires. A dragon’s fiery form belied the god; Sublime on radiant spires he rode. 9. A body that shoots up to a point; a tapering body ; a round pyramid or pyramidical body ; a stee- ple. With clisterine spires and pinnacles adorned. z F Dryden. | | Milton. | | | Milton. So i 3. A stalk or blade of grass or other plant. How | humble ought man to be, who can not make a single spire of grass! 4. The top or uppermost point of athing. Shak. SPIRE, v. i. To shoot; to shoot up pyramidically. 9, To breathe. [ot in we.] [ Mortimer. | 3. To sprout, as grain in malting. SPIR/ED, a. Having a spire. Mason. | SPI/RI-FER, n. [L. spira, a spire, and fero, to bear.] | The name of an extinct genus of mollusks, having a shell with two internal, calcareous, spiral append- | ages. rande. | SPIR/IT, nm. [Fr. esprit; It. spirito; Sp. esprritu; L. spiritus, from spiro, to breathe, to blow. The prima- ry sense is, to rush or drive. } 1. Primarily, wind ; air in motion ; ] parts within them. Bacon, hence, breath. All bodies have spirits and pneumatica This sense is now unusual. } 5. Animal excitement, or the effect of it; life; ar- dor ; fire; courage ; elevation or vehemence of mind. The troops attacked the enemy with great sptrit. The young man has the spirit of youth. He speaks or acts with spirit. Spirits, in the plural, is used in nearly a Jike sense. The troops began to recover their spirits. Swift. 3. Vigor of intellect; genius. His wit, his beauty, and his spiri. Butler. The noblest spirit or genius cin not deserve enough of mankind to pretend to the esteem of heroic virtue. Temple. 4. Temper; disposition of mind, habitual or tem- porary ; as, a man of a generous spirit, or of a re- vengeful spirit; the ornament of a meek and quiet spirit Let us go to the house of God in the spirit of prayer. Bickersteth. 5. The soul of man; the intelligent, immaterial, and immortal part of human beings. [See Sour. ] The spirit shall return to God that gave it, — Eccles, xii. 6. An immaterial, intelligent substance. Spirit is a substance in which thinking, knowing, doubting, and a power of moying, do subsist, Locke. Hence, 7. An immaterial, intelligent being- By which he went and prencked to she spirits {n prison. —1 ot. Til. God is a spirit. — John iv. 1064 SS — een om—_—_ en SPI SPI mind. A perfect judge will read eack work of wit With the same spirit that its author writ. Pope. 9. Powers of mind distinct from the body. : In spirit perhaps he also saw Rich Mexico, the seat of Montezume. Milton. 10. Sentiment ; perception. Your spirit is too true, your fears too certain, Shak. directed to a particular object. God has made a 5 down. enterprise. The watery kingdom is no bar To stop the foreign spirits, but they come, Shak, Such spirits as he desired to please, such wold I choose judges. 14. Excitement of mind : hess; usually in the plural. very good spirits. He has a great flow of spirits. To sing thy praise, would Heaven my breath prolong, Infusing spirits worthy such a song. Driden. ryden. 15. Life or strength of resemblance 3 essential qualities ; as, to set off the face in its true spirit. Che copy has not the spirit of the original. Wotton. 16. Something eminently pure and refined. Nor doth the eye itself, That most pure spirit of sense, behold itself. Shak, of any substance which Spirit of wine, or of any liguor. distillation, as rum, brandy, gin, whisky. juice or rum. 19. An apparition ; a ghost. {maica spirit, &c. 2). The renewed nature of man. Matt. xxvi. Gal. v. 21. The influences of the Holy Spirit. fate. xxii. Holy Spirit ; the third person in the Trinity. Spirit of wine; pure alcohol, so called because for- merly obtained only from wine, SPIRIT, v. t. To animate ; to actuate ; as a spirit. So talked the spirited sly snake. [Little used.] 2. To animate with vigor; to excite ; to encour- age ; as, civil dissensions spirit the ambition of pri- vate men. Swift. It is sometimes followed by up ; as, to spirit up. Middleton. 3. To convey away rapidly and secretly, as if by the agency of a spirit ; as, “I felt as if I had been spirited into some castle of antiquity.” Willis, 4. To kidnap. Blackstone. T0 spirit away ; to entice or seduce. SPIR/IT-AL-LY, adv. By means of the breath. in use. SPIR/IT-ED, pp. Animated ; encouraged ; incited. 2, a. Animated ; full of life ; lively ; full of spirit or fire; as, a spirited address or oration ; a spirited answer. It is used in composition, noting the state of the mind; as in high-spirited, low-spirited, mean- spirited. SPIR/IT-ED-LY, adv. Ina lively manner; with spir- it; with streneth ; with animation. SPIR/IT-ED-NESS, n. Life ; animation. 2. Disposition or make of mind; used in com- pounds ; as, high-spiritedness, low-spiritedness, mean- spiritedness, Narrow-spiritedness. SPIR/IT-FUL, a. Lively ; full of spirit. SPIR/IT-FUL-LY, adv. used, SPIR/TT-FUL-NESS, 7. Not used.) SPIR/IT-ING, ppr away. SPIR/IT-LESS, a. Destitute of Spirits ; wanting ani- mation ; wanting cheerfulness ; dejected 3 depressed, 2. Destitute of vigor ; wanting life, courage, or fire ; as, a spiritless slave. Milton. [Wot older. [Not used. ] In a lively manner. [Wot Liveéliness ; sprightliness, arvey. Animating ; actuating ; bearing A man so faint, so spiriiless, So dull, so dead in look, Shak, 3. Having no breath ; extinct; dead. Greenhill, SPIR/IT-LESS-LY, adv. Without spirit ; without ex- 6rtion. More. SPIR/IT-LESS-NESS, nx. Dullness; want of life or vigor. SPIR/IT-LEV/EL, n. An instrument for obtaining an exact horizontal line, by means of a bubble of air on the surface of spirits of wine inclosed in a glass tube. Buchanan. SPIR-I-TO'SO, [It.] In music, with spirit. SPIR/IT-OUS, a. Like spirit; refined ; defecated ; pure. More refinea, more spiritous and pure, Milton. 8. Turn of mind; teinper; occasional state of the 1]. Eager desire; disposition of mind excited and ptrit of building succeed a spirit of pulling South. 12. A person of activity ; a man of life, vigor, or 13. Persons distinguished by qualities of the mind. for my animation; cheerful- We found our friend in 17. That which hath power or energy ; the quality manifests life, activity, or the power of strongly affecting other bodies; as, the 18. A strong, pungent liquor, Usually obtained by In Amer- ica, spirit, used without other words explanatory of its meaning, signifies the liquor distilled from cane- We say, new spirit, or old spirit, Ja- SPIR/IT-U-AL-MIND/ED-NESS, 7. SPIR/IT-UY-AL-TY, n. SPIRIT-U-OUS, a. [Fr. spiritueuz.] SPI SPIR‘'IT-OUS-NESS, pn. and activity of parts ness of liquor. SPIR/IT-PIERC/ING, a. SPIR/IT-SEARCH'ING, a. SPIR/IT-STIR/RING; } a. SPIR‘/IT-ROUSI/ING, § SPIR'IT-U-AL, a. [Fr. spirituel ; spiritualis. | 1. Consisting of Spirit ; not material : as, a spiritual substance or being. Is spiritual. 2. Mental ; intellectual : Boyle, Piercing the spirit. Searching the spirit. Exciting the spirit. Ebe aS, spiritual armor. Milton. 3. Not gross; sensual ; relating to mind only ; as, a spiritual and refined religion. Calamy. 4. Not lay or temporal ; relating to sacred things ; hed, poration. o. Pertaining to spirit or to the affections , pure ; holy. God’s law is spiritual; it is a transcript of the divine nature, and extends its authority to the acts of the soul of man. Brown. 6. Pertaining to the renewed nature of man; as, spiritual life. 7. Not fleshly ; not material } 4S, spiritual sacrifices, IB eb nile 8. Pertaining to divine things ; as, spiritual songs. Eph. v. Spiritual court; an ecclesiastical court ; a court held by a bishop or other ecclesiastic. SPIR/IT-U-AL-ISM, nm. The doctrine, in opposition to the materialists, that all which exists is Spirit or soul — that what is called the external world is either a succession of notions impressed on the mind by the Deity, as maintained by Berkeley, or else the mere educt of the mind itself, as taught by Fichte. Brande. 2. State of being spiritual. SPIR/IT-U-AL-IST, n. One who professes a regard for spiritual things only ; one whose employment is Spiritual. Halliwell, 2. One who maintains the doctrine of spiritual- ism. SPIR-IT-U-AL/I-TY, zn. J Essence distinct from mat- ter ; immateriality. If this light be not spiritual, it approacheth nearest to spirituality. Ralegh. 2. Intellectual nature; as, the spirituality of the soul, South. 3. Spiritual nature; the quality which respects the Spirit or affections of the heart only, and the essence of true religion ; as, the spirituality of God’s law. 4. Spiritual exercises and holy affections. Much of our pea and comfort in public worship, depend on the state of mind in which we come. ickerstetr. 5. That which belongs to the church, or to a per- son as an ecclesiastic, or to religion, as distinct from temporalities, During the vacancy of a see, the archbishop is guardian of the spirtludlities thereof, lackstone. [Not in use.] Shak. The act of spiritual- 6. An ecclesiastical body. SPIR-IT-U-AL-L-ZA/TION, n. izing. In chemistry, the operation of extracting spirit from natural bodies. Encyc. SPIR/IT-U-AL-IZE, v. 7. [Fr. spiritualiser, to extract spirit from mixed bodies. } 1. To refine the intellect ; to purify from the fecu- lences of the world; as, to spiritualize the soul. Hammond. 2. To imbue with spirituality, or life. 3. In chemistry, to extract spirit from natural bod- ies. 4. To convert to a spiritual meaning. SPIR/IT-Y-AL-IZ-ER, n. One who spiritualizes. Warburton. SPIR/IT-U-AL-LY, adv. Without corporeal grossness or sensuality ; in a manner conformed to the spirit of true religion ; with purity of spirit or heart. Spiritually minded ; under the influence of the Holy Spirit, or of holy principles ; having the affections refined and elevated above sensual objects, and placed on God and his law. Rom. viii. Spiritually discerned ; known, not by carnal reason, but by the peculiar illumination of the Holy Spirit. 1 Cor. ii. The state of having spiritual exercises and holy affections ; Spirit- uality. DEN. Reclesiastical body. [ot in Use. I. Containing spirit; consisting of refined spirit ; ardent ; as, spirituous liquors. [This might well be Written Srrritovs, | 2. Having the quality of spirit; fine; pure ; active ; as, the spirituous part of a plant. Arbuthnot. 2. Fine; ardent; active. Smith, 124 3. Lively ; gay ; vivid; airy. [Wot in ao) otton. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI//CIOUS\— € as K; @ as J ; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, A refined state; fineness ; as, the thinness and spiritous- Sco It. spirituale; L. ; Incorporeal ; The soul of man refined from external things - not ecclesiastical ; as, the spiritual functions of the cler- gy ; the lords spiritual and temporal ; a sprritual cor- SPIR/IT-U-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of heing spir- ituous; ardor; heat : stimulating quality ; as the spirituousness of liquors. ; : 2. Life; tenuity ; activity. SPIRT See Spurr, the more correct orthography SPIR/TLE, v. t. To spirt in a Scattering manner, SPYR/TLED, (spur’tld,) pp. Spirted scatteringly. SPIR/U-LA, n. [L.] A genus of cephalopods, having a discoid, multilocular shell, - Cyc. SPIR’Y, a. [from spire.] Of a spiral form; Wwreathed ; curled ; as, the spiry volumes of a serpent. Dryden. 2. Having the form of a pyramid 3 pyramidical; as, spiry turrets. Pope. SPISS, a. [L. spissus.] Thick ; close ; dense. [Vot in use. |} SPISS/L-TUDE, n. {Supra.] Thickness of soft sub- stances ; the denseness or compactness which belongs to substances not perfectly liquid nor perfectly solid ; as. the spissitude of coagulated blood or of any coag- ulum,. SPIT, n. [Sax. spitu; D. spit; G. spiess; Sw. spett; Dan. spid; It. spiedo ; Ice. spiet, a spear. It belongs to Class Bd, and is from thrusting, shooting. J. An iron prong or bar pointed, on which meat is roasted. 2. [D. spit, a spade.] Such a depth of earth as is a 3 pierced by the spade at once ; aspadeful. [Various dialects. ] Halliwell. 3. A small point of land running into the sea, ora Jong, narrow shoal extending from the shore into the Sea; as, a spit of sand. SPIT, n. [Dan. spyt.] What is ejected from the mouth 3 Saliva. SPIT, v, t. [from the noun,} ‘Wo thrust a spit through ; to put upon a spit ; as, to spit a loin of veal. 2. To thrust through ; to pierce. " Dfyden. 3. To spade ; to dig, SPIT, v. t.; pret. and pp. Srrxr. Spar is obsolete. Sax. spittan ; Sw. spotta; Dan. spytter ; G. spiitzen. ‘he sense is, to throw, or drive, Class Ba.] 1. To eject from the mouth ; to thrust out, as sali- va or other matter, from the mouth. 2. To eject or throw out with violence. SPIT, v.%. To throw out saliva from the mouth. It is a dirty trick to spit on the floor or carpet. SPIT’AL, x. [Corrupted from hospital.) ‘* Rob not the spital,” or charitable foundation. Johns. Vulcar, and not in use. SPIT’-BOX, n. A vessel to receive discharges of spit- tle. SPITCH’€0CK, v. t. To split an ee} lengthwise and broil it. King. SPITCH’€0CK, n. An eel split and broiled. Decker. SPITE, 2. [D. spyt, spite, vexation ; Ir. spid. The Fr. has depit, Norm. despite. The It. dispetto and Sp. despecho seem to be from the L. despectus ; but spite seems to be from a different root.] Hatred ; rancor ; malice ; malignity ; malevolence. Jobnson. Spite, however, is not always synonymous with these words. It often denotes a less deliberate and fixed hatred than malice and malignity, and is often a sudden fit of ill will excited by temporary vexa- tion. It is the effect of extreme irritation, and is ac- companied with a desire of revenge, or at least a de- Sire to vex the object of .i]] will. Begone, ye critics, and restrain your spite ; Codrus writes on, and will for ever wnite, Pope. In spite of ; in opposition to all efforts; in defiance or contempt of. Sometimes spite of is used without in, but not elegantly. It is often used without ex- pressing any malignity of meaning. Whom God made use of to speak a word in season, and saved me tn spile of the world, the devil, and myself. South. In spite of all wpplications, the patient grew worse every day. Arbuthnot. To owe one a spite; to entertain a temporary hatred for something. SPITE, v. t. To be angry or vexed at. 2. To mischief; to vex ; to treat maliciously ; to thwart. Shak. 3. To fill with spite or vexation; to offend ; to vex. Darius, spited at the Magi, endeavored to abolish not ,only their learning, but their language. |iNot used.] Temple. SPIT’ED, pp. Hated; vexed. SPITE’FUL, a. Filled with spite ; having a desire to SPIT’TED, pp. vex, annoy, or injure ; malignant; malicious. A wayward son Spiteful and wrathful. : Shak. SPITE/FUL-LY, adv. With a desire to vex, annoy, or injure ; malignantly ; maliciously. Suit. SPITE/FUL-NESS, n. The desire to vex, annoy, or do mischief, proceeding, from irritation ; malice ; malignity. s {t looka more like spttefulness and ill-nature, than a say search afler truth. elle SPIT’FIRE, 72. peow.| es SPIT/-FULL, x. A spadeful. ‘ ” [from spit.] Put upon a spit. 2. Shot out into length. Bacon, A violent or passionate person. Grose. 1965 Sea Sos x —— ap earns aeanaet aSPL One that puts meat on a spit. SPIT’TER, 7. a from his mouth. 9. One who ejects saliv thick, moist matter which is secrete Box. 5 SPIT’ VEN-OM, n. [spit and venom.] FPoiso from the mouth. Hook SPLANEH-NOL/O-GY, Te and Aoy9s; discourse. | To strike and dash about water. Water or water and dirt thrown any thing, or thrown from a p SPLASH’-BOARD, 7. A guar to prevent its being splashed by horse’s heels. SPLASH/ED, (splasht,) pp- SPLASH, », i. SPLASH, 7. d in front of a ve mud fron Spattered with wa mud. SPLASH/ING, ppv. 9, Striking and d SPLASH’Y, a. Full of dirty ashing about water. water; wet; W SPLAY, a. Displayed ; spread ; SPLAY, x. A slanted or sloped sur the expansion given to doors, W slanting their sides. or Gloss. of A a. Dislocated, as a magnificent; sumptuous ; ce; a splendid lended feast or € brilliant ; as, 4 2, Showy 5 as, a splendid pala did equipage ; a sp 3. Illustrious; here-c, tory. SPLAY’ED, pp. { shoulder-bone. 3 : ee 9. a, In architecture, oblique ; having one side and unite them by a particular manner of interweay- which makes an oblique angle with the other. ing them; or to unite the end of a rope to any part SPLAY/FOOT, a. Having the foot turned out- of another by a like interweaving of the strands. \ SPLAY/FOOT-ED, ward ; having a wide foot. There are different modes of splicing, as the short ' : Pope. splice, long splice, eye splice, &c. Mar. Dict. te SPLAY’MOUTH, x A wide mouth; a mouth Splice the main brace; among seamen, a phrase that re a f stretched by design. signifies an extra allowance of spirits in cases of cold ; SPLEEN, n. [L. splen; Gr. orAny.| or wel. : A % 3 : 1. The milt ; a spongy viscus situated in the left SPLICE, n. The union of ropes by interweaving the i “= hypochondrium, near the fundus of the stomach, strands. z mind Mar. Dict. f and under the ribs. It has an oval figure. Its use SPLIC/ED, (spliste,) pp- United, as a rope, by a par- is not known. ‘The ancients supposed this to be the ticular manner of interweaving the two ends. seat of melancholy, anger, or vexation. Hence, SPLICING, ppr. Separating the strands of two ends re 9. Anger; latent spite ; iii humor. Thus we say of a rope, and uniting them by interweaving. Sana ond ; >| SpLI/CING, n. The act or process of splicing ie to vent one’s spleen. Aa , ir | S plcimg. Ny : A In noble minds some dregs rerr ain SPLIN1 i (Te [D. splinter j G. splint, or splitter 5 y ae Pen easier nee Ie a SANIT 2 oat SPLINT/ER 5 Dan. splindt. Qu. 18 7 radical ?] ; te Not yet purged olf, of spleen an i sour disdain. Pope. » si\s Peee : 1 Pare 3. A fit of anger Shale 1. A piece of wood split off ; a thin piece (in pro- i = } 4. A fit eeenien motion. [Jot used Shak. portion to its thickness) of wood, or other solid sub- \ : f 5. Melancholy ; Ay auehiondriacl ie ; stance; renu from the main body 3 as, splinters of & a * ' ; g 3 ship’s side or mast rent off by a shot. % Bodies changed to recat forms by spleen. Pope. 9. In surgery, a thin piece of wood, or other sub- te 6. Immoderate merriment. (Not in use.] Shak. stance, used to hold or confine a broken bone when . SPLEEN/ED, a. Deprived of the spleen. set. i CEN RUL Arbuthnot. 3. A piece ee rent off in a fracture. * | SPLEEN/TUL, Re nan ar ety e 4. Splint; in farriery, a hard excrescence growing i SPLEENISH, ‘a. Angry 5 peevish ; fretful. on the shank-bones of horses. Farm. Encyc. a Myself have calmed their spleenful mutiny. Shak. SPLINT, OD. t To split or rend into long, thin i. 9. Melan: holy ; hypochondriacal. Pope. SPLINT ER, 3 pieces ; to shiver; as, the lightning : | SPLEEN/ISH, a. Spleeny ; affected with spleen SPIDERS BAR rk ; : Ey SPLEEN/ISHI Y cat ar es real TEP ae es 9, To confine with splinters, as a broken limb. &. 7 SPLEEN/ISt LNESS, 2 De eae CRICERIED SPLINT’ER, v. 2. To be split or rent into long pieces. \ eI SPLEEN/LESS a Kind so wemtee eat: [ Obs 1 SPLINT/ER-BAR, n. A cross-bar in a coach, which ty i S i ’ 3 8 a5 . Giger 2 supports the springs. mestHte : foe +. : ) SPLEEN/WORT, (-wurt,) 7. [L. splenium. | Sees pp- ora, Split into splinters ; secured ‘ ' § A plant of the genus Asplemum ; td ei SPLINT’ER-ING, ppr- Splitting into splinters; se = eH . Nig ee eee : curing by splints. , i SPLEEN/Y, a. Angry ; peevish ; fretful. SPLINT/ER-Y, a. Consisting of splinters, or resem- . A spleeny Lutheran, and not wholesome to bling splinters ; as, the splintery fracture of a miner- 5 : SOE Shak. al, which discovers scales arising from splits or fis- eae 9, Melancholy ; affected with nervous complaints. | _ SUres; parallel to the line of fracture. Kirwan. 4 SPLEN/DENT, a. [L. splendens, splendeo, to shine. ] SPLIT, v. t.; pret. and pp. SPuit. [D. splitten; Dan. My +a 1. Shining; glossy ; beaming with light; as, ; a\N) Sh ‘eu splendent pianets ; splendent metals. Newton. splitter ; G. splittern, or spletssen 5 Eth. I falt, ee 4 . 2, Very conspicuous ; illustrious. Wotton. to separate, to divide, the same verb which in other 3 ae SPLEN/DID, a. Ve splendidus, from splendeo, to shine ; Shemitic languages, Heb. Ch. and Syr-. wb), signifies, } Fr. splendide; It. spiendido ; W. ysplan, from plan,| to escape. See See 3 | clear. See Puain- | I; Lo divide longitu inally or lengthwise ; to sep- a 1. Properly, shining; Very bright; as, a splendid arate a thing from end to end by force; to rive ; to < sun. Hence, cleave ; as, to split a piece of timber; to split a board. ; It differs from Crack. To crack is to open, or par- ntertain ee ea he pe FATE, FAR, FALL, ————————— 106b ———$<_— horns begin to shoot 0 n ejected [Gr. crAayxva, bowels, or a treatise or de- uddle and the like. Spattering with water or mud. et and muddy. / pat SPLAY,v.t. [See Disetay.] To dislocate or break Ue en a horse’s Se Rane: ] Johnson. SPLE-Ni/TIS, 7. Inflammation of the spleen. 9. To spread. [ Little used. | Mease. SPLEN/I-TIVE, a. Hot; fiery; passionate ; irrita- SPLAY, for Disryay. [Not in use-] ble. ie ot in Use. Shak. turned outward. SPLEN 5 nl See SPLintT. S An inferior kind of cannel coal Sidney. face 5 particularly, 7rindows, &C., procession ; a splen- splendid vic- 3 4, Illustrious ; fainous ; celebrated ; as, a splendid reputation. 1 | SPLEN/DID-LY, adv. With great brightness or bril- Th : 3. A young deer whose J 1 become sharp; a brocket or pricket. Encyc. liant light. : pl SPIT/TING, ppr- Putting on a spit. 2, Magnificently 5. sumptuously; richly; as, 4 4, To dash at 2, Ejecting saliva from the mouth. house splendidly furnished. ed and split. Mar. Dict. SPIT/TLE, (spit/tl,) 2. [from spit. Saliva ; the 3. With great pomp or show. ‘The king was 5. To divide ; to break into discord ; as, a people by the salivary splendidly attended. split into parties: from the Celtic ; W. ysplander, 6. To strain and pain with laughter; as, to split SPLEN/DOR,2. [L., n,a glands and ejected from the mouth. IR fr 9. A small sort of spade. [spaddle.] from pleiniaw, dyspleiniaw, to cast rays, from pla SPIT/TLE. See Srrrat. ray, a cion or shoot, a plane; whence plant. See SPL SPIT/TLE, v. t To dig or stir with a small spade. PLANT and PLaNet.] ne ru { Local.) 1. Great brightness ; brilliant luster; aS, the SPIT-TOON/, 7- A more fashionable name for Srit- splendor of the sun. su 2, Great show of richness and elegance; mag- nificence ; as, the splendor of equipage or of royal er. robes. 3 Pomp; parade ; as, the sple a procession ea : DRE ; as, the splendor of a processio were driven upon a rock, and the ship immediately or of ceremonies. : te split. Swift. : to fail; to err fatally; to have 4. Brilliance ; eminence; as, the splendor of a vic- 1. The doctrine of the viscera ; scription of the viscera. ___ Hooper. tory. i 9. The doctrine of diseases of the internal parts SPLEN’DROUS, a. Having splendor. [JVot in use.) \spLIT, n. Acrack, rent, or Sasitudinal Assure Stee T cow ith | SPLEN'E-TI€ ee cal ee E yaaa rule SPLASH, v. t. [formed on plash. | o spatter with | © IN’/E-TI€, leer § Atbreac be oe oe se ee evar : = vr . ax Se 9. A breach or separat as in % al party. water, or with water and mud. SPLE-NE1 II€-AL, { Ge [i ey eneticus. | (Gallo vat separation as in a political party Affected with spleen ; peevish ; fretful. SPI iT TER ». One who splits Swift Bursting; tiving ; rending. You humor me when I am sick ; upon Why not when lam splenetic ? Pope. l een. SP SPLEN/E-TI€, n. A person affected with spl Tatler. In a morose or spleeny hicle, 1 the SPLE-NET’I€-AL-LY, adv. aT manner. SP SPLEN/I€, a. [Fr. splenique.] Belonging to the spleen; as, ter or the splenic vein. Ray. Affected with spleen; peevish ; fret- Drayton. SPLEN’ISH, a. SPLENT’-COAL, n. from Scotch collieries. Sw. splissa; D. splissen; G. spleissen ; by SPLICE, v. t. chit. Dan. splidser ; from splider, splitter, to split, to divide. horse’s It should be written SPLIseE. is of the two ends of a rope, To separate the strant pompous ; t tially separate ; to split 13 to separate entirely. %. To rend; to tear as, to split a rock or a sail. Cold winter splits the rocks in twain. ment. Dryden. D.— NOTE, WHAT. — METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIR phrases, now inelegant and obso the sides. them. the hopes and designs SPLITTING, ppr- SPLUT’TER, n. in laminated masses, easily ¢ rhomboidal bases ; the | a Before the blowpipe or grayish scales, whe SPOIL, v. t. SPOIL, v. z asunder by violence ; to burst ; as, to split a hair. The to split the heart, to split a ray of light, are lete, especially the former. arth, is not strictly correct. a ship strand- . To divide ; to part; to split the e 1d break on a rock as, e phrase, IT, v.i.. To burst; to part asunder; to suffer dis- ption ; as, vessels split by the freezing of water in Glass vessels often split when heated too ddenly. 2, To burst with laughter. Fach had a gravity would make you split. 3, To be broken; to be dasbed to pieces. Pope. We ? To split on a rock Spectator. frustrated. A bustle; astir. [4 low word, and ittle used. | LUT!/TER, v. 2 Low. | OD/U-MENE, x. A mineral, called by H ak hastily and confusedly. Carlton. Gr. orodow, to reduce to ashes.) ally TRIPHANE. It occurs jivisible into prisms with ateral faces smooth, shining, the cross fracture uneven and splintery. | it exfoliates into little yellowish nce its name. Cleavelond. arth lithia, combined with sil- Dana. spogliare; L. spolio ; W. The sense 1 to pull asunder, to coinciding with L. vello, or with peel, See Class Bl, No. 7, 8, 15, 32.) strip by violence ; to rob; with s goods or possessions. To spe nd pearly ; It contains the rare e€ ica and alumina. (Fr. spolier; It. yspeiliaw. is, probably, tear, to strip ; or with both. 1. To plunder; to of ; as, to sporl one of Di My sons their old unhappy sire despise Sjpoiled of his kingdom, and deprived 9, To seize by violence; to take by spoil one’s goods. ’ of eyes. Pope. force ; as, to This mount With all its verdure spoiled. 3. [Sax. spillan.] To corrupt 5 and perish. Heat and moisture V table and animal substances. 4. To corrupt; to vitiate; to mar. Spiritual pride spoils many graces. 5, To ruin; to destroy. Our crops are sometimes spoiled by insects. 6. To render useless by injury ; by wetting it. 7. To injure fatally ; ing. Milton. to cause to decay vill soon spou vege- Taylor. as, to spoil paper as, to spoil the eyes by read- To practice plunder or robbery. 1g in woods, used to break forth to rob and Outlaws, which, lurkit Spenser. spou. 2. To decay; to lose the valuable qualities ; to be corrupted ; as, fruit will soon spoil in warm weather. Grain will spoil, if gathered when wet or moist. SPOIL, x. [L. svolians 1. That which is taken from others by violence ; particularly, in war, the plunder taken from an ene- my ; pillage ; booty. 9, That which is Fach science and each art his spoil. 3, That which is taken from another with cense, gained by strength or effort. Bentley. out li- Gentle gales, rous Wings, dispense Fanning their odorife 1 whisper whence they stole Native perfumes, ant Their balmy spoils. 4. The act or practice of plundering ; waste. The man that hath not music in himse Milton, robbery ; If, >t sounds, Nor is not moved with concord of swe Is fit for treason, stratagems, and spoils. Shak. 5. Corruption ; cause of corruption. Villainous company hath been the spoil of me. Shak. 6. The slough or cast skin of a serpent or other Bacon. animal. SPOIL/ED, pp. or a. rendered useless. SPOIL/ER, x». A plun 9. One that corrupts, mars, orl SPOIL/FUL, a. Wasteful ; rapacious. SPOIL/ING, ppr. Plundering rendering useless. 9, Wasting; decaying, SPOIL/ING, n. Plunder; waste. SPOKE, pret. of Speak. SPOKE. x. [Sax. spaca; D. spaak: G. speiche. Thi- Plundered ; pillaged ; corrupted 5 derer; a pillager; a robber. enders useless. [ Little used. | Spenser. ; pillaging ; corrupting 5 TT DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ee al ZSPO word, whose radical sense is, to shoot, or thrust, co- incides with spike, spigot, pike, and G. speien, con- tracted from speichen, to spew. 1, The radius or ray of a wheel ; one of the small bars which are inserted in the hub or nave, and which serve to support the rim or felly. Swift. 2. The spar or round of a ladder. [Mot tn use in the United States.) SPOWEN, (spok’n,) pp. of Srgax. SPOKE’SHAVE, x». A kind of plane for dressing the spokes of wheels, the shells of blocks, and other curved work, Buchanan. SPOKES’MAN, x. [speak, spoke, and man.] One who speaks for another, He shall be thy spokesman to the people. — Ex. iy. SPO'LLATE, v. t. [L. spolio.] To plunder ; to pillage. SPO/LL-ATE, v.i. To practice plunder; to commit robbery. In time of war, rapacious men are let Joose to spoliate on commerce. SPO/LI-A-TED, pp. Plundered; robbed. SPO-LI-A/TION, n. The act of plundering, particu- larly of plundering an enemy in time of war. 2. The act or practice of plundering neutrals at sea under authority. 3. In ecclesiastical affairs, the act of an incumbent in taking the fruits of his benefice without right, but under a pretended title. Blackstone. SPON-DA‘IE, a. [See Sponperr.] Pertaining SPON-DA’I€-AL, to a spondee ; denoting two long feet in poetry. SPON/DEE, zn. deus, | A poetic foot of two long syllables. Broome. SPON/DYLE,)n. [L. spondylus; Gr. crovdudos; It. SPON’DYL, spondulo. } A joint of the back-bone ; a vertebra. Coxe. SPONGE, n. [L. spongia; Gr. croyyta; Fr. eponge ; It. spugna; Sp. esponja; Sax. spongea; D. spons. | 1. A porous, marine substance, found adhering to rocks, shells, &c., under water, and on rocks about the shore at low water. It is generally supposed to be of animal origin, and it consists of a fibrous, retic- ulated substance, covered by a soft, gelatinous mat- ter, but in which no polypes have hitherto been ob- served. It is so porous as to imbibe a great quantity of water, and is used for various purposes in the arts and in surgery. Encyc. Cuvier. 2. In gunnery, an instrument for cleaning cannon aftera discharge. It consists of a cylinder of wood, covered with lamb-skin or wool, and having a han- dje or staff. For small guns, it is commonly fixed to one end of the handle of the rammer. 3. In the manege. the extremity or point of a horse- shoe, answering to the heel. Pyrotechnical sponge, is made of mushrooms or fungi, growing on old oaks, ash, fir, &c., which are boiled in water, dried, and beaten, then putina strong lve prepared with saltpeter, and again dried in an oven. This makes the black match, or tinder, brought from Germany. Encye. SPONGE, v.t. To wipe with a wet sponge; as, to sponge a slate. 2. To wipe out with a sponge, as letters or writing. 3. To cleanse with a sponge; as, to sponge a Can- non. 4. To wipe out completely ; to extinguish or destroy. SPONGE, v. 2, To suck in or imbibe, as a sponge. 2. To gain by mean arts, by intrusion, or hanging on; as, an idler who sporces on his neighbor. SPONGE/-€AKE, n. A kind of sweet cake which is very light and spongy. SPONG/ED, (spunjd,) pp. Wiped ont; extinguished. SPRONG/ER, n. One who uses a sponge; a hanger on. SPONG‘I-FORM, a. [sponge and form.] Resembling a sponge; soft and porous ; porous. SPONG/I-NESS, n. The quality or state of being spongy, or porous like sponge. Harvey. SPONG’ING, ppr. Wiping with a wet sponge ; cleans- ing with a sponge. 2. Gaining by mean arts, by intrusion, or hang- ing on. SPONG’ING-HOUSE, nm. A bailiff’s house to put debtors in before being taken to jail. SPON’GI-OLE, n. [See Sronce.] In botany, a sup- posed expansion of minute parts at the termination of radicles, resembling a sponge, for absorbing the nutrimeut of plants. SPONG'I-OUS, a. Full of small cavities, like a sponge ; as, spongious bones. Cheyne. SPONG/Y, a. Soft and full of cavities ; of an open, loose, pliable texture; as, a spongy excrescence; spongy earth; spongy cake ; the spongy substance of the lungs. 2. Mull of small cavities ; as, spon bones. 3. Wet ; drenched; soaked and soft, like sponge. 4. Having the quality of imbibing fluids. SPONK, (spunk,) x. [A word probably formed on punk. } Touchwood. dipped in swhphur for readily taking fire. Dict. [Fr. spondée; It. spondeo; L. spon- Wiped with a sponge; In Scotland, a match; something [See SPO SPON’SAL, a. [L. sponsalis, from spondeo, to betroth.] Relating to marriage or toa spouse. SPON’SI-BLE, a. Worthy of credit. [Local.] SPON’SION, n. [L. sponsio, from spondeo, to engage. | The act of becoming surety for another. SPON’SION, (-shun,) n. In international law, an act or engagement on behalf of a state, by an agent not specially authorized for the purpose, or one who ex- ceeds the limits of authority. Brande. SPON’SOR, n. [L., supra.] A surety; one who binds himself to answer for another, and is respon- sible for his default. Scott. 2. In some Christian communions, the name given to those who, at the baptism of infants, profess the Christian faith in their name, and guaranty their re- ligious education ; a godfather or godmother. s Brande. SPON-SO’RL-AL, a. Pertaining to a sponsor. SPON’/SOR-SHIP, n. State of being a sponsor. SPON-TA-NE’/LTY, n. [L. sponte, will.] SPON-TA’/NE-OUS-NESS, The quality of pro- ceeding or acting from native feeling, proneness, or temperament, without constraint or external force. SPON-TA’NE-OUS, a. of free will. I. Proceeding from natural feeling, temperament, or disposition, or from a native internal proneness, readiness, or tendency, without compulsion or con- Straint; as, a spontaneous gift or proposition. [Spontaneous is not perfectly synonymous with VorunrTary ; the latter implies an act of the will, which may proceed from reason, or argument, with- out any natural feeling or affection. Voluntary is applicable to rational beings ; spontaneous is applica- ble to animals destitute of reason. ] 2. Acting by its own impulse, energy, or natural law, Without external force ; as, spontaneous motion 5 Spontaneous growth ; spontaneous combustion. 3. Produced without being planted, or without human labor ; as, a spontaneous growth of wood. Spontaneous combustion; a taking fire of itself. Thus oiled canvas, oiled wool, and many other com- bustible substances, when suffered to remain for some time ina confined state, suddenly take fire, or undergo spontaneous combustion. SPON-TA’/NE-OUS-LY, adv. Of one’s own internal or native feeling ; of one’s own accord; as, he acts spontaneously, 2, By its own force or energy; without the im- pulse of a foreign cause ; used of things. [L. spontaneus, from sponte, Whey turns spontaneously acid. Arbuthnot. SPON-TA’NE-OUS-NESS, n. SPON-TOON’, n. Teo. A kind of half pike ; a military weapon borne by interior Officers of infantry. SPOOK,) 2. [Ger. spuk.] A spirit; a ghost; a hob- SPORE, goblin. ulwer. [G. spule; D. spoel ; Dan, and Sw. spole.] See SponTANEITY. {Fr. and Sp. esponton; It. sponta- SPOQL, n. A piece of cane or reed, or a hollow cylinder of wood with a ridge at each end, used by weavers to wind their yarn upon in order to slaie it and wind it onthe beam, The spool is larger than the quill, on which yarn is wound for the shuttle. Butin manu- factories, the word may be differently applied. SPOOL, v. t. To wind on spools. SPOOL/ED, pp. Wound on a spool. SPOOL’ING, ppr. Winding on spools. SPOOL/-STAND, xn. An article holding spools of fine thread, turning on pins, used by ladies at their work. SPOOM, v.7. Tobe driven swiftly ; probably a mis- take for Spoon. [See Spoon, the verb.] SPOON, n. ([Ir. sponog.] 1. A small domestic utensiJ, with a bowl or con- cave part and a handle, for dipping liquids ; as, a tea-spoon ; a table-spoon. 2. An instrument consisting of a bow! or hollow iron and a long handle, used for taking earth out of holes dug for setting posts. SPOON, v.i. To put before the wind in a gale. [J beliene not now used. | SPOON’BILL, n. [spoon and Bill.) The popular name of certain wading birds of the grallic order, and genus Platalea, so named from the shape of their bill, which is long, large, much flattened, dilated and rounded at the extremity into the form of a spoon or spatula. The spoonbills in form and habits are allied to the herons. Nuttall. P. Cyc. SPOON!-DRIFT, x. In seamen’s language, a show- ery sprinkling of sea-water, swept from the surface in a tempest. Totten. SPOON’FUL, n. [spoon and full.) As much as a spoon contains or Is able to contain; as, a tea-spoon- ful; a table-spoonful. 2, A small quantity of a liquid. Arbuthnot, | SPOON/-MEAT, n. Laer and meat.] Food that is or must be taken with a spoon ; liquid food. Diet most upon spoon-meats, SPOON’WORT, (-wurt,) 2. Harvey. A plant of the genus Spunk. ] Cochlearia ; scurvy-grass. SPO | SPO-RAD‘IE, ad. [Er. sporadique; Gr. ox pad- SPO-RAD/IE-AL, § _ cxos, separate, scattered ; whence certain isles of Greece were called Sporades Separate ; single; scattered; used only in refer- ence to diseases. A sporadic disease is one which occurs in single and scattered cases, in distinction from an epidemic and endemic, which affects many persons at the same time. Sporadic diseases are opposed to epidemics and en- demics, as accidental, scattered complaints. Parr. SPORE, G si SPOR/ULE, n. [Gr. orogos, a sowing.] “In botany, that part of flowerless plants which per- forms the function of seeds. SPO/RID, x. In botany, a naked corcle, destitute of radicle, cotyledon, and hilum. Lindley, SPORT, 7. [D. boert, jest; boerten, to jest; boertic, merry, facetious, jocular.] I. That which diverts and makes merry ; play; game ; diversion ; also, mirth. The word signifies both the cause and the effect ; that which produces mirth, and the mirth or merriment produced. Her sports were such as carried riches of knowledge upon the stream of delight. Sidney. Here the word denotes the cause of amusement. They called for Samson out of the prison-house; and he made them sport. — Judges xvi. Here sport is the effect. 2. Mock; mockery ; contemptuous mirth. Then make sport at me, then Jet me be your Jest. They made a sport of his prophets. Shak. Esdras. 3. That with which one plays, or which is driven about. To flitting leaves, the sport of every wind. Dryden. Never does man appear to greater disadvantage than when he is the spor’ of his own ungoyerned passions. J. Clarke. 4. Play ; idle jingle. An author who should introduce such a sport of words upon our stage, would meet with small applause. roonie. 5. Diversion of the field, as fowling, hunting, fish- ing. Clarendon. In sport. To doa thing in sport, is to do it in jest, for play or diversion. So is the man that deceiveth his neighbor, and saith, Am not I in sport ? — Prov. xxvi. SPORT, v.t. To divert; to make merry , used with the reciprocal pronoun. Against whom do ye sport yourselves 2? — Is. lvii. 2. To represent by any kind of play. Now sporting on thy lyre the love of youth. Dryden. 3. To exhibit or bring out in public ; as, to sport a new equipage. [Familiar.] TOS€. SPORT, v.z% To play; to frolic; to wanton. See the brisk lambs that sport along the mead. Anon. 2. To practice the diversions of the field. | 3. Totrifle. The man that laughs at religion sports with his own salvation. SPORT’BR, x. One who sports. SPORT’FUL, a. Merry; frolicsome; full of jesting ; indulging in mirth or play ; as, a sportful companion. Down he alights among the sportful herd. Milton, 2. Ludicrous ; done in jest or for mere play. These are no sportful productions of the soil. Bentley. SPORT/FUL-LY, adv. In mirth; in jest; for the sake of diversion; playfully. SPORT’FUL-NESS, nz. Play; merriment; frolic; a playful disposition ; playfulness ; as, the sportfulness of kids and lambs. su SPORT/ING, ppr. or a. Indulging sport; practicing the diversions of the field. SPORT/IVE, a. Gay ; merry; wanton; frolicsome.- Is it I That drive thee from the sportive court? Shak, 2. Inclined to mirth; playful; as, a sportive hu- mor. SPORT/IVE-LY, adv, Gayly ; merrily ; playfully. SPORT/IVE-NESS, n. Playfulness ; mirth ; merriment. 2. Disposition to mirth. [ Walton. SPORT’LESS, a, Without sport or mirth; joyless. SPORTS/MAN, x, [sport and man.} One who pur- sues the sports of the field ; one who hunts, fishes, and fowls. 2. One skilled in the sports of the fields. .@ddison. SPORTS’MAN-SHIP, n. The practice of sportsmen. SPORT’U-LA-RY, a. [from L. sporta, a basket, an alms-basket. ] pei Subsisting on alms or charitable contributions. Tittle wsed. | Hall. SPORT’/ULE, x. [L. sportula, a little basket.] ~ An alms ; a dole; a charitable gift or eqntn bution [Mot in wse. : oe en fe SPOR/ULE, n. A diminutive of Spore, whic ay SPOT, x. [D. spat, a spot, spavin, @ pop-gUn 5 spatcen, to spot, to spatter; Dan. spette, a spot, and spet, a RAE Tee ia aa WV ydpecker. We see this pecker; svart, spct, a Wood] s as word is of the family of spatter, and that the ra lica sense is, to throw or thrust. A spot is made by spat- ing or sprinkling. : snark ona FVetane’ made by foreign matter ; feed TUNE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CLOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1067 at mein ret (aA OE— Oe eee ake a eee? ee oe, ee dhe "niece, Bk a " , re hag wr f 4 ie ee I 1 i 1 ee # t 5 by 2 i i } a q ) SPO SPR SPR spouts from a cask or a spring; blood spouts from a a speck ; a blot; a place discolored, The least spot veln. is visible on white paper. 9, A-stain on character or reputation ; something that soils purity; disgrace; reproach ; fault; blem- ish. See I Pet. i. 17. Eph. v. 27. All the glittering hill Is bright with spouting mills. SPOUT’ED, pp. Thrown in a stream from a pipe or S narrow orifice. Thomson. Yet Chloe sure was formed without a spot. Pope. SPOUTIING Th : : ; F ao Ss JT/ING, ppr. or a. rowing in a stream from a s - a place ; any particu- E sph E ; OEE : Be denen ExIeneOn EpaCes.e P ze pipe or narrow opening ; pouring out words violently Bees or affectedly. med SPOUT/ING, n. The act of throwing out, as a liquid from a narrow opening ; a violent oraffected speech ; a harangue. SPRAG, a. Vigorous; sprightly. [Local.] The spot to which I point is paradise. Fixed to one apot. So we say, a spot of ground, a spol of grass or flowers ; meaning a place of small extent. 4, A place of a different color from the ground ; as, FTallizwell. the spots of a leopard. ae Ac lntbar Note. —In America, this word is, in popular lan- 5. A variety of the common domestic pigeon, 80} suage, pronounced spry, which is a contraction of called from a spot on its head just above its beak. sprigh, in sprightly. 6. A dark place on the disk or face of the sun or SPRAG, x A young salmon. [Local.] Grose. of a planet. See Soar Sports, under Souar. 7. A lucid place in the heavens. Upon the spot ; immediately ; before moving ; with- out changing place. [So the French say, sur le clamp. ] SPRAIN, v. t [Probably Sw. spranga, to break or loosen; Dan. sprenger, to spring, to burst or crack ; or from the same root. | To weaken the motive power of a part by sudden S and excessive exertion ; to overstrain the muscles or ligaments of a joint; to stretch the muscles or liga- ments so as to injure them, but without luxation or dislocation. Gay. Encyc. SPRAIN, n. The weakening of the motive power of a part, by sudden and excessive exertion ; an exces- sive strain of the muscles or ligaments of a joint, without dislocation. Temple. Sidney. |SPRAIN‘ED, pp. ora. Injured by excessive straining. To spot timber, is to cut or chip it, in preparation Sea ppr. Injuring by excessive extension. for hewing. SE LAIN S,n.pl. The dung of an otter. Bailey. SPOT’LESS, a. Free from spots, fou) matter, or dis- SPRANG, pret. of Sprina; but SrpruneG is more gen- coloration. erally used. 9. Free from reproach or impurity; pure; un- SPRAT, x. [D. sprot; G. sprotte ; Ir. sproth.] : tainted ; innocent; as, a spotless mind ; spotless be- aon ae fish closely allied to the herring and pil- Me act " iis SPRAWL, v. i. [The origin and affinities of this A spotless virgin and a faultless wife. Wauer word are uncertain, It may be a contracted word.] SPOT/LESS-NESS, n. Freedom from spot or stain; 1. To spread and stretch the body carelessly in a freedom from reproach. Donne. horizontal position ; to lie with the limbs stretched SPOT’TED, pp. ora. Marked with spots or places of out or struggling. We say, a person lies sprawling ; n different color from the ground ; as, a spotted beast or he sprawls on the bed or on the ground. It was determined upon the spot. Swift. SPOT, v. t To make a visible mark with some foreign matter ; to discolor; to stain; as, to spot a garment; to spot paper. 2. To patch by way of ornament. Addison. 3. To stain; to blemish; to taint; to disgrace; to tarnish; as reputation. My virgin Jife no spotted thoughts shall stain. or garment, Hudibras. SPOT’TED-NESS, n. The state or quality of being spotted. SPOT’TER, n. One that makes spots. SPOT’TLNESS, n. The state or quality of being spotty. SPOT/TING, ppr. Marking with spots; staining 3.7 . wee SA ° ithe Sal cer eat . To widen or open irregularly, as a body of SPOT’TY, a. Full of spots; marked with discolored horse P 7 Yas : Diaces: SPRAWLIING, ppr. or a. Lying with the limbs awk SPOUS/AGE See Spou PactOTTS! = fantct bs Case esteeety ae a shoot. ass Rg. SPOUSAL, ee [Fr. epousailles ; Sp. esponsales 5 1. 1. A small shoot or branch; or branch of a tree; sponsalia. See SPOuseE. a twig Encic Marriage ; nuptials t is now generally used in a : peer 4 3 aides S 7 2h 0 \ sc 9) i ot Tea r ~ © eg. S HPaAIail Shak: the Sodisals of Hii Otte ead 2. A collective body of small branches; as, the SPOUSE. ga 8. “I (Fr. . Se ai SD en UE het tree has a beautiful spray. Downing. aT eae See _t rs ee eee oll Shes 3. Among seamen, the water that is driven from . sposo, sposa; L. sponsus, sponsa, from spondeo,to| the top of a wave by wind, and which spreads and extension and motions of the limbs; to scrabble or scramble in creeping. The birds were not fledged; but in sprawling and struggling to get clear of the flame, down they tumbled. L Esirange. neage 5 . s . ¢ ears < S, d ( : . = 5 : “ enna Ae poem oT aproacs tn tn mde | nan aval ysl, Tt lites om S908 Da Bg See pre CRORE Z ‘ as spray is only occasional, whereas spoon-drift flies | Rae ke sense of the root is, to put together, to} continually along the surface of the sea. : Sp. esposas Sig 23 Manacles > rape S Ole pee ao tesaian se ae , a married Ce D, (spred,) 2. t.; pret. and pp. SPReAy OF SERED! person husband or wife. We say. of e enaithat [Sax. spredan, spredan ; Dan. spreder ; Sw. sprida ; Wats i Raa eal AR Smear f eee ete D. spreiden; G, spreiten. — This is probably formed on e is the spouse of such a woman; or of a wornan,| the root of broad, G. breit; breiten, to spread. ‘The “ she is the spouse of such a man. Dryden. more COXTCEE orthography is Srrep.] SUE ies Bapouse BO re ae eer eue hau’ 1. To extend in length and breadth, or in breadth y : : rae : only ; to stretch or expand to a broader surface ; as, i SPREAD/-EA/GLE, n. In armorial bearings, the fig- | | SPREAD/ER, (spred/-,) n. One that spreads, extends, 2, To move, when lying down, with awkward |SPREE, n. A merry frolic; SPRENT, pp. Sprinkled. [Obs.] [See SPRINKLE. ] | visions > as, to spread a table. God spread a table for the Israelites in the wilderness. 11. To open; to unfold ; to unfurl; to stretch ; as, to spread the sails of a ship. PREAD, (spred,) v.t. To extend itself in length and breadth, in all directions, or in breadth only ; to be extended or stretched. The larger elms spread over | a space of forty or fifty yards in diameter; or the shade of the larger elms spreads’ over that space. The larger lakes In America spread over more than fifteen hundred square miles. Plants, if they spread much, are seldom tall. Bacon. 9. To be extended by drawing or beating; as, a metal spreads with difficulty. 3. To be propagited or made known more extlen- sively. Ul reports sometimes spread with wonderful rapidity. 4. To be propagated from one to another ; as, a disease spreads into all parts of a city, The yellow fever of American cities has not been found to spread in the country. PREAD, (spred,) n. Extent; compass. | I have a fine spread of improvable land. Addison. 2, Expansion of parts. No flower has that spread of the woodbine. Bacon. 3. A cloth used asa cover; a table, as spread or furnished with a meal, [Colloguzal.} ure of an eagle, with its wings elevated and its legs extended. Booth. expands, or propagates; as, a spreader of disease. Hooker. | 9. One that divulges ; one that causes to be more | generally Known; a publisher; as, a spreader of news or reports. Swift. SPREAD/ING, ppr. Extending ; expanding ; propa- 9, a, Extending or extended over a large space; wide; as, the spreading oak. iates at Charlestown, had for a Governor Winthrop, and his assoc B. Trumbull. church a large spreading tree. SPREAD/ING, n. The act of extending, dispersing, | Rath | gating ; divulging ; dispersing ; diffusing. 1 or propagating. often with drinking. [ Lov. | Hailinell. Spenser. SPREW, (spra,) n. [D. spreeuw or spreuuw, the dis- ease called thrush.] A disease of the mucous membrane, consisting in a specific inflammation of the muciparous glands, with an elevation of the epithelium. (or cuticle on the red part of the lips,) in round, oval, or irregular | whitish or ash-colored vesicles. Itis confined to the mouth and alimentary canal, and terminates in curd- | like sloughs. SPRIG,n. [W. ysbrig; ys, a prefix, and brig, top, summit; that Is, a shoot, or shooting to a point. Class Brg.] 1. A small shoot or twig of a tree or other plant; a spray ; as, a sprig of laurel or of parsley. 9, A brad, or nail without a head. [Local.] 3. The representation of a small branch in em- broidery. 4. A small eye-bolt ragged at the point. Encyc. SPRIG, v. t. To mark or adorn with the representa- tion of small branches ; to work with sprigs; as, to sprig muslin. SPRIG’-ERYS’TAL, n. A cluster of pointed, pris- matic crystals of quartz, adhering by one extremity to the rock. Woodward. SPRIG/GED, pp. Wrought with representations of small twigs. SPOUS/ED, pp. Wedded; joined in marriage ; Mar-} to spread a carpet or a table-cloth ; to spread a sheet ried; but seldom used. The word used in lieu of it on the ground is Espousep. Milton 9. To ex : < =D/T WS . - : 2. To extend ; to form into a plate; as, to s ead SPOUSE’LESS, (spouz/less,) a. Destitute of a hus-|” silver. Jer x : Piste te eS band or of a wife; as, a spouseless king or Raye 3. To set; to place; to pitch; as, to spread a tent. : CEE Gen. Xxxiil. SEOUT, nm. [[D. spuit,a spout, spurten, to spout, In 4. To cover by extending something; to reach G. spiitzen is to spit, and spotten is to mock, banter, every part - * 53 sport. These are of one family ; spout retaining A aaa : nearly the primary and literal meaning. Class Bd. And an unusual paleness spreads her face. 5. To extend; to shoot to a greater length in See Bup and Pour. } 1. A pipe, or a projecting mouth of a vessel, use- every direction, so as to fill or covera wider space. Granville. ful in directing the stream of a liquid poured out ; The stately trees fast spread their branches. Mitton. as, the spout of a pitcher, of a tea-pot or water- : é pot. 6. To divulge ; to propagate ; to publish; as news or fame; to cause to be more extensively known ; ©, A pipe conducting water from another pipe, or from a trough on a house. 3. A violent discharge of water raised in a column at sea, like a whirlwind, or by a whirlwind. [See abroad. Wane nexour They, when they bad departed, spread abroad his fame in all SPOUT, v. t, To throw out, as liquids through a nar- that country. — Matt. ix. row orifice or pipe; as, an elephant spouts water 7. To propagate ; to cause to affect great numbers ; from his trunk. as, to spread a disease. Nex: on his belly floats the mighty whale — 8. To emit; to diffuse; as emanations or effluvia ; as, to spread a report. In this use, the word is often accompanied with He spouts the tide. Creech. as, odoriferous plants spread their fragrance. 2, To throw out words with affected gravity; to 9. To disperse ; to scatter over a larger surface ; as, motth. Beaum. & Fl. to spread manure; to spread plaster or lime on the SPOUT, v. t% To issue with violence, as a liquid ground. through a narrow orifice, or from a spout; as, water 10. To prepare; to set and furnish with pro- SPRIG/GING, ppr. Working with sprigs. SPRIG/GY, a. Full of sprigs or small branches. SPRIGHT,) 7. [G. sprict, spirit. It should be writ- SPRITE, § ten Sprite.] 1. A spirit; a shade; a soul; an incorporeal agent. Forth he called, out of deep darkness dread, Legions of sprights. Spentst: And gaping graves received the guilty sprght. ryden, 9, A walking spirit; an apparition. Locke. 3. Power which gives cheerfulness or courage. Hold thou my heart, establish thou my sprights. [Not in use.) Sidney. 4. An arrow. [WVot in use.] Bacon. SPRIGHT, v. t. To haunt, asaspright. [Jot used. } Shak. SPRIGHT’FUL, a. [This word seems to be formed on the root of sprag,a local word, pronounced in America spry. it belongs to the family of spring and sprig. | Lively ; brisk ; nimble; vigorous; gay- Spoke like a sprightful noble gentleman, Shak. Steeds sprightful as the light. Cowley. [This word is little used in America. We use SpriGHTLy in the same sense. ] SPRIGHT’FUL-LY, adv. Briskly; vigorously. Shak. SPRIGHT/FUL-NESS, n. Briskness ; Jiveliness ; vi- vacity. Hammond. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, 1068 DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BQQK. —SPR SPRIGHT’LESS, (sprite’-,) a. Destitute of Jife ; dull ; sluggish ; as, virtue’s sprightless cold. Corley. SPRIGHT/LI-NESS, n. [from sprightly.) Liveli- ness ; life; briskness ; vigor ; activily ; gayety; vi- Vacity. In dreams, with what sprightlinese and alacrity does the soul exert herself! Addison, SPRIGHT’LY, (sprite/le,) a, Lively; brisk; ani- mated ; Vigorous ; airy ; gay; as, a sprightly youth; a sprightly air; a sprightly dance. The sprightly Sylvia trips along the green. Pope. And sprightly wit and Jove inspires, Dryden. SPRING, v. 2. pret. Sprune, [Sprana, not wholly ob- Solete ;] pp. Sprune. [Sax. springan; D. and G. springen; Dan. springer ; Sw. springa; from the root Brg or Rg; 7 probably being casual. The priipary sense is, to leap, to shoot. 1. To vegetate and rise out of the ground ; to be- gin to appear; as vegetables. To satisfy the desolate ground, and cause the bud of the tender herb to spring forth. — Job xxxviii. In this sense, spring is often or usually followed by 2. To begin to grow. [up, forth, or out. The teeth of the young not sprung. Ray. 3. To proceed, as from the seed or cause. Much more good of sin shall spring. Milton. 4, To arise; to appear; to begin to appear or exist. When the day began to spring, they let her go. — Judges xxi. Do not blast my springing hopes. Rowe. 5. To break forth ; to issue into sight or notice. O, spring to light! auspicious babe, be born. Pope. 6. To issue or proceed, as from ancestors, or from a country. Aaron and Moses sprung from Levi. 7. To proceed, as from a cause, reason, principle, or other original. The noblest title springs from virtue. They found new hope to spring Out of despair. Milton. 8. To grow; to thrive. What makes all this but Jupiter the king? At whose command we perish and we spring. Dryden. 9. To proceed or issue, as from a fountain or source. Water springs from reservoirs in the earth. Rivers spring from lakes or ponds. 10. To leap; to bound; to jump. The mountain stag that springs From hight to hight, and bounds along the plains. Philips. 1]. To fly back; to start; as, a bow, when bent, springs back by its elastic power. 12, To start or rise suddenly from a covert. Watchful as fowlers when their game will spring. Otway. 13. To shoot ; to issue with speed and violence. And sudden licht Sprung through the vaulted roof, Dryden, 14. To bend or wind from a straight direction or plane surface. Our mechanics say, a piece of timber, or a plank, springs in seasoning. To spring at; to leap toward ; to attempt to reach by a leap. To spring in; to rush in; to enter with a leap or in haste. To spring forth; to leap out; to rush out, To spring on or upon; to leap on; to rush on with haste or violence ; to assault. SPRING, v. t. Tostart or rouse, as game; to cause to tise from the earth, or from a covert; as, to Spring a pheasant. 2. To produce quickly or unexpectedly. The nurse, surprised with fricht, Starts up and leaves her bed, and springs a light. [I have neuer heard such an expression. ] 3. To start ; to contrive, or to produce, or propose on a sudden; to produce unexpectedly. The friends to the cause sprang a new project. Dryden. Swift, [In lieu of spring, the people in the United States generally use start; to start a new project.] 4. To cause to explode; as, to spring a mine. Addison. ®. To burst; to cause to open; as, to spring a Jeak. When it is said, a vessel has sprung a leak, the meaning is, the leak has then commenced. 6. To crack ; as, to spring a mast or a yard. 7. To cause to rise from a given spot; as, to spring an arch. 8. To cause to close suddenly, as the parts of a trap; as, to spring a trap. To spring a butt; in seamen’s language, to loosen the end of a plank in a ship’s bottom. To spring a leak ; to commence leaking; to begin to leak. To spring the luff; when a vessel yields to the helm, and sails nearer to the wind than before. Mar. Dict. To spring a fence, for to leap a fence, is nota phrase used in this country. i homson. To spring an arch ; to set off, begin, or commence an arch from an abutment or pier. SPR BERING nm. Aleap; a bound; ajump; as of an an- imal. The prisoner with a spring from prison broke, Dryden. 2. A flying back ; the resilience of a body recov- ering its former state by its elasticity ; as, the spring of a bow, 3, Elastic power or force. The soul or the mind requires relaxation, that it may recover its natural spring. Heavens ! what a spring was in his arm! Dryden. 4. An elastic body ; a body which, when bent or forced from its natural state, has the power of recov- ering it ; as, the spring of a watch or clock. o. Any active power ; that by which action or mo- tion is produced or propagated. Like nature letting down the springs of life. Dryden. Our author shuns by vulgar springs to move The hero’s glory. Pope. 6. A fountain of water; an issue of water from the earth, or the basin of water at the place of its issue. Springs are temporary or perennial. From springs proceed rivulets, and rivulets united form rivers. Lakes and ponds are usually fed by springs. 7. The place where water usually issues from the earth, though no water is there. Thus we Say, a Spring is dry. . 8. A source; that from which supplies are drawn. The real Christian has in his own breast a perpetual and inexhaustible spring of joy. The sacred spring whence right and honor stream. Davies. 9. Rise; original; as, the spring of the day. 1 Sam. ix. 10. Cause; original. The springs of great events are often concealed from common observation. 11. The season of the year when plants begin to vegetate and rise; the vernal season. This season comprehends the months of March, April, and May, in the middle latitudes north of the equator. 12. In seamen’s language, a crack or fissure in a mast or yard, running obliquely or transversely. {In the sense of leak, I believe, it is not used.] 13. A rope or hawser by which a ship is held at one part, as the bow or quarter, in order to keep her In a particular position, or to turn herin a short com- pass, Brande. 14. A plant; ashoot; a young tree. [Jot in use.] Spenser. Spenser. [Vot in use.] Beaum. & Fl. SPRING/AL, nm. A youth. [WVot in use.] SPRIN//GALL, Spenser. 2. An ancient military engine for casting stones and arrows, 3. ] Halliwell. SPRING/-BACK, n. In the bindery, the cover of a book which is not made fast to the back, but which springs back when the book is opened, SPRING/-BOK, n. [D. spring and bok, a buck or he- goat. | A ruminant mammal of the caprid trihe, the Ante- lope Euchore or Springer Antelope, which inhabits the plains of South Africa. SPRINGE, (sprinj,)7. [from spring.] A gin; a noose, which, being fastened to an elastic body, is drawn close with a sudden spring, by which means it catches a bird. SPRINGS, v. t. 15. A youth. [JVot in use.] 16. A hand; a shoulder of pork. To catch in a springe; to insnare. Beuum, & Fi. SPRING/ER, x. One who springs; one that rouses game. 2. A name given to the grampus, 3. In architecture, the unpost, or point at which an arch unites with its support ; also, the bottom stone of an arch, which lies on the impost ; also, the rib of a groined roof. 4. Springer, or springer antelope ; a species of ante- lope in Southern Africa; the spring-bok. SPRING’-HALT, n. [spring and halt.) A kind of lameness in which a horse suddenly twitches up his legs. Shak, SPRING’/-HEAD, (-hed,) m. A fountain or source. [ Useless. Herbert. SPRING/I-NESS, n. [from springy.] Elasticity ; also, the power of springing. 2. The state of abounding with springs; wetness ; sponginess; as of land. SPRING/ING, ppr. ora. Arising; shooting up; leap- ing; proceeding ; rousing. j Springing use; in estates, a contingent use; a use Which may arise upon a contingency. Blackstone. SPRING'ING, x. The act or process of leaping, arising, issuing, or proceeding, 9. Growth; increase. Ps. lxv. 3. In building, the side of an arch contiguous to the part on which it rests. SPRIN’GLE, x A springe; a noose. [Wot in use.] Carew. SPRING/-TIDE, n. [spring and tide.] The tide which happens at or soon after the new and full moon, which rises higher than common tides. Mar. Dict. Dryden. T¢ spring a rattle. See WatTcHMAN. SPRING/-TIME, nm. The season of spring. SPR SPRING/-WHEAT, n. (spring and wheat. | cies of wheat to be sown in the Spring distinction from winter wheat. 2 SPRING’Y, a. [from spring.] Bastic; possessing the power of recovering itself when bent or twisted. 2. Having great elastic power. Arbuthnot. 3. Having the power to Jeap; able to leap far. 4. Abounding with springs or fountains; wet; spongy ; as, springy land. SPRINK’/LE, (sprink'l,) v. t. [Sax sprengan; D. sprenkelen, sprengen; G. sprengen; Dan. sprinkler ; Ir. spreighim. he L. spargo may be the same word With the letters transposed, m2 being casual. Class Brg. ] 1. To scatter; to disperse; as a liquid or a dry substance composed of fine separable particles ; as, Moses sprinkled handfuls of ashes toward heaven. Exod. ix. 2. To scatter on; to disperse on in small drops or particles ; to besprinkle; as, to sprinkle the earth with water; to sprinkle a floor with sand 5 to sprinkle paper with iron filings. 3. To wash ; to cleanse ; to purify. Having our hearts sprinkled from an evil conscience. —Heb, x, SPRINK’LE, v. i. To perform the act of scattering a liquid or any fine substance, so that it may fall in small particles. The priest shall sprinkle of the oil with his fingers. — Ley. xiv. Baptisin may well enough be performed by sprinkling or erfu- sion of water, Ayliffe. A spe- 3 so called in 2. To rain moderately ; as, it sprinkles. SPRINK’LE, 7. A small quantity scattered ; also, a utensil for sprinkling. penser. SPRINK’LED, (sprink/Ild,) pp. Dispersed in small particles, as a liquid or as dust. 2. Having a liquid or a fine substance scattered over. SPRINK’LER, n. One that sprinkles. SPRINK’LING, ppr. Dispersing, as a liquid or as dust. 2. Scattering on, in fine drops or particles. SPRINK’LING, n. The act of scattering in small drops or parcels. Hall. 2. A small quantity falling in distinct drops or parts, or coming moderately ; as, a sprinkling of rain or snow. SPR a: ts Sax: spryttan, to sprout; D. spruiten; G. spriessen; Dan. spruder, sproyter, to spurt; Sw. spritta, to start. It is of the same family as sprout. Class Brd.] To throw out with force from a narrow orifice ; to eject; to spirt. [Votinuse.] [See Spurr.] SPRIT, v. % To sprout; to bud; to germinate ; as barley steeped for malt. SPRIT, ». A shoot; a sprout. Mortimer. 2. [D. spriet.} _A small boom, pole, or spar, which crosses the sail of a boat diagonally from the mast to the upper aftmost corner, which it is used to extend and elevate. Totten. SPRITE, n. [If from G, spriet, this is the most cor- rect orthography. ‘The Welsh has ysbrid, a spirit.] A spirit, x SPRITE/FUL. See SpricHtFu. SPRITE/FUL-LY. See Spricurrunry. SPRITE/LI-NESS. See Sericururness. SPRITE’LY. See Spricurry. SPRIT’-SAIL, n. [sprit and sail.] The sail extended by a sprit. 2. A sail attached to a yard which hangs under the bowsprit. [et im Use. | Totten. SPROD, xn. A salmon in its second year. Chambers. SPRONG, old pret. of Sprine. (Bacchs) [Vot in use.] SPROUT, v.27. [D. spruiten; G. sprossen; Sax. spryt- tan; Sp. brotar, the same word without s. See SPRIT, ; 1. To shoot, as the seed of a plant ; to germinate; to push out new shoots. A grain that sprouts in ordi- nary temperature in ten days, may, by an augmenta- tion of beat, be made to sprout jn forty-eight hours. The stumps of trees often sprowt, and produce a new forest. 2. To shoot into ramifications, Vitriol is apt to sprout with moisture. Bacon. 3. To grow, like shoots of plants. And on the ashes sprouting plumes appear. Tickel. SPROUT, zx. The shoot of a plant; a shoot from the seed, or from the stump, or from the root of a plant or tree. The sprouts of the cane, in Jamaica, are called vatoons. Edwards, W. Ind. 2. A shoot from the end of a branch. The young shoots of shrubs are called sprouts, and in the forest often furnish browse for cattle. = SPROUTING, ppr. or a. Shooting in vegetation; ger- minating. SPROUTS, n. pl. Young coleworts. Johnson. SPRUCE, a. Nice; trim; neat without elegance or dignity ; formerly applied to things " ith a serious meaning ; now applied to persons only. He is so spruce, that he neyer can be genteel, SPRUCE, v. t. To trim; to dress with affected neat- Tatler. ness. TONE, BULL, UNITP.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. el 1069 i 1 ~ eS cadRipening ae ee Py ee jak wes seen: rs pipe a rs i ae j ¥ | Fei é . a \ t \ bd ie } j SPROCE, v.i. To dress one’s self with affected neat- SPU ness. SPROCE, n. The fir-tree; a name applied to all the species of that section of the Linnean genus Pinus which are comprehended under Abies, and likewise to some that are comprehended und term, however, belongs more espe Abies or Norway spruce, a native of the north of Burope. In the United States, it is applied to Pinus nigra, Pinus alba, and Pinus rubra, which are used in families to give flavor to beer. They are used by way of decoction, or in the form of extract. SPRUCE-BEER, n. A kind of beer which is tinc- tured with spruce, either by means of the extract or by decoction. SPRUCE’LY, ado. cially to Pinus With extreme or affected neat- ness. SPRUCE/NESS, n. _ Neatness without taste or ele- gance ; trimness; fineness; quaintness. SPRUE, n. In Scotland, that which is thrown off in casting metals ; dross or scoria. [This is sometimes a vicious orthography of Srrew, the name of the disease otherwise called thrush. See Sprew. ] SPRUG, v.t. To make smart. [JVo! in use. | S SPRUNG, pret. and pp. of Sprinc. The man sprung | 5 over the ditch; the mast is sprung; a hero sprung from a race of Kings. SPRUNT, v.i. To spr ng up; to germinate ; to spring forward. [Vot in use. } SPRUNT, x. Any thing short and not easily bent. [Not tn use. | 9, Aleap; aspring. [Mot in use. | 3. A steep ascent inaroad. [Zocal.] SPRUNT, a. Active; vigorous; strong; becoming strong. [Jot in al SPRUNT’LY, adv. igorously ; youthfally; like a young man. [JVot in use.] B. Jonson. SPRY, a. Having great power of leaping or running ; nimble ; active; vigorous. { Local. } Halliwell. Forby. [This word is in common use in New England, and is doubtless acontraction of sprig. See SrricHt- S LY. SPUD, n. [Dan. spyd, a spear ; Ice. spioot. It coin- cides with spit. ] 1. An implement somewhat like a chisel, with a long handle, used by farmers for destroying weeds. Farm. Encyc. 2, Any short thing; t contempt Swift. SPUL'LER, n. One employed to inspect yarn, to see that it is well spun, and fit for the loom. Local. | SPUME, n. [L. and It. spuma; Sp. espuma. Froth; foam; scum; frothy matter raised on liquors or fluid substances by boiling, effervescence, or agitation. SPUMB, v.i. To froth; to foam. SPU-MES/CENCEH, n. Frothiness; the state of foam- ing. irwan. SPU_MIF’ER-OUS, a. Producing foam. SPUM/OUS SPUMY. >4a. [L. spumeus.] Consisting of froth or scum ; foamy. The spumy waves proclaim the watery ware Dryden, Arbulinot. The spumous and florid state of the blood. SPUN, pret. and pp. of Srin. SPUNGE, 2. See Sronce. SPUN/-HAY, 2. Hay twisted into ropes for conven- ient carriage on a military expedition. Touchwood ; SPUNK, n. [Probably from punk.] wood that readily takes fire. Hence, 2. Vulgarly, an inflammable temper ; spirit; as, a man of spunk. Wl-natured observations touched his spunk. [Low.] SPUN/-YARN, n. Among seamen, a line or cord formed of two or three rope-yarns twisted. SPUR, 7x. (Sax. spur; D.spoor; G. sporn; Dan. spore; Ir. spor; W. yspardun; Fr. eperon; It. sprone; coln- ciding in elements with spear. Class Br.) 1. An instrument having a rowel or little wheel, with sharp points, worn on horsemen’s heels, to prick the horses for hastening their pace. Girt with rusty sword and spur. Hudibras, Hence, to set spurs to a horse, is to prick him and put him upon a run. 2, Incitement ; instigation. The love of glory is the spur to heroic deeds. 3. The largest or principal root of a tree ; hence, perhaps, the short, wooden buttress of a post; [that is, in both cases, a shoot. ] 4. The hard, pointed projection on a cock’s leg, which serves aS an instrument of defense and an- noyance. Ray. 5. Something that projects ; a snag. Shak. 6. In America, & mountain that shoots from any other mountain, or range of mountains, and extends to some distance in a lateral direction, or at right an- gles. 7. That which excites, We say, upon the spur of the occasion ; that is, the circumstances or emergen- cy which calls for immediate action. ——— CoS rr rearnrroes er Peuce. This |SPUR,v.¢. [Ir- sporam.} SPUR, v.i. To travel with great expedition. SPURGE/-FLAX, n. SPURGE’-OL-IVE, nm. An_ evergreen shrub, the SPURGE/-WORT, (-;wurt,) x. A plant. SPURG/ING, for Purarne, is not in use. B. Jonson. SPU/RLOUS, a. [L. spurius.] SPU 10. A fungus (Spermedia Clavus) growing within the glumes of rye, wheat, couch-grass, herd’s-grass, &c. [Fr. ergot] 11. In old fortifications, a wall that crosses a part of the rampart and joins to the town wall. 1. To prick with spurs ; to incite to a more hasty pace ; as, to spur a horse, ; 2, To incite; to instigate ; to urge or encourage to action, or toa more vigorous pursuit of an object. Some men are spurred to action by the love of glory, others by the love of power. Let affection spur us to social and domestic duties. ocke. 3. To impel; to drive. Love will not be spurred to what it loathes. Shak. 4. To put spurs on. The Parthians shall be there, And, spurring from the fight, confess their fear. [ Unusual. 2. To press forward. Some bold men — by spurring on, refine themselves. Grew. PUR/-€LAD, a. Wearing spurs. PUR/GALL, ». t. [spur and gall.] To gall Or|\g wound with a spur. Shak. PUR/GALL,n. A place galled or excoriated by much | ¢ using of the spur. ‘ Dryden. SPUR/GALL-ED, pp, Galled or hurt by a ae as,| spUR/WAY, n- [spur and way.] A horse path; a a spurgalled hackney. de SPURGE, n. [Fr. epurge; It. spurgo, a purge ; from L. purgo, expurgo.| A plant of the genus Euphorbia. This name is applied to various species of Euphorbia, and by | gpy-TA/TION, n. [L. sputo, to spit.] 7 £ iNs . - 5 5 . some, to the whole genus, which is very numerous. Gnidium, a native of Spain. SPURGH/-LAU-REL, x. The Daphne Laureola, an) spyT/TER, v. i. [ wm ; . . evergreen shrub, a native of Europe. Daphne Oleordes, a native of Crete. Loudon. 1, Not genuine ; not proceeding from the true source, or from the source pretended ; counterfeit ; false ; adulterate. Spurious writings are such as are not composed by the authors to whom they are ascribed. Spurious drugs are common. The reformed churches reject spurious ceremonies and traditions. 2, Not legitimate ; bastard; as, spurious issue. By the laws of England, one begotten and born out of lawful matrimony is a spurious child. Spurious disease; a disease commonly mistaken for, and called by the name of, something which it is not; as spurious pleurisy, i. e., rheumatism of the in- tercostal muscles. SPU'/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Counterfeitly ; falsely. SPU/RILOUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being counterfeit, false, or not genuine; as, the spurtous- ness of drugs, of coin, or of writings. 2, illegitimacy ; the state of being bastard or not of legitimate birth ; as, the spuriousness of issue. SPUR/LING, 7. A small sea-fish. Tusser. SPUR/LING-LINE, n. Among seamen, the line which forms the communication between the wheel and the telltale. SPURN, o. t. [Sax. spurnan; Ir. sporam; L. sperno, aspernor ; from the root of spur, or from Big nee) i. To kick ; to drive back or away, as with the foot. Shak. 2. To reject with disdain ; to scorn to receive or accept. What multitudes of rational beings spurn the offers of eternal happiness ! 3. To treat with contempt. Locke. SPURN, v.i. To manifest disdain in rejecting any thing; as, to spurn at the gracious offers of pardon. 9, To make contemptuous opposition ; to manifest disdain in resistance. Nay, more, to spurn at your most royal image, Shak. 3. To kick or toss up the heels. The drunken chairman in the kennel spurns. Gay. SPURN, 7. Disdainful rejection ; contemptuous treat- ment. The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes. Shak. SPURN’ED, (spurnd,) pp- Rejected with disdain ; treated with contempt. SPURN/ER, 2. One who spurns. SPURN/EY, 2. A plant. Dict. SPURN/ING, ppr_ Rejecting with contempt. SPURN/-WA-TER, n. In ships, a channel at the end of a deck to restrain the water. SPURRE, n. A name of the sea-swallow or common tern. orev Edin. Encyc. SPUR/RED, (spurd,) pp. Furnished with spurs. 2. Incited ; instigated. 3. a. Wearing spurs, or having shoots like spurs. SPUR/RER, n. One who uses spurs. SPUR/RI-ER, m One whose occupation is to make SPUR-ROY'‘AL, 7. reign of Edward IV. In the reign of James [,, its value was fifteen shillings. Spur-Rrav or RyAt. SPUR/RY, 2. A plant of the genus Spergula, which is sometimes cultivated in Europe for fodder. Gardner. SPURT, v. t. [Sw. spruta; Dan. spruder and sprovyter, SPURT, v. i. SPUR/-W HEEL, zn. An evergreen shrub, Daphne} spo/TA-TIVE, a. Pee Spitting much ; inclined A gold coin, first made in the Sometimes written Beaum. & Fl. . to spout, to squirt, to syringe. The English word has suffered a transposition of letters. It is fram the root of sprout, which see.] To throw out, as a liquid in a stream; to drive or force out with violence, as a liquid from a pipe or small orifice; as, to spurt water from the mouth, or other liquid from a tube. To gush or issue out in a stream, as li- quor from a cask ; to rush froma confined place in a small stream. Then the small jet, which hasty hands unlock, Sjpurts in the gardener’s eyes who turns the cock. Pope. SPURT, n. A sudden or violent ejection or gushing of a liquid substance from a tube, orifice, or other confined place; a jet. 9. A sudden or short occasion or exigency ; sud- den effort. [Vulgar.]} PURT’ING, ppr. Forcing out a liquid from a pipe or small orifice. PUR/TLE, (spurtl,) v. t. [from spurt.] To shoot in a scattering manner. [Little used.] Drayton. narrow way; a bridle road ; a way for a single beast. [Not used in the United States. | A wheel with cogs around the edge pointing to the center. The act of spitting. [JVot used.] Harvey. Wotton. ). spuiten, to spout; Sw. spotta; L. sputo, to spit. It belongs to the root of spout and spit; of the Jatter it seems to be a diminutive. } 1. To spit, or to emit saliva from the mouth in small or scattered portions, as in rapid speaking. 9, Tothrow out moisture in small, detached parts 5 as green wood sputtering in the flame. Dryden. 3. To fly off in small particles with some crack- ling or noise. When sparkling lamps their sputtering lights advance. Dryden. to spit, [JVot used. 4, To utter words hastily and indistinctly 5 literally, to spout small; to speak so rapidJy as to emit saliva. They could neither of them speak their rage, and so they fella sputtering at one another, like two roasting apples. Congreve. SPUT’TER, v. t. To throw out with haste and noise ; to utter with indistinctness. In the midst of caresses —to spuller out the basest accusations. Swift. SPUT’TER, xz. Moist matter thrown out in small par- ticles. SPUT’TER-ED, pp- Thrown out in small portions, as liquids; uttered with haste and indistinctness, as SPUT’TER-ER, m. One that sputters. { words. SPUT’/TER-ING, ppr. ora. Emitting in small parti- cles; uttering rapidly and indistinctly; speaking hastily ; spouting. SPG/TUM, n. [L.] Spittle ; salival discharges from the mouth. Hail. 2, In medicine, that which is expectorated, or ejected from the lungs. SPY, n. [lIt. spia; Fr. espion; Sp. espia; D, spiede; G. spaher ; Dan. spejder ; W. yspetaw, to espy, to ex- plore; yspeithiaw, to look about; yspaith, that is open, Visible ; paith, an opening, a prospect, a glance. Class Bd; unless the word is a contraction, and of Class Sg.] 1. A person sent into an enemy’s camp to inspect their works, ascertain their strength and their inten- tions, to watch their movements, and secretly com- municate intelligence to the proper officer. By the laws of war among all civilized nations, a spy is subjected to capital punishment, 9. A person deputed to watch the conduct of oth- ers. Dryden. 3. One who watches the conduct of others. These wretched spies of wit. Dryden. SPY, v.t. Tosee; to gain sight of ; to discover at a distance, or in a state of concealment. It is the same as Esry ; as, to spy land from the mast head of a ship. As tizer spied two gentle fawns. . Milton. Ono, in reading, skipped over all sentences where he spied a note of admiration. Swift. 2. To discover by close search or examination ; a3, a lawyer, in examining the pleadings in a case, spies a defect. 3. To explore; to view, inspect, and examine se- cretly ; as a country ; usually with out. Moses sent to spy out Janzer, and they took the villages thereof. — Num. xxi. SPY, v.i. To search narrowly ; to scrutinize. 8. A spurre or sea-swallow. Ray. splirs. 9. The hinder part of the nectary in certain flow- | SPUR/RING, ppr. Pricking with spurs; inciting ; It is my nature’s plague ers, shaped like a cock’s spur. Martyn. urging. To spy into abuse. Bae Shak. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 1070es Seana oe | SPY/-BOAT, n. 4, A division of a fleet. [ P. Cye. SQUAD/RON-ED, (skwod/rund,) a. Formed into Squadrons or squares. Milton. SQUAL/ID, (skwol’id,) a. SQUAL-ID/LTY, SQUAL/ID-NESS, SQUAL/ID-LY, adv. SQUALL, ». i, as, the infant squalled. Arbuthnot. Pope SQUALL,x. Aloud scream; aharshcry. Pope. SQUALL/ER, n. SQUALL/ING, ppr. or a. Crying out harshly ; scream- ing. SQUALL’Y, a. Abounding with squalls; disturbed SQU [spy and boat.] A boat sent to make discoveries and bring intelligence. Arbuthnot. SPY/-GLASS, n. The popular name of a small tele- scope, useful in viewing distant objects. SPY'ISM, x. The act or business of spying. SQUAB, (skwob,) a. [In G. quappeis a quab, an eel- pout; quabbelig, plump, sleek ; quabbeln, to be plump or sleek, and to vibrate, Eng. to wabble; Dan. quabbe, an eelpout; quopped, fat, plump, jolly, our vulgar whopping ; quopper, to shake.] 1. Fat; thick ; plump; bulky. Nor the squab daughter, nor the wife were nice. Betterton, 2. Unfledged ; unfeathered ; as, a squad pigeon. ing. SQUAB, n. Co 3. The stem of a quill. Grew. STALK, (stawk,) v.2. [Sax. stelcan. 1. To walk with high and proud steps; usually implying the affectation of dignity, and hence the word usually expresses dislike. The poets, how- ever, use the word to express dignity of step. lien he stalked along the ground. Dryden. Then stalking through the deep He fords the ocean. Addison. 2, It is used with some insinuation of contempt or With manly abhorrence. Johnson. Bertran Stalks close behind her, like a witch’s fiend, Pressing to be employed. Driden, 7Tis not to stalk about and draw fresh air From time to time, Addison, 3. To walk behind a stalking horse or behind a cover, The king Gers under the shoulder of his led horse, and said, I must sialk. Bacon, STALK, x. AY . r state of his health is good. The state of his mind is | STATE/-MON’GER, (-mung-ger,) n. [state and mon- favorable for study. So we say, the state of public ger.) One versed in politics, or one that dabbles 1n affairs calls for the exercise of talents and wisdom. | q Beate affairs. = é wae In regard to foreign nations, our affairs are in a good STATE a All ER, a“ A paper relating to the political | state. So we say, single state, and married state. eae government of a state. Jay. Ie ge ayers oP hints rare STATE/-PRIS ON, n. A public pnson or peniten- Cclar 1€ past and pr é Of things. y . tiarv. 9. Modification of any thing. STATE/-PRIS/ON-ER, n. One in confinement for Keep the state of the question in your eye, Boyle. political offenses. 3. Crisis; stationary point; hight; point from | STA TER, n. The principal gold coin of ancient which the next movement is regression. Greece. It varied much in value, but was usually | NS oe i cin paycrul decies has ote ed worth about £1 3s. sterling, or $54. The Attic sil- umors have their several degrees &n 1 times, as bevinning, aug- . . ment, state, and declination. {Not in use.) see ver tetradrachm was, in later times CHS ae ge | A Seed ae i - Smith’s ict. 4, Estate ; possession. [Obs.] [See Es Are STATE/-ROOM,n. [state and room.] A magnificent aniec, : . nlnce “poe “2 hy . 5. A political body, or body politic; the whole room in a palac e or great house. ae lalenSoms body of people united under one government, what-| opamp an Spano nue) lodging me ene cents oe st ; ren Deaas ’ at-| STATES, n. pl. Nobility. [See also Sta rE. | ever may be the form ol the government. | i Shak. Municipal law is a rule of conduct prescribed Yaa STATES-GEN/ER-AL, n. pl. In France, before the power in o siate. More usually the word signifies a political body a commonwealth ; as, of America. governed by representatives ; the states of Greece ; the States In this sense, state has sometimes more reference to the government, sometimes ple or community. Thus, when we has made provision for the paupers, the word has reference to the government or legislature ; we say, the state is taxed to support paupers, the word refers to the whole people or community. 6. Any body of men unit d by profession, or con- a particular character; as, tates in Great But these are sometimes distinguished by the terms In this case, state signifies the civil stituting a community of the civil and ecclesiastical church and state. community or government only. 7. Rank; condition ; honor. 8. Pomp ; appearance of greatness. In state the monarchs marched. Where least of state, there most of love is shown. 9, Dignity ; grandeur. She instructed him how he sense of his misfortunes. 10. A seat of dignity. This chair shall be my siate. 11. A canopy ; a covering of dignity. His high throne, under state Of richest texture spread, [Unus ual,] 12. A person of high rank. The bold design Pleased highly those infernal efafee. 14. The bodies that constitute the legislature of a country ; as, the states general. 15. Joined with another word, it denotes public, or what belongs to the community or body state affairs ; state policy. STATE, v.t. To set; to settle. 2. To express the particulars of any thing in wri- ting ; to set down in detail or in gross; as, to state an account; to state debt and credit; amount due. 3, To express the particulars of any thing verbal- ly ; to represent fully in words ; tonarrate ; to recite. he witnesses stated all the circumstances of the They are enjoined to state all the par- 4, transaction. ticulars. the whole case. STAT’ED, pp. cited. 9, a. Settled; established ; regular; occurring at regular times ; not occasional ; business. 3 Fixed; established ; as, a stated salary. Regularly ; at certain times ; not It is one of the distinguishing marks STAT’ ED-LY, adv. occasionally say, the stat quality ; as, the should keep state, yet [ Not in use.| Latimer. 13. The principal persons in a government, [See Staten. ] 9 It is the business of the advocate to state Let the question be fairly stated. Expressed or represented ; told; re- us, stated hours of revolution, the assembly of the three orders of the kingdom, viz., the clergy, the nobility, and the third estate, or commonalty. In WVetierlands an 1 Holland, the legislative body, composed of two chambers. Peo immediate to the peo- | STATES/MAN, n. [state and man.] A man versed in the arts of government ; usually, one eminent for political abilities ; a politician. 9, Asmalllandholder. [/Vorth of England. ] Halliwell. 3, One employed in public affairs. Pope. Swift. STATES/MAN-LIKE, a. Having the manner or wis- dom of statesmen. STATES/MAN-SHIP, n. The qualifications or em- ployments of a statesman. Churchill, STATES’ WOM-AN, n. A woman who meddles in yiblic affairs ; tn contempt. Addisun. but when Britain. state ot| STA PE-TRUAL, n. (Gr. sepeos, firm, and 4 4 oO & [Gr. orepeos, An instrument for determining the specific gravity of liquid bodies, porous bodies, and powders, as well as solids. Encyc. Brit. STE-RE-O-MET’RI€-AL, a. [See STEREOMETRY. | Pertaining to or performed by stereometry, TE-RE-OM/B-TRY, x. (Gr. sepeos, firm, fixed, and peTpew, to measure. } The art of measuring so their solid contents. STB-RE-O-TOM/I€-AL, a. formed by stereotomy. STE-RE-OT/O-MY, x. to cut.] The science or art of cutting solids into certain figures or sections, as arches, &c. Encye. STE/RE-O-T'VPE, n. [Gr sepeos, fixed, and rues, type, orm] 1, Literally, a fixed metal type ; hence, a plate of fixed or solid metallic types for printing books. Thus, we say, a book is printed on stereotype, Or in stereotype. In the latter use, the word seems rather to signify the workmanship or manner of printing, than the plate. —_————————— TONE, I lid bodies, and finding larrts. Pertaining to or per- [Gr. sspeos, fixed, and repo, SLL, UNITE. Pc! 3y delineation | —AN'"G eee work of sterling merit; a man of sterling Wit or good sense. STER’/LING, n. English money. And Roman wealth in English sterling view. [In this use, ste rling may signify English coin Arbuthnot. s. | nse.) 5. Standard; rate. [Little used in either se STERN, a. Sax. styrn, stern; G. starr, staring; | stérria, stubborn. (See Stare, STARCH, STARK, with which this word is probably connected.) Gr. sépeos: | 1. Severe ; austere; ity and authority ; as, a stern look ; nance ; astern frown. fixed with an aspect of sever- a stern counte- I would outstare the slernest eyes that look. Shak. 9. Severe of manner; rigid; harsh ; cruel. Stern as tutors, and as uncles hard. Dryden. Ambition should be mace of sterner stuff, hak, 3. Hard ; afflictive. If wolves had at thy gate howled that slern time. Stak, 4. Rigidly steadfast ; immovable. Stern virtue is the growth of few soils. Hamilton. STERN, n. [Sax. steor and ern, place ; the steer-place, that is, helm-place.] 1. The hind part 0 boat; the part opposite part of a ship is terminatec by the counters below. "9. Post of management ; direction. “a f a ship or other vessel, or of a sto the stem or prow. This i by the tafferel above, and Mar. Dict. Shak. t the helm.]} [Vot elegant. | Spenser. | By the stern, is a phrase which denotes that a ship is more deeply laden abaft than forward. STERN/AGE, n. Steerage or stern. And sit at chiefest stern of public weal. [Not in use. We now say, to sit a “4 The hinder part of any thing. Shak. . 3 6as kK; Gas J; $ as Z; ER, VI//CIOUS. — | STERN/’-POST of timber which form the stern of a ship. Mar. Dict. [See Stern.] Ina stern manner; r stern countenance ; with an air eral pieces STERN/LY, ado. with an austere 0 of authority. Sternly he pronounced The rigid interdiction. Milton. STERN’MOST, a. [stern and most.] Farthest in the rear; furthest astern ; as, the sternmost ship in a con- voy. Mar. Dict. TERN'NESS, n. Severity of look; a look of aus- terity, rigor, or severe authority ; as, the sternness of one’s presence. Shak. 2. Severity or harshness of manner; rigor. I have sternness in my soul cnough To hear of soldier’s work. STER/NON, nr. [Gr.] The breast-bone. num is chiefly or wholly used. STERN’-PORT, 2x. [stern and port. | ing in the stern of a ship. ar S Dryden. But STER- A port or open- Mar. Dict. ‘,n. [stern and post.] Avstraight piece of timber, erected on the extremity of the keel to support the rudder and terminate the ship behind. Mar. Dict, STERN’-SHEBTS, 2. pl. [stern and sheet.] That part of a boat which is between the stern and the aftmost seat of the rowers; usually furnished with seats for passengers. Mar. Dict. STER/NUM, n. [Gr. sepvor; from fixing; sctting. ee STARCH, STARK. ] The breast-bone ; the bone which forms the front of the human chest from the neck to the stomach. STER-NU-TA/TION, x [L. sternutatio. | The act of sneezing. Quincy. STER-NU’TA-TIVE, a. [L. sternuo, to sneeze. } Having the quality of provoking to sneeze. STER-NU’TA-TO-RY, a. [Fr. sternutatoire, from L. sterniwo, to sneeze. | Having the quality of ex STER-NU/TA-TO-RY, zn. sneezing. STERN/-WAY, n. [stern and way.] The movement of a ship backward, or with her stern foremost. Mar. Dict. STER-QUIL'I-NOUS, a, [L. sterquilinium, a dung- hill.) Pertaining to a dunghill; mean ; dirty STER-TO/RI-OUS, } ae STERITOROUS) 2). % Coser Snoring. The last is the term almost invariabi) used. STER/VEN, to starve, is not in use. STETH/O-SEOPE, n. [Gr oteQos, the breast, oxorea, to examine. | A simple cylinder 0 o)) citing to sneeze. A substance that provokes 4 ; paltry. [| Howell. Spenser. and f some fine-grained, light wood, as cedar or maple, perforated longitudinally in the middle, with one extremity funnel-shaped and fur- nished with a conical plug; the other with a com- paratively large orbicular ivory plate fastened by a screw. This instrument is used for distinguishing sounds within the thorax, and other cavities of the body, the funnel-shaped extremity, either with or without the plug, being placed upon the body, and the ivory plate to the ear of the listener. It is mere- ly a substitute for the direct application of the ear, in cases in which this would be forbidden by deli- cacy. Stethoscope is tion is not confin scope does not well expres sound-conductor, would be STETH-O-SEOP/IE, a. Pertaining to & stethoscope. STEVE, v.t. [from the root of stow.] To stow, as cotton or wool in a ship’s hold. [Zoca-' | STE! VE-DORE, n. One whose occupation 1s to load or unload vessels in port. New York. TiIVEN, n. [Sax. stefrian, to call. An outcry; aioud call; a clamor. an ill-chosen term, since its applica- edto the breast, and the termination s its use. Phonophorus OF preferable. wm [Wot in wse.] Spenser. s in THIS. CH as SH; FHa of : =. : 1083peeeneee i + “4 . > oe at 5 5 oF | 7 § . hi = ie ; ; ; 4 2 : ' j ie £ is , 1 STI STi STEW, (stu,) v. t ([Fr. etuver, to stew; ctuve, a SLOVE ; stufure, to stew ; stufa, a stove; stufo, weary, surfeited; Sp. estufa, a stove; estofa, stuff stew; D. stoof, a a room, (see to slew quilted ; estofar, to quilt and to stove ; stooven, to stew; Dan. stue, Srow,) and stueovn, a stove; Sw. and to stow. ] 1. To seethe or gently boil; moderate manner, or with a simmering heat; stew meat; to stew apples; to stew prunes. : t. ST “EW, (sty) 0 es To be seethed in a slow, gentle mariner, or in heat and moisture. STEW, (sta,)7. A hot-house ; a bagnio. The Lydians were inhi bited by y Cyrus to use aDy armor, and give Aobol. themselves to baths and 2% Abbo 9, A brothel; a house of pros stitution ; ally or always used in the plural, Stews aA prostitute. [Mot in Use. | (Bacon. South. 4. (See Stow.) A store pen 1; asmall pond where fish are kept for the table. fot used, J 5. Meat stewed ; as; a ste =, of pigeons. 6. Confusion, as when the air is full of dust. [D. stuiven, to raise a dust; allied to stew, and proving that the primary sense of stew is to drive or agit: ite, to stir or excite.] Not tn.use or local.) Grose. STIEW/ARD, (sta/ ay nm. [sax. sttward. Ward is a keeper; but the meaning of the first syllable is not evident. It is probably a contraction of G. stube, a ro#m, Eng. stow, Sax. stow, place, or sted, place, or of Dan. siéb,a cup. The steward was, then, origi- nally a chamberlain or a butler. ] ]. Aman employed in great families to manage the domestic concerns, Superintend the other ser- vants, collect the rents or income, keep accounts, &c. 2. A fiscal agent of certain bodies; as, the steward of a congregation in the Methodist church, &c. 3. An officer of state ; as, lord high ste ward ; stew- ard of the bousehold, &c. England. 4. In colleges, an officer who provides food for the students, and superintends the kitchen. 5. In vessels, one Who has the charge of distribu- ting food and drink, or of waiting on the officers, passengers, &c. 6. In Scripture and theology, a minister of Christ, whose duty Is to dispense the provisions of the gos- pel, to preach its doctrines and administer its ordi- nances. It is required in Cor. iv. STEW/ARD, (stii’-,) v. t stufvd, to boil slowly in a as. to Shak. but gener- stewards, that a man be found faithful. — To manage as a steward. NVot i171 use. ‘uller. stn ‘ARD-ESS, n. A female who waits on ladies m steamboats, &c. STEW/ARD-LY, adv. [ Little used. | STEW/ARD-SHIP, 2. the care of a steward. Tooker. The office of a steward. Calamy. An overseer or superintendent. Tooke. With STEW/ART-RY, n. The slewartry of provisions. STEW’ED, pp. ora. Gently boiled; bojled in heat. STEW/ING, ppr. Boiling in a moderate he at. STEW/ING, n. The act of seething slowly. STEW/’ISH, a. Suiting a brothel. Fiall, STEW’PAN, A pan in which things are stewed. STHE N/ Ie, a Gr aU Voss | In medicine, attended with a preternatural and mor- bid increase of vital energy, and strength of action in the neat and arteries ; phlogistic. STIB‘/L-AL, tibium, antimony. ] Like or RaeaTe the qualities of antimony ; antimo- Le Ae s S) s-I-A’RI-AN, n. A violent mi: in. n SOE ET word, and not in use, } [from L. stibiwm Lo Wiute. a i, enrbeee ED, a. Impregnated with antimony. STIB/1- U M. nN. (L] Antimony STIC/A-DOS, n. A plant. Ainsworth, ST] (Gr. orixas.] €H, (stik,) n. 1. In poetry, a verse, of number of feet. {Stich is used in numbering the books of Scrip- ture. 2. In rural affairs, an order or rank of trees. [In New England, as much land as lies between double furrows, is called stich, or a ane ] STICH/O-MAN-CY, (stik’o-m: in- se,) m [Gr. orcxos and pavreta.] Divination by lines or passa hazard. STIECH-OM’E-TRY, n. and perpov, measure. ] An account of the magnitude or length of books, as ascertained by the number of lines which they contain. Murdock. STICH’/WORT, 2} ; A grassy-looking STITCH WORT, } CV") } ont of the senus Stellania, Loudon. STICK, n. | Sax. sticca; G. stecken; D. stok; Dan. stikke ; Sw. stake, sticka; It. stecca. This word is connected with the verb to stick, with stock, stack, and other words having the like elements. ‘The pri- Whatever Measure or ges of books taken at Brande. [Gr. orix0s5, a line of a book, STICK’/-LA€, n mary sense of the root igs, to thrust, to shoot, and to sct; Fr. lige, a stalk. . I'he small shoot or branch of a tree or shrub, cut off; a rod; also, a Staff; as, to strike one with a stick. 2. Any stem of a tree, of any size, cut for fuel or timber. It is applied in America to any long and slender piece of timber, round or square, from the smallest size to the largest, used in the frames of buildings ; a3, a stick of timber for a post, a beam, or a rafter. 3. Many instruments, long and slender, are called sticks; as, the composing stick of printers. 4, A thrust with a pointed instrument that pene- trates a body ; 3 a stab. Stick of ecls; the number of twenty-five eels. Halliwell. A bind contains ten sticks. Encye. STICK, v. t.; pret. and pp. Stuck. [Sax. stican, sti- cian; G. stetchen, to sting or pric k, and stecken, to stick, to adhere; D.. stecken, to prick or stab; stikken, to stitch ; Dan. stikker, to sting, to prick ; Sw. Gr. oriGw, ortyya;s: W. ystivaw; formed on the elements De, Tz, this family of words coincides in elements with tack, attack, attach. | 1. To pierce; to stab; to cause to enter, aS a pointed instrument; hence, to Rill by piercing ; as, to stick a beast Im slaugliter. [A common use of the word. | 2F. To thrust in; to fasten or cause to remain by piercing ; as, to stick a pin on the sleeve. The points of sp 3. To fasten; to attach by causing to adhere to the surface ; as, to stick on a patch or plaster; to stick on a thing w ith paste or BAG: 4. To set; to fix in ; as, to stick card teeth. 5. To set with something pointed; as, to stick cards. 6. To fix on a pointed instrument ; apple on a fork. ’o stick out; sticka ; ars are stuck within the shield. Driden. as, to stick an to project, or cause to be prominent. STICK, v.% To adhere; to hold to by cléaving to the surface, as by tenacity or attraction; as, glue sticks to the fingers; paste sticks to the wall, and causes paper to stick. I will cause the fish of thy rivers to stick to thy scales, — Ezck. XXIX. To be united ; to be inseparable ; to, as something reproachful. to cling fast If on your fame our sex a blot has thrown, *T will ever stick, through malice of your own. Young. 3. To rest with the memory; toabide. Bacon. To stop ; to be impeded by adhesion or obstruc- tion; as, the carriage sticks in the mire. To stop ; ; to be arrested in a course. My faltering tongue Sticke at the sound, Synith. 6. To stop; to hesitate. He sticks at no difficulty ; he sticks at the commission of no crime ; he sticks at nothing. 7. To adhere move. I had most need of blessing, and amen ~ Stuck in my throat. wiiar. to remain ; to resist efforts to re- B To cause difficulties or scruples; to cause to hesitate. This is the difficulty that sticks with the most reasonable. Sw#/l. 9. ‘T’o be stopped or hindered from proceeding; as, a bill passed the senate, but stuck in the house of rep- resentatives. stuck in the Clarendon, They never doubted the commons, but heard all lords’ house. 10. ‘T’o be embarrassed or puzzled. They will stick long at part of a demonstration, for want of I e& connection & perceiving th tween two ideas. Locke. 11. To adhere closely in friendship and affection. There is a friend that sticketh cleser than a brother. — Prov, xViii. To stick to; to adhere closely ; to be constant; to be firm; to be persevering ; as, to stick to a party or cause. The advantage will be on our side, if we stick fo its essentials. § Addison. To stick by; to adhere closely ; to be constant ; to be firm in supporting. We are your only friends; stick by us, and we will stick by you. Davenant, 9. To be troublesome by adhering. I] am satisfied to trifle away my time, rather than let it stick by me. Ope. To stick cae to divell upon ; not to forsake. = knotty, the mind must stop and buckle to it, and [Not elegant. Lo If the matter Blick oe it with lal wbor and thought. cke. To stick out; to project ; to be prominent. Fis bones that were not seen, stick out. — Job xxxili, STICK’I-NESS, n. [from stick.] The quality of a thing which makes it adhere to a plane surface ; ad- hesiveness ; viscousness; glutinousness; tenacity ; as, the stickiness of glue or paste. Lac in its natural state, incrusting small] twigs. Ir. steacham. If 1 STIC OK LE, (stik),) v.27. [fron the practice of pr fighters, who placed seconds with stuffs or sti one. iD ie rpose occasionally. Johnson. ] - To take part with one side or other. F ortune, as hie wont, turned fickle, And for the foe begun to elickle, 2, To contend; to contest; to altercate, parties stickle each for his favorite doctrine. 3. To trim; to play fast and loose; to pass from one side to the other. Dryden. STICK’LE, v. t. Toarbitrate. [Jot tn use.] Drayton. STICK’/LE-BACK, n. The popular name of certain small fishes, of the genus Gasterosteus. They have their English name from the spines which arm their back, ventral fins, and other parts. Jardine’s Vat. Lib. STICK’/LER, n. A sidesman to fencers; a second to a duelist ; one who stands to judge a combat. Basilias, the jndee, appointed sticklera2 and trumpets whom tho others should obey. sidney. | ; Fludibras. Let the 2. An obstinate contender about any thing; stickler for the church or for liberty. as, a The tory or high church clergy were the greatest eticklera neainst of King James, Swift. the exorbitant proceedings 3. Formerly, an oflicer who cut wood for the pri- ory of Ederose, within the king’s parks of Claren- don. Cori I, STICK'LING, ppr. Trimming; contending obsti- nately or eagerly. STICK/Y, a. Waving the quality of adhering to a sur- fuce; adhesive; gluey ; viscid 5; gluti- nous ; tenacious. Gums and resins are sticky sub- STID/DY, x. [Ice. stedia.] [stances. An anvil; also, asmith’s shop. [Varios dialects.] Halts ll STIFT, [Sax. stif; G. steif'; D. and Sw. Dan. stiv ; ‘allie d to L. stipo, stabilis, Eng. staple, Car, oTl~ » TE(PW.| 1. Not easily bent; not flexible or pliant; not flac- cid ; rigid ; applicable to any substance; as, stiff wood ; stiff paper ; cloth stiff with starch; a Ji inb st uf W ith frost. VISCOUS ; Pus, oTtl $.ag They, rising on siff The mid aerial sky. 2, Not liquid or fluid; thick and te nacious ; Inspis- sated ; not soft nor hard. ‘Thus melted metals grow stiff as they cool; they are stiff before they are hard. The paste is too stiff, or not stiff enough. 3. Strong ; violent ; impetuous in motion ; seamen’s language, a stiff gale or breeze. 4. Hardy ; stubborn ; not easily subdued. ! Anak pinions, tower Milton. as in How stiff is my vile sense 5. Obstinate ; firm in perseverance or resistance, pertinacious ; It is a shame to stand s#f in a fo A war ensues; the Cretans owr Suf to defend their hospitable | 6. Harsh; formal; const easy ; as, a stiff formal style. = ~ ~. ~ 1 (Foe 7. Formal in manner; constrained; affected ; starched ; not easy or natural ; as, stijf behavior. iment. Taylor. Dryke n. ot natural and The French are open, familiar, and talkative; the Italians st/, ceremonious, and reserved. Addison. 8. Strongly maintained, or asserted with good evi- dence. This is si/ news. Shak. 9. In seamen’s language, a stiff vessel is one that will bear a press of canvas without careening much, Totten. [Sax. stifian; Sw. stiyfna; Dan. stivner, to stiffen, to STIFF’EN, (stif’n,) v. t. D. styven; G. steifen; starch. 1. To make stiff; to make less pliant or flexible; s, to stiffen cloth with starch. He stiffened his neck and hardened his heart from turning to the Lord God of Israel. — 2 Chron. xxxvi. Stiffen the sinews; summon up the blood. Shak. To make torpid ; as, stiffening grief. Dryden. To inspissate ; to make more thick or visc cous ; as, to stiffen paste. STIFE’EN, (stif’n,, v. 2. ne become stiff; to become more rigid or less flexibl! Like bristles rose my 2 halr. Dryden. 9. To become more thick, or Jess soft; to be in- spissated ; to approach to hardness; as, melted sub- stances stiffen as they cool. The tender Driden. 3. To become less susceptible of impression ; to become less tender or yielding ; to grow more obsti- nate, soil then stiffening by degrees, Some souls, we see, Grow hard and stiffen with adversity. STIFF’/EN-ED, pp. or a. Made stiff or less pliant. STIFF’ EN-ING, ppr. or a. Making or becoming less pliable, or more thick, or more obstinate. STIFF! EN- ING, n. Something that is used to make a substance more stiff or less soft, STIFF/-HEART’ED, (-hart/ed,) a. [stiff and heart.] Obstinate ; stubborn ; contumacious. They are impudent children and stif-hearted. — Ezek. il. Dryden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1054STI STI Sant STIFE’LY, adv. Firmly ; strongly ; as, the boughs of a tree stiffly upheld. ; Bacon. 2, Rigidly ; obstinately ; with stubbornness. The doctrine of the infallibility of the Roman Catholic church is stiffly maintained by its adherents. STIFF/-NECK-ED, (-nekt,) a. [stiffand neck.] Stub- born ; inflexibly obstinate; contumacious; as, a stiff-necked people ; stiff-necked pride. Denham. STIFF’NESS, n. Rigidness; want of pliableness or flexibility ; the firm texture or state of a substance which renders it difficult to bend it; as, the stzffness of iron or wood; the stiffness of a frozen limb. Bacon. 2 Thickness; spissitude ; a state between softness and hardness ; as, the stiffness of sirup, paste, or starch. 3. Torpidness ; inaptitude to motion. An icy stiffness } bs ply blood. Denham. Dr Benum yden. oo . Tension ; as, the stiffness of a cord. . Obstinacy ; stubbornness ; contumaciousness. “ , h yr ssion 3; of it too. Ss to truth, but submi ocke. ie vices of old age have the sajjn Hines 5 fi } Gjfness of mind 1s not from adherence to prejudice, mre v §. Formality of manner ; constraint ; affected pre- sion. All i QO is religion sat casily upon him, without stiffness i (rals ul 7. Rigorousness ; harshness. But speak no word to he Which her too constant s | gon c f these s Xa I li train. pen of expression and ease ; as, Q Affected or constrained mann or writing ; want of natural simplic stiffness of style. STI FLE, (sti/fl,) v. t [The French etouffer, to stifle, is nearly allied to etoffe, Eng. stuff, But stifle seems to be more nearly allied L. stipo, and Eng. stiff and stop ; ail, however, of one family. Que Gr. ri¢ 1. To suffocate ; to stop the breath or at tion of the lungs by crowding something into the w indpipe, or by infusing a substance into the lungs, or by other means ; to choke ; as, to stifleone with smoke or dust. 9, To stop; as, to stifle the breath ; to stifle respira- tion. 3. To oppress ; to stop the bre to stifle one with kisses ; to be { or with bad air. } r ity (s (s stupa, L. to | } | } | } | ‘ath temporarily ; aS, | in a close room | i 4. To extinguish ; to deaden; to quench; as, to stifle flame ; to stifle a fire by sm \ke or by ashes. 5, To suppress; to hinder from transpiring OF tifle a report. spreading; as, tos 6. Toextinguish ; to check or restrain and destroy ; to suppress ; a5, to stifle a civil war in its birth. Addison. repress; to conceal ; to withhold ‘festation ; as, to stifle passion ; tiple 7 7. To suppress from escaping to stifle grief ssentment. 8. To su destroy ; as, to stifle convic- tions, STIFLE, n. sa nt of a horse next to the but- tock, and corresponding to the knee in man ; called also the STIFLE JOINT: a horse or other 9, A disease in the knee-pan of animal. NYC» STIFLED, pp. or 4. Suffocated ; suppressed. STIUELING, ppr. Suffocating ; suppressing. STIGH, n. See Sty. STIG/MA, 7. L., from Gr. 5 ypa, from sitw, to : prick or stick. | 1, A brand; 9. Any mark of infamy ; which stains the purity or dark utation. 3. In botany, the top of the hasa peculiar structure different style, and is moist and pubescent, to de the pollen or prolific powder, STIG-MA’RI-A,n. A fossil coal plant, having a large dome shaped trunk or stem. Buckland. STIG/MA-TA, n. pl. The apertures in the bodies of insects communicating with the trachew or alr- vessels ; the spiracles. Encye. 9, In the Roman Catholic church, marks said to have been supernaturally impressed upon the bodies of certain persons, in imitation of the wounds on the crucified body of Christ. The stigmata of St. Fran- cis were much blazoned by his followers. Mosheim STIG-MAT'TE, ja. Marked with a stigma, or STIG-MAT/IE-AL, § with something reproachtul to a mark made with a burning iron, any reproachful conduct ens the luster of rep- pistil, which always from that of the tain and burst Martyn. character. Shak. 9, Impressing with infamy or reproach. STIG-MAT’I€, nm. A notorious profligate, or criminal who has been branded. [Little used. | 9. One who bears about him or punishment, [ Little used.) Bullokar. 8, One on whom nature has set 2 mark of deform- Shak. ity. pie uscd. | STIG-MAT/I€-AL-LY, adv. or deformity. STIG/MA-TIZE, v. t. ith a brand, With a mark of infamy 1 P (Fr. stiomatiser. wna literal sense; Qs, 2. To set a mark of disgrace on ; to disgrace with | some note of reproach or infamy. To find virtue extolled and vice Addiazon. Sour enthusiasts affect to stigme anthors, ancient and modern, stigmatized. ze the finest and most elegant as dangerous to religion. Addison. STIG/MA-TIZ-ED, pp. Marked with disgrace. STIG/MA- PIZ-ING, ppr. Branding with infamy. STIG/O-NO-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. oriywr, from origa, to mark with points, ph LVTSCA. | Divination by writing on the bark of a tree. Ash. STYLAR, a. [from stile.] Pertaining to the style of | S STILE, | STILL, | | occurring in white crystals, a dial. Draw aline for the stiar line. Mozon. TIL’/BITE, 2. [Gr. str 3, to shine. ] | A mineral of the zeolite family, or yellowish, semi-pellucid, rectangular pearly and highly foliated in one direction ; also in sheaf-like aggregations and foliated masses. It con- gists of silica, alumina, and Jime, with 17 or 18 per} cent. of water. Most commonly found in amygda- | loid with other zeolitic mint rals. ana. n. [This is another spelling of Styve. See } Sryve and SrTI1.t. |} | | a stiletto. v. &t fSax. Sw. stilla, to s G. and D. stillen ; Dan. se, that 1s, to put, stillan ; stiller ; ill, to quiet or appea to set, to repress; coinciding with G. stell Aw, to send, and with s tyle, stoo ‘ n set, place, Gr. sé stall. | } ; 1. ‘I'o stop, as motion or agitation ; to check or strain; to make quiet; as, to still the raging sea. 9. To stop, as noise ; to silence. W ich his name the 3. : to calm; to quiet; as tumult, agi- is, to still the passions. applicable to their bat mothers still ~ Shi 3. To appease ; tation or excitement ; STILL, a. Silent; uttering no sound ; animals or to things. The company or the man is still; the air is still; the sea is still, 2, Quiet ; calm; not disturbed by noise ; as, a still evening. 3 Motioniess ; as, to stand stil; 4. Quiet; calm; not agitated; a phere. STILL, zn. to lie or sit still. a still atmos- S ; Calm ; silence ; freedom from noise; as, the still of midnight. [A poetic word.] Shak. STILL, adv. To this time ; till now. It hath been anciently reported, and is sill recelved. Bacon. [St ll here denotes this time; set or fixed. 5 Nevertheless ; notwithstanding. The desire of fame betrays an ambitious m in into indecencies that lessen his t is still afraid lest any of his actions shi ul I be thrown aw ly in } rivate. lis on. Still here signifies set, given, and refers to the whole of the first clause of the sentence. The de- sire of fame betrays an ambitious man into indecen- cies that lessen his reputation ; that fact being given or set, or notwithstanding, he 1s afraid, &c.] 3. It precedes or accompanies words denoting in- crease of degree; a prices may he expected. 4. Always; ever; continually. putation ; he much where many people preaching the gosp ie 6. In continuation. watchful minutes to the hour, heavy time. And, like the 1 and anon cheered up the cys) wal See Distt. | the marks of infamy i Li [L. stillo, to drop. yer, STILL, 7 | A vessel, boiler, or Copy liquors ; as, vapor ascent The word is used in a more general sense vessel and apparatus, still.] STILL, v. t. [L. stillo.] To expel spirit from 1 liquor by he as. a still further advancement of used inthe distillation of | ling out of the still. Newton. for the A still house is also called a at, and condense STILL, v.% To drop. [WVot in use Ss Sit, vet he op. |Vot Ise. See DIsTILL. STIL-LA-TI/TIOUS, (-tish’us,) a. Jat stillatitius. | Falling in drops; drawn by a still. STIL'LA-LO-RY,n. An alembic; a vessel for dis- tillation. [Little used, or not at all.) Bacon 29. A laboratory ; a place or room in which distil- lation is performed. [Little used.) Wotton. More. STILL’BORN,a, ([stillandborn.| Dead atthe birth; as, a stillborn child. ie 9, Abortive ; as, a stillborn poem. Swift. } STILL’/BURN, v. t. [still and burn.] To burn in the process of distillation ; as, to stillburn brandy. | Smollett. STILL/ED, pp. [See Sriuv, the verb.] Calmed; ap- peased ; quieted ; silenced. | [LL’/ER, n. One who stills or quiets. TL/LI-CYDE, n. [L. stillicidium ; stilla, a drop, and cado, to fall.) » x p T A continual falling or succession of drops. [Vot _ much used. | Bacon. STIL-LIL-CID/LOUS, a. Falling in drops. Brown. Calming ; silencing ; quieting. The act of calming; silencing OF |} uieting, A pin set on the face of a dial to form a shadow. 9, A stand for casks. [.JVot used in America. | i Ereet the » perpendicular ihe eubeatilar line so as STILL/-LIFE, n. In painting, a picture of dead game, I make an angle with the dial-plane equal to the ele | vegetables, and other things destitute of life. the pole of your plac Moron. Mason. | STILE, n, [Sax. sticel, a step, ladder, from stizan, to | 9, Dead animals or paintings representing the || step, to walk, to ascend; G. steel; Dan. sted, from dead. ee i : Gray. 1] stiger, to rise, to step up; Sw. steg, a step, stiga, to } STILL/NESS, 1. Freedom from noise or motion; |j step. See Starr] calmness ; quiet; silence; as, the stillness of the || A step or set of steps for ascending and descend night, the air, or the sea. : ing, in passing a fence or wall. Swift. 2. Freedom from agitation or excitement ; as, the || In architecture, the upright piece in framing or stulness of the passions. : 1} paneling. Brande. 3. Habitual silence ; taciturnity. i} STI-LET’TO, n. [It., dim. from stilo; Fr. stylet. See Tne gravity and stillness of your youth 1 Sty.e.] : The world hath noted. Shak. \} 1. A small dagger with a round, pointed blade, STILL/-ROOM, nr. An apartment for distilling. } 9, A pointed instrument for making ey elet holesin | STILL’-STAND, n. Absence of motion. [Zitile working muslin. uscd. | |STI-LET’LO,v t To stab or pierce with a stiletto. | STILL/Y, a. Still; quiet; calm. JHore. Bacon. [ An old word, used chiefly im poetry. | STI-LET’1'6-ED, pp. or a. Stabbed or pricked with | STILL’/Y, adv. Silently ; without noise. ) i 2 without tumuit. Calmly ; quietly ; | STILP-NO-SID/E-RITE, 2. [Gr. ortAr | and acdnpos, iron.) An ore of iron, called | occurring massive, In curving vos, Shining, also Pircny Inon ORz, concretions, with a | splendent resinous luster, It is a hydrated peroxyd } of iron Dana. STILT, a- [Gr. stelze; D. stelt, stelten; Dan. stylter.] A stilt is a piece of wood, often with a shoulder, to raise the foot above the ground in walking. Boy sometimes use stilts for raising their feet above th mud in walking, but they are rarely Seen. Men must not walk upon sts. Li Est STILT. v. t. To raise on stilts; to elevate. 9, To raise by unnatural means. STILT’-BIRD, n. A long-legged bird ; particwlarly applied to a bird called the LonG-LEGGED PLoveEr, of Ss e ir ts) range range. Young. the genus Himantopus. Brande. STILT’ED, pp. Raised on stilts. 2, Unreasonably elevated. STILT/ING, ppr- Raising on stilts. |STYIME, n. A glimpse. [orth apeugionds STIM’/U-LANT, a. [L. stimulans.] { Halliwell. In medicine, producing a quickly-diftused and transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and arteries. STIM'U-LANT, n._ In medicime, an article which pro- duces a quickly-diffused and transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the heart and | arterial system, | STIM/U-LATE, v.t. [L. stimulo, to prick, to goad, to excite ; stimulus, a goad.] 1, Literally, to prick or road. Hence, } 9. To excite, rouse, or animate, to action or more | vigorous exertion by some pungent motive or by per- suasion ; as, to stimulate one by the hope of reward, or by the prospect of glory. 3. In medicine, to produce transient increase of vital energy and stren action in the heart and arteries. a quickly-diffused and eth of 5 Trade begets trade, and people go . have ilcelye gone); co meds run’ it" °O'e crowd in the | gp yi U-LA-TED, pp. Goaded ; roused or excited to streets, though only to see, Temple. LT: ; DN The fewer still you uame, you wound the more. Pope more vigorous exeruion. G : : E . ; STIM!’U-LA-LING, ppr. or & oading ; exciting to 5, After that ; after what Is stated. STIM’U-I rs PRE x 85 3 ‘ : 7 fe more vigorous exertion, ra nrimilive C + such as by fea sare compelled to sac saa ~ ters - _ : i r In the primitive church, such as by fear were compelled to sere’. | STIM-U-La TION, n. The act of goading or ex- to scrange gods, alter repented, and kept stil the office of Faye eee Whiteifte citing. _diffused and transient in- oth of action 1n the 2, In medicine, a quickly crease of vital energy and stren heart and arteries. STIM/U-LA-TIVE, a. lating. STIM/U-LA-TIVE, n. which rouses into more ¥ TIM/U-LA-TOR, 2. One that st STIM/U-LUS, x. [L. This word may the root of stem, a shoot.] 1, Literally, a goad ; hence, something that rouses the mind or spirits ; as, the hope of gain is a power- ful stimulus to labor and action. Having the quality of stimu: That which stimulates 5 that igorous action. imulates. be formed on T|PA 1, To mark W as el ) ( the ancients stigmatized their slaves and soldiers. it in a refrigeratory ; to distill. [See Distr11.] A he TO SS a ee era a ae one cleo as Sa ee TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN//GER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS.wien ene STING, z. | j | } | | } { i | STI STI SS er fused or transient increase of vital energy and strength of action in the circuJating system. STING, v.t.; pret.and pp. Stune. Sane is obsolete. [Goth. stigewan; Sax. stingan, styngan, to rush or thrust, hence to sting; G. stechen, to stick, to sung 5 stachel, a prick, goad, sting ; D. stecken, steckel j pan: stikker, to stick, to sting; sting, a thrust, a Sitch, : sting; Sw. sticka, re ee, . ae gla ¥ rp horns, to gore. We see that stung 1S ster altered in 10ers y i ciation. ] orthography and pronuncia eee l. To pierce with the sharp-pointed eR with which certain animals are furnished, But Les bees, wasps, scorpions, and the like. Bees will sel- m sti ersons less they are first provoked. dom sting persons unless they ¢ EP DrOvObed, 9. To pain acutely ;-as, the conscience 1s stung with remorse. Slander slings the brave. Po} c. [ Sax. sting, stincg ; Ice. staung, a spear ; W. ystang; D. steng, a pole or perch 5 SW. stang ; It. stanza, a bar. These words are all of one family.] ]. A sharp-pointed weapon or instrument with which certain animals are armed by nature for their defense, and which they thrust from the hinder part of the body, to pierce any animal that annoys or pro- vokes them. In most instances, this instrument 1s a tube, through which a poisonous matter is dis- charged, which inflames the flesh, and, in some in- stances, proves fatal to life. 2. The thrust of a sting into the flesh. of most insects produces acute pain. 3. Any thing that gives acute pain. Thus we speak of the stings of remorse; the stings of re- proach. 4. The point in the last verse ; as, the sting of an epigram. Dryden. 5. That which gives the principal pain or consti- tules the principal terror. The sting of death is sin. —1 Cor. xv, STING/ER, x. aciite pain. STIN’GL-LY, adv. [from stingy.] etousness ; in a niggardly manner STIN’GL-NESS, n. {from stingy.}| Extreme avarice ; mean covetousness ; niggardliness. STING/ING-LY, adv. With stinging. S'TING'LESS, a. [from sting.) Fiaving no sting. STIN'’GO, n. [from the sharpness of the taste.] Old beer, [4 cant word.) Addison. The sting That which stings, vexes, or gives With mean cov- STEN’GY, a. [from straitness; W. ystang, something strait; ystangu, to straiten, to limit. ] Extremely close and covetous meanly avaricious ; nigeardly ; narrow-hearted ; as a stingy churl [A word in popular use, but low, and not admissibté%nco el- ecant ioriting. STINK, v. + pret. Srank or Strunk. [Sax. stincan; G. and D. stinken; Dan. stinker ; Sw. stinka.] To emit a strong, offensive smell. STINK, n. A strong, offensive smell. Dryden. STINK’ARD, n. A mean, stinking, paltry fellow. 2. A mephitic, burrowing quadruped, the Mydaus meliceps of Cuvier, about 18 inches in length, found in Java and Sumatra. C. H. Smith. STINK’ER, nx. Something intended to offend by the | smell. Harvey. STINK/‘ING, ppr. or a. Emitting a strong, offensive smell, STINK/ING-LY, adv. Locke, With an offensive smell. Siiak. STINK’-POT, n. An earthen jar, charged with pow- der, grenades, and other materials of an offensive and suffocating smell ; sometimes used in boarding an enemy’s vessel. Mar. Dict. © STINK’-STONE, n. Swine-stone, a variety of car- bonate of lime, which emits a fetid odor on being | struck. Dana. STINT, v. t. [Sax. stintan, to stint, or stunt; Ice. stunta; Gr. sevus, narrow, | I. To restrain within certain limits: to bound: to confine ; to limit; as, to stint the body in growth to stint the mind in knowledge ; bis meals. ; to stint a person in Nature wisely stints our appetite. Dryden, 2. To assign a certain task in labor, which being performed, the person is excused from further labor for the day, or,for a certain time; a common, popular use of the word in America. STINT, x. A small, grallatory bird, the Tringa cin- clus. STINT, 7. Limit; bound; restraint. Dryden. 2. Quantity assigned; proportion allotted. ‘The workmen have their stint. Qur stint of woe Is common. STINT/ANCE, 7x. or local, | STINT’ED, pp. or a. Restrained to a certain limit or quantity ; limited, STINT’ED-NESS, n. STINT’ER, 7. Shak, Restraint ; stoppage. [Not used, State of being stinted. He or that which stints FATE, FAR, The Dutch has steng, a pole ar | ; on 0 S ‘ith the | perch; Sw. stang, id.; and stanga, to push w ith the 2. In medicine, that which produces a quickly-dif- | STINT/ING, ppr. Restraining within certain limits ; assigning a certain quantity to; limiting, STIPL, Re [L. stipes; Gr. orvu7os, a stake,] In botany, the base of a frond ; OF aspecies of stem passing into leaves, or not distinct from the leaf. The stem of a fungus is also called stipe. The word is also used for the filament or slender stalk which supports the pappus, and connects it with the seed. Martyn. STI/PEND, n. [L.stipendium; stips,a piece of money, and pendo, to pay.] Settled pay or compensation for services, whether daily or monthly wages; or an annual salary. Tr/PEND, v. t. To pay by settled wages. Shelton. TI-PEND/LA-RY, a. [L. stipendiarius. ] Receiving wages or salary ; performing services for a stated price or compensation. His great stipendiary prelate came with troops of evil-appointed horsemen not half fall. Knolles. STI-PEND’I-A-RY, nm. [Supra.] One who performs services for a settled compensation, either by the day, month, or year. If thou art become A tyrant’s vile sipendiary. Glover. STIP/I-TATE, a. [See Strive.] In botany, support- ed by a stipe ; elevated on a stipe; as pappus. Martyn. STIP’PLE, (stip’pl,) v. t To engrave by means of dots, in distinction from engraving in lines. Todd. STIP’/PLED, pp. Formed or executed with dots. STIP’PLING, ppr. Forining or executing with dots. STIP’PLING, n. Inengraving and miniature painting, aD FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE succession of dots or small points instead of lines. Jocelyn. STIP/TI€. See Stryrric. P/ULE, { 7 [L. stipula, a straw or stubble.] In botany, an appendage at the base of yetioles, | Uy | pe a or solitary; they are lateral, | Stipules are in pairs, extrafoliaceous, intrafoliaceous, &c. Martyn. A leafy appendage to the proper leaves, or to their | footstalks ; commonly situated at the base of the lat- ter, in pairs. Smith. STIr-U-LA/CEOUS, ) a. [from L. stipula, stipularis. > STIP/U-LAR, } See Stipuva.] 1. Resembling stipules ; consisting of stipules. ©) 2. Growing on stipules, or close to them; ular glands, Martyn. Lee. STIP/U-LATE, v.7. [. stipulor, from stipes, or from the primary sense of the root, as in stipo, to crowd; whence the sense of agreement, binding, making fast. } 1. To make an agreement or covenant with any person or company to do or forbear any thing; to contract; to settle terms; as, certain princes sttpu- lated to assist each other in resisting the armies of France. Great Britain and the United States stipu- late to oppose and restrain the African slave trade. has stipulated to build a bridge within a given time. B has stipulated not to unnoy or interdict our trade. 2. To bargain. A has stipulated to deliver me his horse for fifty guineas. STIP/U-LATE, a. [from _ stipula.] on it; as, a stipulate stalk. STIP/U-LA-TED, pp. or a. Agreed; contracted; covenanted. It was stipulated that Great Britain should retain Gibraltar. STIP/U-LA-TING, ppr. gaining. STIP-U-LA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. stipulatio.] 1. The act of agreeing and covenanting; a con- tracting or bargaining. 2. An agreement or covenant made by one person with another for the performance or forbearance of some act; a contract or bargain; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops. 3. In botany, the situation and structure of the stip- ules, Martyn. STIP/U-LA-TOR, n. One who stipulates, contracts, or covenants. STIP/ULE, n. See Srivura. STIP/UL-ED, a. Furnished with stipules or leafy appendages, Smith. STIR, (stur,) v. t. [Sax. stirian, styrian ;° D. stooren; G. stéren, to stir, to disturb; W. ystwriaw. This word gives storm; Ice. stir, war. 1. ‘lo move ; to change place in any manner. My foot I had never yet in five days been able to stir. 2. To agitate ; to bring into debate. Stir not questions of jurisdiction. Having stipules Agreeing ; contracting ; bar- Temple. Bacon. 3. To incite to action ; to instigate; to prompt. An Ate stirring him to blood’ and strife. Shak. 4, To excite ; to raise; to put into motion. Dryden. To stir up; to incite; to animate; to instigate by rae passions; as, to stir up a nation to rebel- jon. And for her sake some mutiny will stir. The words of Judas were good, and able to elir them up to valor, —2 Macc. iby a mode of execution which produces the effect by a | QS, stip- | MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, 2. To excite ; to put into action; to begin; as, to sirup a mutiny or insurrection ; to stir up strife. 3. To quicken; to enliven; to make more lively or vigorous ; as, to stir wp the mind, 4. To disturb; as, to stir up the sediment of liquor. STIR, (stur,) v.z. To move one’sself. Heis notabie to stir. 2. ‘To go or be carried in any manner. able to stir from home, or to stir abroad. 3. To be in motion ; not to be still. ually stirring. 4. To become the object. of notice or conversation. hey fancy they have a right to talk freely upon every thing that stirs or appears, Watts, He is not He is contin- 5. To rise in the morning. STIR, (stur,) 7 [W. ystoor. | 1. Agitation; tumult; bustle; { Colloquial.] Shak. noise or various movements, Why all these words, this clamor, and this stir? Denham. Consider, after so much stir about the genus and species, how few words have yet settled definitions. ocke, 2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumultuous disorder; seditious uproar. Being advertised of some stir raised by his unnatural sons in england, he departed from Ireland, without a blow. Davies. 3. Agitation of thoughts ; conflicting passions. Shak. STIR! A-BOUT, (stur’-,) n. A Yorkshire dish formed of oatmeal boiled in water to a certain consistency. Malone. | STIR/I-A-TED, a. [L. stiria, an icicle.] Adorned with pendants like icicles. STIR/I-OUS, a. [Supra.] Resembling icicles. [Jot much used. Brown. | STIRK, (sturk,) n. { Local. | | STIR’/LESS, a. S7 A young ox or Ireifer. Still without stirring. IRP, (sturp,) n. [L. stirps.] Stock; race; family. [Not English. Bacon. | STIR’/RED, pp. Moved; agitated ; put in action. STIR/RER, 2. One who is in motion. 2. One who puts in motion. 3. A riser in the morning. 4. An inciter or exciter ; an instigator. o. ‘A stirrer up; an exciter ; an instigator. STIR’/RING, ppr. Moving; agitating; putting in mo- tion. 2. a. Active; active in business; habitually em- ployed in some kind of business; accustomed to a busy life. | STIR/RING, n. [Supra.] ting in motion. STIR’/RUP, (stur/rup,) x. [Sax. stige-rapa, step-rope ; stigan, to step, or ascend, and rap, rope; G. steic-bit- gel, step-bow, or mounting-bow ; D. styg-beugel ; Sw. steg-bi gel; Dan. stirbdjle. Brst stirrups appear to have been ropes. } m Shak. The act of moving or put- 1. A kind of ring, or be zontal on one side for recei and attached to a strap whic ecened to the sad- dle ; used to assist persons in mounting a horse, and to enable them to sit steadily in ¥iding, as well as to relieve them by supporting a part of the weight of the body. 2. Among seamen, a rope secured to a yard, with a thimble in its lower end, for reeving a foot-rope. of metal, hori- ot of the rider, Totten. STIR/RUP-€UP, n. A parting cup taken on horse- bac! Scott. he STIR/RUP-LEAFH-ER, (stur/rup-leth-er,) x, that supports a stirrup. SLITCH. a, £, D. stikken ; Dan. stikker ; Sw. sticka. This is another form of stick.] 1. To sew with a back puncture of the needle, so as to double the thread ; as, to stitch a wristband ; to sew or unite together; as, to stitch the leaves of a book and form a pamphlet. 2. ‘To form land into ridges, New England. To stitch up ; to mend or unite with a needle and thread ; as, to stitch up a rent; to stitch wp an artery. Wiseman. A strap G. sticken ; STITCH, v.1. To practice stitching. STITCH, 7. A single pass of a needle in sewing, 2. A single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting ; a link of yarn; as, to let down a stitch; to take up a stitch. 3. A land; the space between two double furrows in plowed ground. Halhaell, 4. A local, sharp pain; an acute lancinating pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side. STITCH’ED, (sticht,) pp. ora. Sewed with a back puncture of the needle; sewed together. STITCH’EL, n. A kind of hairy wool. [Zocal.] STITCH’ER, 7. One that stitches. STITCH’/ER-Y, x2. Needlework ; in contempt. Shak. bg STITCH’-FALL-EN, a. Fallen, asa stitch in knitting. [Vot in. use. } Dryden STITCH/ING, ppr. Sewing in a particular manner; uniting with a needle and thread. & STITCH/ING, n. The act of stitching. 2. Work done by sewing in a particular manner. 3. The forming of land into ridges or divisions. MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1086 I AN OT Rican oon:STO STO STO 2. A grassy-looking plant, of the genus Stellaria. books. Encye. ‘ Loudon. STOCK, v.t. Tostore; to supply; to 3 < stock STITH, a. [Sax.] Strong; rigid. [ot in use] the mind with ideas. DOT ean ae all STOL/ID STIFH/Y, x. ([Supra. Ice. stedia.] stocked with inhabitants. ae 1. An anvil. [Local] Shak. 9, To lay up in store; as, he stocks what he can 2, A disease In oxen, not use. ay Johnson. STIFH’Y, v. t. To forge onan anvil. [Local.] 3. To put in the stocks. [Little used.] Shak. Halliwell. 4, To pack ; to put into a pack ; as, to stock cards. STIFH/Y-ING ; ppr. STYVE, v. t. close. STI’ VER, n. STITCH’WORT, n. rf STOAK, v. t. STOAT, n. STO'CAH, n. STOC-CADE!, | n. STO€-E€A'DO,§ a STO€-CADPE’, v. t. STOC€E-CAD’ED, pp. STO€E-ECAD/ING, ppr. STO-CHAS'TIE, (sto-kas’tik,) a. | Gr. TTOXATTIKOS. | STOCK, zx. stock, a stem, a staff, a stick, a block ; D. and Dan. | STOCK/ING, n. A plant, chamomile. Ainsworth. Forging on an anvil. [See Sturr and Stew.] To stuff up [Not in use. ] Sandys. 9. To make hot, sultry, and close. [JVot in use.) (Sw. stifver ; D. stuiver.] Wotton. A Dutch coin and money of account, of the value f two cents, or about one penny sterling. To stop; to choke; in seamen’s lan- gruace. ; An animal, the ermine. This animal is called stoat when of a reddish color, and ermine when white, asin winter. Itis a digitigrade, carnivorous | mammal, the Putorius Erminea. : Ed. Encyc. | (Ir. and Erse.] An attendant; a wal- [Not English, nor used. [It. stoccato, a thrust, from stocco, stock or race, a rapier or long- | sword; Sp. estocada; Fr. estocade. sense of thrust. But we give the word another sig- nification, from stock, a post, or fixed piece of timber. let boy. The It. stocco and Eng. stock are the same word. ] STOCK!-DOVE, (-duv,) 2. 1. A stab; a thrust with a rapier. Shak. 9. A fence or barrier made with stakes or pasts planted in the earth; a slight fortification. [See STOcCKADE. To fortify with sharpened posts. Fortified with posts. Fortifying with posts. teks 5 [Not in use.] Brown. [Sax. stoc, a place, the stem of a tree; G. L Conjectural ; able to conjecture. stok, id.; Sw. stock; Fr. estoc; It. stocco. This word coincides with stake, stick, stacr ; that which is set or fixed. | 1. The stem or main body of a tree or other plant ; | the fixed, strong, firm part; the origin und support of | the branches. Job xiv. 9. The stem in which a graft is inserted, and which | is its support. The cion overruleth the st ck quite. Bacon. 3. A post; something fixe d, solid, and senseless. When all our fathers worshiped sfocks and stones, Milton. 4. A person very stupid, dull, and senseless. | Let's b2 no stoics, nor no stocks. Shak. 5. The part of-artool for boring wood with a crank | whose end rests against the breast of the orkman, eget’ GQoilt. 6. The woot in wich the barrel of a musket or other firearm is fixed. 7. Athrust with a rapier. [ot im USE. | 8. A cravat or band for the neck. 9, A cover for the leg. [ Obs.) [Now Srockrna.] 10. The original progenitor; also, the race or line of a family ; the progenitors of a family and their di- rect descendants ; lineage ; family. From what stock did he spring? Thy mother was no goddess, nor thy stock From Dardanus, Denham, Men and brethren, children of the stock of Abraham, — Acts iil. 11. A’fund ; capital ; the money or goods ¢ mployed in trade, manufactures, insurance, banking, &c. 3 as, the stock of a banking company ; the stock employed in the manufacture of cotton, in making insurance, and the like. Stock may be individual or joint. 12. Money lent to government, or property in a public debt; a share or shares of a national or other public debt, or in a company debt. The United States borrow of the bank or of individuals, and sell stock bearing an interest of five, six, or seven per cent. British stocks are the objects of perpetual spec- ulation. 13. Supply provided; store. Every one may be charitable out of his own stock. So we say, a stock of honor, a stock of fame. Add to that stock which justly we bestow. Dryden. 14. In agriculture, the domestic animals or beasts belonging to the owner of a farm ; as, a stock of cat- tle or of sheep. It is also used for the crop or other property belonging to the farm. Encye 15. Living beasts shipped to a foreign country ; 48, | a brig sailed yesterday with stock on deck. ‘The cat- tle are called also live stock. America. 16. In the West Indies, the slaves of a plantation. 17. Stocks, pl.; a machine consisting of two pieces of timber, in Which the legs of criminals are con- fined by way of punishment, 18. The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building. 19. The stock of an anchor is the piece of timber into which the shank is inserted. Mar. Dict. S STOCK-ADE’, v, t. To surround or fortify with sharp- Spenser. STOCK-AD’/ED, pp. Ss This gives the STOCK’-BROK-ER, nz. STOCK/-FISH, x. STOCK-GIL’LY-FLOW-ER, n. ER. STOCK/HOLD-ER, n._ [stock and hold.] | STOGINY, a. 0. In book-keeping, the owner or owners of the | STOL/’EN, (stol’/n,) pp. or a. see.} 5. To supply with domestic animals; as, to stock a farm. 6. To supply with seed; as, to stock land with clover or herdsgrass. American Farmers. 7. To suffer cows to retain their milk for twenty- four hours or more previous to sale. Edwards’s W. Indies. TOCK-ADBE/, n. [See Sroccape.] In fortification, a sharpened post or stake set in the earth. 2. A line of posts or stakes set in the earth as a| fence or barrier. ened posts fixed in the sround. Fortified with stockades. TOCK-AD/ING, ppr. Fortifying with sharpened posts or stakes. [stock and broker.) A broker who deals in the purchase and sale of stocks or shares in the public funds. [stock and dove.] The wild pigeon of Europe, (Columba cenas,) long con- sidered as the stock of the domestic pigeon, but now regarded as a distinct species. Ed. Encye. [stock and fish.] Cod dried hard and without salt. A plant, a species written Stock JoLy Fam. of Plants. One whois a proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other company. [from stock; Ir. stoca; supposed by Johnson to be a corruption of stocken, plural of stoci. But qu.] A carment made to cover the foot and leg. STOCK/ING, v. t. ‘To dress in stockings. Dryden. STOCK/ISH, a. Hard; stupid; blockish. [Little used. Shak. STOCK/-JOB-BER, n. [stock and 7 b.] One who speculates in the public funds for gain; one Whose occupation is to buy and sell stot Ks. STOCK!/—JOB-BING, n. The act or art of di the public funds. STOCK!/-LOCK, n. [stock and lock.] a wooden case or frame. rOCKS. See under Stock. TOCK!-STILL, a. [stock and still.] Stillasa fixed post ; perfectly still. sometimes Enciye. of Cheiranthus ; i'r OWER aling in Encye. A lock fixed in Buchanan. » Ss Anon, Our preachers stand slock-sfll in the pulpit. {from sa Thick and firm; stout. A stocky person is one rather thick than tall or cor- pulent ; one whose bones are covered Well with flesh, but without a prominent belly. STOIG, n [Gr.swixos, from soa,a porchin Athens, where the philosopher Zeno taught. | A disciple of the philosopher Zeno, who founded a sect. sion, unmoved by joy or erief, and submit without complaint to the unavoidable necessity by which all things are governed. Enfield. STO‘'IE, ) a. STO/IE-AL, § doctrines. 9, Not affected by passion ; ing indifference to pleasure or pain. STO'IE-AL-LY, adv. without apparent feeling or sensibility ; with ference to pleasure or pain. Chesterfield. STO/LE-AL-NESS, 2. difference to pleasure or pain. STO/LCISM, zx. Stoics. To stock up; to extirpate ; to dig up. q He taught that men should be free from pas- Pertaining to the Stoics or to their In the manner of the Stoics; indif- The opinions and maxims of the STO-LID/LTY, 2. stupidity. STO’LON, z. tally from a plant, as in the strawberry. STOL-O-NIF/ER-OUS, a. fero, to produce.) stoloniferous stem. ‘O'MA, 7. STOM/A-TA, n. pl. § ing into inter-cellular cavities in the subjacent tissue, and bordered by a rim. STO-MA€/A-CB, n. of breath, arising from ulcerated gums. STOM/A€H, (stum/ak,) n. mago; It. stomacho; Fr. estomac. | © oO set. | T STOM/ACH, (stum/ak,) Ob ts {from steal, which Stolen Waters are sweet. — Prov. ix. [L. stolidus ; from the root of still, stall, Dull; foolish; stupid. [JVot used.] [Supra.] Dullness of intellect ; [ Little oe Bentley. [L. stolo. In botany, a runner or shoot proceeding horizon- [L. stolo, a sucker, and Producing suckers ;-putting forth suckers; a8, a Martyn. ) [Gr.] In botany, oval spaces be- tween the sides of cells open- Lindley. (Gr. cropa and xaxos.) A fetor Brande. [L. stomachus ; Sp. esto- 1. In animal bodies, a membraneous receptacle, the principal organ of digestion, in which food is pre- pared for entering into the several parts of the body for its nourishment. 9, Appetite ; the desire of food caused by hunger ; as, a good stomach for roast beef. [.4 popular use of the word. | 3. Inclination ; liking. Bacon. He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart. Shak. 4, Anger; violence of temper. Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain. willful Spenser. 5, Sullenness; resentment; obstinacy ; stubbornness. This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent. Locke, 6. Pride; haughtiness. He was a man Of an unbounded stomach, ever ranking Himself with princes. Shak. Note. — This word, in all the foregoing senses ex- cept the first, is nearly obsolete or inelegant. [L. stomachor. | 1. To resent ; to remember with anger. \ffront. strange. The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach th L This sense is not used in America, as far as my ob- servation extends. In America, at least in New Eng- land, the sense ts, 9. To brook; to bear without open resentment or [ Not elevant. without opposition. ' STOM/ACH, v.i. Tobeangry. [ot in use.] Hooker. {| STOM/ACH-AL, a. [Fr. stomacal.] Cordial; helping the stomach. Cotgrave. unfeeling; manifest- | L | STOM'ACH-ING, ppr. The state of being stoical; in- 9. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure or | pain ; insensibility. STOKE Srock, differently applied, lish names of towns. STOKER, n. house, or of a steam-engine. STO’LA, n. ([Gr. o7 »AN- | Green. j | by Roman women, STOLE, pret. of STEEL. 1 STOLE, 7. [L. and It. stola; Sp. estola. | scarf, with fringed [Sax. stocce, stoc, place] is the same word as It is found in many Eng- One who looks after the fire of a brew- J : A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn 1. Inthe Roman Catholic church, a lorg and narrow extremities, worn by a priest around the neck, and crossed over the breast in front. Hook. 9, [L. stolo.] A sucker; ashoot from the root of a plant, by which some plants may be propagated, [ W ritten also STooL.] Groom of the stole; the first lord of the bed-cham- ber, in the household of the king of England. Brande. Gas J; 9as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. STOM/ACH-ED, a. 5 STOM/ACH-FUL-NESS, 7. STO-MACH'IC, { 4. STO-MACH'IE-AL, | STO-MACH/I€, (sto-mak/ik,) 7%. Filled with resentment. Sak. An ornament or support to the TOM’ A-CHER, n. Shak. breast, worn by females. Js ~ li. S STOM/AEH-FUL, (stum’ak-,) a. Willfully obstinate ; stubborn ; perverse ; as, a stomachful boy. I? Estrange. Stubbornness; sullen- perverse obstinacy. Pertaining to the stomach ; as, stomachic vessels. Harvey. 9, Strengthening to the stomach ; exciting the ac- tion of the stomach. Ooze. A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action. Brooking; bearing without ness 5 open resentment, STOM'ACH-ING, 2. Resentment. STOM/AGH-LESS, (stum/ak-,) a. stomach or appetite. STOM/ACH-OUS, a. Stout; sullen ; obstinate. [/Vot in use. | Spenser. STOM/ACH-PUMP,2. A small pump orsyringe with a flexible tube, for drawing liquids from the stom- ach, or for injecting them into it. STOMACH-Y, a Obstinate ; sullen. STOIMA-POD, x. [Gr. croua, a mouth, and 7 foot. ] : One of an order of crustaceous animals, including the squilla, in which several of the organs of the mouth have the form of feet. Dana, STOMP; a vulgar pronunciation of Srame, which Not in u sé. | eing without a I all. Jennings. us, a see. STOND,n. [for Sranp.] A stop; 4 post; a station. Obs.] [See Sranp.] : STONE, n. [Sax. stan; Goth. staina; G. stews D. and Dan. steen; Sw. stens Dalmatian, sztina; Croatian, stine. ‘This word may be a derivative from the root of stand, or it may belong to some root 1n Class Dn. The primary sense is, to set, to fix; Gr. 5é! 0s] 1, A mass of concreted, earthy, or mineral matter. In popular language, Very large masses of stone are called rocks; small masses are called stones; and the finer kinds, gravel or sand, or grains of sand. Stone is of great and extensive use —<—<——— et Se fe — eS Tey mn the construction of | | | | —_—_— ——€ = ae sTO STO STO buildings of all kinds, for walls, fences, piers, abut- ments, arches, monuments, sculpture, and the like. When we speak of the substance generally, we use stone in the singular; as, a house or wall of stone. But when we speak of particular, separate masses, we Say, a stone, or the stones. 2. A gem ; a precious stone. Inestimable stones, unyalued jewels. Shak. 7 7 hale 3. Any thing made of stone; a mirror. Shak. 4, A calculous concretion in the kidneys or blad- der; the disease arising from a calculus. 5. A testicle. coaae 6. The nut of a drupe or stone fruit; or the hard covering inclosing the kernel, and itself inclosed by ; g osing the pulpy pericarp. : Fe Martyn. 7. In Great Britain, the weight of fourteen pounds. [8, 12, 14, or 16.] . : Not used in the United States, except in reference to the riders of lwrses ir races. } 8. A monument erected to preserve the memory of the dead. Should some relentless eye Glance on the sfone where our cold relics lie. Pope. 9. It is used to express torpidness and insensibil- ity ; as, a heart of stone. I have not yet forgot myself to stone. Pope. 10. Stone is prefixed to some words to qualify their signification. Thus stone-dead is perfectly dead, as fectly still; stone-blind, blind as a stone, perfectly blind. To leave no stone unturned; a proverbial expres- sion which signifies to do every thing that can be done; to use all practicable means to effect an ob- ject. Meteoric stones; stones which fall from the atmos- phere, as after the displosion of a meteor. Philosopher’s stone; a pretended substance that was formerly supposed to have the property of turning any other substance into gold. STONE, a. Made of stone, or like stone; as, a stone jug. STONE, v.t. [Sax. stenan.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones. And they stoned Stephen receive my , calling on God, and saying, Lord Jesus, - spirit. — Acts 2. To harden. O perjured woman, thou dost stone my heart. [Little used.] 3. To free from stones ; as, to stone raisins, 1 HE | STONE/_W lifeless as a stone ; stone-still, still as a stone, per- | lONE/-WALL, n. STONE’-HEART-ED, } a. [stone and heart.] Hard- STON/Y-HEART-ED,}$ hearted; cruel; pitiless ; unfeeling. Shak. STONE/HENGE, n. idical temple. = Ps Guc. STONE/’-HORSE, 7. Ss [stone and horse.] as, the stony dart of senseless cold. Spe NSe7T, 4. To wall or face with stones; to line or fortify With stones ; as, to stone a well; to stone a cellar. STONE!-BLIND, a. [sane and blind.) Blind as a stone ; perfectly blinc STONE/-BOR-ER, 7. An animal that bores stones - applied to certain bivalve mollusks which form holes in rocks. Kirby. STONE/-BOW, n. shooting stones. STONE/’-BREAK, n. raga. | A plant. . | | } [stone and bow.] [stone and break; L. sarif- Ainsworth. STONE/-CHAT, (nm. [stone and chatte Tel: AN STONE’-CHAT-TER,{ small bird of the eastern continent, the Saxicola rubicola of Bechstein, ( Mota- cilla rubicola, Linn.) It is allied to the English robin redbreast, and its note often resembles the Knocking together of two stones. Jardine. Ed. Encyc. Hard coal; mineral coal. A distemper in hawks. [Sax. stan-crop. ] TONE!'-€60AL, n. STONE/-CRAY, n. STONE/-€ROP, xn. 1. A sort of tree. Mortimer. 2. A low, succulent plant of the genus Sedum, growing on rocks and dry, arid places; wall-pepper. The stone-crop tree or shrubby grass-wort is of the genus Chenopodium. Loudon. Lee. STONE’-€UR-LEW, n. A large species of the plover family, Gidicnemus crepitans of Temminck. It fre- quents stony places, and is also called Tuick-knrep Plover or Bustarp, and Tuick-Kner. Jardine. STONE’-CUT-TER, n. [stone and cut.] One whose occupation is to hew stones. Swift, STONE’-€UT-TING, n. stones for walls, steps, cornices, monuments, &c. STONE/-EAT-ER, n. An animal that eats stone: 5 applied to certain bivalve mollusks which form holes | STOOP, »v. i. In rocks. Kirby. STON/ED, pp. Pelted or killed with stones; freed from stones ; walled with stones. STON/-DEAD, (-ded,) a. As lifeless as a stone. STONE!/-fAT-ER, n. An animal that eats stone. STONE’-FERN, n. [stone and fern.] A plant. Ainsworth. STONE’-FLY, n. [stone and fly.] An insect. STONE/-FROIT, n. Ainsworth. [stone and fruit.] Fruits whose seeds are covered with a hard shell enveloped in the pulp, as peaches, cherries, plums, &c. ; a drupe. Boyle. STONE/-HAWK, n. [stone and hawk.) A kind of hawk. Ainsworth. A cross-bow for | STOQK, vw. t. STOOK’ING, 2. STOOL, n. STOOL, 2. 7. STOOL/-BALL, n. The business of hewing | STOOM, v. t. heart. 6. Insensible ; obdurate STON’/Y-HEART-ED, a. Ss Milton. ; perverse; morally hard. Hard-hearted. Scotl. TOOD, pret. of Stanp. STQOOK, n. [Scotch; W. ystwc, a shock of grain.} A small collection of sheaves set up in the field. {In England, a stook is twelve sheaves. ] To set up sheaves of grain in stooks. { Local, ] The act of setting up sheaves of grain in stooks or shocks, [Sax. stol, Goth. stols, a seat, a throne : G. stwil, a stoo), a stock, a pew, a chair, the see of a bishop; D. and Dan. stvel, id. ; This coincides with stall and still. A stool is that which is set, or a seat; Russ. prestol, a throne. ] J, A seat without a back ; a little form consisting of a board with three or four legs, intended as a seat | for one person. Watts. 2. The seat used in evacuating the contents of the bowels; hence, an evacuation; a discharge from the bowels. 3. [L. stolo.] The root or stem of a tree or plant cut off near the ground, from which shoots springup. ; An assemblage of upright and horizontal stones on Salisbury Plain, England ; gen- erally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Dru- horse A house | SLOOP, v.t. To cause to incline downward STOOP, x. Hard, inspis- STOOP, n. STOOP, n. STOOP’ED, (stoopt,) pp. STOOP/ER, xz. STOOP/ING-LY, adv. STOOR, v. 2. quality of} STOP. v. t D if wD suka . | ; walling with o. Hard ; cruel; unrelenting; pitiless; as, a stony Sw. stol; W. ystal. | Brande. Stool of repentance; in Scotland, an elevated seat in the churcb, on which persons sit, as a punishment for fornication and adultery ; the cutty-stool, which see, Johnson. In agriculture, to ramify ; to tiller, as grain ; to shoot out suckers. [ stool and ball, | A which balls are driven from stool to stool. play in Prior. To put bags of herbs or other ingredi- ents into wine, to prevent fermentation. [ Local. Chambers. [Sax. stupian; D. stuipen. I. To bend the body downward and forward; as, to stoop to pick up a book. to stop a string. Bacon. 10. In seamanship, to make fast. 11. To point; as a written composition. [JVot in USE. STOP, v.% To cease to go forward. Some strange commotion Ts in his brain: he lip, and starts ; Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground, Shak. The best time to stop is at the bezinning. Lesley. STOP, n. Cessation of progressive motion; as, to make a stop. D Estrange. 2. To bend or lean forward; to incline forward in standing or walking. We often see men sfoop in standing or walking, either from habit or from age. 3. To yield; to submit; to bend by compulsion ; as, Carthage at length stooped to Rome. Dryden. 4. To descend from rank or dignity; to conde- scend. In modern days, attention to agriculture is not called stooping, in men of property. Where men of great wealth sloop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly, Bacon. 5. To yield ; to be inferior. These are arts, my prince, Salt. Temple. 6. That which obstructs; obstacle; impediment. A fatal stop traversed their headlong course. Daniel. Addison. In which our Zama does not sloop to Rome. 6. To come down on prey, as a hawk. The bird of Jove stooped from his airy tour, Two birds of gayest plume before him drove. 7. To alight from the wing, Milton. And sigop with closing pinions from above. 8. To sink to a lower place. Cowering low With blandishments, each bird stooyed on his wing. Dryden. Milton. 1 3 to sink ; as, to stoop a cask of liquor. 2. ‘To cause tosubmit. [Little used, | The act of bending the body forward ; in- clination forward. 2. Descent from dignity or superiority ; condescen- sion, ‘ Can any loyal subject see With patience sloop from sover ignty ? such a ryden. 3. Fall of a bird on his prey. [D. stoep, a step. | The steps of a door. In WVew England, a stoop has a balustrade and seats on the sides. Sax. stoppa; D. stoop, a measure of about two quarts ; Sw. stop,a measure of about three pints, | 1. A vessel of liquor; a flagon; as,a stoop of wine or ale. Denham. King. Shak. 2, A post fixed in the earth. [Zocal.} Caused to lean. One that bends the body forward. S/eriood. Bending the body forward ; condescending ; inclining. With a bending of the body STOOP/ING, ppr. or a. yielding; submitting; forward. To rise in clouds, as dust or smoke; from the Welsh ystwr, a stir. [JZocal, | Halliwell. STOOT’ER, x. A small silver coin in Holland, value 2 1-2 stivers. Ps Cie. stoppen; G. stopfen, to stop, to check, to pose, to fill, to cram, to stuff, to quilt, to darn, to mend; Dan. stopper, to stop, to puzzle, to darn, to cranl, to stuff; Sw. stoppa, to stop, to stuff; It. stop- pare, to stop with tow ; stoppa, tow, L. stupa; Sp. estopa, tow ; estofa, quilted stuff; estofar, to quilt, to ste meat with wine, spice, or vinegar; Port. estofa, stuff; estofar, to quilt, to stuff; Fr. eloupe, tow ; élouper, to stop with tow; etowffer, to choke, to stifle, (see StiFLe ;) L. stupa, tow; stipo, to stuff, to crowd, and stupeo, to be stupefied, whence stupid, stupor, (that is, to stop, or a stop ;) Ir. stopam, to stop, shut. The primary sense is either to cease to nl Ove, or to stuff, to press, to thrust in, to cram ; prob- avly the latter. ] 1. ‘To close; as an aperture, by filling or by ob- structing ; as, to stop a vent ; to stop the ears ; to slop wells of water, 2 Kings iii. 2. To obstruct ; to render impassable ; as, to stop a Way, road, or passage. 3. To hinder; to impede; to arfest progress; as, to stop @ passenger in the road ; to stup the course of a stream. 4. To restrain; to hinder; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree. o. To repress; to suppress; to restrain ; as, to stop the progress of vice. 6. To hinder; to check ; as, to stop the approaches of old age or infirmity. 7. To hinder from action or practice. Whose disposition, all the > rubbed nor 190 world well knows, sloppe d. Shak. 8. To put an end to any motion or action; to in- tercept; as, to stop the breath; to stop proceedings. 9. ‘To regulate the sounds of musical strings ; as, Will nott 2. To cease from any motion or course of action. When you are accustomed to a course of vice, it is very difficult to step. 2. Hinderance of progress; obstruction; act of stopping. Occult qualities put a efop to the improvement of natural phi- osophy,. 4Yewton, 3. Repression ; hinderance of operation or action. st It isa great step toward the mastery of our desires, to give this stop to them, Locke. 4. Interruption. These stops of thine fright me the more, Shak. 5. Prohibition of sale; as, the stop of wine and 0 melancholy a prospect should inspire us with zeal to oppose some stop to the rising torrent. OECTE. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —STO 7. The instrument by which the sounds of wind music are regulated ; as, the stops of a flute or an organ. 8. Regulation of musical chords by the fingers. In the stops of lutes, the hicher they go, the less distance is etween the frets. Bacon. 9. The act of applying the stops in music. The : : : The organ-sound a time survives the stop. Daniel, _10. A point or mark in writing, intended to dis- tinguish the sentences, parts of a sentence, or clatises, and to show the proper pauses in reading. The stops generally used are the comma, semicolon, colon, and period. ‘To these may be added the marks of interrogation and exclamation. STOP/-€0CK, n. (SH and cock.} A pipe for letting out a fluid, stopped by a turning-cock. Grew. STOP’/-GAP,n. [stop and gap.] A temporary expe- dient. [JVot used. STOP’LESS, a. Not tobe stopped. [Not in use.] Davenant. STOP/PAGE, 7. The act of stopping or arresting progress or motion; or the state of being stopped ; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood ; the stop- page of commerce. STOP/PED, (stopt,) pp. Closed; obstructed ; hin- dered from proceeding ; impeded; intercepted. STOP’/PER, n. One who stops, closes, shuts, or hin- ders; that which stops or obstructs; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel. 2. In seamen’s language, a short piece of rope used for making something fast, as the anchor or cables. Stoppers are also used to prevent the running rigging from coming up whilst the men are belaying it. STOP’/PER, v. t. To close or secure with a stopper. STOP/PER-ED, pp. ora. Closed or secured with a stopper ; as, a stoppered retort. Henry. STOP/PER-ING, ppr. Closing with a stopper. STOP’PING, ppr. Closing; shutting; obstructing ; hindering from proceeding ; ceasing to go or move ; putting an end to; regulating the sounds of. STOP/PLE, (stop’pl,) n. [Sw. stopp.] That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel ; as, a glass stopple; a cork stopple. STOR/AGE, n. [from store.] The act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; or the safe keeping of goods in a wareliouse. 9. The price charged or paid for keeping goods in a store. STO'RAX, n. Gr. crvupat ] A fragrant resin exuding from Styrax officinalis, (Linn.,) in the form of small, reddish globules, but usually brought to market in large, flat masses, of a reddis'\-brown color, soft and unctuous to the touch, but pliable and brittle. Like other resins, it is solu- ble in alcohol, and insoluble in water. When dis- tilled with alcohol or water, it scarcely affords any oil. In medicine it is used as an expectorant. Tully. Liquid storax is a fragrant, bitterish, honey-like substance, which exudes from various plants, differ- ing from storax. Itis used in medicine as an expec- torant. STORE,n. [W. ystor, that forms a bulk, a store ; Sax. stor; Dan. stor; Sw. id., great, ample, spacious, main; Ir. stor, storas; Ueb. Ch. Eth. and Ar. 43N, [The English corruption of L. styraz, atsar. Class Sr, No. 39.] 1. A large number; as, a store of years. [ Obs.] Dryden. 2. Alarge quantity ; great plenty ; abundance; as, a store of wheat or provisions. Bacon. 3. A stock provided ; a large quantity for supply ; ample abundance. provisions and ammunition; the ships have stores for a long voyage. [This is the present usual acceptation of the word, and in this sense, the plural, Stores, is commonly used. When applied to a single article of supply, it is still sometimes used in the singular; as, a good store of wine or of bread.]} 4, Quantity accumulated ; fund; abundance; as, stores of knowledge. 5. Astorehouse ; a magazine; a warehouse. Noth- ing can be more convenient than the stores on Cen- tral Wharf in Boston. 6. In the United States, shops for the sale of goods of any kind, by wholesale or retail, are often called stores. In store; in a state of accumulation, in a literal sense; hence,in a state of preparation for supply ; in a state of readiness. Happiness is laid up in store for the righteous ; misery is in store for the wicked. See also Brant STORE, a. Hoarded ;*laid up; as, store treasure. [Not in use. | STORE, v. t. To furnish; to supply; to replenish. Wise Plato snid the world with men was stored, Denham, Her mind with thousand virtues stored. Prior. 9, To stock against a future time; as, a garrison well stored with provisions. One having stored a pond of four acres with carp, tench, and other fish. Hale. STOR’ED, pp. STORE/HOUSE, x. STORE/-KEEP-ER, n. STOR’ER, n. STORE/-ROOM, n. STORES, x. pil. STOR’ GE, n. STO/RI-AL, a use, | STO/RI-ED, (sto’rid,) pp. or a. [from story.] STO/RI-ER, n. STO/RLFY, v. t. DM The troops have great stores of STO 3. To reposit in a store or warehouse for preserva- tion; to warehouse; as, to store goods. Bacon. Furnished ; supplied. 2. Laid up in store; warehoused. [store and house.] A building for keeping grain or goods of any kind; a magazine; a repository ; a warehouse. Joseph opened all the storehouses and sold to the Egyptians, — Gen. xii, 2. A repository. The Scripture of God is a storehouse abounding with inestima- ble treasures of wisdom and knowledge. ooker. 3. A great mass reposited. ([JVot in use.] [store and keeper. | who has the care of a store. One who lays up or forms a store. Room in a storehouse or reposi- tory ; a room in which articles are stored. Military and naval stores are arms, ammunition, provisions, clothing, &c. 2, In commercial navigation, the supplies of differ- ent articles provided for the subsistence and accom- modation of the ship’s crew and passengers. McCulloch. [Gr.] Parental affection ; tender love ; that strong, instinctive affection which animals have for their young. Spenser. A man {from story.] Historical. [JVot in Chaucer. Fur- nished with stories; adorned with historical paint- ings. ae ; Some greedy minion, or imperious wife, The trophied arches, storied halls, invade. Pope. 2. Related or referred to in story; told or recited in history. g STORM/-TOSS-ED, (-tost,) a. STORM/-VEX-ED, (-vext,) a. STORMY, a. A relater of stories ; a historian. [JVot in use. | To form or tell stories. [JVot im Ch. Relig. Appeal. TORING, ppr. Laying up in a store or warehouse. TORK, n. | Sax. storc; Dan. Sw. stork. ] A large bird with a long, straight, conical bill, al- lied to the heron. There are several species, which be- long to the genus Ciconia of Brisson, (Ardea, Linn.) The stork is famed for its great affection toward its young ; and the various species render linportant Ser- vices to man in clearing away noxious animals and filth. PCy. STORK?S/-BILL, n. A plant of the genus Pelargoni- um, Which see. Loudon. STORM, n. [Sax. storm; D. Dan. and Sw. storm; G. sturm; W. ystorm; D. stooren, to disturb ; W. ystw- riaw, Eng. to stir. In Italian, stormo is a fight, com- bat, a hand, or troop ; stormire, to make a noise 3; stor- meg giare, to throng together, to ring the alarm bell. The Italian seems to be from Latin turma. The pri- mary sense of storm is, a rushing, raging or violent agitation. ] 1. The violent action of one or more of the meteor- ological elements, wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning. According to the etymology, the proper sense of the word is, rushing, violence. It has, pri- marily, no reference to a fall of rain or snow. But, as aviolent wind is often attended with rain orsnow, the word storm has come to be used for a fall of rain or snow without wind. O, beat those sforms, and roll the seas in vain. u se. ] Pope. 9. A violent assault on a fortified place ; a furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, and the like. Dryden. 3. Violent civil or political commotion ; sedition ; insurrection; also, clamor; tumult; disturbance of the peace. I will stir up in England some black storms, Shak. ler sister Began to scold and mise up such a storm, Shak. 4. Affliction ; calamity ; distress ; adversity. A brave man struggling with the storms of fate. Pape. 5. Violence; vehemence ; tumultuous force. Hooker. STORM, »v. t. To assault; to attack and attempt to take by scaling the walls, forcing gates or breaches, and the like; as, to storm a fortified town. STORM, v.12. To raise a tempest. Spenser. 9 To blow with violence; wnpersonally; as, it storms. 3. To rage, to be in a violent agitation of passion 5 to fume. ‘The master storms, STORM/-BEAT, a. [storm and beat.] paired by storms. STORM/ED, pp. Assaulted by violence. STORM’FUL, a. Abounding with storms. STORM’FUL-NESS, n. Abundance of storms, Coleridce. Beaten or im- Spenser. STORM’I-NESS, 2. being agitated by violent winds. STORM/ING, ppr. Attacking with violent force ; raping. : STORM/-MEN/A-CING, a. Threatening a storm. STORM/-PET’/REL, n- ja . ’ uncouthness. Men worthier than himself Here tend the savage strangeness he puts on. Shak. A, Alienation of mind; estrangement; mutual dislike. STRAP/PED, (strapt,) pp. Drawn or rubbed ona STRAP’PING, ppr. Drawing on a strap, as a razor, 2. Strictness; rigor; as, the straitness of a man’s STRANGE/NESS, n. Foreignness; the state of be-] STRAP, v. t. To beat or chastise with a strap ; 2. To fasten or bind with a strap. 3. To rub on a strap for sharpening, as a razor. rat, STRAP-PA/DO, n. [It. strappata, a pull, strappado; strappare, to pull.] A military punishment formerly practiced. It con- sisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam and letting him fall, by which means a limb was sometimes dislocated. Shak. Milton. strap ; beaten with a strap ; fastened with a strap. aes 2, Binding with a strap. 3. a. Tall; lusty ; as, a strapping fellow. This might seem a means to continue a strangeness between the STRAP/-SH.AP-ED ( shapt ) @ Shaped like a strap — 4 ania ok — > _ ‘ . < . two nations. Bacon, This sense is obsolete or little used. ] . Wonderfulness ; the power of exciting surprise and wonder ; uncommonness that raises wonder by novelty. This rais stra > articles. South. STRAN/GER, n. [Fr. etranger.] 1. A foreigner; one who belongs to another coun- try. Paris and London are visited by strangers from all the countries of Europe. 9. One of another town, city, state, or province, in the same country. The Commencements in Amer- ican colleges are frequented by multitudes of stran- gers from the neighboring towns and states. 3, One unknown. The gentleman is a stranger to me. 4. One unacquainted. My child is yet a stranger to the world, Shak, I was no stranger to the original. Dryden. 5. A guest; a visitor. Milton. 6. One not admitted to any communication or fel- lowship. Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear, And strangers to the sun yet ripen here, 7. In law, one not privy or party to an act. STRAN’GER, v. t. To estrange; to alienate. [Not in use. | Shak. STRANGLE, (strang/gl,) v- & [Fr. etrangler; It. strangolare; L. strangulo. | 1. To choke ; to suffocate ; to destroy life by stop- ping respiration. Our Saxon ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangle her- sd greater tumults in the hearts of men, than the Granville. self. Ayliffe. 9 To suppress; to hinder from birth or appear- ance. Shak. STRAN//GLE-A-BLE, (strang’gl-a-bl,) a. That may be strangled. Chesterfield. STRANGLED, pp. ora. Choked ; suffocated ; sup- pressed STRAN'GLER, n. One who strangles. STRAN//GLES, (-glz,) n. Swellings in a horse’s throat. STRANGLING, ppr. Choking; suffocating ; sup- pressing. STRANGLING, n. The act of destroying life by stopping respiration. STRAN'GU-LA-TED, (strang/gu-la-ted,) a. In sur- gery, having the circulation stopped in any part by 9. Strange is sometimes uttered by way of excla- A strange sail ; among seamen, an unknown ves- sel, STRANGE, v. t. To alienate; to estrange. [Not in Use. STRANGE, v. i. To wonder; to be astonished, [ot STRANGE/-LOQK-ING, a. Having an odd or unu- STRANGE/LY, adv. With some relation to foreign- compression. A hernia 1s said to be strangulated, when it is so compressed as to obstruct the circula- tion in the part, and cause dangerous symptoms. Cyc. STRAN'GU-LA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. strangu- latio. | 1. The act of strangling; the act of destroying life by stopping respiration ; suffocation. Wiseman. 9. That kind of suffocation which is common to women in hysterics ; also, the compression of the in- testines in hernia, so as to suspend the circulation in the part. Cyc. STRAN-GO/RI-OUS, a. Laboring under strangury ; strangury. Cheyne. orpay, a drop, and oupor, urine. ] A painful and stillatitious discharge of urine. tree. } bageage, for stretching limbs in surgery, &c. razor; & Strop. Martin. STRA’TA, n. pl. ness and seeming unreasonableness of all the former | STRAT’ A-GEM, 2 [L stratagema: Fr. stratagceme; é: 4 £ Ay * » Ob & e . Be” ? of the nature of strangury; denoting the pain of STRAN'GU-RY, n. [L. stranguria; Gr.ctrpayyoupla; STRAP, n. [D. strop, a rope or halter; Dan. and Sw. strop; Sax. stropp; L. strupus. Strap and strop ap- pear to be from stripping, and perhaps stripe also ; all having resemblance to a strip ot bark peeled from a STRAUGHT, pp. for StRETCHED. [obs] Chaucer: ; : ( 1. A long, narrow slip of cloth or leather, of vari- ous forms and for various uses; as, the strap of a shoe or boot; straps for fastening trunks or other 9. A piece of leather prepared for sharpening a 3, In botany, the flat part of the corollet in ligulate florets; also, the leaf exclusive of its sheath in some In botany, ligulate. STRASS, zx. A colorless glass, which is the base of all artificial gems, and consists chiefly of silex, potash, borax, and oxyd of lead. Ure. See Stratum.] Beds; layers; as, strata of sand, clay, or coal. It. stratagemma; Gr. crparnynpa, from orparnye®, to lead an army.] 1. An artifice, particularly In war; a plan or scheme for deceiving an enemy. Shak. 9. Any artifice; a trick by which some advantage is intended to be obtained. Those oft are stratagems which errors seem. Pope. STRAT-A-GEM'I€-AL, a, Containing stratagem or artifice. [Little used.] STRAT’E-GUS, n. [Gr. orparnyos.] An Athenian general oflicer. Mitford. STRA-TE/GIE, a. Pertaining to strategy; ef- STRA-TE/GIE-AL, fected by artifice. STRAT’E-GIST, xn. One skilled in strategy or the science of directing great military movements, STRAT/E-GY, n. Generalship ; the science of mili- tary command, or the science of directing great mil- itary movements. STRATH, x. [W. ystrad.] A valley of considerable size, through which a river runs. { Scottish] Jamieson. STRATH'SPEY, n. A lively dance of the Scotch. SPRAT-LFLEA'TION, n. [from stratify.) The process by which substances in the earth have been formed into strata or layers. 2. The state of being formed into layers in the earth. 3. The act of laying in strata. STRAT’I-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. or a. Formed into a Jayer, as a terrene substance 5 arranged in strata or layers. TRAT/I-FORM, a. In the form of strata. Phillips. TRAT‘I-FY, v.t. [Fr. stratifier, from L. stratum. ] 1. To form into a layer, as substances in the earth. Thus clay, Sand, and other species of earth, are often found stratified. 2, To Jay in strata. STRAT/LFY-ING, ppr. Arranging in a layer, as terrene substances. STRAT-LGRAPH'IE-AL, a. Belonging to stratog- raphy. Sed rwick. STRAT-I-GRAPH'I€-AL-LY, adv. Ina stratigraph- ical manner. Sedgwick. STRA-TO€/RA-CY, x. [Gr. orparos, an army, and Koarew, to hold. } ‘ A military government; government by military chiefs and an army. Guthrie. S'PRA-TOG'RA-PHY,n. [Gr. c7paros, an army, and ypadw, to describe. } Description of armies, or what belongs to an army. STRA-TONIIG, a. Pertaining to an army. STRA-TOT’IE, a. Warlike ; military. STRA/TUM, n.; pl. STRATUMS OF Srrata. The latter is most common. [L., from sterno, to spread or lay ; Sax. streone.] ; 1, In cevlogy and mineralogy, a layer; any Species of earth, sand, coal, and the like, arranged in a flat form, distinct from the adjacent matter. The thick- er strata are called Beps ; and these beds are some- times stratified. 9, A bed or layer artificially made. STRA/TUS, nr. [L., from sterno, to spread or lay.] In meteorology, & name given to one of the four fun- damental clouds, from its being spread over the face of the sky, either uniformly or in horizontal layers. i Olmsted. 5 . S ‘ STRAW, xn. [Sax. streow, straw, anc a stratum or bed ; G. stroh; D. stroo; Dan. straae; Sw. stra; L. stra- mentum, from sterno, stravi, stratum. See Srrew.] 1. The stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, &c., chiefly of wheat, rye, oats, barley, buck- wheat, and peas. When used of single stalks, 1t nd- mits of a plural, Straws. Straws may show which way the wind blows. We say of grain while grow- ing, the straw is large, or it is rusty. f j eat ASSES. i Wak : pais} Tonderfully ; in a manner or degree to exalts z 4. Aniron plate for connecting two or more tim- ©, A mass of the stalks of certain species of grain BORRMSe OF WANs ake bers, into which it is screwed by bolts. Gaoilt. when cut, and after being thrashed ; as, a bundle or How strangely active are the arts of peace sa poner 5 ’ A piece of rope formed into a circle, weed to're- n load of strav. In this sense, the word admits not vould strangely delight you to see with what 8 yirit he cons en eee ea : : : ee eee Be of w, tain a block in its position. Totten. the plural number. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, V i —————— V/cIoUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, a oa ee a ee ae a rea tg ares ad eesete ——— ee STR STR STR 3. Any thing proverbially worthless. I care nota straw for the play ; I will not abate a straz. Hudibras. STRAW, v. t. To spread or scatter. [See Srrew and TOM: STRAW/BER-RY, n. [straw and berry; Sax. straw- berie.] A plant and its fruit of the genus Fragaria. Straw- berries are of various kinds, all delicious fruit. STRAW’/BER-RY-TREE, 2. An evergreen shrub of the genus Arbutus ; the fruit is of a fleshy substance, like a strawberry. Lee, Miller. STRAW/-BUILT, (-bilt,) a. Constructed of straw ; as, the suburbs of a strazo-built citadel. Milton. STRAW/-€O0L-OR, (-Kul-lur,) 7. The color of dry straw ; a beautiful yellowish color. TRAW!-€OL-OR-ED, (-kul-lurd,) a. yellow, the color of dry straw. TRAW/-GROWN-ED, a. Covered with straw. STRAW!/-CUT-TBR, n. An instrument to cut straw for fodder. Of a light TR DPD ¥ STRAW/-DRAIN, z. A drain filled with straw. STRAW/-HAT,n. A hat made of braided straw. STRAW’/-ROOF-ED, (-rooft,) a. Having a roof of straw. Hemans. STRAW/-STUFF-ED, (-stuft,) a. Stuffed with straw. Fall, }} SERAW/-WORM, (-wurm,) 2. A worm bred in straw. : STRAW/Y,a. Made of straw ; consisting of straw. oyle. [straw and worm.) 2. Like straw ; light. STRAY, v. ~ [The elements of this word are not certainly known. If they are Strg, the word coin- cides with Sax. stregan, streran, to scatter, to spread, the L. stravi, Eng. to strow, strew, or strato, also with G, streichen, to wander, to strike; both probably from the root of reach, stretch. Possibly stray is from the It. straviare, from L. extra and via. I am inclined, however, to refer it to a Teutonic origin. See STRAGGLE. } 1. To wander, as from a direct course ; to deviate or go out of the way. We say, to stray from the path or road into the forest or wood. 2. To wander from company, or from the proper limits ; as, a sheep strays from the flock; a horse strays from an inclosure. 3. To rove; to wander from the path of duty or rectitude ; to err; to deviate. We have erred and strayed. 4. To wander ; to rove at large; to play free and unconfined. Lo, the glad gales o’er all her beauties stray, Breathe on her lips and in her bosom play. 3. To wander; to ran a serpentine course. Where Thames among the wanton valleys straye. Denham, STRAY, v.t Tomislead, [Vot in use.] Shak. STRAY, x. Any domestic animal that has Jeft an in- closure or its proper place and company, and wan- ders at large or is lost. The laws provide that strays shall be taken up, impounded, and advertised. Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray. 2. The act of wandering. [Little used.] STRAY’ER, zx A wanderer. STRAY/ING, ppr. Wandering; roving; departing from the direct course, from the proper inclosure, or from the path of duty. STRAY'ING, n. The act of wandering away. STREAK, (streek,) x. [Sax. strica, a line, direction, course ; strican, to go; stric, a stroke, a plague, #nd Strec, a Stretch; G. streich, a stroke or stripe, and strich, id. ; D. streek, a course ; Dan. streg, a stroke or line; strikke, a cord; strég, a stroke, a tract, a row ; Sw. strak; Ir. strioc. These have all the same elements, and the L. stria is probably a contraction of the same word; Sp. traca, without a prefix. 1. A line or Jong mark, of a different color from the ground ; a stripe. W hat mean those colored streaks in heaven? Com. Prayer. Pope. Dryden. Shak. Milton, 2. In a ship, a uniform range of planks on the side or bottom, reaching from the stem to the stern. Mar. Dict. [Sometimes pronounced strake. ] 3. In mineralogy, the color and appearance which the surface of a mineral presents when scratched. Dana. STREAK, v. t. To form streaks or stripes in; to stripe ; to variegate with lines of a different color, or of different colors. A mule admirably streaked and dappled with white and black, aa ndys. Now streaked and glowing with the morning red. Prior. 2. Tostretch. [Vot elegant, ] Halliwell. STREAK, v.i. Torun swiftly. Hence, perhaps, the vulgar expression, to streak it, i. e., to stretch it, for run swiftly. STREAK’ED, (streekt or streek’ed,) pp. or a. Marked or variegated with stripes of a different STREAKING, ppr. Making streaks in. [color. STREAK’Y, a. Having stripes; striped; variegated STREET’/-WARD, n. STRENGTH, x. STREAM, z. ([Sax. stream; G. strom; D. stroom; Dan. strém; Sw. strém; W. ystrym; Ir. sreamh or sreav. If m is radical, this word belongs to Class Rm.] 1. A current of water or other fluid ; a liquid sub- stance flowing in a line or course, either on the earth, as a rivgr or brook, or froma vessel or other reservoir or fountain. Hence, 2. A river, brook, or rivulet. 3. A current of water in the ocean; as, the Gulf Stream. 4, A current of melted metal or other substance ; as, a stream of lead or iron flowing from a furnace ; a stream of lava from a volcano. 5. Any thing issuing from a source and moving with a continued succession of parts ; as, a stream of words ; a stream of sand. A stream of beneficence. Alterbury. 6. A continued current or course ; as, a stream of weather. [Wot used.] Ralegh. The stream of his life. Shak, 7. A current of air or gas, or of light. 8. Current; drift; as of opinions or manners. is difficult to oppose the stream of public opinion. 9. Water. STREAM, v.7. To flow ; to move or run in a con- tinuous current. Blood streams from a vein. Beneath the banks where rivers stream. 2. To emit; to pour out in abundance. streamed with tears. 3. To issue with continuance, not by fits. It Milton. His eyes From opening skies my streaming glorica shine. 4. To issue or shoot in streaks ; from the east. 5. To extend; to stretch in a long line; as, a flag streaming in the wind. STREAM, v.t. To mark with colors or embroidery in long tracts. Pope. as, light streaming The herald’s mantle is streamed with gold. Bacon. STREAM/ER, n. Anensign or flag; a pennon ex- tended or flowing in the wind; a poetic use of the word. Brave Rupert from afar appears, Whose waving streamers the glad general knows. Dryden. 2. A luminous beam or column, sometimes called auroral streamer; one of the forms of the Aurora Bo- realis. STREAMING, ppr. or a. current. 2. Emitting ; ing eyes. 3. Flowing; floating loosely ; as a flag. STREAM/LET, n. A small stream; a rivulet; a rill. Flowing; running in a pouring outin abundance ; as, stream- Thomson. STREAM/-TIN, n. Particles or masses of tin-ore found in alluvial ground. Brande. STREAM/Y, a. Abounding with running water. Arcadia, However streamy now, adust and dry, Denied the goddess water. Prior. 2. Flowing with a current or streak. His nodding helm emits a streamy ray. Pope. STREAM—WORKS, n. pl. Among Cornish miners, alluvial deposits of tin-ore, usually worked in the open air. re. STREEK, v. t. [Sax. streccan, to stretch.] To lay out, as a dead body. [Vot in use.] Brande. STREET, n. ([Sax. strete, strete; G. strasse; D. straat; Sw. strat; Dan. strede; Ir. sraid; W. ystryd; It. strada; Sp. estrada; L. stratum, from stratus, strewed or spread. See Strew. 1. Properly, a paved way or road ; but in usage, any way or road in a city, chiefly a main way, in distinction from a lane or alley. 2. Among the people of New England, any public highway. 3. Streets, pl.; any public way, road, or place. That there be no complaining in our streets. — Ps. cxliv. STREET’-WALK-ER, (-wawk-,) n. [street and walk.] A common prostitute that offers herself to sale in the streets, [street and ward.] Formerly, an officer.who had the care of the streets. Covel. STREIGHT, (strate,) n. A narrow. [Obs.] [See STRAIT. STREIGHT, adv. Strictly. [Obs.] [See Srrarr.] STREL/ITZ, n. [Russ.] A soldier of the ancient Muscovite militia. Brande, STRENE, 7. Race; offspring. [Obs.] Chaucer. [Sax. strength, from streng, strong. See STRONG. ] I, That property or quality of an animal body by which it is enabled to move itself or other bodies. We say, a sick man has not strength to walk, or to raise his head or his arm. We say, a man has strength to lift a weight, or to draw it. This quality is called also Powerand Force. But force is also used to denote the effect of strength exerted, or the with lines of a different color. 093 quantity of motion. Strength, in this sense, is posi- PAY STRENGTH’LESS, STREN’U-OUS, (stren tive, or the power of producing positive motion or action, and is opposed to Weraxness. 2. Firmness; solidity or toughness; the quality of bodies by which they sustain the application of force without breaking or yielding, Thus we speak of the strength of a bone, the strength of a beam, the strength of a wall, the strength of a rope. In this sense, strength is a passive quality, and is opposed to Weakness Or FRANGIBILITY. 3. Power or vigor of any kind, This act Shall crush the strength of Satan. Strengt there must be either of love or war. Milton. Holyday. 4. Power of resisting attacks; fastness; as, the strength of a castle or fort. ©. Support; that which supports; that which sup- plies strength security. God is our refuge and strength. — Pa. x\lvi. 6. Power of mind ; intellectual force ; the power of any faculty ; as, strength of memory ; strength of rea- son ; strength of judgment. 7. Spirit ; animation. Methinks I feel new strength within me rise. Milton. 8. Force of writing; vigor; nervous diction. Thie strength of words, of style, of expression, and the like, consists in the full and forcible exhibition of ideas, by which a sensible or deep impression ts made on the mind of a hearer or reader. It is dis- tinguished from SortNeEss Or SWEETNEss. Strength of language enforces an argument, produces convic- tion, or excites wonder or other strong emotion ; soft- ness and sweetness give pleasure. And praise the easy vigor of 2a line, Where Denham’s strength and Waller’s sweetness join. Pope. 9. Vividness ; as, strength of colors or coloring. 10. Spirit ; the quality of any liquor which has the power of affecting the taste, or of producing sensible effects on other bodies; as, the strength of wine or Spirit ; the strength of an acid. 11. The virtue or spirit of any vegetable, or of its juices or qualities. 12. Legal or moral force; validity ; the quality of binding, uniting, or securing ; as, the strencth of so- cial or legal obligations; the strength of law ; the strength of public opinion or custom. 13. Vigor ; natural force ; as, the strength of natu- ral affection. 14. That which supports ; confidence. The allies, after a successful summer, are too apt, upon the strengli of it, to neglect preparation for the ensuing cam- paign. Addison. 15. Amount of force, military or naval; an army or navy ; number of troops or ships well appointed. What is the strength of the enemy by land, or by sea? 16. Soundness ; force ; the quality that convinces, persuades, or commands assent ; as, the strencth of an argument or of reasoning ; the strength of evidence. 17. Vehemence ; force proceeding from motion, and proportioned to it; as, the strength of wind, ora current of water. 18. Degree of brightness or vividness ; as, the strength of light. 19. Fortification ; fortress ; as,fan inaccessible strength. [Not in use.} Milton. 20. Support; maintenance of power, What they boded would be a mischief to us, yon are providing shall be one of our principal strengths. [Not used.) sSprat, STRENGTH, v.t. Tostrengthen. [Vot in use.] STRENGTH/EN, (strength’n,) v. t. To make strong or stronger ; to add strength to, either physical, legal, or moral ; as, to strengthen a limb; to strengthen an obligation. 2. To confirm; to establish ; as, to strengthen au- thority. 3. To animate ; to encourage ; to fix in resolution, Charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him, — Deut. iii. 4. To cause to increase in power or security. Let noble Warwick, Cobham, and the rest, With powerful policy strengthen themselves, Shak. STRENGTIW/EN, v.i. To grow strong or stronger. The disease that shall destroy at length, Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his strength. Pope. STRENGTH’EN-ED, pp. Made strong or stronger; confirmed, STRENGTH/EN-ER, 7x. That strength, physical or moral. 2. In medicine, something which, taken into the system, increases vital energy and strength of ac- tion. which increases STRENGTH’EN-ING, ppr. or a. Increasing strength, hysical or moral ; confirming; animating. a, Wanting strength; destitute of power. 2. Wanting spirit. [Zattle used. } Boyle, yu-us,) a. [L. strenwus; It, strenuo; W. tren, force, also, impetuous. The sense is, pressing, straining, or rushing forward.] 1. Eagerly pressing or urgent; zealous; ardent ; FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—By, Coe he Ps en Cae STR S TR STR asi a st >as renwous uous Oppos advocate fi ¢ oser of Afri for national ri 2. Bold and fans eee rights 5 a stren aS, 1 strenuo i ive: valiant y- a the latter is STREN'U-OUS a of his intrepid, and ardent SEGhGs sere. our strew, straw. T zeal: ar S-LY, adv Mis country ent; Sian Ns ew, or stro oa Saree “his Vv . al; ardently , adv. Witl Me strow is obs 9; straw i erb is wri : 9 B y- 1 eager . yssolescen a w is nearl ritten 2. Boldly ; ger and : 1. Tosc ent. Strewi arly obsole 1. 5 STRENUOUS. NESS, > ; activel Prossin eee pace i ay eit peo SOReAAGE a generally eal AG i ES SIMO Ss active 7 : S-NESS, 7. LIVELY « Rete y substances ad by scatte aos eta gee Mars in the mi g Steps. se . live zeal ; ard ma ee Bagernes cles; as, to stre ances separabl ey nes always a Is graved x middle of the shini ‘ STREE Pei eaen ee pursuit of a1 “Obie earnestness over a floor ; Fee seed in beds rea parts or Aah 9. To stra dad ac aad along Uiaielaee SP/EN’ ZASUTC. an obj Sea 9 T ; to strez s: to strew s or parti- | STRI straddle g the field. Noi ENT, a. (Lest ject, or in oppo- caeuOeDrend Te eeeeeat over a Fave sand on or STRIDE, v. t an Dryden INOISYV 5 . strepens Tha « J oer < av. ol a ‘ STREP’ Y R loud. Yriate Ps a strepo. | ate snow: which does tl RG scattered over or = Bass. Over ata step 4 4 -_OUS EUS EL | s thine alone s the to f Pi * See him . 5 i Lou eee [I S 1¢ the seed th: p of Pincus s Vv nim. stride | i ad . te qo ee Lens € mM. - that strews tl strew. r = alleys wi € STRESS ; boisterous. strepo.] SLO 3. To scatter : rews the plain? Spenser. STRID/ING Tae a ‘gS, n. [W Fiera vsell oosely oe 3, ppr. Walki tréissa wD 6 ME trais, force used-| ST And strewed his mangl a * SBS" STR! ee step alking with Jong Au nD, | aceon orce or driv , violence, o ’ STREW/ED igled limbs about tl ht 1 DOR * g steps 5 passi j Gzen, a twist: rlve ; Ir. trei ce, Oppression ; teri . , (strude bout the field. crack 9 Me [L.] A y Passing !} | ser. He St ; trozeza, tr . treise, force 5 j ering ; as, sz Dar aCe Dryden peo A harsh, c : > | ance, distre. , trouezal ce; Arn 2) ( , sand strer cattered ; S og STRID/ . , creaking ; i} | eho 3 ALSLTess trest zal, to truss . 1. 9. Cove strewed on pi 3 spread bys “ y¥U-LOUS gf noise } , ree: urg , trestle, &c Ss Fr. trous ered or spri paper. y scat- M + JUS, a. pe A >, ora bi which | ; urgency; pr » &C.] s- | _.a8, a floor st sprinkled wi Making as 1. stridulus Dryde 5 years with mc ; pressure ; | STREW strewed Wi ith somethi g a small, hi us. | Glee \| a: st 1 most Wei ; importance STREW/ING vith sz lng sc P ; harsh sc gal question. Cons t weight: as an rtance: that | STRE MING, ppr. Sci und. g scattered ; STRIFE sound, or a creaki \} the exercise 2 onsider how * as, the stress f a REVW/ING a catteriIng 5 $ E 2 I E, nN. [Nor rea xing. 1 A se of charity in hy rae stress 5 Cea le- over, sa che act off 5 SDLERODE over o Reertion. A estrif. See StTR1 7 row hI s, on which tl . e New Tes hat ald OF 9 scatter Fee of emulati ontentic . VE. 7 eS nich the great stress of the k lestament. 1 Sra OuEN thing fit to I ng or spreading fot mu either ae for superiority \| ; pas ce ee piss wines RIS W SNITTY ye strewe 7 Ss. Strife ‘ ¢ y in Slectius y; Cc 1c | oe ROE violence ; as, str ness depends. Locke tion MEN De gt strewed. = betweer us may be.carrie ele or physi on i | Tho ; violence ; strai stress of weathe -] sTri’ [Not used.] Any thing scattered i Shak. 1 mechanics don between stt Geek oF houch the faculti > Strain. atner, tT 7B. n. pl. | 'g ered in decora Dotine about r” students or {| they mu ilties of the mi small : Kea See Sr pt Thus 2 mn questions ¢ ee ' y must not be mind are i ‘ cni ; STREAK Shale 1uUS § cont ns and s = j 101 be put toa a ~ improved by e : cock] au unnels or thre Ei AK. ] In natural | ¢ Lite Who m contended—xr d strifes of words. —1 T | \ q 7 i stress bey by exercise, ye ckles and 1 read-like li apes iral his most sho. oble sirife — -—1 Tim. vi } : STRESS, v. t eyond their stron ee yer o- Ty and in other subst ke lines in the st SOY; 9. Cont ould ease the enter ll sane 3k x strength. we > fj : substances : > shells i = nti = : of life. [ ent difficulties To press; to urge; to di ocke. ters, Res fillets between thovflat susie gle for a heeey Pe Been snimiit Gangrene: | TRETCH - ned u sed. ] ge; to distress; to put STRIATE > Tlutes of columns, pilas Tandang +> quarrel or war Y>3 contest ; strug ' ' th Dan. ‘strekke Sax. streccan ; D I Spenser STR A-TED a, Formed witl Closes ates These Loe were at great strife - a | 1e ker ; Sw. strd ; D. strekken; G ; 2 >) chi 1 small ¢ a These Vows pha great strife with the children of } ] ar af reach, Pane sie ; HANG a steele witl In natural ht se nall channels ; Betwixt the aa rranted, raised hildren of Ammon eae o draw oht, L. rego, &c fr ormed } superfici story, streake xt the god of wa se a n strife abo line ; v out to g go, &C.] on ; perficial FYS Seee ed ; mark 3 a arand queen of lov above as : greater le J fine pari ial or very sie narket e . Oppositi jueen of love ’ : 2 iTolex stretch a ear r length; to exter j ea 1 lines. ry slender lines ; a ‘ scored Se contrariety ae Dryden ae oes ( e = J > : » at es we > 5 ‘ ro : 7 . ~ . 3, To exte nd in breadtl ir a rope. id ina a riated fracture, it ‘ Maeth ir ked with thea Y3 contrast. r “S spread > tn ay 1; as, to str arrow, separt he 1 mineralog i Yi Smith. sjives in these touche __ Antificl ul strife 4. To react ; toe xpand ; < retch cloth parable parts laid gu, consists ¢ f | 4. The ouches livelier tha Le ach: to exte - as, to slretc " am bu Sack on or NSIStS Oo ong . e agitati Sy han life. eich ia exte nod. ? tretch the wings STI RI-A/TION Or be side each nathan as, the strife Fae spradaced bv dif, Shak. tretch thine he . __ JIN, Ne mika -c 5 . Ser ye acl DS ere ae — De-s 1 hand to the poor. — Ecel qonerked STG [The state of bei Kirwan. ed dand alkali. [Zit rent qualities ; me spread “te : Oks Ecclus. STRYA-TU E ne parallel li eing strit STRIFE/FU tittle used. | ? heavens. ; to display ; as STRIC = URE, n. See en ines. 5 lated or UL, a. Contenti i; hi 6. To dr: y 3; as, to sire tch fi K, n. (Gr. s 20 > TRIATION ‘ The apews : ntious ; discord JONSON. i o draw or pul r rth the A bird of 1 ir. spit, L. stri ast Wood And pe was sirifeful scordant. stretch a tendon se 1 out in length, t Tillotson ST aa ill omen. Lv eid screech-ow alts oT And the fox guileful pene ambitious, > oo or Eales 5 o strni ¥ <'EN mn. [Vol ol rl, 5 ny guileful and most covetous 74°20 make te mys cle. » 40 strain ; as to tha sinck > pp- PeiGar : wt USEC, | ¢ J RIG IL, n. (I covetous. wee ce ense ; to strain 9 ena deer. [5 ees Struck; s HOLL ment of metal »-] Among the Spenser. So the stretched cord t! Sta 2. Advance - [mee OTRIK » Smitten; < sk al, Ivory, © g the ancients, ¢ i ed coril the shack! anced ; wo TRIKE. | : ; aS, | kin at the , or ho Seen an ins 8. To extend besabsackled! shiver tries 5 Abraham was id one gone Spenser. : Sa ea rm, used for seein Hie thougl ie mentall ae a. Smilh [Obs old and well strick . pe AYA Xad 5 abe [I ee Cm ieh? g A its. y 3; as to stret - TT 3.) ll stricken in age Scraping; a slrigme ~ Smiti’s Di 9, To exag , to st etch the mind o STRICK'LE, (strik’ age. — Gen. xxxiv. ping; that which fae 5 Maun, from sea the truth : ey to extend t ‘ or strike eee Se Aeirik STREGOSE’,) scraped off. [ot go] 1 Ss" ANTY. 0 stretch aes tend too far; as veg eS o a leve aes ce; an ins ST aad mim’, use. ee CH,v.% Tt Nad s credit r; as, to stretch nited States the ee with the mea SE a to _ ny GOUS, j a, [L. strig Brown. . ae » be exte ’ 2. ; ord 5 ea asure. —[ ; . strigosus, fi : : ar in or 10 nreadth ( i nded; to be dr eae instrument for ees is used. ] [In the ate eae a strimou 1 , from strigo.] s 1 contracts ; I ,or both. # So awn ol = eg yh, a f Pir 1etting scy z aeeaarg eolate a yee Se s leaf is one ' 9. To be trac ts; im drying, it A wet hempen 50 i SnAiAanAtie fe strictus, ae & ythes. STRIKE, v unos a is one set with suff over a hun , xtended ; 10 spré SERENE 1. Strained stringoj Sax. str EN; but str pret. STRUCK Sg Martyn : 1are Spe WS ead ; as, z hs cated acl 5 nt aX. SLT@C. a 2 3 Te Sais CK } Pp.* a JHartyn. } from Niag: red miles of e d ; as, a lake stre brace: ¢ eu) draw n close: ti c is wl : ruck is in the 2 pp. STRUCK and Str 3 mB BOTS nearly to I earth. Lake Eri e stretches 9 7 a strict ligatur ae tight; as,a traul lolly obsolete most common Us Rane Ket ‘ rie 9. Tens Dt 3 , - as, a stri stryk : . eS se =|: 3. To stretch Mt o Huron. Hence rie stretches . Tense; no ayn = Arbuti 2 strict em- yken, to strike, : [Sax. astrica sae STROOK | 4. To be to, is to reach nce, : t relaxed ; as inot. Dryden or rub ov rike, and to stro/ ican, to strike, D |} 2. e : S, a stri U : ; : stroke, to s ata : breaking EB if Ree or to bear 3. Exact; a , a strict or 1ax fiber ramble es slide; G reek oe smonu to anoint g, as elastic su ear extens! : ; xact ; accurate ; ri Ay : ; , epar . streichen, tO pass = hetintiex x stic substances xtension, without oe watch ARS, ; rigorously nice Arbuthnot. glance over “i ate to touch, to aes poe move, or H| . 1erobrane — 2 and dec 5 Jdserve the ~ tes 2S. t - string ae ower or sf “Fi stroke, to a) | mained unbrok because it W ecorum ne strictest » tO keep ro, strig 1.) strike, as Sé % ’ e ide or |i broken. C would stretch 4, Sev . test rules of. vi } plast . gil,) to swee p Ces, sails, to curry, ( 1} 5 etch and yield, re , Severe; rigt virtue aster, to play yeep together rry, (L. | 5. To strain bey Bowl os exact rules gorous; gove or whi ay on a violin ; , to spread, ¢ : man who i yeyond tl oyle. 3 iles ; observ 8 erned or gov : ogee Ip, as witl ,to card, as woe sas, a | 7 10 is apt t 1e truth ; tc very str i ving exact governing stripe 1 a rod; stret 2705 W ool, to strih } G. In navi | : o stretch has be oO exaggerate = ae = ict in observil Se rules; as. Sheets by x 5» OF lash, Eng. s } stretch, Gane > strike | often u a igation, to sail ; ns less credit than a A vouy strict with his ¢ 1 the Sabbath a father is stry ser to rub to ee streak ; Dan. i a stroke, | of aativil erstood to Senititos direct a course be ire ] 5. Rigorous ; ni ances e master is ana to strike Be Ae to strike san teiann a stroke ; | bf Canvas close hi SEO ES sail und Se t is aws ah ot mild : o glide a ke, aS Sais, to V rhi : n, to iror i which impli se hauled. I ey 1dera great s ; ae or indulge GAS along, t eee vhip, to slay ¢ mn, OF | mplies . Inthisit differs fi at spread 6. Confi gent ; as, strt that strik a, to plane; 8 , to play on a viohiz the eas Ss no press ine differs fr z t . Confined ; limi ; as, strict strike, stroke ; SW. struk ~ aviolin, | » east, Whe ss of sail J om STAN unders : limited ; whence oke, and s yka, 1d. W oi ) len we saw { LL. Wewere s x ND cons rderstan ioe : a; not wi ‘ 1ence strai 2: streak, 3 Ve see | W ae saw a ship stré bhi bet standing tn STRIET'I i W ords in a strict an ith latitude; as, to one Say rae strict, a pus the L. strin on only : etching tothe s ¢ iY, adv. -Clos sense. as, 4 a . Strong is LCLUT G5. OU \s are all rz pny To make Vi c e south- 2 Exac Closely ; ti Wwe see gis of tI * ? all radically STRETC ake Viole } . Exactly; wi y ; tightly see the sense 1 ie same fam} adically : STCH nt efforts i : Sprite y; with nic sally. oft sense 1s, tor same family 7 Ba y Te Extensi ‘S in runt - strictly so called, 1 nice accuracy en the sense of > rub, to scrape ; Jt: Hence ® reach ; as, i xtension in | Pees gp D calle d, is a noble v uracy ; as, patrioti with a s ense ok thrusting crape ; but it incl : 9, Effort a great stretch of ength or in bres 3. Positively. Hec le virtue. 5 POLKLOB EM; Vara sweeping ¢ Say ne It is to touch ¢ clues. 7 ort; struggle ; st DAU MLES gn proceed no furthe e commanded his s striking. & measure xr stroke. Hence ou 1 OF PTaze Those put lawful pia OF rain. tay. 4. Rigorously r. son strictly to a stroke of the ag ee ol grain, and strik ir sense of under color ae upon the stretch duleence SY 5 severely ; with " stricken aie neped in paintin 5 aes strickle, and c enue: » stretch to thonbuse of 1 Ce. > out remissi i DRE wea) applied to age, W Es ence the use of 3, Force of body ; straini Veeeeheae > Examine thyself strict! Me SS aes fee the same anit See with age eae ite - By stretc y ; straining. uSITAaNG ee tricily, whethe “ also Wwe see x ord diliter Sane Sie 1 the L. 4 “a stretch of arms the distant h STRICT NE : ier thon didst not best at first plied to see propric ty of ar applied. Hence : . Utmost e istant shore to gal ST/NESS . ape : 21S. seems he use of stric } aac ost extent of meaning er Dryden LAXITY. ,m. Closeness 5 tights Bacon. of ane and stretch It seems to be formed tie ae otations, in thei fg. “ : 9 Bx 5 1eS88 ; Oppose . To touc p . ie roat Luther lay Pap bee otek stretch, can signif sites paaae tee in the ob ; opposed to hand or eee hit with some force, ei : y undersevere agonk signify no more §, and tne “1. M servance a ° strument ; : re, elthe oy 5. Utmost reach of Htarotemades CAL than that | Jarity or pr he like; rigorous ae of rules, laws the open hand nent ; to give abl sels with the This is th ach ok POWer PET O UT Vex or precision gorous accuracy ; Ul , laws,| with 2 } and, the fist, a stick La to, either with Fi fs the utmost str ° could not gr z sy ; nice regu- 2 yointed ins » a SLICK, Ci : 2 Gat oR most stretch that nat uld not grant too iticl ; gu arrow discht ed instrument, c se ib, OF whip, or >» in sailing, a tt : ature can, G tended singular Sn distrust too litd ball st C harged. An 3 > OF with a ball o . ress on one ‘B) ack : the reac jranville. 3. Rig rae i ty and religious 3 Ss to men that : all strikes a ship betw arrow struck ses r an tack ach ; or ep g etricinenas 2G pre- p betwee the st 7.C - or extent of ; gor; severity ctness. K. Ch ween Wind ; > shield; a . Course; direc , Pot prog- These commi ye . arles. 2 iC and water > a cS al z ction ; as, the stretcl Mar. Dict as did “3 Sata proceeded wit! : ie sword e’en lik He at Philippi kept , ry eB strete! Fo gpa —ry ee 1UCh ObSCUre > h such st ricir The le ce a CANCE } NY ‘ STRETCH/ED, (stre h of seams of | STRIET/URE ure the king’s m¢ ac rictness and severity : se lean and wrinkled Ona while I siruck ¥ lencth : ex ? (5 trecht,) pp Kirwa Sr - bee (strikt/yu ae Baco 4 a To das! ‘ Shes Not ee STRETCH! tended ; exerte a or a. Drawn Te RIKE and STROKE, ar;) n. [Li strict ae ae ash ; to throw with a qui Shak. Ase A | ‘ER, n. He or th . the utmost MN gel Ls A stroke; a efan which unite with I urd. See eS of the blood, and a quick motion ee we f yrick ors . at which s : 9, A touc inte Po ice; a tou +} \ » stringo aX. Xue x4, ANIC strike it . surface stone laid with i stretches. ich of criticism 3 uch. go.| ees on the two side-pos 3 ee the wall. with its longer face in tl I have given myself ; ISM 5 critical remark ae she ug SAMS to impre posts. | , o. A piece of ti 2 in the refl i ysell the liberty of . ; ensure at the I 5 »ss: to co ' oy 4 . 1 wie oO . Us : ‘ . , Y . x ) col . s c , | 6 4, A narrow leat hen building Goilt. GA ee ion on every passe. of these strictures by way ; or copper Sean to. strike Riera oo to strike F » or th ‘ e of plank pli E Rees rawing; a spi a Ham aye 4. BAe > sovereigns | to e rowers to set deataee placed across a b _ von of any passa spastic or other mc ene as, a o thrust in ; to caus ae 2 177) Ee r feet agains ae oat | © CRIDE BE ea age of the body norbid contrac- eh ty Tee strikes its ause to enter 0 a : RET H/ING gains t. i peay n. [Sax strad ay. 4Arl ac 5. To a ts root deep r pe netrate 3 | tending NG, ppr. Drawing Mar. Dict re to bestrid ade, a Step 5 peathidt POUENTOE. 1 punish ; to afflict ple S =e | ' zg; sprea i Sn out i : : of I ) bestride ; robs gestriaan to stri ‘o puni : ; aS OM se alec ; cee r , ( - av ‘ 5 : a < ; rovi . E ne nis . ‘ ITE As < : ' STREW (st ei ling ; exerting es in length; ex- De gradior, Shen a yb bly formed an tride ; y rish the Just is not go s gf is also used. { | rans stra or str6 ) e orce. » © spread, Sax. stred litic MI, mM Sur the root rov. XVil. good, nor to strike prin i cot a 4 : 5 x ax, stre : } rike princes for equit ; 4 baett ran, streowic . a f. { Goth. s A longs redin, id. yr to £9; Ch. 6. "oc cp LOK Cd eg ; strder; Sw. stro an; G. streuen; D strawan; Sax ong step. Hg clock st men to sound; to tie Sent be . stro ¢ CC f ; . st +s roihAs , Ss rikes a5 Ue notify by s ‘f ‘ rett Ai contracte rooven; THe : es twelve ; y DY so a he rch ae ia coats edie poe on Be Toud elve ; the drams strike ae ia the . : e Latin has s , Which is |S saxculine’hoxwiridas” vel ook a march ne 1as ster ; 5 STRIDE . ier stride, 7. In seamanshi Shak ‘ , no, stravt; Lexar N, Ue tes pret. Sint cs Swift strike sail; t a hip, to lower; to i i Knolles. pie Fi cs es sas TONE BU IDEN. z D, STRODE; P} gS % or a top .: y strike a flag or ensigz down, as to a it Sty ULL, UNITE ; pp. STRID, p-mast in a gale 5 (that i sien ; to strive a ard ————— cee .— AN’GER, VI//CIOUS 8. To i ; [thatis, torun or Slip down. ] | i SS — SIOUS. — © as . . To impress strong ys Mar. Di , he } See ra > Gas J; ngly; to afte Dict. | } nose Sak ho ae ; Sas Z; o : affect sensibly aM jG as 5 an 25 OH as SHES PH os in reer a ; as in THIS ee ce ae —————— r 1093 2 ee ve rs £ a — ————<——STR STR STR strong emotion; as prise; to strike wit ror. Nice works of art strike and surprise us most on the first view. Ailerbury. Pope. to strike the mind with sur- wonder, alarm, dread, or hor- There please as beauties, here as wonders strike. 9. To make and ratify ; as, to strike a bargain, L. fedus ferire. This expres sion probably arose from the practice of the parties striking a victim when they concluded a bargain. 10. To produce by a sudden action. Waving wide her myrtle wand, She strikes a universal peace through sea and land, 11. To affect in some p: urticula ir manner by a sud- den impression or impulse; as , the plan proposed strikes me favorably ; to strike one dead ; to strike one blind ; to strike one dumb, Shak. Dryden. 12, To lovel a measure of grain, salt, or the like, by scraping off with a straight instrument what is above the Jevel of the top. 13. To lade into a cooler. Edwards, W. Indies. 14. To be advanced or worn with age; wsed in the participle; as, he was stricken in years or age; well struck in years, Shale. 15. To run on; to ground; as a ship. To strike up ; to cause to sound ; to begin to beat. Milton. Strike up the drums. Shak. 2. To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. To strike off; to erase from an account ; aS) to strike off the interest of a debt. 2. To impress ; to print; as, to strike off athousand copies of a book To se parate by a blow or any sudden action ; a ‘to strike off a man’s head with a clineter; to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. To strike out; to produce by collision ; to force out ; as; to strike out sparks with steel. . To blot out; to efface ; to erase. To methodize is as necessary as to sirt to deduct ; ke out. Pope. 3. To form something new by a quick effort; to devise ; to invent; to contrive ; as, to strike out a new plan of finance. STRIKE, v.t To make a quick blow or thrust. It pleased the king To strike at me upon his misconstruction. Shak, 2. To hit; to collide; to dash against; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock. 3. To sound by percussion; to be struck. The clock strikes. 4. To make an prick: A puny subject strikes At thy great glory. Shak, 5. To hit; to touch; to act on by appulse. Hinder light from striking on it, and its colors vanish. Locke, 6. To sound with blows. Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up. Shak, 7. Yo run upon; to bestranded. ‘The ship struck at twelve, and remained fast. . To pass with a quick or strong effect; to penetrate. Now and then a beam of wit or passion obscurity of the poem. to dart ; strikes through the Dryden. . To lower a flag or colors in token of respect, or ze signify a surrender of the ship to an enemy. 10. To break forth; as, to strike into reputation. [Wot in use, | To strike in; to enter suddenly; also, to recede from the surface, as an eruption ; to disappear. To strike in with; to conform to; to suit itself to; to join with at once. South. To strike out; to wander; to make a sudden ex- cursion ; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. Collier. Yo strike; among workmen in manufactories, in England, is to quit work in a body, or by combina- tion, in order to compel their employers to raise their wages. STRIKE, 7. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, for scraping off what is above the level of the top. America. A bushel; four pecks. [LZocal.] Tusser. 3, A measure of four bushels or half a quarter. [ Local. } Encyc. 4. The act of combining and demanding higher wages for work. [Modern English. ] ron feology, the direction in which the edge of a Stratum appears at the surface. Strike of flac; a handful that may be hackled at nee, { Zocal. STRIKE! BLOCK, n. [strike and block.] A plane shorter than a jointer, used for shooting a short joint. Mozon. STRIK’/ER, x. or that which strikes. 2. In Scripture, a quatrelsome man. STRIK/ING, ppr. Hitting with a blow ; imprinting; punishing ; mast, é&c. One that strikes, intasls impressing ; lowering, 43 sails, or a STRIP, ». t. forcible ; impressive; as, a striking representation or image. 3. Strong; exact; adapted to make impression ; Ss, a striking g resemblance of features, ST RIK/ING-LY , ade. In sucha manner as to affect or surprise ; forcibly ; strongly ; impressively. STRIK/ING-NESS, n. The quality of affecting or surprising, STRING, zn. is ax. string; D. and Dan. streng; G. strang; also Dan. strikke; G. strick; connected with strong, L. stringo, from drawing, stretching; Ir. srang, a string ; sreangaim, to draw. ] 1. A small rope, line, or cord, or a slender strip of leather or other like substance, used for fastening or tying things 2. A ribbon. Round Ormond’s knee thou tyest the mystic string. Prior, 3. A thread on which any thing is filed ; and hence, a line of things; as, a string of shells or beads. Addison. 4. The cord of a musical instrument, as of a harp- sichord, harp, or violin; as, an instrument of ten slrings. Scripture. o. A fiber, as of a plant. Duckweed putteth forth a little string into the water, from the bottom. SACOM. 6. A nerve or tendon of an animal body. The string of his tongue was loosed. — Mark vii. [ This is not a technical word. | 7. The line or cord of a bow. He twangs the quivering string. Pope, 8. A series of things connected or following in succession; any concatenation of things ; as, a string of arguments ; a string of propositions. 9. In ship-building, the highest runge of planks in a ship’s ceiling, or that between the gunwale and the upper edge of the upper deck ports. Mar. Dict. 10. The tough substance that unites the two parts of the pericarp of leguminous plants; as, the ; of beans. Among Cornish miners, the name of small, filamentous ramifications of a metallic vein. Ure. To have two strings to the bow ; to have two expedi- ents for executing a project or gaininga purpose; to have a double advantage, orto have two views. [Jn the latter sense, unwsual. | strings STRING, v. t.; pret. and pp. Srrune. To furnish with strings. Has not wise nature strung the legs and feet? Gay. 2. To put in tune a stringed instrument. For here the Muse so oft her harp has strung. Addison, . To file; to put on a line; as, to string beads or pearls. Spectator. 4. ‘To make tense; to strengthen. blood, Dryden. 5. To deprive of strings ; as, to string beans. STRING’-BOARD, n. A board with its face next the well-hole, in a wooden staircase, which receives the end of the steps. Brande. STRING/-COURSE, n. A projecting, horizontal band or line of moldings in a building. Gloss. of Archit. Having strings; as, a stringed in- Toil strung the nerves and purified the STRING’ED, a. strument. 2. Produced by strings; as, stringed noise. Milton. STRIN/GEN ae Binding strongly ; urgent. STRING/HALT, n. [string and halt.) A sudden twitching of ite hinder leg of a horse, or an invol- untary or convulsive motion of the muscles that ex- tend or bend the hough. Far, Dict. [This word, in some of the United States, is cor- rupted into SprinGHALT.] STRING'I-NESS, mw. The state of being stringy. STRING'ING, ppr. Furnishing with strings ; putting in tune; filing; making tense; depriving of strings. STRING/LESS, a. Having no strings. His tongue is now a stringlesa instrument. SRS eres n. A piece of timber in bridges. STRING/Y, a. Consisting of strings or small threads ; fibrous ; la imentous ; as, a stringy root. Grew. 2, Ropy ; viscid ; gluey ; ; that may be drawn into a thread, Shak, [G. streifen, to strip, to flay, to stripe or streak, to graze upon, to swerve, ramble, or stroll ; D. streepe n, to stripe, to reprim: and ; stripe or streak, and stripper, to strip, to skin or flay, to ramble ; Sax. bestrypan. Some of the senses of these verbs seem to be derived from the noun stripe, which is probably from stripping. Regularly, this verb should be referred to the root of rip, L. rapio.] 1. To pull or tear off, as a covering ; as, to strip the skin from a beast ; to strip the bark from a tree ; to aoe the clothes from a man’s back. . ‘l’o deprive of a covering; to skin ; to peel; as, to strip a beast of his skin ; to strip a tree of its bz nes to strip a man of his clothes. To deprive ; to bereave; to make destitute ; as, to ey a man of his possessions. 2, a. Affecting with strong emotions ; surprising ; Dan. striber, to { privileges. Let us strip this subject of all its adven- titious glare. 2: To rob; to plunder; as, robbers strip a house. . Lo bereave; to deprive ; to impoverish ; as, a ae stripped of his fortune. 7. To deprive; to make bare by cutting, grazing, or other means; as, cattle strip the ground of its herbage, 8. To pull off husks ; to husk ; as, to strip maize, or the ears of maize. America. 9. To press out the last milk at a milking. Hallizell. 10. To unrig ; as, to strip a ship. Locke. 11. To pare off the surface of land in strips, and turn over the strips upon the adjoining surface. To strip off; to pull or take off; as, to strip off a Cove ring ; to strip off a mask or disguise. To cast off. [Vt in use. J Shak. 3. To separate from something connected, [Not in Use. | [ We may observe the primary sense of this word is to peel or skin, hence to pull off in a long, narrow piece ; hence stripe. STRIP, ». ([G. streif, a stripe, a streak; stroke, a line, a stripe ; Dan. stribe.| 1. A narrow piece, comparatively long; as, a strip of cloth. 2. Waste, buildings, D. streep, a in a lecal s ense ; destruction of fences, timber { Norm. estrippe. | Massachusetts. It is probable that this word > ccc. STRIPE, n. [See Srxir. is taken from stripping. } 1. A line, or Jong, ni urrow division of any thing, of a different color from the ground ; as, a stripe of red on a green ground ; hence, any linear variation of color. acon. 2. A strip, or long, narrow piece attached to some- thing of a different color; as, a long stripe sewed upon a garment. The wale, or long, narrow mark discolored by a lash or rod. 4, A stroke made with a lash, whip, rod, strap, or scourge. Forty stripes may he give him, and not exceed. — Deut. xxv. [A blow with a club is not a stripe.] o. Affliction ; punishment ; sufferings. 3y his STRIPE, v.t. To make stripes ; different colors ; to variegate with stripes. 2. To strike; tolash. [Little wsed.] STRIP’ D, (s tript, ) pp. Formed with lines of differ- ent colors. 2. a. Having stripes of different colors. STRIP/ING, p pr Forming with stripes. STRIP/LING, n. [from strip, stripe; primarily, a tall, slender monine one that shoots up suddenly. } A youth in the state of adole scence, or just pass- ing from boyhood to manhood; a lad. And the king said, Inquire thou whose Sam. xviii. STRIP/PED, (stript, ) pp. skinned ; deprived ; pove rished ; ; huske .d, as maize. STRIP’PER, n. One that strips, STRIP’PING, ppr. Pulling off; peeling; skinning; flaying ; depriving; divesting ; husking. STRIP/PINGS, n. pl. The last milk drawn cow ata milking. Halliwell. stripes we are healed. —Is. 1 to “oat with lines of son the stripling is. —1 Pulled or torn off; peeled ; divested; made naked; im- from a [ Various dialects. New England. STRIVE, v. 2.; pret. StrRove; pp. Srriven. [G. stre- ben; D. ieee ; Sw. strdfva; Dan. streber; formed perhaps on the Heb. 3.4, This word coincides in el- ements with drive, and the primary sense Is nearly the same. See Riva. 1. To make efforts ; to use exertions; with earnestness ; to labor hard ; applicable to exer- tions of body or mind, A Workman strives to per- form his task before another; a student strives to excel his fellows in improvement. Was it for this that his ambition strove To equal Cesar first, and after Jove? Cowley. Strive with me in your prayers to Ge yd for me. —Rem, xy, Strive to enter in at the strait gate. — Luke xiil. to endeavor 2. To contend ; to contest; to struggle in opposi- tion to another; to be in contention or dispute ; fol- lowed by against or with before the person or thing opposed ; as, strive against temptation ; strive for the truth, My spirit shall not always strive with man. —Gen, vi. 3. To oppose by contrariety of qualities, Now private pity strove with public hate, Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate. 4. To vie; to be comparable to; contend in excellence. Not that sweet grove Of*Daphne by Orontes, and the inspired Castalian spring, might with this paradise Of Eden strive. Milton. STRIV’ER, n. One that strives or contends; one who makes efforts of body or mind. STRIV/ING, ppr. Making efforts; exerting the pow- Derham. to emulate ; to To divest; as, to strip one of his rights and ers of body or mind with earnestness ; contending. FATE, FAR, FALJ, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1694STR STR STR STRIV/ING, n. The act of making efforts; contest ; contention. Avoid foolish questions, and genealogies, and contentions, and strivings about the law. — Tit. i. STRIV/ING-LY, adv. struggles. STRIX, n. [L., an owl.] A channel ina fluted col- umn. or pillar. , STROAM, v. i. To wander about idly and vacantly. STROB/IL, n. [L. strobilus.] In botany, an ament, the carpels of which are scale-like, and spread open and bear naked seeds; sometimes the scales are thin, with little cohesion ; but they are often woody, and cohere into a single tuberculated mass. Example, the fruit of the pines. Lindley. [L. strobilus and forma, su- With earnest efforts; with STRO-BIL'/L-FORM, a. pra. Shaped like a strobil. STRO/EAL, ) 7. An instrument used by glass-makers STRO/KAL,{ to empty the metal from one pot to another. Encyc. STROKE vi STROOQK, [ Obs.] STROKE, n. [from strike.) A blow ; the striking of one body against another ; applicable to a club or to any heavy body, or to a rod, whip, or lash. A piece of timber falling may kill a man by its stroke; a man, when whipped, can hardly fail to flinch or wince at every stroke. for Struck. The oars were silver, Which to the time of flutes kept stroke. Siuak, 9. A hostile blow or attack. He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples without striking a stroke. Bacon. 3, A sudden attack of disease or affliction; calam- ity. At this one stroke the man looked dead in law. Harte. 4, Fatal attack ; as, the stroke of death. 5, The sound of the clock. What Is ’t o’clock? Upon the stroke of four. Shak. I G. The touch of a pencil. O, lasting as those colors may they shine, Free ns thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line. Pope. Some parts of my work have been brightened by the strekes ol your lordship’s pencil. Jiddleton. 7. A touch; a masterly effort; as, the boldest strokes of poetry. Dryden. He will give one of the finishing str kes to it. Addison. 8. An effort suddenly or unexpectedly produced. 9. Power ; efficacy. He has a great stroke with the rea ler, when he condemns any oems, to make the world have a better opinion of them Dryden. [J believe this sense 1s obsalete i) 10. Series of operations; as, to carry on a great stroke in business. [4 common usé of the word. | 11. A dash in writing or printing; a line; a touch of the pen; as, a hair-stroke. 12. In seamen’s language, the sweep of an oar in STRONG, a. [Sax. strong, strang, or streng; from the | STRONG/-WA-TER, n. [strong and water.] Dis- latter is formed strength; G. strenge; D. and Dan. streng ; Sw. strang, strict, severe, rigid. As nis cas- STRON'TIAN, } 2. ual in this word, the original orthography was strag, 5 streg, or strog, coinciding with L. strictus, stringo. The sense of the radical word is, to stretch, strain, draw, and probably from the root of stretch and reach. We observe in all the kindred dialects on the con- tinent the sense of the word is somewhat different from that of the English. The Russ. stroget, strict, Ss rigid, severe, retains the original orthography with-| 5 out nm] 1. Having physical active power, or great physical power; having the power of exerting great bodily force ; Vigorous. A patient is recovering from sick- ness, but is not yet strong enough to walk, A strong Ss man will lift twice his own weight. STRON-TITES, n. Strontium, which see. That our oxen may be strong to Jabor. — Ps. cxliv. STRON/TIUM, n. The base of strontian. Davy. Orses the strong to greater strength must yield. Dryden. STROOK, for Struck. [Wot in use.] 9, Having physical passive power; having ability STROP, x. Astrap. [See Strar] This orthography to bear or endure; firm; solid; as, a constitution strong enough to bear the fatigues of a campaign, 3. Well fortified; able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; as, a strong fortress or town. 4, Having great military or naval force ; powerful ; as, a strong army or fleet ; a strong nation ; a nation strong at sea. 5. Having great wealth, means, or resources ; as, a strong house or company of merchants. 6. Moving with rapidity ; violent ; forcible ; impet- uous: aS, a strong current of water or wind; the wind was strong from the north-east ; we had a strong tide against us. 7. Hale; sound; robust; as, a strong constitution. 8, Powerful; forcible ; cogent; adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on the mind or imagina- tion ; as, a strong argument; strong reasons ; strong evidence; a strong example or instance. He used Affecting the taste forcibly ; as, the strong fla- | vor of onions. 14, Affecting the smell powerfully ; scent, 15. Not of easy digestion ; solid; as, strong meat. Heb. v. 16. Well established ; firm ; not easily overthrown or altered ; as, a custom grown strong by time. 17. Violent ; vehement; earnest. Who, in the days of his flesh, when he offered up prayers with strong crying and t urs. — Heb. v. 18. Able ; furnished with abilities. oe as, a strong rowing; as, to row with a long s troke. STROKE, »v. t. [Sax. stracan; Sw. stryka; Russ. stro- gayu, strugayu, to plane. See STRIKE and Srrict.] ij. ‘To rub gently with the hand, by way of express- ing kindness or tenderness ; to soothe, He dried the falling drops, and, yet more kind, He stroked her cheeks. 9, To rub gently in one direction. Gay. 3. To make smooth, STROK/ED, (strokt,) pp. hand. STROK’‘ER, n. One who strokes ; one who pretends to cure by stroking. STROKES’MAN, n. In rowing, the man who rows the aftmost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed by the rest. Totten. STROK/ING, ppr. Rubbing gently with the hand. STROLL, v. 1. [Formed probably on troll, roll. To rove ; to wander on foot ; to ramble idly or leis- urely. These mothers stroll to beg sustenance for their helpless 1a Dryden. Rubbed gently with the infants. Swift. STROLL, n. A wandering on foot; a walking idly and leisurely. STROLL/ER, n. vagrant. STROLL/ING, ppr. Roving idly ; rambling on foot. STRO-MAT'IE€, a. Gr. OTAO[Ua. Miscellaneous ; composed of different kinds. STROM BITE, n. L ([L. sub and duplus, double.] Containing one part of two. Wilkins. (sub and duplicate.] Having C Not fully elongated. Nearly equal. Martyn. [L. suber, cork. } A salt formed by the suberic acid in combination with a base. Chemistry. SO’BER-I€, a. Pertaining to cork, or extracted from ; as, suberic acid. Chemistry. The cellular tissue of the thick, spongy epidermis of Quercus Suber, (Linneus,) freed from the ordi- nary contents of its cells, It constitutes about seven tenths of common cork. Itis not quite certain that it is a distinct individual vegetable proximate princi- ple, since hitherto it has been but imperfectly exam- ined. If it is not, it should not have the name of such a principle. It is certainly not an alkaloid, and at all events, should not have a name having the form appropriated to distinguish that class of com- pounds. Tully. [L. sub and erosus enawed. | appearing as if a little eaten or gnawed. Martyn. : [or L. suber, cork. ] Corky ; soft and elastic. L. subfuscus ; sub and fuscus.] Duskish ; moderately dark ; brownish ; tawny. Tatler. yending one or more species. UB-GLO-BOSE’, a. Not quite globose. UB-GLOB/U-LAR, a. l I globular. Say. Lindley. glumaceous, J Somewhat granular. UB-GRAN/U-LAR, a. spear. | A public sale or auction, so called from the Roman practi Burnet. ing disseminated hornblende. Percival’s Geol. [L. sub and indico.] The act of indicating by signs. Barrow. Sir E. Dering. SUB-IN-FEU-DA’TION, n. [sud and infeudation. See Frup.] 1. In law, the act of enfeoffing by a tenant or feoffee, who holds Jands of the crown; the act of a greater baron, who grants land or a smaller manor By 34 Edward III. all subin- feudations previous to the reign of King Edward L to an inferior person. were confirmed. Blackstone. 2. Under tenancy. The widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of subin- Blackstone. Jeudation or under tenancy. SUB-IN-GRES/SION, (-in-gresh’/wn,) n. ([L. sub and ingressus. Secret entrance. [JVot in use-] [L. subitaneus. | Sudden; hasty. SUB/LTA-NY, a. Sudden. [Not in use. | SO'BI-TO, a In music, quick. SUB-JA’/CEN 1. Lying under or below. beneath. cent plain. SUB/JEECT, a. to; Sp. sujeto. 1. Placed or situate under. The eastern tower, Whose hight commands, as subject, sll the vale, To see the fight. er; as, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain. Peau was never subject to Jacob, country subject to extreme heat or cold. All human things are subject to decay. 5. Obedient. Tt. fii, Col. li. governed by his laws. | are subjects of the British government. Men in subjects of the federal government. governments Se wensun SUB-JECT’, v. ft. UB-GE-LAT'IN-OUS, a. Imperfectly gelatinous, UB-GE-NER’I€, a. Pertaining to a subgenus. UB-GE/NUS, n. A subdivision of a genus, compre- Having a form approaching to fshus,) a. Somewhat [L. sub hasta, under the Applied to rocks contain- n. A compound of to offer indirectly. Boyle. T,a. [L. subjacens ; sub and jaceo, to lie.] 2, Being in a lower situation, though not directly A man placed ona hill surveys the subja- (L. subjectus, from subjicio; sub and jacio, to throw, that is, to drive or force; It. sugget- Shak. 9, Being under the power and dominion of anoth- Locke. 3, Exposed ; liable from extraneous causes; as, a 4, Liable from inherent causes ; prone ; dispose Dryden. SUBJECT, n. [L. subjectus j Fr. sujet ; It. sug getto.| 1, One that owes allegiance to a sovereign, an The natives of Great Britain The natives of the United States, and naturalized foreigners, are free are subjects as well as citizens 3 as Citi- 1 is zens, they enjoy rights and franchises; as subjects they are bound to obey the laws. : The subject must obey his prince, because God commands it, and human laws require it. iva 2. That on which any mental operation is per- formed ; that which is treated or handled ; as, a sub- ject of discussion before the legislature ; a subject of negotiation. his subject for heroic song pleased me. Milton. 3. In logic, the subject of a proposition is that con- cerning which any thing is affirmed or denied. Watts. 4. That on which any physical operation or experi- ment is performed ; as In mesmerism, &c. 5. That in which any thing inheres or exists. Anger is certainly a kind of baseness, ag it appears well in the weakness of those subjects in whom it reigns. acon. 6. The person who is treated of; the hero of a piece. Authors of biography are apt to be prejudiced in favor of their | subject. Middleton. 7. In grammar, the nominative case to a verb pas- sive. 8. In music, the principal melody or theme of a movement, 9, In the fine arts, that which it is the object and aim of the artist to express. rande. 10. In anatomy, a dead body for the purposes of dissection. To bring under the power or do- minion of. Alexander subjected a great part of the civilized world to his dominion. Firmness of mind that subjects every gratification of sense to the rule of right reason. Middleton. 9. To put under or within the power of. In one short view subjected to our eye, Gods, emperors, herves, sages, beauties, lie. 3. To enslave ; to make obpoxious. He is the most subjected, the most enslaved, who is so in his understanding. Locke. 4, To expose; to make liable. Credulity subjects a person to im positions. 5. To submit; to make accountable. God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the scrutiny of our thoughts. Locke. Pope, 6. To make subservient. Subjected to his service angel wings. Milton. 7. To cause to undergo ; as, to subject a substance to a white heat ; to subject it toa rigid test. SUBJE€ET/ED, pp- Yeduced to the dominion of another; enslaved ; exposed ; submitted ; made to undergo. SUB-JECT/ING, ppr-. Reducing to submission; en- slaving ; exposing 5 submitting ; causing to undergo. SUBJE€/TION, xn. The act of subduing ; the act of vanquishing and bringing under the dominion of another. The conquest of the kingdom and the subjection of the rebels. Hale. 9. The state of being under the power, control, and government of another. The safety of life, lib- erty, and property, depends on our subjection to the laws. The isles of the West Indies are held in sub- jection to the powers of Europe. Our appetites and passions should be in subjection to our reason, and our will should be in entire subjection to the laws of God. : SUBJECTIVE, a. An epithet applied to those inter- nal states of thought or feeling of which the mind is the subject opposed to OBJECTIVE, which is applied to things considered as separate from the mind, and as objects of its attention. Thus, subjective truth or reality is that which is verified by consciousness ; objective truth or reality is that which results from the nature and relations of things. A subjective mo- tive is an internal feeling or propensity ; an objective motive is something external to the mind, which is suited to awaken desire. Subjective views are those which are produced or modified by internal feeling ; objective views are those which are governed by ex- ternal objects. That which is subjective in one rela- tion may be objective in another. Thus, subjective states of mind, when recalled and dwelt on fer the purpose of inspection Or analysis, become objective. Encyc. Amer. In relation to the subject. Pearson. State of being subjective. The state of being subject- SUBJEOT/IVE-LY, adv. SUB-JECET/IVE-NESS, 2- SUB-JEET-IV'L-TY, 2. ive. SUB'JECT-MAT’TER, 2. The matter or thought presented for consideration in some statement or discussion. i Blackstone. SUBJOIN!, vt. [sub and join; L. subjungo } To add at the end; to add after something else has been said or written; as, to subjoin an argument oF reason. [it is never used is. Lae physical sense, to express > joinine of material UUungs- gO tOINTED, pp. OF a. lied after something else said or written. —_—— mmm a Te ~ a Soman Cres =ai = rn oe r ae eet! Sy eee et > SUB SUB SUB SUB-JOIN/‘ING, ppr. said or written. and jugo, toyoke. See Yoxe. mit to the government or absolute control of another control of another. : ee SUB/JU-GA-TING, ppr. Conquering and bringing under the absolute power of another. | SUB-JU-Ga/TION, 2. The act of subduing and bring- ing under the power Or absolute control of another. SUB-JUN€’TION, x. The act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined. Clarke. SUB-JUN©’/TIVE, a. [L. subjunctivus; Fr. subjonctif; It. somgiunto. See Sussoin.] 1. Subjoined or added to something before said or written. 2. In grammar, designating a form of verbs which follow other verbs or words expressing condition, hypothesis, or contingency ; as, ‘* Veni wt me videas,” I came that you may see me; ‘* Si fecerint equum,”’ If they should do what is just. 3. Subjunctive is often used as a noun denoting the subjunctive mode. SUB-KING/DOM, n. A subordinate kingdom. Kirby. SUB’/LA-NATE, a. [L. sub and lana, wool.] In botany, somewhat woolly. SUB-LAP-SA/RLAN, ) Sa PSARY. a. [L. sub and lapsus, fall.] Pertaining to the Sublapsarians, or to their opinions. Murdock. SUB-LAP-SA/RI-AN, n. An Infralapsarian; one of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past, and the elect as being in a fallen and guilty state. The doctrine of their antagonists, the Supralapsarians, was, that the decree of election contemplated the elect as to be created, and to apostatize with the rest of the race, and then to be rescued and saved by divine grace. The Sublapsarians considered the elec- tion of grace as a remedy for an ezisting evil; while the Supralapsarians viewed it as a part of God’s orig- inal purpose in regard to men. Murdock. SUB-LA’'TION, n. [L. sublatio.] The act of taking or carrving away. Sp. Hall. SUB-LET’, v. t. [sub and let.] To underlet; to lease, as a lessee to another person. [ Unusual.} Smollett. SUB-LE-VA/TION, x. [L. sublevo.] The act of raising on high. SUB-LY-BRA/RI-AN, nm. An under librarian. SUB-LIEU-TEN/ANT, (-li-ten/ant or -lef-ten’ant,) n. An officer in the rvyal regiment of artillery and fusil- eers, in Which are no ensigns, and who js the same as second Jieutenant. England. SUB-LI-GA/TION, n. [L. sublizo; sub and lizo, to bind.} s The act of binding underneath. SUB-LIM/A-BLE, a. [from sublime.] That may be sublimated ; capable of being raised by heat into va- por, and again condensed by cold. SUB-LIM/A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being sublimable. SUB/LI-MATE, v.t. [from swhlime.] To bring asolid substance, as camphor or sulphur, into the state of vapor by heat, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state. [See SusLimation.] : 2. To refine and exalt; to highten; to elevate. And as his actions rose, so raise they still their vein, In words whose weighi best suits a seublimated strain. SUB/LI-MATH, n. The product of a sublimation. Corrosive sublimate i3 toe protochlorid of mercury, a valuable medicine, which, in excessive doses, pro- duces poisonous effects, like every other medicine. Blue sublimate is a preparation of mercury with flowers of sulphur and sal ammoniacum; used in painting. SUB/LI-MATE, a. Brought into a state of vapor by Dryden. + Adding after something else SUB J0'DI-CE, [L.] Before the judge; not decided. SUB/JU-GATE, v.t. [Fr. subjuguer; L. subjugo; sub | To subdue and bring under the yoke of power or dominion ; to conquer by force, and compel to sub- He subjugated a king, and called him his vassal, Baker. Easy in style thy work, in sense sublime. Prior. PSubpug ate differs from subject only in implying a 4, Blevated by joy ; as, sublime with expectation. reduction to a more tyrannical ae sway ; but 5. Lofty of mien; elevated in manner. [Milton. they are often used as Synonymous. His fair large front and eye sublime declared SUB/JU-GA-TED, pp. or a. Reduced to the absolute a bsclalairnle Milton. SUB-LIML’, a. [L. sublimis ; Fr. It.and Sp. sublime.] 1. High in place ; exalted aloft. | Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared. Dryden. | 2, High in excellence; exalted by nature; ele- vated. Can it be that souls sublime Return to visit our terrestrial clime ? Dryden. 3. High in style or sentiment; lofty; grand. SUB-LIME’,n. A grand or lofty style; a style that expresses lofty conceptions. The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnifi- Addison. To sublimate, which see. porase. SUB-LIME’, vz. t. 2. To raise on high. Denham. 3. To exalt ; to highten ; to improve. The sun — Which not alone the southern wit sublimeas, But ripens spirits in cold northern climes. Pope. SUB-LIME’, v.z. To be brought or changed into a state of vapor by heat, and then condensed by cold, as a solid substance. Particles of antimony which will not sublime alone. SUB-LIM’ED, pp. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and, when cooled, changed to a solid state. SUB-LIME’LY, adv. With elevated conceptions ; lof- lily ; as, to express one’s self sublimely. Newton. In English lays, and all sublimely great, Thy Homer charms with all his ancient heat. Parnell. SUB-LIME’NESS, 7. Loftiness of style or sentiment ; sublimity. SUB-LIM-I-FI-€A’/ TION, x. The act of making sublime. UB-LIM/ING, ppr. Sublimating; exalting. SUB-LIM/I-TY, x [Fr. sublimité; L. sublimitas.] 1. Elevation of place; lofty hight. 2. Hight in excellence; loftiness of nature or character; moral grandeur ; as, God’s incomprehen- sible sublimity. Ralegh. 3. An elevated feeling, consisting of a union of astonishment and awe, at the contemplation of great scenes and objects, or of exalted excellence. 4. In oratory aud composition, lofty conceptions, or such conceptions expressed in corresponding lan- guage ; loftiness of sentiment or style. [L. sublimis and facio.] Gubpin. RM r Milton’s distinguishing excellence lies in the sublimity of his thoughts. Addison, SUB-LIN-E-A'TION, n. [L. sub and linea, ] Mark of a line or lines under a word in a sentence, Let. to Abp. Usher. SUB-LIN’/GUAL, (-ling’gwal,) a. [L. sub and lingua, the tongue. ] : Situated glands. SUB-LU/NAR, a. [Fr. sublunaire; L. sub and SUB’LU-NA-RY,} luna, the moon.] Literally, beneath the moon; but sublunary, which is the word chiefly used, denotes merely terrestrial, earthly, pertaining to this world. under the tongue; as, the sublingual Jonze, All things sublunary are subject to change, Dryden. SUB/LU-NA-RY, 2. Any worldly thing. Feltham. SUB-LUX-A/TION, n. [sub and luzation.] In surgery, an incomplete dislocation. SUB-MA-RINE’, (-ma-reen’,) a. [L. sub and marinus, from mare, the sea.] Being, acting, or growing, under water in the sea; as, submarine navigators ; submarine plants. SUB-MAX/IL-LA-RY, a [L. sub and mazilla, the jaw-bone. } Situated under the jaw. Med. Repos. The submazillary glands are two salivary glands, situated, one on either side, immediately within the angle of the lower jaw. Wistar. SUB-ME/DI-AL, a. Lying under the middle. Buffon. SUB-ME/DI-AN, a. Lying under or below the mid- dle of a body. SUB-ME/DI-ANT, zx. In music, the sixth note, or middle note between the octave and subdominant. Busby. heat, and ugain condensed, as solid substances. SUB/LI-MA-TED, pp. ora. Brought into a state of vapor by heat, as a solid substance; refined. SUB/LI-MA-TING, ppr. Converting into the state of vapor by heat, and condensing, as solid substances, SUB-LLMA/TION, nm. The operation of bringing a solid substance into the State of vapor by heat, and condensing it again into a solid by cold. Sublima- tion bears the same relation to a solid that distillation does to a liquid. Both processes purify the sub- stances to which they are severally applied, by sep- arating them from the fixed and grosscr matters with which they are connected. 2. Exaltation ; elevation ; act of hightening or im- proving. Religion, the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality. SUB-MERGE!’, (sub-merj’,) v. t. and mergo, to plunge. ] 2. To put under water; to plunge. 3. To cover or overflow with water; to drown. Shak. [L. submergo; sub So half my Egypt was submerged. SUB-MERGE’, (sub-merj’,) v. 2 water, as swallows. SUB-MERG/ED, pp. Put under water; overflowed. SUB-MERG/ENCE, n. The act of submerging; the state of being submerged. yell. SUB-MERGI/ING, ppr. Putting under water; over- flowing. SUB-MERSE’, SUB-MERS’£ED, (sub-merst’,) Being or growing under water, as the leaves of To plunge under a. [L. submersus.] cence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the | SUB-MER’SION, n. [Fr., from L. submersus. | 1. The act of putting under water or causing to be overflowed ; as, the submersion of an isle or tract of Jand. Hale. 2, The act of plunging under water; the act of drowning. UB-MIN’IS-TER, UB-MIN/IS-TRATE, To supply ; to afford. [Vot in use. ] Hale. SUB-MIN/IS-TER, v.i. Tosubserve; to be useful to. Our passions — subminister to the best and worst of purposes. L’ Estrange. : Ss v. t. [L. subministro; sub and ministro. | [Wot in use.] [See Minister and ApmMINIsren. ] SUB-MIN/IS-TRANT, a. Subservient; serving in subordivation. [JVot in use. Bacon. SUB-MIN-IS-TRa/TION, n. The act of furnishing or supplying. ([JVot in use. ] Wotton. SUB-MISS’, a. [L. submissus, submitto.] Submissive ; humble ; obsequious. Milton. Rarely used, and in puetry only. | SUB-MIS/SION, (-mishi‘un,) n. [L. submissio, from submitto ; Fr. sowmission; It. sommessione. | 1. The act of submitting ; the act of yielding to power or authority ; surrender of the person and power to the control or government of another. Submission, dauphin! “tis a mere French word ; We English warriors wot not what it means. Shak. 9. Acknowledgment of inferiority or dependence ; humble or suppliant behavior. In all submission and humility, York doth present himself unto your highness, 3. Acknowledgment of a fault ; Be not as extreme in submission os in offense. 4. Obedience ; compliance with the commands or laws of a superior. Submission of children to their parents is an indispensable duty. 5. Resignation ; a yielding of one’s will to the will or appointment of a superior without murmuring. Entire and cheerful submission to the will of God is a Christian duty of prime excellence. SUB-MISS/IVE, a. Yielding to the will or power of another ; obedient. 2, Humble; acknowledging one’s inferiority ; tes- tifying one’s submission. Shak. confession of error. Shak, Her at his feet, submissive in di He thus with peaceful words u SUB-MISS/IVE-LY, adv. With acknowledgment of inferiority ; The go Soft in her tone, submissively replies. SUB-MISS/IVE-NESS, n. A submissive temper or disposition. 2. Humbleness ; acknowledgment of inferiority. 3. Confession of fault. Frailty gets pardon by submissivences. ‘ Milton. submission; with humbly. SS, Dryden, Herbert. SUB-MISS/LY, adv. Humbly; with submission. [ Lit- tle used. | Taylor. SUB-MISS'NESS, n. Humbleness; obedience. [ZLit- tle used. | Burton. SUB-MIT’, v. t. [L. submitto; sub, under, and mitto, to send; Fr. sowmettre; It. sommettere; Sp. someter.] 1. To let down; to cause to sink or lower. Sometimes the hill submits itself a while. Dryden. [ This use of the word is nearly or wholly obsolete. | 2. To yield, resign, or surrender to the power, will, or authority of another; with the reciprocal pronoun. Return to thy mistress, and submit Uiyself under her hand. — Gen. XVi. Wives, submit yourselves to your own husbands, — Eph. vy. Submit yourselves to every ordinance of man. — 1 Pet. ii. 3. To refer; to leave or commit tothe discretion or judgment of another ; as, to submit a controversy to arbitrators ; to submit a question to the court. SUB-MIT’, v.2. To surrender; to yield one’s person to the power of another; to give up resistance. The enemy submitted. The revolted provinces presently submitled. 2. To yield one’s opinion to the opinion or au- thority of another. On hearing the opinion of the court, the counsel submitted without further argu- ment. 3. To be subject ; to acquiesce in the authority of another Middleton. To thy husband’s will Thine shall submit. Milton. 4. To be submissive ; to yield without murmuring. Our religion requires us — to submit to pain, disgrace, and even death. togers, SUB-MIT!/TED, pp. Surrendered ; resigned; yielded ; referred. SUB-MIT’/TER, n. One who submits. SUB-MIT’TING, ppr. Surrendering ; resigning ; yielding ; referring to another for decision. SUB-MON’ISH, v. t. [L. submoneo.] To suggest ; to prompt. SUB-MO-NI//TION, (-nish/un,) n. Suggestion. Granger. SUB-MUL/TI-PLE, n. [See Murtipty.] A num- ber or quantity which is contained in another an ex- South. aquatic plants. act number of times, or is an aliquot part of it. FATE, FAR, FAuL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1100Thus 7 is the submultiple of 56, being contained in it eight times. The word is use d as an adjective also ; as, a submultiple number ; submultiple ratio. Cyc. SUB-NAR-€0 T'I€, a. Moderately narcotic. Barton. SUB-NAS’CENT, a. [L. sub and nascor.] Growi ing u aad eraeani SUB-NEET’,v. t. [L. subnecto.] To tle, UN or fasten beneath. [Vot in use.] Pope. SUB-NOR/MAL, n. [L. sub and norma, a rule.] In geometry, that part of the axis of a curve line which is intercepted between the ordinate and the normal. Brande. SUB-NUDE’, [L. sub and nudus, naked. ] In botanu), alice naked or bare of leaves. Lee, SUB- Orcs 'LY, adv. Somewhat obscurely or dark Donne. SUB- Ob. CIP/I-TAL, a. Beingunderthe occiput; as, the suboccipital nerves. Parr. SUB-O€’TAVE, ) a. SUB-O€'TU-PLE, } ple. Containing one part of eight. Wi [L. sub and octavus, or octu- ilkins. Arbuthnot. SUB-O€/U-LAR, a. [L. sub and oculus.] Being under the eye. Barrow. SUB-OR- ae ae ry (Pe [L. sub and orbicula- SUB-OR-BI€/U-L.: 4 tus. Almost ne ule iy or orbicular; nearly circular. Martyn. _ Say. SUB- om 'DIN- A-CY, n. [See Sunorpinarte. The state of being subordinate or subject toc anil a5 1. To sink or fall to the bottom ; to settle ; as lees. 9. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed ; to becomes tranquil. Let the passions subside. The tumults of war will sul bside. Christ | co a unded, and the storm subsided. To tend downward; to sink; as, a subsiding | bill The land subsides into a plain. To abate ; to be reduced. | In cases of dancer, pride and envy naturally subside. Middleton. J VUDENCE, )n. The act or process of sinking T/DEN-CY,$ or falling, as in the lees of uors. 9, The act of sinking or gradually descending, as sround. Burnet. | | SUB-SID/L-A-RY, > L. subsidiarius. | \ S y => MM SUB SUB lig [Fr. subsidiaire See Supsipy. 1. Aiding ; assistant; furnishing help. troops are troops of one nation hired by another for military service. . Furnishing additional supplies ; as, stream. i SUB-SID/I-A-RY, 7. An assistant, an auxiliary ; he or that which contributes aid or additional supplies. Stepheis. SUB/SL-DIZE, v. t. [from sudsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy ; to purchase the assistance of another by the payment of a subsidy to him. Great Britain subsidized some of the German powers in the late war with France. ——<<$——<——— in THIS. Subsidiary a subsidiary ee ———— ene7 Naa a ek ed PS eee ase oe et eee cee at PRETO —<—<—— SUB Engaged as an auxiliary by ee eee SUB’SLDIZ-ED, pp. means of a subsidy. SUB/SLDIZ-ING, ppr by subsidies. SUB/SLDY, n. [Fr. subside; L. subsidium, from sub- sido, literally, to be or sit under or by-] : 1. Aid in money ; supply given; a tax; something furnished for aid, as by the people to their prince ; as, the subsidies granted formerly to the kings of England. Subsidies were a tax, not immediately on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, af- ter the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and Qs. 8d. for goods. _ Blackstone. 2, A sum of money paid by one prince or nation to another, to purchase the service of auxiliary troops, or the aid of such foreign prince in a war against an enemy. Thus, Great Britain paid sub- sidies to Austria and Prussia, to engage them to re- sist the progress of the French. i SUB-SIGN’, (sub-sine’,) v.t. [L. subsigno ; sub and signo, to Bien “To sign under ; to write beneath. Purchasing the assistance of [Little used. ] Camden. SUB-SIG-NA’/TION, n. The act of writing the name under something for attestation. [Little used.] SUB SI-LEN'TI-O, (-she-o,) [L.] In silence or se- crecy- SUB-SIST’, v. 1. [Fr- subsister; It. sussistere; Sp. subsistir; L. subsisto; sub and sisto; to stand, to be fixed. 1. To be; to have existence ; applicable to matter or spirit. 2. To continue; to retain the present state. Firm we subsist, but possible to swerve. Milton. 3. To live; to be maintained with food and cloth- ing. How many of the human race subsist on the labors of others! How many armies hive subsisted on plunder! 4. To inhere; to have existence by means of something else; as, qualities that subsist in sub- stances, | SUB-SIST’, v. t. To feed; to maintain; to support with provisions. The king subsisted his troops on provisions plundered from the enemy. SUB-SIST’ENCE, )n._ [Fr. subsistence ; It. sussis- SUB SIST/EN-CY, | tenza. | 1. Real being; as, a chain of differing subsist- encies. Glanville. Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing. Stillingfleet. 2. Competent provisions ; means of supporting life. His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsist- ence out of the plunder of his province. Addison. 3. That which supplies the means of living; as money, pay or wages. 4, Inherence in something else; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies, SUB-SIST/ENT, a. [L. subsistens.] 1. Having real being ; as, a subsistent spirit. Brown. 2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter. Bentley. SUB/SOIL, n. [sub and soil.] The bed or stratum of earth which lies between the surface soil and the base on which they rest. Cyc. SUB-SPE/CIES, (-spé/shéz,) n. [sub and species.] A subordinate species; a division of a species. Thomson. SUB STANCE, 7. [Fr.; It. sustanza; Sp. substancia ; L. substantia, substo; sub and sto, to stand.] 1. Ina general sense, being ; something existing by itself; that which really is or exists; equally applica- ble to matter or spirit. Thus, the soul of man is called an immaterial substance, a cogitative sub- stance, a substance endued with thought. We say, a stone is a hard substance; tallow is a soft sub- stance. 2. That which supports accidents. That which subsists by itself is called substance; that which subsists in and by another is called a mode or manner o being. Watts. 3. The essential part; the main or material part. In this epitome we have the substance of the whole book. This edition is the same in aubstance with the Latin. Burnet. 4. Something real, not imaginary ; something sol- id, not empty. Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance, not th’ appearance, chose. 5. Body ; corporeal nature or matter. The qualities of plants are more yarious than those of animal subsiances. Arbuthnot. 6. Goods; estate ; means of living. Job’s substance was seven thousand sheep, three thousand camels, é&c. Jobi. We are — exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest. Swift. Belonging to sub- Dryden. SUB-STAN’TIAL, (-shal,) a. stance; real; actually existing. If this atheist would have his chance to be a real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar. Bentley. SUB SUB 2, Real; solid; true; not seeming or imaginary. Denham. If happiness be a substantial good. LD’ Estrange. The substantial ornaments of virtue. 3. Corporeal ; niaterial. The rainbow appears like a substantial arch in the sky. Watts. 4, Having substance; strong; stout; solid; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or gate. 5. Possessed of goods or estate ; responsible ; mod- erately wealthy ; as, a substantial freeholder or farm- er; a substantial citizen. Addison. SUB-STAN-TIAL'I-TY, n. The state of real exist- ence. 2. Corporeity ; materiality. The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality. Glanville. SUB-STAN/TIAL-IZE, v. t. To realize. SUB-STAN/’TIAL-IZ-ED, pp. Made real or solid. SUB-STAN/TIAL-IZ-ING, ppr. Making real in sub- stance. SUB-STAN!’TIAL-LY, adv. In the manner of a sub- stance ; with reality of existence. In him his Father shone, substantially expressed. 2. Strongly ; solidly. Clarendon. 3. Truly ; solidly; really. The laws of this relizion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chaste and temperate. Tillotson. 4. In substance; in the main; essentially. This answer is substantially the same as that before given. 5, With competent goods or estate. SUB-STAN/TIAL-NESS, n. The state of being sub- stantial. 2. Firmness ; strength ; power cf holding or last- ing ; as, the substantialness of a wall or column. Wotton. SUB-STAN/TIALS, zn. pl. Essential parts. yliffe. SUB-STAN/TIATE, v.t. To make to exist. Ayliffe. 2. To establish by proof or competent evidence ; to verify ; to make good; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation ; to substantiate a declaration. Canning. Adams. Dexter. Ch. Obs. SUB/STAN-TIVE, a. Betokening existence ; as, the substantive verb. Arbuthnot. 2. Solid; depending on itself. [JVot in use.) Bacon. Substantive color; one which communicates its color without the intervention of a mordant or base ; opposed to adjective color. SUB/STAN-TIVE, n. In grammar, a noun or name ; the part of speech which expresses something that exists, either material or immaterial. Thus man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives. Milton. SUB/STRATE, a. Having very slight furrows. SUB-STRA/TUM,n.; pl. Susstrata. [L. substratus, spread under; sub and sterno.] 1. That which is laid or spread under ; a layer of earth lying under another. In agriculture, the sub- soil, Cyc. 2, In metaphysics, the matter or substance supposed to furnish the basis in which the perceptible qualities inhere. SUB-STRU€’TION, n. Under building. Wotton. SUB-STRU€T’URE, n, [L. sub and structure.} An under structure ; a foundation. SUB-STY/LAR, a. Substylar line ; the substyle, which [L. substructio ] see. SUB/STYLE, n. [sub and style.] In dialing, a right line, on which the style or gnomon of a dial is erect- ed, being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style, FTutton. SUB-SUL’/PHATE, n. A sulphate with an excess of the base. Thomson. SUB-SUL’/TIVE, )a. [from L. subsultus, a leap, SUB-SUL’TO-RY, from subsulto ; sub and salio.} Bounding ; leaping ; moving by sudden leaps or starts, or by twitches. SUB-SUL’TO-RI-LY, adv. In a bounding manner ; by leaps, starts, or twitches. acon. SUB-SUL'TUS, n. [L.] In medicine, a starting, twitching, or convulsive motion; as, subsultus ten- dinum. — Coze. SUB-SUME’, v. t. [L. sub and sumo.] Tio assume as a position by consequence. [Vot used. | Hammond, SUB-TAN/GENT, zn. In geometry, the part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve. SUB-TEND’, v. t. [L. sub and tendo, to stretch. ] ‘I’o extend under, or be opposite to ; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord which subtends an arch. SUB-TEND/ED, pp. Extended under. SUB-TEND/ING, ppr. Extending under. SUB-TENSE’, (sub-tens’,) n. [L. sub and tensus.] The chord of an are. UB-TEP’ID, a. [L. sub and tepidus, warm.] Very moderately warm. Ss SUB’TER, a Latin preposition, signifies under. SUB-TE-RETE’, a. Somewhat terete or taper. SUB-TER/FLU-ENT,) a. [L. subterfluens, subter- SUB-TER/FLU-OUS,}$ fluo.) tunning under or beneath. SUB/TER-FUGE, n. [Fr., from L. subter and fugio, to flee. ] r [Better called name, L. nomen, or even noun, a Cor- ruption of nomen. ] SUB/STAN-TIVE-LY, adv. tially. 2. In grammar, aS a2 name or noun. or pronoun may be used substantively. UB‘STILE, x. See Susstyv.e. UB/STI-TUTE, v. t. [Fr. substituer; It. sustituire ; Sp. substituir ; L. substituo; sub and statuo, to set.] To put in the place of another. Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others. Congreve. SUB’/STI-TUTE, 7. One person put in the place of unother to answer the same purpose. A person may be a substitute with full powers to act for another in an office. Representatives in legislation are the sub- stitutes of their constituents. The orthodox creed of Christians is that Christ died as the substitute of sin- ners. 2. One thing put in the place of another. If you have not one medicine, use another as its substitute SUB/STI-TU-TED, pp. Put in the place of another. SUB/STI-TU-TING, ppr. Putting in the place of another. SUB-STI-TU’/TION, zn. The act of putting one per- son or thing in the place of another to supply its place; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative, to act for one in his absence ; the sub- stitution of bank notes for gold and silver, as a circu- lating medium. 2. In grammar, syllepsis, or the use of one word for another. SUB-STI-TU/TION-AL, a. Pertaining to substitution. SUB-STRA€T’, v. t. [L. subtraho, subtractum.] To subtract. Note. —Supstract was formerly used in analogy with Anstract. But in modern usage, it is written according to the Latin, Sustract. [See this word and its derivatives. SUB-STRA€’TION, n. In law, the withdrawing or withholding of some right. Thus the substraction of conjugal rights, is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate. The substraction of a legacy is the withholding or detain- ing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manver, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a swbstraction, for which the law givesa In substance ; essen- An adjective MM remedy. Blackstone. SUB/STRATE, n. That which lies beneath ; a sub- stratum. Good. Literally, that to which a person resorts for escape or concealment ; hence, a shift; an evasion; an ar- tifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct. Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument. Wats. SUB’TER-RANE, n. [Infra.] ground. SUB-TER-RA’NE-AN, )a. SUB-TER-RA/NE-OUS, } rain; It. sotterraneo. | Being or lying under the surface of the earth ; sit- uated within the earth or under ground ; as, subter- ranean springs ; a subterrancous passage. SuBTERRANEAL and SuBTERRANY are not in ue) SUB-TER-RAN/‘I-TY, n. oyle. Ss SU lows ; one left, and sustains the like part tive to PrepECEssoR; as, the succe king; the successor of a president or man’s son and successor. A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chatte naming their successors, vests 0 absolute pa ian : so long as the corporation subsists, slack stone. Ssue-CID/U-OUS, a. [L. succiduus ; sud and cado. | Ready to fall; falling. [Zitdle used. ] SU€-CIF/ER-OUS, a. [L. succws, juice, and fero, to bear. | Proc SUGE/CI-NATE, 2. [ A salt formed by th SU6/CI-NA-TED, 4. ber. TT One that succeeds or fol- that takes the place which another has or character ; correli- sssor of a deceased governor ; & ion, 6-CESS/OR, n. [L-] Is, without ty in them jucing or conveying Sap. from L. succinum, a e succinic Combined with the mber. } acid and a base. acid of am- H; FH as in THIS. NT OH as 8 maros? aonarinosin socmentiiton -senaconliaan pine oe= y | suC SUD SUF i ry y : - vi sien a: . SU€-CINET’, a. [L. succinctus; sub and cingo, to| SUCK, v. t. {[Sax. sucan, succan; G. saugen; D. zut- 2. Hasty ; violent; rash; precipitate; passionate. surround. ] gen: Sw. suga; Dan. suer, contracted ; Ir. sagham; [Ve ot in use.] Shak. 1. Tucked up; girded up; drawn up to permit W. sugaw; L. sugo; Fr. sucer; It. succiare, succhi- | SUD! DEN, nm. An unexpected occurrence ; surprise the legs to be free. are; Sp. and Port. sacar, to draw out. [ Mot in use. ] j : 1. To draw with the mouth; to draw out, as a On a sudden ; sooner than was ex ected ; without His habit ee le used Milton. ane a ? , Pp eae een aeereticre eae, 18272] ca liquid from a cask, or milk from the breast; to draw| the usual preparatives 2. Compresse< 1 into a narrow compass; Ss en into the mouth. ‘To suck is to exhaust the air of the How art thou lost, how on a sudden Jost} Milton brief ; concise; as, a succinct account of the procee mouth or of a tube; the fluid then rushes into the [ Of a sudden, i t 1, and is] ings of the council. mouth or tube by means of the pressure of the sur-} gyyqy IDEN_LY a: nh cai a ee elegant. } Let all your precepts be succinct and clear. Roscommon, rounding air. exnecesaly hasty mae aes manner; un- SU€-CINET’LY, adv. Briefly; concisely. The facts 2. To draw milk from with the mouth; as, the x : cies DOL S D , adv. Briefly ; J . aie Therefore his calamity shall con dé i Were succinctly stated. young of an animal sucks the mother or dam, or the rerefore his calamity shall come suddenly. — Prov. vi. . SU€-CINET/NESS, n. Brevity; conciseness; as, breast. 2. Without premeditation. : the succinctness of a narration. 3. To draw into the mouth ; to imbibe ; as, to suck | SUD/DEN-NESS, n. State of being sudden ; a com- i SU€-CINI€, a. Pert 1ining to amber; drawn from in Alte to suck the juice of plants ing or hapy ening without previous notice. The sud. ‘ amber; as, the succinic acid. 4, T o draw or drain. denness of the event precluded preparation. ae uv Parnes lp SU€/CL NITE [L. succinum, amber.] rai cae ia a ’ a : SU-DOR-IPYI€, a. [Fr. sudorifique; L. sudor, sweat, Rear) a on amber color, cons sidered as a vari- Old ocean sucked through the porous globe. Thomson. and facio, to mnt ake. ety of garnet. It frequently occurs in globular or 5. To draw in, as a whirlpool ; to absorb. Causing ee as, sudorific herbs. Bacon. | gr anular masses, about the size of a pea. Dryden. SU-DOR-IF’I€, n. A medicine that produces sweat. Cleaveland. 6. To inhale. Coze. SU€/CI-NOUS, a. Pertaining to amber. To suck in; to draw into the mouth; to imbibe ; to | SO/DOR-OUS, a. [L. sudor, sweat.] | SUO/EOR, v. t. [Fr. secourir; It. soccorrere; Sp. absorb. Consisting of sweat. Brown. socorrer ; L. succurro; sub and curro, to run.]} To suck out; to draw out with the mouth ; to empty SO’D RA, n [Often spelt Soopran.] The lowest Literally, to run to, or run to support; hence, to by suction. of the four great castes among the Hindoos, help or relieve When in difficulty, want, or distress ; To suck up; to draw into the mouth. SUDS, n. sing. [Qu. W. suz, moisture, or its connec- wy to assist and deliver from suffering; as, to succor a} SUCK, v. i. To draw by exhausting tho air, as with tion, seethe, sodden. | 4 besieged city ; to succor prisoners. Soe mouth, or with a tube. Water impregnated with soap. | i He is able to succor them that are tempted. — Heb. ti. To dre iw the breast; as, a child, or the young To be in the suds ; to be in turmoil or difficulty ; a . SUG6/GOR, n. Aid ; help; assistance; particularly, of an Anal, is ore nourished by sucking. - See a “ae i eer eee 7 | - assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, | «7,27, 19 d¥aw in; toimbibe. cenit aL Bee a ad OAL ANE Ro : | want. or distress “?' SUCK, x. The act of drawing with the mouth. Seex and Essay.] ' ; My father Boyle. 1. To seek justice or right from one by legal pro- | lying for succor to his servant Banister. Shak. 2. Milk drawn from the breast by the mouth. cess ; to institute process in law against one; to pros- 2. The person or thing that brings relief. The Shak. ecute in a civil action for the recovery of a real or | QTITOWI TE y ri ia ue . 2g y sp 7 * ng 5 sue oO y > . A “—Id ny city, when pressed, received succors from an unex-| = UCK ED, (sukt,) pp. Drawn with the mouth, or supposed right; as, to sue one ap debt; to sue one pected quarter. with an instrument that exhausts the air; imbibed; oe damages in trespass. Jatt. v. sie yafsut hicl Ganattie’n Dred absorbed. 2. To gain by legal process. 1} e mighty succor which made glad the foe. den, TOW 7 i ee eae oe eee Se ryden SUCK’ER, n. He or that which draws with the To clean the be ak, as a hawk; a term of fal- | SU€'€OR-ED, pp. Assisted ; relieved. mouth. sia SUC/COR-ER, n. He that affords relief; a helper; a 2, The embolus or piston of a pump. Boyle. To sue out; to petition for and take out; or to ap- deliverer. oe ae 3. A pipe through which any thing is drawn. ply for and obtain; as, to sue out a writ in chancery ; SU€/COR-ING, ppr. Assisting; relieving. Philips. to sue out a pardon fora criminal. f “ITOYWV AO mee tn . : ry a a ~rae fy « m . SU€’/COR-LESS, a. Destitute of help or relief. 4. The shoot of a pene from the roots or lower| SUE,v.7. ‘To prosecute; tomake legalclaim; to seek eS i Thomson. part of the stem; so called, perhaps, from its draw- for in law; as, to sue for damages. SU€/EO-RY, n. A plant of the genus Cichorium, Ing its nourishment from ie root or stem. 2. To seek by request: to apply for; to petition; | is o> 2 7 r ni - é * “ commonly called Cuiccory or Witp Enpive. 5. A fish of the family Cyclopteride, one of which} to entreat. peat a he = tlt P, Cyc. is called the Lump-Sucxker or Lump-F1su, which see, By adverse destiny constrained to sua SUE €0-TASH, mn. In America, green maize and Also, the remora, which see. For cour cdress, he sues to you. Pope. beans boiled together. The dish, as well as the name, 6. A fresh water fish of the carp family, and genus 3. To make interest for; to demand. is borrowed from the native Indians. Catostomus. Storer’s Mass. Report. C R f fe Anata a : “ut aa sar came to Rome to sue for the double honor ofa triumph | ave eee Ne [L. sub and cubo.] a A cant name for an inhabitant of llinois. J. S. and the consulship. ; Middleton. SU€/€U-BUS, § SU CK! ER, v. t. To strip off shoots; to deprive of] .., ‘ ' A prete nde a kind of demon. Mir. for Mac. suckers ; as, to sucker maize. SU ED, ceade,) pp. Prosecuted ; sought in Jaw. { | SUC/EU-LENCE, {n. [See Succurent.] Juici-| SUCK/ET,2n. A sweetmeat for the mouth. SU’ET, [W. swyv and swyved, a surface, coating, SUE’EU -LEN-CY, } ness; as, the succulence of a Cleaveland. suet, ye 8t, &c,.] | : 3 peach, ct | SUCK/ING, ppr. or a. Drawing with the mouth or The fat of an animal, particularly the harder and ¥ ve! €U-LENT, a. [Fr.; L. succulentus, from succus,| with an instrument: imbibing: absorbing. less fusible about the kidneys and loins. t | STTOITZIN GC Syn ee Wisema we juice. ] oo La | SUCK/ING-BOT’TLE, n. A bottle to be filled with | ..,.,, ~ ia Wiseman. } Full of juice; juicy. Succulent plants are such as| milk, for infants bo Auer instead of the pap. Locke. | S0'ET-Y,a. Consisting of suet, or resembling it; as, ie have a juicy and soft stem, as distinguished from | SUCK/ ING-PU MP, 7. See Suctron-Pump. _ 8 suety substance. Sharp. \F such as are ligneous, hard, and dry. Thus the | SUCK’LE, (suk’J,) x. Ateat. [Jot in use.] SUF’FER, v.t. [L. suffero; sub, under, and fero, to | grasses are succulent he rbs, as are peas, beans, and | SUCK!’ LE, v. t. To give suck to: to nurse at the bear; as we say, to undergo; Fr. souffrir; It. soffe- | ne fe a breast. Romulus and Remus are fabled to have been rire; Sp. sufrir. See Bean.] SU€’€U-LENT-LY, adv. Juicily suckled by a wolf. 1. To feel or bear what is painful, disagreeable, | SU€E-CUMB’, x. 7. (IL. succumbo ; sub and cumbo, cubo, | SUCK'!LE D, (suk/Id,) pp. Nursed at the breast. or distressing, either to the body or mind; to un- | to lie dow n.] SUC is L ING, ppre Nursing at the breast. dergo. We suffer pain of body; we suffer grief of || I. To yield ; to submit ; as, to succumb to a foreign | SUC <’LING, n. A young child or animal nursed at mind. Thecriminal suffers punishment ; the sinner power. the 2br ‘ast. Ps. viii. suffers the pangs of conscience in this life, and is 2. To yield ; to sink unresistingly ; as, to succumd A sort of white clover. Cac. condemned to suffer the wrath of an offended God. under calamities. Syair ION, (suk/shun,) x. [Fr.] The act of suck- We often suffer wrong ; we suffer abuse; we suffer | SU€-CUMB/ING, Pe Yielding; submitting; sinking.| ing or drawing into the mouth, as fluids, injustice. : ae SU€-€US-SA/TION, [L. succusso, to shake. ] Roule. Arbuthnot. 2. To endure ; to support; to sustain; not to sink | 1. A trot or trotting. Brown. 2. The act of drawing, as fluids into a pipe or| Under. - 4 2. A shaking ; succussion. other thing. . Our spirit si strength entire, a : i ATT SIG ig years ‘ ° 7 : ‘ Strongly to suffer and support our pain Milton. we : SU€-CUS'SION, (-kush’un,) n. [L. succussio, from | SU€E’/TION-PU MP, The common pump, in which Se ve et ee : iE se oy succusso, to shake; sub “aaa quasso.| the water is pried into the barrel by atmospheric 3. To allow ; to permit; not to forbid or hinder. ee 1. oy he act of shak cing; a shake. ressure. Will you suffer yourself to be insulted ? % bs In medicine, an ague; a she iking. SU€-TO’RI-AL, a. Adapted for sucking; that live I suffer them to enter and possess. Milton. || © SUCH, a. {It is possible that this word may be a con- by sucking; as, the humming-birds are suctorial Thou shalt in any wise re buke thy nelghbor, and not suffer sin || tae traction of Sax. swelc, swiylc, G. solch, D. zolk. More birds. Swainson. upon him. — Lev. xix. | i ¢ ry ye =a spew ‘< . y 7 > s . . e 7 s t }. , fis probably it is the Russ. sitze, SUEEe OME vulgar sichy, 2. Capable of adhering by suction; as, the suctorial 4. To undergo; to be affected by. Substances || ee ¢ or the old Scctch sich. Qu. Lat. sic.] fishes. P. Cyc. suffer an entire change by the action of fire, or by K c « F >» like ki Te ’ “TTC IT T « . ~ sie mee ae « - | A f ee 1. Of that kind ; of the like kind. W e never saw | SU€-TO/RI-AN, n. A name of cartilaginous fishes entering into new combinations. | iy ik such a day; we have never had such a time as the with a mouth adapted for suction, as the lamprey. 5. To sustain; to be affected by ; as, to suffer loss || present. oe : Brande. or damage. | F It has as before the thing to which it relates. Give | SU€-T'O/RI-OUS, a. Suctorial. [Rare.] SUF’FER, v.i. To feel or undergo pain of body or a your children such precepts as tend to make them SU/DAK,n. A fish, a species of Perca, Tooke. mind ; to fe ar whatisinconvenient. We suffer with | are wiser and better. ee Ses SU/DA-RY, x. [L. ‘sudarium, from sudo, to sweat. ] pain, sickness, or sorrow ; we suffer with anxiety ; It is to be noted that the definitive adjective a A napkin 6r hi indkerchief. [Mot in 1Use. ] we suffer by evils past, and by anticipating others to | { never precedes such, but is placed between it and the Wiclif. come; we suffer from fear and from disappointed | noun to which it refers; as, such a man; such an| SU-DA’TION, n. [L. sudatio.] hopes. DO h T A sweating. 2. To undergo, as punishment. = ry / mo r | a ve Bre that. ae his wa Bathe State of the king- SU/DA-TO-RY > The [L. sudatoriwm, from sudo, to The father was first pondemne? to sufferon aday appointed, and | ~~ 3. The time as e 1€ ae Ae anded. sweat. ] the son afterward, the day following. Clarendon, le Same as what has been mentioned. ot- se: cwreati ‘ 7 oe. é z _, A hot-house ; a sweating-bath. Herbert. 3. To be injured; to sustain loss or damage. A That thou art happy, owe to God ; SU/DA-TO-RY, a. Sweatine. buildi rg That thou continuest euch, owe to thyself. Milto ety at ee : ‘ uilding suffers for want of seasonable repairs. It inuest such, o to th , Milton. SUD/DEN rc: snrlanis 7 s ; i » aN, da. [Sax. soden; Fr. soudain; Norm. soub- is just that we should suffer for neglect of duty. 4. Referring to what has been specified. I have dain; L. subitaneus. } ; commanded my servant to be at such a place. 1. Happening without previous notice ; coming un- ieee antl RAED ONLY RESINS Temple, Such and such, is used in reference to a person expectedly, or without the common preparatives. SUF/FER-A-BLE, a. That may be tolerated or per or place of a certain kind. ye 4 mitted ; allowable. And sudden fear troubleth thee, —Job xxii. ae 5 The sovereign authority may enact a law, commanding such and For when they shall say, Peace and safety, then sudden destruc- 2. T hi it may be endured or borne. Wotton. such on action. South. tion cometh upon them, —1 Thess. v. SU P/F ER-A-BLE- NESS, 2. Tolerableness. Scott. Ft FATE, FAR, FALL, Ce Se PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOT es DOVE, MOVE, WOLE, BOOK. — 0G — a -_ — each ee bea = aera eee 5 Seagal 1104= ate Se Sh Sr Maa sare ae akoae eects * , ! SUF SUF/FER-A-BLY, adv. Tolerably; so as to be en- dured. , Addison. SUF/FER-ANCE, n. The bearing of pain; endur- ance; pain endured; misery. : He must not only die, But thy unkindness shall the death draw out To lingering sufferance. Shak. 2. Patience ; moderation ; a bearing with patience. But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise. Spenser. 3. Toleration; permission; allowance; negative consent by not forbidding or hindering. In process of time, sometimes by sufferance, sometimes by special leave and favor, they erected (to themselves oratories. : Hooker. In their beginning, they are weak and wan, 3ut soon through sufferance grow to fearful end. An estate at sufferance, in lav, is where a person comes Into possession of land by lawful title, but keeps it after the title ceases, without positive leave of the owner. Blackstone. SUF’FER-ED, pp. Borne; undergone; permitted ; allowed. SUF FER-ER, n. One who endures or undergoes pain, either of body or mind; one who sustains in- convenience or loss; as, sufferers by poverty or sick- ness ; men are sufferers by fire or losses at sea; they are sufferers by the ravages of an enemy ; still more are they sufferers by their own vices and follies. ____ 2, One that permits or allows. SUF’FER-ING, ppr. ora. Bearing; undergoing pain, _ inconvenience, or damage ; permitting ; allowing. SUF’FER-ING, n. The bearing of pain, inconven- ience, orloss; pain endured ; distress, loss, or injury incurred ; as, sufferings by pain or sorrow ; sufferings by want or by wrongs. Spenser. SUF’FER-ING-LY, adv. With suffering or pain. SUPF-FICE’, (suf-fize’,) v.i. [Fr. sufire; L. suffcio; sub and facio. | To be enough or sufficient ; to be equal to the end proposed. To recount almighty works, What words or tongue of seraph can suffice? Milton. SUF-FICE/, (suf-fize’,) v. t. To satisfy ; to content; to be equal to the wants or demands of. Let it suffice thee; speak no more to me of this matter. — Deut. ili. may Lord, show us the Father, and it sufficeth us. —John xiv. Ruth ii. 2. To afford ; to supply. The power appeased, with wind sufficed the sail. Dryden, {Not in use.) SUF-FIC’/ED, (suf-fizd',) pp. Satisfied; adequately supplied. SUF-FI//CIEN-CY, (-fish’en-se,) 7. ing adequate to the end proposed. The state of be- His sufficiency is such, that he bestows and possesses, his plenty ing unexhausted, Boyle, 9. Qualification for any purpose, Tam not i so confident of my own sufficiency as not admit the counsel of others, K. Charies, 3. Competence; adequate substance or means. An elegant sufficiency, content. Thomson. 4. Supply equal to wants ; ample stock or fund. Watts. 5. Ability; adequate power. Our sufficiency is from God. —2 Cor, iii. 6. Conceit; self-confidence. [See Sevr-Surri- CIENOY.] SUF FICIENT, (-fish/ent,) a. [L. sufficiens.] 1. Enough ; equal to the end proposed ; adequate to wants; competent; as, provision sufficient for the family ; water sufficient for the voyage ; an army suf- jicient to defend the country. My grace is sufficient for thee. —2 Cor. xil. 9. Qualified ; competent ; possessing adequate tal- ents or accomplishments; as, a man sufficient for an office, Shak. 3. Fit; able ; of competent power or ability. Who is sufficient for these things ? — 2 Cor, il. SUF-FI//CIENT-LY, (-fish/ent-ly,) adv. Toa suf- ficient degree ; enough ; to a degree that answers the purpose, or gives content; as, we are sufficiently sup- plied with food and clothing ; a man sufficiently qual- ified for the discharge of his official duties. SUF-FIC/ING, (suf-fiz’ing,) ppr. Supplying what is needed ; satisfying. SUF-FI/SANCE, n. [Fr.] Sufficiency ; plenty. [Wot in Use, Spenser. SUF/FIX, n. [L. sufirus; sufigo; sub and figo, to fix. fetter or syllable added or annexed to the end of a word. Parkhurst. MM. Stuart. SUF-FIX’, v.t. To add or annex a letter or syllable to a word. a SUF-FLX/ED, (-fixt/,) pp. Added to the end of a word. SUF-FIX/ING, ppr. Adding to the end of a word. SUF-PLAM/I-NATE, v.t. [L. suflamen, a stop.] 1 Yo retard the motion of a carriage by prevent- ing one or more of its wheels from revolving, either by a chain or otherwise. 9. To stop; to impede. [ WVot in use.| Barrow. SUG SUP-FLATE’, v. t. [L. suflo; sub and flo, to blow.] To blow up; to inflate. [Zuttle used, | Bailey. SUF-FLA’TION, n. [L. suffatio.] The act of blowing up or inflating. Coles. SUF/FO-€ATE, v. t. [Fr. suffoquer; It, suffogare; Sp. sufocar; L. suffuco; sub and focus, or its root.] _1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration. Res- piration may be stopped by the interception of air, as in hanging and strangling, or by the introduction of smoke, dust, or mephitic air into the Jungs. Men may be suffocated by the halter; or men may be suf- focated in smoke or in carbonic acid gas, as in mines and wells. And let not hemp his windpipe suffocate. Shak. 2. To stifle ; to destroy ; to extinguish ; as, to suffo- cate fire or live coals. A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate ond strangle without OLLLET, Shak. passag . UF’FO-€ATE, a. Suffocated. SUF/FO-€A-TED, pp- Choked; stifled. I Choking ; stifling. So as to suffocate; as, JE’FO-€A-TING, ppr. or a. UF/FO-€4-TING-LY, adv. suffocatingly hot. SUP-FO-€A'/TION, n. The act of choking or sti- fling; a stopping of respiration, either by intercept- ing the passage of air to and from the lungs, or by inhaling smoke, dust, or air that is not respirable. 9. The act of stifling, destroying, or extinguish- MNNMN ing. SUF’FO-€A-TIVE, a. Tending or able to choke or stifle ; as, suffocative catarrhs. Arbuthnot. SUF-FOS’SION, (suf-fosh/un,) x. [L. suffossio; sub and fodio, to dig.] A digging under; an undermining. Bp. Hall. SUF/FRA-GAN, a. [Fr. suffragant; It. suffraganeo; L. suffragans, assisting ; suffragor, to vote for, to fa- vor. } Assisting ; aS, a suffragan bishop. SUF/FRA-GAN, n. A bishop considered as an assist- ant to his metropolitan; or, rather, an assistant bish- op. By 26 Henry VIII. suffragans are to be denom- inated from some principal place in the diocese of the prelate whom they are to assist. Bp. Barlow. SUF/FRA-GANT, nz. An assistant; a favorer; one who concurs with. [ Obs.} Taylor. SUF’/FRA-GATE, v. t. [L. suffragor.] To vote with. [Not in use. Hale. SUF’FRA-GA-TOR, n, [L.] One who assists or fa- vors by his vote. Bp. of Chester. SUF/FRAGE, n. [L. sufragium; Fr. suffrage; Sax. fregnan, to ask, G. fragen.| 1. A vote; a voice given in deciding a controvert- ed question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust. Nothing can be more grateful to a good man, than to be elevated to office by the unbiased suf- frages of free, enlightened citizens. Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrages the obser- vation made by heathen writers. Atterbury. 2, United voice of persons in public prayer. 3. Aid: assistance; a Latinism. [Not in use. ] SUF-FRAG'IN-OUS, a. [L. suffrago, the pastern or hough. } Pertaining to the knee-joint of a beast. Brown. SUF-FRU-TES/CENT, a. Moderately frutescent. UF-FRO/TLEOSE, a. [L. sub and fruticosus; fru- tex, a shrub. ] In botany, under-shrubby, or part shrubby ; perma- nent or woody at the base, but the yearly branches decaying; as sage, thyme, hyssop, &c. Martyn. Cyc. SUF-FU'/MI-GATE, v. t. [L. suffumigo.] To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of the body, as in medicine. SUF-F'O/MI-GA-TING, ppr parts of the body. SUF-FU-MI-GA'TION, n. Fumigation; the opera- tion of smoking any thing, or rather of applying fumes to the parts of the body. 9. A term applied to all medicines that are re- ceived in the form of fumes. Cyc. tT Applying fumes to the SUF-FO/MIGE, n. A medical fume. Harvey. SUF-FUSE’, (suf-fuze’,)v.t [L. suffusus, suffundo ; sub and fundo, to pour. ] T’o overspread, as With a fluid or tincture; as, eyes suffused with tears; cheeks suffused with blushes. When purple light shall next suffuse the skies, SUF-F0S/ED, (suf-fuzd’,) pp. Overspread, as with a fluid or with color. SUF-FOS/ING, ppr. or tincture. SUE-FO/SION, (-zhun,) 7. [Fr., from L. suffusto.] 1. Tbe act or operation of overspreading, as with a fluid or with a color. 9. The state of being suffused or spread over. Pope. Overspreading, as with a fluid To those that have the Jaundice or like suffusion of eyes, objects appear of that color. Ray. 3. That which is suffused or spread over. SUG, zn. Le suco, to suck. ] A kind of worm. SUG'AR, (shug/ar,) 7 Walton, [Fr. sucre; Arm. sucri Sp, azucar; At. zucchero; G. sucker; D,. suiker; Dan, SUG sokker, sukker; Sw. socker; W. sugyr; Ir. siacra; GO “ar 35 L. saccharum; Gr. caxxapov; Pers. Ar, ya sukkar j Sans. scharkara; Slavonic, zakar. It is also in the Syr. and Eth.) 1. A well-known substance manufactured chiefly from the sugar-cane, Saccharum officinarum ; but in the United States, great quantities of this article are made from the sugar maple; and in France, from the beet. The saccharine liquor is concentrated by boiling, which expels the water; lime is added to neutralize the acid that is usually present ; the gross- er impurities riseto the surface, and are separated in the form of scum; and finally, as the liquor cools, the sugar separates from the molasses in grains. The sirup or molasses is drained off, leaving the sugar in the state known in commerce by the name of raz or muscovado sugar. This was formerly purified by means of clay, or more extensively by bullocks’ blood, which, forming a coagulum, enveloped the impurities. ‘This process is now more usually per- formed by means of anima) charcoal or bone black, and by steam. Thus clarified, it takes the names of lump, loaf, refined, &c., according to the different de- grees of purification. Sugar is a proximate element of the vegetable kingdom, and is found in most ripe fruits, and many farinaceous roots. By fermenta- tion, sugar is converted into alcohol, and hence forms the basis of those substances which are used for se a —— making intoxicating liquors, as molasses, grapes, ap- ples, malt, &c. The ultimate elements of sugar are oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen. Of all vegetable principles, it is considered by Dr. Rush as the most wholesome and nutritious. P. Cyc. Silliman. 29. An old chemical term; as, the sugar of lead, (acetate of lead’) so called because it has a close re- semblance to sugar in appearance, and tastes sweet. Tully. SUGAR, (shug’ar,) v, t To impregnate, season, cover, sprinkle, or mix with sugar. Crashaw. 2. To sweeten. But flattery still in sugared words betrays, Denham. SUG!AR-BAK/ER, x. ] One who makes loaf-sugar. Johnsows Idler. SUG'AR-€AN/DY, 2. [surar and candy.] Sugar clarified and concreted or ci rstallized, SUG/AR-€ANE, x. [sugar aid cane.] The cane or plant from whose juice suge is obtained; Saccha- rum officinarum. G!AR-ED, (shug/ard,) pp. or 7 Sweetened. UG'AR-HOUSE,n. A building in which sugar is refined. SUG/AR-KET’TLE, 7. A kettle used in boiling down the sap or juice from which sugar is made. SUG Free from sugar. UG'AR-LOAB, x. A conical mass of refined sugar. UG/AR-MA/PLE, ) rn. A >pecies of maple, the Acer G u ( | 5 » U ti x 7/AR-LESS, a. U /AR-TREE, § saccharinum, from whose sap sugar is made by boiling. A machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar-cane. SUG/AR-MITE, n. {sugar and mite. | : The Lepisma saccharina is an apterous or Wing- less insect, covered with silvery scales. Ed. Encyc. SUG/AR-PLUM, n. [sugar and plum.] A species of sweetmeat in small balls. SUG/AR-Y, (shug/ar-e,) a. Tinetured or sweetened with sugar ; sweet; tasting like sugar. 9. Fond of sugar, or of sweet things. Todd. 3. Containing sugar. Ash. 4, Like sugar. Ash. SU-GES/CENT, a. [L. sugens, sucking. ] Relating to sucking. Paley. SUG-GEST’, (sug-jest’,) v. t. [L. suggero, suggestus ; sub and gero; It. suggerire; Fr. suggerer. | 1. To hint; to intimate or mention In the first in- stance; us, to suggest a new mode of cultivation ; to suggest a different scheme or measure ; to suggest a new idea. : 9. To offer to the mind or thoughts. Some ideas are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensa- tion and reflecuon. Locke. 3. To seduce ; to draw to ill by insinnation. Knowing that tender youth is soon sugges ted. {Not in use.] 4, To inform secretly. We must suggest the people. OU a Ja Shak. {Notin use.] Shak. SUG-GEST’ED, pp. Hinted ; intimated. SUG-GEST’BER, n. One that suggests. _ SUG-GEST/ING, ppr. Hinting; intimating. SUG-GES/TIONs (Suy-jest'yun,) 7. Fr. ; from sug- gest. ] A hint; a first intimation, proposal, or men- fion, ‘The measure was adopted at the suggestion of an eminent philosopher. 9, Presentation of an ide suggestions of fancy or imagination ; of conscience. at Pct 3. Insinuation ; secret notification or incitement. Shak. xa to the mind ; as, the the suggestions 4, In law, information without oath. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI’CLOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z~. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. pi: fe —— eres oo 139sila SUI SUL SUM UG-GEST/IVE, a. Containing a hint or intimation. SUG'GIL, v.t. [L. ene To defame. we Wn Use. SUG'GIL-ATE, [L. suggillo.] To beat livid or Se and blue. SUG GIL-A/TION, n. A Jivid or black and blue mark ; a blow ; a bruise. [Vot in use: | SU-I- Cr! DAL, a. Partaking of the crime of suicide. SO-I-Cr’/DAL- “LY, adv. Ina suicidal manner. St’LCIDE, n. (Fr. , from L, suicidium ; se and cedo, sla er Sr the act of designedly destroying one’s own life. To constitute suicide, the person must be of years of discretion and af sound mind. Blackstone. One Buulby of self-murder; a felo de se. ae CLDIS M, State of self-murdering. SU/I-CISM, for Su ICIDE, is not in use. SUI GE EN'ER-IS, [L.] Of its own or peculiar kind ; singular. SU/IL-LAGBE, (sia/il-laje,) 7. Drain of filth. { Obs. 7] SU/ING, ppr. of Sur. Prosecuting. SUING, n, ([Fr. suer, to sweat, es sudo.] The process of soaking through any thing. [ot in use. | Bacon. SUIT, (sute,) x. [Norm. suit or suyt; Fr. suite, from suivre, to follow, from L. sequor. (See Szeex.) In Law Latin, secta ‘is from the same source. ] Literally, a following; and so used in the old Eng- lish statutes, 1. Consecution ; succession ; Series; regular order ; as, the same kind and suit of w eather. [JVot now so applied. | Bacon. 2, A set; a numberof things used together, and in a degree necessary to be united, in order to an- swer the purpose; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of | armor; sometimes with less dependence of the par- ticular parts on each other, but still united in use; as, a suit of clothes; a suit of apartments. 3. A set of the same kind or stamp; as, a suit of cards. 4. Retinue; a company or number of attendants or followers; attendance ; train ; as, a nobleman and his suit. [This is some times pronounced as a French word, sweet; but in all its Senses, this is the same word, and the affectaticn of making it French in one use and E nglish in av ther, is improper, not to say ridiculous. The Fre .ch orthograp! 1y Suite is re- jected very properly t » Jameson. 5. A petition ; a s¢ cking for something by petition or application. Many shal! make suit to thee. — Job xi, Parker. [Wot in use] Wiseman. [Fr. soutllage. ] Wotton. 6. Solicitation of a woman in marriage; courtship. Shak. 7. In law, an action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; legal application to a court for justice ; prosecution of right before any tribunal; as, a civil suit; a criminas swit; a suit in chancery. in England, the several suits, or remedi ul instruments of justice, are distinguished into three kinds, actions perso n i real, and mixed, Blackstone. 8. Pursuit ; prosecution; chase. Spenser. Cyc. Suit and service; ; in feudal law, the duty of feuda- tories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors in time of peace, and in war to follow them and per- form military service. 3lachkstone. To bring suit; a phrase in law, denoting literally to bring secta, followers or witnesses to prove ne plaintiff’s demand. The phrase is antiquated, rather it has changed its signification ; for to bring « suit, now, is to institute an action. Out of suits; having no correspondence. Shak. Suit-covenant, in law, is a covenant to sue at a cer- tain court. Bailey. Suit-court ; in law, the court in which tenants owe attendance to their lord. Bailey. SUIT, v.t. To fit; to adapt; to make proper. Suit the action to the word. Suit the gestures to the pas- sion to be expressed. Suit the style to the subject. To become ; to be fitted to. I) suits his cloth the praise of railing well. Raise her notes to that sublime degre Which suils a song of picty and thee. Prior. . To dress; to clothe. Such a Sebastian was my brother too; So went he suited to his watery tomb. Shak. 4. To please; to make content. He is well suited with his place. SOIT, v.i. To agree fe) Dryden. oo ; to accord ; as, to suit with; to suit to. Pity suits with a noble nature. Dryden. Give me not an office That suits with meso ill. * Adiizon. The place itself was suiting to his care. Dryden, The use of with after suzt is now most frequent. ] SOIT’A-BLE, (sit/a-bl,) a. Fitting; according with; agreeable to proper ; becoming; as, ornaments suit- able to one’s character and station ; language suitable to the subject. 2. Adequate. Wecan not make suitable returns for divine mercies. SOIT’A-BLE-NESS, n. Fitness; propriety ; agreea- bleness ; a state of being adapted or accommodated. Consider the laws, and their suitableness to our moral state St SIT! A-BL Y,adv. WFitly ; agreeably ; with propriety. Let words be suitably applied. SUITE, (sweet,)n. [Fr.] Retinue. [See Surt, 7. No. 4.] SGIT’ED, pp. Fitted ; adapted ; pleased. SUIT"I NG, ppr. Fitting; according with; becoming; pleasing. SOL l/OR, n. One that sues or prosecutes a demand of right in law ; as a plaintiff, petitioner, or appellant. 2. One who attends a court, whether plaintiff, de- fendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, and the like. These, in legal phraseology, are all included in the word suitors. 3. A petitioner ; an applicant. She hath been a suitor to me for her brother. Shak. 4. One who solicits a woman in marriage; a woo- er; a lover. SUIT’/RESS, z. Bt ake SERED ad, [L. sulcus, a furrow.] In natural history, furrowed ; grooved ; scored with deep, broad channels longitudinally; as, a sulcated stem. Martyn. SULK, v.7. [Sax. solcen,] To be silently sullen; to be morose or obstinate. [ Obs.] SULK/L-LY, adv. Sullenly; morosely. Jron Chest. SULK’I-NESS, nx. [from swky.] Sullenness; sour- ness ; moroseness, SULKS, n. pl. To be in the sulks, is to be sulky or dis- contented and sullen. SULK’Y, a. [Sax. solcen, sluggish.] Sullen ; sour; heavy ; obstinate ; morose. While these A female supplicant. Rowe. animals remain in their inclosures, they are sulky, is. Res. ULK’Y,x. A two-wheeled carriage fora single person. SULL, n. [Sax. sulh.] A plow. [Obds.] ASP Roe Ul SUL'LAGE, x. [See Surxir1ace.] A drain of filth, sane collected from the street or highway. Cie. L/LEN, a. [Perhaps, set, fixed, and allied to silent, eae &c. 1. G loomily angry and silent; cross ; ed with ill humor. And sullen I forsook th’ imperfect feast. Prior. 2. Mischievous ts th uA sour; aflect- ; malignant. Such sullen planets at my birth did shin Dryden 3. Obstinate ; intractable. Things are as sullen a8 we are. Tillotson 4. Gloomy; dark; dismal. Why are thine eyes fixed to the eullen earth ? Night with her sullen wings. No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows, Pope, 5, Heavy ; dull; sorrowful. Be thou the trumpet of our wrath, And sullen presage of your own decay. Shak. SUL’/LEN-LY, adv. Gloomily; malignantly ; intract- ably ; with moroseness. Driden. SUL/LEN-NESS, n. Ill nature with silence; silent moroseness ; gloominess ; malignity ; intract ableness. Milton. Temple. SUL! Pees n. pl. A morose temper; gloominess. { Not in use. | Shak, SUL/LI-AGE, n._ [Fr. souillage. | Foulness; filth. [JVot in use.] SUL‘LI-ED, (sul/lid,) pp. Soiled; tarnished ; stained. SUL/LY, v. t. [Fr. souiller ; from the root of soil, G. stile. | 1. ‘To soil; to dirt; to spot; to tarnish. And statues sullied yet with sacrilegious smoke. . To tarnish ; to darken. Let there be no spots to sully the brightness of this solemnity, Allerbury. 3. To stain; to tarnish; as the purity of reputa- tion ; as, virtues sullied by slander; character sullied by infamous vices. SUL/LY, v.i. To be soiled or tarnished. Roscommon. Silvering wil] sully and canker more than gilding. Bacon. SUL/LY, x. Soil; tarnish; spot. A nobl Boe triumphant merit breaks through little spots and sullie on his re putation, SUL!LY-ING, ppr. Soiling ; tarnishing ; staining. SUL’/PHATE, n [from sulphur.] A salt formed by sulphuric acid in combination with any base; as, sulphate of lime. Lavoisier. SUL'PHITE, x. [from sel A salt formed by a combination of sulphurous acid with a base, Lavoisier. SUL-PHO-CY-AN/I€ AC/ID, n. A compound of sul- phur, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. SUL-PHO-NAPH-THAL'I€ AC’ID, x. A compound of sulphuric acid and naphthaline. SUL'/PHO-SALT, ) 2. A double sulphuret, or a salt SUL'PHO-SEL, containing sulphur in both the acid and the base. Dana. SUL-PHO-VIN/I€ AC/ID, xn. An acid formed by the action of sulphuric acid upon alcohol; mnothionic acid. Brande. SUL’/PHUR, n. [L., whence Fr. sowfre; It. zolfo; Sp. arnufre ; Port. enxofre ; D. solfer.| Spectator, S SUL/PHU-RATE, v. t [ Obs.) SUL/PHU-RA-TED, pp. or a. { Ob s.] SUL’/PHU-RA-TING, ppr. S ST S ner, g SUL-PHU’RE-OUS SUL/PHU-RET, n S SUL-PHO’/RIE€, a. Pertaining to sulphur ; more strictly, S S SU S S S SUL'TAN-RY, n. SUL/TRY SUM, n. [Fr. somme; G. summe; D. som; Dan. sum; eee aaa A simple mineral substance, of a yellow color, brittle, insoluble in water, but fusible by heat. It is called also Brimstone, that is, burn-stone, from its great combustibility. It burns with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. Sulphur native or pris- matic is of two kinds, common and volcanic. It is an acidifying and basifying principle. Nicholson, Ure. UL/PHU-RATE, a. [L. super eee Belonging to sulphur; of the color of sulphur. [ Little used. | More. To combine with sulphur. Combined or impreg- nated with sulphur; as, sulphurated hydrogen gas. Lavoisier. Combining or impregna- ting with sulphur. Lobes UL-PHU-RA/T ION, The subjecting of a thing to the action of Buiphers especially of sulphurous gas. Ure. JL-PHU/RE-OUS, a. Consisting of sulphur; hav- ing the qualities of sulphur or brimstone; impregna- ted with sulphur. Her snakes untied, sulphureous waters drink. Pops. UL-PHU!RE-OUS-LY¥, adv. Ina sulphureous man- -NESS, 2. The state of being sul- yhureous. A combination of sulphur with a base; as, a sulphuret of potassium. Lavoisier. Hooper. UL/PHU-RET-ED, a. Applied to bodies having sul- phur in combinz ition. Sulphureted nara er is a colorless gas, with the fet- id odor of rotten egas, compose sd of one equivalent of sulphur anil one of hydrogen; also called hydro- sulphuric acid. designating an acid formed by one equivale nt of sul- phur combined with three equivalents of oxygen ; as, sulphuric acid, formerly called vitriolic acid, or oil of vitriol, Chemistry. Sulphuric ether ; common ether. [See Ernen.] UL/PHUR-OUS, a. - Like sulphur; ‘ containing sul- phur ; also, desi inating an acid formed by one equiv- alent of sulphur combined with two equive ulents of oxygen. This is called sulphurous acid. UL/PHUR-WORT, z. An wmbelliferous herb, hog’s fennel, of the genus Peucedanum. SUL'/PHUR-Y, a. Partaking of sulphur; having the qualities ok sulphur. JL/TAN, [Qu, Ch. Syr. and Heb. w>w, to rule.] An appe i ition given to the emperor of the Turks, denoting rulerorcommander. The title issometimes rive nN 0 other Mohammedan sovereigns. UL-TA’NA, jn. The queen of a sultan; the em- UL iT AN- ESS,{ press of the Turks. Cleaveland. UL! TAN-FLOW-E R,n. A plant; a species of Cen- taurea. An eastern empire ; the dominions Bacon. of a sultan. SUL/TAN-SHIP, n. The office or state of a sultan. |SUL/TRI-NESS, n. [from sultry.] The state of be- ing sultry ; heat with a moist or close air. rT, a. [G schwiil, sultry ; Sax. swolath, swole, heat, G. schwiile. See Swevter.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya’s sultry deserts. Addison. 2, Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and unelastic ; as air or the atmosphere. "A sutry air 1s usually enfeebling and oppressive to the human body. Such as, born beneath the burning sky And sultry sun, betwixt the tropics lie, Dryden, Sw. and L. summa, a sum; Sax. somed, L. simul, to- gether; Sax. somnian, to assemble. These words may be from the root of Ch. 51D, som, Syr. Sq, Heb. Dw, shom, to set or place. ] The aggregate of two or more numbers, magni- tudes, quantities, or particulars ; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added. The sum of 5 and 7 is 12. How precious are thy thoughts to me, O God! how great is the sum of them !— Ps, cxxxix. Take the sum of all the congreg tion. —Num. i. {[Swm is now applied more generally to numbers, and number to persons. } 2. A quantity of money or currency ; any amount indefinitely. I sent him a swn of money, a small sum, or a large sum. I received a large sum in bank notes. S Compendium ; ; abridgment; the amount; the substance. This is the sum of all ‘the evidence in the case. This is the sum and substance of all his objec- tions. The sum of all I have said is this. The phrase in sum is obsolete, or nearly so. In sum, the gospel, considered as a law, prescribes every virtue to our cont luct, ‘and forbids every sin. Rogers. 4. Hight ; completion. Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the suzn of earthly bliss. Milton. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1106SUM SUM, v.t. To add particulars into one whole ; to col- lect two or more purticular numbers into one num- ber ; to cast up; usually followed by up, but it 15 su- perfiluous. Custom enables aman to sum up a long column of figures with surprising facility and cor- rectness. The hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day. Bacon. EN 9. To bring or collect into a small compass ; to com- prise in a few words; to condense. He summed up his arguments, at the close of his speech, with great force and effect. "Go to the moral of this fable. 3. In falconry, to have feathers full grown. [Unusual.] thou sluggard,”’ in few words, sums up the ’Estrange. ant, With prosperous wing full summed. Milton. SUVA Ge ian ore Ay. ( Fr. sumach; G. id. ; D. su- St/MA€H, § (sha/mak,) 7. 2 mak; Ar. and Pers. U 3 - ‘s Slaw sumak. | 1. A plant or shrub of the genus Rhus, of many species, some of which are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. 2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young of certain species of the sumac plant, used Ure. of which the branches, in tanning and dyeing. SUM/LESS, a. Not to be computed ; amount can not be ascertained. 1 d Pope. [from summary.] In a sum- mary manner; briefly ; concisely ; in @ narrow com- pass or in few words. The Lord’s Prayer teaches us summarily the things we are to ask for. 2, In a short way or method. The sumless treasure of exbauste mines. SUM/MA-RI-LY, adv. se the ordi- lary. Ayliffe. SUM'MA-RY, a. [Fr. sommaire; from sum, or L. summa. | Reduced into a narrow compass, OF into few words; short; brief; concise ; compt ndious ; as, a summary statement of arguments or objections; a summary proceeding or process. UM/MA-RY, 7. An abridged account ; an abstract, abridgment, or compendiuin, contaming the sum or substance of a fuller account; as, the comprehen- sive summary of our duty to God in the first table of the law. SUM-MA/TION, z. tal amount. When the parties proceed summa uy, ar nary way of proceeding, the cause Is = we The act of forming a sum or to- S. An aggregate. | SUM/MED, (sumd,) pp. [from sum.] Collected into a total amount; fully grown, as feathers. UM'MER, 7. One who casts up an account, Sherwood. [Sax. sumer, sumor ; G. and Dan. som- Ir. sami, the sun, an@ S SUM!/MER, n. mer; D. zomer; Sw. sommar ; summer, and samhradh, summer. ] With us, the season of the year ¢ the months June, July, and August ; during time, the sun, being north of the more directly upon this part of the e: gether with the increased length of tl this the hottest period of the year. south of the equator, just the opposite take or it is summer there when it is winter here. The entire year is also summer and winte | er, and the latter the colder, part of the year. This word is sometimes used as an adjective. Indian swnmer; in the United States, a period o somprehended in in warm weather late in autum Indians go hunting to supp flesh of wild animals for pro SUM'MER, v. t% To pass season. The fowls shall SUM/MER, v. t. To keepor c mer. SUM/MER, n. (Fr. board of an organ, the winter press, a large beam, and a sumpt mer, that which supports or keeps together, a sult mer. From the latter explanation, We may infe that summer is from the root of sum. | 1. A Jarge stone, the and pilasters, beginnin stone laid over a column, the first haunce of a platb: 9. A large timber suppor posts, serving as a lintel to a door or window, &c. visions in the winter. the summer summer upon them. —Jg, xviii. Shak. » to make a cross vault; or ind. Cyc. [NVot used in America. | iz which equator, shines irth, Which, to- 1e days, renders In latitudes s place, sometimes divided into r, the former signifying the warm- n, when, it is said, the ly themselves with the or Warm arry through the sum- sommier, a hair quilt, the sound- and head of a printer’ sr-horse ; W. su- first that is Jaid over columns and hollowed to receiv ted on two strong piers or TONE, BULL, UNITE. — AN! SUM SUM'MER-CY/PRESS, n. An annual plant o genus Kochia. oudon. SUM/MER-FAL'LOW, xn. [See Fatirow.] A fallow made during the warm months, to kill weeds. Gardner. To plow and work re- SUM!’ MER-FAL’LOW, t. t. wheat or other peatedly in summer, to prepare for Ss crop. SUM/MER-HOUSE, n. A house or apartment in a garden to be used in summer. Pope. Watts. 2. A house for summer’s residence. SUM'MER-SBT, nx. [Corruption of Fr. soubresaut. | A leap in which the heels are thrown over the head, and the person lights on his feet. Hudibras. Walton. SUM/MER-WHEAT, n. Spring wheat. SUM/MING, ppr. of Sum. Adding together. SUM/MIST, nz. One that forms an abridgment. [Zitt- Dering. [L. summitas, from summus, highest. the highest point; as, the summit of a | tle used. SUM/MIT, n. 1. The top ; mountain, 9. The highest point or degree ; utmost elevation. The general arrived to the summit of human fame. 3 In conchology, the most elevated part of the shell, in which the hinge is placed. Humble. Summit level; the highest level of a canal or rail- road, é&c., in surmounting an ascent, SUM/MIT-LESS, a. Having no summit. H. Taylor. SUM/MIT-Y, n. The hight or top of any thing. Swift. 9. The utmost degree ; perfection. Halliwell. SUM/MON, v. & submonco; sub and moneo; Fr. See ApMONISH. | 1. To call, cite, or notify, by authority to appear at a place specified, or to attend in person to some public duty, or both; as, to summon a jury ; to sum- mon Witnesses. The parliament is summoned by the king’s w de somi7ter. rit or letter. Blackstone. Nor trumpets summon him to war. Dryden. 2. To give notice to a person to appear in court and defend. 3. To call or command. Love, duty, safety, summon us away. Pope. é 4. To call up; to excite into action or exertion ; | with up. Summon up all your strength or courage | ne Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood. Ss SUM’/MON-ED, pp- thority to appear or cited by authority. UM/MON-ER, n. thority. In England, ployed to warn persons to appear in court. SUM’MON-ING, ppr. Citing by authority to appear or attend to something. UM/MONS, 2 Withap in the singular number ; [L. submonea s.] 1 Acall by aut rior to appear at a place name public duty. Admonished or warned by au-} attend to something; called or = Sd One who summons or cites by au- the sheriff’s messenger, em- — » lural termination, but used as, a summons is prepared. hority or the command of a supe- d, or to attend to some solved not to disobey. Feil. This summons he r y- ditious and to offer pardon ; but neither H He sent tosummon the s gummons nor pardon was res urded, l ayward. 9. In law, a warning or citation to appear in court; or a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the demand of the plaintiff. sUM MUM BO! NUM, [L.] | SU-MOOM’, n. A pestilent S1moom. | SUMP, 7. In metallurgy, with clay, for receiving the meta [ Rare. | 2. A pond of w 3, In mining, a pl mine, to circulate air, SUMPH, 2. A dunce. SUMP/TER, 7. [Fr. son A horse that carries gage-horse 5 usually called SUMP’TION, (sump/shun,) 7 A taking. [ot im use. | : SUMPT’U-A-RY, a. [L. sumptuartus expense ; Fr. somptuaire: ] Relating to expense. Sumptuary law tions are such as restra citizens in apparel, food, laws are abridgments of liberty, execution. They can be justifie The chief good. inl wind of Persia. [See f n i round pit of stone, lined lon its first fusion. Ray. ater reserved for salt-works. &c. [ Rare. ] Carr. [ Scottish. | John Wilson. imier; It. somaro. | El 1 Pack-Horse. Shak. 1- [L. sumo, sumptus.] Fr Taylor. a C furniture, &c, Sumptuary Brande. of extreme necessity. : 3. A large timber or beam laid as a central floor SUMPT-U-OS/I-TY, 2. [from sumptuous.) Expen- ITN? ED Senarated; divided ; parted. : timber, inserted into the girders, and receiving the siveness ; costliness, [Not un use, | Ralegh. BOT ONG ReyOr ayia . separating. : ends of the joists and supporting them. This tim- |SUMPT/U-OUS, 4. [L. sumptwosus ; It. suntwoso ; SUNT BE -ING, Pp ae , c rea ent See A plant of ber ig seen in old buildings in America and in from sumptus, Cost, expense | : , SUN -DEW, (sun a,)m [sun hae France. In America, it is wholly laid aside. It is Costly ; expensive; hence, splendid ; magnifi- | _ the: genus Dxoscrs and dial.}] An instrument to called in England SuMMER-LREE, cent; as, & sumpluous house or table; sumptuous SUN SDI +? WY leur by means of the shadow of a SUM/MER-€OLT, ». The undulating state of the apparel. BHOS the Hie nh rates Tecks: air near the surface of the ground when heated. We are too magnificent and sumptuous in aes SUN_DOG, a *sTuminows spot occasionally seen a ANCe. - $ , GER, VI/CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; ——e f the | SUMPT’U-OUS-LY, adv. Expensively; splendidly ; SUMPT’U-OUS-NESS, n. Costliness; expensiveness. SUN, v. t. t sunk below the levels of the clothes or furniture; a bag- , from sumptus, s or regula- in or limit the expenses of and of very difficult d only on the ground ——————— SUN with great magnificence. Bacon. Swift and charity, J will not fall out with those who can reconcile sumpiuousnese Boyl 2. Splendor; magnificence. UN, 2 [Sax. sunna ; Goth. sunno; G. sonne; D. zon; Sans. sunuh. The Danish has séndag, Sunday, Sclav. sonze. Qu. W. tan, Ir. teine, fire, and shan in Bethshan.] , 1. The splendid orb or luminary which, being in or near the center of our system of worlds, gives light and heat to all the planets. The light of the sun constitutes the day, and the darkness which proceeds from its absence, or the shade of the earth, consti- tutes the night. Ps. cxxxvl. 2. In popular usage, a sunny place ; a place where the beams of the sun fall; as, to stand in the sun that is, tostand where the direct rays of the sun fal) 3. Any thing eminently splendid or Juminous , that which is the chief source of light or honor. The native Indians of America complain that the sun of their glory is set. I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignty to pos- terity. K. Charles. 4. In Scripture, Christ is calle ness, as the source of light, an to his disciples. 5. The luminary or orb which constitutes the cen- ter of any system of worlds. The fixed stars are supposed to be sums in their respective systems. Under the sun ; inthe world; on earth; a proverbial expression. There is no new thing under the sun, — Eccles, i. To expose to the sun’s rays; to warm or dry in the light of the sun; to insolate ; as, to sun cloth ; to sun grain. Then to sun thyself in open air, SUN/BEAM,n. [sun and beam.] Truth written with a sunbeam, ously plain. Gliding through the even on a sunb Mitton. SUN/-BEAT, a. [sun and beat.] Struck by the sun’s rays ; shone brightly on. Dryden. SUN/-BRIGHT, (-brite,) a. [sun and bright.] Bright as the sun; like the sun in brightness; as, a su bright shield; a sun-bright chariot. d the sun of righteous imation, and comfort Dryden. A ray of the sun is truth made obyl- eam. Spenser. Milton How and which way I may bestow myself 'To be regarded in her sun-bright eye. Shak To discolor or scorch by the sun Gauden. Discolored by d; darkened in SUN’-BURN, ». t. SUN/-BURNED, a. [sun and burnt. | the heat or rays of the sun; tanne hue ; as, a sun-burnt skin. Sun-burnt and swarthy though she be. Dryden. 2. Scorched by the stun’s rays; as, a sun-burnt soil. SUN/-BURN-ING, n._ [sun and burning.| The burn- ing or tan occasioned by the rays of the sun on the skin. Boyle. SUN/-ELAD, a. [sun and clad.] Clad in radiance or brightness. SUN/_-DART,n. A ray of the sun. Hemans. SUN/DAY, x. [Sax. sunna-dea; G. sonntag ; D. zon- dac; Dan. séndag; Sw. séndag; so called because this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its worship. ] The Christian a day consecrate Sabbath ; the first day of the week, d to rest from secular employments, and to religious worship. It is called also the Lorp’s Day. Many pious persons, however, discard the use of Sunday, and call the day the SaspatH. [See SaBpRaTH. | SUN’DAY, ¢. tian Sabbath. SUN’DAY-SECHOOL, instruction of childre SUN/DER, 2. & Sax. sundrian, dern; Dan. sénder, torn in pieces ; Belonging to the Lord’s day, or Chris- n. A school for the religious n and youth on the Lord’s day. d syndrian; G. son- Sw. sdndra, to di- vide. : ae 1, ‘To part; to separate; to divide ; to disumite In { almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, OF to sunder a rope OF cord; to sunder & limb or joint; to sunder friends, or the ties of friend- ship. The executioner sunders the head from the body ata stroke. A mountain may be sundered by an earthquake. Bring me lightning, give Jove may kill, but ne’er shall sunder. 2. To expose to the sun. [ Provincial in England.] SUN’DER, n. In sunder ; in two. He cutteth the spear in sunder. — Ps. xivi. breaking ; as, Be al eee J me thunder; : Glanville. / OH as SH; FH as in THIS. eee a ee 1107+4 ti -e ti $a ay yi Paka 17 Te ; Er : tat 1 b ue} \ if t " } ‘| SUP few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by the intersection of two or nore haloes. Sometimes the spot appears when the haloes themselves are in- visible. Olmsted. SUN‘’DOWN, zn. Sunset; sunsetting. ae SUN/-DRI-ED, (-dride,) a. [sun and dry.| Dried in the rays of the sun. SUN/DRY, a. [Sax. sunder, separate. ] ‘ Several ; divers ; more than one or two. rat [This word, like several, is indefinite ; but i aS ally signifies a small number, sometimes man} ail I have composed sundry collects. ee Ren: Sundry foes the rural realm surround. Yi ae SUN/FISH, n. [sun and jish.] a large, soft-finned sea-fish of the order Plectognathi, and genus Orthag- oriscus, supposed to be so named from its nearly cir- cular form and shining surface. These fishes look more like the dissevered head of a fish, than the en- tire animal. Jardine’s Vat. Lib. 9, In the United States, a small, fresh-water fish, of the perch family, belonging to the genus Pomotis ; also called Ponp Percn. ncyc. Am. D. H. Storer. 3. A species of shark, Selachus maximus, the basking shark. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. SUN’FLOW-ER, x. [sun and flower.]} A_plant'of the genus Helianthus; so called from the form and color of its flower, or from its habit of turning to the sun. The bastard sunflower is of the genus Heleni- um ; the dwarf sunflower is of the genus Rudbeckia, and another of the genus Tetragonotheca ; the Jittle sunflower is of the genus Cistus. Fam. of Plants. SUNG, pret. and pp. of Sine. While to his harp divine Amphion sung. SUN/-GILT, a. Gilded by the rays of the sun. Johnson. Pope. SUNK, pret. and pp. of Si1nx. Or tossed by hope, or sunk by care. SUNK’EN, a. Sunk; lying on the bottom of a river or other water. SUN’LESS, a. [sun and less.] Destitute of the sun or its rays; shaded. Thomson. SUN/LIGHT, (-lite,) n. The light of the sun. SUN/LIKE, a. [sun and like.] Resembling the sun. | Cheyne. Todd. Prior. SUN’LIT, a. SUN/’NED, pp. SUN-NiI/AH, 7. which see. SUN/NING, ppr. Exposing to the sun’s rays; warm- ing in the light of the sun. SUN'NITES, zn. pl. The orthodox Mohammedans who receive the Sunna (a collection of traditions) as of equal importance with the Koran. Eneyc. Am. SUN’NY, a. [from sun.] Like the sun; bright. Spe SCI. 2. Proceeding from the sun; as, sunny beams. Spenser. 3. Exposed to the rays of the sun ; warmed by the direct rays of the sun; as, the sunny side of a hill or building. Lighted by the sun. Exposed to the sun’s rays. A name of the sect of Sunnites, Her blooming mountains, and her sunny shores, Addison. 4, Colored by the sun. Her sunny locks Hang on her temples like a golden fleece, Shak. SUN/-PLANT, n. A plant cultivated in India and Sumatra, Crotalaria juncea, from whose fibers are made small ropes and twine. SUN’PROOF, a. [sun and proof-] rays of the sun. SUN/RISE, jn. [sun andrise.] The first appear- SUN/RIS-ING,§ ance of the sun above the horizon in the morning ; or, more generally, the time of such appearance, whether in fair or cloudy weather. 2. The east. Ralegh. SUN/-SCORCHED, (-skorcht,) a. Scorched by the sun. Coleridze. SUN/SET, [sun and set.] The descent of SUN/SET-TING, the sun below the horizon; or the time when the sun sets; evening. Ralegh. Dryden. SUN/SHINE, n. [sun and shine.) The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, or the place where they fall. But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon Culminate from the equator. Impervious to the Peele. Milton. 2. A place warmed and illuminated; warmth ; il- lumination. The man that sits within a monarch’s heart, And ripens in the sunshine of his favor. SUN’SHINE, } a. SUN’SHIN-Y, Shak. Bright with the rays of the sun ; clear, warm, or pleasant ; as, a sun- shiny day ; sunshiny weather. Boyle. 2. Bright like the sun. Flashing beams of that sunshiny shield. Spenser, SUN’-STROKE, nm. A stroke of the sun, or his heat. S0'0 JURE, {.] In one’s own right. SO0’'O MAR'TE, [{L.] By his own strength or exer- tion. SUP,»o.t. [Sax. supan; D. zutpen; Fr. souper. See SUP SUP To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid ; to take or drink by a little at a time ; to sip. There I'll sup Balm and nectar in my cup. Crashaw, (SUP, v.z% To eat the evening meal. When they had supped, they brought Tobias in. Tobit. SUP, v.t. To treat with supper. Sup them well. [Volin wse.] Sak, | SUP, z. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a little taken with the lips; a sip. Tom Thumb got a litule sup. SU/PER, a Latin preposition, [Gr. trep,] signifies above, over, excess. It is niuch used in composition. SU/PER-A-BLE, a. [L. superabilis, from supero, to overcome. ] That may be overcome or conquered. superable difficulties. U/PER-A-BLE-NESS, zx. querabie or surmountable. SU/PER-A-BLY, adv. So as may be overcome. SU-PER-A-BOUND’, v. z% [super and abound.] To be very abundant or exuberant; to be more than sufficient. The country superabounds with corn. SU-PER-A-BOUNDI!ING, ppr. or a. Abounding be- yond want or necessity ; abundant to excess or a reat degree, SU-PER-A-BUND/ANCE,7n. More than enough ; ex- cessive abundance ; as, a superabundance of the pro- ductions of the earth. Woodward. SU-PER-A-BUND/ANT, a. Abounding to excess ; being more than is sufficient ; as, superabundant zeal. Swift. SU-PER-A-BUND/ANT-LY, adv. More than suffi- ciently. Jheyne. SU-PER-A-CID/U-LA-TED, a. [super and acidulated. | Acidulated to excess. SU-PER-ADD’, v. t. [super and add.] To add over and above ; to add to what has been added. 2. To add or annex something extrinsic, Drayton, These are |S The quality of being con- N ) The strength of a living creature, in those external motions, is something distinct from, and superadded to, its natural TAvity. Wilkins. ER-ADD/ED, pp. Added over and above, ER-ADD/ING, ppr. Adding over and above; adding something extrinsic. SU-PER-AD-DI’ TION, (-ad-dish’un,) 7. [super and addition.| The act of adding to something, or of adding something extraneous. More. 2. That which is added. This superaddition is nothing but fat. SU-PER-AD-VE/NI-ENT, a. [L. superadveniens.] Coming upou ; coming to the increase or assistance of something. SU-P SU-P Arbuthnot. When o man has done bravely by the superadvenient assistance of his God. More. 2. Coming unexpectedly. [ This word is little used.] SU-PER-AN-GEL/I€, a. [super and angelic.] Supe- rior in nature or rank tothe angels. One class of Unitarians believe Christ to be a superangelic being. SU-PER-AN/NU-ATE, v.t. [L. super and annus, a year. | To impair or disqualify by old age and infirmity ; as, a supcrannuated magistrate. Swift. SU-PER-AN’NU-ATE, v.i, To last beyond the year. [Not in use. : Bacon. SU-PER-AN/NU-A-TED, pp. or a. Impaired or dis- qualified by old age. 2. Having passed the regular term of service. SU-PER-AN-NU-A/TION, n. The state of being too old for office or business, or of being disqualified by old age. SU-PERB’, a. super. | 1, Grand; magnificent; as, a superb edifice; a superb colonnade. 2. Rich; elegant; as, superb furniture or decora- tions. 3. Showy ; pompous; as, a superb exhibition. A, Rich; splendid; as, a superb entertainment. 5. August ; stately. SU-PERB'LY, adv. In a magnificent or splendid manner; richly; elegantly. SU-PER-€AR/GO, n. [super and ere An officer or person in a merchant’s ship, whose business Is to manage the sales and superintend all the commercial concerns of the voyage. SU-PER-CE-LES/TIAL, (-lest/yal,) a. [super and celestial.| Situated above the firmament or great vault of heaven. Trans. Pausanias. Ralegh. Woodward. SU-PER-CHARGE’, o. t. In heraldry, to place one bearing on another. SU-PER-CHARG/ED, pp. SU-PER-CHARG/ING, ppr. another. SU-PER-CIL/IA-RY, a. eyebrow. | Situated or being above the eyebrow. Asiat. Res. The superciliary arch, is the bony superior arch of the orbit. Cyc. [Fr. superbe; L. superbus, proud, from Borne upon another. Placing one bearing on [li super and cilium, the Sour and Srp.] SU-PER-CIL/I-OUS, a. [lL superciliosus. See above.] ‘ | r SU-PER-CIL/LOUS-LY, adv. Haughtily; dogmat- ao ~~ S S S S N ~ » SS) S Ss 5 S S = S - » S S S S 5 SU-PER-FE-€UND/LTY, 7x. S S S S S S SU-PER-FI’CI-AL'I-TY, (-fish-e-al’e-te,) 7. SU-PER-FI//CIAL-LY, adv. SU-PER-CIL'I-OUS-NESS, 7. Haughtiness ; an over- 1. Lofty with pride; haughty; dictatorial ; over- bearing ; as, a supercilious officer. 2. Manifesting haughtiness, or proceeding from it ; overbearing ; as, a supercilious air; supercilious be- havior. ically ; with an air of contempt. larendon. bearing temper or manner. U-PER-€ON-CEP’TION, n. [super and conception. ] A conception after a former conception. Brown. U-PER-€CON’SE-QUENCE, n. [super and conse- quence.| Remote consequence, [.Vot used.| Brown. U-PER-€RES/CENCE, n. [L. super and crescens. | That which grows upon another growing thing. - rown. U-PER-€RES/CENT, a. [Supra.] Growing on some other growing thing. Jolinson. U-PER-DOM/IN-ANT, x. In music, the sixth of the key, in the descending scale. U-PER-EM/I-NENCE, U-PER-EM’I-NEN-CY, §” Eminence superior to what is common; distin- guished eminence; as, the supereminence of Cicero as an orator; the suwpereminence of Dr. Johnson as a writer, or of Lord Chatham as a statesman. U-PER-EM/I-NENT, a. Eminent in a superior de- gree ; surpassing others in excellence ; as, a super- eminent divine ; the supereminent glory of Christ. U-PER-EM'I-NENT-LY, advo. Ina superior degree of excellence ; with unusual distinction. U-PER-ER’O-GANT, a. Supererogatory, whieh see. Stackhouse. [L. super and erogatio, [L. super and emineo.] U-PER-ER/O-GATE, v. 1. erozo. | To do more than duty requires. Aristotle’s follow- ers have supererogated in observance. [Little used.] Glanville. U-PER-ER-O-GA'TION, mn. [Supra.] Performance of more than duty requires. There is no such thing as works of supererogation. Tillotson. Works of supererogation; in the Roman Catholic church, those good deeds supposed to have been per- formed by saints, over and above what is required for their own salvation. Hook. U-PER-E-ROG/A-TIVE, a. Supererogatory. [Vot much used. | Stafford. U-PER-E-ROG!/A-TO-RY, a. Performed to an ex- tent not enjoined or not required by duty ; as, super- erogatory services, Howell, U-PER-ES-SEN’TIAL, (-sen/shal,) a. [super and essential.| Essential above others, or above the con- stitution of a thing. Pausunias, Trans. U-PBER-EX-ALT’, (-egz-,) v. t. [super and ezalt.] To exalt to a superior degree. Barrow. U-PER-EX-ALT-A'TION,n. [superand ezaltation.]} Elevation above the common degree. Holiday. U-PER-EX-ALT!/ED, pp. gree. U-PER-EX-ALT/ING, ppr. Exalting to a superior degree, U-PER-EX’CEL-LENCE, n. Superior excellence. U-PER-EX/CEL-LENT, a. mon degree ; very excellent. Decay of Piety. U-PER-EX-€RES'CENCE, n. [super and excres- cence.] Something superfluously growing. Wiseman. [super and fecundity.] Superabundant fecundity or multiplication of the species. Paley. U-PER-FE/TATE, v.%. [L. super and fetus.] To conceive after a prior conception. The female is snid to superfetate. Grew, U-PER-FE-TA/TION, n. A second conception after a prior one, and before the birth of the first, by which two fetuses are growing at once in the same womb. Exalted to a superior de- [super and ezcellence.} Excellent in an uncom- Hovwel. G/PER-FETE, v.z% Tosuperfetate. [Litile used.) Howell. O/PER-FETE, v.t. To conceive after a former con- ception. [Little wsed.] Howell. - 0/PER-FICE, (si’per-fis,) n. Superficies; surface. Aue used.| {See SUPERFICIES. U-PER-FI//CIAL, (-fish/al,) a. [It. superficiale; Sp. superficial ; Fr. superficiel; from superficies.] 1. Being on the surface ; not penetrating the sub- stance of a thing; as, a superficial color; a superfi- cial covering. 2. Pertaining to the surface or exterior part; as, superficial measure or contents. 3. Shallow ; contrived to cover something. This superficial tale Is but a preface to her worthy praise. Shak. 4. Shallow; not deep or profound; reaching or comprehending only what is obvious or apparent ; as, a superficial scholar; superficial knowledge. ryden, The quality of being superficial. [Wot much used.] Brown. On the surface only ; as, a substance superficially tinged with a color. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1108 >_< alPep tetera 5 SUP SUP SUP eed 2. On the surface or exterior part only ; without | SU-RER-IN-FUSE’, v, t, To infuse over. Being above the moon; not sublunary, or of this penetrating the substance or essence ; as, to survey |} SU-PER-IN-JE€/TION, n. [super and injection.) An world. } things superficially. Milton injection succeeding another Dict T i S . a 5 a . s metas 5 ¢ . oa The head that turns at superlunar things. 3. Without going deep or searching things to the | SU-PER-IN-SPE€T’, v. t. [super and inspect.) TO) sj ppRMp/DI-AL L Pande hoe Fue: bottom ; slightly. He reasons superficially. oversee ; to superintend by inspection. [Jitile used.] | ~ dal eae ying or being above the ? ae Bs 5 ramr mam : : dle. Ki I have laid down super/icially my present thoughts. Dryden. oe ae PI-TU/TION, 2. [super and institu- SU-PER-MOLE’€ULBE, n. A compounded aes ae eae tO eae ns ion. ne instituti on 6Ds OS “WHEN As |e tay erent Seer ee : Seas SU-PER-FI’'CIAL-NESS, er n. Shallow- is Rel ene avid CON UPON eee oe hens or combination of two molecules of different sub- | ness ; position on the surface. Ribena sae as ; ae ir ater ap intel ao ? stances Prout + é and B is instituted and ad on a presenti eee - OUT 9. Slivht knowledge ; shallowness of observation 6f Rar tuted and admitted upon a pre eee SU-PER-MUN/DANE, a. [super and mundane.| Be- or learning ; show without substance, SU-PER-IN-TEL-LE@T’U-AL, a feu eae cet ‘lle lle above the world. Page Towne SU-PER-FI//CIES, (su-per-fish’/éz,) n. [L., from su- tual. | - mo Ady a [super ane wlentect- |) SU_PER-NA€/U-LUM, n. [L. super and G. nagel, a { per, upon, and fucies, face. ] Reine above intellec es | nail.) oe 7h : ’ : ; eing above intellect. ausamas Ss 4 . ~ r The surface ; the exterior part of a thing. A sU-| sy_ppR_-IN-TEND’ - f Feambeunaieelea Tree Good liquor, of whicn nov enough is left to wet perficies consists of length and breadth ; as, the su- - ap Da « share lec raat ie one’s nail. Grose. or exercise the charge and oversight of; to oversee with the power of direction; to take care of with authority ; as, an officer superintends the building of perficies of a plate or of a sphere. Superficies is rectilinear, curvilinear, plane, convex, or concave, SO/PER-FINE, a. [super and jine.] Very fine or SU-PER/NAL, a, Ee supernus, super. | 1. Beingin a higher place or region ; locally higher ; as, the supernal orbs ; supernal regions. Ralegh. Cape A ce A most fine ; surpassing others in fineness; as, super- SP okrndtn So OS TUC HON ae OE eae poms . Relating to things above; celestial; heavenly ; \ fine cloth. The word is chiefly used of cloth, but SU_PER-IN-TEND/ED Se Guerscen Z mnonlGaTeot | as, supernal grace. sometimes of liquors; as, superfine wine or cider; | Sy-pBRIN-TEND/ENCH, }n. ‘The act of superin- Not by the sufferings of superna! power. Milton. i ines as peers WiTe; pena Hout SU-PER-IN-TEND/EN-CY, § tending; care and | SU-PER-NA’TANT, a. L. supernatans, supernato; { Weiinarhoity ante fine LOnSUE BUS IV Tiita used] oversight for the purpose of direction, and with super and nato, to swim.]_ : | Te ‘ ts . ST ai he er NE # ss Swimming above; floating on the sUraCe a oil A 22 RY /TTANCG i sea - | SU-PER-IN-TEND’/ENT, zx. ne who has the over- supernatant on Water. oyle. BU gee I-TANCE, n. [L. super and fluito, to sight and charge of something, with the power of SU-PER-NA-Ta/TION, n. The actof floating 5 the The act of floating above or on the surface. [Lit- direction ; as, the superintendent of an alms-house or | _ surface of a fluid. Bacon, le : 1) ae IA oO ae ES 2, a work-house ; the superintendent of public works; the | SU-PER-NA [/U-RAL, a. [super and natural.] Be- SUPER CLOT ANT. a. Floating above Ee superintendent of customs or finance. : ing beyond or exceeding the powers or laws of surface. [Little used.| , ae) ARE ae ae 9, An ecclesiastical superior in some Protestant | mature; miraculous. A supernatural event 1s one SU-PER-FLU'I_TY earn caneiuite:. It ee ‘fl 2 churches, which is not produced according to the ordinary or Send oe , 7 [ET. superjuule; It. supersiu- | SU-PER-IN-TEND’ER, rn. A superintendent. established laws of natural things. Thus, if iron has : tld ; a superfiuitas pe SUD EE and jiuo, et) flow.] ae Whewell. more specific gravity than water, it will sink in that Secale ae: atepee tiny, oF water Sime. 2 SU-PER-IN-TEND/ING, ppr. or a. Overseeing with fluid; and the floating of iron on water must be a De Somethiir ‘that ey reuona Tne awemvantad the authority to direct what shall be done and how supernatural event, Now, no human being can alter something rendered’ unnecessary by its Aniline it shall be done, __ i a law of nature ; the floating of iron on water, there- Aone the siperiluities of life “we ater aNnHER SU-PE/RLOR, a. [Sp.and L. from super, above; Fr. fore, must be caused by divine power specially ex- the miian co atin one =e. supericur ; It. superiore.] erted to suspend, in this instance, a law of nature. SU-PER/FLU-OUS, a. | he superfluus, overflowing : 1, Higher ; upper ; more elevated in place; as, the Hence, supernatural events or miracles can be pro- — \ super and fluo, to ow] ss , 5? | superior limb of the sun; the superior part oF an im- Oe only by the immediate agency of divine 7 age. JV ewton. 4 1, More than is wanted ; rendered unnecessary by 9. Higher in rank or office; more exalted in digni- SU-PER-NATU-RAL-ISM, ) n. The state of being superabundance ; as, a superfluous supply of corn. | ty 3 as, a superior officer ; a superior degree of nobil- | SU-PR -NAT’U-RAL-ISM,§ supernatural. Carlyle. ] : tA 9. More~than sufficient; unnecessary; useless ;| r as, a composition abounding with superfluous words. Superfluous epithets rather enfeeble than strengthen description. If what has been said will not con- | ity. 9. The doctrine of a divine and supernatural 3, Higher or greater in excellence; surpassing agency in the production of the miracles and revela- | others in the greatness, goodness, or value of any tions recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which ' i i Id t 7 quality ; as, aman of superior merit, of superior bra- renews and sanctifies men; in opposition to the it y - Fol C SUT OuUS Si e oa . o t = rhic 1aAq rahi f r MACE LE WVOUGADE Supers tiO1 Ae ee very, of superior talents or understanding, of supe-} doctrine which denies the operation of any other i Superfluous interval, in music, is one that exceeds a) 7557, accomplishments. than physical or natural causes in these several }} : fe sew Pees by a eae DUANE» 1 Cyc. 4, Being beyond the power or influence of ; too things. Murdock. |} é l $ olyocamy (rolg i supe ua ; t - - . cs s “TT ‘Dp ATANTYVTT A SV 4 a Superfluous polygamy, (Folygamla supertin b;) a great or firm to be subdued or affected by ; as,a man | SU-PER-NAT/U-RAL-IST, n. One who holds the kind of inflorescence or compound flow er, in hich superior to revenge. | principles of supernaturalism. the florets of the disk are hermaphrodite and fertile, f , Be a ee aL Oa RT 1 teas SU-PER-NAT/U-RAL-LY, adv. In a manner ex- | d those of the ray, though female or pistiliferous here is not on earth a spectacle more worthy than'e grea’ man S oastablis “auTrSe aws of natu and those of the ray, thougn it eC I d : superior to his sufferings. Spectator. ceeding the established course or laws of nature. only. are also fertile ; designating the second order . a an A The pre ‘ts s ave been supernaturally taught | e the class Syngenesia of Linnzus Martin 5. In botany, a superior flower has the receptacle of The prophets must have been supernatur Uy ti ugl c | of the class Syngenesia of “inn a att ep ced It the flower above the germ; a superior germ is in- or enlightened, for their predictions were beyond | Superfluous sound, or tone, 1s one which contains a ti i thi t] ree a Se aera human foreknowledge. . " ; ’ clude ! > corol. JHartyn. bias . acrtnr ORCI ‘ semitone minor more than a tone. Oise su PEIRLOR, 7 Sey a ho is more advanced tc SU-PER-NAT!U-RAL-NESS, n. The state or quality SULPER/ELU-OUS-LY, adv, With excess; in a de-) 0 aa: = BN SE Pon Sty su » power or ordinary laws o Sea tevoii whntis sien. } Old persons or elders are the superiors of the young. of an ing beyond the power or ordinary laws of Ahn s DUAR Cee Sot " : Oathnn sonics WAYsurn ta i Ae nature. i SU-PER/FLU-OUS-NESS, n. ‘The state of being su- 2. One who ts more elevate d in rank or office. SU_PER_NU/MER-A-RY, a. [Fr. supernumeraire ; te perfluous or beyond what is wanted 3. One whosurpasses others In dignity, excellence, & i mn a ae so Ther 1 3f/PER-FLUX.. f ; qualities of any kind. As a writer of pure Eng- See eee eee cari : : SO/PER-FLUX, n. [L. super and fluzus.] ey ee GF soy Eng: aes Se = 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed ; as, ’ r i ; re , ; oe Ss d s0 as O superior. f . . “ i £ a ‘ That which is more than is wanted. [Little user] : a. The Shief ae i aanenEe ry. convent, or abbey a supernumerary ofticer in a regiment; a supernwmer- Shak. ae Sk - At ; J? Jicegeneeite 1) Ci he chure} ; ase ar, erstandaing. Ge . orn “aries were a ride ri SU-PER-IM-POSE’, (su-per-im-poze’,) v. t. [superand| 5 ORR'OX'YD, n. [superand oryd.] An oxydcon-| _ Severdl Supernnteneres po gee sy ee ol ] wnpose. WS MS 5 tee aed p= Se : wun “he SU-PER-PAR-TI€G/U-LAK, a. super and particutar. To ‘a or impose on something else; as, a stratum taining more equivalents of oxygen than of the base ue oe 3 a Sate eae stele de Bas Petey eu ‘ . i ~ Vin 3 Us, ae c ® ‘ : . y INO Oo {i i 2 a = a : : ! rhic s combined ; a hyperoxyd. : : . at C p< of earth superimposed on a different stratum, SU. a Re Re ONL it panes J over the less is a unit; as, the ratio of I to 2 or of 3 i Kirwan. PA eet i See ken ames . to 4 Not in use. utton. 2 st ae “ : ‘yalt: PF any f 4y yropriety. . RA eee pata Wer coe SU-PER-IM-P6$S'ED, pp. or a. Laid or imposed on Rae . Ly} being ReURAD Ate B. eee on. | SU-PER-PAR PINT, (-pir’shent,) a. [L. super and something. Humboldt. believe not used. | es ae nartio.) Noting a ratio when the excess ol the 4 SU-PER/LA-TI VE,a. [Fr. superlatif; L. superlativus ; i SU-PER-IM-POS/ING, ppr. Laying on something Sie i aine Tate ste greater term over the less is more than a unit; as, | else. See a Osc aanoe era.] pots <6 SAT that of 3to 5, or of 7 to 10. [Vote in use. Hutton. SU-PER-IM-PO-SI//TION, (-im-po-zish/un,) n The 1. Highest in degree ; nie eminent surpassing SO'/PER-PLANT, x. [super and plant. A plant | . enpeuenare ste “ bee ;: { “rs as,t a of superlative Wisdom or pru- | ~ an aoe e A : ‘ au Benoa act of laying, or the state of being placed, on some- ally Over 08; an Bt OT ee a tye 1, 8 srowing on another plant; as the misletoe. ([Vot | thing el ie Kirwan dence, of superlative worth ; &@ woman of supertative sede 2 Barone , erin y TTIMTONT . 5 at ty Ye , sens ‘ - 7 SU-PER-IM- SG-NA'TION, 7. [super and impreg- beauty. ° ie - Ve now use ParAsiTES and EpirHytre. ee a PREG-NA/TION, m [super and impreg 2, Supreme ; as, the superlative glory of the divine caine R OLUTS z See SuneLus ] mation. Bia Pet Sv Vit sully. mee © 'LUSs ae j The act of impregnating upon a prior impregna- ee eee expressing the highest or utmost SO/PER-PLUS-AGE, n. [L. super and plus.] That tion ; impregnation when previously impregnated, A ’ eee ned atts ray which is more than enough ; excess. Fell. : 3 Myr degree ; as, the superlative degree of Comparison, We now use SurPLuSsAGE, Which see.] | = STCTPTE a : ST_-PER/LA-TIVE, n. crammar, the superlative | . Ese a Fee tetas ats mi Bird ¥ SU-PER-IN-GUM/BENT, a. [super and incumbent.] SUPERLATIVE, 2. 10) Brenner eee 'q | SU-PER-PON’DER-ATE, v. t. [L. super and pondcro. | Lvine or resting on something else degree of adjectives and adverbs, W hich is forme To weieh over and above. [Nut used ] Dict 4 g 0 203 ~ . . ASCs by 7 ae : ores . ict. hichest bravest; : ‘ < . SOME, ee T DER_IN-DOCEK. v : ‘ induc ’ yy the termination est, as meanest, highest, 0raveshy | o17 DHR POSH!, (su-per-poze’,) v.t (LL. su yer and Fr. eels SU-PER-IN-DOCE!, v. t. [super and induce] To or by the use of most, as most high, most brave ; or SU-PER-POSE’, (su-per-poze >) LL. suy bring in or upon as an addition to something ; as, to poser, to lay.] superinduce a virtue or quality upon a person not be- r least, ¢ st amiable ; also a WC > SUper- : : > i : by least, as least amiable ; also.a word in the suy To lay upon, as one kind of rock on another. lative degree. o > NNER ; i ITT_PR > pe my oy n at 1 ing upon soine- Or panee es Ea | SU-PER/LA-TIVE-LY, adv. In amanner expressing SURES POSED, pp. or a, Laid or be B abolde op Coe ee leant ase eg ae the utmost degree. B SU-PER-POS'ING, ppr. Placing upon something. y nosurd acs , ° st speak 8 nerl ty ny hem, a - me - “ol mm T ore ; : s t ( SU-PER-IN-DOO/ED, (-in-dist’,) pp. ora Induced or I shall not speak supertatively of them eon SU-PER-PO-SI/’ TION, (-po-zish un,) % foun e brought upon something ey : 9. In the highest or utmost degree. Tiberius was position,| A placing above; a Wine or being ie f bi i AIING ; : : Ss rie a ieptls GC >was s ve = above Jon something; as, the sxperposition O SU-PER-IN-DOC/ING, ppr. Inducing on something map preaginely wicked ; Clodius was superlatively prot ae or upon some > as, Humboldt. ae pe SU PET TLV TESS } 5 F bei j 2, Thr ‘hich is situated above or upon some es SU-PER-IN-DU€/TION, n. The act of superinduc- SU PaaS Tey E-NESS, n. The state of being in ee which is s i | j the highest degree. se. z 5 ; : = = Pe T s0/PE AISE. (sii/per-praz vas raise to ik a induction of ill habits quickly defaces the first rude SU-PER-LO'/NAR, as [L. super and luna, the SU/PER-PRAISE, (su’per praze,) pea Oss Shak pe i¢ superinductio ie c efnces 3 on . IN ALR Tee Shak. a draught of virtue. South. SU-PER-LO'NA-RY, } moon. } excess ti - ae a ae a a . = mi Ps re ~ r ‘ arti in THIS. Bema TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS ier) t (ee ee ne ————————S . ee Se er ee ee 1109once C SUP SUP SUP SU-PER-PRO-POR/TION, n. [super and proportion. ] Overplus of proportion. Digby. SU-PER-PUR-GA/TION, n. [super and purgation. | More purgation than is sufficient. Wiseman. SU-PER-RE-FLE€/TION, n. [super and reflection. ] The reflection of an image reflected. Bacon. SU-PER-RE-WARD’, v. t. To reward to excess. sf Bacon. SU-PER-ROY/AL,a. [super and royal.] Larger than royal; denoting the largest species of printing paper. SU-_PER-SA/LLEN-CY, n. [L. super and salio, to leap. } p : : The act of leaping on any thing. [Little used. ] Brown. SU-PER-SA’/LI-ENT, «4. Leaping upon. — SU/PER-SALT, n. In chemistry, a salt with a greater number of equivalents of acid than base. ‘The hinozalate and guaternoralate of potassa are supersalts. SU-PER-SAT’U-RATE, v. t [L. super and saturo. | To add to beyond saturation. SU-PER-SAT/U-RA-TED, pp. OF a. More than sat- urated. SU-PER-SAT’U-RA-TING, ppr. More than satura- ting ; filling to excess. SU-PER-SAT-U-RA’TION, n. The operation of add- ing beyond saturation, or the state of being thus supersaturated. Fourcroy. SU-PER-SERIBE’, v. t. [L. super and scribo, to write. To write or engrave on the top, outside, or sur- face; or to write the name or address of one on the outside or cover; as, to superscribe a Jetter. SU-PER-SERIB/ED, pp. Inscribed on the outside, SU-PER-SERIB/ING, ppr. Inscribing, writing, or en- graving on the outside, or on the top. SU-PER-SERIP’/TION, nz. The act of superscribing. 9. That which is written or engraved on the out- side, or above something else. Waller. The superscription of his accusation was written over, The King of the Jews. — Mark xy. Luke xxiii. 3. An impression of letters on coins. Matt. xxii. Shakspeare uses SuPERscRIPT.] SU-PER-SE€’U-LAR, a. [super and secular.] Being above the world or secular things. SU-PER-SEDE’,v.t. [L. supersedeo; super and sedeo, to sit.] 1. Literally, to set above ; hence, to make void, in- efficacious, or useless, by superior power, or by com- ing in the place of; to set aside; to render unneces- sary; to suspend. The use of artillery in making breaches in walls, has superseded the use of the bat- tering-ram. The effect of passion is to supersede the workings of reason. South. Nothing is supposed that can supersede the known laws of natu- ral motion. Bentley. 2. To come or be placed in the room of ; hence, to displace or render unnecessary; as, an Officer is superseded by the appointment of another person. SU-PER-SE! DE-AS, n. [L.] In law, a writ of super- sedeas, is a writ or command to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to stay proceedings. This writ does not destroy the power of an officer, for it may be revived by another writ called a proce- dendo. Blackstone. SU-PER-SED/ED, pp. Made void; rendered unnec- essary or inefficacious; displaced ; suspended. SU-PER-SED/ING, ppr. Coming in the place of ; set- ting aside ; rendering useless ; displacing ; suspend- Ing. SU-PER-SED’URE, n. The act of superseding; as, the supersedure of trial by jury. [Vew.] Hamilton, Fed. SU-PER-SEN/SI-BLE, a, Beyond the reach of the senses; above the natural powers of perception. Murdock. SU-PER-SENS’U-AL, a. Above the senses. SU-PER-SERV/ICE-A-BLE, a. [super and service- able. | Over officious; doing more than is required or desired. [JVot in use. ] Shak. SU-PER-SES/SION, (-sesh’un,) n. The act of super- seding. SU-PER-STY//TION, (-stish’/un,) n. [Fr., from L. superstitio, swpersto; super and sto, to stand.] 1. Excessive exactness or rigor in religious opin- ions or practice; extreme and unnecessary scruples in the observance of religious rites not commanded, or of points of minor importance ; excess or extrav- agance in religion; the doing of things not required by God, or abstaining from things not forbidden ; or the belief of what is absurd, or belief without evi- dence. Brown, Superstition has reference to God, to religion, or to beings superior tO man. Encyc. . False religion ; false worship. . Rite or practice proceeding from excess of scru- ples in reJigion. In this sense, it admits of a plural. They the truth With superstitions and traditions taint. Milton. . Excessive nicety ; scrupulous exactness. . Belief in the direct agency of superior powers in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in omens and prognostics. Sot uo SU_-PER-STI/TION-IST, n. One addicted to super- stition. More. SU-PER-STI//TIOUS, (-stish’us,) a. [Fr supersti- ticux; L. superstitiosus.] 1, Over scrupulous and rigid in religious obser- vances ; addicted to superstition ; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to religion; as, superstitious people. 2. Proceeding from superstition; manifesting su- perstition ; as, superstitious rites ; superstitious obser- vances. 3. Over exact ; scrupulous beyond need. Superstitious use; in law, the use of land for a reli- gious purpose, or by a religious corporation. SU-PER-STI//TIOUS-LY, adv. In a superstitious manner; with excessive regard to uncommanded rites or unessential opinions and forms in religion. Bacon. 9. With too much care; with excessive exactness or scruple. 3. With extreme credulity in regard to the agency of superior beings in extraordinary events. SU-PER-STI’/TIOUS-NESS, n. Superstition. SU-PER-STRAIN’, v. t. [super and strain.) To over- strain or stretch. [Little used. ] Bacon. SU-PER-STRAIN’ED, pp. Overstrained or stretched. SU-PER-STRA/TUM, n. [super and stratum.| A stratum or layer above another, or resting on some- thing else. Asiat. Res. SU-PER-STRUE€T’, v. t. [L. superstruo; super and struo, to lay. To build upon; to erect. This is the only proper basis on which to superstruct first inno- cence and then virtue. [Little used.) Decay of Piety. SU-PER-STRU€T’ED, pp. Built upon. SU-PER-STRU€T’ING, ppr. Building upon. SU-PER-STRU€/TION, n. An edifice erected on something. My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstruc- tions on an old ruin. Denham. SU-PER-STRUE€ET'IVE, a, thing else. Hammond. SU-PER-STRU€T/URE, n. Any structure or edifice built on something else; particularly, the building raised on a foundation. This word is used to distin- guish what is erected on a wall or foundation from the foundation itself. 9, Any thing erected on a foundation or basis. In education, we begin with teaching languages as the foundation, and proceed to erect on that foundation the superstructure of science. SU-PER-SUB-STAN/TIAL, a. [super and substan- tial.) More than substantial; being more than sub- stance. Cyc. SU-PER-SUL/PHATE, n. Sulphate with a greater number of equivalents of acid than base. SU-PER-SUL’/PHU-RET-ED, a. Consisting of a greater number of equivalents of sulphur than of the base with which the sulphur is combined. Atkin. SU-PER-TER-RENE’, a. [super and terrene.| Being above ground, or above the earth. Hill. SU-PER-TER-RES’TRI-AL, a. Being above the earth, or above what belongs to the earth. Buckminster. SU-PER-TON/I€, n. In music, the note next above the key-note. Busby. SU-PER-TRAG/I€-AL, a. Tragical to excess. Warton. (Li. supervacaneus ; su- 3uilt or erected on some- SU-PER-VA-€A'NE-OUS, a. per and vaco, to make void.] Superfluous ; unnecessary ; needless; serving no purpose. Howell. SU-PER-VA-€A’NE-OUS-LY, adv. Needlessly. SU-PER-VA-€A'NE-OUS-NESS, n. Needlessness. Bauley. SU-PER-VENE’, v.i. [lL supervenio; super and ve- nio. | 1. To come upon as something extraneous. Such a mutual grayitauon can never supervene to matter, unless impressed by divine power. Bentley. 9. To come upon; to happen to. SU-PER-VE/NLENT, a. Coming upon as some- thing additional or extraneous That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian practice, Hammond, Divorces can be granted, a mensa et toro, only for supervenient causes. z : Z. Sictft. SU-PER-VEN/’TION, zn. ‘The act of supervening. SU-PER-VI'/SAL, (su-per-vi’zal,) dn. {from su- SU-PER-VI//SION, (su-per-vizh‘un,) | pervise.] The act of overseeing ; inspection ; superintendence. Tooke. Walsh. SU-PER-VISE’, (su-per-vize’,) n. Inspection. [.Vot set. | Shak. SU-PER-VISE’, v.t. [L. super and visus, video, to see.]} To oversee for direction; to superintend ; to in- spect ; as, to supervise the press for correction. SU-PER-VIS’ED, (-vizd’,) pp. Inspected. SU-PER-VIS/ING, ppr. Overseeing ; inspecting ; su- perintending. SU-PER-VI/SOR, n. An overseer; an inspector; a superintendent ; as, the supervisor of a pamphlet. Dryden, SU-PER-VI/SO-RY, a. Pertaining to or having su- pervision, SU-PER-VIVE!,» ¢. [L. super and vivo, to live.] To live beyond ; to outlive. The soul will super- vive all the revolutions of nature. [Zittle used.] See Survi ve. | SU-PLNA/TION, n. [L. supzno.] 1, ‘The act of lying, or state of being laid, with the face upward. 2. The act of turning the palm of the hand up- ward. Lawrence's Lect. SU-PI-NA/TOR, zn. In ‘anatomy, a muscle that turns the palm of the hand upward. SU-PINE!, a. [L. supinius.] 1, Lying on the back, or with the face upward ; opposed to Prone. 2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the sun. If the vine On rising ground be placed on hills supine. Dryden. _ 3. Negligent; heedless; indolent; thoughtless; inattentive. He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any temptation. Woodward, These men sulfer by their supine credulity, ix. Charles. SO’PINE, 2. [L. supinwm.] In grammar, a name of certain forms or modifica- tions of the Latin verb ending in wm and u. SU-PINE/LY, adv. With the face upward. 2. Carelessly ; indolently ; drowsily ; in a heed- less, thoughtless state. Who on beds of sin supinely lie. Sandys. SU-PINE’NESS, zn. A lying with the face upward. 9. Indolence; drowsiness; heedJessness. Many of the evils of life are owing to our own supineness. SU-PIN/I-TY, for Surrneness, is not used. SUP/PAGE, n. [from sup.] What may be supped ; pottage. [JVot in use. ] Hooker. SUP-PAL-PA/TION, n. [L. suppalpor; sub and pal- por, to stroke. ] The act of enticing by soft words, [JVot used.) Hall. SUP-PAR-A-SLTA’TION, n. [L. supparasitor; sub and parasite. | The act of flattering merely to gain favor. [Vot in use. | Hall, SUP-PAR/A-SITE, v. t. To flatter; to cajole. Dr. Clarke. » SUP-PAWN’. See Szerawn. SUP’PED, (supt,) pp. Having taken the evening meal. SUP-PE-DA/NE-OUS, a. [L. sub and pes, the foot. | Being under the feet. Brown. SUP-PED/I-TATE, v. t. [L. suppedito.] To supply. a used. | Hammond. SUP-PED-I-TA’/TION, n. [L. suppeditatio.] Supply; aid afforded. [Little used.] SUP’PER, Tl. [ Fr. SOUpCT. See Sup. The evening meal. People who dine late eat no supper. The dinner of fashionable people would be the supper of rustics. SUP’PER-LESS, a. Wanting supper; being without supper ; as, to go supperless to bed. Spectator. SUP-PLANT’, v. t. [Fr. supplanter; L. supplanto ; sub and planta, the bottom of the foot.) 1. To trip up the heels. Bacon. Milton. 2. To remove or displace by stratagem ; or to dis- place and take the_place of; as, a rival supplants another in the affections of his mistress, or in the favor of his prince. Suspecting that the courtier had supplanted the friend. Fell. Supplanted down he fell. 3. To overthrow ; to undermine. SUP-PLANT-A’TION, x. The act of supplanting. SUP-PLANT’ED, pp. Tripped up; displaced. SUP-PLANT’ER, n. One that supplants. SUP-PLANT’ING, ppr. Tripping up the heels; dis- placing by artifice. SUP’PLE, (sup’pl,) a, soublein, to bend. | 1. Pliant; flexible ; easily bent; as, supple joints; supple fingers. Bacon. Temple. 2. Yielding ; compliant ; not obstinate. If punishment makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender. Locke. [Fr. souple; Arm. soublat, 3. Bending to the humor of others; flattering; fawning. Addison. 4, That makes pliant ; as, supple government. Shak. SUP/PLE, (sup’pl,) v t. To make, soft and pliant; to render flexible ; as, to supple leather. 2, To make compliant. A mother persisting till she had suppled the will of her daughter. Locke. SUP/PLE, v.i. To become soft and pliant; as, stones suppled into softness. Driden. SUP’/PLED, (sup'pld,) pp. Made soft and pliant ; made compliant. SUP’PLE-LY, (sup/pl-le,) adv. Softly ; pliantly ; mild- otgrave. ly. SUP/PLE-MENT, n. [Fr., from L. supplementum, suppleo; sub and pleo, to fill. } FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1110Sa ae re SUP .SUP SUP 1. Literally, a supply ; hence, an addition to any thing, by which its defects are supplied, and it is made more full and complete. The word is particu- larly used of an addition to a book or paper. 2, Store; supply. [Vot in use.] Chapman. 3. In trigonometry, the quantity by which an are or an angle falls snort of 180 degrees, or a semicircle. SUP/PLE-MENT, v. t. To add something to a wri- ting, &c. SUP-PLE-MENT’AL, ) a. Additional ; added tosup- SUP-PLE-MENT’A-RY,{ ply what is wanted; as, a supplemental law or bill. SUP/PLE-MENT-ING, ppr. Adding a supplement. Chalmers. SUP’/PLE-NESS, (sup’pl-ness,) . [from supple.] Pli- ancy ; pliableness; flexibility; the quality of being easily bent; as, the suppleness of the joints. 9, Readiness of compliance; the quality of easily yielding ; facility ; as, the suppleness of the will. Locke. QTTP/ PT T_TO- 3) SOE Ea TY ee a. [from L. suppleo, to supply-] Supplying deficiencies ; as, a suppletory oath. Blackstone. That which is to supply what Hammond. {Not used.] Warburton. SUP/PLE-TO-RY, 7n. is wanted. SUP-PLI/AL, nz. The act of supplying. SUP-PLI/ANCE, n. Continuance. [Vot in use.] Shak. SUP/PLI-ANT, a. [Fr., from supplier, to entreat, con- tracted from L. supplico, to supplicate; sub and plio, to fold. See Compry and Arpty.] 1. Entreating; beseeching; supplicating; asking earnestly and submissively. The rich grow suppliant, and the poor grow proud. Dryden. SUP-PLY’, n. ~ © s ! 2. Manifesting entreaty ; expressive of humble sup- plication. To bow and sue for grace with suppliant Milton, SUP/PLLANT, n. A humble petitioner; one who en- treats submissively. Spare this life, and hear thy sup7 SUP/PLI-ANT-LY, adv. manner. SUP’/PLLEANT, a. [L. supplicans.] Entreating ; asking submissively. Bp. Bull. SUP/PLI-CANT, n. One that entreats; a petitioner who asks earnestly and submissively. The wise supplicant left the event to God. Rogers. SUP’/PLI-€AT, n. In the Eng lish universities, 2 peu- tion; particularly, a written application with a certif- icate that the requisite conditions have been complied with. SUP/PLLEATE, v. t. [L. supplico; sub and plico. See Supp.ianrt. | 1. To entreat for; to seek by earnest prayer; as, to supplicate blessings on Christian efforts to spread the gospel. 9. To address in prayer ; as, to supplicate the throne of grace. SUP/PLI-GATE, v.i. To entreat; to beseech; to im- plore; to petition with earnestness and subinission. np A man can not brook to supplicate or beg. Bacon. SUP’PLI-€A-TING, ppr. or a. Entreating ; imploring. SUP/PLI-CA-TING-LY, adv. By way of supplication. SUP-PLI-GA'/TION, xn. [Fr., from L. supplicatio, | 1. Entreaty ; humble and earnest prayer in wor- ship. In all our supplications to the Father of mercies, let us remember a world lying in ignorance and wick- edness. 9. Petition; earnest request. 3. In Roman antiquity, a religious solemnity ob- served in consequence of some military success, and also in times of distress and danger, to avert the an- ger of the gods. Smith's Dict. SUP/PLI-GA-TO-RY, a. Containing supplication ; humble ; submissive. Johnson. SUP-PLI/ED, pp. [from supply.] Fully furnished ; having a sufficiency. SUP-PLI/ER, n. He that supplies. SUP-PLIES’, n.; pl. of Suprty. Things supplied in sufficiency. In England, moneys eranted by parlia- ment for public expenditure. SUP-PLY’, v. t. [L. suppleo; sub and pleo, disused, to fill; Fr. suppleer; Sp. suplir; It. supplire. | 1. To fill up, as any deficiency happens ; to furnish what is wanted; to afford or furnish a sufficiency ; as, to supply the poor with bread and clothing; to supply the daily wants of nature; to supply the navy with masts and spars; to supply the treasury with money. ‘The city is well supplied with water. I wanted nothing fortune could supply, Dryden. \ xnece. liant’s prayer. Dryden. In a suppliant or submissive 4 9, To serve instead of. Burning ships the banished sun supply. 3. To give; to bring or furnish, Nearer care supplies Sighs to my breast, and sorrow to my oyes, To fill vacant room. The sun was sot, and Vesper, to supply Flis absent beams, had lighted up the sky. . Lo fill ; as, to supply a vacancy. Waller. Prior. = > Dryden, oa 6. In general, to furnish ; to give or afford what is wanted. Modern infidelity suppltes no such motives, Rob. Hall. JI Sufficiency of things for use or want. The poor have a dally supply of food; the army has ample supphes of provisions and munitions of war. Customs, taxes, and excise constitute the supplies of revenue. UP-PLY/ING, ppr. Yielding or furnishing what is wanted ; affording a sufficiency. UP-PLY/MENT, 7x. A furnishing. [JVot in use.] - Shak, UP-PORT’, v. t. [Fr. supporter; It. sopportare; L. supporto; sub and porto, to carry.] 1. To bear; to sustain; to uphold; as, a prop or pillar supports a structure; an abutment supports an arch ; the stem of a tree supports the branches. Ev- ery edifice must have a foundation to support it; a rope or cord supports a weight. 2. To endure without being overcome ; as, to sup- port pain, distress, or misfortunes. 'This fierce demeanor and his insolence The patience of a god could not support. Dryden. 3. To bear; to endure; as, to support fatigues or hardships; to support violent exertions. The eye Will not support the light of the sun’s disk. 4, To sustain; to keep from fainting or sinking ; as, to support the courage or spirits. 5. To sustain; to act or represent well; as, to sup- port the character of King Lear ; to support the part assigned. 6. To bear; to supply funds for or the means of continuing ; as, to support the annual expenses of government. 7. To sustain ; to carry on; as, to support a war Or a contest; to support an argument or debate. 8, To maintain with provisions and the necessary means of living; as, to support a family ; to support a son in college ; to support the ministers of the gos- pel. 9. To maintain ; to sustain ; to keep from failing ; as, to support life; to support the strength by nour- ishment. 10. T'o sustain without change or dissolution ; as, clay supports an intense heat. 11. To bear; to keep from sinking ; as, water sup- ports ships and other bodies; air supports a balloon. 12, To bear without being exhausted ; to be able to pay ; as, to support taxes or contributions. 13. To sustain ; to maintain; as, to support a good character. 14. To maintain ; to verify ; to make good ; to sub- stantiate. The testimony is not sufficient to support the charges; the evidence will not support the state- ments or allegations; the impeachment is well sup- ported by evidence. 15. To uphold by aid or countenance ; as, to sup- port a friend or a party. 6. To vindicate; to maintain ; to defend success- fully ; as, to be able to support one’s own cause. 17. To act as one’s aid or attendant on some pub- lic occasion, by sitting or walking at his side; as, Mr. O’Connell left the prison, supported by his two Encland. The act or operation of upholding or sons. SUP-PORT’, n. sustaining, 9, That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling ; as a prop, a pillar, a foundation of any kind. 3 That which maintains life; as, food is the sup- port of life, of the body, of strength. Oxygen, or Vi- tal air, has been supposed to be the support of respi- ration and of heat in the blood. 4. Maintenance ; subsistence; a8, an Income suffi- cient for the support of a family; or revenue for the support of the army and navy. 5. Maintenance; an upholding ; continuance in any state, or preservation from falling, sinking, or failing ; as, taxes necessary for the support of public credit; a revenue for the support of government. 6. In general, the maintenance or sustaining of any thing, without suffering it to fail, decline, or lan- guish ; as, the support of health, spirits, strength, or courage ; the support of reputation, credit, &c. 7, ‘Chat which upholds or relieves ; aid ; help ; suc- cor; assistance, [Fr.] SUP-PORT’A-BLE, a. sustained. 9. That may be borne or endured ; as, the pain is supportable, or not supportable, Patience renders evils supportable. 3. Tolerable ; that may be borne without resistance or punishment ; as, such insults are not supportable. 4. That can be maintained; as, the cause or opin- ion is supportable. SUP-PORT!A-BLE-NESS, 2. erable. SUP-PORT!A-BLY, adv. SUP-PORT/ANCE, n. Maintenance ; support. in use. SU P DORT-ATION, n. Maintenance ; support. [ot That may be upheld or The state of being tol- Hammond. In a supportable manner. | Vot im Use. SUP PORT'ED, pp. Borne; endured ; upheld ; main- TONE, BULL, UNITE.—A tained ; subsisted ; sustained ; carried on. SUP-PORT’ER, n. SUP-PORT’FUL, a. used. | SUP-PORT’ING, ppr. Bearing; enduring; uphold- SUP-PORT’LESS, a. SUP-PORT/MENT, 7. SUP-P6S/A-BLE, a. SUP-POS/AL, 7. SUP-POSE’, (sup-poze’,) v. t. SN ; One that supports or maintains. 2. That which supports or upholds; a prop, a pil- lar, &c. : The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured. 3. A sustainer; a comforter. The saints have # tompanion and supporter in all their miseries, So Bacon. 4, A maintainer; a defender. Worthy supporters of such a reigning impiety. South. 5, One who maintains or helps to carry on; as, the supporters of a war. 6. An advocate ; a defender; a vindicator ; as, the supporters of religion, morality, justice, &c. 7, An adherent; one who takes part; as, the sup- porter of a party or faction. 8. One who sits by or walks with another, on some public occasion, as an aid or attendant. In ship-building, a knee placed under the cat- head. 10. Supporters, in heraldry, are figures of beasts that appear to support the arms. Johnson. Abounding with support. ([JVot ing ; sustaining ; maintaining ; subsisting ; vindi- cating. Having no support. Battle of Frogs and Mice. Support. [Jot in use} Wotton. [from suppose.] That may be supposed ; that may be imagined to exist. That is not a supposable case. [from suppose.} Position without proof ; the imagining of something to exist; suppo- sition. Interest with a Jew never proceeds but upon supposal, at least, of a firm and sufficient bottom. [Obs. south. [Fr. supposer ; L. sup- positus, suppono; It. supporre; Sp. suponer ; sub and pono, to put. | 1. To lay down or state as a proposition or fact that may exist or be true, though not Known or be- lieved to be true or to exist; or to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration, Let us suppose the earth to be the center of the sys- tem, what would be the consequence ? When we have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly, supposing it were, we ought not to doubt of its existence. Tillotson. to believe ; to receive as true. Let not my lord s se that they have slain all the young men, the king’s sons; for Amnon only is dead. —2 Sam. xh. 3. To imagine; to think. 2, To imagine; I suppose, If our proposals once aguin were heard. 4. 'To require to exist or be true. The existence of things supposes the existence of a cause of the things. Milton. One falsehood supposes another, and renders nll you say sus- pected. Female Qutrote. 5. To put one thing by fraud in the place of an- other. [Vot in use. ] : SUP-POSE’, n. Supposition ; position without proof. Fit to be trusted on a bare suppose That she is honest. [Not in use.] Dryden. SUP-POS'ED, pp. or a. Lata down or imagined as true: imagined ; believed ; received as true, SUP-POS’BR, xn. One who supposes. Shak. SUP-POS/ING, ppr. Laying down or imagining to exist or be true; stating as a case that may be; Im- arining ; receiving as true. SUP-PO-SI/! TION, (-po-zish’un,) m. The act of lay- ing down, imagining, or admitting as true or exist- ing. what is known not to be true, or what is not proved. 29. The position of something known not to be true or not proved; hypothesis. This is only an infallibility upon supposition, that if a thing be false. wiotson. true, it is impossible to t 3. Imagination ; belief without full evidence. 4. In music, the use of two successive notes’ of equal length, one of which, being a discord, supposes the other a concord. SUP-PO-SI’"TION-AL, a. Hypothetical. SUP-POS-LTI/TIOUS, (-poz-e-tish’us,) @- posititius, from supposttus, suppono. | Put by trick in the place or character belonging to another; not genuine; as, a supposilitiows child; 2 supposititious Writing. Addison. South. [L. sup- SUP-POS-I-TL/TIOUS-LY, (-tish/us-,) adv. Hypo- thetically ; by supposition. : : 5 The SUP-POS_LTI/TIOUS-NESS, (-tish/us-,) ™% state of being supposititious. ‘ : SUP-POS’LTIVE, a. Supposed ; including or imply- ing supposition. Chillingworth. A word denoting or SUP_POS'LTIVE, n. [Supra.] ! implying supposition. 4 Harris. SUP-_POS/I-TIVE-LY, adv. W ith, by, or upon sup- Hammond. position. ae [Fr. suppositoire. | SUP-POS'I-TO-RY, n. In medicine, a pill or bolus introduced into the rec- NUGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; 8 as Z; CH as SH; 'H as in THIS. oe ee 1111 ner ate ene reMTT OL! | SUP SUR SUR tum to procure stools when clysters cannot be admin- istered. arr. SUP-PRESS’, v. t. [lL suppressus, supprimo ; sub and premo, to press. ] 1. To overpower and crush; to subdue; to de- stroy ; as, to suppress a rebellion ; to suppress a MU- tiny or riot; tO suppress opposition. Every rebellion, when it is suppressed, makes the subje sents and the government stronger. avies . To keep in ; to restri 1in from utterance or vent; as, As suppress the voice; to suppress sighs. 3, To retain without disclosure; to ‘conceal ; to tell or reveal; as, to suppress eV idence. e name, and this keeps him in o pleasing sus- Broome. not She Suppresses th pense . 4. To retain without communication or making public ; as, to suppress a letter ; to suppress a manu- sae To stifle; to stop; as, a suppress 2 report. : 6. To stop; to restrain; to obstruct from dis- charges ; as, to suppress a diarrhea, a hemorrhage, and the like. SUP-PRESS/ED, Crest) pp. stroyed ; retained ; concealed ; SUP-PRESS/ING, ppr. Subduing; destroying; re- taining closely ; concealing; hindering from disclo- sure or publication ; obstructing. SUP-PRES’SION, (sup-presh’un,) 7 suppressio. 1. The act of suppressing, crushing, or destroy- ing; as, the suppression of a riot, insurrection, or tu- mult. 2, The act of retaining from utterance, vent, or disclosure ; concealment; as, the suppression of truth, of reports, of evidence, and the like. 3. The retaining of any thing from public notice ; a the suppression of a letter or any writing. The stoppage, obstruction, or morbid retention of eh irges ; aS, the suppression of urine, of diar- rhea, or other disch: arge. 2. Th grammar or composition, omission ; as, the suppression of a word. SUP-PRESS‘IVE, a. Tending to suppress ; subduing ; concealing. Seward. SUP-PRESS/OR, zn. One that suppresses ; one that subdues ; one that prevents utterance, disclosure, or communication. SUP/PU-RATE, v.%. [L. suppuro; sub and pus, puris ; Fr. suppurer ; It. suppurare. | To generate pus; as, a boil rates. SUP’/PU-RATE, v. t. to hinder from circulation ; or a. Crushed ; de- stopped ; obstructed. [Fr., from L. or abscess suppu- To cause to suppurate. Arbuthnot. [In this sense, unusual. ] SUP/PU-RA-TING, ppr. Generating pus. SUP-PU-RA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. suppuratio. 1. The process s of producing purulent matter, or of forming pus, aS in a wound or abscess; one of the natural terminations of phlegmonous inflammation. nc. Cooper. Wiseman. The matter Beagucen by suppuration. SUP'PU. RA-TIVE, [Fr. suppuratif.] Tending to einsiaees ; promoting Suppuration. SUP/PU-RA-1T IVE, n. A medicine that promotes suppuration. SUP-PU-TA/TION, n. [L. supputatio, supputo; sub and puto, to think.] Reckoning ; account ; computation. Holder. SUP-PUTE’, vt. [L. supputo, supra.] Toreckon; tocompute. [JVot in use. | SU’/PRA; a Latin preposition, signifying above, over, or beyond. SU-PRA-AX/IL-LA-RY, [supra and azil.] In botany, growing above "the axil; inserted above the axil; as a peduncle. [See Su PRAFOLIACEOUS, ] Lee. SU-PRA-CIL/IA-RY, a. [L. supra and ciliwm, eye- brow) Situated above the eyebrow. SU- PR: A-CRE-TA’CEOUS, / SU-PER-E€RE-TA/CEOUS, § ‘ creta. | In geology, applied to rocks which lie above the chalk, SU-PRA-DE-€OM/POUN pound. | More than decompound ; thrice compound. A supra-decompound leaf, 18s W hen a petiole divided sev- eral times, connects many leaflets ; each part form- Ing a decompound leaf. Martyn. SU-PRA-FO-LLA’/CEOUS, (-shus,) a. [L. supra and Sfolium, a leaf. | In botany, inserted into the stem above the leaf, or petiole, or axil, as a peduncle or flower. Martyn. SU-PRA-LAP-SA'RLAN,) a. [l. supra and lapsus, Ure. [L, supra, (-shus Bs ) | or super, and YD, a. {supra and decom- SU-PRA-LAP!SA-RY, fall. Pertaining to the Supralapsarians, or to their opin- ions. Murdock. SU-PRA-LAP-SA/RI-AN, nm, One of that class of Calvinists, who believed that God’s decree of elec- tion was a part of his original plan, according to which he determined to create men, and that they SU-PRA-MUN’DANE, a. and that he would then save a [See SuBLAPSARIAN. ] Murdock. [L. supra and mundus, the should apostatize, part of them by a Redeemer, world. ] Being or situated above the world or above our sy sten SU-PR. a ‘N AT’/U-RAL-ISM, n. The same as Surer- NATURALISM, Which see. JWurdock. SU-PRA-NAT’U-RAL-IST, nz. The same as Surer- NATURALIST, Which see. SU-PRA-ORB/IT-AL, a@.—[supra and orbit.) Being SU-PRA-RE/NAL, a. S S S S S S S S » Ss Ss SUR-BASE/MENT, n. Ss S ™ ee ” D g we s ct ~ SUR/BAS-ED, above the orbit of the eye. [L. supra and ren, renes, the kidneys. ] Situated above the kidneys. U-PRA-SEAP/U-LA-RY, a, [l. supra and scapula.) Being above the scapula. U-PRA-VUL'GAR, a. [supra and vulgar.] Being above the vulgar or common people. Collier. SU-PREM/A-CY, [SeeSurreme.] State of being supreme or in the highest station of power; highest authority or power ; as, the supremacy of the king of Great Brita n ; or the ee of parliament. The usurped power of the pope being destroyed, the crown was restor: od to its supremacy over epiritual men ant lca Blackstone. Oath of supremacy; in Great Britain, an oath which acknowledges the supremacy of the king in spiritual affairs, and renounces or abjures the supremacy of the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs. Brande, supra; Fr. su- U-PREME’, a. [L. from préme. | 1. Highest in authority ; holding the highest place in government or power. In the United States, the congress is supreme in regulating commerce, and in making war and peace. The parliament of Great Britain is supreme in legislation ; but the King is su- preme in the administration of the government, In the universe, God only is the supreme ruler and judge. His commands are supreme, and binding on all his creatures. 2. Highest, greatest, or inost excellent; as, love ; supreme | glory ; supreme degree. 3. It is sometimes used in a bad sense; as, supreme folly or baseness, folly or baseness carried to the ut- most e€ xtent. A bad use of supremus, suprem é the word. A the U-PREME/LY, adv. highest authority. He rules supremely. 2. In the highest degree; to the utmost extent; as, supremely blest. Pope. UR, a prefix, from the French, contracted from L. super, supra, UR-AD-DI’”" signifies over, above, beyond, wpon. T ION, (-ad-dish‘un,) n. [ Pr. sur, on or upon, and addition. | Something added to the name. [Not used.] Shak. U/R,z AL, n. [L. sura, | Being in or pertaining to the calf of the leg; as, the sural artery. Wiseman. O'R: ANCE, for Assurance, is not used. Shak. UR’ BASE, n [sur and base. ] A cornice or series of online on the top of the base of a pedestal, podium, &c. Francis. (sur’baste,) a. a surbase, or molding above the base. The trait of any arch or vault which desctibes a portion of an ellipse. Elmes. UR-BATE’, v. ¢t. [It. sobattere; either L. sub and battere, or solea, sole, and battere, to beat the sole or Having hoof 4 1. To bruise or batter the feet by travel. Chalky land surbates and spoils oxen’s fect. Mortimer. to fatigue. Clarendon. Bruised in the feet; harassed ; 2. To harass ; UR-BAT’ED, pp. fatigued. R-BAT’ING, ppr. Bruising the feet of ; R-BEAT! or SUR-BET‘ U fatigued, 3U , for SurBATE, iS notin use. SUR-BED!, v.t. [surand bed.| To set edgewise, as a stone; that is, in a position different from that which it had in the quarry. Plot. UR-BED/DED, pp. Sete dgewise. SUR-BED! DING, ppr. Setting edgewise. SUR-CEASE’, v.21. [Fr. sur and cesser, to cease.] To cease ; to stop; tobe atanend. Donne. 2. To leave off; to practice no longer; ‘o refrain finally. So prayed he, whilst nn angel’s voice from high Mave him surcease to importune the sky. Harte. [This word is entirely useless, being precisely synonymous With Cease, and it is nearly obsolete. ] UR-CEASE’, v. t. To stop; to cause to cease. ee “d SUR-CEASB’, 2. SUR- CH ARGH! svt 1. To overload ; beast or a ship ; Cessation; stop. [Ods.] [I'r. surcharger ; sur and charge. ] to overburden ; as, to surcharge a to surcharge a cannon. Your head reclined, as hiding grief from view, Droops like‘a rose surcharged with morning dew, Dryden, In law, to overstock ; to put more Cattle into a common than the person has a right to do, or more than the he page will sustain. Blackstone. SUR-CHARGP’, An excessive Joad or burden; a Joad greater th: in eas be well borne Bacon. SUR-CHARG’ED, pp. Overloaded ; overstocked. SUR-CHA RG! ER, mn. One that overloads or over- stocks. SUR-CHARG/ING, ppr. Overloading; burdening to excess; overstocking with cattle or beasts. SUR/CIN’/GLE, (-sing-gl,) n. cingulum, a belt. 1. A be It, band, or girth, which passes over a sad- dle, or over any thing laid on a horse’s back, to bind it A ist, The girdle of a cassock by which it is fastened etna the waist. Marvel, SUR/CIN’GLED,a. Girt; bound with a surcingle, SUR’€LE, (sur’kl,) n. [L. surculus.] A little shoot; a twig; a sucker. SUR‘€OAT, xn. [Fr. sur and Eng. coat. A short coat worn over the other clothes, [Fr. sur, upon, and L. : ee Camden. SUR/EREW, (sur’kri,) nm. [sur and crew.) Addi- tional cre w or collection. {Vot in use.] Wotton. SUR’€U-LATE,v.t. [Ls To prune. [ Not in use. } SUR-€U-LA/TION, n. The act of pruning. USE. SURG, a. [aes 1. Deaf; used. | 2. Unheard. [JVot used. ] 3. Designating a quantity which can not be ex- peered in rational numbers, SURD, In algebra, a quantity which can not be ex- presst a by rational numbers. Thus the square root of 218 a surd. SURD/I-TY, x. Deafness. SURD/-NUM-BER, n surate with unity. SURE, (shure,) a. urculo. | [ot in Town. urdus, deaf.] not having the sense of hearing. [WVot [Not used. A number that is incommen- [Fr. sir, seur; Arm. sur; Norm. seor, secur. In G. zwar signifies indeed, to be sure, it is true; Whici leads me to suspect sure to be con- tracted from the root of sever, in L. assevero, and to be connected with swear, and perbaps with L. verus ; s being the remains of a prefix. But sure may be a contraction of L. securu s. | l. Certain ; unfailing ; infallible. The testimony of the Lord is sure. We have also a more sure word 9, Certs We are sure that the judgment Rom. il Now we are — Ps, xix. yf prophecy. — —2 Pet. i. knowing; or having full confidence. of God is : inly according: to truth. — sure that thou knowest all things. — Jo 3. Certain; safe; firm; permanent. Thy kingdom shall b — Dan. iv. in xvi. sure to thee. 4. Firm ; stable; steady ; not liable to failure, loss, or change ; as,a sure covenant, 2 Sam.xxili. JVe/. ix. ds. XXViil. The Lord will make my lord a sure house. —1 Sam. xxv. So we say, to stand sure, to be sure of foot. 5. Certain of obtaining or of retaining ; as, to be sure of game ; to be sure of success; to be sure of life or health. 6. Strong; turbed. secure ; not liable to be broken or dis- make it as sure . xxvii. 7. Certain ; not liable to failure. To be sure, or be sure; certainly. be sure I shall. To make sure; to make certain ; to secitre so that there can be no failure of the purpose or object. Make sure of Cato, Addison A peace: can not fail, provided we make sure of Spain. Temz ile Give all diligence to make your calling and election sure. —2 Pet. i. SURE, adv. Certainly ; without doubt ; Sure the queen would wish him still unknown, Go your way, as ye can. — Matt The income Is sure. Shall you go? doubtless. Sinith. [But in this sense, Surevy is more generally used. ] SURE/FOOT-ED, a. [sure and foot.} Not liable to stumble or fall; as, a suwrefooted horse. SORE/LY, adv. Certainly; infallibly; undoubtedly. In the day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die. — Gen. ii. He that created something out of nuthing, surely can raise gront SI things out of small. out. Firmly ; without danger of falling. He that walketh uprightly walketh surely, — Proy, x. SURE/NESS, (shure/-,) n. Certainty. For more sureness he repeats it. [Ltitle used.]} Woodward. SURE/TI-SHIP, (shire/’te-,) n. [from surety.] The state of being surety ; the obligation of a person to answer for another, and make good any debt or loss which may occur from another’s delinquency He that hateth suretiship is sure. — Prov. xi, SURE’TY, (shire/te,) n. [Fr. sureté.] 1. Certainty ; indubitableness. Know of a surety, that thy seed shall bea stranger in a land that is not theirs. — Gen, xv. 2. Security ; safety. Yet for the more surety they looked round about, Sidney. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—M&TE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1112DA SUR 3. Foundation of stability ; support. We our state Hold, a8 you vours, while our obedience holds ; On other surety none. ; Milton. 4. Evidence ; ratification ; confirmation. 3 She called the saints to surety, That she would never put it from her finger Unless she gave it to yourself, Eis Shak. o. Security against loss or damage ; security for payment. There remains unpaid A hundred thousand more, in surely of the which One part of Aquitain is bound to us. Shak. 6. In law, one that is bound with and for another ; one who enters into a bond or recognizance to an- swer for another’s appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for the performance of some act, and who, in case of the principal debtor’s fail- ure, is compellable to pay the debt or damages; a bondsman ; a bail. He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it. — Prov. xi. Thy servant became surety for the lad to my father. —Gen, xliv. 7. In Scripture, Christ is called ‘*the surety of a better testament.”? Hed. vii. 22. He undertook to make atonement for the sins of men, and thus pre- pare the way to deliver them from the punishmentto which they had rendered themselves liable. 8. A hostage. SURF, n. The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, or upon sand-banks or rocks. Mar. Dict. 2. In agriculture, the bottom or conduit of a drain. [ Local, } SUR/FACE, n. [Fr. sur, upon, and face.] 1. ‘The exterior part of any thing that has length and breadth ; one of the limits that terminates a sol- id; the superficies; outside ; as, the surface of the earth ; the surface of the sea; the surface of a di- amond; the surface of the body; the surface of a cylinder ; an even or an uneven surface; a smooth or rough surface; a spherical surface. Newton. Pope. 2. In geometry, a magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness, Euclid. SUR/FEIT, (sur/fit,) v. & ([Ir. sur, over, and faire, fait, to do, L. facio.] 1. To feed with meat or drink, so as to oppress the stomach and derange the functions of the sys- tem; to overfeed and produce sickness or uneasi- ness. 2. To cloy ; to fill to satiety and disgust. feits us with his eulogies. ; SUR/FEIT, v.27. To be fed till the system is oppressed and sickness or uneasiness ensues. He sur- They are as sick that surfeit with too much, os they that starve with nothing, Shak. SUR/FEIT,n. Fullness and oppression of the system, occasioned by excessive eating and drinking. He has not recovered from a surfeit. 2, Excess in eating and drinking. Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made. SUR/FEIT-ED, pp. Surcharged and oppressed with eating and drinking to excess; cloyed. SUR/FEIT-ER, n. One who riots ; a glutton. Shak. SUR/FEIT-ING, ppr. Oppressing the system by ex- cessive eating and drinking; cloying; loading or filling to disgust. SUR/FEIT-ING, n. gluttony. Zuwke xxi. SUR'/FEIT-WA-TER, n. ter for the cure of surfeits. Locke. SURGE, x. [L. surgo, to rise ; Sans. surgo, hight. ] I. A large wave or billow ; a great, rolling swell of water, [It is not applied to small waves, and is chiefly used in poetry and eloquence. | my hak. The act of feeding to excess; [surfeit and water.] Wa- He flies aloft, and, with impetuous roar, Pursues the foaming surges to the shore. Dryden, 2. In ship-building, the tapered part in front of the whelps, between the chocks of a capstan, on which the messenger muy surge, Cyc. SURGE, v.t. To let goa portion of a rope suddenly. Surge the messenger. Mar. Dict. SURGE, v.i. To swell; to rise high and roll; as waves. The surging waters like a mountain rise. 9. To slip back ; as, the cable surves. SURGE/LESS, (surj/less,) a. Free from surges; smooth; calm, SUR/GEON, (sur’/jun,) z. geon. One whose profession or occupation is to cure dis- eases or injuries of the body by manual operation. In a more general sense, one whose occupation is to cure external diseases, whether by manual operation, or by medicines externally or internally. SUR/GEON-CY,n. The office or employment of a surgeon in the naval or military service. SUR/GER-Y, n. Properly, the act of healing by man- ual operation ; or that branch of medical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of Spenser. {Contracted from chirur- SUR diseases or injuries of the body. Ina more general sense, the act or art of healing external diseases by manual operation, or by medicines; or that branch of medical science which has for its principal object the cure of external injuries. Cooper. SUR’GI€-AL, a. Pertaining to surgeons or surgery ; done by means of surgery. SUR'GING, ppr. or a. Swelling and rolling, as bil- lows. Surging waves against a solid rock, Milton. SUR’GY, a. Rising in surges or billows; full of surges ; as, the surgy main. Pope. SO/RL-€ATE, xn. A camivorous African quadruped, allied to the ichneumon, and belonging to the sub- genus Ryzena. It is somewhat smaller than the do- mestic cat. C. H. Smith. SUR/LI-LY, adv. In a surly, morose manner. SUR'LI-NESS, n. Gloomy moroseness; crabbed ill nature; as, the surliness of a dog. SUR/LING, n. A sour, morose fellow. {from su rly.] [Vot in use. ] Ca;nden. SUR/LOIN, n. See Srrroin. SUR/LY, a. [W. swr, surly, snarling; sori, surli- ness, sullenness. Qu. its alliance with sour. ] 1, Gloomily morose; crabbed; snarling; sternly sour ; rough ; cross and rude; as, a surly grooom ; a surly dog. That surly spirit, melancholy. Shak, 2. Rough; dark ; tempestuous, Now softened into joy the surly storm. UR-MIS/AL, n. Surmise. [Vot in use. UR-MISE’, (sur-mize’,) v. t [Norm. surmys, al- leged ; surmitter, to surmise, to accuse, to suggest ; Fr. sur and mettre, to put.] To suspect; to imagine without certain knowl- edge ; to entertain thoughts that something does or Will exist, but upon slight evidence. Thomson. oy S x S It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew tion that something may be, of which, however, there is no certain or strong mises Of jealousy or of envy. That what before she but surmised, was true. Dryden. | This change was not wrought by altering the form or position of the earth, as was surmised by a very learued man, but by dissolving it. Woodward. | SUR-MISE’, x. Suspicion; the thought or imagina- | } i evidence; as, the sur We donble honor y un From his s € proved : Milton. No man it to be charged with principles he disowns, unless his pracuices contradict his prolessions; not upon small sur- mises, Swift. SUR-MIS/ED, pp. evidence. SUR-MIS/ER, n. One who surmises. SUR-MIS/ING, ppr. Suspecting; imagining upon slight evidence. SUR-MIS/ING, n. as, evil surmisings. SUR-MOUNT", v. t. to ascend.] 1. To rise above. The mountains of Olympus, Atho, and Atlas, surmount all winds and clouds. Ralegh. Suspected; imagined upon slight The act of suspecting ; surmise ; 1 Tim, vi. [Fr. surmonter ; sur and monter, 2. To conquer; to overcome; as, to surmount dif- ficulties or obstacles. 3. To surpass ; to exceed. What surmounts the reach Of human sense. SUR-MOUNT’A-BLE, a. That may be overcome; superable, SUR-MOUNT’A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being surmountable. SUR-MOUNT’ED, pp. passed. 29. a. In architecture, used to denote an arch or dome, which rises higher than 9 semicircle. . 3. In heraldry, a term used wen one figure is laid over another. Brande. SUR-MOUNT’ER, n. One that surmounts. SUR-MOUNT'ING, ppr. Rising above; overcoming ; surpassing. SUR-MUL'LET, n. A fish of the’ genus Mullus, (M. barbatus,) remarkable for the brilliancy of its colors, and for the changes which they undergo as the fish expires. The name is also applied to other species of the genus, which belongs to the perch family. Ed. Encyc. Jardine’s Nat. Iib. SUR/MU-LOT, n. [Fr.] A name given by Buffon to the brown or Norway rat. Ed. Enciye. SUR/NAME, n. [Fr. surnom; It. soprannome; Sp. so- brenombre; L. super and nomen.] 1, An additional name; a name orappellation add- ed to the baptismal or Christian name, and which becomes a family name. Surnames, with us, orlgin- ally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, or some particular thing or event that related to the person. Thus, William Rufus, or red ; Edmund Jron- sides ; Robert Smith, or the smith; William Turner. 2, An appellation added to the original name. Milton, Overcome ; conquered ; sur- My surname Coriolanus, Shak. SUR — To name or call by an appellation added to the original name. Another shall subscribe with his hand to the Lord, and surname himself by the name of Israel. —Is. xliy. And Simon he surnamed Peter. — Mark iii. SUR-NAM’ED, pp. Called by a name added to the Christian or original name. SUR-NAM/ING, ppr. Naming by an appellation add- ed to the original name. SUR-OX/YD, xn. [sur and ozyd.] An oxyd containing a greater number of equivalents of oxygen than of the base with which it is combined. [French.] [Wot used. | SUR-OX/YD-ATE, v. t To form a suroxyd. [Vot used. | SUR-PASS!, v. t. pass beyond. ] To exceed; to excel ; to go beyond in any thing good or bad. Homer surpasses modern poets in sub- Jimity. Pope surpasses most other poets in smooth- ness of versification. Achilles surpassed the other Greeks in strength and courage. Clodius surpassed all men in the profligacy of his life. Perhaps no man ever surpassed Washington in genuiue patriotism and integrity of life. UR-PASS/A-BLE, a. That may be exceeded. Dict. UR-PASS’ ED, (-pist’,) pp. Exceeded; excelled. UR-PASS/‘ING, ppr. Exceeding; going beyond. 2. a. Excellent in an eminent degree; exceeding others. [Fr. surpasser; sur and passer, to RMN r O thou, that with surpassing clory crowned. Milton. SUR-PASS/ING-LY, adv. In avery excellent man- ner, or in a degree surpassing others. SUR-PASS'ING-NESS, n. The state of surpassing. SUR’PLICE, (sur’plis,) x. [Fr. surplis; Sp. sobrepel- liz; L. super pellictum, above the robe of fur.] A white garment worn over their other dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and certain other churches, in some of their ministra- tions. SUR/PLIC-ED, (sur’plist,) a. Wearing a surplice. : Mallet. SUR/PLICE-FEES, n. pl. [surplice and fees.] Fees paid to the English clergy for occasional duties. Warton. SUR/PLUS, n. [Fr. sur and plus, L. 7d., more.] 1. Overpius; that which remains when use is sat- isfied ; excess beyond what is prescribed or wanted. In the United States, the surplus of wheat and rye not required for consumption or exportation Is dis- tilled. 2. In law, the residuum of an estate after the debts and legacies are paid. SUR’PLUS-AGBE, n. Surplus; as, surplusage of grain or goods beyond what Is wanted. 2. In law, something in the pleadings or proceed- ings not necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be rejected. 3. In accounts, a greater disbursement than the charge of the accountant amounteth to. Rees. SUR-PRIS/AL, (sur-priz/al,) x. [See Surrrise.] The act of surprising, or coming upon suddenly and un- expectedly ; or the state of being taken unawares. SUR-PRISE’, (sur-prize’,) v. t. [Fr., from surprendre ; sur and prendre, to take ; It. sorpresa, sorprendere ; Sp. sorpresa, sorprehender; L. super, supra, and prendo, to take. | 1. To come or fall upon suddenly and unexpected- ly ; to take unawares. The castle of Macduff I will surprise. Shak. Vho can speak The mingled passions that surprised his heart? 9. Tostrike with wonder or astonishment by some- thing sudden, unexpected, or remarkable, either in conduct, words, or story, or by the appearance of something unusual. Thus we are surprised at des- perate acts of heroism, or at the narration of won- derful events, or at the sight of things of uncommon magnitude or curious structure. 3. To confuse ; to throw the mind into disorder by something suddenly presented to the view or to the mind. Up he starts, discovered and surprised. Milion, SUR-PRISE’, nm. The act of coming upon unawares, or of taking suddenly and without preparation. The fort was taken by surprise. 2. The state of being taken unexpectedly. 3. An emotion excited by something happening suddenly and unexpectedly, as something novel told or presented to view. Nothing could exceed his sur- prise at the narration of these adventures. It ex- presses less than WonpeR and AsTONISHMENT. 4. A dish with nothing in it. [ot in use.] King. SUR-PRIS’ED, pp. Come upon or taken unawares , struck with something novel or unexpected. SUR-PRIS'ING, ppr. Falling on or taking suddenly or unawares; Striking with something novel ; taking by a sudden or unexpected attack. — 9, a. Exciting surprise; extraordinary ; of a na- Thomson, ture to excite wonder and astonishment ; as, surpris- ing bravery ; surprising patience ; a Surprising escape from danger. SUR-NAME’, v. t. [Fr. surnommer.] SUR-PRIS/ING-LY, adv. Ina manner or degree that TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN//GER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; © 14() H as SH; FH as in THIS. Seeks) en - :ov Serer a SUR SUR SUS excites surprise. He exerted himself surprisingly to suve the life of his companion. : SUR-PRIS'ING-NESS, n, State of being surprising. SUR/QUED-RY, n. [sur and Norm. Fr. cuider, to think. Qu. Sp. cuidar, to heed. See Heep.] Overweening pride ; arrogance. [JVot in use. | Spenser. SUR-RE-BUT’, v. i. [surand rebut.] In legal plead- ings, to reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant’s rebutter. SUR-RE-BUT’TER, n. The plaintiff’s reply in plead- ing toadefendant’s rebutter. Blackstone. SUR-RE-JOIN’,v.i. [sur and rejoin.) In legal plead- ings, to reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant’s rejoin- der. sage SUR-RE-JOIN’DER, 2. The answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder. : SUR-REN’DER, v. t. [Fr. se rendre, to yield. Sur- render is probably a corruption of se rendre. | 1. To yield to the power of another; to give or deliver up possession upon compulsion or demand ; as, to surrender one’s person to an enemy, or to com- missioners of bankrupt ; to surrender a fort or a ship. [To surrender up is not elegant. } 9. To yield ; to give up; to resign in favor of an- other; a8, to surrender a right or privilege ; to sur- render a place or an office. 3. To give up; to resign; as, to surrender the breath. 4. In law, to yield an estate, us a tenant, into the hands of the lord for such purposes as are expressed in the act, Blackstone. 5, To yield to any influence, passion, or power; as, to surrender one’s self to grief, to despair, to in- dolence, or to sleep. SUR-REN’DER, v.i. To yield; to give up one’s self into the power of another. The enemy, scemg no way of escape, surrendered at the first summons. SUR-REN/DER, n. The act of yielding or resign- ing one’s person, or the possession of something, into the power of another; as, the surrender of a castle to an enemy ; the surrender of a right, or of claims, 2. A yielding or giving up. 3. In law, the yielding of an estate by a tenant to the lord, for such purposes as are expressed by the tenant in the act. Blackstone. SUR-REN’DER-ED, pp. Yielded or delivered to the power of another; given up; resigned. SUR-REN-DER-EE’, n. In law, a person to whom the lord grants surrendered land; the ccsiuy que USE. SUR-REN’DER-ING, ppr. Yielding or giving up to the power of another; resigning. SUR-REN/DER-OR, nz. The tenant who surrenders an estate into the hands of his lord. Fill the admittance of cesltuy que use, the lord takes notice of the surrenderor as his tenant. Mlackstone. SUR-REN/DRY, 2. A surrender. [Surrenper is the most elegant and best author- ized. BUI REP/TION, n. [L. surreptus, surrepo; sub and repo, to creep. ] A coming unperceived ; a stealing upon insensibly. Little used, SUR-REP-TY'TIOUS, (-tish/us,) a. supra. | Done by stealth, or without proper authority ; made or introduced fraudulently ; as, 2 surreptitious passage in a manuscript. A correct copy of the Dunciad, the many surreptitious ones have rendered necessary. Letter to Publisher of Dunciad, SUR-REP-TI'/TIOUS-LY, (-tish’us-le,) adv. By stealth ; without authority ; fraudulently. SUR/RO-GATE, n. [L. surrogatus, surrogo, subrogo ; sub and rogo,to propose. ogo, to ask or propose, signifies primarily to reach, put, or thrust forward ; and subrogo is to put or set in the place of another.] In a general sense, a deputy ; a delegate; a sub- stitute; particularly, in England, the deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor. In some of the United States, an offi- cer who presides over the probate of wills and testa- ments, and the settlement of estates. SUR/RO-GATE, v. t. To put in the place of another. Little used. | SUR-RO-GA’TION, nm. The act of substituting one person in the place of another, [Litdle used.) SUR-ROUND’, v. t. [sur and round, Fr. rond.] 1. To encompass; to environ; to inclose on all sides’; as, to surround a city. They surrounded a body of the enemy. 2, T’o lie or be on all sides of ; as, a wall or ditch surrounds the city. SUR-ROUND/ED, pp. Encompassed ; inclosed ; be- [L. surreptttius, set. SUR-ROUND/ING, ppr. or a. Encompassing ; inclos- ing; lying on all sides of. SUR-ROUND‘ING, n. An encompassing, SUR-SOL'ID, n. [sur and solid, or surdesolid.] In qathematics, the fifth power of a number; or the product of the fourth multiplication of a number considered as the root, Thus 33=9, the square of 3, and 9 x 397, the third power or cube, and 27 <3=—81, the fourth power, and 81 interior country ; - wet and spongy This is g of the word. Swamps are often In England, the word is explained in books orassy or marshy ground. )}o t. To plunge, whelm, or sink hence, to overset or sink and be lost in To plunge into inextricable difficulties. SW: AMP'E D, (Swompt,) pp. Overwhelmed ; plunged Overwhelming; plunging into ulties. Quart. Rev. In mineralogy, an ore of iron and morasses ; bog ore, or bog iron yc like a swamp; swampy land. [Sax. swan; D. zwaan; G. schwan; svan. Qu. wan, white, with a pre- A large, aquatic fowl of the genus Cygnus, ap- diate between ducks and geese. e Jong, plumage close, light They are remarkable for The adults of Nuttall. P. Cyc. iece of low Jand or green sward, [Zocal in Eng- soft, thick cloth of silk or cotton. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. [swan and skin.] A species of flan- nel of a soft texture, thick and warm. (swop,) adv. [A low word, and local.| SWAP, (swop,) v. t To exchange; to barter; to [See Swor.] [Qu. sweep.] Hastily; ata {This word is not elegant, but al language in America. } ; a stroke. Beaum. & Fl. A pole supported by a fulcrum, on which it turns, used for raising water from a well, for churning, &e. Ewerbank. [his Bailey spells Swirez, and in New England it is pronounced sweep, as in well- -SWE SWAP/PED, (swopt,) pp. Exchanged ; Bhartered, SWAP’PING, ppr. Exc hanging. SWARD, 2. (Sax. sweard; Dan. svar; D. zwoord; Gr schwarle, rind, skin; W. gweryd, an excretion, sward, moss. ] The skin of bacon. [Zocal.] . The grassy surface of Jand; turf; that part of ine "soil which is filled with the roots of grass, form- ing a kind of mat. When covered with green frass, it is called GnreeEN-Swarp. SWARD, v. t. To produce sward; sward. SWARD/-€UT-TER, n. sward across the ridges. SWARD’ED, a. Covered with sward. Drake. SWARD’Y, ‘ds Covered with sward or grass; as, swardy land. SWARE, old pret. to cover with Mortimer. An instrument for cutting of Swrar. [We now use Swonte.] SWARE, jn. A copper coin and money of ac- SCHW ARE, { count in Bremen, value one fifth of a groat, and 72 groats make a thaler, (rix dollar.) Itis therefore worth nearly 4 farthing sterling, or } cent. McCulloch. SWARM, n. [Sax. swearm; G. schwarm; D. zwerm ; Dan. sverm; Sw. scdrm. This seems to be eee on the root of warm. The Sp. hervir, to boil, swarm, is the L. ferveo, and boiling is very ae pressive of the motions of a swarm of bees. See the verb. | J. In a general sense, a large number or body of small animals or insects, particularly when in mo- tion; but appropriately, a great number of honey bees which emigrate from a hive at once, and seek new lodgings under the direction of a queen; or a like body of bees united and settled permanently in a hive. The bees that leave a hive in spring, are the young bees produced in the year preceding. Exod. Viii. Judges xiv. 2. A swarm or multitude; particularly, a multi- tude of people in motion. Swarms of northern na- tions overran the south of Europe in the fifth cen- tury. Vote. — The application of this word to inanimate things, as swarms of advantages, by Shakspeare, and swarms of themes, by Young, is not legitimate, for the essence of the word is motion. SWARM, v. i. [Sax. swearmian; D. zwermen; G. schwarmen ; Dan. svermer; Sw. svdrma, to swarin, to rove, to wander, to swerve. 1. To collect and depart from a hive body, as bees. summer. 2. To appear or collect in a crowd; to run; to throng together ; to congregate in a multitude. In crowds around the Dryden, 3. To be crowded; to be thronged with a multi- tude of animals in motion. The forests in America often swarm with wild pigeons. The northern seas in spring swarm with herrings. by flight in a Bees swarm in warm, clear days in swarming people join. Every place swarms with soldiers. Spenser. [Such phrases as ‘‘ life swarms with ills,” ‘* those days swarmed with fables,” are not legitimate, or wholly obsolete. Brown. Young.) 4. ‘To breed multitudes. Milton. To climb, as a tree, by embracing it with the arms and legs, and scrambling. > At the top was placed a piece of money, asa prize for those w ee could swarm up and seize it. Cozre's Ru Note. — This, by the common people in New gab. Jand, is pronounced squirm or squurm, and it is evi- dently formed on worm, indicating that worm and warm, on Which swarm and squirm are formed, are radic ally the same word. The primary sense is, to bend, wind, twist, as a worm ora swarm of bees, It may be formed on the root of veer, vary. | SWARM, v. t. To crowd or throng. [JVot in wse.] SWARM/ED, pp. of Swarm. SW ARMING, ppr. or a. from Swarm. verb. SWART, ja SWART H, \ i Being tawny. [See the [Sax. swart, sweart; Sw. svart; Dan. sverte ; G. schwarz; D. zweart. of a dark hue; moderately black; A nation strange with visage swart. Spenser. [I believe Swart and SwartH are never used in the United States, certainly not in New England. BWAREHY is a common word.] 2. Gloomy ; malignant. [NVotinwuse.] Milton. SW AR" [,v.t. To make tawny. rown. SWART H, m. An apparition of a person about to SWAIRT H, die. rose. [Wot used in New En gland. SWARTH’LLY, adv. [from swarthy.] Duskily ; with a tawny hue. SWARTAHA’/INESS, n. complexion. SWARTH/Y, a. [See Swanrt.] Being of a dark hue or dusty complexion ; ; tawny. In warm climates, Tawniness ; a dusky or dark FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1116La SWA the complexion of men is universally swarthy or black. The Moors, Spaniards, and Italians, are more swarthy than the French, Germans, and Eng- lish. Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains. Addison. 2. Black; as, the swarthy African. SWART'’I-NESS, n. A tawny color. Sherwood. SWART’ISH, a. Somewhat dark or tawny. SWART’Y, a. Swarthy; tawny. Burton. SWARVE, v.i. To swerve. [Wot in use.] Spenser. SWASH, (swosh,) 2. An oval figure, whose moldings are oblique to the axis of the work. /WZoxon. [A cant word. Jolinson. SWASH, (swosh,) n. A blustering noise; a vaporing. [Vot in use, or vulgar. 2. Impulse of water flowing with violence. In the Southern States of America, swash or stoosh is a name given to a narrow sound or channel of water lying within a sand-bank, or between that and the shore. Many such are found on the shores of the Carolinas. SWASH, v. t [D. zwetsen, to boast. } To bluster; to make a great noise; to vapor or brag. [Vot in use. Shak. SWASH, a. Soft, like fruit too ripe. [Zocal.] SWASH’Y, Peg re. SW ASH’-BUCK-LER, n. A sword-player; a bully or braggadocio, ([.Vot in use.] Milton. SWASH/ER, n. One who makes a blustering show of valor or force of arms. ([JVot in use.] Shak. SWAT: ). x ies 9 SWATE, | 0.1. [ Obs.] haucer, SWATCH, n. A swath. |NVot in use.] Tusser. SWATH, (swawth,) n. [Sax. swathe, a track, a border or fringe, aband ; D. zwaad; G. schiaden. | 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe in mowing or cradling. 2. The whole breadth or sweep of a scythe in mowing or cradling ; as, a wide swath. Farmers. 3. A band or fillet. They wrapped mein a hun- dred yards of swath. Guardian. SWAFHE, v.t. To bind with a band, bandage, or rollers ; as, to swathe a child. 2. To bind or wrap. To sweat. Their children are never ewathed or bound about with any thing when first born, Abbot. SWATHE, n. A bandage. SWAFH/ED, pp. Bound with a bandage or rollers. SWAFH/ING, ppr. ora. Binding or wrapping. SWAY, v. t. [D. zwaatjen, to turn, to wield, toswing, to sway. This word is probably formed on the root of weigh, wave, Sax. wag, weg, and swag, and proba- bly swing is written for swig, and is of the same fam- ily ; Ice. sweigia; Sw. sviga. } 1. To move or wave; to wield with the hand ; as, to sway the scepter. 9. T’o bias ; to cause to lean or incline to one side. Let not temporal advantages sway you from the line of duty. The king was swayed by his council from the course he intended to pursue, As bowls run true by being made On purpose false, and to be swayed, Hudibras. 3. To rule; to govern; to influence or direct by power and authority, or by moral force. This was the race To sway the world, and land and sea subdue. Dryden. She could not sway her house. Shak, Take heed lest passion sway Thy judgment to do aught which else tree will W ould not admit. Milton. Sway, v. i. To be drawn to one side by weight; to lean. A wall sways to the west. The balance [This sense seems to indicate that this word and swag are radically one. } 2. To have weight or influence. sipays on our part. Bacon, The example of sundry churches — doth sway much. Hooker, 3. To bear rule; to govern. Hadst thou swayed as kings should do. Shak. 4, In seamen’s language, to hoist, particularly ap- plied to the lower yards and to the topmast yards, &c. SWAY, n. To strike with huge two-handed sway, The swing or sweep of a weapon. Milton, 2. Any thing moving with bulk and power. Are not you moved when all the sroay of earth Shakes like a thing unfirm? 3. Preponderation ; turn or cast of balance, Shak. Expert When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway of batile. Milton. 4, Power exerted in governing; rule ; dominion; control. When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is 4 private station. Addison, 5. Influence; weight or authority that inclines to one side ; as, the sway of desires. All the world is subject to the szoay of fashion. 6. A switch used by thatchers to bind their work. SWEAT, (swet,) v. t. SWEAT’ER, n. SWEAT’I-LY, (swet/e-le,) adv. SWEATING, (swet/ing,) ppr. SWEAT/ING-BATH, x. Halliwell. SWE SWAY’ED, (swade,) pp. Wielded; inclined to one side ; ruled; governed; influenced; biased. SWAY/ING, ppr. Wielding; causing to Jean; bias- ing ; ruling. SWAYING, n. Swaying of the back, among beasts, is a kind of Jumbago, caused by a fall or by being over- loaded. : Yc. SWEAL, ». % [Sax. swelan, sometimes written SwacLe. In America, it is pronounced as written, sweal or sweel. } 1. To melt and run down, as the tallow of a can- dle ; to waste away without feeding the flame. 2. To blaze away. [See also Swate. SWEALI‘ING, ppr. Melting and wasting away. SWEAR, (sware,) v. i; pret. Swore, (formerly SwAreE;) pp. Sworn. ([Sax. swerian, swerigan; Goth. swaran; D. zweeren; G. schworen; Sw. svdria, to swear, and svara, to answer; Dan. sverger, to swear, and svarer, to answer. The latter seems to be from svarrer, to turn, Eng. veer. Swear seems to be allied to aver and the L. assevero, and to belong to the root Wr.) 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed. Ye shall not swear by my name falsely. — Lev. xix. But I say to you, Swear not at all. — Matt. v 2. To promise upon oath. Jacob said, Swear to me this day; and he store to him. — Gcn. XXV. 3. To give evidence on oath; as, to swear to the truth of a statement. He swore that the prisoner was not present at the riot. 4. To be profane; to practice profaneness. Cer- tain classes of men are accustomed to swear. For men to swear is sinful, disreputable, and odious; but for females or ladies to swear appears more abomina- ble and scandalous. SWEAR, v.t. To utter or affirm with a solemn ap- peal to God for the truth of the declaration ; as, to swear on oath. {This seems to have been the primitive use of swear; that is, to affirm.] 2. To put to an oath; to cause to take an oath; as, to swear Witnesses in court ; to swear a jury ; the Witness has been sworn; the Judges are sworn into office. 3. To declare or charge upon oath; as, to swear treason against a man, 4. ‘l’o obtest by an oath. Now, by Apollo, king, thou swear’st thy gods in vain. Shak. To swear the peace against one ; to make oath that one is under the actual fear of death or bodily harm from the person ; in which case the person must find sureties of the peace. SWEAR’/ER, n. One who swears; one who calls God to witness for the truth of his declaration. 2. A profane person, Then the liars and swearers are fools. Shak. SWEAR/ING, ppr. ora. Affirming upon oath; utter- ing a declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of it. 2. Putting upon oath ; causing to swear. SWEAR/ING, x. The act or practice of affirming on oath. Swearing in court is lawful. 2. Profaneness. All swearing not required by some law, or in contormity with law, is criminal. False swearing, or perjury, is a crime of a deep dye. SWEAT, (swet,) 7. [Sax. swat; D. zweet ; G. schweiss ; Dan. sveed; Sw. svett; L. sudor.] 1. The fluid or sensible moisture which is excreted from the skin of an animal. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread. — Gen. iii. 2. Labor; toil; drudgery. Milton. 3. Moisture evacuated from any substance ; as, the sweat of hay or grain in a mow orstack. SWEAT, (swet,) v. 1.; pret. and pp. Swear or SwEat- ED. Swor is obsolete. [Sax. swetan; Sw. svetta ; Dan. sveeder; D. zweeten; G. schwitzen; L. sudo ; Fr. suer.] 1. To excrete sensible moisture from the skin. Horses stocat; oxen sweat little or not at all. 9. To toil; to labor; to drudge. He’d have the poets sweat, Waller. 3. To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap. ‘lo emit or suffer to flow from the pores; to exude. For him the rich Arabia sweats her pums, Driilen. 9. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin. His physicians attempted to sweat him by the most powerful sudorifics. One that causes to sweat. So as to be moist with sweat. SWEAT’I-NESS, (swet/e-ness,) x. The state of being sweaty or moist with sweat. Excreting moisture from the skin; throwing out moisture ; exuding. 2, Causing to emit moisture from the skin. A sudatory ; a bath for pro- ducing sensible sweat; a hypocaust or stove, Cyc. SW E SWEAT’ING-HOUSE, zn. sons in sickness. SWEAT’ING-I-RON, (swet/ing-t-urn knife or a piece of ascythe, from horses. Ciic. SWEAT’ING-ROOM, n. A room for Sweating per- sons. 5 2. In rural economy, a room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. Cyc. SWEAT/ING-SICK’NESS, n. A febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its first appearance was in the army of the earl of Richmond, afterward Henry VII., on his landing at Milford Haven, in 1485. The invasion of the disease was sudden, and usually marked by a local affection producing the sensation of intense heat, afterward diffusing itself over the whole body, and immediately followed by profuse sweating, which continued through the whole course of the disease, or till death, which often happened in a few hours. Ce SWEAT’Y, (swet/e,) a. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty Skin 3 a sweaty garment. 2. Consisting of sweat. A house for sweating per- Cyc. ,)n. A kind of used to scrape off sweat No noisy whiffs or sweaty streams, Swift, 3. Laborious ; toilsome; as, the sweaty forge. Prvor. SWEDE, x. A native of Sweden. 2. A Swedish turnip. SWE-DEN-BOR/GI-AN, n. A follower of Emanuel Swedenborg, who claimed to have habitual inter- course with the world of spirits, and to have received divine instructions from on high. He denied the doctrine of the Trinity, and maintained that Jesus Christ alone is God. He taught the doctrine of co7- respondences, 1. e., that there is a spiritual meaning of the Scriptures lying back of the literal one, which constitutes the only true nieaning. Encyc. Am. SW E-DEN-BOR/GI-AN-ISM, n. The doctrines of the Swedenborgians. SWED/ISH, a. Pertaining to Sweden. SWED/ISH-TUR/NIP, x. The Brassica campestris or ruta baga, a hard sort of turnip, of two kinds, the white and the yellow. The latter is most valued. Cyc. SWEEP, wv. t.; pret. and pp. Swert. [Sax. swapan, sweopan. It seems to be allied to. swab, and may be formed on the root of wipe. G. schweifen.] I. To brush or rub over with a brush, broom, or besom, for removing loose dirt; to clean by brush- ing ; as, to sweep a chimney or a floor, When we say, tv sweep a room, We mean to sweep the floor of the room; and to sweep the house, is to sweep the floors of the house. 9. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion ; to carry with pomp. And like a peacock, sweep along his tail. 3. To drive or carry along or off by a long, brushing stroke or force, or by flowing on the earth. Thus the wind sweeps the snow from the tops of the hills; a river sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a flood sweeps away a bridge or a house. Hence, 4. To drive, destroy, or carry off many at astroke, or with celerity and violence ; as, a pestilence sweeps off multitudes in a few days. ‘The conflagra- tion swept away whole streets of houses. = Shak I have already swept the stakes, Drijden, 5. To rub over. Their Jong descending train, With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain, Dryden, 6. To strike with a long stroke. Wake into voice each silent string, And siveep the sounding lyre. Pope, 7. To draw or drag over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net, or with the bight of a rope, to hook an anchor. Mar. Dict, SWEEP, v. i. To pass with swiftness and violence, as something broad, or brushing the surface of any thing ; as, a sweeping rain; a sweeping flood. A fowl that flies near the surface of land or water, is said to sweep along near the surface. ? 2. To pass over or brush along with celerity and force ; as, the wind sweeps along the plain. 3. To pass with pomp; as, a person sweeps along with a trail. She stwoeeps it through the court with troops of Indies. 4. To move with a long reach; as, a swecping stroke. Dryden. SWEEP, x. The act of sweeping. 2. The compass of a stroke ; as, a long sweep. — 3. The compass of any turning body or motion; as, the stoeep of a door. : 4, The compass of any thing flowing or brushing ; as, the flood carried away every thing within its sweep. = 5. Violent atid general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease. bie raunt. 6. Direction of any motion not rectilinear; as, the sweep of a compass. : 7. The mold of a ship when she begins to compass in, at the rung heads ; also, uny part of a ship shaped Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K: Gas J; Sas Z; Oll as SH; FH as in THIS. = sae4 a re an ala ci A tae Die a Ress ane aeianiet siren r ete Tete De a a i SWE sweep, &c. j 8. Among refiners of metals, the almond-furnace. 9. Among seamen, a name given to large oars, used in small vessels, to impel them during a calm, or to increase their speed during a chase, &c. Totten. 10. The pole or piece of timber moved on a ful- crum or post, used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water; written by Bailey, Swire, and in Yorkshire, England, Sware. 11. A chimney sweeper. : Sweep of the tiller; a circular frame on which the tiller traverses in large ships. SWEEP/ER,n. One that sweeps. : : SWEEPING, ppr. ora. Brushing over; rubbing with a broom or besom; cleaning with a broom or besom ; brushing along; passing over ; dragging over. SWEEP/ING-LY, adv. By sweeping. : SWEEP/INGS, n. pl. Things collected by sweeping ; rubbish. ‘The sweepings of streets are often used as manure. © SWEEP/-NET, n. [sweep and net.] A large net for drawing over a large compass. SWEEP/STAKE, n. [sweep and stake.] A man that wins all; usually SWEEPSTAKES. Shak. SWEEP!‘STAKES, n. pl. The whole money or other things staked or won at a horse-race. SWEEP’-WASH-ER, nz. The person who extracts from the sweepings, potsherds, &c., of refineries of gold and silver, the small residuum of precious metal. Ure. SWEEP’Y, a. Passing with speed and violence over a great compass at once. The branches bend before their stceepy swny. 2. Strutting. 3. Wavy. SWEET, a. [Sax. swete; D. zoct; G,. siiss; Sw. sot; Dan. sdd; Sans. swad. Qu. L. suavis.]} 1, Agreeable or grateful to the taste ; as, sugar or honey is sweet. 2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; as, a szect rose ; sweet odor; sweet incense. Ex. XXvi. 3. Pleasing to the eur; soft; melodious; harmo- nious ; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet MUSIC ; a sweet Voice. 4. Pleasing to the eye ; beautiful ; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion ; a sweet form. Shak. 5, Fresh; not salt ; as, siocet water. Bacon. 6, Not sour; as, szoeet fruits ; swect oranges. 7. Mild; soft; gentle. Canst thou bind the sieet influences of Pleiades ?—— Job xxxviii. 8. Mild ; soft; kind; obliging; as, sweet manners. 9. Grateful; pleasing. Sweet interchange of hill and valley. Milton. 10. Making soft or excelient music; as, a sweet singer. 1]. Not stale; as, sweet butter; sweet, 12. Not turned ; not sour; as, stoect milk. 13. Not putrescent or putrid; as, the meat is sweet. SWEET, n. Something pleusing or grateful to the mind ; as, the sweets of domestic life. A little bitter mingled in our cup, leaves no relish of the sweet, ocke. 2. A sweet substance ; particularly, any vegetable juice which is added to wines to improve them. Encye. Dryden. Dryden. the bread is 3. A perfume. Prior. 4. A word of endearment. do. Sweets, pl.; home-made wines, mead, metheg- lin, &c. McCulloch. Also, cane juice, molasses, or other sweet vegetable substance. Edwards, West Indies. SWEET’ AP-PLE,n. [sweetand apple.} The Anona squamosa, or swWeet-sop, which see. Lee. SWEET’-BREAD, (bred,) ». [sweet and bread.| The pancreas of a calf; the pancreas of any animal. SWEET’-BRLER, n. [sweet and brier.] A shrubby plant of the genus Rosa, cultivated for its fragrant smell. SWEET’-BROOM, x. [sweet and broom.] A plant. Ainsworth. SWEET-CIC’E-LY, 7. A plant of the genus Scan- dix ; and another of the genus Osmorrhiza. SWEET-CIS’/TUS, n. An evergreen shrub, the Cis- tus. JVason. SWEET’—-CORN, zn. ye Myc. SYM-PHO'NL-OUS, a. Agreeing in sound; accordant ; [from symphony. ] harmonious. Sounda Symphonious of ten thousand harps. Milton. SYM/PHO-NIST, a. instrumental music. SYM/PHO-NY, (sim/fo-ne,) 7. symphonte j Gr. TVUUPWVLA 5 ovr, with, voice, } 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instru- mental, or both. A composer of symphonies or {L. symphonia; Fr. and Qovn, The trumpeta sound, symphony is heard around, And warlike Dryden. 9, A musical instrument mentioned by French Writers. 3, A musical composition for a full band of instru- ments ; formerly synonymous with OVERTURE. P, Cye. 4, Also, aterm applied to the instrumental intro- ductions, terminutions, &c., of vocal OO ° Cyc. SYM/PHY-SIS, 2. [Gr. cvupgduots; cur, ECan and duayy to grow. ] 1. he sign or repre sentation of any mora. thing other, or of feelings in consequence of what aaother | 1. In anatomy, the union of bones s by cartilage; a | by the images or properties of natural things. ‘Thus feels ; as, a sympathetic heart. cine SY M-PI-E-SOM/E- TER, n. SY M-PO/SI-A€, « symposiac meetings. Brown. Symposiac disputations, [Not much used.] Arbuthnot. SY M- PO -A€, n. A conference or conversation of eh iloso} he rs at a ite inquet. *litarch. SY M-PO! SIX REH, xn. ([Gr. cvprootwy and apxw-) SYM-PO/SI-UM, zx. SYMP/TOM, x. SYMP-TO-MAT SY MP-TO-MA-TOL/O-GY, 2. SY N-2 connection of bones without a movable joint. Core. Cyc. 2. In surgery, a coalescence of a natural passage ; also, the first intention of cure in a wound, Jone. | [Gr. cuUpnRletw, to com- press, and pezpuv.] S An instrument employed, like the barometer, for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere. A nie | umn of oil supplies the place of the mercurial col- | umn in the barometer, while hydrogen gas occupies | the place of the Torricellian vacuum. The instru- | ment, for certain purposes, is preferred to the barom- eter, being smaller and more portable, and not liable to derangement by the motions of a ship at sea. Olmsted. [Gr. cuprdckn.] In rrammar, the repetition of a word at the begin- ning and another at the end of succe ye clauses. [Gr. cupmoora, a drinking togeth- er; cu, together, and mi, to drink.] Pertair to compotations and merry-making; happening where company is drinking together ; as, >SS1¥ ng In ancient Gi ce, the master of a feas at [Supra.] A drinking together ; Warton. a merry feast. Twp 1 a fall- oT [F'r. symptome ; Gr. ov; ing, or accident, from cur, W ith, and 7 », to fall] | Properly, something that happens in concurrence |} W Ue another thing, as an attendant. Hence, in med- 1} any afiection which accompanies disease; a || antibite change in the body or its functions which indicates disease. The causes of disease often hie |) beyond our sight, but we learn the nature of them }| by the symptoms. Particular symptoms which more 1) aAifaemy company a morbid state of the body, and |} are characteristic of it, are called pathognomonic or || diagnostic symptonis. | 9. A sign or token; that which indicates the ex- }} istence of something else ; as, open murmurs of the || people are a symptom of disaffection to law or gov- 1] ernment 1] SYMP-TO-MAT’IE ) a. Pertaining to symptoms ; SY MP-1 ‘O-MA ae [€-AL, { happening in concurrence with something; indicating the existence of some- || thing else 2. In medicine, a symptomatic disease is one which proceeds fron: soine prior disorder in some part of. || the body. Thus a symptomatic fever may proceed from local injury posed to IproPpaTHIc. 3. According to symptoms ; classification of diseases, I€-AL-LY, By means of symp- nature of symptoms Wiseman. (Gr. cupTTe@pa and or local inflammation. It is op- ; Coxe. ~ © “> PPT "/? “al as, a symp te maticas ~HCUC. adv, toms: In the dNoyog, discourse. ] The doctrine of symptoms; that part of the science of medicine which treats of the symptoms of dis- @ases. Coxe. ER/E-SIS, (sin-er’e-sis,) n. [Gr. cuy and In srammar, a figure by which two vowe ‘Is that are ordinarily separated are drawn tare ther into one | llable ; the opposite of Draregsts. 1} SYN-A-GOG/I6-AL, a. [from synagogue.) Pertain- || ing to a synagofzue. Dict. || SYN/A-GOGUE, (sin/a-gog,) n. {Fr., from Gr. cuva- ywyn; ovv, together, and ay, to drive ; properly, an |} assembly. A 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the rites. The house appropriated to the religious worship of the Jews. 3. The court of the seventy elders called the Great SyNAGOGUE, OFS purpose of worship, or the performance of religious | | | among the | Jews, SANHEDRIM. | Cyc. j SYN-A-LE/PHA, n. [Gr. cuvadotgn.| In grammar, a conte rection of syllahles by suppress- ing some vowel or diphthung at the end of a wo rd, before another vowel or diphthong; as, WP ege, for |! ille eco. SYN-AL-LAG-MAT/I€, a. [Gr. and aAAaacw.] | An epithet applied, in thé civil law, to a contract WwW hich imposes reciprocal obligations upon the par- | ties Bouvier. SY NY AR-CHY, f Joint rule or sovereignty. Stackhouse. SYN-AR-THRO/SIS, x. [Gr our, with, and aptpow, | avy [Gr. ovva Xt, to articulate. | ne Union of bones without motion ; close union 5 as in sutures, symphysis, and the like, Coxe. SY-NANIS, n [Gnr, from cuvaya, tO congregate 5 cuv and ayo] A congregation ; also, a term formieny used for the Lord’s supper. Sazon Laws. | SYD N-€A RP/OUS a. [Gr. cvv and xapros, fruit. | tible of being affected by feelings like those of an- TONE, BI yLL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI/C LOUS. —€asK; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as eat TH as in THIS 7121 ee pati Or yes iene TE Ea ea Ts on eernagel ( SA »SYN SYN’CRE-TISM, n. In botany, having the carpels of a compound fruit completely united; as in the apple and pear. Lindley. SYN-€AT-E-GO-RE-MAT'I€, n. [Gr. cvy and xarn- yoonpa.| In logic, a word which can not be used as a term by itself; as an adverb or preposition. SYN-€HON-DRO'SIS, n. [Gr. cvy and xovdpos, car- tilage. The connection of bones by means of cartilage or pristle. Wiseman. SYN/CHRO-NAL, a. [Gr. cv, with, and xpovos, time. ] i : Happening at the same time; simultaneous. SYN/EHRO-NAL, z. [Supra.] That which happens at the same time with something else, or pertains to the same time. More. SYN-CHRON’I€-AL, a. [See Syncuronism.] Hap- oyle. pening at the same time’; simultaneous. SYN/CMIRO-NISM, n. [Gr. cuv, with, and xpovos, time.] ine 1. Concurrence of two or more events in time ; simultaneousness. Hale. 9, The tabular arrangement of history according to dates, cotemporary persons or things being brought together. Brande. SYN-GHRO-NI-ZA'/TION, n. The concurrence of events in respect to time. SYN’/E€HRO-NIZE, v. i. [Supra.] To agree in time; to be simultaneous. Robinson. SYN'GHRO-NOUS, a. Happening at the same time ; simultaneous, Arbuthnot. SYN’/€HRO-NOUS-LY, adv. time. SYN’€HY-SIS, n. [Gr. cvy and xvw.] Confusion ; derangement ; confusion of words in a sentence; derangement of humors in the eye. SYN-€LIUUNAL, a. [Gr.cvyx\ivw.] Inclined down- ward from opposite directions, so as to meet in a common point or line; opposed to ANTICLINAL. Synclinal valley ; a valley formed by such a dip. anda, SYN/€0-PATE, v. t. [See Syncore.] To contract, as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle. [Supra.] At the same 2. In music, to prolong a note begun on the unac- cented part of a bar, to the accented part of the next bar; or to connect the last note of a bar with the first of the following ; middle of a note of another part. SYN’€O0-PA-TED, pp. or a. Contracted by the loss of a letter from the middle of the word. 2. Inverted, as the measure in music, SYN/€0-PAa-TING, ppr. Contracting by the Joss of a letter in the middle of a word. SYN-€0-PA’/TION, n. The contraction of a word by taking a letter, letters, or a syllable from the mid- le. 9. In music, an interruption of the regular meas- ure ; an inversion of the order of notes; a prolong- ing of a note begun on the unaccented part of a bar, to th@ accented part of the next bar; also, a term used when a note of one part at the beginning of a measure or half measure ends in the middle of a note of another part, and is followed by two or more longer notes before another short note occurs, of equal length with the first note, to make the number even. Encyc. Brande. SY N/’/€0O-PE, Tr. [Gr. CVyKOTN, from OUYKOTTWM; OV and xom7w, to cut off.] 1. In music, the same as S¥yncopation; the di- vision of a note introduced when two or more notes of one part answer to a single note of another. 2. In grammar, an elision or retrencliment of one or more letters or a syllable from the middle of a word. 3. In medicine, a fainting or swooning; a diminu- tion or interruption of the motion of the heart, and of respiration, accompanied with a suspension of the action of the brain and a temporary loss of sensa- tion, volition, and other faculties. Cyc. SYN/€0O-PIST, 7. One who contracts words. SYN/’€O-PIZE, v. t. To contract by the omission of a Jetter or syllable, [Gr. ovyKonots. Attempted union of principles or parties irrecon- cilably at variance with each other. Murdock. He is plotting 2 carnal syncrefam, and attempting the reconcile- ment of Christ and Belial. Bazter. SYN’/CRE-TIST, x. An appellation given to George Calixtus and other Germans of the seventeenth cen- tury, who sought to mitigate the asperities of the Protestant sects toward each other and toward the Roman Catholics, and thus occasioned a long and violent controversy in the Lutheran church. Murdock. SYN-CRE-TIST/IE, a. Pertaining to the Syncre- tists. SYN-DA€/TYL, n. (Gr. ovy and daxrvdAvs.] Any perching bird which has the external and middle toes united as far as the second joint. Brande. SYN-DAE-TYL/IE, a. Having the characteris- SYN-DAG/TY.L-OUS, tics of the syndactyls. Partington. or to end a note of one part, in the | SYN SYN SYN-DES-MO'SIS, nz. [Gr. cvvdecuos.] The union of one bone with another by ligaments. Brande. SYN’DIE€, n. [bL. syndicus ; Gr. ouvvolkos; ouv, with, and dixn, justice.] An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries; also, one chosen to transact business for others; as in France, syndics are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to man- age the property. In Geneva, the syndic is the chief magistrate. Almost all the companies in Paris, the university, &c., have their syndics. The university of Cambridge has its syndics, who are chosen from the senate to transact special business, as the regu- lation of fees, forming of laws, &c. Cam. Calendar. SYN/DI6-ATE,z. A council, or body of syndics; a branch of government. Burnet. SYN/DI€-ATE, v. t. To judge, or to censure. SYN/DRO-ME,n. (Gr. cuvdpopn, arunning together. ] 1. Concurrence. Glanville. 9. In medicine, the concourse or combination of symptoms in a disease. Cyc SYN-E€/DO-€HE, x. [Gr. ovvexdoxn: cvv and EKAEXO- pat, to take.” In rhetoric, a figure or trope oy whicn tne whole of a thing is put fora part, or a part for the whole ; as the genus for the species, or the species for the genus, &c. Cyc. SYN-E€-DO€H'IE-AL, a. Expressed by synecdo- che ; implying a synecdoche. Boyle. SYN-E€-DOEH'IE-AL-LY, adv. synecdochical mode of speaking SYN-E/€HI-A, n. [Gr. cvvexo.] A disease of the eye, in which the iris adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens. According to the Pearson. Brande. SYN-E€-PHO-NE/SIS, n. [Gr. cvvexdayvnos.] 4 contraction of two syllables into one. Mason. SYN/E-PY, 7. [Gr. covezeia, union of sounds.) The interjunction of words in uttering the clauses of sentences. Smart. SYN-ER-GET'I€, a. (Gr. cvvepynrixos.] Cooperating. Dean Tucker. SYN/ER-GIST, n. [Gr. ovvepyafopat.] In the Lutheran church, one who held that divine grace required a correspondent action of the will to | Brande. Cooperating. Dean Tucker. [Gr. ovyv, with, and yevscis, make it effectual. SYN-ER-GIST’ILE, a. SYN-GE-NE/SIA, 2. generation, origin. | In botany, a class of plants whose stamens are united in a cylindrical form by the anthers. SYN-GE-NE/SIAN, )a. Pertaining to the class Syn- SYN-GE-NE!SIOUS, }_ genesia. SYN/GRAPH, n. (Gr. cvy and ypagn.] A writing signed by both parties to a contract or bond. SYN-I-ZE/SIS, n. [Gr.] An obliteration of the pupil of the eye; a closed pupil. frande. SYN-NEU-RO’SIS, n. [Gr. cuv and vevpoy, a nerve. | In anatomy, the connection of parts by means of ligaments, as in the movable joints. Coze. Parr. SYN/O-€HA, nx. [Gr.] A simple continuous phlogis- tic fever, not becoming atonic or asthenic in its SY N-OM/O-SY, n. opvupt, to Swear. ] Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly resembling a modern political club. SYN-ON/Y¥-MAL-LY Synony ft SYN-ON/Y-MAL-L ,adv. Synonymously. Spelman. SYN/‘O-NYM, x. [Gr. cvvwyupos; cuv, with, and ov- opia, name. ] A noun, or otber word, having the same significa- tion as another, is its synonym. Two words contain- ing the same idea are synonyms. He hias extricated the synonyms of former authors. Coxe’s Russ. SYN-ON/Y-MA, n. pl. Words having the same sig- nification. But Synonyms is a regular English word. SYN-ON’Y-MAL, a. Synonymous. [Wot in use.] SYN-ON/Y-MIST, n. One who collects and explains synonymous words. 2, Among botanists, a person who collects the dif- ferent names or synonyms of plants, and reduces them to one another. Ciuc. [Gr. cuvwpocta; cuv, with, and | SYN-ON’Y-MIZE, v. t. To express the same meaning in different words. Camden. SYN-ON/Y-MIZ-ED, pp. Expressed in different words SY N-ON/Y-MIZ-ING, ppr. Expressing the same thing in different words, SYN-ON/Y-MOUS, a. Expressing the same thing ; conveying the same idea. We rarely find two words precisely synonymous. Wave and billow are sometimes synonymous, but not always. When we speak of the large rolling swell of the sea, we may call it a wave or a billow ; but when we speak of the small swell of a pond, we may call it a wave, but we may not call it a dillow. SYN-ON/Y-MOUS-LY, adv. In a synonymous man- ner; in the same sense; With the same mneaning. Two words may be used synonymously in some cases, and not in others. SYN-ON’Y-MY, zn. The quality of expressing the same meaning by different words. In rhetoric, a figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse. SYN-OP’SIS, n. [Gr. cuvoyis; cvv, with, and ovis, view. | : A general view, or a collection of things or parts so arranged as to exhibit the whole or the principal parts in a general view. SYN-OP'TIE€, ja. Affording a SYN-OP’TI€-AL, § the whole, or parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table. Buckland. SYN-OP’/TI€-AL-LY, adv. In such a manner as to present a general view in a short compass. SYN-O/VI-A, x. In anatomy, the fluid secreted into the cavities of joints, for the purpose of lubricating them. Cyc. SYN-O/VI-AL, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to synovia ; secreting a lubricating fluid; as, the synovial mem- brane; synovial gland. Cyc. SYN-TA€’TIE, ja. [See Syntax.) Pertaining SYN-TA€'TIE-AL, | to syntax, or the construction of sentences. 2. According to the rules of syntax or constriction. » general view of of the principal course and progress. SYN/O-€HUS, n. ae commonly said to be phlogistic in its early stage, and atonic or asthenic in its progress. SYN/OD, n. (Gr. cvvodos, a convention ; cvy and odos, way. | 1. In church history, a council or meeting of eccle- siastics, to consult on matters of religion. Synods are of four kinds: 1. General, or ecumenical, which are composed of bishops from different nations. 2. National, in which the bishops of one nation only meet, to determine points of doctrine or discipline. 9. Provincial, in which the bishops of one province only meet. This is calleda Convocation. 4. Dio- cesan, Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of sev- eral adjoining presbyteries. The mernbers are the ministers and a ruling elder from each parish. 2. A meeting, convention, or council; as, a synod of gods. 3. In astronomy, a conjunction of two or more planets or stars in the same optical place of the heavens. [Vot used.] Encyc. SYN/OD-AL, n. Anciently, a pecuniary rent paid to the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter visitation, by every parish priest; a procuration. Encie. Synodale are due of common right to the bishop only. Gibson, 9. Constitutions made in provincial or diocesan synods are sometimes called synodals, Encye. SYN/OD-AL, a. Pertaining to or occasioned by a synod. Fuller. SYN-OD/‘I€, ~—)a. SYN-OD/I€-AL, ceedings or forms; a synodical epistle. Stillingfleet. 2, Pertaining to the period in which two heavenly bodies pass from one conjunction to another; as, a synodical month. [See Montn.] Olmsted. SY N-OD/'I€-AL-LY, adv. od. Sanderson. A simple continuous fever, | Pertaining to a synod ; transact- ed in a synod ; as, synodical pro- By the authority of a syn- Encyc. SYN-TA€’TIE-AL-LY, adv. In conformity to syn- tax. SYN/TAX, dn. [L. syntazis; Gr. ovvratis; cvv, SYN-TAX/IS,{ together, and racow, to put.] 1. In grammar, the construction of sentences ; the due arrangement of words in sentences, according to established usage. Syntax includes concord and regimen, ot the agreement and government of words. Words, in every language, have certain connections and relations, as verbs and adjectives with nouns, which relations must be observed in the formation of sentences. A gross violation of the rules of syntax Is a solecism. 9, Connected system or order; union of things. [Vot in ws. Glanviile. SYN-TE-RB/SIS, n. [Gr. cvv and rnpev.] Remorse of conscience. Bp. Ward. SYN-TE-RET’I€, a. Preserving health. SYN-TET’I€, a. Wasting with consumption. SYN-TEX/IS, n. [Gr.] A deep consumption. SYN’THE-SIS, n. [Gr. ovvGeots ; cvv, and rent, to put or set. ] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compound medicines. Cye. 2. In logic, composition, or that process of reason- ing in which we advance by a regular chain from principles before established or assumed, and propo- sitions already proved, till we arrive at the conclu- sion. Synthesis is the opposite of analysts or resolu- tion. Encyc. 3. In surgery, the operation by which divided parts are reunited. Cyc. 4. In chemistry, the uniting of elements into a compound ; the opposite of analysis, Which is the separation of a compound into its constituent parts That water is composed of oxygen and ‘hydrogen, is proved both by analysis and synthests. SYN-THET’I€, ) a. Pertaining to synthesis; con- SYN-THET’I€-AL, sisting in synthesis or compo- sition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, aS Op- posed to the analytical. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY. — PINE, MARYNE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Lacs 1122TAB SYN-THET’I€-AL-LY, adv. position. SYN/’THE-TIZE, 7. t To unite in regular structure. Not much used, | SYN 'TO-MY, n [Gr. cuvropta.] srevily ; conciseness. SYN-TON'IE€, a. [Gr. cvv, with, and rovos, tone.] ____In music, sharp ; intense. OUSSEAU, SYPH/I-LIS, (siffe-lis,) n. [A term coined by Fracas- torius, and introduced into nosology by Sauvages. Its etymology is uno w A disease character- ized by ulcers of a peculiar character on the genitals, succeeded by inguinal buboes. So far, the disease is local. The indications of a constitutional affec- tion are ulcers In the throat, copper-colored eruptions on the skin, pains in the bones, nodes, &c. This malady is exclusively contagious. SYPH-I-LIT/I€, a. Pertaining to syphilis. SY'PHON, 2. [Gr. cidwv.] Atube or pipe. More correctly SirHon, which see. A By synthesis; by com- SY’REN. See Siren. SYR/‘I-A€, nx. The language of Syria, especially the ancient language of that country. SYR'I-AG, a. [from Syria.] Pertaining to Syria, or its language ; as, the Syriac version of the Penta- tench ; Syriac Bible. SYR I-A-CISM, n A Syrian idiom. Milton. SYR/I-AN, a. Pertaining to Syria. SYR’I-AN-ISM, n. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity in the Syrian language. Paley. SYR TI-ASM, n The same as SypnianisM. i Warburton. Stuart. ~ d Y-RIN’GA, nm. [Gr. cuptyt, cuptyyos, a pipe. | A genus of plants, the lilac. SYR/INGE, (sir/inj,) . [Supra.] An instrument for injecting liquids into animal bodies, into wounds, é&c.; or an Instrument in the form of a pump, serv- ing to draw in any fluid, and then to expel it with force. SYR/INGE, v. t. To inject by means of a pipe or syringe ; to wash and cleanse by injections from a syringe. IS the twentieth letter of the English alphabet, and a close consonant. It represents a close joining of the end of the tongue to the root of the upper teeth, as mnay be perceived by the syllable at, ct, ot, ut, in attempting to pronounce which, the voice is com- pletely intercepted. It is therefore numbered among the mutes, or close articulations, and it differs from d chiefly in its closeness; for in pronouncing ad, ed, We perceive the voice is not so suddenly and entirely intercepted, as in pronouncing at and et. 7’, by itself, has one sound only, as In take, turn, bat, bolt, smite, bitter. So we are accustomed to speak ; but in real- ity, ¢ can be hardly said to have any sound at all. Its use, like that of all mute articulations, is to modify the manner of uttering the vocal sound which pre- cedes or follows it, When ¢ is followed by h, as in think and that, the combination really forms a distinct sound, for which we have no single character, This combination has two sounds in English; aspirated, as in think, and vocal, as in that. The letters ti, before a vowel, and unaccented, usually pass into the sound of sh, as in nation, motion, partial, substantiate; which are pronounced nashon, moshon, parshal, substanshate. In this case, t loses entirely its proper sound or use, and being blended with the subsequent letter, a new sound results froin the combination, which is in fact a simple sound. In a few words, the combination t# has the sound of the English ch, as in Christian, mixtion, question. T is convertible with d. Thus the Germans write tar, Where we write day, and gut, for good. It also convertible with s and z, for the Germans write wasser, for water, and zahm, for tame. T., as an abbreviation, stands for theolomia; as, S. T. D., sanct# theologie doctor, doctor of divinity. In ancient monuments and writings, ‘T. is an abbrevia- ture, which stands for Titus, Tittus, or Tullius. is As a numeral, T, among the Latins, stood for 160, | and with a dash over the top, T, for 160,000. Eneye. | In music, T is the initial of tenor, vocal and in- | strumental; of tacet, for silence, as adagio tacet, | when a person is to rest during the whole movement. | In concertos and symphonies, it is the initial of tutti, the whole band, after a solo for tr. or trillo, a shake. TAB, n. The latchet of a shoe fastened with a string Forby. | or otherwise. [Local. 9, The end of a lace; a tag. 3. Acup. | Lava: | Forby. It sometimes stands | RAB SYR/ING-ED, pp. Injected by means of a pipe syringe. SY-RLN’/GO-DEN/DRON, z. tube, and devdoor, tree.]} _ A fossil plant; applied to many species of sigilla- ria, from the parallel, pipe-shaped flutings that ex- tend from the top to the bottom of their trunks. Buckland. a pipe, and or [Gr. cvpcyt, a pipe or SYR-IN-GOT/O-MY, n. Tépva), to cut. } Phe operation of cutting for the fistula. Cyc. SYR/MA, (sur’ma,) n. [Gr.] A long dress, reaching to the floor, worn by tragic actors. SYRT, (surt,) rn. [L. syrtis.] A quicksand; a bog. ‘Oun gs. [ Vot English.) [ Milton. junction of bones | srande. [Gr. cuptyé 7s? YR/TIS, n. [L.] A quicksand. YR/UP. See Srrvup. YS-SAR-€0/SIS, n. [Gr.] by intervening muscles. SYS/TA-SIS, n. Gr. cuoracis.] The consistence of a thing; constitution. [Little used. | Burke. SYS/TEM,n. [Fr. systéme; L. systema; Gr. cvetypa j cuy and (orn, to set. 1. An assemblage of things adjusted into a regular whole; or a whole plan or scheme consisting of many parts connected in such a manner as to create a chain of mutual dependencies ; or a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing. Thus we say, a system of logic, a system of philosophy, a system of government, a system of principles, the solar system, the Copernican system, a system of di- vinity, a system of law, a system of morality, a sys- tem of husbandry, a system of botany or of chemistry. 2. Regular method or order, 3. In music, an interval compounded, or supposed to be compounded, of several lesser intervals, as the fifth, octave, é&c., the elements of which are called diastems. Busby. S-TEM-AT’I€, ja. Pertaining to system ; con- S-TEM-AT’I€-AL, § sisting in system; method- cal; formed with regular connection and adaptation DMN The SY SY K. TAB/ARD, n. [W. tabar, from t@), a spread or sur- face ; It. tabarra.|} A sort of tunic or mantle formerly worn, covering the body before and behind, and reaching below the loins, but open at the sides, from the shoulders down- ward; a herald’s coat. Brande. TAB'ARD-ER, xn. One who wears a tabard. TAB‘A-RET, x. A stout, satin-striped silk, used for furniture. TAB-A-SHEER/,n. A Persian word signifying a con- cretion found in the joints of the bambuo, which has been found to be pure silex. It is highly valued in the East Indies as a medicine, for the cure of bilious vomitings, bloody flux, piles, &c. Eneyc. Thomson. TAB’BI-ED, (tab/bid,) pp. or a. Watered; made Wavy. TAB/BI-NET, n. A more delicate kind of tabby. TAB/BY, a. [See the noun. Brinded ; brindled ; diversified in color; as, a taboy cat. Addison. TAB/BY,n. [Fr. tabis; It. Sp. and Port. tabi; Dan. tabin; D. tabbyn; G. tobin; Arm. taftas, taffeta. Qu. Fr, taveler, to spot.] 1. A kind of waved silk, usually watered, It is manufactured like taffeta, but is thicker and stronger. The watering is given to it by the calen- der. Cyc. 9, A mixture of lime with shells, gravel, or stones in equal proportions, with an equal proportion of water, forming a mass, which, when dry, becomes as hard as rock. This is used in Morocco instead of bricks for the walls of buildings. It was used for- merly in Georgia, U.S. Spalding. AB/BY, v. t. To water or cause to look wavy; as, to tabby silk, mohair, ribbon, &c. This is done by a calender without water. Cye. AB/BY-ING, n. The passing of stuffs under a cal- ender to give thein a@ Wavy appearance, AB-b-FA€/TION, n. [lL tabeo, to waste, and facio, to make, See Tasrry.] A wasting away ; a gradual losing of flesh by dis- — 4 ense. AB/B-FY, v.i. {Heb. and Ch. N71, to pine; or Ar. ~ mn «3 tabba, to be weakened, to perish. Class Db. it consume ; to waste gradually; to lose flesh. Little eel Harvey. TA-BELL'ION, (-bel/yun,) nm A secretary or notary under the Roman empire, or in France during the old monarchy. Brande. | SYS’/TEM-MON’/GER, (-mung’ger,) 2. TAB or subordination of parts to each other, and to the | design of the whole ; as, a systematic arrangement of plants or animals ; a systematic course of study. 2. Proceeding according to system or regular meth- od ; as, a systematic writer. SYS-TEM-AT’I€-AL-LY, adv. tem ; methodically. SYS’/TEM-A-TIST, x. reduces to system. SYS’TEM-A-TIZE, ) v.t. [Systemize would be pref- SYS’TEM-iZE, erable, as it is the more simple form.] ‘To reduce to systein or regular method ; as, to sysltemize plants or fossils. In the form of a sys- Boyle. One who forms a system, or SYS/TEM-A-TIZ-ED, ) pp. Reduced to system or SYS/TEM-IZ-ED, method. SYS’/TEM-A-TIZ-ER, } x. One who reduces things SYsS/TEM-IZ-ER, to system, SYS’/TEM-A-TIZ-ING, } ppr. Reducing to system or SYS/TEM-IZ-ING, § due method. SYS-TEM-I-Za/TION,x. {from systemize.] Theact or operation of systemizing ; the reduction of things to system or regular method. SYS’/TEM-MAK-ER, x. One who forms a system. One given to the forming of systems. Chesterfield. SYS’TO-LE, x. ie r. ouoroAn, from oavareAAw, to contract ; cvy and ors\Aqa, to send.] 1. In grammar, the shortening of a Jong syllable. 2. In anatomy, the contraction of the heart and arteries, for expelling the blood, and carrying on the circulation. [See Drastove.] SYS-TOLI/I€, a. Pertaining to systole or contraction. SYS'/TYLE,n. [Gr. cvv, with ortogether, and orvAvs, a column.] In architecture, the manner of placing columns, where the space between the two shatts consists of two diameters or four modules. Guwiult. SYEFHE, n. See ScytHe. SYZ/Y-GY,n. (Gr. cugvytas ocvv and (vyow, to icin] A common name for the period both of new an full moon, when the sun, the moon, and the earth, are in one line lmsted. TAB/ERD. See Tasarp TAB/ER-NA-€LE, n. [L. tabernaculum, a tent, from taberna, a shop or shed, from tabula, a board; or rather from its root. See Tasve.] 1. Atent. um. xxiv. Matt. xvii. 2. A temporary habitation. f Milton. 3. Among the Jews, a movable building, so con- trived as to be taken to pieces with ease and recon- structed, for the convenience of being carriedduring the wanderings of the [sraelites in the wilderness. It was of a rectangular figure, thirty cubits long, ten broad, and ten high. The interior was divided into two rooms by a vail or curtain, and it was covered with four different spreads or carpets. Cruden. It is also applied to the temple, Ps. xv. A place of worship; a sacred place. Addison. 5. Our natural body. 2 Cor.v. 2 Pet. i. 6. God’s gracious presen or the tokens of it. Rev. XXi. 7. An ornamented erection or representation of an edifice placed on Roman Catholic altars as a recepta- ce ey cle of the consecrated vessels. Guilt. Gloss. of Archit. TAB/ER-NA-€LE, v. % To dwell; to reside for a time; to be housed; as we say, Christ tabernacled in the flesh. TAB-PR-NAG/U-LAR, a. Latticed. Warton. TA/BES, xn. [L.] A dysthetic or cachectic disease, characterized by a gradually progressive emaciation of the whole body, accompanied with languor, de- pressed spirits, and, for the most part, imperfect or obscure hectic, without any topical affection of any of the viscera of the head, chest, or belly. Tabes and consumption are different diseases. TA-BET’LE, a. Tabid; affected with tabes. TAB/ID, a. ([Fr. tabide; LL. tabidus, from tabeo, ta waste. ] Wasted by disease In tabid persons, milk is the best restorative, Arbulhnot. TAB/ID-NESS, n. State of being wasted by disease TAB/LTUDE, n. [I.. taditudo.] The state of one af- fected with tabes, ae TAB'LA-TURB, n. [from tadle.] Painting on walls and ceilings; a single piece comp Sa ig in one riew, ¢ fo according to one design. oe eee Johnson. Lord Shaftesbury. 2, In music, the expression of sounds or notes of composition by letters of the alphabet or ciphers, or other characters not used in modern music Ina atricter sense, the manner of writing a piece for the TONE BOLL. UNITE.— ANGER, VI'CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; -, $ as Z; CH as Stl; FH as in THIS. {L_____ - oe cee enet es oe ee ad TAB TAB TAC jute, theorbo, guitar, base v iol, or the like ; which is done by writing on several parallel lines (each of which represents a string of the instrument) cert: 1in letters of the alphabet, referring to the frets on the neck of the instrument, each letter directing how some note is to be sounded. Cijc. 3. In anatomy, a division or parting of the skull into two tables. . TACB EE en. (ir; tabla; VV. tavell, spreid tab, tav, tavlit, to throw, to proje ct; spread ; Sax. tefl, a die, : board, a table, whence in ‘ships, tafe rel; G. tafel, a board or table ; Russ. id.; Fr. tableau, ture. ] i 1. A flat surface has a flat surface; as, a & sble of marble. 9. An article of furniture, consi tabula; Yt. tavola a flat mass, a tablet, a slice, a a spread, an extended surface : tavu, to spread or over- a table-man; D. tafel, a and Sw. a pic- from L. of some extent, or a thing that sting usually of a frame with a surface of boards or of marble, sup- sd by , and used for a et reat variety of pur- as for holding dishes of meat, for writing on, legs Ports poses Sy t ccc, Pope. The nymph the fable spread. Fare or entertainment of provisions; as, he keeps a wood table, The persons sitting at table or partaking of entertainment. I drink to the general joy of the whole table. Shak, 5. A tablet ten or traced. on two tadles of stone. ; a surface on which any thing js writ- The ten commandments were written Exod. XXxii. c : + }. o ra . of stone, but on fleshly dables of the heart. » — not on tables y ; 2 Writte: _ ul. 6. A picture, or something that exhibits a view of any thing on a flat surface. Saint Anthony has a fable that hangs up to him from a poor | T 1 | | TA’BLE-BEDR, x. peasant, Addison. Among Christians, the table, or Lord’s table, is the sacrament, or holy communion of the Lord’s | supper 8. The altar of burnt-offering. Mal. 1. 9. In architecture, a smooth, nament of various forms, most usually Jong square. 10. In perspective, a plain surface, supposed transparent and perpendicul: called also PerspEcTIVE PLANE. Cyc in that of a 11. In anatomy, a division of the cranium or skull The cranium is coniposed of two tables or lamin with a cellular structure between them, called the meditullium or diplde. Cyc. Wistar. 12, In the glass manufacture, a circular sheet of fin- ished glass, usually about four feet in diameter, each weishing from ten to eleven pdunds. Twelve of these are called a side or crate of glass. 13. In literature, an index; a collection of heads or principal matters. contained in a book, with ref: erence to the pages where each may be found; as, a table of contents. Watts. 14.-A synopsis; many particulars brought into one view. B. Jonson. The palm of the hand. Mistress of a fairer table Hath not bistory nor fable. B. Jonson. . Draughts; small pieces of wood shifted on s niet We are in the world like men playing at (ables. Tayle numbers tio ns; as, 17. In mathematics, tables are systems of calculited to be ready for expediting ope ra a table of logarithms ; a multiplication table. 18. Astronomical tables, are GoMpuiptions of the motions, places, and other phenomena of the plan- ets, both primary and secondary. Cye. 19. In chemistry, a list or catalogue of substances ~3 or their properties ; as, a LagLe of known acids; a table of acidifiable bases ; a table of binary c om na- tions; a table of specific gravities. Lavoisier. 20. In. general, any series of numbers formed on mathematical or other correct principles. 21, A division of the ten commandments ; as, the first and second tables. The first table comprehends our nore immediate duties to God; the second table our more immediate duties to each other. 22. Among jewelers, a table diamond or other pre- cious stone, 1s one Ww hose upper surface is quite flat, and the sides only cut in angles. Cyc. 93. A list or catalogue ; as, a fable of stars. : Raised table; in sculpture, an embossment in a frontispiece for an inscription or other ornainent, supposed to be the abacus of Vitruvius. Cyc. Round table. Knights of the round table are a military order, instituted by Arthur, the first king of the Britons, A. D. 516. [Se e Rounp Tasve.] Twelve tables ; the laws of the Romans, probably, because engraved on so many table 8. To turn the tables ; to change the condition or for- tune of contending parties; a metaphorical pADnes: sion taken from the vicissitudes of fortune in gaming Dryden. To serve tables ; to provide for the poor; or to dis- so called, | simple member or or- | ur to the horizon. It is | TA’BLE, v. TA'BLE, v. t. TA‘BI TA/BLE-€LOTH, n I TA-BOO!, v. t. ‘To forbid, TA'BOR, n TA'BOR-ER, a. TAB/O-RET, n. TA'BOR-ITE, 7. TAB tribute provisions for their wants. Acts vi. [See TABLES. | : i. To board; to dict or live at the table Nebuchadnezzar tabled with the beasts. South. To form into a table or catalogue; as, fines. In England, the chirographer tables the fines of every county, and fixes a copy in some open place of the court. Cyc. 2. To board; to supply with food. To let one piece of timber into anoth of another. to table r by alter- nate scores or projections from the middle. 4. In the Presbyterian church, to enter upon the docket; as, to table charges against some one. TABLE “AU. (tab/1o,) Ns { Ir] A picture ; a riking and vivid representation. TABILEAUX VIVANTS, (tab'l6 vé’ving,) [Fr Living pictures ; an amusement in which groups of persons, in proper dresses, in a darkened room, rep- resent some interesting scene, usually one described by authors, A and bed.] A bed in the form [table of a table. table and Beer for the tabl ou or for common use; sinall beer. SELL, x. A small bell to be used at table for ¢ suits servants, i/BLE eee n. [table and book.) A book on cori h any thing is traced or written without ink ; tablets: Put into your tble-book bee r. | yu judge worthy. D: cloth.) A cloth for reading on a table whatever y ~yden. [table and particularly tor sp covering a table, before the dishes are set for yeas TA'BLE DHOTE, (tibl-do [¥r.] A common table for guests at a French raat an ordinary. TA BLED, pp. Formed into a table. oe i{/BLE-LAND, x. Elevated flat land. a‘BLE-MAN, x. [table and man.] A man at dr: 1ughts ; a piece of wood. Bacon. TA’ BLE R, n One who boards. Ainsworth. TA'BLES, (ta’blz,) n. pl. An old game resembling back oO Fh mn. Giffor 1, TA'BLE-SPAR, n. The same as TasuLar Spar, which see, TAB/LET, n. A small table or flat surface. 2. Something flat on which to write, paint, draw, or engrave The pillared marble and the tablet brass. Prior. 3. A medicine in a square form. yf arse- nic were formerly worn as a pre ist the plague Bacon. 4, A solid kind of electuary or confection, made of dry ingredients, usually witb ivar, and formed nto little flat squares; called also LozEeNGe noting prohibiti n or religious int great force among the inhabitants. : or to forbid the use of: to interdict approach or use; as, to taboo the ground set apart as a sanctuary for criminals. TJabooed ground is held sacred and inviolable. [W. tabwrz; It. uw; Old Fr. tabour. This, in some languages, is written tambour and tim- tabe brel. The atabal of the Spaniards is probably of the same family. It is probably named from striking, beating ; Eng. tap, Gr. ruz7w, Syr. \2) + tabal, Ar. ~~ “~=—- Er »5 tabaa. Class Db, No. 28. ] A small drum used as an accompaniment to a pipe or fift Cyc. TA BOR, v.t To strike lightly and frequently. Her maids shill lead her as with the voice of doves, taboring upon th Pe - — Nahum ui. 2. To play on a tabor or ; ttle drum. One who beats the tabor. Shak. [from tabor.] A small tabor. Spectator. rAB/O-RINE, )} ( (hr. tabowrin. : TABIO-RIN, - § n. [Fr. tabourin; from tabor.] A tabor ; a small, shallow drum. Shak. A name given to certain Bohemian reformers who suffered persecution in the 15th cen- tury, named from Zabor, a hill or fortress where they encamped during a part of their struggles. Brande. ‘OU-RET, n. [Fr.] A convex seat without arms or back, made of gilt wood, cushioned and’ stuffed, covered with silk cloth, and ornamented with silk lace, fringe, tassels, &c. ] [ and TROCHE. Ciuc. TA'BLE-TALK, (tawk 1. [table and talk.] Con- versation at le or at meals. ? TA/BLING, Boarding; forming into a table; letting on er Into an r by scores TA'BLING,n. yy wT c s . 5 * Ue c { s 3 pees ak rae ne ower corner of a studding-sail to | TACT ‘U-AL, a. Pertuining to touch; consisting in one, tw o, and t Aree 5 tsilen e There eles | Brnhe nartot aseailitomohicl Lec ay as Oa vA] de erived from touch. Chalmers. 8. In heraldry, the tail of at Cyee 1 ia e J f a si vhich the tack is usually | TA-DOR/NA, n. [Sp. tadorno.] fs eee Lj cued ; the foremost lower corner of the courses. ff ee sheldy ea 1LOTNO. rc Serie the part of a note running upward or || ; YPOLE Say fade WACO stoencoye = : ra 4, The course of a ship in regard to the position of With Tania: ee le, toad, with pola, coinciding 10, The extremity or last end ; as, the tail of a storm. a her sails; as, the starboard tack, or larboard tuck ; the A team in ats) first state trom erscawn: Tail of a comet ; a luminous train extending from | a3 former when she is close-hauled with the wind on vige le pita rome ERS Pavey ia pOn =| | akne mUG}E us or body often to a great distance, and eo her starboard, the latter when close-hauled with | Ty DIU. n. {L.] Tedium, which see pele in adine ckion | Oppasite tO, e sir: Olmsted. i) the wind on her larboard. Mar. Dict. 7 l oe sean gl tetas Dare Seat? ee tail is to run away ; to flee. mn To hold tack; to Jast or hold out. racers T Ee ee of Mle’; a mental disorder. Tail of a lock, on a canal, the lower end, or en- ie ay aiiae - USSETs AL Sli (tale, )nu. In China, 1 denomination of money e 3 ic Tack of a flag; a \ine spliced into the eve at the worth nearly seven shilling > tte Li¢ no mie ik y mal ance into the lOWer pond. mm b ttom of the tabling, for securing the flax to the lar and a half also: ee Tet pe Pe Bp OUE a dol- PAI j Me (Fr. tailler, Sp. tallar, It. tagliare, Port, tal- at y oD Wiards. ; ae ; also, a weight of one ounce and al har, Ir. tallam, to cut off ; W. toli, to curtail, to sepa ft I ACK, v.t. To change the course of a ship by shift- ] TA EN, (tane.) Thep pocti ical Ae I ne cate re oe ae Bu Ea taiol, a sending or throwing, a } Ing the tacks and pt Sitio D of the sails from one side | TAF/EL SPATH, x [G. Tabul - spa = hi Roe TH SEO Set Buon Ceoe Unt Me to the other Mar. Dict. TAF/FER-EL. ) ? abuWiar spar, WIC see. Phis is from the same root as deal. Class Di, i Wo. 15. ; TACK, 7. In rural pec araa a shelf on which cheese |} TAFF/RAIL ? ( n ID. tafercel, from tafel, ible. ] | ee Deat.] ae oe ‘ r is dried. [ Local. The upp 7 par afecaahihtaiste OP CANETIE _In law, ain estate in tail is a limited fee ; an estate | __ Tack of land ; the term of a lease. (Local a table on the top, and as et mie vanichals Hab UKE limited to certain heirs, and from which the other TACK’ER, n. One who tacks or makes an aa lition. carved work F os mee OE ue ew. eh heirs are precluded. Estates tail are general or spée= TACK'ET, n. A small nail, iced: TAF/FE-T x Be arin cta (athe. sees Dict. Cyc. | cial; general, where lands and tenements are given |} TACK/ING, ppr. Changing a ship’s course. TAP E-TY, ' ; It. taPatin : D1 melts y Pa ets to one, and to the heirs of his body begotten ; special, | 5 TACK/ING, n. In law, a union of securities given at A fine sinooth stuff of sillc, hi cep Ee [eras he a the gift is restrained to certain heirs of the || : st ee times, all of which must be redeemed be- markable wavy. luster impart i an a > "4 a | oe = es 25 to his heirs by a particular woman || 2 ore a . foe ray i tad s X ee : f 4 Cry MpParecd 4 essure at amed. NTAIL. | lackstone. i | cn fs intermediate purchaser can inte pee as Eee EPPA Dai of an acidulous fluid, to| T AIL, ¢ ote To pull: by the tail. ae \| ny TACK’ LE, “}.)n. [D. takel, a pulley and tack! | Dds che Cn alled wa Ae sie To tail in; in architecture, to fasten by one of the 1 f | REG HBAS tian: Swe Foal he AR rae area mncyc. of Dom. E an |. ends into a wall, asa tines Brande. 1 | Iss Nini fakeel tables Wi. tachi. to/uut inorder. tod ress | : eae sia ariety of rum, so called by the he AIL'AGE, i a £ | deck, set right; taclau, tack tin ¥; accouter . jit | Tr AG ie Ss ; ick : AL'LI-AGE, } “ Bieler One : + fot; tactau, i ims f out ments : r tage nint ¢ rla > 2 | , taryl, a tool. This seems to belong to the family of | ta a La pa Ee SA ak i ) me | Fe Sh ne ao ae Ne Cae | tack. G Serr The sear a Las . . - eee aA aR AREALA > oe PLOV | : lackstone. es sf ae i ae me uy sense is, to put on, or | aust ey ca Ceo first SURO Ee L. S; | TAIL'ED, a Havine a tail. Grew. ; L Dae Gee tec Cake ete i Core OF) Ob ee De ee Les ont oe a Data ne pl. { from tail.| The lighter parts of | | ete hives a a J . Es ‘ Lil, cli Oo i lead, Prain 10 » Oo ) > { ig consisting of a rope and bloc Pau d a| t at which is shot out, or that which is thick, The Us ae wn to one end of the he ap in winnt a < | Be Ee stint ci action ; eS Mar, Dict. | latter ge tke would show its alliance to the W. tagu, | TAILLE, (tale,) xn. The fee which is epposite to fee- | She to her tackle fell. Hudibras l. retallic point put to the end of a string Sa nie ause itis so minced or pared that itis pot |) Benes Hu ; Ae eee fou ua d D ane a in his fre power to be disposed of who owns it; || 3. An arrow Cincer oe ething méan and paltry ; the rabble [Vul-| butit is, by the first giver, cut or divided from all 4, Che rigging and apparatus of a ship. _ gare) pict ta ath ata ; 3 : | __ other, and tied to the issue of the donee. — Cowell. _Tackle-falt ; the rope, or rather the end of the rope OaE eee vil aie a Shak, PALL/LESS, a. Having no tail. Lawrence. of is pulley, which falls and by which it is pulle d. Before the tag 1 ie Saar Shak TAI (Fr, tailleur ; from tailler, to cut, It. ta- 1 round-tackle ; anchors, cables, &c. ; : 7 at sliare, Tr. 1 || Gun-tackle ; the instruments for hi wuling cannon in | 3, A young sheep of the first year. [1 an. 7 One whose occupation is to cut out and make | or out. ¢ i iatine ae Art ie men’s rments, 1 Tack-tackle ; a small tackle to pull down the tack ; AG, T E si e a WY ith a po as, to tag lace TAI/LOR, v. 1, To practice making men’s clothes. of the prine ip il ‘sails. Mar. Dict yy o fit one thing to another; to app nd to. ; Green. } MACK'LE, tak’ ) v. t. To harness: as, to tackle a ERAT i ith _ His « urteous host = TAI/LOR-ESS, n. A female who makes garments for | horse fate ’ “sl , coach, or wagon, [4 legiti a ee ee ee Beard Dre mon. || mate and common use eee snordin America. | Be I o join or fasten, — Sroift. TAI/LOR-ING, n. ‘The business of a tailor. || D, To seize; to lay hold of as, a eeatar enak lan T'o tax after one; to follow closely, as it were an MAILL/-PLECH, 7.- A piece at the end, as of a series his antagonist ; a dog tackles the game. ‘This is a __ appendage. : : of engravings. | common popular use of the word in New England, | Mee A play in which the person gains who tags, 2. In a vu nee = aad of ebony attached to the end | th ugh not ele avi But it retains the primitive that is, t uche S another, J his was a common spt rt of the instrument, to which the strings are fastened. | idea, to put on, to fall or throw on. [See Arrack.] among boys in Connecticut forme 5 and it may be Cye. | 3. ‘To supply with tackle. Beaum. & Fl. still. rhe word is Inserted here for the sake of the | TAT] CE. n. The stream of water which runs | TACK'LED. (ti ik/Id,) pp. or a. Harnessed : seized. evi lence it affords of the affinity of languages, and from ‘ike mill after it has been applied to produce the | 9. a ide of ropes ti acked together. , of the original orthography of the L. tango, to touch, motion of the wheel. | airmail | “i hich was tago. This vulgar tag Is the same word ;| TAIL/ZIE, n. In Scottish lai, an entailment or deed Bring thee cords, made like a tackled stair. Shak. the primitive word retained by the common pec ple. whereby the legal course of succession is cut off, and TACK’LING, ppr. Harnessin utting on harness ; | T x 7 a ties a yas a. vit i ae OnE (SOTA ois SUN GU, . Braniie. earsai eit AN rr ‘ f G5 putting at S35 | 7 Rane or oe et W ! a point appent ed to. PAIN Ly . [Fr. teindre, to dye oy stain; L. tingo; | TACK/LING ne Furniture of the masts and yards f | thi gto a1 a Le eS as a Gry, eyes 10 OYE, literallys “ta: ip; primary £0 | rahinians Dee eo wate ae asts and yards OF | 7 4b ae a tt a r oe : ae ee, thrust, the sense of L. tango; and n not being rad- | ; DE Cans “e aa s Se dain earklgce | 1 ( i yi,) n. [It.] In mechanics, a particu- 1c ul, the real word is tego or tago, coinciding with I “s Dr i 5 as ULs. lar combinat ie of pulley ys. srandé. Eng. duck; hence its sense in ezinguo. ee Dyes, ; 4 _ Walton. | TAGL-IA-€6/TIAN, (tal-ya-ko/shan,) a. [from Tagli- ArTainT, and TinGB.] , | et at the instruments of drawing a car- Bes a Me netidn SUrEeo n. ye . . 1, “Lo imbue or impregnate, as with some extra- TAC KSIM A Atwn (OheswMouigdd: a tack ee OSTIE 0 UL to the surgical operation Jor | neous matter which alters the sensible quali ties of |} ACKS'MAN, 7. gg k or lease of | restoring the nose. the substance. | E land from another a tenant or lessee. { Local. | EY AG! RAG, n. or a. A term applied to the lowest class 2, More gt erally, to impregnate with something } ] A€ Tin. [L. tactus, from tango, (tor tago,) to touch ; |: of p Op le. [Low.] Shak. odious, noxious, Or poisonous ; as, putrid substances | Fr. tact ; It. tatto ; Sp. tacto. | ‘AG/-SORE, n. A disease under the tail of a ee: paeae the air. 1] _1. Touch ; feeling ; formerly, the stroke in beating | Cyc. To infect ; to poison. The breath of consump- || time in music. [Dan. tagt. | TAG/TAIL, n. [tag and ta 1.) A worm which has its | tive alt ings is said to taint sound lungs. Harve. || 9, Peculiar skill or faculty; nice perception or tail of anoth x color. Valton. 4. To corrupt, as by incipient putrefaction ; as, | discernment. : : Rev. TAIL, (tale,) 7. Sax, tel; Ice. tacl; dim. of tag, a tainted meat. I Tr AC Tle, ) a, [See Tactics.] Pertaining to the shoot, or from Goth, taza, hair. ; 5. To stain ; to sully; to tarnish. Shak. | TAC/TIC-AL,} art of military and naval disposi- The part of an animal which terminates its body 6. To corrupt, as blood ; to attaint. ([JVot m USC» | | tions for battle, evolutions, &c. behind. In many juadrupeds, the tail is a shoot or [See ATTAINT. | 7 eRe eta (-tish’an, )n. One versed in tactics. projection covert ‘in ‘ ith hair hanging loQse from the} T RIN’ 7, ia 2 “ho be infected or corrupted ; to be | A€'TIES, n. (Gr. Taxrixos, from Traccw, Tarra), to | extremity of the vertebra. In birds, the tail consists touche d with something corrupting. | set, to appoint; rafts, order; Fr. tactique. See| of feathers, or is covered with them, W hic h serve to ; f Shak mt a K. |} | assist in the direction of their flight. In fishes, the Lean mp tiaindiventh sears soe i The cience and art of disposing military and} tail is formed usually by a gradual sloping of the To be affected witb incipient putrefaction. Meat | th navi ral forces in order for battle, and performing mill- body, ending in a fin. Che tail of a fish may assist soon taints in Warm weather 1 tary and naval evolutions. In the most extensive | whe animiul in ote ering, but its principal use is to pro- TAINT, n. Tincture; stain. ; sense. tactics, la grande tactique of the Frenc h, com- pel he fish forward. It is the instrument of swim- De Infection ; . corruptio n; depravation. Keep chil- prehends eve ry thing that relates to the order, forma- The lower part, noting inferiority. [ming. dren from the taint of low and vicious company, | tion, and disposition of armies, their encampments, The J Tord will make thee the head, and not the tail, — Deut, 3, A stain; a spot; a blemish on re putation. Shak. &e. uy xxvili. 4, An insect; a kind of sp! ider. Brown. | The art of inventing and making machines for ui Any thing hanging long; acatkin, Harve. TAINT’‘ED, pp. or @ Impregni ited with something , U ivaiving darts, arrows, stones, and other eae The hinder part of any thing Butler. noxious, disagreeable to the senses, or poisonous, | weapons. Cre, 5, In anatomy, that tendon of a muscle which is infected ; corrupte xd; stained. TA€/TILE, (-til,) a. [Fr. tactile, from L. tactilis, from} fixed to the movable part. Cie. TAINT!-FREE, a. [tatnt and free.] Free from taint feath. susceptible of touch ; that may be felt ; Tangible Hale. as, tactile sweets 5 tac tile qualities. ery appendage to certt rin seeds, formed of the perma- Cyc. nent elongated style. 1g; corrupting 5 Stt Lining. or poisonous - infegti TONE, BULL, t UNITE. — Is AN’GER, V WCIOUr —€as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; HH as in THIS. ee eee T12RC TAK TAINT’LESS, a. Free from taint or infection ; pure. Swift. TAINT’LESS-LY, adv. Without taint. TAINT/URE, n. ([L. tinctura:} Taint ; tinge; defilement ; stain ; spot. Let melt Lak used, : TA-JA’EU, )n. The peccary or Mexican hog; the TA-JAS/SU,§ Dicotyles torquatus, 2 pachyderma- tous mammal inhabiting the eastern side of South America. i TAKE, v. t.; pret. Took; pp. Taken. [Sax. tacan, to take, and to teach; also, thicgan, to take, as food ; Sw. taga; Dan. tager; Ice. taka; Gr. o&xopats L. doceo. This word seems to be allied to think, for we say, I think a thing to be so, or I take it to beso. It seems also to be allied to Sax. teozan, to draw, to tug, L. duco; for we Say, to take a likeness, and to draw a likeness. We use taking also for engaging, attract- ing. We say, a child takes to his mother or nurse, anda man takes to drink ; which seem to include attaching and holding. We observe that take and teach are radically the same word.] , f 1. In a general sense, to get hold or gain possession of a thing in almost any manner, either by receiving it when offered, or by using exertion to obtain it. Take differs from seize, as it does not always imply haste, force, or violence. It more generally denotes to gain or receive into possession in a peaceable man- ner, either passively or by active exertions. Thus, 2. To receive what is offered. Then I took the cup at the Lord’s hand. — Jer, xxv. 3. To lay hold of; to get into one’s power for keep- ing. No man shall take the nether or the upper millstone to pledge. — Deut. xxiv. 4. To receive with a certain affection of mind. He tckes it in good part; or he takes it very ill. 5. To catch by surprise or artifice ; to circumvent. Men in their loose, unguarded hours they take ; Not that themselves are wise, but others weak. Pope. 6. To seize; to make prisoner. The troops en- tered, slew and took three hundred janizaries. Knolles. This man was taken by the Jews. — Acts xxii. 7. To captivate with pleasure; to engage the affec- tions ; to delight. Neither let her take thee with her eyelids. — Prov. vi. Cleombrotus was so taken with this prospect, that he had no pauence. Wake. 8. To get into one’s power by engines or nets ; to entrap; to insnare; as, to take foxes with traps ; to take fishes with nets, or with hook and line, 9. To understand in a particular sense ; to receive as meaning. I fake your meaning. You take me right. Bacon, Charity, taken in its largest extent, is nothing else but the sin- cere love to God and our neighbor, Vake. 10. To exact and receive. Take no usury of him or increase. — Lev. xxv. 1l. To employ; to occupy. The prudent man always takes time for deliberation, before he passes judgment. 12. To agree to; to close in with; to comply with. I take thee at thy word. Rowe. 13. To form and adopt ; as, to take a resolution. larendon. 14, To catch; to embrace; to seize; as, to take one by the hand ; to take in the arms. 15. To admit ; to receive as an impression ; to suf- fer; as, to take a form or shape. Yet thy moist clay is pliant to command; Now take the mold. Dryden. 16. Tio obtain by active exertion; as, to take re- venge or satisfaction for an injury. 17. To receive; to receive into the mind. They took knowledge of them that they had been with Jesus. — It appeared in his face that he took great contentment in this our question. Bacon. 18. To swallow, as meat or drink; as, to take food ; to take a glass of wine. 19. To swallow, as medicine; as, to take pills; to take stimulants. 20. To choose; to elect. Take which you please. But the sense of choosing, in this phrase, is derived from the connection of take with please. So we say, take your choice. 21, To copy- Beauty alone could beauty take so right. Dryden. 92. To fasten on; to seize. The frost has taken the corn ; the worms have taken the vines. Wheresoever he taketh him, he tearcth him, and he foameth. — Mark ix, 23. To accept; not to refuse. fee, but I would not take it. Ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer. — Num. He offered me a 24. To adopt. I will take you to me for a people. — Ex, vi. TAK TAK 25. To admit. Let not a widow be taken into the number under threescore. — 1 Tim. v¥. 26. To receive, as any temper or disposition of mind; as, to take shame to one’s self; to take de- light ; to take pride or pleasure. 27. To endure ; to bear without resentment ; or to submit to without attempting to obtain satisfaction. He will take an affront from no man. Can not you take a jest? 28. Tio draw ; to deduce. The firm belief of a future judgment is the most forcible motive to n good life, because taken from this consideration of the most lasting happiness and misery. Tillotson. 29, To assume; as, I take the liberty to say. Locke, 30. To allow ; to admit; to receive as true, or not disputed ; as, to take a thing for granted. 31. To suppose; to receive in thought ; to enter- tain in opinion ; to understand. ‘This I take to be the man’s motive. He took that for virtue and affection which was nothing but vice in disguise, Sout You’d doubt his sex, and take him for a girl, Tate. 32. To seize; to invade; as, to be taken with a fever. 33. To have recourse to; as, the sparrow takes a bush ; the cat takes a tree. [In this sense, we usu- ally say, the bird takes to a bush, the squirrel takes to a tree, 34. To receive into the mind. Those do best who take material hints to be Judged by history, Locke. 35. To hire; to rent; to obtain possession on lease ; as, to take a house or farm for a year. 36. To admit in copulation. 37. To draw ; to copy; to paint a likeness; as, a likeness taken by Reynolds. 38. To conquer and cause to surrender; to gain ariny, a city, or a ship. 39. To be discovered or detected. in the very act. 40. To require or be necessary. cloth to make a coat. To take away; to deprive of ; to bereave; as, a bill for taking away the votes of bishops. By your own law I take your life away. Dryden, 2. To remove ; as, to take away the consciousness of pleasure. To take care; to be careful ; to be solicitous for. Doth God take care for oxen? — 1 Cor. ix. 2. To be cautious or vigilant. Zake care not to expose your health. To take care of; to superintend or oversee ; to have the charge of keeping or securing. To take a course; to resort to’; to have recourse to measures. The violence of storming is the course which God is forced to take for the destroying of sinners. Hammond. He was taken It takes so much Locke, To take one’s own course; to act one’s pleasure ; to pursue the ineasures of one’s own choice. To take down; to reduce; to bring lower; to de- press ; as, to take down pride, or the proud. 2. 'l’o swallow ; as, to take down a potion. 3. To pull down; to pull to pieces; as, to take down a house or a scaffold. 4. To write ; as, to take down a man’s words at the time he utters them. To take from; to deprive of. 1 will smite thee, and take thine head from thee. —1 Sam, xvii. 2. To deduct ; to subtract; as, to take one number from another. 3. To detract ; to derogate. Dryden. To take heed; to be careful or cautious. Take heed what doom against yourself you give. Dryden. To take heed to; to attend to with care. Take heed to thy ways. To take hold; to seize; to fix on. ”» take in; to inclose; to fence. Mortimer. 2. To encompass or embrace; to comprise; to comprehend. 3. To draw into a smaller compass ; to contract ; to brail or fur) ; as, to take in sail. 4. To cheat; to circumvent; to gull; to deceive. [Not elegant, 5. To admit; to receive ; as, a vessel will tale in more Water; the landlord said he could take i no more lodgers. 6. To win by conquest. [JVot in use. ] Felton. 7. To receive into the mind or understanding. Some bright genius can take in a long train of propositions. Watt. To take tn hand; to undertake ; to attempt to exe- cute any thing. Juke i. To take notice ; to observe ; or to observe with par- ticular attention. 2. To show by some act that observation is made ; to make remark upon. He heard what was said, but took no notice of it. To take oath; to swear with solemnity, or in a ju- dicial manner. To take off; to remove, in various ways; to re- move from the top of any thing; as, to take offa load ; to take off one’s hat, &c. 2. To cut off; as, to take off the head or a limb. 3. To destroy ; as, to take off life. 4. To remove; to invalidate; as, to take’ off the force of an argument. 5. To withdraw ; to call or draw away. Keep foreign ideas from taking off the mind from Sts present pursuit. Locke, 6. To swallow ; as, to take offa glass of wine. 7. To purchase; to take from in trade, The Spaniards having no commodities that we will take of. Locke. 8. To copy: ‘ake off all their models in wood. Addison. 9. To imitate ; to mimic. 10. To find place for; as, more scholars than pre- ferments can take off. To take off from; to Jessen; to remove in part. This takes off from the deformity of vice. To take order with; to check. [JVot much used.] Bacon. To take out; to remove from within a place; to separate ; to deduct. 9. To draw out; to remove; to clear or cleanse froin ; as,to take out a stain or spot from cloth; to take out an unpleasant taste from wine. To take part; toshare. Take part in our rejoicing. To take part with; to unite with; to join with. To take place; to happen; to come, or come to pass. 2. To have effect ; to prevail. Where arms take place, all other pleas are vain. Dryden. To take effect; to have the intended effect; to be efficacious. To take root; to live and grow, asa plant. 2. To be established, as principles. To take up; to lift; to raise. 9. To buy or borrow ; as, to take up goods to a large amount; to take up money at the bank. 3. To begin; as, to take up a lamentation. Ezek. xix. 4. In surgery, to fasten with a ligature. 5. To engross; to employ; to engage the atten- tion ; as, to take up the time. 6. To have final recourse to. Arnobius asserts that men of the finest parts took up their rest in the Christian religion. Addison. 7. To seize; to catch; to arrest; as, to take up a thief; to take up vagabonds, 8. To admit. The ancients took up experiments upon credit. Bacon. 9. To answer by reproof; to reprimand. One of his relations took him up roundly. DL’ Estrange. 10. To begin where another left off. Soon as the evening shades prevail, The moon takes up the wondrous tale. Addison. 11. To occupy ; to fill; as, to take up a great deal of room. 12. Toassume ; to carry on or manage for another ; as, to take up the quarrels of our neighbors. 13. To comprise; to include. The noble poem of Palemon and Arcite takes up seven years. Dryden, 14. To adopt; to assume; as, to take up current opinions. They take up our old trade of conquering. Dryden. 15. To collect ; to exact a tax. Knolles, 16. To pay and receive; as, to take up a note at the bank. Johnsons Reports. To take up arms;) to begin war; to begin resist- To take arms ; ance by force. "0 take up the gauntlet. See GAUNTLET. To take the field; in military language, to encamp ; to commence the operations of a campaign. Campbell’s Military Dict. To take upon; to assume ; toundertake. He takes upon himself to assert that the fact is capable of proof. 2. To appropriate to; to admit to be imputed to; as, to take upon one’s self a punishment. To take side; to join one of two differing parties ; to take an interest in one party. To take to heart; to be sensibly affected by ; to feel any thing sensibly. To tale advantage of; to catch by surprise; or to make use of a favorable state of things, to the prej- udice of another. To take the advantage of; to use any advantage offered, To take air; to be divulged or made public; to be disclosed ; as a secret. To take the air; to expose one’s self to the open air. To take a course; to begin a certain direction or way of proceeding. To take leave; to bid adieu or farewell. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1126PAC: TAL TAT, To take breath; to rest; to be recruited or re- freshed. To take aim; to direct the eye or a weapon toa particular object. To take along ; to carry, lead, or convey. To take a way; to begin a particular course or di- rection. TAKE, v.t%. To move or direct the course; to resort to, or to attach one’s self; to betake one’s self. The fox, being hard pressed, took to the hedge. My frend has Jeft his music, and taken to books. The defluxion, taking to his brenst, wasted his lungs. Bacon. 2. To please; to gain reception. The play will not take, unless it is set off with proper scenes. Each wit inay praise it for his own dear sake, And hint he writ it, if the thing should take, Addison. 3. To have the intended or natural effect. In impressions from mind to mind, the impression taketh, Bacon. 4. To catch; to fix, or be fixed. He was inocu- lated, but the infection did not take, Wheu flame tcketh and openeth, it giveth a noise. Bacon. To take after ; to learn to follow ; to copy ; to imi- tate; as, he takes after a good pattern. 2. To resemble; as, the son takes after his father. To take in with ; to resort to. Bacon. To take for; to mistake ; to suppose or think one thing to be another. The lord of the land took us for spies. — Gen. xiii. To take on; to be violently affected ; as, the child takes on at a great rate. 2. To claim, as a character I take not on me here as a physician. Shak. To take to; to apply to; to be fond of: to become attached to; as, to take to books; to take to evil practices. 2. To resort to; to betake to. Men of learning, who take to business, discharge it generally with greater honesty than men of the world, Addison. To take up ; to stop. Sinners ot last take up and settle in a contempt of all religion. {Not in use.) Tillotson 9. To reform. [Vot in use.] Locke. To take up with ; to be contented to receive ; to re- ceive without opposition; as, to take up with plain fare. In affairs which may have an extensive influence on our future happiness, we should not take up with probabilities. Watts. 9. To lodge; to dwell. [Not in use. | South. To take with; to please. The proposal takes well with him. TAK/EN, (tak’n,) pp. of TAKE. apprehended ; captivated, &c. TAK/ER, n. One that takes or receives; one who catches or apprehends. 9, One that subdues and causes to surrender; as, the taker of captives or of a city. TAK/ING, ppr. Receiving; catching; getting pos- session ; apprehending. 9. a. Alluring ; attracting. TAK/ING, n. The act of gaining possession ; a seiz- ing ; seizure ; apprehension. 9. Agitation; distress of mind. What a taking was he in, when your husband asked what was in the basket! Shak, Received ; caught; TAK/ING-LY, adv. Ina taking or attractive manner. Beaum. & Fl. TAK/ING-NESS, n. The quality of pleasing. Taylor. TAL‘A-POIN,) n. In Siam and Burmah, 4 name TEL'A-POIN,$ given, by some European nations, 2. Oral relation, Shak. 3. Reckoning, account set down. E£zod. v. In packing, they keep a just tale of the number. Carew. 4, Number reckoned. The ignorant who measure by tale, not by weight. Hooker. 5, A telling ; information; disclosure of any thing secret, Birds are aptest by their voice to tell tales what they find. Bacon. 6. In law, a count or declaration. [ Tale, in this sense, is obsolete. } 7. In commerce, a weight for gold and silver in China and other parts of the East Indies; also, a money of account. In China, each tale is 10 maces = 100 candareens — 1000 cash. Cyc. TALH, v.i. To tell stories. [Obs.] Gower. TALE'BEAR-ER, n. [tale and bear.] A person who officiously tells tales; one who impertinently com- municates intelligence or anecdotes, and makes mis- chief in society by his officiousness. Where there is no talebearer, the strife ceaseth. — Prov. xxvi. TALE/BEAR-ING, a. Officiously communicating in- formation. TALE/BEAR-ING, xn. The act of informing officious- ly ; communication of secrets maliciously. TALE/FUL, a. Abounding with stories. Thomson. TAL/ENT, x. [L. talentum; Gr. radavroy, from tra- aw, to bear, allied to L. tollo, The word is said to have originally signified a balance or scales, ] 1. Among the ancient Greeks, a weight and de- nomination of money equal to 60 mine or 6000 drachme. The Attic talent,as a weight, was nearly equal to 57 Ibs. avoirdupois; as a denomination of silver money, £243 15s. sterling, or more than $1100. Smith’s Dict. 2 Among the Hebrews, a weight and denomi- nation of money equivalent to 3000 shekels. | As a weight, therefore, it was equal to about 935 | lbs. avoirdupois ; as a denomination of silver, it has | been variously estimated at from £340 to £396 ster- ling, or from about $1500 to $1800. The highest value is that given by the latest authorities. Arbuthnot. P. Cyc. Hussey. 3. Faculty; natural gift or endowment; a meta- phorical application of the word, said to be borrowed from the scriptural parable of the talents. Matt. xxv. He is chiefly to be considered in his three different talents, asa critic, a satirist, anda writer of odes. Dryden. 4. Eminent abilities ; superior genius; as. he isa man of talents. [ Talent, in the singular, is sometimes used in a like sense. ] 5. Particular faculty; skill. He has a talent at drawing. 6. [Sp. talante, manner of performing any thing, will, disposition.] Quality; disposition. Swift. TAL/ENT-ED, a. Furnished with talents ; possessing skill or talents. Ch. Spectator. {This word is formed like a participle, but without a verb, like Brcotep, ‘TuRRETED, TARGETED.] TA'LES, n. pl. [L. talis, pl. tales.] In law, tales de circumstantibus, spectators in court, from whom the sheriff is to select men to supply any defect of jurors who are impanneled, but who may not appear, or may be challenged. TALES’MAN, mn. A person summoned to act as juror from among the by-standers at court. Suc persons were called, in law, tales de circumstantibus. Bouvier. TALE’TELL-ER, x. One who tells tales or stories. - Guardian. TA‘LI-ON, n. Law of retaliation. Scott. a h toa priest. Also, a species of monkey. TAL/BOT, n. A sort of dog, noted for his quick scent and eager pursuit of game. {The figure of a dog is said to be borne in the arms of the Talbot family. } Cyc. Johnson. TALE, n. i talk, isinglass ; talg, tallow ; Sw. talk, talg, id.; Dan. telg, talz, tallow, and talk, talesteen, tallow-stone ; D. talk, tallow ; Port. and Sp. talco.] A magnesian mineral, consisting of broad, flat, smooth lamins or plates, unctuous to the touch, of a shining luster, translucent, and often transparent. By the action of fire, the lamins open a little, the fragment swells, and the extremities are with diffi- culty fused into a white enamel. When rubbed with resin, tale acquires positive electricity. Its prevailing colors are white, apple-green, and yellow. Cyc. Kirwan. TALCK/ITE, n. A species of talc of a loose form ; nacrite. TALG€/OSE, ) a. Talcky; pertaining to or composed TAL€E/OUS,$ — of talc. TALCK/Y, a. Likestale; consisting of talc; as, a talcky feel ; a talcky substance. 2, Containing tale. TALE, n [See Tevu.] A story; a narrative ; the rehearsul of a series of events or adventures, com- monly some trifling incidents; or a fictitious narra- tive; ns, the tale of a tub; Marmontel’s tales ; idle tales. Luke XX\v. We spend vur years as 2 fale that is told. — Pa, xc. ———————— TONE, BULL, UNITE.— TA-LI-O!NIS, LEX TA-LI-O!NIS, [L.] In law, the law of retaliation. [See ReravraTe. TAL/I-PED, xn. [L. talus, an ankle, and pes, a foot. ] The disease called club-foot ; also, a person affect- ed with this disease. TAL/IS-MAN, n. (Gr. rsAeopa, tribute, or reAcopos, accomplishment, both from rsAcw, to terminate. A term introduced into medicine by Apollonius of Ly- dana. Sprengel.) 1. A magical figure cut or engraved under certain superstitious observances of the configuration of the heavens, to which wonderful effects are ascribed ; or it is the seal, figure, character, or image, of a heavenly sign, constellation, or planet, engraven on a sympathetic stone, or on a metal corresponding to the star, in order to receive its influence. The talis- mans of the Samothracians were pieces of iron, formed into images and set in rings, &c. They were held to be preservatives against diseases and all kinds of evils. Cyc. Talismans are of three kinds, astronomical, magical, and mixed. Hence, 9, Something that produces extraordinary effects ; as, a talisman to destroy diseases. Swift. TAL-IS-MAN/I€, a. Magical; having the properties of a talisman, or preservative against evils by secret influence. Addison. TALK, (tawk,) 0. i, [Dan. tolker; Sw. tolka, to inter- pret, translate, explain; D. tolken, 1d. ; Russ. tolkuyu, id. This is probably the same word differently ap- TALK, (tawk,) n. Familiar converse; mutual dis- plied. The word is formed from tell. See TEty for the Danish and Swedish. : 1 y sa famili yn : eye le To converse familiarly ; to speak, as in familiar discourse, when two or more persons interchange thoughts. a I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you; but I will not eat with you. Sh In ae time When all things talked, nnd talked in rhyme. I will come down and talk with thee. — Num. xi. Did not our hearts burn within us, while he talked with us by the way ? — Luke xxiv. 2, To prate ; to speak impertinently. Milton. 3. To talk of; to relate; to tell; to give account. Authors talk of the wonderful remains of Palmyra. The natural histories of Switzerland talk much of the fall of these rocks, and the Brest damage done. Addison. So shall I talk of thy wondrous works. — Ps. cxix. 4. To speak ; to reason ; to confer. Let me talk with thee of thy judgments. — Jer. xii. ak. Trumbull. ———— To talk to; in familiar language, to advise or ex- hort; or to reprove gently. I will talk to my son respecting his conduct. course ; that which is uttered by one person in fa- miliar conversation, or the mutual converse of two or more. Should a man fall of talk be justified ? — Job xi. In various talk th’ instructive hours they passed, Pope. 2. Report ; rumor. I hear a falk up and down of mising money. Locke. 3. Subject of discourse. This noble achievement is the talk of the whole town. 4. Among the Indians of North America, a public | conference, as respecting peace or war, negotiation, and the like ; or an official verbal communication | made from them to another nation or its agents, or | | made to them by the same. TALK, a mineral. [See Tarc.] TALK’ A-TIVE, (tawk’a-tiv,) a. Given to much talk- ing; full of prate; loquacious; garrulous. One of the faults of old age is to be talkative, TALK/A-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina talkative manner. TALK’A-TIVE-NESS, (tawk’a-tiv-ness,) nm. Lo- | quacity ; garrulity ; the practice or habit of speaking | much in conversation. Swift. | TALK’ER, (tawk’/er,) x. One who talks ; alsa, a lo- | quacious person, male or female; a prattler. Shak. 2. A boaster. Taylor. TALK/ING, (tawk/ing,) ppr- Conversing ; speaking in familiar conversation. Matt. xvii. 9, a. Given to talking; loquacious; as, talking age, Goldsmith. — TALK’ING, (tawk/ing,) nm. The act of conversing familiarly ; as, foolish talking. Eph. v. | TALL, (tawl,) a [W. tal; taldu, to grow tall. The primary sense is, to stretch or extend ; W. tellu, to stretch ; Sp. talla, raised work, also stature ; talle, shape, size; tallo, a shoot or sprout; taliudo, tall, slender; talon, the heel, thateis, a shoot; Port. talo, a stalk ; taludo, stalky; Ar. \b taula, to be long, to draw out in time, Eng. dally, Class Dl, No. 20 ; allied, probably, to L. tollo, Gr. reAAw. In Sw. tall is a pine-tree. | 1. High in stature ; long and comparatively slen- der; applied to a person, or to a standing tree, mast, or pole, Tall always refers to something erect, and of which the diameter is small in proportion to the | hight. We say, a tall man or woman, a tall hoy for | his age; a tall tree, a tall pole, a tall mast; but we | never say, a tall house or a tall mountain. The ap- | plication of the word to a palace or its shadow, in Waller, is now improper. } | | } to spread, to be extended, to defer or delay, that is, | j | Dark shadows cast, and ag his palace tall. Waller. 9. Sturdy; lusty; bold. [ Unusual. ] Shak. ; Ss Bean oe n. [Fr. tailler, to cut off. See Tart.] Anciently, a certain rate or tax paid by barons, knights, and inferior tenants, toward the public ex- penses. When it was paid out of knight’s fees, it was called Scuracr; Whien by cities and burehs, TaLLIAGE; When upon Jands not held by military tenure, HipAaGE. Slacksti nes TAL/LAGE, v. t. To lay an impost. Bp. Ellis. TAL'LI-ED, (tal/lid,) pp. Scored with correspondent notches ; fitted ; suited. TAL‘LI-ER,2. One who keeps tally. Pope. TALL/NESS, zn. Hight of stature. [See lant. } TAL'LOW, n. [Dan. telg; D. talk; G. and Sw. talg; we Eth. M00) talal, to be fat; Ar. \o talla, to be moist. Class Dl, No. 21.) ee A sort of animal fat, particularly that which is ob- tained from animals of the sheep and OX_ kinds. We speak of the tallow of an ox or cow, or of sheep. This substance grows chiefly about the kidneys, and on the intestines. The fat of swine we never call tallow, but lard. I see, in English books mention 1s NE ee aan A ANGER, VI/CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS | ao) — cs eee a el i oePlay eel | ae ; hy te fet gi i ate a sem ee i aj . } ee a2 TAL'LY, v. t. TAL! TAL'LY, adv. TAL/LY-ING, TAL/LY-SHOP, n. TAL-MUD‘TE, a TAL-MUD‘I€-AL, coutained in the Talmud; as TAL/MUD-IST, n. TAL-MUD-ISTI€, a. TAL/ON, n. — TAL made of the tallow of hogs, (see Cyclopedia, Tallow ;) but in America [ never heard the word thus applied. It may be applied to the fut of goats and deer. The fat of bears we call bears grease. Tallow is applied to various uses, but chiefly to the manufacture of candles. TALLOW, v.t. To grease or smear with tallow. 2. To fatten ; to cause to have a Jarge quantity of tallow ; as, to tallow sheep. Farmers. TAL/LOW-€AN/DLE, ». A candle made of tallow. TAL'LOW-CGHAND’LER, n. [Chandler 1s generally supposed to be from the Fr. cha ndelier, and the word to signify tallow-candler, a maker of candles ; for in Fr. chandelier is a tallow-chandler. See /JoRN-CHAND- LER. |] oe ‘ Hee: One whose occupation 15 to make, or to make and sell, tallow candles. : TAL/LOW-ED, pp- Greased or smeared with tallow. 9. Made fat; filled with tallow. TAL'LOW-ER, n. An animal disposed to form tallow internally. Cr TAL! LOW-FAOC-ED, (-faste,) a. Having a sickly complexion ; pale. Burton. TAL/LOW-ING, ppr. Greasing with tallow. 9. Causing to gather tallow ; a term in agriculture. TAL/LOW-ING, n. The act, practice, or art, of caus- ing animals to gather tallow ; or the property in ani- mals of forming tallow internally ; a term in agricul- Cyc. or nature ture. TAL’LOW-ISH, a. Having the properties of tallow. TAL'’LOW-TREE, 2. The Stillingia sebifera, a tree of China and other parts. It takes this name from its producing a substance like tallow, and which is applied to the same purposes. The Vateria Indica, a tree of _Hindostan, affords a substance, in its gen- eral properties, intermediate between wax and tal- low, and called Piney Tattow. P.Cic. TAL'LOW-Y, a. Greasy; having the qualities of tallaw. TAL'LY, n. [Fr. tailler, Port. talhar, Sp. tallar, to cut. See Ta.] 1. A piece of wood on which notches or scores are cut, as the marks of number. In purchasing and selling, it is customary for traders to have two sticks, | | TAM'BAE, n. or one stick cleft into two parts, and tomark witha score or notch, on each, the number or quantity of goods delivered; the seller keeping one stick, and the purchaser the other. Before the use of writing, this, or something like it, was the only method article | | keeping accounts, and tallies are received as evidence | in courts of justice. In the English exchequer are tallies of loans, one part being Kept in the exchequer, the other being given to the creditor in lieu of an obligation for money lent to government Cyc. 9 One thing‘made to suit another. Dryden. They were framed the tallies for each other. To score with correspondent notches ; to fit; to suit ; to make to correspond. They are not so well tallied to the present juncture, Pope. | 2. In seamanship, to pull aft the sheets or lower | corners of the main and fore-sail. Y. 0.%. chanel. Addison. Stoutly ; with spirit. [ Obs.) Beaum. & Fl. I found pieces of tiles that exactly tallied with the TAL'LY-HHO ; the huntsman’s cry to his hounds. Booth. ppr. Fitting to each other; making to correspond. 2. Agreeing; corresponding. 3. Hauling aft the corners of the main and fore- sail. Mar. Dict. TAL/LY-MAN, n. [tally and man.] One who sells for weekly payment. Dict. 2. One who keeps the tally, or marks the sticks. are sold to customers who agree to pay for them by certain weekly or monthly installments. McCulloch. TAL/MUD,n. [Ch., from 105 lamad, to teach. ] The body of the Hebrew laws, traditions, and ex- planations, or the book that contains them. Talmud contains the laws, and a compilation of ex- positions of duties imposed on the people, either in Scripture, by tradition, or by authority of their doc- tors, or by custom. It consists of two parts, the Mischna and the Gemara; the former being the written law, and the latter a collection of traditions and comments of Jewish doctors. Encic. Pertaining to the Talmud ; Talacdic fables. Enfield. One versed in the Talmud. Pertaining to the Talmud; resembling the Talmud. (Fr. and Sp. talon, the heel, that is, a shoot or protuberance. See Tarr.] l. The claw of a fowl]. Bacon. 2. In architecture, a kind of molding, concave at the bottom and convex at the top. When the con- A shop at which goods or articles | To be fitted; to suit; to correspond. | | | TAM’BOUR, v. t. TAM-BOUR-INE!, n. Fr. tambourin, from tambour, ’ 1 The | | TAME,». t. TAL/PA, n. [l.] In TA'LUS; n. TAM/A-BLE, a. TAM’ A-BLE-NESS, 2. TAM’ A-RACK, x. TAM/A-RIND, n. TAM/A-RINDS, 2. pl. The TAM’ A-RISK, 7. | TAME, a. [Sax. TAM TAN cave part is at the top, it is called an inverted talon. It is usually called by workinen an ogee, or O G, and by authors an upright or inverted cymatium. 1 Ce zodlogy and surgery, a mole, which see. [L. talus, the ankle.] 1. In anatomy, the astragalus, or that bone of the foot which is articulated to the leg. 2. In architecture, a slope; the inclination of any work. 3. In fortification, the slope of a work, as a bastion, rampart, or parapet. 4. In geolory, a sloping heap of broken rocks and stones at the foot of any cliff. Lyell. [from tame.] ‘That may be tamed ; capable of being reclaimed from wildness or savage ferociousness ; that may be subdued. The quality of being tamable. The American larch; hackma- tack. TAM/A-RIN, x. The name of several species of small South American monkeys, of the genus Midas, with long, squirrel-like tails. Jardine. [Sp. tamarindo ; Port. pl. tamarin- dos; It. tamarino, tamarindi; Fr. tamarin ; said to be a compound of 1On, the palm-tree, and indus or ind, the root of India.] A tree of the genus Tamarindus, which yields the fruitcalled Tamarinps. ‘T’wospecies are recognized, one of which is a native of the Bast Indies, and of Arabia and Egypt; the other a native of the West Indies and of South America. both the Indies for the sake of its shade, and for its cooling, grateful acid fruit, the pulp of which, dried either alone or with salt, or mixed with boiled sugar, is imported into northern countries. The stem of the lofty, large, and crowned with wide- spreading branches; the flowers are in simple clus- ters, terminating the short lateral branches. mn Cyc. preserved seed-pods of the 1 abound with an acid pulp. NYC. A tree or shrub of the genus ’am- 5 tree 1s ~ tamarind, whit arix, of several species. Cyc. An alloy of copper. [See Tomsac.] Buchanan. It is cultivated in | | TAM’PER-ING, ppr- | TAM > | 2. Agallochum or aloes-wood. [See AcaLLocHuM. | 2) th DOOLIL, of | TAM’BOUR, n. [Sp. and Port. tambor, a drum ; It. tamburo. The mis probably casual. See TABOR. | 1. A small drum, used by the Biscayans as an ac- companiment to the flageolet. Cyc. 2. In architecture, a term applied to the vase or naked ground of the Corinthian and Composite cap- itals, which bears some resemblance to a drum ; also, the wall of a circular temple surrounded with columns ; also, the circular vertical part above or be- low a cupola. Pwilt. 3. A lobby or vestibule, inclosed with folding doors, to break the current of wind from without, as at the entrance of a church, banking-house, Fra? cL, 4, A round course of stones, several of which form the shaft of a pillar, not so high as a di- ameter. 5. In the arts, 2 species of embroidery in which threads of gold and silver are worked in leaves, &C. flowers, &c.; also, a frame resembling a drum, on which it is worked, Hebert. To embroider with a tambour. ‘ tabor; Sp. tamboril. See Tanor.} 1. Asmall drum. At present, it is a shallow drum with only one skin, played on with the hand, and having bells at the sides. 9, A lively French dance, formerly in vogue in Cyc. operas, 1 Sw. tam, tam; Dan. and D. tamd; G. zahm. See the verb.] 1. That has lost its native wildness and shyness ; mild; accustomed to man; domestic; as, a tame deer; a tame bird. 9. Crushed ; subdued ; depressed ; spiritless, tam; Roscommon. [ Vot And you, tame slaves of the laborious plow. 3. Spiritless; unanimated ; as, a tame poem. elegant, nor in uWse. [Sax. tamian, gé temian ; Goth. ga-tamyan ; Dan. temmer; Sw. tdmia; D. tammen; G. zalvmen; L. domo; Gr. dayaw; Fr. dompter; Sp. and Port. domar ; It. domare; Ch. and Heb. 11, to be silent, -- = dumb; or Ar. LS kathama, to restrain, to stop, shut, silence, subdue, tame. See Class Dm, No. 3, 95, and No. 23, 24.) 1, To reclaim ; to reduce from a wild to a domes- tic state; to make gentle and familiar; as, to tame a wild beast. 2. To civilize ; as, to tame the ferocious inhabitants of the forest. 3. To subdue ; to conquer; to depress ; as, to tame the pride or passions of youth. 4. To subdue; to repress; as wildness or licen- tlousness. The tongue can no man tame. — James iii, TAM/ED, pp. or a. Reclaimed from wildness ; domes- ticated ; made gentle ; subdued. TAME/LESS, a. Wild; untamed; untamable. [JVot much wuséd. Rall. TAME/’LY, ado. With unresisting submission ; meanly ; servilely ; without manifesting spirit; as, to submit tamely to oppression, to bear reproach tamely. TAME/NESS, 2. The quality of being tame or gen- tle; a state of domestication. 2, Unresisting submission ; meanness in bearing insults or injuries; want of spirit. Rogers. TAM/ER, n. One that tames or subdues; one that reclaims from wildness. Pope. TAM/’ING, ppr. Reclaiming from a wild state ; civil- izing ; subduing. TAM/INE,) 7. A strainer or bolter of hair. TAMMY, § Cotzrave. 2. The same as T'amts. ; TAM/IS, zn. straining sauces. Encyc. of Dom. Econ. TAM’KIN, n. Astopper. [See Tampion.] TAMP, v.t. ‘To fill up a hole bored in a rock for blasting, TAM’PER, v.21. To meddle; experiments; as, t 2. To meddle; or necessity. "Tis dangerous tampering with a muse. to be busy; to try little imper With a disease. oft to have to do with without fitness Roscommon, 3. To deal; to practice secretly. Others (a7 For Fleetwood, Desborough, and Lambert. npered Hudibras. Meddling; dealing; practicing secretly. PER-ING, x. Set retly. TAMP/ING, n. [Allied probably to tame, dam, stem, stamp, The act of meddling or practicing t crc. | The filling up of a hole ina rock for the purpose of blasting ; also, the matter used in thus filling up. TAM’/PLON, } [Fk t 10 - apol TOM/PLON, | [Fr. tampon ; Arm. tapon. } The stopper of a cannon or other piece of ord- nance, consisting of a cylinder of wood, Mar. Dict. TAM’POEH, n. A fruit of the East Indies, somewhat resembling an apple. It is eaten by the natives, and called sometimes Manacoustan, though a different fruit, and less agreeable to the taste. TAM/TAM, n. dows. AGN oo tat ser spot on the face ; his Armoric dictionary, tanner, to tan; tanne, a little black It. tane, tawny color. I Gregoire, In jut this is very doubtful. In tan-house, and tionsonaim is to drop or distil. ping. In Gaelic, dean is color. to tawny, and perhaps to dun.} 1. In the arts, to convert animal skins into leather by steeping them in an infusion of oak or some other bark, by which they are impregnated with tannin or tannic acid, an astringent substance which exists In several species of bark, and thus rendered firm, du- rable, and, in some degree, impervious to water. 9. To make brown; the rays of the sun; as, to tan the skin. TAN; 7. by a mill for tanning hides. fore and after it has been used. used It bears this name fuel. TAN/’A-GER, n. The name of certain birds allied to the finches and sparrows. Swainson. TAN!/-BED, n. [tan and bed.) made of tan; a bark bed. TAN’-HOUSE, n. [tan and house.] which tanner’s bark is stored. TAN/—PIT, n. [tan and pit.] which hides are laid in tan. TAN’-SPUD, n. [tan and spud,] peeling the bark from oak and other trees, TAN/-STOVE, n. [tan and stove.] a bark bed. TAN’-VAT, 7. [tan and vat.] are steeped in liquor with tan. TAN/-YARD, n. leather is carried on. TAN’DEM. [Horseman’s Latin.] { Local. ] Horses not to length of hne. TANG, n. [Gr. rayyn, rancor; tayyos, rancid ; It. tanfo. a tang of the cask. Locke. 9. Relish; taste. [JVot elegant.] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—MiETE, PREY.—PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — A worsted cloth used for the purpose of A large, flat drum used by the Hin- suggests that this may be from tan or dan, which, in Leon, signifies an oak, Ir. tionus signifies a Spot- ting is often from sprinkling, and dycing from dip- It seems to be allied to imbrown by exposure to The bark of the oak, &c., bruised and broken be- Tan, after being in tanning, is used in gardening for making hotbeds ; and it is also made into cakes and used as American In gardening, a bed A building in A bark pit; a vat in An instrument for A hothouse with A vat in which hides An inclosure where the tanning of are har- nessed tandem, when they are placed single, one be- fore another. But tandem properly refers to time, and if 4 strong taste ; particularly, a taste of something extraneous to the thing itself; as, wine or cider has 1128ely eer coe TAN ase AACR: 3. Something that leaves a sting or pain behind. She had a tongue with a fang, Shak, 4. Sound ; tone. [ot in use.] Holder. TANG, v.%. Toring with. [Not in use. | Shak. (This may be allied to ding, dong.) TAN’/GEN-CY, nx. A contact or touching. TAN’'GENT,n. [Fr. tangente; L. tangens, touching. See Toucu.] In geometry, aright line which touches a curve, but which, when produced, does not cut it. In trig- onometry, the tangent of an arc is a right line touch- ing the are at one extremity, and terminated by a secant passing through the other extremity. TAN-GEN/TIAL, a. Tangential force; a force which acts so as to give a tendency to a revolving body to fly off in a tangent to its orbit. Olmsted. TAN-GEN/‘TIAL-LY, adv. In the direction of a tan- rent. Olmsted. TAN-GLBIL‘I-TY, }2x. [from tangible.| The qual- TAN/GI-BLE-NESS, § ity of being perceptible to the touch or sense of feeling. TAN'GI-BLE, a. [from L. tango, to touch. ] 1. Perceptible by the touch: tactile. 2. That may be possessed or realized. TAN/‘GLBLY, adv. Perceptibly to the touch. TANGLE, (tang’gl,) v. t. [This word, if z is casual, seems to be allied to the W. tagu, to choke, Goth. taga, hair; from crowding together. In Ar. i dasraa, signifies to involve. ] 4 1. To implicate ; to unite or knit together con- fusedly ; to interweave or interlock, as threads, so as to make it difficult to ravel the knot. 2. To insnare ; to entrap; as, to be tangled in the folds of dire necessity. Milton. Tangled in amorous nets. Milton. 3. To embroil ; to embarrass. When my simple weakness strays, Tangled in forbidden ways. Crashaw. [ENTANGLE, the compound, is the more elegant word. } TANGLE, fusedly, TANGLE, (tang’gl,) nm. A Knot of threads or other things united confusedly, or so interwoven as not to be easily disengaged ; as, hair or yarn in tangles, Milton. v. t To be entangled or united con- 9. A kind of sea-weed. TANGLED, pp. ora. United confusedly. TAN'GLING, ppr. Uniting without order. TAN'GLING-LY, adv. Ina tangling manner. TAN’-HOUSE,n. A building in which tanner’s bark is stored. TAN/IST, 7. [Gaelic, tanaiste, a lord, the governor of a country ; in Ireland, the heir apparent of a prince ; probably from tan, a region or territory, or from the Gr. duvvacrnys, a lord, which is from duvapat, to be powerful or able, the root of the Gaelic duine, a man. But both may be of one family, the root tan, ten, Gr. réivw, L. teneo, W. tannu, to stretch, strain, or hold.] Among the descendants of the Celts in Ireland, a lord, or the proprietor of a tract of land ; a governor or captain. This office or rank was elective, and often obtained by purchase or bribery. Davies. TAN/IST-RY, n. [Gaelic, tanaisteachd.| In Jreland, a tenure of lands by which the proprietor had only a life estate, and to this he was admitted by election. The primitive intention seems to have been that the inheritance should descend to the oldest or most worthy of the blood and name of the deceased. This was, in reality, giving it to the strongest, and the practice often occasioned bloody wars in families. Davies. Cie. TANK, n. ([Fr. etang, a pond; Sp. estanque; Port. tanque; Sans. tanghi; Japan, tange. This seems to be from the root of stanch, to stop, to hold.] A large basin or cistern ; a reservoir of water. ‘ Dryden. TANK/ARD, n. [Ir. tancaird ; Gaelic, tancard ; tank and ard.] A large vessel for liquors, or a drinking vessel, with a cover, Marius was the first who drank out of a silver tankard, after tho manner of Bacchus. TANK/ARD-TUR-NIP, n AW. See Trenon-Saw. TENCH, (Fr. tenche; Sp. tenca; I. tinca. A European fresh-water fish, of the carp family, very tenacious of life. TEND, v. t [Contracted from attend, L. attendo; ad and tendo, to stretch, W. tannu Attention denotes a straining of the mind. ] 1, To watch; to guard; sistant or protector. unoccu- to accompany as an as- And flaming ministers to watch and tend Their earthly charge Milton, There is a pleasure in that simplicity, in beholding princes tend- ing the sir flocks. Pope. 2. To hold and take caré of; as, to tend a child. 3. To be attentive to. Unsucked of lamb or kid that tend their play. Milton. 4, Totend a vessel, is to cause her to swing, at single anchor, so as not to foul the cable round the stock or flukes of the anchor. Totten. TEND, v. i. [L. tendo; Fr.tendre It tendere; formed | TEND/ER, . To move in a certain direction. Having overheard two gentlemen tending toward that sight. Wotton. Here Dardanus wus born, and hither tende. Dryden. ete To be directed to any end or purpose ; to aim ; to have or give a leaning. oe laws of our religion tend to the universal pappiness of mankind. son. 3. To contribute. Our petitions, if granted, might tend to our destruction. Hammond. [For Atrenn.] To attend; to wait as attend- ants or servants. He tends upon my father. [Colloquial.} Shak. 5. To attend as something inseparable. [Vout in Use. ] Shak, §. To wait; to expect. [.Vot in use.] Shak. TEND/ANCE,n. Attendance; state of expectation. 9. Persons attending. Shik, 3. Act of waiting ; attendance. Shak. 4, Care ; act of tending. Milton. [This w ford is entirely obsolete in all its senses. We now use ATTENDANCE. TEND’ED, pp. Attended; taken care of; nursed ; as an infant or a sick person. TEND/EN-CY, 2. [from tend; L. tendens, tending.] Drift ; direction or course toward any place, ob- ject, effect, orresult. Read such books only as have a good moral tendency. Mild Janguage has a tendency to allay irritation. Writings of this kind, if conduct particular tendency to the i with candor, have a more good of their country. Addison, n, [from tend.] One that attends or takes care of; a nurse 2. A small vessel employed to attend a larger one, for supplying her with provisions and other stores, or to convey intelligence, and the like. Mar. Dict. 3. On railroads, a car which attends on locomo- tives, to supply the fuel. 4. (Fr. tendre, to reach.] In law, an offer, either of money to pay a debt, or of service to be performed, in order to save a pen: ity or forfeiture, which would be incurred by non-payment or non-performance ; as, the tender of rent due, or of the amount of a note or bond with interest. ‘T’o constitute a legal tender, such money must be offered as the law prescribes ; the offer of bank notes is not a legal tender. So also the tender must be at the time and place where the rent or debt ought to be paid, and it must be to the full amount due. There is also a tender of issue der of an oath, &c. 5. Any offer for acceptance. me a tender of his services. in pleadings, a ten- The gentleman made 6. The thing offered. This money is not a legal tender. 7. Regard; kind concern. [.Vot in use] Shak. TEND’ER, z te [Fr. tendre, to reach or stretch out; L. li ndo. | I. To offer in yariee acceptance, All conditions, all minds, tender down Their service to Lord Timon, Shak. or to exbibit or present for To hold ; to esteem. Tender yourself more dearly, (Not in use.] Shak. To offer in payment or satisfaction of a demand, for saving a penalty or forfeiture; as, to tender the amount of rent ar debt. TEN’DER, a, (Fr. tendre ; It. tenero; Port. ténro ; Ir. and Gaelic, tin; W. tyner; L. tener; allied probably -<—=— to thin, L. tenuis, W. tenau; Ar. Class Dn, No. 12, O75 wadana, to be soft or thin, and see No. 95 25. I. Soft; easily impressed, broken, bruised, or in- jured; not firm or hard; as, te nder plants ; tender flesh ; tender grapes. Deut. XXXxii. Cant. ii. 2. Very sensible to impression and pain; easily pained. Our bodies are not naturally more tender than our faces. L’ Estrange, 3. Delicate ; effeminate ; not hardy, or able to en- dure hardship. The tender and delicate woman among you, — Deut. xxviil. db 4. Weak ; feeble; as, tender age. Gen. XxXili. 5 Young andc arefully educi ted. Prov. iv. 6. Susceptible of the softer passions, as love, com- passion, kindness ; compassionate; pitiful ; easily affected by the distresses of another, or anxious for another’s good ; as, the tender kindness of the church ; a tender heart. Compassionate ; ness, or favor. The Lord is pitiful, and of tender mercy. —Jnmesy, Luke i, easily excited to pity, forgive- 8. Exciting kind concern. I love Valentine ; s as lender to me as his soul, His life ” Shak, 9, Expressive of the softer passions, as, a tender on L. teneo, Gr. retv@, Sans. tan, ] strain. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE , BIRD. — NOTE , DOVE, MOVE, WQLF, BOOK. — 1136TEN 10 Careful to save inviolate, or not to with of. Be tender of your neighbor’s reputation. religion. dlotson. 11. Gentle ; mild; unwilling to pain. You, that are so fender o’er his follies, Will never do him good Shak. Apt to give pain; as, that is a tender subject ; things that are tender sat aHIeaeTAE! Bacon. _ 13. Adapted to excite feeling or sympathy ; Ic; as, te nder expressions ; tender expostulations. TEND/ER-ED, pp. Offered for acceptance. TEN’DER-HEART’ED, (-hart/ed,) a. heart. | pressions or influence. 19, 7 ? withstand them. — 2 Chron. xiii. 2. Very suece De of the softer passions of love, pity, or Kindness Be ye kind one to another, and tender-hearted. —Eph. iv TEN/DER-HEART’ED-LY, adv. tion. TEN’DER-HEXRT’ED-NESS, 7. the softer passions. TEN’DER-HEFT-ED, a. Having great tenderness. Shak, TEN’DRIL, x TEN’DRIL, a. TEND’/RY, n. TEND/SOME TEN/E-BROUS, TE-NE/BRI-OUS, TEN/E-BROUS-NESS, } TEN-E-BROS/I-TY, : TEN/E-MENT, n. TEND/ER-ING, ppr. TEN’/DER-LING, n. by too much kindness, 2. The first horns of a deer. TEN‘DER-LOIN, n. hind quarter of beef, the Psoas muscle. TEN’DER-LY, ade. With tenderness ; mildly tly ; softly ; in a manner not to injure or give pain. Brutus tenderly reproves, Pope. - Kindly ; with pity or affection. TEN! /DER- MOUFH-ED, a. TEN/DER-NESS, n. The state of easily broken, bruised, or injured ; Offering for acceptance. softness ; brittle- ness ; as, the tendernes ss of a thread ; ; the tenderness of flesh. 2. The state of being easily hurt; soreness; as the tenderness of flesh when bruised or inflamed. 3. Susceptibility of the softer passions ; sensibility. Well we know your tenderness of heart. Shak. 4, Kind attention ; anxiety for the good of another, or to save him from. pain. Bacon, 5. Scrupulousness ; caution ; extreme care or con- or to commit offense ; as, tenderness cern not to give of conscience. South. 6. Cautious care to preserve, or not to injure ; as, a tenderness of reputation. Gov. of the Tongue. 7. Softness of expression ; pathos. TEND‘ERS, n. pl. Proposals for performing a service. TEND/ING, ppr. Having a certain direction; taking TEND! ING, n. The act of attending. [care of. TEND/ING, n. In seamen’s language, a swinging round or movement of a ship upon her anchor. TEN/DIN-OUS, a. [Fr. tendineux; It. tendinoso ; from L. tendines, tendons, froin tendo, to stretch. ] 1. Pertaining to a tendon; partaking of the nature of tendons. 2. Full of tendons; sinewy; as dinous parts. TEND/MENT, n. TEN/DON, teneo, tendo. | In anatomy, a hard, insensible cord or bundle of fibers, by which a muscle is attached to a bone. TEN’DRAE€, n The popular name of three insec- TEN/‘REE, ¢ tivorous mammals, of the genus Cen- TAN’REE, tenes. They are small quadrupeds, found in Madagascar and the Isle of France. Fr. tendron, from tenir, to hold.] A filiform, spiral shoot of a plant that winds round another body for the purpose of support. TZ'endrils, or claspers, are given to plants that have weak stalks. Ray. They are also given to creeping vines which re- quire support on the earth. A tendril, in most cases, is a peculiar modification of a petiole; though sometimes it is a modification of some part of the inflorescence, as in the vine. Lindley. Clasping ; climbing; as a tendril. Dyer. Proposal to acceptance ; tender. Heylin. Requiring much attend- » nervous and ten- Wiseman. [ Obs.] Hall. from reivw, L. Attendance ; care. [L. tendo; Gr. revwy ; , (ten’sum,) a. a tendsome child. a. [L. tenebrosus, from tenebre, darkness. ] ance ; as, Dark ; gloomy. Young. Darkness ; gloom. [Fr.; Low L. tenementwn, from teneo, to hold.] In common acceptation, a house; a building for a habitation ; or an apartment in a building, used by one family. . A house or lands depending on a manor; or a fee farm depending on a superior. Cyc. TONE, injure ; The clvil authority should be tender of the honor of God and ZT pathet- {tender and Having great sensibility 3 susceptible of im- When Rehoboam was young and fender-hearted, and could not With tender affec- Susceptibility of A fondling; one made tender A tender part of flesh in the ; een- Having a tender mouth. being tender or ? TE-NOT/O-MY, n. (Gr. TEN’REE, 7 TENSE, (tens, TENSE, TEN 3. In law, any species of permanent property that may be held, as lands, houses, rents, commous, an of- fice, an advow son, a franchise, a right of common, a peerage, &c. These are called free or frank tenements. The thing held is a tenement, and the possessor of it a tenant, and the manner of possession is called tenure. Blackstone. TEN-E-MENT’AL, a. Pertaining to tenanted lands; that is or may be held by tenants. Tenemental lands thé icy distributed among their tenants. Blackstone. That is or may be leased ; Spelman. [Wot in use. ] a straining or stretch- TEN-E-MENT’A-RY, a. held by tenants, TE-NER’I-TY, n. TE-NES’MUS, n. ing. ] An urgent, distressing, and almost painful sensa- tion, as if a discharge from the intestines must take place immediately ; always referred to the lower ex- tremity of the rectum. TEN‘/ET, x. [L. tenet, be holds.] Any opinion, principle, dogma, or doctrine, which a person believes or inaintains as true ; as, the tenets of Plato or of Cicero. The tenets of Christians are adopted from the Scriptures ; but different interpre- tations give rise to a great diversity of tenets. TEN'FOLD, a. [ten and fold.] Ten times more. Fire kindled into tenfold rage. Milton, TE/NI-OID, a. Aterm applied to a family of paren- chymatous entozoa, comprising what are commonly called Tapeworms. TEN’NANT-ITE, n. [from Smithson Tennant.] A blackish, lead-gray ore of copper, from Cornwall, consisting of copper, iron, arsenic, and sulphur. Dana. TEN’NIS, n. [If this word is from L. teneo, Fr. tenir, it must be from the sense of holding on, continuing to keep in motion. ] A play in which a ball is driven continually or kept in motion by rackets. TEN'‘NIS, v. t. To drive a ball. TEN/NIS-€OURT, n. A place the game of tennis. TEN/‘NIS-ED, (ten/nist,) pp. TEN/NIS-ING, ppr. Driving, as a ball. TEN’/ON, nxn. [Fr., from tenir, L. In building and cabinet work, of timber, which is reduced in as to be fitted into a mortise for serted, for fastening two The form of a tenon tailed, &c. TEN/ON-SAW, n Tenderness. [L. ; lite rally, Spenser. or court for playing Rich. Dict. Driven, as a ball. teneo, to hold.] the end of a piece its dimensions so insertion, or in- of timber together. is various, as square, dove- piect Ss A saw with a brass or steel back, for cutting tenons. Gwilt. TEN’OR, n. [L. tenor, from teneo, to hold; that is, a holding on in a continued course; Fr. teneur; It. tenore ; Sp. tenor.] 1, Continued run or currency; whole course or strain. We understand a speaker’s intention or views from the tenor of his conversation; that is, from the general course of his ideas, or general pur- port of his speech. Does not the whole fenor of the divine law positively require humility and meckness to all men? Sprat. 2. Stamp; character. The conversation was of the same tenor as that of the preceding day. This success would look like chance, if it were not perpetual and always of the same fenor. Dryden. 3. Sense contained ; purport; substance; general course or drift ; discourse. as, close attention to the tenor of the Warrants are to be executed according to their form and tenor. Locke. Bid me tear the bond, When It is paid according to the fenor. Shak. 4. (Fr. tenor. ] In music, the most common nat- ural pitch of a man’s voice in singing, or the higher of the two kinds of voices usually belonging to adult males ; hence, the part of a tune adapted to this voice, the second of the four parts in the scale of sounds, reckoning from the base; and originally the alr, to which the other parts Were auxiliary. The persons who sing the tenor, or the instru- ment that pli ye i révov and ropy.] In sur- gery, the a ision or the act of dividing a tendon. The name of three small insectiv- orous qui anieds! of the genus Centenes, allied to the hedgehog, and found in Madagascar and the Isle of France. Also written Tanrec and TENpRAC t [L. tensus, from tendo, to strete i Stretched; strained to stiffness; rigid; not lax ; as, a tense fiber. For the free passnge of the sound into the ear, it is requisite that the tympanum be lense. tolder. (tense,) mn. [Corrupted from Fr. temps, L. tempus. } In grammar, time, or a particular form of a verb, or a combination of words, used to express the time of action, or of that which is affirmed; or tense is an inflection of verbs, by which they are made to signify or distinguish the time of actions or events. The primary simple tenses are three — those which expre ss time past, present, and future; hut these BULL, UNITE.—AN’GER, VI/'CIOUS,—€ as K; G as J; $ as Z; CH as SH; TEN adinit of modifications, which differ in different lan- guages. The English language is_rich in tenses be- yond any other language in Europe. . TENSE/LY , adv. With tension. TENSE/N ESS, (tens’ness,) n. The state of bein tense or stretched to stiffness ; stiffness - opposed to Laxness; as, the tenseness of a string or fiber : ; tense- ness of the skin. h TENS-I-BIL’/IL-TY, n. The state that admits Semon TENS/I-BLE, a. Capable of being extended. Bacon. TENS/ILE, (ten’s il,) a. Cayable of extension. TEN’SION, (ten/shun,) n. [Fr., from I, tensio, tendo.) 1. The act of stretching or ‘straining ; as, the ten- sion of the muscles. 2. The state of being stretched or strained to stiff- ness ; or the state of being bent or strained ; as, dif- ferent degrees of tension in chords give different sounds ; the greater the tension, the mare acute the sound. 3. The stretching or degree of stretching to which a wire, cord, piece of timber, &c., is strained by drawi ing it in "the direction of its length ; strain. 4, Distention. [ Guilt. TENSIVE, a. Giving the sensation of tension, stiff- ness Or contraction ; as, a tensive pain. Floyer. TEN’SOME. See Tenpsome. TENS‘OR, n. In anatomy, a muscle thut extends or stretches a part. TEN’SURE; the same as Tensron, and not used. Bacon. TENT, n. [W. stretched ; Fr tente; Sp. from tendo, v0 stretch.] 1. A pavilion or portable lodge consisting of can- vas or other coarse cloth, stretched and sustained by poles ; used for sheltering persons from the weather, particularly soldiers in camp. The wandering Arabs and Tartars lodge in tents. The Israelites lodged in tents forty years, While they were in the desert. 2. In surgery, a roll of lint or linen, used to dilate an opening in the flesh, or to prevent the healing of an opening from which matter or other fluid is dis- charge cs Cyc. TENT, [Sp. tinto, deep colored, from L. tinctus.] A inal of wine of a deep red "color, chiefly from Galicia or Malaga in Spain. TENT, v.i. To lodge as in a tent; tent, from ten, tyn, tienda; L. tentorium, to tabernacle. Shak. TENT, v.t. To probe; to search as with a tent; as, to tent a Wound. I’ll tent him to the quick. Shak. 2. To Keep open with a tent. TENT’-BED, n. A high-post bedstead, tains in an arched form aboye. Encyc. af Dom. Econ. INT TEN TAGULA. n. pl. [Tech. L. tentacula.] A filiform process or organ, simple or branched, on the bodies of various animals of the Linnean class Vermes, and of Cuvier’s Moliusca, Annelida, Echinodermata, Actinia, Medusa, Polypi, &c., either an organ of feeling, prehension, or motion, some- times round the mouth, sometimes on other parts of the body. TEN- TA€’U-LAR, a. Pertaining to tentacles. CTEN-TA€/’U-LA-TED, a. Having tentacles, TE N-TA-€U-LIF’ER- OUS , a ([L. tentacul fero, to bear.} Producing tentacula or tentacles. TENT’AGE, rn. An encampment. Wiseman. having cur- um and Kirby. [ Unusual. ] Drayton. TEN-TA!/TION, n. [Fr., from L. tentatio ; tento, to te : Lemnpration: Little used.] Brown. TENT'A-TIVE, a. tery Trying ; essaying. TENT/A-T OY E, An essay ; trial. Berkele us TENT’ED, Gonerad or furnished with tents, soldiers. 2. Covered with tents; as, a tented field. TENT/ER, 2. [L. tendo, tentus, to stretch. A machine for stretching cloth, by means of hooks, called TsnTER-Hooks. Hebert. "0 be on the tenters; to be on the stretch; to be in distress, uneasiness, or suspense. Hudibras. TENT/E R, v v.t. To hang or stretch on tenters. TENT’ER, v. i. To admit extension. [ Bacon. Woolen cloths will tentr. Bacon. TENT’ER-ED, pp. Stretched or hung on tenters. TENT/ER-GROUND, n. Ground on which tenters are erected. TENT’/ER-HQOK, n. A sharp, hooked nail, used in stretching cloth on the frame called Tenrer. TENT’ER-ING, ppr. Stretching or hanging on tent- ers. TENTH, [from ten.] first after the ninth. TENTH, x. The tenth part. 2. Tithe ; the tenth part of annual produce or in- crease. The tenth of income is payable to the clergy in England, as it was to the priests among the Isra- elites. The ordinal of ten; the 3. In music, the octave of the third; an interval FH as in THIS. ————— eee 1433 —. . 1137 os $0 rn wae oa ~—$<—<$<—<——————— TER hending nine conjoint degrees, or ten sounds, ed. Busby. In the tenth place. a stretching.) ict. n with a compre diatonically divid TENTH’LY, adv. TEN-TIG/IN-OUS, a. [L. tentigzo, Stiff; stretched. [JVot in use. | TENT/ING, ppr. Probing; keeping ope tent. TENT/O-RY,7. [L. tentorium. ] The awning of a tent. TENT! WORT, (arth. | 1. Pertaining to the earth ; earthy ; as, terrene sub- stance. 9, Earthly ; terrestrial. God set before him a mortal and immortal life, 2 nature celestial and (lerrené. Ralegh. TER/RE-OUS, a. [L. terreus, from terra, earth. ] Earthy; consisting of earth; as, terreous sub- stances ; terreous particles. Brown. TER ; Sgr ; ae PRI-AL, a. [L. terrestris, from terra, ine 1. Pertaining to the earth; existing on the earth: as, terrestrial animals; bodies terrestrial. 1 Cor xv. 2, Consisting of earth ; as, the terrestrial globe. i 3. Pertaining to the world, or to the present state ; sublunary.. Death puts an end to all terrestrial scenes. TER-RES’TRI-AL-LY, adv, After an earthly man- ner. More. TER-RES/TRI-OUS, a. Earthy. [Little used.] 2, Pertaining to the earth; being or living on the earth ; terrestrial. Brown. TER/RLBLE, a. [Fr., from L. terribiis, from terreo, to frighten. | | g E || 1. Frightful; adapted to excite terror; dreadful ; | formidable. Prudent in peace, and terrible in war. Prior. | The form of the image was terrible. — Dan. 4. 2. Adapted to impress dread, terror, or solemn awe and reverence. The Lord thy God is among you, a mighty God and terrible. — ut. Vil. Let a praise thy great and terrible name, for it is holy. — 8. XCix, He hath done for thee these great and terrible things, which thine eyes have seen. — Deut. x. 3. adv. Severely ; very ; so as to give pain; as, terrible cold ; a colloquial phrase. TER/RI-BLE-NESS, nr. Dreadfulness; formidable- ness; the quality or state of being terrible ; as, the terribleness of a sight. TER/RI-BLY, adv. Dreadfully ; in a manner to excite terror or fright. When he ariseth to shake terribly the earth. —Is. il. 2. Violently ; very greatly. The poor man squalled terribly. Suit. TER/RI-ER, n. [Fr., from terra, earth.] 1. A dog or little hound, that creeps into the ground after animals that burrow. Dryden. 2, A lodge or hole where certain animals, as foxes, rabbits, badgers, and the like, secure them- selves. Cyc. 3. Originally, a collection of acknowledgments of the vassals or tenants of a lordship, containing the rents and services they owed to the lord, &c.; at present, a book or roll in which the lands of private persons or corporations are described by their site, boundaries, number of acres, &c. Cyc. 4. A wimble, auger, or borer. [L. tero.] Ainsworth. TER-RIF’I€, a. [L. terrificus from terreo, terror, and facio.) Dreadful; causing terror; adapted to excite great fear or dread ; as, a terrific form ; terrific sight. TER/RI-FI-ED, pp. ora. Frightened ; affrighted. TER/RI-FY, v.t. [L. terror and facto, to make. ] To frighten ; to alarm or shock with fear. They were terrified and affrighted. — Luke Xxiv. When ye shall hear of wars and commotions, be not terrified. — Luke xxi. Job vii. TER/RI-FY-ING, ppr. ora. Frightening; affrighting. TER-RIG/EN-OUS, a. [L. terrigena, one born of the earth ; terra and gino. Earth-born; produced by the earth. TER-RLTO'RI-AL, a. [from territory.] Pertaining to territory or land ; as, territorial limits ; territorial jurisdiction. Tooke. 9. Limited to a certain district. Rights may be personal or territorial. TER-RL-TO/RLAL-LY, adv. In regard to territory ; by means of territory. E. Everett. TER/RI-TO-RLED, a. Possessed of territory. Selden. TER/RL-TO-RY, nz. [Fr. territoire; It. and Sp. terri- torio; L. territorium, from terra, earn) 1. The extent or compass of land within the pounds, or belonging to the jurisdiction, of any state, city, or other body. Linger not in my territories. Shak, They erected a house within their own terrilory. Hayward, Arts and sciences took their rise and flourished only in those small terrifories where the people were free, Suit. ©. A tract of land belonging to, or under the do- minion of, a prince or state, lying at a distance from the parent country or from the seat of government ; as, the territories of the Bast India Company ; the territories of the United States ; the territory of Mich- igan ; North-west territory. These districts of coun- try, when received intothe Union and acknowledged to be States, lose the appellation of territory. _ Constitution of the United States. THR/ROR, n. [Le terror, from terveo, to frighten ; Fr. terreur; It. terrore.] : 1. Extreme fear; violent dread ; fright ; fear that agitates the body and mind. - The sword without and terror within, — Deut, Xxxu. The terrors of God do set themselves in arrey against me ae terror seized the rebol host. Milton. 92, That which may excite dread ; the cause of ex- treme fear. Rulers are nota terror to good works, but to the evil. — Rom, Prior. Se xiii. Those enormous terrors of the Nile. ee A ee LONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI!'CIOUS. — € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; TH as in THIS. 1139 1 *. “ig ‘ x 7 ea rat ae ee TanaiOE ae Sanches TES 2, In Scripture, the sudden judgments of God are called terrors. Ps. 1Xxiil. 4. The threatenings of wicked men, or evil appre- hended from them. 1 Pet. ili. 5. Awful majesty, calculated to impress fear. 2 Cor. V. 6. Death is emphatically styled the king of ter- rors. ; Reign of terror; in French history, that period during the revolution when executions were most numerous, and the people were kept In the greatest fear by their rulers. This extended from October, 1793, to July, 1794. : Brande. TER/ROR-ISM, n. A state of being terrified, or a state impressing terror. Jefferson. TER/ROR-IST, xn. A name given to the agents and partisans of the revolutionary tribunal during the reign of terror 1D France. Brande. TER’ROR-LESS, a. Free from terror. TER/ROR-SMIT’TEN, 4. Smitten with terror. wleridge. TER/hOR-STRUCK, a. Stricken with terror. TERSBE, (ters,) a. [L. tersus, from terzo, to wipe. ] Cleanly written ; neat; elegant without pompous- ness; as, terse language ; a Lerse style. Diffused, yet terse, poetical, though plain. TERSE’'LY, (ters'ly,) adv. Neatly. TERSE/NESS, (ters’ness,) 7. Neatness of style ; smoothness of language. Warton. TER-SUL/PHU-RET, 7. A sulphuret containing three equivalents of sulphur. TER-TEN/ANT, n. (Fr. terre and tenant.] The occupant of land. TER/TIAL, a. A term applied to the quills growing on the Jast or innermost joint of a bird’s wing. Swainson, TER/TIALS, (-shalz,) n. pl. In ornithology, the quills or Jarge feathers which grow near the junction of the wing with the body. TER/TIAN, a. [L. tertianus, from tertius, third.] Occurring every other day ; as, a tertian fever. TER/TIAN, n. A disease or fever whose paroxysms Harte. TES 4. That with which any thing is compared for proof of its genuineness; a standard. Life, force, and beauty must to all impart, At once the source, the end and test of art. Pope. 5, Discriminative characteristic ; standard. Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. Dryden. 6, Judgment ; distinction. Who would excel, when few can make a test Betwixt indifferent writing and the best? Dryden, 7. In chemistry, a substance employed to detect any unknown constituent of a compound, by causing it to exbibit some known property. Thus ammonia is a test of copper, because it strikes a blue color with that metal, by which a minute quantity of it can be discovered when in combination with other sub- stances, Olmsted. TEST, 7. ([L. testis,a witness, properly one that af- firms. ] In England, an oath and declaration against tran- substantiation, which all officers, civil and military, were formerly obliged to take within six months after their admission. They were obliged also to receive the sacrament, according to the usage of the Church of England. These requisitions were made by stat. 95 Charles II., which is called the test act. The re- ceiving of the sacrament is now dispensed with, and a declaration substituted, by a Jaw passed in 1828. Brande. Blackstone. TEST, 7. t. To compare with a standard ; to try ; to prove the truth or genuineness of any thing by ex- periment or by some fixed principle or standard ; as, to test the soundness of a principle ; to test the valid- ity of an argument. The true way of testing its character, is to suppose it [the system] will be persevered in. Edin. Review. Experience is the surest standard by which to feat the real tend- ency of the existing constitution. Washington’s Address. To test this position. amilton, Rep. Adams's Lect. Walsh, Rev. In order to fest the correctness of this system. This expedient has been already tested. 2. To attest and date ; as, a writing tested on such a day. return every other day; an intermittent whose par- oxysms occur after intervals of a little less than forty-eight hours. Cyc.- Coxe. 9° A measure of 84 gallons, the third part of a tun. Obs. } TER’TIA-RY, a. Third; of the third formation. Tertiary formation; n geology, a series of strata, more recent than the chalk, consisting of sandstones, clay beds, limestones, and frequently containing nu- merous fossils, a few of which are identical with ex- isting species. It has been divided into Eocene, Miocene, and Piiocene, which see. Dana. TEh/TIATE, (ter'shate,) v. t [L. tertius, third ; tertio, to do every third day.) 1. To do any thing the third time. Johnson. 9. To examine the thickness of the metal at the muzzle of a gun; or, in general, to examine the thickness to ascertain the strength of ordnance. TER!TIA-TED, pp. Done the third time. TER'TIOM QUID, [(L.] A third something. TER'ZA Ri'MA, (tert’sa ré'mi,) n, [It.] Literally, a peculiar and complicated system of versification, borrowed by the early Italian poets from the ‘Trouba- dotirs. Brande. TER-ZET'TO, (tert-set’/to,) n. ([It.] In music, a composition in three parts. Brande. TES'/SEL-AR, a. Formed in squares. TES‘SEL-ATE,v. t. [L. tessela, a little square stone.] To form into squares or checkers; to lay with checkered work. TES'/SEL-A-TED, pp. or a, Checkered; formed in little squares or mosaic work ; as, a tesselated pave- ment. 9. In botany, spotted like a chess-board ; as, a tes- selated leaf. Martyn. TES/SEL-A-TING, ppr. Forming in little squares. TES-SEL-A’TION, n. Mosaic work, or the operation of making it. Forsyth, Italy. TES'SE-RA, n.; pl. Tesserx%. [Gr.] A six-sided die, Jike modern dice, used among the Romans as a to- ken, and in architecture in laying tesselated work. Brande. TES-SE-RA/I€, a. [L. tessera, a square thing.] Diversified by squares ; tesselated, Atkyns. TES'SE-RAL, a. Pertaining to or containing tessere. 2. In crystallography, a term applied to crystals having equal axes, like the cube, TES/SU-LAR, a. Related to the cube, or having equal axes, like the cube. TEST, 7. ([L. testa, an earthen pot; It. testa or testo; Fr. tét.] 1. In metallurgy, a large cupel, or a vessel in the nature of a cupel, formed of wood ashes and finely powdered brick dust, in which metals are melted for trial and refinement. Cyc. 9, Trial; examination by the cupel; hence, any critical trial and examination. Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of fortune Nee oe : Addison. comes of age. 4. Witness ; evidence ; proof of some fact. - Means of trial. TEST-A-MENT-A/TION, n. The act or power of Shake off the dust under your feet, for a testimony against them, Each fest and every light her muse will bear. Dryden. giving by will. [Jittle used.] Burke. ark vi. 3. In metallurgy, to refine gold or silver by means of lead, in a test, by the vitrification, scorification, &c., of all extraneous matter. TES’TA, 7. [L.] The shelly covering of testaceous animals. Humble. 9. In botany, the integuments of a seed. Lindley. TEST’A-BLE, a. [L. testor. See TesTaMENT. That may be devised or given by will. Blackstone. TES-TA’CEA, )n.pl. Shelled animals. TES-TA/CEANS,}§ TacEous.] TES-TA-CE-OG/RA-PHY. See TrestTacEo.Loeoy. T'ES-TA-CE-OL‘O-GY, n. [L. testacea, or testa, and Gr. 0} OS. covering ; conchology. anomalous. } TES-TA’CEOUS, (-ta’shus,) a [L. testa, a shell. testaceus, the sense of attest, contest, detest, all implying a sending, driving, &c. Pertaining to shells ; having a hard, continuous shell. thus ters and clams; and are soft, and consist of several pieces jointed, as lobsters and like substances, as the powders of crab’s claws pearl, &c. Cyc. Encye. TEST/A-MENT, 7. testor, to make a will.] his estate and effects after his death. This is other wise called a WILL. be made when the testator is of sound mind, and i must be subscribed, witnessed, and published in suct manner as the Jaw prescribes. words only, and such will is called NuNCUPATIVE. Blackstone. Testament; the New Testament. The name dispensations —that of Moses, and that of Jesu Christ. wills ; as, testamentary causes in law. testamentary charities. Atterbury. 3. Done by testament or will. [See Txs- The science of testaceous mollusks, or of those soft and simple animals which have a testaceous [Words thus formed of two languages are rather from The primary sense of testa, testis, tes- 5 tor, &c., is, to thrust or drive; hence the sense of hardness, compactness, in testa and testis ; and hence testator, testament, consisting of a hard shell, or Testaceous animals are such-as have a strong, thick, entire shell, as oys- distinguished from crustaceous animals, whose shells are more thin and Testaceous medicines, are all preparations of shells [Fr., from L. testamentum, from A solemn, authentic instrument in writing, by which a person declares his will as to the disposal of A testament, to be valid, must 29 The name of each general division of the ca- nonical books of the sacred Scriptttres; as, the Old a is verbal or written, but must be under oath. ny differs from evidence; testimony is the declaration of a witness, and evidence is the effect of that decla- ration on the mind, or the degree of light which it equivalent to Covenant, and in our use of it, we apply it to the books which contain the old and new TEST-A-MENT’A-RY, a. Pertaining to a will or to 2. Bequeathed by will; given by testament; as, Testamentary guardian of a minor, is one appointed by the deed or will of a father, until the child be- TES TEST/ATE, a. [L. testatus.] Having made and left a will; as, a person is said to die testate. TEST-A'TION, x. [L. testatio.] A witnessing or witness. Bp. Hall. TEST-A/TOR, n. [{L.] A man who makes and leaves a will or testament at death. TEST-A’TRIX, n. A Woman who makes and leaves a will at death. TEST/ED, pp. Tried or approved by a test. Shak. Parkhurst. TES’TER, x. [Fr téte, head.] The top covering of a bed, consisting of some species of cloth, supported by the bedstead, TES'TER, )n. An old coin, of the value of about TES’TON, sixpence sterling, originally cighteen pence, then ninepence. Toone. TES'TERN,n. A sixpence; a tester. TES’/TERN, v.t. To present with a sixpence. [ Obs.] TES/TI-€LE, (tes’te-kl,) n. | L. testiculus ; literally, a hard mass, like testa, a shell.] The testicles are the glands which secrete the sein- inal fluid in males. TES-TI€/U-LATE, a. In botany, shaped like a tes- ticle, Lee. TEST-I-FL€A’/TION, n. See Tes- 1 IRs The act of testifying or giving testimony or evi- dence ; as, a direct testification of our homage to God. South. One who gives witness o1 [L. testificatio. TEST’I-FI-CA-TOR, 7. evidence. TEST’I-FLED, (-fide,) pp. [from testify.] Given in evidence ; witnessed ; published ; made known. TEST’L-FL-ER,n. [from testify.] One who testifies ; one who gives testimony or bears witness to prove any thing. TEST/LFY, v. i. [L. testificor ; tests aud facio; It. testificare; Sp. testificar-] 1. Tio make a solemn declaration, verbal or writ- ten, to establish some fact; to give testimony for the purpose of communicating to others a knowledge of something not known to them. Jesus needed not that any should testify of man, for he knew what was in man. — John ii. timony in a cause depending before a tribunal. die. — Num. xxxv. 3. To declare a charge against one. O Israel, I will testify against thee. — Ps, l. 4. To protest; to.declare against. Neh. xii. TEST’I-FY, v. t the purpose of establishing a fact. John iii, tribunal, for the purpose of proving some fact. testimony. To testify the gospel of the grace of God, 4, To publish and declare freely. Acts xx. xx. TEST'/I-FY-ING, ppr. ; testimony ; bearing witness ; declaring. with petulance. TEST-I-MO'NI-AL, 2. [Fr., from L. testimonium.] or good conduct. i occasions. t cense to preach. 1 persons of known respectability of character. TEST-L-MO'NLAL, a. timony A man in certain cases may make a valid will by , TEST’/I-MO-NY, m. ([L. testimonium. | s affords. 2 Atfirmation; declaration. 3. Open attestation ; profession. Thou, for the testimony of truth, hast borne Universal reproach. Milton. 9. In judicial proceedings, to make a solemn dec- Jaration under oath, for the purpose of establishing or making proof of some fact to a court; to give tes- One witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to I testified against them in the day wherein they sold provisions. — To affirm or declare solemnly, for We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen. — In law, to affirm or declare under oath before a 3. To bear Witness to; to support the truth of by Testifying both to the Jews, and alzo to the Greeks, repentance toward God and faith toward our Lord Jesus Christ. — Acts Affirming solemnly or under oath, for the purpose of establishing & fact; giving TEST’I-LY, adv. [from testy.] Fretfully ; peevishly ; A writing or certificate in favor of one’s character Testimonials are required on many A person must have testimonials of his learning and good conduct before he can obtain li- Testimonials are to be signed by Relating to or containing tes- 1. A solemn declaration or affirmation made for the purpose of establishing or proving some fact. Such affirmation, in judicial proceedings, may be Testimo- These doctrines are supported by the uniform testimony of the fathers. The belief of past facts must depend on the evi- dence of human testimony, or the testimony Aituee rians. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — _——————————————————— 1140a TET 5. In Scripture, the two tables of the law. Thou shalt put into the ark the testimony which I shall give thee. uX. XXV,. 6. The book of the law. He brought forth the king’s son — and gave him the testimony. — 2 Kings xi, 7. The gospel, which testifies of Christ, and de- clares the will of God. 1 Cor. ii. 2 Tim. i. 8. The ark. Exod. xvi. 9. The word of God ; the Scriptures. The reRORY of the Lord is sure, making wise the simple. — "3, Xix. _10. The laws or precepts of God. ‘I love thy tes- timonies.”” ‘*I have kept thy testimonies.”? Psalms, 11. That which is equi alent to a declaration ; manifestation. Sacrifices were appointed by God for a testimony of his hatred of sin. jlarke. 12. Evidence suggested to the mind ; as, the testi- mony of conscience. 2 Cor. 1. 13. Attestation ; confirmation. TEST’I-MO-NY, v. 4 To witness. [ot in use.] e Shak. TEST’I-NESS, n. [from testy.] Fretfulness; peevish- ness; petulance. Locke. TEST/ING, ppr. [from test.] Trying for proof; prov- ing by a standard or by experiment. A plan for testing alkalies, Ure. TEST/ING, n. The act of trying for proof. 2. In metallurgy, the operation of refining large quantities of gold or silver by means of lead, in the vessel called a test. In this process, the extraneous matter is vitrified, scorified, or made to change its form, and .he metal left pure. This operation is per- formed in the manner of cupellation. Cyc. TES-TOON!’,n. A silver coin in Italy and Portugal. The Roman testoon is worth ls. 3d. sterling, or 29 cents ; the Portuguese, 6d., or about 11 cents. Kelly. TEST/-PA-PER, mn. A paper impregnated with a chemical reagent, as litmus, &c. arke. TES-TO’DI-NAL, a. Pertaining to the tortoise, or re- sembling it. Fleming. TES-TO'DI-NATE, Ti tastud TES-TO!DI-NA-TED, \ da. [ 4. LES udo.] Shaped like the back of a tortoise ; roofed ; arched ; vaulted. TES-TU-DIN’/E-OUS, a. tortoise, TES-TO/DO, n. [L.] A tortoise. Among the Ro- mans, a cover or screen which a_ body of troops formed with their shields or targets, by holding them over their heads when standing close to each other. This cover resembled the back of a tortoise, and served to shelter the men from darts, stones, and other missiles. A similar defense was sometimes formed of boards and moved on wheels. 2. In medicine, a broad, soft tumor between the skull and the skin, called also Tatra or Mote, as re- sembling the subterraneous windings of the tortoise or mole, Cyc. TEST‘Y, a. [from Fr. teste, téte, the head, or from the same root.] Testiness is a disposition or aptness to be angry. Resembling the shell of a Fretful, peevish; petulant; easily irritated. Pyr- rhus cured his testy courtiers with a kick. Must I stand and crouch under your testy humor? Shak. TE-TAN/I€, a. Pertaining to or denoting tetanus. TET’A-NUS, n. [Gr. reruvos, stretched.] [P. Cyc. A disease characterized by paroxysms of tonic spasms in the muscles of voluntary mouon, produ- cing incurvation of the body. TE-TAR!/LO-PRIS-MAT'I€, a. [Gr. rerapzos, fourth. ] One fourth prismatic; applied to oblique rhombic prisms. Mohs. TE-TAUG!’,n. The name of a fish on the coast of New England; called also Buack Fisu. [See Tautos.] TETCH/I-NESS,) See Vecuiness, Trecuy. [ Cor- TETCH’Y, (rupted from touchy, touchiness. | TETE, (tate,)n. [Fr., head.] False hair; a kind of wig or cap of false hair. TETE!-A-TETE!’, (tate'a-tate’,)n. [Fr.] head ; private conversation 5 in private. TETE!-DE-PONT', (tate/de-pong’,) n, [Fr] A work thrown up at the entrance of a bridge, for coy- ering the communication across a river. : Campbell’s Mil. Dict. TEFU/ER, n. [See Tepper.] A rope or chain by which a beast is confined for feeding within certain limits. TEFH/ER, v.t. To confine, as a beast, with a rope or chain, for feeding within certain limits. [It would be well to write this word uniformly TEDDER. | TEFH'ER-ED, pp. Confined with a rope. TH-THY'DANS, n. pl. [Gr. reBvs.] An order of acephalous molluscan animals, cov- ered by a tunic, and not by a shell. TR/THYS, n. [Gr.] A gelatinous animal of the nu- dibranchiate gastropod tribe, having an envelope or mantle that extends above and beyond the head, fringed or undulated at the margin. Kirby. Head to TET TET/RA-€HORD, n. [Gr. rerrapa, four, and xopdn, a chord.] : In ancient music, a diatessaron; a series of four sounds, of which the extremes, or first and last, con- stituted a fourth. These extremes were immutable ; the two middle sounds were changeable. Cyc. TET’/RAD, n. [Gr. rerpas, the number four. The number four ; a collection of four things, TET-RA-DAC/TYL, n. ([Gr.] An animal having four toes. Kirby. TET-RA-DA€/TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. rerpa and daxrv- 0. Having four toes. TET-RA-DI-A-PA/SON, xn. [Gr. terpa, four, and dia- pason. | Quadruple diapason or octave ; a musical chord, otherwise called a QuapruPLE E1GHTH Or TweEntTy- NINTH. Cyc. TET/RA-DRACHM, (-dram,) ) n. [Gr. revpa and TET-RA-DRA€H/MA, Opaxun. In ancient coinage, a silver coin worth four drach- mas.- The Attic tetradrachm was equal to 3s. 3d. sterling, or 75 cents. Smith’s Dict. TET-RA-DY-NA/MI-A, n. [Gr. rerpa and dvvapts, power, strength. ] In botany, a class of plants having six stamens, four of which are longer than the others. TET-RA-DY-NA’MI-AN,) a. Having six stamens, TET-RA-DYN’A-MOUS, § four of which are uni- formly longer than the others. TET/RA-GON, n. [Gr. rerpaywrvos; terpa, for téc- capes, four, and ywrra, an angle.] In geometry, a plane figure having four angles ; a quadrangle ; as a square, a rhombus, &c. 2. In astrology, an aspect of two planets with re- gard to the earth, when they are distant from each other ninety degrees, or the fourth of a circle. Hutton. TE-TRAG’ON-AL, a. Pertaining to a tetragon; hav- ing four angles or sides. Thus a square, a parallelo- pram, a rhombus, and a trapezium, are tetragonal figures. 2. In botany, having prominent longitudinal an- gles, as a stem. Martyn. TET’/RA-GO-NISM, n. The quadrature of the circle. [ Little used. | Cyc. | } TET-RA-GRAM/MA-TON, xn. [Gr. rerpa and ypap- Ha.) Among several ancient nations, the name of the mystic number four, which was often symbolized to represent the Deity, whose name was expressed by four letters. Brande. TET-RA-GYN’I-A,n. [Gr. rerpa, four, and yuyn, a female. ] In botany, an order of monoclinous or hermaphro- dite plants having four styles. Linnaeus. TET-RA-GYN’I-AN, ) a. Being monoclinous or her- TE-TRAG/YN-OUS, $ maphrodite, and having four styles. TET-RA-HE'DRAL, a. [See TeTRaneproN.] Hay- ing four equal triangles, Bailey. 2. In botany, having four sides. Martyn. TET-RA-HE’DRON, zn. side. In geometry, a solid figure comprehended under four equilateral and equal triangles; or one of the five regular Platonic bodies of that figure. Cyc. TET-RA-HEX-A-HE/DRAL, a. [Gr. rerpa, four, and hexahedral. | In crystallography, exhibiting four ranges of faces, one above another, each range containing six faces, TET-RA-HEX-A-HiE/DRON, n. [Gr. rs7pa, four, éf, six, and édpa, face.) A solid bounded by twenty-four equal faces, four corresponding to each face of the cube, Dana. TE-TRAL/O-GY,n. [Gr. rerpa and dovyos.| A collection of four dramatic.pieces, of which three were tragedies and one a satiric piece, repre- sented on the same occasion at Athens. Smith’?s Dict. (Gr. rerpa, four, and perpor, [Gr. rerpa, four, and édpx, TE-TRAM/E-TER, vx. measure. | In ancient poetry, a verse consisting of four meas- ures, i. e., in iambic, trochaic, and anapestic verse, of eight feet ; in other kinds of verse, of four feet. Liddell §& Scott. TE-TRAN!DRI-A, n. [Gr. rerpa, four, and avnp, a male, } : In botany, a class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants having four stamens. Linneus. TE-TRAN/DRLAN, }) a. Being monoclinous or her- TE-TRAN/DROUS, | maphrodite, and having four stamens. TE-TRA‘O-NID, a. orn. A term denoting a bird be- longing to the tribe of which the tetrao is the type; as the grouse, partridge, quail, &c. TET-RA-PET/AL-OUS, a. [Gr. rerpa, four, and reralor, leaf.) In botany, containing four distinct petals or flower leaves ; as, a tetrapetalous corol. Martyn. TET-RA-PHAR/MA-€ON, n. [Gr.] A combination of wax, resin, lard, and pitch, composing an oint- ment. Brande. TEX | TE-TRAPH’YL-LOUS, a. pvAdror, leaf.) In botany, having four leaves; consisting of four distinct leaves or leaflets. TET’RA-PLA, 7. ([Gr. eran A Bible consisting of four different versions ar- (Gr. rerpa, four, and Martyn. TETPA, OF TéEccapes, and ranged in four columns, as by Origen. Brande. TE-TRAP/TER-ANS, n. pl. Insects which have four wings. Brande. TE-TRAP’TER-OUS, a. TET/RAP-TOTE, 2. case. ] In grammar, a noun that has four cases only ; as, L. astus, &c. TE/TRARE€H, n. [Gr. apxn, rule. ] A Roman governor of the fourth part of a prov- ince; a subordinate prince. In time, this word came to denote any petty king or sovereign. TE-TRARE€H’ATE, xn. The fourth part of a province under a Roman tetrarch ; or the office or jurisdiction of a tetrarch. TE-TRAREH/IC-AL, a. Having four wings. [Gr. rerpa, four, and trwaic, TéTpaoxns; TETpa, four, and Pertaining to a tetrarchy. Herbert. TET’RAR€H-Y, 2. The same as TETRARCHATE. TET-RA-SPAS'/TON, n. [Gr. rerpa, four, and cxaw, to pull.) A machine in which four pulleys act together. Brande. TET-RA-SPERM/OUS, a. ([Gr. Terpa, four, and OTEO Ua, seed. In botany, having four seeds. Martyn. A tetraspermous plant, is one which produces four seeds in each flower, as the rough-leaved or verticil- late plants. Martyn. TE-TRAS’TI€H, (te-tras’tik,) n. [Gr. rerpasixos; retna, four, and srxos, Verse. A stanza, epigram, or poem, consisting of four verses. ope. TET/RA-ST@LE, n. [Gr. rerpa, four, and svAos, column. ] In ancient architecture, a building with four columns in front. Brande. TET-RA-SYL-LAB’T€, a. Consisting of four A EM ACICIAL.| syllables. Cye. TET-RA-SYL’LA-BLE, n. [Gr. zerpa, four, and ovAd\aBn, syllable. A word consisting of four syllables. TET’RIE, TET’RI€-AL, ba, TET’RI€E-OUS, Froward ; perverse; harsh; sour; rugged. [Vet In USC. Knolles. TET’RI€-AL-NESS, n. Frowardness ; perverseness. { Not ie TH-TRIC'I-TY, (te-tris’e-te,) n. Crabbedness; per- verseness. [Vot in use.] TET/TER, x. [Sax. teter, tetr; allied perhaps to L. titillo.] 1. In medicine, a vague name of several cutaneous diseases. 2. In farriery, a cutaneous disease of animals, which spreads on the body in different directions, and occasions a troublesome itching. ~ Cyc. TET’TER, v. t. To affect with the disease called TETTERS. TET’TISH, a. [Qu. Fr. téte, head.] Captious; testy. [JVot in use.] TEU-TON/I€, a. Pertaining to the Teutons, a people of Germany, or to their language; as @ noun, the language of the Teutons, the parent of the German, Dutch, and Anglo-Saxon or native English. Teutonic order ; a military religious order of knights, established toward the close of the twelfth century, in imitation of the Templars and Hospitalers. It was composed chiefly of ‘T’eutons or Germans, who marched to the Holy Land in the crusades, and was established in that country for charitable purposes, It increased in numbers and strength till it became master of all Prussia, Livonia, and Pomerania. Cyc. TEW, (ti,) vt. To work; to soften. [JVot tn use.] [See Taw-] 2. To work ; to pull or tease ; among seamen. TEW, (tii,) ». [probably tow. | Materials for any thing. [Vot in use.] Skinner. ®, An iron chain. Nes in use. | Ainsworth. TEW’EL, (ti/el,) n. [ Fr. tuyar. } : ce A pipe or funnel, as for smoke; an iron pipe in a forge to receive the pipe of a bellows. Moxon. TEW'TAW, (ta‘taw,) v. t. To beat; to break. [Vot in use.| [See Tew. | Mortimer. TEXT, n. [Fr. texte; L. teztus, woven ; It. testo. See Texture. ] : 1. A discourse or composition on which a note or commentary is written. Thus we speak of the text or original ‘of the Scripture, in relation to the com- ments upon it. Infinite pains have been taken to ascertain and establish the genuine original text. 9, A verse or passage of Scripture which a preach- er selects as the subject of a discourse. sw oft, when Paul has served us with a fert, Bes Epletatus, pinto: Pally preached | : Cowper. 3. Any particular passage of Scripture, used as [L. tetricus.] TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, 1141 e ao RPDS yg Fr nee rer omnat en RR Sia nc ME sh PR rs is; ret HP Pm Pins canes } § i 4 r) ed i i ‘ t i | - 4 a ee Bi, i D te ix b) ee if Bee te ee THA authority in argument for proof of a doctrine. In modern sermons, terts of Scripture are not as fre- quently cited as they were formerly. 4, In ancient law authors, the four Gospels, by way of eminence. Cyc. TEXT, v.t. To write, asatext. [Wot much used: | Beaum. & Fl. TEXT!-BOOK, n. In universities and colleges, a classic author written with wide spaces between the lines, to give room for the observations or interpreta- tion dictated by the master or regent. 5 oul 9. A book containing the leading principles or most important points of a science Or branch of learning, arranged in order for the use of students. TEXT/-HAND, x. A large hand in writing; so called because 1f was the practice to write the text of a book in a large hand, and the notes in a sinaller hand. ; a TEXTILE, (tekst/il,) a _ [L. teztilis.] Woven, or capable of being woven. — TEXTILE, (tekst/il,) 7 That which is or may be woven. Bacon. Wilkins. TEXT/-MAN, 7. A man ready in the quotation of Saunderson. texts. TEX-TO/RI-AL, a. [L. textor. |] Pertaining to weaving. TEXT/RINE, (tekst/rin,) a. as, the teztrine art. TEXT! U-AL, (tekst’yu-al,) a. Pertaining to weaving ; Derham. Contained in the text. Milton. 2. Serving for texts. Bp. Hall. TEXT/U-AL-LY, adv. In the text or body of a work ; in accordance with the text. TEXT/U-AL-IST, TEXT/U-A-RIST, n. {Fr. textuaire, from texte.] TEXT’U-A-RY, 1. One who is well versed in the Scriptures, and can readily quote texts. 2. One who adheres to the text. TEXT/U-A-RY, a. Textual ; contained in the text. Brown. 9, Serving as a text ; authoritative. Glanville. TEXT/U-IST, n. One ready in the quotation of texts. TEXTURE, (tekst/yur,) 7. texo, to weave. | 1. The act of weaving. 2. A web; that which is woven. [L. textura, textus, from Others, far on the grassy dale, Their humble texture weave. Thomson. 3. The disposition or connection of threads, fila- ments, or other slender bodies interwoven; 4s, the texture of cloth or of a spider’s web. 4, The disposition of the several parts of any body in connection with each other; or the manner in which the constituent parts are united ; as, the tez- ture of earthy substances or fossils ; the texture of a plant ; the tezture of paper, of a hat or skin ; a loose texture; or a close, compact terture. 5. Inanatomy. See Tissve THACK, for Tuatcn, is local. THA’LER, n. [L. thalerus.] The German spelling of DoLLar. THA-LYVA, n. [Gr.] In mythology, the muse who presided over pastoral and coinic poetry, and who was regarded as the patroness of agriculture. THAL/I-DAN, 2. [Gr. Padca, bloom.) That group of segregate naked acephalous mollns- cans, of which the genus Thalia is the type. They [See THATCH. | THA them, and the ordinary thanes, who were lords of manors, and who hada particular jurisdiction within their limits. After the Conquest, this title was dis- used, and baron took its place. THANE/DOM, n. The property or jurisdiction of a thane. THANB!-LANDS, n. pl. Lands granted to thanes. THANE/SHIP, n. The state or dignity of a thane; or bis seigniory. THANK, v. t. (Sax. thancian; G. and D. danken ; Ice. thacka; Sw. tacka,; Dan, takker. We see by the Gothic dialects that n is not radical. To ascertain the primary sense, let us attend to its compounds ; G. abdanken, (which in English would be off-thank, ) to dismiss, discharge, discard, send away, put off, to disband or break, as an officer; verdanken, to owe or be indebted; D. afdanken, to cashier or discharge. These senses imply a sending. Hence, thank is probably from the sense of giving, that is, a render or return. | 1, To express gratitude for a favor; to make ac- knowledgments to one for kindness bestowed. s for you. — 2 Thess. i. king. —2 Sam. xiv, We are bound to thank God alway Joab bowed himself and Uianked the 2, It is used ironically. Woeizh the danger with the doubtful bliss, And thank yourself, if aught should fall amiss. Dryden. THANK, nz. ) Generally in the plural. [Sax. thanc; THANKS, n. pl.} Gaelic, tainc.] Expression of gratitude; an acknowledgment made to express a sense of favor or kindness re- ceived Gratitude is the feeling or sentiment ex- cited by kindness ; thanks are the expression of that sentiment. Luke vi. Thanks be to God who giveth us the victory. —1 Cor. xv. Thanks be to God for his \ yenkable gilt. —2 Cor. 1x. He took bread and gave tianks to God. — Acts xxv. THANK/ED, (thankt,) pp. Having received expres- sions of gratitude. THANK/FUL, a. (Sax. thancfull; Gaelic, taincal.] Grateful ; impressed with a sense of kindness re- ceived, and ready to acknowledge it. The Lord’s supper is to be celebrated with a thankful remem- brance of his sufferings and death. Be thankful unto him and bless his name. — Ps. THANK/FUL-LY,adv. Witha grateful sense of favor or kindness received. If you have lived, take thankfully the past. THANK/FUL-NESS, n. Expression of gratitude ; acknowledgment of a favor. 9. Gratitude; a lively sense of good received. Dryden. The celebration of these holy myst ries being ended, retire with heavenly feast. Taylor. THANK/ING, ppr. Expressing gratitude for good re- ceived. THANK!LESS, a. Unthankful; ungrateful; not ac- knowledging favors. That she may feel How sharper than a serpent’s tooth it is Tio have a thankless child. Shak. 9. Not obtaining thanks, or not likely to gain thanks; as, a thankless office. Wotton. THANK’'LESS-LY, adv. With ingratitude ; unthank- fully. THANK!/LESS-NESS, 2. knowledge a kindness. | THANK/-OF-FER-ING, n. Ingratitude ; failure to ac- Donne. have a small crest or vertical fin near the posterior extremity of the back. THAL/LITE, n. [Gr. Saddos, a green twig. ] A variety of epidote. THAM'MUZ, n. The tenth month of the Jewish civil year, containing 29 days, and answering to a part of June and a part of July. : 9. The name of a deity among the Pheenicians. HAN, adv. or conj. [Sax. thanne; Goth. than; D. dan. This word signifies also then, both in English and Dutch. The Germans express the sense by als, as.] ; This word is placed after some comparative adjec- tive or adverb, to express comparison between what precedes and what follows. Thus Elijah said, I am not better than my fathers; wisdom is better than strength ; Israel loved Joseph more than all his chil- dren; all nations are counted less than nothing ; I who am Jess than the least of all saints; the Jas error shall be worse than the first; he that denies the faith is worse than an infidel. After more, or an equivalent termination, the fol- lowing word implies less, or worse ; after less, or an equivalent termination, it implies more or better. THANE,n. ([Sax. thegn, thegn, a minister or servant ; thernian, thenian, to serve; D. and G. dienen, to serve ; Sw. tiena, to serve; tienare, a servant; Dan. tiener, to serve; tiener, a Servant. If g is radical, this word belongs to Class Dg; if not, to Class Dn, No. 10.] The thanes in England were formerly persons of some dignity; of these there were two orders, the king’s thanes, who attended the Saxon and Danish kings in their courts, and held lands immediately of offering made in acknowledgment of mercy. Watts. THANKS-GIVE’, (thanks-giv’,) v. t. [thanks and all thankfulness of heart fur having been admitted to that [thank and offering.) An | give,| To celebrate or distinguish by solemn rites. [Not in use. | Mede. THANKS-GIV’ER, n. One who gives thanks or ac- knowledges a kindness. Barrow. THANKS-GLV/ING, ppr.- Rendering thanks for good received. THANKS-GIV/ING, n. The act of rendering thanks or expressing gratitude for favors or mercies. Every creature of God is good, and nothing to be refused, if received with thanksgiving. —1 Tim. iv. 9. A public celebration of divine goodness ; also, a day set apart for religious services, specially to ac- knowledge the goodness of God, either in any re- markable deliverance from calamities or danger, or in the ordinary dispensation of his bounties. The practice of appointing an annual thanksgiving origi- nated in New England. THANK'WOR’FHI-NESS, (-wur'the-ness,) n. The state of being thankworthy. THANK! WOR-EHY, (-wur'the,) a. [thank and wor- thy.) Deserving thanks ; meritorious. 1 Pet. il. THARM, n. [Sax. thearm; G. and D. darm.] Intestines twisted into a cord. ([Local.] | FHAT, an adjective, pronoun, OF substitute. [Sax. thet, that; Goth. thata; D. dat; G. das; Dan. det; Sw. det. Qu. Gr. ravros. This word is called in Saxon and German an article, for it sometimes signifies the. It is called also in Saxon a pronoun, equivalent to id, istud, in Latin. In Swedish and Danish, it is called a pronoun of the neuter gender. But these distinc- tions are groundless and of no use. It is probably from the sense of setting. ] 1. That is a word used as a definitive adjective, pointing to a certain person or thing before men- tioned, or supposed to be understood. Here is that book we have been seeking this hour; here goes that man we were talking of. | | | | \ THA It shall be more tolerable for Sodom and Gomorrah in the day of judgment, than for that city. — Matt. x, 9. That is used definitively, to designate a specific thing or person emphatically. The woman was made whole from that hour. — Matt. ix. first examples, the may be substituted for it. Here is the book we have been seeking ; here goes the man we were talking of. But in other cases, the can | not supply its place, and that may be considered as | more emphatically definitive than the, | 8 That is used as the representative of a noun, | | 3 ee In these cases, that is an adjective. In the two } either a person or a thing. In this use, itis often a | pronoun and a relative. When it refers to persons, it is equivalent to who, and when it refers to a thing, | jt is equivalent to which. In this use, it represents || either the singular number or the plural. | 1 He that reproveth a scorner gett th to himself shame. — Prov. ix. They that hate mew ithout a cause are more than the hairs of my head. — Ps. Ixiil. i} | A judgment that is equal and impartial must incline to the greater prob ibilides. Woking. They shall gather out of his kingdom all things that ollend. — Matt. xii. 4. That is also the representative of a sentence or | part of a sentence, and often of a series of sentences. In this case, that is not strictly a pronoun, 4 word standing fora noun, but is, so to speak, a pro-sen- | tence, the substitute for a sentence, to save the repe- tition of it. And when Moses heard that, he was content. — Lev. x. | That here stands for the whole of what Aaron had said, or the whole of the preceding verse. | I will know your business, iat J will. Shak. | Ye defraud, and that your brethren. —1 Cor. vi. | | e . . 1} That, sometimes, 1n this use, precedes the sen- | tence or clause to which it refers. | That be far from thee, to do after this manner, to slay the right Led, —Gen. xvii. eous with the wt That here represents the clause in Italics. | 5. That sometimes is the substitute for an adjec- tive. You allege that the man 1S tnocent; that he is not. 6. That, in the following use, has been called a | [ heard that the Greeks had defeated | conjunction. } the Turks. But in this case, that has the same character as in No. 4. It is the representative of the part of the sentence which follows, as may be seen | by inverting the order of the clauses. The Greeks || had defeated the Turks; I heard that. It is not | that I love you less. That here refers to the Jatter clause of the sentence, as a kind of demonstrative. 7. That was formerly used for that which, like what. We speak that we do know, and testify that we have secn. — John iil. } [This use is no longer held legitimate. ] 8. That is used in opposition to this, or by way of |, distinction. If the Lord will, we shall live, 9. When this and that refer to foregoing words, this, like the Latin hic and Fr. ceci, refers to the,lat- ter, and that to the former. It is the same with these and those. Self-love and reason to one end aspire, Pain their aversicn, pleasure their desire; Sut sreedy that, its object woul 1 devour, This taste the honey, and not wound the flower. Pope. and do this or tat. — James iv. 10. That sometimes introduces an explanation of something going before. *‘ Religion consists In liv- ing up to those principles ; that Is, in acting In con- formity to them.” Here, that refers to the whole first clause of the sentence. ll. ‘Things are preached, not in that they are taught, but in that they are published.” Here, that refers to the words which follow it. So when that begins a sentence. ‘‘ That we may fully understand the subject, Jet us consider the fal lowing propositions.”? Jat denotes purpose, Or rath er introduces the clause expressing purpose, as will appear by restoring the sentence to its natural order « Let us consider the following propositions, that [for the purpose expressed in the following clause} we may fully understand the subject.” Attend that you may receive instruction.” Here, also, that ex- presses purpose elliptically = ° Attend for the purpose that you may receive instruction ;”’ that referring to || the last member. This elliptical use of that is very frequent ; the || preposition for being understood. A man travels || that he may regain his health.”? He travels for that purpose, he may regain his health. The Trench || often retains the preposition in such cases; pour que. ‘* Do all things without murmurings and dis- ca 3) putings, that ye may be blameless and harmless. that purpose, to that effect, ye ay be blameless. BE, BIRD.— NOTH, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— —— oo | | | Phil. ii. 14. Do all things without murmurings, for |— THE THE THE In that; a phrase denoting consequence, cause, or reason ; that referring to the following sentence. Heb. v. 7. THATCH, 7. [Sax. thac, connected with theccan, the- can, to cover; L. tego, Eng. deck; G. dach, a roof ; D. dak; Sw. tak; Dan. tag, tekke; Gaelic, tughe, tuighe. The primary sense is, to put on, to spread over, or make close. ] Straw or other substance used to cover the roofs of buildings, or stacks of hay or grain, for securing them from rain, &c. THATCH, v. t. To cover with straw, reeds, or some similar substance ; as, to thatch a house, or a stable, or a stack of grain. THATCH’ED, (thacht,) pp. or a. Covered with straw or thatch. THATCH’ER, n. houses. THATCHI/ING, ppr. Covering with straw or thatch. THATCH/ING, n. The act or art of covering build- ings with thatch, so as to keep out water ; the mate- rials used for this purpose. THAU/'/MA-TROPE, xn. [Gr. Savpa and roozos.| An optical toy or instrument for showing the dura- tion of an impression of light upon the eye after the | luminous object is withdrawn. ‘Thus the rapid rev- olution of a card having a chariot represented on one side, and a charioteer on the other, causes the two figires to appear together, the charioteer driving the chariot. Olnsted. THAU-MA-TUR/GIE€, Ja. [See THAaUMATURGY. ] THAU-MA-TUR/GI€-AL, § Exciting wonder. Burton. One who deals in won- One whose occupation is to thatch THAU/MA-TUR-GIST, 2. ders, or believes in them. THAU-MA-TUR'GUS, n. [Gr. Savua and cpyoy.] A miracle-worker. A title given by the Roman Catholics to some of their saints. ~ Buchanan. THAU!/MA-TUR-GY, n. (Gr. Savya, a wonder, and | enyov, Work. ] | r performing something wonderful. Warton. The act of THAW, v. t. [Sax. thawan; G. Dan. téer ; Sw. téa; Class Dg.] 1. To melt, dissolve, or become fluid, as ice or snow. ‘It is remarkable that this word is used only of things that congeal by frost. We never say, to thaw metal of any kind.] 9. To become so warm as to melt ice and snow; used of weather. THAW, v. t. To melt; hail, or frozen earth. THAW,n. The melting of ice or snow ; the resolu- tion of ice into the state of a fluid; liquefaction by heat of any thing congealed by frost. THAW’ED, (thaw d,) pp. Melted, as ice or snow. THAW’ING, ppr. Dissolving; resolving into a fluid ; liquefying ; as any thing frozen. "HE, an adjective, or definitive adjective. de. Qu. Ch. N71.) 1. This adjective is used as a definitive, that Is, ‘before nouns Which are specific or understood ; or it Gr. THK. to dissolve; as ice, snow, (Sax. the; D. L is used to limit their signification to a specific thing | or things, or to describe them; as, the Jaws of the twelve tables. he independent tribunals of justice in our country are the security of private rights, and the best bulwark against arbitrary power. Z’he sun is the source of light and heat. This he calls the pre 9, The is also used rhetorically before a noun in the singular number, to denote a species by way of distinction; a single thing representing the whole. The fig-tree putteth forth her green figs ; the almond- tree shall flourish; the grasshopper shall be a bur- den. 3. In poetry, the sometimes loses the final vowel before another vowel. The adorning thee with so much art, Is but a barbarous skill. ching of the cross. Simeon. > Cowle y. 4. Theis used before adjectives in the comparative and superlative degree. The longer we continue in sin, the more difficult it is to reform, The most stren- uous exertions will be used to emancipate Greece. The most we can do is to submit; the best we can do; the worst that can happen. ''HE-AN/DRI€, a. [Gr. Osos, God, and aynp, a man. ] Designating the union of divine and human opera- tion in Christ, or the joint agency of the divine and human nature. Murdock. THE-AN’THRO-PISM, n. [Gr. Ocos and av0pwros.] A state of being God and man. Coleridre, THE/AR-CHY, n. [Gr. Osos, God, and apyn, rule. ] Government by God; more commonly called THp- Ch. Rel. Appeal. THE'A-TER,) 7. [Fr. theatre; L. theatrum ; Gr. Jea- THE/A-TRE, roov, from Seaonat, to see. 1. Among the ancients, an edifice in which specta- cles or shows were exhibited for the amusement of spectators. ih gy. : 9. In modern times, a house for the exhibition of dramatic performances, as tragedies, comedies, and OCRACY. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— tures. | THE-AT’RIG-AL-LY, adv. In the manner of actors thauen; D. dooyen; | farces; a playhouse, comprehending the stage, the pit, the boxes, galleries, and orchester. 3. Among the Italians, an assemblage of buildings which, by a happy disposition and elevation, repre- sents an agreeable scene to the eye. Cyc. 4, A place rising by steps or gradations, like the seats of a theater. Shade above shade, a woody thealer Of stateliest view. Milton. 5. A place of action or exhibition ; as, the theater of the world. 6. A building for the exhibition of scholastic exer- cises, as at Oxford, or for other exhibitions. 7. In medical institutions, a room with circular seats, and a table in the centre turning on a pivot for anatomical demonstrations. Cyc. THE/A-TINS, n. pl. An order of Italian monks, es- | tablished, in 1524, expressly to oppose the Reforma- tion, and to raise the tone of piety among Roman Catholics. ‘They hold no property, nor do they beg, but depend on what Providence sends, Their chief employment is preaching and giving religious in- struction. At one time, they attempted missions to Tartary and Georgia, in Asia, but soon abandoned them. Their name, Teatins, is derived from Z’he- | ate, or Chieti, a city of Naples, the archbishop of | which was a principal founder of the order. But they bore various names; as Recular Clerks of the Community, Pauline Monks, Apostolic Clerks, and Reo- ular Clerks of the Divine Providence. 'The order never | flourished much out of Italy. Murdock. THi/A-TRAL, a. Belonging to a theater. [ Vot inuse.] | THE-AT’RIE€, )a. Pertaining to a theater, or to THE-AT/RI€-AL,$ scenic representations ; resem- | bling the manner of dramatic performers ; as, theat- rical dress; theatrical performances ; theatrical ges- | yn the stage; in a manner suiting the stage. on THE-AT/RIE€-ALS, n. pl. Dramatic performances. ACN os n. A ewe of the first year. [Local.] TH’ BAN-YEAR, n. In ancient chronology, the Egyp- | tian year of 365 days and 6 hours. Bryant. |THER/CA,n. [L., from Gr. Onxy.| A sheath or case. | THE’ €A-PHORE, n. , to bear or carry. |] [Gr. Snxm, a case or cover, and te i s | In botany, the pedicel or stipe of an ovary, when | FHEN, adv. it has one. called also GyNorHore, BasiGyNIUM, and PopoGYNIUM. Lindley. THE/€O-DONTS, n. pl. (Gr. Syxn and SOUS] A tribe of extinct saurians, having the teeth im- planted in sockets. Owen. FHEE, pron.; obj. case of Tov. [Contracted from Sax. theo; Cimb. thig; Francic, thec; Goth. thuk. See Tuou. THEE, v. i. [Goth. thihan; Sax. thean. | To thrive ; to prosper. [ Obs.) THEFT, n. ([Sax. thyfthe. See THIEF. ] 1. The act of stealing. In law, the private, unlaw- ful, felonious taking of another person’s goods or movables, with an intent to steal them. To consti- tute theft, the taking must be in private, or without the owner’s knowledge ; and it must be unlawful or felonious, that is, it must be with a design to deprive the owner of his property privately and against his | will. Theft differs from robbery, as the latter is a | violent taking from the person, and of course not Chaucer. private. | 9, The thing stolen. Exod xxii | THEFT/-BOTE, n. [theft and Sax. Bote, compensa- tion. ] In law, the receiving of a man’s goods again from a thief: or a compensation for them, by way of com- position, and to prevent the prosecution of the thief. This in England subjects a person to a heavy fine, as by this means the punishment of the criminal is pre- vented. THE/I-FORM, a. Having the form of tea. THE/IN, n. A principle obtained from tea. It is identical with Carrern, which see. HEIR, (thare,) a. pron. [Sax. hiora ; Ice. theirra. | 1. Their has the sense of a pronominal adjective, denoting of them, or the possession of two or more ; as, their voices; their garments ; their houses ; their land ; their country. 9, Theirs is used as a substitute for the adjective and the noun to which it refers, and in this case, it may be the nominative to a verb. ‘ Our land is the most extensive, but theirs is the best cultivated.” Here theirs stands as the representative of their land, and is the nominative to ts, Nothing but the name of zeal appears wixt our best actions and the worst of theirs. Denham. In this use, theirs is not in the possessive case, for then there would be a double possessive. THE/ISM,n. [from Gr. Osos, God. ] The belief or acknowledgment of the existence of a God, as opposed to ATHEISM. Theism differs from deism, for although deisin implies a belief in the ex- istence of a God, yet it signifies, in modern usage, a denial of revelation, which theism does not. THE/IST, x2. One who believes in the existence of a xOd, THE-IST’I€, a. THE-IST/I€-AL, of theists. FHEM, pron., the objective case of Tory, and of both genders. [In our mother tongue, them is an ad- | | | _Pertaining to theism, or to a theist ; according to the doctrine jective, answering to the, in the dative and ablative cases of both numbers. The common people con- tinue to use it in the plural number as an adjective, for they say, bring them horses, or them horses are to be led to water. ] | Go ye to them that sell, and buy for yourselves. — Matt. xxv. | Then shall the king say to them on his right hand, Come, ye blessed of my Father. — Matt. xxv. | | THEME, n. [L. thema; Gr. Sena, from TiOnpt, to set | or place. ] | 1. A subject or topic on which a person writes or speaks. The preacher takes a text for the theme of his discourse. When a soldier was the theme, my name Was not far off. « Shak. 9. A short dissertation composed by a student. Milton. 3. In grammar, a radical verb, or the verb in its primary absolute state, not modified by inflections ; as, the infinitive mode in English. Buta large por- | tion of the words called themes in Greek, are not the radical words, but are themselves derivative forms of the verb. ‘Lhe fact is the same in other languages. 4. In music, a series of notes selected as the text or subject of a new composition. THE/MIS, x. [Gr.] In the mythology of the Greeks, the goddess of law. FHEM-SELVES’, a compound of them and selves, and added to they by way of emphasis or pointed distinc- tion. Thus we say, they themselves have done the mischief; they can not blame others. In this case, themselves is in the nominative case, and may be con- sidered as an emphatical pronoun. In some cases, tiemselves is used without they, and stands as the only nominative to the following verb Themselves have done the mischief. This word is used also in the objective case after a verb or preposition. Things in themselves innocent, may, under certain circumstances, cease to be so. Milton. They open to themselves at length the way. [Goth. thanne ; Sax. thanne; G. dann; D. dan, See THENCE.] 1. At that time, referring to a time specified, either past or future. And the Canaanite was then in the land. — Gen. xii. ‘hat is, when Abram migrated and came into Canaan. Now I know in part, but then shall I know even as I am known. 1 Cor. x. 9. Afterward; soon afterward or immediately. First be reconciled to thy brother, and then come and offer thy gift. — Matt. v. 3. In that case; inconsequence. Gal. jii. Job iil. If all this be so, fen man has a natural freedom. Locke, 4. Therefore ; for this reason. Now, then, be all thy weighty cares awny, Dryden. 5, At another time; as, now and then, at one time and another. JWilton. 6. That time. Till then who knew : The force of those dire arms? Milton, Then is often used elliptically for the Men existing j ns, the then administration. Burke. THENCE, (thens,) adv. (Sax. thanan, thanon; G. dannen; from than, dann, then, supra. Then signi- fies, properly, place, or set time, from setting, and thence is derived from it. So the Germans say, von dannen, from thence. | 1. From that place. When you depart thence, shake off the dust of your feet. — Mark vi. It is more usual, though not necessary, to use from before thence, Then will I send and fetch thee from thence. — Gen. xxvii. 9, From that time. There shall be no more thence an infant of days, — Is. lxv. 3. For that reason. Not to sit idle with so great a gift Useless, and thence ridiculous about him. FHENCE/FORTH, (thens’forth,) adv. forth.] From that time, forth good for nothing. If the salt hath lost its savor, it is hencefe — Matt. vy. This is also preceded by from, though not from any necessity. And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him. — John xix, 'PHENCE-FOR'WARD, ado. [thence and forward, } From that time onward. Kettlewell. SHENCE-FROM’, adv. [thence and from.) From that place. [JVot in use. | Smith. Milton. [thence and AN''GER, VI//CIOUS.— € as K; G as J; 8 as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. ~ 1143Se tales Pre Ne es ila orn, “ - xe od om ny c eae ara ——- or ee Se ee Tae cee aa — TS ae ee eae 4 } * ; a ¥ * i roo 3 m ee. ae a.) Pa! yi a THE THE THE THE-O-BRO/MA, n. [Gr. 6cos and Bpwpa.] 1. The name of a genus of plants producing the cacao or chocolate nut. 2, A superior preparation of the cacao or cocoa. Loudon. THE-O-CHRIST’IC, a. [Gr. Ocos and XptoTose] Anointing by God. : THE-O€'RA-CY, 7. [Fr. theocracie ; It. teocraza ; Sp. teocracia ; Gr. Geos, God, and xpa7os, POWEF ; Kpa- Tew, to hold.] ; : : : Government of a state by the immediate direction of God ; or the state thus governed. Of this species the Israelites furnish an illustrious example. The theocracy lasted till the time of Saul. : THE/O-GRA-SY, 7. [Gr. Osos and «pacts, mixture. ] In ancient philosophy, an intimate union of the soul with God in contemplation. ‘oa THE-O-GCRAT'IE, a. Pertaining toa theocracy ; THE-O-GRAT/IE-AL, administered by the 1mme- diate direction of God; as, the theocratical state of the Israelites. The government of the Israelites wis theocratic. THE-OD/I-CY, x. and dixn, justice.] A vindication of the justice of God in regard to the natural and moral evil that exists under his gov- ernment, Leibnitz. THE-OD/O-LITE, n. [Qu. Gr. Sew, to run, and do- Auxos, long. ] ‘ A surveyor’s compass furnished with a small tele- scope for the more accurate measurement.of angles. Olmsted. THE-OG/O-NIST, n. A writer on theogony. THE-OG/O-NY, n. [Fr. theogonte; Gr. Seoyovea ; Geos, God, and youn, or ywoput, to be born.] In mythology, the generation of the gods; or that branch of heathen theology which taught the gene- alogy of their deities. Hesiod composed a poem concerning that theogony, or the creation of the world and the descent of the gods. THE-OL/O-GAS-TER, n. A kind of quack in divin- ity ; as, a quack in medicine is called MepicasTer. Burton. THE-O-LO’GI-AN, n. [See THerotocy.] A divine ; a person well versed in theology, or a professor of divinity. Milton. THE-O-LOG/IE, a. [See THrorocy.] Pertain- THE-O-LOG/I€-AL, ing to divinity, or the science of God and of divine things; as, a theological trea- tise; theological criticism. Swift. Cyc. THE-O-LOG'I€-AL-LY, adv. According to the prin- ciples of theology. THE-OL/O-GIST, n. A divine; one studious in the science of divinity, or one well versed in that sci- ence. THE-OL'O-GIZE, v. t. [Fr. theodicée, from Gr. Geos, God, To render theological. Glanville. 2. y.i. To frame a system of theology. [Little used. | THE-OL/O-GIZ-ED, pp. Rendered theological. THE-OL/O-GIZ-ER, n. A divine, or a professor of theology. [Unusual.] Boyle. THE-OL/O-GIZ-ING, ppr.- Rendering theological. THE/O-LOGUE, (-log,) for THEoLoaisT, is not in use. THE-OL/O-GY, n. [Fr. theologie; It. and Sp. teolo- gia; Gr. Sevdoyta ; Oevs, God, and doyos, discourse. ] Divinity ; the science of God and divine things ; or the science which teaches the existence, charac- ter, and attributes of God, his laws and government, the doctrines we are to believe, and the duties we are to practice. Theology consists of two branches, natural and revealed. Natural theology is the know!l- edge we have of God from his works, by the light of nature and reason. Revealed theology is that which is to be learned only from revelation. Moral theology teaches us the divine laws relating to our manners and actions, that is, our moral duties, Speculative theology teaches or explains the doc- trines of religion, as objects of faith. * Scholastic theology is that which proceeds by rea- soning, or which derives the knowledge of several divine things from certain established principles of faith. Tillotson. Cyc. THE-OM/A-€HIST, (-kist,) n. [Gr. Geos, God, and paxn, combat. ] One who fights against the gods. Bailey. THE-OM/A-€HY, n. [Supra.] A fighting against the gods, as the battle of the giants with the gods, 2, Opposition to the divine will. THE/O-MAN-CY, n. [Gr. Oros and payreta.] A kind of divination drawn from the responses of oracles among heathen nations. THE-O-PA-THET‘I€, a. Pertaining to theopathy. Hartley. THE-OP/A-THY, 7. [Gr. Geos, God, and waUos, pas- sion. a suiathg with the divine nature ; like feelings to those of God. Hartley. THE-OPH/A-NY, 7. [Gr. Geos and gdatvopat, to ap- pear. A manifestation of God to: man by actual appear- ance. THE-O-PHI-LAN’/THRO-PIST, n. [Gr. O2os and ¢:- AavOewrus.] A title assumed by some persons in France during the revolution. Their object was to establish reason in the place of Christianity. THE-OP-NEUST’I€, a. [Gr. Qcos and mvevorixos.] Given by the inspiration of the Spirit of God. THE/OP-NEGST-Y, n. Divine inspiration ; the mys- terious power which the divine Spirit exercises in making men to know and communicate the truth. Gaussen. THE-OR/BO, n. [It. tiorba; Fr. tuorbe, or teorbe. | A musical instrument made like a large lute, but with two heads, to each of which some of the strings were attached. It was also called the ARcHLUTE, and was used chiefly, if not only, as an accompani- ment to the voice. It has long fallen into disuse. P. Cyc. THi/O-REM, n. [Fr. theoreme; Sp. and It. teorema; Gr. Sswonpa, from Sewpew, to see.) 1. In mathematics, a theorem is a proposition to be proved by a chain of reasoning. A theorem is some- thing to be proved; a problem is something to be done. ay. 2. In alzebra or analysis, it is sometimes used to denote a rule, particularly when that rule is ex- pressed by symbols. Cyc. A universal theorem extends to any quantity with- out restriction. A particular theorem extends only to a particular | quantity. A necative theorem expresses the impossibility of any assertion. THE-O-RE-MAT'TE€, a THE-O-RE-MAT’I€-AL, THE-O-REM‘IE€, rein; consisting of theo- rems ; as, theoremic truth. Grew. THE-O-RET'I€, Ja. [Gr. Sewpnrixos. See TueE- THE-O-RET/IE-AL, § ory.] Pertaining to theory ; depending on theory or spec- ulation ; speculative ; terminating in theory or spec- ulation ; not practical ; as, theoretical learning ; theo- retic sciences. The sciences are divided into theoret- ical, as theology, philosophy, and the like, and prac- tical, as medicine and law. THE-O-RET/I€-AL-LY, adv. In or by theory; in speculation ; speculatively ; not practically. Some things appear to be theoretically true which are found to be practically false. THE’O-RI€, n. Speculation. THE-OR/I€, a. Pertaining to the theorica. 2. Iheoretic. [ Obs.] Smith’s Dict. THE-OR/I-€A, n. pl. [Gr. Sewprxos.] A term applied to the public moneys expended at Athens on festivals, sacrifices, and public entertain- ments, particularly theatrical performances, and in Jargesses among the people. Smiti’?s Dict. THE-OR/I€-AL-LY, adv. Speculatively. [-Vot used.] THE’O-RIST, nm. One who forms theories; THis'O-RIZ-ER,{ given to theory and speculation. The greatest theorists have given the prefereuce to such a gov- ernment as that of this kingdom. Addison. THE/O-RIZE, v.t. To form a theory or theories; to speculate ; as, to theorize on the existence of phlogis- ton. THE/O-RIZ-ER, 2. A theorist. THirz'O-RIZ-ING, ppr. Forming a theory. THE/O-RY, xn. [Fr. theorie; It. teoria; L. theoria ; Gr. Sewpta, from Sewpew, to see or contemplate. ] 1. Speculation ; a doctrine, or scheme of things, which terminates in speculation or contemplation, without a view to practice. It is here taken in an unfavorable sense, as implying something visionary. 2, An exposition of the general principles of any science ; as, the theory of music. 3. The science distinguished from the art; as, the theory and practice of medicine. 4. The philosophical explanation of phenomena, either physical or moral; as, Lavoisier’s theory of combustion ; Smith's theory of moral sentiments. Theory is distinguished from hypothesis thus: a theory is founded on inferences drawn from princi- ples which haye been established on independent evidence ; a hypothesis is a proposition assumed to account for certain phenomena, and has no other ey- idence of its truth than that it affords a satisfactory explanation of those phenomena. Iimsted. THE-O-SOPH’I€, ja. Pertaining to theosophy. THE-O-SOPH'I€-AL, § Murdock. THE-OS’/O-PHISM, n. [Gr. Ocos, God, and codtopa, comment; codos, wise. ] Theosophy, or a process of it. Murdock. THE-OS/O-PHIST, n. One addicted to theosophy. Murdock. To practice theosophy. Murdock, [Gr. Geos, God, and godia, Wis- Pertaining to a theo- rem ; comprised in a the- Shak. THE-OS/O-PHIZE, v. 7. THE-OS/0O-PHY, 7. dom. ] Supposed intercourse with God and superior spirits, and consequent attainment of superhuman knowl- edge, by physical processes ; as by the theurgie oper- ations of some ancient Platonists, or by the chemical processes of the German fire philosophers. Murdock. THER-A-PEU/TI€, a. [Gr. Sepamvevrixos, from Yépa- rev. to nurse, serve, or cure. ] Curative ; that pertains to the healing art; that is | One |} concerned in discovering and applying remedies for diseases. Medicine is just distributed into prophylactic, or the art of pro- serving health, and Uierapeutic, or the art of restoring it. Watts. THER-A-PEUD/TIES, n. That part of medicine which respects the discovery and application of remedies for diseases. ‘Therapeutics teaches the use of diet and of medicines. Cyc. 2. A religious sect described by Philo. They were devotees to their religious tenets. FHERE, (thare,) adv. ([Sax. ther; Goth. thar; D. daar ; Sw. dar; Dan. der. This word was formerly used as a pronoun, as well as an adverb of place. Thus, in Saxon, therto was to him, to her, or to it.] 1, In that place. The Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and there he put the man whom he had formed. — Gen. ii. 2. It is sometimes opposed to Hens ; there denoting the place most distant. Milton. 3. Here and there; in one place and another; as, here a little, and there a little. 4, It is sometimes used by way of exclamation, calling the attention to something distant; as, there, there! see there! look there! 5. There is used to begin sentences, or before a verb ; sometimes pertinently, and sometimes with- out signification ; but its use is so firmly established that it can not be dispensed with. Darkness there might well seem twilicht here, Wherever there is sense or perception, there some idea mine produced. 0 There have been that have delivered themselves from their il their guod fortune or virtue. Suckling. And there came ao voice from heaven, saying, Thou art my beloved Son. — Marki. 6. In composition, there has the sense of a pronoun, as in Saxon; as thereby, which signifies by that. FHERE-A-BOUT’, ) comp. [there and about. The FHERE-A-BOUTS/,} latter is less proper, but most commonly used. ] 1. Near that place. Shak. 2. Nearly ; near that number, degree, or quantity ; as, ten men, or thereabouts. 3. Concerning that. [JVot much used.] FHERE-AFT’ER, comp. [there and after. efter, after that.] 1. According to that ; accordingly. When you can draw the head indifferently well, proportion the body thereafter. Yeacham,. ©, After that. Spenser. FHERE-AT’, comp. [there and at.] At that place. Wide is the gate, and broad is the way, that leadeth to destruc- tion, and many there be which go in thereat, — Matt. vii. 9, At that; at that thing or event; on that ac- count, Oo Luke xxiv. Sax. tler- Every error is a stain to the beauty of nature; for which cause it blusheth Uiereat. ooker. FHERE-BY!, comp. [there and by.] By that; by that means ; in consequence of that, Acquaint now thyself with him, and be at peace; tiereby good shall come unto thee. — Job xxii. - FHERE-FOR’, comp. [there and for.] For that,-or this, or it. FHERE!/FORE, (ther’fore or thare'fore,) comp. [there and for.) For that; for that or this reason, referring to something previously stated. I have married a wife, and therefore I can not come, — Luke xiv. 2. Consequently. He blushes; therefore he is guilty. 3. In return or recompense for this or that. E What shall we have, Uierefore ? — Matt. xix. FHERE-FROM’, comp. [there and from.] From this or that. Turn not aside therefrom to the right hand or to the left. — Josh. xxiii. FHERE-IN’, comp. [there and in.] place, time, or thing. Bring forth abundantly in the earth and multiply therein. — Spectator. In that or this Gen. 1x Ye shall keep the Subbath — whosoever doeth any work therein — that soul shall be cut off. — Ex. xxxi. Therein our letters do not well agree. Shak, HERE-IN-TO’, comp. [there and into.] Into that Bacon. FHERE-OF’, comp. [there and of.] Of that or this In the day thou eatest thereof, thou shalt surely die. — Gen. ii, FHEREB-ON’, comp. [there and on.] On that or this Then the king said, Hang him thereon. — Esther vil. FHERE-OUT’, comp. [there and out.] Out of that or this. Lev. 1. THERE-TO , comp. [there and to, or unto.] To THERE-UN-TO’, that or this. Add the fifth part thereto. — Ley. ¥. FHERE-UN’DER, comp. [there and under] Under that or this. alegh. FHERE-UP-ON’, comp. or this. The remnant of the house of Judah, they shall feed thereupon. [there and upon.] Uponthat Zeph, it. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — tia9 a hee ee Sn aN THE 2. In consequence of that. He hopes to find you forward, And thereupon he sends you this good news. Shak. 3. Immediately. FHERE-WHILE’, comp. same time. be. FHERE-WITE or this. [there and while.] At the Wiclif. ‘, comp. [there and with.] With that I have eornen in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be content. — Phil. lv. FHER E-WYEH-AL/, comp. and above. 2. At the same time. 3. With that. [ Zs word is obsolete. 'The foregoing compounds of there with the prep- ositions are for the most part deemed inelegant and obsolete. Some of them, however, are in good use, and particularly in the law style.] THERF’-BREAD, (therf’bred,) x. Wks Eien ed) Unleavened bread. [JVot in use.] Wiclif. THE/RI-A€, ) nxn ([L. theriaca, Gr. Snptaxn, trea- THE-RI/A-€A,§ cle.] _A name given by the ancients to various compo- sitions esteemed efficacious against the effects of poison, but afterward restrained chiefly to what has been called THertaca ANDROMACHI, Or VENICE Treacce, Which is a compound of sixty-four drugs, prepared, pulverized, and reduced by means of honey to an electuary. Cyc. THE/RI-A€, a. Pertaining to theriac; medici- THE-RI’/A€-AL, nal. Bacon. THER/MAL, a. [L. therme, warm baths; Gr. Seppat, from Sepw, to warm.] Pertaining to heat; warm; a term applied chiefly to warm springs; as, thermal waters. THER/MI-DOR, n. [Gr. Sepuos, warm.] The name of the llth month of the French republican year, commencing July 19, and ending August 17. THER! MO-E-LE€-TRIC'LTY, n. [Gr. Seppos and electricity.| Electricity developed by heat. Lyell. THER’MO-GEN, n. ([Gr. Sspun, heat, and yevos, yivouat, to generate. The elementary matter of heat; caloric; a term applied chiefly to warm springs, Good. THER!/MO-LAMP,n. [Gr. Sepjos, warm, from Sepyn, heat, and lamp.] [there and withal.] Over [Sax. therf, theorf, inflammable gas. THER-MOM/E-TER, n. [Gr. Sepuos, warm, from Sepun, heat, and perpoy, measure.] An instrument for measuring heat; founded on the property which heat possesses of expanding all bodies, the rate or quantity of expansion being sup- posed proportional to the degree of heat applied, and hence indicating that degree. The thermometer in- dicates only the sensible heat of bodies, and gives us no information respecting the quantity of latent heat, or of combined heat, which those bodies may con- tain. [See also DirrerentTiaAL THERMOMETER. | Olmsted. THER MO-MET’RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to a ther- mometer; as, the thermometrical scale or tube. 9. Made by a thermometer; as, thermometrical ob- servations. THER-MO-MET’RI€-AL-LY, ado. thermometer. THER’/MO-SC€OPE, n. to see. An instrument contrived by Count Rumford for measuring minute differences of temperature. As modified by Professor Leslie, it was afterward called the DirrERENTIAL THERMOMETER. Olmsted. THER-MO-S€OP'I€, a. Pertaining to the thermo- scope. THER'MO-STAT, xn. (Gr. Sepposand fornpt.] A self- acting physical apparatus for regulating temperature, by the unequal expansion of different metals by Ure. Pertaining to the thermo- Ure. (Gr. Seppos, hot, and L. Med. Re pos. By means of a (Gr. Sepun, heat, and cxorew, heat. THER-MO-STAT‘'IE€, a. stat. THER-MO-TEN’SION, zx. tensio, a srretchined| Literally, a stretching by heat. This word is ap- plied by Professor Johnson to a process of increasing the direct cohesion of wrought iron. IJt consists in heating the metal to a determinate temperature, generally from 500 to 600 degrees Fahrenheit, and in that state giving to it, by appropriate machinery, a mechanical strain or tension in the direction in which the strength is afterward to be exerted. ‘The degree of tensile force applied is determined beforehand by trials on the same quality of metal at ordinary at- mospheric temperature, to ascertain what force would, in that case, have been sufficient to break the piece which is to be submitted to thermotension. If this process should succeed, it may be of great use in giving strength to chain cables. THESE, (theez,) pron. ; pl. of THis ; used as an adjec- tive or substitute. These is opposed to those, as this is to that; and when two persons or things, or col- lections of things, are named, these refers to the An instrument for furnishing light by means of THI things or persons which are nearest in place or or- der, or which are last mentioned. Some place the bliss in action, some in ease ; Those call it pleasure, and contentment these. Pope. Here these is a substitute for these persons, and for the persons last mentioned, who place their bliss in ease. THE’SIS, n. [L. thesis; Gr. Sects, a position, from TLOnpe, to set.] 1. A position or proposition which a person ad- vances and offers to maintain, or which is actually maintained by argument ; a theme; a subject; par- ticularly, a subject or proposition for a school or uni- versity exercise, or the exercise itself. 2. In logic, every proposition may be divided into thesis and hypothesis. Thesis contains the thing af- firmed or denied, and hypothesis the conditions of the affirmation or negation. Cyc. 3. In music, the unaccented or unpercussed part of the measure, which the Greeks expressed by the downward beat. THES’MO-THETE, n. [Gr. Secpollezns.] A law- fiver; a legislator; one of the six inferior archons THES’PLAN, a. [from Thespis.] {at Athens. A term applied to tragic acting. THE’TA, n. [Gr. 6.] ‘ The unlucky letter of the Greek alphabet, so called from being used by the judges in passing condemna- tion on a prisoner, it being the first letter of the Greek Gavaros, death. THET’I€-AL, a. Laid down. THE-UR/GIE, ) a. [from theurgy.] THE-UR/GI€-AL,§ to theurgy. Theurgic hymns ; songs of incantation. THE/UR-GIST, n. One who pretends to or isaddicted to theurgy, Halliwell. THE’/UR-GY, n. ([Gr. Scovpyta; Oeos, God, and Epyov, work. ] Among the Egyptian Platonists, an imaginary science and art. As a science, it was supposed to have been revealed to men by the gods themselves in very ancient times, and to have been handed down traditionally by the priests. As an art, it was the ability, by means of certain acts, habits, words, and symbols, of moving the gods to impart to us secrets which surpass the powers of reason, to lay open to us the future, and to render themselves visible. See Jamblichus de Mysteriis Egipt, isc: 96—29, Murdock. THEW, (thi,) n. [Sax. theaw; Gr. e90s.] Manner; custom; habit; form of behavior. [Mot in use.] Spenser. 2. Muscle or strength. [JVot in use.] Shak. THEW’ED, (thide,) a. Accustomed ; educated. [Wot in use. Spenser. FHEY, (tha,) pron. pl.; objective case, Tuem. [Sax. thage; Goth. that, thaim. | 1. The men, the women, the animals, the things. It is never used adjectively, but always as a pronoun referring to persons, or as a substitute referring to [from Gr. Serixos. See Txesis.] More. Pertaining things. They and their fathers have transgressed against me. — Ezek. ii. They of Italy salute you. — Heb. xiii. ; : Blessed are they which do hunger and thirst after righteousness. — Matt. v. 9. It is used indefinitely, as our ancestors used man, and as the French use on. They say, (en dit,) that is, it is said by persons indefinitely. THY'BLE, x. A slice; a skimmer; a spatula. [Wot in use, or local. Ainsworth. THICK, a. [Sax. thic, thicca; G. dick, dicht; D. dik, digt; Sw. tiock; Dan. tyk and digt, thick, tight; Gael. and Ir. tiugh; W.tew, contracted. See Class De, No. 3, 8, 10, 22, 36,57. The sense is probably taken from driving, forcing together, or pressing. ] 1. Dense; not thin; as, thick vapors; a thick fog. 2. Inspissated ; as, the paint is too thick. 3. Turbid; muddy ; feculent; not clear; as, the water of a river is thick after a rain. 4. Noting the diameter of a body; as, a piece of timber seven inches thick. My little finger shall be thicker than my father’s loins, —1 Kings xil. 5. Having more depth or extent from one surface to its opposite than usual; as, a thick plank ; thick cloth ; thick paper. 6. Close; crowded with trees or other objects ; as, a thick forest or wood ; thick grass ; thick corn. I'he people were gathered thick together, Locke. 7. Frequent; following each other in quick suc- The shot flew thick as hail. cession. Favors came Wick upon him. Wotton, Not thicker billows beat the Libyan main. Dryden. 8, Set with things close to each other ; not easily pervious. Black wos the forest, Jiick with beech it stood. Dryden. 9, Not having due distinction of syllables or good articulation ; as, a thiek utterance. He speaks too thick. ‘ 10. Dull; somewhat deaf; as, thick of hearing. 11. Intimate. [Various dialects. ] THI THICK,n. The thickest part, or the ti 7 thing is thickest. Behan eee eee 8 men, In the ick of the dust and smoke he presently entered hi Knolles. 2, A thicket. [JVot in use. Thick and thin; whatever is in the way. Through thick and thin she followed him. Drayton. Hudibras. THICK, adv. Frequently ; fast. I hear the trampling of thick beating feet. Dryden. 2, Closely ; as, a plat of ground thick sown. Norris. 3. To a great depth, or to a thicker depih than usual; as, a bed covered thick with tan; land cov- ered thick with manure. Thick and threefold; in quick succession, or in great numbers. [JVot in use.] DL’ Estrange. THICK, v. 7 To become thick ordense. [Vot used.] Spenser. THICK/EN, (thik’n,) v.t. [Sax. thiccian.] 1. To make thick or dense. 2. To make close; to fill up interstices; as, to thicken cloth. 3. To make concrete; to inspissate ; as, to thicken paint, mortar, or a Jiquid. 4. To strengthen ;*to confirm. And this may help to thicken other proofs. [Notused.] Shak. 5. To make frequent, or more frequent; as, to thicken blows. 6. ‘T’o make close, or more close; to make more numerous ; as, to thicken the ranks. THICK’/EN, (thik/n,) v.% To become thick or more thick ; to become dense ; as, the fog thickens. 2. To become dark or obscure. Thy luster thickens When he shines by. Shak. 3. To conerete ; to be consolidated ; as, the juices of plants thicken into wood. 4, To be inspissated ; as, vegetable juices thicken as the more volatile parts are evaporated. 5. Tio become close, or more close or numerous. The press of people thickens to the court. Dryden. 6. To become quick and animated. The combat thickens. 7. To become more numerous; to press ; to be crowded. Proofs of the fact thicken upon us at every step. THICK! EN-ED, (thik’nd,) pp. or a. Made dense, or more dense; made more close or compact; made more frequent ; inspissated. THICK’EN-ING, ppr. Making dense, or more dense, more close, or more frequent ; inspissating. THICK!EN-ING, n. Something put into a liquid or mass to make it more thick. THICK/ER, a. comp. More thick. THICK’/EST, a. superl. Most thick. THICK/ET, n. A wood or collection of trees or shrubs closely set; as, a ram caught in a thicket. Addison. Gen. XXIil. THICK/HEAD-ED, (-hed-,) a. Having a thick skull; dull ; stupid. THICK/ISH, a. Somewhat thick. THICK’LY, adv. Deeply; toa great depth. Boyle. 2, Closely ; compactly. 3. In quick succession. THICK/NESS, n. The state of being thick; dense- ness; density ; as, the thickness of fog, Vapor, or clouds. 2. The state of being concrete or inspissated ; consistence ; spissitude ; as, the thickness of paint or mortar; the thickness of honey ; the thickness of the blood. 3. The extent of a body from side to side, or from surface to surface; as, the thickness of a tree; the thickness of a board; the thickness of the hand; the thickness of a layer of earth. 4. Closeness of the parts; the state of being crowded or near; as, the thickness of trees in a for- est; the thickness of a wood. 5. The state of being close, dense, or impervious ; as, the thickness of shades. Addison. 6. Dullness of the sense of hearing; want of quickness or acuteness ; as, thickness of hearing. Swift. THICK’SET, a. [thick and set.] Close planted; as, a thickset wood. Dryden. ©. Having a short, thick body. THICK’SKIN, n. [thick and skin.] A coarse, gross person; a blockhead. Entick. THICK/SKULL, n. [thick and skull.~ Dullness ; or a dull person ; a blockhead. Entick. THICK’SKULL-ED, a. to learn. THICK/SPRUNG, a. Dull; heavy ; stupid; slow [thick and sprung.] Sprung up close together. Entick. Shak. THIEF, (theef,) n.; pl. THinves. [Sax. theof; SW. tiuf, D. dief; G. died; Goth. thiuds; Dan. tyr.] A person guilty of theft. 3 1, One who secretly, unlawfully, and feloniously takes the goods or personal property of another. The thief takes the property of another privately ; the robber by open force. Blackstone. = ee TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIO US. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 144 1145 Ba anni Nera roan ree: a ae as i esames F Imig enn metsin na Eames er rin a ra. i alaeeninaate Renee noha THI THI 2. One who takes the property of another wrong- fully, either secretly or by violence. Job XXX. A cex‘nin man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among thieves, who stripped him of his raiment. — Luke x. 3. One who seduces by false doctrine. John x. 4 One who makes it his business to cheat and de- fraud ; as, aden of thieves. Matt. xxi. 5. An excrescence or waster in the snuff of a can- dle. May. THIEF’-CATCH-ER, xn. [thief and catch.] One who catches thieves, or whose business 1s to detect thieves and bring them to justice. THIEF!/-LEAD-ER, n. [thief and lead.| One who leads, or takes or leads away a thief. [JVot much sed. THIE M_HTAK-ER, n. [thief and taker.] One whose business is to find and take thieves, and bring them to justice. ‘ : THIEVE, (théve,) v. 2 To steal ; to practice theft. THIEV/ER-Y, n. The practice of stealing; theft. [See TuErt-] Among the Spartans, thievery was a practice morally good and nest. South, 2, That which is stolen. Shak. THIEV‘ISH, a. Given to stealing; addicted to the practice of theft; as, a thievish boy. Or with a base and boisterous sword enforce A thievish living on the common road. Shak. 2. Secret; sly; acting by stealth ; as, thievish min- utes. Shak. 3. Partaking of the nature of theft; as, a thievish practice. THIEV/ISH-LY, adv. In a thievish manner; by theft. THIEV/ISH-NESS, zn. The disposition to steal. 2, The practice or habit of stealing. THIGH, (thi,) n. [Sax. thegh, theo, or theoh ; D. dye; G. dick-bein, thick-bone. The German explains the word ; thigh is thick. | That part of men, quadrupeds, and fowls, which is between the Jeg and the trunk. As the word sig- nifies, it is the thick part of the lower limbs. THIGH!-BONE, n. The bone of the thigh. THILK, pron. [Sax. thilc.] The same. [ Obs.) THILL, x. (Sax. til or thill. | The shaft of a cart, gig, or other carriage. The thills are the two pieces of timber extending from the body of the carriage on each side of the last horse, by which the carriage is supported in a hori- zontal position. THILL/ER, n. ‘The horse which goes be- THILL’-HORSE, tween the thills or shafts, and supports them. In a team, the last horse. Cyc. Shak. THIM’BLE, (thim’bl,) m. [I know not the origin or primary sense of this word. Possibly it may be from thumb. In Gaelic, temeheal is a cover. } J. A kind of cap or cover for the finger, usually made of metal, used by tailors and seamstresses for driving the needle through cloth. 2. In sea language, an iron ring with a hollow or groove round its whole circumference, to receive the rope which is spliced about it ; used to keep the eye of the rope from being chafed. Totten. THIM’BLE-RIG, n. A sleight of hand trick played with three small cups, shaped like thimbles, and a small ball. THIME. See TuyrmMe. THIN, a. [Sax. thinn, thynn; G. diinn; D. dun; Sw. tunn; Dan. tynd: W. tenau, tenew; L. tenuis; Gaelic, tanadh ; Russ. tonkei. Qu. Gr. orevos, narrow. It appears to be connected with W. ten, tan, stretched, “<< Spenser. extended, Gr. recvw. Qu. Ar. (929 wadana. In sense it is allied to Syr. Heb. Ch. and Eth. }¥)p, but I know not whether the first consonant of this word is a prefix. See Class Dn, No. 12, 25.] 1. Having little thickness or extent from one sur- face to the opposite; as, a thin plate of metal; thin paper; a thin board; a thin covering. 2, Rare; not dense; applied to fluids or soft mix- tures ; as, thin blood ; thin milk; thin air. In tue day when the air is more thin, 3. Not close; not crowded ; not filling the space ; not having the individuals that compose the thing in a close or compact state; as, the trees of a forest are thin; the corn or grass is thin. A thin audience in church is not uncommon. Important legislative business should not be transacted in a thin house. 4. Not full or well grown. Seven thin ears. —Gen, xIi. 5. Slim; small; slender; lean. A person becomes thin by disease. Some animals are naturally thin. 6. Exile ; small; fine; not full. Thin, hollow sounds, and lamentable screams. Dryden. 7, Not thick or close; of a loose texture ; not im- pervious to the sight; as, a thin vail. 8. Not crowded or well stocked ; not abounding. Ferrara is very large, but extremely thin of people. Addison. Bacon. THIN, adv. Not thickly or closely ; in a scattered THIN, >. t. THIN’-OUT, ». 1. THIN/-SKIN-NED, a. FHINE, pronominal adj. THING, 2. 9, Slight ; not sufficient for a covering ; as, a thin disguise. state ; as, seed sown tun. Spain is thin sown of people. Bacon. [Sax. thinnian; Russ. tonyu; L. tenuo. See ATTENUATE. | 1. To make thin; to make rare or less thick; to attenuate ; as, to thin the blood. 9. To make less close, crowded, or numerous ; as, to thin the ranks of an enemy ; to thin the trees or shrubs of a thicket. 3. To attenuate ; to rarefy; to make less dense; as, to thin the air; to thin the vapors. In geology, strata are said to thin out when they graduaily diminish in thickness until they disappear. Brande, Having a thin skin; hence, unduly sensitive. (Goth. theins, theina; Sax. thin; G. dein; Fr. tien; probably contracted from thigen. See Tuov.] Thy ; belonging to thee; relating to thee; being the property of thee. It was formerly used for uy, before a vowel. Then thou mayest eat grapes thy fill, at Hine own pleasure, — Deut. xxii. But in common usage, thy is now used before a vowel in all cases. The principal use of thine now is when a verb is interposed between this word and the noun to which it refers. I will not take any thing that is thine. Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory. In the following passage, thine is used as a substi- tute for thy righteousness. I will make mention of thy righteousness, even of thine only. — Xi. In some cases it is preceded by the sign of the possessive case, like nouns, and is then also to be considered as a substitute. If any of thine be driven out tothe utmost parts of heaven. — Deut. xxx. It is to be observed that thine, like thou, isused only in the solemn style. In familiar and common lan- guage, your and yours are always used in the singular number as well as the plural. [Sax. thing, a thing, a cause; for his thingon, for his cause or sake ; also, thing, and ge- thing, a meeting, council, or convention; thingan, thingian, to hold a meeting, to plead, to supplicate ; thingere, an intercessor; thingung, intercession ; G. ding, a thing, a court; dingen, to go to law, to hire or haggle ; Dingstag, Tuesday, (thing’s day ;) beding, condition, clause; dedingen, to agree, to bargain or contract, to cheapen; D. ding, thing, business; din- gen, to plead, to attempt, to cheapen ; dingabank, the bar; dingdagen, session-days; dinger, dingster, a pleader; dingtaal, plea; Dingsdag, Tuesday ; beding, condition, agreement; bedingen, to condition; Sw. ting, thing, cause, also a court, assizes ; tinga, to hire, bargain, or agree; Dan. ting, a thing, affair, business, case, a court of justice ; tinger, to strike up a bargain, to haggle; tingbog, records of a court, (thing-book;) tingdag, the court day, the assizes ; tinghold, jurisdiction ; tingmend, jurors, jury, (thing- men;) tingsag, a cause or suit at law, (thing- sake.) The primary sense of thing, is that which comes, falls, or happens, like event, from L. evenio. The primary sense of the root, which is tig or thig, is to press, urge, drive, or strain, and hence its application to courts, or suits at Jaw; a seeking of right. We observe that Dingsday, Dingdag, in some of the dialects, signifies Tuesday, and this from the circumstance that that day of the week was, as it still is in some states, the day of opening courts ; that is, litigation day, or suitors’ day, a day of striv- ing for justice; or perhaps combat day, the day of trial by battle. This leads to the unfolding of anoth- er fact. Among our ancestors, Tig, or Ttig, was the name of the deity of combat and war, the Teutonic Mars ; that is, strife, combat deified. This word was contracted into tiw or tu,and hence Tiwes-deg or Tues-deg, Tuesday, the day consecrated to Tiig, the god of war. But it seems this is merely the day of commencing court and trial ; litigation day. This Tiig, the god of war, is strife,and this leads us to the root of thing, which is, to drive, urge, strive. So res, in Latin, is connected with reus, accused. For words of like signification, see Saxe and Cause. ] 1. An event or action; that which happens or falls out, or that which is done, told, or proposed. This is the general signification of the word in the Scrip- tures; as, after these things, that is, events. And the thing was very grievous in Abraham’s sight, because of his son. —Gen. xxi. Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, The thing pro- ceedeth from the Lord, —Gen. xxiv. And Jacob said, Al! these things are against me. — Gen. xiii. 1 will tell you by what authority I do these things. — Matt. xxi. These things said Esuins when he saw his glory. — John xii. In learning French, choose such books as will teach you things THINK, v. 7.5 pret. and THI 2. Any substance ; that which is created; any particular article or commodity. He sent after this manner; ten asses laden with the good things of Egypt. — Gen. xlii. They took the Uiinge which Micah had made. — Judges xviii. 3. An animal; as, every living thing ; every creep- . - * o ing thing. Gen. 1. { This application of the word 1s improper, but common in popular and vulgar language.] 4. A portion or part; something. Wicked men who understand any thing of wisdom. Tillotson. 5. In contempt. I have a thing in prose. Swift. 6. Used of persons in contempt or disparagement. See, sons, what things you are. Shak, The poor thing sighed. Addison, I'll be this abject diing no more. Granville. 7. Used in a sense of honor. I see thee here, Thou noble thing ! Shak. 8. Things, pl.; clothes. [ Colloquial.} Walter Scott. pp. THoucut, (thaut.) (Sax. thincan, thencan; Goth. thagkyan; Sw. tycka and tenka; Dan. tykker and tenker; D. denken, to think, and gedagt, thought; G. denken, to think, and gedachtniss, remembrance ; gedanke, thought ; nach- denken, to ponder or meditate; Gr. doxew; Syr. and Ch. p)1; allied to L. duco. We observe 7 1s casual, and omitted in the participle thought. The sense seems to be, to set in the mind, or to draw out, as in meditation. Class Dg, No. 9.] 1. To have the mind occupied on some subject; to have ideas, or to revolve ideas in the mind. For that lam I know, because I think. ‘These are not miatters to be slightly thought on. 2. To judge; to conclude ; tohold asasettled opin- ion. I think it will rain to-morrow. I think it not best to proceed on our journey. Dryden. Tillotson. Let them marry to whom they think best. — Num. xxxvi. 3. To intend. Thou thought’st to help me. Shak, I thought to promote thee unto great honor. — Num. xxiv. 4. To imagine ; to suppose ; to fancy. Edmund, I think, is gone In pity of his misery, to dispatch His ’nighted life. Shak. Let him that thinketh he standeth, take heed lest he fall. —1 Cor. x. 5. To muse; to meditate. While Peter thought on the vision. — Acts x. Think much, speak little, 6. To reflect ; to recollect or call to mind. And when Peter thought thereon, he wept. — Mark xiv. Think how this Driden. 7. To consider; to deliberate. thing could happen. He thought within himself, saying, What shall I do? — Luke xii, 8. To presume. Think not to say within yourselves, We have Abraham to our father. — Matt. ii, 9. To believe; to esteem. To think on or upon; to muse on ; to meditate on. If there be any virtue, if there be any praise, think on these things. — Phil, iv. 2. To light on by meditation. He has just thought on an expedient that will answer the purpose. 3. To remember with favor. Think upon me, my God, for goo 1, — Neh. vy. To think of; to have ideas come into the mind. He thought of what you told him. I would have sent the books, but I did not think of it. To think well of; to hold in esteem; to esteem. THINK, v.t. To conceive; to imagine. Charity thinketh no evil. —1 Cor. xiil. 2, To believe ; to consider; to esteem. Nor think superfluous others’ aid. Milton. 3. To seem or appear, as in the phrases, me think- eth or methinks, and methought. These are genuine Saxon phrases, equivalent to tt seems to me, it seemed tome. In these expressions, me is actualiy in the dative case ; almost the only instance remaining m the language. Sax. ‘ genoh thuht,” satis visum est, it appeared enough or sufficient ; ** me thincth,”? miht videtur, it seems to me ; I perceive. To think much ; to grudge. He thought not much to clothe his enemies. To think much of; to hold in high esteem. To think scorn; to disdain. sth. ill. THINK/ER, n. One who thinks; but chiefly, one who thinks in a particular manner; as, @ close thinker ; a deep thinker ; a coherent thinker. Locke. Swift. Milton, THINK/ING, ppr. ing ; imagining; intending ; meditating. capable of a regular train of ideas. as well as language. Jay to Littlepage. ing being. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — Having ideas; supposing; judg- 9. a. Having the faculty of thought; cogitative ; Man is a think- 1146THI Imagination ; cogitation ; judgment. é ; I heard a bird s0 sing, Whose music, to my thinking, pleased the king. THINK’ING-LY, adv. By thought. THIN’LY, adv. [from thin.] In a loose, scattered manner; not thickly ; as, ground thinly planted with trees ; a country thinly inhabited. THIN'NED, pp. Made thin; made rare or less thick. THIN/NESS, n. The state of being thin; smallness of extent from one side or surface to the opposite ; as, the thinness of ice ; the thinness of a plate; the thinness of the skin. 2. Tenuity ; rareness; as, the thinness of air or other fluid. 3. A state approaching to fluidity, or even fluidity ; opposed to SpissiruDE ; as, the thinness of honey, of whitewash, or of paint. 4, Exility ; as, the thinness of a point. 5. Rareness; a scattered state; paucity; as, the thinness of trees in a forest; the thinness of inhabit- ants. THIN’NING, ppr. attenuating. THIRD, (thurd,) a. [Sax. thridda; Goth. thridya; G. dritte; D. derde; Sw. and Dan. tredie; Fr. tiers; L. tertius; Gr. rotros; W. trydy.] The first after the second ; the ordinal of three. The third hour in the day, among the ancients, was nine o’clock in the morning. Third estate, in the British nation, is the commons ; or, in the legislature, the liouse of commons. Third order, among the Roman Catholics, is a sort of religious order attached to the Franciscans, Car- melites, &c., composed of associates, not bound by vows, but conforming, to a certain extent, to the general designs of the order. Brande. Third point, or tierce point ; in architecture, the point of section in the vertex of an equilateral triangle. Cyc. A third-rate ship carries THINK/ING, n. Shak. Making thin, rare, or less thick ; Third rate, in navies. from 64 to 80 guns. Third sound, in music. See the noun Tarrp. THIRD, (thurd,) ». The third part of any thing. A man takes land and tills it for one third of the prod- uce, the owner taking two turds. 2, The sixtieth part of a second of time. 3. In music, an interval containing three diatonic sounds ; the major, composed of two tones, called by the Greeks Ditone, and the minor, called Hemip1- TONE, consisting of a tone and a half. Rousseau. THIRD/-BOR-OUGH, (thurd/bur-ro,) 7. borough. ] An under constable. Johnson. THIRD/‘INGS, n. pl. The third part of the corn or grain growing on the ground, at the tenant’s death, due to the lord for a heriot, within the manor of Tur- fat in Herefordshire. Cyc. THIRD/LY, adv. In the third place. Bacon. THIRDS, (thurdz,) n. pl. The third part of the estate of a deceased husband, which, by law, the widow is entitled to enjoy during her life. New England, THIRL, (thurl,) v. t [Sax. thirlian.] To bore; to perforate. It is now written Dri and Turitt. [See these words, and see NostriL. | THIRL/AGE, (thurl/aje,) n. In English customs, the right which the owner of a mill possesses, by contract or law, to compel the tenants of a certain district to bring all their grain to his mill for grinding. Cyc. THIRST, (thurst,) x. (Sax. thurst, thyrst; G. durst; D. dorst ; Sw. térst; Dan. térst, from tér, dry ; Wr- rer, to dry, D. dorren, Li. torreo, Sw. torka. 1. A painful sensation of the throat or fauces, Oc- casioned by the want of drink. Wherefore is ‘t that thou hast brought us out of Egypt, to kill us, and our ‘hildren, and our cattle, with thirst ?— Ex. xvil. 2. A vehement desire of drink. Ps. civ. 3. A want and eager desire after any thing. Busby. [third and Thirst of worldly good. Fuirfar. Thirst of knowledge. Milton, Thirst of praise. Granville. Thirst after happiness. Cheyne. But for is now more generally used after thirst; as, a thirst for worldly honors ; a thirst fur praise. 4, Dryness; drought. The rapid current, throuch veins Of porous earth with kindly thirst updrawn, Rose a fresh fountain. Milton, THIRST, (thurst,) v. i. [Sax. thyrstan; D. dorsten; G. dursten ; Sw. térsta; Dan. térster. | 1. To experience a painful sensation of the throat or fauces, for want of drink. The people thirsted there for water. — Ex, xvil. 92, To have a vehement desire for any thing. My soul thirsteth for the living God. — Ps, xlii. THIRST, v. t. To want to drink ; as, to thirst blood. Se English. Prior. THYRST/ER, n. One who thirsts. THIRST’I-LY, adv. Ina thirsty manner. THIRST/I-NESS, n. [from thirsty.] The state of being thirsty ; thirst. Wotton. THIRST/ING, ppr. Feeling pain for want of drink ; having eager desire. THI THIRST’Y, a. [from thirst.] Feeling a painful sen- sation of the throat or fauces, for want of drink. Give me a little water, for ] am thirsty. — Judges iv. I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink. — Matt, xxv. 2. Very dry ; having no moisture ; parched. The thiraty land shall becoms springs of water. — Is. xxxyv. 3. Having a vehement desire of any thing; as, in blood-thirsty. Js. xliv. xv. THIR’TEEN, (thur’teen,) a. [Sax. threottyne; three and ten; Sw. tretton; G. dreyzehn; D. dertien.] Ten and three ; as, thirteen times. THIR'/TEENTH, (thur/teenth,) a. [Supra.] The third after the tenth; the ordinal of thirteen ; as, the thirteenth day of the month. THIR/TEENTH, (thur’teenth,) n. In music, an inter- val forming the octave of the sixth, or sixth of the Busby. [from thirty; Sax. octave. THIR’TI-ETH, (thur’te-eth,) a. thrittigotha. | The tenth threefold ; the ordinal of thirty ; as, the thirtieth day of the month. THIR’TY, (thur'te,) a. (Sax. thrittig; G. dreissig ; D. dertig.} ‘i Thrice ten ; ten three times repeated ; or twenty and ten. The month of June consists of thirty days ; Joseph was thirty years old when he stood before Pharaoh. FHIS, definitive adjective, or substitute; pl. THEseE. [Sax. this; Dan. pl. disse ; Sw. dessa, desse; G. das, dessen; D. deeze, dit.] 1. This is a definitive, or definitive adjective, de- noting something that is present or near in place or time, or something just mentioned. Is this your younger brother? What trespass is this which ye have committed ? Who did sin, this man or his parents, that he was born blind? — ohn ix, When they heard this, they were pricked to the heart. — Acts ii. In the latter passage, this is a substitute for what had preceded, viz., the discourse of Peter just deliv- ered. In like manner, this often represents a word, a sentence, or clause, or aseries of sentences or events. In some cases, it refers to what is future, or to be immediately related. But know this, that if the good man of the’house had known in what watch the thief would come, he would have watched, ond would not have sulfered his house to be broken up. — Matt. xxiv. Here this refers to the whole subsequent member of the sentence. 2. Ry this, is used elliptically for by this time; as, by this the mail has arrived. 3. This is used with words denoting time past; as, I have taken no snuff for this month ; and often with plural words. I have not wept this forty years. In this case, this, in the singular, refers to the whole term of time or period; this period of forty 4. This is opposed to that. years. This way and that the wavering sails they bend. Pope. A body of this or that denomination is produced. Boyle. This and that, in this use, denote difference indef- initely. 5. When this and that refer to different things be- fore expressed, this refers to the thing last men- tioned, and that to the thing first mentioned. [See THESE. ] Their judgment in this we may not, and in that we need not, follow. ooker. 6. It is sometimes opposed to other. Consider the arcuments which the author had to write this, or to design the other, before you arraigo him. ryden, THIS'TLE, (this'l,)n. [Sax. thistel; G. and D. distel ; Sw. tistel. | The common name of numerous prickly plants of the class Syngenesia, and several genera; as the common corn thistle, or Canada thistle; the spear thistle; the milk thistle, of the genus Carduus; the blessed thistle, of the genus Centaurea ; the globe thistle, of the genus Echinops; the cotton thistle, of the genus Onopordon; and the sow thistle, of the genus Sonchus. The name is also given to other prickly plants not of the class Syngenesia; as the fuller’s thistle or teasel, of the genus Dipsacus, and the melon thistle, and torch thistle, of the genus Melocactus. Lee. Birelow. One species of thistle (Carduus arvensis) grows in fields among grain, and is extremely troublesome to farmers. Itis called in America the Canapa Tuis- TLE, as it first appeared in Canada, where it was prob- ably introduced from France, as it abounds in Nor- mandy, and also in England. A larger species in America (Carduus lanceolatus) is indigenous, but it spreads slowly, and gives no trouble. Thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth to thee. — Gen. Iii, The thistle is the national emblem of Scotland. randé. THIS'TLY, (this‘ly,) a. Overgrown with thistles ; as, thistly ground. FHIFH’ER, adv. ([Sax. thider, thyder.] 1. To that place ; opposed to HitHer, This city Is near; O, let me escape thither, —Gen. xix. Where I am, thither ye can not come. — John vii. THO 2. To that end or point. Hither and thither; to this place and to that; one way and another. ? FHIFH’ER-TO, adv. To that point; so far. |WVot in use. PHLEH/ER-WARD, adv. [thither and ward.] To- ward that place. They shall ask the way to Zion, with their faces thitherward, — ——_—_—_—— SE FHO; acontraction of THoucH. [See Tuoucn.] 2. Tho, for Sax. thonne, then. at in use.} Spenser. THOLE, x. [Sax. thol; Ir. and Gaelic, dula,a pin or peg. 1. A pin inserted into the gunwale of a boat, to keep the oar in the row-lock, when used in rowing. Mar. Dict. 2. The pin or handle of a scythe-snath. THOLE, v. t. [Sax. tholian; Goth. thulan; G. and D. dulden; Sw. téla; L. tollo, tolero.} To bear; to endure; toundergo. [Obs.] Gower. THOLE, v.i. [Supra.] To wait. [Zocal.] THOLE, n. ([L. tholus.]} The roof of atemple. [JVot used, or local.] THOL/O-BATE, n. [Gr. Sodos and Bava, Bacts.] Tbe substructure on which a dome or cupola rests ; a term proposed by Mr. Hosking. Gloss. of Archit. THO-M&’/AN,) x. A name given in Europe to the THO'MITE, $ ancient church of Christians estab- lished on the Malabar coast of India, and thought to have been originally founded by St. Thomas. Brande. The doctrine of St. Thomas Aqui- { nas with respect to predestination THO!/MA-ISM, } x. THO/MISM, and grace. THO/MIST, n. A follower of Thomas Aquinas, in opposition to the Scotists. THOM’SON-ITE, (tom’sun-,) 2. [from Thomson.] A mineral of the zeolite family, occurring generally in masses of a radiated structure, and glassy or vitreous luster. It cansists of silica, alumina, and lime, with some soda, and 14 per cent. of water. _The mineral Comptonite Is identical with this spe- cies. ana. THONG, n. [Sax. thwang.] A strap of leather, used for fastening any thing. And nails for loosened spears, and thongs for shields, provide, Dryden. THOR,n. In Scandinavian mythology, the son of Odin and Freya, and the deity that presided over all mis- chievous spirits in the elements. This deity was considered the god of thunder. From his name, Thor, we have Thursday, and from his attribute as god of thunder, the Germans have their Donnerstag. pee THURSDAY. | Brande. THO-RAC‘I€, (tho-ras'ik,) a. [L. thorax, the breast. ] Pertaining to the thorax or breast; as, the thoracic arteries. Coze. The thoracic duct, is the trunk of the absorbent vessels. It runs up along the spine from the recep- tacle of the chyle to the left subclavian vein, in which it terminates. Cyc. ‘arr. THO-RAC'IES, n. p. In ichthyology, an order of bony fishes, respiring by means of gills only, the character of which is, that the bronchia sre ossiculated, and the ventral fins are placed underneath the thoraz, or beneath the pectoral fins. Linncus. Cyc. THO/RAL, a. [L. torus.] Pertaining to a bed. Ayliffe. THO'RAX, n. [L.] In anatomy, that part of the human skeleton which consists of the bones of the chest; also, the cavity of the chest. Cyc. 2. In entomology, the second segment of insects ; that part of the body between the head and the ab- domen. 3, A breastplate, cuirass, or corselet. THO’RI-A, n, A white, earthy substance, obtained AO RTINA, § by Berzelius, in 1829, from the min- eral called thorite. It is an oxyd of thorium. THO'RITE, n. A massive and compact mineral, found in Norway, and resembling gadolinite. It con- tains 58 per cent. of the rare earth thoria, combined with silica. Dana, THO’/RI-UM, n. The metallic base of thoria. It THO-Ri/NUM, is of a grayish color. THORN, n. [Sax. thorn; G. dorn; D. doorn; Dan. torne; Slav. tern; Goth. thaurnus ; W. draen. Qu. is not the latter contracted from the Gaelic dreag- hum ll ‘ 1. A tree or shrub armed with spines, or sharp, lig- neous shoots; as, the black thorn, white thorn, haw- thorn, buckthorn, &c. The word is sometimes In- correctly applied to a bush with prickles; as, a rose on a thorn. 2, A sharp, ligneous, or woody shoot from the stem of a tree or shrub; a sharp process from the woody part of a plant; a spine. Thorn differs from prickle; the latter being applied to the sharp points issuing from the bark of a plant, and not attached to the wood, as in the rose and bramble. But, in com- mon usage, thorn is applied to the prickle of the rose, and, in fact, the two words are used promiscuously. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; § as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1147 inal ecle ee Lae poms . = orehar er te ee “al a omg as Se mitre . 4 > x ) a 2 if a 2 ee ER I “ od pe THO 3. Any thing troublesome. St. Paul hada thorn 10 the flesh. 2 Cor. xii. JVum. XXxxill. : 4. In Scripture, great difficulties and impediments. I will hedge up thy way with thorns. — Hos. il. 5. Worldly cares ; things which prevent the growth of good principles. Watt. xiii. THORN/-AP-PLE, (-ap-pl,) - [thorn and apple.] An annual plant of the genus Datura; a popular name of the Datura Stramonium and Datura Tatula. Bigclow. THORN’'BACK, n. [thorn and back. } A fish of the ray kind, which has prickles on Its back. _ Cyc. THORN/-BUSH, 7. A shrub that produces thorns. THORN’/BUT, n. A fish, a burt or turbot. Ainsworth, THORN/-HEDGE, 2. [thorn and hedge.) A hedge or fence consisting of thorn. THORN’LESS, a. Destitute of thorns; as, a thornless shrub or tree. Muhlenberg. THORN/-SET, a. Set with thorns. : THORN’Y, a. Full of thorns or spines ; rough with thorns; as, a thorny wood; a thorny tree; a thorny diadem or crown. Dryden. Ralegh. 2, Troublesome; vexatious ; harassing ; perplex- ing ; as, thorny care ; the thorny path of vice. 3. Sharp; pricking; vexatious; as, thorny pointe: Shak. THORN/Y REST’/-HAR-ROW, 72. Aplant. Cyc, THORN/Y-TRE/FOIL, n. A prickly plant of the genus Fagonia. Lee. THOR/OUGH, (thur’ro,) a. [Sax. thurh; G. durch; D. door. In these languages, the word is a preposi- tion ; but as a preposition, we write it through. (See this word.) It is evidently from the root of door, which signifies a passage, and the radix of the word signifies to pass. ] 1. Literally, passing through or to the end; hence, complete ; perfect ; as, a thorough reformation ; thor- ough work; a thorough translator ; a thorough poet. Dryden. 2. Passing through; as, thorough lights in a house. acon. THOR’/OUGH, (thur’ro,) prep. From side to side, or from end to end. 2. By means of. [.Vot now used.] [See THRovucn.] THOR’OUGH, (thur’ro,) n. An inter-furrow between two ridges. Cyc. THOR’OUGH-BASE, (thur’ro-base,) n. [thorough and base. } In music, an accompaniment to a continued base by figures. [See Basz, n., No. 14.] THOR’/OUGH-BRED, (thur’ro-bred,) a. and bred.] 1. In horsemanship, bred from the best blood, as horses. 2, Completely bred or accomplished. THOR/OUGH-FARE, (thur’ro-fare,) n. [thorough and Sare.] I. A passage through ; a passage from one Street or Opening to another; an unobstructed way. 2. Power of passing. Milton. THOR/OUGH-GO-ING, a. Going all Jengths. Irving. THOR/OUGH-LIGHT-ED, (thur’ro-lit-ed,) a. Aterm applied toa room which has windows on opposite sides. Guilt. THOR’/OUGH-LY, (thur’ro-le,) adv. Fully ; entirely ; completely ; as, a room thoroughly swept; a business thoroughly performed. Let the matter be thoroughly sifted; let every part of the work be thoroughly fin- ished, THOR/GUGH-NESS, (thur’ro-ness,) 7. Complete- ness ; perfectness Store. THOR’OUGH-PAC-ED, (thur’ro-paste,) a. [thorough and paced.) Perfect in what is undertaken ; com- plete ; going all lengths ; as, a thorough-paced tory or whig. Swift. THOR'/GUGH-SPED, (thur’ro-sped,) a. [thorough and sped. | Fully accomplished ; thorough-paced. Szov/t. THOR/OUGH-STITCH, (thur’ro-stich,) adv. [thor- ough and stitch.) Fully; completely; going the whole length of any business. [,Vot elegant. ] LY Estrange. THOR/OUGH-WAX, (thur’ro-wax,) n. [thorough and waz.) An umbelliferous plant of the genus Bupleu- rum. Lees THOR/OUGH-WORT, (thur‘ro-wurt,) nm. The popu- lar name of a plant, the Eupatorium perfoliatum, also called BoneseT, a native of North America. It is medicinal. THORP, Sax. thorpe: D. dorp; G. dorf; Sw. and Dan. torp; W. trev; Gaelic, Ir. treabh; L. tribus. The word in Welsh signifies, a dwelling-place, a home- stead, a hamlet, a town, When applied to a single house, it answers to the Sax. ham, a bouse, whence hamlet and home. Im the Teutonic dialects, it denotes a village. The primary sense 1s, probably, a house, a habitation, from fixedness ; hence, a hamlet, a vil- Jage, a tribe; as in rude agés the dwelling of the head of a family was soon surrounded by the houses of his children and descendants, In our janguage, it occurs now only in names of places th thorough THR FHOSEH, pron.; pl. of THar; as, those men ; those tem- ples. When those and these are used in reference to two things or collections of things, those refers to the first-mentioned, as these does to the Jast-mentioned. eee THeEsE, and the example there pens) THOTH, x. Among the ancient Egyptians, the god of eloquence, and supposed to be the inventor of wri- ting and philosophy. He corresponded to the Mer- cury of the Romans. FHOU, pron.; in the obj. Tuer. [Sax. thu; G. Sw. and Dan. du; L. Fr. [t. Sp. Port. and Russ. tw; Sans. tuam. ‘Che nominative case is probably contracted, for in the oblique cases it is in Sw. and Dan. dig, in Goth. thuk, Sax. thec. So in Hindoo, tuin the nom- inative makes in the dative tuko; Gipsy, tu, tuke, In Russ. the verb is tukayw, to thou. ] The second personal pronoun, in the singular number; the pronoun which is used in addressing persons in the solemn style. Art thou he that should come? — Matt. xi. I will fear no evil, for tou art with me. — Pa. xxiii. Thow is used only in the solemn style, unless in very familiar language and by the Quakers. FHOU,v.t. To treat with familiarity. If thou thouest him some thrice, it shall not be amiss. Shak. FHOU, v.t. To use thou and thee in discourse FHOUGH, (tho,) v. it [Sax. theah; Goth. thauh; G. doch; Sw. dock; D. and Dan. dog. This is the im- perative of a verb; Ir. daighim, to give, D. dokken. | 1. Grant; admit; allow. ‘“Tf thy brother be waxen poor, thou shalt relieve him; yea, though he be astranger.”? Grant or admit the fact that he isa stranger, yet thou shalt relieve him. ev. xxy. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him. — Job xiii. That is, grant or admit that he shall slay me, yet will I trust in him. Though hand join in hand, the wicked shall not be unpunished. —rrov. Xl. That is, admit the fact that the wicked unite their strength, yet this will not save them from punish- ment. Not that I so affirm, though so it seem. Milton. That is, grant that it seems so, yet I do not so af- firm. 2. Used with as. In the vine were three branches, and it was as though it budded. Gen. xl. So we use as if; it was as if it budded; and 7 is gif, give. The appearance was like the real fact, if admitted or true. 3, It is used in familiar language, at the end of a sentence. A good cause would do well though. This is generally or always elliptical, referring to some expression preceding or understood. 4. It is compounded with a#/ in AttHouGH, which see. THOUGHT, (thawt,) pret. and pp. of THINK. THOUGHT, (thawt,) . [Primarily the passive parti- ciple of think, supra; Sax. thealt.] lL. Properly, that which the mind thinks. Thought is either the act or operation of the mind, when at- tending to a particular subject or thing, or it is the idea consequent on that operation. Wesay a man’s thoughts are employed on government, on religion, on trade or arts ; or his thoughts are employed on his dress or his means of living. By this we mean that the mind is directed to that particular subject or ob- ject ; that is, according to the literal import of the verb think, the mind, the intellectual part of man, is set upon such an object, it holds it in view or con- templation, or it extends to it, it stretches to it. Dryden. Thought can not be superadded to matter, so a3 in any sense to render it true that matter can become copitative. Dwight. 2. Idea; conception. I wish to convey my thoughts to another person. I employ words that express my thoughts, so that he may have the same ideas; in this case, our thoughts will be alike. 3. Fancy ; conceit; something framed by the im- agination. Thoughts come crowding in so fast upon me, that my only diffi- culty is to choose or reject. 4. Reflection ; particular consideration. Why do you keep alone, Using those thoughts which shold have died With them they think on? Shak. 5. Opinion ; judgment. Thus Bethel spoke, who always speaks his thoughts. Pope. 6. Meditation ; serious consideration. Pride, of all others the most dangerous fault, Proceeds from want of sense or want of thought. “Roscommon. 7. Design ; purpose. All their thoughts are against me for evil.—Ps. lvi. xxxiil. Jer. xxix. 8. Silent contemplation. Shak. 9. Solicitude; care; concern. 10. Inward reasoning; the workings of con- science. Their thoughts tho meanwhile accusing or else excusing one another. — Rom. ii. 11. A small degree or quantity ; as, a thought long- er ; a thought better. [Not in use.] Hooker. Sidney. To take thought; to be solicitous or anxious. | Matt. vi. THOUGHT'FUL, a. Full of thought; contemplative; | employed in meditation; as, a man of thoughtful mind. r 2. Attentive ; careful; having the mind directed to an object ; as, thoughtful of gain. Philips. | | 3. Promoting serious thought; favorable to musing Blackmore. 2. Serious attention to spiritual concerns. 3. Anxiety ; solicitude, THOUGHT’LESS, a. Heedless; careless; negligent. | Thoughiless of the future. Rogers. 2. Gay ; dissipated. | 3. Stupid; dull. Thoughtless as monarch oaks that shade the plain. Dryden. THOUGHT’LESS-LY, adv. Without thought; care- lessly ; stupidly. Garth. THOUGHT’LESS-NESS, n. Want of thought; heed- lessness ; carelessness ; inattention. THOUGHT'-SICK, a. [thought and sick.] Uneasy with reflection. Shak. THOU’SAND, a. [Sax. thusend; Goth. thusund; G. tausend; D. duizend; Sw. tusend ; Dan. tusind.] 1. Denoting the number of ten hundred. 9. Proverbially, denoting a great number indefi- nitely. It is a thousand chances to one that you suc- or meditation. War, horrid war, your thoughtful walks invades, Pope. 4. Anxious ; solicitous, Around her crowd distrust, and doubt, and fear, And thoughtful foresight, and tormenting care. Ttior. THOUGHT’FUL-LY, adv. With thought or consid- eration ; with solicitude. THOUGHT’FUL-NESS, n. Deep meditation. | | ceed, THOU'SAND, n. The number of ten hundred. A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand. — Pa, xci. Thousand is sometimes used plurally, without the plural termination, as in the passage above, ten thou- sand: but it often takes the plural termination. In former times, how many thousands perished by fam- ine ! THOU'SAND-FOLD, a. Multiplied by a thousand. THOU/SANDTH, a. The ordinal of thousand ; as, the thousandth part of a thing; also, proverbially, very numerous, THOU'SANDTH, n. ‘The thousandth part of any thing ; as, two thousandths of a tax. THOWL. See THoLE. THRACK, v.t. Toload or burden. [Vot in use.] South. THRALL, n. [Sax. thrall, a slave or servant; Dan. tral; Sw. tral; Ice. troel; Ir. trail; Gaclic, traill.] 1. A slave. 9. Slavery. [Obs.] THRALL, v.t. Toenslave. [Obds.] [EntTHRauv is in use. THRA LL/DOM, (thrawl/dum,) x. [Dan. treldom. Slavery; bondage; a state of servitude. “he Greeks lived in thralldom under the Turks nearly four hundred years. He shall rule, and she in thralldom live. [This word is in good use.] THRAL/LESS, a. Having no thralls. THRA/NITE, n. ([Gr. Spavirns. The uppermost of the three classes of rowers in an Athenian trireme. Brande. THRAP/PLE, (thrap’pl,) n. The windpipe of an an- imal. [NVot an English word.] Scott. THRASH, v. t. [Sax. tharscan, or therscan; G. dres- chen; D. dorschen; Sw. triska; Ice. therskia. It is written THrasH or TuresH. The common pronun- ciation is thrash.] 1. To beat out grain from the husk with a flail; as, to thrash-wheat, rye, or oats. 2. To beat Indian corn off from the cob or spike ; as, to thrash maize. 3. To beat soundly with a stick or whip ; to drub. Shak. THRASH, v. i. To practice thrashing; to perform the business of thrashing; as, a man who thrashes well. 2. To labor; to drudge I rather would be Mevius, thrash for rhymes, Like his, the scorn and scandal of the times. THRASH/ED, (thrasht,) pp. Beaten out of the husk or off the ear. 2. Freed from the grain by beating. THRASH/ER, n. One who thrashes grain. 2. The fox-shark or sea-fox, Alopias Vulpes, a large species of shark. 3. Brown thrasher; an American singing-bird of Dryden, Dryden. and persons. Hawis was put in trouble, and died with thought ond anguish before his business came to an end, Bacon. the thrush family, Turdus rufus; the brown thrush. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE. DOVE. MOVE. WOLF, BQQK.— 1148THR THRASH’ING, ppr. Beating out of tbe husk or off the ear; beating soundly with a stick or whip. THRASH/ING, n. The act of beating out grain with a flail; a sound drubbing. THRASH/ING-FLOOR, zn. [thrash and floor.] A floor or area on which grain is beaten out. Dryden. THRASH/ING-MA-CHYNE!, (-sheen!,) n. [thrash and machine.] A machine or apparatus for separating grain from the straw. Brande. THRA-SON’I€-AL, a. [from T%raso, a boaster in old comedy. ] 1. Boasting ; given to bragging. 2. Boastful ; implying ostentatious display. Shak. THRA-SON'I€-AL-LY, adv. Boastfully. Johnson. THRAVE, x. ([Sax. draf, a drove.] A drove; aherd. [JWVot in use.] THRAVE, n. [W dreva, twenty-four ; drev, a bundle or fle. 1. The number of two dozen, 2. Twenty-four (in some places, twelve) sheaves of wheat. [WVorth of England.] Halliwell. THREAD, (thred,) n. [Sax. thred, thred; D. draad; Sw. trad; Dan. traad; probably from drawing. ] 1. A very small twist of flax, wool, cotton, silk, or other fibrous substance, drawn out to considera- ble length. : 2. The filament of a flower. Botany. 3. The filament of any fibrous substance, as of bark. 4. A fine filament or line of gold or silver. 5. Air-threads; the fine, white filaments which are seen floating in the air in summer, the produc- tion of spiders. 6. Something continued in a long course or tenor ; as, the thread of a discourse. Burnet. 7. The prominent spiral part of a screw. THREAD, (thred,) v.t. To pass a thread through the eye ; as, to thread a needle, 2. To pass or pierce through, as a narrow way or channel. They would not thread the gates. Heavy trading ships — threading the Bosphorus. Mitford. THREAD/BARE, a. [thread and bare.) Worn to the naked thread ; having the nap worn off; as, a threadbare coat ; threadbare clothes. Spenser. Driyden. 2. Worn out; trite; hackneyed ; used till it has lost its novelty or interest; as, a threadbare subject ; stale topics and threadbare quotations. Swift. THREAD/BARE-NESS, n. The state of being thread- bare or trite. THREAD/EN, (thred’n,) a Made of thread; as, threaden sails. [Little used. | Shak. THREAD/-SHAP-ED, (thred’shapt,) a. In botany, fili- form. THREAD’Y, (thred’e,) a, slender. Shak. Like thread or filaments; Granger. 9, Containing thread, Dyer. THREAP, v.t. [Sax. threapian, or rather threagan.] To chide, contend, or argue. [JZocal.] Ainsworth. THREAT, (thret,) mn. [Sax. tireat. See the verb.] A menace ; denunciation of il); declaration of an intention or determination to inflict punishment, Joss, or pain on another. There is no terror, Cassius, in your Uireats. Shak. THREAT, (thret,) v. t To threaten, which see. Threat is used only in poetry. Driden. THREAT’EN, (thret’/n,) v. t. (Sax. threatian, from threat. But threat appears to be contracted from threagan, which is written also threawian; D. drei- gen; G. drohen; Dan. tretter, to chide, to scold, dis- pute, wrangle.] 1. To declare the purpose of inflicting punish- iment, pain, or other evil on another, for some sin or offense ; to menace. God threatens the finally im- penitent with everlasting banishment from his pres- ence. 2. To menace; to terrify or attempt to terrify by menaces ; as for extorting money. ‘T’o send threat- ening letters is a punishable offense. 3. To charge or enjoin with menace, or with im- plied rebuke ; or to charge strictly. Let us straitly threaten them, that they speak henceforth to no man in this name. — Acts iv, 4. To menace by action ; to present the appearance of coming evil; as, rolling billows treater to over- whelm us. 5. To exhibit the appearance of something evil or unpleasant approaching ; as, the clouds threaten us with rain or a storm. THREAT’EN-ED, (thret/nd,) pp. or a. with evil. THREAT/EN-ER, (thret/n-er,) nm. One that threatens. Wilton. Menacing ; de- Menaced THREAT!’ EN-ING, (thret/n-ing,) ppr. nouncing evil. 9. a. Indicating a threat or menace ; as, a threat- ening look. 3. Indicating something impending ; as, the weath- er ig threatening ; the clouds have a threatening as- pect. : THREAT!/EN-ING, (thret/n-ing,). The act of men- acing; a menace; a denunciation of evil, or decla- SEER ration of a purpose to inflict evil on a person or country, usually for sins and offenses. The proph- ets are filled with God’s threatenings against the re- bellious Jews. Acts iv. THREAT’ EN-ING-LY, (thret/n-ing-le,) adv. Witha threat or menace; in a threatening manner. Shak. THREAT’FUL, (thret/ful,) a. Full of threats; hay- ing 4 menacing appearance ; minacious. Spenser. THREE, a. Sax. threo, thri, thry, and thrig; Sw. and Dan. tre; G. drei; D. drie; Fr. trois; It. tre; Sp. and L. tres; Gael. and W. tri; Gipsy, tre; Gr. Tpets ; Sans. treja, tri. I know not the last radical, nor the primary sense of three. Owen,in his Welsh Dictionary, suggests that it signifies fized, firm. But see Extnicateand Trick, It is probably contracted from thrig.] 1. Two and one I offer thee three things. —2 Sam. xxiv. 2. It is often used, like other adjectives, without the noun to which it refers. Abishai — attained not unto the first iree. —2 Sam. xxiii. 3. Proverbially, a small number. Away, thou Utree-inched fool. Shak, I believe obsolete.) THREE!-€AP/SUL-ED, a. Tricapsular; having three capsules, THREE’-CELL-ED, a. Trilocular; having three cells. THREE/-€LEFT, a. Trifid; being thrice cleft. THREE’-COR-NER-ED, a. [three and corner.] Hav- ing three corners or angles; as, a three-cornered hat. 2. In botany, having three prominent, longitudinal angles, as a stem. Martyn. THREE/-EDG-ED, (-ejd,) a. Having three edges, THREE/-FLOW-ER-ED, a. [three and flower.] Bear- ing three flowers together. Martyn. THREE/FOLD, a. [three and fold.] Three-double ; consisting of three; or thrice repeated ; as, threefold justice. Ralegh. A threefold cord ts not quickly broken. — Eccles. iv. THREE’-GRAIN-ED, a. kernels. THREE’-LEAF-ED, (-leeft,) a. [three and leaf.} Con- sisting of three distinct leaflets. Martyn. THREE/-LOB-ED, a. [three and lobe.] A three-lobed leaf is one that is divided to the middle into three parts, standing wide from each other, and having convex margins. Martyn. THREE/-NERV-ED, a. [three and nerve.] fIgnty |} favored. Irving. ce A CO 1149- eae ee re TS SC YS A NT THR Thrilling sensations. THRILL/INGS, n. pl. THRING, v. t. To press, crowd, or throng. [Wot used. | Chaucer. THRIPS, x. [L.; Gr.] A small spotted fly. . Harris. Herrick. THRIS'SA, n. A fish of the shad and herring kind, whose flesh is considered as being sometimes poison- ous. It is found in the waters of intertropical America, India, &c. i T THRIVE, v. i. ; pret. THRIVED 5 Pp- TuriveD, THRty- EN. [Dan. trives, to thrive, to increase ; SW. trifoas. It may belong to the family of trip, to hasten, or to that of drive. ] 1. To prosper management of property ; : estate. A farmer thrives by good husbandry. When the body of Jaboring men thrive, we pronounce the state prosperous. Dilizence and humility is the way to thrive in the riches’ of the © nderatanding, as well as in gold. Wat by industry, economy, and good to increase in goods and 9. To prosper in any business; to have increase or SUCCESS. O son, why sit we here, each other viewing Idly, while Satan, our great author, thrives ? They by vices Utrive. Milton. Sandys. 3. To grow; to increase in bulk or stature; to flourish. Young cattle thrive in rich pastures ; and trees thrive in a good soil. 4. To grow; to advance ; to increase or advance in any thing valuable. THRIV’ER, n. One that prospers in the acquisition of property. THRIV/ING, ppr. Prospering in worldly goods. 9, a. Being prosperous or successful ; advancing in wealth ; increasing ; growing; as, a thriving me- chanic ; a thriving trader. THRYV/ING-LY, adv. Ina prosperous way. THRIV/ING-NESS, ) 2. Prosperity; growth ; in- THRIV/ING, { crease. Decay of Prety. THRO’: a contraction of THroucH. [Not now used.] THROAT, (throte,) n. [Sax. throta, throte; D. strote ; Russ. grid. L. The anterior part of the neck of an animal, in which are the gullet and windpipe, or the passages for the food and breath. In medicine, the fauces; all that hollow or cavity in the part of the mouth which may be seen when the mouth is wide open. Cyc. 2 The throat of a chimney is the part between the | gathering, or portion of the funnel which contracts jn ascending, and the flue. Guilt. 3. In seamen’s language, that end of a gaff which is next the mast; also, the rounded angular point where the arm of an anchor is joined to the shank. Totten. 4. In ship-building, the inside of the knee-timber at the middle or turns of the arms. Throat-brails ; brails attached to the gaff close to the mast. Throat-halliards are those that raise the throat of the gaff. Mar. Dict. THROAT, v. t. To mow beans in a direction against their bending. ([Zocal.] Cyc. THROAT’-LATCH, n. A strap of a bridle, halter, &c., passing under a horse’s throat. THROAT!-PIPE, n. [throat and pipe.] pipe, weasand, or trachea. THROATWORT, (throte/wurt,) n. [throat and wort. ] A plant of the genus Campanula, a perennial weet common in pasture-ground; also, a plant of the genus Trachelium. Cyc. Lee. The wind- THROE, ». 7. THROB, 2. t. THROM’BUS, 7. THRONE, n. ee THROT’TLE, v. 2. AER THR To agonize; to struggle in extreme To put in agony. Shak. [Gr. So 805.) A small tumor which sometimes ensues from the escape of blood into the cellular membrane in the operation of bleed- Brande. [L. thronus; Gr. Spovrs; Fr. trone.] 1. A royal seat; achair of state. The throne is sometimes an elegant chair richly ornamented with sculpture and gilding, raised a step above the floor, and covered with a canopy. 2. The seat of a bishop. Ayliffe. 3. In Scripture, sovereign power and dignity. Only in the throne will I be greater than thou. — Gen. xli. Thy throne, O God, is forever. — Ps. xlv- 4. Angels. Col. 1. 5. The place where God peculiarly manifests his power and glory. The heaven is my Uirone, and the earth is my footstool. — Is. Ixvi. THRONE, v. t. To place on a royal seat; to en- throne. 2. To place in an elevated position ; to give an elevated place to; to exalt. True image of the Father, whether throned In the bosom of bliss and light of light. Milton. THRON/ED, pp. Placed on a royal seat, or on an elevated seat; exalted. THRONE’LESS, a. Having no throne. THRONG, n. [Sax. thrang; lr. drong; drang. See the verb.] 1. A crowd; a multitude of persons or of living beings pressing or pressed into a close body or as- semblage ; as, a throng of people at a playhouse. 9. A great multitude; as, the heavenly throng. THRONG, v.i. [Sax. thringan; D. dringen; G. dran- gen; Dan. trenger ; Sw. trdnga. If n is not radical, this word coincides with Sw. tryka, Dan. trykker, to press, to print. Class Rg.] To crowd together; to press into a close body, as a multitude of persons ; to come in multitudes. I have seen The dumb men throng to sce him. THRONG, v. t. To crowd or press, as persons ; to oppress or annoy with a crowd of living beings. Much people followed him, and thronged him. — Mark vy, THRONG’ED, pp. or a. Crowded or pressed by a multitude of persons. THRONG/ING, ppr. or a. Crowding together ; press- ing with a multitude of persons. THRONG/ING, n. The act of crowding together. THRONG/LY, adv. In crowds. [Not in use.] More. THRON/ING, ppr. Placing on a royal seat; enthron- ain. ing. r THROUGH!’-LIGHT-ED [Wot used. | G. and D. Shak. ing. THROP’PLE, (throp’pl,) . The windpipe of a horse. [ Local. | Cyc. THROS/TLE, (thros’l,) n. [Sax. thorstle; G. drossel.] A bird of the thrush kind, Merula musica, ( 7urdus musicus, Linneus ;) also called Sone THrushH. It is found in all the countries of Europe. Jardine. P.Cyc. THROS/TLE, (thros'l,) n. A machine for spinning; which makes the wool smooth and wiry. Encyc. of Dom. Econ, THROS/TLING, n. A disease of cattle of the ox kind, occasioned by a swelling under their throats, which, unless checked, will choke them. Cre. THROT’TLE, (throt’t],) n. [from throat.] The wind- yipe or trachea. Brown. To choke; to suffocate; or to obstruct so as to endanger suffocation. Dryden. 9. To breathe hard, as when nearly suffocated. THROAT’Y, a. Guttural. Howell. THROB, v.i. [Perhaps allied to drive and to drub ; at Jeast its elements and signification coincide; Gr. SoorvBe 0. | j To beat, as the heart or pulse, with more than usual force or rapidity ; to beat in consequence of agitation ; to palpitate. The heart throbs with joy, desire, or fear; the violent action of the heart is per- ceived by a throbbing pulse. My heart dirobs to know one thing. Shak, We apply the word also to the breast. Here may his head live on my throbbing breast. THROB, n. A beat or strong pulsation; a violent beating of the heart and arteries ; a palpitation. Thou talk’st like one who never felt Th’ impatient throbs and longings of a soul That pants and reaches after distant good. THROB/BING, ppr. or a. Beating with unusual force, as the heart and pulse ; palpitating. THROB/BING, n. The act of beating with unusual force, as the heart and pulse; palpitation. THROD/DEN,v.i. To grow; to thrive. [JVot in use, cr local.) Grose. THROE, (thrd,) n. [Sax. throwian, to suffer, to ago- nize; but this is the same word as throw, and the sense is to strain, as in twisting, to struggle. ] Extreme pain; violent pang; anguish; agony. it is particularly applied to the anguish of travail in childbirth, or parturition. Shak, Addison. THROT/TLE, v. t. To utter with breaks and inter- ruptions, as a person half suffocated. Throttle their practiced accents in their fears. Shak. THROT’TLED, (throt’/tld,) pp. Uttered with breaks and interruptions. 2. Choked ; suffocated. THROT’TLING, ppr. Choking ; suffocating. THROUGH, (throo,) prep. [Sax. thurh ; D. door; G. durch; W. triy or tri, whence trioyaw, to pervade ; Ir. treoghdham, Gaelic, treaghaim, to pierce or bore. | 1. From end to end, or from side to side; from one surface or limit to the opposite; as, to bore through a piece of timber, or through a board ; a ball passes through the side of a ship. 9, Noting passage; as, to pass through a gate or avenue. Through the gates of ivory he dismissed His valiant offspring. Dryden. 3. By transmission, noting the means of convey- ance. Through these hands this science has passed with great applause, Temple. Material things are presented only through the senses. Cheyne. 4, By means of; by the agency of; noting instru- mentality. This signification is a derivative of the last. Through the scent of water it will bud. — Job xiv. Some through ambition, or through thirst of gold, Have slain their brothers, and their country sold, Sanctify them through thy truth. —John xvii. Dryden. THROUGH, (throo,) adv. THROUGH 'LY, (throo THROUGH-OUT’, (throo-out/,) prep. through the country. Their tongue walketh through the earth. — Ps. Ixxiii. 6. Noting passage among or in the inidst of ; as, to move through water, as a fish; to run through a thicket, as a deer 5 From one end or side to the other; as, to pierce a thing through. 2. From beginning to end; as,to read a letter through. 3. To the end; to the ultimate purpose; as, to carry a project through. | To carry through; to complete ; to accomplish, To go through, to prosecute a scheme to the end. | | 5. Over the whole surface or extent; as, to ride 9. To undergo; to sustain; as, to go through hard- ships. THROUGH’'-BRED should be THoROUGH-BRED. should be THoRovUGH- LIGHTED. le,) adv. Completely ; fully ; wholly. B 2. Without reserve ; sincerely. For this THorouGHLy is now used, ] [through and | out. | Quite through ; in every part; from one extremity to the other. This isthe practice throughout Ireland. A general opinion prevails throughout England. Throughout the whole course of his life, he avoided every species of vice. THROUGH-OUT’, (throo-out’,) adv. The cloth was of a piece throughout. THROUGH/-PAC-ED, (throo’paste.) [Motused.] See | THOROUGH-PACED. More. THROVE, old pret. of THRIVE. THROW, (thro,) v. t.; pret. THREW ; pp. THROWN. | [Sax. thrawan; perhaps D. draaijen, to turn, wind, twist, whirl ; G. drehen; W. troi. The Saxon word signifies to twist, to turn, to curl, throw, and to re- volve. Jt is contracted, and probably coincides in elements with Gr. teex, to run, for this was applied primarily to wheels, as we see by its derivatives, Tooxos, a Wheel, rpoxtdos, a top, L. trochilus. | 1. Properly, to hurl; to whirl; to fling or cast in a winding direction. 2, To fling or cast in any manner; to propel; to send ; to drive to a distance from the hand or from an engine. Thus we throw stones or dust with the hand: acannon throws a ball; a bomb throws a shell. In every part. The Roman balista threw various weapons. A fire- engine throws water to extinguish flames. 3. To wind; as, to throw suk. 4. To turn; as, to throw ballsinalathe. [ot in general use. | 5. To venture at dice. Set less than thou throwest. Shak, 6. To cast; to divest or strip one’s self of; to put off; as, a serpent throws his skin. Shak. 7. To cast; to send. 1 have thrown A brave defiance in King Henry’s teeth. Shak. 8. To put on; to spread carelessly. O’er his fair limbs a flowery vest he threw. Pope. 9, To overturn; to prostrate in wrestling; as, a man throws his antagonist. 10. Tio cast; to drive by violence; as, a vessel or sailors thrown upon a rock. To throw away; to lose by neglect or folly ; to spend in vain; as, to throw away time; to throw away money. 9. To bestow without a compensation. 3. To reject; as, to throw away a good book, or a good offer. Taylor. To throw by; to lay aside or neglect as useless ; as, to throw by a garinent. To throw down; to subvert; to overthrow ; to de- stroy ; as, to throw down a fence or wall. 9: To bring down from a high station; to depress. Spectator. To throw in; to inject. 9, To put in; to deposit with others ; also, to give up or relinquish. To throw off; to expel; to clear from ; as, to throw off a disease. 9, To reject; to discard ; as, to throw off all sense of shame ; to throw off a dependent. To throw on; to cast on; to load. To throw out; to cast out; to reject or discard; to expel. Swift. 2. To utter carelessly ; to speak; as, to throw out insinuations or observations. 3. To exert ; to bring forth into act. She throws out thrilling shrieks. Spenser. 4, To distance ; to leave behind. Addison. 5. To exclude; to reject. The bill was thrown out on the second reading. To throw up; to resign; as, to throw up a commis- sion. 2. To resign angrily. Bad games are thrown up too soon. Audbras. 3. To discharge from the stomach. Arbuthnot. My throes came thicker, and my cries increased. Dryden. The git of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord, — ; ; om. Vl. To throw one’s self down ; to lie down. acon, Tillotson. | FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 1150THR To throw one’s self on; to resign one’s self to the repose. Taylor. To throw silk, is to twist singles into a cord in a direction contrary to that in which the singles of Which it is composed are twisted. THROW, v. i. To perform the act of throwing. 2. To cast dice. To throw about; to cast about ; to try expedients. | Not much used. | Spenser. THROW, 7. The act of hurling or flinging ; acast;a driving or propelling from the hand or from an engine. He heaved a stone, and, rising to the throw, He sent it in a whirlwind at the foe. Addison. 2. A cast of dice ; and the manner in which dice fall when cast ; as, a good throw. None but a fool hazards all upon one throw. 3. The distance which a missile is or may be thrown ; as, a stone’s throw. 4. Astroke; a blow. Nor shield defend the thunder of his throws. Spenser. 5. Effort ; violent sally. Your youth admires The throws and swellings of a Roman soul. Addison. 6. The agony of travail. 7. A turner’s lathe. [Zocal.] THROW’ER, nm. One that throws; one that twists or throws silk ; a throwster. THROWING, ppr. Casting; THROWN, pp. of Turow. twisted. THROWN’-SILK, n. Silk consisting of two or more Singles twisted together like a rope, in a direction contrary to that in which the singles of which it is composed are twisted. Me Culloch. THROW’STER, 2. One that twists or winds silk. THRUM, xn. ([lIce. thraum; G. trumm; D. drom, the end of a thing; Gr. Spvypa,a fragment; Spurrw to break. ] 1, The ends of weavers’ threads. 2. Any coarse yarn. Bacon. 3. Thrums; among gardeners, the thread-like, in- ternal bushy parts of flowers; the stamens. THRUM, v.%. [D. trom, a drum.] To play coarsely on an instrument with the fingers. Dryden. THRUM,v.t. To weave; to knot; to twist; to fringe. Cavendish. 2. Among seamen, to insert short pieces of rope yarn or spun yarn in a sail or mat. Dict. THRUM/MING, ppr. Playing coarsely on an instru- ment. 2, Weaving ; THRUSH, nx. Sw. trast.] 1. A dentirostral singing bird of various species, as the missel-thrush, (Merula viscivora of Selby, Turdus viscivorus of Linnwus,) the song-thrush or throstle, (Merula musica or Turdus musicus,) the brown thrush or thrasher, (Turdus rufus,) &c. Thrushes are nearly omnivorous, are found in every quarter of the world, and some of them are remark- able for the melody of their notes. Jardine. P. Cye. 2. [Qu. thrust.}] An affection of the inflammatory and suppurating kind, in the feet of the horse and some other animals. In the horse it is in the frog. YC. 3. In medicine, (L. aphthe,) minute ulcers in the mouth and fauces. Core. Arbuthnot. disease characterized by roundish granular vesicles of a pearl color, affecting the lips and mouth, and sometimes the whole alimentary canal, termina- ting in curd-like sloughs ; occasionally occurring in successive crops. Good. THRUST, v.t.; pret. and pp. Turust. [L. trudo, trusum, “st trusito; Ch. 100; Ar. Syb tarada. Class Rd, No. 63. [See THroe.] hurling’; flinging. Cast; hurled ; wound or , knotting ; twisting. [Sax. thrisc; G. drossel; W. tresglen ; J. To push or drive with force ; as, to thrust any thing with the hand or foot, or with an instrument. Neither shall one thrust another. — Joel il. ®, To drive ; to force; to impel. To thrust away or from; to push away; to reject. Acts Vil. To thrust in; to push or drive in. John xx. Thrust in thy sickle and reap. — Rey, xiv. T'o thrust on; to impel ; to urge. To thrust off; to push away. To thrust through; to pierce; to stab. Vu. xxv. 2 Sam. xviil. To thrust out; to drive out or away; to expel. Exod. xii. To thrust one’s self; to obtrude; to intrude; to enter where one is not invited or not welcome, Locke, To thrust together ; to compress. THRUST, v. 2 To make a push; toattack witha pointed weapon; as,a fencer thrusts at his antago- nist. 9, To enter by pushing ; to squeeze in. Shak. favor, clemency, or sustaining power of another; to, TREO 3. To intrude. Rowe. 4. To push forward; to come with force ; to press on. Young, old, thrust there In mighty concourse. Chapman, THRUST, xn. A violent push or driving, as with a pointed weapon, or with the hand or foot, or with any Instrument; a word much used in fencing. Polites Pyrrhus with his lance pursues, And often reaches, and his Uiruste renews. 2, Attack ; assault. Dryden, There is one thrust at your pure, pretended mechanism, More. In architecture, a horizontal, outward pressure, as of an arch against its abutments, or of rafters against the walls which support them. Brande. Note. Pushand shove do not exactly express the sense of thrust. The two former imply the applica- tion of force by one body already in contact with the body to be impelled. Thrust, on the contrary, often implies the impulse or application of force by a moving body, a body in motion before it reaches the body to be impelled. This distinction does not ex- tend to every case. THRUST’ER, n. One who thrusts or stabs, THRUSTING, ppr. Pushing with force; driving; impelling ; pressing. THRUST/ING, n. The act of pushing with force. 2. In dairies, the act of squeezing curd with the hand, to expel the whey. [JZocal.] Cyc. THRUST/INGS, n. pl. In cheese-making, the white whey, or that which is last pressed out of the curd by the hand, and of which butter is sometimes made. Cyc. [The application of this word to cheese-making ws, I believe, entirely unknown in New England.) THRUST’/ING-SEREW, (-skri,) rn A pressing curd in cheese-making. [Zocal.] THRUS/TLE, n. Thethrush. [See Turostve. screw for And thrust between my father and the god, Dryden. THRY/FAL-LOW, v. t [thrice and fallow.) To give the third plowing in summer. Tusser. THUG, n. [Hindoo, thugna, to deceive.) One of an association of robbers and murderers in India. THUO’'LE, x. The name given, in early history, to the northernmost part of the habitable world, as Norway, or, more probably, Iceland; hence the Latin phrase ultima thule. THO/LITE, n. A variety of epidote, of a peach-blos- som color, found in Norway. Ure. THUMB, (thum,) 7. [Sax. thuma; G. daumen ; D. duim; Dan. tomme; Sw. tumme. The short, thick finger of the human hand, or the corresponding member of other animals. {The preferable orthography would be Tuum.] THUMB, (thum,) v. t& To handle awkwardly; to play with the fingers; as, to thumd over a tune. 2, To soil with the fingers. THUMB, (thum,) v.t% To play on with the fingers. THUMB!-BAND, n. [thumd and dand.] A twist of any thing as thick as the thumb. Mortimer. THUMB’/ED, (thumd,) a. Having thumbs. THUMB/ED, pp. Handled awkwardly; soiled with the fingers. THUMB/ING, ppr. Soiling with the fingers. THU MB/KIN, n. An instrument of torture for THUMB'-SEREW, compressing the thumb. THUMB/-RING, n. A ring Worn on the thumb. Shak. THUMB!-STALL, zn. [thumd and oe A kind of thimble or ferule of iron, horn, or leather, for pro- tecting the thumb in making sails, &c. Cyc. THUM’ER-STONE, n. The same mineral with Axr- NITE, Which see. Dana. THUM/MIM, n. pl. A Hebrew word denoting perfec- tions. The Urim and Thummim were worn in the breastplate of the high-priest; but what they were, has never been satisfactorily ascertained. THUMP, n. [It. thombo.] A heavy blow given with any thing that is thick, as with a club, or the fist, or with a heavy hammer, or with the breech of a gun. The watchman gave so great a thump at my door, that I awnaked at the knock. aller. THUMP, v.t. To strike or beat with something thick or heavy. Shak. THUMP, v.i. To strike or fall on with a heavy blow. A watchman at night tiumpa with his pole. Swift, THUMP’ED, (thumpt,) pp. heavy. THUMP’/ER, n. The person or thing that thumps. THUMP/ING, ppr. Striking or beating with some- thing thick or blunt. 2. a. Heavy. 3. Vulgarly, stout; fat; large. THUN’DER, n. [Sax. thunder, thunor ; G. donner; D. donder ; Sw. dunder; Dan. dundren; L. tonitru, from O503 Struck with something tono, to sound ; Fr. tonnerre; It. tuono ; Pers. yd thondor, or thundur. } 1. The sound which follows a flash of lightning ; the report of a discharge of atmospheric electricity. Thunder is caused by the sudden separation and THU reunion of the air through which the lightning DESSES: d : : Imsted. F beorden Ss hot lightning, but the effect of it. See ohnson’s Dictionary, under Tuunper.] There were thunders and lightnings. — Ex. xix, 2. Thunder is used for lightning, or for a thunder- bolt, either originally through ignorance, or by way of metaphor, or because the lightning and thunder are closely united. The revenging gods ’Gainst parricides all the (iunder bend. Shak. 3. Any loud noise; as, the thunder of cannon. Sons of thunder. — Mark iii, 4, Denunciation published ; as, the thunders of the Vatican. THUN’DER, v.z%. To sound, rattle, or roar, as an ex- plosion of electricity. Canst thou thunder with a voice like him ? — Job xl. 2. To make a loud noise, particularly a heavy sound of some continuance. His dreadful voice no more Would thunder in my ears. Milton. 3. To rattle, or give a heavy, rattling sound. And roll the thundering chariot o’er the ground. J. Trumbull, THUN’DER, v. t. To emit with noise and terror. Oracles severe Were daily thundered in our general’s ear. 2. To publish any denunciation or threat. An archdeacon, as being a prelate, may thunder out an ecclesi- astical censure. Ayliffe. THUN’DER-BLAST’ED, a. Blasted by thunder. Scott. THUN’'DER-BOLT, n. [thunder and bolt.] A shaft of lightning ; a brilliant stream of the electrical fluid, passing from one part of the heavens to another, and particularly from the clouds to the earth. Ps. Ixxviil. 2. Ficwratively, a daring or irresistible hero; as, the Scipios, those thunderbolts of war. Dryden. 3. Fulmination; ecclesiastical denunciation. Driden. He severely threatens auch with the thunderbolt of excommuni- cation. Hakewill. 4, In mimeralogy, thunder-stone. Spectator. THUN’/DER-BURST, x. A burst of thunder. Hemans. THUN'DER-€LAP, n. [thunder and clap.) THUN'DER-STONE, x. A stone, otherwise called BRONTIA. Cyc. THUN’DER-STORM, n. [thunder and storm.] A storm accompanied with lightning and thunder. Thunder-clouds are often driven by violent winds. In America, the violence of the wind at the com- mencement is sometimes equal to that of a hurri- cane, and at this time the explosions of electricity are the most terrible. This violence of the wind seldom continues longer than a few minutes, and after this subsides, the rain continues, but the peals of thunder are less frequent. These violent showers sometimes continue for hours; more generally, they are of shorter duration. THUN/DER-STRIKE, v. t. [thunder and strike.}] To strike, blast, or injure, by lightning. Sidney. Little used in its literal sense. 5, T’o astonish, or strike dumb, as with something Little used, except in the participle. | [ terrible. THUAN DER_STRUCK, pp. ora. Astonished > amazed ; struck dumb by something surprising or terrible sud- denly presented to the mind or view. ars is a word in common use. } : THUN'DER-Y, a. Accompanied with thunder, [ Little Producing thunder. used. THO'RLBLE, mn. [L. thuribulum, from thus, thuris, frankincense. } ‘ A censer of metal, usually in the form of a vase, with a cover perforated to allow the fumes of the burning incense to escape. Gloss. of Archit, Cowel. THU-RIEF/ER-OUS, a. [L. thurifer; thus and fero, to bear. ] : Producing or bearing frankincense. THU-RI-FLCA’TION, n. [L. thus, thuris, and facio, to make. ] TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1151eS é ier “3 ata oe The resin of the The thyroid gland is situated on the sides and holder has nothing to receive. 2 » ‘ eal THY TIC TID The act of fuming with incense; or, the act of In anatomy, a glandular body, divided into lobes, TICK/-BEAN, n. A small bean employed in feeding burning incense. Stillingfleet. situated behind the sternum In the duplicature of _horses and other animals. — Cyc. % HURL, n. A short communication between adits in the mediastinum. It is largest in the fetus, dimin- TICK’EN, n, Cloth for bed-ticks, or cases for beds. mines. Brande. ishes after birth, and in adults often entirely disap- TICK’/ET, n. [Fr. etiquette ; W. tocyn, a short piece THURSDAY, n. [Dan. Torsdag, that is Thor’s day, pears. It has no excretory duct, and its use is un- or slip, a ticket, from tociaw, to “curtail, to clip, to the day consecrated to Tvor, the god of thunder, an- known. In calves it is called SWEETBREAD ; but dock. We have dock and docket from the same root, swering to the Jove of the Greeks and Romans, L. the term sweetbread is also applied to the pancreas, a It denotes a piece or slip of paper.] __ ; dies Jovis ; It. Giovedi; Sp. Jueves; Fr. Jeudi. So in _. VOIy. different organ. Hooper. Wistar. _Parr. 1. A piece of paper or a card which gives the | G. donnerstag, D. donderdag, thunder-day. This Thor THY MY , (ti’me,) a. Abounding with thyme ; fragrant. holder a right of admission to some place ; as, a ticket is from the root of W. taran, thunder; taraw, to | THY/ROID, a. [Gr. Yupeos, a shield, ard erdos, form. ] for the playhouse, or for other exhibition. strike, hit, or produce a shock ; Gaelic and Ir. toirn,. Resembling a shield ; applied to one of the carti- 2. A piece of paper or writing acknowledging a great noise; totrneds, thunder. ‘he root of the lages of the larynx, So ealied from its figure, to a some debt, or a certificate that something is due to word signifies, to drive, to rush, to strike. In Sw. gland situated near that cartilage, and to the arteries the holder. i j Spenser. thdrdon is thunder.) and veins of the gland. Cyc. 3. A piece of paper bearing some number in a lot- The fifth day of the week. The thyroid cartilage constitutes the anterior, su- tery, which entitles the owner to receive such prize THUS, n. [Gr. Ova, to sacrifice. | : perior, and largest part of the larynx, and is some- as may be drawn against that number. When it spruce fir, so called from its use. times popularly called Apam’s APPLE. Hooper. | draws no prize, itis said to draw a blank, and the ~ ; S hus; D. dius. THUS, adv. [Sax. thus; D. du ] Sen RN 1. In this or that manner; On this wise; as, lus saith the Lord ; the Pharisee prayed thus. Thus did Noah, according to all that God commanded him. — Gen. Vi. 9, To this degree or extent; as, thus wise ; thus peaceable. Holyday. Thus far extend, thus far thy bounds, Milton. 3. In the phrase thus much, it seems to be an ad- jective, equivalent to this much. THWACK, v. t. [Qu. Sax. thaccran, to feel or stroke lightly. It does not well accord with this verb. The word twit is the Sax. ethwitan, or othwitan, a com- pound of eth, or oth, to, or at, and witan. In like manner, thwack may be formed from our vulgar whack, which is precisely the Eth. MO?O0 waked, AY. &s wakaa, to strike. ] To strike with something flat or heavy ; to bang ; to beat or thrash. Arbuthnot. }) THWACK, xn. A heavy blow with something flat or heavy. Addison, THWACKI/ING, ppr. Striking with a heavy blow. THWAITE, n. A fish; a species of the shad. [See TWAITE.] YC. 9. A plain parcel of ground, cleared of wood and stumps, inclosed and converted to tillage. [Zocal.] THWART, (thwort,) a. [D. dwars ; Dan. ter, tvert, tuers ; Sw. tvdrs, tvart; probably a compound of Sax. eth, oth, to, and the root of veer, L. verto, versus.] Transverse ; being across something else. Moved contrary with thwart obliquities. Milton. THWART, (thwort,) v. t, To cross; to be, lie, or come across the direction of something. Swift as a shooting star In autumn thwarts the night. Milton. 2, To cross, as a purpose; to oppose; to contra- vene; hence, to frustrate or defeat. We say, to tluwoart a purpose, design, or inclination ; or to Uioart a person. If crooked fortune had not thwarted me. Shak. The proposals of the one never thwarted the inclinations of the other. Sour, THWART, v.i. To be in opposition. A So ie that shall thwart at all with these internal oracles. nusual and improper.) THWART, zx. The seat or bench of a boat on which the rowers sit, placed athwart the boat. Totten. THWART’ED, pp. Crossed; opposed ; frustrated, THWART’ER, n. A disease in sheep, indicated by shaking, trembling, or convulsive motions. Cyc. THWART'ING, ppr. Crossing ; contravening; de- feating. THWART/ING,n. The act of crossing or frustrating. THWART/ING-LY, adv. In a cross direction ; in op- position. THWART’NESS, n. Untowardness; perverseness. THWART’-SHIPS, adv. Across the ship. Mar. Dict. THWITE, v. t. (Sax. thwitan.] To cut or clip witha knife. [Zocal.] Chaucer. THWIT/TLE, (thwit’tl,) v. t To whittle. [See WHITTLE. ] Chaucer. FHY, a. [Contracted from thine, or from some other derivative of thou. It is probable that the pronoun was originally thig, thug, or thuk, and the adjective thigen. See THov. Thy is the adjective of thou, or a pronominal ad- jective, signifying, of thee, or, belonging to thee, like tuus, in Latin. It is used in the solemn and grave style. These are thy works, Parent of good. Milton, THY/INE-WOQD, n. A precious wood, mentioned Rev. xviii., probably the wood of Callitris quadri- valvis, formerly called Thuja, or Thyia articulata, known to the Romans by a name signifying C1rron- Woop. This tree is a native of Barbary, allied to the pines, and is thought to produce the sandarac of commerce. Kitto. P. Cyc. THYME, (usually pronounced, irregularly, time,) n- [Fr. thym; L. thymus ; Gr. Supos-] A plant of the genus Thymus. The garden thyme is a warm, pungent aromatic, much used to give a front of the lower part of the larynx, and the upper TICK/ET, v. t. To distinguish hy a ticket. Bentley. part of the trachea. It is copiously supplied with TICK/ET-ED, pp. Distinguished by a ticket. blood, but is not known to furnish any secretion. | TICK/ET-ING, ppr. Distinguishing by a ticket. It is the seat of the bronchocele, or goiter. | TICK/ET-PORT’ER, n. A licensed porter wearing a Hooper. Parr. | ticket, by which he may be identified. [ England. ] THYRSE, (thurs,) Jn. [L. thyrsus; Gr. Sup- Dickens. THYR/SUS, (thur’sus,)$ os.] TICK/ING, ppr. Beating; patting. In botany, a species of inflorescence ; a panicle, very 9. Trusting; scoring. compact, with the lower branches shorter than those | TICK/ING, n. A closely-woven cloth used to contain of the middle, as in the lilac. Lindley. | the feathers or other materials of beds. THYR/SOTD, (thur-,) a Having somewhat the form | TICK!'LE, (tik/l,) v.t. [dim. of touch; perhaps direct- of a thyrse or thyrsus. ly from tick, to pat, or it is the L. titillo, corrupted. | THYR/SUS, (thur-,) [Gr. 9vpcos.] A staff en- 1. To touch lightly, and cause a peculiar thrilling sensation, which can not be described. A slight sen- sation of this kind may give pleasure, but when vio- twined with ivy, which formed part of the accoutre- ment of a Bacchanal, or performer in the orgies of Jacchus. Brande. lent it is insufferable. THYS-AN-U/RANS, n. pl. [Gr. Svcavovpos, having 9. To please by slight gratification. A glass of fon 5 boo a long, bushy tail.] wine may tickle the palate. || An order of apterous insects, supported by six feet, Such a nature that undergo no metamorphosis, and have in addition Tickled with good success. Shak. particular organs of motion, either on the sides or at rIT TG otf ecm ee rales the extremity of the abdomen. Cuvier. TICK’LE, Soa ue . To feel titillation. } THY-SELF’, pron. [thy and self.) A pronoun use _ He with secret joy therefore Ik [ = Sales De d Did tickle inwardly in every vein. Spenser. after thou, to express distinction with emphasis. “ Thou thyself shalt go ;” that is, thou shalt go, and TICK! LE, a. Tottering ; wavering, or liable to waver no other. It is sometimes used without thou, and in and fall at the slightest touch ; unstable ; easily over- the nominative as well as objective case. thrown. TI-A/RA, n. [Fr. tiare; L. Sp. and It. tiara; Gr. ria- Thy head stands so fickle on thy shoulders, that a milkmaid, if in c Te r sir +H hale j as Say See Sur. $ hy - Olacs e ORT ove, may sign it off. Shak. pa; Sax. tyr. See SY. 7.0 chadar, Class Dr, No. ihe Mini ne Novinendy | ss A Pe % Stands on oa tickle p Shak 15, and Heb. Oy atar, No. 34. From the former Star Bs onatk £ point. ] es | probably the Latins had their cidavis, and tiara from [This word is wholly obsolete, at least in New the latter ; the same werd with different prefixes. ] England. — i ' 1. An ornament or article of dress with which TICK'LE-NESS, n. Unsteadiness. [.Vot in use. | Chaucer the ancient Persians covered their heads; a kind of turban. As different authors describe it, it must have been of different forms. The kings of Persia alone had a right to wear it straight or erect: the TICK/LING, x. The act of affecting with titillation. lords and priests wore it depressed, or turned down | FICK'LISH, a. Sensible to slight touches; easily on the fore side. Xenophon says the tiara was en- tickled. The bottom of the foot is very ticklish, as | compassed with the diadem, at least in ceremonials. are the sides; the palm of the hand, hardened by | Cre. use, is not ticklish. : 9. Tottering; standing so as to be liable to totter and fall at the slightest touch; unfixed; easily TICK’LER, n. One that tickles or pleases. TICK’LING, ppr. Affecting with titillation. TicK.isH is the word used. ] | 9. An ornament worn by the Jewish high priest. Exod. xxviii. 3. The pope’s triple crown. The tiara and keys moved or affected. are >» hndcoes FP the nap: } Bei ree hn we ; 3 are the badges of the papal dignity ; the Tiara of his Ireland was a ticklish and unsettled state. Bazan: civil rank, and the keys of his jurisdiction. It was bee ; ae ieee 3. Difficult; nice; critical; as, these are ticklish formerly a round, high cap. It was afterward en- ; compassed With a crown, then with a second and a times. : iin Swyt third. Cyc. TICK’LISH-LY, adv. In a ticklish manner, : TICK'LISH-NESS, n. The state or quality of being TY-A!/RA-ED, (ti-a’rad,) a. Adorned with a tiara. Un. : TIB/I-A, n. [L.] The shin-bone; the larger of the ticklish or very sensible. two bones which form the second segment of the 2. The state of being tottering Or liable to fall. Brande. 3. Criticalness of condition or state. . leg. ; 1 i TIB‘I-AL, a. [L. tibia, a flute, and the large bone of TICK’SEED, n. A plant of the genus Corispermum. the leg.] The tickseed sunflower is of the genus Coreopsis. 1. Pertaining to the large bone of the leg; as, the a pd ss 2 Loudon. tibial artery ; tibial nerve. Med. Repos. TICK Ae n. A game at tables. [See Tricx- TRACK. 9, Pertaining to a pipe or flute. TIB/U-RO, n. A fish of the shark kind. TIE DOU-LOU-REUX', n. ee A painful affec- tion of anerve, coming on in sudden attacks, usually in the head. TICK, for Entice. [Vot in use.] Beaum. & Fl. TIEH/OR-RHINE, n. [Gr. reixos and pu.) A fossil rhinoceros, with a middle, vertical, bony septum or wall supporting the nose. Brande. TICK, n. [In Gaelic, doigh is trust. But I suspect tick to signify a cut, a notch, W. twc, from the man-| =~ E : : : ner of keeping accounts among unlettered men. See TIDE, n. [Sax. tidan, to happen ; tid, time, season, Docx and Trcxet.] opportunity, an hour ; G. zeit; D. tyd; Sw. and Dan. Credit ; trust; as, to buy upon tick. Locke. tid. This word 1s from a root that signifies to come, TICK, n. (Fr. tique; G. zeckej It. zecca.] to happen, or to fall or rush, as in betide ; correspond- A little insect, of a livid color and globose-ovate ing in’ sense with time, season, hour, opportunity. form, that infests sheep, dogs, goats, cows, &c., a Tid, time, is the fall, the occasion, the event. Its species of Acarus. UC. original meaning 1s entirely obsolete, except in com- TICK, n. [D. teek, tyk; probably from covering, L. position, as in SHROVETIDE, WHITSUNTIDE:] tego, Eng. to deck; Russ. tik, tent-cloth. } 1. Time; season. Which, at the appointed tide, TID, a. (Sax. tydder.] Tender; soft; nice. TID’AL,, a. Pertaining to tides; periodically rising and falling, or flowing and ebbing ; as, tidal waters. Modern English. TID/BIT, n. [tid and bit.] A delicate or tender piece of any thing eatable. aren: vy. t. To use with tenderness; to fondle. TID/DLED, pp. Fondled. The cover or case of a bed, which contains the feathers, wool, or other material. Each one did make his bride. Spenser. TICK, v.t. [from tick, credit.] To run upon score. [This sense is obsolete:] 2. To trust. Arbuthnot. 2. The alternate rising and falling of the waters of TICK, v.i. [D. tikken. It coincides in elements with the ocean, and of bays, rivers, &c., connected there- L. tango, tago.) with. The tide ebbs and flows twice in alittle more relish to seasonings and soups. THYMUS, n. [Gr. Gvpos-] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — To beat ; to pat; or to make asmall noise by beat- than twenty-four hours. It is occasioned by the at- ing or otherwise ; as a watch. traction of the sun and moon, (the influence of the 1152ee TIDY, a TIE latter being three times that of the former,) acting | unequally on the waters in different parts of the earth, thus disturbing their equilibrium. Olmsted. We commonly distinguish the flow or rising of the water by the name of FLroop Tipr, and the reflux by that of Ess Tipe. (See, also, Sprrinc-Tipr and Near-Tipe. 3. Stream ; course ; current; as, the tide of the times. Time’s ungentle tide, Byron. 4. Favorable course. There is 9 Ade in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune Shak. 5. Violent confluence. [Vot in use) Bacon. 6. Among miners, the period of twelve hours. Cyc. 7. Current; flow of blood. And life’s red ade runs ebbing from the wound. Battle of Frogs and Mice. TIDE, v. t. To drive with the stream. Dryden. TIDE, v.% To work in or out of a river or harbor by favor of the tide, and anchor when it becomes ad- verse, Totten. TIDE/-GATE,n. A gate through which water passes into a basin when the tide flows, and which is shut, to retain the water from flowing back at the ebb. 2. Among seamen, a place where the tide runs with great velocity. Totten. TIDE’-GAUGE, n. A contrivance for registering the state of the tide continuously at every instant of time. Brande. TIDE/LESS, a. Having no tide. TIDE/-MILL, x. [tide and mill.] A mill that is moved by tide-water; also, a mill for clearing lands from tide-water. TIDES’-MAN, nx. An officer who remains on board of a merchant’s ship till the goods are landed, to pre- vent the evasion of the duties. TIDE’/-WAIT-ER, n. [eee and waiter. ] who watches the lan payment of duties. TIDE/-WAY, n. [tide and way.}] The channel in which the tide sets. Mar. Dict. TY’ DI-ED, (ti’did,) pp. Made tidy TI/DI-LY, adv. [from tidy.) Neatly; with neat sim- plicity ; as, a female tidily dressed. TI‘DI-NESS, n. Neatness w ithout richness or ele- gance ; ret simplicity ; as, the tidiness of dress. 2. Neatness ; as, the tidiness of rooms. TI/DING-LESS, a. Having no tidings. TI'DINGS, n. pl. [Sw. tidning; Dan. tidende, news. It is the participle of Sax. idan, to happen, or some other verb-connected with tide, and denotes coming, or that which arrives. } News; advice; information; intelligence; ac- count of what has taken place, and was not before known. I shall make my master glad with these tidings, Shak. Behold, I bring you good tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people. — Luke ii. [from tide, time, season; Dan. and Sw. tidia, seasonable. | 1. In its primary sense, being in proper time; as An officer ing of goods, to secure the seasonable ; favorable; weather fair and tidy. Tusser. 2. Neat; dressed with neat simplic ity ; as, a tidy lass ; the children are tidy; their dress is tidy; that is, primarily, proper for the time or occasion. 3. Neat; being in good order. The apartments are W ee furnished and tidy, > TIG Za tie down; to fasten so as to prevent from rising. To restrain ; to confine ; to hinder from action. TIE > n. . t. TOO To chide; to scold. rhetorical sense of the word. E. Porter. How might she tongue me Shak Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden. TONGUE, (tung,) v.i. To talk; to prate Shak. 3. A whining sound ; a whine; a kind of mourn- TONGU’/ED, (tungd,) a. Having a tongue. . ful strain of voice; as, children often read witha Tongued like the night-crow. Donne tone. ~ 4, An affected sound in speaking. 5. In music, an interval of sound; as, the differ- ence between the fifth or diapente and fourth or di- atessaron, isa tone. Of tones there are two kinds, major and minor. The tone major is in the ratio of 8 to 9, which results from the difference between the fourth and fifth. The tone minor is as 9 to 10, re- sulting from the difference between the minor third | TONGUE/-PAD, (tung-,)n. A great talker. [JVot in and the fourth. Cyc. 6. The tone of an instrument, is its peculiar sound with regard to softness, evenness, and the like. Cyc. 7. In medicine, that state of a body, in which the animal functions are healthy and performed with due vigor Tone, in its primary signification, is tension, and tension is the primary signification of strength. Hence its application to the natural healthy state of animal organs. ‘Tone, therefore, in medicine, is the strength and activity of the organs, from which pro- ceed healthy functions. So we say, the body isin a sound state, the health is sound or firm. 8. In painting, the harmonious relation of the col- ors of picture in light and shade. The term is often used to qualify, oras synonymous with, Depru, Ricuness, and Sprenpor, in pictures. It has also more recently. been used to denote the characteristic expression of a picture, as distinguished by its color. In musical science the word Kry performs a similar office. Jocelyn. To utter with an affected tone. 2. Totune. [See Tuns.] Having a tone ; used in composition ; as, high-toned ; sweet-toned. Having no tone; unmusical. Entick. An accented syllable. M,. Stuart. fe Toncs.] The catch of a [See ToncvueE.] Spenser. buckle, [Vot used. TONGS, n. pl. [Sax. tang; Dan. and D. tang; G. zange; Sw. tang; Ice. taung; Gaelic, teangas. This seems by its orthography to be the same word as tongue, tongues, and to signify projections, shoots. ] An instrument of metal, consisting of two parts or long shafts joined at one end; used for handling things, particularly fire or heated metals. We say, a pair of tongs, a smith’s tongs. TONGUE, (tung,) [Sax. tung, tunga; Goth, tuggo ; Sw. tunga; Dan, tunge; D. tong; G. zunge ; Ir. and Gaelic, teanga; Ant. L. tingua. We see by the Gothic, that n is not radical; the word belongs to Class Dg. It signifies a shoot or extension, like L. digitus and dug. Tuna would be the preferable orthography, in accordance with the etymology. ] 1. In man, one of the instruments of taste, and also one of the instruments of speech ; and in other animals one of the instruments of taste. It is also an instrument of deglutition. In some animals, the toneue is used for drawing the food into the mouth, as in animals of the bovine genus, &c. Other ani- mals lap their drink, as dogs. The tongue is covered with membranes, and the outer one is full of papille of a pyramidical figure, under which lies a thin, soft, reticular coat, perfor- ated with innumerable holes, and always lined with a thick and white or yellowish mucus. Cyc. 2. Speech; discourse; sometimes, fluency of speech. Much tongue and much judgment seldom go together. L’ Estrange. 3. The power of articulate utterance; speech. Parrots imitating human longue, Dryden. 4. Speech, as well or ill used; mode of speaking. Keep a go d tongue in thy head, Shak. The tongue of the wise is health. — Prov. xii. 5, A language; the whole sum of words used by a particular nation. ‘lhe English tongue, within two hundred years, will probably be spoken by two or three hundred millions of people in North America. 6. Speech ; words or declarations only ; opposed to THOUGHTS or ACTIONS. Let us not love in word, neither in tongue, but in deed and in truth, — 1 John ul. 7. A nation, as distinguished by their language. I will gather all nations and tongues. — Is, xvi. 8. A point; a projection; as, the tongue of a buckle or of a balance. 9. A projection on the side of a board which fits into a groove. 10. A point, or long, narrow strip of land, project- ing from the main into a sea ora lake. ll. The taper part of any thing; in the rigging of a ship, a short piece of rope spliced into the upper part of standing backstays, &c., to the size of the mast-head. T'o hold the tongue; to be silent. Addison. Use. | TONGUB!-SHAP-ED, (tung/-shapt,) a. TONGUE!-TYB, (tung’ti,) v. ¢ TONGUE/-TYED, (tung’tide,) a. TON'IE, a. TON‘I€, n. TON/KA-BEAN, _)”. TON’QUIN-BEAN, | TO-NIGHT", n. TON/SIL, zm. TON-TINE’, (ton-teen’) 2. TONY, n. TOO, adv. TONGUF’-GRAFT’ING, (tung’-,) n. A mode of graft- ing by Inserting the end of a cion in a particular ma nner. TONGUE’LESS, (tung’-,) a. Having no tongue. 2. Speechless ; a3, a tongueless block. Shak. 3. Unnamed ; not spoken of. One good deed dying tonguelesa. [Not used.] Shak, atler. In botany, a | tongue-shaped leaf, is linear and fleshy, blunt at the | end, convex underneath, and having usually a car- tilaginous border. Martyn. [tongue and tie.] To deprive of speech or the power of speech, or of dis- tinct articulation. Goodman. Destitute of the power of distinct articulation; having an impedi- ment in the speech. Holder. 2. Unable to speak freely, from whatever cause. Love and tongue-tied simplicity. Shak. [from Gr. rovos, L. tonus. See Tone. 1. Literally, increasing tension ; hence, increasing strength ; as, tonic power. 2. In medicine, increasing strength, or the tone of the animal system ; obviating the effects of debility, and restoring healthy functions. 3. Relating to tones or sounds. 4, Extended. ([JVot in use.] Browne. Tonic spasm, in medicine, is a steady and continu- ous spastic contraction enduring for a comparatively long time. It is opposed to a clonic spasm, in which the muscular fibers contract and relax alter- nately in very quick succession, producing the appearance of agitation. In tonic spasms, however, there is always alternate contraction and relaxation. The spasms of tetanus are tonic. A medicine that increases the strength and gives vigor of action to the system. 2. In music, the key-note or principal sound which generates all the rest. [Fr. aes) yc. 3. In music, a certain degree of tension, or the sound produced by a vocal string in a given degree of tension. The fruit of the Dipteris odorata, a shrubby plant of Guiana. It has a peculiarly agreeable smell, and is employed in the scenting of snuff. Buchanan. y [to and night.) The present night, or the night after the present day. TON'NAGE, (tun/-,) x. [from ton.] The weight of goods carried in a boat or ship. 9. The cubical content or burthen of a ship in tuns ; or the amount of weight which she may carry. 3. A duty or impost on ships, estimated per tun; or a duty, toll, or rate payable on goods per tun, transported on canals. [L. tonsille, This word seems to be formed from tonsus, tondeo, to clip.] In anatomy, a glandular body in the throat or fauces. The tonsils are called also, from their shape, amyadale, and, in popular language, almonds. The tonsils have several excretory ducts opening into the mouth. Cuc. Hooper. TON’SILE, (-sil,) 2. That may be clipped. Mason. TON-SO/RI-AL, a. Pertaining to a barber or to shav- ing. TON’'SURE, (ton/shire,) n. ([Fr., from L. tonsura, from tonsus, shaved ; tondeo, to clip or shave. ] 1. The act of clipping the hair, or of shaving the crown of the head; or the state of being shorn. Addison. 9. In the Roman Catholic church, tonsure is the first ceremony used for devoting a person to the service of God and the church ; the first degree of the cleri- cate, given by a bishop, who cuts off a part of his hair with prayers and benedictions. Hence tonsure is used to denote entrance or admission into_holy orders. Tce 3. In the Roman Catholic church, the corona oF crown which priests wear as a mark of their order and of their rank in the church. Cyc. [Fr. tontine; said to be from its inventor, Tonti, an Italian.] : An annuity or survivorship; or & loan raised on life-annuities, with the benefit of survivorship. Thus an annuity is shared among a number, on the prin- ciple that the share of each, at his death, 1s enjoyed by the survivors, until at last the whole goes to the last survivor, or to the last two or three, according to the terms on which the money is advanced. A simpleton. [ Ludicrous.] Driden. [Sax. to.] : 1 Over; more than enough; noting excess; as, a thing is too iong, too short, or too wide ; too high ; too many ; too much. His will foo strong to bend, foo proud to learn. Cowley, TONE, BULL, QUNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS, J Seog aise eae 1159 ND $< ee ae cematiome es poet / re ~een aceon ra , ae ee By & ¢ «i ¢ 4 h a { , é ¢ lye ery ee ti TOO OP OP 2. Likewise ; also; in addition. A courtier and a patriot foo. Pope. Let those eyes that view The daring crime, behold the vengeance too. Pope. 3. Too, too, repeated, denotes excess emphatically ; but this repetition is not in respectable use. [The original application of to, now too, seems to have been to a word signifying a great quantity ; as, speaking or giving to much; that Is, to a great amount. Zo was thus used by old authors. ] TOOK, pret. of Tax. Enoch was not, for God took him. — Gen. ¥. TOOL, n. (Sax. tol. Qu. Fr. outil. In old Law Latin, we find attile, attilia, stores, tools, implements. Qu. artillery, by corruption.] ; 1. An instrument of manual operation, particu- larly such as are used by farmers and mechanics ; as, the tools of a joiner, smith, or shoemaker. 9. A person used as an instrument by another per- son; a word of reproach. Men of intrigue always have their tovls, by whose agency they accomplish their purposes. TOOL, v.t. To shape with a tool. Entick. TOOL/ING, n. Workmanship performed with a tool. TOOM, a. Empty. [.Vot in use.] Wiclif. TOON!-WOQOQD, x. A wood of a reddish-brown col- or, employed in India for cabinet-work. It is the Cedrela Toona of botanists. P. Cyc. TOOT, v. i. [Sax. totian, to shoot, to project; D. tocten, to blow the horn; toet-horn, a bugie-horn; G. diiten; Sw. tiuta. This word corresponds in ele- ments with Gr. 71@nmc and W. dodi, to put, set, lay, give; L. do, dedi. The Saxon expresses the primary sense. 1. To stand out or be prominent. ([Vot in use.] Howell. 9. To make a particular noise with the tongue, ar- ticulating with the root of the upper teeth, atthe be- ginning and end of the sound ; also, to sound a horn in a particular manner. This writer should wear a footing horn. Howell. 3. To peep; to look narrowly. [JVot in use, and probably a mistaken interpretation. | Spenser. TOOT, v. t. To sound ; as, to toot the horn. TOOT’ER, 7. One who plays upon a pipe or horn. . Jonson. TOOTH, 72.; pl. TeetH. ([Sax. toth, pl. teth. It cor- responds with W. did and téth, a teat, Gaelic, did, dead, and with toot, supra; signifying ashoot. If n is not radical in the L. dens, Gr. odovs, odovros, this is the same word. ] 1. A bony substance growing out of the jaws of animals, and serving as the instrument of mastica- tion. ‘The teeth are also very useful in assisting per- sons in the utterance of words, and when well- formed and sound, they are ornamental. The teeth of animals differ in shape, being destined for differ- ent offices. The front teeth, in men and quadru- peds, are called incisors, or incisive. or cutting teeth; next to these are the pointed teeth, called laniary, ca- nine, or dog teeth; and on the sides of the jaws are the molar teeth or grinders. 2. Taste ; palate. These are not dishes for thy dainty tooth. Dryden. 3. A tine; a prong; something pointed and re- sembling an animal tooth; as, the tooth of a rake, a comb, a card, a harrow, a saw, or of a wheel. The teeth of a wheel aresometimes called Coas, and are destined to catch corresponding parts of other wheels Tooth and nail; [by biting and scratching,] with one’s utmost power ; by all possible means. L’ Estrange. To the teeth ; in open opposition; directly to one’s face That I shall live, and tell him fo his teeth. Shak. To cast in the teeth; to retort reproachfully ; to in- sult to the face. Hooker. In spite of the teeth; in defiance of opposition ; in opposition to every effort. Shak. To show the teeth ; to threaten. When the Law shoice her teeth, but dares not bite, Young. TOOTH, v.t. To furnish with teeth; as, to tootha rake, 9. To indent; to cut into teeth; to jag; as, to tooth a saw. 3. To lock into each other. Mozon. TOOTH/A€HE, (tooth/ake,) n. [tooth and ache.] Pain in the téeth. TOOT H’/ACHE-TREE, n. - An evergreen shrub of the genus Xanthoxylum. Lee. TOOTH’-DRAW-ER, n. [tooth and draw.) One whose business is to extract teeth with instruments Wiseman. TOOTH’-DRAW-ING, n. The act of extracting a tooth ; the practice of extracting teeth. TOOTH’ED, (tootht,) pp. or a. Having teeth or jags. In botany, dentate ; having projecting points, remote from each other, about the edge. Murtyn. Smith. TOOTH’EDGE, (-ej,) n. [toothand edge.) The sensa- tion excited by grating sounds, and by the touch of certain substances, Darwin. Tingling uneasiness, almost amounting to pain, in the teeth, from stridulous sounds, vellication, or acid or acrid substances. Good. TOOTH/EFUL, a. Palatable. [ot in use.] TOOTH’LESS, a. Having no teeth. Dryden. TOOTH’LET-ED, a. In botany, dgnticulate ; having very small teeth or projecting points; as a leaf. Martyn. TOOTH’PICK, )n. [footh and pick.] An instru- TOOTH/PICK-ER, §| ment for cleaning the teeth of substances lodged between them. Shak. TOOTH’/SOME, (tooth/sum,) a. Palatable; grateful to the taste. Carew. TOOTH/SOME-NESS, n. Pleasantness to the taste. TOOTH’WORT, (tooth’wurt,) 2. A plant whose roots resemble human teeth, such as the Lathrea squamaria, various species of Dentaria, the Coral- lorrhiza innata, &c. This name is also given to the lead-wort, of the genus Plumbago, from its toothed corol. Cyc. TOOTH’Y, a. Toothed ; having teeth. Crozall. TOOT’ING, ppr. Sounding ina particular manner, as a horn. TOP, x. [Sax. top; D. and Dan. top; Sw. topp; W. tob or top; topiaw, to top, to form a crest.] 1. The highest part of any thing; the upper end, edge, or extremity ; as, the top of a tree; the top of a spire ; the top of a house ; the top of a mountain. 2. Surface ; upper side; as, the top of the ground. 3. The highest place; as, the top of preferment. Locke. Swift. 4. The highest person ; the chief. Shak. 5. The utmost degree. The top of my ambition is to contribute to that work. Pope. If you attain the fop of your desires in fame. Pope. 6. The highest rank. Each boy strives to be at the top of his class, or at the top of the school. 7. The crown or upper surface of the head. Shak. 8. The hair on the crown of the head ; the fore- lock, Shak. 9. The head of a plant. Watts. 10. [G. topf.] An inverted conoid which children play with by whirling it on its point. One sort has its motion continued by means of a whip. Shak. 11. In ship-building, a sort of platform, surround- ing the head of the lower mast, and projecting on all sides. It serves to extend the shrouds, by which means they more effectually support the mast; and, in sbips of war, the top furnishes a convenient stand for swivels and small arms to annoy the ene- my. Cyc. TOP’/-AR-MOR, zn. Im ships, a railing on the top, sup- yorted by stanchions and equipped with netting. TOP/-BLOCK, n. In ships, a block hung to an eye- bolt in the cap, used in swaying and lowering the top-mast. TOP/-CHAIN, n. In ships, a chain to sling the lower yards in time of action, to prevent their falling, when the ropes by which they are hung are shot away. TOP/-€LOTH, n. In ships, a piece of canvas used to cover the hammocks which are lashed to the top in action. TOP!/-DRAIN-ING, n. The act or practice of drain- ing the surface of land. TOP!-DRESS-ING, n. Adressing of manure laid on the surface of Jand. Cyc. TOP’/FUL, a. [top and full.) Full to the brim. TOP-GAL/LANT, a. [See Tor-Satt.] [ Watts. 2, Highest ; elevated; splendid; as, a top-gallant spark. LL’ Estrange. TOP’/-HEAV-Y, (top/hev-e,) a. [top and heavy.] Having the top or upper part too heavy for the lower. Wotton. TOP/-KNOT, (-not,) x. [tep and knot.) A knot worn by females on the top of the head. TOP'LESS, a. Having no top; as, a topless hight. Chapman. TOP/MAN, n. [top and man.] The man who stands above in sawing. 2. In ships, a man standing in the top. TOP/MAST, n. Im ships, the second mast, or that which is next above the lower mast. Above that is the top-gallant-mast. TOP/MOST, a. [top and most.] Highest; upper- most; as, the topmost cliff; the topmost branch of a tree. Dryden. Addison. TOP/-PROUD, a. [top and proud.] Proud to the highest degree. Shak. TOP/-ROPE, n. A rope to sway up a topmast, &c. TOP!-SAIL, n. A sail extended across the top-mast, above which is the top-gallant-sail. TOP!-SHAP-ED, (-shapt.) a. In botany, turbinate, j. e., inversely conical, with a contraction toward the point. TOP/-SOIL-ING, n. The act or art of taking off the top-soil of land, before a canal is begun, TOP!-STONE, n. A stone that is placed on the top, or which forms the top. TOP/-TACK-LE, (tak/l,) n. A large tackle hooked to the lower end of the top-mast top-rope and to the deck. Mar. Dict. TOP, v.i. To rise aloft; to be eminent; as, lofty ridges and topping mountains. Derham. 2. To predominate; as, topping passions ; topping uneasiness. 3. To excel ; to rise above others. But write thy best and top, Dryden. TOP, v. ft To cover on the top; totip; to cap. A mount Of alabaster, topped with golden spires, Milton. Mountains topped with snow. Taller. 2. To rise above. A gourd —climbing by the boughs twined about them, till it topped and covered the tree. LD’ Estranze. Topping all others in boasting. hak, 3. To outgo; to surpass. 4. To crop; to take off the top or upper part. Top your rose-trees a little with your knife near a leaf-bud. velyn. So in America we say, to top corn, that is, maize, by cutting off the stalk just above the ear. 5. Torise to the top of ; as, he topped the hill. Denham. 6. To perform eminently. [JVot in use.” TO'PAN, n. A name of the horned Indian rhinoceros bird, the Buceros rhinoceros, of the Passerine order. = Cyc. TO/PAREH, n. [Gr. rozos, a place, and apxos, a chief, ] The principal man in a place or country. TO'PAREH-Y, 7. A little state, consisting of a few cities or towns; a petty country governed by a to- parch. Judea was formerly divided into ten toparch- 1€S. TO'PAZ,n. [Gr. rorafcov.] A mineral, said to be so called from Topazos, a small isle in the Arabic Gulf, where the Romans ob- tained a stone which they called by this name, but which is the chrysolite of the moderns. Topaz is one of the gems. It occurs in rhombic prisms, and is generally of a yellowish color and pellucid ; but is also met with colorless, and of greenish, bluish, or brownish shades, and sometimes massive and opaque. It consists of silica, alumina, and fluoric acid. Dana. TO-PAZ/O-LITE, n. A variety of precious garnet, of a topaz yellow color, or an olive green. Ure. Cleaveland. TOPE, 7. A fish of the shark family, and genus Ga- leus, resembling the dog-fish in its general aspect. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. 2. In Hindostan, a grove or clump of trees. Malcom. TOPE, v.i. [Fr. toper. Qu. dip.] To drink bard; to drink strong or spiritous li- quors to @XCess. If you tope in form, and treat. Dryden. TO'PER,n. One who drinks to excess; a drunkard ; a sot. TOP/ET, 7. A small bird, the crested titmouse. N. B.— The crested titmouse of Latham, Parus bicolor, is the toupet titmouse of Pennant. Ed. Encye. TOPH, )n. [from the Latin tophus.] A kind of TOPH'IN,\ sandstone. TO-PHA/CEOUS, (to-fa/shus,) a. Gritty; sandy; rough ; stony. Arbuthnot. TO'PHET, (to’fet,) mn. [Heb. m5n tophet, from 5n, toph, a drum. ] Hell; so called from a place east of Jerusalem, where children were burnt to Moloch, and where drums were used to drown their cries. TOP/I-A-RY, a. [L. topiarius, ornamented.] Shaped by cutting; as, topiary work, which con- sists in giving all kinds of fanciful forms to arbors and thickets, trees and hedges. Francis. TOP/I€, n. [Gr. romos, place; L. topicus, topica; Sans. topu.] 1. Any subject of discourse or argument. The Scriptures furnish an unlimited number of topics for the preacher, and topics infinitely interesting. 2. In rhetoric, a probable argument drawn from the several circumstances and places of a fact. Aristotle wrote a book of topics. Cicero defines topics to be the art of finding arguments. Cyc. 3. Principle of persuasion. Contumacious persons whom no lopics can work upon. Wilkins. 4. In medicine, an external remedy ; a remedy to be applied outwardly to a particular part of the body, as a plaster, a poultice, a blister, and the like. Cyc. TOP‘IE, 2a. [Supra.] Pertaining to a place ; TOP/IG-AL,$ limited; local; as, a topical remedy. 2, Pertaining to a topic or subject of discourse, or to a general head. TOP/I€-AL-LY, adv. Locally ; with limitation to 4 part. 2. With application to a particular part ; as, a rem- edy topically applied. TO-POG/RA-PHER, n. [See Torocrarny.] One who describes a particular place, town, city, or tract of Jand. TOP-O-GRAPH'‘I€, a. Pertaining to topogra- TOP-O-GRAPH'‘I€-AL, phy ; descriptive of a place. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1160TOR TOP-O-GRAPH'IE-AL-LY, adv. topography. TO-POG’RA-PHY, n. description. ] The description of a particular place, city, town, manor, parish, or tract of land. It is of more lim- : ited application than CuoroararHy. TOP/PED, (topt,) pp. or a. Covered on the top; roPT, capped; surpassed; cropped ; having the top cut off. In the manner of [Gr. to7os, place, and ypagn, TOP’/PING, ppr. Covering the top; capping; sur- passing ; cropping ; lopping. 2. a. Fine; gallant, Johnson. [ But Johnson’s definition is probably incorrect. 3. Proud; assuming superiority. [This ts the sense in which the common people of New England use the word, and I believe the true sense; but it is not ele- rant, TOP’PING, n. In seamen’s language, the act of pull- ing one extremity of a yard higher than the other. RODIN CEI War. Dict. ING-L , m A large, strong tackle em- ployed to suspend or top the outer end of a gaff, or of the boom of a main-sail, in a brig or schooner. ts : i Mar. Dict. TOP’PING-LY, adv. Proudly; with airs of disdain. {Not an elegant word, nor much used. TOP’PLE, (top’pl,) v. i. [from top.] vard ; to pitch or tumble down. Ty} Yr} © tles r le Though castles topple To fall for- on their warders’ heads. Shak, rT <6 eee a i , 2 een | Vhis word is used chiefly of children when beginning to walk.) | | | } } ! | | | TOP/PLING, ppr. Falling forward. TOP’/SY-TUR/VY, adv. In an inverted posture; with : | i the top or head downward; as, to turn a carriage topsi-turvy. TOQUE, (tok,) ) n. TO-QUET’, (to-ka’,) § women. TOR. 1. [Sax. tor; L. turris.] _ A tower; a turret; also, a high, pointed hill; used i7t NLaMesS. TORCH, n. [It. torcia; Sp. antorcha; Fr. torche; D. toorts; probably a twist; It. torctare, to twist, Sp. torcér, W. tor¢i, L. torgueo, tortus.) A light or luminary formed of some combustible substance, as or resinous wood; a large candle or flambeau. They light the nuptial torch. Muton, TORCH’-BEAR-ER, n. [torch and bear.] otfice is to carry a torch. ; TORCH/ER, n. One tiat gives light. South. A kind of head-dress for [Fr., a cap.] bonnet or One whose Sidney. [Not in use. } Shak, TORCH’-LYGHT, (-lite,) m. [torch and light.] The light of a torch or of torches. 9. A jight kindled to supply the want of the sun. Bacon, TORCH’-THIS-TLE, (-this-],) z. A plantof the genus Cereus. Lee. The common name of a genus of the order Cacta- cew, called cereus, from cera, wax, from the resem- blance of the stems to a waxcandle. Torch-thistle is from the prickly stems used by the Indians for torches. Cyc. TORCH’ WORT, (-wurt,) n. A plant. More. TORE, pret. of Tear. Tle tore his robe. TORE, n. [Perhaps from tear; W. tori, to break.) The dead grass that remains on mowing land in vinter and spring. [Used in New England.) Mortimer. TORE, nx. [L. torus,] In architecture, a large, round base of a column; a torus, TO-REU-MA-TOG/RA-PIY, n. ture, and ypadn, description. ] A description of ancient sculptures and basso- relievos. Cyc. TO-REU-MA-TOL/O-GY, n. [Gr. ropevpa, sculpture, and Aoyos.] he art or description of sculpture and bas-relief. TO-REO'TIE, a. [Gr. roo VT0S, polished. ] In sculpture, higbly finished or polished ; applied properly to Jigures in lard wood, ivory, ¥c. Brande. TOR/MENT, nv. [Fr. tourment; L. tormentum ; It. and Sp. tormento; probably from the root of L. tor- queo, torn, Eng. tour; that is, from twisting, strain- ing. | ]. Extreme pain; anguish; the utmost degree of misery, either of body or mind. molding on the of Archit. [Gr. topevpa, sculp- Gloss. The more I see Piensure about me, so much J fee Torment within me, Milton. Lest they also come into this place of torment, — Luke xvi, Rey. ix. xiv. 9. That which gives pain, vexation, or misery. They brought unto him all sick people that were taken with divers diseuses and torments. — Matt. iv. 3. An engine for casting stones. Elyot. TOR-MENT’, v. t. To put to extreme pain or anguish ; to inflict excruciating pain and misery, either of body or mind. Art thou come hither to forment us before the ime? — Matt, vill. He shall be tormented with fire and brimstone. — Rev. xiv. TOR 2. To pain; to distress. Lord, my servant lieth at home sick of the palsy, grievously tor- mented, — Matt. viii 3. To tease ; to vex ; to harass ; as, to be tormented with importunities, or with petty annoyances. 4. To put into great agitation. ; They, soaring on main wing, Tormented all the nir. [Unusual.] TOR-MENT’ED, pp. harassed. TOR/MEN-TIL, n. |Fr. tormentille; It. tormentilla.] The septfoil, Potentilla Tormentilla. The root is used in medicine as a powerful astringent, and for alleviating gripes or tormina in cases of diarrhea, whence its name. Cyc. TOR-MENT’ING, ppr. or a. Paining to an extreme degree ; inflicting severe distress and anguish ; teas- ing; vexing. TOR-MENT'ING, x. In agriculture,an imperfect sort of horse-hoeing. Cyc. TOR-MENT’ING-LY, adv. In a manner tending to produce distress or anguish. ; TOR-MENT’OR,) n. He or that which torments; TOR-MENT‘’ER,} one who indicts penal anguish or tortures. Milton. Dryden. 9. In agriculture, an instrument for reducing a stiff soil, resembling a harrow, but running upon wheels. Hebert. Milton. Pained to extremity; teased ; TORN, pp. ora. [from tear.] Neither shall ye eat any flesh that is forn by the beasts in the field. —Ex. xxii. er TOR-NA/DO, n. [from the root of turn; that is, a Whirling wind. The Sp. and Port. tornada is a re- turn. | A violent gust of wind, or a tempest, distinguished by a whirling motion. ‘Tornadoes of this kind hap- pen aftor extreme heat, and sometimes, in the United States, rend up fences and trees, and in a few in- stances have overthrown houses and torn them to pieces. Tornadoes are usually accompanied with severe thunder, lightning, and torrents of rain; but they are of short duration, and narrow in breadth. TO-ROSE/ TO!ROUS, a. [L. torosus.] In botany, protuberant ; swelling in knobs, like the veins and muscles ; as, a torous pericarp. Martyn. TOR-PE/DO, n. [L., from torpeo, to be numb.] 1. The cramp fish or electric ray. This name designates a genusof fishes of several species, which are commonly confounded with each other. These fishes are usually taken in forty fathoms water, on the coast of France and England, and in the Medi- terranean. A touch of them occasions a numbness in the limb, accompanied with an indescribable and painful sensation, and is really an electric shock. When dead, they lose the power of producing this sensation. Cyc. 2, An engine invented for the purpose of destroy- ing ships by blowing them up. TOR/PENT, a. [L. torpens, torpeo.] Benumbed ; torpid ; having no motion or activity ; incapable of motion. A frail and torpent memory. TOR/PENT, n. In medicine, that which diminishes the exertion of the irritative motions. Darwin. TOR-PES’/CENCE, n. A state of insensibility ; tor- pidness ; numbness ; stupidity. TOR-PES/CENT, a. [L. torpescens.] 3ecoming torpid or numb. TOR/PID, a. [L. torpidus, torpeo; perhaps W. torp, a lump. } 1. Having Jost motion or the power of exertion and feeling ; numb ; as, a torpid limb. Evelyn. Shenstone. Without heat all things would be torpid. Ray. 9, Dull; stupid; sluggish; inactive. The mind, as well as the body, becomes torpid by indolence. Impenitent sinners remain in a state of torpid se- curity. Barrington. TOR-PID/I-TY, zn. Torpidness. TOR/PLID-LY, adv. In a dull, inactive manner. TOR/PID-NESS,) n. The state of being torpid ; TOR/PI-TUDE, § numbness. ‘Torpidness may amount to total insensibility or loss of sensation. 2, Dullness; inactivity ; sluggishness; stupidity. TOR’PI-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. Rendered torpid. TOR’PI-FY, v. t. To make torpid. TOR/PLEY-ING, ppr.. Rendering torpid. TOR/POR, x. [L.] Numbness ; motion, or of the power of motion. Torpor may amount to a total loss of sensation, or complete in- sensibility. It may, however, be applied to the state of a living body which has not lost all power of feeling and motion. 9 Dullness ; laziness; sluggishness ; stupidity. TOR-PO-RIF’I€, a. [L. torpor and fucio.] Tending to produce torpor. TOR-RE-FAC€/TION, xn. [I'r., torridus and facia. | 1. The operation of drying by a fire. 2, In metalluroy, the operation of roasting ores. 3. In pharmacy, the drying or roasting of drugs on a metalline plate, placed over or before coals of fire, inactivity ; loss of from L. torrefacio ; TOR till they become friable to the fingers, or till some other desired effect is produced. — Cr TOR/RE-FI-ED, (-fide,) i a es VU, (-lide,) pp. or a. Dried ; roasted ; scorched. Torrefied earth, in acriculture. is that Which has undergone the action of fire. ° ( Yc. TOR’RE-FY, v. t. [L. torrefacio; L. torridus, torreo, and facia; Fr. torrefier.] 1. To dry by a fire. Brown. 2. In metallurgy, to roast or scorch, as metallic ores. 3. In pharmacy, to dry or parch, as drugs, on a metallire plate till they are friable, or are reduced to any state desired. TOR/RE-FY-ING, ppr. parching. TOR/RENT, x. [L. torrens. This is the participle of torreo,to parch. But the sense of the word torrent allies it to the W. tori, to break, and the Eng. tear. They are all of one family, denoting violent ac- tion. ] 1. A violent rushing stream of water or other fluid ; astream suddenly raised and running rapidly, as down a precipice ; as, a torrent of lava. 2. A violent or rapid stream; a strong current; as, a torrent of vices and follies; a torrent of cor- ruption. Cc. Drying by a fire; roasting ; Erasmus, that great, injured name, Stemmed the wild torrent of a barburous age. TOR/RENT, a. Rolling or rushing in a rapid stream ; as, waves of torrent fire. TOR-RI-CEL’LL-AN, a. Pertaining to Torricelli, an Italian philosopher and mathematician, who discov- ered the true principle on which the barometer is constructed. Torricellian tube, is a glass tube thirty or more inches in length, open at one end, and hermetically sealed at the other, such as is used in the barom- eter. Torricellian vacuum; a vacuum produced by filling With mercury a tube hermetically closed at one end, and, after immersing the other end in a vessel of mercury, allowing the inclosed mercury to descend till it is counter-balanced by the weight of an equal column of the atmosphere, as in the barometer. Hutton. TOR’RID, a. [L. torridus, from torreo, to roast.) 1. Parched ; dried with heat; as, a torrid plain or Pope. desert. 2. Violently hot; burning or parching ; as,a torrid heat. Milton. Torrid-zone: in geography, that space or broad belt of the earth included between the tropics, over which the sun is vertical at some period every year, and where the heat is always great. TOR/RID-NESS, n. The state of being very hot or parched, TORSE,n ([Fr. torse; L. tortus.] In heraldry, a wreath. TOR’SEL,n. [Supra.] Any thing in a twisted form ; as, tersels for mantel-trees. Moxon. TOR/SION, n. [L. torsio, from torqueo, to twist.] The act of turning or twisting. Torsion balance, an instrument for estimating very minute forces by the motion of an index attached to the ends of two fine wires or threads, which twist around each other. Olmsted, TOR/SO, n. [It.] The trunk of a statue, mutilated of head and limbs ; as, the torso of Hercules. TORT, 7x. [Fr., from L. tortus, twisted, from torqueo. The primary sense is, to turn or strain; hence, to twist. } A 1. In law, any wrong or injury. Torts are inju- ries done to the person or property of another, as trespass, assault and battery, defamation, and the like. Blackstone. 2. Mischief; calamity. Spenser. (Except tn the legal sense above explained, iu vs ob- solete. TOR/TEAU, (tor’to,)n. In heraldry, a red roundel. — E. H. Barker. TORT'ILE, (tort’il,) a. Twisted; wreathed ; [L. tortilis.] coiled. In botany, coiled like a rope; as, a tortile awn. JHartyn. TOR’TION, (tor’shun,) 2. [L. tortus. ] Torment; pain. [Vot tn use.] Bacon. TOR/TIOUS, ,tor/shus,) a. [from tort.] Injurious ; done by wrong. : 2, In law, implying tort, or injury for which the law gives damages. TORT/IVE, a. [L. tortus.] Twisted ; wreathed. _ Shak. TOR/TOISE, (tor’tis,) 7. {from L. tertius, twisted. ] 1. An animal of the order Testudinata, or Chelo nia, covered with a shell or crust. ‘ 9. In the military art, a defense used by the ancients, formed by the troops arranging themselves 1n close order and placing their bucklers over their heads, making a cover resembling a tortoise-shell. a TOR'TOISE-SHELL, x. [tertorse and shell.] The shell, or horny scutes or plates of the tortoise, used in inlaying and in various manufactures ; particu- larly, the shell of a species of sea turtle, the hawk’s bill turtle, Chelone imbricata. : Brande. TORT-U-OSH’, a. Wreathed ; twisted; winding. Loudon. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Se ele ees TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—6 as Ky G as J; $ as Z; 1 6i 2c 3 ; 5 Nae ~ aS rare eee rowel / ne: cosa pale STAC ae mien: oo NMaes nai a BES Oy PAD PET Ss Ps a ee Fie ie a eee ceniaginmoe Ry TOS TORT-U-OS'L-TY, n. [from tortuous.] The state of being twisted or wreathed ; wreath ; flexure. Brown. TORT/U-OUS, a. [L. tortuosus; Fr. tortueuz. | 1. Twisted; wreathed; winding; as, 4 tortuous train; a tortuous leaf or corol, in botany. Milton. Martyn. 2. Tortious. [JWVot used.] [See Tortious-] Spenser. TORT’U-OUS-LY, adv. In a winding manner. | TORT!'U-OUS-NESS, 2. The state of being twisted. TORTURE, (tort/yur,) 2. [Fr. torture ; It. and Sp. tortura; from L. tortus, torquceo, to twist, W. torgi; probably from the root of turn. See Tour.] 1. Extreme pain ; anguish of body or mind ; pang ; agony ; torment. Ghastly spasm or racking torture. Milton. 2. Severe pain inflicted judicially, either as a pun- jshment for a crime, OF for the purpose of extorting a confession from an accused person. Torture may be, and is, inflicted in a variety of ways, as by water or by fire, or by the boot or thumbkin. But the most usual mode is by the rack or wheel. Paley. Cyc. TORT’URE, v. t. To pain to extremity ; to torment. 9. To punish with torture ; to put to the rack; as, to torture an accused person. 3. To vex ; to harass. Addison. 4. To keep on the stretch, as a bow. [Vot in use. | Bac n. TORT/UR-ED, (tort/yurd,) pp. Tormented ; stretched on the wheel; harassed. TORT/UR-ER, nx. One who torments; a tormenter. Bacon. TORT/UR-ING, ppr. Tormenting; stretching on the rack ; vexing. TORT’UR-ING-LY, adv. So as to torture or torment. Beaum. & Fl. TORT’/UR-OUS, a. Tormenting. [JVot in use. | More. TOR-U-LOSE’, a. In botany, cylindrical, with several swells and contiactions. TO'RUS, n. [L.] Im architecture, a large molding used in the bases of columns. Its profile is semicir- cular. Brande. 2. In botany, the receptacle, or part of the flower on which the carpels are seated. Lindley. TOR/VI-TY, n. [L. torvitas ; from twisting, supra.] Sourness or severity of countenance. TOR/VOUS, a. [L. torvus, from the root of torqueo, to twist. ] Sour of aspect; stern; of a severe countenance. Derham. TO/RY, n. [Said to be an Irish word, denoting a rob- ber; perhaps from tor, a bush, as the Irish banditti lived in the mountains or among trees.) The name given to an adherent to the ancient con- stitution of England and to the ecclesiastical hierar- chy. The tories form a party which are charged with supporting more arbitrary principles in government than the whigs, their opponents. In America, during the revolution, those who op- posed the war, and favored the claims of Great Brit- ain, were called tories. TO'RY, a. Pertaining to the tories. TO'RY-ISM, n. The principles of the tories. TOSE, v.t. Totease wool. [Vot in use, or local.) TOSS, v. t.; pret. and pp. Tossep or Tost. [W. tosiaw, to toss, to jerk, Qu. G. stossen, to thrust. | 1. To throw with the hand; particularly, to throw with the palm of the hand upward, or to throw up- ward ; as, to toss a ball. 2. To throw with violence. Shak. 3. To lift or throw up with a sudden or violent motion ; as, to tess the head ; or to toss up the head. He tossed his arm aloft. Addison. 4, To cause to rise and fall; as, to be tossed on the waves, We being exceedingly tossed with a tempest. — Acts xxvii. 5. To move one way and the other. Prov. xxi. 6. To agitate ; to make restless, Calm region once, And full of peace, now lost and turbulent. Milton. 7. To keep in play; to tumble over ; as, to spend four years in tossing the rules of grammar. Ascham., To toss the oars, in a boat, is to throw them with their blades up, in a perpendicular direction, as a sa- lute. TOSS, v. i. To fling; to roll and tumble ; to writhe ; to be in violent commotion. To tose and fling, and to be restless, only frets and enrages our pains ulotson. 2. To be tossed. Shak. To toss up, is to throw a coin into the air, and wa- ger on what side it will fall. Brampston. TOSS, n. A throwing upward or with a jerk ; the act of tossing; as, the toss of a ball. TOU TOS/SEL. See Tasseu. TOSS/ER, n. One who tosses. TOSS'ING, ppr. Throwing upward with a jerk; rais- ing suddenly ; as the head. TOSS/ING, n. The act of throwing upward ; a rising and falling suddenly ; a rolling and tumbling. Dire was the tossing, deep the groans. Milton. TOSS’/POT, x. [toss and pot.] A toper; one habit- ually given to strong drink. TOST, pret. and pp. of Toss. In a troubled sea of passion fost. Milton. TO'TAL, a. [Fr.; L. totalis, totus ; W. tat.] 1. Whole; full ; complete; as, total darkness; a total departure from the evidence ; a total loss ; the total sum or amount. 2. Whole; not divided. Myself the total crime. Milton. TO’/TAL, n. The whole; the whole sum or amount. These sums added make the grand total of five mil- lions. TO-TAL/L-TY, n. [Fr. totalité.] The whole sum; whole quantity or amount. TO'TAL-LY, adv. Wholly; entirely; fully; com- pletely ; as, to be totally exhausted ; all hope totally failed ; he was totally absorbed in thought. TO’TAL-NESS, 7. Entireness. TOTE, v. t. To carry or bear. [A word used in slaveholding countries ; said to have been introduced by the blacks. This word is said also to be ‘the same as Tort, which see, the l being omitted. It is most used in the Southern and Middle United States, is occasionally heard in New England, and js said also to be used in England.] TOTE, 7 [L. totus. | The entire body, or all; as, the whole tote. [Hal- lizell says still in use.) [ Colloquial. } TOT’ED, pp. Carried or borne. TOEH/ER ; a vulgar pronunciation of the other. TOT'ILDEM VER'BIS, {L.] In so many words; in the very words. TO'TILES QUO'TI-ES, (td'/she-eez-k wG/she-cez,) [L.] As often as one, so often the other. TO'TO CGs'LO, (-see!lo,) [L.] By the whole hemi- sphere ; as opposite as possible, In toto, [L.] In the whole. TOT’TER, v.i. [This may be allied to titter.] 1. To shake so as to threaten a fall; to vacillate ; as, an old man fotters with age; @ child totters when he begins to walk. 9. To shake; to reel; to lean. As a bowing wall shall ye be, and as a tottering fence. — Ps. Ixil. Troy nods from high, and fotlers to her fall. Dryden. TO'T’TER-ING, ppr. or a. Shaking, as threatening a fall: vacillating ; reeling ; inclining. TOT’TER-ING-LY, adv. Ina tottering manner. TOT’TER-Y,) a. Shaking; trembling ; that may be deduced. Warburton. TRAF’FI€, n. [Fr. trafic; It. traffico; Sp. trafago; a compound of L. trans, Celtic tra, and facco, or some other verb of the like elements, | Trade ; commerce, either by barter or by buy- ing and selling. This word, like Traps, compre- Derivable hends every species. of dealing in the exchange or passing of gor ods or merchandise from hand to hi ind for an equivalent, unless the business of retailing may be excepted. It signifies appropriately foreign tre ide, but is not limited to that. My father, ut traffic through the world. Shak. Gay. trafficare; Sp. A merchant of gr 2. Commodities for market TRAFEIC, v. 2% (Fr. trafiquer ; It. tri rfic ar or trafi Lar. | l. To trade ; to pass goods and commodities from one person to another for an equivalent in goods or money ; to barter ; to buy and sell wares ; to carry on commerce, ‘The English and Americans trafic with all the world. Gen. xlii. 2, To trade meanly or mercenarily. Shak. TRAF’FIE€, v. t. To exchange in traffic. TRAF’FI€-A-BLE, a. Marketable. [JVot in use.] Bp. Fiall. TRAF’FICK-ED, (traf/fikt,) pp. Exchanged in traffic. TRAF’FICK-ER, n. a trader ; a merchant. One who carries on commerce ; Ts. Viil. Shak. TRAE/FICK-ING, ppr. ‘Trading; bartering; buying and selling goods, wares, and commodities. TRAE’FIE-LESS, a. Destitute of trade. TRAG/A-CANTH, n. [L. tragacanthum; Gr. tpaya- Kav0a; rToayos, a goat, and axay@a, thern.] 1. Goat’s thorn; a plant of the ee nus Astragalus, of several species, growing in Syria, Candia, &c., almost all of which were included by Linneus in the tragacanthas, and all of which produce the gum tragacanth. 9. A gum obtained from the goat’s thorn. It comes in sinall, contorted pieces, resembling worms. It is of differe nt colors; that w hich is white, clear, smooth, and vermicular, is the best. It is somew hat soft to the touc h, but only imperfect tly soluble. It is softening, and used in coughs and catarrhs. Nicholson. Cyc. TRA-GE/DI-AN, n. [L. tragedus. See Tracepy.] 1. A writer of tragedy. Stillingfleet. 9. More generally, an actor of tragedy. Dryden. TRAG/E-DY ,n. ([lr. tragedie; It. anc i Sp. tragedia ; Gr. rpaywdta; said to be composed of rpayos, a goat, and wd7, asong, because originally it consisted ina hymn sung in honor of Bacchus by a chorus of music, with dances and the sacrifice of a goat. } 1. A dramatic poem representing some signal ac- tion performed by illustrious persons, and generally having a fatal issue, 8schylus is called the father of tragedy. All our tragedies are of kings and princes. Taylor. 9. A fatal and mournful event; any which human lives are lost by human more particularly by unauthorize ‘d violence. TRAG'LE, a. ([L. tragicus; Fr. tragique; It. TR AG'IE-AL, tragico. | Pertaining to tragedy ; of the nature or chiarac- ‘st of tragedy ; as, a tragic poem; a tragic play or representi ition. , Shak, 9, Fatal to life ; mournful ; sorrowful ; calamitous ; as, the tragic sce nes of Hayti; the tragic horrors of Scio and Missilonghi; the ¢tragical fate of the Greeks. event in violence, | 3. Mournful; expressive : ‘ of tragedy life, or of sorrow. Beny) the loss of I now must change those notes to tragic. Mitton. TRAG/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a tragical manner; with fatal issue ; mournfull 7; sorrowfully. The play ends tragically. TRAG/I€-AL-NESS, 2. Fatality ; sadness. moumfulness ; We moralize the fable in the tragicalness of the event. Decay of Piety. TRAG-I-€OM/E-DY, n. [Fr. tragi-comedie; tragedy and comeaye| 2 A kind of dramatic piece representing some action passed among eminent persons, the event of which Is not unhappy, in which serious and comic scenes are blended ; a species of composition not now used, or held in Jittle estimation. Cyc. TRAG-I-€OM/I€, 14 Pertaining to tragi-come- TRAG-I-€0M‘TE-AL, dy ; partaking of a mixture of grave and comic scenes. TRAG-I-€0M’I€-AL-LY, manner. TRAIL, (trale,) v. t. [W. rhel, a flagging, a trailing ; rhelyw, a trail; Sp. traillar, to level the sround ; trai- Ila, a leash, packthread, an instrument for leveling the ground ; W. trail, a drawing over, a trail, a turn, as if from traigyl, a turn or revolution ; treiliaw, to turn, to roll, to traverse, to dredge; Saelic, triallam, to go, to walk, (qu. travel ;) Port. tralho, a fishing not, as if from drawing, L. traho ; D. treillen, to wae : to tow; Norm. trailler, to search for. The Welsh seems to accord with troll; the others appear to be formed on drag, L. traho. Qu.] adv. In a tragi-comical 1. To hunt by the track. [See the Norman, sunt To draw along the ground. Trail your pikes. And hung his head, and trailed his legs along. Dryden, They sh ull not trail me through the streets Like a wild beast Milton. That long t *hind he trails his pompous robe, Pope. To lower ; as, to trail arms. 4. In America, to tread down grass by walking throuch ; to Jay flat ; as, to trail grass. TRAIL, (trale,) v.t% To be drawn out in length. When his brother saw the red blood trail. “Spen TRAIL, 2. Track followed by the hunter; scent bef on the ee by the animal pursued. How erfally on the false trail they cry ! Shak. 2. Any ‘thing drawn to length; as, the trail of a meteor ; a trail of smoke. Dryden. When lightning shoots in glittering trails along. Rowe. 3. Any thing drawn behind in long undulations ; a train. And drew behind a radiant (raz! of hair. Pope. 4. The entrails of a fowl; applied sometimes to those of shee B Smollett. Trail-boards, in ship-building, a term for the carved work between: the cheeks of the he ad, at the heel of the figure. Cyc. TRAIL/ED, pp. or a. Hunted by the tracks ; laid flat; drawn along on the ground ; brought to a lower po- sition; as, trailed arms, : TRAIL‘ING, ppr. ora. Hunting by the track; draw- ing on the ground; treading down; laying flat; bringing to a lower position; drawing out in length, Since the flames pursued the trailing smoke. Dryden, Swift men of foot, whose broad-set backs their trailing hair did hide. Shapman. TRAIN, v. t. (Fr. trainer; It. trainare, tranare, to draw or drag; Sp. traina, a train of gunpowder. Qu. drain; or is it a contracted word, rci L. traho, to draw 2? 1. To draw along. In hollow cube he trained : His devilish enginery. Milton. 9. To draw ; to entice; to allure. If but twelve French Were there in arms, they would be os a call é ‘’o train ten thousand English to their side. Shak 8. To draw by artifice or stratagem. O, train me not, sweet mermaid, with thy note. Shak. 4, To draw from act to act by persuasion or prom- ise. ti. ae We did train him on. Shak, 5. To exercise ; to discipline ; to teach and form by practice ; ; as, to train the militia to the manual exer- cise; to train soldiers to the use of arms and to tactics. Abram armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. The warrior horse here bred h 6. To break, tame, and oxen. 7. In gardening, to lead or direct and form to a wall or es palier; to form to a AGREE shape by prowth, lopping, or pruning ; as, to train young trees. an 8. In mining, to trace a lode or any mineral ap- pearance to its ‘head. Dryden, draw, as ’s taught to train, accustom to To train a gun, is to point it at some object either Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; EH as in THIS. 1165 Je See7 ee eR ee _ TRA forward or else abaft the beam, i. the side. Totten. To train or train up ; to educate ; to teach ; to form by instruction or practice ; to bring up. Train up x child in the way he should go, and when he is old he will not depart from it. — Prov. xxi. : f The first Christians were, by great bardanips, trained up for glory. Tillotson. TRAIN, n. Artifice ; e., not directly on stratagem of enticement. Now to my charins, And to my wily trains. 9, Something drawn along behind, the end of a gown, &C. ; as, the train of a gown OF robe. 3. The after part of a gun carriage. 4, The tail of a bird. The train steers their flight, and t der of a ship. 5, A retinue; a number of followers or attend- ants. My train are men of choice and rarest parts. The king’s daughter with a lovely train. Milton. Totten. urns their bodies, like the rud- Ray. Shak. Addison. 6. A series; a consecution or succession of con- nected things. Rivers now stream and draw their humid train. Other truths require a train of ideas placed in order. The train of ills our love would draw behind it. Milton. Locke. Addison. 7. Process ; regular method ; course. Things are now in a frain for settlement, If things were once in this train —our duty would take root in our nature. swift. 8. A company in order ; a procession. Pairest of stars, last in the train of night. Milton. 9. The number of beats which a watch makes in any certain time. Cyc. i0. A line of gunpowder, laid to lead fire to a charge, or to a quantity intended for execution. 11. A continuous line of cars on a railroad. Train of artillery; any number of cannon, mor- tars, &c., with the attendants and carriages which follow them into the field. Campbells Mil. Dict. TRAIN/A-BLE, a. ‘That may be trained. [Little used. TH etN’-BAND, mn. [train and band.| A band or company of militia. T'rain-bands, in the plural ; mili- tia ; so called because trained to military exercises, TRAIN/-BEAR-ER, n. [train and bearer.] One who holds up a train. TRAIN’ED, pp. or 4 formed by instruction. TRAIN’ER, n. One who trains up; an instructor. Ash. 9. One who trains or prepares men, horses, &c., for athletic exercises. TRAINING, ppr. Drawing; alluring; educating ; teaching and forming by practice, TRAIN/ING, n. The act or process of drawing or ed- ucating ; education. 9, The act of preparing men for athletic exercises, or horses for the race. 3. The disciplining of troops. 4. In gardening, the operation or art of forming young trees to a wall or espalier, or of causing them Drawn ; allured; educated ; to grow in a shape suitable for that end. Ce TRAIN/-OIL, n. [train and oil.) The oil procured from the blubber or fat of whales by boiling. Cyc. TRAIN’/-ROAD, nz. [train and road.) In mines, a slight railway for small wagons. Cyc. TRAIN!-TACK-LE, n. A tackle hooked to the train of a gun, to hold it to its place. Totten. TRAIN/Y, a. Belonging to train-oil. [ot in use.) Ga}. TRAIPSE, (trapse,) v. i To walk sluttishly or care- lessly. [A low word.] Pope. TRAIT, (trate,) n. [fr. travt, from traire, to draw ; L. tractus. See Tracr and Treat] 1. A stroke; a touch. By this single trait, Homer makes an essential difference between the liad and Odyssey. Broome. 9. A Jine; a feature ; as, a trait of character. TRAITOR, n. [Fr. traitre; Arm. treitre, treytor ; Sp. traidor; from L. traditor ; trado, to deliver.] 1. One who violates his allegiance and betrays his country; one guilty of treason ; one who, in breach of trust, delivers his country to its enemy, or any fort or place intrusted to his defense, or who surren- ders an army or body of troops to the enemy, unless when vanquished ; or one who takes arms and lev- jes war against his country ; or one who aids an en- emy in conquering his country. [See Treason. ] 2, One who betrays his trust. TRAUVTOR-LY, a. ‘T'reacherous. _[JVot in use.] VRAWUTOR-OUS, a. Guilty of treason ; treacherous ; perfidious ; faithless ; as, a traitorous officer or sub- ject. 2. Consisting in treason; partaking implying breach of allegiance; as, a scheme or conspiracy. TRAI/TOR-OUS-LY, adv. In violation of allegiance and trust ; treacherously ; perfidiously. They had traitorously eadeayored to subvert the fundamental AWE. Clarendon, of treason ; traitorous FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— MTE, PREY.— PINE, TRA TRA TRAI/TOR-OUS-NESS, 2. Treachery ; the quality of being treasonable. Scott. TRAI/TRESS, nz. A female who betrays her country or her trust. ryden. TRA-JECT’, v. t. [L. trajectus, trajicio; trans and jacio, to throw. To throw or cast through; as, to traject the sun’s light through three or more cross prisms. JVevwton. TRAJ/E€T, n. A ferry; a passage, or place for pass- ing water with boats. Shak. TRA-JE€CT/ING, ppr. TRA-JEC/TION, (tra-jek’shun,) n. Casting through. The act of cast- ing or darting through. Boyle. 2, Transportation. 3. Emission. Brown. TRA-JE€T!/O-RY, n. The curve which a body de- scribes in space, as a planet or comet in its orbit, or a stone thrown upward obliquely in the air. Brands. TRA-LA’TION, n. [from L. translatio.] A change in the use of a word, or the use of a word in a less proper but more significant sense. Bp. Hall. TRAL-A-TI''TIOUS, (tral-a-tish’us,) a. [L. transla- tus, transfero.] Metaphorical ; not literal. TRAL-A-TI/’/TIOUS-LY, (tral-a-tish/us-le,) adv. Met- aphorically ; not in a literal sense. Holder. TRA-LIN’'E-ATE, v. t. ] [L. trans and linea, line. ]} To deviate from any direction. [Jot in use.] Dryden. TRA-LU/CENT, a. [L. tralucens; trans and luceo. | Transparent ; clear. Davies. TRAM, n. A name given to coal wagons in some parts of England, especially at Newcastle. TRAM/-WAY, )n. A road laid with narrow tracks TRAM/-ROAD, § of stone, wood, or iron, for trams, or wagons. ‘The iron tram-rail has a lange on the side, to prevent wagons from running off the track, thus differing from the edge-rail of our common rail- roads. Brande. TRAM MEL, n. (Fr. tramail, a drag-net; tra and mail. In Sp. traba is a fetter, Ir. entraves. This seems to be a different word.] 1. A kind of long net for catching birds or fishes. The trammel differs not much from the shape of the bunt. Carew. 9. A kind of shackles used for regulating the mo- tions of a horse and making him amble. 3. An iron hook, of various forms and sizes, used for hanging kettles and other vessels over the fire. 4. In mechanics, a joiner’s instrument for drawing ovals upon boards. One part consists of a cross with two grooves at right angles to each other; the other is a beam carrying two pins which slide in those grooves, and also the describing pencil. Brande. TRAM/MEL, v. t. [Sp. trabar, to join, to seize, to shackle. Qu.] 1. To catch ; to intercept. 9, To confine; to hamper ; to shackle. TRAM’'MEL-ED, pp. Caught; confined; shackled. 9. In the manege, a horse is said to be trammeled, when he has blazes or white marks on the fore and hind foot of one side. Cyc. TRAM/MEL-ING, ppr. Catching; confining ; shack- Shak. ling. TRA-MON/TANE, n. One living beyond the moun- tain ; a stranger. TRA-MON’TANE, a. [It. tramontana; tra, L. trans, beyond, and mons, mountain.) Literally, lying or being beyond the mountain ; foreign: barbarous. ‘The I[tallans sometimes use this epithet for ultramontane, and apply it to the coun- tries north of the Alps, as France and Germany, and particularly to their ecclesiastics, jurists, painters, &c.; anda north wind is called a tramontane wind, The French lawyers call certain [talian canonists tramontane or ultramontane doctors ; considering them as favoring too much the court of Rome. [See UL- TRAMONTANE. Brande. Cie. TRAMP, v. t. To tread. TRAMP, v.i. To travel; to wander or stroll. TRAMP’ER, xn. A stroller; a vagrant or vagabond. TRAM’PLE, (tram/pl,) v. t. [G. trampeln, trampen ; Dan. tramper; Sw. trampa, If mis casual, as I sup- pose, these words are the D. trappen, to tread ; trap, a step. 1. To tread under foot ; especially, to tread upon with pride, contempt, triumph, or scorn. Neither cast ye your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet. — Matt, vil. 2, To tread down; to prostrate by treading ; as, to trample grass. 3. To treat with pride, contempt, and insult. TRAM’PLE, v.i. To tread in contempt. Diogenes trampled on Plato’s pride with greater of his own. Sw. trampa.] Gov. of the Tongue. 2. Totread with force and rapidity. Dryden. TRAM/PL)3, n. The act of treading under foot with TRAM!/PLED, pp. TRAM/PLER, x. TRAM/PLING, ppr. TRAM-POOSE’, v. t. [See Trampre.] To walk with TRAM-POOS’/ING, ppr. TRA-NA’TION, n. TRANCE, N Trod on; trodden under foot. One that tramples; one that treads down. Treading under foot; prostrat- ing by treading; treading with contempt and insult. labor, or heavily. Traveling heavily. [L. trano.]} The act of passing over by swimming, Use. [Wot in [Fr. transe ; supposed to be from the L. transilus, a passing over; transeo, to pass OVer; trans and eo. The L. trans seems to be the W_ tra, It. tra and tras, Sp. tras, and Fr. tres, very; so that it may be inferred that 7 is not radical. ] 1. An ecstasy ; a state in which the soul seems to have passed out of the body into celestial regions, or to be rapt Into visions. My soul was ravished quite as in a trance. Spenser. While they made ready, he fell into a trance, and saw heaven opened. — Acts x. 2, In medicine, catalepsy, i. e., total suspension of mental power and voluntary motion; pulsation and breathing continuing ; muscles flexible ; body yield- ing to and retaining any given position not incom- patible with the laws of gravitation. T’rance, or catalepsy, differs from ecstasy in the circumstance that in the latter the muscles are rigid. and the body erect and inflexible. Good. TRANC’ED, (trinst,) a. Lying in a trance. And there I left him tranced. Shak. An odd thing intricately contrived. Arliuthnot. [Jt is said to be a cant word, and is not used. | TRAN‘NEL, used by Moxon, is a mistake for TrEE- NAIL, pronounced by ship-builders trun'nel. TRAN/QUIL, (trank’wil,) a. (Fr. tranquille ; L. tran- quillus. | Quiet ; calm ; undisturbed ; peaceful ; not agitated. The atmosphere is tranguil. The state is tranguil. A tranquil retirement is desirable ; but a tranquil mind is essential to happiness. TRAN-QUIL-I-ZA'TION, n. ing, or state of being tranquilized. Newman. TRAN/QUIL-IZE, (trank’wil-ize,) v. t. To quiet; to allay when agitated ; to compose ; to make calm and peaceful ; as, to tranquilize a state disturbed by fac- tions or civil commotions ; to tranguilize the mind. TRAN’QUIL-IZ-ED, (trank/wil-izd,) pp. Quieted; calmed ; composed. TRAN/QUIL-1Z-ER, n. A kind of chair, in which a raving maniac may be so fixed as to be motionless, It is used for the production of tranquillity, in a par- oxysm of raving. TRAN’QUIL-IZ-ING, ppr. or a. ing. TRAN/QUIL-IZ-ING-LY, adv. So as to tranquilize. TRAN-QUIL’/LLTY, x. [L. tranquillitas.] Quietness; a calm state; freedom from disturb- ance or agitation. We speak of the tranquillity of public affairs, of the state, of the world, the tranquil- lity of a retired life, the tranquillity of mind proceed- ing from conscious rectitude. TRAN’QUIL-LY, adv. Quietly ; peacefully. TRAN/QUIL-NESS, n. Quietness ; peacefulness. TRANS, a Latin preposition, used in English as a prefix, signifies over, beyond, as in transalpine, be- yond the Alps. Hence, ina moral sense, it denotes a complete change ; as, to transform ; also, from one to another; as, to transfer. TRANS-ACT’, v. t L. transactus, transigo; trans and ago, to act or drive through.] To do; to perform; to manage; as, to transact We transact business in per- TRAN/GRAM, n. The act of tranquiliz- Quieting ; g ; compos- commercial business. son or by an agent. TRANS-ACT", v. 7. manage. TRANS-A€T’ED, pp. To conduct matters ; to treat; to South, Done ; performed ; managed. TRANS-A€T/ING, ppr. Managing; performing. TRANS-A€/TION, n. The doing or performing of any business; Management of any affair. 9. That which is done; an affair. Weare not to expect in history a minute detail of every transaction. 8 In the civil law, an adjustment of a dispute between parties by mutual agreement. TRANS-A€T/OR, n. One who performs or conducts any business. Derham. TRANS-AL'PINE, (-al’pin,) a. [L. trans, beyond, and Alpine, of the Alps.] Lying or being beyond the Alps in regard to Rome, that is, on the north or west of the Alps ; as, Trans- alpine Gaul; opposed to C1saLrine. TRANS-AN/I-MATS, v. t. [trans and animate.) To animate by the conveyance of a soul to another body. ing. TRANS-AN/I-MA-TED, pp. Animated by the con- veyance of the soul from one body to another. TRANS-AN-I-MA/TION, n. [L. trans and anima.] Conveyance of the soul from one body to another ; transmigration. Brown. contempt. Milton. MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — [ The latter is the word generally used. | 1166| TRA TRANS-AT-LAN’TIE, a. Atlantic. | Lying or being beyond the Atlantic. When used by a person im Europe or Africa, transatlantic signifies being in America; when by a person in America, it denotes being or lying in Europe or Afri- ca. We apply it chiefly to something in Europe. TRANS-CEND’, (trans-send’,) v. t. [L. transcendo ; trans and scando, to climb.] 1, To rise above; to surmount; as, lights in the neaveus transcending the region of the clouds. 2. To pass over ; to go beyond. [L. trans, beyond, and It is a dangerous opinion to such hopes as shall transcend their limits. 3acon. 3. To surpass; to outgo; to excel; to exceed. How much her worth transcended all her kind. Dryden. TRANS-CEND!, v.t% Toclimb. [JVot in use.] Brown. TRANS-CEND’/ED, pp. ceeded. TRANS-CEND/ENCE, ) n. Superior excellence ; TRANS-CEND’EN-CY, $ supereminence. 9. Elevation above truth ; exaggeration. TRANS-CEND/ENT, a. [L. transcendens.] 1. Very excellent ; superior or supreme in excel- lence; surpassing others; as, transcendent worth ; transcendent valor. Overpassed ; surpassed; ex- Bacon. Milton, 2. In the Kantian philosophy, transcending or going beyond the bounds of huraan knowledge ; applicd to baseless or illusory knowledge. Murdock. TRANS-CEND-ENT’AL, a. Supereminent; surpass- ing others; as, transcendental being or qualities. Grew. 2. In the Kantian philosophy, pertaining to that which can be determined a priori in regard to the fundamental principles of all human knowledge. What is transcendental, therefore, transcends empiri- cism; but it does not transcend all human knowl- edge, or become transcendent. Murdock. Clothed with transcendent brightness, Transcendental quantity; in algebra, a quantity which can not be represented by an algebraic expres- sion of a finite number of terms. Transcendental equation; an equation into which a transcendental quantity enters. Transcendental curve; a curve defined by a trans- cendental equation. Srunde. TRANS-CEND-ENT’AL-ISM, 7. In the Kantian philosophy, the transcending or going beyond empliri- cism, and ascertaining a priori the fundamental prin- ciples of human knowledge. But, as Schelling and Hegel claimed to have discovered the absolute iden- tity of the objective and subjective in human knowl- edge, or of things and human conceptions of them, the Kantian distinctian between transcendent and transcendental ideas can have no place in their philoso- phy. ‘And hence, with them, transcendentalism claims to have a true knowledge of all things, mate- rial and immaterial, human and divine, so far as the mind is capable of knowing them. And in this sense the word transcendentalism is now most used. Murdoch. The word is also sometimes used for that which is vague and illusive in philosophy. TRANS-CEND-ENT’AL-IST, 2. in transcendentalism. TRANS-CEND-ENT/AL-LY, adv. ental manner. TRANS-CEND/ENT-LY, adv. Very supereminently ; by way of eminence. One who believes In a transcend- excellently ; The law of Christianity is eminently and transcendently called the word of truth, South. TRANS-CEND’/ENT-NESS, n. excellence. TRANS-GEND'ING, ppr. ing ; surpassing. TRANS/€O-LATE, v. t strain. ] To strain; to cause to pass through a sieve or col- Superior or unusual Rising above ; surmount- [L. trans and colo, to ander. Harvey. TRANS/€O-LA-TING, ppr. Straining through a sieve. TRAN-SERIBE’, v.t. [L. transeribo ; trans, over, and scribo, to write. ] To copy ; to write over again orin the same words; to write a copy of any thing; as, to transcribe Livy or Tacitus; to transcribe a letter. TRAN-SERIB/ED, pp. Copied. TRAN-SERIB/ER, xn A copier; one who writes from a copy. Addison. TRAN-SERIB/ING, ppr. Writing from a copy ; writ- ing a copy. TRAN/SERIPT, n, [L. transcriptum.] 1, A copy ; a writing made from and according to an original ; a writing or composition consisting of the same words with the original. The decalogue of Mosea was but a transcript, not an original. South, 9. A copy of any kind. The Roman learning was a transcript of the Grecian. Glanville. TRA TRAN-SERIP’TION, (tran-skrip/shun,) x. [Fr.] The act of copying. Corruptions creep into books by re- peated transcriptions. TRAN-SERIPT/IVE-LY, adv. In manner of a copy. Town. TRANS-€UR’, v.i. [L. transcurro; trans and curro, to run | To run or rove to and fro. [Little used.] Bacon. TRANS-€UR/RENCE, n. A roving hither and thither. TRANS-€UR/SION, (trans-kur/shun,) . [Supra.] A rambling or ramble; a passage beyond certain limits ; extraordinary deviation ; as, the transcursion of a comet. More. I am to make often transcursions into the neighboring forests as I pass along. " Howell. [Excursion has in a great measure superseded this word. ] TRANS-DU€’TION, n. The act of conveying over. TRANSE,7n. Ecstasy. [See Trance.] TRANS-EL-E-MEN'T-A/TION, n. [trans and ele- ment. | The change of the elements of one body into those of another, as of the bread and wine-into the actual body and blood of Christ; transubstantiation. Burnet. TRAN’SEPT, n. [L. trans and septum.] The trans- verse portion of a cruciform church, being one of the arms projecting each way on the side of the stem of the cross, Gout. TRAN-SEX‘ION, (-sek/shun,) n. Change of sex. TRANS-FER’, v. t. [L. transfero; trans and fero, to carry. ] 1. To convey from one place or person to another ; to transport or remove to another place or person; as, to transfer the laws of one country to another. The seat of government was transferred from New York to Albany. We say, a war is transferred from France to Germany. Pain, or the seat of disease in the body, is often transferred from one part to an- other. 29, To make over; to pass; to convey, as a right, from one person to another; to sell; to give. ‘The title toland is transferred by deed. ‘The property of a | bill of exchange may be transferred by indorsement. Stocks are transferred by assignment, or entering the same under the name of the purchaser in the proper books. TRANS/FER, n. ‘The removal or conveyance of a thing from one place or person to another. 9, The conveyance of right, title, or property, el- ther real or personal, from one person to another, el- ther by sale, by gift, or otherwise. TRANS-FER’A-BLE, a. That may be transferred or conveyed from one place or person to another. 9, Negotiable, as a note, bill of exchange, or other evidence of property, that may be conveyed from one person to another by indorsement or other writing. The stocks of the public, and of companies, are transferable. TRANS-FER/RED, pp. other. TRANS-FER-REE’, n. [L. trans and duco.] Entick. Conveyed from one to an- The person to whom a trans- fer is made, Hamilton. TRANS-FER/RENCE, zn. Act of transferring. TRANS-FER/RER, n. One who makes a transfer or conveyance. TRANS-FER/RING, ppr. Removing from one place or person to another; conveying to another, as a right. TRANS-FORM,, v. i. TRANS-FORM-A’TION, nz. TRANS-FIG-U-RA'TION, n. [Fr. See Transric- ure.] A change of form ; particularly, the supernat- ural change in the personal appearance of our Savior on the mount. See Watt. xvii. 9, A feast held by the Roman Catholic church on the 6th of August, in commemoration of the miracu- lous change above mentioned. Cyc. TRANS-FIG/URB, (-fig’yur,) v.t [L.trans and f- gura; Fr. transfigurer. | To transform; to change the outward form or ap- pearance. And was transfigured before them. — Matt. xvil. TRANS-FIG/UR-ED, pp. TRANS-FIG/UR-ING, ppr. the external form TRANS-FIX!,v.t. [L. transfixus, transfigo; trans and Jigo.| To pierce through, as witha pointed weapon; as, to transfiz one with a dart or spear. Dryden. TRANS-FIX’ED, (-fikst’,) pp. Pierced through. TRANS-FLX/ING, ppr. Piercing through witha point- ed weapon, TRANS/FO-RATE, v. t. To bore through. TRANS/FO-RA-TED, pp. Pierced; perforated. TRANS/FO-RA-TING, ppr. Boring through. TRANS-FORM/, v. t. [Fr. transformer; L. trans and Jorma. | 1. To change the form of; to change the shape or appearance ; to metamorphose; as, a caterpillar transformed into a butterfly. 2, To change one substance Changed in form. Transforming ; changing [L. transforo.] into another; to TRA transmute. — The alchemists sought to transform lead into gold. 3. In theology, to change the natural disposition and temper of man from a state of enmity to God and his law into the image of God, or into a dispo- sition and temper conformed to the will of God Be ye transformed by the renewing of your mind. — Rom. xii 4. In the Roman Catholic church, to change the ele- ments, bread and wine, into the flesh and blood of Christ. 5. Among the mystics, to change the contemplative soul into a divine substance, by which it is lost or swallowed up in the divine nature. 6. In algebra, to change an equation into another of a different form, without destroying the equality of its members; to change into another form with- out altering the value. To be changed in form ; to be metamorphosed. His hair transforms to down, Addison. : The act or operation of changing the form or external appearance. 2. Metamorphosis; change of form im insects; as from a caterpillar to a butterfly. 3. Transmutation ; the change of one metal into another, as of copper or tin into gold. 4. The change of the soul into a divine substance, as among the mystics. 5. Transubstantiation. 6. In theology, a change of heart in man, by which his disposition and temper are conformed to the di- vine image ; a change from enmity to holiness and love. 7. In algebra, the change of an equation into one of a different form, without destroying the equality of its members ; a change into another form without al- tering the value. A. D. Stanley. TRANS-FORM/A-TIVE, a. Having power or a tend- ency to transform. Davies. TRANS-FORM/ED, pp. Changed in form or exter- nal appearance; metamorphosed 5 transmuted ; re- newed. TRANS-FORM/ING, ppr. Changing the form or ex- ternal appearance ; mietamorphosing; transmuting ; renewing. 9. a. Effecting, or able to effect, a change of form or state ; as, the transforming power of true religion. TRANS-FPREIGHT’, (trans-frate’,) v.t. To pass over the sea. [Not in use. Waterland. TRANS-FRE-TA’TION, n. [L. trans and fretum, a strait. ] The passing over a strait or narrow sea. [ Little used. Davies. TRANS-FUND’, v.t. [L. transfundo.] To pour from one vessel into another. TRANS-FUND’ED, pp. ‘Transfused. TRANS-FUND/ING, ppr. Transfusing. Barrow. TRANS-FUSE’, (trans-fiize’,) v. & [L. transfusus, transfundo; trans and fundo. | 1. To pour, as liquor, out of one vessel into an- other. 2. To transfer, as blood, from one animal to an- other. 3. To cause to pass from one to another ; to cause to be instilled or imbibed; as, to transfuse a spirit of patriotism from one to another; to transfuse a love of letters. TRANS-FUS'ED, pp. another TRANS-FO'SI-BLE, (-fu’ze-bl,) a. transfused, &c. TRANS-FUOS'ING, ppr. another ; transferring. TRANS-FU'SION, (trans-fa/zhun,) n. The act of pouring, as liquor, out of one vessel into another. In chemistry and pharmacy, transfusions of liquors are frequent. Cyc. 2. The act or operation of transferring the blood of one animal into the vascular system of another by means of a tube. Cyc. TRANS-GRESS’, v.t. [Fr. transgresser ; L. transgres- sus, transgredior ; trans and gradior, to pass. | 1. To pass over or beyond any limit ; to surpass. Dryden. 9, In amoral sense, to overpass any rule prescribed as the limit of duty ; tobreak or violate a law, Oe or segis- [Vot used. | Poured from one vessel into That may be Boyle. Pouring out of one vessel into moral. ‘lo transgress a divine Jaw, is sin. lators should not transgress laws ol their own making. TRANS-GRESS’, v. i. To offend by violating & law ; tosin. 1 Chron. li. TRANS-GRESS’ED, (trans-grest’,) pp- violated. TRANS-GRESS/ING, ppr- ing; violating; sinning. 2 TRANS-GRES’SION, (-gresh/un,) 7 [Fr.] The act of passing over or beyond any law or rule of moral duty ; the violation of a law or known principle of rectitude ; breach of command. nggression of them that had been Overpassed ; Passing beyond ; surpass- He mourned because of the tra carried away, — Ezr Forgive thy people all the 9, Fault; offense ; crime. es : 4 ir transgressions, —1 Kings viil. Shak, TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS, 1167 ~<—— atte oad >, aeee sree ae * 1 k er ene a 3 oT Si Ss ae ee ee haa Sec TRA TRANS-GRES/SION-AL, (-gresh‘un-al,) a. olates a law or rule of duty. TRANS-GRESS/IVE, a. Faulty; culpable; apt to transgress, Brown. TRANS-GRESS/IVE-LY, adv. By tramsgressing. | TRANS-GRESS/OR, n. One who breaks a law or vi- olates a command ; one who violates any known rule or principle of rectitude; a sinner. The way of transgressors is hard. — Prov. xiii. TRAN-SHIP’, v. t. [trans and ship.) To convey from one ship to another ; @ commercial word. : TRAN-SHIP/MENT, n. The act of transferring, as oods, from one ship toanother, TRAN-SHIP/PED, (-shipt’,) pp- Carried from one ship to another. TRAN-SHIP/PING, ppr- another. : TRAN/SIENT, (tran/shent,) a. [L. transiens, transeo ; trans and ¢€0.] 1. Passing ; That vi- Carrying from one ship to not stationary ; hence, of short dura- tion; not permanent; not lasting or durable. How transient are the pleasures of this life ! Measured this transient world. Milton. 9. Hasty ; momentary ; imperfect; as, a transient view of a landscape. Transient person; a person that is passing or trav- eling through a place ; one without a settled habita- tion. America. Transient effect, in painting, is a representation of appearances in nature produced by causes which are not stationary, as the shadows cast by a passing cloud. The term AccipenTs has often the same signification. Jocelyn. TRAN/SIENT-LY, (-shent-,) adv. [Supra.] In pas- sage ; for a short time; not with continuance. of those many rules from Homer. Dryden. Short- I touch here but transiently — on some few of imitating nature, which Aristotle drew TRAN/SIENT-NESS, (-shent-,) n. [Supra.] ness of continuance ; speedy passage. TRAN-SIL/I-ENCE, |n. [L. transiliens, TRAN-SIL/I-EN-CY,{§ trans and satio. A leap from thing to thing. [JVot much used. | Glanville. TRANSIT, n. [L. transitus, from transeo. | 1. A passing ; a passing over or through ; convey- ance ; as, the transit of goods through a country. 2, The passing of an inferior planet across the sun’s disk. I witnessed the transit of Venus over the sun’s disk, June 3, 1769. When a smaller body passes behind a larger, it is said to suffer an occulta- tion. 3 ‘The culmination or passage of a heavenly body over the meridian of a place. TRANSIIT, v. t. To pass over the disk of a heavenly Cyc. A duty paid on goods that transilio ; body. TRANS/IT-DU/TY, zn. pass through a country. TRANS/IT-ED, pp. Passed over the disk of a heav- enly body. TRAN-SI/TION, (tran-sizh/un,) 2. [lL transitio. | ]. Passage from one place or state to another ; change; as, the transition of the weather from hot to cold. Sudden transitions are sometimes attended with evil effects. The spots are of the same color thr: t mediate transition from white to black, 9. In rhetoric, a passing from one subject to an- other. This should be done by means of some con- nection in the parts of the discourse, so as to appear natural and easy. He with transition sweet new spe 3. In music, a change of key from major to minor, or the contrary ; or, in short, a change from any one genus or key to another; also, the softening of a dis- junct interval by the introduction of intermediate sounds. Cyc. Busby. Transition rocks; in geology, 2 name formerly ap- plied to the lowest uncrystalline stratified rocks, sup- posed to contain no fossils, and so called because thought to have been formed when the world was passing from an uninhabitable to a habitable state. Dana. Containing or Ing an im- Woodwar ughout, there b ech resumes, Milton. TRAN-SI!’TION-AL, (-sizh/un-,) a. denoting transition, TRANS'‘I-TIVE, a. Having the power of passing. Bacon. 2. In grammar, a transitive verb is one which is or may be followed by an object; a verb expressing an action which passes from the agent to an object, from the subject which does to the object on which it is done. hus, ** Cicero wrote letters to Atticus.” In this sentence, the act of writing, performed by Cice- ro, the agent, terminates on jetters, the object All verbs not passive may be arranged in two classes, transitive and intransitive. In English, this division is correct and complete. TRANS/I-TIVE-LY, adv. Ina transitive manner. TRANS'/I-TIVE-NESS, n. State of being transitive. TRANS/I-TO-RI-LY, adv. {See Transitory.] short continuance. TRANS/I-TO-RI-NESS, 2. FATE, | TRANS-LAT’ED, pp. With TRA TRA tinuance ; speedy departure or evanescence. Who is not convinced of the transitoriness of all sublunary happiness ? TRANS/I-TO-RY, a. [L. transitorius.] 1, Passing without continuance ; continuing a short time ; fleeting; speedily vanishing. O Lord, comfort and succor all them who, {n this transitory life, are in trouble, vom. Prayer. 9. In law, a transitory action is one which may be brought in any county, as actions for debt, detinue, slander, and the like, It is opposed to local action. Blackstone. Bouvier. TRANS-LAT/A-BLE, a. [from translate.) Capable of being translated or rendered into another lan- guage. TRANS-LATE’, v.t. [L. translatus, from transfero ; trans, over, and fero, to bear; Sp. trasladar; It. tras- latare. 1. To bear, carry, or remove, from one place to another. It is applied to the removal of a bishop from one see to another. The bishop of Rochester, when the king would have translated Camden. him to a better bish pric, refused. 9. To remove or convey to heayen, as a human being, without death. By faith Enoch was translated, that he should not see death. — Heb. xvi. 3. To transfer; to convey from one to another. Sam. il. 4. T'o cause to remove from one part of the body to another ; as, to translate a disease. 5. To change. 9 ei Happy is your grace, That can translate the stubbor ss of fortune nto so quiet and so swecl a Sl) Shak. 6. To interpret ; to render into another language ; to express the sense of one language in the words of another. The Old Testament was translated into the Greek language more than two hundred years before Christ. The Scriptures are now translated into most of the languages of Europe and Asia. 7. To explain. Conveyed from one place to another; removed to heaven without dying; ren- into another language, dered TRANS-LAT/ING, ppr. Conveying or removing from | one place to another; conveying to heaven without dying ; interpreting in another language. TRANS-LA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. translatio.] 1. The act of removing or conveying from one place to another; removal ; as, the translation of a disease from the foot to the breast. 9. The removal of a bishop from one other. 3. The removal of subjecting him to death. 4. The act of turning into another language; in- terpretation ; as, the translation of Virgil or Homer. 5, That which is produced by turning into another language; a version. We have a good translation of the Scriptures. TRANS-LA-TI/TIOUS, (-tish‘us,) a. transported. TRANS-LA’TIVE, a. ‘Taken from others. TRANS-LA/TOR, n. One who renders into another language ; one who expresses the sense of words in one language by equivalent words in another. TRANS/LA-TO-RY, a. Transferring ; serving to trans- late. Arbuthnot. TRANS-LA'TRESS, zn. A female translator. TRANS-LO-€A/TION, n. [L. trans and Locatio, loco.) 2emoval of things reciprocally to each other’s places ; or rather substitution of one thing for an- see to an- to heaven without Transposed ; other. There happened certain translocations of animal and vegetable substances at the deluge. Woodward, [L. translucens ; trans, TRANS-LU/CEN-CY, } 2. TRAN and luceo, to RANS-LU/CENCE, $§ through, hine. 1. The property of transmitting rays of light with- out permitting objects to be seen. 2. Transparency. TRANS-LOU/CENT, a. Transmitting rays of light without permitting objects to be seen. 2. Transparent; clear. ” Replenished from the cool, translucent springs. Pope. E , k 5 4 TRANS-LU/CENT-LY, adv In a translucent man- ner. TRANS-LU/CID, a. [L. translucidus, supra.] Transparent; clear. [See TransLucenT.] Bacon. TRANS-MA-RINE’, (-ma-reen’,) a. [L.transmarinus ; trans and marinus ; mare, sea.] Lying or being beyond the sea. Howell. TRANS-MEW’, (-mii’,) v. t. [Fr. transmuer ; L. trans- muto. | T'o transmute; to transform; to metamorphose. {Not in use. ] Spenser. TRANS!MI-GRANT, a. [See Transmrcrate.] Mi- grating; passing into another country or state for A passing with short con- residence, or into another form or body. TRANS/MI-GRANT, n. One who migrates, or leaves FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — TRANS/MLGRATE, v. i. | TRANS-MI-GRA/TION, n. TRANS/MI-GRA-TOR, x. TRANS-MI’GRA-TO-RY, a. TRANS-MIS-SI-BIL’L-TY, n. TRANS-MIS/SLBLE, TRANS-MIS/SION, (trans-mish’un,) x. TRANS-MIS/SIVE, a. | TRANS-MIT’, v. t. TRANS-MIT’TAL, n. TRANS-MIT’TED, pp. or a. his own country and passes into another for settle- ment. Bacon. 2, One who passes into another state or body. i. [L. transmigro; trans and misro, to migrate. | 1. To migrate ; to pass from one country or juris- diction. to another, for the purpose of residing in it; as men or families. Brown. 2, To pass from one body into another. Their souls may transmigrate into each other. Howell. TRANS!MI-GRA-TING, ppr. Passing from one coun- try, state, or body, into another. The passing of men from one country to another for the purpose of residence, particularly of a whole people 2, The passing of a thing into another state, as of one substance into another. Hooker. 3. The passing of the soul into another body, ac- cording to the opinion of Pythagoras. One who trausmigrates. Ellis. Passing from one place, Faber. [from transmissible. ] The quality of being transmissible. a. [See Transmit.] may be transmitted or passed from one to another. Blackstone. Burke. | | body, or state, to another. | may be transmitted through a transparent That 2, That body. [Fr., from L. transmissio. | 1. The act of sending from one place or person to another; as, the transmission of letters, writings, papers, news, and the like, from one country to an- other; or the transmission of rights, titles, or privi- leges from father to son, and from one generation to another. Newton. Bacon. 9. The passing of a substance through any body, as of light through glass. Transmitted; derived from one to another. Jtself a sun, it with trans Prior. Enlivens worlds denied tc [L. transmitto ; trans and mitto, to pends 1. To send from one person or place to another 5 as, to transmit a letter or a memorial ; to transmit dispatches ; to transmit money or bills of exchange from one city or country to another. Light is trans- mitted from the sun tothe earth ; sound is transmitted by means of vibrations of the air. Our civil and re- ligious privileges have been transmitted to us from our ancestors ; and itis our duty to transmit them to our children. 9. To suffer to pass through; as, glass transmits light ; metals transmit electricity. Transmission. Swift. Sent from one person or place to another ; caused or suffered to pass through. TRANS-MIT’TER, nz. One who transmits, TRANS-MIT’TLBLE, a. That may be transmitted. TRANS-MIT/TING, ppr. Sending from one person or place to another; suffering to pass through. TRANS-MU-TA-BIL'L-TY, n. [See Transmure.] Susceptibility of change into another nature or sub- stance. TRANS-MO’TA-BLE, a. [from transmute.] Capable of being changed into a different substance, or into something of a different form or nature. The fluids and solids of an animal body are transmutable into Arbuthnot. one anotiner, TRANS-MO’TA-BLY, adv. With capacity of being changed into another substance or nature. TRANS-MU-TA/TION, n. [L. transmutatio.] 1. The change of any thing into another substance, or into something of a different nature. For a long time, the transmutation of base metals into gold was deemed practicable, but nature proved refractory, and the alchemists were frustrated. 2, In geometry, the change or reduction of one figure or body into another of the same area or solidity, but of a different form, as of a triangle into a square. Brande. 3. The change of colors, as in the case of a decoc- tion of the nephritic wood. Cyc. 4. In the vegetable economy, the change of a plant into another form, as of wheat into chess, according to the popular opinion. [See CuHEss. | TRANS-MU-TA’TION-IST, x. One who believes in the transmutation of metals. Lyell. TRANSMUTE’/, v. t. [L. transmuto; trans and muto, to change. ] To change from one nature or substance into an- other. Water may be transmuted into ice, and ice into water; the juices of plants are transmuted into solid substances ; but human skill has not been able to transmute lead or copper into gold. A holy conscience sublimates every thing; it transmutes the common affairs of life tito acts of solemn worship to God, J. M. Mason, The caresses of parents and the blandishments of friends trang- mute us into idols. Buckminster. 1168————_— —— TRA TRANS-MUT’ED, pp. Changed into another sub- stance or nature, TR ANS-MUOT’ER, m. One that transmutes. TRANS-MUT’ING, ppr. Changing or transforming into another nature or substance. TRAN‘SOM, xn. [L. transenna, across. | ie A beam or timber extended across the stern-post of a ship, to strengthen the aft-part and give it due form. Mar. Dict. _ 2. In architecture, a horizontal mullion or cross-bar In a window ; or a lintel over a door; the vane of a cross-staff. Cyc. Johnson. TRANS/PA-DANE, a. [lL trans and Padus, the River Po.] Being beyond the River Po. TRANS-PAR/EN-CY, n. from trans, over, Stephens. [See Transparent.] That state or property of a body by which it suffers rays of light to pass through it, so that objects can be dis- tinctly seen through it; diaphaneity. This is a property of glass, water, and air, which, when clear, admit the free passage of light. Transparency is op- posed to OPAQUENESs. 2. A picture prepared on very thin cloth, and with semi-transparent materials, to be exhibited by light passing through it from behind. TRANS-PAR/ENT, a, [Fr. id.; L. trans and pareo,to appear. ] 1. Having the property of transmitting rays of light, so that bodies can be distinctly seen through; pervi- ous to light; diaphanous ; pellucid ; as, transparent glass ; a transparent diamond ; opposed to Opaque, 2. Admitting the passage of light; open; porous ; as, a transparent veil. . Dryden. TRANS-PAR/ENT-LY, adv. Clearly; so as to be seen through. TRANS-PAR/ENT-NESS, n. transparent ; transparency. TRANS-PASS’, v. t. [trans and pass.] To pass over. [ Vot in use.] Gregory. TRANS-PASS’, v. i. To pass by or away. [.Vot in use. | Daniel. TRANS-PI€/U-OUS, a. [L. trans and specio, to see.] Transparent; pervious to the sight. The wide, transpicuous air. Milton. TRANS-PIERCE’, (-peers’,) v. t. [Fr. transpercer.] To pierce through; to penetrate ; to permeate; to pass through. The quality of being His forceful spear the sides transpierced, TRANS-PIERC’ED, (-peerst’,) pp. penetrated, TRANS-PIERC/ING, through. TRANS-PIR’A-BLE, a. [Fr. ; from transpire.] Capable of being emitted through pores. TRANS-PI-RA’/TION, x. [Fr.3 from transpire.] The act or process of passing off through the excre- tories of the skin; cutaneous exhalation ; as, the transpiration of obstructed fluids. Sharp. TRANS-PIRE’, v. t [Fr. transpirer; L. transpiro ; trans and spiro. To emit through the excretories of the skin; to send off in vapor. TRANS-PIRE’, v. i. To be emitted through the ex- cretories of the skin; to “xhale ; to pass off in insen- sible perspiration ; as, fluids transpire from the human body. 2. To escape from secrecy; to become public. The proceedings of the council have not yet trans- pired. 3. To happen or come to pass. TRANS-PIR’ED, pp. Emitted through the excretories of the skin ; exhaled. 2, Escaped from secrecy. TRANS-PIR/ING, ppr. Exhaling ; passing off in in- sensible perspiration becoming public. TRANS-PLACE’, v, & [trans and place.] To remove ; to put in a new place. It was transplaced from the left side of the Vatican to a more eminent place, ([Liide used.]} ‘ilkins. TRANS-PLANTY’,-v. t. plant, L. planto. | 1. To remove and plant in another place; as, to transplant trees. 2. To remove and settle or establish for residence Dryden. Pierced through ; Penetrating ; passing ppr- [Fr. transplanter ; trans and in another place; as, to transplant inhabitants. Sal- maneser transplanted the Cuthites to Samaria. 3. To remove. Clarendon. Milton. TRANS-PLANT-A/TION, n. The act of transplant- ing; the removal of a plant or of a settled inhabitant to a different place for growth or residence. 2. Removal; conveyance from one to another. Formerly men believed in the transplantation of dis- eases. Baker. Cue, TRANS-PLANT’ED, pp. or a. Removed and planted or settled in another place. TRANS-PLANT’ER, n. One who transplants. 29, A machine for transplanting trees, TRANS-PLANT’ING, ppr. Removing and planting or settling in another place. TRAN-SPLEND/EN-CY, 1. See Spienvor. | Supereminent splendor. [L. trans and splendens. More. TRA TRAN-SPLEND/ENT, a. degree. e TRAN-SPLEND/ENT-LY, adv. Resplendent in the highest With eminent splen- dor. More. TRANS-PORT’, v. t. [L. transporto ; trans and porto, to carry. ] 1. To carry or convey from one place to another, either by means of beasts or vehicles on land, or by ships on water, or by balloons in air; as, to transport the baggage of an army ; to transport goods from one country to another ; to transport troops over a river. 2. To carry into banishment, as a criminal. Crim- inals are transported as a punishment for their crimes, which often amounts to banishment. 3. To hurry or carry away by violence of passion. They laugh as if transported with some fit Of passion. Milton. 4. To ravish with pleasure ; to bear away the soul in ecstasy ; as, to be transported with joy. Milton. 5. To remove from one place to another, as a ship by means of hawsers and anchors. Mar. Dict. TRANS’PORT, n. Transportation; carriage; con- veyance. The Romans stipulated with the Carthaginians to furnish them with ships for transport and war, Arbutinot. 2. A ship or vessel employed for transporting ; par- ticularly for carrying soldiers, warlike stores, or pro- visions, from one place to another, or to convey con- victs to the place of their destination. 3. Rapture; ecstasy. The news of the victory Was received with transports of joy. 4. A convict transported or sentenced to exile. TRANS-PORT’A-BLE, a. That may be transported. Jeddoes. [Vot in use.] Shak. TRANS-POR-TA'TION, nm. Thé act of carrying or conveying from one place to another, either on beasts or in vehicles, by land, or water, or in air. Goods, in Asia, are transported on camels ; in Europe and America, either on beasts or on carriages or sleds. But transportation by water is the great means of commercial intercourse. 2. Banishment for felony. 3. Transmission ; conveyance, Dryden. 4. Transport; ecstasy. [Little used.] South. 5. Removal from one country to another; as, the transportation of plants. TRANS-PORT’ED, pp. Carried ; conveyed ; removed ; ravished with delight. TRANS-PORT’ED-LY, adv. TRANS-PORT’ED-NESS, zn. TRANS-PORT/ANCE, n. Conveyance. In a state of rapture. A state of rapture. Bp. Hall. TRANS-PORT’ER, n. One who transports or re- moves. TRANS-PORT’ING, ppr. Conveying or carrying from one place to another; removing; banishing for a crime. 2. a. Ravishing with delight; bearing away the soul in pleasure ; ecstatic ; as, transporting joy. TRANS-PORT’ING-LY, adv. Ravishingly. TRANS-PORT’MENT, n. Transportation [ Little used. | Hall. TRANS-POS/AL, (trans-pdz/al,) n. [from transpose. ] The act of changing the places of things, and put- ting each in the place which was before occupied by the other. TRANS-POSE’, (trans-pdze’,) v. t. trans and poser, to put. ] 1. To change the place or order of things by put- ting each in the place of the other; as, to transpose letters, words, or propositions. Locke. 2. To put out of place. Shak. 3. In algebra, to bring any term of an equation from one side over to the other, without destroying the equation. Thus, if a+ o=c, and we make a=c — b, then b is said to be transposed. 4. In grammar, to change the natural order of 5. In music, to change the key. [ words. TRANS-POS‘ED, (trans-pozd’,) pp. Being changed in place, and one put in the place of the other. TRANS-POS/ING, ppr. Changing the place of things, and putting each in the place of the other. 9, Bringing any term of an equation from one side over to the other. 3. Changing the natural order of words. TRANS-PO-SU'/TION, (-zish’un,) n. [Fr., from L. transpositio. | 1. A changing of the places of things, and putting each in the place before occupied by the other; as, the transposition of words in a sentence. 9, The state of being reciprocally changed in place. Woodward. 3, In algebra, the bringing of any term of an equa- tion from one side over to the other, without destroy- ing the equation. 4. In grammar,a change of the natural order of words in a sentence. Tho Latin and Greek lan- guages adinit transposition without inconvenience to a much greater extent than the English, : 5. In music, a change in the composition, either in the transcript or the performance, by which the whole is removed into another Key. usby, [Fr. transposer ; TRA TRANS-PO-SI'/TION-AL, (-zish/un-al,) a. Pertain- ing to transposition. eg ge. TRANS-POS’LTIVE, a. Made by transposing ; con- sisting in transposition. TRANS-SHAPE’, v. t. [trans and shape.] To change into another form. TRANS-SHAP’/ED, (-shapt!,) pp. Transformed. TRANS-SHAP/ING, ppr. ‘Transforming. TRANS-SHIP!, v. t. See TransHir. TRAN-SUB-STAN/TIATE, ». t. tier; trans and substance.} To change to another substance ; as, to transub- stanstiate the sacramental elements, bread und wine, into the flesh and blood of Cxrist, according to the Roman Catholic doctrine. TRAN-SUB-STAN/TIA-TED, pp. other substance. TRAN-SUB-STAN/TIA-TING, ppr. other substance. TRAN-SUB-STAN-TLA’TION, (-stan-she-a/shun,) 2. Change of substance. In the Roman Catholic theology, the supposed con- version of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Christ. Cyc. TRAN-SUB-STAN/TIA-TOR, n. One who main- tains the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantn- tion. arrow. TRAN-SU-DA!TION, n. [from transude.] The act or process of passing off through the pores of a sub- stance, as sweat or other fluid. Boyle. TRAN-SU/DA-TO-RY, a. Passing by transudation. TRAN-SUDE’, v.i. [L. trans and sudo, to sweat.] To pass through the pores or interstices of texture, as perspirable matter or other fluid; as, liquor may transude through leather or through wood. TRAN-SUD/ING, ppr. Passing through the pores of a substance, as sweat or other fluid. TRAN-SUME’,v. t. [L. transumo; trans and sumo, to take. ] To take from one to another. TRAN-SUMP'’, (-sumt’,) x. [Fr. transudstan- Changed to an- Changing to an- {Iittle used. A copy or exemplifica- tion of arecord. [JVot in use.] Herbert. TRAN-SUMP’/TION, (-sum/shun,) n. The act of taking from one place to another. [Little used.) South. TRAN-SUMPT’IVE, a. Taking from ane to another. TRANS-VE€!/TION, n. [L. transvectio.] The act of conveying or carrying over TRANS-VERS/AL, a. [Fr., from L. trans and ver- SUS. | Running or lying across; as, a transversal line. Hale. TRANS-VERS/AL, zn. In geometry, a straight or curved line which traverses or intersects any system of other lines; as a line intersecting the three sides of a triangle. Brande. TRANS-VERS/AL-LY, adv. In a directiun crosswise. Wilkins. TRANS-VERSPE’, (-vers’,) a. _[L. transversus ; trans and versus, verto, ! 1. Lying or being across or in a cross direction ; as, a transverse diameter or axis. 2. In botany, a transverse partition, in a pericarp, is at right angles with the valves, as in a silique. Martyn. The longer axis of an ellipse. To overturn. [Little TRANS/VERSE, zn. TRANS-VERSE’, (-vers’,) v. t. used. | TRANS-VERS’ED, (-verst’,) pp. Overturned. TRANS-VERSE/LY, (-vers/le,) adv. In a cross di- rection ; as, to cut a thing transversely. At Stonehenge, the stones lie transversely upon each other. Sulling/ieet. TRANS-VERS/ING, ppr. Oyerturning. TRAN’TER, 2 Acarrier, [Various dialects in Eng- land.]} Hallivell. TRAP, n, [Sax. trapp, trepp; Fr. trape; It, trapola; Sp. trampa. ] ; 1. An engine that shuts suddenly or with a spnng, used for taking game; as,a trap for foxes. A trap is a very different thing from a snare; though the lat- ter word may be used in a figurative sense for a trap. 9. An engine for catching men. [Vot used i the United States. ] 3. An ambush; a stratagem ; any device by which men or other animals may be caught unawares. Let their table be made a snare and a trap. — Rom. xi. 4, A play in which a ball is thrown up into the air by striking the end of a balanced stick on whieh it rests, and is then struck with a bat. Strutt. TRAP, n. [Sw. trappa, Dan. trappe, a stair, because the rocks of this class often occur in Jarge, tabular masses, rising one above another, like steps._ A heavy, igneous rock, of a greenish-black or gray- ish color, consisting of an intimate mixture ol feld- spar and hornblende. When the hornblende is re- placed by augite, it is termed Basar ; and when, In addition, the feldspar is replaced by Labradorite, the rock is called Doterite. GREENSTONE IS another name for the rock. Dana, TRAP, v. t. To catch in a trap; as, to trap foxes or beaver. 2. To insnare; to take by stratagem. I trapped the foe. Dryden. TONE, BULL, UNITE, — ANGER, eee 47 VI''CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1169 a napa —————— Se a a nn ele N ea oa iat re oe wesee om r we ee (_< Baer 4 ms TRA 3. To adorn; to dress with omaments. [See Traprines.] [The verb is little used in this sense.) Spenser. TRAP, v. i. To set traps for game ; as, to trap for beaver. TRA-PAN!, v.t. [Sex. treppan; from trap.] To insnare; to cate by stratagem. TRA-PAN!’,n. A snare; a stratagem. TRA-PAN/NER, n. Onze who jnsnares. TRA-PAN’NING, ppr. Insnaring: : TRAP’-DOOR, ns tee and doo*.| A door ina floor, which shuts close lixe a valve. Ray. TRAPE,v.i. To traipse; to walk carelessly and slut- tishly. [Mot muck aised.| : TRAPES, 7. Aslattern; an idJe, sluttish woman. TRA-PE’ZI-AN, a. [See Trarezium.] In crystal- lography, having the lateral planes composed of tra- peziums situated in two ranges, between two bases. TRA-PE/ZLFORM, a. Having the form of a trape- zium. TRA-PE/ZI-UM, n.; zl. TRAPEZIA OF TRAPEZIUMS. [L., from Gr. mpazef cov, a Jittle table.] _ 1. In geometry, a plane figure contained under four right lines, of which both the opposite pairs are not parallel. Hutton. 2). In anatomy, a bone of the carpus. TRAP-E-ZO-HE/DRON, n. [Gr. rparegtov and édpa, side. A did bounded by twenty-four equal and similar trapeziums. Cleaveland. TRAP/E-ZOID, n. [Gr. teametov and ErOnsi A plane, four-sided figure, having two of the op posite sides paralle! to each other, Olmsted. TRAP-E-ZOID/AL, a. Having the form of a trape- zoid. 9, Having the surface composed of twenty-four trapeziums, all equal and similar. Cleaveland. TRAP!PE-AN, a. Pertaining to or denoting trap or trap-rock. TRAP/PED, (trapt,) pp. Caught in a trap ; insnared. TRAP’PER, n. {from Trar.] One who sets traps to catch beavers and other wild animals, usually for furs. Irving. TRAP/PING, ppr. Setting traps for wild animals ; used also as a NOUN. TRAP/PINGS, n. pl. [from trap. The primary sense is, that which is set, spread, or put on. | J. Ornaments of horse furniture. Caparisons and steeds, Bases and tinsel trappings. Milton. external and superficial South. 2, Ornaments; dress ; decorations. These but the trappings and the suits of woe. Shak. Trappings of life, for ornament, not use Dryden. Affectation is part of the trappings of folly. Rambler. TRAP/PIS LT, n. One of a very strict religious order founder. in 1140, in the valley of La Trappe, and still existing in Normandy. TRAP POUS, a. [from trap, in g-v1ogy. It ought to be I'napry. | Pertaining to trap; resembling trap, or partaking of its form or qualities. Kirwan. TRAPS, n. pl. Goods, furniture, &c. Halliwell. TRAP/STICK, n. A stick used by boys at the game of trap; hence, a slender leg. Addison, TRAP/-TU-FA,) 7. A kind of sandstone made up TRAP’-TUFF, § of fragments and earthy materials from trap-rocks, Dana. TRASH, 7. [In G. driise is a gland; drusen, dregs. In Sw. trasais a rag. The word may be allied to thrash. | 1. Any waste or worthless matter Who steals my purse, steals trash. Shak. 2. Loppings of trees; bruised canes, &c. In the West Indies, the decayed leaves and stems of canes are called field-trash ; the bruised or macerated rind of canes is called cane-trash; and both are called trash. Edwards, W. Indies. 3. Fruit or other matter improper for food, but eaten by children, &c It is used particularly of un- ripe fruits. 4. A worthless person. [.Vot proper.] Shak. 5. A piece of leather or other thing fastened to a dog’s neck, to retard his speed. TRASH, v.t. To lop; to crop. Warburton. 9. To strip of leaves ; as, to trash ratoons. Edwards, W. Indies. 3. To crush; to humble ; as, to trash the Jews, Hammond. A. To clog ; to encumber ; to hinder. Shak. TRASH, v.i. To follow with violence and trampling. Todd. TRASH’ED, (trasht,) pp. Lopped ; stripped of leaves. T'RASH/Y, a. Waste; rejected ; worthless ; useless. Dryden. TRASS, 2 A volcanic earth or sand-rock resembling puzzolana, used as a cement; or a coarse sort of plaster or mortar, durable in water, and used to line cisterns and other reservoirs of water. The Dutch trass is made of a soft rock-stone, found near Col- len, on the lower part of the Rhine. It is burnt like lime, and reduced to powder in mills. It is of a TRA TRA TRAU'LISM, n. A stammering. [Not in use. ] TRAU-MAT'I€, a. [Gr. 7pavpa,a wound. ] j. Pertaining to or applied to wounds. Coze. 2, Vulnerary ; adapted to the cure of wounds. Wiseman. TRAU-MAT'I€, 7 A medicine useful in the cure of wounds. TRAV/AIL, (trav/il,) v. 1 [ Fr. travailler; W. tra- vaelu, to toil ; a compound of W. tra, that is, tras, L. trans, over, beyond, and mael, work, Eng. moil ; It. travagliare; Sp. trabajar.) 1. 'To labor with pain ; to toil. 9. To suffer the pangs of childbirth; to be in par- turition. Gen. XXXV. TRAV/AIL, v. t. To harass; to tire; as, troubles sufficient to travail the realm. [Vot in use.) Hayward. TRAV/AIL, n. Labor with pain; severe toil. As eyery thing of price, so doth this require travail, [Obs.] Hooker. 9, Parturition; as, a severe travail; an easy travail. TRAV’AIL-ED, pp. Harassed ; Jabored in childbirth. TRAV/AIL-ING, ppr. ora. Laboring with toil; being in parturition. Js. xlil. TRAVE, )n. [Sp. traba; Fr. entraves. See Tram- TRAV/IS, MEL. } 1. A wooden frame to confine a horse while the smith is setting his shoes. ‘This is not used for horses in America, but a similar frame is used for confining oxen for shoeing. 9. A beam; a lay of joists ; a traverse. Wood. TRAV’‘EL, v.i. [A different orthography and applica- tion of TravaiL.] 1. To walk ; to go or march on foot; as, to travel from London to Dover, or from New York to Phila- delphia. So we say, a man ordinarily travels three miles an hour. [This is the proper sense of the word, which implies toil. ] 9, To journey; to ride to a distant place in the same country ; as, a man travels for his health ; he is traveling to Virginia. A man traveled from Lon- don to Edinburgh in five days. 3. To go to a distant country, or to visit foreign states or kingdoms, either by sea or land. It is cus- tomary for men of rank and property to travel for improvement ; Englishmen travel to France and Italy ; some men travel for pleasure or curiosity ; oth- ers travel to extend their knowledge of natural history. 4. To pass; to go; to move, News travels with rapidity. Time travels in divers paces with divers persons. Shak, 5, Tolabor. [See Travalt.] 6. To move, walk, or pass, as a beast, a horse, ox or camel. A horse travels fifty miles in a day; a camel, twenty. TRAV/EL, v. t. To pass; to journey over; as, to travel the whole kingdom of England. I travel this profound. 9 To force to journey. The corporations —shall not be traveled forth from their fran- chises. [Not used.]} Spenser. TRAV’EL, n. A passing on foot ; a walking. 9. Journey; a passing or riding from place to place. His travels ended at his country-sea 3. Travel or travels; 0 journeying to a distant country or countries. The gentleman has just re- turned from his travels. 4, The distance which a man rides in the perform- ance of his official duties; or the fee paid for passing that distance ; as, the travel of the sheriff is twenty miles; or that of a representative is seventy miles ; his travel is a dollar for every twenty miles. United States. 5. Travels, in the plural; an account of occur- rences and observations made during a journey ; as, Milton. t. Dryden, currences in traveling ; as, travels in Italy. 6. Labor; toil; parturition. [See TRAVAIL. | Quart. Rev. traveled observations. [ Unusual. ] Wotton. 2. a. Having made journeys. XXXI. 9. One who visits foreign countries. or boom. Totten. TRAV/EL-ER’S JOY, n. climbing plant with white flowers. TRAV/EL-ING, ppr. journey. Matt. xxv. Loudon. a traveling companion, expenses, fees, &c. TRAV/EL-ING, n. A passing from place to place the act of performing a journey. sh. assed ; fatigued with travel. [ Vot in use. Shak, TRAV/ERS, adv. [Fr.] [See Traverse.] Across a book of travels ; the title of a book that relates oc- TRAV‘EL-ED, pp. Gained or made by travel; as, 3. In ships, an iron ring made to travel on a rope| TRAV/ERS-ING, ppr. The Clematis vitalba. a] TRAV’ER-TIN, x. Walking; going; making a 9. a. Pertaining to or connected with travel; as, TRAV/EL-TAINT-ED, a. [travel and tainted.] Har- TRAV'ERS-A-BLE, a. [See Trayense, in law.] That may be traversed or denied ; as, a traversable allegation. TRAV’/ERSE, adv. [Fr., atraverse.| Athwart; cross- wise. The ridges of the field lay traverse. TRAV/ERSE, prep. [Supra.] Through; crosswise. He traverse The whole battalion views their order due. [Little used.) Milton Hayward. TRAV/ERSE, a. [Fr. traverse; tra, tras, and L, ver- sus; transversus. | Lying across; being in a direction across some- thing else ; as, paths cut with traverse trenches. Hayward. Oak — may be trusted in traverse work for summers. Wotton. TRAV/ERSE, n. [Supra.] Any thing laid or built across, : There is a traverse placed in the loft where she sitteth, Bacon. OS 2, Something that thwarts, crosses, or obstructs ; a cross accident. He is satisfied he should have suc- ceeded, had it not been for unlucky traverses not in his power. 3. In fortification, a trench with a little parapet for protecting men on the flank; also, a wall raised across a work. Cyc. 4. In architecture, a gallery or loft of communica- tion in a church or other large building. Qoilt. 5. In navigation, traverse sailing is the mode of computing the place of a ship by reducing several short courses made by sudden shifts or turns, to one longer course. Olmsted. 6. In law, a denial of what the opposite party has advanced in any stage of the pleadings. When the traverse or denial comes from the defendant, the issue is tendered in this manner, ‘‘and of this he puts himself on the country.” When the traverse lies on the plaintiff, he prays ‘this may be inquired of by the country.” Blackstone. The technical words introducing a traverse, are absque hoc, without this; that is, without this which follows. 7. A tuming ; a trick. TRAV/ERSE, v.t. To cross; to lay in a cross direc- tion. The parts should be often traversed or crossed by the flowing of the folds. Dryden. 9, To cross by way of opposition ; to thwart; to obstruct. Frog thought to traverse this new pri ject. 3. To wander over; to cross in traveling ; as, to traverse the habitable globe. Arbuthnot. What seas you traverse 7, and what fields you fonght. Pope. 4. To pass over and view ; to survey carefully. My. purpose is to traverse the nature, principles, and properties of this detestable vice, ingratitude. South. 5, To turn and point in any direction ; as, to trav- erse a cannon. Cyc. 6. To plane in a direction across the grain of the wood ; as, to traverse a board. Yc. 7. In law pleadings, to deny what the opposite party has alleged. When the plaintiff or defendant advances new matter, he avers it to be true, and traverses what the other party has affirmed. So to traverse an indictment or an office, is to deny it. To traverse a yard, in sailing, is to brace it aft. TRAV/ERSE, v.i. In fencing, to use the posture or motions of opposition or counteraction. To see thee fight, to see thee traverse. Shak, 9, To turn, as on a pivot; to move round; to swivel. The needle of a compass traverses 5 if it does not traverse Well, itis an unsafe guide. 3. In the manee, to cut the thread crosswise, as a horse that throws his croup to one side and his head to the other. Cyc. TRA V'ERSE-BOARD, n. Proper and board.] In a ship, a small board to be hung in the steerage, and bored full of holes upon lines, showing the points of compass upon it. By moving a peg on this, the steersman keeps an account of the number of glasses a ship is steered on any point. Cyc. Mar. Dict. TRAV’ERS-ER, x. A term in Jaw for one who trav- erses or opposes a plea. TRAV/EL-ER, x. One who travels in any way. Job TRA V/ERSE-TA-BLE, n. [traverse and table.} In navigation, a table of difference of latitude and de- parture. Crossing ; passing over ; thwarting; turning; denying. A white concretionary limestone, usually hard and semi-crystalline, deposited from the water of springs holding lime in solution. Lyell. TRAV/ES-TI-ED, (trav/es-tid,) pp. Disguised by dress; turned into ridicule. TRAV/ES-TY, a. [Infra.] Having an unusual dress ; disguised by dress so as to be ridiculous. It is ap- plied to a book or composition translated in a manner to make it burlesque. TRAV/ES-TY, x. A parody; a burlesque translation 3 ; grayish color. Cyc. athwart. [Not used.] Shak. ofa work. ravesty may be intended to ridicule ab-TRE surdity, or to convert a grave performance into a humorous one. TRAV'ES-TY, v. t. [Fr. travestir ; It. travestire ; tra, tras, over, and Fr. vestir, vétir, to clothe.] lo translate into such language as to render ridic- ulous or ludicrous, him into Italian bur- G. Battista Lalli travestied Virgil, or turned Cyc. Good’s Sacred Idyls. lesque verse. TRAV 'ES-TY-ING, ppr. Turning into ridicule. TRAWL/ER, n. A fishing vessel which trails or drags a net behind it. [£ng.] TRAY, n. (Sw. trag, Sax. trog, Dan. trug, a trough It is the same word as Troven, differently written ; L. trua. A small trough or wooden vessel, sometimes scooped out of a piece of timber and made hollow, used for making bread in, chopping meat, and other domestic purposes, TRAY’-TRIP, xn. A kind of play. TREACH’ER, (trech-,) 2. Shak. TREACH/ET-OUR, TREACH/OUR, A traitor. [ Obs. Spenser. TREACH’ER-OUS, (trech/er-us,) a. [See TREacH- ERY.] Violating allegiance or faith pledged ; faith- less ; traitorous to the state or sovereign ; perfidious in private life; betraying a trust. A man may be treacherous to his country, or treacherous to his friend, by violating his engagements or his faith pledged. TREACH’/ER-OUS-LY, (trech/er-us-ly,) adv. By violating allegiance or faith pledged; by betraying a trust; faithlessly; perfidiously; as, to surrender a fort to an enemy treacherously ; to disclose a secret treacherously. [Fr. tricheur.] You freacherously practiced to undo me. TREACH’ER-OUS-NESS, (trech/er-us-nes,) n. Breach of allegiance or of faith; faithlessness ; per- fidiousness. TREACH/ER-Y, (trech’er-e,) n. [Fr. tricherie, a cheat- ing ; tricher, to cheat. This word is of the family of trick, intrigue, intricate. ] Violation of allegiance or of faith and confidence. The man who betrays his country in any manner, violates his allegiance, and is guilty of treachery. This is treason. The man who violates his faith pledged to his friend, or betrays a trust in which a promise of fidelity is implied, 1s guilty of treachery. The disclosure of a secret committed to one In con- fidence, is treachery. This is perfidy. TREA/€LE, Cre n. (Fr. theriaque; It. teriaca ; Sp. triaca; L. theriaca; Gr. Ynpiaxn, from Sp, a wild beast ; Sypcaxa dappaka.] 1. A viscid, uncrystallizable sirup, which drains from the sugar-refiner’s molds, sometimes called Su- Gar-House Monasses. Molasses is the drainings of crude sugar. The word treacle, however, is often used for molasses. 9. A saccharine fluid, consisting of the inspissated juices or decoctions of certain vegetables, as the sap of the birch, scyamore, &c. Cyc. 3. A medicinal compound of various ingredients. [See THER! AC. | TREA/ELE-MUS’/TARD, n. A plant of the genus Thlapsi, whose seeds are used in the theriaca ; Mithridate mustard. Cyc. TREA/ELE-WA'TER, n. A compound cordial, dis- tilled with a spiritous menstruum from any cordial and sudorific drugs and herbs, with a mixture of Venice treacle. Cyc. TREAD, (tred,) v. 7; pret. Trop ; pp. Trop, Trop- DEN. ([Sax. tredan, tredan; Goth. trudan; D. tred,a step ; treeden, to tread ; G, treten; Dan. trader; Sw. troidh, the, foot; W. troed, the foot ; It coincides in Otiwoay. trada; Gaelic, troediaw, to use the foot, to tread. elements with L. trudo.] 1, To set the foot. Where’er you tread, the blushing flowers shall rise, Fools rush in where angels fear to tread, Pope. urke. 9. To walk or go. Every place whereon the soles of your feet shall tread, sh ull be yours. — Deut. xi, 3. To walk with form or state. - Ye that stately tread, or lowly creep. Milton. 4. To copulate, as fowls. Shak, To tread or tread on; to trample; to set the foot on in contempt. Thou shalt tread upon their high places. — Deut. xxxiil. TREAD, (tred,) v. t. To step or walk on. Forbid to tread the promised land he saw, To press under the feet. . To beat or press with the feet ; as, to tread a path ; to tread land when too light; a well-trodden path. He 5. To crush under the foot; to trample in con- tempt or hatred, or tosubdue. Ps. xliv. Ix. 6. To compress, as a fowl. To tread the stage; to act as a stage-player ; to per- form a part in a drama. Prior. » i > To walk in a formal or stately manner. thought she frod the ground with greater grace. Dryden, TRE To tread or tread out; to press out with the feet ; to press out wine or whieat; as, to tread out grain with cattle or horses. They tread their wine-presses and suffer thirst. — Job xxiv. TREAD, (tred,) n. A step or stepping; pressure with the foot; as, a nimble tread; cautious tread; doubt- ful tread. Milton. Dryden. 2. Way; track; path. [Little used.] Shak. 3. The act of copulation in birds. 4, Manner of stepping; as, a horse has a good tread, 5. In architecture, the horizontal part of a step, on which the foot is placed. rande. TREAD/ER, (tred/er,) n. One who treads. Is. Xvi. TREAD/ING, (tred/ing,) ppr. Stepping; pressing With the foot; walking on. TREAD/ING, n. Act of pressing with the foot. TREAD’LE, } ‘tred/dl )n. The part of a loom or TRED/DLE, ( “TESS ») { other machine which is moved by the tread or foot. 2, The albuminous cords which unite the yelk of the egg to the white. TREAD/-MILL, (tred/mill,) x. A mill worked by per- sons treading on steps upon the periphery of a wide horizontal wheel. Itis used chiefly as a means of prison discipline. TREAGUE, (treeg,) n. [Goth. tri Ice. trigd, a truce, a league. ] Atruce. [0Obs.] * Spenser. TREA/SON, (tré/zn,) n. [Fr. trahison; Norm. tra- hir,to draw in, to betray, to commit treason, Fr. trahir, L. traho. See Draw and Draa.] Treason is the highest crime, of a civil nature, of which a man can be guilty. Its signification is dif- ferent in different countries. Jn general, it is the of- fense of attempting to overthrow the government of the state to which the offender owes allegiance, or of betraying the state into the hands of a foreign power. In monarchies, the killing of the king, oran attempt to take his life, is treason. In England, to imagine or compass the death of the king, or of the prince, or of the queen consort, or of the heir apparent of the crown, is high treason; as are many other offenses created by statute. In the United States, treason is confined to the ac- tual levying of war against the United States, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- fort. Constitution of the United States. Treason, in Great Britain, is of two kinds, high treason and petit treason. High treason isa crime that immediately affects the king or state ; such as the of- fenses just enumerated. Petit treason involves a breach of fidelity, but affects individuals. Thus, for a wife to kill her husband, a servant his master or lord, or an ecclesiastic his lord or ordinary, is petit treason. But in the United States this crime is un- known; the killing, in the latter cases, being mur- der only. TRiEA’S ON-A-BLE, (tré/zn-a-bl,) a. Pertaining to treason ; consisting of treason; involving the crime of treason, or partaking of its guilt. Most men’s heads had been intoxicated with imaginations of plots and treasonable practices, Clarendon. TRiLA’S ON-A-BLE-NESS, n. sonable. TREA'S ON-A-BLY, adv. Ina treasonable manner. TRiEA’/S ON-OUS, for TrEAsonaBLe, Is not in use. TREAS'URE, (trezh’ur,) n. — [F'r. tresor ; Sp. and It. tesauro; L. thesaurus; Gr. Sycavpos.] 1. Wealth accumulated ; particularly, a stock or store of money in reserve. Henry VII. was frugal and penurious, and collected a great treasure of gold and silver. 9. A great quantity of any thing collected for fu- ture use, We have treasures in the ficld, of wheat and of barley, and of oil and of honey. — Jer. xli. 3, Something very much valued. sowa; It. tregua; 66 Quality of being trea- Ps, CXXXV. Ye shall be a peculiar (reasure to me. — Ex, xix, 4. Great abundance. In whom are hid all the treasures of wis jom and knowledge. Col. ii. TREAS/URE, (trezh/ur,) v. t. To hoard; to collect and reposit, either money or other things, for future use; to lay up; as, to treasure gold and silver ; usu- ally with up. Sinners are said to treasure up wrath against the day of wrath. Rom. ii. TREAS/URE-CIT-Y, (trezh/ur-sit-e,) n. stores and magazines. x. 1. TREAS/UR-ED, (trezh/urd,) pp. Hoarded ; laid up for future use, TREAS/URE-HOUSE, (trezh’ur-hous,) n. A city for A house or building where treasures and stores are kept. Taylor. TREAS/UR-ER, (trozh/ur-er,) 7. One who has the care of a treasure or treasury ; an officer who re- ceives the public money arising from taxes and du- ties, or other sources of revenue, takes charge of the same, and disburses it upon orders drawn by the proper authority. Incorporated companies and pri- vate societies have also their treasurers. In England, the lord high treasurer is the principal TRE officer of the crown, under whose charge is all the na onal revenue. The treasurer of the household, in the absence of the lord-steward, has power with the controller and } other officers of the Green-cloth, and the steward of | the Marshalsea, to hear and determine treasons, fel- onies, and other crimes committed withia the king’s palace. There is also tze treasurer of the navy and the treasurers of the county. Cyc. TREAS'UR-ER-SF IL, (rgnh/yx-er-ship,) n. The of- fice of treasurer. TREAS/UR-ESS, (wenn/ur-ezs,) nm. A female who has charge of a theasure, ering. TREAS/URE-TRO Va, (trezn/ur-trove,) n. [treasure and Fr. trouvé, found.] Any money, bullion, and the like, found in the earth, the owner of which is not known. Eng, Law. TREAS/UR-ING, ppr. Hoarding; laying up for fu- ture use. TREAS! UR-Y, (trezh/ur-e,) m. A place or building in which stores of wealth are reposited ; particularly, a place where the public revenues are deposited and kept, and where money is disbursed to defray the ex- penses of government. 2. A building appropriated for keeping public mon- ey. John viii. Also for keeping accounts of public money. 3. The officer or officers of the treasury depart- ment. 4. A repository of abundance. Ps. cxxXv. TREAT, (treet,) v. t. ([Fr. traiter; It. trattare; Sp. tratar; lL. tracto ; Sax, trahtian.] 1. To handle; to manage; to use. Subjects are usually faithful or treacherous, according as they are well or ill treated, ‘To treat prisoners ill, is the characteristic of barbarians. Let the wife of your bosom be kindly treated. 2. To discourse on. subjects of morality. 3. To handle in a particular manner, in writing or speaking ; as, to treata subject diffusely. 4. To give food or drink, especially the latter, as a compliment or expression of regard; as, to treat the whole company. 5. To negotiate; to settle; as, to treat a peace. [Not in use.] ryden. 6. To manage in the application of remedies ; as, to treat a disease or a patient. 7. To subject to the action of; as, to treat a sub- stauce with sulphuric acid. Tre. TREAT, v.i. To discourse ; to handle in writing or speaking ; to make discussions. Cicero treats of the nature of the gods; he treats of dld age and of du- ties. 2. To come to terms of accommodation Inform us, —will the emperor treat ? Swift. 3. To give food or drink, especially the latter, as a compliment or expression of regard. To treat with; to negotiate; to make and receive proposals for adjusting differences. Envoys were appointed to treat with France, but without success. TREAT, n. Anentertainment given as an expression of regard ; as, a parting treat. Dryden. 29. Something given for entertainment; as, a rich 3. Emphatically, a rich entertainment. (treat. TREAT’A-BLE, a. Moderate; not violent. The heats or the colds of seasons are less treatable than with us. This author treats various {Not in use.] Temple. TREAT/A-BLY, adv. Moderately. [JVot in Use| Hooker. TREAT’ED, pp. Handled; managed; used; dis- coursed on; entertained. TREAT'ER, n. One that treats; one that handles or discourses on; one that entertains. : TREAT/ING, ppr. Handling; managing ; using 5 discoursing on; entertaining. TREATISE, (treet/is,) rn. [L. tractatus.] A tract; a written composition on @ particular subject, in which the principles of it are discussed or explained. A treatise is of an indefinite length; but it implies more form and method than an essay, and less fullness or copiousness than a system. Cyc. TREAT/IS-ER, xn. One who writes a treatise. {Not i. ‘eatley. wsec TRAY MENT, me EX. traitement, | 1. Management; manipulation; manner of mix- ing or combining, of decomposing, and the like; 34, the treatment of substances in chemical experiments. 2, Usage ; manner of using 5 good or bad behavior toward. Accept such treatment as & awain «affords. Pope. 3. Manner of applying remedies to cure ; mode or course pursued to check and destroy ; as, the treat- ment of a disease. 4. Manner of applying remedies to; ment of a patient. TREAT’Y, n. [Fr. traité; It. trattato. | 1, Negotiation ; act of treating for the adjustment of differences, or for forming an agreement; as, a treaty is on the carpet. - He cast by treaty and by trains Her to persuade. as, the treat- Spenser. 9. An agreement, league, or contract, between two TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI''CIOUS. — €asK; GasJ; Sas Z; © si ee H as SH; FH as in THIS, 1171 —<$<———$<$<— Ser" ~ Dee eat ian ms!a eS —— P e, | ee NY Pw py PR ey SERGI VY eee te. a « the genus Aphis, FS eee TRE TRE TRE or more nations or sovereigns, formilly signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each state. Treaties are of various kinds ; as treaties for regulating commercial intercourse, tred- ties of alliance, offensive and defensive, treaties for hiring troops, treaties of peace, &c. 3. Entreaty. [ot in use.] Shak. TREAT/Y-MAK-ING, a, Authorized to make or form treaties. The treaty-making power JS lodged in the executive government. In monarchies, it is vested in the king or emperor; in the United States of America, it is vested in the president, by and with the consent of the senate. _ : : : TREB/LE, (trib/l,) a [Er triple; L. triplex, triplus ; tres, three, and plerus, fold. This should be written r va triveefold ; triple ; as, a lofty tower with treble walls. Dryden. 9. In music, acute; Sharp; as, a treble sound. Bacon. 3. That plays or sings the highest part or most acute sounds; that plays or sings the treble; as, a treble violin or voice. Cyc. TREB/LE, (trib'l,) n. The highest of the four princi- pal parts in music ; the part usually sung by females. This is sometimes called the First Tresve, to dis- tinguish it from the Seconp Tresve, which is sung by lower female voices. TREB/LE, (trib/I,) v. t. [L. triplico; Fr. tripler.] To make thrice as much; to make threefold. Compound interest soon trebles a debt. TREB’LE, (trib’l,) v. i. To become threefold. A debt at compound interest soon trebles in amount. TREB’LE-NESS, (trib’l-ness,) n. The state of being treble ; as, the trebleness of tones. Bacon. TREB/LY, (trib/le,) adv. In a threefold number or quantity ; as, a good deed trebly recompensed. TRE’ BUCK-ET, TREB/U-CHET, §7 2. A kind of trap. TRECK!-SCHUYT, n. [D., track-boat.] A covered boat for goods and passengers on the Dutch and Flemish canals. Brande. TREE, 7. (Sax. treo, treow; Dan. tre ; Sw. tra, wood, and tréd, a tree; Gr. dovs; Slav. drevo; Sans. druh, or drus. Qu. W. dar, an oak; Sans. taru,atree. It is not easy to ascertain the real original orthogra- phy ; most probably it was as in the Swedish or Greek.] J. A plant whose stem or stock is woody, branched, and perennial,and above a certain size. ‘Trees and shrubs differ only in size, and there is no absolute limit between them. When a plant of the above de- scription is more than eight or ten feet high, and not climbing, it is generally called a tree. When it is less than this, it is called a shrub ; but there are many ex- ceptions to this, on both sides. Trees are of various kinds; as nuciferous, or nut- bearing trees ; bacciferous, or berry-bearing ; conifer- ous, or cone-bearing, &c. Some are forest-trees, and useful for timber or fuel; others are fruit-trees, and cultivated in gardens and orchards; others are used chiefly for shade and ornament, 2. Something resembling a tree, consisting of a stem or stalk and branches; as, a genealogical tree. 3. In ship-building, pieces of timber are called chess- trees, cross-trees, roof-trees, tressel-trees, &C. 4, In Scripture, a cross. A cucking-stool ; a tumbrel. Jesus, whom they slew and hanged on a tree, — Acts x. , - 5. Wood. [ Obs.] Wiclif. TREE, v.t. To drive toa tree ; to cause to ascend a tree. A dog trees a squirrel. TREE/-FROG, n. [tree and frog.] ) A batrachian rep- TREE/-TOAD, 2. te and re \ tile, differing from proper frogs in having the extremities of their toes expanded into a rounded, viscous surface, that enables them to adhere to bodies, and to climb trees, where they remain al] summer, living upon insects, There are numerous species. Their generic name in natural history is Hyla. TREE/-GER-MAN’DER, n. A plant of.the genus Teucrium. Cyc. TREE’LESS, a. Destitute of trees. Byron. TREE/-LOUSE, n. [tree and louse.] An insect of TREE!’—MOSS, n. A species of lichen. Cyc. TREEN, a. Wooden; made of wood. [Obs.] Camden. TREEN, 7. The old plural of Trex. [Obs.] B, Jonson. TREE/NAIL, (commonly pronounced trun/nel,) n. [tree and nail. ] A Jong, wooden pin, used in fastening the planks of a ship to the timbers. Mar. Dict. TREE/-OF-LIFE’, n. An evergreen tree of the ge- nus Thuja. TREE!-TOAD, n._ [tree and toad.) See Trer-Froa. TRE/FOIL, n. pen tréfle; Li. trifolium; tres, three, and folium, leaf. } 1. The common name for many species of Trifo- lium, a genus of plants including white clover, red clover, &c.; also, a plant of the medic and lucern kind, the Medicago Lupulina, or nonesuch, cultivat- ed for fodder. Cyc. 2. In architecture, an ornament of three cusps in a circle, resembling three-leaved clover. Brande, TREIL/LAGE, (trel/laj,) x. [Fr., from treillis, trel- lis. ih gardening, a sort of rail-work, consisting of light posts and rails for supporting espaliers, and some- times for wall-trees. Cyc. TREL’LIS, n. [Fr. treillis, grated work.] A structure or frame of cross-barred work, or lat- tice-work, used for various purposes, as for screens for supporting plants. TREL/LIS-ED, (trel’list,) a. Having a trellis or trel- lises. Herbert. TRE-MAN'DO, [It.] Trembling; applied, in music, to a general shaking of the whole chord. Brande. TREM’BLE, (trem/bl,) v.t [Fr. trembler; L. tremo ; Gr. rofuw; It. tremare; Sp. tremer.] 1. To shake involuntarily, as with fear, cold, or weakness ; to quake; to quiver; to shiver; to shud- der. Frighted Turnus trembled as he spoke. Dryden. 2. To shake ; to quiver ; to totter. Sinai’s gray top shall tremble. Milton. 3. To quaver; to shake, as sound; as when we say, the voice trembles. TREM’/BLE-MENT, x. In, French music, a trill or shake, TREM/BLER, xn. One that trembles. TREM/BLING, ppr. or a. Shaking, as with fear, cold, or Weakness; quaking ; shivering. TREM/BLING, n. The act or state of shaking invol- untarily. TREM/BLING-LY, adv. So as to shake; with shiv- ering or quaking. Tremblingly she stood. Shak. TREM’BLING-POP’LAR, 7x. called ; Populus tremula. TRE-MEL'LA, n. A fungus of a gelatinous consist- ence; the name of a genus of fungi found in moist grounds. TRE-MEN’DOUS, a. tremble. ] 1. Such as may excite fear or terror; terrible ; dreadful. Hence, 9, Violent ; such as may astonish by its force and violence ; as, a tremendous wind; a tremendous shower; a tremendous shock or fall; a tremendous noise. TRE-MEN/DOUS-LY, adv. Ina manner to terrify or astonish ; with great violence. TRE-MEN/DOUS-NESS, n. The state or quality of being tremendous, terrible, or violent. TREM‘O-LITE, n. A mineral, so called from Tremo- la, a valley in the Alps, where it was discovered. It is a white variety of hornblende, in long, blade-like crystals, and coarsely fibrous masses. Dana. TRE/MOR,n. [L., from tremo.] An involuntary trembling; a shivering or shak- ing; a quivering or vibratory motion ; as, the tremor of a person who 18 weak, infirm, or old. The aspen-tree, so [L. tremendus, from tremo, to He fell into a universal tremor. TREM’U-LOUS, a. ble. } 1. Trembling; affected with fear or timidity ; as, a trembling Christian. Decay of Piety. 9. Shaking ; shivering ; quivering ; as, a tremulous limb ; a tremulous motion of the hand or the lips ; the tremulous leaf of the poplar. Holder. Thomson. TREM/U-LOUS-LY, adv. With quivering or trepida- tion. TREM/U-LOUS-NESS, n. The state of trembling or quivering ; as, the tremulousness of an aspen-leaf. TREN, n. A fish-spear. Ainsworth TRENCH, v. t. [Fr. trancher, to cut; It. trincea, a trench ; trinciare, to cut; Sp. trincar, trinchear ; Arm. troucha; VW. try Cu. | 1. To cut or dig, as a ditch, a channel for water, or a long hollow in the earth. We trench land for draining. ans is the appropriate sense of the word. | 9. To fortify by cutting a ditch and raising a ram- part or breastwork of earth thrown out of the ditch. [In this sense, ENTRENCH is more generally used.] 3. To furrow ; to form with deep furrows by plow- ing. 4. To cut a long gash. TRENCH, v. i. To encroach, [See Entrencu.] TRENCH, mn. A long, narrow cut in the earth; a ditch ; as, a trench for draining Jand. 2. In fortification, a deep ditch cut for defense, or to interrupt the approach of an enemy. The wall or breastwork formed by the earth thrown out of the ditch, is also called a trench, as also any raised work formed with bavins, gabions, wool-packs, or other solid materials. Hence the phrases, to mount the trenches, to guard the trenches, to clear the trenches, Harvey. [L. tremulus, from tremo, to trem- [Not in use.] Shak. c. To open the trenches ; to begin to dig, or to form the TRENCH/ANT, a. [Fr. tranchant.] Cutting ; sharp. ae used. | TRENCH’/ED, (trencht,) pp. Cut into Jong hollows Spenser. It would be no ordinary declension that would bring some men to place their summum bonum upon their trenchers. South. TRENCH/ER-FLY, x. ([trencher and fly.] One that haunts the tables of others ; a parasite. LL’ Estrange. TRENCH/ER-FRIEND, (-frend,) 7. [trencher and friend.] One who frequents the tables of others; a sponger. TRENCH’/ER-MAN, n. A feed- Shak. [trencher and man. | 2. Acook. [Obs.] TRENCH’ER-MATE, n. [trencher and mate.| A ta- ble companion ; a parasite. Tooker. TRENCH/ING, ppr. Cutting into trenches; digging; ditching. TRENCH/ING, n. The preparation of solls by digging two or more spades deep, and exposing the soil. Gardner. TRENCH’-PLOW, )n. [trench and plow.] A TRENCH’-PLOUGH,$ kind of plow for opening land to a greater depth than that of common fur- rows. Cyc. TRENCH/-PLOW, te t. [trench and plow.] To TRENCH’-PLOUGH, plow with deep furrows. TRENCH/-PLOW-ING, m. The practice or op- TRENCH’-PLOUGH-ING, eration of plowing with deep furrows, for the purpose of loosening the Jand to a greater depth than usual. Cyc. TREND, v.i. {This word seems to be allied to trun- dle or to run.] To run ; to stretch; to tend; to have a particular direction ; as, the shore of the sea trends to the south-west. TREND, n. Inclination in a particular direction ; as, the trend of a coast. Wilkes. TREND, v. t. In rural economy, to free wool from its filth. [Zocal.] Cyc. TREND’ER, 2. One whose business is to free wool from its filth. [Zocal.] Cyc. TREND/ING, ppr. Running; tending. 2. Cleaning wool. [Zocal.] TREND/ING, x. Inclination; stretching. 2. The operation of freeing wool from filth of va- rious kinds. Cyc. TREN’DLE, n. [Sax.; probably connected with trundle; Sw. trind, round; that is, vownd, with a prefix. } Any thing round used in turning or rolling ; a little wheel, TREN/TAL, n. [Fr. trente, thirty; contracted from L. triginta, It. trenta. An office for the dead in the Roman Catholic service, consisting of thirty masses rehearsed for thirty days successively after the party’s death. Cyc. TRE-PAN’, n. [Fr. trepan; It. trapano; Gr. rpura- vov, from tpvraw, to bore ; trpvra, a hole; rpvw. Qu. L. tero, terebra, on the root Rp.] In surgery, a circular saw for perforating the skull. It resembles a wimble. Cyc. TRE-PAN’!, v. t. To perforate the skull and take out a piece ; a surgical operation for relieving the brain from pressure or irritation. Cyc. TRE-PAN’, a snare, and TRE-PAN’, to insnare, are from trap, and written Traran, which see. TRE-PAN/NED, pp. Having the skull perforated. TRE-PAN/NER, 2. One who trepans. TRE-PAN’NING, ppr. Perforating the skull with a trepan. TRE-PAN’NING, nz. The operation of making an opening in the skull, for relieving the brain from compression or irritation. Cyc. TRE-PHINE! or TRE-PHINE!, n. [See Treran.] An instrament for trepanning, more modern than the trepan. It is a circular or cylindrical saw, with a handle like that of a gimlet, and a little sharp per- forator, called the center-pin. P. Cyc. TRE-PHINE’, v. t. To verforate with a trephine; to trepan. P. Cy. TRE-PHIN’ED, (tre -find/,) op. TREP/ID, a. [i. trepiaus.] Trembling ; quaxing. [JWVot wsed.] TREP-I-DA/TION, n. {L. trevidatio, from trepido, to tremble; Russ. trepeg, a trembling ; trepeschu, to tremble. | 1. An involuntary trembling ; a quaxing or quiv- ering, particularly from fear or terror; neace, a state of terror. The men were in great trepidation. 2. A trembling of the limbs, as ia paralytic affec- tions. 3. In the old astronomy, a libration of the eighth Trepanned. lines of approach. sphere, or a motion which the Ptolemaic system FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, } | or ditches ; furrowed deep. I TRENCH/ER, 2. [Fr. tranchoir.] | 1. A wooden plate. Trenchers were in use among \} the common people of New England till the revolu- }| tion. i 2. The table. Shak. | 3. Food; pleasures of the table. | 117 BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —SS re Lott eat ae ee pia eT ascribes to the firmament, to account for the changes and motion of the axis of the world. Hutton. 4. Hurry ; confused haste. TRES'PASS, v. 7 [Norm. trespasser; tres, L. trans, beyond, and passer, to pass. ] 1. Literally, to pass beyond; hence, primarily, to pass over the boundary line of another’s land ; to enter unlawfully upon the land of another. A man may trespass by walking over the ground of another, and the law gives a remedy for damages sustained. _ 2. To commit any offense, or to do any act that in- jures or annoys another; to violate any rule of recti- tude, to the injury of another. ‘ If any man shall trespass against his neighbor, and an oath be laid upon him. — 1 Kings viii. See Luke xvii, 3 and 4, 3. In a moral sense, to transgress voluntarily any divine Jaw or command ; to yiolate any known rule of duty. In the time of his discase did he trespass yet more, — 2 Chron. XXVill. We have trespassed against our God. — Ezra x. 4. To intrude; to go too far; to put to inconveni- ence by demand or importunity ; as, to trespass upon the time or patience of another, TRES/PASS, 2. In law, an unlawful act, committed with force and violence (vi ct armts) on the person, property, or relative rights of another. Blackstone. 2, Any injury or offense done to another. If ye forgive not men their (respasses, neither will your Father forgive your trespasees.— Matt. vi. 3. Any voluntary transgression of the moral law ; any violation of a Known rule of duty ; sin. Col. ii. You hath he quickened, who were dead in trespasses and sins. — Eph. ii. TRES’PASS-ER, n. One who commits a trespass ; one who enters upon another’s land, or violates his rights. _2. A transgressor of the moral Jaw ; an offender; a sinner. TRES/PASS-ING, ppr. Entering another man’s in- closure ; injuring or annoying another; violating the divine law or moral duty. TRESS, xn. [Fr. and Dan. tresse; Sw. tress, a lock or weft of hair; Dan. tresser, Sw. tressa, Russ. tresuyu, to weave, braid, or twist. The Sp. has trenza, and the Port. tranga, a tress. The French tresse may pos- sibly be from the It. treccia, but probably it is from some dialect of the north of Europe. ] A knot or curl of hair; a ringlet. Fair tresses man’s imperial race insnare. TRESS’ED, (trest,) a. Having tresses, 2. Curled ; formed into ringlets. TRESS‘/EL, n. See TRESTLE. TRESS/URE, n. In heraldry, a kind of border. TRES'TLE, (tres'},) n. [ Fr. tréteau, for tresteau ; W. trés, a trace, a chain, a stretch, labor; trestaw, to labor, that is, to strain ; tresty/, a strainer, a trestle. This root occurs in stress and distress. ] 1. The frame of atable. [Qu.D. driestal, a three- legged stool. } 2. A movable form for supporting any thing. 3. In bridges, a frame consisting of two posts with a head or cross beam and braces, on which rest the string-pieces. [This is the use of the word in New England. It is vulgarly pronounced trussel or trussl. | Trestle-trees, in a ship, are two strong bars of tim- ber, fixed horizontally on the opposite sides of the mast-head, to support the frame of the top. Tatten. TRET, 7. [Probably from L. tritws, tero, to wear. | In commerce, an allowance to purchasers, for waste or refuse matter, of 4 pounds on every 104 pounds of suttle weight, or weight after the tare is deducted. Me Culloch. [W. tréth, a tax; trethu, to Jan Pope. Spenser. TRETHI/INGS, n. pl. tax.] Taxes; imposts. [I know not where used. the United States. | TREV/ET, zn. [three-feet ; tripod; Fr. trepied.] A stool or other thing that is supported by three legs. TREY, (tri,) m. [L. tres, Eng. three, Fr. trois. ] A three at cards ; a card of three spots. Shak. TRI, a prefix in words of Greek and Latin origin, sig- nifies three, from Gr. TpEts. TRI/A-BLE, a. [from try.] That may be tried ; that may be subjected to trial or test. Boyle. 9, That may undergo a judicial examination ; that may properly come under the cognizance of a court. A cause may be triable before one court, which is not triable in another. In England, testamentary causes are triable in the ecclesiastical courts. TRU A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being triable. TRI-A-CON-TA-HE/DRAL, a. [Gr. rpiaxovra, thir- ty, and édpa, side. Having thirty sides. Johnson. It is unknown, I believe, in In mineralogy, bounded by thirty rhombs. Cleaveland. TRYA-GON-TER, n. [Gr. TPLaKOVTNPNS. | In ancient Greece, a vessel of thirty oars. TRIAD, n. [L. trias, from tres, three. ] The union of three; three united, Mitford. | TRIANGLE, (tri/ang-gl,) n. TRI In music, the common chord, consisting of a note sounded along with its third and fifth, with or with- out the octave, Callcott. Ed. Encyc. TRIAL, n. [from try.] Any effort or exertion 0 strength for the purpose of ascertaining its effect, or what can be done. A man tries to lift a stone, and on trial finds he is not able. A team attempts to draw a load, and after unsuccessful trial, the attempt is relinquished. 2. Examination by a test; chemistry and metallurgy. 3. Experiment; act of examining by experience. In gardening and agriculture, we learn by trial what land will produce; and often repeated trials are necessary. 4. Experience; suffering that puts strength, pa- tience, or faith to the test; afflictions or tempta- tions that exercise and prove the graces or virtues of men. experiment; as in Others had trial of cruel mockings and scourgings. — Heb. xi. 5. In law, the examination of a cause in contro- versy between parties, before a proper tribunal. Tri- als are civil or criminal. Trial in civil causes may be by record or inspection ; it may be by witnesses and jury, or by the court. By the laws of England and of the United States, trial by jury, in criminal cases, is held sacred. No criminal can be legally de- prived of that privilege. 6. Temptation ; test of virtue. Every station is exposed to some trials. 7. State of being tried. TRI-AL’/LTY, zn. [from three.] Three united; state of being three. [Little used.] Wharton. TRI-AN’DRI-A, n. ([Gr. rpecs, three, and avyp, a male. } A class of monoclinous or hermaphrodite plants, having three distinct and equal stamens. Linneus. TRI-AN’/DRI-AN,) a. Having three distinct and TRI-AN/DROUS, § equal stamens, in the same flower with a pistil or pistils. Rogers. Shak. [Fr., from L. triangu- lum ; tres, tria, three, and angulus, a corner. | 1. In geometry, a figure bounded by three lines, and containing three angles. The three angles of a plane triangle are equal to two right angles, or 180°, the number of degrees in a semicircle. If the three lines or sides of a triangle are all right, it is a plane or rectilinear triangle. If all the three sides are equal, itis an equilateral triangle. If two of the sides only are equal, it is an tsosceles or equicrural triangle. If all the three sides are unequal, it is a scalene or scalenous triangle. If one of the angles isa right angle, the triangle is rectangular. If one of the angles is obtuse, the triangle is called obtusangular or amblygonous. If all the angles are acute, the triangle is acutan- gular oF ory gonous. If the three lines of a triangle are all curves, the triangle is said to be curvilinear, If some of the sides are right and others curve, the triangle is said to be miztilinear. If the sides are all arcs of great circles of the sphere, the triangle is said to be spherical. Cyc. 9. An instrument of percussion in music, made of arod of polished steel, bent into the form of a tri- angle. 3, In military punishments, three halberts stuck in the ground and united at the top, to which soldiers are bound when flogged. TRYI'AN'GLED, a. Having three angles. TRYI-AN’GU-LAR, a. Having three angles. In botany, a triangular stem has three prominent longitudinal angles; a triangular leaf has three prom- inent angles, without any reference to their measure- ment or direction. Martyn. Smith. Triangular numbers ; the series of numbers formed by the successive sums of the terms of an arithmetic- al progression, of which the common difference is l. Brande. TRI-AN//GU-LAR-LY, adv. After the form of a tri- angle Harris. TRIAN'/GU-LA'TION, n. The use of a series of triangles in a trigonometrical survey ; or the series of triangles thus used, A, D. Stanley. TRIUAREH-Y, n. [Gr. rpses and apxn-| Government by three persons, TRI-A/RI-AN, a. [L. triarii. | Occupying the third post or place. Corley. TRIAS, n. A name sometimes given to the upper new red sandstone. Lyelt. TRI-AS/SIC, a. Pertaining to or composed of trias. TRIBAL, a. Belonging toa tribe. TRIBE, n. [W.. trev; Gael, treabh; Sax. thorpe, D. dorp, G. dorf; Sw: and Dan, terp, a hamlet or vil- lage; L. tribus. We have tribe from the last. -In Welsh, the word signifies a dwelling-place, home- stead, hamlet, or town, as does the Sax. thorpe. The Sax. traf isa tent; Russ, derevni, an estate, a ham- let, From the sense of house, the word came to sig- Te ee . ry ~ TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. | TRIB/O-LET, § ee = ns “F ERI nti famlly SeLace of descendants from one pro- genitor, who originally settled round himand formed a village. ] 1. A family, race, or series of generations, de- scending from the same progenitor, and kept dis- tinct, as in the case of the twelve tribes of Israel, de- scended from the twelve sons of Jacob. : 2. A division, class, or distinct portion of people, from whatever cause that distinction may have orig- inated. The city of Athens was divided into ten tribes. Rome was originally divided into three tribes; afterward the people were distributed into thirty tribes, and afterward into thirty-five. Roman Hist. 3, A number of things having certain characters or resemblances in common ; as, a tribe of plants; a tribe of animals Linneus distributed the vegetable kingdom into three tribes, viz., Monocotyledonous, Dicotyledonous, and Acotyledonous plants, and these he subdivided into gentes or nations. Martyn. 3y recent naturalists, tribe has been used for a di- vision of animals or vegetables, intermediate be- tween order and genus. Cuvier divides his orders into families, and his families into tribes, including under the latter one or more genera. Leach, in his arrangement of insects, makes his tribes, on the con- trary, the primary subdivisions of his orders, and his families subordinate to them, and immediately in- cluding the genera. Cuvier. Ed. Encye. Tribes of plants, in gardening, are such as are re- lated to each other by some natural affinity or resem- blance; as by their duration, the annual, biennial, and perennial tribes ; by their roots, as the bulbous, tuberous, and fibrous-rooted tribes ; by the loss or re- tention of their leaves, as the deciduous and ever- green tribes ; by their fruits and seeds, as the legu- minous, bacciferous, coniferous, nuciferous, and pomifer- ous tribes, &c. Cyc- 4. A division ; a number considered collectively. 5. A nation of savages; a body of rude people united under one leader or government; as, tho tribes of the six nations; the Seneca tribe in Amer- ica. 6. A number of persons of any character or pro- fession ; in contempt; as, the scribbling tribe. Roscommon. To distribute into tribes or classes. [JVot p. Nicholson. A goldsmith’s tool for making rings. A, NE —— ae IE TRIBE, v. t. much used, TRIB/LET, 7. ea PLE g Ainsworth. TRI-BOM’/E-TER, n. [Gr. rpiBa, to rub or wear, and BET PUY, measure. An instrument to ascertain the degree of friction in rubbing surfaces. rane. TRI/BRA€H, n. [Gr Tes, three, and (pays, short, | In ancient prosody, a poetic foot of three short syl- lables, as méltts. TRI-BRA€/TE-ATE, a. Having three bracts. Decandolle. TRIB-U-LA/TION, n. [Fr., from L. tribulo, to thrash, to beat. ] Severe affliction; distresses of life; vexations. In Scripture, it often denotes the troubles and distresses which proceed from persecution. When tribulation or persecution ariseth because of the worl, by and by he is offended. — Matt, xiil, In the world ye shall have tribulation. — John xvi. TREBU/NAL, xn. [L. tribunal, from tribunus, a trib- une, who administered justice. } 1. Properly, the seat of a judge; the bench on which a judge and his associates sit for administer- ing justice. 3.” More cenerally, a court of justice ; as, the house of lords in England is the highest tribunal im the kingdom. 3, (Fr. tribunel.] In France, a gallery or eminence in a church or other place, in which the musical per- formers are placed for a concert. ; TRIB'U-NA-RY, a. [from tridune.] Pertaining to tribunes. TRIB/UNE, (trib/yune,) 7. from tribus, tribe; Sp. and It. tribuno. } 1. In ancient Rome, an officer or magistrate chosen by the people, to protect them from the oppression of the patricians or nobles, and to defend their liberties against any attempts that might be made upon them by the senate and consuls. These magistrates were at first two, but their number was increased ultimately toten. There were also military tribuunes, officers of the army, of whom there were from four to six in each legion. In the year of Rome 731, the senate transferred the authority of the tribunes to Augustus and his successors. There were also other officers called tribunes; as, tridunes of the treasury, rC. Cie. Smiti’?s Dict. , A bench or elevated place, from which speeches were delivered. ; 3 In France, a pulpit or elevated place in the chamber of deputies, where a speaker stands to address the assembly. TRIB/UNE-SHIP, ) 2. et The office of a tribune. } | [Fr. tribun; L. tribunus, I i Addison. TRIB/U-NATE, ———— athe A nak| a : — TRI TRA rhég, a breaking forth, properly a throwing or ex- 'RIB-U-NI//CIAN, (trib-yu-nish/an a. Pertainin RONWATIE J TN : | : tending. This may be a varied application of the TRIB-U-NI//TIAL, (trib-yu-nish/al,) § to tribunes ; ; vt as, tribunician power or authority. Middleton. foregoing word. 2, Suiting a tribune. To dress ; to decorate; to set off; to adorn fantas- TRIB’U-TA-RI-LY, adv. Ina tributary manner. | tically. Tie hex Bo taal Poe URIB/U-TA-RI-NESS, n. The state of being tribu- rick her oll in-air. ope. It is often followed by up, off, or out. tary, » P 5 Jay] i » Reps ape : r . TRIB/Y-TA-RY, a, [from tribute. ] Paying pabute to People are Javish in tricking up their children in fine clothes, yet another, either from compulsion, as an acknowledg- Staera bie Lennie Ticeke: protection, or for ment of submission, or to secure TRICK, v. i. To live by deception and fraud. the purpose of purchasing peace. _The republic of arden: Ragusa is tributary to the grand seignior. Many of) nproxrep, (trikt,) pp. Cheated ; deceived ; dressed. the powers of Europe are tridutary to the Barbary TRICK'ER. 2 Sane shih hcg: WARGVGR: & OK/ER, ; sig : Biloreeee ainate TRICK’STER, § cheat. Pa UD ecu sy SUVOLC NS a TRICK/ER, n. A trigger. [See Triccer.] He, to grace his tribulary gods. Milton. TRICK’ER-Y, x. The art of dressing up; artifice ; 3. Paid in tribute. stratagem. Parr. Burke. No flattery tunes these tributary lays. Concanen. | TRICK/ING, ppr. Deceiving; cheating; defraud- 4. Yielding supplies of any thing. The Ohio has ing. : : many large tributary streams, and is itself tributary 2. Dressing ; decorating. , to the Mississippi. TRICK'ING, n. Dress ; ornament. Shak. TRIB/U-TA-RY, n. One that pays tribute or a stated | TRICK/ISH, a. Artful in making bargains ; given to 4 fy sum to a conquering power, for the purpose of secur- deception and cheating ; knavish. E Pope. A ¥ ing peace and protection, or as an acknowledgment TRICKISH-LY, ado. Artfully ; knavishly. ue 4 a. of submission, or for the purchase of security. What | TRIC K/ISH-N ESS, x. The state of being trickish or P i a reproach to nations, that they should be the tributa- deceitful. anes s : ° ries of Algiers! TRICK’LE, (trik’l,) o. 7. [Allied perhaps to Gr. rpexw, A j TRIB/UTE, (trib/yute,) nm. [Fr. tribut; L. tributum, to run, and a diminutive. ] f from tribuo, to give, bestow, or divide. ] To flow in a small, gentle stream ; to run down ; b 1. An annual or stated sum of money or other as, tears trickle down the cheek; water trickles from valuable thing, paid by one prince or nation to an- the eaves. other, either as an acknowledgment of submission, Fast beside there trickled sofly down or asthe price of peace and protection, or by virtue A gentle stream. Spenser. of some treaty. The Romans made all their con- | TRICK/LING, ppr. Flowing down in a small, gentle niet quered countries pay tribute, as do the Turks, at this stream. : day; and in some countries the tribute is paid in| TRICK/LING, 2. The act of flowing in a small, gen- i children. ry Ce tle stream. ae personal contribution ; as, a tribute of re- He wakened by the trickling of his blood. Viseman. 3. Something given or contributed. TRICK’MENT, n. Decoration. [Vot used.) TRIB/UTE, v.t. To pay as tribute. TRICK/SY, a. [from trick.] Pretty; brisk. [Not ‘ TRIB/U-TED, pp. Paid as tribute. much used. | Shak. TRIB’U-TING, ppr. Paying as tribute. TRICK'-TRACK, n. A game resembling backgam- TRI-GAP/SU-LAR, a. [L. tres, three, and capsula, a mon. f | little chest. ] TRI€/LI-NATE, n. ([Gr. rprs, threefold, and xAWwo, ; In botany, three-capsuled ; having three capsules to incline.] to each flower. Martyn. In mineralogy, a term appried to crystals in which i TRICE, v.t. To haul up by means of a rope. the three axes are al! obliquely inclined to one an- | TRICE, 2. A very short tine; an instant; a mo- other, as in the oblique rhomboidal prism. Dana. ; ment. TRI-GLIN’I-A-RY, a. [L. tricliniaris, from triclinium, ) If they get never so great spoil at any time, they waste the same a couch to recline on at dinner. ] in a ; Spenser. Pertaining to a couch for dining, or to the ancient \ A man shall make his fortune in a trice. foung. mode of reclining at table. TRI-€LIN'I-UM, n. [L., from tres and clino.] TRI-CEN'NI-AL, a. [L. tricennium.] Denoting thirty years, or what pertains to that number. TRI-GHOT’O-MOUS, (tri-kot’o-mus,) a. Among the Romans, a couch for reclining on at meals, usually for three persons; also, a dining- [See T'rr- room, furnished with such couches on three sides. ; No ; manta ae Smith’s Dict cHotomy.] Divided into three parts, or divided by ‘ smube’s: Ich a 7 1 cu Tr a0 > . o > threes ; aS, a trichotomous stem. Martyn. TRI-COC/EOUS, a. [L. tres, three, and coccus, a TRI-GHOT’/O-MY, (tri-kot/o-me,) m [Gr. rtpixa, berry-] : : thrice, and repo), to cut or divide.] A tricoccous or three-grained capsule is one Division into three parts. Watts which is swelling out in three protuberances inter- TRIYEHRO-ISM. n. [Gr.rpers and yoonua. nally divided into three cells, with one seed in each ; 5 ; fir as in Euphorbia. Martyn. TRIUCOL-OR, n. The national French banner, of The quality of presenting different colors in three In crystallography, presenting three ranges of faces, one above another, each containing twelve faces. TRID/U-AN, a. [L. triduwm; tres and dies, day.] Lasting three days, or happening every third day. [Little used. ] TRI-EN’NLAL, a, [Br triennal; L. triennis, triennt- um; tres, three, and annus, year.] 1. Continuing three years; as, trennial parlia- ments. TRI = 9, Happening every three years; as, triennial elec- tions. T'riennial elections and parliaments were es- tablished in England in 1695; but these were discon- tinued in 1717, and septennial elections and parlia- ments were adopted, which still continue. TRI-EN’NI AL-LY, adv. Once in three years. TRI'ENS,n. [L.] A Roman copper coin, equal to one third of the as. TRIER, n. [from try.] One who tries; one who makes experiments; one who examines any thing by a test or standard. 2, One who tries judicially ; a judge who tries a person or cause. [See Trion. ] 3. A name given to persons appointed according to Jaw, to try whether a person challenged to the favor is qualified to serve on a jury. Bouvier. 4, A test; that which tries or approves. Shak. TRI/ER-AREH, n. [Gr. rpinpys, a trireme, and apxos, a chief. ] In ancient Greece, the commander of a trireme; particularly at Athens, one who, at his own expense, equipped the vessel, kept it in repair, and procured the crew. Smith’s Dict. TRI'ER-AREH-Y, n. The office or duty of a trierarch. Smith’s Dict. TRI-E-TER/IC-AL, a. [L. trietericus; tres, three, and Gr. ervs, year. | Triennial; kept or occurring once in three years, [ Little used. Gregory. TRI'FAL-LOW, v.t. [L. tres, three, and fallow. To plow land the third time before sowing. Mortimer. TRI/FAL-LOW-ED, pp. Plowed the third time before sowing. TRIFAL-LOW-ING, ppr. Plowing the third time before sowing. Ash. TRLFA’RI-OUS, a. Arranged in three rows. P. Cyc. TRI/FID, a. [L. trifidus ; tres, three, and jindo, to divide. | In botany, divided half way into three parts by linear sinuses with straight margins ; three-cleft. Martyn. TRI-FIS'TU-LA-RY, a. [L. tres and fistula, a pipe.) Having three pipes. Brown. TRIFLE, (tri/fl,) x. [It coincides with Triyiar, which see.] 1. A thing of very little value or importance ; a word applicable to any thing and every thing of this character. With such poor trifes playing. Drayton. Moments make the year, and trifes, life. Young. Tries Are to the jealous confirmation strong, Shak. 2. A dish composed of alternate layers of sweet meats and cake, with syllabub. a different directions. Dana. Taye o TRICK, n. [D. trek, a pull or drawing, a trick; trek- three colors, blue, white, and red, adopted at the T shea aad a ite aia. co i ie ce ken, to draw, to drag; bedriegen, to cheat ; driegen, to | first revolution. RY FLE, v. 1. To act or talk without seriousness, : ; . tack or baste; G. triegen, to deceive; trug, dctrug, TRI €O0L-OR-ED, a. Having three colors ; a term ap- Bravity » Weight, or dignity ; to act or talk with lev . j i fraud, trick ; Dan. trekke, a trick : ir Melee r, to draw, plied to the present flag of France. ity. : 1| M4 i : to entice; Fr. tricher, to cheat ; It. treccare, to cheat; TRI-€ OR-N IG’/ER-OUS, a. [L. tres and cornu. | They trifle, and they beat the air about nothing which toucheth us. | ; trecca, a huckster ; treccia, a lock of hair, from fold- | _,_ _Having three horns. j : sae ae | ; } ing, involving, Gr. Sp:%; Sp. trica, a quibble; L. tri- TRYI-COR’PO-RAL, a. [L. tricorpor; tres and 2. To indulge in light amusements. Law. 1 ; i cor, to play tricks, to trifle, to baffle. We see the corpus. | : ; To trifle with ; to mock ; to play the fool with; to |} i same root in the Low L. intrico, to fold, and in in- |, Having three bodies. : Todd. treat without respect or Serlousness. trigue. Trick is from drawing, that is, a drawing | TRI-CUSP’ID, a. Having three points; as, the tri- To trifle with, ) to spend in vanity ; to waste to no | & aside, or a folding, interweaving, implication.] 3 cuspid valve, i. e., the valve of the right ventricle of _ To trifle away ; \ good purpose ; as, to trifle with | a t 1. An artificetor stratagem for the purpose of de-} , the heart. ida Brande. ume, or to trifle aroay time; to trifle with advantages. + ception ; a fraudful contrivance for an evil purpose, PRI-CUSP'T-DAT E, a. [L. tres, three, and cuspis, a| TRI/ELE, v. t. To make of no importance. [Not i | ie or an underhand scheme to impose upon the world ; point. } seta : OMOEA a i a cheat or cheating. We hear of tricks in bargains, In botany, three-pointed ; ending in three points;|TRI/FLER, xn. One who trifles or acts with levity. N 5: Je and tricks of state. 2 as, a tric spidate stamen. : d ae as : _Bacon. hy ) Frerrtrestio orielfarieounisel: qudilishow: Alma tak, »-sSauts. TRIDA€/TYL-OUS, a. [Gr. rpets, three, and daxry- | TRI/FLING, ppr. or a. Acting or talking with levity, || % BA abxtrousmriided Aos, a toe. ] or without serionsness or being in earnest. oe 1 vy 4 een ; os zs Having three toes. 2. a. Being of small value or importance ; trivial; || cs ‘ie On one nice trick depends the general fate. Pope. TRIDE, a. Among hunters, short and ready; fleet; as, a trifling debt ; a trifling affair. e 5 2. Vicious practice ; as, the tricks of youth. ain a trade Pee a aime ae Cyc. ' Ee? n. Employment about things of no im- ; ee 4. The sly artifice or legerdemain of a juggler; as, , SNe ee ee ee ee ere ee eae | rater maT xe oo i re ) the tricks of a merry-andrew. dens, tooth. ] TRIE LING-LY , adv. In a trifling manner ; with ' ay 5, A parcel of cards falling to a winner at one In mythology, a kind of scepter or spear with three levity ; without seriousness or dignity. Locke. ry turn. prongs, which the fables of antiquity put mto the | TRI/FLING-NESS, n. Levity of manners; lightness. ee 6. An unexpected event. eon or NEUUNEs the deity of the ocean. pean aan ‘ _ Entick. ‘ DEI c : : 9. Smaliness of value; emptiness; vanity. . y ' Some trick not orien egg. [Unusual.] Shak. T RTDENT. ED, a, Having three teeth or prongs. TRI-FLO/ROUS, a. [L, ‘way nhreos and Hine, floris, de 7. A particular habit or manner; as, he has a trick | TRI-DENT/ATE, a, [L. tres and dens, tooth.] flower. ] a of drumming with his fingers, or a trick of frowning. Having three teeth. Lee. Three-flowered ; bearing three flowers; aS, a tri- i | [ This word isin common use in America, and by no | TRI-DENT’INE, a. {from L. Tridentum.) orouws peduncle. Martyn. | means vulgar. | ; Pertaining to Trent, or the celebrated council held TRI-FO'LI-ATE, a. [L. tres, three, and folium, leaf.) 8. Among seamen, the period spent by a sailor at in that city. Encyc. Am. Having three leaves. Harte. |} _ the helm. Totten. TRI-DI-A-PA/SON, n. [tri and diapason.] In music, TRI-FO'’LLO-LATE, a. Having three folioles. TRICK, v. t. 'To deceive; to impose on; to defraud ; a triple octave or twenty-second. Busby. Decandolle. | _ to cheat; as, to trick another in the sale of a horse. TRI/DING. See TritHinNs. TRI'FO-LY, n. Sweet trefoil. [See Trerot.] ' i TRICK, v. t [W. treciaw, to furnish or harness, to TRI-DO-DE€-A-HE/DRAL, a. [Gr. rpets, three, and Mason. trick out; trec, an implement, harness, gear, from dodecahedral. | TRI-FO'/RI-UM, n. [L.] The gallery or open space y FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — | ~ SaBpheaaces TRI TRI TRI | between the vaulting and the roof of the aisles of a church. Gwilt. TRIFORM, a. [L. troformis; tres and forma.] Having a triple form or shape; as, the triform countenance of the moon. * JMilton, TRI-FUR’€A-TED, a. Having three branches or forks. TRIG, v.t. [W. trigaw. See Triacer.] To fill; to stuff. [Vot in use.] 2. To stop, as a wheel. Bailey TRIG, a. Full; trim; neat. [Vot in use.] TRIG/A-MOUS, a. [Gr. rpers and yapos, marriage. } In botany, having three sorts of flowers in the same head, male, female, and hermaphrodite. Brande. TRIG/A-MY,n. [Gr. rpéts, three, and yapos, mar- riage. | State of being married three times; or the state of having three husbands or three Wives at the same time. Herbert. | TRIG’/GER, n. draw ; trykker, to press or pinch; or tryg ger, to make sure ; trug, Sw. tryugg, safe, secure ; trycka, to press. This is the Eng. true, or from the same root. ] 1. A catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a de- clivity. 9, The catch of a musket or pistol ; the part which, being pulled, looses the lock for striking fire. TRLGIN'TALS, n. pl. [L. triginta.] Trentals. [See TrenvTAav.] TRIG/LYPH, (trig/lif,) n. [Gr. rpets, three, and yAv- (jn, sculpture. | An ornament in the frieze of the Doric column, repeated at equal intervals. Each triglyph consists of two entire gutters or channels, cut to a right an- gle, called glyphs, and separated by three interstices, called femora. Cyc. TRI-GLYPH’I€, a. Consisting of or pertaining TRI-GLYPH/I€-AL, to triglyphs. ®. Containing three sets of characters or sculp- tures. Gliddon. TRI/GON, n. (Gr. rpets, three, and ywrra, angle. } 1. A triangle; a term used in astrology for a divis- | ion consisting of three signs; also, trine, an aspect of two planets distant 120 degrees from each other. | FTutton. 9 A kind of triangular lyre or harp used among the ancients. . TRIG/O-NAL, a. Triangular; having three angles | TRIG/O-NOUS, or corners. 9. In botany, having three prominent longitudinal | angles. Martyn, TRIG-O-NO-MET/RI€-AL, a. Pertaining to trigo- nometry ; performed by or according to the rules of { ) et trigonometry. TRIG-O-NO-MET/RI€-AL-LY, adv. According to the rules or principles of trigonometry. Asiat. Res. TRIG-O-NOM/E-TRY, n. [Gr. rTptywvos, a triangle, and perpew, to measure. | The measuring of triangles ; the science of deter- mining the sides and angles of triangles, by means of certain parts which are given. When this science is applied to the solution of plane triangles, it is called plane trigonometry ; when Its application is to spherical triangles, it is called spherical trigonometry. TRI-GRAM-MAT’I€, a. Containing three sets of characters or letters. Gliddon. TRI-GRAM/MIE, a. ([Gr. rpecs, three, and ypappa, a letter. ] Consisting of three letters. TRIGRAPH, (-graf,) mn. [pets and ypagn.-] A name given to three letters having one sound. TRI-GYN/I-A, nm. ([Gr. rpers, three, and yvvn, a fe- male, | In botany, an order of plants having three styles. TRLGYN’I-AN, a. In botany, having three TRIG'YN-OUS, styles. TRI-H&/DRAL, a. [See Trineproy.] Having three equal sides or faces. TRI-HE’DRON, n. ([Gr. roets, three, and édpa, side.] A ficure having three equal sides. TRIJ/U-GOUS, a. [L. tres, three, and jugum, yoke. } In botany, having three pairs of leatlets.. A triju- gous leaf is a pinnate leaf with three pairs of leaflets. Martyn. TRI-LAT/ER-AL, a. [Fr., from L. tres, three, and latus, side. Having three sides. TRI-LAT/ER-AL-LY, adv. I t x re With three sides. TRI-LIN’GUAL, (-ling'gwal,) a. [L. tres and lin- gua.) Consisting of three languages or tongues. TRI-LI'C/ER-AL, a. [L. tres, three, und litera, let- ter. | Consisting of three letters; as, a triliteral root or word. TRI-LIT/ER-AL, 2. A word consisting of three let- ters. TRIL/L-THON, n. ([Gr. rpets, three, and )\:Oos, a stone. Mbihe stones placed together like door posts and a lintel. TRILL, n. law, to turn, to roll. TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ——— ee ae So TRILL, v. t. TRILL, v. i. TRILL’/ED, pp. [W. trigaw, to stop; Dan. trekker, to Pree ppr. TRILL‘ION, (tril/yun,) 2. [It. trillo ; Dan. trille; G. tiller ; W. treil- But the hatter may be con- SESS —=—$—————— tracted from treiglaw, to turn ; traill, traigyl, a turn or roll, from the root of draw, drag. Trill coincides with thirl and drill; D. drillen. Qu. reel.) A quaver; a shake of the voice in singing, or of | TRI-MES/TER, z. mensis, month. } the sound of an instrument. [It. trillare.] To utter with a quavering or tremulousness of voice ; to shake. The sober-suited songstress trills her lay. To flow in a small stream, or in drops rapidly succeeding each other ; to trickle. And now and then, an ample tear trilled down Her delicate cheek. Shak. _2. To shake or quayer ; to play in tremulous vibra- tions of sound. [See SHaxe. ] Thomson, To judge of trilling notes and tripping feet. Dryden. Shaken ; uttered with rapid vibra- tions. Uttering with a quavering or shake, [A word formed arbitra- rily of three, or Gr. TpiTos, and matllion. | According to the English notation, the product of a million involved to the third power, or the product of a million multiplied by a million, and that product multiplied by a million ; the product of the square of a million multiplied by a million. < 1,000,000 = 1,000,000,000,000, and this product multiplied by a million = 1,0 0,000,000,000,000,000. According to the French notatvon, the number ex- pressed by a unit with twelve ciphers annexed = 1,000,000,000,000. TRI-LO'/BATE, a. [L. tres and lobus.] Having three lobes. Journ. of Science. TRILO-BITE, n. [Gr. rpets, three, and AoBos, a lobe. } One of an extinct family of crustacea, found inthe | , earliest fossiliferous strata. TRI-LO€/U-LAR, a. [L. tres and locus, a cell. ] In botany, three-celled; having three cells for seeds: as, a trilocular capsule. TRIL/O-GY, x. [Gr. rpecs and doyos.] A series of three dramas, which, although each of them is in one sense complete, yet bear a mutual relation, and | form but parts of one historical and poetical picture. Shakspeare’s Henry VI. is an example. tres and lumen, light.] | TRI-LU/MIN-AR, ) a. [L. TRI-LU/MIN-OUS, } Having three lights. TRIM, a. [Sax. trum, firm, stable, strong, secure ; | tryman, getrymian, to make firm, to strengthen, to | prepare, to order or dispose, to exhort, persuade, or | animate. The primary sense is, to set, to strain, or to make straight. ] Firm; compact; tight; snug; being in good or- der. We say of a ship, she is trim, or trim-built ; ev- | ery thing about the man is trim. We say of a per- son, he is trim, when his body is well-shaped and firm; and we say his dress is trim, when It sits closely to his body and appears tight and snug; and of posture we say, 2 man ora soldier is trim, when he stands erect. Itis particularly applicable to sol- diers, and in Saxon, truma is a troop or body of sol- diers. TRIM, v. t. [Sax. trumian, trymian, to make firm or strong, to strengthen, to prepare, to put in order. ] 1. Ina general sense, to make right, that is, to put in due order for any purpose. The hermit trimmed his little fire. 2, To dress; to put the body in a proper state. “~ Shak. Goldsmith. 1 was trimmed in Julia’s gown, 3. To decorate ; to invest or embellish with extra ornaments ; as, to trim a gown With lace. Dryden. 4. To clip, as the hair of the head ; also, to shave ; that is, to put in due order. 5. To lop, as superfluous branches; to prune ; as, to trim trees. Mortimer. 6. To adjust for use; as, to trim a lamp. 7. To make neat; to adjust. 1 found her trimming up the diadem On her dead mistress. 8. In carpentry, to dress, smooth. 9. To adjust the cargo of a ship, or the weight of persons or goods in a boat, so equally on each side of the center and at each end, that she shall sit well on the water and sail well. Thus we say, to trim a ship or a boat. 10. To rebuke; to reprove sharply ; 4 popular use of the word. "11. To arrange in due order for sailing ; as, to trim the sails. To trim in; in carpentry, to fit, as a piece of timber into other work. Moxon. To trim up ; to dress; to put in order. TRIM, v. i. ‘To balance ; to fluctuate between parties, go ns to appear to favor each, South. TRIM, ». Dress; gear; ornaments. Dryden. 9. The state of a ship or her cargo, ballast, masts, &c., by which she is well prepared for sailing. Trim of the masts, is their position in regard to the ship and to each other, as near or distant, far forward or much aft, erect or raking. Mar. Dict. Shak. as timber; to make AN/GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; which is best adapted to impel the ship forward. TRIM/E-TER, nz. sisting of three measures. TRIM/E-TER, a, [Gr. rptperpos, three meas- TRI-MET’RI€-AL, TRIMET’RIE, a. | TRIM/LY, adv. 7 TRIMMER, n. Thus, 1,000,000 | TRIM/MING, ppr. TRIM/MING, 2. TRIM! MING-LY, adv. TRIM/NESS, 2. TRI NAL, a. TRINE, a. TRINE, zn. | TRIN/ED, pp. TRI-NERV’/ATE, a. TRINERVE, 4. TRI/NERV-ED, } TRIN'GLE, (tring’gle,) n. TRIN-J-TA/RLAN, a. TRIN-I-TA/RI-AN, zn. i Trim of sails, is that position and arrangement Mar. Dict. | [L. trimestris, tres, three, and | | A term or period of three months. Ger. Universities. A poetical division of verse, con- Lowth. ures. | Consisting of three poetical measures, forming an | iambic of six feet. Roscommon. [Gr. rots, threefold, and perpov, | measure. } In mineralogy, crystals with the axes of three \| kinds, the three being unequal, as the rectangular \ and rhombic prisms. Dana. Nicely ; neatly ; in good order. Spenser. | TRIM/MED, (trimd,) pp. Put in good order; dressed ; | ornamented ; clipped; shaved ; balanced ; rebuked. One that trims ; a time-server. 29. A small beam, into which are framed the ends of several joists, as when a well-hole 1s to be left for stairs, or to avoid bringing joists near chimneys, &c. Guwilt. Putting in due order; dressing ; | decorating; pruning; balancing; fluctuating be- | tween parties. Ornamental appendages to a gar- ment, as lace, ribbons, and the like. In a trimming manner. Neatness; snugness; the state of being close and in good order. [L. trinus, three.] Threefold. JWilton. Threefold ; as, trine dimensions, that is, length, breadth, and thickness. [Supra.] In astrology, the aspect of plan- ets distant from each other 120 degrees, or one third of the zodiac. Brande. TRINE, v. t. To put in the aspect of a trine. Dryden Put in the aspect of a trine. [L. tres and nervous: | In botany, having three unbranched vessels extend- ing from the base to the apex of the leaf. In botany, 2 trinerved or three- nerved leaf, has three unbranched vessels extending from the base to the apex or point. [Fr.] In architecture, a little square member or ornament, as a listel, reglet, platband, and the like, but particularly a little mem- ber fixed exactly over every triglyph. Cyc. Pertaining to the Trinity, or to the doctrine of the Trinity. One who believes the doctrine of the Trinity. 9. One of a religious order who made it their business to redeem Christians from Turks or inf- dels. TRIN-L-TA/RI-AN-ISM, n. The doctrine of Trinita- rians. TRIN/L-TY, n. [L. trinttas; tres and unus, wnitas, one, unity.] In theology, the union of three persons in one God- head, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. not any thing like an objection In my whole essay, there is OCKE. against the Trinity. TRIN/I-TY-HOUSE, n. An institution in London for the promotion of commerce and navigation, by licensing pilots, ordering and erecting beacons, &¢.- TRINK/ET, n. [If n is casual, this 1s from W. trec202, to furnish. See Trick. ] 1. A small ornament, as a jewel, a ring, and the like. Dryden. Swift. 9. A thing of little value; tackle ; tools. Tusser. JL Estrange. tI Ornaments of dress ; trinkets. 1I-NO/MI-AL, a. [L. tres and nomen. ] In mathematics, a trinomial quantity Is a quantity consisting of three terms, connected by the signs +- or—. TLhusz-+ yw 4; ora +b—c. * 'TRTNO’MLAL, n. A quantity consisting of three terms. TRIO, n. Three united. 2, In music, a composition in three parts ; often pronounced tré’o. Brande. TRI-OB/O-LAR, a. [L. triobolaris ; tres and obo- TRI-OB/O-LA-RY, lus.) Of the value of three oboli; mean ; worthless. Cheyne. [tri and octahedral.| In NK/ET-RY, n. TI stat TRI-O€-TA-HE/DRAL, a. ed crystallography, presenting three ranges ol faces, one above another, each range containing elght faces. TRI-O€/TILE, n. [L. tres, three, and octo, eight.) In astrology, an aspect of two planets with regard to the earth, when they are three octants OF three | eighths of a circle, that is, 185 degrees, distant from | each other, Hutton. TRIN/I-TY-SUN'DAY, The Sunday next after Whitsunday ; so called from the feast held on that $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. day in honor of the Holy Trinity.ans ig rN, mas a i Ee ae i ed ange arene dihsiecaian PI cain eat fet ‘ . eae te a tej fo ea oa a TRI Wana TRI TRI/O-LET, n. A stanza of eight lines, in which the first line is thrice repeated. Brande. TRI/OR,) 7. [from try.] In law, a person appointed TRIVER,{ by the court to examine whether a chal- lenge to a panel of jurors, or to any juror, is just. The triors are two indifferent persons. Cyc. TRIPS. & JG. trippeln ; D. trippen; Sw. trippa; Dan. tripper ; W. tripiaw, to trip, to stumble ; from rip, a skipping. See }7v and 279, in Castell.) _ 1. To supplant ; to cause to fall by striking the feet suddenly from under the person; usually followed by up; as, to trip up a man in wrestling ; to trip up the heels. __ Shak. 2. T'o supplant; to overthrow by depriving of sup- port. Bramhall. 3. To catch ; to detect. Shak. 4, To loose an anchor from the bottom by its cable or buoy-rope. Mar. Dict. TRIP, v.i. To stumble; to strike the foot against something, so as to lose the step and come near to fall ; or to stumble and fall. 2, To err; to fail; to mistake ; to he deficient. Virgil pretends sometimes to trip. Dryden. _- = TRIP, v. % ([Ar. yb tariba, to move lightly; al- lied perhaps to Sw. trappa, Dan. trappe, G. treppe, stalrs. 1. To run or step lightly ; to walk with a light step. She bounded by and tripped so light They had not time to take a steady sight. Driden, Thus from the lion trips the trembling doe. Dryden. 2. To take a voyage or journey. TRIP, ». A stroke or catch by which a wrestler sup- plants his antagonist. And watches with a trip his foe to foil. Dryden. 2. A stumble by the Joss of foothold, or a striking of the foot against an object. 3. A failure ; a mistake. Figuratively, a slight error arising from haste or in- consideration. Each seeming (rip, and each digressive start. Harte. 4. A brief journey, or a voyage; an excursion or jaunt. I took a frip to London on the death of the queen. Pope. 5. In navigation, a single board in plying to wind- ward. Cyc. 6. Among farmers, a small flock of sheep, or small stock of them. [ Local, ] Cyc. TRIP/AR-TITE, a. [Fr., from lL. tripartitus; tres, three, and partitus, divided ; partior.} 1. Divided into three parts. In botany, a tripartite leaf is one which is divided into three parts down to the base, but not wholly separate. Martyn. 2. Having three corresponding parts or copies ; as, indentures tripartite. TRI-PAR-TI//TION, (-tish/un,) m. A division by three, or the taking of a third part of any number or quantity. Cyc. TRIPE, n. [Fr. id.; Sp. tripa; It. trippa ; G. tripp ; Russ. trebucha; VW. tripa, from rhip, from rhib, a streak or driblet. In Sp. tripe, Dan. trip, is shag, plush. This word is probably from tearing, ripping, like strip. ] 1. Properly, the entrails; but in common usage, the large stomach of ruminating animals, prepared for food. 2. In ludicrous language, the belly. TRIP/E-DAL, a. [L. tres and pes.] Having three feet. TRIPE/-MAN, 7. A man who sells tripe. Swift. TRI-PEN’NATE, i d : TRI-PIN/NATE, § % [L. tres and penna or pinna.] In botany, a tripinnate leaf is a species of suprade- compound leaf, When a petiole has bipinnate leaves Johnson. ranged on each side of it. Martyn. TRI-PER’SON-AL, a. [L. tres and persona.) Consisting of three persons. Milton. TRI-PER-SON-AL'I-TY, 7. The state of existing in three persons in one Godhead. Milton. eens a. [Gr. rpets, three, and weradov, eaf. In botany, three-petaled ; having three petals or flower leaves, TRIP/-HAM-MER, n. A large hammer used in forges. TRI’PHANE, n. (Gr. rpecs and gary.) A mineral, spodumene. Ure. TRIPH’/THONG, (trif‘thong,) n. [Gr pets, three, and $8oyyn, sound, A coalition of three vowels in one compound sound, or in one syllable, as in adieu, eye. TRIPH-THON'GAL, (trif-thong/gal,) a. Pertaining to a triphthong ; consisting of a triphthong. TRIPH/Y-LINE, (-lin,) x. [Gr. rors, threefold, and dvAn, family, in allusion to its containing three Peete _A mineral of a grayish-green or bluish color, con- sisting of the phosphates of iron, manganese, and lithia. Dana, TRIPH/YL-LOUS, a. [Gr. rpecs, three, and pvAdov, leat. ] : In botany, three-leaved ; having three leaves. TRIP’LE, (trip/l,) a. ([Fr., from L. triplex, triplus ; tres and plico, to fold.] 1. Threefold ; consisting of three united; as, a triple knot ; a triple tie. By thy triple shape as thou art seen, Dryden, 2, Treble ; three times repeated. [See Tresve.] Triple salt ; in chemistry, a salt in which two bases are combined with one acid ; more properly regarded as a double salt. Brande. Triple time, in music, is that in which each bar is divided into three measures or equal parts, as three minims, three crotchets, three quavers, &c. TRIP’LE, v. t. To treble; to make threefold, or thrice as much or as many. [Usually written TREBLE. ] Lee. TRIP/LE-CROWN-ED, a. Having three crowns. TRIP/LED, (trip'id,) pp. Made threefold. TRIP/LE-HEAD-ED, a. Having three heads. TRIP/LET, n. [from triple.| Three of a kind, or three united. 2. In poetry, three verses rhyming together. 3. In music, three notes sung or played in the time of two. TRIP/LLEATE, a. [L. triplicatus, triplico; tres and plico, to fold.] Made thrice as much; threefold. Triplicate ratio is the ratio which cubes bear to each other. Cyc. TRIP’LI-GATE, n. A third paper or thing correspond- ing to two others of the same kind. TRIP/LIL-CATE-TERN/ATE, a. In botany, thrice ternate. The same as TrITERNATE, Which see. TRIP-LI-G€A’/TION, xn. The act of trebling or making threefold, or adding three together. Glanville. 2. In the civil law, the same as surrejoinder in common law. TRiI-PLIC/I-TY, (tri-plis’e-te,) n. [Fr. triplicité ; from L. triplex. ] Trebleness ; the state of being threefold. Watts. TRIP/LING, n. Making threefold. TRIP/LITE, n. An imperfectly crystallized mineral, of a very dark-brown color, consisting of phosphoric acid and the oxyds of manganese and iron. Dana. TRIP/LY-RIB-BED, (-ribd,) a. [triple and rib.] In botany, having a pair of large ribs branching off from the main one above the base, as in the leaves of many species of sunflower. Smith. TRIP/-MAD-AM, 2. A plant. Mortimer. TRIPOD, x. [L. tripus, tripodis; Gr. rptmous 5 Tpets, three, and zovs, foot. ] A bench, stool, or seat supported by three legs, on which the priest and sibyls in ancient times were placed to render oracles. Dryden. Cye. TRIP/O-LI, (trip/o-le,) m. In mineralogy, an earthy substance originally brought from Tripoli, used in polishing stones and metals. It has a dull, argilla- ceous appearance, but is not compact. It has a fine, hard grain, but does not soften by water, or mix With it. It is principally silica, and has been found to consist almost wholly of the cast shells of micro- scopic animalcules. Dana. Cyc. TRIP/O-LINE, (-lin,) a. Pertaming to tripoli. TRI/POS, n.; pl. Trrroses. [Gr. ro xayryp.] In anatomy, the trochanters are two processes of the thigh-bone, at its upper end, called major and mi- nor, the major on the outside, and the minor on the inside. Coxe. Cyc. (Gr. rpoxn, a wheel.] A form of medicine in acircular cake or tablet, or a stiff paste cut into proper portions and dried. It is made by mixing the medicine with sugar and mu- cilage, and is intended to be gradually dissolved in the mouth and slowly swallowed, as a demulcent. TRO'EHEE, (trd/kee,) n. [L. trocheus; Gr. rpoxatos, from TpeEXw. In verse, a foot of the second short. two syllables, the first long and Having power to draw out or turn round. TRO-€HIL/TES, x. trochilus. The science of rotary motion. [Gr. rpoxtAca, from rpsx j L. TROEH'I-LUS,| 2. [L. trochilus ; Gr. reoxtAos, from TRO’EHIL, rosxa, to run. ] 1. In zodlogy, the humming-bird or honey-sucker, a kind of beautiful little birds, natives of America, Cyc. 9. In architecture, a hollow ring round a column ; called also Scotia, and by workmen the CasEMENT. Cyc. 3. An aquatic bird, a swift runner, with long legs, which is said to get its meat out of the crocodile’s mouth. Sir T. Herbert. 4, Aname given to the golden-crowned wren. Ce TRO'CHINGS, (tro/kingz,)n. pl. The small branches on the top of a deer’s head. Cyc. TRO'CHISGH, (trd/kish,) n. TRO/€HOID, (trd/koid,) 7z. TROG'LO-DYTE, 2. TROLL’/ED, pp. TROLLING, ppr. TROL-LOP-EP’, n. ] TROL/MY-DAMES, n. TROM/BONE, n. _ [It.] TRO : [Gr rpoxtcKus. A kind of tablet or lozenge. |See ee : Bacon. . TRO€H’LE-A, (trok/-,) n. [L., a pulley, from Gr. Tpsxw, to run.} : || A pulley-like cartilage, through which the tendon | of the trochleary muscle passes, Coxe. Parr. | TRO€H’/LE-A-RY, a. [from L. trochlea.} | Pertaining to the trochlea; as, the trochleary mus- cle, the superior oblique muscle of the eye ; the troch- leary nerve, the pathetic nerve, which goes to that muscle. Parr. [Gr. rpoxos, L. trochus, from rpexw, to run, and. ecdos. In geometry, the curve described by any point ina wheel rolling straight forward on a level; a cycloid. Brande. TROD, pret. of TREAD. TROD ? TROD'DEN, | PP; Of Taean- TRODE, old pret. of Treap. TRODE, n. Tread; footing. [Obs] Spenser. t [Gr. rpwyAn, a cavern, and dua), to enter. ] One dwelling in a subterraneous cave; applied by the ancients to certain tribes living far up the Nile. TROLL, v. t. [G. trollen; W. troliaw, to troll, to roll ; troelli, to turn, wheel, or whirl; troell, a wheel, a reel; trol,a roller. It is probably formed on roll.) To move in a circular direction; to roll; to move volubly ; to turn; to drive about. They learn to roll the eye, and troll the tongue. Anon, TROLL, v. i. To roll; to run about; as, to troll in a coach and six. Swift. 2. Among anglers, to fish, as for pikes, with a rod whose line runs on a wheel or pulley. Gay. Cyc. Rolled ; turned about. Rolling ; turning; driving about; fishing with a rod and reel. TROL'LOP, n. [G. trolle; from troll, strolling. | A stroller; a loiterer; a woman loosely dressed ; a slattern. Milton. Formerly a loose dress for fe- Goldsmith. (Fr. trou-madame.] The game of nine-holes. Shak. A deep-toned instrument of the trumpet kind, consisting of three tubes; the first, to which the mouth-piece is attached, and the third, which terminates in a bell-shaped orifice, are placed side by side ; the middle tube is doubled, and slides into the other two like the tube of a telescope. By the slide of the tube it commands every semitone throughout its whole compass, and surpasses every other instrument in admitting, like the violin or the voice, the introduction of the slide. E. T. Fitch, TROMP, n. [See Tromrer.] A blowing machine formed of a hollow tree, used in furnaces, TROMP/IL, x. An aperture in a tromp. TRO/NA, n. A native sesquicarbonate of soda, found on the banks of the soda lakes of Sukena, in Af males. Obs. rica. Brande, TRO'NAGEH, n. Formerly, a toll or duty paid for weighing wool. Cyc. TRO-NA'TOR, n. An officer in London whose busi- ness was to weigh wool. TRON’€O, n. [L. truncus.] A term, in Jtalian music, directing a note or sound to be cut short, or just uttered and then discontin- ued. yc. TRONE, n. A provincial word, in some parts of Eng- land, for a small drain. Cyc. TRONE, TRONES n. Asteelyard. [orth of England.] TRON’-WEIGHT, n. A weight formerly used in Scotland. A pound in this weight varied from 21 to 28 ounces avoirdupols. Brande. TROOP, x. [Fr. troupe; It. truppa; Sp. and Port. tro- pa; Dan. and D. trop; G. trupps Sw. tropp. The Gaelic trapan, a bunch or cluster, is probably the same word. The sense is, a crowd, or a moving crowd. ] 1. A collection of people ; a company; @ number ; a multitude. Gen. xlix. 2 Sam. xxiii. Hos. Vii. That which should accompany old age, As honor, love, obedience, troops of {nends, I must not look to have. Shak. 9. A body of soldiers. But, applied to infantry, if is now used in the plural, troops; and this word signi- fies soldiers in general, whether more or less numer- ous, including infantry, cavalry, and artillery. Weap- ply the word to a company, a regiment, or an army. The captain ordered his troops to halt; the colonel commanded his troops to wheel, and take a position on the flank; the general ordered his troops to at- tack ; the troops of France amounted to 400,000 men. 3. Troop, in the singular ; a small body or company of cavalry, light horse, or dragoons, commanded by a captain. 4, A company of stage-players. TROOP, v. i. To collect in numbers. Armies, at the call of trumpet, Troop to their standard. Coxe’s Russ. Milton. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, > ————————— ee eo TAS VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; GH as SH: FH as in THIS. (oy ——e NN saa TET ‘aan Pat add rs Can) ies eae F ental ale re ire he : ae oo per ron aati aaea be ij { Aaa } ie ; ye de i 2 7 ie - ha &. Be is a3 a] ia ; ee ere Ss ——— TRO TRO 2. To march in a body. I do not, as an enemy to peace, Troop in the throngs of military men. Shak. 3. To march in haste or in company. Shak. Chapman. TROOP’ER, n. A private or soldier in a body of cav- alry ; a horse-soldier. : TROOP/ING, ppr. Moving together in a crowd , marching in a body. TROPE, n. [L. tropus; Gr. 7070S, from rpeTw, to turn ; W. trova, a turn, a tropics trovau, to turn. ] In rhetoric, a word or expression used in a differ- ent sense from that which it properly signifies 3; Or a word changed from its original signification to an- other, for the sake of giving life or emphasis to an idea; as when we call a stupid fellow an ass, or a shrewd man a.fox. 2 Tropes are chiefly of four kinds ; metaphor, meton- ymy, synecdoche, and irony. Some authors make fig- ures the genus, of which trope is a species ; others make them different things, defining trope to be a change of sense, and figure to be any ornament, ex- cept what becomes so by such change. TRO’PHI, n. pl. [Gr. teopos, one who feeds. ] In entomology, the parts employed in feeding. TRO/PHLED, (tro/fid,) a. [from trophy.] Adorned with trophies. The trophied arches, storied halls invade. Pope. TRO-PHO'NI-AN, a. Pertaining to the Grecian archi- tect Trophonius, or his cave, or his architecture, Dwight. TROPH’O-SPERM, n. ire Tpodos, one who feeds, a nurse, and oneopa, seed. ] In botany, that part of the ovary from which the ovules arise. It is most commonly called Placenta, sometimes SPERMAPHORE, and sometimes ReceErra- cLE of the seeds. Lindley. TRO/PHY, (tro‘fe,) n. [L. tropeum; Gr. Tpotaiov; Fr. trophée ; Sp. and It. trofeo.} 1. Among the ancients, a pile of arms, taken from a vanquished enemy, raised on the field of battle by the conquerors, often placed on the trunk of a tree, fixed on an elevation; also, the representation of such a pile in marble, on medals, and the like. Hence, 9. Any thing taken and preserved as a memorial of victory ; as arms, flags, standards, and the like, taken from an enemy. Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears, And captive chariots, axes, sliclds, and bars, And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars. Dryden. 3. In architecture, an ornament representing the stem of a tree, charged or encompassed with arms and military weapons, offensive and defensive. uC. 4. Something that is evidence of victory ; memo- rial of conquest. Present every hearer to Christ as a trophy of grace. TRO/PHY-MON-EY, (tro’fe-mun-ne,) n. A duty paid in England annually, by housekeepers, toward pro- viding harness, drums, colors, &c., for the militia. YC. TROP/I€, n. [Fr. tropique; L. tropicus ; from the Gr. Tpomn, a turning ; Tpev, to turn.) 1. In astronomy, a name given to two parallels of Jatitude, one (the tropic of Cancer) being 23° 28/ north of the equator, and the other (the tropic of Capricorn) being 23° 28’ south of the equator. They mark the point at which the sun turns again toward the equator from its utmost declination to the north or south. The space lying between the tropics is called the torrid zone. Olmsted. TROP/IC€-AL, a. Pertaining to the tropies; being within the tropics ; as, tropical climates ; tropical Jati- tudes ; tropical heat ; tropical winds. 2. Incident to the tropics; as, tropical diseases. 3. [from trope.] Figurative ; rhetorically changed from its proper or original sense. The foundation of all parables is some analogy or similitude between the tropical or allusive part of the parable and the thing intended by it. South. Tropical writing, or hieroglyphic, is such as repre- sents a thing by qualities which resemble it. Warburton. TROP/I€E-AL-LY, adv In a tropical or figurative manner. Enfield. TROP/I€-AL-YEAR, n. The period occupied by the sun in passing from one tropic, or one equi- nox, to the other. On account of the precession of the equinoxes, it is 20 m. 20 s, shorter than the si- dereal year. Olmsted. TROP/I€-BIRD, (-burd,) n. An aquatic fowl of the genus Pheton, having very long wings and two long slender tail-feathers, found in or near the torrid zone. Ed, Encye. TRO'PIST, x. [from trope.] One who explains the Scriptures by tropes and figures of speech; one who deals in tropes, TROP-O-LOG/I€-AL, a. [See Trorotocy.] Varied by tropes ; changed from the original import of the TRO-POL/O-GY, 7. [Gr. rpozos, trope, and doyos, discourse. ] A rhetorical mode of speech, including tropes, or change from the original import of the word. Brown. TROSS'ERS, n. pl. Trowsers. [Wot used.] [See TRowSERs.| Shak. TROT, v.i. [Fr. trotter ; G. trotten, to trot, to tread ; It. trottare; Sp. and Port. trotar; allied probably to tread and to strut. ] 1. To move faster than in walking, as a horse or other quadruped, by lifting one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. Cyc. 2. To walk or move fast; or to run. He that rises Inte must trot all day, and will scarcely overtake his business at night. ‘ranklin. TROT, n. The pace of a horse or other quadruped, when he lifts one fore foot and the hind foot of the opposite side at the same time. This pace is the same as that of a walk, but more rapid. The trot is often a jolting, hard motion; but in some horses, it is as easy as the amble or pace, and has a more stately appearance. 9, An old woman ; t contempt. TROTH, n. [Sax. treothe; the old orthography of truth. See TrutH.] 1. Belief; faith; fidelity ; as, to plight one’s troth. Che. Shak. 9. Truth; verity ; veracity ; as, in troth; by my troth. pore TROTH’LESS, a. Faithless ; treacherous. [Obs.] Fairfar. TROTH’-PLIGHT, (-plite,) v. t. To betroth or affi- ance. [ Obs. TROTH!-PLIGHT, (-plite,)a. Betrothed ; espoused ; affianced. Obs. ] Shak. TROTH’-PLIGHT, (-plite,) n. The act of betrothing or plighting faith. TROTH/-PLIGHT-ED, a. Waving fidelity pledged. TROT’TER, 2. A beast that trots, or that usually trots. 9. A sheep’s foot. TROT’ TING, ppr. ora. Moving witha trot; walking fast, or running. TROU/BA-DOUR, n. [from Fr. trouver, to find.] One of a school of poets who flourished from the eleventh to the latter end of the thirteenth century ; principally at Provence, in the south of France, and also in the north of Italy. Brande. TROUB/LE, (trub/],) v. t [Fr. troubler; It. turbare; Sp. and Port. turbar; L. turbo; Gaelic, treabhlaim, which seems to be connected with treabham, to plow, that is, to turn or to stir, W. torva, L. turba, a crowd, and perhaps trova,a turn; Gr. rez. The primary sense is, to turn or to stir, to whirl about, as in L. turbo, turbinis, a whirlwind. Hence the sense of agitation, disturbance. | 1. To agitate; to disturb; to put into confused motion. God, looking forth, will trouble all his host. Milton. An angel went down at a certain season into the pool, and troubled the water. — Johny. 2. To disturb ; to perplex. Never trouble yourself about those fuults which age will cure. Locke. FE 3. To afflict; to grieve ; to distress. Those that trouble me rejoice when I am moved. — Ps. xill. 4. To busy ; to cause to be much engaged or anx- jous. Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about many things. — Luke x. 5 To tease; to vex; to molest. The boy so troubles me, ’Tis past enduring. Shak. 6. To give occasion for labor to. I will not trouble you to deliver the letter. I will not trouble myself in this affair. 7, To sue for a debt. He wishes not to trouble his debtors. TROUB’LE, (trub/l,)n. Disturbance of mind; agita- tion; commotion of spirits ; perplexity ; a word of very extensive application. 2. Affliction ; calamity. He shall deliver thee in six troubles. — Job v. Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. — Ps. xxv. 3. Molestation ; inconvenience; annoyance. Milton. 4. Uneasiness ; vexation. Milton. 5. That which gives disturbance, annoyance, or vexation ; that which afflicts. TROUB/LED, (trub/Id,) pp. or a. Disturbed; agi- tated ; afflicted; annoyed; molested. TROUB’LER, (trub/ler,) n. One who disturbs ; one who afflicts or molests; a disturber; as, a troubler of the peace. The rich troublers of the world’s repose. Waller. TROUB/LE-SOME, (trub/l-sum,)a. Giving trouble or disturbance; molesting; annoying; vexatious. In warm climates, insects are very troublesome. 2. Burdensome ; tiresome ; wearisome. Lest the fiend some new trouble raise. words. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1178 | TROUB! | TROUB/LING, (trub/ling,) x. The act of disturbing TRO 3. Giving inconvenience to. -I wish not to be troublesome as a guest. 4. Teasing ; importunate ; as, a troublesome appli- cant. TROUB/LE-SOME-LY, (trub/l-sum-le,) adv. In a manner or degree to give trouble ; vexatiously. TROUB/LE-SOME-NESS, (trub/l-sum-nes,)n. Vexa- tiousness ; the quality of giving trouble or of molest- ing. Bacon. 9. Unseasonable intrusion ; importunity. TROUB/LE-STATE, nz. A disturber of the commu- nity. pea used, | JING, (trub/ling,) ppr. Disturbing; agitat- ing ; molesting ; annoying; afflicting. or putting in commotion. John Vv. 2. The act of afflicting. TROUB’/LOUS, (trub/lus,) a. Agitated ; tumultuous ; full of commotion. A tall ship tossed in troublous seas. 9, Full of trouble or disorder ; tumultuous; full of affliction. The street shall be built again, and the wall, even in troubloug times. — Dan, ix. TROUGH, (trawf,) [Sax. trog; D. and G. trog; Dan. trug ; It. truogo.] ; 1. A vessel hollow longitudinally, or a large log or piece of timber excavated longitudinally on the upper side ; used for various purposes. 9, A tray. [This is the same word dialectically altered. | 3. A canoe ; the rude boat of uncivilized men. Abbot. 4. The channel that conveys water, as in mills. Trough of the sea; the space between two high waves. TROUL, for Trott. See Troru. TROUNCE, (trouns,) v.t. [Qu. Fr. trongon, trongon- ner. | To punish, or to beat severely. [4 low word. | TROUNGI/ING, ppr. Beating severely. TROUNC/ING, n. A severe beating. TROUSE, (trowz,)n. [See Trowsers.] A kind of trowsers worn by children. TROU/SERS, n. pl. See Trowsers. Spenser. TROUS-SEAU’, (troo-so’,) m. [Fr.] The collective lighter equipments of a lady when about to be mar- ried. TROUT, n. (Sax. truht ; Fr. truite 5 It. trota; D. trait; L. trutta; Sp. truche. Trout is contracted from trocta. | A name applied to various fresh-water fishes of the genus Salmo, variegated with spots, and esteemed as most delicate food. TROUT'-€O0L-OR-ED, (-kul-lurd,) a. White with spots of black, bay, or sorrel; as, a trout-colored horse. TROUT’-FISH-ING, n. The fishing for trouts. TROUT’-STREAM, n. A stream in which trout breed. TRO'VER, n. [Fr. trouver, It. trovare, to find; Sw. trifa, to hit; Dan. treffer, to meet with; traf, an ac- cident; D. and G. treffen, to meet, to hit.] Trover is, properly, the finding of any thing. Hence, 1. In law, the gaining possession of any goods, whether by finding or by other means, 2, An action which a man has against another who has found or obtained possession of any of his goods, and who refuses to deliver them on demand. This is called an action of trover and conversion. In this case, the trover or finding is an immaterial fact ; but the plaintiff must prove his own property, and the possession and conversion of the goods by the defendant. Blackstone. TROW, v. i. [Sax. treowian, treowan, to believe, to trust: G. trauen; Sw. tro; Dan. troer; contracted from trogan, and coinciding with the root of truth. See TRUE. To believe ; to trust ; to think or suppose. { Obs. | Spenser. Hooker. TROW is used in the imperative, as a word of inquiry. What means the fool, trow ? TROW’EL, n._ [Fr. truelle; L. trulla; D. troffel. Qu. D. and G. treffen, to hit, to strike, hence to put on.] 1. A mason’s tool, used in spreading and dressing mortar, and breaking bricks to shape them. 9. A gardener’s tool, somewhat like a trowel, made of iron and scooped; used in taking up plants, and for other purposes. Ce TROW’EL-ED, a. Formed with a trowel; as, trow- eled stucco, i. e., stucco Jaid on and ready for the re- ception of paint. TROW’SERS, n. pl. [Gaelic, triusan; Fr. trousse, a truss, a bundle; W. trws, a garment that covers; trouse, dress; trwsa, a truss, a packet; trwsiaw, to dress ; Gaelic, trusam, to gird or truss up. | A loose garment worn by males, extending from the waist to the knee or to the ankle, and covering the lower limbs. TROY, n. [Said to have been My mother will never be troublesome to me. Pope. TROY!-WEIGHT, (-wate,)} named from Troyes, in France, where it was first adopted in Europe. The =)TRU TRU TRU troy ounce is supposed to have been brought from Cairo during the crusades. Some persons, however, say tbat the original name was tron. | _ The weight by which gold and silver, jewels, med- icines, &c., are weighed. In this weight, 20 grains —ascruple, 3 scruples =a dram, 8 drams= an ounce, and 12 ounces=one pound. In weighing gold, sil- ver, &c., scruples and drams are not used, but the pennyweight, which is 24 grains, is employed in their stead ; the pennyweight is not used in weighing medicines. TROU/ANT, a. [Fr. peuenee usiness ; loitering ; Idle ; wandering from as, 2 truant boy. While truant Jove, in infant pride, Played barefoot on Olympus’ side. Trumbull. TRU/ANT, n. An idler; an idle boy. Dryden. TRU/ANT, v. i. To idle away time; to loiter or be absent from employment. Shak, TRUANT-LY, adv. Like a truant; in idleness. TRO/ANT-SHIP, n. Idleness; neglect of employ- ment. Ascham. TRUBS, n. An herb. Ainsworth. TRUB/TAIL, n. A short, squat woman. [ Obs.] Ainsworth. TRUCE, n. [Goth. triggwa; It. tregua; Norm. trewe; Ice. triad; Cimbric, trugth; properly, a league or pact, from the root of trick, to make fast, to fold. See TRUE. | 1. In war, a suspension of arms by agreement of the commanders; a temporary cessation of hostili- ties, either for negotiation or other purpose. Intermission of action, pain, or contest; tempo- rary cessation ; short quiet. There he may find to his restless thoughts. aS poe Truce Milton. TROCE!-BREAK-ER, n. [truce and breaker.| One | who violates a truce, covenant, or engage ment. 2] Tim. ill. TRUCH'MAN, n. An interpreter. [See Dracoman.] | TRU-CI-DA/TION, n. [L. trucido, to kill.] “ll The act of killing. TRUCK, v. i. [Fr. troquer; Sp. and Port. trocar ; al- | lied probably to W. trwc, L. trochus, a round thing, | Eng. truck ; Gr. rpoxos, Tp |] To exchange commodities; to barter. Our traders truck with the Indians, giving them whisky and trin- kets for skins. {Truck is now vulgar. ] TRUCK, v.t. To exchange; to give in exchange ; barter ; as, to truck knives for gold dust. [Vulg Be q@ barter. 9. A small, wooden wheel, not bound with iron ; a cylinder. 3. A small wheel ; hence trucks, a low carriage for carrying goods, stone, &C., either on common roads oron railroads. Indeed, this kind of carriage is often called a truck, in the singular. 4, A small, wooden cap, at the summit of a flag- staff or mast-head. Truck system; the practice of paying workmen in goods, instead of money. Me Culloch. TRUCK/AGE, n. The practice of bartering goods. Milton. TRUCK/ER, nm. One who traffics by exchange of goods. TRUCK/ING, ppr. Exchanging goods ; bartering. TROE/-BILL, n. TROE/-BLOE, a. | TROE/-HEART’ED, a. | TROUE!-HEART-ED-NESS, n. | TROE/-LOVE/KNOT, (tra/luv’not,) n. TRUCK’LE, (truk’l,) n. A small heel or caster. Hudibras. TRUCK’LE, v. i. [dim. of truck.] To yield or bend obsequiously to the will of another; to submit; to creep. Smal] states must truckle to large ones. Religion itself is forced to truc k Norris. TRUCK’'LE-BED, n. [truckle and bed.) runs on wheels and may be pushed under a trundle-bed. TRUCK’LING, ppr. Yielding obsequiously to the will of another. TRO/CU-LENCE, n. suvage. | 1. Savageness of manners ; ferociousness. 9, Terribleness of countenance. TROD/EU-LENT, a. Fierce; savage ; the truculent inhabitants of Scythia. 9, Of a ferocious aspect. 3. Cruel; destructive 5 as, a trucu lent plague. Harvey. Fiercely ; destructively. The father rode ; policy. A bed that another ; le with worldly [L. truculentia, from truz, fierce, barbarous ; as, tay. TROU/CU-LENT-LY, adv. TRUDGE, v. i. To travel on foot. the son trudged on behind. 2, To travel or march with labor. And trudged to Rome upon my naked feet. Dryden, TROE, (tri,) a. [Sax. treow, treowe, faithful, and, as a noun, faith, trust ; Sw. tro, Dan. troe; G. treu; D. trouw, trust, loyalty, fidelity, faith ; troutwen, to mar- ry ; Goth. triggus, faithful ; trizgwa, a pact or league, a truce. This is the real orthography, coinciding with Sw. trygz, Dan. tryz, safe, secure, and W, trigiaw, to stay, to tarry, to dwell, that is, to stop, to set. The primary sense of the root is, to make close and fast, to set, or to stretch, strain, and thus make straight and close. | : — TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as 1. Conformable to fact ; being in accordance with the actual state of things ; as, a true relation or nar- ration ; a true history. A declaration is true, when it states the facts. In this sense, true is opposed to false. 2. Genuine ; pure; real; not counterfeit, adulter- ated, or false ; as, true balsam ; the true bark ; true love of country ; a true°Christian. The true light which lighteth every man that cometh into the world. — John i. 3. Faithful ; steady in adhering to friends, to prom- ises, to a prince, or to the state; loyal; not false, fickle, or perfidious ; as, a true friend ; a true lover ; | a man true to bis king, true to his country, true to his word ; a husband true to his wife; a wife true to her husband ; a servant true to his master ; an officer | true to his charge. 4, Free from falsehood ; as, a true witness. 5. Honest; not fraudulent; as, good men and true. If King Edward be as true and just. Shak. | 6. Exact; right to precision ; conformable to a rule | or pattern ; as, a true copy; a true likeness of the | original. | 7. Straight; right; as, a true line; the true course | of a ship. 8. Not false or pretended ; true Messiah. | 9, Rightful; as, George IV. is the true king of | England. real ; as, Christ was the In law, these words are indorsed on a bill of indictment, when a grand jury are of opinion that there is sufficient cause for putting the accused on trial. Bouvter. An epithet applied to a person of inflexible honesty and fidelity ; from the true or Cov- blue, formerly celebrated for its unchanging Toone. Halliwell. entry color. TRUE’-BORN, a. [true and born.] Of genuine birth ; birth to any title; as, a true-born having a right by Shak. Englishman. TRUE/-BRED, a. [true and bred.] Of a genuine or right breed ; as, a true-bred beast. Dryden. 9, Being of genuine breeding or education ; as, a true-bred gentleman, [true and heart.] Being of a faithful heart ; honest ; sincere; not faithless or de- ceitful ; as, a true-hearted friend. cerity. TRUE/-LOVE, (tri/luv,) 2. 9. A plant, the herb Paris. One really beloved. fQu. is not this from the Dan. trolover, to betroth, to promise 1n marriage ; troe, true, and lover, to promise ; the Knot of faithful promise or engagement. | A knot composed of lines united with many invo- lutions: the emblem of interwoven affection or en- pagements. TRUE'NESS, n. Faithfulness; 9, Reality ; genuineness. 3 Bxactness ; as, the trueness of a line. TRUE/PEN-NY, 2. and penny.] TU-BER’/€U-LOUS, } 9. Affected with tubercles, TU-BER’€U-LATE, a. cles, as a plant, Lee. TU-BER-IF’/ER-OUS, a. Producing or bearing tubers TOBE/ROSE or TO/BER-OSE, n. [A corruption o L. tuberosa, knobby. ] and a liliaceous flower; the Polianthes tuberosa, TU-BER-OS'I-TY, n. protuberant. TO/BER-OUS, a. [from L. tuber, a bunch, Fourcroy. Juurn. of Science. Knobbed. In botany, consisting of Median desig bodies, or tubers, connected into a bunch by inter vening threads, as the roots of potatoes. Martyn. Having small knobs or tuber- A plant with a tuberous root TUF-FOON!, n. Ue corruption of typhon.] The state of being knobbed or gravel-stone or sandstone ; G. tof.] 1. A soft or porous stone formed by depositions from water, usually calcareous, 9. A volcanic sand-rock, rather friable, formed of agglutinated, volcanic earth or scoria; also,a similar rock of trap or basaltic material. Dana. TU-FA’CEOUS, Cafe ee a. Pertaining to tufa; ; consisting of tufa, or resembling it. f| TUFF, n. See Tura. A violent tempest or tornado with thunder and lightning, fre- quent in the Chinese Sea and the Gulf of Tonquin. TUFT, n. [W. tof; Fr. touffe, toupet; Sw. tofs ; Sp. tupe, a tuft; tupir, to press together ; tupa, satiety. ] 1. A collection of small things in a knot or bunch ; - as, a tuft of flowers; a tuft of feathers; a tuft of orass or hair. A tuft of feathers forms the crest of a i 5 TUB/-FAST, n. An old mode of treatment for the bird. Dryden. Addison. venereal disease, by sweating in a close place or 9. A cluster; a clump; as,a tuft of trees; a tuft tub, and fasting. Warburton on Shak. of olives. Shak. TUB/-FISH, n. [tub and jfish.] A species of Trigla or Gurnard, sometimes called the Pryina-Ftsn, Cyc. TO'BI-CORN, n. [J.. tubus and cornu.) One of a family of ruminant animals having horns like, : composed of a horny axis, covered with a horny TUFT, v. t. To separate into tufts. sheath. Brande. TOB/ING, ppr. Furnishing with a tube. TO/BI-PORE, n. [tube and pore.] One of a genus 0 coral zodphytes; organ-pipe coral. The coral con sists of a cluster of small tubes, and has a red color. TO/BI-PO-RITE, n. A fossil tubipore. TUB'-MAN,n. In the exchequer, a barrister so called England, 3. In botany, a head of flowers, each elevatedona partial stalk, and all forming together a dense, round- ish mass. ‘Che word is sometimes applied to other collections, as little bundles of leaves, hairs, and the Cyc. 9. To adorn with tufts or with atuft. Tomson. TUF-TAF/FE-TA, 7m. Sour-Gum, Gum-TrEE, &c. TUP/-MAN, xn. Aman who deals in tups. ([Zocal.] TUR/BAN, n. [Ar.] A head-dress worn by the Ori- | entals, consisting of a cap, and a sash, scarf, or shawl, usually of cotton or linen, artfully wound | about the cap, and sometimes hanging down the neck. Brande. The name is also applied to a head-dress worn by ladies. , ue. Crowned with a turban. West. Rev. TUR/BAN-CROWN-ED, a. TUR’BAN-ED, a. Turk. TUR/BAN-SHELL, n. A popular name given to Echini, or sea-urchins, when deprived of their spines, es MUA. from some resemblance to a turban. Dana. TUR’/BAN-TOP, xn. A plant of the genus Helvella;a kind of fungus or mushroom. Cijc. TUR/BA-RY, n. - [from turf; Latinized, turbaria. } 1. In Jaw, a right of digging turf on another man’s land. Common of turbary, is the liberty which a tenant enjoys of digging turf on the lord’s waste. 9. The place where turf is dug. Cowel. TUR/BID, a. [L. turbidus, from turbo, to disturb, that is, to stir, to turn. ] Properly, having the lees disturbed ; but in a more general sense, muddy ; foul with extraneous matter ; thick, not clear; used of liquids of any kind; as, turbid water ; turbid wine. Streams running on clay gen- erally appear to be turbid. This is often the case with the River Seine. TUR/BID-LY, adv. Proudly; haughtily; a Latinism. feu in use. | Young. TUR'BID-NESS, n. Muddiness ; foulness. TUR-BILL/ION, (-bil‘yun,) ». [I'r. tourbillon. | | } | 9. In concholosy, the whole set of whirls of a shell. | TURF/-HOUSE, n. Wearing a turban; as, a turbaned | r TUR TUR'BU-LENT, a. [L. turbulentus, from turbo, to disturb. ] 1, Disturbed; agitated; tumultuous ; being in violent commotion ; as, the turbulent ocean. Calm region once, And full of peace, now tossed and turbulent. The turbulent mirth of wine. Milton. Dryden, 2. Restless ; unquiet ; refractory ; disposed to in- subordination and disorder; as, turbulent spirits. 3. Producing commotion. Milton. TUR/BU-LENT-LY, adv. Tumultuously; with vio- lent agitation; with refractoriness. TUR/CISM, zn. The religion of the Turks. TU-REEN’, 7. ([Fr. terrine.] A vessel for holding soup. TURF, n. (Sax. tyxf; D. turf; G. and Sw. torf; Fr. tourbe; Ir. tarp, a clod. The word seems to signify a collection, a mass, or perhaps an excrescence. | 1. That upper stratum of earth and vegetable mold, which is filled with the roots of grass and other small plants, so as to adhere and form a kind of mat. This is otherwise called Swarp and Sop. 9. Peat; a peculiar kind of blackish, fibrous, veg- etable, earthy substance, used as fuel.] [Dryden and Addison wrote Turrs, in the plural. W hose heads that turbulent liquor fills with fumes. But whén turf or peat is cut into small pieces, the practice now is to call them Turves.] 3. Race ground ; or horse-racing. The honors of the turf are all our own. Cowper. TURF, v.t. To cover with turf or sod ; as, to turf a bank or the border of a terrace. TUREF’-€LAD, a. Covered with turf. TURE’-€0 V-ER-ED, a. Covered with turf. Tooke. TURF’-DRAIN, n. A drain filled with turf or peat. Cyc. Te er (turft,) pp. Covered with turf or green SOc. TURF’EN, a. Made of turf; covered with turf. TURE/-HEDGE, n. A hedge or fence formed with turf and plants of different kinds. Cyc. A house or shed formed of turf, common in the northern parts of Europe. Cyc. Tooke. TURF’I-NESS, n. [from turfy.] The state of abound- ing with turf, or of having the consistence or qualities of turf. TURF’ING, ppr._ Covering with turf, TURE‘ING, n. The operation of laying down turf, or covering with turf. TUREF’‘ING-I-RON, n. Animplement for paring off turt. , TURF/ING-SPADE, n. An instrument for under- cutting turf, when marked out by the plow. Cyc. TURF/-MOSS, n. A tract of turfy, mossy, or boggy land. Cyc. TURE!-SPADE, n. A spade for cutting and digging turf, longer and narrower than the common spade. Cie. TURF’Y, a. Abounding with turf. 2, Having the qualities of turf. TUR'GENT, a. [L. turgens, from turgeo, to swell. Swelling; tumid; rising into a tumor or puffy state ; as, when the humors are turgent. Gov, of the Tongue. TUR-GES'‘CENCE, TURG ES/CEN-CY, n, [{L. turgrescens. | 1, The act of swelling. A whirl ; a vortex. Spectator. TUR/BIN-ATE, )a. [L. turbinatus, formed like a TUR’BIN-A-TED,§ top, from turbo, turben, a top. ] 1. In conchology, spiral, or wreathed conically from a larger base to a kind of apex; as, turbinated shells. Cye. 9. In botany, shaped like a top or cone inverted ; narrow at the base, and broad at the apex, as, a turbinated germ, nectary, or pericarp. Lee. 3. Whirling. [Little used. | TUR-BIN-A’TION, n. The act of spinning or whirl- ing, as a top. TUR’/BIN-ITE,)n. A petrified shell of the genus TUR/BITE, { Turbo. [Obsolete.] Cyc. Kirwan. TUR'BIT, n. A variety of the domestic pigeon, re- markable for its short beak ; called by the Dutch kort-beak, short beak. Cyc. Ed. Encyc. 2, The turbot. Cyc. TUR/BITH, n. An incorrect spelling of TuRPETH, which see. TUR/BOT, n. [Fr.] A flat-fish of the genus Rhom- bus of Cuvier, (Pleuronectes, Linn.,) w ith a body nearly circular. It grows to the weight of twenty or thirty pounds, and is much esteemed by epicures. TUR/BU-LENCE, )n. [See TurRBULENT.] A dis- TUR/BU-LEN-CY, turbed state; tumult; confu- sion; as, the turbulence of the times; turbulence in political affairs. Milton. 9. Disorder or tumult of the passions ; as, turbu- lence of mind. Dryden. 3. Agitation; tumultuousness; 4s, turbulence of blood. Swift. 4. Disposition to resist authority ; insubordination ; as, the turbulence of subjects, 9, The state of being swelled. Brown. 3. Empty pompousness ; inflation ; bombast. TUR-GES'CENT, a. Swelling; growing big. TUR/GID, a. [L. turgidus, from turgeo, to swell.] 1. Swelled ; bloated ; distended beyond its nat- ural state by some internal agent or expansive force. Boyle. A bladder held by the fire grew turgid. More generally, the word is applied to an enlarged part of the body ; as, a turgid limb. 2, Swelling in style or language; vainly ostenta- tious; tumid ; pompous; inflated ; bombastic ; as, a turgid style; a turgid manner of talking. Watts. TUR-GID/LTY, n. State of being swelled; tumid- ness. TUR’/GID-LY, adv. With swelling or empty pomp. TUR/GID-NESS, n. A swelling or swelled state of a thing; distention beyond its natural state by some internal force or agent, as in a limb. 2, Pompousness; inflated manner of writing or speaking; bombast; as, the turgidness of language or style. TU-RI-O-NIF’/ER-OUS, a. fero, to bear. ] Producing shoots. Barton. TUR/KEY,n. [As this fowl was not brought from Turkey, it would be more correct to write the name TunrkyY, as it is written in the Encyclopedia Britan- nica. ] ; A large gallinaceous fowl, the Meleagris gallopavo. It is a native of America, and its flesh furnishes most delicious food. Wild turkeys abound in the forests of America, and domestic turkeys are bred in other countries, as well as in America. There is an- [L. turio, a shoot, and TUR/KEY-BUZ/ZARD, n. = r TUR other species, the Meleagris ocellata, found about the Bay of Honduras. | ; In America, a common !} species of vulture, having a distant resemblance toa turkey, and remarkable for its graceful flight in the Ingher regions of the air. It is the Cathartes aura. Haldeman. TUR/KEY-RED, z. A fine, durable red, dyed with madder upon calico or woolen cloth. Brande. TUR/KEY-STONE, n. Another name of the oil- stone, from Turkey. TURK/ISH, a. Pertaining to the Turks. TURK°ISH-I.Y, adv. Inthe manner of the Turks. TUR-KOIS’, (-koiz! or-keez’,) n. [Fr. turquoise ; from Turkey. | A mineral, called also Caxaite, brought from Per- sia, of a peculiar bluish-green color, occurring in reni- form masses, With a botryoidal surface. Itis suscepti- ble of a high polish, and is used in jewelry, and when highly colored is much esteemed asa gem. Dana. TURK?S/-€AP, n. A plant of the genus Lilium ; and also of the genus Melocactus. TURK?S!-HEAD, (-hed,) n. A name of plants of the genera Mammillaria and Miclocactus. TURK’S'-TUR-BAN, rn. A plant of the genus Ra- nunculus, TUR/LU-PINS, 2. pl. In French ecclesiastical history, a nickname for the precursors of the reformation, corresponding to Lollards, &c. rande, TURM,n. [L. turma.] A troop. [Not English.] Milton. TUR/MA-LIN, xn. An electric stone. [See Tourma- LIN. ] TUR/MER-I€, n. [It. turtumaglio. Thomson says, Sans, and Pers. zur, yellow, and mirich, pepper. ] A med cinal root brought from the East Indies, the Cure longa. Itis externally grayish, but inter- nally ef deep, lively yellow or saffron color. It has a slich’ aromatic smell, and a bitterish, slightly acrid taste. It is used for dyeing, and as a medicine. This name is sometimes given to the blood-root (Sanguinaria Canadensis) of America, and also te the Hydrastis Canadensis. Cuc. Bigelor. TUR-MOIL!, x. [I know not the origin of tis word ; but it is probably from the root of the L. turba, tur- bo, turma, or of turn.] Disturbance; tumult; harassing labor; trouble ; molestation by tumult. There I'll rest, as after much turmoil A blessed soul doth in Elysiuia. Shak. TUR-MOIL’, v. t. To harass with commotion. , | It is her fatal misfortune — to be miserably tossed and turmeiled | with these storms of affliction. Spenser. | 9. To disquiet ; to weary. Milton. | TUR-MOIL’, v.i. To be disquieted ; to be in com- motion. Milton. TUR-MOIL/ED, pp. Harassed with commotions. TURN, v. t. (Sax. turnan, tyrnan; L. torno; Gr. ropvow; Fr. tourner; Amn. turnein; It. torno, a wheel, L. turnus; torniare, to turn; tornare, to re- turn ; torneare, tornire, to turn, to fence round, to tilt ; torniamento, tournament ; Sp. torno, tornear; G. turnier, a tilt; Sw. tornera, to run tilt, Dan. turnerer ; W. torn, turn, from tur, a turning ; Gaelic, turna, a spinning wheel ; turnoir, a turner. This is probably -=- a derivative verb from the root of “AT; ss daura, to turn. Glass Dr, No. 3, and see No. 15, 13, 18, 1. To cause to move in acircular course; as, to turn a wheel ; to turn a spindle ; to turn the body. 9, To change or shift sides; to put the upper side downward, or one side in the place of the other. It is said a hen turns her eggs often when sitting. 3. To alter, as a position. Expe xpert When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway of battle. Dilion. 4, To cause to preponderate ; to change the state of a balance; as, to turn the scale. Dryden. 5. To bring the inside out; as, to turn a coat. 6. To alter, as the posture of the body, or direction of the look. : : Jr The monarch turns him to his royal guest. Pope. ——— ee 7. To form on a lathe; to make round. 8. To form; to shape ; used in the participle; as, a body finely turned. His limbs now turned. Pope. 9, To change; to transform; as, to turn evil to good ; to turn goods into money. Impatience turns an ague into a fever. : an Taylor. : I pray thee, turn the counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. — « Sam. Xv. : 10. To metamorphose ; as, to turn a worm into a winged insect. 11. To alter or change, to blue. 12, To change or alter in any manner; to vary. as color; as, to turn green Shak. 13. To translate; as, to turn Greek into English. Who turns a Persian tale for half a crown. Pope. —$————— > TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS, eS —— gerne philae= 5 a al ae ns HerPere pl es eee 0 TUR TUR TUR 14. To change, as the manner of writing ; as, to turn prose into verse. 15. To change, as from one opinion or party to an- other ; as, to turn one from atory to a whig; to turn a Mohammedan or a pagan to a Christian. 16. To change in regard to inclination or temper. Turn thee to me, and have mercy on mc. — Ps. xxv. 17. To change or alter from one purpose OF effect to another. God will make these evils the occasion of greater good, by turn- ing them to our advantage. Lulotson. 18. To transfer. Therefore he slew him, and turned the kingdom to David. —1 Chron. x. 19. To cause to nauseate or loathe ; as, to turn the stomach. 90. To make giddy. Eastern priests in giddy circles run, And turn their heads to imitate the sun, Pope. 9]. To infatuate ; to make mad, wild, or enthusi- astic ; as, to turn the brain. Addison. 99, To change direction to or from any point; as, to turn the eyes to the heavens; to turn the eyes from a disgusting spectacle. 93, To direct by a change to a certain purpose or object ; to direct, as the inclination, thoughts, or mind. I have turned my mind to the subject. My thoughts are turned on peace. Addison. 24. To revolve ; to agitate in the mind. Turn those ideas about in your mind. Wats. 95. To bend from a perpendicular direction ; as, to turn the edge of an instrument. 26. To move from a direct course or straight line ; to cause to deviate ; as, toturn a horse from the road, or a ship from ber course. 27. To apply by a change of use. When the passage is open, land will be turned most to cattle. Temple. 28. To reverse. The Lord thy God will turn thy captivity, and have compassion on thee. — Deut. xxx 99, To keep passing and changing in the course of trade ; as, to fwrn money or stock two or three times in the year. 30. To adapt the mind ; chiefly in the participle. He was perfectly well turned for trade. Addison. 31. To make acid; to sour; as, to turn cider or wine; to furn milk. 32. To persuade to renounce an opinion ; to dis- suade from a purpose, or cause to change sides. You can not turn a firm man. To turn aside ; to avert. To turn away ; to dismiss from service ; to discard ; as, to turn away 2 servant. 2. To avert; as, to turn away wrath or evil. To turn back; to return; as, to turn back goods to the seller. [Little used. } Shak. To turn down ; to fold or double down. To turn in; to fold or double ; as, to turn in the edge of cloth. To turn off; to dismiss contemptuously ; as, to turn off a sycophant or parasite. 2. To give over; toresign. We are not so wholly turned off from that reversion. 3. To divert ; to deflect ; as, to turn off the thoughts from serious subjects. To be turned of ; tobe advanced beyond; as, to be turned of sixty-six. To turn out; to drive out; to expel; as, to turn a family out of doors, or out of the house. 2. To put to pasture, as cattle or horses. To turn over; to change sides; to roll over. 2, To transfer ; as, to turn over business to another hand. 3. To open and examine one Jeaf after another ; as, to turn over a Concordance. Swift. 4. To overset. To turn to ; to have recourse to. Helvetius’s tables may be turned to on all occasions. Locke. To turn upon; to retort; to throw back; as, to turn the arguments of an opponent upon himself. Atterbury. To turn the back; to flee; to retreat. Ezod. xxiii. To turn the back upon; to quit with contempt; to forsake. To turn the die or dice; to change fortune. TURN, v.i. To move round; to have a circular mo- tion; as, a wheel turns on its axis; a spindle turns on a pivot ; a man turns on his heel. 2. To be directed. The understanding turne inward on itself, and reflects on its own operations, Locke 3. To show regard by directing the look toward any thing. Turn, mighty monarch, turn this way ; o not refuse to hear. Dryden. 4 To move the body round He turned to me with a smile. 5. To move; to change posture. Let your body be at rest; do not turn in the least. 6. To deviate ; as, to turn from the road 7. To alter; to be changed or transformed; as, wood turns to stone; water turns to ice ; turns to another. 8, Tio become by change; as, the fur animals turns in winter. Cygnets from gray turn white. 9. To change sides. A man in a fever turns often. 10. To change opinions or parties; as, to turn Christian or Mohammedan. 11. To change the mind or conduct. Turn from thy fierce wrath. —Ex. xxxil. 12. To change to acid; as, milk turns during a thunder-storm. 13. To be brought eventually ; to result nate in. ‘This trade has not turned to much account or advantage. The application of steam turns to good account, both on land and water. 14. To depend on for decision. The turns on a single fact or point. 15. To become giddy. I'll look no more, Lest my brain turn. or course. one color of certain Bacon. Swift. suddenly or termi- question Shak. 16. To change a course of life; to repent. Turn ye, turn ye from your evil ways, for why w Ezek. xxxiil. ill ye die? — 17. To change the course or direction ; as, the tide turns. To turn about; to move the face to another quar- ter. To turn away ; to deviate. 2, To depart from ; to forsake. To turn in; to bend inward. 2. To enter for lodgings or entertainment. Gen. xix. 3. To go to bed. To turn off; to be diverted; to devis course. The road turns off to the left. To turn on or upon; to reply or retort. 2. To depend on. ate from a To turn out ; to move from its place, as a bone, 2. To bend outward ; to project. 3. To rise from bed; also, to come abroad; to prove in the result. To turn over; to turn from side to side; tumble. 2. To change sides or parties. To turn to; to be directed ; as, the need the magnetic pole. to roll ; to le turns to To turn under ; to bend or be folded downward. To turn up ; to bend or be doubled upward. TURN’-€AP, n. 17. Change of direction; as, the turn of the tide from flood to ebb. 18. One round of a rope or cord. 19. In mining, a pit sunk in some part of a drift. 20. Turn, or tourn, court of record, held every hundred within his county. : Cyc. in law. The sheriff’s turn is a by the sheriff twice a year in By turns; one after another; alternately. They assist each other by turns. 2. At intervals. They feel by turns the bitter change. Milton. To take turns; to iron lathe. with the wind. take each other’s place alter- nately. TURN’-BENCH, n. [turn and bench.] A kind of JMozon. A chimney-top which turns round Francis. TURN’/€OAT, nz. [turn and coat.] One who forsakes his party or principle Ss. Shak. oN’ED, pp. Moved ina circle; changed. TURN/ER, nz. One things with a lathe; TURN/ER-ITE,n. A winding. ure ; meander. TURN/ING-POINT, case. 2. The place in a whose occupation is to form one who turns. rare mineral, occurring in small crystals of a yellowish-brown color, externally bril- jiant and translucent. It somewhat resembles sphene in its crystals, but differs from sphene in containing alumina, lime, mag- nesia, and a little iro j TURN/ER-Y,7n. The into cylindrical or other forms by means of a lathe. 2, Things made by a turner or in the lathe. TURN/ING, ppr. Moving in a circle; changing ; Phillips. n, but no titanium. Dana. art of forming solid substances TURN/ING, n. A winding; a bending course; flex- 2, Deviation from the way or proper course. 3. Turnery, or the into various forms by means of a lathe. TURN’/ING-NESS, nx. sation. [WVot in use. ] Sidney. act of forming solid substances Quality of turning ; tergiver- nm. The point which decides a TUR'NIP, n. [A compound of tur, round, and Sax. nepe, L. napus, a turnip. | The common name of two bulbous roots or plants, Brassica rapa and Brassica campestris, distinct spe- cies, both of great value for food. TURN/KEY, n. A pe of a prison, for opening and fastening the doors. TURN/OUT, x. [turn and out.] The act of coming forth ; a quitting of employment. rson who has charge of the Keys railway where cars turn out of TURN, 2. The act of turning; movement or motion in a circular direction, whether horizontally, verti- cally, or otherwise ; a revolution ; as, the turn of a wheel. 2, A winding; a meandering course ; a bend or bending ; as, the turn of a river. Addison. 3. A walk to and fro. I will take a turn in your garden. Dryden. 4, Change; alteration ; vicissitude ; as, the turns and varieties of passions. Hooker. Too well the turns of mortal chance I know. Pope. 5. Successive course. Nobleness and bounty — which virtues had their turns in the king’s nature. Bacon. 6. Manner of proceeding; change of direction. This affair may take a different turn from that which we expect. 7. Chance; hap; opportunity. Every one has a fair turn to be as great os he pleases. Collier. 8. Occasion ; incidental opportunity. An old dog, falling from his speed, was loaded at every turn with blows and reproaches. ’Estrange. 9. Time at which, by successive vicissitudes, any thing is to be had or done. They take each other’s turn. His turn will come to laugh at you again, Denham. 5 “ o 10. Action of kindness or malice. Thanks are half lost when good turns are delayed. Fuirfar. Some malicious natures place their delight in doing ill turne. *Estrange. 11. Reigning inclination or course. Religion is not to be adapted to the turn and fashion of the age. 12. A step off the ladder at the gallows. Butler. 13. Convenience ; occasion; purpose; exigence ; as, this will not serve his turn. Clarendon. Temple. 14. Form; cast; shape; manner; in a literal or figurative sense ; as, the turn of thought; a man of a sprightly turn in conversation. The turn of his thoughts and expression is unharmonious. Dryden. Female virtues are of a domestic turn. Addison, The Roman poets, in their description of a beautiful man, often mention the turn of his neck and arms, ison. 15. Manner of arranging words in a sentence. 16. Change ; new position of things. Some evil happens at every turn of affairs. the way; applied also to an equipage. TURN’PIKE, n. [turn and pike.] Strictly, a frame consisting of two bars crossing each other at right angles, and turning on a post or pin, to hinder the passage of beasts, but admitting a person to pass be- tween the arms. 2. A gate set across a road to stop travelers and carriages till toll is paid for keeping the road in re- pair. 3. A turnpike road. 4, In military affairs, a beam filled with spikes to obstruct passage. Cyc. TURN’PIKE, v. t. To form, as a road, in the manner of a turnpike road ; to throw the path of a road into a rounded form. Med. Repos. Knowles. TURN/PIK-ED, (-pikt,) pp. Formed in the manner of a turnpike-road. TURN/PIKE-ROAD, n. A road on which turnpikes or toll-gates are established by law, and which are made and kept in repair by the toll collected from travelers or passengers who use the road. Cyc. TURN/-SERV-ING, n. [turn and serve.] The actor practice of serving one’s turn, or promoting private interest. Bacon. TURN’SICK, a. [turnand sick.] Giddy. Bacon. 3 - TURN’SOLE, x. [turn and L. sol, the sun.] A plant of the genus Heliotropium, so named be- cause its flower is supposed to turn toward the sun ; the heliotrope. TURN/SPIT, n. [turn and spit.] ag ATS OH as SH; FH as in THIS a . eine re = ie: Ng E: ’ ve eS ie allie ae —- Seee Coat or ee . ae ton is ee ona RES UNA UNA UNA UN-AM-BIG'U-OUS, a. Not ambiguous; not of doubtful meaning ; *plain ; clear; certain. Chesterfield. UN-AM-BIG/U-OUS-LY, adv. In a clear, explicit manner, me UN-AM-BIG'U-OUS-NESS, Cleamesss explicit- UN-AM-BI-GO'L-TY, ness UN-AM-BI'/TIOUS Not ambitious ; free from ambition. . Not affecting show ; as, ee aac ornaments. UN-AM-BI!/TIOUS-LY, adv. UN-AM-BI?/TIOUS- NESS, Ne Le -am-bish/us oe not showy or prominent ; Not ambitiously. Freedom from ambi- tion. ‘ UN-A-ME/NA-BLE, a. Not amenable or responsible. UN-A-MEND/A-BLE, a. Not capable of emendation. Ope. UN-A-MEND/ED, a. Not amended; not rectified. Ash, UN-A/MI-A-BLE, a. Not amiable; not conciliating love; not adapted to gain affection. Spectator. Want of amiableness. UN-A!/MI-A-BLE- NESS, 72. Not amused; not en- UN-A-MUS'ED, (-muzd’,) a. tertained. UN-A-MUS‘ING, a. tertainment. Roscoe. UN-A-MUS/ING-LY, adv. Not amusingly. UN-A-MU'SIVE, a. ” Not affording amusement. UN-AN-A-LOG/I€-AL, a, Not analogical. UN-A-NAL'O-GOUS, a. Not analogous ; not agreea- not affording en- Wi tfo rd. Not amusing ; ble to. Darwin. UN-AN/A-LYZ-ED, a. Not analyzed; not resolved into simple parts. Boyle. UN-AN€H!/OR-ED, a. Not anchored; not moored. ope. UN-A-NEL/ED, a. Not having received extreme unc- tion. pSce ANEL E.] Shak. U iy AN! GU-LAR, C ang/gu-lar,) a. Having no an- UN_AN/-MAL-IZ-ED, a. Not formed into animal matter. UN-AN/I-MA-TED, a. Not animated; not possessed of life. inet having spirit; dull. Not animating ; dull. [Fr. unant- 2. Not enlivened ; UN-AN/I-MA-TING, U-NA-NIM'I-TY, ie -na-nim/e-te,) 7. mité; L. unus, one, and animus, mind. ] Agreement of a number of persons in opinion or determination ; as, there was perfect unanimity among the members of the counc il. U-NAN’I-MOUS, (yu-nan/e-mus,) a. Being of one mind ; agreeing in opinion or dete ‘rmination ; as, the house “of ‘assembly was unanimous; the members of the council were unanimous, 9. Formed by unanimity ; as, a unantmous vote. U-NAN/I-MOUS-LY, adv. With entire agreement of minds. Addison. U-NAN/I-MOUS-NESS, n. The state of being of one mind, 2, Proceeding from unanimity ; as, the wnanimous- ness of 2 vote. UN-AN-NEAL/ED, a. Not annealed; not tempered by heat ; sudde nly cooled. UN-AN-NEX’/ED, (-an-nekst’,) a. Not annexed ; not joined, UN-AN-NI/ HI-LA-BLE, a. That can not be annihi- lated. UN-AN NOUN’CED, (-an-nounst’,) a, or proclaimed. UN-AN-NOY’ED, a. UN-A-NOINT’ED, a, 9. Not having received extreme unction. Shak. UN-AN/SWER-A-BLE, (-an/ser-a-bl,) a. Not to be satisfactorily answered; not capable of refutation ; as, an unanswerable argument, UN-AN/SWER-A-BLE-NESS, n. unanswerable. Not anuounced Not annoyed or incommoded. Not anointed. The state of being UN-AN’SWER-A-BLY, adv. In a manner not to be answered ; beyond refutation. South. UN-AN/SWER-ED, a. Not answered; not opposed by a reply. Milton. 2. Not refuted. Hooker. 3. Not suitably returned. Dryden. UN-AN-TIC/I-PA-TED, a. Not anticipated. UN-ANX/‘IOUS, (-ank’shus,) a. Free from anxiety. UN-A-PO€'RY-PHAL, a. Not apocryphal; not of doubtful authority. Milton. UN-AP-PALL‘ED, (-ap-pawld’,) a. Not appalled ; not daunted ; not impressed with fear. With eyes erect, and visage unappalled. Smuh. UN-AP-PAR‘EL-ED, a. Not appareled ; not clothed. acon. UN-AP-PAR/ENT, a. Not apparent; obscure; not visible. Milton. UN-AP-PEAL/A-BLE, a, Not appealable; admitting no appeal ; that can not be carried to a higher court by appeal; as, an wnappealable cause. UN-AP-PEAS/A- BLE, a. Not to*be appeased or paci- fied; as, an unappeasable clamor. pee Not placable ; as, unappeasable wrath. UN-AP-PEAS! ED, (-ap-pézd’,) a. “Not appeased ; not pacified. Dryden. Not applauding. UN-AP-PLAUD/ING, « | Not applauding. UN-AP-PLAU'SIVE, UN-AP-PLI’A-BLE, a. , Tnapplieable: [ Little used.] Milton. UN-AP’PLI-CA-BLE, a. Inapplicable; that can not be applied. [We now use INAprLicaBLe.] UN-AP-PLYED, a. Not applied; not used according ie the destination ; 5 as, unapplied funds. -AP’/PO-SITE, (-ap/po-zit,) a. Not apposite ; not aie ible. Gerard. UN-AP-PRE/CIA-BLE, a UN-AP-PRE’CIA-TED, a. Not appreciable. Not duly estimated or val- ued. UN-AP-PRE-HEND/ED, a. taken Not apprehended ; not 9. Not understood. Hooker. UN-AP-PRE-HEN’SI-BLE, a. Not capable of being understood. South. UN-AP-PRE-HEN’SL-BLE-NESS, 7. unapprehensible. UN-AP-PRE-HEN’SIVE, a. fearful or suspecting. 9, Not intelligent ; not ready of conception. South, UN-AP-PRE-HEN/SIVE- LY, adv. Not apprehen- sively. UN-AP-PRE-HEN’SIVE-NESS, n. unapprehensive. UN-AP-PRIS/ED, a. informed. UN-AP-PROACH’A-BLE, a. proached ; inaccessible. UN-AP-PROACH/A-BLE-NESS, n. Inaccessibleness. UN-AP-PROACH/A-BLY, adv. So as not to be ap- proachable. UN-AP-PROACH’ED, proached ; not to be approached. UN-AP-PRO/PRI-ATE, a. Inappropriate. UN-AP-PRO/PRI-A-TED, a. Not appropriated ; not applied or directed to be applied to any spe cific ob- ject ; as money or funds. Hamilton. 9, Not granted or given to any person, company, or corporation ; as, urappropriated oe State of being Not apprehensive ; not State of being Not apprised; not previously That can not be ap- (-ap-procht’,) a. Not ap- Milton. Trumbull. UN-AP-PROV/ED, Cap- proovd’,) a. Not approved ; not having received pp ition. Milton. UN-AP-PROV/ING, Not approving. UN-AP-PROV/ING.LY, adv, With disapprobation. UN-APT’, a. Not apt; not ready or propense. A soldier, unapt to wecp. Shak. 2. Dull; not ready to learn. 3. Unfit; not qualified ; not disposed ; with to be- fore a verb, and for before a noun ; as, unapt to ad- mit a conference with reason. Hooker. Unapt for noble, wise, spiritual employments. Taylor. 4, Improper; unsuitable. Johnson. UN-APT’LY, adv. Unfitly ; improperly. Grew. UN-APT' (NESS, n. Unfitness; unsuitableness. Spenser. 9. Duliness ; want of quick apprehension. Shak. 3. Unreadiness; disqualification; want of pro- pension. The mind, by excess of exertion, gets an unaptness to vigorous attempts. Locke. UN-AR/GU-ED, a. Not argued; not debated. 2, Not Ainlteds ; not opposed by argument. Milton. [Not used. ] B. Jonson. UN-ARM/’, v. t. To disarm; to strip of armor or arms. [ Not used.) [See Disarm. ] Shak. UN-ARM’/ED, a. Not having on arms or armor; not equipped. Man is born unarmed; it is mean to attack even an enemy wrarmed. 9, Not furnished with scales, prickles, or other defense, as animals and plants. UN-AR-RAIGN/ED, a. Not arraigned ; 3. Not censured ; a Latinism. not brought to trial. Daniel. UN- oF -RANG/ED, a. Notarranged; not disposed in ordé not dressed. Dryden. UN- AR- RAY'/ED, a. Not arrayed ; Not disposed in order. UN- AR. REST’ED, a. Not stopped; not apprehended. UN-AR-RIV’/ED, a. Notarrived. [Jl formed.] Young. Tenorant of the arts. [JVot in use.] Waterhouse. artless ; not having UN-ART’ED, a. UN-ART’FUL, a. Not artful; cunning. Dryden, 9, Wanting skill. [Zittle wsed.] Cheyne. UN-ART’FUL-LY, adv. Without art; in an unartful manner. Swift. [In lieu of these words, ArtLEss and ARTLESSLY are generally used. ] UN-AR-TIE/U-LA-TED, a. Not articulated or dis- tinctly pronounced. Encyc. UN-AR-TI-FI’/CIAL, (-ar-te-fish/al,) a. Not artificial ; not formed by art. UN-AR-TI-FI//CIAL-LY, ado. manner contrary to art. UN-AR/TIST-LIKE, a. Not like an artist. UN-AS-CEND/ED, a. Not ascended. UN-AS-CEND'I-BLE, a. That can not be ascended. Not with art; ina Derham. UN-AP-PLAUD/ED, a. Not applauded. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, Marshall. UN-AS-CER-TAIN/A- tained, certainly known. The trustees are unasceriainable. UN-AS-CER-TAIN/ED, a. ty ; not certainly known. Not ashamed UN-ASK/ED, (un-dskt/,) a. UN-A-SHAM/ED, a. BLE, a. That can not be ascer- or reduced to a certainty; that can not be Wheaton’s Rep. Not reduced to a certain- Hamilton. Not asked; unsolicited ; as, to bestow favors unasked; that was an unasked favor. 2, Not sought by entreaty or care. The bea From earth unaske UN-AS-PE€T’IVE, a. UN-AS/PI-RA-TED, a. UN-AS-PIR’ING, a. UN-AS-PIR/ING-LY, adv. UN-AS-SAIL/A-BLE, be assaulted. UN-AS-SAIL/A-BLY, UN-AS-SAIL/ED, a. violence. To keep my life and honor unassailed. UN-AS-SAULT’ED, a. UN-AS-SAY’ED, (- -as- sade’,) a. tempted. [W e now rded corn ensued Dryden, Not having a view to. Feltham. Having no aspirate. Parr. Not aspiring ; not ambitious. Rogers. In an unaspiring manner a. Not assailable ; that can not Shak. adv. So as to be unassailable. Not assailed ; not attacked by Milton. Not assaulted ; not attacked. Not essayed ; not at- use Unessay ED. | 2. Not subjected to assay or trial. UN-AS-SEM’/BLED, a. gated. UN-AS-SERT’ED, a. ne vindicated. -AS-SES ve d. UN-AS-SIGN! A-BLE, not be transferred by UN-AS-SIGN/A-BLY, ner. UN-AS-SIGN/ED, (-sind’,) a, Not assigned ; not transferred. UN-AS-SIM/I-LA-TED, a. clared ; made to resemble. 2. In physiology, not united with, S/ED, (-as-sest’,) a. Not assembled or congre- Not asserted; not affirmed ; Not assessed ; not a. Not assignable; that can assignment or indorsement. Jones. Wheaton. adv. In an unassignable man- not de- Not assimilated ; not and actually made a part, either of the proper fluids or solids of the body ; not aE as food. UN-AS-SIM’I-L: UN-AS-SIST” BD, a. helped ; UN-AS-SIST/ING, a UN-AS-SO/CIA-TED, with a society. -TING, a as, unassisted reason. Not assimilating. Not assisted; not aided or Rovers. Giving no help. Dryden. a. Not associated , not united 2. In Connecticut, not united with an ecclesiastical association ; as, an wu UN-AS-SORT’ED, a. Into sorts. UN-AS-SUAG/ED, a. UN-AS-SOUM‘ED, a UN-AS-SUM/ING, a ward ; modest ; ners. UN-AS-SUR/ED, (-ash-shird’,) a. nassociated church. Not assorted ; not distributed Not appeased. Not assumed. Not assuming; not bold or for- not making lofty pretensions ; not arrogant; as, an unassuming youth ; unassuming man- [See Surs.] Not assured; not confident ; as, an unassured counte- nance. Glanville. 2, Not to be trusted ; as, an unassured foe. Spenser, 3. Not insured against loss ; UN-A-TON/A-BLE, a. reconciled, UN-A-TON’ED, a. rested, 2, Not closely adhe as, unattached to any 3, Not united by af UN-AT-TACK/A-BLE, a. UN-AT-TACK/ED, (-at-takt/,) a. assaulted. UN-AT-TAIN’A-BLE, as, goods unassured. Not to be appeased ; ; not to be Milton. Not expiated. A brother’s blood yet unatoned. UN-AT-TACH/ED, (-tacht’,) a. Rowe. Not attached ; not ar- Junius. ring ; having no fixed interest ; party. fection, Not attackable. Not attacked ; not a. Not to be gained or ob- tained ; as, santiaiahle good. UN-AT- TAIN'A-BLE- NESS, n. The state of being beyond the reach of power. Locke. UNS ay -TAIN/A-BLY, UN_AT-TAIN/ED, a. UN-AT-TAIN’ING, a UN-AT-TAINT’ED, a. UN-AT-TEM/PER-ED, a. UN-AT-TEMPT’ED, a. not essayed. Things unaltempled yet in prose or rhyme. UN-AT-TEND’ED, a. nied ; having no retinue or attendance. a Forsaken. Not medically attended ; not dressed ; pee wounds. UN-AT-TEND/ING, not being attentive. Ili s lost EUR That is addressed to unatte ado. In an unattainable man- Not attained or reached. Not attaining. Not attainted ; not corrupted. Not tempered by mixture. Not attempted; not tried ; Milton, Not attended ; not accompa- Milton. Shak. as, wnat- ‘Mitford. a. Not attending or listening Milton. ing eors. MARINE, BIRD.—NGTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1190UNB UNB UNB UN-AT-TEN’TIVE, a. Not regarding; inattentive. The latter word is now used. } UN-AT-TEN’1 UN-AT-TEST testation, UN-AT TIR/E UN-AT-TRA€ by attraction. UN-AT-TRAE€E U-NAU/, n. brown color, found only in UN-AUD/IT-E UN-AUG-MEN J-A-TED, a. ‘ED, a, T/IVE, a, An edentate mammal, the Bradypus di- dactylus, or two-toed sloth. by one half than .a cat; Not attenuated. Not attested; having no at- arrow. D,a. Not attired; not adorned. TED, a. Not attracted ; not affected Not attractive. This animal is Jarger is of a uniform grayish- sometimes with a reddish tint. It is the hot parts of South America. D, Not audited or adjusted. TIED, a. Not augmented or increased ; in grammar, hav ing no augment, or additional syllz é ble. UN-AU-THEN’TIE, a. or true. UN-AU-THEN’TI€-A Richardson. Not authentic ; not genuine -TED, a. Not authenticated ; not made certain by authority. UN-AU-THOR’L-TA-TIVE, a. UN-AU-THOR/’I-TA-TIVE-LY, adv. thority. UN-AU/THOR-IZ-ED, a. ranted by proper authority ; UN-A-VAIL!A- Not authoritative. Campbell, Without au- Not authorized ; not war- not duly commissioned. BLE, a. Not available; not having sufficient power to produce the intended effect; not effectual ; ness. UN-A-VAIL/A- cess, UN-A-VAIL/ING, a. ineffectual ; unavailing pri UN-A-VAIL/ING- LY, adv. UN-A-VENGE! UN-A-VENG'ED, a. vain ; useless. UN-A-VAIL/A- Hooker. Inefficacy ; useless- Sandys. Without availing or suc- BLE-NESS, n. BLY, adv. Not having the effect desired ; useless ; vain ; as, unavailing efforts ; ay ers, Without effect. A-BL i, a. Not avengeable. Not avenged ; not having ob- tained satisfaction ; as, a person is unavenged, 2, Not punished; as, acrime is unavenged. UN-AV/E-NUO-ED, a UN-A-VERT’ED, a U'NA VO!'CE or void. 2. Not avoi Having no avenue. Pollok. Not averted ; not turned away. ~,{L.) With one voice ; unanimously. UN-A-VOID!A- BLE,a That can not be made null Blackstone. dable ; not to be shunned ; inevitable ; as, unavoidable evils. 3. Not to be missed in ratiocination. Locke. UN-A-VOID!'A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being unavoidable ; UN-A-VOID‘A that prevents UN- Be VOID‘/E Inevitab UN-A-VOW'E not owned ; UN-A-WAK’! E UN- a WAK/E inevitableness. Glanville. A-BLY, adv. Inevitably; in a manner fi rilure or escape. D,a. Not avoided or shunned. le. [JVot legitimate. ] B. Jonson. D, a. Not avowed ; not acknowledged ; not confessed. D, ja. Not awakened ; NE D,} from sleep. not roused 2. Not roused from spiritual slumber or stupidity. UN-A-WAK’EN-ING, a UN-A-WAREY, a. UN-A-WARE’, UN-A-WARES', The evil cam Scott. Not awakening. Without thought ; inattentive. Sioift. adp. Suddenly; unexpectedly ; without previous preparation. 6 upon us wrdawares, 2, Without premeditated design. He killed the man unawares. At unaware: He breaks UN-AW/ED, a. undaunted. UN-BACK/ED, as, an wnback 2. Not tained ; 3. Unsuppt UN-BALF’ FLED, a UN-BAK/ED, (-bakt/,) a. UN-BAL/ANC-ED, (-bal/anst,) a. poised ; not i 3; unexpectedly. at undwares upon our walks, Dryden, Not awed ; not restrained by fear; Dryden. (-bakt’,) a. Not having been backed ; ed colt. not taught to bear arider, Shak. wrted ; left without aid. Daniel. Not defeated ; not confounded. Not baked. Not balanced ; not n equipoise. Let Earth unbalanced from her orbit fly. Pope. 2. Not adjusted ; not settled; not brought to an equality of debt and credit; as, an unbalanced ac- count, 3. Not rest parties, UN-BAL/LAST, ». i. charge the ba UN-BAL/LAST-ED, pp. 9 a. Not furnished with ballast ; by ballast or by weight; wits. ‘© Unballast rained by equal power; as, unbalanced J. Adams. To free from ballast; to dis- last from. Totten. Freed from ballast. not kept steady unsteady ; as, unballasted vessel,” for wnballasted, in Addison, is an unauthorized phrase, UN-BAN!DAG- UN-BAND’ED, band. Shak. UN-BE-LIEV'ING-LY, adv. In an unbelieving man- UN-BAN/NER-ED, a. Having no banner. Pollok. ner, x ae : : UN-BAP-TIZ’ED, Not baptized. Hooker. UN-BE-LIEV/ING-NESS, n. State of being unbeliev- UN-BA P-TIZ/ING, ¢ a, Not baptizing. Coleridge. ing. innocent. ED, a. Not bandaged. a. Stripped of a band; having no UN-BAR’, v.t. To remove a bar or bars from; to un- fasten ; i open ; as, to unbar a gate. UN-BARB’ED, a. Not shaven. [ot in use.] Shak. UN-BARK‘ED, (-barkt’,) a. Stripped of its bark. Bacon. {We now use BarxeEp in the same sense. UN-BAR/RED, (-bard’,) pp. Having its bars removed ; unfastened. UN-BAR/RING, ppr. Removing the bars from ; un- fastening. UN-BASH’FUL, a. Not bashful; bold; impudent. Shak, UN-BASH’FUL-LY, adv. UN-BAT’ED, a in uses 4 Boldly ; impudently. Not repressed ; not blunted. [Wot UN-BAT H'ED, a. Not bathed; not wet. Dryden. UN-BAT’TER-ED, a. Not battered ; not bruised or injured by blows, Shak. UN-BAY’, v. t. mounds. To open ; to free from the restraint of I ought to unbay the current of my passions. Norris. [Not in use.] UN-BEAR/A-BLE, a, Not to be borne or endured. UN-BEARD/ED, (un-bérd’ed,) a. Having no beard; beardless. UN-BEAR/ING, a. Bearing or producing no fruit. 2 Dryden. UN-BEAT’EN, a. Not beaten; not treated with blows. Corbet. 2. Untrod; not beaten by the feet; as, unbeaten paths. Roscommon. UN-BEAU’/TE-OUS, (-bi/te- ( Not beautiful ; UN-BEAU/TLFUL, + ( W/te-,)a@- } having no beatity. Hammond. UN-BEAU/TE-OUS-LY, adv. In an unbeauteous manner. UN-BEAU’TLFI-ED a. Not beautified or adorned. UN-BEAD’TI-FUL-LY, adv. In an unbeautiful man- ner. UN-BE-€OME’, (-be-kum/,) v. t to be suitable to ; to misbecome. Not to become; not [ Vot used, } Sherlock. UN-BE-€OM/ING, (-kum/ing,) a. Unsuitable; im- proper for the person or character; indecent; in- decorous. My grief lets unbecoming speeches fall. UN-BE-€0M/ING-LY, adv. ner; indecorously. Barrow. UN-BE-€0M'ING-NESS, nm. Unsuitableness to the person, character, or circumstances; impropriety ; indecorous sness. Locke. UN-BED’, v. t. Eels unbed themselves and stir at the noise UN-BED’DED, pp. t Dryden, In an unsuitable man- Too raise or rouse from bed. of thunder. Walton. Raised from bed; disturbed. UN-BED/DING, ppr. Raising from bed. UN-BE-FIT’ TING, a. Not befitting ; unsuitable; un- becoming. Swift. UN-BE-FRIEND’ED, (-be-frend/ed,) a. Not befriend- ed; not supported by friends; having no friendly aid. Killingbeck. UN-BB-GET’, z To deprive of existence. Dryden. UN-BE-GOTY’, a. Not generated; eternal. UN-BE-GOT’TEN, Stillingfleet. 2. Not yet ge ner: ited. Shak. 3. Not begotten ; ; not generated. South. UN-BE-GUILE’ to free from the influence of nese To undeceive ; Then unbeguile thyself, Donna, UN-BE-GUIL/ED, pp. Undeceived. UN-BE-GUIL/ING, ppr. Undeceiving. UN-BE-GUN’, a. Not begun. Hooker. UN-BE-HELD’, a. Not beheld; not seen ; not visible. Nilton. UN-BE/ING, a. Not existing. [ot in use.] Brown. UN-BE-LIEEF’, (-be-leef’,) mn. [Sax. ungeleafa. 1. Incredulity ; the withholding of belief; as, wn- beltay is blind, _ Milton. . Infidelity ; disbelief of divine revelation. Hooker. the gospel, rejection of C hrist as the Savior of men, and of the doctrines he taught; distrust of God’s promises and faithfulness, &c. Matt. xiii. Mark xvi. Heb. iii. Rom. iv. 4. Weak faith. Mark ix. UN-BE-LIEVE’, v. t. ‘To discredit ; not to believe or trust. Wotton. 9, Not to think real or true. Dryden. UN-BE-LIEV’ED, pp. Not believed ; discredited. UN-BB-LIEV’/ER, 72. An incredulous person; one who does not believe. 9. An infidel; one who discredits revelation, or the mission, character, and doctrines of Christ. 9 Cor. Vi. UN-BE-LIEV/ING, a. Not believing; incredulous, 9, Infidel; discrediting divine revelation, or the mission, character, and doctrines of Christ ; as, the unbelieving Jews. Acts xiv. Rev. XXi. 3. In the Now Testament, disbelief of the truth of UN-BE-LOV’ED, (-luvd’,) a. Notloved. Dryden UN-BE-MOAN’ED, a. Not lamented. Pollok. UN-BEND’, v. t To free from flexure; to make Sentai y ; as, to unbend a bow. ” Dryden. , LO relax ; to remit from a strain or from exer- oe to set at ease for a time; as, to unbend the mind from study or care. Denham. To relax effeminately. You unbend your noble strength. Shak, 4, In seamanship, to take the sails from their yards and stays; also, to cast loose a cable from the an- chors ; also, to untie one rope from another, Brande. UN-BEND’ING, ppr. Relaxing from any strain ; re- mitting ; taking from their yards, &c., as sails. 2. a. Not suffering flexure. 3. Unyielding ; resolute ; inflexible ; applied to pex~ sons. 4, Unyielding ; inflexible ; firm; applied to things; as, unbending truths. J. M. Mason. 5. Devoted to relaxation. I hope it may entertain your lordship at an unbending hour, Rowe. UN-BEND/ING-LY, adv. Without bending; obsti- nately. UN-BEN’/E-FIC-ED, (-ben/e-fist,) a. having a benefice. UN-BEN-E-FI//CIAL, (-fish/al,) a. UN-BEN'E-FIT-ED, a. UN-BE-NEV/O-LENT, a Not enjoying or ryden. Not beneficial. Not hi aving received benefit. Not benevolent ; not kind. OgeTs. UN- BES SEO LENT-LY, adv. In an unbenevolent manr UN-BE E-NIGHT/ED, (-nit/ed,) a. Never visited by darkness. Milton. UN-BE-NIGN’, a. Not benign; not favorable or pro- pitious ; malignant. ure UN-BENT’, pp. of Unsenpv. Relaxed; remitted ; lieved from strain or exertion. Denhan. 2. In seamen’s language, taken from the yards; loosed ; as, the sails are unbent; the cable is unbent. 3. Not strained ; unstrung ; as, a bow unbent. 4. Not crushed ; not subdued ; as, the soul is unbent by woes. UN-BE-QUEAFH'ED, (-be-kweethd’,) a. Not be- queathed ; not given by legacy. UN-BE-SEEM/ING, a. Unbecoming ; not befitting ; unsuitable. UN-BE-SEEM/ING-LY, adv. manner. UN-BE-SEEM/ING-NESS, zn. seeming. UN-BE-SOUGHT"’, (un-be- sawt!,) a. Not besought ; not squght by petition or entreaty. Milton. UN-BE-SPOK’EN, a. Not bespoken, or ordered be- forehand. UN-BE-STAR/RED, (-stird’,) a. tinguished by stars. UN-BE-STOW’ED, a. not disposed of. UN-BE-TRAY’ED, a. UN-BE-WAIL’ED, a. In an unbecoming State of being unbe- Not adorned or dis- Pollok. Not bestowed; not given ; Not betrayed. Daniel. Not bewailed ; not lamented. Shak. To free from fascination. South. UN-BIAS, v. t. To free from bias or prejudice. The truest service a private man can do his country, is to unbias his mind, as much as possible, between the rival powers. Swift. Freed from prejudice or UN-BE-WITCH’, v. ¢ UN-Bi/AS-ED, (-bi’ast,) pp. bias. 9. a. Free from any undue partiality or prejudice ; impartial; as, an unbiased mind ; unbiased opinion or decision. UN- Bis AS-ED-LY, adv. tially UN-Bi/ AS-ED- NESS, n. Freedom from bias or preju- dice. Bp. Hall. UN-BID’, a. Not bid; not commanded. UN-BID'DEN, Milton. ®, Spontaneous ; as, thorns shall the earth produce Without prejudice ; impar- widae Jilton. 3. Uninvited ; not requested to attend ; as, undid den guests. Shak. UN-BIG/OT-ED, a. Free from bigotry. Addison. UN-BIND’, v. t. To untie; to remove a band from} to unfasten; to loose; to set free from shackles Unbind your fillets; unbind the prisoner’s arms; un bind the load. UN-BIND/ING, ppr. UN-BISH’OP, v. t. Untying ; setting free. To deprive of episcopal orders. South. UN-BISH!OP-ED, (-bish/opt,) pp- Deprived of epis copal orders. UN-BIT’, a UN-BIT’, wv. t. a cable from off the bitts, 2. To unbridle. : UN-BIT’TED, pp. Removed from the bitts; unbridled. UN- BIT/TING, ppr. Unbridling ; removing from the Not bitten. Young. In seamanship, to remove the turns of Totten. Not blamable ; not culpable ; Bacon. bitts. UN-BLAM’A-BLE, a TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN/GER, VI/'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. —— L191 ey a Boe r ‘ ae ial regen a ‘7 esre Nina AE asi silt Se ce Nal 4 Be Es + A aad — » pi ad o Es ene - ~ ‘Sead | oe a cecil - “ yee ae a he Se yr a a toi Se a ee soe ans - mt oT Se UNB UNB UNC UN-BLAM/A-BLE-NESS, n. State of being chargea- ble with no blame or fault. More. UN-BLAM/A-BLY, adv. In such a manner as to incur no blame. 1 Thess. ti. UN-BLAM/ED, a, Not blamed; free from censure: ope UN-BLAST’ED, a. Not blasted ; not made to wither. Peacham. UN-BLEACH’/ED, (-bleecht’,) a. Not bleached; not whitened. UN-BLEED/ING, a. Not bleeding ; not suffering loss of blood. Byron. UN-BLEM/ISH-A-BLE, a. Not capable of being blemished. 3, _ Milton. UN- BEERS ECA: BLY, adv. Without being blem- ishalt UN- SLEMISH- ED, ¢- blem/isht,) a Not blemished ; not stained ; free from turpitude or reproach; in a moral sense; aS, an unblemished reputation or life. 9. Free from ‘de formity. UN-BLENCH’'ED, (-blencht’,) a. Not disgraced ; not injured by any stain or soil ; as, unblenched m: jesty. Milton. UN BUEN ING, a. Not shrinking or flinching ; UN. ‘BLEND/ED, a. Not blended ; not mingled. Glanville. UN-BLEST’, a. Not blest ; excluded from benediction. acon. 2. Wretched ; unhappy. Prior. UN-BLIGHT’ED, a. Not blighted ; not blasted. Cowper. UN-BLIGHT/ED-LY, adv. Without being blighted. UN-BLIND/ED, a. Not blinded. UN-BLOCK- AD! ED, a. Not blockaded. UN-BLOOD’ED, a. Not stained with blood. Shak. UN-BLOOD’Y, as Not stained with blood. 2, Not she dding blood ; not cruel. BLOS/SOM-ING, a. Dryden. Not producing blossorns. UN- UN-BLOT’TED, a. Not blotted. Mason. UN-BLOWN’, a. Not blown; not having the bud ex- panded. Shak. 2. Not extinguished. More. 3. Not inflated with wind. Sandys. UN-BLUNT’ED, a. Not made obtuse or dull; not blunted, Cowley. UN-BLUSH’ING, a. Not blushing ; destitute of shame ; impudent. Thomson. UN-BLUSH/ING-LY, adv. In an impudent manner. UN-BOAST’ED, a. Not boasted. UN-BOAST’/FYL, a. Not boasting ; modest. UN-BOAST’/FUL-LY, adv. UN-BOD'I-ED, (- bod! id,) a. body ; incorporeal ; 3 as, unbodied spirits. Watts. 2. Freed from the body. Spenser. UN-BOIL/ED, a. Not boiled; as, unboiled rice. Bacon. UN-BOLT’, v. t. To remove a bolt from ; to unfasten ; to open ; as, to wnbolt a gate. Shak. UN-BOLT’ED, pp. or a. Freed from fastening by bolts. 2. Unsifted ; not bolted; not having the bran or coarse part separated by a bolter; as, unbolted meal. UN-BOLT’ING, ppr. Freeing from fastening by bolts. UN-BON'NET- nD a. Having no bonnet on. Shak. UN- Bo OEI EEE Not addicted to books or re: ading, 2, Not SuInivneee by erudition. Shak. UN-BOOTY’, v. t. To take off boots from. UN-BOOT’ED, pp. Stripped of boots. 2. a. Not having boots on. UN-BOOT’ING, ppr. Taking off boots. UN-BORN’, a, [It is accented either on the first or unassuming , Thomson. Without being boastful. Having mo material UN’/BORN, second syllable.]} Not born ; not brought into life; future. Some unborn sorrow, ripe in fortune’s womb. Shak, The woes to come the children yet unborn Shall feel this day. Shak, UN-BOR'/ROW-ED, a. Not borrowed; genuine ; original ; native; one’s own; as, unborrowed beau- ties ; unborrowed gold ; unborrowed excellence. UN-BO‘SOM, »v. t. To disclose freely one’s secret opinions or feelings. Milton. 2. To reveal in confidence. UN-BO'SOM-ED, pp. Disclosed, as secrets; revealed in confidence. UN-BO/SOM-ING, ppr. vealing in confidence. UN-BOT’TOM-ED, a. less, Disclosing, as secrets; re- Having no bottom; bottom- The dark, unbottomed, infinite abyss. Milton. 2. Having no solid foundation. Hammond. UN-BOUGHT’, (un-bawt’,) a. Not bought; obtained without money or purchase. The unbought dainties of the poor. Dryden, 2. Not having a purchaser. Locke. UN-BOUND’, a. Not bound ; loose ; wanting a cover; as, unbound books. 2, Not bound by obligation or covenant. 3. pret. of UNBIND. UN-BOUND/ED, a. Having no bound or limit; un- limited in extent; infinite; interminable; as, wn- bounded space ; unbounded power. 2, Having no check or control; unrestrained. The young man has unbounded license ; his extravagance is unbounded. UN-BOUND/ED-LY, adv. UN- BOUND/ED-NESS, nN. limits. UN-BOUN’TE-OUS, UN-BOW’!, ». ¢. UN-BOW’ED, a. UN-BOW’ ED, a. UN-BOW’EL, v. t. entercte ; to eviscerate. UN-BOW’'EL-ED, pp. UN-BOW’EL-ING, ppr. UN-BRACE’, v. t. a drum; to wnbrace the a Not ben Not arc UN-BRAC’ED, (-brast!,) pp. UN-BRAC/ING, ppr. UN-BRAID’, w. t. to disentangle. UN-BRAID/ED, pp. Disen braid. UN-BRAID/ING, ppr. braid. UN-BRANCH’ED, (-brincht/,) a. shooting into branches. UN-BRANCHI'ING, a UN-BREAST’, open. UN-BREAST’ED, pp. Di UN-BREAST’ING, ppr. UN-BREAFH/A-BLE, a. (un-brest’, To unbend. To de Without bounds or limits. Freedom from bounds or Cheyne. a. Wot bounteous ; not liberal. Jilton. Fuller. t. Shak. hed. prive of the entrails ; to ex- Decay of Piety. Eviscerated. Taking out the bowels. To loose ; to relax; as, to unbrace rms; to unbrace the nerves. Loosed ; relaxed. Loosing ; relaxing. To separate the strands of a braid ; tangled, as the strands of a Separating the strands of a Not ramified ; not Not dividing into branches. Goldsmith. To disclose or lay P. Fletcher. laid open. vats sclosed ; Disclosing. Not breathable or respira- ble. UN-BREAFH’ED, (-bréthd’,) a. Not exercised, Our unbreathed memories. Shak. UN-BREAFH’ING, a. stones. UN-BRED!, a. Not well! ners ; ill-educated ; rude Unanimated ; as, unbreathing Shak. red; not polished in man- ; as, unbred minds ; unbred | servants. Locke. 2. Not taught; as, unbred to spinning. Dryden. UN-BREECH’ED, a. WHavingno breeches. Shak. UN-BREW’!ED, (-bride’,) uine. UN-BRIB/A-BLE, a. UN-BRIB/ED, a. ey ; not unduly influence UN-BRIDG/ED, a. Not bridge ; as, an unbridged UN-BRI/DLE, v. t. UN-BRI/DLED, pp. Loos 2. a. Unrestrained ; li unbridled boldness ; UN-BRIGHT’/EN-ED, a UN-BROKE’, ) a. UN- BROK EN, j serve y Not weakened ; not How bro id his shoulders spre 3. Not tamed ; not tau saddle, harness, or yoke ; UN-BROFH’'ER-LY, (-bro a brother ; of a brother; PONE ROTH EAL Y is nc UN-BRUIS/ED, (-bruzd’,) or hurt. unkind. UN-BUCK’LE, (-buk/I,) ». a. Not mixed; pure; gen- Young. That can not be bribed. Feltham. Not bribed ; not corrupted by mon- d by money or gifts. Dryden. furnished or crossed by a stream. To free from the bridle. ed from the bridle. centious ; as, unbridled lust ; unbridled passions. Not brightened. Not broken; not violated. Pre- our Vows unbroken. crushed; not subdued. “ad, by age unbroke. Pope. ght; not accustomed to the as, an unbroken horse or ox. th’er-le,) a. Not becoming not suitable to the character and relation ot used. ] a. Not bruised ; not crushed Shak. t. To loose from buckles ; to unfasten ; as, to unbuckle a shoe; to unbuckle a girdle ; to unbuckle a helr ON BY CK’/LED, pp. UN. BUCKILING Gy PPT fastening. UN-BUILD’, eo v. t. to raze ; to destroy. UN-BUILTY, (-bilt’,) a. UN-BUOY’ED, (-bwoyd’,) UN-BUR/DEN-SOME, a. UN-BUR’LED, (un-ber’rid,) a. terred. UN-BURN’ED, UN-BURNT’, rales 2. Not injured by fire; 3. Not baked, as brick. UN-BURN’ING, a. UN-BUR/FHEN, ) v. t. UN-BUR/DEN, } from 2. To throw off. 3. To relieve the mind lies heavy on it. UN-BUR’/FHEN -ED, ) pp. UN-BUR/DEN-ED, ie UN-BUR’FHEN-ING, } pp UN-BUR/DEN-ING, st is a burden. UN-BUS'I-ED, (un-biz/zid, ployed ; idle. UN-BUS'I-NESS-LI_ KE, a. UN-BUS'Y, (un-biz‘zy,) a. Not yet built; Not burned ; n. Shak. Loosed from buckles; unfast- Loosing from buckles; un- To demolish what is built; Milton. not erected. a. Not buoy ed or borne up. Not oppressive. Not buried; not in- Driden. not consumed by not scorched. Not consuming away by fire. To rid of a load; to free a burden; toease. Shak. Shak. or heart by disclosing what Shak. Freed from a load ; thrown off ; eased ; relieved. r, Freeing from a load or burden ; relieving from what ) a. Not busied; not em- Bp, Rainbow. Not business-like. Not busy. UN-BUT’TON, v. t. To loose from being fastened by battons: to Rose buttons. Shak. UN-BUT’TON-ED, pp. Loosed from buttons. Addison. UN-BUT’T ON-ING, ppr. Loosing from buttons. UN-€AGE’, v. t. To loose from a cage. UN-€AG/ED, pp. Released from a cage or from con- finement. UN-€AL-CIN/ED, a. Not calcined, [See Carcuve.] oyle. UN-€AL/€U-LA-TED, a. Not subjected to anciiia- tion. J. Barlow. UN-€AL/€U-LA-TING, a. Not making calculations. UN o AL/€U-LA-TING-LY, adv. Without calcula- UN- € ALL/ED, (-kawld’,) a. moned ; not mvited. Uncalled for; not required ; manded. UN-€A LM’, (-kim’,) v. t. and an ill aN Not called; not sum- Milton. not needed or de- To disturb. [Wot in use, Driden. UN-€ = LUM’NI-A-TED, a. Not calumniated or de- famec UN- CAN'CEL- A-BLE, a. That can not be can- celed. UN-€AN’CEL-ED, a. Not canceled; not erased; not abrogated or annulled. ryden. UN-€AN'DID, a. Not candid; not frank or sincere; not fair or impartial. UN-€AN/DID-LY, adv. In an uneandid manner. UN-€A-NON/I€-AL, a. Not agreeable to the canons ; not acknowledged as authentic. Barrow. UN-€A-NON/‘I€-AL-LY, adv. In an uncanonical manner. UN-€A-NON'IE-AL-NESS, 2. uncanonical. UN-€AN!ON-IZE, 2. t. thority. To reduce from the rank of a canon or saint. UN-€AN‘O-PI-ED, a. Not covered by a canopy. | UN-CAN/VASS-ED, (-kan/vast,) a. Not canvassed. UN-€AP’, v.t. we remove a Cap or cover ; to open. UN-€A/PA-BLE, Incapable. [The latter word has superseded U NC Masa UN-€APE/, v. t. Among sportsmen, to let loose, or to let out of a bag; as, to wncape a fox, Shak. UN-€AP’PED, (- aL) Pp. Opened. UN-€AP/TI-VA-TED, Not captivated. Rambler. C AR! ED for, a. Nott re egarded ; not heeded. Hooker. -RESS/ED, (-ka-rest’,) a. Not caressed. , NATE, a. Not fle shly. Brown. t/PET-ED, a. Not covered with a cz ed ASE, vt. To disengage from a covering; to e off or out. To flay ; to aD IP? Estrange. €AS/DD, (-kaste’,) pp. Stripped of a covering or The state of being Lloyd. To deprive of canonical au- eng te 222, EOHAOGHS o aS ~ nd i a t oD aie fon 4 DiseneeeIne from a cover. Not castrated. (-kat/e-kizd,) a. ZAM Pi > Pi- rn 2 ‘ek | ' 10° ec sie Aina A VIE € HIS. E D, ise ed: untaught, SAUGHT’, (un-kawt’,) a. Not cate- Milton. Not yet caught or aken. Shak. UN-€AUS/ED, a. Having no precedent cause; ex- isting without an author, UN-€AU/TIOUS, a. Not cautious; not wary ; heed- less, [Inc AUTIOUS is now generally used.] Dryden. UN-CEAS/ING, a. Not ceasing; not intermitting ; continual. UN-CEAS/ING-LY, adv. cessation ; continually. UN- CEM ED, a. Not ceded; not granted or trans- — I UN & Ch Without intermission or ferrec UN-C EL! E-BRA-TED, a. Not celebrated; not sol- emnized. Milton. UN-CE-LES/TIAL, (-lest/yal,) a. Not heavenly. Felifiiam. UN-CE-MENT’ED, a. Not cemented. UN-CEN/SUR-A-BLE, a. Not worthy of censure. Dwight. UN-CEN’SUR-A-BLY, adv. In an uncensurable man- ner. UN-CEN’SUR-ED, a. blame or reproach. Whose right it is uncensured to be dull. Pope. UN-CEN/TRI€-AL, a. Not central; distant from the center. UN-CER-E-MO6O/NLAL, a UN-CER-E-MO/NI-OUS, a. formal. UN-CER-E-MO’NI-OUS-LY, adv. or form. UN-CER’TAIN, (-ser’tin,) a. Not certain; doubt- ful; not certainly known. It is uncertain who will be the next president. 2. Doubtful ; not having certain knowledge. Man, without the protection of o aus rior Being —is uncertain of every thing that he hopes for Tillotson. 3. Not sure in the consequence. Or whistling slings dismissed th’ uncertain stone. Gay. 4. Not sure; not exact. Soon bent his bow, uncertain in his aim. 5. Unsettled ; irregular. Not censured; exempt from Not ceremonial. Not ceremonious; not Without ceremony Dryden. Hooker. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.—NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1192UNC UN-CER’TAIN-LY, adv. A N Not surely ; not certainly. 2. Not confidently. [ Dryden. Standards that can not be known at all, or but imperfectly and uncer tainly. Locke. UN-CER’TAIN-TY, x. Doubtfulness ; dubiousness ; ‘The truth is not ascertained; the latest accounts have not removed the uncertainty. 2. Want of certainty ; want of precision; as, the uncertainty of the signification of words. 3. Contingency. Steadfastly grasping the greatest and most slippery uncertainties. South. 4. Something unknown. Our shepherd’s case is every man’s case that quits a certainty for an uncertainty, *Estrange. UN-CES/SANT, a. Continual; incessant. [ The latter ts the word now used. | CES/SANT-LY, adv. Incessantly- CHAIN), v. t. Y ‘ [ Obs.] N-C To free from chains or slavery. Prior. UN-CHAIN’ED, pp. Disengaged from chains, shackles, or slavery. UN-CHAIN'’ING, ppr. | .0F restraint. UN-CHAL/LENGE-A-BLE, a. lenged. UN-CHAL’/LENGE-A-BLY, adv, | lengeable. UN-CHANGE/A-BLE, a. Not capable of change; immutable; not subject to variation. God is an wn- changeable being. UN-CHANGE/ A-BLE-NESS, n. The state or quality of being subject to no change; immutability. JVewton. Without change ; im- T Ji |} UN- Freeing from chains, bonds, That can not be chal- Scott. So as to be unchal- UN-CHANGE!A-BLY, adv. mutably. UN-CHANG/ED, a. Not changed or altered. Driden. 2. Not alterable. ; UN-CHANG/ING, a. teration. UN-CHANG/ING-LY, adv. Without changing. UN-C€HAR-A€-TER-IS'TIE, a. Not characteristic ; not exhibiting a character. Gregory. UN-€HAR-AC-TER-IS'TI€E-AL-LY, adv. Not ina characteristic manner, UN-CHARGE’, v.t. To retract an accusation. [JVot used. | UN CHARG/ED, a. Not charged; not loaded. Shak. UN-CHAR/I-TA-BLE, a. Not charitable; contrary to charity, or the universal love prescribed by Chris- tianity ; as, uncharitable opinions or zeal, UN-CHAR’L-TA-BLE-NESS, n. Want of charity. If we hate our enemies we sin; we are guilty of un- charitableness. UN-CHAR’L-TA-BLY, adv. charity. UN-CHARM’, v. t. To release from some charm, fas- cination, or secret power. Beaum. UN-CHARM/‘ED, a. Not charmed ; not fascinated. UN-CHARM/ING, a. Not charming; no longer able to charm. Dryden. UN-CHART’ED, a. Not described or delineated ona chart. UN-CHART’ER-ED, a. UN-CHAR’Y, a. Not changing; suffering no al- In a manner contrary to Having no charter. Not wary ; not frugal. [JVot used.) Shak. UN-CHASTE!, a. Not chaste; not continent; not pure ; libidinous; lewd. Sidney. Milton. UN-CHASTE’LY, adv. Incontinently; lewdly. Milton. UN-CHAS-TIS/A-BLE, a. [See Cuastise.] That can not be chastised. Milton. UN-CHAS-TIS/ED, a. Not chastised ; not punished. 2. Not corrected ; not restrained. UN-CHAS'TI-TY, n. Incontinence ; lewdness ; un- lawful indulgence of the sexual appetite. Woodward. UN-CHEAT’ED, a. Not cheated. UN-CHECK’ED, (-chekt’,) a Not checked ; not re- strained ; not hindered. Milton. 2, Not contradicted. Shak, UN-CHECK/ER-ED, a, Not checkered ; not diversi- fied. UN-CHEER/ED, a. Not cheered, UN-CHEER/FUL, a. Not cheerful; sad. Shak. UN-CHEBR/FUL-LY, adv. In an uncheerful manner. UN-CHEER/FUL-NESS, nz. Want of cheerfulness ; sadness. Spectator. UN-CHEER/Y, a. Dull; not enlivening. Sterne. UN-CHEW’ED, (-chiide’,) a. Not chewed or masti- ated. Dryden. UN-CHID/ED, a. Not chided or rebuked. UN-CHILD’, v. t. To bereave of children. [Mot in me Shak. UN-CHIV/AL-ROUS, (-shiv’al-rus,) a. Not accord- ing to the rules of chivalry. UN-OCHIV’/AL-ROUS-LY, adv. Not chivalrously. UN-€HOL'ER-I€, a, Not choieric. Carlisle, UN-CHRIS'’TEN-ED, a. Not baptized and named. UN-€HRIS/TIAN, (-krist/yan,) a. Contrary to the laws of Christianity; as, an wnchristian reflection ; unchristian temper or conduct. UNC 2. Not evangelized ; not converted to the Christian faith ; infidel. UN-€HRIS'TIAN, v.t. To deprive of the constituent qualities of Christianity. South. UN-€HRIS!TIAN-IZE, v. t. To turn from the Chris- tian faith ; to cause to degenerate from the belief and profession of Christianity. Buchanan. UN-€HRIS'TIAN-IZ-ED, pp. Not Christianized. UN-€HRIS/TIAN-LIKE, a, Not like a Christian. UN-€HRIS’/TIAN-LY, a. Contrary to the laws of Christianity ; unbecoming Christians. Milton. UN-€HRIS'TIAN-LY, adv. In a manner contrary to Christian principles. Bedell UN-€1IRIS'TIAN-NESS, x. Contrariety to Chris- tianity. K. Charles. UN-€HRON’I-€LED, a. Not recorded in a chronicle. UN-CHURCH’, v. t. To expel from a church ; to de- prive of the character and rights of a church. Jilner. Expelled from a UN-CHURCH’ED, (-churcht’,) pp. church. UN-CHURCHI'ING, ppr. Expelling from a church. UN’CIAL, (un’shal,) a [L. uncialis.] Pertaining to or denoting letters of a large size, used in ancient manuscripts. 5 UN/CIAL, nm. An uncial letter. UN‘CI-FORM, a. Having a curved or hooked form. UN/CI-NATE, a. [(L. uncinatus, from uncus, a hook. ] ___ In botany, hooked at the end. Martyn. UN-CIR/€U-LAR, a. Not circular or spherical. Chandler. UN-CfR‘/€UM-CIS-ED, a. Not circumcised, Scripture. UN-CIR-€UM-CI’/SION, (-sur-kum-sizh'un,) x. Ab- sence or want of circunicision. Hanmond. 2. In Scripture, the Gentiles who did not practice circumcision. Rom, iv. 9. UN-CIR/GUM-SERIB-ED, a. Not circumscribed ; not bounded ; not limited. Where the prince is uncircumscribed, obedience ought to be Unlimited, UN-CIR/€UM-SPEOT, a. tious. UN-CIR/CUM-SPECT-LY, adv. spection. UN-CIR-€UM-STAN'TIAL, a. in use. | Sr OWN. UN-CIV/IL, a. Not civil; not complaisant ; not cour- teous in manners ; applied to persons. 2. Not polite; rude; applied to manners; as, un- croul behavior. UN-CIV-IL-I-ZA'TION, n. A state of savageness; rude state. Dict. UN-CIV/IL-IZ-ED, a. Not reclaimed from savage life; as, the uneivilized inhabitants of Canada or New Zealand. 2, Coarse; indecent; as, the most uncivilized words in our language. {.Vot in use. ] Addison. UN-CIV/IL-LY, adv. Not complaisantly ; not courte- ously ; rudely. Brown. UN-€LAD, a. Not clad ; not clothed. UN-€LAIM/ED, a. Not claimed; not demanded ; not called for; as, unclaimed dividends of a bank. UN-€LAR/LFI-ED, a. Not purified; not fined; not depurated by a separation of feculent or foreign matter, UN-€LASP’, v. t. To loose a clasp ; to open what is fastened with a clasp; as, to unclasp a book. Shak. UN-€LASP/ING, ppr. Loosing a clasp. UN-€LAS’SIE, )a. Not classic; not according UN-€LAS’SI6-AL, § to the best models of writing. 2. Not pertaining to the classic writers; as, un- classic ground. UN-€LAS/SI€-AL-LY, adv. classics. UN/€LE, (unk'l,) 2. avunculis. | The brother of one’s father or mother. UN-€LEAN’, a. Not clean; foul; dirty; filthy. 9. In the Jewish law, ceremonially impure; not cleansed by ritual practices, Num. xix. Lev. xi. Rom. xiv. 3. Foul with sin. Addison. Not circumspect ; not cau- Hayward. Without circum- Not important. [JVot Not according to the [Fr. oncle; contracted from L. Matt. X, That holy place where no unclean thing shall enter, Rogers. 4. Not in covenant with God. 1 Cor. vii. 5. Lewd ; unchaste. Adultery of the heart, consisting of inordinate and unclean aflections. Perkins. _ No unclean person —hath any inheritance in the kingdom of Christ and of God, — Eph. vy. UN-GLEAN/A-BLE, a. That can not be cleansed. Swift. UN-€LEAN!LI-NESS, (un-klen‘le-ness,) n. Want of cleanliness ; filthiness. Clarendon. UN-GLEAN’LY, (un-klen'ly,) a. Foul; filthy ; dirty. Shak. 9, Indecent; unchaste ; obscene. It lg a pity that these harmonious writers have indulged any thing uncleanly or impure to defile their paper, Watts. UN-CLEAN/NESS, n. Foulness; dirtiness; filthi- ness. Be not troublesome to thyself or to others by uncleanness. Taylor. UNC Wend of ritual or ceremonial purity. Zev. xv - Moral impurity ; defilement by sin ; sinfulness. I will save you from all your uncleanness. — Buek, xxxvi. 4, Lewdness; incontinence. Col. iii. © Pet: ii. UN-€LEANS’ED, (-klenzd/,) « Not cleansed : not purified. Bacon UN-€LEAV’A-BLE, a, That can not be cleaved split, or divided. : UN-€LEW’, v.t. To undo; to unwind, unfold, or untie. UN-€LEW'ED, pp. Undone; unwound, or untied. UN-€LINCH’, v. t. To open the closed hand ; as, to unclinch the fist. Garti. UN-€LIN€H’ED, (-klincht’,) pp. Opened; unclosed. UN-€LIP’PED, (-klipt’/,) a. Not clipped ; not cut; not diminished or shortened by clipping; as, unclipped money ; wrclipped hair. UN-€LOG’, v. t. To disencumber of difficulties and obstructions; to free from encumbrances, or aby thing that retards motion. UN-€LOG/GED, (-klogd’,) pp. or a. Disencumbered ; set free from obstructions. UN-€LOG/GING, ppr. Disencumbering. UN-€LOIS'/TER, v. t. To release from a cloister or from confinement; to set at liberty. Norris. UN-€LOIS/TER-ED, pp. Released from a cloister or from confinement. UN-€LOIS’TER-ING, ppr. ment. UN-€LOK’/ED, (-klokt’,)a. Not covered or disguised. UN-€LOSB’, v.t. To open; to break the seal of; as, to unclose a letter. Pope. 2. To disclose ; to lay open. UN-€LOS/ED, (-klizd’,) pp. Opened. 2. a. Not separated by inclosures; open. Clarendon. JWadison. Releasing from confine- 3. Not finished ; not concluded. 4. Not closed ; not sealed. N-€LOS'ING, ppr. Opening; breaking the seal of. N-CLOFHE’, v. t. To strip of clothes; to make naked ; to divest. No have a distinct knowledge of things, we must unclothe them. Watts. U U UN-€LOFH’ED, pp* Stripped of clothing or covering. Not for that we would be unclothed, but clothed upon. —2 Cor. v. 2. a. Not clothed ; wanting clothes. UN-CLOFH/ED-LY, adv. Without clothing. Bacon. UN-€LOFIVING, ppr. Stripping of clothing. 9. n. Act of taking off clothes. UN-€LOUD’, v. t. To unvail ; to clear from obscurity or clouds. UN-€LOUD/ED, a. Not cloudy; free from clouds; clear ; as, an unclouded sky. 2. Not darkened ; not obscured. UN-€LOUD/ED-NESS, n. Freedom from clouds; clearness. 9. Freedom from obscurity or gloom. Boyle. UN-€LOUD/ING, ppr. Clearing from clouds or ob- scurity. UN-G€LOUD/Y, a Not cloudy; clear; free from clouds, obscurity, or gloom. Gay. UN-€LUTCH’, v. t. To open something closely shut. Unelutch his griping hand. Decay of Prety. UN-€0-AG/U-LA-BLE, a. lated. UN-€0-AG/U-LA-TED, a. creted, ‘ UN-€OAT’ED, a. Not coated; not covered with a That can not be coagu- Good. Not coagulated or con- coat. UN-€OCK’ED, (-kokt!,) a, Not cocked, as a gun. 2, Not made into cocks, as hay. 3. Not set up, as the brim of a hat. | UN-€0F/FIN-ED, a. Not furnished with a coffin. UN-€0/GENT,a. Not cogent or forcible. Baxter. UN-€OIF’, v. t. To pull the cap off. Arbuthnot, UN-€0IF’ ED, (-koift’,) a. Not wearing a coif, UN-€OIL’, v. t. To unwind or open, as the turns of a rope or other line. UN-€OIL'ED, pp. Opened; unwound. - UN-€OIL'ING, ppr. Opening; unwinding. — UN-€OIN/ED, a. Not coined; as, uncoined Silver. UN-€OL-LE€T’ED, a. Not collected ; not received ; as, uncollected taxes ; debts uncollected. 3 5 Not collected; not recovered from confusion, distraction, or wandering ; as, the mind yet uncol- lected. UN-GOL-LE€T/ED-NESS, 2. collected. : UN-€OL-LE€T'L-BLE, a, Not collectible; that can not be collected or levied, or paid by the debtor; as, A state of not being uncollectible taxes; uncollectible debts. Wolcott. UN-COL/OR-ED, (-Kul/lurd,) a. Not color not acon. stained or dyed. j oe 9. Not hightened in description. ia UN-€0MB’/ED, (komd!,) a. Not combed ; not dresse with a comb. Dryden. UN-€OM-BIN/A-BLE, a. Not capable of combining or of being combined. Davy. UN-€OM-BIN/A-BLY, adv. In an uncombinable manner. UN-€OM-BIN’ED, a. Not combined ; separate ; Sim- ple. INITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; Clif as SH; FH as in THIS | TONE, BULL, 1 159 1193 ro atone re Spent ne ey reer i one ate ean? _ 2 CG re. 3 a \ mearre ox os ‘4 - ns ~ a Re$start ake a: eee} iY: ey t bey t } j 5 ‘ 1% / B a aoe Bes ie Te) Regs ; a t ) ewe enn Lae an me UNC UN-€OME’LI-NESS, (-kum/le-ness,) n. Want of comeliness ; want of beauty or grace ; as, uncomeli- ness of person, of dress, or behavior. Locke. Wotton- UN-€0ME’LY, (-kum/le,) a. Not comely ; wanting grace ; aS, an uncomely person ; uncomely dress ; Un- comely Manners. 2. Unseemly ; unbecoming ; unsuitable. UN-€0M/FORT-A-BLE, (-kum’fort-,) a. no comfort; gloomy. Christmas — the most uncorr 9. Giving uneasiness ; condition. ea j = UN-€0M’FORT-A-BLE-NESS, (-kum/fort-,) 7. Want of comfort or cheerfulness. Taylor. 2. Uneasiness. UN-€OM/FORT-A-BLY, adv. In an uncomfortable manner; without comfort or cheerfulness ; in an un- easy state. UN-G€OM-MANDI/ED, a. Not commanded; not re- quired by precept, order, or law ; as, uncommanded austerities. South. UN-G€OM-MEM/O-RA-TED, a. Not commemorated. E. Everett. UN-€OM-MEND!A-BLE, a. Not commendable ; not worthy of commendation ; illaudable. Feltham. UN-€OM-MEND’/ED, a. Not praised ; not commended, South. UN-€OM-MER/CIAL, (-mer'shal,) a. Not commer- cial ; not carrying on commerce. UN-€OM-MER/CIAL-LY, adv. commercial usage. UN-€OM-MIS/ER-A-TED, a. Not commiserated ; not Affording vfortable time of the year. Addison. as, an uncomfortable seat or Not according to pitied. UN-€OM-MIS'SION-ED, (-mish’/und,) a. Not com- missioned ; not having a commission. Tooke. UN-€OM-MIT’TED, a. Not committed. Hammond. 2. Not referred to a committee. 3. Not pledged by any thing said or done. UN-€OM’MON, a. Not common; not usual; rare ; as, an uncommon season; an uncommon degree of cold or heat ; wncommon courage. 9, Not frequent ; not often seen or Known; as, an uncommon production. UN-€OM/MON-LY, adv. Rarely; not usually. 2. To an uncommon degree. UN-€OM/MON-NESS, n. MRareness of occurrence ; infrequency. The uncommonness of a thing often renders it valuable. UN-COM-MO/NL€A-TED, a. Not communicated ; not disclosed or delivered to others. 2. Not imparted to or from another ; as, the uncom- municated perfections of God. UN-€OM-MU'NI-€A-TING, a. Not making commu- nication. UN-COM-MU'NI-€A-TIVE, a. Not communicative ; not free to communicate to others ; reserved. UN-€OM-PA€T’, a. Not compact; not firm; not of close texture ; loose. Addison. UN-€OM-PA€T/ED, a. Not compact; not firm. Johnson. UN-€OM-PACT/ED-LY, adv. Not compactedly. UN-€0M’/PA-NL-ED, (-kum/pa-nid,) a. Having no companion. Fairfax. UNaccoMPANIED is mostly used ] UN-€OM-PAN/ION-A-BLE, a. Not companionable or sociable. UN-€OM-PAS/SION-ATE, (-pash’un-,) a. Not com- passionate ; having no pity. Shak. UN-€OM-PAS'SION-ED, (-pash’und,) a. Not pitied. UN-€OM-PEL'LA-BLE, a. Not compellable; that can not be forced or compelled. Feltham. UN-€OM-PELL’ED, a. Not forced; free from com- pulsion. Pope. UN-€OM-PEN’SA-TED, a. Not compensated ; unre- warded. UN-€OM-PLAIN/ING, a. Not complaining; not murmuring ; not disposed to murmur. UN-€OM-PLAIN/ING-LY, adv. Without complain- ing. UN-€OM-PLAIN'ING-NESS, n. An uncomplaining state. UN-€OM/PLAI-SANT, a. Not complaisant; not civil; not courteous. Locke. UN-€OM’/PLAI-SANT-LY, adv. Uncivilly ; discour- teously. UN-€O0M-PLETE’, a. Not complete; not finished ; not perfect. a IncoMPLeTe Is chiefly used. ] UN-€OM-PLET’ED, a. Not finished ; not completed. UN-€OM’PLLECA-TED, a. Not complicated; simple. UN-€0M-PLI-MENT’A-RY, a. Not complimentary. UN-€0OM-PLY/ING, a. Not complying; not yielding to request or command ; unbending. UN-€OM-POS/ED, a. Not composed. UN-€OM-POUND/ED, a. Not compounded; not mixed. Hardness may be reckoned the property of all uncompounded matter. Newton. 2. Simple ; not intricate. Hammond. UN-€OM-POUND/ED-LY, adv. Without being com- pounded. UN-€O0M-POUND’ED-NESS, n. Freedom from mix- ture; simplicity of substance. Hammond. UNC UNC oe UN-€OM-PRE-HEN’SIVE, a. Not comprehensive. 9, Unable to comprehend. South. UN-E€OM-PRESS’ED, (-kom-prest’,) a. Not com- pressed ; free from compression. Boyle. UN-€OM’PRO-MIS-ING, a. Not admitting of com- promise ; not agreeing to terms; not yielding. Review. UN-CON-CEAL/A-BLE, a. Not concealable. UN-GON-CEAL/ED, a. Not concealed. UN-€ON-CEIV/A-BLE, a. Not to be conceived or understood ; that can not be comprehended. Locke. [But Inconc£rvance is chiefly used.) UN-€ON-CEIV'A-BLE-NESS, z. The state or qual- ity of being inconceivable. {Little used.| Locke. UN-€ON-CELV’/ED, a. Not thought ; not imagined. Creech. UN-GON-CERN!, n. Want of concern; absence of anxiety ; freedom from solicitude. Swift. UN-CON-CERN’ED, a. Not concerned ; not anxious ; feeling no solicitude. He is unconcerned at what has happened. He is unconcerned about or for the future. Happy mortals, unconcerned for more. Dryden. [It has at sometimes before a past event, but about or for is more generally used before a past or future event. ] 9, Having no interest in. He is unconcerned in the events of the day- UN-€ON-CERN/ED-LY, adv. Without interest or af- fection; without anxiety. And unconcernedly cast his eyes around, UN-€ON-CERN’ED-NESS, n. Freedom from concern or anxiety. South. UN-GON-CERNI/ING, a. Not interesting ; not affect- ing; not belonging to one. pve! used.| Addison. UN-€ON-CERN/MENT, n. ‘The state of having no share. [JVot used.] South, UN-€ON-GERT’/ED, a. Not concerted. UN-€ON-CIL/I-A-TED, a. Not reconciled. UN-CON-CIL'I-A-TING, a. Not conciliating ; not adapted or disposed to gain favor, or to reconcilia- tion. UN-CON-CIL'I-A-TO-RY, a. Dryden. Not tending to concili- ate. efferson. UN-€ON-GLUD/LBLE, a. Not determinable. [JVot used. | More. UN-CON-€LUGUD/ING, ) a. Not decisive; not infer- UN-GON-€LUD/ENT, } ring a plain or certain con- clusion or consequence, [Little used. | Hale. Locke. [In the place of these, InconcLusiveE is generally used, UN-€0N-€LUD/ING-NESS, 2. conclusive. [Not used.] Boyle. UN-€ON-€LU'SIVE, a. Not decisive. Hammond. {But InconcLustve 1s now used. ] UN-€ON-CO€ET’/ED, a. Not concocted ; not digested. UN-€ON-FORM’, a. gous. [WVotin use. UN-CON-FORM’A-BLE, a. agreeable ; not conforming. Moral evil is an action unconformable to the rule of our duty. Unlike ; dissimilar; not analo- Milton. Not consistent ; not atts. 2. In geology, not lying in a parallel position, as strata. Mantell. UN-€ON-FORM/A-BLY, adv. In an unconformable manner, UN-GON-FORM/LTY, n. Incongruity ; inconsisten- cy ; want of conformity. South. UN-€ON-FOUND/ED, a. Not confounded. UNCON SOUND EE adv. Without being con- founded. UN-€ON-FUS/ED, a. Free from confusion or disor- der. Locke. 2. Not embarrassed. UN-€ON-FUS/ED-LY, adv. Without confusion or disorder. Locke. UN-€ON-FUT!A-BLE, a. Not confutable ; not to be refuted or overthrown; that can not be disproved or convicted of error; as, an unconfutable argument. as Sprat. UN-€ON-GEAL’A-BLE, a. Not capable of being congealed. UN-€ON-GEAL/ED, a. Not frozen; not congealed ; not concreted. Brown. UN-€ON-GE'/NI-AL, a. Not congenial. UN-€ON/JU-GAL, a. Not suitable to matrimonial faith ; not befitting a wife or husband. Milton. UN-€ON-JUNE/TIVE, a. That can not be joined. [ Little used.) Milton. UN-€ON-NE€T’ED, a. Not connected; not united ; separate. 9, Not coherent; not joined by proper transitions or dependence of parts; loose; vague; desultory ; as, an unconnected discourse. UN-€ON-NIV/ING, a. Not conniving ; not overlook- ing or winking at. JWilton. UN-€ON/QUER-A-BLE, a. Not conquerable; invin- cible ; that can not be vanquished or defeated ; that can not be overcome in contest ; as, an wiconquerd- ble foe. 9. That can not be subdued and brought under control; as, wnconquerable passions or temper. UN-GON/QUER-A-BLY, adv. Invincibly ; insupera- bly ; as, foes unconquerably strong. Pope. UN-€ON’QUER-ED, (-konk’erd,) a. Not vanquished or defeated. 2, Unsubdued; not brought under control. 3. Invincible ; insuperable. Sidney. Quality of being in- UN-€ON-SCLEN/TIOUS, (-kon-she-en/shus,) a. Not conscientious ; not regulated or limited by conscience. Kent, UN-GON/SCION-A-BLE, a. Unreasonable ; exceed- ing the limits of any reasonable claim or expecta- Brown. tion; as, an wnconscionable request or demand, UN-€ON-DEMN/ED, (-kon-demd’,) a, Not con- L’Estrange. demned ; not judged guilty. 9, Forming unreasonable expectations. You can A man that is a Roman and uncondemned. — Acts xxii. not be so unconscionable as to expect this sacrifice on , : . * ) part. 2. Not HisIOD Ovens Robpronoun cad cumin als yass soy MEN ORRONSS vast; as, unconscionable size or a practice yet uncondemned. Locke. strides. [Not clecant.] UN-€ON-DENS/A-BLE, a. That can not be con- densed. UN-CGON-DENS!' A-BLE-N Sa, Tt. A state of being UN-€ON’SCION A RI E NESS n L JIN SULUIN-A-Diutes PY, ° incapable of condensation. UN-€ON-DENS/ED, (-Kon-denst’,) a. densed, UN-€ON-DI/TION-AL, (-kon-dish'un-,) a. _Abso- lute; unreserved; not limited by any conditions. | jjN_EON/SCIOUS, a We are required to make an _ unconditional surrender] — , ae tT aS of ourselves to our Maker. The king demanded an unconditional submission. O, pass not, Lord, an absolute decree, Or bind thy sentence unconditional. UN-€ON-DI’TION-AL-LY, adv. Dryden. but by capitulation. UN-€ON-DOUCI/ING, a. Not leading to. Phillips. UN-€ON-DU€T’ED, a, Not led; not guided. Barrow. UN-€ON-FESS’ED, (-kon-fest’,) a. Not confessed ; not acknowledged. : f UN-€ON-FESS/ING, a. Not making confession. UN-€ON-FIN’A-BLE, (-kon-fin/a-bl,) a. Unbound- ed. aves used. | Shak. 9. That can not be confined or restrained. Thomson. UN-€ON-FIN/ED, a. straint; free from control, ope. 9. Having no limits; illimitable; unbounded. Spectator. Not con-| yN-€ON/SCION-A-BLY, adv. Without condi- tions ; without terms of limitation ; without reserva- | UN-CON/SCIOUS-N ESS, 72 tion, The troops did not surrender unconditionally, Not confined; free from re- 4, Not guided or influenced by conscience. South. Unreasonable- ness of hope or claim. Unreasonably ; in a manner or degree that conscience and reason do not justify. Hudibras. Not conscious; having no mental perception ; as, unconscious Causes. Blackmore. 9, Not conscious ; not knowing; not perceiving ; as, unconscious of guilt or error. UN-€ON/SCIOUS-LY, adv. Without perception ; without knowledge. Want of perception ; want of knowledge. UN-GON'SE-CRATE, v. t. To render not sacred ; to desecrate. [Vot used.] South. UN-€ON/SE-€RA-TED, a. Not consecrated ; not set apart for a sacred use by religious ceremonies ; not dedicated or devoted; as, a temple unconsecrated ; unconsecrated bread. UN-€ON/SE-€RA-TED-NESS, n. A state of being unconsecrated. UN-€ON-SENT’ED to. Not consented to; not yield- ed; not agreed to. Wake. UN-€ON-SENT/ING, a. Not consenting; not yield- ing consent. UN-€ON-SID/ER-ED, a. Not considered; not at- tended to. Shak. UN-€ON-SID’ER-ING, a. Not consklering. UN-GON-FIN/ED-LY, adv. Without confinement or UN-€ON-SOL’ED, a. Not consoled; not comforted. limitation. arrow. UN-€ON-FIRM/ED, (-kon-furmd’,) a. Not fortified UN-€ON-SOL/I-DA-TED, a. Not consolidated or made solid. by resolution; weak; raw; as, troops unconfirmed | UN-CON-SOL'ING, a. Not consoling ; affording no by experience. 2. Not confirmed ; not strengthened by additional | UN-G€ON’/SO-NANT, a. Not consonant ; not consist- testimony. His witness unconfirmed, Milton, 3. Not confirmed according to the church ritual, comfort. uckminster. ent; incongruous ; unfit. Hooker. UN-€ON-SPI€/U-OUS, a. Not open to the view ; not conspicuous. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 1194 a—- UNC UN-€ON-SPIR/ING-NESS, nm. Absence of plot or conspiracy. [An ill-formed word, and not used. } Boyle. UN-C€ON'STANT, a. Not constant; not tea or faithful; fickle ; changeable. Shak [Inconstanr is now used. ] UN-€ON-STLTO'TION-AL, a. Not agreeable to the constitution ; not authorized by the constitution ; contrary to the principles of the constitution. It is not unconstitutional for the king of Great Britain to declare war without the consent of parliament; but for the president of the United States to declare war, without an act of congress authorizing it, would be muconstitutional. UN-€ON-STI-TU-TION-AL/LTY, n. The quality of being unauthorized by the constitution, or contrary to its provisions or principles. The Supreme Court ius power to decide upon the unconstitutionality of a aw. UN-GON-STI-TU'TION-AL-LY, adv. In a manner not warranted by or contrary to the constitution. UN-CON-STRAIN/ED, a. Free from constraint ; act- ing voluntarily ; voluntary. Dryden. _ ae Not proceeding from constraint, as actions. UN-CON-STRAIN'ED-LY, adv. Without force or constraint; freely ; spontaneously ; voluntarily. i South. UN-GON-STRAINT’, n. Freedom from constraint ; ease. Felton. UN-€ON-SULT’ED, a. Not asked or consulted. UN-€ON-SULT'ING, a. Taking no advice ; rash ; imprudent. Sidney. UN-€ON-SUM’ED, a. Not consumed; not wasted, expended, or dissipated ; not destroyed. Milton. UN-€ON-SUM'MATE, a. Not consummated. ee ea Bee BMS Se Dryden. UN-€ON-TEMN’/ED, (-temd’,) a. Not despised. UN-€ON-TEM/PLA-TED, a. Not contemplated. UN-GON-TEND/ED, a. Not disputed. Driden. Uncontended for; not contended for; not urged for. UN-GON-TEND/ING, a. Not contending; not con- testing ; not disputing, Ss UN-€ON-TENT’ED, a. Not contented; not satis- fied. Dryden. UN-G€ON-TENT/ING-NESS, n. Want of power to satisfy. [JVot in use. | Boyle. UN-CON-TEST’A-BLE, a. Indisputable ; not to be controverted. [INcoNTESTABLE is the word now used, I, | UN-GON-TEST’ED, a. Not contested ; not disputed. 9. Evident ; plain. Blackmore. UN-GON-TRA-DIET/A-BLE, a. That can not be contradicted. Fitch. UN-GON-TRA-DIET‘ED, a. Not contradicted ; not denied. Pearson. UN-GON’TRITE, a. Not contrite; not penitent. Hammond. UN-GON-TRIV’/ED, a. Not contrived; not formed by design. Dwight. UN-GCON-TRIV/ING, a. Not contriving ; improvident. Goldsmith. UN-CON-TROLL!A-BLE, a. That can not be con- trolied ; ungovernable ; that can not be restrained ; as, an uncontrollable temper 5 uncontrollable subjects. 4. That can not be resisted or diverted; as, un- controllable events. 3. Indisputable ; irrefragable ; as, an uncontrollable maxim ; the king’s uncontrollable title to the English throne. UN-€ON-TROLL'A-BLY, adv. Without power of opposition. >. In a manner or degree that admits of no re- straint or resistance; as, a stream uncontrollably Vi0- Jent. UN-€ON-TROLL/ED, a. Not governed; not sub- jected to a superior power or authority ; not re- strained. 2. Not resisted ; unopposed. Dryden. 3. Not convinced ; not refuted. [ Unusual. } Hayward. UN-CON-TROLL/ED-LY, adv, Without control or restraint ; without effectual opposition. Decay of Piety. UN-CON’TRO-VERT-ED, a. Not disputed; not contested ; not linble to be called in question. Glanville, UN-GON-VERS/A-BLE, a, Not free in conversation ; not social; reserved. 9. Not suited to conversation. Rogers. UN-CON'VER-SANT, «a. Not conversant; not fa- miliarly acquainted with. Mitford. UN-GON-VERT’ED, a. Not converted ; not changed in opinion; not turned from one faith to another. 9. Not persuaded of the truth of the Christian re- Jigion ; as, unconverted pagans. Addison. Hooker. 3. Not renewed ; not regenerated ; not having the natural enmity of the heart subdued, anda principle of grace implanted. Baxter. 4. Not turned or changed from one form to an- other. UN-GON-VERT'I-BLE, a. That can not be convert- ed or changed in form. Lead is unconvertible into silver. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANG —-~ - UN-€ON-VIN/CING, a. Not sufficient to conyince. UN-€ON-VULS’'ED, (-kon-vulst’,) a. Not convulsed. ; To loose from cords; to unfasten or unbind; as, to uncord a bed; to uncord a pack- age. UN-€ORD/ED, pp. Loosed from cords ; unbound. Not cordial ; not hearty. Unfastening ; unbinding. To draw the cork from; as, to un- UN-€ORD/LAL, a. UN-€ORD/ING, ppr. UN-€ORK’ED, (-korkt’,) pp. Not having the cork Drawing the cork from. UN-€ORK/ING, ppr. Not honored with a coronet UN-€OR/O-NET-ED, a. UN-€OR/PU-LENT, a. Not corpulent ; not fleshy. UN-€OR-RE€ET'ED, a. Not corrected ; not revised ; not rendered exact; as, an uncorrected copy of a 9. Not reformed; not amended; as, life or man- UN-€OR/RLGL-BLE, a. depraved beyond correction. (For this, [NcornniGIBLe is now used. ]} UN-€OR-ROB/O-RA-TED, a. Not confirmed. Not corrupt ; not depraved ; not perverted; not tainted with wickedness; not influ- rest ; as, an uncorrupt judg- That can not be corrected ; UN-€OR-RUPT’, a. enced by iniquitous inte ment ; uncorrupt manners. UN-€OR-RUPT’ED, a. Not corrupted ; not vitiated ; not depraved ; as, the dictates of uncorrupted reason ; uncorrupted records. UN-€OR-RUPT’ED-NESS, n. State of being uncor- 1 UN-€OR-RUPT’I-BLE, «. [ CORRUPTIBLE is the word now used. ] UN-GOR-RUPT’LY, adv. With integrity; honestly. UN-€OR-RUPT'NESS, 12. iy UN-COUN’SEL-A-BLE, a. consistent with good advice or prudence. UN-€OUN'/SEL-ED, a. vice. UN-GOUNT’A-BLE, a. UN-€OURT'E-OUS, a. UN-€OURT/E-OU UN-€OURT’/E-OU UN-C€OURT’LI-NESS, 7. ners to a court; inelegance;. as, uncourtliness of manners or phrases. UN-COURT'LY, a. UN-€OUTH'LY, ado. UN-COUTH'NESS, UN-€OV'ER, (un-kuv’e er; to remove any cove UN-€6V!ER-ED, (-Kuy —— ER, VI//CLOUS. —€ as UNC UN-€ON-VIN/CED, (-kon-vinst’,) a. Not convinced ; ocke. Pollok. Pollok. Hooker. Driden. Locke. Milton. That can not be cor- Oh. Relig. Appeal. Integrity ; uprightness. Not to be advised 5 not Clarendon. Not having counsel or ad- Burke, That can not be counted ; Ralech. UN-€OUNT’ED, a. Not counted : notnumbered. Shak. UN-GOUN’TE-NANC-ED, (-koun/te-nanst,) a. Not l. ‘BR-AGT/ED, a. Not counteracted ; not effectually opposed. UN-€OUN'TER-FEIT, a. - genuine; as, uncounterfert zeal. Sprat. UN-COUN’TER-FEIT-ED, a. Not counterfeited. UN-G€OUN-TER-MAND/ED, a. Not countermanded. UN-€0UP’LE, (un-kup’pl,) v. t. ‘To loose dogs from - to set loose ; to disjoin. NV. W. Taylor. Not counterfeit ; not spu- Shak. Dryden. UN-€OUP/LED, (un-kup’pld,) pp. Disjoined ; set free. UN-€0UP/LING, (un-kup/pling,) ppr- Disuniting ; Uncivil ; unpolite ; not kind Sidney. , adv. Uncivilly ; unpolitely. SS,2. Incivility ; disobliging Unsuitableness of man- Addison. legant in manners ; not be- coming a court; not refined ; not polite ; as, wncourt- ly behavior or language. Swifl 2, Not courteous or c 3. Not versed in the manners of a court. UN-€OUTHY, (-Kooth’,) a. Odd; strange; unusua familiarity ; as,an uncout couth manners ; uncouth dress. UN-€OUTH'-LOQOK-ING, a. Having uncouth looks. Swift. ivil; as, an uncourtly speech. [Sax. wncuth, unknown. ] 1; not rendered pleasing by h phrase or expression ; um- Irving. Oddly; strangely. Dryden. (-kooth’ness,) Ts Oddness ; want of agreeableness derived from he uncoutiness of a word or of dress. UN-€0V'/E-NANT-ED, a. nant; not resting on a covenant or promise. Not promised by cove- S. Miller. r,)v.t. To divest of a cov- ring from; a word of general B . To deprive of clothes; to strip ; tomake naked. S hal. 3. To unroof, as a building. _ To take off the hat or cap; to bare the head. ail, or of any thing that conceals ; to disclose to view. ferd,) pp. Divested of a cov- ering or clothing ; laid open to view ; made bare. ee SS UNC UNCON gE RNG ppre Divesting of a cover or of clothes ; stripping of a vail; laying open to view. UN-€OWL’, v. t. To deprive of a Bats UN-€OW L/ED, pp. Deprived of a cowl. UN-ERAMP’ED, (-krampt’,) a. Not cramped; not confined or fettered ; free from constraint. : =e 5 : Ed. Rev. UN-€RE-ATE’, ». t To annihilate; to deprive of existence. Who can uncreate thee, thou shalt know. Milton. UN-GRE-AT’ED, pp. Reduced to nothing; deprived of existence, 2. a. Not yet created ; as, misery uncreated, Milton. 3. Not produced by creation. God is an uncreated being. Locke. UN-€RE-AT/ING, ppr. Depriving of existence. UN-€RED/I-BLE, a. Not to be believed ; not entitled to credit. [For this, Increprece is used.) UN-E€RED/IT-A-BLE, a. Not in good credit or.repu- tation ; not reputable. Hammond. 2. Not for the credit or reputation. Mitford. UN-€RED/IT-A-BLE-NESS, 2. Want of reputation. Decay of Piety. 9. The quality of being disreputable. UN-€RED'IT-ED, a. Not believed. Warner. UN-CRIT/IE-AL, a. Not critical. 9. Mot according to the just rules of criticism. M. Stuart. UN-ERIT/IE-AL-LY, adv. Not critically. UN-€ROP’PED, (-kropt’,) a. Not cropped ; not gath- ered. Milton. UN-EROSS/ED, (-krost!,) a. Not crossed ; not can- celed. 2. Not thwarted ; not opposed. UN-GROWD‘ED, a. Not crowded ; not compressed 5 not straitened for want of room. UN-GROWN’, v. t. To deprive of a crown; to de- throne. 2. To pull off the crown. Dryden. UN-GROWN’/ED, pp. Deprived of a crown. 9, a. Not crowned ; having no crown. UN-EROWNI/ING, ppr. Depriving of a crown. UN-GRUSH’ED, (-krusht’;) a. Not crushed. UN-ERYS’TAL-LINE, a. Not crystalline ; not hav- ing the character of a crystal; not presenting a dis- tinct crystalline texture. Dana, UN-€RYS'TAL-LIZ-A-BLE, a. Not susceptible of crystallization. Ure. UN-E€RYS!TAL-LIZ-ED, a. Not crystallized. UN€!TION, n. [Fr. onction; L. unctio, from wngo, to anoint. | 1. The act of anointing. Hooker. 2. Unguent; ointment. { Unusual. } Driden. 3.-The act of anointing medically ; as, mercurial unction. Arbuthnot. 4. Any thing softening or lenitive. Shak. 5. That fervor and tenderness of address which excites piety and devotion. Johnson. 6. Richness of gracious affections. 7. Divine or sanctifying grace. 1 John i. Extreme unction ; the rite of anointing in the last hours ; or the application of sacred oil to the head, the hands, and the feet, of a dying person. Encyc. Am. UN€T-U-OS'/LTY, nr. Oiliness ; fatness ; the quality of being greasy. Brown. UN€T’U-OUS, a. Fat; oily; greasy. Milton. Dryden. 9. Having a resemblance to oil; as, the unctuous feel of a stone. UN€T/U-OUS-NESS, n. Fatness ; oilimess. 2. The quality of resembling oll. UN-€ULL ED, a. Not gathered. 9. Not separated; not selected. UN-€UL'RA-BLE, a. Not blamable ; not faulty. Tooker. UN-€ULT’, a. [un and L. cultus.] Uncultivated ; rude ; illiterate. [JVot in use, ] Ch. Relig. Appeal. UN-GULUTI-VA-BLE, a. Not capable of being tilled or cultivated. UN-CUL'TI-VA-TED, a. Not cultivated ; not tilled ; not used in tillage; as, an uncultivated tract of land. 9. Not instructed; not civilized ; rude ; rough in manners ; as, an uncultivated nation or age. Locke. Roscommon. UN-€UL'TIL-VA-TED-NESS, 2. An uncultivated state. UN-€UM’BER-ED, a Not burdened; not embar- rassed. Dryden. UN-€UR/A-BLE, a. Incurable. [The latter ws mostly used. | UN-€UR/A-BLY, adv. Incurably. UN-GURB/A-BLE, a. ‘That can not be curbed or checked. pn in use. | _ _Shak. UN-€URB/ED, a. Not curbed ; not SE tious. . UN-GURL’, v. t. To loose from ringlets. The lion uncurls his angry mane. Dryden UN-€URL’, v. i. To fall from a curled state, as ring- lets ; to become straight. j Shak. UN-CURL/ED, pp. Loosed from ringlets. K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; is - ana 1195 9, a. Not curled ; not formed into ringlets, FH as in THIS. =——- a a ena ea rarer yp ree a Tl I ipeep nt ITS we 29 Oot One D ID ELT Ne Oe ree UND ey ee ee ee UND UND UN-€URL/ING, ppr. Loosing from ringlets. UN-€UR/RENT, a. Not current ; not passing in com- mon payment; as, uncurrent coin or notes, Shak. UN-C€URSE’, (un-kurs’,) v. t. To free from any exe- cration. [vot used. Shak. UN-€URS/ED, ) a. Not cursed; not execrated. UN-€URST’, K. Charles. UN-€UR-TAIL/ED, a. Not curtailed ; not shortened. UN-€ EIN Ve t. To remove a curtain or Cover- ing pas eUs'TO OM-A-RL-LY, adv. In an unusual man- UN. “€US!'TOM-A- RLNESS, x. State of being not customary UN-€US'TOM-A-RY, a. Not customary ; not usual. Divight. UN- pus (TOM-ED, a. Not subjected to customs or Ash. Gut “That has not paid duty, or been charge d with customs. Smollett. UN-€UT’, a. Not cut; as, trees uncut. Waller. To free from a dam, mound, or ob- Dryden. Not damaged ; not made worse ; UN-DAM/, v. t. struction. UN-DAM’: AG-ED, a. as, undamaged goo UN-DAM'MED, pp. "Freed from a dam, mound, or obstruction. UN-DAMP’/ED, (-dampt’,) a. pressed. UN-DAN’GER-OUS, a. Not damped ; not de- Not dangerous, T'homson. UN-DARK’EN-ED, a. Not darkened or obscured. UN’DA-TED, a. fie undatus; unda, a Wave.) Waved ; rising and falling in waves toward the margin, as a leaf. Lee. UN-DAT’ED, a. Not dated ; having no date. UN-DAUNT’A-BLE, a. Not to be daunted. Harmar. UN-DAUNT’ED, a. Not daunted; not subdued or depre assed by fear; intrepid. Dryden. UN-DAUNT’ED-LY, adv. Boldly; intrepidly. South. UN-DAUNT’ED- NESS, n. Boldness; fearless bray- ery ; intrepidity. Pope. UN-DAWN/ING, a. Not yet dawning; not growing light ; not opening with brightness. Cowper. UN-DAZ'ZLED, (-daz/zld,) a. Not dazzled; not confused by splendor. Milton. Boyle. UN-DEAF’, (-deef! or -def',) v. t- To free from deaf- ness. [Wot in use. | UN-DE-BAR!RED, (-bard’,) a. Not debarred. UN-DE-BAS’ED, (-baste’,) a. Not debased ; not adul- terated. Shak. UN-DE-BAUCH’ED, (-bawcht’,) a. Not debauched ; not corrupted ; pure. Dryden. UN-DE€/A-GON, 2. [L. undecim, eleven, and Gr. youra, angle. ] A figure of eleven angles, and consequently of eleven sides. UN-DE-€AY’ED, a. Not decayed; not impaired by age or accident; being in full strength. Dryden. UN-DE-€AY’ING, a. Not decaying; not suffering diminution or decline. 2. Immortal ; as, the undecaying joys of heaven. UN-DE-CEIT/FUL, a. Not deceitful. UN-DE-CEIV’A-BLE, a. That can not be deceived ; not subject to PesepHou: Holder. UN-DE-CEIVE’, v.t. To free from deception, cheat, fallacy, or Siteuiiee whether caused by others or by ourselves. If we Tely on our own works for salva- tion, the Scriptures may undeceive us. UN-DE- CEIV'ED, pp. Disabused of cheat, decep- tion, or fallacy. 2. Not deceived ; not misled or imposed on. UN- ve CEIV/ING, ppr. Freeing from deception or fallacy. UN-DE/CEN-A-RY, a. [lL undecim, eleven. om events occurring once in every period of eleven y res. Stiles. UN_DEICEN.CY, m. Unbecomingness; indecency. { The latter word is now used. | UN-DE/CENT, a. Not decent; indecent. 1s the word used. | UN-DE/CENT-LY, adv. the word et UN-DE-CEP’TIVE, a UN-DE-CID/A-BLE, a. [ The latter Indecently. [The latter is Not deceptive. That can not be decided. South. UN-DE-CID/ED, a. Not decided; not determined ; not settled. Hooker. UN-DE-CID/ED-LY, adv. In an undecided man- ner. Ge eo That can not be deci- phered.» UN-DE- ames A-BLY, adv. pherab UN-DE- CUPHER-ED, a. plained. UN-DE-CI/SIVE, a. Not decisive; not conclusive ; not determining the controversy or contest. Glanville. UN-DECK’, v. t. To divest of ornaments. Shak. UN-DECK’ED, (-dekt’,) pp. Deprived of ornaments. 2. a. Not decked ; not adorned. Milton. UN-DE-€LAR/ED, a. Not declared ; not avowed. UN-DE-€LIN’A-BLE, a. That can not be declined. 2. Not to be avoided. Hackett. So as not to be deci- Not deciphered or ex- UN-DE-€LIN‘ED, a. from the right way. not turned Sandys. Not deviating ; 9, Not varied in termination; as, a moun unde- clined. UN-D B-€LIN/ING, a UN-DE-€0 M-POS!A-BLE, a. position ; ; that can not be decomposed. UN-DE-€OM-POS/ED, a. arated ; as constituent particles. UN-DE-€OM-POUND UN-DE€/O-RA-TED, lished ; plain. To leave the character impression. UN-DED/I-€ crated. JA-TED, a. Not declining. Not admitting decom- Chemistry. Not decomposed ; not sep- Chemis tri. Not decompounded. Davy. a. Not adorned; not embel- ‘ED, a. of Christ undecorated, to make its own Buckminster. Not dedicated; not conse- 2. Not inscribed to a patron. UN-DEED/ED, a. 9, Not transferred by deed; Local.) UN-DE-FACE!'A-BLE, a (-faste’,) a. UN-DE-FAC/ED, form; not disfigured UN-DE-FAC/ED-NES UN-DE-FEAS'I-BLE, a Not signalized by any great action. Shak. as, undceded land. That can not be defaced. Not deprived of its ; as, an undefaced statue. S,n. State of being undefaced. Not defeasible. [But INDEFEASIBLE is chiefly used. UN- DE- FEF END/ED, 2. Not vindicate “ 3. Open to assaul fense. UN-DE-FEND/ING, a UN-DE-FI/ED, (-fide/ challenged. UN-DE-FIL/ED, a. vitiated. UN-DE-FIN’A-BLE, a of being described bounds of space. Not defiled ; Not defended ; not protected. t; being without works of de- Not making defense. ;)a. Notsetat defiance; not Spenser, not polluted; not Jilton. not capable as, the undefinable Grew. Not definable ; or limited; That can not be described by interpretation or definition. Simple ideas are undefinable. Locke. UN-DE-FIN’A-BLE-NESS, z. of being undefinable. UN-DE-FIN’ED, a. The quality or state E. T. Fitch. Not defined; not described by de nition or expl ination. 2. Not having its | UN-DE- FLOUR’ED, a UN-DE-FORM’ED, a. UN-DE-FRAUD/E Ds UN-DE-FRA Y/ ED, UN-DE-GRAD‘E D, a. UN-DE‘I-FLED, Dp. UN-DE'L-FY, v. t. UN-DE-LAY’ED, (-de-lade’,) a. UN-DE-LAY/ING, a. UN-DEL! B-GA-TED, a imits described. Not debauched ; not vitiated. Milton. Not deformed ; not disfigured. Not defrauded. | Pope. Not defrayed ; Not degraded. Reduced from the state of deity. not paid. To reduce from the state of deity. Addison, Not delayed, Not making delay. Not delegated ; not deputed ; not granted; as, wndelegated authority ; undelegated powers. UN-DE-LIB/ER-ATE, UN-DE-LIB’ ER-a4-TE as, an wndeliberated measure. UN-DE-LIB’/ER-ATE- tion. UN-DE-LIB’/ER-A-TI hesitating ; UN- DE- LIGHT’ED, pleased. UN. DE -LIGHT’FUL, a pleasure. UN- DE LIGHT’ FUL- lig UN- Di LIV’/ER-ED, a. nicated. UN-DE-LUD/ED, a. UN-DE-LU’SIVE, a UN-DE-LU/SIVE-LY, UN-DE-LOU'SIV E-NES sive. UN-DE-MAND’/ED, a. UN-DE-MOL/ISH-ED, (- de-molisht,) a. aS EAS ; not pulled down. Not destroy ed. UN-DE-MON/STRA- BLE, a. evidence. 2, Not capable of UN-DE-MON’/STRA-BLY, ado. demonstration. UN-DE-MON’STRA-TED, a. stration. UN-DE-NTI’A-BLE, a undeniable evidence, UN-DE-NT/A-BLY, ado. contradiction or denial. UN-DE-PEND/ING, a. UN-DE-PLOR/ED, a. UN-DE-POS/A-BLE, from office. UN-DE-PRAV’ED, a. NG, a. hasty ; prompt. a. Poe deliberate. D, a. Not carefully considered ; [ Vot correct. | Clarendon. NESS, mz. Want of delibera- Not deliberating ; not a. Not delighted; not well Milton. Not giving delight or great Clarendon. LY, adv. Without giving de- Not delivered ; not commu- Not deluded or deceived. Not delusive. adv. Not delusively. SS, n. State of being not delu- Not demanded ; not required. Not demol- Swift. Not capable of fuller Tooker. demonstration. Without proving by Not proved by demon- Chalmers. That can not be denied ; as, So plainly as to admit no Dryden. Not dependent. Milton. Not lamented. Driiden. a. That can not be deposed Milton. Not corrupted ; not vitiated. UN-DEP/RB-€A-TED, a. Not deprecated. UN-DE-PRE/CIA-TED, a. Not depreciated ; not low- ered in value. Walsh. UN-DE-PRIV’'ED, a. Not deprived ; not divested of by authority ; not stripped of any posse ssion. UN'DER, prep. [Goth. undar; Sax. under; D. onder ; G. unter ; probably compounded of on and nether ; on the nether side. 1. Beneath; below ; so as to have something over orabove. He stood wndera tree ; the carriage is un- der cover. We may see things under water ; we have a cellar wider the whole house. 9. In a state of pupilage or subjection to; as, a youth wnder a tutor ; a ward wndera guardian ; colo- nies wider the British government. J also ama man under authority, haying soldiers under me,— Matt. viii. 3. In a less degree than. The effect of medicine is sometimes under and sometimes aboye or over its natural strength. Hooker. 4. Por less than. He would not sell the horse un- der forty pounds. 5. Less than; below. There are parishes in Eng- land under forty pounds a year. 6. With the pretense of ; with the cover or pretext of. He does this under the name of love. This ar- fument is not to be evaded under some plausible dis- tinction. 7. With less than, Several young men could never leave the pulpit under half a dozen conceits. swift. 8. In a degree, state, or rank inferior to. It was too great an honor for any man under a duke. 9. In a state of being loaded ; in a state of bearing or being burdened ; as, to tri vel under a heavy load ; to live under extreme ccrisressitint 10. In a state of oppression or subjection to; the 2 Addison. tude under the evils of life; to have pain, or under misfortunes ; jan under reproaches and injuries 11. In a state of liability or obligs ition. No man the law. enter upon your Office, We are under the necessity of obeying the laws. deemed by Christ. as. men trading under the firm of Wright & Co, 13. In the state of ; of. We live under the gospel dispensation. 15. Not having reached or arrived to; left three sons under age. represented under the figure of a boy asleep. [Bu morph, in Ethiopic, signifies cessation, rest. } 17. In the state of protection or de fense. enemy landed under cover of their batteries. 18. As bearing a particular character. The dake may be mentioned under the double capacity of n poe and a divine. Felton. 19. Being contained or comprehended in. Under this head may be mentioned the contests between the popes and the secular princes. Lesley. 90. Attested by ; signed by. his hand and seal. He has left us evidence under his own hand. Locke, 91. In a state of being handlJed, treated, or dis cussed, or of being the subject of. under discussion, consideration next week. 29. In subordination to. only safety. 23. In subjection or bondage to; ruled or influ They are all under sin. — Rom. iii. Under a signature ; bearing, as a name or title. Under the lee; to the leeward ; as, under the lee o the land. Totten. condition to make progress, To keep under ; to hold in subjection or control ; to restrain. I keep under my body. — 1 Cor. ix. UN’DER, a. as, an under officer ; under sheriff. Under is much used in composition. ymologies, see the Pn words. UN-DER-A€/TION, not essential to the me story. main design. UN-DER-A/GENT, n. UN-DE-RANG! ED, a, UN-DER-BEAR’, rte A subordinate agent. South. Not deranged. To support ; to ene. state in which a person is considered as bearing or having any thing Jaid upon him; as, to have forti- patience under to behave like a Christ- shall trespass but wnder the pains ‘and penalties of Attend to the condition under which you Nuns are under vows of chas- tity. We all lie wnder the curse of the law until re- 12. In the state of bearing and being known by; in the enjoyment or possession 4, During the time of. The American revolution commenced under the administration of Lord North. below. He 16. Represented by; in the form of. Morpheus is Under favor of the prince, our author was promoted. The Here is a deed under The bill is now "We shall have the subject wnder Inder God, this is our enced by ; iz a moral sense ; within the dominion of. Under way; in seamen’s language, MOVing ; ina Lower in degree ; subject ; subordinate ; For the et- Subordimate action; action The least episodes or underactions —are parts necessary to the Dryden. t t f FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1196Nl aaa er ed a UND 2. T’o line; to guard ; as, cloth of gold underborne with blue tinsel. [ Obs. ] Shak. ee R/ER, n. In funerals, one who sus- ains if COrpse. UN-DER-BID’, v. t. To bid or offer less than anoth- er, as in auctions, when a contract or service is set up to the lowest bidder. UN-DER-BID’DING, ppr. Bidding less than another. T 'N-DER-BORNE’, pp. Supported. \ N-DER-BOUGHT’, (-bawt’,) pp. Bought at less than ~ thing is worth. UN/DER-BRED, a. Of inferior breeding or manners. UN/DER-BRUSH, n. Shrubs and small trees in a wood or forest, growing under large trees. UN-DER-BUY’, v. t. To buy at less than a thing is worth. [ot used.] Beauwm. & Fil. UN-DER-CHAM/BER-LAIN, n. A deputy chamber- lain of the exchequer. UN'DER-€LAY, n. A stratum of clay lying beneath other strata. Lyell. UN’DER-€LERK, n. any transaction. but we can not undo crimes, errors, OF faults. . ‘'o-morrow, ere the setting sun, : She'd all undo what she had done. Swift. - ravel; to unfasten ; to untie ; as, to undo a knot. Waller. 3 To ruin; to bring to poverty; to impoverish oa 5 dolence. ; * . ing destruction and misery. 5, To ruin in reputation. UN-DOCK’, v. t. a ship ; Encyc. UN-DO/ER, 7. One who undoes or brings destruc who ruins the r@putation of another. UN-DO/ING, ppr. Reversing what has been done ruining. UN-DO'ING, 7. 9, Ruin; destruction. Hooker. Not divulged; not revealed or To reverse what has been done; to annul ; to bring to naught Wecan undo many kinds of work ; 9, To loose; to open; to take to pieces; to un- Many are undone by unavoidable losses ; but more undo themselves by vices and dissipation, or by in- 4, 'T'o ruin, in a moral sense ; to bring to everlast- To take out of dock ; as, to undock The reversal of what has been done. UN-DO-MES’TI€, a. Not domestic. UN-DO-MES'TI€-A-TED, a. Not domesticated; not accustomed to a family life. 9. Not tamed. Claas UN-DONE’, (un-dun’,) pp. Reversed; annulled. 9, Ruined ; destroyed. When the legislature is corrupted, the people are undone. J. Adams. 3, a. Not done; not performed; not executed. We are apt to leave undone what we ought to do. UN-DOUBT’ED, (un-dout/ed,) a. Not doubted ; not called in question; indubitable; indisputable ; as, undoubted proof ; undoubted truth. Milton. UN-DOUBT’ED-LY, (un-dout/ed-ly,) adv. Without doubt; without question; indubitably. T'llotson. UN-DOUBT’FUL, (un-dout/ful,) a. Not doubtful ; not ambiguous ; plain; evident. Shak, UN-DOUBT’ING, (un-dout/ing,) a. Not doubting ; not hesitating respecting facts; not fluctuating In uncertainty ; as, an wndoubting believer; an undoubt- ing faith. Hammond. UN-DOUBT’ING-LY, adv. Without doubting. UN-DRAIN’/ED, a. Not drained; not freed from water. UN-DRA-MAT'IE€, a. Not dramatic; not ac- UN-DRA-MAT‘I€-AL, cording to the rules of the drama, or not suited to the drama. Young. UN-DRAP/ED, (-drapt',) a. Not covered with drapery. UN-DRAWN’,a. Not drawn; not pulled by an ex- ternal force. Milton. 2. Not allured by motives or persuasion. 3. Not taken from the box; as, an wndrawn ticket. UN-DREAD/ED, (un-dred’ed,) a, Not dreaded; not feared, Milton. UN-DREAD/ING, a. Not dreading ; fearless. UN-DREAM ED, a. Not dreamed ; not thought of. Shak. UN-DRESS’, v. t. To divest of clothes; to strip. Addison. 9. To divest of ornaments, or the attire of osten tation ; to disrobe. Prior. UN’DRESS, n. A loose, negligent dress. Dryden. 9. Among soldiers, dress worn when not on duty. UN-DRESS/ED, (un-drest’,) pp. Divested of dress disrobed. 9. a. Not dressed ; not attired. 3, Not prepared ; as, meat undressed, 4, Not pruned; not trimmed ; not put in order; as, an undressed vineyard. UN-DRI’ED, (-dride’,) a. undried cloth. 9, Not dried; green; as, undried hay ; undried hops. Mortimer. UN-DRILL/ED, a. Not drilled. UN-DRINK’A-BLE, a. Not drinkable. UN-DRIV/EN, a. Not driven; not impelled. Dryden. UN-DROOPI/ING, a. Not drooping; not sinking ; not Not dried ; wet; moist ; as, despairing. Thomson. UN-DROSS'Y, a. Free from dross or recrement. Pope. UN-DROWN’ED, a. Not drowned. Shak. UN-DU'BI-TA-BLB, a. Not to be doubted; unques- tionable. ‘But the word now used is InpuBITaBLE.] UN-DUE’, a. Not due; not yet demandable by right; as, a debt, note, or bond undue. 2. Not right; not legal; improper; as, an undue proceeding. 3. Not agreeable to a rule or standard, or to duty ; not proportioned ; excessive; as, an undue regard to the externals of religion; an wndue attachment to forms : an undue rigor in the execution of law. UN-DOKE!, v.t. To deprive of dukedom. Swift. UN'DU_LA-RY, a. [L. undula, a little wave. | Playing like waves 5 waving. Brown. UN/DU-LATER, a. Wavy; waved obtusely up and UN/DU-LA-TED, down, near the margin, asa leaf or corol. ee. Smith, UN'DU-LATE, v. t. [IL. undula, a little wave ; unda, a wave ; Low L. undulo. To move back and forth, or up and down, as waves; to cause to vibrate. Breath yocalized, that is, vibrated and undulated. UN'DU-LATE, v. 7, To vibrate; to move back and forth; to wave ; as, undulating air. Pope. UN'DU-LA-TING, ppr. Waving; vibrating. 9, a. Wavy; rising and falling. UN/DU-LA-TING-LY, adv. In the form of waves. UN-DU-LA’TION, n. [from undulate.] A waving motion or vibration ; as, the undulations of a fluid, of water, or air; the undulations of sound. The undulations of a fluid are propagated in concentric circles. : 2. In medicine, a particular uneasy sensation of an undulatory motion in the heart, : yc. 3. In music, a rattling or jarring of sounds, as - when discordant notes are sounded together. It is called also Brat. ye. 4, In surgery, a certain motion of the matter of an 7} dicates its fitness for Holder. abscess when pressed, which in opening. UN/DU-LA-TO-RY, a. the manner of waves; 3 Cye. [from undulate. Moving in TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'/CIOl eo jS.—€ as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as SH; fH as in THIS. ee or resembling the motion of J) aer fe cs eee: y ra P a UNE 3 UNE UNE waves, which successively rise or swell and fall. We speak ‘of the undulatory motion of water, of air, or other fluid, and this wndulatory motion of air is sup- posed to be the cause of sounds, ‘This is sometimes called vibratory; but undulatory seems to be most correct. Undulatory theory; in optics, the theory that the phenomena of light are produced by the undulations of an independent medium, set in motion by the lu- minous body; opposed to the theory of emanations, according to which light is a mate rial fluid of ex. treme subtilty. According to the former theory, the fluid is only the medium of light, as air is the me- dium of sound, and the impression is conveyed from the radiant to the eye by successive undulations of this medium ; according to the latter, the motion is simply that of a chain of particles moving in right j 5 Olms i To remove dullness or obscurity ; Not used. } hoe Not according to duty or propriety. lines. UN-DULL/, v. t. clear; to purify. UN-DO’LY, adv. 9, Not in proper proportion; excessively. His strength was unduly exerte d. UN- DOR! A-BLE, a. Not durable; notJasting. [Vot Arniway. [Wot in use.] Mountarue. UN-DU’/TE-OUS, a. Not performing duty to parents and superiors ; not obedient; as, an unduteous child, in is e.] UN- DUST’, v. t. ‘To free from dust. apprentice, or servant. Drijden. UN-DO'TI-FUL, a. Not obedient; not pe Young duty ; as, an undutiful son or subje Ct. Tillotson. UN-DO/TL FUL-LY, adv. a disobedient mi unner. UN-DOU/TLEUL-NESS, zx. tion of duty : children or subjects. UN-DWING, a. Not dying ; not perishing. 2. Not subject to death ; immortal ; as, the souls of men. UN-EARN’/ED, (-ernd’,) a. services. Wot according to duty; in Dryden. Want of respect; viola- undying Not merited by labor or Hoping Heaven will bless Thy slighted fruits, and give thee bread unearned. Philips. UN-EARTH’, (un-erth’,) o. t. To drive from the earth; to uncover. UN-EARTH’ED, (-ertht’,) a. cavern, or burrow. UN-EARTH/LY, (-erthJe,) a. Not terrestrial. Shak. UN-EAS/I-LY, adv. With uneasiness or pain. He lives uneasily under the burden. 2. With difficulty ; not readily. Boyle. UN-EAS/I-NESS, n. A moderate desree of pain; restlessness ; W ant of ease; dis squiect. 2. Unquietness of mind ; modérate anxicty or per- turbation ; disquietude. 3. That which makes uneasy or gives trouble; ruggedness ; as, the upleasiness of the road. { Unu- sual.] Burnet. UN-EAS'Y, a. Feeling some degree of pain ; restless ; disturbed; unguiet, ‘The patient is uneasy. 2. Giv ing some pain ; as, an wneasy garment. 3. Disturbed in mind; somewhat anxious; un- quiet. He is wneasy respecting the success of his project. The soul, uneasy and confined from home, Rests and expatiates in a life to come. Driven from a den, Thomson. L/ Estrange. Pope. as, wreasy rules. Roscommon. not graceful; not easy; as, Locke. 4. Constraming ; cramping ; o>) ». Constrained ; stiff; an wneasy deportment. 6. Giving some pain to others; disagreeable ; un- pleasing. A sour, untractable nature makes him uneasy to those who approach him. 7. Difficult. Things —s0 unéasy to be satisfactorily understood. Spectator. [Notin use.] Boyle. not fit to be eaten JUiller. UN-EAT’A-BLE, a. Not eatable ; UN-EAT’EN, a. not devoured. Clarendon. ax, eath, easy.] Not eaten ; UN-ZATH!, adv. un and § 1. Not easily. [Vot in use.] Shak. 2. Beneath; below. [Vot i use.] [See NetTHER and BeneaTH. } Spenser. UN-EBB/ING, a. Not ebbing. UN-E€H/O-ING, (-ek’o-ing,) a. UN-E-€LIPS‘ED, (-klipst’,) a. scured. UN-B-€O-NOM/I€-AL, a. Not economical. UN-ED’LFY-ING, a. to the mind. UN-ED’I-FY-ING-LY, ner. UN-ED/U-€4-TED, a, UN-EF-FA Not echoing. Not eclipsed; not ob- Qu. Rev. Not edifying; not improving Altterbury. adv. Not in an edifying man- Not educated ; illiterate. 'CED; (- -f£aste’,) a. Not effaced ; not oblit- erated. Cheyne. UN-EF-FE€T’ED, a. Not effected or performed. UN-EF-FEC1’U-AL, a. Ineffectual. [The latter is the word now wsed. UN-E-LAB/OR-ATE, a. study. Finished with little labor or disobedience ; as, the wndutifulness of UN-E-LAS/TI€, a. Not elastic ; not having the prop- erty of recovering its original state, w he n bent or forced out of its form. UN-E-LAS-TIC‘L-TY, State of being unelastic. UN-E-LAT'ED, a. Not elated ; not puffed up. UN-BL/BOW-ED, a. Not attended by any at the el- bow Pope. UN-E-LE@’ T/ED, a. Not elected; not chosen; not preferred. Shak. UN-EL’/E-GANT, a. Notelegant. [WVotused.] [See INELEGANT. UN-EL/L-GI-BLE, a. Not proper to be chosen ; ineli- gible. [The latter is the word now used.) UN-E-MAN’CI-PA-TED, a. Not emancipated or lib- erated from slavery. UN-EM-BALM/ED, a... Not embalmed. UN-EM-BAR’RASS-ED, (-rast,) a. Not embarrassed ; not perplexed in mind; not confused. The speaker appeared wnembarrassed. 2. Free from pecuniary difficulties or encumbrances. He or his property is wnembarrassed. 3. Free from perplexing connection ; as, the ques- tion comes before the court wnembarrassed with irrel- evant matter, UN-EM-BOD'I-ED, a. Free from a corporeal body ; as, wnembodied spirits. Elliott. 2. Not embodied ; not collected into a body; as, unembodied militia. Smollett. UN-EM-BROID/ER-ED, a. Not embroidered. Ash. UN-EM-PHAT'TI€, a. Having no emphasis. UN-EM-PHAT/I€-AL-LY, adv, Without energy or emphasis. UN-EM-PLOY/ED, a. Not employed ; not occupied ; not busy ; at leisure ; not engaged. Addison. os Ne being in use; as, unemployed capital or mor U NS - ME POW'ER- ED, a. Not empowered or author- UN. E MPCTL- A-BLE, a. haustible. [ Wot mn Uses] UN-EM/U-LA-TING, a to excel. UN-EN-CHANT’ED, a. Not to be emptied; inex- Hooker. not striving Ruffhead. Not enchanted; that can not be enchanted. Milton. UN-EN-COUNT/ER-ED, a. Not encountered. UN-EN-€UM’BER, v. t. To free from encumbrance. UN-EN-€UM/BER-ED, pp. Disengaged from encum- brance. 2, a. Not encumbered ; not burdened. UN-EN-DEAR’ED, a. Not attended with endear- lent. Milton. Not emulating ; UN. EN-DE Oke ING, (-dev’-,) a. Making no effort. UN-END/ED, Not ended. _ Bentham. UN-END! ING, me ending. A, Reo. UN-EN-DOW ie D, Not endowed ; not furnis hed ; not invested ; as, a man wnendowed with virtues, 2. Not Firnistied with funds; as, an unendowed college or hospital. UN-EN-DUR’A-BLE, a. able. UN-EN-DUR/A-BLY, adv. Not to be endured ; intoler- So as not to be endured. UN-EN-DOUR’ING, a. Not lasting ; ; of temporary du- ration. wight. UN-E-NERV'A-TED, a, Not enervated or weak- ened. Beattie. UN-EN-FEE/BLED, a Notenfeebled. UN-EN-GAG/ED, a. Not engaged; not bound by cov- enant or promise ; free from obligation to a particu- lar person ; as, a I idy is unengaged. 2. Free from attachment that binds; a tions are wnengazged. 3. Unemployed ; unoccupied ; not busy. 4, Notappropriated ; as, unengaged revenues. generally say, unappropriated revenue or money. | UN-EN-GAG/ING, a. Not adapted to engage or win the attention or affe ctions ; not inviting. UN-EN/'/GLISH, (-ing’glish,) 2. Not English. West. Rev. not obtained ; not ; her affec- We UN-EN-JOY'ED, a. Not enjoyed; ossessed. Dryden. UN-EN-JOY/ING, a. Not using; having no fruition. Creck. UN-EN-LARG/ED, a. Not enlarged; narrow. Watts. UN-EN-LIGHT’ EN-ED, (-lit‘nd,) a. Not enlightened ; not illuminated. Atterbury. UN-EN-LIV’/EN-ED, a. Not enlivened. Moore UN-EN-SLAV’/ED, a. Notenslaved; free. Addison. UN-EN-TAN"GLE, (-tang’gl,) v. t To free from complication or pe rplexity ; to disentangle. Donne. UN-EN-TAN’GLED, pp. Disentangled. 2, a. Not entangled ; not complicated ; not per- plexed, UN-EN’/TER-PRIS-ING, a. not adventurous, UN-EN/TER-PRIS-ING-LY, adv. UN-EN-TER -TAIN/ING, a. amusing ; giving no delight, UN-EN-TER-TAIN'ING-LY, tainment. UN-EN-TER-TAIN/ING-NESS, 1a, being unentertaining or dull. UN-EN-THRALL’/ED, a. Not enslaved ; not reduced to thralldom. Not enterprising ; Without enterprise. Not entertaining or Pope, adv. Without enter- The quality of UN- terre UN-E N: “TO-MO-LOG! UN-E-NU/MER-4-TE UN-EN/VL-A-BLB, a. of others. UN-EN/VI-OUS, a. UN-EN/V Y-ING, a. UN-E/QUA-BLE, a. at different times ; UN-E'QUAL, a, [L. 1. Not equal; no length, breadth, qui stature; houses of u &c. ; inferior. 3, Not equal in ag 4, Insufficient; in qual to the task. 5. Partial ; the different parties iS Ci UN-E/QUAL-A-BLE, UN-E/QUAL-ED, a. eled ; UN-E/QU ae $s; in dis proport 2. Not with like opinions or habits, UN-&/QUAL-NES equality. UN-EQ’/ULTA-BLE, ble; not just. 2. Not impartial. used. | ful; clear; evident not admitting differe cal words or express UN-E-QUIV/O-€AL- out room to doubt ; UN- Re CAL- equivocal UN- terminated. UN-ER/RA-BLE, a. UN-ERR’ING, a. of error; as, the un UN-ES-PI’ED, covered ; not seen. UN-ES-SAY/ED, a. UN-ES-SEN’TIAL, 2. Not constitutin UN-ES-SEN!TIAL, essence, or not of UN-ES-SEN/TIAL-L UN-ES tablishment. UN-ES-TAB/L i SH-# mi ane ntly fixed. UN-EU-€HA- NIST! UN-E-V AN-GEL‘TE€- UN-E-VAN’GEL-IZ- UN-&E/V EN, (an-e'vn Be uneven road or W 2, Not equal ; ate TOMB/ED, (-toomd’,) a. 2. Not equal in strength, unjust ; 6. Disproportioned ; ill-matched. Against unegual arms to fight in pain, io} 8, In botany, not having the two sides symmetri- l. E UN-E-QUIP/PED, (-kwipt!,) a. UN-E-QUIV/0-€AL, a 2. Not ambiguous; E-RAD'I-€4-TED, a. UN-ER/RA-BLE-NES Committing no mistake ; ing a coat of arms or ensign. -TAB/LISH, v. [ Little used. OD, a. cording to the gospe UN-E-VAP/O-RA-TED, a. Not buried ; not in- Dryden. Not entomological. “arby. Not numbered ; not in- I€-AL, a. D, a, cluded among enumerated articles. Not enviable. Biron. UN-EN’ VI-ED, a. ‘Not envied ; exempt from the envy Not envious ; free from envy. Not envying. UN-E-PIS/€0-PAL, a. UN-EP/I-T APH-ED, (-e-taft,) a. Ed. Rev. Ed. Rev. Having no epitaph. Pollok. Different from itself; different not uniform; diverse; as, wre- Not episcopal. Ce motions ; wnequable months or seasons. imequalis. [ Bentley, t even; not of the same size, intity, é&c.; as, men of wnequal nequal ii eateronie! talents, acquirements, inferior, His strength 1s wne- é or station ; adequate, not furnishing equivalents to ; aS, an unequal peace; an wne- {qual bargain. Milton. 7. Not regular; not uniform}; as, unequal pulsa- Dryden. Lindley. a. Notto be equaled. Boyle. Not to be equaled; unparal- unrivaled ; in a good or bad sense; as, une- wae excellence ; unequaled ingratitude or baseness. AL-LY, adv. Not equally ; in different de- ion to each other. sentiments, temper, or religious 2 Cor: Vi. S,n. State of being unequal; in- Temple. Not equipped. (-ek/we-ta-bl,) a. Not equita- [InequitTasLe is generally Not equivocal; not doubt- ; aS, unequivocal evidence. not of doubtful signification 5 nt interpretations ; as, wreguivo- ions. LY, adv. Without doubt ; with- plainly ; with full evidence. NESS, n. State of being un- UN-E-R, AD! I-G€A-BLE, a. That can not be eradicated. Allen. Not eradicated ; not ex- Incapable of erring ; infallible. Sheldon. Incapacity of error. Decay of Piety. incapable 3S, 7. erring Wisdom of God. 2. Incap: ible of failure ; certain. He takes unerr- mg aim. UN-ERR/ING-LY, adv. Without mistake. Glanville. UN-ES-CHEW/A-BLE, a. Unavoidable. Vot in use. | Jarew, UN-ES-€UTCH’EON-ED, (-kuch’und,) a. Not hav- Wordsworth. (-es-pide’,) a. Not espied ; not dis- Dryden. Not essayed ; unattempted. Milton. (-shal,) a. Not essential; not absolutely necessary ; ; not of prime importance. m@ the essence. 3, Void of real being ; as, wnessential night. Milton. m. Something not constituting absolute necessity. Forms are among the unessentials of religion. Y, adv. Not essentially. t, ‘To unfix ; to deprive of es- ] Milton. Not established; not per- €-AL, a. Not eucharistical. Ec. Rev AL, a. Not orthodox; not ac- 1. Milner. ED, a. Not evangelized. Not evaporated, Coleridge. 5) a. Not even; not level; as, ay ; uneven ground. Addison. not of equal igngth. Hebrew verse consists of uneven feet. Peacham. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1200} | | | UNE 3. Not uniform ; as, an uneven temper. Uneven number; a number not divisible by two without a remainder; an odd number. UN-E'VEN-LY, adv. In an uneven manner. UN-E/VEN-NESS, zn. Surface not level; inequality of surface ; as, the unevenness of ground or of roads. Ray. 2. Turbulence; change ; want of uniformity ; as, the unevenness of King Edward’s reign. [Unusual.] Hale. 3. Want of uniformity ; as, unevenness of temper. 4. Want of smoothness UN-E-VENT’FUL, a. Not eventful. Southey. UN-EV’I-TA-BLE, a. Not to be escaped; unavoida- ble. [The word now used is InrviTaBLx.] UN-E-VOLV’/ED, pp. Not evolved. UN-EX-A€T’, (-egz-,) a. Not exact. which is generally used. ] UN-EX-A€T’ED, (-egz-,) a. [See Inexact, Not exacted; not taken by force. Dryden. UN-EX-AG/GER-A-TED, a. Not exaggerated. Buckminster. UN-EX-AG’GER-A-TING, a. scription, UN-EX-AM/IN-A-BLE, a. quired into. Milton. UN-EX-AM/IN-ED, a. Not examined; not interro- gated strictly ; as a witness. 2. Not inquired into; not investigated ; as a ques- tion. 3. Not discussed ; not debated. UN-EX-AM/IN-ING, a. Not examining ; not given to examination. Allen. UN-EX-AM/PLED, (-egz-,) a. Having no example or similar case ; having no precedent; unprecedented ; Not enlarging in de- Not to be examined or in- unparalleled ; as, the wnezampled love and sufferings: of our Savior. UN-EX-CEPT’ED, a. Not excepted. Chalmers. UN-EX-CEP’TION-A-BLE, a. Not liable to any ex- ception or objection ; unobjectionable ; as, wnexcep- tionable conduct ; wnexceptionable testimony. UN-EX-CEP’TION-A-BLE-NESS, n. State or qual- ity of being unexceptionable. More. UN-EX-CEP/TION-A-BLY, adv. In a manner lia- ble to no objection; as, a point wnezceptionably proved. UN-EX-CIS/ED, (-eks-sizd/,) a. duty of excise. UN-EX-CIT’ED, a. UN-EX-€L Not charged with the Not excited ; not roused. Brown. -GLUD/‘/ED, a. Not excluded. Wordsworth. UN-EX-€LO/SIVE, a. Not exclusive. Ed. Rev. UN-EX-€0G/LTA-BLE,) pp- out. UN-HEAD/ING, (-hed’!-,) ppr. Taking out the head of. UN-HEALTH’/FUL, (-helth’-,) a. Not healthful ; in- jurious to health; insalubrious ; unwholesome ; noxious ; as, an unhealthful climate or air. 2. Abounding with sickness or disease ; as, an unhealthful season. UN: eo TAA LY, adv. UN. HE ALTH'FUL-NESS, (-helth’-,) a. Unwhole- someness; insalubriousness ; noxiousness to health. 2. The state of being sickly ; as, the unhealthful- ness of the autumn. UN-HEALTH'I-LY, (-helth/-,) adv. some or unsound manner. Milton. UN-HEALTH'I-NESS, (-helth’-,) x. Want of health ; habitual weakness or indisposition ; applied to per- sons. 2. Unsoundness; want of vigor; as, the unhealth- iness of trees or other plants. 3. Unfavorableness to health ; as, the wnhealthiness of a climate. UN-HEALTH’Y, (-helth’e,) a. Wanting health ; wanting a sound and vigorous state of body; habitually weak or indisposed; as, an unhealthy person. 2. Unsound ; wanting vigor of growth ; as, an ua- healthy plant. 3. Sickly ; abounding with disease; as, an un- healthy season or city. 4, Insalubrious; unwholesome ; erate diseases; as, an unhealthy climate or country. 5. Morbid ; not indicating health. UN-HEARD’, (-herd’,) a. Not heard ; not dis- Having the head taken sickly ; In an unhealthful man- In an unwhole- adapted to gen- not perceived by the ear. Milton. 2, Not admitted to audience. What pangs I feel, unpitied and unheard ! Dryden. 3. Not known in fame ; not celebrated. Nor was his name unheard. Milton. 4, Unheard of; obscure ; not known by fame. ranville, Unheard pe mera unprecedented. Swift. UN-HEART’, To discourage; to depress; to dishearten (vot in use.| . Shak. UN- HEAT’ED, a. Not heated; not made hot. Boyle. UN-HEAV/EN-LY, (-hev/n-le,) a. Not heavenly. UN-HEDG’ED, a. Not hedged ; not surrounded by a hedge, UN- HEED'ED, a. Not heeded; disregarded ; neg- lected. The world’s great victor passed unheeded by. Pope. UN-HEED/ED-LY, adv. Without being noticed. Biron. ON HEED a. Not cautious ; inattentive; care- less, Beaum. UN-HEED/FUL-LY, adv. Not heedfully. UN-HEED/ING, a. Not heeding; careless; negli- gent. UN. HEED/ING-LY, ado. Driden. Without giving need | UN- EL MEE, pp. Deprived of a helm. Qs Dé vine no helin. UN- a ELM/ET,v.t. To deprive of a helmet. | UNHELM/ET-ED, pp. helmet. UN-HELM/ING, ppv. Depriving of a helm, UN-HELP’ED, (-helpt’,) a. Unassisted; having no Pollok. ‘ Scott. Deprived or destitute of a aid or auxiliary ; unsupported. Driden. UN-HELP/FUL, a. Affording no aid. Shak. UN-HELP’F L- LY,adv. In an unhelpful manner. UN-HE-RO'I€, a. Not heroic ; not brave. Pope. UN-HES/I-TA-TING, a. Not hesitating ; not remain- ing in doubt ; prompt ; ; ready. Eclec Roview, UN-HES/I-TA-TING-LY, adv. Without hesitation or doubt. UN-HEWN’, (-hine’,) a. Not hewn; rough. eS Dryden. UN-HIDE/BOUND, a. Not hidebound; capacious. Not used. Milton. UN-HIN‘DER-ED, a. Not hindered; not opposed ; exerting itself freely. S. Clarke. UN-HINGE’, (un-hinj/,) v. t. To take fram the hinges ; as, to unhinge a door. 2a) LO displace ; ; to unfix by violence. Blackmore. 3. To unfix; to loosen; to render unstable or Wavering ; as, to unlinge the mind ; to unhinge opin- ions. UN-HING/ED, pp. Tors d from a hinge or fastening. UN- HINGE/MENT, The act of unhinging or state of being unhinged. “{g nusual, | Chalmers. UN-HING/ING, ppr. Loosening from a hinge or fast- ening. UN-HIR!ED, a. Not hired. UN-HIS-TOR/I€-AL, a. Not historical, UN- ATV E/,v.t. To drive from a hive. To denri¢e of habitation or shelter, as a crowd. UN- HIVED D, pp. Driven from the hive or shelter. Park. Neal, UN-HOARD’, v. t. To steal from a hoard ; to scatter. UN-HGARD’/ED, pp. Stolen from a hoard ; scattered. UN-HOARD'ING, ppr. UN-HO/LI-LY, adv. In an unholy manner, UN-HO'LI-NESS, n. Want of holiness; an unsanc- tified state of the heart. 2. Inipiety ; wickedness; profaneness. UN -HO! LY, a. Tim. iii. Scattering. Ralech. Notholy ; not renewed and sanctified. 2. Profane ; not hallowed; not consecrated ; com- mon. Heb. x. 3. Impious ; wicked. 4. Not ceremoniz ally purified. JLcv. x. UN-HON’/EST, (-on/est,) a. [See Honesr.] Dis- honest ; dishonorable. [ Obs Ascham. UN-HON/OR-ED, (-on/urd,) + a. [See Honor.] Not honored ; not regarded with veneration; not cele- brated. Dryden. UN-HOOK’, v. t. To loose from a hook. UN-HOOK’ED, (-hookt’,) pp. Loosed from a hook. UN-HOOP’, v. t. To strip of hoops. Addison. UN-HOOP/E D, (-hogpt’,) pp. Stripped of hoops. UN-HOP’ED, (- hopt’,) a. Not hoped for; not so prob- able as to exc ite hope. With unhoped success. Dryden. Unhoped for ; unhoped, as above. UN-HOPE/FUL, a. Such as leaves no room to hope. Boyle. UN-HOPE/FUL-LY, adv. In an unhopeful manner. UN-HORN’ED, a. Hav ing no horns. ‘ooke. UN-HORSE’, ( -hors’,) v. t. To throw from a horse ; to cause to dis smount. Shak. UN-HORS’ED, (-horst’,) pp. Thrown from a horse. ry den. UN-HORS/ING, ppr. mounting. UN-HOS’/PI-TA-BLE, a. pee INHOSPITABLE is the word now used.} UN-HOS/TILE, (-hos'til,) a. Not belonging to a pub- Throwing from a horse ; dis- Not kind to strangers. lic enemy. hilips. UN-HOUSE’, (-houz!,) v. t. To drive from the house or habitation ; to dislodge. Milton. To deprive of shelter. UN-HOUS/ED, (-houzd’,) pp. Driven from a house or habitation. Shak. 2. a, Wanting a house; homeless. Shak. 3. Having no settied babitation. Shak. 4. Destitute of shelter or cover, Cattle in severe weather should not be left wnhoused. UN-HOUS/EL-ED, a. Not having received the sacra- ment, Shak. UN-HOUS/ING, ppr. Driving from a habitation. UN-HU’/MAN, a. Inhuman. (Bu INHUMAN is the word now used.] -HG’MAN-IZE, v.t. To render inhuman or bar- barous. J. Barlow. UN-HUM/BLED, a. Not humbled; not affected with shame or Confusion ; not contrite in spirit. Milton. . In theology, not having the will and the natural site of the heart to God and his law subdued. UN-HUNG!, a. Not hanged. UN-HUNT’ED, a. Not hunted. UN-HURT’, a. Not hurt; not harmed; free from UN-HEED’Y, a. Precipitate ; sudden. Spenser. UN-HELE’, b. t. To uncover. [ot in use.] Spenser. UN-HELM’, v.t. To deprive of a helm or satide: Scott. wound or injury. ryden. UN-HURT’FUL, a. Not hurtful ; harmiess ; innoxious Shak. harmlessly Deprived of support; neg- Browne. UN-HURT’FUL-LY, ado. Without harm ; UN-HUS'BAND-ED, a. lected. 2, Not managed with frugality. UN-HUSK’ED, (-huskt’/,) a, Not being stripped of husks. U-NI-AX/AL, a. Having but one axis. U-NI-€AP/SU-LAR, a, [L. unus, one, and capsula, chest. J Having one capsule to each flower. Martyn. U/NLEORN, n. [L. unicornis; unus, one, aud cornu, horn. ] 1. An animal with one horn; the monoceros. This name is often applied to the rhinoceros. 2. The unicorn, in heraldry, is the fabulous unicorn, represented with the figure of a horse and a single horn issuing from its forehead. jrande. 3. The sea unicorn, called narwal, is of the whale kind, and is remarkable for a horn growing out at his nose. Cyc. 4. A bird. Grew. Fossil unicorn, or fossil unicorn’s horn ; a substance formerly of grez tt repute in medicine, a terrene crus- taceous spar, named from having been supposed to be the bone or horn one unicorn. Rees. Cyc. Y/NI-CORN-ROOT, xn. A popular name of two plants, viz. Chamelirium earolniigitlinn to which this name was first applied, and Aletris farinosa, to which it has been subsequently applied ; both used in medicine. U-NI-CORN’ OUP: a. Having only one horn. Brown. UN-I-DE/AL, Not ideal ; real. Johnson. U-NI-FA‘ IGIAL, a Having but one front surface ; thus, some foliaceous corals are unifacial, the polyp- mouths being confined to one surface. Dana, U-NI-FLO/ROUS, a. [L. unus, one, and flos, flower. ] Bearing one flow er only ; as, a uniflorous peduncle. Martyn. U'/NI-FORM, a. [lL uniformis; unus, one, and forma, form. ] 1. Having always the same form or manner; not variable. ‘Thus we say, the dress of the Asi tics is uniform, or has been uniform from earlyages. So we say, it is the duty ofa Christian to observe a uniform course of piety and religion. 2. Consistent with itself ; not different; as, one’ opinions on a particular subject have been uniform. 3. Of the same form with others; consonant; agreeing with each other ; conforming to one rule or mode. How far churches are bound to be uniform in their ceremonies is doubted. OOKET. 4, Having the same degree orstate; as, uniform as rature. Uniform motion; the motion of a body is uniform when it passes over equal spaces in equé u times. Olmsted. Uniform matter, is that which is all of the same kind and ee U/NI-FORM, A dress of the same kind, by w ‘hich persons are manne Jy assimilated who be long to the same body, w hether military, naval, or any other. We say, the uniform of a company of militia, the unt- form of the artillery or matross companies, the uni- form of a regiment, &c. This dress is called a uni- form, because it is alike among all those composing the class or body. U-NI-FORM-I-TA/RI-AN, A term applied to theo- rists in geology, who belies ve that existing causes, act- ing in the same manner as at the present time, are sufficient to account for all geological changes. Dana. U-NI-FORM/‘I-TY, n. Resemblance to itself at all times ; even tenor; ; as, the uniformity of design ina poem. 2. Consistency ; 2 man’s opinions. 3. Conformity to a pattern or rule; resemblance, consonance, or agreement; as the uniformity of dif. ferent chure hes in ceremonies or rites. 4. Similitude between the parts of a whole; as, the uniformity of sides in a regular figure. Beauty is said to consist in uniformity with variety. Cyc. 5. Continued or unvaried sameness or likeness. Act of uniformity; in England, the act of parliament by which the form of public prayers, administration of sacraments, and other rites, is jrcscriped to be ob- served in all the churches. 1 Eliz. and 13 and 14 sameness ; as, the uniformity of a Car. Il. U/NI-FORM-LY, adv. With even tenor; without variation ; as, a temper uniformly mild. 2. Without ‘div Say of one from another. U-NI-GEN/I-TURE, [L. unigenitus; unus and genitus. | ] The state of being the only begotten. U-NIG/E-NOUS, a. pL unigend. } Of one kind ; of the same genus. Kirwan. U-NI-LA/BI-ATE, a. as a corol. U-NI-LAT’ER-AL, a. 1. Being on one side or party only. 2. Having one side. A unilateral raceme, is when the flowers grow only In botany having one lip only, Wartyn. A Asiat. Res. [L. unus, one, and Jatus, side.] [ Unusual. ] on one side of the common peduncle. “Martyn. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — ee a 1204a 5. ie Ca aes ae oe ON ine ae te de UNI U-NI-LIT’ER-AL, a. [L. unus, one, and litera, letter. } Consisting of one letter only. UN-IL-LU/MIN-A-TED, a. Not illuminated; not en- lightened ; dark. 2. Ignorant. UN-IL-LUM/IN-ED, a. Not illumined. UN-IL-LUS!/TRA-TED, a. Not illustrated ; not made plain. Good. UN-IL-LUS/TRA-TIVE, a. Not illustrative. U-NI-LO€/U-LAR, (yu-ne-lok/yu-lar,) a. [L. unus, one, and loculus, cell. Having one cell or chamber only ; as, a wnilocular pericarp or shell. UN-IM-AG/IN-A-BLE, a. Not to be imagined ; not to be conceived. Tillotson. UN-IM-AG/IN-A-BLY, adv. To a degree not to be imagined Boyle. UN-IM-AG/IN-A-TIVE, a. Not imaginative. Wordsworth. UN-IM-AG/IN-ED, a. Not imagined ; not conceived. UN-IM-BIT’TER-ED, a. Not imbittered; not aggra- vated. Roscoe. UN-IM-BO/ED, a. Not imbued ; not tinctured. Drake. UN-IM/I-TA-BLE, a. That can not be imitated. a the word now used is InrmrTaBLe. ] UN-IM/I-TA-TED, a. Not imitated. Johnson. UN-IM-MOR/TAL, a. Not immortal ; perishable. Milton. Not liable to waste or dimi- nution. Hakewill, UN-IM-PAIR/ED, a. Not impaired; not diminished ; not enfeebled by time or injury ; as, an unimpaired constitution. UN-IM-PAS/SION-ATE, a. Not impassionate. UN-IM-PAS’/SION-ATE-NESS, n. A state of being unimpassionate. UN-IM-PAS’/SION-ED, a. sions. 9 “we UN-IM-PAIR’A-BLE, a. Not endowed with pas- Thomson. Free from passion ; calm; not violent; as, an unimpassioned address. UN-IM-PiEACH’A-BLE, a. That can not be im- peached ; that can not be accused ; free from stain, guilt, or fault; as, an unimpeachable reputation. 2. That can not be called in question ; as, an un- impeachable clain) or testimony. UN-IM-PEACH/A-BLY, adv. peachable. UN-IM-PEACH’ED, (-im-peecht’,) a. Not impeached ; not charged or accused; fair; as, an unznpeached character. 9. Not called in question; as, testimony wnim- peached. UN IM-PED’ED, a. So as not to be im- Not impeded ; not hindered. Rawle. UN-iM'PLI-€4-TED, a. Not implicated; not in- volved. Mitford. UN-IM-PLI/ED, (-im-plide’,) a. Not implied ; not in- cluded by fair inference. Madison. UN-IM-PLOR/ED, a. Not implored ; not solicited. Milton. Want of importance. Dwight. Not important; not of great UN-IM-PORT’/ANCE, n. UN-IM-PORT’ANT, a. moment, 2, Not assuming airs of dignity. UN-IM-PORT/ANT-LY, adv. Without importance. UN-IM-POR-TUN’ED, a. Pope. weight or Not importuned ; not soli- cited. UN-IM-POS'ING, a. Not imposing ; not commanding respect, 2, Not enjoining as obligatory ; voluntary. Thomson. UN-IM-PREG’NA-TED, a. Not impregnated. UN-IM-PRESS’I-BLE, a. Not impressible. UN-IM-PRESS/IVE, a. Not impressive; not forci- ble ; not adapted to affect or awaken the passions. Beddoes. UN-IM-PRESS/IVE-LY, adv. Unforcibly ; without impression. UN-IM-PRIS/ON-ED, a. Not confined in prison. UN-IM-PRO/PRI-A-TED, a. Not impropriated. UN-IM-PROV/A-BLE, (-im-proov/a-bl,) a. Not capa- ble of improvement, melioration, or advancement to a better condition. Rambler. 9, Incapable of being cultivated or tilled. Wolcott. UN-IM-PROV!A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of being not improvable. Hammond. UN-IM-PROV/A-BLY, adv. Without being improva- ble. UN-IM-PROV’ED, (-im-proovd’,) a. Not improved ; not made better or wiser; not advanced in knowl- edge, manners, or excellence. Rawle. Pope. Glanville. Not used for a valuable purpose. How many advantages unimproved have we to regret! As. Research. }. X. 3. Not used ; not employed. Hamilton. Ramsay. 4. Not tilled ; not cultivated ; as, wnimproved Jand or soil ; unimproved lots of ground. Laws of Penn. Franklin. Ramsay. 5. Uncensured; not disapproved. [This sense, 9 me UNI Not improving; not tending Jolinson. Not imputable or chargea- UN-IM-PROV/ING, a. to advance or instruct. UN-IM-PUT/A-BLE, a. ble to. U-NI-MUS/€U-LAR, a. Having one muscle only, and one muscular impression, as a bivalve mollus- can. Kirby. UN-IN-€AR/NATE, a. Not incarnate. UN-IN-CENS’ED, (-senst’,) a. Not incensed or angry. Ash. UN-IN-CIT’ED, a, Not incited. Wordsworth. UN-IN-€LOS’ED, a. Not inclosed. UN-IN-€OR/PO-RA-TED, a. Not incorporated. UN-IN-€REAS/A-BLE, a. Admitting no increase. [Not tn use. ] oyle. UN-IN-€REAS’ED, (-kreest’,) a. Not increased. Ash. UN-IN-€UM/BER-ED, a. dened. 2. Free from any temporary estate or interest, or from mortgage, or other charge or debt; as, an es- tate unencumbered with dower. UN-IN-DEBT’ED, Caet.) a. Not indebted. 2. Not borrowed. [ Unusual.) UN-IN-DIF’FER-ENT, a. Not indifferent ; not unbi- ased ; partial ; leaning to one party Hooker. UN-IN-DORS’ED, a. Not indorsed; not assigned ; as, an unindorsed note or bill. UN-IN-DUC’ED, (-diste’,) a. Not induced UN-IN-DUS/TRL-OUS, a. Not industrious ; not dili- gent in labor, study, or other pursuit. Decay of Piety. UN-IN-DUS’TRI-OUS-LY, adv. Without industry. UN-IN-FE€T’ED, a. Not infected ; not contaminated or affected by foul, infectious air. 2, Not corrupted. UN-IN-FE€/TIOUS, a. Not infectious ; not capable of communicating disease. UN-IN-FEST’ED, a. Not infested. UN-IN-FLAM’ED, a. Not inflamed ; not set on fire. Bacon. Not encumbered ; not bur- Youngs. not foul; 2. Not highly provoked. UN-IN-FLAM’MA-BLE, a. capable of being set on fire. soyle. UN-IN'/FLU-ENC-ED, (-in'flu-enst,) a. Not influ- enced ; not persuaded or moved by others, or by for- eign considerations ; not biased ; acting freely. 2, Not proceeding from influence, bias, or preju- dice; as, uninfluenced conduct or actions. UN-IN-FLU-EN’TIAL, a. Not having influence. UN-IN-FORM’/ED, a. Not informed ; not instructed ; untaught. Milton, 2. Unanimated ; not enlivened. Spectator. UN-IN-FORM/ING, a. Not furnishing information ; uninstructive,. Mitford. UN-IN-GEN/IOUS, a. Not ingenious; dull. Burke. UN-IN-GEN/IOUS-LY, adv. Without ingenuity. UN-IN-GEN/U-OUS, a. Not ingenuous; not frank or candid ; disingenuous, Decay of Piety. UN-IN-GEN’U-OUS-LY, adv. Not ingenuously. UN-IN-GEN’U-OUS-NESS, n. Want of ingenuous- Not inflammable ; not ness. UN-IN-HAB/IT-A-BLE, a. Not inhabitable ; that in which men can not live; unfit to be the residence of men. Ralegh. UN-IN-HAB/IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being uninhabitable. UN-IN-HAB'IT-ED, a. ing no inhabitants. UN-IN-I//TIATE, (-ish/ate,) r UN-IN-I//TIA-TED, (-ish/a-ted,) } ~ UN-IN/JUR-ED, a. Not injured; not hurt; suffering no harm. JMulton. UN-IN-JO/RI-OUS, a. UN-IN-QUIR/ING, a. inquire. UN-IN-QUIS/ETIVE, a. Not inquisitive; not curi- ous to search and inquire. Warton. UN-IN-SERIB/ED, a. Not inscribed ; having no in- scription. Pope. UN-IN-SPIR/ED, a. Not having received any super- natural instruction or illumination. Locke. UN-IN-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Not inspirited. UN-IN/STI-TU-TED, a. Not instituted. Witherspoon. UN-IN-STRUET’ED, a. Not instructed or taught ; not educated. 9, Not directed by superior authority ; not fur- nished with instructions. UN-IN-STRU€T/ING, a. UN-IN-STRU€T'IVE, a. ferring improvement. UN-IN-STRUCT/IVE-LY, adv. UN-IN/SU-LA-TED, a. Not insulated ; Not inhabited by men ; hav- Swift. Not initiated. Not injurious. Not inquiring or disposed to Not instructing. Not instructive ; not con- Addison. Not instructively. not being separated or detached from every thing else. Ure, UN-IN-SULT’ED, a. Not insulted. UN-IN-SUR/ED, (-shird’,) a. [See Sure.] Not in- sured ; not assured against loss. UN-IN-TEL-LE€T’U-AL, a. Not intellectual. Good. UN-IN-TEL-LE€T’U-AL-LY, adv. Not intellectually. UN-IN-TEL’LI-GENT, a, Not having reason or con- sciousness ; not possessing understanding. Bentley. from the L. improbo, is entirely obsolete. | 9, Not knowing; not skillful; dull. Locke. UN-IN-TEL’LI-GENT-LY, adv. UN-IN-TEL-LI-GLBIL’LTY, n. not intelligible. UN-IN-TEL’LI-GLBLE, a. can not be understood. : UN-IN-TEL/LI-GI-BLE-NESS unintelligible. UN-IN-TEL/LLGLBLY, adv. understood. UN-IN-TEND/ED UN-IN-TEN!TION-AL, a. signed ; done or happening without design. Boyle. UN-IN-TEN/TION-AL-LY, adv. purpose. UN-IN/TER-EST-ED, a. any iImterest or stake ; as, to be lamity. 2. Not having as, to be unintere interest, or of e an uninteresting story or poem. UN-IN’TER-EST-ING-LY, adv. interest. UN-IN-TER-MIS! failure of intermission. UN-IN-TER-MIT terrupted ; not suspended for a time ; continued. UN-IN-TER-MIT termitted. UN-IN-TER-MIT ceasing for a time ; continuing. UN-IN-TER-MIT continually. UN-IN-TER-MIX/ED, a. Not intermixed ; not mingled. UN-IN’TER-PO-LA-TED, a. inserted at a time subsequent to the original writing. UN-IN-TER/PRET-ED, a. preted. UN-IN-TER/RED, a. UN-IN-TER-RUPT’ED, a. broken. 2. Not disturt UN-IN-TER-RUPT/ED-LY, adv. tion ; without disturbance. UN-IN-TOX'I-€A-TING, a. UN-IN-TRENCH/ED, (-in-trencht’,) trenched ; not defended by intrenchments. UN-IN’TRI-€A-TED, a. Not in use. } UN-IN-TRO-DUC’/ED, (-in-tro-diste’,) a. duced ; not properly conducted ; obtrusive. Youns. UN-IN-OR/ED, a. or intricate. or practice. UN-IN-VID/I-OL UN-IN-VIT’ED. solicited. UN-IN-VIT/ING UN-IN-VOK’ED, U/NI-O, x. [L.] commonly calle + the junction Union differs 2, Concord ; where perfect bers, the materials o 6. In ecelesia when the unit TONE, BYLL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI!'CIOUS.—€ as K; G as J; S$ as Z; OCH as SH; FH as Gs : sted in a discourse or narration. UN-IN’TER-EST-ING, a. UN-IN-VAD’/ED, UN-IN-VENT’ED, a. UN-IN-VENT’IVE, a. UN-IN-VENT’/IVE-LY, adv. UN-IN-VEST’ED, a. 9. Not converted into some species of property less fleeting than money ; as, money uninvested. UN-IN-VES’TI-GA-BLE, a. tigated or searched out. UN-IN-VES/TI-GA-TED, a. UN-IN-VES’TI-GA-TIVE, a. to investigation. UN/ION, (yun'y unio, to unite, from unus, one.] 1. The act of joining two or more things into one, and thus forming a compound body or a mixture ; or bodies to be in contact, : body ; whereas things may be connected by the inter- f vention of a third body, as by a cord or chain. One kingdom, joy and union without end, will, affections, or interest. 3. The junction or united existence 0 matter; as, the union of soul and body. 4, Among painters, 2 symmetry bet\ween the several parts of Yo 5. In architecture, harmony between the colors in dating of two or more cht not be done without the patron, and the incumbent. UNI Not intelligently. The quality of being Burnet. Not intelligible ; that Swift. m State of being In a manner not to be Not intended ; not designed. Locke. Not intentional; not de- Without design or Not interested ; not having property in; having nothing at uninterested in any business or ca- the mind or the passions engaged ; Not capable of exciting an 4 ngaging the mind or passions; as, é So as not to excite SION, (-mish’un,) n. Defect or ; : Parker. 'TED, a. Not intermitted ; not in- Hale. 'TED-LY, adv. Without being in- 'TING, a. Not intermitting; not 'TING-LY, adv. Without cessation ; Mitford. Not interpolated ; not Not explained or inter- Not buried. Not Pollok. interrupted ; not Addison. yed by intrusion or avocation. Without interrup- Not intoxicating. a. Not in- Pope. Not perplexed ; not obscure Hammond. Not intro- Not inured ; not hardened by use Philips. Not invaded. Not invented; not found out. Not inventive. [ AMilton. Not inventively. Not invested ; not clothed. Dwicht. a. Hamilton. That can not be inves- Ray. Not investigated. a Not adapted or given JS, a. Not invidious. a. Not invited; not requested ; not *hil ,a. Not inviting. Stewart. (-in-vokt’,) a. Not invoked. A genus of fresh-water bivalves, .d Fresn-WatTer CLaAMs. Dana, un,) n. ([Fr. union; It. unione; L. 2 j ups. me ' or coalition of things thus united. from connection, as it implies the without an intervening Milton. conjunction of mind, B\4 Happy is the family union subsists between all its mem- agreement and f spirit and and agreement a painting. Cyc. fa building. ak Circ. , stical affairs, the combining or consoli- irches into one. ‘This can consent of the bishop, the Union is by accession, ed benefice becomes an accessory of in THIS. a A nn 1205” Dr ia aa dita ee ¥ EP roa Foe. ign oe cone z ae eee ‘ — UNI UNI UNJ 1 the principal ; by confusion, where the two titles are suppressed, and a new one created, including both ; and by equality, where the two titles subsist, but are equal and independent. Ce 7. States united. Thus the United States of America are sometimes called the Union. Marshall. Hamilton. 8. Apearl. [L. unio.] [Vet in use.] : 9. In the flag of the United States, a square portion at the upper left-hand corner, in which the stars are united on a blue ground, denoting the union of the States. Totten. The British flag has a similar wnion, composed of the three crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, denoting the union of the three kingdoms. lynn. Union downward; a signal of distress at sea made by reversing the flag, or turning its union downward. ” Union, or act of union ; the act by which Scotland was united to England, or by which the two king- doms were incorporated into one, in 1707. Legislative union ; the union of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1800. Union by the first intention; in surgery, the process by which the opposite surfaces of recent wounds, when they are kept in contact with each other, grow together and unite without suppuration ; the result of a wonderful self-healing power in living bodies. Cyc. U-NIP/A-ROUS, a, [L. wnus, one, and pario, to bear. ] Producing one at a birth. Brown. U-NIQUE’, (yu-neek’,) a. [Fr.] Sole; unequaled ; single in its Kind or excellence. U-NiQUE’LY, adv. Ina unique manner. U-NI-RA/DI-A-TED, a. Having one ray. Encyc. UN-IR/RI-TA-TED, a. Not irritated ; not fretted. 2, Not provoked or angered. UN-IR/RI-TA-TING, a. Not irritating or fretting. 2. Not provoking. 3. Not exciting. Beddoes. UN-IR/RI-TA-TING-LY, adv. So as not to irritate. U-NI-SE/RI-ATE, a. Having a single line or series. U-NI-SE/RLATE-LY, adv. In single line or series. U-NI-SEX/U-AL, a. In botany, having one sex only. U/NI-SON, n. [L. unus, one, and sonus, sound.) 1. In music, an accordance or coincidence of sounds proceeding from an equality in the number of vibrations made in a given time by a sonorous body. Iftwo chords of the same matter have equal Jength, thickness, and tension, they are said to be in unison, and their sounds will be in unison. Sounds of very different qualities and force may be in uni- son; as the sound of a bell may be in wnison with a sound ofa flute. Unison then consists in sameness of degree, or similarity in respect to gravity or acute- ness, and is applicable to any sound, whether of in- struments or of the human organs, &c. 2. A single, unvaried note. Pope. In unison; In agreement; in harmony. U/NI-SON, a. Sounding alone. Sounds intermixed with voice, Choral or unzson. Anon. U-NIS’/O-NANCE, n. Accordance of sounds. What constitutes unisonance is the equality of the number of vibrations of sonorous bodies, in two equal times. Cyc. U-NIS/O-NANT, a. Being in unison; having the same degree of gravity or acuteness. U-NIS/O-NOUS, a. Being in unison. Busby. UNIT, (yG'nit,) x. [L. unus, one; unitas, unity.]s 1. One; a word which denotes a single thing or person; the least whole number. Units are the integral parts of any large number. Wats. 2. In mathematics, any known determinate quantity, by the constant repetition of which, any other quan- tity of the same kind is measured. [See Uniry.] Olmsted. U-NLTA’RI-AN,n. [L. unitas, unus.] One who denies the doctrine of the trinity, and ascribes divinity to God the Father only. The Arian and Socinian are both comprehended in tne term Unitarian. U--NI-TA/RI-AN, a. Pertaining to Unitarians. U-NI-TA’/RI-AN-ISM, 2. The doctrines of Unitarians, who deny the divinity of Christ. U-NITE’, v.t. [L. unio, unitus; Fr. and Sp. unir ; It. UNtre. | 5, To join in interest or fellowship. Gen. xlix. 6. To tie; to splice; as, to unite two cords or ropes. 7. To join in affection; to make near; as, to unite hearts in love. [ Unite is followed by to or with. To unite fo, is to join. Gen. xlix. vi. To unite with, is to associate ; but the distinction is not always obvious or impor- tant. } To unite the heart; to cause all its powers and affec- tions to join with order and delight in the same ob- jects. Ps. IXxXxvl. U-NITE’, v.i. To join in an act; to concur; to act in concert. All parties united in petitioning for a repeal of the law. 2. To coalesce; to be cemented or consolidated ; to combine; as, bodies unite by attraction or af- finity. 3. To grow together, as the parts of a wound. The spur of a young cock, grafted into the comb, will unite and grow. Duhamel, 4. To coalesce, as sounds. 5, To be mixed. Oil and water will not wnite. U-NIT’ED, pp. or a. Joined; made to agree; ce- mented ; mixed ; attached by growth. United Brethren ; a religious community commonly called Moravians. United flowers, are such as have the stamens and pistils in the same flower. Cyc. U-NIT/ED-LY, adv. With union or joint efforts. U-NIT’ER, n. The person or thing that unites. U-NIT/ING, ppr. Joining; causing to agree ; consoli- dating; coalescing ; growing together. U-NI/TION, (yu-nish‘/un,) x. Junction; act of unit- ing. ee in use. | 7iseman. UW/NI-TIVE, a. Waving the power of uniting. [Vot use. WVorris. WNIT-JAR, n. A small, insulated Leyden jar, placed between the electrical machine and wu larger jar or battery, so as to announce, by its repeated dis- charges, the number of them which have passed into the larger jar. Brande. U/NLTY, (ya/ne-te,) n. [L. wnitas.] 1. The state of being one; oneness. Unity may consist of a simple substance or existing being, as the soul ; but usually it consists in a close junction of particles or parts, constituting a body detached from other bodies. Unity isa thing undivided itself, but separate from every-other thing. School Philosophy. 2. Concord; conjunction ; as, a unity of proofs. Shak. 3. Agreement ; uniformity ; as, unity of doctrine ; unity of worship ina church. Hooker. 4, In Christian theology, oneness of sentiment, af- fection, or behavior. How good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity ! — Ps, cxxxiil. 5. In mathematics, the abstract expression for any unit whatsoever. The number 1 is unity when it is not applied to any particular object; but a wnit, when it is so applied. Olmsted. 6. In poetry, the principle by which a uniform tenor of story and propriety of representation is preserved, In the Greek drama, the three unities required were those of action, of time, and of place ; in other words, that there should be but one main plot; that the time supposed should not exceed twenty-four hours ; and that the place of the action before the spectators should be one and the same throughout the piece. 7. In music, such a combination of parts as to con- stitute a whole, ora kind of symmetry of style and character. Rousseau. 8. In law, the properties of a joint estate are de- rived from its unity, which is fourfold ; unity of in- terest, unity of title, unity of time, and unity of pos- session; in other words, joint-tenants have one and the same interest, accruing by one and the same con- veyance, commencing at the same time, and held by one and the same undivided possession. Blackstone. 9. In law, wnity of possession is a joint, possession of two rights by several titles, as when a man has a lease of Jand upon a certain rent, and afterward buys the fee-simple. This is a unity of possession, by which the lease is extinguished. Unity of faith is an equal belief of the same truths of God, and possession of the grace of faith in like > 1. To put together or join two or more things, which make one compound or mixture. Thus we unite the parts of a building to make one structure. The kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland united, form one empire. So we unite spirit and | water and other liquors. We unite strands to make arope. The States of North America, united, form one nation. 2. To join; to connect ina near relation or alli- ance; as, to wnite families by marriage; to wnite nations by treaty. 3. To make to agree or be uniform ; as, to unite a kingdom in one form of worship; to unite men in opinions. Clarendon. 4. To cause to adhere ; as, to unite bricks or stones | by cement. form and degree. Brown. Unity of spirit is the oneness which subsists be- tween Christ and his saints, by which the same spirit dwells in both, and both have the same disposition and aims; and it is the oneness of Christians among themselves, united under the same head, having the same spirit dwelling in them, and possessing the same graces, faith, love, hope, &c. Brown. U/NI-VALVE, a. [L. unus, one, and valve.) Having one valve only asa shell or pericarp. U/NI-VALVE, n. A shell having one valve only ; a mollusk whose shell is composed of a single piece. The wnivalves form one of the three divisions into which shells are usually divided. Linneus. U-NI-VALV/U-LAR, a. Having one valve only ; as, a univalvular pericarp or shell. Martyn. Cyc. U-NI-VERS/AL, a. [L. universalis ; wnus and versor.] 1. All; extending to or comprehending the whole number, quantity, or Space; as, universal ruin ; uni- versal good ; universal benevolence. The univereal cause Acts not by partial, but by general laws. Pope. 2. Total; whole. From harmony, from heavenly harmony, This universal frame began. Dryden. 3. Comprising all the particulars; as, universal kinds. Davies. 4. In botanz, a universal umbel is a primary or gen- eral umbel ; the first or largest set of rays in a com- pound umbel; opposed to partial. oS Stephens. Not ornamental. West. Not ornamented; not Coventry. God is underived, unoriginated, and selGexistent. UN-OR-NA-MENT'AL, a. UN-OR/NA-MENT-ED, a. adorned ; plain. UN-OR’THO-DOX, a. Not orthodox; not holding the genuine doctrines of the Scriptures. Decay of Piety. UN-OR!THO-DOX-LY, adv. Not orthodoxy. UN-OS-TEN-TA/TLIOUS, a. Not ostentuious ; boastful ; not making show and parade ; modest. 9. Not glaring; not showy ; as, unostentatious col- oring. UN-OS-TEN-TA'TIOUS-LY, adv. parade, or ostentation. UN-OS-TBN-TA!/TIOUS-NESS, free from ostentation, UN-OW’ED, (-ode’,) a. UN-OWN’ED, a. Not owned ; owner ; not claimed. 9. Not avowed ; not acknowledged as one’s own; not admitted as done by one’s self. UN-OX/Y-DA-TED, UN-OX/Y-DIZ-ED, UN-OX/Y-GEN-A-TED, UN-OX'Y-GEN-IZ-ED, UN-PA-CIE’I€, a. Not pacific ; not disposed to peace; not of a peaceable disposition. Warton. UN-PA-OIE’1€-AL-LY, adv. Not pacifically. UN-PAGC/I-FI-ED, (-pas/e-fide,) a. Not pacified ; not appeased ; not calmed. : Browne. UN-PACK/, v. t. To open, as things packed ; as, to unpack goods, i 2. To disburden, ae used. | Shak. UN-PACK/ED, (-pakU,) pp- Opened, as goods. 2, a. Not packed ; not collected by unlawful arti- Hudibras. om, asa package, > as a debt. Milton. - as, unpaid work- Pope. not Without show, mn. State of being Not owed ; not due. having no known Not having oxygen in combination. a. fices ; as, an unpacked jury. UN PACKI/ING, ppr. Openin UN-PAID!, a. Not paid; not discharged 9. Not having received his due men. oe, Unpaid for; not paid for; taken on cre¢ it. UN-PAIN’ED, a. Not pained ; suffering no pain. Milton. IN_PAIN/FUL, a. Not painful; giving no pain. UN-PAIN’FUL, a ONE > Locke. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. Iwd Pog a Po ebay ic i rl ' é \- Fy | i be 4 ioe ' eS % Bos ne rey FS | a3 y a3 ; § : = f ; A; a i ! 4 ; ' _ eet ‘a . rk i es , ae i x h. ; ; ’ | ae \ . . - a Shee ee i ci { 4 oe Tee sere — ee: RT aaa ois is es ee UNP UNP UNP a UN-P? UN-PAIN/FUL-LY, adv. Without pain. UN-PAINT’ED, a. Not painted. UN-PAL/A-TA- "BLE, a, Not palatable; disgusting to the taste. “Collier. 9. Not such as to be relished ; disagreeable ; as, an unpalatable law. Dryden. UN-PAL/A-TA-BLY, adv. So as not to be relished. UN-PALL/ED, a. Not deadened, : UN-PAN/O-PLLED, (-pan/o-plid,) a. Destitute of panoply or complete armor. _ Pollok. UN-PAR/A-DISB, v. t. To deprive of happiness like that of paradise ; to render unhappy. 7OUNL « UN-PAR'A-GON-ED, a. Unequaled ; Wnt Tne ds S/LA UN-PAR/AL-LEL-ED, a. Having no parallel or equal; unequaled ; unmatched Addison The unparalleled perseverance of the armies of the United States, under every suffering and discouragement, was little short of a miracle. Vi ashington. UN-PAR'DON-A-BLE, a. Not to be forgiven; that can hot be pardoned or remitted ; as, an unpggdona- bles Rogers. UN- PAR/D ON-A-BLY, adv. Beyond forgiv eness. Atterbury. UN-PAR/DON-ED, a. Not pardoned ; not forgiven; psi unpardoned offenses. Rovers. 9. Not having received a legal pardon. The con- vict returned unpardoned. UN- eS ING, a. Not forgiving ; not disposed to pardo Dryden. UN-PAR- LIA- MENT’A-RI-LY, adv. Not according to the rules of parliament. UN-PAR-LIA-MENT’A-RLNESS, n. Contrariety to the rules, usages, or constitution of parliament. Clarendon. UN-PAR-LIA-MENT’A-RY, a. Contrary to the usages or rules of proceeding in parliament. 9, Contrary to the rules or usages of legislative boc lies, UN-PART’ED, a. Not parted ; not divided ; not sep- arated. Prior. . UN-PAR/TIAL, a. Not partial. [Jot in use.] [Se IMPARTIAL L. |] Un PAR’/TIAL-LY, adv. Fairly; impartially. [Vot UN- TPR R-TIC'T. PA-TED, a. Not participated or shared. Allen. UN-PAR-TIC’I-PA-TING, a. Not participating. UN-PASS’A-BLE, a. Not admitting persons to pass; impassable ; as, unpassable roads, rivers, OF moun- tains. [impassaBie is more generally used.] . Not current; not received in common pay- ments ; 5; as, unpassable notes or coins. [Inste ad of this, Uncunrent and Nor Current are now used.] UN-PAS/SION-ATE, )a. Calm; free from pas- UN-PAS/SION-A-TED, § sion; impartial. [Instead of these words, DispassionaTe is now used. UN-PAS’SION-ATE-LY, adr. Without passion ; calmly. K. Charles. {For this, Dispass1oNaTELy is now used. ] UN-PAS'SION- ED, a. Not excited by passion; calm. UN-PAS/TOR-AL, a, Not pastoral; not suitable to pastoral manners. Warton. UN-PAT’ENT-ED, a. Not granted by patent. Cranch. UN-PAFH’ ED, (-pithd’,) a. Unmarked by passage ; not trodden. Shak. 2, Not being beaten into a path; as, unpathed snow. UN-PA-THET'I€, a. Not pathetic; not adapted to move the passions or excite emotion. Warton. UN-PA-THET’/I€-AL-LY, adv. Without moving the eee or orien emotion. N-PA4-TRI-OT'IE€ - “eee UNPALTRLOTIELAL, | % Not patriotic. UN-PA-TRI-OT’I€-AL-LY, adv. Not patriotically. UN-PAT’RON-IZ-ED, a. Not having a patron; not supported by friends, Johnson. UN-PAT’TERN-ED, a. Having no equal. Beaum. & Fl. UN-PAV’ED, a. Not paved; not covered with stone. UN-PAWN’/ED, a. Not pawned; not pledged. Pope. UN-P4Y!, v.t. Toundo. [Vot in use.] Shak 2, Not to pay or compensate, [JVot used.] UN-PAY/ING, a. Neglecting payment. UN-PAY/ING-LY, adv. Unprofitably. UN-PEACE’A-BLE, a. Not peaceable ; quarrelsome. cS Hammond. UN-PEACE/A-BLE-NESS, n. Unquietness ; quarrel- someness. Parker. UN-PEACE/A-BLY, adv. Unquietly. UN- Pea a. Not pacific or peaceful; un- qu Cowley. UN- PE ‘ACE! FUL-LY, adv. Wot peacefully. UN-PE ACE/FUL-NESS, nm. Disquiet; inquietude, UN-PED/I-GREED, a. Not distinguished by a pedi- gree. Pollok. UN-PEG!, v. t. To loose from pegs; to open. 2. To pull out the peg from. UN-PEG/GED , pp. Loosed from pegs ; opened, EDs PELT’ED, a. Not pelted; not assailed with stones. UN-PEN’, v. t. To let out or suffer to escape by breaking a-dam or opening a pen. If a man unpens another’s water. Blackstone. UN-PE/NAL, a. Not penal; not subject to a penalty. Clarendon. UN-PEN’E-TRA-BLE, a. Not to be penetrated. peut IMPENETRABLE is Chiefly used. ] UN-PEN/E-TRA-TED, a. Not entered or pierced UN-PEN’L-TENT, a. "Not penitent. But Imp ENITENT is the word now used. ] UN-PEN’NED, pp. Unfastened ; let out. UN- PEN'NING, ppr. Suffering to escape ; unlocking. UN-PE N/SION-ED, a. Not pensioned ; not rewarded by a pension; as, an unpensioned soldier. 2. Not kept in pay ; not held in dependence bya pension. Pope. UN-PEO'PLE, (-pé’/pl,) v. t. To deprive of inhabit- ants; to depopulate ; ;to dispeople. Milton. Dryden. UN-PEO/PLED, (-pé’pld,) pp. Depopulated; dispeo- pled. UN-PEO/PLING, (-pé'pling,) ppv. Depopulating. UN-PER-CEIV’A-BLE, a. Not to be perceived ; not perceptible. UN-PER-CEIV/A-BLY, adv. Ina manner not to be perceived. UN-PER-CEIV'ED, a. Not perceived; not heeded ; not observed ; not noticed. Milton. aN ee R-CEIV/ED-LY, adv. So as not to be per- ved. Boyle. UN. PE R/FE€T, Not perfect ; not complete. But the ards now used is IMPERFECT. UN-PER/FE€T-ED, a. Not perfected; not com- pleted. Hammond. UN-PER/FE€T-NESS, n. Want of perfectness ; in- completeness. [ImperrectNess and IMPERFECTION are now used. ] UN-PER/FO-RA-TED, a. Not perforated ; not pene- trated by openings. UN-PER-FORM/ED, a. Not performed; not done; nok executed ; as, the business remains unperformed. 2. Not fulfilled ; as, an unperformed promise. Taylor. UN-PER-FORMI/ING, a. Not performing; not dis- charging its office. Dryden. UN-PER/ISH-A-BLE, Not perishable ; not subject to decay. ie he eka now used is Imvr *ERISHABLE A] UN-PER’ISH-A-BL ¥; adv. Imperishably. UN-PER/ISH-ING, Not perishing ; durable. UN-PER/ISH-ING- LY, adv. Not perishingly. UN-PER/JUR-ED, a. F ree from the crime of perjury. Dryden. UN-PER’MA-NENT, a. Not permanent; not durable. UN-PER-MIT’TED, a. Not permitted. Southey. UN-PER-PLEX’, v. t. To free from perplexity. Donne. UN-PER-PLEX’/ED, (-per-plekst’,) a. Not perplexed ; not harassed ; not embarrassed. 2. Free from perplexity or c omplication ; . simple. UN-PER/SE-€0-TED, a. Free from persecution. UN-PER-SPIR/A-BL E, a That can not be perspired, or emitted through the pores of the skin. Arbuthnot. UN-PER-SUAD/A-BLE, a. ‘That can not be per- snaded, or influenced by motives urged. Sidney. UN-PER-TURB/ED, a. Not disturbed. Scott. UN-PE-ROUS/ED, a. Not read. UN-PER-VERT’ED, a. Not perverted ; not wrested or turned to a wrong sense or Use. UN-PET’RI-FI-ED, (-pet/re-fide,) a. Not petrified ; not converted into stone. UN-PHIL-AN-THROP‘I€, a. Not philanthropic. UN-PHIL-O-SOPH'TI€, a. Not according to the UN-PHIL-O-SOPH/I€-AL, rules or principles of sound philosophy; contrary to philosophy or right reason. Newton. UN-PHIL-O-SOPH/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a manner contrary to the principles of sound philosophy or right reason, South. UN-PHIL-O-SOPH/I€-AL-NESS, 12. Rngongyalty with philosophy. Norris. UN-PHI-LOS/O-PHIZE, v. ft. To degrade from the character of a philosopher. Pope. UN-PHI-LOS/O-PHIZ-ED, pp. or a. Degraded from the rank of a philosophe I. 2. Not sophisticated or perverted by philosophy ; as, unphilosophized revelation. Good. UN- PHRE-NO-LOG! I6é-AL, a. ot pertaining to phrenology. UN-PHYS/ICK-ED, (-fiz'ikt,) a. Not influenced by medicine ; not phy sicked. ey used. ] Howell. UN-PI€-TUR-ESQUE’, (-esk’,) a. Not picturesque. UN-PIERCE/A-BLE, a. T ‘hat can not be pierced. Southey. UN-PIERC’/ED, (-peerst’,) a, Not penetrated. Gay. UN-PIL! LAR- ED, a. Deprived of pillars; as, an wn- pillared temple. Pope. UN-PIL’LOW-ED, a. Having no pillow ; having the head not supported. Multon. UN-PI/LOT-ED, a, Not steered by a pilot. UN-PIN’!, v. t. To loose from pins; to unfasten what is held together by pins; as,to unpin a frock; to un- pin the frame of a building. UN-PINK/ED, (-pinkt’,) a. Not pinked ; not marked or set with eyelet holes. Shak. UN-PIN!/NED, pp. Loosed from pins. UN-PIN/NING, ppr- Unfastening what is held to- gether by pins. UN-PIT'I-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be pitied. UN-PIT’L-ED, (-pit’id,) a. Not pitied; not compas- sionated ; not regarded with sympathetic sorrow. Driden. Pope. UN-PIT’L-FUL, a. Having no pity; not merciful. avies. 2. Not exciting pity. UN-PIT’I-FUL-LY, adv. Unmercifully ; without mercy. Shak. UN-PIT’Y-ING, a. Having no pity ; showing no com- passion. Granville. UN-PLA’€A-BLE, a. Not to be appeased. PCED TE is the word now used.] UN-PLA/CED, (-plaste’,) a. Having no affice or em- ployment under the government. Pope. 2. Undetermined as to place ; as, unplaced kings, whose position in the series of Egy ptian kings is un- determined. Gliddon. UN-PLAGU! ED, (-plagd’,) a. Not plagued; not har- assed ; not tormented. Shak. UN-PLANT’ED, a. Not planted; of spontaneous growth. Waller. UN-PLAS/TER-ED, a. Not plastered. UN-PLAUS'LBLE, a. Not plausible; not having a fair appearance ; as, arguments not unplausible. Milton. UN-PLAUS-I-BLY, adv. Not with a fair appearance. Swift. UN-PLAU’SIVE, a. Not approving; not applaud- ing. UN-PLEAD!A-BLE, a. That can not be pleaded. South. UN-PLEAS/ANT, (un-plez/ant,) a. Not pleasant; not affording pleasure ; disagreeable. Hooker. UN-PLEAS/ANT-LY, (un-plez/ant-ly,) adv. Ina manner not pleasing; uneasily. Pope. UN-PLEAS/ANT-NESS, (un-plez/ant-ness,) n. _ Dis- agreeableness ; the state or quality or not giving pleasure. Hooker. UN-PLEAS’ED, a. Not pleased; displeased. Dryden. UN-PLEAS/ING, a. Offensive; disgusting. Milton. Dryden. UN-PLEAS/ING-LY, adv. Ina manner to displeuse. UN- PL es AS/ING-NESS, n. Want of qualities to plea Milton, UN-P LE: AS/UR-A-BLE, a. Not pleasurable. Coleridve. UN-PLEDG/ED, a. Not pledged ; not mortgaged. UN-PLi’A-BLE, a. Not pliable ; not easily bent. UN-PLI/A-BLY, adv. In an unpliable manner. UN-PLI/ANT, a. Not pliant ; not easily bent ; stiff. Wotton. 2. Not readily yielding the will ; not compliant. UN-PLiI'ANT-LY, adv. Not pliantly ; stiffly. oN Re HRD, | ‘a. Not plowed. Mortimer. UN-PLUMB’, alent ,) a. Not perpendicular. Burke. UN-PLUME’,v. t. To strip of plumes or feathers ; to degrade. Glanville. UN-PLUM/ED, pp. ora. Deprived of plumes; desti- tute of plumes. UN-PLUN’/DER-ED, a. Not plundered or stripped. UN-PO-ET’TE, /a. Not poetical; not having the UN-PO-ET’I€-AL, § beauties of verse. 2. Not becoming a poet. Corbet. UN-PO-ET/I€-AL-LY, adv. In a manner not com- porting with the nt iture of poetry. 2, In a manner unbecoming a poet. UN-POINT’ED, a. Having no point or sting. “Jonson. . Not having marks by which to distinguish sen- ee me mbers, and clauses in writing. 3. Not having the vowel points or marks ; 3 as, an unpointed manuscript in Hebrew or Arabic. M, Stuart. UN-POIS/ED, (-poizd’,) a. Not poised; not balanced. Thomson. UN-POIS! ON, v. t. To remove or expel poison. Sout. UN-P6O'LAR-IZ-ED, a. Not polarized; not having polarity. , rai UN-POL/LCI-ED, (-pol/e-sid,) a. Not having civil polity, or a regular form of government. UN-POL/ISH-ED, (-pol/isht, J a, Not polished; not mi te smooth or bright by attrition. Stillingflect. 2. Not refined in manners; uncivilized; rude; plain. Dr yden. UN-PO-LITE’, a. Not refined in manners; not ele ' gant. 2. Not civil; not courteous; rude. [See Imro- LITE. | UN-PO-LITE’LY, adv. In an uncivil or rude man- ner. UN-PO-LITE!’NESS, n. Want of refinement in man- ners ; rudeness. 2. Incivility ; ; want of courtesy. UN-POL'T- TIE, a. Impolitic. [The latter is used.] UN-POLL’ED; a. Not registered as a voter. 2. Unplundered ; not stripped. Fanshaw. 1210 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.—UNP UNP UN@ UN-POL-LUT’ED, a. corrupted, UN-POP’U-LAR, a. public favor ; as, an unpopular magistrate. UN-POP-U-LAR/I-TY, n. The state of note UN-POP/U-LAR-LY, adv. Not popularly. UN-PORT!A-BLE, a. Not to be carried. UN-POR’TION-ED, a. Not endowed or furnish a portion or fortune; as, an unportioned d UN-PORT’U-OUS, a. Having no ports. UN-POS-SESS/ED, (-pos-sest/,) a. not held; not occupied. UN-POS-SESS'ING, a. Having no posses UN-POS!/SI-BLE, a. Not possible. [ Obs. fone word now used is Imross1BLe.-] UN-P6O'TA-BLE, a. Not drinkable. UN-POW!DER-ED, a. UN-PRA€/TLEA-BLE, a. not be performed. ee word now used is ImpracTICcABLE. ] UN-PRA€/TIC-ED, (-prak’tist,) a. taught by practice ; not skilled ; ence; raw ; unskillful. 2. Not known ; not familiar by use. sion not having mg prelates. UN-PRE-€A/RI-OUS, a. not uncertain. UN-PRE-CED/ED, a. Not preceded. UN-PREC’E-DENT-ED, a. the authority of prior example. UN-PREC!E-DENT-ED-LY, adv. UN-PRE-CISE’, a. Not precise ; not exact. or destined. UN-PRE-DICET’, v. t. UN-PRE-FER/RED, (-ferd’,) a. impartial; as, an preoccupied by opinion ; A diced mind. 9. Not warped by prejudice ; as, judgment. UN-PREJ/U-DIC-ED-NESS, n. prejudiced. UN-PRE-LAT'I€-AL, a. UN-PRE-LAT’I€-AL-LY, adv. to a prelate. UN-PRE-MED! UN-PRE-MED’ mind. 9. Not previously purpose by design. TN-PRE-MED/I-TA-TED-LY, adv. meditation. UN-PRE-O €U-PI-ED, a. UN-PRE-PAR/ED, a. Not prepared ; fitted or furnished by previous measures. 2. Not prepared, of death and a happy immortality. UN-PRE-PAR/ED-LY, adv. UN-PRE-PAR‘ED-NESS, 2. pared. UN-PRE-POS-SESS’ED, (-pos-sest’,) 4. sessed ; not biased by previous opinions ; 1 TATE, TA-TED, } I- a. d or intended ; With Not preoccupied UN-PRE-POS-SESS/ING, a. a ypearance, UN-PRE-SERV/A-BLE, a. served. UN-PRESS’ED, (-prest’,) a. Not pressed, Shak. 2. Not enforced. Cle UN-PRE-SUM/ING, a. UN-PRE-SUMPT’U-OUS, a. presumptuous ; not rash ; modest ; submis UN-PRE-SUMPT/U-OUS-LY, ado. UN-PRE-TEND/ING-LY, adv. UN-PRE-VAIL/ING, a. Being of no force ; UN-PREV/A-LENT, a. Not prevalent. UN-PRE-VENT!A-BLE, a. Not preventabl UN-PRE-VENT’ED, a. Not prevented 9, Not preceded by any thing. [ Obs.] UN-PRIEST’, v. t To deprive 0 priest. UN-PRIEST’LY, a. Unsuitable to a priest. Not polluted; not defiled ; not Not popular; not having the 9, Not pleasing the people ; as, an unpopular law. the public favor, or of not pleasing the people. Ralegh. aughter. Burke. Not pos Milton. Not sprinkled with powder. Not feasible; that can Not having been [ Vot used. ] Prior. UN-PRAIS/ED, (-prazd’,) a. Not praised ; not cele- brated. Milton. Driden. UN-PREACHI/ING, a. Not preaching ; as, unpreach- 1. More. Not dependent on another ; lackmore- Having no precedent or example ; not preceded by alike case; not Without precedent. To retract prediction. Wilton. Not preferred ; not not re Without njoying ed with sessed ; gs. Shak. experi- Shak. UN-PRINCE'LY, To deprive of princi- . wift. ! un-prins/ly,) a. Unbecoming a prince ; not resembling a prince. K. Charles. UN-PRIN/CIL-PLED,a. Not having settled principles ; as, souls unprinctpled in virtue. Jilton. 2. Having no good moral principles; destitute of virtue ; not restrained by conscience ; profligate. UN-PRIN/CI-PLED-NESS, n. Want of principle, UN-PRINT’ED, a. Not printed, as a literary work. ope. 2. Not stamped with figures ; white; as, sfenantel UN-PRINCE’, (un-prins’,) v. t. pality or sovereignty. cotton. UN-PRIS!ON-ED, (-priz/nd,) a. Set free from con- finement. Donne. UN-PRIV’/I-LEG-ED, a Not privileged; not enjoy- ing a particular immunity. Jefferson. UN-PRIZ/A-BLE, a. Not valued ; not of estimation. UN-PRIZ/ED, a. Not valued. Shak. UN-PRO-€LAIM’ED, a. Not proclaimed ; not noti- fied by public declaration. Milton. UN-PRO-DU€!/TIVE, a. Not productive ; barren Burke. 9. More generally, not producing large crops; not making profitable returns for labor ; as, unproductive land. 3. Not profitable ; not producing profit or interest ; as capital; as, unproductive funds or stock. 4. Not efficient ; not producing any effect. UN-PRO-DU€/TIVE-LY, adv. Barrenly; without profit. UN-PRO-DU6'TIVE-NESS, n. The state of being unproductive, as land, stock, capital, labor, é&c. UN-PRO-FAN’ED, a. Not profaned ; not violated. having Siwi, Warton. UN-PRE-DES!TIN-ED, a. Not previously determined Milton. advanced. Collier. UN-PREG/NANT, a, Not pregnant. 9. Not prolific; not quick of wit, Shak. UN-PRE-JU/DI-CATE, a. Not prepossessed by settled opinions. [Little used. ] Taylor. UN-PREJ'U-DIC-ED, (-pred/ju-dist,) a. Not preju- diced ; free from undue bias or prepossession ; not unpreju- ddison. an unprejudiced State of being un- Clarke. Unsuitable to a prelate. Clarendon, Unlike or unsuitably Not previously medi- tated or prepar ed in the not done out pre- ady ; not JHuton. by holiness of life, for the event Roscommon. Without preparation. State of being unpre- Not prepos- 1ot partial. South. Not having a winning That can not be pre- Tickel. arendon. Not too confident or bold. [See Presume.] Not sive. Cowper. pre Without pretension. vain. Shak. e. ; not hindered. f the orders of a Shak. portion. : Milton. UN-PRO-POR/TION-A-BLY, adv, Not in due pro- portion. 4 Milton. UN-PRO-POR/TION-ATE, a. Wanting proportion Bale. disproportionate ; unfit. TONE, BULL, WNITE.— ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; GasJ; 8 Dryden. UN-PRO-FESS’ED, (-pro-fest’,) a. Not professed. UN-PRO-FES’SION-AL, (-fesh/un-al,) a. Not per- taining to one’s profession. Beddoes. 9. Not belonging to a profession. UN-PRO-FES/SION-AL-LY, ado. professional practice. UN-PRO-FI/CIEN-CY, (-fish’en-se,) n. proficiency or improvement. UN-PROF’IT-A-BLE, a. Bringing no profit ; produc- ing no gain beyond the labor, expenses, and interest of capital; as, unprofitable land ; unprofitable stock ; unprojitable employment. 2. Producing no improvement or advantage ; use- less ; serving no purpose; as, an unprofitable life ; unprofitable study. Job Xv. 3. Not useful to others, 4, Misimproving talents ; bringing no glory to God; as, an unprofitable servant. Malt. xxv. UN-PROF’IT-A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of pro- ducing no profit or good ; uselessness ; inutility. Addison. Without profit ; without y employed. ige ; to no Addison. Not having profit or gain. Shak. Not advancing. Not prohibited ; not forbid ; In_ opposition to Want of Hall. UN-PROF/IT-A-BLY, adv. clear gain; as, capital unprofitabl 9, Without any good effect or advanté food purpose. UN-PROF'IT-ED, a. UN-PRO-GRESS/IVE, a. UN-PRO-HIB/IT-ED, a. lawful. UN-PRO-JE€T’ED, a. Not planned; not projected. South. Not prolific; barren ; not pro- Hale, UN-PRO-LIF’T€, a. ducing young or fruit. 9, Not producing in abundance. UN-PROM/I-NENT, a. Not prominent. UN-PROM/IS-ED, (-prom/ist,) a Not promised or engaged. UN-PROM/IS-ING, a. a favorable prospect of suc profit, &c. ; as ising Season. UN-PROMPT’ED, a. Not prompted; not dictated. 9. Not excited or instigated. UN-PRO-NOUNCE'A-BLE, (un-pro-no That can not be pronounced. uns/a-bl,) @ Walker. UN-PRO-NOUNC’ED, (-pro-nounst’,) a. Not pro- iE i nounced ; not uttered. : Milton. UN-PUR-SU'/ED, a. Not pursued ; not followed not UN-PROP’, v. t. To remove 4 pro from ; to deprive prosecuted, —_ 5 Milton. of supports ve UN-PU'/TRE-FI-ED, a. Not putrefied ; not corrupted. UN-PROP’ER, a. Not fit or proper. [ Obs.] . a a Facer Improrer is the word now used.] UN-QUAFF’ED, (-kwift’,) a. Not quaffed ; BON ran ; yron. Unfitly. [Obs.] [See Ist unt PRORERLY UN-PRO-PHET'IE, UN-PRO-PHET/I6-AL, UN-PROPH/BT-LIKH, a. -ROP/BR-LY, adv. Not foreseeing or no predicting future events. Not like a prophet. a. sumption. : aD Ss L bee Oe UN-PRE-TEND/ING, a. Not claiming distinction ; UN-PRO-PI!'TIOUS, (-pish/us,) a. Not propitious ; not fit ; mot having the requis Swift modest. Pope. not favorable ; not disposed to promote ; inauspicious. accomplishments, SAN Ry athe ope. 9. Not having taken the requisite oath or oaths. UN-PRO-PILTIOUS-LY, adv. Unfavorably ; kind] UN-PR being unpropitious, UN-PRO-POR'TION-A-BLE, a. UR ERO ROR UON-ED: a. Not proportioned ; not suitable. _ hak. UN-PRO-POS’ED, a. Not proposed ; not offered. 2 Te UN-PROP/PED, (Propt!;) a. Not propped ; not sup- ported or upheld. Milton. UN-PROS/E-LY-TED, a. Not made a convert. W. Scott. UN-PROS/PER-OUS, a. Not prosperous; not attended with success ; unfortunate. Pope. » UN-PROS/PER-OUS-LY, adv. Unsuccessfully ; un- fortunately. Taylor. UN-PROS‘/PER-OUS-NESS, zn. Want of success; failure of the desired result. Hammond. UN-PROS'TL-TU-TED, a. UN-PRO-TE€T’ED, a. Not protected ; not defended. Not promising ; not affording of excellence, of , an unpromising youth ; an unprom- un- ys : O-PI/'TIOUS-NESS, n. State or quality of Wanting due pro- Not prostituted ; not de- based. Hooker. _2. Not countenanced; not supported. UN-PRO-TE€T/ED-LY, adv. Without being pro- tected. UN-PRO-TEC€T/ING, a. Not protecting ; not defend- ing. : UN-PRO-TRA€T’ED, a. Not protracted ; not drawn out in Jength. UN-PROV’ED, (-proovd’,) a. Not pr by trial. 2. Not established as true by stration, or evidence. UN-PRO-VIDE’, v. 6 of qualifications. UN-PRO-VID'/ED, 2. a. Not provided ; oved ; not known Spenser. argument, demon- To unfurnish ; to divest or strip : Southern. pp. Divested of qualifications. unfurnished ; unsupplied. a. Not fur- Dryden. j Pollok. Obs. Not provoked ; UN-PROV'/I-DENT, a. Improvident. UN-PRO-VI//SION-ED, (-pro-vizh’und nished with provisions. UN-PRO-VOK/ED, (-pro-vokt’,) a. not incited ; applied to persons, 2. Not proceeding from provocation or just cause ; as, an unprovoked attack. Addison. UN-PRO-VOK/ING, a. Giving no provocation or offense. Fleetwood. UN-PRO-VORK/ING-LY, adv. Without giving provo- cation. UN-PRU-DEN’TIAL, a. Imprudent. [Vot used. | JMuton. UN-PROUN/ED, a. Not pruned; not lopped. Siak. UN-PUB/LI€, a. Not public; private; not generally seen or known. Taylor. UN-PUB/LISH-ED, (-pub/lisht,) a. Not made public ; secret ; private. Shak. 2. Not published ; asa manuscript or book. Pope. UN-PUN€/TU-AL, (-punkt/yu-al,) a Not punctual ; not exact in ume. Pope. UN-PUN€-TU-AL/I-TY, 2, UN-PUN€!TU-AL-NESS, | ~ UN-PUN€‘TU-AL-LY, ade. Want of punctuality Not punctually. UN-PUNG'TU-A-TED, a Not punctuated; not pointed. usby. UN-PUN/ISH-A-BLE, a. That may not be punished. Milton. UN-PUN'ISH-ED, (-pun‘isht,) 4. Not punished ; suf- fered to pass Without punishment or with impunity ; as, a thief wnpunished; au unpunished crime. Dryden. UN-PUN/ISH-ING, a, Not punishing. UN-PUR/CHAS-A-BLE, a. That can not be bought. Adams. Not purchased ; Denham. [See In- UN-PUR/CHAS-ED, (-pur’chast,) @. not bought. UN-PURE’, a. Rone UN-PURG/ED, a. Not purged; UN-PU/RLFI-ED, (-fide,) a. N from recrement or foul matter. 9. Not cleansed from sin ; ums Not pure ; impure. [ Obs.] Milton. ; not freed unpurified. ot purified anctified. Decay of Picty. UN-PUR/POS-ED, (-pur’pust,) a. Not intended ; not designed, Shak. UN-PURS'ED, (-purst’,) a Robbed of a purse. Pollok. Not failing ; not sinking ; firm. Not shaking or trembling. Wilson. e-fide,) a Not qualified - te talents, abilities, or UN-QUAIL/ING, a. t | UN-QUAK’ING, a. UN-QUAL'LFI-ED, (-kwol! 3. Not modified or restricted by conditions or ex- ceptions ; as, un ualified praise. UN-QUAL'LFI-ED-LY, ado. In a manner so as not to be qualified. UN-QUAL'I-FI-ED-NESS, le qualified. UN-QUAL'LFY, 2. & But instead of this, UN-QUAL/LFY-ING, ppr. tions. Condition of being un- To divest of qualifications. DisQuALIFY 1S NOW used.] . Divesting of qualifica- , I , as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. —<—————— $$ — 1211* ipo a | IE sept eI 4 cree — er =e — J UNR UN-QUAL/I-TLED, (-kwol’e-tid,) a, Deprived of the usual faculties. [ot in use.) Shak. UN-QUAR/REL-A-BLE, a. That can not bo 1m- pugned. [JVot in use. ] aes Brown. UN-QUEEN’, v. t. To divest of the dignity of green: o/ial. UN-QUELL'A-BLE, a. That can not beanel ee 2 a Ui 1; not subdued. UN-QUELL/ED, a. Not quelled; 1 Ee ; snched ; UN-QUENCHI/A-BLE, a. That can not ve Quenciec.s that will nevet be extinguished ; inextinguishable. TREGUEN OHI A BLE-NESS, n. ‘The state or guality of being inextinguishable. ERE UN-QUENCH/A-BLY, adv. In a manner or degree so as not to be quenched. : a , 7. IENCG D cwe ; t extinguished. UN-QUENCH’EZD, (-kw encht/,) a. No eushig : 3S/TION-A-BLE, a. Not to be questioned ; ve Gare ; indubitable ; certain ; as, ee tionable evidence Or truth ; wnguestionable conragee. UN-QUBS’TION-A-BLY, adv. Without coun itably. oprat. UN_QUES'TION-ED, a. Not called in question ; not doubted. 3 9. Not interrogated ; having no questions asked ; not examined. Dryden. 3. Indisputable ; not to be opposed B. Jonson. UN-QUES/TION-ING, a Not calling in question ; not doubting; unhesitating. J, M. Mason. UN-QUICK’, a. Not quick; slow. 9, Not alive; motionless. [Motin use.] Daniel. UN-QUICK!/EN-ED, a. Not animated; not matured to vitality ; as, wnquickened progeny. Blackstone. UN-QUI/BT, a Not quiet; not calm or tranquil; restless; uneasy ; aS, an wnguiet person ; an unqutet mind. 9. Agitated; disturbed by continual motion; 28, the wnquiet ocean. 3. Unsatisfied ; restless. Pope. UN-QUI/ET, v. t. ‘To disquiet. [WVot wm use.] LHerbert. UN-QUIET-LY, adv. In an unquiet state ; without rest ; in an agitated state. Shak. UN-QUY/ET-NESS, 7 Want of quiet; want of tranquillity ; restlessness ; uneasiness. aylor. Denham. 2, Want of peace; as of a nation. Spenser. 3. Turbulence; disposition to make trouble or ex- cite disturbance. Dryden. UN-QU1/E-TUDE, x. Uneasiness , restlessness. Obs. ! Bel this, Disquretupk and InquieTupE are used. ] UN-RACK/ED, (-rakt!,) a. Not racked; not poured from the lees. UN-RAIS/ED, a. Not elevated orraised. Coleridge. UN-RAK/ED, (-rakt’,) a. Not raked; as, land un- raked. 2. Not raked together; not raked up ; as fire. Shak. UN-RANG/ED, a. Not ranged; not reduced to order. UN-RAN/SACK-ED, (-ran/sakt,) a. Not ransacked 5 not searched. 2, Not pillaged, Knolles. UN-RAN/SOM-ED, a. Not ransomed; not liberated from captivity or bondage by payment for liberty. Pope. UN-RASH!, a. Not rash; not presumptuous. Clarendon. UN-RAV’/AG-ED, a. Not wasted or destroyed. Burke. UN-RAV’/EL, v. t. To disentangle; to disengage or separate threads that are knit. 2. To free; to clear from complication or diffi- culty. Addison. 3. To separate connected or united parts ; to throw into disorder. Nature all unraveled. Dryden. 4. To unfold, as the plot or intrigue of a play. Pope. UN-RAV/EL, v. i. tangled. Dae eee SUE, a. That can not be disentan- sled. UN-RAV/EL-ED, pp. Unfolded; disentangled. UN-RAV/EL-ING, ppr. Disentangling; unfolding; clearing from difficulty. UN-RAV/EL-MENT, 2, To be unfolded; to be disen- The development of the plot in a play. Mickel. UN-RA’ZOR-ED, a. Unshaven. Milton. UN-REACH’ED, (-reecht’,) a. Not reached ; not at- tained to Dryden. UN-R ~, (-red’,) a. Not read; not recited; not perused Hooker. Dryden. 2. Untaught ; not learned in books. Dryden. ON ee a. Not legible; that can not be read. UN-READ’I-LY, (-red’e-le,) adv. Not promptly ; not cheerfully. Mitford. UN-READ’I-NESS, (-red/e-ness,) n. Want of readi- néss ; want of promptness or dexterity. Hooker. 2. Want of preparation. Taylor. UN-READ’Y, (-red’e,) a. Not ready ; not prepared ; not fit. Shak. UNR UNR 9, Not prompt; not quick Brown. UN-RE-DEEM/A-BLE, a. That can not be re- 3. Awkward ; ungainly. Bacon. deemed. _ UN-RE/AL, a. Not real; not substantial; having ap- UN-RE-DEEM/ED, a. Not redeemed ; not ransomed. pearance only. Milton. Shak. 2. Not paid ; not recalled into the treasury or bank UN-RE-AL'’L-TY, n. Want of reality or real existence. by payment of the value in money; as, unredeemed Fearn. bills, notes, or stock. UN-RE/AL-IZ-ING, a. Not realizing; not making real. UN-REAP/ED, (-reept’,) a. Not reaped; as, un- reaped wheat ; an unreaped field. UN-REA/S ON, (-ré/zn,) n. Want of reason. UN-RicA'S ON-A-BLE, a. Not agreeable to reason. FTooker. 2, Exceeding the bounds of reason ; claiming or insisting on more than is fit; as, an unreasonable de- mand. 3. Immoderate ; exorbitant; as, an unreasonable love of life or of money. 4. Irrational. [In this sense, see IRRATIONAL. ] UN-REA/S ON-A-BLE-NESS, n. Inconsistency with reason ; as, the wnreasonableness of sinners. 2. Exorbitance ; excess of demand, claim, passion, and the like; as, the wnreasonableness of a proposal. UN-REA/$ ON-A-BLY, adv. In a manner contrary to reason. 2, Excessively ; immoderately ; more than enough. UN-REA/SON-ED, a. Not reasoned. Burke. 2. Not derived from reasoning. Chalmers. UN-REA/SON-ING, a. Not reasoning; not having reasoning faculties. Everett. UN-REAVE’, v. t. [See Reaver, Unrerve, and Raye.] Tounwind ; to disentangle ; to lcose. Spenser. 2. Not to rive ; not to tear asunder ; not to unroof. [ot in use. ] Hall. UN-RE-BAT’ED, a. Not blunted. Hakewill. UN-RE-BUK’A-BLE, a. Not deserving rebuke; not obnoxious to censure. 1 Z%m. Vi. UN-RE-BUK’A-BLY, adv. Not rebukably. UN-RE-BUK’ED, (-bukt’,) a. Not rebuked. UN-RE-€ANT/ED, a. Not retracted. UN-RE-CEIV’/ED, a. Not received; not taken; as, sacraments wnrecerved. 2. Not come into possession ; as, a letter wnreceived. 3. Not adopted ; not embraced ; as, opinions wnre- ceived. UN-RECK/ON-ED,a Not reckoned or enumerated. Bp. Gardiner. UN-RE-€LAIM/A-BLE, a, That can not be reclaimed, reformed, or domesticated. UN-RE-€LAIM/A-BLY, adv. So as not to be reclaim- able. UN-RE-€LAIM/ED, a. Not reclaimed; not brought to a domestic state ; not tamed; as, a wild beast un- reclaimed. 2. Not reformed ; not called back from vice to vir- tue. Rogers. UN-RE-€LAIM/ING, a. Not reclaiming. UN-RE-€LIN/ING, a. Not reclining or resting. UN-RE-€OG'NI-ZA-BLE, a. That can not be recog- nized, [See RECOGNIZABLE. | Coleridge. UN-RE€/OG-NIZ-ED, a Not acknowledged or known. JN-RE€’OM-PENS-ED, (-rek/om-penst,) a. Not rec- ompensed ; not rewarded. UN-RE€-ON-CIL/A-BLE, a. That can not be recon- ciled; that can not be made consistent with; as, two wnreconcilable propositions. [In this sense, InRecoNcILABLE is generally used. ] 2. Not reconcilable; not capable of being ap- peased ; implacable Shak. 3. That can not be persuaded to lay aside enmity or opposition, and to become friendly or favorable ; as, unreconcilable neighbors. [IRRECONCILABLE Is generally used. UN-REt-ON-CIL/A-BLY, adv. So as not to be recon- cilable. UN-RE€/ON-CIL-ED, a. Not reconciled; not made consistent. 2, Not appeased ; not having become favorable. 3. In a theological sense, not having laid aside op- position and enmity to God; not having made peace with God through faith in Christ. UN-RE-€ORD/ED, a. Net recorded ; not registered ; as, an unrecorded deed or lease. 2. Not kept in remembrance by public monuments ; not recorded in the rolls of fame. Pope. UN-RE-COUNT’ED, a. Not recounted; not told ; not related or recited. Shak. UN-RE-€0 V/ER-A-BLE, (-kuv/er-a-bl,) a. That can not be recovered ; past recovery. Feltham. 2. That can not be regained. UN-RE-€0V/ER-ED, a. Not recovered ; not recalled into possession ; not regained. Draiyton. 2. Not restored to health. UN-RE-€RUIT’A-BLE, a. That can not be recruited. 2. Incapable of recruiting. [Bad, and not used.] Milton. UN-RE€’TI-FI-ED, a. Not rectified ; not corrected or set right. UN-RE:-€UM/BENT, a. Not reclining or reposing. UN-RE-€UR/ING, a. That can not be cured. [Wot mM USE. Shak. J UN-RE-€UR/RING, a. Not recurring. UN-RE-DRESS’/ED, (-drest’,) a. Not redressed ; not relieved from injustice ; applied to persons. 2. Not removed; not reformed; as, wnredressed evils. UN-RE-DUC’ED, (-diste’,) a Not reduced; not les- sened in size, quantity, or amount. UN-RE-DU/CI-BLE, a. Not capable of reduction. sh. UN-RB-DU/CI-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not being capable of reduction. South. UN-REEL/ED, a. Not reeled, or wound on a reel, from cocoons. UN-REEVE’, (un-reev’,) v. t. To withdraw or take out a rope from a block, thimble, &c. [See Un- REAVE, | UN-RE-FIN/ED, a. Not refined; not purified ; as, unrefined sugar. 2. Not refined or polished in manners. UN-RE-FORM/A-BLE, a, Not capable of being put into a new form. Hammond. 2. That can not be reformed or amended. Cowper. UN-RE-FORM/ED, a. Not reformed; not reclaimed from vice; as, an unreformed youth. 2. Not amended; not corrected; as, wnreformed munners ; uwnreformed vices. 3. Not reduced to truth and regularity ; not freed from error; as, an unreformed calendar. Holder. UN-RE-FRA€T’ED, a Not refracted, as rays of light. UN-RE-FRESH/ED, (-re-fresht’,) a. Not refreshed ; not relieved from fatigue ; not cheered. UN-RE-FRESH’/FUL, a. Not adapted to refresh. UN-RE-FRESH/ING, a. Not refreshing ; not invig- orating ; not cooling; not relieving from depression or toil. Beddoes. UN-RE-FUS/ING, a. Not rejecting; not declining to accept. UN-RE-FUT’ED, a. Not proved to be false. UN-RE-GARD/ED, a. Not regarded; not heeded ; not noticed; neglected ; slighted. Dryden. Swift. UN-RE-GARD/FUL, a. Not giving attention ; heed- less ; negligent. UN-RE-GARD/FUL-LY, adv. Not regardfully. UN-RE-GEN’/ER-A-CY, n. State of being unregener- ate or unrenewed in heart. Hammond. UN-RE-GEN/ER-ATE, a. Not regenerated; not re- newed in heart ; remaining at enmity with God. Step/lens. UN-RE-GEN-ER-A/TION, n. Want of regeneration. H, Martyn. UN-REG/IS-TER-ED, a. Not registered ; not recorded. Shak. UN-RE-GRET’TED, a. Not lamented. UN-REG/U-LA-TED, a. Not regulated ; not reduced to order. Milner. UN-RE-HEARS/ED, (un-re-herst/,) a. Not recited or repeated, as words. UN-REIN/ED, (un-rand’,) a. Not restrained by the bridle ; unchecked. Milton. UN-RE-JOIC/ING, a. Unjoyous; gloomy; sad. Thomson. UN-RE-JOIGC/ING-LY, adv. Unjoyously ; gloomily. UN-RE-LAT’ED, a. Not related by blood or affinity. 2. Having no connection with. UN-REL/A-TIVE, a. Not relative; not relating; having no relation to. Chesterfield. [InRELATIVE iS more generally used. } UN-REL!A-TIVE-LY, adv. Without relation to. [ Zit- tle used. | Bolingbroke. UN-RE-LAX/ING, a. Not slackening; not abating in severity or attention. UN-RB-LAX/ING-LY, adv. Without relaxation. UN-RE-LENT/ING, a. Not relenting; baving no pity ; hard; cruel; as, an unrelenting heart. 9, Not yielding to pity ; as, unrelenting cruelty. 3. Not yielding to circumstances ; inflexibly rigid ; as, an unrelenting rule.- Paley. UN-RE-LENT/ING-LY, adv. Without relenting. UN-RE-LIEV/A-BLBE, a. Admitting no relief or suc- cor. Bole. UN-RE-LIEV’ED, (-re-leevd’,) a. Not relieved ; not eased or delivered from pain. 92. Not succored; not delivered from confinement or distress 3 as, a garrison wnrelieved. 3. Not released from duty ; as, an wnrelieved senti- nel. UN-RE-LIG/IOUS, a. Not religious. UN-RE-LU€T’ANT, a. Not unwilling. UN-RE-LU€T/ANT-LY, adv. Willingly- Scott. UN-RE-MARK’A-BLE, a. Not remarkable; not wor- thy of particular notice. 2, Not capable of being observed. Digby. UN-RE-MARK/A-BLY, adv. Not remarkably. UN-RE-MARK/ED, (-re-miarkt’,) a. Not remarked ; unobserved. Melmoth. UN-RE-ME/DI-A-BLE, a. That can not be cured ; admitting no remedy. Sidney. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE. BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 12122ee Ne UNR UNR UNR DE era adv. Without remedy. Ss Open ; frank; concealing or withholding noth- ; UN-RE-WARD/ING, a. Not recompensi UN-REM/E-DI-ED, a. Not cured; not remedies it a j free 3 as, an ee disclosure of facts. UN-RHE-TOR/I€-AL, (-re-tor/ik-al a Res ean é Milton. N- a /ED-LY, adv. Wit N-RH TO=1 Y : eS MEMBERED, a. Not remembered; not re-| reservation. ne ase ae 1€-AL-LY, adv. Not in a rhetorical ained in the mind; not recollected. Wotton. 2. With open disclosure ; frankly; without con- | UN-RHYM/ED, a. N 1 eee al BER-ING, a. Having no memory or p conlmient. a : 23 Dink. UN-RID/DEN, a. roe eee rhyme. Ed. Rev. ecollection. | os : ryden. N-RE-SERV’/ED-NESS, n. Frankness; openness ; | UN-RID/DLE, v. t. To solve o 3 : UN-RE-MEM/BRANCE, n. Forgetfulness ; want of} freedom of communication ; antes . mS an enigma or mystery. PARIS Bo PE [Not oe use. | Watts. Boyle. Pope. To explain. JN-RE-MIND/ED, a. Not put in mind. UN-RE-SIGN’ED, a. Not given up; not surrendered. ) ? i . UN-RE-MIT/TED, a. Not remitted ; not forgiven ; 2. Not submissive to God? s will ROPES "And wiieng, YoulenUrmigenleary Uoitrorts “Parnell , punishment unremitted. UN-RE-SIST’ED, (-re-zist/ed,) a. [See Resist.] Not JN-RID'DLED, PP. Explained ; interpreted, 2. Not having. a temporary relaxation; as, pain resisted ; not oppose d. Bentley. UN-RID/DLER, One who explains an enigma, unremitted. 2. Resistless ; such as can not be successfully op- UN-RID! DLING, PPT: Solving ; explaining. 3. Not relaxed ; not abated. posed. Pope. UN-RLDI€!U- LOUS, a. Not ridiculous. UN-RE-MIT’TING, a. Not abating; not relaxing; UN-RE-SIST/I-BLE, a. Irresistible. Temple. | UN-RI'FLED, a. Not rifled ; not robbed ; not stripped for a time; incessant; continued; as, unremitting |-UN-RE-SIST/ING, a. Not making resistance; yield- |, Hume. _exertions, ing to physical force or to persuasion. Driden. UN-RIG’,v.t To strip of both standing and running UN- ee MEURLIN GY ado. Without abatement or 2. Submissive ; humble. Buckminster. rigging » as, to unrig a ship. Totten. | cessatio Fleming. UN-RE-SIST/ING-LY, adv. Without resistance. UN-RIG'G :ED , pp. Stripped of rigging. UN_RE-MIT’TING-NESS, n. State of being unre- Randolph. UN-RIG/GING, ppr. Stripping of rigging. mitting. UN-RE-SOLV/A-BLE, a. That can not be solved or | UN-RIGHT!, n. Not right; wrong. Obs.] ONE ioe is MOV/A-BLE, a. That can not be removed ; resolved. South. UN-RIGHT’EOUS, (un-ri ichus,) a. (ee unriitwis ; Shak. | UN-RE-SOLV/ED, a. Notresolved; not determined. | at is, not right- wise UN. aE MOV/A-BLE-NESS, 7. The state or quality Shak. 1. Not righteous ; not just; not conformed in heart of being fixed and not capable of being removed. 9. Not solved ; not cleared. Locke. and life to the divine law ; evil; wicked ; used of Hall. UN-RE-SOLV/ED- NESS, n. State of being undeter-| P°7S0MS- UN-RE-MOV!/A-BLY, adv. In a manner that admits mined ; irresolution. = 2. U EUS 5 contrary to law and equity ; as, an un- of no removal. Shak. UN-RE-SOLV/ING, a. Not resolving ; undetermined. righteous decree or sentence. UN-RE-MOV’ED, a. Not removed ; not taken away. : Eien: ee UN-RIGHT/EOUS-LY, (un-ri/chus-ly,) adv. — Un- Not capable of being removed. UN-RE-SPE€T’A-BLE, a. Not respectable. [Not _justly 5 W ACREU IVES ; ‘sinfully. Dryden. Like Atlas unremoved Milton used. | Malone. UN-RIGHT/EOUS-NESS, (un-ri/chus-ness,) 7. In- ss : ee Milton. | WN -RE-SPECT’ED, a. Not respected; not regarded | Justice; a viol ition of the divine law, or of the plain UN-RE-NEW’ED, a. Not made anew; as, the lease with respect. Shak. principles of justice and equity 3 wicke dness. Un- is unreneiwed. UN-RE-SPEET’IVE, a. Inattentive; taking little righteousness may consist of a single unjust act, but 2, Not regenerated; not born of the Spirit ; as, a notice, {Not in ee 3] Z Shak. more generally, when applied to persons, it denotes ‘ _heart unrenewed. UN-RE- SPIR! A-BLE. a. That can not be breathed. an habitual course of wickedness. Rom.i, vi. 2 ; UN-RE-NOWN’‘ED, a. Not celebrated or eminent. UN-RES/PIT-ED, a. Not respited. Cor. Vi. ae ee a. Not ree ; not EoHIpeasa ted ; not 2. Admitting 110 pause or intermission. Milton. Every transgression of the law is unrighizousness. Hail. | ecompensed ; as, a kindness unrepaid. Johnson. JN-RE-SPON jable + 1 UN-RE PAIR/ED, a. Not repaired ‘or mended. : ae Not able rib niet = Hoe ete rere ts | UN-RIG sHT/FUL, Not rightful ; not just. Shak. 1 UN-RE-PEAL'A- BL z, a. That can not be repealed. respond. ’ 5 UN- RIG SAT’ FUL SEY, uae Wronegfully. UN-RE-PEAL/ED, Not repealed ; not revoked or fe RESPONSIBLE is also used in the like sense. UN- RIGHT” FUL- NESS, n. State of being unrightful. , uy TOE ae diz i remi Lining in force. UN-RE-SPONS/IVE, a. Not responsive. J NN cso deprive ae ee ofan JIN-RE-PEAT’ED, a. Not repeated. UN-REST”’, zn. J ie Sg saGin Ad iHle a 5 ae : udioras, UN-RE-PRAT" ING. NE peating. aia I’, n Unquietness ; Se ae UN-I RING! ‘ING, ppr._ Depriving of a ring or rings. Oa PEN r’ANC B ), 2. State of being impenitent. | UN-REST’ED, a. Not rested ; not laid on for support. CARER ED, oo RSPEI ODR ES a ae | hutie used. Warton. E. Ervine. LIP!, ae, = Gy: UN-RE-PENT’ANT, } a. Not repenting; not peni-| UN-REST/ING, a. Not resting; continually in mo- UN-RIP!, vet Tori Bacon. || UN-RE-PENT ING, $ tent; not contrite for Ae tion. a at ee eae | alti oui MURR neat LS TSC Neer | Dryden. | UN-REST/ING-LY, adv. Without rest. ; REPEL a Not xi | UN-RE-PENT’ED, a. Not repented of. Hooker. UN-RE-STOR’ED, a. Not restored ; not having re- U N-RIPE 2 = Not ripe ; not mature; not brought to UN-RE-PENT/ING-LY, adv. Without repentance ? ° a state of perfection ; as, unripe fruit. | Shak. , adt i I . covered health. 2. Not seasonable ; not yet prop UN-RE-PIN’ ING, a. Not repining ; not peevishly 9. Not restored to a former place, to favor, or toa pe SOV SEASON ANE See Or et ees murmuring orc omplaining. Rowe. former condition. He fixed his unripe yengeance to defer. Dryden. UN-RE-PIN/ING-LY, adv. Without peevish com-| UN- se STRAIN’A-BLE, a, That can not be re- 3. Not prepared; not completed; as, an unripe ny 1ints strained. Darwin. scheme. UN-RE PL EN/ISH-ED, (-plen/isht,) a Not replen-} UN-RE “STR; AIN/ED, a. Not restrained; not con- 4, Too early; as, the unripe death of Dorilaus. ished ; not filled; not adequately supplied. Bove. trolled ; not confine id; not hindered. Dryden. [U nus ual. | Sidney. U N- RE PORT'ED, a. Not reported. 9, Licentious ; loose. Shalt. UN-RIP/EN-ED, a. Not ripened; not matured. UN ae -POS'ED, a. Not reposed. 3. Not limited; as, an wnrestrained power; unze- Addison. UN-REP-RE-SENT’ED, a. Not represented; having strained truth. : UN-RIPE'NESS, n. Want of ripeness; immaturity ; no one to act in one’s stead. UN-RE-STRAINT’, n. Freedom from restraint. as, the unripeness of fruit or of a project. UN-RE-PRESS’ED, (-prest/,) a. Not crushed; not| UN-RE-STRIE€T’ED, a. Not restricted ; not limited UN-RIS/EN, (-riz'n,) a. Not risen. WNeele. subdued. or confined. Smollett. UN-RI/V AL- ED, a. Having no rival; having no UN-RE-PRESS/I-BLE, a. That can not be repressed. | UN-RE-TRA€T’ED, a. Not retracted; not recalled. competitor. Pope. UN-RE-PRIEV’A-BLE,a. That can not be reprieved Collier. 9. Having no equal ; peerless or respited from death. UN-RE-TRA€T/ILE, a. That cannot be withdrawn. UN-RIV/ET, v.t To loose from. rivets; to unfasten. UN-RE-PRIEV/ED, a. Not reprieved ; not respited. } UN-RE-TURN’/ED, a. Not returned. 3 _ Hale. UN-RE-PROACH/’ A-BLE, Not deserving reproach. | UN-RE-VEAL/ED,a. Notrevealed; not discovered ; | U N-RIV/ET-ED, pp. Loosed from rivets 5 unfastened. ‘ UN-RE-PROACH’A-BLE-NESS, zn. State of being not disclosed. Pope. UN-RIV'ET -ING, ppr. Unfastening; loosing from unreproachable, UN-RE-VEAL’ED-NESS, zn. State of being unre- rivets. i UN-RE-PROACH’A-BLY, adv. So as not to be re- vealed. Baxter. UN-ROBE’, v. t. To strip of a robe; to undress; to | proachable. UN-RE-VENG/ED, a. Not revenged; as, an injury | __ disrohe. Young. ee UN-RE-PROACH’ED, (re-pricht’,) a. Not upbraided ; unrevensed. | UN-ROB/ED, pp. Undressed ; disrobed. p not reproachied. 2. Not vindicated by just punishment. UN-K OB/ING, ppr.__Divesting ‘of robes ; undressing. of UN-RE-PROACH/ING, a. Not reproac hing. Baines a inceutnbe? Addis UN-ROIL/ ED, a. Not rendered turbid ; not disturbed ; : UN-RE-PROV/A-BLE, a. Not deserving reproof; Relplole Rho a ee es in mind. ea that can not be justly censured. Ceol. UN-RE-VENGB/FUL, (-re-venj/-,) a. Not disposed | U N-ROLL’, v. t. ‘To open whatis rolled or convolved ; E UN-RE-PROV’ED, a. Not reproved ; Tit censured. to revenge. Hatket. as, to unroll c loth. : ae Sandys. UN-RE-VENGE'FUL-LY, adv. Without revenge. 2. To display. _ Dryden. : 9. Not liable to reproof or blame. Milton. UN-REV/E-NU-ED, (-rev‘e-nide,) a. Not furnished | UN-ROLL/ED, pp. Opened, as a roll; displayed. | a4 UN-RE-PUG/NANT, a. Not repugnant; not opposite. with a revenue. Pollok. UN-ROLL'ING, ee Opening, as a roll; dis spaying } { a UN-REP/U-TA-BL E, a 4. Notreputable. [Hooker. UN. RE-VER/ED, a. Not revered. UN-RO/MAN-IZ-ED, . Not subjected to Roman arms Lee [For this, DisreruTaBce is generally used. } UN-REV/ER-EN-CED, (-rev/er-enst,) a, Not rever- or customs. Whataker. i UN-RE P/U-TA-BL Y, adv. Disreputi ibly. enced, 9. Not subjected to the principles or usages of the ae UN-RE -QUEST’ED, a. Not requested ; not asked. U N- REV/ER-END, a. Not reverend. Roman Catholic church. By ; Knolles. 2, Disrespectful ; Irreverent; as, an unreverend | UN-RO-MAN/TIE€, a. Not romantic ; not fanciful. Ng UN-RE-QUIR/ED, a. Not demanded ; not needed. tongue. Shak. : 2 : Sus Bt t UN-RE-QUIT’A-BLE, a. Not to be retaliated. UN-REV/ER-ENT, a. Irreverent. UN-RO-MAN!TI€-AL-LY, adv. Not romantically. ‘ Boyle. The latter is chiefly used. UN-ROOF’, v.t. ‘To strip oft the roof or covering of a , fi UN-RE-QUIT’ED, a. Not requited ; not recompensed. | UN-REV/ER-ENT- LY, adv. Irreverently, which see. house. ‘a. UN-RES/€U-ED, a. Not rescued ; not delivered. UN-RE-VERS/ED, (- -re-verst! 5) a. Not reversed ; not | UN- ROOF’ED, (-rooft’,) pp. Stripped of the roof. a Pollok. annulled by a counter decision ; as, 4 judgment or | UN-ROOF/ING, ppr. Stripping of the roof. : UN-RE-SENT’ED, a. Not resented ; not regarded decree unreversed. UN-ROOST’ E D, a. Driven from the roost. Shak. with anger. Rogers. UN-RBE-VERT’ED, a. Not reversed ; not turned back. | UN-ROOT’, v. t. To tear up by the roots; to extir- UN-RB-SENT’ING, a. Not regarding with anger. UN-RB-VIS'/ED, a. Not revised ; not reviewed ; not pate ; to el radivate j - as, to unroot an oak. ‘Dryden. UN-RE-SERVE’, (-re-zerv’,) n. Absence of reserve ; corrected. UN-ROOT’, v. i. To be torn up by the roots. frankness; freedom of communication. Warton. UN-RE-VIV’/ED, a. Not revived ; not recalled into UN-ROOT’ED, pp. Extirpated ; torn up by the roots UN-RE-SERV’/ED, a. Not reserved; not retained} life or force. 1) 7 ieee UN-ROOT’ING, ppr. ‘Tearing up by the roots ; extir when a part is erante d, UN-RE-VOK/ED, (-re-vokt’,) a. ot revoked ; not pating. 9, Not limited; not withheld in part; full; entire;| recalled ; not panier Milton. | UN-ROUGHY, (un-ruff’,) a, Not rough; unbecrdeds as, unreserved obedience to God’s commands. UN-RE-WARD’/ED, a. Not rewarded; not compen- smooth. _ : D agtte Rogers. sated, Pope. UN-ROUND’/ED, a. Not made round. onne. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS.7 iA ef & # ¥ CLE ie ee a j { i } i ts } | } ' : = ee CRE. were ek . UNS UN-ROUT’ED, a. Not routed; not thrown into dis- order. eaume UN-ROY/AL, a. Not royal ; unprincely. Sidney. UN-ROY/AL-LY, a. Not like a king ; not becoming R. Potter. | JN-SAT/IS-FY-ING, a. Not affording full gratifica- a king. t * UN-RUE/FLE, (-ruf’fi,) v. i To cease from being ruffied or agitated ; to subside to smoothness. Addison. UN-RUE’FLED, a. Calm; tranquil; not agitated. Idi Calm and unruffed as 1 summer’s sca. Addison. Y is - not agitated; as, an unruffied o the iu) i : f 2. Not disturbed; not a6 ake UN-SAV’ED, a. Not saved ; not having eternal life. temper. I TRUL/E vi od; not governed ; not di- eo : UN-RUL/ED, a. Not rule ; UN-SA/VOR-L-LY, adv. So as to displease or disgust. rected by superior power Or authority. Spenser. UN-RU/LLNESS, 7 [from unruly.| Disregard of restraint ; licentiousness ; turbulence ; as, the wnru- ‘ness of men, or of their passions. Baa 5 : : aes y UN-SA/VOR-Y, a. Tasteless; having no taste. Job vi. 9. The disposition of a beast to break over fences and wander from an inclosure ; the practice of break- ing or Jeaping over fences. UN-RU'LY, @ Disregarding restraint; licentious ; disposed to violate laws ; turbulent ; ungovernable ; as, an unruly youth, The tongue can no man tame ; it is an unruly evil, — James iv. 9. Accustomed to break over fences and escape from inclosures ; apt to break or leap fences; as, an unruly OX. The owner of the unruly ox paid a sum of money, as a civil S. E. Dwight. penalty for the ransom of his life. UN-RO/MI-NA-TED, a. Not well chewed; not well digested. Bolingbroke. UN-RUM/PLE, v. t. To free from rumples ; to spread or lay even. Addison. UN-RUM/PLED, pp. Freed from rumples. UN-SAB/BATH-LIKE, a. Not according to usage on the Sabbath. UN-SAD/DEN, (un-sad/n,) v.t. To relieve from sad- ness. Whitlock. UN-SAD/DEN-ED, pp. Relieved from sadness. UN-SAD'DEN-ING, ppr. Relieving from sadness. UN-SAD/DLE, (-sad‘dl,) v. t To strip of a saddle ; to take the saddle from ; as, to wnsaddle a horse. UN-SAD/DLED, pp. Divested of the saddle. 9. a. Not saddled; not having a saddle on. UN-SAFE’, a. Not safe; not free from danger; ex- posed to harm or destruction. Milton. Dryden. 9, Hazardous; as, an wnsafe adventure, UN-SAFE!LY, adv. Not safely ; not without danger ; in a state exposed to loss, harm, or destruction. Grew. UN-SAFE/NESS, n. State of being unsafe. Willis. UN-SAFE'TY, n. State of being unsafe ; exposure to danger. Bacon. UN-SAID’, Gatneei) pp. ora. Not said ; not spoken; not utterec Dryden. UN-SAINT’, 2. t. South. UN-SAINT’ED, pp. Not sainted. UN-SAINT’LY, a. Not like a saint. UN-SAL/A-BLE, a. Not salable; not in demand; not meeting a ready sale ; as, unsalable goods. UN-SALT’ED, a. Not salted; not pickled; fresh ; as, unsalted meat. UN-SA-LUT’ED, a. Not saluted ; not greeted. UN-SANE-TI-FLEA!'TION, n. Astate of being un- To deprive of saintship. UN-S \'‘T/[S-FI-ED-NESS, 7. The state of being not UN-SAT’IS-F¥-ING-NESS, nm. Incapability of grati- UN-SAT’U-RA-TED, a. Not saturated; not supplied UN-SA’/VOR-I-NESS, 7. UNS 5, Not fully paid. An execution returned unsatisfied. Daggett, Wheaton’s Rep. satisfied or content. tion of appetite or desire ; not giving content; not convincing the mind. Addison. fying to the fill. Bp. Taylor. to the full. Chemistry. Pollok. JWilton. A bad taste or smell. Johnson. wl UNS 2, Not suited to the time or occasion; unfit; un- timely ; ill-timed ; as, wnseasonable advice ; an unsea- sonable digression. 3. Late; being beyond the usual time. He came home at an unseasonable time of night. 4. Not agreeable to the time of the year; as, an unseasonable frost. The frosts of 1816, in June, July, and August, in New England, were considered un- seasonable, as they were unusual. UN-SEA’S ON-A-BLE-NESS, n. [Supra.] The qual- ity or state of being unseasonable, ill-timed, or out of the usual time. UN-S@EA/S ON-A-BLY, adv. Not-seasonably; not in due time, or not in the usual time; not in the time best adapted to success. Dryden. Arbuthnot. UN-SEA/S ON-ED, (-sé/znd,) a. Not seasoned; not exhausted of the natural juices, and hardened for use ; as, unseasoned wood, boards, timber, &c. 9, Having a bad taste or smell. Milton. Brown. 3. Unpleasing ; disgusting. Hooker. Shak. UN-SAY’, v. t.; pret. and pp. Unsaip. To recant or recall what has been said ; to retract; to deny some- thing declared. Say, and unsay, feign, flatter, or abjure. UN-SEA'LY, a. Not scaly; having noscales. Gay. UN-SEAN/NED, a. Not measured ; not computed. Shak. UN-SCAR/ED, a. Not scared ; not frightened away. JN-S€AR/RED, a. Not marked with scars or wounds. UN-SCATH’ED, (-skatht’,) a, Uninjured. [ Shak. UN-SEAT’TER-ED, a. Not scattered; not dispersed ; not thrown into confusion. UN-SCEP’/TER-ED, a. Having no scepter or royal authority ; not crowned as king. UN-SE€HOL/AR-LY, (-skol/ar-le,) a. Not suitable to a scholar. Asiat. Res. UN-SEHO-LAS'TI€, a. Not bred to literature; as, unscholastic statesmen. Locke. 2. Not scholastic. UN-SEHOOL/ED, a. Not taught; not educated ; il- literate. Hooker. UN-SCI-EN-TIF’I€, a. Not scientific; not according to the rules or principles of science. 2, Not versed in science. Mantell. UN-SCLEN-TIF/I6-AL-LY, adv. In a manner con- trary to the rules or principles of science. UN-SGIN’TIL-LA-TING, a. Not sparkling; not emitting sparks. J. Barlow. UN-SCOREH/ED, (-skorcht’,) a. Not scorched; not affected by fire. Shak. UN-S€0'RI-FI-ED, a. Not scorified; not converted into dross. Milton. bing: as, unscoured armor. Shak. UN-SECRATCH’ED, (-skracht’,) a. not torn. Shak. sheltered ; not protected ; not sifted. Boyle. from : to loose from screws; to unfasten. Burnet. UN-SEREW’ED, pp. Loosed from screws. UN-SGREW!ING, ppr. Drawing the screws from, UN-SERIP/TUR-AL, a. tures ; not warranted by the authority of the word 0 God ; as, an unscriptural doctrine. UN-SERIP’/TUR-AL-LY, adv. cording with the Scriptures. sanctified. UN-SAN€/TI-FL-ED, (-fide,) a. Not sanctified; un- holy. Thodey. 9. Not consecrated. UN-SAN€/TION-ED, a. Not sanctioned; not rati- fied ; not approved ; not authorized. Walsh, UN-SAN/DAL-ED, a. Not wearing sandals. UN-SAT’ED, a. Not sated; not satisfied or satiated. Sirenstone. UN-SA’TIA-BLE, a. That can not be satisfied. [But InsaT1sBxe is generally used. ] UN-SA/TIATE, a. Not satisfied. [ Obs.] More. INSATIATE is the word now used.) UN-SA/TIA-TING, a. Not satiating. Tucker. UN-SAT'ING, a. Not sating or filling. UN-SAT-IS-FA€/TION, n. Dissatisfaction. Brown. UN-SAT-IS-FA€’TO-RI-LY, adv. So as not to give satisfaction. UN-SAT-IS-FA€/TO-RI-NESS, n. The quality or state of not being satisfactory ; failure to give satis- faction. Boyle. UN-SAT-IS-FAG/TO-RY, a. Not giving satisfaction ; not convincing the mind. 9. Not giving content; as, an wnsatisfactory com- pensation. UN-SAT/IS-FI-A-BLE, a, That can not be satisfied. Taylor. UN-SAT/IS-FI-ED, a. Not satisfied; not having enough ; not filled ; not gratified to the full; as, wr- satisfied appetites or desires. 9, Not content; not pleased ; as, to be unsatisfied with the choice of an officer; to be unsatisfied with the wages or compensation allowed. 3. Not settledin opinion ; not resting in confidence scruples. Mitford. UN-SERG/PU-LOUS-LY, adv. manne ness. Mitford. UN-SERD'TA-BLE. See InscRUTABLE. UN-SCULP’/TUR-ED, pp. Not engraved. UN-SEUTCH/EON-ED, (-skuch/und,) a, open what is sealed ; as, to wnseal a letter. UN-SEAL/ED, pp. Opened, as something sealed. broken. Shak. UN-SEALIING, ppr. Breaking the seal of; opening. UN-SEAM’, 2. t. To rip; to cut open. Shak. UN-SEAM/ED, pp. Ripped; cut open. terious. The counsels of God are to us unsearchable. Rogers, ower of man to explore. Bramiall. UN-SEARCH/A-BLY, (-serch/a-bly,) ado. ner so as not to be explored. UN-SEARCH/ED, (-sercht’,) 4. explored ; not critically examined. UN SEARCHING, a. ing. UN-SEAR/ED, a, Not seared ; not hardened. Pollo UN-SCOUR/ED, a. Not scoured ; not cleaned by rub- Not scratched ; UN-SEREEN’ED, a. Not screened ; not covered ; not UN-SEREW’, (-skri’,) v. To draw the screws Not agreeable to the Serip- In a manner not ac- UN-SERU/PU-LOUS, a. Not scrupulous ; having no In an unscrupulous I. UN-SERG/PU-LOUS-NESS, n. Want of scrupulous- Not hon- UN-SEARCH/A-BLE, (-serch’a-bl,) a. That can not he searched or explored; inscrutable; hidden; mys- ; : :e searched or explored; inscrutable; hidden; mys UN-SENS'LBLE, a. Not sensible. UN-SEARCH/A-BLE-NESS, (-serch/a-bl-ness,) 7. The | UN-SENT’, a. quality or state of being unsearchable, or beyond the Not searched ; not Not searching ; not penetrat- 9. Not inured; not accustomed ; not fitted to en- dure any thing by use or habit; as, men unseasoned to tropical climates are exposed to fevers. 3. Unformed ; not qualified by use or experience ; as, an unseasoned courtier. Shak. 4. Not salted ; not sprinkled, filled, or impregnated with any thing to give relish ; as, wnseasoned meat. 5. Unseasonable. ([JVot in use.| Shak. UN-SEAT’, v. t. To throw from the seat. Cowper. UN-SEAT!/ED, pp. Thrown from the seat. 2. a. Not seated; having no seat or bottom. 3. Not settled with inhabitants ; as, unseated lands. We usually say Unsettvep.] { Wolcott. UN-SEAT’ING, ppr. Throwing from a seat. UN-SEA/WOR-FHLNESS, n. The state of being unable to sustain the ordinary violence of the sea in a tempest. Kent. UN-SEA'/WOR-FHY, a. Not fit for a voyage; not able to sustain the violence of the sea; as, the ship is unseaworthy. UN-SE€/OND-ED, a. Not seconded ; not supported. The motion was unseconded ; the attempt was wrsec- onded. 2 Not exemplified a second time. [JVot in use. | Brown. UN-SE/ERET, a. Not secret; not close; not trusty. Shak. UN-SE/ERET, v. t. To disclose; to divulge. [Vot used. | Bacon. UN-SE€-TA/RI-AN, a. Notsectarian ; not intended or adapted to promote a Sect. Buckham. UN-SE€/U-LAR, a. Not worldly. UN-SE€/U-LAR-IZE, v. t. To detach from secular things: to alienate from the world. Ch. Obs. UN-SE-€URE’, a. Not secure; not safe. [But Insecure is generally used. ] UN-SE-€UR’/ED, a. Not secured. UN-SED/EN-TA-RY, a. Not accustomed to sit much. Wordsworth. UN-SE-DUC’ED, (-dist’,) a. Not seduced ; not drawn or persuaded to deviate from the path of duty. Milton. UN-SEED/ED, a. Not seeded; not sown. Ash. Cowper. UN-SEE/ING, a. Wanting the power of vision ; not seeing. hak. f| UN-SEEM/, v. 1. Not to seem. [ot in use.] Shak. UN-SEEM/LI-NESS, n. Uncomeliness ;. indecency ; indecorum ; impropriety. Hooker. UN-SEEM!LY, a. Not fit or becoming; uncomely ; unbecoming ; indecent. My sons, let your unseemly discord cease. Dryden, UN-SEEM’LY, adv. Indecently ; unbecomingly. Piulips. UN-SEEN’, a. Not seen; not discovered. Milton. 29. Invisible ; not discoverable ; as, the unseen God. 3. Unskilled ; inexperienced. [Vot in _use.] Clarendon. UN-SEIZ'ED, a. Not seized; not apprehended. ; Pp ored with a coat of arms. Pollok. ; UN-SEAL/, v. “ To break or remove the seal are to 2, Not possessed ; not taken Into possession. ‘ , UN-SEL'DOM, adv. Not seldom. [ Deyden. UN-SE-LE€T’ED, a. Not selected; not separated by choice, 9. a. Not sealed; having no seal, or the seal : ere > vad UN-SE-LE€T/ING, a. Not selecting. UN-SELF/ISH, a. Not selfish; not unduly attached to one’s own interest. Spectator. UN-SELF'ISH-LY, adv. Without selfishness. ing; without a certain signification. Puller. But [vsensiBLe is now used. } UN-SENS’U-AL-IZ-ED, a. Not sensualized. mitted. Unsent for; not called or invited to attend. In a man-} UN-SEN’/TIENT, (-sen/shent,).a. Not sentient. UN-SEN’TI-NEL-ED, a. Without a sentinel. Ed. Rev. UN-SEP’A-RA-BLE, a. That can not be parted. But INSEPARABLE is now used. ] UN-SEP/A-RA-TBD, a. Not separated or parted. k. | UN-SEP/UL-CHER-ED, } a. UN-SENS’ED, (-senst’,) a. Wanting a distinct mean- Not sent; not dispatched ; not trans- Having no grave; un- of the truth of any thing; as, to be unsatisfied as to ae . t the freedom of the will. UN-SEA/S ON-A-BLE, (-sé/zn-a-bl,) a. Not seasona- UN-SEP/UL-CHRED, — } _ buried. OCT 4. Not convinced or fully persuaded. The judges ble; not being in the proper season or time. He | UN-SEP/UL-TUR-ED, a. Unburied. appeared to be unsatisfied with the evidence. called at an unseasonable hour. UN-SERV/ED, a. Not served. FATE, FAR,-FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BFRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1214UNS UN-SERV/ICE-A-BLE, a. Not serviceable; not bringing advantage, use, profit, or convenience; useless ; a5, an wnserviccable utensil or garment ; an unserviceable tract of land; unserviceable muskets. UN-SERV/ICE-A-BLE-NESS, x. The quality or state of being useless; unfitness for use. Sanderson. Without use; without Woodward. Hooker, UN-SERV/ICE-A-BLY, adv, advantage. UN-SET’, a. Not set; not placed. 2. Not sunk below the horizon. UN-SET’TLE, v. t. To unfix; to move or loosen from a fixed state; to unhinge ; to make uncertain or fluctuating; as, to wnsettle doctrines and opin- ions. 2. To move from a place. 3. To overthrow. Fleetwood. UN-SET’TLE, v.2. To become unfixed. Shak. UN-SET/TLED, pp. Unfixed; unhinged; rendered fluctuating. 2. a. Not settled; not fixed ; not determined ; as doctrines, questions, opinions, and the like. 3. Not established. Dryden. 4. Not regular; unequal; changeable; as, an un- settled season ; unsettled weather. Bentley. ; 2 Not having a legal settlement in a town or par- ish. 6. Having no fixed place of abode. Hooker. 7. Not having deposited its fecal matter; turbid ; as, unsettled liquor. 8. Having no inhabitants ; not occupied by perma- nent inhabitants ; us, unsettled lands in America. : Belknap. Hamilton. UN-SET’TLED-NESS, n. The state of being un- fixed, unsettled, or undetermined. 2. Irresolution ; fluctuation of mind or opinions. 3. Uncertainty. DI’ Estrange. 4. Want of fixedness ; fluctuation. South. UN-SET’TLE-MENT, n. Unsettled state; irreso- lution. arrow. UN-SET’TLING, ppr settled state. UN-SE-VERE’, a. UN-SEV/ER-ED, a. Unfixing; removing from a Not severe. Pollok. Not severed; not parted ; not divided. Shak. UN-SEX/, v. t. To deprive of the sex, or to make otherwise than the sex commonly is. Shak. UN-SEX/ ED, (-sekst’,) pp. sex commonly is. UN-SHACK’LE; (-shak’l,) v. t. To unfetter ; toloose from bonds; to set free from restraint; as, to un- shackle the hands; to unshackle the mind. UN-SHACK’LED, pp. Loosed from shackles or re- straint. UN-SHACK/LING, ppr restraint. UN-SHAD/ED, a. Not shaded; not overspread with shade or darkness. Boyle. 2, Not clouded; not having shades in coloring. UN-SHAD/OW-ED, a. Not clouded; not darkened. UN-SHA/DY, a. Not shady. UN-SHAK/A-BLE, a. That can not be shaken. [JVot in use. | Shak. UN-SHAK/ED, for UnsHaxEn, is notin use. Shak. UN-SHAK/EN, a. Not shaken; not agitated; not moved ; firm; fixed. 2, Not moved in resolution ; firm; steady. 3. Not subject to concussion. UN-SHAM/ED, a. Not shamed; not ashamed ; not abashed. Dryden. UN-SHAME/FA-CED, (-faste,) a. Wanting modes- ty ; impudent. UN-SHAME/FA-CED-NESS, n. impudence. Chalmers. UN-SHAP/A-BLE, a. That can not be shaped. Good. UN-SHAPE’, v. t. To throw out of form or into dis- order; to confound; to derange. [Little used.] hak. Misshapen ; deformed; ugly. Addison. UN-SHAR/ED, a. Not shared; not partaken or en- joyed in common ; as, wnshared bliss. Milton. UN-SHAV’ED, a. Not shaved. Tooke. UN-SHEATFHE!, v. t. To draw from the sheath or scabbard. Made otherwise than the Liberating from bonds or Want of modesty ; UN-SHAP/EN, a. Unsheathe the sword. Shak. To unsheathe the sword; to make war UN-SHEAFH’ED, pp. Drawn from the sheath. UN-SHEAFH/ING, ppr. Drawing from the scab- bard. UN-SHED’, a. Not shed; not spilt; as, blood unshed. Tilton. UN-SHEET’/ED, a. Not furnished with sheets. UN-SHEL’TER-ED,a. Not sheltered ; not screened ; not defended from danger or annoyance. Decay of Piety. UN-SHEL/TER-ING, a. Not protecting; not defend- ing from danger or annoyance, UNS UN-SHIP’, v. t. To take out of a ship or other water craft; as, to wnship goods. 2. To remove from the place where it is fixed or fitted ; as, to unship an oar; to urship capstan bars ; to unship the tiller. Mar, Dict. UN-SHIP/PED, (-shipt’,) pp. Removed from a ship or from its place. 2. Destitute of a ship. UN-SHIRT’ED, a. Not covered with a shirt. UN-SHIV/ER-ED, a. Not shivered or split. UN-SHIV’/ER-ING, a. Not shivering. UN-SHIV/ER-ING-LY, adv. Without shivering. UN-SHIV/ER-ING-NESS, n. State of being unshiv- ering. UN-SHOCK/ED, (-shokt’,) a. Not shocked ; not dis- gusted ; not astonished. Tickel UN-SHOD!, a. Not shod; having no shoes. Clarendon. UN-SHOOK’, a. Not shaken; notagitated. Pope. UN-SHORN’, a. Notshorn; not sheared; not clipped ; as, unsiorn locks. Milton. UN-SMIRK/ING, a. Not smirking. Chesterfield. UN-SHOT’, a. Not hit by shot. Waller. UN-SMOK’ED, (-smokt’,) a. Not smoked ; not dried 2. Not shot ; not discharged. in smoke. UN-SHOUT’, v.t. To retracta shout. [JVot in use.] 2. Not used in smoking, as a pipe. Swift. Shak. UN-SMOOFH’, a. Not smooth; not even; rough. UN-SHOW/ER-ED, a. Not watered or sprinkled by Milton. showers ; as, unshowered grass. Milton. UN-SHRIN/ED, a. Not deposited in a shrine. Southey. UN-SHRINK/ING, a. Notshrinking; not withdraw- ing from danger or toil; not recoiling ; as, unshrink- ino firmness. UN-SHRINK/ING-LY, adv. UN-SHRIV’/EN, a. UN-SHROUD’ED, a. UN-SHROUD/ING, a. Not shrouding. UN-SHRUNK’, a. Not shrunk; not contracted. UN-SHUN/‘NA-BLBE, a. Thatcan not be shunned ; inevitable. [JVot in use.] Shak. UN-SHUN/NED, a. Not shunned ; not avoided. UN-SHUT’, a. Notshut; open; unclosed. UN-SIFT’ED, a, Not sifted; not separated by a sieve. May. 2. Not critically examined ; untried. UN-SIGHT!/ UN-SEEN’; a vulgar phrase, denoting un- seeing unseen, or unseen repeated ; as, to buy athing Without shrinking. Not shriven. Not shrouded or covered. unsight unseen, that is, without seeing it. Hudibras. UN-SIGH'ING, (-si/ing,) a Notsighing. Byron. Not seen; invisible. Shak. Disagreeableness to the Wiseman. Disagreeable to the eye; Milton. Not signalized or distin- UN-SIGHT’ED, (-sit/ed,) a. { Obs.] UN-SIGHT/LI-NESS, x. sight; deformity ; ugliness. UN-SIGHT’LY, (-sit/le,) a. ugly ; deformed. UN-SIG/NAL-IZ-ED, a. guished. UN-SIG-NIF’I-G€ANT, a. Having no meaning. [Obs.] See InstGNIFICANT. UN-SIG/NI-FI-ED, a. Not made known by words or signs, 5 * . - UN-SIL’VER-ED, a. Not covered with quicksilver ; as, an wnrsilvered mirror. Ure. UN-SIN-CERE’, a. Not sincere; hypocritical. [See INSINCERE.] | 2. Not genuine; adulterated. Boyle. 3. Not sound; not-solid, [Obsolete in the two last significations, and for the first, INsinceRE is generally used. } UN-SLACK/ED, (un-slakt’/,) a. UN-SLACK! EN-ED, a. UN-SLAIN’, a. UN-SLAK’ED, (-slakt’,) a. Not slaked ; unquenched ; UN-SLEBP/ING, a. UN-SLEPT’, a. UN-SLING!, ». t. UN-SLOW’, a. UN-SLUM/BER-ING, a. UN-SLUM/BER-ING-LY, adv. UN-SMIRCH/ED, (-smurcht’,) a Not stained; not UN-SMOOfH’ED, a. UNS Not saturated with water ; as, unsiacked lime. _Not slackened. Not slain ; not killed. Driyden as, unslaked thirst. Not sleeping ; ever wakeful. Milton. Not slept. In seamen’s language, to take off the slings of a yard, a cask, &c. ; to release from the slings. Totten. UN-SLIP/PING, a. Not slipping ; not liable to slip. hak. Not slow. [JVot in use.] Never sleeping or slumber- ing, always watching or vigilant. Thodey. Without slumbering. soiled or blacked. Shai. Not made smooth. Scott. UN-SO/BER, a. Notsober. [JVot used.] UN-SO/CIA-BLE, a. Not suitable to society; not having the qualities which are proper for society, and which render it agreeable; as, an wnsociadble temper. 2, Not apt to converse; not free in conversation ; reserved. UN-SO/CIA-BLE-NESS, ) 2. State of being unsocia- UN-SO-CIA-BIL'L-TY, ble. UN-SO'CIA-BLY, adv. Not kindly. 2. With reserve. UN-SO/CIAL, a. Not adapted to society ; not benefi- cial to society. Shenstone. UN-SOCK/ET, v. t. To loose or take from a socket. - Swift. To separate what is sodered. [Vot used.| Chaucer. [ Obs.] Spenser. UN-SOD/ER, v. t. UN-SOFT’, a. Not soft; hard. UN-SOFT’, adv. Not with softness, UN-SOFT’EN-ED, a. Not softened. UN-SOIL’ED, a. Not soiled ; not stained ; unpolluted. Dryden. 9, Not disgraced ; not tainted ; as character. UN-SOL/AG-ED, a. Not comforted or consoled. UN-SOLD!, a. Not sold; not transferred for a con- sideration. UN-SOL!DIER-ED, a. soldier. [JVot in use.] UN-SOL/DIER-LIKE, } a. [See Sorprer.] Unbe- UN-SOL/DIER-LY, § coming a soldier. Broome. UN-SOL/EMN, a. Not sacred, serious, or grave. Not having the qualities of a Beaum. Taylor, UN-SO-LIG/IT-ED, a. Not solicited ; not requested ; unasked. Halifax. 9. Not asked for; as, an unsolicited favor. UN-SO-LIC/IT-ED-LY, adv. Without being earnestly requested. UN-SO-LIC/IT-OUS, a. not very desirous. : UN-SOL/ID, a. Not solid; not firm}; not substantial ; as, unsolid arguments oF reasoning ; an unsolid found- ation. Not solicitous ; not anxious ; UN-SIN-CER/LTY, x. Insincerity; cheat used.) [See INstncERITY. UN-SIN/EW, v. t. To deprive of strength. Dryden. UN-SIN/EW-ED, pp. or a. Deprived of strength or force ; weak ; nerveless. Shak. UN-SIN/EW-ING, ppr. Depriving of strength; en- feebling. UN-SIN/EFUL, a. Not sinful. UN-SIN/FUL-NESS, nr. State of being unsinful. UN-SING/ED, (-sinjd/,) a. Not singed ; not scorched. Brown. Not singled ; not separated. Dryden. UN-SINK’A-BLE, a. That can not be sunk. UN-SINK/ING, a. Not sinking; not failing. UN-SIN/NING, a. Committing no sin ; impeccable ; untainted with sin; as, unsinning obedience. Rogers. UN-SIS'/TER-LY, adv. or a. Not like a sister. UN-SIZ/A-BLE, a. Not being of the proper ize, magnitude, or bulk. Smollett. UN-SIZ/ED, a. Not sized or stiffened ; as, unsized [ot UN-SIN’/GLED, a. aper. UN-SKILL/ED, a. Wanting skill; destitute of readi- ness or dexterity in performance. Pope. 2. Destitute of practical knowledge. Dryden. UN-SKILL'FUL, a. Not skillful; wanting the knowledge and dexterity which are acquired by ob- servation, use, and experience; as, an unskillful sur- geon ; an unskillful mechanic; an unskillful logician. UN-SKILL/FUL-LY, adv. Without skill, knowledge, or dexterity ; clumsily. Shak. 2, Fluid. Locke. UN-SOLV/A-BLE, a. That can not be solved ; inex- More. icable. UN-SO LV/ED, a. Not solved; not explained. JVatts, UN-SO/NA-BLE, a. That can not be sounded. Ua UN-SON’SIE, a. Unlucky ; not fortunate. [ Scottish. UN-SOOT’, for Unsweet. [Obs. Spenser. UN-SO-PHIST/IE-A-TED, a. Not adulterated by mixture ; not counterfeit; pure; as, unsophisticated drugs; unsophisticated arguments. Locke. UN-SOR!ROW-ED, a. Not lamented; not bewailed. ooker. UN-SORT’ED, a. Not separated into sorts; not dis- tributed according to kinds or classes 5 as, unsorted types ; unsorted ideas. Watts. UN-SOUGHT’, (-sawt/,) a. Not sought; not searched IT. os Had without searching; as, unsought honor ; unsowght ideas. Locke. UN-SOUL', ». t. To deprive of mind or aS es ing. : : UN-SOUND’, a. Not sound; defective; as, unsound timber. : 9. Infirm ; sickly; as, wrsound in health ; an wn- sound constitution. j te 3. Not orthodox ; defective ; as, unsound in faith ; unsound doctrine. Tiler. 4, Not sound in character; not honest ; not faith- ful ; not to be trusted ; defective 5 deceitful. Shak. 5, Not true; not solid ; not real; not substantial ; as, unsound pleasures ; unsound delights. Spenser. 6. Not close ; not compact; as, unsound cheese. UN-SHENT’, a. Not spoiled ; not disgraced. J Mortimer. UN-SHLELD/ED, a. Not defended by a shield; not UN-SKILL’/FUL-NESS, n. Want of art or knowl- ‘ : faithful; as, unsound love. protected ; exposed. Driden. edge ; want of that readiness in action or exe 7, Not sincere ; not fai > aS, Olay: UN-SHIF'L/ING, a. Not changing place, position, or which is acquired by use, experience, and observa- : : : expedients. = cee dE opeiae: tion. 5 Se ; Taylor. 8. Not solid; not material. Spenser TONE, BULL, UNITE,— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z jgeOW as BH} BH 8S tn BESS eee ae e Sm = 1215UNS UNS UN-STAIN’ED, a. Not stained ; not dyed. 9, Not polluted; not tarnished ; not dishonored ; | as, an unstained character. | i | } UN-STAMP’ED. (-stamt’.) a. Not stamped or im- pressed. UN-STANCH’ED, (-stincht’,) a. Not stanched ; not stopped ; as blood. UN-STATE!, v. t. To deprive of dignity. Shak. UN-STATES/MAN-LIKE, a. Not becoming a states- man. UN-STA’TION-ED, a. Not stationed. UN-STAT/U-TA-BLE, a. Contrary to statute; not warranted by statute. Swift. UN-STAY’/ED, a. Not stayed; not stopped or re- tarded. UN-STEAD/FAST, (-sted/fast,) a. Not fixed; not standing or being firm. 2. Not firmly adhering to a purpose UN-STEAD/FAST-LY, adv. Not steadfastly. UN-STEAD/FAST-NESS, (-sted/fast-ness,) n. of steadfastness ; instability ; inconstancy. ' kK, James. UN-STEAD’I-ED, (-sted/id,) a. Not supported ; not kept from shaking. UN-STEAD/I-LY, (-sted’e-le,) adv. Without steadi- | ness; in a wavering, vacillating manner. 2, Inconstantly ; in a fickle manner. Want | 3. Not in the same manner at different times; va- riously. Locke. UN-STEAD/I-NESS, (-sted/-,) n. Unstableness ; in- constancy ; want of firmness; irresolution ; muta- bleness of opinion or purpose. Addison. 9, Frequent change of place; vacillation. UN-STEAD’Y, (-sted/e,) a. Not steady ; not constant ; irresolute. Denham. 9. Mutable; variable; changeable ; as, unsteady winds. 3. Not adhering constantly to any fixed plan or business. UN-STEEP/ED, Not steeped ; not soaked. Bacon. UN-STIG/’MA-TIZ-ED, a. Not marked with disgrace. UN-STIM/U-LA-TED, a. Not stimulated ; not excit- ed ; as, unstimulated nature, LI, Beecier. UN-STIM’U-LA-TING, a. Not exciting motion or action. UN-STING/, v. t. (un-steept’,) a. To disarm of a sting. South. Elerant dissertations on virtue and vice—will not unsting calamity. J. M. Mason, UN-STING/ED, pp. Deprived of its sting. Pollok. UN-STINT’ED, a. Not stinted ; not limited. Skelton. UN-STIR/RED, (-sturd’,) a. Not stirred; not agita- ted. Boyle. UN-STIR/RING, a. Not moving; not agitating. UN-STITCH’, v. t. To open by picking out stitches. Collier. UN-STITCH/ED, (-sticht’,) a. Not stitched. UN-STITCH/ING, ppr. Opening by picking out stitches. UN-STOOP/ING, a. Not stooping ; not bending; not yielding ; as, wnstooping firmness. Shak. UN-STOP’, v. t. To free from a stopple, as a bottle or cask. 9. To free from any obstruction; to open. Bove. UN-STOP’PED, (-stopt’,) pp. Opened. 2, a. Not meeting any resistance. Dryden. UN-STOP’PING, ppr. Taking out a stopper; open- ing; freeing from obstruction. UN-STOR/ED, a. Not stored; not laid up in store; not warehoused. 2, Not supplied with stores; as, a fort unstored with provisions, UN-STO'RI-ED, pp. UN-STORM’ED, a. Not related in story. Not assaulted ; not taken by as- sault. Addison. JN-STRAIN/ED, a. Not strained; as, unstrained oil. 9, Basy ; not forced; natural; as, an unstrained derivation. Hakewill. UN-STRAIT/EN-ED, a. Not straitened ; not con- tracted. UN-STRAT’LFI-ED, a. or being in strata or layers. UN-STRENGTH/EN-ED, a. Not strengthened ; not supported ; not assisted. Hooker. UN-STRING’, v..t. To relax tension ; to loosen; as, to unstring the nerves, 9. To deprive of strings ; as, to wnstring a harp. 3. To loose ; to untie. 4. To take from a string ; as, to unstring beads. UN-STRING/ING, ppr. Depriving of strings; loosing from a string. UN-STRUCK/’, a. Not struck; not impressed ; not affected ; as, unstruck with horror. Philips. UN-STRUNG/, pp. Relaxed in tension ; loosed ; un- tied ; taken from a string, as beads. UN-STUD/I-ED, (-stud/id,) a. Not studied; not pre- meditated. ryden. 2, Not labored; easy; natural; as, an unstudied Not stratified ; not formed Cleaveland. hee style. UN-STO/DLOUS, a. Not studious; not diligent in = UNS i 9. Erroneous ; wrong; deceitful; sophistical ; as, unsound arguments 10. Not strong ; as, unsound ice. 11. Not fast ; not calm ; as, unsound sleep. 12. Not well established ; defective ; questionable ; as, unsound credit. Hamilton. UN-SOUND’ED, a. Not sounded; not tried with the lead. UN-SOUND!LY, adv. Not with soundness ; as, he reasons unsoundly ; he sleeps unsoundly. UN-SOUND'NESS, n. Defectiveness; as, the wn- soundness of timber. 9, Defectiveness of faith ; want of orthodoxy. a | Hooker. a 3. Corruptness ; want of solidity ; as, the wnsownd- i] ness of principles. Hooker. Vy 4. Defectiveness ; aS, the unsoundness of fruit. 5. Infirmity ; weakness; as of body; as, the wn- ; soundness of the body or constitution. ' UN-SOUR/ED, a. Not made sour. Bacon. Rey 9, Not made morose or crabbed. Dryden. nS ht UN-SOW!/ED, ) a. Not sown; not sowed ; as, unsown et UN-SOWN’, or unsowed ground. Bacon. at - 9, Not scattered on land for seed ; as, seed unsown. ees 3. Not propagated by seed scattered; as, wnsown eee} flowers. Dryden. ies: UN-SPAR/ED, a. Not spared. Milton. : \ ne j UN-SPAR/ING, a. Not parsimonious ; liberal ; profuse. : as JMilton. HS ee 2. Not merciful or forgiving. Milton. ey i UN-SPAR/ING-LY, adv. In abundance; lavishly. a UN-SPAR/ING-NESS, n. The quality of being lib- e 4 eral or profuse. Mitford. feos UN-SPARK/LING, a. Not emitting sparks; not glit- i tering. Wilson. ; a4 UN-SPEAK’, v. t To recant; toretract what has as been spoken. Shak. UN-SPEAK/A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered ; that can not be expressed; unutterable ; as, unspeakable grief orrage. 2 Cor. xii. Joy unspeakable and full of glory.—1 Pet. i. . UN-SPEAK/’A-BLY, adv. Ina manner or degree that can not be expressed ; inexpressibly ; unutterably. UN-SPEAIWING, a. Not uttering words. UN-SPEC/LFLED, (-spes/e-fide,) a. Not specified ; not particularly mentioned. Brown. UN-SPE/CIOUS, (-spé/shus,) a. Not specious; not plausible. Asiat, Res. . UN-SPE/CIOUS-LY, adv. Not speciously. UN-SPE€’U-LA-TIVE, a. Not speculative or theo- retical. : UN-SPED’, a. Not performed ; not dispatched. [ Obs.] . Garth. a UN-SPENT’, a. Not spent; not used or wasted ; as, ie # water in a cistern unspent. ar ‘ 9. Not exhausted ; as, strength or force unspent. x 4 3. Not having lost its force or impulse}; as, an wn- Me i's spent ball. s ? UN-SPHERE’, v. t. To remove from its orb. Shak. UN-SPHER/ED, pp. Removed from its orb. UN-SPI’ED, a. Not searched; not explored. Miltcn. 9. Not seen ; not discovered. Tickel. UN-SPILT’, a. Not spilt; not shed. 2. Not spoiled. Mes m use. | Tusser. UN-SPIR/IT, v. t. ‘To depress in spirits ; to dispirit ; to dishearten. [Little used.] [The word used is DisPrrit. } UN-SPIR/IT-ED, pp. Dispirited. UN-SPIR/IT-U-AL, a. Not spiritual ; carnal ; worldly. Swift. ! UN-SPIR/IT-U-AL-IZE, v.t. To deprive of spiritu- 7 ality. South. > UN-SPIR/IT-U-AL-1Z-ED, pp. Deprived of spirituality. UN-SPIR/IT-U-AL-LY, adv. Worldly ; carnally. UN-SPLIT’, a. Not split; as, wnsplit wood will not season. UN-SPOIL/ED, a. Not spoiled; not corrupted ; not ruined ; not rendered useless. ope. ' 2. Not plundered ; not pillaged. fe. UN-SPOK/EN, a. Not spoken or uttered. | UN-SPORTS’MAN-LIKE, a. Not Jike a sportsman. UN-SPOT’TED, a. Not stained; free from spot. . 9. Free from moral stain; untainted with guilt; I unblemished ; immaculate; as, wnspotted reputation. i) UN-SPOT’TED-NESS, n. State of being free from ; stain or guilt. Feltham. . eS J UN-SPREAD’, (-spred/,) a. Not stretched or extend- : “ae ed ; not set and furnished with provisions. Pi UN-SQUAR/ED, a. Not made square; as, wnsquared | timber. ! 9. Not regular; not formed. Shak. UN-SQUIRE’, v. t. To divest of the title or privilege of an esquire. Swift. UN-STA/BLE, a. [L. instabilis.] 1. Not stable ; not fixed. 9, Not steady ; inconstant ; imresolute ; wavering. James i. UN-STA’BLE-NESS, n. Instability. UN-STAID’, a. Not steady; mutable ; not settled in | judgment; volatile ; fickle; as, unstaid youth. Shak. UN-STAID/NESS, 7. Unfixed or volatile state or dis- position ; mutability ; fickleness ; indiscretion. 2. Uncertain motion ; unsteadiness. Sidney. | UN-STUONG!, pp. | UN-SUB-DU/ED, a. Not stung. Not subdued ; not brought into subjection ; not conquered ; as, nations or passions unsubdued. UN-SUB/JE€T, a. noxious. UN-SUB-JECT’ED, a. Not subjected ; not subdued. UN-SUB/JU-GA-TED, a. Not subjugated. UN-SUB-MISS/IVE, a. Not submissive ; disobedient. UN-SUB-MISS/IVE-LY, adv. Not submissively. UN-SUB-MIT’TING, a. Not submitting; not obse- tuious ; not readily yielding. ‘omson. UN-SUB-OR/DI-NA-TED, a. Not subordinated or reduced to subjection. UN-SUB-ORN’ED, a. by secret collusion. UN-SUB-SERIB/ING, a. Not subscribing. Cowper. UN-SUB’SLDIZ-ED, a. Not engaged in another’s service by receiving subsidies. UN-SUB-STAN’TIAL, (-shal,) a. not solid. Milton. 2. Not real; not having substance. Addison. UN-SUB-STAN’TIAL-IZ-ED, a. Not made substan- Not subject; not liable; not ob- Not suborned ; not procured sh. Hume. Not substantial ; tial. UN-SUB-STAN’TIAL-LY, adv. Without solidity or substance. UN-SUB-VERT’ED, a. Not overthrown ; not entire- ly destroyed. UN-SU€-CEED’ED, a. Not succeeded ; not followed. Milton. UN-SU€-CESS/FUL, a. Not successful; not produ- cing the desired event; not fortunate. Addison. UN-SU€-CESS/FUL-LY, adv. Without success ; with- out a favorable issue ; unfortunately. South. UN-SU€-CESS’FUL-NESS, n. Want of success or favorable issue. UN-SU€-CESS/IVE, a. Not proceeding by a flux of parts or by regular succession. Hale, UN-SUCK’/ED, (un-sukt’,) a. Not having the breasts drawn. Milton. UN-SUF’'FER-A-BLE, a. Not sufferable; not to be endured ; intolerable. [But the word now used is INSUFFERABLE. | UN-SUF’FER-A-BLY, adv. So as not to be endured. {For this, INsuFFERABLY is chiefly used. } UN-SUF’FER-ING, a. Not suffering ; not tolerating. Young. UN-SUF-FI//CIENCE, (-fish’ens,) n. Inability to an- swer the end proposed. For this, Insurriciency is used.] UN-SUF-FI//CIENT, (-fish’ent,) a. Not sufficient ; inadequate. [For this, Insurricrenr is now used. ] UN-SUG/AR-ED, a. Not sweetened with sugar. Bacon. UN-SUIT’A-BLE, a. Not suitable ; unfit; not adapt- ed; as, timber unsuitable for a bridge. 2. Unbecoming ; improper; as, a dress unsuitable for a clergyman ; unsuitable returns for favors. UN-SOIT’ A-BLE-N ,n Unfitness ; incongruity , impropriety. South. UN-SUIT’A-BLY, adv. In a manner unbecoming or improper. 9. Incongruously ;.as,a man and wife unsuitably matched. UN-SUIT’ED, a. Not suited; not fitted; not adapt- ed; not accommodated. UN-SUIT’ING, a. Not fitting; not becoming. Shak. UN-SUL/LI-ED, a. Not sullied; not stained ; not tarnished. 9, Not disgraced ; free from imputation of evil. UN-SUL/LLED-LY, adv. Without being sullied. UN-SUNG’, a. Not sung; not celebrated in verse ; not “SS LOS recited in verse. Addison. UN-SUN'NED, a. Not having been exposed to the sun. Milton. UN-SU-PER/FLU-OUS, a. Not more than enough. Milton. UN-SUP-PLANT’ED, a. Not supplanted; not over- thrown by secret means or stratagem. UN-SUP-PLI/A-BLE, a. That can not be supplied. UN-SUP-PLI/ED, a. Not supplied; not furnished with things necessary. Dryden. UN-SUP-PORT!A-BLE, a, That can not be supported ; intolerable. [But INsurrorTaBLeE is generally used. } UN-SUP-PORT’A-BLE-NESS, n. Insupportableness. [ The latter is chiefly used. | UN-SUP-PORT’A-BLY, adv. latter is generally used. | UN-SUP-PORT’ED, a. Insupportably. [The Not supported ; not upheld ; not sustained. Milton. 9, Not countenanced ; not assisted. Brown. UN-SUP-PRESS’ED, (-sup-prest’,) a. Not suppressed ; not subdued; not extinguished JN-SUP/PU-RA-TIVE, a. Not suppurating. UN-SURE’, (-shire’,) a. [See Surz.] Not fixed ; not certain. Pope. UN-SUR/GI€E-AL, a. Not in asurgical manner; not according to the principles and rules of surgery. UN-SUR-MIS/ED, a. Not surmised. UN-SUR-MOUNT’A-BLE, a. That can not be sur- mounted or overcome ; insuperable, Locke. UN-SUR-PASS’ED, (-sur-pist’,) a. Not surpassed ; study. Divight. UN-STUFF’ED, (-stuft’,) a. Not stuffed; not filled ; not crowded. Shak. not exceeded. 1216 FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY. — PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —UNT UN-SUR-REN’/DER-ED, a. Not surrendered; not yielded to others. Story. UN-SUS-CEP’TI-BLE, a. Notsusceptible ; not capa- ble of admitting or rece iving ; as, a heart unswscepti- ble of impressions ; a substance wnsusceptible of change or of permanent colors. UN-SUS-CEP/TI-BLE-NESS, ) x. Want of sucepti- UN-SUS S-CEP-TI-BIL'L-TY, bility. UN-SUS 3-C EP/TI-BLY, adv. Without susceptibility. UN-SUS-PE€T", for Unsuspectep, is not in use. UN-SUS-PE€ET ED, a. Not suspecte dj; not consid- ered as likely to have done an evil act, or to have a disposition to evil. Swift. Dryden. UN-SUS-PE€T’/ED-LY, adv. In a manner to avoid suspicion. Pope. UN-SUS-PE€T’ING, a. Not imagining that any ill is designed ; free from suspicion. Pope. UN-SUS-PE€T/ING-LY, adv. Without suspicion. UN-SUS-PI’/CIOUS, (-sus-pish’us,) a. Having no suspicion ; not indulging the imagination of evil in others . aS, aN unsuspicious youth. | 2. Not to be suspected ; as, wnsuspicious testimony, Mitford. UN-SUS-PI//CIOUS-LY, adv. Without suspicion. J US-TAIN/A-BLE, a. Not sustainable ; that can not be maintained or supported ; as, wnsustainable pain; a suit in law unsustainable. UN-SUS-TAIN/ED, a. Not sustained ; not seconded. UN-SUS-TAIN/ING, a. Not sustaining. UN-SWAFHE’, v. t. To take a swathe from ; to re- lieve from a bandage. Addison. UN-SWAFH’ED, pp. Relieved from a bandage. UN-SWAY’/A-BLE, a. That can not be swayed, gov- erned, or influenced by another. [Little used.] Shak. UN-SWAY’ED, (-swade!,)a. Not swayed ; not wield- ed ; as a scepter. 2. Not biased ; not controlled or influenced. UN-SWAY'ED-NE SS, 2. Steadiness; state of being ungéverne d by anothe r. Flale. UN-SW EAR’, v.t ‘To recant or recall an oath. Spenser. To ease or cool after ex- Milton. Not sweating. Dryden. le used. | Spe nser. UN-SWEPT’, a. Not cleaned with a broom; not swept ; not brushed. Shak. UN-SUS-PEND’/ED, a. Not hung up; not delayed ; not held undetermined. Wordsworth. UN-SWERV‘ING, a. Not roving ; not deviating from any rule or standard. UN-SWERV/ING-LY, adv. manner. UN-SWORN’, a. Not sworn; not bound by an oath; not ney taken an oath; as, the witness is un- sS70rTr UN- SY ML MET’RI€-AL, a, due proportion of parts. 2. In botany, unsymmetrical flowers are such as have not the segments of the calyx and corolla, and the sepals ay petals, and also the stamens, regular and simila Lindley. UN-SYM- MIE 'T/RIG-AL-LY, adv. Not symmetrically, UN-SYM/PA-THIZ-ING, a. Not sympathizing. UN-SYM/PA-THIZ-ING-LY, adv. Without sympathy. UN-SYS-1 ie M-AT’I€, ja. Not systematic ; not Bee TEM-AT/I€-AL,§ having regular order, dis stribi "ti or arrangement of parts. Ames. UN-SYS-TEM-AT/I€-AL-LY, adv. Without system. UN-SYS'/TEM-A-TIZ-ED, ) a. Not systemized ; not UN-SYS!/TEM-IZ-ED, arranged in due order; not formed into system. UN-TACK’, v. t. To separate what is tacked ; to dis- join; to loosen what is fast. Milton. UN-TAINT’ED, Not rendered impure by admix- ture ; not cipreenited With foul matter; as, wn Leite air. Not sullied ; not stained ; ae virtue or reputation. 3. Not rendered unsavory by putrescence ; as, wn- tainted meat. Not charged with a crime ; not accused; as, he lived untainted, Shak. UN-TAINT/ED-LY, adv. Without spot; without blemish ; without imputation of crime. UN-TAINT’ED-NESS, n. State or quality of being untainted ; purity. Hall, UN-TAK/EN, (-tak’/n,) a. Not taken; not seized ; not apprehe nded ; ; as, a thief wntalken. 2, Not reduced ; not subdued ; as, wntaken Troy. not supported ; UN-SWEATY’, (-swet’,) v. t ercise or toil. UN-SWEAT'ING, (-swet/ing,) a. / UN-SWEET’, a. Not sweet. [Litt , L In a firm, undeviating Wanting symmetry or o - » unblemished ; as, wr- ope. 3. Not swallowed. Untaken away ; not removed. 2 Cor. iii. Untuken wp ; not occupied ; not filled. Boyle. UN-TALK’/ED of; not talked “of; not made the sub- ject of conversation. UN-TAM/A-BLE, a. That can not be tamed or do- mesticated ; that can not be reclaimed from a wild state, Grew. 9, Not to be subdued or reduced to control. UNT Not tamably. Not reclaimed from wildness; not not made familiar with man; as, an UN-TAM/A-BLY, adv. UN-TAMED, a. domesticated ; untamed beast. 2. Not subdued ; not brought under control; as, a turbulent, untamed. mind. Dryden. 3. Not softened or rendered mild by culture; as, an untamed people. Spenser. UN-TAN’GLBLY, adv. Intangibly. UN-TAN’GLE, (-tang’gl,)v. t. To disentangle; to loose from tangles or intricacy; as, to untangle thread. Untangle this cruel chain. Prior. UN-TAN/'GLED, (-tang’gld,) pp. Disentangled. UN-TAN'GLING, ppr. UN-TAR/NISH-ED, (-tar/nisht,) a. Not soiled; not tarnished ; not stained ; unblemished ; as, untarnished silk ; wntarnished reputation. UN-TASK/’ED, (-tiskt’,) a. Not tasked. UN-TAST’ED, a, Not tasted; not tried by the taste or tongue. 2. Not enjoyed ; as, wntasted pleasures. UN-TASTE/FUL,a. Having no taste; being without taste. Disentangling. UN-TASTE/FUL-LY, adv. Without taste or grace- fulness ; in bad taste. Br, Rev. UN-TAST/ING, a. Not tasting; not perceiving by the taste. Smith. UN-TAUGHT’, (-tawt’,) a. Not taught ; not instruct- ed ; not educated ; unlettered ; illiterate. Dryden. 2. Unskilled ; new; not having use or practice. A tongue untaught to plead for favor. Shak, UN-TAX’ED, (-takst’,) a. Not taxed; with taxes. 2. Not accused. UN-TEACH’, v. t.; pret. and pp. Unraucut. To cause to forget or lose what has been taught. not charged Experience will unteach us. UN-TEACH’A-BLE, Brown. That can not be taught or instructed ; indoc ss Ailton. UN-PEACH!’A-BLE-NESS, n. The quality of not readily receiving instruction ; indocility. Scott. UN-TEEM'ING, a. Not producing young; barren. UN-TEM/PER-ATE, a. Intemperate. [ The latter is now used. | UN-TEM/PER-ED,a. Not tempered ; for use ; not durable or strong. UN-TEMPT’ED, a. Not tempted; not tried by en- ticements or persuasions; not invited by any thing alluring. UN-TEMPT’ING, a. Not tempting; not adapted to tempt, invite, or allure. Bacon. NN adv. Not in a tempting man- ne NIT EN‘/A-BLE, a. Not tenable; that can not be held in possession ; as, an untenable post or fort. Dryden. Clarendon. 9. That can not be maintained or supported ; not defensible ; as, an untenable doctrine ; untenable ground in argument. UN-TEN/ANT-A-BLE, a. Not fit for an occupant; not in suitable repair or condition for a tenant. UN-TEN/ANT-ED, a. Not occupied by a tenant; not inhabited. Temple. UN-TEND’/ED, a not having any at- not duly mixed Not tended ; tendant. Thomson. UN-TEN/DER, a. Not tender ; not soft. 2. Wanting sensibility or affection. Shak. UN-TEND/ER-ED, a. Not tendered ; untendered money or tribute. UN-TEN/DER-LY, adv. Without tenderness. UN Ne vy. t. To bring out of a tent. not offered ; as, Shak. [ Litile Siiak. Not tented ; not having a tent ap- ed, Shak. U N. T ERM/IN-A-TING, a. Not limiting ; not ending. UN-TER’RI-FI-ED, (-re-fide,) a. Not terrified ; not affrighte d; not daunted. Milton. Oo nee T’/ED, a. Not tested; not tried by a stand- ard. Adams’s Lect. UN. CTH, A NK/ED, (-thankt’,) a. Not thanked ; not re- pi ane with acknowledgments. Dryden. 9, Not received with thankfulness ; as, an un- thanked re prieve, [ Unusual. } Dryden. UN-THANK/FUL, a. Not thankful; ungrateful; not making acknow ledgments for good received. l.| UX: T ENT’ED, a. For he is kind to the unthank/ful and to the evil. — Luke vi. UN-THANK/FUL-LY, adv. Without thanks; with- out a grateful ac know ledgment of favors. Bovle. Neglect or omission of want of a sense UN N-THANK/FU L-NESS, n. acknowledgment for good received ; of kindness or bene fits 5 ingratitude. Immoderate favors breed first untiankfulnese, and afterward hate, Hayward, [See Tacitus’s Ann. iv. 18.] : THAW/ED, a. Not thawed; not melted or dis- solved ; as ic e or snow. Pope. UN-THE-O-RET/I€, a. Not depending on the- UN-THE-O- RET/I€- AL, ory or speculation; not speculative. Coleridge. UN-THINK’, Shak. UN- v.t. ‘To dismiss a thought. UNT UN-THINK'ING, a. Not thinking; not heedful ; thoughtless ; inc considerate ; as, unthinking youth. 2. Not indicating thought or reflection ; as, around, unthinking face. Pope. UN-THINK’ING-LY, adv. Without reflection ; thoughtlessly. : UN-THINK/ING-NESS, n. Want of thought or re- flection ; habitual fein tlessnese: alifax. UN-THORN’Y, a. Not thorny ; ; free from DORE Brow UN-THOUGHT1’FUL, (-thawt/ful,) a. Thoughtless ; heedless. Cowley. UN-THOUGHT’ of; not thought of ; not regarded ; not heeded. Shak. UN-THREAD/, (-thred’,) v. t. To draw or take out a thread from ; as, to unthread a needle. 2. To loose. UN-THREAD/ED, pp. Deprived of a thread. UN-THREAD/ING, ppr. Depriving of a thread. UN-THREAT’EN-ED, (-thret/nd,) a. Not threat- ened ; not menaced. K. Charles. UN-THREAT’EN-ING, a. Not indicating a menace. UN'THRIFT, n. A prodigal; one who wastes his estate by extrav agance. ry den. UN-THRIFT’L-LY, adv. Without frugality. Collier. UN-THRIFT’I- NESS, n. Waste of property without necessity or use ; prodigality ; ; profusion. Hayward. UN-THRIFT'Y, a. Prodigal ; lavish ; profuse ; spend- ing property w ‘ithout necessity or use. Sidney. Not thriving ; not gaining property ; as, an un- Reity farmer. i Not gaining flesh ; as, an unthrifty ox. 4. Not vigorous in growth, as a plant. UN-THRIV/ING, a. Not thriving ; not prospering in temporal affairs ; hot gaining property. UN-THRONE’, wv. ¢. To remove from a throne, or from supreme authority ; to dethrone. UN-THRON’ED, pp. Removed from a throne; de- posed. UN- THRONG’ED, a. UN-TI'DI-LY, adv. In an untidy manner. UN-TY! DI-NESS, n. Want of tidiness or neatness. 2. Unseasonableness. UN-TI'DY, a. Not tidy; Not neatly dressed ; not in good order. UN-TIE’, v. t. To loosen, as a knot; to disengage the parts that form a knot. Uniie the Knot. To unbind ; to free from any fastening ; as, to untie an iron chain. Waller. 3. To loosen from coils or convolution ; as, snakes untie d. Pope. 4. To loosa ; to separate something attached ; as, to wntie the tongue. 5. To resolve; to unfold ; to clear. Watts. UN-TYED, (-tide’,) pp. Loosed, as a knot; unbound ; separated ; resolved. 2. a. Not tied; not bound or gathered in a knot; loose 3. Not fastened with a knot. 4. Not held by any tie or band. UN-TIL’, prep. [un and till. See Tixx.] To; used of time. He and his sons were priests of the tribe of Dan, wnt the day of the captivity. — Judges xviii. 9. To; used of objects. [ Obs.] Spenser. 3. Preceding a sentence or clause, to; that is, to the event mentioned, or the time of it; as, until this hour; until this year. The scepter shall not depart from Judah — until Shiloh come, — Gen. xlix. JWilton. Not crowded by a multitude. not seasonable ; not ready. 4. To the point or place of. In open prospect nothing bounds our eye, Until the earth seems jomed unto the sky. 5. To the degree that. Dryden. Thou shalt push Syria, until they be consumed, — 2 Chron, XVUL. Note. — Until is always the same part of speech in fact, and has the same signification. The only dif- ference is, that it 1S followed sometimes by a single word de noting time, and in other cases by a ve rb de- noting an event, or a word denoting place or degree. The sense is in all cases to; and till may be used as its substitute, and in modern usage it is Most com- mon. UN-TILE’, v. t. To take the tiles from ; by removing tiles. UN-TIL/ED, pp. or a. Stripped of tiles ; UN-TIL/ING, ppr. Stripping of tiles. UN-TILL/ED, a. Not tilled; not cultivated. Mortiner. Not furnished with timber, Shak. 9. Not Covered with timber-trees ; as, wrtinbered to uneover Si ift. not tiled. UN-TIM’'BER-ED, a. land. ; UN-TIME'LY, a. Tappening before the usual time ; tt untimely fost: Happening before the natural time; prem: ture 5 as, , untimely death ; untimely fate. ry den. IN-TIME/LY, adv. Before the natural time. What is untimely done. Shak. UN-TING’TUR-ED, a. Not tinctured ; not tinged, stained, mixed, or ‘infected. Goldsmith. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; CH as SH FH as in THIS. SS 153 1217 ——— a ge Te See eon rtae i gee: ae san, je, Seg * ide Ti ee ne } e ae TS —— Re eee seieeenoatl Se ee UNT UN-TING/ED, (-tinjd’,) ¢. Not tinged ; not stained ; not discolored; as, water unting ed ; untinged beams of light. Boyle. 2. Not infected. _ Swift. UN-TIR/A-BLE, a. That can not be wearied ; inde- fatigable ; unwearied. _ Shake UN-TIR/A-BLE-NESS, n. The state of being untira- ble. UN-TIR/ED, a. Not tired; not exhausted by labor. ‘ Driden. UN-TIR/ING, a. Not becoming tired or exhausted ; as, untiring patience. : UN-TIR/ING-LY, adv. Indefatigably. UN-TIFH/ED, a. Not subjected to tithes. Pollok. UN-TITLED, a. Having no titlo; as, an untitled ty- ; Shak. UN'TS, prep. [Compound of un, not, and to.] It is used instead of to, but it 1s not in our mother tongue, nor is it used in popular discourse or 10 modern writings. It is therefore to be rejected, as obsolete and not legitimate. UN-TOLD', a. Not told ; not related ; not revealed. Waller. Dryden. 9. Not numbered ; as, money untold. UN-TOMB’, (-toom’,) v. t. To disinter. Fuller. UN-TOMB’/ED, (-toomd’,) pp. Disinterred ; removed from a tomb. UN-TOOTH’SOMBE, a. Not pleasant to the taste. UN-TOR-MENT’ED, a. Not put in pain; not teased. UN-TOSS’ED, (-tost’,) a. Not tossed. UN-TOUCH/A-BLE, (-tuch/a-bl,) a. Not to be touched. Feitham. UN-TOUCH/ED, (un-tucht’,) a. Not touched ; not reached ; not hit. Stephens. 9, Not moved; not affected; as, the heart un- touched. 3. Not meddled with; as, books untouched for years. UN-TO'WARD, a. Froward; perverse; refractory ; not easily guided or taught. Acts ii. 2, Awkward ; ungraceful; as, untoward words. Crecch. 3, Inconvenient ; troublesome ; unmanageable ; as, an untoward vow. : Hudibras. UN-TO'WARD-LY, adv. Ina froward or perverse manner ; perversely ; ungainly. Tillotson. UN-TO'WARD-LY, a. Awkward; perverse 5 fro- ward. Locke. UN-TO'WARD-NESS, n. Awkwardness ; froward- ness ; perverseness. Bp. Wilson. UN-TOW/ER-ED, a. Not defended by towers. UN-TRACE'A-BLE, a. That can not be traced or fol- lowed. South. UN-TRAC/ED, (un-traste’,) a. Not traced ; not fol- lowed. 9, Not marked by footsteps. Denham. 3. Not marked out. UN-TRACK/ED, (-trakt/,) a. Not tracked; not marked by footsteps. 9, Not followed by the tracks. UN-TRA€T!/A-BLE, a. [L. intractabilis. | 1. Not tractable; not yielding to discipline ; stub- born; indocile ; ungovernable; as, an untractable son. Locke. ough; difficult. Milton. 2. R 3. Not yielding to the heat or to the hammer, as an ore. [NTRACTABLE is more generally used.] UN-TRA€T!A-BLE-NESS, n. Refractoriness ; stub- bornness ; unwillingness to be governed, controlled, or munaged. Locke. UN-TRAD/ING, a. Not engaged in commerce ; as, an untrading country or city. UN-TRAIN’ED, a. Not trained; not disciplined ; not skillful. Milton. 9, Not educated ; not instructed My wit untrained. Shak, 3, Irregular; ungovernable; as, untrained hope. Herbert. UN-TRAM’MEL-ED, a. Not trammeled ; not shack- led. Herbert, UN-TRAM/PLED, a. Not trod upon. UN-TRANS-FER/A-BLE, a. That can not be trans- ferred or passed from one to another; as, power or right untransferable. UN-TRANS-FER/RED, a. Not transferred ; not con- veyed or assigned to another ; as, titles or rights wn- transferred. UN-TRANS-FORW’ED, a. Not metamorphosed ; not transmuted. UN-TRANS-LAT’A-BLE, a. Not capable of being translated, Gray. UN-TRANS LAT/ED, a. Not translated or rendered into another language. UN-TRANS3'MI-GRA-TED, a. Not transmigrated. Scott. UN-TRANS-MIT’TED, a, Not transmitted. UN-TRANS-MUT’A-BLE, a. That can not be changed into a different substance. mon UN-TRANS-PAR/ENT, a. Not transparent; not di-| UN-TUR'’BAN-ED, a. Not wearing a turban. aphanous ; opaque ; not permeable by light. Boyle. UN-T'RANS-PIR/ED, a. Not having escaped from UN-TURN/ED, a. Not turned. secrecy. UNT UNV UN-TRANS-PORT!/A-BLE, a. That can not bet Ed. ported UN-TRANS-PORT’ED, a. Not transported. UN-TRANS-POS/ED, (un-trans-pozd’,) a. yosed ; having the natural order. UN_TRAV/EL-ED, a. Not traveled ; not trodden by passengers ; as, an antraveled forest. 9, Having never seen foreign countries ; traveled Englisbman. UN-TRAV'ERS-ED, (-trav’erst,) a, Not traversed ; not passed over. UN-TREAD’, (un-tred’,) v. t. To tread back; to go Shah back in the same steps. UN-TREAS/UR-ED, (un-trezh/urd,) a. ured; not laid up; not reposited. UN-TREAT’A-BLE, a. Not treatable; not practica- Decay of Piety. UN-TREM’BLING, a. Not trembling or shaking 5 Montgomery. ble. [ot used. ] firm ; steady. UN-TREM’BLING-LY, adv. Without fi hollows. UN-TRES’PASS-ING, a. right. UN-TRYVED, a. Not tried; not attempted. Milton. 9. Not yet experienced ; as, untried sufferin gs. 3, Not having passed trial; not heard and deter- mined inlaw. The cause remains untried. UN-TRIM'MED, a. Not trimmed ; not pruned ; not dressed ; not put in order. UN-TRIT/U-RA-TED, a. Not reduced to powder by Journ. Sci. UN-TRIUMPH-A-BLE, a. That admits no triumph. rubbing or grinding. [ Barbarous, and not used. | UN- Over. UN-TROD’, ) a. Not having been trod; not UN-TROD’DEN,$§ passed over; not marked by the Milton. feet. UN-TROLL/ED, a. Not bowled ; not rolled along. UN-TROUB’LED, (un-trub/ld,) 2. Not troubled ; not disturbed by care, Sorrow, or business ; trouble. from passion; aS, an untroubled mind. lake. 4. Not disturbed or interrupted in course; as, untroubled nature. stream. trouble; unconcern. [Vot used. | The story 1s untrue. 3. Inconstant, as a lover. to reality. from a truss ; to let out. charge of a trust. dence. dence; unfaithful. 9. Want of veracity. 4. False assertion. fidelity. tuckered neck. 9, Not capable of making music. proper pitch. Untune that string. 2. To disorder. Iniuned and jarring senses. ony. turned. UN-TU’TOR-ED, a. Uninstructed; untaught; as, untutored infancy. Prior. UN-IT'WINE’, v. t. To untwist. Waller. 9, To open; to disentangle. Bacon. 3. To separate, as that which winds or clasps. Ascham. UN-TWIN’ED, pp- Untwisted ; disentangled. UN-T'WIST’, v. t. ‘To separate and open, as threads UN-TWIST’ED, pp. Separated ; opened. UN-TWIST/ING, ppr. Separating ; disentangling. UN-TY! See Untie. UN-U/NI-FORM, a. Not uniform ; wanting uniform- UN-U-NIT’/ED, a. Not united. UN-UP-BRAID/ING, a. Not upbraiding. UN-UP-HELD’, a. Not upheld; not sustained. rmly. UN-TRENCH’ED, (-trencht’,) a. Not cut into long Not violating another’s UN-US/U-AL, (-yi/zhu-al,) a. Not usual ; not com- UN-US/U-AL-LY, (-ya/zhu-al-le,) adv. Not common- TRIUMPH-ED, (-tri/umft,) a. Not triumphed UN-US/U-AL-NESS, n. Uncommonness ; infrequen- UN-UT’TER-A-BLE, a. That can not be uttered or UN-VA'€A-TED, a. Not made vacant. H. Clay. UN-VAIL’, v. t. To remove a vail from ; to uncover ; 9, Not agitated; not ruffled ; not confused ; free 3. Not agitated; not moved; as, an UN-VAL'U-ED, (-val/yude,) a. 5, Not foul; not turbid; clear; as, an untroubled UN-TROUB'LED-NESS, n. State of being free from UN-TRUE’, a. Not true; false ; contrary to the fact. 2. Not faithful to another ; not fulfilling the duties of a husband, wife, vassal, &c. ; false ; disloyal. UN-TRO’LY, adv. Not truly; falsely ; not according UN-TRUSS’, v. t. To untie or unfasten; to loose UN-TRUSS’ED, (-trust’,) a. Not trussed; not tied UN-TRUST'I-NESS, nm. Unfaithfulness in the dis- UN-TRUST/WOR-FHY, a. Not deserving of confi- UN-TRUST’Y, a. Not trusty ; not worthy of confi- UN-TRUTH’, . Contrariety to truth ; falsehood. 3. Treachery ; want of fidelity. [ Obs. No untruth can possibly avail the patron and defende UN-TRUTH'FUL, a. Wanting in veracity. UN-TROTH’ FUL-BY, adv. Not truthfully ; f UN-TROTH/FUL-NESS, 2. Want of veracity or UN-TUCK’, v. f. To unfold or undo a tuck. UN-TUCK/ER-ED, a. Having no tucker; as, an un- UN-TUM'BLED, a. Not rolled; not rumpled. UN-TUN/A-BLE, a. Not harmonious ; not musical. 3, Not capable of being tuned or brought to the UN-TUN/A-BLE-NESS, x. Want of harmony. UN-TUN! A-BLY, adv. Inharmoniously. UN-TUNE’, v. t. To make incapable of harmony. UN-TON/ED, pp. Made incapable of producing har- twisted ; or to turn back that which is twisted. 9. To open; to disentangle; as intricacy. ity. [Little used. | Cudworth. Pollok. UN-UP-LIFT’ED, a. Not raised up. UN-URG/ED, (-urjd’,) a. Not urged; not pressed with solicitation. Shak. UN-US/ED, (-yuzd’,) a. Not put to use; not em- ployed. 9. That has never been used. 3. Not accustomed; as, hands wnused to labor ; hearts unused to deceit. UN-USE/FUL, a. Useless ; serving no good purpose. Philips. mon ; rare; aS, an unusual.season ; a person of unu- sual graces or erudition. ly ; not frequently ; rarely. This summer, 1828, has been unusually rainy. cy : rareness of occurrence. Broome. expressed ; ineffable ; inexpressible ; as, unutterable anguish ; unutterable joy. to disclose to view. She unvailed her face. UN-VAIL/ED, a. Stripped of a vail ; dist losed. UN-VAIL'ING, a. Removing a vail from ; uncover- ing; disclosing. UN-VAL'U-A-BLE, a. Being above price ; invaluable. But INVALUABLE is the word now used. } Not valued; not prized ; neglected. Shak. 9 Inestimable ; not-to be valued. Shak. 8 Not estimated ; not having the value Set. « UN-VAN/QUISH-A-BLE, a. That can not be con- quered. Bp. King. ] UN-VAN/QUISH-ED, (-vank’wisht,) a. Not con- quered ; not overcome. Milton. UN-VA'RI-A-BLE, a. Not variable ; not changeable or alterable. [But Invantasie is the word now used. | UN-VA/RLED, a. Not varied; not altered ; not di- versified. UN-VA/RI-E-GA-TED, a. Not variegated; not di- versified, UN-VXR/NISH-ED, (-var’nisht,) a. Not overlaid with varnish. 9. Not artificially colored or adorned ; not artfully embellished ; plain. I will a round, unvarnished tale deliver. Shak. UN-VA/RY-ING, a. Not altering; not liable to change; uniform. Locke. UN-VA/RY-ING-LY, adv. Without being liable to change. UN-VEIL’, (-vale’.) See Unvart. UN-VEIL’ED-LY, adv. Plainly ; without disguise. [Little used. } UN-VEN’ER-A-BLE, a. Not venerable ; not worthy of veneration. Shak. UN-VEN'TI-LA-TED, a. Not fanned by the wind ; not purified by a free current of air. UN-VER/DANT, a. Not verdant; not green ; having no verdure. _ Congreve UN-VER/I-TA-BLE, a. Not true. [Not in use. | rown. UN-VERS'ED, (-verst/,) a. Not skilled ; not versed ; unacquainted ; as, unversed in spinning. Blackmore. UN-VEX/ED, (-vekst’,) a. Not vexed ; not troubled ; not disturbed or irritated, Dryden. UN-VIN'DI-€A-TED, a. Not defended. UN-V1/O-LA-TED, a. Not violated ; not injured; as, unviolated honor. 2. Not broken ; not transgressed ; as, laws unvio- lated. UN-VIR/TU-OUS, (-vurt/yu-us,) a. Not virtuous ; destitute of virtue. Shak. UN-VIR/TU-OUS-LY, adv. Not virtuously. UN-VIS/ARD, v. t. To unmask. Milton. UN-VIS/IT-ED, a. Not visited ; not resorted to; not frequented. UN-VI/TAL, a. Not vital; not affecting life. Med. Repos. UN-VI!/TIA-TED chIz a. Not vitiated ; UMVI/CIA-TED, } CVi8h’@-ted,) } “not corrupted. : He left no stone un- B. Jonson. __ PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK - en FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY. 1219UNW UN W UP N-VIT/RLFI-E . Not vitrified: es Ra = 5 ; aN pe FI-ED, a. Not vitrified; not converted URN a (un-wedj/a-bl,) a. Not to be UN-WONT’ ) aU d eT A TTT. ? split with wedges. [B “0us : LWONT'E -wunt! - Unaccustomed ; un- UN-VOL/A-TIL-IZ-ED, a, Not volatilized. Aikin. ; Bes. { Barkarcusy aad netuaeral | eh acl Cwnnt) { “used; not made fa- UN-VOTE ,v. t. To contravene by vote a former UN-WEED/ED, a. Not weeded; not cleared ‘of ers ; Sea ealvedaen SE a ee ee Tes ole - to annul a former vote. Burke. weeds. , Shak OD Re eGrat CSUR IDOE - fresh water. — May. N-VOUCH/ED, (-v i J Fs J ADAC ; ive ae -ommon ; unusual; inf; . : UN-VOW'ED. a. ( eae ») a Not attested. U N-WEEP/ED, (-w eept!.) See Unwert. an wunwonted meteor ; unwonted ante Detese N' 2D, a. Not consecrated by solemn prom- UN-WEET/ING, a. [See Wert and W 9 N-WONT’ED-LY anges. - -Driden. ise. Hooker rant ; unknow! tos J Wire eno ls WuO NIE Lis aise, TO Muna cisto ried au eae? EY ant ; See Venrtry.] The VER MIe'U-LOUS \ act of verifying or proving to be true; the act of 1. Full of worms or grubs. confirming or establishing the authenticity of any D S powers granted, or of any transaction, by legal or | ypRM/I-FORM, a. Proved; confirmed One that proves or makes appear | yRRM-IF’U-GAL, a. (Bir. poerthra Tas C6ie Sei P> and | ypRM/I-FUGE, n. facio, to make; G. walr, D. waar, W. gw, pure, VER/LFY-ING, ppr. Proving to be true ; confirming ; establishing as authentic, : VER’/LLY, adv. [from very.) In truth; in fact; cer- tainly. : ? 2. Really ; truly ; with great confidence. It was verily thought the enterprise would succeed. VER-I-SIM’I-LAR, a [L. werisimilis ; werus, true, and similis, like. } Having the appearance of truth ; probable; likely White. VER-LSLMIL’LTUDE, n. [L. verisimilitudo.} The appearance of truth ; probability ; likelihood. Verisimilitude and opinion are an easy purchase; but true knowledge is dear and difficult. ylanville. VER-LSLMIL/L-TY, for VeRIsiMILiTUDE, is not in use. VER/I-TA-BLE, a. [Fr.] True; agreeable to fact. Little used. Shak. VER/I-TA-BLY, adv. In a true manner. [ Obs. ] VER'LTY, n. [Fr. verité; L. veritas, from verus, true; W. gwirez; Sans. wartha.) 1. Truth; consonance of a statement, proposition, or other thing to fact. 1 Tim. ii. It is a proposition of eternal verity, that none can govern while he is despised. South. 9. A true assertion or tenet, By this it seems to be a verity. Davies. 3. Moral truth ; agreement of the words with the thoughts. Johnson. VER/JUICE, (-jise,) 2. (Fr. verjus, that is, verd jus, the juice of green fruits. } A liquor expressed from crab-apples, sour grapes, &c., used in sauces, ragouts, and the like. It is used also in the purification of wax for candles, in poultices, &c. YC. VER/MBIL. See VERMILION. VER-ME-OL/O-GIST, n. [Infra.] One who treats of vermes. VER-ME-OL/0-GY, 2. [L. vermes, worms, and Gr. Aoyos, discourse. } ; ‘A discourse or treatise on vermes, or that part of natural history which treats of vermes. [Not used.] [HevmintHovoey is the legitimate term. } VER'MES, n. pl. [L.] Worms: this is the same word, varied in orthography. VER-MLCEL‘LI, (ver-me-chel/ly or ver-me-sel'ly,) 7. It. vermicello, a little worm, L. vermiculus, from ver- mis, a Worm. | In cookery, little rolls or threads of paste, or a com- position of flour, eggs, Sugar, and saffron; used in soups and pottages. VER-MI/'CEOUS, (ver-mish/us,) a. [L. vermes.] Pertaining to worms ; wormy. VER-MI€/U-LAR, a. «[L. vermiculus, a little worm, from vermis, a worm. ] Pertaining to a worm; resembling a worm; par- ticularly, resembling the motion of a worm; as, the vermicular motion of the intestines, called also Peri- STALTIC. Cyc. Vermicular work. See VERMICULATED. VER-MI€/U-LATE, v. t [L. vermiculatus. To inlay ; to form work by inlaying which resem- bles the motion or the tracks of worms. VER-MI€/U-LA-TED, pp. or 4. Formed in the like- ness of the motion of a worm. Vermiculated work ; rustic work so wrought as to have the appearance of having been eaten into or tracked by worms. Guilt. VER-MI6'U-LA-TING, ppr- Forming so as to resem- ble the motion of a worm. VER-MI€-U-LA'TION, n. The act or operation of moving in the form of a worm 5 continuation of mo- tion from one part to another, as in the peristaltic motion of the intestines. Hale. 9, The act of forming so as to resemble the mo- tion of a worm. Ab That may be} yERM/L-6ULE, 2. [L. vermiculus. | verified ; that may be proved or confirmed by in- A little worm or grub. Derham. ER-MI€'U-LOSE, | q, [L. vermiculosus.] 9, Resembling worms. [L. vermis, a Worm, and forma, form. ] Having the form or shape of a worm; as, the vermiform process of the cerebellum. Tending to prevent or destroy vermin, or to expel worms. Lindley. [L. vermis, 2 worm, and fugo, to expel. ] A medicine or substance that expels worms from animal bodies; an anthelmintic. ‘ VER/MIL, x. [Fr. vermeil.] Vermilion. [Ws-] Spenser. [ Fr. vermeu, ver- millon; It. vermeglione § from L. vermiculus, VErmMmes + a name sometimes improperly given to the kermes. See Crimson. ] ue 1. A bright-red sulphuret of mercury, consisting of sixteen parts of sulphur and one hundred parts of mercury. It is sometimes found native, of a red or brown color, and is then called CINNABAR. [t is used as a pigment. and. OH as SH; FH as in THIS. eres ae 4231 ee ese eo oe al ae teal gue é bs eh rn creeri fe % § ae Ta ae VER VER VER 2. The cochineal, a small insect found on a partic- war plant. [ Improper or obsolete. | 3. Any beautiful red color. In blushing, the deli- cate cheek is covered with vermilion. VER-MIL‘ION, (ver-mil/yun,) v. t To dye red ; to cover with a delicate red. VER-MIL/ION-ED, pp. ora. Dyed or tinged with a bright red. ; . VERMIN, n. sing. and pl.; used chiefly in the plu- ral. [Fr. and It. vermine; from L. vermes, worn)s.] 1. All sorts of small animals which are destructive to grain or other produce ; all noxious little animals or ‘insects, as squirrels, rats, mice, worms, grubs, flies, &c. ae hese vermin do great injuries in the field. Used of noxious human beings in contempt; as, ma vermin Hudibras. VERM/IN-ATE, v. t. To breed vermin. VERM-IN-A/TION, n Mortimer. [L. vermino.] The breeding of vermin. Derham. 9, A griping of the bowels. VERM/IN-LY, adv. or a. Like vermin; of the na- ture of vermin. VERM/IN-OUS, a. Tending to breed vermin. The verminous disposition of the body. VER-MIP’A-ROUS, to bear. ] Producing worms. VER-MIV’/O-ROUS, a, to devour. ] Harvey. a. [L. vermes, worms, and pario, Brown. [L. vermes, worms, and voro, Devouring worms; feeding on worms. Vermivo- yous birds are very useful to the farmer. VER-NA€/U-LAR, a. [L. vernaculus, born in one’s house, from verna, a servant. | 1. Native ; belonging to the country of one’s birth. English is our vernacular language. The vernacular idiom is seldom perfectly acquired by foreigners. 2. Native ; belonging to the person by birth or na- ture. Milner. A vernacular disease is one which prevails in a par- ticular country or district ; more generally called En- DEMIC. VER-NA€’/U-LAR-ISM, x. VER-NA€/U-LAR-LY, adv. vernacular manner. VER-NA€/U-LOUS, a. [Supra.] Vernacular; also, scoffing. [ Obs.] rown. Spenser. VER/NAL, a. [L. vernalis, from ver, spring. | I. Belonging to the spring : appearing in spring ; as, vernal bloom. A vernacular idiom. In agreement with the Vernal flowers are preparatives to autumnal fruits. tambler. 9. Belonging to youth, the spring of life. Vernal sions; the signs in which the sun appears in the spring. Vernal equinox ; the equinox in spring or March; opposed to the autumnal equinoz, In September. VER'/NANT, a. [L. vernans; verno, to flourish.] Flourishing, as in spring; as, vernant flowers. Hilton. VER/NATE, v.21. Tobecome young again. [Vot in USE. VERNa’TION, nm. [L. verno.] In botany, the disposition of the nascent leaves within the bud. [It is called also Fottation or LEAFING. Martyn. VER/NIER, n. [from the inventor.] A contrivance attached to the graduated limb of an instrament, for the purpose of measuring aliquot parts of the small- est spaces into which the instrument is divided. Olmsted. VER-NIL/LTY, n. [L. vernilis, from verna, a slave.] Servility ; fawning behavior, like that of a slave. [ot in use.] Bailey. VE-RON’I-€A, [wera-icon, true image. ] A noriaits Be representation of the face of our Savior on handkerchiefs. 2. In botany, a genus of plants, Speedwell. VER/RU-€0SE, ) a. [L. verruca, a wart ; verrucosus, VER/RU-€0US,{ full of warts.] Warty ; having little knobs or warts on the sur- face; as, a verrucous capsule. Martyn. VER- RO'GU- LOSE, a. Having wart-like prominences, n. [lL versabilis, from versor, to turn. VERS-A-BIL‘/LTY, VERS/A-BLE-NESS, Aptness to be turned round. | vot used.| Dict. VERS/A-BLE, a. [Supra.] That may be turned. [JVot used. VERS/AL, for Unrversau. [Wot used, or very vulgar.] VERS/ANT, a. Familiar. VERS/A-TIL E, (vers’a-til,) a. versor, to turn.]} 1, That may be turned round ; as, a versatile boat or spindle. Tarte. 2 Liable to be turned in opinion; changeable; va- riable ; unsteady ; as, a man of versatile disposition. 3. Turning with ease from one thing to another ; readily applied to a new task, or to various subjects ; as, a man of versatile genius. In natural history, capable minute, [L. versatilis, from of revolving; freely movable ; as, a versatile anther, which is fixed at one point, but freely movable. Lindley. VERS/A-T ILE£-LY, adv. Ina versatile manner. VERS-A-TIL'I-TY, The quality of being vers- VERS! A-TILE-NESS, atile ; aptness to change ; readiness to be turned ; variableness. 2. The faculty of easily turning one’s mind to new tasks or subjects; as, the versatility of genius. VERSE, (vers,) 2. [L. versus; Fr. vers; from L. ver- to, to turn.] 1. In poetry, a line consisting of a certain number of long and short syllables, disposed according to the rules of the species of. poetry which the author in- tends to compose. Verses are of various kinds, as hexameter, pentameter, and tetrameter, &c., according to the number of feet in each. A verse of twelve syl- lables is called an Alezandrian or Alexandrine. ‘Two or more verses form a stanza or strophe. 2. Poetry ; metrical language. Virtue was taught in verse. Prior. Verse embalms virtue. Donne. 3. A short division of any composition, particular- ly of the chapters in the Scriptures. The author of the division of the Old Testament into verses is not ascertained. The New Testament was divided into me ses by Robert Stephens. A piece of poetry. Pope. A portion of an anthem to be performed by a seme voice to each part, Blank verse; poetry in which the lines do not end in rhymes Heroic verse usually consists of ten syllables, or, in English, of five accented syllables, constituting five feet. VERSE, v.t. To tell in verse ; Playing on pipes of corn, and versing love. Shak. To be versed, [L. versor ;] to be well skilled ; to be acquainted w ith ; ; as, to be versed in history or in ge- ometry. VERS/ED, (verst,) pp. Skilled. VERS/ED SINE. See Sine. VERSE/-HON/OR-ING, a Tl. to relate poetically. Doing honor to poetry. Lamb. VERSE/MAN, )n. A writer of verses; in ludi- VERSE’MON"’GER,\_ crous language. Prior. VERS’ER, n. A maker of verses ; a versifier. B, Jonson VERS'I-€LE, (vers’e [L. versiculus. ] A little verse. VERS'I-€OL-OR, (-kul-lur,) VERS’/I-€0L-OR-ED, (-kul-lurd,) Having various colors; changeable in color. VER-SI€/U-LAR, a. Pertaining to verses ; designat- ing distinct divisions BE a Writing. VER-SI-FLE€A/‘TION, [Fr., from ver. sifier.] The act, art, or prac tic e of composing poe tic verse. Versification is the result of art, labor, and rule, rather than of invention, or the fire of gentus. It consists in adjusting the long and short syllables, and forming feet into harmonious measure. Cyc. VERS/I-FI-€A-TOR, n. A versifier. [Little used.] See VersIFIER. } e-kl,) 2. a. [L. versicolor.] VERS'L-FI-ED, (-fide,) pp. from Verstry. Formed into verse. VERS‘J-FI-ER, n. One who makes verses. Not ev- ery versijier isa poet. 2. One who converts into verse ; or one who ex- presses the ideas of another written in prose ; as, Dr. Watts was a versifier of the Psalms. ERS/I-FY, v.i%. To make verses lll versify in spite, and do my beat VERS'L-FY, v.t. To relate or describe in verse I'll versify the truth. Daniel. 9. To turn into verse ; as, to versify the Psalms. VERS/I-FY-ING, ppr. Conve rting into verse. VER’SION, (ver’ ‘shun, )n. [Fr., from L. Ment] 1. A turning; a change or transformation ; version of air into water. [Unusual.] nai 2. Change of direction; as, the version of the beams of light. [Unusual.] Bacon. 3. The act of translating ; the rendering of thoughts or ideas, expressed in one language, into w ords of like signification in another language. How long Ww ee Pope engaged in the version of Homer? Translation ; that which is rendered from an- othe r language. We have a good version of the Scriptures. There is a good version of the Penta- teuch in the Samaritan. The Septuagint version of the Old Testament was made for the benefit of the Jews in Alexandria. VERST, 7. A Russian measure of length containing 11663 yards, or 3500 feet ;- about two thirds of an English mile. VER!'SUS, {L.] Against; as, John Doe versus Richard Roe. VER-SOUTE!’, a. Crafty ; wily. VE Be. nN (F r. verd, green, L. viridis.] In the Sorest laws, every thing that grows and ee a green leaf within the forest. To preserve vert and venison is the duty of the verderer. England. Vv Driden. ; the 2. In heraldry, a green color. VERT'E-BER VERT’E-BRE, | ce VERTRBHA. VERT’/E-BRA, n.; pl. VERTEBRS, verto, to turn.] A joint of the spine or back-bone of an animal. VERT’E-BRAL, a. Pertaining to the joints of the spine or back-bone, 2. Having a back-bone or spinal joints; as, vertebral animals, VERT’E-BRAL, x. have a back-bone. VERT’/E-BRATE, n. joints, VERT’E-BRATE, VERT’E-BRA-TED, a. [L. vertebratus.] Having a back bone, or vertebral column, contain- ing the spinal marrow, as an animal ; as man, quad- rupeds, birds, amphibia, and fishes. Cuvier. VERT/E-BRATES, ) n. pl. WVertebrated animals, in- VERT-E-BRA! TA, cluding mammals, birds, rep- tiles, and fishes. VERT’E-BRE. See Verresra. VERT’EX, n. [L., from verto, to turn; primarily, a round point. } 1. The crown or top of the head. Coze. 2. The top of a hill or other thing; the point of a cone, pyramid, angle, or figure ; the pole of a glass, in optics. ‘The verte x of a curve is the point from which the diameter is drawn, or the intersection of the diameter and the curve. 3. In astronomy, the zenith ; the point of the heav- ens perpendicularly over the head. Cye. yen €AL,a. [Fr., from L. vertez.] . Placed or being in the zenith, or perpendicularly over the head. ‘The sun is vertical to the inhabitants within the tropics at certain times every year. 2. Being in a position perpendicular to the plane of the horizon. Vertical leaves, in botany, are such as stand so erect that neither of the surfaces can be called the upper or under. [L. vertebra, from An animal of the class which An animal having a spine with Vertical anthers are such as terminate the fila- ments, and, being inserted by their base, stand no less upright than the filaments themselves Cyc. Vertical angles; in geometry, the opposite angles formed by two insecting stratght lines Brande. Vertical circle ; in astronomy, a great circle passing through the zenith and the nadir. The meridian of any place is a vertical circle. ‘The vertical circles are called azimuth circles. Hutton. Vertical line; in dialing, a line perpendicular to the horizon ; in conics, a right line drawn on the vertical plane, and passing through the vortex of the cone. Brande. Vertical plane, in conics, is a plane passing through the vertex of a cone, and through its axis. Prime vertical; a great circle of the sphere, per- pendicular to the horizon, and passing through the zenith and the east and west points. VERT’LEAL-LY, adv. In the zenith. VERT’I-E€AL-NESS, n. The state of being in the ze- nith, or perpendicularly over the head. [V ERTICAL- Ivy is not used.] VERT’I-CIL, nx. [L. verticillus, from verter, supra.] In botany, a little whirl; a mode of inflorescence, in w et h the flowers surround the stem in a kind of rll YC VE Re TICIL- LATE, a. [Supra.] In botany, vertic- illate flowers are such as grow in a whirl, around the stein or in rings, one ‘above another, at each joint. The term is also applied in this sense to leaves and branches. Verticillate plants are such as bear whirled flowers. Martyn. Lee. VER-TIC’L-TY, (-tis’e-te,) x. [from vertex, Supra. ] The power of ‘turning ; revolution ; rotation. Locke. 2. That property of the Joadstone by which it turns to some particular point. The attraction of the magnet was known long before its verticity. Cyc. VER-TIG/IN-OUS, a. [L. vertiginosus.] 1. Turning round; whirling ; rotary ; as, a vertig- wnous motion. Bentley. 2. Giddy ; affected with vertigo. Woodward. v BR TIG/IN-OUS-LY, adv. With a whirling or gid- ess, VER: TIG/IN-OUS-NESS, n. or sense of whirling ; unste: rdiness. VERT'’I-GO, n. [L., from verto, to turn.] Giddiness; dizziness or swimming of the head; an affection of the head, in which objects appear to move in various directions, though stationary, and the person affected finds it difficult to maintain an erect posture, [This word and by others VER/VAIN, x. A plant; the popular name of some species of the genus V erbena, VER/VAIN-MA .L/LOW, 1, A species of Mallow, the VER’VELS, n. pl. (Fr. Beroelled [ Malva alcea. ‘Cyc. Labels tied to a hawk. Ainsworth. VER’/Y, a. [Fr. vrai; L. verus; G. wahr; D. waar. } True ; real. Whether thou be my very son Esau or not. —Gen, xxvii. Giddiness ; a whirling, Taylor. is also pronounced by some vert?! go, ver-ti! go. xvii. He that repeateth a matter, separateth very friends. — Prov. 1232 FATE, PAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.—PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — A TT ET EESVES So we say, in very deed, in the very heavens, this is the very Man we want. In these phrases, very is emphatical ; but its signification is true, real. VER/Y, adv. Asan adverb, or modifier of adjectives and adverbs, very denotes in a great degree, an emi- nent or high degree, but not generally the highest ; as, 2 very great mountain ; a very bright sun; a very cold day ; a very pernicious war; a very benevolent disposition ; the river flows very rapidly, VES'L-EANT, nm. [Infra.] A blistering application ; an epispastic. igelow. VES'I-CATE, v. t. -[L. vesica, a little bladder; Gr. puoxn, from ducaw, to inflate. } To blister ; to raise little bladders, or separate the cuticle by inflaming the skin. Celsus recommends to vesicate the external parts of wounds. Wiseman. VES/L€A-TED, pp. Blistered. VES/L-€A-TING, ppr. Blistering. VES-IL-€A/TION, zn. The process of raising blisters or little cuticular bladders on the skin. VES'LEA-TO-RY, n. [Fr. vesicatoire.] A blistering application or plaster ; an epispastic. VES'L-€LE, (ves‘e-kl,) n.>[L. vesicula. See Vesi- CATE. | 1. A little bladder, or a portion of the cuticle sep- arated from the skin and filled with some humor, 2. Any small, membranous cavity in animals or vegetables. The lungs consist of vesicles admitting air. Ray. Cyc. VE-SI€’U-LAR, a. Pertaining to vesicles; con- VE-SI€/U-LOUS, sisting of vesicles. 9. Hollow ; full of interstices. Cheyne. 3. Having little bladders or glands on the surface, as the leaf of a plant. VE-SI€/U-LATE, a. Bladdery ; full of bladders. VES’/PER, n. [L. This word and Hesperus are probably of one origin, and both from the root of west. | The evening star; Venus; also, the evening. VES/PERS, n. pl. The evening song or evening ser- vice in the Roman Catholic church. z Sicilian vespers; the era of the general massacre of the French in Sicily, on Easter evening, 1282, at the toll of the bell for vespers. VES'PER-TINE, a. [L. vespertinus. See Vesper.] Pertaining to the evening ; happening or being in the evening. VBS!/PLA-RY, x. hornets, &c. VES/SEL, n. [It. vasello, from vaso, a vase or vessel ; Fr. vaisseau; Sp. vasija; from L. vas, vasis. This word is probably the Eng. vat, in a different dialect ; G. fass, a vat; gefdss, a vessel ; fassen, to hold ; al- lied probably to fast, fasten. The Sp. vasija is from the Latin; but the Spanish has also ba rel, a general name of all floating buildings; probably of Celtic origin. ] - A cask or utensil proper for holding liquors and other things, as a tun, a pipe, a puncheon, a hogs- head, a barrel, a firkin, a bottle, a kettle, a cup, a dish, &c. 9, In anatomy, any tube or canal, in which the blood and other humors are contained, secreted, or circulated, as the arteries, veins, lymphatics, sper- matics, &c. Cyc. 3. In the physiology of plants, a canal or tube of very small bore, in which the sap is contained and conveyed ; also, a bag or utricle, filled with pulp, and serving as areservoir for sap; also, a spiral canal, usually of a larger bore. Martyn. Grew. 4, Any structure made to float upon the water, for purposes of commerce or war, whether impelled by wind, steam, or oars. Totten. 5. Something containing. Milton. Vessels of wrath, in Scripture, are such persons as are to receive the full effects of God’s wrath and in- dignation, as a punishment for their sins. Vessels of mercy, are persons who are to receive the effects of God’s mercy, or future happiness and glory. Chosen vessels ; ministers of the gospel, as appoint- ed to bear the glad news of salvation to others; called also earthen vessels, on account of their weak- ness and frailty. VES’SEL, v. t. To put into a vessel. [JVot in use.] acon. The nest or habitation of wasps, VES/SETS, n. Akind of cloth. Qu. VES/SIE-NON, n. [L. vesica.] A soft swelling on a horse’s leg, called a Winp- GALL, Cyc. VEST, n. [Fr. veste; It. vesta ; L. vestis, a coat or gar- ment; vestio, to cover or clothe, Goth. vestyan ; W. gwiss. | 1. An outer garment, Over his lucid arma A military vest of purple flowed. Milton. 9, A waistcoat or body garment for men, without sleeves, and worn under the coat. [This word, in the latter sense, has passed from France into the United States, and has chiefly taken the place of WarstcoatT. In England, on the con- trary, the latter word is the only one in common use, , ome ILC VES VEST, v.t. To clothe; to cover, surround, or encom- pass closely. With ether vested and a purple sky. Dryden. 2. To dress; to clothe with a long garment; as, the vested priest. Milton. 3. In law, to give an immediate, fixed right of present or future enjoyment ; as, an estate is vested in possession. Bouvier. To vest with ; to clothe ; to furnish with ; toinvest with; as, to vest a man with authority ; to vest a court with power to try cases of life and death; to vest one with the right of seizing slave ships. Had I been vested with the monarch’s power, Prior. To vest in; to put in possession of ; to furnish with ; to clothe with. ‘The supreme executive power in England is vested in the king; in the United States, it is vested in the president. 2. To clothe with another form; to convert into another substance or species of property ; as, to vest money im goods; to vest money in land or houses; to vest money in bank stock, or in six per cent. stock ; to vest all one’s property in the public funds. VEST, v. i. To come or descend to; to be fixed ; to take effect, as a title or right. Upon the death of the ancestor, the estate, or the right to the estate, vests in the heir at law. VES’/TA, 7. [L.] In mythology, the virgin goddess of the hearth or fire. : 2, In astronomy,’one of the asteroids, discovered by Dr. Olbers in 1807. VEST’AL, a. [L. vestalis, from Vesta, the goddess of fire, Gr. ecrta.| 1. Pertaining to Vesta, the goddess of fire among the Romans, and a virgin. 2. Pure; chaste. Shak. VEST’AL, n. A virgin consecrated to Vesta, and to the service of watching the sacred fire, which was to be perpetually kept burning upon her altar. The Vestals Were six in number, and they made a vow of perpetual virginity. VEST’ED, pp. Clothed; covered; closely encom- passed. 9. a. Fixed; not in a state of contingency or sus- pension ; as, vested rights. Vested leracy; in law, a legacy the right to which commences in presenti, and does not depend on a contingency, as alegacy to one, to be paid when he attains to twenty-one years of age. This is a vested legacy, and if the legatee dics before the testator, his representative shall receive it. Blackstone. Vested remainder, is where the estate is invariably fixed, to remain to a determined person, after the particular estate is spent. This is called a remainder executed, by which a present interest passes-te the party, though to be enjoyed in future. Blackstone. VEST’I-A-RY, nz. A wardrobe. VES-TIB’/U-LAR, a. Pertaining to or like a vestibule. VES’TI-BULE, n. [I'r.; L. vestibulwn.] 1. The porch or entrance into a house, or a large open space before the door, but covered. Vestibules for magnificence are usually between the court and irden. 9. A little antechamber beforo the entrance of an ordinary apartment. 3. An apartment in large buildings, which leads into a hall or suit of rooms or offices. An area in which a magnificent staircase is carried up is some- times called a vestibule. 4. In anatomy, a cavity belonging to the labyrinth of the ear. Cyc. VES'’TLGATE. Sce InvEesTIGATE. VestTiGateE is not in use. | VES/TIGE, (ves’tij,) 2. Fr.; L. vestigium. -This word and vestibule show that some verb signifying to tread, from which they are derived, is lost. | A track or footstep ; the mark ofthe foot left on the earth; but mostly used for the mark or remains of something else ; as, the vestizes of ancient magnifi- cence in Palmyra; vestiges ot former population. VEST'ING, ppr. [from vest.] Clothing; covering 5 closely encompassing ; descending to and_becom- ing permanent, as a right or title ; converting into other species of property, as money. VEST’ING, n. Cloth for vests; vest patterns. United States. VEST’/MENT, n. [L. vestimentum, from vestio, to clothe; Fr. vétement.] A covering or garment; some part of clothing or dress ; especially some part of outer clothing ; but it is not restricted to any particular garment. The sculptor could not give vestments suitable to the quality of the persons represented, Dryden. VEST’RY, n. [L. vestiarium ; Fr. vestiaire.] _ 1. A room appendant to a church, in which the sacerdotal vestments and sacred utensils are kept, and where parochial mectings are held, 9. In the church of England, 2 parochial assembly, so called because held in a vestry. Clarendon 3, In the Episcopal church of the United States, a committee chosen annually by the parish, who, In conjunction with the church-wardens, manage its temporal concerns, Groswell, ge VEX VEST’/RY-€LERK, 7. [vestry and clerk.] An officer chosen by the vestry, who keeps the parish accounts and books. Cyc. VEST/RY-MAN, n._ In the Episcopal church, one be- longing to a select number of persons in each parish, By DORAN a ee its tenyporal concerns. [See Vestry. VEST/URE, (vest/yur,) n. (Fr. véture. See Vusr. 1. A garment; a robe. Their polished chests embroidered vesture graced. Pope. 2. Dress; garments in general; habit; clothing; vestment ; as, the vesture of priests. 3. Clothing ; covering. Rocks, precipices, and gulfs, appareled with a vesture of plants. Bentley. Trumbull. 4. In old law books, the corn with which land was covered ; as, the vesture of an acre. 5. In old books, seisin; possession. [ Obs. VE-SU’VI-AN, a. Pertaining to Vesuvius, a volcano near Naples. VE-SU/VIL-AN, n. In mineralogy, the same with Ipo- CRASE, Which see. Dana. VETCH,n. [Fr. vesce; It. veccia; L. vicia; Sp. veza; D. wik, wikke, vetch, and a weight ; wikken, to weigh ; G. wicke,avetch; wickel, a roller; wichtig, weighty ; wickeln, to wind up. We see vetch is from the root of weigh, waz, wiggle, and signifies a little roller.) A leguminous plant of the genus Vicia. It is a common name of most species of the genus. The name is also applied, with various epithets, to many other leguminous plants of different genera; as, the chichling vetch, of the genus Lathyrus; the horse- shoe vetch, of the genus Hippocrepis; the milk vetch, of the genus Astragalus, &c. Lee. VETCH’LING, n. [from vetch.] In botany, a name of a leguminous plant, the Lathyrus aphaca, expres- sive of its diminutive size. The meadow vetchling is a wild plant common in meadows, which makes good hay. VETCH'Y, a. Consisting of vetches or of pea straw ; as, a vetchy bed. Spenser. 2. Abounding with vetches. VET’ER-AN, a. [L. veteranus, from vetero, to grow old, from vetus, old.] Having been long exercised in any thing; long practiced or experienced ; as, a veteran officer or sol- dier ; veteran Skill. Thomson. VET’IR-AN,n. One who has been Jong exercised in any service’or art, particularly in war; one Ww ho has grown old in service, and has had much experience. Enaiens that plerced the foe’s remotest lines, The hardy veleran with tears resigos. VET-ER-I-NA’RLAN, n. [L. veterinarius.] One skilled in the diseases of cattle or domestic animals. Brown. VET’BER-LNA-RY, a. [Supra.] Pertaining to the art of healing or treating the discases of domestic ani- mals, as oxen, horses, sheep, &c. A veterinary col- lege was established in England in 1792, at St. Pan- cras, in the vicinity of London. The improvement of the veterinary art is of great importance to the ag- ricultural interest. Vi/TO, n.; pl. Vetors, (vé/toze.) [L. veto, I forbid.] 1. The power possessed by the executive branch of a legislative body, as a king, president, governor, &c., to negative a bill which has passed the other branches of the legislature. Also, the act of exer- cising this power, Bouvier. 9, In a looser sense, any authoritative prohibition. VE/TO, v. t. To withhold assent to a bill for a law, and thus prevent its enactment, _ VE/TO-ED, (-tode,) pret. and pp. of Veto, which see. Vi/TO-ING, ppr. Withholding assent to and pre- venting the enactment of, VET-TU'RA, n. An Italian four-wheeled carriage. VET-TU-RIUNO,n. In Italy, one who carries travel- ers from one place to another in a vettura, or four- wheeled carriage, at a price agreed on. VEX, v. t. (Le vero; Fr. verer; It. vessare; Sp. verar. | : 1. ‘I'o irritate ; to make angry by little provoca- tions; a popular use of the word. : 9, To plague; to torment; to harass ; to afilict. And gild the humble vestures of the plain. Addison. Ten thousand torments ver my heart. Prior. 3. To disturb ; to disquiet ; to agitate. White curl the waves, and the vered ocean roars. Pope. 4, To trouble ; to distress. [ will also ver the hearts of many people. — Bzek, xx xi. 5. To persecute. @cts xil. kt 6. Io stretch, as by hooks. [JVot i use. | Dryden. TEX i fret ; > teas irritated. VEX, v.i. To fret; to be teased or irritate Chapman. 7EX-A! TIO} : ‘ . veratio. VEX-A'TION, zn. [Fr., from L, vexat ] ees 1. The act of irritating, or of troubling, disquiet- ing, and harassing. is ; , 2. State of being irritated or disturbed in mind. 3, Disquiet ; agitation ; great uneasiness. Passions too violent —atlord us veration and pain, Temple. 4. The cause of trouble or disquiet. Your children were veration to your youth. Shak. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI''CIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas Z; OH as SH; FH as in THIS. —$—$—$<<———— ee Se eet 1233wr SECS ARE TR ~ re sean a $2 VIB VIC ~ VIC - 5. Afflictions ; great troubles ; severe judgments. The Lord shall send on thee cursing, veration, and rebuke. — Deut, xxv. 6. A harassing by law. 7. Aslight, teasing trouble. VEX-A'TIOUS, (vek-sa’shus,) a. turbing or agitating to the mind ; afflictive; as, a vezatious controversy ; neighbor. Q. Distressing ; harassing ; Bacon Irritating ; dis- causing disquiet ; a veratious as, vexatious Wars. South. 3. Full of trouble and disquiet. : He leads a veratious life. Digby. 4. Teasing ; slightly troublesome ; provoking. A vexatious suit, in lai, 1S one commenced for the urpose of giving trouble, or without cause. VEX_A/TIOUS-LY, adv. In amanner to give great trouble or disquiet. a VEX-A/TIOUS-NESS, n. The quality of giving great trouble and disquiet, or of teasing and provoking. ' VEX/‘ED, (vext,) pp- OF 4. Teased ; provoked ; irri- tated ; troubled ; agitated ; disquieted ; afflicted. VEX/ER, n. One who vexes, irritates, or troubles. ST TE TOM [L. verillum, a standard. ] A flag or standard. In botany, the upper petal of a papilionaceous flower. Martyn. VEX/IL-LA-RY, n. A standard-bearer VEX/IL-LA-RY,a. Pertaining to an ensign or stand- Tle ard. VEX-IL-LA’TION, 2. [L. vezillatio.] A company of troops under one ensign. VEX/ING, ppr. Provoking; irritating ; afflicting. VEX/ING-LY, adv. So as to vex, tease, or irritate. VIVA, 2. Tatler. [L.] Via Albany, by the way of Albany. VI/A-BLE, a. [Fr. vie, life, from L. vivo, to live. ] Capable of living, as a new-born infant or prema- ture child. T. Miner. VI/A-DUET [L. via, way, and duco, to lead. See Duke. A structure made for conveying a carriage way from one road to another, either by perforation through hills, by leveling uneven ground, or by rais- ing mounds or arched supports across rivers or marshes. Sanckey on Railroads. VIVAL, n.° [Fr. viole; Gr. fiarn ; L. phiala.} A phial; a small bottle of thin glass, used partic- warly by apothecaries and druggists. A way. The Samuel took a vial of oil, and poured it on his head. —1 Sam, x. Vials of God?s wrath, in Scripture, are the execution of his wrath upon the wicked for their sins, ev. Xvi. VI'AL, v. t. To put in a vial. Milton. VI/AL-ED, pp. Putin a vial. VI/AL-ING, ppr. Inclosing in a vial. VUAND, n. [Fr. viande; from It, vivanda; L. viven- dus, vivo, to live. ] Meat dressed ; food. Viands of various kinds allore the taste. [It is used chiefly in the plural. } Vi1/A-RY, a. Happening in roads. VI-AT'I€, a. [L. viaticum, from via, way.] Pertaining to a journey or to traveling. VI-AT‘/I-€UM, n. [L.supra.] Provisions for a jour- ney. 2. Among the ancient Romans, an allowance to officers who were sent into the provinces to exercise any office or perform any service, also to the officers and soldiers of the army. Cyc. 3. In the Roman Catholic church, the communion or eucharist given to persons in their last moments. VIBRATE, v.i. [L. vibro; It. vibrare. This word belongs to the root of Eng. wabble; W. gwibiar, to wander, to move in a circular or serpentine direc- tion.] 1. To swing; to oscillate ; to move one way and the other; to play to and fro; as, the pendulum of a clock vibrates more or less rapidly, as it is shorter or longer; the chords of an instrument vibrate when touched. 2. To quiver; as, a whisper vibrates on the ear. ope. 3. To pass from one state to another; as, a man vibrates from one opinion to another. Vi/BRATE, v.t To brandish; to move to and fro; to swing; as, to vibrate a sword or staff. ‘The pen- dulum of a clock vibrates seconds. 2. To cause to quiver. Pope. VI-BRA/TION, n. VI-BRA’TI-UN-€LE, (-unk-l,) n. Vi/BRA-TIVE, a. VI/BRA-TO-RY, a. VIE/AR, n. VIE! AR-AGE, n. VI€/AR-GEN’ER-AL, 7. VI-€A/RI-AL, a. VI-CA'RI-ATE, a. VI-€A/RI-OUS-LY, adv. Breath vocalized, that is, vibrated or undulated, may differently affect the lips, and impress a swift, wemulous motion. : Holder. Vi'BRA-TED, pp. Brandished ; moved one way and the other. Vi/BRA-TILE, (-til,) a. Adapted to or used in vibrato- ry motion ; as, the vibratile organs of certain insects. Say. VI-BRA-TIL/I-TY, n. Disposition to preternatural vibration or motion. 5 [Mot much used. ] Rush. VI/BRA-TING, ppr. Brandishing; moving to and fro, as a pendulum or musica] chord [Fr., from L. vibro.] 1. The act of brandishing; the act of moving or state of being moved one way and the other in quick succession, 9. In mechanics, a regular, reciprocal motion of a body suspended; a motion consisting of continual reciprocations or returns; as of the pendulum of a time-keeper. ‘This is frequently called OscriLLaTion. The number of vibrations in a given time depends on the length of the vibrating body ; a pendulum three feet long makes only ten vibrations, while one of nine inches makes twenty. The vibrations of a pendu- Jum are somewhat slower at or near the equator than in remote latitudes. The vibrations of a pendulum are isochronal, whether performed in larger or smaller arcs. Hutton. 3. In physics, alternate or reciprocal motion ; as, the vibrations of the nervous fluid, by which sensa- tion has been supposed to be produced, by impres- sions of external objects propagated thus to the brain. Cyc. 4. In music, the motion of a chord, or the undu- lation of any body, by which sound is produced. The acuteness, elevation, and gravity of sound, de- pend on the length of the chord and its tension. A small vibration. Chambers. Cye. That vibrates. Newton. Vibrating; consisting in vibra- tion or oscillation ; as, a vibratory motion. 2. Causing to vibrate. [Er. vicaire; It. vicario; L. vicarius, from vicis, a turn, or its root. ] 1. In a general sense, a person deputed or author- ized to perform the functions of another ; a substi- tute in office. The pope claims to be vicar of Jesus Christ on earth. He has under him a grand vicar, who is a cardinal, and whose jurisdiction extends over all priests, regular and secular. 9. In the canon law, the priest of a parish, the predial tithes of which are impropriated or appropri- ated, that is, belong toa chapter or religious house, or to a layman, who receives them, and only allows the vicar the smaller tithes or a salary. Cyc. Apostolic vicar, in the Roman Catholic church, is an officer of high standing, who has received power trom the pope to decide in certain cases without in- structions. Encyc. Am. The benefice of a vicar. A vicar- age, by endowment, becomes a benefice distinct from the parsonage. Cyc. A title given by Henry VIII. to the earl of Essex, with power to oversee all the clergy, and regulate all church affairs. It is now the title of an office, which, as well as that of offi- cial principal, is united in the chancellor of the dio- cese. The business of the vicar-general is to exer- cise jurisdiction over matters purely spiritual. Cyc. [from vicar.] Pertaining to a vicars small ; as, vicarial tithes, Having delegated power, as vicar. arrow. RI-ATE, 7. A delegated office or power. (RI-OUS, a. [L. vicarius.] {Lord North. ]. Deputed; delegated ; as, vicarious power or au- thority. 9. Acting for another; filling the place of another ; as, a vicarious agent or officer. 3. Substituted in the place of another; as, a vica- rious sacrifice. The doctrine of vicarious punishment has occasioned much controversy. In the place of another; by Burke. The office of a vicar; the ministry substitution. VIE/AR-SHIP, n. of a vicar. VICE, n. [Fr. vice; It. vizio; Sp. vicilo; Li. vitiim; WwW. ea 1. Properly, a spot or defect; a fault; a blemish ; as, the vices of a political constitution. Madison. 2. In ethics, any voluntary action or course of con- duct which deviates from the rules of moral recti- tude, or from the plain rules of propriety ; any moral unfitness of conduct, either from detect of duty or from the transgression of known principles of recti- tude. Vice differs from crime in being less enor- mous. We never call murder or robbery a vice; but every act of intemperance, all falsehood, duplicity, deception, lewdness, and the like, is a vice. The excessive indulgence of passions and appetites, which in themselves are innocent, isa vice. The smoking of tobacco and the taking of snuff may, in certain cases, be innocent, and even useful ; but these prac- tices may be carried to such an excess as to become vices. ‘This word is also used to denote a habit of transgressing ; as, a life of vice. Vice is rarely a sol- itary invader; it usually brings with it a frightful train of followers. 3. Depravity or corruption of manners; as, an age of vice When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station. Addison. a buffoon wearing a cap with ass’s ears, whose office was to torment and belabor another buffoon who represented the devil. P. Cye. 6. An iron press with a screw, for holding articles fast when filed, &c.- [This would more properly be written Visx, like the French vis, a screw.] 7. A gripe or grasp. [Obs.] Shak. VICE, v. t. To press or screw up to a thing by a kind of violence. [WVotin use.] [See Vise.] Shak. VICE ([L. vice, in the turn or citeay is used in compo- sition to denote one qui vicem gerit, who acts in the place of another, or is second in authority. VICE-AD/MI-RAL, x. In the navy, the second officer incommand. His flag is displayed at the fore top- gallant mast head. Mar. Dict. 9. A civil officer, in Great Britain, appointed by the lords commissioners of the admiralty for exercising admiralty jurisdiction within their respective dis- tricts. VICE-AD/ML-RAL-TY, n. The office of a vice-ad- miral ; a vice-admiralty court. VICE-A/GENT, n. [vice and agent.] One who acts in the place of another. Hooker. VICE-CHAM’BER-LAIN, (-lin,) ». An officer in court next in command to the lord-chamberlain. England. ViCE-CHA N’CEL-LOR, n. An officer in a univer- sity, in England, a distinguished member, who is annually elected to manage the affairs in the absence of the chancellor. YC. VICE-€ON’/SUL, n. One who acts in the place of a consul. VI/CED, (vist,) a. Vicious; corrupt. [Vot in use.] Shak, VICE-DOGE’, n. A counselor at Venice who repre- sents the doge when sick or absent. Cyc. VICE-GE/REN-CY, n. [See Vicecprent.] The of- fice of a vicegerent; agency under another; deputed power ; lieutenancy. South. VICE-GE/RENT, zn. [L. vicem gerens, acting in the place of another.] A lieutenant; a vicar; an officer who is deputed by a superior or by proper authority to exercise the powers of another. Kings are sometimes called God’s vicegerents. It is to be wished they would al- ways deserve the appellation. VICE-GE/RENT, a. Having or exercising delegated power ; acting by substitution, or in the place of an- other. Milton. VICE-LEG/ATE, n. An officer employed by the pope to perform the office of spiritual and temporal gov- ernor in certain cities, when there is no legate or car- dinal to command there. . YC. VIC'E-NA-RY, a. [L. vicenarius.] Belonging to twenty. TICB-PRES'I-DEN-CY, n. The office of vice-presi- dent. Story. VICE-PRES’L-DENT, x. An officer next in rank be- low a president. United States. VICE-RE/GAL, a. Pertaining to a viceroy or vice- royalty. VICE/ROY, 7. (Fr. vier The governor of a kingdom or country who rules in the name of the king with regal authority, as the king’s substitute. Swift. VICE-ROY/AL-TY, n. The dignity, office, or juris- diction of a viceroy. VICE/ROY-SHIP, n. tion of a viceroy. VICE-SUP-PRESS'ING, a. vice. VI/CE-TY, x2. Nicety ; exactness. Not in use; probably a mistake. ] VI'CE. VER'SA, [L.] The terms or the case being reversed, : : VI/'CIATE, (vish/ate,) v- t. [L. vitio. This verb is usually written VitraTe ; but as vice, from L. vitium, is established, it would be well to write the verb ViciATE, as we Write APPRECIATE and DEPRECIATE, from L. pretium.] : i 1. To injure the substance or properties of a thing so as to impair its value, and lessen or destroy its use ; to make less pure, or wholly impure; to deprave, i a physical or moral sense; as, to viciate the blood ; to viciate taste or style ; to viciate morals. 9, To render defective, and thus destroy the valid- ity of ; to invalidate by defect ; as, to viciate a deed or bond. : VI'CIA-TED, (vish’a-ted,) pp. or a. Depraved ; im- paired in substance or quality ; rendered defective and void. ; VI//CIA-TING, ppr. Injuring in substance or proper- ties ; rendering defective ; making void. _ VI''GL-A'/TION, n. Depravation; corruption. : VIC'IN-AGE, n. [from L. vicina, neighborhood ; v7- cinus, near. | Raa = Neighborhood ; the place or places adjoining or near. A jury must be of the vicinage, or body of the county. . In law, common because of vicinage is where the inhabitants of two townships contiguous to each other have usually intercommuned with one anoth- er: the beasts of one straying into the other’s fields The dignity, office, or jurisdic- Adapted to suppress B. Jonson. 4. A fault or bad trick in a horse. 5. In the old English drama, (the mysteries, &c.,) without molestation from either. Blackstone. — FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1234 2) Se Na RET Tale NE NRT oT:VIC VIE VIG VIC'I-NAL, } 4. Near; neighboring. [Little used.] VIC'INE, Glanville. VI-CIN/I-TY, x. [L. vicinitas.] 1. Nearness in place ; as, the v try seats. 2. Neighborhood ; as, metropolis. 3. Neighboring country. the vicinity of the city are daily bro The vicinity is full of gardens. VI''CI-OS'LTY, n. Depravity ; corruption 0 ners. [But Vicrousness is VI''CLOUS, (vish’us,) a. 1. Defective ; imperfect ; as, a syste ment vicious and unsound. Harte. 2, Addicted to vice ; corrupt in principles or con- duct; depraved ; wicked; habitually transgressing the moral law ; a8, a vicious race of men; vicious pa- rents ; vicious children. 3. Corrupt ; contrary to moral principles or to rec- titude ; as, vicious examples ; vicious conduct. 4, Corrupt, in a physical sense; foul; impure ; insa- lubrious ; as, vicious air. 5. Corrupt; mot genuine or pure ; as, vicious lan- guage ; vicious idioms. 6. Unruly ; refractory ; as, a vicious horse. VI/CIOUS-LY, adv. icinity of two coun- a seat in the vicinity of the Vegetables produced in ight to market. f man- generally used. ] [Fr. vicieuz ; L. vitiosus.] m of govern- not well tamed or broken ; Smart. Corruptly ; in a manner con- ——— trary to rectitude, moral principles, propriety, or pu- | y rity. Vv 2. Faultily ; not correctly. Burnet. V ss to vice; corrupt: | habitual viola- ; depravity VI//CIOUS-NESS, n. Addictedne ness of moral principles or practice ; tion of the moral law, or of moral duties in principles or in manners. What makes a governor justly despised, is viciousness and ill morals. South. as of a beast New England. from vicis, a 2. Unruliness ; refractoriness ; lo ; VI-CIS'SI-TUDE, n. turn. 1. another ; as, the vicis winter and summer; the vicissttudes 9, Change ; revolution ; as in human affairs. are exposed to continual vicissitudes of fortune. VL-CIS-SLTU’DI-NA-RY, a. Changing in succes- sion. Donne. VI-CON’TI-EL, a. [L. vice-comitalia, See Viscount. | In old law books, pertaining to the sheriff. Vicontiel rents, are certain rents for which the sher- iff pays a rent to the king. Vicontiel writs, are such ty or sheriff court. VL-EON’TI-ELS, 2. pl. iff ; particularly, farms f to the king. VI'ECOUNT, 2. [L. vice-comes. | 1. In law books, the sheriff. 9. A degree of nobility next [See Viscount. VIE/TIM, n. [L. victima ; Fr. victime. | 1. A living being sacrificed to some deity, or in the performance of a religious rite ; usually, some beast slain in sacrifice ; but human beings have been slain by some nations, for the purpose of appeasing the wrath or conciliating the fayor of some deity. 9, A person or thing destroyed ; a person OF thing sacrificed in the pursuit of an object. How many persons have fallen victims to jealousy, to lust, to ambition ! VI€/TIM-ATE, v. t. [L. vicissituc Peo iae change or succession of one thing to situdes of day and night, and of of the seasons. | We | i | s as are triable in the coun- | Cyc. Things belonging to the sher- ‘or which the sheriff pays rent Cyc. below a count or earl. Cyc. [Not in use. ] Bullokar. VIE'TIM-IZE, v. t. To make a victim of ; to sacri- fice or destroy. [4 cant, but common word. | VI6/TOR, n. [L., from vinco, victus, to conquer, or the same root. V not being radical, the root is vico or vigo; Sax. wig, wigg, War ; wird, a Warrior, a he- ro, a victor; wigan, to war, to fight, The primary sense is, to urge, drive, or strive ; hence, to subdue. ] 1. One who conquers in war; 4 vanquisher ; one who defeats an enemy in battle. Victor differs from conqueror. We apply conqueror to one who subdues countries, kingdoms, or nations ; as, Alexander was the conqueror of Asia or India, or of many nations, or of the world. In such phrases, we can not substi- tute victor. But we use victor when we speak of one who overcomes a particular enemy, OF in a particular battle; as, Cesar was victor at Pharsalia. The duke of Wellington was victor at Waterloo. Victor, then, is not followed by the POSSESSIVE CASE 5 for we do not say, Alexander was the victor of Darius, though we gay, he was victor at Arbela. Johnson. >. One who vanquishes another in private combat or contest ; as, a victor in the Olympic games. 3. One who wins or gains the advantage. the victors from the vanqhished fly ; To sacrifice ¢ a In love, They fly that wound, and they pursue that dic. Waller. 4. Master ; lord. These, victor of his health, his fortune, friends. Pope. {Not usual, nor legitimate. VI€/TOR-ESS, n. A female who vanquishes. Spenser. VIE-TO/RLOUS, a. overcome an enemy or antagonist ; conquering quishing ; as, a victorious general ; victorious troops 5 a wictoraous admiral or navy : Go up and view the country. — Josh. vii 9, That produces conquest ; as, a victorious day. I viewed the watls of Jerusalem. — Neh. vii. : Pope 9, To see ; : : . oo ees uae . To see ; to perceive by the eye. Pope. + 3. Emblematic of conquest ; indicating victory ; 3. To survey intellectually ; to examine ( ) Masta citeaie, EIREE YE: . Hammond. The walls of Pluto’s palace are in view. Dryden. VIE-TO/RLOUS-NESS, n. The state of being victo- 2. The whole extent seen. Vast or extensive VIE/TO-RY,n. [L, victoria, from vinco, victus, to con- 1 V Vv VICT/UAL-ING, (vit/ling,) ppr- VICT!U AL-ING-HOUSE, n. VICT/UALS, (vit'tlz,) n. pl. ssolete. We say, to buy provisions ; yet we use the . = ; Soe eae Y) MEY Re te ae ) viewless winds, Shak. : verb, to victual an army OF ship. ee Se eave ei a : ET. . M ay h, fe nurispr Swift throuch the valves tne visionary fair ; i VI-DAME' ,n In French feudal jurisp? udence, & name Repassed, and viewless mixed with common ar. Pope. { ] VI-DEL'I-CET, adv. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. sight. We ascended Mount Holyoke, and viewed the charming landscape below. We viewed with delight the rich valleys of the Connecticut about the town of Northampton. [Fr. victorieuz. | 1. Having conquered in battle or contest 5 having ; van- | With conquest; with de-| gspects. views present themselves to the eye. 3. Sight ; power of seeing, or limit of sight. mountain was not within our view. 4, Intellectual or mental sight. These things give us a just view of the designs of Providence. 5. Act of seeing. ‘The facts mentioned were veri- fied by actual vie. 6. Sight ; eye Objects near our view are thought greater than those of larger size, that are more remote. Lo 7. Survey ; inspection ; examination by the eye. The assessors took a view of the premises. Surveying nature with too nice & view. 8. Intellectual survey ; a just view of all the arguments in the case, rious, The quer; Fr. victowr 1. Conquest ; the defeat of an enemy in battle, or of an antagonist in contest; a gaining of the superi- ority in war or combat. Victory supposes the power of an enemy or antagonist to prove inferior to that of the victor>. Victory, however, “depends not al- ways on superior skill or valor ; it is often gained by the fault or mistake of the vanquished. t-] ec. to the arms, but shameful to the coun- Victory may be honorable Bolingbroke. sels of a nation. 9. The advantage or superiority gained over spirit- ual enemies, over passions and appetites, or over temptations, or in any struggle or competition Dryden. mental examination. On the law I6’/TRESS, nr. A female that conquers. Shak. appears to be clear. 1017 UAL. See VictuaLs 9, Appearance ; show ICT/UAL, (vit!l,) v. t. {from victual, the noun. ] Graces — Which, by the splendor of her view Dazzled, before we never knew. Waller. 10. Display ; exhibition to the sight or mind. To give a rigt Locke. 11. Prospect of interest, No man sets himself about any thing, but upon some tte other, which serves him for a reason. Lock 12. Intention ; purpose ; design. With that view he began the expedition. With a view to commerce, he passed through Egypt. 13. Opinion ; manner of seeing or understanding. These are my views of the policy which ought to be pursued. View of frankple held in a hundred, lordship, steward of the leet. 1. To supply with provisions for subsistence ; as, to victual an army ; to victual a garrison. 9. To store with provisions; as, to victual a ship. ICT/UAL-ED, (vit/ld,) pp- Supplied with provis- it view of this mistaken part of liberty. or ions. ICT/UAL-ER, (vit/ler,) m One who furnishes pro- visions. >) One 3. A provision-ship visions for other ships distance. who keeps a house of entertainment, : a ship employed to carry pro- , or for supplying troops at a Supplying with pro- Visions. A house where provis- ion is made for strangers to eat. (Fr. victua dge; in law, a court of record, or manor, before the B illes; It. vetto- slackstone - Sr a Ai ; Na: fro . ft ~ 7 vaglia; Sp. t itualla ; from L. victus, food, from the Point of view ; the direction in which a thing yReGTi: root of vivo, which was tigo Or vico, coinciding with VIEWED, (vide,) pp. Surve red = axanned by the vireo ; Basque, vicia, life. This word is now never ever: aah ae Se erat eS y 7 re; inspected ; sidered. used in the singular. | Food for human beings VIEW’ER, (vi/er,) 7. One who views, surveys, OF examines. 2. In New Englanc to inspect something ; as, inspects them to determine cient in law. VIEWING, (valing,) ppr: by the eye or by the mind ; VIEW/ING, (viling,)» TI veying. VIEW'LESS, (vi/less,) 4 not being perceivable by , prepared for eating ; that which supports human life ; provisions ; Neat; Sus- tenance. We never apply this word to that on which beasts or birds feed, and we apply it chiefly to food for men when cooked or prepared for the ta- ble. We do not now give this name to flesh, corn, or flour in a crude state ; but we say, the victuals are well cooked or dressed, and in great abundance. We say, a man eats his victuals with a good relish. Such phrases as, to buy victuals for the army Or navy, to lay in victuals for the winter, &c., are now 1,a town officer whose duty is a viewer of fences, who whether they are suffi- Surveying; examining inspecting ; exploring. 1e act of beholding or sur- That can not be seen; the eye, ‘nvisible; as, ass of officers who represented the bish- given to a cl 1 = ers to) ee ops, and who subsequently erected their offices into VIEW'LY, (vu Te ,) a Striking to the: Views é c fiefs, and became feudal nobles. Brande. VL-GES-I-MA!T ION, n. [L, vigesimus, twen ieth. The act of putting to death every twentieth man See. : ’ Bailey. igile; L. vign This is forme vI'DE, [L. L., for videre licet. | bbreviation for this word I : a An a [L. vigilia; Fr. 0 vigilo, to watch. VIGIL, (vij/il,) »- T ond ania al 7 o wit; namely. . i : 2 waking, watchful ; VIIDE UT SUPRA, [L.]_ See as above. is viz. ; AAs : i , VID'U-AL, a. [L fe senuieta on the root of Eng. wale, SaX. wecan, Wecan. The J-2 : . viduus, ‘ L asl Nr Bae . ° Belonging to the state of a widow. [Not used. | primary sense is, to stir, Or excite, to rouse, to agitate. ] TY, 1. Watch; devotion performed in the customary VLDO'I-TY, n. [L. viduitas. Widowhood. [Vot used. VIE, v. i, [Sax. wigan, to war, to contend, that is, to strain, to urge, to press. See Vicror.] To strive for superiority ; to contend ; to use effort in a race, contest, competition, rivalship, or strife. see children vie with each hours of rest or sleep. So they in heayen their odes and vigils tuned. Milton. 9, In church affairs, the eve or evening before any feast, the ecclesiastical day beginning at SIX o’clock in the evening, and continuing till the same hour the following evening; hence, a religious service How delightful it is to other in diligence and in duties of obedience ! performed in the evening preceding a holiday. _ Cyc. In a trading nation, the younger sons may be placed in a way of 3, A fast observed on the day preceding a holiday 5 life to vie with the best of their family. Addison. a wake. Cre. € VIE, v. t. To show or practice in competition ; as, to 4, Watch ; forbearance of sleep; 3S, the ees oO the card-table. Addison. rm used by belonging to d closing vie power ; to vie charities. [JVot legitimate. ] 2. To urge ; to press. y neck, and kiss and kiss (Not in use.) Shak. [Fr.] A stringed instrument a hurdy-gurdy. flowers; a te Vigils or watchings of wers culiar faculty Linneus to express a pe the flowers of certain plants, of opening an their petals at certain hours of the day Cyc VIG/LLANGBE, zn. [Fr., from L. vigilans See V 1GIL.] 1. Forbearance of sleep; 4 state of being aN ee She hung about m She vied so fast. VI-ELLE’, (ve-yel’,) n- played upon with a wheel 5 Buchanan. rr x re mJ A r = j nye © s > - a VI ET AR'MIS, [L.] In Taro, with force and arms 3 9, Watchfulness ; circumspection ; attention of y ~ ar “naesive aAcnaAss y Ps ~~ = . ‘ 1 os words expressive of @ trespass. owvter the mind in discovering and guarding against dan- safety. Vigilance is a virtue of a general. ‘The vigilance of the able than his fidelity. t VIEW, (vu,) v. 6 [Fr. vue, from voir, to see, con- tracted from L. videre, Russ. viju, Sans. vid, The pri- mary sense is, to reach or extend to.] 1. To survey; to examine with the eye; to look on with attention, or for the purpose of examining 5 to inspect; to explore. View differs from look, see, and behold, in expressing more particular or contin- ued attention to the thing which is the object of ger, or providing for prime importance in dog is no less remark §. Guard; watch. In at this gat The vigilance here placed. VIG/LLAN-CY, for ViGiILanc e none pass [Unusuat.] p, is not used. Milton. TH as in THIS. —_€asK; Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH; a a —————————— 1235ate ar 7% Se ean i Ja 5 ¥ cae a ae % ERS i} pee 2 pa VIL VIL VIN VIG/I-LANT, a. [Fr., from L. vigilans.] Watchful; circumspect ; attentive to discover and avoid danger, or to provide for safety. Take your places and be vigilant, Shak. Be sober, be vigilant. —1 Pet, vy. VIG'LLANT-LY, adv. [Supra.] Watchfully; with attention to danger and the means of safety ; cir- cumspectly. ae Vi-GIN-TIV/LRATE,”. [L. viginti and virt | A body of officers of government, consisting of twenty men. Murphy. VIG-NETTBE’, (commonly pronounced vin/yet,) x. | Fr. vignette, from vigne, a vine. as es A name given to small engrayed embellishments with which books, bank notes, &c., are ornamented. Sich embellishments were originally painted on the margins of manuscripts, usually in the form of small vines, (vignettes,) whence the name. Properly, there- fore, a vignette 1S a design which is not surrounded, like ordinary pictures, with a border. unier. Landseer on Engraving. VIG/OR, 7». [L., from vigeo, to be brisk, to grow, to be strong ; allied to vivo, vizi, to live, and to Sax. wigan, to carry on war, and to wake. | ‘ {. Active strength or force of body in animals ; physical force. The vigor of this arm was never vain. 2. Strength of mind; intellectual force; energy. We say, a man possesses vigor of mind or intellect. 3. Strength or force in animal or vegetable motion ; as, a plant grows with vigor. 4. Strength; energy ; efficacy. In the fruitful earth His beams, unactive else, their vigor find. Multon, VIG/OR, v. t. To invigorate. [ot in use.] Feltham. VIG-O-RO'SO, [It.) In music, with energy. VIG/OR-OUS, a. Full of physical strength or active force ; strong; lusty ; as, a vigorous youth; a vigor- ous body. 2, Powerful ; strong; made by strength, either of body or mind; as, a vigorous attack ; vigorous exer- tions. The enemy expects a vigorous campaign. The beginnings of confederacies have been vigorous and suc- cessful. Davenant. VIG/OR-OUS-LY, adv. With great physical force or strength; forcibly; with active exertions; as, to prosecute an enterprise vigorously. V1IG'OR-OUS-NESS, n. The quality of being vigor- ous or possessed of active strength. [Vigor and allits derivatives imply active strength, or the power of action and exertion, in distinction from passive strength, or strength to endure. ] Dryden, WILTED, a, Vile. [Wot in use.] Spenser. VILE, a. [L. vilis; Fr. and Sp. vil; It. vile; Gr. Pavros.] 1. Base; mean; worthless ; despicable. The inhabitants account gold a vile thing. A man in vile raiment. — James ii. Wherefore are we counted as beasts, and reputed as ove in your sight? — Job xviii. 2. Morally base orimpure; sinful; depraved’ by sin; wicked; hateful in the sight of God and of good men, The sons of Eli made themselves vile. 1 Sam, ili. Behold, I am vile; what shall I answer? — Job xl. VIL/ED, a. Abusive; scurrilous; defamatory. [Vot im Use. Hayward. VILE/LY, adv. Basely; meanly; shamefully; as, Hector vilely dragged about the walls of Troy. 2. Ina cowardly manner. 2Sam.i. [ Philips. The Volscians vilely yielded the town. Shak. Abbot. VILE’NESS, n. Baseness; meanness ; despicable- ness. His vileness us shall never awe. Drayton. 2, Moral baseness or depravity ; degradation by sin; extreme wickedness; as, the vileness of man- i rior. Borrow. The act of vilifying or de- kind. VIiL/EST, a. Most vile, VIL-I-FL€A/TION, n. faming. VIL‘LFL-ED, (ville-fide,) pp. famed ; traduced ; debased. VIL/LFI-ER, n. One who defames or traduces. VIL‘/LFY, v. t. [from vile.] To make vile; to de- base; to degrade. Their Maker’s image Forsook them, when themselves they vilified To serve ungoyered appetite. [from vilify.] De- Milton. 2, To defame; to traduce ; to attempt to degrade by slander. Many passions dispose us to depress and vilify the merit of one rising in the esteem of mankind. Addison, [ Thes is the most usual sense of the verb.) VILL, 2. ([L. villa ; Fr. ville. A village ; a small colléstion of houses. Hale. The statute of Exeter, 14 Edward I., mentions entire-vills, demi-~vills, and hamlets. Cyc. VIL/LA, 2. [L. villa; Fr. ville. A country-seat ; usually one for the residence of a wealthy person. VIL/LAGE, n. [Fr., from villa.] A small assem- blaze of houses, less than a town or city, and in- habited chiefly by farmers and other laboring people. In England, it is said that a village is distinguished from a town by the want of a market. Cyc. In the United States, no such distinction exists, and any small assemblage of houses in the country is called a village. VIL/LA-GER, n. An inhabitant of a village. Milton. VIL/LA-GER-Y, n. A district of villages. Shak. VIL/LAIN,x. (Fr. vilain; It.and Sp. villano; Norm. pilaint. According to the French orthography, this word is formed from vile; but the orthography in other languages connects this word.with vill, village, and this is probably the true origin. ] 1. In feudal law, a villain, or villein, is one who holds lands by a base or servile tenure, or in vil- lenaze. Villains were of two sorts: villains regard- ant, that is, annexed to the manor, adscriphitii glebe ; or villains in gross, that is, annexed to the person of their lord, and transferable from one to another. Blackstone. 2. A vile, wicked person; a man extremely de- praved, and capable or guilty of great crimes. We call by the name of villain the thief, the robber, the burglarian, the murderer, the incendiary, the rav- isher, the seducer, the cheat, the swindler, &c. Calm, thinking villains, whom no faith could fix. Pope. VIL/LAIN-OUS, a. [from villain.] Base; very vile. 2. Wicked ; extremely depraved ; as, a villainous person or wretch. 3. Proceeding from extreme depravity ; as, a vil- lainous action. 4, Sorry ; vile; mischievous ; ma familiar sense ; as, a villainous trick of the eye. Shak. Villainous judgment; in old law,a judgment that casts reproach on the guilty person. VIL'LAIN-OUS-LY, adv. Basely; with extreme wickedness or depravity. VIL/LAIN-OUS-NESS, n pravity. VIL/LAIN-Y,n. Extreme depravity ; atrocious wick- edness; as, the villainy of the thief or the robber; the villainy of the seducer. Baseness; extreme de- The commendation is not in his wit, but in his villatny. Shak. 2. A crime; an action of deep depravity. [In this sense, the word has a plural. } Such villainies roused Horace into wrath. VIL'/LA-KIN, n_ A little village. Dryden. [4 word used by Gay. | : VIL/LAN-AGE, nm. The state of a villain; base ser- vitude, 9. A base tenure of Jands; tenure on condition of doing the meanest services for the lord, usually writ- ten VILLENAGE. 3. Baseness; infamy. [See VILvarny. VIL/LAN-IZE, v.t. To debase ; to degrade; to de- fame ; to revile. Were virtue by descent, a noble name Could never vtllanize his father’s fame. [Little used} VIL/LAN-IZ-ED, pp. Dryden, Defamed; debased. [Tittle wsed. | VIL/LAN-IZ-ING, ppr Defaming; debasing. [Lit- tle used. VIL/LAN-OUS, a. [from villain. It is desirable that this and the three following words should be spelt with 7, as villainous, &c., as given above, because they come regularly from villain.] 1. Base; very vile. 2, Wicked; extremely depraved; as, a villanous person or wretch. 3. Proceeding from extreme depravity ; as, a vil- lanous action. 4. Sorry ; vile; mischievous ; 22 a familiar sense ; as, 2 villanous trick of the eye. Shak, Villanous judgment; in old law, a judgment that casts reproach on the guilty person. VIL/LAN-OUS-LY, adv. sasely ; With extreme wickedness or depravity. VIL/LAN-OUS-NESS, 2. pravity. JIL‘LAN-Y, n. Extreme depravity ; atrocious wick- edness; as, the villany of the thief or the robber ; the villany of the seducer. The commendation is not in his wit, but in his villany, Shak. Baseness; extreme de- VIL’/LEN-AGE, n. [from villain.] and tenements by base services. VIL‘LY, n.-pl. [L., from villus.]} 1. In anatomy, fine, small fibers, 2. In botany, fine hafrs on plants. VIL’LOUS, a, [L. villosus, from villus, hair, Eng. wool. | 1. Abounding with fine hairs or wooly substance ; nappy ; shaggy ; rough; as, a villous coat. The villous coat of the stomach and intestines is the inner mucous membrane, so called from the in- nunrerable villi or fine fibrils with which its internal surface is covered. Cyc. Parr. 2. In botany, covered with soft hairs. VIM/IN-AL, a. [L. viminalis.] Pertaining to twigs; consisting of twigs; produc- ing twigs. VI-MIN’/E-OUS, a. twig. Made of twigs or shoots. A tenure of Jands Blackstone. [L. vimineus, from vimen, a In the hive’s viznineous dome. Prior. VI-NA’/CEOUS, (vi-na’shus,) a. [L. vinaceus.] 1. Belonging to wine or grapes. White. 2. Of the color of wine. VIN-AILGRETTE’,n. [Fr.] A small box of silver, &c., With perforations on the top, for holding aro- matic vinegar contained in a sponge, and used like a smelling-bottle. VIN/CI-BLE, a. [from L. vinco, to conquer. See | } VicrTor. Conquerable ; that may be overcome or sub- ued. He not vinable in spirit. k VIN/CI-BLE-NESS, } 7. VIN-CLBIL/I-TY, § Hayward. | The capacity of being con- quered ; conquerableness, Dict. VIN€’TURE, xn. [L. vinctura.] A binding. [JVot in use.] VIN€/U-LUM, n. [L.] A bond of union; particu- larly, in mathematics, a straight mark placed over several members of a compound quantity, which are to be subjected to the same operation Day. VIN-DE/MI-AL, a. [L. vindemialis, from vindemia, vintage ; vinea and demo. | Belonging to a vintage or grape harvest. VIN-DE/MLATE, v.i. [Supra.] To gather the vin- tage. Evelyn. VIN-DE-MI-A/TION, n. The operation of gathering grapes. Sailey. VIN-DI-€A-BIL‘I-TY, n. The quality of being vin- dicable, or capable of support or justification. Journ. of Science. That may be vindi- Dwight. VIN/DI-C€A-BLE, a. _ [Infra.] cated, justified, or supported. VIN'DI-€ATE, v. t. [L. vindico.] 1. To defend ; to justify; to support or maintain as true or correct, against denial, censure, or objec- tions. When the respondent denies any proposition, the opponent must vindicale it. Watts. Laugh where we must, be candid where we can; But vindicate the ways of God to man. Pope. 2. To assert; to defend with success ; to maintain ; to prove to be just or valid; as, to vindicate a claim or title. 3. To defend with arms, or otherwise; as, to vin- dicate our rights. 4. To avenge; to punish; as, a war to vindicate or punish infidelity. Bacon. God is more powerful to exact subjection and {to vindicale rebel- lion. Pearson. [Th is latter use is entirely obsolete. ] VIN’DI-€A-TED, pp. Defended; supported; main- tained ; proved to be just or true. VIN’DI-€A-TING, ppr. Defending ; supporting against denial, censure, charge, or impeachment; proving to be true or just ; defending by force. VIN-DI-€A'TION, n. [Fr., from L. vindico.] 1. The defense of any thing, or a justification against denial or censure, or against objections or accusations; as, the vindication of opinions or of a creed ; the vindication of the Scriptures against the objections and cavils of infidels. 2. The act of supporting by proof or legal process; the proving of any thing to be just; as, the vindica- tion of a title, claim, or right. 3. Defense by force or otherwise ; as, the vindica- tion of the rights of man; the vindication of our liberties or the rights of conscience. VIN'’DL-€A-TIVE, a. Tending to vindicate, 2, Revengeful. [This is now generally VinpIcTIvE.] VIN’DI-€A-TOR, n. One who vindicates; one whe justifies or maintains ; one who defends. Dryden. VIN’/DI-€A-TO-RY, a. Punitory ; inflicting punish- VIL'L-FY-ING, ppr. Debasing; defaming. 2, A crime; an action of deep depravity. In this ment; avenging. VIL'T-PEND, v. t. [L. vilipendo. | sense, the word has a plural. The afflictions of Job were not vindicatory punishments. To despise, [ot fe use, } Such villanies roused Horace into wratt Dryden ; wndi . : Beal. VIL-I-PEND/EN-CY, n. Disesteem; slight. [Not in retire) te ryen. | 2. Tending to vindicate ; justificatory. use. VIL-LAT'I€, a. [L. villaticus.] VIN-DI€/TIVE, a, [Fr. vindicatif. | VIL‘I-TY, 7. Vileness; baseness. [Votan use.] Pertaining to a village. Revengeful ; given to revenge. Kennet. Tame, villatic fowl. Milton, I am vindictive enough to repel force by force. Dryden. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — i 1236 152) LECT ORNS TOM Tp or ENE NRE SOT eTVIO VIN-DI€’TIVE-LY, adv. By way of revenge; re- vengefully. VIN-DI€'TIVE-NESS, x. A revengeful temper. 2. Revengefulness. VINE, nm, [L. vinea; Fr. vigne; from the It. vigna, Sp. vina, a vineyard; W. gwinien, vine, and gwin, wine. See WInE.] 1. A woody, climbing plant, that produces grapes, of the genus Vitis, and of a great number of varie- ties. 2. The long, slender stem of any plant, that trails on the ground, or climbs and supports itself by wind- ing round a fixed object, or by seizing any fixed thing with its tendrils or claspers. Thus we speak of the hop vine, the bean vine, the vines of melons, squashes, pumpkins, and other cucurbitaceous plants. VINE/-€LAD, a. Clad or covered with vines. Coleridge. Having leaves like those of the vine. Wotton. VINE/-DRESS-ER, n. [vine and dresser.] One who dresses, trims, prunes, and cultivates vines. VINE/-FRET-TER, n. [vine and fret.] A small insect that injures vines, an aphis or puceron. VIN/E-GAR, x. [Fr. vin, wine, and aigre, sour.] 1. An acid liquor obtained from wine, cider, beer, &c., by the acetous fermentation. Vinegar may. dif- fer indefinitely in the degree of its acidity. When highly concentrated, it is called RapicaL VINEGAR. The acid of vinegar is the acetic. 2. Any thing really or metaphorically sour. [.Vot in use. | Shak. VINE/-GRUB, n. [vine and grub.) A little insect that infests vines; the vine-fretter or puceron. Cyc. VIN’/ER, zn. An orderer or trimmer of vines. Huloet. VI/NER-Y, n._ In gardening, an erection for support- ing vines and exposing them to artificial heat, con- sisting of a wall with stoves and flues. VINE'YARD, (vin’yard,) n. [Sax. vingeard ; Ir. fiong- hort. The correct orthography, from the Saxon, is VINYARD. ] A plantation of vines producing grapes; properly, an inclosure or yard for grape-vines. VIN'NEW-ED, a. [Sax. fynigz.] Moldy; musty. [Vot in use.] VIN! NEW-ED-NESS, n. VIN'ED, a. JVewton. Mustiness; moldiness. [Not in use. ] Barret. VIN’NY, a. [Supra.] Moldy; musty. [Vot in use.) TIN'O-LEN-CY, n. [1 vinolentia, from vinun, wine. ] Drunkenness. [/Vot used.] VIN/O-LENT, a. Givento wine. [Not-used.] VI-NOS’/I-TY, n. State or quality of being vinous. vs scott, VI/NOUS, a. [Fr. vineuz, from L. vinum, wine. | Having the qualities of wine ; pertaining to wine ; as, a vinous taste ; a vinous flavor; vinous fermenta- tion. VINTAGE, n. [Fr. vendange, from L. vindemia.] 1. The produce of the vine forthe season. The vintage is abundant. 2. The time of gathering the crop of grapes. 3. The wine produced by the crop of grapes in one season. Cyc. VINT’A-GER, 2. One that gathers the vintage. : VINT/AGE-SPRING, n. A wine-fount. VINT’NER, x. One who deals in wine; a wine- seller. i VINT’RY, xn. A place where wine is sold. Ainsworth. VI/NY, a. Belonging to vines; producing grapes. 2, Abounding in vines. P. Fletcher. VIV/OL, n. [Fr. viole; It. and Sp. viola; Ir. biol.) 1. A stringed musical instrument, of the same form as the violin, but larger, and having formerly six strings, to be struck with a bow. Viols are of different kinds. ‘The largest of all is the base viol, whose tones are deep, soft, and agreeable. The violin now takes the place of the old viol. Me eofter nirs befit, and softer strings Of lute, or viol, still more apt for mournful things. Milton. 9. Among seamen, a large rope sometimes used in weighing anchor; also written Voyot. Totten. Vi/O-LA, n. [It.] A larger kind of violin; a tenor violin. VI/O-LA-BLE, a. [L. violabilis. See Viovate ] That may be violated, broken, or injured. VI-O-LA'CEOUS, a. [L. viola, a violet. | Resembling violets in color. Encye. VI/O-LATEH, v.t. [Fr. violer; L. violo; It. violare; Sp. viola. | 1. To break upon in a violent manner ; to injure ; to hurt; to interrupt; to disturb ; as, to violate sleep. Milton, Kindness for man, and pity for his fate, May mix with bliss, and yet not violate. Dryden. 9, To set aside in a violent manner; to break ; to infringe ; to transgress ; as, to violate the laws of the state, or the rules of good breeding ; to violate the divine commands ; to violate one’s vows or promises. Promises and commands may be violated negatively, by non-observance, 3. To injure ; to do violence to. Forbid to violate the sacred fruit. Milton. VIO 4. To treat with irreverence; to profane; as, to violate the sanctity of a holy place. 5. To ravish ; to compress by force. VI/O-LA-TED, pp. or a. Injured; broken; trans- eressed ; ravished. V1'O-LA-TING, ppr. Injuring; infringing ; ravishing. VI-O-LA/TION, x. [Fr.] The act of violating or in- juring ; interruption, as of sleepjor peace. 2, Infringement; transgression ; non-observyance ; as, the violation of law or positive command ; a vio- lation of covenants, engagements, and promises; a violation of vows. ‘ 3. Act of irreverence ; profanation or contemptu- ous treatment of sacred things; as, the violation of a church. 4, Ravishment; rape. VI/O-LA-TIVE, a. Violating, or tending to violate. Vi1/O-LA-TOR, n. One who violates, injures, inter- rupts or disturbs ; as, a violator of repose. 2. One who infringes or transgresses ; as, a violator of law. 3. One who profanes or treats with irreverence ; as, a violator of sacred things. 4, A ravisher. Vi/O-LENCE, n. [L. violentia.] 1. Physical force; strength of action or motion; as, the violence of a storm; the violence of a blow or of a conflict. 2. Moral force ; highly excited feeling ; vehemence. The critic attacked the work with violence. You ask with violence. Shak, 3. Outrage ; unjust force; crimes of all kinds. The earth was filled with violence. — Gen. vi. Do violence to no man. — Luke iil. 4. Highly-excited action; vehemence ; as, the violence of the disease. 5. Injury ; infringement. Offer no violence to the laws, or to the rules of civility. 6. Ravishment ; rape. T’o do violence to or on; to attack ; to murder. But, as it seems, did violence on herself. Shak, To do violence to; to outrage ; to force; to injure. He does violence to his own opinions. Vi/O-LENCE, v. t. To assault; to injure; also, to bring by violence. [Litle used.] B. Jonson. ViY'O-LENT, a. [Fr. eas violentus. | 1. Forciblé ; moving or acting with physical strength; urged or driven with force; as, a violent wind; a violent stream; a violent assault or blow 5 a violent conflict. 9, Vehement; outrageous; as, a violent attack on the minister. 3. Produced or continued by force ; not spontane- ous or natural. Feltham. No violent state can be perpetual. Burnet, 4. Produced by violence ; not natural ; as, a violent death. 5, Acting by violence; assailant ; not authorized. Some violent hands were laid on Humphry’s life. Shak. 6. Fierce; vehement; as, a violent philippic; a violent remonstrance, We might be reckoned fierce and violent, Hooker. 7. Severe; extreme ; as, violent pains. 8. Extorted ; not voluntarys Vows made in pain are violent and void. Milton. Violent presumption, in law, is presumption that arises from circumstances which necessarily attend such facts. Such circumstances being proved, the mind infers with confidence that the fact has taken place, and this confidence is a violent presumption, which amounts to proof, Vi/O-LENT, n. An assailant. [JVot in use.] VI/O-LENT, v. t. To urge with violence. [Vot used. | Fuller. V1/O-LENT-LY, adv. With force; forcibly; vehe- mently ; as, the wind blows violently. Forfeitures must not be exacted violently. Taylor. T_O-LES/CENT, a. Tending to a violet color. J/O-LET, n. [F'r. violette ; It. violetto ; L. viola.] A plant and flower of the genus Viola, of many spe- cies. They are generally low, herbaceous plants, and the flowers of many of the species are of some shade of blue. Vv V VI/O-LET, a. Dark blue, inclining to red. VI-O-LIN’, n. [It. violno; Fr. violon; from viol. ] A musical instrument with four strings, played with a bow; a fiddle; one of the most perfect and most powerful instruments that has been invented. Cyc. VI-O-LIN‘IST, n. A person skilled in playing ona violin. : Farey. V1/O0-LIST, n. A player on the viol. Todd. Vi-O-LON-CEL/LIST, 2. One who plays on the vio- loncello Vi-O-LON-CEL'LO, (ve-o-lon-chel/lo or ve-o-lon- sel/lo,)n. ([It.] A stringed instrument of music ; a base Viol of four strings, or a base violin with long, large strings, giving sounds an octave lower than the tenor violin. Encyc. P. Cyc. VIR ViI-O-LO'NE,n. A large base violin, called a Dov- BLE Base, whose strings lie an octave below the violoncello. rande. VI/PER, xn. [L. vipera; Fr vipere; W. gwiber, from guib, a quick course, a driving, flying, or serpentine motion, a wandering. ] 1. A European serpent, the Vipera Berus, whose bite is venomous. wo harmless snakes are, in this country, called improperly by this name. A viper came out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. — Acts xX X1X. 2, A person or thing mischievous or malignant. Shak. VI/PER-INE, a. [L. vwperinus.] Pertaining to a viper or to vipers. Vi/PER-QUS, a. [L. vipereus.] Having the qualities of a viper; malignant ; ven- OMOUS ; aS, 2 viperous tongue. Shak, VI/PER’S BU/GLOSS, n. A plant of the genus Echium. Vi/PER’S GRASS, n. A plant of the genus Scorzonera. A-GIN/I-AN, a. Having the qualities of a virago. A-GIN'I-TY, n. The qualities of a virago. tA/GO,n. [L., from vir, a man.] 1. A woman of extraordinary stature, strength, and courage ; a female who has the robust body and mas- culine mind of a man; a female warnior. VIR VIi-R Vil To arms! toarms! the fierce virago cnes. Pope. 2. In common language, a bold, impudent, turbu- lent woman; a termagant. VIRE, (veer,) z. [Sp. vira.] An arrow. [Obs.] Gower. VIR/E-LAY, x. [Fr. virelai, from virer, to turn.) An ancient French song or short poem, derived from Provence, of a peculiar measure, and usually of a sportive character. The modern virelay turns upon two sets of rhymes, the first of which pre- vails throughout the piece, and the other occurs only from time to time, to produce variety. ict. deVAcad. Lunier. To which a lady sung a virelay. Dryden. VIRENT, a. [L. virens, from vireo, to flourish, or be green. | - Green; verdant; fresh. Brown. VLRES/CENT, a. Slightly green; beginning to be preen. VIR'GATE, (nearly vur'gite,) a. [L. virga, a rod. ] In botany, having the shape of a rod or wand ; as, a virgate stem. VIR'GATE, n. » > o> 1. Pertaining to a man, in the eminent sense oft 1e word, (not to man, in the sense of ‘the human race ) belonging to the male sex; as; virile age. strength or Vigor. ae Es VLRIL'LTY, n. [Fr. virilite ; L. virilitas.] _. 1. Manhood ; the state of the male sex, Which has Ri ets ee TONE, BULL, UNITE.—AN!GER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S as 7; OH as SH; = FSH as in THIS. ® Masculine ; not puerde or feminine} as, virile apeengnere ae ‘ ene a ? 1237cemeMeae CS ES? — VIR VIS VIS arrived to the maturity and strength of a man, and to the power of procreation. 9, The power of procreation. 3. Character of man. [ Unusual. | VIR'TU, n. [It. virtu.] love of the fine arts; a taste for curiosities. Chesterfield. VIR/TU-AL, (vurt/yu-al,) a. [Fr. virtwel; from vir- tue. See VIRTUE. ] ; . 1. Potential ; having the power of acting or of in- visible efficacy without the material or sensible part. very kind that lives Fomented by his Sa neers and warmed. : Milton. Neither an actual nor virtual intention of the mind, but only that which may be gathered from the outward acts, Sulling/leet. 9. Being in essence OF effect, not in fact; as, the virtual presence of a man 1n his agent or substitute. Virtual focus; in optics, the point from which rays, having been rendered divergent by reflection or re- fraction, appear to issue. Virtual velocity ; in mechanics, the velocity whicha body in equilibrium would actually acquire during the first instant of its motion in case of the equilibri- um being disturbed. Brande. VIR-TU-AL/I-TY, n. Efficacy. Brown. VIR'TU-AL-LY, adv. In efficacy or effect only; by means of some virtue or influence, or the instru- mentality of something else. Thus, the sun iS vir- tually on earth by its light and heat. The citizens of an elective government are virtually present in the legislature by their representatives. Aman may vir- tually agree to a proposition by silence or withholding | objections. Addison. Cyc. | VIR/TU-ATE, v. t. To make efficacious. [Vot in use. | Harvey. VIR/TUE, (vurt/yu,) n. [Fr. vertu; It. virtu; Sp. vertud; Li virtus, from vireo, or its root. (See Worth.) Theradical sense is strength, from strain- ing, stretching, extending. ‘This is the primary sense of L. vir, aman. Class Br. 1. Strength ; that substance or quality of physical bodies, by which they act and produce effects on oth- er bodies. In this literal and proper sense, we speak of the virtue or virtues of plants in medicine, and the virtues of drugs. In decoctions the virtues of plants are extracted. By long standing in the open air, the virtues are lost. 9. Bravery; valor. This was the predominant signification of virtus among the Romans. Trust to thy single virtues. Shak. [This sense is nearly or quite obsolete. | 3. Moral goodness; the practice of moral duties and the abstaining from vice, or a conformity of life and conversation to the moral law. In this sense, virtue may be, and in many instances must be, distin- guished from religion. ‘The practice of moral duties merely from motives of convenience, or from com- pulsion, or from regard to reputation, 1s virtue, as distinct from religion. ‘The practice of moral duties from sincere love to God and his laws, is virtue and religion. In this sense it is true, That virtue only makes our bliss below. Pope. Virtue is nothing but voluntary obedience to trath. Dwight. 4, A particular moral excellence; as, the virtue of temperance, of chastity, of charity. Remember all his virtues. 5, Acting power ; something efficacious. Jesus, knowing that virtue had gone out of him, turned. — Mark iii. Addison. 6. Secret agency ; efficacy without visible or mate- rial action. She moves the body which she doth possess ; Yet no part toucheth, but by virtue’s touch. 7. Excellence; or that which constitutes value and merit. Terence, who thought the sole grace and virtue of their fable the sticking in of sentences. . Jonson, 8. One of the orders of the celestial hierarchy. Milton. Davies. Thrones, dominations, princedoms, virtues, powers. 9. Efficacy ; power. He used to travel through Greece by virtue of this fable, which procured him reception in all the towns, Addison. 10. Legal efficacy or power; authority. A man administers the laws by virtue of a commission. In virtue; in consequence ; by the efficacy or au- thority. This they shall attain, partly in virtue of the promise of God, and partly in virtue of piety. Atterbury. VIR’TUE-LESS, (vurt/yu-,) a. Destitute of virtue. 2, Destitute of efficacy or operating qualities. Virtueless she wished all ber herbs and charms, Fuirfar, VIR-TU-6'SO, n. [It.] A man skilled in the fine arts, particularly in music ; or a man skilled in an- tiquities, curiosities, and the like. Virtuoso the Italians call a man who loves the noble arts, and is a critic in them. Iryden. ViIR-TU-6'/SO-SHIP, n. Hurd. VIR/TU-OUS, (vurt/yu-us,) a. Morally good ; acting The pursuits of a virtuoso. al duties, and abstaining from vice ; as, a virtuous man. 9, Being in conformity to the moral or divine law ; as, a virtuous action ; a virtuous life. The mere performance of virtuous actions does not denominate an agent virtuous. Price. 3. Chaste ; ajrplied to women. 4. Efficacious hy inherent qualities; as, wirtuous herbs ; virtuous drugs. [JVot inuse.] Chapman. 5. Having great or powerful properties ; as, virtu- ous steel; a virtuous staff; a virtuous ring. ([Vot in Use. Milton. Spenser. 6. Having medicinal qualities. [JVot used.] Bacon. VIR/TU-OUS-LY, adv. In a virtuous manner; in conformity with the moral law or with duty; as, a life virtuously spent. Denham. A child virftiously educated. Addison. The state or character of Spenser. VIR/TU-OUS-NESS, 2. being virtuous. VIR/U-LENCE, ) 2. [from virulent.] That quality VIR/U-LEN-CY,§ of a thing which renders it ex- tremely active in doing injury; acrimony ; malig- nancy ; as, the virulence of poison. 29. Acrimony of temper ; extreme bitterness or ma- lignity ; as, the virulence of enmity or malice ; the virulence of satire ; to attack a man with virulence. Addison. VIR'U-LENT, a. [L. virulentus, from virus, poison, that is, strength, from the same root as vir, vireo. See Venom. ] 1. Extremely active in doing injury ; very poison- ous or venomous. No poison is more virulent than that of some species of serpents. 2. Very bitterinenmity ; malignant; as,a virulent invective. VIR/U-LENT-LY, adv. With malignant activity ; with bitter spite or severity. VIRUS, n. [L. See ViruLtent.] Active or conta- gious matter of an ulcer, pustule, &c. ; poison. VIS, n. [L.] Force; power; as, vis vite, the vital force. ‘The term, however, is used chiefly in me- chanics. VIS'/AGBH, (viz!aj,) n. L. visus, video. | The face; the countenance or look of a person, or of other animal; chiefly applied to human beings; (Fr. ; from It. visaggio; from as, a Wolfish visage. Shak. Love and beauty still that visage grace, Waller. His o > was so marred, more than any man. — Is, lii. VIS'A-GED, a. Having a visage or countenance. Milton. VIS‘ARD, n. A mask. [See Visor.] VIS/ARD, v. t. To mask. VIS'/A-VIS', (viz'a-vé',) n. [Fr., opposite, face to face.] A carriage in which two persons sit face to face. VIS/CE-RA, n.; pl. of Viscus. [L.] The bowels; the contents of the abdomen, thorax, and cranium. In its most general sense, the organs contained in any cavity of the body, particularly in the three venters, the head, thorax, and abdomen. Cyc. Parr. VIS/CE-RAL, a. [L. viscera.] 1. Pertaining to the viscera. 2. Feeling; having sensibility. [Unusual.] Reynolds. VIS'CER-ATE, v. t. [Supra.] To exenterate; to embowel ; to deprive of tlie entrails or viscera. [ EviscERATE is generally used. ]} VIS'CID, a. [L. viscidus ; viscus, birdlime.] Glutinous; sticky; tenaeious; not readily sepa- rating ; as, turpentine, tar, gums, &c., are more or less viscid. VIS-CID/I-TY, n ness. 2. Glutinous concretion. Floyer. VIS-E€OS'L-TY, )n. Glutinousness; tenacity ; vis- VIS'EOUS-NESS, § cidity; that quality of soft sub- stances which makes them adhere so as not to be easily parted. VIS/COUNT, (vi'kount,) zn. vicomte. | 1. An officer who formerly supplied the place of the count or earl ; the sheriff of the county. England. 9. A degree or title of nobility next in rank below an earl. Cowel. England. VIS‘EOUNT-ESS, (vi/kount-ess,) n. The lady of a viscount ; a peeress of the fourth order. Johnson. VIS'COUNT-SHIP, (vi/kount-ship,) }n. The quality VIS/EOUNT-Y, (vi/kount-y,) and office of a viscount. Williams. VIS/EOUS, a. [Fr. visqueur; from L. viscus, bird- lime. } Glutinous; clammy; sticky; adhesive; tena- cious; as, a viscous juice. VIS'EUS, n.: pl. Viscera. [L.] An entrail, one of the contents of the cranium, thorax, or abdomen VISE, 7. [Fr. vis, a screw.] An engine or instrument for griping and holding things, closed by a screw ; used by artijicers. Glutinousness; tenacity; sticki- [L. wice-comes ; Fr. in conformity to the moral law ; practicing the mor- VISHNU, n. ment made by the police officers in large towns of France, Belgium, &c., on the back of a passport, de- noting that it has been exainined, and that the per- son who bears it is permitted to proceed on his jour- ney. Hence, travelers speak of getting their pass- ports visaed. In the Hindoo mythology, the name of one of the chief deities of the trimurti or triad. He is the second person of this unity, and a personifica- tion of the preserving powers. Cyc. Encie. VIS-I-BIL/I-TY, n. [from visible; Fr. visibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being perceivable to the eye ; as, the visibility of minute particles, or of dis- tant objects. 2. The state of being discoverable or apparent ; conspicuousness; as, the perpetual visibility of the church, Stillingfleet. VIS'I-BLB, a. LBs from L. visibilis.] 1. Perceivable by the eye ; that can be'seen; as,a visible star ; the least spot is visible on white paper ; the fine dust or other matter in air, agitated by heat, becomes visible ; as in the air near a heated stove, or over a dry, sandy plain, appearing like pellucid waves. Virtue made visible in outward grace. Young. 2. Discovered to the eye; as, visible spirits. Shak. 3. Apparent; open; conspicuous. Factions at court became more visible. Clarendon. Visible church; in theology, the apparent church of Christ; the whole body of professed believers in Christ, as contradistinguished from the real or invisi- ble church, consisting of sanctified persons. Visible horizon; the sensible horizon. [See Hort- zon, No. l. VIS/I-BLE-NESS, 72. ble; visibility. VIS'I-BLY, adv. In amanner perceptible to the eye. The day is visibly governed by the sun; the tides are visibly governed by the moon, VIS/I-GOTH, n. The name of the Western Goths, or that branch of the Gothic tribes which settled in Dacia, as distinguished from the Ostrogoths, or Bast- ern Goths, who had their seats in Pontus. Encyc. Am. VIS-L-GOTH/I€, a. Pertaining to the Visigoths. VIS IN-ER!TIJE, n. (L.] The resistance of matter to change as respects motion. Ther are four con- ditions under which matter resists change as respects motion ; as, 1, when it is brought from rest to mo- tion; 2, when it is brought from motion to rest; 3. when the direction of the motion is changed; and, 4, when the velocity is changed. Vis inertia and inertia are not strictlysynonymous. ‘The former implies the resistance itself, which is given, while the latter implies merely the property, by which it is given. Gravitation is always exactly proportioned to inertia. 2. Inertness ; inactivity. SION, (vizh‘un,) n. [Fr., from L. visio, from w- deo, visus. | l. The act of seeing external objects; actual sight. Faith here is turned into piston there. Hammond, 9. The faculty of seeing; sight. Vision is far more perfect and acute in some animals than in man. 3. Something imagined to be seen, though not re- al ; a phantom ; a specter. No dreams, but visions strange. 4. In Scripture, a revelation from God ; an appear- ance or exhibition of something supernaturally pre- sented to the minds of the prophets, by which they were informed of future events. Such were the visions of Isaiah, of Amos, of Ezekiel, &c. 5. Something imaginary ; the production of fancy. Locke. State or quality of being visi- | VO-LU'/MIN-O US-LY, adv. wWSIY. yor higtMIN-OUS-NESS, n. State of being bulky or in many volumes. TH as in THIS. or made many volumes ; He was too voluminous in In many volumes; very Granville. —" i H os wy Se peer cree ~ oe ord meieee BE ~~ ak: ete ee PP ce ad dant oa a a ee a " va ec ee meth iad Se Te VOL VOR VOU VOL/U-MIST, n. One who writes a volume ; an au- thor. [Not in use. Uulton. VOL/UN-TA-RL-LY, adv. [from voluntary.] Spon- taneously ; of one’s own will; without being moved, influenced, or impelled, by others. To be agents voluntarily in our own destruction, is against God and nature, Hooker. VOL/UN-TA-RLNESS, x. tary or optional, : : VOL/UN-TA-RY, a. [Fr. volontaire; L. voluntarius, from voluntas, will, from volo. Voluntary 1s applica ble only to beings that have will; spontaneous 1s ap- plicable to physical causes, as well as to the zill of an agent. ] : 1. Acting by choice or spontaneously ; acting with- out being influenced or impelled by another. 9. Free, or having power to act by choice ; not be- ing under restraint ; as, man 1s a voluntary agent. Looker. The state of being volun- 3. Proceeding from choice or free will. That sin or guilt pertains exclusively to voluntary action, is the true principle of orthodoxy. NN. W. Taylor. 4, Willing; acting with willingness. She fell to lust a voluntary prey. 5. Done by design; purposed ; intended, If a man kills another by lopping a tree, here is no voluntary murder. 6. Done freely, or of choice ; proceeding from free will. He went into voluntary exile ; he made a vol- untary surrender. 7. Acting of his own accord; spontaneous; as, the voluntary dictates of knowledge. 8. Subject to the will; as, the voluntary motions of ananimal. Thus the motion of aleg or an arm is voluntary, but the motion of the heart is involun- tary. A voluntary escape, in law, is the escape of a pris- oner by the express consent of the sheriff. Voluntary jurisdiction, is that which is exercised in doing that which no one opposes; as in granting dispensations, &c. Voluntary affidavit or oath, is one made in an extra- judicial matter. Voluntary waste, is that which is committed by ositive acts. VCL/UN-TA-RY, n. One who engages in any affair of his own free will; a volunteer. [In this sense, VoLunTEER is now generally used. ] 2. In music, a piece played by a musician, often extemporarily, according to his fancy. In the Philosophical Transactions, we have a method of writing voluntaries as fast as the musician plays the notes. This is by a cylinder turning under the keys of the organ. Cyc. 3. A composition for the organ. VOL-UN-TEER’, 7. [Fr. volontaire.] A person who enters info military or other service of his own free will. In military affairs, volunteers enter into service voluntarily, but when in service, they are subject to discipline and regulations like other soldiers. They sometimes serve gratuitously, but often receive a compensation. VOL-UN-TEER/, a. Entering into service of free will; as, volunteer companies. VOL-UN-TEER’, v. t. ‘To offer or bestow voluntarily, or without solicitation or compulsion ; as, to volun- teer one’s Services. VOL-UN-TEER/, v.7%. To enter into any service of one’s free will, without solicitation or compulsion. He volunteered in that undertaking. pane verbs are in respectable use. VO-LUP’TU-A-RY, Posten ieee n. [L. voluptu- arius, from voluptas, pleasure. A man addicted to luxury or the gratification of the appetite, and to other sensual pleasures. Atterbury. VO-LUP!/TU-OUS, (vo-lupt/yu-us,) a. ([Fr. volup- tueux ; Li. voluptuosus.] Given to the enjoyments of Juxury and pleasure ; indulging to excess in sensual gratifications. Softened with pleasure and voluptuous life, Milton. VO-LUP/TU-OUS-LY, adv. Luxuriously; with free indulgence of sensual pleasures ; as, to live voluptu- ously. VO-LUP’TU-OUS-NESS, nm. Luxuriousness; addict- edness to pleasure or sensual gratification. Where no voluptuousness, yet all delight. Donne. VOL-U-TA/TION, n. [L. volutatio, from voluto, from volto, Eng. to wallow. | A wallowing ; a rolling of the body on the earth. See WaALLow. VO-LUTE’, n. tus, volvo. | J. In architecture, a kind of spiral scroll, used in the Ionic and Composite capitals, of which it is a principal ornament. The number of volutes in the Tonic order is four ; in the Composite, eight. ‘There are also eight angular volutes in the Corinthian cap- ital, accompanied with eight smaller ones, called HELIcEs. Cyc. 2. In natural history, a name given to the mollusks of the genus Voluta. They have spiral, unilocular ¢ Pope. br, volute; It. voluta; from L. volu- shells, with the pillar or columella plaited, and are prized for their beauty and rarity. P. Cyc. VO-LUT’ED, a. Having a volute or spiral scroll. VO-LU/TION, n. A spiral turn or wreath. VOL'U-TITE, n. A petrified shell of the genus Voluta. [ot used.] Jameson. VOM’'L€A, n. [L.] An abscess in the lungs. VOM'I€-NUT, x. [L. vomica, emetic, and nuz, a nut. The seed of the Strychnos nux vomica, a medium- sized tree growing in various parts of India; com- monly called Nux Vomica. The fruit is of the size of a small orange, and of the same color, covered with a tough rind, and filled with a pulp, in which the seeds are imbedded. Almost all parts of this tree are medicinal, but more especially the seeds. They are not emetic, however, as their name im- plies. The snake-wood does not belong to this tree, as some have asserted, but to Strychnos colubrina, another species of the same genus. VOMIT, v.%. [L.vomo; Fr. vomir; It. vomire ; Sans. vamathu. Probably the Gr. euew is the same word, with the loss of its first letter. ] To eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth. Some animals vomit with ease, as cats and dogs ; but horses do not vomit. Cyc. VOMIT, v.t. To throw up or eject from the stomach ; to discharge from the stomach through the mouth. It is followed often by up or owt, but without neces- sity, and to the injury of the language. In the yel- low fever, the patients often vomit dark-colored mat- ter, like coffee grounds. ; The fish vomited out Jonah upon the dry land. — Jonah ii. 2. To eject with violence from any hollow place. Volcanoes vomit flames, ashes, stones, and liquid lava. VOMIT, n. The matter ejected from the stomach, Sandys. 2. That which excites the stomach to discharge its contents; an emetic. Black vomit; a copious vomiting of dark-colored matter, resembling coffee grounds ; one of the most fatal attendants of the yellow fever. VOM'IT-ED, pp. Ejected from the stomach through the mouth, or from any deep place through an open- ing. VOM/IT-ING, ppr. Discharging from the stomach through the mouth, or ejecting from any deep place. VOM/‘IT-ING, n. The act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth. Vomiting is essen- tially an inverted action of the stomach and esoph- agus. Cyc. 2. The act of throwing out substances with vio- lence from a deep hollow, as a volcano, &c. VO-MI''TION, (vo-mish‘un,) x. The act or power of vomiting. Grew. VOM/LTIVE, a. [Fr. vomitif.] Causing the ejection of matter from the stomach ; emetic. Brown. VO-MI'TO, (vo-mé'to,) n. [Sp.] The yellow fever in its worst form, when it is usually attended with the black vomit. VOM’/LTO-RY, a. [L. vomitorius.] Procuring vom- iting ; causing to eject from the stomach ; emetic. Brown. VOM'I-TO-RY, 2. An emetic. Harvey. 2. A principal door or entrance of a large building, as of an amphitheater. Gibbon. VO-RA/CIOUS, (-shus,) a. [Fr. and It. vorace; L. vorax, from voro, to devour; Heb. and Ch. yo, to clear away, to consume; Gr. Sopa, food. Class Br, No. 6.] 1. Greedy for eating ; ravenous; very hungry ; as, a voracious Man or appetite. 2. Rapacious ; eager to devour ; as, voracious ani- mals. 3. Ready to swallow up; as, a voracious gulf or whirlpool. VO-RA'CIOUS-LY, adv. enously. VO-RA’/CIOUS-NESS, n. Greediness of appetite ; ravenousness ; eagerness to devour; rapaciousness. VO-RAC’L-TY, (-ras’e-te,) n. Greediness of appetite ; voraciousness. Creatures, by their voracity pernicious, have commonly fewer young. Derham. VO-RAG/IN-OUS, a. With greedy appetite ; rav- [L. voraginosus, vorago. | Full of gulfs. Scott. VOR’TEX, n.; pl. Vortices or Vortexes [L., from verto, ant. vorto, to tun. ] 1. A whirlpool; a whirling or circular motion of water, forming a kind of cavity in the center of the circle, and in some instances drawing in water or absorbing other things. 2, A whirling of the air; a whirlwind. Cyc. 3. In the Cartesian system, a collection of particles of matter, forming an ether or fluid endowed with a rapid rotary motion around an axis. By means of these vortices, Descartes attempted to account for the formation of the universe. Brande. VOR/TL€AL, a. Whirling; turning ; as, a vortical motion. Newton. Bentley. V V V VOR/TLCEL, n. The name of certain wheel-animal- VO'TA-RESS, n. VO'TA-RIST, x. VOTE, v. i. VOT’ER, 7. VOTING, ppr. VOTING, n. VO'TIVE, a. VO'TIVE-LY, adv. VOUCH, v. t. VOUCH, v. 1. cules, which, by the rapid rotary motion of the organs round the mouth, create a vortex in the water, and obtain their food. worship, or state of life. No rosary this volaress needs. [See Vorary.] wrby. A female devoted to any service, Cleaveland. One devoted or given.up to any person or thing, to any service, wor- ship, or pursuit. I am no idle votarist [ Vorary is now used. ] O’TA-RY, a. Vow. ]} [from L, votus, from voveo. Shak. See Devoted ; promised ; consecrated by a vow or promise ; consequent on a vow. Votary resolution is made equipollent to custom. O/TA-RY, 7. Bacon. One devoted, consecrated, or engaged by a vow or promise ; hence, more generally, one de- voted, given, or addicted to some particular service, worship, study, or state of life. antiquity had her votaries. has now its votaries. Every goddess of Every pursuit or study One is q votary to mathemat- ics, another is a votary to music, and alas! a great portion of the world are votaries of sensual pleas- ures, It was the coldness of the votary, not the prayer, which was in ff Fell. fault. OTE, n. vow. € [It. and Sp. voto; L. votum, from voveo, to Votum is properly wish or wil}.] 1. Suffrage ; the expression of a wish, desire, will, preference, or choice, in regard to any measure proposed, in which the person voting has an interest in common with others, either in electing a man to office, or in passing laws, rules, regulations, and the like. This vote or expression of will may be given by holding up the hand, by rising and standing up, by the voice, (viva voce,) by ballot, by a ticket, or otherwise. Hence, All these modes and others are used. 2. That by which will or preference is expressed in elections, or in deciding propositions ; a ballot; a ticket, &c.; as, a written vote. 3. Expression of will by a majority ; legal decis- ion by some expression of the minds of a number ; as, the vote was unanimous. 4. United voice in public prayer. To express or signify the mind, will, or preference, either viva voce, or by ballot, &c., in electing men to office, or in passing laws, regula- tions, and the like, or in deciding on any proposition in which one has an interest with others. In elec- tions, men are bound to vote for the best men to fill offices, according to their best knowledge and be- lief. To vote for a duelist, is to assist in the prostration of justice, and L indirectly to encourage the crime. . Beecher. VOTE, v. t. To choose by suffrage; to elect by some expression of will ; as, the citizens voted their candi- date into office with little opposition. 29. To enact or establish by vote or Some expres- sion of will. unanimously. The legislature voted the resolution 3. To grant by vote or expression of will. Parliament voted them a hundred thousand pounds. VOT’ED, pp. mined. give his suffrage. Swift. Expressed by vote or suffrage; deter- One who has a legal right to vote or Expressing the mind, will, or prefer- ence in election, or in determining questions pro- posed ; giving a vote or suffrage ; electing, deciding, giving, or enacting by vote. or preference by vote or suffrage. vowed. | The act of expressing the mind, will, [Fr. votif; L. votivus, from votus, Given by vow ; devoted; as, votive offerings. A 3 votive medal is one struck in grateful commemoration of some auspicious event; a votive offering is a tab- let, picture, &c., dedicated in consequence of the vow of a worshiper. Venus, take my votive glass. By vow. 1. To call to witness; to obtest. And vouch the silent stars and conscious moon. { Norm. voucher ; LL. voco. Prior. See Voice. ] Dryden. 2. To declare ; to affirm; to attest ; to warrant; to maintain by affirmations. They made him ashamed to vouch the truth of the relation, and afterward to credit it. tterbury. 3. To warrant ; to confirm ; to establish proof. The consistency of the discourse — pouches it to be worthy of the great apostle. ee 4. In law, to call into court to warrant and defend, or to make good a warranty of title. He vouches the tenant in tail, who vouches over the common vouchee. Blackstone. To bear witness ; to give testimony or FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1242VOUCH, x. VOUCH/ED, (voucht,) pp. VOUCH’ER, n. One who gives witness or full attes- W he vowed to God a tenth of his substance, and his own future devotion to his service. Gen. XXviil. When thou vowest a vew, defer not to pay it. — Eccles. v. 2. ‘To devote. Spenser. VOW, v. i. To make vows or solemn promises. He _that vows, must be careful to perform. VOW'ED, pp. Solemnly promised to God; given or consecrated by solemn promise. WwW full attestation. I can not vouch for the truth of the report. He declares he will not believe her, till the elector of Hanover shall vouch for the truth of what she has so solemnly af- firmed. Swift. Warrant ; attestation. Shak. Called to witness; af- firmed or fully attested ; called into court to make good a warranty. VOW'EL, xn. [L. vocalis, from voco; Fr. voyelle; It. VUL'GAR-ISM, nz. VOUCH-EE’, n. In law, the person who is vouched} vocale,] ce se aco; Fr. voyelle; Ite) i rittle used. i 2. A vulgar phrase or expression. or called into court to support or make good his . o z a : warranty of title in the arocas: of common PapBvORy aoe Prenat palraple. coun’ ; sannd witered J g gans ; as the sound Blackstone. of a, @, 0. 9. The letter or character which represents a sim- ple sound. VOW’'EL, a. Pertaining to a yowel ; vocal. VOW'EL-ED, a. Furnished with vowels. VOW’'ER, n. One who makes a vow. VOW!-FEL-LOW, 7. [vow and fellow.] One bound by the same vow. [Little used. ] VOW!ING, ppr. Making a vow. VOY'AGE, n. ([Fr., from voie, or the same root, Eng. way, Sax. weg, weg. See WaG and Way.] i. A passing by sea or water from one place, port, or country to another, especially a passing or jour- ney by water to a distant place or country. Captain L. made more than a hundred voyages to the West Indies. A voyage over Lake Superior is like a voy- age to Bermuda. 2. The practice of traveling. tation to any thing. The great writers of that age stand up together each other’s reputation. 92, In law, the act of calling in a person to make good his warranty of title, 3. A book, paper, or document which serves to vouch the truth of accounts, or to confirm and estab- lish facts of any kind. The merchants books are his vouchers for the correctness of his accounts. Notes, bonds, receipts, and other writings, are used as vouchers in proving facts. VOUCHER, n. In law, the tenant in a writ of right ; VOUCH/OR, one who calls in another to establish his warranty of title. In common recoveries, there may be a single voucher, or double vouchers. Blackstone. as vouchers for spectator. [Wot in use.] B acon. VOUCHIING, ppr. Calling to witness ; attesting by TIAC . : Rake She eas serach BY) | VOY/AGE, v. t é ass by water. affirmation ; calling in to maintain warranty of Oo ono % ue A a eee ORE. title. , Bue ? a ° TOUCH-SAFE! ; : bates ANC I with pain VOUCH-SAFE’, v. t [vouch and safe; to Vv ouch or Voyaged th’ unreal, vast, unbounded deep. Milton. answer for nately} J. To permit to be done without danger. 2, To condescend to grant. VOY'A-GER, n. One who sails or passes by sea or water, A private voyager I pass the main. Pope. VOY'A-GEUR',(vwa'ya-zhur!,)n. [Fr.] Literally, a traveler ; the Canadian name of a class of men em- ployed by the fur companies, &c., in transporting goods by the rivers and across the land, to and from the remote stations at the north-west. VOY/OL, n. Among seamen, a large rope, sometimes used in weighing the anchor ; also written VIoL. VOX,n. [L.] A voice. [ Totten. Vor popult; the voice of the people. Vor Dei; the voice of God. VUL/EAN, n. (L. vulcanus.| who presided over the working of metals. band of Venus. VUL-€A/NL-AN, a. Bhall I couchsafe your worship a word or two? Shak. It is not said by the apostle that God vouchsa/fed to the heathen the means of salvation. South VOUCH-SAFE’, v. i. To condescend ; to deign ; to yield. Voucheafe, illustrious Ormond, to behold What power the charms o! beauty had of old. VOUCH-SAF’ED, (-saft’,) pp. Granted in condescen- sion. VOUCH-SAFE’MENT, x. Grant in condescension ; as, God’s greatest communicated vouchsafements. Boyle. Condescending to grant; Dryden. In mythology, the god The hus- VOUCH-SAF’ING, ppr. a Pertaining to Vulcan, or to works deigning. Ula V OUS'SOIR', (voos'wor’,) n- [Fr-] A wedge-like in iron, &c, : Smart. stone forming part of an arch. Guilt. As an epithet, In geology, the same as PLUTONIAN, ‘ which see. Smart. VOW,n. [Fr. veu; It. voto; L. votum, from voveo, to yow ; probably a contracted word.] 1. Asolemn promise made to God, or by a pagan to his deity. The Roman generals, when they went to war, sometimes made a vow that they would build a temple to some favorite deity, if he would give them victory. A vow is a promise of something to be given or done hereafter. A person is constituted a religious by taking three vows, of chastity, of poverty, and of obedience. Among the Israelites, the vows of children were not binding, unless ratified by the express or tacit con- sent of their father. JVum. XXX. 9, A solemn promise ; as, the vows of unchangea- ble love and fidelity. In a moral and religious sense, vows are promises to God, as they appeal to God to VUL/€AN-IST. See VoLcanist. VUL-€A'NO. See Voicano. VULGAR, a. [Fr. vulgaire; It. vulgare ; L. vulgaris, from vulgus, the common people, that is, the crowd, Eng. folk. ] 1. Pertaining to the as, vulgar life. 2, Used or practiced by common people ; as, vulgar 3, Vernacular; national. {sports. It might be more useful to the Ex vulgar language. 4, Common ; used by all classes of people ; as, the vulgar version of the Scriptures. 5. Public; as, vulgar report. 6. Mean; rustic ; rude ; low ; gar minds; vulgar manners. 7, Consisting of common persons. battle, we follow common, unlettered people ; rglish reader to write in our Fr witness their sincerity, and the violation of them is a most heinous offense. TOW nt a . onary " vow a be. [Fr. power j L. vove 0-] In reading an account of a 1. 'To give, consecrate, or dedicate to God by a sol- \chole attention, but seldom reflect on the vulgar heaps 0 I Rambler. emn promise. When Jacob went to Mesopotamia, slaughter. W. and not in pronun ance ; when being pronounced hooen. which is sounded as in English, other vowel, as in fiol, a fool ; dion, tar; gun, a gun and a gown. It is not improbable that the Romans pronounce » as we do w, fo velle, is the English will, G. wollen. certain. lish f, and w W IS the twenty-third letter of the English alpha- pet. It takes its written form and its name from the union of two Vs, this being the form of the Ro- man capital letter which we call U. The name, double u, being given to it from its form or compo- sition, and not from its sound, ought not to be re- tained. Every letter should be named from its sound, especially the vowels. W is properly a vowel, asim- ple sound, formed by opening the mouth with a close, circular configuration of the lips. It is precisely the that of the English v. W, at the end of words, is often silent after @ an ou of the French, and the uv of the Spaniards, Ital- i o, as in lat, saw, low, sor. jans, and Germans. With the other vowels it forms diphthongs, which are of easy pronunciation ; as In gj; in other cases, kind, w represents the Saxon helps to form & diphthong, as in NOwW, VOW, NOW, As an abbreviation, W, stands for west; VW. W. for west-north-west Ww. west, &C. well, want, will, dwell; pronounced ooel, ooant, ooill, dooell. In English, itis always followed by another vowel, except when followed by hors, as in when, wreck; but this case 1s an exception only in writing, TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VI''CLOUS.— € ae ot ee VUL’GAR, n. [ VUL-GAR/LTY, } 2. VUL/GAR-NESS, VUL/GAR-IZE, v. t. VUL/GAR-IZ-ED, pp. Made vulgar. VUL/GAR-IZ-ING, ppr. VUL'GAR-LY, adv. VUL'GATE, 2. Avery ancient unrefined ; as, vul- the hero with our ciation, for hk precedes w in utter- In Welsh, 2, is used without an- dun; dwb, mor- r their volvo is our wallow ; and volo, But this is un- The German v has the sound of the Eng- In many words of this strew. Sg. W. for west-south- as K; Gas J; $ as Z; WAC Vulgar fractions ; in arithmetic, fractions expressed by a numerator and denominator; thus, 2. The common people. [It has no plural termination, but has often a plural werd. | The vulgar imagine the Pretender to have been a child imposed Suyth on the nation, Grossness of manners; vulgar- This is the usual sense of the word.) Mean condition of life; the f state of the lower classes of s0- ciety. Brown. 9. Grossness or clownishness of manners or lan- guage; as, vulgarity of behavior; vulgarity of ex- gression or language. Dryden. Foster. ee am si 5 OO, To make vulgar. Rendering vulgar. Commonly; in the ordinary manner among the common people. Such one we vulgarly cal] a desperate person. 9. Meanly ; rudely ; clownishly. Latin version of the Scriptures, and the only one which the Roman Cath- olic church admits to be authentic. It is 50 called from its common use in the J.atin church. Cyc- VUL'GATE, a. Pertaining to the old Latjn version of the Scriptures. VUL-NER-A-BIL/L-TY, n. nerable. VUL!NER-A-BLE, a. Fr., from L. vulnero, to wound, from vulnus, a wound.]} 1. That may be wounded ; susceptible of wounds or external injuries ; as, a vulnerable body Achilles was vulnerable in his heel; and there will never be wanting a Paris to infix the dart. Dwight. 9. Liable to injury ; subject to be affected injurl- ously ; as, a vulnerable reputation. VUL'NER-A-RY, a (Fr. vulneraire; Hammond, The state of being vul- ” L. vulnera- Trius. dew in healing wounds 5 adapted to the cure of external injuries; as, vulnerary plants or ao Ce VUL'NER-A-RY, nr. Any plant, drug, or composi- tion, useful in the cure of wounds. Certain un- guents, balsams, and the like, are used as vulneraries. VUL/NER-ATE, v.t. [(L. vulnero. | To wound; to hurt. [.Vot im use. | Glanville. VUL-NBR-A'TION, n. The act of wounding. [Vot t Pearson. [L. vulpinus, from vulpes, & in re VUL/PINE, (vul’pin,) a. the same word ap- fox. Vulpes is our English wolf, plied to a different animal. ] Pertaining to the fox ; cunning ; crafty ; artful. — VUL'PIN-ITE, n. [from Vulpino, in Italy.) A vari- ety of Anhydrite, containing some silica, and pre- senting a grayish-white color and high luster. Dana. [L. vultur.] VUL'TURE, (vult/yur,) 7. genus Vultur. Vultures An accipitrine bird of the t have a Jarge and strong beak, the nostrils pierced transversely to its base; the head and neck without feathers or caruncles, and a collar of long feathers, or of down, at the root of the neck. Proper vultures have hitherto been found only on the eastern conti- nent. Cuvier. VUL'TUR-INE, (vult/'yur-in,) a. [l. vulturinus. | Belonging to the vulture ; having the qualities of the vulture ; resembling the vulture ; rapacious. VUL'TUR-ISH, a. Likea vulture. ; VUL'TUR-OUS, a. Like a vulture; rapacious. VYING, ppr- Competing; emulating. f eae ee Es ow ae WAB’BLE, (avob'bI,) 2. % to move in a circular form. To move from one side to t as a turning or whirling body. ; wabbles, when it is in motion, and deviates ies i perpendicular direction ; 4 spindle wabbles, when | moves one way and the other. SU ELOES in mo- tion, if not well balanced, Will waoole. : : [ This word is applied chiefly to bodies when turning } with a circular motion, and its place can not Be svmnee by any other word im the language. It w ne er low nor barbarous. } : wl WAB'BLE,2 A hobbling, unequal moron: Ba WAB'BLING, ppr. oF @, Having an irregular 5 backward and forward. : er Ww ACK’E, n, A rock nearly allied to basalt, ofehles ne ee it may be regarded as @ more soit an OH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1243 ie gruorbiarw, to wander, he other; to vacillate ; . So it is said a top a d ———— d itLo ms | rary, | 4 t 4 4 a} Abe i a i ; , ; | f ’ 1 { bi . ak i : } ? Q Z % } a 1 I 4 Data 5 A mo WAF earthy variety. Its color is a greenish-gray, brown, or black. It is opaque, yields easily to the knife, and has often a greasy feel. Tyjell. Cyc. Gray-wacke is a name given to certain hard sand- stones, or grit-rocks, and the associated strata occur- ring below the coal formation. Dana. WAD, (wod,) x. [G. watte; Dan. vat, a wad ; that is, a mass or collection. 2 1. A little mass ‘e some soft or flexible material, such as hay, straw, tow, paper, OF old rope yarn, used for stopping the charge of powder ina gun and pressing it close to the shot, or for keeping the pow- der and shot close. 9. A little mass, tuft, or bundle, as of hay or tow. WAD, jn. In mineralogy, an earthy oxyd of man- WADD, vanese, of which there are four varieties ; fibrous, ochery, pulverulent ochery, and dendritic. In some places, plumbago, or black lead, is called wad or wadid. YC. WAD/DED, a. Formed into a wad or mass. WAD/DING, n. [G. watte.] "y. A wad or the materials for wads; any pliable substance of which wads may be made. 9. A kind of soft stuff oft loose texture, used for stuffing garments ; also, sheets of carded cotton pre- pared for the same purpose. WAD/DLE, (wod’dl,) v.z [This seems to be a di- minutive formed on the root of wade, L. vado, to go; G. waten, to wade; watscheln, to waddle. ] 1. To move one way and the other in walking; to deviate to one side and the other; to vacillate; as,a child waddles when he begins to walk; very fat peo- ple walk with a kind of waddling pace. So we say, a duck or a goose 2addles. 2, To walk with a waddling motion. And hardly waddles forth to cool. Swift. WAD/DLER, (wod/dler,) n. One that waddles. WAD/DLING, ppr. or a. Moving from side to side in walking. WAD/DLING-LY, adv. With a vacillating gait. Entick. WADE, v.i. [Sw. vada; D. waaden; G. waten ; Dan. vader; Fr. gueer, for gueder; It. guadare; Sp. vade- ar; L. vado, to go. Qu. Heb. 123N, avad, to go.] 1. To walk through any substance that yields to the feet ; as, to wade through water ; to wade through sand or snow. ‘To wade over a river, is to walk through on the bottom. Fowls that wade have long legs. 2, To move or pass with difficulty or labor; as, judges zade through an intricate law case. It is not my purpose to wade through these controversies. The king’s admirable conduct has waded through all these diffi- culties. avenant. And wades through fumes, and gropes his way. Dryden. WADE, v. t. To pass by walking on the bottom; as, to wade a river. [This is a common expression, but elliptical for, to wade through a river.] WAD/ER, n. One that wades. An order of birds that wade in water for their prey are called waders. WAD/ING, ppr. or a. Walking through a substance that yields to the feet, as through water or sand. WAD/ING-BIRD. See WaveEr. WAD/SETT, x. [Sax. wad, wed, a pledge.] In Scottish law, a kind of pledge or mortgage. Brande. WAD/SETT-ER, x. One who holds by wadsett. Cyc. WAD/Y, (wod'e,) 7. {Ar.] The channel of a water- course, which is dry except in the rainy season. Robinson. WA/FER, n. [D. wafel; G.-waffel; Dan. vaffel; Sw. vafia; Russ. vaphel; Fr. gauffre.] j. A thin cake or leaf; as, a wafer of bread given by the Roman Catholics in the eucharist. ~ 9. A thin leaf of paste, or a composition of flour, the white of eggs, isinglass, and yeast, spread over with gum-water and dried ; used in sealing letters. WaA/FER, v. t. To seal or close with a wafer. WA!‘FER-ED, pp. Sealed with a wafer. WALE’FLE, (wof/fl,) n. (D. wafel, G. waffel.] A tiiin cake baked hard and rolled, or a soft in- dented cake baked in an iron utensil on coals. WAF/FLE-LRON, (wof'fl-i-urn,) . A utensil for baking waffles, WAFT,v.t. [Perhaps from wave; if so, it belongs to the root of wag.) 1. To bear through a fluid or buoyant medium ; to convey through water or air; as, a balloon was waft- ed over the channel. Speed the soft intercourse from soul to soul, And waft a sigh from Indus to the pole. Pope. 2. To convey, as ships. Cyc. 3. To buoy ; to cause to float; to keep from sink- ing. Brown. 4. To beckon; to give notice by something in mo- tion. [Vol in use.] [This verb is regular. But waft was formerly used by some writers for zafted.} WAFT', v. 7. To float; to be moved or to pass in a buoyant medium. And now the shouts waft near the citadel. Dryden. a WAFT, x. A floating body; also, a signal displayed from a ship’s stern, by hoisting an ensign furled ina roll to the head of the staff. Cyc. WAFT’AGE, n. Conveyance or transportation through a buoyant medium, as air or water. Shar. WAET/ED, pp. Borne or conveyed through air or water. WAFT’ER, n. He or that which wafts; a passage- boat. 2. The conductor of vessels at sea. [An old word.] WAFT'ING, ppr. Carrying through a buoyant me- dium. WAFT’ING, n. A bearing or floating in a fluid. WAFT’URE, z. The act of waving. [ot in use.] Shak, WAG, v. t. [Sax. wagian and weegan; G. bewegen; D. beweegen, to move, to stir; weegen, to weigh; G. wd- gen, to weigh; Sw. vaga, Dan. vajer, to wag, to weigh. This is the radix of the L. vacillo, Eng. fickle, wagon, wain, way, wave, waggle, &c. To move one way and the other with quick turns ; to move a little way, and then turn the other way ; as, to wag the head. Every one that passeth thereby shall be astonished, and wag his head. — Jer. xviii. Matt. xxvii. [Wag expresses particularly the motion of the head and body used in buffoonery, mirth, derision, sport, and mockery. It is applied also to birds and beasts ; as, to wag the tail. ] , WAG, v.i. To be quick in ludicrous motion ; to stir. ’Tis merry in hall, where beards wag all. Shak. Treinble and start at wagging of a straw. Shak. 2. To go; to depart; to pack off. I will provoke him to ’t, or let him wag. Shak. 3. To be moved one way and the other. The resty sieve wagged ne’er the more. Drixlen. WAG, n. [from the verb.] A droll; a man full of low sport and humor; a ludicrous fellow. We wink at wags, when they offend. Dryden. The counselor never pleaded without a piece of packthread in his hand, which he used to twist about his finger all the while he was speaking ; the wags used to call it the thread of his dis- course. Addison. WAGE, v. . [G. wagen; D. waagen; Sw. vara, to venture, to dare, to wage; Fr. gager, for guager, to lay or bet; from the root of wag. ‘The sense is, to throw, to lay or throw down, as a glove or gaunt- et. 1. To lay ; to bet; to throw down, as a pledge ; to stake ; to put at hazard on the event of a contest. This is the common popular sense of the word in New England; as, to wage a dollar; to wage a horse. 2. To venture ; to hazard. To wake and wage a danger profilless, Shak, 3. To make; to begin; to carry on; that is, to go forward, or advance to attack, as In Invasion or ag- gression ; used in the phrase to wage war. He waged war With all his enemies. He pondered, which of all his sons was fit To reign, and wage immortal war with wit. 4. To set to hire. Thou must wage Thy works for wealth. [Not in use.] 5. To take to hire; to hire for pay ; to employ for wages; as, waged soldiers. He was well waged and rewarded. [Fr.] [Obs.] Ralegh. To wage one’s law ; to give security to make one’s law. The defendant is then to swear that he owes nothing to the plaintiff, and eleven neighbors, called compurgators, are to avow upon their oaths that they believe in their consciences that he has declared the truth. This is called z0ager of law. Blackstone. WA’‘GED, pp. Laid; deposited, asa pledge ; made or begun, as war. WA’'GER, n. Something deposited, laid, or hazarded, on the event of a contest or some unsettled question ; a bet. Besides these plates for horse-races, the wagers may be as the persons please. ‘emple. If any atheist can stake his soul for a toager against such an inexhaustible disproportion, Bentley. Dryden. Spenser. 2. Subject on which bets are laid. Sidney. 3. In law, an offer to make oath of innocence or non-indebtedness; or the act of making oath, to- gether with the oaths of eleven compurgators, to for- tify the defendant’s oath. Wager of battle, is when the tenant in a writ of right offers to prove his right by the body of his champion, and, throwing down his glove as a gage or pledge, thus wages or stipulates battle with the champion of the demandant, who, by taking up the glove, accepts the challenge. The champions, armed with batons, enter the list, and, taking each other by the hand, each swears to the justice of the cause of the party for whom he appears; they then fight till the stars appear, and if the champion of the tenant can defend himself till that time, his cause prevails. Blackstone. The wager of battle, which has long been in dis- use, was abolished by law in England in 1820. Wade. WAT WaA/GER, v.t. To lay ; to bet; to hazard on the is- sue of a contest, or on some question that is to be decided, or on some casualty. Dryden. WaA’/GER-ED, pp. Laid; pledged; as a bet. WA/GER-ER, n. One who wages or lays a bet. WA’GER-ING, ppr. Laying; betting. Wagering policy; 1n commerce, a policy of insur- ance, insuring a sum of money when no property is at hazard; as a policy to insure money on a ship when no property is on board; that is, insurance, in- terest or no interest; or a wagering policy may be a policy to insure property which is already insured. Such policies, in England, are, by statute 19 Geo. III., made null and void. WA/GES, n. Plural in termination, but singular in signification. [Fr. gage, gages. 1. Hire; reward; that which is paid or stipulated for services ; but chiefly for services by manual labor, or for military and naval services. We speak of servant’s wages, a laborer’s wages, or soldier’s wages ; but we never apply the word to the rewards given to men. in office, which are called fees or salary. ‘The word is, however, sometimes applied to the compen- sation given to representatives in the legislature. United States, Tell me, what shall thy wages be ? — Gen. xxix. Be content with your wages. — Luke iii, 2. Reward ; fruit; recompense; that which is given or received in return. The wages of sin is death. — Rom, vi. WAG/GEL,) 7. A name given in Cornwall to the WAG/EL, young of the great black-backed gull, Larus marinus ; formerly considered a distinct spe- cies, and called Larus nevius. Jardine. WAG/GER-Y, n. [from wag.] Mischievous merri- ment; sportive trick or gayety ; sarcasm in good hu- mor; as, the waggery of a school-boy. Locke. WAG/GISH, a. Mischievous in sport; roguish in merriment or good humor; frolicsome; as, a com- pany of waggish boys. L’Estrance, 2. Done, made, or Jaid in waggery or for sport ; a wag ish trick. WAG/GISH-LY, adv. sport. WAG/GISH-NESS, n. Mischievous sport; wanton merriment, Bacon. WAG/GING, ppr. Moving the head one way and the other with quick turns. WAG'GLE, (wag’gl,) v. 2. L. vacillo, dim. of wag.] To waddle ; to reel or move from side to side. L'Estrange. as, In a waggish manner; in [D. waggelen ; G. wackeln ; oo Why do you go nodding and waggling so? WAG'GLE, v. t. To move one way and the other; as, a bird waggles his tail. WAG/ON, 2x. {o and G. wagen; Sw. vagn; Sax. wern, wen; W. gwain, a wagon, wain, or sheath, L. vagina, the latter being from zag, and signifying a passage; Gaelic, baighin, a wagon ; Malabar, wag- aham; Sans. wahana. “The old orthography, Wac- Gon, seems to be falling into disuse. See Waa.] 1. A vehicle moved on four wheels, and usually drawn by horses; used for the transportation of heavy commodities. In America, light wagons are used for the conveyance of families, and for carry- ing light commodities to market, particularly a very light kind drawn by one horse. 2, Achariot. [JVot in use.] Spenser. WAG/ON, v. t. To transport ina wagon. Goods are wagoned from London to the interior. WAG/ON, v. i. ‘To practice the transportation of goods ina wagon. The man wagons between Phil- adelphia and Pittsburgh. WAG/ON-AGE; n. Money paid for carriage in a wagon. WAG/ON-ED, pp. Transported in wagons. WAG/ON-ER, 2. One who conducts a wagon. 9. A constellation, Charles’s Wain. WAG'ON-ING, ppr. Transporting in a wagon. WAG/ON-ING, xn. The business of transporting in a wagon. WAG’TAIL, n. [wag and tail.] A small bird of sev- eral species, belonging to the genus Motacilla, (Linn.,) and named from the incessant motion of its long tail. WA-HA’BEE, n. A follower of Abdel Wahab, a re- former of Mohammedanism, about 1760. His doc- trines prevail particularly among the Bedouins, and the sect, though checked in its influence, extends to most parts of Arabia. Brande. WAID, a. Crushed, [Wot in wse.] Shak. WAIF, x. [Norm. wef, weif; from waive. ] Goods found, of which the owner is not known. These were originally such goods as a thief, when pursued, threw away to prevent being apprehended, They belong to the king, unless the owner makes fresh suit of the felon, takes him, and brings him to justice, Blackstone. WAIL, v. t. [Ice. vela; It. guaiolare; Gaelic, guilam or uaill; W. gwylaw and wylaw; Arm. goela, to howl; Heb. and Ar. 53N aval.) To lament ; to moan ; to bewail. Or if no more her absent lord she zarls Pope. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1244 J Eero ee rome atWAI WAK WAL WAIL, v. i. Therefore I will wail and howl. — Micah i. To weep ; to express sorrow audibly. WAIL, n. Loud weeping ; violent lamentation. WAIL/FUL, a. Sorrowful; mournful. Shak. WAIL/ING, ppr. Lamenting with audible cries. WAIL’ING, n. Loud cries of sorrow ; deep lamenta- lion. There shall be wailing and gnashing of teeth. — Matt. xiii, WAIL/ING-LY, adv. Ina wailing manner WAIL'MENT, 7. Lamentation. WAIN, n. [Sax. wen, W. gwain; contracted. Wacon.] 1. A wagon; a carriage for the transportation of goods on wheels 9. A constellation, Charles’s Wain WAIN/AGE, n. A finding of carriages. Ainsworth. WAIN’-BOTE, n. Timber for wagons or carts. Eng. Law. WAIN’-HOUSE, n. A house or shed for wagons and Hacket. See “carts. [Zocal.] Cyc. WAIN’-ROPE, n. A rope for binding a load on a S/iiak. wagon; a cart-rope. WAIN/SEOT, n. [D. wagenschot.] In building, a Wooden lining or boarding of walls made in panels. WAIN/‘SEOT, v. t. scot a hall. To line with boards; as, to zatn- Music sounds better in chambers wainscoted than hang’ d. Bacon, 2. To line with different materials. The other is wainscoted with looking-glass. WAIN/SEOT-ED, pp. WAIN/SEOT-ING, ppr. WAIR, n. A piece or plank two yards long, and a foot broad. [I know not where used. | Smart. WAIST, 7. [W. gwasa, pressure, squeeze, the waist, the part where the girdle is tied ; allied to squeeze. | 1. That part of the human body which ts immedi- ately below the ribs or thorax; or the small part of the body between the thorax and hips. 9. That part of a ship which is between the quar- ter-deck and forecastle. But in many ships now built, there is no quarter-deck, and in such the waist is the middle part of the ship. WAIST’BAND, n. The band or upper part of breeches, trowsers, or pantaloons, which encompasses the waist. WAIST’E€LOFHS, n. Coverings of canvas or tarpau- ling for the hammocks, stowed on the gangways, be- tween the quarter-deck and the forecastle. Mar. Dict. WAIST’/EOAT, n. [waist and coat.] A short coat or garment for men, extending no lower than the hips, and covering the waist; a vest. ‘This under gar- ment is now generally called in America a Vest. WAIST’ER, zn. In ships, waisters are men who are stationed in the waist in working the ship. Mar. Dict. It. wuatare; W. gweitiaw, The sense is, to stop, Addison, Lined with boards or panels. Lining with boards. WALT, v.t ([Fr. guetter; to wait; gwaid, attendance. or to continue, } 1, ‘To stay or rest in expectation ; to stop or remain stationary, till the arrival of some person Or event. Thus we say, I went to the place of meeting, and there waited an hour for the moderator or chairman. I will go to the hotel, and there wait till you come. We will zait for the mail. 2. To stay proceedings, or suspend any business, in expectation of some person, event, or the arrival of some hour. The court was obliged to wait for a witness. 3. ‘T’o rest in expectation and patience. All the days of my appointed time will I wait, ull my change come. — Job xiv. 4, To stay ; not tg depart. Haste, my dear father; ’tis no time to wail. Dryden. 5. To stay; to continue by reason of hindrance. 6. To lie in ambush, as an enemy. Such ambush waited to intercept thy way. Milton. To wait on or upon ; to attend, as a servant ; to per- form menial services for ; as, to wait on a gentleman ; to wait on the table. To wait on; to attend ; to go to see; to visit on business or for ceremony. ‘Tell the gentleman I will wait on him at ten o’clock, 9, To pay servile or submissive attendance 3. To follow, as a consequence; as, the ruin that waits on such a supine temper. [Instead of this, we use Await. ] 4, To look watchfully. It is a point of cunning to wait on him with whom you speak with your eye. (Unusual. Bacon, 4‘. To attend to; to perform. Aaron and his sons shall wait on their priest’s office. — Num. iii, vill, Rom, xii. Ps. . 6. To be ready to serve; to obey. XXV. Prov. XX. ; To wait at; to attend in service ; to perform ser- WAIT, v.t. To stay for; to rest or remain stationary in expectation of the arrival of. Awed with these words, in camps they still abide, And wait with longing eyes their promised guide. [Elliptical for Warr Fox.] ®. To attend; to accompany with submission or respect He chose a thousand horse, the flower of all His warlike troops, to wait the funeral. [ This use is not justifiable, but by poetical license. | 5, -T'o attend as a consequence of something. Dryden. Dryden, Such doom waits luxury. Philips. [Wot in use.] [In this sense, we use ATTEND OF ATTEND ON.] WAIT, n. Ambush. As a noun, this word is used only in certain phrases. To lie in wait, is to lie in ambush ; to be secreted in order to fall by surprise on an enemy; hence, figuratively, to lay smares, or to make insidious attempts, or to watch for the purpose of insnaring. Josh. viil. In wait is used in a like sense by Milton. To lay wait; to set in ambush. Jer. 1x. WAIT’ED, pp. Stayed for; attended. WAIT’ER, xn. One who waits ; an attendant ; a ser- vant in attendance. The «« Make r 9. A server or salver; a vessel on which tea fur- niture, &c.. is carried. WAIT/ING, ppr. or a. Staying in expectation. Waiting on; attending ; accompanying ; serving. Waiting for; staying for the arrival of. Waiting at; staying or attending at in expectation or in service. In waiting ; in attendance. WAIT‘ING, n. The act of staying in expectation ; attendance. WAIT!/ING-LY, adv. By waiting. WAIT/ING-MAID, )n. An upper servant who WAIT/ING-WOM-AN,§ attends a lady. [WatinG-GENTLEW OMAN is sometimes, though - less commonly, used. | WAITS, n. pl. (Goth. wahts, watch.] These were formerly minstrels or musical watch- men, who attended on great men, and sounded the watch at night. They have now degenerated into itinerant musicians, Who give notice of the approach of Christmas. Fosbroke. WAIVE,z. A woman put out of the protection of the law. Cyc. WAIVE, v. t [from wai/-] To relinquish, not to in- siston or claim. [See Wa VE. | WALV/ED, pp: Relinquished, as a claim. WAIV’ER, n. In law, the act of waiving or not in- sisting on some right, claim, or privilege. WAILV/ING, ppr. Relinquishing, as a claim. WAUWODE,n. Inthe Turkish empire, the governor of a small province or town; a general. Cie. WAKE, v.i. [Goth. wakanj Sax. wecan ; G. wachen ; D. waaken, wekken; SW. vicka, up-vacka; Dan. vak- ker; L. vigil, vigilo. The root wak is allied to wag. The primary sense Is, to stir, to rouse, to excite. The transitive verb, in Saxon, is written wecan, we- can; but both are froin one root. } 1. To be awake; to continue awake ; to watch ; not to sleep. Ps. xxvii Tho father twoaketh for the daughter. Ecclus. Thouch wisdom wakes, suspicion sleeps. Milton. I can not think any time, waking or sleeping, without being Locke. waue stand in ranks ; the yeomen cry, ym,?? as if a duke were passing by. Swift. sensible of it. 9, To be excited or roused from sleep; to awake ; to be awakened. He wakes at the slightest noise. 3. To cease to sleep; to awake. 4. To be quick; to be alive or active. Dryden. 5. To be excited from a torpid state; to be put in motion. The dormant powers of nature wake from their frosty slumbers. Gentle airs to fan the earth now waked, WAKE, v. t. Milton, To rouse from sleep. ech. iv. tion. Prepare war, woke up the mighty men, — Joel iii. [The use of up is common, but not necessary. ] To wake the soul by tender strokes of art. Pope. 3. To bring death. ‘g To second life : Waked in the renovation of the just. Milton. WAKE,n. The annual commemoration of the dedica tion of a church, formerly kept by watching al night. Dryden. King. 9, Vigils; state of forbearing sleep. Milton. Their merry wakes and pastimes keep. 3. The setting up of persons with a dead body usually attended with drinking. Ireland. 4, Act of waking. Old Song. vice at. 1 Cor. 1x. To wait for; to watch, as an enemy. Job XV. TONE, BULL UNITE. — ANGER, VI!/CIOUS.—€ as K; G as 35 ee ee correo - ——— ——— eo an 1240 formed by the meeting of the water, which rushe S$ as Z; ——————e—E The angel that talked with me, came again and waked me. — 9, To arouse; to excite; to put in motion or ac- to life again, as if from the sleep of Wake of a ship; the track it leaves in the water, from each side to fill the space which the ship makes in passing through it. : To bein the wake of a ship, is to be in hier track or in a line with her keel. WAK’ED, (wakt,) pp. Roused from sleep; put in action. WAKE’FUL, a. Dissembling sleep, but wakeful with the fright. 2. Watchful ; vigilant. WAKE/FUL-LY, adv. With watching orslceplessness WAKE’FUL-NESS, zn. Indisposition to s.eep. _2. Forbearance of sleep; want of sleep. Bacon. WaAlEN, (wak/n,)v.7. [This seems to be the Saxon infinitive retained.] ‘To wake; to cease to sleep ; to be awakened. Early Turnus wakening with the light. WAK/EN, (wak’n,) v. t. To excite or rouse from sleep. Not sleeping ; indisposed to sleep. Dryden. Dryden, Go, waken Eve. Milton. 2. To excite to action or motion Then Homer’s and Tyrtzus’ martial muse Wakened the world. 3. To excite ; to produce ; to rouse into action. They introduce Roscommon. and waken raptures hich. Milton. WAK’EN-ED, (wak/nd,) pp. Roused from sleep ; ex- cited into action. W AK! EN-ER, n. Their sacred song, One who rouses from sleep. Feltham. WAK’EN-ING, ppr. Rousing from sleep or stupidity ; calling into action, WAK’ER, n. One who watches ; from sleep. WAKE!-ROB-IN, 2. Europe. WAK/ING, ppr. Being awake; not sleeping. 9. Rousing from sleep; exciting into motion or action. Waking hours; the hours when one is awake. WAK/ING, n. The period of being awake. Butler. 2. Watch. [ Obs. WAL-DEN'SES, n. pl. ing substantially Protestant ; submitted to the Roman Catholic church. side in the valleys of Piedmont. | Vaasa [This may be the W. gwialen, a rod or twig, from the same root.] 1. In cloth, a ridge or streak rising above the rest. We say, cloth is wove with a wale. 9 A streak or stripe; the mark of a rod or whip on animal flesh. Wales of a ship; an assemblage of strong planks, extending along a ship’s sides, throughout the whole length, at different hights, and serving to strengthen the decks and form the curves. They are distin- guished into the main wale and the channel wale. Mar. Dict. Smart. one who rouses B. Jonson. A plant; Arum maculatum, of A sect of Christians profess- principles, who never They re- To mark with stripes. Marked with wales. WALK, (wauk,) v. t. [Sax. wealcan, to roll orrevolve ; wealcere, a fuller, whence the name Walker; D. walken, to work a hat; G. walken, to full, to felt hats ; walker, a fuller, Sw. valkare ; Dan. valker, to full or mill cloth; valker, a fuller; valke, a pad or stuffed roll; G. wallen, to stir, to be agitated, to rove, to travel, to wander. From the same root are Russ. valyu, G. walzen, to roll, and 2dlsch, foreign, Celtic, Welsh, that is, wanderers. The primary sense 1s, simply, to move or press, but appropriately, to roll, to press by rolling, as in hatting, and this is the origin of walker, for the practice of felting hats must have preceded that of fulling cloth in mills. Our ances- tors appropriated the verb to moving on the feet, and the word is peculiarly expressive of that rolling or wagging motion which marks the walk of clownish people. Qu. Heb. 1).] 1. I'o move slowly on the feet; to step slowly along; to advance by steps moderately repeated ; as animals. Walking, in men, differs from running only in the rapidity and length of the steps ; but in quad- rupeds, the motion or order of the feet is sometimes changed. At the end of twelve months, he walked in the palace of the kinedom of Babylon. —Dan. iv. When Peter had come down out of th water, to go to Jesus, — Matt. xiv. 9, To move or go on the feet for exercise or amuse- ment. Hundreds of students daily walk on Downing terrace, in Cambridge. 3, To appear, as a specter. The spirits of the dead May walk again. 1] 4, To act on any occasion. Do you think I’d walk in any plot? [Obs.] 5. To be in motion, as a clamorous tongue. Her tongue did walk [ Obs.) WALE, v. t. WALIED, a. e ship, be walked on the Shak. B. Jonson. xk ° Sos anwar In foul reproach. Spenser 6. ‘To act or move on the feet in sleep. ~~ When was it she last walked ? Shak. But this is unusual. When we speak of somnam- s béletion, we say, to toalk in sleep. | ————————————— CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ET ne NT eee eae aoe sare ~ ey enn ori i neha eee ast 7 atal kd ~ | WAL WAL 7. To range; to be stirring. Afihirs that walk, As they say spirits do, at midnight. [Unusual.] Siiak. 8. To move off; to depart, When he comes forth, he will make their cows and garrans walk, (Not elegant.} Spenser. 9. In Scripture, to live and act or behave; to pur- sue a particular course of life. : To wall: with God; to live in obedience to his com- mands, and have communion with bim. Gen. V. To walk in darkness; to live in ignorance, error, and sin, without comfort. 1 John 1. ; : To walk in the light ; to live in the practice of reli- gion, and to enjoy its consolations. _ 1 John i. To walk by faith; to live in the firm belief of the gospel and its promises, and to rely on Christ for sal- vation. 2 Cor. Vv. : To walk: through the fire; to be exercised with severe afflictions. Jsa. xiii. To walk after the flesh ; to indulge sensual appetites, and to live in sin. Rom. viii. To walk after the Spirit; to be guided by the coun- sels and influences of the Spirit and by the word of God, and to live a life of holy deportment. Rom. vill. To walk in the flesh; to live this natural life, which is subject to infirmities and calamities. 2 Cor. x. To walkin ; toenter, as a house. Walk in, gentle- men. WALK, (wauk,) vo. t. To pass through or upon; as, to walk the streets. (This is elliptical for to walk in or through the streets. } 9. To cause to walk or step slowly ; to lead, drive, or ride with a slow pace. He found the road so bad, he was obliged to walk his horse. The coachman walked his horses from Woodbridge to Princeton. WALK, (wauk,) x. The act of walking; the act of moving on the feet with a slow pace. 9. The act of walking for air or exercise; as, a morning walk ; an evening walk. Pope. 3. Manner of walking; gait; step. We often know a person in a distant apartment by his 2alk. 4, Length of way or circuit through which one walks; or a place for walking; as,a long walk; a short walk. The gardens of the Tuileries and of the Luxembourg are very pleasant zoalis. 5. An avenue set with trees. Milton. 6. Way; road; range; place of wandering. The mountains are his walks. Sandys. The starry walks above. Dryden. 7. Region ; space. He opened a boundless walk for his imagination. Pope. 8. Course of life or pursuit. This is not within the walk of the historian. 9, The slowest pace of a horse, ox, or other quad- ruped. 10. A fish. [A mistake for WHELK.] Ainsworth. 11. In the West Indies, a plantation of canes, &c. Edwards’s W. Ind. A sheep walk, so called, is high and dry land where sheep are pastured. WALK’‘A-BLE, (wauk’/a-bl,) a. [Mot much used. WALK’ER, (wauk’er,) x. One who walks. 2. In our mother tongue, a fuller. 3. In law, a forest officer appointed to walk over a certain space for inspection ; a forester. 4. One who deports himself in a particular man- ner. 5. A fulling-mill, [JVot in use, or local. WALK/ING, (wauk'ing,) ppr. Moving on the legs with a slow pace; moving; conducting one’s self. WALK/’ING, (wauk/ing,) x. The act of moving on the feet with a slow pace. ; WALK/ING-STAFF,) 7. A staff or stick carried in WALK/ING-STICK, 5 the hand for support or amusement in walking. WALK/-MILL, (wauk’mul,) ». A fulling-mill. [Local.] Cyc. WALL, 7. [L. vallum; Sax. weal; D. wal; G. wall; Ir. and Gaelic, balla and fal; Russ. val; W. gwal. In L. vallus is a stake or post, and probably vallum was originally a fence of stakes, a palisade or stock- ade ; the first rude fortification of uncivilized men. The primary sense of vallus is a shoot, or that which is set, and the latter may be the sense of 2oall, whether it is from vallus, or from some other root. ]} 1. A work or structure of stone, brick, or other materials, raised to some hight, and intended for a defense or security. Walls of stone, with or without cement, are much used in America for fences on farms; walls are laid as the foundations of houses and the security of cellars. Walls of stone or brick form the exterior of buildings, and they are often raised round cities and forts as a defense against enemues. 2. Walls, in the plural, is used for fortifications in general; works for defense, 1 rush undaunted to defend the walls. Fit to be walked on. Swift. Dryden. 3. A defense; means of security or protection. 1 Sam. xxv. To take the wall; to take the upper or most hon- orable place. I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague’s. Shak. WALL!-€REEP-ER, x. A small bird of the genus Gerthia, Linn., which frequents rocks and walls, and feeds on insects ; the spider-catcher. Ed. Encyc, WALL!-€RESS, n. [wall and cress.] The name of plants of the genus Arabis. They grow on walls and in dry, stony places. P. Cyc. 9. A plant of the genus Turritis. Lee. WALL!-EYVE, n._ [{zall and eye) In horses, an eye in which the iris is of a very light gray or whitish color. Booth. {Johnson has defined zall-eye to be “a disease in the crystalline humor of the eye; glaucoma.” But glaucoma is not a disease of the crystalline humor, nor is wall-eye a disease at all, but merely a natural blemish. Z'ully. In the North of England, as Brock- ett states, persons are said to be zwall-eyed when the white of the eye is very large and distorted, or on one side. Richardson derives wall in this case, and also whall, whally, whally-eyed, from the Anglo-Saxon hwelan, to wither, to pine away, in allusion to the faded color or unnatural appearance of such eyes. — Ed. WALLI-EYED, (-ide,) a. In horses, having an eye of a very light gray or whitish color. Booth. 9, Shakspeare, in using wall-eyed asa term of re- proach, as ‘* wall-eyed rage,” a “* wall-eyed wretch,” alludes probably to the idea of unnatural or distorted vision. [See Watt-Eye.] It is an eye which is utterly and incurably perverted, an eye that knows no pity. WALL!-FLOW-ER, n. [wall and flower.| A plant of the genus Cheiranthus, which grows in old walls, &c. ; a stock gillyflower. WALL/-FROIT, n. [wall and fruit.] Fruit which, to be ripened, must be planted against a wall. WALL/-KNOT, n. Asingle wall-knot is made by un- twisting the ends of a rope, and making a bight with the first strand ; then passing the second over the end of the first, and the third over the end of the second, and through the bight of the first. The double is made by passing the ends, singly, close underneath the first wale, and thrusting them upward through the middle, only the last end comes up under two bights. Cyc. WALL!-LOUSE, n. [wall and louse.] An insect or small bug. Ainsworth. WALL/-MOSS, 7. walls. WALL-PEN’NY-WORT, 7. Cotyledon. WALL/-PEP-PER, n. A plant of the genus Sedum. WALL/-PIE, n. A plant, a species of Asplenium. Lee. Having sides nearly perpendicu- A species of moss growing on A plant of the genus WALL!-SID-ED, a. lar, as a ship. WALL/-SPRING, n. A spring of water issuing from stratified rocks, WALL!-WORT, n._ A plant, the dwarf elder or dane- wort ; Sambucus Ebulus. WALL, v. t. To inclose with a wall; as, to wall a city. 9. To defend by walls. And terror of his name that walls us in From danger. 3. To fill up with a wall. WALL‘ED, pp. or a. Inclosed or fortified with a wall. WALL’ER, zn. Denham. One who builds walls in the country. YC WAL’LER-ITE, n. A mineral, or variety of clay, found in small compact masses of the size of a nut, white and opaque, or yellowish and translucent. [Vot used. Cleaveland. WAL'LET, (wol/let,) n. A bag for carrying the neces- saries for a journey or march; a knapsack. Also, a pocket-book or place for keeping money about one’s person. 9. Any thing protuberant and swagging ; as wal- lets of flesh. Shak. WALL'ING, ppr. Inclosing or fortifying with a wall. WALL'ING, n. Walls in general; materials for walls. WAL'LOP, (wol/lop,) v.i. [formed on G. wallen, Sax. wealan, to boil or bubble; D. epwallen; Eng. to well. See WELL. |] 1. To boil with a continued bubbling or heaving and rolling of the liquor, with noise. rockett. 2, To move in a rolling, cumbersome manner. rorby. WAL!LOP-ING, ppr. or a. Boiling with a heaving and noise; moving in a cumbersome manner. WAL’LOW, (wol/Jo,) v. i. [Sax. wealwian; Sw. valf- va; Goth. walugan; G. walzen. The latter is the Eng. welter, but of the same family ; L. volvo; Sp. volver; Russ. valyu, baliayu. This verb scems to be connected with well, walk, &c.]} 1. To roll one’s body on the earth, in mire, or on other substance ; to tumble and roll in water. Swine WAN 2. To move heavily and clumsily. Part huge of bulk, Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, Tempest the ocean. [Unusual.] Milton. 3. To live in filth or gross vice; as, man wallow- ing in his native impurity. South. WA L‘/LOW, v. t. To roll one’s body. Wadllow thyself in ashes. — Jer. vi. WAL/LOW, 2. A kind of rolling walk. WAL'LOW-ED, pp Rolled in the mire. WAL'LOW-ER, 7. One that rolls in mire. 2, A wheel that turns the trundle-head in a mill. WAL/LOW-ING, ppr. Rolling the body on any thing. WALL/-PEL/LI-TO-RY, n. A plant, Parietaria of- ficinalis, growing on old walls, &c., in Europe ; for- merly esteemed medicinal. P; Cyc. WALL/-PLATE, 7. A piece of timber placed hor- izontally upon a wall, on which joists, &c., rest. WALL/RUE, x. An herb, Asplenium ruta-muraria. Loudon. WAL/NUT, n. [D. walnoot; Sax. walh, foreign, and hnuta, nut. The Germans call it walsche nuss, Welsh nut, that is, foreign or Celtic nut.] A tree, and its fruit, of the genus Juglans. This genus comprehends six species, of which three are natives of the United States, viz., Juglans nigra, or black walnut, J. cinerea, or butternut, and J. Frax- inifolia or ashJeaved walnut. Juglans regia, Per- sian walnut, is cultivated in America. J. pterocarpa grows on Mount Caucasus, and J. baccata in Jamai- ca and Hispaniola. In America there are several species of Carya or hickory called by this name. WALRUS, n. [G. wall, as in 2allfisch, a whale, and ross, a horse. ] The morse, sea-eJephant, seahorse, or sea-cow, an amphibious, carnivorous mammal, inhabiting the are- tic seas. It isthe Trichecus Rosmarus, the only spe- cies of its genus. It surpasses the Jargest ox in size, attaining to the length of twenty feet. It is covered with short, yellowish hair. It is sought for on ac- count of its oil and tusks, the ivory of which, though rough-grained, is employed in the arts. The skin is used for coach-braces. The seals are the only other amphibious mammals at present known. Cuvier. WAL/TRON, n. Another name of the walrus. Woodward. WALTZ, n. ([Ger. walzen.] A German national dance, and also the species of music by which it is accompanied. WALTZ, v. @ To dance a waltz. WALTZ’ER, n. A person who waltzes. WALTZ'ING, n, The act of dancing a waltz. WAM’BLE, (wom/bl,) vi [D. wemelen; Dan. vam- ° ler; Sw. vamjas. ] To be disturbed with nausea ; as; a wambling stom- ach. [Vulgar.] I? Estrange. WAM/BLE-€ROP-PED, (-kropt,) a. Sick at the stomach. [Vulgar.] WAM-PEE’, 7. A tree of the genus Cookia, and its fruit. The fruit is about the size of a pigeon’s egg, grows in bunches, and is much esteemed in China. Loudon. WAM’PUM, n. Small beads made of different colored shells, used by the North American Indians as mon- ey, and also wrought into belts, &c., as an ornament. Trumbull. WAN, a. (Sax. wan, wann, deficient ; wanion, to fail, to wane; wan, pale, that is, deficient in color ; allied probably to vain. Qu. W. gwan, weak, and puyn, white. The primary sense is, to withdraw or de- part.) Pale ; having a sickly hue; languid of look. Sad to view, his visage pale and wan, Spenser. Why so pale and wan,*fond lover? Suckling. WAN, for Won; pret. of Wini_ [Obs] WAND, (wond,) x. ([D. vaand. 1. A small stick; a rod. If a child runs away, a few strokes of a wand will bring him back. 9. A staff of authority ; as, a silver wand. Milton. 3. A rod used by conjurers or diviners. Picus bore a buckler in. his hand; His other waved a long divining wand. Dryden. WAN’DER, v. i. [Sax. wandrian; D. wandelen, to walk ; G. wandeln, to wander, to walk, to change, a exchange, or transform ; Sw. vanda, to turn ; vandra, to wander; Dan. vandler, to walk, to wander, to trade ; vandel, behavior, deportment, conversation ; ~ It. andare, Sp. and Port. andar, to go; Sans. andara, a wanderer. | 1. To rove; to ramble bere and there without any certain course or object in view ; as, to wander over the fields; to wander about the town, or about the country. Men may sometimes wander for amuse- ment or exercise. Persons sometimes wander be- cause they have no home and are wretched, and sometimes because they have no occupation. They wandered about in sheep-skins and goat-skins. — Heb. xi, He wandereth abroad for bread. — Job xv. wallow in the mire. He was wandering in the field. —Gen. xxxvil. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. —NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1246 LOU EP tak ree ee aWAN’DER, v WAN’DER-ED, pp. WAN/DER-ER, n. WAN/DER-ING, ppr. or 4. WAN/DER-ING, n. WAN/DER-ING-LY, adv. ; eerie WAN 2, To leave home; to depart ; to migrate. When God caused me to wander from my father’s house. — Gen. Xx. 3. To depart from the subject in discussion ; as, to wander from the point. 4. In amoral sense, to stray ; from duty or rectitude. O, let me not wander from thy commandments. — Ps. cxix. 5. To be delirious ; not to be under the guidance of reason; as, the mind wanders. ¢ To travel over without a certain - to deviate ; to depart course. Wandering many o famous realm. [Euiptical.] Milton. Rambled ; traveled over roving- ly ; deviated from duty. ‘ A rambler; one that roves; one that deviates from duty. Roving; rambling; de- viating from duty. : ; Peregrination ; a traveling with- out a settled course. 9, Aberration; mistaken way ; deviation from rec- titude ; as, a wandering from duty. 3. A roving of the mind or thoughts from the point or business in which one ought to be engaged. Locke. 4, The roving of the mind in a dream. 5, ‘The roving of the mind in delirium. 6. Uncertainty ; want of being fixed. Locke. In a wandering or un- Taylor. steady manner. A baboon of Ceylon and Mala- crease. ] 1. To be diminished; to decrease ; particularly applied to the illuminated part of the moon. We say, the moon wanes, that is, the visible or illumi- nated part decreases. Waning moons their settled periods keep. 2, To decline ; to fail; tosink; as, the waning age of life. : You saw but sorrow in its waning form. Land and trade ever will wax and wane together, WANE, v. t. [ Obs. ] B. Jonson. WANE, n. Decrease of the illuminated part of the moon to the eye of a spectator. 9. Decline; failure; diminution ; clension. You are cast upon an age in which the church tis in i © Addison. Dryden. Child, To cause to decrease. decrease; de- is wane. South. WAN/ED, pp. Caused to decrease ; diminished. WANG, n. [Sax. wang, weng, wong. | 1. The jaw, jaw-bone, or cheek-bone. [Little used, or vulgar. | 2, The latchet of a shoe. [ thong. } [Wot in use. | WAN-GEE!, n. A species 0 ported from China, sometimes ca Sax. sceo-thwang, shoe- f tough, flexible cane, im- lied the Japan CANE. McCulloch. WANG/-TOOTH, 2. A jaw-tooth. Cyc. WAN/HOPE, xn. Want of hope. [Mot wsed. ] WAN/HORN, 2. A plant of the genus Kiempferia. ee. Decreasing; failing; declining. WAN’ING, ppr. Weak ; unstable ; not to be WANK/LE, (wonk'l,) a. depended on. Grose. WAN'LY, adv. Ina pale manner ; palely. WAN’NED, a. Made wan or pale. Shak. a sallow, dead, pale col- after a fever. of a pale hue. Fairfax. supra; wanian, to This seems to be WAN’NESS, n. Paleness ; or: as, the wanness of the cheeks WAN'NISH, a. Somewhat wan; WANT, (waunt,) 7. [Sax. wan, fail; Goth. wan, deficiency, want. primarily a participle of wane.) 1. Deficiency; defect; the absence of that which is necessary or useful ; as, a want of power or knowl- edge for any purpose; want of food and clothing. The want of money is a common want. 2 Cor. viii. 1X. From having w wants i consequence of our wishes, 9, Need ; necessity ; the effect of deficiency. Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and more saucy. Franklin. 3, Poverty ; penury ; indigence. ard for those who abound in riches, ag to conceive Swit I can not write a let- ishes in consequence of our wants, we often feel Rambler. Nothing is so h how others can be in want, 4, The state of not having. ter at present for want of time. 5. That which is not possesse necessary for use or pleasure. Habitual superfluities become actual wants, 6. Amole. [Obs.] WANT, (waunt,) v. t. d, but is desired or Paley. Heylin. To be destitute ; to be de- TONE, BULL. UNITE. — ANGER, VI'c WANT, (waunt,) v. 2 WANT’ LESS, ful. WAN’TON,a. [W. WAN ficient in; notto have; a word of general applica- tion; as, to want knowledge; to want judgment; to want Jearning; to want food and clothing; to want money. 9. Tio be defective or deficient in. Timber may want strength or solidity to answer its purpose. 3. To fall short; not to contain or have. sum wants a dollar of the amount of debt. Nor think, though men were none, That heaven would want spectators, 4. To be without. The unhappy never zant enemies. 5. To need ; to have occasion for, as useful, proper, or requisite. Our manners want correction. In win- ter we want a fire; in summer we want cooling breezes. We all want more public spirit and more virtue. 6. To wish for; to desire. Every man wants a lit- tle preéminence over his neighbor. Many want that which they can not obtain, and which, if they could obtain, would certainly ruin them. What wants my son? T’o be deficient ; not to be suf- W The | w God want praise. Multon. Richardson. Addison. t . ficient. As in bodies, thus in souls, we find ’ What wants in blood and spirits, swelled with wind. Pope. 2. To fail; to be deficient ; to be lacking. No time shall find me wanting to my truth. Dryden. 3. To be missed ; not to be present. The jury was full, wanting one. 4, To fall short; to be lacking. WAN-DER-OO’, n. bar, the Macacus silenus of Lacepede. It has a long Twelve, wanting one, he slew. Dryden. beard or mane of a grayish or whitish color sur-| WANT/AGE, n. Deficiency; that which is wanting. rounding the face. P. Cyc. Jardine. | WANT’ED, pp. Needed ; desired. : WAND’Y, a. Long and flexible, like a wand. WANTING, ppr. Needing; lacking; desiring. Spies Se : ss ‘ ees Brockett. “> a. Absent: deficient. One of the twelve is WANE, ». i. [Sax. wanian, to fail, fall off, or de- wanting. We have the means, but the application is wanting. 3. Slack ; deficient. ertion. I shall not be wanting in ex- a. Having no want; abundant; fruit- Warner. gwantan, apt to run off, variable, fickle, wanton ; giwantu, to thrust, to sever; allied probably to wander. | 1. Wandering or roving in gayety or sport ; sport- ive ; frolicsome ; darting aside, or one way and the other. Wanton boys kill flies for sport. Note a wild and wanton herd. Shak, 9. Moving or flying loosely ; play ing in the wind. She Her unadorned golden tresses wore Disheveled, but in wanton ringlets waved. §. Wandering from moral rectitude ; licentious ; indulging in sensuality without restraint ; Roscommon. Milion. dissolute ; as, men grown wardon by prosperity. My ple nteous joys, Wanton in fullness. Shak. deviating from the rules of 4. More appropriately, lascivious ; libidinous. chastity ; lewd; lustful ; Thou art froward by nature, enemy to peace, Lascivious, toanton. Ye have lived in p James VY. Disposed to unchastity ; indicating wantonness. Isa. iil. 6. Loose; unrestrained ; running to excess. How does your tongue grow wanton in her praise! Addison, Shak. leasure on the earth, and been wanton. — Fy Luxuriant ; overgrown. What we by day lop overgrown, One nicht or two with wanton growth derides, Tending to wild. 8. Extravagant ; as, 9, Not regular; not turned larity. The quaint mazes in the wanton green. WAN’TON, xn. Alew d person; a lascivious man or woman. South, Shak. 9, A trifler ; an insignificant flutterer. Shak. 3, A word of slight endearment. Peace, my wanton, [Little used.] WAN'TON, v. 7, To rove and ramble without re- straint, rule, or limit; to revel ; to play loosely. Nature here Wantoned as in her prime. Her golden tresses wanton 9, To ramble in lewdness ; to play lasciviously. Prior. " is Milton. wanton dress. Milton. or formed with regu- Milton. B,. Jonson. Miulton. in the wind. Anon. larly. flying loosely ; play- SS. [Not 3. ‘To move briskly and irregu WAN!TON-ING, ppr- Roving; flying ing without restraint ; indulging in licentiousne WAN!TON-IZE, v. t To behave wantonly. Loosely ; without regularity or -LY, adv. t Hal ; playfully ; lasciviously. in use. | WAN/TON sportively 5 gayly restraint ; WAN’TON-NESS, 2. Sportiveness ; gayety ; frolic- someness ; Waggery- As sad as night Shak. Only for wantonness. AN T’-WIT, n. [want and wit.] One destitute of wit orsense; a fool, [Votin much use.] Shak. AN/TY, x. [D. want, cordage, tackling. Qu.] upon the b W. Strix Wapacuthu, a nocturnal accipitrine bird of WA/PED, (wapt,) a. W W AP'EN-TA€E, [IoUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; OH as WAR 2. Licentiousness; negligence of restraint. The tomults threatened to abuse all acts of grace, and turn them into wantonness. : K. Charles. Lasciviousness ; lewdness. Rom. xiii. 2 Pet. il. A broad strap of leather, used for binding a load ack of a beast. [Local.| Tusser. AP/A-€UT, 7. The spotted owl of Hudson’s Bay, rey, about two feet long. [from the root of L. vapulo, to strike, and awhap, whap, which the common people in. New England use and pronounce whop. | _ Dejected; cast down; crushed by misery. [Vot in use. Shak. AP'EN-TAKE, n. [Sax. wepen-tac ; but it is rather county was peculiar to the northern ¢ Gothic, as this division of a ounties ; we- pen, a weapon, and tac, tace, touch; Goth. tekan. (See Toucn.) This name had its origin in a custom of touching lances or spears when the hundreder or chief entered on his office. ‘Cum quis accipiebat prefecturam wapentachil, die statuto in loco ubi consueverant congregari, omnes majores natu contra eum conveniebant, et descendente eo de equo suo, omnes assurgebant ei. Ipse vero erecta lancea sua, ab omnibus secundum morem fedus accipiebat ; omnes enim quotquot venissent cum lanceis suis Ip- sius hastam tangebant, et ita se confirmabant per contactum armorum, pace palam concessa. Wepnu enim arma sonat; tac, tactus est —hac de causa totus ille conventus dicitur Wapentac, €o quod per tactum armorum suorum ad ‘invicem confeederati sunt.”? LL. Edward Confessor, 33. Wilkins. Lye seems to doubt this explanation of the word wapentac, because the word tac is not found in the Saxon. He seems not to have considered that the word is known only in the north of England, where the Gothic dialects prevailed ; and surely the word must have been understood in the age of Edward the Confessor. ] In some northern counties of England, a division or district, answering to the HuNDRED or CANTRED in other counties. Yorkshire isdivided into wapen- takes, instead of hundreds. The name was first given to the meeting, supra. Selden. Blackstone. Wilkins. WAP/IN-SCHAW, 2. An exhibition of arms, accord- ing to the rank of the individual, made at certain seasons in each district. [Scottish.] Jamieson. W. Scott. WAP'L-TI, x. ‘This word is used in books for the North American stag, (Cervus Canadensis.) But in America, the animal is incorrectly called Exrx. The true elk is the Cervus Alces, often called Mooss. WAPP, n. Ina ship, the rope with which the shrouds are set taught in wale-knots. Cye. WAP/PE,n. A species of cur, said to be so called from his voice. His only use is to alarm the family by barking, when any person approaches the house. Cyc. The wappened widow, in Timon e who, though her charms have her, can wed again because she Stevens. ' WAP/PER, 2. A fish; a name given by some to the smaller species of the river sudgeon. Cyc. ; WAR, (waur,) n. (Sax. wer; Fr. guerre; It. Sp. and Port. ruerra; D. warren, to quarrel, wrangle, entan- WAP!/PEN-ED, a. of Athens, is on been enjoyed by anot has gold. ele ; Dan. virrer j G. verwirren, tO perplex, embroil, disturb. ‘Che primary sense of the root is, to strive, or to turn, to twist.] irive, : ates, carried on struggle, urge, ¢ 1. A contest between nations or st by force, either for defense, or for revenging insults and redressing wrongs, for the extension of com- merce or acquisition of territory, or for obtaining and establishing the superiority and dominion of one over the other. These objects are accomplished by the slaughter or capture of troops, and the capture and destruction of ships, towns, and property. Among rude nations, war is often waged and carried on for plunder. As war is the contest of nations or states, it always implies that such contest is authorized by the monarch or the sovereign power of the nation. When war is commenced by attacking a nation In peace, it is called an offensive war, and such attack is agwressive. When war is undertaken to repel in- vasion or the attacks of an enemy, it is called defen- and a defensive war is considered as justifiable. e wars that have desolated nations arth with blood, have been justifia- t be for mankind, if the preva- lence of Christian principles might ultimately extin- ei guish the spirit of war, and if the ambition to be great, might yield to the ambition of being good. Preps fi * > ss tk bes ~ wife neace, paratlo yr war sb someumes the best ecurily for pes : rey n fo 5 ¢ SivE, Very few of th and deluged the e ble. Happy would 1 instruments of war. 9, In poetical language, Prior. His complement of stores, and total war, 3. Poetically, forces 5 army. O’er the embattled ranks the waves return, And overwhelm their war. Milton, SH; FH as in THIS.Pn a a tae ae ra as - ita he: ae Ort Te aac EE pp E , td ” inn iis: «J ae oe a et 3 se j [s 4 ; ia : { , i 'e a } et 7 4 * 4 i= - WAR WAR ei ee 4, The profession of arms; art of war ; as, a fierce man of war. Is. li. Wisdom. 5, Hostility ; state of opposition or contest ; act of opposition. Shak. 6. Enmity; disposition to contention. smoother than butter, but Ve The words of his mouth were avdar was in his heart.— Ps. 7 ional ship of Man-of-war; in naval affairs, a nat Y fe large size. armed and equipped for attack or fense. a Holy war; a crusade ; a war undertaken to deliver the Holy Land, or Judea, from infidels. These holy wars Were carried on by most unholy means. WAR, v.i. To make war; to invade or attack a na- tion or state with force of arms ; to carry on hostili- ties ; or to be in a state of contest by violence. . 2 + hands to war. —2 Sam. xxil. erect SE ant the Midianites. — Num. xxxi. Why should I war without the walls of Troy? Shak. 9. To contend ; to strive violently ; tobe in a state of opposition. Lusts which war against the soul. — I Pet. il, WAR, v.t. To make war upon; as, to war the Scot. {Wot used.] 9. To carry on a contest. That thou mightest war a good warfare.— 1 Tim. i. WAR'-BEAT, Qa. [warand beat.] Worn down WAR!-BEAT-EN, §_ in war. J. Barlow. WAR!-BE-REAV'ED, a. Bereaved by war. Howitt. WAR'BLE, (wor'bl,) v. & [Gr. wirbeln, to tum, whirl, warble; wirbel, a whirl, a vortex ; wirbelbein, a turning-bone or joint, L. vertebra; Dan. hvirvler, Eng. to whirl. These words are all of one family ; L. verto, Eng. veer, vary, &C-| 1. To quaver a sound or the voice ; to modulate with turns or variations, Certain birds are remark- able for warbling their songs. 2. To cause to quaver. And touch the warbled string. Milton. 3. To utter musically ; to be modulated. If she be right invoked with warbled song. Milton. Warbling sweet the nuptial lay. Trumbull. WAR/BLE, v.i. To be quavered or modulated. Such strains ne’er warble in the linnet’s throat. Gay. 2. To be uttered melodiously ; as, warbling lays. For warbling notes from inward cheering flow. Sidney. 3. T'o sing. Birds on the branches warbling. Milton. WAR’BLE, n. a song. WARIBLED, pp. musically. WAR'BLER, n. A birds. ‘ Gray. Quavered; modulated ; singer; a songster; wsed of Tickel. 9, The common name of a genus of small birds, (Sylvia,) comprising most of the small woodland songsters of Europe and North America. They feed In lulline strains the feathered warblers woo. bird is arranged by somo as aspecies of the genus. Ed. Encyc. Wilson. WAR/BLES, (wor'blz,) n. In farriery, small, hard tumors on the backs of horses, occasioned by the heat of the saddle in traveling, or by the uneasiness of its situation; also, small tumors produced by the larvas of the gadfly, in the backs of horses, cattle, &c. Cie. WAR/BLING, ppr. Quavering the voice; modu- lating notes ; singing. 2. a. Filled with musical notes; as, the warbling glade. Trumbull. WAR'BLING, n. The actof shaking or modulating notes ; singing. WAR'BLING-LY, adv. WAR!-COUN-CIL, n. WARD, in composition, Sax. weard, from the root of L. verte, &e. sponds to the L. versus. WARD, (waurd,) v. t. In a warbling manner. A council of war. A quavering modulation of the voice ; uttered on insects, and are very lively and active. The blue- as in toward, homeward, is the It corre- be . Q [Sax. weardian; Sw. varda; Dan. verger; probably from Sax. warian, werian; Goth. waryan; D. weeren, to defend, guard, prevent ; W. swaru, to fend ; allied to 2ary, aware; Fr. gar- der, for guarder, It. guardare, Sp. guardar. The pri- mary sense is, to repel, to keep off; hence, to stop ; hence, to defend by repelling or other means. | 1. To guard ; to keep in safety ; to watch. Whose gates he found fast shuf, no living wight To ward the same. Spenser. [In this sense, ward is obsolete, as we have adopted the French of the same word, to evard. never apply ward to the thing to be defended, but al- ways to the thing against which it is to be defended. We ward offa blow or dagger, and we guard a per- son or place. | 2. To defend ; to protect. We now Tell him it was ahand that warded him From thousand dangers. {See the remark, supra.] [Obs.] Shak. mischievous thatapproaches. Now wards a falling blow, now strikes again. The pointed javelin warded off his rage. force of objections. Johnson, think it less elegant.] WARD, (waurd,) 2. 2. [ Obs. JACK. And on their warding arms light bucklers bear. WARD, x. Watch; act of guarding. Still, when she slept, he kept both watch and ward. 2. Garrison ; troops to defend a fort; wards left in forts. [ot in use. ] 3. Guard made by a weapon in fencing. For want of other ward, He lifted up his hand his front to guard. 7 4. A fortress ; a strong hold. fend ; as, a fire-ward. or city, committed to an alderman. ty-six wards in London. 7. Custody ; confinement under guard. put his butler and baker in ward. Gen. x! guardian and ward. 9. The state of a child under a guardiar I must attend his majesty’s commands, to whom ward, 10. Guardianship ; right over orphans. tlemen’s children sh« lords. 11. The division of a forest. 12, The division of a hospital. 13. er key. WARD'ED, pp. Guarded. WARD/EN, n. A keeper; a guardian. 9. An officer who keeps or guards ; the warden of the Fleet or Fleet prison. 3. A large pear. salary of £3000 a year. Warden of a college, is the master or pre WARD/EN-SHIP, } 2. WARD/EN-RY, § warden. WARD’ER, x. a highway , a private road 5 a lane; a street; any place for the passing of men, cattle, or other animals; @ word of | y very comprehensiwe signification. * 2, Length of space; as, a great way; a Jittle way. What Keep in 3, Course ; direction of motion or travel. way did he take? Which way shall 1 go? the way of truth and knowledge, Mark what way 1 make. Shak. _ 4. Passage; room for passing. Make 2way for the jury. 5, Course or regular course. And let eternal justice take the way. 6. Tendency to any meaning or act. There is nothing in the words thavsounds that way. Atterbury. 7. Sphere of observation. The general officers and the public ministers that fell in my way. Temple. Dryden. 8. Manner of doing any thing ; method ; means of doing. Seek the best way of learning, and pursue it. || By noble ways we conqnests will prepare. Dryden. 9, Method ; scheme of management. What impious toays my wishes took. Prior. | 10. Manner of thinking or bebavior; particular | turn of opinion ; determination or bumor. Let him have his way, when that will not injure him, or avy other person. But multitudes of children are ruined by being permitted to have their way. } 1]. Manner; mode. In no way does this matter belongtome. Weadmire a person’s way of express- ing his ideas. | Find, if you | can, the easiest way to live. Having lost the way of nobleness. 13. Method or plan of life and conduct. Instruct your children in the right way. Her ways are ways of pleasantness, and all her paths are peace. Prov. iil. All flesh had corrupted his toy. — Gen. VI. 14. Course ; process of things, good or bad. Things are in a prosperous way. 15. Right method to act or know. We are quite out of the way. 12. Method; manner of practice. Sidney. Locke. 16. General scheme of acting. Men who go out of the way to hint free things, must be guilty of absurdity or rudeness. Clarissa. 17 Sect; denomination of a particular faith, creed, or worship. Acts xix. 23. 18. Way; among seamen, Progress ; as, a ship has way. i9. Ways, pl.; the timbers on which a ship is launched. To make way; to give room for passing ; or to make a vacancy To give way; ield ; to concede the place or opinion to another. To make one’s way ; to advance in life by efforts ; to advance successfully. By the way; en passant; as we proceed; a phrase | ee FT gee a to recede; to make room ; or to introducing something in discourse not immediately connected with the subject. To go one’s way, Or ta come one’s way; to go or come along. Shak. To go the way of all the earth; to die. In the way ; a phrase noting obstruction. there in the way of your success? : : In Scripture, the ways of God are his providential |) government OF his works. Rom. X}. Job xi. Way and ways are used in certain phrases in the sense of wise. He is no ways a match for his antag- onist. Tis no way the interest even of the priesthood. What is Pope. To be under way ; in seamews language, to be in motion, as when a ship begins to move. Soa ship is said to have headway, when she moves forward in her course, and stermay, when she is driven astern. She is said also to gather way, OF to lose way. Lec- way is a movement of a ship aside of her course, or to the leeward. Milky way; In astronomy, the galaxy; a broad, lu- minous belt or space in the heavens supposed to he occasioned by the blended light of an immense num- ber of stars. Covert way ; in fortification, a passage covered from the enemy’s fire. Ways and means ; in money ; resources for revenue. War-going crop, aMONs farmers, JS the crop which is taken from the ground the year the tenant leaves the farm. England. Cyc. WAY/-BAG/GAGE, n. The baggage or luggage of a way-passenger on a railroad, &c. : 3 WAY!/-BILL, x. A list of passengers In a public ve- hicle. United States. WAY!/-BREAD, (-bred yn, A name given to the herb legislation, means for raising 1 i , Loudon. lantain, (Plantago major.) WAY/FAR-ER, 2. [way and fare, Sax. fags to go.] are. A traveler ; a passengers CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 1203ae eed Pe Se a alain Jat tet a A rg ES o oe ee i ie —— WEA WEA WEA WAY'PAR-ING, a ([Supra.] ‘Traveling; passing; | being on a journey. ee XIX. WaAY’FAR-ING-TREE, n. A shrub, a species of Vi- burnum. Circ. a pp. ‘Watched in the way. [See Wayr- LAY. \ FAY! ‘LAY, [aw iously in pee w ie with a view to seize, rob, to beset in ambush ; us, to waylay a trave ler. Milton. Dryden. ve this word sel is little difference of accent. ] WA way and lay.] To watch insid- or slay ; iveaye ER, One who waits for another in ambush, w ith av view to seize, rob, or slay him. WAY! _Li: AVE,n. A province ial term for the ground purchased for a wagou-way between coal-pits and a river. [ZLocal.] Cyc. WaY’'LESS, a. Having no road or path; pathle ess ; trackless. Drayton. WAY’-MAK-ER, n. One who makes a way ; 4 pre- cursor. Bacon. WaY’-MARK, n. [way and mark.] A mark to guide in traveling. Jer. XXX. WAY/MENT, v.7. [Sax. 2a, woe.] TVolament. [JVot in use.] WAY’-PANE, nm A land, [{Zocal.} Cyc. NWAY’-PAS'SEN-GER, A passenger on a railroad or in a stage-coach, eren up at some intermediate place between the principal stopping-places. WAY’-THIS-TLE, (-this-l,) n. A troublesome plant or perenni: il weed. Cyc. WAY/WARD, a. [aay and ward.) Froward; peev- ish; perverse ; ‘liking his own way. Spenser. Wayward re doth not fancy move. WAN ARD-EN, a road. W AY! iW ARD-LY, adv. Fuirfaz. Frowardly ; perversely. Sidney. Frowardness ; perverseness. Wotton. An instrument for measuring the WAY’WARD-NESS, n. WAY’'WIS-ER, n. distance which one has traveled on the road ; called also PERAMBULATOR, and PopoMETER or PEDoME- Cyc. TER. WAY’WODE,) 2. [Slav. voyna, WAI/WODE, § lead. A name origins illy rive n to military commanders in various Slavonic countries, and afterward to gov- ernors of towns or provinces. It was assumed for a time by the rulers of Moldavia and Wallachia, who are now called Hosropars, and has also been given war, and vodit, to to some inferior Turkish officers. P, Cre. WAY’WODE-SHIP, x. The province or jurisdiction of a waywode. Eton. WAY’WORN, a. Wearied by traveling. WE, pron. ; pl. of 1; or rather a different word, denot- ing the person speaking and another or others with him. J and John the speaker calls we, or Jand John and Vhomas ; or Jand many others. In the objective Cuse, is. We is used to express men in general, including the speaker. Vice seen too oft, familiar with her face, We first endure, then pity, then embrace, Pope. WEAK, (week,) a. [Sax. waac, wace; G. weich, schwach; D. zwak; Dan. veer, ver; Sw. vek. The primary sense of the root is, recede, or to be soft. 1. Having little physical strength ; dren are born weak; men ease. 2. Infirm; not healthy; 3. Not able to bear a bridge ; weak timber. 4. Not strong ; not compact; weak ship , a weak rope. 5. Not able to resist a violent attack ; as, a weak 6. Soft; pliant ; not stiff. [fortre SS. 7. Low; small; feeble ; as, a weak voice. 8. Feeble of inind; wanting spirit; wanting vigor of understanding ; as, a weak prince ; a weak magis- trate. To think every thing disputable, is a proof of x weak mind and caplious temper. Beattie. 9. Not much impregnated with ingredients, or with things that excite action, or with stimulating and nourishing substances; as, weak broth; weak tea ; weak toddy ; a weak solution ; a weak decoction. 10. Not politically powerful; as, a weak nation or state, to yield, fail, give way, feeble. Chil- are rendered weak by dis- as, a weak constitution. great weight; as, a weak easily broken; as, a Not having force of authority or energy; as,a weak governinent. 12. Not having moral force or power to convince ; not well supported by truth or reason ; as, a weak ar- gument. 13. Not well supported by argument ; soning. 14. Unfortified ; accessible ; impressible ; weak side of a person. 15. Not having full conviction or confidence ; as, weak in faith. 16. Weak land, is and of a light, thin soil as, weak rea- as, the Cyc. In local usage, the surveyor of | slip left for cartage in watered | | | | To make wenk. To become weak. [Mot used. } [Vout used. ] Chaucer. [Sax. wacan, to languish, WwW g AK, v. t. W ZAK, C. te WEAK’EN, (week’n,) v. t. to vacillate. ] To lessen the strength of. or to deprive of strength ; to debilitate; to enfeeble ; as, to weaken the body ; to weaken the mind ; to weaken the hands of the magistrate ; to weaken the force of an objection or ap argument. tea; to weaken any solution or decoction. WEAK’EN-ED, pp. Debilitated ; in strength. WEAK’ EN-ER, n. WEAK’EN-ING, ducing the He or that which weakens. ppr. Debilitating; strength or vigor of any thing. faintly ; not forcibly ; as, a fortress weakly defended. 2. With want of efficacy. Was plighted faith so weakly sealed above? Dryden. 3. With feebleness of mind or intellect; indis- creetly ; injuriously. Beneath pretended justice weakly fall. Dryden, Timorously ; with little courage or fortitude. WEAK’'LY, Not strong of constitution ; infirm ; as, a weakly Woman ; a man of a weasly constitution. Ralewch. WEAK/NESS, n. Want of physical strength ; want of force or vigor; feebleness ; as, the weakness of a child ; the weakness of an invalid; the weakness of a wall or bridge, or of thread or cordage. 2. Want of sprighitliness. Soft, without weakness ; without glaring 3. Want of steadiness. By such a review, we TléSSES. By B8y- Pope. shall discern and strengthen our tweak- togers. 4. Infirmity ; unhealthiness ; as, weakness of con- stitution. Temple. 5. Want of moral force or effect upon the mind; as, the weakness of evidence; the weakness of argu- ments. 6. Want of judgment ; ishness. feebleness of mind ; fool- Iness is weakness. fault; in spreading All wickex 7. Defect ; M ny taike I exalted character. ‘SIDE, n. [weak and side.] cience ; failing ; infirmity. WrRAK!-SIGHT-ED, a. Having weak sight. WrAK/-SPIR/IT-ED, a. Having weak spirits. WEAL,n. [Sax. wela; G. wohl; Dan, vel; from the same root as well, Sw. val; L. valeo, to be strong, to avail, to prevau. The primary sense of weal is strength, soundness, from the sense of straining, stretching, or advancing. | 1. A sound state of a person which is prosperous, or at least declining ; Milton, failing ; with a plural. weaknesses of an specla lor. Foible; defi- Temple. abroad the “Sure WEAK or thing; a state not unfortunate, not prosperity ; hap. iness. As we love the weal The weal or woe of our souls and bodies, in thee is placed. Bacon, Milton. the Trumbull, So we say, the public weal, the general weal, weal of the nation or stafe. B, 2. Republic ; state ; public interest. [But we now CoMMONWEALTH, of state.) WEAL, n use in the sense The mark of a stripe. WEALD, WALD, WALT, other Teutonic dialects, signifies a ebon or forest. It is found in names, as In Waxtt-HAM, wood-house ; COrmUD EY pronounced WaL-THaM. WIEALD/EN, a. A term applied in England to cer- fain strata of the upper part of the odlitic series. [See Wace.) WOLD, in Saxon and Mantell. WitALS’/MAN, n. [20eal and man.] A naine given sneeringly to a politician. Shak. WEALTH, (welth,) rn. [from weal; Sax. welega, welsra, rich.] 1, Prosperity ; external happiness. [ Obs.] 2. Riches; large possessions of money, goods, or land ; that abundance of worldly estate which ex- ceeds the estate of the greater part of the commu- nity ; affluence; opulence. Each day new wealth without their care provides. Dryden, WEALTH'-GIV-ING, a. Yielding wealth. WEALTH'I-ER, a. comp. More wealthy. Borrow. WEALTH’I-LY, (welth’e-le,) adv. Richly. Shak. WEALTH’TI- NESS, nN. ness. WEALTH’Y, (welth’e,) a. Rich, having large pos- sessions in lands, goods, money, or securities, or larger than the generality of men ; opulent; affluent. As wealth is a comparative thing, a man may be State of being wealthy ; rich- [J believe never used in New England. ] FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.—METE PREY.— PINE wealthy in one place, and not so in another. A man 2. To reduce in strength or spirit ; as, to weaken | enfeebled ; reduced | 2. a. Having the quality of reducing strength. WEAK!/-EY-ED, (-ide,) a. Having weak eyes WiEAK!-HEAD-E D,a. Having a weak int lect. WEAK’/-HEART-ED, a. Having little courage ; dis- | pirited, WrAK’/LING, n. A feeble creature. Shak. WEAK ’'LY, adv. Feebly ; with little physical strength ; | | | | | We enfeebling; re- | | WEAN‘EL, )72. may be deemed wealthy in a village, who would not be so considered in London. WEAN, (ween,) v. t. [Sax. wenan, gewenan, to ac- custom ; from the root of wone, wont; fewunian, to delay ; D. wenan, afwenan; G. entwéhnen ; Sw. vdnja. See Wonr.] To accustom and reconcile, as a child or other young animal, to a want or deprivation of the breast. And the ¢ and was weaned. — Gen. xxi. 2. To detach or alienate, as the affections, from any object of desire ; to reconcile to the want or loss of any thing; as, to wean the heart from temporal enjoyments, AN/‘ED, pp. or a. Accustomed or reconciled to the want of the breast or other object of desire. A child or other animal newly WEAN/LING,{ weaned. Milton. WEAN'ING, ppr. Accustoming or reconciling, as a young child or other animal,to a want of the breast ; reconciling to the want of any object of desire. WEAP’ON, (wep’n,) 7. [Sax. wepn; D.and G. wapen; Dan. vaaben; Sw. vapen. ‘This word seems to be from some root signifying to strike, L. vapulo, our vulgar whap, awhap. | 1. Any instrument of offense; any thing used or designed to be used in destroving or annoying an en- emy. The weapons of rude nations are clubs, stones, and bows and arrows. Modern weapons of war are swords, muskets, pistols, cannon, and the like. 2. An instrument for contest, or for combating enemies, The wear child grew We pi, 9ons of our warfare are not carnal. — 2 Cor. x 3, An instrument of defense. 4. Weapons, in botany, arms ; thorns, prickles, and stings, with which plants are furnished for defense ; enumerated among the fuleres by Linneus. Martin. furnished with Hayward, having no weapon. Wilton. W EAP! ON-ED, (wep! 'nd,) a. weapons or arms ; equipped. W EAP! ON-LESS, a. Unarmed ; Armed ; WEAP!ON-SALVE, (-sav,) 7 [weapon and salve. A salve whic h was stippose ‘d to cure the wound, by being applied to the weapon that made it. [ Obs.] soyle. WEAR, (ware,) v. t.; pret. Wore; pp. Worn. [W. gwariaw, to spend or consume; Sax. weran, wertun, to curry, to Wear, as arms or clothes. ] 1. To waste or impair by rubbing or attrition ; to lessen or diminish by time, use, or instruments. A current of water often wears a channel in limestone. 9. To carry appendant to the body, as clothes or Weapons; as, tO wear a coat or a robe; to wear a sword ; to wear a crown. On her white breast « sparkling cross she wore, Pope. 3. To have or exhibit an appearance ; to bear; as, she wears a smile on her countenance. 4. To affect by degrees. Trials wear us into a liking of what possibly, in th displeased us. e first essay, Locke. To wear aicay; to consume; to impair, diminish, or destrov, by gradual attrition or decay. Driden. To weur off; to diminish by attrition or slow de- cay. South, To wear out; to consume, to render useless by at- trition or decay ; as, to wear owt a coat or a book, 2. To consume tediously ; as, to wear out life in idle projects. 3. ‘l’o harass ; He shall wea to tire. r out the saints of the Most High. — Dan. vii. To waste the strength of; as, an old man worn out in the service of his country. 5. In navigation, to wear (originally veer) is to put the ship on the other tack, by turning her round, stern toward the wind. Mar. Dict. WEAR, (ware,)v.t. To be wasted; to be diminished by attrition, by use, or by time. Thou wilt surely wear away. — Ex. xviil. To be tediously spent. Million. It is better Thus wore cut nicht. 3. To be consumed by slow degrees. to wear out than to rust out. Tv wear off; to pass away by degrees. of yGuth wear off with age. WEAR, (ware,) n. The act of wearing; diminution by friction ; as, the wear and tear of a garment. 2. The thing worn. Wear and tear; the loss by wearing, as of machin- ery in use. WEAR, (weer,) n. [Sax war, wer; from the root of werian, to hold, defend, protect ; D. waaren or weeren ; often aeuen wier. See Warren and Guarp.] 1. Adam in a river to stop and raise the water, for conducting it toa mill, fur taking fish, &c. 2. A fence of stakes or twigs set in a stream for catching fish. This word is also spelt Werr or WieER.] WEAR/A-BLE, a. That can be worn. WEARD, Sax., a warden, in names, The follies Swift. denotes watch- MARINE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK.— 1254WEA WEA WED fulness or care; but it must not be confounded with ward in toward. WEARER, ». [from wear.] One who wears or car- ries as appendant to the body ; as, the wearer of a cluak, a sword, or a crown, _2. ‘That which wastes or diminishes. WEA‘RI-ED, (wé'rid,) pp. or a. Tired ; fatigued. WE \/RI-LY, adv. Ina tired or weary manner. WitA/RI-NESS, n. [from weary.] The state of be- ing weary or tired; that Jassitude or exhaustion of strength which is induced by labor; fatigue. With weariness and wine oppressed. Dryden. 9, Lassitude ; uneasiness proceeding from contin- ued waiting, disappointed expectation, or exhausted patience, or from other cause. WEAR/ING, ppr. Bearing on or appendant to the person ; diminishing by friction; consuming. 9. a Denoting what is worn; as, wearing ap- parel. WEAR/ING, n. Clothes ;. garments. [Obs.] Shak. WEAR/ISH, a. Boggy ; watery. Not in use. | 2. Weak; Washy. [JVot in can Carew. WEA/’RI-SOME, (we're-sum,) a. [from weary.| Caus- ing weariness ; Uresome ; tedious ; fatiguing; as, a wearisome march ; a wearisome day’s work. Wearisome nights are appointed to me. — Job vii. WEA/RI-SOME-LY, adv. Tediously ; so as to cause weariness. Ralech. WEA/RI-SOME-NESS,2. The quality of exhausting strength or patience ; tiresomeness ; tediousness ; as, the wearisomeness of toil, or of waiting long in anx- jous expectation. WEA/RY, (weé're,) a. qwear.|* 1. Having the strength much exhausted by toil or violent exertion ; tired; fatigued. {ft should be observed, however, that this word expresses less than TiRED, particularly when applied to a beast; as,a tired horse. It is followed by of before the cause of fatigue; as, to be weary of march- ing; to be weary of reaping; to be weary of study. 9. Having the patience exhausted, or the mind yielding w discouragement. He was weary of asking for redress. 3, Causing weatiness ; tiresome ; As, a 20earl way ; a weary life. Spenser. Shak. WEARY, v.t. [from the adjective.] ‘I'o reduce or exhaust the physical strength of the body ; to tire; to fatigue ; as, to weary one’s self with labor or trav- eling. The people shall weary themselves for very vanity. — Hab, ii. [Sax. werig ; allied perhaps to 9. To make impatient of continuance. I stay too long by thee ; I weary thee. Shak. 3. To harass by any thing irksome; as, to be wearied of waiting for the arrival of the post. To weary out: to subdue or exhaust by fatigue. WEA'RY-ING, ppr. Exhausting the strength of the body ; fatiguing. WiEA/SAND,; 2. [Sax. wasend, wesend; perhaps WE'SAND, §_ from the root of wheeze, and Goth. ond, Dan. aande, breath. } The windpipe or trachea ; the canal through which air passes to and from the lungs. WEA/SEL,( 2. [Sax. wesle; Dan. vesel; G. wiesel; WEE/SEL, D. weezel. this name. In G. wiese isa meadow.] A small guadruped of the genus Mustela, which lives under the roots of trees, or in other holes, and feeds on small birds, but particwarly on mice. It has a long, slender body, and short legs. A weasel that frequents barns and corn houses, frees them useful inmate, gus minutus. uc. W EA/SEL-FAC-ED, (-faste,) a. face, like a weasel. W EAZEN. WEAFH! aan weth/er,) 7. 3 > vader; Sans. widara, a storm. Gr. ac)np, Whence ether. | Properly, the air; hence, to heat or cold, wetness or dryness, calm or storm clearness or cloudiness, or any other meteorologica phenomena ; as, warm weather ; cold weather ; we weather; fair weather ; cloudy weather ; hazy weatler and the like. 9, Change of the state of the air. Bacon. 3. Storm ; tempest. Dryden. by a poetic license. | Stress of weather; violent winds; force of tem the air. [Rarely used. | Spenser. T'usser. { know not the meaning of from rats and mice, and is sometimes deemed a very WEA'SEL-COOT,n. The red-headed smew, or Mer- C Having a thin, sharp WEAFH/ER-TIDE, n. [Spelled, also, WeEZEL and [Sax. weder, wader, Or wether; G. wetter; D. apeder Or weer; Dan. vejr; Sw. The primary sense of this word is air, wind, or atmosphere ; probably the 1. Ihe state of the air or atmosphere with respect aweuther ; dry weather ; calm weather; tempestuous { These last sionifications are not now in use, unless pests. WEATHER, (weth/er,) v. t. To air; to expose to 9. In seumen’s language, to sail to the windward of something else; as, to weather a cape; to weather another ship. As this is often difficult, hence, 3. To bear up against and resist, though with difficulty ; as, to weather the storm. Hale. To weather a point; to gain or accomplish it against opposition. Addison. % weather out; to encounter successfully, though with difficulty ; as, to wecther out a storm. Weather is used with several words, either as an adjective, or as forming part of a2 compound word. WEA'EH/ER-BEAT’ EN, (weth/er-beet/n,) a. Beaten or harassed by the weather. Milton. Brande. WEAEFH'ER-BIT, n A turn of the cable about the end of the windlass, without the knight-heads. WEAFH/ER-BOARD, zn. That side of a ship which is toward the wind; the windward side. So, in other words, weather signifies toward the wind or windward; as in weather-bow, weather-braces, weath- er-sage, cather-lifts, weather-quarter, weatler- shrouds, weather-side, wcather-shore, &C. 9. A board forming a close junction between the shingling of a roof and the side of the building be- neath, usually at the ends where there is no cornice. WEALHA/ER-BOARD, v. t. To nail boards lapping one over another, in order to exclude rain, snow, &c. Goilt. WEAFH’/ER-BOARD-ING, n. The act of nailing up boards lapping one over another; or the boards thein- selves. WEAFH’ER-BOARDS, n. pl. Pieces of planks placed in the ports of a ship, when laid up in ordi- nary. Mar. Dict. WEAPFH’ER-BOUND, a. Delayed by bad weather. WEATH/ER-ECLOFHS, n. pl. Long pieces of canvas or tarpauling used to preserve the hammocks from injury by the weather when stowed, or to defend ersons from the wind and spray. Mar. Dict. WEAFH'BR-COCK, x. [weather and cock.) A vane or Wweather-vane 5 something originally in the shape of a cock, placed on the top of a spire, which, by turning, shows the direction of the wind. 9, Any thing or person that turns easily and fre- quently ; a fickle, inconstant person. Dryden. W EAFH/ER-DRIV-EN, (weth/er-driv-n,) n. [rweath- er and driven.) Driven by winds or storms , foreed by stress of weather. are. WEAFH'ER-FEND, v. t. [weather and ferd.] To shelter. WEAFTH’ER-GALL, n. A secondary rainbow, said to be a sign of bad weather. [North of England. | WEAFH’ER-GAGE, n. [2weather and gage.| A ship is said to have the weather-gage of another, when she is at the windward of her, and thus has the ad- vantage. Hence, in Hudibras, To veer, and tack, and steer a cause Against the weather-sage of laws, denotes to evade sheer force by dextrous shifts. WEAPTH/ER-GLASS, 2. [weather and glass.) An instrument to indicate the state of the atmosphere. This word includes the barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, manometer, and anemometer. Hutton. WEAFH’ER-HELM, n._ [roeather and helm.} A ship is said to carry a weather-helm, when she is inclined to come too near the wind. Mar. Dict. WEAFH/ER-ING, x. In geology, the action of the elements on a rock in altering its color, texture, or composition, or in rounding off its edges. Dana. WEATFH'ER-MOST, a. [weather and most.] Being furthest to the windward. WEAFH’/ER-PROOF, a. against rough weather. WEAFTH'ER-ROLL, 2. [rocather and roll.] The roll of a ship to the windward ; opposed to Ler-LuRcH. WEAFH/ER-SPY, vn. [weather and spy-] A star- gazer; one that foretells the weather. [Little used.) Donne. (eather and tide.] The tide which sets against the lee-side of a ship, impelling her to the windward. Mar. Dict. WBEAFH'ER-TINT-ED, a. Tinted by the weather. WEAFH/ER-WISE, a. [weather and wise.} Skillful in foreseeing the changes or state of the weather. WEAPFH/ER-WIS-ER, n. Something that foreshows the weather. [Not used.] Derham, WEAFH’ER-ED, pp- Passed to the windward ; passed with difficulty. ; : 9. a. In mineralogy, a term applied to a specimen, | when the surface is altered in color, texture, or COMm- t position, or the edges are rounded off by exposure to the elements, Dana. WEAFH/ER-ING, ppr. Passing or sailing to the windward ; passing with difficulty. WEAVE, (weev,) v. t 5 pret. Wove; pp. WoveEN, Wove. The reguiar form, WHEAVED, is rarely or never used. [Sax- wefan; G. webens D. zeeven; SW. wafoa; Dan. vaever ; Pers. baftan; Gr. vpaw. | = 1. To unite threads of any kind in such a manner as to form cloth. This is done by crossing the threads by means of a shuttle. ‘The modes of weav- ing, and the kinds of texture, are various. ‘The threads first laid in length are called the Warr ; [weather and proof.) Proof ; r. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— AN/’GER, VINCIOUS.— € as K; Gas J; Sas 4, WEAV’/ER, nz. WEAV/ING, 2. WEA’'ZEN, (we'zn,) @ WEB, zn. GH as SH; FH as in THIS. ? those which cross them in the direction of the breadth are called the Wert or Woor | © 7 } « , ¥ - 2. To unite any thing flexible ; as, to zoeave twigs 3: To unite by iMtermixture or close connection 5 as, a form of religion woven into the civil govern | ment. : ~lddison. | 4, To interpose@; to insert. \ This weaves itself perforce into my business. Shak. WEAVE, v. i. To practice weaving; to work with a Joom. One who weaves ; one whose occu- pation Is to weave. 2. The common name of the genus Plocens, of several species, passerine birds, natives of Africa and the East Indies; so called because they con- struct curious and often peusile nests, by interweav- ing twigs and fibers. Bd. Encyc. “A V'ER-FISH, x. A fish of the perch fanily. »e WEEVER.] [s WEAV/ING, ppr Forming cloth by intermixture of threads. The act or art of forming cloth in a loom, by the union or intertexture of threads. 9. The task or work to be done in making cloth. Thin; sharp; as, a weazen Dickens. [Sax. web; Sw. vif. See Wrave.) 1. Texture of threads; plexus; any thing woven. Penelope devised a web to deceive her wooers. Spenser. face. 2. Locally, a piece of linen cloth. England. Ireland. 3, A dusky film that forms over the eye and bin- ders the sight ; suffusion. Shak. 4. Some part of a sword. Qu. net-work of the handle or hilt. Shak. Fairfar. of the rim and between the spokes of a sheave. Cyc. 6. In ornithology, the membrane which unites the toes of many water-fowls. Spider’s web ; a plexus of very delicate threads or filaments which a spider spins from its bowels, and which serves as a net to catch flies or other insects for its food. Web of a coulter, is the thin, sharp part. WEB/RED, (webd,) a... (from web.) Having the toes united by a membrane, Or- web; as, the webbed feet || of aquatic fowls. | WEB’BING, n. A strong fabric of hemp, two or three inches wide, made for supporting the seats of stuffed | 5. In ship-building, the thin partition on the inside | chairs, sofas, &c. WEB/-FOOT-ED, a. [web and feot.) Having webbed feet; palmiped. A goose. or duck is a web-fuoted fowl. WED, v.t. (Sax. weddian, to covenant; to promise ; to marry; Sw. vadja ; Dan. vedder, to wager; W. gwen; Le vador, to give bail, or fedus, a league ; probably both are of one family.] 1. To marry ; to take for husband or for wife. Since the day I saw thee first, and wedded thee. Milton. 9. To join in marriage. And Adam, wedded to ancther Eve, Milton. Shall live with her. 3. To unite closely in affection; to attach firmly. We are apt to be wedded to our OWN Custonis and opinions. Men are wedded to their lusts. Tillotson. 4. To unite forever. Thou art wedded to calamity. Shak. 5, To espouse ; to take part with. Clarendon. They wedded his cause. [ Obs.] WED, v. i. To marry; to contract matrimony. When shall 1 wed? Shak, WED, zn. A pledge. : WED'DED, pp. oF 4. Married; closely attached. WED/DING, ppr- Marrying; uniting with in matri- mony. WED'DING, 2. Marriage ; nuptials ; nuptial ceremo- ny ; nuptial festivities. Let her beauty be her wedding dower. WED/DING-€LOFHES, 2. Fapedding and clothes. ] Garments for a bride or a bridegroom, to be worn at marriage. WED/DING-DAY, n. of marriage. WED!/DING-FEAST, 2”. feast or entertainment prepare wedding. Shak. [wedding and day.) The day [wedding and feast.) A d for the guests ata WEDGE, (wej,) m [Sax- weed, wecg; Dan. vegi l ‘his word signines a muss, a Sw. vigg; D. wig. lump. } 1. Amass of metal; a Josh. Vil. é : se 9. A piece of metal, particularly iron, thick at one end and sloping to a thin edge at the other, usee mn splitting wood, rocks, &C. _ This is one of t 16, Age mechanical powers. A like piece of wood is by some persons called a wedge, or a glut. s, a wedge of gold or silver. = ie ng a Fi ee 7 oS Seep al smeam vo. ee oe tte ot eames woneger re erent WEE WEI WEI 3. In geometry, a solid of five sides two rbomboidal sides meeting in an edge, gular base, and two triangul: ir ends, 4. Something in the Day. form of a wedge. times bodies of troops are drawn up in the form of a wel we. WEDGE, (wej,) 2. t. rive. [Little used, | To cleave with a wedge; to 2, To drive as a wedge is driven; to crowd or We were wedged in by the compress crow d. closely. To force, as a wedge forces its way; as, to we! oa one’s Way. 4. To fasten with a wedge or with wedges weree on a scythe ; To fix in the m: anner of a wedge. aes in the rocky shoals, Milton. ; as, to to wedve in a rail or a piece of WEDG’ED, (wejd,) pp- closely compressed. ened with a wedge; WEDGE/-SHAP-ED, shape. } (wej’ ‘shapt,) a. Having the shape of a wedge; [ timber. Dryden. fast- and sticking fast. Split with a wedge ; [wedve and cuneiforn). A wedse-shaped leaf is broad and truncate at the summit. and tapering down to the base. WEDG WOOD-WARE, n. A kind of s inventor. | Smith. [from the name of the emi- vitihe d pottery, without much superfic ial glaze, but capable of receiving all kinds of colors by ochers. Admirable means of imitations of Etruscan and other metallic oxyds “and | vases have been executed in this ware. Ure. WEDG ING, ppr. with wedges ; compressing closely. W OO 1. gift. Marriage ; matrimony. To marry. LOCK, ». t. )LOCK-ED, riage. [ Little used.) WEDNES/DAY, Woden’s Woadin or Orlin, ae DF (wenz'de day; Sw. a deity ern nations of Europe. } The fourth day of Tuesday. WEB, a Small; little. WEECH’ELM, A a M, WEED, the n, A species of elm. six. weod. [Qu. wed and lock, or Sax. lac, a Addison. [ Little used,] Milton. (wed/lokt,) pp. United in mar- Milton. a) ae (Sax. Wodensdeg, Odensdag or Onsdag; from or chief among the north- week.; the next day after [Contracted from G. wenig.] { Vot in use. ] Bacon. l. The general name of any plant that is useless or troublesome. The word, therefore, has no defi- nite application to any partic ‘ular plant or species of plants; but whatever grass, or in hedges, and which are plants grow among corn, either of no use to man or injurious to crops, are denominated weeds. 2. Any kind of unprofitable substance among ores in mines, WEED, n [Sux. wed, as mnundic or marcasite. - [ Local.) weda, a vestment, any gar- ment, that which is put on.) l. Properly, « garment, used only in the plural, weeds, for the parel of a femule 5; as, a wit low?s weeds. garme nt. wrodian; D. weeden. | 2. An uOPE WEED, 7 [Sax. as In Spenser, but now inourning ap- Milton. [ Obs.} Chapman. To Fee from no¥ious plants ; as, to weed corn or onions ; To take to weed a garden. away, aS noxious plants; as, to 2eed a | writing of invectives. 3. To free from any thing hurtful or offensive; as, to weed a kingdom of bad subjects. 4. To root out vice; young. WEED’/ED, pp. noxious, WEED’ER, n. thing noxious. WEED/ER-Y, n ; a s, to weed the hearts of the Locke. Ascham. Freed from weeds or Whatever is One that weeds or frees from any Weeds collectively ; a place full of weeds or for the growth of weeds. Overgrown With weeds. WEED/-GROWN, a W EED’-HOOK, } WEED ING-HOOK, 5 Urpating weeds. WEEDING, ppr. is noxious to growth. WEED'ING, n n.. The ious weeds, as a crop. WEED!‘ ING-C HIS/EL 7. A hook [weed and hook. | used for cutting away or ex- Tusser. Freeing from weeds or whatever operation of freeing from nox- : oi Th. Cie. A tool with a divided chisel point, for cutting the roots of large weeds with- in the ground. W EED'ING-FOR/CEPS, WEED/ING-TONGS, plants in weeding, W EED/ING-FORK, n. Cyc. n. An instrument for taking up some sorts of | A strong, three-pronged fork, used in clearing ground of weeds. An implement somewhat like WEED/ING-RHIM, n. the frame of a wheel- barrow, Weeds on suinmer fallows lands WEED’/LESS, a, WEED’Y, a. plies. used for tearing up ; ke. ; ; used in Kent, Eng- uc. Free from weeds or noxious matter. Dryden. Consisting of weeds; as, weedy tro- Shak, 2. Abounding with weeds; as, weedy grounds; a weedy garden ; weedy Corn. Some- , VJZ., a rectan- WEEK, n. [Sax. weoc; D. week ; G. woche ; Dan. uge ; Sw. vecka. | 1. The space of seven days. I fust twice in the week, — Luke xviii. In Scripture, a prophetic week, is a week of years, or seven years. Dan. 1x. WEEK!-DAY, x. [werk and day.] Any day of the week except the Sabbath. Pope. WEEK/LY,a. Coming, hippening, or done once a week ; hebdomadary , as,a weekly payment of bills ; a weekly gazette ; a weekly allowance. Dryden. Swift. WEEK’LY, adv. Once a week ; by hebdomadal pe- riods ; as, each performs service weekly. Aryliffe. WEEL, zn. boil. ] A whirlpool. [Mot in use.) WEEL, jx. A kind of twiggen trap or snare for WEBL’Y,§ fish. Care. WEEN, v.7. [Sax. wenan, to think, suppose, or hope, and to wean. The sense is, to set, fix, or hold in the [See Wexii. Sax. wel, from weallan, to Cleaving with a wedge ; fastening | ) WEER/ISH, a. mind ; G. withnen, to imagine ; D. waanen. | To think ; to imagine ; to fancy. Spenser, Milton. [Obs olete, except in burlesque.] EN! aa ppr- Thinking; imagining. [Obs-] WE WEEP, v. i.; pret. and pp. Wert. Wererven, I believe, is never ee [Sax. zwepan; evidently the same word as whoop. (See Wuoor.) The primary sense is, to cry out.] To express sorrow, grief, or anguish by outcry. This is the originu] sense. Butin present usage, to manifest and express grief by outcry or by shedding tears. They all wept sore, and fell on Paul’s neck, and kissed him. — Acts XX. Phocion was rarely seen to weep or to laugh. Mitford. To shed tears fromany passion. Persons sonie- times weep for joy. 3. To lament; to complain. JVum. xi. WEEP, v.t. To lament; to bewail; to bemoan. We, wandering. go Through dreary wastes, and weep each other’s woe. Pope. To shed moisture ; as, to weep tears of joy. Milton. z To drop; as, the weeping amber. Pope. . To abound with wet; as, weeping grounds. Mortimer. bewailed , shed Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gum and balm, WEEP’ED, (weept,) pp. tears. WEEP’ER, n. One who weeps; one who sheds tears. Driden. 2. A white border on the sleeve of a mourning coat. Johnson, 3. A species of monkey, of the sapajou group, found in Guiana, the Cebus Apella. Jardine. P. Cyc. WEEP/ING, ppr. or a. Lamenting; shedding tears. WEEP/ING,». Lamentation. WEEP/ING-LY, adv. In a weeping manner. WEEP/ING-ROCK, n. [weep and rock.| A porous rock from which water gradually issues. Ee eee n. A spring that slowly dis- charges wate | WEEP‘IN G_W [LL OW, zx. A species of willow whose branches grow very long and slender, and hang down nearly in a perpendicular direction. Insipid ; weak ; washy ; surly. [Vot Un USé. | Ascham. WEB’SEL; the more proper spelling of Werase.. WEBET, v. t.; pret. Wor. (Sax. witan; D. weeten; Sw. veta; G. wissen; Russ. vidaxu; all*ed probably to L. video, Gr. £06 To know. WEET’LESS, a. Unknowing. [ Obs. WEE’VER, n. A kind of fish belonging to the perch family, a species of Trachinus, of which about four species are well known. They inflict wounds with the spines of their first dorsal fin, which are tnuch drended, Their flesh is esteemed. WEE/VIL, n. [Sax. wefl; G. wibel.] A small insect of the beetle tribe, with a long snout. It is destructive to many buds and fruits, and also to magazines of grain. . Herrick. WEER/VIL-Y, a. Infested with weevils. WEE’ZEL,a. Thin; sharp; as, a weezel face. [Lo- cal,| {See Wease-.] Smart. WEFT, old pret. of Wave. Spenser. WEFT, x. [from weave.] The woof of cloth; the threads that cross the warp from selvedge to selv- ede, 2 9. A web; a thing woven. Cie. WEFT, n. A thing waved, waived, or cast away. Not used.) [See Watr.] WEFT’AGE, z. eae. [Vot used. } Grew. WEIGH, (wa,) 2 [Sax. weg, weg, a balance; we- gan, to weigh, ‘i bear, to carry, L. veho; D. weegen, wikken ; G. waren ; Sw. vaga; Dan. vejer, to W eigh ; Lamented ; [ Obs.] Russ. vaga, a balance; Ambaric, APR awaki, Weight. See Waa.] 1. To examine by the balance; to ascertain the | WEIGH/ER, (wa’er,) n. weight, that is, the force with which a thing tends to the center of gravity ; as, to weigh sugar ; to weigh gold. 2, To be equivalent to in weight; that is, accord- ing to the Saxon sense of the verb, to lift to an equi- poise a Weight on the other side of the fwerum. Thus, when a body balances a weight of tw enty- eight pounds avoirdupois, it lifts or Dears it, and is said to weigh somuch. It weighs a quarter of a hun- dred. 3. To raise ; to lift; as an anchor from the ground, or any other body ; as, to weigh anchor ; to weigh an oe hulk. . To,pay, allot, or take by weight. They weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. — Zech. x1. To ponder in the mind ; to consider or examine ae the purpose of forming an opinion or coming to a conclusion; as, to weigh the advantages and disad- vantages of a scheme. Regard not who it is which speaketh, but weigh only what is spoken. Hooker. 6. To compare by the scales. ; Here in nice balance truth with gold she weighs, Pope. To regard ; to consider as worthy of notice. I weigh not you. Shak. 22 weigh down ; to overbalance. To oppress w ith weight ; to depress. Ww EIG H, (wa,) v. t% To have weight; as, to weigh lighter. or heavier. Brown. To be considered as important; to have weight in the intellectual balance. This argument weighs with the considerate part of the community. 3. To bear heavily ; to press hard. Cleanse the stuffed bosom of that perilous stuff, Which weighs upon the heart. Shak, To weish down; to sink by its own weight. WEIGH, (wa,) m > > ¥ A man whose occupation is to make wheels an from being implied in zhences but the use is well authorized, and in some cases the use of it seems to give force or beauty to the phrase. We ascended the mountain, from whence We took a view of the beautiful plains below. Of whence is nct now used. WHENCE-SO-EV’ER, adv. [whence, so, and ever.] From what place soever ; from what cause or source soever. wheel-carriages, as carts and wagons. WHEEL, v. t. To covey on wheels; as, to wheel a load of hay or wood. 2. To put into a rotary motion ; to cause to turn round Milton. WHEEL, v.i. To turn on an axis. Bentley. 9. To turn; to move round; as,a body of troops wheel to the right or left. 3. To fetch a compass. Locke. Any idea, whencesoever we have it. WHENCE-EV’'ER. See W HENSOEVER. Then wheeling down the steep of heaven he flies. ; SNS Be ae So Pee eek eva tea Fabs WHEN-EV/ER, adv. [when-and ever.] At whatever 4. To roll forward. ae time. Whenever you come, you will be kindly re- nunde . Must wheel the earth, devouring where it olls. Milton. ceived. uat-selee}ion thelenttt, UevOUN ns aaa WHEN-SO-EV’ER, a. [when, so, and ever.) At what ; time soever ; at whatever time. Locke. WHERE, (hware,) adv. [Sax. hwer } Goth. hwar; Sw. hvar; D. waar.) 1. At which place or places. WHEEL'ED, pp. Conveyed on wheels ; turned ; rolled round. WHEEL’/ER, x. A maker of wheels. [Obs] WHEBEL/ING, ppr. Conveying on wheels or in a wy Deal:Carclace » turning. . e visi he place there first she was SO happy- Sidney. WHEELING, n. The act of conveying on wheels. salt aecss sera record my name, 1 will ae to thee aa I 9. The act of passing on wheels, or convenience * will bless thee. — Ex. xx. for passing on wheels. We say, it is good wiecling, 9, At or in what place. or bad wheeling, according to the state of the roads. Ni Pn ean at 3. A turning or circular movement of troops em- Se ee Br ar a0 bodied. ! 3. At the place in which. WHEEL’'Y, a. Where J thought the remnant of my are Should have been cherished by her childlike duty. Shak. 4. Whither; to what place, or from what place. Where are you going? W here are you from? These uses of zohere are common, and the first can not be condemned as vulgar. } Any where ; in any place. I sought the man, but could not find him any where. rote. -~ Where seems to have been originally a noun, and was so used by Spenser. ‘* He shall tind no wiere safe to him.?’ In this sense, it is obsolete ; yet it implies place, its original signification. WHERE-A-BOUT’, comp. [where and about.] Near what place. Whereabout did you meet your friend ? 9, Near which place. Shak. 3, Concerning which. The object whereabout they are conversant. WuereasourTs is also used. ] Circular; suitable to rotation. hilips. WHEEZE, v. 7 [Sax. hweosans Arm. chueza: Sw. hes, hoarse; Dan. hveser Sw. hvdsa, to hiss, to whiz; Dan. hvaes, a whistling. Wheeze, whiz, and probably zohtsper, are of one family, and accord with the root of the L. fistula.) To breathe hard and with an audible sound, as persons affected with asthma. Dryden, Swift. WHEEZ/ING, ppr- Breathing with difficulty and noise. WHEEZ/ING, n. The act of breathing with difficulty and noise. WHBLK, (hwelk,) . surface ; protuberance ; a pustule. WeAL.] ; 9. A mollusk, the Buccinum undatum, having a shell univalvular, spiral, and gibbous, with an oval A wrinkle; inequality on the [See WELK and Hooker. apertiuretending in a short canal or gutter. Wohelks Vi ; aye much used for food in England. WHERE-AS', (hware-az’,) comp [where and as.| Linneus. P. Cye. When in fact or truth ; implying opposition to some- WHELK’Y, a. Protuberant; embossed; rounded. thing that precedes. Spenser. ‘Are not those found to be the greatest zealots, who are most notoriously ignorant? whereas true zeal should always h tr Sprat. begin with true knowledge. 9, The thing being so that; considering that things ission of facts, sometimes WHELM, v. t. [Sax. ahwylfan; Goth. hulyan; Ice. wilma or haoilma, 1. To cover with water or other fluid ; to cover by immersion in something that envelops on all sides ; are so; implying an adm AN’’GER, VICIOUS. — € as K; G as J; Sas Z; CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ie, a Pane CaM. sete ae etal (a oe soa: . eer gheea le me a See Sta he | wt pare arn ke] Besa, Cott es | | | i WHE WHI WHI inferences or something consequent, as in the law style, where a preamble introduces a law. Whereas wars are generally causes of poverty. Bacon. 3 Whereat; at which place. [Obs.] Spenser. But on the contrary. [See No. 1.] Woodward. WHERE. AT! At which. , comp. [where and at.] W, erent he was no less angry and ashamed than desirous to +y Zelinane. Sidney 2. ze what ; interrogatively, Whereat are you of- fended ? ‘ WHERE-BY’, comp. [where and by.] By which. You take my life, : When you do take the :neans whereby | live. By what; Whereby shall 1 know this ?— Iunke {. WHERE/FORE, comp. [where and fer] reason. Wherefore, by their fruits ye shall know them, —Matt. vil, 2. Why ; for what reason. Wherefore didst thou doubt ?— Matt. xiv. WHERE-IN’, comp. [where and in.] In which; in which thing, time, respect, book, &c. ‘This is the Shak, interrogatively. For which thing wherein you have erred. 2. In what. Yet yesay, Wherein have we wearied him? — Mal WHERE-IN- T O!, tmp. [where and a Into which. Obs, Bacon. WHERE‘’NESS, n. Ubiety; imperfect locality. A point hath no dimensions, but only a whereness, and is next to nothing. Trew. [ This word is not used, nor has it any intelligible sig- nijication. WHERE-OF’, Of which. We comp. [where and of.] are not guilty of the crime whereof we are accused. 2. Of what. Whercof was this house built? [ Obs.] How this world, when and whereof created. Milton. WHERE-ON’, comp. [2here and on.}] On which; as the ground whereon we tread. 2. On what. W hereon do we; WHERE’SO, comp. [Obs.] W HERE-SO- BV’ER, comp. what place soever; p.ace indefinitely. may be found. {Wuerever is the preferable word. ] WHERE’/THROUGH, throngh which, is not in use. WHERE-TO!, comp. [where and to.} To which. Whereto we have already attained, — Phil. iii, 2. To what ; [ Little used.) 2 stand? [Obs.] See WHERESOEVER. [where, so, and ever.] In in Whatever place, or in any Seize the thief, wheresocver he fo what end. WHERE-UN-TO’, adv. The same as Wuereto. [ Ol bs. | WH ERE-UP-ON’, comp. Upon which. The townsmen mutinied and sent to Essex, whereupon he came thither. Clarendon, WHER-EV’ER, comp. [where and ever.] At whatever place. He can not but love virtue, wherever it is. Atterbury. WHERE-WITH’, comp. [where and with.] With Which. The love wherewith thon hast loved me.— John xvii, - With what ; interrovatively. Wherewith shall I save Israel ? — Judges vi. WHERE-WIFH-AL!', comp. [See Witnat.] [here, with, and all.) "he same as WHerewiTH. WHER’RET, v.t. [G. wirren. Qu. To hurry ; to trouble ; to tease ; the ear. Low, and ee used in America. | to give a box on WHE sR/RET, u% A boxonthe ear. [Vot in use.] : Beawn. & Fl, WHER’RY, [A different orthography of Ierry, formed w ath a strong breathing, like whistle, from the root of L. fistula.) is 4:\ shallow, light boat, built very sharp at both ends, for fast rowing or sailing, especially on tide rivers. Hebert. The term has also been applied to some decked vessels used in fishing, in different parts of Great SAAN and [reland. Mar. Dict. 2. A liquor made from the pulp of crabs, afler the sens is expressed ; sometimes called C RAB-W HER- [ Local.] WHET, (hwet,) v. t.; pret. and pp. Wuertrep or WHET [Sax. Awettan; Sw. hvdssa; Dan. hvas, enor hvedser, to whet; D. wetten ; G. wetzen.] To rub for the purpose of sharpening, as an siee! tool; to sharpen by attrition ; as, to "whet a scythe or” an aX To provoke ; the appetite. 3. ‘lo provoke ; to excite ; to stimulate ; as, to zwhet to make angry or acrimonious. Since Cassios first did whet me against Cesar, I have not sle Shak. To whet on, ox vhet forward; to urge on; to insti- gate. [JWVvt used, nor proper. | Shak. followed by a different staternent, and sometimes by WHET, 2. The act of sharpening by friction. 2. Something that provokes or stimulates the ap- petite ; as, sips, drams, and whets. Spectator. WHEFH’ER, pronoun or substitute. [Sax. hoether. This word seems to be connected with what and the L. uter, the latter not being aspirated. The sense seems to be what, or which of two, referring either to persons or to sentences. ] 1. Which of two. Whether of them twain did the will of his father ? — Matt. xxi. Here, whether is a substitute for one of two, and sig- nifies which; which of the two; but in this sense it is obsolete. 2. Which of two alternatives, expressed by a sen- tence or the clause of a sentence, and followed by or. ‘* Resolve whether you will go or not ;”? that is, you will go or not go; resolve zo/iich. JVote. — In the latter use, which is now most com- mon, whether is called an adverb. This is a mistake. It is the same part of apecci as in the former exam- ple. ‘Phe only difference is, that in the former ex- ample it represents or re fe ‘rs to a noun, and in the latter to a sentence or clause. WHETH’ER-ING,n. The retention of the after-birth in cows. Gardner. WHET’STONE, n. [whet and stone.] A stone used for sharpening e a ged instruments by friction. WHE’ ae PONE-SLATE,)7x. Novaculite, a variety WHET’-SLATE, of slate used for sharp- cathe masa nts of iron. The light-green colored variety from the Levant is the most valuable, and is called Honestone. It should be kept in a damp place, that it may not become too dry and hard. WHET’TED, pp. Rubbed for sharpening; sharp- | WHET’TER, x. ened ; provoked ; stimulated. He or that which whets or sharp- ens. WHET’TING, ppr. Rubbing for the purpose of mak- ing sharp; sharpening; provoking; inciting ; stim- ulating. WHEW’‘ER, n. Another name of the widgeon. [Lo- cal. | WHEY, (hwa,)n. [Sax. hweg: D. wei or hiti.] The serum or w atery y part of mS the more thick or congulable part, particularly in the process of making cheese. In thy process, the thick part is called eurd, and the thin part 2hey. WHEY’EY, (wha’e,) a. Partaking of whey ; resem- bling whey. Bacon. W HEY’ISH, a. ualities of whey. Philips. separated from Having the q WHEY!/-TUB, A tub in which whey stands for yielding cream, eo Circ. WHICH, pron. [If this is from the Saxon hwile or hoyle, it is from ‘the Gothic Aweleiks, which coincides with the Latin qualis; D. welk, G. welche, welcher, Dan hwilken, hwilket, Sw. hwilken. This is the prob- able origin of the word, and its true sense js that of the Latin guts, qualis, quicungue. In these senses it occurs in all Saxon books. Its proper use was as a pronoun of interrogation, ‘ Hwy lc man 1s of eow ?” | what man is thereof you? Matt. vil. 9. **‘ Hwyle is min modor??? who is my mother? Mark ili. 33. Its use tor who, Saxon jwa, as in the Lord’s prayer, ** Our Father which art in heaven,”? is an improper application of the word. In its original sense it is used forall genders; as, which nan, which woman, which thing? As an interrogative we still use it in this manner. Its use for who was of Jong continu- ance, but is happily discontinued ; and our present practice accords with its original use in the Saxon.) A pronoun or word of interrogation in all gen- ders; as, which man is it? which woman was it? which is the house ? 2. In reference to things, or in the neuter gender, it is a relative referring to something before men- tioned ; as, ‘‘ God rested on the seventh one from all his work which he had made.’?? Gen. ii. 2. In some phrases, the re lative may precede the noun to which it re fers, 3. Which, like other pronouns, may be used as a substitute for another word or for a sentence. ‘* We are bound to obey all the divine commands, which we cau not do swithout divine aid.?? Here which isa substitute for obey all the divine commands, The man was said to be innocent, which he was not. Here which is a substitute for innocent. That which ; those which ; as, take will. The which, by the which, &c., are obsolete. WHICH-EV’ER, ) pron. VVhether one or the oth- WHIGH-SO-EV’/ER,§ er. Whichever road you take, it will conduct you to town. WHIFF, nx. [W. ¢gwif, a whiff or butts a hiss ; to W biff, and ¢gwaf, a quick gust 1. A sudden e xpulsion of air from the mouth; a puff; as, the whiff of a smoker. And seasons his whiffs with impertinent Jokes. Pope. 2. In ichthyology, a flat-fish of the tarbot group, Rhombus megastoma. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. WHIFF, v.t. To puff; to throw out in whiffs; to consume in whiffs, WHIF’/FLE, (whif'fl,) ». 2. which you Guwiyian, [D. werfelen, to waver ; | WHIG, ( | WHIG, n. | WHIG’GAR-€HY, xz. zweeven, to hover. This accords in . mwoeifeln, to doubt, which -would seem to be from zwei, two, or its root. The G. has also schweifen, to rove or wander, which seems to he allied to sweep The D. has also twyffelen, to doubt, from tzoee, two, or its root; Sw. tvifla, Dan. twivler, from the root of two. Yet whiffle seems to be dire sctly from whiff} To start, shift,and turn ; to change from one opin- ion oF Course to another; to use evasions 5 to pre- varicate ; to be fickle and unsteady. sense with G. A person of whiffing and unsteady turn of mind, can not keep y close to a point of a controversy. Vatts. WHIE’FLE,v.t. To disperse with a puff; to scatter. More. WHIF’FLE, n. Anciently, a fife or small flute. W HIF’PLE-TREE, ) 7. The bar to which the traces WHIP’/PLE-TREE, § of a carriage are fastened for draught. WHLE’YFLER, n. One who whiffles or frequently changes his opinion or course ; one who uses shifts and evasions in argument. 2. A harbinger ; an officer who went before pro- cessions to clear the way by blowing the horn or trumpet. Toone. Shak. 3. A young man who goes before a company in London on occasions of p WHIL’FLING, ppr. cating ; shuffling. W HIF/FLING, n. (hwig,) 7. iblic solemnity. Cie. Shirting and turning; prevari- Prevarication. [Sax. See Wuey.] Ac idulk ited w hey, sometimes mixed with butter- milk and sweet herbs; used as a cooling beverage. | Local. } hweg. fAsh, in his Dictionary, informs us that this word is from whigeam, a term used in Scotland in driving horses ; whi who drives horses. In 1648, a party of these people marched to Eidin- burgh to oppose the king and the duke of Hamilton ; and hence the name of wig was given to the purty opposed to ae court. | : One of a politic al party which had its origin in England in the seventeenth century, in the reign of Charles [. or [I., when preat contests existed respect- ing the royal prerogatives and the ple. Those who supported th claims were called tories, and the ular rights were called whis. During the re tion in the United States, the friends of the war and the principles of the revolution were called whigs, and those who opposed them were called tovies and royalists. Where, then, when tories scarce get clear, Shall whigs and congresses appear? AT Fingal. W HIG, a. nor, one rights of the pe king in his bi advocates of pup- volu- and supporters r}) Pertaining to or compaer of whigs. Government by whigs. { Cant, } Swift. The principles of a whig. Pertaining to whigs; partaking of whigs swt, WHIG’/GISM, n. ‘The principles of awhig. Swift. WHILE, (hwile,) n Sax. Awile; Goth. iwetla; G. weil; D. wyl: time, while; Dan. /rile, Sw. vila, re- W HIG/GER-Y, n. WHIG/GISH, a. the principles of pose; W. cyl, a turn, Ir. foil. See the verb.] Time; space of time, or continued duration. He was some while in this country. One while we thought him innocent Worth while; worth the time which it requires ; worth the time and pains; hence, worth the ex- pense. It isnot always worth while for a nun to pros- eciite for small debts WHILE, adv. During the time that. While I write, 2. As long as. [you sleep, Use your memory, and you will sensibly experience a ceria improvement, while you take care not to overload ut. Watts. 3. At the same time that. PAE WHILE, v. t. [W. gwylaw, to turn, to run a course, to bustle; Eth. MO” waala, to pass the time, to spend the day or life, to remain; Ambaric, id. ; Dan. hviler, Sw. hv ua, to rest or repose ; Ir. foillim, to slay, to rest, to tarry; G. weilen, verweilen, to abide, to stay; D. verwylen, id. Qu. the identity of these words. ] To while away, as time, in English, is to loiter: or, more generally, to cause time to pass away pleasant ly, without irksomeness; as, We 2while away time in amusements or diversions. Pope. Spectator. A little while Let us while away this life. WHILE, v.17. To Joiter. WHIL/ERE, adv. [while and ere.] ago. { Obs.] WHIL/ING, ppr. loitering ; passing time agreeably, without OE itience or tediousness. WHILK, n. A kind of shell, or shell-fish [See WHELK. WHI/LOM, adv. [Sax. Aiilon. Formerly ; once; of old. | obs.) Spenser. WHILST, adv. The same as Wu Le, which see. [Wut es is not used.] W HIM, x. [Ice. hwima ; W. ¢wim, a brisk motion, a turn ; ¢wimtar, to move round briskly ; Sp. quimera, a W him, a wild fancy, a scuffle.} FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. —METE, PREY.— PINE, MARINE, BIRD. — NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —WHI 1. Properly, a sudden turn or start of the mind ; MS We say, every man has bis whims. [See Freak and Ca- a freak; a fancy; a capricious notion. PRICE. | Swift. Addison. All the superfluous whims relate. 2. A low wit; @ cant word. 3. A machine worked by horses for raising water from the bottom of mines. WHIM/BREL, 2. and resembling it in its appearance and habits. WHIM/PER, v. i. [G. wimmern.] To cry with a low, whining, broken voice ; as, a child w/himpers. Locie. WHIM’PER-ING, ppr. voice. W HIM/PER-ING, x. WHIM/PLED, a. haps a mistake for WHIMPERED. ] Distorted with crying. WHIM/SEY, (hwim/ze,) 2. [from zwhim.] A whim ; a freak ; a capricious notion; as, the whimseys of poets, Men’s follies, whimseys, and inconstancy. Swift. WHIM’SI-CAL, a. odd fancies ; capricious. My neighbors call me ahimsical. WHIM’/SI-EAL-LY, adv. manner; freakishly. WHIM/SI-€AL-NESS, WHIM-SI-CAL'I-TY, temper. Addison. n. [Supra.] WHIN, x. [In W. gwyn isa weed; L. Genista spino- Sa. Gorse ; furze; a plant of the genus Ulex. Tusser. Lee. WHIN/-AX, n. [whin and az.] for extirpating whin from land Cyc. P. Cyc. WHIN/CHAT, x. Linn.) It iscommonin Europe. Jurdine. WHINE, (hwine,) v. t. agioyn, to complain; L. hinnio, and qu. gannio. } To express murmurs by a plaintive cry; to moan with a puerile noise ; to murmur meanly. They came —with « whining accent craving liberty. Then, if we whine, look pale, WHINE, zn. of mean complaint; mean or affected complaint. WHIN/ER, 2. One who whines. owe. WHIN/ING, ppr- or a. Expressing murinurs by mean, plaintive tone or cant. WHIN/ING-LY, adv. In a whining manner. WHIN'NY, v.i% [L. Aint To utter the sound of a horse ; to neigh. WHIN’NY, a. Abounding in whins. WHIN/OCK, n. [G. wenig, small. ] The small pig of a litter. Sidney. Shak. N. England. WHIN/-STONE, n. |[whin and stone; Scot. guhyn- stane | Whin-stone, or thin, is a provincial name given to basaltic rocks, and applied by miners to any kind of dark-colored and hard, unstratified rock, which re- Veins of dark basalt or sists the point of the pick. green-stone are frequently called whin-dykes. WHIN/YARD, n. A sword ; tn contempt. WHIP, (hwip,) 2. t. weep, that is, to whoop, or hoop : D. Cyc. whip; Dan. vipper, to swing ly turns. thrust. ] 1. To strike with a lash or sweeping cord ; as, to whip x horse.” 2. To sew slightly. 3. To drive with lashes; as, to 20%) 3 top. 4. To punish with the whip; as, to whip a va- A bird closely allied to the curlew, Crying with a low, broken [Supra.] A low, muttering cry. {A word used by Shakspeare, per- Full of whims; freakish; having [Supra.] In a whimsical Freakishness ; whimsical disposition ; odd An instrument used A small singing-bird, a species of warbler, the Saxicola rubetra, (Motacilla rubetra, P. Cyc. [Sax. wanian and cwanian; Goth. iwainon; Dan. hviner, to whine, and to whin- ny, as a horse; Sw. /vina, to squeal or squeak ; W. A plaintive tone; the nasal puerile tone a cies of Caprimulgus. o; from the root of whine. | Hudibras. [Sax, hweopan, to whip, and to wippen, to shake, to move, or wag, to give the strappado ; zweepen, to ; W. gwipiaw, to move briskly, to whip; gwip, a quick flirt or turn. The sense is well expressed by the Welsh, and we say, a man whips round a corner, when running he sudden- It seems tobe allied to wipe and sweep, and L. vapulo, and implies a sweeping throw or Gay. WHI WHIP, v.i. To move nimbly ; to start suddenly and run, or to turn and run; as, the boy whipped away in an instant; be whipped round the corner ; he whipped into the house, and was out of sight in a moment. WHIP, n. ([Sax. hweop.] 1. Aninstrument for driving horses or other teams, or for correction, consisting of a lash tied to a handle or rod. 2, A coachman, or driver of a carriage; as, a good anliip. B. D?Isracli. 3. In ships, a small tackle with a single rope, used to hoist light bodies. Mar. Dict. Whip and spur; with the utmost haste. WHIP/-GORD, n. [whip and cord.) A kind of hard twisted or braided cord, of which lashes have some- times been made. ryden. WHIP/-GRAFT, v. t. [whip and graft.) ‘To graft by cutting the cion and stock in a sloping direction, so as to fit each other, and by inserting a tongue on the cion into a slit in the stock, WHIP!-GRAFT-ING, n. The act or practice of graft- ing by cutting the cion and stock with a slope, to fit each other, &c. Encye. WHIP/-HAND, n. [whip and hand.] Advantage over ; as, he has the whip-hand of her. Dryden. WHIP/-LASH, n. [whip and lash.] The tash of a whip. Tusscr. WULP’PED, (hwipt,) pp. Struck witha whip; pun- ished ; inwrapped ; sewed slightly. WHIP/PBER, rn. One who whips ; particularly, an of- ficer who inflicts the penalty of legal whipping. WHIP’PER-IN, xn. Among huntsmen, one who keeps the hounds from wandering, and whips them i, if necessary, to the line of chase. Hence, 2. In the British house of commons, one who enforces party discipline among the supporters of the minis- try, and urges their attendance on all questions of importance to the government. WHIP’/PER-SNAP/PER, x. A diminutive, insignifi- cant person. Brockett. WHIP/PING, ppr. Striking with a whip; punishing with a whip; inwrapping. WHIP/PING, n. The act of striking with a whip, or of punishing, the state of being whipped. WHIP/PING-PGST, n. [whipping and post.] A post to which offenders are tied when whipped. WHIP/PLE-CREB, n. [whip and tree; but qu. is it not zohiffle-tree 2 | The bar to which the traces or tugs of a harness are fastened, and by which a carriage, a plow, a harrow, or other implement, is drawn. rorby. WHIP'PO-WIL, x. The popular name of an Ameri- can bird, allied to the nighthawk and nightjar, so called from its note or the sounds of its voice ; a spe- [Not Warr-poor-WiLt.] WHIP/SAW, xn. [vhip and sav.] A saw usually set in a frame, for dividing timber lengthwise, and com- monly worked by two persons. WHIP/STAFF, n. [whip and stage] In ships, a bar by which the rudder is turned. In small vessels, this is cailed the TrLLER. WHIP/STER, 2. A nimble fellow. Prior. WHIP'STITCH, v. t. [whip and stitch.| In agricul- ture, to half-plow or to rafter land. This word, I be- lieve, is not used in America. The practice of whzp- stitching resembles what is called in America ridg- ino. WHIP/-STOCK, n. [rohip and stock.] The rod or staff to which the lash of a whip is fastened. WHIPT, pp. of Wurr; sometimes used for WHIPPED. WHYIR, (hwur,) v. % fly with noise. WHIR, v.t. To hirry. WHIRL, (bwurl,) v. t G. wirbeln, to whirl, hvirfla, to whirl, Ice. whirla, a whirl. probably from the root of L. verto and Eng. vecr. | To turn round rapidly ; to turn with velocity. He whirls his sword around without delay. Dryden. WHIRL, ». i. cotton machine or wheels of a coach. WHIRL/-BONE, z. WHIRL’ED, pp. WHIRL'L-GIG, zn. WHIRL/‘ING, ppr. Turning or moving round with WHIRL’ING-TA-BLE, 2. WHIRL/PIT, 2. To whirl round with noise; to [Sax. hooyrfan ; D. wervelen ; to warble; Dan. hvirveler, Sw. Dan. hvirvelbeen, whirl-bone, verte- bra; hvirvelsoe, whirl-sea, a whirlpool ; Sw. Avixfvel, We see that whirl and warble are dialectical forms of the same word, and both To be turned round rapidly ; to move round with velocity ; as, the whirling spindles of a WHI WHIRL/=BLAST, n. [whirl and blast.J A whirling blast of wind. Entick utLlhe The patella ; cé Ainsworti. T urned round with velocity. Gl whirl and gig.) A toy which children spin or whir) round. Johnson 2. In military antiquities, an instrument for punish- ing petty offenders, as sutlers, brawling women, &c. ; ~ 7 } ; 1 : Ree a kind of wooden cage turning on a pivot, in which the | [whirl and bone.) the cap of the knee ; the knee-pan. offender was whirled rouod with great velocity. Cyc. velocity. ; A machine contrived for representing several phenomena of centrifugal force, by giving bodies a rapid rotation. Brande. A whirlpool. [iVot used. | WHIRL/POOL, nm [whirl and pool.} An eddy of | water; a vortex or gulf where the water moves \ round in acircle. Insome cases, a whirlpool draws things to its center and absorbs them, as is the case with the Maelstrom off the coast of Norway. | WHIRL/WIND, n. [whirl and wind.) A violent wind moving in a circle round its axis. WHIR’/RING, xn. The sound of partridge’s or pheas- | | | ant’s wings. Note. — Whir is used by the common people in New England in an adverbial manner, to express the rapid flight or the sound of any thing thrown. [See Wuir.] WHISK, n. [G. and D. wisch, a wisp-] 1. A small bunch of grass, straw, hair, or the like, used for a brush ; hence, a brush or small besom. 9. Part of a woman’s dress ; a kind of tippet. Child. 3, A small culinary instrument for whisking or rap- idly agitating certain articles, as the whites of eggs, &c. Boyle. WHISK, v. t. To sweep, brush, or agitate with light, rapid motion. 2. ‘Lo move with a quick, sweeping motion. Hudibras. To move nimbiy and with velocity. Purchas. WHISK/ER,n. [fromwhisk.] Long hair growing on the human cheek. ape WHISK/ER-ED, a. Formed into whiskers 5 furnished with whiskers. WHISK’/ET, xn. A base. [Local.] WHISK/ING, ppr- Brushing ; sweeping along ; mov- ing with velocity along the surface. WHIS/‘KY, zn. [Ir wisye, water, whence usquebaugh ; W. wysg, a stream. } 1. A spirit distilled trom grain. In the north of | England, the name is given to the spirit drawn from barley. In the United States, whisky is generally distilled fron. wheat, rye. or maize. 9. A light carriage built furrapid motion. Rich, Dict. WHIS'PER, v. i. [Sax. hwisprian; Dan. hvisker Siv. hviska, to buzz, to whisper; G. flispern; allied 10 whistle, wheeze, and L, fistula. The word seems, by jts sound, to be an onomatopy, as it expresses a sibI- Jant sound or breathing. | 1. To speak with a low, bissing or sibilant voite It is ill manners to whisper in company. The hollow, whispering breeze. 9. To speak with suspicion or timorous caution. 3. To plot secretly ; to devise mischief, All that hate me whisper together ngainst me. — Ps, xii. WHIS/PER, v. t. To address in a low voice. whispers the man in the eal. But this is elliptical for whispers to. | 5. To utter in a low, sibilant voice. a word in my ear. 3. To prompt secretly ; Wolsey. Shak. WHIS'/PER, n. A low, soft, sibilant voice ; or words uttered with such a voice. a | WHISK, v. i. Thomson. He He whispered as, he came to whisper The whisper can not give x tone. Bacon. Soft whispers through th’ assembly went. Dryden. 9. A cautious or timorous speech. 3. A hissing or buzzing sound. WHIS'PBR-ED, pp. Uttered ina low voice ; with suspicion or caution. WHIS’PER-ER, x. One who whispers. 2. Atattler ; one who tells secrets ; a conveyer of uttered grant ; to whip one thirty-nine Jashes ; to whip a per- The wooden engine flies and whirls about. Dryden. intellicence secretly neon verse boy. : : llige secretly. WI a false quantiti henmediat school yen 2. To move hastily. 3. A backbiter ; one who slanders secretly. Prov. a ( aise i , yc . . : : . 10, for false av ntilies, was whipped Bt schoo Ue But whirled away to shun his hateful sight. Dryden. Xvi. aes ‘ Oe eo eae ae WHIRL, n. [G. wirbel; Dan. hvirvel.] WHIS/PER-ING, ppr. or a. Speaking in a low voice ; They would whip me with theln fine wits. hicks 1, A turning with rapidity or velocity ; rapid rota- telling secretly ; backbiting. ; in which , : 2 fe UU 5 oe : : . pare e, IS one Alite 6. To strike; to thrash; to beat out, as grain, by tion or circumvolution ; quick gyration ; as, ne whirl - ABST as aaah OF Eee even Fomlersdter riking ; as, to whip wheat. Cyc. f < : s whirl of a Wheel; the awhirl of ume ; whispers or feeble sounds @'s a aes - Penge : i OTe are : ; distance than under ordinary circumstances. Brande. [Mot in use in the United States. ] To whip about, or round; to wrap; to inwrap ; as, Moxon. To whip about ; to draw nimbly ; to snatch ; as, to to whip a line round a rod. whip out a sword or rapier from its sheath, To whip from; to take away suddenly. To whip into; to thrust in with a quick motion. He whipped his hand into his pocket. To whip ups tion. seamen, to hoist with a whip or small tackle. to seize or take up with a quick mo- She whipped up the child and ran off. Among the whirls of fancy. Creech. Pope. particularly on an axis or pivot. 3. A hook used in twisting. 4. In botany and conchology. WHIRL'-BAT, n. [whirl and bat. | with a whirl as preparatory ment the force of it. Poets use cestus. The whirl-bat and the rapid race shall be Reserved for Cesar. See WHORL. Driyden. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI//CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as Z; a Rts. aT al ih at r va ee ead ey Fo Pree Wat eis Al eee PO ed Bt DA oo RTL Nally 9, Any thing that moves or is turned with velocity, Any thing moved for a blow, or to aug- it for the ancient The act of speaking with a low W HIS'PER-ING, 2. of suspi- voice; the telling of tales and exciting cions ; a backbiting. : WHIS/PER-ING-LY, adv. Ina low voice. WHIST, a. [Corn. hust, silence.) Silent ; mute ; still; not speaking ; not noise. making a The winds with wonder whist, Smoothly the waters kissed. Milton. [This adjective, like some others, always foilows CH as SH; FH as in THIS. ————————— = 1261 . en Rn Ramat. meee aed a ‘6 ot Be ee i ee a a Ps ry Foe - at1 | } i ea WHI W HI W HI Its noun. is whist. | Whist is used for be silent. silent or still, WHIST, nz. qitires silence or close attention. ica, pronounced 7o/itsk. WH [ST IT, v.t. To hush or silence. WHIS'ELE, (bwis’l,) v. 7. sla; Dan. hovidsler; L. jistula, wheter Whist, whist, that is, It is not, Spenser ing the lips. While the plowman, near at hand, : Whistles ays or the furrowed land. Milton. 9. To makeasound with asmall wind instrument. 3. Tio sound shrill, or like a pipe. The wild winds whistle, and the billows roar. Pope. WHIS/’TLE, v. t. To form, utter, or modulate by whistling; as, to w/istle a tune or air. 9. To call by a whistle; as, he whistled back his dog. WHIS’/TLE, n. [Sax. /wistle; L. Jistula.] 1. A small wind instrument. Bacon. 2. The sound made by a smal] wind instrument. 3. Sound made by pressing the breath through a small orifice of the lips. 4. The mouth; the organ of whistling. [Vulgar.] 5. A small pipe, used by a boatswain to summon the sailors to their duty ; the boatswain’s call. Mar. Dict. 6. The shrill sound of winds passing among trees or pen OUED crevices, &c. all, such as sportsmen use to their dogs. WwW HIS/TLE D, (bwis‘ld,) pp. Sounded with a pipe; nttered in a whistle. WHIS’TLE-FISH, » A local name of a species of the cod family, the Motella tricirrata, called the ‘VHREE-BEARDED Rock Lina or Sea-Loacu. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. WHIS/TLER, 2. One who whistles. WHIS/TLING, ppr. or a. Uttering a musical sound through a small orifice of the lips ; sounding with a pipe; making a shrill sound, as wind. WHUIS’TLING-LY, adv. In a whistling manner. WHIS'TLING, n. A shrill sound of the lips or wind. WHIS'T’LY, adv. Silently. WHIT,n. [Sax. wilt, a creature, also a thing, some- thing, any thing. ‘This is probably from the root of L. vivo, victum. | A point ; a jot; the smaHest part or particle imag- inable. It is used without a preposition. He is not a whit the wiser for experience, It does not me a whit displease, Cowley. The regular construction would be by a whit, or in a wlit. In these phrases, a whit may be interpreted by in the least, in the smallest degree. WHIT E, (hw ite,) a. [Sax. hwit ; Sw. fvit ; Dan. hvid ;gx D, wit; G. weiss. 1. Being of the color of pure snow dark ; as, white paper 5 a w/ite skin. 2. Pale; destitute of color in the cheeks, or of the tinge of blood color ; as, white with fear. 3. Having the color of purity ; pure; clean; free from ap iL; aS, white-robed innocence. ; snowy ; not 4. Gray ; as, wiite hair; a venerable man, white with age. Pure; unblemished No whiter page than Addison’s remains, Pope. 6. In a@ scriptural sense, purified from sin; sancti- fied., Ps. lit WUHITE'-BAIT, n. [white and bait.] . j 3 - or to move with celerity. Who heaves old ocean, and who wings the storms. Pope. 9. To supply with side bodies; as, on either side well zoinged. Shak. 3. To transport by flight. I, an old turtle, Will wing me to some withered bough. Shak. Edge the keen sword, and wing th? unerring ball. Trumbull, To wine a fliaht; to exert the power of flying. 9 2 I ying WING/-€ASE, jn. Thegase or shell which covers the wings of coleopterous insects, WING’-SHELL, as the beetle, &c. Booth. WING/ED, pp. Furnished with wings ; transported by flying. WING-€0V’/ER-ING, (-kuv/er-,) 4, Wines. 2, a. Having wings; as, a winged fowl. Gen. i. 3. Swift; rapid; as, with winged haste. Shak. 4. Wounded ; burt. Covering th 5. In botany, [Alatus. Avare is the term almost ble. always used,] furnished with a leaf-like append- WIN!TER-AP!/PLE, (-ap/pl,) 2. age. When stems are winged, the leaf-like ap- attached longitudinally to two WIN/’TER-BAR/LEY, 2. [winter and barley. ] pendage is commonly opposite sides. When fruits are winged, the leaf- like appendage may be attached to one side only, or to two sides, or it may surround the fruit. Tully. 6. In heraldry, represented with wings, or having eet a ee . f wings of a different color from the body. shrub of the genus Prinos. roudon. Lee. wire. | ¢ : 7. Fanned with wings; swarming with birds. WIN'TER-BLOOM, xn. [rointer and bloom.) A plant WIRL/DRAW-ING, pyr Drawing a metal ito Milton. of the genus Azalea. Lee. wire. ; WING'ED-PEA, n. A plant. Miller. WIN!'TER-CHER/RY, 2. [sinter and cherry.) A 2. Drawing toa erent length ox Bae ae WING/-FOOT-ED, a. [wing and foot.) Having plant of the genus Physalis, and its fruit, which is of | WIRE DRAWN, PP rawn into 3 ara t voted the size of a cherry. Les. Muller. to great cengih or fineness. wings attached to the feet ; as, ing -footed Mercury ; hence, swift; moving with rapidity ; fleet. Drayton. or its root; Goth. wintrus. | only in the year. e carriage. WIN/TER, v. 2. Italy. Cattle winter well on good fodder, WIN’TER, ®. t. An npple that keeps well in winter. [Sax. wincian ; D. wenken; G. winken ; Sw. vinka; Dan. vinker; W. gwing,a wink 5 gwin- Wink and 1. To shut the eyes quickly; to close the eyelids To wink at; to connive at; to seem not to see ; to tolerate; to overlook, as something not perfectly WINK, n. The act of closing the eyelids quickly I lay awake and could not sleep a wink. I could eclipse and cloud them with a wink. Donne. 9. A bint given by shutting the eye with a signifi- WINKI/ING, ppr. Shutting the eyes quickly ; shut- ting and opening the eyelids quickly ; hinting by WIN’/NER, 2. [from win.] One who gains by suc- [L. evanno, from vannus, a fan; D. and G. wannen; from the root of fan and wind, The 1. T'o separate and drive off the chaff from grain by means of wind. Grain is winnowed by a fan, or by a machine, or by pouring it out of a vessel in a 3. To examine; to sift for the purpose of sepa- Dryden, To separate, as the bad from the good. Shak. Winnow not with every wind. Ecclus. _ Separated from the chaff by WIN’TER, rn. [Sax. G. D. Sw. and Dan. ; from wind, 1. The cold season of the year. Astronomically considered, winter commences in northern tatitudes when the sun enters Capricorn, or at the solstice WiP’/ER about the 2lst of December, and ends at the equinox I ante in March; but in ordinary discourse, the three win- ter months are December, January, and February. Our Saxon ancestors reckoned the years by winters ; as, ten winters ; thirty winters. In tropical climates, the rainy season takes the place of winter. In the WIP/ING, ppr. Rubbing with a cloth or other soft temperate and frigid climates, there is one winter 2 ; 9. The part of a printing press which sustains the ter. To winter young cattle on straw, is not profita- Delicate plants must be wintered under cover. [winter and apple. ] WIN/TER-€ROP, n. WIN’/TER-FAL'LOW, 2. WIR | WIN'TER-€RESS, n. [winter and cress.] A plant | of the genus Erysimum. 'TER- [winter and crop.| A crop which will bear the winter, or which may be con- verted into fodder during the winter. Cyc. winter n 2 Ground that is fallowed in ee and ge) WIN/TER-GAR/DEN, n. [winter and garden.] An ornamental garden for winter. * WIN'TER-GREEN, n. [winter and grecen.| A plant of the genus Pyrola, useful asa vulnerary. Also, a name of plants of the genera Chimaphila and Gaul- theria. Winter-green is used as a tonic and astrin- gent. Cyc. WIN’TER-KILL, v. t. [winter and kill.] To kill by means of the weather in winter ; as, to winter-kill wheat or clover. America. WIN’TER-KILL-ED, pp. Killed by the winter, as grain. WIN’TER-KILL-ING, ppr. Killing by the weather in winter. WIN/TER-LODGE, n. [winter and lodge.) WIN’TER-LODG/ MENT, In botany, the hyber- nacle of a plant, which protects the embryo or future shoot from injuries during the winter. It is either a bud or a bulb. Encyc. WIN’TER-PEAR, n. [zinter and pear.] Any pear that keeps well in winter. WIN’TER-QUAR’TERS, nz. pl. [winter and quarters. ] The quarters of an army during the Winter ; a Win- ter residence or station. WIN’/TER-RIG, v. t. [winter and rig.] To fallow or till in winter. _[Zocal.] WIN/TER-SOL'STICE, (-sol/stis,) n. _ [rointer and solstice.] The solstice of the winter, which takes place When the sun enters Capricorn, December Qist. WIN/TER-ED, pp. or a. Kept through the winter ; lived through the winter. WIN'TER-ING, ppr. Passing the winter ; keeping in winter. WIN’/TER-LY,a. Such as is suitable to winter. [ Lit- tle used. | Shak. WIN'TER-Y, a. Suitable to winter; brumal; hy- D emal; cold; stormy. ryden. WINY, a. [from wine.] Having the taste or quali- ties of wine. Bacon. WINZE, n. In mining, a small shaft sunk from one jevel to another for the purpose of ventilation. Francis. WIPE, v. t. [Sax. wipian.] 1 atowel. Luke vil. 2. To strike off gently. overturn and destroy what is foul and hateful. I will wipe Jerusalem as a man wipeth a dish. —2 Kings xxi. 4, To cheat; to defraud. Spenser. as, to wipe away a stain or reproach. stain ; wipe off the dust. WIN/NOW-ING, ppr. ‘Separating from therchate by WIPE, n. The act of rubbing for the purpose of clean- blot. ing. 9, A blow ; a stroke. ‘ 3. A gibe; a jeer; a severe sarcasm. Swift. 4, Abird. [Sw. vipa, the lapwing.] Ainsworth. by rubbing ; cleared away ; effaced. One who wipes. 2. The instrument used for wiping. weight. Brande. thing for cleaning ; clearing away ; effacing. WIRE, x. [Sw. vir; Ice. wir. | to an even thread. Tompassithe wanter, He zointered in WIRE, vu. t Do bind with wire ; to apply ‘ire to, as in bottling liquors. T. faa nace during =e iv To feed or manage during the win WIRE/DRAW, v. t. [wire and draw.) To draw a o by drawing it through metal into wire, Which is done a hole in a plate of steel. 9. To draw into Jength. Arbuthnot. A 3, To draw by art or violence. lasphemy. Dryden, My sense has been wiredrawwn into b _ To rub with something soft for cleaning; to clean by rubbing; as, to wipe the hands or face with Some natural tears they dropped, but wiped them soon. Mitton. 3. To cleanse from evil practices or abuses; to To wipe away; to cleanse by rubbing or tersion ; To wipe off; to clear away. Wipe off this foul To wipe out; to efface ; to obliterate. Wipe out the WIP’ED, (svipt,) pp- Rubbed for cleaning ; cleaned 3. In mills, a piece generally projecting from a hori- zontal axle, for the purpose of raising stampers oF heavy pistons, and leaving them to fall by their own A thread of metal; any metallic substance drawn kind of barley which is sowed in autumn. WIN/TER-BEAT-EN, a. [winter and beat.| War- assed by the severe weather of winter. Spenser. WIN’TER-BER/RY, n. [winter and berry.] A low WIN’TER-CIT/RON, n. [winter and citron.| A-sort of pear. TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, VI'CIOUS.—€ as K; Gas J; S$ as Z; Pv eRe Ma) et SEL i Mh as, to wiredraw an argument. WIRE/DRAW-ER, 2. wire, resembling gauze. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. 4. 'To draw or spin out to great length and tenuity, One who draws metal into WIRE/GAUZE, n. A texture 0 Locke. f finely interwoven I Sees ca ual 3 ; é % * ate et Nm RL an’ aon — ee ee ee ees » ee ad 7 — oe ee Be ae eens ig dar ~ Siege ae) e yi Sy ae e — in pre ea aga ree. an N= WIS WIT WIS WIRE/-GRATE, x. [wire and grate.} A grate or 7. contrivance of fine wire work to keep insects out of as, the vineries, hothouses, &c. Cyc 8. Dictated or W TRE!_HE BL; 2. [wire and fkeel.] A defect “and wisdom ; aise “ase in the feet of a horse or other beast. Cyc. effects ; applicable to wise scheme or plan; guided by In the use of it is now very limited. following phrases. 1. In any wise. destroy the roots of plants. ; : 9 The American wire-worm is a species of Tulus, with numerous feet. C. Herrick. WIR’Y, a. Made of wire; like wire. edie form this word is obsolete. Skilled in hidden arts ; asense somewhat ironical ; wise woman of Brainford. wisdom ; judicious; well adapted to produce things; as, Shak. good WIRE/-PULL’ER,x. One who pulls the wires, as of wise conduct or management ; or reaching toward. | f ‘ull of thoughts ; earnest ; a puppet ; hence,one who operates by secret means;} a wise determination. attentive. $ - ” Cc > ¢ + “TU + CS ipt «+ ac > . a an intriguer. ) 9. Bee oming a wise man; grave; discreet ; “as, Why — dost thou so wistful seem? Guy! TTR EI_PH HTN n A ing the wires wise deportment. JHiton. VIST . WIRE/-PULLIING, n. The act of pulling Whee: wren I ak knvene iG weeny . Ga a .| WIST/FUL-LY, adv. Attentively ; earnestly. as of a puppet 5 hence, secret influence or manage- TDi, 7. [; aX. tse; x. WESC; - WYS; SW. vis; 2 Tlbens nt: aintrione Dan. viis; Fr. guise; It. guisa; Arm. puis.) rrr rn : =e ment; intrigue. MM. sate en Acc RAO nae guis. | WIS/TIT, 7 The striated monkey, a small, South WIRE/-WORM; (-wurm,) 7 [wire ou worm. } A Manner; way of being or acting. A lena +] an ae a/—WORKM; >) Ne Pear rou GBEtIesttroiil oo > American monkey, with sharp claws and squirrel- : we SON 7p ‘ ous beetles, s Bong she rg ost co jandine wis / . ie = * 1D . s name given to the Jarve o OSs ees This song she sings in most commanding wise. Sidney. like habits ; the ouzstiti of Buffon, Hapales Jacchus their slenderness and uncommon hardness. T hey | In fittest w Spenser. ris pret ‘rst. [G. wissen; D.weeten; Dan. : “ W IS, t : 4 ; YW B Z 3 Lal Qn “ a If he that sanctified the field will in any wise redeem it. — Ley. wider; Sw.veta. This is the Sax. wan, to zit. | vii 2 J'o think ; to Suppose; to linag rine. [ Obs.) f Fret not thyself in any wise. — Ps, xxxvii. Rae td ec ~ Pe paesere 2. On this wise. WIS'DOM, (wiz'dum,) x. [Sax. ud. } wise and dom; On Tis ibe oe AER bless tho hldeee, aed eee wa G. weisheit, ( (wisehood ;) D. wysheid ; Sw. visdom and n Wiis wise ye shall bless tho children of Israel.— Num. vi. | wishet; Dan: visdom or viisdom. (See Wise.) Wis- 3. In no wise aot; it seems, is from the Gothic dialect, ] He shall in no wise lose his reward. — Matt. x. [he right use or exerci of knowledge ; the It is used in composition, as in likewise, otherwise, tice of laudable ends, and of the best means to| 7,,, gthwise, &c. By mistake, ways is often used for accomplish them. This is wisdom in ae eject, OF |" stacne@ ipa ain etoriactnie Pay PP yy meee ‘5 to be STG EET atROL TEA | vcr See eS Ee | practice. If wisdom is to be considered as a faculty | wyanh/a-ER EB, (wize/a-ker,) n. [G. werse, wise, and of the mind, it is the faculty of discerning or judg | sagen, to say, G. weissarer, a foreteller. The proper ing what is most just, proper, and useful; and if English word would be W1 E-SAYER. | , . . . . 4 — ‘ ~ bh * . is to be considered as an acquirement, it is the Eaawk: One who makes pretensions to great wisdom ; wige « ce rha is » et ins c or > ae . ~ © : , edge and ae ol W hat I best, m0: tju t, mo ena hence, in conte mpt, a simple ton; a dunce. Ss a uc re > Fan) ani ASS Si Toa ’ . vs most conducive to prosperity or happiness. Wisdom | wigp _HEART- ED, a. [wise and heart.) Wise; in the first sense, or practical wisdom, is nearly sy- knovwine: skillful. @zod. xxviii nonymous with Discretion. It differs somewhat! wysR/LING. n. One who pret SE/LING, n. C€ pre hence, in contempt, a WISH, [Sax. other mentonis and Gothic <9 ae ‘ Acts Vil. simpleton ; 3. Quickness of intellect; readiness of apprehen- sion; dexterity in execution ; as, the wisdom of Be- zaleel and Aholiab. Exod, xxxi. 4. Natural instinct and sagacity. WWLSCAN 5 Dan. Onsker; Sw. Onska. the same word. ] : schen; Job xxxix. what is or is not supposed to be and unif obedience isc : ; ind uniform obedience to his commands. ally expresses less than Lona; and sincere intelligence. In general, the radical sense of /Jenoz | - rant ; om-extansion. om ~ he is to reach or to hold, from extensit n, Stretching. In 3. To recommend hy wishing, this case, it may be to show, to disclose, from a like sy ; : %, Baa ; P , : I would not wish them to a fairer Sense; for in Sw. visa, Dan. viser, G. weisen, D. nang : visum. which 4. To imprecate ; as, to wish coincide I ! | i | | wysen, istoshow. In this case, L. video, vis: ‘ seems to be connected with this word, may eager, is In origin with wide. Wistful, attentive, from reaching forward.] l. Properly, having knowledge ; the power of discerning and judging dis eammndne between whi i IS false ; between what is fit improper; as, a wise prince; omon was deemed the wi. =S desire. sometimes 5. To ask ; to expre WISH, zn. Desire; Xxxiii having Desire expressed correctiy, or of true and what is proper and what is agistrate. Sol- oe But a man may be speculatively and not practically wise. Hence 2. Discreet and judicious in the use or aanlieniion of knowledge; choosing laudable ends, and the best means to accomplish them. wise. Gen. xii. Skillful; dextrous. hence, and For such a wish. a wise 0 st man, Thing desired. The difference between w is directed to what is obt to what is obtainable WISH’ED, (wisht,) pp. WISH/ER, n. a wish. WISH/FUL, a. Having desire, 2. Showing desire ; as, 3. Desirable ; exciting wishes. - Learned ; knowing; as, the wise and the un-| WISH/FUL-LY, adv. Rom. i. 2. With the show of desiring. | WISH‘ING, ppr. Desiring. WISH/LY, adv. WISK/ET, n or not, This is to be practically | . I rca ed One who desires ; — Jer. iv. wise. o. Skilled in arts, science, philosophy, or in magic | and divination. 6. Godly ; 2 Sam. xiv. ; pious. Prov. xiii. A basket. , Wise, and sagen, who is noted for predicting Cimbric, oska. dialects, the ing word is written with n; D. 5. In Scripture theolory, wisdom is true religion ; 1. To have a desire. or strone godliness ; piety ; the knowledge and fear of God, : 5 } This is the isdom whi is fi we Oo ¥e : Phi Is the wisdom which is from above. Ps. xc. notes to Jong or wish eamestlv. Job XXviil. vate fatal : Stes i gi io ee what is not obtainable. 6. Profitable words or doctrine. Ps. xxxvii. ese {| The wisdom of this world: mere human erudition ; POSE Ap RUNES Ren AB OT A |} or the carnal policy of men, their craft and artifices They have more than heart could wisi || In promoting their temporal interests; called also u bove all things that thou mayes || fleshly wisdom. 1 Cor. ii. 2 Cor. i. .nchors out of the stern, a | The wisdom of words; artificial or affected elo- XV, quence; or Jearning displa yed in teaching. 1 To be disposed or inclined ; as, to Cor Tels another’s affairs. |} WISE, a. [Sax. wis, wise; G. weise; D. wys; Sw. | 3. It sometimes partakes of hope or fear. | vis; Dan. viis; Sax. wissan, G. wissen, to know;| the event may prove fortunate, or Sans. vid. This,in Dutch, is weeten, to know, which than we apprehend. is the Goth. witan, Sax. witan, Eng. to wit, pe rhaps WISH, v.t. To desire. Gr. c1dew. So that wise, 1 wit, weet, wot, are all from Let them be one root, or dialectical forms of the same word; Ir. evil. — fois, feas, knowledge ; W. PWYS8, TwyzZ, Sans, wulja, 2. To Jong for; to desire 1 death. eager Blistered be thy tongue ends to be wise. Donne. ; judiciously ; discreetly ; — Ex, i. Spenser, tosay, - from PrupeEeNcE In this respect ; prudence is the ex- | ercise of sound judgment in avoiding evils; wisdom | WiISE’/LY. adv. Prude ntly is the exercise of sound judgment either in avoiding} with wisd m mp rov. XVi. XXi evils or attempting good. Prudence, then, is a spe- 2, Craftily ; with art z stratagem cies, of which wisdom is the genus. ig ci RRR as veal ha Wisdom gained by experience is of inestimable value. Scott. ee eases ane It is hop “4d that our ruler, rill act with aigt ity wncl wts. lom ; WIs E/NESS, Il. Wisdom. f Obs. ] that they will yield every thing to reason, and 1 very | WISE/-SA Y-ER, Ne. |G. weist thing to force. LER to tell; weissager, a foretell r] 2. In Scripture, human Jearning; erudition ; l. A foreteller; one knowledge of arts and sciences. the weather. itene ene, leased Gnoall\ the: inion ch the Ecyptians, — 2. One who makes pretensions to great wisdom ; a dunce. In all the corre spond- G. wiin- is probably wenschen , This desire, either for ibtainable. It usu- but sometimes it de- We often wish for juary could wish for. 4 sUinot. — Ps, |xxiii I per. —3 John 2, nd wished for the day. wish well to ‘I ddi Son. I wish less I wish your prosperity. driven backward, and put to shame, that wish me “as xl eagerly or ardently. It has this sense when expressed with emphasis. Shak. curses on an enemy. Shak. Clarendon. desire Job Pepe. Shak. He has his wish. i a ade ish and destre uinable, and az seems to be, that desire ish inay be directed Kames. Desired, or ardently desired. one Who expresses Shak. or ardent desire. wishful eyes. { Bad. ] With desire or ardent desire. hapman, According to desire Ainsiorth. containing a wise saying; a The It is common in the ) calamitous A small bundle of straw or other like substance ; as, a wisp of straw ; a wisp of hay ; a wisp of herbs. . Shak. Bacon. WIST, pret. of Wis. [ Obs] WIST’FUL, a. [from wist. The sense is, stretching f Illiger. Cuvier. WIST’LY, adv. Earnestly. [ Obs. ] ] Shak. WIS’TON-WISH, ». A rodent quadruped of Amer- ica, the arene vhich see. Pike. WIT, v. i. [Sax. witan, Goth. witan D. weeten, G. wissen, to know; Sans. vid. See W sp. ] This namely, To know. tive, to wit, videre licet. Wilton is AX. wit or ge-uit; G. the verb and Wise. ] verb is used that is to say. only in the infini- [L. videlicet, 1. e. witz ; Dan. vid. See I. Primarily, the intellect; the understanding or mental powers. | Will puts In pr: ctice what the zit deviseth, Davies. | For c i pow ir Jast Endeavon nd | I 1 1e ea r Dryden. | The association of ideas ina manner nz tural, but unusual and striking, so as to produce surprise ees d with Lae asure. Wit is defined What oft was thought, but ne’er so well expri | Wit CONSIS(IS In as HOME, And putuns te | i 1S in \ h ca found res ‘ W 1 (0 m up } t pictures and t ney. Wit sists chiefly ir I yr thir by d I 8, Which r us they | Wit is a pro ty of thoughts and words; | thoughts and words elegantly adapted to the s : Dri len, The faculty of associating ideas In anew and unexpected manner. 4. A man of genius; as, the age of Addison abounded with wits. A wit herself, Ameli a 1tt. Young. 5. A man of fancy or wit. Intemperate wits will spare neither friend nor f LD’ Estrange 6. Sense ; judgment. He wants not wit the danzer to decline. Driuden, 7. Faculty of the mind. Shak. 8. FVits, in the plural; soundness of mind; intellect not disordered ; would venture sound mind. No man in his wits on such an expedition. Have you lost your wits? Is he out of his wits? 9. Power of invention; contrivance; iIngennity. He was at his wits’? end. Hovker. | WITCH, n. [Sax. wicca. 1. A woman who, by practices sorcery or enchantment. 2. A woman who is given to unlawful arts. 3. (Sax. wic.] A winding, sinuous bank. [ Obs.] spe NSCT. of conical paper which is placed in a See WickKeEp.|] compact with the devil, 4. A piece vessel of lard, and, being lighted, answers the pur- pose of a taper. [Qu.wick.] [Loca ] WITGH ot To be witch ; to fascinate ; to enchant. Vil t lad “s with my words and | ks. Shak. WITCH’ ER: PT, mn. [witch and craft.] The prac- tices of witches ; sorcery; enchantments; inter- with the devil. Power more course Bacon. than natural. He hath a witcheraft Over the king in ’s tongue. Shak. WITCH’ED, (witcht,) pp. Bewitched; fascinated. WITCH’-E L M, A kind of « Im, the Ulmus mon- tana, properly Ww YCH-ELM. Loudon. WE ne H/ER-Y,n. Sorcery; enchantment. Wilton. Fascination. Wit rc H/-HA-ZEL, n. The Hamamelis virginica, a shrub which flowers in autumn, when its leaves are falling. Lee, Biclow, The name has sometimes been given to the witch-elm or wych-elm, the Ulmus montana. WITCH/ING, a. Suited to enchantment or witch- craft ; as, the witching time of night. Shak. enchanting. [awit and cracker One who [JVot in use. | Shak. and craft.] Contrivance ; Camden. WITCHI/ING, ppr. Fascinating ; WIT!’-€RACK-ER, n. breaks jests ; a joker. WIT’-€RAFT, n. [wit invention. {[ Obs.] WITE, v. t. [Sax. witan; the root of twit.) To reproach ; to blame. [ Obds.] WITE, x. Blame; reproach. [ Obs.] Ee DERS a. Blameless. [Obs ] Spenser. WIT’E-NA-GE-MOTE!, n. [Sax, witan, to know, and aa. a meeting, a council. A meeting of wise men; the national conncil or Jesislature of England, in the days of the Saxons zs penser. | } 3. They are wise to do evil, but to do good they have no knowledge. | The Holy Scriptures, which are able to make thee wise to salva. |°WWISP, m. [Dan. visk, a wisp, a whisk; visker, to before the conquest. tion: —2 Tim, ii. whisk, to rub or wipe; G. and D. wisch.] WIPH, prep. [Sax, with, near, or ¢gainst; Goth. ga- FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT. — METE, PREY.— PINE, MARYNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — gn SS SS ta oa hie i Soa wit WIT wy withan, to join. The primary sense Is, to press, Or 1. To fade ; to lose its native freshness ; to become 9. Unless ; except \ to meet, to unite 5 hence, in composition, it denotes sapless ; to dry. Without, when rete c d opposition, as in withstand and withdraw ; hence eaten nea) ecedes a sentence or member : ~ : . It shall withe the leave: spri — Eze ii a sentence, has : . “ ze against, Sax. wither, x. wider. | oT ; f na ne Leyes of her spring. BEE: HOE one See uae een. called a conjunction. This 1. By, noting cause, instrument, or means. We 2. 1 OnWwasle to pine away; as animal bodies ; ot ee NSS Mee Ml not enjoy health, without are distressed with pain; we are elevated with joy- eR re ie pane te tne is a re osition tl Bat fi Ta BOIS SSC nunc es auaaa With study men become learned and respectable. See aee ee ee ae arent eentcnee ‘instead of va SR a | Fire is extinguished with water. Now warm in love, now withering in the graye. Dryden. : 2 ee single noun. It has no projp- 2. On the side of; ine friendshi Pry 7 WIHEH‘ER mm . = erty of a connective or conjunction, and does not 9, On the side of; noting friendship or favor. ,v. t. To cause to fade and become dry 5 fall within the definition. You will nohenwuhe Fear not, for 1am with thee. —Gen. xxvi. as,Une sun withereth the grass. James 1. this fact following being removed, or Joy jean iti j iti Dai. cause i rink y 2 Das > aking | 3, In opposition to; in competition or conteshscas: cit ne use ie shrink, wrinkle, and decay, for place ; you use exercise. This use of without is sant | to struggle with adversity ‘The champions fought < na TO IS tALG: superseded by unless and except, among good writers | with each other an hour. He will lie with any man Age can not wither her. Shak. and speakers ; but is common in popular discourse Ht living. : WIFH/ER-BAND, Ie [withers and band. ]} A piece of or parlance. 4, Noting comparison. The fact you mention iron laid under a saddle near a horse’s withers, to WIFH-OUT’, adv. Not on the inside ; not witnin. compares well with another I have witnessed. strengthen the bow. Far. Dict. ‘These were from without the growing mizeries. - Milion. 5. Incompany. The gentlemen traveled with me | WIFU’ER-ED, pp. or a. Faded ; dried ; shrunk. S One oRdoors | i from Boston to Philadelphia. WIFH/ER-ED-NESS, n. The state of being with- 3. ee oN Cols oe ‘ | 6. In the society of. There is no living with such ered. . Externally; not in the mind. meiaHbors: WIEH/ER-ING, ppr Fading : becoming dry Without were fightings, within were fears. —2 Cor, vil ? : ‘ ok £5 g ary. S + Vile - 5 . TIPO PR rh r . 71r ymin i In connection, or in appendage. He gave me W It is ER-ING-LY, adv. In a manner tending to | WIFH-OUT LAN, for WirHovuTan, the Saxon word z a the Bible, and with it the warmest expressions of af- wither, or cause to shrink. is obsolete : Spent er. aN i ee fection WIEH/ER-ITEH, nx. In mineralog iv Z TIFHSTAN ; , Reet oa . 4 y Ie y, a native carbonate | W IFH-STAND’, v. t. [with and stand. See Stan : poe > Rg rae eee aa at ud é , i 5 v. t pitit 2 stand. S€€ STAND. 8, In mutual dealing or intercourse. of baryta first discovered by Dr. Withering. It is To oppose; to resist, either with physical or Ne I will buy 2with you, sell with you. Shak. “eG ylang ots es Ure. Cyc. force ; as, to withstand the attack of troops ; to rith- 9, Noting confidence. I will trust you eaUItheee ae jig AM, n. [Sax. wither, against, and naman, stand eloquence or arguments. cret. = ‘i When Peter was come to Antioch, I withstood hi is fac ; : ; an Seon ove oe eee n eel > t0 4 3 sim to his face. 10. In partnership. He shares the profits with the See secon’ a 7 eiprocas ee oF disiess 0 Sa other partners. I will share with you the pleasures prisal Fee ee eee ee Ee WIFH-STAND/ER, n. One that opposes ; an oppo- } and the pains aay ; CEOSLOILEs ar eee : Ss g Meal aes : WIFEH/ERS, n. [This seems to signify a joining nent ; a resisting power. Ralegh 11. Noting connection 2 en es E s to signify a JoMINg, | wyepy_sTAND/ING : 5 ies : = ; : from the root of with.] WIEE-_STAND/ING, ppr. Opposing ; making resist- Nor twist our fortunes with your sinking fate Dryden The j , . ance . . 1e junc ) S er- e é Ss = Ss cee : g y juncture of the shoulder-bones of a horse, at | woipt_STOOD!, pp. Opposed ; resisted 19. Immediately after. the bottom of the neck. Far. Dict. | wouppi_VINE, pe. 50 DROSEC suLesIateds With this he pointed to his face. Dryden. WE Eee Re (-rung,) a. Injured or ah in WIT oe ee i. cA local name forthe Sees | 13. Among. I left the assembly wit/ » Jas REIS eae ee . he TUTE WIND, ; j ae ; eect les e 2 yu b the las t Ww I'PH-HELD’, pret. and pp. of NAT SRrIMOLD. Mae IND, 2. A plan’ [L. convolvulus. | i BS ator originally, with the ancients, a piece ae WIFH/HOLD’, v. t.; pret. and pp. WITHHELD. [routh I ; es n. (Sax. aL C | ; ship. RyMer. ; . A large species of WiLOW ‘ and hold. } Beasl . YEe i J \ 9 A j Io i | iy 14, Upon. a 1. To hold back; to restrain; to keep from ac- rain eM je ce GAtheeeslik Cooks Voyage. | Such arguments had invincible force with those pagan philoso- tion. (de Made. Ol Wee. ike a withe ; flexible | phers. Addison. Withhold — your hasty hand. Spenser. and tough. : , 15. In consent, noting parity of state. If our passions may be with/eld. Kettlewell. Wit RES [wit and less. ] Destitute of wit or u ’ rain ° Ale: fen understar £5 onsiderate ; want ; | See! where on earth the flowery glories lie, 2. To retain ; to keep back ; not to grant; as, to oe and Meo ea 5 wanting thought; | With her they flourished, and with her they die. Pope. withhold assent to a proposition. ‘The sun does not Bere radices Be oe ee as a 12 ‘a Rin eps | Ras a Cpe eae woe : withhold his light. 2, Indiscreet; not under the gui ance 0. judg- | +e With and by are closely allied in many of their | wypu-HOLD/EN TI id participle Ny ment; as, witless bravery. Shale. | Aa uses, and it is not easy to lay down a rule by which Oe errs 1a aE RS CNS Wwit’I BSS. LY, ad Without tl x S > jud | A Pccae may heuistl Sen a ores HOLD ; now obsolete. We use W 1THHELD. PLESS aE, Gee ithout the exercise of jucg- a their uses may be distinguished. It is observed by | ;wy]FH-HOLD/ER, mn. One that withholds ment. at Johnson that with seems rather to denote al instru- | «arian WALDIING. 7 ae Sees S t3 TIT’LESS-NESS 7 judgme ndys 1 me aaa CAS Le nee eae an instrue | WIFH-HOLD/ING, ppr. Holding back ; restraining ; WI?T’LESS-NESS, n. ‘Want of judgment. Sandys. ment, ae yy i Se eT as, he killed an enemy with retaining ; not granting 5)| WIT’/LING, x. (dim. from wit.| A person who has | 4 a sword, but he died by an arrow. 31 is r is rrp Y Sree ee . : ittle wi srs ing; < ate rit 0 | . He Swyord Ul nee. y an arro But this rule is | wypH-HOLD/MENT, nx. Act of withholding. little wit or understanding; a pretender to wit or || ig not always observed. rep TI x “ap smartness i - ue ee : _ | WIEH-IN’, prep. [Sax. withinnan.] : oe - With, in composition, signifies sometimes oOpposl- In the i : , : “378 eau and witli ished i } ee tion, privation ; or separation, departure a n the inner part; as, the space within the walls A beau and willing perished in the throng. Pope. aA: | __fion, ation 5 sey on, depi . as of a bouse; : ata : ae eee ee aes : : F ; It age? | WIFH-AL/, (with-aul/,) adv. [with and all.) With eit. house; a man contented and happy pe WIT’NESS, n. [Sax. wutnesse, from witan, to know.) || i the rest; together with; likewise; < >. St PEs ah NS Oe 1. Testimony ; attestation of a fact or event. i : | ri 3 togell ; likewise; at the same 9. In-the limits or compass of; not beyond ; used Fey ee ues ‘g Ness ‘ I f | ae : of place and time. The object is within my sight ; eri aniiness, Oem Selly yr Wer On UF aC ae ot ea Sr YOnte Eee: Shak. aorthin the knowledge of the present generation ; with- 9. That which furnishes evidence or proof. How terrible in constant resolution | alee ma month or a year. : Laban said, This heap is a witness between me and thee this day. ae ‘ AG aren F 3, Not reaching to any thing external. — Gen. Xxx. 2. It is sometimes used for with. ut the word is Wrareievery acti . 7 itself : sre every action concluded within itself, Locke. 3. A pers } k , spac , thing: | not elegant, nor much used. : 3. A person who knows or sees any thing; one | WIEH/A! ITE, n. A variety of epidote, of a red 4. In the compass of ; not longer ago than. personally present ; as, he was witness; he was an | _or yellow color, found in Scotland. Dana. ve these five hours Hastings lived eye-witness. 1 Pet- V. WIEH-DRAW!, my KS [avith and drato.] To take Uae ote SUK) Upon my looking round, I was witness to a ypearances which j | away what has been enjoyed ; to take from. [ With _5, Not later than; as; within five days from this filled me with melancholy and regret. Hob. Hail, 2, $19. here has the sense of contrary } to withdraw is to en sale be to en 4. One who sees the execution of an instrument, : draw the contrary way. See WitH.] » Inthe reach ole . and subscribes it for the purpose of confirming its ' Both he and she are still within my power. Dryden. authenticity by his testimony. It is impossible that God should withdraw his presence from any thing. Hooker. 7. Not exceeding. Keep your expenses vithin 5. One who gives testimony ; as, the wetnesses 1D your income. court agreed in all essential facts. 8. In the heart or confidence of. [Inelegant. With a witness; effectually ; to a great degree 5 9. To take back ; to recall or retract; as, to with- c 9. In the house; 1n any inclosure. South, with great force, SO as to lequelsome mark as a tes- draw charges. WIFH-IN’, adv. In the inner part ; inwardly ; inter- MON ee He struck with a witness. [Vot elegant. We say, to withdraw capital from a bank or stock in trade ; to withdraw aid or assistance. 3. To recall; to cause to retire or leave; to call nally. 5 ‘ back or away. France has withdrawn her troops The wound festers within. Carew. WIT'NESS, 2. ne see Ox Henow bycnesone Bis i é from Spain. 9, In the mind. : ence. I witnessec the eR in New ' ork, W V 1 ae | mm Ty . . a . : y > yr ve a S ras ote - 7g f WIE H-DRAW’, v.t. Toretire; to retreat ; to quita Ills from within thy reason must prevent. Dryden, . ae SN SDT of the constitution Miss W. . : i - . y e : Ty . > e , ¢ y TAP * . Renue : : pyated In 1/00. . fe. f a company or place. We withdrew trom the company | WIFH-IN/SIDE, adv. [within and side.] In the in- : ens See ‘Bm @ at ten o’clock. ner parts (Bad ] Sharp Every one has witnessed the effects of the vo uk , ee i } one ee ee a g . rood, Lect. xX. — She from her husband soft withdrew. Milton. WIE a UT’, prep- [Sax. withutan ; with and out. | General Washington did not live to eitness the restoration of 9 r xT ATI Yn kei : Ae 1. Not with; as, zthout success. pence. : _Marshatt. gl Ww {FH-DRAW ING, Ppre Taking back ) recalling ; 29, Inastate of destitution o absence from. This is but a faint sketch of the incalculable calamities and hor- , & retiring we s nn ; 3 5 rors we must expect, should we ever witness the triumphs ‘ WIFEH-DRAW/ING-ROO M, 2 A room behind an- There is no living with thee nor without thee. atler. of modern infidelity. eee Rob. Hall. es . other room for retirement; a drawing-room. 3 In astate of not having, cr of destitution. How We have peuiessed all the varieties Oe { a: Mortimer. many live all their life without virtue, and without A Ae Re URS church their care, my i z WIF H-DRAW'MENT, n. The act of withdrawing 5 peace of conscience ‘ ‘ Shall witness my devotion there. ‘ Watts, Ps. 138 | : , i WIFH-DRAW/AL, the act of taking back; a 4, Beyond ; not within. Wee have lived to witness that surprising perder: ite £3 a . £5 ” qannan Lf . ae . i recalling. Ch. Obs. Eternity, before the world and after, is without our reach. : ; to: to testify to f Kk . Te a 7 « y ‘ Their withdrawment from the British and Foreign Bible Society, ss ‘ 5 cutie Burnet. 2. To attest; to give testimony 0; f0 it» y 4 ; would tend to paralyze their exertions. Suneon, 5. Supposivg the negation or omission of. something. t ATT PE H- I T : et Vsana te Without the separation of the two monarchies, the most advan- Behold how many things they witness against thee. — Mark xv. , Wit DRAWN » PP of WiTHDRAW- Recalled ; taken taveous terms from the French oust end in our destruction. * ee ware: t d back. . Addison. 3 To see the execution of an instrumen van I TT THE 7 i x. withia ; Sw. vidja; wei : subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its authen- i WITHE, (with,) n. [Sax. withig ; Sw vidja; G. weide, 6. Independent of; not by the use of- Men like subscribe it for tne Pee nd Eaibs F a willow ; L, vitis, vitex. ] to live without labor ticity ; as, to witness a bond or a deed. eT ; 1. A willow twig. ON inate FEN a ie In the imperative mode, sec, evidence or proof ; a at 9. A band consisting ot a twig, or twigs twisted. Wise men will do it without « Tn. Bacon. as, witness the habeas corpus, the independence of ¥ ti K. Charles. 7. On the outside of; as, without the gate ; without | judges, ce i Ames, 429. ae) WITH’ED, (witht,) a. Bound with a withe. doors. WITNESS, 2. 2 To bear testimony. WIFH'ER, v. t [W. griz, dried, withered ; gwi2tont, 8, With exemption from. That event can not The men of Belial witnessed against him, even against Navoth. to wither; Sax. gewitherod, withéred ; Ir. fothadh.] happen without great damage to our interests. — 1 Kings xx! TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. —€ as K , Gas J; $ as Z; CH as SH: FH as in THIS. ee See eee eae es a at PA Avert kt aa. siteormagee te: serine . be | WOE WON 2. To give evidence. The shew of their countenance doth witness against them. — 1s. iii ul. WIT'NESS-ED, (wit!nest,) pp. Seen in person ; tes- tified ; subscribed by persons present; as, a deed witnessed by two persons. WIT’NESS-ING, ppr. Seeing in person ; bearing tes- timony ; ; giv ing evidence. WIT’-SNAP- PER, 7. [wit and snap.] One who af- fects repartee. [JVot in use.] Shak, WIT/-STARV-ED, a. Barren of wit; destitute of menius. Examiner. WIT’TED, a. Having wit or understanding ; as, a quick- witted boy: WIT’'TI-CISM, (from wit,] A sentence or phrase which is affec edly witty; a low kind of wit. He is full of conceptions, points of epizram, and willicisms; all which are below the dignity of heroic verse, Addison, WIT’TI-LY, adv. [from wit.] With wit; witha delicate turn or phrase, or with an ifigenious assocl- ation of ideas. : 4 Sidney. 2. Ingeniously ; cunningly ; artfully Who his own harm so wittly contrives. Dryden. WIT’TI-NESS, zn. [from witty.] The quality of being witty. Spenser. WIT’TING-LY, adv. [See Wir.] Knowingly ; with knowledge ; by design. He knowingly and witingly brought evil into the world. More. WIT’TOL, zn. [Sax., from witan, to know.] A man who knows his wife’s infidelity and sub- mits to it; a tame cuckold. Shak, WIT’TOL-LY, adv. Like a tame cuckold. Shak. WIT’TY, a. [from wit.) Possessed of wit; full of Wit ; as, a witty poet. 2. Judicious ; ingenious ; inventive. 3. Sarcastic ; full of taunts. Honeycomb was unmercifully witty upon the women. Spectator. WIT’/WALL, n. A bird, the golden oriole; also, the great spotted woodpecker. P. Cie. WIT’-WORM, (wurm,) 2. oe and worm.] One that feeds on wit. [JVot in use. B. Jonson. WIVE, v.i. [from wife.) Tomarry. [ot in use.) WIVE, v.t. To match to a wife. Shak. 2, To take fora wife. [Vot in use.] Shak. WIVE’HOOD, 7. Behavior becoming a wife. [ Obs.] Spenser. {It should be WireHoop.] WIVE/LESS, a. Not having a wife. [It should be Wirecess. T WIVE’LY, a. Pertaining to a wife. Sidney. [It should be Wire cy. | WIV/‘ER, n, A kind of heraldie dragon. WivV’/ERN, ‘ Thynne WIVES, pl. of Wire. WIZ’ARD, n. [from wise.) A conjurer; an en- chanter ; a sorcerer. Lev. xx The wily wizard must be caucht. Dryden WIZ’'ARD, a. Enchanting ; charming. Collins. 3. Hi aunte d by wizards. Milton. WIZ! EN lL. (s AX. wisnian, weosnian. | Tow iter: to dry. [Local. J WOAD, g. [Sax. wad or waad; G. waid, weid; D. weede; Fr. cuede; It. cuado. Qu. weed. A plant of the genus [satis, formerly cultivated for the use of dyers, but now chiefly superseded by in- digo. The woad blue is a very deep blue, and is the base of m: iny other colors or shades of color. Woad is first bruised ina mill, and then made into balls. It grows wild in France, and along the coasts of the Baltic. Cyc. WOAD/-MILL, n. A mill for bruising and preparing woad. WO'DEN, n. An Anglo-Saxon deity, supposed to correspond to Mercury of the ancients, from whom Wednesday derives its name. Brande. WOE,n. [Sax. wa; L. ve; Gr. ovat; W. gwae; G. weh; D. wee; Sw. ve 1, Grief; sorrow ; misery ; a heavy calamity. One woe is past; and behold there come two woes more Here- after, — Rey. ix, They weep each other’s woe, Pope. 2. A curse. Can there be a woe or curse in all the stores of ver igeance equal to the malignity of such a practice? South, 3. Woe is used in denunciation, and in exclama- tions of sorrow. Woe is me; for 1 am undone. —Is. vi, This is properly the Saxon dative, * woe is to me.” | ‘¢ Woe worth the dey * This is also the dative ; | woe be to the day; Sax. wurthan, weorthan, or wiyr- than, to be, to become. Woe is-a noun, and if used as an adjective, it is improperly used. ** Woe to you that are rich.’ “3 “« Woe to that man by whom the offense cometh ; that is, misery, calamity, be or will be to him. WOE’-BE -GONE, (- gawn,) a [woe, be, and gone. | Overwhelmed with woe; immersed in grief and sor- row. So woe-begone was he with pains of love. Fuirfar. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METRE, WOE/FUL, WO’FUL, 9 woeful day. 3. Bringing calamity, distress wocful event ; " 4, Wretched ; paltry. Whiat woeful stuff this madrigal would be! WOE’FUL-LY, ) adv. WoO’'FUL-LY, 2. WOFT, WOLD, SOMB, (aa Bin) a. distressed with grief or calamity ; afflicted. How many woeful widows ieft to bow i Daniel, as, , or affliction ; as, a Pope. Sorrowfully ; miournfully; in a distressing manner. Wretchedly ; extremely ; as, CECE ae WOE’E Wo'FU [-NESS, WOE!- WOE’S he will be woefully [Not in use.] Langhorne, S/ak. in Saxon, is the same as Ww ALD and WeEaLp,a wood, some time S, perhaps, a lawn or plain. Wald | signifies Ss, also, power, dominion, from waldan, to rule. These words occur in names W OLF , (wulf,) x. ulf; same word differently applied. 1, An animal of the genus Canis, a beast of prey (Sax. oulf § G. and D. wolf; Sw. a fox, the rT. is akwirnt 1 os that kills sheep and other small domestic animals ; called s 2. 2, a wolf. WOLF’ Linneus; ¢ seas. < * and Sea-Wo tr. WOLF’ sometimes the WixLp Dos. greedy, and ravenous. A small white worm or maggot, which infests granaries, Cea WOLF’-DOG, xn. guard sheep. \ dog supposed to be bred between a dog and Johnson. the Anarrhic has lupus of northern is eae Hist Sea-Car, Cat-Fisn, The wolf is crafty, Cyc. Brown. dog of a large breed, . Li. having the qualities or form of a wolf; as, a wolfish visage ; woljish designs. W OL F/ISH-LY, adv, WOL E’Y-NET, whic H takes "prez at numbe rs. W OL! Its tric, WOL ‘EF? Aconi itum’: : Neuen te, WOLF’S’-€LAW, nus Py opener or clubmoss kind. WOLF’S’-MILK, WOLF’S!/-PE num, love-apple. WOL’‘LAS-TON-ITE, variety of tabular spar. WOL-VER-ENE! WOL- VER- INE ( habiting times Bear WOL- itant of | WOL'\Y WOM, \N, and Latins w vriting afi for wD. seems to be and so it ought to ie wifman, wif The female of the human race, grown to adult years. And the > Wonien mt are We I have 9 WOM!AN-IZ used. | WOM’AN-ISH, a. qualities of a woman ; its ; womanish tears; a womanish voic e. In a wolfish manner. A female attendant or servant WOMAN, v. t i WOM’AN-ED, woman, WOM/AN-HAT-ER, who has an WOM/AN-HOOD, [woman and hater. } Swift. |zoman and hood. |] The state, character, or collective qualities of a woman. Spenser. make effeminate. Shak. Borrow. fishing, Cyc. an ore of tungsten. is generally a BG nish or grayish black. It occurs massive and crystallized, a 1 A me Ni ar ¢ sn eeereus. 2 A poisonous plant of the genus concen- Cyc. e, or Helleborus hyemalis. Lee. A cryptogamous platit of the ge- Lee. Ainsworth. genus Sola- esculentum ;) the tomato or Dr. Wollaston. | A Dana. mammal, the a quadruped in- some- Hupson’s-Bay A cant term given to an inhab- More properly Wourisu, which see. i {A compound of womb 1. femina; the written, But we pronounce it 2imen, saxon erin the L 0 rd God had taken froin the man, made Shak, y, by having been I f LNDLET. rmument rer found, they tende re der beings, dyard. Shak. Shak. Accompanied or united with a Shak. One [ot Suitable toa woman; having the feminine; as, womanish hab- Shak. WOM'AN-KIND, 2. [woman and kind. ] The female sex; the race of females of the human kind, Addison. WOM’AN-LIKE, a. Like a woman. WOM/AN-LY, a. Becoming a woman; feminine 5 as, womanly behavior. Arbuthnot, A blushing, womanly discovering race. Donne. WOM/AN-LY , adv. Inthe manner of a woman. WOMB, (woom,) nz. [Sax. wamb; Goth. wamba; Sw. vamb; Dan. vom; Scot. wame; G. wampe, belly, a dewlap ; D. wam.) The uterus of a female; that part where the young of an animal is conceived and nourished till its birth. Cyc. 2. The place where any thing is produced. The womb of earth the genial seed receives. Dryden. 3. Any large or deep cavity. Addison. Womb of the morning; in Scripture, the clouds, which distill dew; supposed to be emblematic of the cee bringing forth multitudes to Christ. pees Ww OMB, v.t. To inclose ; to breed in secret. [Wot in LS >» | WOMBAT, n. A marsupiate mammal, the Phas- colomys Wombat, of the opossum family. It i about the size of the badger. It inhabits New Hol- land, WOMB’Y, (woom’y,) a. Capacious. [Wot in use.] Shak. WOM’'EN, (wim/en,) n.; pl. of Woman. But it is supposed the word we pronounce is from Sax. wif man, and therefore should be written WiMmen. WON, (wun,) pret. and pP- of Wn ; as, victories won. WON, (Wwun,) )v. 2 Usa wunian; G. wohnen; DD. WONE § woonen, to dwell, to continue ; Ir. fanaim,] To dwell; toabide. [Obs.] Its participle is re- tained in wont, that is, woned. Wilton. WON, (wun,) 7. A dwelling. [Obs.] Spenser. WON’DER, (wun/der,) n. [si ax. wunder; G. wunder; D. wonder; Sw. and Dan. under; qu. Gr. da:vo, to show ; and hence a sight; or from the root of Sp. espanto, a panic, J 1, That emotion which is excited by novelty, or the presentation to the sight or mind of something new, unusual, strange, great, extraordinary, or not well understood; something that arrests the at- tention by its novelty, grandeur, or inexplicable- ness. Wonder expresses less than astonishment, and much Jess than amazement. It differs from admi- ration in not being necessarily accompanied with love, esteem, or approbation, nor directed to persons. But wonder sometimes is nearly allied to astonish- ment, and the exact extent of the meaning of such words can hardly be graduated. They we > filled with wonder and amazement. — Acts fii Wonder is the effect of novelty upon ignorance. Johnson, 2. Cause of wonder; that which excites surprise ; a Strange thing; a prodigy. To try things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders. n. I am as a wonder to many. —Ps. |xxi. 3. Any thing mentioned with surprise. Babylon, the wonder of all tongues. Mitton. 4. Amiracle. Ezod. iii. Wonders of the world. The seven wonders of the world were the Egyptian pyramids, the mausoleum erected by Artemisia, the temple of Diana at Ephe- sus, the walls and hanging gardens of Babylon, the Colossus at Rhodes, the statue of Jupiter Olympius, and the Pharos or wate htower of Alexandnia. WON’DER, (wun'‘der,) v.i. [Sax. wundrian. | To be affected by surprise or admiration. I could not sufficiently wonder at the intrepidity of these diminu- tive mortals. Swift We cease to wonder at what we understand. Johrison. WON’DER-ER, nz. One who wonders. WON’ DER-F UI a, Adapted to excite wonder or admiration ; ‘exciting Surprise ; strange ; astonishing. Job xii. WON’DER-FUL-LY, adv. In a manner to excite wonder or surpris e. 1 will praise thee, for lam fearful Ps. oxxxix, WON’DER-FUL-NESS, n. The state or quality of be- Ing wonderful. Sidney. WON’DER-ING, ppr. or a. Indulging or feeling won- der. Gen. xxiv. Luke xxiv. WON'DER-ING-LY, adv. In a wondering manner. WON’DER-MENT, x. Surprise; astonishment; a wonderful appearance. [ Vulgar. WON’DER-STRUCK, a, [wonder and struck.] Struck with wonder, admirs ation, and surprise. Dryden. WON!/DER-WORK’/ING, (-wurk/ing,) a. Doing won- ders or surprising things. WON’DROUS, a. Admirable; marvelous; such as may excite surprise and astonishment ; strange. ly and wonderfully made. — That I may publish with the voice of thanksgiving, and tell of all thy wondrous works, — Ps. xxvi. WON’DROUS, adv. Ina wonderful or surprising de- gree; as, a place wondrous deep; you are wondrous i, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. — 1270Woo eS fair; wondrous fond of peace. These phrases of Cowley, Dryden, and Pope, are admissible only in the udicrous and burlesque style. WON’DROUS-LY, adv. manner or degree. Chloe complains, and wondrously ’s aggrieved, WON’T, a contraction of woll not, that is, z7ll not. WONT, (wunt,) a. [Wont is strictly the participle pas- sive of won, wone; Sax. wunian, to divell, to remain, to endure, to exist, to consist ; G. wohnen, D. woonen. ° Glanville. But the D. has wennen, Sw. v via, Dan. venner, to r 7 ee a ater ania, Dans Venn: WOOD!-EN-GRAV/ING, n. Xylography ; the act or In English, the verb is obsolete ; but we retain the participle in use, and form it intoaverb. See the verb. accustom; Ir. fanaivmn, to remain. Accustomed ; habituated; usi | ing cus - 7 Sr AETT KT stomed ; habituated; using or doing custom- | yy QOD!-FRET-1 ER, 2. arily. : J eles: i : or worm that eats wood. If the ox were wont to push with his horn. — Ex. x21. WOOD/-HGOLE, n. [wood and hole.) A place where They were wont to speak in old time, saying. —2 Sam. XxX. aie . - ~ps eh wood js laid up. Philips. See Matt. xxvii. 15. Luke xxii. 39. WONT, (wunt,) z. Custom ; habit; use. [Obs.] Sidney. Hooker. WONT, (wuntt,) v. 7. To be accustomed or habitu- WOOQD/ING, ppr. Getting or supplying with wood. ated ; to be used. A yearly sulemn feast she wont to make, Spenser. Wherewith he wont to soar so high. {Obs.] Waller. WONT’ED, (wunted,) pp. or a. Accustomed ; used. Again his wonted weapon proved. Spenser. 9. Accustomed ; made familiar by use. She was wonted to the place, and would not remove. L’Estrange. WONT’ED-NESS, (wunt/ed-,) x. The state of being accustomed. King Charles. WONT’LESS, (wunt'less,) a. Unaccustomed; un- used. [ Obs. Spenser. WOO, v.t. [Sax. wogan, whence awogod, wooed.] 1. To court; to solicit in love. My proud rival wooes Another partner to his throne and bed. Philips. Each, like the Grecian artist, wooes The image he himself has wrought. Prior. 9. Tocourt solicitously ; to invite with importunity. Thee, chantress, oft the woods among, I woo to hear thy even song. Milton. WOO, v.i. To court; to make love. Dryden. WOOD, a. [Sax. wo. | Mad ; furious. [0ds.] Spenser. WOOD, 7. [Sax. wuda, wudu; D. woud ; W. giz.) I. A large and thick collection of trees ; a forest. Licht thickens, and the crow Makes wing to the rooky wood. Shak, 9. The substance of trees ; the hard substance which composes the body of a tree and its branches, and which is covered by the bark. 3 Trees cut or sawed for the fire. the principal fuel in the United States. 4, Timber ; trees cut for architectural purposes. 5. An idol. Hab. ii. WOOD, v.i. To supply or get supplies of wood. WOOD!-A-N EM/O-NE, n. A plant, Anemone nemo- rosa. [See ANEMONE. ] WOOD!/-ANT, n. [wood and ant. ] A large ant living in society in woods and forests, and constructing large nests. E. C. Herrick. WOOD!-ASILES, n. pl. {mood and ashes.| The re- mains of burnt wood or plants. [This word is used in England to distinguish these ashes from the remains of coal. In the United States, where wood chiefly is burnt, the people usu- ally say simply ashes. But as coal becomes more used, the English distinction will be necessary. ] WOOD'BIND, ) 2 A name given to the honey- WOOD’BINE, § suckle, a species of Caprifolium _ or Lonicera. Lee. WOOQD/-BOUND, «a. [wond and bound,} Encum- bered with tall, woody hedgerows. WOOQD/CHAT, 2. A species of butcher-bird or shrike, Lanius rufus. Jardine. WOOQD/CHUCK, 2. {wood and Persian chuk, a hog. See Cuvx.] In New England, the popular name of a rodent mainmal, a species of the Marmot tribe of animals, the Arclomys monax. The ground hog. It burrows and is dormant in winter. woo)’/eHOIR, (-kwire,) 7. Songsters in a wood. WOOD!/-COAL, 2. [wood and coal. | Charcoal ; also, licnite or brown coal. WOOD/EOCK, n. [wood and cock.] A bird of the gens Scolopax of Linneus, allied to the snipes, but with a more robust bill. Two species are known by this name, and these are widely distributed. Their flesh is esteemed a delicacy. Nuttall. Jardine. woop/ecock SHELL, x. A name given by Eng- lish naturalists to the shells of certain mollusks of the genus Murex, which have a very Jong tube with or without spines. Rees’s Cyc. P. Cyc. WOOD!/-€RA PT, n Skill and practice in shooting and other sports in the woods. WoOOQD!-CUT, n. An engraving on wood. WOOD!/-€UT-TER, zn. A person who cuts wood. WOOD/-CUT-TING, a. Cutting wood. WOOD!-€UT-LING, n. The act or employ cutting wood. Wood is yet TONE, BULL, UNITE. — WOOD!-DRINK, n. [wood and drink.| A decoction WOOD!/-E€H/0, (-ek/o,) 2. In a strange or wonderful | WOOD’ED, a. Supplied or covered with wood : as, WOOD'‘EN, «. WOOD/-HOUSE, n. _ [wood and house. ] WOOQD!-LAND, zn. WOOD/LARK, n. [wood and lark. | A bird, a species WOOD!-LAY-ER, 2. WOOD’LESS, a. Destitute of wood. WOOD'LESS-NESS, 2. WOOD!/-LOCK, n. [wood and Tock. | In ship-building, a tree. ment of WOOD!/-SHOCK, Ne Woo , WOO t ~ . . . or infusion of medicinal woods. An echo from the wood. land 2000ded and watered. Arbuthnot. : [from wood.] Made of wood; con- sisting of wood ; as, a wooden box; a wooden leg; a wooden horse. 2. Clumsy ; awkward. When a bold man is put out of countenance, he makes a very wooden figure on it. Collier art of engraving on wood, or of cutting figures of natural objects on wood. Cyc. 9, An engraving on wood. [wood and fret. } Ainsworth. An insect IC A house or shed in which wood Is deposited and sheltered from the weather. United States. Washington. [wood and land.) Land covered with wood, or land on which trees are suffered to grow, either for fuel or timber. America. 2. In England, a soil which, from its humidity and color, resembles the soil in woods. yc. of lark, the’ Alauda arborea, which, like the sky- lark, utters its notes while on the wing. Jardine’s Nat. Lib. IC [200d and layer.) A young oak or other timber-plant, Jaid down in a hedge among the white thorn or other plants used in hedges. Cyc. Mitford. State of being destitute of wood. a piece of elm, close fitted and sheathed with cap- per, in the throating or score of the pintle, to keep the rudder from rising. yo. WOOD’/-LOUSE, x. [wood and louse.} An insect, the milleped. Dict. Nat. Hist. WOOQD/MAN, n. [wood and man.|) A forest officer, appointed to take care of the king’s wood. England. 9, A sportsman ; a hunter. Milton. Pope. 3. One who cuts down trees. WOOD!/-MEIL, n. A coarse, hairy stuff made of Ice- land wool, used to line the ports of ships of war. ue. WOOD!-MITE, n. [200d and mite.] A small insect found in old wood. WOOD!-MON"GER, (-mung/ger,) 7 [zoood and mon- oer. A wood-seller. WOOQD!/-MOTE, x. [wood and mote.| In England, the ancient name of the forest court; now the court of attachment. Cye. WOOD’NESS, 2. Anger; madness ; rage. [ Obs.] Fisher. WOOD!/-NIGHT/SHADE, n. A plant, Solanum Dul- camara; woody nightshade. WOOD!-NOTE, 2. [wood and note. ] Wild music. Or sweetest Shakspeare, fancy’s child, Warble his native wood-notes wild. Miiton. WOOD!-NYMPH, (-nimf,) x. [rood and nymph.| A fabled goddess of the woods; a dryad. ‘he wood-nymphs decked with daisies trim WOOD!-OF’FER-ING, n. Wood burnt on the altar. Milton. Neh. X. WOOD!-6-PAL, n. A striped variety of coarse opal, having some resemblance to wood. Jana. WOOD’/PECK-ER, n. {wood and peck.] A name of numerous species of scansorial birds, of the genus Picus, which have strong bills, and peck holes in the wood or bark of trees, in pursuit of insects. WOOD!/-PIG/EON, (-pid/jun,) 2. [roood and pigeon. | The ring-dove, (Columba palumbus.) Ed. Eneye. WOOD/-PU/CE-RON, n. [wood and puceron.] A small insect of a grayish color, having two hollow horns on the hinder part of its body. It resembles the puceron of the alder, but it penetrates into the wood. Cyc. WOOD/REEVE, n. [wood and reeve.| In England, the steward or overseer of a wood. WOOD!-ROCK, ». A compact variety of asbestus. Dana. n, [200d and roof or ruff: | WooD/-ROOF, of the genus Asperwh. Loudon. WOOD/-RUFT, WOOD!/-SAGBH, n. ) garlic. Loudon. W OOD!/-SARE, n. A kind of froth seen on herbs. Bacon. WOOD!/-SEREW, 2. iron, for uniting pieces of wood. WOOQD/-SERE, 2. The time when there is no sap in Tusser. the weasel kind in North America. ANGER, VI!/CIOUS. tela Canadensis of Linneus, a digitigrade carnivo- rous mammal, sometimes called Pexan, OrcHock FisHER WEASEL, etc. Z nia to the Great Slave Lake, and across the conti- nent to the shores of the Pacific. WOOD!-SOOT, n. {zcood and soot.| Soot from burnt wood, which has been found useful as a manure. Ci WOOD!/-SOR-REL, 2. of the genus Oxalis, having an acid taste. Lee. WOOD/-SPITE, n. in some parts of England to the green woodpecker. WOOD!-STONE, x. somewhat resembling wood in appéarance. Dana. WoOoD!-TIN, x. of a brown color, found in Cornwall. WOOD!'WARD, n. [wood and ward. | the forest, whose duty is to guard the woods. [ Eng- land. | : WOOD’/-WASH, WOOD!/-W AX, WOOD/-WAX-EN, WOQOOD'WORK, 2. WOOD’ WORM, (-wurm,) 7. WOQOD’'Y, «a. WOOD/Y-NIGI IT/SHADE, n. WOO/ER, n. [from 2wo0.] One who courts, or SO- WOOF, n. [Sax. weft, from wefan, to Weave ; Sw. > 7 ~S > >] WOOF’Y, a. Having 2 close texture; dense; aS, a WOO/'ING, pp7r- WOO/ING-LY, adv. WOOL, ”. A plant [wood and sage.) A plant found in woods, Teucrium scorodonia, having the smell of The ordinary screw made of The wejack, a quadruped of It is the Mus- —€as K; Gas J; Sas Z; CH as 5 ——————— ONT 127] It is found from Pennsylva- UC. (wood and sorrel.) A plant A name given J [wood and spite. | A striped variety of horn-stone, A nodular variety of oxyd of tin, Brande. An officer of ———————— Uc. n Names applied to dyer’s broom, or dyer’s weed, Ge- nista tinctoria. Cyc. Booth. That part of any structure which is wrought of wood. [wood and worm.| A worm that is bred in wood. Johnson. (from wood.) Abounding with wood , as, woody land; a woody region. Secret shades Of woody Ida’s inmost grove. Milton. 9. Consisting of wood; ligneous; as, the woody parts of plants. 3. Pertaining to woods ; sylvan ; as, woody nymphs. Spenser. Woody fiber consists of slender, membranous tubes tanering at each end, on the tissue of wood. . g A plant ; bittersweet ; Solanum Dulecamara ; originally from Europe, but naturalized in North America. licits in love. acon. caf; Gr. vpn.) 1. The threads that cross the warp in weaving 5 the weft. Bacon. 2, Texture; cloth; as, a pall of softest 1nnof. Pope. Miss J. Builive. awoofy cloud. Courting ; soliciting [from 200.] in love. Enticingly ; with persuasive- ness; so as to invite to stay. Shak. [Sax. 2ul; G. wolle; D. wol; Sw.aull; Dan. uld; Russ. volna ; Basque, ulea. Qu. Gr. vvAos, soft ; covdus, down ; Or L. vellus, from vello, to pull off. ] 1. That soft species of hair which grows on sheep and some other animals, which in fineness some- times approaches to fur. he word generally signi- fies the fleecy coat of the sheep, which constitutes a most essential material of clothing in all cold and temperate climates. 9, Short, thick hair. 3. In botany, a sort of pubescence, or a clothing of dense, curling hairs on the surface of certain plants. Martyn. WOOL/-BALL, n. A ball or mass of wool found in the stomach of sheep. Cyc. WOOL!-€OMB-ER, (-kom/er,) 2. One whose occu- pation is to comb wool. WOOLD, v.t. [D. woelen, hewoelen ; G. wihlen.] To wind, particularly to wind a repe round a mast or yard, when made of two or more pieces, at the place where they are fished, for confining and sup- porting them. Mar. Dict. WOOLD'ED, pp. Bound fast with ropes; wound round. WOOLD/ER,7. A stick used in woolding. Mar. Dict. WOOLD!ING, ppr- Binding fast with ropes ; wind- ing round. WOOLD/ING, 2. round a mast, 9. The rope used for binding masts and spars. WOOL!-DRIV-ER, 7. {ro00l and driver-] One who buys wool and carries it to market. WOOLIEN, 4. Made of wool; consisting © as, woven cloth. >. Pertaining to wool; as, woolen manufactures. WOOL'EN, n. Cloth made of wool. __ Paper WOOL'EN-DRA-PER, n. One who deals 10 woolen goods. : WOOL'FEL, n. [2000! and fel, L- pellis. “A skin with the wool; a skin from which the wool has not been sheared or pulled. Davies. WOOL!-GAFH-ER-ING, a. orm. A term applied to a vaorant or idle exercise of the imagination, often leading to a neglect of present objects. Burton. WOOL/-GROW-ER, n. {wool and grow. | A person wlio raises Sheep for the production of wool. WOOL!-G ROW-ING, a. Producing sheep and wool. WOOL'/I-NESS, 7- {from woolly.] The state of be- ing VOOIlY ie a ee SH; FH as in THIS. The act of winding, as a rope f wool ~ ee ae “ 5 Bs td a Speena 9 ol La aaa Oi a aan ee pr inated rn OOS ihe Ra a a Cee eeee ames Paes ne ws m8 ee ik ely x eae ee | 1 - ' 40 a a 3 ; oy 7 i 1 i | i ie & ie i 8 | ( 4 $$.» WOR WOR WOR WOOL'LY, a. East Indies to a species of red orpiment or arsenic. WOOQL’P ACK, n. of wool. 2. Any thing bulky without weight. W. OOL ‘SACK, n. [wool and sack.] As Wool. 5 . The seat of the Jord chancellor of England in the house of Jords, being a large, square bag of wool, Without back or arms, covered with red cloth. Brande. WOOL!-STA-PLE, 7, [wool and staple.] A town where wool used to be brought to the king’s staple for sale. WOOL/-STA-PLER, x. One who deals in wool. Cyc [wool and pack.] A pack or bag Cleaveland. 2 sn. vas See WOOQL!-TRADE, n. [wool and trade.] wool. WOOL/WARD, adv. To woolward, skin, as a penance. | In wool. | WOOL!/-WIND-ER, | Was to Wear woolen Toone, [wool and wind.) 0 next the Shak. A person employed to wind or male up Wool ith bundles to |} be packed for sale. Cyc. WOOP, 27. A bird. WOOS, x « testines. It is said to be brought from Persia, and to be the produce of a species of Artemisia. Cyc. 2. A plant of the genus Chenopodium. Lee. A tincture prepared from Tyee-wormwood ; a species of Artemisia, with woody WORN/-OUT, pp. or 4. Consumed or rendered use- A maggot that infests the backs of An animal of the lizard kind, about four feet long and eight inches broad, with a forked corrupt ; in a moral sense. Evil men and seducers shall wax worse and worse. —2 Tim. iii. There are men who seem to believe they are not bad while another-can be found worse. Rambler. 2. Ina physical sense, in regard to health, more sick. She was nothing bettered, but rather grew tcorse. — Mark v. 3. More bad; less perfect or good. This carnage is worse for wear. The worse; the loss ; the disadvantage. Judah was put to the worse before Israel. —2 Kings xiv. 2. Something less good. Think not the worse of him for his enterprise. WORSE, adv Ina manner more evil or bad. We will deal worse with thee than with them. — Gen. xix. WORSE, to put to disadvantage, is not in use. [See Worst. Milton. WORSI/EN, v. t. To worse. [Vot in use.| Wilton. WORS’ER, for Worse, is a vulgar word, and not used in good writing or speaking. WOR’SHIP, (wur'ship,) 2. (Sax. weorthscype; worth and ship; the state of worth or worthiness. See Wort. ] ne 1. Excellence of character; dignity ; worth ; worthiness. Elfin, born of noble state, And muckle worship in his native land. Spenser. In this sense, the word is nearly or quite obsolete ; but hence, 9, A title of honor, used in addresses to certain magistrates and others of respectable character. My father desires your worship’s company. Shak. 3. A term of ironical respect. Pope. 4. Chiefly and eminently, the act of paying * divine honors to the Supreme Being ; or the reverence and homage paid to him in religious exercises, consisting in adoration, confession, prayer, thanksgiving, and the like. The worship of God is an eminent part of religion. Tillotson. Prayer is a chief part of relizious worship. Tillotson. 5. The homage paid to idols or false gods by pa- gans; as, the worship of Isis. 6. Honor ; respect ; civil deference. Then shalt thou have worship in the presence of them that sit at meat with thee. — Luke xiv. 2 7, Idolatry of lovers ; obsequious or submissive re- spect. Shak, WOR/SHIP, (wur’ship,) v. t | To adore ; topay divine honors to; to reverence with supreme respect and veneration. Thou shalt worship no other God. — Ex, xxxiv. Adore and worship God supreme. 2. To respect ; to honor; to treat with civil rever- f Milton. 7 ence. he Nor worshiped with a waxen epitaph. Shak, 3. To honor with extravagant love and extreme submission, as a lover. = With bended knees I daily worship her. Carew. WOR'SHIR, v. i. To perform acts of adoration. 2. To perform religious service, Our fathers worshiped in this mountain, —John iv. WOR/SHIP-ED, (wur'shipt,) PP. Adored ; treated with divine honors ; treated with civil respect. WOR/SHIP-ER, 2- One who worships; one who pays divine honors to any being; one who adores. > South. CH as SH; FH as in THIS. CHE LY ft ey Ma a RPS, OE. coe er Rs . Sue a ot RS aa. Sip eeipt nae mnt CI Same meen a : ais. a: Odea ce eed oo P ex ne or ae So TTI WOR WOR’SHIP-FUL, a, Claiming respect; worthy of honor from its character or dignity. This is worshipful society. Shak, 2. A term of respect, sometimes ironically. WOR’SHIP-FUL-LY, adv. Respectfully. Shak. WOR’SHIP-ING, pyr. Adoring; paying divine hon- ors to; treating with supreme reverence; treating with extreme submission. : WORST, (wurst,) a. [superl. of Worse, which see.] 1. Most bad; most evil ; in a moral sense; as, the worst man ; the worst sinner. 2. Most severe or dangerous ; heal; as, the zorst disease. . 3. Most afilictive, pernicious, or calamitous ; as, the worst evil that can befall a state or an individual. WORST, n. The most evil state ; in a moral sense. 9. The most severe or aggravated state ; the hight; as, the disease is at the worst. 3. The most calamitous state. the worst. : WORST, (wurst,) v. t. To get the advantage over in contest ; to defeat ; to overthrow. It is madness to contend when we are sure to be worsted. WORST’ED, (wurst’ed,) pp. Defeated ; overthrown. WORST’ED, (wust/ed,) n. [The origin of this word most difficult to Be armed against isuncertain. Itis usually supposed to take its name from a town in England or in Flanders. } Yarn made of wool drawn out into long filaments by passing it, when oiled, through heated combs. It is used for stockings and various other fine fabrics. Ure. WORST’ED, a. Consisting of worsted; made of worsted yarn; as, worsted stockings. WORT, (wurt,) n ([Sax. wyrt; G. wurz; Sw. ort; Dan. urt; Fr. vert, verd ; from the root of L. vireo, to grow ; viridis, green. ] 1. A plant; an herb; now used chiefly or whol- ly in compounds; as in mugwort, liverwort, spleen- wort. 2. A plant of the cabbage kind. 3. New beer unfermented, or in the act of ferment- ation; the sweet infusion of malt. Bacon. Cye. WORTH, (wurth,) a termination, signifies a farm or court ; as, in Wordsworth. WORTH, (wurth,) v.t. [Sax. weorthan, to be.} This verb is now used only in the phrases, woe worth the day, woe worth the man, &c., in which the verb is in the imperative mode, and the noun in the dative ; woe be to the day. WORTH, (wurth,) n. [Sax. weoth, wurth, wyrth; G. werth; D. waarde ; Sw.vdrd; Dan. verd ; W. gwerth; L. virtus, from the root of vireo. The primary sense is strength. ] J. Value; that quality of a thing which renders it useful, or which will produce an equivalént good in some other thing. The worth of aday’s labor may be estimated in money, or in wheat. The worth of Jabor is settled between the hirer and the hired. The worth of commodities is usually the price they will bring in market; but price is not always worth. 2. Value of mental qualities ; excellence; virtue; usefulness; as, a man or magistrate of great worth. As none but she, who in that court did dwell, Could know such wortt, or worth describe so well. Waller. All worth consists in doing good, and in the disposition by which it is done. Dwight. - 3. Importance; valuable qualities; applied to things ; as, these things have since lost their worth. WORTH, (wurth,) a. Equal in value to. Silver is scarce worth the labor of digging and refining. In one country, a day’s labor is worth a dollar; in an- other, the same labor is not worth fifty cents. It is worth while to consider a subject well before we come to a decision. If your arguments produce no conviction, they are worth noth- ing to me. callie, 2, Deserving of; i a good or bad sense, but chiefly in a good sense. ‘he castle is worth defend- ing. Vo reign is worth ambition, thourh in hell. Milton. This is life indeed, life worth preserving. Addison. 3. Equal in possessions to; having estate to the value of, Most men are estimated by their neigh- bors to be worth more than they are. Aman worth a hundred thousand dollars in the United States is culled rich; but not so in London or Paris. Worthiest of blood ; an expression in law, denoting the preference of sons to daughters in the descent of estates, WOR'PFHI-ER, a. comp. More worthy. WOR/’FHI-EST, a. superl. Most worthy. Borrow. WOR’FHI-LY, (wur'the-le,) adv. Ina mannersuited to; as, to walk worthily of our-extraction. [Bad.] Ray. 2. Deservedly ; according to merit, You worthily succeed not only to the honors of your ancestors, but also to their virtues. Dryden. 3. Justly ; not without cause, J affirm that some may very worthily deserve to be hated. South. WOR’FEI-NESS, (wur’the-ness,) n. Desert ; merit. The prayers which our Savior made were for his own worthi- wou 9. Excellence ; dignity ; virtue. Who is sure he hath a soul, unless It see, and judge, and follow worthiness? 3. Worth ; quality or state of deserving. Sidney. WORTH’LESS, a. Having no value; as, a worthless garment ; a worthless ship. 2. Having no value of character or no virtue ; as, a worthless man or Woman. 3. Having no dignity or excellence ; as, a worthless magistrate. WORT H/LESS-LY, adv. WORTH’/LESS-NESS, 2. Want of value; want of useful qualities ; as, the worthlessness of an old gar- ment, or of barren land. ; 2. Want of excellence or dignity ; as, the zorth- lessness of a person. WOR’FHY, (wur’the,) a. Sw. virdig. | 1. Deserving; such as merits; having worth or ex- cellence ; equivalent ; with of before the thing de- served. She has married a man worthy of her. Thou art worthy of the sway. Shak, Iam not worthy of the least of all the mercies, —Gen. xxxii. 2. Possessing worth or excellence of qualities ; virtuous ; estimable; as, a worthy citizen; a worthy Donne. In a worthless manner. [G. wurdig; D. waardig ; magistrate. Happier thou mayst be, worthier canst not be. Milton. This worthy mind should worthy things embrace. Davies. 3. Suitable; having qualities suited to; either in a good or bad sense; equal in value; as, flowers worthy of paradise. 4. Suitable to any thing bad. The merciless Macdonald, Worthy to be a rebel. Shak. 5. Deserving of ill; as, things worthy of stripes. Luke xii. WOR’FHY, (wur’the,) n. A man of eminent worth; aman distinguished for useful and estimable quali- ties; a man of valor; a word much used in the plural; as, the worthies of the church; political worthies ; military worthves. Holyday. Milton. WOR’THY, (wur'the,) v. t. Torender worthy ; to ex- alt. [Not in use.] Shak. WOT, v. i. [Originally War; the preterit of Sax. witan, to know, formerly used also in the present tense. ] To know ; to be aware. [Obs.] Spenser. WOULD, (wood,) pret. of Witt. [G. wollen ; L. volo.] Would is used as an auxiliary verb in conditional forms of speech. ‘*I would go if I could.” This form of expression denotes will or resolution, under a condition or supposition. You would go, | denote simply an event under a He would go, $ condition or supposition. The condition implied in would is not always ex- pressed. ‘*‘ By pleasure and pain I zould be under- stood to mean what delights or molests us ;”’ that is, uf it should be asked what I mean by pleasure and pain, I would thus explain what I wish to have un- derstood. In this form of expression, 4vhich is very common, there seems to be an implied allusion to an inquiry, or to the supposition of something not ex- pressed. Would has the sense of wish or pray, particularly in the phrases ‘' would to God,” *‘ would God we had died in Egypt,” ‘** I would that you knew what con- flict I have ;”’ that is, I could wish such a thing, if the wish could avail. Here also there is an implied condition. Would is used also for wish to do, or to have. What wouldst thou? What would he? WOULD'ING, (wud/ding,) n. Motion of desire, [ot in use. Hammond. WOUND, (wound or woond,) 7. [Sax. wund ; D. wond; G. wunde; W. gwanu, to thrust, to stab.] 1. A breach of the skin and flesh of an animal, or of the bark and wood of a tree, or of the bark and substance of other plants, caused by violence or ex- ternal force. The self-healing power of living beings, animal or vegetable, by which the parts separated in wounds tend to unite and become sound, is a remark- able proof of divine benevolence and wisdom. 2, Injury; hurt; as, a wound given to credit or reputation. [Walker condemns the pronunciation woond as a “* capricious novelty.” It is certainly opposed to an important principle of our language, viz., that words in ow, of Saxon origin, retain the regular Saxon sound of ow, as sound, ground, found, &c., while words de- rived from the French have the sound of ow in that Janguage, as soup, group, &c. It is very undesirable to break in upon this rule, though woond is undoubt- edly the fashionable pronunciation. — Ed. WOUND, (wound or woond,) v. t. To hurt by vio- lence; as, to wound the head or the arm ; to wound a tree. He was wounded for our transgressions, —IJs. liil, WOUND, pret. and pp. of Winp. WOUND’ED, pp. Hurt; injured. WOUND/ER, n. One that wounds. WOUND’/ING, ppr. Hurting ; injuring. néss accepted. ooker. 1274 WOUNDI/ING, n. Hurt; injury. Gen. iv. WRA WOUND’/LESS, a. Free from hurt or injury. WOUND/WORT,n. The name of several plants ; one a species of Achillea; another of the genus Stachys or Hedgenettle ; another a species of Laserpitium ; another a species of Solidago ; and another a species of Senecio. : WOUND’Y, a. Excessive. [Vulgar.] Gay. WOVE, pret. of Weave, sometimes the participle. WOV’EN, pp. or a. from Weave. WOX, WOX’EN, for Waxep. [Wot used, | Vote. — W before r is always silent. WRACK, (rak,) n. [See Wrecx.] A name given to a marine plant, out of which kelp is made, and which is also of great utility as a manure. It is sometimes called Sea-Wrack or Sea-Wrecx, and SeA-Oaxk and Sea-Tanave. It is the Fucus vesicu- losus of Linnzus, a plant found on rocks left dry at low water. ‘The stalk runs along the middle of the leaf, and is terminated by watery bladders. Cyc. The grass-wrack is of the senus Zostera. Lee. Wrack, and to wrack See Wreck. WRACK’FUL, a. Ruinous; destructive. WRAIN’-BOLT. See Wrinc-Bo tt. WRAITH, x. An apparition of a person in his exact likeness, seen before death or a little after. [Scot- tish.] Jamieson. WRAN"GLE, (rang’gl,) v. 7. [from the root of wring, Sw. vranga; that is, to wring, to twist, to struggle, to contend ; or it is from the root of ring, to sound.] To dispute angrily ; to quarrel peevishly and nois- ily ; to brawl ; to altercate. For a score of kingdoms you should wrangle. Shak. He did not know what it was (o wrangle on indifferent points. Addison. WRAN'/GLE, (rang’g],) v. t To involve in conten- tion. [Little used.) Sanderson. WRAN"GLE, (rang’gl,) n. An angry dispute; a noisy quarrel. Swift. WRAN"’GLER, (rang’gler,) n. An angry disputant ; one who disputes with heat or peevishness; as, a noisy, contentious wrangler. Watts. Senior wrangler ; in the university of Cambridge, the student who passes the best examination in the sen- ate-house. Then follow the second, third, &c., wran- lers. WRAN”GLE-SOME, (rang/gl-sum,) a. Contentious ; quarre'some, Moore. WRAN"GLING, ppr. or a. Disputing or contending angrily. WRAN"GLING, n, The act of disputing angrily. WRAP, (rap,) v. t.; pret. and pp. Wrarrep or WraPt 1. To wind or fold together. John xx. 2. To involve; to cover by winding something round ; often with up; as, to wrap up a child in its blanket ; wrap the body well with flannel in winter. I, wrap in mist Of midnight vapor, glide obscure. Milton. 3. To involve ; to hide ; as, truth wrapt in tales. 4. 'To comprise ; to contain. Leontine’s young wife, in whom all his happiness was wrapped up, died ing few days after the death of her daughter. Addison. 5. To involve totally. Things reflected on in gross and transiently, are thought to be wrapped in impenetrable obscurity, Locke. 6. To inclose. 7. To snatch up; to transport. [This is an error; the true spelling is Rar or Raptr, from the verb ra- pio. WRAP/PAGE, n. That which wraps. WRAP!PED, (rapt,) ) - ; eer as WRAPT, pp. Wound ; folded ; inclosed. WRAP’PER, x. One that wraps. 2. That in which any thing is wrapped or in- closed. 3. A loose garment ; applied sometimes to a Jady’s undress, and sometimes to a loose overcoat, WRAP’PING, ppr. Winding; folding; involving; inclosing. 2. a. Used or designed for wrapping or covering ; as, wrapping paper. WRAP’RAS-€AL, n, An old cant term for a coarse upper coat. Smart. WRASSE, ». The English name of a number of fish- es inhabiting the rocky parts of the coast, and be- longing to the family Labridz, (genus Labrus, Linn.) They are prickly-spined, hard-boned fishes, with ob- long, scaly bodies, and a single dorsal fin. Many of them present vivid colors, P, Cyc, WRATH, (rath,) n. [Sax. wrath, wreth; Sw. and D. vrede; W. trad, of which L, tra is a contraction ; Ar. - «wv os 36. ] 1. Violent anger ; vehement exasperation ; indig- nation ; as, the wrath of Achilles. — V\ eratha ; Gr. epeOm, to provoke. Class Rd, No. When the wrath of King Ahasucrus was appeased. —Esth. il. Lord — in wrath remémber mercy. — Hab. iii. 2. The effects of anger. Prov. xxvii. 3. The just punishment of an offense or crime. Rom. xiii. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINF, MARiNE, BIRD.— NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOOK. —ee ————————————— i rm 8 WRE WRE WRI _God?s wrath, in Scripture, is his holy and just in- WRENCH, (rench,) v. t [G. verrenken; D. verwrin- dignation against sin. Rom. 1. gen. See WriNG. u. Ir. freanc.] WRATH/EFUL, (rath’- Very . i a ist; i : QL, (rath 5) Gs ery angry; greatly in- 1. To pull with a twist ; to wrest, twist, or force censed. The King was very awrathful. by violence; as, to wrench a sword from another’s 2. Springing from wrath, or expressing it; as, hand. wrathful passions ; a wrathful countenance. 2. To strain ; to sprain ; to distort. EE LEN ESS? wich violent anger. Shak. You wrenched your foot against a stone Swift NRATH/FUL-NESS, rn. Wehement anger. a1 ANT 3 rae 2 WRATH/LLY, adv. Very aarrilys 6 W RENCH, (rench,) 7. A violent twist, or a pull with WRATH’LESS, a. Free from anger. Waller Se: Sa, Sater Set rie AGI are improper LESSNESS, TONE, BULL, UNITE.— ANGER, yICloUs.—€ as K; Gas J; $ as WO - 5 ap : She Madge‘ cade)! 5 eH ER EAN WNL oat Dery a WRIG, for Wricece. WRIG/GLE, (rig’gl,) 2. % briskly ; D. wriggelen or wrikken.] WRIG/GLE, (rig/gl,) v. t. WRIG’GLER, z. WRIG’/GLING, ppr. or a. WRIGHT, (rite,) WRING, (ring,) v. t; pret. and pp. Wrineep and We have, with the feeling, lost the very memory of such wretch- R } The prodigal brought nothing to his father but ne es and 7,; OH as SH; TH ag in THIS. [Vot in use.] [W. rhuglaw, to move To move the body to and fro with short motions. Both he and his successors would often wri i j long as the cushion lasted. toctgple dase Swift ee t 4 . To put into a quick, re- ciprocating motion ; to introduce by a shifting mo- tion. Wriggling his body to recover His seat, and cast his right leg over. One who wriggles. : Moving the boéy one way and the other with quick turns. [Sax. wryhta; from the root of Hudibras. work. An artificer ; one whose occupation is some kind of mechanical business; a workman; a manufac- turer. This word is now chiefly used in compounds, as in shipwright, wheelwright. Wrune. The latter is chiefly used. [Sax. wringar. ; G. ringen; D. wringen ; Dan. vrenger ; Sw. vrdnga; Dan. ringer. The sense is, to strain. | 1. To twist; to turn and strain with violence ; as, to wring clothes in washing, 9. To squeeze ; to press ; to force by twisting ; as, to wring water out of a wet garment. 3. To writhe ; as, to wring the body in pain. 4. To pinch. The king began to find where his shoe did wring him. Bacon. Ss If he had not been too much grieved and wrung by an uneasy and strait fortune. (Obs. Clarendon. 5, To distress, to press with pain. Didst thou taste but half the griefs That wring my soul, thou couldst not talk thus coldly. Addison. 6. To distort ; to pervert. How dare these men thus wring the Scriptures? 7. To persecute with extortion. These merchant adventurers have been often wronged and wringed to the quick. Hayward. 8. To bend or strain out of its position ; as, to wring a mast. Mar. Dict. To wring off; to force off or separate by wringing 5 as, to wring off the head of a fowl. To wring out; to force out; to squeeze out by twisting ; as, to wring out dew or water. Judges Vi. 9, To free from a liquor by wringing; as, to wring out clothes. To wring from; to force from by violence ; to ex- tort; as, revenues wrung from the poor; to wring from one his rights ; to wring a secret from one. WRING,v.7i. To writhe ; to twist ; as with anguish. Shak. WRING, n. Action of anguish. Hall. WRING'-BOLT, xn. [wring and bolt.] A bolt used by shipwrights, to bend and secure the planks against the timbers till they are fastened by bolts, spikes, and tree-nails. Mar. Dict. WRING/ED, (ringd,) pp. Twisted; pressed; dis- tressed ; extorted. WRING/ER, 7. One who wrings; one that forces water out of any thing by wringing. WRING/ING, ppr- Twisting ; writhing ; extorting. WRING/ING-WET, a. So wet as to require wring- ing, or that water may be wrung out. WRING/-STAVES, 2. pl. Strong bars of wood used in applying wring-bolts. Mar. Dict. . WRINK!LE, (rink!l,) 2. [Sax. wrincle; Sw. rynka; Dan. rynke. This coincides with ring, a circle. The Dutch write this word krinkle, and kring 18 ring. The G. runzel is probably of the same family, formed on Rg; Ir. rang. If n is casual, the root coincides with L. ruga, a wrinkle, and W. rhyg, a furrow. | 1. A small ridge or prominence, or & furrow, formed by the shrinking or contraction of any smooth substance 5 wrinkles in the face or skin. 9, A fold or rumple in cloth. 3. Roughness ; unevenness. Not the least wrinkle to deform the sky. Dryden. WRINK’LE, (rink’l,) 2. t. [Sax. arinclian ; SW: rynka; Dan. rynker. : 1. To contract into furrows and prominences ; to corrugate ; as, to wrinkle the skin; to wrinkle the brow. Whitgifte. hem a Her wrinkled form in black and white arrayed. Pope. 9. To make rough or uneven. xe th wind, blowing dry REI Soe as decayed. Milton. Wrinkled the face of deluge, WRINK'LE, v.27. To shrink into furrows and ridges. WRINK/LED, (rink/Id,) pp» OF 4 Contracted into ridges and furrows. WRINK!/LING, ppr- furrows and ridges. : ‘ WRIST, (rist,) ” [Sax. wrist ; allied probably to aprest a4 arestie ; that is, a twist or junction.] 1. The joint by which the hand 1s united to the arm. Shrinking ; contracting into DE eres corrugation ; a crease; aS) 4, uw —— one ne Cea m ae ; Ls on it rn an Or <> roared en a ote oD iCe ean owe es - . = Sn ae ait PE ape eta: oPaeeT Ne ee WRITE, (rite,) v.z% To perform the act of forming WRIT’ER, (rit’er,) . One who writes or has written. WRIFHE, (rithe,) v. t. W RI 2, In the manege, the bridle wrist is that of the cavalier’s Jeft hand. Cyc. WRIST’LET, 7. An around the wrist, to glove. WRIST’BAND, n. [wrist and band.] That band or part of a shirt sleeve which covers the wrist. WRIT, (rit,) x. [from zrite.] That which is written. In this sense, writ is particularly applied to the Scriptures, or books of the Old and New Testament ; as, holy zit ; sacred 2orit. 2. In law, a precept issued from the proper au- thority to the sheriff, his deputy, or other subordinate officer, commanding him to perform some act, as to summon a defendant into court to answer, and the like. In England, writs are issued from_ some court un- der seal. In some of the Onited States, writs are issued by any single judge or justice of the peace, in the name and by the authority of the State. In some of the United States, the writ, in a civil suit, contains both the summons and the plaintiff’s declaration or cause of action set forth at large, and a writ is either a Summons or an attachment. Writs are original or judicial. An original writ, in England, is issueddrom the high court of chancery. A judicial writ is issued by order of a court upon a special occasion, during the pendency of the suit. Writs are of various kinds; as, writs of assize, writs of capias, writs of distringas, &c. Shak. 3. A legal instrument. Shak. WRIT, pret. of Write, is not now used. [See WriTE and WRore. WRITE, (rite,) v. t. ; pret. Wrote ; pp. Writ, Writ- TEN. [Sax. writan, awritan, gewritan; Ice. rita; Goth. writs, a letter. The sense is, to scrape, to scratch, to rub ; probably from the root of grate, and L. rado.]} 1. To form by a pen on paper or other material, or by a graver on wood or stone; as, to write the char- acters called letters; to write figures. We write characters on paper with pen and ink ; we write them on stone with a graving tool. 2. To express by forming letters and words on paper or stone; as, to write a deed ; to write a bill of divorcement. The ten commandments were writen With the finger of God on tables of stone. Exod. XXXi. 3. To engrave. [See the preceding definition.] 4. To impress durably. MWriteuseful truths on the 5. To compose or produce, as an author. [heart. 6. To copy ; to transcribe. 7. To communicate by letter. I chose to write the thing I durst not speak To her I loved. Prior. characters, letters, or figures, as representatives of sounds or ideas. Learn to write when young. 2. To be employed as a clerk or an amanuensis. A writes for B. D writes in one of the public offices. 3. To play the author; as, he thinks, he speaks, he writes, he sings. 4. To recite or relate in books. the wars of the Jews. 3. To send letters. He wrote for all the Jews concerning their freedom. S Josephus wrote of Esdras. 6. To call one’s self; to be entitled ; to use the style of. Those who began to write themselves men, but thought it no shame to learn. Fell. 7. To compose; to frame or combine ideas and express them in words. They can write up to the dignity and character of their authors. ‘lion. 2. An author. 3. A clerk or amanuensis. Writer to the signet; one of a class of lawyers in Scotland, ‘answering to the highest class of attorneys in England. Brande. Writer of the tallies ; an officer of the exchequer of England; a clerk to the auditor of the receipt, who writes upon the tallies the whole of the tellers’ bills. Cyc. [Sax. writhan; Sw. vrida; Dan. vrider.] 1, To twist ; to distort. Her mouth she writhed. Dryden. 2. To twist with violence ; as, to writhe the body. elastic band worn by ladies confine the upper part of a WRONG, (rong,) a. WRONG, (rong,) n. WRONG, (rong,) adv. WRONG, (rong,) ». t. WRONG!-DO-ER, 7. WRONG/-DO-ING, n. WRONG/ED, pp. WRONG/ER, n. WRONG/FUL, a. WRONG/FUL-LY, adv. Addison WRO 3. To wrest; to distort; to torture; as, to writhe words. [ Obs.] WRIFHE, v. 2 writhe with agony. WRIFfH’ED, (rithd,) pp. WRIFH’ING, ppr. Hooker. Addison. Twisted ; distorted. Twisting; distorting, WRIFH’LE, (rith’l,) v.t, [from *writhe.] To wrin- kle. f fot in use. | Spenser. WRIT’/ING, ppr. pen, style, or graver. 2. a Used paper. WRITING, x. to others by visible signs. We hardly know which to admire most, the ingenuity or the utility of the art of writing. 2. Any thing written or expressed in bond, an agreement, &c. 3. A book ; any written composition ; a pamphlet ; as, the zoritings of Addison. 4. An inscription. Jolin xix. o. Writings, pl. ; conveyances of lands ; deeds; or any official papers. WRIT/ING-BOOK, n. A manship. WRIT/ING-MAS-TER, zn. of penmanship. WRIT’/ING-SE€HOOL, n. A school for instruction in penmanship. WRIT’TEN, pp. or a. Expressed in letters. Written laws; statutes; laws enacted by the su- preme power and recorded ; as contradistinguished from wniritten or common law. WR IZ'ZLED, for WritHLep. WR )‘KEN, for Wreaxep. book for practice in pen- One who teaches the art [Not in use.] Spenser. [ot in use.] Spenser. [Sw. vrang ; Dan. vrang; pro erly the participle of wring, Sw. vranga, Dan. vren- ger.) Literally, wrung, twisted, or turned from a straight line or even surface. Hence, 1. Not physically right; not fit or suitable; not appropriate for use ; as, the wrong side of a garment. You hold the book the wrong end uppermost. There may be something wrong in the construction of a watch or an edifice. 2. Not morally right; that deviates from the line of rectitude prescribed by God ; not just or equita- ble ; not right or proper ; not legal ; erroneous ; as, a wrong practice; wrong ideas; a wrong course of life; wrong measures; wrong inclinations and de- sires; a wrong application of talents; wrong judg- ment. Hab. i. 3. Erroneous ; not according to truth; as, a wrong statement. Whatever deviates from moral rectitude ; any injury done to another; a trespass; a violation of right. Wrongs are private or public, Pri- vate wrongs are civil injuries, immediately affecting individuals ; public wrongs are crimes and misde- meanors Which affect the community. Blackstone. Sarai said to Abraham, My wrong be on thee. —Gen. xvi. Friend, I do thee no wrong. — Matt. xx, The obligation to redress a wrong, is at least as binding as that of paying a debt. ). Everett. Not rightly ; amiss ; morally ill ; erroneously. Ten censure wrong for one that writes amiss, Pope. To injure; to treat with in- justice ; to deprive of some right, or to withhold some act of justice from. We wrong a man when we de- fraud him, and when we trespass on his property. We wrong a man when we neglect to pay him his due. Philemon 18. 2. To do injustice to by imputation ; to impute evil unjustly. If you suppose.me capable of a base act, you wrong me. One who injures another or does wrong. 2. In law, one who commits a tort or trespass. Bouvier. Evil or wicked act or action. Treated unjustly ; injured. One who injures another. Injurious; unjust; as, a wrongful taking of property ; wrongful dealing. Unjustly ; in a manner con- trary to the moral law or to justice; as, to accuse To twist; to be distorted ; as, to Forming, as characters, with a or intended for writing ; as, writing The act or art of forming letters and characters on paper, wood, stone, or other material, for the purpose of recording the ideas which charac- ters and words express, or of communicating them letters ; hence, any legal instrument, as a deed, a receipt, a WRY, >. i. WRY, v. t. WRY'NECK, n. [wry and neck.] A twisted or distort- WRY!/NECK-ED, Gaines) a. Having a distorted neck. WRY'NESS, n. “ WYCH’-ELM, nz. WYND, x. WY’/VERN, zn. one wrongfully ; to suffer wrongfully WAaey. WRONG/HEAD, (rong/hed,) x. verse understanding, WRONG/HEAD-ED, a. [wrong and head.| Wrong in opinion or principle; having a perverse under- standing ; perverse. WRONG/HEAD-ED-NESS, n. neousness, WRONG’ING, ppr. A person of a per- *Perverseness; erro- Injuring; treating with injus- tice. WRONG!LESS-LY, adv. Without injury to any one. [Vot used.) Sidney. WRONG'LY, adv. In a wrong manner; unjustly ; amiss. He judges wrongly of my motives, WRONG’NESS, n. Wrong disposition; error. Butler. WRONG!-TIM-ED, a. Done at an improper time. WROTE, pret. of Write. He wrote a letter yester- day. Herodotus wrote his history more than two thousand years ago. Vote. — Wrote is not now used as the pafrticiple. WROTH, (rawth,) a. Sax. wreth, wrath See WRATH. | Very angry ; much exasperated. Cain was very troth, and his countenance fel]. — Gen. tv. J was wroth with my people. — Is. xlvii. [An excellent word, and not obsolete ] WROUGHT, (rawt,) pret. and pp. or a. from Wonk. (Sax. worhte, the pret. and pp. of wircan, weorcan, to work. } 1. Worked ; formed by work or labor. 2. Effected ; performed. She hath wrought a good work upon me. — Matt. xxvi. 3. Effected ; produced. He wrought the public safety. A great change was wrought in bis mind. This wrought the greatest confusion in the unbelieving Jews. Addison. ze ‘ 4. Used in labor. The elders of that city shall take a heifer that hath not been wrought with,— Deut. xxi, o. Worked ; driven ; as, infection wrought out of the body. [Vot used.] Bacon. 6. Actuated. Vain Morat, by his own rashness wrought. Dryden. 7. Worked ; used; labored in. The mine is still 8. Formed ; fitted. wrought. He that hath wrought us for the self-same thing is God. —2 a Or 9. Guided ; managed. [Vot used.] Milton. 10. Agitated ; disturbed. My dull brain was wrought With things forzot. Shak. Wrought iron; iron deprived of its carbon, usually by the process called puddling, which see. Wrought tron is tough, flexible, malleable, and ductile. 5 Wrought on or upon; influenced; prevailed on. His mind was wrought upon by divine grace. Wrought to or up to; excited; inflamed. Their minds were wrought up toa violent passion. She Was wrought up to the tenderest emotions of pity. WRUNG, (rung,) pret. and pp. of Wrine. WRY, (ri,) a. [Goth. wraicwa, or Dan. vrier, to twist, contracted from vrider, Eng. to writhe.] 1. Twisted ; turned to one side; distorted ; as,a wry neck ; a wry mouth. 2. Deviating from the right direction; as, rry words. 3. Wrested; perverted; as, to put a wry sense on an author’s words. Atterbury. To be writhed or distorted. [Not used.] To distort ; to wrest. [JVot used.] ed neck; a deformity in which the neck is drawn to one side, and at the same time somewhat forward. Cyc. 2. A disease of the spasmodic kind in sheep, in which the head 1s drawn to one side. Cyc. 3, In ornithology, a smaljl bird of the eastern con- tinent, resembling the woodpeckers, the Yunx tor- quilla ; so called from the singular manner in which, when surprised, it turns its head over its shoulders, Ed, Encye. ‘he state of being wry or distorted. Mountacue. A variety of the elm, or a peculiar species, (Ulmus montana,) which is said by some to be only a variety of Ulmus campestris, a native of Europe. Cyc. A narrow lane or alley. [Scottish.] A kind of flying serpent, sometimes represented in coats of arms. Buchanan. FATE, FAR, FALL, WHAT.— METE, PREY.— PINE, MARNE, BIRD.--NOTE, DOVE, MOVE, WOLF, BOQK.— 1276BX THE twenty-fourth letter of the English alpha- 9 bet, is borrowed from the Greek. In the middle and at the end of words, it has the sound of ks, as in waz, lax, luxury. At the beginning of a word, it has precisely the sound of z. It is used as an initial in a few words borrowed from the Greek. As a numeral, X stands for 10. It represents one V, which stands for 9, placed on the top of another. When laid horizontally, thus, *, it stands for 1000 ; and witha dash over it, thus, X, it stands for 10,000. As an abbreviation, X. stands for Christ, as in Xn. Christian, Xm. Christmas. XAN’THI€, a. [Gr. tavGos, yellow. ] Tending toward a yellow color. XAN’THI€ AC/ID, x. An acid consisting of bisul- phuret of carbon, water, and oxyd of ethyl or ether. x a Graham. XAN’THIE OX'YD, xn. , Etb. O2ZP waraka, to spit, that is, to thrust out. It Is the same as Jerk. Class Rg, No. 35.] To throw or thrust with a sudden, smart spring ; as, horses yerk their heels. Far. Dict. YERK, x. A sudden or quick thrust or motion, YERK/ING, ppr. Thrusting with a quick spring. YERN. See Yearn. YER’/-NUT,)/7. An earth-nut ; a pig-nut. YAR/-NUT, Wilbrahame. YES, adv. [{Sax. sise. A word which expresses affirmation or consent ; opposed to No; as, are you married, madam? Yes. It is used, like Yea, to enforce, by repetition or ad- dition, something which precedes. You have done all this; yes, you have done more. Yes, you despise the man to books confined. Pope. [Walker’s pronunciation of this word as zis is now considered vulgar, and no polite speaker, as Jamie- son remarks, would so pronounce it on his author- ity. YEST. See Yeast. 12738YON To give up the contest ; to submit. Dryden. YIE YES'TER, a. [G. gestern; D. gisteren; Sax. gystern; YIELD, v. tz. Evasernus | ri He saw the fainting Grecians yield. FAs a ast past ; next before the Baas 2, To comply with; as, I yielded to his request. Note. —This is seldom used except in the com- 3. DO give Way 5 On Oe ey ounds which follow. YES’TER-DAY, 2. dag. See YrsTeER.] J. The day last past ; present. All our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. We are but of yesterday, and know nothing. —Job viii. 2. Yesterday is used generally without a preposi- tion; as, 1 went to town yesterday. Yesterday We received letters from our friends. In this case, a preposition is understood ; as, on yesterday, Or during yesterday. The word may be considered as adverb- jally used. YES’/TERN, zn. Relating to the day last past. YES'TER-NIGHT, (-nite,). [yester and night.| The last night. 9. It is used without a preposition. My brother arrived yesternight ; where on or during is under- stood, but it may be considered as adverbially used. YEST/Y. See YEasty. YET, conj. (Sax. get, gyt; Gr. ert; W.etto. It seems to be from the root of the verb get.] Nevertheless ; notwithstanding ; however. Icome to you in the spirit of peace; yet you will not receive and fashions. [Sax. gyrstan-deg, gyrsterlnic They will yield to us in nothing. Tell me in what more happy fields The thistle springs, to which the lily yields ? Shak. | YIELD, 7. Amount yielded ; product ; the day next before the Pope. vation. bad word, and not used. | YIELD/ANCE, nxn. Act of producing 5 Not used. YlELD/ED, pp. lowed ; resigned ; surrendered. YIELD/ER, x. One who yields. YIELD/ING, ppr- resigning ; surrendering ; allowing. 2. ds accommodating ; as, a yielding temper. YIELD/ING, n. ing ; submission. Lak. YIELD/ING-LY, adv. With compliance. YIELD/ING-NESS, 7. ty of yielding. Hall. Paley. like one of these. — Matt, vi. YET, adv. Beside; over and above reason yet further to be alleged. 2. Still; the state remaining the same. They attest facts they had heard while they were yet heathens. Addison. Is it time to go? Not There is one| joug; It. giogo; Sp. yugos jungo, GI. tuyow.]) 3. At this time; so soon. for drawing. yet. 4, At least; at all. A man that would form a comparison between Quintilian’s declamations, if yet they are Quintilian’s. Baker, for carrying a pail, &c., suspended on each side. 3. A mark of servitude ; slavery ; bondage. cite Pa ale xen: 6. Still; in a new degree. The crime becomes 4 Acorn a pair; as, a yoke of oxen yet blacker by the pretense of piety. : 7 Even; afterall; a kind of emphatical addition to a negative. Men may not too mshly believe the confessions of witches, nor yet the evidence against them, Bacon. 8. Hitherto. You have yet done nothing; you have as yet done less than was expected. My yoke is easy. — Matt, xi. boat is steered. YOKE, v. t. to yoke oxen, or a pair of oxen. 9. To couple ; to join with another. An evergreen tree of the genus Taxus, allied to the pines, valued for its wood ortimber. The yew frequently occurs in British churchyards. be yoked in marriage The words and promises that yoke The conqueror, are quickly broke. of the worship of the devil, with some of the doc-} ,,= 5 : trines of the Magi, Mohammedans, and Christians. YOLK, 2. The yelk of.an egg: [See Yxucx.] YIELD, (yeeld,) v.t. [Sax. gieldan, gildan, gyldan, to render, to pay. But the word seems to be directly from the W. gildiaw, to produce, to yield, to concede, to contribute. The sense is obvious. ] 1. To produce, as land, stock, or funds; to give in return for labor, or as profit. Lands yield not more than three per cent. annually ; houses yield four or five per cent. Maize, on good land, yields two or three hundred fold. : 9, 'I’o produce, in general. yelk of an egg. and inseparably germination, but embryo. situated between it and the embryo. Most vegetable juices to yield the point in debate. We yield that there is a God. 5, To give, as claimed of right; as, to yield due honors ; to yield due praise. root, | ete Being at a distance within view. a fortress to the enemy ; or to yield up a fortress. Yonder axe two apple-women scolding. TONE, BULL, UNITE. — ANGER, VICIOUS. or oS —— 2 bf 5 a esr a an PO Ee Me Cale ae f4 ref dE cA YOU We readily yield to the current of opinion; we yzeld to the customs 4. To give place, as inferior in rank or excellence. applied par- ticularly to products resulting from growth or culti- YIELD/A-BLE-NESS, n. Disposition to comply. [4 concession. Produced ; afforded; conceded ; al- Producing ; affording ; conceding ; Inclined to give way or comply ; flexible ; Act.of producing ; act of surrender- S F Disposition to comply ; quali- YO'JAN, n. In the East Indies, a measure or distance me. : Yet I say to you, that Solomon, in all his g1 t yed ofGve mies: Asiat. Res. yatoVOus ue n, in all his glory, was not arrayed | VOKE, n. [Sax. geoc or ioc; D juk; G. joch; Sw. ok; Sans. yuga or yuj; Pers. yugh, yoo; W. jau; Fr. L. jugum; Gr. Gevyos 5 Slav. Russ. igo ; Ch. Syr. and Ar. 24 zug, to join, L. 1. A piece of timber, hollowed or made curving near each end, and fitted with bows for receiving the necks of oxen; by which means two are connected 9. A frame of wood fitted toa person’s shoulders 5. It is prefixed to words denoting extension of Our country sinks beneath the yoke. Shak. time or continuance. 4. A chain; a link; a bond of connection ; as, the A Ytle longer; yet a little longer. Dryden. yoke of marriage. Dryden. 7. A frame at right angles to the head of a boat’s rudder, from the end of which are lines by which the Totten. To put a yoke on; to join in a yoke; as, YEV/EN, for GrveNn, is not in use. Spenser. Cassius, you are yoked with a lamb. Shak. SVV ru Si x i , J - G. el 7 . . eT. vw 0) ’D Lace Fr. it] Oe eer ee ae 8, To enslave; to bring mto bondage. STs YOUNG!LING, (yung’ling yn. [Sax. geon aling.| evwenv my; ‘ ; AT. Ue Miva sac is a eS . nA vIe + ; > \. Beene . eles. 5 ee 4. Toestrain ; to coniine. Libertines like not to Any animal in the first part of life. Dryden. Hudibras. 2. ‘The unctuous secretion from the skin of sheep, P. Cyc. Rae = : Y-FERE’, (e-fere!,) adv. Together. [JVot in oN consisting of a peculiar potash soap, which renders : , e Spenser the pile soft and pliable. Ure. ae 3 The vitellus, a part of the seed of plants, so named by Gertner, from its supposed analogy to the It is characterized as very firmly connected with the embryo, yet never rising out of the integuments of the seed in absorbed, like the albumen, (see Wuuite and PertspeRM,) for the nourishment of the When the albumen is present, it is always In the grasses it forms a scale between the embryo and albumen. It is considered by Smith as a subterraneous cotyle- yield a salt. ao . hihi ’ . . don. Cyc. Smith. J afford; to exhibit. The flowers in spring : 4 yield Laan sicht pre | YON, a. [Sax. geond. This seems to be formed pecs peat . TON from wan, to go, or its root and signi- KTvate i . y* ? 5 ’ oy) : ? a 4. To allow ; to concede ; to admit to be true; as, YON’DER, fies properly gone; or it is from geonan, to open; whence distant. Lhe G. jener, and D. gins, ginder, may be the same word, or from the same 6. To permit ; to grant. 7, o bs t ft * . a 7 - ‘ ‘fo is but al Yonder men are too many for an embassy- Bacon. Ans ma ee ah s y anfanct childhood i That yields a passage to Pee eiiaeuword Dryden. Read thy lot in yon celestial sign. Milton. to divide the stages of Be oto a Ke war an 4 i : f = ; Yon flowery arbors, yonder alleys green. Milton. youth, and manitood. In this sense, a 7 To emit; to give up- To yield the breath, is to} YON, adv. Ata distance within view. When ee expire: : : YOND, we use this word, we often -point the Those who pass their youlh in vice, are justly condemngi 8. To resign; to give Up; sometimes with up OF | YON/DER, hand or direct the eye to the place or spend their age 1p folly. over ; as, to yield up their own opinions. We yield object. 9, A young man. In this sense, it has a plural. ae the place to Oe sonnets it] t ‘old First and chiefest, with thee bring Seven youths from Athens yearly sent. Dryden. surre ; sometl vith wp; as € Ronan ee Pirin sani : Sehr 9, To surrender ; som mes V p; as, to y Him that yon sors on rolden wing tee 3, A young person, male or female. i _€ as K; G asJ; $ as Z; CH as SH; YOND, a. Mad; furious, or alienated in mind ; that ae wandering; and allied to the preceding Ss. Snenser. YONK/ER, (yunk/er,)n. A young fellow. : ta Walter Scott. YORE, adv. [Sax. geara. It probably signifies past, gone, from the root of year. | Long. [Obs.} 3 Spenser. Of yore; of old time ; long ago; as, in times or days of yore. But Satan now is wiser than of yore. Pope. Yoo, (yu,) pron. [Sax. cow, wu, iuch; G. euch; Arm. chiy; D. gu or yu, thou. You has been considered as in the plural only, and is so treated in the Saxon grammar. But from the Belgic dialect, it appears to be in the singular as well as the plural, and our universal popular usage, in applying it to a single person with a verb in the singular number, is cor- rect. Yourself is in the singular number. } 1. The pronoun of the second person, in the nomi- native or objective case. In familiar language, it is applied to an individual, as thow is in the solemn style. In the plural, it is used in the solemn style in the objective case. In vain you tell your parting lover, You wish fair winds may waft him over. He that despiseth you, Cespiseth me. — Luke x. 2. You is used, like on in French, for any one. This at a distance looks Jike a rock ; but as you ap- proach it, you see a little cabin. YOUNG, (yung,) a. [Sax. iong, geong; G. jung ; D. jong ; Sw. and Dan. ung; Arn. yaouncg j W. teuane $ Sans. ywwana; L. juvenis. Qu. Cb. Syr. Heb. and Sam. pa, to suck, or Goth. yuggs, young. 1 The Welsh makes the word a compound, and the origin is not evident. ] 1. Not having been long born; being in the first part of life; not old; used of animals; as, a young child ; a young man ; a young fawn. 2. Being in the first part of growth; as, a young Prior. plant; a young tree. 3. Ignorant; weak; or rather, having little expe- rience. Come, elder brother, thou’rt too youns in this. Shak. YOUNG, (yung,) n. The offspring of animals, either a single animal, or offspring collectively. The cow will take care of her young, as will the hen. An- imals make proyision for their young. YOUNGER, (yung’ger,) 4. comp. Not so old as an- other. A person of ninety years old is younger than one of a hundred, though certainly not a young man, nor in the first part of life. YOUNGEST, (yung’gest,) 4. superl. Having the least age. There are three persons living, the young- est of whom is ninety years old. YOUNG/ISH, (yung’ish,) @. Somewhat youne. Tat Barly in life. Shak. { Little used. | A young person ; @ S YOUNG'LY, (yung'le,) adv. 9. Ignorantly ; weakly. YOUNG’STER, (yung’ster,) 7. YEW, v.i. Torise, as scum on the brine in boiling i ores 5 ayes at the salt works. : [See Yaw.] Ce ® | YOR/ED, (yokt,) pp- Confined in a yoke; joined;| Jad. [4 colloqueal word. | ; ak. YEW’EN, (yu/en,) 4. Made of yew. Hubberd. _coupled. YOUNGTH, for Yours, is not im use. _ _ Spensere YEX, 7. [Sax. geocsa. See HiccouGH. | YOKE/-ELM, n. A tree, YOUNK/ER, n. Among seamen, a stripling in the A hiccough. [Little used. | Y OKE -FEL-LOW, n. [yoke and fellow or mate. An service. YEX, v. 1. To hiccough. YOKE/MATE, associate or companion. YOUR, (yire,) a. pronoun. [from you ; Sax. eower ; G. YEZ'LDEES, n. pl. A small nation bordering on | vq 2s Avmate se fellow. __.. Spectator. euer. the Euphrates, whose religion is said to be a mixture Yok ING, ppr. Putting a yoke on ; Joining ; coupling. 1. Belonging to you ; equally applicable to both num- ; ) ri YOLD, for Yrevvep. [Volt m use. | Spenser. bers; as, your father; your heart; your prince ; your subjects. 9. It is used indefinitely. Your medalist and your critic are much nearer related than the world imagine. Addison. 3. Yours is used as a substitute for a noun in the nominative or objective. This book is yours. L have no pen; give me yours. My sword and yours are kin. Shak. YOUR-SELF’, pron. ; pl. Yoursetves. [your and self | A word added to you, la express distinction emphat- | ; ically between you and other persons: This work you “must do yourself; or you yourself must do it; = that is, you and no other person. Sometimes it is used without you. | Allow obedience, if your selves are old. Shak. It is used as the reciprocal pronoun. You love only yourself; you have brought this calamity on yourselves ; be but yourselves. : : YOUTH, (yuth,) x. [Sax. iuguth, iugoth, iogoth, geo- gath; Goth. yuges 3 G. jugend ; D. jougd-] } 1, The part of life that succeeds to chile hood. In a general sense, youth denotes the whole early part of i} life, from infancy to manhood ; but it 1s not unusual ks rn a da aes exe have no plural. TH as in THIS.en a ee eae a OS cgi aes a 7 ll Gee S LEA ZEO ZIM 4, Young persons, collectively. It is fit to youth to read the best authors first, B. Jonson. YOUOTH’FUL, a Young ; as, two youthful knights. | Dryden. days; youthful age. thoughts ; youthful sports. 4. Fresh; vigorous ; as in youth. Bentley. YOUTH’FUL-LY, adv. Ina youthful manner. YOUTH’FUL-NESS, n. Fullness of youth. YOOTH'LY, «a. Young; early in life. [ Obs.] Spenser. YOOTH’Y, a Young. [Bad, and not used.} Spectator. Y-PIGHT’, (e-pite’,) a. Fixed, that is, pitched. [ Obs.] Spenser. YT'TRI-A, n. quarry in Sweden.] A metallic oxyd. [So called from Ytterby, a It has the appearance of a fine, 7, T HE last letter of the English alphabet, is a sibilant 9 articulation, and is merely a vocal s. It bears the same relation to s as v does to f. With us it has not 2 compound sound, nor is it a double consonant, as in the Italian and German. It is as sitnple in its sound as s. As a numeral, Z stands for 2000, and with a dash over it, Z, for 2,000,000. ZA!'BA-ISM. ZAC'€HO, n. column. | ZAE’FER, n. Impure oxyd of cobalt. The residuum of cobalt, after the sulphur, arsenic, and other vola- tile matters have been expelled by calcination ; so | that it is a gray or dark-gray oxyd of cobalt, mixed | With a portion of silex. Cyc. | ZAM'BO, n. The child of a mulatto and a negro, It is pronounced zee. See SaBIANISM. The lowest part of the pedestal of a also sometimes of an Indian and a negro. | Humboldt. | ZA'MI-A, n. A genus of plants, possessing nearly equal affinities with palms and tree-ferns, and bear- ing heads of flowers like pine cones. P, Cyc. ZA'MITE,n. A fossil plant of the genus Zamia. Brande. ZA'NY,n. [It. zanni, a buffoon.] A merry-andrew ; a buffoon. Pope. ZAINY, wt. To mimic. Beaum. & Fl. 2. Pertaining to the early part of life; as, youthful 3. Suitable to the first part of life; as, youthful white powder, without taste or smell. It is insolu- ble in water, and does not affect vegetable blues. It combines with acids, and forms salts. Its metallic base is yttrium. It was discovered in 1794, by Pro- fessor Gadolin, in a mineral found at Ytterby. The metal of which it is an oxyd was first obtained by Woehler in 1828. Cyc. Ure. Davy. YT’TRI-OUS, a. Pertaining to yttria; containing yt- tria ; as, the yttrious oxyd of columbium. Cleaveland. YT/TRLUM, n, The metallic base of yttria. It was first obtained pure in 1828, by Woehler. Its texture is scaly, its color grayish- blac k, and its luster perfect- ly metallic. Its oxyd, called YrrR1a, was discovered in 1794, by Professor Gadolin, ina mineral found at Ytterby, in Sweden. YT/TRO-CE/RITE, n. A mineral occurring very sparingly at Finbo and Brodbo, near Fahlun, imbed- ded in quartz. Its color is violet- blue, inclining to gray and white. It is sometimes white. It consists of fluorid of calcium, fluorid of yttrium, and fluorid of cerium. Lf, ZEAL'OUS-NESS, (zel/us-ness,) 7. being zealous ; zeal. ZE/BRA, n. A pachydermatous mammal, the Equus Zebra, | a qguadruped of Southern Africa, nearly as large as a horse, white, with numerous brownish- black bands, of ere ater or less intensity, and lighter down the middle of each band. It is one of the six species which constitute the genus to which the horse belongs. ZE/BU, x. A ruminant mammal of the bovid tribe, the Taurus Indicus or Bos Indicus of the naturalists. This bovine quadruped varies in size, from a large mastiff-dog to a full-grown European bull. It is or- dinarily furnished with a fatty excrescence or hump on the shoulde rs, which has been said sometimes to reach the weight of fifty pounds. It is found exten- sively in India and also in Northern Africa. It is often called the Inp1an Bux or Ox and Cow. Zie/€HIN, (zé'kin,) n. (It. zecchino.] An Italian gold coin ; usu: ily written Sequin, which see. If named from Zecha, the place where » minted, this is the cor- rect orthography. ZECH’/STEIN, n. [Ger.] inferior in re lative position to the lias. ZED, n. A name of the letter Z. Shak. ZED'O-A- RY,n. IdovyjA0g¢, — it comes under our own analogy, and we place the accent on the antepenultimate. 14. As we never accent a proper name from the Greek on the last syllable, so, if the Greek word be accented on any other sylla- ble, we seldom -pay any regard to it, unless it coincide with the Latin accent. Thus the word Ged-e/rah is accented on the penulti- mate, because it is Grecized by Fudyea, though it is accented on the antepenultimate, and this because the penultimate is long, and the long penultimate in Latin always has the accent. 15. All words ending in ias and iah have the accent on the 2, without any foundation in the analogy of Greek and Latin pro- nunciation, except the very vague reason that the Greek word has he accent on this syllable. This reason is called vague, because the Greek accent has no influence on words in @el, zel, zal, &c.; as, Togas, ’ABdujA, Behiads, x. t. 24. Hence the impropriety of pro- nouncing Messias with the accent on the first syllable. It is the broad, diphthongal sound of the English 2, with the accent on it, which makes the word sound so much better in English than it does in French, or even in the true ancient Greek pronunciation. 16. The termination aim seems to attract the accent on the a only in words of more than three syllables; as E!phraim, Miz!- raim, have the accent on the antepenultimate, but Horona/im, Ramathalim, &c., on the penultimate. This is the general rule; to be on that syllable; as, Pharva'im, Daooviu, &e. 17. Kemuel, Jemucl, Nemuel, and other words of the same form, having the same number of syllables as the Greek words into which they are translated, ought to have the accent on the penul- timate, as that syllable is long in Greek; but Emanuel, Samuel, Lemuel, are irrecoverably accented on the antepenultimate, and follow the analogy of the English accentuation. 8. It is plain from these observations, that the Hebrew accent is regulated by a sort of compromise between this ancient language |and our own; and the best we can do is to form a kind of com- pound ratio of Hebrew, Greek, Latin, and English, and to let each of these prevail as usage has permitted them. | | | But when the Hebrew word does not contain the same number of but if the Greek word have the penultimate long, the accent ought Wide diet see nae Saga Saleen ined.Cn eco r SoMa sn Oe Sr kl AALAR Aaron Abacue Abadah Abaddon Abadias Abagtha Abal Abana Abarim Abaron Abba Abda Abdias Abdiel Abednego Abel Abel Maim Abel Meholath Abesan Abez Abiah Abialbon Abiasaph Abiathar Abib Abidah Abidan Abiel Abiezer Abiezrite Abigail Abihail Abjhu Abthud Abijah Abijam Abilene Abimael Abimelech Abinadab Abinoam Abiram Abisei Abishag Abishai Abishahar | Abishalom Abishua Abishur Abisum Abital Abitub Abiud Abner Abram Absalom Abubus Acaron Acatan Accad Aceldama Achaia Achaichus Achan ee ae eal eer 2a Or PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. a!a-ldr a'ron ab! a-cue ab'a-dah a-bdad' don ab-a-di'as a-bag'thah a'bal ab'a-nah abla-rim ab!a-ron ab'bah ab'dah ab-di'as ab! di-el a-bed'ne-go a'bel abel ma!im a'bel me-ho!lath ab! be-san Gi! bez a-biz'ah a-bi-al'/bon a-bi!a-saf a-bz'a-thar a! bib a-bi'dah abli-dan ab!%-el or a-bi!el ab-i-é!zer ab-7-ez'rite abli-gale or ab!i-gal ab!i-hale a-ov'hu a-hbi'hud a-bi'jah a-bi!jam ab-bi-lé'ne ab-bi-mdi el ab-in' me-lek ab-in'a-dab ab-in'no-am a-bi'ram ab-t-st!% ab'bi-shag or a-bi/shag db-bi-sha't ab-bt-sha'har db-bi-sha!lom ab-bi-shit!ah abli-shur abli-sum ab/7-tal abli-tub dbli-ud or a-bt!ud db!/ ner &'bram db’sa-lom a-bi''bus ak'a-ron dk!a-tan ak'kad a-cel'da-mah a-ka'yah a-ka'i-kus a'iean Achiacharus Achim Achimelech Achior Achiram Achish Achitob Achitophel Achmetha Achor Achsah Achshaph Achzib Acipha Acitho Acua Adadah Adadezer Adadrimmon Adaiah Adalia Adam Adamah Adami Adasa Adatha Adbeel Addi Ader Adiel Adida Adina Aditha Adithaim Adlai Admah Admatha Adonai Adonias Adonibesek Adonijah Adonikam Adoniram Adonis Adonizedek Adora Adoraim Adoram Adrammelech Adramyttium Adria Adriel Aduel Adullam Adummim Aedias Agabus Agag Agagite Agarenes Agate Agee 162 ed * rae Fate, fur, bat. — Méte, hélp. ee ee Bake ak-ki-ak!a-rus a' kim a-kim!7i-Ick a@'ki-or a-k2'ram a! }eish ak!/i-tob a-kit!o-fel ak-mé'thah a'lkor ak! sah ak! shaf ak! 2b as! t-fah as!i-tho a-kit'a ad!a-dah ad-ad-é! zer dd-ad-rim! mon ad-a-t'ah ad-a-li!a ad!am ad'a-mak ad! a-mi dd!a-sa dd!a-tha ad-bé!el ad! dz a'der ad'%-el or G!di-el ad't-da a-di'nah ad'i-tha ad-t-tha!tm ad-la/i or dd/la-t ad'mah dad!'ma-tha ad! o-nd ad-o-ni'as a-tlon!%-bé! zek ad-o-ni'jah ad-o-ni' kam ad-o-nt'ram a-do'nis a-don'%-zé' dek a-do'ra dd-o-ra/im a-dé!ram ad-rdam'me-lek ad-ra-mit! ti-um aldri-ah a! dri-el a-div' el a-dul'lam a-dum!mim a-e-dilas e-né!las e-thi-6'pt-a aig! aba pen a gag-ile dc-a-renes! dg'ate ag!e-e Tur basis of the following Vocabulary is that of Taylor, in “ Calmet’s Dictionary of the Bible.’’ several hundred names from Walker. To this haye been added In the cases in which the pronunciation of Walker differs from that of Taylor, that of Walker is adde of Walker is not always to be preferred, nor is tual usage by the best authorities. sounds may be consulted below. — Ep. ive Aggeus Agnothtabor Agrippa Agur Ahab Aharah Aharal Ahasali Abasbai Ahasuerus Ahava Ahaz Ahazai Ahaziah Ahban Abi Ahiah Ahiam Ahiezer Ahihud Ahijah Ahikam Abilud Ahimaaz Ahiman Ahimelech Ahimoth Ahinadab Ahinoam Ahio Ahira Ahiram Ahiramites Ahisamach Ahbishahur Ahisham Ahishar Ahitob Ahitophel Ahbitub Ahlah Ahlai Ahoah Ahohite Aholah Aholbah Aholiab Aholibah Aholibamah Ahumati Ahuzam Abuzzah Al Aiah Aiath Aijah Aijaleth Shahur Ain Aioth Airus Ajah Ajalon Akkub dp-gelus da-noth-ta! bor a-grip'pah a! cur a@'hab a-hdr!ah a-har!al a-has! a-t a-has!ba-t a-has-y-@'rus a-ha!vahk a! haz a-haz!a-t a-ha-zi' ah Gh! ban ahi a-ht'ah a-hi'am a-ht-é'zer a-h2!ud a-ht'jah a-hi'kam a-hi'lud a-him'a-dz a-ht'man a-him! me-lek a! hi-moth or a-h2!moth a-hin!a-dab a-hin'o-am a-hi'o a-hi!rah a-hi‘ram a-hi!ram-ites a-his'a-mak a-li-sha!hur or a-h2'- sha-hur a-lit/sham a-hz!shar a-hi!tob a-hit! o-fel a-hz'tub a h ‘la h alla a-hod!'ah a-ho'hite a-hd!lah ahol'bah a-ho!li-ab a-hol!i-bah a-ho-li-ba'mah or a-ho lib'a-mah a-hit!ma-t a-hil!zam a-huz'zah ale a-t'ah a-v' ath a-vjah dd!ja-leth-sha! hur ain a-2'oth a-?/rus a/jah ad'ja-lon ak! loud — Pine, marine.— Note. — Tine, ynite.— F as ji th as sh. ee << KS z a SS ee nner ee ae ne ce ST Akrabbim Alammelech Alamoth Alema Alemeth Alexandria Aliah Alian Allelujah Allonbachuth Almodad Almondiblathaim Almug Alnathan Aloth Alpha Alpheus Altaneus Altaschith Altekon Alvah Alush Amadathus Amal Amalda Amalek Amalekites Amanah Amariah Amasa Amasal Amashal Amashiah Amatheis Amiathis Amaziah Amen Amethyst Ami Aminadab Amizabad Amittai Ammah Ammi Ammidioi Ammiel Ammishaddai Ammihud Ammizabad Ammonites Ammonitess Amok Amorites Amos Ampbipolis Amplias Amramites Amraphel Amz Anab Anah Anaharath Anaiah Anak d or substituted in its place. The pronunciation it followed in ac- The notation of the vowel ak-rablbim a-lam!me-lek al! a-moth al! e-ma al! e-meth al-ex-dn! dri-a ali! ah a-li!an al-le-li'yah or al-leld gah al'lon-bak! uth al-m6! dad al! mon-dib-la-th@/tm almug al'na-than @/ loth al'fah al-fé'us al-ta-né!us al-tas!kith al'te-kon al'vah al lush a-mdd'a-thus a@'mal a-mal' dah am! a-lek dam! a-lek-ites a-ma/nah or am!a-nait am-a-12! ah a-ma'sah or am/!a-sah Gm-a-sa@/t or a-mas!d-t am-a-sha't am-a-shi! ah am-a-thelis am/a-this dam-a-zt! al alien dm! e-thist &!/mi a-min!a-dab a-miz'a-bad a-mit!ta or a-mit-ta'i am! mah am! mz? am-mid'i-oy am! mi-el dan-mi-shad! da-i am! mi-hud am-miz'a-bad am! mon-ites aim-mon-t' tess a/mok am! o-rites a!moz or @!mos dam-fip!o-ls am'pli-as dm!ram-ites din! ra-fel am! 2% a/nab anak dn-a-ha! rath dn-a-2! ah anak ——— aaen pa 2 plier Siete atl ” : os RR ET ence eae Pe i hee is dare i a = Es ad a - eke ces 5 AN ee ad = PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. Anakims Anammelech Anani Ananiah Ananias Ananiel Anath Anathema Anathoth Andronicus Anem Anes Aneth Anethothite Aniam Antilibanus Antioch Antiochis Antiochus Antipas Antipater Antipatris Antipha Antothijah Antothite Anub Apelles Apharaim Apharsathchites Apharsites Aphek Aphekah Apherema Apherra Aphiah Aphra Aphses Apocalypse Apocrypha Apollonia Apollos Apollyon Appaim Apphia Apphus Appii Forum Aquila Ara Arab Arabah Arabattine Arabia Arad Aradite Arah Aram Aramitess Ararat Araunah Arbah Arbathite Arbattis Arbite Arbonai Archelaus Archestratus Archevites Archi Archiataroth Archippus Archites Arcturus Areli Arelites Areopagite Areopagus Ares Aretas Argob Aridai Aridatha Arieh Ariel Arimathea Arioch Arisal Aristarchus Aristobulus Armageddon Armenia Armishadai Armoni Arnepher Arodl Aroer Arphaxad Arsaces an'a-kims a-nam'me-lek an-@ nai an-a-ni' ah dn-a-nit! as a-nan' %-el @'/nath a-nath! e~mah an'a-thoth an-dro-ni'kus or an- dron!i-kus a/nem a/nes a'nétr a-néth'o-thite or dn!eth- — o-thite a-nt'am { dn-ti-lib/a-nus or an-ti- li-ba'nus an'ti-ok an-ti! o-kis an-tt'o-kus an'ti-pas an-ti-pa' ter an-ti-pa'tris or an-tip' a-tris an'ti-fah dn-to-thi'jah an’ toth-ite a&/nub a-pél'les af-ara!im a-f dr'sath-kites a-f dr'sites af! sez a-pok!a-lips a-pok!rt-fah ap-pol-lé'ni-a a-pol'los a-pol/yon ap-palim or dp'pa-im afli-ah or af-ft'ah af’fus ap'pi-i-fo'rum ak! quil-lah or dk-quil'lah a'rah Grab dr'ra-bah dr-ra-bat!t-ne a-ra'bi-a a'rad a'rad-ite a'rah a'ram a-ram-t'tes dr!a-rat a-raw'nah adr! bah ar’ bath-ite ar-bat' tis adr' bite aGr-bo!na-t dr-k7-la'us air-kes'tra-tus ar! ke vies dr! kt dr-ki-at!a-roth ar-kip' pus dr'Icites ark-ti'rus a-ré' li a-ré!lites { ar-c-op'a-gite or G-re- { op'a-gite dr-e-op'a-gus or G-re op'a-gus G!rez a-ré'tas ar! gob a-rid' a-t a-rid'a-thah a-ri' eh a'ri-el dr!i-ma-thé!ah a'ri-ok a-ris!a-t ar-is-tar!kus ar-is-to-bi'lus or ar-is tob'u-lus dr-ma-géd!don ar-mé'ni-a ar-mi-shad'aa ar-m6'nt dr-né'fer or ar!ne-fer a-r0! di or ar!o-di aro! er tir-faz'ad dr! sa-ceg Fate, far, hat. — Mite, hélp — Pine, marine. — Note. — Titne, ynite.—g as ji th as sh. Artaxerxes Artemas Aruboth Arumah Arvadites Asa Asadias Asahel Asaiah Asana Asaph Asara Asareel Asarelah Asbazareth Ascalon Asebia Asenath Aserar Ashabiah Ashael Ashan Ashbea Ashchenaz Ashdothites Ashean Asher Ashima Ashon Ashpenaz Ashriel Ashtaroth Ashtemoth Ashterathites Ashuath Ashur Ashurim Ashurites Asibias Askelon Asmadai Asmaveth Asmoneans Asnapper Asochis Aspatha Aspharasus Asriel Assalimoth Assanias Assideans Assir Assos Assyria Astarte Asuppim Asyncritus Atad Atargatis Ataroth Athack Athaiah Athaliah Atharias Athens Athenobius Athlai Attai Attaliah Attharates Augia Augustus Auranitis Auranus Auteus Ava Avaran Aven Avims Avith Azaelus Azaliah Azaphion Azara Azareel Azariah Azarias AZaz Azazel Azaziab Azbazareth Azekah Azem Azephurith Azetas Azgad Aziel Aziza Azmaveth Azor Azotus Azriel Azrikam Azubah ar-taz-erz! es adr!te-mas ar'ru-both a-rii!mah ar!vad-ites Q'sah ds-a-di! as ds'a-el ds-a-t/ah das'a-na a'saf as!a-ra ds-a-ré' el or a-sdr!e-el ds-a-ré'lah as-baz'a-reth ds'ka-lon ds-e-bi'a ds'e-nath a-sé'rar dsh-a-bi' ah as'ha-el a! shan ash’ be-ah dash! ke-naz ash'doth-ites @!she-an ash! er ash'i-mah a'shon dsh'pe-naz dsh'ri-el dsh'ta-roth ash'te-moth dsh-tér'ra-thites a-shit' ath dsh!ur a-shii'rim dash! ur-ites as-i-bi'as das'ke-lon das!ma-da@ ds'ma-veth as-mo-né! ans as-nip'per a-s6'kis as'pa-thah as-f dr'a-sus as're-el as-sal'i-moth as-sa-ni'as dis-si-dé! ans ds's ir as’ sos as-sir!i-a as-tar'te a-sup'pim a-sin' kri-tus a'tad a-tiir' ra-tis at'a-roth a! thak ath-a-i'ah ath-a-li' ah ath-a-r?! as ath! ens ath-e-no' bi-us ath'la at'ta at-ta-It' ah at-thar'!a-tes au g#-a au-gus'tus au-ra-ni' tis au-rii'!nus au-té/us or au'te-ws @'vah dv'a-ran a@’ven a!vims a vith dz-a-é'lus dz-a-I7/ah a-za!phi-on dz/a-ra dz-a-ré! el or a-zd're-el az-a-ri' ah az-a-ri'as a'zaz a-z@' zel az-a-22!ah dz-baz'a-reth a-z6'kah a&/zem Gz-re-fi'rith a-2é'tas au gad a/zi-el a-22'zah az!ma-veth a! z0r a-z0'tus az'ri-el az-ri'kam or az!ri-kam az-y4' bah or a-ztt' bah Azur Azuran Azy mites Azzur Baa Baalah Baalath 3aal Hamon Baal Hanan Baali Baalim Baalis Baanah Baanan Baanath Baanias Baara Baaseiah Baashah Babel Babylon Babylonians Baca Bacchurus Bachrites Bachuth Allon Bagoas Bagoi Baharumite Bahurim Bajith Bakbakker Bakbuk Bakbukiah Balaam Baladan Balak Balamo Balanus salthasar Bamoth Banalas Bani sJanuas Jarabbas Barachel Barachiah Barak Barcenor Barhumites Bariah Barjesus Barjonah Barodis Barsabas Bartacus Bartholomew Bartimeus Baruch Barzillai Bascama Bashan Bashemath Basmath Bastai Batane Bathaloth Bathrabbim Bathshebah Bathshua Bavai Bealiah Bealoth Bean Bebai Becher Bechorath Bechtileth Bedaiah Bedad Bedan Beeliada Beelsarus Beeltethmnus Beelzebub Beer Beera Beerelim Beeri Beerlahairal Beeroth Beersheba 3eeshterah B. balal ba'al-ah ba’al-ath ba/al ham'on baal han'an ba! al-¢ or b@’al-t ba'al-im ba@'al-is ba-a'nah or ba'a-na ba!a-nan ba-a'nath or ba'a-nath ba-a-ni' as ba-@'rah or b@!a-rah ba-a-si'ah ba-@'shah or b@!a-shah ba' bel bab!i-lon bab-7-l6'nt-ans balkah bak-kit'rus bak! rites bak!'uth dl'lon ba-go'as bag!o-i ba-ha@'rum-ite ba-hit'rim bad'jith or ba'jith bak-bak'ker bak! buk bak-buk-i' ah ba'lam bal-d' dan or bdl'a dan ba lak bal/a-no bal'a-nus bal-tha'sar ba'moth ban-a-2?!as ba nF ban'y-as ba-rab'bas bar'a-kel bar-a-ki'ah ba'rak bar-cé'nor bar-hit! mites ba-ri' bar-jé'sus bar-jo'nah ba-ré' dis bir! sa-bas bar'ta-kus bar-thol!o-new bar-tiné/us or bar tim! e-us ba’/ruk bar-zil! la-i bas'!ka-ma ba! shan bash! e-math bds'math bas'ta-i bat'a-ne bath! a-loth bath-rab! bim { bath-shé'bah or bath’- ( she-bah bath! shu-a bav'a-i or ba-va'i be-a-It'ah be-G' loth or bé'a-loth bélan be-kd'rath bék! ti-leth béd-a-it'ah be/dad bé'dan be-el-i'a-dah be-él’sa-rus be-el-téth'mus be-él'ze-bub bé! er be-é'rah be-ér! elim or be-er-@! lim be-E!7% bé!er-la-h@'ray or bé!cr- la-ha’t-roy be-é'roth bé'er-shé'bah or be-er!- she-bah be-ésh' te-rah | Behemoth | Bekah | Bela | Belemus | Belgai | Belial | Belmaim | Belshazzar | Belteshazzar Benaiah Benammi Beneberak Benejaakan Benhadad 3enhail 3enhanan Beninu Benjamin Benjamite Beno Benoni | Benul Benzoheth Bera 3erachah Berachiah Beraiah Berea Bered Beri Beriah 3erites Berith Bernice Berodach Berothai Berothath Beryl Berzelus Besal Besodeiah Betah Beten Bethabara Bethanath Bethanoth Bethany Betharabah Betharam Betharbel Bethaven Bethazmaveth Bethbaalmeon Bethbarah seth basi sethbirel Bethdagon Bethdiblathaim Bethel Bethemek Bethesda Bethezel Bethgader Bethgamul Bethhaccenm Bethharan Bethhoglah Bethhoron sethjesimoth Bethlebaoth Bethlehem Bethlomon Bethmaacah Bethmarcaboth Bethmeon Bethnimrah Bethoron Bethpalet Bethpazzer Bethpeor Bethphage Bethphelet Bethrabah Bethrehob Bethrapha Bethsaida Bethshean Bethshemesh Bethshemite Bethshittah Bethsimos Bethsura Bethtappua Bethuel Jethul Bethulia Betolius bé'he-moth bélkah bé'lah bél'e-mus bél! cai bé'li-al or be-li'al béel'ma-im bél-shaz'ar bel-te-shaz' ar béen-G' yah bén-am!mi bén-éb! e-rak bén-e-j@'a-kan bén-ha'dad or bén'ha- dad ben-hail ben-had'nan bén-i'/nit or bén'i-ni bén'ja-min bén'ja-mite bé/no bén-6'nz or be-nd! ni ben-w'r béen-z0'heth belrah bér-@'kah or bér’a-kah beéer-a-kt' ah bér-a-t'ah be-ré'a bé!red bé!77 be-ri'ah bé' rites bé!rith bér-ni'ce or bér'nice be-ri! dak be-ri'thad or bér'o-tha-i be-rb'thath bér'ril ber-zé'lus bé'sa bés-o-di'ah bé'tah bé’ten beth-db!arah béth'a-nath beth’ a-noth béth'a-ni béth-dr’a-bah beth'a-ram beth-adr' bel béeth-a'ven béth-az'ma-veth béth-b@' al-mé'on béth-ba'rah béth'ba-si béth-bir! e-i béth-da' gon béth-dib-la-tha/im beth! el béth-&' mek beth-és'dah or be-thés'- dah béth-2'zel beth-ga! der béth-ca'mul béth-hak'ce-rim béth-hd’ran béth-hoo'lah béth-hd'ron béthjeés'st-moth béth-léb'a-oth béth'le-hem beth-l6'mon béth-mda'a-kah béth-mar'ka-both béth-mé!on béth-nim'rah béeth-d/ron béth-pa' let béth-paz'zer béth-pé!or béth-fa' ce or béth'fage béth-fé'let or beth! fe-let béth-ra'bah or béth'ra- bah béth-r2'hob or béth're- hob béth!7-a-fa or béth-ra' fa béth-sa! dah or béth-sa@!7- da béth-sh®'an béth-shé!mesh or béth!- she-mesh béth'she-mnite béth-shit'tah béth-st/mos or béth'st- mos béth-sit'ra béth-tap'pu-ah béth-y' el or be-thit’el be! thal béth-y-li'a be-td'li-us a 1290eae eT aE al PRONUNCIATION OF SC RIPTURE PROPER NAMES. Betomestham Betonim Beulah Bezai Bezaleel Bezek Biatas Bichri Bigthana Bigvai Bileam Bilgai Binea Binnui Birzavith Bithiah Bithron Bithynia Bizjothiah Bizjothjah Boanerges Boaz Bocheru Bochim Bosor Bozez Bozrah Brigandine Bukki Buzi Buzite CaBUL Cades Cesar Caiaphas Cain Cainan Cairites Calah Calamolalus Calamus Calcol Caldees Caleb Calitas Calneh Calvary Cambyses Camon Cana Canaan Canaanites Canaanitish Candace Canneh Canticles Capernaum Caphenatha Caphira Caphtor Caphtorim Cappadocia Carabasion Carbuncle Carchamis Carchemish Careah Carkas Carmel Carmelite Carmelitess Carmi Careaim Cershena Casiphia Carmim | Cessia Cathuath Cedron Cejlan Celemia Jeachrea Cendebeus Cephas Cesarea Chadias Chalcedony Chalcol Chaldea Chamelion Chanes Channuneas Cet ete it Capharsalama bet-o-mes'tham ‘ Charaathalar bét!o-nim Characa bi'lah or be-y!lah Charashim be! zat Charea béz-a-lé/el or bez-dlleel | Charran bé!zek Chaseba biz! a-tas Chebar bik!7r2 Chederlaomer bie! thana Chelal big-va't Chelcias bil'e-am Chelleh bil-ci't Chelubai bin! e-a Chelubar bin!nu-t Chemarims bir-za!vith or bir!za-with | Chemosh bith-2!ah Chenaanah bith'ron Chenani b7-thin'i-a Chenaniah bizzjo-tht'ak Chepharhaam- biz-joth'jah monai bo-a-ner! gez Chephirah bd/az Cheran bok! er-ru Chereas bol/kim Cherethims bd!zor Cherethites bd! z¢ez Cherith boz'rah Cherub (a city) brig! an-dine Cherub (a spirit) buk! kt Cherubim bul (as dull) Chesalon bi/nah Chesed bun! nz Chesulloth bit! 23% Chezib buz'ite Chidon Chileab Chilion Chilmad GC Chimham . Chinnereth Chios kabul Chisleu ka'des Chislon ce!zar Chisloth ka!a-fas Chisloth Tabor kain Chittim ka!nan or ka-t!nan Chiun kai' rites Chloe ka/lah Chorashan kal-a-mol! a-lus Chorazin kal'a-mus Chosameus kal'kol Chozeba kal-deez! Chronicles ka@'leb Chrysolite kal'i-tas Chrysoprasus kal'neh Chub kal'va-ré Chusa kam-bi!sez ka'mon thaim ka/nah Cilicia ka'nan Cinnereth ka!nan-ites or kan’an- | Cirama ites Cisai ka-nan-i'tish Citherus kan-da'ce or kdn'da-ce Clauda kan'neh Claudia kan'ti-kels Claudius ka-per!na-um Cleasa kaf-ar-sal'a-mah Clement ka-fén'a-tha Cleophas ka-fi'rah Cloe kaf'tor Cnidus kaf'torim Colhozeh kap-pa-do'shi-a Collius kdr-a-ba'zi-on Colosse kar! bun-kel Colossians kar! ka-mts Conaniah kdr'ke-mish Coniah ka-ré'ah Corbe kar'kas Core kar!mel Coos kar! mél-ite Corinth kar! mél-i-tess Corinthians kar'mt Cornelius kar'na-im Cosam kar-shé'na Cozbi kds-si-fUah or ka-sif"i- | Crescens ah Crete kds-lii'im Cretes kash!i-a Cretians ka-thit'ath Crispus cé'dron or ké!dron Cubit Cush Cushan Risha- cé!lan or ct'lan ce-le~mt'a cen-kré!ah thaim cen-de-bé!us Cushi ce! fas Cuthah cés-a-re!ah Cutheans ka! di-as Cyprus kal'ce-do-ny Cyrene kal'kol Cyrenius kal-dé' ah Cyrus ka-mé'Ti-on ké!nex kan-nu-né! as oo es ’ Payer? ey aba es tht 1 IER SPEAR SEES kar-a-ath!a-lar kar'a-ka kar'a-shim ka@'re-a kar'ran kds!'e-ba ké!bar kéd-er-la-6!mer ké'lal kél!shi-as or kel! ci-as keUleh ke-lit'ba ke-lia!/ bar kém!a-rims ké'mosh ke-na@!a-nah kén!a-nt kén-a-nit!ah ké!far-ha-am!o-nd kéf-t!rah ké'ran ké!re-as ker! eth-ims kér!eth-ites ké!rith kélrub cheéer!ub cher!u-bim kés!a-lon ké!sed ke-sul! loth ke! zib ki'don kil! e-ab killt-on or ki-It!on kil!mad kim! ham kin! er-eth kilos kis! lit kis'lon kis'loth kis!loth ta! bor chit!tim or kit! tim ki'un klile ko-ra'shan ko-ra'zin kos-a-mé!us ko-zé!bah kron!i-kles ’ kris!o-lite kris-op!'ra-sus hub kisah Chushan Risha- | )..,h/an rish-a-tha!im cil-ish!t-a cin'ner-eth cir! a-ma cis!sa-t cith! erus klaw'deh klaw! d-a klaw! di-us kle-@'sa kl@!ment or klém!ent klé!o-fas kld'e ne dus kol-hd!zeh kol'lt-ws ko-los’se ko-losh!t-ans ko-na-nit! ah ko-nt'ah kor! be ko're ko!os ko/vinth or kor!inth ko-rinth!t-ans kor-né! li-us ko/zam koz'bi or koz!bt kres'cens kréte krétes kré! sht-ans kris!pus kin! bit kush kush'an rish-a-tha!'im or kit!shan rish-a-tha'im kush!t kuth!ah kit'the-ans cy!prus cy-ré'ne cy-ré! ni-us cyrus DaBAREH Dabbasheth Daberath Dabria Dacobi Daddeus Dagon Daisan Dalaiah Dalilah Dalmanutha Dalmatia Dalphon Damaris Damascenes Damascus Danites Danjaan Danobrath Dara Darda Darian Darius Darkon Dathan Dathemah Debir Deborah Decapoll Decapolis Dedan Dedanim Dehavites Dekar Delaiah Delilah Demas Demetrius Derbe Deuel Deuteronomy Diana Diblaim Diblath Dibon Dibri Dibzahab Didrachm Didymus Dilean Dimon Dimonah Dinaites Dinhabah Dionysius Diotrephes Dishan Dizahab. Dodal Dodanim Dodavah Dodo Doeg Dophkah Dorcas Dorymenes Dositheus Dothaim Dothan Drachma Drusilla Dumah Dura EANAS Ebal Ebed Melech Ebenezer Eber Ebiasaph Ebrorah Ecanus Ecbatana Ecclesiastes Edar Eden Edomites Edrei Ecclesiasticus D. dab!la-reh dab'ba-sheth dab! e-rath da! brt-a da-co! bt dad-dé'us da! gon da@!san ddl-a-t!ah dal'i-lah dal-ma-nii' thah dal-m@! shi-a dal'fon dam! a-ris dam-a-seens! da-mas'kus or da-mas!- kus dan'ites dan-ja'an daw o-brath da'ra ddr! dah da'ri-an da-ri'us dar'kon da'than dath'e~mah dé'ber dé'bo-rah or déb!o-rah de-kap!o-lt de-kap'o-lis dé'dan ded-a!nim or déd'a-nim dé! ha-vites or de-ha'- mites dé'kar de-la-i'ah dél'7-lah dé!mas de-mé' trit-ws der'be de-y!el or de-wel deu-ter-on! o-mt di-a!nah dib-la!im or dib!la-im dib'lath di'bon dib!ri dib!za-hab az'dram did! i-mus di'le-an or dil'e-an dz/mon di-mo'nah dz'na-ites din-ha'bah dy-o-nish tus di-ot!re-fez or di-ot-re! fe dt! shan diz'za-hab do-da'i or dod! a-t do-da'nim or dod!a-nim do-da'vah or dod'a-vah dod! do ddleg dof'kah dor'kas do-rim! e-nes do-si-thé!uws do-tha!im or dd!tha-im do'than drak!mah dri-sil lah au! mah du'rah Kt. é/a-nas é bal 2! bed mé'lek or e-bed!- me-lek éb-en-é! zer é! her e-bt!a-saf eb-r5'nah or e-bro'nah e-ka!nus ek-bat!a-na ek-kle-ze-as!tes ele-kle-ze-ds!ti-kus é'dar 6! den &!di-as &'dom &!dom-ites éd!re-t Ekron Ekronites Eladah Elah Elamites Elasah Elbethel Elcia Eldaah Elead Elealeh Eleasah Eleazar Bleazurus Elelohe Eleph Eleutherus Eleuzai Elhaynan Eli Eliab Bliada Ehadun Eliah Bliahba Eliaka Eliakim Bhali EBliam Elias Eliasaph Eliashib Eliasis Bliathah Eliazar Blidad Eliel Blienai Eliezer Elihoreph Elihu Ehjah Blika Elimelech Elim Blienai Elionas Eliphal Bliphaleh Eliphalet Eliphaz Eliseus Eliseus - Elisha Blishama Elishaphat Blisheba Blishua Elizaphan Elizur Elkanah Etkoshite Ellasar Elmodam Elnaam Elnathan E oi Blonites Bloth Bipaal Elpalet Blparan Bitekeh Eltekon Bltolad Blul Bluzai Elymais Elymas Elzabad Blzaphan Bmalcuel Emanuel Emins Emmaus Emmor Enam Bneas Bnenias Engedi Tine, ynite.— £ as 7; ch as sh. Elon Blon Bethhanan Eneglaim Bnemessar Engannim Enhaddah Enhakkore eg'lah éa-lalim or ég!la-im él hi ék're-bal é'/kron or ék'ron ék!ron-ites el-@! dah or él!a-dah él lak é!lam-ites el-2'sah or él'a-sah el-béth! el él'ci-a el-da'ah ox él'da-ah é!le-ad él-e-a@'leh or e-le-a' leh él-e-G'sah or e-lé! a-sal él-e-a!zar or e-le-a@'zar e-le-a-2i' rus él-él!o-he or él-e-lo'he é'lef e-leu! the-rus el-eu-za'% él-ha'nan él e-lt!ab e-lz'a-dah e-lz!a-dun e-lz/ah e-li'an-bak e-lz!a-kah e-li!a-kim e-l?'a-li e-li!am e-lt!as e-lz!a-saf e-lt!a-shib e-l2z' a-sis elt! a-thah e-li-@' zar e-lt'dad é!Ti-el e-li-é'na+ e-li-é'zer él-e-hd' ref e-lt'ht e-lz'jah e-la/kah or él’i-kah e-lim! e-lek é'lim el-i-!nd-t or e-le-é'na+ e-li-6'nas él/i-fal e-lif'a-leh e-lif/a-let él/li-faz or elt! faz él-i-se'us él-%-sé'us e-l2 sh ah e-lish!a-mah e-lish!a-fat e-lish!e-bah él-i-shti/ah e-lis!i-mus e-lt!y e-lt/ud e-liz'a-fan e-l2/zur el-ka!nah or él’ka-nah él! ko-shite él-la'sar or él/la sar él-and'dam or él/mo-dam él/na-am él-na'than or él!na-than él! o-h2 é/lon lon béth’ ha-na é'lon-ites é! loth él-pa'al or éllpa-al él-pa'let or él’p él-pa'ran or él'pa-ran éL-té/keh or 6 te-keh él'te-kon él-to'lad or él’to-lad é!lul e-li! za-1 el-i-ma'is él'/¢-mas Or e-li!mas él'za-bad el-za/fan or él!za-fan e-mal-kit! el e-man'y-el é!/mims ém-ma/us OF ém!ma-us ém! mor énam nr a-let e-nélas or &!no-as én-eg-la!im én-e-més'sar e-né!'ni-as en-2d n! nim en-ge!dt or én! ge-dt en-had'dah en-hak'ko-re Fate, far, bat. — Mete, hélp.— Pine, marine. — Note. — 1291 —————— “em " H ea oe es," a é =: as a er i a ri a ~ m4)| | PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. i ft P| 1 Enhazor en-ha! zor Gabbatha wab'ba-thah Gittites gil'tites Hareph ha!ref fe | a nasbpat en-mish'pat Gabrias ga'bri-as Gizonite gt 'z0-nite Hareth ha'reth | oo ae: 1] J ch By Gabriel ga’ bri-el | Gnidus ni' dus Harhaiah har-ha-t!ah Ht ‘ies f ; { 2 nrimmon én-rim!mon Gadara AAD . | aes Besa ear bata hdr-ha!tah or hkadr'ha-tah 1 Ria: | Enrogel én-70! cel | Gadarenes fad-a-rcens olen & ee | farim ha'rim 1 4} Enshemesh | én-shé'mesh or én'she- | Gaddes g Rees lean gotha gol goth-ah ELBE pher hdr-né'fer or har!ne-fer |} a || 4snshemes ) ‘mesh Gaddi gad!dy | Goliah gro-lt! ah | Harod ha!rod | a || Entappuah en-tap'pit-ah | Gaddiel gad'dé-el | Gomer golmer | Haroeh har!o-eh I i Epuphras épla- fras Gadi ga'dt Gomorrah sro-mor'rah | Harorite h&@'ro-rite }) th 1] Ep: iphroditus e-paf ro- di'tus | Gadites gad'ites Gopher go'fer | Harosheth hdr!o-sheth | i 1} Epenetus é/tusore-pén'e-tus | Gi us ga'yus Goshen OY, hen Harsha hadr'shah || Ephah | Galadad pallal | Gothoniel go-thon y-el Harum ha@'rum Hh oR ; } Galal Gozan gr | Harumaph ha-rit'maf he ~=3 dam!mim | Grecia Haruphite ha-rtt'fite a} ] é'zht-ans | « | Greece | Haraz ha'ruz : a ‘ | En fo-sus i | Gudgodah £ | Hasadiah haz a-di'ah s | i lal gal! va-la |} Guni Lf | Hasenuah i ah | | ae Ephe ‘fod cal-li-lé'ans | Gunites git! nites | Hashabiah sh-a-bi'ah § | By 7 fa-thah d gal'li-lee | Gurbaal gur-ba'lal Hashabnah hash-db'nah ‘ ] i] Ep sPra-im or &'fra-1m gal'li-o | Hashabniah hash-ab-ni' ah et | | EB é'fra-im-ites raimae gam’ a-el | Hashbadana hdsh-had‘a-nah ‘ | E} iflra-tah Gamaliel ga-mG!le-el : | Hashem ha@'shem 1] Ep} Gammadims gzam'ma-dims I l | Hashmonah hash-m6'nah i Li] | Ey } Gamul ga'mul a? | Hashub hash! ub : | Epby €'fro7 | Gareb ga'reb | | Hashubah hash u'bah tt } Epicureans ep-e-kit'rt-an3 Garizim gdr'i-zim | HAAHASHTARI hd-a-hash!ta-ri | Hashum ly ‘eh or Pit {| Eran @/yan } Gashmu mew 1 Habaiah ha-ba'yah | “Hash pha ha-sht' fah Pe i i '| Eranites é!ran-ites | Gatam | Habakkuk hab'a-kuk or ha-bak‘uk | Hassenaah has-se-na'ah i ix j Erastus e-ras'tus | Gathhepher | Habaziniah hab-a-zi-ni' ah | Hasupha has-u'fah or ha-si'fah }| : Erech é'rek G rimmon rat | Habergeon h oF r!ve-on Hatach ha@'tak H ie Esaias éz zal yas or e-z@/yus |} Gaza ra! Goh | Habor hi'bor | Hathath ha'thath H \ Es r Haddon r had!don | Gazabar gaz'a-bar | Hachaliah hak-a-li! ah Hatita hat! i-tah ; e. | Esau é'saio Gazara ra-7'ra Hachelah hak! e-lah | Hattaavah hat-td'a-vah or ; ’ I lon es-dréllon Gazathites th-ites | Hachmoni hak-m6'nt or hak!mo-ni | Hattipha hat'ti-fah or hat-ti'fah || 4 et Esebon és'e-bon | Gazera ra | Hadad ha'dad | Hauran haw'ran ae ; Esebrias e-sé' bri-as | Gazez Hadadezer hdd-ad-é' zer | Havilah -lah ‘ ne? oT e'sek } Gazites 3 |} Hadad Rimmon /4&'ddd rim'!mon Havoth Jair h ja/ir " 4 { Hl Ws] or ésh'ba-al | Gazzam oaz'zam | Hadar dar haz'a-el or ha-z@'el ys BE: shi k | Gebal gé' bal | Ha larezer had-a-ré'zer | izalah ha-zG@' yah Vee ésh'e-an or @'she-an | Geber re! ber Wadashah | had-@'shah or hdd'a-~ | Hazar Hi: itticon ha!zar hat'ti-kon Eshkalon ésh'K ‘| Gebim ge’ bim ae shah Hazaroth ha-za@' roth 1! Eshtaol éshit | Gedal ah | Hadassah Hazel Elponi hazel el-po'nt Eshtaulites ésl'taw-lites Geder Hadattah Hazerim haz-é! rim or ha-zé'rim | |} Eshtemoa esh-tém!o-ah | Gederah Hadid | Hazeroth haz-é'roth or ha-zé'roth || || Eshtemoth ésh'te-moth Gederathite ae-dé!rath-ite | Hadlai | Hazezon I n } i Esli és! [i | Gederite oe 1' e-rite | Hadoram Haziel | Esmachiah ésana-ki'ah | Gederoth awe-dé'roth ir Hazor | Bsora e-s0'ra | Gi derothaim e-~d th-G!/im I |} Hazubah t-bah || Esrom és'rom j Gehazs ge-ha | Hagabah | Heber hé'ber | \ || Essenes es-seens! or es-sé' nes | Ge liloth rbl'7-loth | Hagai 1-4 Heberites hé' ber-ites \ Es inal : ést'ha-ol | Gemalli gzemal'lz | Hagar ar Hebron hé'bron i} ; } Esther és'ter Ge mariah gzém-a-rt' ah a-reens! Or ha-ga- i Hebronites hé! bron-ites | | Etam é'tam | Genesareth we-nebs!a-reth i reens! gal he-ga't or hég!aat | Ethanim éth'a-nim Genesis cen! e-sis } ha! car-ites } 2 he! ce i f || Ethbaal eth-ba'al or éth!ba-al Genezar ge-ne'zar i ih hé'lah | Ether é'the snneus geén'ne-us or gen-né'us | | lchiah héLki'ah | i Bt hiopie 1 e-thi-6'pt-a i G ntiles cen’ tiles ; | Heldai hél'da-t |] Re Ethnan ét/nan | Genubath gén'u-bath orgé!nu-bath | | Heleb hé!'lch | \ Euasibus y-ds'i-bus | Geri gel'rah Helekites hé!lck-ites | if Eubulus bu'lus xerasa wér!a-sah Heleph hé'lef 1} : ¥ Eunathan 1-than rergasenes ger-ga-seens! Helkai hél'ka-t 1} Eunice tse or 4! nise | Gergashi ger! ga-sht | Helkath Hazzu- ) ueiiicarh ndslaceen | t t Euodias li-as | rashites ger! ga-shites rim hae rete 1} ; Euphrates L- tes | ¢ zim ger're-zim | Hakupha or ha-kit'fah | Helkias hieL-ki!as 1 Eupolemus u-pol! e-mus Gerreans ger-ré'ans | Halae | He 0 mn hé'lon { Rh Euroclydon u-rok'le-don Gerrinians ger'rin-i-ans | Halt He he! mi | 2 Eutychus ulti-kus Gershom ger'shom | Hallelujah hal-le-lit'yah or gah Hent l hé'nah 1] : Eve CveE Geshem gé'shem Halloesh hal-lo'esh Henadad hén'a-dad | ; ; Evi é'v2 Geshuri gésh'y-ri Haman h&!man Henoch hé'nok i i ‘* Evil Merodach é'vil me-r6! dak Geshurites gesh'y-rites Hamath ha'math Hepher hé'fer 1 ; - BE} adi éz'o-dus | Gether ge'ther Hamathite nu! ath-ite Hepherites | S oe. Ezar !zar Getholias geth-o-lt'!as Hamath Zobah ‘math z6'bah Hephzibah I] are } Ezbai éz'ba-r Gethsemane ge th-sém'a-ne Hameleth ham'e-leth Heres i if ; i | Ezechias éz-e-ki'as Geuel ge-yle Hamital ham'i-tal Hermas i : 3 Ezekias éz-e-kit'as Gezer ge!lzer Hammedatha ham-méd'a-thah Hermes rn | . ; Ezekiel e-26' ki-el Gezerites gé'zer-ites Hammelech hdam'me-lek Hermogenes her-mog! e-nes i} Ez Giah gilah H: lekett f ham-m6'le-keth or ham- | Hermonites hér!mé n-ites } Ezerias Gibbah fi b'bah ean " mol! e-h ceth Herod hér'rod | |] Dzias Gibbethon gib! be-thon Hamonah ham-6'nah or ham! o-nah | Herodians he-r0'di-ans 1} Ezion on or @'2% Gibea gib! e-ah Hamongog ha'mon-rog Herodias he -r0'di- -as || : i || Ezion Geber é/zi-on gé' ber Gibeath gib!e-ath Hamothdor ha!moth-dor Herodion he-ro'di-on 2 || Ezrahite bz/ra-hite Gibeon rib! e-on Hamuel ha-mi' el Hesed a | Ezriel éz'ri-el Gibeonites ib! e-on-ites Hamul ha’mul | Heshbon Be} | Ezronites éz'ron-ites Giblites gib' lites Hamuta ha-mit'tal Hezeki Giddalti gul-dal' tt Hanar oe had-ndam! e-el Hezekiah | Giddel - pid'del Hanan hd'nan Hezion Gideon gid! e-on : ( ha-nan'e-el or hdn'nan- | Hezir es i Gideoni gid-e-d!nt Hananeel } . €-el Hezrai a4 } zt Gidom gril dom Hanani ha-na!ni Hezron héz'ron | - : iD } Gier o2! er Hananiah han-a-ni' ah Hezronites héz! ron- ites \ 1] FpLix feliz Gihon gi'hon Hanes ha!nez Hiddai hid! al i} Festus Fés'tus Gilalai gil-a-la! or gil/a-la Haniel ha'ni-al Hiddekel his "ae-kel ' | || Fortunatus Jor-tu-ni' tus Gilboa gil-bd/ah or gil/bo-ah | Hannathon han'na-thon Hiel hi'el 5 +4 Gilead gil! e-ad Hanniel han'ni-el Hierapolis hii-errap!o-lis Gileadite gil! e-ad-ite Hanoch ha'nok Hiereel hi-ér'e-el | Gilgal fil! cal Hanochites ha@'nok-ites Hieremoth hi-ér' e-moth | (F Gliloh gt'lo Hanun hi’nun Hierielus hi-er+ri-é'lus Se Gilonite gi'lo- nite Hapharaim haf-a-ra'im Hiermas hi-ér'mas | Gimzo gin 20 Hara ha'rah Higgaion hig-g@'yon || Gaar ga'al Ginath at nath Haradah har'a-dah Hilen hi'len Gaash galash Ginnetho rin! ne-tho Haraiah har-a-i' ah Hilkiah hil-ki'ah | \| Gaba ga! ba Girgashites gir! ra-shites Hararite ha'ra-rite Hirah hi'rah \| Gabael gabla-el Girgasite gir! va-site rayt 1 hair-bo'nah or har'bo- | Hiram hi'ram || Gabbai gab'ba@ or gablba-i Gittaim git-td'im or git!ta-im enone nah Hircanus hir-ka'nus | Fate, fdr, bat.— Meéte, hélp.— Pine, marine. — Note.— Tiine, ynite.— ¢ as 7; Th as sh.[iittites Tivites Hizkijah Hobab Hodaiah Hodaviah Hodevah Hodiah Hodijah Hoglah Holofernes Holon | Homam Iophni Hophra | Horam | Horhagidgad Hori Horims Horites Horonaim Horonites Hosah Hosannah Hosea Hoshaiah Hoshama Hoshea Hotham Hothir Hupham Huphamites Hurai Hushah Hushai Husham Hushathite Hushubah Huzoth Hy daspes Hyena Hymeneus IBLEAM Ibneiah Ibnijah Ichabod [conium Idalah Idalan Jddo Iduel Idumnea [Idumeans [eal Tedaliah [zeabarim [geal tim [jon lial Ulyricum [Immanuel {phedeiah Ira fram [ry Irijah Irnahash Irpeel Irshemesh [ru {saac Isaiah Iscah Iscariot Isdael Ishbi Benob Ishbosheth Ishi Ishiah Ishijah Ishmael Ishmaelites Ishmaiah Ish meral Ishod Ishuah Ishuai Ismachiah Ismaiah Israel Israelites Issachar Istaleurus Isul 7 hit'tites hi!vites hi -kz'jah ha'bab hod-a-t'!ah hod-a-vi'ah ho-dé'vah ho-dz'ah ho-dz'jah hog'lah hol-o-fer'nes hd!lon ho'inam hofint hof'rah ho'ram hor-ra-gid! gad ho!rz ho'rims ho'rites hor-o-nd!im hor'ro-nites ho'sah ho-zan'nah ho-zé!ah hosh-a-i! ah hosh!a-mah ho-shé'a ho'tham ho! thir hit' fam hit'sham hia'shath-ite jit-shi' bah hit'zoth hy-das'pes hy-é'nah hy-men-é'us IC ib'le-am ib-nt! ah ib-n2'jah ikla-bod i-ko!ni-um i-da'lah or id!a-lah id'a-lan id! do id! y-el id-u-mé!ah id-u~meé! ans a! cal io-da-lt!ah i-e-ab!a-rim io-é/al or ig'e-al Zim 2/jon Vlad il-lyr!i-kum im-man!y-el if-e-dt'ah trah wram Urry t-rt' jah ix-nathash or ir/na-hash ir—pe! el ir-shé!mesh Uri 2! 2ak 1-2a'yah rs'cuh is-khar!ri-ot is'da-el be-nob sheth a! sht q-sht'ah i-shi!jah ish'ma-el ish'ma-el-ites — ish ma'yah or ish-ma- wah ish! mera i!/shod ash! y-ah ish! y-a is-ma-ki! ah is-ma-t! ah is!ra-el is!ra-cl-ites is!sa-kar is-tal-kti/rus 1s! 44-1 ish'bi. bé!nob or tsh-b7!- ish-bd!sheth or isl’ bo- Isuites Ithai Ithamar Ithiel Ithream Ithrites Ittah Kazin Ittai Iturea Ivah Izehar Izhar Izharite Izrahiah Izrahite Izraiah Izreel Izrites JAAKAN Jaakobah Jaala Jaalam Jaanali Jaareoragim Jaasania Jaasau Jaasiel Jaazah Jaazaniah Jaaziah Jaaziel Jabal Jabesh Jabez Jabin Jabneel Jachan Jachin Jachinites Jacinth Jacobus Jada Jadau Jaddua Jadon Jael Jagur Jahaleel Jahalelel Jahaz Jahaza Jahazael Jahaziah Jahaziel Jahdai Jahdiel Jahdo Jahleelites Jahliel Jahmai Jahzeelites Jahzerah Jahziel Jair Jairites Jairus Jakan Jakkim Jalon Jambres Jambri Jamin Jaminites Jamlech Jamnaan Jamnia Jamnites Janna Jannes Janoah Janum Japheth Japhiah Japhlet Japhleti Japho Jarah Jareb Jaresiah Jaroah Jasael Jashem Jasher Jashobeam Jashub Jashubi Lehem J Jashubites ght 1 PR ROB Fate, far, bat.— Mete, \ Jasiel is'y-ites ith! a-t Jason it}! a-mar Jasper ith! 7-el 1subUSs ith! re-am Jathniel ih! rites Jattir it'tah ka! zin Javan it!ta-% Jazer it-u-ré/ah Jaziel avah Jearim iz! e-har Jeateral wz'har Jeberechiah iz! har-ite Jebus iz-ra-hi!' ah Jebusi iz! ra-hite Jebusites iz-ra-t'!ah Jecamiah 1z'7re-e Jecoliah iz/ rites Jeconiah Jedaiah Jediael Jedidiah J Jediel o Jeduthun Jeezer ja'a-kan 7a-dic! o-bah ia-a! r J geek Jehaleleel a-c ja-a'na Jehaletel ga-ar-e-or! a-gum Jehaziel ja-as-a-ni0!' alt Jehdeiah ya-G!saw or j@!a-sarw Jeheiel ja-a! si-e Jehezekel ja-a! zah Jehiah a-az-za-nt' ah Jehiel ja-a-z0' ah Jehieli ja-a! zi-el Jehishai ja! bal Jehiskiah qa'besh Jehoadah 9a! bez Jehoaddan ja'bin Jehoahaz gab!ne-el Jehoash Jeet Jehohanan qa! kin Jehoiachin Jehoiada Jehoiakim Jehoiarib Jehonadab Jehonathan qa! kin-ites 7a! sinth ja-ko'bus ja'dah ja-da!y jad-din! ah ja'don Jehoram ja el Jehoshabeath ja! cur Jehoshaphat Jehosheba Jehoshua JEHOVAH Jehozabad Jehozadak Jehu Jehubbah Jehucal Jehudi Jehudijah Jehush Jeiel Jecabzeel Jekameam Jekamiah ja-ha!le-el ja-hal'e-lel jalhaz ja-ha!zah ja-haz-a' el ja-ha-zt'ah ja-haz!%-el jah-da/i or jah'das jal! lé-el jan! do jah 'le-el-ites gal! li-el jah-mali or jal’ma jah'ze-el-ites jah 'ze-rah jan'zé-el Jekuthiel ja'er Jemima jal i-rites Jemuel ja! i-rus * | Jephthah jalkan Jephunneh jak! kim Jerah jatlon Jerahmeel jam! brez jam ‘br? qa imin qalm in-ites qa mi lek jam! nd-an Jerahmeelites Jerechus Jered Jeremai Jeremiah jam! ni-a Jeremoth jam! nites Jeriah jan'nah Jeribai jan'n eZ Jericho Jeriel ju-no/ah Le Jerijah jai num J ja'feth Jerioth ja-fiah Jeroboam jaf' let Jerodon jaf-le'tz or jaftle-tt Jeroham ge-10 Jerubbaal qa'rah gared _ Jerubesheth jdr-e-st! ah ja-ro!ah Jeruel jas! a-el Jerusalem 7a! shem Jerusha ja! sher Jesaiah ya-sho'be-am Jeshaiah ja! shub or jash'ub Jeshanah alshu-bt lé!hem or Jesharelah jdshu-bt lé‘hem Jeshebeab : Jeshebeah jish!ub-ites Jj ja! st-el Jegar Sahadutha ji ja ison qas'per ja-st’ bus qath!nri-el qat! ter ja'van ja! zer ja'zi-el je'a-rim je-atle-ra jeb-er-re-kt'ah 9e'bus je-b tu! st 76b!u-sites 4ek-a-mi! ah 4ek-o-lz'ah pék-o-ni! ah je-da! yah 46d-7-a! el réd-t-d2z!ah / ed thun qe-e!zer 4 le-el jehal'e-lel ye-haz!'%-el or je-ha!z7-el jeh-di' ah qe-hi! el jek éz! e-kel je-ht! ah qe-hr'el geht le-li ge-h ish! a-t je-l is-k2/ah je-ho'a-dah je-ho-dd' dan je-ho! a-haz je-hO! ash jerho ha!nan ox je-hd!- ha nan je-hoy'a-kin je-hoy'a-dah ge-hoy'a-kim je-hoy! arb je-hon! a-dab je-hon'a-than je-ha'ram je-ho-shab! e-ath je-hosh'a-fat je-h osh!e-bah je-losh!'y-ah je-ho'vah je-h oz'a-bad je-hoz!a-dak ge'hv. qe-hub!bah je-lit'kal or ge! hu-kal je-h i! di je-hu-di'jah ge! hush je-r! el gje-kab!ze-el jék-a-me'am gek-a-me'ah je-kit' thi-el je-mi'mah or jém!i-mah gemu-el or gem-w' el qefithah je-fun'neh jelrah { jer-ah-mé! el or je-rah'- me-el je- rah! me-el-ites jer! e-l us 1é' red qer!e-ma jér-e-mi' ah jer! e-moth jor! ah jer! t-b& gér!i-ko je-ri'el or j2/ri-el jerae'jah jer! t-oth jér-0-bd/am gér'o-don jér-0/ham or jér!o-ham jerub-ba'al or je-rub!- ba-al je aes or je-rud!- e-sheth je-rit lel jer! sa-lem ge-rit! shah ge-sal yah gesh-a-t' ah jesh-a'nah jesh-a r/e-lah qesh-éb! e-ab jesh-éb!e-ah hélp. — Pine, marine. — Note. — Tune, ynite.— £ as ji = oe Cee cemcmnaninenaans i-el or jé!di-el jed-u'thun or jéd!y- gar sa-ha-dtl thah { je-hal'e-leel or je-ha!li- Jesher Jeshimon Jeshishai Jeshohaiah Jeshua Jeshui Jeshurun Jesiah Jesimiel Jesse Jesua Jesui Jesus Jether Jethlah Jethro Jeuz Jezaniah Jezebel Jezelus Jezer Jezerites Jeziah Jeziel Jezliah Jezoar Jezrahiah Jezreel Jezreelite Jezreelitess Jidlaph Jiphtah Jiphthahel Jireth Joab Joah Joahaz Joakim Joanna Joash Joatham Joazabdus Job Jobab Jochebed Joed Joel Joelah Joezer Jogbeah Jogli Joha Johanan John Joiadah Joiakim Joiarib Jokdeam Jokim Jokmeam Jokneam Jokshan Joktheel Jonadab Jonah Jonan Jonathan Joppa Jorah Jorai Joram Joribas Jorkoam Josabad Josaphat Josaphias Jose Josedech Joseel Joses Joshabad Joshah Joshua Josiah Josias Josibiah Josiphus Jotbatha Jotham Jozabad Jozachar Jozadak Judea th as sh. Joshaphat Joshaviah Joshbekashah Josiphiah je! sher gesh'%-non je-shish! a-t jesh-o-ha-t! ah jésh'u-ah jeshu-ar jes’ ur-run je-st' ah jes-im! mi-el | | Jesise \| jes'U-a ‘| jés! -t } alsus | ge'ther geth'lah || je ‘thro 1) je tur \| gely-el | jelush je! uz gez-a-nv' ah | 9é2! e-bel je-ze' lus apls dsiperates je-22! ah je!zz-el jez-la' ah jez! 0-ar jert-ra-hi! ah jéz're-el j z're-el-tte jez! re-el-i-tess pid! laf if tah sifithah-el jureth j0'a i0/ah jo-a'haz or jo! a-haz j0'a-kim jo-an' nah 70! ash jo-a!tham or 0'a-tham jo-a-zab! dus 0be go'bab jok! e-bed joled 70'el jo-e'lah 40-e! zer Foa-bélah or jog! be-ah jog 40‘ hak jo-ha'nan jon j0y'a-dah ola: Fem joy! a-rtb | jok-de!am or jok'de-am jo! kim | jok-mé!am or jok’me-am jok'ne-am jok'shan gok!theel Or jok!the-el jon! a-da jo'nah j0'nan jon! a-than Jonath Elim Re- jo!nath &/lim re-ko! kim chochim jop'pah q0!rah jolra-t qo'ram jor! i-bas jor-ko!am or jor!ko-am jos'a-bad jos! a-fat jos-a-ft'as 90'se jos! e-dek jo 'se-el 10! sez Josn ‘g-bad qo'sh ah | josh! a-fat josh-a-vi! ah josh-bék!a-shah josh! u-a go-st'ah jo-st! as sos-e-b2! ah jos-e-fUlah jo-st'fus jot! ba-thah joltham go z!a-bad joz'a-kar joz'a-dak gu'bal zt kal ja-dé'ah 1293 - ~ ie , ‘ © gm Ve are a il eat ire eel (ee eenwT aaa a ee et F Ser “ Yo ta. Fe : oe et Fr’ ee nad Ss a ne eae a s ies Sa a Kl a we 4 er ey Pr a ca a a4 ee ne ater 5 * ee “aldiige PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. Judah Judith Juha Jnlius Junia Jupiter Jushabheshed KaBzEerEL Kades Kadesh Barnea Kadmiel Kadmonites Kallai Kanah Kareah Karkaa Karnaim Karta Kedemah Kedemoth Keder Kehelathah Keilah Kelaiah Kelita ji'dah gi dith ju li-a ji li-us ju'ni-a jit! pit-ter jit-shab'he-shed IK. kdb! ze-el ka! dez ka'desh bar'ne-a kad!'mi-el kad!'mon-ites kal'la-i ka'nah ka-ré'ah kar-k@'ah or kadr'ka-ah kar-nd@'im or kar!'na-im | kar'tah kéd! e-mah kéd'e-moth ké'der ke-hél'a-thah ki'lah ke-la'yah kel'i-tah Kelkathhazurim fél'kath-ha-zit/rim Kemuel Kenah Kenaz Kenites Kennizzites kém!y-el or ke-mit'el ké'nah ké'naz ké'nites or kén'ites kén'niz-zites Keren Happuch keér'en hap'puk Kerioth Keros Keturah Kezia Keziz Kibroth Hattaa- vah Kibzaim Kidron Kinah Kirharaseth Kirharesh Kiriathaim Kirioth Kirjath Aim Kirjath Arba Kirjath Arim Kirjath Arius Kirjath Baal Kirjath Huzoth Kirjath Jearim Kirjath Sannah Kirjath Sepher Kishi Kishion Kishon Kitron Koa Kohath Kohathites Kolaiah Korah Korahites Korathites Kore Korhite Kushaiah LAADAH Laadan Laban Labana Lachish Lacunus Lael Lahad Lahairoi Lahman Lahmi Laish Lakum Lamech Laodicea Laodiceans Lapidoth Lasea Lashah Lasharon Lazarus Leah | kér'i-oth ké'roz ke-ti'rah ke-zt'ah ké!ziz kib'roth hat-ta'a-vah kib-z@'im or kib!za-im kid'ron or ki'dron ki'nah kir-har'a-seth kir-hd@'resh or kir'ha- resh kir-e-a-tha'im kir'e-oth ker'jath aim ker'jath Gr'bah ker'jath a@'rim ker!jath @'rt-us ker'jath ba! al ker'jath hit!z0th ker'jath jé!a-rim ker jath sdn'nah kerjath st'fer kish kish'i-on ki'shon kit!ron k6/al ko'hath ko’ hath-ites kol-a-i'ah ko'rah kd'rah-ites ko! rath-ites ko!re kor'hite kush-@'yah j i / r L. la!a-dah la-a@' dan or la@!a-dan la’ban la-b@'nak or lab!a-nah la'kish la-kit'nus li'el la'had la-ha!roy lah'man lah! mt l@ish la'kum la'!mek la-od-t-cé'ah lé-od-i-cé'ans lap't-doth la-sé!ah li! shah la-sha'ron laz'arus lé/ah Lebanah Lebanon Lebaoth Lebbeus Lebonah Lechah Lehabim Lehi Lemuel Leshem Letushim Leummim evi Leviathan Levites Leviticus Libni Libnites Lign-aloes Ligure Likhi Linus Loammi Lodebar Lois Lo Ruhamah Lotan Lothasubus Lubim Lucas Lucifer Lucius Lybia Lycaonia Lycca Lydda Lydia Lysanias Lysias Lystra MAACATHI Maachah Maachathites Maadai Maadiah Maai léb'a-nah léb!a-non le-ba'oth or léb!a-oth leb-bé!us le-bd'nah lé/kah le-ha' btm or 1é'!ha-bim léht lém!y-el lé/shem le-tit! shim le-um!mim lé!vi le-vi'a-than lé'vites le-vit't-kus lib'ni lib'nites line-al' oes li' cure Likthi li'nus lo-am!mt lo-dé'bar or lod’! e-bar lolis lo ru-ha'mah lo'tan loth-a-si’ bus li'bim lii'/kas li! ci-fer lit! shi-us lib’ e-ah ly-ka-6'ni-a lik'tkah lid'dah lid!%-a ly-s@/ni-as lish'7-as lis'tra M. ma-ak'a-thi ma-G'kah or m@!a-kah ma-dk! a-thites ma-ad'da& or ma-a-da!i ma-a-dt'ah ma-a't Maaleh Acrabbim ma-@'leh ak-rdab'bim Maanai Maarath Maaseiah Maasiai Maath Maaz Maaziah Mabdai Macalon Maccabeus Maccabees Macedonia Machbana Machbena Machbenal Machheloth Machi Machir Machirites Machnadebai Machpelah Madai Madiabun Madiah Madian Madmannah Madmenah Madon Magdala Magdalen Magdalene Magdiel Magog Magor Missabib Magpiash Mahalah Mahalaleel Mahali Mahanaim Mahanehdan Mahanem Maharai Mahath Mahavites Mahazioth Maher shalal hashbaz ma'a-na@ ma-da'rath ma-a-sit'ah ma-a-st' a ma! ath ma! az ma-a-zit'ah mab'da-t mak'a-lon mak-ku-bé'us mak! ka-beez mas-se-dd'ni-a mak-ba'na mak-bé'nah mak! be-nd mak-hé! loth malkt mia’ kir mia! kir-ttes mak-na-dé'ba mak-pé'lah mdd!'a-t ma-di!a-bun ma-dt! ah ma’ di-an mad-man'nah mad-mé'nah mia! don mag'da-lah mag! da-len maig-date'ne mag-dé'el or mag! de-el mia! fog ma! sor mis'sa-bib mag'pt-ash ma-ha'lah or m&'ha-lah ma-hal'a-leel or ma-ha!- la-leel ma-ha' lt ma-ha-nalim ma-ha'neh-dan ma-ha'nem or ma'ha- nem ma-hdrla-t ma’ hath ma! ha-vites ma-hdz'i-oth or ma-ha'- zi-oth m@'her shdl'al hash'baz Mahlah Mahli Mahlites Mahlon Mahol Maianeas Makas Makheloth Makkedah Malachi Malcham Malchiah Malchiel Malchielites Malchijah Malchiram Malchishuah Malchom Malchus Maleleel Mallothi Malluch Mamaias Mamnitanaimus Mamre Mamucus Manaen Manahath Manahem Manahethites Manasseas Manasseh Manassites Manhanaim Manna Manoah Maoch Maon Maonites Marah Maralah Maranatha Marcus Mardocheus Mareshah Marisa Marsena Martena Masa Maschil Maseloth Mashal Masrekah Massah Massias Matred Matri Mattanah Mattaniah Mattatha Mattathias Mattenai Matthat Matthew Matthias Mattithiah Mazitias Mazzaroth Meah Meani Mearah Mebunai Mecherath Mecherathit Medad Medalah Medebah Medes Media Median Meeda Megiddo Megiddon Mehali Mehetabel Mehida Mehir Meholathite Mehujael Mehuman Mehunim Mejarkon Mekonah Melatiah Melchi Melchiah Melchiel Melchisedek Melchishua Melea Melech Melita miah'lah mah! lt mal' lites miil'lon ma'hol ma-an! e-as mda'kas mak-hé'loth mak-ké' dah mal! a-ki mal/kam mal-ki!ah mal k#-el mial'ki-el-ites mal-ki'jah mal-ki'ram mal-ki-shii'ah mal/kom mal' kus madl-le-lé/ el mal'lo-thi mal luk ma-m@' yas mam! ni-ta-na!mus mam're ma-mi' kus ma-nda@!' en man'a-hath man'a-hem ma-ndah' eth-ites man-as-sé! as ma-nas'seh ma-nis! sites man-ha-nd'im man'nah ma-no'ah mia! ok mia'on ma! on-ites mé'rah midr!'a-lah { mdar-an-a'thah or mar a-nath'a mar'kus mdr-do-ké!us mar! é-shah or ma-ré! sha ma-rt'sah or mdr'i-sa miar-sé'nah madr'te-na mda'sah mas! kil mis! e-loth mia! shal mas're-kah mas'sah mas-st' as méa!'tred ma! trt mat'ta-nah mat-ta-ni' ah mat'ta-thah mat-ta-thi'as mat-te-nd@'i mat'that math’ thi math-t'as mat-tith-t' ah maz-i-ti'as maz'za-roth mé'ah me-G' ni me-G'rah me-bii'na mek! e-rath mel! e-rath-ite mé'dad méd'a-lah méd! e-bah mééds mé!di-a mé'di-an me-t'da me-srid' do me-prid'don me-ha' lt me-hét!'a-bel me-hi'dah mé!' her me-hol'ath-ite me-lvit!ja-el me-hit!/man me-hit'nim me-jar'kkon me-kd'nah or mék!o-nah mel-a-ti'ah mel kt mel-ki'ah mél'ki-el mel-kiz! ze-dek qnel-ki-sht'a me-lé'ah mé!lek me-li'tah or mel'i-ta Mellicu Memphis Memucan Menahem Menan Mene Menothai Meonenem Mephaath Mephibosheth Merab Meraiah Meraioth Merari Merarites Merathaim Mercurius Mered Meremoth Meres Meribah Meribbaal Merodachbala- ) dan Merom Meronothite Meroz Mesech Mesha Mesbech Meshelemiah Meshezabeel Meshilamith Meshobab Meshullam Mesobah Mesobaite Mesopotamia Messiah Meterus Metheg Ammah Methredath Methusael Methusalah Meunim Mezahab Mianim Mibhar Mica Micaiah Micha Michael Michaiah Michmash Michmethah Michri Michtam Midian Midianites Migdalel Migron Mijamin Mikloth Mikneiah Milalai Milcah Miletum Miletus Miniamin Minni Miphkad Miriam Mirmah Misgab Mishael Mishal Misham Misheal Mishma Mishmannah Mishraites Mispereth Misrephoth Maim Mithredath Mitylene Mizraim Mizar Mnason Moabites Moadiah Moladah Molech Molid Moloch Moosias Morashite Morasthite Mordecai Moreh Moresheth Gath mél lé-kit men fis me-mita' kan meén'a-hem mé'nan mé'ne mén' o-tha me-on! e-nem me-fa' ath or méf’a-ath me-fib! o-she: mé'rab me-ra-t'ah me-ra'yoth me-ri'ri or mér!a-ri meér!a-rites meér-a-tha'im mer-kit' ri-us mé'red mer're-moth mé'rer mér't-bah mer-i-b@'al or me-rib’- ba-al { me r6'dak-bdal!a-dan mé'rom me-ron'o-thite mé'roz mé!'sek mé'shah mé!shek mésh-el-e-m?' ah mésh-éz'a-be-el mésh-il'la-mith or mésh- il-la'mi me-shd'bab me-shul'lam més! o-bah més-o-ba@'ite or més! o-~ ba-ite més-0-po-ta'mt-a meés-si! ah me-té'rus mé'ther am'mah méth!re-dath me-thit'sa-el me-thi'sa-lah me-u'nim méz'a-hab mi-G'nim mib' har mi'kah mi-ka' yah mut'mash mik!me-thah mik! rz mik'tam mid'i-an mid't-an-ites mig! da-lel mig'ron mi! ja~min or mij'a-min mik'loth mik-ni'ah mil-a-la't mul! kah mi-lé'tum mi-lé'tus min-ni! a-min min! nt mif kad mir't-am mer'mah mis! gab mi-sha' el mi! shal mi'sham mi-shé'al mish'mah mish-man'nah mish'ra-ites mis -pé'reth mis're-foth maim mith're-dath mit-t-lé'ne miz-r@'im or miz'ra-im mi!zar na'son 210/ab-ites mo-a-di! ah mol'a-dah mOo'lek mo'lid mo'lok mo-o-st'as mo!rash-ite mo-ras' thite mor! de-k& mo'reh mo!resh-eth gath or mor!esh-eth gath Fite, far, bat.— Méte, hélp.— Pine, marine. — Note. — Tine, ynite.— £ as 7; Ch as sh.CRG potter PRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES. } Moriah mo-rt'ah Nergal Sharezer nér'g a sx! ral sha-ré!zer PR 3 J i : Mosallam mo-sal!lam Neri nb! rt : Les Be Baath pir'a thon algserah mo-sér'ah or mo-sé'rah | Neriah ne-ri'ah Paran ; pil! ran eee P ee Bon ue Nos Da Sgi z Mees m5! z0% Nero nelro. Parmashta pir-mash!tah Pisidiah Ee osoro mo-sor! oth or mo-sd'roth | Nethaneel ne-than! e-el Parmenas par'me-nas Pison Pe i Mosullamon mo-sul!la-mon Nethaniah néth-a-ni' ah Parnach par'nak Pithon Dane iozan mo!zah Nethinims neéth!in-ims Parosh Grosh Pleiades Dee uppi i j roars | z N Soe Le P put Ne ney ates a Phandarne Pp Gr-shan! da-thah Pochereth ok! e-reth shi a! she lé ne-zt! ah arthians Gr'thi-ans Pollux f Mushites mit! shites Nezib née! 2b P eo : pole < L Z. Zz arud I 1 hy Muthlabben muth-lab!' ben Nicanor ni-ka'nor aeaiia Beare Poratha pec Myra mi'rah Nicodemus nik-o-dé'mus Pasacl tals k Briasi aes fe Mysia Sa ea HeO-Ueea Z Ve: pa'sa Portius Festus por/shus fést us - Nicolaitans nik-o-La'%-tans Pasdammim pas-dam'mim Potiphar ot!i-far Nicolas nik! o-las Paseah pa-seé/ah : Poti felrah 0 ! Nicopolis ni-kop'o-lis Pasbur pash!ur Potiphera \? es r po-tt!fe- Nimrah nim'rah Passover Bel ee = . AEE L fi ass pass! o-ver Prisca sikah N a n un! she : Patara patia-rah Priscilla Paeeilah , Re Cee Fateot pa-té ol Prochorus prok!o-rus Nee a ee es peter pawe us Ptolemeus tol-e-mé!us % i u's athros pa'thros Puah ulah Bee naam Nisroch nis!rok Pathrusim path! sim Publius pub'Ti-ae aamab na/a-mah or na-a'mah | Noadiah n0-ah-di!ah Patrobas 'b f i a 0 2 pat-rd'bas or pat'ro-bas Pudens pit! dens te Naaman ~ na'a~man or na-G@!man | Noah no/ah Pau pa' hi Puhit uu! he Naamathites na! a-ma-thites Noe no'e Pedahel péd'a-hel Pull ve a (as dull) g la- > oS) oy u poe naa rah Nobah no'bah Pedahzur ped-Gh' zur or ped'ah-zur | Punites pit! nites Naarai na! ara Nogah no! gah Pedaiah ped-al yah P uw! Naaran na! a-ran Noph noff Pekah Felkah. Babee ee nut) Rae na: asle’on Nophah no'fah Pekahiah pék-a-hit'ah Puteoli pute! o-li Bay vaat us na!a-thus Notophah no-to'fah Pekod pelkod Putiel i! ti-el : Nabal_ na! bal Nymphas nin! fas. Pelaiah pél-a-t! ah ss : Nabarias nab-a-ri' as Pelaliah pél-a-li!ah ; Nabatheans na-ba-thé'ans Pelatiah pél-a-tz!ah , Nabathites na! bath-ites Peleg pelleg . Naboth na! both Peleth pel leth R Nachon na'kon QO Pelethites pe'leth-ttes : Nachor na'kor _ Pelonite pél‘o-nite Yada na! dab ni a Nadabatha na-dab!a-tha O ba-di' ah di! Benes pea Ree eniaenen meee Ae BADIAH o-ba- z!ah or ob-a-di!ah Peninnah penin' nah Raamiah ra-a-mi' ah . gee nag gee Obal 5'bal Penninah peéen'ni-nah Raamses ra-am!ses ahabi na! ha-br Obed Edom do! bed &!dom Pentapolis pen-tap' o-ls Rabbah rab'bah a na-ha'li-el Obil o/bil Pentateuch pen'ta-tuke Rabbi rab! bi Nee a ne a lal Oboth o/both Pentecost pénn te-kbste Rabboni rab-bd'nt tahalo na! ha-lol Ochiel 5/ki-el Penuel pen-y'el oF pe-nit! el Rabsaces rab'sa-ces Naham na! ham Ocidelus os-i-dé! lus Peor e/or Rabsari ib! sa-ri Nahamani na-ham! a-nt Oci 4 erazi las StebaE Sitges j UM Ge cina os/i-na Perazim per! a-zim Rabshakeh rab'sha-keh Naharal na-har'a-v Ocran ok'ran Perez Uzzah pelrez uz'zah Raca ra'kahk Nahash na! hash Oded 6'ded Perga per! gah Rachal ra'kal Nahbi nah! bt Odollam o-dol'lam Pergamos per! ga-mos Rachel ra! chel Nahor na’ hor Odonarkes od-on-ar!kes Perida pe-ri! dah Raddai rad! da Naidus na@/i-dus Olamus ol’a-mus Perizzites pérliz-zites Ragau ra! caw i Naim nalim Olymphas o-lim’ fas Persia per'shi-a Rages ra! ges ‘, Nain naan Omaerus om-a-é'rus Perudah pér-u'dah Ragua rag'y-ah iy Naioth na you Omar d!mar Pethahiah péth-a-ht! ah Raguel réo'y-el or ra-git'el Nanea na-né a aaa Omega 6/me-ga Or o-mé! ga Pethor pe'thor Rahab 7a'hab Naomi na-6!miéi or NG’ 0-mt Omri om! rt Pethuel péth-y'el or pé-thit! ol Rakem ra'kem Naphish na! fish Onam o'nam Peulthai pe-ul' tha Rakkath «rake! kath Naphisi _ nafii-st : Onesimus o-nés! si-mus Phaldaius fal-da'yus Rakkon rak'kon Naphthall naf'tha-lt Onesiphorus on-e-sif! o7Us Phalec fallek Ramah ra!mah : Naphtuim naf'tu-1m Onias o-ni! as Phalti fal'tz Ramathaim ra-math-a/im Narcissus nar-cis' Sus Ono d!'no Phaltiel fal'ti-el Ramathem ram! a-them Nasor na! sor Onyas o-ny!as Phanuel ‘fan! el or fa-nit' el Ramathite 7a! math-tte Nathan na! than Onycha o-ny!kah or on! t-kah Pharaoh a!ro Ramath Lehi ra'math le ht Nathanael na-than!a-el Onyx o/niz Pharaoh Hophra f@/ro hof'rah Ramath Mispeh 7@/math mis! peh Nathanias nath-a-nt! as Ophel 6! fel : far-a-th0'ni or far-ath'- Rameses ra-mé!ses Nathan Melech nda/than mé!lek Ophir 6! fir Pharathont o-nt Ramesis ram! e-sis Naum na/um Ophni off nt Pharez G!rex Ramoth ra!moth Nave na! ve Ophrah offrah Pharezites fa!lrez-ites Ramiah ra-mi! ah Nazarene naz-a-reéne! Oreb o'reb Pharisees far'i-sees Raphael ra! fa-el Nazareth na uia-réth Orion o-rt/on Pharphar far'far Raphah ra'fah ;| Nazarite naz! a-rite Orphah or! fah Pharzites f Gr'zites Raphaim raph! a-1m “a }) Neah — né!ah Orthosias or-tho-st!as Phaseah fa-sé'ah Raphu ra'ft i | Neapolis ne-ap'po-lis Osaias o-za' yas Phebe feélbe Ratbhumus rath! u-mus | Neariah ne-a-ri! ah Oseas o-zé'as Phenice fe-ni'ce or fée'nice Reaiah re-ali-ah or re-a-t/ah Nebal ne-bali or néb!a-t Osee 6! zee Phenicia fe-nish'i-a Reba re!lbah || Nebaioth ne-ba'yoth Oshea d/she-ah Phibeseth fible-seth Rebekah re-bek'ah Nebajoth ne-ba'joth Othni oth! nt Phicol fukol Rechab ré!kab i >| Neballat ne-bal'lat Othniel oth'ni-el Philadelphia fil-a-dél'fi-a Rechabites re'kab-ites i z Nebat née! bat Ozem 6'zem Philarches fi-lar'kes Rechah ré'kah 1 Nebo ne!bo Ozias 0-22 as Philemon fi-lé!mon Reelaiah re-el-&'yah Sey Nebuchadnezzar neb-y-kad-néz! zar Oziel 6! zi-el Philetus fi-lé'tus Reelias re-el-t'as ‘ a roe Nebuchadrezzar neb--kad-réz'zar Ozni oz! nt Philip filllip Reesalas ree-sa' yas TEA Nebuchasban neb-y-kas! ban Oznites oz! nites Philippi fil-lip'p? Regem ré!cem or re! gem (egy Nebuchodonosor neb-y-kod-on!o-sor Ozora 0-10'ra Philistia fil-lis'ti-a Rezem Melek re!zem me! led OF Pa Nebuzaradan neb-y-zar!a-dan Philistim ‘fil-lis!tim Be re! gem mé! lek a ; Nechoh neko Philistines fil-lis'tins Rehabiah re-ha-bz' ah i Necodan ne-kd'dan Philologus fil-lol!o-gus Rehob re! hob Nedabiah med-a-bt! ah Philometer fil-o-mé'ter Rehoboam re-ho-bd'am ‘ & Neemias ne-e-mi! as Pp Phinehas Jin! ne-as Rehoboth 7é'ho-both or re-h0!' both i ; i Neginoth nég!i-noth : Phison fi'son Rehum re/hum ih i Ny helamalle me-hell ate 5 a EBIcEOe fig er or fle! gon ae nae i 7 ehemia ne-he-mi AARAI pala-r ry gia fridj't-a ekim meHIeET | Nehum ne! hum Padan Aram paldan a'ram Phubah fiulbah Remaliah réem-a-lt'ah a Nehushtah ne-hush!tah Padon pa'don Phud fud Remeth re!meth F i Neiel neli-el Pagiel pa! gi-el or pa! gi-el Phurah falrah Remmon Methoar rém!mon meth 0° ar i Nekeb né'keb Pahath Moab palhath m5'ab Phut fut (as nut) Remphan rémifan Poof Nekoda ne-ko! dah Pai pali Phygellus fy-gelllus Rephael rélfa-el : of Nemuel nem-y! el Palal pa'lal Phylacteries fy-lak! te-reet Rephaiah refalyah or ref-a-t/ah if Nemuelites nem-y! el-ites Palestina pal-es-ti'nah Pihahiroth pi-ha-ht!roth Rephann refa am oR wee i | Nepheg ne! feg Palestine pal’ es-tine Pilate 2! lat Rephidim re-fid im or réf!i-dim th : Nephishesim ne-fish! e-sim Pallu pal/la Pildash pil’ dash Resen TGiSte he it Nephthoah nef-thd!ah or néf’tho-ah Palluites pal! lu-ites Piletha pille-thah Reu ne ibs bie iY Nephtuim néph'tu-im Palti nal! tt Piltai w/t Reuben nae ee | Nephusim ne-fit' sim Paltiel pal-ti'el or pal'ti-el Pinon pi! non Reuel re-a' el , Piram pil!ram Reumah rt! mah , pam-fil't-a | Pamphylia ne! re-us | Nereus Pera Note. — Tine, ynite. — £ as 7; Ch as sh. ao in ee Ree Pru Pe oa Peer ee hyPRONUNCIATION OF SCRIPTURE PROPER NAMES | | Rezeph i} Rezia Rezon 1} Rhegium | Rhesa | Rhoda Rhodes 1] Rhodocus i} Ribai }| Rimmon Parez || Riphath Rogelim Rohgah ‘| Roimus |} Romamti Ezer : Rufus ’ Ruhamah Rusticus + > , . a ‘ an | Ruth pai | ' | SABACTHANI Sabaoth Sabatus Sabbatheus | Sabbeus | Sabdeus Sabdi Sabeans Sabtec chah acar sackbut adamias Saddeus Sadducees sadoc ihadutha Salah Salamis Salasadal alathiel salcah alem allai Sallumus salmoni alome sarmael sami jas Samaria | Samaritan |} Samatus {| i | | : } | DPNPDIN TR TNT NNT TR? A TRTR DNDN PD is 2 Sameius Samgar Nebo Samlah | Samos | Samothracia Sampsames Samuel Sanabassarus Sanasib Sanballat 08 ep CT Sanhedrim sa-mé sam-o-thra! shi-a sa nip ‘sa-mes sam'u-el san-a-bas!sa-rus san'a-sib san-bal'lat re! 20f re-zi/ah re! z0n é! oi-um re! sah ro'dah r0dz rod'o-kus 2'/ba rin'mon pa'rez t'fath ro-cé'lim T0' gah 76! i-mus ro-mam' ti €!zer ri fus ru-ha! mah or rit! ha-nah rus'ti-kus 0 th (C2. sa-bak-tha' nz sab-@! oth or sab!a-oth sab'a-tus sa h-ba-thé'us ab-bé!us )-dé!us sa bidt sa-bé'ans sab'te-kah sa'kah sak!but sad-a-mi'as sad-dé'us sad'du-cé sa’ dok sa-ha-dit!' thah sa ‘lah sal'a-mis sal-a-sad!a-t sa-la'thi-el sal'kah sa'lem sal'la-i Scythopolitans meva Sebat Secacah | Sechenias Sechu Secundus Sedecias Segub Selah Sela Lekoth Seled Selemias Seleucia Semachiah Semaiah Semei Semelleus Senaah Senir Sennacherib Senua Seorim Sephar Sepharad Sepharvaim sepharvites | Sephela } Serah Seralah Seraphim Sered Sergius Serug Sether Shaalabbin Shaalbim Shaalbonite Shaaph Shaaraim Shaashgaz Shabbethai Shachia Shaddal | Shadrach shage sal-li'’mus te sal-m6'ni sa-ld'me sam’'a-el sa-mda' yas sa-ma'rt-a | 2-tan sam’ a-tus sa-ii ar yus . ae eee wf 2 sam! car né'bo sdim' lak LoS Sa san-hé'drim or sadn’ he- arivm Shahazimath Shalem Shalisha Shallecheth Shallum Shalmai | Shalmanezer Shamuriah Shamegar Shamir Shammai Shammua Shamsherai Shaphan Shaphat Shapher Sharal Sharaim Sharar sharezer Hammah sha-r@'im sith-o-pol'i-tans sé! bah sé/ bat se-ka ‘kah or sék'a-kah sek-e-ni! las B! htt sek un! dus séd-e-ct'as me sé! aoub sé/ir se! ir-ath sé! lah sé/lah hdm!mah lé'koth sé'led stél-e-mi' as se-lit!shi-a sém-a-ki'ah sem-a-it'ah sem! e-i se-mél'le-us se-nda'ah or sén!a-ah sé!/ner sen-nak! e-rib séen'y ah se-0'rim se ‘far sé/'a-rad séf-ar-va'im sé! far-vites séf'fe-lah or sef-fé!lah sé'rah -a-t! ah ra-fim sé'red sér! Z7-us ay sé'Trug sé'ther sha-al-ab'bin sha-al’bim 1-al'bon-ite sha‘af sh ha-a-ralim s/ | Shemaiah | Shemariah Shemeber Shemida Sheminith Shemir | Shemiramoth Shemuel Shenazar Shenir Shephatiah Shephi Shephuphan Sherah Sherebiah Sheresh | Sherezer | Sheshach Sheshai Sheshan Sheshbazzar Shethar Sbethar Boznai Shibboleth Shicron Shiggaion Shihon Shihor Libnah Shiihim Shilemites Shilhi Shiloah Shiloh Shiloni Shilonites Shilshah shimea Shimeath Shimeathites Shimel Shimeon Shimi Shimites Shimon Shimrath | Shimri shimronites Shimshai | Shinab Shinar Shiphi | Shiphrah a-ash! eax shab-béth!a-a shak-i' ah Ss ha l'da-t sh x ‘drak ;» sha! re sha-haz't-math shda@’lem shal't-shah sha ‘le-keth shal'lum 7 shal’ma or shal'ma-t hal-ma-né' rer sham-a-ri! ah far se sham! i/mer sham! ma-t sham-mi! ah I 3 } mee S/LOAMN-SIE-TA't sha’ fan shia’ fat sha’ fer : sale harl ans S/ld-7Ta't OF shar’ a-2 Shiphtan Shisha | Shishak Shitrai shiza Shoa Shoab Shobab Shobach Shobal Shobai Shochob Shoco Shophach Shophan Shoshannim shém-a-i! ah shém-a-ri! ah { shem-é!ber or shém'e- ver she-mi'dah shém!t-nith shé/mer she-mir!a-moth shé! mu- -el or she-mit'el she na ‘zar ‘ne 7 hef-a-ti/ah she he she-fit' fan rah shér-e-bi'ah ‘resh she-ré!zer she Sile Ss h é shé'shan shésh-baz' zar shé'thar shé'thar boz'na-r bo-leth hor lib'nah shi-t'!him shil'lem-ites thi Oo lah lo ‘ lo! nt shiio'nites shil’shah shim-8'ah or shim!e-ah shim! e-ath n'e-ath-ites shim'e-t on } mie Shi mit shim‘ites i'mon shim'rath shim! ri him'ron-ites r J } S/LUIN S/LA oil i! iab Sinim Sinites Sion Siphmoth Sippai Sirach Sirion Sisamai Sisera Sisinnes Sivan Smyrna Sochoh Sodi Sodom Sodoma sSodomites Solomon Sopater Sophereth sorek Sosthenes Sotai Stachys Stacte Stephanas suah Subal Succoth Benoth Suchaathites Sudias Sukkiims Susa Susanchites Susannah Susi Sycamine } Sycene Sychar Syelus Syene Syntiche Syracuse Syria Syrion Syrophenicia st/nim siniites si/on sif ‘mothe sip'pa st/rak sir! z-on sts-am! a-i sis'e-rah si-sin'nes s2/van smir!nah sod'ko so! dt sod'om sod'o-ma sod! om-ites sol'o-mon sop!/a-ter so-fé'reth or sof’ e-reth 80 ‘rek sos'te-nes or sos'the-nes ‘ta-t sta’/kés or sta'kis stak'te stef ‘a-nas Sil lah su ba-t L sulk! koth bé'noth ‘a-a- thites sit! di- -as suk! ki-ims st'sah sil!san-kites su-san'nah sth! st sik! a-mine si-sé!ne so sin'ti-ke sir!a- kuse sir! i-a i-on si-ro-f t-nish't-a sir! i Taanac SHiton ta-a@!nak shi'loh Tabbaoth Tabeal Tabeel Tabellius Taberah Tabitha Tabor Tabrimon Tachmonite Tahan Tahapanes Tahaphanes Tahpenes Tahrea Tahtim Hodshi A b' ba- oth 1-bé fal aie el ta-heél'Tt-uws ta-bé'rah or tab! 2-rah tab't-thah ta’ bor tab'ri-mon tak!mo-nite ta'han ta-hap'a-nés ta-haf'!a-nés tai! pe-nes tal’re-ah ta h' tim hod! shi aS : : th . ‘ . . hive ‘ { lie-thah kit'mi Sansannah san-sdn ‘nah Sharmaim r'ma-tm Shua T lith 1 cumi tal'e-thah k Saph saf sharon i’ron or shdr!on Shuat Talmat tal/ma 2. Saphatias 56 if-a-tt'as Sharonite i'ron-ite Shubael | : Tamar ta’mar be ) Saphir saf' fir Sharuhen t-rit'hen | Shuhamites shit'ham-ites a tam sa ; Say ° Fe lies Fp pty Tanac ta! nak ‘y i ] sat-fi! Shashali shdsh'a-t | shuhites shit' hites anach ta P Sapphira saf-fi'rah Sha a = fi I I i! c ES amite shit! lar 1 tan-hii'meth or tan’hu d 4 £ Sapphire saf'fire Shashak sha'shak Shulamite shi! lam-ite Tanhumeth { ta cae ? ‘ ‘4 rea Sarabias sar-a-bi2'as Shaul sha!ul | Stes pea pence ie ; ; | art as ‘ s a . wens ° Tk ¢ a ; 1} Sarah sa'rah | Shaulites sha'ul-ites | Shunamite shti!nam-ite Taphath ta’ fath , 1} Sarai sa'ra } Shausha sha-tt' sha | Shunem shti/nem | Tappuah taj pipe “ale 3 || Saraiah sir-a-t' ah Shaveh shii'veh | Shuni shit'ni larah ta'rah ¥ fuer ae ‘ iy ee : See or m. 1, i . ee || Saraias sa-ra-t'as | Sheal shé'al | Shunites shit'nites Taralah tar! a lah . i } te iS : hawt ti are: a're- | || Saramael sa-ram!a-el Shealtiel she-al’ti-el | Shupham shi'fam T yea ta re an é j S: 3 sdr!a-me. Shearia she-a-rt! ah |Shushan Eduth shit/shan &!duth | Tarpelites tir'pel-ttes - é i Saramel Sar’ da-ie jearlan Jee : FaINRSeh x 7 {| Saraph sa! raf Shear Jashub shé!ar j@'shub Shuthalites shit! thaLites Tarshish ar emis : fr, Be || Sarchedonus sar-kéd! o-nus | Shebah shé'bah | Shuthelah shit'the-lah Tarshisi ETSI St i . ] Sardine sar! dine Shebam shé/bam | Sia st'ah | Tatnai Saeed 5 : || Sardis sar'dis | Shebaniah shéb-a-ni' ah Siaha si-a'hah Tebah té eee : ae ‘ || Sardites sar’! dites shebarim shebla-rim | Sibbechai sib'be-ka Tebaliah Si a-lt' a . ‘ : '| Sardius stir! dt-us | Sheber shé'ber | Sibboleth sib'bo-leth [ebeth be th . heey one Sardonyx sdr-dd'niz or sdr'don-iz | Shebnah shéb'nah Sibraim sib-rii'im or sib'ra-im Te haphnehes te haf 1e-hes 7 4 = J Sarea sii're-a Shebuel sheéeb'y-el Sichem st/kem Tehinnah te-hin'nah ‘ ’ Sarepta sa-rep'tah Shecaniah shek-a-ni! ah | Sidon si! di n Tekel té hed : i Sargon sar! gon Shechem shé'kem | Sigionoth st-92'o-noth ‘T ekoah te 3; ae , fe } hp ' > . > Yale 2 “ > mo Sarid sii'rid Shechinah shél'i-nah or she-ki'/nah ) Sihon si‘hon Tekoites te- -albs i. la-bib . sy bop - si La! ry Sarothi sa-r 5! thi Shedeur shéd!e-ur | Silas si/las peabid tel a bib or tél!a-bi = = ° — | cu n 4 | s]e Sarsekim sdr-sé/kim Shehariah she-ha-ri'ah Siloah sil'o-ah | Te lah telah Saruch sa'ruk Shelanites shé'lan-ites | Siloas sil'o-as Telahim te-la! ume sie 27 > ee Savaran sav'a-ran Shelomoth hél!o-moth Simeon sim!e-on Te Imelah tel ae Hak or téel’me-la Savias sii'vi-as Shelumiel she-lit'mé-el | Simeonites sim/e-on-ites Tema té!mah Sceva sé/vah Shemaah shém!'a-ah | Simon si'/mon Teman_ te man _ Scythians sith! t-ans Shemah shé’mah Sinai si/nd@ or st'na-1 } Temani tém'a-n2 Fate, far, bat.— Méte, hélp.— Pine, marine. ynite.— 2 a3 7; Ch as sh. — Note. — Tine,Temanites Terah Teraphim Teresh Tertius Tertujlus Tetrarch Thaddeus Thamnatha Thara Thecoe Thelasser Thelersas Theocanus Theodotus Theophilus Thermeleth Thessalonica Theudas Thimnathah Thomoi Thraseas Thyatira Tiberias Tibni Tidal Tikvah Tilon Timelus Timeus Timna Tinimnah Timnathah Timon Timotheus Tiphsah Tiras Tirathites Tirhakah Tirhanah Tirla Tirshatha Tishbite Titus Tizite Toah Toanah Tobiah Tobias Tobiel Tobijah Tochen Togarmah Tohu Toi Tola Tolad Tolbanes Tolmai Tophel Tophet Trachonitis Trogyllium Trophimus Timnath Heres 1@'man-ites té'rah tér!a-fim té!/resh tér! sht-us ter-tul!lus tét!rark or té'trark thad-dé!us tham!na-tha tha'rahk the-ko'e the-las'ser the-lér'sas the-ok' a-nus the-od'o-tus the-of 'fi-lus théer!me-leth thes-a-lo-nt'!kah thi'das thim-nd@! thah thom! 0-t thra-sé!as thi-a-tt'rah ti-bé!ri-as tib!ni tz'dal tik'vah tz/lon ti-mé! lus ti-mé!us tim'na@ tim/nah tim! na-thah tim'nath hé!res tz/mon ti-md!thi-us tif'sah ti'ras tz!rath-ites tir-ha'kah tir-ha!nah tir! i-a tir!sha-thar tish! bite ti'tus tz’ zite to/ah t6/a-nah to-bi'ah to-bi/as to'b7-el to-bi'jah to/ken to-cdr!mah to hit to/z to!/lah to!lad tol! ba-nes tol!'ma » to! fel to! fet trak-o-ni! tis tro-gil'le-um trof 'i-mus PRONUNCIATION OF SC Tryphena Try phosa Tubal Cain Tubieni Tychicus Tyrannus Tyre Tyrus Ucau Uel Ulai Ulam Ulla Ummah Unni Upharsin Uphaz Uzzah Uzzen Sherah Uzzi Uzziah Uzziel Uzzielites VAJESATHA Vaniah Vashni Vashti Vophsi XANTHICUS Xeneas Xerolybe Xerophagia Xystus _———— 163 Fate, far, bat.— Mate, hélp.— Pine, See f 2 Cs 'g! sj , x + is yc Lat ak Me eght il A PERI STO ES tr2-fée'nah tri-fo'sah ta'bal kan tu-bi! e-nt tik! i-kus ty-rdan'nus tir ti/rus U. u'kal a! el a! la-t 4! lam ul'lah um!'mah un'ni u-far! sin uz'zen shélrah uz! 22 uz-zt' ah uz-z2!' el uz-z%' el-ites V. va-jés! a-thah va-ni'ah vash'nt vash'tt vof'!st X. zan'thi-kus 1é'ne-as ze-rol!i-be ze-ro-pha'jt-a zis' tus RIPTURE PROPER NAMES. } ZAANAIM Zaanan Zaanannim Zaavan Zabad Zabadeans Zabadaias Zabbai Zabdeus Zabdi Zabdiel Zabina Zabulon Zaccal Zaccheus Zaccu Zachariah Zacher Zadok Zaham Zair Zalaph Zalmonah Zalmunnah Zamzummims Zanoah Zaphnath Paaneah Zaphon Zaraces Zarah Zaraias Zareah 7,areathites Zared Zarephath Zaretan Zareth Shahar Zarhites Zartanah Zathui Zatthu Zaza Zebadiah Zebah 7Zebaim Zebedee Zebina Zeboim Zebuda Zebul Zebulon 7,ebulonites Zechariah Zedah Zedekiah Zeeb Zelah Zelek Zelophehad marine. — Note. — Tune, ynite.— £ 1297 L. za-a-na!im 2a! a-nan za-a-nan'nim za'a-van za! bad zab-a-dé! ans zab-a-da! yas zab'ba sab-dé!us sab! di zab! di-el zab-bi'nah or za-bi'nah zab!u-lon zak! ka-2 zak-ké!us zaklku zak-a-ri! ah za'ker za! dok za'ham za/ir za! laf zal-mo'nah zal-mun'nah zam-zum!'mims zan-0!ah zaf'nath pa-a-né! ah za! fon zar!a-ces 2a/rah zar-a-2! as za-ré!ah za!re-ath-ites za'red zar! e-fath zar!e-tan za'reth sha@! har zar!hites zar-ta'nah za-thit!% zat! thi 2a! zah zeb-a-dt' ah zé'bah ze-balim zeb'be-dee ze-bi/nah ze-b0'1m ze-bi' dah zé! bul (as dull) zéb!u-lun zéb!u-lon-ites 2ek-a-rt' ah ze! dah zed-e-ki' ah 26! eb zé'lah zé'lek ze-l0'fe-had Zelotes Zelzah Zemaraim Zemarite Zemirah Zenan Zenas Zeorim Zephaniah Zephath Zephathah Zephon Zephonites Zerah Zerahiah Zeraia Zereda Zeredatha Zerereth Zeresh Zeror Zeruah Zerubbabe. Zeruiah Zerviah Zetham Zetho Zia Ziba Zibeon Zibiah Zibion Zichri Zidkijah Zidon 7Zidonians Ziha Zilthai Zimri Zina Ziph Ziphah Ziphion Ziphites Ziphron Zipporah Zithri Ziza Zoan Zoar Zobeba Zoheleth Zonaras Zophah Zophai Zophim Zorah Zorathites Zoreah Zorites Z.orobabel Zuar Zuriel Zuri Shaddai Zuzims as 7; Ch as sh. ze-lo'tés zel’zah zém-a-r aim zém! a-rite ze-mi'rah zé'nan z0!nas ze-or!im zéf-a-ni' ah zé'fath zef/a-thah ze! fon zeéfon-ites zé/rah zér-a-hz! ah zér-a-2t'a zér'e-dah ze-r ed! a- zeré'reth zé!resh zé!ror ze-rit! ah ze-rub'ba-bel zér-u-t! ah zér-vt' ah ze! tham zé'tho zi'ah z2! bah zib! e-on zib-i' ah zib!i-on rik! rt zid-kt'jah zi'don zi-dd'ni-ans zi! hah zil' tha zim! rt 2t'nah zif zi'fah zif 'i-on rif lites zif!ron zip-po'rah zith!r? zt'zah z0!an z0lar zo-be' bah 10! he-leth zon! a-ras 20! fah 20! fa zo'fim z0'rah 20'rath-ites zo-ré'ah § 20! rites zo-rob'a-bel zit! ar ra ri-el aa'rt shdd’at za! zims ES ois a oo re a Ree er org a I ‘nt CM 25. See ee eae Ics ye el Setrae A i A rf bs iA ee RONOUNCING VOCABULARY GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES, ~~ a ee = eee naar ph co ra bere ran pat 5 x") ca Pa aad ‘ai Oe ha ak Rae ee feat at ear Me Sie pe ae kee i ee ee enn eas = ” a. ey” pr Li PAO A PTS | 7 ee ee Lae &, $ “TO RULES FOR PRONOUNCING THE VOWELS AND CONSONANTS OF * * Chik AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Ir will be perceived by a glance at the following table, that the indicated accentuation of the words, and their separation into sylla- | bles, prevent the necessity of inserting any thing here to guide to a 1 correct pronunciation, except the rules for the sounds of the yow- els and consonants. } In settling the place of the prmary accent, wnich is the first || and most important point in the pronunciation of a word, the aim, of course, has been to follow the ancient and simple rules, which direct, that, in words of two syllables, the penult be ac- cented, and in words of more than two syllables, that the penult be accented if long in quantity, if not, the antepenult. The words | have been divided into syllables, in accordance with the commonly | received rules on that subject. The rules that follow have been derived, in the main, from Walker. Sometimes the language of Grant, or some other grammarian, has been preferred. Riles for the Vowels. 1. Any vowel at the end of an accented syllable, and e, 0, and u, at the end of an unaccented syllable, have the long English sound ; as, Ca'to, Celcrops, Dildo, So'lon, Cu'me, Me-lis!sa, Mo-los!sus, Tu-lin'gi ; in which words the final vowels of the first syllables have the same sound as the corresponding vowels in the first syl- lables of the English words pa/per, celdar, si/lent, co'lon, du'ty. 2. A, ending an unaccented syllable, has the sound of a in fa'ther ; as, Ga-bi/na, A-re'ne, pronounced Gah-bi!na, Ah-re'ne. 3. I, ending a final syllable, or preceding an accented vowel, has the long sound; as, J-w'lz. In all other cases, 2, ending an unaccented syllable, is pronounced like e; as, Fa/bi-i, Ho-ra'ti-t, pronounced Fa/be-i, Ho-ra’te-i. 4. Y is pronounced as z would be in the same situation. 5. JE and @ are pronounced as e would be in the same situation. 6. Ifa syllable end in a consonant, the vowel has the short Eng- ish sound; as, Bal/bus, Del'phi, Cin'na, Mos'chus, Tus'cus, in which the vowels haye the same sounds as in the English words man'ner, sel'dom, din'ner, scof!fer, mus'ter. Exception. — E, in final es, is pronounced as in the familiar proper name An/des. Rules for the Consonants. 1. C, before e, 7, y, @, and @, is pronounced like s; before a, o, and wz, and before consonants, like k; as, Cela, Cicle-ro, Cyprus, Ce!sar, Ca!li-a, Ca'to, Colcles, Cu!me. 2. G, before e, 2, y, @, @, or another g followed by e, has the sound of 7; before a,0,and u, ahd before consonants other than g, as above excepted, the hard sound, as in the English words gave, gone; as, Ge'lo, Gi-gan'tes, Gy-gelus, Ag'ger, Ga'bi-i, Gor!gi-as, Sa-gun'tum. 3. Ch has the sound of k, except when preceding a mute con- sonant at the beginning of a word, when they are silent; as, Chtho'ni-a, pronounced Tho'ni-a. 4. T, s, and c, before ta, ze, i, 70, tu, and eu, preceded immedi- ately by the accent, in Latin words, as in English, change into sh and zh. But when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, the consonant does not change into sh or zh, but pre- serves its pure sound; as, Mil-ti/a-des, &c. T, in the termination tion, also retains its original sound; as, The-o-do!ti-on. 5. S has, in general, the sound of s in this. Final s, preceded by e, or a liquid, has the sound of z. 6. Initial z has the sound of z. 7. Initial ph, before a mute, is silent, as, Phthi/a, pronounced | Thi'a. Initial p, before s, is silent; as, Psy!che, pronounced Sy!ke. Initial p, before t, is silent; as, Ptol-e-m@/us, pronounced Tol-e-mel/us. 8. At the beginning of Greek words we frequently find the un- combinable consonants mn, tm, &c.; as, Mne-mos!y-ne, Tmollus, &c. These are to be pronounced with the first consonant mute, as if written WVe-mos'y-ne, Mo!lus, &c.She Deo Poca PRONOUNGING VOCABULARY OF CREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Tux words in the following table to which a * is prefixed are taken from ‘‘ The Classical Pronunciation of Proper Names,” &c., by Thomas Swinburne Carr. Those to which no mark is prefixed are found in the list usually published with Walker's Key. It will be observed, by any who may compare this table with those of Walker and Trollope, that many changes in the division Those to which a t is prefixed are such as Trollope has added to his edition of Walker’s Key. Those marked with a f are taken from Freund’s «¢ Worterbuch der lateinischen Sprache.” die der classischen Alterthumswissenschaft.” « A'sa, and A/sz A-bo'lus Ac-a-than/tus Ab/a-a A-bon-i-tei/chos *Ac/a-ton ~ Ab/a-ba Ab-o-ra/ca +Ac/ca Lau-ren'ti-a *A-bac/e-na *Ab/o-ras Ac'ci-a Ab-a-ce/ne Ab-o-rig/i-nes Ac!ci-la tA-be!a A-bor’ras Ac/ci-us (| Ab/‘a-ga *Ab/o-tis tAc!/co || *A-bag/a-rus Ab-ra-da/tas Ac!cu-a tAb/a-la Ab-ra-da/tes A/ce Ab/a-lus * A-bra/ha-mus Ac-e-di'ci A-ba’na A-bren/ti-us Ac/e-la A-ban/tes A-broc/o-mas *Ac/e-le Ab-ro-di-e/tus tAc/e-lum Ab-an-ti‘a-des A-ban/ti-as A-ban/ti-das *A-ceph/a-li Ac-e-ra/tus tA/bron A-bro/ni-us | | A-ban’tis A-bron/y-cus A-cer/bas || Ab-ar-ba/re-a Ab/ro-ta Ac-e-ri/na | Ab/a-ri A-brot/o-num A-cer’/re A-bar/i-mon +A’‘brus Ac-er-sec/o-mes | Ab/a-ris A-bryp/o-lis A/ces A-ba/rus Ab-se/us A-ce!si-a A‘bas Ab-sin/thi-i Ac-e-si/nes A-ba!sa Ab/so-rus Ac-e-si/nus *Ab/a-sa +Ab-syr’ti-des A-ce/si-us Ab-a-si/tis Ab-syr/tos A-ces'ta Ab-as-se/na Ab-syr/tus A-ces'tes Ab-as-se/ni *Ab/u-la A-ces/ti-um A-bas/sus Ab-u-li/tes A-ces-to-do/rus Ab/a-tos + A/bus Ac-es-tor’i-des | Ab-da-lon/i-mus Ab-y-de/ni A-ce/tes Ab-de/ra Ab-y-de/nus Ach-a-by’tos Ab-de’ri-a A-by/di A-cha/a Ab-de-ri/tes A-by/dos A-che!t Ab-de/rus A-by/dus A-che/i-um A-be/a-te Ab’y-la A-chem/e-nes * A-be-a/te Ab/y-lon Ach-w-me/ni-a A-bel/la Ab-ys-si/ni Ach-e-men/i-des tAb-el-la’ni Ab-ys-sin/i-a A-che/us +Ab-el-li/num Ac-a-cal!lis A-cha/i-a Ab-el-li/nus Ac-a-ce/si-um * A-cha/is Ach/a-ra Ach-a-ren/ses A-char/ne® A-ca/ci-us tAc/a-cus ° Ac-a-de/mi-a *A-be/lus +Ab/e-lux A-ben/da ————— = * Ab-es-sa/lon Ac-a-de/mus A-cha/tes Ab/ga-rus, or A-bag’a- *A-cen/i-tus Ach-e-lo/i-des rus Ac-a-lan/drus Ach-e-lo/ri-um A!bi-a A-cal/le Ach-e-lo/us A!bi-i Ac-a-mar’chis *A-che/lus Ab/i-la Ac/a-mas * A-che/ras || A-bis‘a-res A-camp’sis A-cher/dus '| A-bis/a ris A-can/tha A-cher!i-mi 1| Ab-i-son/tes *A-can/thi-ne * Ach/e-ro }| *A-ble/rus A-can/thus Ach/e-ron } A-ble/tes Ac/a-ra . Ach-e-ron’ti-a j tAb/no ba A-ca/ri-a Ach-e-ru/si-a * Ab/no-bi *Ac-ar-na’nes Ach-e-ru/si-as A-bob’/ri-ca Ac-ar-na/ni-a A-che/tus 1} A-bo/bus A-car/nas *A-chi/las A-boec’ri-tus A-cas/ta A-chil/las | A-cas/tus Ach-il-le/a — .—: ay CA ad J 7 A deetiee tens CU ieal fe Coa ae kt ay Those marked with a fl are taken from Pauly’s “ Real-Encyclopa- of words for pronunciati lieved that these changes are all req tion of the rules of classical pronunciation, A. A-chil-lei-en’ses * Ach-il-le/is A-chil/les Ach-il-le‘um A-chil/leus * Ach-il-li/des A-chi'vi Ach-la-de/us *Ach/o-la Ach-o-la/i, or fAch-o- a/li Ach-o-lo/e * A-cho/re-us * A-cho/rus Ach-ra-di/na *Ach/ra-dos Ac-i-cho/ri-us Ac-i-da/li-a Ac-i-da/sa *A-ci/la A-cil/i-a Ac-i-lig/e-na A-cil’/i-us A-cil/la *Ac-in-di/nus, and * A-cin/di-nus A!cis Ac/mon. Ac-mon/i-des * A c-ce-me/te A-coe/tes *Ac-o-ly’ti A-co/ne *Ac/o-ne A-con!tes A-con/te-us A-con/ti-us * Ac-on-tob/o-li A-con-to-bu/lus A-co/ris Ac/o-rus A/cra Ac-ra-di/na A/cre A-cre/a A-creph/ni-a Ac-ra-gal-li/de Ac/ra-gas A-cra’tus tA/cri-we A’cri-as Ac-ri-doph/a-gi A-cri/on A-cris/e-us Ac-ris-i-o’ne A-cris-i-o-ne/us A-cris-i-o-ni/a-des tA-cris’i-us A-cri'tas Ac-ro-a/thon Ab-o-la/ni d Se = received. * A-cro!a-thos *Ac-ro-ce-rau/ni-a Ac-ro-ce-rau/ni-um *Ac-ro-ce-re'tes * A-croc/o-me& Ac-ro-co-rin/thus *A-cro/ma A/cron *A-crop/a-thos Ac-ro-pa/tos A-crop/o-lis * Ac-ro-re/a *Ac-ro-re!/l Ac'ro-ta A-crot/a-tus *Ac-ro-tho/i *Ac-ro-tho/on Ac-roth/o0-os *Ac-ro-tho’/um Ac’/ta Ac-te/a Ac-te/on Ac-te/us Ac'te Ac'ti-a Ac’tis Ac-tis/a-nes Ac'ti-um Ac/ti-us Ac/tor Ac-tor/i-des Ac-to!ris *Ac/to-ris tA-cu/le o A-cu!phis A-cu-si-la/us A-cu/ti-cus *A-cy/rus *Ac/y-tus Alda A-de!'us Ad-a-man-te/a Ad/a-mas Ad-a-mas/tus *A-da/mus tAd/a-na A-das! pi-i Ad/a-tha Ad-de-pha/gi-a Ad/du-a A-del/phi-us A-de/mon *A-deph/a-gus Aldes, or Ha’des Ad-gan-des’tri-us Ad-her’bal Ad-her’bas *A-di-a-be’ne A-di-an/te A-di-at/o-rix ee Ad-i-man’tus Ad-i-me’/te Ad-me’/ta Ad-me'tus *A-do/ne-us, or *Ad o-ne/us A-do/ni-a A-don/i-cus A-do/nis Ad-ra-myt/ti-um A-dra/na *A-dra/ne A-dra/‘num A-dras/ta A-dras'ti-a, or fAd- ras-ti/a *Ad-ras-ti/i Cam’pi * A d-ras-ti/ne A-dras'/tus *A-dre/ne A‘dri-a A-dri-an-op/o-lis A-dri-a/num A-dri-a/nus A-dri-at/i-cum Ad-ri-nre/tum Ad-u-at'i-ci *A-du/la *A-du/las * A-du/lis *Ad-u-li/ton A-dyr-ma-chi'de, or * Ad-yr-mach’!i-de Asa fB-a-ce/a fi-ac!i-das 7@-ac'i-des * 7B-a-cl/um f7b'a-cus J 2 fi-!a fS-a-me/ne 7£-an-te/um /@-an'ti-des /®-an/tis fi/as 7G'a-tus ASch-mac’o-ras /&ch'mis /H-dep/sum /&-des'sa 7i-dic/u-la * /Ed/i-la /&-di'les * Ap-di/lis * 7Nd/i-lus 7®-dip'sus /g/don *A-é-do/nis ABd'u-i, or Hed’u-i on have been introduced; but it is be- uired by a consistent applica- as they are generally FB-el'lo, or A-el/lo 7i-e'ta, or tAi-e'tes fi-e'ti-as 7®-ga/le-um fa' gan As! gas fB-ga'tes 7i-gelas, or *Ai/ge-as é-ge'le-on * AD-ge'li fi-ge!Ti-a fi-ges'ta fi-ge/us 3-gi/a-le f&-gi-a/le-us fi-gi-a'li-a fi-gi/a-lus * A-gic/o-res 7e-gi' des ZB-gilla, or *Aig!i fi-gil1-a * ®g'i-lips 7-gim/‘i-us /ig-i-mo/rus, or * #\-gim/0-rus * 7B-gim/u-rus fi-gi/na fis-i-ne/ta fag-i-ne/tes 7a-gifo-chus * Ai! gi-on 7B-gi/pan, or * 28 pan * JD g-i-pa/nes fE-gi!ra. 7B-gir-o-es/sa fi! gis e-gis/thus 7i-gi/tum. As! gi-um fig'le feg'les fig-le'tes fig'lo-ge /&-gob/o-lus f8-goc!e-ros 8! gon * A-go/ne * /Eg-o-ne/a * 7i-go/nes 7Bg-0-sa! gx 7ig-0s-pot/a-mos fm-gos'the-na Se an 1301 -la . 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Arr Ag- Ai-do'ne-us *A-j'la A-im/y-lus Ai‘us Lo-cu’ti-us Ajax Al-a-ban'da tAl-a-ban/di, or TAl-a- ban-den/ses * A\-a-ban/di-cus Al‘a-bus A-le!'a A-le/i A-le'sa tA-le/sus A-l#/us Al-a-go'ni-a A-Ja/la Al-al-com/e-ne A-la/li-a, or tAl/a-lis Al-a-ma/nes TAl-a-ma'ni, or Ala man/ni Al-e-man/ni, or TAl- le-man/ni A-la’ni Al/a-res Al-a-ri/cus Al-a-ro/di-i A-las'tor * A-las'to-res tA-lau/dxe tAl’a-zon *A-la'zon * Al-a-zo'/nes GREEK tAl/ba Lon’ga Al’ba Syl/vi-us tAl-ba'ni, ov Al-ben!- ses Al-ba/ni-a Al-ba/nus TAI/bi-a Te-ren’ti-a Al-bi/ci Al-bi-e/te TAI-bi-gau/num Al-bi'in Al-bi-no-va‘nus Al-bin-te-me/li-um Al-bi‘nus Al’/bi-on * A)-bi’o-nes TAIbis Al/bi-us Al-bu-cflla Al‘bu-Ja *Al-bu/na Al-bu/ne-a Al-bur’nus Al‘bus Pa/gus Al-bu’ti-us * Al-cen/e-tus Al-cxz/us Al-cam/e-nes Al-can‘der Al-can/dre AJ-ca/nor Al-cath’o-e Al-cath’o-us Al’ce Al-ce/nor Al-ces'te or Al-ces’tis Al‘ce-tas Al’chi-das Al-chim/a-chus Al-ci-bi‘a-des *Al-ci/dwe Al-cid’a-mas Al-ci-da-me/a Al-ci-dam/i-das AJl-cid’/a-mus * Al-ci-da'mus Al-ci’das Al-ci‘des Al-cid’i-ce * Al-cid’/o-cus Al-cim/e-de Al-cim/‘e-don Al-cim/e-nes * Al-cim!‘o-us Al’/ci-mus Al-cin/o-e Al/ci-nor Al-cin’o-us *Al'ci-nus Al-ci-o/ne-us Al’ci-phron Al-cip’pe Al-cip/pus Al'cis Al-cith/o-e Alc-me/on Alc-mve-on/i-de Alc/man Alc-me/na TAI’con * Al/co-ne Al-cy’o-na Al-cy‘o-ne Al-cy-o'ne-us Al-des/cus Al-du/a-bis A‘le-a A-le/bas A-le’bi-on A-lec'to A-lec’tor A-lec'try-6n A-lec/tus * A-le!i A-le'i-us Cam pus Al-e-man/ni * Al-e-ma/nus A-le/mon Al-e-mon/i-des Al-e-mu’si A/‘lens A‘le-on * A-je/ris tA-le’sa or tA-le!sa A-le’se A-le/si-a, or A-lex'i-a A-le'si um *A-le'sus A-le'tes A-Je’thes A-le’thi-a A-let/i-das * A-le!tis tAl-e-tri-na/tes TAl-e-tri-nen/ses A-le’tri-urm AND LATIN A-le/tum Al-eu-a/de *A-Jeu/a-de A-le‘us Al-ex-an/‘der Al-ex-an/dra *Al-ex-an/dri-a, (a woman) *Al-ex-an-dri‘a, (a city) Al-ex-an/dri-des Al-ex-an-dri/na Al-ex-an-drop’o-lis Al-ex-a'nor Al-ex-ar/chus A-lex’as A-lex!i-a Al-ex-ic/a-cus Al-ex-i/nus A-lex'i-o tA-lex‘i-on Al-ex-ip'pus Al-ex-ir/a-es A]-ex-ir'ho-e A-lex’is A-lex/on Al-fa-ter’na Al-fe/nus Al/gi-dum * Al-so/num A-li-ac/mon A-li-ar/tum A-li-ar’tus Al‘i-cis A-li-e’nus Al/i-fe, or +A-li'fa Al-i-le/i Al-i-men’tus * A-lim/e-nus A-lin/de Al-in-do'i-a *A-li'phe *Al-i-pha/nus Al-i-phe/ri-a, or *AI-i- phe’ra * Al-i-phe’rus AJ-ir-ro/thi-us * Al-i-son/ti-a *A-li‘sum Al-le'di-us Al'li-a A)-li-e/nos * A\-li/fe Al-lob'ro-ges Al-lo-bry/ges *Al-lo-phy/lus Al-lot’ri-ges Al-lu‘ti-us *Al-me/ne tAI/mio TAI/mon *Al-mo/pes *A\-my-ro/de A-lo/a tA-lo‘as, or tA-lo/is Al-o-e/us * A-lo/e-us Al-o-i/dw, or Al-o-i!- des A-lo'ne, or tA-lo’na * A-lo'/nis Al‘o-pe * A-lop'e-ca A-lop/e-ce A-lop’e-ces *A-lop-e-con-ne/sus A-lo'pi-us * A-Jo/rus A’los A-lo’ti-a Al-pe/nus Al/pes Al-phé/a Al-phe‘i-a Al-phe/nor Al-phe/nus Al-phe-si-be’a Al-phe-si-bee/us Al-phe/us Al-phi‘on Al’ phi-us Al-pi/nus Al’ pis * Al-po/nus Al/si-um Al/sus Al-the/a Al-them/e-nes *A)-the’pus Aj-ti‘num Al'tis ,Al’tus A-lun/ti-um PROPER NAMES. A‘lus, or Al/u-ug A-ly-at’tes Ally-ba * A)-y-bi'da Al-y-cwe!/a Al-y-ce/us fAl’y-mon, or *A-ly/- mon *A-ly'pus A-lys‘sus Al-yx-oth/o e *AJ-y-zela A-mad/o-ci A-mad/o-cus Am /a-ge Am-al-thr’/a Am-al-the/um Am/a-na, or fAm/a- nus tA-man/dus *A-man/i-ce A-man/tes, or Am-an- ti’ni A-ma/nus, or {O-ma’- nus A-mar’a-cus A-mar'di A-mar’tus Am-a-ryl/lis Am-a-ryn/ce-us tAm-a-ryn-thi/a Am-a-ryn‘thus tAm-a-rys'i-a A‘mas *Am-a-se/a Am-a-se/nus A-ma/si-a A-ma/sis A-mas'tris A-mas’trus A-ma/ta Am-a-the/a tAm-a-thei Am/a-thus, 07 *A-ma/- thus A-max-am-pe/us * A-max-an-ti/a A-max’i-a Ain-ax-i/ta * Am-ax-o/bi-i Am-a-ze'nes, or 1Maz’e-nes tA-ma’‘zon A-maz/o-nes Am-a-zo/ni-a * Am-a-zon/i-cus Am-a-zon/‘i-des Am-a-zo/ni-um Am-a-zo’ni-us Am-bar’ri *Am-bar-va'‘les Hos/- ti-e Am-bar-va/li-a *Am-ba‘tx Am’‘be-nus , Am-bi-a-li’tes Am-bi-a/num Ain -bi-a-ti/nun * Am-bi-bar/e-ti *Am-bi/cus Am-bi-ga‘tus tAim-bi-o/rix, or Am- bi‘o-rix Am/!bla-da Am-bra/ci-a Am-bra/ci-us Am bri *Am-bro/dax Am-bro/nes Am-bro/si-a Am-bro‘si-us Am-bry‘on Am-brys’sus tAm-bu-ba/je Am-bul‘li * Am/bu-li Am/e-les Am-e-na/nus Am-e-ni'des A-men/o-cles *Am-e-no!phis A-me’ri-a A-mes’tra-tug A-mes’tris *A-mi-a/nus Am-i-cle/us A-mi/clas A-mic’tas A-mi/da A-mil’car Am/i-los A-mim/o-ne, or A-mym/o-ne A-min/e-a, or Am- min/e-a A-min/i-as A-min/i-us A-min‘o-cles Am-i-se/na jAm-i-si/a A-mis‘i-as A-mis'sas A-mi/sum, or A-mi/- sus Am-i-ter/num Am_-i-tha/on, or Am-y- tha/on Am-ma/lo Am-mi-a/nus tAm-mo-chos/tos Am/mon, or Ham/- mon Am-mo/ni-a Am-mo!ni-i Am-mo/ni-us Am-mo‘the-a *Am-nem/o-nes Am/ni-as Am-ni'sus *Am-ni/tes Am-ce-be/us Am-o-me/tus *Am-om-phar’e-tus A‘mor A-mor! ges A-mor!gos Am/pe-lus Am-pe-lu/si-a Am-phe!’a Am-phi-a-la‘us *Am-phi/a-lus Am-phi/a-nax tAm-phi-a-ra/i-des Am-phi-a-ra/us *Am-phi-ar-a-e’um Am-phi-cle’a Am-phic’ra-tes Ain-phic/ty-on tAm-phic-ty’o-nes Am-phid'‘a-mus *Am-phid/o-hi Am-phi-dro/mi-a Aim-phi-ge/ni-a, o7 Ain-phi-ge-ni/a Am-phil/o-chus Am-phil/y-tus Am-phim/a-chus Am-phini/e-don Am-phin'o-me Am-phin/o-mus Am-phi/on *Am-phip/a-gus Am-phip/o-les Am-phip/o-lis Am-phip/y-ros Am-phi-re’'tus Am-phir‘o-e Am /‘phis *Am-phi‘/sa Am-phis-be’na Am-phis/sa Am-phis-se/ne Am-phis/sus Am-phis/the-nes Am-phis-ti'des Am-phis‘tra-tus *Am-phi/sus Am-phit'e-a *Am-phi-the-a‘trum Am-phith/e-mis Am-phith’o-e Am-phi-tri/te Ain-phit/ry-on Am-phit-ry-o-ni/a-des Am/‘phi-tus *Am-phi/us Am-phot’e-rus Am-phry/sus *Am/py-cus Amp’sa-ga Amp’‘sa-gas *Ain-pyc’i-des Am-pys’i-des Am/pyx Am-sanc’‘tus A-mu/li-us A-my’cla *Am'y-cle TA-my/cle tAm-y-cle/us *A-my'clas *Am-y-cli/des Am/y-cus Am/y-don Am-y-mo’ne A-myn/tas A-myn-ti-a/nus A-myn'tor *Am-y-ri/cus Cam/- pus A-my’/rig A-myr’i-us 1302PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Am/y-rus A-mys'tis Am-y-tha/on tAm-y-tha-o/ni-us Am/y-tis *A-nab/a-sis *A-nab/a-te }An-a-ce/1-a An/a-ces, or tA-nac/- tes An-a-char’sis A-na/ci-um, or *An-a- cium *An-a-cle/tus A-na/cre-on An-ac-to/ri-a, or An- ac-to/ri-um tAn-ac-to/ri-e *A-nac/to-ruin An-a-dy-om/e-ne A-nag/ni-a An-a-gy-ron/tum *A-nag/y-rus An-a-i/tis +An-a-ni/as An/‘a-phe An-a-phlys/tus {A-na/pi-us A-na’pus * A-nar! gy-ri A-nar'tes A/nas * A-nath/e-ma A-nat/o-le A-nau/chi-das A-nau/rus A-nauw/sis A/nax An-ax-ag/o-ras An-ax-an/der An-ax-an/dri-des An-ax-ar/chus An-ax-ar/e-te An-ax-e/nor A-nax/i-as An-ax-ib/i-a An-ax-ic/ra-tes tAn-ax-id/a-mus, or 7* A-nax-l-da/mus A-nax/i-las, or A-nax- i-la/us An-ax-il/i-des A-nax-i-man/der An-ax-im/e-nes An-ax-ip/o-lis An-ax-ip/pus An-ax-ir/rho-e A-nax/is A-nax/o An-ce/us An-ca-li/tes An-ca/ri-us *An-cha/res An-cha/ri-a An-cha/ri-us *An-cha’tes An-chem/o-lus An-che-si/tes An-ches’mus An-chi/a-la, or An- chi/a-le *An-chi-a-li/a An-chi/a-lus An-chi-mo/li-us An-chin/0-e tAn-chi’sa tAn-chi/se An-chi/ses An-chis/i-a An-chi-si/a-dés An/cho-e yAnch/o-ra An-chu/rus An-ci/le An’con, or An-co!na An/‘cus Mar’ti-us An-cy/le tAn-cy'ra An-cy/T#@ * An-cy/ron An‘da * An-dab/a-lis An-dab/a-te *An-da/na An-da/ni-a An-de-ca/vi-a * An-de-ga/vum * An-de/ra An/des, or tAn-de- ca/o-nes An-doc/i-des An-dom'‘a-tis An-dre/mon An-dra-ga/thi-us An-drag’a-thus An-drag’/o-ras An-dram/y-les An-dre/as * An/dre-ag * An/dre-us *An-dre/mon *An/dri-a An/‘dri-clus An/dri-on An-dris/(1s An-dro/bi-us An-dro-cle/a tAn-dro/cles An/dro-cles An-dro-cli/des An-dro/clus An-dro-cy/des An-drod/a-mus tAn-dro/dus An-dro!ge-os An-dro/ge-us An-drog/y-ne *An-drog/y-nus An-drom‘a-che An-dro ma-chi/dz An-drom/a-chus An-drom/a-das An-drom/e-da * An-drom/e-des An/dron An-dro-ni’cus An-droph/a-gi An-dro-pom/pus An/‘dros An-dros/the-nes An-dro’ti-on An-e-lon/tis An-e-mo/li-a An-e-mo/sa An-e-ras/tus - * A-ne/tor An-fin/o-mus, or tAm- phin/o-mus *An/ga-ri An-ge'li-a An-ge’/li-on An/ge-lus An-gi'tes tAng’li tAn-gli/a An/grus An-gru-it/1-a A/ni-a An-i-ce/tus A-nic/i-a A-nic/i-um A-nic/i-us Gal/lus *A-ni/ gros An/i-grus A’‘ni-o, A/ni-en *An/i-sus An-i-tor/gis A/ni-us An/na tAn/na Com-ne’na An-ni-a/nus An/ni-bal An/ni-bi An-nic/e-ris * An-ni-cho’ri ¢An/ni-us Scap/u-la *A-no/lus An‘non, or Han’no * An/o-nus An-o-pe/a An/ser An-si-ba!ri-a An-te/a An-te/as tAn-te-op/o-lis An-te/us An-tag!o-ras An-tal’ci-das An-tan/der An-tan/dros *An-te/a An-tei/us An-tem/ne& An-te/nor An-te-nor/i-des An-ter-bro/gi-us An'te-ros * An/te-rus An-the/a An!the-as, or {An- the/as An-the/don An-thela An/the-mis An/‘the-mon An/the-mus An-the-mu/si-a An-the/ne An-ther/mus *An-the/rus An/thes An-thes-pho/ri-a An-thes-te/ri-a J An-the/us An-thi/a An-thi/as, or *An/thi- A-o' ti * A-ofus A-pa/i-te A-pa/ma as A-pa/me *An/thi-n2 An/thi-um Ap-a-me/a, or Ap-a- mi/a An/‘thi-us *Ap-a-me/ne An’tho An-tho/res An-thra/ci-a An-thro-pi/nus * An-thro-po-mor-phi!- te An-thro-poph/a-gi An-thy]/la An-ti-a-ni/ra An/ti-as * An-ti-bac-chi/us * An-tic/a-nis * An-tic/a-to * An-tich/tho-nes * An-tic-i-no/lis An-ti-cle/a An'ti-cles An-ti-cli/des An-tic/ra-gus An-tic/ra-tes An-tic/y-ra An-tid/o-mus An-tid/o-tus An-tig/enes An-ti-gen/i-das *An-ti-ge-ni/das An-tig/o-na An-tig/o-ne { An-ti-go-ne/a An-ti-go/ni-a * An-ti-go-ni/a An-tig/o-nus An-til’co An-ti-lib/a-nus An-til’o-chus An-tim/a-chus An-tim/e-nes +An-tin/o-e *An-tin-o-e/a An-ti-ne/i-a An-ti-nop/o-lis An-tin/o-us An-ti-o/chi-a, or *An- ti-o-chi/a An-ti/o-chis An-ti’o-chus *An-ti’o-pa An-ti!/o-pe An-ti-o/rus +An-ti-pa/ros *An-tip/a-ros An-tip/a-ter An-ti-pa/tri-a *An-ti-pa-tri/a An-ti-pat/ri-das An-tip/a-tris An-tiph’/a-nes An-tiph/a-tes An-tiph/i-lus An‘ti-phon An-tiph/o-nus An’ti-phus A-par/ni Ap-a-tu/ri-a A-pe-au/ros * A-pe-li-o/tes A-pel/la A-pel’tes *Ap-el-le/us A-pel/li-con Ap-en-ni/nus A!per ’ *Ap-e-ran-ti/a Ap-e-ro!/pi-a Ap/e-sus, tAp’e-sas, or jAp/e-san-tes Aph/a-ca * Aph/a-ce A-phe/a A’phar Aph-a-re/tus Aph-a-re/us * A-pha/re-us A’phas A-phbel/las Aph/e-sas Aph/e-te * A-phe/tor Aph/i-das, or *A-phi/- das A-phid/na A-phid/nus * Aph-ne/um Aph-c-be/tus A-phri/ces A-quil/i-us A-quil/li-a Aq/ui-lo Ag-ui-lo/ni-a * A-qui/nas A-quin/i-us A-qui/num Aq-ui-ta/ni-a Arc-ti/nus Arc-toph/y-lax Are’tos Arc-to/us Arc-tu/rug Ar'da-lus Ar-da/ni-a Ar-dax-a/nus *Aq-ui-tan/i-cus Ar'de-a *Aq/ui-tes Ar-de-a'tes A!ra Ar-de-ric/ca Ayr-a-bar’ches Ar-di-e/i * Ar'a-bes Ar-dis‘cus A-ra/bi-a *Ar'do-ne A-rab/i-cus Ar/a-bis, or Ar’bis A/‘rabs, or Ar‘a-bus Ar-a-cil/lum Ar-a-co/Ssi-i Ar-a-cyn/thus Ar/a-dus A/re *Ar-a-phi/a A/rar * Ar/a-ris Ar/a-rus * Ar-a-te/us Ar-a-thyr/e-a A-ra/tus * A-rau/ri-cus * A-ra!vus * Ar-ax-e/nus A-rax’es * A ph-ro-dis/e-us Aph-ro-dis/1-a +Aph-ro-dis!i-as Aph-ro-di/sum Apb-ro-di/te, or *Aph- ro-di/ta +Aph-ro-di-top/o-lis A-phy’te, or tA-phy!- tis A!pi-a A-pi-a/nus Ap-i-ca/ta A-pic/i-us A-pid/a-nus *A-pid/o-nes Ap/i-na, or tA/pi-ne A-pi/o-la, or fA-pi/o-le A'pi-on A/pis A-pit/i-us * A-poc/o-pa * Ap-o-do'ti A-pol-li-na/res A-pol-li-na/ris Ap-ol-lin/e-us Ap-ol-lin/i-des A-pol/li-nis A-pol/lo Ap-ol-loc/ra-tes *An-tip!o-des An-ti-pe/nus An-tip/o-lis * An-tir/rhi-um * An-tir/rho-dos An-tis/sa An-tis/the-nes An-tis/ti-us An-tith’e-us An/ti-um An-tom/e-nes An-to/ni-a An-to/ni-i An-to-ni/na An-to-ni/nus An-to-ni-op/o-lis An-to/ni-us An-tor/i-des A-nu/bis Anx’i-us Anx/ur *Anx/u-rus An/y-ta An/y-tus An-za'be +A-ob’ri-ca, or tA-bob/ri-ca A-ol’li-us A/on A/‘o-nes tA-o!ni-a +A-on/i-des A-o!ris A-or!/nos, or tA-or/nis tA-or!si * A-o/rus ——————————— Fh terget Ta: cor oe BP ht a) od A-pol-lo-do/rus Ap-ol-lo/ni-a A-pol-lo-ni/a-des Ap-ol-lo/ni-as Ap-ol-lon/i-des Ap-ol-lo/ni-us Ap-ol-loph/a-nes *A-pol/ly-on A-po-my-i/0s A-po-ni-a’na A-po/ni-us Ap/o-nus Ap-os-tro/phi-a Ap-o-the-o'sis Ap-pi‘a-des Ap-pi-a/nus Ap’pi-a Vila Ap’pi-i Fo/rum Ap’pi-us Ap/pu-la A'pri-es, or A’pri-us Ap-sin/thi-i Ap/si-nus yAp/sus Ap/te-ra Ap-u-le/1-a Ap-u-le/i-us A-puli-a *Ap/u-lus Ap-u-scid/a-mus *Ap!y-rl A-qua/ri-us *Aq/ui-la Aq-ui-la/ri-a Aq-ui-le/i-a, or fAq- ui-le/gi-a Ar-ba/ces, or Ar’ba- ces : Ar-be/la, or Ar’be-la * Ar-be/lus Ar’bis Ar-bo-ca‘la *Ar-bo/na Ar-bus'cu-la *Ar'ca-des Ar-ca/di-a Ay-ca/di-us Ar-ca‘/num Ar’cas tAr/ce Ar’ce-na Ar’cens * Ar-ces/i-las Ar-ces-i-la’us Ar-ce/si-us Ar-che/a Ar-che/a-nax Ar-do/ne-a tAr-du/a Ar-du-en/na A-rac'ca, or A-rec/- Ar-du-i’ne ca. Ar-dy-en/ses A-rach/ne Ar!dys *Ar-ach-ne/a A're Ar-a-cho/si-a A-re'a Ar-a-cho'te, or Ar-a- | A-re-ac/i-dz cho'ti A-re/as A-rac/thi-as * A-re/gon A-reg/o-nis *Ar/e-las Ar-e-la/tum * Ar-e-la/tus A-re}/li-us Ar-e-mor/i-ca tA-re/na, or fA-re/ne *A-re/ne A-ren/a-cum A-re-0-pa-gi'te A-re-op’a-gus * A-re/os tA/res A-res/tx A-res/tha-nas A-res/tor Ar-es-tor'i-des Ar’e-ta Ar-e-te/us Ar-e-ta/‘les Ar-e-taph/i-la * Ar’e-tas A-re'te * Ar/e-te A-re’tes * Ar’e-thon Ar-e-thu/sa }Ar-e-ti/ni Ar-e-ti/num Ar’e-tus * A-re/tus A/re-us Ar-ge/us Ar/ga-lus *Ar-gan-tho/na * Ar-gan-tho-ni‘um Ar-gath‘o-na Ar-che-at/i-das Ar-chag/a-thus Ar chan/der Ar-chan/dros Ar’che * Ar-ched/i-cus Ar-cheg’e-tes Ar-che-la/us Ar-chem/a-chus Ar-chem/o-rus, or Q-phel‘tes Ar-chep’o-lis Ar-chep-tol/e-mus Ar-ches’tra-tus Ar-che-ti/mus Ar-che’ti-us Ar'chi-a Ar'chi-as Ar-chi-bi/a-des Ar-chib/i-us * Ar-chid/a-mas Ar-chi-da/mi-a * Ar-chi-da-mi/a Ar-chi-da/mus, or Ar- chid/a-mus Ar'chi-das Ar-chi-de/mus Ar-chi-de/us Ar-chid/i-um Ar-chi-gal‘lus Ar-chig/e-nes Ar-chil/o-chus Ar-chi-me/des Ar-chi/nus Ar-chi-pel/a-gus Ar-chip/o-lis Ar-chip!pe Ar-chip/pus Ar-chi'tis Ar’/chon Ar-chon’tes Ax'chy-lus Ar-chy/tas * Ar-cit/e-nens Ar-ga-tho/ni-us Ar! ge Ar-gela Ar-ge-a'the Ar-gen/num Ar'ges Ar-ges/tra-tus Ar-ge/us Ar’ gi Ar-gi/a Ar'gi-as Ar-gi-le/tum Ar-gil'i-us Ar-gil/lus Ar’ gi-lus *Ar-gi/nus Ar-gi-nu!/se Ar-gi'o-pe Ar-gi-phon’tes Ar-gip!pi-1 * Ar-sith/e-a Ar-gilva Ar-gi'vi *Ar-gilvus Ar'gi-us Ar'go *Ar-go'da Ar-gol/i-cus Ar! go-lis Ar/gon Ay-go-nau/te Ar’ gos Ar-go'us Ar'sus Ar-gyn/nis yAr-gyn/nus Ar-gy'ra Ar-gy-ras’pi-des Ar'gy-re Ar-gyr'i-pa * Ar-gy-ri/pa * Ar-gy-rop/o-lis A/ri-a A-ri-ad/ne A-ri-2/us A-ri-am/nes A-ri-a’ni, or A-ri-e/ni A-ri-an/tas A-ri-a-ra‘thes * A-ri-as/me-nus Ar-ib-bee/us * Ar'i-bes A-ric/i-a Ar-i-ci/na Ar-i-de/us A-ri-e/ nis * A-ri/e-tis Ar-i-ge'/um *Ar-ig-no/tus A-ri/i Ar/i-ma Ar-i-mas’pi Ar-i-mas!pi-as Ar-j-mas’the * Ar-i-ma-the/a Ar-i-ma/zes Ar/i-mi A-rim/i-num A-rim/i-nus Ar-im-phe'i Ar/i-mus *Ayrii-nes A-ri-o-bar-za/nes A-ri-o-man/des A-ri-o-mar/dus A-ri-o-ine/des A-ri/on A-ri-o-vis/tus * Ar-i-pi/thes A/ris A-ris/ba : Ar-is-tien/e-tus Ayr-is-te/um Ar-is-te/us Ar-is-tag/o-ras Ay-is-tan/der Ar-is-tan/dros Ar-is-tar’/che Ar-is-tar’/chus A-ris-ta-za/nes A-ris‘te-as A-ris!'te-re A-ris/te-us A-ris/the-nes A-ris/thus Ayr-is-ti/bus Ar-is-ti‘des Ar-is-til/lus Ar-is-tip’pus A-ris/ti-us tA-ris/to, or A-ris’- ton A-ris-to-bu/la A-ris-to-bu/lus A-ris-to-cle/a A-ris'to-cles A-ris-to-cli/des Ar-is-toc’/ra-tes Ay-is-to/cre-on Ar-is-toe/ri-tus * A-ris-to-da!’ma A-ris-to-de/mus Ar-is-tog/e-nes A-ris-to-gi/ton A-ris-to-la/us Ar-is-tom/a-che Ar-is-tom/a-chus A-ris-to-me/des Ay-is-tom/e-nes A-ris-to-nau‘te A-ris-to-ni!cus Ay-is-ton/i-des * Ay-is-ton/0-us A-ris/to-nus Ar-js-ton/y-mus Ar-is-toph’‘a-nes A-ris-to-phi-li/de A-ris'to-phon * A-ris-to-phy'li A-ris‘tor Ar-is-tor/i-des Ar-is-tot/e-les A-ris-to-ti/mus Ar-is-tox/e-nus A-ris/tus Ar-is-tyl'lus Alri-us, (the heretic) *A-ri/us, o7 Ar/i-as * A-ri/us * A-ri/i *Ar/me-ne Ar/me-nes Ar-me/ni-a Ar-men-ta/ri-us Ay-mil/la-tus Ar-mi-lus/tri-um Ary-min/i-us Ar-mor/i-ce * Ay-mor/i-cus 03 | * A-ri-a-ra-the'a | | |PRONUNCIATION ! *Ar’mo-zon : Ar/ne Ar’ni +Ar-ni-en/sis Ar-no/bi-us Ar'nus Ar’o-a *Ar'o-e Ar/o-ma * A-ro/ma ; * A-rom/a-ta tA-rom/a-tum *Ar'o-te * Ar-o-te’res eA eee ate Rx *A-rot/re-be ¢ Ar'pa-ni apa Ar'pi : *Ar/pi-nas S Ar-pi/num * Ar/qui-tus *A r-ra-bo/na *Ar-ra-chi/on Ar-re'i *Ar-re‘chi Ar-rha-be/us Ar'ri-a Ar-ri-a/nus |} Ar’ri-us, or A‘ri-us Ar-run’ti-us | Ar-sa/bes | ee a nr epee anegie ~ postage eee eens Ar'sa-ces, or Ar-sa/- | | ces || Ar-sa/ci-a | Ar-sac/i-de | s\r-sam/e-nes | Ar-sam/e-tes i || Ar-sam-o-sa‘ta || *Ar-sa-mos/a-ta || Ar-sa/nes |} Ar-sa/ni-as Ar-ta-ba/nus yAr-ta-ba-za/nes, or + Ar-tam/e-nes Ar-ta-ba/zus | Ar/‘ta-bri, or Ar-ta- brite | Ar-ta-cre/as Ar-ta-ce/na Ar'ta-ce || Arta-ce/ne |} Ar-ta/ci-a Ar-te/1 * Ar-ta-gelras Ar-tag’e-ras, or TAr- tag-i-cer’ta Ar-ta-ger/ses Ar-ta/nes * Ar-ta‘o-zus * Ar-ta-pa/nus Ar-ta-pher/nes Ay-ta/tus Ar-ta-vas/des Ar-tax/a, or Ar-tax!1- as ) +Ar-tax/a-res ‘ * Ar-tax-as/a-ta : Ar-tax/a-ta || Ar-tax-erx/es {| Ar-tax/i-as Ar-ta-yc'tes Ar-ta-yn/ta Ar-ta-yn/tes * Ar/te-mas Ar-tem-ba/res Ar-tem-i-do/rus ee Ar’te-mis | Ar-te-mis/i-a Ar-te-mis‘i-um Ar-te-mi/ta Ar’te-mon +Ar-te-mo’na Ar-te/na Arth/mi-us Ar-tim!pa-sa +Ar-to-bar-za/nes, or tAr-to-bar/za-nes Ar-toch/mes Ar-to/na Ar-to/ni-us Ar-ton/tes * Ar-to-tro/fus Ar-tox‘a-res Ar-tu/ri-us | } | | | | Ar-ty/nes Ar-tyn/i-a £ psy ts rod PN eee aes ted? % - Si oat ge wre a ies eee a ee 1 Pasa re , a eimai Ay-tys/to-na Ar/u-@ Ar-va'les, or {Am-bar- va/les oe A-ru/ci, or tA-ruc’ci A-ru/e-ris A/runs A-run’ti-us *Ar-u-pi/num Ar-u-pi/nus Ar-ver!ni Ar-vir/a-gus Ar-vis/i-um, or Ar-vi!- sus A-ry-an/des Ar/y-bas Ar-yp-te/us +A-ry x/a-ta A-san/der As-ba-me/a As-bes/te, or As-bys/- te As/bo-lus * As-bo’tus *As-by'te As-cal]/a-phus As/ca-lon As-ca/nl-a As-ca/ni-us *As'/che-tus *As-che/um As-ci/i As-cle!pi-a *As-cle-pi/a As-cle-pi/a-des As-cle-pi-o-do/rus As-cle-pi-o-do/tus *As-cle-pi-od/o-tus As-cle’pi-us As-cle-ta/ri-on As’clus As-co/li-a As-co/ni-us La’/be-o As!cra As/cu-lum As!dru-bal * A/se-a A-sel/li-o * A-se/us A!si-a * A-si-ag/e-nes A-si-at'i-cus * A-sj-a-ge’tes A-si/las *A-si/lus As/i-na, or As/i-ne As-i-na/ri-a As-i-na/ri-us As/i-nes A-sin‘i-us Gal’lus A/‘si-us As-na/‘us A-so/phis A-so’pi-a As-o-pi/a-des A-so/pis A-so/pus * As-pal-a-thi/a As-pam/i-thres As-pa-ra‘gi-um As-pa/si-a As-pa-si/rus As-pa/si-us | As-pas/tes * As-pa-the’sis As-pa-thi/nes As-pen/dus * As-phal-ti/tes La!- cus As'pis As-ple/don As-po-re/nus As!sa As-sa-bi/nus As-sar/a-cus * As-se/ra As-se-ri/ni * As-se/sus +As-so/rus As!sos * As-su-e/rus As-syr/i-a As/ta +As-tab/o-ras As-ta-ce/ni As/ta-cus *As-ta-ge’ni As'ta-pa As'ta-pus As-tar'te * As-tel/e-be As/ter As-te/ri-a As-te/ri-on, or As-te’- ri-us * As/te-ris As-te-ro/di-a As-ter-o-pe/us As-ter!o-pe, or *As-ter- o-pe/a As-te-ru/si-us As-tin/o-me As-ti‘o-chus As/to-mi As-tre/a As-tre/us As/tu As/tur | As/tu-ra As/tu-res *As-tu/ri-cus As-ty/a-ge As-ty/a-ges As-ty/a-lus As-ty’a-nax * As-ty-cra-te/a As-ty-cra/ti-a As-tyd/a-mas As-ty-da-mi/a As'ty-lus As-tym-e-du/sa As-tyn/o-me As-tyn/o-mi As-tyn/o-us As-ty/o-che, or As-ty- o-chi/a As-ty-pa-le/a As-typh/i-lus tAs-ty/ra *As'ty-ron As-ty/ron As'y-chis A-sy/las A-syl/lus * A-syn/cri-tus A-tab/u-lus At-a-by/ris *A-tab/y-ris At-a-by-ni’te At’a-ce +At/a-ces At-a-lan’ta *At-a-ly'da At-a-ran/tes A-tar’be-chis A-tar! ga-tis A-tar/ne-a A'tas, and A’thas A‘tax A/te A-tel/la At/e-na At-e-no-ma/rus * A-ter!ga-tis Ath-a-ma/nes Ath‘a-mas Ath-a-man-ti/a-des Ath-a-na/si-us *A-than/a-tl Ath/a-nis A’the-as A-the/na A-the’ne Ath-e-ne’a Ath-e-ne/um Ath-e-ne/us Ath-e-nag/o-ras Ath-e-na/‘is A-the/ni-on A-then/o-cles A-then-o-do/rus A‘the-os Ath‘e-sis *Ath/mo-num A/thos * A-tho'us *A-thrul/la A-thym/bra *Ath/y-ras A/ti-a A-til/i-a A-til/i-us A-tilla A-ti/na A-ti/nas A-tin’i-a At-lan/tes At-lan-ti/a-des At-lan/ti-des At/las * At/mo-ni A-tos’sa At/ra-ces At-ra-myt/ti-um At'ra-pes A’trax At-re-ba’'te At-re-ba/tes A-tre/ni A/tre-us A-tri/dz A-tri‘des A-tro/ni-us At-ro-pa-te’ne At-ro-pa/ti-a * A-trop'a-tus 1304 OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. At'ro-pos At'ta *At-tac/o-Tre2 * At-ta-li/a At-ta/li-a At/ta-lus At-tar’ras tAt-teg/u-a At-te/i-us Cap/i-to At’tes At’this At/ti-ca At/ti-cus At-ti-da’tes At’ti-la At-til/i-us At-ti/nas At’ti-us Pe-lig/nus At-u-at’i-ci At/u-bi *At/u-rus A-ty/a-de A’'tys *Au-cha/te *Au-de/ra Au-fe/i-a A’qua Au-fi-de/na Au-fid’i-a Au-fid/i-us Au/fi-dus Au’va Au/ge, and Au-ge/a Au/‘ga-rus Au’ ge-e *Au-gi‘as Au’ gi-as, and Au!ge- as Au/gi-l@ Au-gi/nus Au/gu-res Au-gus/ta Au-gus-ta/li-a Au-gus-ti/nus * Au-gus-to-nem/e- tum Au-gus/tu-lus Au-gus/tus Au-les’tes Au-le/tes Au/Jis * Au-lo-cre/ne Au‘lon Au-lo/ni-us Au‘lus Au/ras Au-re’li-a Au-re-li-a/nus Au-re/li-us Au-re/o-lus Au-ri/ga Au-rin/i-a Au-ro/ra Au-run/ci Au-run-cu-le/i-us Aus-chi/se Aus'ci Aw ser, or Au/se-ris Au/ses Au/son *Au/so-nes Au-so/ni-a *Au-son/i-de Au-so/ni-us Aus’pi-ces * Aus-ta-ge'na Aus‘ter Aus-te/si-on Au-ta-ni'tis Au-to-bu‘lus, or At-a- bu/lus * Au-toc/a-nes Au-toch/tho-nes Au’to-cles Au-toc/ra-tes Au-to-cre/ne * Av-tol/e-mus Au-tol/o-le * Au-tol/o-les Au-tol/y-cus Au-tom/a-te Au-tom/e-don Au-to-me-du/sa Au-tom/e-nes Au-tom/o-li Au-ton/0-e * Au-ton/0o-us Au-toph-ra-da/tes * Au-tri/cum Au-trig’o-nes tAu-tu’ra Aux-e’sl-a * Aux/i-mon Avy-a-ri/cum * A-var'I-cus * Ay'a-ses A-vel/la Ay-en-ti/nus A-ver/nus, or A-ver!- yes'ta A-vid-i-e/nus A-vid'i-us Cas/si-us A-vi-e/nus * A-vi'tus A‘vi-um Ax/e-nus Ax-j'o-chus Ax-i/on Ax-i-o-ni/cus *Ax-j-o'te Ax-i-o'te-a Ax-j-o'the-a TAx/is Ax!i-us *Ax/o-na *Ax-o/nes, (a people) *Ax/o-nes, (tablets) Ax'ur, and Anx’ur Ax/us *A-zam/o-ra A/zan * A-za!ni * A-ze'lca * A-zi'des *A-zi'lis A-zi/ris Az'o-nax A-zo/rus ‘ A-zo!tus By Ba-BIu't-us Bab/i-lus sab/y-lon Bab-y-lo/ni-a Bab-y-lo/ni-i 3a-byr/sa Ba-byt/a-ce Bac-a-ba/sus Bac/che *Bac-cha/nal Bac-cha-na‘li-a Bac-chan/tes *Bac-che/is *Bac-che/us Bac/chi sac-chi/a-dx2 *Bac-chi/das Bac/chi-des Bac’chis, or tBa‘lus 3ac/chi-um *Bac-chi/um *Bac-chi'us, (metrical) 3ac/chi-us Bac/chus Bac-chyl/i-des *Ba-ce'lus Ba-ce/nis Ba‘cis *Bac’o-rus Bac/tra Bac’tri, and Bac-tri-a!- ni Bac-tri-a/na, or Bac’- tri-a Bac/tros +Ba-cun’ti-us Bad/a-ca Ba‘ di-a *Bad-i-cho/ra 3a/di-us Bad-u-hen/nx 3e2/bi-us * Bee-so'la *Be-tho/ron 3e/tis Be’ton *Bag-a-da/o-nes *Ba-ge/sus Ba-gis/ta-me *Ba-gis'ta-na Ba-gis/ta-nes Ba-go/as, and Ba-go’- sas Bag-o-da/res Ba-goph/a-nes *Ba-go'us Bag/ra-da Baie Ba‘la Ba-la’/crus Bal-a-na! gre Ba-la/nus Ba-Ja/ri *Bal/a-rus Bal-bil/lus Bal-bi/nus Bal/bus *Bal-ce/a Ba-le-a/res Ba-le’tus *Bal-is-be’ga Ba-lis/ta Ba’li-us Bal-lon/o-ti Bal-ven/ti-us *Bal’y-ra Bal/y-ras *Bam-by!ce *Ba-mu/‘re Bam-u-ru/2 *Ba-ni-u/be Ban’'ti-e 3an’ti-us 3aph/y-rus Bap'te *Bar'a-do Ba-re‘i Bar’a-thrum sar’ ba-ri 3ar-ba/ri-a *Bar-ba/tus Bar-bos’the-nes Bar-byth/a-ce Bar’ca Bar-ce!i, or Bar-ci!- te Bar/ce Bar’/cha *Bar/ci-no *Bar-ci/nus Bar-de/i * Bar-da’nes Sar'di +Bar-di/ne Bar-dyl/lis 3a-re/a *Ba/re-a Ba/‘re-as So-ra/nus Ba/res *Bar/go-se Bar-gu/si-i Ba-ri‘ne *Bar/i-sas Ba-ris/ses Ba/ri-um Bar’nu-us Bar-si/ne, and Bar-se!- ne Bar-za-en/tes Bar-za/nes *Ba-se’ra Bas-i-le/a *Bas-i-li/a Bas-i-li/de $4s-i-li/des *Bas-i-li‘l Ba-sil-i-o-pot/a-mos, or *Ba-sil-i-o-pot/a- mus 3as/i-lis Ba-sil/i-us, (a person) *Bas-i-li/us, (a river) Bas/i-lus Bas'se Bas-sa/ni-a Bas-sa/re-us +Bas-sar/i-des Bas‘sa-ris Bas/sus Au-fid/i-us Bas-tar/ne, and Bas- ter/n2 Bas'ti-a Ba/ta *Bat-a-no/chus Ba-ta/vi +Ba-ta/vi-a *Ba-ta!vus, or Bat!a- vus 3a‘thos Bath’y-cles Ba-thyl/lus Ba-ti/a, or Ba’ti-a Ba-ti-a/tus *Ba-ti-e/a Ba-ti/na, and Ban-ti’- Ba/‘ton Bat-ra-cho-my-o-ma!- chi-a *Bat/ra-chus *Bat/ta-rus Bat-ti/a-des Bat’tis Bat/tus Bat/u-lum Bat/u-lus Ba-tyl/lus Bau/bo Bau/cis Bau/li Ba! vi-us *Bav‘o-ta 3az-a-en/tes 3a-za/Tri-a * Be-a! trix Be’bi-us Be-bri/a-cum 3eb/ry-ce Beb/ry-ces, and Be- bryc/i-i 3e-bryc/i-a * Be-chi/res *Be-chi‘ri *Bel/a-tes 3el-e-mi/na *Bel/e-nus Bel-e-phan/tes Bel’e-sis Bel/ge Bel/pi-ca Be)/gi-um Bel’ gi-us 3e/li-as {Be-li/des, sng. (male desc. of Belus) {Be'lis, pl. Bel/i-des, ( fem. desc. of Belus) 3e-lis’a-ma 3e]-i-sa/ri-us sel-is-ti’da se) /i-te 3el-lag’i-nes 3el-ler/o-phon | Bel-le/rus * Bel/le-rus Bel-li-e/nus Bel-lo/na 3e]-lo-na/ri-i Bel-lov’a-ci * Bel-lo-o-va'cum Bel-lo-ve/sus Be/lon *Bel/phe-gor Be‘lus *Bem-bi'na 3e-na/cus *Ben-di-di‘a Ben-did/i-um Ben/dis Ben-e-did/i-um Ben-e-ven/tum Ben-the-sic/y-me Be-pol-i-ta/nus Ber’ bi-ce Ber-e-cyn/thi-a + Ber-e-cyn‘thus Ber-e-ni/ce Ber-e-ni’cis *Ber/gi-ne ser/gi-on 3er-gis/ta-ni *Ber'go-mum Be/ris, and Ba’ris Ber’ mi-us Ber’o-e Be-ree/a 3er-o-ni/ce Be-ro/sus Ber-rhe/a *Be-ry b’ra-ces Ber’y-tus *Be-ry/tus *Bes’a-ra *Bes/a-ro Be-sid/i-e& Be-sip’po Bes’/sL Bes/sus Bes’ti-a *Bes-yn-ge'ti *Be-tar’/mo-nes tBet/a-si *Be-tho/ron *Bet/i-ra Betis Be-tu/ri-a Bila Bi-a/nor Bi/as Bi-bac/u-lus sib/a-ga 3ib/li-a, and Bil’li-a +Bib/li-na Bib-li/na Bib/lis, or Bi‘blis Bib!lus, or Bi/blus Bi-brac’te Bib/u-lus Bi/ces 3i/con Bi-cor’/ni-ger Bi-cor/nis *Bi-e! phi Bi-for/mis Bi/fronsPRONUNCIATION OF GREES AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Bil‘bi-lis 3 Bi-ma/ter Bin’ gi-um Bi/on *Bi-o-ne!us Bir/rhus Bi-sal/te Bi-sal/tes Bi-sal/tis Bi-san/the Bis/ton * Bis/to-nes ; Bis-to/ni-a i| Bis/to-nis *Bis-to/nis Bi/thus Bith!y-e2 Bi-thyn/i-a *Bi-thy/ni Bit/i-as Bi/ton Zit-u-i/tus 31-tun/tum *Bi-tu/ri-cum *Bi-tu/ri-ges * Bit! u-rix Biz/i-a *Bi-zo/ne Ble/na Ble’/si-i Ble/sus Blan-de-no/na Blan-du/si-a Blas-to-phoe-ni/ces *Ble/my-2 Biem!my-es Ble-ni/na Blit/i-us Blu/ci-um +Bo-ad-i-ce/a Bo-a-dic/e-a Bo/w, and Bo'e-a Bo-a!/gri-us *Bob-o-ne/a Bo-ca/li-as | Boc/car Boe/cho-ris Boc/chus Bo-du-ag-na/tus 30-du/nt 3ce-be/is Be’bi-a *Bo-e-dro/ml-a Be-or-o-bis/tas Boe-o-tar/che *Boe-o'ti Bo-o'ti-a 3op-o/tus 30-e/thi-us *Bo-e'thus Bo/e-tus Bo/e-us | | | aa ] Bo/gus 30/ 1-1 Bo-joc/a-lus 30a Bol/be *Bol-be/ne Bol-bi-ti/num Bol/gi-us Bo-li/na Bol-i-ne/us Bo-lis/sus Bol-la/nus Bo'lus Bo-mi-en/ses Bo-inil/car Bom-o-ni/c2 Bo-no/ni-a Bo-no/si-us *Bo-os/u-ra Bo-o-su/ra Bo-o'tes 30-0/tus, or Bos-o'tus 30/re-a Bo-re/a-des | Bofre-as Bo-re-as/mi | *Bo-re/on Bo/ye-us | Bor'ges Bor-go/di *Bo-ri/nus Bor/nos Bor-sip'pa Bo/ras Bo-rys/the-nes | Bos'pho-rus, 07 *Bos!- | po-rus {| *Bos-tre/nus *Bo-tro/dus Bot'ti-a | | | | | | | Bot-ti-w/is Poke AN Lon Bo-vil/le *Brac/a-ra *Brac-ca'th Brach-ma/nes *Brach-ma/nl Bre/si-a Bran-chi’a-des Bran/chi-de +Bran/chus Bran-chyl/li-des sra/si-e Bras/i-das Bras-i-de/i-a +Bras/i-las Brau/re Brau/ron Bren/ni, and Breu’ni *Bren/ni-cus Bren/nus Bren/the Bres/cl-a Bret’ti-i Bri-a/re-us Bri/as Bri-gan/tes Brig-an-ti/nus +Bri-gan/ti-um +Bri-les/sus 3ri7mo 7Bri/na Bri-se/is Bri/’ses Bri-se/us Bri-tan/ni Bri-tan/ni-a Bri-tan/ni-cus Brit-o-mar’tis Brit-o-ma/rus Brit/o-nes *Brit/o-nes, or Bri-to! nes Brix-el/lum Brix/i-a *Brix’i-no Bri'zo 3roc-u-be/lus 3ro/mi-us Bro/mus {Bron’gus Bron’/tes Bron-ti/nus Bro/te-as Bro/the-us Bruce/te-ri Bru-ma/‘li-a 3run-du/si-um Bru-tid/i-us Bru/ti-i, or {Brut/ti-i 3ru/tu-lus 3ru/tus Bry/as Bry-ax’is Bry/ce sry/ges 3ry/ el *Brys/e-a *Brys/e-2 *Bry-se/2 Bu-ba-ce/ne Bu-ba/ces Bu’ ba-ris Bu-bas-ti/a-cus +Bu-bas’tis Bu/‘ba-sus Bu/bon Bu-ceph/a-la Bu-ceph/a-lus *Bu/che-ta Bu-col/i-ca Bu-co)/i-cum Bu-co/li-on Bu’co-lus *Bu-de/a *Bu-de/um Bu/di-i, or Bu-di/ni *Bu-do/ris Bu-do/rum *Bu/ge-nes Bu/lis Bul-Ja/ti-us *Bul-li/o-nes Bu'ne-a *Bu-ni/ma *Bu-no-me/a Bu/nus Bu/pa-lus Bu/pha-gus Bu-pho/ni-a Bu-pra/si-um Bu/ra or {Bu’ris Bu-ra/i-cus *Bur-dig/a-la Bur/rhus Bur’sa Bur’si-a Bu/se 164 iret Pk AS Bu-si’ris Bu/ta Bu/te-o Bu'tes *Bu/tho-e Bu-thro/tum +Bu-thro/tus Bu-thyr/e-us Bu-to/a *Bu/to-nes Bu-tor’i-des Bu/tos Bu-tun/tum Bu/tus *Bu!zy-ges Bu-zy/ges Byb-le/si-a, and By- bas!si-a Byb/li-a Byb/li-i *By’blis By|-li/o-nes Byr/rhus Byr/sa By-za/ci-um Byz-an-ti/a-cus *By-zan/ti-on 3y-zan/ti-um By!'zas By-ze/nus Byz/e-res *By-zelres By’zes Byz/i-a C. Ca-an! THUS Cab/a-des +Cab/a-la Cab/a-les *Ca-ba/li-i Cab-a-li/nus *Ca-ba/lis *Ca-bal'la-ca Cab-al-li/num *Cab-al-li/nus Ca-bal/li-o Ca-bar/ni Ca-bar’nos Ca-bas/sus *Ca-be/les *Ca-be/sus Ca-bi/ra Ca-bi'ri Ca-bir’i-a Ca-bu/ra Cab/u-rus Ca!'ca Cach/a-les *Cac-o-dem/o-nes Ca/cus Ja-cu/this Ca-cy p/a-ris Ca/di Cad-me/is Cad’mus Ca/dra *Cad/re-ma Ca-du/ce-us Ca-dur'ci Ca-dus/ci *Ca-du/sl Cad/y-tis Ce/a Ce-ce’ti-us Ce/ci-as Ce-cil/i-a Cew-cil-i-a/nus Ce-cil/i-i Ce-cil/i-us Cec/i-lus Cwe-ci/na Tus’cus Cec/u-bum *Crec/u-bus Crec/u-lus Ce-dic/i-us *Ced/i-cus Ce!li-a *Cel/i-nus Ce/li-us Cwem/a-ro Ce!ne, or {C2-nopo- lis Cwe‘ne-us *Ce-ni'des Cen/i-des Cer-ni/na Ce/nis Cw-not/ro-p® Ca/pi-o od Pigs nrs ates _ Ce-ra'tus Ce’re, or Ce/res Cer’e-si *Cer’i-tes Ce/sar Ces-a-re/a *Cr-sa/re-us Ce-sa/ri-on Ce-sa-ro-du/num {Ces-a-rom/ gus Ce-se/na Ce-sen/ni-us Ce!si-a Ce!si-us Ce/so Cwe-so/ni-a Cr-so/ni-us Cet’o-brix Cet/u-lum Ce'yx Ca-ga/co Ca-i-ci/nus Ca-i/cus Ca-i-e/ta *Ca/i-phas Ca/i-us, and Cali-a *Ca-je/ta Cal/a-ber Ca-la/bri-a Cal’/a-brus Cal-a-gur-rit/a-ni ¢Cal-a-gur-ri-ta/ni *Cal-a-gu/ris Ca-lag/u-tis Gal/a-is Cal/a-mis Cal-a-mi/s2 Calfa-mos Cal/a-mus Ca-la/nus Cal/a-on *Ca-laph/a-tes Cal’a-ris *Ca-la/rus *Cal/a-tes Cal-a-tha/na Ca-la/thi-on Cal/a-thus Ca-la/ti-a Ca-la/ti-e *Ca-lau/re-a Cal-au-re/a, and-Cal- au-ri/a Ca-la’vi-i Ca-la/vi-us Cal/bis {Cal-ca’gus Yal/ce Cal/chas Cal-che-do/ni-a Jal-chin/i-a Cal/dus Ce/li-us Ca/le, Ca/lis, or tCa- le/‘num *Ca-led/o-nes Cal-e-do!ni-a +Ca-len/tum Ca-le/nus *Ca-le/rus Ca/les Ca-le/si-us Ca-le/te *Cal/e-tl *Cal/e-tor *Ca-le/tor Ca/lex Ca-li-ad/ne Cal-i-ce/ni Ca-lid/i-us Ca-lig/u-la {Ca-lip’e-des Cal/i-pus Ca/lis Cal-les'chrus Cal-la/i-ci *Cal-la/i-nus Cal/las Cal-la-te/bus +Cal'le Cal-le/ni Cal-le-te/ri-a Cal/li-a Cal-li‘a-des *Cal-li-a-ni/ra *Cal-li/a-rus Cal/li-as Cal-lib/i-us Cal-li-ce/rus Cal-lich/o-rus Cal’li-cles Cal-li-co-lo/na *Cal-li-co-lo/ne Cal-lic/ra-tes Cal-li-crat/i-das *Cal-li-dam/a-tes | Cal-lid/i-us Cal-lid/ro-mus Cal-li-ge/tus *Cal-li-gi/tus Cal-lim/a-chus Cal-Jim/e-don Cal-lim/e-les *Cal-li-ni/cus Cal-li/nus *Cal-li-o-do/rus *Cal-li'o-pas Cal-li/o-pe Cal-li-pa-ti/ra Cal/li-phon Cal/li-phron Cal-lip/i-de Cal-lip/o-lis Cal/li-pus, or {Ca-lip’- yUS Cal-lip'y-ges, or *Cal- i-py’ges Cal-lir’lio-e Cal-lis/te Cal-lis-te/i-a, or *Cal- lis-ti/a Cal-lis/the-nes Cal-lis/to Cal-lis-to-ni/cus Cal-lis/tra-tus Caldix/e-na Cal-lix’e-nus Ca’lon *Cal/o-pus Ca/lor Cal/pe *Cal/pe-tus Cal-phur’ni-a Cal-phur’ni-us Cal-pur/ni-a Cal-u-sid/i-us Cal-u/si-um Cal'vi-a Cal-vi/na *Cal-vi/nus Cal-vis/i-us 7Cal/vus Cal'y-be, or {Ca-by/le Cal-y-cad/nus Cal/y-ce Ca-lyd/i-um Ca-lyd/na Cal/y-don Cal-y-do/nis Cal-y-do/ni-us Ca-lym/ne Ca-lyn/da Ca-lyp’so +Ca-ma-lo-du/num Ca-man/ti-um 7Ca-mar/a-cum Cam-a-ri/na *Cam-a-ri/te Cam-bauw/les Cam/bes Cam/bre Cani-bu/ni-t Cam-by/ses Cam-e-la/ni Cam-e-li/te Cam/e-ra *Cam-e-ra/cum Cam-e-ri/num, and Ca-mer’ti-um Cam-e-ri/nus Ca-mer’tes Ca-mil/la Ca/re Ca-mil'li, and Ca-mill- Ca-re/us le Car’a-lis Ca-mil!lus *Car-a-ma/lus Ca-mi/ro +Ca-ram/bri Ca-mi'rus, and Ca-mi! *Ca-ran/to-nus ra Car'a-nus Cam-is-sa/res Ca-rau/si-us Cam/ma Car’bo Ca-me/ne *Car-bo/nes Cam-pa’na Lex *Car'bu-la Cam-pa/ni-a Car-che’don *Cam-pa/nus Car-ci/nus Cam-pas'pe, or TPan *Car/ci-nus Can-di’o-pe Ca/nens Can-e-pho!ri-a Can/e-thum Ca-nic-u-la/res Di'es Ca-nid/i-a Ca-nid/i-us Ca-nin-e-fa/tes Ca-nin/i-us Ca-nis/ti-us Ca/ni-us Can/ne *Ca-no/bus Ca-nop/i-cum Ca-no/pus *Can/ta-ber Can/‘ta-bra Can/ta-bri Can-ta/bri-a Can-ta/bri-e *Can-tha-rol/e-thron Can/tha-rus *Can-the/la Can/thus Can’ti-um Can-u-le!i-a Can-u-le/i-us Ca-nu/li-a Ca-nu/si-um Ca-nu/si-us Ca-nu’ti-us Ca-pa/ne-us Ca-pel/la Ca-pe’na Ca-pe/nas Ca-pe/ni Ca/per *Cap/e-tus Ca-pha’re-us *Ca-phe'ris *Ca-phy’& *Caph/y-e Ca’ pi-o {Ca-pis’sa Cap-is-se/ne Cap/i-to Cap-i-to-li/nus Cap-i-to/U-um *Cap-nob/a-te *Cap-pad/o-ces Cap-pa-do’ci-a Cap! pa-dox Ca-pra'ri-a Ca/pre-®& Cap-ri-cor/nus Cap-ri-fic-i-a/lis Ca-pri/ma Ca-prip/e-des Ca'pri-as Ca/pri-us Cap-ro-ti/na Ca/prus Cap/sa Cap/sa-ge Cap/u-a Ca'pys Ca'pys Sil/vi-us Car Car-a-bac'tra Car/a-bis Car-a-cal/la Ca-rac/a-tes Ca-rac/ta-cus cas'te Car-da!ces Cam/pe *Car-da-me/ne *Cam/pe-sus Car-dam/y-le Camp’sa *Car-de/sus Car!di-a *Car’ du-® Car-du!chi *Car-dy/tus Ca/res Car/e-sa *Ca-re/sus Ca-res/sus Car-fin/i-a Ca/ri-a Ca/ri-as Ca-ri/a-to +Ca-ril/la Ca-ri/na Cam/pus Mar’ti-us Cam-u-lo-gi/nus Cana Can/a-ce Can/a-che Can/a-chus Ca’/ne {Ca-na’ri-a Ca-na/ri-i Can/a-thus Can/da-ce Can-dal!vi-a Can-dau/les *Can-di/o-ni ie ee eet ee ee ] Ca-ri/ne Car'i-ne Ca-ri/nus *Ca-ri/on Ca-ris'/sa-num Ca-ris’/tum *Car-ma! ni Car-ma/ni-a Car-ma’nor Car/me Car-me'lus Car-men'ta, and Car- men’tis | Car-men-ta/les Car-men-ta’ lis Car’mi-des Car’na, and Car-din/- e-a Car-na/si-us Car-ne/a-des } Car-ne/i-a | y+Car/ne-us Car/ni-on *Car’no-nes Car’/nus Car-nu/tes *Car-nu/tum *Car-os-ce! pl } Car-pa/si-a, and Car- pa/si-um *Car!pa-tes | Car/pa-thus *Car-pe/i-a t Car’ pi-a \ *Car-pi/a Jar! pis | Car!po 1| Car-poph/o-ra | Car-poph/o-rus {| Car/ra, and Car/rhe || Car-ri-na/tes i Car-ru/ca | Car-se/o-li | Car-ta/li-as | *Car/ta-re | Car-te/i-a | *Car’te-nus } Car-the/a Car-thag-i-ni-en’ses Car-tha! go *Car-tha'lo Car’tha-sis *Car-the/u Car-vil’i-us | Ca/‘rus Ca'ry-a *Ca!/ry-2 | Ca-ry -a/te +Ca-ry-at'j des, pl. | Ca-ry-a'tis | *Ca-ry/o-nes } *Car-ys-te/us Ja-rys‘ti-us Ca-rys‘tus Ca/ry-um *Ca-sa/le Cas/ca Cas-cel/li-us Cas-i-li/num Ca-si/na, or Ca-si!- num *Cas/i-na Ca/si-us *Cas/me-na Cas'me-ne Cas-mil/la Cas-pe’ri-a Cas-per/u-la Cas-pi-a/na Cas’ pi-i *Cas-pi'ra Cas’pi-um Ma're | Cas-san-da/ne Cas-san/der Cas-san/dra {Cas-san-dre‘a *Cas-san-dri/a Gas-san/dri-a Cas/si-a | +Cas-si-o-do/rus Cas-si/o-pe, o7 Cas si- o-pe’a *Cas-sit/e-Ta Cas-si-ter/i-des Cas/si-s Cas-si-ve-lau/nus | *Cas-so’pe Cas-so' tis Cas-tab/a-la Cas/ta-bus Cas-ta/li-a, or Cas ta!- li-us Fons *Cas/ta-lis Cas-ta/ne-a +Cas-the’nes Cas-ti-a-ni/ra —— = 2 eS~aeS ye : &) . a 4; % a : 4) i a.) 3 d é $39 aS en, fa * .s. i é pn ; ' : e i 2 te } i 4 > YU : i | . ae Ff “3 we t rf i" 4 i 8) -: asd es a Se ee Ae i a a PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPEE NAMES. *(Cas-to/lus as/tor and Pol/lux 4Cas‘to-res, pl. Cas-tra’ti-us *Cas/tri-cus Cas'/tu-lo *Cat-a-ba/nes *Cut-a-clo/thes Cat-a-du!pa *Cat-a-du’ pi *Cat-a-ke-kau/me ne Cat-a-men’te-les Cat'a-na *Ca-ta’o-nes Cat-a-o'ni-a *Ca-taph'ry-ges Cat-a-rac’ta Cat-a-rac’tes *Ca-tar’rhy-tus Cat’e-nes Ca-the/a Cath/a-ri Ca’‘ti-a Ca-ti-e/na Ca-ti-e/nus Cat-i-Ji/na ¢Ca-til’i-us Ca-til/li Ca-til/lus, or Cat’i-lus Ca-ti/na, or *Cat’i-na Ca’ti-us Cat-1'zi Ca/to Ca/tre-us Cat'ta Cat'ti Cat-u-li-a’na Ca-tul/lus Cat‘u-lus {Ca-tu’ri-ges Cat'ca-sus *Ca-u'cl Cau’con *Cau co’nes Cau’co-nes Cau’di, and Cau’di- um *Cau-di'nus Cau-lo/ni-a +Cau/ni-i Cau’ni-us Cau/nus Cau/‘ros Cau‘rus Ca/‘us tCav‘a-res Cav-a-ril/lus Cav-a-ri/nus Ca’vi-i Ca-y'ci, or Chau’ci Ca-y’cus Ca-ys'ter, or Ca-ys/- trus *Caz/e-ca Ce'a, Ce/os, or Cos Ce’a-des tCe'ba Ceb-al-li/nus Ceb-a-ren/ses Ce’bes Ce'bren Ce-bre/ni-a *Ce-bre/nis Ce-bri’o-nes tCe'brus Cec’j-das Ce-cil/i-us tCe-ci’/na Cec/i-na Ce-cin’na Ce-cro/pi-a Ce-crop'i-de *Cec/ro-pis Ce!crops *Ce-cryph-a-lefa Ce’/don *Ce-dre/a Ce-dre-a'tis Ce-dru'si-i Ceg'lu-sa Ce’i Ce}/a-don Cel/a-dus Ce-le'nex, or tCe-le/- ne Ce-le'no *Cele-2 Ce-le’j-a, and Ce'la Ce)-e-la'tes Ce-len/dre, Ce-len!- dris, and Oe-len’/de- ris (e-le/ne-us Ce-len/na, or Ce-le!- na Ce'ler Cel’e-res Cel/e-trum Ce/le-us Cel/mus Cel/o-ne Cel/sus Cel/te *Cel/ti-ber *Cel-ti-be’res Cel-ti-be’ri Cel/ti-ca Cel'ti-ci Cel-til4us *Cel-to-gal/a-te Cel-to’n1-i Cel-tos'cy-the tCe'’ma Cem/me-nus *Cemp'sI 7Cen/a-bum, or Gen! a-bum Ce-ne/um Cen/chre-& Cen/’chre-is Cen/chre-us *Cen-chre/us Cen/chri-us Ce-nes’po-lis Ce-ne’ti-um Ce/ne-us Cen-i-mag/ni Ce-ni/na *Ce-ni/nes Ceén-o-ma/ni Ce'non Cen-so/res Cen-so-ri/nus Cen’sus Cen-ta-re’tus Cen-tau/ri *Cen-tau/ri-cus Cen-tav/rus *Cen-tim/a-nus Cen-tob‘ri-ca Cen’‘to-res Cen-tor’i-pa, or tCen- tu’ri-pa *Cen-tu’ri-pe Cen-tri/tes +Cen-tro/nes Cen-tro’ni-us Cen-tuin’vi-ri Cen-tu’ri-a Ce/os, and Ce/a Ceph/a-las Ceph-a-le’di-on Ce-phal’len Ceph-a-le/na, and Ceph-al-le/ni-a *Ceph-al-le/ni Ceph/‘a-lo Ceph-a-le/dis, and Ceph-a-lu’di-um Ceph’a-lon Ceph-a-lot/o-mi Ceph‘a-lus *Ce-phe/is Ce-phe’nes Ce!/phe-us Ce-phis/i-a Ceph-i-si/a-des Ce-phis-i-do/rus Ce-phis’i-on Ceph-i-sod’o-tus Ce-phi/sus, or Ce- phis/sus Ce’phren Ce'pi-o, or {Ce'pi-o Ce’pi-on Cer'a-ca Ce-rac/a-tes Ce-ram/bus Cer-a-mi’cus Ce-ra/mi-um Cer’a-mus Ce/ras Cer’a-sug Cer’a-ta *Ce-ra/thus *Ce-ra/ton Ce-ra/tus Ce-rau/ni-a Ce-rau/ni-i Ce-rau/nus Ce-rau/si-us +Cer’/ba-lus Cer-be’/ri-on Cer’be-rus Cer’ca-phus Cer-ca-so/rum Cer-ce’is Cer-ce’/ne Cer-ces/tes *Cer'ce-te Jer'ci-dea Cer’ci-i Cer-ci/na, or Cer-cin’- na Cer-cin/i-um Cer’ci-us Cer-co’pes Cer/cops Cer’cy-on, or Cer-cy/- o-nes *Cer-cy’/on *Cer-cyph'/a-le Cer-cy’ra, or Cor-cy’- ra *Cer-do!’us Cer-dyl/i-um Ce-re-a/li-a Ce’res Ce-res‘sus Cer’e-ta *Ce-re’tes Ce-ri-a‘lis Ce’ri-i +Ce-rilli Ce-ril/lam Ce-rin’thus *Cer’j-tes Cer-ma/‘nus Cer’ne Mer’nes Ce’ron Cer-o-pas’/se-das Ce-ros‘sus Cer’phe-res }Cer-re-ta/ni Cer-rhe!i Cer-so-blep'tes Cer’ti-ma Cer-to/ni-um Cer-va'ri-us *Cer'vi-us t*Ce-ry’ces Ce-ryc/i-us Cer-y-mi'ca *Cer-y-ne’a Cer-y-ni'tes Ce-sel/li-us Ce-sen/ni-a Ces’ ti-us Ces-tri/na Ces-tri/nus *Ce-te’j Ce'tes Ce-the’gus Ce'ti-i Ce'ti-us Ce’to Ce/us Ce’yx *Cha-be/rus Cha/‘bes Cha-bi/nus +Cha-bo/rus Cha’‘bri-a Cha/bri-as *Cha’bry-is Che-an/‘i-te *Che!re-a Che’re-as Cher-e-de’/mus Che-re/mon Cher’e-phon Che-res’tra-ta Che-rin’thus Che-rip’pus Che’ro Cher-o-ne/a, and Cher-ro-ne’a Cha-lr’on Chal-ce’a Chal/ce-a *Chalj-ce/a Chal-ce/don, and Chal- ce-do/ni-a *Chal-cet/o-res Chal -ci-de’ne Chal-ci-den/ses Chal-cid’e-us Chal-cid’i-ca Chal-cid/i-cus *Chal-ci-e/cus Chal-ci‘o-pe Chal/cis *Chal)-ci/tes Chal-ci‘tis Chal'co-don Chal/con Chal/cus Chal-de/a Chal-de/i Cha-les’tra *Chal’e-tos Chal-o-ni’tis Chal/y-bes, and Cal’y- bes tChal’y-bon Chal-y-bo-ni’tis *Cha/lybs , and Ce'us Cha-ma/ni, and Cha- ma/vli Shane Cha/on Cha/’o-nes Cha-o/ni-a, and Cha-o- ni/tis Cha/‘os *Char-ac-mo/ba *Char-a-co/ma Char/a-dra Char’a-dros {Cha-ra’drus *Char‘a-drus Cha-re/a-das Char-an-de'i Cha/rax Cha-rax/es, and Cha- rax’us Cha/res Char’i-cles Char-i-cli/des Char’i-clo Char-i-de’/mus Char’i-la Chi’ron Chit’o-ne *Chi-to’ne {Chit/ri-um Chlo/e Chjo/re-us Chio/ris Chlo/rus Cho-a-ri/na Cho-as/pes *Cho!/a-tre Cho/bus Cheer/a-des *Che’/re-z2 Cheer’i-lus *Chol-on-ti’chus Chon‘ni-das *Cho-nu/phis *Cho-ra’gus Cho-ras/mi Cho-rin/e-us Cho-re/bus Chor-om-ne/i *Chor/o-ne Chos’ro-es Chre/mes Cin/ci-a Cin-cin-na/tus Cin‘ci-us Cin’e-as Ci-ne’si-as Cin/e-thon Cin/ga Cin-get/o-rix tCin/gu-la-ni Cin/gu-lum Cin-i-a’ta Ci-nith/i-i Cin’na Cin/na-don Cin/na-mus Cin-ni‘a-na Cinx’i-a Ci/nyps, and Cin'y phus Cin'y-ras Ci/os *Ci-pe/rus Cip/pus *Cir-ce/um Cir’ce Cir-cen’ses Lu/di Cle-on'y-mus *Cle/o-pas Cle-op/a-ter Cle-o-pa’-tra Cle-op’a-tris Cle-oph/a-nes Cle-o-phan/thus Cle’o-phes Cle-oph/o-lus Cle'o-phon Cle-o-phy’lus Cle-o-pam/pus Cle-op-tol/e-mus Cle’o-pus Cle-o/ra Cle-os'tra-tus Cle-ox/e-nus Clep'sy-dra Cle'ri Cle'ta *(COlet-a-be/ni Clib’a-nus Cli-de’mus +Chi/max Clim/e-nus Char-i-la‘us, and Cha- ril/Jus Chrem/e-tes Cir’ci-us Cli‘nas Cha-ri/ni, and Ca-ri/- | Chres/i-phon Cir'cus Clin’i-as ni Chres-phon/tes Cj/ris Cli-nip/pi-des Cha/ris Chres’tus Cir-re/a-tum Cli/nus | Cha-ris/i-a Chro/mi-a Cir’rha, and Cyr’rha | Cli‘o Char’i-tes Chro/mi-os Cir'tha, and Cir’ta Cli-sith’e-ra Char’i-ton Chro!mis Cis-al-pi’na Gal/li-a Clis/the-nes tChar’ma-das Chro/mi-us Cis/pa Cli/te Char’me, and Car’me | Chro/ni-us Cis/sa Cli-tar/chus Char'mi-das Chro’nos Cis!/se-is Cli’‘te | Char’mi-des Chry‘a-sus Cis-se/us Cli-ter’ni-a Char-mi/nus Chry‘sa, and Chry’se_ | Cis‘si-a Clit-o-de/mus Char-mi/o-ne Chrys’a-me Cis'si-we Cli-tom/a-chus Char’mis Chry-san’tas Cis'si-des Cli-ton/y-mus Char-mos/y-na Chry-san/‘thi-us Cis-sees/sa Clit’o-phon Char’mo-tas Chry-san’tis tCis-so-es'sa Cli‘tor Char’mus Chry-sa/or Cis/sus Cli-to/ri-a Cha/‘ron *Chrys‘a-or Cis-su/sa Cli-tum/nus Cha-ron‘das Chrys-a-o/re-us Cis-te/ne | Cli‘tus Char-o-ne’a Chry-sa/o-ris *Cis-the/ne *Clo-a'ca Cha-ro/ni-um Chry’sas *Cis-to-bo'ci Clo-a-ci/na Cha!rops, and Char‘o- | *Chry-sas‘pi-des Ci-the/ron Clo-an/thus eS Chry-se’is Cith-a-ris’ta Clo‘di-a *Char/o-pus Chry-ser/mus *Ci-the/las Clo‘di-us Cha-ryb‘dis *Chrys/e-rus *Cith’e-ron Cle li-a *Chat'ra-mis Chry’ses Cit/i-um Clali-e Chau/bi, and Chau'ci | Chry-sip’pe Ci/us Clo/li-us Chaua Chry-sip’pus Ci-vi'lis Clo'nas 1] Chau/rus Chry’sis Ciz'y-cum, or tCyz/i- | Clon’di-cus *Chav‘o-nes Chrys-o-2s’pi-des cus Clo/ni-a *Cha-y'cl *Chry-soc/e-ros Cla‘de-us Clo/ni-us *Cha-ze'ne *Chrys/o-cher Cla/nes Clo/tho | TChe/’a Chry-sog/o-nus Cla‘nis Clu-a-ci/na Chex Chrys-o-la/us Cla/ni-us, or t{Cla/nis | Clu-en/ti-us Che‘Jes *Chrys-o-lo’ras *Cla-ra/nus Clu'pe-a, and Clyp/e-a || Chel-i-do/ni-a +Chry-son/di-um Cla’rus, or fCla’ros Clu/si-a Chel-i-do!ni-«e Chry-sop’o-lis Clas-tid’i-um Clu-si/ni Fon/‘tes Che-lid’o-nis Chry-sor’rho-®, or Clau/di-a Cln-si/o-lum *Che-lid-o-ni/sum Chry-sor’rho-as Clau/di-e A’que Clu/si-um Chel’o-ne *Chry-sos'to-mus CJau-di-a/nus Clu/si-us Chel’o-nis *Chry-soth’e-mis Clau-di-op/o-lis Clu‘vi-a Chel-o-noph/a-gi Chryx/us Clau/di-us Clu/vi-us Ru/fus Chel-y-do’/ri-a Chtho/ni-a Clau‘sus Clym/e-ne Chem/mis Chtho/ni-us Cla-vi-e’nus *Clym-e-ne'i-des Che/na *Chthon-o-phy/le Clav’i-ger Clym/e-nus Che’ne *Ci-a-gi'si Cla-zom/e-ne, and Cly-son/y-mus Che/ni-on tCib/a-le Cla-zom/e-na Cly-son-y-mu/‘sa Che’ni-us Cib-a-ri’tis Cle/a-das Clyt-em-nes'tra — *Che‘o-pes *Ci-bo/tus *Cle-er’e-ta Clyt'i-a, or Clyt’i-e Che/ops, and Che-os! | Cib’y-ra Cle-an/der Clyt/i-us eS Cic’e-ro Cle-an‘dri-das Cly’tus Che’phren tCich/y-ris Cle-an‘thes Cna-ca/di-um Cher-e-moc’ra-tes Cic’o-nes Cle-ar’chus Cnac/a-lis Che-ris/o-phus Ci-cu/ta Cle-ar’i-des *Cnac/a-lus Cher’o-phon *Cic-y-ne/thus Cle/mens Cna/gi-a Cher’si-as *Cil/i-ces Cle’o Cne/mus Cher-sid’a-mas Ci-lic/i-a, and Ci-lis'sa | Cle’o-bis Cne/us, or Cne/us Cher’si-pho CiJix Cle-o-bu/la Cni-din/i-um_ tCher’si-phron Cil/la Cle-ob-u-li/na Cni/dus, or Gni‘dus *Cher-so'na Cil'les Cle-o-bu’lus Cno'pus Cher-so-ne/sus, or Cil‘lus Cle-o-cha’res Cnos/si-a Cher-ro-ne/sus Cil/ni-us Cle-o-cha/ri-a tCnos‘sus Che-rus/ci Ci'lo Cle-o-die/us Cno/sus Chid-ne'i Cim/ber Cle-od’a-mus Co-a-ma/ni *Chi-do/rus Cim»be’ri-us Cle-o-de'mus Co-as'tre, and Co-ac!- Chil-i-ar/chus Cim/bri Cle-o-do'ra tre Chil/i-us, and Chil/e- | Cim/bri-cum Cle-o-dox’a Cob/a-res us *Cim/bri-cus Cle-og'e-nes Coc/a-lus Chi/lo Cim/i-nus Cle-o-la/us Coc-ce’i-us Chi-lo’nis Cim-me’ri-i Cle-om/a-chus Coc-cyg’i-us Chi-me/ra Cim/me-ris Cle-o-man/tes Co/cles Chim/a-rus *Cim-me’/ri-um Cle-om/bro-tus *Coc'li-tes : *Chim/e-ra Ci-mo'lis, and Ci-no’- | Cle-o-me/des Coc'ti-z, and Cot’ti-z Chi-me’ri-um lis Cle-om/e-nes Co-cy/tus Chi-om/a-ra Ci-mo/lus Cle’on +Co-da/nus Si/nus Chi‘on Ci/mon Cle-o'nw, and Cle’o-na | Co-dom/a-nus Chi’o-ne Ci-nz/thon, or Ci-ne'- | Cle-o/ne Cod/ri-da _ Chi-on/e-des thon Cle-o-ni'ca Co-drop’/o-lis Chi'o-nis *Cin/a-ra Cle-o-ni/cus Co‘drus Chi/os Ci-nar/a-das Cle-on/nis Coe-cil/i-us | J 1306Co'la Ce-lal/e-te Cele Cel-e-syr/i-a, and Coel-o-syr’i-a Ce'li-a Ccel-i-ob/ri-ga Ce‘li-us Ce'lus Ce@'nus | | | | Coer/a-nus Co/es *Cees/y-ra Ce/us Cog/a-mus Cog-i-du/nus Co/hi-bus Co/hors *Col-a-ce/a Co-le/nus *Co-lan'co-rum Co-lax/a-is Co-lax’es Col’chi Gol/chis, and Col Co-len/da Co!li-as Coi-ja’ti-a Col-la-ti/nus Col-li/na Col-lu/ci-a Collo Co-lo/ne Co-Jo/ne tCo-lo’/ni-a Co-lo’nos Col’o-phon ’chos Co-los/se, and Co-los!- sis Co-los‘sus {Co-lo’tes Col’pe %*Col-the/ne {Col-u-bra/ri-a Co-lum/ba Col-u-mella ¢Co-lum/ne Her Co-lu/thus Co-lyt/tus Com-a-ge/na Com-a-ge/ni Co-ma/na Co-ina/ni-a +Co-ma’ re-a Com/a-ti Com/a-rus Co-mas’/tus *Co-ma'ta Com-ba/bus Com/be ; Com/bi Com-bre/a Com/bu-tis *Co-me/d@e Co-me’tes Com/e-tho Co-min‘i-us Co-mit/i-a Co’mi-us Tou-lis *Com-ma-ge'nus Com/mo-dus Co/mon Com-pi-ta'li-a *Com-plu/tum Comp’sa-tus Com-pu/sa +Co/mum Co/mus Con/eca-ni Con-cor!di-a Con/da-lus Con/ da-te 7*Con-da/te +Con-di-vic/num Con-do-cha’tes Con-dru/si Con-dyl'i-a *Con-dy/lus Co’ne Con-e-to-du/nu ¢Cot-u-a’tus Con-fu/ci-us Con-ge/dus ¢Co-ni/a-ci Co/ni-1 +Co-nim/bri-ca Con-i-sal/tus Co-nis/ci Con-ni/das Co/non *Co-no'pe *Con-o-pe/um *Co-no/pe-um Con-sen’tes Con-sen/ti-a Con-sid’i-us ees | erty a seolall 7 s, and re €on-si-li/num Con/stans Con-stan/ti-a *Con-stan-ti/a, (a city) Con-stan-ti/na Con-stan- Con-stan-ti/nus Con-stan/ +Con/su-les Con/sus Con-syg/na Con-ta-de *Con-to-po-ri/a Con-tu’bi-a *Co/nus Con-col/o-rus *Con!ve-ne PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. *Co-ry/cus Cre‘ta Cur’ti-a Cor/y-don Cre/te-us Cur-til/lus Cor’y-la, or Cor-y-le!- Cre’te Cur'ti-us um Cre’te-a Cu-ru‘lis Co-rym/bi-fer Cre’tes Cus-se'l ti-nopolis | Cor’y-na Cre/te-us ;Cu/sus 1 Cor-y-ne/ta, or Cor-y- Cre’ the-is Cu-til/i-um ti-us ne/tes Cre/the-us Cy-am-o-so/rus *Cre-thi'des *Cre'thon Creth/o-na Cret’i-cus Cre-u/sa Cre-u/sis Cri/a-sus Cri-nip/pus Cy‘a-ne Cy-a!ne-e *Cy-a'ne-e, or Cy-a/- ne-a Cy-a’ne-us - Cy-a-nip/pe Cy-a-nip’pus ° Cy-a-rax/es, or Cy- Cor-y-pha/si-um +Cor’y-phe *Co-ry/tha Cor-y-then/ses Cor/y-thus Co-ry‘tus Cos Co’sa, Cos’sa, Co/se s'dus Co/on Cos-co/ni-us Cri/nis ‘ax/a-res Co/os, Cos, Ce!a, and Co-sin/gas Cri-ni/sus, or Cri-mi/- *Cyb/a-le Co, Co’sis sus Cy-be/be Co! pr Cos/mus Cri/no *Cy-be!la, and Cyb/e- *Cop/a-is Cos'se-a *Cri-o/a la Co!phas Cos/sus Cri’son Cyb/e-le Co-phon’tis Co’pi-a Co-pil/lus Co-po/ni-us Cop’ra-te Co’ pre-us Cop’tus, or Cop’tos Co’ra Cor-a-ce! Cor-a-cen/si-um Cor-a-co-na/sus *Cor-a-co-ne/ SUS Co-ral/e-tz *Co-ra'li Co-ral‘li Cyb’e-lus Cyb/i-ra +Cy-bis’tri-a Cy-ce/si-um Cos-su'ti-i *Cos-to-bo/ci Cos-to-be!i Co-sy/ra Cris-pi/na Cris-pi/nus Crit/a-la 7Cri-the/is s Co/tes, or Cot'tes Cri-tho/te Cych’re-us Co/thon Crit/i-as *Cyc'la-des Co-tho/ne-a Cri'to *Cy-clob/o-rus *Cot-i-nu’sa Crit-o-bu'Jus *Cy-clo-pe-di’a si-um, or Cot’i-so +Crit-o-de’mus Cy-clo’pes Cot/ta Crit-og-na/tus *Cyc-lo-pe/us Cot/ti-e Al’pes Crit-o-la/us Cyc‘nus Cot-to/nis *Cri/u—Me-to’pon Cy/da Cot/tus Cri/us tCy'das Cyd’i-as *Cyd/i-mos Cy-dip’pe Co-ty-2/um Cro-bi/a-lus *Co-ty-a-i/on 1 Crob!y-z1 Croc/a-le Co-ra/nus Cot-y-le/us Co/ras Co-tyl/i-us Cro/ce-e2 Cyd'nus Co!rax Co-ty/o-ra *Croc-o-di/lon Cy'don Co-rax!i *Co-ty/o-rus Croc-o-di-lop/o-lis *Cyd-o-ne’a Cor’be-us Co'/tys Cro!cus *Cy-do’nes Cor/bis and tOr’su-a *Co-ty/to *Croc-y-le/a *Cyd-o-ne/us Cor’bu-lo Co-tyt’to Cree/sus Cy-do!ni-a *Cor'co-ba Cra’gus Cro-i'tes *Cy-do’ni-us *Cor/co-ras Cram-bu/sa Cro!mi Cyd'ra-ra Cor-cy/ra *Cram/bu-tis +Cro-mi'tis *Cy-dre/lus Cor’du-ba *Cran’a-e Crom/my-on Cyd-ro-la/us Cor-du-e/ne Cran/a-l Crom’na Cygnus *Cor-dy/la Cran/‘a-pes Cro/mus Cyl/a-bus Co’re Co-res/sus Cor/e-su *Co-re!S Cor’e-tas Cor-fin’1 Co’ri-a *Co-ri'a Co-rin/e Co-rin’na Co-rin’nus Co-rin/thus Co-ri-o-} Co-rio-li, and Co-ri- olla Co-ris/sus *Co-ri/tha Cor!i-tus Cor’ma-sa ¢Cyl-bi-a’ni Cyl/i-ces Cy-lin/dus Cyl-lab/a-ris Cy)/la-rus Cy!/len Cro’ni-a Cron/i-des Cro/ni-um Cro’phi Cros-se/a *Crot/a-le Cran/a-us Cra/ne *Cra-ne/a Cra-ne7um Cra!/ni-i Ss us -um Cra/non, or Cran’non J Cran/tor Crot/a-lus Cyl-le/ne *Crap/a-thus Cro/ton Cyl-le-ne'i-us *Cyl-le-ne/us Cyl-lyr/i-i Cy/lon *Cyl-o-ni/um Cy'ma, or Cy/me@ *Cy-tne/lus Cro-to/na +Crot-o-ni/a-te *Cro-to-ni-a/te Crot-o-ni/a-tis Cro-to’pi-as Cro-to/pus +Cras/si-pes Cras-sit/i-us Cras/sus Cras-ti/nus 7*Cras’ti-nus Crat/a-is -um a/nus Cra-te/us {Cro’tus *Cym/i-nus Cra/ter Cru/nos Cy-mod!o-ce Crat/e-rus Cru/sis Cy-mod-o-ce’a Cra/tes Crus-tu-me’ri Cy-moad-o-ce/as Crat-es-i-cle’a *Crus-tu/me-t Cy/me, or Cy/mo. *Oy-mo/lus, o7 Cl- Cor/mus Crat-e-sip'o-lis Crus-tu-me’ri-a, or Cor-ne’/li-a Crat-e-sip’pi-das Crus-tu-me/ri-um mo/lus _ Cor-ne'li-i +Cra’te-us Crus-tu-mi/num Cym-o-po-li’a Cy-moth’o-e Cor-nic/u-lum Cor-ni-fic/i-us Cor'ni-ger Cor-nu’ Co-ree/bus Co-ro’n Cor-o-n +Co-ro!ni-a *Cor-o-ni/des Co-ro/nis Co-ron/ta Crem/ma Ctes'i-cles Cy-ne/si-i, or Cyn/e- Co-ro’nus *Cre/my-on Cte-sil/o-chus te *Co-ro!pe Crem/my-on, 07 Ctes/i-phon *Cy-ne/te Cte-sip’pus *Cyn-e-te/a Cor-rha/gi-um *Cor-se/a Cor'si Co-ryc Co-ryc Co-ryc Cor!y-cus aT ed Cor’si-a Cor’si-ca Cor!so-te +Cor-su/ra +Cor-to/na Cor-y-ban/tes Cor/y-bas Cor-y-bas’sa Cor/y-bus Crus-tu/mi-um, Crus- tu/nus, and Crus- tur-ne/ni-us Cry/nis *Cryp-te/a Cte/a-tus Ctem/e-ne Cte/nos Cte’si-as Cte-sib/i-us Cra-te/vas Cra/this Cra-ti/nus Cra-tip'pus Crat’y-lus Crau/si-® Cravw/sis Cra-ux/i-das Crem/e-ra Crem/i-des Cyn-«-gi/rus Cy-ne’thi-um Cy-na’ne Cy-na'pes Cyn/a-ra Cy-nax'a Cyn/e-as *Cy-neg’e-tB *Cyn-e-gi/rus tus a e/a Crom/my-on Crem'ni, or Creni’nos Cre-mo/na Cre-mu’ti-us *Cre-na!cus Cre/on Cre-on-ti/a-des Cre-oph/i-lus *Cre-o-phy/lus Cyn-e-thus’sa Cyn/‘i-a Cyn/i-ci *Cyn/i-cus Cy-nis'ca Cy'no Cyn-o-ceph/a-le Cyn-o-ceph/a-li Ctim/e-ne *Ou/cu-fas Cu/la-ro Cu/ma, or Cu’me Cu-nax/a *Cu-ni/na Cu-pa’vo Cu-pen’tus Cor-to/n®& 4) > *Cor-ty/na *Cre-o-po/lus Cu-pi/do Cyn-o-phon’tis Cor-un-ca/nus Cre-pe/ri-us Cu-pi-en’ni us *Cy-nop/o-lis Co/rus *Creph-a-ge-ne/tus Cures Cy-nor’tas Cor-vi/nus Cres Cu-re'tes Cy-nor’ti-on Cy'nos Cyn-o-sar’ges Cyn-os-se’ma Cyn-o-su/Ta Cyn'thi-a Cu-re/tis Cu/ri-a Cu-ri-a’ti-i Cu/ri-o *Cu-ri-o/nes Cre/sa, or Cres’sa +Cres/sas Cre/si-us i-n Cres/si-us } j-des Cres/ton Cu-ri-o-sol!i-te Cyn/thi-us ‘j-us *Cres-to/ne Cwri-um Cyn/thus Cre/sus Cu/ri-us Der-ta/tus Cyn-u-ren/ses . «Ginkare ~ fi xy {Mok PARIS x Pith, Phy Nr Ce Ne —————— Cy'nus Cyp-a-ris'si, or Cyp-a- ris/si-a Cyp-a-ris’sus Cyph/a-ra Cyp-ri-a/nus Cy’prus *Cyp-se'la Cyp-sel/i-des Cyp’se-lus Cy-rau/nis Cy’re Cyr-e-na/i-ca Cyr-e-na/i-ci Cy-re/ne *Cy-res'cha-ta Cy-ri/a-des Cy-ril/lus Cy-ri/nus Cyr’'ne Cyr/nus *Cy-ro-pe-di/a Cyr-re/1 Cyr’rha-de Cyr/rhes +Cyr-rhes'ti-ca Cyr’rhus Cyr-ri-a/na +Cy-rop’o-lis Cyr-si/lus *Cyr’si-lus *Cyr-to/na Cy/rus Cy'ta Cy-te/is Cy-the’ra Cyth-e-re!/a, or Cyth- e-re/a Cyth/e-ris *Cy-the’ris Cy-the’re-us Cy-the/ri-us Cy-the/ron Cy-the‘run Cyth/e-rus Cyth'nos Cy-tin’e-um Cyt-is-so/rus *Cy-to/ri-us Cy-to/rus Cyz-i-ce!ni Cyz/i-cum Cyz/i-cus D. Dal x, or Da/H= Da'ci, or Da/ce Da'ci-a {Da/ci-us Dac’ty-li Dad/i-ce *Da-du/chus Ded/a-la *Ded-a-le/a De-da/li-on Ded/a-lus De'mon *Duem/o-nes *Dem/o-num Da’i Da’i-cles +Dati-des Da‘i-dis Da-im/a-chus Da-im/e-nes Da’i-phron Da-i/ra Dal/di-a *Dal/ma-te Dal-ma’ti-a Dal-ma/ti-us 7Dal/mi-um Dam-a-ge’tus Dam/a-lis *Da-mar/e-tus Da/’mas Dam<-as-ce/na *Dam-as-ce/ne Da-mas'ci-us Da-mas/cus *Da-ma/si-a Dam-a-sic/thon Dam-a-sip’pus Dam-a-sis’tra-tus *[Dam-a-si-thy/mus Ditm-a-sith/y-nus *Dam-a-si/ton Da-mas’tes *Dam/a-sus *Da! me-as Da/mi-a Da-mip’pus Da'mis {Dam-no/ni-i, or Dam/no-rix Da!’mo +Dum-no/ni-1 Dain/o-cles lya-moc’ra-tes Da-moc’ri-ta | Da-moc’/ri-tus *Da-mom/e-les | Da’mon | *Dam-o-ni/cus | Dam-o-phan/tus | Da-moph’i-la | | Da-moph’i-lus \\ Dam/o-phon | | Da-mos'tra-tus Da-mox/e-nus Da-myr/i-as Da’na Dan/‘a-e i: utes rpg Dan/a-i Da-na/i-des Dan/a-la dar/i-dz Dan/don Da-nu/bi-us Da’o-chus *Da‘o-nes Daphne *Daph-ne/us Daph/ne Danpli-ne-pho/ri-a Daph/nis Daph/nus Dar/u-ba *Dar'a-bes +Dar-an-ta/si-a Da/raps Dar'da-ni Dar-da/ni-a Dar-dan/i-des Dar’da-nis Dar’ da-nus *Da-re/i-um Da/res Da-re’tis *Da-re/us, or Da-ri/us Da-ri/a Da-ri/a-ves *Da-ri/cus Da-ri/te Das‘con *Das-cy-le/um *Das-cy-li/tis Das/cy-lus | Da’se-a Da/si-us Das-sar’e-te, or Das- sa-ri/te Das-sa-re/ni, or Das- sa-rit/i-1 Dat'a-mes Dat-a-pher/nes Da'tis Da'tos, or Da’ton | Dau‘lis ; Dau/ni ' | Dau/ni-2 Dau/nus | Dau/ri-fer, or Dau/ri- ses Dav/a-ra *Deb/o-rus *Dec-a-du!chi *De-cap/o-lis De-ceb‘a-lus *Dec-e-le’a De-ce'le-um *Dec-e-li/cum Dec’e-lus De-cem/ vi-ri ' De-ce'ti-a *De-ci-a’tum De-cid/i-us Sax/a *Dec!i-mus De-cin/e-us De/ci-us *Dec/u-ma *Dec-u-ma/tes De-cu/Ti-0 Ded-i-tam/e-nes f ee ete = emir ho eel a Fa re aaaite er. De-ic/o-on es % De-id-a-mi‘a a : 7*De-il/e-on 4 De-il/o-chus De-im/a-chus *De-i/0-ces De-i'o-chus De-i/o-né De-i-o/ne-us De-i-o-pe!i-a2 *De-i-ot/a-russes shes at, a 3 a era ee =f eee a eae pee ET | PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES | D -iph Di-a-du-me-ni-a/nus | Di-os’po-lis *Do-sith’e-us *Eb-ro-i/ces *El-eu-sinus Ep-i-char/mus 1} Hl De-inh’o-be Di-e/us Di-o-ti/me Do-se/nus tE-bu/de B-| usis Ep/i-cles I 1] De-iph’o-bus Di/a-gon, or Di’a- Di-o-ti/mus {Do/son *Eb/u-ra E-leu’ther Ep-i-cli/des ae Deli- Be on gum Di-ot’re-phes Dot/a-das *Eb u-ro E-leu the-re *Ep-ic-ne-mid’i-i De-i-phon‘tes +Di-a-gon’das Di-ox-ip’pe Do'to Eb)-u-ro nes El-eu-the n-a F E-pic/ra-tes De-ip’y-le Di-av/o-ras Di-ox-ip’pus Do/tus *Eb u-ro-vi/ces E-leu-ther-o-cil/i-ces *Ep-i-cre‘ne De-ip’y-lus Di-a'lis Di-px ze Dox-an der Eb ul-sus E-leu-the-ro-la-co nes Ep-ic te/tus | '! De-ip'y-rus Di-al/lus Diph‘i-las | Drac’a-non, or Drac/- Ec-a-me/da *E-Jeu the-rus *Ep-i-cu-re/i Ne i ni/ra Di-a-mas-ti-go’sis | Diph i-lus _o-non Ec- bat/a-na E-| u/tho Ep-i-cu/rus | I! *De ‘0- ces Di-a’na Di-phor'i-das Dra-ca nus Kic-e-chir!i-a, or Es-e- tE-leu/the-ros E-pic’y-des fl De Set n-rus Di-nn/a-sa | Diph/ry-ges ‘Dre 1c'a-nus kir'i-a E-lic/i-us 2 *Ep-i-cy-di ‘des || Del/don tDi-a/ni-um Di-pe ne Dra‘co tE-ce! tra E-li-en/sis, or E-li/a- *Ep-i-di im-ne ‘us | Delica *Di-aph/a-nes tDip’o-lis Dra- con 'ti-de *E-che’e ca Ep-i-dam/nus 1! De-lifa-des Di-a/si-a | Dip’sas ‘Dr ac ‘o-num E-chec’ra-tes, or El-i-me’a Ep- i-daph/ne De‘li-um tDib/i-o ls ‘Dip/y-lum Dra cus I’-kek/ra-tes El-i-pha/si-i Eepiiddutrica De'li-us Di-ce/a : Di're *Dra ho nus *Ech/e-de by! lis: Ep-i-dau/rus | Del-ma’ti-us *Di-ce-ar-che/us Dir'ce : | Dran’ces Ech-e-da!mi-a *E-li/sa tE-pid/i-um | Delsminum * Dj-cw-ar-chi‘a Dir-cen na Dran-gi-a/na 1*Ech-e-da-mi/a E-lis’sa E -pid! i-us 1! Delos Di-ce’us Dir'phi-a Dran-gi na E-chel/a-tus E-lis/sus E D i-do/te | De Ip Hi Di'ce {Dir-phy “ls Dra pes : E-chel’ta *E-lo/ne {-pid‘o-tus HT l'phi-cus | Dic-e-ar/chus Dis-cor’di-a Drep'a-na, or Drep’a- | Ech’e-lus El-lo/pi-a ee taetes 1] De [-phin/i-a | Di-ce/ne-us *Dis'co-rum num E-chem/bro-tus E-Jo/rus E-pig’e-us H Delo 1in/i-um Dic’o-mas *Dis/o-re Drim/a-chus E-che/mon E‘los B-pig’o-ni | Del phus Dic/te Dith-y-ram/bus *Dri-od/o-nes Ech/e-mus E]-pe/nor E-pig/o-nus |] Del-pby’ne Dic-tam/num, or Dic- | *Dit-i-o/nes Dri-op’i-des Ech-e-ne/us El-pi-ni'ce {Ep-i-gra’/ne-a || Del’ta 2 tyn’/na Dit’ta-ni Dri‘os Ech‘e-phron El-u-i/na E-pi/i, or E-pe!i |} *Del-to’ton | Dic-ta’tor TDi/um Droli E-chep/o-lis El’y-ces E-pil/a-ris | Dem/a-des Dic-tid-i-en’ses Div-i-ti‘a-cus *Dro-mach/e-tus *Ech-e-po/lus El-y-ma/is Ep-i-mel’i-des | De-men/e-tus Dic-tyn’/na tDiv-o-du/rum Dro-me/us E-ches’/tra-tus BEI y-Ini E-pim/e-nes || De-mag’o-ras | Dic’tys *Div’/o-na Drop‘i-ci *Ech/e-tla Bl/y-mus Ep-i-men’i-des }| Dem-a-ra'ta | Did/i-us Di'vus Fid/i-us Dro’ pi- -on *Ech/e-tra El/y-rus Ep-i-me’the-us || Dem-a-ra/tus Di/do Di-yl/lus Dru-en'ti-us, or Dru- *Ech/e-tus ‘Eily-sa Ep-i-me’this 1} De-mar’chus Did’y-ma *Di-ze!rus en’ti- a E-chev-e-then/ses E-lys/i-um E-pi’o-chus | Dem-a-re’ta Did-y-mz/us Do-be’res *Dru-ge/ri E-chid/na | E-ma/thi-a ‘-pi/o-ne || Dem-a-ris‘te | Did- -y-ma’on *Do-be’rus Dru! ge-ri Ech-i-do/rus E-ma/thi-on TEp-i-pha‘ne- a || tDe-ma‘tri-a Did/y-me *Doc’i-lis Dru‘i a | E-chin’a-des Em’ba-tum TEp-i-pha-ne fa | \} De/me-a Did/y-mum *Doc-i-me’um Dru-sil/la Liv/i-a E-chi/non Em-bo-li/ma {*Ep-i-pha-ni‘a *De-me/ter Did’y-mus *Doc'i-mus Dru/‘so E-chi/nus E-mer’i-ta | & piph’ fa-nes | |} De-me'tri-a Di-en‘e-ces Do!cle-a Dru’‘sus Ech-i-nus/sa E-mes‘sa, or E-mis’sa | Ep-i-pha/ni-us De-me’tri-as | Di-es’pi-ter Do-do'na Dry'a-des E-chi‘on E-mo/da, or E-mo/dus | +E-pip! o-le | De-me'!tri-t | *Di-ge/na Dod-o-ne/us Dry-an-ti/a-des, or | E-chi-on/i-des *E-mo/!di | E-pi/rns | De’mo Di-gen’ti-a Do-do’ne Dry-an/ti-des E-chi-o'ni-us Em-ped/o-cles | 7E- pis-co- pi/um Dem-o-a-nas/sa *D)-ge’ri Do-don/‘i-des *Dry-an-ti/des *E/chi-us *Em/pe-dus |E oe S ‘tr )-phus 1} Dem-o-ce/des Dig’ma *Do!i-i Dry-me/a *E/cho Em pe-ra’mus E-pit/a-des | '| De-moc)j‘a-res *Di-i-po-li’a Dol-a-bel/la Dry’mo +tEc-no’mos Em- po’clus ‘Ep. i the! I | Dem/o-cles | Di‘i Dol-i-cha‘on *Dry-mo/des | E-des‘sa, on E-de’s Em-po ‘Ti-a *E\p’i-tos | De-moc’o-on Di-mas/sus Dol'i-che Dry’mus E-dis’sa tEm- pe ‘Tri-e 1 Ee pi-um De-moc!ra-tes Di-nar’chus | *Dol’/i-chos *Dry-nem/e-tum | E/don Em-pu/sa Ep’o-na | | De-moc’ri-tus *Din’dy-m: a *Do-li/on Dry'o-pe | *E-do/nes *Em-pyr/i-um | *E pon ‘y-mus | 1} De-mod'i-ce | *Din- dy-m 1e/ne *Do-li‘o-nes Dry-o-p¢ ‘j-a | *Ed‘/o-nes * Ee -nes'i-mus *E =po! pe | || De-mod/o-cus | Din‘ dy-mus *Do-li’o-nis Dry'o-pes E-do/ni En-cel/a-dus E-po/pe-us i} 1} *Dem-o-do/rus | Din/i-a Do’li-us Dry'o-pis, or Dry-op'i- *E-du‘sa | *En-che/le-e2 Ep-o-red/o-rix 1] t| De-mo/le-on Din’‘i-as Dol-o-me‘na da E-dyl/i-us | En’de-is Ep’u-lo i] | De-mo'le-us Din‘i-che *Dol-o-me/ne Dry’ops E-e!ti-on | En-de/ra I.-pyt/i-des ; |} De’mon Di-noch/a-res Do'Jon Dryp/e-tis *E-ca/le-os *En-de/rum Ep‘y-tus |} Dem-o-nas‘sa | Di-noc’ra-tes Do-lon’ci tDu’bis E-gel'i-dus |} En-dym/i-on Eg-ua-jus’ta 1! De-mo/nax Di-nod/o-c hus Dol/o-pes TDu’bris E-ge! rl-a E-ne’ti E-quic’o-lus | Dem-o-ni/ca *Din-o-ge-ti’a Do lo’phi-on Du-ce’ti us E.-ges-a-re/tus | *En/e-ti *E-quir’i-a eit | Dem-o-ni/cus Di-nol’o-chus Do-lo'pi-a Du-il'li-a Bpe-si! nus *i-n-gon/a-sis *Eq/‘ui-tes || Dem-o-phan’tus Di-nom’e-nes *Dol-o-pi’on Du-il/li-us Ne’pos E-ges/ta En-gy/um Eqg-uo-tu’ti-cum |} De-moph/i-lus | Di’non Do'lops Du-lich/i-um *E-ce/ta E-ni-en’/ses Er‘a-con Dem/o-phon | Di-nos’the-nes *Dom-i-du/ca *Du-lop/o-lis Eg-na’ti-a E-ni-o/pe-us E-1:e/a | De-moph/o-on | Di- nos Itra i-tus Dom-i-du/cus Dum/no-rix Eg-na/‘ti-us E-ni'pe-us Er-a se/nus | De-mop’o-lis | 3 ‘Di-o-cws-a re’a Do-min’i-ca Du'nax E-i’on E-nis/pe *Er-a-si/nus | | De’mos Di-o-cle/a Do-mit'i-a *Du‘ra-nus E-i/o nes En/na Er-a-sip’pus | De-mos/the-nes Di‘o-cles Jo-mit-i-a’nus Du-ra/ti-us E-1-0/ne-us, or E-jo/- En/ni-a Er-a-sis/tra-tus | || De-mos’tra-tus Di-o-cle-ti-a'nus Do-mi-til/la *Du/ra-to ne-us En/ni-us Er/a-to *De-mu/chus Di-o-do’rus Do-mit/i-us Du/ri-us *E-i-ze/lus En/no-mus Er-a-tos/the-nes {| Dem/y-lus Di-o/e-tas *Dom-not/i-num *Du-ro-cor’to-rum E}-a-bon/tas En-nos-i-ge!us Er-a-tos/tra-tus |} *Den-se-le/te Di-osc/e-nes *Dom-not'i-nus Du-ro/ni-a E-le’a En/o-pe B-ra’‘tus || De-od/a-tus Di-o-ge’/ni-a Do-na/tus Du-um/vi-ri E-le/us E/nops Er-bes’sus | De-o/is Di-og’e-nus Don-i-Ja’us Dy-a-gon'das *E-le-u-ti’chus E/nos _ TEr-chi/a 1 || tDer’be Di-og-ne/tus Do-nu’ca Dy-ar-den/ses El-a-ga-ba/lus, or El- | En-o-sic/thon Er’e-bus 1 || Der/bi-ces WDer'bi-ces | *De r-bi ‘ces Der’ce *Der- ce’bi- i Der-cen’nus Der’ce-to, or Der'ce- tis Der-cy)/li-das Der-cy)/lus *Der'cy-los Der'cy-nus Der-se’i TDer-tho'na De-ru-si-#/i *Des ‘po- ta | *De-su’da-ba Deane Deu-ce’ti-us Deu! do-rix *Deu-ri’o-pus *Dev'o- na Dex-am/e-ne Dex-am/e-nus Dex-ip’pus Dex-ith/e-a Dex‘i-us Dia Di-ac-o-pe/na *T)j-a-cre/a *Di‘a-cris Di-ac-tur'i-des *Di-a-du/me-nus | | | | | | *Di-o-me/a Di-o-me/da *Di-o/mus Di/on Di-o-ne’a Di-o'ne *Di-on- y-se’ us Di-o-nys’i-a Di-o-ny-si/a-des Di-o- nys/i- is Di-o-nys'‘i-des Di-o-nys-i-o-do’rus Di-o-nys | Di-o-ny-sip’o-lis | Di-o-nys/i-us *Di-o-ny/sus ¥. s/l-on Do-ny/sa Do-rac’te *Di-om-e-de/a *Dor-ce!'a *T)i-om-e-de/w2 Do'res Di-o-me’des +Do’ri Di-o-me'don *Dor’i-ca Dor’i-cus *Dor’i-das Do-ri-en/ses tDo-ri-e/us Dor’i-las Dor-i-la/us Do’ri-on Do’ris Do-ris’cus Do’ri-um Do/ri-us *Do-ros'to-lum Do- ros’to- rum Dor-sen/nus | Di-oph’a-nes Dor’so | Di-o-phan/tus Do/rus | Di-o-pz/nus *Di-o-pi/tes, or *Di-o- | | Di-op/o-lis Di-o'res Dj-o-ryc’tus Di-os-cor/i-des | *Di-os/co-rum | Di-os’co-rus | Di-os-cu/ri | Di-os'pa-ge 13038 pi/thes Do-ry/a-sus Do-ry'clus Dor-y- -le’um, or Dor- Dor-y-la/us *Do-ryph/o-ri Do-rys/sus Dos/ci tDo-si/a-das Do-si/a-des Dy/max Dy-m2’i Dy/mas Dym/nus Dy-nam/e-ne *Dy-nas/te Dy/ras Dy-ras/pes TDy’ris *Dy-ra ‘chi- um ys-ci-ne/tus Dy-so/rum *Dy-so/rus Dys-pon’ti-i i. E/a-NESs E-a/nus E-ar/i-nus E-a/si-um Eb/do-me *Eb/o-da TE’bon TEb/o-ra E-bor/a-cum {1 Eb-o-ra/cum *Eb’o-rum a-gab/a lus *F-la/is E]-a-i'tes E-la‘i-11s EJ-a-phe-bo/li-a El-a-phi-z/a El’/a-phus El-ap-to/ni-us E-la’ra E]-a-te/a I-la/tus *El/a-tus 1-la/ ver E/le-a E-le-a/tes E-lec’tra E-lec/tre E-lec’tri-des E-lec’try-on *El-e-gi/a E-le/i El-e-le/us E/le-on E-le-on/tum *E]-e-phan/ti-ne El-e-phan/tis El-e-phan-toph‘a-gi *E)-e-phan-to-the/re El-e-phe/nor El-e-po/rus *El-eu-chi/a B’le-us E]-eu-sin/i-a nol ote tz En-tel/la En-tel/lus ¢-ny-a‘li-us *E-pen/e-tus E-pa/ gris E-pam-i-non/das *Ep-an-te/li-i E-paph-ro-di’tus Ep/a-phus Ep-as-nac’tus E-peb/o-lus E-pe’i *Ep-e-tri/mi E-pe’us *E-phe/bi Eph/e-sus Eph/e-te E/ph-i-al/tes Eph/o-ri Eph/o-rus *Eph/ra-ta Eph’y- *Eph/y-re *]p-i-ca/rus Ep-i-cas/te Ep-i-cer/i-des Ep-i-cha/i-des E-pich’a-ris E-re/tum *Er-gan‘i-ca Er’gi-as Er-gi‘/nus Er-gin‘nus Er- i-bee/a *Br-i-ca/tes * Wr-i-ce/a Er-i-ce‘tes E-rich‘tho Ey ich-thoi-ws Er-j-cin/i-um Er-i-cxu‘sa E-rid’/a-nus *Er-ig-du’pus E-rig/o-ne } E-rig-o-ne/i-us B-rig'o-nus BE E E E-re/mus E E I *Er-ech-the/um -rech’the-us | Er-ech-thi'de | -rech’thi-des -rem/bi r-e-ne/a “res'sa re’sus ‘Er! e-SUus, or E-res‘sus E-re'tri-a . 4~ Er-eu-tha’li-on Er’ga-ne Er-geh/na * Er-i-bo’tes ‘alPRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN | Er-i-gy/us | B-ril/lus | B-rin'des {| *B-rin/e-os B-rin’na E-rin/nys E-ri/o-pis E-riph/a-nis )-riph/i-das | Er-i-phy/le | B/ris Br-i-sich/thon | | Er/i-thus 1] B-rix/o || B-ro/chus | | E-ro/pus, and Zir/o- 1 pas || B/ros! . || B-ros'/tra-tus | *B-ro/ti-a Rir-ru/ca I | {E-ry/a-lus | E-ryb/i-um Er-y-cl’na Er-y-man’this Iir-y-man/thus * Er/y-mus *Er-ys-the/a | Br-y-the/a *Er-y-thi/a Er-y-thi/ni {Er-y-the’/um | Er’y-thra *B-ryth-ra-bo/lus | Er’y-thre | Br/y-thras E-ryth/ri-on B-ryth/ros B/ryx E-ryx/o E-ser’nus Es-quil/i-e, and Es- qui-li/nus Es-sed/o-nes Es/Se-nes Bs/su-i { Es-ti-e-o/ tis Es-ti-ai/a Bs/u-la -te-ar/chus E-te/o-cles E-te/o-clus Et-e-o-cre/te [é-te/o-nes E.-te-o/ne-us I-te-o-ni/cus *-te-o/nus B-te/si-e E-tha/li-on E-the/Je-um *}-the/lus E-the/mon Eth/o-da E/ti-as E’tis B-tru/ri-a + B-trus/ci Et’y-lus Eu/ba-ges Eu-ba/tas Bu/bi-us Bu-be/a Eu-bo/i-cus Eu/bo-te Bu/bo-tes Bu-bu/le Eu-bu'li-des Bu-bu/lus Bu-ce/rus Eu-che/nor Bu' chi-des Eu-cli‘des Eu/clus Eu/cra-te Eu/cra-tes Bu/cri-tus Buc-te/mon EBuc-tre/si-i Pu-de/mon Eu-dam/i-das Bu/da-mus, o7 *Eu- da/mus Bu-de/mus Eu-do/ci-a Bu-doe/i-mus fu-do/ra Bu-do/rus Bu-dox/i-a Bu-dox/us *Bn-el-gela Bu-e-mer/i-das is * Bu-es/pe-ris Bu-ga/ne-i Eu-ge’ni-a +Bu-ge/ni-um Bu-ge/ni-us Khu! ge-on *Eu-gi/a Eu-hem/e-rus *Eu/hy-dra Bu/hy-drum Bu/hy-us Eu-Jim/e-ne Bu-ma/chi-us Eu-me/us *Bu-ma/ras *Bu-me/ces Eu-me/des Eu-me'lis jEu-me'Jus, Admetus) Eu/me-lus Eu/me-nes Eu-me/ni-a, (a female) *Bu-me-ni/a, (a city) Eu-men/i-des Eu-me-nid/i a Eu-me/ni-us Eu-mol/pe Eu-mol/pi-de Eu-mol/pus Eu-mon/i-des * Eu'ne-os Eu-ne/us S1i-na/pi-us *Eu-ni/ce *Bu-no’mi-a Eu/no-mus *Bu-nu/chus Eu/nus *Eu/o-dus t+ Eu-on/y-mos Bu/o-ras Eu-pa/gi-um Eu-pal/a-mon *Eu-pal/a-mos Eu-pal/a-mus Eu! pa-tor Bu-pa-to/ri-a * Hu-pat/o-ris Eu-pei/thes Eu/pha-es Eu-phan/tus Eu-phe/me Eu-phe/mus Eu-phor/bus Eu-pho/ri-on tEu-phra/nor Eu-phra/tes Bu/phron Eu-phros’y-ne *Eu-pi/thes Eu-ple/a, or Eu-ple’/a Eu/po-lis *Bu-po/lus Eu-pom/pus Bu-ri-a-nas/sa Eu-rip/i-des Bu-ri/pus *Bu-ro-aq/ui-lo *Bu-roc/ly-don Eu-ro/mus *Eu-ron/o-tus Eu-ro/pa Bu-ro-pe/us Eu/rops *Bu-ro/pus Eu-ro’tas Bu-ro/to *Eu-ro/us Bu/rus Bu-ry/a-le Bu-ry/a-lus Bu-ryb/a-tes Bu-ryb/i-a Bu-ry-bi/a-des Eu-ryb/i-us *Bu-ryb/o-tus Bu-ry-cle/a Eu/ry-cles Bu-ry-cli/des Bu-ryc/ra-tes Bu-ry-crat/i-das Bu-ryd/a-mas Bu-ryd/a-me Bu-ry-dam/i-das Eu-ryd/i-ce *Bu-ry-e/lus Bu-ry-ga/ni-a *Bu-ryl/e-on Eu-ry]/o-chus Bu-rym/a-chus Bu-rym/e-de Eu-rym/e-don Bu-rym/e-nes EBu-ryn/o-me Bu-ryn/o-mus (son of Eu-ry/o-ne Eu/ry-pon *Bu-ry-pon/ti-de Eu-ryp/y-le Eu-ryp/y-lus Eu-rys’the-nes Bu-rys-then/i-de Eu-rys/the-us Bu/ry-te Bu-ryt/e-e2 Eu-ryt/e-le {Eu-ry-the’mis Bu-ryth/i-on, and Eu- ryt/i-on Bu/ry-tis Eu/ry-tus *Eu/se-bes *Bu-se!bi-a, (a woman) *Bu-se-bi/a, (@ city near Mt. Taurus) Eu-se/bi-us *En-sem/a-ta Eu’se-pus Bu-sta/thi-us Eu-sto/li-a Eu-sto’li-us Bu-te/a Bu-tel/i-das Eu-ter’pe Eu-tha/li-a Eu-tha/li-us *Bu-the/ne Eu-thyc/ra-tes Bu-thy-de/mus Bu-thy/mus *Bu-thyn/o-us u-trap/e-lus *Bu-tre/’sis Eu-tro/pi-a EBu-tro/pi-us Eu/ty-ches Eu-tych’i-de Bu-tych/i-des *Eu/ty-chus Eux-an/thi-us Bux’e-nus Eux-i/nus Pon/tus *Eux-ip/pe *Eux-yu/the-tus BE-vad/ne Ev/a-ges *Bv/a-gon E-vag/o-ras E-vag/o-re E/van B-van/der . B-van!/ge-lus Ev-an-gor/i-des E-van/thes E-var/chus E/vas B/vax E-vel’thon -vem/e-rus *B-ve nor E-ve/nus Ey-e-phe/nus Ev/e-res I-ver! ge-te Ei-ver! ge-tes +Ev-es-per/i des Is-vip!/pe B-vip/pus Ex-a/di-us Ex-e/thes Ix-ag’o-nus *Bx-om/a-te Ex-om/a-tre *Ex-quil/i-a F. +FA-BaA/RI-A Fab/a-ris Fa/bi-a Fa-bi-a/ni Fa/bi-i Fa’bi-us Fab-ra-te’ri-a Fa-bric/i-us Fa-bul/la +fa-cel/i-na *ac-e-li/na Fa/dus Fes/u-le Fal-cid/i-a +Fa-le/ri-a Fa-le’ri-i Fal-e-ri/na Fa-ler’nus Fa-lis/ci Fa-lis’cus Fa/ina Fan/ni-a Fan/ni-i Fan/ni-us Far/fa-rus *Par!si-na Fas'ce-lis Fas-cel/li-na *}"'q-tic/a-nus Fau-cu/la Fau/la Fau/na Fau-na/li-a Fau/ni Fau/nus Faus/ta Faus-ti/na *Faus-ti/nus Faus’ti-tas Faus/tu-lus Faus/tus Fa-ven/ti-a Fa-ve/ri-a Fa/vo tKay-o-ri/nus Feb/ru-a Fe-ci-a/les Pel/ei-nas *Pe-lic/i-tas *Fel/si-na Fen-es-tel/la +Fen/ni Fe-ra/li-a Fer-en-ti/num Fe-ren/tum, or tFo- ren/tum Fe-re/tri-us Fe-ro/ni-a Fes-cen/ni-a *Fes-cen-ni/nus tFes/cu-le Fes/tus Fi-bre/nus Fi-cul/ne-a Fi-de’na, or Fi-de/ne +*Fid-e-na/tes Fi-den/ti-a *Fjid-en-ti/nus Fi/des Fi-dic/u-le Fim/bri-a Fir/mi-us Fis-cel/lus Flac/cus Fla-cel/li-a Fla-cil/la Fla-cil/la As/li-a *i}am/i-nes Fla-min/i-a Fla-min/i-us, or Flam- i-ni/nus Fla/vi-a Fla-vi-a/num *Fla-vina Fla-vin/i-a Fla-vi-ob/ri-ga Fla/vi-us *Pla-vo/na Flo’ra Flo-ra/li-a *Flo-ra/lis +Flo-ren/ti-a Flo-ri-a/nus Flo/rus Flu-o/ni-a Fo/li-a *Fon-ta/nus Fon-te/i-a Fon-te/i-us Cap/i-to For/mi-®& For-mi-a/num For/nax For-tu/na For/u-li Fo/rum Ap/pi-i Fran/ci Fre-gel’la Fre-ge/ne Fren-ta/ni Frig/i-dus Fris/i-i Fron/ti-nus *Fron-ti/nus Fron'to Fru/si-no Fu-ci/na Fu-ci/nus *Fu/ci-nus Fu-fid/i-us Fu/fi-us Gem/i-nus +Fu-ga/li-a Ful-gi-na/tes Ful-gi/nus Ful/li-num, and Ful- Ful/vi-a [gi/num Ful/vi-us PROPER NAMES. Fun-da/nus Fun/di Fu/ri-a Fu/ri-2 Fu’/ri-i Fu-ri/na Fu-ri/ne Fu/ri-us Fur’/ni-us Fus/cus *Fus-ci/na Fu/si-a Fu/si-us G. Gap! sa-LES *Gab/a-lus *Gab/a-rus *Gab/a-za Ga-be’/ne, and Ga-bi e/ne Ga-bi-e/nus Ga/bi-1 Ga-bi/na Ga-bin/i-a Ga-bin-i-a/nus Ga-bin/i-us *Ga-bi/nus *Gad/a-ra Ga'des, and ¢Ga-di'ra Gad-i-ta/nus Ge-sa'te *Gre-tuli Ge-tu/li-a Ge-tu/li-cus Ga-la’bri-i Gal-ac-toph/a-gi Ga-le/sus Ga-lan’this Gal’a-ta Gal/a-te Gal-a-te!a, and Gal-a- the/a *Gal-a-te/a Ga-la/ti-a Ga-lax/i-a Gal/ba *Gal/bu-la Ga-le/nus Ga-le’o-lxe *Ga-le-o/te Ga-le/ri-a Ga-le/ri-us Ga-le/sus Gal-i-le/a Ga-lin-thi-a!di-a Gal/li Gal’li-a Gal-li-ca/nus *Gal-lic/i-nus *Gal/li-cus Gal-li-e/nus Gal-li-na/ri-a Gal-lip‘o-lis *Gal-li/ta Gal-lo-grie’/ci-a Gal-lo/ni-us Gal/lus Ga-max/us *Gam-bre/um Ga-me'li-a Gan-da-ri/te Gan/ga-ma Gan-gar/i-de *Gan-gar'i-des Gan/ges *Gan-ge'tis Gan-nas/cus Gan-y-me/de Gan-y-me/des *Ga-ret/i-cum Gar-a-man/tes Gar-a-man/tis Gar’a-mas Gar/a-tas Ga-re/a-te Ga-re-ath/y-ra Gar-ga/nus Gar-ga’phi-a Gar’ ga-ra *Gar-gar’i-d@ Gar’ ga-ris +Gar’ ga-rus *Gar-get/tus Gar-git/ti-us Ga-ril/i-us *Ga-ri/tes Ga-rum/na Gas/tron *Ga/the-# Ga-tho’a-tas +*Gau-ga-me'la Gau/lus, or Gau/le-on *Gau-ra/nus Gau/rus Ga/us, or Galos *Ga-zo/rus Ge ben/na *Ge-dro/si Ge-dro/si-a Ge-ga/ni-l Ge'Ja Ge-la/nor Ge)'li-a Gel’li-as Gelli-us Ge'lo, or Ge/lon *Gel!0-i t*Ge-lo!i Gel/o-nes, or Ge-lo/ni Ge'los *Gem/i-ni Ge-min/i-us Gem/i-nus *Ge-mi/nus Ge-na‘/bum Ge-nau/ni *Ge-ne/tes Ge-ne/va *Gen/e-va TGe-ne/va, or 1Ge- na/va Ge-ni/sus Ge/ni-us *Gen-na/i-des *Ge-no/ni Gen/se-ric Gen/ti-us Gen/u-a Ge-nu/ci-us 71 Ge-nu/rus Ge-nu/sus *Gen/u-sus Ge-nu’ti-a *Gen’y-sus *Ge-om/o-ri Ge-or' gi-ca Ge-phy/ra Ge-phyr/e-1 *Geph-y-re!t *Ge-phy/res *Geph-y-ro’te *Gep/i-de Ge-res/tus *Ger-a-ne/a Ge-ra’ni-a Ge-ran/thre *Ger/a-sa *Ge-re/a Ge-res‘ti-cus Ger! gi-thum Ger-go'bi-a Ge’ri-on Ger-ma/ni-a *Ger-man-i-ci/a Ger-man/i-cus Ger-ma/ni-i *Ger-ma/nus *Ger-on-te/us Ge-ron’thre Ger/rhe Ge’rus, and Ger/rhus Ge/ry-on, and Ge-ry'- o-nes *Ge-sith’o-us Ges/sa-t& +Ges-so-ri/a- cum Ges'sos Ges'sus Ge'ta Ge'te *Ge-thos'y-ne *Geth-sem/a-ni *Get/i-cus Ge-tu/li-a Gi-gan/tes *Gig-an-teus Gi-gar/tum Gi'gis *Gi-go/nus Gil/do xil/lo Gin-da!nes Gin’des Gin'ge Gin-gu/num Gip/pi-us Gis/co GJa-di-a-to’r-i Lu‘di *Glan-do-me/rum Gla/nis Gla‘num Glaph/y-re, and Glaph/y-ra Glaphly-rus Glau!ce Glau!ci-a Glau-cip’pe Glau-cip/pus Glau‘con xlau-con’o-me } Glau-co’ pis Glau/cus Glau/ti-as Gli’con Glis’/sas Glyc’e-ra Gly-ce/ri-um Gly’con Glym’pes Gni/dus Gnos/si-a, or Gnos sis Gnos/sus Gob-a-nit’i-o Go!’bar Gob/a-res Gol! gi *Gom/0-ra Gom/phi Go-na’tas Go-ni/a-des Go-nip/pus Gon’nl Go-nees'sa Go-nus/sa Gor-di-a/nus *Gor-di-e/um *Gor-di-u-co/mon Gor! di-um Gor’di-us *Gor-di-u-ti/chus Gor-ga/sus Gor’ ge Gor’ gi-as Gor! go Gor’ go-nes *Gor-go/ne-us Gor-go!ni-a Gor-go'/ni-us Gor-goph/o-ne Gor-goph/o-ra *Gor-go/pis Gor'gus Gor-gyth'i-on Gor’tu-# Gor'tyn, Gor'tys, or Gor-ty/na Gor-tyn/i-a *Go-tho/nes TGo/thi Got'thi Grac’/chus Gra-di/vus Grie'/ci Gre'ci-a Gre/ci-a Mag/na Gre-ci/nus *Gre-cos/ta-sis Gre/cus Gra/‘i-us *Gra-ju/ gene Gra-ni/cus Gra/ni-us *Gra-te’e In/su-le Gra'ti-e Gra-ti-a/nus Gra-tid/i-a Gra/ti-on Gra/ti-us Gra! vi-i Gra-vis/ce Gra! vi-us Gre-go/ri-us Grin’nes *Gro-ne/a Gros’ phus Gryl/lus Gry-ne/um Gry-ne/us Gry-ni/um *Gy/a-ra Gy/a-rus, and Gy'a-ros Gy/ge Gy/ges, or Gy’es *Gyl-a-ce/a Gy-lip’pus Gym-na/si-a Gym-na/si-um Gyn-ne’si-® Gym/‘ne-tes *Gym-ne/tes *Gym-no-pai-di/a Gym-nos-o-phis'te Gy-ne/ce-as Gy-ne-co-the’/nas Gyn/des *Gyr-to/na Gy-the/um | | Gna'ti-a |ei af SF “ cm Si alae ~ ere a | ae ie ee + —— wee hac Ha-dri-a-nop/o-lis Ha-dri-a‘nus Ha-dri-at/i-cum *Had-y-le’um He’mon He-mo/ni-a *Hem/o-nis He’/mus Ha/ges Hag-nag/o-ra Hag’no Ha-Je/sus, and Ha-le/- sus Hal/a-la Hal-cy/o-ne tHa-len/tum +*Hal/e-sa tHa-le/sa Ha-le’si-us * Ha-le’sus Ha’li-a Ha-li-ac/mon *Ha-li-ac’e-tus Ha-li-ar’tus *Hal-i-car-nas/se-us Hal-i-car-nas/sus Ha-lic’y-e Ha-li‘e-is Ha-lim/‘e-de Hal-ir-rho’/ti-us Hal-i-ther’sus *Ha-li/um Ha‘li-us Hal-i-zo/nes *Hal-mo’nes Hal’mus Hal-my-des’sus *Hal/my-ris *Hal-mny-ro/tes *Ha-lo/a Ha-loc/ra-tes Ha-lo’ne Hal-on-ne’sus Ha-lo‘ti-a Ha-lo‘tus Ha/‘lus Ha-ly-2/tus Ha-ly-at’tes tHa-ly’cus Ha/lys Ha-lyz/i-a Ham-a-dry’a-des * Ha-mad/ry-as *Haim-ar-to/lus Ha-max’i-a *Ha-max’i-tus *Ham-ax-o'bi-i Ha-mil’/car Ha-mil/lus Ham’mon Han/nt-bal Har’ca-lo Har-ma-te'li-a Har'ma-tris *Har’ma-tus *Har-men-o-pu/lus Har-mo/di-us Har-mo/ni-a Har-mon’‘i-des *Har-mos/y-ni *Har’mo-zon *Har-pa/gi-a *Har-pag/i-des Har’ pa-gus Har-pal/i-ce Har-pa/li-on Har’pa-lus Har-pal/y-ce Har-pal/y-cus Har’pa-sa Har’pa-sus Har-poc’ra-tes *Har-py/i-a Har-py/i-e +ffar'u-des *Ha-ru/des Ha-rus‘pex *Has-by’te Has/dru-bal Ha-te’ri-us Haus/ta-nes * He-au-ton-ti-mo-ru!- me-nos Heb/do-le *Heb/do-me He‘be He-be/sus *Heb/ri-nus *He-brom/a-gum *iie-brom/a-nus Hec-a-te/us Hec’/a-te Hec-a-te’si-a tHec/a-to Hec-a-tom-bo/i-a Hec-a-tom-pho/ni-a Hec-a-tom/po-lis Hec-a-tom’py-los * Hec-a-tom'py-lus *Hec-a-ton-ne/sl *Hec-te/ne Hec’tor Hec/u-ba *Hec'y-ra Hed/i-la + Hed-o-n#2’um *Hed/‘u-es Hed/u-i *Hed’y-lus He-dy m/e-les He-gel/o-clius He-ge/mon Heg-e-si/a-nax He-ge’si-as Heg-e-sil‘o-chus Heg-e-sin/o-us Heg-e-si/nus Heg-e-sip’pus Heg-e-sip’y-le Heg-e-sis/tra-tus Heg-e-syp’e-le Heg-e-tor’/i-des Hel’e-na He-le/ni-a * Hel-e-ni/us He-le/nor Hel/e-nus * He’/le-on He-ler’ni Lu/cus tHe'les, or tHa'les *He'li-a He-li’a-des He-li-as'te Hel-i-ca/on Hel’i-ce Hel/i-con Hel-i-co-ni/a-des Hel-i-co/nis *Hel]-i-me'na *Hel/i-mus He-li-o-do’rus He-li-o-gab/a-lus * He-li-o-ga-ba‘lus He-li-op/o-lis He-lis‘son *He-li‘um He‘li-us He-lix/us * Hel a-da Hel-lan‘i-ce Hel-lan’i-cus Hel-la-noc’ra-tes *Hel-la-nod/i-ce Hel/las Hel/le Hel/len Hel-le’nes Hel-les-pon’tus *Hel/lo-pes He}-lo’pi-a Hel-lo’ti-a He-lo’ris He-lo/rum, and He-lo/rus Helos He-lo/te, and He-lo’tes Heum Hel-ve'ti-a Hel-ve'ti-i *Hel-ve/tum Hel/vi-a tHel-vid/i-a Hel’ vi-i tHel-vil‘lum Hel-vi'na Hel/vi-us Cin’na Hel/y-mus He-ma’thi-on *Hem-e-ros-co-pi/um *He-mic/y-nes He-mith/e-a *He-mo/dus He/mon *He-mo’na He/mus Hen/e-ti He-ni/o-chi *He-ni-o-chi’/a | He-phes'ti-a | *Heph-es-ti/a *Hep-tap/o-rus Hep-tap’y-los *Hep-ta-yd/a-ta He’ra Her-a-cle’a Her-a-cle/i-a *Her’a-cles He-rac/le-um He-rac-le-o/tes Her-a-cli'de Her-a-cli’des Her-a-cli/dis Her-a-cli/tus He-rac/li-us *Her-a-cli/us He-re/a He-re'um *Her-be’sus Her-bes‘sus tHer-bi‘ta Her-ce’i-us * Her-ce/us Her-cu-la/ne-um * Her-cu-la’ne-us Her’cu-les Her-cu/le-um Her-cu‘le-us Her-cy/na Her-cyn/‘i-a *Her-cyn‘i-us Her-do’ni-a Her-do/ni-us He!re-a *He-re/a He-ren/ni-us Se-ne!- cl-O He’re-us He-ril/lus Her’i-lus *He-ri/us, and *He’ri- us Her’ma-chus Her/me Her-me/a Her-me2/um Her-mag’o-ras +Her-man/di-ca Her-man-dw’ ri Her-man/ni Her-maph-ro-di/tus tHer’mas Her-ma-the’na Her-me/as Her-me’i-as Her’mes Her-me-si/a-nax Her-mi/as Her-min/i-us Her-mi/o-ne *Her-mi/o-nes Her-mi-o'’nLe Her-mi-on/i-cus Si/nus *Her-mi’o-nis Her-mip’pus *Her-mo-cop’i-de Her-moc/ra-tes Her-mo-do’rus Her-mog’e-nes Her-mo-la’us *Her-mo/nax *Her-mon/do-ri tHer-mop’o-lis Her-mo-ti/mus Her-mun-du/ri Her’mnus Her’ni-ci He’ro He-ro/des He-ro-di-a/nus He-rod‘i-cus * Her-o-di/um He-rod/o-tus *Her-o-du’lus Her’o-es t*He-ro/es He-ro/is He’ron He-roph/i-la * He-roph‘i-le He-roph‘i-lus He-ros’tra-tus Her’pa Her’se Her-sil/i-a Her/tha, and Her'ta Her’ u-li *Her/u-lus He-se/nus He-si/o-dus He-si/o-ne Hes'ti-a tHes-ti/a Hes-ti-v/a *Hes-ti-o/nes He/sus He-sych/i-a He-sych/i-us He-tric/u-lum He-tru/ri-a Heu-rip’pa™ Hex-ap/y-lum tHi-ar'bas, or I ar/bas Hi-ber/ni-a, and Hy- ber/ni-a *Hi-be/rus Hi-bril/des Hic-e-ta/on I*Hic/e-tas Hi-emp/sal “*Hi’e-ra, (an island) 1*Hi-e’ra, or I-w/ra, (a person) 1*Hi-e-ra-co’me Hi-e-rap/o-lis Hi/e-rax *Hi’e-ri *Hi-er’i-chus Hi‘e-ro Hi-e-ro-ce’ pi-a *Hi-e-ro-ce! pis Hi-er’o-cles *Hi-e-ro-ces-a-re/a *Hi-e-ro-du/li Hi-e-ro-du/lum * Hi-e-ro-ke/ryx }Hi-er-om-ne’mon *Hi-er-om-nem/o-nes Hi-e-ro-ne/sos Hi-e-ron/i-ca (Lex) * Hi-e-ro-ni'ce Hi-er-o-ni'ces Hi-e-ron/i-cus Hi-e-ron/y-mus Hi-e-roph/i-lus Hi-e-ro-sol/y-ma *Hi-gi/nus Hig-na‘ti-a Vi/a Hi-la/ri-a Hi-la/ri-us * Hi-mian-top’o-des Hi-mel‘la Hitn’e-ra Hi-mil/co Hip-pag’o-ras *Hip-pag/re-tus Hip-pal/ci-mus Hip’pa-lus Hip-par/chi-a Hip-par’/chus Hip-pa-ri/nus Hip-pa’ri-on *Hip!pa-ris Hip’pa-sus Hip’ pe-us Hip'pi Hip'pi-a Hip’ pi-as Hip’pis Hip/pi-us Hip’po Hip-pob/o-tes * Hip-pob’o-tum Hip-pob/o-tus Hip-po-cen-tau/ri * Hip-po-co’/me Hip-poc’o-on Hip-po-co-rys‘tes tHip-poc’ra-te Hip-poc’ra-tes Hip-po-cra’ti-a Hip-po-cre/ne Hip-pod/a-mas Hip-pod’a-me,and Hip- po-da-mi/a Hip-pod/a-mus Hip-pod’‘i-ce * Hip-po-do/rus Hip-pod’ro-mus Hip’po-Ja Hip-pol/o-chus Hip-pol’y-te Hip-pol’/y-tus Hip-pom/a-chus Hip-pom/e-don tHip-pom-e-du/sa Hip-pom/e-ne Hip-pom/e-nes Hip-po-mol/¢i Hip'pon, and Hip’po | Hip-po/na Hip-pop/o-des Hip-pos'tra-tus Hip-pot/a-des Hip'po-tas, or Hip’po- tes Hip-poth/o-e Hip-poth/o-on Hip-poth-o-on/tis Hip poth/o-us Hip-po/ti-on *Hip-po-tox/o-te Hip-pu/ris *Hip-pu/rus Hip/pus Hip'si-des Hi/ra Hir-pi/ni Hir-pi/nus Hir’ti-a (Lex) Hir’ti-us Au/‘lus Hir’tus His’bon tHis’pa-lis His-pa’ni-a *His-pa/nus His-pel/lum His'po His-pul/la His-tas/pes His/ter Pa-cu/vi-us His-ti-w/a His-ti-wz’o-tis His-ti-z’us His’tri-a Ho'di-us *Hol-mi’um Hol’o-cron *Hom-e-re/us *Ho-mer’i-de +Ho-me-ro-mas’tix * Ho-me-ro-mas-ti/ges Ho-me’rus *Ho-mi'le Hom/o-le Ho-mo’le-a Hom-o-lip’pus Hom-o-lo‘i-des Ho-mon-a-den/‘ses *Hom-o-ti/mi tHo’nor Ho-no’ri-us *Ho-ple/tes Hy‘ra Ho-rac/i-tz Ho!re Hor-a-pol’lo tHo-ra/‘ti-a Ho-ra/‘ti-us Hor'ci-as *Ho-ri/zon Hor-mis/das Hor-ra’/tus tHor'ta Hor-ten/si-a Hor-ten’si-us Hor-ti/num Hor-to/na Ho/rus Hos-til/i-a Hos-til/i-us Hun-ne-ri/cus tHun‘ni, or Hun-ni/a- des i Hy-a-cin’thi-a Hy-a-cin/thus Hy’a-des Hy-ag/nis Hy/a-la *Hy'a-le *Hy-a-me/a *Ily-am-pe/a Hy-am/po-lis Hy-an’thes Hy-an/tis *Hy-a-pe/a Hy-ar’bi-ta * Hy-ar-bi'ta Hy/as * Hy b’e-la Hy'bla Iiy-bre’as, or Hyb‘re- as Hy-bri‘a-nes Hyc‘ca-ra Hy/da, and Hy’de Hyd/a-ra. Hy-dar’nes | Hy-das’pes Hy'dra | Hy-dra/mi-a } Hy-dru/sa Hy’e-la *Hy’e-le Hy-emp/sal Hy-et’tus *Hy-ge/a Hy-ge/i-a Hy-gi‘a-na Hy-gi'nus Hy‘la Hy-lac/i-des Hy-lac’tor Hy‘le *Hy-le/a Hy-le’us Hy‘las Hy‘lax Hyl/i-as Hyl-la/i-cus Hyl/lus Hy-lon‘o-me Hy-loph/a-gi Hym-e-ne’us, and Hy’/men Hy-met’tus *Hy-o'pe | Hy-px’pa Hy-pe’si-a | Hyp/’a-nis Hyp-a-ri/nus *Hyp/a-ta Hy-pa’tes Hyp‘a-tha *Flyp‘a-tus Hy-pe/nor Hyp-e-ra/on *Hy-per’ba-tus Hy-per’bi-us Hyp-er-bo’re-i | Hy-pe‘re-a, and Hy pe/ri-a Hyp-e-re/si-a *Hyp-e-ri/a Hy-per’i-des Hy-pe-ri‘on Hyp-e-ri‘on Hy p-erm-nes’tra Hy-per’o-chus Hyp-er-och/i-des Hy-phe/us *Hyph-an-te/on *Hyp-o-the’be * Hy p-o-the/cwe Hyp/sa Hyp-se/a *Hyp-se'la Hyp-se/nor Hyp-se/us Hyp-si-cra-te/a Hyp-sic’ra-tes Hyp-sip’y-le Hyr-ca‘ni-a Hyr-ca’num Ma’re Hyr-ca/nus Hyr’i-a *Hyr’i-e Hy-ri’e-us, and Hyr'e- us Hyr-mi/na *Hyr-mi’ne Hyr/ne-to, and Hyr‘ne- tho Hyr-nith/i-um Hyr/ta-cus Hys/i-a Hys’pa Hys/sus, and Hys’/si Hys-tas’pes Hys-ti-e/us Ife Ta [-ac/chus I-a/der [-a-le/mus *]-al/me-nus J-al/y-sus I-ami/be I-am/bli-cus I-am/e-nus I-am/i-de I-a-ni/ra I-an/the I-an/the-a *J-an-the/a PRONUNCIATION OF- GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. He’brus | Heph-ws-ti/a-des *He-si'o-nes T*Hip-po/nax Hyd-ra-o'tes *I-a/on *He-bu/des He-phes'ti-i Hes-pe/ri-a Hip-po-ni/a-tes *Hyd/re-a *I-a/o-nes H Hec’a-le He-phes'ti-o Hes-per’i-des *Hip-po-ni‘cus *Hy-dre'la I-ap-e-ran/i-des ® Hec-a-_le/si-a He-phes’ti-on Hes’ pe-ris Hip-po/ni-um Hy-droch/o-us I-a-pet/i-des Hec-a-me'do Hep-ta-pho/nos tHes-pe-ri'tis Hip-pon/o-us Hy-dro-pho’ri-a {L-ap-e-ti-on’i-des HWialsrs +Hec/a-te Hep-tap/o-lis Hes/pé-rus *Hip-poph/a-gi Hy/drus I-ap’e-tus L-a’pis *]-ap/o-des tl-a-pyd’i-a *I-a-py’ges I-a-pyg/i-a [-a'pyx I-ar/bas *[-ar-bi’/ta I-ar'chas, and Jar! chias T-ar/da-nus I-as/i-des J-a‘si-on, and J-a/si us *T-a'sis I/a-sus *[-ax-am/a-te Tl ax/ar-tes I-be’ri I-be'ri-a *I-ber’i-cus I-be/rus I'bie I'bis Ib/y-cus I-ca’ri-a I ca/ri-us Ic/a-rus Ic/ci-us Ic’e-los *Ic’e-lus I-ce’ni Ic’e-tas Ich’/n& *Ich-nob/a-tes [ch-nu/sa Ich-o-nu/phis Ich-thy-oph/a-gi Ich/thys I-cil/i-us Ic/i-us tl-co/ni-um I’cos [c-ti/nus tl-da‘lis, or *Id/a-lis Id/a-lus Id-an-thyr’sus I-dar’nes I'das Id/e-a *[-de'ra I-des’sa tI’dex ,{ L-dis-ta-vi/sus Id/mon I-dom’‘e-ne I-dom-e-ne/us, or tI-dom/e-neus I-da'the-a I-dri‘e-us I-du/be-da I-du/me,and Id-u-me/a I-dy/a I-dy’i-a [-e/te Ig'e-ni [g-na’ti-us *Ig-ne'tes tl-gu/vi-um Il-a-i/ra Il’/ba *Il-e-a/tes [l-e-ca‘o-nes, and Il-6 ca-o-nen/ses T-ler’da *I]-er-ge'tes Il'ji-a, or Rhe/a I-li/a-ci Lu/di [-lifa-cus I-li/a-des [}/i-as tll-i-en/ses I\/i-on J-]i/o-ne [-i-o'ne-us, o7 {fI-li‘o- neus Llis/sus [-lith-y-i'a, or *I-thy/- 1-a Tl/i-um, ov I}/i-on *]}-lib/a-nus I]-lib’e-ris Il-lip'u-la Il-li-tur’gis I-lyr/i-cum, II/ly-ris, and Il-lyr'i-a Il-lyr/i-cus Si/nus 1810PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Il-lyr/i-us Tl/u-a ‘lus *[l-ur-ge/a I-lyr’ gis j-man-u-en’tl-us *]-ma/on Im/a-us Iim/ba-rus Im_-brac/i-des Inm-bras/i-des Im’ bra-sus Im‘/bre-us Im/bri-us Im-briv/i-um fin/bros *[m/o-la In/a-chi [-na/chi-a I-nach/i-de [-nach/i-des I-na/chi-uin In/a-chus [-nam/a-mes [-nar/i-me In‘a-rus In-ci-ta’tus {n-da-thyr’sus In/di-a tI n-dib/i-lis *[n/di-cus In-dig/e-tes *In-di-ge’tes, (apeople) In-dig/e-tl In‘dus *In-gev/o-nes *[n-ne/sa I’no I-no/a I-no/pus I-no/res [-no/us In/su-bres yJn-su/bri-a {In-ta-me/li-um In-ta-pher’nes In-te-ramn‘na In-ter-ca/ti-a In/u-us To i/o-bes J-o-Ja/i-a {-ol/chos L/o-le *]-o/lum I’on I-o’ne I-o/nes J-o/ni-a *[-on'i-cus [-o/pas I‘o-pe, and Jop’pa l’o-phon +J-o'pis ['os *{-o-taph/a-ta Ip'e-pxe [ph-i-a-nas/sa [-phic/ra-tes *[ph-i-crat/i-des *[ph-i-da-mi/a L-phid/a-mus [ph-i-de-mi/a [ph-i-ge-ni/a Iph-i-me-di/a I-phim/e-don Iph-i-me-du/sa I-phin/o-e I-phin/o-us I/phis [-phit/i-on Jph/i-tus Iph/thi-me Ip-se/a tip/sus Ira *]-ra/is *[r-a-phi-o'tes Ir-e-nwe/us I-re/ne [-re/sus I/ris J/rus *[-sa/cus Is/a-das [-swe’a J-se/us Js/a-mus | [-san/der [-sa/pis |/sar, and Is'a-ra J/sar, and L-s@’us bd an ornie pat ; / ro a” ie arg 5) ba, Af. i fash AF De Tee kt ied y [-ob/a-tes,and Jo-ba/tes I’o-las, or I-o-la‘us Iph/i-clus, or Iph/i-cles L-sar/chus I-sau/ri-a [-sau/ri-cus [-sau/rus Is-che/ni-a Is-cho-la/us *[s-chom/a-che Is-chop’o-lis *Is-chy/ras Is-com/a-chus Is-de-ger/des *[-se/a *J-se/pus Is/i-a *[-si/a-cl *]-si/a-cus Is-i-do/rus I’sis *[s-ma-e/la Is/ma-rus,and Is’ma-ra Is-me/ne Is-me/ni-as Is-men/i-des Is-me/nus I-soc/ra-tes Is/sa Is/se *Is-se/don Is/sus Isth/mi-a Isth/mi-us Isth/mus Is-ti-s/o-tigs *]s-to/ne Is/tri-a Is-trop/o-lis It/a-lus I-tar/ gris It’e-a I-tem/a-les Ith‘a-ca tIth-a-ce/si- {-thob/a-lus I-tho’me *]-tho/me I-tho/mus *[-tho/ne *[th-u-re/i J-to/ni-a I-to’nus *it'o-rum yit'u-na It-u-re/a {-tu’rum It/y-lus Jt-y-re!i I/tys *J-u-le/us *]-u-li/a-cu [-u/lus [x-ib/a-te Ix-i/on *Ts-sed/o-nes *[s-teev/o-nes Is’ter, and Is/trus [th-o-ma/i-a *[th-o-ina/tas tI-thom/a-tes Ith-y-phal/lus *]x-i-o/ne-us Ix-i-on/i-des Le/nas Le/ne-us Jor-nan/des Jo-se/phus, Fla/vi-us Jo-vi-a’/nus *Jo-vi/nus La-er’tes *Jo'za *La-er-ti/a-des Ju/ba La-er'ti-us, Di-og'e- Ju-de/a nes Ju-ga/lis Ju-gan/tes Le/tus Le'vi Le-vi/nus La-ga/ri-a *La-ge’us La/gi-a Lag‘i-des Ju‘li-a Ju-li/a-des Ju-li-a/nus Ju/li-1 *Ju-li-o-ho/na Ju-li-o-ma/ gus Ju-li-op/o-lis Ju/lis Ju/li-us Ce/sar Ju/ni-a ia) Ju’no La/gus Ju-no-na/li-a La-gu/sa Ju-no/nes La-gy/ra Ju-no/ni-a LLa-i/a-des Ju-no/nis La’i-as Ju/pi-ter La/is *Ju/ra La’i-us Jus-ti/nus Lal/a-ge Ju-tur/na La-las/sis Ju-ve-na'lis Ju-ven/tas Ju-ver/na, or Hi-ber/ni-a Lam/brus La’/mi-a 4a! mi-e L. La an’DER La-ar/chus Lab/a-ris *Lab/a-rus Lab‘da tLab-dac/i-des Lab/da-cus Lab/da-lon La/be-o La-be’ri-us *La-be/rus La-bi/ci La-bi/cum *La-bi/cus La-bi-e/nus Lab-i-ne’tus La-bo’bi-us La-bob/ri-gi *Lab-o-ri/ni *La-bo/tas La-bra/de-us +La/bron *Laeby/cas Lat=y-rin/thus La-ce/na Lac-e-d#/mon *Lac-e-die-mon/1-cus Lac-e-die-mo/ni-i, 07 Lac-e-d#m/o-nes +Lac-e de-mo/ni-us La-cer/ta tLac-e-ta/ni-a Lach/‘a-res La/ches Lach/e-sis Lac’i-das La-mi’rus «© Lam/pus La’mus Lan/ce-a Lan/ci-a Lan/‘di m Lan/gi-a tas Lw/pa Mag/na *Les-try/gon Le-stry g'o-nes Ju-ga/ri-us Le/ta Ju-gur’tha Le-to/ri-a (Lex) *La-gin'i-a, (in Caria) *Lag-ini/a,(in Bithyn- Lam/a-chus La-mal/mon *Lam-be/ca Latn-bra/ni La-mi/a-cum Bel/lum La/mi-as As-li/us Lain/pe-do *Lam_-pe’ti-a,(a female) *Lam-pe-ti/a, (a city) *Lam-pe-li/um Lam/pe-to, and *Lam-pe/do *Lam/pe-tus *Lam-pe/us, Lam-pi’a Lam/pon, Lam/pos, or Lam/pus Lam-po-ne/a, Lam-po/ni-a, and Lam-po/ni-um Lam-po/ni-us Lam-prid/i-us Ag/li-us Lam’pro-cles Lam/prus Lamp’‘sa-cus, and Lamp/sa-chum Lamp-te!ri-a *Lam/y-ra *Lam/y-ros Lam/y-rus La-nas/sa *Lan-ce/a *Lan-gi/a Lan-go-bar'di La-nu/vi-um La-o-bo/tas, or Lab!o- La-oc’o-on Lem/u-res Le-mu/ri-a, and Lem-u-ra/li-a Le-ne/us Len/tu-lus Le’o *Le-ob/o-tes Le-o-ca/di-a *Le-och/a-res Le-o-co’ri-on Le-oc’ra-tes Le-od/a-mas Le-od/o-cus Le-og/o-ras Le/on Le-o/na Le-o-na/tus *Le-on’i-da Le-on/i-das *Le-on’ti-chus Le-on/ti-um, and Le-on-ti'ni *Le-on-to-ceph/a-le Le-on-to-ceph/a-lus Le-on/ton, or Le-on-top/o-lis Le-on-tych/i-des *Le-oph/o-ra *Le!o-phron *Le-op/re-pes *Le-o-prep/i-des Le’os Le-os/the-nes Le-o-ty ch/i-des Le-phyr/i-um Lap-i-the/um Lap/i-tho Lap'‘i-tbus La/ra, or La-ran/da La-ren/ti-a, and Lau-ren’ti-a La-ri‘na La-ri/num La-ris/sa La ris/sus La’ri-us Lar’nos La-ro’ni-a +Lars T'o-lnm/ni-us Lar’ti-us, Fla/vi-us Lar-to-let/a-ni Lar! ve La-rym/na La-rys’i-um Las‘si-a Las’sus, or La/sus Las/the-nes Las-the-ni/a Lat/a-gus Lat e-ra/nus Plau/tus La-te’ri-um *Lath/u-rus La-ti-a/lis La-ti-a/ris La-ti/ni La-tin/i-us La-ti/nus La/ti-um La/ti-us Lat/mus La-to/i-a +La-to/bi-us Le’ pri-um + Lu-tob!ri-gi Lep’ti-nes La-to/is Lep’tis *Lat/o-is Le’ri-a La-to/na Le-ri/na Ler’na 4a-top/o-lis *Lat-o-re/a La-to/us La’tre-us fLa-tu/mi-®, or + La-to/mi-@ ¢Lau-da/mi-a Lau-do/ni-a Lau-fel/la Lau/ra tLau-re/a-cum Lau-ren-ta/li-a Lau-ren’tes A/gri Lau-ren/ti-a Lau-ren-ti/ni Lau-ren’ti-us Lau-ren/tum *Lau-re/o-lus Lau/ri-on, or Lau-ri/on Lau/ron Le’ro Le’ros *Les-bo-ni/cus Les/bos *Les-bo/us Les'bus, or Les!’bos Les’ches Les-tryg/o-nes *Les‘u-ra Le-ta/num Le-thz/us Le’the Le/tus Leu/ca *Leu-ca!di-a Leu-ca/ni Leu/cas Leu-ca/si-on Leu-cas’/ pis tLa/us Leu-ca'tes La/us Pom-pe/i-a Leu’ce Lau/sus Leu/ci Leu-cip’pe Leu-cip’pi-des Leu-cip/pus *Leu-co-ge/l Leu’co-la Leu/con Leu-co/ne Leu-co’nes *Leu-con/i-cus Leu-con/0-e Lau/ti-um La-ver/na tLa-ver/ni-um La-vi-a’ na La-vin/i-a La-vin/i-um, or La-vi/num *],az/a-rus Le/a-des J. *Ja-co/BUS *Jad/e-ra Ja-nic/u-lum *Ja-no/ca Ja’nus Ja-pet'i-des Jap/e-tus Jar'chas Ja‘son *Jazly-ges Jen/i-sus Je/ra jJer/ne Je-ro/mus, and Je-ron/y-mus Je-ru/sa-lem *Je/sus Jo-ba/tes Jo-cas/ta Jop’pa Jor-da/nes *Jor/da-nes *Jam/ni-a,or*Jam-ni'a ¥ Th TL oo! ro fF +Lac/i-des La-cin/i-a La-cin-i-en/sis La-cin/i-um Lac/mon La/co La-cob/ri-ga *La-co'nes, pl. La-co/ni-a, and La-con/i-ca Lac/ra-tes T.ac’ri-nes Lac-tan/ti-us Lac/ter Lac/y-des tLac/y-des *La-cy/des Lac/y-dus La/das La! de La/des +Lad-o-ce/a La/don *La-e/% Le/laps Le'li-a Le-li-a/nus Le/li-us La/na, and Le-e/na La-od/a-mas t* La-od-a-mi’a La-o-da/mi-a La-od/i-ce La-od-i-ce/a La-od-i-ce/ne La-od/o-chus La-ag/o-nus La-og'o-ras La-og/o-re La-o-me-di/a La-om/e-don *La-om-e-don-te/us La-om-e-don-ti/a-dix *La-om-e-don-ti/a-des *La-om-e-don/ti-us *La-on/i-cus La-on/o-me La-on-o-me/ne La-oth/o-e La’o-us Lap/a-thus *La-pe/thus uaph/ri-a *La-phy/ra La-phys’ti-um La-pid/e-i La-pid/e-us Lap/i-the Le-#!i Le-w/na Le-an/der Le-an/dre Le-an/dri-as *Le-an/dri-us Le-ar’chus Leb-a-de/a *Leb-a-di/a Leb/e-dus,or Leb’e-dos Le-be/na Le-bin/thos, and Le-byn/thos Le-che/um Lec/tum Lec/y-thus *Leu-con/o-tus Leu-cop/e-tra *Leu-co-phry/ne Leu/co-phrys Leu-cop/o-lis Leu/cos Leu-co/si-a *Leu-cos/y-ri Leu-co-syr/1-1 Leu-coth/o-e, or Leu-co/the-a Leuc/tra Leue/trum Leu/cus Leu-cy-a/ni-as Le‘da Leu-tych/i-des Le-de/a Le-va/na Le/dus Le-vi'nus Le’ gi-o Lex-o/vi-1 Le/i-tus *Lib/a-ne Le‘laps Li-ba/ni-us Lel'e-ges Lib/a-nus Le/lex Lib-en ti/na Le-man/nus Li/ber *Le-ma/nus Lib/e-ra Lib-e-ra‘li-8 Li-ber’tas Li-be’thra Lem/nos Le-mo! vi-i *Lem-o-vi/ces ee ] Li-beth/ri-des Lib'i-ci, or Li-be’ci-i Lib-i-ti/na Li‘bo Li/bon - *Lj-bon/o-tus Lib-o-phe-ni'ces Libri Libs Li-bur’na Lj-bur’ni-a Li-bur’ni-des Li-bur’/num Ma/re Li-bur’nus ib/y-a Lib/y-cum Ma’re Lib/y-cus, and Li-bys’tis Li/bys Li-bys/sa *Lib-ys-si/nus Lic’a-tes Li/cha *Lich/a-des jLi-cha/des Li/chas Li/ches Li-cin/i-a Li-cin/i-us *Lic'i-nus Li-ci/nus Li-cym/ni-us Li'de Li-ga/ri-us Li-ge/a Li’ ger Li’ger, or Lig/e-ris Lig/o-ras Lig/u-res Lizgu/ri-a Lig-u-ri/nus Li/gus Li-gus’/ti-ccum Ma/re Lig’/y-es Li-gyr’gum Lite/a Lil-y-be/um *Lil/y-be Li-me'a Li-me’ni-a *Li-me/ra Lim/ne Lim-ne/um Lim-na-tid‘i-a Lim-ni’a-ce *Lim-ni/a-des Lim-ni-o'te Lim-no/ni-a *Lim-no-re/a Li/mon *Li-mo/ne 7Li-mo/nem 7Li-my/ra Lin-ca’/si-i *Lin/di-us tLin/dam Lin’dus Lin/go-nes *Lin-gon/i-cus Lin-ter/na Pa/‘lus Lin-ter’num Li/nus Li‘o-des Lip‘a-ra *Lip/a-re *Lip-a-re/us Lip’a-ris Liph/lum Lip-o-do'rus Li-quen/ti-a Lir-ce/us Li-ri/o-pe Li/ris Li-sin/i-as Lis/son Lis’sus Lis/ta Lit/a-brum Lit/a-na Li-tav/i-cus Li-ter’num Lith-o-bo/li-a Li/thrus Li-thu/bi-um Li-tu/bi-uam Lit-y-er’sas Liv/i-a Dru-sil/la Li-vil/la Liv-i-ne/i-us Liv/i-us tLix'us Lo’bon Lo'ce-us Lo/cha *Lo-cha/ gus Lo/chi-as —<$<$<— 311 = gapePew ae oe es ae ara es ae nee ope as i pe paiet Sa ee Sih dirt ae ey social eee aaa ” 7 ee a a, oP CAT: r= PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. *Loc’o-zus Lo/cri Lo‘cris Lo-cus‘ta Lo-cu/ti-us *Lo-gi‘um Lol/li-a Pau-li/na Lol-li-a/nus Lol/li-us Lon-di/num Lon-ga-re'nus Lon-gim/a-nus Lon-gi/nus Lon-go-bar/di *Lon-go'ne Lon'gu-la Lon-gun’ti ca tLon‘gus Lor‘di Lor‘y-ma Lo’tis, or Lo’tos Lo-toph/a-gi Lo'us, or A/‘o-us *TLox’l-as Lu/a Lu/‘ca Lu‘ca-gus Lu-ca/ni Lu-ca/ni-a *Lu-can/i-cus Lu-ca/pi-us Lu-ca/nus Lu-ca/ri-a, ox Lu-ce!- ri-a Luc-ce/i-us Lu/‘ce-res Lu-ce!ri-a {Lu-ce/ri-us Lu-ce’ti-us Lu/ci-a Lu-ci-a/nus Lu/ci-fer Lu-cil/i-us Lu-cil’/la Lu-ci/na *Lu-ci'o-lus Lu/ci-us Lu-cre’ti-a Lu-cret’i-lis Lu-cre‘ti-us Lu-cri/num Lu-cri/nus Luc-ta’ti-us Lu-cul/le-a TLu-cul/li Hor’ ti Lu-cul‘lus Lu‘cu-mo Liu‘cus Lug-du/num TLu‘na Lu’pa Lu-per’cal Lu-per-ca‘li-a Lu-per’ci Lu-per’cus Lu/pi-as, or Lu/pi-a *Lu-po-du/num Lu’pus Lu-si-ta/ni-a *Lu-si-ta’nus Lu-so/nes Lus‘tri-cus Lu-ta/ti-us Lu-te’ri-us Lu-te’ti-a Lu-to’ri-us Ly-e/us Ly'bas *Ly -bo'tus Lyb'y a, or Ly-bis’sa Lyc/a-bas Lyc-a-bé/tus Ly-ce'a Ly-cie/um Ly-ce/us Ly-cam/bes *Lyc-am-be/us Ly-ca/on Lyc-a-o/ni-a *Ly-ca’o-nes Ly’cas Ly-cas’te Ly-cas‘/tum Ly-cas'tus Ly’ce *Lyc/e-as Ly’ces Ly-ce/um ‘k Ly-ce/us Lych-ni'des Lych-ni/dus Lyc'i-a Lyc/i-das Ly-cim/na Ly-cim/ni-a Ly-cis/cus *Ly-ci/us, (Epith.) *Lyc/isus, ad). *Lyc!/o-a Lyc-o-me/des Ly’'con Ly-co/ne * Ly-co’pes Lyc/o-phron Ly-cop’o-lis Ly-co’/pus tLyc-o-re/a tLyc-o-re’us Ly-co’/ri-as Ly-co’ris *Ly-cos/the-ne Lyc-o-su/ra *Ly-co’tas *Lyc-o-ze'a Lyc’tus Ly-ctur! gi-des *Lyc-ur-gi’des Ly-cur’gus Ly‘cus Ly/de Lyd/i-a Lyd/i-as Lyd/i-us Ly/dus Lyg'da-mis, or Lyg! da-mus Lyv’i-i + Lyg-o-des’ma Ly/gus Ly-mi're *Lym/i-re Ly ‘max Lyn-ces'te Lyn-ces’tes Lyn-ces’ti-us Lyn-ce’us tLyn‘ceus Lyn-ci'des Lyn‘cus, Lyn-cx/us, or Lynx Lyr’ce Lyr-ce/us Lyr-ce/a *Lyr-ci/us Lyr'cus *Lyr’i-ce Lyr-nes/sus *Lyr’o-pe Ly-san/der Ly-san/dra Ly-sa/ni-as Ly’se Ly-si‘a-des i-a-nas/sa Lys 7s-i-ma/chi-a *Ly-sim-a-chi/a s-I-mach/‘t-des y-sim/a-chus ys-i-me'li-a ‘Lys-i-me-li’a Ly-sin/o-e Ly-sip’pe Ly-sip’pus Ly’sis Ly-sis'tra-tus *Lys-i-thi/des Ly-sith/o-us Ly’so tlys‘tra Ly-te!/a % Lyx-e/a Ly-za/ni-as Ly Ly Ly-sim/a-che Ly * Soond ang | end bat M< 7 ‘ 4 M. Ma‘cx Ma/car *Mac-a-re'is Ma-ca/re-ns Ma-ca/ri-a Mac’/a-ris *Mac/a-ron *Ma-car’ta-tus Ma-ced/nus Mac/e-do Mac-e-do/ni-a Mac-e-don/i-cus Ma-cel/la Ma/cer Ai-myl/i-us *Ma-ce/ris *Mac/e-txe Ma-che’/ra *Ma-chag’e-ni Ma-chan/‘i-das Ma-cha/on *Ma-cha/‘o-nes *Ma-che/rus Ma/‘cra Ma-cri-a’/nus Ma-cri/nus *Mac’/ri-tus Ma‘cro Ma-cro’bi-i Ma-cro’bi-us Mac’‘ro-chir Ma-cro/nes *Mac-ron-ti’chus *Mac-rop-o-go/nes *Mac-ry-ne/a Mac-to/ri-um Mac-u-lo/nus +Ma-dau/ra Ma-des’/tes Ma-de’tes *Ma-dre/ni tMad-u-at/e-ni Ma/‘dy-es Mw-an/der Me-an/dri-a Mze-ce/nas Me/di *Me-dob-i-thy/ni Me'li-us Mem-ac-te/ri-a Men/a-des Men/a-la Men/a-lus Me/ni-us *Men-o-bo’ra *Me-nom/’e-na Me’non Me/nus Mz-o/ni-a *Me‘o-nes M-on/i-da Mz-on’i-des Me/o-nis Mea-o'te * Mme-ot/i-cus *Me-ot/i-des Me-o'tis Pa’lus Me'si-a Syl/va *M-so/li *Met'o-na Me’ vi-a Me/vi-us Ma’gas *\Mag-do'lus Ma-gel’la Mag/e-te Ma’ gi *\Ma/ri-a Ma’gi-us Mag’na Gre‘cia Mag-nen’ti-us Mag/nes Mag-ne'si-a *Mag-ne’tes Ma'ro Ma’gon Mag-on-ti/a-cum Ma/‘eus Ma-her’bal Mal‘i-a *Mai-u/ma *Mai/u-mas Ma-jes’tas Ma-jor’ca Ma-jo-ri-a/nus +Mak’a-reus *Mal’a-ca, or Mal‘a- cha *Mal-ach-be/lus Ma/‘la For-tu/na *«Mal/chi-on Ma-le’a, or *Ma'le-a *Ma-le’ha *Ma-le’os 7Mal-e-ven/tum Mal’/ho, 07 Ma/tho Ma‘li-a Ma‘li-i Ma‘lis Mal/le-a, Mal/li-us *Mal-loph/o-ra tMal-lo-pho/ra Mal/los * Ma-lo/des Mal’thi-nus *Mal-thi’nus *Ma-lu’ca Mal-va‘/na Ma-ma/‘us Ma-mer’cus Ma-mer’thes Mam-er-ti/na or Mal li-a Mam-er-ti/ni * Mam_-er-ti/nus Ma-mil/i-a (Lex) Ma-mil/i-i Ma-mil/i-us Mam-me/a Mam-me/a *Mam-mo/nas *Ma-mu-ri-a/nus Ma-mu/ri-us Ma-mur’ra *Ma-ne/thon Ma-nas’ta-bal Man-ci/nus Man-da/ne Man-da/nes Man-de/la Man-do/ni-us Man/dro-cles Man-droc/li-das Man/dron Man-du/bi-i Mun-du-bra’ti-us {Man-du/ri-a * Vian/!e-ros Ma/nes * Man/e-tho Ma-ne’tho Ma/‘ni-a Ma-nil/i-a (Lex) Ma-nil/i-us Man/i-mi Man/li-a (Lex) Man’li-us Tor-qua/tus Man/‘nus Man-sue’tus * Man-te/um Man-ti-ne/a Man-ti-ne’us Man/ti-us Man/‘to Man/tu-a Mar-a-can/’dz Mar’a-tha Mar/‘a-thon Mar‘’a-thos *Mar’a-thus Mar-cel’la Mar-cel-li‘nus, Am- mi-a/nus Mar-cel’lus Mar’ci-a Mar-ci-a’na Mar-ci-a-nop/o-lis Mar-ci-a’nus *Mar’ci-on *Mar-ci’/ta Mar’ci-us Sa-bi’nus * Mar-com/a-ni Mar-co-man/ni *Mar-com/e-res Mar’cus Mar’di Mar’di-a *Mar’do-nes Mar-do/ni-us Mar‘dus *Ma/re-a, or Ma-re-o!- tis *Ma-re-ot’i-cus *Mar-ga-ri'ta Mar-gin/i-a, and Mar- m-a/ni-a Mar-gi'tes Ma'ri-a (Lex) *Ma-ri/a Ma-ri/a-ba Ma-ri-am/ne Ma-ri-a/ne Fos'se *Ma-ri-an-dy/ni Ma-ri-an-dy’num Ma-ri-a/nus Ma-ri/ca Ma-ri’ci Mar’i-cus . Ma-ri/na Ma-ri/nus Ma/‘ri-on Maris Ma-ris/sa Mar’i-sus Mar-ri‘ta (Lex) * Ma-rit/i-ma Ma’ri-us Mar/ma-cus Mar-ma-ren/ses Mar-mar’i-ca Mar-mar’i-de Mar-ma/ri-on Ma/‘ro Mar-o-bu/du-i Ma/‘ron Mar-o-ne/a Mar-pe’si-a Mar-pes/sa Mar-pe/sus Mar’res *Mar-ru/bi-i Mar-ru-ci/ni Mar-ru/vi-um, or Mar- ru/bi-um Mars Mar-se/us Mar’sa-la Mar’se Mar’si Mar-sig/ni * Mars’ pi-ter Mar-sy/a-ba *Mar/sy-as Mar’tha Mar’ti-a Mar-ti-a/lis Mar-ti-a/nus *Mar-tig/e-na Mar-ti’na Mar-tin-j-a/nus Mar’ti-us Ma-rul’/lus Mas-e-sy1/i-i *Mas-ce/zel *Mas/cli-on * Mas-i-gi/ton Mas-i-nis‘sa Mas/sa Mas/sa-ea Mas-sag’e-te Mas-sa/na Mas-sa/ni Mas/si-cus Mas-sil‘i-a Mas-sy'la *Mas sy'li *Mas-syl’i-a *Mas-syl/i-us *Mas-tram/e-la Ma-su/ri-us *Ma-thi’on Ma/tho Ma-ti-e/ni Ma-ti‘nus Ma-tis‘co Ma-tra‘li-a *Ma/‘tre-as *Mat/ro-na, (a river) Ma-tro/na Mat-ro-na‘li-a Mat-ti/a-ci *Ma-tu’ce-te Ma-tu/ta *\Mat-u-ti/nus Mauri *Mau/ri-cus Mau-ri-ta/ni-a Mau/‘rus t Mau-ru/si-a Mau-ru/si-i * \lau-so-le‘um *Mau-so/li Mau-so/lus Ma/vors Ma-vor’'ti-a Max-en’ti-us *Max-e/re . Max-i-mil-i-a'na Max-im-i-a’nus Max-i-mi’nus Max/i-mus Maz/a-ca * \az/a-ces Ma-za’ces Ma-zire/us Ma-za/‘res *Maz‘a-res Maz’e-ras Ma-zi’ces, and Ma-zy’- ges * Me'a-rus Me-ce’nas, or Me-ce’!- nas *Mec-ce-na/tes, (pl.) Me-cha‘ne-us Me-cis/te-us Mec!ri-da Me-de’a *Me/de-on Me-des-i-cas/te Me/di-a Me‘di-as Med/i-cus Me-di-o-la‘num *Me-di'o-lum Me-di-o-ma-tri/ces, or Me-di-o-ma-tri‘cl *\e/di-on Me-di-ox/u-mi Med-i-tri/na Me-do'a-cus, or Me- du/a-cus Med-o-bith’y-ni Me-dab/ri-ga Me/don a? Me-don’ti-as * Me-do/res Med-u-a’/na #Med/u-li *Me-dul/li-a Med-ul-li/na Me/dus Me-du/sa Me-gab/i-zi *Meg-a-by/si Meg-a-by’zus Meg’/a-cles Me-gac’/li-des Me-ge'ra Me-ga‘le Me-ga’‘le-as Meg-a-le’si-a Me-ga‘li-a Meg-a-lop/o-lis Meg-a-me/de Meg-a-ni/ra Mce-a-pen/thes Merg‘a-ra *Meg/a-reus pa‘re-us *Meg-a-re/us, adj Meg’/a-ris Me gar’sus Ne-gas/the-nes *Meg-a-ti/chus Me’ces Me-gil'la Me-gis/ta Me-gis’ti-a +Me-gis‘ti-as Me-le/ne *Mel-am-pe/a Me-lam/pus Mel am-py’ges *Mel-am-py/gus Me‘la, Pom-po/ni-us +Mel-an-che’tes Mei-an-chle/ni Me-lan/chrus Mel’a-ne *Vel‘a-nes Mel}/a-neus Me-Ja'ne-us * Me-la/ni-a Me-lan/i-da Me-la’ni-on Metl-a-nip’pe Mel-a-nip’pi-des Mel-a-nip’pus Mel-a-no/pus Mel-a-nos'y-ri Mel-an/thi-i *Me-lan/thi-on Me-lan/thi-us Me-lan’tho Me-lan/thus Me'las *Mel-com/a-ni Me-le-a’ ger *Me-le/a-ger Me-le-ag’/ri-des Mel-e-san/der Me'‘les Mel’e-se Mel-e-sig’e-nes, or Mel-e-sig/e-na *NMel’e-te Me’li-a *Me-lib’o-cus tMel-i-be@/a Mel-i-be@/us Mel-i-cer’ta *Mel/i-chus *Me‘li-e Mel-i-gu/nis Me-li/na *Mel/i-nus Me-li’/sa *Mel/i-se Me-lis’sa Me-lis/sus Mel/i-ta, or Mel/i-te *Mel-i-te/na Mel-i-te’ne *Mel’i-to Mel/i-tus Me‘li-us Me!}-ix-an/drus tMel’/la An-nx/us Me-lob/o-sis Me’lon Me/los Mel’pi-a Mel-pom/e-ne Me-mac/e-ni Mem/mi-a Sul-pit/i-a Mem/mi-us Mem/non *\lem/no-nes *Mem-no-ni/um *Memi-no/ni-us , or Me- Mem/phis *Mem-pbi’tes Mem-phi’tis Me/na, or Me'nes Me-na!/cas Me-nal'ci-das Men-a lip’pe Men-a-lip’pus Me-nan/der *\en-an-dre‘us *Men/a-pi Me-na’pl-i Men/a-pis Me/nas Men-che’/res Men/des Me-ne'cles Men-e-cli/des * \ien-e-co!/lus Me-nec/ra-tes Men-e-de’mus Me-neg’e-tas Men-e-la’i-a *Men-e-la-i/a Men-e-la/us : Me-ne/ni-us A-grip’pa Men/e-phron Me/nes Men-es-the’i Por’tus Me-nes’/the-us, Mnes’/the-us, ov Me-nes’/té-us Me-nes’/thi-us Men/e-tas Me-nip’pa Me-nip’pi-des Me-nip/pus Me’ni-us Men/nis Me-nod/o-tus Me-nee/ce-us Me-ne’tes * Men--ti/a-des Me-ne’ti-us Me/non Me-noph’i-lus Men/ta, or Min‘the Men/tes Men-tis/sa Men’to Men/‘tor *\en/to-res Me-ny!/lus * Me-phi/tis Me’ra Me’ra, or Mee/ra * Mer-ce-di/nus Mer-cu’ri-us Me-ri’o-nes Mer’me-ros Mer’me-rus Merm/na-dx *Mer’mo-das Mer’o-e Mer’o-pe *Mer’o-pis Me‘rops Me’ros Mer’u-la, Cor-ne'li-us Me-sab/a-tes Me-sa’bi-us Me-sa’pi-a Me-sau/bi-us Me-sern’bri-a Me-se’ne *Me-sob/o-a Mes-o-me’des Mes-o-po-ta/mi-a *Mes-sab/a-te Mes-sa/la Mes-sa-li/nus, M. Va- le/ri-us Mes-sa’na Mes-sa’ pi-a * Mes-sa/ pus Mes’/sa-tis Mes’se Mes-se/is Mes-se’ne, or Mes-se’ * Mes/o-a *Mes-so! gis Mes’tor Me-su‘la Met’a-bus Met-a-git’ni-a *Met/a-gon 3 *Met-a-mor-pho’sis Met-a-ni/ra *Met-a-pon-ti/ni Met-a-pon/tuin Met-a-pon’tus Me-tau/rus * Me-te’lis Mes-sa-li/na Va-le’ri-a 1312Me-tel/la Me-tel/li *Me-temp-sy-cho!sis *Met-e-re/a *Meth’a-na Me-thar’ma Me-thi’on Me-tho/’di-us Me-tho/ne *Meth/o-ra Me-thyd/ri-um Me-thym/na Me-ti-a-du/sa Me-til/i-a Lex Me-til/i-1 *Me-ti/lis Me-til/i-us Me-ti/o-chus Me’ti-on Me'tis Me-tis’cus Me’ti-us Me-te’ci-a Me’ton Met/o-pe *\e-to/pe *Met/o-res Me’tra +Met-ra-gyr’te *Me-tro/a Me-tro’bi-us Met/ro-cles Met-ro-do/rus Me-troph/a-nes Me-trop/o-lis Met’ti-us }{Met/tus Cur’ti-us tMe- tw ‘lum Me-va/ni-a Me’vi-us Me-zen’'ti-us *Mi-a-co/rus *Mic-co-tro’gus Mi-ce/a *Mi-ce/la Mi-cip/sa *Mic/i-te Mi-cy’thus *\Mid-a-i/on Mi‘das Mid/e-a Mid-e/a *Mi/e-za Mi-la/ni-on Mi-le'si-i Mi-Je/si-us Mi-le’ti-a Mi-le/ti-um Mi-le/tus Mil/i-as Mii/i-chus Mi-li/nus Mil-i-o/ni-a *Mil-iz-i-ge’ris Mi'lo Mi-lo/ni-us Mil-ti/a-des Mil’to Mil’ vi-us Mil/y-as Mi-mal/lo-nes Mi/mas *Mim- ne ‘dus Mim-ner/mus Min/ci-us Min/da-rus Mi-ne/i-des Mi-ner'va Min-er-va’li-a Min/i-o Min-ne/i Mi-no/a Mi-no/is Mi/nos Min-o-tau/rus Min/the Min-tur/ne Mi-nu/ti-a nus Min/y-@ Min/y-as Min/y-cus Mi-ny/i-a Min/y-tus Mir/a-ces *Mis'ce-ra Mi-se/num Mi-se/nus *Mis-ge’tes Mi-sith’e-us +Mith-ra-cen/sea Mith-ra-da/tes Mi/thras Mi-thre’nes Mitb-ri da/tes _— re EE Mi-nu/ti-us Au-gu-ri/- Mith-ri-da/tis Mith-ro-bar-za/nes Mit-y-le/ne Mit-y-le/ne Mi‘tys Mi-ze!i Mna-sal/ces *\Ina/se-as Mnas’/i-cles Mna-sip’ pi-das Mna-sip/pus Mna-sith/e-us Mna/son +Mna-sy ‘lus Mna-syr/i-um *Mne-mi/um Mne/mon Mne-mos’/y-ne Mne-sar/chus *Mnes-i-bu/lus Mne-sid/a-mus Mnes-i-Ja/us Mne-sim/a-che Mne-sim/a-chus *Mne-sith/e-us Mnes’ter Mnes/the-us Mnes'ti-a Mnes’tra Mne/vis Mo-a-pher’/nes * Mo-cor/e-te Mo-des/tus Mo/di-a * Mod/o-nus Me’ci-a Me/nus Me/di Mee/on Mee-on/i-des Me/ra Me-rag’e-tes Me’ris Me'si-a * Mo-gun/ti-a Mo-gy/ni Mo-le/i-a e *Mo-li/a +Mo-li/on Mo-li/o-ne Mo!lo Mo-lee/is Mo-lor/chus Mo-los/si Mo-los/si-a, los/sis | Mo-los/sus Alol-pa/ di-a Mol/pus Mo’/lus *Mol-y-cre/um *Mo-lyciri-a Mo-lye/ri-on *Mo-ly/rus Mo-mem/phis Mo/mus Mo/!na *Mon/a-chi *Mon-a-chi/um Mo-ne/ses *Mo-ne/ses Mo-ne/sus Mo-ne’ta *Mon/i-ca Mon/i-ma Mon/i-mus *Mon-o-dac/ty-lus Mon/o-dus Mo-ne ‘cus Mo-no/le-us *Mon/o-mus Mo-noph/a-ge Mo-noph/i- lus *Mo-nos’ce-li *Mo-no-the-li/te Mon-ta/nus Mon’y-chus Mon/y-mus Mo! phis Mop’/si-um Mons -so!pi-a *Mop/so-pus *Mop-su-es'ti- -2 Mop/sus Mor-gan/ti-um *Mor-ge/tes *Mor-i-me/ne - Mor‘i-ni Mor-i-tas’ gus Mo’/ri-us Mor! phe-us Mors Mo/rys Mo'sa ee 105 Per OR Ma, sate *Mnes-i-da/mus, 07 *Mnes-i-de/mus or Mo- Mos/cha Mos!chi Mos/chi-on *Mos-cho-pu/lus Mos/chus Mo-sel/la Mo/ses Mo-sych/lus Mos-y-ne!ci *Mo-sy/ni Mo-tho/ne *Mo-ti-e/ni Mo-ty/a *Mo/y-ses Mu-ci-a/nus Mu/ci-us Mu/cre Mul/ci-ber Mu-lu/cha Mul/vi-us Pons Mum/mi-us Mu-na/ti-us Mun/da Mu-ni/tus Mu-nych/i-a Mu-nych/i-e Mu-re/na Mur’cus Mu-re’tus Mur-gan/ti-a *Mur-ra/nus Mur-rhe/nus Mur’ti-a Mus Mu/sa An-to’ni-us Mu/se Mu-se/us *Mu-sag/e-tes *Mu-se/a *Mu-se/um Mu-so/ni-us Ru/fus Mus-te/la +Mu/ta Mu-thul/lus Mu’ti-a +Mu-ti/ca Mu-til/i-a Mu/ti-na Mu-ti/na Mu-ti/nes Mu-ti/nus Mu/ti-us Mu-tu/nus Mu- tus/ce +Mu-ze’ris des Myc/a-le Myc-a- les/sus My-ce/ne My c-e-ri/nus Myc- i-ber/na Myc/i-thus My/con nos My/don My-ec!pho-ris My-e/nus *Myg/a-le Myg’don *Myg/do-nes Myg-do/ni-a Myg'do-nus +Myg g-do/nus My- Mag pris My-las! Mulls. 6 or - My/las My/les My-hit’ta *Myn/do-nes Myn/dus My/nes Myn/i-e *My/o-nes *My- a ne/sus My-o/ni-a {Myra *Myr/a-ces *My 1’ ge- te *My-ri’ca *My-ri'ce My-1i’ cus My-ri/na Apollo Myr/i-e *Myr- -i-on/y-ma *Myr- le’a Myr-mec’i-des *Myr-me/ci-um Myr-mid/o-nes My/ron My-ro-ni-a/nus My-ron/i-des My-a/grus, or My/o- peMy-rions, (Epith. *Myr/i-nus, (@ man) eee PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER My-ro/nus Myr’/rha *Myr/rhi-nus Myr’si-lus Myr’si-nus Myr’sus Myr’ta-le Myr’te-a Myr’ti-lus Myr’tis Myr-to/um Ma/re Myr-tun/ti-um Myr-tu/sa My-scel’lus My sfi-a My-so-ma-ced/o-nes My/son Mys/tes Myth/e-cus Myt-i-le’/ne My/us N. Nab-AR-ZA/NES Nab-a-the/a *Nab/a-thes Na/bis *Nac/o-le aN ‘o-ne Na- dag! a-ra Ne! ni-a *Ne/vi-a Ne/vi-us Nev/o-lus *Na-ge/ri Na-har'va-li Na-i/a-des +Nai‘a-des *Na/i-as *Na/i-cus Na/is +Na-is/sus, or Nes’sus *Nam-ne'/tes Na-px2/e *Na-pe/# Na-pa’ta *Na-pe/gus Naph/i-lus Nar Nar’bo *Nar-bo/na Nar-bo-nen/sis Nar-ce/us +Nar-c ela Nar-cis’/sus Nar’ ga-ra Na-ris/ci Nar/ses Myc/o-ne, or t{Myc/o- Nar-the’cis Na-ryc/i-a *Nas/a- mon Nas-a-mo/nes N *Na-si lca Na-sid-i-e/nus Na-sid/i-us Na/so Nas/u-a Na-ta/li-a 1 Na-ta/lis Nat/ta Nau/bo-lus Nau/cles Nau/cra-tes Nau/cra-tis *Nau-cy/des Nau/lo-chus Nau-pac/tus, 07 Nau- pac/tum Nau/pli-a Nau-pli/a-des Nau/pli-us ¢Nau-por’tus Nau/ra Nau-sic/a-a *Nau-sic/a-e Nau/si-cles af | Nau-sim/e-nes *Nau-si-ni/cus Nau-sith/o-e Nau-sith/o-us Navw tes Na/va Na/vi-us Ac’ti-us Nax/os Ne-w/ra Ne-e/thus Ne-al’/ces Nar/ni-a, or Nar/na las/ci-o, or Na!ti-o Nas/sus, or Na/sus *Ne-an-dri/a Ne-an/thes *Ne-ap/a-phos Ne-ap/o-lis Ne-ar’chus Ne-bro/des We-broph/o-nos *N e-broph/o-nus *Neb/u-la Ne/chos *Ne-crop/o-lis Nec-ta-ne’bus, and Nec-tan/a-bis gece ti-be/res Ne-cys‘i-a Nelis *Ne-i/te Ne’/le-us *Ne-li/des Ne’lo Ne-me/a, (games) (town) Ne-me-si-a/nus Nem’e-sis Ne-me’si-us Nem/e-tes Ne-me/us Nem-o-ra‘li-a Ne-mos/sus Ne-o-bu/le Ne-o-ces-a-re/a Ne-och/a-bis Ne/o-cles *Ne-o-cli/des *Ne-o-co/rus Ne-og/e-nes *Ne-om/a-gus *Ne-0- me!ni- a Ne-om/o-ris Ne/on Ne-on-ti’chos *Ne-on-ti/chus *Ne/o-phron Ne-op-tol/e-mus Ne/o-ris *Ne-o/the-us Ne/pe *Nep/e-te Ne-pha’li-a Neph/e-l le/is Neph-e-ri/tes Ne’phus Ne’pi-a Ne/pos Ne-po-ti-a/nus Nep’thys Nep-tu/ni-a *Nep-tu-ni/ne Nep-tu/ni-uim Nep-tu’ni-us Nep-tu/nus Ne-re/i-des Ne-re!/i-us Ne/re-us tNe-ri-e/ne Ne-ri/ne Ner/i-phus *Ne-ni/te Ner/i-tos Ne’ri-us Ne’ro Ne-ro/ni-a Ner-to-brig/i-a Ner’u-lum Ner’vi-1 Ne-se/a *Ne-si/des Ne-sim/a-chus Ne-si-o’ pe Ne/sis Ne-so’pe *Nes/pe-tos *Nes-so/nis Nes/sus Nes’to-cles Nes’/tor *Nes-tor/i-des Nes-to/ri-us Ne/tum Ne/u-ri Ni-ce/a *Ni-cen/e-tus Ni-cag/o-ras Ni-can/der Ni-ca/nor Ni-car’chus *Ni-car/e-te Nic-ar-thi/des Ni-ca/tor *Ni-cat/o-ris Ni'ce *Ne- me/a, or Ne’me-a, e, *Neph-e- *Ne-re/is, or *Ne/re- is Ner’va Coc-ce/i-us Nes/tus, or Nes’sus NAMES. *Nic/e-a Nic-e-pho/ri-um Nic-e-pho/ri-us Ni-ceph/o-rus Ni’cer *Ni-cer/a-tus *Nic/e-ros Ni-ce/tas Nic-e-te/ri-2 Nic/i-a Nic/i-as Ni-cip’pe Ni-cip’/pus Nifco *Nic-o-bu/lus Ni-coch/‘a-res Nic’o-cles Ni-coc/ra-tes Ni-co/cre-on *Nic-o-da/mus Nic-o-de/mus Nic-o-do/rus Ni-cod/ro-mus Nic-o-la/us *Nji-co/le-os Ni-com/a-cha Ni-com/a-chus Nic-o-me/des {*Nic-o-me-di/a Nic-o-me/di-a Ni/con Ni-co/ni-a Ni-coph/a-nes Nic/o-phron Ni-cop/o-lis Wi-cos’tra-ta WNi-cos/tra-tus Nic-o-te/le-a *Nic-o-te-le’a Ni-cot’e-les Ni/ger Ni-gid/i-us Fig’u-lus *Ni-gre/tes Ni-gri/te *Ni-la/mon Nil/e-us *Ni-li/a-cus *Ni-lo!tis Ni/lus *Nin/i-ve Nin/i-as Nin/ni-us *Nin/o-e Ni/nus Nin/y-as Ni/o-be Ni-phw/us Ni-pha’tes Ni/phe Nir! e-us Ni-se/e Ni-se/i-a Nis!i-bis *Ni-so'pe Ni/sus Ni-sy/ros *Ni-sy/rus Ni-te’tis *Nit-i-ob/ri-ges Ni-to‘cris Nit/ri-a tNi-va/ri-a No/as Noc/mon Noc-ti-lu/ca *No-di/nus *No-e/mon No/la *No-la/nus Nom/a-des No/me Nom-en-ta/nus No-men/tum No/mi-i *No-mi‘on No/mi-us *No-moph/y-lax *No-moth/e-te *Non-a-cri/nus *Non/a-cris No-na/cris +No-na/cris No/ni-us Non’ni-us Non/nus tNo/nus No’pi-a, or Ci- no/pi-a No/ra No/rax Nor/ba Nor-ba/nus *No-ric’/i-i Nor/i-cum Nor-thip’pus Nor’ti-a *Nos-o-co-mi/wn | *Nos/o-ra No’thus | No-ti/um | No’tus y { No-va/ri-a if No-va'tus 1} *Nov-em-pa’ gi \\ *Nov-em-pop/u-lis | *No-vem/si-les | *Nov!/e-rus j {No-ve/si-um No-vi- o-du’ num No-vi-om/a-gum | No-vi-om/a-gus | {7 No/vi-um || No/vi-us Pris’cus | *Nov-o-co/mum | *No-vom!'a-gus Nox Nu-ce/ri-a Nu-ith/o- nes Nw ma Mar’ti-us Nu/ma Pom-pil’i-us i Nu-ma/na | Nu-man’ti-a | | Nu-man-ti/na *Nu-man/ti/nus Nu-ma/nus Rem/u-lus | Nu/me-nes | Nu- me Mi-a, or Ne-o- | me iia | Nu-me’ ni- us 14 7Nu-me'ri-a | Nu-me-ri-a/nus | Nu-me’ri-us *Nu-mic/i-us Nu-mi/cus i Nw mi-da | *Nu/mi-de \4 Nu-niid/1-a Nu-mid/i-us | +Nu-mis’tro \ Nu/mi-tor } Nu mi-to/ri-us Nu -mo/ni-us Nun-co/re-us | Nun/di-na Nur/sa Nur/sci-a Nur’si-a Nu/tri-a Nye-te/is {Nyc-te/li-a Nyc-te/li-us | | Nyc’te-us *Ny e/ti- lus | Nyc-tim/e-ne Nyc! ti-mus Nym-be/um Nym/phe Nym-phe/um Nym-phe/us Nym-phid/i-us Nym ‘phis Nym-pho-do/rus Nym- pho-le P tes *Nym-phom/a-nes Nym/phon Nyp! si-us Ny/sa, or Ny seus Ny! sas *Ny-se/um Ny-se! i-um Ny-si/a-des Nys/i-e Por/te *Nys/i-as *Ny-sig/e-na Ny-si/ros +Nys’/i-us Nys/sa Nys! Sa 0. *Q-a!/RI-ON O-ax/us *Ob/o-da | *Ob/ri-mo | *Ob/s e-quens Ob-ul-tro/ni-us O-ca’le-a, 07 O-ca'li-a O-ce/a- nis Q-ce-an/i-des, and Q-ce-a- nit/i-des *O-ce-an-i'tis oie na ee = 1313{ a i q fee te é a at "a j i ; \) : ' Bj { i ) % a : % me ah i - % : 2 ony : a) oe, 5 i ah py ti Fed: j PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. O-ce/a-nus O-ce'i-a *O-ce/lis O-cel/lus *Oc/e-lum O!cha *Q-che/ni-us O-che'si-us *Och'ro-na O’/chus *Och-y-ro/ma Oc’nus *O-co/lum *QO-cric/o-la O-cric/u-lum O-crid’i-on O-cris/i-a Oc-ta-cil/li-us Oc-ta'/vi-a Oc-ta-vi-a’nus Oc-ta/vi-us +Oc-to-ge’sa Oc-tol/o-phum O-cy/a-lus O-cyp/e-te O-cyr’0-e Od-e-na/tus O-des’sus *O-de’um O-di/nus O-di’tes *O-do’a-cer Od-o-a’/cer *O-do'ca Od-o-man’ti Od’/o-nes Od/ry-se O-dys/se-a *Od-ys-se/a *Od-ys-se/um Q5-ag/a-rus, and Ci/a- ger *Q5/a-erus Qi-an/the, and Oi-an/- thi-a *Q2-an-the’a Gi/ax (5-ba/hi-a G&b/a-lus CEb/a-res *(CE-bo/tas (E-cha'li-a %/cle-us C2-cli/des CEc-u-me!ni-us Qéd-i-po/di-a *QEd-i-po-di/on Q2d’i-pus 4“ ine Qi-nan/thes Y/ne CE'ne-a *(E-ne-o/ne (2‘ne-us Gi-ni/des G2n‘o-e G2-noin/a-us C/non C5-no/na QE-no/ne CE-no'pi-a C2-nop/i-des Cé-no!/pi-on +*O5-no’tri Q5-no’tri-a QE-no’'trus Gi-nu/se (2/o-nus (Er'o-e Sta CEt’y-lus, or CEt’y- lum O-fel/lus O'fi Ox-dol'a-pis Og-do/rus *Og'e-nos tO-glo/sa Og'mi-us Ov!o-a *O-go!a O-gul/ni-a Og'y-ges O-gygli-a *O-gy p/i-dee Og'y-ris O-ic/le-us O-il/e-us O-i-li/des Ol/a-ne O-la/nus O}/ba, or O!’bus *O)-be/lus OV bi-a O}/bi-us |} On-o-mas’/tus | | | | | Op'i-ci O}-chin/i-um O-le/a-ros, or Ol’i-ros O-le/a-trum O/len *Ol/e-nos Oj'e-nus, er Ol’e- num O-le-o/rus *Ol/e-rus Ol/ga-sys Ol-i-gyr’tis O-lin‘/i-e O-lin‘/thus *Q]-i-si/po, *Ol-i-sip’- po, or *Q-lys/sl-po Ol-i-tin/gi *O-li/zon O)'li-us O]-lov‘i-co O)]/mi-e Ol/mi-us *Ol-mi/us *O)-mo’nes O}-o-phyx/us *O)/o-rus *Ol-ym-pe’ne O-lym/pe-um O-lym/pi-a *Ol-ym-pi’a-des O-lym/pi-as *O-lym/pi-cus *O-lym-pi-e/um O-lym-pi-o-do/rus *O-lym-pi-o-ni’ces O-lym/pi-us O-lym'pus Ol-ym-pu/sa O-lyn/thus O-ly’ras O-ly’zon O-ma/ri-us Om/bi Owm/bri *Om/bri-ci *Om/bri-os *Om-bro’nes Om/o-le Om-o-pha/gi-a . *Om/pha-ce Om/pha-le Om/pha-los tOm'phis O-nz/um, or O-w'ne- um *On/a-ger O-na/rus O-nas’i-mus O-na/tas *On-ce/um On-ches’tus | *On'cho-e O-ne’/i-on On-e-sic’ri-tus O-nes‘i-mus On-e-sip! pus O-ne/si-us On-e-tor’i-des O/ni-um *O-ni/on *O-ni/um On/o-ba *On-o-cho’nus On-o-mac’ri-tus On-o-mar’chus On-o-mas-tor/i-des On/o-phas, or On/o- phis On-o-san/der *O-nug/na-thus *O-ny'thes O-pa'li-a *O-pel/i-cus O-phe/as O-phe‘las O-phel’tes O-phen/sis O’phi-a O-phi/a-des O'phi-as *O-phi-o'des *O-phi-og’e-nes O-phi’/on *O-phi’/o-nes O-phi-o/ne-us ¢O!phis *Oph-i-te/a *O-phi/tes *O-phi-u/chus O’phi-us O-phi-u/sa *O-phlo/nes *Oph-ry-ne/um O-pig/e-na O-pil/i-us *O-pi/ma Spo'li-a *O-pim-i-a/nus O-pim/i-us O'pis *Op-is-thoc/o-me Op’‘i-ter Op-i-ter-gi/ni O-pi/tes *Op/o-i8 *O-po/pe-us *O-por’/i-nus Op’/pi-a Op-pi-a/nus Op-pid/i-us Op/pi-us tOps Op-ta’tus Op’ti-mus *O-pun/ti-a O’pus O'ra O-rac/u-lum O-re/a Or/a-sus Or-be‘lus Or-bil/i-us Or-bo/na Or'ca-des Or-cha'lis Or’cha-mus *Or-chis-_te/ne Or-chom/e-nus, or Or- chom/e-num *Or-chom/e-nos *Or-ci/nus Or’cus Or-cyn/i-a Or-des‘sus *Or-do-vi'ces O-re/a-des O’re-as *O're-os *Or-e-sit/ro-phus O-res'/te O-res'/tes O-res'/te-um Or-es-ti/dz *Or-es-ti/des, and *(-res/ti-des Or-es-til/la Or'e-te Or-e-ta/ni Or-e-til/i-a O-re‘um *O/re-us Or'ga, or Or'gas *Or'pa-na Or-ges’sum Or-get/o-rix Or’ gi-a O-nb‘a-sus *Or/i-cos Or!i-cum, or Or’i-cus O'ri-ens Or'i-gen *O-rig/e-nes O-ri/ go *Q-ri/ne O-ri/nus O-ri-ob/a-tes O-ri/on O-ris'sus Or-i-suljja Liv i-a O-ri/te *O-rith!i-as O-rith-y-i/a *Or-i-thy’os O-rit/i-as O-ri-un/dus *Q-ri/us Or'me-nus *Or’me-nos Or'ne-a *Or'ne-we Or’ne-us *Or-ne/us Or-ni/thon Or/ni-tus Or-nos/pa-des Or-nyt/i-on +Or-o-an/da *Or!'o-ba O-ro!bi-a O-ro’bi-i *Or/o-bis O-ro/des O-ree'tes O-rom/e-don O-ron’tas O-ron’tes *Or-on-te/us Or-o-pher’nes O-ro!pus *Or!‘o-sa O-ro/si-us *0-10s' pe-da Or/phe-us, or Or! pheus *Or’phi-tus Or-sed/i-ce Or-se/is Or-sil/lus Or-sil’o-chus Or-si/nes Or-sip/pus Or'ta-lus Or-the/a Or-thag’o-ras Or'the Or'thi-a *Or-tho/sis Or’thrus *Or-to/na Or-tyg/i-a Or-tyg’i-us O'rus O-ry-an/der O-ry/us O'ryx {O-sa/ces Os-cho-pho/ri-a Os/ci Os'ci-us Os'cus tO!si O-sin‘i-us O-si'ris O-sis!mi-i Os'pha-gus Os-rho-e’ne Os'sa Os-te-o/des Os'ti-a *Os-ti-o/nes Os-to/ri-us Os-tra-ci/né Os-trog/o-thi Os-y-man/dy-as *Ot/a-ces Ot-a-cil/i-us O-ta'/nes Oth/ma-rus O’tho, M. Sal/vi-us *O-thro/nus *O-thry’a-des Oth-ry-o/ne-us O’thrys *O-thrys/i-us O/tre-us O-tre'da *Ot-ryn-ti’des *Ot-to-roc/o-re O/tus O'tys O-vid’i-us O-vin'i-a (Lex) O-vin‘i-us Ox-ar’tes, and *Ox!a- tres Ox-a’thres *Ox-i/e Ox-id/a-tes Ox’i-mes Ox-i'o-nx2 Ox/us Ox-y/a-res Ox-y-ca/nus Ox-yd/ra-cz Ox'y-lus *Ox-y-ne/a *O x-y-o/pum Ox-yn/thes Ox-yp/o-rus Ox-y-ryn-chi'tex Ox-y-ryn‘chus O-zi'nes Oz/o-le, or Oz'o-li RB: Pa-ca-TI-A/NUS Pac/ci-us Pa’ches Pa-chi/nus *Pa-chy'nus Pa-co/ni-us Pac/o-rus *Pac'ti-a Pac-to’lus Pac’ty-as Pac/ty-es Pa-cu/vi-us Pa-de’i *Pa-de/i Pad/u-a Pa/dus | Pa-du/sa Pw/an *Pm-a'nes *Pe-dar/e-tus Pe/di-us Pe-ma/ni Pe/on Pw!/o-nes Pe-o/ni-a Pw-on/i-des *Px/o-ple Pe/os Pz/sos Pes/tum Pz-to/vi-um Pe/tus Ce-cin’na *Pa-ga/ni Pag'a-se, or Pag’a-sa Pag’a-sus +Pa! gre Pa/gus Pa-la/ci-um, or Pa-la/- ti-um Pa-le'a Pa-lxz-ap/o-lis *Pa-leb/y-blus Pa-le’mon, or tPal’e- mon Pa-le/mon Pa-lep‘a-phos *Pa-leph-ar-sa’lus Pa-leph/a-tus Pa-lep/o-lis Pa-les’te Pal-ws-ti/na Pal-ws-ti/nus *Pa-let/y-rus Pal-a-me/des Pa-lan’ti-a Pa-lan/ti-um Pal-a-ti/nus *Pa-le/a Pa‘le-is, or Pa’/le Pa/‘les Pal-fu/ri-us Su/ra *Pa-lib/o-thra *Pa-li/ce Pa-li’ci, or Pa-lis’ei Pa-lil/i-a *Pa-li‘lis *Pa-lin’dro-mos Pal-i-nu/rus Pal-i-sco/rum, or Pal- i-co/rum 7Pa-li-u/rus *Pal-lac’o-pas Pal/la-des Pal-la‘di-um Pal-la/di-us Pal-lan-te/um Pal-lan/ti-as Pal-lan‘ti-des Pal-lan/ti-on Pal/las Pal-le/ne Pal’ma +Pal'me Pal-mi/sos Pal-my‘ra *Pal'pe-tus Pal-phu’ri-us +Pal-um-bi/num Pam/me-nes Pam/mon Pam/pa Pam/phi-lus Pam/phos Pam/phy-la Pam-phyl/i-a *Pam-phy’lis Pan Pan-a-ce/a *Pan/a-cra Pa-ne/ti-us an/a-res *Pa-nar’e-tus -an-a-ris’te Pan-ath-e-ne/a Pan-che/a, Pan-che/a, or Pan-cha/i-a *Pan‘che-a *Pan-cra/ti-um Pan/da Pan/da-ma Pan-da’ri-a Pan/‘da-rus +Pan-da-ta’ri-a Pan/da-tes 7+Pan-de/mi-a Pan-de’mus tPan-di/a *Pan-di’‘on *Pan-di/o-nis *Pan-do-chi/um Pan-do/ra Pan-do/si-a Pan/dro-sos *Pa!ne-as *Pa-neg/y-ris *Pan/e-lus *Pan/e-mus, (river) *Pa-ne/mus, (man) Pan/e-nus, 07 Pa-ne!- nus Pan-ge/us *Pan-hel-le/nes *Pa/ni-a Pa-ni/a-sis *Pan-i-ge/ris Pa-ni-o/ni-um Pa/ni-us Pan-no/ni-a *Pan/no-nes Pan-om-phe/us Pan/o-pe, or Pan-o- pe/a *Pa-no!pe-z Pan/o-pes Pa-no’pe-us Pa-no’pi-on *Pan’‘o-pis Pa-nop/o-lis +Pa-nop’‘tes Pa-nor/mus Pan/sa *Pan-ten/e-tus *Pan-tag/a-thus *Pan-ta'gi-a Pan-tag-nos’tus Pan-ta’/gy-as Pan-ta/le-on Pan tau’chus Pan’te-us Pan-the/a Pan/the-on, or *Pan- the‘on Pan/the-us, or Pan/- thus Pan-thi-ca-pe2/um Pan/‘thi-des Pan-tho/i-des *Pan/tho-us Pan-tic/a-pes Pan-til/i-us *Pan-tol’/a-bus Pa-ny/a-sis Pa-ny/a-sus Pa-pe/us Pa-pha/ ges Pa!‘ phi-a *Pa'phi-us *Paph/la-gon Paph-la-go/ni-a Pa’phos Pa’phus Pa-pi-a/nus Pa’pi-as Pa-pin-i-a'’nus Pa-pin/i-us Pa-pir'i-a Pa-pir’i-us Pap/pus Pa-pyr/i-us Par-a-bys‘ton *Par-a-chel-o-i/te *Par-a-cli/tus, or Par- a-cle’tus *Pa-rac/ly-tus Par-a-di/sus Pa-ret/a-ce *Par-#-to/ni-i Par-w-to/ni-um Par/a-li *Par-a-li-pom/- e-na Par’a-lus *Par-a-po-ta/mi-a Pa-ra/si-a Pa-ra/si-us Par’/ce * Par'e-dri Pa-ren-ta/‘li-a *Pa-ret/ro-nes Pa!ris Pa-ris/a-des Pa-ris/i-1 Par/i-sus Pa/ri-um *Pa/ri-us Par’ma *Par’me-nas Par-men/i-des Par-me/ni-o *Par’me-no *Par-na/sus Par-nas/sus Par'/nes Par-nes'sus Par!ni Pa‘ron *Par-o-pam/i-s Par-o-re/i-a Pa/ros Par-rha/si-a *Par’rha-sis Par-rha/si-us Par-tha-mis’/i-ris Par-tha/on Par-the’ni-a Par-the/ni-e, and Par- the/ni-i Par-the/ni-as *Par-then/i-ce Par-the/ni-on Par-the/ni-us Par/the-non Par-then-0-pe/us Par-then!o-pe Par’thi-a +Par-thi/ni Par-thy-e/ne *Pa-ry/a-dres Pa-rys/a-des Par-y-sa/tis Pa-sar! ga-da *Pa-sar/ga-de Pa/se-as Pas’i-cles Pa-sic’ra-tes *Pas-i-pe/da Pa-siph/a-e *Pa-siph’i-le Pa-sith’e-a *Pa-sith’o-e Pa-sit/i-gris Pas!‘sa-ron *Pas-se-ri/nus Pas-si-e/nus Pas/sus *Pat/a-ge *Pat/a-lus Pat/a-ra *Pat-a-vi/nug Pa-ta/vi-um *Pa-te/re Pa-ter’cu-lus Pa-tiz/i-thes *Pat-i-zi/thes | Pat/mos Pa/tre Pa‘tro *Pat'ro-bas Pa-tro’cles Pa-tro‘cli Pat-ro-cli/des Pa-tro/clus *Pat/ro-clus Pa’‘tron Pat!ro-us, or *Pa-tro!- us Pa-tul/ci-us Paula Pau-Ji/na Pau-li/nus Pau/lus A&-myl’i-us Pau-sa/ni-as Pau/si-as *Pau-si-li/pon Pa/vor Pax Pax/os Pe/as Pe-da'ci-a Pe-de/us Pe-da’ni Pe-da/ni-us tPed/a-sa Ped/a-sus Pe-di'‘a-dis Pe-di-a/nus Pe'di-as Pe/di-us Ble’sus Pe/do Pe/dum tPe'ge Pe-gas/i-des Peg/a-sis Peg/‘a-sus *Pe-la/gi-us Pe)/a-gon *Pe-lag/o-nes Pe-lar'ge Pe-las' gi Pe-las'gi-a, or {Pe-las- gi-o'tis Pe-las'gus *Pe]/a-tes *Pe-le/ces *Pe-len'/do-nes Pel-e-thro/ni-i *Pe-let/ro-nes Pe’le-us Pe-li/a-des Pe'li-as Pe-li‘des Pe-lig/ni Pe-lig/nus Pel-i-ne/um Pel-i-ne/us Pe'/li-on| Pe‘li-um Pella Pel-la‘ne Pel-le/ne *Pel/o-pe "Pel-o-pe/a, or Pel-o- pi/a Pel-o-pe/i-a *Pel-o-pe/us Pe-Jop/i-das *Pe-lo!pi-us Pel-o-pon-ne/sus Pe/lops Pe/lor Pe-lo/ri-a Pe-lo/rum, or Pe-lo!- rus Pe-lu/si-um Pe-na‘tes Pen-da/li-um Pe-ne’i-a, or Pe! ne-is Pe-ne/is, [Schiller and Facciolati. | *Pe-ne!i-us *Pe-ne’le-us Pe-ne’li-us Pe-nel/o-pe Pe/ne-us, or Pe-ne/us Pen/i-das Pen-tap/o-lis *Pen-tap/y-lon *Pen-ta/thlum *Pen-te-dac/ty-lon *Pen/te-le tPen-tel/i-cus Pen-the-si-le/a Pen/the-us *Pen-thi/des Pen/thi-lus Pen/thy-lus Pep-a-re/thos - Pe-phre/do Pe-re’a Per-a-sip/pus *Per/a-tus Per-co/pe *Per-co/si-a Per-co/si-us Per-co/te Per-dic/cas Per’dix Pe-ren/na Pe-ren/nis Pe/re-us, or Pe/reus Per/ga *Per-ga/me-us Per’ ga-mus *Per’ ga-se Per’ge Per/gus Pe-ri-an/der Pe-ri-ar/chus Per-i-be/a *Pe-rib/o-lus Per-i-bo/mi-us Per’i-cles Per-i-clym/e-nus Pe-rid/i-a *Per-i-di/a Pe-ri-e-ge/tes Pe-ri-e/res Pe-rig’e-nes Pe-rig/o-ne Per-i-la’us Per-i-Je/us Pe-ril'la *Pe-ril!/li-us Pe-ril/lus Per-i-me/de Per-i-moJa *Per-i-me'le *Per-i-mel/i-des Pe-rin/thus Per-i-pa-tet/i-ci *Pe-rip/a-tus Pe-riph/a-nes Per/i-phas Pe-riph/a-tus Per-i-phe/mus *Per-i-phe/tes Per-i-pho-re/tas Pe-ris/a-des *Pe-ris/te-re Pe-ris/the-nes *Per-i-sty/lum *Pe-ris/ty-lum Pe-rit/a-nus Per/i-tas Per-i-to/ni-um Per-mes/sus Pelro, or t{Pe-ro/ne Per’o-e Per/o-la Per-pen/na Per-pe-re/ne Per-pho-re’tus ke ald iu eer re at va Per-ran/thes Per-rhe’bi-a PRONUNCIATION OF GREER AN *Phan/o-tis ue Ls LS cae D LATIN PROPER NAMES. Phe-nic/i-a *Phe-ni'ces Phil-e-te/rus Phi-le/tas Phan-ta/si-a Per’sa, or Per-se/is Pha/nus Phi-le/ti-us Phe-nic/e-us Per’se Pha/‘on Phil/i-das Phe-nic/i-des Per-se#/us Pha/ra Phil/i-des Phe-ni/cus Per-se/e Per-seph/o-ne Per-sep’o-lis Per’ses Per’se-us Per’si-a Per’sis Per/si-us Flac/cus Per’ ti-nax Pe-ru/si-a *Per-u-si/nus Pes-cen/ni-us Pes-si/nus *Pet/a-le Pe-ta/li-a Pet/a-lus Pe-te/li-a Pet-e-li/nus *Pe/te-on Pe/te-us Pe-til'i-a Pe-til/i-i Pe-til/i-us Pet-o-si/ris Pe'tra Pe-tre/a Pe-tre-i/us Pe-tri/num Pe-tro/ni-a Pe-tro/ni-us Pet/ti-us Peu/ce *Peu-ced/a-nos Peu-ces/tes Peu-ce’ti-a *Peu-ce/ti-l Peu-ci/ni Peu-co-la/us Pex-o-do/rus Phe/a *Phe-a/ces Phe-a/ci-a Phe/ax Phed/i-mus Phe/don Phe/dra Phe/dri-a Phe/drus Phed/y-ma Phe-mon/o-e *Phe-nag/o-re *Phe-nar’e-te Phen-a-re/te Phe/ni-as Phen/na Phen/nis *Phen-o-me’ris Phe-oc/o-mes Phes/a-na Phes/tum *Pha/e-thon *Pha-e-thon-te/us *Pha-e-thon’ti-us Pha/e-ton Pha-e-ton-ti/a-des Pha-e-tu/sa Phe/us Pha-ge/si-a *Pha/i-nus {Phal-a-cri/ne Pha‘le Pha-le/cus Pha-le/si-a Pha-lJan/thus *Pha-la/ra Phal/a-ris Phal/a-rus *Pha-la/rus Phal/ci-don Pha/‘le-as Pha-le/re-us Pha-le/ri-a Pha-le/ris Pha-le/ron, or Phal’e- rum Pha-le/rus Pha/li-as Phal/Ji-ca *Pha-lo/re Pha-lys'i-us *Pham-e-no/phis *Pha-na/ces Pha-ne/us *Pha-nag/o-Ta. Phan-a-re/a Pha/nas *Pha-na’tes Pha/nes *Pha/ni-um Phan/o-cles Phan-o-de/mus Phen-i-cu/sa Phee-nis’/sa Phe/nix *Phoe/te-um Phol/o-e Pho/lus *Pho-mo’this Phor/bas Phor/cus, or Phor'cys *Phor-cy/nis Phor/mi-o Phor/mis Pho-ro/ne-us *Phor-o-ne/us, adj. *Phor-o-ni'de Pho-ro/nis Pho-ro/ni-um *Plos’pho-rus Pho-ti/nus Pho/ti-us Phox/us Phi-lin’na Phi-li/nus Phi-lip{pe-i *Phil-ip-pe/us | Phi-lip’pi Phi-lip’pi-des Phil-ip-pop!o-lis Phi-lip’pus Phi-lis/cus *Phil-is-ti/des *Phi-lis/ti-o Phi-lis/ti-on Phi-lis/tus Phil/Jo Philo +Phil-o-be-o'tus Phi-loch/o-rus Phil/o-cles Phi-loc’ra-tes Phil-oc-te/tes Phil-o-cy/prus Pha-rac/i-des Pha/re, or Phe/re *Phar!a-o Pha-ras’ma-nes Pha/rax *Phar-be/lus *Phar-ce/don Pha’ris *Pha/ri-us Phar-me-cu/sa Phar-na-ba/zus Phar-na/ce Phar-na/ce-a Phar-na/ces *Phar-na/ci-a Phar-na-pa/tes Phar-nas’pes Phar/nus Pha’‘ros Phar-sa'li-a *Phar-sa/lus Phar’/te Phil-o-da-me/a Phra-a/tes Pha/rus Phil-o-de’/mus Phra-at/i-ces Pha-ru/si-i, or Phau- Phi-lod/i-ce Phra-da’tes ru/si-i *Phil-o-du/lus +Phra-gan'de Phra: ha/tes Phra-nic/a-tes Phra-or’tes Phras‘i-cles Pbhras’i-mus Phra/si-us Phrat-a-pher/nes *Phre-ge/na Phil-o-la/us Phi-lol’o-gus Phi-lom/a-che Phi-lom/bro-tus Phil-o-me/di-a Phil-o-me/dus Phil-o-me’la Phar’y-bus Pha-ryc/a-don Phar’y-ge *Phas-a-e’lis Pha-se'lis Pha-si-a/na Pha/si-as Pha/sis Phil-o-me’lus Phas/sus *Phil-o-me/tor Phri-a-pa/ti-us Phau’da *Phil-o-mu/sus *Phric!i-on Parix’us Phron/i-ma Phron’tis *Phru-gun-di’o-nes Phru/ri Phry/ges Phryg/i-a Phi/lon Phi-lon/i-des Phil/o-nis Phi-lon/o-e Phi-lon/o-me Phi-lon/o-mus Phil‘o-nus Phay-o-ri/nus Pha-yl/lus Phe/a, or Phe’i-a Phe-ca/dum *Phe-ge/a Phe! ge-us, or Phle’ge- us Phel/li-a Phi-lop/a-tor *Phryg/i-us Phel'lo-e +Phi-lo'phi-on Phry/ne Phel/lus Phil/o-phron Phryn/i-cus Phry/nis Phry/no *Phryx‘e-us Phryx/us Phil-o-pee/men *Phi-lop’o-nus *Phil-o-ro’mus *Phil-o-steph’/a-nus *Phe/mi-e Phe/mi-us Phe-mon/o0-e *Phen-e-be/this Phe-ne/um Phi-los/tra-tus Phthi/a Phe-ne/us, (a4 man) Phi-lo’tas Phthi-o/tis *Phe/ne-us, (a lake) Phi-lot/e-ra Phy/‘a Phe/r2 *Phi-lo/the-a *Phy-a'ces Phe-re/us *Phil-o-the/rus Phy/cus Phe-rau/les _ | *Phil-o-ti!/mus *Phyg’e-la Phe-re/clus Phi-lo/tis Phyl/a-ce *Phy]-a-ce/us Phyl/a-cus Phy-lar/chus Phy/‘las Phy/le Phyl/e-is Phy-le/us *Phy-li’des Phyl/i-ra Phyl/la Phyl-la‘li-a Phyl-le/i-us Phyllis Phyl'li-us Phi-lox/e-nus Phi-ly}/li-us Phil/y-ra® Phil/y-res Phi-lyr/i-des *Phi-ne/uin Phin/e-us, us, adj. *Phi-ni/des Phin/ta Phin/ti-a Phin/ti-as Phia Phieg’e-las Phe-rec/ra-tes *Pher-e-cy/a-de Pher-e-cy ‘des Pher-en-da/tes Pher-e-ni/ce tPhe-reph/a-te Phe'res Phe-re’ti-as Pher-e-ti/ma Pher/i-num +Phe-ri/num Phe/ron Phi/a-le Phi-a‘li-a, or Phi-ga/- Phi-ne/- li-a Phleg/e-thon Phyl-lod/o-ce Phi/a-lus Phie/gi-as Phyl/los *Phi-ce/on Phie/gon Phyl‘lus Phic/o-res Phie/gra Phy-rom/a-chus Phid/i-as Phle/gy-a, Phle’gy-© Phys-cel/la Phid/i-le Phle/gy-as Phys/co-a Phi-dip!pi-des Phii/as Phys’con Phi-dit/i-a Phli-a’‘si-a Phys/cos *Phi-do/Jas Phli/us Phys‘cus Phi/don Phic/us +Phys-i-og-no/mon Phy-tal/i-des Phyt/a-lus *Phy-te/um Phy/ton Phyx/i-um Pila, or Pi-a/li-a Pi/a-sus Pi-ce/ni Pi-cen’ti-a Pic-en-ti/ni Pi-ce/num Pi/cra Pic/te, or Pic'ti *Phlo!gi-us Pho-be’tor +Pho'bos Pho-ce/a *Pho-ca‘i-cus *Phoc/a-is Pho-cen/ses, and Phoc’i-ci Pho-cil/i-des Pho/ci-on Pho/cis Pho/cus Pho-cyl/i-des Phee’be +Pho-be/um *Phor-be/us Phoeb/i-das Phe-big/a-na Pha/bus Phe/mos Phe-ni'ce, or Phid/y-le *Phig-a-le/a Phi-ga/le-i Phila Phil-a-del/phi-a *P hil-a-del-phi/a Phil-a-del/phus Phille Phi-le/ni Phi-le/us *Phi-la/mon Phi-lam/mon Phi-lar/chus *Phi-lar’e-tus *Phi-lar! gy-rus *Phil/e-as Phi-le/mon Phi-le/ne Phi-le’ris Phil’e-ros Phi-le’si-us Pic-ta/vi-um *Pic/to-nes Pic’tor Pi/cus Pi-do/rus Pid/y-tes *Pi-dy'tes Pic-ta/vi, or Pic/to-nes Pi/e-lus Plei’a-des, or Ple-i/a- Pi/e-ra des Pi-e/ri-a *Ple/i-as Pi-er/i-des Plei’o-ne Pi/e-ris Plem-myr/i-um Pi’e-rus Plem/ne-us Pi’e-tas +Pleu-mo’si-i Pi'gres Pleu-ra/tus *Pj-Ja/tus Pleu/ron *Pj-le/sus Plex-au/re *Pi-lo/rus Pi-lum/nus Pim/pla *Pim-ple/a Pim-ple/i-des, or +Pim-ple’a-des Pim-pra/na Pin‘a-re Pi-na/ri-us *Pin/a-rus Pin/da-rus Pin/da-sus Pin de-nis‘/sus P P ae Pin/dus +Pin’gus P Pin‘’na P Pin’thi-as P +Pi/o-ne P Pi-o/ni-a *Pj'/o-nis Plu/ti-a Pi-re/us, or Pi-re’e- Piu’‘to us Plu-to/ni-um Pi-re/ne Plu/tus *Pj-ri/cus Pi-rith’/o-us *Pi-ro/mis Pi/rus I +Pi-rus/te Tt Pi-se/us Pi-san/der *Pj-sa/nus Pi-sa/tes, or Pi-se!1 Pi-sau/rus Pi-se/nor Pis’e-us Pelas Pis‘i-as Peec/i-le *Pis'i-de *Pcem/e-nis Pi-sid/i-a Pe/ni Pi-sid/i-ce *Poen/i-cus Pi’sis Pe/on Pis-is-trat/i-de Pe-o'ni-a | Pis-is-trat/i-des Po/us \ Pi-sis/tra-tus Po'gon lh Pi'so, [*Pi-so/nes, pl.] | Po'la \ Pi-so/nis Pol-e-mo-cra’ti-a | Pis/si-rus Pol’‘e-mon | Pis/tor Po-le/nor Pi’sus Po'li-as Pi-suth/nes Pit/a-ne *Pi-the’con Pith-e-cu/sa *Pith-e-cu/se Pith/e-us Pi'tho Pith-o-la/us Pi-tho/le-on Pi’thon Pi/thys Pit/ta-cus Pit/the-a Pit-the/is Pit-the/us Pit-u-a/ni-us Pit-u-la/ni Pit-y-w/a Pit-y-as/sus Pit-y-o-ne/sus +Pit/y-us Pit-y-u/sa Pla-cen'ti-a Pla-cid-e-i-a/nus Pla-cid/i-a Pla-cid/i-us Pla-na/si-a Plan-ci/na Plan/cus Pla-te/o. Pla-te/e *Plat/a-ge *Plat-a-mo/des Pla-ta!ni-us *Plat/a-nus *Pla-te/a *Pla-te/®e Pla’to *Pla-ton’i-ci Plau/ti-a (Lex) Plau-ti-a/nus Plau-til/la Plau/ti-us Plau/tus {Pla'vis *Pleb-is-ci/tum Col’pos 1319 Plex-ip/pus Plin/i-us Plin-thi/ne *Plin’thi-ne Plis-tar/chus Plis/tha-nus Plis/the-nes Plis-to/a-nax, or Plis- *Plis-to-ni/cus *Plo-the/a Plu-tar/chus Plu/vi-us Plyn-te/ri-a *Pneb!e-bis ® Po-blic/i-us *Pod-a-Je/a Pod-a-lir'/i-us Po-dar/ce Po-dar'ces Po-da!rey Po-dar!ge Po-dar/ gus lis-ti/nus to/nax lis-to-ni‘ces Jo/te Jo-ti/na lot-i-nop/o-lis Jo-ti/nus lo/ti-us > nig/e-us Pnyx +Po-li-ei/a *Po-li-e‘um *Po'li-eus Po-li-or-ce/tes Po-lis’ma Po-lis/tra-tus *Pol-i-te/a Po-li/tes Pol-i-to/ri-um Pol-len/ti-a Pol-lin’e-a ' Pol/li-o Pol/lis Pol/li-us Fe/lix Pol-lu/ti-a Pol/lux +Pol’tis Po!lus Po-lus/ca Po-ly-e-mon/i-des Po-ly-e'/nus *Po-ly-a-ra/tus Po-ly-ar/chus *Pol-y-be’tes Po-lyb/i-das Po-lyb/i-us, or Pol'y- bus Pol-y-be/a Pol-y-be’tes Pol-y-bo’tes *Po-lyb/o-tum *Po}/y-bus Pol-y-ca/on Pol-y-car/pus Pol-y-cas’te Po-lych/a-res ; Pol-y-cle’a. 4 Pol'y-cles Pol-y-cle/tus gf Po-lyc/ra-tes i Pol-y-cre'ta, or Pol-y- cri/ta Po-lyc/ri-tus Po-lyc/tor Pol-y-de/mon Po-lyd’a-masacca Pe SII, ae aby Pel OO Zeta * * ee a Se es - eae ee PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. Pol-y-dam/na Pol-y-dec’tes Pol-y-deu-ce/a Pol-y-do'ra Pol-y-do/rus Pol-y-gi/ton Po-lyg/i-us Pol-yg-no/tus | Po-lyg/o0-nus Po-ly-hy m/ni-a, 07 Po- lym/ni-a Po-ly-id/i-us *Po-ly 1/dus | Pol-y-la’/us Po-lym/e-nes Po/si-o +Pos-si-do’ni-um Pos-thu’mi-a Pos-thu/mi-us *Post/hu-mus Pos-tu/mi-us Post-ver’ta Po-tam/i-des Pot’/a-mon *Pot/a-mus Po-thi/nus Po/thos Pot-i-dw/a Po-ti/na Po-tit/I-us Pol-y-me/de Pot-ni/a-des Po-lyin/e-don | Pot nine Pol-y-me'Ja | Prac’ti-um P }-ym 1es' les Prie’ci-a Pol-ym-nes’tor | Prwe-nes’te Pol-y-n 3 | *Pren-es-ti’/ni Po-lyn‘o-e | Pre’sos Pol/y-nus | Privs‘ti Pol-y-p¢ n | Pr#’tor Pol-\ Ion Pre-to/ri-us Pol-y-phe’mus | Pre-tu/ti-um Pol- | *Pram/ni-um, or Pol/y-phron Pram-ni/um, adj P -poe/tes tPra/si-i ‘Polfy-ren | *Pras’i-nus *Pol-y-steph/a-nus | Prat’i-nas Po-lys’tra-tus Prax-ag/o-ras Pol-y-tech/nus Prax!i-as Po-ly'tes *Prax-i-bu/lus Pol-y-ti-me’tus Prax-id/a-mas *Pol-y-ti/mus Prax-id/i-ce Po-lyt'i-on Prax’i-la Po-lyt pus Prax-iph/a-nes Po-lyx/e-na Praxis Po-l nu Prax-it'e-les Po-lyx’o Prax-ith'e-a Pol-y-ze’lu | tPre’li-us Pom-a bres | *Pres-byt-e-ri/um, Po-me't r Po-me/-| (domicile for priest) ti-l | *Pres-by-te’ri-um, Pom-e-ti/na | (sacerdotal order) Po-mo'n Pre-u/ge-nes Pom-pe/i-a | Prex-as’pes I OMm-pe un l } I r Pom pe’) { Pom- Pr ) -tiimM r Daa ‘o-lis r Pom-pe'i- Poem!‘ pe-lon, Pom- *Prim-i-pi/lus pe-lo’na *Pri/o-la Pom-pil Pri/on Pom-pili-us Nu’ma | *Pri-o-no/tus Pom-pi/h Pris-ci-a/nus Pom-pis’c1 | Pris-cil’la Pom | Pris‘cus Pom-p Pris’tis Pom-po-si-a/nus Pri-ver/num Pomp-ti’na | Pri-ver’nus Pomp-ti/ne | Pro’ba Pomp-ti/nus Pro‘bus, M. Pom’pu | Pro’cas Pon‘ti-a Proch/o-rus Pon’ti-cum Ma’re Proch/y-ta Pon’ti-cus Pro-cil/i-us Pon-t Pro-cil/la Pon-t is Pro-cil/lus Pon’ti Pro'cle-a * N-CO-| -ri'a | Pro’cles Pon’tus Pro-cli/dx Pon't Mu-xi/nus | Proc’ne Po-pil/i-us Lie/nas | Proc-on-ne/sus Po-plic’o-la Pro-co’pi-us Pop- Pro/cris Pop-pe'us Pop-u-lo/ni-a *Por’a-ta Por‘ci a Por'ci-us *Por-do-se-le/ne Po-red/o- raiXx Pro-crus‘tes Proc/ua Proc-u-Je/i-us *Proc-u-li/na Proc’u-lus Pro’cy-on Prod/i-cus Po-ri‘na * Prod/ro-mus Por-o-se-le’/n Por-phyr‘i-on Por-phyr/i-us *Por-phy-rog-en-ni/- tus Por’ri-ma Por-sen/na, or rit Por'ti-a, and Por’ti-us Port/mos Por-tum-na/li-a Por-tum/nus *Por-tu/nus Po/’rus *P. c Por’se- o-sid’‘e-on Po-si/des Pos-i-de/um Po-si/don Pos-i-do/ni-a Pos-i-do/ni-us *Pro‘e-dri Pro-er/na Preet/i-des Pree'tus Prog/ne Pro-la/us Prom/a-chus Pro-math/i-das Pro-ma/thi-on Prom/e-don Prom-e-ne!/z Pro-me'the-i Pro-me/the-us Pro-me’this, and Prom-e-thi/des Prom/e-thus Prom/u-lus Pro-nap/i-des *Pro-na/um Pro/nax Pron/o-e Pron’o-mus Pron/o-us Pron/u-ba | Pro-per’ti-us *Pro-phe’ta | Pro-pet’i-des | Pro-pon’tis Prop-y-le’a Pros-chys’ti-us kPros-e-le/ni *Pro-sel/y-tus |} Pro-ser’pi-na *Pro-so/pis }Pros-o-pi‘tes Pros-o-pi'tis Pro-sym/na | Pro-tag/o-ras Prot-a-gor’i-des Pro/te-i Co-lum/nz Pro-tes-i-la/us Pro‘te-us Pro/the-us Proth-o-e/nor Proth/o-us Pro/to Prot-o-ge-ne’a | Pro-tog/e-nes Prot-o-ge-ni‘a Prot-o-me-di‘a Prot-o-me-du’sa *Pro-tot/y-pon | *Prot-ry-ge/a | Prox’e-nus | Pru-den/‘ti-us | Prum/ni-des Pru’sa Pru-se/us Pru/si-as *Prym-ne'si-a Prym/no Pryt’a-nes Pryt-a-ne/um Pryt’/a-nis Psam/a-the | Psam/‘a-thos | Psam-me-ni'tus | Psam-met/i-chus | Psam/mis Psa’phis Psa/pho | *Pse-bo/a Pse’cas | *Pse-ne/rus *Pseu-do-ce’lis *Pseu-do-man-ti/a *Pseu-dos'to-ma | *Psit/ta-ce | *Psit’ta-cus Pso!phis Psy ‘che | *Psy-cho-man-te/um Psy/chrus Psyl'li *Pte/le-os Pte/le-um *Pter'e-las Pter-e-la‘us Pte/ri-a Pte’ri-on | *Pto-chi/um Ptol-e-der’ma Ptol-e-me/um Ptol-e-mz/us Ptol-e-ma/is Ptol/y-cus Pto/us Pub-lic’i-a (Lex) Pub-Jic/i-us Pub-lic’o-la Pub/li-us *Pu-di'ca Pul-che’ri-a Pul/chrum | tPul/lus | Pu/ni-cum Bel/lum Pu/pi-us Pu-pi-e/nus Pup/pi-us Pu-te/o-li Py-a-nep’si-a Pyd/na Pyg’e-la Pyg-me/i TPyg-me/on Pyg-ma/li-on Pyl/a-des Pyle Py-lem/e-nes Py-lag/o-re Py-lag’o-ras Py-la’on Py-Jar'ge Py-lar’tes Py/las | *Psyt-ta-li’a i | 1316 Py-le/ne Pyl/e-us *Pyl/i-us Pyl/le-on Py/lo Py/los Py/lus xD / *Pym/a-tus Py/ra Py-rac/mon Py mn ; y-rac/mos Py-rech!/mes KPy-re/eus, or Py-re/- us *Py-ram/i-des Pyr/a-mus *Pyr/a-sus *Py-re/i-cus Pyr-e-ne'i Pyr-e-ne/us Py-re’ne *Py-re'tus *Pyr’e-tus Pyr'/gi Pyr’gi-on Pyr'/go Py r-got/e-les Pyr’gus Py-rip'pe Py’ro TPyr'o-des *Pyr/o-eis *Pyr-o-ge/ri Pyr/o-is Py-ro/ni-a *Py-ro-phle yr'rha Pyr’rhi-as Pyr'rhi-ca Pyr’rhi-cus Pyr'rhi-de Py r‘rho Pyr/rhus *Pyr’ri-cha Pys'te *Py-then/e-tus Py-thag’o-ras *Pyth-a-go-re'l *Py-than/ge-lus Pyth-a-ra’tus Pyth/e-as Py’thes Pyth’e-us Pyth‘i-a Pyth/i-as Pyth‘i-on *Pyth-i-o-ni’ce *Pyth-i-o-ni/ces Pyth/i-um Pyth’i-us Py‘tho Py-thoch/a-ris Pyth‘o-cles *Pyth-o-de’lus Pyth-o-do/rus Pyth-o-la’us Py‘thon *Py-tho’nes Pyth-o-ni'ce *Py-thon/i-ci *Pyth-o-ni'cus Pyth-o-nis'sa Pyt/na Pyt’ta-lus *Pyx-ag/a-thus 2’e-thon — Q. QuaA-pER'NA Qua/di *Qua-dra/ta Qua-dra/tus Quad/ri-frons, or Quad/ri-ceps Quies-to/res Qua/ri Qua/ri-us Quer’cens Qui-e/tus Quinc-ti-a/nus Quinc-til/i-a Quine’ti-us, T. TQuin’‘da Quin-de-cem/vi-ri Quin-qiia/tri-a *Quin/qua-trus Quin-quen-na/les *Quin-quevy/i-ri *Quin-til/i-a Quin-til-i-a/nus *Quin-ti/lis Quin-til’/i-us Va/rus Quin-til/Ja Quin-til/lus Quin’ti-us Quin/tus, or Quinc’ti- us Quin/tus Cur’ti-us Quir-i-na/li-a Quir-i-na‘Jis Qui-ri‘nus Qui-ri/tes R. Ra-BriR‘I-Us Ra-cil/i-a Re-sa/ces Ra-mi/ses Ram/nes Ran‘da *Ra-pha’ne-# Ra'po Ra-scip/o-lis *Ra-tu/me-na Rau-ra/ci, or Rau-ri/ci Ra-ven/na *Rav-en-na/tes Rav’/o-la Re-a/te Re-dic/u-lus Red/o-nes te-gil/ le Re-gil-li-a’nus Re-gil/lus *Re-gi/na TRe-gi/num Reg’/u-lus Re/mi Rem/‘u-lus | Re mu/‘ri-a Re/mus Re’sus TRe-ti/na Re-u-dig/ni TRha *Rhab-du/chi *Rha-ce/lus Rha/‘ci-a Rha‘ci-us *Rha-co/tes Rha-co’tis Rhad-a-man/thus Rhad-a-mis/tus *Rhad/i-ne Rha/‘di-us *Rhes’e-na Rhe/te-um Rhe/ti, or Re’ti Rhe'ti-a *Rha-ge/a *Rha-me’lus Rham-nen/ses Kham/nes Rham-si-ni/tus Rham/nus *Rham-nu/si-a Rha/nis *Rha-phe/’a *Rhap-so/di *Rha/‘ri-us Rha/ros *Rhas-cu/po-lis Rhas-cu/po-ris *Rha-to’us the/’a Rhe’bas, or Rhe’bus Rhed/‘o-nes Rhe’gi-um Rhe-gus!ci Rhe/mi Rhe’ne *Rhe-ne/a Rhe/ni Rhe'nus Rhe-o-mi/tres Rhe’sus Rhet’i-co Rhe-tog’e-nes Rhe-u/nus Rhex-e/nor Rhex-ib’i-us Rhi-a/nus Rhid/‘a-go Rhi-mot/a-cles *Rhi-noc-o-lu/ra Rhi/on Rhi/pha, or Rhi/phe Rhi-phe’i Rhi-phe/us Rhi/um *Rho-bela *Rhod/a-lus Rhod/a-nus Rho/de Rho/!di-a *Rho/di-i Rhod-o-gy/ne, or Rhod-o-gu/ne Rhod/o-pe, or Rho- do’pis Rho‘dus Rhe’bus Rhe’cus Rhe-te/um Rhe’tus *Rihom-bi’tes Rho-sa‘ces Rho‘’sus Rhox-a/na, or Rox-a!- na Rhax-a/ni Rhu-te/ni, and Ru- the/ni Rhyn/da-cus {thyn/thon Rhy/pxe *Rhyt/i-us *Ric‘i-mer *Rin-gi-be/ri ti-phe/i Ri-phe/us *Rig-ue-be’lus *Rix'a-me Rix-ain/a-re Ro-bi/go, or Ru-bi'go Rod-e-ri/cus to/ma Ro-ma/ni Ro-ma/‘nus Ro-mil’i-us Rom/u-la Ro-mu‘li-dz Rom/u-lus Ro’mus Ros/ci-us Ro-sil/Ja-nus Ro/si-us Ro-tom/a-gus Rox-a'na Rox-o-la/ni Ru-bel/li-us Ru/bi Ru/bi-con Ru-bi-e/nus Lap’pa Ru-bi’go Ru/bra Sax/a *Ru-bre/nus Ru’bri-us Ru/‘di-«e Ru’ fe Ruf-fi‘nus Ruf’fus Ru-fil/lus Ru-fi/nus *Ru/fl-us Ru/fus Ru/gi-i *Ru/mi-na Ru/mi-nus Run-ci/na Ru-pil/i-us *Rus‘ci-no Rus’‘ci-us Rus-co/ni-a Ru-sel/lz Rus/pi-na Rus'ti-cus Ru-te/ni *Ru-the/ni Ru/ti-la Ru/ti-lus Ru-til/i-us Ru/fus Ru/tu-ba Ru/tu-bus Ru/tu-li Ru/‘tu-pe Ru-tu-pi/nus C2 Sa/pa Sab/a-chus, or Sab/a- con Sa/be tSa-be‘i Sa-ba/ta +Sa-ba/tha *Sab/a-thex 7Sa-ba/tra Sa-ba/zi-us Sab/bas Sa-bel/la Sa-bel/li tSa-bel/lus *Sa-bid/i-us L C2 Sa-bi/na a-bi/ni a-bin-i-a/nus Sa-bi/nus Au/Ius *Sa-bi/ra Sa/bis *Sa-bo!ci *Sa-bo/tha Sab/ra-ce Sab/ra-ta Sa-bri/na Sab/u-ra Sab-u-ra/nus Sa/bus Sac/a-das Sa/cx *Sac-a-pe/ne Sa/cer *Sach-a-li/te Sachza-li/tes Sa-cra/ni Sa-cra/tor Sa-crat/i-vir *Sac/ro-ne Sad/a-les Sa/‘dus Sa-dy-a'tes *Sieg-i-me/rus *Swet/a-bes TSag-a-las/sus Sag/a-na Sag‘a-ris Sa-git/ta Sa-gun/tum, or Sa- fun’ tus mM Pp » *Sag-un-ti/nus Sa/is *Sal-a-oi/sa Sal-a-min/i-a Sal/a-mis Sal-a mi/na TSa-lam/ti-ca Sa-la‘pi-a, or Sa-la’- pl-% al‘a-ra Sa-lar/i-ca a-las'cl sa-le/i-us 3a-le/ni Sal-en-ti/ni Sa-ler’/num Sal-ga'ne-us, ov Sal- rva/ne-a TSa‘li-a *Sa-li-a’/ris Sa/li-i Sal-i-na/tor Sa/‘li-us Sal-lus’ti-us Sual/ina-cis Sal-mo/ne mds [QU } Sal-mo/ne-us *Sal-mo/nis Sal/mus Sal-my-des‘’sus Salo” Sa-lo/me *Sa\‘o-mon ¢ Sa/lon Sa-lo/na, or ne *Sal-o-ne/a Sal-o-ni/na Sal-o-ni’nas Sa-lo/ni-us *Sal-pi/nas Sal/pis *Sal-tu-a/res Sal/vi-an Sal-vid-i-e/nus al/vi-us Sa/ly-es a-ma/ri-a Sam-a-ri/a *Sam-a-ri‘ta *Sam/a-te Sam-bu/los TSarn/bus Sa/me, or Sa‘mos *Sa-me/ni Sa/mi-a *Sa/mi-us Sam-ni’te Sam-ni’tes Sam/ni-um tSam-o-cho-ni’tes *Sa-mon/i-cus Sa-mo/ni-um Sa/mos Sa-mos/a-ta Sam-o-thra/ce, or Sam-o-thra/ci-a Sa-lo/- * TLE # TPA = *Sam-o-thra/ces Sa/mus *Sa-myl/i-a Sa/na San/a-os San-cho-ni/a-thon San-da/ce *San-da-li-o/tis San-da/‘li-um San/da-nis San/da-nus San-di/on *San-do/ces San-dro-cot/tus San/ga-la san-ga/ri-us, or San!- ga-ris San-guin/i-us San-nyr/i-on San/to-nes, and San/- to-ne *San-ton/i-cus *Sa-o/ce *Sa-oc/o-ras Sa/‘on *Sa-o/tes Sa-px’/i, or Sa-phe/i *Saph/a-rus {Sap-i-re/ne *Sa-pi/res V por a-po/res ap/pho *Sap-pho/us ap/ti-ne ar-a-ce/ne *Sar-a-ce/ni a-rac/o-ri *Sar-a-me/ne Sa-ran/ges Sar-a-pa/ni Sar/a-pus Sar/a-sa Sa-ras/pa-des *Sa-ra!vus Sar-da-na-pa/lus *Sar-de/ne Sar/di Sar/di-ca Sar-din'i-a Sar/dis, or Sar’des *Sar/do-nes Sar-don/i-cus *Sar/do-nyx *Sar-dop/a-tris *Sar-do/us Sar’dus a-ri-as/ter *Sar/ma-te Sar-ma/ti-a Sar-men/tus Sar/ni-us Sa/ron Sa-ron/i-cus Si/nus *Sa-ro/nis Sar-pe/don tSar/ra *Sar-ra/nus *Sar/ra-pis Sar-ras/tes {Sars Sar/si-na Sar-san/da Sa/son *Sas/o-nes *Sas/i-na *Sat-a-gy/te *Sat/a-nas Sa-tas’pes Sa/ti-e Sat-i-bar-za/nes Sa-tic/u-la, and Sa- tic/u-lus sa/tis *Sa-tra/i-dxe *Sat-ra-pe/a Sat-ra-pe/ni *Sat/ra-pes Sa-trifcum a-trop/a-ces at/u-ra Sat-u-re/i-um, or Sa- tu/re-um Sat-u-re/i-us Sat-ur-na/li-a Sa-tur/ni-a Sat-ur-ni/nugs Sa-tur/ni-us Sa-tur/nus Sat/u-rum Sat/y-ri at/y-rus sau-fe/i-us Tro/gus au-rom/a-te Saurus Sav/e-ra ™! NN y mM TAN * NM 2 » TT WZ 4 r TN D x MNT r MMM AM T™AMM Sa/vo, or Sa-vo/na Sa/vus *Sax/o-nes Saz/i-ches Sce/a Sce!va Scev’/o-la Scal/pi-um Sca-man/der Sca-man/dri-us Scan-da/ri-a *Scan-de/a Scan-di-na/vi-a Scan-tilla Scap-tes’y-le Scap/ti-a Scap’ti-us Scap/u-la Scar/di-i *Scar-phe/a Scar-phi/a, or Scar’phe Scau/rus Sced/a-sus Scel-e-ra/tus *Sce-ni/te Sche/di-a, or Ske’di-a Sche/di-us Sche’/ri-a *Schoe-ne’is Sche/ne-us Sche/nus, or Sche’no *Sci-ap/o-des Sci/a-this, or Si/a-this Sci/a-thos Sci/dros Scil/lus Sci/nis Scin’/thi Sci-o/ne Sci-pi/a-de *Sci-pi/a-des Scip/i-o Sci/ra Sci-ra/di-um Sci/ras Sci/ron *Sci-ron/i-des Sci/rus *Scol/o-ti Sco‘jus Scom/brus co’ pas Scop/e-los Sco/pi-um Scor-dis/ci, and Scor- dis/ce Sco-ti/nus Sco-tus/sa Scri-bo/ni-a Scri-bo-ni-a/nus Scri-bo/ni-us *Scyl/a-ce Scyl-a-ce/um Sey ‘lax Scyl’la Scyl-le/um Scy!/li-as Scyl’lis Scyl/lus Scy-lu/rus Scyp/pi-um Scy/ras *Scy-ri/a-des Scy/ros +Scyr’pi-um *Scyt/a-le Scythe *Scy-the/ni Scy’thes, or Scy/tha Scyth/i-a Scyth/i-des Scy-thi/nus Scy/thon Scy-thop/o-lis Se-bas/ta *Seb-as-te/a *Seb-as-te/ni Se-bas/ti-a *Seb-as-top/o-lis *Seb/e-da Seb-en-ny/tus *Se-be/this *Se-be/tos Se-be/tus Se-bu-si-a/ni, o7 Se- gu-si-a/ni *Sec/e-la Sec-ta/nus *Se-dig/i-tus Sed-i-ta/ni, or Sed-en- ta/ni Se-du/ni Se-du/si-i Se-ges/ta Se-ges/tes {Se-ge/ti-a + + *TN Pee TR ds ond } Seg/ni Se-gob/ri-ga Seg’o-nax Se-gon/ti-a, or Se- gun/ti-a Seg-on-ti/a-ci Se-go/vi-a Se-gun/ti-um Se-gu-si-a’nl {Se-gu/si-o Se-ja‘nus AS’li-us *Se-i-sach-thi/a Se/i-us Stra’bo *Sel-do/mus Se-lem/nus Se-le/ne Sel-eu-ce/na, or Se- leu/cis Se-leu/ci-a *Sel-eu-ci/a Se-leu/ci-de Se-leu/cis *Se-leu-co-be/lus Se-leu/cus Sel/ge Se-lim/nus Se-li/nuns, or Se-li/- nus *Se/li-us Sel-la/si-a Sel-le/is Sel/li Se-lym/bri-a Sem/e-le *Sem-en-ti/nus *Se-mid/e-l Sem-i-ger-ma/ni Sem-i-gun/tus Se-mir/a-mis Sem/no-nes *Sem-no’the-i Se-mo/nes Sem-o-sanc/tus Sem-pro/ni-a Sem-pro/ni-us Se-mu/ri-um Se/na *Se-na/tor Se-na/tus Sen/na, or Se/na Sen/e-ca {Se/ni-a Sen/o-nes *Se-no/nes Sen/ti-us *Se!pi-ag +Se’pi-us *Se-pla/si-a *Sep-tem/pe-da *Sep-tem/tr1-o Sep-te/ri-on Sep-tim/i-us Sep-ti-mu-le/i-us Sep/y-ra Seq/ua-na Seq/ua-nl *Se-quan/i-cus Se-quin/i-us *Se-ra'pes *Ser-a-pe/um Se-ra!pi-o *Se-ra/pi-on Se-ra/pis Se/res Ser-bo/nis Se-re/na Se-re-ni-a/nus Se-re/nus Ser-ges/tus Ser/gi-a Ser-gi/o-lus Ser/gi-us *Ser/i-cus Se-ri/phus Ser/my-la Se/ron Ser-ra/nus *Ser-re‘um Ser-to/ri-us Ser-ve/us Ser-vi-a/nus Ser-vil/i-a Ser-vil-i-a/nus Ser-vil/i-us Ser/vi-us Tul/li-us *Ses-a-me!nl *Ses/a-mum Ses/a-ra *Ses-a-re/thus *Ses-o-os'tris, or Se- sos'tris Ses/ti-us Ses/tos, or Ses’tus Se-su/ vi-i Set/a-bis D Yr y Se/thon Se’ti-a Seu/thes Se-ve/ra Se-ve-ri-a/nus Se-ve/rus tSe/vo Sex/ti-a Sex-til/i-a *Sex-ti/lis Sex-til/i-us Sex’ti-us Sex/tus Si-bi/ni *Sib/o-tes Si-bur’ti-us Si-byl/le *Sib-yl-li/nus Si’ca Si-cam/bri, or Sy- gam/bri Si-ca/ni Si-ca/ni-a *Si-ca/nus *Sic/a-nus Sic/e-lis, or Si-cel!i- e 3 *Si-ce/mus, and Si- ce/ma *Si-ce/nus Si-che/us Si-cil/i-a Si-cin/i-us Den-ta/tus Si-ci/nus *Sic/o-ris Sic/o-rus Sic/u-li *Sic/u-lus Sic/y-on Sic-y-o/ni-a *Sid-a-ce/ne Si’de *Si-de/le *Si-de/ne Si-de/ro Sid-i-ci/num Si/don *Si-do/nes *Sid/o-nis, or Si-do’nis Si-do/ni-us Si/ga Si-ge'um, or Si-ge/um Sig/ni-a *Sig-ni/nus Sig-o-ves/sus Sig/u-ne, Si-gy/ni, or Si-gyn/ne Si/la, or Sy/la *Si-la/i Si-la/na Ju’li-a Si-la/nus Sil/a-rus Si-le/ni Si-le/nus Sil-i-cen/se Sil/i-us L-tal/i-cus Sil/phi-um TSil/pi-a Sil-va/nus *Si-man/ge-lus yr, - Sim-briv/i-us, ov Sim- bru/vi-us “Si-me/na si-me/thus, or Sy- me/thus Sim/i-le Sim/i-lis Sim/nii-as Si/mo *Sim/o-eis Sim/o-is Sim-o-is/i-us Si/mon Si-mon/i-des Sim-plic/i-us Sim/utus Si/mugs Sim/y-ra +Sin/de Sin/di *Si-ne/ra Sin-ge/i *Sin-gu-lo/nes +Sin/gus Si/nis Sin/na-ces Sin/na-cha Sin/o-e Si/non Si-no’pe Si-no/pe-us Sin/o-rix +Sin-ti/ce Sin/‘ti-i Sin-u-es/sa *Sin-u-es-sa/nus *Sij-o/ pe PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES. , Siph'nos Si-pon/tum, o7 Si/pus Sip'y-lum, and Sip'y- lus tSir/bo *Sir-bo/nis *Sj-red/o-nes Si-re/nes Si/ris Sir/i-us Sir/mi-um *Si-ro/mus *Sir-o-px/o-nes *Sis/a-pon Si-sam/nes Sis/a-pho *Sis/a-ra +Sis-ci/a Sis‘e-nes Si-sen/na Sis-i-gam/bis, or Sis- y-gam/bis Sis-o-cos’tus Sis/y-phus Si-tal/ces *Si-the/ni Sith/ni-des Si/thon | *Sith’o-nes *Sith/o-nis Si-tho/ni-a Sit/i-us Sit/o-nes *Sit-te-be’/ris *Siz'y-ges +Sma-rag/dus Sme/nus Smer/dis Smilax Smi'lis Smin-dyr/i-des Smin/the-us Smyr/na So-a’na So-an/da So-a/nes Soc/ra-tes *Sod/o-ma Soe/mi-as Sog-di-a/na Sog-di-a/nus *So-la/nus *So]/e-nus tSo-li/mus *So-li/nus *Sol-le/um Sol/o-e, or So'li So-le/is So/lon So-lo/ni-um So/lus tSol/va *Sol-y-ge/a Sol/y-ma, and Sol/y- me *Sol/y-mi Som/nus Son/chis Son-ti/a-tes Sop/a-ter So/phax So-phe/ne *So-phen/e-tus *So/phi-a Soph/o-cles Soph-o-nis'ba So’phron *Soph/ro-na So-phro/ni-a So-phron/i-cus Soph-ro-nis/cus *So-phro!ni-us So-phros/y-ne *So-pi’thes Sop/o-lis So/ra So-rac/tes, and So- rac/te So-ra/nus *Sor/di-ce So/rex So-rit/i-a So/s*-a Gallla So-sib/i-us Sos/i-cles So-sic/ra-tes So-sig/e-nes So/si-1 Sos/i-lus So-sip/a-ter. *So-sip!o-lis So/sis So-sis/tra-tus *So-sith/e-us So’si-us +Sos/pi-ta Sos'the-nes Sos’tra-tus *Sos/xe-tra Sot/a-des So’ter *So-te/res So-te/ri-a So-ter/i-cus So’/this +So-ti-a‘tes So/ti-on *So-ti/ra So/ti-us So/us *Sox!/o-te Soz/o-men *So-zom/e-nus Spa/co *Spal/e-thra_ = « *Spar-ga-pi/thes Spar/ta Spar’ta-cus Spar’te, or Spar’ti Spar-ta/ni, ov Spar-ti- a'te *Spar-ta/nus Spar-ti-a/nus *Spar-to/lus *Spat/a-le Spe/chi-a Spen/di-us Spen/don *Sper-chi/a Sper-chi/us Sper-ma-toph/a-gi Speu-sip’ pus Sphac-te/ri-e *Sphe-ce/a Sphe/rus Sphinx Spho/dri-as Sphra-gid/i-um Spi-cil ‘Jus Spin/tha-rus Spin/ther Spi/o Spi-tam/e-nes Spi-thob/a-tes Spith-ri-da/tes Spo-le/ti-um *Spo-le/tum Spor/a-des Spu-ri/na Spu/ri-us Sta-be/ri-us Sta/bi-e *Stab/u-lum Sta-gi/ra Sta/i-us *Stam/e-ne Staph/y-lus Sta-san/der Sta-sil/e-us +Sta-te/nus Sta-tili-a Sta-til/i-us Stat/i-ne Sta-ti/ra Sta/ti-us Sta-se’as Sta-sic/ra-tes Sta/tor *Steg/a-nos Stel-la/tes Stel/li-o Ste/na Sten-o-be/a Ste-noc/ra-tes Sten/tor *Sten/to-ris *Sten-y-cle/rus Steph/a-na Steph/a-nus Ster/o-pe Ster’o-pes Ster-sich/o-rus Ster-tin/1-us Ste-sag/o-ras *Ste-sich/o-rus Stes-i-cle/a +Stes-i-le/us Stes-i-le/us Ste-sim/bro-tus *Sthen-e-la/i-das Sthen/e-le Sthen/e-lus Sthe/nis Sthe/no Sthen-o-be/a Stil/be, or Stil’ bi-2 Stil/i-cho Stil’po Stim/i-con Stiph/i-lus | *Sti-ri/te Sto-be/us Steech/a-des Sto/i-ci *Sto/i-cus Stra/bo Stra-tar/chas *Stra-te/gus Stra/to, or Stra/ton Strat/o-cles *Strat-o-cli/a Strat-o-ni/ce *Stra-ton-i-ce’a Strat-o-ni/cus *Stro-go'la Stron/gy-le Stroph/a-des Stro’phi-us *Stru-thi/a Stru-thoph/a-gi Stru/thus Stry’ma Strym/no Stry’mon *Strym/o-nis *Styg'i-us Styg/ne *Sty-lob/a-tes Stym-pha/li-a, or Sty m-pha/lis *Stym/pha-hs Stym-pha/lus +Su-a’na Su-ar-do/nes *Sub-al-pi/nus Su-ba/tri-i *Sub/la-cum Su-blic/i-os +Sub-mon-to/ri-um Su’ bo-ta *Su-bu/ra Su-bur’ra Su/cro *Su-de!ti *Su-e! bus Su-es/sa *Su-es-sa/nus *Su es-si-o/nes Sues/so-nes, or [Su- es-so/nes Sue-to/ni-us Sue'vi *Su-e! vi Sue/vi-us *Sue/vus, or {Su-e!- vus Suf-fe/nus *Sui-fe/tes Suf-fe'ti-us, or Su- fe'ti-us Sui'’das *Su/i-das *Su-il-la/res Su-il/i-us Su-i/o-nes Sul/chi Sul/ci-us ySul/ga Sul'mo, o7 Sul/mo-na Sul-pit/i-a Sul-pit/i-us, or Sul- pic/i-us *Su-od/o-na Su-o-ve tau-nil/i-a Su/pe-rum Ma’re Su/ra Aa-myl/i-us Su-re/na *Su-re/nas 7Su/ri-um Surren/tum Su/rus Su/sa Su/sa-na Su-sa/ri-on : Su-si-a/na, or Su/sis ¢Su/thul Su/tri-um Sy-a’grus Syb/a-ris Syb-a-ri/ta *Syb/e-rus *Syb/o-ta Syb/o-tas Syv-cin/nus Sy/e-dra /e-ne y e-ne!si-us y-e-ni/tes *Sy-en/ne-sis —_ TTDke ~~ ina “ ee = i a oe ce ag a OEE TR RATE et * a = josie ae Ne Te ae ) . : | 5 ; % 1 ; ae) 3 ee -¥ + 4 | F A 4 cae j a) oe) ij | ee pS ct ees Cae ae Syl-va/nus Syl’vi-a Syl’ vi-us Sy/ma, or Sy’me aNe in! ho- Ja aay m-bo-lo'rum Sym! ‘bo-lum Sym! ma-chus ym-pleg/a-des #Sy m-ple/gas Sy/mus Syn-cel’lus Syn/ge-lus *Syn/e-dri *Syn-e- phe’bi Sy" ne 'si-us A Th U -no'pe -phe/um ‘nhax r/a- ces r-2-co 'si-a ost Sy/rinx Syr’ma-te Syr-ne/tho *Syr-o-cil’/i-ces *Sy r-o-me/di-a yr-o-phe/nix E20: phe-ni'ces 'ros yr'tes ‘rus s-i- gam'bis y-sim ‘e-thres s/i-nas chee RN DAD % x a we<<<, DNDN sas i Ta-avu'TES *Tab/a-nus ¥Ta-be/ni tTa’bor Tab/ra-ca tTa-bu/da Ta-bur’nus tTa-ca!pe *Tac-a-pho/ris t{Tac-a-tu/a Tac-fa-ri‘nas Ta-champ/so *Tuch/o-ri Ta'chos, or Ta/chus Tac/i-ta Tac/i-tus *Tac/o-la Te/di-a *Twe-dif’e-ra *Twen/a-ros Ten/a-rus Te’/ni-as *Ta-e'pa Ta’ges Ta-go'ni-us Ta/gus Ta-la’/si-us Tal’'a-us Ta-la/y-ra Tal/e-tum Tal-thyb/i-us Ta/‘lus Tam/a-rus Ta-ma/se-a *Tam/e-sis Ta-me/sis Ta/mos Tam/pi-us Tam/y-ras Tam/y-ris Tan/a-gra *Tan-a-gre/us, or *Tan-a-gre/us Tan/a-grus, or Tan/a- ger Tan/‘a-is PRONUNCIATION OF Tan/a-quil Ta-ne/tum Ta/nis Pan-tal/i-des Tan/ta-lus Ta-nu/si-us Ger/mi- nus *Ta-olca, Ta-o!ci Ta’ phi-e *Ta!phi-i Ta/phi-us, as/sus *Tap!o-ri *Tap-o-si'ris Ta-prob/a-ne Tap/sus Tap/y-ri Tar/a-nis Ta/ras Ta-ras'co Tar-ax-ip’pus Tar-bel/li *Tar-bel/li-cus Tar-che’ti-us *Tar/chi-a Tar’chon *'Tar-chon-dim/o-tus *Tar-en-ti/nus Ta-ren/tum, or Ta- ren/tus *Tar-i-che/a *T'a-rich/e-a Tar/ne Tar’pa ‘Tar-pe/i-a Tar-pe/i-us Tar-guin/i-a Tar-quin/i-i Tar-quin’‘i-us Tar-quit/i-us Tar’qui-tus Tar-ra-ci‘na Tar'ra-co Tar-mru‘ti-us Tar’sa Tar’si-us Tar'sus, or Tar’sos *T ar-tar/i-nus Tar’ta-rus *Tar-te/sus T'ar-tes'sus Ta-run/ti-us +Ta‘rus +Tar-vis‘i-um Tas-ge’ti-us *T as'sj-to Ta/ti-an Ta-ti-en/ses *T a/ti-i Ta/ti-us Tat’ta *Tau-chi/ra Tau-lan/ti-i Taunus Tau-ra/ni-a Tau-ran/tes Tau/ri *Tau-ri/a Tau/ri-ca Cher-so-ne/ sus Tau/ri-ca Tau-ri/ni Tau-ris’ci Tau/ri-um *Tau/ri-us *Tau-rob’o-lus *Tau/ro-is *Tau-rom/e-nos Tau-ro-min/i-um *Tau-ro-po-li/a *Tau-rop/o-lus *Tau-ru/bu-le Tau/rus Tax-la *T ax/i-li Tax’i-lus, or Tax’i-les Tax-I-inaq/ui-lus Ta- ygie- te, or Ta-y- ge'ta Ta-yg'e-tus, or Ta- ygle- ta Te-a/num Te/a-rus Te-a/te-a, *Te-a'te, or or Ta-phi- ech-mes/sa Tech/na-tis Tec’ta-mus Tec-tos/a-ges, or Tec- tos/a-g@ *Tec'to-sax Te!ge-a, or Te-gevla *Te- -£e- -a/tes Teg/u-la Teg/y-ra Te/i-os Te/i-um *Te’j-us {Tela Tel/a-mon Tel-a-mo-ni/a-des Tel-chi/nes Tel-chin/i-a Tel-chin/i-us Tel/chis Te'le-a *T el’e-ba Te-leb/o-as Te-leb/o-~e, o-es Tel-e-bo/i-des Te-le/cles, or Te-le’ clus Tel-e-cli/des Te-leg/o-nus vu e-lem!: i-chus Tel’e-mus Tel-e-phas/sa Tel’e-phus Te-le/si-a Te-les/i-clas Te-les‘i-cles Te-le-sil/la Tel-e-sin/i-cus Tel-e-si/nus Tel-e-sip’pus Te-les’/pho-nus Tel-e-stag/o-ros Te-les'tas Te-les/tes Te-les'to Tel’e-thus Te-le-thu’sa Te-leu’ri-as +Te-leu/te Te-leu‘ti-as *Tel/i-nus Tel-le/ne Tel/les Tel/li-as Tel'lis Tel/lus *T'el/me-ra Tel-mes‘sus, or Tel- mis‘sus Te/lon Tel-thu/sa Te/lys Te-ma’/the-a *Tem/bri-um *Tem-e-ni/a Tem-e-ni’tes Te-me/ni-um *T’em/e-nos Tem’e-nus Tem-e-rin'da Tem/e-sa, or Tem/e-se *T'em/i-sus *Tem-mi’ces Tem/nes Tem/nos Tem’pe *Tem!pe-a *Tenchi-te/ri +Te’ne-a *T'e-ne/# Te n’e -dos or Te-leb/- *Ten’e-rus Te’nes Ten/e -sis *T'e-ne/um Ten/'nes Te’nos Ten'ty-ra, (in Egypt) Ten- ty’ ra, or * Tem- py’ra, (in Thrace) Te/’os, or Te’i-os aL: e-re/don Te-ren‘ti-a - Te-ren-ti-a/nus Te-ren/ti-us Pub/li-us Te-ren/tus Te're-us *'Ter-gem/i-nus Ter-ges'te, and Ter- ges/tum Te/ri-as Ter-i-ba’/zus Te-rid/a-e ‘T'er-i-da’tes Ter/i-gum *'Te-ri/na Ter-men’ti-a *"Ter!me-ra Ter’me-rus Ter-me’sus Ter-mi-na’li-a Ter-mi-na/lis Ter!'tmi-nus Ter’mi-sus, or Ter- mes/sus GREEK Ter-pan/der Terp-sich/o-re Terp-sic/ra-te Ter’ra Ter-ra-ci/na Ter-ra-sid’i-us Ter’ti-a Ter’'ti-us Ter-tul-li-a/nus Te’thys *T et-ra-co/mum *T et-ra-go/nis Te-trap/o-lis Tet’ri-cus Teu’cer *Teu-chi/ra Teu/cri Teu/cri-a Teuc’te-ri *'l"eu-me!sos Teu-mes’sus *Teu-o'chis Teu/ta ‘Teu-ta/mi-as ta-mis Teu/ta-mus Teu/tas, or Teu-ta/tes Teu/thras *Teu-thro'ne Teu-tom/a-tus Teu'to-ni, and Teu’to- nes *Teu-ton/i-cus Tha- ben'na *Thac/co-na Thais Tha/‘la Thal/a-me, or Thal/a- me *T ha-las/si-o Tha-las/si-us Tha‘les Vha-les’tri-a, or Tha- les‘tris Tha-le’tes *Tha-le/us Tha-li/a *Tha/li-us tT hallo Thal/pi-us +Tham/u-da Tham/y-ras Tham/y-ris *Than/a-tus Thap’‘sa-cus Thar-ge’li-a *T har-gib/u-lus Tha-ri‘a-des Tha’rops Tha/‘si-us, or Thra’si- us Tha’sos Tha‘sus *Thau-ma/ci-a Thau-man’ti-as, Thau-man’‘tis Thau/mas Thau-ma/si-us Thela *T he-e-te’/tus The-ag/e-nes The-a/ges The-a’no The-a/num The-ar’i-das The-ar/nus The-a-te’tes The/be Theb/a-is *The-ba/nus The’be *Theg-a-nu/sa The’i-a The’i-as *Thel-a-i/ra Thel-e-phas/sa *'lhel-e-si/nus *Thel/i ne Thel-pu’sa Thel-xi/on Thel-xi‘o-pe Theim/e-nus The-me’si-on The/mis The-mis!cy-ra Them/i-son The-mis‘ta The-mis/ti-us The-mis’to-cles Them-i-stog'e-nes The-o-cle/a The/o-cles The/o-clus T he-o-clym/e-nus *The-oc'ly-tus , or Teu'- and The-oc/ri-tus AND LATIN The-od’a-mas, or Thi- od/a-mas *The-o-da/mus *The-od/a-tus The-o-dec’tes +The-o-do/nis The-o-do/ra The-o-do-re/tus *T he-o-do-ri/cus The-o-do-ri/tus The-o-do/rus T he-o-do/si-us The-od/o-ta The-o-do'ti-on The-od/o-tus *T he-o-du/lus *T he-o-gi/ton The-og-ne/tes The-og/nis The-om-nes’/tus The’on The/‘on O-che’ma *The-o!nas, and *The- o-ni‘cus The-on/o-e The/’o-pe The-oph/a-ne The-oph/a-nes The-o-pha/ni-a *T he-oph-a-ni/a *The-oph/i-la The-oph‘i-lus The-o-phras’tus The-o-phy-lac/tus The-o-pol/e-mus T he-o- pom/pus *The “Op ‘ro-pus *The-o'rs The-o/ri-us The-o-ti‘mus The-ox/e-na The-ox-e/ni-a The-ox-e/ni-us The/’ra The-ram/bus The-ram/e-nes The-rap'ne, or Te- rap/ne The’ras *T he-rid/a-mas The-rim/a-chus *Ther/i-nus The Tip’ pi-das Ther‘i-tas Ther’ma Ther-mo/don Ther-mop’y-le tTher’mum Ther’mus The-rod/a- The/ron Ther-pan/der Ther-san’der Ther-sil‘o-chus Tber-sip’pus Ther-si'tes Thes-bi‘tes *T he-se’a The-se'i-de The-se/is *The-se/um The’/se-us, The/setis The-sifde The-si/des *Thes-moph/o-ra Thes-mo-pho’ri-a Thes-moth/e-te *Thes!'o-a *Thes-pe/a Thes-pi/a Thes-pi/a-de Thes-pi/a-des Thes’pi-z Thes'pis Thes’pi-us, or Thes'ti- us * Thes-pro!ti Thes-pro‘ti-a Thes-pro’tus Thes-sa'‘li-a Thes-sa/‘Ji-on Thes-sa-li’o-tes Thes-sa-lo-ni/ca Thes‘sa-lus Thes/ta-lus Thes‘te Thes'ti-a Thes-ti‘a-de, and Thes-ti/a-des Thes’ti-as *T hes-ti-di/um Thes’/ti-us Thes/tor Thes'ty-lis *Thes'‘ty-lus mas PROPER N AMES. *Theu/do-tus The Dies or Teu’this Thi’ *T hi- al-le/la Thi/as Thim/bron Thi-od/a-mas +Thir-mid/i-a This'be This/i-as This/o-a *T ho-an-te/us Tho-an/ti-um Tho/as Thole Tho/lus Thom’y-ris Thon Tho/nis *T ho-ni’tes Tho/on Tho!o-sa Tho-o’tes Tho-ra/ni-us Tho/rax Tho'ri-a (Lex) Thor'nax Thor’sus +T both Tho/‘us Thra/ce Thra‘ces Thra/ci-a Thrac/i-de Thra/cis Thra‘se-as Thra-sid’/e-us Thra’si-us Thra’‘so Thras-y-bu/lus Thras-y-de/us Thra-syl/lus Thra-sym/a-chus Thras-y-me/des *T hras-v-me/nus Thre-ic‘i-us Thre-is/sa Threp-sip/pas Thri-am’bus Thro’ni-um Thry’on Thry‘us Thu-cyd/i-des Thu-is/to Thu‘le Thu’ri-e, or Thu’ri- um t*Thu-ri/nus Thus'ci-a Thy/a Thy/a-des *Thy-a-mi/a Thy/a-mis Thy’a-na Thy-a-ti‘ra Thy-bar’ni Thy-es’ta Thy-es'tes *Thy-es-te/us *Thy/i-as Thym/bra Thym-bre/us *Thym/bri-a Thym/’bris Thym’bron Thym/e-le Thy-mi‘a-this Ty hy- moch/a-res Thy-me/tes Thy-od‘a-mas Thy-o'ne Thy-o'ne-us Thy‘o-tes Thy/re Thyr/e-a *Thyr-e-a/tis Thyr’e-us *Thyr/i-des Thyr’‘i-on Thyr-sag’e- te *T hyr-sag'e-tes Thys‘sos Thy/us *T j-a'ra Ti/a-sa Tib-a-re/ni Ti-be’ri-as Tib-e-ri/nus Tib/e-ris Ti-be/ri-us *Ti-be/rus Ti-be’sis *T ib-i-se/nus *'Tib/u-la Ti-bul/lus The’tis Ti/bur *Tib-ur-ti/nus Ti-bur’ti-us Ti-bur’tus +Ti‘chis Tich‘i-us Tic/i-da Ti-ci/nus, (a river) *Tic/i-nus, (a@ man) Tid/i-us Ti-es'sa . t*Ti-fa/ta Ti i-fer’num Tig‘a-sis Tig-el-li/nus Ti-gel/li-us Ti-gra/nes Tig- ran-o-cer’ta Ti’gres Ti’gris Tig-u-ri/ni Til-a-te/i 7Til-a-vemp’tus tTil-phus/sus Ti-me/a *Ti-men/e-tus Ti-me/us Ti-mag’e-nes *Tim-a-ge’tes Ti-mag/o-ras Ti-man/dra Ti-man/dri-des *Ti-man/ge-lus Ti-man'‘thes Ti-mar/chus Tim-a-re/ta "Ti-ma/si-on Tim-a-sith/e-us Ti-ma/vus *Tjim/e-as Ti-me’si-us Ti-moch/a-ris Tim-o-cle/a *Tim/o-cles Ti-moc/ra-tes ‘Ti-mo/cre-on Tim-o-de/mus Tim-o-la/us Ti-mo’le-on Ti-mo/lus Ti-mom/a-chus Ti‘mon *Ti-mo/nax Ti-moph/a-nes Ti-mo/the-us Tig mox/e-nus Tin ‘gis tTin‘i-a Ti/pha Ti'phys Tiph’y-sa Ti-re’si-as Tir-i-ba’ses Tir-i-da’tes Ti‘ris Ti‘ro Ti-ryn/‘thi-a Ti-ryn/thus Ti-se/um Ti-sag’o-ras Ti-sam/e-nes *Ti-sam/e-nus Ti-san/drus Ti-sar’chus {Tis'dra Ti-si/a-rus Tis‘i-as *Tj-sim/a-nes Ti-siph’o-ne Ti-siph’o-nus *Tis'o-bis TTis’sa Tis-sam/e-nus Tis-sa-pher/nes Ti-te/a Ti/tan, or Ti-ta/nus Tit/a-na ‘Tj-ta/nes *T jt-a-ne’us Ti-ta/ni-a Ti-tan‘i-des {Ti-ta’nus, (a giant) pTit/a- nus, (a river) Tit-a-re/si-us Tit-a-re/sus Tit/e-nus Tith-e-nid’i-a Ti-tho/nus *Tj-tho’re-a Ti-thraus’tes Tit/i-a Tit-i-a/na Tit-i-a/nus *Tit/i-es Tit/i-i Ti-tin‘i-us Tit/i-us 1218Ti-tor’mus *Tjt-the’/um Ti-tu/ri-us Ti‘tus Tit'/y-rus Tit/y-us Tle-pol’/e-mus Tma/rus Tmo/lus *Toch/a-ri To-ga'ta ¢To-le/tum *Tol-is-to’ bi-i Tol/mi-des *Tol/o-phon To-lo/sa To-lum/nus To/lus To-me/um Tom/a-rus Tom/i-sa *To-mi/te *Tom/o-ri, or *To- mu/Tri To!mos, or To!/mis Tom/y-ris *Ton-do/ta To’ne-a Ton-gi)/li-us *To-ni/a To-pa!zos *T'o-pa/zus Top/i-ris, or Top/rus *Tor/e-te Tor/i-ni To-ro/ne Tor-qua’ta Tor-qua/tus Tor/tor To/rus Tor’y-ne *To-ry/ne Tox-a-rid/i-a Tox/e-us Tox-ic/ra-te *Tox!/i-l *To-yg/e-ni Tra/be-a Trach/a-lus Tra/chas *Tra-che/a Tra-chin/i-a Trach-o-ni'tis *Tra-goe/di-a Tra/gus Traj-a-nop/o-lis Tra-ja‘nus Tral‘les *T rans-al-pi/nus *Trans-pa-da/nus Trans-tib-er-i/na *Trans-tib-e-ri/nus *T rap/e-za *Trap/e-zon Tra-pe/zus *Trap/e-zus *Tra-phe/a *T ras-i-me/nus Tra-sul/lus +Tre’ba Tre-ba/ti-us Tre-bel-li-a/nus Tre-bel-li-e/nus Tre-bel/li-us Tre!bi-a Tre/bi-us Tre-bo/ni-a (Lex) Tre-bo/ni-us Treb/u-la Tre/rus *T res! vi-ri Trev!/e-ri Tri-a/ri-a Tri-a/ri-us Tri-bal/li Trib/o-cl Tri-bu/ni Tri-cas/ses Tric-as-ti/nl Tric/ce *Trich/i-nas *T ri-cho/nis Tri-cla‘ri-a *Tric-o-lo/ni *T ri-cor/y-thus *T yi-cra/na Tri-cre/na +Tri-den/tum *T ri-e/res Tri-e-ter/i-ca *T ri-e-te/ris Trif-o-li/nus ¢Tri-gem’i-na *Tri-go/num *T ri-go/nus Tyi-na/cri-a, or Trin‘a- *Tri-ne/me-1s {cris Trin-o-ban/tes Tri-oc/a-la, or Tri/o-cla *'Tri/o-dus *'Tri-o/nes Tri/o-pas, or Tri’ops *Tri-o-pe/i-us Tri-phil/lis Tri-phi/lus Tri-phyl/i-a *Yri-phy/lis *1'rip/o-di Trip/o-lis Trip-tol/e-mus Triq/ue-tra Tris-me-gis’tus *Tri-te/a Trit/i-a Trit-o-ge-ni'/a Tri/ton *Tri-to/nes Tri-to/nis *Tri-to/nus Tri-um/Vvi-ri Tri-ven/tum Triv'i-a Triv/i-e An/trum Triv/i-e Lu/cus Tri-vi/cum Tro/a-des Tro/as Troch/a-ri Troch/o-is Tra-ze'ne Trog/i-lus Trog-lod/y-te *Trog-lod/y-tes Tro!gus Pom-pe!i-us Tro'ja Tro/i-lus *Tro-ju/ge-n2 Trom-en-ti/na Troph/i-mus Tro-pho/ni-us Tros *Tros/su-li Tros/su-lum Trot/i-lum Tru-en/tum, or Tru- en-ti/num *T ry g-o-dem/o-nes Tryph/e-rus Tryph-i-o-do/rus Try/phon Try-pho/sa Tu’ be-ro Tuc!ci-a *Tuc-cit/o-ra Tu/ci-a Tu’ dri Tu-gi'ni, or Tu-ge'ni Tu-gu-ri/nus Tu-is/to Tu-lin/ gi Tul/la Tul/li-a *T ul-li-a/num Tul-li/o-la Tul/li-us Tulus Hos-til/i-us Tu-ne/ta, or Tu/nis Tun/gri Tu-ra!/ni-us Tur’bo Tur-de-ta/ni *Tur/du-li Tu-re/sis *Tu-ri-a/so Tu/ri-us Tur/nus Tu/ro-nes Germany) Tur’ pi-o Tu-rul/li-us Tus-ca/ni-a, and Tus/ci-a Tus/ci Tus-cu-la‘num Tus/cu-lum Tus/cus Tu/ta *Ty-ta/nus *Tu/tho-a Tu/ti-a Tu-ti-ca/nus Tu/ti-cum *Tu-tu-li/na Ty/a-na Tu/der, or Tu-der'ti-a Tu/ro-ni, (a people of aul) *Tu-ro’ni, (a people of Ty-a/ne-us, or Ty-a- Ty-a-ni'tis [ne/us Ty’bris Ty/bur Ty'che Tych/i-cus Tych/i-us Ty'de Tyd’e-us Ty-di/des Ty-e’nis 7Ty/los Tym/ber Ty-mo'lus Tym-pa/ni-a Tym-phe!i Tyn-dar'i-des Tyn/da-ris Tyn/da-rus Tyn/ni-chus Ty-phe/us, or Ty’- phon *T'y-pho/e-us *T yph-o-e/us *Ty-pho/nis *T yr-an-gi/te +Ty-ran/ni-on Ty-ran/nus Ty/ras, or Ty/ra Ty/res Tyr-i-da/tes Tyr/i-i Ty-ri’/o-tes Ty-rog’ly-phus Ty/ros Tyr-rhe/i-dz, Tyr-rhe!i-des Tyr-rhe/ni Tyr-rhe/num Tyr-rhe’nus Tyr/rhe-us Tyr-rhi/de *Tyr-se/ta Tyr'sis Tyr-te’us Ty/rus, or Ty’ros Tys/i-as *Tzac/o-nes Ue U'sI-1 U-cal/e-gon U’cu-bis U'fens U-fen-ti/na Ul-pi-a/nus U!lu-bre U-lys’ses Um/ber Um/bra *Um-bre/nus Um/bri-a Um-brig/i-us Um/bro Un'ca Un/che Un-de-cem/Vvi-ri U-nel/li Unx’i-a +U’pis *U p-sa/lum *U-ra/ca *U-ra!/ gus U-ra/ni-a U-ra!ni-i, er U-ri/i U/ra-nus Ur-bic/u-a Ur’bi-cus *U-re/um *Ur'ge-num U'ri-a U/ri-tes Ur-sid/i-us *Ur-si/nus Us-ca’na *Us/ce-num U-sip'e-tes,orU-sip’i-ci Us' pi-i Us-ti’ca +Us'ti-cas U'ti-ca *Ux/a-ma Ux-an/tis Ux-el-lo-du/num Ux’i-i Ux-is/a-ma U!zi-ta, or tU-zi'ta PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK AND LATIN PROP Ne TVaclca Vac-ce!i Va-cu/na *Va-dav/e-ro *Vad-i-mo/nis Va'ga Vag-e-dru/sa Va-gel/li-us Va-ge/ni *Va-ge'/sus *Va/ha-lis *Va-i/cus Vala *Val-a-mi/rus Va/lens Va-len’ti-a Va-len-tin-i-a/nus *Val-en-ti/nus Va-le/ri-a Va-le-ri-a/nus Va-le/ri-us Val/e-rus Val/gi-us *Val-leb/a-na *Van/da-li Van-da/li-i Van-gi’o-nes Van/ni-us Va-ra’nes Var-de/1 Va'ri-a *Var/i-cus Va-ri/ni, or Va-ris'ti Va'ri-us Var'ro Va/rus *Va-sa/te +*Vas'co-nes Vat-i-ca/nus Va-ti-e/nus Va-tin/i-us *Va-tre/nus *Ve-chi/res Vec’ti-us *Vec-to/nes Ve'di-us Pol/li-o Ve-ge/ti-us Veli-a Ve-i-a/nus Ve-i-en/tes Ve-i-en/to Ve/i-i Vej/o-vis Ve-ja/brum Ve-la/crum Ve-la/ni-us *Vel/e-da Ve'li-a *Ve-lib/o-ri Vel/i-ca Ve-li/na Ve-li/num Ve-li-o-cas/si Vel-i-ter/na, Ve-li/tre, or *Ve)l!i-tre *Vel/i-tes {Ve-li/tra Vel/la-ri Vel/le-da Vel-le/i-us Pa-ter/cu- lus Ve-na/ frum *Ven/e-de Ven/e-di Ven/e-li Ven/e-ti Ve-ne'ti-a Ven/e-tus Ve-nil/i-a *Ven-no/nes Ve-no/nes Ve-no/ni-us Ven-tid/i-us Venti Ven-u-le/i-us + Ve-nu/lus *Ven/u-lus Ve/nus si-um *Ve-pi/cus Ve-ra/ gri Ve-ra/ni-a Ve-ra/ni-us Ver-big/e-nus Ver-cel/lx Ver-cin-get/o-rix Ve-re/na *Ve-re/tum Ve-nu/si-a, or Ve-nu’- ER NAMES. Ver-gas-i-lau/nus Ver-gel’lus Ver-gil/i-a Ver-gil/1-@ Ver-gi/i-us Ver’ gi-um *Ver-gob/re-tus Ver’i-tas Ver-o-doc’ti-us Ver-o-man/du-i Ve-ro/na Ve-ro/nes Ver-o-ni'ca Ver-re-gi/num Ver'res Ver/ri-tus Ver’ri-us Ver-ru/go *Ver/ta-gus Ver'ti-co Ver-ti-cor/di-a Ver-tis/cus Ver-tum/nus Ver-u-la/nus Ve’/rus *Ves/a-gus Ves'bi-us, or Ve-su!- bi-us Ves-ci-a/num Ves-cu-la/ri-us *Ve-se/vus Ves-pa-si-a/nus Ves/e-ris Ve-se’vi-us, and Ve- se/vus Ves’ta Ves-ta/les Ves-ta'li-a *Ves-ta/lis Ves-tic/i-us Ves-til/i-us Ves-til/la Ves-ti/ni Ves-ti/nus Ves/u-lus Ve-su/vi-us *Ves!vi-us Vet'ti-us Vet-to/nes, or *Ve-to!- > nes Vet-u-lo/ni-a Ve-tu/ri-a Ve-tu/ri-us Ve'tus Vi-a/drus *Vi-a/lis Vi-bid/i-a Vi-bid’i-us Vib/‘i-us *V ib-i-o/nes Vi'bo Vib-u-le/nus Vi-bul’li-us Vi'ca Po/ta Vi-cel‘li-us Vi-cen’ta, or Vi-ce!- ti-a Vic’tor Vic-to/ri-a Vic-to-ri/na Vic-to-ri/nus Vic-to/ri-us Vic-tuin! vi-« Vi-en/na Vil/li-a (Lex) Vil/li-us Vim-i-na‘lis Vin-cen’ti-us Vin/ci-us Vin-da/li-us Vin-del/i-ci Vin-de-mi-a/tor *Vin-dem/i-tor Vin'dex Ju/li-us Vin-dic/i-us Vin-do-nis’sa Vi-nic/i-us Vi-nid/i-us Vin/i-us Vin/ni-us Vip-sa/ni-a *Vi-ra!go Vir’bi-us *Vir-du/ma-rus Vir-gil/1-us Vir-gin'i-a Vir-gin‘i-us Vir-l-a/thus Vir-i-dom/a-rus pve Jir'ro Virtus Vi-sel/li-us Vi-sel/lus +Vis'tu-la Vi-sur’gis Vi-tel/li-a Vi-tel/li-us Vit/i-a *Vi-tis/a-tor Vit/ri-cus Vi-tru/vi-us Vit/u-la Vo-co/ni-a (Lex) Vo-co/ni-us Vo-con’ti-a Vog/e-sus Vol-a-gin/i-us Vo-la‘na Vo-lan‘dum Vol-a-ter/ra Vol'ce, or Vol/ge *Vol/e-sus Vo-log’e-ses Vo-log/e-sus Vol’scens Vol!sci, or Vol!ci Vol-sin/i-um Vol-tin’i-a tVo-lum/na, and Vo- lum/nus Vo-lum/ne Fa’/num Vo-lum/ni-a Vo-lum/ni-us Vo-lum/nus Vo-lup/tas, and Vo- lu’ pi-a Vol-u-se/nus Vo-lu-si-a/nus Vo-lu/si-us Vol/u-sus Vo'lux Vo-ma‘nus Vo-no/nes Vo-pis'/cus Vo-ra/nus {*Vos/e-gus, or *Vo- se/gus Vo-ti-e/nus Vul-ca-na/li-a Vul-ca/ni Vul-ca/ni-us Vul-ca/nus Vul-ca’ti-us Vul-si/num Vul’so + Vul/tur Vul-tu-re/i-us Vul-tur/num Vul-tur/nus {Vul-tur’ti-us X. Xan/THE Xan/thi Xan/thi-a *Xan/thi-as Xan/thi-ca Xan-thip’pe Xan-thip/pus Xan/tho *Xan-tho-pu/lus Xan/thus Xan/ti-cles Xan-tip’pe Xan-tip’pus Xe-nag!o-ras Xe-nar/chus ¢Xen/a-les Xen/e-tus Xe/ne-us Xe-ni/a-des Xe/ni-us Xen-o-cle’a Xen/o-cles Xen-o-cli/des Xe-noc’ra-tes Xe-nod/a-mus *Xen-o-da/mus, or Xen-o-de/mus Xe-nod'i-ce Xe-nod/o-chus Xen-o-do/rus Xe-nod/o-tes Xe-nod/o-tus Xe-noph‘a-nes Xe-noph’i-lus Xen‘o-phon Xen-o-phon-ti’us Xen-o-pi-thi/a *Xer-o-lib/y-a *Xerx-e/ne Xerx’es Xeux/es *Xi-me/ne *Xi-phe/ne Xu/thus Xy/chus Xyn/i-as Xyn-o-ich/i-a *Xyp'e-te *Xys'ti-ci L. Za-BAa'TUS Zab di-ce/ne Za-bir'na Zab/u-lus *Zac!o-rus Za-cyn/thus Za-gre!us Za’ grus Zal/a-tes Za-leu’cus Za'ma, or Zag'ma Za! me-is Za-mol|x/is Zan'cle Zan/the-nes Zan’‘thi-cles Za'rax Zar-bi-e/nus *Zar-do/ces *Zar!e-te Za-ri-as!pes *Zar-man-o-che! gas Za'thes *Z,a-ve'ces Ze-bi'na *Ze-i-te/um Zella, or Ze!li-a *Ze-le/a Ze'les Ze-lot'y-ps Zeus Ze'no Ze-no'bi-a +Ze-no!bi-i Zen'o-cles Zen-o-cli‘des Z.en-o-do/rus 7Zen-o-do/ti-a Ze-nod/o-tus Ze-noph’a-nes *Zen-o-po-si/don Ze-noth/e-mis Ze-phyr’i-um Zeph’y-rum Zeph’y-rus Ze-ryn/thus Ze/thes, or Ze/tus Zeu-gi-ta/na Zeug/ma Zelus Zeux-id/a-mus *Zeux-i-da/mus Zeux’i-das Zeux-ip'pe Zeuxlis Zeux!o Zi-gi'ra *Zi-e a Zilli-a, or Ze'lis Zi-ma'ra Zi-my/ri 7Z\-ob!e-ris Zi-pe'tes Zi/tha Zmil'/a-ces *7Z,o-di/a-cus Zo/i-lus Zo-ip'pus *7o-i-te/um Zona Zon/a-ras Zoph/o-rus Zo-pyr'i-o Z,o-pyr/i-on Zop/y-rus 7,or-o-as'ter Zor-o-as-tre/us Z.os/i-mus Z,os'i-ne Zos te’ri-a 7,0-thraus/tes Zy-gan/tes Zyg'e-na Zy g/i-a *Zyg'i-i Zy-gom/e-la Zy-gop'o-lis Zy-gri'te rs ‘ ' tad y, a ee ee ; eee eet eoor inthineeesi eee ¥ Li 5 : s ‘ i a fe Weer akepiss sears aa esaaue ek PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMKs. fe ee NNN ee ee EnTerep, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1855, BY GEORGE AND CHARLES MERRIAM, in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. AS. ‘ wa Vp 4 *. At ok hn Th We ree a “ aia tee peer ty oea ees ae eo oe ae BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. FRENCH. 1. VoweELs. A, ah, long and short, (marked 4d.) ai, as e in there, when followed by e, re, rs, ts, s, and when it has the circumflex, thus, ai, (é@.) When in the middle or at the end of words, it has the sound of the open acute é, (e.) au has the sound of 9, (0.) E has three sounds : — é as the English vowel a in fate, (e.) é and @ are similar to the e in there, (é.) E, not accented, is either, (1.) open acute, as e in the English words met, ebb, when it is followed, in the same syllable, by a consonant that is pronounced, or when the following syllable begins with Z, (€;) (2.) guttural, and like e in her at the end of monosyllables, or the first syllable of polysyllables, (¢ ;) or, (3.) is entirely mute at the end of polysyllables. It is like the second e in there, and generally serves to length- en or open the preceding vowel. In other places, wnere it is more perceptible, it is like the e in battery or over; and even then the French suppress it as often as they can, especially when the preceding or following syllable has a full sound.— Rem. Es, not accented, in polysyllables, is silent. Ez has the sound of ¢ in there, (éu.) Eu has three sounds. — (1.) long and close. This sound has no standard in Eng- lish, but it may be obtained by pressing the lips a little forward, in such a manner as to leave to the breath a narrower passage than for the e in over, and by dwell- ing longer upon it, (ét.) 2) short, somewhat more open than e in over, (et.) (3.) long and open, by opening the lips somewhat wider and in a more circular form than for the e in over, and by protracting the sound, (éu.) Tis long, as in the English word martne, and short, as in fig, (%, 2) O has three sounds : — (1.) long and open, as in the English word rébe, (6.) (2.) short, as in rob, (0.) (3.) long and broad, (0.) 01 as wd. ou has two sounds,—long, as in mood; short, as in good, 00.) U has two sounds, —long, as in vue, (f;) short, as in but, (%.) There is no standard for these sounds in English. 'To form the first, observe the situation of the tongue in pronouncing the Eng- lish letter a. It widens itself into the cheeks, so that it touches the first grinders. When the tongue is in this situation, advance both lips a little forward, shutting them at the same time in such a manner as to leave a narrow, oval passage to the breath. This movement will lightly press the tongue between the grinders, and its tip against the fore teeth of the inferior jaw, and thus let the breath pass, which is necessary to emit the sound of the French wu, The short sound is formed by dwelling less upon it. 2. CoNSONANTS. Division oF Sy~Laspires.— When syllables in any word are separated by a single or compound consonant, that consonant is to be spelled and articulated with the following vowel, and not with the preceding one. By several consonants which cannot form a compound consonant, the first must be spelled with the preceding, and the remainder with the succeeding, simple or compound vowel. Compound consonants are the following : — Dl, br, ch, cl, chr, cr, dr, fl, fr, gl, gn, gr, ul, and ill, (when liquid,) ph, phl, phr, pl, pr, rh, sc, sz, sl, sm, sn, sp, st, sr, th, thl, tr, tl, or. The French syllables are divided into masculine and feminine syllables, the latter being those that contain e mute. GENERAL Rure.— Every masculine syllable before another masculine syllable is short, so that the accent lies upon the last syllable that is pronounced. B has the same sound as in English. C has, (1.) the sound of English k before a, 0, u,and before con- sonants; (2.) the sound of hard s before e, 7, y, and before the hard vowels, a, 0, u, when with a cedilla, (¢.) c, before g and c, and after a nasal sound, is always silent. ch has the sound of sh, and followed by a consonant, it is like k. At the end, it sounds like k. D is like English d. It is sounded at the end of words, unless followed by s or preceded by r or n. F is like English f. G has two sounds : — (1.) the sound of g in go, before a, 0, wu. (2.) the sound of s in pleasure before e, 7, y. The hard g is rendered soft before a, 0, wu, by inserting the letter e between ganda,o,u. The eafter the g is then not to be sounded, but is considered as a mark to show that the g must be pronounced soft. The soft g, on the other hand, is rendered hard before e, 1, y, by writing the letter uw between g and e, 2, y. Therefore the w that is immediately after the g must not be sounded, but is to be considered as a sign that g must be articulated hard. gn is pronounced like mz in onion, minion, (final gne, repre- sented in the table ny.) Final g is silent except in the noun bourg, and in nouns ter- minating in berg, where it has the sound of k. H is either aspirated or silent Remarx«.— When h is deemed aspirate, it only communicates to the vowel the properties of a consonant; that is to say, when the preceding word ends with a vowel, that vowel is never suppressed ; if it ends with a consonant, that consonant is never connected with the vowel that follows. J has always the sound of z in azure, or s in pleasure. L has two sounds: — (1.) It is like the English J. (2.) It is liquid, like J in brilliant. N. B. — The modern pronunciation, however, lets the / entirely disappear, and substitutes a long € sound (1%, %%) for it. Exception. — All nouns in o7zlle are not liquid. | j | | | | | | } | } | j | ] 200 Onnere }BRIEF RULES FOR THE P ee Il, ill, preceded by another vowel, are always liquid, in which | case, il, zl, are compound consonants, the 7 being con- sidered as a mere sign to make the J liquid; therefore the 7 must not be combined with the preceding vowel, which preserves its natural sound. lt ; when not nasal, are like the English m, 7. ad N; in the same syllable by a vowel, are always m, n, preceded nasal, unless followed by a syllable that begins with a m and n resume their vowel or h mute, in which case, natural sound. tandard for the nasal sound is not to be found in the English pronunciation. However, something like itis found in the sound of en in encore. But if, in pronoun- cing these sounds, the tongue should once touch the roof of the mouth, the French nasal sound would be ruined. There are four nasal sounds : — Nasat Sounp.— An exact s em, am, (, om, dng. . en, an, = on, > ong, OF ong. aun d 1m, in ? aim, um, . ° ~~ ain, ang. un, > cung- en, eun, ein, eum, o-1n, P is like the same letter in the English language. Q, except in a few words, is always followed by w, and these two letters together have the sound of English / in king. Ris much more rolled than the English 7. At the end of a word it is always pronounced, when preceded by 4, 1, 0, u, y, and their compounds ry, preceded by in polysyllables, is silent, and in this case the e has the acute sound e. In monosyllables, the 7 1s pronounced, and the e has a more open sound, resem- bling é. rh is like r. S has two sounds : — (1.) the soft of rose, lowing b. 9.) the hard sound of svster, middle of a word, when prece | sonant. please, between two vowels and fol- in the beginning, and in the ded or followed by a con- Final s is silent, with a few exceptions. | T has two sounds : — (1.) soft, like c in cedar, civil, in the syllable tion, unless | preceded by s or Z, in which case the ¢ is hard. (2.) hard, like ¢ in tit, in all other cases | th has the single sound of ¢ hard. | t, st, ct, final, are silent. | V is like English 2. X, (1.) is like gs in all words beginni a vowel or the letter /. (2.) like & in words beginning in ezce, exci, exs. (3.) like ss, in Aiz, Aix la Chapelle, Auxerre, Auxonne, Bruz- elles, Luxeuil, and some few others. (4.) like ks in all other cases. Final z is silent. 7 is like z in zone. Final z is silent. Y is like single French z, bu ng in x oF ex, followed by t like double z between two vowels. me ITALIAN. 1. VowELs. A is sounded as ah in English, (d.) E has two sounds : — : (1.) the open, as in the English word far, (e and é.) (2.) close, as in the word pain, (¢-) Tis sounded like ee in English. QO has two sounds : — (1.) the open @; (2.) the close 0. U is sounded like oo. N. B.— When these vowels are at the end of wor RONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. D and Fare like the English d and f. G is like the English gin go, when followed by 4, 0, wu. gle, a consonant, or when followec it is pronounced sharp, lik ds, marked , 2. ConsONANTS. B is like the same letter in English. C is like k before a, 0, u. Followed by the vowels e¢, 2, it is pro- nounced like ch in the words cherry, chilly. cc followed by ¢, 2, is pronounced like tch in the English word match. z cid, cid, cit, are pronounced cha, cho, choo. ch, followed by e@, 2, 1s pronounced like English k. | G Fol- | lowed by.the vowels e, 2, it is like 7 in English, or like | g in the words gem, ginger. i gg, followed by e, i, is pronounced like dg in the English word \| lodge. gh, followed by e, 2, has the sound of g in go. gl, followed by 2, and in all words in which 2 is followed by | another vowel, is pronounced like ll in brillant. But in all words in which gl is followed by a consonant, it is pronounced like glin glimmer. gn, followed by 4@, @, i, 0, u, is somewhat like the English nz in onion, minion. gid, gid, git, are pronounced like 7a, JO, j09: gua, gue, gut, are like gua, gwer, gwee, in language, languet, languid. Hhas no sound. It is only used to denote the hard sound of the consonants c, g, before the vowels ¢, 2. J is considered a vowel. It.is used instead of 7 at the end of words, and sounds like ee in the English word fee, each e being distinctly pronounced. L, M, N, and P, are like the corresponding English letters. Q. Quad, qué, qut, qud, are pronounced like qua, que, qui, quo, in the English words quality, question, quibble, quote ; the vowels @, €, 7, 0, adhering to their proper pronunciation, as stated above. R, in the beginning of words, or in the middle when it begins a syllable, is like r in the words ruin, marine. At the end of words, or when it ends a syllable, or preceded by another consonant, or doubled, it has a rolling sound. S, in the beginning of words, preceded or followed by another consonant, or when doubled, is pronounced sharp, like sister. Between two vowels, and in the last syllable of all substantive and adjective nouns that end in ese, uso, usa, itis pronounced like s in the English word rose. In the last syllable of all adjective nouns in Os0, Osa, S preserves its sharp sound. sc, followed by @, ?, is pronounced hi sch, followed by @, 35 pronounced like sk. scid, scid, scvtl, are like sha, sho, shoo. T is always hard, and V like the English 2. Wand X are not found in the Italian alphabet. Z. GENERAL RULE. — In the beginning of words, or when sin- it is like ds in the English word Windsor. When preceded by 1 by two vowels, or when doubled, e ts in the word benefits. —$———=— ke sh in shell Remark. — Italian words are pronounced exactly as they are written, there being no silent letter, except h. Every vowel al- ways preserves its proper sound, independently of the consonants which accompany it. at Se SPANISH. 1. VowELs. A. This letter 1s pronounced as ah in English, (@-) E is pronounced as a in the alphabet in English, (e,) except be- fore nN, T; S; 2, 12 which case it is more open, as in the | English word care. : hewn: a3 I is pronounced as e in English. acute accent, (%-) O is generally pronounced as 1n English. sary to observe, that it is sometimes 0 close, (0,) and sometimes long, (0: seh It is open in words of one syllable, when it is not im- mediately followed by another vowel, and before 7 and at the end of a word, when it 7 at the end of a syllable 5 dof is accented. It is long whenever it is mmmediately fol- lowed by another vowel. | =| al It is long when under the It is, however, neces- pen, (2) sometimes with an accent, they have a quick and sharp sound. ee ee ————— 1323 ete = ae ~ Se ais , Z nanan’ ~ Ter = — Morr Re a ieeee Fs os Wi ing Pe ee ed ee ee Se dees ee ed ot i eee rn ¥ ec Sees (is pronounced oo. N. B.— From this rule must be excepted the syllables gue, gui, que, gut, in which the wis not sounded, unless the w has two dots over it, (#.) Y. This letter is sometimes a vowel and sometimes a consonant. It is a vowel when it is preceded by another vowel, making with it a diphthong; and then ay and cy are like z, (7 5) oy and wy, like oz. co In almost every other case, it is a consonant. 2, CoNSONANTS. B, in the beginning of a word, is always pronounced as in Eng- lish. In the middle of a word, between two vowels, b is softened into nearly a 2. C has the sound of th in English, as in the word pith, before e andz; and the sound of k before a, 0, wu. Formerly the c with the cedilla (¢) was used to soften the c before a, 0,u. The letter z, however, has now been substituted for it. Double cc, followed by e, i. soft. ch. ‘These two letters are pronounced as in English in the word cheek. D is pronounced, in the beginning of a word, as in English; but when the d is between two vowels, it is as soft as the th in the words though, the. It is pronounced lisping at the end of a word. The first c is hard, the second Fis pronounced as in English. G is pronounced as in English before a, 0, u. It is guttural be- fore e, 7, (g-) Before n, it has the English pronuncia- tion. For the syllables gue, gui, see the vowel U. Hf is mute, and only lightly aspirated before we. The letter h has been retained in many words, though not pro- nounced, and in several it has taken the place of the letter f, formerly used. th. The Academy suppresses h after t, and instead of ph uses f. J is guttural before all the vowels, (g, ch.) I is pronounced as in English. ll. When Uli occurs in a word, it is liquid, and pronounced as in the words brilliant, seraglio, William. M and WV are pronounced as in English. n, having this mark, (~,7,) which the Spaniards call n with tilde, (til'de,) has the same sound as n in enion, minion. P and Q are pronounced as in English. As to the syllables que, gui, look for the vowel U. N. B.— Qis changed into c in all words where |it is followed by ud, uo, ue, ut, (the uw in the latter two preserving its natural sound.) R, in the beginning and middle of words, is pronounced a little stronger than in English; but double 7 is much stronger than the English rr. S is always pronounced hard, like double s, even between two vowels. T is always hard. V. The Spaniards often confound the sound of this letter with that of 6; but the Academy disapproves of it, and rec- ommends that it should be pronounced as in English. X is pronounced as s when followed by a consonant; and it is lightly sounded s when followed by ce, ci. nounced like ks between two vowels. ending in Z, it is guttural. It is pro- In a few words N. B.— X was formerly used as a guttural, (unless the following vowel had the circumflex accent ;) but j is now used instead before a, 0, u, and g before e and 7. Z is only used now before a, 0, u, and is pronounced like the c before e and z. Itis always pronounced lisping after a vowel. The pronunciation of Spanish by the Mexicans is different from that by the Spaniards : — (1.) They pronounce the liquid Ul like the modern French pro- nunciation long ce. (2.) They pronounce 6 and 2 interchangeably. (3.) They substitute, in general, the s sound for the th sound. BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. PORTUGUESE. 1. VoweE.s. The vowels are the same as in the Spanish language. Ao, the o having a deep sound, nearly oo, is somewhat like oung. 2. CoNSONANTS. The consonants, with the following exceptions, are like the English : — C. ¢ is like the same French letter. ch is like English sh. G is like the French g. His always silent, and serves only, when immediately preceded by ¢ or n, to make these letters liquid. J is like the corresponding French letter. M and JV are like the same English letters, but have sometimes a nasal sound. Q is like the French, being always accompanied by a silent w. R is like the Spanish, rolling. X is like English sh. GERMAN. 1. VoweE Ls. A has two sounds : — (1.) long, (d,) as in the English word half. (2.) short, (¢,) which has no corresponding sound in English. ae, ord. (1.) long, as the sound between name and care ; (2.) short, nearly like e in the word rent. ai and ay sound broader than the English z in kite. au approaches the sound of the English ow in our, loud. aeu or du has nearly the same sound as the English oz. E has three sounds : — (1.) long; Ist, the close or acute sound (e), the French e fermé. 2d, the open sound, (é,) the e ouvert of the French. 2.) short, (€,) nearly like e in the word help. 3.) obscure in all vuaccented syllables, like a@ in the Eng- lish word sofa, except before liquids, where it sounds like ein the last syllable of the word heaven. ev, or ey, are like z in fine, kind. ew 1s similar to 02, oy, in boil, toil, joint. I has two sounds : — (1.) long, as in mete, (%.) (2.) short, nearly as z in pin, fig, (2.) ze 18 like long 2, (%.) O is, (1.) long, as in bone, (6;) (2.) short, (0,) as in got. oe, 0. (1.) long, French &; (2.) short, French eu. ou, oy, are like the English o2, oy. U has two sounds: — (1.) long, (00,) as in to, do, move, prove. (2.) short, (00,) resembling uw in bull. full, bushel. ue, @. (1.) long French t; (2.) short French 7%. N. B.— Aa, 00, ee, are pronounced as a single long a, a, e. ( ( 2. CoNSONANTS. Bis like the English b. But when it endsa syllable, or stands next to the final consonant or consonants, not being liquids, or the consonant 6, it approximates to the sound of p. C before a, 0, u, au, and before aconsonant, is pronounced like k. Before the other vowels, witha few exceptions, it islike ts. D is like the English d. But at the end of a syllable, it approxi- mates to the sound of f. F is like English f. G, in the beginning of a syllable, is always like g in the English word go. After a, 0, u, ¢,7,d, 0, i, l, r, it has a peculiar lingual sound, somewhat softer than the guttural ch. (See Ch.) When preceded by n, g (except in derivative and com- pound words) has the sound ofa gentle k. H, in the beginning of a word or syllable, is aspirated, as in the English words have, hold. Between two vowels, the aspiration is less strong, and sometimes hardly per- ceptible. At any other place than in the beginning of a word or a syllable, / is mute, and indicates then the length of the preceding vowel. th is pronounced as a single ¢. 1324 | | {BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF J is pronounced as y, and always followed by a vowel. K is like English &. Z | L, M, N, and P, are like the corresponding English letters. Q is always joined with u. It has the sound kw, but is uttered shorter than in English. R is sounded stronger than in English. S is always like z, except before a consonant and at the end ofa word or syllable, where it 1s pronounced sharp. It is also pronounced like z between two vowels and after a liquid. T is like English ¢. nounced like ts. proper sound. V is always like f. Wis like v. The w in final ow is always silent. X is like ks. Z is like ts. : Before i and a following vowel, t is pro- But when s precedes ¢, ¢ keeps its 3. Comrounp CoNSONANTS. Ch is always guttural when preceded by a vowel, or a vowel and a liquid. Ch, in the beginning of a word, followed by a, 0, u, or a consonant, is like k. Chs, in primitive words, is like ks. Sch, in primitive words, is like sh. Gn and Kn. Both the g and & are hard. Ph is like f. Sz is like hissing s. Tz doubles the sound of z. SprLiting. — When two vowels are divided by a single or com- | pound consonant, that consonant is spelled and articulated with the second vowel; by more than one consonant, all but the last single or compound consonant belong to the first vowel. — DUTCH. 1. VoweELs. A has two sounds, like the German a, 22, § are pronounced like long 4. € a 2 E has the three sounds of the German é. ee is like long open e. Rk ord aes wn ee Thas the two German 2 sounds. je is like the German 2e. O has the two German 0 sounds. 00 iS ‘ung O. oe is pronounced as 00. U has the two French x sounds. ui resembles the English 07 in boy. Y, or sometimes spelt 1, is equivalent to the German é2. ey, OF the English long i sound. 2. CoNSONANTS. are the same as the German, except the follow- ing ones :— oS . . . . G is always strong guttural, unless spelt gh, which is like g in the English word go, or at the end of a word preceded by n. Sch is not pronounced as sh, but as sk. | The consonants errr SWEDISH. There are nine vowels, @, @, 2, 9, U, Y, a, a, (@,) 9, (@ | to be remarked, that they are never found compound. 3) and itis 1. Vower Ls. Ais like the German @. a is long 0, (0-) W@ (@) is like the German @, (@.) E has two different pronunciations : — (1.) long, (the close and acute sound of t in the beginning of words, where e ma itself, and at the end of a syllable or a wor all syllables that have the tonic accent, and words terminating in het. (2.) like @, or German e short, when it prec nants f, 1, m, 7, T, S: Ce Pee SC eA - “ Peery am te ats, PvE ey. Te Nhe ras Wa ad THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. modifications : — ea he German e, — @,) kes a syllable by d. as also in in all edes the conso- J is like the German 7. Q. (1.) O is like a deep oo, in the beginning of words, when it is a syllable by itself, and at the end of a syllable or a word. (2.) It is like a jong 0, when it is immediately followed by one of the consonants f, l, m,n, 7, S, t, and before double consonants. @ (0) is like the corresponding German letter. U has almost always a sound like that of !-09 combined. Y is like the French w. 2. CoNnsoNANTS. The consonants are the same as the English, with the following G, before a, 0, u, &, is always hard, as in the English word go, and also before e, when it is pronounced like ae. Before i, y, @, @, and before the close and acute e, it is like the English y; but the & retains its hard sound when the acute e terminates the syllable. See J. gjo, gju, has, in common pronunciation, the sound of yo, woo. H is always aspirated, except before v and j, where it 1s silent, and in ch, which is pronounced like k. Jis like the English y. In all those words where 7 is changed into g, that g has a very slight guttural sound. Kis hard before a, 0, u, 4, and e, (having the sound of @,) and before e acute, terminating the syllable or word. k, before the vowels i, y, @, @, and e acute, is pronounced as if there were Swedish j between k and the vowel. In common pronunciation, / before the mentioned vowels, and kj before a, 0, u, %, sound like English ch. L, beginning a word, and followed by y, is almost silent, the y alone being pronounced, with a slight liquid sound before it. Sis like English s. When followed by k, it is like sk English, in all those cases where k has its hard sound; but like sh (or French ch, or German sch) when k is followed by 2, y, @, @, and e acute, or when followed by j and any of the hard vowels. T is always hard. tj, followed by a vowel, has, like English ch, but much softer; st), vowel, like sh. in common language, a sound followed by a eS DANISH. 1. VoweELs. The Danish language has eight vowels: — 4, @, i, 0, u, y, a, (@) wel that changes pronuncia- o, (@.) There is but one combined vo tion. The doubling of the other vowels, which hardly takes place dicates only the length of the syllable. except with e, 7, u, in The diphthongs are a2, é2, Oi, Ot, (Bi,) Gus CU, OU, ui. These make two distinct sounds, pronounced by a single emission of the voice. A has the two sounds of German @, (d.) aa 1s pronounced long 2, (0 ;) ae (a) is German de. ai is similar to the German a2, (@ E has the three German sounds : — ¢ 1s mute after a vowel, which it then lengthens 5 (1.) at the end of substantives terminating in 2, when they derive from the Latin 7a ; (2.) at the end of the infinitiv being the proper termination 0 (3.) at the end of adjectives that term the inflection; (4.) in the middie of some words, tinguish two words, which without t same orthography, though the vowels length in pronunciation. ee. The vowels e, 2, u, are double syllables, to indicate the e, 2, %, j consonants b. d, £, P, P- ei is like the German @. eu 18 like the German ew. lis like the German 7. iz. See ee. O is like the German 0. 07, 02, OF Bt, resemble the English ov. @ (¢) is like the German @. ow 1s like the English ow. like the corresponding 3) awis like the German au. e of verbs after a vowel, (¢ the infinitive of all verbs ;) inate in a vowel, under after a long vowel, to dis- hee would have the have a different d in the middle of mono long, except before thei re i eee —— i" RRC EE a Ne een ea ae oe : | | ti ae a oe pm Foie Sd eae, tie prey ie lias 4 U is like the German w. ui resembles z French. Y is like French wz. 2. Consonants. The consonants are like the English, with the following excep- tions : — D is not sounded after a consonant; and this omission is ob- served even when, by addition, the d passes into the following syllable. After a vowel, d is pronounced like th. G is pronounced slightly guttural after a vowel, and when it terminates the syllable. = Preceded by n, it gives a certain nasal sound to the n, without the @ being distinctly pronounced. H is always aspirate, and only mute before v and j. i > the English y. 2 is like the German 7. | Vis sometimes found after a,in which cases it takes the place of the vowel uw, and combines with the preceding vowel. actually no Danish consonant, but borrowed from the German language, and is only employed in words bor- rowed from this language. It has the sound of v. | NORWEGIAN. | The written language being the same as the Danish, the Nor- i | wegian pronunciation differs chiefly from the Danish in the fol- || lowing instances : — D is always like the English d. G is always hard. O is like the same Swedish yowel. HUNGARIAN. 1. VowELs. A accented (d) has always the long a sound in father, accented, has the French short o sound. E accented (€) resembles the e indicated in the following list by e; unaccented, it has the German short sound in | help. f[ has the two German 7 sounds, O accented (d) has along and deep o sound, (6;) unaccented, has the two sounds of morn, lot. @ (0) has the two sounds of the corresponding German letter. U accented (1) has the deep and full sound of the Swedish let- ter 0; unaccented, like English oo. ue, or il, has the two sounds of the German, we, (il.) Y, when a vowel, has the sound of the Hungarian 2. (d@ >) un- 2. CoNSONANTS. The consonants are like the English, with the following ex- ceptions : — C is always joined with some other consonant. cs is like ch. cz is like ts. D is like English d. Followed by 7 or y, is like d and a gentle aspiration, nearly like the Italian gg followed by a vowel. G is always hard, like g in the English word go. gh is like a simple g. g, followed by 7 or y, is like dj, dy. H is always aspirate. J is like English e, unless preceded by d, g,t. (See these letters.) R is like the German 7. Sis like English sh. sz is like ss. T and th are always hard. ts is like the English ch. iz is like ts. tj and ty is like t followed by a gentle aspiration, nearly like the Italian ce followed by a vowel, though the pro- nunciation does not sound as sharp. ~ 1326 i BRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. I 7 Zs is like the French 7. Y is almost always aconsonant. (See dy, gy, ty.) Immediately preceded by land n, it serves to make these letters liquid, corresponding to the Spanish ll, 7, as in bril- liant, onion. POLISH. 1. VoweELs. A has the two sounds of the German a. £ accented (€) has the German long @ sound; unaccented, the German short e sound. I corresponds to the German 2. O accented is like English 00; unaccented, like long a, (d.) U is like the German wu. Y is like the German short z 2. CoNSONANTS. B is always hard. C is like the German c. h like the German ch. cz like the English ch. D, F, and G, are always hard. H is always aspirate. J is like the German }. K, L, M, NV, P, like the corresponding English letters; but x accented (n‘) is like the Spanish 7. R is like the German 7. Sis always sharp. S accented (s') has a sound of s mixed with German 7. sc, both accented, (s!'c!,) resembles sts. sz is like English sh. T is always hard. W is like the German w. Z is like English z. Z, with a point over it, (z,) is like French j; and z with an accent, (z',) which has no exact equivalent in English, resembles somewhat the z. D S WELSH. The consonants are divided into mutes and again into labials, dentals, and palatals. The vowels are of two kinds —the immutable and the mutable. The mutable vowels are, a, e, 0, w; the vowels that suffer no change, t, w, ¥. The consonants, under the class of mutes, are b, p, c, g, The semivowels are vocal and aspirated. Vocal semivowels, z, 2, l, m, n, 7; and the aspirates, ¢, ng, F; hy; the L, m,n, 7, are also distinguished by the name of liquids. The consonants may be thus classed: — semivowels, and d, t. ngh, Labials. Dentals. Palatals. b, ¥ 4, mM, p, mb. | d) z, nu, t, th, nh,s; |.c; ¢, uch, ¢, up, hy 1,3 There are various combinations of the vowels in the Welsh, forming diphthongs, triphthongs, and others, to the extent, in some cases, of six coming together. All the vowels preserve their own primitive sounds under every circumstance of combination, without any deviation. So, there- fore, whatever number come together, the sounds to be expressed are those of all such combined vowels, but rapidly passed over. There are instances of six vowels coming together, requiring so many quick inflections of the voice to express them. The following is a list of the common combinations of the vowels : — aa ea ey 1y ow uy wy ae el 1a oa ua wa ya ai e0 ie oe ue we ye aw eu 10 Ol uo Wi yo ay ew iw ou uw wo yw aea aia aua awa awy eia euo ewy iau ieu wae wel aeo ale aue awe eai eiO ewa ilae iaw oea wal wiw aew aio auo awo eaw eua ewil ial iei ola waw wyWwBRIEF RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF THE PRINCIPAL EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. 1. VoweELs. A, (1.) short or open @, in man, bar, as, glass. (2.) long, or 4, is the same sound extended, as in care, dare. E, (1.) short, as in men, bed, fervent. (2.) long, or é, as the French é, as in méme. I, (1.) long, as in street, keep (2.) short, as in king, sing. QO, (1.) long, or 6, as in the words note, bone, gone. (2.) short, as in go, no, got, not, lot, from. U has the sound of English win busy, and of i as in sin, thin, live. W, (1.) is sounded as 00 in good, hood; and as u in the word full. (2.) long, or %, has the sound of 00 in mood, rood. Y, (1.) has the sound of wu, as in the words run, turn, and of 2 as in first. (2.) long, or 9, is sounded like the English yin Sunday, and ‘s like the Welsh u, or less open than the y short. 2. CoNnsONANTS. The names of the consonants were anciently formed by sounding the vowel i after all of them; but in the present popular mode, the following are exceptions to that rule, and they begin their sounds with e, ¢, ¢, 2 0,1, J) NZ nah, h, Ul, m,n, 7; S- The sounds of the consonants, like the vowels, are preserved in- variably in all their combinations. The sounds of the letters must be considered as the perfect standard of the pronunciation of the Welsh language. (A.) Labial Sounds. The letters b, 0, f, m, p, have the same sound as in English. The mutation of the p, denoted by mh, is a kind of aspirated m, whose power may be found by uniting the sound of m, in the word am, to h, in the word here, by a quick pronunciation of the phrase I am here. (B.) Dental Sounds. The d, n, s, are the same as the corresponding English letters. The z, which is a mutation of d, has the soft or flat sound of th, as in the words thus, nevther. The t has the sound of English ¢ m not, ten, to, but does not take the sound of s in any case. The th, which is amutation of ¢, has always the sharp and hard sound of English th, in the words thank, both, nothing. The nh, another mutation of t, is a sort of aspirated m, whose power is perceivable in the word znherent. (ce) Palatal Sounds. The h, J, n, 7, are similar to the same English letters. The c is always sounded like English &. The ¢, (or ch,) being a mutation of c, is a sound which has no standard in English, but is the same as the ch of the German, or the x of the Greek. It is produced by the contact of the tongue and the palate about the eighth of an ‘neh farther back than when / is expressed. The ngh is another modification of c, the power of which may be made out in the word Nottingham, by suspending the breath on the letter 7, instead of the proper division of the word. The g is always like the English hard g, as in go, give, again, leg, peg: The ll is a sound peculiar to the Welsh; but the Spanish I approaches very near to it. The sound is produced by touching the palate with the tongue, about an eighth of an inch farther back than when J is articulated. — The accentuation of all words is known by one general rule; that is, such as consist of several syllables have the accent on the penultima, and upon every second syllable backwards. The same principle is applied to several monosyllables coming together, by accenting every second word to the last but one inclusively. 7, ‘ ix iia Bees ok al hed : FR ds as are never pronounced. often be properly dispensed with. generally accented. have a short and obscure sound, bird, mother ; and the broad, and sometimes the small, are used || for one another. proper. of which is only attainable by the ear ; the latter is like that of the Greek «, (epsilon.) sound of each of the vowels being more or less heard. 01, 10, ia, UA, U2, the last vowel, and in 7a, 20, 2u, the first vowel, is but faintly sounded. nounced like the diphthongs ao, €0, 1a, Mu, Ua, with the addition of a short 7. 9 syllables, or the first syllable of polysyllables. alter or lose their usual sound, viz., 0, ¢, d, f, Z, MPs Sy # joined to them, viz., the liquids J, 2, 7. | pronounced as when written double in English. letter of the following word, if it begins with a vowel, or as the final letter of the preceding word, if it ends with a vowel. GAELIC. The Gaelic language has five vowels and thirteen consonants 1. VoweELs. Ais sounded as in the English words hall, halt ; but before dh | and gh, it has often the sound of the diphthong ao. \| E represents two different sounds :— | (1.) that of the Greek , or ea in the English word bear | (2.) that of @ in care. \| Tis like ee in English. \| O has the different sounds of bone, morn, lot. \| U is like oo in moon, fool. | The vowels are divided into broad, @, 0, %, and small, e, 2. In a word of two or more syllables, if the former ends with a. | with a sniall vowel, with a small, though these inserted vowels But in compound words, this rule may broad vowel, the next syllable must begin with a broad vowel; if | All the vowels are either long or short. When long, they are In all the syllables of polysyllables, except the first, the vowels | as in the English words sun, | There are thirteen diphthongs, which are either proper or im- Ao and eu are improper, representing simple sounds; the former —————— All the other diphthongs are proper, the In @, a, 2, There are five triphthongs, aot, e021, ai, tur, Uae. They are pro- They are all long, and never occur but in mono- 2. CoNSONANTS. The consonants are, 5, ¢, d, f, J; h, 1, m, 2, PyT, S, €- Consonants are mutable or immutable. Mutable are such as, by having an h subjoined to them, either Immutable are such as are never aspirated, or have an h sub- ————— After a short vowel or diphthong, the consonants are generally A consonant standing alone is sounded as if it were the initial Bh and mh have the sound of in English. Mh, in the middle or end of polysyllables, ‘5 either silent or stands for a gentle aspiration. C is always sounded as English k. Ch has the sound of the Greek y, or of gh in lough, as the Irish pronounce It. Dh and gh, in the beginning of words, are commonly sounded | In the middle or end of | like the English consonant y. the sound of a words, they are often silent, or have Fh is silent. [faint aspiration. | G is always sounded as in the English words get, good. || Ph has the sound of English ies | S, before or after a broad vowel in the same syllable, is as 1m || English. But when immediately before or after a | gmall vowel, it has the sound of sh. S,in the begining | of words, when preceded by the article with ¢ inter- | vening, is silent. Sh and th, in the beginning of words, have the sound of h alone | Th, after a long vowel, diphthong, oF triphthong, Js nearly silent; but after a short vowel or diphthong, it has the | force of a rapid aspiration. - The immutable consonants l, ny 7, when initials of words, not connected with others in a sentence, have a soft double sound, to be learned only by the ear. But whenever the order of construc- tion requires that the mutable consonants should be aspirated, the immutable lose their double sound, and are pronounced nearly as in English. When the consonants l, n, 7, have their double sound in the middle or end of words, they are written double. ——" ee P Se —— enn ee ee al J ne een ool eeea a tg eae al a ae er ag Te eee yee Ps ag ol «ol 4 ———— a ot ge ie ee ae ce i OBSERVATIONS ONG re TA Balt In the preparation of the following table, the compiler has aimed at the utmost possible simplicity. For this reason, he has employed in his key as small a number of English sounds as was possible, and has preferred to refer most of the sounds in the several lan- guages to their nearest English equivalents, rather than to intro- duce a separate notation and key for each language ‘To do the last, would have been to destroy the simplicity, and, in a great measure, to defeat the object, of the table, which was designed | for easy reference, by all classes of readers. It will be sufficient, once for all, to observe, that certain sounds in several of the lan- guages of Europe can be but imperfectly represented by the Eng- lish letters and syllables which are given as their equivalents. The Swedish w is represented by the English oo or the French wu. The Danish g final, not preceded by n, corresponds nearly to the English hk guttural. The Dutch wi, wy, is represented by the jar; g and ch are marked as gutturals; 0, @, and #, we, corre- spond to the French eu and uw; az is indicated by 2 long; eu by the English ot. The Polish z has no corresponding English sound. The Spanish g soft and j differ from the German ch guttural in being pronounced also from the palate. In the French, w has no corresponding English sound; ew is nearly like the w in the Eng- lish spur; mand n nasal are indicated by ng, but the sound of g | should not be heard in the pronunciation; / mouillé final is in- dicated by ly, gne final by ny; in both these cases, the sound of y consonant being added to that of the J and n, as in brilliant and mignonette; oi is also expressed by wa, a being sounded as in far, except oim, in which @ is sounded as in bat. In all names not English, ch at the end of syllables not guttural is tch. The several countries are indicated by the following abbrevia- English oz. In the German, a is indicated by the English a@ in | tions: — Ate iins< isle e Airica. Ne Sc ac ee eee (NOVA SCOUa. a eee Turkey, » OSld. New Zealand, Western European. Austr. ..... . Austrian Dominions. INE ACL ci ts 3 Australia, Van Die- Ue Sic wa oo « ited States: Austr. As.... . Australasia. men’s Lam. Wieind. «30.6. VVest Didiés, Avistrilae South Australia and New Pale aie, i werei'e Palestine. : South Wales. Pee a eee Spain and eA AS ao 6 eval Portugal. Big o 2 wn ep 0 DAV Can .a> « » = = mada. Paid. eitaade { Persia, Cabool, Beloo- Core ee eeo eee « Cape, Ch...-..... China. € chistan, Bokhara. CO. CY. e+ - + « » » COUNLY, DENS = wee ss = DENMATK, Poy s ai av os COMUPGL Gisifes gs se) sa» CUNLLICE East. Isl... .. Eastern Islands, PIUSS: 0 60) 5,0 (6.6 UE KUIGSINS dep.c «canes 5 « Gepartment. fis 6 wn were uu Dts Re wiles c/w ee « QUUSBIAN sump. WP nono obpon ad Woe TN Ge en a ces 5 « PIANC. Noam eS { South and Central [fran ca sp co wn 6 Uli Mie Siw so alas « INCE. (America. Neve teie atc) om s) ss DOr UOl. Ger, 1.5... Germany. Scot.. ...-..- scotland. isl os see ee» island. Gin = is) <7 cn) aon Go ARLCECE, S.Isl....... Sandwich Islands. Di eneiin oa’ © 60 pts LAKOs Hinds; <= «= «= “undostan, ¢ Scandinavian Peninsu- miss. Std. »..».. missionary station. INUes cies is) s so eSt Indies, ScPens. «-. 2 la, Sweden and mt. oeececeess ¢ Mountain. Wiss wae ow 2 oe Ureland. Norway. PT. o Apa. Soc. IsL...... Society Islands. Fryule wie Gs erases ZAVEX- Mexia a «21+. Mexico, Sp. 2eeece ees Span. Sh. we cevaee - Strait. N. Am....... North America. Switz........ Switzerland. PiciG aia sia sab)» LOWER, Neth....... { rctherlands, Holland and Syren a a © STAs Bdl cress’ s 0) pmie) a WALLY: Belgium.Aa, (Switz.) 7. ah Aachen, (Germ.; fr. Aix-) grape la-Chapelle.) : wichen Aakirkebye, (Denm.) 6-kir'ke-b® Aalborg, (Denm.) Alburgum. ol borg Aalst. See Alost. Glilst Aamodt, (Norw.) 6!modt Aar, (Switz.) 7. air Aarau, (Switz.) ahr! ou alr! boorg Aarburg, (Switz.) dds Ghr! cou —™~ Aargau, das, or (Switz.) cant. Ghr-gi'vi-a Ohr' hogs ahr! lan-dér-behn! Aargovia, Aarhuus, (Denm.) Aarlanderveen, (Neth.) Aarwangen, (Switz.) ahr! van! gen Abach, (Bav.) Abudiacum. a'bach Abaco, or Lucaya,(Baham. a/ba-ko : i a-ba-i-te! a-bda-kan! a-ba-kansk! d-bdn-ka't d-ba-nil!ya Abaite, (Braz.) r- Abakan, (R.) Abakansk, (1.) Abancay; (Peru.) Abanilla, (Sp-) Abaujvar, (11.) Abba-Santa, (Sard.) Acqua Santa. Abbeville, (Fr.) Abatis Villa. ab'vile tb! bi-d!' te-grds!so a! béns-bére! ab-er-broth! ock ar broath ab-er-dcen! a)-cr-ga'ny wbi-a de la 6-bis-pa-li'a = a-bd-o9-i-vahr'! ab! bd-san'ta Abbiategrasso, (N. It.) Abensberg, (eey Abwtina. Aberbrothock, 07 | 7g, ) Arbroath, ( x Aberdeen, (Sc.) Abergavenny, (Eng.) Abia de la Obispalia, (Sp.) Abo, (Finl.) 6'bog Abohuus, (Finl.) d'bog-hoegs! Aboukir, or Abukir, (Eg-) ) a-bog-kire! Cunopus. Abrantes, (Port.) Abreiro, (Port.) Abrojos, (Mex.) rocks. Abrolhos, (Braz.) rocks. Abruzzo, (former div. of Napl.) Abruzzo Citeriore,(Napl.)dist- d-broct'so chi-te-ri-0're Abua, (Braz.) 7. d-bog-a! Abukir. See Aboukir. Acajutla, (Guat.) Acapulco, (Mex.) Acara, (Braz.) 7- a Acaray, (Braz.) mts. a-kd-ravt Accadia, (Napl.) ak-ka!di-a Acerenza, (Napl.) Acherontia. d-che-rend'sa Acerno, (Napl.) d-cher!no Acerra, (Napl.) a-cher'ra Achaguas, (Columb.) Achmim, (Eg.) Achtuba, (R.) 7. Aci, or . Aci Reale, (Sic.) Aconcagua, (Chile,) vole. mt. a-kon-ka! ¢90-a Acora, (Peru.) a-ko'ra a-brdn! tes d-bra@'i-re9 d-bro!chos a-brol'yogs a-brogt/so a-ka-choet'la a-kd-poeol'ko a-ka-rd! d-chd! go9-ds déh-mime' dch-tog/ba a! chi a! cht re-a'le -™ Agores, or Azores. a-sd!'res Acquapendente, It. Acula. ak'koo-d-pen-den'te Acquaviva, (Napl.) ak! koo-d-vi'va Acqui, (Sard.) Aqua. ak'koo-t Fate, far, fall, what, bat. — Mate, prey, hélp, there, her. pte; % short, but. — Fr. & long, ew short, nearly as in rte Ge RMT AT) 4 Nae . a bere ut ees BUR IL LE aad) 7 ad Ee WER Agee aoe PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. A. Acre, (Syr.) Akka, St.Jean? y7,, a? Acre. Acco or Ptolemais. : Acs, (H.) ahtsh Actopan, (Mex.) ak-to'pan Aculeo, (Chile.) d-kgo-le'o d-dd-ge!sa d-dd' cha dd'da a! de-gém a! dél-furs! a! déls-bérg! d-der-no! a! dérs-bach! Adaguesa, (Sp.) Adaja, (Sp.) Adda, (N. It.) Addua Adeghem, (Neth.) Adelfors, (Sw-) Adelsberg, (Ill.) Aderno, (Sic.) Adersbach, (Boh.) atigeth Lt. ; g. Etsch.) ai!di-che Adlerberg, (Germ.) mt. ad! lér-bérg! Adour, (Fr.) 7 Aturus. d-dgor’ Adra, (Sp.) Abdera. aldra Adria, (Lomb.) Hatria. a! dri-a ee (It) Mare! adlri-atlic-sea AeroeskjJbing, (Denm.) Aerschot, ( Belg.) Aertrycke, (Belg.) Aerzeele, ( Belg.) adhrs! Ehét Ghrt'ri-ke alir-zé! le fBtna. See Etna. Afragola, (Napl.) a-fra'go-la Agde, (Fr.) dud Agen, (Fr.) Aginnum. a-gang Agénois, (Fr.) old pr. d-ge-nwa! Agger, (Denm.) can. ag ger ’ Aggershuus, (pr. Norw.) ag'gérs-hogs Agincourt, or Azincourt,(Fr.) a-cang-koor! Aglie, (Pied.) al! ye Agmondesham, (Eng.) am! er-sham Agnadello, (Lomb.) dn-yd-del'lo Agnano, (Napl.) !. an-ya'no Agno, (Switz.) ¢. an'yo r Sit, Agnona, (Napl.) an-yo'na Agogna, (It.) 7. a-gon!' ya Agognate, (Sard.) a-gon-ya'te Agosta, or Augusta, (Sic.) 0S ta Agout, (Fr.) 7 a-209! Agram, or Zagrab, (Austr.) a’ gram Agramunt, (Sp.) a@-cra-moont! Asreda, (Sp-) a! gre-da Agropuli, (Napl.) _ d-gro'po-lé A an Agua, Volcan de, (C. A.) vol-kan'de a! 29Q-a Aguadilla, (Puerto Rico.) Aguamare, (Braz.) r. Aguas Calientes, (Mex.) Aguayo, (Mex.) Agueda, (Sp.) 7 Agueira, (Port.) Aguilar, (Sp.) Aguilar de Campo, (Sp.) ae f ay d-goo-a-dil ya d-99-d-ma-re! int “=~ — a! £QQ-as ka-lz-en'tes ow ad-aqq-a'yo a! ge-da eae d-ga@'t-ra a-o%i-lahr! d-gi-lahr' de kam'po kalbo a-gogl’yas ah'lén ahl'féeldt a-Ang! O'hiis Agulhas, Cabo, (Af.) ¢. Ahlen, (Pa.) Ahlfeld, (Han.) Ahun, (Fr.) Agedunum. Ahus, (Sw.) Aidone, (Sic.) a-i-dd'ne Aigle, (Switz.) Gal Aiguebelle, (Sav.) ag-bel! Aigueblanche, (Pied-) dg-blangsl’ Aigueperse, (Fr.) Aqua ao-perze! Sparsa. 5 — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — NGte, spur. — dy, Ly, MY; liquid. — An! ger. —g, ch, Eutrurd Py are! dds-ki-&u! (kett) bing Aguilar de la Frontera, (Sp.) G-gi-lahr' dé la fron- dove, move, welf, bogk, lord. — Tne, bull, uni Aigues-Mortes, (Fr.) Aque ag-mohrt! Mortue. Aigues-Vives, (Fr.) Aque Seenreiek Vive. ERULVe Aicuille d’Argentiere aS Boe Pic Se a SB 2 a-oi-ily dar-gang-ti-ere! (Alps,) m. — Aiguille du Géant, (Alps,) mt. 4-gi-aly dit ge-ang' Alg iY Se epee ame Aimoutiers, (Fr.) Ain, (Fr.) r- Danus. ang as Ainsa, (Sp.) a-in'sa Aire, (Fr.) Vicus Julius. are oa Airola, (Napl.) G-i-r6'la. °“™ Airolo, (Switz.) a-7-r0'lo Aisne, (Fr.) dep. ane Aix, (Fr.) Aque Sextia. ace Aix, (Sard.) Aque Gratiane. ah Aix-la-Chapelle. See Aachen. Gce-la-sha-pél’ Ajaccio, (Cors.) a-%-yat'cho Ajello, (Napl.) | Ajofrin, (Sp.) Akerman, (R.) Akka. See 4ere. a-i-yel'lo | Ala, (Austr.) al'la | a-cho-frin! Tyras. ak! yerzman Alaga, (Sp.) 7. Alagoas, dos, (Braz.) Alagon, (Sp-) a-la-con Alais, (Fr-) a-la! Alajuela, (Costa Rica, C. A.) d-la-choo-e'la Alamos, or Real de los Ala- re-til! de lds wla-mds mos, (Mex.) Aland Isles, (R.) Alano, (Lomb.) Alarcon, (Sp-) Alassio, (Sard.) Alatri, ([t.) Alava, (Sp-) Alb, die Rauhe or Schw4- bische, (Wiirt:) mts. Alba, (Pied.) Alba Pompeia. al’ ba pk Albacete, o7 Albaceite, (Sp.) al'ba-the'te, ul/ba-the't-te Alba de ‘Tormes, (Sp.) al'ba de tor'mes Alban, St. (Fr.) Albanches, (Sp.) Albania. See 4vlona. Albano, (It.) Albares, (Sp-) Albarracin, (Sp-) ur Albayda, (Sp.) al-ba't-da Albegna, (Tusc.) 7- Albinia. al-ben! ya Albemarle. See Aumatle. alb-marl! Albendorf, (Pr.) al! bén-dorf! Albenga, (Sard.) Albium uil-ben! wa Inguanum. nae Alberche, (Sp.) 7 Alberique, (Sp.) al-be-ri/ke Albert. See Labrit. al-behr Albi, or Alby, (F'r-) Albiga, al! bi Albino, (N. It.) al-bi'no Albizola, (Sard.) al-bid-so'la Albocacer, (Sp-) al-bd-ka'ther Albon, cre) al-bing! Alboran, (Sp.) ts? ul-bd-ran! Albuera, la, (Sp-) Albucira, (Port.) dds a-ld-gG'ds ; bo! land a-la' no d-lar-kon! ae Co a-las'si-o d-la!trz a la-va di rou'he shwé!bi-she alb . ae sang-t-al-bang! al-ban' ches al-ba'no | al-ba'res al-var-ra-thin! te! i al-ber'che ld al-bog-e'ra al-boo-a! 2-74 te. — ot, boy; ou, house. — Fr, 2 long, 1 Fr, re. — B, between v and f, }; fas s in pleasuré.—- 7 final Is } - 5a tae ial = ~~ alia eee . — res TS ap MN Ra he agg nd een BET! PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Port.) Albnuila, (Switz.) pass. Albuquerque, } ,.< Alburquerque, § (Sp-) Albussac, (Fr lacia. Alcacarquivir, (Fez.) Alcala de Chisbert, ) /<, ) Alcala de Chivert, { ‘°?* Alcala de los Gazules, (Sp.) Alcala de Guadayra, (Sp.) Alcala de Henares, (Sp-) Alcala la Real, (Sp.) Alcala del Rio, (Sp-) Alcamo, (Sic.) Alcanhede, (Port.) aCe = vs Aleanices, (Sp-) Alcaniz, (Sp-) Alcantara, (Sp. Cataren: Alcantarilla, (Sp-) Alcara della Friddi, Alcaraz, (Sp.) Alcaudete, (Sp.) Alcazar, (S} D) Alcazar de San Juan, (Sp.) Alcester, (Eng.) Alcira, (Sp. ) Setabicula. CODE (Port.) Alcobiscar, (Sp.) mt. Alcocer, (Sp.) Alcolea, (SP) Alcora, (Sp-) Alcoroches es, (Sp.) Alcoutim, (Port.) Alcudia, (Sp.) Alcudia de Guadix, (Sp.) ) ) Wor rba —— (Sic.) Alcuescar, (Sp.) Aldea Gallega, (Port.) Aldea Nueva, (Sp.) Aldea Vieja, (Sp.) Aldeas Altas. See Caxeas. Alderney. Sce Aurigny. Alegria, (Sp.) Alemquer, (Port.) Alemtejo, ( Port.) Alengon, (Fr) ) pT. Aleppo, (Yur.) Chalybon and Berea. Alessandria, ( Pied.) Alessandria della Paglia, (Sard.) Alessano, (Napl.) Alessio, (Tur.) Aleth, (Fr.) Alexandroysk, (R.) Alexandrowo, (Pol.) Alfreton, (Eng.) Aleyor, ( Minorca.) Alfaro, (Sp-) Alfayates, ( Port.) Alfort, (F r.) castle Algaiola, } /7~-.< Algagliola, § (Cors-) Algurinejo, (Sp.) Algurbe, ) Algarve, ( (Port) pr Algeciras, (Sp.) Alger. See Algiers. Algeria, (N.Afr. ; fr.Algérie.) Algezair. See Algiers. Algheri, (Sard.) ; fr. Al- Alghero, Algiers, (N. Afr. a ger, or Algezalr.) Algozo, (Port.) Alhama, (Sp.) Albambra, (Sp.) Alhandra, ( Port.) Athuzemas, (Barb.) Aliago, (Sp.) Alicante, (Sp.) Zucentum. Alicata, or Licata, (Sic.) Leocate. Alicuri, (Sic.) isl. Alingsas, (Sw.) Alise-Sainte-Reine, (Fr.) Alesium. Aljamilla, (Sp.) mts. Aljnbarota, (Port.) Aljucen, (Sp.) *. Alkmaar, (Neth.) Allan, (Fr.) A lanches, (Fr.) Allaniz, (Sp.) Albufera, 07 Albufeira,(Sp. ? Alcacer do Sal, (Port.) Sa-) al-boo-fe'ra, al-bo9-fa Ij- Ta al’ beo-la al/bgo-ker'ke al'boor-ker'ke al-b u-sak' al-ka! ser-doo-sil ae sdr-ki-vir! Lka-la’ de chis-bert’, “Wet vert!) al-kd-la! de los ga- thoo'les al-kd-la! de o00-d-dd" i-ra al-ka-la' e-nd'res al-ka-la! la re-al’ de =~ al-kd-la! del rz'o al’ ika-mo al-kan-1@' de al-kan-yi'thes Lkan-yzth! al-kdn'td-ra al-kan'ta-ril/ ya dl-ka'ra del’la frid'di al-ka-rath! al-kd-oo-de!te al-ka'thar d-ka'thar de san as! te i al-thi'ra al-ko-ba'sa al-ko-bis'kar al-ko- the r! al-] ko-l e/a ~-_ chog-an! dl-ko'ra al- k6d- rd 'ches al-ko 0-00- ting! al-k« al-k 20 / eo! ai- il 'di-a de go9-d-dith! ab-dé'a cdal-la' ca g g = dl-de'a nOQ- e!va dl-ile’a vi-e' cha al-de' al'der-ney as al! las a- e-or1'a a-la ig -Izex! G-lang-ta'schog d-lano-song! d-lep'po; e. a-lép'po d-les-san'dri-a oe d-les-sdn'dri-a del'la. pal'- ya d-les-sa'no —~ d-les'si-o d-let' G- ek-san'drovsk d-lek-sdn-drd'vo af’ fer-ton d-le-yohr! al-f a’ro al-f a-yd'tes dl-fohr! al-od-7-6'la a!-cal-v6'la a ~£a-V2 ne'ého al-cdr've al-ce-thi' ras al-cere' 7 ee a al-giers al-6'z90 d-la'ma d-lam'bra al-ydn'dra d-loo-the’ mas a-li-a' co a-li-kan'te a-li-ka'ta a-li-kog'rt a‘linu-sdhs' a-lize'sdngt-réne al-cha-mil'ya al-200-ba-7'0'ta al-chog-then/! alk'ma/ir! al-lang’ dal-langsh! al-yd rith! | F | | Almunecar, (Sp.) Allégre, (Fr.) Alleinagne. Allendorf, (W.- Aller, (Ger.) . Allevard, ( Fr.) Alli: l, (It. ) Y, Allier, (Fr.) 7. Elaven, Allinge, (Denm.) Allones, (Sp.) 7 Almada, (Port.) Almaden, (Sp.) Almagell, (Sw itz.) pass. Ger.) Almagro, (Sp.) Almansa, (Sp.) Almaraz, (Sp.) Almas, (f1.) Almazan, (Sp.) Almeida, (Port.) (Port.) Almeixial, (Port.) Almejas, ( Mex.) prom. Almelo, (Neth.) Almenara, (Sp.) Almeria, (Sp.) Murgis, Almissa, (Dalm.) Almodovar, (Port.) Almeirim, Almodovar del Campo, (Sp.) See Germany. Almodovar del Pinar, (Sp.) Almonacid, (Sp.) AJmonacid de Zorita, (Sp.) Almondsbnury, (Eng.) Almonte, (Sp.) Sez. Alnwick, orAlnewick,( Alora, (Sp.) Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Méte, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fia. — Note, ddve, mive, wolf, bog y Eng.) Lléar! al-many! al'lén-dorf! al’ lér til-var' a ul'li-a til-li-e! al'lin'' oe al-10'nes al-md!' da al-md-den al'ma-geél\ al-ma! rro al-mdn'sa dl-md-rath! al-mahsh' al- mda- titan! Gl-ma!% i-da al-ma'7t-ring si al-me-i-shi-al/ al-me al'me-lo al-me-na'ra al-me-r?'a ion -d6'vdar al-m6-d6'var del al-m6-d6'var del adl-nd-na-thid! al-mié-na-thid! de aut s'ber-ry ‘Chas al-mis a!l-moc 7 al-1 10 n' te al-mo¢ n-ye' kar tim'no im!'po pi-ndr' thi-rit!tu Amatitan, (C. A.) 1. Amatrice, (Na pl.) Amazon, (8. A.; sp. Ma- ranon, Obellana.) i Ambato. See Hambato. Ambelakia, (Tur.) Amberg, (Bav.) Ambert, (Fr.) Ambleteuse, (Fr.) Amboise, (F I. ) Ambras, (Tyr.) castle. Ambre ssbury , (Eng.) Ambrogio, San, (N, If.) Ameland, (Neth.) isl. (It.) Ameria. see Fidalgo. (Sp.) (Port.) Amiens, (Fr.) Ambianwm. Amirabad, ( Per.) Amirante, (Ind. Oc. ; port. ) [has do Amirante.) isls. § Amlwceh, ; Wales.) Amon, (Fr.) Amour, St., (Fr.) Ampfing, (Bav.) Amplepuis, (Fr.) Ampthill, (Eng.) Ampudia, (Sp.) Amsteg, Le Amstel, (Neth.) 7 Amstel, Nie suwer, (Neth.) Amstel, Ouder, ( Neth.) Amstelveen, (Neth.) Amsterdam, (Neth.) Amelia, Amer. Amezqueta, Amiema, ~~ d-ma!ti-tan! a-ma-tri! che am!a-zon dm-ba'ta _. dm-be-la'ki-a am! bere dng-bere! adnobl-téyze ane-bwaze! dm'brds ames! ber-ry sdn dm-brod! Zo a! me-ldand! lf “= a-me'li-a a'mér | ad-meth-ke'ta d-mi-@'i-ra — ad-mi-ang! | a-7Tit2 e'a-bd le! | am'i-ran-teé am'looéch d-moq! M amp'j angpl-} sdng-t-d-mgor* ing | an'till adm-poo'¢ dm’! ste g ams tel, | ni'ner dms'tél ou'dér adms'tel ams'tél-déhn’/ an’ stér-ddam! ; e. dm'stér- dam! Alost, or Aalst, (Belz.) al'ds : s , 1] ( S dims tét-té Alotepeque, (Guat.) a-ld'te-ne'ke an en uw i) Ee aN ye . =F = an usc (S fi-moostit | Alpe di Succisio, (It.) mt. pe di soct-chi'st-o ee ISCO, ae 1) d-moo: ko Alpedrinha, (P rt.) ne-drin'uya nacapri, (1 a and-Ka pre Ajnen. Sce Alps ‘im . Anadyr, (R. )r d-nda-door! Alpen. > SALUps. €) \ am: ; Anagni, (It.) G-nan! 7 | Alpes, Basses, (Fr.) dep bds-z-dlp Past , Ni oN ee ae serge aL Anahuac, (Mex.) mts d-nd-s¢9-ak! i l Cy +) Ls. A-ia- 0 Og ait | Alpes, Hautes, (Fr.) dep. iOte-z-dlp Ancenis, (Fr.) auges-ni! Alpes. les. mts. See Alns l Tn Ancomarca, ( Bol.) an'k6-mdr'ka 7 x ae (Sv torn A Sy EE aaly An ae (It ) an-ko na i Alpnach, VItZ. alp'ndch oT W ; | Mins Al; ae enV erc ‘ Ancy-le-France, (Fr.) dng-si'lé frdng | ASAD A n; Jr. les f Andalucia (Sp eng. An- ) , a> i Alpes.) mts. Alpes. \ A CATE + dn-dd-loo-thi'a Alpuente, (Sp.) uit dalus A ) ; STOR i glowa en 5 = ; Andel Fr:) r. na-del! Alpnuyjarras, las, (Sp.) mt. reg. 9-€har’rds 7m Sirs ae ; e : Andelot, (Fr.) angd-lo! Alresford, ( y ngs y 2 — | Alsace, (fr. PAlsaco; g. Tal-sihs! Andelys, les, (Fr.) le-z-tingd-Ir! Elsass.) 7 a Alsatia, } ater Andennes, (Belg.) dna-den! Alsen, (Denm.) isl. al’ zén Anderlecht, (Bel g,) dn! dér-léecht! | Alsé Fejér Varmegye, (H.) al-sho' fa-yehr! vahr mad'- | Andermatt, SW itz.) an! dér-mat! Fes )} ye Andernach ( Pr qntumnacum, dn'dér-nach! Alsé6 Kubin, (H.) al-sho' kog-bin! Andes, (A.) mite: Cordille- ld 5 , - . ri las an aes Alster, (Denm.) r. dls’ ter ras de los Andes. : Z : ¢ or'x Altay, (Up. As.) mts. al-taly Andorra, (bet. Fr,and Sp.) v. a@n-dor ra. z 3 ef ty meee oe , Al idouille, (F r dng-dooly Altamura, (Napl.) al'td-moq'ra a Altdorf, (Switz.) alt'dorf André, St., (Fr.) sang-t-ang-dre! Altea, (Sp.) ahteln Andretta, (Napl.) dn-dret'ta ( ).) Cees : “- Altena, (Pr.) al’ te-na Andria, (Napl.) dn'dri-a Altenbruch, ( Han.) al’tén-brogch! Andruszow, (R.) dn-drog'shof Altenburg, (Ger.) _ al’tén-boorg Andijar,(Sp.) Forum Julium. dn-dgo char Altenburg, ( H. ; A. Masyar, ) al'tén-boors! Anduze, (Fr.) adng-dtize! Ovar.) ) : et Anet, (Fr.) a-ne! Altengaard, (Norw.) al'té negore Anegura, (AS: Fs). 7% an-sa'ra Altenheim, ( Bad.) al'tén-hime! Angelo, San, (It.) san dnd'ce-lo Altenkirchen, (Pr.) al'tén-kir' thén Anvera, (Lom! 3) dnd-ce'ra Altenstein, (Sax.) castle. al’/tén-stinel Angerano, (Lomb.) and-fe-ra’‘no Alter do Cha , Port.) al tare d¢ Q sha! ong Angermann, (Sw,.) 7. On! oér-man Alt-Gradiska, ( Austr.) alt! ord-dis'ka Angermannland, (Sw.) pr. | an'hore tnelandl “dal ry . , -T n-Laie Altmuhl, (Buv.) 7. alt'mtiil Angermania, On" géer-mdn-lan Altona, (Denm.) al'to-na Angermunde, (Pr.) an! ger-miin' de Altorf, (Switz.) dal tors Angers, (Fr.) Julomagus. dang-gel Altétting, (Bav.) alla ting Anghiiuri, (Duse. ) dist. dn-91-d' rz Altranstadt, (Pr.) eee stadt! Angitola, (N: apl. ) dnd-7'1d-la Altsohl, (H.) ult zohl Angoisse, ( (F r.) ang-awds! Altstatten, (Switz. ) alt’ stet'ten Angola, (Guin.) dn-f6'li Altyn, (R.) l. c il-togn! : Angostti ra, ( Venez.) an-276s- aie Alvarado, (Mex.) r al-va-rd'do Angouléme, (Ir.) Inculisma. @ng-2o0-léme! Alvarez, (Cuba.) al’vd-reih Angoumois, I’, (I'r.) old pr. lang-o09- mia! Alvaro, (Sp.) al-vd-ro! Anguilla, (Antil.) isi. an-gil'ya Alvinez, (Trans.) al-vints! Anhalt-Bernburg,(Ger.)duch. dn'halt-bérn'beor? Alvor, (Port.) al-vore! Anhalt-Dessau, (Ger.) duch. dGn'halt-dés'sou Alzano Maggiore, (Lomb,) ald-sd/no mdét-g6're Anh nee then, (Ge r.) duch. dn-halt-kéu'téen Alzonne, (Fr.) al-zone Anho t, (De nm.) isl. an'holt Amager, or), a'ma-cér ni: Seta oP coe { (Denm.) isl, { : 2 Aniane 5 (I re) a 2) a te Amak, _ { a’mak Aniba, (Braz.) r. d-ni-ba Amal, (Sw.) O'mole wa Bre 7 es Amalfi, (Napl.) d-mal'f i se ET ELONG, See . ‘ - * ae Anat Ae s _ } =) : 2 \ Anjou, (I'r.) old pr. dng-s90! pees (Para.) 7. a-mam- mba’ Zz Anklam, (Pr.) an'kldm : Ankora, (Madag. in-ko'r Amand, St., (I'r.) sdng-t-a- mang! paces (Madag y an-ko'ra a f é anta, (5 ‘ 1 tin! Amand- a Eaux, St., (Fr.) | Sane owe ) ach pete Amandopolis. sang-t-d-ming! le-z Annaberg, (Sax.) dn'nd-bér a 3 : f aburg I) ant honnrsl Amantea, (Napl.) d-mdn-te'a ae Me, te dn'na-b¢ ors Amarante, (Port.) “a-maspdnite Annapu, (braz.) 7 dn-nd-p.¢ Amaro, Santo, (Rraz.) sdn'to a-ma'ro Anne, Ste., (L. Can.) sang-t-dyv Amatique Bay, (C. A.) a-md-ti'ke Annecy, (Sard.) an-si! : k, lord. — Tiine, bull, unite. — ot, boy; ou, house. — Fr. & tong, 1330dn-st/lé vi-&d adn-vwa! Annecy le Vieux, (Sard.) Annevoye, (Belg.) Anneyron, (Fr.) dn-na-i-rong! Annonay, (Fr ) d-nd-na! Annone, (Pied.) dn-nd'ne Annweiler, (Bav-) an'vi-lér Anover de Tajo, (Sp-) tin-yo-vere! de ta/cho Anspach, (Ger- 5 g.Ansbach.) dns'pak, ans' bach Anstruther, ») an! ster Antequera, (Sp.) Antiquaria. dn-te-ke'ra “~ DM Q dng-te r-ri-Au! ana-trbe! an-tin-ya'na Anterrieux, (Fr.) Antibes, (Fr.) Antipolis. Antignana, (IIl.) Antigua, (W. Ind.) isl. Antioco, (Mediter.) ts/. Antioquia, Santa Fe de,(N. Gren. S. A.) Antisana, (Ecuad.) volc. an-ti-sa'na sa Antioche Pertuis, (Fr.) chan. Gng-ti-Csh! per-tu-7! Antivari, (Tur.) an-li-va'rt Antoine, St., (Fr-) Antonio, San, (Cuba.) ¢. Antraigues, (F'r.) Antrain, (Fr.) Antwerp, (Belg. ; flem. Ant- werpen ; fT. Anvers.) Anzasca, Val d’, (Pied.) Anzin, (Fr.) Anzo, Porto d’, (It.) Aosta, (Pied.) Augusta Pretoria. Apatzingan, (Mex.) Apennines, (it. Appennl-) Gp!en-nins!, dp-pen Sie no; fr. Appennines ; &- d-pén-wine! ap- nén-n2!- Appenninen, Apenninus a » BE Mons.) mts. Apenrade, (Denm.) Appalachicola, (Ga.) 7. Appenzell, (Switz.) cant. Apt, (Fr.) a =~ Apulia,orPuglia,(S.It.)anc.pr d-poo'li-a Apure, (Colomb.) r. a-pegre! Apurimac, (Peru.) 7 a-poc-ru'mak Aquila, (Napl.) a kwi-la * * Cees Aquileja, (N. It.) d-kwi-le'2-ya Aquino, (Napl.) d-kwor!no Arabat, (R.) d-ra-bat! Arabo, See Raab. a! ra- Bo Aracai, (Braz.) 7 Aracati, (Braz.) Arad, (H.; g-. Arad.) Aragon, (Sp.) pr Aragona, (Sic.) Aragua-Guazi. See Pilco- MA1/0~ Araguay, (Braz.) rT. - Araguaya, (Braz.) 7 Aragiies del Puerto, (Sp.) Aral, (As-) 1. Aranda de Duero, (Sp.) Aranjuez, (Sp-) Arajovts. an-ti'roo-2; &. dn-ti’ga an-ti-d'ko om san'ta fe de dn-ti-6-kt'a ses Zones : sang-t-dn o-tindne! o “3 « - <> sin dn-to'ni-o ang-trag! aug-trang! . = “4 - . dnt! werp, Gnt'ver-pen, aGng-vere! val-dand-sds'ka dng-zang! por'té -dand'so d-os'ta a-pdt-str gan a'pén-rd! de ap-pa-lach-i-ko'la ap'pén-tsel! at Aquinum ee i °™' a-rd-ka!'% d-rd-ku-tt Grad d-rd-gon'; e. dr'a-gonr d-ra-g0!na « s fam Say a-ra! goq-a-gog-d' tht “5 . oe Jus a-rd-go¢-w'% < o™ d-rd-go¢-a'ya fant ~~ ad-rd-zo9-es! del nog-er!to a-ral! ae a-ran'da de deg-e'ro Pant a-rdn! chcg-eth Aranyos Maréth, (I1.) a-rdn-2-osh mah-roht a Aranyos Megues, (EL.) d-riin-t-dsh mad-yash Arapiles, (Sp.-) caves: Araucania, (S. A.) territory: Arauca, (S. A.) 7 Arauco, (Chile.) Arbesau, (Boh.) art Arboga, (Sw.) dr-b¢o' ga Arbois, (Fr-) dr-bwa' Arbon, (Switz.) Arbor Feliz, 4-bong! Arborea, (Sard.) pr dr-bo-rela Arbos, (Sp-) ar'bos Arc, (Sard.) 7 Arcangelo, (It-) Arcachon,Bassin d’, (Ir) Archangel, (R-) Archangelsk, (R-) Archena, (Sp-) Archidona, (Sp-) Arcis sur Aube, (Fr.) CAL Arcola, (Pied.) Gr-k0'la Arcole, (N. It.) Gr-Ko le Aycona, (Pr.) prom.isl.Rugen. ar-kOna ‘Arcos de la Frontera, (Sp-) Gr'kos de la fron-te ra Arcueil, (Fr-) ar-ketly! Ardacha, (Sp.) 1 dr-da cha Ardales, (Sp.) ar-da les Aydéche, (I'r.) dep. ar-désh Ardennes Forest, (Europe ; g. Ardennen.) Sylva Ar- a-ra-pi'les + a . . a-ra-o9-ka! wi-a om d-ra' og-ka “- a-ra! cq-ko dr! be-zow ark ar-kdnd! &e-lo bds-sang! dar-kd-shdng! adr-chan!!gélsk ; e. ar-kan golsk adr-che'na dr-chi-dd'na dr-si! stir obe tee ar-den', dr-dén’nén duenna. S ; Ardennes, (I'r.) dep. Gr-len Ardila, (Sp.) 7: dr-dilla Ardoye, (Belg.) dr-dw! whe; % short, bit. —Fr. & long ————_—————— PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOG dr-chan!' gel; e. ar-kan! gel g, ew short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, 24, liquid. — 4 drdr a'rén-dal! a’réns-boerg! a-re-kr'pa a-res! a-re'va-lo aret! so Ardres, (Fr.) Arendal, (Norw.) Arensburg, (R.) Arequipa, (Peru.) vole Ares, (Sp-) Arevalo, (Sp-) Arezzo, (‘Tusc.) Arretium. “> adr-ga-7-o'la_ dr-gan'da del ret ar-gd-nil! ar-gang-ting! adrd-gen-ta'ro ar-gang-tealy! Argaiola, (Cors.) Arganda del Rey, (Sp.-) Arganil, (Port.) Argentan, (Fr.) Argentaro, (It.) m. Argenteuil, (Fr.) Argentine Republic. See Plata. (sp. Republica : Argentina.) Argenton sur Creuse, (Fr.) Argentomagus. Argonne, (Fr.) anc, pr. Argostoli, (Cephal.) Arguilhe, (Fr.) Argyle, (Sc.) Ariano, (Napl.) Arica, (Peru-) Ariége, (Fr.) dep. Arinhos, (Braz.) 7. ions (Sp.). Arkansas, 0r ( ;77 ©) » Arkansaw, j (U.S. )= adr-gang-lo ng! sur kréaze ar-gon! ar-gos-to' Tt dr-gil'ye ar-gile! a-ri-a'no a-ri'ka a-ri-éze! arin! yds ar-cho'na ar-kan' sas ar'kan-sav! Arlanzon, (Sp.) 7 ar-lan-thon! Arlberg, (Tyr.) mt. drl berg Arles, (I'r.) 4relas, or Arelate, Grl; e. driz Arlon, (Belg.) Orolannum Vicus. Arma, Santiago de, (N. Gran. S. A.) Armagh, (Ir.) Armaguac, (Fr-) territory. Armangon, (Fr.) 7 - Armenierstadt, (Trans. 5 h. Szamos Ujvar. Armentiéres, (Fr-) ar-mang-ti-ére Armuijen. See Arnemuyden. dr'moi-én Arnac-Pompadour, (I'r.) ar-nak! pong-pa-d¢eor! Arnis, (Sw-) ar!nds Arnay-le-duc, dr-na@' lé-ditk Arnedillo, (Sp-) ar-ne-dil'yo Arnedo, (Sp-) dr-ne'do Arnemuyden, or Armui- bate oe s aw ar!ne-moi' den jen, (Neth.) = Ambem, (Neth.) Arno, (Tusc.) 7% Arnsberg, (Pr-) adrns! berg Arnstadt, (C. Germ.) arn! stadt Aroche, (Sp.) _Aracet Vetus. a-rd' che Arolkszallas, (H-) a-rok-sahl-ldhsh Arolsen, (W. Germ.) . alrol-zén Arona, (Sard.) a-rd/na@ Aropesa. See Cochabamba. 4&-rd-pe!sa ~_— omer dr-ling 9 - san ti-a! go de dr!ma ar-ma! ar-indn-yak! dr-mang-sdng! ar-me!ni-ér-stadt! I tirn'hém ANUS. adr'no ri a e Aaa Arpaia, (Napl-) dr-pali-d Arpajon, (Er. ; formerly ea sa ares dr-pd-gong Chatres.) BeOS Arpino, (Napl.) Arpinum. ar-pi'no . Arqua, (N. It.) Argquatd. ar/kwd Arques, (Fr-) ark Arras, (Fr.) JVemetacum. ar-ras!; e. a@v'ras Arreskov See, (Denm.) L. dr!rés-ko ve-ze! Arroux, (Fr.) ar-r¢9! Arroyo de la China, (Plata.) ar-ro'yo de ld chi'na =~ Arroyo del Puerco, (Sp.) ur-rd'yo del po-er'kko Arsamas, (R.) ar-za-mas! Arschot, (Belg.) ars! chot Artois, (I'r.) ar-twa! Arvica. See Oscarstad. ar-vi' ka Arzignano, (Lemb.) ard-sin-yd'no Aschach, (Austr.) a! shach Aschaftenburg, (Bav-) a-shaf fen-borg! Aschersleben, (Pr-) ash! érs-lé/ben Aschsche, or Assche, (Neth.) ds/che Asciano, (Tusc.) a-sha'no Ascoli, (It.) Asculum Pice- NUM. Asele, (Sw-) as!ko-lé 5! ze-le !- | Asiago, (Lomb.) d-si-a' go Asinara, (Sard.) isl. a-si-na'ra Asolo, (Lomb.) a'so-lo Asone, (C. lt.) .Asond. a-so'ne Asow, (R:) a-sof? Aspern, or Ratete Aspern, GrosZ, (Austr) Assche. Sce Aschsche. Assens, (Denm.) Assisi, (It.) Assuay, (Ecuad.) ‘ us-soq-a't Asti, (Pied.) Asta Pompeu. ds! tt Astorga, (Sp.) Asturica as-tor! ga Augusti. Astrachan, Astrakhan, (R.) Astura, (It) Asturias, (Sp.) div. Asuncion, (Parag.) gros ds'pérn ds' che ds'séns ds-sit'st as-too'ra ds-tog!ri-ds ad-scqn-thi-on! niger. — &, Ch, guttural RAPHICAL re-poo!bli-ka Ur-chen-ti!na as-trd-chan’; e. as-tra-kan! NAMES. Aszo4, Atabazo, (S. A.) r. Atacama, (Bol.) pr. Atacames, (Ecuad.) See Jawa. Atanjauja. Atares, (Sp-) Aterno, (Napl.) Aternus. Ath, (Belg.) Athlone, (Ir) Atienza, (Sp.) Atitan, or Santiago, (C. A.) distr. Atlixco, (Mex.) Atocha, (Braz.) 1. Atrato, (S.A. N. Gren.) 7 Atri, (Napl.) Hadria. Attigny, (Fr.) Attimacum. _Attinghausen, (Switz.) Aubagne, (Fr-) Albania. Aube, (Fr.) dep. Aubel, (Belg.) Aubenas, (Ir.) Aubertin, (Fr.) Auberterre, (Fr-) Aubigny, (Fr-) Aubonne, (Switz.) Aubin, St., (Fr.) Aubusson, (Fr.) Auchtergaven, (Sc.) Auchtermuchti, (Se-) Aucois, (Sav-) Aude, (I'r.) 7. _ Ataz. Audenarde, or Oudenaerde, Belg.) Audincourt, (F'r.) Auerbach, (Germ.) Auersberg, ov } (Austr.) Auersperg, § 4rupium. Auerstadt, (Pr-) Auge, Vailée d’, (Fr.) p7. Augsburg, (Bav.) Augus- ta Vindelicorum. Augusta. Sce Agosta. Augustenburg, (Denm.) Ausustowo, (Rol.) pr- Auhausen, (Bav.) Aulnay, (Fr.) Aulne, (I'r.) 7 Aumale, (Fr.; formerly Albemarle.) Aunis, (Fr.) old pr. Auray, (Fr-) Auriac, (Fr) Aurich, (Han.) Aurigny, (Ir. ; e. Alder- ney.) isl. Aurillac, (Fr.) Auronzo, (N. It.) Auschowitz, (Bob.) Auschwitz, 07 O=wiccin, (Austr. Gal.) Ausena, (Sp.) mt. Auspitz, (Mor.) Aussee, (Austr.) = Austerlitz, (Mor. ; mor. Slawkcw.) Austria, Archduchy, (7. Erzherzogthum Oester- reich.) Austria, Empire, (¢- Kai- sexthum Ocsterreich ; fr. Empire ad? Autriche.) Auteuil, (Fr.) Austria. £ stodunum. Auvergne, (Fr.) old pr. Auxonne, (I'r.) Auxy-le-Chateau, (Er) Availles Limousin, (Fr) Avallon, (Fr.) 4ballo. Avatiparana, (Braz.) 7. Aveiras de Cima, (Port.) Aveiro, (Port.) Avella, (Nap!) Avenay, (Fr.) Avenches, or Wiflisburg, (Switz.) Aventicun. Avereest, (Neth-) Aversa, (Napl.) Avesnes, (FrY.) Avestad, (Sw.) Aveyron, (Fr.) r- Aviano, (N. It. Avicula, (Switz.) me. ; gas $m pleasure. ds-sod! d-ta-ba'ého d-ta-ka'ma a-ta-ka'mes G-ttin-cha!go-cha G-ta-res! d-ter/ne dite ath-lone! d-ti-en' tha a-ti-tan! Autriche, Empire a’. See Autun, (Fr.) Bibracte,4u- at-lis'kko a-to'sha a-tra'to a! trt a-tin-yi! at!ting-how!zén 6-bany! obe 6-bél! obe-nahz! 6-ber-lang* obe-tére! 6-bin-yi! 6-Lon! EA en sa ng-t-0-bdng 6-btis-song! Auch, (Fr.) Augusta, Ausci. Osh ash-ter-gav!en ach-ter-muéh!ti o-swa! ode ode-nard! 0- ding-keor! ou! ér-bach! ou! érs-birg! ou! érs-pirg! ow! ér-stadt! val-ie'doge owgs! borg ; & ahgs' burg oo a-oo-acos'ta ou-ec¢s'tin-beerg! ou-g¢¢s-t6!vo or Jhou-zen! 6-2! One d-méle! o-nis! 6-ra! 0-ri-ake! ou'rich o-rin-yt! 6-ri-yal! Saw a-cq-rond!'so ou!shb-vits ou! shwits “- a-cg-se/na ous! pils ous':e « Vip hey Aussegg, ov Aussig, (Austr.) ous SES, CUS sig ou! stér-lits!; e. ahs!ter-litz! aus! tri-a@ aus'tri-a ! Auxerre, (Fr.) Antisstodorum. d-tedly! ing-pire! db-trish! cr Am of -téing o-verny! o-sére! 5-sdn! 5-s2!lé-sha-to! a-valy! li-meg-zine! d-va-long! a-va' ti-pd-ra-na! wvali-rds de si!ma eae a-va'?-ro a-vellla Avellino, (Napl.) -abellinwm. d-vel-Tilno dv e-na! a-vingsh ti!wdr-ést! a-ver'sa d-véne! a! ve-stahd u-va-rong! a-vi-a'no a-vi'kog-la Averno, (Napl.) l. Aternus. d-ver!no —r final, Fr. re. —%, between v and f. —<———— 1 € 33 L =vod ' a a ye reo er te aot laa ee ma 21% { e : 1% a 1 | a 1 t L be iP oT } ' ; | } | | | | | | | i j | | } | | } 1 | | i | | | z iP ea | Bachellerie, la, | Bachergebirg, (Aust.) mts. | Bagnoles, w PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Avigliano, ( Napl.) Avignon, (Fr.) Avenio. Avignonnet, (Fr.) Avila, (Sp-) pz Aviles, (Sp.) 7. Avio, (Tyr.) Aviz, (Port.) Avize, (Ir.) AV lona, or Yalona Alba- nia. ” Rulon: Avola, (Sic.) Avranches, (Fr.) Awatschiaska] h.) Ayacucho, (Peru. ) dep. Ayamonte, (Sp.) Aylion, (Sp.) Aymaville, eae) Ayora, (Sp. Azambuja, ‘Port: ) AZ umbuxeira, (Port.) zeitao, (ore) Azineourt Azores, ee Acores 3) Azuaga, (Sp.) Azurara, ( Port.) Azzano, Castel d’, (It.) ABADAGH, (Tur.) Bab el Mandel, (Ar. ) st. Fahy e D: benbausen, ban Bahbiacora, (Mex.) BAbolna, (H.) Bacalar, (C. Baccarat, (Fr.) Bacchiglione, (N. It.) Bacharach, (Pr.) (Fr.) Bachmut, (R.) Gachtschisarai, (R.) Bacqueville, (F r. ) Gacs, or Bats, (H.) Bad-a-hos’, } (Sp.) Badajoz, \ Badalona, (Sp.) Baden, (Ger.) eae Baden, (Ger. Switz. Baden-Baden “(Bad.) Civi-) tas Aurelia. au enweiler, (Bad.) adia 5 CN It.) dia Calavena, (N. It.) Salvadore, (Tusc.) 3adia San aclen, ( Belg.) aerum, (Norw.) aeza, (Sp.) Beatia, 1, (Tur.) Paphos. Bagdad, (Tur ) Bagnara, “(Napl.) samnarea, (Port.) st. Bagnéres-de-Luchon, (Fr.) Bagneéres-en-Bigo irre, (Fr,) ) Aiguensis Vicus. 3agnes-le-Chablo, (Fr.) Bagni della Porretta,( Port.) st. Bagni Morba, (Tusc.) Bagno alla Villa, (It.) (Fr.) Bagnolo, (Sard.) Bagnols, (Fr.) Bagolino, (N. It.) Bahama, (W. Ind.) isls. Bahia, ( Braz.) Bahia de Todos os § (Braz.) Bahia Nueva, (S. A.) b, Bahia Blanca, (Braz.) Bahia Honda, (Cuba.) Baiern. See Bavaria. Batkal, (R.) me. Bailleul, (Ir.) Baimocz, (H1.) Baindt, (Wiurt.) Bains, (Fr.) saireuth, (Bay.) Baise, (Fr.) Baja, (H.) Bajada de Santa Fe,(Plata,) now called Parana. Avisium. Abrancea. Ja, (R.) mi. Agincourt. A. Yucatan.) Bacchi Ara. Paz Augusta. aena, (Sp.) Castra Viniana. a, or Bagheria, (Sic.) Balena. Santos, a-vile-ya'no a-vin-yong! d-vin-yo-ne! a-vi'la d-vi-les! se —~ a'vi-o a-vis! a-vize! a-vlo'na a’vo-la a-vrangsh! . eS (yess a-vat-shi-ds'kd-ja ak'sél a a-ya-koo'cho d-yd-mon'te cos a-il-yon! a-ma-vile! d-0'ra d-sdng-boo! za a-z an g- book- saliva d-2e- e-4- tale ogng G-zange- kor! a'zores, a-zores! a-thog-a' ga @-z00-ra'ra ka-stel! dat-st!'no B. ba-ba-dig! bahb-él-man'dél ba'bén-hou'zén oe ba-bi-d-kd!'ra bah'bol-na bda-ka-lar! a-ka-rd! bak-kil-yo'ne ba! cha-rach! la ba-shél-ri! bal éhér-ge-birg bach-meot! — bdacht-shi-zd-rda!t bake-vile! batsh ba-da-choth! / ba-dd-lo'na ba’ dén ba'dén ba'dén-ba' dén bd’ dén-vi'/lér a ba-di'a fie ba-di'a ka-la-ve'na bd-di'a san sal-va-dd're bah'lén bd-e'na ba'r¢ qm bd-e'tha baf'fa bd-ga-ri'a, bd-ge-ri'a bag'dald; e. bag'dad ban-ya'ra bd n-yd-re'a ban-yére! dé-lii-shing' ban-yére! dna-bi-gor! a 2 o bany'lé-shabl’ ban'yi del/la por-ret'ta ban'yi mor'ba ban'yo al'la villa ban-yole! ban-z6'lo bdn-yol! bd-a5-li'no bd-ha-ma'; e. ba-ha'ma bda-i'a ba-i'a de to'dogs gos Sat toc Ss ba-i'a neo-e'va bd-i'a lan! ka bd-t'a On'da bi! ern Peas ‘ ba-7i-kal’ . > ba-7-Al oO ba-i' mots bindt bang bi'roit bdze ba‘ ya ba-cha! da de stint'ta fe Bakabanya, (H. ; Bakonyerwald, (H.) forest. Kalaguer, (Sp: ) salaklawa, (R Balaruc, (Br ) salaschew, (R. Balas Falva, Blasendo rf. ) ) ) rT (Trans. ; g. salassa Gyarmath, (H.) salaton,(H. ;¢.Piatten See.) U. Baldissero di Roletto, (Pied.) 3aldo, (Lomb.) m. Bale. Sce Basel. Balearic Islands. Balerna, (Switz.) Balize, (Mex. ; Salkean, (‘lur.) mts. sallenstadt, (Germ.) Balleroi, (Fr.) Baleares. sp. Baliza.) Hemus. Ballon d’Alsace, (Vosges, ) ) Fr.) mt. Ballon, (Fr.) Bally-ath- ohath: Balme, Col d Balsthal, ( (Sw itz.) Baltea, (Sard.) 7 Baltic Sea, (¢. Baltisches Baliicum. Baltimore, (U. S.) Bamberg, (Bi iv.) Bamian, (Afghan.) Banalbufar, (Isl. Banat, das, or Die Grenze, (H.) dist vy (4 Alps, ) Meer.) See Dublin. iit. Banda Oriental. See Unt guay. Janeras, (Sp.) Baneza, la, (Sp.) Bangor, (U. 5.) Bangor, (Wales.) Banff, (Sc.) Banus, (Sp.) Ost See, or Mare Majorca.) Banater { J -| ms Un-} Banya, Nagy, (1. ; ¢. Neu- Stadt.) Banya Felso, (H.; og. garisch-Neustadt. ) Banyulis-sur-Mer, ( Fr.) Banyulis-des-Aspres, Banz, (Bav.) Japaume, (Fr.) Bap Bar, (R.) Baracoa, (Cuba.) Baranow, (Austr. Gal.) Baranta, (H.) c. Baranya, (H.)c Barbacoas, (N. Gren.) Barbastro, (Sp.) uma. Barberino-di-Mugello, } (Tusc.) \ Barberino-di- Val-d’Elsa, (Tusc.) Jarbe zieux,/(Fr.) Barcellos, (Port.) Barcelona, (Sp.) Barcino. Barceloneta, ( Venez.) Barcelonnette, ( Fr.) Barcena, (Sp.) sarczyn, (Pr. P-) Bard, (Pied.) Bardis, (Up. Eg.) Barenton, (Fr.) Barete, (Napl.) Barfleur, (Fr.) Bargusinsk, (R. Bari, (Napl.) Barium. Barigazzo, (Mod.) 3arinas. See Varinas. Bar-le-duc, niin, (Fr.) sarletta, (Napl.) Barmen, (Pr.) sarnaul, (W. Sib.) Barquisimeto, ene Barraux, (Fr. or Bar-sur-Or- Borolum. Barra do Rio! Necro, (Braz. \ Barragon, ce ues Barreges, (F r. Ay.) rvad, Barriga Negri S. A.Urug.) 7. sarrois, (Fr.) old div. 3ars, (IL) Bar-sur-Aube, (Fr.) rum ad Albulam. 3ar-siur-Ornain. Sec le-duc. Bar-sur-Seine, (Fr,) Carrum ad Sequanum. Bartfa, (H. ; Basel, or Bale g. Bartfeld.) (SMe Jr. Basle, ) ) Bar-) ) 3ar- } Basellandschaft,(Switz.) can. g. Pukanz,) bd-ka-ban'ya ba-kon' yér-vcildt! ba-la-re r! ba-la-kla'ta ba-la-rtik! ba-la-shéef! bd-lahsh' fahl'va seat ba-lash'a dydr'mat ba'la-tin bal-dis-se'ro di 76-let'to bal'do bale bal-e-ar'ik ba-ler! na ba-lize!’, ba-li'tha bal-kan! bal'lén-stadt! bal-rwa! ba-long! ddi-sds! rel ba-long kél dé balm bals'tahl yam bal'te-a al'ti-shés mehr ; bal’ tik bal’ ti-more bam' bére ba'mi-ahn ban’ yal-boo-f ar! dds ba-nat', di ba-na'tér grén'tse ban! da 6-ré-en-tal! bin-ye'ras la ban-ye' tha ban! gor g vais for ban if ban! yOs nddy baln'ya bahn'ya fel’ sha bang-yi-li! stir-mere “—™ bang-yt-li' de-z-apr bants ba-pime! bar bd-7 a ko ba-ra nos ba-ran'ta ba-ra'ni-a Dar-ba-kod'ads bar-bas'tro bar-be-ri'no-di-moqd-gel’ - lo bar-be-ri'no-di-val-del'sa barb-zi-A bar -seél l¢ Qs bar the-lo'na;¢.bar-ce-lo'na bar-the-lé-ne'ta bars-lin-net! bar-the'na bart'shin bare bar'dis ba-rang-ting! ba-re' te bar-fleir' bar-2¢9-sinsk! ba'ri bd-ri-gat'so bar-lée-dtik! bar-let'ta bar! mén o-™ bar-na-ool! bar-ki- ~si-me'to buar-rd! bar'ra dco rt- 00 na! sroo bdar-ra-co1! bar-ré ze! bar-ri' ca ne! bdar-rwa!' barsh bar-stir-obe gra bar-stir-dr-nang! bar-siir-séne bart! fa, bart'féelat ba!zél ba! zél-land! shaft Basento,or Basiento,(Napl,) r. bd-sen'to, ba-si-en'to ba-sin-ya'na Basignana, (Sard.) Basilicata, (Napl.) pz Lucania, Basle. See Basel. Basque Provinces, (Sp.) Vascongadas. Basra, Bas-Rhin, (Fr.) dep. Bassano, (N. It.) Basses-Alpes, (Fr.) dep. Bassestad, or Bessastadir, Bassora. See Basra. Bass topher.) Bastia, la, (Cors.) Bastogne, (Luxem.) Batalha, (Port.) Batavia, (Java.) Bateles, (S. A.) 7. Batenburg, (Neth.) . sath, (Eng.) Baton Rouge, (U.S N. Louisi.) Bats. See Bacs. Battaglia, (N. It.) Battice, ( Belg.) Batuecas, las, (Sp.) v. Baturin, (R.) Bauco, (It.) Covillae. saudmannsdorf, or Baums- dorff, (Pr.) Jaugé, (Fr.) Baugé le Vieil, (Fr.) 3aumannshohle, (Ger.) cave. Bains s-le =-Dame: s, (Fr.) Baunach, (Bav.) 3aumsdorff, or B aud- mannsdorff, (Pr.) Bautzen, or budissin, (Sax.) Bavaria, (g. Baiern,) king. | Bavaria Vindelicia. Baxada, cP lata, S. A.) Baxas, Gd Af.) prom. Baxio, ( (Mex.) Bayersdorf, ( Trans.) Bayeux, (Fr.) Bajocasses. Baylen, (Sp. ) Bayona, (Sp.) - Bayonne, Baza, (Sp.) Basti. Bazadois, (Fr.) old div. Bazas, (Fr.) Vasate, Baztan, (Sp.) v. Béarn, (Fr.) old pr. Beaucaire, (Fr.) Beauce, (Fr.) dist. Beauges, les, (Sard.) Beaufort, (Eng.) Beaulort, (Sav.) Beatigency, (Fr.) | Beaujolais, (F r.) Beaumont, (Fr.) Beaune, (I'r.) 3eaupré, (Pac. Oc.) Jeuupréau, (Fr.) Beauvais, (Fr.) dist. Bec, le, (Fr.) Beckstein, (Austr.) Becskerek, Nagy and Kis. Becse. Sce Racz. Betzwa, (Mor-) 7. Bédarrides, (Fr.) Bedarrieux, (Fr.) Bedretto, (Switz.) Beeren, Gross, (Pr.) Befort, (Fr.) Beiertheim, (Bad.) Beira, o7 Beyra, Beja, ( Port.) Bejar, (Sp.) Békés, (H.) c. Békésvar, (H.) Bela Banya. Belchatow, (Pol.) 3elchite, (Sp.) Belem, (Port.) Belenyes, (".) Belesme, (F r.) Be leard, (Pr.) Belgien. See Belgium. Belgiojoso, chomp: ) Belgium, Belgique, (zg. Bel- gien.) (not Bassora,) (Tur.) Terre, (Is}. St. Chris- Aque Salis. Batignc Hes-Monceaux, (Fr.) (Fr.) Capurdum. Belsia. dist. Beauchamp, Rooting, (Eng.) isls, Bellovact. Beauvaisis, (Fr.) old dist. or Boekstein, Biturrite. (Port.) pr. Pax Julia. See Dilln. bd-si-li-ka' ta bale; e. bale ba'sra ba-rang bds-sa'no Aaa bas-z-alp bds-ze-stdd bds-s6'7ra bas-tére -~ la bds'ti-a bas-tiny! ba-tal'ya ba-ta'vi-a ba-te'les ba'tén-bogrg! ba-tin-vole'ming-so! ba-tong! rogge bd-talya bat-tis! las ba- t¢ o-e ba-tog!rine e'kdg om bad-og'ko boud'madns-dorf ' bo-ge! bo-ge! lé vi-e- ely! bou'mans-hA ‘le bome-le-dame bou'nach boums'dorf bout'sén ba-va'ri-a bda-cha'da bd-shds bda-chr‘o bi! érs-dorf oe LAS ba-i-ei ba-i-len! “— ba-i-d'na -— ba-i-dne ba’ tha bda-zd-dwa! ba-zas! bath-tan! be-drn'. be-alir bo-kare! bos le bige roo'ting bi' chum boo! furt b6-fore! bd-gdng-si! bo-g0-la! bd-mong! bone bo-pre! bo-pre-! b6-va! bo-vd-si! lé bék ; bék'stine nidy, kish, betsh'ke-rek bet'she betsh'va be-ddar-ride! eS be-dar-ri-AQ! be-dret'to gros be'rén be-fore! bi! ért-hime! After Duvivier, ' ba't-ra ba' ga be'chahr be-kesh be-kesh-vahr! be'la bahn'ya bel-cha'tof bél-chi'te be-lang! be-lén'i-ésh be-léme bil’ gdrdt bél' gi-én “—™ beld-S0-7-6'so bél-gik!; e. bel'je-um Fate, far, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, muve, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — oi, boy ; ou, house. — Fr f long,Belgrade, (Servia. PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. ) Singi- dunum. Griechisch Wert bell grad | genburg. Alba Belici, (Sic.) 7. Bellac, (#r.) Bellano, (Lomb.) 3elle Alliance, la, Belle Défence. See Jean de Losne. Belle-Fontaine, (Switz-) Bellegarde, Pont de, (fr) Belleisle-en-Mer, (Er-) Belleville, (Fr-) Belley, (Fr.) Bellicium. (Switz.) Bellenz, or ) | Bellinzona, 0, } | Belluno, (N. It.) | Belobanya, (H.) | Beloeil, (Belg.) Beloje Osero, (R.) Belorado, (Sp-) Belp, (Switz.) Belsd Szolnok, (Trans.) ¢. Greca. Typsa. be-li!ché bel-lak! bel-la’no ~ (Belg.) la bel al-li-dngs! bel-de-fangs' bel-fong-tane! pong dé bel-girde! bel-ile!dng-mere bel-vile! bel-la! bél'lénts bel-lind-so/nd, no Bellunum. bel-log'no be-ld-bahn' ya bel-ly!' on b7-e!ld-ye 6! se-r0 be-lo-ra' do bélp bél-shAd! sdl-nok Belt, Lille, Store, (Denm.) st. lille, sto!ré belt Belvedere, (It.) Belver, ( Port.) | Betzyce, (Pol-) | Bembibre, (Sp.) | Bemfica, (Port-) Benabra, (Sp-) Benamexi, (Sp.) Benasal, (Sp-) Benavente, (Sp.) Ben Cleugh, (Sc.) mt. | Bender, (R.) Bene, (Sard.) Augusta Ba- giennorum. Benedictbeuern, ( Benest, (I'r.) Benevento, (S. It ventum. Benguela, (Guine Benicarlo, (Sp-) Benikowa, (H.): ¢ | Bentheim, (N. Ger.) distr. Beraun, (Boh.) Beraunum, ) | Veronas. | Berbice, (S. A.) Berchtesgaden, (Bay. ) bel-ve-de're bel-vare! bél-sh2 'tse bem-bi' bre bang-fr'ka be-nal bra be-nd-me!' cht be-nd! sal be-nd-ven'te ben-klog bén' dér be'ne Bav.) be!ne-dikt! bow! érn be-net .) Bene- ) ¢ be-ne-ven'to a.) ben-ge'la be-n2-kair-lo! ave, be-n7-ko!va bént' hime be-roun! ber'bis bérvch'tés-galdén | Berchtoldsdorf, Perchtolds- dort. Bertholdsdorf, or béréh’tolds-dorf! Petersdorf, (Au Bercy, (J'r.) Berdyczew, (R.) Bereg Sz3sZ, (.- Beresina, or Bere Berezow, (R.) Zerzama, (As.) Bergamo, ( Lomb.) Bergo- mum. Bergen, (Norw.) Bergen-op-den Zoom, (Neth.) Bergerac, (Fr.) Berghen. See Mons. Bergovacs, (Bulg Bergues, (Ir.) Bergiin, (Switz.) Berleburg, (West 4 5s Berlin, (Pr.) Bermeja, (Sp.) més. Bermeo, (Sp-) Bermudas, or Son (Atl. Oc ) str.) ber-si! ber-dit! shef bé-réo-sahs zina, (R-)r. be-re'zi-nd ber-yo!'20f Berg, (Pr.) duchy. bing Pergamus. ber! gd-md op! 7 ber! gd-mo bér' gen bérg-rak! ber' gen aria.) bér-gd-vatsl! berg bér—oti! ph. Germ.) bér'lé-bogrg! bér-line!; e. ber'lin ber-me! cha ber-me!o vers Isles, { per-my! das Bern, (Switz.) Berne. bérn Bernardino, St. Bernhar- din. mt. Bernau, (Pr.) Bernay, (Fr.) Bernburg, (Ger.) Berneck, (Bav.) Bernhard, St., ( Jowis. Bertinoro, (Pont. Berteich, (ke toldsdorf. Berzava, (H.) 7. Berzniki, (Pol.) Berwick, (Eug.) Besalu, (Sp.) Besancon, (I'r.) Besny®d, (H.) Bessastadir, (Ic.) Besse, (I'r.) ——————$_—$—————— Bernhardin, (Switz.) mé. Bernina, (Switz.) mt. Berthoud, (Switz.) Burg- dorf. Berthelsdorf, (Sax.) Bertiolo, (Lomb.) . vie; % short, biit.— Ir. ber-ndr-di'no ——~ bér'nou ber-na! béern' boorg bérn’ ek Alps; g: St.Bernhard.) mt. Mons zankt bérn'hardt ber-ndr-dang! ber-ni/nd ber-tog! bér!téls-dorf" St.) ber-ti-nd!ro bér!tiche Bertholdsdorf See Bo | bér'talds-dorf! ber-tt-6'lo bér!sai-va bérsh-ni! kt ber!rik be-sd-loo! bé-sdug-song béesh-ni-&' Bessestad. bés!sd-std!dir bes Vesontio. _—— bér! Gén-dp-déne-z0me &@ long, o& short, nearly as in spur. — dy, Besztertze Banya. Sce Neusohl. Betagstown, (Ir.) Betanzos, (Sp;) Flavium | Brigantium. Beteta, (Sp.) Béthune, (L'r.) Betuwe, (Neth.) isl. Beutelsbach, (Wurt.) Beuzeville, (Fr.) Beveland, (Neth.) dist7. Bevern, (Belg.) Beverwylc, ( Neth.) Bex Vieux, (Switz.) 3ézénas, ( Fr.) Béziers, (I*r.) Biata, (Pol.) Biakaczow, (Pol.) Bialystok, (R.) Jiancavilla, (Sic ) Siar, (Sp ) Biasca, (Switz.) Biberach, (Wiirt ) siberich. See Bieberich Biccoca, (Mailand ) bés-tért-se bahn' ya bet'tys-town be-tan'thos be-te!tad be-ttine! be-th!'ve boi! téls-bach! bAize-vile! e-landt e'vern e Ber-vike béks vi-& be-ze-nas! be-zi-e! (om bi-al/ld oN Wire bi-d-lat!shof om x ee ae bi-d-lti-stak! ae . --)F7°5 bi-dn! kd-v7il la bz-ahr! . Cons f 5 bi-ds'ka bz! be-rach bi be-rich bak-kolka Bicétre, (Fr.) b7-sétr! 3idassoa, (Sp-) 7- bi-dds-s0/a Bidschow, (Boh.) bid! sho Biebrich,orBiberich,(W.Ger.) ba!be-rich Biecz, (Gal.) b2-eish Biel, or Bienne, (Switz.) bile “™ Biela. See Weiszwasser. bi-ella sielefeld, (Pr.) bi'le-feldt Bielitz, (Sil) bi‘lits Bieloe More. Or White Sea. 47-¢'lo-¢ mo!re 3ielsk, (R. Pol ) bi-elsk Bienne, or Biel. bi-én! Biervliet, (Neth ) bire!'vlite Bies-Bosch, (Neth.) l. bis-bosch Bigorre, (Fr.) old distr. bi-gore! bi-hatsh Ral bil-ba’ Oe bil-go'ra-% Bihaez, (Tur ) Bilbao, (Sp-) Bitgorai, (Pol) Biliarsk, (R.) Bilin, (Boh.) 3inche, (Belg.) Bingen, ( Ger.) Biobio, (Chile.) 7. Bjérneborg, (Iinl.) bi-adr!ne-borg Birkenfeld, (N Ger.) princip. bir! kén-fild’ Birmingham, (Bng.) bir’ming-ham Birnbaum, (Ps Pol.; p. Miedzychad ) Birnbaumerwaid, or Julian Alps, (Austr. ) Biron, (Fr) bi-rong! sirr, (Switz.) bir 3irresborn, (Pr.) bir'rés-born! Birs, (Switz.) 7 birs Bisaccia, (Napl.) bi-sat'cha Bisacquino, or Busacchino, aS. bi-li-Grsk! bi-line! bangsh bin! gen bi! d-bi-o on birn’ bowm —— birn! bou-mer-v aldt! : bi-sak-ki!no Sic.) Bisamberg, (Austr.) me. Biscara, (Alg-) Biscari, (Sic) Biscay, (Sp-}5 SP- Vizeaya, | or Biscaya Biscay, (7. Golfe de Gas- bz!zam-bér g! bis-ka'rd bis! kd-ré bis-ka/ya cogne.) bay. Aquitani- cus Sinus. Bisceglia, (Nap].) Bischdorf. See Piispoky. bish! dorf Bischofswerda, (Pr.) bi! shofs-véer!da Bisignano, (Napl.-) Besidie., bi-sin-ya'no Bistrzyca, (Pol ) r- istr-shi'tsd Bitburg, (Pr.) Bede Vicus. bit/boorg Bitche, (1*r.) F bitsh Bitono, (Napl.) bi-td/no Bitonto, (Napl.) Bituntum. b2-ton'to Bitterfeld, ( Pr.) bit! tér-félat! Biviere, (Sic.) J. bi-vi-e're bi-shel'ya Bivio. See Stalla. bi'vi-o Bjelaya, or Bjeloi, (R.) bi-elld-ya Bjeloi. See Bjelaya. bi-e'l0-¢_ Bjelosersk, (R.) bi-e-lo-sérsk! Bjclow, (R.) bi-e-lof! Black Forest, (g. Schwarz- ) plack® for! est wald.) { ; Blaisois, (I'r.) div. Blamont, (Fr.) bla-mong! Blanc, Mont, (Sav.) mt. mong-blang Blankenburg, (Germ.) duchy. blan!kén-bogrg! Blanquilla, 5. A. isl, blan-kil'ya Blasendorf. See Balas Falva. bla!zén-dorf! Biaszki, (Pol.) blash! ka! Blatnitza, (EH.) castle. blat!'nit-sad a bla-26-a! Tm TN Se l 5 i ete Hl ek, VRS Bjelgorod, or Bj elogorod, (R.) biel! co-rod,bi-e'lo-go-rad ha 5 ee ee 2 ly, M4, liquid. — An! ger. — 8, ch, guttural; gas s in pleasure. — 7 fine lilaye, (Fr.) Blavia. bla Bleguo, (Switz.) 7. Bleiberg, ( Austr.) Bleicherode, (Pr.) Bleking. See Carlscrona. blen'yo bli! berg blz! che-r6' de ble'king Bléneau, (i'r.) Lle-no! Blenheim,-(Bay.) See ); sen Blindheim. blen'im Blidah, or Blida, (Alg.) ble-da! Blindheim, (e- Blenheim.) blindt! hime Bloemendaal, (Neth.) blog!mén-dahl’ Blocksberg, der, (Germ.) mt. dc bloks' berg Blockzyl, Neth.) lok-zvle TS Blois, (Fr.) b1ld-a! Blomberg, ( Bad.) blom! bérg 3onie, ( Pol.) blon' ye Bliicher. Sce Buderich. bliu! cher Blumenstein, (Switz ) blog!inén-stine! Bobia, (Guin, Aft.) isl. bo! bi-d Bobbio, (Sard.) bab'bi-0 3obruysk, (R.) bo-brog! tisk Bocage, le, (Fr.) old distr. lé bo-kage' Jocea di Bonifacio, (Cors-) st. bok/ka dé bo-ni-fa' cho Bocca-di-Falco, (Sic.} bak! ka-di-fal/ko Bocca de Dragos, (Trin.) st. bokika de dra’ gos Bocca de Boccara, (Ill.) bok'ka de bok-kd-ra@ Bocchetta, (Apen. It.) at. bok-kei'ta Bochnia, (Austr. Pol.) 36cza, (H.) Bodega, (Upp. Cal.) Boden See. German See, Lake of Constance. aor) a soF Be AY Bodami ) bod! min Bodoe, (Norw.) 3odonal, (Sp.) BodZanowo0, (Pol.) Boekstein, or Reckstein. Bogenberg, (Bav.) RBogenhausen, (Bav-) Bogense, (Denm.-) Boglio, (Sard.) bol’ yo Bogaduchow, (R.) bd-g0-doo!chof Bogoe, (Denm.) tsi. bo-car Bogorodsk, (R.) bo-go-rodsk! Bogoslowsk, (R.) bo-gos-léfsk! Bogota, (S.A. N. Gren.) bo-26-ta! Johemia, (Austr.) 2 Bohmen. Bohemian Forest, (Aust. ; o. Bohmerwald. Bohmisch-Brod, ( Boh.) Bohus, (Sw.) castle. Bois-le-Duc, (Neth.) See Hertogenbosch ; den- Bosch. Boitzenburg, (N. Germ.) boat! sén-bogrg! Bojador, (Afr.) prom. bo-gd-dore! Bojano, (Napl.) Covianum. 6-ya'no Bojeletschi, (Wallachia.) bo-ye-lét!sht Bolbec, (Fr.) bol-beik! Bolchow, (8-) bolichof Bolestawiec, (Pol.) b0-lés-la!vi-ets Bolgacs, (‘Trans.) bol-gatsi’ Bolgar, (R.) bol-care! Bolgheri, (‘Tusce.) bol-ge'r% Bolivia, (S. A.) state. bd-li!vt-a ;_e. bo-liv't-a Bolléne, (Fr-) bo-léne! Bollullos del Condado, (Sp.) bol-yogl'yds del kon-da!do Bologna, (Pont. St-) Felsi- na, Boronia. Bolsas, (Mex.) 7 Bolscheretsk, (R.) Bolsena, (Pont. St.) Vol- sinium. Bolson de Mapimi, (Mex.-) Durango. dist. Bolsward, (Neth.) Bolzano, or Botzen. Bombay, (Br. Ind.) port. Bombahia. z —— ee _—=—y broome niacum. ) ‘¥ Bruca, la, (Sic.) la breo'ka 3ruchsal, (W. Germ.) ‘zal Bruck, ( Austr.) Murepontwn. Bruise nau, (Bav.) udano, (Napl.) 7. Bennewa: (Pol.) Hires (Belin flem. Brugge.) Brugg, or Bruce k, (Switz. ) Brugee. See Bruges. Bruggen, (Switz.) Brugnato, (Sard.) Brahl, (Pr.) brogéh brock brttk'ke-nou brog-da'no broqd-ze'vo briige ; e. bru'jez broeg, brook brane! fe brite! oén brogn-1a'to brtile Brumath, (Fr.) Bracomagus. brt-mna! Brumow. See Braunau. broo'mov Brundel, soh. brtin' dél Bruniquel, (I’r.) brtt-ni-kel! Brunn, ( Mor.) britin Brunn-am-Gebirge, (Austr.) Drgon- -dm-£e- bir! ge. 3runnen, (Switz.) bro ion/nén srunswick. See Braun- } ae bruns!wik schweig. 3runtrut. See Porentruy. broon'troot Bruisau, (Mor.) brit!zou srussel. Sce Bruxelles. breas! sél! Brussels. See Bruxelles. brus'sels Brix, (Boh.) brithks Bruxelles, (Belg.; d. Brus- sel ; e. Brussels.) Bruz, (Fr.) brfi-sel! brht a ne em Brzesé, (Pol.) brshestsy Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, mbve, wolf, book, lord. — Titne, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. — ¥'r. & long. 1334Brzesé Litewski, (R.) brzesko, (Gal.) Brzesnica, ¢ Pol.) Brzezyn, . Pol.) Brzozow, Gal.) Bu, (Fr.) Buali, (Guin.) Zuarcos, ( Port.) Bubendorf, (Switz.) Buccari, (Croatia.) Buecheri, (Sic.) Bucchianico, (Napl.) Buccino, (Napl.) Bucellas, | Port.) Buch, | Fr.) old distr. Buchberg, (Austr.) Buchhorn, or Friederichs- hafen, Buchkogel, (Austr.) mt. Bucholwitz, (Mor.) Buchtarminskaja, (R.) Buchswiller, 07 Bouxviller. Buczazc, (Austr. Gal.) Btickeburg, (N. Germ.) Buda, or Ofen, (H.; slav. Budin.) 3uda-Keszi, (H.) Budenitz, (Boh. ; b. Bude- nice.) Biiderich, or Blucher, (Pr.) Buidesheim, (Germ.) Budimir, (H.) Budin. See Buda. Budin, (Boh.) Budingen, | Germ.) Budissin. See Bautzen. Budoa, (Lll.) Btids-Hegy, (Trans.) mt. Budweis, (Boh.) Budzanéw, (Gal.) Buena- Vista, (Mex. Conf.) Buen Ayre, or Bon Air, (D. W. Ind.) Buenaventura, o7 Bonaven- tura, Buenos Ayres, (S. A.) Buenos Jardines, los, (Au- stral.) isl. Buen Retiro, el, (Sp.) castle. Fm Pa brshestsy li-tevs' kt brshes'ko brshes-nit'sa brshe-zine! boo-ar'kogs boo! bén-dorf! book! ka-r% book-ke'rt book-ki-d-ni'ko bogk-chi'no boo-sel/ lds buk bogch' berg bogéh' horn bogch!ko-g él bog! chol-vits! begeh-tar-mins'ka-ya books! vil-lér bogt’shadtsh bitk'ke-boorg boo!da bog! dia kés-st% bog! da-nits, bgg ae-nit-se bir! de-vrich btu! dés-hime! boq-di-mir! bog! dine boo-dine! bog! din! gén boo-dis' sine boq-dd'a biu-deish-hedy bogdt! wis bood-shd'nogof boo-e'nd vis'tad -_— Cie bog-en! a! i-re boo-e-nd-ven-tog’ra aris lis bog-e!nds char-di'nes el boo-en! re-ti'7'0 Buet, le,(Sav.) one ofthe Alps. lé bit-e! - Buffalora, (N. It.) Buffon, (Fr-) Bug, | R.) 1% 3ugey, (Fr.) old ter. Buhl, (VW. Germ.) 3uinsk, (R.) Buironfosse, (Fr) Buis, le, (Fr-) Buitensluis, o Neumanns- dorf, Neth.) Buitenzorg, | Java.) Bujalance, (Sp.) boo-fa-la'ra etamcel biu-fong boohs bi-gsa! biile bog-insk! Ne bt-i-rong fos’ lé bt-i! boi’ tén-slois! boi'tén-zorg bog-é G-ldan'the Bukowina, (Austr.) o/d distr. bog-kd-v2' nd Bulgaria. JWasia Inferior. Bullas, (Sp.) Bulle, (Switz.) Bunol, (Sp.) Bunzlau, (Germ.) Buonconyento, (Tuse.) Buquira, (Braz.) mé. Buragan, (Colomb.) mt. Buren, ( Neth.) Burg, (Pr.) Burgau, (Bav.) bulga'ria bogl'yads bool/lé boon!yol boonts! low bog-dn-kon-ven'to boo-ki!ra boo-rd-gan! bi!rén boor& boor! zou Burgberg. See Ditro Varhely. boon g! bérg Burgdorf, ‘Switz.; Fr. Berthoud.) Burgerhout, (Neth.) Burghausen, ‘ Bav.) Burglen, (Switz.) Burgo, (Sp-) Burgos, (Sp-) Burgstein, (Boh.) Burgsteinfurt. Burethal, or Le Bourg, Burguete, (Sp-) Burgundy ,orBourgogne, (I'r.) Burjisot, (Sp-) Burkersdorf, (Pr) Bursztyn, (Gal.) Burtscheid, o7 Borcette, (Pr.) Burzenin, (Pol.) Busacchino. See Bisacquino. Busaco, ( Port.) Busca, (Pied. ) Buskerud, (Norw.) Busot. See Buzot. Bussang, (Fr-) Btisserach, (Switz.) Bussolino, (Sard.) Butschowitz, (Mor.) vite ; % short, bit. —T'r. & long, ot short, neatly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, liquid. — An!’ ger. — boon g! dorf bia! o ér-hout boorg! hou'zén birge'léen boer! go boor! ads burg! tine See Steinfurt. begra’stznefoort boorgZ'tdle bogr-go-e'te bur! cundy bogr-éhd-sot! boor'Kkérs-dorf! boor- h'tin boort'shzdt oor-she'nin bog-sak-kt'no og-sa/lag boos'ka bogs'ke-rqod boo-sot! biis-sdng! btts!se-rach bags-s6-li'no bogt!shd-vits! “= E “-_— boo-e!nds a'i-res ; e. bo!nos PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL beot! tis-holts! bitt'tso books! té-hgg'dé bt-zdng-sa! bag-sé-dlish! bog-thot! 3uttisholz, (Switz.) Butzow, (N. Germ.) Buxtehude, (Han.) Buzangais, (Fr.) Buzias, (H. Buzot, or Busot, (Sp.) Bydgoszcz, (Pr. Pol.; g- WH Bromberg.) bid! gishtsh Bydzow, (Boh.) bid! shov Bzura, (Pol.) r bzog'ra C, . 4% aA ka-bd-sa'i-ro ka-bda'nes Capacerro, (Af.) penins. Cabanes, (Sp.-) Cabeca de Montachique, (Port.) mts. Cabeco de Vide, (Port.) Cabeza Belloza, (Sp.) ka-be'/sa de mong-ta-shi' ke ka-be'sqg de vi! de ka-be' tha bel-yo'tha kd-be'tha del bog-e'% ~ ka-be'thds de san éheg-an' kd-be-thon! kalbo d-coo! cha Cabeza del Buey, (Sp-) Cabezas de San Juan, (Sp.) Cabezon, (Sp.) Cabo Aguja, (Peru,) prom. Cabo Agulhas, (Af,) prom. ka'baq d-geol'yds Cabo Ballena, (Reru,) prom. ka'bo bal-ye'nd Cabo Bojador, (Sahar.) prom. ka'boo bo-gd-dor! Cabo Camaron,(Guat.) prom. Ica/bo ka!md-ron! = Cabo Carvociro, (Port.) prom. ka'boo kdr-voq-a'%-199 Cabo Gatoche, (Mex.) prom. kda'bo kd-to'che Cabo Cervera, (Sp.) prom. ka! bo ther-ve'rd Cabo Chirinal, (Peru,) prom. ka'bo chi-rt-nal! SN Cabo Creus, (Sp.) prom. ka!bo kre'ogs Cabo Delgado, (Af-) prom. ka'bo del-sa'do Cabo Deseado, (Patag.) prom. ka’bo de-se-a'do Cabo do Ambro. See Cabo Natal. Cabo Espichel, ( Port.) prom. Cabo Frio, (Braz.) prom. Cabo Galera, (Peru,) prom. Cabo Gallinas, (S. A.) prom. ka'bo gal-yi'nds Cabo Gardaful, (Af) prom. ka'bo wdr-da-foo't Cabo Governador,(Per.)prom. ka‘bo go-ver-na-dor! Cabo Higuer, (Sp.) prom. ka! bo %-ger' Cabo Machichaco,(Sp.) prom. ia'bo md-cht-cha'ko Cabo Malabrig, (Peru,) prom. kd'bo ma-lda-brig! Cabo Martin, (Sp.) prom. ka'bo mdr-tin! Cabo Mendocino, ( Mex.) prom. Cabo Natal, or Cabo do Ambro, (Madag.) prom. Cabo Nombre de Jesus, Tier. del Fue.) prom. Cabo Orfui, (Af.) prom. Cabo Ortegal, (Sp.) prom. Cabo Pulson, (Sp.) prom. Cabo Quilan, (PReru,) prom. Cabo San Nicolas, (Peru,) prom. Cabo Sao Rogue, (Braz.) Cabo Sao Vicente, (Port.) prom. Cabo Tiburon, (Hayti,) prom. ka! bo ti-boo-ron! Cabo Torel, (Peru,) prom. ka'bo to-rel’ Cabo Totoral, (Peru,) prom. ka'bo t6-to-ral! Cabo Trafalgar, (Sp.) prom. Cabra, (Sp.) gabrum. Cabriéres, (Fr.) Cagapaba, (Br.) kd-sd-pa! ba Caccamo, (Sic.) kak-ki-mo! Caceres, (Sp-) Castra Cecilia. ka! the-res Cacheo, (Senegaimbia. ) kd-she! 90 Cachimayo, (Bol.) ka-chi-md'yo Cachoeira, (Braz.) Cadagun, (Sp.) 7 Cadaval, (Port.) Cadéac, (I*r.) ka-de-ak! Cadenet, (1'r.) kad-ne! Cadereita, (Queretaro, Mex.) ka-de-re!t-ta Cadillac, (1r.) ka-di-yal! Cadiz, (Sp.) Gades. kadliz ; sp. ka’ dith Gadore, Pieve di, (Lomb.) pi-elve di ka-do've ka!boo deo ang! bree 09 deo ang O74 kai'boo es-pi-shel’ ka!boo fre!go ka'bo gd-le'ra ka@'bo men! dd-thi'no ka'bog na-tal! ka!bo nom! bre de che-soos! kalbo or-foolt ka!bo d7r-te! gal ka'bo pogl-son! kalbo ki-lan! ka!bo sau ni-kd-las! al to 5! ka'boo sa! oong 710’ ge a kai!bog sa! gong vi! sen'te kal bra ka-bri-ére! ka-shoo-@!%-ra ka-dd-g90n! kd-da-val! Cadzand, (Neth.) tsi. kadt'zandt Caen, (Fr.) Cadonuun. kau Cagayan, (Isle Luzon,) p7 kd-¢a-yan! Cagli, (1t.) kal'yz Cagliari, (Sard.) Calaris. kal! yjd-r% 5 »\ 4 om Cagua, (Venez.) ka! g9q-a Yo hite » Vill: ¥e q ee Cahite, 0 \ illanox 1 da ieal-i-te! Rainha, (1 eru,) : Jahors, (I'r.) Divond. ka-ore! ar. ka! hiarid, kairo ka’ i-ro Cairo, (1g.) Cairo, (Pied.) Corium. ae Cajano, Poggia a, (Tusc.) pot! sa ti ka-t-G'no Calabogo, (Venez.) ka-la-b6!so Calabria, (part of Napl.) ka-la!bri-d Bruttium. ed ee eat ih : f ee Ui hacen Merry PR Sa, nL IRL tra-fal-car! ; e. tra-fal’ gar : o } Jal g &, ch, guttural; ¢ NAMES. Calabria Citeriore, (Napl.) pr. Calahorra, (Sp.) Calagurris. Calais, (Fr.) Calaisis, (Fr.) distr. Calanca, (Switz.) v. Calascibetta. See Calata- scibetha. Calata Bellata, (Sic.) mt. Calatafimi, (Sic-) Galata Girone, or Caltagi- rone, (Sic.) Calatanazor, (Sp.) Calata Scibetta, or Calasci- betta, Calatayud, (Sp-) Calatrava, la Vieja. tum, or Orea. Calatro, (Napl.) Calaya, (Mex.) Calchagua, (Chile,) pr. Calci, (Tusc.) Jaldas da Rainha, (Port.) Caldas de Gerez, (Port.) Ore- kd-la' br7-a chi-te-r2-6're ka-la-G7' ra kal'is; fr. kala kd-la-z%! ka-lawhka kd-la-shi-bet!ta ka-la'ta bel-lalta ka-la!ta-f 2! ini ka-la'ta d&i-rd!ne ka-la'ta-na-thor! ka-la'ta shi-bet'ta kt-ld-ta-yoqd! lane ka-la-tra'va, la vi-e'cha ka'ld-tro ka-laya kal-cha' gqg-a kal cht — kal'das da ra-in'ya kal'das de ge-res! Same Caldas de Sao Miguel, (Port.) kal/das de sa'gong mi-gel! Caldas del Rey, (Sp-) Caldas de Monbuy, (Sp.) Caldeirao, Serra de, (Port.) mts. Caldera, (Peru Conf.) Caldiero, (It. Lomb.) Cali, (S. A. N. Gren.) Cali no, (Tyr-) Calitri, (Nap!.) Calken, (Belg.) Callao, (Peru.) Calle, la, (Alger-) Calliano, (Tyr.) Calmar, or Kalmar, (Sw Calmila, (Mex.) p7- Calofaro, (Sic.) zwhirlpool. Charybdis. Caltagirone. rone. Caltanisetta, (Sic.) Caluso, (Pied.) Calvados, (EF r.) dep. Calvano, (‘Tusc.) mt. Calvi, (Cors.) Calvrum. Calw, (Wiurt.) Calzada, (Sp.) Camajore, (C. It. See Calatagi- Camargue, la, (Fr.) «sl. Camarinas, (Sp. Camarones, (Patag.) 7. Cambrai, or Cambray,(Fr-.) Camarucum. Cambrésis, (Fr.) old div. Cambrils, (Sp-) Camera de Lobos, (Mad.) Camerata, (Sic.) Camerino, (It.) Camerones, (Guin.) Cameta, (Braz.) Caminha, (Port.) Camogli, (Sard.) Campagna di Roma, (It.) old pr. Latin. Campagna Felice, ( former Campania.) Campan, (Fr.) Campana, la, (Sp.) Campbelltown, (Sc.) Campbiel, (Pyr.) peak. Campeche, S. Francisco de, (C. A. Yucatan.) Camperduin. ) itoliam.) Campillo de Arenas, (Sp-) Campinas, (Braz.) Campobasso, (Napl.) plain. Campo Formio, (N. It.) Campo Mayor, (Port.) Campos Parexis, (Braz.) plain. Campo Santo, (Modena.) Jampredon, (Sp-) Camucim, (Braz.) r- Canada, (N. A-) (Fr.) Canal des Landes, (I'r-) Canal du Midi, (Fr.) Canary, (sp: Canarias.) Foriunate Insule. isl. as s in pleasure. Camperdown, (Neth. ; dut. Campidoglio, (former Cap- Campo del Cadore, (Lomb.) Campo de Villarica, (Port.) 2 jan alpco de vil-lé-rt! kt Canal de la Céte d’Or, (Fr. Canal de PEst, du Centre, ! 7,¢@-nal! dé lést'(du singtr) kal'dds delrel’i kal'das de modn-bog'4 cn 2 -_ serra de kal-da-%-7'a' qqug kal-de'ra kal-di-e'ro ka Ti! ka-li-a'no ka-lt' tr kal’ken kal-ya'o la kal kal-li-ad'no kal’mar kal-ni‘la ka-lo'fa-7o kal-ta-dgi-ro'ne kal-ta-n7-set-ta kd-lg9'so kal-va-dés! kal-va'no kal! vi kalv kal-tha'da ka-ma-i-6're ) Camaldoli, (Tusc.) for. cloist. ka-mal'do-lé la ka-marg! ka-md-rin' yas ka-md-r6'nes kdng-bra! kdéng-bre-zi! kam-brils! kd-me'rt de 16'bos kd-me-ra' ta Camerinum. kd-me-r2!no kd-me-r0/nes ka-me-ta! ka-min'ya ka-mol'y% kim-pan' ya di 1d/ma kam-pan'yd fe-lt'che kdng-pang! la kam-pa'nra kam‘ eltown “-_ kdng-bi-el! san fran-this'ko de kém- pe' che ( kam! pér-doin! kaém-pi dol'yo kam-pil'yo de d-re'nds kam—pi'nds kam'po-bas'so kam'po del kd-do're kém'po for'm7-0 kang'pog ma-yore kano'pecs pa-7a' shits kam'po sdn'to kam-pre-don! ka-moo-stng! canlada ; sp. ké-na'dé and kd-ndi-da' ) kanal! dé la kéte'dore’ ka-ndl' d@ land! ka-nal! dt m2-de! kd-na'rt-ds en —r final, Fr. re. —®, between v and f. Bp ee gaz. DP re a XS e mA é Cane es en ee = rs arespeeceaiire ena per SE ae BeDPe pean ora: jade ea calipatincni 4 eT ae ao PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOG LAPHICAL NAMES. Canary Island, (Sp. Canaria. Canaveral de Cancale, (Ir.) Candelaria, (S. A. Candia. See Crete. Canelon, (PI. Conf.) Canea, (Candia.) Canete de las Canete la Real, (Sp-) Cangas de Onis, (3p-) Cangucu, (Braz.) Canha, (Port.) Canicatti, (Sic.) Canigou, (Fr.) m. Canino, (It.) Canne, (Napl.) Cannes, (Fr.) Cannstadt, (W iirt.) Torres, Canodel Troc adero, (Sp.) @ Can Sa, N ap.) ) Canossa, (C. [t.) Cantal, (Fr.) dep. Cantanhede, (Port.) Cantiano, (It. ) Cantav ieja, (Sp. Cantazaro, (1 apl.) Canzo, (Lomb.) Canteleu, (Fr.) Caparola, (Pont. St.) Eau) de (3S. Af) prom Cay p de Ia Hogue, chard, (Fr.) prom. Capet, (Switz.) Cap Hattien, ( Francais, Hayti.) Capitanata, } cena (Philippines. ) Cap la Roche , (lay. Cap »C ui . Fiumara, Cors. Capo di Boéo, (Sic.) Capo di Leuka, Capo di Ponte, ( Capo d’Istria, ( Aus ) prom. prom. (It.) Capo Passaro, (Sic.) Capo Peloro, (Sic. Capo San Angelo, (Tur.) prom. Capo Teulada, (Sard.) Capova,Cap a, Cap 1a,(N Capo Viestice, ({t.) prom. Cappel, (Sw itz.) Capraja, (Sard.) ist. Gaprese, { Tusc.) Capri, (Napl.) ts Cap Raz de (F'r-) prom, Cap Sicie, (Fr.) prom. Cap Taillant, (Ir) Capua. See Capova. yapvern, (Fr.) Cannone (Br 1Z.)! Ts Carabanchel, (Sp.) caste. See Y bera. Caracares. Curacas, or Caraccas, (Veriez. S. A.) Caramanico, (Napl.) Carasson, (C Caravaca, (Sp.) Caravaggio, ( Ly nb.) Caravellas, or } Caravelhas, J) Carballo, (Sp.) Carbonara, Carcaci, (Sic.) Carcaixente, (Sp.5) or Carcajente. Carcavellos, Carcavelhos, \ (Port.) Carcassone, (F'r.) Carcelen, HED) Carden, (Pr.) Cardenas, (S| ).) Cardona, (Sp.) Cardoner, (Sp.) 7. Caregzot, (Tuse.) Carennac, (Fr.) . arfagnana, (Mod.) Carhaix, (F'r.) Cariaco, Carigni an, (Fr, ) Carigi nO, (Pied.) Carinena, (Sp ) Carini, (Sic.) Carinola, (Napl.) Carinthia. Carla-le-Comte, Carlisle, (Eing.) Carlos, San, ( Venez.) Gran.) } Leon, 7. Sp. Pl, Conf.) Canne. Bonne Esperance, Raz Blan- formerly Cap ) (Napl.) prov. prom. (Napl.) ( Lomb.) .) Egida. Capo Monte Argentaro, prom. P rom Miualea, Capree. Comarton, prom. numb.) me. on | (Braz.) (Sard,) cape. Carcaso. Vor ganium. See Kurnthen. (Fr.) ( Venez.) kana'ry ktéin-yd-ve-ral’ de le-dn! kang-kale! kdn-de-la'r?2-@ kan'di-a ka-ne-lon! kd-ne'a kan-ye' ‘te de ids lor’ res kan-ye! te la ré e-al! kan' ods de G! nis kan-goo-seo! kanya ka-ni-kat! t¢ ka-ni-2909!' ka-ni' no kan'ne kan kan' stadé kan' yo del tro-ki-de'ro kd-no'sad kd-nos'sa kange-tal’ kano-tdn-ye'de kian-ti-a!no e Kdn-ta- vi-e' cha kdn-tdd-sad ‘ra kind! so kdnet-lay! kd-pa-ro'la kap dé bone es-pe-rdngs! kap dé la og (raz blang- shar) Sar) kd-pe! “a 5 -43_anot. Lan friin kap d-%-ti-ang , kap fring- sa ka-pi-ti-nd@'t@ ka! pith kap la rosh’! —~_/ ki'po ka'la f ¢-99-mu'ra ka'po di 56 elo ka! iD di le o0-ki ka'po di pin'te ka'po dis'tri-a ka'po mon’ te ar- d&e en-ta'ro ka'no | alse ka p ey e-Lo'ro : ka’ po san adn'dge-lo (mia- lé a) ka'po te-oq-la'da ka'po-va, kd'pd-a kd! po vi-es-tt' che kap'peél - om ka-pra'i-a kd-pre Sé kal pri kap raz dé ko-mar- tong! kdp-zt-st' kap-tal-ydng! ka 'poo-a kap-vern! kd-ke-ti f ka-rd-ban-chel! kd-rd-ka@'res kd-rd' kds kd-ra-ma'ni-ko ka-rads-son' ka-rd-vd' ka kda-rd-vat' go kd-rd-vel'lds ka-ra-vel' yas kar-bal yo kadr-bo-nd'ra kar! ka-cht kdr-kd-i-chen'te kar-kd-vel/los kar-kd-vel!yos kar kds-sone’ kar-the-len! kar! den kar'de-nds kdr-dé'na@ kdr-do-ner kd-ret! ot ka-re-nak/! kar-f an-aya'na ka-ra! ka-ri-a'ko ka-rin-yang! ka-rin-ya' no ka-rin-ye'nd ka-ri' ni ka-ri-no'la / kar-la'lé-kongt kar'Tile san kar! lo Carpentras, (Fr ) Carric, Cartagena, (Sp.) la, (Sp.) Carlowitz, ‘Austr.) Carlsbad, (Boh.) Carlscrona, o7 Bleking, Swed. } yes Carlota, Carlsdal, (Swed.) v. Carls ain (Swed.) Carlsruhe, ( Bad.) Caristad, (Swed.) pr. Carmagno veg (Sard.) Carmeaux, (I'r.) Carmen, (Gulf of Cal.) Carmen, el, or Patagones, (Buenos Ayres.) Carmona, (Sp.) Carnac, (Fr.) Carniola. See Krain. Caroline, or coe »hilip- pines, (sp. Cc ‘olinas, Ca TIL. Nuevas F ipin: i) isls. Caroly Fejervar. See Karls- burg. Caronia, (Sic.) Carora, ( Venez.) Carpane, or C arpanedo, It.) Carpathi in, or Krapacks, (Eur.; 2. die Karpathen.) os mts. / toracte. Carpi, (N. It. Carpino, (Calab.) m. Carrara, (It.) Carrick on Suir, (Ir.) = (Pied.) Carrion, (Sp.) JVovda. Cartago, (Mosq. Co. C. A.) r Cartama, (Sp.) Cartuxa, (Sp.) Carupano, ( Venez.) Carvoeiro, ( Port.) Casaccia, (Switz. ; sasch.) Casale, (Pied.) Casal Maggiore, (L« Ce iiGtor (Napl.) Casamiccit i (Napl.) Casar, el, de Casarabo nela 1, (Sp-) Cascaes, (Port.) w Casciano, San, dei Bagni, ? (Tusc.) Caserta, (Napl.) Caslaw, or Czaslaw, (Bo h. ° Tschaslau.) Co asoli, (Napl.) Caspe, (Sp.) Caspian Sea. Mare Hyrca- } nium. Cassano, Can. ) Cassaro, (Sic. Cassel, 07 reste: (Germ.) } Casse'la. Cassiono, Monte, (Napl.) m. Cassiquiari, (S. A.) 7. Cassis, (Fr.) Castagneto, (Tusc.) castle. Castanuela, ene Casteggio, (Pied.) Castel Bolognese, (It.) Castel Franco, ( Lomb.) Castel a Mare, or Castella- ) Nupl.) } mare de Stabia, ( Castel Gandolfo, (It.) Castelguelfo, (N. It.) Castellamonte, (Pied.) Castellanne, (I’r.) 5 astel Leone, ( (Lomb.) Castello Branco, (Port.) Castellon de Ja Plana, (Sp.) Castalia. Castellone, (Napl.) Castelmuschio, (111.) \ Castelnau, (Fr.) Castelnaudary, (Fr.) Sos- tomacis. Castelnuovo, (It.) Castelnuovo di Garfagna- na, (Mod.) Caste] Sardo, (Sard.) Castel Sarrasin, (Fr.) Castelvetere, (Napl.) Castelvetrano, (Sic.) Castiglione, (it.) Castiglione delle (Lomb.) ——s Carpen- Carthago ’ Ka-) acer S5 ¢ Sp.) —~ stiviere, la kdr-lo'ta kar! lo-vits! karls' bddt karls' krona karls! dale’ karls-hadmn! karls'rog' hé karl’ stad kar-man-y6'la kar-mo! ka@r-men! el kdr-men! kar-mo'na kar-nak! karnio'la ki-7d-li'nids, nog-e'vds fé-li-pi'nas It kii-roly f e-yer-vahr! ka-ro-ni'a kd-ro'ra kir-pa'ne, kdr-pa-ne! do karpa'thian kar-pang-tra! kar'pé kdr-pi'no f kar-ra'ra kar'rick on shogre kdr-rik! karvri-on' Chena kar-ta!' co é kadr'td-md kar-tog' cha kdr-td- ka-rqq-pa@' no i kar-v0-@'iro9 kad-sat! cha, kd-zaitsh! ki-sa'le ka@-sal' miit-SG're kd-sdl’ kd-sd-mit'cho-la el kd-sdr! de kd'the-res kd-sar ‘d-bo-ne'la noQ-0'vo kas-ki i ali $ siin kd-sha'no de Ve ban! yt kd-ser td chahs'laf ka-sollt kds'pe kas'pian kads-sii'no kas'sd-ro kas! sél mon'te kds-si'no kas-st-ki-d@!' ri kds-s#' kas-tiin- ye ito kas-ta- n0g- € ella ka-stét! £0 é 5 els on ae ka-stel’ bo-lon-ye'sé Cefalonia Piccola, (fon. Isls.) che-fa-lo-ni'a pik! k6d-la ji < i j- | kd- ster Sran'ko Lae | Cefalu, (Sic.) Cepha udium. che-fd-lgo! kd-stel! G ma@'re, kd-stel-ld- . ae i aoe Bae ee a Cega, (Sp.) 7. the’ ca madre de sta'bi-a BORD AEY as kd-stel’ gan-dol'fo Ceilao. See Ceylon. sa’%-la! eons ki-stel-rag-el! fo Celano, (Napl.) che-la'no ka-stel'la-mon'te ka@-stel-lan! ka-stel! le-d'ne kad-stel'l¢ o-bran'koo ka-stel-yon de la pla'nd kii-stel-l6'ne ka-stel-moos'kt-o kd-stel-no! ka-stel-nd-dd-7i! kd-stel’ ka-stel/ngo-G-vo dé gdar- fan-ya'nd ka-stel! sdr'do kd-stel! sd-rd-sang! ka-stel-ve'te-re ka-stel-ve-tra@/ 20 kd-stil-yo'ne nQo-0'vo ka-stil-yo'ne del-le sti-v7- e're Castile, or | (Sp-) formerly Castilla, | singdom. Castilla la Nueva, (Sp.) old pr. ka-stilya { ) Castilla la Vieja, (Sp.) old ) ka-stil’yd la ngo-e'va oF: kd-stil'ya@ la vi-e! cha Castillo de Ucles, (Sp-) former cloister. Castillon, (Fr. ka-sti-yong Castres, (I'r.) kdstr Castro, (lt.) Castremonium. ka'stro ka' stro del ri'o Castro del Rio, (Sp.) Castrogziov anni, Sic.) Enna. ka'stro-dzo-van' nt kd-stri-che-ris! Castrojeris, (Sp.) Castro Marim, (P ort. ka! stroo-ma-ring! i ka! stro ¢or-di-a' les Castro Urdiales, (5 S) 1 ka-stro-vil' La- re Castrovillari, (Naj Castro Vireyna, ( ta Has) ka-stil'yo de 99-kles! ~*~ ka' stro vi-re 7 na Catalina, Sta, (U] Cal.) isl. san té ka-ta-li!néi Catalonia, or } ; ( ; G mx reoba ta. oftpi Re ‘ = (Sp.) vid pr. }{ kd-ta-logn'ya Cataluna, \ Nek fee sia ost Re | ‘ka-td-mdar'ka kd-ta' ni-a Catamarca, (PI. Conf.) dep. Catania, (Sic.) Catana. Catanzaro, (Napl.) ka-tand-sa!ro Cateau, le, or Cateau(Cha-) lé ka to! (shd-to' kang-bré- teau) Cambresis, (Fr.) § rae Catelet, le, (Fr.) old pr. lé kat-le! Caterina, Sta., (Sic.) san'ta kd-te-ri!nd Catocac he, (Columb.) mé. kd-to-ka' che ka-to! che Catoche, ( Mex.) prom. Catorce, or La Purissima 9 la pog-) is'si-ma kon-thep- Concepcion de Alamos 7 thi-n' de a'ld-moés de 5 ka-tor'the de Catorce, (Mex.) — kiait-ta'7-o Se kat’ ta-ro kat'te-cat kat-to'li-ka Cattajo, (Lomb.) Paste Cattaro, (Dalm.) Cattegat, (N. Sea,) tl. Cattolica, (It.) Cauca, (S. A. N. Gran.) r. Caudebec, (Fr.) Cauderan, (Fr.) Caumont, (Fr.) a ka'oq-ka kode-bek! nt ’ kode-rdang! = = 7 ko-mong! g Caunes, (Fr.) kohn Caussade, (Fr.) kos-sadde! Cauterets, oh ko -tre! a Caux, Pays de, (Fr.) dist. pai dé ko Cava; a lapl.) ka/vad Cavado, (Port.) 7. kd-va' doo faa | Ca nee ( Fr.) ka-vd-i-yong! | Cavarzere, (Lomb.) kd-vard!se-re Cavite, (Isl. Luzon.) kd-vi'te | Cavo, Monte, (It.) m. mon'te ka'vo Caxamarca, (Peru.) ka-cha-ma'ka Caxamarquilla, ( Peru.) kd-cha-mdr-kil'ya Caxatambo, (Peru.) ka-cha-tam'bo Caxias, (Peru ; formerly Al- ) deas Altas.) bs Caxoeira, (Braz.) ka-shoo-G'i-ra Cayambe, (Columb.) mé. ka-ydm' be Cayapo, ( Braz.) r. ka-yda-po! = Picci ie ka-éhi' ds onyene, (Fr. Gui.) ka-i-en! ka-i-te! ka-thal’ ka-zére ka-thir'la Cayte, Cazalla de la Sierra, (Sp.) Cazéres, (F'r.) Cazorla, (Sp.) Sri AZ.) yd de la si-er'ra Ceara, (Braz.) pr. se-d-ra! Cebolla, or Cevolla, (Sp.) the-bol'yda Cebu, (Philippines.) the-bag! Cecillano, (It.) che-chil-la'no Cecina, (Tusc.) che'cht-n@ Cefala, (Sic.) che-fd-ld! xlonia, o7 Cephalonia, ) ie ehcp as : “a io “ ' che-fd-lo-ni!a Oo Isls.) ) the-ld-n6d!va the-la' ya chel-ld-ma're tséUlé, tsél tsél 'lér-feldt! che-ne'dit che'ne-ré Celanova, (Sp-) Celaya. See Zelaya. Cellamare, (Napl.) Celle, or Zell, ( Han.) Cellerfeld. See Zellerfeld. Ceneda, (Lomb.) Cenere, (Mod.) mé. Cenia, (Sp.) the'n?-a Cenis, (Sav. ; it- Ceniso.) mt. se-nis'; it. che-ni'so Centallo, (Pied.) chen-tal'lo Cento, (Pont. St.) chen'to Centorbi, (Sic.) chen-tor! bt Ceperka, (Boh.) l. che-per'ka Cephale nia, or Cefalonia. Cerami, (5 Cerano, (Picd.) Ceratio, or Creazzo, (It.) Cerdagne, la, (Kur. ; sp. Cerdana.) old div. ww ‘Cent ripl. che-ra! mz che-ra'no che-ra' ti-o la ser-dainy’, ther-dan' ya Céré, St., (r.) sang se-re! | Ceretontaine, (Belg.) sére fong-tane a Fate, Far, f fall, what, bat. — Meéte, Preys hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, maven’ hares fig. — Note, dive, move, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — ot, boy; ou, house. — Fr. % long, Be einenese rt le PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL Ceresole, (Pied.) Céret, (FY-) Cerignola, la, (Napl,)- Cerigo, (lon. Isls.) che-rt! go Cerigotto, (lon. Isls.) che-ri-got! to Cérisy, (Fr.) se-ri-zt! Cerlier. See Erlach. ser-li-e! Cernahora, Ce cher-na!ho-ra Cerry Kostelec, (Boh.) cher-nit kos!te-lets Cerrajon de Murtas,(Sp.)mes. ther-rd-chon' de mgor!tas Cerreto, (Napl.) cher-re!to Cerro de Axusco, (Mex.) mts. ther'ro de-d-chogs' ko Gere de laGiganta,(Mex.) ) ther'ro de la chi gan'ta mts. Cerro de Buen Tiempo, (N. A.) mt. Cerro Gorda, (C. A.) mt. pla'eau. Cerro Gorda de Pasco,(Peru.) ther!ro gor'da de pas'ko Cerro Gorda Azul, (Lima,) ther'ro gor'da a-theol’ Cerro Pelado, (Mex.) mé. ther'ro pe-ld!do Certaldo, (‘Tusc.) cher-tal! do Certosa, la, (Lomb.) la cher-t6'sa@ Cervaro, (Napl.) 7. cher-va!ro Cervera, (Sp.) ther-velra Cerveteri, or / (C. It.) cher-ve!te-rt Cervetri, \ Care. cher-ve! tré Cervia, (Pont. St.) cher! vi-d Cervignano, (Napl.) cher-vin-ya! nd Cervin, Mont, (Alps; 7. che-re!sd-le se!re! la che-rin-yo'la ther'ro de bgg-en'ti-em'po ther’ro gor'da ~_—"_ Monte Silvio; g. Mat- mong ser-vang! terhorn.) Cesaro, (Sic.) Cesena, (C. It.) Cesi, or Cesio, (It.) che!si, che! st-o Cetona, (Tusc.) che-to'na Cette, (Fr.) set Cettigne. See Czettin. se-tin' ye Cettina, (Dalm.) r. chet-ti/na Ceuta, (sp. Marokko.) the'o-ta Cevennes, les, (Fr.) mts. Cebenne Montes. Cevio, (Switz.) che!vi-o Cevolia. See Cebolla. the-vol'ya Ceylon, (port Ceilao,) isl. ce-lon! or ce-lone! Tapr bana. i Cezallier, (Fr.) mt. se-2d-li-e! Chablais, (Sav. ; it. Scia- sha-bla! blese, o7 Ciablese.) pr. Chablis, (Fr-) Chacao, (S. A.) Chacabuco, (Chile,) Chachapoyas, (Peru.) chd-cha-po'yds Chacim, (Port.) sha-sing! Chaco, el Gran, (S. A.) el ar an! chii!ko wide rego. 2 Chazres, (C. A.) Chaguaramas, (Trin.) Chaise Dien, la, (Fr.) Chalco, (Mex.) Chalonne, (Fr.) Chilons-sur-Marne, (I'r.) Catalaunin. Chilons-sur-Saone, (Ir.) ? Cabillonum. 5 Chalosse, (I'r.) old div. sha-lis! Chalus, (Fr.) Castrum Lucti. shda-liv! Chama, (S. A.) 7. chd-ma! Chamalugon, (Guat.) ». cha-md-loo-thon! Chamas, St., (Fr.) sang sha-ma! Chambertin, (Fr.) shang-ber-tang! Chambéry, (Sard. 5 7. che-sa-r6! ~pl yr che-send ~ le se-ven! sha-bli! cha-ka!'o chd-ka-boo'ko cha! gres or sha! grés chi-goo-d-rd'mas la shase!di-v' chadl'ko shd-line! sha-long! stir marn shi-ling’ stir s6ne Sciamberi, or Ciam- shang-be-rt! beri.) Camperiacum. Chambon, (Fr.) Chambord, (Fr.) Chamond, St., (Fr.) Chamount, (Sard.) Champagne, (Fr.) old prov. Champ de Mars, (Paris.) Champeix, (Fr.) Champigny, (Fr.) Champsaur, (F'r.) dist. Champtercier, (F'r.) Champtocé, (Fr.) Chamusea, (Port.) Chancay, (Perl, ) p7- Chanceaux, (I'r.) Chanchamayo, (8. A.) 7. Chantilly, (Er) Chanza, (Port.) r. Chao de Conce, (Port.) Chapada, (Braz.) mts. Chapala, (Mex.) L. Chapultepec, (Mex.) Charcas, or Santa Maria de las Chareas, (Mex.) Charente, (Fr.) dep. shing-bing! shaing-bire! sang shd-mong! shd-meg-ni! shang-pany! shang dé mars! shang-pa! shdng-pin-yi! shang-sore! shdng-ter-si-e! shdng-to-se! shd-moos ka “~~ chin-ka'% shang-so! chan-chd-md! yo shang-ti-yi! shdng'sd shiloona de kd'se shad-pa'da cha-pa'la cha-pool-te-pek’ sdn'ta ma-7i! d de-las- char'kas sha-rangt! sha-rang-tong! Charenton, (Ir-) la sha-r7-te! Charité, la, (I'r.) 168 . of ‘ y r Be em VEN NAMES. Charkow, (R.) Charlemont, (r.) Charleroi,orCharleroy,(Belg.) shdrl-ro'a Charleville, (Fr.; in the rev- olution called Libreville.) Charlotte Amalie, (W. Ind.) shar-léte! d-ma-li! Charlottenbrunn, (Pr.) shar-lot! tén-brogn! Charlottenburg, (Pr.) shar-lot! ten-boeerg! Charmey, (Switz. ; g. Gal- mnis.) Charolais, Canal du, (Fr.) char! kof sharl-ming! —~? sharl-vile! shar-ma! ka-nal! dt shii-r6-la! Charolais, (Fr.) old dw. sha-ro-la! Charolles, (I'r.) shd-rol! Chartres, ¢Fr.) Autricum. shartr! Chartreuse, la Grande, (Fr.) la grangd shar-tréuze! Chasseral, (Switz.) mt. shdss-ral! Chasseron, (Switz.) m. shass-ron2! Chateau-Briant, (1'r.) shda-to'bri-ang! Chateau Cambresis, (Fr.) See Cateau Cambresis. Chiteau Chinon, (Fr.) Chateau du Loir, (Fr.) Chateaudun, (Ir.) Chateau Gontier, (Fr.) Chateau Haut Brion, (Ir.) Chateau Lafitte, (Ir.) Chateau Latour, (F'r.) Chateau Lin, (Fr.) Chateau Margaux, (Fr.) Aas Chateau Meillant, (Fr.) sha-to! me-7-yang! Chateauneuf de Randon,(Fr.) sha-td-n&df! dé rang-dong! Chateau Regnault, or Re- naud, (Fr.) Chateauroux, (I’r.) sha-to! kdng-bré-zt! shd-to! shi-ning! sha-to! dt lo/are shd-to' ding’ sha-to' ging-ti-e! sha-to! 6/bri-ng! shda-to! la frt! sha-to! la-teor! sha-to! lang! sha-to! mar-go! sha-l5! re-no! shd-to-100! Charente-Inférieure,(Fr.)dep. sha-ranat! dng-fe-ri-At' vfie; % short, biit.— Fr. & long, év short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, 71), liquid. — An!/ ger. — 8, ——_—_————— eee sha-to! sd-lana! Chateau Salins, (Fr.) sha-to! tz-er-7t! Chateau Thierry, (Fr.) Chiatelet, (Belg.) shiite-le! Chitellerault, (Fr-) shd-tel-rd! ast Chitel Saint Denys, (Switz.) shda-tél sdng dé-nii! Chitenay, (Fr.) shat -nd! Chatillon sur ?Indre, (Fr.) sha-té-yong! stir léngdr! Chatillon sur Loing, (Fr.) Chatillon sur Marne, (Fr.) Chatillon sur Sadne, (Ir.) Chitillon sur Seine, (Fr.) Chitillon sur Sévre, (Fr.) Chiatres. See Arpajon. Chaudes Aigues, (Fr.) Ca- lentes Aqua. Chaudfontaine, or } Chaufontaine, \ Chaudiére, (Can.) l. Chaumont, (F'r.) sho-mong' eS Chaumont sur Loire, (Fr.) shod-mdnu! str lo! dre Chaux de Fonds, la, (Switz.) ld shd-dé-fong! Chaux du Milieu, (Switz.). sho ati mi-li-d! Chaves, (Port-) Aque Flavia. sha! ves Chaves, or Villa do Ecua- | dor, (Braz.) Checiny, (Pol.) sha-ti-yong! stir lo! ang! sha-ti-yong! stir marn sha-ti-yong! stir sone sha-ti-yong' stir sane sha-ti-yong! stir sdvz! shatr! Aaa shdde-2-dg! shb-fong-tane! (Belg.) shd-di-ére! sha! ves chang-tsi! nt Checo, (Chile.) che'ko Chelles, (Fr.) Cella. shél' Chelm, (Pol.) ehélm! Chelva, (Sp.) chel/va éhém'nits shéne boose-rt lé she-n?! shé-ndng-s60 shére ké-rds'ko shére-boorg! she-r2! bon! Chemnitz, (Sax.) Chéne Bougeries, (Switz.) Chenit, le, (Switz.) pr- Chenonceaux, (Fr.) Cher, (Fr.) dep. Cherasco, (Pied.) Cherbourg, (I'r-) Cheribon, (Java.) / I Cherson, (R.) gov. Zher-sdiv! Cherta, (Sp.) cher'ti Chertsey, (Eng.) chér’sy oN shelval! blang shé-vradze! ki-d'na@ ki-dn-cha'no Cheval Blanc, (Switz.) mt. Chevreuse, (Ir.) Chiana, (It.) 7 Chianciano, (Tusc.) Chiapa, o7 Las Chiapas, (Mex.) state. Chiaramonte, (Sic-) Chiari, (Lomb.) Chiasso, (Switz.) Chiavarl, (Sard.) ket-a'va-rt Chiavasco. See Chivasso. ki-d-wds'ko Chiavenna,(Lomb.) Clavenna ki-d-ven! na Chichen, (S. A. Yuc.) chi-chen' Chichibacoa, (Columb.) chi-cht-ba-ko!a Chichy, shi-shi! Chiclana, (Sp.) chi-kla/na Chienti, (©. It.) kt-en! ti Chieri, (Pied.) Carea. ki-e'ré Chiesa, (Tyr.) Clusius. ki-e'sa Chieti, Civita di, (Napl.) ) Teate. § Chibuéhua, (Mex.) chi-a' pa, lds chi-d'pds ki-G-rd-mon' te ki-d' 7% kt-ds'so chi-vi-ta! di Ii-e'ti eee . chi-o9-a'Q9-@, or cht- “— “~ £00-d' roQ-4 chi-ld'p a Chilapa, (Mex.) 7, ( chil'ha Chilea, (Veru.) —— ETI o ch, guttural ; oo gas s in pleasure. Chilecito, (Pl. Conf.) Chile, o7 Chili, (S. A.) Chillan, (Chile,) dist. Chiloe, (8. A.) isl. Chilpanzingo, (Mex.) Chiltepec, (Mex.) r. Chimaltenango, (Guat.) pr. Chimay, (Belg.) shi-ma@! Chimbo, (Ecuad. S. A.) chin’ bo Chimborasso, o7 ) (S. A.) chim-bo-rds!so Chimborazo, mt. } chim-b6-ra! tho Chimova, (Gr.) ki-m6'vG@ Chinampas, (Mex-) chi-ndm'pas Chinandega, (Guat.) chi-nan-de! ca Chinchay, or : chin-chal Chinchaycocha, (Fexu;) le Chinchilla, (Sp.) Chinchon, (Sp.) Chinchorro, el, (Yuc.) reef. Chinco, (S. As.) isl. Chine, la, (Can.) Chinendega, (Nicar.) chi-nen-de! ga Chinon, (Fr.) shi-ning' Chioggia, commonly Chioz- on ee Veontles za, (N. It.) FussaClodia. Re OO ee Chipicani, Nevado de, (Bol.) mt. Chippenham, (Eng.) Chiquimula, (Guat.) pr. Chiquitos, (Columb ) state. Chirinal, (8. A.) prom. Chirripo, (Costa Rica, C. A.) vole. Chisamo, (Candia.) chi-le-thi' to chi'le, chilli; e. ch lt chil-yan! “ ché-lo'e, or ché-16-e! chil-pan-tliin' go cliil-te-) ek! chi-mal-te-nan! go oo chin-cha!t-ko' cha chin-chil'ya ; chin-chén' el chin-chér!r0 chin'ko la shine chip'num chi-kt-moo'la chi-ki'tos chi-ri-nal! chir-ri'po ki-sd!mo Chiti, (Cyprus.) Citium. chalte Chiuma, (Sp.) chi-oo'ma Chiusa, la, (Sard.) la ki-gq'sa Chiusa, (Tyr. ; g- Klausen.) keoo'sa Chiusi, (Tusc.) Chiva, (Sp.-) Chivara, o Chuchivara, kt-cq!st chi! va chi-vd-ra! (S. A.) 7 Cea or Chiavasco, Ki-vis'so Chivatu, (S. A.) 7. chi-1 d-too! Chlumec, (Bob.) éhleo! mets “—— Chmielnik, (R. Pol.) éEhmi-el nik Choco, (N. Gran.) prov. cho-ko! > Chodziesz, (Posen.) chod'z2-esh Choez, (Pol.) chotsh Choisy sur Seine, o7 Le Roi, (Fr.) Cholet, or Chollet, (I'r-) Cholula, (Mex.) Cholmogory, (R.) Chonos, (Chile,) isl. Choomalarie, Chorillos, (Peru.) Chorrera, (N. Gran.) Chotébor, (Bob.) Chots, (H.) m. Chotusitz, or Chotusice, t (Boh.) Chotyn, (R.) Christiania, (Norw.) Christiania Fjord, (Norw-) bay. Christianopel, (Sw.) Christians, (Norw.) dist. Chistiansand, (Norw-) Christiansfeld, (Denm.) Christiansoe, (Denm.) isl. Christianstad, (Sw.) Christiansted, (S. Croix, W. Ind.) = Christiansund, (Norw.) kri'stt-an-scqnd! Christinehamn, (Sw.) leve-st2'ne-ham i! Christinestadt, (R. Finl.) leri-sta! ne-stade! éhrco' dame Chrudjm, (Boh.) -——~ : Chrzanéw, (Pol.) chrshatncr Chuchivara. See Chivara. chog-cht-va-ra Chucnito, or Chuquito,(Bol.) cheg-kog't-to Chuquibamba, (Peru,) me. cheg-ki-bam ba Chuquisaca, (Bol.) pr che o-Kt-sa ka Chuquito, ox Chucuito, cheg'Ikt-to Chur. (Switz - (7, Coire.) koor Curia Rhetorum. Churubusco, Chwalynsk, (R.) Ciablese. See Chablais, Ciamberi. Sceé Chambéry. Cianciana, or San Antonio, chan-cha!nad (Sic.) Ciara, (Braz.) pr: Cibao, (Haiti,) mt. Cicciano, (Napl.) | Cidacos, (Sp-) 7 on shd-G-z%! stir sdne shd-le! chd-leg' la Eholané-g6'r% cho'nds chd-ril'yos chor-re!ra Ghat! ye-borsh chotsh cho! teg-sits EhO teg-s2-tseé cho-tcgn' oo kri-sti-a'ni-@ ‘ a etn Sa kri-sti-a'ni-a@ fi-ore! heri-st?-G-no'peél “~ keri! sta-alins! ee coy koi! stt?-an-zandt! keri! sté-ans-felde! “ C™. keri! sti-dns-' ky t-sti-an-stad! Lo . , IaG-sti-an-stéd! t chog-ree-begs ko éhed-hinsk! cha-ble'se cham-be-rt! si-d-ra! thi-ba!o chit-cha'no thi-da' kos lt ne-vd! do de chi-pi-kd!nt _.» final, Fr. re. — ¥, between v and f, ee ee as ¥ ~ tad od ree ~ne B it | te} ' | | hil Hi & : Fi iz } % i) bi 3 : ae | ae. ii * | B} H) eal ry bh ae Rf i | r a 2 | j eT CEES | | | | | | } | | | | Cisplatina Ciudad de Felipe, ( Ciudad Ciudad de las Casas, Ciudad de Serena, Ciudad Real, Ciudad Rodrigo, (Sp.) Forum Julia. Cividale ‘del Friuli, Civillina, Civita Castellana, (It.) Civita Ducale, Civita Lavigna, (C. Civita Sant- Civita Ve echia, Clarens, Clermont en | Clermont en Beauvoisis,(Fr.) | Clermont-Ferrand, Cidados de Reis. See Natal. Cidlina, or Czidlina,(Boh.) r. ( Ciechandéw, (Pol.) iechanowiscz, (R.) ae iempozuelos, (Sp.) Cie nfuegos, ( Cuba.) Cieza, (Sp. ) Cifuentes, (Sp.) Cigliano, (Pied.) Cilly,Cilli, or Zilli,/ Austr.) ) Claudia Celeia. \ Cima d’ Asta, ) Cima di Lagorei, \ Cima di Vernina, (Tusc.) mt. Cimbrishamn, (Sw.) Cim-)} brorum Portus. \ Cimino, (Pont. St.) mz. Cimitile, (Napl.) Cimone, ( Mod.) mé Cinaloa, or Sinaloa, 1, (Mex. ) Conf. ) ) dep. } | Cinesi, (Sic. ) Cingoli, (C. Tt.) ean: Mars, ('r.) Cintegabe le, (r.) Cinto, (Cors.) mt. Cintra, (Port.) es at, li 1, or Cioutat, (Fr.) ? Citharista. Cingulum. Cirencester, (Eng.) Corinium. Ciro, (Napl.) Cisoing, (Fr.) i »(S. A.) Cisteaux, or Citeaux, (Fr.) Citara, (N. Gran.) Citlaltepetl, ( Mex.) mt. Cittadella, (L omb. Citta di Castello, ( Git.) 74- ) I } berinum. j Citta della Pieve, (Pont. St.) | Citts Nuova, (Malta.) | Citta Vecchia, or Notabile, } (Malta. ) (Chile. ) de la Hacha, (N. Gran.) (Chi- Mex. Conf.) (Chile.) em apas, (Sp.) Cividale, (It.) (Lomb.) (Lomb.) mt. (Napl.) It.) Angelo, (Napl.) (C. [t.) Gen- tum Celle, and Deaients ¢ Port is. Civitella del Tronto, (Napl.) Civray, (IFr.) Clairvaux, (Fr.) Clara Pallis. Clamecy, (Fr.) | Clar/ence, (Gr.; gr. Klar- ) entza.) j (Switz.) Argonne, (Fr.) (Fr.) ) Augustonemetum. Cla- > rus Mons. 5 Clermont-Lodéve, (Fr.) Clermontois, Clermont-Tonnérre, (Fr.) dist. (Pac. } Oc.) isl. \ Cléry, (Fr.) Clariacum. Cléves, Cleve, 0r Kieve, ) (Pr. ; fr. Cléves.) Clichy-la-Garonne, (F'r.) Clissa, (Dalm.) Clonthal, or Klénthal, ) (Switz.) Ll. Cloud, St., (Fr.) | Cluny, Clusone, (Sard.) 7. Coa, (Port.) 7. Coahuila, or Clugny, (Fr.) Cluso. Cuda. Cohahuila, or Cohaguila, (Mex. Conf.) dep. Coban, (Guat. ) Cobenzlberg, ( Austr.) mt. Cobija, or La Mar, (Bol.) Coblentz, (Pr.; 2. G oblenz ; Jr.Coblence,.) Confluentes. § Cobu. See Colorado, Coburg, (C. Germ.) Cochab: umba, or Ore ypesa, ) (Bol.) j (Tyr.) mt. PRONUN thi-da' dis de re-is tsid'li-na Jo tsie-cha'noof aren A pe, ts%e-chd-no vitsh thi- em-po-tl thoo-e ellis thi-en'foo-€ e' 70s thi-e/tha thi-foo-en'tes chil-ya'no tsil' lt chi!ma-dds'ta chi! ma dé ld-g6-re/% chilina di ver-ni/na sim! bris-ha@mn! chi-mi'no Fo msl ede CiLt-MU' b2-lE chi-md'ne thi-nd-lo'a chi-ne!'st chi 76-lé sang-mars sinat-oa-bel! chin'to sin'tra la-si-0 99 )-ta! sis! eter chi'ro x Si-z0-an a! this-pli-ti/na si-to! thi-ta'ra thit-lil-te-pel! chit-td-del' la Gh di ka-stel’'lo chit-ta! del'la pt-elve chit-ta! noo-d'va chit-ta! vek'ki-d, n0-ld' 07-1e thi-oo-ddd! de-fe-li'pe thi-qo-dad! de ld at/sha thi-oo-did' de las ka'sds thi-o9-dai dq de sé ] ! re-al! ro-dri! go rend thi-oo-dad tht-o¢ pee hd cht- vi-dd ‘le chi-vi-dii le del frit! /90-li chi-vil-li' na cht-vi ate ki-stel-la'na@ cht-vi-ta! dog-ka! le clbvital 1 td- vin' yi Ve Stn as sin-t-and! fe-lo é S< chi-vi-ti! chi-vi-ta' vek'ki-a wi See ie ag chi-vi-tel'la del trion'to stra! klar-vd! klame-si! clarence kla'réns mona Gn adr-aine! klare-mong Gng-bb-va-zi! lA , are- klare-mong-fér-réng no-l6-dave! -mong-ta! kla&re-mo kidre klare-mong-ton-nére! kle-r7t! kle've, kléve kli-shi'la-gd-rone klis'sa klon'tdle sang-klog kli-n4! klog-sd'ne ko'a ko-d-(7)oo9-2'la k6-bin' ko! béntsLbérg! ko-b7! cha kob'lénts, k6-boo! ko-blings! ko'boorz ko-cha-bim'ba ] | Codigoro, ( | Colona di Buria mo, TCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Cochino, (Lemnos.) ([t.) JWVeronia. Codinas de San Felice, (Sp.) Codogno, (Lomb.) Coevorden, (Neth.) Cogziola, ( Pied.) Cogliano, ( Napl.) Cosnac, (Ete ) Co acum. Cogoleto, (Sar Cohahuila, or C ‘oh: aguila. See Coahuila. Coimbra, (Port.) Coire. See Chur. Col de Balme, (Sav.) mt. Col du Bonhomme,(Graian ) Alps,) mt. 5 Col de Fenétre, (Alps,) mt. Col de Ferret, (Switz.) mt. Col du Géant, (Alps,) mt. Col de la Seigne, (Savy.) mt. Col de'Tende,( Marit. Alps,) ? mit. Colberg, ov Kolberg, (Pr.) Colchagua, (Chile,) p7. Colditz, or Kolditz, (Sax.) Coligny, (Fr.) Colima, (Mex. Conf.) ter. Collares, ( Port.) Colletorto, (Nap!.) Collin, (I Soh.) Collio, ( Lomb.) Collioure, (Fr.) Collogne, (Switz.) Colluccio, (Napl.) Colmar, (Fr.) Colwmbaria. Colars,(Fr.) Collis Colmenar, (Sp.) Colmenar de Oreja, (SE ) Colmenar de la Sierra, (Sp.) Colmonar Viejo, Sp.) Coln, (Eng.) r. Colnbrook, (Eng.) Colocza. Sce Kolocsa. Cologna, (N. It.) Cologne, (Pr. germ. K6ln.) ) Agrippina Ci lonia. ) Cologno, (Lomb.) Colombey, (Fr.) Colombia, or Columbia, ) (S. Am.) revion. { Colombier, itz.) Colombo, or Colinnbo,(¢ Colomera, (Sp.) (Sov Colonia do Santis cramento, (Uruguay, S. A.) ) Colorado, or C Color ido, (Tex ies 1". Columbia. See Colombia. Columbo. See an mbo. Columbretes, (Sp.) Comacchio, (It.) Comayagua, (Eondu. C. A.) Combin, (Switz.) mt. Combourg, (F'r.) Combrailles, (I Cominges, (Fr.) old « Comino, ( Mediter.) isl l, Comisa, (Daltn.) Comiso, (Sic.) Comitan, or Comitlan,Chi- ) apas, (Mex.) \ Commercy, (Fr.) Commines, ( ‘Bel g,) Como, Lago di, (L ,omb. } Larius Lacus. Como, (Lomb.) Comum. Comorn. See Komorn. Compiégne, (IF'r.) Compen- din. Compostela, (Sp.) 5) Coinpostella Xz Comptat d? Avignon old div. Comtat Venaisin, (I'r.) div. Concarneau, obu, (>. ist. o \ ? Yr. gla ie Santiago de, ilisco. Fr.) Ligh / (Fr.) Conceicao d’ftamarea,(Braz.) Concentaina, (Sp.) Concepcion. Se Concepcion, (Chile,) dep. Conchagua, (San Saly. C. A.) vole. Conchos, (Mex.) r. Conc hucos, (Peru,) dist Concise, (Switz.) Concordia di Qua, (N. It.) Condé 5 (F I) Condé sur Noireau, (I'r.) Condeixa a Velha, (Port.) Cosilinum. Y > ) Conimbrigza. Martis. i ) 5 (Mex.) ) ) Villa Real. Ko'ht-no ko-dt-g6'ro k6-di'/nds de san fe-lz'the k6-don' yo koo! vor'dén kot' cd-la kol-ya'no kon-yak! ko-g6-le'to ko-d-(7)99-i'la koq-im'bra ko! are kol dé balme kol di bon-dme! kol dé kol dé k6l di Se-dng! kol dé ld sadny fé-nétr fi rire! -7y la trinor kol dé tangd ~ Vy of ko li-o¢ Te koLlony! k6-loet' cho k 0 l-mar! kd L-madr! kol-me-nar’ kol-me-niir' de 6-re'cha kol-me-ndar! de la si-er'ra k6l-me-ndr! de vi-e' cho kone kine'breok k6-lo' cha ko-lon' ya Dee ee A ete kd-lone, fr. k6-lony! ko-lo v40 ~ t= sy ko -LUNG-0E ax Fm Phas os ko Loin’ 0t-a = RE ko-lono-bi-e = j k ubo kd-ld-me'ra = os } os oaf ko-lo'nii di be 0-ri-a! no o-nt-a doo sin-tis-si- moo sd-krd-men't Q f Tra do iy ra’ ao e -~ oe sate em &O-Ma-Uad' £O0-a king-bang! a }, / kono-boor A = * } king-braliy! ko-mingsh' ko-mi'no pice ree anne AO'TMI-Sa v= = AO’ NLi-SO ké-mi-tan’ kom-mer-si! ko m mine! ld! wo di ké'mo , kd-mit-lan! I ko'mo ko'morn kong-pi-dny! sain-ti-d! go de telit kim-pos-tel'ya kom-pos- kong-ta! dd-vin-yong! kong-ta’ vé-nd-zang! kong-lar-nd! = NT meets kin-se-i-sd'o di-td-mar'ka kon-then-ta!'t-nd kon-thep-thi-on! kou-thep-thi-on! = rn - 7 y “5 kon-chd@’ go9-a kon'chis kon-choolkis kono-size! kon-kor'di-d di kwa king-de! pe x Se king-de! stir no-d-ro! | Condomois, (F r.) former dist. Condom, (F'r.) kons-dong! kong-do-ma! ko-nel-ya'no kong fldng! kong g-fo- lang! kon-gre! chos ko-ni! ko-nil! lé kong-ké! Conegliano, (N. It.) Conflans, (8 Sard. +) Confolens, (Fr. Congrexos, epiterto Rico.) Coni, or Cuneo, (Sard. ) Conil, (Sp.) Conquet, le, (F'r.) Conquestas. Constance, lake of,(Switz.; g. Bodensee, ) Briganti- nus Lacus. kon! stints x falta = stance ‘ * ao, (Con- big Constance » ( Bad.; 2 et en erince stanz,) Constantia. { Constantina, (Sp.) kon-stén-ti'na Constantine, (Alger.) Cirta. kon-stdn-ti-ne! Constantinople, (Turkey,) Stamboul,Constantinieh, Constantinopolis. 5 Constitucion, la, (Chile,) zsl. Consuegra,(Sp.) Consaburus. kon-soo-e' gra Conthey, (Switz.) kong-ta! Conti, ov Conty, (Fr.) king-ti! Contrexville, (Fr.) kongtr-vile! Conversano, (Napl.) kén-ver-sa'no Couza, (Napl.) Compsa, kond'sa Copan, (Guat. C. A.) ko-pan! Copenhagen, ( Denm. ; dan. ) ko-pen-ha! gen KjSbenhayn.) ° I kon-stan-ti-ni-e! ; con-stan-ti-no'ple Eng. la kdn-sti-teo-thi-6n! ko-pe! ko-kim'bo ko-rd'che ké-ra'to Coppet. See Copet. Coquimbo, (Chile,) dep. Corace, (Napl.) r. Corato, (Napl.) Corazon, (Columb.) mt. k6-rda-thon! Corbach, or Korbach,(Germ.) kor'biach Corbeil, (Fr.) kor! bely! Corbie, ( Fr.) kor-bi! Jorbiéres, (Switz. ; a. Kor-}) ;-.7.. 4 Corbiéres, ( 3 2 ( kor-bi-ere! Cordoner, (Sp.) r. kor-dé-nere! Cordouan, la Tour de, (Fr.) ) lichthouse. , Corea, (As.) penins. Corellz ly (Sp. ) Core ntin, (Guiana; e. Co- } rantine,) T \ Corfu, ( [on. Isl.) Corcyra. Corenale, (III.) la toor dé kor-doo-ano! o% 0g & ko-re!'d ko-rel! ya kd-ren-tine ko'ri-d Coria, (Sp.) Caurium. Corigliano, (Napl. k6-ril-ya'no Corinth, (Gr.) Corinthus. kor'inth Corio, (Sard.) ko'ri-o Corleone, (Sic. ) kor-l [e-0 ne ae ‘ - Aw ma vy . a Fae eee Cormajor, or Cormayeur, ) kdr-md-z-dre’, J bee (Pied. ) ‘ kir-ma uK CUTE Corneto, (C. It.) kor-ne’to Cornia, (Tusc.) 7. kor'ni-a@ Cornizgliano, (Sard, ) kor-nil-yja'no Cornimont-Hornenberg, ( kor-nz! mong o-0r-na (Fr.) 7 berg! Corno, Monte, (It.) mon'te kdr'no Cornouaillas, (I*r.) old dist. kdr-ngo-aly’ Coro, (Venez. 8. A.) k6-ro' Corogne . See Coruna. ko-rony Corona, (N. It.) k6-r0' nai Corral de Al mitguer, (Sp.) kor-ral ae al-ma-gere! — ing 2 Correggi, (T usc.) cas stle. kor-ret! 6 Corressio, (N. Tt) kor-rét! co kor-re'se kor-razel Correse, Lt) Corréze, ir r.) dp. i Corrientes, (Pl. Conf.) dep. kOr-r7-en'tes Corse. See Corsica. tOrze Corseul, ( Fr.) Kamit kor-zAl! Maritts. Corsia, (Ill. kor'si-a Corsica, (Fr.) isl. kor'st-ka Corsico, (Lomb.) kor'si-ko Corsoer, 07 Korsér, (Denm.) kor-sédr! Eis a ae Cortaillod, (Switz.) kor-ta-7-5! Corte, (Corsica, ) kor'te Corte Maggiore, (Par.) kor'te mat-26'7re Cortemiglio, (Sard.) kor-te-mil'yo “tas ¢ 4 y ite a ite ; Cortes de la Frontera, kor'tes de la fron-telra Sp.; fr. Corse, r= = kor-t6' nai koq-roo'she Cortona, (Tusc.) ‘Cor ytum. Coruc he, (Port.) Coruna, la, (Sp. ; e. Corun- na; fr. Corogne.) Adro- bicum, Coronium. la ko-roon'ya =~ i 1 kon-da@'i-sha G vel’ yd Cosala, (Mex.) k6-sa-la! Copertino, (Napl.) ko-per-ti! no Copet, or Coppet, (Switz. ) ko-pe! Copiapo, (Chile,) vole. ko-—pi-a'po, or kd-pi-d-po! bers.) \ Corcobada, (Patag.) volc. mt, kor-ko-ba'dé Corcubion, (Sp.) kor-koo-bi-on Cordevole, (Lomb.) r. kor-de!vo-le Cordillera de Maracay, ) kor-dil-ye'ra (kor-dil ye- (Parag.) mts. \ =a) Hp as Cordilleras de los Andes. ) wes l-1 sce Andes. 5 de Cordoba, or Cordova, (Sp ; 7 karts O 5 Dit, kor! do-z ad, ko fr. Cordue.) Corduba. oe iu! Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, move, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy ; ou, house. — Fr. & long, 1338PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Coscile, (Napl.) »- Sybaris. k6'shi-le Césfeld, or Késfeld, (Pr.) kes! feldt Céslin, or Késlin, (Pr.) ketts-line Cosenza, Cae Cosentia. kd-send! sd Césel, or Prete Met Lele al Loin tied Bl hd te cha-nahd' chen-ger che-pehl! Csanad, (8.) Csenger, (H.) Csepél, (H.) Cserna, (H.) 7: cher'na Cservenicza, (H.) cher-ne-vit' sa Csetnek, (1) chet!nelk! chi-klo'va Csiklowa, (H.) -chik-shom'lz-0 Csik Somlyo, (Trans.) Csik-Szék, (Trans. ; 9. Tschiker Stubl.) Csik Szereda, (Trans.) Csongrad, (H.) Csorna, (H.) Cuarmavaca, ox Cuernaya- ca, (Mex.) Cuba, (W. Ind.) isl. Cubacao, (Braz.) Cubagua, (Venez. §. A.) isi koo-ba! goq-a Cublize, (F'r.) kfu-blize! Cuecearo, (Sard.) kook! kd-ro Cuchivara. Sce Purus. kog-chi-vd'rd Cuellar, (Sp.) kgg-el’ydr Cuenga, (Sp.) Cuernavaca, (Mex.) Cueva de Vera, (Sp.) Cuiaba. See Cuyaba. Cuiseaux, (Fr.) Cuicatlan, or Quicatlan, (Mex.) Cuiseo, (Mex.) chik-sehk chil se're-da chon-srakd' chor'nd keg-ar-nid-va! ka sp. kog!ba koo-ba-ka' oo kog-en' tha hog-er-nd-va' ka koo-e'va de ve'ra koq-2-a-ba' kett-t-z0! koq-t-kat-lan! kog-i-se’o Cuja, (Peru,) 7- koo' cha Cujoacan, (Mex.) ko9-cho-a-kan! Cul de Sac Marin, ) (Mar-¢ hu de sak ma-rang! Cul de Sac Robert, tin.) ket, dé sak ro-bere! Cul de Sac Royal, ) bay, kui dé sak rwa-yal! Culebra, ( Guat.) kog-le' bra Culiacan, (Mex.) koo-li-a-kan! Cullera, (Sp.) Sucro. kool-ye'ra Cully, (Switz.) keu-Le! Culm, (Pr.) koqlm Cuma, (S. It.) koo'ma Cumana, (Venez. S. A.) koo-md-nd! Cumanacoa, (Venez. 8. A.) koq-ma-na-k6'a Cumalnia, or Kumania, Great and Little, (H. ; h- Kunség, Nagy, Kis; g- Cumanien.) dist. Cumbre, la, (Chile,) pass. la koom' bre Cumbre de Mulhacen,(Sp.)pk. koom!bre de moo-ld-then! Car (N. Gran- | koon-di-nd-mar! kid bm. A.) dep. Cuneo, or Coni, Cunha, ( Braz.) Cunnersdorf, (Pr.) Curacao, (Carib. Sea; Curagoa.) isl. Curiaco, (Columbia, ) koo-ri-a' kg Curiel, (Sp.) kog-r2-el! Curische Haff, (Balt. Pr.) lag- kogiri-she haf Curitiba, (Braz.) kog-ri-tv! ba Curtatone, (Lomb.) koor-ta-t0'1é Curuche, (Port.) koo-roo! she Curuguatay, (Parag.) koo-r9-g:09-d-ta't Curzola, (Dalm.) isl. Cor- cyra Nigra. Cusset, (I'r.) Custozza, (Lomb.) Ciistrin, or Kuistrin, (Pr.) Cuxhaven, (Germ.) kogks'ha! fen Cuvio, (Lomb.) dist. kog'vi-o Cuyaba, or Cuiaba, (Braz. ) koo-ya-ba! Cuzco, (Peru,) dep. kogs'ko Czaba, (H.) tsa/ba Gzamikéw, (Posen:) char-ni'koof Czarnow0, (Pol.) char-nd!vo Czartorya, (Pol.) U. chdr-to!r?t-d Cz4slaw. Sce Caslaw Czegléd, (H.) tseg-lehd! Czeitsh, (Mor.) chitsh Czempin, (Posen.) chen pine Czexna, (H.) 7, tser!nd Czernctz, (Wallach.) cher'nets Czernieiewo, (Posen.) chern-ye-ye!vo Czernowiec, (Gal.) cher-nov'yets Czersk, (Pol.) chersk Czerwisk, ( Pol.) cher'vinsk Czestochowa, (Pol.) chang-st0-Eho'va Czettin, or Cetugne, (Alban.) chet-tine! Czidlina, or Cidlina, tsid'lind kog-ma!nt-éen kog'ne-o koon' ya koon!nérs-dorf™ koo!rd-silo, ku'ra-so! “x > kogrd-so'la kits-sel koo-stot!sad ka-strine! Czortkéw, (Gal.) chort!koof Czudnow, (R-) chood'noof Czyszewo, (Pol.) chi-she!vo D. Danrowic8, (Pol.) dom-brd-vi! ts¢ Dachau, (Bav.) . da! chou Dachstein, (Norie Alps,) digh'stine glacier. Se ee Dalarne. Sce Dalecarlia, Dalaroe, (Sw-) Dalecarlia, ox Dalarne, Dal-elf, 7. (Sw.) Daleszyce, or Dalszyca,(Pol.) .dd-le-shi'tse Dalias, (Sp.) wi 7% Dalmatia, (¢- Dalmatien,) dal-ma' she-a Dalmatow, (R.) Dalszyca. See Daleszyce. Damala, (Gr.) Dambach, (Fr.) Damiano, San, (It.) liquid. — An!’ ger. — &) sh, guttural; g as $s n pleasur —— Dahme, (Pr.) dai'!me Dajabon, ov Daxabon, (Hayt.) dd-cha-bon! da! lar-ne dd'lar-Ad' dd-le-kar'li-a dal élf? (Sw.) prov. dd’ li-ds dal-md'tsi-én dal-ma! tof dal-shz'tsa da-md-la! ding-buk', g. dam' bach dam! gar'tén san dd-m2-a'no Damiano d’Asti, (Sard.) sin da-mi-a'no dds'tt Damm, (Pr.) dam Dammartin, (Fr.) dam-mar-ting! Damine, ( Belg.) daim'me Dammersche See, (Pr.) lake. dam! mér-she-zeh =~ ding-pr-ere! kingdom. Damgarten, (Pr) Dampierre, (Fr-) “Za Damvillers, (Fr-) dang-vi-2-ye! Danemarck, } _( dd'ne-mark! Danemarck, § seeDenmark } gétne-méarle Dangeau, (Fr-) déng-go' Daniele, San, (N. It.) sin! da-ni-elle Danilow, (R.) du ni'lof Danilowa, (R.) clotster. da-nt' lo-va Dinische Wald, der, (Denm.) country. Dannemiarie, (Fr.) Dannemora, (Sw-) dan-ne-moo'ra Dannenberg, (Man.) dan'nén-berg! Dannewitz. Sce Jiiterbok. dan'ne-vits! Danube, (Eur. ; ¢. Donau,) 2 tae 2 ENS ? dan'whe t. Danubius, Ister. ae Dantzic, (Pr.; g. Danzig; dant!zik; g. danitstZ, pol, Gdansk.) edansk dér-dé'ni-she-valat! dane-mi-72! Dappes, des, (Switz.) mts. de dape Darien, (Columbia.) dd-ri-en! Darmstadt, (WW. Germ.) darm' stadt dar nak! darn-tal! da-ro'ka Damac, (Fr-) Darnetal, (Fr.) Daroca, (Sp) Daruvar, (Slav.) da-rgo-vihr! Daschkowka, (R.) dash-kov' ka Daun, (Pr.-) doun Dauphiné, le, (Fr-) old prov. lé do-fi-ne! Daventry, (Eng.) dain'try Davoli, (Napl.) da! vo-lé D’?Ax, (Dax.) Aqua Augusta. ddles Daxabon. Sce Dajabon. da-cha-bon! Debica, (Gal.) dem-bi'tsa Debowiec, (Gal.) dem-bov'yets Debreczin, (H.) de! bre-tsin Décazeville, (£r.) de-kdze-vile! Decize, (I'r.) Deecetia. de-s2ze! Décjn, (¢- Tetschen, Boh.) dyat-shine Déés, (‘Trans.) de-esh Dégagnae, (Fr.) de-wan-yuk! Degesby. See Lowisa. de! wés-biu! Deggendorf, (Bav.) dea! gén-dorf! Delden, (Neth.) del dén Dace NCS ee eee eae Delft, (Neth.) delft Delftshaven, ( Neth.) delfts'hal ten Delfzyl, (Neth.) délfizzle! Deliceto, (Nap!.) de-lz-che'to de'litsh Delitsch, (Pr.) 1 Délivrance, (Australia,) isl, de-l2-vurdngs Delsberg. See Delemont. déls' berg Demer, (Belg-) *- de'mér a Demanowa, 07 Demenyfal- de-mi'nd'va, de-meny-fal!- va, (HH.-) Dembe Wielke, (Pol.) Dembea, (Habesh.) lake. Demetrio, San, (Napl.) Demetrovieze. See Mitro- véeg. Demmin, (Pr.) déem-mine! : Demena, Vai di, 07 ) old vul dr de-mo'nd, Demona, Val, QU. val de-mo'nd Demonte, (Sard.) de-mon'te Demotica, (Tur. ) de-mo'te-Ke Dénain, (Fr.) de-nang! Denbigh, (Wales.) den' by | Dender, (Belg.) 7: dén' dg Dendermonde, or Termon- ) dén'deeemon! de do, (Belg.) Denekamp, (Neth.) ' va dem’be vyel'ke dem-be'@ = san de-me'tr2z-0 de-me!tr0-vit-sé dé!ne-kamp! de!ni-d Denia, (Sp-) Denis, St., (Fr) Denis d@’Anjou, (Fr. Denis de gastines, ( Denis en Val, (Fr) Denis sur Loire, (Fr.) Denis de Pille, (Fr.) Denis d’Orques, (F'r.) sang dé-ni!s ¢ sént-denne ) dé-ni! déng-£09! Fr.) dé-nt! dé gus-tine! de-ni! ang-val e 1 A oS / dé-ni! stir lo-dre +s os] . — f t dé-ni! dé pr-2-ye (pil-ye') dé-ni' dorke . e.— r final, Ir. re. — b, between and f. 1339 = oe al at oan! < Sa RPene ae ee oe kar ak mee at pee oe Fe a So i bs P| ea 0 ESTs Tita ng neta e eat Get: apa » aoe PRONUNCIATION OF MOD ERN GHOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Denmark, (Dan, Dane- marck,) kingdom. Dennewitz, ( Pr.) Denta Gyenta, (H.) Dent-du-Midi, (Switz.) mt. Deptford, (Eng.) Derbend, or Derbent, (R.) Albana. Derecske, (H.) Derenburg, (Pr.) Dernis, (Dilm.) Derpt. See Dorpat. Desaguadero, (Bol.) 7. Descabezado, Desconocida, (Yucatan,) cape. Désaignes, (Fr.) Desengaio, (Patagonia,) bay. Deseada, or De Ind.) sirade, (W. | | Desenzano, (Lomb.) Desertas, las, (Atl. O.) isl. Desirade. See Deseada. Des Moines, (lowa,) c. Desna, (R.) r. Dessail, (N, Germ.) Desterro, (Braz.) Desvres, (Fr.) Detmold, (N. Germ.) Detroit, (U. ; fr. De- troit,) 7. Dettelbach, (Bav.) Dettingen, (Bay.) Deule, (Fr.) 7. Deusleurent, (Fr.) Deurine, (Neth.) De itichem, or Doetichem, Neth. rod. Deutschendorf See Popra Deutsch-Krone, (Pr.) Deutschland. Deutz, or Duytz, (Pr.) Deux-Ponts, (Bav.; g. Zweibriicken.) Deux-Sévres, (Fr.) dep. Déva, (Trans.3 2. Diem- rich, or Schloszberg.) Deva, (Sp.) Devecser, (H.) Deventer, ( Neth.) Devizes, (Kug.) Dhawala-ghery, Dhawalagiri,( white moun- tain,) (pe: ik imal: aya,) Diablerets, (Switz.) m. Diakovar, (H.) Diamantina, ( Braz.) Diano, (Napl ) Diarbekir, (As. Minor.) Didain, (Neth.) Didier-la-Séauve, St. (Fr.) Didier, St. (Fr.) Didie ‘r, St., au Mont d’Or, (Fr.) Didier, St., (Fr.) Didier, Dié, (Fr.) Dea Vocontiorum Dié, St. (Fr.) Sanctum Deodatwm. Dieburg, (C. Germ.) Diedenhoten. See Thion- ville. Diego, San, (Up. Cal.) Dievo’ Sarcia, (Mescarene isl.) Diekirch, (Belg.) Diemel, (C. Germ.) 7. Diemrich. See Deva. Diepenbek, ( Belg.) Dieppe, (Fr.) Diesbach, Ober, (Switz.) Diessenhofen, (Switz.) Diest, (Belg.) Dietilkon, (Switz. ) Dietz, (Nassau.) Dieu, (Fr.) ish 4 Diew-le-F it, (i Dieuze, (Fr.) Dem Pagi. Dignano, (Til) Digne, (ir.) Dinia. Dijon, (Fr.) Dizvio. Dijonnais, (Fr.) old div. Dilln, Diilin, oy Bela-Ban- ya, (HL) Dille enburg, (Germ.) Dillingen, (Bi iv.) . St., sur Doulon, (Fr. Dent de Morcle, (Switz.) mt, | ) } } | De itschbrod, (Boh.) See d See Germany. | or Giver, de Chalaronne, } ) 1. | | den'mark dén'ne-vits! ** ae . den'ta dyen'td dang dé morkl! dang-dit-mi-dt! det! ford dér! béndt de-retsh-ke de!rén-bogrg! der'nts dérpt de-si- oq- d-de'ro des-kd-be-tha! ‘do *des-kb-n6-thi'da de-sany! = de-sen-gan'yo de-se-a'da de-sénd-si’/no las de-ser'tds de-si-ra' de de-moin! des'nd dés' sou des'ter'ro9 dévr dét'moldt “- de-troit', de tré-z' dét' tél-bach dét'tin! gén dal ddil-mong! darn dd ti-chém doitsh' brodt! - doit'shén-dorf! doitsh-kro'ne doitsh'landt doits delvd de've-cher de! veén-tér de-vize', or de-vi! zes dd-va-lad-shi'r2 ~—_—_~ dtabl-re' adi-d-ko-vahr! di-d-mdn-ti'nd di-a'no di-dr-be-kire! di' dam! sang di-di-e'ld-se-dvel sang di-di-e! sang di-di-e' 6 ming dore sang di-di-e! dé shi-la- Tone f sang x di- di-e' stir dgg-ling! di-e! sang se di'boorg di' dén- ia} ‘fen sdn- dice -é' 0 di-c! go g ir-thil di'kireh! di!mél dime vas di’ ape n-béle di. -ep! O'bér-dis' bach dis'sén-ho'fen dihst di'ti-kon ditse oo di-éu' di-u-lé-f% “-“- di-&ze! din-ya'no oo diny di- gong! di-go-na! diln dil'lén-boorg! "Il dio lly p dil-lin'' gen Dinaburg. See Dunaburg. Dinan, (Fr.) Dinant, ( Belg.) Dinara, (Dalin.) mt Dingelstadt, (Pr.) Dingolfing, (Bav.) Dinkelsbuhl, (Bav.) Diois, (Fr.) old dist, Didés-Gyor, (H.) Dios, Nombre de, (Mex.) Dirillo, (Sic.) 7. Achates. Dirnowitz, Den -) Dirschanu, ( Disentis, oF paeate (Switz.) Dison, (Belg ) Dissentis. See Disentis. Distritto Federal, (Mex.) dist. Ditmarseh, (Denm. A div. Ditro-varhely, (H. g. Bureberg.) Dixmude, or Dixmuyden, (Be ff. ) Dizier, St., (ir.) Diaschkowitz, ( ‘Boh. ; ; boh. Dlaskowlce.) Dmitrovsk, (R.) Dnieper, (R.) 7. thenes. Dniester, ( Austr.) 7. ras, Danaster. Dédbeln, ea Dobelbad, ( Austr.) Doberan la: Doliberant ¢ ( N. Germ.) Débling, Ober, (Austr.) Doboka, (Trans.) Dobrawa, (Boh.) 7. Dobre, (R. ‘Pol. ) Dobrigno, (111.) Dobrjs, { Boh.) Dobriiska, (Boh.) Dobrzyn, (Pol.) Dobrzyce, (Pr. Pol.) Dobrigno, (IIl.) Dobschau, (H.) Doccia, (Modena,) mt. Doce, (Braz.) r. Doediberg, Doesburg, ( Neth.) Doetichem. Dogado, il, (Austr. It.) Dogliani, (Sard.) Dognaczka, (H.) Dokkum, (Neth.) Dokzy. See Hirschberg. Dol, (Fr.) Dolcigno, o7 Dulcigno, (Turkey.) Doldenhorn, (Switz.) mt. Dole, la, (Switz.) mt. Dolgelly, (Wales.) Dolina, ( Austr.) Dollart, (Netb.) day. Dolmutow, (R.) Dolores, (Mex.) 7. Domalain, (fr.) Borys- Ty- Dombes ,(F r.) old div. Doine du Gouté, (Sard.) mt Domenica. See Dominica, Doimérat, (I*r.) Domfront, (Fr.) Domingo, San, (Hayti.) Domingo, San, (formerly Isla Espinola,) isl. Dominica, or Domenica; (W. Ind. fr. La Domin- ique,) isl. (Naples,) div. Dominique, fa. minica. Démitz, (IN. Germ.) Dommel, (Neth.) 7. Domo d’Ossola, (Sard.) Démds, (H.) Dompierre, (I’r.) Domremy-la-Pucelle, (I'r.) Don, (R.) Ts Tanais. Donau, See Danube See Do- Donaustanf, (Bav.) Donauwé6rth, (Bav.) Donchery, (Ir.) Donez, (R.) r. Dongio, (Switz. ) Dongola, (Af.) country. Donkow, (R.) Donzy, (Fr.) Doornik. See Tournay. Dominuii al di qua del Faro, } , ; | , | ; \ (Switz.) summit. See Deutichem. Domadzlice, (Boh.; g. Taus.) Donaueschingen, (S. Germ.) dt!nd-boorg' di-ndig' di-naing! di-na'rd din! él-stédl! din!’ gol-fing! din'kéls-bool! di-a' di-ohsh'dyahr nom-bre de di-ds! di-ril'lo dir'nd-vits dir! shou di-sen-tis! 7-z0ng dis-sen-tis! dis-trit'to fe-de-ral! dit'mdrsh “- di tré-vahr'hely dilcs'mtide, dils'mot-dén sana di-zt-e! dldsh'k6-vits ; dlds tse dm! lrovsk sh k6-vt- ni'pér, or dnye'pér ni'ster, or dnye' stér déi'béln do‘ bel-badt! do'be-rahn! dob! be- rakn' O'bér dab ‘ling do'bi-ka do'brava do'bre d0-brin'yo dobr-shish d0-broosh-ka =~ dobr' shiny dobr-shit'se do-brin'yo dob’ shou dot’ cha do'se dé! di-bérz! dgos'beurg dog! ti-chém 21 dd-vi'do dol-yda'nt di g-nats-ka dok-kewum. dok! zu dol dol-chin' yo dol! dén-horn! la dole dol-gcth'ly do-li'na dol'lart dol- muito ts do-lo ire S$ dé-mii-ling! do-mdsh'li-tse dongb dime dit oo-te! d0-me-ni ka do-me- ra! ding-frong! sdn do-min' go ogee do-min' zo do-mi-ni'kad, dd-me-ni'ka do-mi'ni-¢ al di kwa del Fa! TO la db-mi-niti! den'mits dom! mél do! mo dos dd&i-mean sh dong-pt-ere! dong-ré-mi'la-pt-sel! don dod'nou dd'nou-ésh'in!! gen dod'nou-stouf!’ do'nou-veurt! dong-shé-rt! do-nets! dond! go ding-g0'la don-ko f! dong-zi! dore! nik 'so-la Doorspyk, (Neth.) Dor, 07 Dore, (Fr.) mt. Dora, (N. [t.) r. Doria, Dora Raltea, (Sard.) 7. Dora Ripera, (Sard.) 7. Dorat, oar Dordogne, la, (Fr.) dep. Dordrecht. Sce Dort. Dore. +See Dor. Dormagen, (Pr.) Durno- magus. Dornach, (Switz.) Dornbirn, or Dornburn, (Tyrol.) Dorno, (Pied.) Dornstetten, (Wiurt.) TZa- rodunum. Dorogobusch, (R.) Dorosma, (Hi. ) Dorpat, or De srpt, (R.) Dort, or D rdrecht, (Neth. ) D rttaund, (Pr.) Doscia, (Tusc. .; Dotis, (H.) Douai, o- Douay, (Fr.) Doubs, (Fr.) r. Dubis. Doué, (Fr.) Douilens, (Fr.) Dour, (Belg.) Dourditn, (Fr.) Dournazac, (Fr.) Douro, (Port., sp. Duero, Penins.) 7. Doustre, (F'r.) 7. Douze, (Fr.) 7. Dover, strait of. (fr. Pas-) de-Calais.) 5 Dover, (Eng. ; fr. Douvres.) Dovrefieid, (Norw.) mts. Douvres. Se Dover. Drachientels, (Pr.) mt. Drageschan, ( Wallachia.) cloister. Dragoe, (Denm.) isl. Dragoner ra, (Sp) ) asl. Dracuignan, (f'r.) Danimen, (Norw.) Drave, or Drau, Drava, (Austr.) 7. Dreiszigacker, (Sax.) Drenthe, (Neth. ) pre Dresden, G Sax.) Dreux, (F r.) Drewenz, (Driveca.) Driburg, (Pr.) Driel, (Neth.) Drobak, (Norw.) Drohobice, or Drohobiez, (Austr, Pol.) Drohyezin, (R.) Droitwich, (Eng.) Dréme, (F'r.) dep. Dronero, (Pied.) Dronne, (I'r.) r. Drontheim. Drorandortf, (Austr ) Drottningholm, Drweca, (Pol. Aird Dre- wenzZ,) r. Drzewica, (Pol.) Drzenow. See Tachau. Dschagatai, or Asian Tartary. Dschebel al Tarik. See Gibraltar. Dubieza, (Croat.) Dublin, (Irl.) Bally-ath- cliath. blana. Dubossary, (I.) Dubowa, (H1.) Dubrovnik. Sce Ragusa. Dudingen, (Switz.) — Dudzevle, (Belg.) Duenas, (Sp-) Duero. See Douro. Duffel, (Neth.) Duino, (lll.) Castellum Pucinwm. Duisburg, (Pr.) Duiveland, (Neth.) isl. Dukla, (Austr. P.) Dulce, (S. A.) 7 Dulcigno. Sce Dolcigno. Dulezyn, ov Tulezyn, (R.) Diilln, or Dilln, (H.) Be- la-Banya. Dulwich, (Eng.) Dun le Roi, (Fr.) Dina, Dyind: or Dwina, R 2) r Turuntus. Dunaburg, or Dinaburg, (R.) Dunaminde, (R See Trondhjem. (Sw.) castle. dore' spike dor do'ra do'ra bal’ te-a do'ra ri-pe'ra do-rd' la dor-dony! dor! drécht dire dor'mnd-géen dor'nach dorm birn (btirn) dor'no dorn'stét'tén dd-ré-gd-boosh! d0-rosh'ma dor'pat dort dort’mgondt do'sha do'tish doq-a! doo dog-e dogl-ling! door door-ding! aoor-na-zale do'rog dogtr dooze do!ver do'ver do'vré-fyel’ dogvr dra'chén-féls! dra! ge-shalin! drti' cf dra-g0-ne'ra dra-gin-yang! dram'mén — drd/ve, drou, dra!va drt' si g-ah'kér drén'te drés'dén; e. dres'den dr& dre'veéents dri!boorg drile drolbak dr5-ho'bi-tse (bétsh) drd-hits'shin droit'ich drime dro-ne'ro drone dront/hime; e. drontlim dro'ran-dorf' drot'ning-holm! drveng'tsa drshe-vi' tsa drshev'no f dsha-gi-ta"é dshe'bel al ta!rik dgo-bit-sa dub'lin doq-bis-sd'ré doq'bd-va doo-brov' nik dt! din! gén dtid-zé'le doo-en'yds doo-e'ro dif' fel dog-i!no (doo! is) dois!boorg dow! vée-landt! dog! kla dogl'the dogl-clin! yo dool' chine dtiln dul'ich déng lé r5-a! di'na dtu'nd-boorgs! dt! na-mtur' de Fate, far, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dive, move, wolf, book, lord. —Tune, bull, unite. — oi, boy ; ou, house. — Fr. & long, 1340Sy a} ee It PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Duna Vetse, (H.) Dundelskirchen, (H.; 2. Fojéregy hay.) : Duniéres, (Fr.) Dunkirk, (Ir. ; fr. Dun- kerque.) Durance, la, (Fr.) 7. Durango, (Mex.) dep. Duraton, (Sp.) 7: Duravel, (Fr.) Durazza, (Alb.) Dyrrhach- wm, Duren, or Mark Duren, Pr.) Marcadurum. Dunkheim, (Bav.) Durlach, (W. Germ.) Duirnberg, ( Austr.) Durnik. See Reinerz. Durrenberg, (Pr.) Diirrenkrut, or Durnkrut, Austr.) Dirrenstein, ( Austr.) Diisseldorf, (Pr.) Duttweiler, (Pr.) Duytz. See Deutz. Dux, (Boh.) Dvina. See Duna. Dyle, (Belg.) r. Dwina. See Dvyina. Dzialoszyn, (Pol.) i. Eaux-Bonnes, les, (Fr.) Eaux-Chaudes, les, (Fr.) Bauze, (Fr.) Elusa, Ebelsberg. See Ebersberg. Ebeltoft, (Denm.) Eberbach, (Bad.) Ebersbach, (Sax.) Ebersberg, or Ebelsberg, (Aust. ) Ebersdorf, (Germ.) Ebesfalva, o7 Elisabeth- stadt, (Trans.) Ebingen, (Witt) Eblern, (Austr. ) Eboli, or Evoli, (Napl.) , Eburi. Ebreuil, (Fr.) Ebro, (Sp.) r-_ Iberus. Ecaussines, (Belg.) , Echelles, les, (Sard.) Echt, (Belg. ) Echternach, (Belg.) Ecija, (Sp-) Astigis. Eckernforde, (Denm.) Bckmuhl, (Bav.) Ecluse, 1’, (Fr.) pass. fcluse, ?. See Sluis. Ecouen, (Fr.) Ecourt-St.-Quentin, (Fr.) Ecuador, (S. A.) rep. Edain, (Neth.) Edelstadt. See Zuckmantel. Edenkoben, (Bav-) Edschmiadzin. See Etsch- miadsin. Eeckeren, (Belg.) Eecloo, (Belg.) Efferding, (Austr. ) Beadi, (Mediter.) isls. Ega- tex. Egedesminde, (Greenland. ) ger, (E. Germ.) 7 Eger, (Boh. ; doh. Bohcheb.) Beer. See Erlau. Evorbegy, (Trans. ; g. Er- lenmarkt.) Eversund, (Norw.) Egerszég, Szala, (H.) Eggenberg, (Styria,) castle. Egidistadt, or Egidstadt. See Enyed. Eglisau, (Switz.) Egmond -aan-zee, (Neth.) Eynach, (Switz.) Eeuilles, (Fr.) Eguishelin, (Fr.) Ehnheim. See Obernai. Ehningen, (Wurt.) Ehrenbreitstein, (Pr.) Ehrenhausen, (Austr.) Bibau, (Sax.) Bibensctitz, or Eiben- schitz, (Mor.) Bibiswald, ( Austr.) ed dgg'na-vet! sie dogn! déls-kir'chéen dit-ni-ére! dun! kirk, dédng-kerk! la dt-rangs!' doq-ran! go doo-rd-ton! dti-rd-vel! doo-rat! sa diu'rén dink! hime door!lach dtvrm' berg door! nik door'rén-bérg! ditr'rén-krogt, dtrn'kreot dtir!rén-stine dtis'sél-dorf! doot!vi-lér doits dogs dv?! na. di'le dvi!/nd dzya-l0!' sh Loans le-z-0 bone — le-z-6 shode oze é! béls-bér ge! é! bél-to ft! €'béx-bach! é! bérs-bach' é!bérs-dérg! é!bérs-dorf! e-besh-fal-vd é-bin' én éb!lérn e!bo-li e-brauly! elbro; e. elbro e-kds-sine! “——™ le-z-e shel! écht éch'tér-ndéh! e'thi-cha ek! kérn-forr' de ek! miile le-klivze! le-klttze! e-kgo-dna! Shannon Jain ota t e-koor'sang kang-tang e-kog-d-dor! é!ddam é'dél-stadt! é! dén-ko'ben édsh-mydd-zin! é/kérn ék!lo ofl fir-dinal ef fir-ding i e-gd! di e! gé-dés-min! de el ger j e. egler élgér e! gér a I «he ger-bedy & Ir ' cér-zoondt! sd'la e! ger-seg ég! gén-bérg! e-gi! dis-stadt! e! gids-stadt! e-a1%-20! ég!mondt-dhn-zeé dng'nach e-goq-aly! e-g7is-hang! éhn' hime él’ nin! gen eli! én-brite! stine elt!rén-how'zén U bow 3! bén-shits! (shits) 2! bis-valdt! Bichhorn, (Mor.) 2ch' horn BRichstadt, (Bav.) teh! stadt Hider, (Denm.) 7. Eidora. der Eidsvold, (Norw.) tds! voldt Eiger, (Switz.) mt. 2! ger Eilau, or Preuszisch Eilau, Isish Fl Bylau, (Pr.) prov sish t'low Eilenburg, (Pr.) Bilsen, (N. Germ.) Bimbeck, (fHan.) Eindhoven, (Neth.) Eindd, (Austr.) ine! dd Kinsiedel, (H.) tne! zi-deél Einsiedeln, (Switz.) tne! z2-deln Bisenach, (C. Germ.) 4! ze-ndch z'lén-bogrg! Zl'zén ime! béls ind! ho-véen Bisenarz. See Kisenerz. z'zén-érts! Bisenberg. See Vasvar. 2/zén-bérgs! Bisenberg. (C. Germ.) 2! zén-bérg! Hisenburg. See Vas. 2!zén-boor a! Bisenerz, or Bisenarz, (Styr.) t!zén-érts! Bisenklingen. Sce Esslingen. 2/zén-klin!’gen Eisenstadt. Sce Kis Martory. 2/zén-stadt Lisernes Thor, (Danube,) ) ? Zlrpymnes toh! whirlpool. uzér-nés tohs Risleben, (Pr.) zs'lé'bén Hixo, (Port.) a’ %-shoo Ekaterinodar, (R.) Ekaterinograd, (R.) Ekaterinoslaw, (R.) Ekesjo, (Sw.-) ye-ka-te-rt-n 0-dar! ye-ka-te-ri-n0-grade! ye-kd-te-ri-nos-lof! elc!é-sher Elau. See Eule. e!low Elba, (‘Tuse.) isi. Ilba. ellba él’bé ; e. elb él’ bér-feldt! Elbe, (Germ. ; bok, Labe,) 7. Albis. Elberfeld, (Pr.) Elbeuf, or Elbeeuf, (Fr.) el-baf Elbing, (P2.) él/ bing Elbeuf. See Elbeuf. DElbogen, ex Olnbogen, (Boh.; bok. Loket.) el-bddf! el(dln)'bd-gen —~ Elche, (Sp.) _ Lllicz. el’ che Elchingen, (Bav.) él! chin! gen Elda, (Sp.) Adelum. ellda Ei Doctor, (Mex.) el-dok-tor! Blena, Santa, (Ecuador,S.A.) sdntd-e-le'nd Elena di Battaglia, (Lomb.) e!le-na-di-bat-tal/ya Elfdalen, (Sw.) élf'da-lén El Ferrol, (Sp.) el fer-ral! Elfkarleby, (Sw-) élf'kdr'le-b&, commonly él-kdr! b& Elfsborg, (Sw.) élfs' borg Elisabethgrad, (R.) ye-li-sd-bet! grade! Elisabethpol, (R.) pr. ye-li-sd-bet-pol! Elisabethstadt. See Ebes- ope at rica e-lz!zd-bet-stddt ~_— Ellé, (Fr.) 7. el-le! Ellezelles, (Belg.) el-zel’ Ellrich, (Pr.) él/rich Ellwangen, ( Wirt.) él'van!' gén Elm, (Switz.) élm Elmshorn, ov Elveshorn, eeinnrnt (Denm.) élms'horn Elnbogen. Sce Elbogen. éln'bo-gen Blne, (Fr.) Illiberis, Helena. eln Elorris, (Sp-) Eloy, St., (Fr.) El Pardo, (Sp.) castle. El Rosario, (Mex.) Blsass. See Alsace. Elsinore, ov Elsineur. See Helsingor. e-lor!riés mm sang-t-e-lo-a! el par'do ~ el 70-sai'ri-o él!sass el/sin-ore! Blsj5, (Sw-) él’sh&X Elster, (Germ.) *. él! stér Bitsch, (H. ; 2. Jolsva.) élish Elvas, (Port.) el'vds Elven, (Fr.) Elveshorn. Sce Elmshorn. Embden. See Emden. Emboli, (Turkey.) Embrun, (Ir.) 2brodunum. Emden, or Embden, (fan.) Emilion, St., (Fr.) Emmen, (Switz.) 7 Emmendingen, (Bad.) Emmerich, (Pr.) Empire @’Auteriche. See Austria. Empoli, (Tuse.) Empulum. Eins, (Germ.) 7. Amisus, Amasus, Encarnation, (Mex.) Encartaciones, (Sp.) Encina-Sola, (Sp.) Engadin, (Switz.) v én! ca-dine! Engelberg, (Switz.) én!! oél-bérg! Engelhartszell, or Engels- én! él-harts-tsél’, zell, (Austr. ) én! wéls-tsél! Sngelholm, (Sw.-) én!! oél-holm'! Engen, (Bad.) én! !aén Enghien, (Belg.) ang-g7i-ang! Enghien. See Montmorency. dng-oi-dng! el-vdng! él'vées-harn! émb!deéen em! bo-li adng-brang! em! dén 1 Za en gen sang-t-e-ni-li-ong! em!men ém! mén-din! gén ém!me-rich! ang-pire!dd-trishe! em! po-lé éms en-kkdr-na-thi-on! en-kar-ta-tht-d'nes en-tht!nd-so'la whe; % short, biuit.— Fr. & long, ot short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, liquid, — An” ger, — - alee fe Lake! . i &, ch, guttural; g as s 1m pleasure. Enguera, (Sp. Enkhuysen, or Enkhui- zen, (Neth.) Enkjéping, (Sw.) Enontekis, (R.) Enns, or Ens, (Austr.) r. Anesus. Ens, (Austr.) Zauriacum. Enschede, (Neth.) Ensisheim, (Fr.) Ensival, (Belg.) Entraigues, or Entray- gues, (Fr.) Entrague, (Sard.) Eutrecasteaux, (Fr-) Entre-Deux-Mers, (Fr-) country. Entre-Douro-e-Minho. See Minho. Entre Rios, (Plata Conf, S. A.) dep. Enyed, Enyed Nagy. See Egidis( Egids)stadt, Strasburg, Enz, (Germ.) 7. Enzersdorf, (Austr.) Epaignes, (fr) Epery, (Fr) Eperies, (H.3; 2. Pressova,) Epernay, or Espernay, (Fr.) .a@gue Perennes. Epernon, (Fr.) Epinac, (F'r.) Epinal, (Fr.) Epinay, (Fr. Epomeo, (Ischia,) mt. isl. Eppingen, (Bad.) Erbach, (Germ.) Erbeso, (Lomb.) Erbil, (Turkey.) Erce, (Fr.) Erdély Orszag. sylvania, aresi, or Erseseny, (H.) Brdéd, (H.) Erdoszada, (H.) Erdre, (Fr-) 7. Erekli, (Naw) Eremo, |’, di Camaldoli, Tusce.) clowster. Erturt, or Erfurth, (Pr.) Ericeira, (Port.) Erin. See Lreland. Briwan, (R.) p VY Erlangen, (Bav.) Jager.) Erlenbach, (Bav.) Erlenmarict. Exmeland, (Pr.) old civ. Ermenonyille, (Fx-) Ermesieben, (Pr) Ernée, (Fr-) Ersek-ujvar, (H.) See Neuhausel. Erstein, (Fr-) Inrtvelde, (Belg-) Brusian, (R.) 7. Erzberg, (Austr.) distr. Escalona, (Sp.) dscandon, {Mex.) Bscatron, (Sp.) Escaut. See Scheldt. Eschenbach, (Switz.) Eschwege, (Germ.) BPschweiler, (Pr-) Escondido, Escorial de Abajo, (Sp-) Escurial, (Sp.) Esgueira, (Port.) Esgueva, (Sp.) 7 Esino, (1t.) 7. Eskefjord, (Iceland.) Sskikrim, (R.) Bskilstuna, (Sw.) Bspadacinta, (Port.) Espalion, (Fr-) Espalmador, (Sp-) isl, Bspaly, (Fr) 5, Espana, la. See Spain. Espanola, Isla, now San Domingo. Esparraguera, (Sp.) Espernay. See Epernay. FO an nace >) Dae > PP aan = oe as See Tran- Erlau, (H. 3; 2. Eger; slav. Erzgebirge, (S. Germ.) ms. Escudo de Veragua, (S. A.) 7. Esmerelda,( Ecuador, S.A.) 7 —-r final, en-gelra entc-hoi-zen ehn' chéi-ping e-non'te-kis ) ens ens éns-che-de! - dng-zis-hang! ; g. én’sis- hime : an o-s2-val! ang-s2-val ee ay adig-trag ang-trag! adnatr-ka-sto! dngtr-da-mere en'tre-do'rgg-e-min' yoo en'tre-rt!ds nady-en'yed énts ént! sérs-do7rf? e-pany! ep-r2! e-pelri-esh ; g. e-pelré-es e-per-nd! e-per-nong! . e-pi-nale! e-pi-nal e-pi-na! e-po-me! o ep'pin!' gen ér' bach er-be'so er! bile erss er-dehly' dhr-sahg? er! chi, er'cheny er'd&d er'df-sd-da erdr e-re! lt le're-mo di kd-mal!do-lt er! foort So eae e-7i-sa! 7-7 erin e-r't-van! pr g Erlach, (Switz. ; fr. Cerlier.) ér'lach érlan!' gén ér' lou ér'lén-bach! See Egerbegy. ér/lén-markt! ér!me-ldndt! erm-nong-vile! ér'més-le! ben er-ne! at Erquy, Pointe d’, (Fr.) cape. po-angt dér-ké er-shek-gq-t-vahr! er-stan’ ; g, ér'stine ért!veél-de e-r99-2t-a! érts'bérg érts! we-bir! ge es-kd-lO!n& es-kan-don! es-a-tron! es-ko! ésh! én-bach! ésit!'vé-ge ésh!vt-ler 7 + a [Amey an sl Escobar, or Escovar, (Sp.) 7 es-k6-bar! (véar') S. A.) harbor. es-kdn-d2! do es-k0-ri-al' de a-ba! cho ae -kog'do de ve-ra' 99-4 -koo-ri-al’ Y I Is a + DI ISD Ip 3% aI5 3 ~ I> ak oe R és-kils-tog'nad es-me-rel' dd es-pa-da-sin'ta es-pa-li-dng! es-pal-ma-ddr! es-pa-li! la es-pan'ya Gs! lai es-pin-y5'la es-par-ra-ge'ra e-per-na! Fr. re. — 3, between v and f- 1341 - a aneAOE OE _— $y er PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Espeja, (Sp.) Espejo, (Sp-) Espichel, ( Port.) bo Bspichel. Espierres, (Belg.) Espinhaca, Serro do, ( Braz.) min. chain, Isspinome, (Fr.) mts. Espinosa de los Monteros, (Sp.) Espinouse, (Fr.) mts. [uspirito Santo, Mspiritu Santo. se Exspluga de Francoli, (Sp-) iuspesenda, (Port.) Esprit, St, (fx) lissé, (Fr. Esseck, Essegg. or Eszek (Austr. y Mursi. Essen, (Pr.) Essling, (Austr } Esslingen, from Hisenklin- gen, (Wutt.) Bssounes, (Fr.) r. Estaca, (Sp-) cape- Bstagel, (Er.) Estaires, (Fr.) , Estampes. See See Estarac, (Fr.) old d Estavay é, p. Estavayer, (Switz. ; 2: Stacfiis. ) Este, (Lomb.) Ateste. Esteban, (Sp: +) Estella, Estepa, (Sp.) Estepar, (Sp.) Estepona, (Sp.) Esterhazy, Kszterhazy, (H) Esthonia, or Revel, Esthland, { R.) pr. Estienne. See Etienne. Estoile. Etcile. Estoril, (Port ) eee ho de Gibralter. Strait of ) Gibri alter. Ids ella: (C. A.) 2 Estremi (dura, (Sp. and Port.) prov. Astapa —~ Estremoz, (Port.) Eiszek. Seo Esseck. lisztergom. See Gran. Esztergom Varmegye. Graner Gespannschaft. fiszterhazy, Etables, (Fr.) Btain, (Fr.) Etampes, (Fr.) formerly Estam pes. Etaples, (Fr.) Etienne, St.- Estienne, ( Etienne, St., de Baigorry, (Ir.) Etienne, St., do Lugdarés, (Fr.) Etienne. St., de Montluc, (Pr.) Etienne, St., de St. Geoirs, (E'r.) Etna, or Aiitna, (Sic. ; it , Monte Gibello.) volc. Etoile, Estoile, (1*r-) Etretat, (Fr.) Etruria, ( it ) country fetsch. Adige. Bech miadein, miadsin. Ettenheim, (Bad.) Ettlingen, ( Bad.) Bu, (Fr. Eufemia, Santa, (Napl.) Tuganei, Monti, (It.) mts. Eule, or Blau, (Boh.) Eulengebirge, (Sil.) mts. Eupen, (Pr. ; fr. Néau.) Bure, (I'r.) 7. Ebura. Eure-et-Loir, (Fr.) dep. Kuskirehen, (Pr.) Zutin, (N. Germ.) Evaux, ( Fr.) Evesham, (Eng.) Evian, (Sav,) voli. See Eboli. Evora, (Port.) bora, Liberalitas Julia. ran, ( Er.) , (Fr) Mediola- Eburovices. Evreux wumM, > Fr. See Ca- | | Braz.) prov. Tampa. | Sp.) Stellaand Alba, See Revel. i See See Bsterhazy. ) ) { j See Edsch- es-pe' cha es-pe!cho ser'roo dog es-pin-ya' sa f €s-pi- -nome' es-pi- -no'sd de lds mon- te rOs es-pé-ngo se! és pt ri-tgg san'tog és-pr Us tog sadn 00, es-plog! gd ¢ a @ fran’ ko-lt es-po-sen' da Yr) . Crna 2] sang-leEs-p7ret €S-SE icl:aole Solas €S Stilt, €8 seg és'sén ess‘ ling” éss!l lin! wen Jee? es-twlhe es-ta-gel) es-tare! e-lingp! es-ti-ral! ry aE es-td-vd-ye' (va-t-€' ) es te es-te ban es-tel'ya és-te na és-le par! es-te-po' nil es-ter-ha'zt €s-tho'ne-Z est’ landt e-ti-en! e a €-to-dle! es-to-ril’ es-tre'cho de Ehi-bral-tar! es-trel ya mer Ee Y es-tre-md-doo'rd t es-tre-mds ‘ sie r-gom es'ter-gom vihr!med-ye es-ter-ha! zé tbl ec e-tang! —_ So at = e-tangp e-tdpl’ Fa as sdng-t-e-ti-en! dé ba-gor- z £ dé lao-da- sang- like! “t-e-tt- en! dé moing- ie SN pk sing-t-e-ti-en'! dé sang -“—™ 3 i emite re! wen ét'téen-h ét’ tin" A san'ta. €-go-Se mon'tr &-99-2 ovle ou lén-ge-bir' ge or pen CUnE os Mare e 1o- dre! ois! cir ‘chen oi-tine! e-vo' e' sham e-vi-dng! e!v0-li e/vgo-ra Ip aria! o e-vra Evron, (I'r.) Exxea, ov ) de los Caballe- gea, { ros, (Sp-) Exe te r, (Eng.) Exiles, (Sard.) Byguieres, (F'r.) Bylau. Sce Eilau. EXzcarray, (Sp.-) e-crong! e-che! a de los kd-bal-ye’- TOs ex! c-ter eg- stile! a-gi-ére! wlow eth-(es)-kar- alt F. Faaponra, (Denm.) See Farder. Fabianice, (Pol.) I achingen (W. TFaarder. Germ.) Facardins, ‘cAustialia) isls. Faemundsj6, (Norw.) lake. Faenza, (C. It.) Faventia. Faetana, (It.) Fagnano, (It.) peu or Falun, Ow ) I'ahrwasser, Neu, (Pr.) Faisans, ile’ des, (Ir. ; sp. Isla de los Faisanes. ) Fajaio, ( Port.) Falaba, (Guinea. ) Falaise, (I'r.) - ale aniche, (Mallorca. ) Falces, (Sp.) Fale onara, (Napl.) Falkenau, (Boli.) Falkenberg, (Sw.) Falkenstein, (Sax. Falkensteiner-Hoiile, Ore) Falkland islands, (fr. Ma loumes; sp. Malvinas ) Falkdping, (Sw.) Falster, (Venm.) isl Falst Fals sterbo, (S w ) Falterona, (‘l'usc.) Falu, or Fablun, (Stora Kopparberglan,) (Sw.) prov. Falun, or Fahlun, (Sw.) Famagusta, (Cyprus. ) Famars, Famatina, (Pl. Cont.) v. Famelicao, Villa Nova de (Port.) Fanjeaux, (Fr.) Fanum Jov Fano, (C. tuna. Fanoe, (Denm.) zsl. Fao, (Port.) Fargeau, (Fr.) Farilhao, (Port.) islets. Faro, Capo di, Sec Galofa Faro di Messina, (8S. Eu- rope,) strait. Faar6éer, or Fa- Faroe it.) Fanum For- rar er, roerne, (Denm.) isles. Fasana, (Ill.) Fatra, (I.) més. HUE or Faussigny, Sard.) Fauc millon. Faulhorn, F'auquemont, burg. Iausse Riviere, Faussigny. Favara, (Sic.) Favagnana, (Med Faverges, (Sard.) Faxoe, (Denm.) Fayence, (Fr.) Fecamp, Fehmern, Fehmaru. Femern. Fehrbellin, (Pr.) Feigum Fos, Feira, (Port.) Feistritz, ( ustr.) Fejértemplorn. See Wei- szenkirchen. Fejér Gyarmath, (H.) Fejéregy haz. See Dundels kkirchen, ejorv4r, Szekes. Sce (Stuhl) Weiszenburg, Fejer Varmegye, Also. (Unter) W eiszenburg. Fejer Varmegye, Felsb. Se (Ober) Weiszenburg. Teldkirch, (Tyrol.) (Fr.) mt. range. (Switz Mi (la. U.S. iter. ) isl. Sce — rid (Fr.) Fanum Martis Ls. — ro. | See Valken- } , ) ‘ See Faucigny. | Norw.) fall. Cc | a a olborez AEs Sahin A O-er fii-by-a-ni'tse fa'chin''gén Ja kir- dang! Jeh'moor nid-shAr! J d-end'sa J a-e-ta'nd fan- yd' io JS alogn 7102 ' f dhr'vds-sér zle de fa-sang! — ts la de los f a-7-sd'nes fa-2d' gong Ja-la'ba a-l&ze' fa- la-ni'che fal thes falko- na'ra Sf au ken-ou! Sallkén-bérg' Saullken stine! Sal’ kén-stt'nér-ha'le Salk land fal chd-ping' fill'ster Sal’ ste r-bog! S al te-ro'na Su‘log fa'lggn fd-ma goos'tad fa-mar' fama-t2'nd vil'la no/va de fa-me-li- $a QQols fing gar | fd-no’ fia'ndd —~ fa'oqng far-go! Savril Vii Yoong ka'po dt fd'ro Siro di mes-sz'nd ae ; “-™ si a pee Sare' -ér, fare ch-ér-ne Sf d-sa'na J dtrad S6-sin-yi! fo-sily! Soul'horn foke-minot o foss ri-vi-ére! JS6s-sin-yt! Sa-va'ra J G-vdn-ya'na fa-verge! faks' A fa-yang 7S 1 T fe-king v= 5 fe'mern, Ser 'bel-line! ju 26 om Sass fwira ipo strits lane fe'ma-r9o fe-yehr-temp-lorn! fe-yelu! dydr-mate Sfe-ye-redy-hahs! se-kesh fe-yehr-vahr! dl- - fe-yehr' valir'med- Usha fe -yelir! vdhr'med- ye fe ldt! kirch Feldsberg, ( Austr.) feldts'bérg Felegyhaza, (H.) fe-ledy-ha' sa P elice, San, (It) san fe-li! che Felicund: Ly (ip ari Isl.) isl fe-li-koqn'da Felicien, oe sing fe-li-st-dng! Felicudi, (Sic) fe-li- -koo!dé Pelizzano, (Pied.) Felletin, (Fr.) Felmer, (Trans. ) Felsé Banya, (H. ; g. (Un- garisch) Neustadt.) Felsé Dids, (1 ) Se-lit-sa'no fel-tang fel-mer fel-shad bahn'ya fel-sh&d di-eXsh Felsé-hegy, (F1.) mts. fel-sh& hedy Feltre, (IN nt) Feltria, fel'tre Feme os 1 ehmern, oe Feh-) ; maru, (Venm.) zsl feimérn eneatreNes (Pied. yy fé-nes-trel! fe-nes-trel! fer @ shé-val’ ile de fer Fenestrelles, (Sard.) Fer a Cheval, (Sav ) Fer, ile de, or Ferro, Ferdinandea, or Graham cp : Isl: ee a ) fer-di-nan-dela Fére, Ja, la fére Fére C GHEE. la, (Fr.) la fere shiingp-no- 5-tize! Ferentino, (It) fe-ren-ti'no Feret, (Fr.) cape. é-rel Ferehana, (Tartary,) distr. fer-ga'na Feria, (Sp.) Jfe'ri-a Ferlach, ( Austr.) fer'lach Fermo, (C. It.) Fixmum. Ser'mo Fermoselle 9.) Ocel- 3 lum Duri 2. (8 *P-) re Ser-mo-sel'ye Fernandez, (Mex.) Fernando, San, (Chile.) Fernando, San, de Apure, } (Ve nez.) Fernando de Noronha, Braz.) isl. Fernando Po, Guine a port. E Po, i sl r ernando Veloso, (E. Afr.) r. fer-nan'do ve-l6'so Fernan-Nuiez, (Sp.) Ser- nai! nogniyeth Ser-nan' deth sdn fer-ndn'do sin fer-ndn'do de a-pog-re ( fer-ndn'do de no-rin'ya Gulf of Jermao do > fer-ndn'do po Fernao do Po,o7 Fern: und »Po, fe T-7 a! eons doo po Perney, or Fernex, (Fr) fer-na! Fernitz, (Styria ) JSér'nits Feronia, (Sard) Se76-ni' a Ferrandina, (Napl.) ferzin-di'na l’errara .) Forum Al- srg et , (It.) q ( Ser-ra'ra elle. Ferreira, (Port.) Rarapia fer- rili-rt Ferrietes, (Fr.) Ser-ri-ére! Ierro, (one of the Can: a Islands : Sp). Hierro i rt Ser'ro ile de Fer ) Ferrol See El Ferrol. fer-rol’ Ferté, Ja, Milon, (Fr.) la fer-te' mi-ling!' Ferté, la, sous Jouarre, (Fr.} la fer-te’ soo gog-ar! Ferté, la, sur Aube, (Fr.) la feér-te' stir obe Fert’ I avi a. See Neusiedel. fer-tch ta-va Foicht/van'' én Feuchtwangen, (Bav.) la fa-2-ye' (fadl-ye') Feuillée, la, (Ir ) Tours. (Br ‘mT Se oi- i Feurs, (Fr.) Forum Segu férr SLANOTUML Fianona, (Lll.) fi-ad-nd'na Fibia, (Switz.) peak. S2'bi-a fik-ka-+rd'lo Sfich'te l-bérg! fich'tel oe-birl ce ae . ine o=~ e o~ J t-dal’ go Si-e'sd-le fi-cak! fil-yi'ne Si-2 ga trad Si-ga! ¢- ria ad Ficcarolo, (N. It Fichtelberg, (Sax.) Fichtel-Gebirge, (Bav.) mt. Fidalgo, (Russ. Amer.) hard. Fiesole, (Tusc.) Fesula. Tigeac, (Fr.) Figline, (Napl.) Figueira, (Port.) Figueira da Foz, (Port.) Figucira do Mondego, (Port.) Figueiro dos Vinhos, 1 fos he i-ga"” i-ra dog mong-de- £00 (Port.) f% gai 5 roo da grdng' sa 'riis rog dogs vin'yogs Figueiro da Granja, (Port.) f%-g Figueras, (Sp.) fi-gze Filadelfia, (Napl.) fi-la-del! ft-a Fileline,( Pruss.; pol.Wulen.) f7-lé'ne Filep Szallas, (.) fi-lep sahl-lahsh Filipinas, Nuevas. Caroline Islands. Filippo d’Argiro, San, Ee nog-e'vds ft-li-pi'nds sdn fi-lip'po dard-gi!ro (Sic.) Agyrium. Fille-Fjeld, (Norw.) mé. fillle fuel! Fils, (Wiurt.) 7. fils Fimes. Sce Fismes. f ime Finale, (N. It.) Finana, (Sp.) Findoe, ( Norw.) ¢sl. Finistére, ov Finisterre, (Fr.) dep. Pn Ss mn, fin'mark (mar'kén) Finne, (Pr.) mt. chain. fin'ne Si-nd'le Fin-ya'nad fin'ded Si-nis-tére! (Norw.) prov. Finster-Aarhorn,(Switz.) mt. fin'stér Ghr’horn Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Méte, prey, heres thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. —N6O 1342 te, dove, move, 2 mOlh book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — ot, boy ; ou, house. — Fr, & long,—— PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GROGRAPHICAL NAMES. Finsterberg, (Germ.) mé. Finstermtinz, (Tyrol,) pass. Finsterloch, (Wiurt.) cave. Fiora, (Tusc.) mt. fin! stér-beérg fin! stérntints! fin'stér-loch! fi-d'ra Fiorenzo, San, (Cors.) sin ft-0-rend! so Fiorenzuola, (N. It.) Fidentia. fi-d-rend-soq-6'la Firenzo, (Tusc.; e. Flor- ence.) Flor entia. Firming, (Ir.) Fischamend, (Austr. ; for- ) merly Fischamunde.) ) Fontarabia, (Sp.; sp. Fu- enterrabia.) Fontenay le Comte, (Fr.) Fontenay le Peuple, (I*r.) Fontenay aux Roses, (I'r.) fon-ta-ra!bi-a fonat-na! lé kongt fongt-nda! lé paapl fongt-nd! 0 roze “™ fongt-no-a! fongt-vro! fong-vi-ely! for'bach for-kal! for-kal-ki-e! Fontenoy, (Belg.) Fontevrault, (Fr.) Fontvieille, (£r.) Forbach, (Bad.) Forcall, (Sp.) Forcalquier, (Fr.) fiend’ se fir-mang! fi sha-mendt fushi-miv' de fish! bach Fischbach, (Sil.) 2 ~ Fischhausen, (Pr.) fish’ hou'zén Forche Caudine, (Napl.) forlke ka-o-d2'ne ; fr. Fismes, or Fimes, (Fr-) - passes. forsh ko-dine! . Fines Remorui. one Forchtenau, (H. ; h. Frak- } forch'te Fitalia, (Sic.) distr. fi-talli-a néallya.) 5 UO eo eee Fitero, (Sp.) fi-telro Forchenstein, (H.) castle. Ffor'chén-stine Forchheim, (Bav.) Sforéh'htme Forenza, (Napl.) Torentum. fo-rend'sa Forez, le, (Fr.) old div. lé fo-re! Fiumara di Muro, (Napl.) fi-oo-ma'ra dz mog'ro Fiume, (Austr. ; croat. Rika; g. St. Veit am Flaum.) Fiume di Nisi, (Sic.) Fiume-Freddo, (Napl.) Fiumicello, (N. It.) Fiumicino, (C. It.) Fivizzano, (Tusc.) Fladstrand. See lrede- rickshavn. j Flagstade, (Norw.) isl. Flanders, (Belg. ; g. Flan- } dern ; fr. Flandre,) pr. Flatow, (W. Pr. ; pol. Zlo- towo0.) Flavigny, (Fr.) Flavy le Martel, (Fr-) Fléche, la, (Fr.) Flekkefjord, (Norw.) Flensburg, (Deni.) “oo fi-o9'me Forges les Eaux, (Fr.) forge le-2-0 Foria, (Isl. Ischia.) fo7ta Forli, (C. It.) Forum Livi. for-li! Forlimpopoli, (C. It.) Fo- } gum Popilir. Formentera, (Pityusian Isls.) Formentera. Formia, (Pont. St.) Formiche, le, di Grosseto, or Formicole, (Mediter. ) isls. Formigny, (IFr.) Fornacza, (f-) Fornella, ( Minorca.) Forno di Rivara, (Pied.) Fornovo, (N. It.) Forum )} JVovum. { Fortaleza, or Villa do Tor- ) te, or Ceara, (Braz.) J Fortanete, (Sp.) Fortaventura. Ligest ees eae taventura. Sortd-ventog. re Fort Desaix, (Martinique.) fore dé-za! Fort Francais, (Gold Goast.) fore frdéng-sda! aN Seyis fi-golme di ni! sé sa . fi-oo!me fred! do -9 Soot A ages Fio0-mi-chel!lo for-lim-po"po-li Bx for-men-te/ra for! mi-a le for-m2'ke (for-mi'k6- le) di gros-se'to fi-oo-ni-chi'no fi-vit-sa'no fldd' strand dg!stad-A! flan! ders, fldn'dérn, flangdr fla'to fld-vin-y7! fla-vi! lé mar-tel! lia fléshe fléki'ke-fyore! flens! boorg ~ for-min-y?! for-nal! sa for-nell ya for'nd di ri-va'ra for-no!vo for-ta-le'sd : 5 : 57'-td-ne! Flessingue. Sve Flushing. for-tane te Fleurance, (Fr.) Fleurier, (Switz.) Fleurus, Fleury, (Belg.) fles-sang-g! flA-rangs' vay fla-ri-e! flaris', fcad-ri! See Iuer- Fleury sur Andelle, (Fr.) fla-ri! stir dng-del! Fort Garnier, (Martinique.) fdre gdr-ni-e! ae ee ay (Fr.) Sine le rake Fort Louis, (I'r.) fore leg-2! Slinsberg, (SU.) jlins'berg Fortore, (Napl.) r. for-to're Flitsch, or Pless, (Ill.) jlitsh Fort Pierre Chatel, (Fr DO ee Nie, Be cueelay Flitscher-Klause, pass hay ep nS ort Pierre Late 5 | “y.) Jore P a E1.e shé-tel across the Julian Alps. flitisher klow Ze Fort Royal, (Martinique ) fore rd-d-yall! Flobecq, (Belg.) flo-bek! Fortuna, (Sp-) for-iog!na Flogny, (Fr.) flon-yt! Fossa di Navicelli, (Tuse.) ) po .4 gy -na-vi-chellli Florac, (1r.) flo-risk! canal. \ fos'sd di nd-vt-chelile Florence. See Firenze. Florent, St., (It. ; cors. San Fiorenzo. ) Florent, St., le Vieil, (I'r.) Florian, St., (Austr. ) : (suburb of La Florian, or \ ~ Floriana, Valetta, Mal- ta.) Florida, (U. 5S.) Florida, la, (Sp.) castle. Floridia, (Sic.) Flotte, la, (#r.) Flour, St., (Fr) sing floore Fliela-Berg, (Switz.) mt. flr! e-la bérg! Fltielen, or Ftihlen, (Switz.) jla-e/len, fil len Flumendosa, (Sard.) 7. Seplius. Flushing, (Neth. ; d. Vlis- singen ; fr. Flossingue.) Fluvia, (Sp.) 7 Foczany, ( Wallachia.) Fogaras, (T'rans.) distr. Foggia, (Napl.) Fogliano, (Pont. St.) lake. flor! ence séng fld-rang' sing flo-ring! lé vi-ely’ zdnkt flo'rt-ahn flo'ri-an flo-ri-a'nd florlida ; sp. flo-rt'da li flo-ri'da flo-ri! di-% la jlote flog-men-do' sa flusling fico-vi-a! me ; om fo-chany! 0! ga-rash Ps fot' ca fol-ya' no Fogo, (one of the Cape Verd Islands, Nossa 0! go Senhora da Luz.) si Fog'stog-en far Fogstuen, (Norw.) Féhr, (Denm.) “sl. Foix, ( Fr.) 5a! x Foix Comté de, (I'r.) old div. king-te! dé fo-a! t “- Foiano, (It.) fo-i-! no Foldenfjord, (Norw.) bay. fol’dén-fyore! f&ld-vahr! fo-ling-bra! lé fol-gi-d! fo-lin' yo foke! ston fol-lo'ni-ka fa! ir fong de négr fond fon-sel'ka fone-tane! fong-tane-blo! fong-tane! frang-saze! fong-tane! le-véke! fon-td-na+'o'sa Féldvar, (H.) Folembray, (Fr.) Folgoat, le, (Fr.) Foligno, (C. It.) Fulcinium. Folkéstone, (Eng.) Lapis Populi. Follonica, (Tusc.) Fbbr, (Denm.,) zsl. Fond des Negres, (Hayti.) Fondi, (Napl.) Mundi. Fonseca, (Sp.) Fontaine, (I'r.) Fontainebleau, (Fr.) Fontaine Francaise, (Fr.) Fontaine ’ Evéque, (Belg.) Fontanarosa, (Napl.) vie ; % short, biit.—T'r. & long, éw short, nearly as in b ‘akeal ws i ue eh nt A A el iz tree Fossano, (Sard.) Fossombrone, (Pont. St.) Fossum, (Norw.) Fotheringay, (Eng.) Fougeres, (Fr.) Fougerolles, (Fr.) Fourche, la. Fourches, les, (I*r.) mt. Fousseret, le, (1*r.) Foveaux, (New Zealand,) fo-v0! fos-sa!no fos-sim-bro'ne fos'sum foth'eringay Soo-gére! fooze-réle la foorsh le foorsh lé fooss-re! See La Furea. strait. Foz, (Port.) fas Frades, (Sp.) Fraga, (Sp.) Wraknoallya. See Forehtenau. Us fra'des Gallica Flavia. fra! ga frak-nad-al-ya jrine fra pre Sframe-rt! fram! mérs-bach! la frang-sdaze! frantkd-vil la lad frangs Frain, (Mor.) Frais Puits, (Fr.) spring. Frameries, (Belg.) 3 Frammersbach, (Bav.) Francaise, la, (Ir.) Francavilla, (Napl.) ‘rance 7 : eee ie (ix. Gallia. Franceses, Porto dos, (Braz.) pd7'toe doos frang-se! ses Franche Comté, or Haute- Bourgogne, (Fr.) old pr. Francisco, San, (Calif) Francaforte, (Sic.) Francois, St., (Guadeloupe:-) Francoli, (Sp.) 7. Franconia, (Germ. ; £- Franken, or Franken- Jand,) old div. Franeker, (Neth.) Franken. See Franconia. Frankenau, (Bav.) Frankenberg, (Sax.) fran! kén-bérg! Frankenhausen, (Germ.) fran!'kén-how'zén Frankenland. Sce Franconia. fran! 'kén-landt! Frankenstein, (Sil. ) frau 'kén-stine! Frankenthal, (Bay.) fran! 'kén-tale! RR aoe (Bay.) chain fran! kén-valat! oy mts. Sete an der Oder,(Pr.) frank/foort dn dér o!dér Frankfurt am Main, (Germ.) frank! fogrt dm mine frant! séns-brogn! (badt') Franzensbrun, or I’ran- zensbad, (Boh.) frant!séns-feés'te fras-ka' tt t fradngsh king-te sp. sadn frén-this'ko fran-kad-for'te — sang frang-so-i! frdin-ko-le! : fran-ko'ne-a fra'ne-ker fran! ken fran! 'kén-ouw! Franzensveste, (Austr.) Frascati, (C. It.) dy, ly, NY, liquid. — An’! ger. — &, ch, guttural ; gas s spur. — iy ly may Viguid. — An! ger — & Ohh BON) a = 1343 Frascolari, (Sic.) 7. Fyrassinetto, (Pied.) fras-si-net'to Fratta, ({t.) fratita — Frau, (Switz.) mt. chain. frou Fraubrumnen, (Switz.) Fons Beate Virgins. Frauenburg, (Pr.) Frauenfeld, (Switz) Frauenstem, (Sax-) Fraustadt, (R. Pol. ; pol. Wschowa.) Fredensborg, (Denm.) Fredericia, (Denm.) Fredericksvark, (Denm.) Frederickshamn; o7 Hami- na, (Finl.) Frederikberg, (Denm.) ~ Frederiksborg, (Sweden.) Frederikshald, 07 Frede- rikshall, (Norw.) Frederikshavn. See Flad- strand. Frederikstad, (Norw.) Frederiksvaern, (Norw-) Fregenal de la Sierra, (Sp.) Freiberg, (Sax.) fras-ko-ld' rt Srow brogu nen frow én-bogrg! frow én-feldt! frow én-stine! frow stadt fré'déins-borg! fré-de-rit' sha frélde-riles-verk! fré!de-riks-hamn! fré! de-rik-bérg! fré!de-rilkes-borg! fré!de-rils-hal fré!de-riks-houn! fré!de-riks-stad! fré! de-riks-vérn! fre-che-nal! de la st-er!rat fru bérg Freiburg. See Fribourg. fri beers Freienwalde, (Pr.) fri! én-vdl'de Freising, (Bav.) fru'aing Freistadt, or Freystac ore es EN fri'stidt (Germ. ) Fréjus, (Fr.) Forwm Julii. Fresnay, or I'renay le Vi- comte, (Fr.) Sre-gts! fré-nd lé vi-kingt! ta fré-na! fréne fres-nil' yo Rr a etic Sré-no lé gring fréte-val! froi-dén-stdadt! frow dén-tale! Fresnes, or Frénes, (Fr-) Fresnillo, (Mex.) Fresnot le Grand, (Fr) Freteval, (Fr.) Freudenstadt, (Wiurt.) Freudenthal, (Austr.) Freyberg, ( Mor.) fri’ berg Freystidtel, (H. 5 h.Galgécz,) frt!sta-tel Preywaldau, or Friewalde, Flas7i]l Austr ) fri'val' dou Frias, (Sp-) frilas Friaul. See Friuli. ‘fri-oul! Fribourg, or Freiburg tsk Switz.) cant. and cit. fré-bogr! Frickthal, (Switz.) frik' tile Friedberg, (Austr.) fridt berg Friedeck, (Austr.) Sri deék Friedland, (Pr.) fridt!lindt Friederichshaten, o7 Buch- | horn, (Wiirt.) Friesland, or Vriesland, (Neth.) pz. Triesland, Ost, (Han.) Friewalde. Sce Freywaldau. Frigento, (Napl.) Frigido, (1t.) 7. Frio, (Braz.) cape. Frische Haff, (Pr.) lagoon. Frische Nehrung, (Pr.) Fritzlar, (Germ.) Fritzoe, (Norw.) Friuli, (N. It; g- old prov. Frobsdorf, (Austx.) Frohse, (Pr-) Fromista, (Sp-) Fronleithen, (Styria-) Fronsac, (Fr.) Fronteira, (Port.) Frontera de Tabasco, (Mex.) Frontignac, (Fr) Frosinone, o” Frusinone, It.) Frusino. Froyen, or Frojen, (Norw-) fri! de-richs-halfén orts! landt ost fris'landt fri'val-de frid-sen'to frid! si-do Sri! 90 Sfri'she haf fri! she nel regng frits' lar frits’ & Friaul x & ul,) fri! oq-lt frohz! dorf Sroh'ze fro-mis' ta fron! l2-ten fring-sik! 1 fring-+ta! ira a ae “ art a la fron-te’ra me ti-bas!ko frong-tin-yak? frd-si-nd'ne frot! én ——er ——™ frie frog-si-nd/ne ay oe Frog tt-gen asl. Fruges, (Fr-) Frusinone. See Frosinone. Frutigen, (Switz.) Fuca, or Juan de Fuca, (Oregon,) strait. Fucino, or Celano, Lago, (Napl.) Lacus Fucinus. Fuego, Volcano de, (Gua- temala,) Fuencaliente, (Sp-) foo-en-ka-li-en! te Fuente de Higuera, (Sp-) fog-en'te de i-gelrt Fuente de Leon, (Sp-) foo-en'te de le-dn! Fuente Ovejuna, (Sp.) fog-en'te d-ve-choolna Ffoolka lit! o fog-chi!no vol-ki!no de fog-e'go oe Fuente Rabia, or Fuenter- Foo-en'te ra-bi! a rabia. See Fontarabia. ‘foo-en'ter-ra-bila Fuentes de Don Bermuda, ‘fog-en'tes de don ber-mog!- $ dd Sp. ¢ me. de Onore, (Sp) foo-en'tes de o-nd!re Fuerte Roxas, (S. “.) foo-er'te 70! chas Fuerte San Felibe de Ben- fog-er'te siin fe-T'be de guela, (coast of Congo.) ben-gella in pleasure. — 2 final, Fr. re. — 0, between and ft ——!aT | | {| || | | | | } | | | PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Fuerte San Juan de Ulloa, Fuerte San Miguel, (S. A.) Fuerteventura, or I’orte- ? ventura, (one of the Ca- naries.) 5 Fihnen. See Fyen. Fulda, (Germ.) Fiilek, (H.) Fulep Szatlas, (1.) Soo-er'te sdn chog-ain' de ool-yo'a Sog-er'te sadn mi-gel! fog-er'te ven-too'rd fi'nén Fool’ da fw lek Feo- Le ep sda lihsh Fulneck, or Fulnik, (Norw.) . pee nek (nik) Fumay, (Fr.) Funaeza, (i.) Funchal, (Madeira ) Funfkirchen, (H. ; 2. Pécs, } or Péts.) ) Furea, la, (Switz. ) fr. La | Fourche,) m. Fured, (1.) Fured, Tisza, (H.) Furlo, (C. It.) pass. Intercisa. Furnes, or Veurne, Furstenan, (Switz. Furstenfeld, ( Austr.) Fdrstenwaide, (Pr.) Farth, (Bav.) Fusaro, (Napl.) lake. Fusignano, (N. It.) Fissen, (Bav.) Futalc, ( t.) Fuur, or Fuurland, } (Denin.) isl. Fiizes-gyarmath, (H.) Fyen, Fuhnen, (Denm.) } isl Fionia. Fyens-hoved, (Denm.) cape. Fuzes, Gyepu o7 Khé, (H.) Petra ) (Belg.) Sit-ma fi oni ‘sa SG gn-ch al! Siinf Kir! chen la foor’ka fit-red tis'sad fit-red foor'lo fiirn Siir'ste-nou p ten -féldt! 7! stén-vdl'de Soo-sii'ro Sc Q-StN-1a ‘no fits'!sén Soo-tal foor, feor'land fitt-zesh-dyar-mat fulen fu léns-hd'véd dye-pt (ko) fa-zesh Ci: GABARRET, (F'r.) Gabdau, (Boh. ; 0. Jablona.) Gabia, (Braz.) mt, Gablonz,(Boh.; 6.Gablunka.) Gaboon, (Guinen,) bay. Gibris, (Switz. Gacs, (H.) Gacska, (Croatia,) r. Gadebusch. (N. Germ.) Dei Lucas. j Gador, (Sp-) mts. Gaeta, (It.) a Gaibach, (Bav.) Gail, (LIL ; ; slav. Silla,) r. Gagayan, ( Philippines.) Gaillac, (Fr.) Gais, (Switz.) G usberg, (Bav.) mt. Galacz, ( Moldavia.) Galantha, (H.) ) mt. Galapagos, los, (5S. Sea,) ) isls. \ Galata, (Constantinople,) | suburb. \ Gali os (Sic.) Galeri p(B) ms G: Tec Z. Se Galicia, (Sp. Galle Ua. Galicia, (Austr.; g. Galizi- en; i. Halic Lig) ) Neu nadom. > Freystidtel. oid prov. ee ee eee Galita, (Mediter.) ish Ca- lathe. Galitsch, (R.) Gall, St. See St. Gallen. Gallacallay, (Chile,) r. Gallarate, (Lomb.) Galle, Point de, (Ceylon.) Gallego, (Sp.) 7. Galliano, (N. It.) Gallinas, (N. Gran.) cape. Gallipoli, (Napl.) Cuallipolis. Galmier, St., (Fr.) Galmis. See Charmey. Galofaro, or Capo di Faro, (Messina,) whirlpool. Charybilis. Gamarge, (Fr.) Gambia, (Af) r. Gamla Ki urleby, (Finl.) Gand. See Ghent. Gandia, (Sp.) Gangalandi. Ganges, (Fr.) Gannat, (Fr.) Gap, (Fr.) “apincum. Garachico, ('Teneriffe.) See Castra. gd-bar-re@ ga b ‘dou gd' bi-a gi! blonts, ya-blogn' kit ga-boon! ge! bris gahtsh ae tsh'ka@ Ta é-boosh TT 5 58 IS ~~ Q R med In & ow SI wee TS 7 f 5 d-sd-ydn Prem I ~2-yal' , o I gal-y ak! R % ~! ris! be rg ra lats ri-lan' ti s cd-la ‘pil-gos lapa ‘Gos =o I> Te 3 TT ei ga-la-ta! ga-la'tt gd-le'ra gal gzohts! ralrahtan £ tsi a3 ga vids galish'ia, ga-lit'st-én ga-li! ti ga'lit i Sang oa il gal-ya-kal-ya 1 wil -ld-rd ‘te an podang dé cal gal-ye' co gal-li-d'no gallu! nas; sp. gal-yi'nds gal- li! po- li sang gdl-mi-e! gal'mis ga-lo'fi-ro i ey ga-marge gam'bi-d gam'la kar'le-bt BOE gan-di' a 4 ant gdn-ga-lan' dt finns gdang-g ganna! Lap ga-rii-chi'ko 3 & gal- sp. od-li'thi-d | Geert Garam. See Gran. Garam Szollés, (H.; ¢. Ribnick. Gard, le, (Fr.) dep. Gard, Pont de, (F'r.) Garda, (N. It.) Gardaful, (E. Gardon, (Fr.) 7. Garessio, (Sard.) Garfagnana, (N. It.) distr. Gargano, (Napl.) penins. Garcanus. Garigliano, (Napl.) x. Garlasco, ( Pied.) Garka. See Gorchen. Garonne, la, (Fr.) 7. ruminda. Garonne, Garrigue, (Fr.) mt. Garrobillas, (Sp.) Gartempe, (Fr.) r. Garz, (Pr.) Garzirola, (Switz.) mt. xascopne, or Gascony, (Fr.) old prov. Gaspé, (Lower Can.) distr. Gastein, or Wildbad-Gas- tein, ( Austr.) Gastuni, (Gr.) | Gata, (Sp.) Gatarita, (S. A.) lake. GAtinois, (Fr.) old div. Gatschina, (R.) Gatteville, (Fr.) mts. | Gaudens, St., (Fr.) Gausson, (Fr.) Gavari, (S. A.) r. Gavarnie, (Fr.) Gave d’Aspe, (Fr.) Gave de Pau, (Fr.) Gavi, (Sard.) Gavia, (Sard.) Gavia‘ , ( Port.) Géant, Col du, (Pennine ps.) Gebice, (Posen ) ruidenberg, ( Geertsbergen, 3elz.) Gefle, (Sw.) Gefleborg, ota) ) prov Geib, (i. {Hibbs Geiersbe ro, RA) mt. Geisenheim, (W. Geiser, (Ie eland, ») Sprina Gelderland, Guelderland, Geldern, (Neth.) pr. Gelde rn, (Pr. a Tee Gelenan, or Ge Inau, Gellheim, (Germ.) Gelnhausen, (C. Germ.) Gemappe, (Belg.) Gembloux, (Belg.) Gemme, Ste, le Robert, Gemmi, (Sw itz.) mt. Gemona, ( Lomb.) Gemtind, or Gmund, (Germ.) Gemunden, (Germ.) Genargentu, TUNG. Geniuro, or Gennaro, Monte, (It.) Gendringen, ( Neth.) Genemuyden, ( Neth.) See Genoa Geneva, (Switz. ; néve; o. Gent; nevra.) Genéve. See Geneva. Genéve, Lac de. fer See. Genevese, or Genevois, (Sard.) prov. Génévieve, Ste, (Fr.) Genes. Genevois. Sce Aff.) prom Haute, (Fr.) dep. Neth.) or Gramont, } Germ.) or Gmunden, (Sard.) mt. St G e- at. Gi- Genevese. ) ) ——— Liris. Ga-) j ) Sas by.) Guelders.) (Sax.) | Gelgécz, or Freistadtel, (Fr.) ey ee 5 See Gen- ) ——~ Genevre, (Cottian Alps,) m. Genf. See Geneva. Genfer See, Boden See.) Gengenbach, (Bad.) Geniez, St., (I'r.) Genil, ox Xenil, (Sp.) 7. Genis, ac (Sav. ) Genis, S , Laval, (Fr.) Genlis, (Fr) Gennaro. See Genaro. Genoa, (It. ; ue Genova ; . Genua.) fr. Génes ; g (Switz. ; Lac ILeman, Lac de Genéve, ga ‘ram WDA Vlas rdlram s@ a f og £ m 4 lé gar pong dé salu garida — gar-da-foo't gar-dong! Za-rTes S$t-0 gar-fdn-ya'nd gar-ga'no gd-ril-ya'no gar-las'ko garlki eed: la ga-rine ote wa-rone! crar-r?2 gl rar-r6-bil' yas gir-tan Ep art ane st-ro'la gas-kony 9 93.99 93 ov gids! tine se Ai et £AS-190 Nt ji gata gd-ta- ri-t a! ga-ti-no- 5a! £ at!/shi-na ~ git-vile! sang g0-ding! LO -sona! ga-via'ré j gd-var-n?! ave gave ae py TA ot S ddsp I rd! viel ~ as r gda-vi-d' gong -Ol duo / kol di ge-ang geél' dér-lanadt landt’, Te lidern {, wel! dér- aél'dérn L, gél'nou awolts rel’ hime 6 ee geln’hou'zén i ge-map gang- blog! sdngt gem lé ro-bere! dszem'mi dge-mo'na 5 f / We-77L tl é mittind gé-mitin' dén 7 ; . } dge-ndrd-gen-tog! (gen' tog) mon'te dgze(dgén)-nd-ro er pey eee pan £én' drin ‘oébn 4 2 / 3 Ze-ne-mow den céne gene rene'v Tene va ass Aa) oP- " ve NEVE lak dé gé-néve! : a dge-ne-ve sé . . - AL sangt f2e-ne-vi-€ve Po géne-v0-a! dge-ne'vre, (fé-névr') gen BT Ese gen fer-ze gén!! gén-bach! sang gé-ni-e! Che-nil! sang ge-ni! sang gé-ni gan: lal dgen- na'ro gen! vad dge'nb-vd ' ld-val! x ix. S Belo Genoix, St., (Belg.) Gentilly, (Fr.) Genua. See Genoa, Geoire, St., (Fr.) George, St., de Montaigu, ) (Fr.) George, St., d’Oleron, (Fr.) Georgen, St., (Austr. ) Georgia. See Tshildir. } (Turk.) prov. \ Georgiewsk, (R.) gov. Gera, (C. Germ.) Gerace, (Napl.) Zocri. Gérand-du-Puy, St., (Fr.) Gérardmer, o7 Géromé, (Fr.) Gerbier-des-Jones, (Ce- i vennes, Fr.) mt. Gerez, Serra de, ( Port.) mt. chain. Gergal, (Sp.) Gergenti. See Girgenti. Gergesmarkt. See Sepsi Szent Gyorgy. Fr.) forest. Germain, St., ( Germain, St., de la Cou- dre, (F'r.) Germain, St., en Mon- tagne, (Fr.) Germain, St., sur Ay, (Fr.) Germain, St., en Laye, German Ocean. Sree N Se rmany, (Deutschland ; Allemagne. ) Ger- “mania. ( ) \ ) j (Fr.) Nordsee. » Germersheim, (Bav.) Vi- )} cus Julius. j Gernsbach, (W. Germ.) Gernsheim, (Germ. ) Gerolzhofen, ( Bay.) Géromé. See Gérardmer. Gerona, (Sp.) Gerunda. Gerrl, (Sp.) cerris. Gers, le, (Fr.) dep Gersau, (Sw itz.) Gertruidenberg, CNet) Gervais, St., (1°: Geserichsee, (P re) lake. Gesira, (Turkey,) pr. Gespannschaft. Sge Gessenay. See Gesualdo, (Nipl.) Getafe, (Sp.) Gévaudian, (Fr.) ol Gex, (Fr.) adnen. l prov. Gewisowize. Sve Jaispie. Gheel, (Belg. Gheluwe, (Bel Ghemme, (Pi P Ghent, (Be is.; fr. Gand.) , Be le.) (Napl.) di Lusiana, Ghislain, St., (f Giacomo, San, Giacomo, San, (N. It.) Gianicolo, (Rome,) hill. Gianuti, (Tusc. Sea,) isl. Giarratana, (Sic.) Cerata- num. Giarretta, or Simeto, (Sic.) 7. Siumethus. Giaveno, (Pied.) Gibraleon, (Sp.) Gibraltar, (Sp. ; a7. Sche- bel al Tarik.) Calpe. Gibraltar, (sp. Estrecho de Gibraltar,) strait. Gibraltar, San Antonio de, ( Venez.) Giéjn. See Gitschin. Gidea, (Sw.) 7. Giebichenstein, Gien, (Fr.) Giessen, (Germ.) Gigantinu, (Sard.) mt. Gigelli. See Jije li. Gigitonhanha, (Braz.) r. Giglio, (Mediter.) isl. Lgil- Lid. Gignac, (Fr.) Giguela, (Sp.) 7. Gijon, (Sp.) Gila, (Californ.) r. Gilboa, (Palestine,) mts. Gildas, St., de Ruis, (Fr.) Gildone, (Napl.) Gilles-les-Boucheries, St., (Fr.) Gilly, (Belg.) Gilolo, (Moluc.) isis. Gimena, or Ximena, (Sp.) Gimont, (Fr.) (Pr.) Borsod. —_——rn a . or -_-~ sang gent n0-ad! gang- tii yt! (t2l-yt!) £e 7L9Q- a — £0-adre! sa ng gorge dé mong-ta- gi! sang gorge dile-réng! 2ainkt ge-or ‘gen san I geor! gia ge-or! oye wosk ge ‘Ta de -ra' che sang (ce-riing! dit-pw't &e-rdr-mere! 2. ahh evens Oo Pre -- - fer-bi-e'de-gong ser'ré de ge-res! cher-aal’ agerd-gen'tt ger! gés-markt! germane! ~ mang! sing ger-mang dé la kac dr ger-mang ang fr. sdng ger- Sang m0 Sang g-tdny! ~ v ger-mang sur a sang Fer-mang ang la ger'’muan S r Ee r many grér'mérs-hime! gern s' bach gerns' lime re ‘rolts-ho-fén re-2 ro-me! lie-rd'nd Tt ere ZOU Fér-trou dén- be rf an, or ge 7-0 a! re! 2e-rié h-ze dshe-si'ra ge-span' shaft e109: > 0 j cil ~ Oo €- @) é g 7a re¢ uH os, T> fess-nd dze-soo-dl'do che-t a ‘fe £e-vd dang! gess ye-vi' shd-vit-se géle ge-lir've gem'me £¢ nt sang oi-lang! san doa’ ko-imo sin dga'ko-mo di log-si- a’na dga-nw'ko-lo dgzd-ngg'tt dgdr-rd-ta'na dsiir! 19 spl a LY a- ve no ehi-bra- le on! Ehi-bral-ter! pib-ral'tar retitad gib-ral'tar sin Gn-to!ni-d de éhi-bril- tar! ait’ shine yi! de-o gi'bi-chén-sttne o7- i-dng! mrihs'sen dgzi-gdn-ti! NO Si-gel- li! gi-gi-ton-yan'ya ty. v dgil'yo gin-y ak! éhi-chon' ehi'la gil-bo-a! sang gil-das dé rQ-%! Let de dzil-dé ne sang gil-le-begsh-rt! EASES eit gi-t-yi!, gilyt dgi-lo!lo céhti-me'na Apacs ey gi-mong Fite, fir, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dive, move, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. —oi, boy; ou, house. — Fr. & long, 1344Ginevra. See Geneva. Ginonitz, (Boh.) Gioja, (Napl.) Giojosa, (Napl.) Giorgio, San, (1t.) Giornico, (Switz. ; g Giovanni, San, (It.) Giovanni, San, in Croce, (Lomb.) Giovanni, San, in Fiore, (Napl.) Giovanni, San, in Val d’Arno, (Tusce.) Giovenazzo, (Napl.) NVa- tiolwm. Girgenti, o7 Gergenti,(Sic.) Agrigentum. Girge, (Eg.) Girona, (N. Gran.) Gironde, (I'r.) dep. Gisors, (I'r.) Gistebnic, (Boh.) Gitschin, (Boh. ; 5. Giéjn.) Giugliano, (Napl.) Giuglietta, Santa, (Pied.) Giuglio, San, (It) zsl. Giurgewo, (Turkey.) Giustino, San, (C. It.) Givet, (F'r.) Givors, (Fr.) Givry, (Fr.) Gizeh, (Eg.) Gladbach, (Pr.) Gladova, (Servia.) Glagowatz, (H.) Glaris. See Glarus. Glarnisch, (Switz.) m. Glarus, (Switz. ; it. Gla- ris,) cant. Glats, (Pr. Sil. ; sl. Kladsko-) Glatzer-gebirge, (branch Sudetic mts.) Gleichenberg, ( Austr.) Glina, (Croatia. ) Gléckner, Gross, (Noric Alps, Austr.) Glogau, Gross, (Pr. Sil.) Glommen, (Norw.) 7. Glons, (Belz.) Gloppen, (Norw.) Gloucester, (Engl.) Clevuwm. Glowaczéw, (Pol.) Gluchow, (KR. Gliicksburg, (Denm.) Ghickstadt, (Denm.) Glurns, or Glurentz, (Tyrol.) Gluschkowa, (R.) Giniind, or Gemuind, Gmiinden, or Gemunden, Gmiinden See. Gnadenthal, (S. Afr.) Mo- ravian missionary station. Gnesen, or Gniezno, (Pr. Pol.) Goar, St., (Pr-) Goatemala. Gobain, St., (Fr.) Goave, (Hayti.) Godeno. See Grigna Set- tentrional. Godmanchester, (Eng.) Gbd6ll5, (H.) Godthaar, (Greenl.) mis- sion seminary. Goedereede, ( Neth.) Goenong Goenter,(Java,) vol, Goes, or Ter-goes, (Neth.) Goisern, (Austr.) Golancz, (Posen.) Goldau, (Switz.) Goldberg, (Pr. Sil.) Golega, (Port.) Golfe de Gascogne. Biscay. Golfo Dulce, (Guatemala. ) Goélnitz, (H.) Golo, (Cors.) 7 Gomera, la, (Canaries. ) Gbmbr, (i.) Gonaives, les, (Hayti.) Gonesse, (Fr.) Gonowitz, (Austr.) Gonzaga, (Lomb.) G&ppingen, ( Wirt.) Gorchen, (Pol. Pr. ; pol. Garka. ) Gorgonzola, (Lomb.) dist. Gorinchem. See Gorkum. Goritz, or Gorz, (Ill. ; it. Gorizia. ) Gorkum, Goreum, or Go- rinchem, (Nett) Gorlice, (Gal.) See o, Irnis.) See Traun. Sce Guatemala. dgi-ne'vra gi'nd-nits ae OeEN dzo't-a NSS dgo-t-0'sa aia feting 42 san dgor d'go dsor'ni-ko san dgo-van'nt sdn dgo-van'ni in kro!che sin dgo-van ni in fi-d're sin dgo~-van'né én val dar'no dgd-ve-ndl! so dgird-gen'tt dgird ge chi-ro'nd nd go I girongd Gi-sor! yis'teb-nits git!shine dgool-ya'no san'ta dggol-yet!ta san dgxgol'yo dggord' ge-vo sdn dggos-ti'no gi-ve! gi-vore! fi-vri! dgi'ze gladt'bach gla-do'va gla! go-vats gla'ris glar!nish een aac gla-ris', gla'rogs glats glat!sér-ge-bir' ge old! Ehén-bérg! gross glak'nér gross glo! sou glom'men glons, glong op'pen os'ter 715-vat! shogf aloo!chov vy l l l l 1 mr Techn aneis alts boorg rik! stadt rlogrns, glog'rénts glogsh'ko-va gmitind omin! dén gmt! dén ze TS T> o end! dén-tile! gné!zén, gnyes!no zankt goar 6-d-te-ma'la sang go-bang! go-dve! go-de'no gum! cester saldallar godt/hore &o9-de-ré! de Zoq!nong gogn'tér £O0s 5 go'ldntsh gol! dou Fees goldt berg g0-le! od golf dé gas-kony! gol fo dogl’the gal nits d/lo ad go-me'ra feu mar le go-nave! gerp'pin!! én gor'chen gor-gind-so'ld go'rin-chem go'rits, go-rid'si-d gor'kem gor-lit!'se Gorlitz, (Pr. Sil.) Goraja, (R.) Gorochowcz, (R. ) Gorodez, (R.) Gérz. See Goritz. Goslar, (Han.) Gosting, (Austr.) Gostynin, (Pol.) Gota-elf, (Sw.) 7. Géta-kanal, (Sw.) Gétaland, (Sw.; e Goth- land ; fr. Gothie,) old div. Gitarike, (Sca.) old div. Géteborg, (Sw. ; e. Gothen- burg.) Géteborgs Lan, on Goéteborgs-Bohus-lan, (Sw,) prov. Gotha, (C. Germ.) Gothie. See Gdteland. Gothard, St., or Gotthard, (Lepontine Alps,) mts. Géttingen, (Han.) Gottland, (Baltic,) zs/. Gottlieben, (Switz.) Gottorf, or Gottorp, (Denm.) amt. Gottska-Sandoe, (Baltic,) asl. Gouda, or Tergouw, (Neth.) Gourdon, (Tr.) Gournay, (Ir.) Goyana, (Braz.) Goyaz, or Goyas, (Br.) prov. Goyra, (Braz.) Grabow, (N. G.) Grabowiec, (Pul.) Gracias a Dios, ¢@uatemata,) Gradiska, ( Austr.) Gradiska, Nova, (Austr) Gradiska, Sztara, (Austr.) Gradule, la, (Fr.) mt. Graef, or Grave, Grafenberg, (Germ.) Graglia, (Sard.) Gragnana, (Napl.) Graham Island, or Ferdi- } nandea, Gramat, (EY) a Ee Grammichele, (Sic.) Grammont, (Belg. ; flem.. Geeradsbergen.) Gran, (H.; 2. Garam,) 7 Gran, (H.; #. Esztergom.) } ) Strigoniwm. Graiia, (Sp.) Granada, (Sp.) Granada, Nueva, o» New } Granada, (S. A.) state. Granada, (Sp.) Illiberis. Granadilla, (Sp.) Granatula, (Sp.) Gran Canaria. ry Islands. Grandbourg Salagnac, (I'r.) Grand-champ, (F'r.) Grand Galargues, (Fr) Grand-lieu, (Fr.) lake. Grand-lucé, (Fr.) Grande-chartreuse, la,(Fr.) cloister. Grande-riviére, (U. §.) Grande-terre, (Guadeloupe, ) Grande Vermejo, (5. A.) 7. Grandpré, (Fr.) Grandson, o7 Granson, (Switz.) Graner Gespannschaft, (H.; h. Esztergom Var- megye,) Cc Grangarde, commonly Grange, (Sw.) Granitola, (Sic.) prom. Granja, la, de Torrehermo- ) sa Cb Granollers, (Sp-) Gran Para, (Braz.) 7. Gran Sasso dItalia,(Napl.) mts. Gransee, (Pr.) Granson. See Grandson. Granville, (Fr.) Grannonun Grinz Szigeth, (H. ; 2. 821- gethvar.) Graslitz, (Boh.) Grasse, (Fr) Gratz, (Styria ; sl. Nie- metzki-Gradetz. ) Gritz, (Pr. ; pol. Gretzlack.) Graubiinden. See Grisons. Graudenz, (Pr.) Grave, or Graef, (Neth.) Grave, la, (Fr.) ote; % short, biit.—Fr. & long, eu s hort, nearly as in spur. —dy, ly, ny, liquid. — An! ger. —£, 169 Me ER hs rhs ae ae Oa ye ‘ | | ; —— See Cana- } PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL gar lits gor'nad-ya g0-r0'cho-veéts go-ro-déts! génrts gos'lar gods! ting gos-ti'nin yeu'td-éelf youl ta-ka-nahl you' ta-landt youl ta-vi'le you te-borg! yar! te-borgs léhn yor te-borgs bo'hus léhn te gota go-ti! zankt gov hardt 9 Aatitin! gen rot! landt rot'li-bén MW Is 7 ot'torf (torp) ts'ka-sdnd' & rou'da or-dong! oor-na! ana as! 79 og So t 0-1 —~? 03 9g 9 TQ T cr Ot = a 20' irda Seen grd-bo!luyéts gra'thi-ds @ di-os! gra-dish' ka no'vd gra-dish'ka sta/ra@ ara-dish'ka ae yr A > la gra-dtl! nay eae £ i Je n-ve Tg grdllyd gran-ya'nd gra'ham gra-md! ordm-mi-ke!le anon grdm-mong gran rr an To ran'ya rd-na' di me noo-e'va gra-na’da ¥ 035 05 gra-na' da gra-na-dil' ya gra-na-tog/ld gran ka-na'ri-a gradng-boor! sd-lan~yale! grang shang i oS eal oie 7 I grang gi-larg grang li-or grding Ttt-se! lé gréngd shir-trédze! gringd-ri-vi-ére! ordngd-tére oran'de ver-me! cho grang-pre eae Reson gréng-song grilnér ge-span' schaft op Anal > antl op gran-gér'de, gre ge grd-ni!to-ld ld ordn'cha de tor're-er- mo'sa gra-nol-yers! gran pa-vrd! grin sds! so di-ta/li-a Ss Dot gran ze grdng-son gl ot rytlel grang vile site of! grénts sv get gras'lits mrass S: — gy o> w ‘ats “ow bitin-dén “oul dénts ara! be, ardve ld grave T> TS TJ Ts ~~ y4 o a NAMES. Gravelines, (I'r.; ¢. Greve- lingen.) Gravenhaag, 8’, (Neth. ; Hague, La Haye, Haag.) Graves, (Fr.) : grdve-line! wil ana ss=9 sora’ ven-hig z : ! grave Gravina, (Napl.) erd-vilna Xr 7. > ra Gray, (Fr.) gra Grecium, Grecia, Gra- jacum. Grazalema, (Sp.) Greenland, (A.; dan. Gxon- Jand.) Gregorio, San, (Napl.) Greifenberg, (Sil.) Greifswalde, (Pr.) grats, grats Graz, or Graz, (Styria.) gerd-tha-le'ma gree land in reenter GLE sdn gre-g6'ri-0 grufen-berg grifs' val-de = Greina, la, (Switz.) mt. la gre't-na Greitz, (C. Germ.) grits Grenaae, (Denm.) gre'nd Grenada, (W. Ind.) isi. Grenade, (Fr.) Grenadines, or Grenadil- las, (W. Ind.) isl. Grenchen, (Switz.) Grenelle, (I'r.) Grenoble, (Fr.) Gratanop- gre-na'da, gren'd-da grenade! pré-na-dine!, gre-nd-dil'- yds grén' chen gré-nel! ena BLE gré-nobl olis. Gresivaudan, (Fr.) v. gré-si-vo-ding! Gretzlack. See Gratz. grets! lak Grevelingen. See Gravelines. gre've-lin'' gen Greyers. Sce Gruyeres. ori! ers Grez-en-Bouére, (I'r.) gres-dng-bog-ere! Grezzana, (N. It.) gret-sd! na Griechisch Weiszenburg. yl ahech vis!sen- = See Belexad. gri! chish vis! sén-boorg Gries, (Lepontic Alps,) mt. Griesbach, (Bad.) Grigna Settentrional, or gris gris'bach ch, guttural; gas s in pleasure. — PO as tn) ere ~ 2 } o7 set-ten- -O0-71C ] Godeno, (Lomb.) mt. grin'yd set-tentre-o-n Grignan, (#r.) Grignols, (Fr-) Grigoni. See Grisons. Grigoriopol, (R.) Grijota, (Tabasco, M.) 2 Grimaud, (Fr.) gulf. Gam- bracius Suuis. Grimberghen, (Belg.) Grimma, (Sax.) Grimsel, (Bernese Alps,) mt. Grinager, (Norw-) Grindelwald, (Switz.) Gripsholm, (Sw-) Grisignana, (Ill.) Grislehamn, (Sw-) Gris-nez, (Fr.) cape. Grisolles, (Fr-) Grisons, les, (SwitZ.; ¢- Graubtinden ; it, Grigo- ni,) cant. Grita, la, (Venez.) Grocholice, (Pol.) g70-cho-lit'se Grochéw, (R. Pol.) gro! choof Grodek, (R-) ord! dél Grodno, (R.) gov- grod'no Grod2isko, (Pol.) grod-shts'ko Groiec, (Pol.) gro! yéts Groningen, (Neth.) gro'nin' oer grin-yang! a5 aI) £7 én-you" sree rrt-0-ri-d-pol! RDS eae gri-cho'lé gri-mo! meron! hy pal > grim! bergen grim'ma 4 ve Teg a) gervm! Zeb ori! nd-g er grin’ dél-valdé spol halml grips holm gri-sin-yd' nd grisUhamn ering gri-zol 5 pseednial le grt-z0ng lad ov 7'ta v Grénland. See Greenland. gra@dn'ldnd Gros, (Fr.) cape. gro Gros Morne, (Isle Bour- ai GMneHn bon,) me ie > . as ne Gross Beeren, (Pr.) gross bel'réin 1 NP “N ale >} NI ny f Grosz Glockner, (Noric A.) ) gross*elok!nér CU, . Grosz Gorschen, (Pr.) gross ghar! shén Grosz Jigerndorf, (Pr.) gross ye! 9 érn-dory Grosz-Meseritsch, (Mor.) gross me'ze-ritsh Grosz Pechlarn, ( Austr.) Arclape- 95 = ci & 4 peceh'larn Grosz Salza, (Pr) gross z2alt!sad Grosz Scheuern, (‘Trans.) gross shot! trn Groszenhein, (Sax.) gros’ sén-hine Grosz Steffelsdort. See ordss stefifelsdork! tima Szombat. © cae = Grosz Rohrsdorf, (Sax.) gross rolus'dorf Groszmichel. oross-mi/chél michaly. Groszwardein, (I. ; . Na- gy Varad.) Grotta di Napoli, (Napl.) See Nagy- grot'ta di nia! po-Te cave. ty Grottamare, (It.) grot-td-md're Grétzingen, (Bad.) graut'sin' gin Grubenhagen, (N. Germ.) ia ists grog! bén-ha' gen d distr. Grudek, (Austr. Gal.) grooldék i Griinberg, (Pr. Sil.) grin berg Giiiningen, (Wirt.) grilnin gen Gytirmannshohle, (Pr-) cave. grivirimans-Red le Griitli, (Switz.) grille Gruyéres, (SWZ. go Gre- prtt-i-yere! yors. ! sas Gsteig, (Switz.) gsttg r final, Fr. 7c. —¥, between v and f- 1346 cae ~ SS Se aeCe a ee oa ee ee A PRN, oe , ” Pee ees RE a od + al ah india Me Te oe - al a ees Ce ode eae a lg GPO CARE, as Fe ee ue a tf Guadajos, PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Guacura, ( Venez.) Guachinango, (Mex.) Guachipe, (Pl. Conf) (Sp-) Guadalaviar, (Sp.) Guadalaxara, or Guada- lajara, (Sp.) Guadalaxara. See Xalisco. Guadalcanal, (Sp.) Guadaleanar, (Austral.) isl. Guadalcazar, (Potosi,) mt. Guadalete, (Sp.) 7. Guadalimar, (Sp.) 7 Guadalix, (Sp.) Guadalqnivir, (Sp. ; 47- Wad-al-Kebir,) r. Ba- tis. Guadalupe. _ Guadalupe, Sierra de,(S Carpetani Montes. Guadamur, (Sp.) Guadarama, or Guadarra- ) ma, Sierra de, (Sp.) Guadasira, (Sp.) Guadasuar, (Sp-.) Guadayra, (Sp.) 7. Guadeloupe, or Guadelupe, ) la, CW. Ind. )i j Guadiamar, (Sp.). 7. Guadiana, (Sp.) r. Guadiaro, (Sp.) 7. Guadiato, (Sp-) Ds Guadiela, (Sp.) 7. Guadix, (Sp. ; ar. Wadi- ) As h.) Acct. , Guaduas, (Columb.) Guajara, (Tenerifie,) mts. Sce Bua celoue, 2 p-) ? ) Aitas. Gualateiri, (Peruv. And.) ) volc. mt. { Gualillas, (Peruv. And.) ) pass. j Guallago, or Huallago, (S. } AL) 7: 5 Guamachuco. See llua- } machuco. { Guamanga. . See Huamanga. Guamantagua, (Peru.) Guanabacoa, (Cubi.) Guanacache, (PI. Conf.) lagoon. Guanahanl, vador. Guanare, ( Venez.) Guanasevi, (Mex.) Guanaxuato, (Mex.) state. Guancabamba, (S. A., Ec- } uador.) Guancavelica. S cavelica. Guanchaco, (Peru.) / 4 now San Sal- ce Huan- See Huanuco. A) he See Itenes. Guanuco, Guapay, (8. Guapore. Guarapari, (Braz.) mts. Guarapiche, ( Venez.) 7. ae ey (Braz.) Guarda, Ja, (Port.) Lancia ) Op; ridana. Guardafui, (Af.) prom. Guardamar, (Sp.) Guardia, (Napl.) Guarena, (Sp.) Guarico, (S. A.) 7. Guarisamey,(Durango, Mex.) g Guarochiri, (Peru,) distr. Guastalla, (N. It.) Guatalco, See Huatalco. Guatavita, (N. Gran.) Guatemala, Goatemala, (5. A.). state. Guatemala, la Nueva, (Guat.) Guatemala, la Vieja, (Guat.) Guatitlan, (Mex.) r. Guatlan. See Huatlan. Guatuleo, (Oaxaca, Mex.) Guaura. See Huaura. £99-G-ka'ra £99-d-ché-nan' go 20909-d-chi-pe! co 99-d-dd-chos' a a. f es * Ei Geta cate vi-dr g90- 0-d-di-la-chi'rd g00- a-da-la-cha'ra g9-d- -dal'ka-nal! £097 a-dal-kd-nar! £09" o-ui-dal' ka! thir d-dd-le'te 99-t-da- li-mar! £90- go-d-da-l zth! aN 5 — - i 299-d-ddl-kt-vir “- o9-d-di-loo!pe ‘rd de 700-4 a-dd-lgo'pe % >* 2-er CON d-dd-moor' 8 90- ~~ si-er'rd de «o9-d-dd(dar)- rd! md ad-dd-si'ra 3 oo-d —~ 9-d-da-soq-dr' _—— i-ra ? a3 > ss — 99-a-da! la -wade-logp' iro £09-G-di-d-mir' co gqo9-d-di-a'na Par 10-d-d7-a'ro ~ % TR 00-a-di-a'to . “~~ oo-d-di-e'la z oo £96 -d-dith! ran ' es £90-4 doo-ds a goo-d-cha'ra oS £00-d-li-te'i-r% “~~ , £099-d-lil' yds vc . sey £o9-al-ya! go A a ana-chootk £00-a-Ma-ciigg' ko ~ goo-d-man' ga “~~ J - £90-d-man-td! 799-a Prt £09-d-na-ba-ko'a ~ 2090-d-nu-ka' che = £99- d-nd-ha' ni a £99-d-nd're 790-d-nd-se-vi! oo v—~-™ £009-a-na-choo-a!to Oat p £99-an'ka-bam' ba “™ Sos FS Ts¥e “L253 £00-an kii-ve-li' ka “- = “ See Habana. { Have; le, (Nov. Scot.) hard. Havel, (N. Germ.) 7. Havelberg, (Pr.) Haverfordwest, (Wales.) Havre, le, ox Havre de Grace, (Fr.) Hayange, (I'r.) Haye, la, Descartes, (F'r.) Haye, la See S’Gravenhaag. Haynau, or Heinau, (Pr.) Hayti, (W. Ind.) See Haiti. Hazebrouk, (F'r.) Hechingen, (S. W. Germ.) Hecho, (Sp.) Hechosoa, (Mex.) Hecla, or Hekla, (Icel.) vole. Heddesdorf, (Pr.) Hedemarken, (Norw.) distr. Hedemora, (Sw.) Hedenfors, (Sw-) Heemstede, we Heer, (Neth. Heerde, (Neth.) Heerenberg, S’, (Neth.) Heerenveen, (Neth.) Heerlen, (Neth.) Heesch, (Neth.) Heggbach, (Wirt) Hegyallya, (H.) distr. Hegyes, Mezé, (H.) Hegyk6, (H.; g. Heiligen- stein.) Hellenstein, (Wiirt.) Heida. See Haida. Heide, or Heyde, (Denm.) Heidelberg, (Bad.) Heidenheim, (Wiirt.) Heidesheim, (Germ.) Huiduk, (Trans.) Heilbronn, (Wiurt.) Heiligenberg, (Bad.) re Flavia: Heiligenblut, (Austr.) Heiligenhafen, (Denm.) Heiligenkreutz, (Austr) Heiligenkreutz, (H.; 2. Nemet-Kereztur.) Heiligenkreutz, (H. ; 2. Szent-KereZzt. ) Heiligenstadt, (Pr.) Heiligenstein. See Hegyk6. Heiligkreuz, (Tyvrol.) Heilsberg, (Pr.) Heinau. See Haynau. Heinrichsbad. Sce Herisau. Hekla. Sce Hecla. Hekle-Fjeld, (Norw.) mu. Heldburg, (Germ.) Helder, (Neth.) Helena, St., (S. Atl. Oc.) isl. Héléne, Ste, (Fr.) Helette, (Fr.) Ftelge-in, (Sw.) 7. Helgenas, (Denm.) penins. Helgoland, or Heligoland, (North Sea,) isl. Hertha. Hellebek, (Denm.) Hellendoorn, (Neth.) Hellevoetsluys,or Helvoet- sluys, (Neth.) Hellin, (Sp.) J2wnwm. Helme, (Pr.) 7. Helmershausen, (Germ.) [lelmsley, (Eng.) Helmstadt, (C. Germ.) Helsingborg, (Sw-) Helsingfors, (I inl.) ha! ter-dér ha-hihs hat/tém hat! tén-hime! hat'tin' gén hat-vahn hat-seg hits! feldt 6'bor-dang! how! ki-ve' st hous! bér-ge hou! zén hous' rook - Ny dte-bogr-gony dte-kongb 6te-ltiss Gte-for! Ote-rive! 6te-vile! *“™ 6-vi-2-ye!, d-vil-ye! ho la d-va'nad ha-van'na lé have hii! fil ha! fél-béerg har'ford-west lg havr, hdvr dé gras Joe d-t-ydngsh! la ha-de-kart! la ha h2!now ha'te; fr. a-i-té! hiize-brogk! hé!chin'! gén e!cho é-chd-so/a helkla, hel'la héd! dés-dorf! he! de-mar'ken he-de-moo'ra he! dén-fors! hehm! sté-de hehr hehr'de s-heh'rén-bere helhi!rén-véne! hehr'lén hehs-ch hég'bach hed-yil'ya me-ser led-yesh _— hedy-lk&& hél'lén-stine! hi'da hi'de hi'dél-béerg! hi! dén-hime! hi'dés-hime! hi-dogk! hile!bron hi! li-gén-bérg! hz! li-gén-blogt! hi'li-g én-ha'fén hz! li-gén-kroits! hi! ti-g én-kroits! hi! li-gén-kroits! ha! ti-ain-staat! he'li-wén-stine! hz lig-kroits! lils! berg hz'now hine!richs-badt! he'kla he! kle-fy él héldt! boorg hel! der he-le!na, hel! e-na sdngt e-léne! e-let! hél'ye-die hel we-neés hél'ad-landt, he!lt-26- landt! héllle-béle hel lén-dorne! hél'le-doot-slois! el-lin! hél/me hel! mérs-how! zen hems'ley hélm! stadt hél! sing-borg hél'sing-fors! PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GHOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Helsingland, (Sw.) former distr. Helsing&r, (Denm. ; ¢. El- sinore or Elsineur.) Helvetien. Sce Schweiz. héllsing-landl! hél'sing-Ar hél-veltsi-en Helvoetsluys. See Helle- : : achive ; eugadtestors: Helvoort, (Neth.) he vohrt Henares, (Sp-) 7 e-na!res Hénault, (Fr.) 7. e-no! Henegouwen. See Hainaut. Hengelo, (Neth.) Hengersberg, (Bav.) Henneberg, (Germ.) he-ne-gouw!ven( én) hén!! ge-lo hén!' gérs-bérg! hén'ne-berg! Hennebon, (F'r.) en! bong! Hennegau. See Hainaut. hén!ne-cow! Hénon, (Fr.) e-nong Henri-Chapelle, (Belg.) Henrichemont, (I'r.) Henriquille, (Cuba, ) late. Heperjes. See Eperies. Heppenheim, (Germ.) Hérault, (Fr.) dep. Herbeumont, (Belg.) Herbiers, les, (F'r.) Herbignac, (Fr.) ang-ri! shd-pel! dng-rish-mong! en-ri-kil ye he-per!yesh hép'pén-hime! he-ro! er-bA&-ming! te-z-er-bi-e! er-bin-yak! Herblat, (Fr.) er-bla! Herborn, (C. Germ.) héer'born Herdeke, (Pr.) hér!de-ke Hereford, (Eng.) héx! e-ford Herencia, (Sp.) e-ren' thi-a Héricourt, (I'r.) e-ri-kgor! Hérinnes, (Belg.) e-7in! Hérisau, or Heinrichsbad, oy (Switz.) Eres? Hérisson, (Fr.-) Herkenbosch, (Neth.) Hermannstadt, (Boh. ; 0. e-ris-song! « ° GaX= hér'kén-bos-ch Herzmanniestecz, Herz-¢ hér'mdn-stddt! man Miestecz.) Hermannstadt, (Trans. ; Szeben Szeke.) Hermannstadt, (Trans. ; h. Nagy-Szeben.) Hermitage, V’, (Fr.) Hermites, les, (Austral.) 2sls. Hermonville, (Fr.) hér'man-stédt! hér!man-stadt! ler-mi-tige! ge ef le-z-er-mite er-mong-vile! Hermsdorf, (Pr.) hérms!dorf Hernad, (H.) 7. her-ned Hernance, (Switz.) er-nings! Hernani, (Sp-) er-nd! ne bs Wester- : : Hernésand, or Wes hér'néd-stind! Norrland, (Sw-) prov. Herrenbaumgarten, ( Austr.) Herrenberg, (Wiurt.) Herrengrund, (H.; 4. Ur- voilgy.) Herrenhuth, or Herrnhut. Herrera, (Sp-) Herrera de Duero, (Sp.) Herrera del Duque, (Sp-) Herrera de Rio Pisuerga, hér'rén-boum! gar-ten hér!rén-b erg! Sayed a ° t hér!rén-grogndt hér'rén-hogt! er-re'ra er-re'rd de dog-e'ro er-relra del dog'ke ~ er-relrd de rv'o pi-soq-er'- (Sp-) ga Jerrera de Val de Canas u x ees Herrera ‘ acne er-re'ra de val de kin'yds (Sp) Herrnals, (Austr.) hérn'als! Ea or Herrenhuth, hernthogt Herselt, (Belg.) hér'sélt Hersfeld. See Hirschfeld. hérs/féldt Herstal, or Héristal, (Belg.) Herstelle, (Pr.) Heristallum. Hertford, (Eng.) Hertsek. See Herzegowina. Herve, (Belg.-) Herxheim, (Bav.) Herzberg, (Han.) Herzegowina, or Hertsek, (Austr. Turkey,) 77. Herzogenbosch. Sce Bois- le-Duc. Herzogenbuchsee, (Switz.) Herzogenburg, (Austr) Ducum Burgum. Herzogenrath, (Pr. ; fr Rolduc.) Hesdin, (Fr.) Hessen, (Germ. ; ¢. Hesse,) here!stal here! stél-le hér! (har )ford hért’sél hér'de hérles' h@me hérts! berg hért!se-g6-v0' na . =? Faw hér!20-Gén-bos-ch hért!so-7én-bogch-ze 5 stl sO-a'6 ! hért! sd-gén-boorg hért! sd-g én-raht! hes-dang' Rae country. Hessia. hes’ sen Hessen-Cassel. See Kur- hessen; ¢. Hesse-Cassel. electorate. Hessen Darmstadt,(Germ.) grand duchy. Hessen-Homburg, (Germ.) landgraviate. Hessen, Nieder, (Germ.) prov. Hessen, Ober, (Germ.) prov. Het Nieuwe Diep, (Neth.)} Hettstadt, (Pr.) Hety, (Neth.) hés'sén kas'sel hés!sén darm! stadt hés!sén hom! boorZ ni'dér hes'sén o'bér heés'sén het ni've dipe hét! stadt het-2 ay eae en ie ee ee te (oe a ne aa Re A nk AA os Pek a Te el a ee Oe Aa) ee whe; % short, biit.— Fr. & long, ow short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, liquid. — Anger. — &, ch, mittural; ¢ ———$— ) Heuberg, (Germ.) mt. Heuchelberg, (Wiurt.) més. Heukelum, (Neth.) Heule, (Belg.) Heuscheuer, (Austt.) mts. how berg hoi! chél-béerge har'ke-lam hale, hal how’ shot! ér Heusden, (Neth.) h@&s'dén Heéve, la, (Fr.) cape. Cale- ani torum Promontorium. ld héve Heves, (H he-vesh SCs Heyduke, or Haiduck, (H.; h. BészOrmeny,) towns. Heyst-op-den-Berg, (Belg.) Heythuyzen, (Neth.) hey-dulke! hist-dp-den-bérd N2te'hoi-zen Hiaqui, or Jaqui, (Mex.) 7. taht Hiccin. See Hultschin, huits!chine Widas, (H.) h2-dash Hienhein, (Bay.) hin' hime Hiéres. Sce Hyéres. %-ére! Hierro. See Ferro. 7-er'1°0 mié-ri! @ hiv sing hi'lands, hé'lands %-gelra de ar-cho'nad 7-ge'rd la re-al! Hietzing, Maria, (Austr.) Highlands, (Sc.) Higuera de Arjona, (Sp-)} Higuera la Real, (Sp.) Higuera, Isla de la, or Isla Cristina, (Sp.) Hijar, [xar, or Hixar, (Sp.) Hilaire, St., (Fr.) Hilaire de Talmont, St., (Fr.) sdng-t-i-lare! dé tal-mong! Hildburghausen, (C. Germ.) hild' boorg-hou'zen Hildesheim, (Han.) hil! deés-hime Hilleroed, (Denm.) hil/le-retd Hilpolstein, (Bav.) hil'pol-stine Hilvarenbeek, (Neth.) hil'Ga-rén-béke! Himalaya, Himalay, er hi-mii! la-ya, ht-ma!la-2, Himmaleh, (As.) mts, hi-mi'le, hi-ma-le! Himmelkron, (Bav-) him! mél-krone Hindeloopen, (Neth.) hin! de-lo'pén Hindoen, (Norw.) isl. hin'déin Hiniesta,-or Yniesta, (Sp-) i-ni-es!ta Segestica. Hinojares, (Sp. Hinojosa del Duque, (Sp.) Hippolyte, St., (Fr-) Hirschau, (Bav-) Hirschberg, (Pr.) Hirschberg, (Boh. ; 0. Dokzy.) Hirschensprung, o7 Hir- zensprung, (Switz.) %is'la de ld -ge'ra 4! char séng-t-i-lare! %-nd-chi'res 4-nd-cho'sa del dog'ke 4 . - - i. T séng-t-t-po-lite hir! show hirsh! berg hirsh' berg hir!shén-spreong! Hirschfeld. See Hersfeld. hirsh! feldt Hirschholm, (Denm.) hirsh' holm ee ey tr-SQNZ-F %r-song! hirt!sél Hirsingue, (Fr.) Hirson, (Fr.) Hirzel, (Switz.) 7 S & p H — ° . Huzenspruie: Ste Eis | beelseesprams Hisingen, (Sw.) isl. hi! sin! gen Hitu, o7 Ytou, (Braz.) _ i-tao! Hjarnoe, (Denin.) isl, yar nad Hjelm, (Denm.) isl. yelm zy él’ mar your ring hlowp'ye-tine Hjelmar, (Sw.) lake. Hjoerring, (Denm.) Hlaupetin, (Boh.) Hina, (H.) mt. hli'na Hlinsko, (Boh.) hlins!' ko Hluk, (Mor.) higglk _ Hoboken, (Belg.) ho! bG-ken Hobroe, (Denm.) hod-bro! noch! fel'den hoch! collling hock! hime hoch'kirch hoch plat hoch!’ shvabe Hochfelden, (Fr-) Hochgolling, (Austr.) mt. Hochheim, (Germ.) Hochkirch, (Sax.) Hochplatt, (Bav.) meé. Hochschwab, (Austr.) mt Hoéchst, (Germ.) herchst Hochstadt, (Bav.) hoch'stadé — Hochstetten, Grosz, (Switz.) gross hoch! stet-ten Hochwald, (W. Germ.) més. hoch'valdt Hochwang, (Switz.) mt. hoch! vang Hodimont, (Belg.) ho-di-mong! Hoeaerden. See Hougaerde. hog! gar-dén Hof, (Bav.) hof Hofgeismar, (Germ.) hof! ais-mar Hofweil, (Switz.) hof'vile Hogue, la, (Fr.) cape. la hog Hdgyész, (4. het d-yehs p Hohenasperg, (Wiuit.) hol hén-ads'perg Hohenbruck, (Boh. ; 2 ) nathén-brogk! Trzebechowice.) ae Hohenelbe, (Beh.) ho'hén-el/be Hohen Ems, (Tyrol-) ho'hén ems Hohenfriedberg, (Pr.) ho'hén-frid! berg Hohenfurt, (Boh.) hothen-foort | Hohen Hameln, (Han.) ho'hén ha!meélr Hohenheim, (Wurt.) ho'hén-hime! Hohenlinden, (Bav-) ho'hén-lin'dén Hohenlohe, (Germ.) anc. hg'hén-la!he principal. Hohenmauth, (Boh. ; 8. Wrysoky Meyto.) Hohenstaufen, (Wiirt.) ho! hen-mout! ho'héen-stow! fen as s in pleasure. —? final, Fr. re. — ¥, between 0 and fi 7 Pee, 7 sea leili . is i Mo eh y apart eea oe , “ . a ie cee ee ied wre * _ Fae ta = a Sd ae Se ae a : - e MET ea 1 | j j | j PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Hohenstein, (Sax.) Hohentwiel, ( Wirt.) Hohenzieritz, (N. Germ.) Hohenzollern-Hechingen, (Gerin.) princip. Hohenzollern-Sigmaring- en, (Germ.) princip. Holabrunn, (Austr.) Holar, (Icel.) Holbek, or Holbeck, (Denm.) Holguin, (Cuba.) Holic, or Holitz, (Boh.) Holics, (f1.) Holitz. Holtz, See Helic. (Boh.) Holland, Zuid, (Neth.) Hollands-Diep, (Neth.) Holleschau, (Mor.) Hollfeld, (Bav. ) Holmestré und, (Norw.) Holowezyn, (R.) Holstebroe, (Denm.) | Holstein, (Denm.) duchy. Holsatia, Holzappel, (Germ.) | Holzminden, (Germ.) | Homberg, (Germ.) | Hombourg, ( (Fr.) Homburg, (C. Germ.) Homburg vor der Hohe, . Germ.) He me! (Belg. ans | Honda, (N. Gran.) | Honds choten, or Hond- scote, (Fr.) Neth.) A. ) state. Tondsholre¢ ph ( Honduras, ( Honfleur, Ore Honerie. See eM an seta: Honigberg, (Trans.) Honnecourt oF Honoré ie Honorine, Ste., donne, (Fr.) Honore, Ste., laume, ee Honrubiz i, (Sp.) Hooge, ( Neth. ) Hoogeveen, (Ne (Ni elg “r.) la Char- la Guil- th Hoovezand, jib Hooglede, ( se a : Hoora, ( Neth.) H6pital, ?, (Sard.) Horazid’owice, (Boh.) ) ) (Be Ie.) } Ilorb, (Wiirt.) Horcajada, (Sp.) Horcajo de Santiago, (Sp.) Horde, (Pr. Horgen, (Sw Itz.) Horn, (Austr.) Hornachos, (Sp. Horn-Afvan, (Sw. Hornhausen, (Pr.) Hornija, (Sp.) Hotowi ic e, or Horscho- ) lake. witz, (Boh.) Horschowitz. See Horzo- wic. Horsen, o7 Horsens, (Denn Horselberg, (C. Germ. ) m, Horsensfj rd, ( (Denin.) day. Horst, (Neth.) Horten, ( Norw.) Horvath Orszag. See Cro- | atia. Horzic, (Boh.) florzowic, (Boh.) Hosin, ( Boh.) Hostalrich, (Sp.) Hoszumezo, ([.) Houdan, (Fr.) Houga, (f'r.) Hougaerde, or Hoegaer- den, (Belg.) Hougfoss, (Norw.) fall. Houlme, oe) old div. H6xter, ‘ 2r.) 1, (Han. ) co. Hc Pat erda, (Sax.) Hradek, or Wtinschelberg, (Pr.) Hradisch, ( Mor.) Hradisko, (Austr.) mt. Hrubieszow, (Pol.) Hr2ib, (Boh.) ( Peru.) Huahuapan, (Mex.) Huahua, Holland, Noord, (Neth.) pr. or Horschowitz, ho'hén-stine! ho'hén-tovile! ho'hen-ts2'rits ho'hen-tsol! lérn he! chin'!- ren ho! hén-tsollérn zig'ma- rin'! cen ho'la- brogn! ho'lar hol/bék 6l-gine' ho'lits hollitsh hod! lits holts nohrdt hol/landt zoid hol/landt hol! lindts-dipe hol'le-show hol! féldt holm! strand hé-lov'tshin hol'ste-bro hol sttine holts'dap'pel holts'min'dén hom! berg ong-boor' hom' beorZ hom'boorg fore dér hé&d'he ome on'da honds! ého-tén, hinads- kote! honds-hol're-dike ; com- monly honds-lahr! dike on- -dgo! ras hongfla fur! hong-gri! ho ni abe rz One-kogr! om~ sang-t-6-nd-re! sdnat 6-n6-rine! done! sangt-6- nd-rine! la gt ¢- yome! * gil-yome! on-roo! bi-d ho! fe ho! @e-véene! ho! ge-zind' ho r'le ‘de hoz! stra'ten horne lo-pé-tal’_. hd-rdsh-dy6-vit-se horb Or-ka-chd' di 6r-ka'cho de sdn-ti-a! go héur! de hor! cén horn Or-nd' éhos horn-a'van horn'hou'zeén Or-ni' cha hor'sh ‘ la shar- oe eee 0-vit-se(vits) Eun hor! shd-vits n.) hor'zén(zéns) hétr! hor'zéns-fy6re! horst hor'tén zél-bérg! hor-valit! dr-sig’ hor' zits ( hdr'shd-vits ho' zine Os-tdl-rtk! los-sgo-me! so hoo-dana! O¢ B hoo-zd' f hog’ gdr-de houg-foss! hoglm hak! ster hoi'a, hoya how érs-vér'da hriildék hra! dish hrd-dis'ko hrog-bi-e' shof hrshrihb rn ; rn 00-d' 90-a _— rr 99-d-99-a-pan! | Hiittenberg, | Hutten-Steinach, | Hyabary, Huajocingo. See Huejocingo. Huallago. Huallanea, (Peru.) Huaimachuco, 07 Guama- } chuco, (Peru.) 5 Huamanga, ov Guamanga, ( Peru.) Huamantla, (Mex.) Huancavelica, o Guanca- ) velica, ( Peru.) Huaniqueo, (Mex.) Huantayava, (Peru,) mt. See Guallago. Huanuco, or Guanuco, (Peru.) Huaqui. See Yagui. Huaraz, (Peru.) Huari, (Peru.) Huarte, (Sp.) Huasco, ov Guasco, ) (Chile, yi ase \ Huatalco,or Guatalco,( Mex.) Huatlan, or Guatlan, a luaura, or Guaura, (Peru.) Huayatec oa (S. A.) isls. Hubert, S Belg.) THU ergs (Sax.) Hiickeswagen, (Pr.) Huddiksvall, (Sw.) Huejocingo, or Huajocin- ) go, (Mex.) { Huelma, (Sp.) Huelva, (Sp.) Huercalovera, (Sp.) Onoba. Huerta del Rey, (Sp.) Huerta de Valdecarabanos, ) (Sp.) Huesca, (Sp.) Osca, Sleosca. Huescar, (Sp.) Huete, (Sp.) Huisne, (Fr.) 7. Huisseau- AURA e: Huissen, (Neth. Huistuin, or Huysum; (Neth.) ) Hulst, (Neth.) _ Hultschin, (Pr. Sil.; Hiccin.) Humpolec, or Humpoletz, Hundsdortf, Hungary, ( yar OrsZzag ; fr. Hongric, Pannonia. Br) (Fr.) pol. ( ) {(Boh.) } > ( (H1.) Austr. ; 2. mag- om, Ungarn ; ) kingdom. ae Huningue, (Fr. ; g. Hi- ningen. Hunse, (Ne th.) Hunte, (Han.) r. Hunyad, (Trans.) c. Hussinec, (Boh.) Husum, (Denm.) Huszt, (H.) (Austr. ) Sax.) Huttweil, (Switz.) Huy, (Belsg.) Huysse, (Belg.) Huysum, or Huis sum, (Neth.) Hvaloe, (Norw.) isl. Iven, or Hwen, (Denm. or Yavari, Hyéres, or Hiéres, Arce, HHieros. Hyéres, (Fr.) isles. ) asl. raz. (B ) (Br) ’ j \ / ‘ ITF [amrot, or Jampol, (R. Pol.) Ibach, (Sw itZ.) [bague, or Coane CN Gran.) Ibarra, (Ecuad. §. A.) Ibarra Zalgo, (Sp.) Ibayzabal, (Sp.) 7. Ibera, (Pl. Conf.) Ibi, (Sp.) Ibiso, (Sw.) Ibros del Rey (Sp.) Ica, San Geronimo de, ) '(Peru.) Icco, or Yko, (Braz.) Ichterghem, (Belg.) Icolmkill, (Hebrides.) - 3 009-a-chd-thin' go o0-al-yd! go Cae ; goo-al-yan' ka £99-d-md-chog'ko ~~ ~ Fs , £G9-d-man' ga — ; Z099-d-mant'la ~ £09! -an-ka ve-li! ‘ka £06 Q- -d- ni-ke! 0 £96 -dn-td-yd ‘va wi £99-d-190 'ko oo . “7 ke g-a-ke £o00-a! ‘rath go0-d' ri —~ &09-ar'te oe £00-as'ko n> yay gog-d-tal ko £00- -tit- litn! 790- \~ i Q- ra le 0-a-it-te! ks sang lii-bere! hoo! berts-beorg! Loi eesnd Zen hogd' diks-val! SE ene: £99-el’ma Ida, Nagy, (H.) [dria, ( Ll.) Idro, (\N. It.) lake. nus Lacus.) Idstedt, (Denin.) Idstein, (Germ.) Tesi, (It.) Asis, Iffendic, (Fr.) Isuacu, (Braz.) Igualada, (Sp.) [gualeja, (Sp.) Iguana, San la, (Mex.) Iguape, (Braz.) Iguaracu, (Braz.) Iguassu. Thna, (Pr.) r. Ikelen, (Sw.) mt. Ikervar, (H.) Ilanz, (Switz.) [danha-Nova, (Port.) [darwald, (Pr.) mt. chain. Edri- Ifferten. See Yverdun. Iflak. See Wallachia. Igla, ov Iglawa, (Mor.) 7. Telau, ( Mor.) Iclesias, (Sard.) Igld, SS g. Neudorf.) [eny, St, (Fr.) Antonio de See Iguacu. Iguacu, or Curitiba, (Braz.) r. Aque Lata, Ildefonso, San, or La ee ‘va Granja, (Sp. ) £009-er-ka-l6-ve ra | ile A Vac he, (Hayti,) penins. ‘. > 4g i £00- er'tid dél re a ile aux Pintades, (W.Af.) isl. 700- er! til de val! de-kd-rda- bai n'yos £00- o-es Va skar £00-e ‘te £00" € sh ti-ine! eae ti-7s Ssiir-mdve hois' se hoi I's aD 7 héalst hoolt/shine ile d’Yeu. iles d’Institut, ilettes, les Grades ile Bourbon, (E. ile des Lépreux,( es iles de C Chey (4 Austral.) isls. (Austral.) sls. (Austral.) zsls. jles Francaises, Te hogin'po-léts hgondts! dorf hun" ga-ry air A oye . hti-nang-, ht'nin'! gén héin' se hoon'te hoon'ydd hoos'st-néts hoo'zoqom hoost htt! tén-b erg hit! tén-stt'nach hoot! vile =~ hive h fi %ss how'sem v a TA véhn ya- v d- ri! ng bre! pie 7-dm-pol a bich i-ld! re(ke) 4-bdr'ra 4-bdr'ra thal’ co 4-ba-7-tha! bal 4-be'rd abe 2'bi-so ok 4!bris del ret sin che-rd'ni-mo de %'sd tle-] ko! ich'tér-gém 2-kom' kil whys. [lezkaja Sastschita, | Ilha de ee | | Ilha del Fuego, | Ilha do Governador, | (Braz. ) isl. Mha-Grande, (Braz. | IIhas de Amurante. | Amirante. (Fr.) ft.) zsl. stral.) iles Basses, (Aus stral. ae iles de la Tresorene: {les d’Entrecasteaux, (Austral.} | (R.) | Ilezkoi Gorodok, (R.) win. ) ) isl. See | Ilhas de Cabo Verde, | (Cape Verd.) | Ilhavo, (Port.) Ilheos, (Braz.) distr. Hing a, or Llinissa, (Ecuad. | . nl, (Fr.) r. | Illanon, (As. [llau, h. Illav Ille-et-Vilaine, (Fr. Iller, (S. Germ.) 7. LHescas, (Sp.) Iliez, Val d’, Illinois, (U. 8.) Illirien. Lilnau, (Switz.) [llocos, (L uzon, Illok, (Slavonia.) ) [llora, (Sp.) Illueca, (Sp.) Illyefalva, (Trans.) Illy ria; Illyric um. Ilm, (Germ.) 7. Ilmenau, (C. Germ. ll6w, (Pol.) Ilpize, St., (Fr.) Ilsenberg, (Pr.) Imbe, (Braz.) r. Imier, St. Immer. ) Imirrida, (8. A.) 7 | Imola, (C. It.) | Imoschi, (Dalm.) | Imphy, (1*r.) Comarca dos, , (Switz. 5 g- S a.) \ 7 ) dep. Iilacuris. (Switz.) v. [ilimani, (Bol. oArdea) mts. Sce Illyria. ) pr. (g. an Yeriens ) king. ) St. ile de France, (Fr.) old pr. See Dieu. (Austral.) tsi. em em isls. Cape Verd.) et ( ) Archipel.) bay. ( | Forum Cornelu. GP nddy 4 da 4-din'ya-no' va @ ddr-valdt adri-a 2 dro id! stédt ae a 4 -e! “if fi i -dik! af fer-ten afe- -lake 2 gla, t-gla'va a (glow i-gle'si-ds 4-gl0 a sang-t-in-yt! eeuanliad 4-£ MEN -_ %- --s¢ gf \z Z- z90-d a-la' da Faas 00 ae le'cha in Gin-to'nt-o de la ~ t g 7 Sepa eiie es z-700-a'pe Se GN ee 1-900-d-—7d'sog 4-709-ds-sq9’ and a'ke-léen 4-ker-vahr’ 4-lants! sdn il-de-fon' so ile & vashe tle 6 pang-tade’ ile dé Danae ile di-é -er! tle dang-sti-th jen eo ' le grangd-2z-7-let) ile boor-bing! ile de le-préu! " 4le bass ile dé kong-tri-ri-e-te! ile dé la tre-26-ré-ri! dle ddngtr-ki-sto! ale frdng-saze! 4-léts'/ka-yd sist-shi'ta 4-léts!k6-% ga-ra-dok! il'ya de prin'si-pe * = “~~ “-7/ “3 p< / ny il'yd del foo-e' £00 il’ ya doo goo-ver-nd-dor! alya-gran'de il' yds de ad-mi-ran'te 4l' yas de ka'boo ver'de il-ya'voo kog-mdar'kd dogs il'ye-eos ¢-lin' sd, t-li-nis'sa il al-yan' yon il/lou, iL-la'va 7le-e-vi-lane’ il lér 4L-yes'!kds val-dil-li-e! al-yi-ma! nt il-li-nois'(ot!) ; fr. 2l-Ti- a n0-a! wl-li'ri-en al'nou 4l-yo'kos @llok al-yo'ra il-yoo-el'ka al-ye fill! a ulyr'ia alm al/me-now 4'loof sang-t-ilpize! tl! zén-beérg! ing-be! Fae sang-t-i-mi-e!, zankt vm!- mer ¢-mir-ri'da 3!mo-la i-mos' kt ang-fit' Fate, fir, fall, what, bat.— Mete, prey, hélp, thére, her. — Pine, marine, 1348 lird, fig. — Note, dive, move, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. — Fr. & long,SRC Imst, (Tyrol.) umst Inagua, (Bahama Isl.) 7-nd! g99-a Inca, (Majorca.) in' ka Inchocajo, (Reru,) me. 4n-cho-ka! cho Incholm, (Sc.) inch! hone Inchy-Beaumont, (I'r.) ang-sht!bd-mong! Incisa, (Pied.) in-chi' sé. pidge ee (Sw.) 7 Gin! dalils-élo ndio, (Isthmus of Pana- Sy) ae Pan in di-o Indre, (Fr.) dep. angar Indre-et-Loire, (Fr.) dep. dngdr-e-lo-are! Indret, (Fr.) isl. dng-dre! ines, Santa, (Gulfof Calif.) ) sini é-nes! « | Ingelheim, (Germ.) in!! gél-hime! Ingelmiinster, (Belg.) in!! él-miun' stér Ingermannland. Sce Ingria. in!! gér-man' land Ingolstadt, (Bav.) in!! gol-stadt! Ingria, or Ingermannland,) ,, ,1,.; (R.) prov. eee Inhambane, (E.Afr.) country. in-yang-ba'ne Inhumirim, (Braz.) r. in-yoq-mi-ring! Inn, (C. Europe,) r. Gnus. in Innichen, (Tyrol.) A4guntum. in ni-chen Innsbruck, or Innspruck, ea par ke ' (Tyrol.) Aunipons. ins/brogk(progk) nowraclaw, (Pr. Pol.) g. ey ys; Jung ee mee 2-nd-vrdts laf Insara, (R.) in-sa'ra Inselsberg, (Sax.) mt. in! zéls-berg! Insterburg, (Pr-) in’ stér-boorg! Interlachen, (Switz.) in’ tér-la! chen Intra, (Pied.) intra a Ipane Guacu, (Braz.) 7. 4-pa-ne! g99-d-sog! Ipava, ( Venez.) tpi'va Ipoly, or Eypel, (H.) r. ilpol), pet ee am Ipoly Bolyk, (H.) i'poly bolyk Ipoly Sagh, (H.) “poly shahg Ips, (Austr.) Pons Isidis. ups Ipsitz, or Ybbsitz, (Austr.) tp/zrts Ipswich, (Eng.) tp! sitch Iquique, (Peru.) %-ki'le Trasu, (C. A.) vole. %-rd-sog! Irbit, (R.) ir-bit! Irbitsk, (R.) Gr-bitsle Iregh, (1.) tres Aelengs Brin, Jerne. Hi- | spelland ermd. Irgis, (R.) 7. tr-gis! Irkutsk, (R.) gov. 2r-kootsk! Iremal, (R.) mts. ire mal! Irmiel, (R.) mts. ir-mi-el! Irnis. See Giornico, urns Irodouer, (Fr.) %-r0-doq-e! Irun, (Sp.) _ i-roon! — Irvillac, (Fr ) in-vi-t-yak!, ir-vil-yak! Tsaba, (Sp.) %-sa/ ba Isabella, (Hayti.) %-sa-bel'ya Isamal, (Yucatan ) %-sd-mal! Isar, Iser, (Germ.) 7. Jsara. 2! 2dr, t!zér Isaszeg, (I. i-shd-seg Ischel, or Ischl, ( Austr.) i! shel, ishl Ischia, (Napl.) #£na7ia, is kia Pithecusa. ) ea Ischiga, (R.) i-shi-ga! Ischiginsk, (R.) %-shi-ginsk! Ischim, (R.) 7 4-shim! Ischitella, (Napl.) %s-ki-tel/la Ischl, or Iscala, (Austr.) ishl, is ké-la Ise-Fjord, (Denm.) inlet. 2! ze-fyore! Iseghem, (Belg.) 4/se-cem Isenburg, (Germ.) distr. a'zén-booreé a0) raed d, (N. It.) La) Jatgo di-se!o cus Sevimus. . = Isére, (Sard.) r. Isard. 7-2ére! Isére, (Fr.) dep. 4-2ere! Iserlohn, (Pr.) 4! zér-lone’ Isernia, (Napl.) FAisernia. 2-ser!ni-d Iset, (R.) 7. 7-sét! Isigny, (Fr-) 4-sin-yt! Isili, (Sard.) 4! si-lé Iskanderia, Skandena, Al- is-kiin-de-ri!a exandria, (g.) Isker, (Bulg.) 7. CEsus. %s'her Isla Gristina. See Higuera. %s/la kri-sti'na Isla del Rey, (Gulf of Pana.) as'la del rel% Isla do la Calamidad, (N. isllid de lid kti-la-mi-dad! W. A.) isl. Isla dos Pinos, (Sp. W. Ind.) Asli dis pi!nis Isla de Leon, or San Fer- nando, (Sp.) Isla de Los Pajaros, (Aus- tral.) zsl. is'la de le-on! islla de los pa'cha-r0s Isla Mayor, (Sp.) isl. isla ma-yor! Islas Antilas, (W- Ind.) %s'las an-ti'lds Isle, (Fr.) 7. Insula. %le fsle-en-Dodon, 1’, (Fr) lile-ting-dd-dong! Isle-en—Jourdain, |’, (Fr.) lile-ang-gogr-dang! Isle Rousse, 1’, (Cors.) Vile ross Isle, ?, (Fr.) Vile who; % short, ditt. — Fr. é& lon ae, Laer TE) PB eal Bee ye aU Pe al hi wn Eh a a , eu Short, nearly as in spur. — dy, Ismailowo, (R.) %s-ma!%-16-vo PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GROGRAPHICAL NAMES. Jaen de Bracamoros, (Ee- Iszny, (Wutrt.) is! nt uad. S. A.) cha-en! de bra-kd-mo'ros Ismiel, (R.) distt. %s-mi-el! Jafnapatam, (Ceylon.) ydf-na-pd-tam’ Isnello, (Sic.) is-nel'lo Jager. See Erlau. ya! oer Isola, (Napl.) 2/s0-ld Jagerndort,( Austr. ; Karmow.) yd! wérn-dorf! Isola Bella, (It.) isl. 7's6-la bel/la Jagersdorf, (Pr.) ya! gérs-dorf! Isola della Scala, (N. It.) %'s6-la del'las-ka'la Jagerspriis, (Denm.) castle. ye! gérs-prihs! Isola dei Canonici di Pa- 4!30-la deli kd-no'ni-chi | Jago, San. See Santiago. san Chi! go lanza, (It.) zl. di pd-land'sa Jago, San, di Compostella san cha! o Na amie STT Isol G: Navieseay) P oS ? I ? go di kim-pis-tel’- sola Grossa, (Adar. se Be sae rtp a Sp. yd = isl Sande a e'sd-ld grosisd aun ue Je Chili, (Chil sain Eh! ay sl. se Se Soaks ago, San, de Chl i, (Chile.) san cha’ so de chi'lt Isola Madre, (It.) isl. 4!s0-la ma'dre Jagua. See Xagua. chd! co0-a . . . o. = “* o- as ~ oy a s os ~ wu re is Fs ion Isola dei Pescatori, (It.) isl. 2'sd-la de’? pes-ka-to' rt Jagua, Bahia de, (Cuba,) bay. ba-2'd de cha’ go9-a . - {4 = Bema fate wees > ? ~ = £09-¢ Isole di Lipari, (Sic.) tls. !sd-le dt li! pa-rt WAST anon CBE es SIRES Isole di Tremiti, (Adri. = oy 10 ay tre! mi-t? aguaripe, (1 raz.) e809 0-4-1 Pe Sea,) isls. t!sd-le di tre'me-tt Jahde, (N. Germ.) 7. ya'de [sonzo, (Ill.) 7, Sontius. jesondise Jaispic, Gewidowize, (Mor.) ya-esh/pits Ispica, (Sic.) v- is'pi-ka | Jakutsk, (Siber.) ya-kootsh! Issingeaux, (F'r.) is-sang-go! Jalapa, or Xalapa, (Mex.) ¢/a-lalpa Issoire, (Fr.) JIssiodurwm. %s-s0-Gre! Jalisco. See Xalisco. cha-lesikko Issoudun, (F'r.) %s-soo-daing! Jallais, (I'r.) ga-lat Issy, (F'r.) ; a %s-st! Jallieu, (Fr.) ga-li-&! Isthmus, (N. Gran. 8. A.3 2 4 Jalomnitza, (Wallach.) 7 ya-lom-nit!sa sn. Ist - Panam: 7st mo end : at ey : SP. (EL) or Panama) $ Jalon, Xalon, (Sp.) eha-lon Stres, (fr. istr Jalovka, (R. Pol.) ya-lov'ka Istria . *oilon ea NS Si Age eT eee { (Austr.) penins. See Jalutorowsk, (R-) yorlooto mor sk ie strien, § is! tri-en | Jamaica, (W. Ind.) jama ka; sp. €hd-ma i-had Itabaianna, (Braz.) m. %-td-bd-i-an'na Jamnitz, (Mor.) yam'nits Itabira, (Braz.) 4-ta-bi! ri Cw Sean a d-bt ra ‘ 4-am'pol Itabira-de-Mata-Dentro, ) %-td-b%'rd-de-md!ta-den'- Jampol. Ste Tampol. ; tha d ( Braz.) tr00 = = Jamtland, (Sw.) dist. yemt' lan i mae : us d (Bra: “ cd-moona' dd [tacolumi, (Braz.) mts. 4-ta-ko-loo-mz% Jamunda, (Braz.) r- Sr a : > ( ) aS Jandula, (Sp.) 7: chan'dog-la Itaguahi, (Braz.) %-ta-709-d-t Jandulilla, (Sp.) 7 chan-doo-lil'ya Itala, (Sic.) 4-ta! la Janiszek, (R.) ya-ni' shek Italy , it. Italia; ¢- Italien; ) it‘aly, 2-té!li-d, 2-td/li-én, | Jankau, (Boh.) yan’ kow fr WlItalie. Jtalia. -ta-lé JAnoshaza, (H.) yah'nosh-hd-sa Itamaraca, (Braz.) zsl. %-td-ma-rd-ka’ Janowiec, (Pol.) ya-nov'yets {taparica, ox Taparica Janowitz, (Mor ; ya'nd-vits aparica, a, Rod ate Yes iby anowitz, (Mor.) y ls : ee 4-ti-pd-7t ka 3 I oe pp (Braz.) isl. I Japura, (Braz.) 7 sce Cha-peg ne Itapicuru, (Braz.) r. 4-ta-pi-keo-req! Yapura. UR ES Itapua, or Ytapua, (Parag +-tapoola Jaquesila, (Mex.) chd-ke-st'la ye -La-poQ Bee ts : ih S.A.) Pee Jaquetinhonha, (Braz.) Tag §a-ke-tin HOY E Itata, (Chile,) ns %-ta'ta Jaraczewo, (Pol.) ya-rdt-she De tenes ‘< Guapore, (Bol ie tes Jarafuel, (Sp-) chi-ra-foo-el ©. AA.) Te ea ties sey 4 8, A.) aoe F “777, : a-rd@' £90-a Itinivini, (Venez.) 7, 4-ti-ni-vi'nt Jaragua; (Braz) i a a-1 3 aM) am: See Xarama cha-1d' mda . 3-tona! Jarama. See Aarama. Iton, (Fr.) r -tOng Jaramillo, (Sp-) r eha-ra-mil'yo Itri, (Napl.) @trt ean ay NT ee RANT shi-ran-dilya a ( Jarandilla, (S chii-ran-dil ya pe a arandilla, (Sp-) [tu, (Braz.) @-l90 Jaransk, (R-) yd-ransk! Itza, or Peten, (C. A.) lake. %t'sa@ 1: mn See R.) ya-rénsk! Itzehoe, (Denm.) it!se-ho! Jarensisa Cs ; Thar-din! del rele aye mae ane seat Jardin del Rey, (Cuba,) isl. ule C o> Ivahi, or Urahi, (Braz.) 7, %-va-% A 3 E los Ghiax-di!nes de la re'% ~? 2 pata Jardines, los, de la Reyna ds Char-di!nes de ld re't- Ivanich, (Croatia.) 4-va-nich : (Cuba) isl: cannes na oman a,)usls. Ivany, (H.) | : é-vainy Jarlsberg-Laurwig, ydrls! bérg-lour!vig Iverdun. See Ifferten. i-ver-dang! (Norw.) distr. oi ‘ Ivica or Iviza, (Sp-) asl. sisal, alvi-tha Jarmello, (Port.) gér-mel lo Ebusus. Boa 2 Jarmeritz, (Mor.) yar'me-rits Ivoy-le-Pré, (Fr.) %-v0-a'lé-pre Jamac, (Fr.) gar-nal’ Ivrea, (Pied.) Eparedia. %-vrel a Jarocin, (Posen.) ya-ro'tsin Ivry-la-Bataille, (Ir.) 4-vri!la-ba-taly' Jaroszyn, (Posen. ) yd-ros' shin V-suL-Sel “r 4-vri! stir-sGn ; entire FR) evant gored Jaromét, (Bob) werden wangorod, \ oe eeiermie Jaroslaw, (Austr. Pol.) yd-r0s-lav Ixar. See Hijar. a! char asch. See Vassy yash x ! Jasch. See Yassy- Ixelles (Belg.) ts-sel sa erp yds'tro qo ae thal Te Jastrow, (Pr.) US hy Izalco, (C. A.) vole. eS Jassy, See Vassy. ydsh'sht —~ Izé, (Fr.) 2-26 J4sz-Berény, (H ydls-be-rehny ; a ain eNy 4sz-Berény, (i. c Izieux, (Fr.) oY ; Jasz6, (H.) yah-soh Isnajar, (Sp.) %s-na! char pert selon Paap wore : : Savi Seger Jasz Orszag, Jazygien Anelaesal ea ui oad LAS Ne Ene I ¢ acr5) Jo ? Yas OY-SaILgE Iznatorat, (Sp.) Anatorgrs. ith(ts)-na-to-raf” (I.) distr. 8 Iztaccihuatl, (Mex.) vole. %th(is)-tak-sé-go9-all! Jativa, Xativa, now San sha'ti-va Felipe, (Sp-) i Jauer, (Pr.) ae : Jauernick, (Austr. Sil.) aout r-nile : : , Sree ire Jauja. See Xauxa. chal gg-cha z = : n I ahi J Jauja, or Atanjauja, (Peru.) cha 0ore ha ° Jaujac, (Fr.) go-gdk s Java, (Sunda Isls.) (ECan Se Ue Javali Nuevo, (Sp.) cha-vi-le! nog-e v0 “™ Jaarons, (It.) ga-long Javali Viejo, (Sp-) chii-va-le! vi-e'cho Jaar, or Geer, (Belg.) 7% yalr Javary, (Braz.) 7 Saver! Jabalon, (Sp.) 7 cha-ba-lon! Tavaas (Sp) ghu-velad Jabari, (Peru.) éha-ba'r% Jawordw, (Gal.) yi-v0'r oof Jabbeke, (Belg.) Jabea, (Sp-) Jablona. See Ga Jablonnoi Crebet, Jablonéw, (Gal.) Jablunka, ) (Au Jabugo, (Sp-) Jaca, Xaca, (Sp.) Jaclawiec, (Gal.) Jacobina, (Braz.) (Fr.) Jacques-Cartier, ( Jadraque, (Sp-) Jaen, (Sp.) ly, 74; 1 Y —_—s ia A al aa a See Yablonnot Crebet. Jablunkau, pass. yah! be-ke cha-bela bdau. ya-bio'na (R.) mts. ya-blon-no'% éhre-bet! ya-blo'noof striSil) ya-blogn! ka(kou) cha-boo! go chika Jacha, (Pl. Conf.) cha'cha ~ yats-la!vyets £a-ko-bi'na Jacob, St., (Switz.) zankt ya'kob Jacques-sur-Darnetal, St., sang gak-stir-ddrn-tal’ Canada,) 7. gak-hér-ti-e! cha-dra'ke chi-en! iquid.— An!! ger. —, éh, guttural ; aah as OP Sa tee gas s in pleasure. — fF final, Fr. : Aa Paveieh asta Jazygien. Sce Jasz Orszag. YaR-tst gece ew Jean Baptiste, St. Sec John. Sang gens ba tise Jean Bonnefond, St., (Ir.) sdng ging bonesong Jean d’Acre, St. See Acre. sang Sang ns ae Jean d’Angély, St., (Fr) sang Sane Cane 8 e be Jean de Bournay, St.,(Fr.) Sane gung dé bogr' na Jean de Losne, or Belle } ging dé lone Défense, (Fr) a eee Jean de Luz, (Fr.) gang dé lize Jean Pied-do-Port, (Fr.) ging pt-e! dé-pore Jean de Maurienne, (Sav.) gang dé mod-ré-en! Jean, Mont St, (Belg.) mong sang gang Jedyzeiewo, (Pol.) yengdr-she-ye vo Jedrzeiow, (Pol.) yengdr-she yoo Jedlersee, ( Austr.) yed! Lér-ze! Jejuy. See Xexui. che-chog't Jelabuga, (R:) ye-la-boo' ga ye-lat! ma Jelatma, (R.) re. — 0, between v and hsaS ll Sows acleelie e sib is sea ae } { é i ‘ 8 ) I, ei | . J 3 " k t f ei H | i - Pe ts ieee - me ee On eae ie f PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL Jelez, (R.) Jemappe, (Neth.) Jena, (C. Gerin.) Jenatz, (Switz.) Jenikale, (R.) Jenil. See Xenil. Jeniseisk, (R.) gov. Jenotajewsk, (R.) Jeoire, St., (Sav.) Jequetinhonha, (Braz.) Jerez. See Xerez. Jerez de la Frontera. Xerez de la Frontera. Jerez (Xerez) de los Cabal- leros, (Sp.) Jerica, Xerica, (Sp.) Jerne. Sce Ireland. Jerte, Xerte, (Sp.) 7 Jerumenha, (Braz.) Jerusalem, (Palest. ; a. £ Kuds or Khoddes.) Ih I ay ae erosolyma, /Elia Colonia. esi (Cult). 5 Jetschowitz, (Boh.) Jever, (Germ.) Jijeli, (Alger. ; fr. Gigelli.) Jijona, Xixona, (Sp.) Jiloca. See Xiloca. Jilon. See Xilon. Jimena, Ximena, (Sp.) Jinca, Xinca, (Sp.) 7. Jingu, Xingu, (Braz.) See ( ) 5 Jitomir, Jytomir, or Zyto- )} miers, (R. Pol.) Joachimsthal, (Boh.> Joao-da-Foz, Sao, (Port.) Joao das Lampas, (Port.) Joao, Sao, (Braz.) Jochimilco, (Mex.) lake, Jockmock, (Sw.) Jodoigne, (Belg.) Joeglefjeld, (Norw-) mt. ) Johannesbad, or Johannes- } brunn, (Boh.) Johann-Georgenstadt, (Sax.) Johannisberg, (Nassau, / Germ.) { a John, St., or St. Jean Bap tiste, (Can.) Joia, (Texas.) Joigny, (Fr.) Joviniacum. Joinville, (Fr.) Jolsva. See Eltsch. Jénk6ping, (Sw.) Jonquiéres, (Fr.) Jonsac, (Fr.) Jorat. See Jura. Jorge, San, (Azores.) Jorge, S., dos Ilheos, ( Braz.) Jorquera, (Sp.) —_ Jorullo, Juruyo, or Xurul- ) lo, (Mex.) vole. Josephstadt, (Boh.) Joslowitz, (Boh.) Josselin, (Fr.) Josse-Ten-Noode, (Belg.) Jouin, St., (Fr.) Joux, (Switz.) lake. Joux, Chateau de, (Fr.) Jouy, (Fr.) Joyeuse, (Fr.) Jézefow, (Pol.) Juan de Fuca. See Fuca. Juan Fernandez, or Mas- a-Tierra, (Chile,) zsl. Juan de Bracomoro, (Ic- uador.) Juan, San. Juan del Rey, ( Mex.) Jublains, (Fr.) Jucar, or Xucar, (Sp.) 7. Juchitan, (Mex.) See San Juan. See Neodunum. Judenburg, (Austr.) Idunum. Judenstein, (Tyrol.) Jujuy, (Pl. Conf.) Juli, (Peru.) Julian Alps. merwald, Julianshaab, (Greenl.) Julich, (Pr. ; fr. Juliers.) Julien, St., (Fr.) Julier, Col du, (Swiss Alps,) pass. Juliers. Sre Julich. Jumba, (Guin.) Jumeaitx, (Fr.) Jumetz, (Belg.) Jumiéges, (Fr.) See Birnbau- } ye-Lets! shmdp yelna ye! nits ye-ni' ka-le che-nil! ye-ni-se' isk ye-no-ta'y evsl “ ang s0-are' a e-ke-tin-yon' ya ehe-reth che-reth' de la fron-te'ra ots. &% éhe-reth' de los ka-bal-ye'- TOS che!ri-ka jerne cher'te fe-rog-men' ya jerusalem 7-e! st yet! sho-vits ye'ver gi-gel-li! chi-cho'nad ehi-lo'ka ehi-lin' Chi-me'nd chin'ka J i ging'Z90 shi-t6!nirsh yo-a' chims-tale' BE — sa'oong £09-a/ogng da fox ae £09-a'oqng dis lam'pas sd'oong 290-d ogns cho-chi-mil'ko yok'mok @£0-d0-any! yeu! gle-fy el! yO-han'nés-badt yo-hiin' ge-or! gén-stddt yo-hain'nis-b er Zz! john “_- as cho'i-a 5 ——- 3 f0-an-yi' Eales o5-ana-vile! 2 g-1 yolsh-va yan chA-ping' gong-kt-ére! gong-sak! f6-ra! sdn chor! che a sa'gong gor’ Ze dogs il'ye- 0S éhor-ke'ra - i =), / chog-rogl' yo, chog-reo'yo yo! zelf-stddt yos'lo-vits 20s-lang’ ae me yos'se-ten-nod' de Be . oy sa nF 20 Q-a ng £990 shd-to' dé 200 £00-1' gs 76-da-Auze! g yauze YQQ-2E JOD chog-an! de foglka éhog-ain' fer-ndan'deth(des) éhoo-an! de bra-k6-mso'r6 Sait éhoo-an' ex chog-dn' del re! cu-blang' choo'kar choo-chi-tin’ yoo’ dén-boorgz' yoo’ dén-stine! chog-choo-%', choo-choo't chog-lt qui lian yoo! lé-dlins-hob! yiu'liéh cf Shy gaan cel sing git-lt-ang kol dt st-li-e! gi-li-e' eter goong!ba gh-mo! oti-met! ysl Dal oi-mi-ege Jumilla, (Sp.) Jumillac, (Fr.) Jung-Breslau. wraclaw. Jung-Bunzlau, (Boh.) Jungfrau, (Switz.) mé. Junien, St., (Fr.) Sce Ino- Junqueira, (Port.) Junquera de Ambia, (Sp.) Jupille, (Belg.) Jupura, (Ecuad,) Jura, (Fr. and Switz.; g. Leberberg ; fr. Jorat,) mts. Jura, (Fr.) dep. Jurua, (Braz.) 7. Juruena, (Braz.) 7. Jurumenha, (Port. ) Jussey, (Fr.) Just, St., (Fr.) Just, St., en Chevalet, (Fr. Justedals Brae, (Norw.) snow field. Jutahy, (Braz.) r. Jtiterbogk, or Dannewitz, Pr.) Jutland, (Denm.; d. Jyl- land.) Chersonesus Cim- brica. Jutroszyn, (Posen.) Juvigny, (Fr.) Juvisy, (Fr.) Jylland. See Jutland. Jytomir, See Jitomir. A KaapeEn, (Boh.) Kaafjord, (Norw.) Kabarda, (R.) pr. Kabrera, (Ion. Isls.) Kaczyka, (Gal.) Kadak, (R.) Kadnikow, (R.) Kadom, (R.) Kaes, (H.) Kahira, Al, (Eg.) Kahla, (C. Gerin.) Kalenberg, (Austr.) Kalengebirge, (Austr. ; Wienerwald,) mts. Kainardsche, (Bulgaria.) Kainsk, (R.) Kaisarieh, (Syria.) Jobii Villa. } j Kaiserberg, or Kayserberg, } (Fr Kaiser Ebersdorf, ( Austr.) Kaiserslautern, (Bav.) Kaisersmarkt. Kaiserstuhl, (Switz.) rum Tiberi. Kaiserstuhl, (Bad.) mts. Kaiserswerth, (Pr.) Kalenberg, (Han.) prin. Kalgujew, (White Sea,) is Kalisz, or Kalisch, (Pol.) Kalksburg, ( Austr.) Kallo, Nagy. (H.) Kallundborg, (Denm.) Kalmar, or Calmar, (Sw.) Kalocsa, or Coloeza, (H1.) Kaltenbrunn, (H.) Kaltern, (Tyrol.) Kaluga, (R.) Kalusz, (Gal.) Kalwary, (Pol.) Kama, (R.) 7. Kamenez Podolsk. Kaminiec Podolski. {Kamenic, ? Kamenitz, } See (Austr) } Sce Kesmark. Fo- ) ) be Kamennoi Ostrow, (R.) isl. Kamensk, (R.) Kamenz, (Sax.) Kamiaka, (Gal.) Kamieniezyk, (Pol.) Kamienica, (Gal.) Kaminiec, (R.) Kaminiec Podolski, (R.) See Kamenez Podolsk. Kampen, (Neth.) Kamuschin, (R.) Kamuischinsk, (R.) Kamuschlow, (R.) Kanazkaja, (R.) vole. Kandabar, (Persia,) p7. Kandern, (Bad.) Kanguroo, (Austral.) isl. éhoo-mil' ya sin ee ea £i-mi-7-yak! (mil-yak') yoona-brés'lou yoong-boonts' lou yqong frou Sang Su-ni-ang foong-ka' ira éhoon-ke'ra de dm-bi'a oti-pile! > ase choo-pog'rd yoq'ra ft-ra! £99-799-a! £00-r99-e/na £00-r90-men' ya gits-sa! sdng gtist sdiug gtist dng she-va-le! yoos'te-dalls' bra : cet £009-td-2 yte'tér-bok yite'landt yoo-tro! shin £ fi-vin-yt f ohi-vi-zi! yilllan, yil' land shi-t6'mirsh ka'dén ko'fyore ka-bar'da ka-bre'ra ka-chi'kd ka-dak! kdd'ni-kof ka-dom' ka-esh al ka'hi-ra kala ka'lén-bérg! ka'lén-gé-bir! ce ki'ndrd-she kad!insk ki-si-ri'ye ki zér-bérg ki'zér 6'bérs-dorf ki'zérs-lou'térn ki'zers-markt! ki'zér-stog i ki'zér-stogl’ ki'zérs-vehrt! ka'lén-beré' kal-goo'yef ka'lish kalks' beer o~ ndady kal-lo kal'lognd-borg! kal'miar ka-lo-cha kal'tén-broen! kal'térn ka-loo' ra ka'loosh kal-vad' ri kd’md kié-me-néts' p6-dolsk! kd~me'nits om ka'meén-n6-% 6! strof had!meénsk kai! meénts kad-mi-6no'ka kam-yént'shik kdm-ye-nit' sa ka-min'yéts ka-min'yéts po-dols'kt kadm'pen ka-mit’' shin ka-mit' shinsh ka-mtish' lof ka-nats'!ka-yd kan! dd-bahr kan'déern kin-2 09-799! Kanisa, Nagv, (H.) peak. Kanjakew, (Ural.) Kapnik-Banya, (E.) Kapolna, (H.) Kaposvar, (H.) Kappeln, (Denm.) Kaproneza, (Croatia; g. Kopreinitz.) - Kapuvar, (H.) Kara Amid, (Syria.) Karakua, (Austral,) bay. Karansebes, (I Karassubasar, (R.) Karasu, (Eur., As.) Karatschew, (R.) Karbasara, (Gr.) Karchowa, (Posen.) Kardszag, (H.) Kardszag-uj-Szallas, (H.) Karge. See Unruhstadt, Kargopol, (R.) Karitene, (Gr.) Karkora, (Sahara.) Karlburg. See Oroszvar. Karleby, Gamla, (Finl.) Karlowitz, or Carlowitz, ( Austr.) Karlsbad; or Carlsbad,( Boh.) Karlsbrunn, (Austr.) Karlsburg. jérvar. Karlsburg, or Carlsburg, (Trans. ; 4. Caroly Fe- jérvar.) Apulum. Karlstadt, (Austr.) Karlstein, (Boh.) castle. Karnthen, (Austr. ; thia,) div. Karoly, Nagy, (H1.) Nagy Karoly. Karpathen, die. See See Car- pathien. mts Kasan, (R.) gov. Kasatsch. See Casaccia. Kaschau, (H.; 4. Kassa.) Kaschin, (R.) KAsmark, (H.) mark. Kassa. See Kaschau. Kassimow, (R.) See Kés- Kasversk-Horn, (Boh. ; g. ,\ 5 Bergreichenstein.) Kastel, (Bav.) Katharinaberg, (Bob.) See Gyula Fe- ) ) Carin- } ( f Katiegat, (Germ. Oc.) inlet. Katwyk-op-Rhijn, (Neth.) Katwyk-op-Zee, ( Neth.) Katzbach, (Pr. Sil.) Katzenellenbogen, (Germ.) Kaub, (Germ.) Kaukjm, Boh Kaurschim, } ‘ ue Kay, (Pr. Kayserberg. Kazimierz, ( Pol.) { ( See Kaiserberg. Keczkeimét, or Ketskemét, } (.) Kedoe, (Java.) Kehl, (Bad.) Keleze, (H.) Kellheim, (Bav-.) Kemencze, (H.) Kempen, (Pr.) Keimpten, (Bav. dunum. Kenzingen, (Bad.) Kerensk, (R.) Kereszter Bodrogh, (H.) Kerka, (Dalm.) 7. Kersko. See Gurikfeld. Kertsch, (R.) Késmark, ) (HH. 3; . Kai- Kasmark,§ sersmarkt.) Kess. See Venden. Kesselsdorf, (Sax.) Keszthely, (H.) Kethely. See Mannersdorf. ) Campo- } ) ( Ketskemét, or Kecskemét, | (H.) Keuschberg, (Pr.) Kexholm, (I inl.) Kézdi- Vasarhely, (Trans. ; ) g. Neumarkt.) Kiachta, (R.) Kiel, (Denm.) Kielce, (Pol.) Kieldrecht, (Belg.) Kiew, (R.) Kiffhauser, (Germ.) mt. Kimito, (Finl.) zsl. Laas nddy ka-ni-sha kdn-ya' keéf kdp'nik-bahn'ya ka-pol-na kd-posh-valr kdp'péln ka-pront!sa ka-poo-vGhr kara mihd kd-ra'koo-a ka-rdn-she-besh kd-rds-soo'bd-sahr kd'ra-sqo kd-rdt-sh ef! kdr-ba-sa-ra! kar-cho'va kdrd-sdch kard-sagh-99-i-sahl-lihsh kdr' ce kar-g6-pol! ki-ri-te'ne kar'ko-ra karl boorgs gam'la kér'le-bt! kar'lo-vits kadrls'bddt karls'broon karls'boorz karls' boorg karl! stadt kirl'stine hérn'tén Font cm nidy ka-roly di kar-pa'ten ka-siin' ka'zatsh kash! ou ka'shin kahsh-mahrk kash-sha kds-si!'mof kas'veérsk-horn Nei is tél ka té-ri'nd-berg! kat'te-cat kat' vike-op-rine kat'vike-dp-ze kadts' bach kat'sén-él/lén-bo' gén koub an kd-gor'shihm kour'shim k ki! zér-bérg! ee ka-zi'myérsh kétsh-Ie-meht ke ‘deo kéle hk él'tse kel'hime ke-men-tse kém'pen Tae ae Kemp ten kén'tsin' oén ke-rénsk! ke-res-téer bG-drig ker'ka kers'ko kértsh kehsh-mihrk kés kés' séls-dorf ie kést-lely aa ket-hely kétsh-ke-meht! koish'berz kéks'holm va SSR VET kehs-di-viih-shahr-hely kile Say kyél’tse Kile'drécht kil éf kif'how'zer kt!mi-to Fate, far, fall, what, bat. — Meéte, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, move, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. —Fr. & long, 1350PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEHOGRAPHICAL | Kimpina, (Wall.) +] Kimpolang, (Wall.) Kinburn, (Germ.) Kinzig, (Germ.) 7. Kirchdorf, ov Kirchdrauf, H. ; h. Szepes-Varallya.) Kirkcudbright, (Sc.) Kirchheim Bolanden, (Bav.) Kirchholm, (Livonia.) Kiridi. See Crete. Kirilow, (R.) Kirinsk, (R.) Kirrweiler, (Bav.) Kirsanow, (R.) Kis Almas, (H.) Kischenew, (R.) Kis Czenk, (H.) Kis Kalan, (Trans.) Kas Kérés, (H.) Kis Kinsag, (H. ; 2. Klein- kymanien.) Kislewodsk, (R.) Kisljar, (R.) Kislosawodsk, (R.) Kis Marton, (H.; ¢. Eisen- stadt.) Kissingen, (Bav.) Kis Szeben, (H.; g. Zeben.) Kis Szék, (Trans.) Kis Tabolesan, (H.) Kis Varad. Sce Wardein. Kiszkowo, (R.) Kitaigorod, (R.) Kitsee, (H.; 4. Koptsény.) Kjébenhavn. See Copen- hagen. Kjoege, (Denm.) Kjoelen, (Norw.) mts. Kladsko. See Glatz. Kladrau, (Boh.) Klagenfurt, (Austr.) Clau- dia. Klam (Austr.) Klamm, (Austr.) pass. | Klarentza. Sze Clarence. Klattau, (Boh.) Klausen, (Tyrol ; i. Chi- usa.) Klausenburg,-(Trans. 5 Kolosvar.) Kleczewo, (Pol.) Kleczkow, (R. Pol.) Klein Beeskerek, (H.) Klein Kolisch, (Trans.) Kleinkumanien. See Kis Kunsag. Kleinschlatten. See Zalathna. Kleve. See Cleves. Klobauk, (Mor.) “lobucko, (Pol.) Kitodawa, (Pol.) Klénthal. See Clonthal. Klésterle, (Boh.) Klosterneuburg, ( Austr.) Klundert, (Neth) Klus, (Switz.) Klutschefskaja, (R.) Knin, (Dalm.) Kniphausen, (N. Germ.) Knittelfeld, (Austr.) Knyszyn, (R.) Koblenz. See Coblenz. Kobrin, o Kobryn, (R. Pol.) Kobylin, ey {| Kocher, (Wiurt.) '| Koesfeld, (Pr.) Koevorden, (Neth) Kokel, o7 Kukel, (Trans.) 7. [Xola, (R.) Kolaczyce, (Gal.) Kolasin, (R.) Kolberg. Sce Colberg. Kolbuszow, (Gal.) Kolding, (Denm.) Kolditz. See Colditz. Kolentina, (Serv.) Koliazin, (R.) Kolin, Neu, (Boh.) Kollum, (Neth.) KéIn. See Cologne. Kolocsa. See Kalocsa. Kolomak, (R.) Kolomea, (Austr. Gal.) Kolos, (T'rans.) (lat a = — ae Kolosvar. See Klausenburg Kolyma, (R.) 7 Kolywan, See Revel. Komérom. See Komorn. Komlos, (H.) Komorn, or Comorn, (H. ; h. Kom4rom.) Kongsberg, (Norw.-) Kongsteen, (Norw.) otic ; % short, but. —Fr. & lon kim-pi!'na kim'po-lang kin' boorn kint! sig kiréh'dorf, kirch! drouf kir-koo! bre kirch'hime bd'lén-den kirch'holm ki-ri-dt ki-rt! lof ki-rinshk! kir!vt' ler kir-sa'nof kish al-mihsh It-she-nef! kish tsenk kish ka-lahn kish k&-rish kish keqhn-sadhg¢ kis-le-vodsk! kisl-yare! kis-l6-sti-vodsk! kish mahr-ton kis'sin!’ gén kash se-ben kish sekh kish ta-bolt-shahn kish vah-rahd kish-k6!vo ki-ta'i-go-rod kit-ze kyedbn'houn, commonly kttm?b! houn ky&! ge kya! len klads'ko kla! drow kla! @én-foort klam klam kla-rént'sd klat! tou klou'zén klou!zén-bogrg! klét-she!vo kilétsh' kov kline bétsh'ke-relc kline ko'lish kline kog-ma'ni-éen kline!shlit'téen kle've klo'book kld-bocts'ko klo-da'va klA&n' tale klA' stér-le kloh' stér-nov boorg klédn! dért kloos kloot-shéfs'ka-ya knine knip'how'zén knit! tél-felat! knit! shin ko'bléents ko! brin ko-bi' lin ko! chér kAs! (logs) feldt koo!vor-dén ko' kel ko'la ko-lat-shi!tse ko-la'sin kol' berg kol-bo9!shof kal'ding kol'dits kd-lén-ti'nd ko-li-at! sin noi ko'lin Kollam kailn ko-l6-cha ko-lo-miak! ko-lo-me'a ho-losh kd-losh-vahr ko-lt-ma' k6-lz-viin! kd-mdh-rom kdm-losh ko!'morn konas' berg kong! steln g, ea short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, 2Y; Kongsvinger, (Norw.) Koniecpol, (Pol.) Kéniggratz, (Austr.) KOnigsberg, (Pr.) Mons } Regius. ) Konigsberg, (H.; 2. Uj- Banya.) Kénigsege, (Boh.) Kénigslutter, (N. Germ.) Knigstein, (Sax.) Kénigswarth, (Boh.) Konin, (Vol.) Konitz, (Pr.) Konskie, (Pol.) Konstantinogorsk, (R.) KKopanice, (Posen; g. K6- penitz. ) Kopesany, (H.) K6penitz. Sce Kopanice. Képing, (Sw.) Kopreinitz, (Austr. Croat. ; h. Kaproncza.) K6ptsény, (H. 5 ¢- Kitsee.) Korbach. See Corbach. Korbers. See Corbiéres. Korezyn, (Pol.) Korennaja Pustina, (R.) Koriezan, ( Mor.) Kérmoész Banya. Kremnitz. Kornenburg, (Aust) Koros, (H K6rés-Banya, See H.) Korés Vasarhely, (H.; g- Kreuz.) Korotojak, (1%.) Korsér. See Corsoer. Korsun, (R.) . Korte Argis, (Serv.) Kortryk. Sce Courtrai. Kortshewa, (R.) KoScian, (Posen.) Kosel, (Pr.) Koselsk, (R.) [Ssfeld. See Cisfeld. Késlin. See Coéslin. Kossowa, (Serv.) Kostelec, (Boh.) Kostnitz, lake. stance. Kostroma, Ge) Kostrzyn, (Posen.) Kdszeg. See Guns. Koszyce, (Pol.) Kothburg. See Sarvar. Kéthen, or Céthen, (C. Germ.) Kotlin Ostrow, er Retusa- ri, (R.) isl. Kotroceny, (Wall.) Kottbus. See Cottbus. Kourou, (S. A.) 7 Kévesd, (H. See Con- | Kovno, or Kowno, (R. Pel.) Kozakow, (Boh.) Kozienice, (Pol.) Kozmin, (Pr. Pol.) Krabenheimstatten, Krageroe, (Norw-) Kragujewatz, (Serv.) Krain, or Carniola, (Austr.) prov. Krajova, { (yall.) Krajowa, } (Suab. Krakau. See Cracow. Krakow. See Cracow. Krakowiec, (Gal.) Kralingen, (Neth.) Kralowa Hola, (H.3 g: Kénigsberg,) me. Kralowice, (Boh.) Kralowitz, (Boh.) Krapacks. See Carpathi- an. mts. Krasniczin, (Pol.) Kxasniewice, (Pol.) Krasnoborsk, (R.) Krasnogorskaja Krepost, (At. Krasnoi, (R.) Krasnojarsk, (R.) Krasnoje Selo, (R.) Krasnokutsk, (R.) Krasnopol, (R.) IKKrasnosawarsk, (R.) Krasno Slobodsk, (R-) Krasno Ufimsk, ck) Krasnystaw, (Pol.) Krass6, (H.) Krassowa, (H.) Kraszna, (‘T'rans.) Kratzau, (Boh.) ) _——" ——~ | ——~— kongs'vin'! er kon-yéts'pol yéts'pol kA! nig-gréts! kA! nigs-bérg! kA! nigs-bérg! + ka! nigs-ég! ka nigs-loot! ter ki nig-stine > kA nigs-virt! ko'nin ko!'nits konsk'ye kon-stan-ti-nd-gorsk! kO-pa-nit! se Aas kopt-shany két'pe-nits As iene chénu' ping k6-pr2'nits “~~ képt-sheny kor! bach kor! bers kort! shin ko-rén-na! yd pogs!ti-na ko! rit-shan ke&ir-mois bahn'ya kor'nén-beerg! kd-rosh kad-rAsh bahn'ya “—— k&-rdsh vah-shahr-hely k6-76-to-yak! kor-zAur kor-sqon! kor'te dr! gish kort!rike kart-she'va fa kosh'tsyan ko! zel k6-sélsle! kas! feldt k&s-line! kos'sd-vd kos'te-léts kost'nits kos-trd-ma! kostr! shiny kQ-sae k6-shit’se kote! boorg ket! tén kot-lin! os!trof k6-trd-sheny kot' boos koo-rqo! ka&-washd kov'no ko!zd-kov “om kd-zye-ni! tse kots-mine! kré!hen-hime-steét!tén krd! @ér-! lra-709-ye'vats lertne krd-yo!va kra'kou kra!koof krd-ko!'vy éts krallin!' oven krallé-va holla kra'lo-vit'se kra@!lo-vits kra! paks kra@ pak krtis-nit! shin krads-nye-vit'se kras-nd-borsk! kras-nod-gors! kd-ya kre!- po st om kerdis'nd-% lertés-n0-yarsh! Ierdis'nd-ye se-lo! krds-nd-koctsk! kras-nd-pol’ krds-nd-sd-varsk! kras'no slé-badsk! krds!no 9o-fimsk! kros-nis' laf krdsh-shoh krash-shb-va kriis-n@ krat'tsou liquid. — Anger. — &; ch, guttural ; NAMES. ) —— Kreis jenseit der Donau. See Danube. IXreis diesseit der Donau. Sce Donau. Kremenez, (R. Pol.) Krementschug, (R.) l kris yén'zite dér dé'’nou kris dis'zite dér do'now kre-me-nets! kre-mént-shoga! Kremnitz, (H.; h. Kor- ae mdécz Banya.) kréminits Krems, (Austr.) kréms ea (Mor. 5 Kro- krém-zilir! SEE y (Austr.) Ter tra seni St BN Kreuth, (Bav.) krott Kreutznach, or Kreuz- kroits!naal nach, (Pr.) croits!nach Kreuz. See Korés Vasar- sae hely. kroits Krieben. See Krzywin. kri'ben Krieblowitz, (Pr.) kri!blo-vits krim karim! lér a! che kris! tt-ne-stad! krshi! sha-nof kro-d'tst-én krois' bach krot'zén-brogn krom!yér-shish kroim!me-n2% krd-mo'loof kro/nach krone! bors Krim. See Crimea. Kcrimmler Ache, ( Austr.) fall. Kristinestad, (Fin1.) Kiizanow, (Mor.) Kroatien. See Croatia. Kroisbach. See Rakos. iXroisenbrunn, ( Austr.) Kromerjz. See Kremsier. Krommenij, (Neth.) Kromotéw, (Pol.) Kronach, (Bav.) Kronborg, (Denm.) Kronstadt, (Trans. 5 1. x krone! stadt 3rasse.) Kronstadt. See Cronstadt, krdne'stddt Krossen, See Crossen. kras'sén KXyossno, (Austr. Pol.) kross'no Krotoszyn, 07 Krotoschin, (Pr. Pol.) Krumau, (Boh.) Kruszwica, : Krusehwitz, (Er. Pol.) } Krynica, (Gal.) Krzanow, (Pol.) Krzemieniec, (R.) Krzepice, (Pol.) Krzeszowice, (Cracow.) krd-to! shin kroglinou krogsh-vit! sa kroosh'vits kri-nit'sa krsha!nof krshe-min'yeéts kershe-pit' se krshe-sho-v2U' se Krzna, (Pol.) krshna Krzyt6w, (Pol.) krshi!loof o. Krieben.) krshi'vin kashish kog-ban! keo-bine! koofistine kot'lén-barrg kool keél Krzy win, (Pol. ; KrzyZ, (Pol.) cotster. Kuban, (R.) r. Kubin, (H.) Kuffstein, (Tyrol.) Kuilenburg, (Neth.) Kukel. See Kokel. Kula, (H.) koo'la culo See Bulges koo'lém-borg Kulewtscha, (Bulg.) Kulikoff, (R.) plai. Kulm, (Bob.) Ikqo-lévt' sha koo!li-kof koglin Kulmbach, (Bav.) koglin! bach KKulpa, (Austr. Croat.) kogl/ pa Kumania, (H.) distr. See) jumalnia Cumania. KXummetsdorf, (Pr.) kegm!mérs-dorf! Kungur, (R-) koon'! oor Kiuin-Ilegyes, (H.) koghn-hed-yesh Kunow, (Pol.) koo!nof Kunsdig, Nagy, Kis. See : nidy Ikish koohn-shahs Cumania. y e¢ o Kun Szent Miklés, (H.) Tainzelsau, (Wurt.) Kurezwecki, (Pol.) Kkoohn sént mi-klohsh ktné! séls-ow! koortsh-véts'% Kurhessen. See llessen- keor!hés!sén Cassel. Kurland. See Courland. kogn!landt Kursk, (R-) koorsk koor-she! lof koord-so'la koos-ko!'vo koos-neétsh! ktt-strine! ktts!nacht Kurzelow, ( Pol.) Kurzola, (Dalin.) isl. Kuskowo, (R.) Icusnezk, (R.) Kiistrin. See Cuistrin. Ktisznacht, (Switz.) Kutschk6wo, old name of | kootsh-kA&-vo Moskwa. : Kuttenberg, (Boh.) Kwieciszewo, (Posen.) Kyeholm, (Denm.) és. Kyritz, (Pr.) koot!tén-bérg! eee kewye-tst-sh elvo ki'holm kilrits L. Laa, (Austr) la Laadegaardsoe, (Norw.) pen. 1o!de-cohr(d)s-ed! Laaland, o7 Lolland, iy: (Denm.) isl. lo'land & as s in pleasure. —f final, Fr. ve. — 0, between 0 and f. Peet ge aa, le Ladin emee Akeh 8 eet) TM movi ees | Ly. . 1351 i 7 CF a aan a yy apn ee - Kutschuk, Kainardge, (Tur.) keot-shoghk kad-t-ndrd-she ———— i aa ae SS Ets Sr ere car = asi a.aap hs ee mart Peo ae" a a we a PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Labe. See Elbe. la'be Labischau, (Pr.) la' bi-shou Labiszyn, or Labischin, (Pr.) la-bé shin . labrad Labrador, (N. A.) penins. get cas or! 5 aore Labréde, (Fr.) ld-bréde! La Brie, (Fr.) old prov, ld-bri! Lacedogna, (Napl.) la-che-din'ya La Certosa, (Lomb.) cloister. ld cheratd'sd La Charité, (Fr.) ld sha-7-te! Lachen, (Switz.) la'chén ; Lacise, ‘(Lomb.) la- che!se La Concepcion, (Chile.) lad kon-thep-thi-on' — La Cote St. André, (Fr.) la kite sang-t-dng-dre! Lactacunga. See Tacunga. ldk-td-koon' gd Ladek, (Pol.) long’ dek Ladenbure, (B: id.) la! dén-bogrg! port. ld-bra- Ladoga, (R.) lake. li'dd-ga Ladrones, (China,) isls. la-dro' nes Laeken, (Belg.) lal hen Lafoes, (Port.) ) duchy. la-fongs! Lafourche, (La., U. 8.) la-foorsh! la-70'a la ‘4 ge s-kG! 700 Lagoa, (P ort. Lago Escora, (Port. ) lake. Lago Maggiore, (N. It.) Lake of Locarno. JZa- la'co mit-gi're cus Verbanus. Lagoa Merim. See Merim. Lagonegro, (Napl.) Lagos, (Port. ). la! woos 4a Granja. elfdefonso. la oran'éha Laguna, (Te cone ) la-coo'nd Laguna de Madre, (Texas.) 1ld-790'nd de ma!dre Ree a ld-g6'd me-ring! yao la £O-71Ee lp TO } Laguna ue los Terminos, ) ld-co09'nd de lds ter'mi- | (Mex.) ) nos La: mann a, la, (Colombia,) are ; lk a, ( yf la ld-roo9-nil’ya *e hee ) co - Lahn, (C - Ge rm.) is lahn Laholt A (Sw.) la-holm! uaibach. See Laybach. li'bdch Laibitz. See Lubieza. li'bits Laigle, L’Aigle, (£r.) ) la 1 Aguila. as | Laland. See Laaland. la'land | La Mar. See Cobija. la-mdr! Lainbach, ( Austr.) Lamballe, (Fr.) Lambayeque, (Pera.) Lambesc, (Fr.) ldng-besk! Lambs heim, (Bav.) limbs'hime Lamego, ( Port.) la-me! x00 Lamia, (Gr.) Stay Lamone, (Tusc.) 7. Lampedosa, ) (Mediterr.) ) Lampedusa, } isl, Pelagia. j lim! baéh lan o-bal! lam-ba-ye'ke li-m}7' a la-md'ne ldm-pe-do '(doo')sa Lamporrecchio, (Tuse.) lam-por-rel! kt-o Lancerota, or Lanzarote, ) y (Canaries,) isl 5 lancero'ta, lan-the-ro!ta l Lanciano, (Ni ipl.) Anzanum. lin-chi'no Se Land 1uf, lin! toot Landau, (Bay.) Landeck, (Pr. Sil.) Landerneau, (I'r.) Landeron, (Switz.) Landes, les, (E'r.) dep. Landiras, (Fr.) Landivy, (r.) Landrecies, or Landrecy, lan! dou liin' de k, lan'détsk ldna-der-nd! ling- dring! le lined - / ldno-di-ras lang-di-vi! Fr.) léngdr-st! Landsberg, (Pr.) liints'bérg Landshut. See Lancut. lants'hoot Landskron, (Boh.) landts' krone! Landskrona 1, (Sw.) lands'kro'na Lanebourg. See Lans le, ) Bourg, (Sard.) Langeac (EF r.) Lange ais, ( Fr.) ag ( ; ‘ ; ld-ne-boorg! ling-gak! lana-ca! Langeland, | penn) isl, lan"! ge-lind! Langenbriicken, (Bad.) lin! cén-brok! kén Lange nburg, (W cre ) lan! oén -b90 rg! Langensalza, (Pr.) lan!" cén-ziil tsi Langenschwalbiach, See Schwalbach. Langnau, (Switz.) ling'nou Langoe, (Norw.) isl. lang! A Langogne, ( Fr.) Langon, (F r.) léng-gong! Langoran, Gi lans g-g0-rdng! Langres, (Fr.)4 ARETE Gt ling gr Languedoc, ( Fr.) ) old prov. — léino-é-dok! Languidic, ( oS ldng-o%i-dile! Languinilla, (PI. Cofff.) lake. lén-gi-nil/ya Lanjaron, Bs lan- cha- ron Lankowitz, ana (Styria.) ma-ri/a laa!'k6-vits Lannion, (Fr. ldn-ni-ong! Lanslebourg, Heanibpotiie, (Sard.) Lanzarote. lan’! geén-shval' bach ling-c6ny! ne lang-lé-boorg! See Lancerote. Jdn-thi-rd!te Laon, (Fr.) Landuntiom. lading a Lit Paz, (Bol.) dep, la path Lapos Banya, (H.) la-posh bahn'ya Lappland, (& urope ,) country. lap! landt Laurent, Lavaux, Lavedan, Lavaur, (Ir. “T. Lavello, (Na Laybach, or Laibach sl. Lublana ; it. Lubia- Leeuwarden, Leganes, (Sp.) Léger, St., (Fr.) Leghorn, (‘Tusc. Leicester, (Eng.) Leiden, (Neth. ; e. Ley- den.) Lugdunum Bata- Lapperanda. See Vilman- strand. Laprairie, (Can.) TeAxchambaud; Laredo, (Sp.) Lario, (It.) lake. Larissa, (Turkey.) Larmaka, (Cyprus.) Larnacho, (Cyprus.) lia Roda, (Sp.) La Rothiére, (Fr.) Lasingfall, (Austr.) fall. Las Cabezas de San Juan, ) (Sp.) mt. Las Palmas, (Canary,) isl. La Souterraine, (Fr.) Lastra, or Gangalandi, (Tusc.) Latakieh, (Syria.) Lotoreza, (H.) r. Latyczow, (R.) Laubach, (C. Germ.) Lauchstadt, (Pr.) Laudun, (F r.) Lauenburg, (Denm.) duchy. Laufen, (Bay.) Laufenburg, (Switz.) Lauingen, (Bavy.) Lauis, or Lugano, Laun, (Boh.) Launceston, (Eng.) Launen, (Switz.) Laurvig, ( Norw.) Lausanne, (Switz.) Lausitz, (Gian: ; & Lusa- ) Lusatia. Lauterbourg, (Fr) tia,) old div. Lauterbrunnenthz ul, (Switz.) v. Lautrec, (F r.) Lavagna, (Sard.) Laval, (Fr.) Lavalett: a, (Malta.) Valetta. mt jw a (f ) Laxenburg, (Austr.) } - 7 na. /im0nd. Lazzaro-deeli- pe OHEN AS ( Venice e,) ts Leapaia. See Tapa Lebadia, (Gr.) Lebedian, (R.) Leberberg. See Jura. Lebrija, (Sp.) Lecce, (Napl.) Alctium. Lech, (8. Germ.) 7. Lechfeld, (Bay. lai Leck, (Neth.) i Lectoure, ( i r.) Le czno, ( Pol. ) Leczyca, | Pol.) Ledesma, (Sp.) Ledetsch, (Boh.) Leer, (Han.) Leerdam, (Neth.) (Neth.) no; fr. Livourne. a Legnago, (Lomb.) Legnano, (Lomb.) Leibitz, (H.) Leibnitzerfeld, (Austr.).plain. voruim. Leine, (Germ.) 7. Leiningen, ty prin. Leipniky or Leipa, aes ) pep SIC, Le ipzig, (Bax:) Leiria, (Port. ) Leisnig, (Sax.) Leitha, or Leyta (Austr.) 7. Leman, Lac. See Genfer See. Lemberg, (Austr. Pol. ; p Lwow.) Leopolis. Lemgo, (C. Germ.) Lemvig, (Denm.) Lenezyc, (Pol.) ° Leus, (Fr.) Lentini, (Sic.) Zeontiwm. Fr.) —— St., des Bains, (Fr.) Lauricocha, (Peru,) lake. ~ iI.) Labi Laxas, (G: A:) 2 it. Livor- } Lipnik, (Mor.) — lap'pe-ran'da la jp a-ri' lar- shdng-bo! la-re'do la'77i-o li-ris'sa lar-na'ka lar-nd'ko la ro'da la 76-ti-ére! la! zing-fal! las kd-be'thas de sdn éhoo- an! las pal'mds la soo-ter-rdne! las'tra ld-ta-kt! ye li-tord'sa la-ti' cho f lou! bach louéh' stadt lo-daine! low! én-b oorg! lou Jen lou'fén-boorg! loulin' gén lou'is loun lahnst!'y lou ‘pén sing l6-rang' de bang la-90-ri-ko' cha lour'vig pS lé-zan lou'zits lo!ter-bgor! lou'tér-broen'nén-tile 16 trek! ld-van'ya la-val! ld-vii-let'ta li-vire ld-vd lave-dings!’ la vel'lo ral z : -boorg lek-toor! lénst'slino léngt-shi'tsi le-des'md le! dét lehr leh r'daim leh! 09-viir-dén le-cii-ne sf sang le- leg! idea rd len-1a! ro len-ya'no li! bits lib'nits-ér-féeldt les'ter li'dén li!ne li!nin! oén lipe'nik li'pa lipe! sik lipe! tsiz le-7-rt/ a lis!'nig lz'ta lak lé-miing! lém! bérg lém! zo lém! vig lengt! shits lang “- len-tt!ni Leoben, (Austr.) Leobschiitz, (Pr. Sil.) Leogane, (Hayti.) Leominster, (Eng.) Leon, (Sp.) old div. Leon, Nuevo, (Mex.) dep. Léonard, St., (Fr.) Leon: rd, San, (Sp.) Leonberg, (Wuzrt.) Leondari, (Gr.) Leonfeld, (Austr.) Leopoldsberg, Leopoldstadt, (1. opoldv4r.) Lepanto, (Gr.) Lepel, (R.) Lerici, (Sard.) Lerida, (Sp.) JIlerda. Lerins, (Mediterr.) isls. Lerma, (Sp.) Le Roi. See Choisy. Les Brenets, (Switz.) Leschnitz, (Pr. Sil.) Leschkirchen. See Gjegyhaz. Lesghistan, (R.) pr. Lesignano di Bagni, (Parm.) Lesina, (Dalm.) isl. TOS- insula. Les Saintes, (W. Ind.) “a: Teseen) Lessoe, (Denm.) isl. Les Trois Ellions, (Cottian } Lessines, (Belg Alps, mts. Les Trois Salasses, ( Bour- ) bon,) mts. Leszno. See Lissa. Lettowitz, (Mor.) Leuca, Capo di, (NapL) Leucate, (F'r.) Leuchtenberg, (Bav.) Leuchte nstein, or Vadutz, ) (Germ.) Leuk, (Switz. ; 7. Louéche.) Leu, St., T avery, Leuthen, (Pr. Sil.) Leutmeritz. NY. Salton Tice.) Leutschau, (H.; h. Leuwen. See Louvain. Leuze, (Belg. Levanso, (Mediterr.) \ Phorbantia. Levano, (Sard.) Levante, (Sard. Levantine, Val, it. Levantina.) Levanto, (Sard.,) Levento, o7 Lev Levroux, (Fr.) Lewenz, (EH. \ Leyden. Sce Leiden. Leyte, (P DU DOMEE) ) e Leitha. Ley tha. Lewat, (R) ae Lezay, (I'r.) Lezuza, (Sp.) cidius. Liancourt, (I'r.) Libau, (Courland ; Leapaia.) Libawa. See Liebau. Liberk. See Reichenberg. Libertad, (Peru,) dep Libethen, (H.; /. Libéth- Ba nya. ) Libochowitz. (Bob.) Liboschin, (Boh.) Libourne, (r.) Lichwin, (R.) Licodia, (Sic.) Licosa, Punta di, (Napl.) cape. Lidkdéping, (Sw.) Liebau, (Mor. ; Libawa.) Liebenzell, (Wutt.) Liechtenstein, (Germ.) prin. Liefkenshoek, (Belg.) Liefland, ov Livland, vonia, (R.) gov. Liége, (Belg. ; d. Luyk ; a Laittte h.) Liegnitz, (Pr. Sil.) Lienz, (Tyrol.) Lierre, ov Lier, (Belg.) Lietor, (Sp.) Ligniéres la Doucelle, (Fr.) Ligny, (Belg.) Ligny le Chatel, (Austr.) mt. — prov. (Switz. ; ¥enZO Libisosona. Liamone, (Cors.) 7. Liburnum. Libreville. See C harleville. Lichtenberg, (Pr.) prin. Lic htenvoorde, (Netb.) (Fr.) le-d'bén le-6b' shitts fr. le- -O- can; Sp. le- 0- cd'ne lem ‘ster. ees ox noo-e'vo le-dn! sing aie 6-ndlir! sin le-d-nar!do le-on'bérg le-On-da'rz le!on-feldt! le'0-polds-bérg! le'd-pold-stadt! le!6-pold-vahr! le'pdn-to le'pél le!7%-cht le!ri-da le-rang! ler’ma ra lé ro-a! le bré-ne! le sh! nits lésh ‘ir! chen lés! gis-tahin le-sin-ya'no di bin! yt le! S4-na le saingt lés-sine’, lés'sén les! & le tro-a'z-el'li-ng' ~ le tro-a! sd-lis! lésh'no lét'td-vits ka'po di le-og-ka lé&n-kate! lotéh'tén-beérg! loich'tén-stine! loik, leg-éshe! sing lé td-ver-ni! low'tén loit'me-rits loit! show led! ven léize le-viain'so le'vi-no le-viin'te ; fr. le-vanst! vdl lé-viing-tine’, le-vin- ti!na le-van'to le-ven'to, le-vend'so lé-v7 ¢ Qo! le’ vénts li uden lel; T- -té li! ta le-vat! lé-za! le-thoo!tha li-G-md'ne li-dna-kogr! li'bou li'ba-va li'bérk li-ber-tdd! li'be-tén, li-beht bahn'ya li-b6' Ehd-vits li-b6-shin li-boorn! libr-vile! lich'tén-béerg! lich'tén-vohr! de lich'win li-kd-di! a poon'ta di li-ko'sa liha' chA-ping li! bou li'bén-tsél! lich'tén-stine! lihf'kéns-hook! lihflandt ypl Ze e. lidg ; Ti-é lia'nits lihnts li-er!, lire li-e!tor lin-yi-ére! la dgg-sél’ in-y?! lin-yt! lé sha-tel’ Fate, fa r, Fal, what, bat. — Méte, Prey, help, thére, hér.— Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, ddve, mive, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. —Fr. & long,PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Liimfjord, ox Lymfjord Soe inte aDenn Ta aa Lahm’ fydre! Lijs: See Lys. lis Lika, (Austr. Croat.) li'ka Lilienfeld, ( Austr.) 1i/lz-en-feldt! Lilla. Lulea Elf, (Sw.) 7. lil'la log'le-6 élf Lille, or Lisle, (Fr. , flem. Ryssel.) Tale Lillebonne, (Fr.) Juliobona, lile-bon' Lima, (Peru. ) li'ma Limagne, ee) old div. li-many‘ Liman, (Black Sea,) bay. li-man' Limari, (Chile,) 7. li-ma-ri! Limbourg, or Limburg, (Neth.) duchy. lang-boor! ; g. lim'boorg Limenia, (Cyprus.) li-me'ni-a e “- Limoeiro, (Braz.) li-mooq-G@'%-ro9 Limoges, (Fr.) Lemovicum. li-moge’ Limon, (N. Gran.) bay. li-mon' Limosin, ov Limousin, le, (Fr.) old prov. Limoux, (Fr.) Linajegna, (Sw.) peak. Linares, (Sp-) Lindau, (Bav.) Lindo, (Rhodes.) indus. Linhares, ( Port.) Linkdping, (Sw-) Spa: et lé lé-md(moo)-zang li-moq! Bp acta pat li-na-yeng na li-na'res lin! dow lin'do lin-ya'res Ay ; lin'ch&-ping Linnich, (Pr.) lin’nich Linosa, ( Mediterr.) isl. Cea GB ousa: li-nd'sa@ Linth, (Switz.) r. lint Linz, or Lintz, ( Austr.) Lentia. pars Lion, (Mediterr.) gulf. li-dng! Lion d’Angers, le, (F'r.) lé li-ng'! ddng-ge Lipari, (Mediter.) isl. A&to- lin'ari. Ui! pa-ri lie or Vulcanie Insule. SGA AY fe Lipcse, (H.) lip'che Lipetsk, (R.) li'pétsk Lipnica, (Gal.) lip-ni'tsa Lipnik. See Leipnik. lip'nik Lipécz, (H.) li-pohts Lipowiec, (Pol.) li-pov'yets Lippa, (H.) lip'pa Lippe, (Germ.) 7. lip'pe Lippe-Detmold, (Germ.) prin. lip'pe-dét! moldt Lippe-Schaumburg, or Schaumburg-Lippe, (Germ.) prin. lip'pe-shoum’ boorg Lippstadt, (Pr.) lip'stddt Liria, (Sp.) lilri-a Lisboa, ses lis-b6'a Lisbon, (Port.) Olisipo. lis!bon Lisieux, (Fr.) Lezovium. li-27-A! Lisle. See Lille. Tile Lissa, (Pr.; pol. Leszno.) lis'sa Lissa, (Dalm.) isl. Issa. lis'sa Lissowiec, (Gal.) Liszkowo, (Pol.) Lithuania. See Litthauen. Litomérice, (Boh, ; g. Leutmeritz.) Litorale, or [lirisches Kuis tenland, (Austr.) prov. lis-sdv'yéts lish-k6'vo lithua'nia l4-tom-yér-shi! tse li-td-ra/le Litry, (Fr.) li-tri! A ene (Pol.) grand duchy. hititow'en Livarot, (Fr.) Ii-vd-rd' Livenza, (Austr. It.) Li- quentia. Livinerthal, (Switz.) v. Livland. See Liefland. Livonia. See Liefland. Livorno. See Leghorn. Livourne. See Leghorn. Livrade, St., (Fr.) Livron, (Fr.) Ljusne, (Sw.) 7. li-vend'sd li-vi! nér-tale! life! landt livo'nia li-vir'no li-voorn! sdng-li-vrade! “* 4 / li-vrdng lytis'ne, yts!ne “—— lytts'ne-dile’, ytus'ne-ddle! Litthauen, Lithuania, Ljusnedal, (Sw.) Ljutzun, (R. Pol. ; pol. Lucyn.) Lliagostera, (Sp.) Llangollen, ( Wales.) —~ Lyggt'tsoon lyd-gos-te'ra lan-goth'len Llanas, (Sp-) lya! nds Llanelly, (Wales.) laneth' ly Llanes, (Sp.) Lyd! nes Llanos, (S. A.) plains. lya'nos Llaugharn, ( Wales.) larn Llerena, (Sp.) lye-re'nad Llivia, (Sp.) Julia Livia. lyi!vi-a Llobregat, (Sp.) 7. lyo-bre-gat! “—— Llumayor, (Majorcea.) lygq-mi-yor! Lobau, (Austr.) 16'bou Libau, (Pr. ; pol. Lubawa.) lA'bou Lobenstein, (C. Germ.) 16!bén-stine! Lobkowic, ( Boh.) lob'ko-vits fre ; % sh é Ser re j ae . ey oh OEE here Thy LN ONS pee," eee ean Pee oh oe aD Lobositz, or Lobosycze, Lobsens, (Pr. Pol. ; pol. Locana, (N. Locarno, (Switz.) lake. (Boh.) 15'bd-zits, 16'bG-st-che ; lob!zéns, l0b-ze-ni'ts Lobzenico.) ob! zéns, l0b-ze-nv' tso it.) lo-ka! na ld-kar'no cf See Lago Maggiore. Loches, (I'r.) Lochia. lohsh Locle, le, (Switz.) lé l6kl Lodéve, (I'r.) Luteva. 1o-dével Lodi, (Lomb.) lod Lodi Vecchio, (Lomb.) Laus Pompeia. Lodomirien, (Austr.) prov. Lodosa, (Sp.) Loevestein, (Neth.) Lofoden, (Norw.) isls. L6ofsta, (Sw.) Logodori, (Sard.) Logrono, (Sp.) Liégstér, (Denm.) Loibel, (Austr.) mt. Loing, (Fr.) 7 una. Loir, (Fr.) 7. Loir-et-Cher, (Fr.) dep. Loire, (Fr.) 7. Liger. Loire, Haute, (Fr.) dep. ~ 1lo/dz vek'kc2-0 16-dd-mi'rt-én l6-do'sti log! ve-sttine lo-foldén; sw. loe-foo'dén ledf! sta ld-76-do'7t l6-gron' yo l&e' star loi! bél a, lo-ang fo-are! CEN Ly 16-are! e-shere Ceo lo-are! i Laer ote lo-dre . Be = Cap ° se Loire-Intérioure, (Fr.) dep. 1-dre!dng-te-ri-re! 5 —— : Cares Loiret, (Fr.) Ligerula. lo-d-re! Loja, (Sp.) lo/cha Lokeren,.( Belg.) lo'kke-rén Loket. See Elbogen. lo'ket Lolland. See Laaland. lol/ land Lombardia. See Lombardy. ldm-bar-di'a Ee ; it. Lombardia, ) lom!bardy Lombes, (Fr.) Lomnitz, (Boh.) Lomsfjeld, (Norw.) mé. Lomza, (Pol.) Lonato, (Lomb.) Lonezyn, (Gal.) Lonezyca, (Pol.) old pr. Londari, (Gr.) lon-da'r% Londerzeel, ( Neth.) lon! der-zehl Long, (Fr.) 7. long Longchamp, (Fr.) 7. léng-shang! Longlier, (Luxemb.) lona-cli-e! Longo Sardo, (Sard.) Tibula. lon’ go sdr'do long-bes! lom'!nitz loms!'fyél lor! sha@ 1d-nda!to lont!' shan lont-shi' tsa eR ling-g-vile! long-vi! Longueville, (Fr.) Longwy, (Fr.) Lonigo, (Austr. It.) lo-ni' go Lonlay Abbaye, (Fr.) long-la' lab-ba! Lons-le-Saulnier, (Fr.) Le-) 75, o-lé-s-ni-el dum Salarvum. S Loo, (Belg.) lo Lora del Rio, (Sp.) lo!ra del rt'o Lorca, (Sp-) lor ka Lorch, (Wiuirt.) loréh Lorenzo, (B. Af.) r. ld-reng!zo Loreo, (Lomb.) lo-re!o Loreto, or Loretto, (C. It.) — 16-re'to, 16-7°ét' to Lorgues, (I'r.) lor-ge' L?Orient, (Fr.) Lérrach, (Bad.) Lorraine, (Fr. ; g. Loth- lo-ri-dng! lAr'racth ringen,) old pr- Lotha- lor-réne! Tinga. Losice, (Pol.) Loslau, (Pr. Sil.) Losoncz, (H.) lo-shdnts Los Santos, (Sp.) los santos Lossini, (Ill. ; g. Lussin,) isl. lds-s¢'n? Lot, (Fr.) 7- Oltis. lot, 16 Lot-ct-Garonne, (Er.) dep. —_-(16-e-ga-rin! Lothringen. See Lorraine. 16-trin!'gén Lotse. See Leutschau. l&dt' she Loudéac, (Ir.) log-de-ak! Loudun, (Fr.) log-dAng’ Ce Loudunois, (Er.) old distr. log-dti-nit! (nd-a!) Louéche. Sec Leuk. loo-éshte! Lougen, (Norw.) 7. lou! wen Loughborough, (Eng.) luf’ 05-10 Louhans, (F'r.) log-ang! Louis, St., (Canada,) lake. — sént log/ts, sang log-é! Loule, (Port.) 1d-le! Lourches, (Fr.) loorsh Lourdes, (Fr.) Lapurdum. logrd Lourical, (Port.) ld-r7-sdl! om~ Lourinhao, ( Port.) Louvain, (Belg. ; d. Leu- wen; ¢. Lowen.) Louveciennes, (Fr) Louven, (Norw.) 7. Low'ven Louviers, (Fr.) LoQ-v2-€ Louza, (Port.) 16/zd —~ Lovas Berény, (H.) 10-viish be-reliny Lovendeghem, (Belg-) 1lo/vén-dé! gem lo-si'tse las! low Se cp lé-rin-ya' gong canter! log-vang logve-si-en! ort, bit. — Fr. & long, 6 short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, 2Y, liquid. — An!! ger. — 8, éh, guttural ; ir " BC ph anita oO} he : ‘ NS aes eee h ea bt haan y Mae hl ceil 4 Lovere, (Lomb.) lo-ve're Léwen. See Louvain. ldd'véen Lowiez, (Pol.) l6!vr2tsh Lowisa, ur Degesby, (Finl.) 16-v2!zd Loxa, (8. A., Ecuad.) 16/éha Loyola, (Sp.) lo-yo la Loysa, (Puerto Rico,) 7. 16'7-sa Lozére, (Fr.) dep. lo-zére! Lozzolo, (Sard.) ldt-sd! lo Lu, (Pied.) loo Luango, (Sp.) loQ-Gn! oo Luarca, (Sp.) log-ar'ka Lubaczow, (Austr. Pol.) 199-bat!shov Lubartow, (Pol.) leo-badr' tov Lubawa. See LOobau. log-ba'va Liibeck, (N. Germ.) liu! béke Lubicza, (H.; g. Laibitz.) log! bit-sa Lubm des Joncherets, St., sang lt-bang' de gongsh- Fr.) Ten Lublana. See Laybach. log-bla'nii Lublau, (H.; 2. Lublo-) leg! blou Lublin, ( Pol.) log blin Lublo. See Lublau. loo-bl6 log-brin! leg-ka'ya logklka leq-the'nad log-che'ra log-cher'na Lubrin, (Sp.) Lucaya. See Abaco. Lucca, (It.) duchy. Lucena, (Sp.) Elisana. Lucera, (Napl.) Luceria. Lucerna, (Sard.) Lucerne, (Switz. 3; g- Waldstattersee, ) la/e. Lucerne, (Switz.; g. Lu- zern.) Luciensteig, (Switz.) pass. Lucignano, (‘Tusc.) Luck, (R.) Luckenwalde, (Pr-) Lucon, (Fr.) Lucyn. See Ljutzun. Ludwigsburg, (Wiurt.) Ludwigshafen, (Bav.) Ludwigslust, (N. Germ.) Lugan, (R.) Lugano, (Switz.) Lugano, (Switz.) lake. La- cus Ceresius. Luganskoi Sawod, (R.) lti-s érn! lit-sérn! loo! tst-én-st7g! log-chin-ya'no loghtsk look! kén-val'de lit-sdng! log! tsin! logd'vigs-boorg! logd/vigs-ha'fen logd!vigs-loost! leo! gan loo-gd'no log-ga' no log-gans!k0-i sd-ved! Lugo, (Sp.) leo! go Lugos, (H.) loo! gosh Luines, (Fr.) lt-ine! Lujan, or Luxan, (PI. Conf.) 7. Lukow, (Pol.) Lulea, (Sw.) Lumbrales, (Sp.) Lumbezzane, (Austr. It.) logm-bet-sa/ne Lummen, (Belg.) ledm/meéen Lund, (Sw.) lognad Luneburg, (Han.) liu! ne-boerg! log-chan! ed loo!kov loo'le-6 logm-brii'les Lunel, (Fr.) lir-nel! Luneville, (Fr) Viine-pile! Luni, (N. It.) Luna. log!né Lunigiana, (N. It.) distr. log-ni-dga!n& Lupata, (S. Af.) mts. log-pa'ta Luque, (Sp.) Aglamior. logtke Lure, (I'r.) lire Lusatia.” See Lausitz. lu-sa'she-a Lusignan, Luzignan, (Fr.) le-zin-yang! Lusigny, (Fr.) li-zin-yt! Lussac le Chateau, (Fr.) liis-sdk! lé shi-to! Lussin. See Lossini. logs'sane Lutomiersk, (R. Pol.) log-t0-myersk! Lutry, (Switz.) Uie-ty“! Lutska, (H.) logtsh'ka Lutter-am-Barenberge, (Germ. ) Lutternberg, (Germ.) logt!térn-bérg! Liittich. See Liege. [kt!tich Liitzelburg. See Luxemburg. Lut! sél-beoré! Laitzen, (Pr-) licht'ts én Luyk. See Liege. leik Luxan. See Luzan. log-chiin! Luxembourg, (Belg. and Neth.) grand duchy. Luxemburg, (Neth. 5 g- Liitzelburg. ) Luxeuil, (Fr.) Luzara, (Lomb.) Luz en Barréges, (Fr-) Luzern. See Lucerne. logt'tér-dm-ba! rén-beér! ge liik-sang-bogr! ladk'sém-barg aa lds-sAly! lood-sa'ra f liz ing bar-rége! leat! sérn Luzignan. See Lusignan. l-zin-yang! Luzon. See Manila. log-thon! ; @. loo-zone Lwow. Sce Lemberg. lvov = Lymfjord. See Liimfjord. lzhm fyore oie 1 li-ng 7 ny 7 y Lyon, (Fr.) Zugdunum Lyonnais, (F'r.) ald prov. Lyons-la-Foret, (Fr.) ao 17-dn-na! li-dng!la-fo-ré! Lys, (Belg. ; @. Lijs,) * es = Lysiec, (Gal.) li! syéts Lyszkow0, (Pol.) lish-ko!vo gas s in pleasure. —f final, Fr. re. — 0, between v and f- i — eae sca” ade ae a.) ) 1d-ni'ld. ma : t. Galante Ie ) ot md-r2'd : fe Manjar G a(S ™ , ma-nil' va tsi. te, CW. mils o-min os 2... i do! shoo; : | Many lorf, (Swit man-ce-to iya Mari } Ind ) 1d! vi-bo é BCite ox'o e. anners aN tee itz.) <5 e-too-1woalt! ; nb Magdalena , mi ‘0 Ma fda- dorf. a or Matt mining ee : . d- ) ee : » (Hs 5 jee ers- man | _ | | M ; (N . Gran.) dé ( gal-yangs! WMannoredl 4 t Kethely ) m . in , i : | = F Maecdeb *) aD 5 mdo-da 5° dorf. yrf. or N Maye) nan’ ier. Nan m : ; | = | | Be mn a holy, apne rs-dor me rienW \ nm.) ma-r7t badt! - g, (rr. l e’nd; Mz lars- rat! térs-d = Mari erder. (P ) cas l a Miaecd “ > \ r.) § le'na a; e. macda lannhart h h. Menyhi / térs-dorf!l | Mariestad rT, (Pr. tle. mia-r Ven boorz! : se : | “tina , ada- a mt. 7 sberg, (Au Ne ) 4 niin! or) Mariglia , (Sw.) ) m rt! én-lit: st! a 4er S- = oorse! . range. str ) in'nérs-d ¥ ma ntl : Maney (Braz) rm.) deburg je. mag! c one im 3 oh ce io : - “ ! (FT. ) ene] di'rén iiaien z . mi'el . 5*£3 e- “ho, 7 €-72 ‘ua Ma 24 = Bee . me" hou o-= M: rac ) (Pe ru, \ di ma -p 7-mi! ‘ya molej eae It.) md? -meo - > i vey tiie ma-i'd a, (Br.) : a islr. ma pi- rg! Marino ie Sp. ] mur vdngd! Main ; 0 Mil: aggia. i-2'da Maracay sl. | | se 3 : 3 Ss | a ines, B , md- po! cha Ma munster ( Pr re 5 fr. Ma mar-mo ro-lo oa : i ahl! Marz ‘ A. Venez md- i Marne. ( Nlau- } 10-le'éjj Maing in. of “9 mi'landt aracaybo, (§ Se re : a : : ‘ ~ f m o 2 ~ / : | | : | eines cae (nus. mi Maragozipe (S. A. Vene mid-ri=} = ME ne, Haut ™ Jatrona Sian > ~ a7ne : Marii Bi (Br 27, ) alt Maromi ‘S a ; : a i eo arorone » ( sr.) -) . mi. (S rr.) d miurne ine-et-Loai -) old 7 mii! nNaine Marni , (Fr.) di } mii-ra-ka! ua ions S Tne ee (FE as Sh i-nad ey ( Br) ae. of Vendé mir a ae se i: : ; : : a | Maramerk ay, P l. (Cb. nt d-g0-24 p WA os, pan bay) Ts mi-ro'mi ae : nil , Maxi (Pe mid-ra : e Maros pie mi Maisox See May 1ane-e-lo-a aranhao, rere) mi : 7 : | : : | Maser na) Sop ence. mdnet-7 6-dre! | (Braz. ) , Maranhan erie ae " ) arxen . See Mis Leite -nona! N 2 az.) de am _ md-ri 5 + ty ( Aus 0s s es = on : aa (Nat ‘ , i rd-me-rik! as ros U3 (A istr. It.) mad-rosh sel ajorea, (Mediterr dbs aed |. aration ee ) mi-rain-yia! ¢ | vane : ra go Mz a.) is re: s _ sang anaes arar , rt.) 5S ay ya'oongs | I sere se | ; Mall 2 3 SP. ) 2 mas-sa ion. (S. mia-ra! eis | narkt ly. SceN mero A; ew . ; s-sangp? A ¢ A.) r 1-7 1 | Ma t. ce iNeu mer Dsl mt mele i eo j ma-jor' Ica & ee Meet ne a : are raat ; i Marao (Por C dn-yon! (A i a Make tH.) mick! rt Mateo GO mts j mia-rin PA a See aver a ) mre : | : | aa 2 : i i Tan eet) oe Sa yr! M ar R tral.) ) ale 1a OZa, ) mdar-kes' hely lak : ‘ ye lar co aca, S nd-rii! oo ed | s ; te vb cS A. Colom mii-rii cong ol: ), [Roxo,](C f miur-kke'sa , | . y n I * . . al _ st ay na'ko f MI rawi, (S. We Me (ora te’a Mare a Calif.) ? 3 de men-do'tl 4 = 5 4 ar é , 7 = | ‘ ao si a x m a-ra-valka Marsaglia, f. ‘A \ mdr-ro'cho iad Natag a sets Marbel i, irt. ) ies . lylarsc us ; ci ett _ Malac mia'li-dé 3 ella. (S +) mi-ri | = B Mals > Lte (G . ad. “i' ld-det! te Mar 5 (=p : wo Paty , 3 B r. IE mist alamoce , (Guin.) mili det’ td Marburg i Doyo m ; - M; cco, ( , nia'la-ca a, (Ger Saldul ae ai sed S alac , (Austr d'a-gd ; Uy , (Germ yd. nar vdel Mars i, ic.) : sal! Mz : 0, (Arabiz Str. It.) mia-li- ; @. mal’ M: n or Matt poe ts =e , : = 3 i AU mill get! aga Marc, St lacum i- ) bel'ya p, (Neth.) yorum ir-sal! * “ te # a I » . . wy od + x * aa © sf “1 : a Malaun 4 (Medite ’ d-modk' fc Marcari , (Hayti. , mar boors Marseilla ) strait, meee a C 7 | ; 3 Malbor y, (Fr.) rr.) isl nu-li'o £0 Mare ir (Lomb.) | ra | oe = : , | ni alli \ ).) sal 5 l fa "i . 9 (EAs) epe pet ye u-las-pt : los /T ine i ani Malborgeth Caen mh eee March, St et, (Fr.) ma a mark j rseille, (Fr.) f mittriste ms Maldon isa. U a;) a o-na! Marche or.) 1%. se r-kd-ri'a Marsicc Ea Massili ’ aa -i-yang! ee M: erbes, (F , Uragi mial'b M: le, la, sino md a v4. ico Nuov ae a ses Malghera on (Fr.) guay.) mal por Bete’ Marche el F eee iim a i a = ) _Aa maUee ae -€nl- 9 7. narcéi = not ‘ eter 9 LANG) Se€ly’ 5 : a : bar ge Mare alr rOv. ae l A ere, (N < yy ©. Mstine Venice see ) me Matt nee (Sp ine, (Belg la marsh 7 NE ee ar m Basic ipl.) ote ae ee =F 49 , & “hn eld 7 +) 5° mar. : str ind ‘a | : of , nen Be ee ( mal-ge! . Marchien 3 \ Austr. ) me rsh-dng-f d-mi Martel, (F (Sw. te j miar'si-ko 0'vo : in, or } era Marcia nes, (Fr. 1dr-che'nad ies art . : 4 : mr a \ , isdijk mar's <=" s md-li Ma (E ll hag ch féld Ma . af =, tr ie ‘ : ; ree he: see Sealed n See 3 S Neth. ) apse aie z a AWE : “0 see ly cine S RtrsGu ae r.) ae ATartieny : dS rie See: a ene | ch ae na leg % : | ; | area a i J) i Vill = \ r.) r’ ten ze ezal, (H x r.) isl. eee g- any, la Ville, (Switz pis td. 3e Sin-Yyt cun o i : nS ) Jl aon ? — om dna mar-k Marti — | wo mil -kogf! rin, S oe dhr-tsal } Martin aa les, (F'r-) ee Spates te. (W es ! 3 I ir *" M: rtinach a oe sing Marti . See M: } isl. r-tihg! oe i Marti san ie, (Wal ol ‘een all.) ° mdr! ti- ae ee -nach ir-ti-nest! est ye Fate, far D —_ rT Tr arine c.— e €, MOve 0 — a _ fa Pp e ; Si 5 all b ao st 3 what b 1 at, bat . Meéte > prey, hélp, the e, he , ler, —— ane, 7 i h P > marin ’ trd, fi sJ 2 ¥s°* WN Ot e, dbv pe, Mbve a. T: , wal b Oly, ook, L Olt, Lor * wun e, bull 3 OU | ull, unite L J . ol, boy , 5 house F e r. t lo ng, aieMartinique, la, (W. Ind. ; we ——~ Martinswand, (Tyrol.) Maryampol, (Pol.) Marzameni, (Sic.) wl. Masafuero, (Chile,) isl. Masalquivir, (Algeria.) i ) Mascara, ( Algeria.) Victoria. Mascovien, § palatinate. Massa Ducale, o7 Massa di Massevaux, (Fr.; g- Mas- Matacan, (S. A.) 7- Matachel, (Sp-) 7- Matagorda, (‘Texas.) Matamoras, o7 Matamoros, (Tamaulipas,) m. Matanzas, (Cuba.) Matapan, (Greece,) prom. an, (S. A., Venez.) Matoschkin, stravt. Matschin, (Balg.) Mattersdorf, (H.; 2. Nagy Mattersdorf. See Manners- Matto, 07 Mato Grosso, ) Maturin, formerly Orinoco, | (Venez., S. A.) dep. Maule, (Chile,) 7 Maupertuis, (Fr.) Mautera, ( Austr.) Mauthausen, ( Austr.) Mayaguez, (Porto Rico.) Mayence, (Germ. ; Mayenne, (Ir.) dep. Maypo, (Chile,) 7. Maypocho, (Chile,) ™. Mazaltenango, (C. A., Guat.) Mazatlan, (Sinaloa,) m. Mazzara, Val di, (Sic. Mearim, (Braz.) 7. Mechlin, (Belg.; fr. Ma- Mechoacan, or Michoacan, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, (Germ.) grand duchy. Mecklenburg-Strelitz, (Gerin.) crand duchy. Medemblik, (Neth.) vtie; % short, bit. —Fr. @ lon ial ential As eS PRONUN la mar-ti-nike!, mar-ti- nilkas e. mar-ti-neelk! mar! tins-bérg! mar'tins-vandt! mar-to-rel) mda! tos-i-fog-ea-san'td om mdr-va!' oqng alas err il mar've-gol mar-ver-me' cho ma-ri-am-pol! miard-sa-me!nt md-sda-foq-e'ro ma-salk! mia-sal-ki-vir! mis & ti-er'rad mas 'ka-lt mds-ka'ra mds-miin'stér ma-s0'vi-a mas-kd' vi-én mds'sa@ dgq-hka'le, dz kar- ra'ra mias-sd! ya mis-vo! ma-ta-kan! mia-td-chel! mia-td gor'da md-td-m6'7ds(rds) md-tan'thds md-ta-pan! ma-ta-r6! san ma-te!o md-te'ra mda'to gros'so md! tosh-kin mat! shin mat’ tér-horn'’ mat! térs-dorf! mat! térs-dorf! mat'to gros'so md-tog'ra ma-too-rin! mo-base! So mou! ér-mtun! stér oo mid! oq-le mo-le-ong! on mo-per-tu-i! sang mohr sdngt molir mo-ri-al! sing mo-ris mo-ri-en! mo-rong! mou!térn mout'how'zén milk! sén mia-yd-gez' (geth) t BS eg md-yan7s ‘ ! mad-yen MUNe ie ma! %-po CRN md-%-p5' cho mé-i-re'nd de al-kdhr! mia-thal-ki-vir! mda-thal-te-nan' go md-zd-me! ma-thdt-lan’ miat-sa'rd val di mat-sa'rd oan ol me-d-7r ing mo mek ka méel! élr mééh-line! me-cho-d-kan! mék! lén-bogrg! shve-rin! mék!lén-booré! stre'lits me-del-Tin' ane! dém-blil! me! de-vi Son med-%-es an Medi- me-dilni Beer Ra. os hie a CIATION OF MODERN G g, eu short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, li (ee Medina Celi, (Sp.) me-di'na the’ le Medina del Campo, (Sp.-) me-di'na del kam'po Medina de Pomar, ( Sp.) me-d2'nd de po-inar Medina del Rio Secco, (Sp.) me-di'na del rid sek'ko Medinet-en-Nehi. See Sfe- ) dina. \ Medina-Sidonia, (Sp.) Mediterranean, sea. JHare ) fnternum. j Medola, (It.) Mediin, (R. Medynsk, me-di-net-en-ne-ht! me-di'na-st-do'nt-a mediterra’ near me'do-la ) me-ditn! I me-dinsk! Meenen. Sce Menin. mé' nen Meesen. See Messines. meé!zén Megico. See Mexico. me! chi-ko Megyes, or Medies, (Trans.) Mehadia, (H.) Mehaun, (Fr-) Mciaponte, ( Braz.) Meiland. See Milano. med-yeslh me-hd-dt-a me-Ang! “- ma! %-d-pon' te m2 landt oat me-i-ye-ri', mel-ye-re! mit! now Meillerie, (Sard.) Meinau, (Boden See,) isl. Meiningen, (C. Germ.) mi nin! cen Meisenhcim, (W. Gerin.) mi! zén-h=me! Meissen, (Sax.) mis! sén Meiji See Mexic Ht hale Mejico. See Mexico. me! chz-ko Melo, (S. A., Uruguay.) me’ lo méléh'tale mél' dale me'le-da mel'dd-ld Melchthal, (Switz.) v- Meldal, (Norw.) Meleda, (Dalm.) isl. Melita. Meldola, (It.) Melfi, (Napl.) Aujidus. mel f% Melgaco, (Port.) mel-ga'so Melila, ? me-l?'la Molilia, » (Moree) Melipilla, (Chile.) Melitopol, (R.) me-lil'ya me-li-pil/ya me-li-to-pol! Melk, or MGlk, (Austr) mélle Mellavi, (ig. mel-la! vt Melle, (Fr-) mel mél'rich-stadt! Lae ype mye nthk Melirichstadt, (Bav.) Mélnjk, (Boh.) Meloir des Oudes, St., (Fr.) Meloria, (Ty rrhenean Sea,) ] menlelrae mé-lAna!; e. melun! mem-bril' ya mé!mél gem! min! gén me'nis al’bds men-dd-vi! a isl. Melun, (Fr-) Melodunum. Membrilla, (Sp-) Memel, (Pr.) Memmingen, (Bav-) Menas Albas, (Sp-) Mendavia, (Sp-) Mende, (Fr.) mangd Mendocino, (Up. Calif.) men-do-thi!nd cape. Mendoza, (Pl. Conf.) dep. Menharsdorf. See Man- nersdorf. Ménehould, Ste., (Fr) Ménes, (H-) Menfrici, (Sic.) Mengibar, (Sp-) Menorca. See Minorca. Menin, (Belg. ; flem. Mee- nen.) Menthon, (Sard.) Mentone, ([t.) Ments. See Mainz. Menyhard. Sce Manners- men-do'tha ; e. mendo!za mén'hars-dorf! sang mene-oo! mel-nesh men-fri! cht men-chi! bar me-nor' ka mé-nang! ming-tong! men-to'ne ménts > A meny-hard dorf. 2 Meppel, (Neth.) Mequinenza, (Sp-) Ocio- messa. Meran, (Tyrol.) nép! pel me-ki-nen tha me! ran Merbes le Chateau, (Belg-) merb lé sha-to! mer-kd-dal! mer-ka'to di sd-bo'ta mer-ka!to-sd-rd-che! no mére dé clas Mercadal, (Minorca.) Mercato di Sabota, (Napl.) Mercato-Saraceno, (It.) Mer de Glace. Méréville, (Ir.) Merghem. ‘See Merville. Mergentheim, (Wuit.) Merida, (Sp.) Emerita Augusta. Merida de Yucatan, (Mex.) Merida de Trinidad, (Colomb.) Merim, or Lagoa Merim, (Br.) lake. Mermentau, ee (Ole 4) va Merseburg, (Pr-) Mers-el-Kebin, (Algeria ; sp. Masalquivir.) Mertola, (Port.) Merville, or Merghem, (Fr.) Mery-sur-Seine, (tr-) Mescala, (Mex.) asl. Mesen, (R.) Meseritsch, Grosz, (Mor.) Meseritz, (Pr. Pol.) Messejana, (Port.) Messina, (Sic.) JMessana. me!ri-da melri-da de yog-lkd-tan! me!ri-dd de tri-ni-dad! me-ring’ mer-ming-to! mér!ze-booré! mers-el-ke-bin mer!to-ld mer-vile! mée-ri! stir-sGne mes-kea' la me! zen gross m ef ze-ritsh qe! 2e-1its mes-se-g and mes-St ina quid. — An!’ ger. — &, ch, euttural 5 = Sa eke ae ; BST Pe wes f : : — fe sdng mé-lo- are! de-z-ogde! gas s in pleasure. — ¥ final, Fr. re. — 0, between BOGRAPHICAL. NAMES. Messina, Faro di, (Sic.) aCe ges | strait. falrs di mes-st'nd | Messines, (Belg. ; flem, ) Meesen.) Mestre, (Austr. It.) Mestshowsk, (R.) Meta, (N- Gran., Dee Se) ts Metapa, (C. As, Guat.) Metauro, (C. It.” JMetaurus. me-ta-eo'ro Metelino, (A5gean Sea,) isl. me-te-la'no Metternich, (Pr.) met! ter-nich Metz, (Fr.) Divedurum. melts Meudon, (Fr.) méau-dona! Meulebeke, (Belg.) méu' le-bé-ke mes-sine! mes'tre mest! sho fsk! me! ta me-ta' pa Meurs, or Mérs, (Pr.) MENTS Meurthe, (Fr-) 7. méurle Meurthe, (Fr-) dep. méurte Meusdorf, (Sax.) méxs'dorf, mois'dorf Meuse, (Fr.) dep. med.ze z Meuse, (Fr.; etc. ; d. Maas,)) jae 7. JVosa. Meusnes, (I'r-) ménrn Mexico, Mejico, Megico. mex! i-ko See or Tenochtitlan, } mech'tit-lén! Meyinac, (Fr.) Meyringen, (Switz.) Méze, (Fr.) Mézieéres, (Fr-) Mézin, (Fr.) Mez5 Berény, (H.) Mezé Hegyes, (H.) Mez& Kévesd, (H.) Mezé Tur, (H.) Miask, (R.) Miava, (H.) Michael, St., (Styria.) Michailow, (R.) Michailowsk, (R.) Michigan, (U. 8.) Michilimackinac, (U. 8.) Micnoacan. See Mechoacan. Micuipampa, (Peru.) Middelburg, (Neth.) Middelfart, (Denin.) Midi, Pic du, (Pyren.) Midi, Dent du, (Alps. ) Miechow, (Pol.) Miedniki, 07 Wornie. ma-m al! me'rim'' ger meze me-27-ere! me-zang! p— me-zeu be-reliny me-zé&r hed-yelhsh me-z k&-veshd me-zéd-togr! ani-asle! mz-G'vd zankt m2i'cha-el i mi-chda'%-lo f : “ mi-cha'%-lofsk mish't-gan mak-in-au mi-cho-a-kan! mi-kqq-i-pdm-pa mid! dél-badrg! aid! dél-fahrt! pik dit mi-da! dang dit mi-di! mye! chof myed-ne! kt - . Soa —_—— a Miedzychod, or Birnbaum. myed-st-Chod na Miedzyrzycz, (Pol.) myangd-sir' shitsh Mielnik, (R.) Mieres, San Juan de, (Sp.) Mies, or Silber Bergstadt, (Boh.) Mijares, (Sp-) 7 Miklés, Szent, (H.) Mikulow. See Nikolsburg. Milanese, (It.) old div. Milano, (It.; e. Milan; g- Mailand or Meiland.) Mediolanum. Milazzo, (Sic.) Mile. Milden. See Moudon. Milhau, or Milhaud, (Fr) Amilianum. Millesimo, (Sard.) Milopotamo, (Candia.) Miloslaw, (Pr. Pol.) Milwaukie, (U. 8.) Minas-Geraes, (Braz.) prov. Mincio, (It.) 7. Mincvus. Mindanao, or Magindanas, (Philipp.) isl. Minden, (Pr.) Mindoro, (Philipp-) isl. Mineo, (Sic.) Mena. LaEN ass myel'nik san chog-an! de mi-e'res mihs mi-cha'res sent mi-klohsh mi-lkeo'lof mi-ld-ne' se mi-la'no ; e. milan mi-liits!so mil'dén oo mil-yo!, mi-t-yo! mil-le'si-mo mi-lo-po'ta-mo mi-los'ldv mil-wau'ke mi'nds-ge-ra! es mind! cho min-da-nii’o min! dén m2n-do'ro miz-ne!o qs “At? . 1 aS . Minesota, 0 Minnesota, mineso'ta (U. S.) \ i} pie Ei -V- oe Minho, or Entre Douro-y min'yoo Minho, (Port.) prov. - Minho, (Port. ; sp. Mino,) | min'yo9 yr. JMinrs. \ . stun mi-nt-a'to stun mi-nt-a-tel'lo min'yo Miniato, San, (Tusc.) Miniatello, San, (Tusc.) Mino. See Minho. Minorca, o7 Menorca, (Mediterr. ) isl. Minsk, (R-) Minucciano, (It.) Minusinsk, (R.) Mira, (S. A., Ecuad.) 7 Mirabel, (Fr.) Mirabella, (It.) Miranda del Castanar, (Sp.) Miranda do Douro, (Port.) Miranda do Corvo, (Port.) Miranda del Ebro, (Sp.) Mirande, (Fr.) Mirandella, (Port.) Mirandola, la, (It-) L mi-nor'ke minsle mi-noot-cha/no mi-noo-sinsk! mi'rd mi-rd-bel! mz-ra-bel'la mi-rang'da deg dd'rog mi-réng'dd dg kir'vgg mi-ran’da del e'bro mi-rangd! mi-rang-del'la la mi-ran'do-la ee 1356 eer am u = = era ~ mi-ran'da del kas-tan-yar! : Seg na a and fiacral eadees | hb re ie h pil ; ab iia ge Pea) ra eh ti Hh i] a { Bal 7 bi a ii , i ee ae eat %, SN eae ee — age: ee ich <= dae 1] | } | } | | | UNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Mirebalais, (Fr.) old div. Mirebeau, (I*r.) Mirecourt, (1*r.) Mirepoix, (Fr.) Mirgorod, (R.) Misantla, (Vera Cruz,) m. Mischiritsch, ( R.) Misene, (Lt.) prom. Misitra. See Mistra. Miskolez, CB: ) Misocco, (Switz.; g. Mai- soxthal ; it. Val Melsol- sina,) valley. || Misques, (Colomb.) prov. Missiones, (S. A.) country. Mississip mia (U.S.) | Missolonghi, o7 Miecolun | ghi, (Gr.) Missouri, (U. | M | » Mitla, (Oaxaca,) mm. Mitrowicz, (H.; h. Deme- trovicze.) Mittenburg. See Pisino. Mittwweida, (Sax.) Mixnitzerhdhle, Mixtecapan, table land (Oaxaca,) Mj5sen, (Norw.) lake. Mjés Vand, (Norw.) lake. Miawa, (Pol.) Moa, Sierra de, (Cuba,) nt. rane. Moanalua, (Sandw. Isl.) mn a Mobile, (UL Macambique. bique. Mocambo, (& Méckern, (Pr.) MOH Ae (Sard ) Modena, (I[t.) 5.) See Mozam- Af.) a Mutina. Modic a, (Sic. ; saracen. Mohac.) Motiyca. Modighana, (Tusc. Modlin, (Pol.) Médling, ( Austr.) Modrycz, (Gal.) Modugno, (Napl.) Modum, (Norw.) Mden, (Denm.) isl. Moerbeek, (Belg.) Moerdyk, (Neth.) Moergestel, (Neth.) Moeskroon. See Mouscron. Moerzeke, (Belg.) Mogador, (Morecco.) Mog \douro, Port.) Mogsio, (Austr. It.) Mogielnica, (Pol.) Moguer, (Sp.) Mohac. Se é Modica. Mol haces, or Mohats (H. ) Mohelnice. See Mr igli (Z lohilew, (R.) Mohrungen, (Pr.-) Moika, arm of r. Newa. Moines, ile aux, (F’r.) Moirans, (F'r.) Moissac, (Fr-) Mojacar, (Sp.) Weorgis. Mojos, Moxos, (Bol.) pr. Mokattam, (Eg.) mts. Mokschansk, (R.) Mokuola, (Sandw. Isls.) Mola di Gaet a, (Napl.) Formie Moldau, (Boh.) 7. Moaldawa, (Austr. Pol.) r. Mole de St. Nicolas, (Waytt,) prom. Moleson, (Switz.) mt. Molfetta, (Napl.) AWelfita. Molina, (Sp-) Molise, ov Sannio, (Napl.) prov. Sammum, Molise, (Napili Mele. MOtk. See Mell. Mollwitz, (Pr. Sil.) Molokai, (Sandw. Isls.) Molokini, (Sandw. Isls.) MoJjuecas, (Spice Isls., E. Ind. ; fr. Moluques.) Mombac ‘a, Mombaza, (Zang.) Mombacho, (Guat.) vole, Mompox, (N. Gran.) pr. Monachonaw a, (R. ) Monaco, (Sard. ; fr. Mour- piles,) prin. Portus Mo- ne&ci, Fate, far, fall, what, bat. ee prey, hélp, thére, her. JMisenum. listra, or ee (Gr.) prov. aMitau, or Mittan, (C Jourland.) (Styr.) cav. mire-bda-la' mire-bo’ mire-koor! mire-po-a! mir! go-rod mi-sant' li mi-shi-ritsh mi-se'ne, mi'si-tra mish-kolts mi-sok'ko mis'kes mi7s-St -O ‘nes mus! sis-sip'pe De pear ee oeey jf couy mis'so-long' gt, mis's } pies loong! a7 MIUS-SOO ‘Ee m2s' tra mi'tou, mit'tou mitila mi'tro-vits mit'ten-boors! mut’ vi-dd miks'nit-tsér-her'le mich-te-ki-pan'! myAr' zen myAis van mla'va. st-er'rd de mo'a m0-d-na-loo'a mo bile! mo-sdng- bi’ ke mo sin olDeg mark kern mo-da'ne mo'de-nd mo'di-ka mo-dil-ya'na mod'lin mad’ ling no'dritsh mo-dogn' yo mo! Ido C1 mone moor! beke moor' dike moor!yes' tel mcos' krone moor'ze-ke riage I= mo0-7da-orTr ~ epee mo -gd-do'reg mot! £o Pnan * I nystl ers mo-gyel-nit' sa mo-ger! mo-hiil mo-hahtsh F mo -hel-ni'tse mo-hi-lif! 9 Vfiie mo'rogn ‘gen mo'i-kd = ye eee ' zi@ UO MO-ane - 7 mo-kat'tim molk-shansk! m6-log-6'la 7 mo'la dé ga-e'ta mol'dou mol dia'vi mole dé sing ni-ko-la mole-song mol-fel'ta mo-l?'ni mo-li'se mo-lr'se marti Sr mol'vits ? -~ mo0-lo-kat mo -l0-k2'n# m0-log'kds ; fr. md-litke! ; e. moluc'cas mong-bi' sa mom-bii' cho mom-nos! mo6-nd-EhG'nid-vd mo'ni-ko Monaque, (Guat. ) lake. Monastir, (Tunis.) Monbrillant, (Han.) castle. Monbuy, (Sp-) Moncaglieri, ( Pied.) Mongcao, (Port.) Moncaras, (Port. ) Moncaya, (Sp.) mts. Monceaux, (Er.) Ménch, (Switz.) m. Monchique, Serra i de, ) (Port.) mt. chain. j Monda, (Sp.) Munda, Monday, (Parag.) 7. Mondego, (Port.) 7. Mondejar, (Sp 4) Mondidier. See Montdi- ) dier. J Mondim, (Port.) Mondonedo, (Sp.) Mondovi, (Pied.) Mondragon, (Sp.) Moneins, (Fr.) Monembasia, (Gr.) Monestier, (Ir) ] Iw aL ~— Monestier de Briancgon, (Fr.) 5 Monf: ilco ne, (Iil.) Monferrato. Sec Monfia, (E. Af.) isl. Monflanqnin, or Montflan- ) quin, (Fr.) } Monfort. See Mon tf Mongatz. See ! lunks cs. Monjut, (Sp.). cast Monnikendam, (Ne th. ) Monomotapo, (A Monongahela, (U. 5S.) r. Monopoh, (Na pl.) Monovar, (Sp.) Monreale, (Sic.) Mons, (Belg. ; flem., Ber- ) gen.) ) Monsanto, (Port. ) Monselice, (Austr It.) Monserrat, or Montserrat, ? (Sp.) m. 5 Montagnac, (Fr.) Montagnana, (Austr. It.) Montagne de Pouce, (Mau- ) ritia, Af.) m. isl, ) Mc mtaigu, ( Belg.) Mont alban, (Sp.) Montalcino, (Tusc.) Montalegre, (Br.) Montalvao, ( Port.) Montana Real, (8S. A.) mts, Montanara, ( Lomb.) Montanola, (Sp.) Montargis, (Fr.) Montauban, (Fr.) fons ) Albanus. Mantbard, (T° Montbazon, (r.) Mons Basonis. : ) : \ Montbéliard, or Montbel- ) I _ L liard, (Fr. ; oe. Mumpel- gard. ) Mont Blanc, (Savoy,) m. Montbrand, (Fr.) Montbrison, ( Fr.) { Mont Cénis. See Monte Cenisio. ' ) Mont Cervin, (g. Matter- ) ) horn.) Mont Dauphin, (Fr.) OO ean (Fr.) Mx ney oe Mauitn lier, ? (Fr \ Mont a Or, (Fr.) Mont d?Or les Bains, (Fr.) Montdoubleau, (Fr.) Mont du Midi, (Sard.) m. Monteagudo, (Sp.) Montealegre, (Sp.) ) Monte Argentaro, ( It.) prom. Montebello, ( Pied.) Monte Caldiere, (Lll.) m. Monte-Casino, (Napl.) Monte-Catini, (Tuse.) Montecchio Maggiore, (Austr. It.) Monte Cenisio, (Alps; jr. Mont Cénis,) m. Monte Cerboli, (Tusc.) Montech, ( Fr.) Monté Chiaro, (ILomb.) — Monte-Christi,(S A. Ecuad.) Monte Gircello, (It.) prom. Monte Citorio, (Rome,) mt. Monte Cuccio, (Sic) a mt. Montferrat. mo-na'le mo-nds-lire! mong-bril-yang' mon-beo!z mon-lkal-ye'rz i mong- sa'qon go moing-sa' ras mon-la! MONnT-sO maAnEh a 3 = arr ser'rd de mong-sht'ke mon' da > oa MmON-Ad' 2 mong-de' ro0 mon-de! char mona-di-di-e' Mone -din a! mon-d0} mon-do-2 mon-drd-son' mo-ndang' mo-nem-ba-st'd in mo-nes-li-e! ~ j , Soy oar Sy mod-nes ti-e' de tri-ing- song’ mon-f dl-ké'ne mon-fer-ra' to ~ 7 mon-f i'd mong-fldng-kang! mone -fore' mon rats mon-choo-2! mon-ni-kén-ddm! m6-nd-m0-tii' po monon' cahe'la mo-no'po- li mo-no-valr mon-re-d MONS mong-sain'too mon-se-li' che mon-ser-ril! mong-tin-yale' mon-tin-ya' nad mong-tany' dé pogs mona-ta-rt! mon-tdl-ban! mon-tal-chi'no mo n-td-le' o t mong- tal- va! oons mon-tan'yd re-Gl! mon-td-nd'ra mon-tan-10'la mong-tar-gi! mong-t6-bang! a a monga-balr' Onae-bi-7oOne Mong OU-Z2U0T 9 _ mono-be-li-ahr! mone bling ~ f Saat MONL-UTUne mono-bri-zone! > o mong se-ni! mong ser-vanea! > ~ > mong do-fana! mong-dé-mdr-sdng! mong-di-di-e! mona-ddre mong dore le bing mong-doo-bls' mong dit mz-d2! mon'te-d-aoo0'do mon'te-d-le! ore mon'te dr-dgen-ta'ro mon'te-bel'lo mon'te kil-dz-e're mon'te-ka- st'no mon'te-ki- Li! nz mon-tek'ki-5 mat-£6're mon'te che-n2'si-o mon'te cher’ b6-lt mona-telc' mon'te kt-a'ro mon'te-kris't2 mon'te clizr-chel'lo mon'te chi to'ri-o mon'te kogt! oy Montecucculo, valts) Monte della C ACE yr ) mts. Monte della Sibill la, (Alps, } Lt.) m. } Monte della Vergine, (Napl.) mt. j Montefarchio, (Napl.) Montefialcone, (It.) Monte-F rio, (Sp.) Monte Gibello. See Etna. Monte di San Gitano, (Sic Monteglio, Montiglio, (Sard Montejo, (Sp.) lonte Legnone, (Alps,) mt. Monteleone, (Napl.) Hip- Partum, Montélimart, (Fr.) Mons Ademari. Montellano, (Sp.) Montelovez, (Mex.) Monte Maggiore, (Sic.) Montemighano, (Sard. ~ fr. Mo ntmélian.) Montemor o Novo, (Port.) Montemor o Velho, ( Port.) Montenotte, (Sard.) Monte Pincio, (Rome,) m. Monte Pulciano, (Tusc.) Montereau, (Fr.) — Monterey, (New Leon,) m. Monte Rosa, (Pennine Alps,) m. Monte Rarongy, (Cors.) m. Montesa, Sp.) Monte Sant’ Monte Santo, (It. ) —— Montesarchio, (Napl.) Monte Silvio, See Cervin. Monte Testaccio, (Rome,) m. Tontevarchi, (Tusc.) Monte Video, or Banda ? Oriental, (La PI.) Monte Video, ( Monte Viso, (Alps,) mn. Monteza, (Sp.) Montferrat, or Monferrato, ) ({t.) old marguisate. 5 { ) — Montflanquin. See Mon- flanquin. Montfoort, (Neth.) Montfort, oz Monfort, (Fr.) Montfort l'Amaury, (Fr.) Mont Genévre, (Fr.) mt. Monthey, (Switz.) Montiel, (Sp.) Montiglio. See Monteglio. Montignac le Comte, (Fr.) Montijo, el, (Sp.) Montilla, (Sp.) Montivilliers, ( Fr.) Montjoie, (Pr.) Montiherie, (F r.) Montlibre, or ), Montlouis, 5 (Fr:) Montlucon, (Fr.) lontmartre, (Fr.) Montinédy Ys (Ere) Mont tmélian. migliano. Montmirail, (Fr.) Montmorency, or Enghien, ? (Fr.) \ \ —_— Montmorillon, (Fr.) Montoire, (I'r.) Montolieu, (F'r.) Montona, (Ill.) Montoro, (Sp.) Montpellier, (Fr. ) Montpensier, (Fr.) Mont Pe rdu, (Pyr.) mt. Montpezat, (F'r.) Montreal, (Can.) Montreuil sur Mer, (Fr.) Montreux, (Switz.) Montrichard, (Fr.) Montserrat. See Monser- rat. Mont St. Jean, (Belg.) Mont St. Michel, ( Fr.) Monts Faucilles, (Fr.) mé. Mont Tendre, one of the Jura Mts., (Switz.) — Mont Terrible, (Fr.) old dep. Mont Tonnerre, (Fr.) old dep. Mont Ventoux, (Fr.) mt. Mont Vignemale, (Fr.) ~~ Ancons (Napl.) (S. A., Urug.) See Monte- ? mo te-koe'kog-lo mon'te del'la ki-me're | monte delli si-bil'la mon'te del/la verd' gi-ne r~ mon te-f dr'kc’ -0 | mon' te-f7-al-ko'ne mon! te-fra'o mon'te dgi-bel'lo mon'te dz sin dggg-li-a'no | mon-tel' yo mon-te'ého mon'te len-yd'ne | mon'te-le o'ne mong-te-lz-miar! mon-tel-ya' no mon-te-lo' vet (ves) mon'te mdl-26're ‘ ~ i | | mon'te-mil-yd' no mong te mor! 6 no'voo méng-te-moér'! 6 vel'yoo mon! te-not'te mon'te pint'sho | mon'te-pogl-chd'no mongt-ro' ~ mon-te-re'% mon'te ré'sa mon'te rd-ton'do | mon-te'sa mon'te sdn-tind' ge-lo mon'te san'to oo mon'te-sir'ki-o mon'te stl'vi-a mon'te tes-tut’ cho mon‘ te-var' kz pe ee ley | mon’ te vi-de o | Ser lhn SEerAc ct! d mon'te vi-de'o; e. vi'de-o mon'te vi'so moin-te' tha mone-fe-rat! mongflang-kang! mont-forte mons-fore mong-fore! la m6-ri! mong ge-néevr monea-ta! mon-ti-el! mon-til' yo moni-tan-yak! lé kingt el mén-ti' cho mon-tal'ya mong-ti- -vil- ye vie 4-ye') mong _56- -a! mona-le-ri! mona-libr! = monz-loo-t! mong-li-sing! mong-martr! | mong-me-di! mong-me-li-ing! mong-mi-raly! mong-mo-rdang-st! mong-mo-ril-yong'(mo- ~~ i ri-i-yong') -~-~ mong-to-iire! ~ mong-to-li-A mon-to'nad | mon-l0'ro mons-pel.li-e! mona-ping-si-e! mono-per- du! monyr- pe-za! | mongt-re-al' ; e. mont-re-_ | aul! mong-trarly' stir mere mong-tréa! mong-ri-shahr' mong-ser-ra’ mong sang ging mong sang mi-shel! (ar mong foh-szly' mong-tangdr mong-ter-r2bl! mong ton-nére! mong vdig- too! mong viny male! — Pine, marine, bird, f ig. — Note, dove, méve, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — ot, boy; ou, house. — Fr. & Jong,| | | | PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GROGRAPHICAL NAMES. Montville, (#r.) Monza, (Austr. It.) Modetia. Monzambano, (Austr. It.) Monzon, (Sp.) Mook, ( Neth.) Moor, (H.) Moordrecht, (Neth.) Moorsele, (Belg.) Moos, (Norw.) Mora, (Sp.) Mora, (Sw.) Moral de Calatrava, (Sp-) Morano, (Napl.) Muranum. Morat, (Switz.; g. Marten See,) lake. Moratalla, (Sp.) Morawa, (Servia,) r. Mar- LGUs. Moravia, (Germ. ; g. Mah- ren.) Morbegno, (Austr. It.) Morbihan, Je, (Fr.) dep. Morcles, Dent de, (Alp. Switz.) Morea, (Gr.) penins., Pelo- } PONNESUS. Moreira de Rey, (Port.) | Morella, (Sp.) Moret, (Ir.) Moretta, (Pied.) Moreuil, (Fr.) Morez, (F'r.) Morfontaine, (Fr.) Morgarten, (Switz.) m. Morges, (Switz. ; g. Morsen.) Moritz, St., (Switz.) Morlacca, (Aust. Croatia ; g. Vellebith,) destr. || Morlai, (Fr.) Moron de la Frontera, (Sp.) Morope, (Peru.) Morro do Garatfao, (Br-) mt. Morro de Papagayo, (Br.) mt. Mors, (Denm.) isl. Mors. See Meurs. Morschansk, (R.) Morsen. See Morges. Mortagne, (Fr.) Mortain, (F'r-) Mortara, (Sard.) Mortefontaine, (Fr.) Morvan, (fr.) old div. Moschaisk, (R.-) Moscow, (R.; 7. Moskwa, } Kutschk jwo.) \ Mosdok,, (R.) Moselle, la, (Fr. 3 g. Mo- sel,) 7. JMosel’a. Moskenisée, (Norw.) isl. Mosk6e, (Norw.) isl. Moskwa. See Moscow. Mosécz, (H.) Mosony. See Wieselburg. Mosorin, (H.) Moss, (Norw.) Mésskirch, (Bad.) Mostoles, (Sp-) Mosul, (Turk.) prov. Moszyn, (Pr. Pol.) Motagua, (C. A.) 7. Motala, (Sw.) Mothe, la, Fénélon, (Fr.) Motiers-Travers, (Switz.) Motilfa, la, del Palancar, (Sp.) 5 Motir, (Moluccas,) isl. Motola, o7 : Mottolay § Nap) Motril, (Sp-) Moudon, (Switz. ; g. Mil- den.) Minnidonum. Moule, la, (Fr-) Moulins, (I'r.) Moulins en Gilbert, (Fr.) Moura, (Port.) Mourao, (Port.) Mourgues. See Monaco. Mouscron, or Moeskroon, (Belg.) Moustiers, (Fr.) Moutier,(Switz.; ¢. Munster. ) Moutiers en Tarantaise, (Sard. ) Moxos. Sce Mojos. Moyenvic, (Fr.) Moyobamba, (Peru.) Mozambique. See Mocgam- bique. Mscheno, (Boh.) Mstislawl, (R.) , mF fa, ine lane 7S ‘tha mong-vile! mond! sa mond-sim-ba!no mon-thon! moke mohr more-dreécht more! ze-le mohs mo!'ra moo! ra mo-ral! de ka-la-tra'va mo-ra'no mo-ra! mo-rd-til'ya mo-ra'va mora! via mor-ben' yo lé mor-bi-ang! ding dé morkl mo-re!a “™ oo mo-ra'i-ra de re'% mo-rel'yd mo-re! mo-ret' td SEE mo-rérly! mo-re! mor-fong-tane! more! (mor) gar-téen morge zankt mo'rits mor-lak! ka mor-la! mo-ron! de la frén-te'ra mo-r0'pe mor'roee dog ga-raf- oo fa'oong mor'roo de pa-pi-ga'yQ¢e mors MAUS mor-shénsk! mor'zén “—— mor-tany! mor-tana! mor-ti'ra morte-fong-tdne! mor-vang! mo-shal isk mos'ko mds-dok! la mo-zel!, mod!zel mos'ke-ndse-! mosh! A! mosk-vil mo-shohts am mo-shony mo-z0-rine!, md-shO-rin MOSS meuss'kiréh mos'to-les mo! sogl mo!shin ~ mo-ta! goq-d moo'td-la la mote fe-ne-long! mo-ti-e! trd-vere! lai mo-til' yu del pd-lan-kar! mo-tire! mo'to-la mot'to-la mo-tril! mog-dong! lad mogle moo-lang moo-lang! dng gil-bere! mo'ra om f mo-ra'oong moor-ge! moos-krong! moo-ti-e! moo-ti-e! mog-tt-e° ang td-rdng- taze! mo'chos mo-yang-vik! mo-yo-bim'ba mo-zang-bi'ke mshe'no mstis-livl! vite; % short, but. —Fr. A long, ei short, nearly as in spur. ey Ik as ond) roan szczonow, ( Pol.) uela de Ares, (Sp.) table ) land. ( Muggia, (Ill.) Miiehitz, (Mor.; movav. Mohelntce.) Mugnafjeld, (Norw.) mt. Muihlberg, (Pr.) Muhldorf, (Bav.) Mtihlenbach, (Trans. 3 /. Sza4sz Sebes.) Mihlhausen, (Pr.) Miuihlbeim, (Pr.) Muhr. See Mur. | M M Muiden, or Muyden, (Neth.) Muiravonside, (Sc.) Mula, (Sp.) Mulhacen, (Sp.) m. Munchen, (Bav. ; Mtinchengratz, (Boh.) Mtimpelgard. See Mont- béliard. Miuinde Han. ptinden, ia) inera, (Sp.) Munich. See Mtinchen. Munkdcs, or Munkats, H.; o. Mongatz.) Muinsingen, (Switz.) Muinster, (Pr.) Minster. See Moutier. Miinsterthal, (Switz.) v. Muotta, (Switz.) Mur, or Muhr, ( Austr.) 7. Muracciro, (Port.) isl. —~ Muradal, el Puerto de, (Sp.) Murana, (Austr. It.) zsl. Muraschkina, (R.) Murat, ( Fr.) Murato, (Cors.) Murau, (Styria.) Murcia, (Sp.) old king. Murg, (Bl. For.) r. Murom, (&.) Murro de Burrageiro, (Port.) mt. Murten, (Switz ) Murundava, (Madag. ) Murviedro, (Sp.) Muschau, ( Mor.) Muskau, (Pr.) Musone, ([t.) 2. Musselbroek, (Neth.) Mussomelli, (Sic.) Muttensweiler, (Wurt.) Mutthorn, (Switz.) mt. Muyden. See Muiden. Miirzzuschlag, (Styria.) Mydrecht, (Neth.) Myslenice, (Gal.) Myslowitz, (Pr.) Naatpwykx, (Neth.) Naarden, (Neth.) Nab, or Nabe, (Bav.) 7. Nabajoa, (Up. Calif.) 7. Nabal, (‘lunis.) Nabe. See Nab. Nabburg, (Bay.) Nachitshevan, (R.) Nacogdoches, (‘l’exas.) Nadas, (H.) Nadasd, (H.) Nadudvar, (H.) Naetels, (Switz.) NAfwequarn, (Sw-) Nagera, or Najera, (Sp.) Nagocs, (H.) Nagyag, (Trans.) Nagy Almas, (H.) Nagy Aranyos. See Reul- mare. Nagy Banya, (H.; g- Neu- stadt. ) Nagy Becskerek, (H.) Nagy Bicse, (H.) Nagy Enyed, (H.; g: Bgid- stadt.) Nagy Gydr. See Raab. Nagy Ida, (H.) Nagy Igmand, (H.) Nagy Karoly. See Karoly. Nagy K6rdés, (H.) “nr oth. Weenie me se A aad! . “ e. Munich.) ——~ Saguntum. — dy, ly, mY; liquid. — An! ger. — } mshtshd'noof mog-e'la de G-res! moot! ct mits! lits moong'na-fyel! mitle! bere mile! darf mi! lén-bach! mile! how'zén mile! hime moore mow dén mor-an-side moo'la moq-ld-then! min! chen miin' chén-gr ats! miim'pél-gérdt! min! dén moo-nelra mu! nil moon-kihish mniin' zin!! gen miin' ster min! stér mitn! stér-tale! Cat meo-allta moore “- moo-rd-sd'%-r99 i el pog-er'to de moo-rd-dal’ moo-rd' na moo-rash'ki-na mit-ra! moc¢-ra'to mog! rou moor! thi-a moore moo'rom ye mogr'ro9 de bogr-7d-ga't- roQg meor' ten meo-reon-da'va moor-v2-e! dro mogsi! ou moos kou moo-so/ne medds'sél-brogk mcos-so-mel Le moot'téns-ve'lér moot horn mow dén miirts!tsoo! shlag mi! drécht mis-le-nit! se mis! lo-vits N. nahld!vike nahr! dén nahb nd-ba-cho'a na-bal na! be nab! booré na-chit-she-van' na-kd-dé'ches nalt-ddsh nah-ddashd nédhd-ggd-var na'féls na! ve-lrwadrn ni! Che-ra nia-ootsh nddy-duh —™ nidy al-mahsh = nady d-radn-yosh nildy bahn-ya nid y betsh!/ke-rek > nidy bit-she nady en-yed nad y dyer n ady i-da niidy ig-mdnd nady kah-roly n ady k&h-radlsh —_—<$—$—$——————— Nagy Michaly, (8.5 9. ten 5p gS Geen ae nidy mé-chély Nagy Martony. tersdorf, Nagy Péstyén, (Trans.) See Mat- > : Za nady mahr-tony nady pa&sht-yehn Nagy Sajo, (Trans.) Nagy Sarlo, (H.) Nagy Saros, (H.) Nagy Szalathna, (H.) Nagy. Szeben. See Het- ) mannstadt. Nagy Szent Miklds, (H.) Nagy Sz6llés, (H-) Nagy Szombat, (H.) nady som-bat Nagy Tapolcsén, (H.-) nddy td-polt-shahn Nasy V4rad. See GrosZz- ) 17> 1.47 Ge . | nddy vah-ra wardein. ddy vdli-rad Nahe, (Germ.) 7. nalhe Naix, (Fr.) na Najera. Sce Nagera, nd! Che-ra Najerilla, (Sp.) 7. na-Cche-ril'ya Nakel, or Naklo, (Pr. Pol.) ma/kel, nalklo nady shd-yo ————————— nady shiar-lo nddy shd-rosh nddy sd-léht-nd nddy se-ben ae nady sent mi-klohsh nady sAdl-léish Nakskow, (Denin.) niks'ko Nalon, (Sp.) 7: na-lon! Namen. See Namur. na'men ni-mes'to na! mi-éesht nam slou Nameszto, (H.-) Namiescht, (Mor.) Namslan, (Pr. Sil.) Namur, (Belg. 5 jlem men,) prov. Namur, (Belg.) MNamurcum Nanas, (H. Nancy, (Fr.) Nangis, (Fr-) Nannestadt, (Norw.) Nang, (Fr.) Nantaime, (Guat ) Nantaise, (Fr ) 7. Nanterre, (Fr.) Na- bo na-mitre! na-mivre! nul-nahsh ning-si! nang-f%! nan! ne-stadt! Nang nan-ta!i-me néing-taze! nang-tére! Nantes, (Fr) Condivie- num, afterwards Ninne-§ nanget tes. Nanto, (Lomb.) nan'to Nantua, (Fr.) nang-ti-a! Tanar i + Naparima, Anna Parima, né-pi-ri!ma (Trin-) Naples. See Dominii al di qua del Faro. JMagna na'ples Grecia, Campania. Naples, (It. ; wt. Napoli.) na'ples Parthenope, Neapolis. T. RD. ~ = Naples, Bay of. Baranus naples Simus. Napo, (S. A., Ecuad.) 7. na'po Napoléon-Vendée. See OAS : 4 a cr na-po-le-Gng! vang-de! Bourbon Vendée. to ee tas nia! po-lé Napoli. See Naples. nd! po-li dé mial-vii-st!a Napoli di Malvasia, (Gr.) T « NS mys Napoli di Romania. See niilpo-li di r0-mé-ni!d Nauplia. Narbonne, (F'r-) Narbo ) na-bon! Martius. Nardo, (Napl.) nar! do Narenta, (Dalm.) na-ren'ta Narew, (R.) na! re f Nam; (it.) Nara, or merlave Nequinum. na'ro Naro, (Sic.) na-1'0! va &, ch, guttural ; gas s in pleasur Narova, (R.) 7. Narr, der Hohe, (Austr.) mt. @ér ho'he narr Narva, (R.) nar'vd sa yee Nasca, (Peru.) nas! ka Nascaro, (Napl.) 7. nas'kd-ro oS ni-zyélsk na'so nds! sd-rt nus'sow; &. nas'sau nas'tdle na! stét-tén Nasielsk, (Pol.) Naso, (Sic-) Acathyrnum. Nassarl, (Sic. ) Nassau, (Germ.) dechy. Nassthal, (Austr.) valley. Nastatten, (Germ.) Natal, (Br. ; formerly Ci- ) dados de Reis.) , Natisone, (Lomb.) Natividad, (Lo. Calif.) isl. Natividade, (Braz.) Nauders, (Tyrol.) Nauheim, (Germ.) ne Naucampatepetl, (Mex.) mts- na-go-kam-pa-te-petl! Naumburg, (Pr-) nowm! boorg Nauplia, or Napoli di Ro- mania, (Gr.) Navalcarnero, (Sp-? Navarino, Navarin, or Ne- ocastro, (Gr-) Navarra, (Sp. 3 fr. Na- ) varre,) prov. Navarre, Basse, (Fr-) old div, bihss nd-var! ni-tal! nii-ti-so'ne na-ti-v7-dad! ni-ti-v7-da' de nou’ dérs now heme nau! pli-a na-val-kdr-ne'ro na-va-ri!/no(rin’) na-vir'ra, nd-var! Navarrems, ee na-var-rang' Navas de Tolosa, (Sp-) na! vds de to-lo-sa! Navas del Madrono, (Sp-) nd'vas del ma-dron Navas del Marquez, (Sp.) na'vds del mar-keth / 4 j? e.—2 final, Fr. re. — vb, between v and ft ah — gag J Me esSanpete RE ee De Oe Pe nea ee ee uf ' 42 ry A & at Pye : 3 i SiS aegis BADEN: | Naviglio del PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Navia, (Sp.) 7 Naviglio Grande, (It.) canal. Oglio, (it.) canal. Naviglio di Pavia, (It.) canal. — A VIEHO Martisana, ( (it.) cana Nav ee di Santhia, (It.) canal, Nay, (Fr.) Nazaire, St, (Fr.) Néau. "See Eupen. Nebelhohle, or Nebelloch, ? (Wiirt.) cavern. \ Neckar, o7 Necker, ? (Germ. ) 7. j Neckarthal, (Wurt.) Neckarzimmern, “ia id.) Nectaire, St., (Fr.) Neda, S. Nicolas de, (Sp.) Nedenaes, (Norw.) distr. Nederbrakel, ( Belg.) Nederlanden, Koningrijk } der. See Netherlands. } Nedrigailov, ( (R.) Neede, ( Neth.) Nesmbuen (Parag.) Neerwinden, or Neerwin-— de, (Belg. y Negrepelisse, a r.) Nehrung, (Pr.) Neisse, (Pr.) Neiva, (N. Gran.) Néma Ko6llés, (H.) Nembro, (Lomb.). Németi, (H.) Német Kereszter. See ) Heiligenkreutz. 5 Német Lipcse, (H.) Német Oravicza, (i. ) Német Ujvar, (H.) Német Szdszka, (H.-) Nemi, (C. It.) lake. Nemours, (Fr.) Nenndorf, (Germ.) Neocastro. See Navarino. Nepi, (C. It.) Vepete. Nepomuck, or Nepomuk, ) (Boh.) Nera, (It.) Neérac, (Fr. Neveshoin. Tr. JNGrs ) (Wiuzrt.) Nerike, (Sw.) prov. Neris, (Fr.) Aqua Nera. Neris les Bains, (Fr) Nerja, (Sp.-) Nertschinsk, —~ (R.) Nertschinskoi Sawod, (R.) Nervi, (Sard.) Nerviano, (Lomb.) Neschin, (R.) Nesle, Oe Nestved, (Denm.) Neszmély, (H.; g. Nesmitihl.) Netherlands, (Eur.; dutch ? Nederland ; «. Nieder- lande; fr. Pays Bas.) 5 Nettuno, (It.) Neuberg, (Styria.) Neuburg, (Bav. Neu-Branden! yurg, (Germ.) Neudorf, (Boh.) Neudorf, (H.; Iglo.) Neuenburg. See Neufchatel. Ree URES See. Neufahrwasser, (P Neufchatel, or Ne wen dtel, (Switz. ; g- Neuenburg. ) canton. Neufchitel, or Lake Yver- dun, (Switz. ; g. Neuen- burger See,) lake. Neufchitel en Bray, (Fr.) Neugedein, ( Boh.) Neuhaus, ( Boh.) Neuhausel, ) (CH. 3 Er- Neuhausl, sek- ‘Ojvar.) | Neuilly, (Fr.) Neumannsdorf, or Buiten- ) sluis. j Neumarkt, (Bayv.) Neumarkt, (Trans. ; h. Maros Vasarhely.) Neu Pézig. See Weiszwas- } ser, Neurode, (Pr.) Neusalz, (Pr. Sil.) Neusatz, (H.; h. ij Videk.) Neusiedel, (H.; hk. Fert6 ) Tava,) lak: e. Neusiedel-am-See, (H.) nd vi-a na-vil'ys gran'de na-vil'yd del ol’ ys nd-vil' yd di pa-vild nd-vil'yo mar-ti-sa'nd na-vil'ys dé san-ti-a! na sang ni-zare! ne-0! né! bél-hdd'le(loch! nék' kir(keér) ! nek'kar-tdle nék' kdr-tstm 'meéern sang nek-tare! san 2n%-ko-las! TLE ‘de-na@se ne! dér-bra' kel ko'ning-rike dér ne'der- lan'dén ne-drt-gia'i-lov né! de ne-em-bog-keo! de ne'da nére'vin' dén(de) néar-pé-liss! nel! rqggngs Nts ee ne't-vd neh-md 1 Al: lash nem’ bro nel! me-ti neh-met ke-res-ter mneh-met lip-che neh-met 0-ra-v it'sa neli-met 00- 4-vihr neh-met salis-kd ne! mi né-moor! nen! dorf ne! 0-kas!'trd ne'pi ne'po-mook ne'ra ne-ralk! ne irés-hime! ne'ri-ke ; commonly ne firth ke neé- ri! ne-ri' le bang ner'cha neérl'shinsk ix nért! shins-k5-% sd-vid! ner’ vt ner-vi-a'no ne! shin néle nést'ved om B nelis-mehly, nés'mtle neth!' erlands neét-tog'no nov' berg g now bc ¢ re noi-bran! dén-boorzZ nou dorf now dorf now én-boorzs now én-beor' gér ze not-f Ghr'vis-sér néi-shd-tel! néd-sha-tel’ néi-shd-tel’ dng bra noi! ge-dine! nov jiouse noi! hou-zeél now hoizl nén-i-yi', n&rl-ye! noi'mdns-dorf! noi'marke not! markt nor paul tsig noi-ro! de noi zalts now zats now zi-deél now! zi-dél-dm-ze! a A Neusohl, (H.; 4. Beszter- | cze Banya.) Neusohl, (H.; . Zélyom.) Neuss, (Pr.) NVius Castra or Wovesium. Neustadt, Ungarisch. Felsé Banya. Sce ( ) Neustadt. See Banya. Neustadt. See Nagy-Banya. Neustadt, (Germ.) Neustadt. ee Villeneuve. Ne aBtaee an der Waag, ) (H.; h. Vagh Ujhely.) $ Neustettin, (Pr.) Neustrelitz, (Germ.) Neuteich, (Pr.; pol. ‘Nitych.) Neutitsche in, (Mor,) Neuville, (Fr.) Neuwied, (Pr.) Neva, (Re ) 7. Nevado de Chipicani, ) (Bol.) mé. \ Nevado de Sorato, (S. A.) ? mt. j Nevers, (Fr.) Noriodunum, } Nivernum, or JVevirnum. \ Nexée, (Denm.) Neyva, or Neiva, (8. A., N. Gran.) i \ Niagara, (U. 8.) falls. Nibe, (Denm.) Nicandro, S., (Napl.) NicRracua (C. A.) state. Nicsste, | es ap. ) Nice, (It. ; it. Nizza; fr. Nicey) Nicea. j Niclcolai, (Pr.) icolo, San, (Adr. Sea,) vole. icolas, or Nicolaas, St., ) (Belg.) \ — aA, Nicolas, St. - du Po rt, (EFr.) Nicopoli, (Turk. WVicopolis. Nicosia, (Sic.) Nicotera, (Napl.) Nicoya, (C. A.) 7. Niebla, (Sp.) Zlepta. Zz ieboréw, ( Pol.) iecbérz, (Pol.) iederland. See Netherlands. iedermendig, (Pr.) iemen, (R. Pol.; g. Me- ) mel,) 7. iemetzki-Gradetz, or Gratz. Zz ZZ 2, 4 Niemiréw, (R.) iemtschitz, (Boh.) ienburg, (Han.) iers, (Neth.) r. ierstein, (Hessia.) ieuwe Diep, het, (Neth.) ieuwkerk, (Neth.) iclLw poort, (Belg. ) iévre, (F r.) dep. Niihau, (S sandw. Is ‘Is. ) Nijar-y “Hu ebro, (S} Nijmegen. See Nimw even. Nikita, (R.) Nikolsburg, ( Mor.) 4 sister or Mikulow, } Nikolajev, (R.) Nikolsk, ( R. ) Nikopoli, (Bulg. Abe f (Boh. ; b. Wicze- ) milow.) , Nimes, 07 : ismes, (Fr.) } NVemausus. ) Nimptsch, (Pr. Sil.) Nimwegen. See Nijmegen. Niort, (Fr.) Niragua, (S. A., Venez.) Nisabat, or Nisav aja Pris- ) tan, (B: ) Nisarl, (gei in Sea,) isl. Nise emi, (Sic. ) Nishegorod, or ‘Nisbni Noy- ) gorod, (R.) =: oe es Nishni Devitsk, (R.) Nishni Kamtshatsk, (R.) Nishni Lomoy, (R.) Nishni Neviansk, (R.) Nishni Tagilsk, (R.) Nishni Udinsk, (R.) Nisi, (Sic. x 7. Nisid: a, ) (1 Napl. isl. Ne- § Nisita, j sis, Nismes. See Nimes. Nissa, (Serv.) JVaissus. Nissum- Fjord, (Denm.) inlet. Nitych. See Neuteich. noi! zol A=) noiss gon! ga-rish nov! stadt now stadt noi! stadt nor’ stadt now stadt noi! stddtl Gn dér vag! noi! stét-tine! noi-stre'lits noi tich noi tzt' shine nén-vile! noi vilhde ne-vd!' ; e. ne'va ne-va' do de cht-pi-kii' ni ne-va'dd de sd-ra'to né-vere! ne! i-vd Nini ni'be sdn ni-kan'dro )-ag!a-ra os ni-ki-ra' oo9-a ni-kds'tro e, and fr. nihs nik-ko-la'% sadn ni-kd-lo! sang ni-ko-la! zankt ni-ko-las! sang ni-kd-la! dii pore ni-k60'po-lt ni-kd-sit'a ni-ko'te-ra 272-kO ‘ya ni-e'bla a nye-bo'roof NUE ts ‘boorsh ni! dér -landt! nt! dér-mén' dif = c. ne’men nye'meén ; ni e-mets-ki-crd-déts > ~ nye-mi'roof cee eee ni-emt!'shits ni! éen-bogre! nihrs nihr'stine hét nih've dipe niho'kérk nihvo'pohrt ni-éor! nit-t-how! ni-chir!t-oo- ni! mé-rén ni-ki'ta e'bro ni'kols-boorz! ni-ko-la!yef an OS. PF, a nt-kolsic! ni-ko'po-lt pe nim! boorg nime nimptsh nim'vée-ren ni-ore! — ni-rd!' roq-d ni-sd- bil’, nt-sd-va' ya pris ‘tan nt' sa-rz ni-she' m7 ni-she! ob-rod! » nish! ni Z nov! a6-rod ap nish'nt-% de-vitsk nish'ni-t kamt-shatsk! . oo nish'ni-é l6'mof nish'ni-i ne-vi-dnsk! nish'ni-% ta-gilsk! Re bee nish'ni-t 99-dinsl! ni! si ni! si-da(td) nime nis'sd nis'sogm-fyore nil tich Niulu, (Sandw. Isls.) Nivelle, (Fr.) 7. Nivelles, (Belg. ; flem. Ny- } vel.) j | Nivernois, le, (Fr.) old prov. Nizza, (5 sard ) Wice. Nizza della Paglia, (Sard.) - Njurunda, (Sw.) 7. Noale, (Austr. It.) Nocera, (It.) MNuceria Ca- mellaria. Nocera de Pagani, JVuceria Alfaterni. Noci, (Napl.) Nogais k, (R.) Nogent le Bernard, (Fr.) Nogent le Roi, (Fr.) Nogent le Rotrou, (Fr.) Nogent sur Seine, (Fr.) Nograd, (H.) Nogueira do Cabo, (Port,) Noguera, (Sp.) 7. (Napl.) Noirmont, (Switz.) mt. | Noirt BOUTS (Fr.) isl. Nola, apl.) | Nolay, CF r.) Nollendorf, ( Boh.) | Ne pobre de Dios, (Duran- | f0O,) Mm. | Nombre de Jes sus, (S. A.) prom. (Fr.) (Fr.) k, (Neth.) Nomeny, | Nontron, Noordwy | Nora, (Sw.) | Norcia, (I[t.) Mursia. Nord, (Fr.) dep. Nordhausen, (Pr.) Norrk ping. (Sw.) Nordland, (Norw.) distr. N 5rdlingen, (Bav.) Nordsee, (e. North German Ocean.) Nordstrand. (Denm.) Norge, (e. Norway ; g- Norvwegen ; Norrige.) kingdom. Norwegia. Normandie, (Fr. ; ¢. Nor- mandy,) old prov. See Norge. (Sw.) See Norge. Sec Norge. sea, or isl. S10 Norrige. Norrtelje, | Norway. | Norwegen. Fogo. Nossa Senhora de la Con- cepcion, ( Braz.) Nossa Senhora das Nevas, 3raZ.) Nossa Senhora do Dester- ro, (Braz.) | Nossa Senhora do Pilar, (Braz.) ) Nossa Senhora do Rosario, ) (Corvo, ) isl. Noteé, (Pr. Pol.) 7. Noto, (Sic.) Noto, Val di, Notre Dame de Nouvion, (Fr.) oe ( >1C, Mont, Nova Braganea, (Port.) r. Novaja Ladoga, (R.) Novaja Semlja, (R.) isls. Novara, (Pied.) NVovaria. Novelda, (Sp.) Novellara, (Modena.) Novemiasto. Sce Wladis- lawow. Novi, (Sard.) Novita, (Colomb.) Novgorod, (IR.) | Novgorod Veliki, (R.) Noveorod Seve rsik, (R.) ) | Novgorod Volynsk, (R.) Novo Choperskaja Kre- post, R.) Novodvyns k, (R.) Novogrode! Zs ( R.) Novoi Oskol, (R.) Nowoje Usoli, (R.) Novo Mirgorod, (R.) Novo Moskovsk, (R.) Novo Pavlovskoi Sav od, (R.) Novosil, (R.) Novotsherkask, (R.) Nowogréd, (Pol.) Nowydwér, (Pol.) Noyers, (Fr.) Nossa Senhora da Luz. See } , j ; j Seem ee es Oe ( ) ( \ ( ) ( \ } ) } ) old div. (ir.) (Fr.) ) ——~ ni-9g'log ni-vel! né-vel! lé ni-ver-na! nits! sd nets! sa del'la pal'ya nyit- -roon'da n0-d’ ‘le no-che'ré _ OG cy Cn cea ccrey ee no-che'ra de pa-gd' nt -/ no ch Z no- se lish no-gang! lé ber-ndre! a sina! 1é ro- ai! no-fanwu! lé rd-treg! n0- siir sane noh-grahd no-ci'i-rad dog ka'bog no-gelrd sana! no-' j-Giler- mong! no-ure- moo-ti-e! no! li no-la! nol'lén-dorf! nom! bre de dios! nom'bre de che-segs! nome-ni' none-trona! Py ay my = nohrd'vike nog'rd nor'cha noir norid-hou!zén nor'chéd-ping | OT GLEUC RENE nord’ land néard' lin" cén nord! ze nor! strand f nor’ ge nor-mdng-di', nor’mandy nor! ri-ye ; nor'ye nor'tél'ye nor' way nor! vé-7 en commonly nos'sa sen-yo'rd dd logz nds'si sen-y0'ré de la kon-thep-thi-on’ nos'sad sen-y6'ra dads ne'- | no'to val di nb'to notr dame dé mong noo-vi-dng! novi bra-cang'sa no'vd-yd la'dd-ga no'vd-ya zeml'ya no-va'ra no-vel'da no-vel-li'ra x no-ve-mydas'to no! vi no-vi' ta nov! nov! wo-rod ve-li'ki nov! a0-rod se-vérsk! nov! ao-rod va-linsk! no'vd chd-pers'ka-yd kre'- | post nd-vod-vinsi: no-v0-g7rd! dek go-rod ).f = no'vd-% Os- ko! no 'n0-ye 09" s0-lz novo mir! gd-rod no'vd miis- -kovsk! ae no'vG pav'lovs-k0-% sd- vod! no-vo-sil! no-vol-sher-kisk! no-v0! arood no-vid' voor a, no-a-ye! Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Mete, prey, hilp, thére, hér, — Pine, marine, bird, fig. —Note, ddve, mi ve, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. — Fr. &% long, 135 8 odPRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Noyon, (Fr.) JVoviomagus | Veromanduorum. ) Nueces, Rio de las, (Texas.) cion de Solola, (Guat.) Nuestra Sefiera de la Vega, (Sp.) Nueva Bilbao, (Chile,) haven. Nuestra Senora de la Asun- Nueva Caceres, (Manila) Nueva Espana. Nueva Granada, (S. A. ; e. New Granada.) Nueva Segovia, (C. A., Nicarag.) Nuevas Grandes, (Cuba.) Nuevitas, las, (Cuba.) Nuevo Leon, (Mex.) prov. Nuevo Mejico, (Mex.) prov. Nuevo Santander, (Mex.) prov. Nuits, (Fr.) Nura, (It.) 7. Nuirnherg, (Bav. ; e. Nu- remberg.) Nyborg, (Denm.) Nycarleby, (Finl.) Nyestad, (Denm.) Nyir Bator, (H.) Nyir Egyh4za, (H.) Nyitra, (H.) Nykidbing, (Denm.) Nyk6ping, (Sw.) Nymegen, (Neth. 5 g. Ninwegen.) no-a-yong" 7%'6 de lis nog-e'thes “™ FS pe és < nog-es'tra sen-yo'rd de ld a-sgon-thi-dn' de sd-lo'- la noo-es'tra sen-yo'ra de la ve! ga noo-e'vd bil-ba!o “ms i e nog-elvd ka'the-res om x ee noo-elvd es-pin'yd Gam nog-elvd gra-na'da nog-élvd se-g0'vi-d as . os noo-¢lvads gran! des lis nog-e-vi' tds noo-e'vd le-dn! s™ nog-e'vd me!chz-ko noo-elvd sdn-tdn-der! ntt-2! noord niurn' berg nt! borg - niu! kar! le-bt Nyon, (Switz.) Woviodunum. Nyons. Se Nions. Nyslott, or Sawolinna, (Finl.) Nystad, (Finl.) Nyvel. See Nevilles. nit! stad Soa = nythr bah-tor meas “™ nyihr edy-hah-2a “—™ nyi-tra nuk! (ky!) bing nit! chA-ping ni'mé-gén ni-ong" ni-ong! nit' slot niu! stad ne! vel 0. Osnu, (Sandw. Isls.) Oaxaca, Oajaca, dep. ™. Ob, (R.) 7. Obdorsk, (R.) O Becse, (H.) Ohellana. See Amazon. Oberalp, (SwitZ%.) pass. Ober Altaich, (Bav.) Oberburg, (Styria.) Oberhaus, (Bav.) Oberhellyen. See Udvarhely. Oberland, das, (Switz.) div. Obernai, or Ehnheim, (Fr-) Obernzell, or Hafnerzell, ? (Austr. ) Oberramstadt, (Hessia.) Oberzeyring, (Styria.) Obidos, ( Port.) Obitoshnuej, Nogaisk, (R.) Obligado, (Pl. Conf.) Obojan, (R.) Obornik. (Pr. Pol.) Obra, (Pr. Pol.) 7. Obrzycko, (Posen.) Obydos, (Braz.) Ocana, (Sp-) Occhivbello, (Austr. It.) Oceanica; fr. Océanie. Ochagavia, (Sp-) Ochansk, (R.) Ochota, (R.) 7- Ochotnica, (Gal.) Ochots, (R-) Ocker, (Germ.) 7. Odemira, ( Port.) Odense, (Denm.) Odenwald, (Germ.) mt. reg. Oder, (Germ.) 7 Odernheim, (Germ, ) Oderwitz, (Sax.) Odessa, (R.) Odiel, (Sp.) 7: Odolanow, (Pr. Pol.; g, Adelnau. ) Gedenburg, (H.; 4, Sopro- ny.) Sempronium. Oedenrode, (Neth.) Oehringen, (Wurt.) Oeciras, or Oeyras, ( Port.) Oeland, (Sw-) isl. Ocosinge, (Chiapas, Mex.) m. | } 5-a’hoo 6-a-chalka ob ob-dorsk! Oh bet-she 6-bel-ya' nid 6! bér-alp! o'bér al! tich 6' ber-boorg! 6! ber-hous! 6’ bér-heél'li-en dds 6'bér-landt! 6-ber-na! 6! bérn-tsel’ 6! bér-ram’stddt 6! béy-tsi' ring’ o-bi'deqgs ~ 3-bi-tosh'ne-%, nd-ga!isk 6b-li-gd' do 6-bd-yan! 6-bor'nik 0-bra 6-brshits'ko 6-bi'degs 6-kan' ya ok! ki-d-bel'lo o-she-an! e-ka, 6-se-a-ni! 6-cha-ga'vi-a b-chansk! 6-cho'ta 0-chot-nit'sa 6-chotal! ok'keér 0/kG-sin' go 6-de-mi'ra 6!'dén-ze o' dén-valdt’ 0! dér 6! dérn-hime! 6! dér-vits! 0-des'sa 0-d2-el’ 6-do-la!nof Ip a’ dén-boorg! oo'dén-r6'de arin gén GINS ss 0-a't-ras Au' land Oeningen, (Bad.) Oels, (Sil.) Oelsnitz, (Sax.) Oesel, (R.) isl. Oestergotland, (Sw.) old div, Oesterreich, Erzherzog- See thum, Kaiserthum. Austria. Oettingen, (Bav-) Oeyras. Sce Ceiras. Ofanto, (Napl.) 7. @nfidus. Ofen, or Buda, (H.) Offenbach, (Germ.) Offenburg, (Trans.) Ofwer Tornea, (Sw.) Oglio, (Austr. Lt.) 7 Ognon. See Oignon. Ohanez, (Sp.) Ohlau, (Pr.) Ohrdruff, (Germ.) Oignon, o7 Ognon, (Fr.) 7. Oise, (I'r.) dep. Oise, (Fr.) 7. Oisseau, (Fr.) Ojapoc. See Oyapoc. Ojen, (Sp.) Ojos de Guadiana, (Sp.) lake. Ojos de Montiel, (Sp.) lake. Oka, (R.) 7. Olaszi. See Wallendorf. Oldenboorn, (Neth.) Oldenbroek, (Neth.) Oldenburg, (Germ.) grand duchy. Oldendorf, (Hessia.) Oldensworth, (Denm.) Oldenzaal, (Neth.) Oldesloe, (Denm.) Oleggio, (It.) Olensk, (R.) Oléron, (Fr.) isl. Uharus. Olesa, (Sp.) Rubricata. Olesko, (Austr. Pol.) Olesnica, (Pol.) Olevano, (Napl.) Olgopol, (R.-) Olinda, (Braz.) Olite, (Sp.) Oliva, (Pr.) Oliva, (Sp.) Oliva de Jerez, (Sp.) Oliveira do Bairro, (Port.) Oliveira do Conde, ( Port.) Olivenza, or Olivenga, (Sp.) Oliveto, (Napl.) Oliviopol, (R.) Olkusz, (Pol.) Olleria, (Sp.) Ollioules, Vaux d’, (Fr.) defile. Olm, (Germ.) Olmedo, (Sp.) Olmtitz, ( Mor.) Olona, (Lomb.) 7 Olonez, (R.) Oloron, (Fr.) Iluro. Olot, (Sp-) Olsztyn, (Pol.) Olviopol, (R.) Olyta, (R.) Olvera, (Sp.)__Ilipa. Omago. See Umago. Omate, (Peru,) vole. sia. Ombrone, (Tusc.) 7. Umbro. Omer, St., (Fr.) Ometepe, (C. A. Nicar.) isl. Omoa, (Guat.) haven. Omsk, (R.) Omskaja, (R-) Onate, (Sp.) Onda, (Sp-) Ondowa, (4.) Onega, (R.) Oneglia, (Sard.) Onil, (Sp.-) Onod, (H.) Oosterhout, (Neth.) Opatow, (Pol.) Opoéno, (Boh.) Opoczno, (Pol.) Oporto, or Porto, (Port.) Oposura, (Mex.) 7. Oppeln, (Sil. ; slav. Op- polie.) Oppenheim, (Germ. ) Oppolie. See Oppeln. Opsloe, old name of Chris- tiania. Oran, (Algeria.) nin gin ls uls'nits ew! zél dus! tér-got' land érts'!hér'tsog-togm, kt! zér- togm dus! tér-rzch! At'tin' gen Pam 6-a!i-rds 6' fadn-to olfen of 'fén-bach of! féen-boorg fu vér tdr!ne-o 6l!yo on-yong! 6-ti-neth! o!lou Ghr' droof > 6-ain-10ng” “=~ 1 t Q: X ® ~ aD aco t = R: we C1 San & ~ me — 6!chos de goq-d-di-a!nd d/chds de mon-ti-el’ 6-ka' 0-lds-st ol'dén-borne! ol’ dén-brook! ol! dén-boorg! ol'dén-dorf’ ol!déns-vort! ol! dén-zahl! ol’ dés-loh s'ko -les-nit! sa -le'vd-no l-cd-pol! -lin'da 0-lz'te 6-li!va 0-li!va d-l2'va de Ghe'reth(res) -l l c1 cr cr Or Ct b-li-va'i-rd dog ba-ir'ro9 “~~ o-li-va'i-ra doo king'de 6-li-ven'tha(sa) 6-li-ve'to 6-li-vi-6-pol’ 6l'koosh is = i $ ul - Rg: vo dol-li-ogl! olm ol-me!do ol!’ mitts 6-lo/na 0-ld'néts 6-md! go o-md-te! Om-brd!' ne “—— sdng-t-d-mere! o-me-te'pe d-mod/a Omsk oms'kd-ya on-ya' te on'dd 62! dd-va 6-ne!l gil d-nel’ ya 6-nile! 6-nod Ohrs'Ehot oh! stér-hout! 0-pa'tof 6-potsh'no d-potsh'no 0-pdr'too d-pd-seg'ra op'péln op'pén-hime! dp-pd-lye op! sloh o/rahn vite ; % short, bit. — Fr. & long, eu short, nearly as in spur. eT A! a, ot ATE Ns — dy, ly, ny, liquid. — An'' ger. — &, ch, guttural ; gas s in pleasure. —f final, Fr. re. —%, Orange, (Fr.) Aurasio. Oranienbaumn, (Sern) Oranienburg, (R.) Oravicza, (H.) d-rdngge! 6-ra!ni-én-boum! 6-ra!nz-én-bogrg! 6-rd-vit! sa Orb, (Bav.) orb Orbe, (Switz.) U7rba. orbe Orbec, (Fr.) Or-beli! Orbitello, (Tusc.) lake. dr-bi-tel!lo Orce, (Sp-) dr'the Orcia, (Tusc.) Ort! sha Ordunia, (Sp-) Orebro, (Sw.) Oreja, (Sp.) Orel, (R.) Orellana la Vieja, (Sp-) Oregrund, (Sw.) Orenburg, (R.) gov. Orense, (Sp.) Aque Cali- de Cilinorum. Oresund. See Sound. or-doon' ya éu're-broh! 6-re'cha 6-rel! 6-rel-ya'nd la vi-e! cha Au're-greond! 6!rén-boorz! d-ren'se a D7 e-z9 ond Organabo, (Guiana,) 7. or-ga-na'bo = oN Orgaos, (Braz.) m. d7-ga' oongs Orgaz, (Sp.) Althea. Or-gath Oria, (Sp.) o'r?-a Oriental del Uruguay, (8. 6-ri-en-tal! del 99-799- A. SS ) £00-W% erieuelss or } Sp.) b-rt-gella rihueia, o-7 2-009-e/la Orinoco, (S. A.) 7- 6-ri-nd!ko 6-ri-no'io 6-rin-yon! 0-ri-6'la 6-ris-ta'no 6-ris-tan! yt 6-ri-tha! ba 67 Ehi-va dr-le-ing’ Gr-le-a-na! or'lov or! ma-is! te-g% or-me!'a d7-mogs! d7-naing! Orinoco. See Maturin. Orifion, (Sp.) 7: Oriola, (Port.) Oristano, (Sic.) Oristagni, (Sard.) Orizaba, (Vera Cruz, Mex.) Orjiva, or Orxiba, (Sp-) Orléans, (Fr.) Orléanais, (Fr.) old prov. Ontow, (Pol.) Ormaisteguy, (Sp.) Ormea, (Pied.) Ormus, (Pers. Gulf,) isl. Ornans, (Fr.) Orne, (Fr.) dep. Oropesa, (Bol.) 0-r0-pe'sa Oroshaza, (H.) Oroszlanyos, (H.) 6-ros-lain-yo Oroszvir, (H.; g. Karlburg.) 0-rds-vahr Orotava, la, (Teneriffe.) li 6-r6-ta'va Orsaro, (Parma,) mt. dr-sa'ro Orsiéres, (Switz.) dr-si-ére! Orsino, (Switz.) mt. Or-s2'no Orsova, (Austr.) 6r'sho-va Orszag. See Hungary. ore-sthgs Orta, (Pied.) lake. Lacus or'ta Hortanus. Orteler. See Ortler. or'te-lér Ortelsburg, (Pr.) or! téls-bogrg! Orthéz, (Fr.) 67-tez! Ortler, Orteler, or Orteles, ) G it)ér. or'te-lés (Tyrol,) m. = ce Ortlersspitze, (Tyrol,) haghest mt. Ortona a Mare, (Napl.) Orumieh, (Persia,) lake. Oruro, (Bol.) Orvigo, (Sp.) 7 Orvieto, (It. sole aan Urbs pai OU ae Orxiba. See Orjiva. 67! chi-ba Oscarstad, or Arvica, (Sw-) os' kiir-stdd! Oschatz, (Sax.) 6!shats Osero, Ossero, (Adr. Sea,) isl. 0! se-r0 Ca ort! lérs-spit! se or-td'nd d ma!re 6-roo-m?z!eh 6-roQ'ro b 67°-v2! £0 Herbanum, Osiec, (Pol-) b!zyets = - Osieczno. See Storchnest. 6-zyetsh'no Osimo, (C. It.) Auximum. 6!/si-mo ds-kol! sta!rd ds-mod! lin Oskol Staroi, (R.) Osmolin, (Pol.) Vens wel. . cL Osnabriick, (Han. ; e Os os!nai-brtue! naburg.) Osoppo, (Lomb.) 6-sdp'po Osorno, (Chile,) vole. 6-sor'no an Ossaia, (Tusc.) ds-sii!t-a Ossero. See Osero. Os! se-T0 Ossieri, (Sard.) Os-si-e!r% Ossowiec, (Pol.) ds-sd'vyets Ossun, (Fr.) ds-sd ng" Ossuna, or Osuna, (Sp-) ds-s00 na Ostashkov, (R-) os-tash-kof Ostende, (Belg-) ost-en-de ds-te!no Osteno, (Austr. It.) Osterby, (Sw-) Osterode, (Han.) ds! tér-bt os'te-r6/de Ostfriesland, (Han.) princip. dhst! frihs' landt Ostia, (It.) 6s'tt-a Ostiglia, (Austr. It.) 6s-til'ya Ostrog, (R.) bs-trog! ds-tra-gotshk! ds-trd-léng' ka ds-lrév'no Ostrogotshk, (R.) Ostroleka, (Pol.) Ostrovno, (R.) 1369 between v and f Sage alli ee ae Bh c= ~ a weir See — ee = ESae i allel = ee es — rs — ae a od Saas ee ae) bla a | Hii ] 7 eli a) He Hi i Pai te HH ade Hi eid (oF ie i Powe PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. | Ost See, or Baltic Sea. Ostuni, (Napl.) Ostwag6de, (Norw.) isl. Osuna, or Ossuna, (Sp.) Oswiecim, (Austr. Pol.) See Auschwitz, Otaheite, aoe Taiti, (Soc. Isls.) | Otavalo, (Vv enez. ) Otranto, (Napl.) Hydruntum. Otricoli, (C. It.) Otshakov, (R.) | Ottajano, (Napl.) Ottensen, (Denm.) | Ouche, (Fr.) 7. Osca. | Oudalen, | Oudenarde. See | Oudenbosch, ( Neth.) | | (Norw.) Oudewater, (Neth.) Ouessant, (Fr. ) isl. Oural. See Ural. Ource, (Fr.) 7. |} Ourcq, (Fr.) 7. | Ourem, (Port.) | Ourique, ( Port.) Ourthe, ( Belg.) Te Ouro Freto, (Braz. ; for- merly V illa Rica.) Oust, (Fr.) r. Ovada, (Pied.) Ovar, ( Fort.) Ovar, (H.; g. Altenburg. Overflakken, (Neth.) isl. Overyssel, (Neth.) prov. Overyssel. See Ysser. Ovidiopol, (R.) Oviedo, (Sp.) Oviglio, (Sard.) Owinow, (N. A.) Owrucz, (R.) Oxford, (Eng Oxnam, (Scot. ; Oxenham.) Ovetum. ) prom. Ozonia. Sormerly Ostrow, (Pol.) Ostrowo, (Pr. Pol.) Ostrzesz6w. See Schildberg. Audenarde. —— ) } Oyapoc, or Ojapoc, (S. A.) Oyarzun, (Sp.) Ozora, (H.) Ozorkow, (Pol.) Pacasaz, or Pacaya, (Braz.) r. Pacajes, Sierra de, (Bol.) m. m. Pacaraima, Sierra, (S. A.) Pacasmayo, (S. A.) haven. Pacaudiére, ia (Fr.) Pacaya, (Guat.) vole Paceco, (Sic.) Pacentro, (Napl.) Pachacama, (Peru.) Pacheco, (Sp.) Pachino, (Sic.) Pachitea, (S. A.) 7. Pachuca, (Mex.) Pachucaca, (Peru,) 7. Pacora, (N. Gran.) 7. Pacy-sur-Eure, (Fr.) Paderborn, ( Pr.) Paderneira, ( Port.) Padilla, Padova, (It.; ¢. Padua.) Patavium. Padron, (Sp.) Jria Flavia. Padstow, corrupted from Patuck- Stowe, (Eng.) Padua. Sce Padova. Padula, (Napl.) Paesana, (Sard.) Paganico, (It.) Paglia, (It.) r. Pagliano, (It.) Paglieta, (Napl.) Pagny-str-Moselle, (F'r.) Pago, (Dalm.) Paiheco, (Pana.) isl. Paimbeuf, (Fr.) Paimpol, (Fr.) Paimpont, (Fr.) Paita, (Peru.) Pajares, (Sp.) Pajonal, ( Peru.) Pako&gé, (Pr. Pol.) Pakosd, (H.) Pakr4cz, (Slav.) Paks, (H.) Pachynum. (Mex., Tamaulipas.) { ) i j ——_— tro'vo tr-shesh'gqv a Ze Os-too!nz Ost-va' rAd soqg'nd or Os vyeltsin G-téi-he!2-ti, ta!4-té 6-ta-va'lo 6'tran-to, 6-tri'k6-l2z 6t-shalkof 6-tran'to —™ 6t-ta-i-ya'no ol'tén-zén gosh 90'dd-lén ou! de-nar'de ou! dén-bosch! ou'de-va' tér 09-es-sdng! ¢g-ral! 997s eork 0-ranga! 0-ri'ke oohrt d'ro9 fre'tog o9zd 6-va'da 6-var! Oh: valr 6! ver- flak) ken 6! ver-is'sél 6! Baris! sél 6-vi-d7-6 -pol! 6-vi-e'dib 6- villyo 0-vi'nov O'vrootsh oz' ford oz'nam 6-ya-pok! 6-yar-thoon! 0!20-ra 6-zor'kof pa-kd! gas, pa-ka'l yi St pa-k ads-~- ma! yo la pa- -k6-di-ére! pd-ka'ya Rie che'ko pa chen'tro pa-chi-kd'ma pa-che ko pa-ki'no pa-chi-te'a pa-choglka pa-choo-ki'ka pa 'ko-ra pa-si' stir-Are! pd'dér-born a pa der-na'i-ra pa-dil'ya pa'do-via pd-dron! pa d' stow pad'u-a pa'dog-ld pa-e-si'nd pda-cd'ni-ko pal'ya pal-ya'no pal-ye'ta pan-yi! stir-mb-zel! pd! go pa-i-elko pans-baf* pang-pol! ping-pong! pa'i-ta pa-cha'res pa-chod-ndal'! ao pa'kostsy pa-koshd pa-krahts paksh “er! de pd-ka! ches si-er'ra pa- -kd-1a-4'ma | Paladru, (Fr.) lake. Palmas, las, (C Palo, Palomar, Pampelona. Pampetar, Panama, Panaria, Panaro, (N. It.) ~ Scul, Panay, Pancalieri, ( Pancsova, Pantsova. Pal de Chalancon, St., ) (Fr.) Palacios, los, (Sp.) Pale afi irgel, (Sp.) -alagoniz a, (Sic.) Palais, le, (Fr.) Palais Royal, Palamos, (Sp.) Palancia, (Sp.) r. Palazzo-Adriano, (Sic.) Palazzo degli pies (Flor.) Paris.) Palazzuolo, (Sic. Palcipa, (Plata,) lake, Palencia, (Sp.) Palentia. ) Palenque, (Mex., Chiapas.) Palenzuela, (Sp.) \ Palermo, (Sic.) Palestrina, (C Paliano, (C. It.) Palinuro, (Napl.) prom. Palisse, la, Hr:) Palma, (Sic. Palma Nuova, ( (Austr, It.) Palmara, CO It.) isl. Palmaria, (N It.) isl. Palmarola, ( Na ipl.) Palmas, (Sard.) gulf. an. Isls.) Palmerinho, (Guin.) prom. rent) Panormus. San Andres de, } ) f (Sp.) Palomas, (Sp.) Palos, (Sp.) Palota, (H.) Pamakassan, Pamanukan, Pambu, (Braz.) Pamiers, (Fr.) (Madeira,) isl. (Java.) Pamlico, (U, 8S.) 7. Pampagna, (Luzon,) prov. Pampas, (S. A.) plains. Pampelonne, (Fr.) Pampeluna, Pamplona, or ? Pampelona, Pam- pelo. (Sp.) haven. (N. Gran.) See 5 (Marguerita,) } ) / Isthmus. ) Panainoa, (Philipp. Panapapem: l, Briz) r. Ire fo J Panati, (Sic.) isl. (Lipari Isls.) isl. } HMiycesia, Thermisia. (Philipp. ) Sard.) Pancorvo, (Sp.) r Pantsova, (H.) Pan de Gué anbon (Cuba,) / ) mt. Pangoa, (Peru,) 7. Pankot da, (H.) Pautalaria, )(Napl.) isl. Pantellaria,\ . Cossyra. -antin, (Fr. ) See Pancsova. Panuco, (Mex., Vera Cruz.) Paola, (Napl.) Paula. Papa, (H.) Papagayo, (C. A. Nicar.) vole. Papasquiaro, (Mex., Durang.) / Papenburg, (Han.) Papendrecht, ( Neth.) Papiete, (Otaheite,) haven, ) isl. \ Pappenheim, (Bav.) Paprovnik. See Ragusa. Papua, Para, (Braz. ; formerly Be- ) lem.) j Para, (Braz.) prov. Paracatu, ( Braz.) Paracatu do Principe, ( Braz.) Paraclet, (Fr.) Paradas, (Sp.) Paradla, or Agteleker Fel- senhohle, (H.) cavern. Paragoa, (Sulu Archipel.) zsl. Paraguacu. Paraguana, (S. A. Venez.) } penins. Paraguay, ( ) Parahiba, Parahyba, or Paraiba, (Braz.) r. S. A.) state. . It.) Preneste. See Pampeluna. tenna, fc. New Guinea,) isls. See Peruaguacu. pa-la-dritv’ sang pal dé sha-lang- oe me lis pa-la'thi-és pa-la-foor-chel! pa-la-go-ni'd lé pa-la’ 7-o- pu-la! ro-a-yil! pda-la-mos!' pa-lin'thi-a pa-lat'sd-d-dri-a'no pa-lat'sé del-yoof'fi-chi pa-lat-seg-d'lo pal-thi'pa ad pd-len'thi-d; e. pa-len'- she-a pa-len'ke =x pa-len-thoo-e'la pd-ler'mo pa-les-tri'nd pa-li-i' no pa-li-nog'ro la pa-lis! padl'ma i palma nog-o'vad pdal-ma' ra pal-ma'ri-d pdl-md-ro'la pal' mds las pal'mds pal-me-rin'yoo pa'lo sdn dn-dres' de pa-l5-mar! pa-lo'mas P da lo s pa-lo'ta pd-md-kds-san! pa-ma-noo-kan! pang'boe pd-mi-e! pam li-ko paim-pan'ya pam'pds pdm-pe-lo'na pana-pe-lon! pdm-pe-'oo'na pam-plo'nad pdm-pe-lo'nad pam-pe-tar! pd-nd-mda! ; e. panama! pa-nd-mo'a P 1-nd- Pape ima pa-nd'ri pd-nd-ri!a pa-nd'ro pa-na't pan-ka-li-e!rZ pan-kor'vo pun'cho-va — pan de go9-d-i-chd-bin' pan-go'd pan-ko'td pdn-ta-la'r7z-a pan-tel-la' r i-d pang- ti ang! pan'cho-vd pa-noo'ko pa'o-la papa pa-pa-ca'yo pa-pas-ki-ti'ro pa'pén-boorg! pa'pén-dréecht! pa-pi-e'te pdp'pén-hime! pa-prov'nik pa'pog-a pa-ra! pa-rii! pd-rd-ki-too! pd-ri-ka-tco! dé prin’ si- pe pa-ra-kle! pa-ri' das pa-rdd'la pa-rd-go't — oe be F pa-rd-£00-d-s99 pat a-go9-d na pa-ra-g99-a't pa-ra-i' ba Paraiba do Norte, (Braz.) pr. Paramaribo, (Guiana.) f Paramera, (Sp.) table land. Paramo de Albanracint GSea/ A.) mt. chain. j Paramo del Assuay, (8S. ( A.) mt. chain. \ Paramo de Chisga, (S. A.) ) mt. cham. ) Paramo de Guanacas, (S. ? A.) mt. chain. 5 Pal ae de la Summapaz, / A.) mt. chain. 5 Pa rana Guazu. Parana. See Ria Negro. Parana. See Cajada de ) Santa Fe. j Paranagua, ( Braz.) Paranahiba, or Paranahy- ) ba, (Braz.) Parana Miri, (Braz.) 7 Paray le on (Fr) Parcé, (Fr. Parchim, or Parc hen, (N. ) Gerin.) ) Parczow, (Pol.) Pardaos, (Colomb.) mts. Pardubitz, (Boh. ; 6. Par- } dubice.) \ Pareczow, (Pol.) Parechia, (Is le of Paros;) 2 Paros. Paredes de Nava, (Sp.) Paredes de Sigitienza, (Sp.) Parenzo, (Itria.) Paria, (S. A. Venez.) gulf. Parian, (Manila Parigné PEvéque, (Fr.) Parima, Sierra, (8. A.) mts. Parinacochas, (Peru,) lake. Parima. See Rio Brance. Paris, (Fr.) Lutetia, Pariza, (Sp.) Parkany, (f.) Parma, (It.) duchy. Parnahiba, (Braz.) r. Parniceza, (H.) Parobeni, (Peru,) r. Partann, (Sic. Partenico, (Sic Parthenay, (Fr.) Partubic, (Boh.) Paru, (Braz.) r. Ww | Parvichio, (IIl.) isl. Pasages, (Sp.) Pascagoula, (U, 8.) 7. Paschendael, ( Belg.) Pasco, or Cerro Pasco, (Peru.) Pascuaro, Pasquaro, ) (Mex., Mechoacan.) j Pas-de-Calais, (I'r.) dep. Pas-de-Calais. See Dovre. Pasiaxa, (S. A.) 7. Pasitano, (Napl.) Paso del Norte, (Mex., ? ) Chihuahua.) Paspaya, (Bol.) r. Pasquiglio, (Lucea,) mt. Pasquaro. See Pascuaro. Passaro, (Sic.) cape. Passarowitz, (Serv. ) Passau, (Bav. Passeriano, (Austr. It. Passeyerthal, (Tyrol.) Passignano, (C. It.) Passo Caballo, (Texas.) Passy, (Fr.) Pastaca, (S. A., Ecutad.) 7. Pastaco, (Colomb.) r. Pastaza, (Colomb.) r -asto, (S. A.) Pastrana, (Sp-) Pastrengo, (Lomb.) Patagones. See Carmen. Patacin, (Serv.) Patay, (Fr.) Paterna de la Ribiera, / (Sp-) Paterno, (Sic.) Hybla Major. Pativilca, ( Peru.) Patones, (Sp.) Patschkau, (Pr.) Patti, (Sic.) Patuck Paturages, (Belg.) Pau, (Fr.) Palum. Paucartambo, (Peru.) canta, (Fr.) Paul de Léon, (Fr.) Pauxis, (Braz.) See Yeuazu. Parisii. Pa- ( chynum Promontorium. 5 Be atava Castra. -Stowe. See Padstow. pa-ra- Uba doo nor'te pa'ra- ma- rt'bo; e. par'a- mar’ e-bo pa-rd-me'ra pi'ra-mo de al-bar-ra- thin’ pa'rd-mo del ds pa'ra-mo de chis'ga a pa'ra-mo de go9-d-na'kas pa'rd-mo de la segm'ma- path — pa-ra-nd! goo-a-scg! pa-ra-na! pa-rd-nia! ro pa-rda-nd-f09-d I pa-ra-nd-i'ba pia-ra-na! mi'rZ pa-ra@' lé md-ni-al! pir-se! par-chim(éhén) par'chof par-dd' os par'deg-bits, par-dgo-bit'- se pa-rang'chof pa-re'ki-a pd-re'des de na'va pd-re pa-rend'so pa'ri-a pa-ri-dn' pa-rin-ye! le-véke! st-er'réa pd-ri'ma pa-ri-nd-k6-chias pa-r2'ma pa-ri! pa ri-tha pahr-kahny pdr'md padr-ni-i'ba par-nit! sa paro-be!' ni par-tan! par-te-ni'ko part-na! par'tgo-bits pa'roo par-vi' kt-o pd-sa' ches pas-ka-goo'la pas'chén-dahl pas'ko pas'koo-d-ro pa-dé-kd-la! pd-dé-kd-la! pa-si-a' chia pa-si-td'no pa'sd del nor'te pas-pa'ya ot pas-kgo-al'yo pas'kogo-d-ro pas'sd-ro pas'sa-r5-vits! pads'sou pds-se-r?-a'/no pas-st! ér-tahl! pas-sin-ya'no pas'sd kd-bal'yo pis-si! pds-tu' tha(sa) pas-td' lo pas-ta' tha pas'to pis-tra'nd pas-tren! fo pa-td-go'nes pa-td-tsin! pa-ta! pa-ter'nd de la rt-bi-e’ral pd-ter-no! pa-ti-vil'/ka pa-lo'nes patsh'kou pat'tt pad' stow pd-ti-rige! po pa-oq-kar-tang’boo po-i-yak!, pol-yak! pole dé le-ong! pa'oo-shis Pavia, (Austr. It.) Ticinum. pd-vi'd -s9Q-ii'% ‘des de st-ggo-en'tha Fate, fir, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, mive, wolf, book, lord. —Titne, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. —Fr. & long, 1360 ——pa-vi-i-yi!, pa-vil-yt! eee atiel pa-vang pdv-dinsk! Pavilly, (Fr.) Pavin, (Fr.) lake. Pawdinsk, (R.) Pawdinskoi Kamen, (high- est points of Ural.) Pawlogrod, (R.) Pawlowo Selo, (R.) pav-dins'ko-% ka'mén pav'lo-grid pav'ld-vo se-lo! Paye Switz. 5 gy - s Ee witz. ; g. Peter pa-yern' Paysac, (Fr.) pa-i-sak! Bays ee See Netherlands, pa@-t! bah ays de Vaud, (Switz. 5 SUD PTs L Wandlani> : BOR ROEwe Paz, la, (Bol.) ld path Peccioli, ( Pied.) pet! cho-lt Pecq, le, (Fr-.) lé pek Pésc, or Péts. See Fiuinf- kirchen.) pehtsh Pécsvar, ( H.) Pedena, (Ill. ; g- Biben.) Pederneira, ( Port.) Pedraza, (S. A. Venez.) Pedrillo, (Cuba,) mt. Pedroches, (Sp.) Pedro de Cardefia, (Sp.) cloister. Pedro Munoz, (Sp.) Pedroneras, las, (Sp.) Pedroso, el, (Sp.) Pedroux, (Fr.) mt. pehtsh-vahr pe-de'nd pe-der-na! ire pe-drd' tha pe-dril'yo pe-dro' ches peldrd de kar-den'ya pe! dro moon-yoth! (y5s") lds pe-drin-ye'ras el pe-dri'so pé-drog! Pegau, (Sax.) pel cou Pegnitz, (Bav.) r. péng! nits Pego, (Sp.) elo Peiskretscham, (Pr.) pis krét! shim Pekel-Aa, (Neth.) Pelago, (Tusc.) Pelée, (Martinique,) mt, Pelestrina, (N. It.) pel kel-ah pe! li-go pé-le! pe-les-tri'na Pélissanne, (Fr.) pe-lis-san! Pellegrino, San, (Lomb.) san pel-le-ari!no Peloro, (Sic.) prom. pe-la'ro sg Pelvoux de Vallouise, (Fr.) ) |. oe : an: pel-vog! dé val-log-éze! Pemes. See Pesmes. péme Pena de Francia, (Sp, ) part of Guadarama Mts. Penafiel, (Sp.) Penafior, (Sp.) Penalara, (Sp.) peak. Penalba, (Sp-) Penalver, (Sp.) Penamacor, (Port.) Pefaranda-de-Bracamon- te, (Sp-) Penas, (S. A. Patag.) gulf. Penas de San Pedro, (Sp.) Penhafiel, (Port.) Peniche, (Port.) Peniscola, (Sp.) Pefion de los Bafios, (Mex.) Pefion de Velez, (Sp. Fes.) Penschina, (R.) 7. Penschinsk, (R.) Pensacola, (Flor.) Penzing, (Austr.) Pequeni, (N. Gran.) 7. Pequigny, (Fr.) Peraleda de ]a Mata, (Sp.-) Perat, St., (Fr. Perche, le, (Fr.) old div. Perchtoldsdorf. See Berch- toldsdorf. pen'yd de fran'thi-a pen-ya-fit-el! pen-yaflohr! pen-ya-la'ra pen-yal! ba pen-yal-vere! pe-nd-ma-hohr! pen-ya-ran'da de bra-ka- mon'te pen'yds pen'yds de sin pe'dro pen-yd-f t-el! pe-ni' she en-yis'G-la pen-yon' de los ban'yds pen-yon! de ve'leth pen! shi-nd pén-shinsk! pen! sa-ko'la pent! sing pe-ke'ni pe-kin-yi! pe-rd-le'da de la ma'ta sing pé-ra! ié persh péréh' tolds-dorf' Percy, (Fr.) er-si! Perdido, (N. A.) r. per'dido; sp. per-di!do Perea, (Braz.) r. pe-re-a' Pered, (H.) pe-red -_ “- pe-ra!i-rd de sog-sa' gong lé pe-ri-gore! pe-ri-gir! pe-re-yas-laft' pe-re-yds-laol’ ne-re-kope! pére ld shaze =~ pe-res-lavl! sd-les!kO-¢ Pereira de Susao, (Port.) Périgord, le, (Fr.) old div. Périgueux, (I'r.) Vesunna. Perejaslaw, (Turk.) Perejaslawl, (R.) Perekop, (R.) Pére la Chaise, (Paris.) Pereslawl Saleskoi, (R.) perd! gi-ne pe-ri-te! is'las de per'lds Pergine, (Tyrol.) Perite, (Braz.) 7. Perlas, Islas de, (Gulf of Panama.) Perleberg, (Pr-) Perm, (R.) Pernambuco, or Cidade do Recife, (Br.) prov. Pernau, (R.; 7 Pernov.) pér'le-bérg! perm per-nam-bog'!ko pér'nou, per nof Peru, (S. A.) Peruvia. Peruaguacu, Paraguacu, Peruacu, (Braz.) 7. Perugia, (C. It.) Perusia. Peruwelcz, (Belg.) Pesaro, (C. It.) Pisaurum. Pescadores, ( Austral.) isls. Pescara, (Napl.) Aternus. Peschiera, (Lomb.) Piscaria. pe-roo! Co oo pe-reg-d-g09-d-soo', Pe- 799-a-s99! pe-rogd' ga pe'rtt-vels pe'sda-ro pes-kd-do'res pes-ka'ra pes-ki-e'r& Pescia, (‘Tusc.) pe! sha Pescina, (Napl.) pe-shi!'na Pesmes, o7 Pemes, (Fr.) peme Pesth, (H.) pesit; e. pest Petapa, (Guat.) pe-ta'pa Piedra Blanca, (La PI.) Piedras, (S. A. Venez.) Piedrahita, (Sp.) Piemonte, (N. lt. ; ¢. Pied- Peten, (C. A., Guat.) luke. pe-ten! Peter, St., (Austr.) zdnkt pe'tér Peterlingen. See Payame. pe!tér-lin!!gén Petersburg, St. (R.) zdnkt pe! térs-boorg! Peterburg, ? zankt pe! tér-boorg' Petershof, See Berchitoldsdorf. Petersthal, (Bad.) Peterwardein, (H.; h. Pé- tervarad.) Petit, le, Cul de Sac, (Guad.) Petit-Canal, (Guad.) isl. Petit Saconnex, (Switz.) Petralia, (Sic.) Sotana, So- peltérs-ho f pe'térs-tahl pe! tér-var-dine! ; e. pel- ter-war!dine; pé-ler- vah!rad lé pé-ti! kt dé sak pé-ti! kanal pé-ti! sd-kon-neks! SPIE prana.) pe-tra-li/a Petrikau, or Piotrkéwice, 2 |)... (Pol.) peltrt-kou Petrikow, (R.) Petrinia, (Austr. Croat.) Petronell, (Austr.) Car- nuntum. Petropawlowsk, (R.) Petropawloskaja, (R.) Petrosawodsk, (R.) Petrowsk, (R.) Péts. See FUnfkirchen. Petschersk, (R-) Petshora, (R.) Pétsvdrad, (EE) Pettau, (Austr.) Pettobano, (Napl.) Peveragno, cree Peyrat, (Fr. Peyrestortes, (Fr-) Peyrins, (Fr.) Pézénas, (Fr.) Piscine. Pezo do Regua, (Port.) Peziiela de las Torres, (Sp. Pfaiffikon, or Pfeffikon, (Switz.) Pfaffenhofen, (Bav.) Pfalz, (Germ. ; e. Palati- pe-tri-kof! pe-tri!ni-a —~ pe-tro-nel’ pe-tro-pav' lovsk pe-tro-pav' los-ka-ya pe-trd-sa-vodsh! pe-trovsii! pehtsh pet-shersk! pet-sho'ra pehtsh-vah-rad pet! tou pet-to-ba'no pe-ve-rdn'yo pa-rd' pare-torte! pa-rang! pe-ze-nahs! pe'zo9 deo re'go0-a pe-thog-e'ld de las tor'res pf ef 'Fi-kon pf af 'fen-ho' fen ew eee nate.) old div. pf alts Pfeffers, (Switz) ofef fers Pfeftikon. Sve Pfafiikon. pref f i-kon Pforing, (Bav.) pf o'ring Are hoi F Pforzheim, (Bad.) Porta } gyrtsthime Pfreitnt, (Bav.) pfrimt fool lin! gén sang fil-bere! dé bog-dne! fi-lip-vile! fi-lip-pine! “4! lips-boorg! pi-d-chend'sd pi-d-de'nd Pfullingen, (Wurt.) Philbert, St.,de Bouaine,(Fr.) Philippeville, (Belg.) Philippine, (Neth.) Philippsburg, (Bad. ) Piacenza, (N. It.) Placentia. Piadena, (Austr. It.) Piano-dei-Greci, (Sic.) pi-a!no-de!i-gre! cht Pianosa, (Mediterr.) isl. Planasia. Piano di Sorrento. Sorrento. Piaseczno, (Pol.) Piatek, (Pol.) Piauhy, (Braz.) prov. Piave, (Austr. It.) 7. Piazza, (Sic.) Piazza di S. Lucia, (Napl.) Piazzola Piazzuola, (Austr. Tt) Picacho, (Colon) mt. Picardie, la, (Fr. ; e. Picar- dy,) old div. Pic d’Almuradiel, (Sp.) me pi-d-no'sa See pi-a'nd di sdr-ren'to Los I pyd-setsh'no ‘mn pyong' tel pi-a-oq-t! pi-a've 77-Gi'sa pi-dts-sd'(se9-d' la pt-kat! sho pik dal-meo-rd-di-el! del re!7% Pic del Rey, (Sp.) mt. pik y oo Pic de PEtoile, (Austral.) zsl. pik de le-t6-ale! Pic des Arsines, (Fr.) mé. pik de-zar-sine! Pic du Midi. See Midi. pik dit mi-a! Pichincha, (8S. A.; Ecuad.) ) wolc. Pichupichu, (Peru,) me. Pico de Teyde, (Taner.) mt. Pico dos Orgaos, (Braz.) mt. Picquigny, (Fr.) pi-chiin'cha pi-chog-pi' choo eyes piks de te! ¢-de = pilkog dogs dr-ga' gongs pi-kin-ye! pik sdn ga-sing'toe pi-e-di-mon'te di san dger-ma! no Pic San Jaeynto, (N. A.) m. Piedimonte di San Germa- no, (Napl.) Péronne, (Fr.) pe-ron! Perosa, (Sard.) valley. e-r0'sa Perote, (Mex., Vera Cruz,) m. pe-rd'te Pérouse, (Sard.) pe-rogze! Perpignan, (Fr.) per-pin-yang! Perquimans, (U. §.) co. perquim! ans Perrette, (Sard.) per-ret! Persano, (Napl.) castle. per-sa!no Perth, (Scot.) perth vive ; % short, biit.—Fr. & long, ew short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, liquid. — An!’ ger. b- 171 be C puns age ; y Es : ai 1 oe Abe wens se a, ee (One be Ce AEs ala Pee oe 7 a pi-at!sd dé stin'ta, log-chi!a la pi-kir-di! 5. pik! ar-dt — , ch, guttural; g PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Pertuis, (Fr.) per-tt-i! Piedinont. See Piemonte. peed! mont pi-e' dra blan'kha pi-el drds pi-e-drd-t'ta Pp t-e-mong! Piémont. See Piemonte. mont,) prin. pi-e-moniie Pienza, (‘Tusc.) Pierre Ancise, (Fr.) Picrre-Buffierre, (Fr.) Pierre Chatel, (F'r.) Pierre Haute, (£r-) Pierre-Pertuis, (Switz.) passage in Jura Mts. Pierre, St., (Isl. of Martin.) Pietole, (Lomb.) Pietramala, (Tusc.) Pietro Moncorvino, (Napl.) Pietraperzia, (Sic.) Pietra-Roja, (Napl.) Pietra, Santa, (Tusc.) Pieve di Cadore, (Austr. It.) Pieve del Cairo, (Sard.) Pieve de Vigo, (Tyrol.) pi-end! st pi-ére! Gno-size! Deere! Vij incre! pi-ere' sha-tel! pi-ére! Gte —- A Ses pi-ére! per-th-%! | sang pi-ére! pi-e'to-le pi-e!tra-ma' la pi-e'tid mon-kor-vi'no pi-eltra-perd'st-a | A pi-e'tra-r0-7-d! sén'ta pi-eltra | } “ pi-e've del ka't-ro pi-elve di ka-do're | | os ' 7 aval i pi-elve de vi' go \ Pignans, @EKS) a pin-yang! Pignerol. See Pinerolo. pin-ye-rol! pi-ge'na pile! stahrt pi-lar! dog 1a-i-p Go! Piguena, (S. A.) 7. Pijlstaert, ( Austral.) isl. Pilar do Taypu, (Braz.) Pilares, (Tierra del Fue- pi-la!res £0,) cape. Pilat, (Fr.) mt. 7-late! Pilatusberg, (Switz.) m. pi-la'togs-bérg! Pilcomayo, or Aragua-Gua- Zi, (S. As) t% ( pil-ko-ma' yo Pilica, (Pol.) 7-li'tsti Pilis Czaba, (H.) pi-lish tsha-ba Pillau, (Pr.) pillow Pilnitz, (Sax.) pil! nits Pilsen, (Boh.) pil!zen Pimeria, (Mex.) distr. pi-me!ri-a Pin, le, (Fr.) lé pang Pinare, (Braz.) 7. pi-ni-re! Pinczow, (Pol.) pin! cho f Pinega, (R.) r. pi-ne! ga Pinerolo, (Sard. ; fr. Pigne- rol.) Pingon, (Sard.) castle. Pinhel, (Port.) Pinos Puente, (Sp.) Piombino, (Tusc.) Piotrkowice. See Petrikau. Piove-di-Sacco, (Austr. It.) pi-ne-ro'lo ; ae pe ng-LO ngs pin-yel! pilnds pog-en'te pi-dm-bi' no > pi-otr-ko!vi-tse pr-0' ve-di-sal' ko Pirano, (Istria.) pi-rd'no Pirmasens, (Bay.) pir'ma-zéns! Pirna, (Sax.) pir! na Pirnitz, ( Mor.) pir! nits Pisa, (Tusc.) Pisa. pi'sa Pisciotta, (Napl.) >pi-shot'ta Pisek, (Boh.) pi'zék Piski, (Trans.) pish-kt Pisino, (Ill. ; ¢. Mitterburg.) pi-si/no Fe rye Qywvity_) a Pissevache, (Switz.) water pihs-vish fall. Pisticci, (Napl.) Pistoja, (Tuse.) Pistoria. Pistokow, (Pol.) Pisuerga, (Sp.) 7 pis-tit! cht pis-to't-ya pis-to'ko f pi-soo-er ga Pitea, (Sw.) prev. pi'te-o = Pitesti, (Turk.) pi-tesh-tt Pithiviers, (Fr.) pi-ti-vi-e! Pitschen, (Pr) : pit! shén Pitons du Carbet, (Martin.) vole. Piura, (Peru.) Pizzighettone, (Lomb.) Pizzo, (Napl.) ‘ Placa do Commercio, (Lis- bon.) Place de la Charté, (Paris,) Place de Henri Quatre, (Paris.) . Place des Vosges, (Paris.) Place Royalo, (Paris.) Place do Victoires, (Paris.) Place de Vendéme, (Paris.) Placencia, or Plasencia, (Sp.) Debogria, Placer ¢ pi-long! dv kar-be! pi-og'ra pit-si-get-t0'ne pit'so pla!sa dog kdm-mer'st-09 plahs dé la shihr-te! plahs dé dng-ri! katr > pane uo 1 eee plas TG-O-Y Oho plaks dé vik-to-are! plahs dé vang-dome! pla-then'thi-a “- plang fo-dng! tid. Plainfoing, (Fr.) Plan, (Boh.) ze ae Plunchenoit, (Belg.) plangs h-n0-@ Planitz, (Boh.) pla'nits pli-sen'tht-@ asencia. See Placencia. ft ee plash-kt Plaski, (Aust Croat.) Plaswitz, (Pr. Sil-) plas'utis Plata, La, o7 Argentine la plilta Confederation. . ane Plata, Rio de la, (S, A.) vi!d de la pla'ta as s in pleasure. — 2 final, Fr. re.— v, between v and ff Se 1361 Se aer ne ad aes a 4 es or ll Died tt sates > - Ee Se acteae te - — wore) PRONUN NCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Platani, (Sic.) 7 Platanos, (Cuba,) r. Plateaux, (tuble lands in America ) Platten, (Boh.) Platten See. See Balaton. Planen. (Sax.) Pleine-Fougéres, (Fr.) Pleismitz, (H.) Plencia, (Sp.) Plenoglio, (‘Turk.) Pleschen. Sce Pleszew. Pleskow, (R.) Plesse, (Pr.) Plessis, le, les Tours, (Fr.) castle. ee Pleszew, (Pr. Pol. ; g. Ples- chen.) Pleurtuit, (I'r.) : Plintenburg. See Vissagrad. Plock, (Pol.) Ploen, or Plén, (Denm.) Ploermel, (Fr. ) Plojest, (Turk. ) Plomb de C Antal, (F'r.) m. Plombieres, (Fr.) Plén. See Pioen: Plouaret, ( Fr.) Plouigneau, (Fr.) Po, (It-) r. Padus, Po di Primaro, (N. It.) 7. Poboieda, (Sp. ) Podébrad, (Boh.) Podgorze, (Gal ) Podol, (R.) Podobna, (R.) * Podolia, or Podolsk, (R. Pol.) gov. Poggio- Reale, (Sic.) Poglizza, (Dalm.) ) distr. Pogost. (R.) See Poitiers. Poictou, See Poitou. Point-a-Pitre, la, (Guad ) Point-de-Galle, (Ceylon.) Pointe Escarpée, (N. Hol.) ) prom. isl. Point Saint Matthieu, (Fr.) / prom. Poiré, (Fr.) (Fr.) Poictiers. Poissy, Eridanis. Poitiers, Poictiers, ( Fr.) ) Limonum. Poitou, Poictou, (Fr.) old pr. Pojarevacz, (Servia ) Pokrzy wnica, (Pol.) Pol, St., (Fr.) Pol-de Leon, St., (Fr.) Pola, (Ll) Pictas Julia Poland ,(pol. Polska ; g. Po-} len ; fr. La Pologne,) king. Polaniec, (Pol.) Polesine, (Austr. It.) prov. Policastro, (Napl.) Politka, (Boh. ) Polignac, (Fr.) Polieitano; (Napl.) Poligny ; (Fr.) ) Polizzi, (Sic. ) Polla, (Napl.) Pollenza, ( Major.) Pollentia. Pollina, (Sic tr Pollino, | Apenn, ; Darn. ) peal, Poloc hic, (C. A. Guat.) 7. Polock, { (Pol.) Poloczk, § * Pologne, la. See Poland. Polonka, (R. Pol.) Polska. See Poland. Poltawa, or Pultawa, (R.) Polten, St., (Austr.) Polvaccio, (Modena.) Polzin, (Pr.) Pomard, (Fr.) Pomarico, Cal) Pomba, Villa da, (Braz, Pombal, (Port. ) Pomague, (Marseilles,) isl. Pomfret. Se Pontefract. Pomerania. Sec Pommern. Pomigliano d’Arco, (Napl,) Pommern, (Pr. ; e. Pome- rania,) prov. Pomorzany, (Gal.) Pompadour, (Fr.) Pompatar, (VW. Ind.) Pondichéry, )} 1: Pondicherry, § (Hind) Pongo de Manseriche, (Braz.) fall, it. Dolce ) } phe te nt pla-to! platltén plat’ ten ze plow én planc-foo-gére plis'nits plen! thi-a ple-nol/yo lésh! én nie s-kof! plés' se el le ples-sé! le-togr t ple! she f ~~ plArr-th-2! plin'tén-bogr a’ plotsk plane pler-mel! plo-yesht plong de kiing-til’ plong-br-€re! pléine plog-a-re! plgo-in-yo po po di pri-ma'ro p0-bo-le! du pod'ye-brad pod gor'she po-dol’ po-dob'nd podo'ha, po-délsk! pot! 20-re-a' le pol-yit'sa Pere po-o a-ti-e! po- d- -tog! “— la po-angt!a pitr! po-ang'-dé-gal! po-anoat! es-kar-pe’ —~ =~ po-ang! sang ma-ti-d’ po-ia-re! po-¢ a s-s7! po-c a-ti-e! po-it-too! po-yd-re'vats pokr-shiv-nit'sa sang pol sang pol-dé-le-dng! po'la po'land, po'lén po-lan'yets po-le' si-ne po-li-kis'tro po-litsh'ka po-lin-yak! po-lin-ya'no po-lin-yi! po-lit' st pol'la pol-yen'tha pol li-na pol-li'no, dél'che ddr'mo po-lo-chik! po-lotsk! — la pd-loni! po-ling-ka pol ska pol-ti'vd, pool-ta'va zankt pol'téen pol-vat' sho pol-tsine! po-mare! po-mi'ri-ko vil'lé dad pong'bu pong-bale! po-mag' pom’ fret pom-e-ra'ne-a po-mil-ya!nb dar'ko pom!mérn po-mbr-sha'n4 pong-pi-dogr! pom-pa-tir! pong-di-she-rt', pon'de- sher're pone!’ so9 de mang-se-ril- SHE Pons, St., (Fr.) Pont 4 Mousson, (Fr.) Pont Audemer, ee r.) Pont Chateau, (Fr.) Pont de Beauvoisin, (Fr.) Pont de Cé, le ny Pont de Vaux, ee Pont du Gard, (Remoulins, } Fr.) bridge. ) Pont Gibaud, (Fr.) Pont l’ Abbé, (Fr.) Pont Royal, (Paris,) bridge. Pont St. Esprit, (I'r.) Pont St. Maxence, (Fr.) Pont Valain, (Fr.) Pontac, (Fr.) Ponta Delgada, ( Azores.) Ponta de Palmeirinho, ? (Guin.) Pontaillier, (Fr.) Pontarlier, (Fr.) Pontcharra, (Fr.) Pontchartrain, (U. 8.) lake. Pontchartrain, (Fr.) Pontecorvo, (S. It.) Fregelle, Ponteba, (IIl.) Pontefract, vulgarly Pomfret. Pontelandolfo, (Napl.) Pontelungo, (Lomb.) Ponte Vecchio, (Cors.) haven. Pontevedra, (Sp.) PonsVetus Ponteviko, (Austr. It.) Ponthieu, (Fr.) former county. Ponticelli, (Napl.) Pontifical States, o7 States of the Church ; 1. Stati Pontificii, Stato della Chiesa. Pontin, (Fr.) Pontine Marshes, ne Paludes. Pontivi, (Fr.) Pontoise, (Fr.) POnLTEMDOM CURE) Popayan, (S. A. N. Gran.) PoLeoneae (Belg. ; fr. Po- ) peringue.) j Popiedzisko, (Pr. Pol.; g. ) Pudewitz.) 5 ( ) Pompti- ) Popocatepetl, ( La Puebla, ) volc. Mm. Popoli, (Napl.) Poppi, (Tusc.) Poprad, (Hi.; g. Deutschen- } dorf.) ) Porco, (Bol.) m. Porchow, (R.) Porcuna, (Sp.) Obulcum. Pordenone, ( Lomb.) Porentruy, (Sw 1tZ. 5 ff ’ Bruntrut.) \ Poretschie, (R.) Poretti, (N. It.) Poroszlo, (H.) Pornic, (Fr.) ) Porquerolles, (Fr.) isls. Porsgrund, (Norw.) Portalegre, (Port.) Port au Port, (Newf.) bay. Port au Prince, (Hayti ; } Port Républicain.) Port Bourbon, (Isle de France.) Port Castries, (W. Ind.) Port Dauphin, (Madag.) Port de Paix, (Hayti.) Portel, ( Port. ) Portela de Homer mts. Portici, (Napl.) Port Louis, (Fr ) Port Mahon, (Sp.) Portus } Maysonis. j Porto, Sce Oporto. Porto, (It.) Portus Trajanus, Porto Alegre, (Port.) Porto Bello. See Puerto Sello. Porto d’?Anzo, (It) Antium. Porto do Forchal, (Braz ) Porto-Ercole, (Tusc.) Her- ) culis Portus. Porto Farina, (Tunis,) Porto-Ferrajo, (Elba.) Porto Gruaro, (Austr, It.) Porto Maggiore, (N. It.) Porto Maurizio, (N. It.) Porto Praya, (Santiago,) zsl, Porto Recanati, (It.) (Ort) ——~ Porto Rico. sang pong pongt & mogs-sdng! pongt 6-dé-mere! pong sha-to' _. pong dé b0-v0-d-zang le pong de se pong dé vo pong di gare 27-66! lab- be! r0-d-yile! —— pore pony pong pong sang-t- es-pri! pong sang mag-san gse! pon o vd-lang as eo : o pong-tak! pon'ta del-ga'da pong'ta de yoo ~ pong-ta-2 e! pong-tir-lz-e! ponu-shar-ria! pon' char-tramn! pong-shar-trang pon'te vo pon-te kor ‘ba pom fret pon-te-lan-dol’fo pon-te-lgon' sro po n'te vek'k-o pon-te-ve'dra pon-te-vi' ko _ can pong-ti-au pon-ti-tshel' li pon-tif 'i-kal pong-tang! pon' tine pong-ti-vi! ix pong-t0-dzeb pon-tre!mo-lt po-pa-yan! po-pe-rin' gen pope-raig-a! pop-pyed-zis'ko po'po-kd-te-petl’ po ‘p0-lé pop' pt po'prdad por'ko por'chof por-kog'nd por-de-no'ne ae, po-ring-trir-i! po-retsh' ye po-rel' ti po-7ros'lo por-nil! por-ké-role! pors' srognd por-td-le' gre por-t0-pore por-lo-prangs'! ; e. port o prince ~ sno! pore boor-bing pore kas-tri! pore do-fang! pore dé pa ,0r-tel! I por-te'la de d-mere! por'ti-cht “- pore Igg-%! ma-hone!, md-dn! por'too por'to por'tog d-le! gre por'to bel'lo por'td dind'so por'teg deo for-shile’ por'to-er-korle por't6 fd-ri'na I “~ por’ to-fer-rd-i-0 por'td groq-a'ro por'td mat-go're -_—-_s por'td mi-oo-rid' si-0 por'ts pra'ya por'to re-ka-na' tt See Puerto Rico. por'td riko pal-me-i-rin'- | Potowmac, Porto Rosega, (LII.) Porto Santo, (Atl. Oc.) zsl. Porto Seguro, ( Braz.) Porto Vecchio, (Cors.) Port Républicain, o7 Port au Prince. Port Royal, (Jamaica.) Port Royal des Champs, (Versailles,) cloister. Portugal, king. *Zatsitania. Portugalete, (Sp.) Port Vallais, (Switz.) ) Portus VPallesie. \ Port Vendre, (Fr.) Portus V eneris. Posadas, (Sp.) Posega, (Austr, Slav.) Poscharevacz, (Servia.) Poschechon, (R.) Poschiavo, (Switz. ; g. Puschlay.) Posen, (Pr. Pol. ; nan.) Posharovitz. witz. Posilipo, (Napl.) hill. Pésing, (H.) Posony. See Presburg. Possagno, (Austr. It.) Postyén, (H.) Potamo, (Corfu.) Potenza, (Napl.) Potentia. Poti, (R.) Potomac, pol. Poz- See Passaro- ) Sa) ite _—_ ‘(Wu.s Potosi, ( Bel.) Potschineki, ‘(R.) Potsdam, (Pr.) Pottendorf, ( Austr.) Pottenstein, (Boh.) Pouancé, (Fr.) Poughkeepsie, (U. 8.) Pouillac, (Fr.) Pouilly, (Fr-) Powliguen, (F Pourgain, St., (Fr.) Powiec ee Punitz. Povoa do Varzim, (Port.) Poza de la Sul, (Sp.) Poznan. See Posen. Sp.) Pozoblanco, (5 Pozuelo del Paramo, (Sp ) Pozuelo de Pozzo di Goto, Pozzolo, (Austr. Pozzuoli, (Napl.) Puzzuoli. Pozzuolo, (Napl.) Prabutha. See Riesenburg. Praca de Figueira, ( Lisbon.) Prachatic, | (Boh.) f Prachatitz, } * ( Prades, (Fr.) Praga, (Pol.) Prague, (Boh. ; Praga. Praslin, (E. Af.) isl Praszka, (Pol.) Praestoe, (Denm.) Prato, (Tusc.) Pratolino, (Florence,) castle. Prats de Mouillon, (I'r.) Praya, (‘'erceira,) isl. Préchac, (Fr.) Précheur, le, ( (Martinique. ) Alarcon, (Sp.-) (Sic.) It.) See —m~ g. Prag.) ——~ Pré des Marmiers, (Switz.) ) mt. Predial, (Trans.) cloister. Predil, ( Alps.) Preez, (Denm.) Preignac, (Fr.) Prenzlau, ) (Pr.) Prenzlow, \ \"~ Preobraschensk, (R.) Presburg, (H.; /. Posony.) } Posonitum. Prerow, (Boh. ; g-. Presnic, } : Presnitz, | (Boh-) Pressova, See Eperies. Pré St. Didier, (Sard.) Preuszen. Sce Prussia. Preuszisch Enlau. Prevesa, (Turk.) Priego, (Sp.) Prieuré, la, (Fr.) Principato Citeriore, Principato Citra, Principato Ultra, oP rerau.) (Napl.) prov. See Hilau, por'to ri-se! va por'tog sdn'tog por'tgg se-g90'r09 Te pe eas por'to vek'ki-o pore re-pu-bli-kang! pore r6-a-yadle' pore r0-a-ydle’ de shing por-tog-gall! ; e. por'tugal por-tog-yd-le!te pore val-la! pore vandr po-si' das po' she-gda po-sha-re'vats po-she-chon! pos-ki-a'vo po'sen po-shi-ro-vits po-si-li'po pa zing po-shony! pos-san'yo pasht-yane po-ta'mo po-tend' sd po ti po-to'mak po-td-si! ; e. po-to'se pot-shi-ne'kt pots'dam pot ten-dorf! pot'tén-stine! PG o-dng-se! po-kip'se poo-t-yak!, pool-ytik! poo-t-yt', pogl-y?! pog-le-ging’ sang pogr-sang! pov'yéls po'veo-a dog var-sing! po'tha de la sal pots'ndany po'thd-blan'ko po- -thog- eG del pa'ra-mo po- -thog- e'ld de a-lar-kin! pol'so dt go'to pot-so'lo pot'soo-0'lé pot-sga-d'lo prd-boo-td — ess popes prd'sa de fi-ga@'i-ra pra! cha-tits prade pra ga or Go IT Ghe nig pra-lang! prash'ka preést! & pra'to pra-to-li'no -—- pra dé mgo-t(mool)-yong! pra'yd pre-shak! lé pra-shé&dr! pre de mar-mi-e pre-dt-al! pre-dil! prats pre ell- yak! préents'low preénts'lo pre-0-bra-shénsk! mpel 7 prés'boors prshe'roff, pre'rou preés'nits prés-so'va pre sang di-di-¢! prois'sén prois'sish t/lou pre've-sa pri-e! co ld pri-a-re! re pr inechi-pa'to cht-te-ri-0'- prin-chi-pa/td chét!tra prin-chi-pu't6 gol/trd Fate, far, fall, what, bat, —Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, dove, miive, wolf, book, lord. — Tine, bull, ynite. — oi, boy}; ou, house. — Fr. tt long,-Puntales, (Cadiz,) bay. Pritzwalk, (Pr.) Privas, (Fr.) Privigye, (H.) Prjbram, (Boh.) See prits'vall pri-va! pri-vid-ye Purus, or Cuchivara, (5. AS a Pury de Toretlas, (Mallor- ) ca,) mi. ( Sea 1.) ish P Peshier ave Huse See Poschiavo. rocida, (Napl.) wl. Pro- SE ea usiano. (Austr. It.) chyta. proichi-da Piispoky, (H.; g. Bischdorf.) Propiha, (Braz.) Prosecco, (LIl.) Prossnitz, (Mor-) Provence, la, (Fr.) old prov. Protiwie, (Boh.) Provins, (Fr.) Prim, (Pr.) Prussia, (Germ ; g- Preu- pro-pi-a! pro-sek'ko pross'nits la pro-vangs! pro-tiv-ye pro-vang! priiim Pusterthal, (Tyrol.) distr, Putbus, (Pr-.) Puteaux, (Fr) Putiwl, (R.) Putten, (Neth.) Puttershoek, (Neth.) Putumayo, or lea, (S. A. Ecuad,) r. szen,) king. prushie-a Puy, le, (Fr.) Pruth, (R. and Turk.) r. proot Puvl: «pe Przasznysz, (Pol.)_ prshash'nésh uylaurens, (F'r-) Puymirol, (Fr.) Puy-de-Dome, (Fr.) Puy, le, de Violent, (Pyt-) mt. Puy, le, en Vela, (Fr.) Puzzuoli, (Napl.) Puteoli. See Pozzuoli. Pyrenees, mts. JMontes. Pyrénées Orientales, (Fr.) dep. Pyritz, (Pr.) Pyrmont, (C. Germ.) Praedbérz, (Pol-) PrzemysSl, (Pol.) Pr2erosl, (Pol.) Przewo, (Pr. Pol.) Przeworsk, (Gal.) Przibislaw, (Boh.) Przibram, See Prjbrain. Pr2ypec, (R.) r. Przyréw, (Pol.) Pr2ysucha, (Pol.) Psiloriti, (Candia,) peak, isl. Pskow, or Pleskow, (R.) Ptolemais, (St. Jean d’A- cre, Syria.) Puchacay, (Chile,) distr. pog-cha-ka'% Pudewitz. Sce Popiedzisko. pog!de-vits Pudlein, (H.) Puebla, la, (Mex.) dep. Puebla, la, de los Angeles, (Mex.} Puebla, la, de Alcocer, (Sp.) prshed! beorsh prsie'm isl prshe'rosl prshe'vo prshe'vorsk prsle' bés-lav prshi'bram prshi'pets prshi-roqv prsii-sgo' cha psi-lo-r7'tt pskof, plés'kof Pyrenet tol-c-ma'is pood' line la pog-e! bla la poo-elbla de lds an! che- les nitty atayagie ; Puebla, la, de Arganzon, lad pog-e'bla de al-ko-ther’ | Quxcnennniicx, (Germ) (Sp-) oe Puebla de los Infantes, (Sp.) peg=6/bla de lds in-fan'tes Puebla de Montalban, (Sp.) poe-e'bla de mon-tal-ban! Puebla de la Paz, (Mex.) Puebla de Sancho Perez, thi aidesire oinethore lapog-e! bla dear-gdn-thon’ | Quacuragua, (Braz.) m. Qualgayoc, (Peru,) mining pl. Qualie, (Norw.) zs!. Quaquaphenoga, (N- A.) large marsh. poo-e!bla de la path ary <4 » off)! 5 | hes poo-elblii de san’ cho pe Quaregnon, (Belg.) (Sp.) reth(res) Puebla Vieja de Tampico, pog-elbla vi-e'cha de tam- pate {Adr. Sea;) (Mex.) : BD Quatre Bras, (Belg.) Pueblo de Constitucion, poo-e'blo de kon-stt-tog- | Quebec, (Canada.) (Chile.) thi-on' Quedlinburg, (Pr-) Quelpaert, (Corea,) isl. Queluz, (Port.) Quemada, (Zacatecas, Mex.) state. Quentin, St., (Fr) Quentin, St., (Fr.) @ugus- ta Veromanduorum. Quercy, le, (Fr.) old distr. Queretaro, (Mex. Conf.) Querfurt, ov Quernfurt, (Pr. Sax.) Querimba, (E. Af.) ts!s- Querzola, ({t. Modena.) Quesnoy, le, (Fr-) Quessant, (Fr) isl. Pueblo Viejo, (Vera Cruz,) m. poo-e' bio vi-e' cho Puente de Eume, (Sp.) pog-en'te de e-gg'me Puerco, (Texas,) 7 = Puerto de Santa Maria, (Sp-) poo-er'to de san!ta ma-ri' a Puerto Bello, (S. A. N- Gran.) See Porto Bello. Puerto Cabello, ) (5. A. ) pog-er' ko pog-er'td bel’yd Puerto Cavello, Venez.) pog-er'to Kabel! (vel)y Puerto de Espana, (Trinid. Puerto de la Mar, (Cabija.) Puerto de las Aguilas, (Sp-) Puerto Marin, (Sp.) Puerto Real, (Sp.) Puerto Principe, Santa Ma- ria de, (Cuba.) LO Puerto Rico. See Porto Rico. pog-er'to ri'ho Puerto Viejo, (S A. Beuad.) poo-er'td vi-e! cho Puglia. See Apulia. pool'ya Puigcerda, 07 Puicerda, (Sp.-) poo-t-ther-da! Pukanez, (H.; h. Baka- po! kants banya, Putawy, (Pol.) Pulkowa, (R.) mé. Pulo-Kalamantin. See Bor- neo. Pulsnitz, (Sax.) Pultusk, (Pol.) Punhete, (Port.) Punitz, (Pr, Pol. ; pol. Powlec.) Puno, (5. Peru,) dep. Punta Delgada, (St. Mi- guel,) isl. Punta de Occoa, (Cuba,) poo-er'to de es-pan' yd poo-er' lo de li mar an . as — . pog-er'to de las a! gi-lds poo-er'to ma-rin! Se - 2 n09-er/td re-al! ee san'ta ma-ri' a de pog-er'- to prin'tht-pe Quibdo, (N. Gran.) Quiberon, (Fr.) Quicatlan. See Cuicatlan. Quiche, or Santa Cruz del ) Quiche, (Guat.) Quierzy, (I*r.) Quieto, (ill) *. Quiévrain, (Belg.) Quilabamba. See Vilca- bamba. Quilates, (Atlas, Af) Quiliman, (E. Af.) r. Quilimanci, (E. Af.) r. Quilimane, (Mozambique, } —— pog-la' vi pool kd-va pog!ld ka-ld-man-tin' pools! nits pool! togsl Af.) poon-ye'te Quiloa, (E. Af.) Quillan, (Fr.) Quillebwuf, (Fr.) Quillota, (Chile.) Quiloa, (E Af.) Quimper Corentin, (Ex.) Quimperlay, (Fr-) Quimper sur Odet, (Fr-) Quindiu, (Andes, N. Gran.) Quingey, (Fr.) Quintana, (Sp.) peo! nits pog'no peon'ta del-ga'da poon'ta de ok-ko'ad TOM» . Punta! del Penon, (Porto Rico,) prom. Punta de Piedra, (S. A. Venez.) pogn'ta del pen-yon! pogn'ta de pi-eldra Quinze-Vingts, (Paris,) hospital. Quirigua, (C. A. Guat.) Quirinale, (Rome,) /iul. Quistello, (Lomb.) Quito, (S. A-, Ecuad.) poon-ta'les Puntas Arenas, (C. A. pogn'tis a-re'nas Purace, (8. A. N, Gran.) vole, pog-ra' the, poo-ra-the! Purchena, (Sp.) poor-che'na Purificacion, (Uruguay.) poq-7t-fi-ki-thé-on! Purmerend, ( Holland.) péur! inér-end —— vite; % short, biuit.—Fr. @ long, ou short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, NY, liquid. — 47 " a opiate able le eer Us Za ks ger. — & ch, guttural ; PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL po9-799s! poo-ri! de to-rel'yas nogsh! lav pog-st-a'no pish-po-kt poo! stér-tale! peg becs pu-le' poo-tivl! pert! ter part’ iérs-hooh! os POP-leQ-me yo lé pir'% pusye a ae t pre lo-réng pi-t-mi-rol =~ pie-r! de-dome! - Aa E lé pi-%! dé vi-5-lang' “= le pi-2' ang vé-la! “-™ poot-sog-0'lt pyr! e-nees* pi-re-ne 6-ri-dng-tale’ pi'rits pir’mont Q. kwak! kén-brtick! koq-a-lkoq-rd! ggQ-a koo-al-ga-yok! kava!’ & koq-d-keq-a-fe-no' ga kii-d-ren-yonrg' kgo-ar-na'ro(ne'ro) katr bra kwelbeck ; fr. ké-bek! kwed! lin-begré! kwel'palrt ke-logs! ke-ma/ da sdng kdng-tang" sang king-tang' 5 e- saint quem tin le ker-s?! ke-re'ta-ro kwerelfogrt ke-rim' bd kwerd-so'la . a oy . lé ké-nd-a! kes-stéing’ Quezaltenango, (C. A. Guat.) ke-thal-te-nan’ go kib'do kib-rong! ki-kut-lan! kz-che! ki-er-zi! Ikwi-e' to ki-e-vrang ki-la-bam! ba sp. kz-la'tes ki-ti-mang! ki-lé-nang! st ke2-li-md'ne ki-lola ae kil-yang"', ke-i-yang! °™" ki-i-DAF', Kily-baf! kil-yo!td kél6-a kang-per' i:5-raéng-tang! kang-per-la' kang-per! sur 3-de! kin-di-09 ka ng-ga! kin-td! nd Quintanar de la Orden, (Sp.) kin-ta-nar! de ld Gr-den! kangz-vang! ki-ri' oo-a kwi-ri-ni'le Iewi%s-tel!lo ki'to R. Raas, (H.; h. Arabo.) rahb Raab. See Gy6r. rahb Raab, (H.; 2. Nagy-Gy6r.) - Arabona. . rahb Raabs, (Austr.) rahbs Rabastens, (Fr.) Rabenstein, (Styria.) Racalmuto, (Sic.) Racconigi, or Raconigi, (Pied.) Rachowa, (Bulg.) RaciaZ, (Pol.) Raclawice, (Pol.) Raconigi. See Racconigi. Racow, (Pol.) R&cz, or Bécse, (H.) See Ratz Bétse. Récz-Kevi, (H.) Rade, (Pr.) Radicena, (Napl.) Radicofani, (Tusc.) vole, am. Radicosa. (‘Tusc.) vole, Radna. See Rodna. Radom, (Pol.) Radomsko, (Pol ) Radoszyce, ( Pui.) Radwany. (H.) rd-bas-tang! c ayenaasees ra! ben-stine! ra-kal-mogo'to ral-ko-nid! g% ra! chd-va rats'yongsh ra-kla-vit! se ra-ko-nid! g% ra'tsov rahts, beht-she rats’ lce-ve ra'de ra-d?-che'nd rd-d7-ko'f G-ne rd-d%-kd'sa@ rad! nd ra’ dome ra-doms'ke 7d-do-shit'se x rdad-vany Radzitéw. ( Pol.) rad-zi! loof Radziwitow, (R.) rad-z7-v2' loof Radzyn, (Pol.) rdd'zin ~ Raff ka, (Pol.) raf ka Ragusa, (Sic.) ré-goq'sd Ragusa, or Raugia, (Daim; slav. Dubrovnik , tur. ri-ggo'sa@ Paprovnik. ) Rain, or Rhain, (Bav-) rine Raismes, (F'r.) rame Raiva, (Pol.) ra!i-vd Rajecz, ( ra-yets rdli-mé-ni yeh ra! ko-nits rali-kosh rda'kov ra'kO-vits Rahmanieh, (Eg.) Rakonitz, (Boh.) | Rakos, (H.3 g- Kroisbach. ) Rakow, (Pol.) Rakowitz, (Moldavia,) lake. Ramalhac, (Port.) Rambervilliers, (F'r.) Rambouillet, (Fr-) Ramillies, (Belg.) Ramla, (Syria.) | Rampano, (Gr.) | Rancagua, (Chile,) old as a. Ss rd-mal-ya'aone! rang-ber-vil-ye! (vi-i-ye!) riéng-beo-t-e! (bogl-ye') BA rd-mi-%-yt' (mil-y?' ) ram la ram-pa'no ran-ka! goq-d prow. Triana. Rance, (Fr.) r. réngs Randazzo, (Sic.) ran-dat!so Randers, (Denm.) ran! ders Randersfiord, (Denm.) gulf. rau! dérs-fyore! Rankwell, (Tyrol.) rink! vel rd-dng! le-tape! rd-pil' lo rap-pa-han'nolk rap! pérsh-vile Raon l’Etape, (Fr-) Rapallo, (Sard.) Rappahannoc, (U.S.) 7. Rapperschweil, (Switz.) Rappoltsweiler. See Ri- s an! ts- sale Boaaeien rip'polts-vt lér Raqueta, (Mex.) isl. ra-ke'tad Rasan, (R.) ra-zan! Rasegrad, (Bulg.) rds! grad rd-shihd! _ rds!kov, ras'ko ra! stadt ras! tén-boorg! Rashid. See Rosetta. Raskow, (Pr. Pol.) Rastadt, (Bad.) Rastenburg, (Pr.) Raszkowo, (Pr. Pol.) rash-k0'vo Raszyn, (Pol.) ra' shin 2athenow, or Rathenau,(Pr.) rii' te-no(nor) Ratibor, (Pr. Sil.) ra-t?! bore Ratiborzicz, (Boh.) 7a-ti-bor-shits Ratisbon, (Bav.; g- Regens- burg.) Reginwm, Castra ra'tis-bon! Regina, Augusta Tiberit. Ratmanow, (Sib.) isl. rit'ma'nof Ratoneau, (Fr.) isl. ri-to-no! Rattenberg, (Tyrol.) rit'tén-béirg! Ratz Bétse. See Racz Récse. rats beht-she Ritz-Boszormeny, (H.) rahts-b Xs-sAT-MENY Ratzebur, (Pr.) rat! se-bogr! Ratzeburg, (Denm.) ridi'se-bogre! Raucourt, (Fr.) ro-kcor! Raudnic, 07 Raudnitz, (Boh.) Rauenstein, (Sax-) Raugia. See Ragusa. Rauhenstein, (Austr.) Rauneburg. See Rumburg. Rauris, ( Austr.) Rausnitz, (Mor-) Ravanusa, (Sic-) roud'nits row! én-stine! “- rd-cod' ga row hén-stine! rou'ne-boorg! rou'ris rous! nits ra-va-ngo'sd gas s in pleasure. —2 final, Fr. re. — ¥, between v and f- ee Se ado Re oa RS ER AN RAPP LESSLET" eo i ere — pean ei padi ee ae RN Olas —, i 2 ey tJ i } | | * Seow Py pms non ee alee saitin PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN sHOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Ravenna, (C. It.) Ravensburg, (Wiirt.) Ravenstein, (Neth.) Rawa, (Pol .) Rawitsch, or Rawicz, (Pr. Pol.) Raygern, ( Mor.) Raygréd, ol ) Ré, (Fr.) isl. teal de Catorze, (Mex.) silver mine. Realejo, (C. A. Nicar.) teativille, (Fr.) Rebais, (Fr.) Recanati, Oe It.) Recco, (N. Réchain, (Bele.) Recherche, Arc hipel de la, ( Austral. ) isls. Rechnitz, (H.) Recife, ( Braz.) Reco: aro, (N. It. Rec ulet, (Fr) highest point Jura Mts. Redinha, ( Port.) Rednitz, (Bav.) 7 Redon, (F'r.) tedondela, la, (Sp.) Redondo, (Port.) Rees, (Pr.) Regalmuto, (Sic.) Regen, Bay.) Te Regensbi ME, (Bav.;: e. Ra- tisbon.) Reginum. Rege nae (Switz.) Regenstorf, (Switz. ) Reggio, (Napl.) Julit. Reggio, (N. It.) Lepidi. tesla, (Cuba,) Reenitz, \ (Bz LV.) v, Reichels sheim, ( ess. Darmst ey G.) Reichenau, (Beh. ; keniczky.) Reichenbach, (Switz.) r, Reichenberg, or Liberk, ( Boh.) Reichenhall, ( Bay.) teichenstein, (Pr.) etched , (Boh.) Reif. Sce Riva. Reims, or Rheims, (Fr.) Durocortorum. Rein, (Styria,) cloister. Reinerz, (Pr. Sil. ; doh. Durnik.) teinosa, or Reynosa, (Sp.) Reisen, (Pr. Pol. ; pol. Ry dzy na Rejas, (Sp. Re smedios, (s. A. N. Gran.) temich, (Neth. ) Remiremont, (Fr.) Remo, San, (N. It.) Remoulins. (F r.) Remsche ae (Pr.) Remiud, ( (Germ.) temy, St., ( (Fr.) enaix, (Belg. ; Siem. Ronse.) Renchen, (Bad, Rendsbure, (Denm.) Rennes, (Fr.) Condate. Reno, (It.) r. Reole, la, (Fr.) Reps, (Trans.) Requena, (Sp.) Resina, (Napl.) Resinar, or Rossinar, (Trans. ; Rethel, (Fr.) Retimo, vor Rettimo, (Crete.) Rhithymna. Retyezat, (Trans.) mt. Retz, or Rétz, ( Austr.) Reulmare, (Trans. ; . Na- gy-Aranyos.) Réunion, ile dela, See Sourbon. Reus » Op. ) Raiez, (Switz.) 7. Reusz-Greitz, (C. prin, Reusz-Schleitz, ( pr til. Reutlingen, (Wuirt.) Revel, or Rev: ul, (Che; Es- thonia, Esth Talline ; sat Kolyvan,) gov. Lobetum. Germ.) Rhegium } Rhegiuwm b. Sau- | ) g. Stadterdorf.) § C. Germ.) rd-ven'nd ra'féns-boorgz! ria! bén-stine! ri'va ray vitsh ri-i ‘cern ae rdy-grogd re re-ul! de kd-t6r/the re-d-le'clho 7o-vile! ré-ba! re-ka-na!tt rek'ko re-shang! ar-shi-pel! dé ld ré-shersh! rech'nits re-st'fe re-k0-a'ro ré-Kctt-le! re-din'ya réd'nits 7ré-dina! la re-don-de'la re-dong'dgg relts re-cdl-mgo'to ré! ge n ré! géens-bogrs! ré! céns-perg! ré! cén-storf! ie rel’ 20 le ret' co re! ola rés!nits rt! chéls-htme! rt! chén-ou ri! chén-bich! rt! chén-bérg! 72! chén-hal! rt! cheén- stine! rich! stadt rife €.7cems ; Tang7z rine rine! érts re-t-no'sd ri'zén re! chads -) IlAt_rs re-me'd#-Gs re'mich ré-mire-mong! sadn re'mo 7é-moo-lang! rém! shidt re-mitde sang ré-mi! ré-nd@'; flem. réngse réen'éhéen rénds' boorg ; .rends! bor ren re'no la ré-ile! repsh re-ke'na re-st'/nd ré-shi-ndr ré-tel! re'ti-mo, ret! ti-mo re-ti-tsat réts re'ool-md're ile dé la re-A-ni-ong! re'oos Trois rois-grits rois-shlits roit!/ lin! rén ré'vél, re'val ré-vin-yt! Revel, (Fr.) ré-rel! Revigny » (Fr.) ee Reyes, Reyes, los, ( 3 \ ; San Sebastian de S. A. Venez.) Reynosa, or Reinosa, (Sp.) Rézbanya, (H. tezé, (Fr.) Rezende, (Braz.) Rhain. See Rain. Rheede, (Neth.) theenen, (Neth.) Rheims. See Hermes RI hein, (Germ. ; e. Rhme; a -, Rhin ; d. Rian, ) Mie Rh enus. Rhein, Ober, (Germ,) old div. Rhein, Unter, (Germ.) old div. Rheinau, (Switz.) Rheinberg, (Pr.) Rheineck, or Rheinegg, (Switz.) Rheinfelden, (Switz.) Rheinfels, (Pr.) | Rheingau, (Nassau, Rheinhessen, (Germ. ) DRAPE az, (Pr.) Rheinsberg, (Pr.) Rhijn. See Rhei in. Rhijnsburg, or Rijnsburg, (Neth.) Rhin. See Rhein. Rhin, Bas, )} (We \iden Rhin, Haut, | Rhine. See Rhein. Rhin ct Moselle, (Fr.) dep. Rhodez, (Fr.) See Rodez. Rhona Szék, (H.) Rhone, (Fr.) dep. Rhone, (Fr.) r. thodanus. Rhone, Bouches du, (Fr.) Rhén-Gebirge, (C. Germ.) Riachuela, haven. tialejo, (Guat.) m. Ribadavia, (Sp.) Ribadeo, Ribatua, Ribe Ribeauvillé, ya Ribeauvilliers, dv SP). ( Port.) ; or Ripen, ( 8) nm. ani fe we mee r.) (S. Mi- Ribeira Gi rande, fuel.) Ribenione: (Fr.) Riberac, (F r.) Ribnick. See Riccia, (Napl.) Ricets, les, (Fr.) Riche, (Fr.) Riche lieu, (Fr.) weil, (Switz.) Ricla, (Sp.) Nertobriga Ridoerke rk, (Neth.) Ried, ( Austr.) Riegersbureg, Riesa, (Sax.) Riesenburg, (Pr. ; pol. butha.) (Styria.) Pra- Riesi, (Sic.) Rieti, (C. It.) Rieux, (Fr) Riez, (Fr.) Albiace. Riga, (a ivonia, R.) Righi, (Switz.) m. Rignano, (It.) tijnsburg. Rika. See Fiume. Rima Szecs, (H.) Rima Szombat, er Grosz Steffelsdorf, (H.) Rimatara, (Austral.) tsl. Rimini, (C. It.) Rimnik, (Wall.) Ringebo, (Norw Ringkj5bing, (Denm.) Reate. Ringkjébing-Fjord, (Denm.) lagoon. Ringsted, (Denm.) Riobamba, (82 A. Beuad. ) Rio Bonito , (Br faz.) Rio Brane 0, or Parima, (Braz..) 7. Grande, (Mex. and Tex.) Rio C olorat lo de Texas, (N. 4 Rio das Mere (Braz.) 7. los (S. A. N. Gran.) G,) val. prov. — ‘Buenos Ayres, ) } > Garam Szoll6és. tichtensweil, or Richters- }) Riesengebirge, (Germ.) mts. * See Rhijnsbourg. Ariminum. Rio Bravo del Norte, or Rio | tio das Piranhas, (Braz.) 7. los re'é-ues sdn se-bds-tt-dn! de los re-~i-no'sa reéls-bdaiin-ya ré'nén Tang Tine 6'bér rine oon! tér rine Tt! nou rine! bér Zz ru nék(nég) rine! fel' den rine! féls rine! rou rine heées'sén rine'nro-vints rt ns! berg Tine i rins' barZ rang ba rang 6 rang rine - rang e m0-zel! ro-des! roli-nd-sehk Tone rone beosh dit rine réinc-ge-bir! ge rt-d-choo- ella 2-a ri-bd-loo'a ri'be, ri'pén ~—? px ri-bo-vil-ye!(vt-i-ye') rti-ba'i-ra gréng!de ribe-m on, g! ribe-rak rib'nik rit! chia le ri-se! rish rish-li-a! rich'téens(térs)-vile ri'‘kla ri! door-kérk ride rt! cérs-boorg! riz ri'zén-boorz! ri! zén-ge-bir! ge ri-e!st ri-e! tz ex rt-hu! ri-e! ri! ga ri! ot rin-ya'no rins' barge ri'ka ri'md setsh ri-ma som-bat ri-md-ti'ra 72! mi-nt rim'nik rin'! gre-bo ring 'ké&(ki-a)-bing “- ring ki-A(k&)-bing fi-ore' Trin a! sted ri-0- bam! bi ri'oo bb-ni' tog ri'o9 brang'koe ri!6 bra'vd del nor'te rt!6 ko-l6-ra'do de te'!chiis rt'oq dds mair'tes rt! oo das pi-ran'yds Rio das Velhas, (Braz.) 7, Rio de Agua Amarga, (Cuba,) r. Rio de Bogota, (Venez.) 7. Rio de C ontas, ( Braz.) Rio de Dom Luis, (Braz.) 7. Rio de Janeyro, (Braz.) Rio de la Ascension, (Mex.) r. Rio de Ja Hacha, Gran.) Rio de la Pasion, (C. A.) 7. Rio de las Casas Grandas, (Mex.) 7. (S. A. N. Rio de las Conchas, ( Mex.) r. Rio de la Trinidad, (Mex.) r. Rio de los Brazos de Dios, (Mex.) 7. Rio de los Cliquitos, (Bol.) r. tio del Rei (Guiana,) 7. Rio de Nabajoa, (Mex.) 7. Rio de Sao Francisco, ( Braz.) +. t10 de Sao Lourengo, (Braz.) 7. tio do Pars a, (Braz.) 7. tio dos Bocas, (Braz.) r. tio Grande. See Rio Bra-) vo del Norte. Seem les, (N. A.) 7 Rio Grande do Norte, (Braz.) prov. Rio Grande do Sul, (Braz.) Rio Gu wh , (Braz.) +. Rio Ica, Braz.) Rioja, la, ‘(P lata,) Riom, (Pr) Rio Mayor, (Port.) Rio Mexicano, (Mex.) r. Rio Negro, or Parana, (Braz.) r. tionero, (Napl.) Rions, (Fr. ye Riopar, (Sp.) Rio Pardo, (Braz.) me tio Real, ( Braz.) r. dep. Rio Salado de Apaches, (N. A.) vs tio Tercer, (S. A.) r. Rio Tinto, (Sp.) ) a tio Tololotlan, (Mex.) tio Vermejo, (Ss. A.) 7. Rio Vermelho, (Braz) ae tio Vinagre, (N. Gran.) 7. le or Ri yaille, Ripoli, (Sp-) Ripoll, (Sp.) Riposto, (Sic.) Riquier, St., (Fr.) Riquier-es-Plains, (I'r.) Risano, (Dalm.) Risdorf. Sce Ruskinocz, Ritzebuttel, (N. Germ.) Riva, or Reif, (Tyrol.) Riva-de-Sella, (Sp.) Riva di Chieti, (Sard.) Rivarolo, ( Pied.) Rive-de- ate r, (Fr.) Rives, (Fr.) Rivesaltes. (Fr.) Riviera di Genoa, (It.) Riviera di Levante, It.) Ts tiviere Pilote, (Fr. tivoli, (Sard.) Riyolo, ( Modena.) Roa, (Sp. Roanne, (Fr.) Rodumna. Roatan, (Guat.) isl. Rébel, (N. Germ.) Robilante, (Pied.) Rocalbenga, (Tusc.) Rocca-Bruna, (Pied.) Rocca-d’Amfisa, (Napl.) Rocca-d’s Aspide, chap. ) Rocca di Papa, (It.) Rocc® Guglielma, (Napl.) Rocca San Felice, (Napl.) Rocca lumens, (Sic.) Yoccella, la, (Napl.) Locchetta, (Napl. ) Roche, la. See Bourbon- Vendée. Roche, la, Guyon, (Fr.) Rochebeancourt, la, (Fr.) Rochechouart, (Fr.) Rochefort, (1'r.) Rochefort en Ardennes, (Belz.) Rochefoucauld, la, (Fr.) Rochelle, la, (Fr.) ) Rio Grande de los Aposto- i j —— Say.) Ti!o9 dds velids : 4 Baie otitis rt'6 de a! go9-d d-mar! ga 7rt!6 de bd-g6-ta! ri'oq dé king'tas ri'99 de dong Iog-is! von ri'gg de £G-n@'i-reo ; e. r2'0 ja-nce'ro rt'6 de la Gs-then-si-dn! 7i'6 de la d'cha Tt! 6 de li pa-st-dn! 7rt'6 de las ka!stis gran'das rt'd de lds kin'chas ri! de la tri-ni-dad! rt'd de los bra! thos de dt- 6s! r4!6 de lis chi-ki'tis = aN T2'6 del re!% rt'6 de na-ba- -_— cho'a ri'oo de sa'oong fring- sts'koo be a : € rt'o9 de sa'ogng 16 S09 rt'99 doo pa-ra rt'o9 dogs bo'kas ~rang!- o / ri'd gran'de ri'6 grande de los G-pos'- to-les Tt'09 grang'de doo nor'te =f ss / ; rt'09 grang'de dog sgl oo “ Salama, (C. / sda-la'md Be) Thy Salk amanca, (Sp. ) Salmantica. sd-la-man'ka Beye Salamanca de Bacalar, sd-la-min'ka de ba-kd- 1 i |) (Mex lalr' as i | Salamis, (Gr.) isl. sa'la-mis ae af 1 | Salanche, (Sard.) sd-langsh! f . ; Salar de Labra, (Sp.) sd-lalr! de la! bra | a Salas-y-Gomez, (Pac. Oc.) — sa/las-7-26'meth(mes) A > i Si aldana, (Sp ) sal-dan'ua - oa | Saldanha »(S. Africa,) bay. stil-dan'ya ee Pe Sale, (Barb.) si-le! i Sale di Tortona, (N. It.) sd-le' di tor-to'na ee {3 Salemi, (Sic.) sd-le'm% ; Salerno (Napl.) Salernum. sda-ler'no i | Saléve , Switz.) mt. sd-léve! Salicetto, (Sard. ) sd-li-chet' to Z Salies, (Fr.) sa-l7! ; Salignac, (Fr.) sd-lin-yak! Salina, or Salini, (Medi- My diee aoa a | terr.) isl. alints (Med | sa-li'nu(nt) ty Salinas de Anana, (Sp.) sd-li'nds de in-ya'na . e | Saline, (Sic.) sd-li/ne . : Salins, (Fr.) si-lang' peal auches: or Sallenches, a-liinarsh! 3 (Sard. sd-lingsh : Salles la Source, (F'r.) sal ld sogrse Sallent, (Sp.) sdl-yent! mI Salm Dic, (Pr.) castle. zalm dik i Salmunster, or Saalmun- call mtun'stér i : ster, (Hesse Cassel.) ey oe ; Salo, (Austr. It.) sia-lo! ; Salobrefia, (Sp.) sa-lo-bren'ya ' # : Salon, (Sp ) r. sd-lon' se is Salong, (Fr.) sa-ling! . Salona, (Dalm.) si-lo'na Be i Salonica, Salonichi, Salo- Ne OT oe : et nik, (Turk.) Thessaloni-§ $4-!0-12'ku(kt), sd-l0- r ca. nike Salor, (Sp.) r. sd-lire! Salta del Tucuman, (La ) Plata.) Saltens Elf, ( —s ANN Saluzzo, (N. luces.) Salvages, (W ee 2 Salzburg. distr ningen.) Samara, (R.) dep. Saar! (Fr.) Sammiarino. rino Samminiato, ato, (Tusc. Saltillo, (Mex. Salto Chico, (Parag.) falls. Salza, or Salzach, (Austr.) r Salzbrunn, (Pr.) ‘ Salzburg, ( Austr.) See Sovar- Saye omine teu, (Austr.) Salzungen; (Saxe Mei- Salzwedel, (Pr.) Sate (Gal ) Sainbre, (Fr ) 7. Sambre-et-Meuse, (Fr.) old Samoszin, (Pr, Pol.; g. Samotschat.) Samoens, (Sard.) Sainsoe, (Cattegat,) isl. Si anabria, (Sp ) luke. San Anttoco, sal’ ta del too-koo-man' zal/téns-élf sal-til'yo sal'to chi'ko Norw.) r. Conf.) It. ; fra Sa- : Auoe 3 fraSa sd-lgot’so, su-lits! Af.) isls. sdl-vi' ges ) Salvatierra, (Sp.) sdl-va-tt-er'ra i Salvatierra de Tormes, (Sp.) sdl-vd-ti-er'ri de tor'mes te Salvore, (IIl.) siil-vo're zal! sa, zalt'!sdch zults'broon ziilts' boorg ; e. salz!(saltz') burg zalts'boorg zalts'kam' mér-goot zalt'sogn!' én zdlts'vé-deél sd-ma'ra sam! bor sdngbr siingbr-2-mérze sd-mer! sdm-md-ri'no or San Mini- ) suim-mi-ni-a'to zd-m0! shin j See San Ma- 1 j | sa-m0-ang! zum'zAd Samotschau. See Samos- i r te zd'!mut-show Santer, See Szamatyly. zim tér : San, (Austr ) r zan sd-ni' bri a sd un ti/d-ko (Sard.) isl. San Bernardo de Tarija, (lua Plata. ) San Bonifacio, (Cors.) isl San Carlos de Monterey, (New Calif.) Sancerre, (Fr San Christoval de la Lagu- na, (Teneriffe.) San Christovao, (Rio Ja- neiro,) palace. Sancy, Pic de, (Fr.) m. Sandec, (Gal.) Sandershausen, (Hesse.) San Diego, (New Calif.) Sandoe, (North Sea,) tsi. Sandomir, (Pol.; pol. San- } domierz.) \ Sandov(b)al dela Reyna, (Sp.) ) San Felice, (Pont St.) palace. San Felipe de Benguela, } (W. coast Af.) J * San Felipe de Linares,(! San Fernando de Apure, / (Colomb.) , San Francisco de Cam- } peche, (Mex.) § San Francisco de Quito, } Sea ) j Sangay, A.) volc, San Goymro! (Pont. St.) mt. ‘ Sangerh: 1usen, (Pr San Germano, (Napl.) San Geronimo de Yuste, (Sp.) clorster. San Giorgio Maggiore, (near Venice, ) cloister, is San Giovanni di Tiduccio, (Napl.) San Giuliano, (Sic.) Sangonera, (Sp.) r ! LS mt. San Gonzalo, (Braz.) haven. Sangiiesa, (Sp.) Sanguinetto, (C tor. San ‘Jacinto, (Mex.) r. San Jayme, (Colomb.) San Joaquin de Omaguas, ) (Colomb.) San José del Parral, (Mex.) San José de Oruna, (‘Trinid.) San Juan Bautista, (Mex.) San Juan del Alfarache, (Sp.) j San Juan de la Frontera, (La Plata.) San Juan de los Llanos, } (Colomb.) j San Juan de Nicaragua, (Guat.) { San Juan de Uloa, (Mex.) San Lazzaro degli Armeni, } EY enice,) isl. San Leucio, (Napl.) San Lorenzo el Real, (Sp.) burying place of the Span- ish kings. San Lucar de Barrameda, eke San lea de Guadiana, (Sp. San Lucar la Mayor, (Sp.) San Luis de la Paz, (Mex.) San Luis Potosi, (Mex.) San Marino, (It.) republic. San Martin del Castanar, wp. San Michele, (Austr. It.) San Miguel de Tucuman, } (La Plata.) San Miguel el Grande, ( Mex.) San Nicola, (Napl.) isl. San Nicolas del Puerto, (Sp.) San Nicolo di Skinari, ( Zante.) Sannio See Molise. San Pedro de Batopilas, Mex ) (Sp.) cloister. San Pietro Legnago, (Austr, It.) San Quirico, (Tusc.) San Roque, (Sp ) San Rossor1, (Napl.) San Salvador, (Guat.) prov. San Salvador de Falaniche, % (Sp.) (La Plata.) San Salvador del Bayamo (Cuba.) 7 ; ; San Pedro de Cardena, San Salvador de Jujuy, } j ( ) sdn ber-mdr'doé de tar?! cha sdn bo-ni-fa'cho Sony san kiir'l6s de min-te-re'2 sding-sere! sin kri-sto'val de 1a lu- joss Zog'nd y sang kri-st0-va'oqng pik dé siing-si! ziin' dets 2an'dérs-hou'zen sin di-e! go zan'dér zan-do'mire . = esr “* ins san-d6-vdl’ de ld re'7-na stin fe-li'che sdn fe-li'pe de ben-ge'ld sdn fe-li'pe de li-na'res sdn fer-nan' dd de G-poo-re! san frdn-this'ké de kdm- pe'che san friin-thts'!ké de ki'to sdn-pa'7 sdn dgen-ni'ro zan'! oér-hou'zen san dger-mii'no sdn che-rd'ni-mod de yoos'te sadn dgir'dz6 mat-g6're stin dg6-vin' ni dé ti-doot!- sho san dgoo-li-a'no sin-g6-ne'ra san gon-si'lo san ro0-t e'sal sdn-gwit-net'to sin cha-thin'to sin chii'i-me sdn ¢ho-a-kin' de 6-md' - £90-ds stin éhd-se' del pir-rial! sadn €hd-se' de b-roon'ya oa stin Chog-an! bi-oo-tis'ta | san Ghoo-in! del al-fa-ra’- | che san chog-dr! dela frin- | te'ra ls } = san éhog-iin! de los lya'nds | sin é choo- dn! de ni-ki-ra’ - ZOO -a sdn é =hoo- dn! de o9-lo/a san le-oot'sho | | | j | sadn lit'sd-ré del-yar-me'ni | | | sdn ld-ren'thd el re-dl! | san log'kar de bar-ra-me!- | da siin log'ktir de 799- 9-d-di- dina san loo!kdr la md-yore! san log-is' de lid path(pds) sin lgq-is' p6-td-st! sdn md-ri'no sin mar-tin' del ktis-tén- yar! san mt-ke'le sin mi-gel’ de too-keg- *s f man sin mi-gel! sin ni-ko'la | i j el sran'de sin ni-k6-lds’ del pog-er!to | stin ni-k0-l0! dts-ki-nw@ri sin! ni-o sin pe'dro de ba-to-pi'las sdn pedro de kiir den'yd stin pi-e'tré len-yd! gro san kwi!ri-ko sin 70! ke sadn r0s-s0!ré sadn sdl-vi-dor! sun sal-vd-dor! de fi-la- n2' che san sul-va-dor' de éhoo- choot sin sil.vii-dir’ del ba- | Santiago de ja V eva S: 5S yu ino San Sebastian de los Re- yes, (Sp.) San Servolo, (Lil.) San Sev erino, staph) Sans-Souci, (Pr.) Santa Croc e, (Sic.) prom. Santa Croce in Gerusalem- me, (church, Rome.) Santa Cruz, (Braz.) castle. Santa Cruz de Ja Sierra, (Bol.) Santa Dominica, ( Austral.) ) isl. Santa Eufemia, (Napl.) Santa Eulalia, (Mex.) Santa Fe de Bogota, (Colomb.) Santa Fe de Guanajuato, Santa Ke de Guanaxuato, (Mex Sant? Reatha della Galli ne, (Napl ) Santa Lucia (La Plata.) Santa Maria de Darien, (Colomb.) Santa Maria de cas, (Mex.) Santa Maria di Leuca, (Napl.) Santa Maria Maggiore, (Napl.) Santander, (Sp.) san? Angelo, (Napl.) Santani, (Mallorca. ) las Char- 2M q wm Sant? Anna de Tamauli pas, Santa Anna de Tamauli pas, Sant? Antioco, (Sard.) Sant’? Antonio de Bejar, (Mex.) Santarem, (Port.) Santa Rosa de C osiquira- chi, (Mex ) | ee ee ee ee ee a Ow ee a --— ed ——s~ Santa Rosalia, (Sic. Santa Trinidad, (W Ind.) Sant’ Eremo, (Napl.) castle. Santerre, (Fr.) Santia, or Saint Ya, (Sard.) Santiago Afitan, (Guat.) Santiago de Cacem, ( Port.) antiago de (¢ antiago de Chile, Cl (Chile.) , (Jam. Santiago del Estero, ‘(La Plata 3) prov. Santiago de las Montanas, (Colomb.) Santiago de los Cavalleros, | Santiago de los Caballeros, (Hayti.) Santiago de Ucles, cloister. (Sp.) Santiago de Veragna, (Guat.) | Santibaniez de Esgueba,(Sp.) Sanullana, (Sp.) Santo Domingo de la Cal- zada, (Sp.) | Santo Stefano, (Mediter.) is antona, altos, (Braz.) (Sp.) | San Vigilio, (Austr. It.) San Vito, It.) Sao (Austr, Sao Felipe do Maranhao, (Braz.) Sao Gonzalo, (Braz. ) Sao Joao del Rey, (Braz.) Sao Joao de Parahyba, (Braz. ) Sao Joao do Principe, (Braz.) Sao Joao de Pesqueira, (Port.) Sao Jorge, (Azores.) Sao Jozé, (Braz.) Sao Lourenco, (Braz.) Sao Luiz do Maranhao, (Braz.) Sao Julido, (Port.) Sao Martinho, (Port.) Sao Miguel, (Azores.) Sadne, (Fr) r Sadne-et-Loire Chr) Jalatrava, (Sp.) | f ) l Christovao,(Braz.) castle sadn sé-bds-ti-an! de lis re! - yes sdn ser'vd-lo Gn se-ve-7T1' io sang -soo-s?' san ta kro' che sun'td kro'che in dge-rog- sda-lem'me sdn'ta kroos san'ta krooth de lit st-er'ra sin'ta db-mi-nv'ka vs ‘ oN ' TY N qc Bi PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. i | : Anstr. Slavonia : ee Seu de Urgel, (Sp.) se'o9 de ggr-chel Silesia, (Germ. 3 2 Schle- ) si-le!she-a | Semlin, (Austr. Slavonia ; nh I 5 ni: ol. Slasi 5 a | ! : zém-line Seudre, (I'r.) 7. siidr sien; pol. Slask.) or At ie h. Zimony. ) ay, Se snaer, (Neth.) ze'be-nahr Silistria, CerUE tae) si-lis'tri-d | ie Semoy, (Luxembourg,) 7. SEO ; eae Ce Siwierz e-velri-én Siljan, (Sw.) lake zil/yan |) J: \ ; : ee . Severie ce Siwierz, ze-ve!lri- ; re. eae : x sf I ZEmM' MeE-TUNR meveriel. ce = US eae Cs ; ae i SSP MAE TUuk eee he BE of ich od : = el se-vil'ya ; e. sev'tlle, se- Silla, (Colomb.) m#. sil'ya pe it Sempach, (Switz.) zem'pach Sevilla, (Sp.; ¢ Seville.) gt a sil-le! le gi-4-omel(gil- i S Fr.) se-mttre! ulnar. < Sillé le Guillaume, (Fr.) / il | Romany 5-ti Sevre Nantoise, (Fr.) 7. sévr naéng-taze! 3 yome’) i ; | Semur en Auxois, (Fr.) Sse-mitre'’ tin Os-s si a ths Nic es a, en séur ni-or-taze! Sillein. See Szolna. 2il-line } i p! S€-na-ri' ka meyre INIOrtoIse, (Lr.) 7. veUZ Sin ok te SY eee sey {| Senarica, cn la € ue Racedeu nics) Sean Sillery, (Fr.) stl-ye-ri i Sendero, (U p. Guin) country. Sener Baer a ( Sse Dol eiSo vies: “eon Sils, (Switz. zils i | Seneffe, (Belg. ) Seonte] Sevbusc sce Seipnutscl zt'boosh Silves, (Port.) sil'ves i} ls gal, (Africa,) 7 se-ne-cal! Seybusch. See Seiputsch. zt 00QsIt > Saas, Pomaint hi t | [epee ae ae ; e-nes! Sewastopol, (R.) se-vds-t6-pol! Simancas, (Sp.) Sr es He} | Sénez, (Fr. Se-neS : se Nia 5 Simand. (H.) st-mand ie py | ’ > : loli Se: See Scez. sehs Simand, (H. eer eH | Senglea, (part of La Valetta.) sen-gle/ad eZ. Nee See ees Sani NSO Siondlet Pitt eesaes ae se/nt-o Sezanne (Fr ) se-zdn Simari, (Napl.) : u yt senio, (It.) 7. SE Tex yee a idea Simbirsk, (R.) sim-bérsk! bid ae ae 7 oS zén'yen Slakia, (Candia. ) sfa-ki' a x Sig Eve) = : Bt Senjen, (Norw.) isl. SZ 7Lil S’Hertogenbosch, See See ~ Simeto, See Giaretta. sz-me'to 1 | Senlis, (}r.) Song tke ; Se eUOe Boe . Shér! l5-@én-bos-ch Simferopol, (R.) sim-fe-rd-pol! iy it ott. sé-nb-nd Os le . x ; ae! : Bil Bec: (F Sees sdnirs Shrewsbury (Eng.) shriize! bu- ry Simmering, (Austr,) Pe eee Sens wr.) Agendaicum. eo Oe eae en goe wade Naara ght: E : nnettz ‘asa. ( Fey cay eee ‘ ; | Sit. (Pont. St.) Sanitium. sen-ti'nd Siaelland. See Sjelland. syél'land Simonetta, Casa, (Lomb.) } jaa st-mo-net'ta ) © qd sf wings : rf q \ ‘ stito-ti! Sibilla, Monte della, " on'te della si-bil'la 3 castle. : ) sey é ' | See eee Kirch- } : (Apenn. It.) ) a ESR ae Simonsthurm, } / yy ) } zz mons-togrm | p a. See Kirch- ape eT ey, hou ep es d TI. At. ) : ; sp Paes : 5 halon ns rae Tas Sepes- \ aralya. See ( she-pesh-va-ral'ya Sinaicuis (Sic.) st-ka-mi!'no Simontornya, | ( ( shit mon-torn yd id dorf. Rice eer ee © base Sj lon. (Switz. m sang-plong a c Suxree, sé-pa! Sicciari, (Sic.) Sit-cha'ra@ Simplon, (s Zz.) Me ang prong eee) on ee e He 10 Sicie, Sepsi Szent GyOrey sor shep-shi sént dy@rdy See ili Se ee Sineweliae (C. It.) Seno- } ! i w ~ . Aép-s Ss y intl vy 2 he te a ee s gaglia, (C, ) ( 4 ot oH . Hh Gergesmarkt, (I.) : Biey (it. ; 2, La Sicilia.) ) sis! si-le, la si-chi!li-a Seat si-ni-gal'ya Pe is “ontaines, (Neth. se fong- tdne Sicilia. cd Bree sase ain! hF ; an! | pep! + OnLAMIE 2A eth.) Sait: hie Siculiana, (Sic.) si-koo-li-a'na Sinsheim, (Bad.) oa Zins hime j {ay Serene OHA ) sé rang! Sider, (Switz. ; fr. Sierre.) 2%'dér Sion, (Switz. ; sg. Sitten.) Seo O es let) eg ay eee, ada BD : SA ee i an ne le-ra | Siragossa, (Sic.) Syracus. si-rd-gis'st | Seravezza, (Tusc.) se-rd-ve tsa Sidera, (Candia,) prom. st'de-rd Sinton N: f Senn ee Ssi-rt!no ; P| Serchio, ({t.) r. ser! ki-o Sidra, Gulf of, (Mediterr.) S$2'ara | Sate Wl I BATE? ) falls 2ir/ning-fal! ; | 5 Serdowsk, (R.) sér-dovsk! Selene See l'ran- zi'bén-bitr! gén Siruela (So ; sea Siro ella 5 Sos ; [Rye cs > sylvania 5s Paes Mai Noakes San Fp 4 peregzipe del Rey, ( Braz.) se-re-T%' ne del re't Siebe ngebirge, (Pr. ) mts 2i'bén-re-bir! ce Sisal. See Sizal. si-sal! : ' prov. = ( ; ve ae os . s= Sistavori ( Fr. ) sist-rong Seregno, (Austr. It.) se-ren'yo Siedlec, (Pol.) ~ la Sistova, Chur.) shish-to'va Serem, (Port.) ing! Siena, (C. [tye Senn Sena) eae. Sistova, (Lurk. ) ade ie Serem, (Port.) Ssérang F ee si-e'nd Sita, (R.) si'ta ; Sere i ( pti a st . ulia. : te asahal i Serendib, old name for Cey se-ren-dih Siennica. (Pol zyen- nit'sa Sittz urd (Belg.) sit-tahr a0S Sieunica, (Pol.) t SAS Poe ton. : )t —~ Sitten. See Sion: zil' ten Sereth. See Syreth. sé ret f | Sierad2 ( Pol. ) sye 'radsy Stich: (Austr. ) zit! tich ee pat | Sergatsch, (R. ) Seer | Sierc oa (Fr. St- erk! Sivry, (Belg.) si-vri! - oe | Serocjiewck ser! a’ S a ~7\ O°, « . : Sersiewsk, (R.) ser! wi-evsk ; mee Se oe | ese Wa, a Ny Sierock, (P sue ‘'rotsk DSIWierzZ, Gholis o. Sever-= 1) j0 2 say | Sergio, (Dalm.) mt. serd! go Sierock, ( ol.) rae ZN ae f | 2i-vyersh Serido, (Braz.) r. se-rt-do! Sierpé, (Pol.) sy jerptsy Sizal, Sisal, (Mex.) haven. _si-thail! Serinhaem, (Braz. ) sé-rin-ya' ang Sierra Acarai, (S. A.) st-er'rd a-ka-ra! : Sjelland Siaelland. See- ? ; ‘ 5 Nt 4% s ~ fp J > . wale 9 A a ah Fi ye0 2 pes ie Serio, (Austr. It.) 7. oer man Slerta Bermoja, Sp.) Stare ber ineehe land, Zeeland, (Denm.) ¢ syél/lén(land) + ae ; Sermido, (Austr. It.) seér-mi'do Sierra de Aillo, (Sp,.) mts. si-ér'ra de d-il'y6 yy. ? § : | onan ae \ = iL e ULE i | Sermione, (Lomb.) ser-mt-O"ne Sierra de Alcaraz, (Sp.) ) si-er'rd de al-ka-rath Sjéréd, (Sw.) cloister shiand | Seron, (Sp.) se-ron! mts. . ) Ves Skagels sc Denm.) ska! geél-ze! 5 ‘ i ache 5 5 lags owe tis aa . ne (a ) i s Fa cf He me >. P gut f +) é a = ; i Serow ic, (Boh.) se'rd-vits Sierra de Albarracin, (Sp.) ( st-er'rii de Gl-bur-ra-thin! Skagen, (Denm. ; e. Skaw,) } skii! wén ae Serpuchow, (R.) ser'poo-chof mits. Ne cae asa aah te cape.” {ges : ae Serra d’Assu Inpe ao, Ue eee ap Sierra de Amoros, (Sp.) mts. st-er'ra@ de d-md-rés Rn a, ere ’ ae ? SEN TL $-S' = a . cx aah Skagerrack, (arm of Germ.) .7.-5). Ad ) ae 3 (Braz.) mts, ) ser'ra das SOONZ Sa ONS Sierra de Avila, (Sp.) mts. st-er'ra de a-vi'la > . eae ack, (¢ 1 ie ska! gér-ritk ee 3 ; “am a \ a iad lp Acaloanint Ca) oe ; Serra de Acor, (Port. ) mats. ser'ra@ de d-sdr! Sierra de Ay lon, (Sp )mts. si-er'rd de a-ak. Yor Bikalitc. Gur ska!lits =: | { Serra de Alcoba. (Port.) mts. ser'ra de dl-ko'ba Sierra de C ordoba, ( (Sp.) mts. st-er’ra de kor d0-02 : Siealite: ee ate zakoleza ska! lits i a's re ~* / 1 dp en. - thera . < + a» athe eee e. | Serra de Alvazere, (Port.) a ser'ré de dl-via-se-re! Sierra de Engare eran, (Sp.) St-er rd de én ae ae or Sinliniarz Pol.) skal’myersh ' | oe ; . Boren eet aeare Ben Wee ie ae ao Aan ie Skanderborg, | (Denm. ) skan! dér-borg! ‘fo is f Whi >, “< ay Boe - Sierr: sador, (Sp.) més. $?-ér' rd de gda-dor be te aay eee ys p_aigl 7 es erra seAnrareliia: (Port.) ) ser'ril de d-mi-rellyit Sierra de Gador, (Sp.)_ BU ot Sater ie 'Skanderia. Ses lekanderia, skah-der2'a s mts. j= 5 3 | Sterra de Grados, (Sp.) St-€r 7a dé gra dos Skine, Sw. aScho Ve ey xs - > (New : ; ; x 2 \ 1 5° 5 + sko'ne 4% : | Serra de Arrabida, (Port.) ser'ra de dr-rii! bi-da | Sierra de Guadalupe, CNEW si-erlru de goQ-d-da-log'pe nen, ) prov. Scania. ) iz : ; mts, F = | Castile.) ) Wesco seg skiilra . ; ia: >YT s i] a ss j “ pory ‘ ae yee ~ fas sli! opl_z wr Pati Serra de Momil. (Port.) mts. ser'ra de md-mil' joierra Morena, (Sp.) mts. st-er'rd mo-re qe Slagelse, (Denm.) sld'gél-ze a : { ile : by Sh | Sierra Nevada, (Sp.) mts. si-er'7rd ne-va'da oe os Sea d Serra de Mone hich 1e, serra de mong-£i'ke Sit rra Ne v ar (2 | - rab € Bane See Schlan. gany s, a e Gort.) ar a ! I ierra Paraini 1, (Colomb. si-er'ré pa-ra-i!nd Slatopol, (R.) a t0-pol t ; erra de Montezinho, Pot se ) ) vi = < ee s - Ss. ae Pol.) oo ee i ra | Serra de Orobo, (Braz.) mts. ser'rd de 6-r99-bd! | Sierre. See Sider. si-Ere ° Stawiszyn, (Pol.) sla-vi! shin i a ye oslasy la rl = ss playp > Sree ten < toa f . ' Serra de Priaca, (Braz, ) mts. sér'ra de pri-a'sd Sieve, (Tusc.) 7. Birt } ; Staw kdw, (Pol.) slao'koof ' ; Sige sievershause ; 2 rs-how'zén mate pha Nea ee ats ogy ye i Serra oe Santo Stefano, ser'ré di stin'td ste-fa'no | Sievershausen, (Han.) ue ‘fé Stawkéw. See Austerlitz. slav'kgof } e an 3 Chiquitos, (Br.) Siewierz, (Pol.) sye lyyersh Slesvig, (Denm.; ¢. Schles- shles'vigz, sles'wick i werra dos Cniquitos; (Br. ser’rd dogs shi-ki'toos Sigmaringen, (S. Germ.) zig't md-rin!! cen wig; e. Sleswick,) duchy. ; : Pus: Beets 3 Eo eee ana eS Sliedrecht, ( Neth.) slildrécht Serravalle, (Tusc.) ser-ra-vdl'le Sign, (Dalm.) Siny Slobodsk, (R.) sld-bodsk! “ “. co . “ i oem r Sepa plcue f oF Dain x = ntfs Serriéres, (Switz.) ser-ri-tre! | Signa, (Tusc.) sin'yd Slobosia, (Turk.) Sl5-b0-24 a nD Serro. See Villa do Principe. ser'rog Signilskar, (FinL) light- sina! nilshére! Slonin, (R. my a oie ilo house. aos Slooten, (Neth. slo-tén Serta az y ser-ti'oong ra se at pl wy y fit Renla0, CBie22) sand Bee 8 Sigtuna, (Sw.) sia-too!nit Sinck. (R}) aan: Sertam plain. ser'tay \ See ceed ota: S = UY ec a ae ‘ servo lad Sigtienza, (Sp.) st-799-en' tha Sluczevo, (Pol.) slogt-she'vo ' Servola, (IIl.) Serv Ld =e 3 py Sluis, or Sluys,(Neth.; fr.) >; Sesia, (N. It.) se'st-a Siguer, (Sp.) si-gere S We a sluys, (1 *9dT* (Slots ; fy cene eign 7 hi-klos *cluse.) Sestola, (Modena.) ses!to-la Siklés, (H.) shi-klosh ae pei ee smollind Sestri tri Silaro, (It.) 7 si'li-ro Smaland, (Sw.) prov. . Sestri, (N. It.) pea ' q athens ep il zil' bér-bér se! Smederewo, (Servia.) Se-) ‘i Setenil de las Bodegas, (Sp.) se-te-nil’ de las bo-de! gds | Silberberg, (Pr. Si -) 4 zt ber-bér Br 2 s ew, sme-de-re!vo Settimo, (hy) set'ti-mo Silber Bergstadt. See Mies, il bér-bérg'stadt mendria. : , elé ‘ Setuval ’ Sildal. See Skelleftea. zil'diile Smolen, (Norw.) isl. sme cee i : 7 IS eae ys sk. ( m6-lénsk Setubal, (Port.) se-too’val Silein, (H.) See Sillein. zt'line Smolensk, (R.) s “ . = . ; . o.—Fr. & long ha : ; : . “ . = . es 1, bull, unite. — ot, boy; ou, house. ’ 3 Fate, far, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. —WOle, ddve, move, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, u 3 90s Ot,Cay Yat PPP Sires < PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL “NAMES. Smorgoni. See Szorgom. Sneeuwbergen,(Cape Good Hope.) Sneek, (Neth.) Sniatyn, or Snyatin, (Austr. Pol.) Soave, (Austr. It.) Sobéslaw, (Boh.) Sobota, (Pol.) Sobral, (Braz.) Sochaczew, (Pol.) Sochoczyn, (Pol.) Socobos, (Sp-) Soconusco, (C. A.) Socotra, o7 Socotora, (Ind. Oc.) isl.. Dioscoridis in- suld. Socorro, (S. A.) Socuellamos, (Sp.) Séderfors, (Sw.) Séderhamn, (Sw-) Séderképing, (Sw.) Sidermanniand, (Sw.) prov. Sbdertelge, (Sw.) Soeborg, (Denm.) Soerabaja, (Java.) Soeroe, or Sdroe, (Denm.) Soest, (Neth. ; old sax, Sudasat.) Susatum. Soestdijk, (Neth.) Sognefield, (Norw.) mts. Sognefjord, (Norw.) gulf: Sohl, (H.) Soignies, (Belg.) Soissons, (Fr) Sokolka, (R. Pol.) Sokotow, (Pol.) Solan de Cabras, (Sp.) Solanto, (Sic.) Soldau, (Pr.) Soldin, (Pr.) Solec, (Pol.) Soledad, (N. Calif.) Soledor. See Solothurn. Solesmes, (Fr.) Soleure, (Switz. ; g- Solo- thurn.) Solfatara, (Napl.) valley. Soligny, (Fr-) Solikamsk, (R.) Solimées, (Braz.) 7. Solingen, (Pr.) Soller, (Mallorca. ) Solins, (Germ.) old prin. Solms-Braunfels, (Germ.) im. Solms, Lich and Hohen, (Germ.) prin. Solms-Laubach,(Germ.) prin. Solins-Laubach- Baruth- Rddelheim and Arnheim, ¢ (Germ.) prov. Solms-Baruth-Wildenfels, ) (Germ.) prin. Solofra, (Napl.) Sologne, (Fr.) old distr. Solothurn, (Switz. ; com. dial. Soledor,) cant. So- lodurum. Sce Soleure. Solstivina, (Austr. Gal.) Solsona, (Sp.) Solt, (H.5 g- Solth.) Sélvesberg, Sdlvitsborg, (Sw.) Solwytschegodsk, (R.) Sombrebro, (W. Ind.) Sombrerete, (Mex.) Somlo, (H.) mt. Somlyo, (Trans.) Somers Isles. See Bermudas. Somma, (It.) Somma Campagna, Sommariva, (Pied.) Somme, (Fr.) dep- and 2 Sommelsdijk, (Neth.), Sommen, (Sw.) lake. Sommerein, (H.) Sommerfeld, (Pr-) Sommieéres, (I'r-) Somogy VWarmegy®; Somorrostro, (Sp-) Sommo Sierra, t (Sp-) Somoserra, Soncino, (Austr. It.) Sénderborg, or Sonderburg, : (Denm.) Sondershausen, (C. Germ.) Sondrio, (Austr. It.) prov. Sonora, (Mex. Conf.) dep. Sonsonate. See Zonzonate. Sonthofen, (Bav.) ——_———— Dee SS ae (Lomb.) (H.) vie; % short, bit. smor-gi'nt sné!oq-ber! gen snék oo snya! tin ~~ s0-a' ve om so! byes-ldv 20-bo!/ta soo-bral! 20-chat!shef z0-Chot!shin s0-ko' bos so-kd-noos'ko s0-k6!tra, sd-k6't6-ra s0-kor!ro so-koq-el! yd-moés zéu' dér-fors! fs zu! dér-hamn! zéu! dér-cha' ping zou! dér-man' lind zéu' dér-tél ye zéu! borg z09-rd-ba'ya zu! rer zoohst zoohst! dike zong'ne-fyél! zong'ne-fydre! z0le ax s0-an-yi! ss s0-us-song! s6-koUka 20-k6! lof so-lan' de kd!brts s0/lan-to zol'’dou zol-dine! z0'léts so-le-dad!’ s0-le-dir' sd-léme! sd-lar! sol-fa-ta'ra so-lin-yi! 20-li-kamsk! s6-li-mongs z0-lin!! gén sol-yer! zolms f zolms-broun'féls lich, ho'hén, zolms zolms-lou! bach zolins-louw! bach-ba'root- rv! dél-hime and arn!- hime zolms-ba! root-vil! dén-fels s0-lo'fra sd-lony' z0'lo-togrn! sol-sti-vi na sdl-so'/na sholt, zolt zéul'ves-bérg!, zl vits- borg! sdl-vit-she-godsk! som-bre'ro som-bre-re'te shdm-l6 tan shdm'li-6 som/!ers som! ma som'mi kdm-pan' ya som-ma-ri! vd som zom! méls-dike! zom! men zom!me-rine! zom! mér-feldt! som-mi-ére! sho-moddy vahr-mehd-ya sd-mor-r6s' tro som'mod si-er'ra s0-mo-ser'ra son-chi!no xéun! (zon )dér-bor gs! (boorg') zon! dérs-hou!zén son! dri-o so-nd!ra son-so-na' te zont'ho' fen — Fr. &v long, et short, nearly as in spur.— dy, Soor, (Boh.) sore Sopeccen (Eol.) 20-pitsh' kin Sophia o,: bul. Tria-) = expe; ‘: pent ulg. ; bulg. Tria o-fili_ Soprony. See Oedenburg. shd-prony' Sora, (Napl.) so'rd Sorata, Nevado de, (Bol.) peak of Andes. Sorelli, (Mediterr.) rocks. ne-vi'dd de sd-ra'ta Y om pep lig See Galita. so-rel'lé Soresina, (Lomb.) sd-re-si'na Soréze, (Fr.) so-réze! Sorgvliet, (Neth.) sorg'vlite Soria, (Sp.) Vwmantia! s0'ri-G Soristan, ov Syria, (Asia.) so-ris-tahn! Sorlingues, les, French name } for Scilly [slands. j Sorocaba, ( Braz.) le so7-lang go = or s0-r0-ka! ba S6roe. See Soeroe. ZOUTA Soroe, (Denm.) 20'r Sorraya, (Port.) 7. s07-1a' ya Sorrento, o7 Piano di Sor- ae rento, (Napl.) sormen-to Sortelha, ( Port.) sor-tel'ya Sortino, (Sic.) sdr-ti'no Sos, (Sp.) sos Sotara, (N. Gran.) vole. so-ta'rd s0-til'yo ~ I > zot' te-gem Sotillo, (Sp.) Sotteghem, (Belg.) ~ Souabe. See Suabia. soq-tibe! Sourise, (Fr.) soq-7ize! Souffriére, la, (Guad.) vole. la soo-fri-ére! Souillac, (Fr.) soo--yuk!, sogl-yak! Sound, the, (Denm. and d Sw. ; sw. Oeresund.) sour Souza, (Port.) 7. so/za Sévar, or Salzburg, (H.) shdh-vahr Spa, (Belg.) spa Spaccaforno, (Sic.) spak-ka-f or! no Spain, (sp- Espana.) His- pania, Iberia. Spalato, or Spalatro, (Dalm.) Spandau, (Pr.) Spanish Town, (Jamaica.) See Santiago de la Vega. Spartel, (Barb.) prom. Spartivento, (It.) prom. Sparverio, or Scuderi, (Sic.) mt. Speelwyk, (Java,) fort. Spello, (C. It.) Speszart, (Bav.) mts. Speyer, (Bav.) See Spires. Noviomagus, JVemetes. Speyerbach, (Bav.) 7. Spezts lia, (N. It.) Spezzia, Spielberg, (Mor.) fortress. Spinazzola, (Napl.) Spirding, (Pr.) lake. spain spa'la-to, spa!la-tro span' dow spanish town spar-tel! spar-ti-ven'to spar-ve'rt-o spell'vike spel'lo spés'sadrt spu ér spt! ér-bach la spet'st-a spile' berg spi-nat' s6-la spir' ding Spires, (Bav.; g- Speyer.) spires Spligen, (Switz.) mt. spl gén Spoleto, (It.) Spoletum. spo-le'to Spree, (N. Germ.) *. spre Spremberg, Pr.) sprém' berg sprot-to'va skwil-la! cht stohls' boig-dén Sprottowa, (Pol.) Squillaci, (Napl.) Staalsboygden, (Norw.) Stabia, (Napl.) sta'bi-a Stabroek, (Belg.) sta! brogk Stade, (Han.) sta'de Stidterdorf. See Resinar. stad'tér-dorf! Stadthagen, (Germ. ) stadt'hd! gén Stadtlohn, (Pr.) stadt' lone Staeffis. See Estavayé. staf! fis Staffarda, (Pied.) staf-f dr'da Stagno, (Dalm.) stain'yo Stahrenberg, (Austt.) ruins. sti'rén-bérg! Stalla, or Bivio, (Switz.) stal'la Stamboul, Turkish Name ea tit Bool Constantinople. 23 stiém-pa' che stamp'fen sta@ms sta-nis-la' vo f sta!nits Stampace, (Sard.) Stampfen, (H.) Stams, (Tyrol,) cloiste”. Stanistawow, (Austr. Pol.) Stanitz. See Steinitz. Stannern, (Mor. ; bok. Sto- narzow.) Stannowoi Chrebet, (R.) mts. Stanz, (Switz.) Staraja Russa, (R.) Starasol, (Gal.) Stargard, (Pr.) Starkenburg, (C.- Germ.) Staroi Konstantinow, (R. stan!’ nérn vas “j sttin-nd-vi'% chre-bet stants sti!ra-ya rees'sa sta-rd'sol star’ cdrdt stir! kén-boorg! sta'rd-i kOn-stdn-ti!no f sti-rd'pol sta-rti-yit-shine stai!shof Pol.) Staropol, (Pol.) Stary Gitjn, (Boh.) Staszow, (Pol.) States of the Church. See Pontifical States, aa —— -) ber he ee ey ih ah XE Si f ly, NY; liquid. — An!' ger. — 5, chi, guttural ; gas 3 in p Stati Pontificii. tifical States. Stato cee Chiesa, Stato Pallavicino,( Piacenza. ato pal-la-vi-chi' Staubbach, (Switz,) falls. =) eae eee Staufen, (Bad.) stou'féin Stavanfjord, (Norw.) sta-van'fyore Stavanger, (Norw-) Sta-panl oer Staveren, (Neth.) sta! be-rén Stawiszyn, (Pol.) std-v2'shin Stawropol, (R.) std-vro-pol! Stecknic, (Boh.) sték!nits— Steenbergen, (Neth.) sten' ber! Zén Steenkerke, (Belg.) stene'kér'ke stati pon-ti-fi' chi-i sta'td della kz-e'sa See Pon- Steenwyk, (Neth.) stene!vike! Stege, (Denm.) sté! ge ; Stein, (Switz.) stine Stein-am-Anger, (H.; A. Szombathely.) Steiner Alpe, (Austr.) Steinfurt, or Burgsteinfurt, stine!am-an"! gér stt'nér al'pe (Pr.) stine!fogrt Steinbuder-Meer, (N. Gerin.) stine!hgg-dér-mere! Steinitz, Stanitz, Zdonice, ) siznits (Mor.) Stellenbosch, (Cape Good Hope.) stél'lén-bos-ch Stelvio, (Tyrol; g. Stilé stellvi-o serjoch,) pass- Stenay, (Fr-) sté-na! Stenczewo, (Pr. Pol.) stént-she've Stendal, (Pr.) sten' dal Sternberg, (Boh.) stérn! berg Sterzing, (Tyrol.) stért/sing Stettin, (Pr.) stét-tine Stettiner-Haff, (Pr) stét-ti'nér-haf! sti! ér Steyer, (Austr) Steyeregg, (Austr) Steyermark, (Austr. 5 ¢, Styria.) Stezyca, (Pol.) cae stt! 7-ég sti! ér-mari! sténg-shi'ts@ Stia, (Tusc.) stil a -_ Stierne Oerne, (Norw.) isl sti-er'ne cd! ér-ne Can sti-ern! & Stiernoe, (Norw.) ist. Stigliano, (Napl.) Stilfserjoch. See Stelvio. Stobnica, (Pol.) Stockach, (S. Germ.) stil-ya'no stilf!zér-yoth st0b-n2' tsa stok' kath Stockholm, (Sw-) stolc! holm Stockzek, ( Pol.) stole'tsék Stolberg, ov Stollberg, (Sax-) stol’ bérg Stolbowa, (R.) stol-bog'va stolk!vike! Stolkwyk, (Neth.) Stolpe, (Pr-) stol/pe Stolzenburg, (Trans.) castle. stol’tsén-booré! Stolzenfels, (Pr.) castle. stol'tsén-féls! Stonarzow. See Stanner. std-nadr!zov Stopnica, (Pol.) stop-nt' tsa Stor,(Sw. and Norw.)7-, lake. st0hr Stora Luled, (Sw.) *- std!rd 1og'le-o Stora-Kopparberg Lan. See st0!ra-kop'pur-bérg! lane Falu. Coe E eae Storchnest, (Pr. Pol. 5 pol. storah!nést : Osieczno.) = Storkow, (Pr-) stor'ko Storoe, (Norw.) isl. stohr’&d Stor-Sjo, (Sw-) lake. stohr!sh& Stor-Uman, (Sw-) lake. stohr-9o'mdn Stownica, (Pol.) stof-n2'tsad stra-del!la strii/kd-nits, stra’ko-ni-tsé Stradella, (N- It.) Strakonitz, (Boh. 5 2. Stra- conice.) Stralsund, (Pr.) strdle'zoqnd! Stringnas, (Sw:) : strang'nalhs Strasbourg,(Fr. 3 g- Sttasz- |) s¢-ahs-bogr!, strahs'boorg burg.) Argentoratum. Straszburg. See Enyed. strahs'boorg Straszburg, (Germ.) stralis' boorg Straszgang, ( Austr.) strahs'gdng Straszvitz, (Mor.) strahs'vits Straubing, (Bav.) strou' bing stre'len Strelen, (Pr-) Stretinsk, (R.) Stretto, or Bocca di Boni- facio, (Cors.) strait. Striegau, (Pr-) Stromboli, or Strongoli, (Lipari, ) isl, stre-tinsk! stret'to, bok'ka dé bb-nt- fa'chd strz! gou strom! bo-lz Stromsce; | (Norw-) str&ims' A, str&m' Strémoe, = Stroémstad, (Sw-) siréim stad Strongoli. See Stromboli. stron! go-lt StrubpaszZ, (Tyrol.) strggb pus Stry, (Austr.) 7 sire Strykow, (Pol.) sti? keof Strzelno, (Pr. Pol.) strshel/no strshe'z0of 2 A : stogb!(be)ka I(ki-éd' bing stoql/vts'sén-bogrg! Strzezow, (Gal.) Stubbekidbing, (Denm.) Stuhlweiszenburg. See Székes Fejérvar- Stuhm, (Pr.) ‘ Stuttgard, Stuttgart, (Wiirt.) stegt stogm gardt, stutt! gart leasure. — 7 final, Fr. ré.— o, between v and fteee a “ P ‘ > ec iiae ca ne daw at cee r co ee ae te fae — Pr add mo wovinsmaleatine = sees > od eS Arathor Styr, (A. and R. Vol.) x Styria. See Steyermark. Suabia. See Swabia. Subiaco, ({t.) Suchoczyn,. (Pol.) uczawa, (Austr.) Sce Sutschawa. deroe, (North Sea,) zsl. ae: ti a TH R Flevo Lacus. Sudeten Gebirge, (Germ. ; e. Sudetic Mountains.) ueca, (Sp.) sues, (Eg.) RH z Si th, or Suhla, (C. Germ. ) Suisse, la. See Schweiz. Suledal, (Norw.) Sulia, (Colomb.) Sully, (Fr.) Sulmona, (Napl.) Sulz, (Wurt.) Sumatra, (Sunda Isls.) isl, Sundsvall, oe ) Suracz, (Po =) Surgnt, (H.) Surmalinsk, (R.) distr. sturul, Carers) mt. Susa, (Pied.) Susdal, (R.) Sutri, (C. It.) Sutschawa, or Suczawa, (Austr. ) Svanilke, (Denm.) SvartsjOlandet, (Sw.) isl. Sveaborg, or Sweaborg, (Finl.) Si endborg, (Denm. Ds Sverige, (e. Sweden. Svizzera, la. _Se Si ravers: Swabia, (Germ. 5 o, Suabia, Siveden, (sw. Sverig Swinemunde, or S\ Wiene- mtinde, (Pr.) Swinesund, (Norw. and Sw.) inlet. Switzerland. See Schweiz. Swoszowice, (Gal.) Syreth, Sereth, (Gal.) Sy ria. See Soristan. yrmien, Sce Szerem. Szabadhegy, (f2.) zabadszallé 18; (H1.) nay A S Szabatha, (H.; g. ‘There- ) siensté dt.) Szabolcs, Se szadek, (Pol.) Sza koleza, or Skalitz, (H1.) Szalad, (H.) Szalatnya, (H.) Szallas, | Szalonta, (H.) Szamaty ly, 0 , or Santer, (Pr. Pol.) Szambor, (I.) Szamos, (H.) 7. Szamos F'alva, (I1.) Szamos Ujv4 r. Sce Arme- } nierstadt. Szant6, (H.) Szarogrod, (R.) Szarvas, (H.) Szaszka, (H.) Sz4sz Kézd, (I1.) Sz4sz- Sebes, (Trans.; g. Miuihlenb: tch. ) Szaszvaros, (Trans.; g. Broos.) Szathmar, (H.) Szathmar Németi, (T1.) Szczekociny, (Pol.) Szczerbakowa, (R.) Szezerzek, (Gal,) Szczerzyz, (Gal.) Szezuezyn, (Pol.) Szeben Szék, (Trans.) Szebeny. Sce Sehen. Szeged, or Szegedin, (H.) Szegvar. Székelyhid, (H.) t 2 Székely-Keresztur, (Trans.) Szekerembe, (Trans. ) Székes Fejérvar, or Stuhl- weiszenburg. Szekszard, (H.) Szelicze, CH. ) cavern. Szendré, H.) Szenta, (E -) See Zenta. Szent Andras, (H.) udersee, See Zuidersee. ew Schwaben ; fr. Rouube, di distr. $a stire stir! e-a swa’ be-a s90-b7-a'ko $9q-chot' shin soot-sha'va zit! dér-&! zt! dér-ze' z00-de ‘tén ge-bir! zé SOG -£ ‘ka sog-es! zogl, zoqlla la swihs z009'le-ddale! Sg o'li-a stil-y7! sool-md'nad olts soq-mda'tra zounds' nal soo!ratsh seor-zoot! soor-md-linsk! shoo-roql soo'sa soos'dal sog'tré zoot-sha! va zvd!ni-ke svdrt'sheéd-lan! dét Iss ~ sve’ d-borg! svéen' borg ; - & svér'ye ld svit-se-rd swa! be-a swe'den svi'ne(nér)-mtin' de svi'ne-zognd! switz! er-land swd-shd-vit! se si'ret syr!e-a zir!mt-én 5 — sa-bdd-hedy sd-bid-sall-lahsh sd-ba-ta sa-boltsh sha! dék (Ol-tsa sd-lid Ssi-la sd-lat-n7-a sa@ul-lash sd-lon-ta sha-mi-ti' lt Osh fac vd sd-m0sh 99-%-viéhr sahn-toh shd-rd' grod sdar-vash sdas-kd sdhs-kehzd sdhs-she-besh sahs-vah-rosh saht-mahr salit-mdr ne!me-ti shtshe-k6-tsi!nz shtsher-ba-ko'vi shits ster shek sittsher! shit: shts) Logl'shin se-ben-sehi pss se-beny sé-fred, se-re-dine! S$ea-vilir fa se-kehly-hid iad se-kely-he-res-toor se-ke-rem-be se-kesh fe-yer-vihr sek-sahrd se-lit-se sen-lrAd seéen-ta sent dn-drahsh Szentes, (H.) Szent Gyérgy, (H.) Szent-Kerezt. See Heili- genkreuz. Szent Martony. See Mar- ) tinsberg. Szent Miklés, (H.) Szent Ujfala, (H.) Szepesvar, (H.; 2. Zipser- ) haus, ) Szepes Varallya, (H. ; Kirchdorf.) Szepes Varmegye, (H.) Szerdahely, (H.) Szered, (H.) Szerednye, (H.) Szerem, or Syrmien, (Slav.) Szerzyny, (Gal.) Szexard, or Szekszard, (H.) SzeZupa, (Pol.) r. Szigeth, (H.) Szigeth-Gyorgy, (H.) Szigethvar. See Grinz Szigeth. Szistowa, (Turk.) Szivacz, (H.) Szlask. ‘Sce Silesia. Szlatina, (H.) Szlides, (H.) Szluin, (Croatia.) Szmyziel, (Pr. Pol. ; Schmiegel.) Szoboszlé, (H. Szobrancz, (H.) Sz5llés, Nagy, (H.) Szolna, or Zsolna, GH a.) 5 Sillein.) Szolnok, (H.) Szombathely. See Stein- am-Anger. Szomolnok. See Schmdlnitz. Szony, (H.) Szorgoim, or Smorgoni, (R. ) Pol.) Szrem. See Schrim. Szrensk, (Pol.) Szroda, (Pr. Pol.) Szubin, (Pr. Pol.) Szulmierzyce, (Pr. Pol.) Szurul, (Carpathians,) mt. Szwarcara, (Pol.) Szydtow, (Pol.) Szydtow! ce, ) ‘Pol.) Szydtowiec,}\ ~ °’ TAAsinG, (Denm.) isi. Tabago, (Austral.) isl. Tabara. See Tavara. Tabasco, (Mex. Conf.) dep. Tabernas, (Sp.) Tabor, (Boh.) T'acarigua, (Colomb.) lake. Tacazze, or Takazze, (Af) r. Tachau, or Tachow,(Boh. ; } b. Drzewnow,) Tachti Bostan, (Persia,) cavern. Tacna, (Peru.) Tacora, ( Bol.) Tacuba, (Mex.) | Tacubaya, (Mex.) Tac unga, or Lactacunga, (Ss. A A. Ecuz a ) | Tafalla, (Sp:) Tubalia. | Tafel fic Hite: (Pr.) Ms Taganrog, (R.) Tagavost, (Mor cco.) Tagliacozzo, (Najl.) Tagliamento, (Austr. It.) 7. Taguari, (S. A.) r Taheite, Tahiti. See Ota- heite. Tailland, Cap, (I'r.) prom. Taillebourg, (Fr.) Tain, (Fr.) Taity, (Austral.) is!, Tajamulco, (C. A. Guat.) vole. Tajo, (Sp.; port. Tejo,) 7. ) Tagus. Tajowa, (H.) PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES t ee t dydardy ent-ke-rest - sent mdr-tony sent mt-klish “-™ sent 99-2-f d-log se-pesh-vahr se-pesh vihr-al' yt “—~ ° ro}; a7 Sat Se-pesh vahir-medy =~ ser-da-hely sSe-r ed =~ se-red-niyeé Sé€-T ETL sher-shi!né S7-f€ 80-bos-loh s0-brants nddy scul-laish sol-nd sol- nole ~ son-ba-tehly s0-mil-nok sany sor-cem shrim shrénsk shro'da o bin = -myer-shi'tse shid-lo'viets to'zing ta-ba! co ta'vd-rd tad-bas'ko td-her'nds nth ay ta’ bor a td-d-r?' 7o9-a td-kdt-se! A ta! chou(ého) ' tdch'ti bo'stane tak’nd td-k6'ra td 0% ‘ha ta 9-b i ‘yd td-so09-a' ri td-hi! tz kadp tal-yan ol (ta t-ydng') taly-boor '(té-t-boor') tad ue ta'i-ti ; e. ta'te td-cha-moql'ka ta'cho td-nd'va iat na, (P er Tajuna, (Sp.) 7. Pakutu, (Braz.) 7. Talarn, (Sp.) | Palarrubias, (Sp.) Zacipea. Talavera de la Reyna, (Sp.) Talavera la Real, (Sp.) Talavera la V iecha, (Sp.) Talcahuano, (Chile.) Talla, (Tusc.) Talline. See Revel. Tallya, (H.) Talmats, (Trans.) Taman, (R.) isl. ‘Tamandua, (Braz.) Tamara, (R.) 7 Tamara, (Sp.) Tamaraca, (Braz.) isl. Tamaro, (Napl.) 7 Taumaron, (Sp.) Tamaszow, (Pol.) Tamaulipas, (Mex.) dep. Tamboga, (Sp.) 7. Tambow, (R.) \ Tambre, (Sp.) 7. Tamaris. | Tamega, (Port.) r. Tamiagua, (Mex.) lake. Tainina, (Switz.) r.. Tampa, or Espiritu-Santo, (Mex.) bay. Tampico, or Santa Ana de Tainaulipas, (Mex. Tamsweg, ( Austr.) Tamucaraq' ie, (S. A.) mts. Tana-Elf, (Scand.) r. Tanafj rd, (Norw. oulf, Tanaro, (Pied.) r. Tancagua, (Chile..) Tanger, (Fez; e. Tan- fier. Tangermunde, (Pr.) Tanguragua, (S. A.) 7. Tann. See Phan. Tannenberg, (Pr.) Tanneverges, (Sard.) mt. Tanninges, (Sard. Taormina, (Sic.) Tauro- minium. Taos, (Texas,) Tapajos, ( Braz.) r. Tapoleza, (H.) Tapolesany, (H.) Tapoly, or Toy Taporica, (Braz.) isl. Tarancon, (Sp.) Taranta, (Napl.) Tarantaise, ) Tarantasa, Taranto, (Napl.) Taren- (Sard.) prov, tum. Tarascon, (Fr.) Tarasp, (Switz.) Tarazona, (Sp.) Turtaso Tarbes, (Fr.) TYarba, Tarcza, (H.) 7. Tarezal, (H.) | Tarezyn, (Pol Tardenois, (I'r.) old distr. Tardoire, ov Tardouére, (Fr.) r. Tarsowica. / R.) Targowitze, Tarifa, (Sp.) Julia Josa. Tarija, (Bol.) dep. l. Tarn, (F r.) dt De Tarn-et-Garonne, (Fr.) dep. Tarnogrod, (Pol.) Tarnopol, (Gal.) Tarmow, (Austr. Pol,) | Tarnowiec, (Gal.) Tarnowitz, (Pr. Sil.) Taro, (It.). r. Tarouca, (ee) ) j Tarragona, (Sp.) Zarraco. Tarrega, (Sp.) Tarsia, ( (Nap 1.) Tartary , or Dschz igatal, ( Asia.) Tartas, (Fr.) Tarudant, (Morocco.) Tarutino, (R.) Tarvis, (Ill.) Tatra, (H. Carpathians.) mts. Tauern, (Austral.) mt. chain, Taufers, (Tyrol.) Taulignan, (I'r.) Taunus, (Germ.) mt. chain. aus, *) Tausz. § Tavannes, (Switz.) Tavara, or Tabara, (Sp.) See DomazZlice. ee td-choon'ya ta-koq-tog' ta-larn' td-lar-roo9'bi-ds td-la-ve'rd de la re-ana td-ld-ve'rd ld re-al! td-la-ve'rd la vi-e'cha — tal-ki-¢99-a'no tal'ld tal-li-ne tal ya tal! mdtsh ta-man’ td-min-doo-a! ta-ma'ra ta'md-ra . ta-md-ra'ka td'mad-ro td-md-1'6n! td-na' s hof ~~ td-md-oo-li ‘pais tam-bo’ ad tam-bo ff! tam-bre ta’me-cd ~~ td-mi-d 799-a ta’ mi-1d tam'pa 9-li!- tam-pi'ko de td-ma- pas eee er ta-moo-kd-ra'ke ' % ta’nd-élf ta'nd-fyore! td-nda'ro ) . tan-ka’ roo-da - tand’shér ; properly, taind'she;: e. tan-jeer! tan"! rér-mtin'de tdn-290-rd' go9-d tan 4 ; tan’nén-beé tdne-ve td-ndina Vit een osp ode td-or-m2z'nd ta'ods td-pd-76s td-p Ol'tsa td-polt-shihny Ghvyol Cl-PpOcy i td-po-ri! ta-rdn-kon' td-ran'ti td-rdna-taze! td-rdn-id'sa td'ran-to; according to Spadafora, ta@-ran!to td-rés-kone ta-rdsp! td-rd-tho'na tard urt' sal tart’ shin tird-na! tar-dd-Gre’ | dog-ére!) tar-70-vit' sa tdr-, oO -1 Dit! s ta-7? fa td-ri oh d tiir'ma tarn tar-no po tar’ noof tdr-no'vyets tar!nd-vits ti'ro td-70' ica tdr-rd-g ana tér'r -oG tar'®i-a tar'ta-ry ta7r-tahs! tii'r-90-dént td-r9o'ti-no tar! vis ta’/ tra tou! érn tou'feérs to-lin-ying! tou!nogs tous ta-viin' ta! va-ra Fate, far, fall, what, bat.— Meéte, prey, hélp, thére, hér.— Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, ddve, move, wolf, bogk, lord. — Tine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house, — Fr. & long, 1370Tavastehus, o7 Tawas- thus, (Finl.) r. ta! uds-te-hogs! Tavignano, (Cors.) 7. ta-vin-ya'no Tavira, (Port.) (a-v2'ra Tavolara, (Sard.) isl. ta-v0-la'ra Tavora, (Port.) ta'v0-rid Tawasthus. hus. Tawrow, (R.) Taxenbach, (Austr.) Tavoliere, (Napl.) plain. See Tavaste- 5 Bee ti'vast-hogs! j tav-ro ff’ tak'sen-baéh' la-v6-li-e're Tchartorisk. See Czarto- Oye rysk. tshar-lor-y%sk Tcherkessia. See Circassia. tsher-kes's?-d -Tchernetz, (Wall.) tsher' nels Tchernovitz. SeeCzerno- lp peytng-vits Witz. ( tsher’nd-vils Teano, (Napl.) Tebas-y-Tenarubia, (Sp-) Tecpanguatemala, (Guat.) Tefe, ( Braz.) >. Tegernsee, (Bav.) Teguantepec. See Te- huantepec. Tegucigalpa, (C. A. Hond.) Tegujo, (Mex.) lake. 1e-a' no te‘ biis-2 te-nii-roo'bt-a te-fe! te! gern: ze! te-709-un-te-pek! te-zog-the -gdl'pa te-7o0'Cho Tehnacan, (Mex.) te-799-a-kan! Tehuantepec, (Mex.) te-09-an-te-pek! Tejo. See Tajo. te! 00 Tejas. Sce Texas. te'chias Tejuco, (Braz.) te-shog'ko Telez, (R.) lake. te-léts! Telezkoje Osero, (R.) lake. te-léts'k0-% 6'se-ro Telica, (Guat.) vole. te-la/ka Telschitz, (Boh.) téel'shits te-md-ra'ka tem-ble'le te’ me-rine te-mesh te-mesh-vahr tem! n?-ko if! tém'pél-bogré! Temaraca, ( Braz.) Tembleqne, (Sp.) Temerin, (H.) Temes, (H.) 7. Temesvar, (H.) Temnikow, (R.) Tempelburg, (Pr.) Tempio, (Sard.) tem'p2-o Templeuve, (Belg.) tang-pladve! Tendre, (Jura, Switz.) tangdr te-ne-ri'fe ten-cr-iffe! te-nok-tit-lan! ten-tog! gal te-0'lo te-0-ti-790-al-kan! Tenerife, ¢ (Canary Isl- ‘Teneriffe, § ands.) Tenochtitlan. See Mexico. Tentugal, ( Port.) Teolo, (Austr. it.) Teotihualcan, (Mex.) Tepeaca, (Mex.) te-pe-a'ka Tepic, (Mex.) te-pik! Tepl, Tepel, or Tepla, (Boh.) tepl/, te'pel, te'pla Teplice, (Boh., g Teplitz.) te'pl2-tse, lep'lits Teplicze, (H.) te/pli-tse Teplicze-Kis, (H.; g. Tep- litz, or TOplitz.) Teplitz. See Teplicze-Kis. Teramo, (Napl.) Jnteramne. Terceira, (one of the Azores.) ler-sa-2'ra ‘Tercero. (Pl. Conf) 1. ter-the'ro te'pli-tse-kish tep'lits te'rd-mo Tereboy, (Natolia.) te-re'bd-lz | Terek, (R.) r- te-rek! | Terespol, (Pol.) te-res'pol | Ter-Goes, 02 Goes. léer-7 90s Tergouw, or Gouda. Terignano, (Cors.) T- Terioli, (Tyrol,) castle. Terlizzi, (Napl.) Termiguon, (Sard. ) Termini, (Sic.) Therma. Termoli, (Napl.) Termonde. See Dender-. ter-gouve te-rei=ya'no te-ri-0'l2 ter-lit! st ter-min yong! ter’ mi-nz ter!md- lz ter-monad!' monde. + 4 Ternava. See Tyrnau. Ternense, (Neth.) ‘ Terni, (C. [t.) Jnéeramna. Ternova, (Bulg.) Térouane, (Fr.) Terracina, (S. It.) Terra del Fuego, (5. A-) Terra di Lavoro, (Napl-) ter-nii'va ter-nérze! tern? ter’nd-vie te-799-ane! ler-rd-chi'na Anzur. ~ ter'ra del foo-¢' go ter'ra d2 ld-vd'ro prov. Campania. = f a di anto, (Napl. asin ce erry artp s | Terra di Otranto, (Napl.) ter'ra di 5-trin'to IT OV. | Terranova, Re ler'7d-n0'va | Terra Nuova (Sic.) / ar - ? terra noo-0'va terinolsa, terra vek'ki-d te-799-el! téers-chel’ling . -~ o tér-fithrn tes-han! tesh! én Terrasa, (Sp.) Egara. Terra Vecchia. (Napl ) Teruel, (Sp.) Verschelling, (Neth.) isl. Tervuren, ( Belz.) Tescan, (Ecuad.) Teschen, (Austr Sil-) Tessin. See Ticino. Tessino, or Ticino, (It.) 7. Testaccio, (Rome,) mt. Téte de Rang, (Switz.) mé. Tete Noir, (Alps,) pass: tes-si'no tes-tal'sho téte dé rang — SS 1éte-nd-dre! tek-pun-gog-d-te-ma'la tés-sine! ; fr. tes-sang! PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL Tetschen, (Boh. ; bok. Déejn.) Teturoa, (Austral.) zsl. Teufelsmauer, (Bav.) Teufen, (Switz.) Teulada, (Sard.) cape. Teutoburger- Wald, (N. Germ.) mt. range. Teutschbrod. See Brod. Tevere, ({t.; g- Tiber,) r. Tybris. Teverone, er Anis, (It.) 7. ‘ tet'shén te-tqq-70'a tov! fels-mou! é% tou fer te-oq-li/da toi! td-bogr’ gér-valdt! loitsh' brodt! te!ve-re 4 te-ve-70'ne Texas, (U.S.; sp. Tejas.) —_tex’as Texel, (Neth.) asi. tés'sél; e. texlel Teynec, (Boh.) te't-néts Tezcuco, (Mex.) teth-koo'ko, tes-koo'ko Than, or Tann, (Fr.) lang Thann, (Bav.) tan Thau, Etang de, (Fr.) lagoon. ¢-ting'dé-to Thaubate, (Braz.) ta-oo-ba-te! Thaya, (Aust.) 7- ta'ya Theben, (H.) te/ben Theiss, Theisz, (H.) 7 tis Tibiscus. Themsche, (Belg.) Theresianopel, Maria, (H.; h. SzabatKa.) Theresienstadt, (Austr. ; « A. Szabatha.) Theresiopolis, (H.) Thernberg, ( Austr.) térn' berg Therouanne, ( Fr.) té-r99-ane! Theux, (Belg. ter ) Thiel, or Tiel, (Neth.) téms'che mi-r2'a te-re'zi-d-no'peél te-re'22-én-stidt! te-re’zt-0'po-lis tile Thiele, (Switz.) 7. ti'le Thielt, ( Belg.) trhlt Thienen. See Tirlemont. tr’ ner tz-e-rahsh! sha-lo' ti-e-rt! ti-ere’ Thierache, (Fr.) old div. Thierry, Chateau, (Fr.) Thiers, (Fr.) Thionville, (ir. 5 ti-dng-vile! denhofen.) ge g. Die- Thioux, (Sard.) ti-o9' Thiverval, (Fr.) ti-ver-val! Tholen, (Neth.) to'léen Thomar, or Tomar, (Port.) | td-mar! zankt to'mads tome-r7i! t0-ndng! Thomas, St., (1.) Thomery, (Fr.) Thonon, (Sard.) Thorda, ‘Torda, or Thoren- burg, (Trans.) Thonigny, or Torigny, (Fr.) Thorion, (Fr.) 7. tor'da, to'rén-bogrgé! 10-rin-y?! (6-ri-ong! Thorn, (Pr.) torne Thorshalla, (Sw.) tohrs' hal' le Thorshavn, (Denm.) tohrs' hour Thouars, (Fr.) toq-Gre' Thourout. (Belg.) too-799! Three Rivers, (Can. 5 {7 ain Paws three rivers [Trois Rivieres.) Thruiyen. ( Belg.) trov'en Thuin, (elsg.) ut-ang! Thun, (Switz.) toone Thunoe, (Denm.) zl, too/ndd Thur, (Switz.) r- toor “horge Switz. ; fr. Ap ms Thurgau, (Switz. 5 fr tor’ gou, tir-gd-v7! Thurgovie.) Thurgovia. Thuringen, Thuringia, (Germ.) country. Thuringian Forest, (Germ.; g TIniringer Wald.) Thurnau, (Bav.) Tburdcz, (H.) Tiaguanuco, ( Peru.) Tiber. See ‘l'evere. Tibizi, (Braz.) r. Tiburon, (Hayti,) prom. Ticino, (Switz. ; g. and frol s.chz'no Tessin.) Ticino, or Tessino, (It.) 7. Tiedra- Vieja, (Sp.) Tieffenbonn, (Bad.) =p iaey 3 i ti'rin' gen, Uhu-rin'ye-a ti'rin!' ger valdt toor!nou tog rolls tz-u. goq-a-ngo'ko vz! ber wos b2-b2' gr : t2-bgQ-rdn ti-chi'no (z7-e'dra-vi-e' chd tihf yen-bon! Tiel. See Thiel. tril Tiemblo, el, (Sp.) el t2-em'ble Tiene, (Austr. It.) ti-e'n2 Tiermas, (Sp.) Therme. t? er'mds Tiorra Austral del Espiritu Santo, (N Heb.) ( \ per2 tog santo Tierra Bomba, (aff Co- fi-er'ra-bom'ba Jomb.) ast. Tierra del Fuege, (5 A.) ter'rit del fog-e!go Sec Terra del Fuego.) té-er'ra del for-eg Tictar, (Sp.)-7 tz-e-lur’ Ticte, (S. A.) 7% ti-e-te’ Tigilsk, (R.) ti-atlsk! Tihany, (H1.) t2'hany Tihutza, (Trans. ), ti-heot'sa Tijola, (Sp.) ti!cho-la Tijuco, (Braz.) tr tz &oo'ko Tilburg, (Neth.) till bArEZ Tillendorf, (Pr.) til'lén-dorf' Aw! oer — &, ch, guttural , pd er IE! Oy, ne Tel ok ts H tegge Te rare A3rp A&M. ang ob tr er'ra a-og-stral! del es cas s in pleasure.— NAMES. Tilsit, ( Pr.) Timavo, (Ill.) r. Timok, (Servia,) 7. Timor, (Sunda Isls. E. I.) Timpanagos, (Mex.) lake. Tinchebray, (Fr.} Tindaro, (Sic.) cape. Tipitapa, (C. A.)r Tirano, (Austr. It.) Tiraspol, (R.) Tirepetic, ( Mex.) Tirgowist, (Turk.) Tirguschil, (Wall) Tirlemont, (Belg. : flem. Thienen. ) Tirol. Sce Terioli- Tirol, or Tyrol, (Austr. ; 2t. Ll Tirolo.) prov. Rhetia. Tisza, (Hl.) 7 See Theisz. Tisza Fured, (H.) Titel, (H.) Titicaca, (S. A.) lake. Tito, el, (Napl.) Tittlis, (one of the Swiss Alps.) Tivoli, (C. It.) Tibur. Tjérn, (Sw.) isl. Tlalpuxahua, (Mex.) Tlapa, (Mex.) Tlascala 2 Tlaxcala, (Mex.) Toanoa, (Austr.) haven. Tobago, (W_ Ind.) Tobarra, (Sp.) Tobitschau. See Towatow. Tobol, (R.) Tobolsk, (R.) Toboso, (Sp.) Tocantins, (Braz.) 7. Tockenburg. See Toggen- burg. Tocuyo, ( Venez.) Todi, (C. [t.) Tudertum. Todos-os-Santos, ( Braz.) Todtendorf, ( Pr.) Toggenburg, (Switz.) val. See Tockenburg. Tokay, Tokai, (H.) Tolcolano, (Austr. it.) Toledo, (Sp-) _Toletum. Tolentino, (C. It.) Tolfa, (It.) Tolkemit, (Pr.) Tolmezzo, (Austr. It.) Toinino, (LIL) Tolna, or Tolnau, (H.) Tolosa, (Sp.) turisa. Tolu, Santiago de, (Co- lomb. N. Gran.) Toluca. Sce Tolocan. Tomai, (Ll.) Tomar, or Thomar, (Port.) Tomaszow, (Pol.) Tomavacas, (Sp.) Tomelloso, (Sp-) Tomsk, (R.) Tonala, (Mex.) Tondern, (Denm.) Tongres, (Belg.) Tonnay,. (Fr.) Tonneius, (Fr.) Tonnerre, (FY.) Tonningen, (Denm.) Topajoz, (Braz.) Tépl. See Tapoly. Toplicza, (H.) Téplitz, Toeplitz, or Tep- liz. (Boh.) Tdplitz, or Teplitz. See Teplicze-Kis. Topoltsan, (H.) Tormeguy, (Fr.) Torbole, (Tyrol.) Tiorcello, (Venice,) isl. Torcisi, (Sic-) Torcela, (Dalm.) isl. Torda. See Thorda. Tordesillas, (Sp-) Torfou, (Fr.) Torgau, (Pr.) Torigny. See Thorigny. Torija, (Sp-) Tori. el, (Sp-) : Torino, (It 5 2 Turin.) Aucusta Taurmorum. Tormes, (Sp )r- Tornea, (Russ. Fink) Tornedelf, (Sw )r Tornese, (Gr.) prom. Toro (Sp ) til’ zit t2-ma'vo ti-mok! ti-more! tam-pi-na! g63 tangsh-bra tin-dii'ro tr-p2-ta'pa ti-ra'no tirds-pol! lz-re-pe'ti-6 tir! 20-visht tir-2Qq'shal tarl-mong* iz-rdle? ti-role’, @l ti-r6'lo tis'st tis'sd fi'red t2/tel ti-te-ki' ka el t2'Lto tit'lis t2'vd-l2 tytn a lal-peg-éha' goq-a tla'pu tlés-ka'lé 16-G-n0'a t6-ba' co t6-bar! rd to! bit-show ta-bol! ta-bolsk! t0-b0'so to-kang-tings! tok'kén-boorg to-koo! yo to'de 10‘degs-egs-san'togs to'tén-dorf! tog! én-boors! to-kay! l0-kG-2 tol-kd-la'no 10-le'do 1d-len-tz'no 1ol'f a tol/ke-mit tol-met!so 16l-m2'no 1Gl'na, tol/now Tolocan, now Toluca, (Mex.) 6-l0-kan! 10-16/sa stin-ti-%! gd de t5-lgq! 16-log/ka NN 10-mia'% to-mahr" 16-ma'sho f ta-md-va' kds 10-niel-yo'so tomsl to-nd-la! ton’ der tongr to-1a! tdn-nang! ton-nére! tad nin' én t6-pu-gds! tA&dpl top 'lt-ts@ té&d&p'lits tap'lits t0-polt-shan tor brr-ye! tur’ vo-le tor-chel'lo tor-cliz' st tor'ko-la tor‘'da tor -de- sil’ yas 107-69! 102" cou 10-rin-y2! t0-r?'cha el 16 il! td ri/no tor'mes tor! ne-o 1o7r'ne-o-elf! tor né'se to're % ; ‘nal. Fr. rc. —d, between v and f- wite: & short, bit. —Fr. @ long, ef short, nearly as in spur. — dy, ly, ny, liquid. anger —8, oh guttural, 28s planers =e Maal Pere A ee | 1371al eee i F oe a nae ee > Oe dit oo See Bail al a a ee —— iret ne REN PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Térék Betse, (H.) Torontal, (H. Toronto, (Up. Can.; for- merly York.) Toropa, (R.) 7. Toropez, (R.) Torquemada, (Sp.) Torralba de Calatrava, (Sp.) t6r-ral/ba de Torrecilla, (Sp.) Torre del Greco, (Napl.) Torre dell? Annunziata, (Napl.) Torre de Moncorvo, (Port.) Torre di Vindicari, (Sic.) Torre do Bugio, (Port. ) thd-reuk bet-she t0-ron-tahl t6-ron’ to td-ro'pa td-ro'péts t6r-ke-ma'dd ka-la-tra'va tor-re-thil'ya tor're del gre'ko tor're del-lan-nggnd-si-a’- | ta tor're de ming-kor'voo tor're dt vin-di'ka7t tor're dog boo! gt- 09 Torre Jimeno, Ximeno, (Sp-) tor're Ehi-me!no Torrelobaton, (Sp.) Torre Mocha, (Sp.) Torres Vedras, ( Port. ) Torre Vi iejo, (Sp.) Torridal, (Norw.) 7. Tortiglia, (s Sard.) Torrijos, (Sp.) Torschok, (R.) Torshalla, (Sw. Tortola, (Ww. rad 1) isl, Tortona, (Sard.) Tortorici, {Sie Tortosa, (Sp.) Dertosa. Biorine: la. Ea Island, . Ind. ; - Tortuga.) at recone (it. é e. Tuscany, ) country. Etruria, Toscanella, (It.) Yuscania. Toschtupskaja, (R.) 7. Totonicapan, (C. A., Guat.) Totoral, (Chile,) isl. Totorszag, Toth Orszag, or Slavonia. Toul, (Fr.) Toulon, Toulouse, (Fr.) Tolosa. Tour, la, du Pin, (Fr.) Touraine, (Fr.) old prov. Tourbillon, (Switz.) castle. , Tourcoing, (Fr.) Tour d’ Ay, (Switz.) mts. Tournay, (Belg. ; flem. Doornik.) Tourne, (Switz.) mt. Tournon, (Fr.) Tournus, (Fr.) Tours, (Fr.) Caesarodunum. Tour Sailliére, (Switz.) mt. Tourville, (Fr.) Towd4cow, (Mor. sos bitse hau. ) Toxowa, (R.) Trachenberg, (Pr.) Trafalgar, (Sp.) cape. Pro-) mont. Junonis. Traina, (Sic.) Trani, (Napl.) Turenum. Transtevere. Transylvania, (Eur.; ¢. Siebenbtirgen or Tran- ! sylvanien ; 4, Erdely Or- szag. ) Trapani, (Sic.) Trappe, la, (Fr.) Trastevere, or Transtevere, (part of Rome.) Trau, (Dalm.) Traun, or Gmtinden See, } (Austr.) lake. See Troun. $ Trausnitz, (Bav.) Trautenau, or Trutnow, (Boh.) Travagliato, (Austr. It.) Travemutnde, (N. Germ.) Travethal, (Denm.) To- —— Drepanum. T'raz os Montes, ( Port.) prov. Trebia, or Trebbia, (It.) r. Trebigno, (Turk.) Trebur, or Tribur, (Germ.) Triburium. Trechtemirov, (R.) Tréguier, (Fr.) Treisam, (Bad.) 7. Tremisteri, (Sic. Tremiti, [sole di, (Adr. Sea,) isls. Treinola, (Switz.) valley. Tré mouille, (Fr.) Trencsén ; Ab rentsén, § CH) Trent. See Trient. Tréport, le, (Fr.) Tresero, (Austr. It.) mt. Treuenbrietze an, (Pr.) Treves, (Pr.) See Trier (Fr.) Telo Martius. See Trastevere, tor!re-lo-ba-ton! tor're mo’ cha 167 ‘res ve ‘dras> torre v7-e! cho tor'rz-dale tor-ril' ya lor-ri'chos tor-shok! tors-hél'la t6r't0-la, t6r-td'ld tdr-to'nd 167-10-r2' chi lor-td'sa la t67r-tt', tdr-to9' ga tos-ka'na tés-ka-nel’/la tdsh-togps'kd-ya t0-t0-ni-ka-pin! t6-to-ral’ toht-dr-sdhg tog toq-léng’ 199-loqze! * iy idl la toor dit pang toQq-7rdane toor-bil-yiong', yong! togr-ko-dng' toor-da-7' (da') ~-~ toor-bz-7- togr-na! toorn tegr-nong! toor-nit! toor toor sdal- ye re! sae i- yere! toor-vile! t6'vat-shov tok'sd-va tra’ chéen-bérg! tra-f dl-gahr! ; e. tra-fal'- gar ea trd-i'nd tra! nt trans-te've-re tran-sil-va'ne-a, tran’ zil- va'ni-én tra! pa-ni lit trap trds- te’ ve- Te tral 00, trou troun trous!nits trou'te-nou trd-val-ya'to trd-ve-miin' de trii've-tale! trdlis 99s ming'tes tre'bi-a, treb'bi-a tré-bin'yo tre'boor tréch-le-mi'row tre-gi-e! tri'zaim tre-mis-te!ri 4's0-le di tre!mi-tt tre'md-la tre-mogly! trent-sheln trent lé tre-pore! tre se’ro troi! én-brit!sén trave | Tsik Szék. } Trevico, (Napl. ) Trev iglio, (Austr. Treviguo. Trevigno, il ) Trevino, (Sp.) Treviso, or Trevigi, (Austr. t.) Trevoux; (Fr) Ti See Sophia. Triana, (Sp.) suburb Seville, See Trebur. Triaditsa. Tribur. Tricarico, (Napl.) Tricala, oe Trikal a, (Turk.) Triefels, ¢ (Bav.) See Rovigno. tre-vi'ko tre-vil'y6 tré-vin' yo tre-vin'yo tre-vin' yo tre-v2! so tre-vid! g4 tre-vgo! tri-d-dit'sa trz-a'na tri! boor tri-ka'ri-ko tri'kd-la tri'féls It.) TiVIC. Trieut, (Tyrol.) Tridendum. tri-ent! ; e. trent Trier, (Pr.; e. Treves ; jr. Tréves.) Augusta Tre- tri! ér Dirorum. Triest, Illyria.) Terge Trigno, (Napl.) 7. Portuosum. Trigueros, (Sp.) Trikala. Tnillo, (Sp.) Trinconomale, or Trinco- } Tripolitsa, (Gr.) Tristan d? coast Afr. ) isls. Trocadero, (Cadiz, Trocnow, ( oe Trois Ellions, (Sar Trieste, (Austr,, ste. See T'ric Trikkari, (Gr.) fortress. Acunha, (W. tri-ésl’, tré-es'te Trinum a, trin' yo / tri-sre'ro3 tri'ka-la trik' kd-r% tril'yo trin-ko-nd-ma-le! ala. male, (C eylon.) ao trin-ko-ma-le! Trinidad, She xas,) 7. tri-ni-dad! Trinidad, (W. Ind.) isl. tri-ni-ddad’, trin'i-dad! Trino, ( Rica) tri!no | Triostrow, (R.) isi. tri-os'trof | Tripoli, (Barb. St.) Zvripolis. tri'po-lz tri-po-lit-sa! tris-tdn! da-kogn'ya Sp.) fortr. trd-kd-de'ro trots'nov d.) mt. tro-a' zel-li-6ng! is-Rivieres, (Can. 3 ¢ ee ea Troi Riviere a 55 ( tro-a! ri-vi-ére! Three Rivers.) } Trois Salasses, (Bourbon,) ) Pe aie s ; 7) tro-a' sd-las mt. isl. 5 a Troitsk, (R.) tro!itsk Troitskaja Krepost, (R.) trd-2 its! ki-ya kre!post Troitck Serorew. (R.) —~ Proitskoi Sergiew, (R-) ) tr 5its-k5-% ser! gt- i-ef cloister. 5 Trollhatta, (Sw.) canal. trol-het’ ta Troja, ( Trompette, (Fr.) ¢ Tromsoe, (Norw.) Tron, St., (Belg.) Trondhjen, | (te FW. 5) fi ) Drontheini.) Tronto, (Lt.) r. Tropea, (Napl.) Troppau, Troyes, (Fr.) Au Trsztenna, (H.) Trubesh, (R.) 2. Boh.) castle. Truentius. (Austr. Sil.) tro! y a trong-pet! trom'z& sang trong astle, tron'yém trdn'to trd-pe'a trop'pou tro-aii' trsten'na troo!besh gu stobona. Trubia, (Sp.) troo'bi-a Trubshevsk, (R.) trogb-shevsk! Truskawiec, (Gal.) trogs-kiv!yets Trutnow. See Tr Trugillo, Turris Julia. \ . Pol.) Caslaw. See Csik Truxillo, jillo, (Sp.) Trzemeszno, (P1 Tschaslau. See Tschiker Stuhl. Szék. Tschussowa, (R.) Tsepel, (H.) isl. Tsheboksar, (R.) Tsheljabinsk, ( Tsherdin, (R.) Tsherkask, (R.) Tshernigov, (R.) Tshernojarsk, (R Tsheskaja, ( R.) Tshesme, (R.) Tshildir, (G eorg. T R.) penta Kaleb, (Re) ) Tshugujew, (R.) See C Tubai, (Austral.) is TT tibingen, (W irt. Tucabaya, (Mex.) | Tucuman, (Plata Tutela. Tudela, ( Tiffer, (Sp.) (Styria.) Tuileries, les, (Paris.) Tula, (R.) Tulancingo, (Mex.) Tulezyn. See oon Tulija, (Mex. Tulle, (Fr.) Tulpajegna, (Sw.) amt. Tulin, (Austr.) Tumbez, (S. A., E Tungaragua, (Peru.) Tungefjord, (Norw.) gulf. gulf. autenau. tregt'nov or Tru- | trog-chil'yo trshe-mesl'no tshds' lou tshi'kér-stool r. ' tshogs'sd-va tshe-pel tshe-bok-sar' tshel-ya' binsk tsher-din' tsher-ktsk! tsher-ni' gof ) aher no-yarsk! tshes'ka-ya tshes-me! ishil' dire tshoo' foot ka-leb! tshoo-g0o'yef tshzk sehk urk.) prov. Sortress. sik Szék. sl. tog-ba/t ) tu! bin"! wén tog-ki-ba'ya tog-koo-man! too-de'la tif fer le tt-%L-7ri! tog'la ) too-lan-thin' go le zyn. togl' chine too-li-cha! til . : Finn tool-pa-yéng na too-line! togm-beth', Conf.) dep. cuad.) togm-bes! = toon-gia-rd' 7o0-a toon! ce-fyodre! | UBEDA, Gihely, Tunguragua, ) (Ecuad.) Tungurahua, § volc. Tunja, (Colomb.) Tupisa, (Bol.) Tupuai, (Austral.) zsl, Turbaco, (N. Gran.) Turbenthal, (Switz.) Turckheim, (fr.) Turcoing, (Fr.) Turia, (Sp.) 7. Turin. See Torino, or Tu- rino. Turino, (Sard. ; Turinsk, (R.) Turis, ov ‘Turris, (Sp.) Turnhout, (Belg.) Turnovo. See Tornovo. Turécz, (H.) Turtle Island. See Tortue. Tuscany. See Toscana. Tuszyn, (Pol.) Tuttlingen, (Wurt.) Tuxtla, (Mex.) Tuy, (Sp.) prov. Tykoczyn, (Pol.) Tyniec, (Gal.) Tyri-Fjord, (Norw.) lake. Tyrmau, or Ternav a, (H.) Tyrol. See Tirol. TySmienica, (Gal.) Tyszowyce, (Pol.) g. Turin.) Tude. toqn-299-rd' 700-0 togn' cha too-pi'sa too-pog-a'z togr-bas'so toor! bén-tale! tiirk-hang', turk'htme ttir-ko-ang! t99/rt-a tog-rine’ ; e. tu'rin too-ri'no tog-rinsk! igq'ris, togr'ris taarn'hout togr-nd'vo teo-rdhts tur'tle 2'land tus'!ka-ny too'shin togt'lin'! togeht! la gen too't Zz ti-kot' shin tin'yéts soo ti'ri-fyore! tir'nou ti-role!, tyr!ol ea tis-mye-nit'sa ti-sh6-vit' se U. (Sp.) 2 Ubrique, (Sp.) Ucayale, (Peru,) r. Ucayari, (S. A.) 7. Uceda, or Uzeda, (Sp.) Ucero, (Sp.) Uckermuende, (Pr. Pom.) Ucles, (Sp.) Uddevalla, (Sw. Udine, (Austr. It) Udinsk, (R.) Udvarhely, (Trans. ; g, Oberhellyen.) Udvarhely Szék, (H. ) Uebe rlingen, ( ( Bhan Pr.) Uetliberg , (Mount Albis, Switz. y summit. Ufa, (R.) Ugijar, or Uxijar, (Sp.) Uglitch, (R.) Ugoesa, or Ugotsa, (H.) Uitenhage, (Cape C Col., Af.) Ujbanya, ( . berg.) Ujegyhaz, (Trans. ; g. _ Leschkirchen.) Uj-Gradiska, (Slavonia.) g. Koenigs- Satorallia, (H.) Ujo, or Uxo, (Sp.) Ujj-Varos, (H.) Uj-Vidék, (H. ; Ukraine, Ukraina, now Kleinruszland. Uleadborg, or Uula, (Finl.) Ulefos, (Norw.) Ullersdorf, ( Pr.) Ulm, (Wurt.) Ulricehamn, (Sw.) Umago, or Omago, (Ill.) Uman, (R.) Umea, (Sw.) Umlowic, (Boh.) Uncastillo, (Sw.) Ungarisch Altenburg, (H.) Ungarisch Neustadt. See Banya. Ungarn. See Hungary. Unevar, (H.) Uniejow, (Pol.) Unna, (Pr. Westph.) Unruhstadt, (Pr, Pol.; s. Karge.) Unterseen, (Switz.) Unterwalden, (Switz.) Upsal Upeale (Sw.) Urach, (Wiurt.) Ur aguay , (sp. Uruguay.) Urak, (R.) 7. Ural, or Oural, (R.) mts. g. Neusatz.) —— 09/be-da 99-bri'ke 99-ka-ya'le 9q-ka-ya'ré 9q-the'da 99-the'ro 09! kér-mtin' de 9o-kles! ood de-val'la 09'di-ne 9o-dinsk! ood-var-hely ood-viir-hely sehk ti'bér-lin!'' én tit'Ti-bér gz! oof a! 09-chi! chdr oe-glitsh 90-g6t-shd ou'tén-ha! ge 90-2-bdhin-ya 09-yedy-hiihs 99-1-gri-dish ‘ka sha-t6-ral'li-d 99-2-hely 99'cho 00-% val-rish 09-i-vi-dehk u'kraine, 99-krd-i'na 99' le-d-borg! 9o'le-fos ool! lers-dorf! oolm ogl-rtt! se-hamn! 9o-md! go oo-man! 99/me-o oom'lo-vits oon-kds-til’lo oon! ga-rish al'tén-boors! oon! ga-rish nov'stidt oon! girn gong-vahr gon-ye 'yof oon'na oon’r9-stadt! eon! tér-zehn! oon’ tér-val'dén up'sal oop-za/la og'rach 99-rd-go9-a!t oo-rak! gq-ral', u!ral Fate, fir, fall, what, bat. — Mete, prey, hélp, thére, hér. — Pine, marine, bird, fig. — Note, ddve, mive, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. —Fr. & long,~ Be Sa SS hla oa ce oa PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Uralsk, (R.) Uralskoi Gorodok, (R.) Urbania, (Pont. St.) Urbino, (Pont. St.) Urgel. Sce Seu de Urgel. Uri, (Switz.) gg'ri; e. ulre Urrola, (Sp.) 7: oor!rd-la Ursanne, Sainte, (Switz. ; sangi M&hr-san! ; sdnkt gq-ralsh! gq-rals'/k0-¢ gd-ra-dgk! oor-ba'ni-a gqr-b2'no gor-chel! St. Ursitz.) g¢r'zits Uruguay, (S. A.) Uruguay, Uraguay, or oo-rog-eee-a't Banda Oriental (S. A.) 09-7009-99-a'% rep. Urumea, (Sp.) 7. 0o-roq-me'a Urvilgy. See Herrengrund. gor-vdtldy Urzedow, (Pol.) oor-shana' dof Uscilug, (R.) gos-tst'loog Usez, (Pr. Pol.) ootsh Usedom, (Pr. Pom.) zsl. go! ze-dom Uspallata, (Pl. Conf.) oos-pal-ya'ta Ussel, (Fr.) 4s-sel! Usson, (F7?.) Xs-sdna! Ustica, (Sic.) zl. eos! ti-ka Ustjug, (R.) eost-yoog” Ustjug Welilki, (R.) Ust Kamenogorsk, (R.) Ust Stissolsk, (R.) Usumasinta, (C. A.) 7 Utiel, (Sp.) Utrecht, (Neth.) Utrera, (Sp.) Utsjoki, (R.) “ns ogst-yoog! ve-li/ki-é gosty ka'me-nd-gorsk! oosty stis-sdlsk! 09-s09-md-sin'ta 99-t2' el Mirécht, u'trekt 9o-tre'ra oots-yo' kt Uula. See Uledborg. 00'09-la Uxijar,or Ugijar, (Sp-) oo-chi! char Uxo. Sce Ujo. 99'ého f-zersh! 99-the'da fu-zes! Uzerche, (Fr.) Uzeda. See Uceda. Uzés, (Fr.) V. Vaaus. See Vaels. vahls Vacz. See Waitzen. vilils V adstena, or Wadstena, vid-ste/nd (Sw.) ; Vadutz. Sec Leuchtenstein. va'dogts Vaels, or Vaals, (Neth.) bills Vaerdal, (Norw.) vilr'dile Vaga, (R.) 7. va' oa >) a Vagh Ujhely. Sce Neustadtl. vaz-oo-t-hely Vaglio, (Napl.) val’ yo Vagney, (Fr.) vin-ya! Vahroe, (Norw.) isl. valr! & Vailly sur Aime, (Fr.) vii-i-yji! (val-yi') stir &me Vaise, (Fr-) vaze Vaison, (Fr) Vasio. va-z0ng! Vajda-Hunyad, (Trans.) Val de Oliva, (Sp-) Val Demona, or } (Sic.) Valdi Demona, } old div. “mn vd-i-da hoon-ydd wal de 6-li'va val de'md-na val dz de'mnod-nad T< NNavwzar: Si . we - x “sf Val di Mazzara, (Sic.) old) yal di mit-sa'ra div. Val Melsolsina. val mel-sdl-si!nad socco. Valachie. See Walachia. va-la-shi! Valais, (Switz. ; g. Wal lis,) cant. Valangin, (Switz.) Valauzas, ( Luzon.) pul Valbenoite, (Er.) valb-nd-ahte! Val Breaaglia, (Switz.) vall. vial bre-gal'ya Valcamonica, (Aust. It.) vall, Talchiusa. See Vaucluse. Valdagno, (Austr. It.) Val d’Arno, (Tuse.) vall. Val di Chiana, (Tusc.) val. Valdepenas, (Sp-) Valderaduay, (Sp.) Val de Ruz, (Neufchatel,> wall. Valdivia, (Chile,) dep. Valdiera, (Sp.) Tal di Fieme, (Tyrol.) Valeggio, (Austr It.) Valenca, (Braz.) Valenca do Douro, (Port.) Valenca do Minho, (Port.) Valencay, (Fr ) ‘Valence, (I'r.) Valentia. Valencia, (Sp.) Valentia Edetanorum. Valenciana, (Mex.) Valenciennes, (Fr.) lentiand. ee Mi- via-la! va-lange-sdans! vd-lan’thas val-ka-m6'ni-ka wal-ki-gg'sa vdl-dan' yo val dir'no val di ki-a'nd pal-de-pen'yas val-de'rd-dog-a'4 val de roQs val-di'vi-d val-di-elrd “-_ val di fi-e'me wd-let' £0 va-len'sd va-len'sa dog d6're9 va-len'sa dog min'yog wd-ldng-sa! vda-lings! va-len'thi-a; e. va-len'- s/ie-a va-len-tht-a'na Var va-lang-si-er! ——~ Valentano, (C. It.) Ve- vit-len-ti!no rentum. Valentinois, (Fr) former > aia epee ony) duchy. vi-ling-ti-nd-a! (nd@’) Valenza, (N. It.) va-lend'sd Valenzuela, (Sp.) Valery, St., en Caux, (I'r.) Valetta, la, (Malta.) Valguarnera, (Sic.) Valkenburg, (Neth. ; jr. Fauquemont.) Valladolid, (Sp.) Pintia. do-lia! Valladolid de Mechoacan, ) v4@-yd-dd-lid' de me-chd-a- Mex.) kan! se Valladolid la Nueva, (Guat.) val-ya.do-lid! la noo-elva Valle de Ardalajis, (Sp.) val'ye de dr-da-la!chis Valle de Uxo, (Sp-) val'ye de 99'cho “- va-len-thgo-e'la sing vdle-rv' ang kod la va-let'ta val-gwdr-ne'ra valikén-baarg' val- yi-do-lid’ ; e. val/la- Vallet, (Fr-) val-le! Valletta. Sec La Valetta, vél-let/ta Valloe, (Norw.) vallla Vallon, (Fr ) val-ling! Valmaggia, (Switz.; g- Maienthal,) distr. Valmy, (Fr) Valogne, (Fr.) Valois, (Fr.) old distr. Valona, (Turk.) val-mat! ga vdal-m72! = va-lony! = va-lo-a! va-lo/na Valparaiso, (Chile.) Valréas, (Fr.) Valsugana, (Tyrol,) vall. Valtellina, (Austr) distr. Val Travers, (Switz.) vil trd-vere! Valverde, (Sp.-) val-ver' de Valverde del Camino, (Sp.) val-ver'de del ka-mi'no VAmos Pécs, Péts, (H.) pih-mosh pehtsh Vannes, (Fr.) Dariorigum. van Var, (Fr.) dep. var Varad Olaszi, (H.) vih-rid 6-las-st Varades, (Ir ) vd-ra-des! Varaggio. See Varazze. vd-riat! £o Varallo, (N. It.) vd-ral'lo Varangertjord, (Norw ) inlet. vilran' gér-fyore! Varano, (Napl.) /agoon. Gerne. Varasd. See Warasdin. vd-rdashd Varazze, o7 Varaggio,(Sard.) vd-rat'se Varberg, (Sw.) var! berz r2'so vil-re-as! val-soq-ca'na val-tel-li/na es ay vial-pa-ra-2'so ; e. val-pa- * vd-rd!no Vardoe, (Norw.) tsi. vard! & Varennes, (Fr. vii-ren! Varennes en Argonne, (F'r.) vd-ren! Gn Gr-gon! Varese, (Lomb.) vi-re'se Varhely, (Trans.) var-hely Varignano, (Pont. St.) vd-rin-ya'no Varinas, or Barinas, (Venez.) vd-ri!nds Varna, (Bulg.) var! nit Varsovie. Sec Warsaw. var-so-vi! Vas, (H.; ¢: Lisenburg.) viish Vasa, (Finl.) vilza ae Vasérhely, (H.) via-shihr-hely Vasdrhely, o7 Maros, (H-) ay Vasithely, Somlo, (H.) Vassy, (Fr) Vasto, il, (Men Tstonium. 71 vas'to Vasvar, (H.3; ¢ Sisenburg.) vash-nadhr Vaticano, (Napl.) cape. va-ti-ka'no Vanclain, le, (Martin.) lé vd-klang! Vaucluse, (Fr. ; it. Valchiu- sa,) dep. Vaucouleurs, (I'r.) Vaud, Pays de, (Switz. ; a. Waadt,) cant. Vaugirard, (Fr.) Vaulion, (Switz.) m. vo-li-dng! Vaux, (Fr ) vO Vaxholm, or Waxholm,(Sw.) vaks’holm Vayda Hunyad, (Trans. ) castle. Veendam, (Neth.) vd-shiihr-hely shdm'ld va-shiihr-hely Vias-st! wo -kliize! v0-koo-lAr! pa-i! dé vo! ——~ v6-g7-rahir! vd-i-da hogn-yad vehn'dim pel nén-dale! vie; % short, bit. -Fr. & long, eu short, nearly as in spur. Veenendal, (Neth.) - Veenhuizen, (Neth.) b Veere, (Neth.) eel're Veghia, (Il1.) isl. vel! ya Veile, or Weile, (Denm.) ville Vejer, or Bejer de la Fron-) yo gher! de la fron-te’ra tera, (Sp.) mee Velan, (Switz.) mt. ve-lang! Velay, (Fr.) old prov. ve-la! Veleta, la, (Sp.) mt. ld ve-le'ta Velez Blanco, tS. A. N. Gran.) Velez Malaga, (Sp.) Mcnoba. ve-leth' ma'la-ga Velez Rubio, (Sp-) ve-leth' 799! bi-o Velicsna, (H.) ve-litsh-nd Velilla de San Esteban, (Sp.) ve-lil’ya de san es-te/ban Velino, (C. It.) mt. ve-li'no Vellebith. See Morlacca. fél'le-bit Vellebitz, (Austr.) ms. fél-le-bits Velletri, (S. It.) Velitre. vel-le'trz pehn'how'zén ve-leth! blan'ko — dy, ly, ny, liquid. — An! ger. —&, ch, cuttural; & Venafro, (Napl.) Venaissio, (Fr.) old co, Vendataria, or Ventotiene, (Napl.) Vendée, la, (Fr.) dep. Venden, or Wenden, (R. ; russ. Kess.) Vendome, (Fr.) _ving-dome! Vendomols, (Fr-) form. prov. Dane-dd Moca! 7 : x Dal . a i Vendrell, (Sp-) ae alfurtand. yendrel! Venedig. See \ ERIE: ve-ne' dig Veneria Reale, (Sard.) ve-ne-rt'a re-a'le ve-nda' fro ve-nads-sang! ven-da-ti'ri-a la vdng-de! ven' den = ve-ned' si-a ve-ne-thog-e'la 3 e. ven-e- Venezia. See Venice. Venezuela, (5. A.) rep. zwe'la Venice, (It. 5 it. Venezia; | yenlis g. Venedig.) Venetia. wen-ld Venlo, or Venloo, (Neth.) Venosa, (Napl.) Venusia. ve-no'sd Ventotena, (Napl.) zl. ven-to-te'na Ventotiene. See Vendataria. ven-to-t2-e'ne Ventoux, (Fr.) m. vang-tog! Ventuari, (Colomb.) 7. ven-too-a' 7% Venzone, (Austr. It.) vend-sd'ne Vera, (Sp.) velra velra-krooth!' ; e. vera kroose ve'ra krogth neg-e'va Vera Cruz, (Mex.) dep. Vera Cruz Nueva, (Mex.) oo Veragua, Santiago de, (C. A ) sdn-ti-d! g6 de vera! goQ-d Verano, (N. It.) distr. ve-ra'no Vera Paz, (C. A.) prov. vera path Verbicaro, (Napl.) ver-bi-ku'ro Vercelli, (N. It. ; fr. Ver- ceil.) Vercelle. Verdier, le, (Fr.) Verdon, (Fr.) 2. Verdu, (Sp.) Verdun, (Fr.) Verdun sur Garonne, (Fr.) Verdunois, (Fr.) old div. Vergada, (Dalin.) isl. ver-chel'lz, ver-sely! lé ver-di-e! eT ey ver-dong ver-dog! | Virodunum. ver-deiing' verdana! stir gaé-ron! aS ver-dtt-nod-a! ver-ca' da } Vergara, (Sp.) ver-ga' ra Verin, (Sp.) ve-rin! Verlica, (Dalm.) Dele) | Vermandois, (Fr.) old div. ver-mang-do-a! Vermanton, (Fr-.) ver-mang tong! Vermejo, (PI. Conf.) r. ver-me! clio Vermelho, (Braz.) r. Verneuil, (Fr.) Vernon, (Fr.) Verdcze, (Slav. 3 g. Wero- witz.) Veroli, (Pont. St.) Verolongo, (Pied.) Verona, (Austr. It.) Verrua, (Sard.) Verruchio, (Pont. St.) Verrucolo, (Tusc.) ver-nely! ver-nong! ve-réh-tse ve'ro-lt ve-70-lOn! co ve-ro'na ver-7¢o'a ver-190' ki-o ver-7¢q' ko-lo “- ver-sa-2!, ver-sily! ; @. ver-sailz! wer-shiets — Versailles, (Fr) Versecz, Werschitz, (H.) Versoix, (Switz.) Vertus, les, (Fr.) Verviers, (Belg.) Vervins, (Fr-) Verzuolo, (Sard.) Vesuvius, (It.; i. Vesu- vio,) mt. Vesoul, (Fr-) Veszprém, or Wesprem, ver-so-a! le ver-th! wer-v7-e! ver-vang! t8 wert-s¢eg-0'lo ae ve-sog'vt-o vé-soo! ves-prehm ve-lo'ra DRI NE ve-va! véze-la! H.) Vetora, (Pont. St.) r. Veurne. See Furnes. Vevay, (Switz.; g. Vivis.) Vezelay, (Fr-) ae Viadana, (Austr. It.) vi-d-da! na Via Mala, (Switz.) defile. vi-d-ma'ld Viana (Port.) vi-a'nd Viana do Minho, (Port.) vi-d!nd dog min'yog Viana, (Sp.) vi-an' ya Viareggio, (C. It.) vr-d-ret! Fo Viaro, (Lll.) haven. wi-a'r0 Viatka, (R.) gov. vi-dt'ha Viborg. See Wiborg. vi borg Vic, (Fr.) utlen FS Vic en Bigorre, (F'r.) vik ang bi-gore Vic sur Aisne, (Fr-) vik stir ane Vic le Comte, (I*r-) vik lé kongt Vicarello, (C. It.) Vicus Aurelu. Vicari, (Sic) Vicente, San, (C. A-) __ Vicenza, (Austr. It.) Vi- centia. Vich, or Vique, (Sp-) -22- sona, Vicus. Vichada, (N. Gran.) 7. vi-cha'da Vichy, (Fr.) @que Calide. vi-sh! Vico, (Nap!}.) vi'lo Vicovaro, (It.) Varia. vt-kd-vd!ro | Vidasoa, (Sp.) vi-dii's6-a eee vi-ki-rel'lo ve kd-rt% sun vi-then'te vi-chend' sd vik, wilke as s in pleaswre. — 7 final, Fr. 7¢. — 0, between v and ft ver-mel/yog | a ala a io femal 1 ~ — mn at = i 7 i \oe ee j | s Pe ———— i i eer ae ~ Tr i es ae | PD a |! | I RON TUN TCLs A it | o TION OF MODER ‘OC ss F Sag at i IN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES | Vidigueira, (Port.) pedicran ——— " : ¢ ge / -d2-7@' t-ra || Vieille-Vigne, (Fr.) vi-e-2! (v7-ely") aT Snowe da Ra Rane (Pott. villa no'varda raintya | Vitré (F'r.) ; ae : mae (v27-ely' )voa217 lilanova da Rainha = é J” } ? vt-tre! j ° \ UY u 5 L i Vieille Brioude, (Ft Sia cs ae Sr ERS ota nalva da rd-in'va Vitry le Francais, o Be i | Vieja Guayanz 2/0 -) VUU-E-2( Vt ehy) 5ri-oqde! WaT Cahete,) | ) = Zaa7rd-inya | Vitry sur i cs (Fr. { v2-tre' le Jring- sa! ieja Guayana, (Co I Y Villa ste va de Cer | ur M: ime, goats {| can J d, (UCo1i0om ).) ) vi-elcha mc (P Nova de Cervelra, ) pete , | Vittoria, (Sic 5S v2t-tri! stir marn f Ui Nase epic cee -e'chad gog-d-ya'nd ort villa NG le s TP a, (Sic.) i | “VWienn: os § 2 ser-va'2-ra | Viv v2t-t0'ri-a ienna, (Austr. ; @. Wie Villa Ne ara (Nay 1.) Austr. 5 2. : a Nova de Serb yis x DG ‘ ? ) -1 i ahora 16 ien.) ve-en'na raz le Olivencé ! vil'la no'vd de 6-li-vang'- Vivarais, (Fr.) old distr a ye ce eH | Vienne. (Fr r revi’ Wing : sa > | Vivero, (S he 2-vd-ra HH | venle, (Fr.) r. Vigenna, vi-en! V ila Nova de Portimao, wil'la no'va de vor-tt | vi eau S Pp.) vi-ve'ro 4 1] SI (Fr.) Vienna. Deen! (I ort.) ; ! C vd de por-li- a IS. Nee Vevay. fifis 1} Vienne. Haute. (Fr ‘ man Coane eA ) iviers. (Fr. Ju Hepes Haute, (Fr.) dep. ote vi-en' Villanova do Principe Ceca aps yr ~1-v7-e! | || Vierlande, (N. Ger ) R BS ( pag | Vizeaya, (Sp.) ue At Jongg? ay | Sys ’ ; . ; m.) ( fihr'la by (Braz. ' st- | Va ardingen tH * vith kaya | smatt tervitor i. riait €e FOV i Orn i é i | , (Neth. Slehet cleat : 1 i |} Viersen, (Pr.) : fihr'zé Villa Nueva de Alcolea, | v lain otetnd daha. | Viadimir, ( BY rod ae din''gén 4 1 | ) shr!zén (Sp. fio 0 0g-e' vd de dl-ko- [lreyeca® yrs FOUD. vla di- J i || Vierson, or Vierz FE . a . (Sp-) j | Vlieland, (Neth.) 7s! CU een ke 1} Vv on, ( rie vi-er-song! (zi ona!) Villa N Se . | Vlissinge Ee. 5 EL vlz' land i fh ierw alc Is stadtersee, 1s illa Nueva de Gomez, (Sp ) villian Ca eds a | V ms ees See | lushing. olis'sin!loén Pi S ri ; .) villyad ngo-e!va de g6'mes | Vogelsberg, (Gerin.) : Fae AN ny it! | na stike- Villa Nueva del Pardillo, ) vil’ya ngo-t ~ | Voge ee titee See V iis Folaéls-béra! fies T- ‘ 1a GLU 5 s7l/ud noo-e'v aT. ) feseng ire a Ny o 5 'S i j ‘lest, (N ipl.) Apenesta@. (S ). ) . eB t00-€ Ud Get par- V oO. enge v. Tt » wee \ osves, vo-ce' zéen-we yay He | Vietri, (Napl.) Villa Nueva de San J Teen V Pranic ; fig j Te Akt ¢ = sva de man Jose 7h i P ws ss | g | | Viestice, (It.) prom. (Guat.) : viliyd nog-e'vd de sdn | Voigtland, (Sax.) old div it | Vieux Condé, (I’r.) Villanuova de Mondovi ) vil! cc ay | Voiron, (Fr.) v0-G-rone! iff i zai | 40} v2’ id-noo-o' vad le | T ‘i i vO-da-TOnRnsgs | | ' Vigan, le, (Fr.) Sie lease (It.) ? , Baye o'vd de mdn- | Volcan de Agua, (C. A.) Halal detnut aes 4 ii} t ¥ x ™ ~~" Foliew see ‘ ) 40° UT es \ yO a é i ro0-a f ! | Vigeois, ( Fr.) vi-70-a! ; NE Sy vil-ydali! | Volcan de Fuego, (C. A.) wol-kan' d a ve \ / -70-a “4 Serle Yael | xr CARO, (Us fhe) sol-kan! de fcoo-e'c a). 4h Vicevano, (Sard.) prov aS : illa-Real, (Sp.) miliid reall | Volcan de los Gigantes, (S ee Sct £ JGQ-€ go * : bi . Jc Ipas ee ee Cid-Le' va-no Villa Rea rey ~ pee i ‘ are See | \ gantes,(S. ( vol-kan ce los éhi-c i } i; j c teal. or ( . A 0 hi-od : i \ rig! emaile. (Fr.) — Asie oncepcion, / Hi fi.) vole. ) e = 3 cil?t-TaTt - | i | Ignemate, (41.7 m. Dimy-midle! (Para. S: A-) ( vil ya re-al! Volga. (R.) See Wol ) tes { . ce hee + r ._D > /, - — feels | .) 7 wee \ oa, ) } : pacorum. Vi’ go | Villa Real de Cuyaba, (Braz.) vil’! Fi Rha uae vol ga ; : } since | - ft wo) OMLA Te-a r k:oo-1i-ba! | =" | Uae ne Villa Real de Sao A ~ wililir "OO NG a | V oly nia, (R. } pol. Wo- } vi-ve!lra a tea de Sao Antao de ? "la re-al' de sa@’oone | lynsk,) gov. + vwol-hyi' e-a || iH nie / Aranilha, (Port.) 5 dana-ti' ) Me Vols r (Fi J | ; : j ?~ 4 \N nio-ta@’ oons ’ 7 _w.? ace y i . ax =f t-2-€ / 00ng ae a-ra- : 79 VOL-1Na } vi-lad-sish PRTeY ee ; ss n2l'y Volegnes wea be, EN 1} 7 a VillarejodelaPenuela, 2 vil-yd-re'cho « Volte ea Avs v0- -lony! | | ." (S1 > Ya-re cho Ge td pen OMerra, It.) ‘elitra , | | (ane: wae oy i Voltunne aanljed ee 12 | Villares eee yOQ-£ a irno, (Napl.) 7. Vul-} . 5) ? - vil ki Vy odyay IB i; Vv He ices a do la I R yna, (Sp.) vil-vi're de la rel en, | . 1urnus , vol togr'no * - , . i . f dao, (sp 7 ee inte eee | 4 1x ic (Tip / ' ¢7* vil-vWdar-cor | olvic, (Fr.) x } y Joss nD gey | Villa Rica, (Braz.) Sian 0 pa *4 vol-vik' i 1} Ud iete BeILD fd | Vil SiONE | 1 ee : ‘ villa ri'ka vi rarlberg, (Austr.) distr, f dre! arl'berZ || | vil-kO-mi'yo Ularica de la Concepcion, } vil! rs de li cdr Voértspatak, (Trans.) No Whee || | _ - Parag. ( t) : LE (Aa hON- Vosges. ] ‘A *)} ven-réush-pa-tlak i | | v7 hi a Will: 2 } ; he -1hs-5 i! ves, les nN} : Vo- i U ilarinha da Castanheir are s A : b 1] ly nace stanheira sil-ld-ri } ; gesengebirge,) mts 4 50 del { vilyd, sadn la mMa-r? a del Port.) a ui rin'ya dd kds-tin- | M rge,) mts. Vos-¢ le voge 1 | ' ; ) pi 7-ne : , os cesus Mi V asi] - ee "» Vi li lari inh de y Tamar < a ag —_ Vouga P rt “ 1} \ f ; ) »yRomao, ) vil-ld-rin'ya de sa! Voult : vO gt ‘ i Chor) . ya dé sa gone oulte, la, (Fr.) Volta la v ‘ \ ’ < i , ‘ ) rTo-mil Vrieslai : 2 ern Soe a v0¢ 1 1} Walla ; ) Villarubia de Ovana. (Sp.) 7 Voong — ai ae Sec Friesland. sristidnd Villach x -£% ju! Villatoba “1 lied any d de 6-Iiin Va V eas : ‘ poct-s/tin | a Fah 5s ( ALUSITY. ) V 1. : Vit-d-t : c uxOVar, (H.) OD tae . | Villa Cidro. (Sard. | Villa Velha de Rodado ) vn voo' ko-vahr ’ ry ‘ ry ~ || Villada, (Sp.) aro |, (Eort.) (OA a WE Ya erO-ad gone | ; | Vill 1; ss. Villa Verde dos F , } ‘ | ada Cachseira de Pa- ) : oe. | ye PLlicOs;. 47; i 7 doos franca! | i | raguacu, (Braz.) , o6-i'7-réd de (ort | eae Cugpht =) © petal E 1, (Braz.) ' 3 Vivlax 5 Loos ss | ; ; . ¢ / i iaVICIOSa S Villa da Princeza, da Bei- ) vil’la da e a \ Mt ~ ra, (Braz.) \ eae ape es Pore illaviciosa de Odon, (Sp.) |” é-tht-0 le 5- t : eae A h=s, ; ae, d f = | me Villadares. (Sp.) _balara Villac\ “ig aa CDH ) wilt) : : a | b ' 4 Ses vil-ya-da'res . / é 2 i VaAADT. S f Villa de Canqitenes, (Chile.) v2l/ se aso | Villa-Vieja, (C. A assllyiewt_elahi Wraadland vag es t Villa de Curico. (Chile. ) 5] (ae o¢ ei NES Villedieu | Pod! ie / “Ss v Aa 1d. 5 I ys di ) a: YONFATT- 2 he at'yd dé koo-r2'l aes ocle Fr.) tie e an! le mabe aud. * | Villa de Leon, ( Mex.) v Ot eal cet VE Y Villefort, (I'r.) ; Di ~ os oe le! Waag, H.) 7 ) i i i ~ 4 te yd dé L€-o7 rN) fe. ~ f Ore ii, & a. i. Villa del Fuerte. (Mex.) Piero ey a Villefranche de Rouergue, ) Waal. or Wael h.) s f Willa del Prince (ai ou ya del foo-er lt Ger) , vile-frinesh! d2 Rr) . VOul. 7) © A i ; a de rincipe, (4 wba.) asilly j ps ae Vi} ‘ , Srdnesh’ dé reo-er / Vaalwy k Neth : r ° ‘ vil Ya él prin thi-pe illena Sr) 7 5 on eae 1 XAT a te aN a - Villa del Rey, (Sp.) any ees an Vill aN ep vil-ye'nd Waatzen. See Waitzen. Villa de Sabara. (Braz.) DIU YA del re 2 eneuve, (OWIZ.; F ) Wachenheim, (Bay ~ a 4 ra. (Braz ) / . A ' ¢- > * nat l ae {i _} roel y “ as} 2 (des J anil Neus Lat O2iC-NCLT Wacker Lzme e Villa de San Felipe y San-) 2 tee oe, } Vill ive a? ) ; lessens (Bele ' + tiazo, (Mex.) j ak in fe-le'pe 2 ive d’Agen, (Fr.) vile-na&f da-fang! Wadowice, (Austr. Pol.) i! i y . f sda tr-a's Tillay : : ite | Wad ; any é ‘ Villadiezo, (Sp.) ope ti-a' ro Villeneuve d’Agenois. (Fr.) vil ae Weng Ash. See Guadix é / 17 i 2 ple m WAM AOS +) neu , sah ril ] A . na Fe ‘a do Bom Successo oe ya-U2~E Fo : ae , ife-N0-d | Va istepa. 8S Vadstena. ; : ‘ anivagis SSO, villla deo bong seog-ses'- | r milolnnble ro | Wadsoe, (Norw ~ fi rs} 7 soo ae ANE) oe ; } = 1 \ . i . Villa do Conde. (Port.) : SO¢ l let! | Wael. See Waal. | \ Vill; . ? it otlld deo kina'de fil] eres | Wacrescl ‘ H i: a | illa do Forte. See Forta- ) (YY hOND EES } e t ou’ zen | HANES 1em i go.) | leza. 7 vil'la doo fir'te | UilyO rio | Waerschoot, (Neth.) b ry = i j Hs } Villa do Principe, now } vil-mndn-strand! Wa aos, (Bele:) dist called Serro, (Braz ) vil'la d : pare : Wageningen, (Neth.) } » ( OLAZ, ) j 1 a00Q 71 St-pe XT} CURE. ) | agyocds Vachausel, ( Bad.) | | vind LON fac rvee ; ee | Vacram, (Austr.) i} | Wagrowiec, (Pr. Pol.) 1] | \ a || ( \ ' \ P) wcc gpm ee) y's | wil'vor og oes oe ae ) ( \ Le é Villafames, (Sp-) 6% . aah ||} Villa Feliche, (Sp.) ue es ee Vi lafeliz (Sp.) : . CHE y 1 e , eae ; rade, Or' a ¢ 3 a Villa-Flor, “Py rt.) a- ; hNvinmara: ; aden, Utl-vord Vaestadt, (Austr.) a { Vi Inf; é AN yeal imercate (Austr It \ Wr | Wablstad £*) a sta ij % : illafranca (Sp. Ji Ser aTon) IS{ty. it.) Yl- Hiner | ablstadt, (Pr. will! stadt | ' Villafr 9's fran’ hia } ens JUartits. i-mer-Kid' le | Wahring ey : Soe | iY illafranca de la Marismya, ) : | Viinieira, ( Port.) Bea Neeser eee AMUSE) vairing || : 4 } (Sn. SnTa, fran'kd de lia ma l Wimi ad, a3 rt.) ntmt-Glean Waiblingen Wirt. : for- ) 8s | owyia pad lary 73 co | imjoso. (Port. } ee pe Gah 2 , Saree VALE be 9 = shllenll j ‘ Villafr ees - 7 Ma | xr: Sh M, vi-mi-0' soc merly \ elincen_) . vedtirn'! cer | ee llafranca de las Abujas, ) vil!i d-friin') ; Vimontiers, (Fr.) emt 00 ae ety M ibelingen.) , tb'li oén | | ae i} Sp. , vil’: d-fran'ka de lis a- eos ? , Vi-mon«-ti-e! aidhofen, ( Austr.) yee \ i : Ve \ hoo'éhias = InaroZ, (p.) ase EAE Wai \ J ve JER 1 | e Villafranca de los Barros (ee pea | Vinea, (Fr ve vi-nd-roth' (rds') aitzen, or Wi on, } 5 1] ' - » aurro; 53 tas ' 7 | Ca, > \ / f 3 sstlep } (Sp ) 9 fa ya jran i de los bar'- | Vix isos Bee eS vanae-sii (Hs h. Vier) ( vil’ sen | Villa ) ros | MIDCONNES, (Fr. vano-sen! Walachia Wal | ranca de Panades, ) vill ya > Pic % Vincesa. (Sp.) PViscont > , E Bye allachia ( Sp.) on Lu ikia de pa-nd- | Vinei T Ef um. V2 1e'sd Au. Bur. ; te re. rs Palen, pal-lare-a 1} | \ des ; usc, : oF Valac : S . t iC-C i | l} Villafr ) | Vinhaes. (Port.) DIN Git alachie ; g Wall lachei.) ae ‘ ¢ %¢ vir \ i aS, “t \ “ss : } .. : me mae ) vill la-frana'Kd de shi! Waviinte i Ona es | Walcheren, (Ni yi vil! che-rén r vg / rau kid de Sit? ra i } glia, or ' - r.. oe +) si. il e er Villafranca di Piemonte ela fF gliz } ? ye ourt, (Belg val-kecr! ic ONE ) vil'liai fran'ka a ; pila (Sard Ce eeey ‘ SY L r (Sard. ) 5 Lid fran ka dz pi-é- | a +) 1 - win(ven -ti-mil/aya W al (Switz. ) Py ands Ville : , mdnite ke Be timeliuim, 5 mee eer eS Walk p Ss; / UGtat __ llafrec hos (Sp ) ! . Vigue . VV; xt u, \ R. ) val-di'% Vill: DRE vil'ya-fre'chas que. See Vich. rilke Waldeck : nae vil ufruela, (Sp.) rf re is | yy: : Vt ie aldeck, (Germ.) prin. val' dél: Vi ll \garcia, (Sp ; Dil yd- / Q-¢ la Viria. Vive W al Ideck “Pyrmont / \ illahermosa, (Mex.) vill yi t-7dyr tha | Pp») vir-ci' li ma-yore! (Germ. ) pri le { val dei-p ronont | Villahoz, (Sp.) -s Vil Ya er-NG' sa vi-se'og i Waldenburg, (Germ.) val! heora! | re m \ } a5) oa) ‘> . ( n-D TG | Villajoyosa, (S Vil ya-hotihk | j ah oe. Waldheim, (Sax.) f wen “eS | Vill wiles aa Se P.) pill Cho-0-7-0' ; vald hime a lalar, (Sp.) ) cf u 1-7-0'sd oO, \ionfe, ( Alps,) summit. mantte si! so Wa d-ee, ( W Urt ) wiald'ze ill vil yd-lahr! 1),) ere Sg aldstatter Seo, or Li oe i : Imperi ale del Oiro villa % oe str es ‘. vi'sd del Gl-kore! ] i ae See, or Lake } j| Preto, (Braz.) Coes im-pe-ri-a'le del x. Plinten- } : epee j 1} Walle 0-i!r00 pre't | vi-she! crahd | Waldurn, (Bad.) Iba del Acor (Sp.) d-t!reo pre'teo j es rali | y Ulalon (Ss Or ( p. wil-val' ba de a Tira | 7 4 pol. Wiis- ) VW alincourt, ( (Fr. \ . ed whe LhOT n 17 : ae asitel ye Te ity Halpangentt mI ) wil-aa-lo? ee | la; gf ‘ eichsel,) r (ie is t9Q-td Wallachei. e Walachia li (Sp.) aye aia Viterb (C Py Wallachiz . eae Village? (Sp. vil-ya!-pan'do 5 (C, It.) Bumim ) ie Tallachia. See Walachia. | Vill: p.) vil ON | le n@. vi-ter'bo Waldorf, (Sax.) AM é artins : MED) peed nan-yan aie q ; ) Wallend Ss -) Sa SE MNe v2l-yda-mar-ti , san, (Austr. It.) sain vill Vallendorf, (fH. : 2. Olaszi Sac ey : n | Vitori ANE } san vi'to wrellanstad oe asZl.) Fate, fc a pals eR) vi-ta'ri-d Vallenstadt, (Switz.) ¢ eras ee ee a ee t-L 1-tL nin : . mA dr, fal, wW hat, bat. — Méte prey, hélp, thé ; eee Wallerstein, (Bay, reat , here, her. — Pi ly ss a $$$ f Pine, marine, bird, fic. — Note, ddve, miv i ; ———_—_—_—__——— 9/7 t 9 > €, move, wolf, begk, lord. — Tiine, b “erenite 3 : ma 5 OULL, UILLLE, — Ol, VOI; Ol, house. — Fr. £1 long, a ——_| | | | | | | |] PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. Wallis, (Switz. ; fr. Valais.) Wallstadt, (Bav.) Walsrode, ( Han.) Waltersdort, (Germ.) Wandre, (Belg.) Wandsbek, (Denm.) Wangaroa, (Austral.) bay. Warasdin, (H.; 2. Varasd.) Waxberg, (Sw.) Warburg, (Pr.) Wardein, Gross. Grosz Wardein. Wardein, Klein, (H.; h. Kis Varad.) Wardoe, (Norw.) Wardoehuns, (Norw.) Warendorf, (Pr.) Warmbrunn, (Pr. Sil.) See Warnemunde, (N. Germ.) Warneton, (Belg.) Warowitz. See Verdcze. Warsaw, (Pol.; p. War- szawa; g. Warschau ; fr. Varsovie.) Warstein, (Pr.) Warta, or Wartha, (Pol.) 7. Wartenburg, (Pr.) Wasgau. See Vosges. Wasselonne, (Fr.) Wasserburg, (Bav.) Wassigny, (Ir.) Wassili Ostrow, (part of Petersburg.) Waterland, (Neth.) distr. Waterloo, (Belg.) Wattignies, (Fr.) Wattrelos, (J'r.) Wavre, (Belg.) Wavwre, (Pol.) Waxholm. Wazemmes, (Fr-) Weddingen, (Pr.) Wedel, (Denm.) Wednesbury, 07 Wodens- bury, (Eng.) Weerdt, or Weert, (Neth.) Weerelo, (Neth.) Weert. See Weerdt. Weeggis, (Switz.) Wegrow, (Pol.) Wehlau, o7 Welau, (Fr.) Wehrau, (Pr-) Weichsel. See Vistula. Weichselburg, or Weixel- ) burg, (Austr. ) Weichselmtinde, (Pr.) Weiden, (Biv.) Weidlingen, (Austr.) Weikershein, (Wnt) Weil, die Stadt, (Wiurt.) Weile, or Veile, (Denm.) Weile-Fjord, (Denm.) mlet. Weilbach, (Germ.) Weilheim an der Teck, (Wirt.) Weimar, (C. Germ.) Weinheim, (Bad.) Weinsberg, (Wutt.) Weipert, or Weypert, (Boh.) Weiszenburg, (Bav.) Weiszenburg, Stubl, (H. ; h, Fejérvar, Szekes. ) Weiszenburg,Ober,(H.; Fejér Varmegye, Fels.) Weiszenburg, Unter, (1. 5 h. Pejér Varmegye, Also.) Weiszenfels, (Pr.) Weiszenstein, (R. Weiszenkirchen, (H.; h. Fejertemplom.) Weiszwasser, ox Neu-P6- zig, (Boh. ; b. Biela.) Weixelburg. selburg. Welau. See Wehlau. Weliki Luki, (R.) Weljaminow, (R:) Wels, (Austr.) Welten, (Neth.) Wendel, St., (Pr.) Wenden. See Venden. Wener, (Sw.) lake. Werchni Udinsk, (R.) Werchoturie, (R.) Werchuralsk, (R.) Werdau, (Sax.) Werden, (Pr.) Wrerl, (Pr-.) NVernigerode, (Pr.) Wernitz, (Bav.) 7. Werowitz. Werschitz, Wersecz, See Vaxholm. See Weich- See Verdécze. See Versecz, val'lis wal'stadt viis'ro'de val'térs-dorf! vang-dre! vands'béke vdn-od-710'a va-rash-din var berg var bogrg gros var-dine! kline vir-dine! var' dar viar'd&-hoos! va! rén-dorf varm'! bregn! var'ne-miin' de var-né-tong! va'ro-vits war' saw, var-sha' vi, vin" - show var'stine var'ta var'tén-boorg! vas! rou vids-lon' vas! sér-beorg! was-sin-y?! vas-st!li o'strof va! tér-laind! via'tér-ld' ; e. wa'ter-loo! val-tin-yt! watr-lo! vdvur vav're viks'holm vda-zem! véed' din! gen vel del wenz'bu-ry, vulgarly wedge! bu-ry wehrdt ve!re-lo! wehrdt veg! gis véeng! grov vellou ve'rou vik! zél vik! zél-beors! vik!zel-mtun' de vel den vid! lin! gen vi kérs-hime! dz stidt vile ville v2! le-fydre! vile! bach vile'hime dn dér tél v2' mar vine! hime pins! bére vi'pert vis'sén-boorg! stool vis'sén-bogrg' 6! béx vis!sén-boorg! [tan azelcd af oon'tér vis!sén-boorg vis! sén-fels vis'sén-stine! vis'sén-kir! chen vis! vds'sér vik! zél-boorg! vellou ve-l7/ki log! kt wel-yu-m'no f vels weél'tén zankt ven! dél ven'dén wel nér verch!né oq-dinsk! wer-cho-loor'ye viréh-qq-rdlsk! ver! dou ver'déen verl ver! né-ge-rd'de ver nits ve'ro-vits wér! shits Wertheim, (Bad.) Wesel, (Pr.) Weser, (Germ.) 7. Wesprim. See Veszprém. Westeraalen, (Norw.) isls. Westerads, (Sw.) Westfjord, (Norw.) gulf. Westerloo, (Belg.) Wester-Norrland.® See ) Hernésand. Westervik, (Sw.) Visurgis Westerwald, (Germ.) mt. ch, West-Kapellen, (Belg.) Westluga, (R.) Westphalen, or } Westphalia, § Weteren, (Belg.) Wetter, (Sw.) lake. Wetterhorn, (Switz.) m. Wetzlar, (Pr.) Weypert. Sce Weipert. Wexid, (Sw.) Wezep, (Neth.) (Germ.) Prov. Wibelingen. See Waiblingen. Wiborg, or Viborg, (Denm.) Wiborg, or Wyborg, (Finl. >t f. Wupuri.) Wiczemilow. Widawa, (Pol.) Widdin, (‘Turk.) Wieliczka, (Austr. Pol.) Wielun, (Pol.) Wien. See Vienna. Wiener-Neustadt, (Austr.) gebirge. Wieprz, (Pol.) r. Wieringen, (Neth.) Wieruszew, (Pol.) Wiesbachhom, (Germ.) mt. Wiesbaden, (Gerin. Wiesen, (Germ.) 7. Wiesloch, (Bad.) Wiflisburg. Sec Avenchies, Wildbad, (Wutrt.) W ildbad-Gastein. Gastein. Wildhaus, (Switz.) Wildspitzferner, (Tyrol,) 7 Wildungen, (Germ.) Wilensk, 07 VVilno, Wilhelmsburg, (Germ.) Wilhelmshihe, (Hesse.) Wilkomirz, (R.) Wilkowyszki, (Pol.) Willanow, (Pol.) Willebroek, (Neth.) Wilmanstrand, (Finl. 3 f- Lapperanda.) Wilna. Sce Vilna. Wilno. See Wilensk. Wimpfen, (Hesse.) Windala, (Sw.) late. Windisch, (Switz.) donissa. Windisch Gratz, (Austr.) Windisch Matrey, (Tyrol-) Winendael, (Neth.) Winkowa, (R.) Winnenden, (Wurt.) Winschoten, (Neth.) Winterberg, (Boh.) Winterswyk, (Neth.) Winterthur, (Switz. ) Wipper, or Wupper, Germ.) 7. Wirtemberg. Sée Wurtem- berg. Wisby, @w-) Wischegorod, (R.) Wisla. See Vistula. Wislica, (Pol.) Wismar, (N. Germ.) Wisniowiec, (Pol.) Wisseerad, (Turk.) Wissemhourg, (Fr.) Wisznicz, (Gal.) Witebsk, (K.) Witkowo, (Pr. Pol.) Vitmarsum, (Neth.) See Vin- Wittenberg, (Pr.) Wittenweiher, (Bad.) Wittingau. (Bol.) Wittstock, (Pr.) Wladimir, (R.) Whiadistawow, (Pol. ; for- merly Nove-Miasto ; g- Rosterschuitz.) Wihoclawek, (Pol.) Witodawa, (Pol.) Wiodzimierz, vie; % short, bit. —Fr. & long, ew short, nearly as in spur. — dy, a CAs Or dh nt hd aol ) Wieselburg, (H.; Mosony.) See Nimburg. Wienerwald. Sce Kahlen- ) —— t. | | : vehrt'lrne vb! sél pe'zer wes-prim veés'tér-d'lén weés'te-roze! vest’ fyore ves'tér-lo! vés'tér-nor'land vés'tér-vike! ves'tér-valdt! véest'ka-pel'lén vést-loo! ga veést-f a’ len west-pha'le-a ve'téern vel'tér wet! tér-horn! vets! lar we pert ve ki sh&& ve-zép, commonly veksp vi! be-lin!! gen vi! borg vil borg wit-she'mi-lov vi-dd'va vid-dine vye-litsl’ ka wye' lear vine vi/nér-noi' stadt vilnér-valdt’ vyeprsh vi'rin! en vye-rc9' shif vis! baeh-horn’ vis! ba-den vi'zél-boorg! or'zen vis loch vif lis-boors! vild' bad vild' bad-gds' tine vild' hous vild' spits-fer'ner vil'dgan'' gen villénsk vil/hélms-boorg! vil! hélins-hér' he vil-kd'mirsh vil-ko-vish! kt vil-la'no f vil'le-brogl villmiin-strand! vil/nd pil'no vim! pfen vin-dd@ li vin! dish win! dish grats vin' dish ma! trt vi/nén-dale! vin-ko'vd vin'nén-dén pins! Eho-ten win! tér-bérg! vin! térs-vike vin'ter-toor! ! vip'peéer vir'tém-bérg! 5 e. wir!tem- berg! vis! bt vi-she! go-rod vis la vis-lit!sa vis! Mar ~~ vis-ni-Oe7 Ets vi! she-orad vis-sang-boor! vish! nitsh wi-tédsh! wit-ko'vo vit!mar-sem vit'ten-bérg! 5 e. wit!ten- berg vit! tén-v0'hér vit! tin!! cou vit! stok vla-di! mir vla-dis-la'vo f ylo-tsla!vek vlo-da'va wlod-zi!myersh ly, ny, liquid. — An!'ger. — &, eh, guttural; g as Wodensbury. Wolfenbtittel, (Germ.) Woltersdijk, (Neth.) isl. * ) | Wérschack, (Au See VV ednes- Woldenberg, (Pr.) none wenz' bu-1y Woebbelin, (N. Germ.) verb! be-line! Wohlau, (Pr.) vollou Wolanow, (Pol.) vo0-la'no f Wolbérz, (Pol.) voll boorsh Wolchow, (R.) 7. vol cho f Wolezyn, (R.) vol’ chin wal! dén-bérz! voll fén-Lit' tél vol’ férs-dike! Wolga. See Volga. vol’ ca r Wolgast, (Pr.) vol! cust Wolkowysk, (R.) Wollin, (Pr.) Wollmirstadt, (Pr.) W ologda, (R.) Wolokolamsk, (R.) Wolotshok, (R.) 7. Wolsztyn, (Pr. Pol. 5 g- W olstein.) Wolynsk. See Volbynia. Wordingborg, (Denm.) Orthunoaa. Worgl, (Tyrol.) Workum. See Woudrichem. Worms, (W. Germ.) Bor- } betomagus, Wormatia, 5 Worms. See Bormis. Wornie, or Miednilki, (R.) Woronesh, (R.) Worringen, (Pr.) Buruncum. ——~ tr.) fort. - > > v WY Woskresensk, (1 Wosnesensk, (R.) Woudrichem, ov Workum, (Neth.) Woynicz, (Gal.) Woynitaw, (Gal.) Wraclawek, (Pol.) Wreschen, (Pr. ; pol. W reszu1o.) Wrietzen, or Brietzen, (Pr.) Weschowa. See Fraustadt. Wulen. See Filehne. Niinschelburg, or Hradek, (Pr.) Wunsidel, (Pr.) Wuipper. See Wipper. Vupuri. See Wiborg. Wurtemberg, (Germ.) king, Wurzburg, (Bav.) oo Wusterhausen, (Pr.) Witegra, (R.) Wijk by Duurstede, (Neth.) Wijkel, (Neth.) Wijnberg, (Cape G. Tope.) Wyshni Wolotschok, (R.) Wyszkéw, (Pol.) Wyszogréd, (Pol.) Wyszynice, (Pol.) Wytikon, (Switz.) X Xacua, or Jagua, (S. A.) 7. Xalapa. See Jalapa. Xalisco, Jalisco, or Guada- laxara,(Mex. Conf.) state. | Xalon, (Sp.) 7: Xamiltepec. (Mex.) Xanten, (Pr.) Xaraina, or Jarama, (Sp.) 7. Xarayes, (Bol.) lake. Xauxa, or Jauja, (Peru.) Xejuy, (Parag.) 7. Xenil, or Genil, (Sp.) 7 Xerez. , See Jerez. Xerez, or Jerez de Ja Fron- tera, (Sp.) ; Xerez de los Caballeros, (Sp.) Xerta, (Sp-) Xertigny, (Fr.) Xexui, or Jejuy, (S- A.) 7 Xiadz, (Pol.) Xiloco, Jiloco, (Sp.) 7 Xicotlan. See Zocotlan. Xilon, Jilon, (Sp-) 7 Ximena. See Gimena. Ximena do la Frontera, (Sp.) Xingu, ( Braz.) 7. Xochimileo, (Mex.) Xorullo, Xurallo, or Jorul- lo, (Mex.) vole. Xucar, Jucar, (Sp.) 7 ¢ in pleasure. — 7 final, Fr, wol-ko-visk! vol-line vol’ mire-state! vo'loo'da v0-la-kd-lamsk! vd-lat-shoke' volsh'/tin, vol! stine v0-linsle! vor! ding-borg! vaaral Ss vor'kéaum vorms ; &. worms worms vorn'ye wd-ro'nésh vor'rin!' cen voir! shach vos-lere-sénsk! vos-ne-sénsk! vou' dri-chem Ty vo-2-nitsh Las , = vo-t-n?' lo f vrats-la! vets vrésh! én, vresl'ni-6 vritisen wsho'va voo'lén vii shél-bogrs! voon'zt-deél vip per vitt-pqo-rt vhir'tém-bérg! ; e. wurl- | tem-bera! vitrts!bogrg! burs veo! stér-hou!'zén vi! te-ord vilke bt door! sté-de orkel vine! berg vish'ni va-lat-shdke! vish' kkoof vi-sho! grcgd vi-sht-nit! se vi! tz-hkon ; e. wurts!- o - cha! eo-a Cha-la'pa | cha-lis!ko | cha-lon! || cha-mil-te-pek! ksan'tén cha-ra' ma chd-ria! yes | aN | cha! go-chi éhe-chog't | Ehe-n7zl’ Ghe-reth! che-reth!' de la frén-te'ra | éhe-reth! de los ka-bal-ye'- TOs cher'ta gser-tin-yt! che-chog't kshonds éhi-lo'ko ehi-kdt-lan! éhz-lon! ehi-me'nd cha-me'na de la fron-te!ra shin-299! Ghd-ch2-mil'ko cho(cheg)-roql’yo che kar re. —@, between v and ifs =| \Pb atta oe ae ¥ r 7 fa * as , a typ ne ae fete ee : oem cm ie Y, HET, (Neth.) culf. het z Yagua, (N. Gran.) ya! 299-a Yaguache, (Ecuad.) d-299-a' che Yaguary, (Parag.) r. ya! coo-a! ri Yagui, or Auras ll, Yamparaes, (Bol.) Yapura, Japura, (Si A's) 7% Yaqui, (Mex. )r. Yassy, or Jassy, via; g. Jasch. , Yavari, ox Hyabary, Ybera, or Caracares, (S. (Mex.) r. yd-799/% yam-pa-rii' es ey ya kt sohlahs yas sht (Molda- ) j ya-vd-ri! A.) lake: t-be'ra Ybaichalval, Yberg, (S W itz. Ybicuy, (¢ BAS) r. Yeacos, ( C uba, ) headland. Yebenes de San Jttian, (Sp.) a ba-7-chal' val of a'ber & > q- -bi- koo'? Z ye-a kos (Sp.) 7. ) Yecla, (Sp.) yelkld Yenikale, (R.) ye-nt-ka'le Yepes, (Sp.) Jspinum. ye'pes ; | Yerba-Buena, or San -/ba-boo-e'nit | Franc isco, (Calif) Gat) SO BROCE SEC | Yéres, (Fr.) r. yere Yeste, (Sp.) yes! te Yeu. See ile d’Eu. yr Yffiniac, (Fr.) tf-fi-ni-ad! Yerande, (Fr.) t-grangd! Yguazu, Guazu, or oN 4 A-snol -700-d-s Guazu, (Braz.) r. 2=£00-G-S00 Ylo, (Peru. Z'lo Yist, (Neth.) 21st Yngaren, (Sw.) lake. tin! gi-rén Yonne, (Ir. )r. Icanna, yon York. See Toronto, york Ypane-Guazu, (S. A.) r. i-pii-ne- 509-d- thog! Ypacaray, Cone) lake. t-pd-kd- rill i Yperle, (Belg.) 7. 2-p ér-le! Yperen, .! yer, (Belg.; fr.) ., Vv at E > ( i fi i'pern, ipr I . y Yrieix, S St. sang-t-i-ri-a Yronde, (F r.) i-7rongad! Ysendijk, (Neth.) 2! zén-dike! 4!zer, t-serc! Yser, (Belg. and Fr.) r Ysly, (Algeria,) r. ¢s-li! ¥ssche, (Belg. ) ts! che Yssel, (Neth.) 7. zs/sél ) 7zs'sél-mon'de, is-sel- ) mongd! is!sé l-stine! Ysselmonde, (Neth.) isl. Yss selstijn, (Neth. ) Yssingeaux, or Yssen- a ee A geaux, (F'r.) is-sdng(sdng)-£6! Ystad, (Sw.) Jstadium. Au! stad Ytapua. See Itapua. 7-ta!poo-a Ytara, (S. A.) >. 7-ta'ra Yucatan, (C. A.) state. Yucay. See Vilcabamba. Yupura, or Japura, (S. A.) vr. Yuste, (Sp.) convent. Yutay, (S. A.) 7. yoo-ta't Yverdun, (Switz. ; ¢. If ferten.) Sce Neufchftel. 190-ki-tan! yoo-ka't yoo-pog-ra! yoos'te “as pee_ lf I i-ver-dAng Ebrodunum. Yvetaux. See Ivetaux. ive-to! Yvetot, (Fr.) ive-to! Yvica. See Iviza. 4!vi-thi(si) Yvré-PE rveque, (Fr.) Yzeures, (Fr.) %-vre Te- véke 4-2Air' L. ZAANDAM, Zaardam, or Saardam, (Neth.) Zabern. Sce Saverne. zahn'ddm, ztihr'dam tsa’ bérn ye'be-nes de sin chog-dn! Zabola, (‘Trans.) Zaborowo, (Pr. Pol.) Zacapa, (C. A. Guat.) Zacatecas, (Mex.) dep. Zacatena, (Sp.) Zacatin, (N. Gran.) Zacatula, (Mex.) Zac htleven, (Neth.) Zaffarano, (Sic. ) Zaffaria, (Sic.) Zafra, (Sp.) Zagorow, (Pol.) Zagrab. See Agram. Zagvva, (H.) r Zahara, (Sp.) Zahna, (Pr.) Zaklikow, (Pol.) Zakonia, (Gr.) distr. Zakroczyn, (Pol.) Zalamea, (Sp.) Julipa. Zalathina, (Trans. ; g, Kleinschlatten.) — Zaleszcezyky, (Austr. Pol.) Zatosce, | Zalt-Bommel. S_ | Zambrow, ( Pol.) | Zamora, (Sp.) Ocellodurum. Zamosé, (Pol.) e Bommel. | Zandvliet, ( Neth.) | Zanen, Oost and West, ? | (Neth.) ) | Zangara, (Sp.) r. Zanguebar, (E. Af.) | Zaniemysl, (Pol.) Zapardiel, (Sp.) Zapatosa, (8S. A. N. Gran.) ) lake. j Zapotilan, (Mex.) prom. Zara,(Dalm.) Jadara. Zaragoza, or Sari ‘ agvossa, (Sp.) Cesarea Augusta. j Zat rand, (H.) | Zaratan, (Sp.) Zara Vecchia, (Dalm.) Zarewo Kokshaisk, ( Zarizyn, (R.) | Zarki, ( Pol.) | Zarskoje Selo, (R.) Zaruma, (S. A. Ecuador.) | Zarza de Alange, (Sp.) | Zarza la Mayor, | Sp.) | Zarzuela, Zatet, or Saaz, (Boh.) Zator, (Gal.) Zawatow, (Gal.) Zbarasz, (Austr. Pol.) Zbirow, (Boh.) Zdiar. (Sp.) See Saar. Zdonice. See Steinitz. Zduny, (Pr. Pol.) Zeali and, (Neth. ; d. Zee- ) land,) prov. ; Zealand, (Denm.) isl. See ) } Sjelland. j Zebeny. See Seben. Zebrak, (Boh.) Zeclavin, (Sp.) Zedelghem, (Belz. ) Zeeland, (Neth.) prov. Zeil, (Bav.) | Zeiselmauer, | Zeist, (Neth.) | Zeitz, (Pr.) | Zelaya, or Celaya, (Mex.) | Zele, (Belg.) Zelechow, (Pol.) | (Austr.) distr. Zell. See Celle. Zell. See Mariazell. Zellerfeld, or Cellerfeld, (H.) t Zemplin, (H.) Zenta, or Szent: a, (H.) | Zerbst, (N. Ge rm. ) Pol.) (Switz.) Zerkow, Cer Zermatt, PRONUNCIATION OF MODERN GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES. za'bo-la sa-bo- 70'V6 tha-ka-pa! thia-kd-te/kas thda-kd-te'na tha-kd-tin' pe ka-too'la éht'lé-ven af. f dgra!'no a-T7 ‘a lrof sah-graltb sad! yi-va thd-a'ra tsa’/nd sd-kli'ko f sa-hd-ni!a sd-lrot'shin thd-lia-me'a Sd-i at/na sd-lesh-chi' kit sd-los'tse zdlt-bom!meél sam! bro f tha-mo'ra on sts1 zund'vlite $a 7 ~ ; bog Ohst, vést, 2d’nén thin! cd-rii zan-ge -bar san-ye'mishl tha par -di-e U af tha- pa- to 'sa tha-p6-ti-lin! dsi'ra thi-rd-cob'tha sd-rahnd thad-rd-ti u dsa'ra v 0 kok-sha!tsk ‘tstin tsti-reé hd-1 ye se-lo! thit- r"¢ Qo! ma thir! tha de a-lin'che thar’ tha la ma-yor! zi/land zi'land Se- be ni she-brahk the-kld-vin' zeldel-, rem Zé ‘land tsile ts?‘ zél-mou! ér zist tsits aie aye elle — se-le!chof tsél tsél sél lér-felat! sem-plin; ¢. ts em-plinel Sseén- -ta tsérbst sér'ko f tsér-mat | Zélyom, (H. ; | Zombor, Zezere, (Port.) 7. Zevenaar, (Neth.) Zevenbergen, (Neth.) ZgierzZ, (Pol.) Ziegenhain, (Germ.) Zielenzig, (P r.) ze-ze-rel z€'vén-ahire zé'vén-béer! gén(gén) Laws sgyersh eres = ’ ts7' 7 en-hine tst-lént! sig Zierikzee, (Neth. ) zi'vik-ze Zillerthal, (Tyrol,) valley. tsil/lér-tile! Zilli. See Cilly. tsil/li Zimapan, (Mex.) thi-ma-pan' Zimite, (S. A. N. Gran.) Uvi-mi-te! - Zimony. _ See Semlin. si-mony Zips, (H.) tsips Zipserhaus. See Szepesyar. tsip'sér-hous! Zirknitz, (Austr.) lake. tsirk'nits Zirl, (Tyrol.) tsirl Zitlaltepetl, (Mex Zitomirz, (R.) Zittau, (Sax.) Zioczow, ( Aus tr. Pol.) Zituczew 0, “(Pol.) Zmeinogonsk, (R.) on iim, or Znaym, (Mor. ; . Znogmo.) Zniec how, (Pol.) Zoagli, (Sard.) Zoar, (Barb.) prom. Zocotlan, or Xicotl: in, (Mex.) Zofingen, (Switz.) Zotkiew, (Gal.) g. Neusohl.) (H.) Zomborinum. Zans, (Pr.) Sontinum. Zonzonate, or Sonsona (C. A.) dep. Zorgvliet, (Neth.) Zorita, (Sp.) Zorn, (Fr.) 7 Zorndorf, (Pr) Zsambek, (H.) .) mt, thit-lal-te-petl shi-to!mirsh tsit' tou slot! sho f slogt-she'vo sme-t-nd-gonsk! - snd'im, sn6-i-mo m~ snye'chof ds6-al' yt so/dr tho-kot-lan' tso'fin!’ gén i i-éf! so- Ie om z0m-bor tsons shol’ ate, ) thdn-tho-nd'te zor! oliht tho-ri'ta sorn tsorn! dorf sham-bel | Zsolna. | Zsomboly. Zschoppau, (Sax.) See Szolna. See Hatzfeld. Zirbiena, (Pied.) Zc km intel, ( ( Austr. ; for-) merly E delstadt.) j tshop'pou shél-na io shom-boly dsoo-bi-e'nad tsogk!man'tél Zeros, (Sp.) thog-e'rds Zug, (Switz.) cant. tsoog Zuglio, (Austr, It.) ts oglt yo Zuid Beveland, (Neth,) isl. endeared, or Zuy dersee, Neth. ; g. Stidersee,) rulf. Zuid Voorn, (Neth.) Zujar, (Sp.) Hetera. ZO id béla e-land z01' dér-ze zoid vohrn tic och ar isl, Zulia, (Venez.) dep. thog'Ti-a Zullichan, } Pr.) { tsoglidich’ou Zillichau, | \***7 peat tsil/l ich-ou Zuilpich, (Pr.) Tolbiacum. tstil’pich Zumarraga, (s p. ) theo-niar'rd-ca Zumpango, ( (Mex.) thegm-pan!' ©o Zuniga, (Sp.) thoon'yi-ga Zurgen: 1, (Sp.) < thoor-che'nd Zurich, Zurich, (Sw itz.) cant. zt'rik, tst'rich Zurzach, (Switz. tsoor!tsach tsogs'mars-hou!zén zhit! fen thoo'vi-a zou dér-ze! tsoots zwiart! slois Zusmarshausen, ( Zutphen, (Neth.) Zuvia, (Sp.) Zuyderzee. See Zuiderzee. ZUuz, (Switz.) Tutium. Zivartsluis, (Neth.) Zweibrucken, See Deux- ) Ponts.) Zwettl, (Austr.) Zwickau, (Sax.) Zwiespalten, (Austr.) Zwittau, (Mor.) Zwolle, (Neth.) Zwyndrecht, (Belg.) Zydaczow, (Gal.) Zydowo, (Pr. Pol.) ( Bay.) tsvi-briik'kén tswétl tswik'kou tsw7?' spal'tén zvit' tou zwol'le zwine'drécht shi-dat' sho f si-do'vo Zytomirz. See Zitomirz. shi-t6'mirsh 2 “o~ Zywiec, (Gal. ; g. Seybusch.) shi'vyeéts Fate, fir, fall, ges bat. — Méte, prey, hee thére, hér. — 1376 Pine, marine, bird, fig. —Note, dive, move, wolf, book, lord. —Tiine, bull, unite. — oi, boy; ou, house. — Fr. & long, Whol e number of Pages, 1460.SS THE ONLY COMPLETE ENGLISH DICTIONARY. Ce WEBSTER’S QUARTO DICTIONARY, Jia U NASB Ra DG a Deak Containing THREE THVEES the matter im this coumtry, Or amy Abridgment of this wor 12,000 Names 5 ILLUSTRATIVE QUOTATIONS, amd advamtages found im mo other work. YET I§ SOLD AT A TRIFLING ADVANCE ABOVE THE COS A VOICE FROM THE NORTH-WEST! In additio > 1 y fr > disti *slrac . : A 7 n to the testimony from very distinguished gentlemen, friends in the Western States, given under the appro- ith that from other sections of the country, we are peculiarly gratified in being able now to submit the following testimonials, mainly d growing section of our countiv, so rapidly filling up with an active, enterprising population, a ard as Dr. Webster’s Dictionaries afford, that purity in the and | ential to keep us free from provincialisms, and preserve This is only in keeping with the enlarged liberality and sagacious intelligence, which these the earliest moment of their separate existence, in the educational advantages to be furnished priate head, w of very recent origin, as showing, in that vast an full appreciation of the importance of securing, by the universal use of such a staid use of language, as to the meaning, Orthography and Pronunciation of words, so ess us a people of “ one language and one speech.” young States of the West have manifested, from I< of popular education, the young; outstripping even, in some respects, the older Atlantic States. 1, FROM MICHIGAN. From Francis W. Shearman, Esq., Superintendent of Public Instruction for Michigan, and ex-officio Secretary of the State Board of Education. (Addressed in a letter to a gentleman in the West, much interested in Common School education.) “OFFICE OF SuPT. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, MicHIGAN, Jan. 27, 1854. ‘The anxiety to have the work [Webster’s Unabridg- ed,] has led our teachers, in many localities, to take up contributions from the scholars to purchase it. There 1s but one common feeling in the State in relation to the import- ance of introducing the work into our Township Libraries and School Districts with as little delay as possible. My own opinion in relation to it has been so fully expressed in my Reports, that I need not repeat them. The work and the Series, must and will be introduced into our Libraries, our Schools and our Districts. The State Board of Education have adopted them in the State Normal School. The State has presented a copy to each of its officers, for the use of their offices. The Board of Education for the city of Detroit, Jnst winter, unani- mously asked an appropriation to place the Unabridged work in its Schools. I feel a great interest that the NORTH-WEST, which has taken such strides in the education line, should act as a unit in officially introducing the Dictionary into the schools, libraries und families of this section. It is an important object to be accomplished, to have our whole American youth taught to write, spell, and pro- nounce alike. Our Orthography should be uniform. Our population of the North-West, made up of citizens from ull sections of the Union and of the old world, will be more or less characterized by provincialisms and dis- crepancies in the use of language. We have constantly immigrating among Us families from the various sections of Europe, whose children find their way into our public schools. It is all importunt we should have a uniform standard and 2 common reference, both for writing and speaking the “ Bnelish language correctly,’’ and that our youth should thus early be protected from the ** harsh dis- cord” which will necessarily result from the adoption of different works in Lexicography. T have desired to correspond with the Superintendents of our North-Western States on this subject ; and can not find it in your way to suggest to gentlemen hold- you the North-West, whether this thing can not be taken up ing like official positions ‘with myself, in the States of | by all of usasa unit? You may use my name officially to a general) recommendation for the purpose, in any way you choose, in concurrence with the other Superintend- ents. It would redound to our credit as an educational people. I am, dear Sir, very respectfully, Yours, FRANCIS W.SHEARMAN. From Efon. A. Eclich, U.S. Senator from WHiehigan. “This great work is now known and appreciated wherever the English language is spoken, and, in my opinion, is destined to supersede the works of all farmer | writers in the same department. By the superior merits | of the production, the author has not only wou for him- self a reputation, but has reflected honor on his country. He has treated the subject of the English language—a difficult and irregular one at best—in a manver at once able, critical, and philosophic. His work not only ex- hibits its progress. and present condition, but will effect much in securing und reviving the strength of the lan- guage in its future use. In my own adopted State. [Michigan] much interest Is felt in the cause of education, and although in almost every department of learning, the works of numerous au- thors contend for superiority and preference, the Diction- ary of Dr. Webster stands without a rival.” 9 FROM INDIANA. The State Board of Education of INDIANA, at its ses- sion in November, 1853, by a formal vote adopted Web- ster’s entire Series of Dictionaries as the Standard au- thority for all the public schools of that State, and Professor Larrabee, the uble State Superintendent, says : “Dr. Nonh Webster's Unabridged Quarto Dictionary +g considered indispensable to every teacher in our State, as the standard authority in Orthography, Pronunciation, und Defining; and Webster's smaller Dictionuries are equally indispensable in all schools where an English Lexicon is required. he introduction of Webster's Dictionaries is indeed an urgent necessity, that the rising generation mny be taught to spell and pronounce alike, and also, that all may learn from the highest authority the use und mean- | ing of words.” T OF OTHER AND LIMITED DICTIONARIES. found im amy other English Dictionary compiled k: 2 GEOGRAPHICAL TABLE of and other peculiarities aus tons ¥ 3. FROM WI Krom Governor Barstow, of Wisconsin. “ Executive DeraRTMENT, MapIson, Wisconsiy, Feb. 14, 1854. “J do sincerely concur in the numerous recommenda- tions, which exist for that work [ Webster's Unabridged Dictionary,] and sball take great pleasure in recommend- ing it to general use in the schools of this State. WM, A. BARSTOW, Governor of Wisconsin. —— From Eis Excellency, Leonard J. Barwell. [Late Governor of Wisconsin.) “Executive Orricr, Manison, ? Wisconsin, May 10, 1803. “ T have long regarded Webster’s Unabridged Diction- ary of the English language, as the only perfect, ade- quute supply of that erentest want of every language, particularly of ours, which is the sggregate of so many and so various accretions. Every scholar must feel that its value is inexpressible, since its pages contain, and will for years present, f-ready, accurate, and reliuble resolution of every question arising from the etymology, and past and present significance of any properly Eng- lish word.” L. J. FARWELL. —_—— Krom Hon. Mf. A. Wright. State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wiscon- sin. [Addressed to a prominent friend of Education in the West-] «< OFFICE OF STATE SUPERINTENDENT, ¢ Mapison, WIs., Feb. 22, 1854. § I have learned with much pleasure from letters of pub- lic men, deeply interested in the cause of education, that eurnest and united efforts are being made to intro- duce Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary into the schools and school libraries of every school district in the North- Western States. As a standard American Dictionary of the English Language it is unequaled, requiring no ee) a rs a Pe aa cs « iv aay i mare Se rr) ——Fs a em a To 7 Sa Sink a ain oat lta “hie i AGO WEBSTER’S DICTIONARIES, commendation from me after it has received the most | Javish testimony in its favor, by the most profound schol- ars of this country, ond the favorable judgment of the learned world. Combining completeness in its Vocabul- ary, with correctness in Orthography, and accuracy In Pronunciation, well established by usage, and exhib- iting the most extensive etymological researches, It Is prominent as a NATIONAL STANDARD; and should be in the possession of every scholar and every person desirous of becoming one. ; ee There is an urgent necessity for its introduction into public schools, and I shall not fail to avail myself of the first favorable opportunity to urge upon the Legislature of this State, the propriety of taking such legislative ac- tion as will cause this work to be placed in every district school in Wisconsin, and I trust the enlightened view in which they will regard the subject, will be such that this desirable object will soon be accomplished. Feeling a deep interest in the general diffusion of knowledge, and particularly in my own State, which has taken and maintained so noble a position in the cause of popular education, I regard the introduction of this work In our public schools as a most important step in afford- ing the means for the acquisition of an adequate know- ledge and correct use of our own Innguage, Let it be not only recognized but used as the Standard Dictionary, not only for reference for the teacher in the school-room, but for the scholar; thus securing a uniformity in the pronunciation and use uf words, and_ preventing the fur- ther spread of provincialisms now so frequently heard. I think you can rest assured that Wisconsin will not be the last in adopting into her schools this inestimable volume. Yours truly, H. A. WRIGHT. State Supt of Public Instruction for Wisconsin, Krom A. R. Ladd, Late State Superintendent of Public Instruction for Wisconsin. Manison, Dec. 31, 1853. “« As n defining Dictionary, I think Webster’s unequal- ed by any in the Janguage. His Quarto Dictionary should have a place upon the school-room desk of every teacher in the State.” 4. FROM IOWA. From Governor Miempstead of Iowa. “ EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT, ?) Iowa, Feb. 3, 1854. § It is na work which is an honor to America, and to every land where the English language is spoken, and as such should be made the stundard for our Schools, Col- leves, nnd literary institutions. To insure uniformity and a complete knowledge of our language, this work must be Inrgely disseminated among the people, and for that purpose no better niode could be devised than its intro- duction into our Common Schools. Every school-house should have a copy to which to refer by teacher and pupil.” From the Jowa Journal of Education for January, 1854. A National Standard—Webster’s Quarto Dictionary. The Entire Work Unabridged, 1455 Pages, Crown ‘ Quarto. Webster's Dictionary, University Edition. Webster's Academic Dictionary. Webster’s High School Dictionary. Webster’s Primary School] Dictionary. Forming a Complete Series, and affording n NATIONAL STANDARD, thus securing Uniformity of Orthography und Pronunciation for the millions thut are to constitute this vast Republic. So much has been snid by the highest Jiterary authori- ties in this, as well ns in foreign countries, in favor of Noah Webster's Dictionary, that, we are fearful, no room Is left for us to occupy in the matter. Wehowever, ernve the privilege of making one of the number of the great lexicogrupher’s admirers, and we deem it our duty, ns such, to state for the benefit of those who have never thoroughly canvassed its claims, our reasons in full for our admiration. If by so doing, we can nid in the slight- est degree, in ‘securing uniformity of Orthography and Pronunciation for the millions that are to constitute this vast Republic.” our efforts will not have been in vain, and we shall feel a degree of satisfaction which will am- ply repay us for our efforts in its behalf. We regard Webster’s Quarto Dictionary as superior to all others for the following reasons: Ist. Its Vocabulary is complete. He must be fastidi- ous indeed who would seek to abridge or enlarge this work in this respect. Every word in actuel use, that would not deform a Dictionary, can here be found. 2d. Its Orthography is in accordance with that system which hus been sanctioned by general adoption; and the author has indicated his good sénse by not insisting upon violent departures from tbe general spelling. Three years of incessant labor on the part of Prof. C. A. Goodrich, ‘assisted by several gentlemen distinguished in litera- ture and the sciences,’’ have rendered this work nearly perfect in respect to its erthography. 3d. In Pronunciation it is simple, precise, and accu- rate in giving a just exhibition of the Janguage as pro- nounced by educated men—our only standard. 4th. The Table of Scriptural Names, the Classical Table, and the List of Geographical Names, are all re- vised and rendered complete in the new edition. But the crowning excellence® of this great national work, and one which renders it incomparably superior to all others that ever uppeared, is to be found in its ex- hibition of the Etymology of the language and the extent avd correctness of its Definitions. It muy be safely asserted that no other dictionary has | even mnde tlie attempt to exhibit the roots of the great body of English words, as also those of kindred words in other Jangunges. This feature alone renders this dic- tionary a desiderntum which no scholar can forego. The superiority of the Definitions in Webster’s Dic- tionary isa point long since yielded by all other lexicogra- phers. All have jotned in awarding him the meed of praise as the ‘*Gr:at Definer;’’ nnd well this may be done, for itis the only defining Dictionary of the Eng- lish Language. ‘There is no other reliable source for those who have occasion to search for the meaning of technical and peculiar words! Viewed as a whole, this Dictionary stands pre-emi- | nent; for it not only embraces all the desirable features which are to be found in other works of less note, but it olso has a character peculiarly its own, by reason of its Etymology and its definitions ; and in these respects it so much excels all others that have ever appeared, that it must become the NATIONAL STANDARD, and no influ- ences can bring about a different result. The University Edition, the Academic Dictiona- ry, the High School Dictionary, and the Primary School Dictionary, are abridgments of Dr. Webster’s Quarto Edition. Upon inspection it is difficult to suggest any alterations that would better fit them for the several departments for which they are designed. If our limits would permit, we would dwell at length upon the importance of introducing’one copy at least, of Webster's Unabridged Dictionary into every school- room in the Union, and of placing an abridged copy in the hands of every pupil. This must eventually be done, and the sooner the better. From Thomas H. Benton, Jr., [Superintendent of Public Instruction for Iowa.) Iowa Ciry, Iowa, Feb. 15, 1854. y I embrace this as the earliest opportunity of saying that [ cordially approve the suggestion of the Hon. F. W. SHEARMAN of Michigan, in his letter to you under date of Jan. 27th, 1854. * : * x * * * * I would add that I indorse the sentiinent expressed in the concluding paragraph of an article in relation to Webster’s Dictionary, in the January number of the ‘Iowa Journal of Educetion.’ Yours very truly, THOS. H. BENTON, Jr, Supt. of Public Instruction. -p>e__—_—_—_- The National Intelligencer of April 19th, 1852, says of Webster: ‘It is the Dictionary of all Dictionaries of the English language, full and precise, and is the book of all others essential to all professional men, all men of science, all prititers, and, indeed, every man who under- stands the force of words, nnd the importance of an ac- curate and perfect knowledge of the vehicle of his own ideas and of the thoughts of others.’’ It is acknowledged, both in this country and America, to be the most copious and most excellent at present in cir- culation.— Editor of London Imperial Dictionary, 1849. THE BEST AND MOST USEFUL DICTIONARY OF ENG- LISH LANGUAGE EVER PUBLISHED.—London Times. We rejoice that it bids fair to become the standard Dic- tionary to be used by the numerous millions of people who are to inhabit the United States—Signed by one hun- dred and four Members of Congress. WASHINGTON, June 31, 1850. I possess many Dictionaries, and of most of the learned and cuitivated languages, ancient and modern; but I never feel that I nm entirely armed and equipped, in this respect, without Dr. Webster at command. DANIEL WEBSTER. 5. FROM OHIO. From the Annual Message of His Excellency, Gov. WOOD, to the Legislature of Ohio, Jan. 1852. “The Assembly might do much to improve our Com- mon Schools, and to promote the cause of education, by providing for suitable Libraries in every School District, such as would be adapted to the capacities and tastes of youth. In Massachusetts, every school is furnished by the State with Webster’s Dictionary. ‘The same is recom- mended by a committee of the New York Legislature for the Empire State. It is admitted to be~the most valuable work of the kind extant by the learned men beth here and in Europe, and its general use in our schools would break down all provincialisms, so to sp2nk, and produce uniformity and elegance in the use of our language. Words would then be used by every one, in the same sense in which they are defined by that ablo Jexicographer. 6. FROM ILLINOIS. Krom Gov. Viatteson of Illimois. EXxEcurIvE OFFICE, SPRINGFIELD, 27th Feb. 1854. Dear Sir :—Plense accept my thanks for the very elegant copy of Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary. most beartily concur in the many commendations of the work, and shall take much interest in endeavoring to have the work introduced into the various common schools of this Stute. The superior execution of your edition will do much toward this end, and will aid in producing a public appreciation of the unwearied re- search and labor of the grent author. As a STANDARD Work every American should feel a lively interest in its universal adoption. J. A.MATTESON.” 7. FROM CANADA. The Board of Education of Upper Canapa, have recently placed WEBSTER’s UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY at the head of their List, as the Dictionary recommended for the schools of the Province, and have purchased a quantity of that work, to commence the supply.) ; Sa oo Peon ’ eee eae WEBSTER’S DICTIONARIES. TESTIMONY OF THE BOSTON TEACHER . From J. D. Privprick, Esq, late Principal of the Quincy School, Boston, and now Associate Principal of the Connecticut State Normal School. “Syrare NoRMAL SCHOOL, New Brurratn, Cr., April 18, 1853. Messrs. G. & C. MERRIAM, GENTLEMEN :—I have the pleasure to assure you that the teachers and pupils of the Model Department of this Institution, are truly grate- ful to you for the fine copy of WessTEr's UNnaBRIDG- ED AMERICAN QUARTO DICTIONARY, which you sent for their use. The pupils have free access to it, and it is in constant requis on. Its beneficial influence on the scholarship of the school is already visible. ‘The scho- lars ure beginning to appreciate the difference between euersine ut the import of the terms used in their text ooks, and knowing their meaning with precision and exactness. A copy of the work, furnished by tlle State, had been in use in my school-room in Boston, during the two years preceding my removed to this place, and was used more than all the books of reference in the library, which contained o good selection of that class of books. My observation of its utility ina public school has fully convinced me that it is just the thing needed in every District School in the State. This great work is the product of the State of Connec- ticut, and she ought to have taken the lead in furnishing it to all her schools, for the use of her children. I know of no means whereby the common schools of the State could be benefited more at the same expense, than by placing a copy in every school-room. I hope the day is not distant when the State will confer this blessing on her children. Very respectfully yours, JOHN D. PHILBRICK.” From Isaac F. SHEPHARD. Esq., Principal of the Lyman School. “ Boston, April 27, 1853. Messrs. G. & C. MERRIAM, GENTLEMEN -—I take Jeasure in adding my testimony to the great value of EBSTER'’S UNABRIDGED AMERICAN DICTIONARY. In my labors as a ‘Teacher in the Boston Schools for ten years, J have not been without the work, for reference, at all times, by both Assistants and pupils. \ consider it an invaluable companion ; and in the etymology and definitions of the language, strict, faithful, copious, and understandable; in short, just what is needed by every man, woman and child in the Union, who would know the language we use. Massachusetts is deserving of the deepest gratitude of her children for the gift of the book to all her public schools ; and [ trust that not only Con- necticut, who is especially bound to the duty, but every Stute in the Confederacy, will speedily follow her exum- ple. Yours very truly, ISAAC F. SHEPARD.” From R. G. Parker, Esq., Principal of the Johnson School, and author of Exercises in Composition, @ Treatise on Natural Philosophy, and various other Text-Books. “Boston, April 26, 1853. I beg leave to assure you that Webster's Unabridged Dictionary is seldom out of my sight, and is the only one to which I ever refer for the meaning and etymology of a word. Notwithstanding | have some objections to the orthography* of Mr. Webster, [ prefer his Unabridg- ed Dictionary to any and ail others, and could { have but | , . . : : rm ~| sch nde 1 ey » way of experiment. one, his would be thé one { should select. The clearness of hool under my eye; by way © f his definitions, the eluborateness with which he has traced the etymology of his words, and the transparency, so to speak, which he has thereby given to their proper signi- fication, are fentures in bis work, which have made it the Dictionary of the English Language, and him a ben- It is destined, in my opinion, to supplant all its predecessors, and to be- come the great fountain to which all will resort for efactor to all of Anglo-Saxon origin. draughts of pure English. Respectfully yours, RICH. G. PARKER.” — From Tomas SuEeRwin, Esq, Prin. of the English High School, Boston, and author of a popular trea- tise on Algebra. “Boston, April 26, 1853. Messrs. G. &.C MerriaM,—GENTLEMEN :—I regard Wesster’s Dictionary us a highly valuable work, and an essential one to every critical scholar; and I think that a copy of it should be accessible to the pupils of all our District, Grammar and High Schools. Respectfully yours, THOMAS SHERWIN.” — From Wm. H. Szavey, Esq., Principal of the Elliot High School, Boston. “ Bosron, May 10, 1853. Messrs. G. & C. Merriam :—I am happy to express ee ¢ ina subsequent note, Mr. Parker says ‘that Webster's Ortho- graphy will be the standard, [ have no doubt,’ my full concurrence in Mr. Puitprick’s favorable opinion of Webster's Unabridged Quarto Dictionary. I subscribe to this opinion after more than four years experience and observation of the effects of its use, in and out of the school-room. From GrorGt B. Hype, Esq., ssociate Principal of Messrs. G. & C. Merriam:—* * It highest pleasure to do any thing to extend the use of this invaluable work. write the English Language, should have a copy. Next to the Bible, I consider it the Book. From James A. Pace, Fsa., Associate Principal of Messrs. G. & C. Merriam.— * cently observed more particularly the constant requisi- tion, and consequent high estimation, in which WEB- sTER’s QuaRTO Dictionary, is held by the boys of this schoo]. 1 have known it to be consulted, asa last resort, and always with evident satisfaction. thority of such importance ip all contested points of or- thography, definitions, &c., as to call for Webster at once. Its usefulness in the study of Grammar, by furnishing book. Let it be understood to be highly commendable in every pupil not to pass one word in his lesson which he could not define; and when one member of a class fails to explain a word he has used, let that word be put to all the class, or in case of fnilure there, to the whoie school, and the interest in the book will become so great that instead of one copy,a dozen will be wanted for the use of the school. No one who has examined Webster's Quarto Dictionary can doubt the utility of frequent reference to it. It is almost an Encyclopedia, as well as a book of definitions.” WEBSTER’S SCHOOL DICTIONA- RIES IN NEW HAMPSHIRE. The Board of Education of New Hampshire, recently voted to recommend Webster's School Dictionaries for the use of the common schools of New Hampshirs. ours, WILLIAM H. SEAVEY.” —_——- the Dwight School, Boston. “ Boston, May 14, 1853. gives me the Every human being that can speak or Yours truly, GEO. B. HYDE.” From the Central New-Yorker, April 8, 1852. “There have been two Noahs in this world. who have, we trust, entered n blessed world to come—the Noah of Diluvian days, who conducted the Representatives of the Living creation over the world of Waters—and the Noah of Modern days, who has navigated the Ark of the English language over the deluge of a world of words. All other Dictionaries are swamped in the deluge, like the inhabitants of the old world, and no high mountain of distinction, ambition, or pretension, has had suffictent altitude to overtop the flood of oblivion that washes them under, and overwhelms them in the silence of death and forgetfulness. But ‘Nosh entered the ark with all his house,’ and outlived the flood. So Noah Webster and all his faith- the Dwight School. “ Boston, May 27, 1853. * * * T have re- In scores of instances during that time I The pupils consider this au- a clue to the menning of a word, and thereby to the sen- tence; its general copiousness of definition, and of illus- trative quotations, place it, in our estimation, above every other work of its kind. Respectfully yours, JAMES A. PAGE.” WEBSTER’S DICTIONARY IN ENGLAND. A somewhat singular circumstance has recently trans- | the work of the great American Lexicographer :— “An edition of Worcester’s Dictionary hus recently been publisbed in London, and is advertised as ‘ WEB- STER’S* Critical and Pronouncing Dictionary, &c., en- larged and revised by Worcester.’ On the title-page WesstTeEr is placed first, in large type, and WORCESTER follows in another line, in smaller type, and the book is lettered on the back, ‘ Webster’s and Worcester’s Dic- tionary!) The London publisher seems quite aware that the Eng- lish public will only accept, as a genuine article 10 the Dictionary line, something Inbeled WEBSTER, and so covers his wooden nutmeg with a coating which has the genuine aroma, ‘This beats Jonathan. The article from which an extract is given below is from the pen of one of our most accurate scholars, ‘acute observers, and devoted friends to schools. {Pro- fessor E. D). Sanborn, of Dartmouth College.) Gran- ite Farmer (Manchester, N. H.) Nov. 19, 1852. «“ About a year ago, Mr. Merriam, one of the publish- ers of Webster’s Quarto Dictionary, gave to the writer an order for a copy of that work, to be used in some I took the dictionury and placed it in a tuition school, in the village, composed of pupils varying in age, from four to eighteen years. I visited the school and informed the pupils that the book should be at their service if they would make good use of it. I also expressed a wish that all the scholars who could write, should keep small com- mon-place books, and write down in them every word, which occurred in their lessons, of whose meaning they were in doubt, and hold themselves in readiness to report to their teacher, at any time, the number of words they had thus had occasion to look out in the dictionary. This plan was adopted, ang most of the pupils found a The older scholars consulted it quite often, so that there were, sometimes, a number of The dictionary bas now been used three terms, and the interest in it is unabated. The pupils have become more interested in finding every They read with a more 1n- telligent appreciation of their author, and understand better I am satisfied, from this trial, that Webster’s Dictionary might be very use for the new book. petitioners at the same time. word they do not understand. the subjects studied in their text-books. profitubly introduced into all district schools. IF THE TEACHER IS INTERESTED IN THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY, THE SCHOLARS WILL BE. It is very easy to call forth the ambition of a whole school by encouraging the use of common-place books for recording both the words which are not understood, Let it be understood that these little books are to be exhibited at the examination of the school, and that pupils will be questioned as to the mean= ing of words which they have recorded in their own books, and there will be no want of interest in using the and their definitions. re ate ba, Ne las - ful followers preserved the Progeny of the English Lan- guage, and are rapidly extending it over the Pagan, as pired in England, showing the estimate placed there upon | | | well as Christian world. Again, Language has been a gnarled and tangled web, that none could unravel and straighten wal, until o Webster arose to accomplish the task. Others only made the tangled web the worse, or broke and tore it into shreds aud putches, but our Webster has analyzed and synthetized it, has unraveled and woven the web into warp and woof, into a beautiful pattern. Noah Web- ster’s Dictionaries are the standard spellers and definers of the English language the world over—soon to be the Court Language of the world.” EncycLopepia oF ScreNcE.—“ We_ must pay this compliment to WrEBSTER’S Quarto DicTionary,—it contains scientific terms not to be found in any other work, and we have often been surprised to find that it contained full and clear definitions of many technical phrases, which we thought bad never been outside the workshop. It is a real Encyclopedia of Scvence, for it not only gives the definitions of scientific terms, but de- scribes the nature of many chemical acticns, and the operation of many machines. In its unabridged present form, it is complete, and no man pretending to scler.tific knowledge can be without it, In Chemistry, Architec- ture, Geology, Engineering, Mechanics, &c., &c., it is full and accurate, and is not only essential to the student in science, but to the most erudite philosopher. We are proud of this work as an American production ; it is certainly gratifying to know and feel that England looks to America as having now produced the standard work of the English language.”’—Scientific American, Oct. 4, 1851. From the National Magazine for April, 1853, (pub- lished at the Methodist Book Concern, 200 JWulber+ ry street, New York.) “ Webster's Dictionary, the entire work unabridged. Our readers are aware of our partiality for this work, for they must have perceived that we use its Orthography without a scruple. We are pledged to that, both because we approve it, and, we confess, because of a little national prejudice for the work, Webster’s Definitions are un= rivaled ; the merit of the work in this respect, 1s enough to settle its claims ; he was the best etymologist that ever attempted to define our language. Such provincial words as are necessary to Dictionary readers, have been admitted into the present edition with proper discrimina- tions. Some of. Webster’s more yiolent orthograpical peculiarities hnve been omitted. ; The Pronunciation 1s marked by a simple and excel- lent system of notation, and in difficult cases words are re-spelied. ‘The lists of Scriptnral, Classical, and Geo- graphical names are very full—the latter moreso than we have seen inany Dictionary ; 1t comprises twelve or thir- teen thousand names. Every American student, and, as far as possible every American family, should possess this great standard of our language. — From the Presbyterian of the West, March 21, 1853. &“ Noan WEBSTER, the best ortho¥pist and linguist of his age in this country, and perbaps without & superior in these departments In Europe, spent the greuter part of a long and industrious life, in arranging and perfecting this master-work. Since the author's death, in 1843, it has been carefully examined, revised and stereotyped ; and as now presented to the American people, 1s confessedly %. Se aces a ey ae sae ins oe oa fi =e eee4 ‘ Pt? 4 a ue 4 ; ri 4 2 Bea Ed ot , rE | . | ; 4 ao ; a | a 2 | 1% ; ; & # i i : { i a iteeeebemaaeete a ll eal ~ Peal deed tht eval A Sn a WEBSTER’S DICTIONARIES, without an equal as a definer, in amplitude and correct- | better known, or more generally read, in this country, ness, many respects the greatness and superiority of the coun try from which it emanates ; for us this country in com ing time promises to exert a controlling influence it shaping and molding the political destinies of the world— so this book will, we think, over the same minds exert its power in reducing to a harmonious unity of language . “ yes pee viata rans and speech the ‘confusion of tongues’ which now exists. From the New York (Catholic) Freeman's Journal. x x * those old worthies. ee not only in this country, but wherever the English lan- guage is spoken, most of the changes that were advocated by Webster, have been gaining in authority and becom- ing THE STANDARD METHOD IN SPELLING. This has given us occasion to reconsider the notions of our early | training. * * * Our good opinion of the work has so grown on acquaintance thnt it is only inadvertence, at moments when we have had opportunity, that has pre- | * We have spent some few hours in examining it, and have vented us from purchasing a copy of it. * * | | found some of our remnining objections to it as a stand- | ard, very satisfactorily answered.” | From the Ladies’ Repository, (Meth. Book Room,) Cincinnati, May, 1852. “We have found the work an indispensable auxiliary in our editorial Inbors, and except the Bible, it is the last book we should feel willing to part with.” From the Watchman and Observer, Richmond, Fa., March 3, 1853. “Tt is now, we believe, generally admitted among | English scholars that there is no Dictionary of the language superior to Webster’s—none more full—none more exact in its definitions, and none more reliable as a STANDARD.” — From Rey. JoHN Covert, President Ohio Female Collere. In our Institution we have adopted Webster's Crown Quarto Dictionary, (Unabridged,) Revised Edition, os OUr STANDARD authority in spelling, pronunciation and defining. We regard Webster as the obly reliable au- lishments should adhere, (Signed, ) JOHN Covert. CINCINNATI, 2]st Feb., 1852. The American Dictionary of the English L inguage, by Noau WEBSTER, L265. D:, the most honorable monu- ument of American liternture und talent, and of which everv American may be justly proud, after a strugcle of | nearly twenty years, may be considered, in its revised form, fully established as author ty in spelling, pronuncia- tiog, and definition. As such it hus been adopted by | states in their common schools, by colleges, by academies, | and most educnted men, who are in favor of a judicious : progressive reform in language, securing Simplicity in the spelling of words, and necuracy In their use. - In view of these facts, therefore, it is of grent importance that Webster’s Dictionary should be made the sranpaRD in our schools, and in al] text-books used in them. WM. GREENE, Ii. S. Brooks, ) EB ; ~ “ i ~LAMINETS O D. SHEPARDSON, -M. SIMPSON, { of HENRY Snow, f | Public Schools, | JosEePH Ray. ae S) College, Cincinnati, LymMANn Hanvine, Principal of Female Academy, Cincinnati. From the Annual Report of Hon. BELLAMY STORER, President of School Board, Cincinnati, for the year ending June 30, 1851. ““A copy of Webster’s (Unabridged) Dictionary has been placed in eacl: District School, for the use of the Teachers, and is now our STANDARD in Orthography, Pronunciation and Definitions. This great work hus become universally popular, and is sanctioned by the best | educators and scholars in our country.” | From the Pittsburg Christian Advocate, April 9, 1853. “This is now the acknowledged standard of the Eng- lish language, wherever spoken. England has laid aside her great Johnson for the American Webster. The English press generally, has ndmitted the * American Dictionary’ to be the best extant. Dr. Thomas Dick, thon whom no living or modern transatlantic Writer is | In its way as a BOOK, it stands ont bold and prominent to the American mind, and to the learned world, without a comparable rival—aptly symbolizing in “But, of Dictionaries, what one ? We have been educated in the contempt and horrer of Noah Webster’s on the ground that it is an innovution ; that it makes havoc of the fine old language of Shakspeare and Milton, of Bacon and Hooker, and all the rest of ‘ 3ut we bnve noticed more and more, during the last twelve or fifteen years, that thority, and one to which aJl our educational estab- - ¢ Cincinnate: H. H. BARNeY. ! Aly : - 7 it, and become, for the most part, possessors of it. Such | P. B. WitzeER, Pres’t Wesleyan Female | aes oe | | | Sive commerce, } - | of that language will be required.’ n | It is indorsed and eminent names which adorn American ought to obtain a universal circulation. house, academy, and college, every professional office, every reading-room, every library in the land, should contain a copy of Webster’s large Dictionary. All who aspire to speak or write the English Language with accnu- racy and force, will find this work an indispensuble auxilia- ry. To the young, whonre niming at self-culture and self- Improvemeut, it will be of the greatest value. A con- stant and careful reference to it will tend to form intel- lectual habits of much importance, as to accuracy, dis- crimination, and condensution of thought; for the work is remurkable for these properties, as well as for purity of language. Nor is it merely a book of words, people somet&nes imagine a Dictionary to be. fuct, an encyclopedia of know ledge. — sons,’ ’ as young It is, in * All young per- snys the Phrenological Journal. ‘should have a standard Dictionary at their elbow: and while you are about it. get the best ; that Dictionary is Noah Web- Ster’s—the great work unabrideed. © If you are too poor, save the umount from off your back. to put it into | yourhend.? Thisis true doctrine If you do not mean to | spell wrong, read wrong, speak wrong, write w rong—so huiting and blundering inteliectually, as long ns you live ——buy Wepsrer’s LarcE Dic TIONARY ; aud when you | have it, use tt.” From an American Mis tionary in South Africa. “ Umsunduzi, Port Natal, March 11, 1852. To Messrs. G. & C. MERRIAM: Dear Sirs,—The four copies of Webster’s Quarto Dic- tionary which you had the great liberality to forwacd to the South Africa Mission, by the Secretaries of the American Board, were duly received some months since, and by appointment of the Missi n, | have the | honor and pleasure to acknuow ledge them, and to say to you that we are under many obligations for so many copies of a most invaluable work. So great is the estimute in which this work is held in this distant Enctish cok ny, that many of my ellowsin labor, of the British government, bhnve already procured it, while others, in both public and private life, have sent for it or are about to do so. lis Honor, the Lieutenunt Governor. na reputed scholar, calling upon us more thin a year since, suw the work, In | admired, und at once ordered a cx py for his own use. About ua month since one of the civil iInagistrates inquir- ed of me where and how he could obtnin a copy for him- self. And only last week t} e Honorable the Se. retary to Government, a mun of much maturity in both yenrs and | Knowle Ize, passing a dz y ortwo w ith us, referred seve- ral times to Welster’s Quarto Dic tionary as the highest | Standard and indisputably the best work of the kind in the English languuee. Its generul merits and murked excellences nre too well known and ackn »Wledzed to re- quire of me any enume ration, had I the timeto make it. I will only add a word of my own experience. In 184] while a student at Yale, hnving at command only eigh- | teen dollars, and not knowing when or where I could ob- tain more, f pnid five-sixths of what I had for Webster's Diction: rv. "Oo volumes octavo: | cts, | cun say, after ten years’ study aud inbor, that, save my Bible, [ never bought a book to | me chenper, better, or nore useful. nnd deur as it was 1 ? , 1 j ’ ric ar But now the same work curefully revised and enlarged, and contnining, in addition. the valuable Pronouncing Vocabularies of Scripture. Classienl, and Gee graphical | names, may be hud for half, orless than half the former | price. | May every American youth and son of Britain, and every man of letters of every nation, socn have access to | is my wish and expectation. Every missionary, every | statesman, every man of science and literature, of exten- und true religion, of whatever nation, who knows its value, consults his own interest, and stu- dies to be useful, will endeayor to obtain it. and will find tan invaluable companion in all his pursuits: It has already found its way into the darkest parts of the world, and is exerting a silent, but steudy, elevating and pow- erful influence, directly or indirectly, upon the mind, character, and Innguage of every nation under the sun. In behalf of the American Zulu Mission in Southern Africa, [have the honor to be, respected sirs, Most truly yours, LEWIS GROUT.” NOAH WEBSTER AND HIS DIC- TIONARY, Phe Schoolmaster of our Republic: From the Pennsylvania School Journal for June, 1854. NOAH WEBSTER. [‘‘ When a youth at the Law School of Yale College, New Haven, we had the good fortune to become pretty says, ‘This Dictionary is undoubtedly the most complete This acquaintance grew out of frequent meetings dur- Dictionary of the English language that hus been pub- | i lished, and ages will elapse before any other Dictionary He declares it in ~ | every respect far superior to Johnson’s large Dictionary. Strongly recommended by the most literature. It Every school- Americans and others, and some of the principal officers | |NOAH WEBSTER—PROF. STOWE. | intimately acquainted with the great Lexicographer. ing early walks in the environs of the beautiful City of his residence. Without at first knowing that it wus he | We were attracted by the cheerfulness, apparent absence of all care, and evident kindness for the young, displayed | by our “morning” friend: and when informed of his | name, it seemed wonderful that he who was then (1828) engaged in the momentous undertaking of publishing his | great work, should display the characteristics just named. 3ut the quarter of a century since elapsed hus taught us | that the uctive and methodical pursuit of any business, | be it great or small, generally not only confers cheerful- | ness and kindness, but leaves abundant leisure for recre- ation, | The following tribute to Webster is from ““Glances at the Metropolis,’ an elegant work recently published in New York.—Ep.] “Jt seems to be one of the Jaws of Providence, that the founders of States shall never divide their glory with those who come after them. Moses, Solon, and Lycur- gus; Romulus, Alfred, and Washington, have left ‘none to dispute their fame. So it is with the futhers of learn- ing. The name of Cadmus inspires to-day, the sume veneration that was felt for him by Plato. No dramatic poet will dream of upstirring the throne of Shakspeare— no future astronomer will lay a profane hand on the | crown of Galileo. The world looks for no other Lliad —there will be no second Dante. Daniel Webster has interpreted the constitution, and Noah Webster left us a standard of the English Language, which will guide all SUCCEsSI Ve nges, “The pen is the only scepter which is never broken. The only real master is he who controls the thoughts of men. IThemaker of words is master of the thinker, who only uses them. In this domain he has no rival. He stands at the fountain head of thought, science, civilization. He is controller of all minds—to bim all who talk, think, Write or print, pay ceaseless and involuntary tribute. In this sense Nouh Webster is the all-shaping, all-controll- Ing mind of this hemisphere. He grew up with his country, and he molded the intellectual character of her people. Nota man hus sprung from her soll, on whom he hus not laid his all-furmine hand. His principles of Janguage have tinged every sentence that is now, or will ever be uttered by an American tongue. His genius has presided over every scene in the nation. It is universal, omnipotent, omnipresent. No man can breathe the air of the continent, and escape it. “The scepter which the great lexicographer wields so unquestionably, was most worthily won. It was not in- herited, it was nchieved. It cost a life struggle for an honest, brave, unfaltering heart—a clenr, serene intellect, No propitious accidents favored his progress, The vic- tory was won aftera steady trial of sixty years. Con- template the indices of his progress; for science, like machinery, measures its revolutions. Vhen the wheels of our ocean steamers have moved round n million times, the dial hand marks one. It was so with Galileo and Bacon—their books marked their progress through the unexplored seas of learning. It was so with Webster, When our republic rose, he became its schoolmaster. There had never been a creat nation with a universal language without dialects. The Yorkshireman can not now talk with a man from Cornwall. The peasant of the Ligurian Apennines, drives his goats home at evening, over hills that look downon six provinces, none of whose dialects he can speak. Here five thousand miles change not the sound of a word. Around every fireside, and from e\ ery tribune, in every field of labor und every fac- tory of toil, is heard the same tongue. We owe it to Webster. He hus done for us more than Alfred did for England, or Cadmus for Greece. His books have educa- ted three generations. They are forever multiplying his innumerable army of thinkers, who will transmit his name from age toage. Only two men have stood on the New World, whose fume is so sure to last—( Yolumbus, its discoverer, nnd Washington, its saviour. Webster is, and will be its great teacher ; and these three make our trinity of fame.” Under date of May 5th, 1854, Professor Stowe, late of Ohio, now of Massachusetts, says :— ~ Lam decidedly in favor of Webster, for the follow- ing reasons, to wit: ‘1. Webster is the most uniformly analogical and self-consistent. “2. Hissystem falls in most completely with the ten- dencies of the Janguage; and if in any thing he goes beyond present usage, it isin the right direction, and the usave will soon overtake him. “3. He hns present possession of the ground more than any other one. In the United States he is the authority every where, except in Boston; and even there, more than any other one. In England he has more authority than any other one, and is continually gnining. “4. He is the great American Philologist, the most learned and devoted scholar in his special department, thnt the English Innguage knows: and for this reason, other things being equal, he deserves the preference. “9. If we would have unitormity, we must adopt Web- ster, for he can not be displaced; but others may be. —J4 Ll 2 a | vi H fi ; ‘i hl ; pay } oH ST Me Aree aL Loe = SS a Tea a Weta Oh eToe t i i. en ae Det ee a ae I aoa ten a a ed - ee a ener a er a tT aie ae aty 4 ‘ t ——Cen Tt Se oe i a - oe — be et Pe ey iF : ; ! ae es Pa) an ee oe a ae ——= ewan ~ ra aUX OO1 59? ?0c t 3 Ps wa veer re . ae ; r ‘ z . - eres eee Ni Pa eet kt eGTESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. WHEBSTER’S QU ee ro DreTioNARY UNABRIDGED. — In the unanimous judgment of the leading literary press of Great Britain and the United tes, Webster’s Dictionary is the most learned, the most comprelien- sive, “and the most complete work of the kind in the English language; contaiing all that is excellent in Dr. Johnson’s great “work, with nu: merous philological corrections, more concise and accurate definitions, in many instances, and the addition of some sixteen thousand words — these additions consisting for the most part of terms used in the ya- rious departments of science and the arts, im commerce, manufactures, merchandize, and the liberal professions. —Jownal of Education for Upper Canada, Toronto, January, 1849. Our‘purpose is simply to recommend the present edition of it, (web; ster’s Quarto Dictionary,) withits copious additions to the text, as highly valuable publication. Great labor has been bestowed upon it and all the alterations and articles that have been added, so far as we have noticed them, are great improvements. We hope that it will obtain a wide and profitable cireulat ion. — North American Review, Jan- wary, 1848. i I regard this book as the most snecessful effort —the best published American book up to this time. — James Brown, Esq., firm of Little §& Brown, of Boston, re Tebruary, 1848. All young persons should have a standard Dictionary at their elbows ; and while you are about it, get the best : that Dictionary is Tt Noah Web- ster’s, the great work uni bridged. If you are foo poor, save amount from off your back, to put it into your head. — Phrenological Journal. Dr. Webster’s great work is the best Dictionary of the English lan- guage. — London Morning Chronicle. no Dictionary but this of Webster’s that can be adopted as a We cannot refrain from expressing a hope that our brethren of the type —the printers and editors of ne es myers especially — will adopt the orthography of Dr, Webster. Int spect, the printers of the present day have no standard. It time they had. — Boston Courier, December 30, 1847. There is standard. This is the complete Webster; and perhaps the only complete Diction- ary of the pata language. — Philadelphia United States Gazette. My judgment and feelings are most heartily and permanently en- gaged in doing all that I can to make W ebster the standard pened er the English is spoken, as it deserves to be, must be, is, and will be. Pr ofessor Stove. While this Dictionary is the most complete work of the kind that any nation can boast of, it is also one of the cheapest books eyer printed in this country. — New York Stute District School Journal. The principles of orthography adopted are such, on the whole, as are either allowed by good use, or are fast working their way The objections which have been felt and expressed against Webster’s Dictionary, we think, have been fairly removed by the corrections of Professor “Goodrich. Tm all other reapers ithas neyer had arival. In the completeness of the vocabulary, the fullness auc precision ae its definitions, its learned solution of the Bee source of words, and its apt and copious authori- ties, it is 4 work of amazing AeNor and sao Sy, Sa Ie goa English lexicography an entirely new t ing By ‘far the cheapest, most beautiful, and most useful ent of our lan- guage that can be obtained. — Biblical Reposvtor. y, January, 1848. mo ayor. The publishers of this work would call hte attention of School Com- mittees, Teachers, and others interested in the subject of education, to the following suggestions from William Russell, Hsq., author of ‘ Les- sons in Elocution,” ‘“‘ The American Elocutionist,” and also of a series of School Readers, etc. It is believed that no volume can be placed in a District School Library, that will be of so great service to teacher and pupils, as a copy of the new edition of WebSter’s Quarto Dictionary, Extract from a Lecture addressed toa Teachers’ Institute by William Russell, «The edition of Dr. Webster’s Dictionary, revised by Professor Goodrich, I would earnestly recommend to the attention of all teachers who are desirous of becoming fully qualified to give instruction in the English language. opious information which that work embodies on all topies connected with etymology,—the extreme exactness, as well 2s the number, extent, and fullness of the definitions which it fur- arenes to every important word, render it a mine of philological wealth to instructors. The volume is, in fact, the teacher’s encyclopedia, as well as lexicon, for caily reference. Could a copy of it be proyided, a the permanent property of every district school, the effect, as reamed ate pr peONE nen of instruction, would be deeply ‘and extensiy ely felt, in d skill of the teacher, and the higher attainments of ‘his most ix Arca part ¢ of education — the acquisition of an wledge proper use of our own language.’ aD The publishers have received an order, from the city authorities of New York, for forty-seven copies of the work, to be placed in forty-seven c? the public schools of the city, for the use of teachers and. pupils. — Spi pyfield Republican. At a meeting of the Board of Public Instruction of St. Louis, March 13, 1849, — “Resolved, That a copy of Webster's Unabridged Quarto Dictionary be placed upon the desk of each teacher in the grammar department of the St. Louis public schools, as a book of reference for teachers and pupils.” As an American, I am proud of the work. Itis gratifying to see that it gives such universal satisfaction. I shall recommend it as tle stan- da «in the public schools of this state. THOMAS H. BENTON, Jn., Superintendent of Public Instruction in Towa. ‘Che etymological part surpasses any thing that has been done for the English language by any earlier laborers in the same field. — George Bane croft. The American who cherishes the honor of the literature of his coun- try, may with d reason be proud of this Dictionary, and regard with ardent enthusiasm évery effort to give it additional value and a more extended circulation. The fact that such a work has been pro- duced in this country, a work which can be sent to the mother country as a Thesaurus in that common language which unites the mother and the daughter land, more valuable than any which England has produced, wilh all her leisure, her libraries, and her means of research, is fitted to ye us a just pride i in the past, and an ardent hope for the future ihe eG of the original now sleeps with the dead; but it was his rar fortune to hear, while living, from the lips of the excellent Chancellor ont the following words of eulogy. — Literary World, December 11, The following beautiful eulogy on Noah Webster, Esq., is from the Anniyersary Address delivered before the Connecticut Alpha of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, by the late Chancellor Kent, of New York : — “Por nearly half a century, ‘amidst obstacles aud toils, disappoint- ments and Tnfirmnitied? he has nobly sustained his courage ; an’ means of his extraordinary skill and industry in fine investigation of languages, he will transmit his name to the latest posterity, It will well on the tongues of infants, as soon as they have learned to lisp their earliest lessons. It will be stamped on our American literature, and be carried with it over every part of this mighty continent. It will be honored by three hundred millions of people; for that is the number which, it is computed, will, in some future age, occupy the wide space of territory stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, and from the torrid to the arctic regions. The American Dictionary of the Eng- lish Language is a work ‘of profound investigation, and “does. infinite honor to the philological learning and general literature of this coun- try. Happy the man who can thus honorably identify his name with the existence of our vernacular tongue. There is no other way in which mortal man‘could more effectually secure immortality beneath the skies. belisks, arches, and triumphal monuments seem to be as transient as the bubble of gereanl reputati on. No work of art can withstand the incessant strokes of “ . The unrivaled Parthenon, glowing in polished marble, and whie he for more than two thousand years, continued from the summit of the citadel of Athens to cast its broad splendors across the plains below, and along the coasts and head-lands of Attica, is now crumbling to ruins, after being despot of a most SxGpiSiie materials by savage war an heartless m e Pyramids of Egypt, whose origin is hidden in the alee heet recesses oe antiquity; and which haye always stood in awe-inspiring solitude and grandeur, are now annoyed by the depredations of curiosity, and greatly corroded by the elements, and gradually sinking under the encroaching sands of the desert. This ictionary, and the language which it embodies, will also sh; but it will not be with the gor Geo palaces. It will go with the solemn temples, and the great globe rtself!” One of the most important contributions ever made to a sound Amer- ican ditex atte se tie most complete work of the kind that any nation can boast of. WwW distinguishes this Dictionary above all others is the thorbuahnese and accuracy of its definitions; and this is the leading feature of such a wor This is a department of learning which is singularly difficult; and very few excel in it. It requires un- common clearness and comprehensiveness of intellect. Definitions often lose their point by being overburdened with words. Dr. Webster was wonderfully happy in the use of language. And his definitions are models of condensation and purity ; and the careful study of them, as an intellectual exercise, may safely be recommended to the young especially, as an important means advancement in knowledge. There is great fullness, too, in this work, in the defining of words; and in this yespect it might Be eulled an Enoyclopredia, presenting substan- g | tially. te circle of the sc n regard to Pap ancai oe we feel perfectly. eauspes that this revision places that subject on a truer ground than any other work of the . The system of pronouncing conforms to a pure and manly taste, adapted to the character of the JAG RED and is far removed from all ; ufectation and mere fashion. It is now, as we fully believe, in this revision, brought down to. Gin true circumstances of the community in all respects. And we hope it will find its way rapidly, not only to the schools and the study, but to the parlor, the counting- room, and to the every-day purposes of life. — Hon. Wilkam B. Cal- houn, December, 1847. oTESTIMONIALS CONTINUED. LETTER FROM Dr. Dicxg— Perhaps no foreign writer has been more generally read, on this side the Atlantic, for the last twenty years, than Dr. Thomas Dick. About twenty years ago, HE. & G. Merriam published, at Brookfield, several editions of Dick’s ‘‘ Christian Philoso- pher,” “ Philosophy of Religion,” and “‘ Philosophy of a Future State.” Some six or eight valuable works have since issued from Dr. Dick’s pen, which have been republished here, and have had an extensive and con- stant sale. One house in Phifadelphia publish ten different works of this author, and it may well be questioned whether any modern writer | in the language, on the other side the water, has circulated in this country so large a number of volumes. From such aman it is gratifying to receive a testimonial to Amer- jean art and learning. The following letter was received by Messrs. G. & C. Merriam, of this town, in acknowledgment of the receipt of a copy of “ Webster’s Dictionary,” by Dr. Dick, and does honor alike to the writer, and the gentlemen to whom it is directed. — Springfield Republican. : Brovucuty FERRY, NEAR DUNDEE, Sept. 12, 1849. Messrs. G, & C. Merriam. Gentlemen: I received from Mr. Wiley, Aldine Chambers, London, your yery valuable and highly acceptable present of ‘‘ Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language,” fo: lich I return you my grateful acknowledgments ; and as it\will always be in my study for reference, it will constantly remind me ‘of your kindness and liberality. Ls This Dictionary is, undoubtedly, the most complete Dietionary-of, the English language that has ever been published, and AGES WELL EUAPSE before any other dictionary of that language will betequined, VIt‘is, in every respect, far superior to the folio editions, éf Johnson's Dictionary. The introductory matter, on the or ind progress of language, etymology, the changes of the Bnelish Janguage, and other topics, contains an immense mass of useful information, which must haye cost the author a very great degree of labor of Scriptural, Classical, and Geographical names, forms a most valuable appendix to the Dictionary, and cannot be too highly appreciated. ‘As to the external appearance of the copy which yousent, it could not have been more elegantly and tastefully adorned, although it had been intended to be presented to her majesty, Queen Victoria. Its binding has been much admired by every person who has seen it, and reflects great honor on the taste and ingenuity of the bookbinder. I trust you will receive a proper remuneration for the risk incurred in publishing such a large and important volume, which contains a quan- tity of letter press greater than almost any other single volume in my possession. 1 presume it has an extensive sale. ; Wishing you all happiness and prosperity, and with many thanks for your jnyaluable present, I am, gentlemen, Your much obliged and humble servant, Lo LF (LL. D., of Scotland, author of « Christian Philosopher,” &c.] “J find it an invaluable vade mecum.”? “ Etymological part sturpasses any thing that has been done for the Eng- lish Language by any earlier laborers in the same field.” ponkie “ Byery scholar knows its value.” ee. ok. ce Ferdinand and Isabella,” ‘ Conquest of Mexico,” &e.] Jt is acknowledged, both in this country and in America, to be the most copious and most excellent at present in circulation. Dr. Web- ster spent thirty years on his Dictionary, ten of which were devoted to the etymological department alone, and he has accordingly thrown much additional light on the origin and pumalye sense of words, and on the affinities between the English and many other languages. — Editor of the London Imperial Dictionary. Sees [Author of GUAGE EVER PUBLISHED. — London Times. ceived essential improvements from the able hands it has through.’ : TO EVERY EDUCATED MAN.’ SusT DEFINING DicTIONARY in the English language. THE BEST AND MOST USEFUL DICTIONARY OF THE BNenisH WAN- { - “Tts reputation is widely extended. I doubt not this edition has re- | jal i passed | | Yanete Grates [LL. D., President of Harvard University.] “A yery valuable work —the book is full of learning —a NECESSITY Lf Nery hoon «The most useful Dictionary of the language.’ ie of opinion that Webster's is the I assure you it will give me pleasure, as far as I have the opportunity and ability, fo recom- mend to all students, AND ESPECIALLY ALL THOSE WHO ARE MAINLY DE- PENDENT ON SELF-CULTURE OR SELF-EDUCATION, TO KEEP A COPY OF THIS WORK BY THEIR SIDE AS A HAND-BOOK,” XC So far as 1 know, there is a unanimity Cee : «ACCURATE and RELIABLE in giving a just exhibition of the lan-- guage.” Liaseho 4 [ate Speaker U.S. Loe Representatives, and now U. S. Senator from Massachusetts. Dictionary of the Language.” — «“ The most ACCURATE and RELIABLE Jo = [Chancellor N. York University.} Gig 3) / F274 [Governor of Massachusetts:] Dr, Webster has entered more deeply into etymological researches, and with, greater success, than any of his predecessors in the same vocation. Indeed, on this ground, he stands not only unrivaled, put alone. — North American Review. : Normal School of the State of New York. “ Resolved, unanimously, rat cts eee Dictionary be the i ‘ik State Normal School.” ON WM. H. CAMPBELL, Clerk Ex. Com. Albany, March 12, 1850: - Academies of the Slate of New York. Atameeting of the Regents, held at the Capitol, Albany, Feb. 14, 1850, « Resolved, unanimously, That the new edition of Webster's Dictionary in Quarto, edited by Professor Chauncey A. Goodrich, and published by G. & CG. Merriam, Springfield, Mass., be recommended to ve purchased for the Libraries of Academies under the visitation of the Regents.’ [About 140 in number.] A true copy- T ROMBYN BECK. We venture to say that there is no Dictionary im the English lan- guage which combines so many advantages, with such economy of price, peauty of execution, compactness and clearness, as tis Quarto edition of Webster. — New York Observer, December 4, 1847. We rejoice that the public award is strongly ratifying our long-cher- jshed conviction, that Noah Webster was decidedly the best Texicog= rapher who has treated of the English Jangusse. a Pmphatically the Dictionary of our language. — New York. Lribune, pene roy 7, IS47. In its admirable definitions, its accurate philology, its copiousness, good sense,.and completeness, it is fast receiving the judgment of the jearned world, that it has no equaly— New York Bvaige 9, 1847. " list, December See) See